bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal Synthesis of CuO/WO3 Hybrid Bifunctional Composites with Unprecedented Dark Adsorption and Photocatalysis
Authors: Patra Niranjan , Ravi Gudiguntla
Published: May 2024

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of Copper Oxide/Tungsten Oxide (CuO/WO3) hybrid bifunctional composites using a hydrothermal approach. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the successful synthesis of CuO/WO3 hybrids, exhibiting additional peaks corresponding to WO3 phases. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal well‐defined, aggregated particles with a nanoscale pattern and uniform distribution of CuO and WO3 throughout the composite. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirms the stoichiometric composition of CuO/WO3 hybrids. Evaluation of dark adsorption and sunlight‐assisted photocatalysis using methylene blue (MB) dyes shows a remarkable enhancement in efficiency compared to pristine CuO. The CuO/WO3 hybrids exhibit a dark adsorption capacity of 87 % and a photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 95 % under sunlight illumination, outperforming pure CuO. These results underscore the synergistic interaction between CuO and WO3, facilitating efficient pollutant removal. The study elucidates the structural properties and mechanistic insights driving the superior performance of CuO/WO3 hybrid composites, offering promising prospects for advanced water treatment technologies.
Enhanced Intrinsic Self‐Healing Performance of Mussel Inspired Coating via In‐Situ Cation Capture
Authors: Li Miaomiao , Tong Libo , Li Xiangjun , Zou Dening , Xu Shiwei , Ye Fangxia , Wang Kuaishe
Published: May 2024

Under damp or aquatic conditions, the corrosion products deposited on micro‐cracks/pore sites bring about the failure of intrinsically healable organic coatings. Inspired by mussels, a composite coating of poly (methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acylate‐co‐dopamine acrylamide)/phenylalanine‐functionalized boron nitride (PMBD/BN‐Phe) is successfully prepared on the reinforcing steel, which exhibits excellent anti‐corrosion and underwater self‐healing capabilities. The self‐healing property of PMBD is derived from the synergistic effect of hydrogen bonding and metal‐ligand coordination bonding, and thereby the continuous generation of corrosion products can be significantly suppressed through in situ capture of cations by the catechol group. Furthermore, the corrosion protection ability can be remarkably improved by the labyrinth effect of BN and the inhibition role of Phe, and the desired interfacial compatibility can be formed by the hydrogen bonds between BN‐Phe and PMBD matrix. The corrosion current density (icorr) of PMBD/BN‐Phe coating is determined as 7.95 × 10−11 A cm−2. The low‐frequency impedance modulus (|Z|f = 0.01 Hz is remained at 3.47 × 109 Ω cm2, indicating an ultra‐high self‐healing efficiency (≈89.5%). It is anticipated to provide a unique strategy for development of an underwater self‐healing coating and robust durability for application in anti‐corrosion engineering of marine buildings.
Injectable Self‐Oxygenating Cardio‐Protective and Tissue Adhesive Silk‐Based Hydrogel for Alleviating Ischemia After Mi Injury
Authors: Hassan Shabir , Rezaei Zahra , Luna Eder , Yilmaz‐Aykut Dilara , Lee Myung Chul , Perea Ana Marie , Jamaiyar Anurag , Bassous Nicole , Hirano Minoru , Tourk Fatima Mumtaza , Choi Cholong , Becker Malin , Yazdi Iman , Fan Kai , Avila‐Ramirez Alan Eduardo , Ge David , Abdi Reza , Fisch Sudeshna , Leijten Jeroen , Feinberg Mark W. , Mandal Biman B. , Liao Ronglih , Shin Su Ryon
Published: May 2024

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a significant cardiovascular disease that restricts blood flow, resulting in massive cell death and leading to stiff and noncontractile fibrotic scar tissue formation. Recently, sustained oxygen release in the MI area has shown regeneration ability; however, improving its therapeutic efficiency for regenerative medicine remains challenging. Here, a combinatorial strategy for cardiac repair by developing cardioprotective and oxygenating hybrid hydrogels that locally sustain the release of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 alpha (SDF) and oxygen for simultaneous activation of neovascularization at the infarct area is presented. A sustained release of oxygen and SDF from injectable, mechanically robust, and tissue‐adhesive silk‐based hybrid hydrogels is achieved. Enhanced endothelialization under normoxia and anoxia is observed. Furthermore, there is a marked improvement in vascularization that leads to an increment in cardiomyocyte survival by ≈30% and a reduction of the fibrotic scar formation in an MI animal rodent model. Improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions by ≈10% and 20%, respectively, with a ≈25% higher ejection fraction on day 7 are also observed. Therefore, local delivery of therapeutic oxygenating and cardioprotective hydrogels demonstrates beneficial effects on cardiac functional recovery for reparative therapy.
Two‐Step Conversion of Metal and Metal Oxide Precursor Films to 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Heterostructures
Authors: Altvater Michael , Muratore Christopher , Snure Michael , Glavin Nicholas R.
Published: May 2024

