bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of an Automated Classifier to Diagnose Acute Otitis Media in Children
Authors: Shaikh Nader , Conway Shannon J. , Kovačević Jelena , Condessa Filipe , Shope Timothy R. , Haralam Mary Ann , Campese Catherine , Lee Matthew C. , Larsson Tomas , Cavdar Zafer , Hoberman Alejandro
Published: March 2024

Importance

Acute otitis media (AOM) is a frequently diagnosed illness in children, yet the accuracy of diagnosis has been consistently low. Multiple neural networks have been developed to recognize the presence of AOM with limited clinical application.

Objective

To develop and internally validate an artificial intelligence decision-support tool to interpret videos of the tympanic membrane and enhance accuracy in the diagnosis of AOM.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This diagnostic study analyzed otoscopic videos of the tympanic membrane captured using a smartphone during outpatient clinic visits at 2 sites in Pennsylvania between 2018 and 2023. Eligible participants included children who presented for sick visits or wellness visits.

Exposure

Otoscopic examination.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Using the otoscopic videos that were annotated by validated otoscopists, a deep residual-recurrent neural network was trained to predict both features of the tympanic membrane and the diagnosis of AOM vs no AOM. The accuracy of this network was compared with a second network trained using a decision tree approach. A noise quality filter was also trained to prompt users that the video segment acquired may not be adequate for diagnostic purposes.

Results

Using 1151 videos from 635 children (majority younger than 3 years of age), the deep residual-recurrent neural network had almost identical diagnostic accuracy as the decision tree network. The finalized deep residual-recurrent neural network algorithm classified tympanic membrane videos into AOM vs no AOM categories with a sensitivity of 93.8% (95% CI, 92.6%-95.0%) and specificity of 93.5% (95% CI, 92.8%-94.3%) and the decision tree model had a sensitivity of 93.7% (95% CI, 92.4%-94.9%) and specificity of 93.3% (92.5%-94.1%). Of the tympanic membrane features outputted, bulging of the TM most closely aligned with the predicted diagnosis; bulging was present in 230 of 230 cases (100%) in which the diagnosis was predicted to be AOM in the test set.

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that given its high accuracy, the algorithm and medical-grade application that facilitates image acquisition and quality filtering could reasonably be used in primary care or acute care settings to aid with automated diagnosis of AOM and decisions regarding treatment.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy Hypotonia Detection Using Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Taleb Adel , Rambaud Philippe , Diop Samuel , Fauches Raphaël , Tomasik Joanna , Jouen François , Bergounioux Jean
Published: March 2024

This case-control study uses computer vision and artificial intelligence to develop a screening tool for detecting spinal muscular atrophy in infants.
Evaluation of the performance of both machine learning models using PET and CT radiomics for predicting recurrence following lung stereotactic body radiation therapy: A single‐institutional study
Authors: Nemoto Hikaru , Saito Masahide , Satoh Yoko , Komiyama Takafumi , Marino Kan , Aoki Shinichi , Suzuki Hidekazu , Sano Naoki , Nonaka Hotaka , Watanabe Hiroaki , Funayama Satoshi , Onishi Hiroshi
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Predicting recurrence following stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for non‐small cell lung cancer provides important information for the feasibility of the individualized radiotherapy and allows to select the appropriate treatment strategy based on the risk of recurrence. In this study, we evaluated the performance of both machine learning models using positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) radiomic features for predicting recurrence after SBRT.

Methods

Planning CT and PET images of 82 non‐small cell lung cancer patients who performed SBRT at our hospital were used. First, tumors were delineated on each CT and PET of each patient, and 111 unique radiomic features were extracted, respectively. Next, the 10 features were selected using three different feature selection algorithms, respectively. Recurrence prediction models based on the selected features and four different machine learning algorithms were developed, respectively. Finally, we compared the predictive performance of each model for each recurrence pattern using the mean area under the curve (AUC) calculated following the 0.632+ bootstrap method.

Results

The highest performance for local recurrence, regional lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis were observed in models using Support vector machine with PET features (mean AUC = 0.646), Naive Bayes with PET features (mean AUC = 0.611), and Support vector machine with CT features (mean AUC = 0.645), respectively.

Conclusions

We comprehensively evaluated the performance of prediction model developed for recurrence following SBRT. The model in this study would provide information to predict the recurrence pattern and assist in making treatment strategies.
Guiding modern traditional Chinese medicine research using the theory of state‐target differentiation and treatment—Maintaining the validity of traditional Chinese medicine and creating new medical science
Authors: Lin Jiaran , Tian Jiaxing , Fang Xinyi , Zhang Boxun , Yang Yingying , Wei Yu , He Lisha , Lei Ye , Song Bin , Zhao Linhua , Tong Xiaolin
Published: March 2024

