bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of the Value of Theory in Predicting Gas-Bearing Performance
Authors: Cooper S.
Published: November 2011

The object of the paper is to indicate the value of theoretical investigations of hydrodynamic finite bearings under steady-state conditions. Methods of solution of Reynolds equation by both desk and digital computing, and methods of stabilizing the processes of solution, are described. The nondimensional data available from the solutions are stated. The outcome of an attempted solution of the energy equation is discussed. A comparison between some theoretical and experimental results is shown. Experimental methods employed and some difficulties encountered are discussed. Some theoretical results are given to indicate the effects of the inclusion of slip velocity, stabilizing slots, and a simple case of whirl.
Transfer-Function Derivation and Verification for a Toric Variable-Speed Drive
Authors: Harned J. L. , Sudhindranath P. , Miller K. M. , Roddy R. J.
Published: November 2011

Basic relationships that control the dynamic performance of toric variable-speed drives are studied. These basic toric relationships are then utilized to derive seven linear differential equations that describe a commercial model of a toric transmission. Experimental verification of these equations is made to support the theoretical work. By means of a numerical evaluation of the transfer functions, a simplified interpretation is made to show the relationships between transmission parameters and dynamic performance.
Flow Models in Boundary-Layer Stall Inception
Authors: Sandborn V. A. , Kline S. J.
Published: November 2011

Physical evidence on stall inception from visual studies, mean-velocity-profile correlations, shear measurements, and fluctuations in separating boundary layers in the neighborhood of stall are discussed. Direct visual studies suggest that stall inception in the laminar boundary layer follows the classical model, but does not necessarily do so in the turbulent shear layer. It is useful to describe stall as a certain type of transition region, which can be long or short. Adoption of these ideas is shown to lead to better correlation of stall data and more complete understanding of available physical evidence. However, physical data on the relation between the various types of evidence in the turbulent case and their respective connections with the events in the transition region leading to stall are not presently complete. This suggests experiments of a certain type which should lead to further clarification of the process of stall inception in the turbulent boundary layer.
The Influence of Tip Clearance on Stall Limits of a Rectilinear Cascade of Compressor Blades
Authors: Khabbaz Ghassan , Senoo Yasutoshi
Published: November 2011

An experimental study of the influence of tip clearance on the stall limits of compressor blades was conducted on a rectilinear cascade. By using the mirror and image technique the end wall boundary layer near the clearance was dispensed with. The blade loading was maximum at a distance from the tip clearance, but the clearance was found to relieve the pressure gradient in general and to retard stalling.
Analog Computer Solution of a Complex Transient-Hydraulic Problem in the Power Industry
Authors: Taylor E. H. , Reisman A. , Deland E. C. , Baudistel H. H.
Published: November 2011

The Scattergood Steam Power Plant of the City of Los Angeles uses Pacific Ocean water as a heat sink. During the design of the circulating water system which conveys the ocean cooling water to the condensers, it was necessary to predict the hydraulic behavior under certain unsteady conditions in order to establish design criteria. This article describes the circulating water system, the problems to be solved, the methods of mathematical analysis, and the analog computer solution of the resulting set of 28 simultaneous nonlinear differential equations.
Ejector-Nozzle Flow and Thrust for Choked Flow
Authors: Weber H. E.
Published: November 2011

A theory for the prediction of flow for fully choked divergent shroud nozzles has been compared with experiment and corrected empirically. The prediction of thrust has been extended to include both the underexpanded and overexpanded flow regimes in this type of nozzle. Comparisons with the theory have been made and good correlation found in both overexpanded and underexpanded regimes of flow.
Elastic and Creep Characteristics of a Class of Shell Closures With Constant Stress Ratio
Authors: Gemma A. E. , Rowe G. H. , Spahl R. J.
Published: November 2011

A class of constant stress and constant stress ratio closures, σθ/σφ = K (1 < K < 2), was studied analytically. One type with the ratio K = 4/3 was investigated experimentally both elastically and in creep.
Externally Pressurized Step Journal Bearings
Authors: Adams Clarence R. , Dworski Juraj , Shoemaker Edward M.
Published: November 2011

An externally pressurized gas journal bearing which achieves its load carrying capability by utilizing flow throttling dams parallel to the direction of rotation is discussed in this paper. Test procedures and equipment used to develop this bearing concept are described. A theoretical method of determining pressure distribution and load carrying capacity for the bearing is presented and correlated with experimental data for non-rotating shafts. Experiments showing the behavior of the bearing under shaft whirl conditions are described and illustrated. Suggested ranges of the design parameters are indicated. The paper also points out advantages accruing from the design simplicity as well as the static and dynamic stability of this bearing concept.
Friction Drag on Bladed Disks in Housings as a Function of Reynolds Number, Axial and Radial Clearance, and Blade Aspect Ratio and Solidity
Authors: Mann Robert W. , Marston Charles H.
Published: November 2011

