bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engagement and Guidance
Authors: Tramonte Lucia , Gauthier Anne H. , Willms J. Douglas
Published: May 2013

Problems with inattention, physical aggression, and poor cognitive skills when children enter school can have long-term negative effects on their development. In this study, we address the issues of whether and how parental engagement and guidance are related to children’s behavioral and cognitive problems throughout elementary school. The analyses are based on data from nearly 10,000 children aged 6 to 11 years followed longitudinally in the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Results were obtained through the multilevel modeling of children’s growth trajectories. We purposefully limited our analyses to the parenting practices of the biological mothers of children from intact families. Our analyses indicate positive relationships between engagement and guidance with children’s cognitive and behavioral development at age 6 as well as over time. These relationships are evident even after controlling for family socioeconomic characteristics; however, they differ with children’s gender and the outcome considered.
Bench to Trench: How Evidence and Guidelines Shape Health Care Policy and Practice
Authors: Francis David O.
Published: May 2013

Clinical practice guidelines and performance measures are becoming increasingly pervasive. They epitomize the evidence‐based movement, which recognizes that mere “clinical judgment” is often inadequate to synthesize all the important data to determine the best management for a particular patient. This movement has at its core the fundamental expectation that medical decisions be based on sound data rather than anecdote. Unfortunately, this concept rarely manifests in daily practices where significant variations in care still exist. Guidelines were designed to improve patient care, reduce unnecessary variation, and reduce attributed costs. Therefore, it is not surprising that associated recommendations are now being incorporated into health care legislation as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. In this environment, there is growing urgency for otolaryngologists to participate in rigorous comparative effectiveness research that will direct our Academy's guideline developers and policy makers to make recommendations that optimize care for all our patients.
Giftedness and globalisation
Authors: Smith Laura Mazzoli
Published: May 2013

This article draws on evidence from interviews with directors of a diverse group of international gifted education organisations. The business models with which they operate and their obligation to satisfy various stakeholder expectations are found to compromise philosophical tenets and organisational aims, particularly those concerned with cultural diversity and multivariate identification criteria. Considering these economic limitations in a sociological context highlights how intrinsic they are to the neoliberal educational marketplace. Interdisciplinary research can best equip gifted education practitioners to navigate the complexities and contradictions in practice that result.
Integration and Exchange
Authors: Gruber Verena , Schlegelmilch Bodo B.
Published: May 2013

Ethics education provided by universities in general, and MBA programs aimed at future business leaders in particular, has come under intense public scrutiny because of corporate scandals and ethical dilemmas. To date, academic research has been mainly devoted to the characteristics of instruction formats and their effectiveness, characteristics of the institutions (private, public, and/or religious affiliation), and the composition of the student body. Furthermore, the way business ethics is taught in MBA programs around the world has been influenced by recommendations of accreditation agencies and professional bodies. Against this background, this article aims to contrast these findings and recommendations with perceptions and expectations of experienced managers studying in part-time MBA programs. By means of 30 in-depth interviews conducted with MBA students of various nationalities studying at a well-known European business school, this research sheds light on an important but neglected perspective in the discussion surrounding ethics education, namely students’ opinions. Findings indicate that exchange with others and integration within the respective business discipline is particularly important in gaining acceptance and instilling relevance in ethics education for this target group.
The Greedy Bastard’s Guide to Business
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: May 2013

Greedy Bastards, eager to achieve success in the business world, need helpful advice on steps toward climbing to the top. Drawing on the author’s 35-plus years of experience in teaching MBAs, the present treatise offers tips in the form of a self-help tutorial intended as an inspirational guide. In that spirit, the discussion covers pertinent aspects of business education; impression management (Dre$$ for $ucce$$); tips from travel services; ethics; borderline-legal corruption; unintended benefits such as obesity, traffic, cell phones, and impacts on popular culture – culminating in a Greedy Bastard’s Honor Roll of Civic Achievements.
Da capo: A musical technique to evoke narrative recall
Authors: Pilcher Nick , Cortazzi Martin , Jin Lixian
Published: May 2013

This article proposes the use of recorded music chosen by researchers to elicit participant accounts of life experiences, a technique we name ‘da capo recall.’ Fifteen mainland Chinese students who had studied in the UK were played seven contrasting extracts of classical music. They were asked how each extract reminded them of anything salient on their undergraduate degrees. We relate major points of narrative research to music and discuss: the method and procedure, the participants’ responses and how the technique can be used. In this education context, participants gave rich accounts about studying, exams, graduating and other life experiences with affective dimensions. For many, the music returned them to ‘the experienced present’ of their studies, analogous to a da capo replaying of a section in music. Musical key and tempo influenced the nature of the memories evoked. We envisage the da capo technique’s use within interviews to explore memories, experiences and emotions amongst learners, professionals and in other fields. We show the potential of the da capo technique to evoke a range of narratives that have added value given to them specifically through the use of music.
The market response to exploration, resource and reserve announcements by mining companies: Australian data
Authors: Bird Ron , Grosse Matthew , Yeung Danny
Published: May 2013

