bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic study of ardisiacrispin A in rat plasma after intravenous administration by UPLC–MS/MS
Authors: Fang Bingmu , Bao Shihui , Wang Shuanghu , Chen Minle , Chen Bingbao , Su Ke , Wen Congcong , Zhou Yunfang , Wang Xianqin , Jin Yuepeng
Published: August 2016

In this work, a sensitive and selective UPLC‐MS/MS method for determination of ardisiacrispin A in rat plasma was developed. Cyasterone used as an internal standard (IS) and protein precipitation by acetonitrile–methanol (9:1, v/v) was used to prepare samples. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase with gradient elution. An electrospray ionization source was applied and operated in positive ion mode; multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantification using target fragment ions m/z 1083.5 → 407.1 for ardisiacrispin A and m/z 521.3 → 485.2 for IS. Calibration plots were linear throughout the range 5–2000 ng/mL for ardisiacrispin A in rat plasma. Mean recoveries of ardisiacrispin A in rat plasma ranged from 80.4 to 92.6%. The values of RSD of intra‐ and inter‐day precision were both <11%. The accuracy of the method was between 97.3 and 105.6%. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of ardisiacrispin A after intravenous administration in rats.
Simultaneous determination of pyrroquinazoline alkaloids and flavonoids in Adhatoda beddomei and Adhatoda vasica and their marketed herbal formulations using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Singh Awantika , Kumar Sunil , Bajpai Vikas , Kumar Brijesh
Published: August 2016

Adhatoda beddomei and Adhatoda vasica leaf, known as ‘Vasaka’ and/or ‘Vasa’ in Ayurveda and ‘Malabar nut’ in English, is an official drug in the Indian Pharmacopoeia. The medicinal properties of these plants are due to the presence of pyrroquinazoline alkaloids. An UHPLC–ESI/MS/MS method in both positive and negative electrospray ionization in multiple‐reaction‐monitoring mode was developed and validated for the estimation of alkaloids and flavonoids in Adhatoda species and their marketed herbal formulations. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Acquity UPLC® BEH C18‐column using a gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid in water and methanol. The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and found to be accurate with overall recovery in the range 94.2–105.0% (RSD ≤ 1.71%), precise (RSD ≤ 3.44%) and linear (R2 ≥ 0.9992) over the concentration range of 0.5–1000 ng/mL. The total content of alkaloids and flavonoids were highest in the chloroform and aqueous fraction of A. vasica leaf, respectively. The results indicated that the developed method was simple, rapid, sensitive, selective and accurate for the estimation of multiple bioactive constituents in crude mixture, and therefore could make a contribution to the quality control of Adhatoda species and its derived herbal formulations.
Reduction of the infectivity of baculovirus stocks frozen at ultra‐low temperature in serum‐free media: The role of lipid emulsions
Authors: Eberhardt Ignacio , Gioria Verónica Viviana , Micheloud Gabriela Analía , Claus Juan Daniel
Published: August 2016

The infectivity of stocks of baculoviruses produced in serum‐free media is sensitive to freezing at ultra‐low temperatures. The objective of this work was to elucidate the causes of such sensitivity, using as a model the freezing of stocks of Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV), a baculovirus widely employed as biological insecticide. Titers of supernatants of cell cultures infected with AgMNPV in four different serum‐free media supplemented with lipid emulsions were reduced by 50 to 90% after six months freezing. By using a full factorial experiment, freezing and lipid emulsion, as well as the interaction between them, were identified as the main factors reducing the viral titer. The virucidal effect of the lipid emulsion was reproduced by one of their components, the surfactant Polysorbate 80. Damaged viral envelopes were observed by transmission electron microscopy in most particles frozen in a medium supplemented with lipid emulsion or Polysorbate 80. Additionally, Polysorbate 80 also affected the infectivity of AgMNPV stocks that were incubated at 27°C. The identification of the roles played by the lipid emulsion and Polysorbate 80 is not only a contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the inactivation of baculovirus stocks produced in serum‐free media during storage at ultra‐low temperature, but is also an input for the rational development of new procedures aimed at improving both the preservation of baculovirus stocks and the composition of culture media for the production of baculovirus‐based bioproducts in insect cells. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1559–1569, 2016
Development of the epaxial muscles in the human embryo
Authors: Mekonen Hayelom K. , Hikspoors Jill P.J.M. , Mommen Greet , Eleonore KÖhler S. , Lamers Wouter H.
Published: August 2016