Extra losses from partial admission operation of a gas turbine occur both in the nozzle flow arc and away from it. The latter have been related to the theory of fluid flow over a rotating disk expressing a dimensionless moment coefficient as a function of Reynolds number. By direct measurements of drag torque, the moment coefficient has been determined over a range of Reynolds number from 2.0 × 104 to 4.5 × 106 for several aspect ratios, axial and radial shroud clearances, and solidities. Losses increase with increasing aspect ratio. Small increases from minimum practical clearance have little effect, but blade pumping losses become severe at radial and axial clearances of the order of half the disk radius. Typical changes in solidity have only small effects on losses.
Measurement of Oil-Film Thickness Between Disks by Electrical Conductivity
Authors: El-Sisi S. I. , Shawki G. S. A.
Published: November 2011

A special apparatus is designed to measure the oil-film thickness between two stationary disks (simulating meshing gear teeth) by applying a-c or d-c potential across the film and measuring its resistance for given gap between the disks. Experiments show that the treatment of oil with additive (sodium-petroleum sulphonate in this case) may well lead to a considerable increase in its electrical conductivity, and to a substantial improvement in the independence of the oil-film resistance of the electrical history and temperature of the oil. A reliable relationship could eventually be obtained between the oil-film resistance and relevant thickness. Test results are employed in investigating the behavior of the oil film in a rotating-disk testing machine developed by the authors for studying the performance of meshing gear teeth with adequate supply of lubricant.
Unsteady Transfer of Momentum and Heat Between Concentric Cylinders
Authors: Yih Chia-Shun
Published: November 2011

Problems of the molecular transfer of momentum and heat in a fluid between two concentric cylinders are often encountered in the field of lubrication. It is shown herein that these problems can be solved by a generalized Fourier analysis, and that, in particular, varying boundary conditions and nonhomogeneous terms in the diffusion equation which are time-dependent can be treated by the Duhamel method from the theory of the conduction of heat in solids. Heat generated by viscous shear, as well as that externally applied, is included in the analysis.
Chamber Dimension Effects on Induced Flow and Frictional Resistance of Enclosed Rotating Disks
Authors: Daily J. W. , Nece R. E.
Published: November 2011

The fundamental fluid mechanics associated with the rotation of a smooth plane disk enclosed within a right-cylindrical chamber have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. In order to acquire further and systematic information pertinent to this problem, which has received much attention in the past, torque data were obtained over a range of disk Reynolds numbers from 103 to 107 for axial clearance-disk radius ratios s/a from 0.0127 to 0.217 for a constant small radial tip clearance and velocity and pressure data were obtained for laminar and turbulent flows. The existence of four basic flow regimes in the axial gap between the disk and casing wall was verified, and these regimes, the existence and extent of which are governed by the Reynolds number-axial spacing combinations, have been delineated. A new approximate theoretical analysis has accounted for axial-clearance effects for the case of separate boundary layers on the disk and end wall; this theory has been checked against test results. Velocity and pressure data have shown that the concept of a fluid “core” rotation in the case of separate boundary layers must be modified because of secondary flows and skewed boundary layers.
Shannon’s Theory and Feedback Systems
Authors: Chang S. S. L.
Published: November 2011

Feedback can be used as a means of realizing Shannon-predicted errorless capacity of a noisy communication channel. On the other hand, Shannon’s information theory can be used as a guide for rating feedback control systems as well as selecting system components. A brief summary of the former aspect and the results from some preliminary investigations of the latter aspect are presented. Included topics are calculations of required information capacities of control systems from input characteristics and fidelity requirements, required information capacities of system components, and calculation of information capacities of system components from saturation limits, threshold levels, and transfer functions.
Control System Analysis and Design Via the “Second Method” of Lyapunov: I—Continuous-Time Systems
Authors: Kalman R. E. , Bertram J. E.
Published: November 2011

The “second method” of Lyapunov is the most general approach currently in the theory of stability of dynamic systems. After a rigorous exposition of the fundamental concepts of this theory, applications are made to (a) stability of linear stationary, linear nonstationary, and nonlinear systems; (b)estimation of transient behavior; (c) control-system optimization; (d) design of relay servos. The discussion is essentially self-contained, with emphasis on the thorough development of the principal ideas and mathematical tools. Only systems governed by differential equations are treated here. Systems governed by difference equations are the subject of a companion paper.
Nonmetallic Inclusions and Fracture Behavior of Steels
Authors: Yukawa S.
Published: November 2011

Some observations showing the adverse effects of certain kinds of nonmetallic inclusions on the strength and fracture behavior of alloy steel test specimens are presented. The observations pertain to the effects in tests at low and high temperatures and under steady and cyclic loading.
Effect of Relaxation on the Behavior of Materials Under Combined Alternating and Static Stress
Authors: Vitovec F. H.
Published: November 2011

The effect of temperature on the stress range diagram is discussed and the particular characteristics of the curves for unnotched and notched specimens are analyzed. Excluding metallurgical factors from consideration, it is suggested that relaxation is the principal mechanism which influences the behavior of polycrystalline metals under combined alternating and static stress. Two parallel nonlinear Maxwell units are used to represent the relaxation mechanism at elevated temperature. An analysis of this model shows that relaxation occurs to an asymptotic finite value of stress which is a function of the initial stress. The same model is applied for representing the behavior in the stress range diagram with the assumption that a linear relationship exists at low temperature between the fatigue strength and the normal stress acting on the planes of reversed slip.
Effect of Wall Thickness on Stress-Rupture Life of Tubular Specimens
Authors: Tucker J. T. , Coulter E. E. , Kooistra L. F.
Published: November 2011

