bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defoliation and fertilisation differentially moderate root trait effects on soil abiotic and biotic properties
Authors: Liu Yan , Cordero Irene , Bardgett Richard D.
Published: October 2023

Root functional traits are known to influence soil properties that underpin ecosystem functioning. Yet few studies have explored how root traits simultaneously influence physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, or how these responses are modified by common grassland perturbations that shape roots, such as defoliation and fertilisation.

Here, we explored how root traits of a wide range of grassland plant species with contrasting resource acquisition strategies (i.e. conservative vs. exploitative strategy plant species) respond to defoliation and fertilisation individually and in combination, and examined cascading impacts on a range of soil abiotic and biotic properties that underpin ecosystem functioning.

We found that the amplitude of the response of root traits to defoliation and fertilisation varied among plant species, in most cases independently of plant resource acquisition strategies. However, the direction of the root trait responses (increase or decrease) to perturbations was consistent across all plant species, with defoliation and fertilisation exerting opposing effects on root traits. Specific root length increased relative to non‐perturbed control in response to defoliation, while root biomass, root mass density, and root length density decreased. Fertilisation induced the opposite responses. We also found that both defoliation and fertilisation individually enhanced the role of root traits in regulating soil biotic and abiotic properties, especially soil aggregate stability.

Synthesis: Our results indicate that defoliation and fertilisation, two common grassland perturbations, have contrasting impacts on root traits of grassland plant species, with direct and indirect short‐term consequences for a wide range of soil abiotic and biotic properties that underpin ecosystem functioning.
From wastewater to renewable energy production: Opportunities and challenges in mid‐sized cities in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Matus Silvia Saravia , Fernández Diego , Montañez Alfredo , Gil Marina , Blanco Elisa , Llavona Alba , Naranjo Lisbeth , Sarmanto Natalia
Published: October 2023

The adoption of circular economy principles for methane recovery in wastewater treatment plants is already widespread in most mega‐cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. The next step is to promote the adoption of this technology in intermediate wastewater treatment plants for which, this paper estimates its economic and environmental impacts. It does so by calculating the benefits from the methane recovery and electricity generation in plants that together serve 33 million people, distributed in the region, since they are from Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru. The results show an estimated cost of USD $251 million required for these investments, or USD $7.6 person equivalent (p.e.). These investments would allow obtaining incomes for 20 years of USD $10.2 p.e., representing a benefit/cost ratio of 1.34. Regarding environmental benefits, an 88% reduction in methane emissions into the atmosphere would be achieved, equivalent to a third of Nicaragua's total emissions in 2018. Thus, the article shows that this type of investment is feasible in intermediate plants. This is essential to accelerate the achievement of both SDG 6 and seven targets but requires innovative governance as well as access to finance and technological support. One main conclusion is that these endeavors are at the heart of setting standards that allow societies to live within planetary limits.
Effect of cinnamon essential oil dietary supplementation on the growth, fatty acid composition, and meat quality of tilapia
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Li Huiyi , He Dong , Wang Pingping , Li Yuteng , Wu Kegang
Published: October 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of 0%, 0.2%, 0.35%, and 0.5% cinnamon essential oil on growth performance, fatty acid, and fillet quality of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The results of growth experiments showed that the weight gain rate linearly and quadratically increased with increasing cinnamon essential oil doses (p < 0.05). The results of fatty acids experiments showed that the addition of essential oil significantly decreased the saturated fatty acids levels from 36.67% to 30.82% and increased the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels from 24.55% to 46.89%; especially, the n − 3 PUFA of 0.5% essential oil treatment showed the highest levels. Moreover, the n − 6 PUFA of 0.2% essential oil treatment were increased from 22.17% to 32.99%. The results of fillet quality experiments showed that the hardness and cohesiveness were linearly and quadratically increased with the increasing essential oil doses on days 4 and 7, respectively. The b* values linearly and quadratically decreased as the doses increased on day 7 (p < 0.05). The total volatile basic nitrogen levels were quadratically decreased with increasing cinnamon essential oil doses on day 7 (p < 0.05). In general, it can be concluded that cinnamon essential oil presented positive effects on the growth, nutritive values, and meat quality in tilapia.
Influence of roasted flaxseed marc flour on rheological, structural, fermentation, water distribution, and migration properties of wheat dough
Authors: Jiang Xiaofei , Wang Xiaotong , Zhou Shengmin
Published: October 2023

