bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contraceptive self‐efficacy and contraceptive knowledge of Hong Kong Chinese women with unplanned pregnancy
Authors: Ip Wan‐Yim , Sin Louise LY , Chan Dominic SK
Published: July 2009

Aim and objectives.  The purpose of this study was to explore contraceptive practice, the level of knowledge and self‐efficacy of contraception among Chinese women with unplanned pregnancy and to determine the relationships between these variables.

Background.  The construct of self‐efficacy can be employed as a theory to design a nursing intervention to prevent sexually active women from unplanned pregnancy. Only a few western studies have investigated the relationships between self‐efficacy and contraception behaviour yet none targeted at the Chinese population.

Design.  Cross‐sectional survey.

Methods.  This study employed a cross‐sectional survey design. A convenience sample of 117 eligible Chinese females completed all the questionnaires, which included the Chinese version of the Contraceptive Self‐efficacy Scale and Contraceptive Knowledge Scale.

Results.  The findings in this study suggested that younger, unmarried women at the lower income group, who adopted male condoms are at risk for unplanned pregnancy. The sample demonstrated an above medium level of knowledge and self‐efficacy in contraception. However, no significant relationship was found between contraceptive self‐efficacy and knowledge (p>0·05).

Conclusions.  Contraceptive obstacles were revealed by participants’ moderate level of contraceptive self‐efficacy and contraceptive knowledge. The relationship between contraceptive knowledge of specific methods and contraceptive self‐efficacy need further exploration in future studies.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The dominant use of male condoms by the sample of this study sheds light on future direction in the development of educational programmes and contraceptive promotion strategies appropriate for women with unplanned pregnancy.
Implementation of standard sedation management in paediatric intensive care: effective and feasible?
Authors: Ista Erwin , De Hoog Matthijs , Tibboel Dick , Van Dijk Monique
Published: July 2009

Objective.  To study the effects of the introduction of a sedation treatment protocol for children in intensive care, including nurses’ compliance.

Background.  While several sedation guidelines for adults and children have been developed and implemented, there is little evidence on use of sedation protocols in critically ill infants.

Design.  Pretest–posttest intervention study.

Methods.  Administered sedatives and analgesics over the first seven days of admission were documented for convenience samples, before (n = 27) and after (n = 29) implementation of standard sedation assessments and a sedation protocol. Sedation was assessed with the COMFORT behaviour scale, Nurse Interpretation of Sedation Score and the Visual Analogue Scale for three‐month periods, both pretest and posttest. Starting 21 months after the posttest, nurses’ compliance with the sedation protocol, as well as administered sedatives and analgesics were evaluated for 12 months.

Results.  Infants in the posttest period received significantly more midazolam and morphine. The proportion of patients adequately sedated on the grounds of COMFORT scores had increased from 63% pretest to 72% posttest and to 75% in the long run. Adequate sedation as judged from the sedation protocol cutoffs was found in 71% of the assessments. In 45% of assessments indicating undersedation, the infusion rate had been increased on the guidance of the protocol. A survey among staff revealed that most considered the sedation protocol comprehensible and useful.

Conclusion.  This study showed that regular sedation assessment in critically ill children was feasible and had become standard practice two years after the first posttest. There is insufficient evidence to conclude whether implementation of a sedation treatment protocol indeed improves sedation treatment.

Relevance to clinical practice.  This sedation protocol provides decision trees for increasing or weaning of sedatives in both haemodynamically stable and unstable patients. It standardises sedation management and allows nurses to adapt medication themselves.
Identification and pathogenicity to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), of some aeromonads
Authors: Orozova P , Barker M , Austin D A , Austin B
Published: July 2009

Twelve strains of fish pathogenic aeromonads were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Aeromonas bestiarum, A. hydrophila, A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis, A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, A. sobria biovar sobria and A. veronii biovar sobria. Following intramuscular injection, A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis caused dark liquefying, raised furuncle‐like lesions in rainbow trout within 48 h. Extracellular products of all cultures contained gelatinase and lecithinase, and most revealed lipase. Congo red absorption and siderophore production was recorded, but not so the suicide phenomenon or slime production. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile of the outer membrane proteins (OMP) revealed 10–25 bands, of which major bands were seen in the region of 32.5–47.5 and 62–83 kDa. Marked heterogenicity of the OMP and whole cell protein (WCP) profiles within and among the species was observed. Polypeptides of 83–173 kDa were detected in the WCP profile of the cultures, but they were not expressed in OMP fractions.
Increased survival by feeding tetradecylthioacetic acid during a natural outbreak of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in S0 Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Alne H , Thomassen M S , Takle H , Terjesen B F , Grammes F , Oehme M , Refstie S , Sigholt T , Berge R K , Rørvik K‐A
Published: July 2009