Stress-rupture data obtained from tubular specimens stressed with internal pressure are compared with data from standard tension-bar specimens from the same heats of material. Agreement between the data of the two types of specimens is poor for thick-wall tubes when the hoop stress in the tube wall is calculated on an average stress basis. Better agreement is obtained with thin-wall tubes. These results show that any design formula that neglects the variation of stress through the thickness of a tube wall is unsatisfactory for thicker tubes. A dimensionless parameter method is presented which provides satisfactory correlation of the data for three materials, four test temperatures, and a wide range of wall thickness. Several areas in which additional research would be of value are discussed.
Precise Measurement of Clothes Insulation During Controlled Operation of the Human
Authors: Iberall A. S.
Published: November 2011

It has been demonstrated that it is possible to measure the resistance of clothing as an ohmic relation between time-averaged equilibrium values of the flux of power (metabolism) and the potential difference between average skin temperature and ambient temperature. Specifically, this has been demonstrated on the human in what has been referred to as the comfort mode of operation of the human system. In this mode of operation, the metabolic level of activity is changed by signaling command to attempt to maintain a specific control level of the average skin temperature. With control attempted to approximately 0.1 deg C, sufficient precision has been achieved to resolve 1 or 2 per cent difference in clothes resistance. The dynamic input-output data obtained during clothes measurements are presented.
Correlation of Cavitation Inception Data for a Centrifugal Pump Operating in Water and in Sodium-Potassium Alloy (NaK)
Authors: Grindell A. G.
Published: November 2011

The static head at pump suction at the time of cavitation inception was correlated for water and for 1500 F NaK on the basis of the differences of the vapor pressures of the two liquids. The difference between the vapor pressures, for the same conditions of pump speed and liquid flow, was added to the water-test cavitation inception value; this proved to be a good approximation to the experimental value found for cavitation inception with NaK.
The Extrapolation of Families of Curves by Recurrence Relations, With Application to Creep-Rupture Data
Authors: Mendelson A. , Manson S. S.
Published: November 2011

A method using finite-difference recurrence relations is presented for direct extrapolation of families of curves. The method is illustrated by applications to creep-rupture data for several materials and it is shown that good results can be obtained without the necessity for any of the usual parameter concepts.
Fabrication and Annealing Factors Affecting Grain Size of 18Cr8Ni-Ti Superheater Materials in Steam Boilers
Authors: Eberle F. , Makris J. S.
Published: November 2011

The effect of cold deformations as encountered in tube and superheater fabrication and of temperature and time of annealing on the grain-size characteristics of 18Cr8Ni-Ti is demonstrated by laboratory experiments with material from six heats of steel. It is shown that cold-drawn tubing retains a relatively uniform small grain size at annealing temperatures up to about 1900 F to 1950 F and that above this temperature individual grains begin to grow at an accelerated rate, leading to a mixed grain-size structure. Annealing times between 5 and 15 minutes caused only insignificant differences in the over all grain size, but extension of exposure to 30 minutes produced a noticeably larger grain structure. Small cold deformations as may be introduced into the material by tube straightening can, when followed by a final anneal, cause excessive localized grain enlargements. Observations pointed to the possibility that materials with high Ti/C ratios may retain a predominantly small grain size at annealing temperatures as high as 2050 F.
Pressure Oscillations in a Water-Cooled Nuclear Reactor Induced by Water-Hammer Waves
Authors: Lieberman P. , Brown E. A.
Published: November 2011

Shutdown of the Babcock & Wilcox nuclear reactor water coolant pumps will cause check valves to close which will induce the generation of water hammer in the system. The magnitude, frequency, and duration of possible pressure oscillations in the pipeline and the discharge of the pressure oscillations into the attached plenum chamber were evaluated. Although the plenum chamber contains a great number of suspended rods, it was possible to establish the upper bound for the pressure loading across the internal structure of the plenum chamber at various stations for determination of design criteria.
Pressure Surges in Pipelines Carrying Viscous Liquids
Authors: Rouleau W. T.
Published: November 2011

An analytical solution which includes frictional effects is developed for the pressure occurring in a pipeline when Poiseuille flow is stopped by the sudden closure of a valve. Limitations and deficiencies of past solutions of the same problem have been overcome in the present analysis. It is shown that for most pipelines of practical interest the pressure is given by the sum of four traveling waves multiplied by a time-decaying exponential; evaluation is easily accomplished with a few simple slide-rule calculations. The computed pressures are shown to compare closely with experimental measurements.
Supersonic Diffuser for Radial and Mixed Flow Compressors
Authors: Dallenbach F. , Van Le N.
Published: November 2011