Roasted flaxseed (RF) marc, which is a by‐product obtained from RF oil extraction, has high nutritional value. This study evaluated the impact of RF marc flour on rheological, structural, fermentation, water distribution, and migration properties of the wheat dough. Results showed that adding RF into wheat flour (WF) could effectively increase the water absorption in the dough and retard the retrogradation of starch. The fermentation results revealed that adding RF could improve the gas retention coefficient of dough. Compared to the dough prepared with WF, the doughs enriched with RF had higher tan δ values (ratio of loss modulus G″ to storage modulus G′), indicating a more liquid‐like property. The mobility of tightly bound and free water in dough was decreased by adding RF, whereas the distribution of free water was increased. On the one hand, adding RF would dilute the gluten content in dough, resulting in a weaker protein network. On the other hand, the dietary fiber and proteins in RF could offset the gluten dilution effect to some extent. Overall, the results suggested that the substitution level of RF in WF should be below 25% to avoid serious dough quality deterioration, and the RF–WF blended flour could be a potential ingredient to produce wheat products with moist taste. These findings could be useful for guiding the future usage of RF marc in wheat‐based products.
Optimization of single‐step gelatin extraction from pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) skin and bone obtained from surimi industry using a green solvent
Authors: Khushboo  , Kaushik Nutan , Widell Kristina Norne , Slizyte Rasa , Kumari Asha
Published: October 2023

Surimi industry produces a large quantity of byproducts that are currently being utilized to produce low‐value commodities. This study aims to extract gelatin from pink perch skin and bone obtained from the surimi industry using a green single‐step extraction method. In addition to using a green solvent, that is, acetic acid, the new method combines the multiple steps of pre‐treatment and hydrolysis into one single‐step extraction process. Response surface methodology was used to optimize extraction parameters (pH, temperature, and time) to maximize yield and l‐hydroxyproline (l‐hyp) content. The optimum condition for gelatin extraction was obtained at pH 3, 75°C, and 30 min. At optimum conditions, gelatin yield and l‐hyp content were observed to be 16.07% and 41.26 mg g−1, respectively. The gelatin obtained at optimized condition was further compared with commercial bovine gelatin (BG) in terms of chemical composition and textural, functional, and rheological properties. The results suggested that the optimized pink perch gelatin had higher protein content (92.06%), better gel strength (251.08 g), higher imino acid (18.01%), and improved textural and functional properties than the commercially available BG. The optimized single‐step gelatin extraction method from pink perch skin and bones is a promising, rapid, and efficient method for the production of good‐quality gelatin, which can be further used for the development of high‐value products such as food formulations.

Practical Application

Fish gelatin is widely used in food product development. Most of the existing methods of the development of high‐value product such as gelatin, use multi‐step process and harsh mineral acid, therefore, are time‐consuming and harmful to the environment. This study provides a green single‐step gelatin extraction method that provides an efficient, rapid, and convenient method of gelatin extraction and a sustainable solution for fish industry byproduct utilization. The data obtained with this laboratory‐scale study provides a strong basis for scale‐up studies.
Development of a novel cryostructured composite coating of xanthan–bovine collagen–oregano essential oil spraying applied for the preservation of commercial biscuits marketed in Mexico
Authors: Coria‐Hernández Jonathan , Méndez‐Albores Abraham , Vázquez‐Durán Alma , Arjona‐Román José Luis , Meléndez‐Pérez Rosalía
Published: October 2023

Cryostructured gels, better known as cryogels, are a very important emerging class of biomaterials that have diverse applications in food preservation. This work shows a novel alternative to prepare a cryostructured composite coating made from a blend of xanthan, bovine collagen, and oregano essential oil. The composite coating was suitably applied onto the surface of preservative‐free biscuits which were stored for 15 days at 25 ± 2°C and 52% ± 1% relative humidity. The evaluation focused mainly on the changes in the physicochemical, textural, and microbiological characteristics of the biscuits. It was found that the coated samples significantly (p < 0.05) decreased moisture absorption, water activity, and fungal growth. However, the composite coating minimally impacted the quality of biscuits in terms of color, texture profile, and surface microstructure. Overall, the cryostructured composite coating constitutes an advance in technological strategies aimed at the preservation of baked products. This will allow, in the future, the development of novel coatings on bakery products to generate new trends in the conservation of their properties and extension of shelf life. This could be achieved through the implementation of new technologies in the food industry, with the aim of making them more environmentally friendly and contributing to the generation of less plastic waste.

Practical Application

The study and application of cryogels, as innovative systems in the food industry, allow to expand and diversify the materials that can function as coatings to maintain some quality characteristics, in this case in bakery products, so it is important to analyze their effects and consider them to improve conservation processes.
The role of plateletcrit in Takayasu arteritis: A potential biomarker for disease activity and 6‐month treatment response
Authors: Sun Ying , Cui Xiaomeng , Kong Xiufang , Chen Huiyong , Wu Sifan , Ma Lili , Ding Zhenqi , Jiang Lindi
Published: October 2023

Objectives

To determine the role of plateletcrit as a potential biomarker for disease activity and treatment response in Takayasu arteritis (TAK).

Methods

Totally, 215 newly diagnosed TAK patients were consecutively enrolled. Demographic data, clinical manifestations, laboratory and imaging examinations, and treatment strategy were recorded at baseline and at each visit during the 6‐month treatment period. Normal plateletcrit (0.1%–0.4%) and hyper‐plateletcrit (>0.4%) observed at baseline were used as group criteria.

