bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proactive control affects task conflict beyond contingency learning
Authors: Keha Eldad , Kalanthroff Eyal
Published: October 2023

Various models of the Stroop task suggest that proactive task control adaptation accounts for the modulation of task conflict in different conditions of the Stroop task, for example, when task conflict is very frequent or very infrequent. Other researchers have argued that a contingency learning of colour-word associations is the main contributor to the modulations of the Stroop effect. In this work, we constructed a design that controls for confounds that are suspected to rule out the role of control adaptation in the Stroop task. We focused on one type of conflict—task conflict and tested whether colour-naming of neutral-words (where task conflict is present) differed from colour-naming of neutral-symbols (where task conflict is not present) in four different conditions: mostly words-congruent, mostly words-incongruent, mostly words-neutral, or mostly non-words-shape. Importantly, the conditions used for the task conflict marker were identical in all four conditions. We found that the marker of task conflict (reaction time [RT] for neutral-words > RT for neutral-symbols) was significant in the mostly non-words-shape condition, where proactive task control is relaxed, but not in the mostly words conditions, where proactive task control is activated, with no difference between these three words conditions. These findings suggest that control adaptation is the main contributor to the modulations of the Stroop effect. The relevance of the results to the current literature is discussed and the results are explained in light of the proactive control-task conflict (PC-TC) model.
Representation of social actors in economic and financial crimes reports in selected Nigerian newspapers
Authors: Sunday Adesina B , Fagunleka Olufunke O
Published: October 2023

This paper investigates the representation of social actors in news reports on economic and financial crimes in four Nigerian newspapers: Punch, The Guardian, The Nation and ThisDay. Theo van Leeuwen’s socio-semantic inventory for the representation of social actors and Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) served as the theoretical framework. Five socio-semantic categories were applied in the news reports: functionalisation, backgrounding and suppression, activation and passivation, personalisation and impersonalisation and nomination and categorisation. Only the accused were both nominated and categorised. They were nominated when the reference is to people of high status and categorised when the reference is to ordinary or middle-class people. All the other social actors were nominated because of their roles in the fight against economic and financial crimes. The study shows that language is a medium for hidden meaning in the reportage of economic and financial crimes.
Performance Effect of Adjusting Insulin Sensitivity for Model-Based Automated Insulin Delivery Systems
Authors: Moscoso-Vasquez Marcela , Fabris Chiara , Breton Marc D.
Published: October 2023

Background:

Model predictive control (MPC) has become one of the most popular control strategies for automated insulin delivery (AID) in type 1 diabetes (T1D). These algorithms rely on a prediction model to determine the best insulin dosing every sampling time. Although these algorithms have been shown to be safe and effective for glucose management through clinical trials, managing the ever-fluctuating relationship between insulin delivery and resulting glucose uptake (aka insulin sensitivity, IS) remains a challenge. We aim to evaluate the effect of informing an AID system with IS on the performance of the system.

Method:

The University of Virginia (UVA) MPC control-based hybrid closed-loop (HCL) and fully closed-loop (FCL) system was used. One-day simulations at varying levels of IS were run with the UVA/Padova T1D Simulator. The AID system was informed with an estimated value of IS obtained through a mixed meal glucose tolerance test. Relevant controller parameters are updated to inform insulin dosing of IS. Performance of the HCL/FCL system with and without information of the changing IS was assessed using a novel performance metric penalizing the time outside the target glucose range.

Results:

Feedback in AID systems provides a certain degree tolerance to changes in IS. However, IS-informed bolus and basal dosing improve glycemic outcomes, providing increased protection against hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia according to the individual’s physiological state.

Conclusions:

The proof-of-concept analysis presented here shows the potentially beneficial effects on system performance of informing the AID system with accurate estimates of IS. In particular, when considering reduced IS, the informed controller provides increased protection against hyperglycemia compared with the naïve controller. Similarly, reduced hypoglycemia is obtained for situations with increased IS. Further tailoring of the adaptation schemes proposed in this work is needed to overcome the increased hypoglycemia observed in the more resistant cases and to optimize the performance of the adaptation method.
Reliability of Handheld Blood Glucose Monitors in Neonates: Trustworthy Arterial Readings but Capillary Results Warrant Caution for Hypoglycemia
Authors: Brooks David , Slaughter James C. , Nichols James H. , Gregory Justin M.
Published: October 2023

Background:

Accurate glucose monitoring is vitally important in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and clinicians use blood glucose monitors (BGM), such as the Inform II, for bedside glucose monitoring. Studies on BGM use in neonates have demonstrated good reliability; however, most studies only included healthy-term neonates. Therefore, the applicability of results to the preterm and/or ill neonate is limited.

Objectives:

In preterm and ill neonates, quantify differences in glucose concentrations between (1) capillary glucose (measured by BGM) and arterial glucose (measured by YSI 2300 Stat Plus) and (2) between aliquots from the same arterial blood sample, one measured by BGM versus one by YSI.

