bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Resolution of Nitrofurantoin-Induced Chronic Pulmonary Toxicity Presenting with Respiratory Failure
Authors: Mir Elias , Malik Javed , Lone Shabir , Mohi-ud-din Ramees , Khalil Majid
Published: December 2017

Nitrofurantoin is one of the most common drugs implicated in drug-induced pulmonary toxicities, the manifestations of which range from dose-independent acute self-limiting reactions to chronic dose-dependent pathologies. The severity of these pulmonary adverse effects may range from trivial hypersensitivity reactions to extensive and irreversible lung fibrosis leading to respiratory failure and death. Symptomatic and supportive treatment in addition to discontinuation of the drug usually suffices for the management of mild reactions. Corticosteroids have been traditionally used to relieve the symptoms and hasten the resolution of pulmonary lesions in case of severe toxicities. However conclusive evidence in the form of controlled studies in favor of this routine use is lacking. We report a case of an elderly lady who presented to us in respiratory failure due to nitrofurantoin induced chronic lung disease. The patient’s symptoms and blood gas abnormalities resolved spontaneously over the course of 6 months after stopping the drug. Radiological lesions including those suggestive of apparently permanent fibrosis also resolved during this time. Corticosteroids, inhalational or systemic, were not used. Spontaneous normalization of clinico-radiological features in nitrofurantoin induced chronic lung disease presenting with respiratory failure has rarely been reported previously. The related literature is also reviewed.
Solitary Pulmonary Nodule—The Role of Imaging in the Diagnostic Process
Authors: Paśnik Marcin , Bestry Iwona , Roszkowski-Śliż Kazimierz
Published: December 2017

A solitary pulmonary nodule is a round opacity less than 30 mm in diameter surrounded by normally aerated lung tissue. Determination of the character of the lesion following its detection (particularly when the identification was incidental) may require a complex diagnostic process. In most cases, nodules are benign in character; however, the probability of malignancy increases significantly for part-solid lesions. The main features that describe the solitary pulmonary nodule in computed tomography scans include their size, shape, density, presence of calcification and rate of growth. PET-CT examination provides additional information on the metabolic activity of the lesions, and MRI is helpful in assessment of local invasion of surrounding structures. Due to limited availability and highly specialized character, these examinations are not routinely used. Therefore, despite development of other imaging modalities, computed tomography remains the most important and crucial diagnostic tool. Clinical risk factors such as age or smoking status are very important for evaluation of the likelihood of malignancy of a nodular lesion. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of data required for complex assessment of a solitary nodular lesion, management routines are needed in the diagnostic process such as those proposed by the Fleischner Society.
Stem cell properties, current legal status and medical application
Authors: Szabłowska-Gadomska Ilona , Bużańska Leonora , Małecki Maciej
Published: December 2017

Stem cells due to their unique properties of self-renewal and differentiation play a potential role in the process of damaged tissue repair. Isolated from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst have pluripotential properties and are called embryonic stem cells (ESC). Pluripotential stem cells can be also generated from the differentiated cells by the process of reprogramming and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Stem cells isolated from tissues (somatic or adult stem cells) are more restricted in their differentiation potential and referred as multipotent. The rapid rise in number of clinical trials using somatic stem cells is due to their proved in basic and preclinical studies therapeutic safety and paracrine properties to modulate microenvironment. Increased translation to the clinic of studies using adult stem cells provide hope for patients with diseases for which traditional medicine is powerless .or ineffective. On
the other hand progress in iPSC technology allows to derive disease models and personalize
future clinical diagnosis and treatment. This paper will focus on characteristics of stem cells,
potential application in regenerative medicine, and the current legal status of cell therapy.
Música, metáforas e lugar: os sons do Rio da Prata
Authors: Dominguez Maria Eugenia
Published: December 2017

Este artigo apresenta observações sobre a história recente da música popular do Rio da Prata, analisando uma cena em que confluem tango, candombe, murga e rock em Buenos Aires, na Argentina. Mostramos como as migrações entre o Uruguai e Argentina a partir do início da última ditadura militar (1973 e 1976 respectivamente) oportunizaram a emergência de um mercado regional para a música uruguaia e a consolidação da cena rio-platense. A análise distancia-se daqueles trabalhos etnomusicológicos que  mapeavam os gêneros musicais se circunscrevendo ao espaço da nação. Argumenta-se que as práticas musicais dos artistas da cena rio-platense contribuem para fazer do Prata um lugar que transcende o limite geopolítico. As poéticas que caracterizam a estética desta cena, como também os discursos com que se descrevem as experiências dos músicos e seus trabalhos, muitas vezes referem de forma metafórica a proximidade entre uruguaios e argentinos e entre os gêneros musicais surgidos em um e outro país. Tais metáforas são aqui interpretadas em sua dimensão performativa mais do que representando uma geografia dada: elas estabelecem relações entre as pessoas e gêneros musicais de uma e outra beira do Rio da Prata, contribuindo para que ele possa ser percebido como um lugar. Palavras-chave: Música popular- Argentina. Música popular -Uruguai. Migração. Rio da Prata (Argentina e Uruguai).
Fontes telejornalísticas nos domínios de Clio: notas metodológicas
Authors: Palha Cássia Rita Louro
Published: December 2017