As an important part of Chinese civilization, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history and broad social foundation. In the development of modern medicine, TCM bears the responsibility of inheriting Chinese culture, while integrating with modern science and technology to continuously promote medical progress. The theory of “state‐target differentiation and treatment” is an innovative model combining Chinese and Western medicine that has provided a new mindset and method for modernizing TCM. This theory not only guides the reconstruction of modern TCM diagnosis and treatment systems, but also strongly promotes the reconstruction of the modern herbal system. As an emerging bioinformatics technology, phenomics research can reveal biological processes dynamically and quantitatively, which will help “open the black box” of TCM by providing technical methods to reveal the nature of “state” and the mechanism of “state modulation” in TCM. TCM can provide a valuable clinical reference from the perspective of disease cognition, sort out phenomics information parameters systematically and uniformly, and provide more accurate and meaningful data for phenomics research. The in‐depth combination of TCM and phenomics from the concept and technology will vigorously promote the development of human precision medicine. Modern TCM research guided by the theory of state‐target differentiation and treatment can effectively improve the scientific basis and targetability of clinical treatments and can also initiate a breakthrough in the integration of Chinese and Western medicine, further promoting the profound communication and cooperation between Chinese and Western medicine, so as to achieve better development of medicine in the future.
An Efficient Descriptor for Rapid Determination of Dipole Moments and Band Alignments of 2D Janus Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides
Authors: Liu Jia , Shen Tao , Wang Linghui , Ren Ji‐Chang , Liu Wei , Li Shuang
Published: March 2024

The dipole moment (µ) is a critical parameter in Janus structures, influencing band alignments and carrier transmissions. However, evaluating µ in 2D Janus layers is challenging due to the vast number of structures and the inefficiency of Kelvin probe force microscopy. Using the recently developed 2D Janus transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) as a prototype, a descriptor is proposed based on fundamental parameters (atomic number and atomic radii) to investigate the relationship between atomic structures and µ. By constructing 621 structural models, this descriptor is applicable from monolayers to three‐layers. By considering shielding effect of terminal atoms, the performance of the descriptor has been significantly enhanced, resulting in a description accuracy of 94.6% for all TMDC systems. Based on this descriptor, the Anderson's Rule (AR) model can be extended to Janus bilayers in simulating band alignments, resulting in a substantial improvement in accuracy from 20.0% to 90.8%. This development holds crucial importance in screening Janus self‐doping P‐N junctions. The work provides an efficient descriptor based on inherent atomic properties for rapid determining dipole moment and band alignment in 2D Janus TMDCs, accelerating the design of devices with built‐in electronic field structures.
Molecular Design for Vertical Phase Distribution Modulation in High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Zhihao , Zhang Shaoqing , Ren Junzhen , Zhang Tao , Dai Jiangbo , Wang Jingwen , Ma Lijiao , Qiao Jiawei , Hao Xiaotao , Hou Jianhui
Published: March 2024

Component distribution within the photoactive layer dictates the morphology and electronic structure and substantially influences the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). In this study, a molecular design strategy is introduced to manipulate component and energetics distribution by adjusting side‐chain polarity. Two non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs), ITIC‐16F and ITIC‐E, are synthesized by introducing different polar functional substituents onto the side chains of ITIC. The alterations result in different distribution tendencies in the bulk heterojunction film: ITIC‐16F with intensified hydrophobicity aligns predominantly with the top surface, while ITIC‐E with strong hydrophilicity gravitates toward the bottom. This divergence directly impacts the vertical distribution of the excitation energy levels, thereby influencing the excitation kinetics over extended time periods and larger spatial ranges including enhanced diffusion‐mediated exciton dissociation and stimulated charge carrier transport. Benefitting from the favorable energy distribution, the device incorporating ITIC‐E into the PBQx‐TF:eC9‐2Cl blend showcases an impressive power conversion efficiency of 19.4%. This work highlights side‐chain polarity manipulation as a promising strategy for designing efficient NFA molecules and underscores the pivotal role of spatial energetics distribution in OSC performance.
Dual‐Photosensitizer Synergy Empowers Ambient Light Photoactivation of Indium Oxide for High‐Performance NO2 Sensing
Authors: Park Seyeon , Kim Minhyun , Lim Yunsung , Oh DongHwan , Ahn Jaewan , Park Chungseong , Woo Sungyoon , Jung WooChul , Kim Jihan , Kim Il‐Doo
Published: March 2024

Light‐activated chemiresistors offer a powerful approach to achieving lower‐temperature gas sensing with unprecedented sensitivities. However, an incomplete understanding of how photoexcited charge carriers enhance sensitivity obstructs the rational design of high‐performance sensors, impeding the practical utilization under commonly accessible light sources instead of ultraviolet or higher‐energy sources. Here, a rational approach is presented to modulate the electronic properties of the parent metal oxide phase, exemplified by this model system of Bi‐doped In2O3 nanofibers decorated with Au nanoparticles (NPs) that exhibit superior NO2 sensing performance. Bi doping introduces mid‐gap energy levels into In2O3, promoting photoactivation even under visible blue light. Additionally, green‐absorbing plasmonic Au NPs facilitate electron transfer across the heterojunction, extending the photoactive region toward the green light. It is revealed that the direct involvement of photogenerated charge carriers in gas adsorption and desorption processes is pivotal for enhancing gas sensing performance. Owing to the synergistic interplay between the Bi dopants and the Au NPs, the Au‐BixIn2‐xO3 (x = 0.04) sensing layers attain impressive response values (Rg/Ra = 104 at 0.6 ppm NO2) under green light illumination and demonstrate practical viability through evaluation under simulated mixed‐light conditions, all of which significantly outperforms previously reported visible light‐activated NO2 sensors.
Asymmetric Electron Redistribution in Niobic‐Oxygen Vacancy Associates to Tune Noncovalent Interaction in CO2 Photoreduction
Authors: Di Jun , Chen Chao , Wu Yao , Chen Hao , Xiong Jun , Long Ran , Li Shuzhou , Song Li , Jiang Wei , Liu Zheng
Published: March 2024