The widely studied class of two‐dimensional (2D) materials known as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are now well‐poised to be employed in real‐world applications ranging from electronic logic and memory devices to gas and biological sensors. Several scalable thin film synthesis techniques have demonstrated nanoscale control of TMD material thickness, morphology, structure, and chemistry and correlated these properties with high‐performing, application‐specific device metrics. In this review, the particularly versatile two‐step conversion (2SC) method of TMD film synthesis is highlighted. The 2SC technique relies on deposition of a solid metal or metal oxide precursor material, followed by a reaction with a chalcogen vapor at an elevated temperature, converting the precursor film to a crystalline TMD. Herein, the variables at each step of the 2SC process including the impact of the precursor film material and deposition technique, the influence of gas composition and temperature during conversion, as well as other factors controlling high‐quality 2D TMD synthesis are considered. The specific advantages of the 2SC approach including deposition on diverse substrates, low‐temperature processing, orientation control, and heterostructure synthesis, among others, are featured. Finally, emergent opportunities that take advantage of the 2SC approach are discussed to include next‐generation electronics, sensing, and optoelectronic devices, as well as catalysis for energy‐related applications.
Programmable, Self‐Healable, and Photochromic Liquid Crystal Elastomers Based on Dynamic Hindered Urea Bonds for Biomimetic Flowers
Authors: Xu Zhentian , Zhu Yangyang , Ai Yun , Zhou Dan , Wu Feiyan , Li Chunquan , Chen Lie
Published: May 2024

Recently, researchers have been exploring the use of dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) in the construction of exchangeable liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) for biomimetic actuators and devices. However, a significant challenge remains in achieving LCEs with both excellent dynamic properties and superior mechanical strength and stability. In this study, a diacrylate‐functionalized monomer containing dynamic hindered urea bonds (DA‐HUB) is employed to prepare exchangeable LCEs through a self‐catalytic Michael addition reaction. By incorporating DA‐HUB, the LCE system benefits from DCBs and hydrogen bonding, leading to materials with high mechanical strength and a range of dynamic properties such as programmability, self‐healing, and recyclability. Leveraging these characteristics, bilayer LCE actuators with controlled reversible thermal deformation and outstanding dimensional stability are successfully fabricated using a simple welding method. Moreover, a biomimetic triangular plum, inspired by the blooming of flowers, is created to showcase reversible color and shape changes triggered by light and heat. This innovative approach opens new possibilities for the development of biomimetic and smart actuators and devices with multiple functionalities.
Realizing Outstanding Energy Storage Performance in KBT‐Based Lead‐Free Ceramics via Suppressing Space Charge Accumulation
Authors: Li Yexin , Chang Ziliang , Zhang Manlin , Zhu Mankang , Zheng Mupeng , Hou Yudong , Zhou Qiyuan , Chao Xiaolian , Yang Zupei , Qi He , Chen Jun , Liu Zhaobo , Huang Houbing , Ke Xiaoxing , Sui Manlin
Published: May 2024

The great potential of K1/2Bi1/2TiO3 (KBT) for dielectric energy storage ceramics is impeded by its low dielectric breakdown strength, thereby limiting its utilization of high polarization. This study develops a novel composition, 0.83KBT‐0.095Na1/2Bi1/2ZrO3‐0.075 Bi0.85Nd0.15FeO3 (KNBNTF) ceramics, demonstrating outstanding energy storage performance under high electric fields up to 425 kV cm−1: a remarkable recoverable energy density of 7.03 J cm−3, and a high efficiency of 86.0%. The analysis reveals that the superior dielectric breakdown resistance arises from effective mitigation of space charge accumulation at the interface, influenced by differential dielectric and conductance behaviors between grains and grain boundaries. Electric impedance spectra confirm the significant suppression of space charge accumulation in KNBNTF, attributable to the co‐introduction of Na1/2Bi1/2ZrO3 and Bi0.85Nd0.15FeO3. Phase‐field simulations reveal the emergence of a trans‐granular breakdown mode in KNBNTF resulting from the mitigated interfacial polarization, impeding breakdown propagation and increasing dielectric breakdown resistance. Furthermore, KNBNTF exhibits a complex local polarization and enhances the relaxor features, facilitating high field‐induced polarization and establishing favorable conditions for exceptional energy storage performance. Therefore, the proposed strategy is a promising design pathway for tailoring dielectric ceramics in energy storage applications.
Enhanced Charge Transfer in Quasi‐2D Perovskite by Formamidinium Cation Gradient Incorporation for Efficient and Stable Solar Cells
Authors: Ren Dongxu , Li Xing , Zhang Zhao , Chen Xianggang , Liu Zhike , Yang Miao , Mo Yaqi , Li Zhuoxin , Chen Jieqiong , Liu Xuepeng , Dai Songyuan , Cai Molang
Published: May 2024

Quasi‐2D perovskites have attracted much attention in perovskite photovoltaics due to their excellent stability. However, their photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) still lags 3D counterparts, particularly with high short‐circuit current (JSC) loss. The quantum confinement effect is pointed out to be the sole reason, which introduces widened bandgap and poor exciton dissociation, and undermines the light capture and charge transport. Here, the gradient incorporation of formamidinium (FA) cations into quasi‐2D perovskite is proposed to address this issue. It is observed that FA prefers to incorporate into the larger n value phases near the film surface compared to the smaller n value phases in the bulk, resulting in a narrow bandgap and gradient structure within the film. Through charge dynamic analysis using in situ light‐dark Kelvin probe force microscopy and transient absorption spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that incorporating 10% FA significantly facilitates efficient charge transfer between low n‐value phases in the bulk and high n‐value nearby film surface, leading to reduced charge accumulation. Ultimately, the device based on (AA)2(MA0.9FA0.1)4Pb5I16, where AA represents n‐amylamine renowned for its exceptional environmental stability as a bulky organic ligand, achieves an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.58% and demonstrates enhanced illumination and thermal stability.
Managing Interfacial Defects and Charge‐Carriers Dynamics by a Cesium‐Doped SnO2 for Air Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Adnan Muhammad , Lee Wonjong , Irshad Zobia , Kim Sunkyu , Yun Siwon , Han Hyeji , Chang Hyo Sik , Lim Jongchul
Published: May 2024