Although the intrinsic muscles of the back are defined by their embryological origin and innervation pattern, no detailed study on their development is available. Human embryos (5–10 weeks development) were studied, using Amira3D® reconstruction and Cinema4D® remodeling software for visualization. At Carnegie Stage (CS)15, the epaxial portions of the myotomes became identifiable laterally to the developing vertebrae. At CS16, these portions fused starting cranially to form a longitudinal muscle column, which became innervated by the dorsal branches of the spinal nerves. At CS17, the longitudinal muscle mass segregated into medial and lateral columns (completed at CS18). At CS18, the medial column segregated again into intermediate and medial columns (completed at CS20). The lateral and intermediate columns did not separate in the lower lumbar and sacral regions. Between CS20 and CS23, the cervical portions of the three columns segregated again from lateral to medial resulting ventrolaterally in rod‐like continuations of the caudal portions of the columns and dorsomedially in spade‐like portions. The observed topography identifies the iliocostalis and splenius as belonging to the lateral column, the longissimus to the intermediate column, and the (semi‐)spinalis to the medial column. The medial (multifidus) group acquired its transversospinal course during closure of the vertebral arches in the early fetal period. Hence, the anatomical ontology of the epaxial muscles is determined by craniocaudal and lateromedial gradients in development. Three longitudinal muscle columns, commonly referred to as the erector spinae, form the basic architectural design of the intrinsic muscles of the back. Clin. Anat. 29:1031–1045, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The expression of tumor suppressor gene Cyld is upregulated by histone deacetylace inhibitors in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Kotantaki Panorea , Mosialos George
Published: August 2016

CYLD is a deubiquitinating enzyme that exerts a tumor suppressive function. Its downregulation or inactivation has been associated with the development of several types of malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC cells display significantly lower Cyld expression compared to primary human hepatocytes, and Cyld downregulation can contribute to apoptotic resistance of HCC cells. Little is known about the mechanism of Cyld downregulation in human HCC cells. In the present study we explored the possible regulation of Cyld expression by histone deacetylases (HDACs) in human HCC cell lines. We demonstrated that the HDAC inhibitors suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, sodium butyrate, and trichostatin A induced the upregulation of both mRNA and protein levels of CYLD in two different HCC cell lines, HepG2 and Huh7. Our results demonstrate the involvement of HDACs in the downregulation of Cyld expression in HCC cells and support and may improve the use of HDAC inhibitors for the treatment for HCC.
Gene expression profile analysis of dbpA knockdown in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Liu Ruiting , Wang Guorong , Liu Chang , Qiu Jian , Yan Likun , Li Xiaojun , Wang Xiaoqiang
Published: August 2016

DNA‐binding protein A (dbpA) has been reported associated with the pathogenesis and development of various cancers. However, no evidence showed the gene expression profiling alternation involved in dbpA knockdown in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Small interference RNA (siRNA) method was used to knock down dbpA expression in SW620 cells. The changes of gene expression profiles in dbpA knockdown SW620 cells were determined by microarray analysis and Western blot. A total of 578 genes expressed differentially (twofold change), 181 genes were up‐regulated, and 397 down‐regulated in the dbpA knockdown group in comparison with the control group. The discrimination reliability was further verified by principal component analysis and Pearson correlation. Gene ontology (GO) pathway analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the most significantly expressed genes were linked to MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, Western blot verified that dbpA knockdown directly inhibited the activations of TAK1, p38, and JNK in CRC cells. In conclusion, dbpA knockdown in SW620 cells altered the expression of carcinogenesis‐associated genes in CRC and the involvement of dbpA on CRC might through MAPK signaling pathway, which might provide valuable evidence to further investigate the correlation between dbpA expression and CRC development.
3D visualization and quantitative analysis of human erythrocyte phagocytosis
Authors: Stachurska Anna , Król Teodora , Trybus Wojciech , Szary Karol , Fabijańska‐Mitek Jadwiga
Published: August 2016

Since the erythrophagocytosis of opsonized erythrocytes is investigated mainly by calculating the phagocytic index using subjective light microscopy evaluation, we present methods for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of human cell erythrophagocytosis. Erythrocytes from two storage periods were used. Using Imaris software, we were able to create a three‐dimensional model of erythrophagocytosis. The use of microscopy instead of cytometry revealed a significantly higher number of monocytes and erythrocytes that appeared active in phagocytosis. Spatial reconstruction allowed for detailed analysis of the process by precisely locating erythrocytes in phagocytes. Additionally, a technique of sequential image registration using Nis Elements software allowed for observation of the course of phagocytosis over a range of time intervals. This in vitro research may be helpful for understanding the cellular interactions between monocytes and erythrocytes. The cytometric method—being relatively rapid, sensitive, and specific—can serve as an alternative technique to microscopy in the quantitative analysis of erythrophagocytosis. This allows us to avoid counting the erythrocytes nonspecifically attached to monocytes and gives objective results.
Chromatin fibers: from classical descriptions to modern interpretation
Authors: Kuznetsova Maria A. , Sheval Eugene V.
Published: August 2016

The first description of intrachromosomal fibers was made by Baranetzky in 1880. Since that time, a plethora of fibrillar substructures have been described inside the mitotic chromosomes, and published data indicate that chromosomes may be formed as a result of the hierarchical folding of chromatin fibers. In this review, we examine the evolution and the current state of research on the morphological organization of mitotic chromosomes.
Early or late intervention in patients with transient ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: Subgroup analysis of the ELISA‐3 trial
Authors: Badings Erik A. , Remkes Wouter S. , The Salem H.K. , Dambrink Jan‐Henk E. , Tjeerdsma Geert , Rasoul Saman , Timmer Jorik R. , van der Wielen Marloes L.J. , Lok Dirk J.A. , Hermanides Rik , van Wijngaarden Jan , Suryapranata Harry , van 't Hof Arnoud W.J.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To investigate incidence and patient characteristics of transient ST‐segment elevation (TSTE) ACS and to compare outcome of early versus late invasive treatment.