O texto enfoca notas teórico-metodológicas voltadas para a análise de produtos telejornalísticos, contemplando as características de sua narrativa, seus recursos e códigos de linguagem, a arquitetura de seus gêneros e formatos, bem como as frentes e fontes de trabalho disponíveis ao historiador. Valendo-se das contribuições de Pierre Bourdieu e dos Estudos Culturais Ingleses é abordado o circuito de relações entre os universos da produção, do texto e da circulação/recepção das mensagens; bem como são discutidas as noções de “acontecimento monstruoso” e do “presente hipertrofiado” característicos da sociedade midiática. Neste contexto, destaca-se a centralidade do telejornalismo junto à socialização de uma história pública, em muito dependente daquilo que a grande mídia seleciona e socializa em seus “enquadramentos da memória social”, seja em relação ao passado, seja frente aos registros do tempo presente e imediato. Palavras-chave: Fontes Telejornalísticas.  Sociedade Midiática. Metodologia.
¿Autónomos o autómatas?: el terrorismo de estado desde la voz de sus partícipes. Argentina y Uruguay (1994-1996)
Authors: Goldentul Analía
Published: December 2017

Este artículo indaga la emergencia de relatos militares en Argentina y Uruguay durante el período 1994-1996; y lo hace desde dos dimensiones. La primera de ellas tiene que ver con las apreciaciones que hizo la oficialidad militar joven en torno a los niveles de obediencia y autonomía que condicionaron su participación en el terrorismo de Estado, mientras que la segunda explora las percepciones que forjaron sobre la legalidad e ilegalidad de las tareas que llevaron adelante. Se asume, a modo de conclusión, que a partir del estudio combinado de ambas dimensiones es posible entrever procesos particulares de subjetivación de los agentes de represión en Argentina y Uruguay. Palabras clave: Perpetradores. Terrorismo – Argentina. Terrorismo – Uruguay. Víctimas del Terrorismo do Estado. Oficialidad Joven.
Primeiros rascunhos: aproximações entre Michel de Certeau e a História do Tempo Presente
Authors: Oriani Angélica Pall
Published: December 2017

Em um tom propositivo, este texto busca estabelecer aproximações entre as reflexões de Michel de Certeau a respeito da operação historiográfica e a história do tempo presente. A estrutura do texto evidencia o tom marcadamente elucubrador que o direciona: inicialmente, são abordadas as propostas de Michel de Certeau a respeito da operação historiográfica que se concretiza em um fazer e em uma escrita; na sequência, estão as reflexões que buscam nas questões a respeito da epistemologia da distância e do relato histórico os pontos nos quais há possibilidade de enfrentar os dilemas teórico-metodológicos da história do tempo presente. Por meio dessas discussões é possível explorar um dos questionamentos mais recorrentemente direcionados à abordagem histórica do tempo presente, que se refere à proximidade temporal dos pesquisadores em relação aos seus objetos. Para Certeau, há limites intransponíveis que separam as dimensões do real como prática passada que é conhecida pelo historiador e enquanto aquilo que remete a uma narrativização que busca conferir sentido a esse real. Conclui-se que as proposições de Certeau permitem pensar que no espaço configurado pela distância perene e constituinte da operação histórica, não há um objeto mais ou menos recente que interfira no fazer histórico, pois o historiador sempre escreve na verossimilhança do presente, o que faz com que a escrita histórica só seja contemporânea dela mesma. Palavras-chave: CERTEAU, Michel de, 1925-1986. Tempo Presente. Operação Historiográfica.
A experiência dos séculos XX e XXI nos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos de graduação em história no Brasil (2003-2014)
Authors: Freitas Itamar
Published: December 2017

Neste texto, tomamos, operatoriamente, a noção de presente como experiência circunscrita aos séculos XX e XXI e examinamos as prescrições disponíveis nos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos de formação inicial em história em 54 instituições brasileiras, distribuídas em todos os estados da federação. Com ele, descrevemos e comentamos o perfil idealizado das habilidades profissionais, a distribuição da carga horária entre os saberes a ensinar e os saberes teóricos e da prática educacional, o lugar e a natureza da experiência do presente nas ementas das disciplinas acadêmicas. A proximidade do lançamento da última versão da Base Nacional Curricular Comum e as reformas que esse documento e sua implicação nos cursos de licenciatura em história, ainda em 2017, são as principais motivações para a divulgação desta empreitada. Palavras-chave: Estudo Ensino (Superior) – Brasil. Professores de História – Formação. Historiadores – Formação.
Caminhos e descaminhos do pensamento cultural na historiografia da diáspora africana
Authors: Pinheiro Bruno
Published: December 2017

Resenha da obra:MARCUSSI, Alexandre Almeida. Diagonais do afeto: teorias do intercâmbio cultural nos estudos da diáspora africana. São Paulo: Intermeios/Fapesp, 2016. 258p.
Mulheres do Brasil: as diversas formas da resistência feminina durante a ditadura militar no Brasil
Authors: Saraiva Daniel Lopes
Published: December 2017

Resenha da obra:JOFFILY, Olivia Rangel. Esperança Equilibrista. Resistência feminina à ditadura militar no Brasil. Florianópolis: Insular, 2016.
Sosyal Bilgiler Derslerinde Tıp Tarihi Konularının Sözlü Tarihle Öğretimi / Teaching of Medicine History Topics by Using Oral History in Social Studies Courses
Authors: Dere İlker , Alkaya Sevim
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Oral history method was proposed for the first time to develop students’ ability in perception of change and endurance under Social Studies Teaching Program held in 2005. Although there are various subjects which may be taught using oral history method in the program, the method hasn’t preferred by social studies teachers. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of oral history method in teaching of topics of medicine history in the 2005 Social Studies Teaching Program. Action research model is utilized in present study which is one of the qualitative research methods used in social sciences. Working group consisted 22 students of 6th grade who were selected according to purposive sampling technique. Content analysis method is used for the data analysis in this reserach.