We have previously documented increased survival by feeding tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) during a natural outbreak of infectious pancreatic necrosis in post‐smolt S1 Atlantic salmon. The aim of the present study was to test the effects of dietary TTA in S0 smolt at a location where fish often experience natural outbreaks of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) during their first spring at sea. The experimental groups were fed a diet supplemented with 0.25% TTA for a 6‐week period prior to a natural outbreak of HSMI in May 2007. Relative percent survival for the groups fed TTA was 45% compared with control diets, reducing mortality from 4.7% to 2.5%. Expression of genes related to lipid oxidation was higher in cardiac ventricles from salmon fed TTA compared with controls. In addition, salmon fed TTA had periodically reduced levels of plasma urea, and increased cardiosomatic index and growth. Reduced mortality and increased growth after administration of TTA may be related to a combination of anti‐inflammatory effects, and an altered metabolic balance with better protein conservation because of increased lipid degradation.
Molecular differentiation of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus isolates from farmed and wild salmonids in Ireland
Authors: Ruane N M , McCarthy L J , Swords D , Henshilwood K
Published: July 2009

This study investigated the genotypes and sub‐groups of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) present in farmed and wild salmonid fish in Ireland. An 1100‐bp portion of the VP2 region of segment A from each of 55 IPNV isolates collected over 2003–2007 was amplified by reverse‐transcription–polymerase chain reaction and the product directly sequenced. The nucleotide sequences of each isolate were aligned and compared with each other and with the corresponding sequences of a number of reference isolates. All the 55 sequenced isolates belonged to genogroup 5 (Sp serotype) and could be divided into two subgroups. Irish subgroup 1 consisted of isolates from farmed salmon originating from an Irish salmon broodstock. Irish subgroup 2 consisted of isolates from imported farmed stock and all reported clinical outbreaks of IPN were associated with isolates from subgroup 2. Isolates from wild fish were identical to some isolates from subgroup 2, and therefore are believed to have originated from infected farms. These results highlight the importance of import risk analysis for diseases not listed under current legislation.
A review of the evidence for the impact of improving nutritional care on nutritional and clinical outcomes and cost
Authors: Weekes C. E. , Spiro A. , Baldwin C. , Whelan K. , Thomas J. E. , Parkin D. , Emery P. W.
Published: July 2009

Background:  The association between malnutrition and poor clinical outcome is well‐established, yet most research has focussed on the role of artificial nutritional support in its management. More recently, emphasis has been placed on the provision of adequate nutritional care, including nutritional screening and the routine provision of food and drink. The aim of this literature review is to establish the evidence for the efficacy of interventions that might result in improvements in nutritional and clinical outcomes and costs.

Methods:  A structured literature review was conducted investigating the role of nutritional care interventions in adults, and their effects on nutritional and clinical outcomes and costs, in all healthcare settings. Ten databases were searched electronically using keywords relating to nutritional care, patient outcomes and healthcare costs. High quality trials were included where available.

Results:  Two hundred and ninety‐seven papers were identified and reviewed. Of these, only two randomised, controlled trials and six other trials were identified that addressed the major issues. A further 99 addressed some aspects of the provision of nutritional care, although very few formally evaluated nutritional or clinical outcomes and costs.

Conclusions:  This review reveals a serious lack of evidence to support interventions designed to improve nutritional care, in particular with reference to their effects on nutritional and clinical outcomes and costs. The review suggests that screening alone may be insufficient to achieve beneficial effects and thus more research is required to determine the most cost‐effective interventions in each part of the nutritional care pathway, in a variety of healthcare settings and across all age ranges, to impact upon nutritional and clinical outcomes.
Comparison of the differences in cephalometric parameters after active orthodontic treatment applying mini‐screw implants or transpalatal arches in adult patients with bialveolar dental protrusion
Authors: LIU Y. H. , DING W. H. , LIU J. , LI Q.
Published: July 2009

Summary  The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in cephalometric parameters after active orthodontic treatment applying mini‐screw implants (G1) or transpalatal arches (G2) as anchorage in adult patients with bialveolar dental protrusion needing extraction of four premolars. A total of 34 Chinese patients (18–33 years) with bialveolar dental protrusion were randomly assigned to G1 and G2. Sliding mechanics and en‐masse retraction of anterior teeth were applied to close extraction spaces. The changes in skeletal, dental and soft tissues were analyzed in both groups on lateral cephalograms before and after active orthodontic treatment. Independent samples and paired‐samples t‐tests were utilized to analyze the morphological changes in both groups. ANB angle was decreased in G1 and remained unchanged in G2 (P < 0·05). Upper incisors were retracted more in G1 than in G2 (P < 0·01). Upper incisors and molars were intruded in G1, but extruded in G2 (P < 0·01). Although the upper molars were found with no significant distalization (P > 0·05), there existed molars distalization in some patients. However, the maxillary molars in G2 were mesialized (P < 0·01). The intrusion of upper molars in G1 resulted in counterclockwise rotation of the mandible and decrease of SN‐MP angle (P < 0·01). Upper lip linear measurements including UL‐Y and UL‐E were decreased more in G1 than in G2 (P < 0·05). Mini‐screw implants provide absolute anchorage in vertical and sagittal directions. Better dental, skeletal and soft tissue changes could be achieved by mini‐screw implants especially in hyperdivergent patients. Skeletal anchorage should be routinely recommended in patients with bialveolar dental protrusion.
The GacS/GacA signal transduction system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa acts exclusively through its control over the transcription of the RsmY and RsmZ regulatory small RNAs
Authors: Brencic Anja , McFarland Kirsty A. , McManus Heather R. , Castang Sandra , Mogno Ilaria , Dove Simon L. , Lory Stephen
Published: July 2009

