bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Management of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Existing and Prospective Approaches
Authors: Lișcu Horia-Dan , Verga Nicolae , Atasiei Dimitrie-Ionuț , Ilie Andreea-Teodora , Vrabie Maria , Roșu Laura , Poștaru Alexandra , Glăvan Stefania , Lucaș Adriana , Dinulescu Maria , Delea Andreea , Ionescu Andreea-Iuliana
Published: January 2025

Rectal cancer (RC) presents significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment, with increasing incidence among younger populations. Treatment approaches, particularly for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), have evolved, notably with the introduction of total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT). TNT combines neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy before surgery, improving overall survival and reducing both metastasis and local recurrence rates compared to traditional methods, while enabling more patients to complete the full oncological treatment. Clinical trials, such as RAPIDO, OPRA, and PRODIGE 23, have demonstrated the effectiveness of TNT in tumor downstaging and complete pathological responses, offering better outcomes for patients; however, debates persist regarding the role of neoadjuvant radiotherapy, with novel strategies exploring its omission in specific cases to reduce toxicity and enhance quality of life. In addition, organ preservation strategies, such as the watch-and-wait (WW) approach, have emerged as viable options for patients with a complete response to neoadjuvant therapy. Future directions point towards personalized treatment plans incorporating radiogenomics and the integration of artificial intelligence into diagnostics to optimize patient outcomes. This review aims to synthesize current treatment strategies and ongoing advancements in rectal cancer management, providing insights into potential future innovations.
Acetabular Home Run Screw Guidance for Transiliac Fixation in Cup Revision Arthroplasty
Authors: Wessling Martin , Gebert Carsten , Marei Mohamed , Dudda Marcel , Streitbuerger Arne , Aach Mirko , Jeys Lee , Frieler Sven , Koller Daniela , Hanusrichter Yannik
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The growing incidence of acetabular revisions has highlighted the importance of achieving reliable fixation to the remaining bone. Proximal transiliac fixation (TIF) of pelvic implants is becoming an increasingly common approach for managing extensive bone defects. This study seeks to provide guidance on TIF implantation by analyzing the optimal screw placement in partial pelvic replacements for acetabular defects. Methods: Between 2014 and 2024, a cohort of 96 consecutive patients (65 females and 31 males) who underwent customized partial pelvic replacement (PPR) with transiliac fixation (TIF) were examined. The angle and entry point of the ideal TIF were determined using preoperative three-dimensional planning and compared with potential influencing factors. Results: All PPRs were successfully implanted, with an average TIF length of 77 mm. The mean anteroposterior angle for TIF was 18° medially and 27° dorsally. Conclusions: Analysis of the entry point showed concentration around the second radius and between the eleven o’clock and one o’clock positions. The AP angle is notably affected by gender and height. Considering the precision of human judgment, a recommendation for TIF placement would be 20° medial and 30° dorsal deviation, with the entry point around the twelve o’clock position and the second ring from the center of the cup.
Barriers, Facilitators, and a Proposed Model of Care for Implementation of Upper Limb Distributed Practice Approaches for Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Taylor Emma , Greaves Susan , Hoare Brian
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: There is high-level research evidence supporting task-focused upper limb therapy models for children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP). However, a knowledge gap exists in understanding how to effectively implement distributed practice approaches in clinical practice and the effect on the development of bimanual performance. This study aims to evaluate clinical outcomes, examine key considerations for implementation outcomes, and propose a Model of Care for children with unilateral CP. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was applied, including a retrospective case series with an observational descriptive design. A convenience sample of nine children (<5 years of age) with unilateral CP who received multiple blocks of distributed, evidence-based upper limb therapy approaches between 2014 and 2020 were included. Outcomes were evaluated using the Assisting Hand Assessment family of assessments. A Model of Care framework was informed by the Updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and the Conceptual Model for Implementation Research. Results: A total of 59 blocks of upper limb therapy (10 mCIMT and 49 bimanual therapy) were delivered, ranging from two to nine blocks (mean = 6.6) for each child. All children demonstrated improved outcomes in bimanual performance with an average change of 14 AHA units (range 1–22). Barriers to implementation included complexity and cost. Facilitators included the evidence base and adaptability of the approaches that allowed clinicians to respond to an individual child and family’s needs. Informed by evidence-based protocols and visual analysis of data, and in consideration of the barriers and/or facilitators to implementation from this study, a Model of Care for implementation of upper limb distributed practice approaches for children with unilateral CP in clinical practice is proposed. Conclusions: Implementing repeated, distributed blocks of evidence-based upper limb therapy in a clinical setting for children with unilateral CP led to incremental improvements in bimanual performance. There are a range of barriers and facilitators to the implementation of distributed practice approaches in clinical practice. The Model of Care outlines best practice care and service delivery for children with unilateral CP and their families and aims to support clinical practice and the future examination of implementation-effectiveness in practice.
Experimental Study on the Influence of Particle Gradation on the Resistivity Characteristics of Saturated Coral Sand
Authors: Zhou Zhenglong , Zhang Haitao , Zhao Zelong , Hang Tianzhu
Published: January 2025