Presentation is made for the design concepts of a novel diffuser that handles supersonic flow at the exit of radial and mixed flow compressors. The guide vanes incorporating a V shape at the inlet are shown to offer potentialities of a shock free deceleration of the supersonic flow. Optimum diffusion of a high-speed flow is considered. The results are applied to the design of two sets of guide vanes for the diffusing system. The experimental evaluation of these guide vanes confirms the original conceptual thinking, with a highest diffuser performance of 0.792 at an inlet Mach number of 1.3. Effect of the blade loading and of the subsonic inlet Mach number on the guide vanes are presented. Actual performance of the diffuser in a compressor of a gas turbine is discussed.
Design Optimization of Electrical Power Contact Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Beloufa Amine
Published: November 2011

Automotive connectors in modern car generations are submitted to high current; this can cause many problems and requires the minimization of their electrical contact resistances. The new major contribution of this work is the optimization by finite element method of contact resistance, contact temperature, design, and mechanical stress of sphere/plane contact samples. These contact samples were made with recent high-copper alloys and were subjected to indentation loading. Experimental tests were carried out in order to validate the developed numerical model and to select the material which presents a low contact temperature and contact resistance. Another model with multipoint contacts was developed in order to minimize electrical contact resistance and contact temperature. Shape optimization results indicate that the volume of contact samples was reduced by 12%. The results show also for the model with multipoint contacts that the contact resistance was reduced by 41%, contact temperature by 22% and maximum Von Mises stress by 49%. These several gains are more interesting for the connector designers.
Evolution of Nasal Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in a Remote Population
Authors: Lebeaux David , Barbier François , Angebault Cécile , Benmahdi Lahcene , Ruppé Etienne , Felix Benjamin , Gaillard Kevin , Djossou Félix , Epelboin Loïc , Dupont Claire , Renard Magaly , Peroz Gilles , Vandenesch François , Wolff Michel , Andremont Antoine , Ruimy Raymond
Published: November 2011

Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) is highly prevalent in community subjects, but its dynamic has been little investigated. Nasal swabbing was performed in 2006 and 2008 in 154 Amerindians living isolated in French Guiana. MR-CoNS strains were identified and characterized by non-β-lactam susceptibility testing and staphylococcal cassette chromosomemecelement (SCCmec) typing, characterizing the associations ofccrandmecgene complex allotypes, and for MRStaphylococcus epidermidis(MRSE), multilocus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) was used. The impact of sociodemographic and medical characteristics on the persistence of MR-CoNS carriage was assessed by bivariate analysis. Prevalence of MR-CoNS carriage was 50.6% in 2006 and 46.8% in 2008. The 274 MR-CoNS isolates, includingS. epidermidis(n= 89, 62 MLVA patterns),Staphylococcus haemolyticus(n= 78), andStaphylococcus hominis(n= 72), exhibited 41 distinctccrandmecgene complex associations. Persistent carriage (in 2006 and 2008), intermittent carriage (either in 2006 or 2008), and noncarriage were documented in 25.3, 47.4, and 27.3% of the participants, respectively. Persistent carriage of a given MRSE isolate was rarely observed (n= 8 isolates). Furthermore, no epidemiological factor, including antibiotic exposure, was associated with persistent carriage. The high diversity of MRSE clones and theirccrandmecgene complex associations contrasted with the high carriage rates in this isolated community, which might reflect the occurrence of SCCmecrearrangement and the generation of new MR-CoNS strains.
Pharmacodynamic Effects of Simulated Standard Doses of Antifungal Drugs against Aspergillus Species in a New
In Vitro
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model
Authors: Meletiadis Joseph , Al-Saigh Rafal , Velegraki Aristea , Walsh Thomas J. , Roilides Emmanuel , Zerva Loukia
Published: November 2011

In conventional ΜΙC tests, fungi are exposed to constant drug concentrations, whereas
in vivo
, fungi are exposed to changing drug concentrations. Therefore, we developed a new
in vitro
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model where human plasma pharmacokinetics of standard doses of 1 mg/kg amphotericin B, 4 mg/kg voriconazole, and 1 mg/kg caspofungin were simulated and their pharmacodynamic characteristics were determined against three clinical isolates of
Aspergillus fumigatus
,
Aspergillus flavus
, and
Aspergillus terreus
with identical MICs (1 mg/liter for amphotericin B, 0.5 mg/liter for voriconazole) and minimum effective concentrations (0.5 mg/liter for caspofungin). This new model consists of an internal compartment (a 10-ml dialysis tube made out of a semipermeable cellulose membrane allowing the free diffusion of antifungals but not galactomannan) inoculated with
Aspergillus
conidia and placed inside an external compartment (a 700-ml glass beaker) whose content is diluted after the addition of antifungal drugs by a peristaltic pump at the same rate as the clearance of the antifungal drugs in human plasma. Fungal growth was assessed by galactomannan production. Despite demonstrating the same MICs, amphotericin B completely inhibited (100%)
A. fumigatus
but not
A. flavus
and
A. terreus
, whose growth was delayed for 7.53 and 22.8 h, respectively. Voriconazole partially inhibited
A. fumigatus
(49.5%) and Α.
flavus
(27.9%) but not Α.
terreus
; it delayed their growth by 3.99 h (
A. fumigatus
) and 5.37 h (Α.
terreus
). Caspofungin did not alter galactomannan production in all of the species but
A. terreus
. The new model simulated human pharmacokinetics of antifungal drugs and revealed important pharmacodynamic differences in their activity.
Virologic Escape during Danoprevir (ITMN-191/RG7227) Monotherapy Is Hepatitis C Virus Subtype Dependent and Associated with R155K Substitution
Authors: Lim Sharlene R. , Qin Xiaoli , Susser Simone , Nicholas John B. , Lange Christian , Herrmann Eva , Hong Jin , Arfsten Ann , Hooi Lisa , Bradford Williamson , Nájera Isabel , Smith Patrick , Zeuzem Stefan , Kossen Karl , Sarrazin Christophe , Seiwert Scott D.
Published: November 2011