We report here the results of an analysis of the regulatory range of the GacS/GacA two‐component system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using microarrays, we identified a large number of genes that are regulated by the system, and detected a near complete overlap of these genes with those regulated by two small RNAs (sRNAs), RsmY and RsmZ, suggesting that the expression of all GacA‐regulated genes is RsmY/Z‐dependent. Using genome‐wide DNA–protein interaction analyses, we identified only two genomic regions that associated specifically with GacA, located upstream of the rsmY and rsmZ genes. These results demonstrate that in P. aeruginosa, the GacS/GacA system transduces the regulatory signals to downstream genes exclusively by directly controlling the expression of only two genes rsmY and rsmZ. These two sRNAs serve as intermediates between the input signals and the output at the level of mRNA stability, although additional regulatory inputs can influence the levels of these two riboregulators. We show that the A+T‐rich DNA segment upstream of rsmZ is bound and silenced by MvaT and MvaU, the global gene regulators of the H‐NS family. This work highlights the importance of post‐transcriptional mechanisms involving sRNAs in controlling gene expression during bacterial adaptation to different environments.
Phylogeny of dengue virus type 3 circulating in Colombia between 2001 and 2007
Authors: Villabona‐Arenas Christian Julián , Miranda‐Esquivel Daniel Rafael , Jimenez Raquel Elvira Ocazionez
Published: July 2009

Dengue virus type 3 (DENV‐3) re‐appeared in Colombia in 2001 after 23 years of apparent absence, in the state of Santander in the North‐eastern region near to Venezuelan border. In 2002, the virus was isolated in the state of Valle del Cauca in the South‐east region near to Ecuadorian/Peruvian border, and in the state of Antioquia in the North‐east region near to Panama border. To gain insight into the molecular epidemiology of DENV‐3 in Colombia, we sequenced the complete E gene of 21 isolates sampled in the period 2001–2007. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Colombian strains seem to have been introduced from Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru, but not from Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay or Central America countries. This study also confirms previous report showing that Colombian isolates is closely related to DENV‐3 genotype III.
Masitinib, a c‐kit/PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, improves disease control in severe corticosteroid‐dependent asthmatics
Authors: Humbert M. , De Blay F. , Garcia G. , Prud’homme A. , Leroyer C. , Magnan A. , Tunon‐de‐Lara J.‐M. , Pison C. , Aubier M. , Charpin D. , Vachier I. , Purohit A. , Gineste P. , Bader T. , Moussy A. , Hermine O. , Chanez P.
Published: July 2009

Background:  Masitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting stem cell factor receptor (c‐kit) and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor, which are expressed on several cell types including mast cells and bronchial structural cells, respectively. We hypothesized that c‐kit and PDGF receptor inhibition may decrease bronchial inflammation and interfere with airway remodeling, which are crucial features of severe asthma.

Objectives:  The primary endpoint was the percent change from baseline in oral corticosteroids after 16 weeks of treatment. Change in asthma control (asthma control questionnaire), exacerbation rate, pulmonary function tests, rescue medication requirement and safety were secondary endpoints.

Methods:  A 16‐week randomized, dose‐ranging (3, 4.5, and 6 mg/kg/day), placebo‐controlled study was undertaken in 44 patients with severe corticosteroid‐dependent asthma who remained poorly controlled despite optimal asthma management.

Results:  At 16 weeks of treatment, a comparable reduction in oral corticosteroids was achieved with masitinib and placebo (median reduction of ­78% and ­57% in the masitinib and placebo arms, respectively). Despite this similar reduction, the Asthma Control Questionnaire score was significantly better in the masitinib arm as compared to placebo with a reduction by 0.99 unit at week 16 (P < 0.001) vs 0.43 unit in the placebo arm. Masitinib therapy was associated with more transient skin rash and edema.

Conclusions:  Masitinib, a c‐kit and PDGF‐receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, may represent an innovative avenue of treatment in corticosteroid‐dependent asthma. These preliminary results warrant further long‐term clinical studies in severe asthma (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00842270).
Lithium‐induced enhancement of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in human brain tissue
Authors: Maurer Iris C , Schippel Patricia , Volz Hans‐Peter
Published: July 2009

Objectives:  Extensive preclinical and clinical evidence suggests mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Studies of brain energy metabolism in bipolar disorder suggest an impairment of energy generation by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Lithium is an effective drug widely used in treating bipolar disorder, but its mechanism of action has remained uncertain. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of lithium on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

Methods:  We spectrophotometrically determined the activities of the respiratory chain complexes I + III [antimycin A‐sensitive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) cytochrome c oxidorductase], complexes II + III (succinate cytochrome c oxidoreductase), succinate dehydrogenase, and complex IV [cytochrome c oxidase (COX)], and of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme citrate synthase in postmortem human brain cortex homogenates following exposure to lithium (up to 10 mM).