Background

Optimal timing of treatment in TSTE–ACS patients is not outlined in current guidelines and no prospective randomized trials have been done so far.

Methods

Post hoc subgroup analysis of patients with TSTE randomized in the ELISA 3 trial. This study compared early (<12 h) versus late (>48 h) angiography and revascularization in 542 patients with high‐risk NSTE‐ACS. Primary endpoint was incidence of death, reinfarction, or recurrent ischemia at 30 days follow‐up.

Results

TSTE was present in 129 patients (24.2%) and associated with male gender, smoking and younger age. The primary endpoint occurred in 8.9% of patients with and 13.0% of patients without TSTE (RR = 0.681, P = 0.214). Incidence of death or MI after 2 year follow‐up was 5.7 and 14.6% respectively (RR = 0.384, P = 0.008). Within the group of patients with TSTE, incidence of the primary endpoint was 5.8% in the early and 12.7% in the late treatment group (RR = 0.455, P = 0.213), driven by reduction in recurrent ischemia. Enzymatic infarct size, bleeding and incidence of death or recurrent MI at 2 years follow‐up was comparable between the treatment groups.

Conclusions

In high‐risk patients with NSTE‐ACS, TSTE is frequently seen. Similar to findings in patients with high‐risk NSTE‐ACS, immediate angiography and revascularization in these patients is feasible but not superior to later treatment. Prospective randomized trials are needed to provide more evidence in the optimal timing of treatment in patients with TSTE‐ACS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relative prosthesis‐patient mismatch after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: The impact of morbid obesity
Authors: Airhart Sophia , Medvedev Ivan , Dean Larry S.
Published: August 2016

Prosthesis‐patient mismatch (PPM) is defined as a small effective orifice area (EOA) of a normally functioning prosthetic valve in relation to patient body size. Even moderate impediment to forward flow has been associated with an increase in all‐cause mortality. We report an unusual cause of PPM where a transcatheter implantation of a large EOA valve in an aortic position results in relative PPM in a patient with morbid obesity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of the Copper(II) Oxide Dispersion on its Catalytic Properties in Carbon Monoxide Oxidation: A Comparative Study by Using Two Types of Catalytic Reactors
Authors: Svintsitskiy Dmitry A. , Pakharukov Ilya Yu. , Slavinskaya Elena M. , Kardash Tatyana Yu. , Parmon Valentin N. , Boronin Andrei I.
Published: August 2016

The catalytic properties of copper(II) oxide powders were studied in the CO oxidation reaction by using plug‐flow and flow‐circulation reactors. Data obtained from different catalytic experiments were in good agreement with each other. The specific catalytic rate [molecules cm−2 s−1] increased by a factor of approximately four if the surface area of the CuO powder was reduced from 90 to 8 m2 g−1. A further decrease in the CuO surface area to 1 m2 g−1 resulted in the decrease of the specific CO oxidation rate by more than 20‐fold. These results indicate that CO oxidation is sensitive to the structure of the copper(II) oxide catalyst. The structural sensitivity of CuO powders was discussed in terms of its defect structure and particle morphology.
One‐Pot Preparation of Hierarchical Nanosheet‐Constructed Fe3O4/MIL‐88B(Fe) Magnetic Microspheres with High Efficiency Photocatalytic Degradation of Dye
Authors: Jin Zhaokui , Dong Wenjun , Yang Mu , Wang Jingjing , Gao Hongyi , Wang Ge
Published: August 2016

The development of photocatalyst with hierarchical nanoarchitectures represents an attractive alternative that offers enormous increases in activity for solar photochemistry applications. However, the ability to obtain such hierarchical architectures on metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) based materials still remains a great challenge. Herein, we present a one‐pot solvothermal process for the synthesis of a hierarchical MOF‐based heterostructure composed of nanosheet‐assembled MIL‐88B(Fe) with the magnetic nanoparticles decoration. The unique nanosheet‐constructed heterostructure can remarkably broaden the light absorption range to 660 nm and shorten the diffusion time for its open meso/macroporosity. This novel MOFs‐based composite exhibited 3.46 (2.63) times as high visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic performance toward methylene blue (rhodamine B) dye discoloration as that of spindle MIL‐88B(Fe). Meanwhile, the strategy for hierarchical heterostructure also imparted excellent magnetic separability at one stroke and favored the reusability and sustainability of the obtained composite as a photocatalyst for further applications. Our strategy provides a novel pathway in the rational design of advanced magnetic MOF‐based materials for efficient photochemistry.
Hybrid Alginate‐Based Cryogels for Life Science Applications
Authors: Barros Alexandre , Quraishi Sakeena , Martins Marta , Gurikov Pavel , Subrahmanyam Raman , Smirnova Irina , Duarte Ana Rita C. , Reis Rui L.
Published: August 2016

This work presents a novel route toward porous scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) applications. Hybrid cryogels with gelatin, gellan gum, carboxymethylcellulose, and lignin were prepared by a two‐step process. Textural properties of the cryogels were analyzed by SEM and micro‐computed tomography. The results indicated that rapid freezing retained sample shape and yielded macroporous materials. The mechanical properties of the cryogels were characterized in compression mode. Cytotoxicity studies indicated that the hybrid‐alginate cryogels did not present cytotoxicity and have the potential to be used in TERM.
Sustainable and lightweight biopolyamide hybrid composites for greener auto parts
Authors: Armioun Shaghayegh , Panthapulakkal Suhara , Scheel Johannes , Tjong Jimi , Sain Mohini
Published: August 2016