Design/Methods:

Forty neonates were included in the study. Using Inform II, we measured glucose concentrations on blood samples simultaneously collected from capillary circulation via heel puncture and from arterial circulation via an umbilical catheter. Plasma was then separated from the remainder of the arterial whole blood sample and a YSI 2300 Stat Plus measured plasma glucose concentration.

Results:

The dominant majority of arterial BGM results met the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tolerance criteria. Greater discrepancy was observed with capillary BGM values with an average of 27.5% of results falling outside tolerance criteria.

Conclusions:

Blood glucose monitor testing provided reliable results from arterial blood. However, users should interpret hypoglycemic results obtained from capillary blood with caution.
Why the belief in one’s equal rights matters: Self-respect, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation in Western and non-Western countries
Authors: Renger Daniela , Reinken Aischa , Krys Sabrina , Gardani Maria , Martiny Sarah E.
Published: October 2023

The present research investigated the relationship between self-respect (i.e., a person’s belief of possessing the same rights as others) and depressive symptoms. Based on earlier longitudinal findings that self-respect fosters assertiveness and that assertiveness negatively predicts depressive symptoms, we tested these relationships in Western and non-Western countries. Additionally, we explored associations with suicidal ideation. Across seven countries ( N = 2408) we found that self-respect and depressive symptoms were negatively correlated. In addition, we found evidence for an indirect path via assertiveness as well as negative correlations with suicidal ideation in countries with available measures. Finally, within-manuscript meta-analyses confirmed the main path between self-respect and depressive symptoms across all seven countries. This research presents the first evidence for the negative association between self-respect (feeling equal to others) and depressive symptoms and highlights new directions for linking self and self-regard to mental health.
COVID-19 Infections and Inflammatory Markers in Patients Hospitalized During the First Year of the Pandemic
Authors: Kalaiselvan Parkavi , Yingchoncharoen Pitchaporn , Thongpiya Jerapas , Motes Arunee , Nugent Kenneth
Published: October 2023

Background:

The clinical presentations in patients with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infections range from asymptomatic upper respiratory infections to acute respiratory failure with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates requiring mechanical ventilation. Clinicians often measured inflammatory markers in hospitalized patients to characterize the severity of the infection. Multiple studies published in 2020 reported information on the frequency of elevated inflammatory markers in hospitalized patients in various categories of disease severity.

Methods:

The PubMed database was searched using the terms “Inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients” and “Clinical features of patients infected with COVID-19.” Thirty-three publications were analyzed in detail to determine which inflammatory markers were increased and the frequency of these increases in various clinical classifications, including patients requiring hospitalization, patients with pneumonia, patients with severe infection, patients requiring intensive care unit admission, and patients who died.

Results:

C-reactive protein (CRP) was the most frequently elevated inflammatory marker in all categories. Ferritin, D-dimer, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels were also frequently elevated. In general, frequencies were higher in patients with more severe infections. For example, 24 out of 24 patients who died had an elevated CRP level.

Conclusion:

This review provides concrete information about the frequency of various inflammatory markers in patients with COVID-19 infection who required hospitalization. It also provides us some insight into the approach clinicians took in the early phase of this pandemic in their efforts to characterize these patients and perhaps understand the disease process better. However, these results might suggest that clinicians and laboratory directors should develop protocols to optimize laboratory testing.
Analyzing Cognitive Load Associated with Manual Text Classification Task Using Eye Tracking
Authors: Divya Venkatesh Jeevithashree , Jaiswal Aparajita , Nanda Gaurav
Published: October 2023

The accuracy of machine learning-based automated text classification systems, such as spam filters and search engine results, heavily depends on the quality of manual text classification. However, the cognitive demands of manual text classification tasks, particularly when dealing with challenging or difficult-to-comprehend texts, have not been extensively explored in previous studies. This research aims to address this gap by investigating the cognitive load associated with manual text classification tasks through analyzing eye tracking data. In this study, 30 participants performed manual text classification tasks while their ocular parameters were recorded using an eye tracker. The findings of this study revealed that ocular parameters recorded through eye tracking provided valuable insights into the cognitive load experienced during manual text classification tasks. Furthermore, it was observed that complex narratives led to higher cognitive load estimation. Moreover, native English-speaking participants exhibited lower cognitive load, compared to non-native English speakers.
Automatic Error Model (AEM) for User Interface Design: A new approach to Include Errors and Error Corrections in a Cognitive User Model
Authors: Bagherzadehkhorasani Amirreza , Tehranchi Farnaz
Published: October 2023