This is the first paper to study the market response to “Joint Ore Reserve Committee” –compliant announcements made by Australian mining firms. Results from an event study based on matched firms suggest that these announcements are highly value relevant, with the market reacting in a significantly positive way to both exploration and resource announcements. Larger abnormal returns are found to accrue to smaller firms, to firms that use positive adjectives in their announcement headlines and to firms whose announcements imply larger percentage increases in resource levels. We also find evidence of markets anticipating both exploration and resource announcements a few days before they are released, which may be suggestive of some insider trading.
Discourse-Based Methods Across Texts and Semiotic Modes
Authors: Oddo John
Published: May 2013

As the scope of rhetorical inquiry broadens to cover intersemiotic and intertextual phenomena, scholars are increasingly in need of new, defensible analytic procedures. Several scholars have suggested that methods of discourse analysis could enhance rhetorical criticism. Here, I introduce a discourse-based method that is empirical, delicate, and adaptive to the complexities of intertextual and multimodal rhetoric. Specifically, I argue that rhetorical scholars can productively integrate systemic-functional linguistics, multimodal text analysis, and micro-intertextual comparison. I illustrate how this micro-rhetorical toolkit can be employed to investigate the recontextualization of written political discourse in video journalism.
A Step-by-Step Teaching Technique for Teachers With Adult Students of Mathematics
Authors: McDonald Betty
Published: May 2013

Step-by-step teaching is a researcher-designed innovative process that takes the adult learner, step-by-step, from his present level of understanding to the required level. The technique is based on well-researched and accepted pedagogical practices set in their psychological, sociological, and andragogical perspectives. Using a convenience sample of 35 students and a pretest, posttest, control group quasi-experimental design with semistructured interviews and unobtrusive observation, the experimental group outperformed their untrained counterparts. They reported gains in their understanding of fundamental concepts that hitherto had presented them challenges for several years. There was an overall positive change in mathematical achievement, attitudes, beliefs, and self-confidence toward mathematics learning. This research could be a catalyst for more work in this understudied area.
Two Sides of the Coin
Authors: Zhang Weiwu , Seltzer Trent , Bichard Shannon L.
Published: May 2013

The increasing popularity of social network sites (SNSs) in election campaigns provides a unique climate for scholarly inquiry. The study reported here builds upon Zhang, Johnson, Seltzer, and Bichard and investigates the impact of different types of SNS use on voters’ attitudes and behavior during the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign. Sites such as Facebook, Google Plus, Twitter, and YouTube are included to offer a robust assessment of distinct relationships. A national online panel of Internet users was utilized to examine reliance on SNSs and the multiple consequences on political attitudes and behavior such as political participation, political interest, selective exposure, selective avoidance, and strength of party affiliation. The findings are evaluated for theoretical and practical implications on democratic governance.
Internet Political Ads in 2012
Authors: Baumgartner Jody C
Published: May 2013

A posttest-only experimental design is used to test the effects of humorous negative video ads from the 2012 presidential campaign on evaluations of Barack Obama and Mitt Romney among young people. Findings show that ads targeting Romney had a negative effect on attitudes toward him. Romney also had his evaluations lowered as the result of respondents viewing third-party ads attacking Obama. This may be consistent with some research that suggests that negative political ads have a “backlash,” or “boomerang” effect on their source. Obama, on the other hand, was largely insulated from both target and source effects. The study suggests first that candidates who decide to “go negative” may not be able to insulate themselves from unintended negative effects by framing their ads in a humorous fashion. Moreover, because the anti-Obama ads were sponsored by a third party, it suggests that the source really might matter in terms of the effects ads have on “their” candidates.
The discursive production of everyday heterosexualities
Authors: Coates Jennifer
Published: May 2013

In this article, I examine the role of talk in constructing speakers as heterosexual beings. Heterosexuality is a cultural construction relying on strictly enforced norms for its continuing dominance. Queer linguistics initially focused on the language of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) groups, but is now widening its focus to explore the discursive construction of heterosexuality, and to show that language does not just reflect the heteronormative order; it is also involved in reproducing that order. I shall explore how heterosexuality is ‘done’ in everyday talk, drawing on Cameron and Kulick’s idea of ‘the heteronormative hierarchy’. I shall also show how closely sexuality and gender are linked, and will argue that this closeness is essential to the maintenance of heteronormativity.
Biometric analysis of the stalked barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes, at a Holocene archaeological site in Jaizkibel (Basque Country, northern Spain)
Authors: Álvarez-Fernández E , Barrera I , Borja A , Fernández MJ , Iriarte MJ , Arrizabalaga A
Published: May 2013

