bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spastic Syndrome in Cerebral Palsy. Literature Review
Authors: К.Ф. Венегас, , И.Ю. Збанок, , Г.В. Забродец, , А.Ю. Соловьева, , М.В. Талабаев,
Published: January 2023

В статье представлен обзор современных знаний о патофизиологических механизмах развития спастичности и механизмах структурных изменений в спастичных мышцах при детском церебральном параличе (ДЦП). Одним из механизмов спастичности при ДЦП является дисбаланс между возбуждающими и тормозящими импульсами с относительным дефицитом ГАМК в спинном мозге из-за повреждения развивающегося головного мозга, что приводит к нарушению нейрорегуляции в центральной нервной системе (ЦНС). Было обнаружено, что повышенный мышечный тонус приводит непосредственно к структурным изменениям в самой мышце, нарушению ее взаимодействия с другими мышцами, искажению биомеханики движения. В результате постоянной нейрональной стимуляции мышц при спастичных формах ДЦП происходит увеличение процентного содержания волокон первого (медленного) типа с соответствующими характеристиками. В комплексе все эти процессы вызывают фундаментальную перестройку мышечно-суставного взаимоотношения, нарушение двигательных паттернов.

The article presents an overview of current knowledge about the pathophysiological development of spasticity and the mechanisms of structural changes in spastic muscles in cerebral palsy (CP). One of the mechanisms of spasticity in cerebral palsy is an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory impulses corresponding the deficiency of GABA in the spinal cord, due to damage of the developing brain, which leads to impairment the neuroregulation in the central nervous system (CNS). It was found that increased muscle tone leads directly to structural changes itself, disruption of its interaction with other muscles and distortion of the motion biomechanics. As a result of constant neuronal stimulation of muscles in spastic forms of cerebral palsy the percentage of fibers of the first type muscles fibers (slow twitch) increases with its corresponding characteristics. In complex all of these processes cause the restructuring of the musculoskeletal relationship and impairment of motor patterns.
Environmental responses of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes of subarctic ecosystems in Northern Finland
Authors:   , Lauri Heiskanen
Published: January 2023

The subarctic landscape consists of diverse ecosystems, each having a multitude of biological processes controlling the carbon (C) cycle. Thus, the ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) can display substantial temporal and spatial variation. In this thesis, the objective was to study the C flux responses to changing environmental conditions on the plant community, ecosystem and landscape level. The study sites included fen, upland pine forest, pine bog and lake ecosystems and a mountain birch foresttundra ecotone. The CO2 and CH4 fluxes were measured with the eddy covariance and flux chamber methods during two meteorologically contrasting years. The fen acted as a small annual CO2 sink and an effective CH4 source to the atmosphere, while the pine forest was an effective CO2 sink. The emissions of CO2 and CH4 were sevenfold from the organic compared to the mineral sediment lake. The annual pine bog CO2 sink was estimated to be between the fen and forest sinks. The C fluxes of the four main plant community types (PCTs) of the flark-string microtopography continuum at the fen were controlled by vegetation composition, water table and meteorology. The driest PCTs had larger ecosystem respiration and gross photosynthesis than the wet ones. The three wettest PCTs contributed roughly equally to the total CH4 emissions of the fen, while the emissions from the driest PCT were minor. The fen C fluxes differed between the measurement years during two distinct periods: the warmer-than-average spring in 2018 and a heatwave and drought event in July 2018. The warm spring increased CO2 uptake, while the drought decreased both CO2 uptake and CH4 emissions. The drought also decreased the CO2 uptake of the other terrestrial ecosystems including the birch ecotone. The pine forest CO2 fluxes were affected by the rainy summer in 2017 by increasing the respiration, and a cold spell in autumn 2018, which decreased respiration. Since the post-glacial peatland initiation, peatland expansion and vegetation shifts have altered the CO2 and CH4 fluxes within the current fen area, and it was estimated that the net C exchange during this period has varied between a close-to-neutral balance and an effective sink.
An analysis of language anxiety in English and Basque-Medium Instruction: A study with primary school students
Authors: Alonso Arruabarrena Irene , Lasagabaster Herrarte David
Published: January 2023

In an era of globalisation, acquiring communicative competence in foreign languages has become an educational priority, and in this scenario, Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) emerged as a European endeavour to improve students’ foreign language proficiency. In the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC), learners are required to deal with the coexistence of three languages in the school curriculum, which may be regarded as an anxiety-provoking process. Through a mixed method approach, this study explores the interaction between language anxiety and the language of instruction in the case of 89 primary education students in the BAC, along with the effects of students’ gender, linguistic repertoire and achievement on anxiety means. Results indicated that participants experienced significantly more anxiety in their English subjects than in their Basque subjects. Moreover, students speaking Spanish at home or scoring lower grades in both instruction types exhibited higher anxiety levels, and this trend diminished in the case of females. These findings reveal the challenging nature of anxiety, an affective factor that should be taken into consideration in the implementation of language teaching methodologies.
Collaborative writing and patterns of interaction in young learners: The interplay between pair dynamics and pairing method in LRE production
Authors: Basterrechea María , Gallardo-del-Puerto Francisco
Published: January 2023

A considerable body of research within the Socio-cultural theory (Lantolf & Appel, 1994) examines how learners express their linguistic gaps verbally, or question their own or others’ language use when writing collaboratively, i.e., produce Languagerelated episodes (LREs; Swain & Lapkin, 1998). Several studies have also explored the effect that different patterns of interaction (Storch, 2002) have on the production of LREs with adult learners (e.g., Mozaffari, 2017; Storch & Aldosari 2013), but little research has compared the effect of these patterns of interaction and pair formation method (i.e., student-selected and proficiency-matched) on young EFL learners’ ability to attend to language, and much less on the type of grammatical features they focus on in LREs.