The results of the study show that the students have a positive attitude towards oral history method but they do not like transcribing the audio recordings. Also, the research uncovers that oral history is an effective method in terms of comparing the past and present, learning various disasters and treatment methods in detail and bringing in perception of change and continuity. Social studies teachers who use oral history method in their classroom might determine whether the voice recordings should be transcribed or not with their students. 

Öz

Sözlü tarih yöntemi, ilk defa 2005 Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretim Programı’nda öğrencilere değişim ve sürekliliği algılama becerisini kazandırmak için önerilmiştir. Programda sözlü tarih yönteminin kullanılabileceği birçok konu bulunmasına rağmen yöntem, sosyal bilgiler öğretmenleri tarafından yeterince tercih edilmemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sözlü tarih yönteminin 2005 Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretim Programı’ndaki tıp tarihi konularının öğretimi konusundaki potansiyelini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma deseni olarak nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden eylem araştırması modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubu, amaçlı örneklem tekniğine göre seçilen 22 (6. sınıf) öğrenciden oluşmuştur. Elde edilen veriler, içerik analizine tabii tutulmuştur.

Araştırma sonunda ulaşılan sonuçlar, öğrencilerin sözlü tarih uygulamasına ilişkin olumlu düşüncelere sahip olduğunu ancak onların ses kayıtlarını deşifre etmekten hoşlanmadığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca araştırma, sözlü tarihin geçmişle günümüzü karşılaştırma, çeşitli hastalıkları ve tedavi yöntemlerini ayrıntılı şekilde öğrenme ve değişim ve sürekliliğin algılamasında etkili bir yöntem olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Sözlü tarihi derslerinde kullanacak öğretmenlere, görüşme kayıtlarının transkript edilip edilmeyeceğine öğrencilerle birlikte karar verebilir. 
İslam ve Batı / Islam and the West
Authors: Demircigil Bayram
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The relationships between Islam and the West that has been become high on the agenda for the Islamic world and for our country throughout the last two centuries. It seems that this phenemonen will remain for a long time. Therefore, this topic is one of the major issues that needs to be analyzed extensively because it is mainly concerned with our country’s and Islamic world’s future. The author İbrahim Kalın addressed the historical account of the relationships between Islam and the West quite competently in his book titled “Islam and the West”. The major theme of this work is the way of thinking that there is still a common ground between the two civilisations which have a long history of conflicts, consequently the possibility of creating a peaceful atmosphere between both still exists.

We could argue that one of the objectives that the author aimed to accomplish through this book is to provide an intellectual basis for the relations between Islam and the West as well as making a contribution to promoting and developing a dialog and reconcilitation between Muslims and the West. However, it might be an accurate conclusion that the general situation presented or suggestions made by depending on a few good examples in this book rely to a large extent on wishful thinking when we take into consideration that the relations between the two civilisations are based predominantly on prejudice, hostility and aggression along the history. Indeed, the author himself admits this fact in some of the phrases of the book. 

Öz

İslam dünyasının, özellikle de ülkemizin birkaç asırdır gündemini meşgul eden ve bundan sonra da meşgul edecek gibi görünen İslam-Batı ilişkilerinin doğru ve objektif biçimde derinlemesine ele alınması gerekmektedir. Zira bu konu, İslam dünyasının ve ülkemizin geleceğini çok yakından ilgilendirmektedir. Bu bakımdan, İbrahim Kalın’ın söz konusu eseri büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu eserin ana temasını, uzun bir tarihi geçmişi olan ve büyük çapta anlaşmazlıklar ve çatışmalar silsilesinden oluşan İslam-Batı ilişkilerinde bazı uzlaşı noktalarının da bulunduğu ve ikisi arasında sağlıklı bir diyalog zemininin oluşturulmasının mümkün olduğu, dolayısıyla bu iki medeniyet arasındaki kavga halinin aslında kaçınılmaz bir durumu yansıtmadığı düşüncesi oluşturmaktadır. Bu temelden hareketle yazar, eserinde İslam ve Batı arasındaki ilişkiler için entelektüel bir zemin oluşturmayı ve iki medeniyet arasında diyalog ve barış ortamının geliştirilmesine katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

İbrahim Kalın’ın birkaç örnekten yola çıkarak iki medeniyet arasında bir uzlaşı zemini oluşturulması yönündeki çabasının, aktüel durum dikkate alındığında, pek gerçekçi görünmediği ve bir temenniden ibaret kalacağı söylenebilir. Aslında yazar da satır aralarında bu gerçeği itiraf etmektedir. Bununla birlikte yazarın tarihsel süreç içinde İslam-Batı ilişkilerini güzel bir üslupla ele aldığı böyle bir çalışma, bir iyi niyet göstergesi olarak son derece değerlidir.
Safranbolu Şer‘iyye Sicillerinde Geçen Eşya, Lakap ve Yer İsimleri / The Dictionary of Wares, Nicknames and Place Names Mentioned in the Sheria Registries of Safranbolu
Authors: Tekin Zeki , Ceylan Hatice
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The Safranbolu Sheria Registries are significant official documents which give us tremendous insights in terms of the social life in the Ottoman Empire. These notebooks, which were kept by the Kadis (judges) who were responsible of governing a substantial part of town life, give us the possibility to take a closer look at the social-cultural diversity of our history un known yet. These are very important first hand-source documents in terms of law history social history, military history, finance history, local history, city history, place and people’s names as well as medicine history, diplomacy history, conmercial and agri cultural lives. They also serve our culture and our history by covering and embodying words, terms, nicknames, titles, private names, names of places and objects as well as cultural elements. With this explicit transcription study of the Safranbolu Sheria Registries, we also aimed to help those who wish to make a study about this particular subject.