Replacing users with models that simulate users’ behaviors has been a long-standing vision in interface design. Cognitive models can simulate users’ cognitive processes and behaviors, but they cannot fully interact with user interfaces and simulate all behaviors. VisiTor (Vision+Motor) is a tool that provides cognitive models with methods to interact with the interface that users interact with. However, currently, cognitive models can only simulate experts and error-free users. Previous attempts at using cognitive models were inadequate due to hard-coded errors, which led to predictions that were not applicable to all users and tasks. Therefore, a general approach is required to include error generations and error corrections in cognitive models. VisiTor has been extended to generate and correct errors, leading to the development of an Automatic Error Cognitive Model that simulates more complete users’ behaviors in an Excel spreadsheet. This model helps to get closer to developing complete cognitive models that can replace users.
Effect of Olfactory Stimulus on Drivers’ Immediate Cognitive State
Authors: Lim Chiho , Nasir Mansoor , Ksenia Kozak , Pitts Brandon , Yu* Denny
Published: October 2023

The immediate effect of olfactory stimuli on drivers’ cognitive states with brain activity monitoring techniques was investigated. Time-variant cognitive states induced by external stimuli in driving are not well understood. We applied active stimuli in-cabin to understand the temporal characteristics of the stimuli on drivers’ cognitive states. Nine subjects participated in simulated driving task. Neural signals were acquired by a wireless electroencephalogram (EEG) headset. The olfactory stimuli were applied by providing scent. Time-frequency analysis was conducted for measuring time-variant EEG signal. Finally, event-related synchronization/desynchronization spectral power were calculated to evaluate drivers’ cognitive states. We found ERSs in theta (1-2s, 3-4s)/alpha (3-4s)/beta (3-5s) band.
See You on the Other Side: A Crosswalk Navigation System with Multimodal Alert System for Distracted and Visually Impaired Crosswalk Users
Authors: Werner Alec , Islam Md Shafiqul , Nachiappan Anvitha , Bafna Tanishq , Movassagh Maryam , Jeon Myounghoon
Published: October 2023

Distracted and visually impaired crosswalk users are at increased injury and death risk. A system that redirects the attention of distracted crosswalk users and helps both distracted and visually-impaired crosswalk users safely navigate crosswalks could mitigate that risk. We tested the effectiveness of four feedback systems on crosswalk navigation: no feedback (baseline), auditory (whistle), vibrotactile, and multimodal (auditory and vibrotactile). Twelve participants were recruited and blindfolded to cross an in-lab mock crosswalk. Analysis showed that multimodal auditory and vibrotactile feedback significantly increased the success rate of navigating through a crosswalk compared to the baseline. Among the participants, 83.3% (10 participants) preferred vibrotactile feedback, and 75% (9 participants) found vibrotactile feedback to be most intuitive. These findings can inform the development of infrastructure-embedded alert systems that promote the safety of distracted crosswalk users.
On or Off Topic: Secondary Task Relevance, Visual Input, and the Vigilance Decrement
Authors: Schwartz Brendan , Mishler Scott , Chen Jing
Published: October 2023

The current study investigated the effects of secondary task relevance on measures of vigilance decrement in a Level 2 semi-autonomous driving simulation. Past research has demonstrated that over the course of a vigilance task, vigilance (or sustained attention) decreases which leads to worse performance on measures like reaction time and accuracy. This phenomenon is known as the vigilance decrement. However, the underlying cause of the vigilance decrement is under debate. Secondary tasks can not only shed light on this debate but they might also potentially help mitigate this vigilance decrement if designed and implemented properly. Therefore the current research used secondary tasks to manipulate task demand and task engagement to further investigate the cause of the vigilance decrement.
Design of a Custom Force Fixture Fitting Miniature Load Cells for Individual Finger Force Measurement
Authors: Ross Lauren , Kutchey Nichole , Rayess Nassif , Conrad Megan O.
Published: October 2023

This research aims to address limitations of current hand grip measurement techniques by designing, building, and testing a more robust cylindrical dynamometer capable of measuring orthogonal force components while accounting for forces exerted by individual finger segments. The novel grip fixture consists of three static beams instrumented with strain gauges measuring orthogonal forces and eight attached miniature compensating load cells accounting for force contribution from finger segments. Following device fabrication and calibration, data was validated in a pilot study (n=6) where grip strengths were compared between the custom fixture and a Jamar dynamometer. Data suggests the custom dynamometer provides hand grip strength measurement comparable to that produced on a traditional dynamometer (p > 0.05). Future research studies using a similar device can guide therapy for patients with impaired hand strength by providing clinical professionals with a more complete profile of the forces exerted by hand segments.
Rethinking Human Factors Methodologies: User Needs & Applied Domain Characteristics
Authors: Li Ruixuan , Blanc Katya Le
Published: October 2023