Danoprevir is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor that promotes multi-log
10
reductions in HCV RNA when administered as a 14-day monotherapy to patients with genotype 1 chronic HCV. Of these patients, 14/37 experienced a continuous decline in HCV RNA, 13/37 a plateau, and 10/37 a rebound. The rebound and continuous-decline groups experienced similar median declines in HCV RNA through day 7, but their results diverged notably at day 14. Plateau group patients experienced a lesser, but sustained, median HCV RNA decline. Baseline danoprevir susceptibility was similar across response groups but was reduced significantly at day 14 in the rebound group. Viral rebound in genotype 1b was uncommon (found in 2/23 patients). Population-based sequence analysis of NS3 and NS4A identified treatment-emergent substitutions at four amino acid positions in the protease domain of NS3 (positions 71, 155, 168, and 170), but only two (155 and 168) were in close proximity to the danoprevir binding site and carried substitutions that impacted danoprevir potency. R155K was the predominant route to reduced danoprevir susceptibility and was observed in virus isolated from all 10 rebound, 2/13 plateau, and 1/14 continuous-decline patients. Virus in one rebound patient additionally carried partial R155Q and D168E substitutions. Treatment-emergent substitutions in plateau patients were less frequently observed and more variable. Single-rebound patients carried virus with R155Q, D168V, or D168T. Clonal sequence analysis and drug susceptibility testing indicated that only a single patient displayed multiple resistance pathways. These data indicate the ascendant importance of R155K for viral escape during danoprevir treatment and may have implications for the clinical use of this agent.
Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus): a state-dependent energy allocation model for growth, maturation, and reproductive investment
Authors: Chapman Erik W. , Jørgensen Christian , Lutcavage Molly E.
Published: November 2011

The relationship between Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT, Thunnus thynnus ) life history patterns and environmental conditions was investigated by developing a state-dependent model that optimizes energy allocation between growth and energy stores and the decision to spawn. The model successfully recreates growth, age-at-maturity, and seasonal variability in condition for western ABFT that spawn primarily in the Gulf of Mexico. Eastern ABFT spawning in the Mediterranean Sea display a life history trajectory shifted toward earlier maturation and, perhaps, reduced growth — a pattern predicted by the model when mortality was higher, migration distance shorter, and food intake during migration and spawning higher. Simulations highlight the sensitivity of the optimal ABFT life history strategy to variability in net energy intake, particularly during migration and spawning, a poorly understood component of their life cycle. Results also emphasize the importance for optimal life history patterns of the timing of spawning migrations in relation to the phenology and amplitude of seasonal prey availability. This study provides insight into potential mechanisms that underlie observations that are at the heart of current discussions regarding ABFT subpopulation structure and variable life history patterns.
The Case for “e-Supplements” for Improving Instructional Health: Do they make a difference?
Authors: Sivula Martin
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study is to determine if the use of electronic media and digital media (e-supplements) with traditional (face to face) classroom sessions affect final exam grades and course grades. Fifty MBA graduate students (two sections) in a very traditional research methods course had the option to use Web links, PDF files, Doc files, YouTube videos, and other topical resources to supplement and augment their classroom experience. Learning activities were intentionally developed from several important theoretical positions. Results indicate those students who used the electronic media and other sources to supplement the classroom and textbook instruction scored significantly higher on the final examination and their overall final grade in the course (p <.05).
Fractalkine Receptor CX3CR1 Is Expressed in Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma Cells and Required for Motility and Adhesion to Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells
Authors: Kim Mijung , Rooper Lisa , Xie Jia , Kajdacsy-Balla Andre A. , Barbolina Maria V.
Published: November 2011

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is a deadly disease, and little is known about the mechanisms underlying its metastatic progression. Using human specimens and established cell lines, we determined that the G-protein–coupled seven-transmembrane fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) is expressed in primary and metastatic ovarian carcinoma cells. Ovarian carcinoma cells robustly migrated toward CX3CL1, a specific ligand of CX3CR1, in a CX3CR1-dependent manner. Silencing of CX3CR1 reduced migration toward human ovarian carcinoma ascites fluid by approximately 70%. Importantly, adhesion of ovarian carcinoma cells to human peritoneal mesothelial cells was dependent on CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling. In addition, CX3CL1 was able to induce cellular proliferation. Together, our data suggest that the fractalkine network may function as a major contributor to the progression of EOC, and further attention to its role in the metastasis of this deadly malignancy is warranted. Mol Cancer Res; 10(1); 11–24. ©2011 AACR.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution Patterns of Enkephalinergic Neurons in Adult and Developing Retinas of the Preproenkephalin-Green Fluorescent Protein Transgenic Mouse
Authors: Huang Jing , Lin Yan , Han Rui , Chen Jing , Wang Ya-Yun , Wang Wen , Wei Yan-Yan , Kaneko Takeshi , Li Yun-Qing , Wu Sheng-Xi
Published: November 2011