A high‐quality nanostructured tin oxide (SnO2) has garnered massive attention as an electron transport layer (ETL) for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). SnO2 is considered the most effective alternative to titanium oxide (TiO2) as ETL because of its low‐temperature processing and promising optical and electrical characteristics. However, some essential modifications are still required to further improve the intrinsic characteristics of SnO2, such as mismatch band alignments, charge extraction, transportation, conductivity, and interfacial recombination losses. Herein, an inorganic‐based cesium (Cs) dopant is used to modify the SnO2 ETL and to investigate the impact of Cs‐dopant in curing interfacial defects, charge‐carrier dynamics, and improving the optoelectronic characteristics of PSCs. The incorporation of Cs contents efficiently improves the perovskite film quality by enhancing the transparency, crystallinity, grain size, and light absorption and reduces the defect states and trap densities, resulting in an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ≈22.1% with Cs:SnO2 ETL, in‐contrast to pristine SnO2‐based PSCs (20.23%). Moreover, the Cs‐modified SnO2‐based PSCs exhibit remarkable environmental stability in a relatively higher relative humidity environment (>65%) and without encapsulation. Therefore, this work suggests that Cs‐doped SnO2 is a highly favorable electron extraction material for preparing highly efficient and air‐stable planar PSCs.
VR23 and Bisdemethoxycurcumin Enhanced Nanofiber Niche with Durable Bidirectional Functions for Promoting Wound Repair and Inhibiting Scar Formation
Authors: Xiang Yu , Fan Beibei , Shang Panpan , Ding Ren , Du Juan , Zhu Tonghe , Zhang Hongmei , Yan Xiaoyu
Published: May 2024

Chronic wounds pose a significant clinical challenge worldwide, which is characterized by impaired tissue regeneration and excessive scar formation due to over‐repair. Most studies have focused on developing wound repair materials that either facilitate the healing process or control hyperplastic scars caused by over‐repair, respectively. However, there are limited reports on wound materials that can both promote wound healing and prevent scar hyperplasia at the same time. In this study, VR23‐loaded dendritic mesoporous bioglass nanoparticles (dMBG) are synthesized and electrospun in poly(ester‐curcumin‐urethane)urea (PECUU) random composite nanofibers (PCVM) through the synergistic effects of physical adsorption, hydrogen bond, and electrospinning. The physicochemical characterization reveals that PCVM presented matched mechanical properties, suitable porosity, and wettability, and enabled sustained and temporal release of VR23 and BDC with the degradation of PCVM. In vitro experiments demonstrated that PCVM can modulate the functions and polarization of macrophages under an inflammatory environment, and possess effective anti‐scarring potential and reliable cytocompatibility. Animal studies further confirmed that PCVM can efficiently promote re‐epithelialization and angiogenesis and reduce excessive inflammation, thereby remarkably accelerating wound healing while preventing potential scarring. These findings suggest that the prepared PCVM holds promise as a bidirectional regulatory dressing for effectively promoting scar‐free healing of chronic wounds.
Time of day does not impact spinal serotonin levels in humans
Authors: Anand Sharath Kumar , Lavadi Raj S. , Johnston Benjamin R. , Chalif Joshua I. , Scanlon James M. , Wang Weiwen , Agarwal Nitin , Hamilton David K. , Fields Daryl P. , Van't Land Clinton W.
Published: May 2024

Spinal serotonin enables neuro‐motor recovery (i.e., plasticity) in patients with debilitating paralysis. While there exists time of day fluctuations in serotonin‐dependent spinal plasticity, it is unknown, in humans, whether this is due to dynamic changes in spinal serotonin levels or downstream signaling processes. The primary objective of this study was to determine if time of day variations in spinal serotonin levels exists in humans. To assess this, intrathecal drains were placed in seven adults with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected at diurnal (05:00 to 07:00) and nocturnal (17:00 to 19:00) intervals. High performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to quantify CSF serotonin levels with comparisons being made using univariate analysis. From the 7 adult patients, 21 distinct CSF samples were collected: 9 during the diurnal interval and 12 during nocturnal. Diurnal CSF samples demonstrated an average serotonin level of 216.6 67.7 nM. Nocturnal CSF samples demonstrated an average serotonin level of 206.7 75.8 nM. There was no significant difference between diurnal and nocturnal CSF serotonin levels (p = .762). Within this small cohort of spine healthy adults, there were no differences in diurnal versus nocturnal spinal serotonin levels. These observations exclude spinal serotonin levels as the etiology for time of day fluctuations in serotonin‐dependent spinal plasticity expression.
Artificial Molecular Systems for Complex Functions Based on DNA Nanotechnology and Cell‐Sized Lipid Vesicles
Authors: Sato Yusuke
Published: May 2024