The role of vacancy associates in photocatalytic CO2 reduction is an open question. Herein, the Nb─O vacancy associates (VNb─O) are engineered into niobic acid (NA) atomic layers to tailor the CO2 photoreduction performance. The intrinsic charge compensation from O to Nb around Nb─O vacancy associates can manipulate the active electronic states, leading to the asymmetric electron redistribution. These local symmetry breaking sites show a charge density gradient, forming a localized polarization field to polarize nonpolar CO2 molecules and tune the noncovalent interaction of reaction intermediates. This unique configuration contributes to the 9.3 times increased activity for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Meantime, this VNb─O NA also shows excellent photocatalytic activity for NO3−–NH4+ synthesis, with NH4+ formation rate up to 3442 µmol g−1 h−1. This work supplies fresh insights into the vacancy associate design for electron redistribution and noncovalent interaction tuning in photocatalysis.
Kinetics‐Tunable Hydrochromic Luminescence Switching in Rb3TbF6:Eu3+ Perovskite
Authors: Chen Jiangkun , Guo Yang , Chen Bing , Zheng Weilin , Zhang Xin , Wei Xiaohe , Cao Yaxin , Suo Hao , Wang Feng
Published: March 2024

Hydrochromic luminescent materials that are responsive to water or moisture have attracted considerable attention owing to their extensive use in sensing and information security. However, fine‐tuning hydrochromic response to water content remains unfulfilled research, posing constraints in the widespread application of hydrochromic luminescence. This study reports a 0D Rb3TbF6 perovskite with highly controllable hydrochromic characteristics. The Rb3TbF6 crystals exhibit a distinct hydrochromic luminescence switching after B‐site doping with Eu3+, stemming from Rb3TbF6 to Rb2TbF5 transformation that triggers intra‐crystal Tb3+‐to‐Eu3+ energy transfer. Through A‐site alkaline metal alloying, the sensitivity of the perovskite to water stimuli is precisely tuned, rendering distinct responses over a wide range of humidity conditions (RH: 1–90% RH) and water levels (v/v: 0.5–55%). As an added benefit, the hydrochromic crystals also show excellent repeatability and photothermal stability. These advances on hydrochromic materials provide exciting opportunities in water detection, humidity sensing, and multi‐level information encryption.
Thermodynamic and molecular mechanisms of ionic liquids for acetylene dehydration
Authors: Zhao Fei , Song Minghao , Liu Qinghua , Cheng Yongqiang , Kang Hongwei , Liu Shuqing , Lei Zhigang
Published: March 2024

The production of acetylene (C2H2) via calcium carbide method is an industrial process commonly used in the production of polyvinyl chloride resin. The dehydration of C2H2 is one crucial aspect. In this work, a novel approach based on ionic liquid (IL) separation was explored. Thermodynamic properties of the IL were predicted using the COSMO‐SAC model to screen for an appropriate absorbent. The loss of C2H2 and dehydration performance of IL during dehydration were measured by solubility experiment and laboratory‐scale absorption experiment. Quantum chemistry (QC) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were utilized to explore the mechanism of the C2H2 dehydration process. [EMIM][Tf2N] was selected as the final absorbent to achieve highly selective dehydration with low C2H2 losses. Anions play a leading role in the dehydration process, and the dehydration effect mainly depends on hydrogen bonds. This work provides guidance for the rational design of a new absorbent for C2H2.
T–x diagrams for the CO2–H2O system: The importance of water content in CO2 transportation for carbon capture and storage
Authors: Wadsworth Lindsey A. , Wells Jonathan D. , Sloan E. Dendy , Koh Carolyn A.
Published: March 2024

When water is present in a CO2 pipeline, corrosion or plugging can occur due to the formation of liquid water or gas hydrate, respectively. Understanding how corrosion and hydrate plugging can be avoided is important for enhanced oil recovery and carbon dioxide capture and storage processes. If the CO2 is sufficiently dried prior to transportation, the formation of these problematic free‐water phases can be avoided. In this work, isobaric T–x diagrams were developed from the P–T diagram for the CO2–H2O binary system. Pressures ranging from just below the lower quadruple point to above the lower critical end point were studied. These diagrams are meant to give the reader a better conceptual understanding of how the water composition in CO2–H2O mixtures will influence phases that form at different temperatures and pressures. The diagrams are analyzed from the perspective of flow assurance in CO2 transportation.
A data‐driven Bayesian approach for optimal dynamic product transitions
Authors: Flores‐Tlacuahuac Antonio , Fuentes‐Cortés Luis Fabián
Published: March 2024