Results

At baseline, the overall plateletcrit was 0.32 (0.24–0.38)%, with a normal and high level observed in 172 (80.00%) and 43 (20.00%) patients, respectively. Baseline plateletcrit was significantly higher in patients with active disease and associated with inflammatory biomarkers, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C‐reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin (IL)‐6 (all p < .01). At 6 months, complete remission was achieved in 171 (79.53%) patients, and a significant decrease in plateletcrit was observed in these cases (p < .01). Patients with a normal baseline plateletcrit were more likely to achieve complete remission compared to those with a high baseline plateletcrit (HR = 4.65, 95% CI: 2.38–19.08, p < .01). In addition, ESR (p = .01) and IL‐6 (p = .02) levels were still higher in patients with a high baseline plateletcrit at 6 months. Progression of vascular lesions was indicated in 18 (8.37%) patients at 6 months, and these patients also had significantly higher baseline plateletcrit (p = .03).

Conclusion

Plateletcrit levels were positively related to disease activity and inflammatory index in TAK. Importantly, patients with high baseline plateletcrit levels may show a worse treatment response at 6 months.
Outcome prediction in comatose cardiac arrest patients with initial shockable and non‐shockable rhythms
Authors: Wimmer Henning , Stensønes Stine Håheim , Benth Jūratė Šaltytė , Lundqvist Christofer , Andersen Geir Ø. , Drægni Tomas , Sunde Kjetil , Nakstad Espen Rostrup
Published: October 2023

Background

Prognosis after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is presumed poorer in patients with non‐shockable than shockable rhythms, frequently leading to treatment withdrawal. Multimodal outcome prediction is recommended 72 h post‐arrest in still comatose patients, not considering initial rhythms. We investigated accuracy of outcome predictors in all comatose OHCA survivors, with a particular focus on shockable vs. non‐shockable rhythms.

Methods

In this observational NORCAST sub‐study, patients still comatose 72 h post‐arrest were stratified by shockable vs. non‐shockable rhythms for outcome prediction analyzes. Good outcome was defined as cerebral performance category 1–2 within 6 months. False positive rate (FPR) was used for poor and sensitivity for good outcome prediction accuracy.

Results

Overall, 72/128 (56%) patients with shockable and 12/50 (24%) with non‐shockable rhythms had good outcome (p < .001). For poor outcome prediction, absent pupillary light reflexes (PLR) and corneal reflexes (clinical predictors) 72 h after sedation withdrawal, PLR 96 h post‐arrest, and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), all had FPR <0.1% in both groups. Unreactive EEG and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) >60 μg/L 24–72 h post‐arrest had better precision in shockable patients. For good outcome, the clinical predictors, SSEP and CT, had 86%–100% sensitivity in both groups. For NSE, sensitivity varied from 22% to 69% 24–72 h post‐arrest. The outcome predictors indicated severe brain injury proportionally more often in patients with non‐shockable than with shockable rhythms. For all patients, clinical predictors, CT, and SSEP, predicted poor and good outcome with high accuracy.

Conclusion

Outcome prediction accuracy was comparable for shockable and non‐shockable rhythms. PLR and corneal reflexes had best precision 72 h after sedation withdrawal and 96 h post‐arrest.
Flexible bronchoscopic intubation through a supraglottic airway device: An evaluation of consultant anaesthetist performance
Authors: Svendsen Christine N. , Glargaard Gine L. , Lundstrøm Lars H. , Rosenstock Charlotte V. , Haug Anne C. , Afshari Arash , Hesselfeldt Rasmus , Strøm Camilla
Published: October 2023

Background

Few clinical studies investigate technical skill performance in experienced clinicians.

Methods

We undertook a prospective observational study evaluating procedural skill competence in consultant anaesthetists who performed flexible bronchoscopic intubation (FBI) under continuous ventilation through a second‐generation supraglottic airway device (SAD). Airway management was recorded on video and performance evaluated independently by three external assessors. We included 100 adult patients undergoing airway management by 25 anaesthetist specialists, each performing four intubations.

We used an Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills‐inspired global rating scale as primary outcome. Further, we assessed the overall pass rate (proportion of cases where the average of assessors' evaluation for every domain scored ≥3); the progression in the global rating scale score; time to intubation; self‐reported procedural confidence; and pass rate from the first to the fourth airway procedure.

Results

Overall median global rating scale score was 29.7 (interquartile range 26.0–32.7 [range 16.7–37.7]. At least one global rating scale domain was deemed ‘not competent’ (one or more domains in the evaluation was scored <3) in 30% of cases of airway management, thus the pass rate was 70% (95% CI 60%–78%). After adjusting for multiple testing, we found a statistically significant difference between the first and fourth case of airway management regarding time to intubation (p = .006), but no difference in global rating scale score (p = .018); self‐reported confidence before the procedure (p = .014); or pass rate (p = .109).