This study examines young EFL learners’ (aged 10-12) production of LREs and pair dynamics in student-selected vs. proficiency-matched groups while completing a collaborative writing task. It was found that young EFL learners mainly exhibit a collaborative type of dynamics and resolved more LREs accurately, together with expert-novice groups. Matched proficiency was more beneficial, as these groups produced more target-like LREs. As per the type of form-focused LREs produced, these young learners focused primarily on spelling issues and less on grammatical knowledge-induced ones.
Pendidikan Seks Perspektif Alquran
Authors: Nuruddaroini M. Ahim Sulthan , Zubaidillah Muh. Haris
Published: January 2023

Memang membicarakan tentang pendidikan seks seakan-akan adalah hal yang tabu dan tidak baik untuk dibicarakan. Namun Alquran dengan bahasanya yang begitu indah menjelaskan masalah tersebut dengan begitu lembut. Penelitin ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan tentang kandungan pendidikan seks dalam Alquran. Adapun yang menjadi fokus penelitian ini adalah apa pengertian pendidikan seks? apa saja ayat yang berbicara tentang pendidikan seks? dan apa kandungan pendidikan seks dalam Alquran? Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatakan Pustaka (library research), Penelitian ini berusaha mengeksplorasi tentang Pendidikan seks dalam Alquran. Dalam menggali ayat-ayat yang berhubungan dengan Pendidikan seks tentunya membutuhkan metode tafsir, yaitu metode tafsir maudhu’i. Adapun teknik analisisnya menggunakan analisis isi (content analysis). Hasil penelitian ini adalah pertama, pendidikan seks adalah pendidikan tentang menjaga naluri seks dari hal-hal yang dilarang, pendidikan untuk menjaga diri dari dari pergaulan yang merusak, dan pendidikan tentang bagaimana fungsi seks dalam kehidupan. Kedua, ayat Alquran yang memiliki kandungan pendidikan seks antara lain: Q.S. Al-Hujurat ayat 13, Q.S. An-Nisa ayat 23, Q.S. An-Nur ayat 58, dan Q.S. Al-A’raf ayat 26. Ketiga, kandungan pendidikan seks dalam Alquran antara lain mengajarkan perbedaan laki-laki dan perempuan, memperkenalkan mahram kepada anak, mengajarkan untuk meminta izin apabila masuk ke kamar orang tua, dan mengajarkan untuk berpakaian yang baik
Isolation and Identification of Clostridium difficile from Antibiotic- Associated Diarrhea and Colitis in Iraqi children, using API20A Anaerobic system.
Authors: Mona Turkey AL-Mossawei  , Luma Yousif Mahdi
Published: January 2023

Clostridium difficile were isolated by 51 (21.25%) from a total of 240 stool sample collected from children having diarrhea and colitis at  ages from after   birth to 15 years old from Baghdad  hospitals, who were under treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics, and  Sample were taken during the period of first of  June 2013  till the end of april 2014. Also 80 stool samples were collected from healthy ,non diarrhea children  as controls.   Morphological    and  API 20A tests  were used  for the  identification  of   this  bacterium to evaluate the performance of the API 20A anaerobe system  in definitively identifying strains of C. difficile.   . This  study  shows  that  females  were  more infected than males .Overall positivity was (21.25%)in this study group compared to controls (P<0.05). The isolation percent from  age <5years  was (18.75%) , while it in age>5years was( 2. 5 %) . It was found that this percent  decreased  with age get  older.
Proposed Approach for Key Generation Based on the RNA
Authors: Assit Prof. Dr.Alia Karim Abdul Hassan
Published: January 2023

Due to fundamental role of  random key in the design of  cryptography algorithms, a new method is proposed for generating  random key based on the bases of RNA translation to protein chain. The proposed method accept a key sequence size(9,18,27,…) byte and generate key sequence with extended length appropriate  with plain message length.  The security strength of generated key is acceptable according to the results of statistical tests of randomness
DESCRIPTION OF ACID-RESISTANT BACTERIA EXAMINATION IN PATIENT FOLLOW UP TUBERCULOSIS IN THE WORKING AREA OF BLUD PUSKESMAS PERUMNAS, LUBUKLINGGAU BARAT I
Authors: Widiawati Widiawati , Karwiti Witi , Garini Ardiya , Harianja Sri Hartini
Published: January 2023