Sustainable bio‐based materials have remarkable environmental and health impacts throughout their life cycles. Over the past few decades, green biocomposites have attained rising attraction in the automotive industry, as they can be customized to meet many of its prime requirements. Polyamides are the most common engineering polymers used in the automotive industry due to their desirable properties. This study focuses on improving thermo‐mechanical properties of wood fibre/carbon fibre biopolyamide hybrid composites for automotive applications. Important material properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strengths along with density, melt flow index, and heat deflection temperature were studied and correlated with their SEM surface morphologies. The composites were produced by melt‐compounding of the fibres and polymers via extrusion and injection moulding. All hybrid composites exhibited greater thermo‐mechanical properties compared to wood fibre composites. Use of a polymer blend of polyamide and polypropylene matrix in the composites further enhanced performance properties of the composites while reducing the costs. The developed hybrid composites had lower densities compared to the existing materials used in some auto parts. The mechanical properties of polymer blend composites, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties were higher than those of polyamide composites. Image analysis showed efficient fibre‐matrix adhesion with good fibre dispersion in the composites. A significant improvement in heat deflection temperature was observed for the hybrid polymer blend composites. The study indicated that the developed hybrid bio‐based composites are promising candidates with light‐weighting potential for automotive structural applications, where high stiffness and thermal resistance are required.
Étude de la dégradation électrique et thermique de la polyaniline en milieu agressif
Authors: Hattab Youcef , Benharrats Nassira
Published: August 2016

La polyaniline (PANI) est un polymère organique qui présente une grande stabilité environnementale et une grande conductivité électrique. L’évolution de ces deux propriétés en fonction du temps a été réalisée sur des échantillons vieillis dans des solutions fortement acides (H2SO4) à différentes températures. Des prélèvements réguliers d’échantillons sont caractérisés par FTIR, UV, AFM et MEB. La conductivité sera suivie par la méthode des 4 pointes et la stabilité thermique de la PANI par DSC, ATD‐ATG. Ces stabilités thermiques et électriques représentent un verrou technologique pour de nombreuses applications possibles des PANI en milieu agressif.

Afin de maîtriser le matériau polymère conducteur, il est nécessaire d'avoir avant une bonne compréhension des paramètres qui gouvernent les mécanismes de transport. Ces paramètres dépendent directement du mode d'élaboration qui est optimisé.
Oral health and human papillomavirus‐associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mazul Angela L. , Taylor James M. , Divaris Kimon , Weissler Mark C. , Brennan Paul , Anantharaman Devasena , Abedi‐Ardekani Behnoush , Olshan Andrew F. , Zevallos Jose P.
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Indicators of poor oral health, including smoking, have been associated with increased risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, especially oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), yet few studies have examined whether this association is modified by human papillomavirus (HPV) status.

METHODS

Data from interviews and tumor HPV status from a large population‐based case‐control study, the Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study (CHANCE), were used to estimate the association between oral health indicators and smoking among 102 HPV‐positive patients and 145 HPV‐negative patients with OPSCC and 1396 controls. HPV status was determined by p16INK4a (p16) immunohistochemistry. Unconditional, multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for all oral health indictors adjusting for important covariates.

RESULTS

Routine dental examinations were associated with a decreased risk of both HPV‐negative OPSCC (OR, 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35‐0.76) and HPV‐positive OPSCC (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.36‐.86). Tooth mobility (a proxy for periodontal disease) increased the risk of HPV‐negative disease (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.18‐2.43) slightly more than the risk for HPV‐positive disease (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.95‐2.20). Ten or more pack‐years of cigarette smoking were strongly associated with an increased risk of HPV‐negative OPSCC (OR, 4.26; 95% CI, 2.85‐6.37) and were associated less with an increased risk of HPV‐positive OPSCC (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.10‐2.38).

CONCLUSIONS

Although HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative HNSCC differ significantly with respect to etiology and tumorigenesis, the current findings suggest a similar pattern of association between poor oral health, frequency of dental examinations, and both HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative OPSCC. Future research is required to elucidate interactions between poor oral health, tobacco use, and HPV in the development of OPSCC. Cancer 2017;71–80. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
A prospective study of cerebral, frontal lobe, and temporal lobe volumes and neuropsychological performance in children with primary brain tumors treated with cranial radiation
Authors: Agbahiwe Harold , Rashid Arif , Horska Alena , Mahone E. Mark , Lin Doris , McNutt Todd , Cohen Kenneth , Redmond Kristin , Wharam Moody , Terezakis Stephanie
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Cranial radiation therapy (RT) is an important component in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors. However, it can result in long‐term effects on the developing brain. This prospective study assessed the effects of cranial RT on cerebral, frontal lobe, and temporal lobe volumes and their correlation with higher cognitive functioning.