In recent decades the biometric analysis of shellfish resources (mainly marine mollusc shells) has been used by many researchers to support the hypothesis of their more intensive human use and to estimate the increase in human populations. This paper studies the plates of the crustacean Pollicipes pollicipes found in three Holocene archaeological levels at the Jaizkibel 3 shell-midden (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Northern Spain). First, by analysing a sample from each level, the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) was calculated from the Number of Remains (NR). Second, by using one of the plates (right scutum), the biometry of P. pollicipes in the three levels was reconstructed. The measurements are compared with a sample of P. pollicipes, collected a few kilometres away from the site of J3. The results indicate that the barnacles were not overexploited by the human groups.
Does the theoretical framework change the legal end result for mature minors refusing medical treatment or creating self-generated pornography?
Authors: Fovargue Sara , Ost Suzanne
Published: May 2013

The status that is and should be afforded to decisions made by those under 18 has been much debated, particularly in the context of health care. Ideas of rights, autonomy and the concept of best interests have been explored, and there appears to be an underlying concern that if minors are recognised as ‘fully’ autonomous individuals with legally enforceable rights, then this would conflict with the best interests (welfare) principle as espoused in the Children Act 1989. Similar concerns are identifiable with regards to provisions designed to protect children from sexual exploitation, which are largely framed around protection rather than rights. Concepts of vulnerability and exploitation are predominant in this context, making it easier to perceive minors as being in need of protection rather than as individuals with autonomy deserving of respect. In this article, we consider some of the concerns raised and expose the tensions that surround the decision-making (cap)ability of mature minors (those aged 16 and 17), and the implications for these adolescents. We explore whether the dominant paradigms of best interests and protectionism limit English law’s recognition of mature minors’ autonomy in two situations; refusing treatment and creating self-generated pornography. We thus test whether a ‘liberal’ position of recognising mature minors’ autonomy can be maintained in the face of potential harm to them.
Detection of trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 using first and second trimester Down's syndrome screening markers
Authors: Bestwick Jonathan P , Huttly Wayne J , Wald Nicholas J
Published: May 2013

Objective

To estimate the detection rates (DRs) and false-positive rates (FPRs) in the incidental identification of trisomy 18 (T18) and trisomy 13 (T13) as part of antenatal screening for Down's syndrome (DS) using the Combined, Quadruple and Integrated test markers.

Methods

Screening marker levels on 224 T18 and 67 T13 pregnancies screened for DS were evaluated. Estimated means, standard deviations and correlation coefficients were used with published estimates for unaffected pregnancies to derive detection algorithms for the two disorders. DRs and FPRs of the algorithms were estimated using Monte Carlo simulation.

Results

In T18 and T13 pregnancies first trimester nuchal translucency was raised, free β-human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and pregnancy associated plasma protein-A reduced. In T18 pregnancies second trimester alphafetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol and free β-hCG were reduced. In T13 pregnancies second trimester inhibin-A was raised. These markers specified T18 and T13 algorithms. The DS Combined test algorithm detected 42% of T18 and 59% of T13 (2.00% FPR); 88% and 74% by adding the T18 Combined test algorithm (2.17% FPR) and 89% and 75% by further adding the T13 Combined test algorithm (2.19% FPR). The corresponding detection rates for the Quadruple test were: 2% and 17% (2.00% FPR), 55% and 17% (2.16% FPR) and 55% and 19% (2.28% FPR), and for the Integrated test were: 40% and 64% (2.00% FPR), 92% and 65% (2.12% FPR) and 92% and 72% (2.18% FPR).

Conclusions

Antenatal screening for DS detects about 40% of T18 and about 60% of T13 pregnancies. The addition of a T18 algorithm substantially increases the detection of both trisomies with a small increase in the FPR. The further addition of a T13 algorithm results in a small increase in the detection of T13.
The mental health consequences of student “Holocaust memorial journeys”
Authors: Mimouni-Bloch Aviva , Walter Garry , Ross Sharon , Bloch Yuval
Published: May 2013

Objective:

Our aim was to study the mental health consequences of Israeli adolescents’ 8-day “Holocaust memorial journey” to Poland.

Method:

A survey to ascertain the experience of Israeli child and adolescent psychiatrists and residents in the specialty was conducted. Participants were asked about referrals regarding the memorial journey, and to compare these cases with referrals for other potentially traumatic events, including school “sleep-out” trips.

Results:

Fifty child and adolescent psychiatrists and residents participated. According to their collective experience, the adolescents’ memorial journey triggered a variety of mental health problems, including psychosis, but only one case of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Judging by the number of referrals, there was a higher rate of mental health problems following the memorial journey than after the annual sleep-out school trip.