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by stem-shaped bacteria known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Transmission through saliva media or phlegm sufferers containing pulmonary tuberculosis basil. Pulmonary TB is a major public health problem with the number 3rd most in the world after China and India, with about 10% of the total number of people with pulmonary TB in the world. There are an estimated 539,000 new cases and 101,000 deaths each year. The number of pulmonary TB events in Indonesia characterized by the presence of positive acid-resistant bacteria in patients is 110 per 100,000 inhabitants. The purpose of the study to find out the description of the examination of acid-resistant bacteria in people with Pulmonary TB in the working area of BLUD Puskesmas Perumnas Lubuklinggau Barat Lubuklinggau District in 2018. Method: This study is descriptive research with cross sectional study design with axial. sampling method. Result: After conducting research on lung TB follow-up patients as many as 22 people who were originally positive for Pulmonary TB in the working area of BLUD Puskesmas District Perumnas Lubuklinggau Barat city I in 2018 obtained the results of research as many as 22 people (100 %) BTA test results were negative, based on education obtained by 9 people (40.9%) universities with negative BTA results and 13 people (59.1%) low education negative BTA results. Based on knowledge obtained by 22 people (100%) have good knowledge with negative BTA results. Based on the compliance of taking drugs obtained 22 people (100%) have adherence to ingesting the drug in accordance with negative BTA results. Based on the attitude of health workers obtained 22 people (100%) stated the attitude of health workers have a good attitude. Conclusion: BTA examination in all TB patients followed up with negative results.
KADAR HEMOGLOBIN PADA PENDERITA KUSTA YANG MENJALANI MULTI DRUG THERAPY (MDT) DI RS KUSTA DR. RIVAI ABDULLAH PALEMBANG
Authors: Yusneli Yusneli - , Ifryani Ifryani , Nurhayati Nurhayati , Basa Itail Husna , Siregar Sri Sulpha
Published: January 2023

Latar Belakang: Penyakit kusta merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium leprae. Dalam upaya pemutusan mata rantai penularan kusta dilakukan pengobatan Multi Drug Therapy (MDT), salah satu efek samping dari obat MDT adalah anemia. Indikasi adanya anemia salah satunya dapat diukur dengan estimasi kadar hemoglobin darah. Hemoglobin adalah suatu protein sel darah merah yang memiliki peranan penting dalam proses transport oksigen, karbondioksida serta proton dalam tubuh. Oleh karena itu, perlu diketahui kadar hemoglobin pada penderita kusta yang menjalani MDT.  Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui gambaran kadar hemoglobin pada penderita kusta yang menjalani MDT di RS Kusta Dr. Rivai Abdullah Palembang tahun 2018. Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif. Sampel yang digunakan adalah semua penderita kusta yang sedang menjalani pengobatan MDT di RS Kusta Dr. Rivai Abdullah Palembang. Sampel yang diambil berjumlah delapan belas responden yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Hasil: Dari hasil penelitian  didapatkan 55,6% mengalami anemia, berdasarkan umur remaja 0%, dewasa 60%, lansia 80%. Berdasarkan jenis kelamin laki-laki 57,1%, perempuan 50%. Berdasarkan jenis pengobatan MDT PB 40%, MDT MB 61,5%. Berdasarkan lama pengobatan 1-3 bulan 20%, 4-6 bulan 40%, 7-9 bulan 87,5%. Sedangkan 44,4% tidak anemia. Bedasarkan umur remaja 100%, dewasa 40% , lansia 20%. Berdasarkan jenis kelamin laki-laki 42,9%, perempuan 50%. Berdasarkan jenis pengobatan MDT PB 60%, MDT MB 38,5%. Berdasarkan lama pengobatan 1-3 bulan 80%,4-6 bulan 60% dan untuk 7-9 bulan 12,5%. Kesimpulan: Hasil penelitian didapatkan yang mengalami anemia lebih banyak pada umur lansia, jenis kelamin laki-laki, jenis pengobatan MDT MB, dan lama pengobatan 7-9 bulan. Kata kunci: Kusta, kadar hemoglobin, MDT
ANALISIS HASIL PEMERIKSAAN SARS-CoV-2 METODE RT-PCR di LABORATORIUM DAN RUMAH SAKIT RUJUKAN PALEMBANG
Authors: Syailendra Anton , NauE Dian Adhe Bianggo , Tarmizi Muhammad Ihsan , Dewi Sagita Kesuma
Published: January 2023

Background: The spread of Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in the world is increasing so rapidly leads to the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the condition as a pandemic. The recommended test for SARS-CoV-2 is real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PRC), a method with high sensitivity and specificity. The outcome of the assay is the cycle threshold (Ct) value of the sample compared with a reference Ct value. However, there has been no standardization to determine threshold (Cycle threshold), the cycle number at which the fluorescence generated within a reaction crosses the fluorescence threshold, a fluorescent signal significantly above the background fluorescence, on different hosts. Each manufacturer of this method's reagent kit may vary at the threshold value so that the interpretation becomes subjective only to the kit's used.  By considering that not all SARS-CoV-2 testing laboratories use the same reagent kit, we would like to study the Ct value of SARS-CoV-2 assay  Methods: This research is an analytical descriptive study with a secondary data analysis approach. The data collected was the Cycle threshold (Ct) value of SARS-CoV-2 assay with RT-PCR method from Health Laboratory Center of Palembang (BBLK), PUSRI Hospital and Siti Fatimah Hospital. Results: during September-November 2020 there were 6,366 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples from 50,950 samples (12.49%); the RT-PCR type were multiplex techniques with two target genes, a combination of RdRP and N, RdRP and E, RdRP and ORF1ab. The average of Cycle threshold (Ct) value from positive test results for the target genes ORF1ab, RdRP, N and E were: 30.33; 28.44; 28.90 and 27.84 respectively  . Keywords : Test result analysis, RT-PCR, SARS-CoV-2
Finanza, welfare e governo dell’incertezza: il caso dell’educazione finanziaria
Authors: Dodaro Maria , Bifulco Lavinia
Published: January 2023