METHODS

Ten pediatric patients with primary brain tumors treated with cranial RT and 14 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy children serving as controls were evaluated. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological assessments (language, memory, auditory and visual processing, and vocabulary) were performed at the baseline and 6, 15, and 27 months after RT. The effects of age, the time since RT, and the cerebral RT dose on brain volumes and neuropsychological performance were analyzed with linear mixed effects model analyses.

RESULTS

Cerebral volume increased significantly with age in both groups (P = .01); this increase in volume was more pronounced in younger children. Vocabulary performance was found to be significantly associated with a greater cerebral volume (P = .05) and a lower RT dose (P = .003). No relation was observed between the RT dose and the cerebral volume. There was no difference in the corresponding neuropsychological tests between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSIONS

This prospective study found significant relations among the RT dose, cerebral volumes, and rate of vocabulary development among children receiving RT. The results of this study provide further support for clinical trials aimed at reducing cranial RT doses in the pediatric population. Cancer 2017;161–168. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Impact of facility volume on outcomes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: Analysis of the National Cancer Data Base
Authors: Amini Arya , Jones Bernard L. , Ghosh Debashis , Schefter Tracey E. , Goodman Karyn A.
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Given the rarity of anal cancer and the technical aspects involved in radiation (RT) planning, the authors conducted a population‐based analysis evaluating the impact of radiation oncology facility volume on overall survival (OS) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anal canal.

METHODS

The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was queried for patients with SCC of the anal canal who underwent RT. All patients were coded as having received their entire course of RT at the NCDB reporting facility. Facility volume was categorized into tertiles (low, intermediate, and high) and was based on the number of times a facility's unique identification code appeared.

RESULTS

In total, 13,550 patients were identified. Patients who received treatment at higher volume radiation oncology facilities had longer OS based on multivariate analysis (MVA) (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73‐0.90; P < .001) and propensity score matching analysis (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69‐0.91; P < .001). For patients who received treatment at low‐volume, intermediate‐volume, and high‐volume centers, the 5‐year OS rate was 70%, 72.2%, and 75.4%, respectively (P < .001). Compared with low/intermediate‐volume radiation oncology centers, high‐volume centers were more likely to treat patients with concurrent chemotherapy (odds ratio, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.07‐1.51; P = .006) and less likely to have treatment delays leading to an RT duration of >45 days (odds ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.69‐0.80; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment at higher volume radiation oncology centers appears to be associated with improved OS in patients with SCC of the anal canal. These results likely reflect the relation between physician experience and delivery of high‐quality RT, which perhaps is best evident in rare tumors such as anal SCC. Cancer 2017;123:228–236. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Cone signals in monostratified and bistratified amacrine cells of adult zebrafish retina
Authors: Torvund M.M. , Ma T.S. , Connaughton V.P. , Ono F. , Nelson R.F.
Published: August 2016

Strata within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of vertebrate retinas are suspected to be distinct signaling regions. Functions performed within adult zebrafish IPL strata were examined through microelectrode recording and staining of stratified amacrine types. The stimulus protocol and analysis discriminated the pattern of input from red, green, blue, and UV cones as well as the light‐response waveforms in this tetrachromatic species. A total of 36 cells were analyzed. Transient depolarizing waveforms at ON and OFF originated with bistratified amacrine types, whose dendritic planes branched either in IPL sublaminas a & b, or only within sublamina a. Monophasic‐sustained depolarizing waveforms originated with types monostratified in IPL s4 (sublamina b). OFF responses hyperpolarized at onset, depolarized at offset, and in some cases depolarized during mid‐stimulus. These signals originated with types monostratified in s1 or s2 (sublamina a). Bistratified amacrines received depolarizing signals only from red cones, at both ON and OFF, while s4 stratified ON cells combined red and green cone signals. The s1/s2 stratified OFF cells utilized hyperpolarizing signals from red, red and green, or red and blue cones at ON, but only depolarizing red cone signals at OFF. ON and OFF depolarizing transients from red cones appear widely distributed within IPL strata. “C‐type” physiologies, depolarized by some wavelengths, hyperpolarized by others, in biphasic or triphasic spectral patterns, originated with amacrine cells monostratified in s5. Collectively, cells in this stratum processed signals from all cone types. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1532–1557, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Virtual network embedding with pre‐transformation and incentive convergence mechanism
Authors: Wang Cong , Liu Guohua , Peng Sancheng , Yuan Ying , Li Guorui , Wan Cong
Published: August 2016

Efficient and fair resource allocation for multitudinous virtual networks running cloud‐based applications is crucial to archive dynamic resources multi‐tenancy in cloud computing. In order to solve the problem, we propose a novel virtual network embedding (VNE) algorithm to increase revenue and utilization of substrate network as well as to improve acceptance fairness of virtual networks. First, we present a virtual topology pre‐transformation mechanism leveraging reusable technology to reduce topology difference and achieve acceptance fairness. Then, because of the Non‐deterministic polynomial‐time (NP)‐hard characteristics of VNE, we model the problem as an integer linear programming problem and solve the VNE problem with a discrete particle swarm optimization‐based algorithm. The operations and parameters of particles are well redefined according to the VNE context. Finally, an incentive convergence mechanism is proposed to reduce mapping complexity, which can be used to accelerate convergence and to save more bandwidth by exploiting individual candidate nodes' lists. Simulation results prove that our proposed method is superior to the existing similar algorithms in terms of physical resource utilization, acceptance fairness, revenue/cost ratio, and searching efficiency. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of Nano‐sized CeO2 Materials: Combined Scattering and Spectroscopic Investigations
Authors: Marchbank Huw R. , Clark Adam H. , Hyde Timothy I. , Playford Helen Y. , Tucker Matthew G. , Thompsett David , Fisher Janet M. , Chapman Karena W. , Beyer Kevin A. , Monte Manuel , Longo Alessandro , Sankar Gopinathan
Published: August 2016