Conclusions:

Although it may seldom lead to PTSD, the Holocaust memorial journey can be a major stressor for some participating teenagers. Evaluating “high risk” adolescents prior to their planned exposure to likely stressors and conducting large, prospective studies that examine the impact of pre-planned stressors on the lives of adolescents are warranted. Providing support to all adolescents before, during and after exposure to anticipated stressors is important.
Eating Behaviors Among Early Adolescent African American Girls and Their Mothers
Authors: Reed Monique , Dancy Barbara , Holm Karyn , Wilbur JoEllen , Fogg Louis
Published: May 2013

African American (AA) girls aged 10–12 living in urban communities designated as food deserts have a significantly greater prevalence of overweight and obesity than girls that age in the general population. The purpose of our study was (a) to examine the agreement in nutritional intake between AA girls aged 10–12 and their mothers and (b) to determine if the girls’ weight categories were associated with their or their mothers demographic characteristics, eating behaviors, nutritional intake, and health problem. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in predominantly low-income AA communities in Chicago. Forty-three dyads of early adolescent AA girls and their mothers responded to food frequency and eating habits questionnaires. There was a strong and significant correlation between mother’s and daughter’s kilocalories consumed ( r = .61). Our study suggests that interventions aimed at improving eating behaviors in early adolescent AA girls should include their mothers.
Expanding the Morphologic Spectrum of Adult Biphasic Renal Tumors—Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor of the Kidney With Focal Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Mudaliar Kumaran M. , Mehta Vikas , Gupta Gopal N. , Picken Maria M.
Published: May 2013

Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor (MEST) is a distinctive adult biphasic neoplasm of the kidney characterized by the presence of solid and cystic areas composed of spindled stroma and epithelium lining tubules and cystic spaces respectively. Most MESTs are benign although sarcomatous transformation has rarely been reported. It has not been clearly established whether the epithelial component represents entrapped tubules or constitutes a true neoplastic component. We report an unusual case of a biphasic tumor of the kidney with a benign stroma and a focal component of papillary carcinoma arising in one of the cysts and discuss its pathogenesis.
Bizarre Stromal Cells in the Esophagus
Authors: Dhungel Bal M. , De Petris Giovanni
Published: May 2013

A significant mimicker of malignancy in the esophagus is the presence of atypical/bizarre stromal cells (BSCs). Two patients, a 60-year-old woman and a 59-year-old man, with esophageal polyps at the gastroesophageal junction showed highly atypical/bizarre cells in the polyps’ stroma. BSCs were admixed with inflammatory cells and had large atypical nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and variably abundant amphophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical studies showed that BSCs expressed vimentin whereas S-100, CD68, HMB45, CD45, Pan-cytokeratin, CK5/6, p63, CD10, EMA, MART-1, desmin, smooth muscle actin, CD31, CD34, and CMV were negative. Ki-67 showed low proliferative rate (less than 1% positivity). No evidence of intracellular mucin was found after histochemical stains (AB/PAS and mucicarmine). Follow-up endoscopic mucosal resection was available in both cases and showed benign esophageal mucosa and submucosa with disappearance, in one case, or marked decrease of BSCs. Esophageal BSCs reports in the literature invariably locate them in distal esophagus polyps or masses. Awareness of BSCs, of their location and associations, may help to prevent misdiagnosis of malignancy. The literature of esophageal BSCs is reviewed and the approach to this abnormality is discussed.
Geographic Variation in Fee-for-Service Medicare Beneficiaries’ Medical Costs Is Largely Explained by Disease Burden
Authors: Reschovsky James D. , Hadley Jack , Romano Patrick S.
Published: May 2013

Control for area differences in population health (casemix adjustment) is necessary to measure geographic variations in medical spending. Studies use various casemix adjustment methods, resulting in very different geographic variation estimates. We study casemix adjustment methodological issues and evaluate alternative approaches using claims from 1.6 million Medicare beneficiaries in 60 representative communities. Two key casemix adjustment methods—controlling for patient conditions obtained from diagnoses on claims and expenditures of those at the end of life—were evaluated. We failed to find evidence of bias in the former approach attributable to area differences in physician diagnostic patterns, as others have found, and found that the assumption underpinning the latter approach—that persons close to death are equally sick across areas—cannot be supported. Diagnosis-based approaches are more appropriate when current rather than prior year diagnoses are used. Population health likely explains more than 75% to 85% of cost variations across fixed sets of areas.
Quasi-static deformations of biological soft tissue
Authors: Gilchrist MD , Rashid B , Murphy JG , Saccomandi G
Published: May 2013

Quasi-static motions are motions for which inertial effects can be neglected, to the first order of approximation. It is crucial to be able to identify the quasi-static regime in order to efficiently formulate constitutive models from standard material characterization test data. A simple non-dimensionalization of the equations of motion for continuous bodies yields non-dimensional parameters which indicate the balance between inertial and material effects. It will be shown that these parameters depend on whether the characterization test is strain- or stress-controlled and on the constitutive model assumed. A rigorous definition of quasi-static behaviour for both strain- and stress-controlled experiments is obtained for elastic solids and a simple form of a viscoelastic solid. Adding a rate dependence to a constitutive model introduces internal time-scales and this complicates the identification of the quasi-static regime. This is especially relevant for biological soft tissue as this tissue is typically modelled as being a non-linearly viscoelastic solid. The results obtained here are applied to some problems in cardiac mechanics and to data obtained from simple shear experiments on porcine brain tissue at high strain rates.
Fully percutaneous treatment of an aberrant right subclavian artery and thoracic aortic aneurysm
Authors: Gafoor Sameer , Stelter Wolf , Bertog Stefan , Sievert Horst
Published: May 2013