This article focuses on financial education with the aim to explore the relationship between finance, welfare policies and the governance of uncertainties and risks also in the light of the Covid-19 pandemic. The article discusses the normative substratum that lies at the intersection of daily life and changes in the institutional and regulatory structures of welfare policies. In doing so, it shows how financial education turns protection from critical events, including pandemics, into a financial skills issue that vulnerable individuals and families must address through individual and financialised coping strategies, without broader social factors and contexts of vulnerability being taken into account and addressed. Finally, it points out that the pandemic situation does not seem to be a factor of discontinuity in this respect. Rather, the pandemic emergency appears to be used to support the further development of long-term trends, particularly processes of depoliticization and individualisation.
Camille Schmoll. Le dannate del mare. Donne e frontiere nel Mediterraneo
Authors: Massari Monica
Published: January 2023

No abstract
Lorenzo Bruni. Solidarietà critica. Patologie neoliberali e nuove forme di socialità
Authors: Bazzani Giacomo
Published: January 2023

No abstract
Foreword
Authors: Baskerville Ioana
Published: January 2023

No abstract
Towards linguistic Romanianness
Authors: Cohal Alexandru Laurenţiu
Published: January 2023

Particularly in societies built on ethnic foundations and where nationalism has been decisive for social cohesion, language is one of the strongest traits of identity. One of the most important traits of Romanianness – nationality – with its functional counterpart, i.e. Romanian as a national language, represents the core value around which other identity components gravitate. In this study I will show in general and in essential terms how it has come to linguistic Romanianness.
Contesting ‘Integration’: Personal-Experience Narratives of Scotland’s Immigrants
Authors: Le Bigre Nicolas
Published: January 2023

This chapter unpacks ‘integration’ by problematizing the term’s nebulous usage in political contexts and by re-examining it through the personal-experience narratives of immigrants in North-East Scotland. By focusing on three emergent narrative themes, the chapter explores how immigrants recount and make sense of their own experiences and encounters with integration. It considers the concept with relation to other immigrants, Scottish society more generally, and British migration policy. Emphasizing the creative narrative expressions of those most affected by wider discussions of integration, the author calls for the use of ethnographic methods to better examine immigration and integration from a groundlevel perspective.
Homemaking as Homesickness. Romanian Migrants’ Strategies of Coping with Cultural Difference
Authors: Baskerville Ioana
Published: January 2023

Homemaking achieved materially and emotionally within a diasporic environment represents an important step in the long process of settling in a foreign country. This paper is devoted to explaining the Romanian concept of “home” as it is perceived by Romanian migrants who lived for long periods of time in western European countries. Interviews with Romanian migrants and Moldovan returned migrants, and participant observation during fieldwork revealed different levels of the psychological state of missing the home they departed from, the emotional underpinnings on having to manage life in two places, the concrete andspiritual significance of homemaking in a foreign country, the psychological undertones of “home” and “host” societies, questions on “identity” and “belonging”, ethnic homeland attachments. The reality of pluri-local and/or trans-local identity, and of multi-located homes and specific transnational lifestyles is compared with Romanian collective memory and imaginary of “home” and the strong territorial attachments that are considered by autochthonous ethnopsychologies as part of the Romanian cultural intimacy. The paper analyses both residence (as the material cultures of home, such as design and commodities, the material world of objects that shape a home environment) and dwelling (meanings, values and beliefs, emotional significance of domesticity). For migrants, the various strategies of homemaking are connected in various ways with homesickness as not only longing for a specific residence, but a feeling of loss of a specific past that is even more accentuated for people in a diasporic condition.
EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA ESCOLAR EM CONTEXTO INCLUSIVO E O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE ESTRATÉGIAS DE ENSINO: UM ENSAIO TEÓRICO
Authors: De Morais Milena Pedro
Published: January 2023

A Educação Inclusiva é hoje um dos maiores desafios na ação docente e na prática pedagógica, sobretudo, nas/durante as aulas de Educação Física. Neste complexo contexto e com o intuito de colaborar para o processo formativo continuado dos/as professores/as de Educação Física, este ensaio teórico almeja como objetivos apresentar diferentes perspectivas inclusivas, discutir o processo inclusivo nas aulas de Educação Física face ao conceito da “Diferença” e apresentar diferentes estratégias de ensino considerando a potencialidade do estudante com deficiência, a fim de estas estratégias sejam instrumentos facilitadores para a elaboração de propostas pedagógicas mais equitativas. O texto está organizado em dois momentos sendo que, no primeiro momento o objetivo centra - se em esclarecer conceitos essenciais e pertinentes ao desenvolvimento da Educação Inclusiva e discutir sobre a inclusão escolar na perspectiva dos estudantes com deficiência, no segundo momento tecemos uma discussão sobre a limitação versus a potencialidade apresentando diferentes possibilidades e estratégias de ensino facilitadoras ao processo inclusivo. Muitos fatores por vezes interferem de forma negativa no sucesso do processo inclusivo, contudo, mesmo com tantas adversidades os professores de Educação Física têm atuado como agentes transformadores ao envolver a comunidade educativa em práticas pedagógicas equitativas. 
Recebido em: 29/07/2022
Reformulado em: 19/08/2022
Aceito em: 19/08/2022
O USO DA TECNOLOGIA E ATIVIDADES FÍSICAS: POSSIBILIDADES JUNTO À DEFICIÊNCIA INTELECTUAL
Authors: Sabino Kawashita Ieda Mayumi , Russo Rafaela Aparecida Rodrigues
Published: January 2023

O Coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 provocou o isolamento social de todos, inclusive das pessoas com deficiência. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever as possibilidades do uso da tecnologia da informação e comunicação - TICs, para auxiliar a manutenção da qualidade de vida das pessoas com deficiência intelectual, bem como apresentar as reações causadas pelas interações e a percepção dos usuários neste momento específico. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa que teve como público alvo os usuários do Centro Dia, de uma instituição não governamental no interior de Minas Gerais, que apoiou todas as etapas deste trabalho. Participaram da pesquisa duas pessoas com deficiência intelectual, com idades de 33 e 54 anos, foram utilizados dois instrumentos, questionários e as redes sociais (WhatsApp e Facebook).   Os resultados apontam que é possível auxiliar na manutenção da qualidade de vida das pessoas com deficiência em tempos de isolamento social, utilizando-se das TICs para a realização de atividades físicas orientadas por um professor, bem como nos aspectos socioemocionais favorecer emoções positivas, e consideramos que a saudade foi amenizada, mas não totalmente superada, o que é compreensível. Concebemos que o uso das TICs se faz irreversível e que temos que agregá-la aos nossos fazeres, estimulando as pessoas com deficiência a utilizá-la em benefício próprio.
Recebido em: 02/08/2022
Reformulado em: 10/09/2022
Aceito em: 07/10/2022
função perversa da grande mídia na desestabilização das leis trabalhistas
Authors: Donato Mauro
Published: January 2023

Com admirável competência para criar mitos, os meios de comunicação de massa têm grande responsabilidade no imaginário popular pela miragem de um mundo paradisíaco: o do empreendedorismo. Essas empresas difundem o mantra fraudulento “seja seu próprio chefe”, quando mais honesto seria dizer “escravize-se voluntariamente sem causar consequências, nem punições, nem encargos, nem processos ao empresariado”. A grande mídia, ou mídia corporativa, tem papel fundamental na glamourização do empreendedorismo. Afirmar que tal iniciativa esteja “no DNA do brasileiro”, “no espírito do nosso povo” é corriqueiro no jornalismo parceiro do patronato. “Cinquenta e dois milhões de brasileiros possuem negócio próprio”, é algo dito na TV com naturalidade e sorriso no rosto dos apresentadores, com a intenção de fazer tal dado parecer um avanço. Na prática, são milhões de desempregados, pessoas a quem não restou alternativa a não ser sair em busca de alguns tostões diariamente fazendo bicos. Das empresas em atividade no país, 70% são de microempreendedores individuais (MEI). Denominar um camelô como empreendedor é mais um eufemismo do mundo encantado descolado da vida real. Todo esse discurso atende ao empresariado robusto, ávido por enterrar as conquistas de direitos de trabalhadores. Retrata ainda a particularidade da grande mídia no Brasil que está nas mãos de meia dúzia de famílias, um retrato da concentração de poder e de renda. Uma mídia que atua em interesse próprio e das grandes empresas anunciantes, em detrimento dos interesses dos trabalhadores.
Resenha do Documentário: Dois Riachões, Cacau e Liberdade
Authors: Moll Patrícia
Published: January 2023

Resenha do documentário Dois Riachões, cacau e liberdade, que trata de como um assentamento no Sul da Bahia conquistou terra, independência financeira e soberania alimentar através da reforma agrária e do apoio de instituições.
SUPPORTING AND ENABLING IMPROVEMENTS IN THE AREA OF CARE FOR ADULTS WITH DISABILITIES IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Eunice Tan  , Ivy Chia
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this pilot study is to improve and facilitate enhancement in terms of care for adults with disabilities in Singapore. In many developed countries in the world, many if not all adults with special needs, live out in the community and are fully integrated with society. However, the majority of adults with disabilities in Singapore are residing in institutions because their families are not able to take care of them. There have been some attempts at mainstreaming adults with disabilities into the Singaporean community, however the number is very small. Although there has been much progress in the disability sector in Singapore, much work needs to be done in the adult disability sector. There are few research studies conducted on the adult disability sector in Singapore and the rest of the world (Happe & Firth, 2020; Lee & Burke, 2018). In Singapore and the rest of the world, there needs to be more of a person’s centred model when working and supporting adults with disabilities. Thus, the premise of this study is how do we improve the quality of life of adults with disabilities in Singapore? How do we improve and facilitate enhancement in terms of care for adults with disabilities in Singapore?
KEY WORDS: adults, disabilities, quality of life
Ontogeny of feeding and digestive system in cobitidian fish Noemacheilus montanus (McClelland)
Authors: Bahuguna S. N. , Khatri Suman , Chowdhary Ashish K. , Bahuguna Garima
Published: January 2023