The structure of several nano‐sized ceria, CeO2, systems was investigated using neutron and X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. Whilst both diffraction and total pair distribution functions (PDFs) revealed that in all of the samples the occupancy of both Ce4+ and O2− are very close to the ideal stoichiometry, the analysis using Reverse Monte Carlo technique revealed significant disorder around oxygen atoms in the nano‐sized ceria samples in comparison to the highly crystalline NIST standard. In addition, the analysis revealed that the main differences observed in the pair correlations from various X‐ray and neutron diffraction techniques were attributable to the particle size of the CeO2 prepared by the reported three methods. Furthermore, detailed analysis of the Ce L3‐ and K‐edge EXAFS data support this finding; in particular the decrease in higher shell coordination numbers with respect to the NIST standard, is attributed to differences in particle size.
Acidity Constant (pKa) Calculation of Large Solvated Dye Molecules: Evaluation of Two Advanced Molecular Dynamics Methods
Authors: De Meyer Thierry , Ensing Bernd , Rogge Sven M. J. , De Clerck Karen , Meijer Evert Jan , Van Speybroeck Veronique
Published: August 2016

pH‐Sensitive dyes are increasingly applied on polymer substrates for the creation of novel sensor materials. Recently, these dye molecules were modified to form a covalent bond with the polymer host. This had a large influence on the pH‐sensitive properties, in particular on the acidity constant (pKa). Obtaining molecular control over the factors that influence the pKa value is mandatory for the future intelligent design of sensor materials. Herein, we show that advanced molecular dynamics (MD) methods have reached the level at which the pKa values of large solvated dye molecules can be predicted with high accuracy. Two MD methods were used in this work: steered or restrained MD and the insertion/deletion scheme. Both were first calibrated on a set of phenol derivatives and afterwards applied to the dye molecule bromothymol blue. Excellent agreement with experimental values was obtained, which opens perspectives for using these methods for designing dye molecules.
Global lagrange stability of complex‐valued neural networks of neutral type with time‐varying delays
Authors: Tu Zhengwen , Cao Jinde , Alsaedi Ahmed , Alsaadi Fuad E , Hayat Tasawar
Published: August 2016

In this article, the problem of global exponential stability in Lagrange sense of neutral type complex‐valued neural networks (CVNNs) with delays is investigated. Two different classes of activation functions are considered, one can be separated into real part and imaginary part, and the other cannot be separated. Based on Lyapunov theory and analytic techniques, delay‐dependent criteria are provided to ascertain the aforementioned CVNNs to be globally exponentially stable GES in Lagrange sense. Moreover, the proposed sufficient conditions are presented in the form of linear matrix inequalities which could be easily checked by Matlab. Finally, two simulation examples are given out to demonstrate the validity of theory results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 438–450, 2016
Weather, habitat composition, and female behavior interact to modify offspring survival in Greater Sage‐Grouse
Authors: Gibson Daniel , Blomberg Erik J. , Atamian Michael T. , Sedinger James S.
Published: August 2016

Weather is a source of environmental variation that can affect population vital rates. However, the influence of weather on individual fitness is spatially heterogeneous and can be driven by other environmental factors, such as habitat composition. Therefore, individuals can experience reduced fitness (e.g., decreased reproductive success) during poor environmental conditions through poor decisions regarding habitat selection. This requires, however, that habitat selection is adaptive and that the organism can correctly interpret the environmental cues to modify habitat use. Greater Sage‐Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) are an obligate of the sagebrush ecosystems of western North America, relying on sagebrush for food and cover. Greater Sage‐Grouse chicks, however, require foods with high nutrient content (i.e., forbs and insects), the abundance of which is both temporally and spatially dynamic and related primarily to water availability. Our goal was to assess whether nest site selection and movements of broods by females reduced the negative effect of drought on offspring survival. As predicted, chick survival was negatively influenced by drought severity. We found that sage‐grouse females generally preferred to nest and raise their young in locations where their chicks would experience higher survival. We also found that use of habitats positively associated with chick survival were also positively associated with drought severity, which suggests that females reduced drought impacts on their dependent young by selecting more favorable environments during drought years. Although our findings suggest that female nest site selection and brood movement rates can reduce the negative effects of drought on early offspring survival, the influence of severe drought conditions was not completely mitigated by female behavior, and that drought conditions should be considered a threat to Greater Sage‐Grouse population persistence.
Body composition and menstrual status in adults with a history of anorexia nervosa—at what fat percentage is the menstrual cycle restored?
Authors: Winkler Laura Al‐Dakhiel , Frølich Jacob Stampe , Schulpen Maya , Støving René Klinkby
Published: August 2016

Objective

To study the association between body composition measures and menstrual status in a large sample of adult patients with a history of anorexia nervosa and to calculate the predicted probability of resumption of menstrual function. Furthermore, to establish whether fat percentage is superior to body mass index in predicting the resumption of menses.