Enkephalin (ENK) peptides are present in the retina of several vertebrate species and play a crucial role in establishing specific circuits during retinal development. However, there is no information available concerning the development of ENKergic neurons in the mouse retina. To address this question, we used preproenkephalin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice, in which ENKergic neurons are revealed by GFP. Our results showed that most GFP-positive cells were located in the proximal part of the inner nuclear layer with a scattering of GFP-immunoreactive cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) in the adult retina. Double immunostaining with syntaxin indicates that GFP expression was restricted to a population of amacrine cells. The proportions of glycine transporter-1 and γ-aminobutyric acid-positive cells among ENKergic neurons were 57.3 ± 2.4% and 10.1 ± 1.8%, respectively. We then injected retrograde tracer into the superior colliculus and observed that none of the ENKergic neurons in the GCL were retrogradely labeled with the tracer. GFP-positive cells were first observed at embryonic day (E) 15 in the inner neuroblastic layer at only very low levels, which gradually increased until E18. After birth, there was a steep rise in GFP expression levels, reaching maximal activity by postnatal day (P) 7. The distribution and intensity of GFP-positive cells at P15 were similar to those of adult retina. It was found that immunoreactive processes in the inner plexiform layer formed strongly stained patches. The present results provide detailed morphological evidence of the cell type and spatial and temporal distribution of ENKergic neurons in the retina.
Surfactant Lavage Therapy for Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Choi Hyun Jin , Hahn Seokyung , Lee Joongyub , Park Byung-Joo , Lee Soon Min , Kim Han-Suk , Bae Chong-Woo
Published: November 2011

Background: Lung lavage with diluted surfactant has emerged as an innovative treatment for meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). However, the treatment effect has not yet been fully established. Objective: To investigate the effects of surfactant lavage therapy for MAS by a systematic meta-analysis. Methods: Relevant studies were identified by database searches in MEDLINE (from 1950), EMBASE (from 1980), and CENTRAL, up to June 2010, and by additional hand searches. Meta-analyses were separately conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled studies (NRSs). Risk of bias was assessed and clinical as well as statistical heterogeneities were also investigated in explaining the potential bias. Results: Two RCTs (87 patients) and eight NRSs (178 patients) were identified. From the results of the meta-analysis of RCTs, surfactant lavage significantly decreased death or the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.11, 0.99). An interventional benefit was indicated for other outcomes, although it was not statistically significant based only on the two RCTs. Results from the analysis of outcomes from NRSs are consistent with those from RCTs and demonstrated a beneficial effect, which could be considered as supporting evidence. Conclusions: Lung lavage with diluted surfactant appeared to improve the clinical outcome in infants with MAS. Given that less than 100 infants were included in the two RCTs, the findings of this study may still be regarded as insufficient evidence. Further research will be needed to confirm the benefit as well as to refine the lavage technique.
Levosimendan in Two Neonates with Ischemic Heart Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: De Carolis Maria Pia , Piastra Marco , Bersani Iliana , Pardeo Manuela , Stival Eleonora , Tempera Alessia , Romagnoli Costantino , Conti Giorgio , De Rosa Gabriella
Published: November 2011

We report the successful and safe use of levosimendan, a new calcium-sensitizing agent with positive inotropic and vasodilatory action, in 2 critically ill term newborns with acute heart failure and pulmonary hypertension in the absence of any underlying heart malformation and/or previous cardiosurgical procedures. During the neonatal period, levosimendan may represent an ideal drug for immature myocardium characterized by a higher calcium-dependent contractility than in adults.
HER3 Overexpression as an Independent Indicator of Poor Prognosis for Patients with Curatively Resected Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Hirakawa Toshiki , Nakata Bunzo , Amano Ryosuke , Kimura Kenjiro , Shimizu Sadatoshi , Ohira Go , Yamada Nobuya , Ohira Masaichi , Hirakawa Kosei
Published: November 2011