Treatment of an aberrant right subclavian artery (arteria lusoria) aneurysm is traditionally performed surgically or via a hybrid approach. To our knowledge, a fully percutaneous approach has not yet been reported. We describe the fully endovascular exclusion of an aberrant right subclavian artery and thoracic aortic aneurysm. This approach has the potential advantage of avoiding complications of an open surgical repair, particularly in patients of advanced age and/or with multiple comorbidities.
Urine vascular biomarkers in Sturge–Weber syndrome
Authors: Sreenivasan Aditya K , Bachur Catherine D , Lanier Kira E , Curatolo Adam S , Connors Susan M , Moses Marsha A , Comi Anne M
Published: May 2013

Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS) consists of a capillary-venous vascular malformation of the brain, skin and eye. Urine vascular biomarkers have been demonstrated to be abnormal in other vascular anomalies and to correlate with clinical severity and progression. The current study investigated the use of urinary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) levels to non-invasively monitor the progression of SWS. Fifty-four urine samples were collected from patients seen at the Hunter Nelson Sturge–Weber Center at Kennedy Krieger Institute. Urine was analyzed for MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and bFGF levels and correlated with clinical outcome at the time of urine collection ( n = 48) and 1 year following urine collection ( n = 22). Analysis revealed that MMP-2 ( p = 0.033) and MMP-9 ( p = 0.010) were significantly more likely to be present in the urine of SWS subjects compared to controls and that bFGF was significantly more likely to be present at abnormal levels ( p = 0.005). MMP-2 correlated with a more severe clinical score at the time of urine collection, while both MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels correlated with greater disease severity at time of collection. bFGF levels correlated with improved clinical score 1 year after urine collection. These results suggest that MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels may be useful in assessing SWS progression, as well as indicating which patients might benefit from more aggressive treatment, while bFGF levels may be useful in judging the efficacy of neurologic treatment in SWS.
Apolipoprotein profiles in subjects with and without peripheral artery disease
Authors: Gardner Andrew W , Alaupovic Petar , Parker Donald E , Montgomery Polly S , Roof Ashley , Casanegra Ana I
Published: May 2013

We compared plasma apolipoprotein profiles in subjects with peripheral artery disease (PAD) treated with statin medications ( n = 21), subjects with PAD who are untreated with statins ( n = 18), and control subjects ( n = 70). Subjects were assessed on plasma apolipoproteins, medical history, physical examination, ankle–brachial index, and exercise performance using a treadmill test. The percentage of subjects with an abnormal value of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) (≥ 95 mg/dL) was 53% in the PAD group untreated with statins, 29% in the treated PAD group, and 13% in the controls ( p < 0.001). The PAD group untreated with statins had higher values for ApoB ( p < 0.001), triglycerides ( p < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol / high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ratio ( p < 0.05), and glucose ( p < 0.01) than the control group. In contrast, when the statin-treated PAD group was compared with controls, none of the variables were different except that the treated PAD group had lower LDL-cholesterol ( p < 0.01) and higher glucose ( p < 0.01). Furthermore, the PAD group treated with statins had lower ApoB ( p < 0.01), triglycerides ( p < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol ( p < 0.05), LDL-cholesterol / HDL-cholesterol ratio ( p < 0.05), and non-HDL-cholesterol ( p < 0.05) than the untreated PAD group. In conclusion, subjects with PAD who are untreated with statin medications have higher levels of ApoB than controls, whereas subjects treated with statins have a more favorable risk profile, characterized by lower ApoB, LDL-C, LDL-C / HDL-C ratio, and non-HDL-C concentrations. Statin therapy may be efficacious for improving apolipoprotein profiles in subjects with PAD and intermittent claudication.
Redressing First Nations historical trauma: Theorizing mechanisms for indigenous culture as mental health treatment
Authors: Gone Joseph P.
Published: May 2013

Indigenous “First Nations” communities have consistently associated their disproportionate rates of psychiatric distress with historical experiences of European colonization. This emphasis on the socio-psychological legacy of colonization within tribal communities has occasioned increasingly widespread consideration of what has been termed historical trauma within First Nations contexts. In contrast to personal experiences of a traumatic nature, the concept of historical trauma calls attention to the complex, collective, cumulative, and intergenerational psychosocial impacts that resulted from the depredations of past colonial subjugation. One oft-cited exemplar of this subjugation—particularly in Canada—is the Indian residential school. Such schools were overtly designed to “kill the Indian and save the man.” This was institutionally achieved by sequestering First Nations children from family and community while forbidding participation in Native cultural practices in order to assimilate them into the lower strata of mainstream society. The case of a residential school “survivor” from an indigenous community treatment program on a Manitoba First Nations reserve is presented to illustrate the significance of participation in traditional cultural practices for therapeutic recovery from historical trauma. An indigenous rationale for the postulated efficacy of “culture as treatment” is explored with attention to plausible therapeutic mechanisms that might account for such recovery. To the degree that a return to indigenous tradition might benefit distressed First Nations clients, redressing the socio-psychological ravages of colonization in this manner seems a promising approach worthy of further research investigation.
Downloading deviance
Authors: Cluley Robert
Published: May 2013