Results:  Activities of complexes I + III and of complexes II + III were dose‐dependently increased by lithium with maximum values at 1 mM (165%, p = 0.03, and 146%, p = 0.00002, of controls). Activity of succinate dehydrogenase remained unchanged up to 2 mM, but was raised at higher drug concentrations (maximum 220%, p = 0.01, of controls). In contrast, activity of COX was not significantly affected by the drug (decrease of 12% at 1 mM, p = 0.4).

Conclusions:  Our study suggests that lithium stimulates mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities at clinically relevant concentrations. Lithium’s effect on the mitochondrial respiratory chain presents further evidence of the pathophysiological significance of mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. The effect may be relevant to the therapeutic efficacy of the drug by potentially reversing a disease‐related alteration.
The genetic and environmental basis of adaptive differences in shoaling behaviour among populations of Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata
Authors: HUIZINGA M. , GHALAMBOR C. K. , REZNICK D. N.
Published: July 2009

The degree of plasticity an individual expresses when moving into a new environment is likely to influence the probability of colonization and potential for subsequent evolution. Yet few empirical examples exist where the ancestral and derived conditions suggest a role for plasticity in adaptive genetic divergence of populations. Here we explore the genetic and plastic components of shoaling behaviour in two pairs of populations of Poecilia reticulata (Trinidadian guppies). We contrast shoaling behaviour of guppies derived from high‐ and low‐predation populations from two separate drainages by measuring the shoaling response of second generation laboratory‐reared individuals in the presence and absence of predator induced alarm pheromones. We find persistent differences in mean shoaling cohesion that suggest a genetic basis; when measured under the same conditions high‐predation guppies form more cohesive shoals than low‐predation guppies. Both high and low‐predation guppies also exhibit plasticity in the response to alarm pheromones, by forming tighter, more cohesive shoals. These patterns suggest a conserved capacity for adaptive behavioural plasticity when moving between variable predation communities that are consistent with models of genetic accommodation.
The Lymph Drainage Pattern of the Mammary Glands in the Cat: A Lymphographic and Computerized Tomography Lymphographic Study
Authors: Papadopoulou P. L. , Patsikas M. N. , Charitanti A. , Kazakos G. M. , Papazoglou L. G. , Karayannopoulou M. , Chrisogonidis I. , Tziris N. , Dimitriadis A.
Published: July 2009

Seventy‐three clinically normal, lactating cats were used to investigate the lymph drainage of 73 mammary glands. In 50 cats of the first group, the number of lymphatic vessels emerging from the examined mammary gland, their course and the lymph nodes into which they are drained were studied by indirect lymphography (IL) after intramammary injection of an oily contrast medium. In 23 cats of the second group, the lymph drainage of the mammary glands was studied by computerized tomography indirect lymphography (CT‐IL) after intramammary injection of a water soluble contrast medium. The following day, the lymph drainage of the mammary gland examined by CT‐IL was studied by IL, as it was described in the first group, for comparison purposes. The main conclusions drawn after this study were as follows: lymph drains from the first and second mammary glands with one or rarely two or three lymphatic vessels to the accessory axillary lymph nodes. Lymph drains from the third mammary gland with one or two and rarely three lymphatic vessels usually to the accessory inguinal lymph nodes or to the accessory axillary lymph nodes. In some cases, it drains to both lymph nodes simultaneously or it may rarely drain only to the medial iliac lymph nodes. The fourth mammary gland with one or two and rarely three lymphatic vessels usually drains to the accessory inguinal lymph nodes. It may rarely drain only to the medial iliac lymph nodes. Mammary lymphatic vessels that cross the midline and lymphatic connection between the mammary glands were not demonstrated. No differences in the mammary lymph drainage pattern between IL and CT‐IL were found.
Predicting oak tree mortality caused by the ambrosia beetlePlatypus quercivorusin a cool‐temperate forest
Authors: Yamasaki M. , Sakimoto M.
Published: July 2009

Mass mortality of fagaceous trees due to wilt disease, which has been spreading throughout Japan since the 1980s, is caused by the ambrosia beetlePlatypus quercivorus.Quercus crispulais one of the species most susceptible to the disease. Previous studies have examined this disease in secondary forests, where fagaceous trees are dominant and are considered to be distributed uniformly. We examined whether the uneven distribution ofQ.crispulain a natural forest affects the spread of this disease. We determined its distribution using Morisita’s index of dispersion (Iδ), and then predicted the probability of mortality using a generalized linear model with topographic variables (altitude and index of convexity), tree size (diameter at breast height, DBH), and basal areas ofQ.crispulaandCryptomeria japonica(the dominant species at the study site) per 0.01, 0.09, and 0.25 ha as explanatory variables. The site included 310Q.crispulawithin a 14 ha plot in a cool‐temperate forest of Japan with no signs of beetle infestation in 2003. The calculated index of dispersion showed a clumped distribution ofQ.crispulawith an estimated clump size of 0.08 ha. At the end of 2007, 36Q.crispulain the study site were dead, and DBH and basal area ofQ.crispulaper 0.09 ha had significant positive effects on the probability of mortality. The basal area ofC.japonica, a non‐host conifer species forP.quercivorus, per 0.09 ha also had a positive effect on the probability of mortality. These results suggest thatP.quercivorusfirst flew to a cluster ofQ.crispulaaggregated in about a 0.1 ha area where the density ofC.japonicais high, and then DBH played a role in determining the target trees.
Vaginal Neurofibroma in a Hysterectomized Poodle Dog
Authors: Sontas BH , Altun ED , Güvenc K , Arun SS , Ekici H
Published: July 2009