Conclusion

Consultant anaesthetists had a median global rating scale score of 29.7 when using a SAD as conduit for FBI. However, despite reporting high procedural confidence, at least one global rating scale domain was deemed ‘not competent’ in 30% of cases, which indicates a clear potential for improvement of skill competence among professionals.
Incidence of occult appendiceal neoplasm in patients over 40 years with acute appendicitis: A single‐institution review
Authors: Jolly Samantha , McCullough Timothy , Gunning Thomas , Maddern Guy , Wichmann Matthias
Published: October 2023

Objective

To investigate the incidence of occult appendiceal neoplasm in patients aged 40 years and over who underwent appendicectomy for appendicitis.

Methods

The clinical coding electronic database was used to identify patients aged 40 years and over who were diagnosed with appendicitis from September 2010 to September 2022. Patients were included if they were managed operatively.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Modified Monash category 3 (large rural town).

Participants

Patients aged 40 years and over undergoing appendicectomy for appendicitis.

Main Outcome Measures

Incidence of appendiceal neoplasm within appendicectomy specimen.

Results

A total of 279 patients aged 40 years and over underwent appendicectomy, with a median age of 53 years (range 40–95). Nineteen patients (7%) were found to have a primary neoplastic lesion within the appendix: seven neuroendocrine neoplasms (37%), six sessile serrated lesions (32%), two colonic‐type adenocarcinoma (11%), two goblet cell adenocarcinoma (11%) and two appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (11%). Additionally, one patient had a metastatic adenocarcinoma of pancreaticobiliary aetiology.

Conclusions

Occult appendiceal neoplasm was higher than reported in the literature in our cohort. This would support appendicectomy as the treatment of choice for patients aged 40 years and over with acute appendicitis and caution against nonoperative management in this demographic.
Leaving traces: Fairy houses, kindness stones, and constructed heritage
Authors: Turner Michelle I. , Turner Derek D.
Published: October 2023

The National Park Service and many other federal, state, and local land managers in the US enjoin visitors to “leave no trace” when visiting parks and wilderness areas. At the same time, practices that involve leaving traces—painted rocks, rock cairns, and fairy houses—have become well established on some public lands. Public discussions reveal deep divides in how people view these traces in a time of increased pressures on public lands. This article develops an anthropological analysis of the practice of leaving traces at Mesa Verde National Park, in Colorado, and Machimoodus State Park, in Connecticut. Taking an approach that aligns with recent work on archaeologies of the contemporary, we interrogate the meaning of these material traces and consider how these practices of constructing cultural heritage in spaces perceived as “natural” provide a quasi‐archaeological experience and reenact colonialist processes.
Factors affecting timing of loop ileostomy closure: a regional centre's experience with 106 patients
Authors: Chau Tedman Cheuk‐Yiu , Nguyen Hung , Robertson Iain K. , Harvey Xavier , Tan Brendan , Tan Mitchell , Yang Caroline M.
Published: October 2023

Introduction

The burden of defunctioning ileostomy is significant with up to two thirds of patients reporting stoma‐related morbidity. While timely reversal is safe and cost‐effective, the time to reversal in regional Australian hospitals is not well described in professional publications. We aim to assess the current timeliness of ileostomy closure and identify possible reasons for delaying closure.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of loop ileostomies created and reversed in Launceston General Hospital for both rectal cancer surgery and other benign indications was undertaken. Patients with loop ileostomy created between 2010 and 2020 were included. Clinical data of timing of events, complications, readmission and stoma follow‐up were recorded; and analysed using multivariate regression analyses to identify clinically relevant risk factors for delayed closure.

Results

A total of 123 patients underwent loop‐ileostomy formation during the study period, of which 106 patients (86.2%) were reversed. Median time to closure was 8.5 months (IQR 5.2–12.4) for patients with rectal cancers, compared to 5.2 months (IQR 3.6–9.3) for patients who did not have rectal cancer, with a difference of 3.4 months (95% CI 0.9, 5.9; P = 0.008). Adjuvant chemotherapy and unexpected readmission to hospital were associated with delayed reversal (P = 0.0081 and P = 0.0005, respectively).

Conclusion

Stoma reversal is often scheduled 3–6 months after creation. More than two‐thirds of patients experienced delays due to changing clinical concerns and non‐clinical factors, such as unexpected delays at each stage of surgical planning. Early placement on the waiting list and better‐coordinated follow‐ups may expedite reversal surgery and reduce associated morbidities.
Fantasies of Flows and Containment: The Technopolitics of Security Infrastructures in the Americas
Authors: Jenss Alke
Published: October 2023

This contribution combines literature on logistics with literature on the articulation between racism and the securitisation of migration. Studying security infrastructures in Mexico in conjunction with the Mesoamerican Project, a massive transnational infrastructure plan, I show how security and trade infrastructures become intertwined in what governments have called a “secure trade corridor” between Colombia and the United States. In this securitised project of accelerating trade across the Americas, the promise of infrastructure itself is one of enabling flows and controlling the mobility of racialised others. The article describes how security infrastructures redirect and potentially revictimise migrants, contain contestation, and, ultimately, enable capital flows for corporations that provide technology at Mexico's northern and southern borders. Fantasies of containment materialise in wires, border posts, military posts, and even graves. Trade infrastructures also serve as “filters” for migration. Joining logistics and security studies allows us to observe how these different infrastructures simultaneously perform multiple functions.
Design of a hybrid left ventricular assist device with a new wireless charging system
Authors: Horie Hideyuki , Isoyama Takashi , Ishiyama Kazushi
Published: October 2023

Background

The objective of this study was to design a new wireless left ventricular assist device (LVAD) that can be charged without using a conventional transcutaneous energy transfer system (TETS).