Due to the action of hydraulic sorting, coral sands in different engineering site areas usually have different particle gradations. To explore the impact of particle gradation on the resistivity characteristics of saturated coral sand, an experimental study was conducted on the effects of the coefficient of uniformity Cu, the mean particle size d50, and the fines content Fc on the resistivity characteristics of saturated coral sand. The results show that under the same porosity, the resistivity of saturated coral sand gradually decreases with the increase in Cu, increases with the increase in d50, and first decreases and then increases with the increase in Fc. When Fc equals 20%, the resistivity of saturated coral sand is at its minimum. To eliminate the influence of pore fluid on the resistivity characteristics, a structural factor was introduced to evaluate the resistivity characteristics of saturated coral sand, and a prediction model for the structural factor of saturated coral sand considering the gradation effect as a function of porosity was established.
Fresh Versus Beach Users’ Deposited Litter in El Puerto De Santa Maria (Cádiz, SW Spain)
Authors: Ciufegni Elisabetta , Asensio-Montesinos Francisco , Castle Christian Rodríguez , Anfuso Giorgio
Published: January 2025

This study is based on a 10-day survey carried out at seven beaches in March 2023 in El Puerto de Santa María municipality (SW Spain). An amount of 5592 items were collected, with a combined weight of 26 kg. Fresh litter, which refers to litter transported to the shore by marine/coastal processes, accounted for 4634 items weighing 23 kg. The remaining 958 items, weighing 3 kg, were identified as litter deposited by beach visitors. The average total litter recorded during the sampling was 0.40 ± 0.07 items m−1 with a density of 1.85 ± 0.69 g m−1. Litter materials were relatively consistent regardless of whether they were stranded by marine processes or discharged by beachgoers. Plastic dominates fresh and deposited litter followed by metal and glass, with minimal contributions of chemicals, organic matter, clothing, rubber, wood, and paper. They were identified 115 items’ categories from the 184 listed in the EU Joint List: 107 for fresh and 75 for deposited litter. Food consumption-related items made up a significant portion of the total debris followed by personal hygiene and care-related and smoking-related litter. The obtained information is very useful to propose sound management actions that have to be especially devoted to raise beach users’ responsibility. Last, in order to have a year-round view of litter characteristics and behavior, further investigations should be carried out during winter, when the number of visitors is very low and waves’ energy is high, and summer, when opposite conditions are recorded.
Historical Review of Research on Fisheries vs. Climate Changes and Proposals for the Future in a Global Warming Context
Authors: Pérez-Rubín Juan , Pérez-Rubín Elena
Published: January 2025

Marine environmental variability and climate change are interconnected; they are the main causes of the fluctuations in ecosystems and cyclically affect fisheries. This work has four main goals. The first is to present a broad historical review of international research activities on fisheries and climate change, mainly in European waters. We have recovered a selection of seminal international scientific publications from 1914 to 1995, which aroused great interest among the scientific community at that time, although most of these publications have fallen into oblivion in the 21st century. The second goal is to review the main intergovernmental initiatives on climate and marine research from the 1980s to the present, detecting gaps and a lack of unanimity in some guidelines from international organizations. The third goal is to analyze decadal warming/cooling in the Canary Current Upwelling System (extending from the NW Iberian Peninsula to Senegal), to understand the current rapid tropicalization of pelagic and benthic ecosystems in Southern European Atlantic seas. The fourth goal is to identify priority research lines for the future, including the need to promote an international retrospective on fisheries oceanography research, for at least the last hundred years.
A Performance Evaluation of Flexible Thermoelectric Modules for Application in a Cooling Garment
Authors: Dąbrowska Anna , Kobus Monika , Starzak Łukasz , Pękosławski Bartosz , Łataś Paulina
Published: January 2025

In recent years, significant progress in thermoelectric module (TEM) technology has been achieved in terms of both flexibility and efficiency. This has created great application potential for it, including in cooling garments. In this paper, the results from performance tests of six selected flexible TEMs are presented and discussed in terms of their applicability in a cooling garment. For this purpose, a special testing methodology was adopted that included the use of a skin model located in a microclimate chamber that allowed the analysis of the absorbed heat flow rate from the cold side of a TEM. In addition, electrical parameters were measured in order to calculate the coefficient of performance for each of the evaluated TEMs. Based on these measurements, the TEMs were compared in terms of the cold-side heat flow rate and the number of modules needed to achieve a given heat flow rate or total cooling surface area. The best results were achieved for the TEM with dimensions of 85 mm × 68 mm × 6 mm, for which a maximum heat flow rate of 1.39 W was achieved with an electrical supply power of 0.35 W. To achieve similar values with other evaluated TEMs, two to five modules would have to be applied.
Optimization of Autoencoders for Speckle Reduction in SAR Imagery Through Variance Analysis and Quantitative Evaluation
Authors: Cardona-Mesa Ahmed Alejandro , Vásquez-Salazar Rubén Darío , Diaz-Paz Jean P. , Sarmiento-Maldonado Henry O. , Gómez Luis , Travieso-González Carlos M.
Published: January 2025