Öz

Safranbolu Şer‘iyye Sicilleri, Osmanlı toplum hayatını net bir şekilde yansıtan son derece önemli resmî evraklardır. Şehir hayatının önemli bir kısmını yöneten kadılar tarafından tutulan bu defterler, sosyo-kültürel çeşitlilik açısından tarihimizin bilinmeyen yönlerini aydınlatma ve belgelendirme olanağı verir. Bu evraklar hukuk tarihi, sosyal tarih, askerî tarih, iktisadî tarih, yerel tarih, şehir tarihi, yer ve kişi adları, tıp tarihi, diplomasi tarihi, ticaret ve zirâî yaşam açısından önemli olan birinci el kaynak niteliğindedir. Bünyesinde barındırdığı kelime, kavram, lakap, unvan, özel isimler, yer isimleri, eşya adları ve kültürel unsurları ile tarihimize ve kültürümüze hizmet etmektedir. Safranbolu’ya ait transkripsiyonu yapılan şer‘iyye sicillerinin taranması sonucu ortaya çıkan bu çalışma ile konu üzerine araştırma yapanlara kolaylık sağlanması amaçlanmıştır.
Klasik Türk Mûsikîsinin Temel Sazlarından Neyde Basit Göçürme (Şed) Teknikleri / Simple Transposition Techniques in the Nay, Which is Among the Basic Instruments of Classical Turkish Music
Authors: Sevinç Muhammet
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Nay (red flute), the instrument of music, is one of the main instruments of Turkish classical music and especially religious music for centuries. In this article, we will provide information about history and shape of nay and some simple techniques regarding transposing. In terms of execution, this advanced technique is important to use the instrument effectively by moving a collection of notes up or down in pitch by a constant interval. Thus we explained a few of Turkish music modes for convenience. By transposing some music notes, this study helps for music students and nay players. The article provides some examples of transposed works in its appendix as well.

Öz

Ney sazı, yüzyıllardır klasik Türk mûsikîsinin ve özellikle Türk din mûsikîsinin en temel çalgılarından birisi olmuştur. Bu makalede ney sazının tarihi ve yapısı hakkında bazı kısa bilgiler verilip icra açısından basit göçürme tekniklerine dair örnekler incelenmiştir. Şed veya göçürme de denilen bu teknik hemen her sazda icrada ileri seviyeye geçme ve sazı yenme açısından önem arz eder. Bu sebeple çalışmamızda, Türk mûsikîsi makamlarından birkaç tanesini başka perdelere göçürerek sazendelere kolaylık sağlamayı amaçladık. Örnek diziler ve ek bölümde verilen eserler kız neyde icra edildiğinde bolahenk nısfiye, mansur neyde icra edildiğinde ise süpürde akordu elde edilecektir.
Some aspects of physical and mechanical properties of hollow blocks procuced from hot water treated sawdust.
Authors: Ekhuemelo David , Terzungwue Tembe Emmanuel , Versue Awa Mike
Published: December 2017

The study investigated sawdust as a partial replacement for sand in production of hollow blocks with a view to reducing cost and converting waste to resource use. Sawdust of Daniella oliveri was collected from Timber Shed along New Bridge Wurukum, Makurdi. It was boiled and spread to dry. Standard ratio of 1:8 (cement and sand) was used in the study. Replacement levels of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of sawdust were used for sand, while cement was kept constant throughout the mixture. Density, percentage water absorption (PWA), and compressive strength (CS) of the blocks were tested after 28 days of curing. PWA results showed that blocks produced from 0% sawdust replacement level had least mean of 10.06%, while 8% sawdust replacement had the highest mean of 11.40%. Mean density values showed that 8% sawdust replacement had the least value of 1090.40Kg/m3 and while the highest value (1346.60Kg) was observed for 0%. The mean CS for 0% sawdust replacement was highest (3.20N/mm2)and falls within the Nigeria Building Codes of 2.5N/mm2 - 3.45N/mm2 and Ghana Building Code of 2.75 N/mm2. Mean CS value of 2.0N/mm2 was obtained for 2% and 4% sawdust replacement levels respectively. The value  meets the minimum standard of 2.0N/mm2 according to National Building Code for non-load bearing walls and 1.7 N/mm2 according to Ghana Building Code. However, 6% and 8% sawdust replacement levels showed the least CS of 1.00N/mm2 which is below standards. In conclusion, blocks produced with 2% and 4% sawdust replacement levels as obtained in this study are recommended for building and construction purposes.Keywords: Blocks, Building code, cement, sand, sawdust, standard
Assessment of groundwater quality of different micro-basins of Bangladesh 2 using hydrochemical analysis
Authors: Ali Md. Hossain
Published: December 2017