In the processing industry, dynamic product transitions are essential for achieving high product quality, minimizing the use of raw materials and energy and reducing production costs. However, optimizing dynamic product transitions is a challenging task due to the complex dynamics of the process and the uncertainty in the measurements. In this article, a data‐driven Bayesian approach for optimal dynamic product transitions is proposed. The proposed approach is based on a dynamic optimization problem that is solved using a Bayesian optimization algorithm. One of the advantages of this approach for process optimization tasks is that it does not require a first‐principles dynamic mathematical model for drawing optimal solutions. The approach is applied to three case studies, and the results are comparable in performance quality with those obtained using a traditional gradient‐based optimization approach. The results show that the proposed approach is able to find optimal transition trajectories that meet the product composition requirements using smooth control actions. The approach is also able to cope with noisy measurements, which is an important feature in real‐world applications. The proposed approach has several advantages over traditional optimization approaches, including being data driven, able to cope with noisy measurements, computationally efficient, and it requires modest computational effort. Complex online optimal control problems can benefit from adopting a data‐driven Bayesian optimization scheme.
Employment, labor productivity and environmental sustainability: Firm‐level evidence from transition economies
Authors: Petreski Marjan , Tanevski Stefan , Stojmenovska Irena
Published: March 2024

This article investigates the impact of investment in environmentally sustainable practices on employment and labor productivity growth in transition economies. It explores the influence of labor skill composition and geographical variations on sustainability dynamics. Utilizing data from the World Bank's Enterprise Survey 2019 across 24 transition economies, an environmental sustainability index is constructed using Principal Components Analysis. To address endogeneity concerns, a combination of fixed effects and instrumental variables is employed. The findings highlight the significance of environmental sustainability for both employment and labor productivity growth. However, the observed relationships diminish in significance when comprehensively addressing endogeneity, suggesting a more nuanced and time‐dependent connection between environmentally sustainable practices and job growth. Notably, high‐skill firms experience a deceleration in job creation following sustainability investments, while low‐skill firms benefit from improved labor productivity. Geographically, Central Europe exhibits more pronounced impacts on labor productivity, potentially attributed to higher levels of development and sustainability awareness compared to Southeast Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
CoCl2‐Induced hypoxia promotes hPDLSCs osteogenic differentiation through AKT/mTOR/4EBP‐1/HIF‐1α signaling and facilitates the repair of alveolar bone defects
Authors: Fan Zhibo , Liu Yanru , Lan Yuxin , Wu Yujie , Li Junyu , Xu Xiaomei
Published: March 2024

Bone defects are characterized by a hypoxic environment, which affects bone tissue repair. However, the role of hypoxia in the repair of alveolar bone defects remains unclear. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) are high‐quality seed cells for repairing alveolar bone defects, whose behavior changes under hypoxia. However, their mechanism of action is not known and needs to be elucidated. We hypothesized that hypoxia might be beneficial to alveolar bone defect repair and the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. To test this hypothesis, cobalt chloride (CoCl2) was used to create a hypoxic environment, both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro study, the best osteogenic effect was observed after 48 h of hypoxia in hPDLSCs, and the AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e‐binding protein 1 (AKT/mTOR/4EBP‐1) signaling pathway was significantly upregulated. Inhibition of the AKT/mTOR/4EBP‐1 signaling pathway decreased the osteogenic ability of hPDLSCs under hypoxia and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF‐1α) expression. The inhibition of HIF‐1α also decreased the osteogenic capacity of hPDLSCs under hypoxia without significantly affecting the level of phosphorylation of AKT/mTOR/4EBP‐1. In vitro study, Micro‐CT and tissue staining results show better bone regeneration in hypoxic group than control group. These results suggested that hypoxia promoted alveolar bone defect repair and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs, probably through AKT/mTOR/4EBP‐1/HIF‐1α signaling. These findings provided important insights into the regulatory mechanism of hypoxia in hPDLSCs and elucidated the effect of hypoxia on the healing of alveolar bone defects. This study highlighted the importance of physiological oxygen conditions for tissue engineering.
Ultrasound‐assisted insertion of a small‐diameter thoracic catheter for acute dorsal empyema
Authors: Hasegawa Yudai , Okazaki Akihito , Iwasaki Kazuhiko
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical Message

Ultrasound‐assisted small catheter placement may be considered in cases where computed tomography guidance is unavailable, and ultrasound can identify pleural effusions clearly, even in cases where empyema is localized solely on the dorsal side.