Methods

Our new wireless LVAD was a hybrid pump operating in two different modes: magnetic and electric modes. The pump was driven wirelessly by extracorporeal rotating magnets in magnetic mode, whereas it was driven by electricity provided by an intracorporeal battery in electric mode. A magnetic torque transmission system was introduced to wirelessly transmit torque to the pump impeller. The intracorporeal battery was charged in magnetic mode making use of electromagnetic coils as a generator, whereas the coils were used as a motor in electric mode. To demonstrate the feasibility of our system, we conducted a bench‐top durability test for 1 week.

Results

Our hybrid pump had shown sufficient pump performance as a LVAD, with a head pressure of approximately 80 mm Hg and a flow volume of 5.0 L/min, for 1 week. The intracorporeal battery was wirelessly charged enough to power electric mode for 2.5 h a day throughout the 1‐week durability test.

Conclusions

Our hybrid wireless LVAD system demonstrated the possibility of a wireless LVAD and has the potential to reduce medical complications of LVAD therapy.
Design and optimization of a new integrated hip and knee prosthesis structure
Authors: Luo Shengli , Shu Xiaolong , Zhu Hexiang , Yu Hongliu
Published: October 2023

Background

Conventional hip disarticulation prostheses (HDPs) are passive devices with separate joint structures, limiting amputees' ability to control and resulting in abnormal gait patterns. This study introduces a new HDP integrating the hip and knee joints for amputees' natural gait.

Methods

The new HDP restores the physiological rotation center of the hip with a remote center of motion (RCM) structure, and simulates the knee motion with a four‐bar structure. Nonlinear programming was employed to optimize the hip‐knee joint structure. A hybrid multi‐objective drive structure with a series–parallel connection was also designed to ensure motion synergy between the hip and knee joints. Finally, a prototype of the prosthesis was tested using the HDP test system.

Results

The optimization results demonstrate that the new HDP accurately restores the rotation center of the femur in amputees, with the knee's instantaneous center of rotation (ICR) trajectory closely resembling that of the human knee (Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.999). The study shows that the new HDP achieves a motion reproduction accuracy of over 95% for the human hip joint at walking speeds above 1.5 km/h, 38% higher than conventional prosthesis. Similarly, at the same walking speed, the new HDP replicates the motion of the human knee at 82.89%, surpassing conventional prosthesis by 57.85%.

Conclusions

The new HDP restores symmetry and replicates synergistic movement in amputees' lower limbs, exhibiting superior movement characteristics compared to conventional prostheses. This innovative HDP has the potential to enhance the quality of life for amputees.
Examining the effectiveness and duration of adjuvanted vs. non‐adjuvanted influenza vaccines in protecting older adults against symptomatic SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Authors: Lapi Francesco , Domnich Alexander , Marconi Ettore , Rossi Alessandro , Grattagliano Ignazio , Cricelli Claudio
Published: October 2023

Annual influenza vaccination is one of the main public health measures able to drastically reduce the burden of this infectious disease. Some evidence suggests ‘trained immunity’ triggered by influenza vaccine might reduce the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Adjuvanted influenza vaccines are known to induce a broader cross‐reactive immunity. No studies investigated the effect of adjuvanted vs. non‐adjuvanted influenza vaccines on the risk of symptomatic SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. A case–control analysis nested in a cohort of subjects aged ≥65 years and immunized with adjuvanted or non‐adjuvanted influenza vaccines was conducted. Although no statistically significant (OR = 0.87; P = .082) difference between the two vaccine types was observed for the 9‐month follow‐up period, a 17% (OR = 0.83; P = .042) reduction in the odds of COVID‐19 was observed for adjuvanted vaccines with a 6‐month follow‐up. Further evidence is needed, but these results might have implications given the complexity of the upcoming winter seasons, in which the co‐occurrence of influenza, SARS‐CoV‐2 and other respiratory infections (e.g., syncytial virus) might be unpredictable.
Facilitating positive birth experience when preferences are not met: A qualitative analysis
Authors: Lawal Tiwadeye , Dodge Laura E. , Toffey David , Zera Chloe , Wu Melissa , Larson Elysia
Published: October 2023

Introduction

High‐quality health systems rely on care that centers on patient preferences. Realization of patient preferences can improve the birth experience. However, in the dynamic setting of birth, birth preferences can diverge from what is medically indicated. Through studying women and birthing peoples' experiences of unplanned labor procedures, we aimed to identify ways in which practitioners can support women and birthing people through unexpected or unwanted aspects of their delivery. Specifically, we focused on labor induction.