On the basis of groundwater chemistry, an evaluation of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes  was carried out for different regions of Bangladesh. Using the chemical compositions and different quality parameters, irrigation quality was assed using 6 different techniques: USDA method, FAO guidelines, Water-Types approach, Combined approach proposed by Al-Bassam et al. (2003), Ali (2010), and GOB (2007) guidelines. Drinking quality was judged by WHO (2011) provisional guidelines and GOB guidelines. Concentrations of major cations and anions of most groundwater samples were within allowable limit. Except one location (i.e. Barisal), the water for irrigation purpose are suitable to 19 marginally suitable considering salinity and sodicity. For drinking purpose, all except 2 locations (i.e. 20 Sunamgonj and Barisal, where iron is a concern) are found suitable. At these locations, other aquifer layer 21 with low Fe can be searched for safer Fe level. Alternatively, Fe removal system can be assembled for 22 collecting drinking water.Keywords: Groundwater, Hydrochemistry, Quality parameters, Integrated quality assessment, Bangladesh
FTIR characterization ans chemo-mechanical distinction of reted kenaf fibres
Authors: Omenna Emannuel , Ailenokhuoria Bukola Victoria
Published: December 2017

Inadequate information on the binding characteristics of kenaf biomass at the molecular level has adversely affected the modifications of its cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin structure. This study was undertaken to assess the characteristic features and chemo-mechanical properties of kenaf fibres retted under three different media namely: tank, stream and ribbon. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectra analysis as well as the ASTM standard for tensile tests were applied. The results showed that the broad bands occurred at the range of 3312- 3420 cm−1 for all the retted fibres were due to the presence of hydroxyl (–OH) group while the peaks were obtained at 1635.76, 1635.34, and 1730.69 cm−1 for stream, tank and ribbon retted fibres respectively. However, tank retted fibres had the most broad band intensity at 3419.78cm-1 while ribbon fibres had the highest absorption peak of 1730.69cm-1 corresponding to C=O stretching of the acetyl group in hemi-cellulose. Stream retted Kenaf fibres had the highest tensile strength followed by the tank retted fibres while ribbon fibres had the least. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between stream and tank retted Kenaf fibres in terms of tensile modulus and this was significantly higher than that of ribbon fibre. The α-cellulose content of stream retted fibres was slightly higher than that of ribbon fibres while tank retted fibres had the least. From the results, tank retted Kenaf fibre was ranked as ‘the best fibre’ with the most intensive broad bands and least in lignin and hemi-cellulose content which were regarded as the impurities, gummy and waxy materials, responsible for an easy deformation of the fibre cellular  networks.
Nuclear cytochrome c – a mitochondrial visitor regulating damaged chromatin dynamics
Authors: Díaz‐Moreno Irene , Velázquez‐Cruz Alejandro , Curran‐French Seamus , Díaz‐Quintana Antonio , De la Rosa Miguel A.
Published: December 2017

Over the past decade, evidence has emerged suggesting a broader role for cytochrome c (Cyt c) in programmed cell death. Recently, we demonstrated the ability of Cyt c to inhibit the nucleosome assembly activity of histone chaperones SET/template‐activating factor Iβ and NAP1‐related protein during DNA damage in humans and plants respectively. Here, we hypothesise a dual concentration‐dependent function for nuclear Cyt c in response to DNA damage. We propose that low levels of highly cytotoxic DNA lesions – such as double‐strand breaks – induce nuclear translocation of Cyt c, leading to the attenuation of nucleosome assembly and, thereby, increasing the time available for DNA repair. If DNA damage persists or is exacerbated, the nuclear Cyt c concentration would exceed a given threshold, causing the haem protein to block DNA remodelling altogether.
The role of tRNA synthetases in neurological and neuromuscular disorders
Authors: Boczonadi Veronika , Jennings Matthew J. , Horvath Rita
Published: December 2017

Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are ubiquitously expressed enzymes responsible for charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids, therefore essential for the first step in protein synthesis. Although the majority of protein synthesis happens in the cytosol, an additional translation apparatus is required to translate the 13 mitochondrial DNA‐encoded proteins important for oxidative phosphorylation. Most ARS genes in these cellular compartments are distinct, but two genes are common, encoding aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases of glycine (GARS) and lysine (KARS) in both mitochondria and the cytosol. Mutations in the majority of the 37 nuclear‐encoded human ARS genes have been linked to a variety of recessive and dominant tissue‐specific disorders. Current data indicate that impaired enzyme function could explain the pathogenicity, however not all pathogenic ARSs mutations result in deficient catalytic function; thus, the consequences of mutations may arise from other molecular mechanisms. The peripheral nerves are frequently affected, as illustrated by the high number of mutations in cytosolic and bifunctional tRNA synthetases causing Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT). Here we provide insights on the pathomechanisms of CMT‐causing tRNA synthetases with specific focus on the two bifunctional tRNA synthetases (GARS, KARS).
The Effects of Fault Roughness on the Earthquake Nucleation Process
Authors: Tal Yuval , Hager Bradford H. , Ampuero Jean Paul
Published: December 2017