Technologies and systems have become more complex with the advancement of modern digitalization. Human factors practitioners and researchers face challenges in designing products for everyday activities and complex domains. Learning one human factors methodology at a time is the most common approach, and finding complementary methodologies is sometimes difficult. In this paper, we summarize achievements needed in human factors research in three categories: motivation-related needs, task-related needs, and applied domain assumptions and characteristics. Some common methodologies are discussed, and we briefly introduce how to implement them in general resilient and cyber-resilient systems.
The Privacy Attitudes Questionnaire (PAQ) Turned 20: What’s Next for a Generalized Measure of Privacy Attitudes?
Authors: Giang Wayne C. W. , Iglar Alyssa , Chignell Mark , Samavi Reza , Nathan Kopiha
Published: October 2023

Attitudes and concerns related to privacy are not homogeneous, but instead differ based on the individual and context at hand. Understanding how these attitudes and concerns vary could inform product, service, and policy design. Questionnaires, such as the Privacy Attitudes Questionnaire (PAQ), can be used to evaluate and derive implications from people’s privacy orientations in numerous domains, including healthcare, social media, and e-commerce. Our objective is to refine the PAQ to reflect areas of privacy concern in today’s landscape. The panel will serve as a forum for conversation about areas of privacy concern, guided by our panelists’ expertise and questions about demographic and user considerations for the revised PAQ, a framework-inspired understanding of privacy, and privacy in healthcare. Insights and perspectives arising from the discussion panel will be considered for subsequent revisions of the PAQ.
Selective access to decision support as a function of event uncertainty
Authors: Ben-Yaakov Yoav , McCarley Jason , Meyer Joachim
Published: October 2023

The effective design of decision support systems requires an understanding of how system outputs affect users’ preferences and behavior. In an online experiment with 171 participants, we investigated how uncertainty influences users’ tendency to access additional information when using decision support (DS) with varying levels of reliability (high or low) that exhibit the same data in different ways. We compared preferences across three DS designs: binary independent output, likelihood independent output, and integrated likelihood output. We also examined the impact of DS displays and reliability on users’ performance and subjective trust. Users were more likely to seek additional information when presented with events incorporated with uncertain information. Moreover, the presentation of the information had a significant effect on performance and subjective trust.
How does perceived usefulness of an exoskeleton change with virtual reality training?
Authors: Ransing Vishwajeet , Park Jang-Ho , Ye Yang , Kim Sunwook , Jing Du Eric , Srinivasan Divya
Published: October 2023

We investigated how novices’ perception of exoskeleton usefulness changes with different types of exposure to an exoskeleton; and when the biomechanical benefits and limitations of potential exoskeleton use are presented to them. Twenty young, healthy participants completed this study. The three types of informational exposures to a back-support exoskeleton (BSE) were: (1) Information-based, (2) Virtual Reality (VR)-based, and (3) hands-on experience (lifting a box using the BSE), where users virtually and physically completed various lifting/lowering tasks set at shoulder, waist, and ankle heights in symmetric and asymmetric positions. After every trial in each exposure, perceived usefulness was obtained. Overall, perceived usefulness ratings generally varied with major task variables (load, lift height, and trunk angle). The VR-based exposure appeared to clarify the specific circumstances under which the BSE was perceived to be useful and reduced extreme biases (positive or negative) that individuals may have developed prior to trying on a BSE.
Crash Risk Among Young Drivers Diagnosed with Psychopathology
Authors: Gershon Pnina , Sita Kellienne R. , Simons-Morton Bruce G.
Published: October 2023

Young drivers’ crash rates are highly elevated. Despite the small age range, this population is extremely heterogeneous, with subgroups at greater risk than others. Real-world driving data were used to examine risks of young drivers diagnosed with psychiatric psychopathologies. 654 young drivers were assessed for up to 2yrs. Relative to healthy controls, drivers with any psychiatric diagnoses had higher crash/near-crash (CNC) rates (aIRR=1.49). Young drivers diagnosed with internalizing psychopathology (depression and/or anxiety) had 41% higher CNC rates compared to healthy controls. Young drivers with comorbid externalizing (ADD/ADHD/Tourette’s Syndrome) and internalizing psychopathologies had the highest crash and CNC rates compared to healthy controls (aIRR=2.60; aIRR=2.51, respectively). In conclusion, psychiatric disorders represent a specific vulnerability for crashes where young drivers with comorbid internalizing and externalizing disorders are at much greater risk to crash. Future research should examine possible variability or attenuation of risk associated with psychiatric treatment (e.g., medication or behavioral interventions).
Improving Self-management for Long COVID: Using Double Diamond Model to Design A mHealth App
Authors: ZHAO Zhen , YU Lisha , LYU She , WANG Hailiang
Published: October 2023