Contents

A 15‐year‐old, spayed, female poodle dog was presented for evaluation of a mass of tissue prolapsed from the vulva. The dog had been hysterectomized when it was 5 years old. A vaginal mass had been removed approximately 10 months before presentation. Haematological and serum biochemistry analyses demonstrated mild leucocytosis and glycaemia. A vaginal smear was predominantly made up of parabasal cells and intermediate cells with no neoplastic cells. Thoracal and abdominal radiographic findings were unremarkable. The ovaries could not be identified using abdominal ultrasonography. A midline exploratory laparotomy identified both ovaries that were surgically excised. The vaginal mass was also removed following an episiotomy procedure. Histopathological examination of the mass demonstrated that it was a neurofibroma. Both ovaries had cystic changes. Four months after the surgery, the owner reported that the dog was clinically normal. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of a vaginal neurofibroma after an incomplete ovariohysterectomy in the dog.
Evaluation of docetaxel plus estramustine in the treatment of patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Matsumoto Akihiro , Inoue Atsushi , Yokoi Satoshi , Nozumi Kazuyoshi , Miyazaki Kanetaka , Hosoki Shigeru , Nagata Maki , Yamaguchi Kunio
Published: July 2009

Objectives:  To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of docetaxel‐based chemotherapy in patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC).

Methods:  Forty‐six consecutive HRPC patients treated between January 2003 and March 2008 were included in this analysis. Docetaxel was given at a dose of 35 mg/m2 twice every 3 weeks and oral estramustine concurrently for three consecutive days during weeks 1 and 2 of each cycle. During each treatment week, the dose of estramustine was 1260 mg on the first day, 980 mg on the second day and 840 mg on the third day. Patients were premedicated with 4 mg twice a day of oral dexamethasone for three consecutive days. Treatment was continued until evidence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels were evaluated at least once every 4 weeks.

Results:  Patients received a median of three cycles of chemotherapy. Of the evaluable 46 patients, 25 (54%) had a ≥50% PSA decline and 12 (26%) had a ≥75% PSA decline. Median time to PSA progression and overall survival time were 10.1 and 27.0 months, respectively. Median follow‐up was 15.0 months. Major severe toxicities were grade 3 or 4 leukopenia in five (11%) patients. Mild toxicities included grade 1 or 2 nausea in eight (17%) patients. Two patients could not continue the treatment because of interstitial pneumonitis and a gastric hemorrhage, respectively.

Conclusions:  Docetaxel plus estramustine chemotherapy represents an active and well tolerated treatment for Japanese HRPC patients.
Microbial communities of ultramafic soils in maquis and rainforest at Mont Do, New Caledonia
Authors: LENCZEWSKI MELISSA , RIGG LESLEY , ENRIGHT NEAL , JAFFRE TANGUY , KELLY HEIDI
Published: July 2009

We analysed variation in microbial community richness and function in soils associated with a fire‐induced vegetation successional gradient from low maquis (shrubland) through tall maquis to rainforest on metal‐rich ultramafic soils at Mt Do, New Caledonia. Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was used to determine the extent of genetic relatedness among the microbial communities and indicated that the open and tall maquis microbial communities were more similar to each other than they were to the rainforest community. Sole‐source carbon utilization indicated variation in the microbial communities, again with greater diversity in rainforest soils. Plate counts showed that both rainforest and maquis soils contained bacteria that can grow in the presence of up to 20 mmol L−1 nickel and 10 mmol L−1 chromium. Understanding microbial community composition and dynamics in these ultramafic soils may lead to a better understanding of the processes facilitating vegetation succession from shrubland to forest on these high‐metal substrates, and of approaches to successful revegetation following mining for metals including nickel, chromium and cobalt.
Spatial and temporal scaling in habitat utilization by klipspringers (Oreotragus oreotragus) determined using giving‐up densities
Authors: DRUCE DAVE J. , BROWN JOEL S. , KERLEY GRAHAM I. H. , KOTLER BURT P. , MACKEY ROBIN L. , SLOTOW ROB
Published: July 2009