Noemacheilus montanus is a bottom feeder water tracer fish of Himalayan region. The fish moves within the minute water capillaries in the mountain region and inhabited in small tributaries of hill stream. The incubation period spanned over 40-45 hour. After 1st day post-hatching the mouth was opened and upper and lower lips were distinguished. By second day post hatching taste buds were developed on both the lips. The larvae show rudiments of barbels on second day and which continue to grow  and by 5th day post hatching these acquire slender and long shapes with many taste buds scattered all over the surface. The large numbers of taste buds secrete huge amount of mucous which is morpho-ecological adaptation in these larvae for movement as well as this protect the larvae in their habited zone.  Various taste buds are also located on the upper and lower lips which are heterogeneous in shape. These taste buds greatly help this loach to locate the food and render this fish with carni-omnivorous habit enabling them to be the scavengers of the water body where they live. The pharyngeal region was distinguished from the buccal cavity by the development of the gill structure evident by 1st days post-hatch which are also having a large number of taste buds and mucous cells. These are helpful to take movement as well as respiration in the environment having less amount of water.
Screening and Optimization of Extracellular Alkaline Protease Production from Bacillus Spp
Authors: Chourasia P. , Patel B. , Prakash M.M. , Gaherwal S.
Published: January 2023

Protease enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of protein. Among the various proteases, bacterial proteases are most significant when compared with animal and fungal proteases. In the present study a protease producing bacteria were isolated from soil collected from Govt. Holkar Science College, Indore campus and identified as Bacillus spp. They were grown within a temperature range between 25°C & 45 °C and pH range of 6.0 to 11.0. The optimum condition for protease production obtained was 35 °C at pH 9. The best carbon and organic nitrogen sources for this bacterial strain were fructose and yeast extract, respectively, while the most effective inorganic nitrogen sources was  urea. It is envisaged that the isolate can be a potential source of alkaline protease for use as additive in industrial applications like detergent industry.
Impact of media composition on the growth of flower decomposing fungi
Authors: Shouche Shobha , Bhati Praveesh , Pandey Anil , Yadav Ulka , Jain Sudhir  Kumar
Published: January 2023

A growth experiment was conducted at Madhav Science College , Ujjain , India   to find out the optimum growth requirements of flower decomposing fungi. In this experiment, Selected test fungi i.e. Penecillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp.,Rhizopus sp. ,  Alterneria sp.etc, were taken and allow to grow in various kinds of  media viz. semi defined media with floral extract , chemical defined media,  semi defined media  with yeast extract  and semi defined media with floral extract & yeast extract. After incubation, observations indicate that semi defined media with yeast extract and floral extract is more suitable for fungal growth and absence of yeast extract slightly affect the fungal growth.
Documentation of fishes and physico-chemical characters of a stream Indrawati- a spring fed tributary of River Bhagirathi at Uttarkashi (Central Himalaya, Garhwal) India
Authors: Agarwal N.K. , Singh Gurnam
Published: January 2023

Most of the riverine resources in Garhwal region are mountainous and perennial either snow fed or spring originated. All these mountainous streams provide a good natural habitat for survival of hill stream fishes. Present communication deals with documentation of Ichthyofauna along with physico-chemical properties of a similar perennial spring fed stream Indrawati- a left side tributary of river Bhagirathi. It comes down from the hills of Baragari and through Joshiyara debouches into the river Bhagirathi at Uttarkashi (elevation 1128 masl). Major part of stream water is mainly abstracted for the irrigation purpose in the side lying fields all along its length. There is heterogeneity in the stream bed characteristics which results into the existence of varied fish fauna. Study reports eleven fish species from the stream belonging to two orders, three families and six genera. Fishes belonging to cyprinidae family are found more commonly than the cobitidae and sisoridae family. Fishery of the stream is of subsistence nature and is under intense pressure of anthropogenic activities. Fishes captured are of generally small sized. The physico-chemical characteristics recorded during the study period in the different seasons are water temperature (9.0-16.0 0C), velocity (.50 m-s-1.46 m-s), TDS (49 mg-l – 65 mg-l), pH (8.0 - 8.3), DO (7.3 mg-l – 10.5 mg-l), Free CO2 (0.10 mg-l – 0.30 mg-l) and turbidity (06-30 NTU).
Analisis Kualitatif Terhadap Kepuasan dan Loyalitas Pelanggan Kedai Kopi Gayo Menggunakan Metode Grounded Theory
Authors: Putri Maya Seruni , Heikal Jerry
Published: January 2023

This study aims to identify the constructs of customer satisfaction and loyalty at Gayo coffee shops in Takengon, Central Aceh. Researchers use the Grounded Theory method, as a tool for qualitative analysis. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with Gayo coffee shop customers, at six different coffee shops in Takengon, Central Aceh. The analysis performed included open-coding of the data to identify categories and themes; axial-coding to link categories and themes; and selective-coding to identify core themes. The findings show that service is the main factor that constructs customer satisfaction and social interaction is the main factor that constructs customer loyalty at Gayo coffee shops in Takengon, Central Aceh.
Judicial Creativity, Unenumerated Rights, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Cooper Steven M.
Published: January 2023