Due to physical isolation and shortages of medical resources caused by COVID-19, many patients with long-term symptoms cannot receive effective treatment and care after discharge from the hospital. In the present study, we proposed the design process of a mobile health (mHealth) app to improve the long COVID patients’ self-management. This study was mainly guided by the Double Diamond Model in four phases: discover, define, develop, and deliver. We interviewed twenty patients and used a user journey map to describe their experiences throughout their healthcare period. Four app themes were identified via thematic analysis in the develop phase, including self-monitoring, mental health improvement, health coaching, and health data visualization. Prototypes of the mHealth app were determined through user-centered design. The findings contributed to long COVID healthcare using mHealth and overcoming environmental barriers in existing healthcare services.
Lateral Visuomotor Distortions and Their Effects on Performance Carry-Over Effects in a Simulated Laparoscopic Environment
Authors: Tharp Marissa , Howe Bradford , Turkowski Zachary , McKay McKenna M. , Brito Alexander G. , Velasquez Elijah G. , Monico Chris , Klein Martina I. , Wheeler Noah J.
Published: October 2023

Laparoscopic surgery necessitates viewing the target tissue via a camera on a monitor, resulting in a disruption of surgeons’ hand-eye mapping. This disruption is amplified when the camera cannot provide a front view of the target area (i.e., scenarios requiring a side view) relative to the surgeon. Prior research indicates that azimuth camera rotations between 90° and 135° that provide a side view of the target (relative to the operator’s front view) result in the worst performance. In contrast, a 180° view (providing a rear view of the target) results in superior performance relative to side views. This superior performance has been attributed to a comparatively easy axis or movement inversion of the normal hand-eye mapping. The goal for the present study was to assess whether task performance using a right 45° side view of a target area facilitates subsequent performance using a camera location that is rotated 180° from the right 45° side view (i.e., the camera provides a left 135° view). Results indicated that exposure to a right 45° side view did not impact performance at a subsequent camera position that provided a left 135° side view. This indicates that participants could not utilize an axis inversion from the right 45° side view exposure. Additionally, our findings replicated superior performance at the 180° view condition compared to performance observed at the left 135° side view condition, suggesting that participants in the 180° view condition were able to employ the relatively easy axis inversion.
Synthesized Framework of Decision Making for the Army Aviation Context
Authors: Ernst Katie , Roth Emilie , Klein Devorah , Militello Laura , Sushereba Christen , Wilson Michael
Published: October 2023

This paper presents the results of a project to articulate a theory–based framework for characterizing the decision making and situation awareness (SA) of Army Aviators. This was the first step toward developing strategies for evaluating the impact of emerging technologies on cognitive performance. The team conducted a literature review of decision making and SA models along with a review of Army Aviation cognitive requirements and identified key decision making concepts. The team synthesized a framework of decision making based on key concepts from the literature tailored to Army Aviation. The framework guided a literature review of evaluation methods and measures. Evaluation literature review findings included the use of scenario-based evaluation with a range of complexities, and multiple, complementary measures. The synthesized framework served as a useful tool to describe aviator decision making and how technology can influence decision making and SA, and may be useful beyond the Army Aviation context.
An Experimental Evaluation of a Satellite Data Decision Support System for Flood Mitigation Efforts in Indonesia
Authors: Lombardo Seamus , Stirling Leia , Arquilla Katya , Israel Steven
Published: October 2023

Decision support systems (DSS) incorporating satellite data can potentially augment the understanding of flood management decision makers in Indonesia. To mitigate mismatches between DSS functionality and stakeholder objectives that have hindered previous efforts, a DSS is developed using a novel stakeholder engagement process. A pilot study of Boston-area participants (n = 20) assessed whether DSS users had improved understanding of historical trends and policy impacts compared to control group participants receiving a briefing. Participants’ understanding and projection of environmental, socioeconomic, and policy trends were assessed via scored questions and compared between groups using a Wilcoxon sign rank test. Higher understanding scores across categories were obtained by DSS users compared to the control group. Improved understanding of environmental, socioeconomic, and policy factors can be gained from a satellite data DSS developed using our novel process. Increased confidence in the DSS was gained ahead of evaluations with Indonesian end-user decisionmakers.
Information Access Costs with a Wide-Angle Desktop Display
Authors: Poole Cody A. , Warden Amelia C. , Wickens Christopher D. , Raikwar Aditya , Clegg Benjamin A. , Ortega Francisco R.
Published: October 2023

In choosing where to present information on large displays, multiple monitors, and head-mounted displays, the potential arises to create access costs associated with placing information outside of the immediate field of view. The current experiment examined performance tradeoffs associated with increasing information access effort ranging from 16 to 128 degrees of lateral separation on a wide-angle desktop display. During a spatial integration task, participants indicated whether grid coordinate numbers shown in one location on the screen were within a designated zone on a map displayed in another location. Results showed a significant non-linear trend of head movements, a linear trend of response time, and no effect on error, when the two pieces of information were displayed at greater separation distances. These results have implications for designing visual displays, suggesting where information access effort needs to be considered when scanning for information outside of the immediate field of view.
Suitability of Virtual Reality for Supplemental Scenario-based Training to Facilitate Crew Resource Management Outcomes
Authors: Duruaku Fiona , Nguyen Blake , Green Nexus , Sonnenfeld Nathan A. , Jentsch Florian
Published: October 2023