Cells are highly functional and complex molecular systems. Artificially creating such systems remains a challenge, which has been extensively studied in various research fields, including synthetic biology and molecular robotics. DNA nanotechnology is a powerful tool for bottom‐up engineering for constructing functional nanostructures or chemical reaction networks which can be utilized as components for artificial molecular systems. Encapsulation of these components into a giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) composed of a lipid bilayer, the base structure of the cellular membrane, results in a functional cell‐sized structure that partially mimics some cellular functions. This review discusses the studies contributing to the construction of GUV‐based artificial molecular systems based on DNA nanotechnology. Molecular transport and signal transduction through lipid membranes are essential to uptake molecules from the environment and respond to stimuli. Membrane shaping relates to various functions, including motility and signaling. A chemical reaction network is required to autonomously regulate the system‘s functions. This review describes the functions realized using DNA nanostructures and DNA reaction networks. Given the designability and programmability of DNA nanotechnology, it may be possible that the functionality of artificial molecular systems could be comparable to or even surpass that of natural molecular systems.
Geographic disparities in thyroid cancer staging at presentation: Insights from an Australian context
Authors: Yang Zihao M. , Tong Chai W. , Bhimani Nazim , O’Neill Christine J. , Lai Christine S. L. , Serpell Jonathan W. , Glover Anthony R.
Published: May 2024

Background

Thyroid cancer diagnoses have increased over recent decades at a rate much higher than that of any other cancer in Australia. Rural patients are known to have reduced access to healthcare and may have different thyroid cancer presentation rates. This study examined the relationship between thyroid cancer diagnosis and patient rurality.

Methods

Data from the Australia and New Zealand Thyroid Cancer Registry from 2017 to 2022 were analyzed, stratifying patient postcodes into rurality groups using the Australian Statistical Geography Standard. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines were used to stratify risk categories and management to compare treatment adequacy between the groups. Statistical analysis assessed demographic, clinical, and management differences.

Results

Among 1766 patients, 70.6% were metropolitan (metro) and 29.4% were non‐metropolitan (non‐metro). Non‐metro patients were older at diagnosis (median 56 vs. 50 years, p < 0.001), presented more frequently with T stage greater than 1 (stage 2–4, 41.9% vs. 34.8%, and p = 0.005), AJCC stage greater than 1 (stage 2–4, 18.5% vs. 14.6%, and p = 0.019), and cancers larger than 4 cm (14.3% vs. 9.9%, p = 0.005). No significant differences in treatment adequacy were observed between the groups for ATA low‐risk cancers.

Conclusions

Non‐metropolitan patients in the registry present with more advanced thyroid cancer, possibly due to differences in healthcare access. Further research should assess long‐term survival outcomes and influencing factors. Understanding the impact on patient outcomes and addressing healthcare access barriers can optimize thyroid cancer care across geographic regions in Australia.
Measuring water poverty based on SDG 6
Authors: Acosta‐González H. Nicolás , Chafla Pablo
Published: May 2024

The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 refers to ensuring access to water and sanitation for all. This study develops alternatives for calculating a water poverty measure based on SDG 6. We use ENEMDU, which is a quarterly labor market survey that only for March 2019 incorporates a Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) module. An innovative feature of this survey is that it includes information about water quality at the point of use as well as information about quality at the point of collection. Water poverty is assessed based on four dimensions: (i) safety, (ii) sanitation, (iii) hygiene, and (iv) quality. We use three different approaches to calculate our water poverty measures; the first is a deprivation approach, and the other two incorporate different weighting methods. The results indicate that our water poverty measures are highly correlated with each other (above 0.95); moreover, they are correlated with other poverty measures and social and health variables. People in water poverty are mostly racial minorities, have lower educational attainment, and are more likely to belong to the lower quintiles of income distribution This indicates that our water poverty measures are signs of poverty and deprivation in a broader sense.
Brill–Noether Theory of Stable Vector Bundles on Ruled Surfaces
Authors: Costa L. , Macías Tarrío Irene
Published: May 2024

Let X be a ruled surface over a nonsingular curve C of genus $$g\ge 0.$$

g
≥
0
.

Let $$M_H:=M_{X,H}(2;c_1,c_2)$$

M
H

:
=

M

X
,
H

(
2
;

c
1

,

c
2

)

be the moduli space of H-stable rank 2 vector bundles E on X with fixed Chern classes $$c_i:=c_i(E)$$

c
i

:
=

c
i

(
E
)

for $$i=1,2.$$

i
=
1
,
2
.

The main goal of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the geometry of the moduli space $$M_H$$

M
H

in terms of its Brill–Noether locus $$W_H^k(2;c_1,c_2),$$

W
H
k

(
2
;

c
1

,

c
2

)

,

whose points correspond to stable vector bundles in $$M_H$$

M
H

having at least k independent sections. We deal with the non-emptiness of this Brill–Noether locus, getting in most of the cases sharp bounds for the values of k such that $$W_H^k(2;c_1,c_2)$$

W
H
k

(
2
;

c
1

,

c
2

)

is non-empty.
Evolutionary equations are G-compact
Authors: Burazin Krešimir , Erceg Marko , Waurick Marcus
Published: May 2024