An animal's pattern of habitat use can reveal how different parts of its environment vary in quality based on the costs (such as predation risk) and benefits (such as food intake) of using each habitat. We studied klipspringer habitat use in Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa using giving‐up densities (GUDs; the amount of food remaining in a resource patch following exploitation) in experimental food patches. We tested hypotheses related to how salient habitat variables might influence klipspringers' perceptions of foraging costs. At small spatial scales (3–4 m), klipspringer GUDs did not vary with cover and open microhabitats, or with the four cardinal aspects (shading) around shrubs. Adding water adjacent to food patches did not influence GUDs, showing that water is not a limiting complementary resource to food. Generally, klipspringers do not appear to be physiologically constrained. There was no difference in GUDs between four daily time periods, or between summer and winter; however, a significant interaction effect of time‐of‐day with season resulted from GUDs during the midday time period in winter being significantly higher (perceived value lower) than during the same time period in summer. At moderate spatial scales (10–60 m), klipspringer GUDs increased with distance from rocks because of increased predation risk. Based on GUDs collected at the largest scale (two 4.41‐ha grids), klipspringers preferred foraging at greater distances from drainage lines and on pebble and cobble substrates. Overall, this study has shown the efficacy of measuring GUDs to determine klipspringers' habitat utilization while foraging.
Glial activation in the rostroventromedial medulla promotes descending facilitation to mediate inflammatory hypersensitivity
Authors: Roberts Jill , Ossipov Michael H. , Porreca Frank
Published: July 2009

Substantial evidence shows that activation of glial cells in the spinal cord may promote central sensitization and pain. Descending facilitation from the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) is a critical component in the maintenance of chronic pain states, although the precise mechanisms through which facilitation maintains pain are unclear. Here, we investigated the possibility that glial activation in the RVM could promote descending facilitation from the RVM in states of inflammatory pain. Peripheral inflammation was induced with carrageenan injected into the hindpaws of male Sprague–Dawley rats, and behavioral responses to noxious thermal and light tactile stimuli were determined. Microinjection of the glial inhibitors minocycline or fluorocitrate, or of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB 203580, produced a significant and time‐related attenuation of behavioral hypersensitivity resulting from hindpaw inflammation. Carrageenan‐induced inflammation increased immunolabeling for microglia and astrocytes in the RVM, as well as for phosphorylated p38 MAPK. Phosphorylated p38 MAPK was found in microglia and neurons of the RVM. Inflammation‐induced microglial and astrocytic activation in the RVM were attenuated by RVM microinjection of the glial inhibitors. The data show that inflammatory pain is associated with glial activation in the RVM that probably participates in driving descending pain facilitation. These findings reveal a novel site of glial modulation of inflammatory pain.
Humidification during high‐frequency oscillation ventilation is affected by ventilator circuit and ventilatory setting
Authors: CHIKATA YUSUKE , IMANAKA HIDEAKI , ONISHI YOSHIAKI , UETA MASAHIKO , NISHIMURA MASAJI
Published: July 2009

Background:  High‐frequency oscillation ventilation (HFOV) is an accepted ventilatory mode for acute respiratory failure in neonates. As conventional mechanical ventilation, inspiratory gas humidification is essential. However, humidification during HFOV has not been clarified. In this bench study, we evaluated humidification during HFOV in the open circumstance of ICU. Our hypothesis is that humidification during HFOV is affected by circuit design and ventilatory settings.

Methods/Materials:  We connected a ventilator with HFOV mode to a neonatal lung model that was placed in an infant incubator set at 37°C. We set a heated humidifier (Fisher & Paykel) to obtain 37°C at the chamber outlet and 40°C at the distal temperature probe. We measured absolute humidity and temperature at the Y‐piece using a rapid‐response hygrometer. We evaluated two types of ventilator circuit: a circuit with inner heating wire and another with embedded heating element. In addition, we evaluated three lengths of the inspiratory limb, three stroke volumes, three frequencies, and three mean airway pressures.

Results:  The circuit with embedded heating element provided significantly higher absolute humidity and temperature than one with inner heating wire. As an extended tube lacking a heating wire was shorter, absolute humidity and temperature became higher. In the circuit with inner heating wire, absolute humidity and temperature increased as stroke volume increased.

Conclusion:  Humidification during HFOV is affected by circuit design and ventilatory settings.
Intranasal flumazenil and naloxone to reverse over‐sedation in a child undergoing dental restorations
Authors: HEARD CHRISTOPHER , CREIGHTON PAUL , LERMAN JERROLD
Published: July 2009

We describe a 3‐year‐old child who became over‐sedated after receiving intranasal (IN) midazolam (0.53 mg·kg−1) and IN sufentanil (1 mcg·kg−1) for dental restorations in the dental office. Desaturation was attributed to laryngospasm, which was managed with positive pressure ventilation and oxygen. The sedation was reversed with a combination of IN flumazenil and naloxone.
Reducing distress for children during invasive procedures: randomized clinical trial of effectiveness of the PediSedate®
Authors: BROWN STEPHEN C. , HART GEOFF , CHASTAIN DAVID P. , SCHNEEWEISS SUZAN , McGRATH PATRICIA A.
Published: July 2009

Background:  Procedural pain control remains problematic for young children, especially during anxiety‐causing procedures for which children should not be deeply sedated. The PediSedate® was designed to address this problem by delivering nitrous oxide in oxygen through a simple nosepiece, combined with an interactive video component, so that children can use attention and distraction with drug delivery.

Objectives:  We conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the PediSedate® for reducing children’s behavioral distress in comparison with standard care in the emergency department. Secondary objectives were to assess children’s acceptance, cooperation, and pain.

Methods:  Thirty‐six children, aged 3–9 years old, who required invasive procedures associated with high levels of anxiety and low levels of pain such as sutures, IVs, and lumbar punctures were randomized to receive either the standard care or the PediSedate®. The primary outcome was children’s distress (observational scale of behavioral distress) that was monitored before and during the procedure.