Researchers and practitioners are exploring the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) in education and training, including in aviation (Hight et al., 2022). In this poster presentation, we briefly discuss existing literature that has examined the effectiveness of VR for training within aviation. We then specifically address the potential adoption of VR as a simulation training tool to enhance crew resource management (CRM) training in what we refer to as supplemental Scenario-based Training (SBT).
Artificial intelligence-enabled operating room data analysis: Current and future prospects for enhancing surgical safety
Authors: Tetteh Emmanuel , Wang Tianke , Norasi Hamid , Kim Joseph , Cleary Sean , Hallbeck M. Susan
Published: October 2023

Despite advances in medical technology, intraoperative adverse events (IAE) continue to occur in hospital’s complex systems. Current approaches to understanding and mitigating IAEs rely on retrospective data analyses to recognize the series of events leading to an IAE. This paper discusses current challenges and highlights the potential of the Operating Room Blackbox (ORBB) system use to enhance patient safety.
The effectiveness of social activism gaming on changing social networking site use
Authors: Kelling Angela S. , Kelling Nicholas J. , Cherry Stephen M.
Published: October 2023

Social networking site (SNS) use has become ubiquitous with both positive and negative effects. While significant focus has detailed its negative effects, understanding potential behavioral countermeasures becomes increasingly relevant. Simultaneously, there has been an organic growth of games tailored to highlight social issues. These social activism games are less focused on entertainment but leverage the interactive nature to create an emotional connection. This study investigated the ability of a game focused on the dangers of SNS use to create immediate and lasting change within players. Sixty-two participants played the social activism or control game with survey assessments occurring pre-gameplay, post gameplay, and 7-days after participation. Results indicate a high potential for immediate emotional connection to the SNS issue highlighted via the game, but lasting behavior changes were less obvious. Although the possible effectiveness of social activism gaming is well supported, more research is needed to better understand beneficial design characteristics.
Experts’ Evaluations and Opinions Concerning Deployment of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Han Tianfang , Hung Ya-Hsin , Bell Molly Rose , Hayes Lily Grace , Chen Yunfeng , Zhang Jiansong , Feng Yiheng , Proctor Robert W.
Published: October 2023

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) afford the possibility of improving the transportation system by reducing traffic congestion and accidents. They also can increase employment and shopping opportunities for persons who cannot drive. During the early stages of use, CAVs will have to share the roadways with human-driven vehicles (HDVs), necessitating effective communication among CAVs and HDVs about their intentions and future actions. We previously reported results of a survey of drivers that assessed their knowledge of CAVs and thoughts about their deployment. In the present study, we describe the evaluations and opinions of CAV experts from academia, industry, and government obtained from in-depth interviews.
Understanding Hotel Design Priorities for Individuals of Different Physical Ability Levels
Authors: Vahedi Zahra , Cavuoto Lora
Published: October 2023

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of hotel features on perceptions of stress and usability across groups of healthy adults, older adults, and wheelchair users. Participants completed a guided walkthrough of a hotel that included tasks in the room, bathroom, and lobby. The older adults had the lowest level of perceived stress, whereas the wheelchair users had the lowest rating of usability. The healthy group had generally positive perspectives on the hotel features, while the wheelchair users had predominantly negative comments. Subjects’ concerns ranged from more leisure concerns, such as not having access to preferred television shows (healthy group), to difficulty with accessibility of basic room features such as stepping into the shower area (older adults) and opening the room door (wheelchair users). Although inclusive design may pose a challenge to hotel managers and designers, it is necessary to ensure all guests have access to basic features.
Users’ Navigation Strategy and Information Search with Health Insurance Decision Aids Using Social Network Analysis
Authors: Rajkhan Albraa A. , Eskandar Mahtab , Colón-Morales Coralys , Alvarado Michelle M. , Giang Wayne C.W.
Published: October 2023

Health insurance enrollment decisions are not only medical decisions but also involve other factors such as employment and financial status. Decision aids such as Virtual Benefits Counselors (VBC) and Human Resources (HR) traditional websites may help users make informed decisions. Little research has explicitly focused on how users navigate and search for information using these aids. We propose the use of the Social Network Analysis (SNA) method to characterize navigation and information search behavior. SNA was applied to the navigation data of 16 participants who were asked to make mock health insurance enrollment decisions using a VBC or HR website. VBC users searched for financial information with less back-and-forth navigation and explored a larger percentage of the system, whereas HR website users had more back-and-forth navigation between the same pages but explored fewer available pages. In conclusion, SNA provided insights into differences between how users interact with different decision aids and what contents they were looking for which may prove useful in understanding users’ interaction strategies.
A Potential Case of Change Blindness in an Officer-Involved Shooting
Authors: Martin Jeffrey A. , Suss Joel
Published: October 2023