We study numerically the effects of fault roughness on the nucleation process during earthquake sequences. The faults are governed by a rate and state friction law. The roughness introduces local barriers that complicate the nucleation process and result in asymmetric expansion of the rupture, nonmonotonic increase in the slip rates on the fault, and the generation of multiple slip pulses. These complexities are reflected as irregular fluctuations in the moment rate. There is a large difference between first slip events in the sequences and later events. In the first events, for roughness amplitude br ≤ 0.002, there is a large increase in the nucleation length with increasing br. For larger values of br, slip is mostly aseismic. For the later events there is a trade‐off between the effects of the finite fault length and the fault roughness. For br ≤ 0.002, the finite length is a more dominant factor and the nucleation length barely changes with br. For larger values of br, the roughness plays a larger role and the nucleation length increases significantly with br. Using an energy balance approach, where the roughness is accounted for in the fault stiffness, we derive an approximate solution for the nucleation length on rough faults. The solution agrees well with the main trends observed in the simulations for the later events and provides an estimate of the frictional and roughness properties under which faults experience a transition between seismic and aseismic slip.
A Self‐Consistent Fault Slip Model for the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshiki , Cheung Kwok Fai , Lay Thorne
Published: December 2017

The unprecedented geophysical and hydrographic data sets from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami have facilitated numerous modeling and inversion analyses for a wide range of dislocation models. Significant uncertainties remain in the slip distribution as well as the possible contribution of tsunami excitation from submarine slumping or anelastic wedge deformation. We seek a self‐consistent model for the primary teleseismic and tsunami observations through an iterative approach that begins with downsampling of a finite fault model inverted from global seismic records. Direct adjustment of the fault displacement guided by high‐resolution forward modeling of near‐field tsunami waveform and runup measurements improves the features that are not satisfactorily accounted for by the seismic wave inversion. The results show acute sensitivity of the runup to impulsive tsunami waves generated by near‐trench slip. The adjusted finite fault model is able to reproduce the DART records across the Pacific Ocean in forward modeling of the far‐field tsunami as well as the global seismic records through a finer‐scale subfault moment‐ and rake‐constrained inversion, thereby validating its ability to account for the tsunami and teleseismic observations without requiring an exotic source. The upsampled final model gives reasonably good fits to onshore and offshore geodetic observations albeit early after‐slip effects and wedge faulting that cannot be reliably accounted for. The large predicted slip of over 20 m at shallow depth extending northward to ~39.7°N indicates extensive rerupture and reduced seismic hazard of the 1896 tsunami earthquake zone, as inferred to varying extents by several recent joint and tsunami‐only inversions.
Corrugation Architecture Enabled Ultraflexible Wafer‐Scale High‐Efficiency Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cell
Authors: Bahabry Rabab R. , Kutbee Arwa T. , Khan Sherjeel M. , Sepulveda Adrian C. , Wicaksono Irmandy , Nour Maha , Wehbe Nimer , Almislem Amani S. , Ghoneim Mohamed T. , Torres Sevilla Galo A. , Syed Ahad , Shaikh Sohail F. , Hussain Muhammad M.
Published: January 2018

Advanced classes of modern application require new generation of versatile solar cells showcasing extreme mechanical resilience, large‐scale, low cost, and excellent power conversion efficiency. Conventional crystalline silicon‐based solar cells offer one of the most highly efficient power sources, but a key challenge remains to attain mechanical resilience while preserving electrical performance. A complementary metal oxide semiconductor‐based integration strategy where corrugation architecture enables ultraflexible and low‐cost solar cell modules from bulk monocrystalline large‐scale (127 × 127 cm2) silicon solar wafers with a 17% power conversion efficiency. This periodic corrugated array benefits from an interchangeable solar cell segmentation scheme which preserves the active silicon thickness of 240 µm and achieves flexibility via interdigitated back contacts. These cells can reversibly withstand high mechanical stress and can be deformed to zigzag and bifacial modules. These corrugation silicon‐based solar cells offer ultraflexibility with high stability over 1000 bending cycles including convex and concave bending to broaden the application spectrum. Finally, the smallest bending radius of curvature lower than 140 µm of the back contacts is shown that carries the solar cells segments.
Bioinspired Synthesis of Nitriles from Primary Amides via Zinc/Anhydride Catalysis
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Fu Liyan , Qi Huimin , Chen Shu‐Wei , Li Yuehui
Published: December 2017

A broad scope of aromatic and aliphatic primary amides were converted to their corresponding nitriles in high yields by using polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) in the presence of catalytic amounts of ZnBr2 and propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P). As an example of dehydration reaction promoted by anhydrides, ZnBr2 and T3P cooperatively activate the amide substrate and the silane to allow the desired dehydration to occur smoothly under mild conditions. Moreover, this method is suitable for the condensation reaction of carboxylic acids with amines to give the corresponding amide products, including a key intermediate of cinacalcet.
Surface‐Confined Dynamic Covalent System Driven by Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Liu Chunhua , Park Eunsol , Jin Yinghua , Liu Jie , Yu Yanxia , Zhang Wei , Lei Shengbin , Hu Wenping
Published: December 2017

Understanding how the constitutional dynamics of a dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) adapts to surfaces (compared to bulk solution) is of fundamental importance to the design of adaptive materials. Submolecular resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) can provide detailed insights into olefin metathesis at the interface. Analysis of the distribution of products has revealed the important role of environmental pressure, reaction temperature, and substituent effects in surface‐confined olefin metathesis. We also report an unprecedented preferred deposition and assembly of linear polymers, and some specific oligomers, on the surface that are hard to obtain otherwise.
Elektrifizierung der organischen Synthese
Authors: Wiebe Anton , Gieshoff Tile , Möhle Sabine , Rodrigo Eduardo , Zirbes Michael , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: January 2018