Speckle reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images is a crucial challenge for effective image analysis and interpretation in remote sensing applications. This study proposes a novel deep learning-based approach using autoencoder architectures for SAR image despeckling, incorporating analysis of variance (ANOVA) for hyperparameter optimization. The research addresses significant gaps in existing methods, such as the lack of rigorous model evaluation and the absence of systematic optimization techniques for deep learning models in SAR image processing. The methodology involves training 240 autoencoder models on real-world SAR data, with performance metrics evaluated using Mean Squared Error (MSE), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Equivalent Number of Looks (ENL). By employing Pareto frontier optimization, the study identifies models that effectively balance denoising performance with the preservation of image fidelity. The results demonstrate substantial improvements in speckle reduction and image quality, validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This work advances the application of deep learning in SAR image denoising, offering a comprehensive framework for model evaluation and optimization.
End-to-End Power Models for 5G Radio Access Network Architectures with a Perspective on 6G
Authors: Doorgakant Bhuvaneshwar , Fowdur Tulsi Pawan , Akinsolu Mobayode O.
Published: January 2025

5G, the fifth-generation mobile network, is predicted to significantly increase the traditional trajectory of energy consumption. It now uses four times as much energy as 4G, the fourth-generation mobile network. As a result, compared to previous generations, 5G’s increased cell density makes energy efficiency a top priority. The objective of this paper is to formulate end-to-end power consumption models for three different 5G radio access network (RAN) deployment architectures, namely the 5G distributed RAN, the 5G centralized RAN with dedicated hardware and the 5G Cloud Centralized-RAN. The end-to-end modelling of the power consumption of a complete 5G system is obtained by combining the power models of individual components such as the base station, the core network, front-haul, mid-haul and backhaul links, as applicable for the different architectures. The authors considered the deployment of software-defined networking (SDN) at the 5G Core network and gigabit passive optical network as access technology for the backhaul network. This study examines the end-to-end power consumption of 5G networks across various architectures, focusing on key dependent parameters. The findings indicate that the 5G distributed RAN scenario has the highest power consumption among the three models evaluated. In comparison, the centralized 5G and 5G Cloud C-RAN scenarios consume 12% and 20% less power, respectively, than the Centralized RAN solution. Additionally, calculations reveal that base stations account for 74% to 78% of the total power consumption in 5G networks. These insights helped pioneer the calculation of the end-to-end power requirements of different 5G network architectures, forming a solid foundation for their sustainable implementation. Furthermore, this study lays the groundwork for extending power modeling to future 6G networks.
Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Systemic Diseases—A Narrative Review
Authors: Surdu Amelia , Foia Liliana Georgeta , Luchian Ionut , Trifan Daniela , Tatarciuc Monica Silvia , Scutariu Monica Mihaela , Ciupilan Corina , Budala Dana Gabriela
Published: January 2025

Saliva has emerged as a powerful diagnostic tool due to its non-invasive collection, straightforward storage, and ability to mirror systemic health. This narrative review explores the diagnostic potential of salivary biomarkers in detecting systemic diseases, supported by examples such as salivary proteomics’ role in monitoring endocrine disorders, cancer, and viral infections. Advances in technologies like microfluidics, biosensors, and next-generation sequencing have enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of salivary diagnostics, making it a viable alternative to blood-based diagnostics. The review also evaluates challenges such as the need for standardized collection protocols, variability in salivary composition, and the integration of these technologies into clinical workflows. The findings emphasize the transformative potential of saliva in personalized medicine, especially for early disease detection and real-time health monitoring. Practical applications include its use in mass screenings and public health crises, highlighting saliva as a cornerstone for future advancements in non-invasive diagnostics.
Structural Analysis of Cardanol and Its Biological Activities on Human Keratinocyte Cells
Authors: Basiouni Shereen , Abel Nina , Eisenreich Wolfgang , May-Simera Helen L. , Shehata Awad A.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) is obtained during the industrial processing of cashew nuts. It contains anacardic acid (2-hydroxy-6-n-pentadecylbenzoic acid) and cardanol (3-n-pentadecylphenol). Therefore, CNSL provides a rich source of phenolic lipids serving as natural antioxidants or precursors for industrial uses. Here, we have analyzed in detail a commercial sample of cardanol by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and its biological activities in the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells). Methods: The cytotoxic effects, genotoxicity, cell proliferation, and healing properties on HaCaT cells were studied using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, comet assay, proliferation assay, and scratch assay, respectively. Additionally, the modulatory effect of cardanol on the cellular fatty acid profile of HaCaT cells was analyzed by gas chromatography. Results: NMR showed the structure of cardanol as a mixture of the 8′-monoene (42%), the 8′,11′-diene (22%), and the 8′,11′,14′-triene (36%) for the pentadecyl side chain with all double bonds in Z configuration. The cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells only occurred at high concentrations of cardanol (>10 µg/mL), which caused significant reductions in cell viability. Using the comet assay, a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage was found at concentrations above 10 µg/mL. Scratch assays revealed that cardanol achieved 99% wound closure of HaCaT cells treated with 1 µg/mL cardanol after 48 h. Cardanol at 1 and 0.1 µg/mL significantly enhanced HaCaT cell proliferation and promoted migration, contributing to accelerated wound healing processes. As shown by gas chromatography, 1 µg/mL cardanol increased the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including ω-3, ω-6, and ω-9 fatty acids. Conclusions: Together, these findings suggest that concentrations of <10 µg/mL cardanol are safe and exhibit beneficial biological activities, particularly wound-healing effects on HaCaT cells. Further studies are necessary to explore additional potential applications of cardanol, to refine its formulations for clinical use, and to ensure its safety and action in other target cells and species.
Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals—Evaluating Polymer (Sodium Alginate, HPC, HPMC)-Based Ink’s Suitability by Investigating Rheology
Authors: Rony Farzana Khan , Kimbell Georgia , Serrano Toby R. , Clay Destinee , Ilias Shamsuddin , Azad Mohammad A.
Published: January 2025