The perceptual phenomenon of change blindness has been widely researched in the scientific literature, mostly in laboratory studies. This case study reviews the fatal shooting of a woman who suddenly backed her car in the general direction of law enforcement officers as other officers were attempting to extract her from the car. The deputy who eventually fired at the woman initially had his TASER drawn; when he perceived the car reversing toward officers, he tried to holster his TASER before drawing and firing his handgun. By the time the deputy fired, the woman had stopped reversing and was driving the car forward (i.e., not toward officers). Even after viewing police in-car-camera video, the deputy was adamant that he perceived the car as still moving backward when he fired. The facts are compared to the characteristics of change blindness and other human factors potentially at play.
Transgender Inclusive and Affirming Design in Computing
Authors: Call Madison W. , Roscoe Rod D.
Published: October 2023

This paper seeks to bring further attention to transgender experiences and issues in the context of software applications. Research on transgender experiences has generally been quite limited, and the majority of that work has focused on non-digital environments. However, we argue that transgender individuals encounter several unique human-computer interaction challenges that are not typically experienced (or perhaps even considered) by cisgender individuals. This paper first articulates general challenges for transgender persons, and then discusses specific manifestations in computing: name display and updating, demographic data forms, and automating gendered assumptions. Potential recommendations are offered.
Automation Use: The Roles of Self-Confidence, Trust, and Workload
Authors: Patton Colleen E.
Published: October 2023

Discretionary automation, or the choice to turn automation on or off, is less studied than dependence on always-present (static) automation, even though discretionary automation is becoming more common in real-world environments. While the influences of dependence on static automation are generally known, it is unclear how they translate to discretionary automation use. Using a dual-task warehouse management paradigm, the influence of workload, trust, and self-confidence were investigated. Results indicated that higher trust in the automation than self-confidence in completing the task manually was a strong driver of automation use, whereas workload of a concurrent task had no effect on use. Implications of this work are discussed.
Development of Proposed Heuristics for Evaluating Multilingual Website Usability
Authors: Kim Min Ji , ten Brink Ronna , Chenal Cristina
Published: October 2023

The number of multilingual websites and interfaces grows as the world becomes more globalized. However, there is a lack of heuristics available to easily evaluate these websites and interfaces. While well-known usability heuristics like Nielsen’s 10 Heuristics have served as an industry basis for heuristic evaluations, they fall short of providing full considerations for multilingual systems. This paper proposes multilingual usability heuristics that can be used with existing usability heuristic sets to conduct heuristic evaluations on multilingual websites. We used U.S. Internal Revenue Service applications accessed in Korean and English to test the proposed Multilingual Usability Heuristics. We updated the Multilingual Usability Heuristics based on the results these evaluations. Our final set contains 6 heuristics that can be used in tandem with other heuristic sets, like Nielsen’s 10 Heuristics. Though they are not yet empirically validated, these heuristics are useful in evaluating multilingual website and graphical user interfaces.
I Spy Differences in System Reliability
Authors: Patton Colleen , Warden Amelia C. , Pharmer Rebecca
Published: October 2023

The current experiment examined how the level of exposure to automation of various reliabilities impacts perceptions of reliability and confidence in perceived reliability ratings. Participants viewed images of multicolored Mega blocks presented side-by-side with a recommendation from an automated system indicating whether the images were a match or not. Participants responded whether the automation recommendation was correct or incorrect. The reliability of the automation across blocks was either 50%, 80%, or 90% and participants saw 10, 50, and 100 trials of each reliability. Overall, the level of exposure to the system had no impact on perceptions of automation reliability, or confidence in reliability ratings. Exposure did differentially impact accuracy of automation classification recommendation across the levels of automation reliability. Results also indicated that increases in perceptions of automation reliability increased confidence in the reliability perceptions. These findings have applications for training participants on imperfectly reliable systems.
The National Academies Board on Human-Systems Integration (BOHSI) Panel: Emerging trends in technology: Implications for future research in human-system interactions (HSI)
Authors: Robinson Emanuel , Oswald Frederick L. , Boyle Linda Ng , Behrend Tara , Currie-Gregg Nancy , Rajivan Prashanth
Published: October 2023

Future technological innovation will continue to transform the future of human-system interactions (HSI). While immersive sensors, smarter devices, and integrated systems will drive innovations in HSI, the fundamental elements of human information processing must still be considered to ensure the appropriate use of the technology in the context that the human operator will be using the technology. BOHSI has organized a panel that brings together prominent researchers to discuss emerging trends in technology and the implication for future research needs in domains where increasingly autonomous systems are becoming more accessible, but supervisory control by the human is still needed. The implications for the future of work and the safety and security of systems that are complex and continually evolving are also discussed).
Forced Prosocial Behaviors towards Robots Induce Cognitive Conflict
Authors: Abubshait Abdulaziz , Therkelsen Sofie Eklund , McDonald Craig , Wiese Eva
Published: October 2023