Objective: The association between human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) overexpression and survival in patients with curatively resected pancreatic cancer was investigated. Methods: Tissue samples from 126 pancreatic cancers without hematogenous or peritoneal metastases recovered from macroscopically curative resection were fixed with formalin, embedded in paraffin and subjected to immunohistochemical staining. Semiquantitative scores of zero (no staining or staining in less than 10% of cancer cells), 1+, 2+, or 3+ were assigned to each sample based on the intensity of staining. Scores of 2+ or 3+ were defined as HER3-positive staining, i.e., HER3 overexpression. Results: HER3 overexpression was observed in 52 of the 126 tissue samples (41.3%). There were no associations between HER3 overexpression and clinicopathological factors, including tumor location, tumor size, tumor differentiation, T/N categories according to the International Union against Cancer, and serum carbohydrate antibody 19-9 level (CA19-9). Univariate analysis demonstrated the median survival time of patients with HER3 overexpression was 37.2 months, while that of patients with HER3-negative samples was 58.6 months (p = 0.008). HER3 overexpression, lymph node metastasis, and elevated serum CA19-9 level were independent predictors of poor prognosis based on multivariate survival analysis. Conclusion: A new prognostic predictor, HER3 overexpression, was identified for resected pancreatic cancer.
On the Use of Potential Vorticity Tendency Equations for Diagnosing Atmospheric Dynamics in Numerical Models
Authors: Tory K. J. , Kepert J. D. , Sippel J. A. , Nguyen C. M.
Published: November 2011

This study critically assesses potential vorticity (PV) tendency equations used for analyzing atmospheric convective systems. A generic PV tendency format is presented to provide a framework for comparing PV tendency equations, which isolates the contributions to PV tendency from wind and mass field changes. These changes are separated into forcing terms (e.g., diabatic or friction) and flow adjustment and evolution terms (i.e., adiabatic motions).

One PV tendency formulation analyzed separates PV tendency into terms representing PV advection and diabatic and frictional PV sources. In this form the PV advection is shown to exhibit large cancellation with the diabatic forcing term when used to analyze deep convective systems, which compromises the dynamical insight that the PV tendency analysis should provide. The isentropic PV substance tendency formulation of Haynes and McIntyre does not suffer from this cancellation problem. However, while the Haynes and McIntyre formulation may be appropriate for many convective system applications, there are likely to be some applications in which the formulation is difficult to apply or is not ideal.

This study introduces a family of PV tendency equations in geometric coordinates that is free from the deficiencies of the above formulations. Simpler forms are complemented by more complex forms that expand the vorticity tendency term to offer additional insight into flow dynamics. The more complex forms provide insight similar to the influential Haynes and McIntyre isentropic formulation.
Gravity Wave Characteristics in the Southern Hemisphere Revealed by a High-Resolution Middle-Atmosphere General Circulation Model
Authors: Sato Kaoru , Tateno Satoshi , Watanabe Shingo , Kawatani Yoshio
Published: November 2011

Gravity wave characteristics in the middle- to high-latitude Southern Hemisphere are analyzed using simulation data over 3 yr from a high-resolution middle-atmosphere general circulation model without using any gravity wave parameterizations. Gravity waves have large amplitudes in winter and are mainly distributed in the region surrounding the polar vortex in the middle and upper stratosphere, while the gravity wave energy is generally weak in summer. The wave energy distribution in winter is not zonally uniform, but it is large leeward of the southern Andes and Antarctic Peninsula. Linear theory in the three-dimensional framework indicates that orographic gravity waves are advected leeward significantly by the mean wind component perpendicular to the wavenumber vector. Results of ray-tracing and cross-correlation analyses are consistent with this theoretical expectation. The leeward energy propagation extends to several thousand kilometers, which explains part of the gravity wave distribution around the polar vortex in winter. This result indicates that orographic gravity waves can affect the mean winds at horizontal locations that are far distant from the source mountains. Another interesting feature is a significant downward energy flux in winter, which is observed in the lower stratosphere to the south of the southern Andes. The frequency of the downward energy flux is positively correlated with the gravity wave energy over the southern Andes. Partial reflection from a rapid increase in static stability around 10 hPa and/or gravity wave generation through nonlinear processes are possible mechanisms to explain the downward energy flux.
Overturning Anti-Miscegenation Laws
Authors: Hoewe Jennifer , Zeldes Geri Alumit
Published: November 2011

This study fills a gap in scholarship by exploring historical news coverage of interracial relationships. It examines coverage by The New York Times, Washington Post and Times-Herald, and Chicago Tribune of the progression of the landmark civil rights case of Loving v. Virginia, in which the Supreme Court overturned Virginia’s anti-miscegenation law, which prohibited marriage between any White and non-White person. An analysis of the frames and sources used in these publications’ news stories about the case indicate all three publications’ coverage favored the Lovings.
Isolation of Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase-like Member-a Variant from Cementum
Authors: Valdés De Hoyos A. , Hoz-Rodríguez L. , Arzate H. , Narayanan A.S.
Published: November 2011