The author provides a review of Laurence H. Tribe & Michael C. Dorf, On Reading the Constitution, Harvard University Press, 1991.
Noncompete Contracts: Understanding the Cost of Unpredictability
Authors: McDonald M. Scott
Published: January 2023

The intention of this Article, and the brief presentation that accompanied it at the Texas Wesleyan University School of Law Symposium on The Role of Contract in the Modern Employment Relationship, is to highlight the need for a more uniform and consistent application of contract principles to noncompete contracts in order to increase predictability in this field of law. Presently both employees and employers pay a heavy price due to increased uncertainty in this area. This is because courts use equitable concepts to circumvent basic contract law principles without recognizing the unseen price that is paid by others when contract-based predictability is eroded.
To illustrate this point, this Article will begin with six different scenarios that are very real possibilities under the current state of the law and highlight the practical cost to litigants in the current unpredictable environment. In addition to highlighting a significant problem created by the unpredictability in this area of employment contract law, this Article will also provide the practicing employment law attorney with a review of different contract options to consider when drafting noncompete contracts and similar protective agreements. In Part II, the nature of unpredictability in a number of key foundational concepts like protectable interests, consideration, and choice of law is examined. In Part III, an overview of advantages and disadvantages to the eight most common forms of restrictive contracts are covered to illustrate that no one contract option solves the present unpredictability problem and to provide the practicing attorney with a helpful checklist of contract options to consider. To conclude, a suggestion for a more balanced approach to improve predictability is provided.
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle: How Children’s Literature Reflects Motherhood, Identity, and International Adoption
Authors: Ayres Susan
Published: January 2023

Children's books are "a source of law" for children because "[children] are constantly trying to make sense of what is going on around them, and although literature itself is only a constituent of life experience, as a constituent it is potentially of the greatest importance. As adults and lawyers, we can also read children's books as a source of law because they reflect patriarchal ideologies about the family and stigma surrounding adoption. Like other myths, children's books tell stories about origins and constitute not only subjects but are also the foundation of law by reflecting legal norms and projecting legal changes. Children's stories dramatize the evolution of family and adoption through four narratives: the kinship narrative, the as-if narrative, the failure narrative, and the bad mother narrative. The kinship narrative, discussed in Part II, defines family to include those bound by kinship or blood. The kinship narrative labels adoption as second best and views adoption through three narratives discussed in Part III: the as-if narrative, which sees adoption as trying to replicate kinship; the failure narrative, which views adoption as the result of a failure to have birth children; and the bad mother narrative, which labels the mother who gives up her child for adoption as a bad mother.
Food for Thought: Consistent Protocol Could Strengthen Food Supply Security Measures
Authors: Lovett Lisa
Published: January 2023

When Americans buy food at their hometown grocery stores or frequent favorite restaurants, it is unlikely that much thought is given to whether any of the food consumed may ultimately cause their demise. They should.
Food safety laws are an integral part of the domestic food supply and have been for most of this century. The attack on America on September 11, 2001 forced government officials, producers, and consumers to seek out and bolster any potential weak spots in national security. The domestic food supply is one such area of concern. The recent passage of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Act of 2002 validates the concern that the food supply is at risk for possible terrorist activity. While the terrorist aspect of food safety regulation is most prominent, another more pervasive area of concern gaining regulatory attention is biological, not necessarily terrorist, activity. This Comment explores current food safety laws and practices and suggests that more consistent safety protocol throughout every link in the "farm-to-table" chain could bolster the integrity of the domestic food supply in the post-September 11th environment against both intentional and negligent harm risks.
The Poor Man's Burden: Why Texas Should Provide Interim Counsel for Indigent Defendants When They Request a Substitute in Their Appointed Counsel
Authors: Messerli Shelly
Published: January 2023

This Comment will address indigent defendants' need for interim counsel when requesting a change in appointed counsel. Part I will discuss the historical development of indigent defendants' right to appointed counsel. Part II will examine the current state of indigent defendants' right to counsel as required by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments. Part III will examine how Texas courts currently treat indigent defendants who attempt to obtain a change in appointed counsel. Texas cases will be discussed in order to illustrate the problem. Part IV will discuss how this proceeding merits the protections provided by the Sixth and the Fourteenth Amendments. Part V will discuss the cost considerations involved in providing interim counsel in this proceeding. Finally, Part VI will consider other alternatives to providing interim counsel, such as lowering the procedural burden or providing standby counsel.
Foreword: Hadley v. Baxendale and the Seamless Web of Law
Authors: Linzer Peter
Published: January 2023

If I tried to discuss all the papers, I would give them only a superficial reference; there are too many to cover with any depth. I did, however, want to discuss some fine examples of the conference and then consider the broader issues that they raise about Hadley as an artifact of the common law, both the common law of the mid-nineteenth century and the common law of the early twenty-first. As the title of the conference suggests, Hadley illustrates how wide-ranging and intertwined the common law is, both in geographic and cultural terms and in terms of its flexibility as the world around us changes.
Introduction, The Shaft: The Hadley v. Baxendale Song
Authors: Snyder Franklin G.
Published: January 2023