Thoracic catheter insertion for empyema can be challenging when the pleural effusion is localized dorsally and computed tomography guidance is unavailable. We report the case of a 40‐year‐old man with acute dorsal bacterial empyema who underwent successful ultrasound‐assisted catheter placement in an orthopneic position.
Cu(II)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Aza‐Friedel‐Crafts Reaction of 1‐Naphthols and Electron‐Rich Phenols with Isatin‐Derived Ketimines
Authors: Cai Qihang , Yu Tianxu , Li Jiahui , Zhao Yan , Hou Jiaqi , Xue Leipeng , Yu Shibo , Yao Chao , Li Yue‐Ming
Published: March 2024

New chiral ligands could be obtained by introducing proline moieties and imidazoline moieties to binaphthyl skeletons. The chiral ligands exhibited balanced rigidity and flexibility which could allow the change of the conformations during the reactions on one hand, and could provide sufficient asymmetric induction on the other. The proline moiety could act as a linker connecting the binaphthyl skeletons and the imidazoline moieties as well as a coordinating group for the central metal, and the electronic and steric properties of the imidazoline groups could be carefully fine‐tuned by the use of different substituents. In the presence of Cu(II) catalyst bearing such chiral ligands, aza‐Friedel–Crafts reaction of 1‐naphthols and electron‐rich phenols with isatin‐derived ketimines provided the desired products with good to excellent yields and up to 99 % ee. The reactions showed good scalability, and excellent ee could still be obtained when the reaction was carried out in gram‐scale.
An overview of metals extraction and recovery from industrial wastewater sludge
Authors: Al‐Mutair M. , Kumar Rajeev , Al‐Mur Bandar A. , Mohamed Olfat A. , Barakat M. A.
Published: March 2024

Industrial wastewater sludge is one of the vital sources of metals, including heavy metals, valuable metals, and precise metals. Apart from metals' necessity and economic value, some are toxic and harmful to the environment. This review explores the technologies currently applied for extracting and recovering heavy metals from industrial wastewater sludge. The technologies have been explained, and the merits and demerits of methods, as reported in past investigations, have been highlighted. The salient findings of this review are that the hydrometallurgical processes using acid leaching (H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, etc.) have been considered for the metal extraction process. Metal dissolution, concentration/purification, and recovery are the main stages of hydrometallurgical processes. The selection of successive metal recovery methods depends on the concentration of metals and chemical characteristics of industrial wastewater sludge. Different metal purification and concentrations were reported, including adsorption, ion exchange solvent extraction, and so forth, while precipitation and electrodeposition were mainly applied for metal recovery from industrial wastewater sludge. In this review, the cost and economic viability of the metal recovery process are also evaluated by previous reported studies. This review may be considered a valuable source of information for environmentally friendly and cost‐effective methods for metal recovery from industrial wastewater sludge.
Cardiovascular outcomes between dapagliflozin versus empagliflozin in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kim Jee‐Heon , Yoon Young‐Chae , Kim Young‐Hoon , Park Jong‐Il , Choi Kang‐Un , Nam Jong‐Ho , Lee Chan‐Hee , Son Jang‐Won , Park Jong‐Seon , Kim Ung
Published: March 2024

Background

Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been demonstrated to decrease cardiovascular adverse events. However, there is little real‐world clinical evidence regarding a direct comparison between dapagliflozin and empagliflozin in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM).

Hypothesis

A difference in the cardiovascular efficancy of dapagliflozin versus empagliflozin in DM patients was anticipated, aiming to guide the optimal choice of SGLT2 inhibitors based on cardiovascular outcomes.

Methods

From 2014 to 2020, a total of 1549 patients with DM who were prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors such as dapagliflozin or empagliflozin were retrospectively enrolled. We categorized the study population into two groups: dapagliflozin (n = 981) and empagliflozin group (n = 568). The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as a composite of all‐cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure (HF) over a 3‐year period.

Results

Propensity‐score matching was performed (537 patients in each group). The mean age and hemoglobin A1c were 58.2 ± 13.0 years and 8.4 ± 1.7%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the dapagliflozin and empagliflozin groups in the risk of MACE (3.7% vs. 4.8%, hazard ratio [HR], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73–2.35; p = 0.349). Furthermore, there were no differences between the two groups in secondary endpoints including all‐cause death, MI, stroke, and hospitalization for HF. Prior MI and history of HF were independent predictors of MACE.

Conclusions

Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin showed no significant difference of real‐world clinical cardiovascular outcomes in patients with DM over a 3‐year period. Further large randomized clinical trials will be warranted for better evaluation.
Reviewing various feature selection techniques in machine learning‐based botnet detection
Authors: Baruah Sangita , Borah Dhruba Jyoti , Deka Vaskar
Published: March 2024