Results:  Children randomized to the PediSedate® group had significantly less distress during invasive procedures (mean = 1.8, sd = 3.2) than children receiving standard care (mean = 9.3, sd = 5.6; anova, P < 0.0001). Also, children in the PediSedate® group were more cooperative [χ2(1) = 22.05, P < 0.0001] and fewer children reported pain [χ2(1) = 14.45, P < 0.001].

Conclusions:  Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of nitrous oxide sedation alone for minimizing pain and distress during invasive procedures. We have found that delivering nitrous oxide sedation via a system combined with an interactive video component is also effective. Further studies should determine which factors are dominant and determine the specific failure rate for this delivery system in comparison with other systems.
Diversity and evolution of repABC type plasmids in Rhodobacterales
Authors: Petersen Jörn , Brinkmann Henner , Pradella Silke
Published: July 2009

The repABC operon is the prevalent replication unit of alphaproteobacterial plasmids. Their semi‐autonomy is ensured by the essential replicase gene repC as well as the repAB partitioning cassette. While conserved repAB modules are widespread among bacterial plasmids and homologues are even responsible for chromosome partitioning, repC genes are exclusively present in Alphaproteobacteria. RepABC operons contain two strong incompatibility regions, namely a small regulative antisense RNA gene (incα) and a palindromic centromere region (incβ), which were previously used to classify these replicons. The present survey pursued a complementary strategy essentially following the rationale that all plasmids identified from a single bacterium are per se compatible. We established a novel classification scheme for plasmids based on comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of repC, repA and repB genes. Our case study is focused on the Roseobacter clade (Rhodobacterales), one of the most successful lineages of the marine bacterioplankton. Its global significance was shown in several studies and the interest in these organisms is reflected by more than 40 upcoming genome projects. Based on phylogenetic RepC analyses we identified nine compatibility groups that are expected to stably coexist within the same cell. This prediction is supported by RepA and RepB phylogenies, moreover independent evidence is delivered by the group specificity of highly conserved palindromes (incβ).
The creation of a peritoneal defect in transanal endoscopic microsurgery does not increase complications
Authors: Ramwell A. , Evans J. , Bignell M. , Mathias J. , Simson J.
Published: July 2009

Introduction  During Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgical (TEMS) full‐thickness excision of a rectal lesion above the peritoneal reflection, entrance to the peritoneal cavity is inevitable. This has been regarded as a complication that requires conversion to an open procedure. We describe our experience of full thickness intraperitoneal excision of rectal lesions where the peritoneal defect was sutured endoscopically.

Method  Data were collected prospectively on 15 patients in whom a peritoneal defect was created intraoperatively during TEMS excision of a rectal lesion. When a defect was recognized, it was closed by endoscopic suture. If there was any doubt regarding security of the closure, a defunctioning loop stoma was fashioned.

Results  Between November 1998 and January 2008, a total of 257 patients underwent TEMS during which a peritoneal defect was created in 15 patients. Six patients had a defunctioning stoma formed at the time of TEMS. No patient was defunctioned postoperatively and there were no deaths. The mean hospital stay was 8 days (range 3 to 19 days). A contrast enema showed sub‐clinical leaks in two patients for which no treatment was required. No patient developed pelvic or peritoneal sepsis, but one patient had to return to theatre for postoperative bleeding when a single bleeding vessel was coagulated.

Conclusion  Full thickness excision of lesions in the intraperitoneal rectum with endoscopic suture of the defect is a safe procedure. Lesions in the upper rectum should not be excluded from TEMS excision because of the chance of peritoneal breach.
Rectal bleeding: epidemiology, associated risk factors, and health care seeking behaviour: a population‐based study
Authors: Eslick G. D. , Kalantar J. S. , Talley N. J.
Published: July 2009

Purpose  Rectal bleeding is considered an important sign of colonic disease, particularly colorectal cancer. The epidemiology of rectal bleeding in the community is poorly understood. Moreover, there is little information as to whether individuals seek health care for this problem. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of rectal bleeding and levels of healthcare seeking amongst an Australian population.

Method  A community sample of adults aged above 18 years of Penrith (a Sydney suburb representative of the Australian population) selected randomly from the electoral roll. The survey consisted of a self‐administered questionnaire sent out to 440 residents stratified for equal numbers of men and women.

Results  The response rate was 77% (n = 338; mean age 46 years; SD: 16; range: 18–90; 55% women). Blood in the stools in the previous 12 months was reported by 18% (95% CI: 14–23). Colour of the blood in bowel movements was reported as bright (72%), dark (7%), bright and dark (10%), 11% did not know. Only 31% (n = 21/68) of respondents with rectal bleeding had visited a physician primarily about the presence of blood in the bowel movement within the previous 12 months. The majority (90%) who consulted about the presence of blood were aged between 30 and 60 years. Blood in the stools was independently associated with younger age (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.99, P = 0.01), feelings of incomplete rectal evacuation (OR = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.66–7.08, P = 0.001), self‐reported injury or tear (OR = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.53–7.69, P = 0.002), and surgery (OR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.03–7.14, P = 0.04) to the perianal region.