Despite attempts to encourage music consumers in countries including the United Kingdom, France and United States to download music from legal sources, many not only continue to download from unauthorised sources but reject the very idea that what they are doing is wrong. Symbolic interactionist sociology helps us to structure these failed attempts to control this consumer misbehaviour. It shows us that opponents and proponents of illegal downloading have become locked in a battle over who can define behavioural standards for consuming music. This battle has come to a standstill as both sides have turned to the same economic imperative – that creators should be rewarded for their work – to justify their positions. Moving beyond this economic imperative, the article concludes, may mark a symbolic but ultimately hollow victory for proponents of unauthorised file-sharing.
Situated bottom of the pyramid markets and the multinational corporation
Authors: Faulconbridge James R.
Published: May 2013

There are significant opportunities to learn from but also develop the literature on multinational corporations (MNCs) when analysing bottom of the pyramid (BOP) markets. This short review explores three potential opportunities relating to market making dynamics, knowledge mobilities and embedded power geometries. Each is explored in turn and helps reveal the complex questions that exist about the situated nature of both BOP markets and the activities of MNCs in these markets. The underlying theme that emerges from the review is that multinationals have the potential to shape in both positive and negative ways in terms of ‘trade not aid’ the development of BOP markets.
What have markets ever done for the poor?
Authors: Araujo Luis
Published: May 2013

This comment addresses the context within which markets have turned into purported panaceas to alleviate poverty and promote development. Expanding formal markets and rescuing the poor from the traps of informality is often seen as recipe to unlock the untapped energies at the base of the pyramid (BoP), turning individuals into budding entrepreneurs and aspiring consumers. But, so far we have failed to appreciate how the informal sector plays a key role in supporting the formal economy and providing a route for subsistence at the BoP.
Consumption lives at the bottom of the pyramid
Authors: Piacentini Maria , Hamilton Kathy
Published: May 2013

Over the last decade, there has been increasing recognition of the value of understanding the lives of people throughout the world who experience impoverishment. ‘Bottom of the pyramid’ is the term used to describe people living in absolute poverty who, despite economic limitations, can be ‘resilient entrepreneurs’ and co-creators of new market opportunities that result in win-win situations for companies and consumers (Prahalad, 2004: 3). A range of metrics are used to define and describe people living in poverty, and although these metrics help identify the neediest across the world, such measures exclude people living in developed nations where poverty exists on a large scale, but where welfare policy provides a safety net. In this essay, we discuss some of the issues for those living in poverty in both developed and developing countries and argue that this will lead to a deeper understanding of the consumption experiences of those living in poverty.
Pyramid or iceberg? Problematizing the fortune to be made from India’s austerity
Authors: Birtchnell Thomas
Published: May 2013

As far back as the 19th century, the notion of a ‘social pyramid’ was critiqued in the social sciences as an inadequate and simplistic model of society. The model encourages the idea that those at the bottom of the pyramid (BoP) are uniformly mediocre and the small number at the top overtly exceptional—social pyramid thinking not only tends to reflect differences in incomes but blends together other ‘traits’ such as talent, genius, values, practices and so on. Despite the disfavour in the social sciences throughout the 20th century about the notion of a social pyramid, the concept is now enjoying a renaissance in business, marketing and management theory in ‘frontier’ understandings of poverty in places such as Brazil and India. This article argues that the idea of vested ‘globals’ at the top of the pyramid (ToP) transgresses the concept of a social pyramid because India’s ToP engages with the BoP from afar, remotely and in ways difficult to trace. Crucially, it is not those in India’s BoP who are demanding of inquiry, but instead those at the ToP in terms of their stakes in India’s austerity and their lived distance from these austere conditions.
A review of musculoskeletal ultrasound training guidelines and recommendations for sport and exercise medicine physicians
Authors: Boyce SH , Murray AD , Jeffrey M
Published: May 2013

Sport and exercise medicine (SEM) physicians are increasingly using musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSK US) in their clinical practice, but are they competent to do so? No formal training accreditation programme exists and courses are of variable length and quality. Training standards for other specialties practising MSK US are reviewed in the UK, Europe and Worldwide. Recommendations are given for training standards for UK SEM physicians.
Gallbladder perforation: the hole sign
Authors: Hutchings Sophie , Punekar Samad , Wolstenhulme Stephen
Published: May 2013

We report a case of gallbladder perforation (GBP) in a patient with right upper quadrant pain and a positive Murphy's sign, a previous history of cholelithiasis and co-morbidities. We compare the diagnosis of GBP using the ‘hole-sign’ on ultrasound with the literature for contrast-enhanced ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
The importance measure on the non-probabilistic reliability index of uncertain structures
Authors: Li Guijie , Lu Zhenzhou , Tian Longfei , Xu Jia
Published: May 2013