We prove a compactness result related to G-convergence for autonomous evolutionary equations in the sense of Picard. Compared to previous work related to applications, we do not require any boundedness or regularity of the underlying spatial domain; nor do we assume any periodicity or ergodicity assumption on the potentially oscillatory part. In terms of abstract evolutionary equations, we remove any compactness assumptions of the resolvent modulo kernel of the spatial operator. To achieve the results, we introduced a slightly more general class of material laws. As a by-product, we also provide a criterion for G-convergence for time-dependent equations solely in terms of static equations.
Multi-objective branch-and-bound for the design-for-control of water distribution networks with global bounds
Authors: Ulusoy Aly-Joy , Stoianov Ivan
Published: May 2024

This study investigates a design-for-control (DfC) problem formulation for the joint minimization of pressure-induced leakage, maximization of resilience, and minimization of cost in water distribution networks (WDN). The DfC problem, which consists in simultaneously installing new valves and/or pipes and optimizing valve control settings, results in a challenging optimization problem belonging to the class of non-convex multi-objective mixed-integer non-linear programs (MOMINLP). Due to their complex mathematical structure, multi-objective WDN design-for-control problems have previously been solved using general-purpose evolutionary algorithms or local deterministic methods, which do not provide guarantees on the quality of the returned solutions. While branch-and-bound (BB) frameworks have been proposed to approximate the Pareto fronts of MOMINLPs with global bounds, they rely on the availability of attainable solutions which, for WDN design-for-control problems, can be hard to identify. Moreover, in the absence of general-purpose solvers, the performance of multi-objective BB implementations depends, for a given application, on the choice of adequate branching and lower bounding strategies. In this study, we investigate a multi-objective BB algorithm based on tailored branching, lower bounding and additional upper bounding strategies to efficiently approximate the Pareto front of WDN design-for-control problems with bounds of $$\epsilon$$
ϵ
-non-dominance. The proposed algorithm is applied to the optimal DfC of two case study networks and is shown to outperform alternative solution methods.
Lightworks, a scientific research framework for the design of stiffened composite-panel structures using gradient-based optimization
Authors: Dähne Sascha , Werthen Edgar , Zerbst David , Tönjes Lennart , Traub Hendrik , Hühne Christian
Published: May 2024

Efficient structural optimization remains integral in advancing lightweight structures, particularly concerning the mitigation of environmental impact in air transportation systems. Varying levels of detail prove useful for different applications and design phases. The lightworks framework presents a modular approach, for the consideration of individual design parameterizations and structural solvers for the numerical optimization of thin-walled structures. The framework provides the combination of lightweight fibre composite design and the incorporation of stiffeners for a gradient-based optimization process. Therefore, an analytical stiffener formulation is implemented in combination with different continuous composite material parameterizations. This approach allows the analysis of local buckling modes, as well as the consideration of load redistribution between stringer and skin. The flexibility achieved in this way allows a tailored configuration of the optimization problem to the required level of complexity. A verification of the framework’s implementation is carried out using established literature results of a simplified unstiffened wing box structure, where a very good agreement is shown. The accessibility of solvers with different fidelity through a generic solver interface is demonstrated. Furthermore, the usage of the implemented continuous composite parameterizations as design variables is compared in terms of computational performance and mass, providing different advantages and disadvantages. Finally, introducing stringer into the wing box use case demonstrates a 38% mass reduction, showcasing the potential of the inline optimization of stiffeners.
Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 activated nitrogen-related bacteria and genes in thermophilic stage of compost
Authors: Jiang Lihong , Dai Jiapeng , Wang Lutong , Chen Liang , Zeng Guangxi , Liu Erlun , Zhou Xiangdan , Yao Hao , Xiao Yunhua , Fang Jun
Published: May 2024

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 on the bacterial community and nitrogen metabolism genes in the aerobic composting of pig manure. The experimental treatments were set up as control (C), 1% Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2% MgSO4 (CaPM1), and 1.5% Ca(H2PO4)2 + 3% MgSO4 (CaPM2), which were used at the end of composting for potting trials. The results showed that Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 played an excellent role in retaining nitrogen and increasing the alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) contents of the composts. Adding Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 changed the microbial community structure of the compost. The microorganisms associated with nitrogen retention were activated. The complexity of the microbial network was enhanced. Genetic prediction analysis showed that the addition of Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 reduced the accumulation of nitroso-nitrogen and the process of denitrification. At the same time, despite the reduction of genes related to nitrogen fixation, the conversion of ammonia to nitrogenous organic compounds was promoted and the stability of nitrogen was increased. Mantel test analysis showed that Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 can affect nitrogen transformation-related bacteria and thus indirectly affect nitrogen metabolism genes by influencing the temperature, pH, and organic matter (OM) of the compost and also directly affected nitrogen metabolism genes through PO43− and Mg2+. The pot experiment showed that composting with 1.5% Ca(H2PO4)2 + 3% MgSO4 produced the compost product that improved the growth yield and nutrient content of cilantro and increased the fertility of the soil. In conclusion, Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 reduces the loss of nitrogen from compost, activates nitrogen-related bacteria and genes in the thermophilic phase of composting, and improves the fertilizer efficiency of compost products.