Conclusions  Rectal bleeding is common in the general population. Only one‐third of those with rectal bleeding consults a physician about their condition. Rectal bleeding occurs in younger individuals, those who suffer from incomplete evacuation and among individuals who have had an injury, tear or surgery to the anus.
Assessment of sonographic quality of anal sphincter muscles in patients with faecal incontinence
Authors: Pinsk I. , Brown J. , Phang P. T.
Published: July 2009

Objective  The main application of endoanal ultrasonography (US) in evaluation of faecal incontinence is to identify surgically correctable sphincter defects. The aim of our study was to determine whether qualitative changes in echogenicity and in uniformity of internal (IAS) and external (EAS) anal sphincter muscles detected on endoanal US correlate with other anal laboratory tests and modified Wexner faecal incontinence functional score.

Method  Records on 99 patients having complete information on anorectal manometry, faecal incontinence scoring and available endoanal US imaging of the anal sphincters were included in statistical analysis. Anatomic appearance and changes in echogenicity of the anal sphincter muscles were recorded according to the proposed scoring system. Endoanal US defect and quality component scores for IAS and EAS as well as the total score were correlated with anal laboratory tests and incontinence score using Spearman’s correlations test.

Results  There was a trend for correlation between IAS quality score and incontinence score (P = 0.06), but no correlation for IAS defect score. EAS defect score had a significant negative correlation with maximum squeeze pressure (MSP) (P = 0.031). Distal EAS quality score had a significant correlation with incontinence score (P = 0.002). EAS total score correlated with MSP (P = 0.02) and incontinence score (P = 0.006). Endoanal US total score was significantly correlated with incontinence score (P = 0.006), maximal resting (MRP) (P = 0.035) and MSP (P = 0.045) and high pressure anal canal zone length (P = 0.03).

Conclusion  Sonographic morphology of anal sphincter muscles correlates with anal laboratory tests and functional incontinence score. Qualitative ultrasound scoring instrument may improve evaluation of patients with faecal incontinence.
Staying at the cutting edge: a review and analysis of evidence reporting and grading; the recommendations of the American Urological Association
Authors: Faraday Martha , Hubbard Heddy , Kosiak Beth , Dmochowski Roger
Published: July 2009

The American Urological Association (AUA), as the premier urological organization in the USA, has been a pioneering force in the development of practice guidelines. Recently the AUA evaluated their guidelines development procedures and implemented several changes that resulted in more scientifically rigorous, transparent and efficient processes. These changes include narrowing the scope of the guideline, strengthening the systematic literature review, updating data‐analysis capabilities, altering panel members’ roles to exclude laborious data extraction, and identifying and specifying levels of evidence for guideline recommendations. In addition to a more scientifically sound guideline, the outcome of these modifications is a timely, less costly document involving fewer burdens on panel members.
Over‐expression of the rice LRK1 gene improves quantitative yield components
Authors: Zha Xiaojun , Luo Xiaojin , Qian Xiaoyin , He Guangming , Yang Mengfei , Li Yu , Yang Jinshui
Published: July 2009

In rice (Oryza sativa L.), the number of panicles, spikelets per panicle and grain weight are important components of grain yield. These characteristics are controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and are derived from variation inherent in crops. As a result of the complex genetic basis of these traits, only a few genes involved in their control have been cloned and characterized. We have previously map‐cloned a gene cluster including eight leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinase (LRK) genes in Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), which increased the grain yield by 16%. In the present study, we characterized the LRK1 gene, which was contained in the donor parent (Dongxiang wild rice) genome and absent from the recurrent parent genome (Guichao2, Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). Our data showed that rice LRK1 is a plasma membrane protein expressed constitutively in leaves, young panicles, roots and culms. The over‐expression of rice LRK1 results in increased panicles, spikelets per panicle, weight per grain and enhanced cellular proliferation, leading to a 27.09% increase in total grain yield per plant. The increased number of panicles and spikelets per panicle are associated with increased branch number. Our data suggest that rice LRK1 regulates rice branch number by enhancing cellular proliferation. The functional characterization of rice LRK1 facilitates an understanding of the mechanisms involved in cereal crop yield, and may have utility in improving grain yield in cereal crops.
Researching ‘sustainable consumption’ in Asia‐Pacific cities
Authors: Hobson Kersty
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  Asia‐Pacific cities are experiencing substantial environmental problems, which require innovative policy approaches. One newly emergent policy strand is that of ‘sustainable consumption’. This approach aims to reduce environmental degradation by encouraging all consumers to adopt more environmentally friendly modes of behaviour, especially those living in congested and environmentally degraded urban areas. Although a promising initiative, significant conceptual and practical problems exist with sustainable consumption's current policy framework. However, rather than abandon the idea completely, consumption should become central to researching environmental issues in Asia‐Pacific cities. Here, a ‘political ecology’ approach frames all forms of consumption as revealing political, economic and cultural practices and modes of distributions that give rise to current unsustainable outcomes. Through in‐depth examinations of current forms of consumption, this approach aims to offer a challenging perspective for future research into Asia‐Pacific urban environmental problems.