Professor Snyder composes "The Shaft: The Hadley v. Baxendale Song"
Relational Contracting In A Digital Age; Panel Discussion
Authors: Snyder Franklin G. , Macneil Ian R. , Kidwell John , Campbell David , Arnow-Richman Rachel
Published: January 2023

If, as it has sometimes been argued, changes in contract rules and theory are strongly affected by changes in economic conditions, we should note that the world has changed a good deal since the early 1960s when relational contract theory began to bloom. The economic world of 2004 is very different from the world of 1964. Modern relational contract theory was born about the same time as its great theoretical competitor, the rational choice approach of the legal economists. It came before the vast changes wrought by the information revolution and the increased globalization of the economy. What has relational theory taught us over the past forty years? How has it changed and adapted in light of those great economic changes? Where is it going in the future?
Those were the general topics at a panel discussion which took place June 8, 2004, at the Oxstalls campus of the University of Gloucestershire in Gloucester, England. It was part of a conference entitled, "The Common Law of Contracts as a World Force in Two Ages of Revolution," which marked the 150th anniversary of one of the most famous contracts cases of all time, Hadley v. Baxendale, and is the theme of the present Symposium. The Conference's object was to explore how the common law adapts to and influences the kind of revolutionary changes that have swept over our society in the past forty years, and which swept over England in the forty years before Hadley v. Baxendale.
Hadley V. Baxendale: Still Crazy After All These Years? Panel Discussion
Authors: Spurlock Joe , Perillo Joseph M. , Hutchinson Allan C. , Anderson Roy Ryden , Faust Florian
Published: January 2023

The following discussion about Hadley v. Baxendale took place on June 8, 2004, at the Conference on "The Common Law of Contracts as a World Force in Two Ages of Revolution," held at the Oxstalls Campus of the University of Gloucestershire, in Gloucester, England. The Conference marked the 150th anniversary of Hadley. The following discussion was intended to be a free-ranging exploration of Hadley, its rule, its role in legal pedagogy, and its likely future.
Puritan Revolution and the Law of Contracts
Authors: Pryor C. Scott , Hoshauer Glenn M.
Published: January 2023

The revolutionary political, economic, and religious changes in England from the time of Henry VIII through the execution of Charles I accompanied the creation of the modern law of contracts. Most legal historians have ignored the impact of the Protestant Reformation and the rise of Puritanism on the development of the common law. Only a few historians have considered the influence of Puritanism on the law but have come to conflicting conclusions. This paper considers the question of Puritanism's impact on three aspects of the common law of contracts: the rise of the writ of assumpsit, the rationalization of the doctrine of consideration, and the independence of promissory conditions. The Authors conclude that Puritan theology was irrelevant to assumpsit and consideration but could have influenced the framework of analysis of the application of virtually absolute liability in Paradine v. Jane. 1 Second, the Puritan emphasis on discipline-personals, ocial, and ecclesiastical- represents an independent source of influence on the development of the common law of contracts. The disciplined life grew in cultural significance with the Reformation and the subsequent process of confessionalization. Of the three confessional traditions arising from the Reformation, the Reformed, which included the Puritans, implemented discipline to the greatest extent. The Puritan tools of discipline-self-examination, literacy, catechizing, and local ecclesiastical implementation-proved effective. The emerging modern state valued a disciplined citizenry and eventually co-opted the social gains produced by Puritanism. The particular forms of Puritan theology and discipline were contributing factors to the English Civil War. The Civil War both precipitated the monopolization of judicial power in the common law courts and exacerbated the need for the imposition of social order from above. These factors also underlay the decision in Paradine v. Jane.2 Thus, the Authors believe that Puritan social practice influenced the common law of contracts.
Introduction: The Power of Stories: Gloucester Tales
Authors: Ayres Susan
Published: January 2023

This special symposium issue includes a selection of the almost sixty papers delivered at the conference. As both the number of papers and breadth of topics demonstrate, law and literature is not dead.' Rather, it is alive, kicking, and inspiring scholarly investigation. A general overview of this symposium issue shows all three strands of the law and literature movement. One strand, law in literature, examines legal issues and representations of lawyers that appear in literary works.' Another strand, law as literature, uses the tools of literary theory to analyze judicial decisions and legislative enactments. The third strand, the narrative project, focuses on narrative, and on the use and power of storytelling in law. While many of the papers might be categorized as taking a law in literature approach, others take a narrative approach, and yet others take a law as literature approach.
Dick Whittington and Creativity: From Trade to Folklore, From Folklore to Trade
Authors: Fischer Susanna Frederick
Published: January 2023

In this essay, I consider whether such increased intellectual property protection for stories and folktales is the wisest policy course. While accepting the validity of the two major concerns that underpin the effort to implement greater intellectual property protection, I argue here that greater intellectual property protections risk serious harm to innovation and creativity by narrowing the public domain and are not the best means to achieve these desired ends. To make my argument, I will draw on the Dick Whittington story as both an example of a folktale in danger of overprotection by expanded intellectual property regimes and also as an analogy to the legal treatment of folklore over the past several decades.