Key points

• Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 reduced the nitrogen loss and improved the compost effect

• Activated nitrogen-related bacteria and altered nitrogen metabolism genes

• Improved the yield and quality of cilantro and fertility of soil
Activation of secondary metabolite gene clusters in Chaetomium olivaceum via the deletion of a histone deacetylase
Authors: Zhao Peipei , Cao Shengling , Wang Jiahui , Lin Jiaying , Zhang Yunzeng , Liu Chengwei , Liu Hairong , Zhang Qingqing , Wang Mengmeng , Meng Yiwei , Yin Xin , Qi Jun , Zhang Lixin , Xia Xuekui
Published: May 2024

Histone acetylation modifications in filamentous fungi play a crucial role in epigenetic gene regulation and are closely linked to the transcription of secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a pivotal role in determining the extent of histone acetylation modifications and act as triggers for the expression activity of target BGCs. The genus Chaetomium is widely recognized as a rich source of novel and bioactive SMs. Deletion of a class I HDAC gene of Chaetomium olivaceum SD-80A, g7489, induces a substantial pleiotropic effect on the expression of SM BGCs. The C. olivaceum SD-80A ∆g7489 strain exhibited significant changes in morphology, sporulation ability, and secondary metabolic profile, resulting in the emergence of new compound peaks. Notably, three polyketides (A1–A3) and one asterriquinone (A4) were isolated from this mutant strain. Furthermore, our study explored the BGCs of A1–A4, confirming the function of two polyketide synthases (PKSs). Collectively, our findings highlight the promising potential of molecular epigenetic approaches for the elucidation of novel active compounds and their biosynthetic elements in Chaetomium species. This finding holds great significance for the exploration and utilization of Chaetomium resources.

Key points

• Deletion of a class I histone deacetylase activated secondary metabolite gene clusters.

• Three polyketides and one asterriquinone were isolated from HDAC deleted strain.

• Two different PKSs were reported in C. olivaceum SD-80A.
Seasonal variation in D2/3 dopamine receptor availability in the human brain
Authors: Sun Lihua , Malén Tuulia , Tuisku Jouni , Kaasinen Valtteri , Hietala Jarmo A. , Rinne Juha , Nuutila Pirjo , Nummenmaa Lauri
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Brain functional and physiological plasticity is essential to combat dynamic environmental challenges. The rhythmic dopamine signaling pathway, which regulates emotion, reward and learning, shows seasonal patterns with higher capacity of dopamine synthesis and lower number of dopamine transporters during dark seasons. However, seasonal variation of the dopamine receptor signaling remains to be characterized.

Methods

Based on a historical database of healthy human brain [11C]raclopride PET scans (n = 291, 224 males and 67 females), we investigated the seasonal patterns of D2/3 dopamine receptor signaling. Daylength at the time of scanning was used as a predictor for brain regional non-displaceable binding of the radiotracer, while controlling for age and sex.

Results

Daylength was negatively correlated with availability of D2/3 dopamine receptors in the striatum. The largest effect was found in the left caudate, and based on the primary sample, every 4.26 h (i.e., one standard deviation) increase of daylength was associated with a mean 2.8% drop (95% CI -0.042 to -0.014) of the receptor availability.

Conclusions

Seasonally varying D2/3 receptor signaling may also underlie the seasonality of mood, feeding, and motivational processes. Our finding suggests that in future studies of brain dopamine signaling, especially in high-latitude regions, the effect of seasonality should be considered.
Safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients aged over 80 years: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ikoma Tatsuki , Matsumoto Toshihiko , Boku Shogen , Motoki Yusuke , Kinoshita Hidefumi , Kosaka Hisashi , Kaibori Masaki , Inoue Kentaro , Sekimoto Mitsugu , Fujisawa Takuo , Iwai Hiroshi , Naganuma Makoto , Tanizaki Hideaki , Hisamatsu Yoji , Okada Hidetaka , Kurata Takayasu
Published: May 2024

Background

Immuno-oncology (IO) drugs are essential for treating various cancer types; however, safety concerns persist in older patients. Although the incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is similar among age groups, higher rates of hospitalization or discontinuation of IO therapy have been reported in older patients. Limited research exists on IO drug safety and risk factors in older adults. Our investigation aimed to assess the incidence of irAEs and identify the potential risk factors associated with their development.

Methods

This retrospective analysis reviewed the clinical data extracted from the medical records of patients aged > 80 years who underwent IO treatment at our institution. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the incidence of irAEs.

Results

Our study included 181 patients (median age: 82 years, range: 80–94), mostly men (73%), with a performance status of 0–1 in 87% of the cases; 64% received IO monotherapy. irAEs occurred in 35% of patients, contributing to IO therapy discontinuation in 19%. Our analysis highlighted increased body mass index, eosinophil counts, and albumin levels in patients with irAEs. Eosinophil count emerged as a significant risk factor for any grade irAEs, particularly Grade 3 or higher, with a cutoff of 118 (/μL). The group with eosinophil counts > 118 had a higher frequency of irAEs, and Grade 3 or higher events than the group with counts ≤ 118.