Method

One hundred and thirteen adult women with a history of anorexia nervosa underwent a dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan and completed questionnaires regarding medication prescription and menstrual function.

Results

Fifty percent of patients were expected to resume their menstrual function at a body mass index of 19 kg m−2 or a fat percentage of 23%. Twenty‐five percent of patients were expected to resume their menstrual function at body mass index 14 kg m−2 or fat percentage 11%. Fat percentage and body mass index were equally capable of predicting the resumption of menses.

Discussion

Fat percentage and body mass index were positive predictors of the resumption of menses, however, body composition measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry was not superior to body mass index in predicting menstrual recovery, which is of great clinical relevance as body mass index is easier and cheaper to obtain. Body composition measures only account for one of numerous factors involved in the resumption of menses. Regression models based on our data had a R2 value of 0.14, indicating that only 14% of the variation in menstrual recovery could be explained by the variables included. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:370–377)
Increased seedling establishment via enemy release at the upper elevational range limit of sugar maple
Authors: Urli Morgane , Brown Carissa D. , Narváez Perez Rosela , Chagnon Pierre‐Luc , Vellend Mark
Published: August 2016

The enemy release hypothesis is frequently invoked to explain invasion by nonnative species, but studies focusing on the influence of enemies on natural plant range expansion due to climate change remain scarce. We combined multiple approaches to study the influence of plant–enemy interactions on the upper elevational range limit of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in southeastern Québec, Canada, where a previous study had demonstrated intense seed predation just beyond the range limit. Consistent with the hypothesis of release from natural enemies at the range limit, data from both natural patterns of regeneration and from seed and seedling transplant experiments showed higher seedling densities at the range edge than in the core of the species' distribution. A growth chamber experiment manipulating soil origin and temperature indicated that this so‐called “happy edge” was not likely caused by temperature (i.e., the possibility that climate warming has made high elevation temperatures optimal for sugar maple) or by abiotic soil factors that vary along the elevational gradient. Finally, an insect‐herbivore‐exclusion experiment showed that insect herbivory was a major cause of seedling mortality in the core of sugar maple's distribution, whereas seedlings transplanted at or beyond the range edge experienced minimal herbivory (i.e., enemy release). Insect herbivory did not completely explain the high levels of seedling mortality in the core of the species' distribution, suggesting that seedlings at or beyond the range edge may also experience release from pathogens. In sum, while some effects of enemies are magnified beyond range edges (e.g., seed predation), others are dampened at and beyond the range edge (e.g., insect herbivory), such that understanding the net outcome of different biotic interactions within, at and beyond the edge of distribution is critical to predicting species' responses to global change.
T‐cell development is regulated by the coordinated function of proximal and distal Lck promoters active at different developmental stages
Authors: Chiang Y. Jeffrey , Hodes Richard J.
Published: August 2016

Expression of Lck, a T‐cell lineage‐specific tyrosine kinase critical for T‐cell development and activation, can be mediated by either proximal or distal lck promoter. We generated BAC transgenic mice in which BAC lck promoter was deleted and bred these transgenes to an Lck knockout background. Lck‐PROX mice, in which only the proximal promoter is functional, have maximal Lck protein and normal thymic development through CD4−CD8− double negative (DN) and CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) stages, but undetectable Lck later in development and reduced mature single positive thymocytes. In contrast, Lck‐DIST mice, in which only distal promoter was functional, are deficient in Lck protein in DN and DP thymocytes and severely defective in early T‐cell development, with a block at the DN3‐DN4 beta checkpoint equivalent to complete Lck knockouts. The ability of the proximal lck promoter to support thymic development is independent of Fyn; while, in contrast, the distal lck promoter alone is completely unable to support development in the absence of Fyn. Notably, normal thymocyte development is restored by presence of both proximal and distal promoters, even when independently expressed on different lck genes. These results define distinct and complementary requirements for proximal and distal lck promoters during T‐cell development.
CD2–CD58 interactions are pivotal for the activation and function of adaptive natural killer cells in human cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Rölle Alexander , Halenius Anne , Ewen Eva‐Maria , Cerwenka Adelheid , Hengel Hartmut , Momburg Frank
Published: August 2016

The existence and expansion of adaptive NK‐cell subsets have been linked to HCMV infection. Phenotypically, a majority of adaptive NK cells expresses the activating receptor NKG2C and CD57. Some of the molecular factors driving the expansion of NKG2C+CD57+ NK cells in HCMV infection have been identified. The direct interaction of adaptive NK cells with HCMV‐infected cells, preceding the expansion, however, remains less studied. Recently, adaptive NK cells were reported to express higher levels of the co‐activating receptor CD2. We explored whether CD2 was directly involved in the response of adaptive NK cells to HCMV. In a co‐culture system of human PBMCs and productively infected fibroblasts, we observed an upregulation of CD69, CD25, and HLA‐DR on all NK cells. However, only in adaptive NK cells was this increase largely blocked by antibodies against CD2 and CD58. Functionally, this blockade also resulted in diminished production of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α by adaptive human NK cells in response to HCMV‐infected cells. Our results demonstrate that binding of CD2 to upregulated CD58 on infected cells is a critical event for antibody‐mediated activation and subsequent effector functions of adaptive NKG2C+CD57+ NK cells during the antiviral response.
Tetranuclear Lanthanide(III) Complexes Containing a Square‐Grid Core: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetism
Authors: Biswas Sourav , Das Sourav , Hossain Sakiat , Bar Arun Kumar , Sutter Jean‐Pascal , Chandrasekhar Vadapalli
Published: August 2016