Machine learning approaches are widely used for the detection and classification of emerging botnet variations due to their ability to yield more precise results compared to traditional methods. The relevancy of the features plays a major role in these detection algorithms' effectiveness. As such, the most distinctive characteristics must be extracted from a high‐dimensional dataset that is used to classify botnets. Nevertheless, we discovered that the majority of earlier studies lacked proper analysis and paid little attention to the various feature selection techniques. The main goal of this work is to investigate and assess the advantages and disadvantages of the different feature selection techniques used for botnet detection. Studies show that feature selection is a very efficient way to decrease the amount of storage and processing power required while simultaneously increasing classification accuracy. As a consequence, its application in many other fields has grown. The field of feature selection is recognized for its non‐deterministic polynomial‐time hardness; to mitigate this hardness, metaheuristic techniques have been applied. Metaheuristic algorithms are exceptionally good at performing a global search. In order to choose feature subsets optimally in the field of botnet detection, we additionally prioritize the use of metaheuristic methods. This study offers a more thorough insight of the feature selection strategies that are primarily employed by machine learning‐based botnet detection models. It also offers insights into how better feature selection approaches might be applied to strengthen botnet detection mechanisms. Additionally, it will help in understanding the limitations of existing approaches and identifying areas for improvement.
Utilizing Carbonaceous Materials Derived from [BMIM][TCM] Ionic Liquid Precursor: Dual Role as Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Adsorbents for Aromatics and CO2
Authors: Tzialla Ourania , Theodorakopoulos George V. , Beltsios Konstantinos G. , Pilatos George , Reddy K. Suresh Kumar , Srinivasakannan Chandrasekar , Tuci Giulia , Giambastiani Giuliano , Karanikolos Georgios N. , Katsaros Fotios K. , Kouvelos Evangelos , Romanos George Em.
Published: March 2024

This work presents the synthesis of N‐doped nanoporous carbon materials using the Ionic Liquid (IL) 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide [BMIM][TCM] as a fluidic carbon precursor, employing two carbonization pathways: templated precursor and pyrolysis/activation. Operando monitoring of mass loss during pyrolytic and activation treatments provides insights into chemical processes, including IL decomposition, polycondensation reactions and pore formation. Comparatively low mass reduction rates were observed at all stages. Heat treatments indicated stable pore size and increasing volume/surface area over time. The resulting N‐doped carbon structures were evaluated as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and adsorbents for gases and organic vapors. Materials from the templated precursor pathway exhibited high electrocatalytic performance in ORR, analyzed using Rotating Ring‐Disk electrode (RRDE). Enhanced adsorption of m‐xylene was attributed to wide micropores, while satisfactory CO2 adsorption efficiency was linked to specific morphological features and a relatively high content of N‐sites within the C‐networks. This research contributes valuable insights into the synthesis and applications of N‐doped nanoporous carbon materials, highlighting their potential in electrocatalysis and adsorption processes.
1‐ and 2‐Tetrazolylacetonitrile as Versatile Ligands for Laser Ignitable Energetic Coordination Compounds
Authors: Endraß Simon M. J. , Klapötke Thomas M. , Lommel Marcus , Stierstorfer Jörg , Weidemann Martin L. , Werner Melanie
Published: March 2024

1‐ and 2‐Tetrazolylacetonitrile (1‐ and 2‐TAN) have been synthesized by the reaction of chloroacetonitrile with 1H‐tetrazole under basic conditions. They further were reacted with sodium azide in the presence of zinc(II) chloride to form 5‐((1H‐tetrazol‐1‐yl)methyl)‐1H‐tetrazole (1‐HTMT) and 5‐((2H‐tetrazol‐2‐yl)methyl)‐1H‐tetrazole (2‐HTMT). The nitrogen‐rich compounds have been applied as ligands for Energetic Coordination Compounds (ECCs) and show interesting coordinative behavior due to different bridging modes. The structural variability of the compounds has been proved by low‐temperature X‐ray analysis. The ECCs were analyzed for their sensitivities to provide information about the safety of handling and their capability to serve as primary explosives in detonator setups to replace the commonly used lead styphnate and azide. All colored ECCs were evaluated for their ignitability by laser initiation in translucent polycarbonate primer caps. In addition, the spin‐crossover characteristics of [Fe(1‐TAN)6](ClO4)2 were highlighted by the measurement of the temperature‐dependent susceptibility curve.
Evaluation of the modified 3Mix‐Simvastatin combination in non‐instrumental endodontic therapy of necrotic primary molars: A two‐arm randomized controlled trial
Authors: Almarji Walaa , Laflouf Mohannad , Tolibah Yasser Alsayed
Published: March 2024

Objective

This study aimed to assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes of non‐instrumentation endodontic treatment (NIET) using a modified antibiotic mix of cefixime, ciprofloxacin and metronidazole with simvastatin (an anti‐inflammatory, bone regeneration drug) on necrotic primary molars compared to conventional pulpectomy to help preservation of necrotic primary teeth until its natural exfoliation.

Materials and Methods

Forty mandibular primary second molars with necrotic pulp tissue from 38 healthy patients aged between 4 and 8 years were randomly assigned to two groups with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Group A teeth underwent conventional root canal treatment. The procedure involved a two‐visit approach, employing k‐files and h‐files during the initial visit, followed by the application of calcium hydroxide paste as canal dressing between visits, while Group B teeth were treated with 3Mixtatin. All teeth were clinically evaluated after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, and radiographically at 3, 6, and 12 months. Two external examiners assessed the results. Data analysis was conducted using a chi‐square test at a 0.05 significance level.

Results

At the end of the follow‐up interval, 90% of teeth in each group exhibited no clinical signs or symptoms. Additionally, inter‐radicular radiolucency healing occurred in 75% of cases in the NIET group and 89.5% in the conventional pulpectomy group. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups.