Conclusion

IO therapy is a safe treatment option for patients > 80 years old. Furthermore, patients with elevated eosinophil counts at treatment initiation should be cautiously managed.
Hypothesis: evidence that the PRS gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae support both PRPP synthesis and maintenance of cell wall integrity
Authors: Murdoch Emily , Schweizer Lilian M. , Schweizer Michael
Published: May 2024

The gene products of PRS1-PRS5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are responsible for the production of PRPP (5-phospho-D-ribosyl-α-1-pyrophosphate). However, it has been demonstrated that they are also involved in the cell wall integrity (CWI) signalling pathway as shown by protein–protein interactions (PPIs) with, for example Slt2, the MAP kinase of the CWI pathway. The following databases: SGD, BioGRID and Hit Predict, which collate PPIs from various research papers, have been scrutinized for evidence of PPIs between Prs1-Prs5 and components of the CWI pathway. The level of certainty in PPIs was verified by interaction scores available in the Hit Predict database revealing that well-documented interactions correspond with higher interaction scores and can be graded as high confidence interactions based on a score > 0.28, an annotation score ≥ 0.5 and a method-based high confidence score level of  ≥ 0.485. Each of the Prs1-Prs5 polypeptides shows some degree of interaction with the CWI pathway. However, Prs5 has a vital role in the expression of FKS2 and Rlm1, previously only documented by reporter assay studies. This report emphasizes the importance of investigating interactions using more than one approach since every method has its limitations and the use of different methods, as described herein, provides complementary experimental and statistical data, thereby corroborating PPIs. Since the experimental data described so far are consistent with a link between PRPP synthetase and the CWI pathway, our aim was to demonstrate that these data are also supported by high-throughput bioinformatic analyses promoting our hypothesis that two of the five PRS-encoding genes contain information required for the maintenance of CWI by combining data from our targeted approach with relevant, unbiased data from high-throughput analyses.
Urosepsis 30-day mortality, morbidity, and their risk factors: SERPENS study, a prospective, observational multi-center study
Authors: Tandogdu Zafer , Koves Bela , Ristovski Slobodan , Balci Mustafa Bahadir Can , Rennesund Kristin , Gravas Stavros , Nale DjordJe , Medina-Polo José , Garabášová Mária Kopilec , Costantini Elisabetta , Cano-Valasco Jorge , Glavinova Maja Sofronievska , Bruyere Franck , Perepanova Tamara , Kulchavenya Ekaterina , Cek Mete , Wagenlehner Florian , Johansen Truls Erik Bjerklund ,   SERPENS Investigators
Published: May 2024

Purpose

To provide a descriptive report of mortality and morbidity in the first 30 days of diagnosis of urosepsis. Secondary aim is to identify risk factors of unfavourable outcomes.

Methods

Prospective observational multicentre cohort study conducted from September 2014 to November 2018 in European hospitals. Adult patients (≥ 18 years) diagnosed with acute urosepsis according to Sepsis-2 criteria with confirmed microbiological infection were included. Outcomes were classified in one of four health states: death, multiple organ failure, single organ failure, and recovery at day 30 from onset of urosepsis. Descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed.

Results

Three hundred and fifty four patients were recruited, and 30-day mortality rate was 2.8%, rising to 4.6% for severe sepsis. All patients who died had a SOFA score of ≥ 2 at diagnosis. Upon initial diagnosis, 79% (n = 281) of patients presented with OF. Within 30 days, an additional 5% developed OF, resulting in a total of 84% affected. Charlson score (OR 1.14 CI 1.01–1.28), patients with respiratory failure at baseline (OR 2.35, CI 1.32–4.21), ICU admission within the past 12 months (OR 2.05, CI 1.00–4.19), obstruction causative of urosepsis (OR 1.76, CI 1.02–3.05), urosepsis with multi-drug-resistant(MDR) pathogens (OR 2.01, CI 1.15–3.53), and SOFA baseline score ≥ 2 (OR 2.74, CI 1.49–5.07) are significantly associated with day 30 outcomes (OF and death).

Conclusions

Impact of comorbidities and MDR pathogens on outcomes highlights the existence of a distinct group of patients who are prone to mortality and morbidity. These findings underscore the need for the development of pragmatic classifications to better assess the severity of UTIs and guide management strategies.

Study registration: Clinicaltrials.gov registration number NCT02380170.
A Novel Classification Algorithm Based on the Synergy Between Dynamic Clustering with Adaptive Distances and K-Nearest Neighbors
Authors: Sabri Mohammed , Verde Rosanna , Balzanella Antonio , Maturo Fabrizio , Tairi Hamid , Yahyaouy Ali , Riffi Jamal
Published: May 2024

This paper introduces a novel supervised classification method based on dynamic clustering (DC) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) learning algorithms, denoted DC-KNN. The aim is to improve the accuracy of a classifier by using a DC method to discover the hidden patterns of the apriori groups of the training set. It provides a partitioning of each group into a predetermined number of subgroups. A new objective function is designed for the DC variant, based on a trade-off between the compactness and separation of all subgroups in the original groups. Moreover, the proposed DC method uses adaptive distances which assign a set of weights to the variables of each cluster, which depend on both their intra-cluster and inter-cluster structure. DC-KNN performs the minimization of a suitable objective function. Next, the KNN algorithm takes into account objects by assigning them to the label of subgroups. Furthermore, the classification step is performed according to two KNN competing algorithms. The proposed strategies have been evaluated using both synthetic data and widely used real datasets from public repositories. The achieved results have confirmed the effectiveness and robustness of the strategy in improving classification accuracy in comparison to alternative approaches.
Ultrasonic vocalisation rate tracks the diurnal pattern of activity in winter phenotype Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
Authors: Harding Christian D. , Walker Kerry M. M. , Hackett Talya D. , Herwig Annika , Peirson Stuart N. , Vyazovskiy Vladyslav V.
Published: May 2024