Cementum has been shown to contain unique polypeptides that participate in cell recruitment and differentiation during cementum formation. We report the isolation of a cDNA variant for protein-tyrosine phosphatase-like (proline instead of catalytic arginine) member-a (PTPLA) from cementum. A cementifying fibroma-derived λ-ZAP expression library was screened by panning with a monoclonal antibody to cementum attachment protein (CAP), and 1435 bp cDNA (gb AC093525.3) was isolated. This cDNA encodes a 140-amino-acid polypeptide, and its N-terminal 125 amino acids are identical to those of PTPLA. This isoform, designated as PTPLA-CAP, results from a read-through of the PTPLA exon 2 splice donor site, truncating after the second putative transmembrane domain. It contains 15 amino acids encoded within the intron between PTPLA exons 2 and 3, which replace the active site for PTPLA phosphatase activity. The recombinant protein, rhPTPLA-CAP, has Mr 19 kDa and cross-reacts with anti-CAP antibody. Anti-rhPTPLA-CAP antibody immunostained cementum cells, cementum, heart, and liver. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that PTPLA was expressed in all periodontal cells; however, PTPLA-CAP expression was limited to cementum cells. The rhPTPLA-CAP promoted gingival fibroblast attachment. We conclude that PTPLA-CAP is a splice variant of PTPLA, and that, in the periodontium, cementum and cementum cells express this variant.
The Impact of Learning Disabilities on Adulthood
Authors: Gerber Paul J.
Published: November 2011

It is now well established that learning disabilities (LD) persist into the adult years, yet despite a developing literature base in this area, there is a paucity of evidence-based research to guide research and practice. Consistent with the demands of the adult stage of development, autonomy and self-determination are crucial to quality-of-life issues to adults in general, and specifically to adults with LD. There are many areas of functioning in which adults need to adapt successfully, such as employment, family, social and emotional, daily living routines, community, and recreation and leisure. In essence, there are a myriad of challenges and outcomes as adults navigate the trials and tribulations of LD as it manifests itself into adulthood. This review of the extant evidence-based literature seeks to discover relevant knowledge that can be shared with practitioners who serve adults with LD in a variety of professional and volunteer roles, particularly in adult education settings.
Effects of a Psychosocial Intervention on the Executive Functioning in Children With ADHD
Authors: Miranda Ana , Presentación M. Jesús , Siegenthaler Rebeca , Jara Pilar
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of an intensive psychosocial intervention on the executive functioning (EF) in children with ADHD. The treatment was carried out in a coordinated manner over a period of 10 weeks with 27 children with ADHD aged 7 to 10, their parents, and their teachers. A battery of neuropsychological tasks was applied to evaluate attention, interference control, verbal and visuospatial working memory, planning ability, and flexibility. The comparative analysis of the treated group of ADHD children and an untreated ADHD group showed significant differences that were especially important in visuospatial memory and planning in favor of the treated children, even when the scores in the pretreatment phase were included as covariables. Likewise, improvements were observed in the parents’ and teachers’ behavioral ratings of hyperactivity or impulsivity and inattention. The conclusion was drawn that psychosocial interventions with children with ADHD can have a positive effect on some executive functions.
Spatialities of Ethnocultural Relations in Multicultural East London: Discourses of Interaction and Social Mix
Authors: Koutrolikou Penny-Panagiota
Published: November 2011

Healey has described planning as managing a shared existence in space. In the context of multicultural cities, this shared lived experience brings to the forefront the interdependence of the factors shaping urban life and intergroup relations. In the past decade, throughout Europe, urban policies for deprived areas became increasingly concerned with issues of segregation, community cohesion and social mix alongside addressing deprivation. Concerns about urban tensions further accentuated such tendencies. Implicitly or explicitly, such policies rely strongly on the influence of contact and the interaction of intergroup relations. However, the way that the associated theories have been incorporated into discussions and policies tends to focus on a fleeting interaction approach, with questionable outcomes. Through the lens of two London boroughs, this paper explores the spatial dimensions of ‘living together’ and the ways that social mix, interaction and multicultural spaces affect intergroup relations.
Individual, Family, and Peer predictors of Violence Among Samoan Adolescents
Authors: Stevens Devan L. , Hardy Sam A.
Published: November 2011

This study explored individual, family, and peer predictors of involvement and psychological investment in fights among Samoan youth. Participants were 310 adolescents ages 13 through 19 living in Samoa. MANCOVAs compared those involved in fights with those not, and those more investing in fighting with those less invested. In terms of individual predictors, for both of the independent variables groups differed on school engagement, religiosity, proactive aggression, reactive aggression, moral disengagement, and social dominance but not self-regulation, empathy, or moral identity. Groups also differed on all peer variables: proactive aggression, reactive aggression, fight investment, and fight involvement. For involvement, groups differed on maternal and paternal psychological control and disrespect, but not parental monitoring. For investment, there were no differences on family variables. Path models found proactive aggression and peer fight involvement predictive of involvement, and proactive aggression, moral disengagement, peer investment, and maternal psychological control predictive of investment.
Fighting for “Respectability”
Authors: Rhodes James
Published: November 2011

In the United States and the United Kingdom, the White male boxer has long held a special appeal among the public and media. Boxing “heroes” are constructed not only on the basis of Whiteness but also on the basis of their perceived “working-class” nature, at a time when “working-class” or “blue-collar” identities in both the United Kingdom and the United States are subjected to forms of negative stigmatization. However, central to the appeal of the White, “working-class” boxing hero is their asserted “respectability,” which is used to establish distance from less “respectable” forms of raced, classed, and gendered identities. The media representations that surround boxing champions Ricky Hatton and Kelly Pavlik illustrate the way in which their “respectability” is asserted, explored, and related to broader conversations about a perceived growing “White underclass.”