Three-dimensional printing is promising in the pharmaceutical industry for personalized medicine, on-demand production, tailored drug loading, etc. Pressure-assisted microsyringe (PAM) printing is popular due to its low cost, simple operation, and compatibility with heat-sensitive drugs but is limited by ink formulations lacking the essential characteristics, impacting their performance. This study evaluates inks based on sodium alginate (SA), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC H), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100 and K4) for PAM 3D printing by analyzing their rheology. The formulations included the model drug Fenofibrate, functional excipients (e.g., mannitol, polyethylene glycol, etc.), and water or water–ethanol mixtures. Pills and thin films as an oral dosage were printed using a 410 μm nozzle, a 10 mm/s speed, a 50% infill density, and a 60 kPa pressure. Among the various formulated inks, only the ink containing 0.8% SA achieved successful prints with the desired shape fidelity, linked to its rheological properties, which were assessed using flow, amplitude sweep, and thixotropy tests. This study concludes that (i) an ink’s rheological properties—viscosity, shear thinning, viscoelasticity, modulus, flow point, recovery, etc.—have to be considered to determine whether it will print well; (ii) printability is independent of the dosage form; and (iii) the optimal inks are viscoelastic solids with specific rheological traits. This research provides insights for developing polymer-based inks for effective PAM 3D printing in pharmaceuticals.
Investigation of Virulence-Related Markers in Atypical Strains of Toxoplasma gondii from Brazil
Authors: Costa Júlia Gatti Ladeia , Martins-Duarte Érica Santos , Pinto Lorena Velozo , Baraviera Ramon Araujo de Castro , do Rego Wagner Martins Fontes , Vitor Ricardo Wagner de Almeida
Published: January 2025

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite distributed worldwide that infects a wide range of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Recent studies sought to clarify the relationship between the alleles GRA15, ROP5, ROP16, ROP17, and ROP18 and the virulence of T. gondii isolates in mice. This work aims to analyze the variability of genes that express T. gondii virulence proteins of 103 strains. Most strains were virulent for mice (76/103–73.79%); within these, 30 were 100% lethal, and 46 caused a cumulative mortality range from 20% to 93%. For the GRA15 marker, most strains presenting allele 2 were non-lethal. For the ROP17 marker, allele 4 was associated with mortality, compared to allele 1. For the ROP18 marker, alleles 1 and 4 were associated with mortality, compared to alleles 2 and 3. A combined analysis of alleles showed low cumulative mortality when the strains presented alleles 3 and 1 for ROP18 and ROP16, respectively. On the other hand, allele 4 of ROP17 was a determinant for virulence when associated with ROP18 allele 3 and ROP16 allele 1. Our analysis shows that ROP18 is the primary determinant of the virulence of atypical strains in mice. Additionally, ROP17 genotyping should not be overlooked, as it has proven critical to enhance this prediction.
PK/PD Analysis of High-Dose Daptomycin Use in the Treatment of Bone and Joint Infections: Data from a Real-World Setting
Authors: Angelini Jacopo , Giuliano Simone , Russiani Francesco , Lo Re Francesco , Flammini Sarah , Cadeo Barbara , Martini Luca , Tascini Carlo , Baraldo Massimo
Published: January 2025