Methods

In one large US academic center, women and birthing people participated in prenatal and postpartum surveys regarding their desires, expectations, and experiences of labor induction. From April to November 2021, participants were eligible if they showed discordance between having labor induction and whether it was initially wanted or expected. Interviews focused on attitudes toward birth preferences and outcomes, with attention to discordances. We analyzed interviews through a modified grounded theory approach.

Results

Of 22 participants, our sample was predominantly white (91%). Participants in this sample reported discordance between wanting and experiencing (73%) and/or expecting and experiencing (54%) an induction. We identified two themes: “Discordance without mitigation is perceived as a negative experience” and “Practitioner interaction can buffer against negative experience” which includes three ways in which participants prefer support in instances of discordance: preparation, communication, and care and comfort. These methods of support foster patient autonomy and can lead to positive patient experiences.

Conclusions

While medical systems should work to support patient preferences, our results suggest that patients can still have positive birth experiences, even when preferences are not fulfilled. Early practitioner preparation, positive communication, and responsive care and comfort may help to improve patient birth experience when challenges arise.
Ataluren improves myelopoiesis and neutrophil chemotaxis by restoring ribosome biogenesis and reducing p53 levels in Shwachman–Diamond syndrome cells
Authors: Cipolli Marco , Boni Christian , Penzo Marianna , Villa Isabella , Bolamperti Simona , Baldisseri Elena , Frattini Annalisa , Porta Giovanni , Api Martina , Selicato Nora , Roccia Pamela , Pollutri Daniela , Marinelli Busilacchi Elena , Poloni Antonella , Caporelli Nicole , D'Amico Giovanna , Pegoraro Anna , Cesaro Simone , Oyarbide Usua , Vella Antonio , Lippi Giuseppe , Corey Seth J. , Valli Roberto , Polini Alessandro , Bezzerri Valentino
Published: October 2023

Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS) is characterized by neutropenia, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and skeletal abnormalities. SDS bone marrow haematopoietic progenitors show increased apoptosis and impairment in granulocytic differentiation. Loss of Shwachman–Bodian–Diamond syndrome (SBDS) expression results in reduced eukaryotic 80S ribosome maturation. Biallelic mutations in the SBDS gene are found in ~90% of SDS patients, ~55% of whom carry the c.183‐184TA>CT nonsense mutation. Several translational readthrough‐inducing drugs aimed at suppressing nonsense mutations have been developed. One of these, ataluren, has received approval in Europe for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We previously showed that ataluren can restore full‐length SBDS protein synthesis in SDS‐derived bone marrow cells. Here, we extend our preclinical study to assess the functional restoration of SBDS capabilities in vitro and ex vivo. Ataluren improved 80S ribosome assembly and total protein synthesis in SDS‐derived cells, restored myelopoiesis in myeloid progenitors, improved neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro and reduced neutrophil dysplastic markers ex vivo. Ataluren also restored full‐length SBDS synthesis in primary osteoblasts, suggesting that its beneficial role may go beyond the myeloid compartment. Altogether, our results strengthened the rationale for a Phase I/II clinical trial of ataluren in SDS patients who harbour the nonsense mutation.
Screening for haemoglobin disorders: One size may not fit all
Authors: Shook Lisa M. , Ware Russell E.
Published: October 2023

Accurate laboratory screening for sickle cell disease and other haemoglobin disorders is expanding worldwide. Two new reports describe different methods and strategies for screening in Mali and Denmark, respectively, and their encouraging results suggest that countries should tailor their screening programmes according to local needs, resources and opportunities.

Commentary on: Guindo et al. Potential for a large‐scale newborn screening strategy for sickle cell disease in Mali: a comparative diagnostic performance study of two rapid diagnostic tests (SickleScan® and HemotypeSC®) on cord blood. Br J Haematol 2024;204:337–345 and Gravholt et al. The Danish national haemoglobinopathy screening programme: report from 16 years of screening in a low‐prevalence, non‐endemic region. Br J Haematol 2024;204:329–336.
Origin and outcome of metastatic tumours to the testes: a nationwide study
Authors: Woortman Carmen , van Leenders Geert J. L. H. , Hugen Niek , van Oijen Martijn G. H. , Nagtegaal Iris D.
Published: October 2023

Objectives

To perform a retrospective cohort analysis for metastatic tumours in the testes to explore the timing, presentation and prognosis of this particular type of metastases and the factors that influence outcome.

Patients and methods

A nationwide retrospective review of pathology reports of patients with pathologically confirmed metastases to the testis between 1991 and 2021 was performed. Data were collected from the Dutch nationwide pathology databank (PALGA) and the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Log‐rank testing and Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to assess overall survival (OS), and Cox proportional hazard models were used for multivariate survival analysis.