Conclusion

NIET using 3Mixtatin seems to be a good alternative choice to conventional pulpectomy, offering a less complex treatment approach that may help avoid the complications associated with traditional pulpectomy and could be suitable for teeth with shorter roots.
Comparing the activity level of salivary matrix metalloproteinase‐8 in patients with diabetes and moderate to severe chronic generalized periodontitis
Authors: Tavakoli Fatemeh , Faramarzi Masoumeh , Salimnezhad Sepideh , Jafari Bahare , Eslami Hosein , MohammadPourTabrizi Bardia
Published: March 2024

Objectives

The response of the host to plaque can be affected by systemic diseases like diabetes, hormonal changes, or immunological deficits, which can hasten the progression and severity of periodontitis. This study aimed to compare the activity of salivary matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) in patients with moderate to severe generalized chronic generalized periodontitis between healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes who were referred to the Tabriz School of Dentistry.

Materials and Methods

For this cross‐sectional study, 90 patients were randomly divided into three groups based on inclusion and exclusion criteria: patients with chronic generalized periodontitis with diabetes, patients with generalized chronic periodontal disease with normal blood glucose, and a control group of 30 healthy individuals. Participants were instructed not to brush their teeth for 12 h and not to eat or drink for 90 min before saliva sampling. Saliva samples were immediately stored at −80°C and analyzed using an ELISA test.

Results

The results showed that there was a significant difference in salivary MMP‐8 levels among the three groups. Patients with periodontitis and diabetes had the highest levels of salivary MMP‐8, while the control group had the lowest levels. This indicates that chronic generalized periodontitis is strongly associated with the activity level of salivary MMP‐8, and elevated levels of MMP‐8 in diabetic patients demonstrate the impact of diabetes on periodontal disease.

Conclusion

This study highlights the importance of monitoring salivary MMP‐8 levels in patients with periodontitis, especially those with diabetes. It also emphasizes the need for proper management of systemic diseases to prevent or slow down the progression of periodontal disease.
Effect of various staining beverages on the color stability of CAD/CAM PMMA denture teeth: An in vitro study
Authors: Alouch Ehab , Karkoutly Mawia , Teriaky Omar
Published: March 2024

Objective

This study aimed to compare the color change of computer‐aided design (CAD)/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture teeth and conventional acrylic teeth after immersion in three staining beverages (coffee, red tea, and cola) for a day, 7 days, and 30 days.

Materials and Methods

Group 1: Conventional acrylic teeth (n = 32). Group 2: Milled CAD/CAM teeth out of PMMA disc (n = 32). The specimens of each material were further divided into four subgroups: (1) Control group, distilled water (n = 16). (2) Red tea solution (n = 16). (3) Coffee solution (n = 16). (4) Cola (n = 16). The color change () was assessed using a spectrophotometer at four time points: at the baseline (t0), on the 1st day (t1), on the 7th day (t2), and the 30th day (t3) of immersion. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was applied, followed by performing independent samples t test, one‐way analysis of variance and post‐hoc Tukey tests to compare the color change values at different time points.

Results

The mean score of NBS values of the coffee solution indicates perceivable color change at the end of the 30th day in the conventional acrylic teeth group. It was 0.843 ± 0.395 at t1, then increased to 1.017 ± 0.477 at t2 and to 2.259 ± 1.059 at t3. There is a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in color change values between both tooth types at the end of the 30th day of immersion in red tea solution and a statistically significant difference at the end of the 7th day (p < 0.05) and the 30th day (p < 0.05) of immersion in coffee solution.

Conclusions

CAD/CAM PMMA teeth are more color stable than conventional acrylic teeth after 30 days of immersion in coffee and red tea solution.
Recent Advances of CeO2‐Based Composite Materials for Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Yan Yu‐Qing , Wu Yu‐Zheng , Wu Yong‐Hui , Weng Zong‐Lin , Liu Shi‐Jie , Liu Zeng‐Guang , Lu Kang‐Qiang , Han Bin
Published: March 2024

Photocatalysis has the advantages of practical, sustainable and environmental protection, so it plays a significant role in energy transformation and environmental utilization. CeO2 has attracted widespread attention for its unique 4 f electrons, rich defect structures, high oxygen storage capacity and great chemical stability. In this paper, we review the structure of CeO2 and the common methods for the preparation of CeO2‐based composites in the first part. In particular, we highlight the co‐precipitation method, template method, and sol‐gel method methods. Then, in the second part, we introduce the application of CeO2‐based composites in photocatalysis, including photocatalytic CO2 reduction, hydrogen production, degradation, selective organic reaction, and photocatalytic nitrogen fixation. In addition, we discuss several modification techniques to improve the photocatalytic performance of CeO2‐based composites, such as elemental doping, defect engineering, constructing heterojunction and morphology regulation. Finally, the challenges faced by CeO2‐based composites are analyzed and their development prospects are prospected. This review provides a systematic summary of the recent advance of CeO2‐based composites in the field of photocatalysis, which can provide useful references for the rational design of efficient CeO2‐based composite photocatalysts for sustainable development.
A novel UEBASC‐qZSI‐based BLDC motor drive with modified DTC for EV application
Authors: Dutta Avismit , Das Sudhansu Sekhar , Panda Aurobinda
Published: March 2024