Background: Daptomycin is widely used in bone and joint infections (BJIs) caused by Gram-positive cocci. The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin are characterized by relevant variability in terms of drug exposure. Due to these pharmacological properties, the dosing suggested by the Summary of medical Product Characteristics could result in sub-therapeutic or toxic concentrations, especially considering the high doses recommended for BJIs. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) of daptomycin helps clinicians in verifying the patient’s exposure, due to the lack of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) data in this clinical setting. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 170 daptomycin plasma concentrations of 77 patients with BJIs from July 2022 to December 2023. We focused on the pharmacokinetics of daptomycin to investigate when drug plasma concentrations achieved adequate PK/PD targets. Results: In the first TDM, 7.8% of patients were underexposed according to the estimated area under the curve (eAUC0–24h < 666 mg·h/L), whereas 35.1% were on target according to both the eAUC and trough plasma concentration (eAUC0–24h 666 − 939 mg·h/L; Cmin < 24.3 mg/L). The patients who were overexposed had trough plasma concentrations > 24.3 mg/L (27.3%) or eAUC0–24h > 1174 mg·h/L (33.8%). Differences in drug exposure were observed according to weight and sex. Conclusions: Due to the difficult management of this drug’s dosing, analyzing daptomycin plasma concentrations through TDM represents a powerful tool in BJIs.
New Difunctional Derivatives of Betulin: Preparation, Characterization and Antiproliferative Potential
Authors: Chrobak Elwira , Świtalska Marta , Wietrzyk Joanna , Bębenek Ewa
Published: January 2025

Biologically active compounds of natural origin, such as betulin, are a source of obtaining new medicinal substances. The presence of chemically active hydroxyl groups in the betulin structure at C-3 and C-28 positions enables esterification with dicarboxylic acid anhydrides or carboxylic acids. As a result of a four-step synthesis, difunctional betulin derivatives were obtained, which were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against the following human cell lines: leukemia (MV4-11), (A549), breast cancer (MCF-7), prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3), colon cancer (HCT116), pancreatic cancer (MiaPaca-2), and melanoma (Hs294T). The target 3-carboxyacyl-28-alkynyloyl betulin derivatives showed significant antiproliferative activity against MV4-11 cells. For 3-carboxyacylbetulins and their selected alkynyl derivatives, studies to investigate the effect on the cell cycle and apoptosis process, as well as drug similarity analysis, were performed.
Perovskite-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Its Application Towards Self-Powered Devices
Authors: Jin Zhangsiyuan , Xing Hening , Hu Yian , Cho Yuljae
Published: January 2025

Research on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and self-powered devices has rapidly grown in recent years since its first report in 2012 by Prof. Wang’s group. Triboelectric polymers have been a frontier of the research, attributed to their high surface potential and consequently high voltage output. To further advance the field, in recent years, photoactive semiconductor materials have been introduced which offer an additional current generation mechanism under light excitation, boosting the output current of the TENG. In addition, the semiconductor-based TENG further provides an ability to detect photo-signals beyond mechanical signals, adding high value towards advanced multi-functional sensor applications. In this regard, this article aims to review the recent progress in semiconductor-based TENGs, particularly on metal-halide perovskites, and their applications to self-powered electronics. Finally, the prospects and challenges of the perovskite-based TENG are discussed.
Effects of Kefir Consumption on Gut Microbiota and Athletic Performance in Professional Female Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Öneş Ece , Zavotçu Mutlucan , Nisan Nida , Baş Murat , Sağlam Duygu
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to determine the impact of the daily consumption of kefir on the gut microbiome, body composition, and athletic performance of professional female soccer players. Methods: The participants encompassed 21 females aged 18–29 years who were assigned to one of the two groups: the experimental group, which comprised females who consumed 200 mL of kefir daily for 28 days, and the control group, which comprised females who continued with their normal diet. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, the composition of the gut microbiome through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and an athletic performance test known as the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test were performed before and after the intervention. Results: The results of this study revealed that the consumption of kefir increased the microbial diversity (Shannon and Chao1 indices), wherein a significant increase was noted in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, microorganisms that regulate energy metabolism and have anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, the athletic performance variables, including VO2max (mL.kg−1.min−1) and finishing speed (km/h), were strongly related to the abundance of these short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. A link between the microbiota profile and the dietary intake of fiber and protein as well as the body composition measurements was also established. Conclusions: This study indicated that kefir consumption can positively affect the gut microbiota, which could in turn affect the athletes’ performance. Therefore, to determine the effects of kefir as a functional food in sports nutrition over a longer period, more research should be conducted.
Parental Perspectives on Eating Disorders of Their School-Age Children with ADHD in Hong Kong: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Chen Shu-Cheng , Wu To Ming Stanley , Li Han , Shou Jia-Wen , Qin Jing , Wu Guo-Tao , Cheng Wai-Yin , Yeung Wing-Fai
Published: January 2025

Background: Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently encounter eating problems. However, qualitative research on the eating problems of these children and the strategies employed by their parents to manage these issues remains limited. This study aimed to explore the eating problems of school-age children with ADHD and the coping strategies used by parents in urban settings like Hong Kong. Methods: A descriptive qualitative design was utilized, employing semi-structured focus group interviews. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 12 parents who voluntarily participated in five focus group sessions. The interviews were conducted in Cantonese, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using template thematic analysis to identify key themes and subthemes. Results: Two major themes emerged: challenges affecting ADHD children’s eating behaviors and parental coping strategies in Hong Kong. Children’s eating difficulties stemmed from ADHD-specific behaviors, compounded by Hong Kong’s demanding educational system and urban environmental constraints. In response, parents developed multifaceted coping approaches, ranging from dietary modifications and behavioral management strategies to healthcare resource utilization, while adapting their urban lifestyle to accommodate their children’s needs. Conclusions: Children with ADHD face eating challenges that intersect with Hong Kong’s sociocultural environment, where educational pressure, limited living spaces, and parents’ work schedules influence their eating patterns. Parents adopt integrated Eastern–Western approaches, supported by Hong Kong’s comprehensive healthcare resources spanning professional networks and community programs. Evidence-based dietary guidelines are essential to address ADHD-related nutritional misconceptions.
Unlocking Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges in Genetically Engineered Biofortification
Authors: Shohael Abdullah Mohammad , Kelly Jojo , Venkataraman Srividhya , Hefferon Kathleen
Published: January 2025