With the rising use of social robots, it is important to understand how to evaluate their effects on human cognition. Thus, we aimed to implicitly measure prosociality towards robots (i.e., the tendency to impart rewards to robots), using a conflict-monitoring paradigm. Here, participants completed a gambling task where they “Won” or “Lost” gambles. Afterwards, a computer assigned the outcome of their gamble to either themselves, or Cozmo, a social robot. Critically, participants had to confirm the computer's assignment using a keypress. If participants experienced conflict, we reasoned that confirming the assignment would be delayed. Results showed that participants experienced more conflict when they won a gamble but had to give it to Cozmo as shown by slower response times. These data suggest that participants experienced conflict when forced to be prosocial towards Cozmo and provide evidence that conflict monitoring can measure implicit attitudes towards robots.
Time Study for the Power Stow Rollertrack Conveyor for Airport Baggage Handling
Authors: Lu Ming-Lun , Werren Dwight
Published: October 2023

A time study was conducted to evaluate the operation efficiency and the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) for using the Power Stow Rollertrack Conveyor (PSRC) for baggage handling in the cargo holds of narrow-bodied aircrafts. The PSRC employs a retractable roller conveyor from a belt loader to provide powered transportation for loading and unloading baggage in the cargo holds. Thirteen baggage handlers at the Boston Logan International Airport participated in the data collection, which involved videotaping their work postures and methods during baggage handling operations in the cargo holds of the Boeing 737 and 757 aircrafts. Results showed that the PSRC provided improved efficiency in handling baggage, especially for unloading baggage by about 2 bags per minute. There was no significant difference in the total time spent on the risk factors for MSDs, such as lifting, pushing and pulling tasks per person for each bag between PSRC users and non-users.
First Time Use of an Autonomous Food Delivery Robot: Effects of Affect and Delivery Scenarios
Authors: Malcein Lindsey A. , Lee Yi-Ching
Published: October 2023

The objective of the study was to examine the effect of users’ emotions and delivery outcomes from sidewalk autonomous delivery robots on user experience and perception of the robots. Participants’ emotions were induced by specific clips from movies and were measured by a self-report emotion scale. Two delivery scenarios were designed to mimic two extreme delivery outcomes where the delivered food was either on time and as expected or late and not as expected. Results showed that delivery outcomes led to significantly different user experiences, whereas the induced emotions did not. In line with prior research, the current study suggests that the quality of the food delivery service is more important than user emotions in prompting users to want to use the service again and rating the robots more favorably.
Towards Joint Activity Design Heuristics: Essentials for Human-Machine Teaming
Authors: Morey Dane A. , Walli Prerana , Cassidy Kenneth S. , Tewani Priyanka K. , Reynolds Morgan E. , Malone Samantha , Jalaeian Mohammadreza , Rayo Michael F. , McGeorge Nicolette M.
Published: October 2023

As machines increasingly behave more like active cognitive agents than passive tools, additional heuristics for supporting joint human-machine activity are urgently needed to complement existing usability heuristics. Despite the rich and extensive design guidance produced by forty years of cognitive systems engineering (CSE) and related fields, the lack of large-scale impact can be attributed, in part, to insufficient translation of CSE principles and guidelines to language and tools that are ready for designers and other decision-makers responsible for these automation-infused solutions. Towards this need, we synthesized a partial and preliminary list of ten machine requirements intended to capture some of the essentials of joint activity. We believe solidifying these essentials and their implications for machines is a first and necessary step towards deriving joint activity design heuristics that are valuable, practical, and sustainable for operational personnel. Through iterative refinement, we believe the combination of strong ideas and strong practicality in these tools can be the basis for a large-scale shift in the design and evaluation of human-machine teams.
Where to gaze during take-over: Eye gaze strategy analysis of different situation awareness and hazard perception levels
Authors: Ding Wen , Murzello Yovela , Cao Shi , Samuel Siby
Published: October 2023

While autonomous vehicles are being developed for the future of surface transportation, drivers today still need to be prepared for takeover. The objective of this study is to understand the optimal gaze strategy during the take-over process. First, an affine transfer method was used to link the eye tracking coordinates and pre-defined Aera-of-Interests (AOIs) locations. Then, independent t-tests were applied to analyze the relevance between the gaze strategy determined by the gaze time percentages on various AOIs and the Situation Awareness (SA) and Hazard Perception (HP) levels. The results showed that drivers with higher SA used different gaze strategies before and after they detected the hazards, while drivers with higher HP kept focusing on the center of the road. Explanations and implications of take-over request design are discussed.