Results

A total of 175 patients with a testicular metastasis were included. The median (range) age at diagnosis of testicular metastasis was 67 (3–88) years. Testicular metastases originated from a variety of primary tumours, although most frequently from the prostate (40.6%), kidney (13.7%), colon (10.3%), bladder (7.4%) and skin (5.7%). Synchronous testicular metastasis was detected in 53 cases, while 114 metachronous lesions were found after a median (interquartile range) interval of 22 (1–53) months after the original cancer diagnosis. OS after the diagnosis of a testicular metastasis was poor, with a median survival of 14.2 months (95% confidence interval 10.2–18.3). Primary tumour origin was an independent factor for survival, with worst survival for patients with primary skin, bladder and colon cancer.

Conclusion

Testicular metastases are very uncommon and arise mainly from primary tumours anatomically close to the testes. Most patients develop metachronous testicular metastasis at an oligometastatic disease stage. These metastases are invariably associated with poor survival.
Random choice and market demand
Authors: Birchenall Javier A.
Published: October 2023

This paper examines a statistical model of choice in which individual decisions have no preferential basis or optimizing behaviour. Individual consumption is chosen at random, while respecting a linear budget set. All the properties of classical demand theory, including symmetry and negative (semi)definiteness of the Slutsky matrix, are shown to be generally satisfied by mean (i.e., market) demands. Despite the fact that individuals are “irrational,” mean demands can be rationalized as the outcome of utility‐maximizing behaviour, even when demands are interior. The severity and frequency of revealed preference violations are unable to reject economic rationality in irrational individuals.
Piloting the Mockingbird Family™ in Australia: Experiences of foster carers and agency workers
Authors: McLaren Helen , Patmisari Emi , Jones Michelle , Skinner Chris , Mather Simone
Published: October 2023

Given that the number of children and young people needing care keeps rising and fewer people are becoming foster carers, efforts to support carers and workers in foster caring are essential. This paper considers the experiences of carers and foster care agency workers involved in Australia's piloting of the Mockingbird Family. With a view understanding experience, data were collected via focus groups with carers and agency workers (n = 20) involved in piloting, implementation and evaluation. Deductive analysis applied the theory of experience to generate understanding of experience, as both intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions to capture strengths in the Mockingbird Family's foster caring networks. These dimensions of experience included collective passions of carers and workers; experiential change over time; collective experiences as a moving force; and experiences as transformational. Understanding of experience associated with the perceived strengths of the Mockingbird Family, including strategies to promote strong professional relationships between carers and workers, is an important element in strengthening environments of children and young people in care. Safe and stable environments are crucial for wellbeing.
Child marriage: Representation of the marriage of underage girls problem in the Turkish print media
Authors: Bayhantopçu Esra
Published: October 2023

Child marriage, specifically the marriage of underage girls, is a crucial social problem that cuts across religions and cultures and can be considered as violence against children and women. Currently, the media is one of the strongest public spheres to combat this problem apart from national and international laws and agreements. This study aims to analyse how the child marriage problem is represented in the Turkish print media within the framework of feminist theory. The analysis is based on 246 news reports related to child marriages. The study found that even though the issue has been identified as a problem in the Turkish print media, it has not come to the forefront. Rather, the newspapers have normalized the issue of underage marriage, especially through the use of language.
Reciprocal spaces: The socio‐material life of balconies in urban Egypt
Authors: Ghannam Farha
Published: October 2023

“Reciprocal spaces,” such as windows and balconies, connect the vertical and the horizontal, enable the flow of meanings and feelings, and join with other material artifacts to unite emotionally and socially those who are spatially distant, and socially and emotionally distance those who are spatially proximate. Cairo's balconies reveal that reciprocal spaces allow the gaze to be reoriented, the meaning to be circulated, and the feeling to be shared. They blur the distinction between the subject and the object, the observer and the observed, and the high and the low. Drawing on long‐term ethnographic research in Cairo and informed by the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Karen Barad, this paper shows that the balcony is entangled with other objects, spaces, and people in ways that materialize the socio‐economic hierarchies (especially class and gender), which structure daily practices and constitute urban subjects. Incorporating balconies in ethnographic research, this paper argues, enables us to be in the city while thinking of the city, undermining a dichotomy that has long troubled urban anthropology.
Patient and healthcare professional acceptability of pharmacogenetic screening for DPYD and UGT1A1: A cross sectional survey
Authors: Glewis Sarah , Krishnasamy Mei , Lingaratnam Senthil , Harris Sam , Underhill Craig , Georgiou Chloe , Warren Mark , Campbell Robert , IJzerman Maarten , Fagery Mussab , Campbell Ian , Martin Jennifer H. , Tie Jeanne , Alexander Marliese , Michael Michael
Published: October 2023