In the non-probabilistic uncertainty structural analysis, the input uncertain variables of it, such as loads and material properties, will be propagated to the output responses, which include the displacement, stress and compliance, etc. To measure the effect of these non-probabilistic input variables on the output response, two new uncertainty importance measures on the non-probabilistic reliability index are discussed. For the linear limit state function, the analytical solutions of the importance measures are derived. To reduce computational effort, the discretization method and the surrogate model method are presented to calculate the two importance measures in case of the non-linear limit state. Finally, four examples demonstrate that the proposed importance measures can effectively describe the effect of the input variables on the reliability of the structure system, and the established methods can effectively obtain the two importance measures.
Cementing Relations within a Sporting Field: Fell Running in the English Lake District and the Acquisition of Existential Capital
Authors: Nettleton Sarah
Published: May 2013

This article presents findings from an ethnography of fell running in the English Lake District. A provocative concept – existential capital – is proposed to underscore the profits acquired from fell running as an embodied technique, and as a means of defining the shared passions within the field. These gains are acquired through corporeal techniques that require sustained physical effort, embodied vigilance, and knowledge of an environment that is topographically challenging and aesthetically arresting. The visceral pleasures intrinsic to existential capital are appreciated by those within the field and this, in turn, means that this solitary sport gives rise to an intense sociality that ‘only a runner can understand’. Field analysis conventionally focuses on struggles; it is suggested here that a focus on what is shared allows us to understand how a field gains an identity. Thus the notion of existential capital highlights the field as passionately defined in ways that challenge the instrumentalism inherent to conventional modes of field analysis.
A Field Analysis of Cosmopolitan Taste: Lessons from the Netherlands
Authors: Meuleman Roza , Savage Mike
Published: May 2013

Most field analyses have overlooked the geographical range of cultural preferences and tastes, adopting an implicitly national focus. This paper takes advantage of detailed questions on preferences of Dutch respondents for music, films and books from various geographical areas to show that taste for cosmopolitan items is multi-faceted and associated with three major cultural divisions. Firstly, more cosmopolitan orientations are associated with wider cultural engagements, whereas exclusively Dutch references are more commonly found amongst those who are relatively culturally disengaged. Secondly, the more ‘highbrow’ Dutch are pre-disposed towards European forms of culture. American culture appeals to the younger and better educated who engage in popular cultural forms. Thirdly there is a distinction between those attracted to specifically non-Dutch, and Dutch culture. This field analysis of cosmopolitanism taste shows how it operates in several different registers which cannot helpfully be captured through a unitary approach.
Targeting ion channels for the treatment of autoimmune neuroinflammation
Authors: Bittner Stefan , Meuth Sven G.
Published: May 2013

Pharmacological targeting of ion channels has long been recognized as an attractive strategy for the treatment of various diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system with a prominent neurodegenerative component. A multitude of different cell types are involved in the complex pathophysiology of this disorder, including cells of the immune system (e.g. T and B lymphocytes and microglia), the neurovascular unit (e.g. endothelial cells and astrocytes) and the central nervous system (e.g. astrocytes and neurons). The pleiotropic expression and function of ion channels gives rise to the attractive opportunity of targeting different players and pathophysiological aspects of MS by the modulation of ion channel function in a cell-type and context-specific manner. We discuss the emerging knowledge about ion channels in the context of autoimmune neuroinflammation. While some pharmacological targets are at the edge of clinical translation, others have only recently been discovered and are still under investigation. Special focus is given to those candidates that could be attractive novel targets for future therapeutic approaches in neuroimmune autoinflammation.
Reducing the Risks of Delegation
Authors: Shannon Robin Adair , Kubelka Suzanne
Published: May 2013

School nurses are challenged by federal civil rights laws and the standards of school nursing practice to care for a burgeoning population of students with special health care needs. Due to the realities of current school nurse-to-student ratios, school nurses are frequently responsible for directing unlicensed assistive personnel (UAPs) to support the health and safety needs of students, where State Nurse Practice Acts, state legislation, and local policy mandates allow. The delegation of health care tasks to UAPs poses many professional, ethical, and legal dilemmas for school nurses. One strategy to reduce the risks of delegation is through the use of procedure skills checklists, as highlighted by the experience of one large urban school district. Part 1 of this two-part article will explore the scope of the problem and the principles of delegation, including legal and ethical considerations.
Does Prostate HistoScanning™ accurately identify prostate cancer, measure tumour volume and assess pathological stage prior to radical prostatectomy?
Authors: Javed Saqib , Chadwick Eliot , Beveridge Sabeena , Bott Simon , Eden Christopher , Langley Stephen
Published: May 2013

Objective

The objective of this paper is to assess the ability of Prostate HistoScanning™ (PHS) to accurately identify tumour volume, index lesion characteristics and pathological stage. PHS is a novel technology employing transrectal ultrasound scanning and software analysis of radiofrequency data to produce signatures for benign and cancerous tissues. Recent reports have suggested PHS is capable of characterising the index cancer lesion and disease multifocality and detecting extraprostatic extension (EPE).