Micronutrient deficiencies affect over three billion people globally; there is a particularly severe problem with iron and zinc nutrition in developing countries. While several strategies exist to combat these deficiencies, biofortification has emerged as a powerful and sustainable approach to enhance the nutritional value of staple crops. This review examines recent advances in crop biofortification and their potential to address global nutritional challenges. We present successful case studies including iron-enriched cassava, nutrient-enhanced tomatoes, and omega-3-fortified oilseed crops, demonstrating the diverse possibilities for improving nutritional outcomes. The integration of novel plant-based protein production techniques has further expanded opportunities for sustainable nutrition. However, significant challenges remain, including complex environmental interactions, regulatory considerations, and sociocultural barriers to adoption. Economic analyses suggest biofortification offers substantial return on investment, with every dollar invested generating up to seventeen dollars in benefits through reduced disease burden. As global food security challenges intensify due to climate change, biofortified crops represent a crucial tool for improving nutritional outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We conclude by examining emerging opportunities and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.
Synergistic Interaction Between Justicia spicigera Extract and Analgesics on the Formalin Test in Rats
Authors: Zapata-Morales Juan Ramón , Alonso-Castro Angel Josabad , González-Rivera María Leonor , González Prado Hugo Israel , Barragán-Gálvez Juan Carlos , Hernández-Flores Araceli , Juárez-Vázquez María del Carmen , Domínguez Fabiola , Carranza-Álvarez Candy , de Jesús Pozos-Guillén Amaury , López-Rodríguez Juan F. , Aguirre-Bañuelos Patricia , Ramírez-Morales Marco Antonio
Published: January 2025

Background: Combining antinociceptive drugs with different mechanisms of action can reduce the doses and the adverse effects, with a possible increase in the antinociceptive effect. This work evaluated the antinociceptive effect of the combination of an ethanol extract of Justicia spicigera (JSE) with naproxen (NPX) or tramadol (TML) using the formalin test in rats. Methods: Rats received JSE (30–200 mg/kg p.o.), NPX (50–300 mg/kg p.o.), or TML (5–50 mg/kg p.o.) 60 min before paw administration with formalin (5%). Different proportions of the combination between NPX and JSE, as well as TML and JSE, were used in the formalin test to obtain the dose–response curve of each drug and the experimental effective dose 50 (ED50). The levels of IL-1β and COX2 were assessed using a Western blot analysis as a possible mechanism of action for the combination of JSE and analgesics. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to evaluate the effect of JSE on the pharmacokinetic parameters of NPX. Results: The ED50 values for the proportions NPX:JSE were 107.09 mg/kg (1:1), 102.44 mg/kg (3:1), and 73.82 mg/kg (1:3). The ED50 values for the proportions TML:JSE were 66 mg/kg (1:1), 29.5 mg/kg (1:3), and 78 mg/kg (3:1). The combination NPX:JSE (1:3) showed the best synergistic interaction index (0.501). The pharmacokinetic study revealed that there were no significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of NPX administered individually and the combination NPX:JSE. Conclusions: In this preclinical study, the combination NPX:JSE showed antinociceptive effects by decreasing the levels of COX2 and IL-1β without affecting NPX’s pharmacokinetics.
Exploring Metal Interactions with Released Polysaccharides from Cyanothece sp. CE4: A Chemical and Spectroscopic Study on Biosorption Mechanism
Authors: Ciani Matilde , Lepore Giovanni Orazio , Puri Alessandro , Facchetti Giorgio , Adessi Alessandra
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the potential of released polysaccharides (RPS) from the halophilic cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. CE4 as biosorbents for heavy metals, specifically copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). By combining ICP-OES, SEM-EDX, FT-IR spectroscopy, and XAS techniques, this work provides a comprehensive chemical and spectroscopic analysis of the biosorption mechanisms driving metal removal. The results revealed a strong binding affinity for Cu, followed by Ni and Zn, with RPS functional groups playing a key role in metal coordination. The RPS efficiently removed metals from both monometallic and multimetallic solutions, emphasizing their adaptability in competitive environments. XAS analysis highlighted unique metal-specific coordination patterns. Ni preferentially binds to oxygen donors and Zn to chlorine, and Cu exhibits non-selective binding. Remarkably, the extracted RPS achieved a maximum Cu removal capacity of 67 mg per gram of RPS dry weight, surpassing previously reported biosorption capacities. This study not only advances the understanding of biosorption mechanisms by cyanobacterial RPS but also emphasizes their dual role in environmental remediation and circular resource management. The insights provided here establish a foundation for the development of sustainable, cyanobacteria-based solutions for heavy-metal recovery and environmental sustainability.
Analysis of the Ballistic Effectiveness of the Hybrid Composite of Polyurethane and Kevlar 29 with Different Grammages
Authors: Leiva Palomera Daniel Francisco , Fernández Abreu María Elena , Valín Rivera José Luis , Valin Fernández Meylí , Ferreira de Amorim Júnior Wanderley , Valenzuela Diaz Francisco Rolando , Alcaino Molina Diego Alejandro , Mendez Jofre Pablo Esteban , Ketterer Cristobal Ignacio Galleguillos
Published: January 2025