The reactions of Ln(NO3)3·5H2O (Ln = Dy3+, Tb3+, Ho3+, Er3+) and a multidentate flexible ligand, (E)‐N′‐[2‐hydroxy‐3‐(hydroxymethyl)‐5‐methylbenzylidene]‐6‐(hydroxymethyl)picolinohydrazide (LH4), in the presence of Et3N in a 1:1:3 molar ratio afforded a series of complexes [Ln4(LH2)4(µ2‐OH)4]·xCH3OH·yH2O (Dy3+, x = 2, y = 2; Tb3+, x = 4, y = 5; Ho3+, x = 0, y = 13; Er3+, x = 4, y = 6). X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that all the complexes are neutral and possess a distorted [2 × 2] square‐grid core [Ln4(µ2‐O)4(µ2‐OH)4] anchored by the concerted coordination of four doubly deprotonated ligands, (LH2)2–, and four µ2‐OH groups. All the Ln centers adopt a distorted triangular dodecahedral coordination geometry. An ac magnetic susceptibility study revealed undulations of the out‐of‐phase (χM′′) component above 2 K for 1 with a quantum tunnelling of magnetization tail at zero dc field. Surprisingly, a field‐induced temperature dependence of the ac frequencies at which the χM′′ maxima occur implies that the slow relaxation is a result of a mixed contribution from more than one Dy3+ center.
Copper‐Promoted Ritter‐Type Trifluoroethoxylation of (Hetero)arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates: A Method for the Preparation of Trifluoroethyl Imidates
Authors: Zhang Ke , Xu Xiu‐Hua , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: August 2016

A copper‐promoted Ritter‐type trifluoroethoxylation of (hetero)arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates with TMSOCH2CF3 was developed. The resulting trifluoroethyl imidates are potentially valuable in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
Direct Synthesis of Cyanopyrrolidinyl β‐Amino Alcohols for the Development of Diabetes Therapeutics
Authors: Lizza Joseph R. , Patel Savan V. , Yang Catherine F. , Moura‐Letts Gustavo
Published: August 2016

Cyanopyrrolidinyl β‐amino alcohols are novel scaffolds with potential for a wide array of pharmacological properties. We have discovered that we can selectively access these scaffolds from simple and inexpensive commercially available chemicals in few synthetic steps with minimal purification. We have produced a 36‐compound library of these scaffolds and tested them as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitors. These novel inhibitors are useful in the treatment of diabetes and inflammatory disorders.
Divergent Aerobic Oxidative Ring‐Opening Cascades of Isatins with 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinoline
Authors: Xia Peng‐Ju , Xiao Jun‐An , Sun Yan‐Hua , Li Jun , Xiang Hao‐Yue , Chen Xiao‐Qing , Yang Hua
Published: August 2016

The unprecedented aerobic oxidative ring‐opening‐initiated cascades of isatins with 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline were explored, in which the reaction sequence could be readily modulated by simply introducing a protecting group in the isatin. Consequently, quinazoline‐2,4‐diones and polycyclic 2,3‐dihydro‐4(1H)‐quinazolinones with potential bioactivities were efficiently assembled in moderate chemical yields.
Enhanced sensitivity and resolution for the analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in water using capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection and field‐amplified sample injection
Authors: Li Minsheng , Chen Xiaoyan , Guo Yuan , Zhang Bingyu , Tang Fengxiang , Wu Xiaoping
Published: August 2016

The profiling of the most lethal paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs) in freshwater has increased the need to establish an alternative analytical method with high sensitivity and resolution. In this paper, a coupling technique of field‐amplified sample injection (FASI) and CE with end‐column amperometric detection (CE‐AD) was developed to improve the detection sensitivity and separation of PSTs by electrokinetically injecting a water plug of analytes to the capillary filled with a high‐conductivity BGE. Parameters affecting FASI and CE process were carefully adjusted to achieve the highest response and resolution. Separation selectivity for PSTs, especially for the analogues and epimers, was greatly enhanced by using 40 mM Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 9.5) as BGE, which altered the EOF and mobility of the analytes that interacted with polyborate ions. Satisfactory linear relationship between peak current and concentration of toxins were gained over a wide range of 1.95–254 μg/L. The detection limits (S/N = 3) for five PSTs ranged from 0.63 to 3.11 μg/L, which are below the health alert level in drinking water. In comparison with the up‐to‐date reporting chromatographic methods, the FASI‐CE‐AD method was simple, low‐cost, selective, and sensitive enough for direct quantification of PSTs at very low levels, implying a potential for screening and monitoring of PSTs in surface waters.