Die direkte Nutzung von Elektrizität für die organische Synthese erlebt derzeit eine Renaissance. Von den eher syntheseorientierten Laboratorien, die auf diesem Gebiet arbeiten, werden neuartige oder althergebrachte Konzepte genutzt, um den Weg von der Nischentechnologie zu breiteren Anwendungen zu ebnen. Da nur Elektronen als Reagens genutzt werden, wird die Bildung von Abfallreagentien effizient vermieden. Darüber hinaus können stöchiometrische Reagentien regeneriert werden und ermöglichen eine elektrokatalysierte Umsetzung. Die Anwendung von elektroorganischen Transformationen ist jedoch mehr als nur die Minimierung des Abfallaufkommens; sie führt vielmehr zu inhärent sicheren Prozessen, zur Abkürzung vieler Synthesestufen, zu milderen Reaktionsbedingungen, zu alternativen Zugängen zu gewünschten Struktureinheiten sowie zur Schaffung neuer Bereiche für geistiges Eigentum (Patente). Wenn die verwendete Elektrizität aus regenerativen Ressourcen stammt, kann dieser Stromüberschuss direkt als terminales Oxidations‐ oder Reduktionsmittel eingesetzt werden, was eine äußerst nachhaltige und damit hochattraktive Technologie darstellt. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die jüngsten Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der elektrochemischen Synthese, welche die Zukunft dieses stark aufstrebenden Gebietes beeinflussen werden.
Wenn fluoreszierende Proteine und Weißlicht emittierende Dioden aufeinandertreffen
Authors: Fernández‐Luna Verónica , Coto Pedro B. , Costa Rubén D.
Published: December 2017

Fluoreszierende Proteine (FPs) haben zur Bildgebung und Markierung in Zellbiologie und Medizin breite Anwendung gefunden, ihre Verwendung in Leuchtdioden (LEDs) und Lasern ist jedoch neu. Das Interesse an den FPs resultiert aus ihren guten Photolumineszenzeigenschaften (hohe Emissionseffizienz mit einem engen Spektrum und hohe Photonenfluss‐Sättigung), ihrer guten Photostabilität und nachhaltigen Herstellung. Ihre geringe Stabilität bei hohen Temperaturen sowie die Notwendigkeit einer wässrigen Umgebung haben ihre Anwendung in der Optoelektronik jedoch bisher stark eingeschränkt. Diese Nachteile sind kürzlich durch neue Beschichtungssysteme überwunden worden. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden die ersten Schritte, die von verschiedenen Gruppen bei der Entwicklung von weißen Biohybrid‐LEDs (Bio‐HWLEDs) mit dem Fokus auf der Verwendung von FPs als Farbkonverter unternommen wurden, zusammengefasst und der Wissensstand und die Herausforderungen auf diesem Gebiet dargelegt.
When Fluorescent Proteins Meet White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Fernández‐Luna Verónica , Coto Pedro B. , Costa Rubén D.
Published: December 2017

Over the last decades, fluorescent proteins (FPs) have been extensively employed for imaging and tracing in cell biology and medicine. However, their application for lighting devices like light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers has recently started. The interest of FPs is the result of their good photoluminescence features (high emission efficiency with a narrow spectrum and a high photon‐flux saturation), good photostability, sustainable production by bacteria, and eco‐friendly recycling. Their low stability at high temperatures as well as the need for an aqueous environment have, however, strongly limited their use in optoelectronics. This has recently been circumvented with new coating systems that are paving the way for the entrance of FPs into the LED field. In this Minireview, we summarize the first steps taken by a few groups towards the development of bio‐hybrid white LEDs (Bio‐HWLEDs) with a focus on using FPs as color down‐converters, highlighting the state of the art and challenges associated with this emerging field.
Statistical optimization and modeling approach for azo dye decolorization: Combined effects of ultrasound waves and nanomaterial‐based adsorbent
Authors: Pooralhossini Jaleh , Zanjanchi Mohammad Ali , Ghaedi Mehrorang , Asfaram Arash , Azqhandi Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi
Published: January 2018

This study is devoted to an investigation of the effects of sonication time, adsorbent mass, pH and sunset yellow (SY) and disulfine blue (DB) concentration on the removal of DB and SY from water. Artificial neural network and response surface methodology approaches were used to optimize an analytical model to calculate the DB and SY removal performance of tin oxide nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon. The performance of both models was statistically evaluated in terms of the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and absolute average deviation (AAD), and graphical plots were also used for comparison of the models. The obtained results show that the artificial neural network model outperforms the classical statistical model in terms of R2, RMSE, MAE and AAD for both dyes. Various isotherm models were studied for fitting the experimental equilibrium data, and the results confirm the applicability of the Langmuir isotherm for description of the adsorption equilibrium. Various kinetic models were applied to the experimental data and the results reveal that the pseudo‐second‐order model with better correlation is superior to the other kinetic models. The significant factors were optimized using the desirability function approach combined with central composite design. The obtained optimal point is located in the valid region and the experimental confirmation indicates good agreement between the predicted optimal points and the experimental data.
Preparation of high‐activity AgBr/Ag3PO4 photocatalyst based on hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and mechanism of photocatalytic enhancement
Authors: Song Limin , Li Tongtong , Zhang Shujuan
Published: January 2018