In this study, the ballistic effectiveness of Kevlar 29 composites was analyzed by combining 400 and 460 GSM grammages with a polyurethane matrix. Plates measuring 300 mm × 250 mm were fabricated using hand lamination and compression techniques, with reinforcement designs consisting of 10, 14, and 18 layers of Kevlar 29 fabric oriented at a 90° angle. Ballistic tests were conducted following the parameters of the NIJ 0108.01 standard, applying five impacts with 9 mm FMJ and 22 (5.5 mm) caliber bullets. Both the composites and pure Kevlar were evaluated. Post-damage visual analysis was conducted on the front and back faces, as well as the interior of the composite, to identify delamination and fractures. The results show that .22 caliber bullets were captured at various stacking levels depending on the configuration, whereas 9 mm bullets penetrated all the plates. Localized fractures and delamination associated with the impacts were observed, highlighting the importance of stacking design and grammage in the material’s energy dissipation capacity.
Controllable Preparation and Electrically Enhanced Particle Filtration Performance of Reduced Graphene Oxide Polyester Fiber Materials in Public Buildings
Authors: Sheng Xiaolei , Yang Tuo , Zhang Xin , Yu Tao
Published: January 2025

How to effectively improve the filtration characteristics of polyester fiber filtration materials in public buildings is particularly important for ensuring the health of indoor environments. This study uses the impregnation method to prepare composite materials by using the characteristics of graphene and its derivatives and, on this basis, enhances the filtration characteristics of the composite materials by applying an external voltage. The structure and particle filtration performance of the composite materials are tested and analyzed. The results indicate that the filtration efficiency of the prepared composite filter material is significantly improved compared to polyester fiber materials. When the applied voltage is 4 V, the new composite filter material has the highest weight filtration efficiency for particulate matter, with filtration efficiencies of 71.3%, 45.3%, and 35.7% for PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0, respectively. The filtration efficiency is highest when the power on time is 80 s. At this time, the filtration efficiency of the filter material for PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 is 70.6%, 43.8%, and 35.3%, respectively. The new composite filter material has a significant lifting effect on particles with a diameter of 0–2.5 μm. It provides reference value for research and the application of new filtering materials.
An IID Test for Functional Time Series with Applications to High-Frequency VIX Index Data
Authors: Huang Xin , Shang Han Lin , Siu Tak Kuen
Published: January 2025

To address a key issue in functional time series analysis on testing the randomness of an observed series, we propose an IID test for functional time series by generalizing the Brock–Dechert–Scheinkman (BDS) test, which is commonly used for testing nonlinear independence. Similarly to the BDS test, the proposed functional BDS test can be used to evaluate the suitability of prediction models as a model specification test and to detect nonlinear structures as a nonlinearity test. We establish asymptotic results for the test statistic of the proposed test in a generic separate Hilbert space and show that it enjoys the same asymptotic properties as those for the univariate case. To address the practical issue of selecting hyperparameters, we provide the recommended range of the hyperparameters. Using empirical data on the VIX index, empirical studies are conducted that feature the applications of the proposed test to evaluate the adequacy of the fAR(1) and fGARCH(1,1) models in fitting the daily curves of cumulative intraday returns (CIDR) of the index. The results reveal that the proposed test remedies some shortcomings of the existing independence test. Specifically, the proposed test can detect nonlinear temporal structures, while the existing test can only detect linear structures.
Haptic Guidance System for Teleoperation Based on Trajectory Similarity
Authors: Nagano Hikaru , Nishino Tomoki , Tazaki Yuichi , Yokokohji Yasuyoshi
Published: January 2025