At present taking into account the situation of the environment and the growing demand of fossil fuels, electric vehicles (EVs) are a highly promising option for the transportation system. Many manufacturers of electric vehicles employ BLDC motors as the vehicle's driving component. In contrast to the many advantages that BLDC motors offer, one of the major drawbacks of employing these motors is the production of relatively high distortion in electromagnetic torque that is created by commutation. This distortion in torque has an effect on the vehicle's performance. In this proposed work a BLDC motor is powered by a cutting‐edge, highly gained q‐ZSI Ultra‐Extended Boost Active Switch Controlled Based Quasi Z‐source Inverter, or UEBASC‐qZSI. In the aforementioned drive, the torque distortion is minimized with the use of a modified direct torque control approach. With the aid of this UEBASC‐qZSI, the efficiency of EVs can be improved, and the overall safety of the driving cycle is also increased. Any vehicle's efficiency can be enhanced with the help of this UEBASC‐qZSI, and the overall safety of the overall system can also be improved. To validate the efficacy of the system, a Simulink model is developed in the MATLAB platform. Also, a hardware prototype model is developed for experimental authentication. The modeling and investigational findings demonstrate that the proposed system has significantly reduced the torque ripple while obtaining the necessary input dc bus voltage.
Detection of doping substances in paired dried blood spots and urine samples collected during doping controls in Danish fitness centers
Authors: Levernæs Maren Christin Stillesby , Solheim Sara A. , Broderstad Lillian , Zandy Essa , Mørkeberg Jakob , Dehnes Yvette
Published: March 2024

The use of dried blood spot (DBS) in anti‐doping can be advantageous in terms of collection, transportation, and storage compared with the traditional anti‐doping testing matrices urine and venous blood. There could, nonetheless, be disadvantages such as shorter detection windows for some substances compared with urine, but real‐life comparison of the detectability of prohibited substances in DBS and urine is lacking. Herein, we present a liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS)‐based screening method for simultaneous detection of 19 target analytes from the doping substance categories S1–S5 in a single spot. Ninety‐eight urine and upper‐arm DBS (Tasso‐M20) sample pairs were collected from fitness centers customers notified for doping control by Anti Doping Denmark, and three sample pairs were collected from active steroid users undergoing clinical evaluation and treatment at a Danish hospital. The analytical findings were cross compared to evaluate the applicability of the developed DBS testing menu in terms of feasibility and analytical performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the detectability of prohibited substances in DBS and urine samples collected in a doping control setting. Twenty‐seven of the urine samples and 23 DBS samples were positive, and we observed a very high concordance (95%) in the overall analytical results (i.e., positive or negative samples for both urine and DBS). Collectively, these results are very promising, and DBS seems suitable as a stand‐alone matrix in doping control in fitness centers likely because of the high analyte concentration levels in these samples.
Individual differences in motivation to change in individuals with eating disorders: A systematic review
Authors: Robinson Lauren , Flynn Michaela , Cooper Myra
Published: March 2024

Objective

Motivation to change has been suggested to significantly impact treatment outcomes in eating disorders (EDs). This review will investigate factors associated with motivation to change in EDs with the aim of supporting clinicians to be aware and sensitive to factors that might obstruct recovery and to inform motivation‐based interventions.

Method

Using PRISMA guidelines, this article identified 24 studies through database searches meeting eligibility criteria. Only correlates of motivation were identified, limiting the ability of this review to identify causal relationships. Factors that changed alongside changes in motivation were identified from longitudinal studies.

Results

This review identified factors such as individual characteristics, co‐morbid psychopathology, lack of treatment autonomy and relationships with others to be associated with motivation to change in individuals with EDs. In addition, motivation to change significantly increased alongside self‐esteem and identity re‐negotiation when measured longitudinally.

Discussion

Motivational interviewing can typically focus on exploring ambivalence to treatment, identifying goals and values, and increasing self‐efficacy. However, this review identifies individual and relational factors to be particularly significant and may obstruct recovery from an ED. As such, evidence‐based targets have been identified to inform clinicians and motivation‐based interventions.

Public significance

Knowledge of factors associated with motivation to change in EDs is important to understand those who may have poorer treatment outcomes. Motivation may be improved by supporting individuals' relationship with others and tailoring interventions according to temperament and personality traits. Utilizing an individual's social support as they enter ED treatment may be effective in maximizing motivation to recover.
Synthesis of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Carboxamides and Ketones from [1.1.1]Propellane
Authors: Ling Min , Chen Meng‐Ke , Jiang Qian , Cheng Dongping , Li Jing‐Hua
Published: March 2024

Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) carboxamides are prepared from the direct addition of [1.1.1]propellane with semicarbazides in the presence of iron(II) phthalocyanine {Fe(Pc)} and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in moderate to good yields. BCP ketones are also obtained under similar conditions in moderate yields. This protocol provides a straightforward one‐step access to BCP carboxamides, synthesis of which requires multiple chemical steps in previous reports.