Vocalisations are increasingly being recognised as an important aspect of normal rodent behaviour yet little is known of how they interact with other spontaneous behaviours such as sleep and torpor, particularly in a social setting. We obtained chronic recordings of the vocal behaviour of adult male and female Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) housed under short photoperiod (8 h light, 16 h dark, square wave transitions), in different social contexts. The animals were kept in isolation or in same-sex sibling pairs, separated by a grid which allowed non-physical social interaction. On approximately 20% of days hamsters spontaneously entered torpor, a state of metabolic depression that coincides with the rest phase of many small mammal species in response to actual or predicted energy shortages. Animals produced ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs) with a peak frequency of 57 kHz in both social and asocial conditions and there was a high degree of variability in vocalisation rate between subjects. Vocalisation rate was correlated with locomotor activity across the 24-h light cycle, occurring more frequently during the dark period when the hamsters were more active and peaking around light transitions. Solitary-housed animals did not vocalise whilst torpid and animals remained in torpor despite overlapping with vocalisations in social-housing. Besides a minor decrease in peak USV frequency when isolated hamsters were re-paired with their siblings, changing social contexts did not influence vocalisation behaviour or structure. In rare instances, temporally overlapping USVs occurred when animals were socially-housed and were grouped in such a way that could indicate coordination. We did not observe broadband calls (BBCs) contemporaneous with USVs in this paradigm, corroborating their correlation with physical aggression which was absent from our experiment. Overall, we find little evidence to suggest a direct social function of hamster USVs. We conclude that understanding the effects of vocalisations on spontaneous behaviours, such as sleep and torpor, will inform experimental design of future studies, especially where the role of social interactions is investigated.
Plexin B2 tissue expression and related gene polymorphisms in psoriasis and their relation to NB-UVB and Acitretin therapy
Authors: Hegazy Eisa Mohamed , Taieb Moustafa A. El , Hassan Mohammed H. , Ibrahim Ahmed K. , El-Din Ebtehal A. , Ibrahim Hassan M.
Published: May 2024

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated, hyperproliferative skin disease. Etiopathogenesis of psoriasis is not well understood. Plexin B2 was found to have effects on CD100-mediated T-cell morphology and expressed in the immune system. It may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. To assess the tissue level of plexin-B2 and plexin B2 related gene polymorphism which is signal regulatory protein gamma (SIRPγ-rs71212732) in psoriatic patients before and after NB-UVB, acitretin therapy alone or in combination and to detect correlation between level of tissue plexin B2 and disease severity and improvement. This single blinded randomized controlled trial was carried on 50 psoriatic patients and 50 healthy controls. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score (PASI) was used to evaluate the disease severity. Tissue plexin-b2 level was measured using ELISA and SIRPγ-rs71212732 (T\C) was assessed using TaqMan™ assays and real-time PCR. A significant lower tissue plexin-B2 level was observed in control group (2.9 ± 0.6 pg/g) than cases (25.8 ± 2.8, pg/g) (p < 0.001). Also, a significantly higher tissue plexin-B2 level was observed in sever psoriasis (32.7 ± 3.8 pg/ml) in than moderate psoriasis (13.6 ± 2.1 pg/ml, p = 0.001). Tissue plexin B2 was positively correlated with diseases severity. Significantly higher (TC& TT) genotypes and mutant (C) allele among patients compared to the controls, p < 0.001 for all. Tissue plexin-b2 level was high in psoriasis vulgaris with positive correlation with disease severity and decreased after treatment. This may indicate a role of plexin-b2 in psoriasis vulgaris pathogenesis.
The temporal dynamics of task processing and choice in a novel multitasking paradigm
Authors: Mittelstädt Victor , Mackenzie Ian Grant , Heins Sebastian , Miller Jeff
Published: May 2024

This study investigated the temporal dynamics of task performance and voluntary task choice within a multitasking paradigm in which the task-related processing outcomes themselves determined the to-be-performed task. In the novel forced-no-go trials, the stimulus for one task required an overt response, but the stimulus for the other task was associated with a no-go response. Task performance results showed that participants often processed the no-go task’s stimulus before switching to the go-task. Dual-task interference effects and switch costs indicated various forms of multitasking interference, with their underlying causes appearing to overlap, as engagement in parallel processing seemed to be limited by switch-related reconfiguration processes. Intermixing free-choice trials, where both stimuli were associated with overt responses, revealed costs associated with switching between processing modes, providing new evidence that the distinctions between free and forced task goals stem from differences in their internal representations rather than alterations in processing due to different presentations in the environment. Task choice results align with this perspective, demonstrating a preference for repeating a free- over a forced-choice task. Furthermore, these free-choice results illuminate the interplay of cognitive (task-repetition bias) and environmental constraints (first-task bias) in shaping task choices: It appears that task-specific information increases goal activations for both task goals concurrently, with participants favoring central processing of the second- over the first-presented task to optimize their behavior when shorter central processing is required (task repetition). Overall, this study offers new insights into the dynamics of task processing and choice in environments requiring the balance of multiple tasks.
Perfectly Packing an Equilateral Triangle by Equilateral Triangles of Sidelengths $$n^{-1/2-\epsilon }$$
Authors: Januszewski Janusz , Zielonka Łukasz
Published: May 2024

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