Teleoperation technology enables remote control of machines, but often requires complex manoeuvres that pose significant challenges for operators. To mitigate these challenges, assistive systems have been developed to support teleoperation. This study presents a teleoperation guidance system that provides assistive force feedback to help operators align more accurately with desired trajectories. Two key issues remain: (1) the lack of a flexible, real-time approach to defining desired trajectories and calculating assistive forces, and (2) uncertainty about the effects of forward motion assistance within the assistive forces. To address these issues, we propose a novel approach that captures the posture trajectory of the local control interface, statistically generates a reference trajectory, and incorporates forward motion as an adjustable parameter. In Experiment 1, which involved simulating an object transfer task, the proposed method significantly reduced the operator’s workload compared to conventional techniques, especially in dynamic target scenarios. Experiment 2, which involved more complex paths, showed that assistive forces with forward assistance significantly improved manoeuvring performance.
Impacts of Climate Variations and Human Activities on the Net Primary Productivity of Different Grassland Types in the Three-River Headwaters Region
Authors: Zheng Kai , Liu Xiang , Zou Xiaoyu , Wang Zhaoqi
Published: January 2025

Climate variations and human activities, as two major driving forces, have profound impacts on alpine ecosystems. The Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR) is located in the alpine region and is the source of three major rivers flowing to eastern China and Southeast Asia. Grassland is the dominant vegetation type in the TRHR and is fragile and sensitive to climate variations and human activities due to the alpine environment. Different types of grassland may have varying coping mechanisms with disturbances due to their unique environments and physiological functions. However, there is limited quantitative research on the response of different grassland types to climate variations and human activities in the TRHR. Therefore, the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach (CASA) was selected to simulate the net primary productivity (NPP) affected by climate (NPPC) and the actual NPP (NPPA) of steppes and meadows in the TRHR from 2001 to 2022, and the NPP affected by human activities (NPPH) was calculated by subtracting the NPPA from the NPPC. Results showed that the NPPA increased by 0.53 gC/m2/a during the study period, with the NPPA of steppes and meadows increasing by 0.55 gC/m2/a and 0.51 gC/m2/a, respectively. The regions dominated by climate variations, human activities, and the combined impact of the two accounted for 22.01%, 29.42%, and 48.57% of the NPPA changes. In terms of climate change, the impact of temperature and soil moisture on the NPP is equally important. It is worth noting that the alpine meadows (67.60%) contributed more to the increases in the NPPA than the steppes (32.40%). In addition, climate variations and human activities contributed more to the increased total NPPA of the meadows (20.54 GgC and 36.41 GgC) than that of the steppes (14.35 GgC and 10.20 GgC). The results clarify the quantitative evaluation system for the impact of human activities and climate change on different types of grasslands in the TRHR, providing guidance for the protection and management of these grasslands.
Geometric Calibration of Parameters in the Perpendicular-Orbit Circular Scanning Satellite Camera
Authors: Zhang Xufeng , Wang Peng , Xue Wu , Liu Xian
Published: January 2025

Perpendicular-orbit circular scanning satellites overcome the conflict between ground resolution and width observed in traditional optical satellites by using a perpendicular-orbit circular scanning imaging method and splicing along the orbit, achieving a balance between an ultra-large width and a high resolution. However, laboratory calibrations of perpendicular-orbit circular scanning satellites exhibit large errors due to the influence of factors such as the thermal and mechanical environment of space during the launch and operation of satellites, and thus, they cannot be applied. In this paper, we start by analysing the in-camera azimuth element errors of perpendicular-orbit circular scanning satellites, then derive a probe element pointing angle calibration model from the physical in-camera calibration model and carry out in-camera parameter calibration based on simulated image data from an ultra-wide perpendicular-orbit circular scanning satellite. Edge and centre strips were selected for the experiment, and a certain number of control points were placed uniformly near the middle column (perpendicular orbit) of the image in each strip and covering all row directions (along orbit). Checkpoints were uniformly selected across a range of widths. The results show that in-orbit geometric calibration can significantly improve the direct-to-ground positioning accuracy of perpendicular-orbit circular scanning satellites, with the positioning accuracy error shown to be better than 30 m within a width of 300 km, 30 m within a width of 1000 km, and 50 m within a width of 2000 km.
Deep Learning-Based Land Cover Extraction from Very-High-Resolution Satellite Imagery for Assisting Large-Scale Topographic Map Production
Authors: Hakim Yofri Furqani , Tsai Fuan
Published: January 2025

The demand for large-scale topographic maps in Indonesia has significantly increased due to the implementation of several government initiatives that necessitate the utilization of spatial data in development planning. Currently, the national production capacity for large-scale topographic maps in Indonesia is 13,000 km2/year using stereo-plotting/mono-plotting methods from photogrammetric data, Lidar, high-resolution satellite imagery, or a combination of the three. In order to provide the necessary data to the respective applications in a timely manner, one strategy is to only generate critical layers of the maps. One of the topographic map layers that is often needed is land cover. This research focuses on providing land cover to support the accelerated provision of topographic maps. The data used are very-high-resolution satellite images. The method used is a deep learning approach to classify very-high-resolution satellite images into land cover data. The implementation of the deep learning approach can advance the production of topographic maps, particularly in the provision of land cover data. This significantly enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of producing large-scale topographic maps, hence increasing productivity. The quality assessment of this study demonstrates that the AI-assisted method is capable of accurately classifying land cover data from very-high-resolution images, as indicated by the Kappa values of 0.81 and overall accuracy of 86%, respectively.