A high‐activity AgBr/Ag3PO4 heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized based on hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Its microspheres were characterized using X‐ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The new photocatalyst with high photocatalytic activity exceptionally outperforms pure Ag3PO4 and AgBr in methyl orange degradation. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity is attributed to the efficient separation of electron–hole pairs. In this photocatalytic reaction, h+ and •O2− are the main reactive species that induce visible‐light‐driven degradation.
New designed DNA light switch Ruthenium complexes as DNA photocleavers and Topoisomerase I inhibitors
Authors: Liu Xue‐Wen , Xiao Yang , Peng Wei‐Gen , Zhao Li‐Jin , Shen You‐Ming , Zhang Song‐Bai , Lu Ji‐Lin
Published: January 2018

Two ruthenium complexes containing a new ligand phipz (phipz = 2‐(1,10‐phenanthroline)‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐b]phenazine) were designed and synthesized. These complexes were found to inhibit the DNA supercoiled relaxation mediated by topoisomerase I (topo I), cleave DNA under irradiation and bind to calf thymus DNA through intercalative mode. Furthermore, complex 2 shows higher photocleavage activity, topo I inhibition activity and DNA affinity than complex 1. Additionally, introduction of phenazine unit may be the reason that two complexes exhibit DNA ‘light switch’ behavior. The present work shows that two complexes might be potential as new DNA ‘light switches’, DNA photocleavers and topo I inhibitors.
An entirely fmoc solid phase approach to the synthesis of daptomycin analogs
Authors: Barnawi Ghufran , Noden Michael , Taylor Robert , Lohani Chuda , Beriashvili David , Palmer Michael , Taylor Scott D.
Published: January 2018

Daptomycin is an important Ca2+‐dependent cyclic lipodepsipeptide antibiotic used to treat serious gram‐positive infections. The search for daptomycin analogs with improved activity and their application as tools for studying its mechanism of action has prompted us to develop an entirely Fmoc solid phase approach to the synthesis of daptomycin analogs. Key to the success of this approach was the development of conditions that allowed for the formation of the ester bond on resin‐bound peptides consisting of residues 1‐10 and the decanoyl lipid tail. The esterification reaction proceeded more efficiently on Tentagel resin as opposed to standard polystyrene resin. This approach was used to synthesize a series of analogs in which each position of Dap‐E12‐W13, a relatively active daptomycin analog, was individually substituted by alanine. Only positions 2, 6, and 11 were found to be amenable to substitution by alanine in that the corresponding alanine analogs were only 1.5‐ to 4‐fold less active than Dap‐E12‐W13. We also found that the daptomycin analog, Dap‐K6‐E12‐W13, exhibits in vitro activity approaching that of daptomycin at physiological Ca2+ concentration. Studies with Dap‐K6‐E12‐W13 and model liposomes indicate that this analog interacts with membranes by the same mechanism as daptomycin. This analog is currently being used as a lead for the development daptomycin analogs with improved activity.
Gold nanorod‐photosensitizer conjugates with glutathione‐sensitive linkages for synergistic cancer photodynamic/photothermal therapy
Authors: Choi Jongseon , Lee Sang‐Eun , Park Jeong‐Sook , Kim So Yeon
Published: December 2017

Recently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been intensively investigated as a useful modality for the treatment of various cancers. In addition, near infrared (NIR) photothermal therapy (PTT) using gold nanocarriers has attracted particular interest as a hyperthermia strategy. In this study, gold nanorod (AuNR)‐photosensitizer conjugates with glutathione‐sensitive linkages were designed for PDT and PTT. Several kinds of AuNRs with different aspect ratios were synthesized and modified with FA‐conjugated block copolymers (FA‐PEG‐P(Asp)‐DHLA) and Chlorin e6 (Ce6) as a photosensitizer. The surface‐modified AuNRs showed excellent stability and solubility in aqueous solution. In particular, FA‐PEG‐P(Asp)‐DHLA‐AuNR100‐SS‐Ce6 with a 3.84 aspect ratio exhibited strong photothermal effects, enhanced singlet oxygen generation, and marked phototoxicity. Based on these results, we suggest that AuNR‐photosensitizer conjugates with glutathione‐sensitive linkages have potential application in PDT/PTT for effective clinical treatment of various cancers.
Modeling and optimization of lipid accumulation by Yarrowia lipolytica from glucose under nitrogen depletion conditions
Authors: Robles‐Rodríguez Carlos E. , Muñoz‐Tamayo Rafael , Bideaux Carine , Gorret Nathalie , Guillouet Stéphane E. , Molina‐Jouve Carole , Roux Gilles , Aceves‐Lara César A.
Published: December 2017

Oleaginous yeasts have been seen as a feasible alternative to produce the precursors of biodiesel due to their capacity to accumulate lipids as triacylglycerol having profiles with high content of unsaturated fatty acids. The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is a promising microorganism that can produce lipids under nitrogen depletion conditions and excess of the carbon source. However, under these conditions, this yeast also produces citric acid (overflow metabolism) decreasing lipid productivity. This work presents two mathematical models for lipid production by Y. lipolytica from glucose. The first model is based on Monod and inhibition kinetics, and the second one is based on the Droop quota model approach, which is extended to yeast. The two models showed good agreements with the experimental data used for calibration and validation. The quota based model presented a better description of the dynamics of nitrogen and glucose dynamics leading to a good management of N/C ratio which makes this model interesting for control purposes. Then, quota model was used to evaluate, by means of simulation, a scenario for optimizing lipid productivity and lipid content. For that, a control strategy was designed by approximating the flow rates of glucose and nitrogen with piecewise linear functions. Simulation results achieved productivity of 0.95 g L−1 hr−1 and lipid content fraction of 0.23 g g−1, which indicates that this strategy is a promising alternative for the optimization of lipid production.