This study explored the acceptability of a novel pharmacist‐led pharmacogenetics (PGx) screening program among patients with cancer and healthcare professionals (HCPs) taking part in a multicenter clinical trial of PGx testing (PACIFIC‐PGx ANZCTR:12621000251820). Medical oncologists, oncology pharmacists, and patients with cancer from across four sites (metropolitan/regional), took part in an observational, cross‐sectional survey. Participants were recruited from the multicenter trial. Two study‐specific surveys were developed to inform implementation strategies for scaled and sustainable translation into routine clinical care: one consisting of 21 questions targeting HCPs and one consisting of 17 questions targeting patients. Responses were collected from 24 HCPs and 288 patients. The 5‐to‐7‐day PGx results turnaround time was acceptable to HCP (100%) and patients (69%). Most HCPs (92%) indicated that it was appropriate for the PGx clinical pharmacist to provide results to patients. Patients reported equal preference for receiving PGx results from a doctor/pharmacist. Patients and HCPs highly rated the pharmacist‐led PGx service. HCPs were overall accepting of the program, with the majority (96%) willing to offer PGx testing to their patients beyond the trial. HCPs identified that lack of financial reimbursements (62%) and lack of infrastructure (38%) were the main reasons likely to prevent/slow the implementation of PGx screening program into routine clinical care. Survey data have shown overall acceptability from patients and HCPs participating in the PGx Program. Barriers to implementation of PGx testing in routine care have been identified, providing opportunity to develop targeted implementation strategies for scaled translation into routine practice.
Analysis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as a multistep process
Authors: Ruigrok Ynte M. , Rinkel Gabriel J. E. , Chang Han‐Sol , Hackenberg Katharina A. M. , Etminan Nima , Veldink Jan H.
Published: October 2023

Background and purpose

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASAH) is a complex disease with higher incidence in women compared to men and in Japan compared to other countries. It was hypothesized that ASAH is consistent with a multistep model of disease. The following assessments were made: (1) the number of steps needed for the disease to occur and (2) whether this number may be different in female versus male and in Japanese versus non‐Japanese patients.

Methods

Incidence data were generated from a meta‐analysis on ASAH incidence until 2017, which was supplemented with a literature search from 2017 to April 2023. Age‐ and sex‐adjusted incidences per 10‐year age groups were calculated and the logarithm of age‐specific incidence against the logarithm of age was regressed with least‐squares regression.

Results

In 2317 ASAH patients a linear relationship between logarithm of incidence and logarithm of age was found with a slope estimate of 3.13 (95% confidence interval 2.60–3.65), consistent with a four‐step process. Similar estimates were found for female, male, Japanese and non‐Japanese patients.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that ASAH is a four‐step process, also in subgroups with higher ASAH incidence. Elucidation of the exact nature of these steps can provide important clues for identification of disease mechanisms underlying ASAH.
A review of detecting malware in android devices based on machine learning techniques
Authors: Sharma Monika , Kaul Ajay
Published: October 2023

Malware developers install malware on mobile users' devices and steal their personal information without their knowledge. According to recent studies, it has been observed that malware developers are now targeting Android mobile devices. Researchers have examined the issues of detecting malware in these devices and proposed different methods and techniques. This study's main goal is to aid researchers in gaining a basic understanding of Android malware and its numerous detection methods. Earlier experiments that used machine learning to detect Android malware will be carefully reviewed in this paper. This in‐depth review article thoroughly examines the origins, evolution, and sustainability of Android malware detection. It offers an in‐depth literature review that includes the most recent approaches and research trends for detecting malware, from static analysis to dynamic analysis, machine learning, and deep learning. Additionally, we review current approaches' shortcomings and difficulties and suggest possible paths for further investigation. The paper aims to stimulate further innovation in this essential field by providing researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive overview of the current status of Android malware detection.
Barite, Anhydrite and Gypsum Reference Materials for In Situ Oxygen and Sulfur Isotope Ratio Measurements
Authors: Li Bin , Wiedenbeck Michael , Couffignal Frédéric , Álvarez‐Valero Antonio M. , Bao Hui‐Ming , Fan Chang‐Fu , Han Juan , Jin Gui‐Shan , Peng Yong‐Bo , Syczewski Marcin Daniel , Tait Kimberly T. , Wilke Franziska D.H. , Wortmann Ulrich G.
Published: October 2023

Secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to test the δ18O and δ34S nanogram‐scale homogeneity of a suite of candidate sulfate minerals, ultimately selecting three barite, two anhydrite, and two gypsum samples from the Royal Ontario Museum that have repeatabilities for their SIMS measurements of better than ±0.39‰ and ±0.37‰ (1s) for oxygen and sulfur isotope ratios, respectively. Metrological splits of each of the seven materials were sent to multiple gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry laboratories in order to establish their absolute 18O/16O and 34S/32S ratios. The inter‐laboratory results of GS‐IRMS analyses yielded reasonably narrow ranges in δ18OVSMOW, whereas larger variations in δ34SVCDT values were found between the results from the gas source laboratories. All samples have good reproducibility within laboratories of GS‐IRMS 103δ18O values of between ±0.24‰ and ±0.44‰ (1s). The reproducibility within laboratories of GS‐IRMS 103δ34S values range from ±0.07‰ to ±0.99‰ (1s). Here we also discuss some of the current analytical limitations affecting these isotope‐mineral systems. A total of 256 metrological splits have been prepared from each of these seven materials; these aliquots will be made available to the global geochemical community.