Materials and methods

The index test was preoperative PHS on patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). The reference test was the whole-mount pathological analysis of the RP specimen. PHS analysis estimated total tumour volumes, tumour volumes by prostate sextant, the locations and volumes of index lesions, and the presence and location of EPE.

Results

There was no correlation between PHS and histology total tumour volume estimates (Pearson coefficient –0.099), despite accounting for specimen fixation shrinkage (Pearson coefficient –0.070), nor among 144 prostate sextants in 24 patients (Pearson coefficient 0.14). Sensitivity and specificity of PHS in detecting foci > 0.2 ml were 63% and 53%, respectively; and 37% and 71%, respectively, for foci > 0.5 ml. Pearson correlation coefficient for index lesion volumes identified at pathology vs PHS was 0.065. PHS failed to locate accurately index lesion and pathological EPE.

Conclusions

PHS fails to identify total tumour volumes, tumour volumes prostate sextant, index lesion volumes and locations, and presence and location of EPE compared to RP pathology. PHS appears unsuitable for routine diagnostic clinical use in prostate cancer.
The Effect of Relaxation Interventions on Cortisol Levels in HIV-Seropositive Women
Authors: Jones Deborah , Owens Mary , Kumar Mahendra , Cook Ryan , Weiss Stephen M.
Published: May 2013

Purpose:

Activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, assessed in terms of cortisol levels, may enhance the ability of HIV to infect lymphocytes and downregulate the immune system, accelerating disease progression. This study sought to determine the effects of relaxation techniques on cortisol levels in HIV-seropositive women.

Methods:

Women (n = 150) were randomized to a group cognitive–behavioral stress management (CBSM) condition or an individual information condition and underwent 3 types of relaxation training (progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, and autogenic training). Cortisol levels were obtained pre- and postrelaxation.

Results:

Guided imagery was effective in reducing cortisol in the group condition ( t = 3.90, P < .001), and muscle relaxation reduced cortisol in the individual condition ( t = 3.11, P = .012). Among participants in the group condition attending all sessions, the magnitude of pre- to postsession reduction became greater over time.

Conclusions:

Results suggest that specific relaxation techniques may be partially responsible for cortisol decreases associated with relaxation and CBSM.
Changes in Actinomycetes community structure under the influence of Bttransgenic brinjal crop in a tropical agroecosystem
Authors: Singh Amit Kishore , Singh Major , Dubey Suresh Kumar
Published: May 2013

Background

The global area under brinjal cultivation is expected to be 1.85 million hectare with total fruit production about 32 million metric tons (MTs). Brinjal cultivars are susceptible to a variety of stresses that significantly limit productivity. The most important biotic stress is caused by the Brinjal fruit and shoot Borer (FSB) forcing farmers to deploy high doses of insecticides; a matter of serious health concern. Therefore, to control the adverse effect of insecticides on the environment including the soil, transgenic technology has emerged as the effective alternative. However, the reports, regarding the nature of interaction of transgenic crops with the native microbial community are inconsistent. The effect of a Bt transgenic brinjal expressing the bio-insecticidal protein (Cry1Ac) on the rhizospheric community of actinomycetes has been assessed and compared with its non-transgenic counterpart.

Results

Significant variation in the organic carbon observed between the crops (non-Bt and Bt brinjal) may be due to changes in root exudates quality and composition mediated by genetic attributes of Bt transgenic brinjal. Real time quantitative PCR indicated significant differences in the actinomycetes- specific 16S rRNA gene copy numbers between the non-Bt (5.62-27.86) × 1011 g-1 dws and Bt brinjal planted soil (5.62-24.04) × 1011 g-1 dws. Phylogenetic analysis indicated 14 and 11, actinomycetes related groups in soil with non-Bt and Bt brinjal crop, respectively. Micrococaceaea and Nocardiodaceae were the dominant groups in pre-vegetation, branching, flowering, maturation and post-harvest stage. However, Promicromonosporaceae, Streptosporangiaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Geodermatophilaceae, Frankiaceae, Kineosporaceae, Actisymmetaceae and Streptomycetaceae were exclusively detected in a few stages in non-Bt brinjal rhizosphere soil while Nakamurellaceae, Corynebactericeae, Thermomonosporaceae and Pseudonocardiaceae in Bt brinjal counterpart.

Conclusion

Field trails envisage that cultivation of Bt transgenic brinjal had negative effect on organic carbon which might be attributed to genetic modifications in the plant. Changes in the organic carbon also affect the actinomycetes population size and diversity associated with rhizospheric soils of both the crops. Further long-term study is required by taking account the natural cultivar apart from the Bt brinjal and its near-isogenic non-Bt brinjal with particular reference to the effects induced by the Bt transgenic brinjal across different plant growth stages.