bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contingencies of Context
Authors: Stone Mackinnon Emma
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the presence of anticolonial political thought in and as international law, and in particular the legacies of the Algerian Revolution for the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions. The Additional Protocols extended to wars of national liberation the status of international armed conflicts, a move often explained as a straightforward product of context: an effort to expand the reach of humanitarian law to conflicts like those in Algeria and Vietnam. Returning to the legal arguments of the Algerian revolutionaries, however, reveals more complex arguments about what made the conflict international. Rather than straightforwardly nationalist, those arguments entailed robust conceptions of sovereignty, aggression, and the nature of decolonisation as a legal project. Tracing those arguments through the deliberations over the Additional Protocols, the chapter shows how, rather than simply reflecting its context, law operates as a site of historical meaning-making to adjudicate the past’s significance.
Barcelona Traction Re-Imagined
Authors: El Boudouhi Saïda
Published: September 2021

At a time where the future of investment law is often reinvented, this exercise of juris-fiction aims at exploring the relationship between the Barcelona Traction judgment and the course of foreign investment law to determine whether there was room for another evolution. Relying on a theoretical approach that combines normativism with legal realism in an original way, the study looks at different turning points in the course of foreign investment law in order to isolate those which appear as contingent, ie those which could have happened as they could have not happened. Such an enquiry leads to assessing the relative weight that the Barcelona Traction case has played in the remarkable expansion of investor-state dispute settlement. After a short introduction, section II introduces the methodology and used concepts. Section III looks at a few events in the history of foreign investment law in order to distinguish what was contingent and what was unavoidable while, at the same time, identifying what could be turning points. After having set the attention on the Barcelona Traction judgment as a contingent turning point among others, section IV further assesses the causality link between the judgment and foreign investment law through an exercise of imagination in which are considered not only the possible but also the likely effects of a different outcome to the case. By way of conclusion, section V suggests that the Barcelona Traction judgment itself, rather than foreign investment law, was, however, so tightly constrained that it could hardly have been different. It however highlights that the same cannot be said of the Diallo judgment, thus showing that contingency is often related to legal indeterminacy.
From a Fortuitous Transplant to a Fundamental Principle of Law?
Authors: Ostřanský Josef
Published: September 2021

The doctrine of legitimate expectations (LEs) is now considered a backbone principle of international investment law (IIL), particularly of the fair and equitable treatment standard (FET). Open any recent textbook of IIL and you will find discussion on LEs as one of the core principles. However, if one takes a step back, one may see that the notion of legitimate expectations simply appeared in early investment cases ‘out of thin air’. This contribution will argue that, while LEs’ appearance in IIL practice may be viewed as contingent, its ascendance into the principal doctrine of substantive IIL with specific parameters is neither entirely accidental nor random. The use and specific parameters of the doctrine have been allowed and facilitated by both the indeterminate and semantically ambiguous legal form of IIL obligations, and by a specific historical context in which the notion became prominent. The consequence of the argument can be appreciated at two levels. First, it can be argued that even without the contingent ascendance of the notion of LEs, the field of IIL would likely have taken up a similar substantive trajectory. Second, this argument sheds light on questions about how a more substantial change in the regime might be effected, instead of merely reforming certain aspects of the regime without affecting its current premises, structure, substance, and teleology. By doing so, the contribution underlines the difficulties in articulating plausibly what would have made a difference in a particular legal regime.
‘Poisonous Flowers on the Dust-heap of a Dying Capitalism’
Authors: Staggs Kelsall Michelle
Published: September 2021

This chapter revisits the failure of negotiations for a United Nations Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations—the final blow in the attempt to create a New International Economic Order to facilitate equitable resource distribution in the world economy in the final quarter of last century. The chapter invites us to consider failure in international law and to rethink the parameters through which law comes into being. Drawing on the archival record of the Code negotiations, the chapter details the battle between states’ representatives to agree provisions and reconsiders what disagreement meant in this context, and what this can tell us about the struggle to create international law at any moment. It argues that the proceedings shed light on a dissensus present in international law that is often overlooked and framed as consent. By revisiting these proceedings, readers are invited to consider the uncertain certainty provided by international law as both necessary and contingent: it allows the greatest space for state representatives to determine how international law will operate (contingency) yet it is precisely what enables international law to come into being as law (necessity). Pondering this uncertainty gives international lawyers pause for greater reflection on the possibilities contained within international law (and by extension, international lawyering) at any given moment in time.
Introduction
Authors: Bseiso Jehan , Hofman Michiel , Whittall Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Hundreds of thousands of people have been killed and millions displaced in a decade of conflict in Syria. The devastation caused by the unrelenting war makes this crisis one of the most serious humanitarian disasters in recent history. The widely reported and available numbers—more than six million internally displaced and five million refugees, roughly half the population of the entire country—reflects only a fraction of the conflict’s toll (OCHA 2019). Hundreds of thousands of people have been besieged, hospitals have been destroyed, and humanitarian access has been restricted. This has led to countless denunciations from international organizations, states, and civil society movements calling for the laws of war to be respected, sieges lifted, and humanitarian access facilitated. But beneath each of these humanitarian appeals lies a complex reality extending beyond the binary narratives that have come to define the Syria war: of an “evil regime” willing to demolish neutral hospitals in its quest to defeat a popular uprising, or of “terrorists” using hospitals to launch attacks against a legitimate government. Indeed, each reasonable demand for a more humane conduct of warfare interacts with the complexity of Syria’s history and the role of social services in the postcolonial period, the evolution of the application of the law of war in the context of a war on terrorism, the lived experiences of the tactic of siege that follows Syrians across borders, the use and manipulation of humanitarian narratives to fuel complex ...
Endless Siege
Authors: Whittall Jonathan
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines siege from the perspective of the besieged and discusses the way in which siege follows civilians from within Syria to the places they seek refuge. The effects of siege extend far beyond an army’s stated objectives of military encirclement, and those involved in implementing besiegement extend far beyond the direct parties to a conflict. This chapter argues that political opponents separated by interests and ideologies are united in their use of siege tactics in the “war on terror” era. It analyzes a chain of complicity in generating and exploiting human suffering from Syria to its neighbors and from Europe to its international allies.
Continuous and Discrete Spectra
Authors: Lazzarini Victor
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the spectra of audio signals first from a continuous time and continuous frequency perspective. It starts by reviewing Fourier's theorem and then moves on to put it into its most general form, the Fourier transform. The spectra of simple signals are explored and determined. The operation of convolution is introduced, and through its discrete form, it is applied to the concepts of spectrum and waveform as mediated by the Fourier transform. The chapter is completed with a study of the discrete spectra of classic synthesis waveforms. A revised notion of spectrum is presented at the conclusion.
Discrete Time, Discrete Frequency
Authors: Lazzarini Victor
Published: September 2021

This chapter is dedicated to exploring a form of the Fourier transform that can be applied to digital waveforms, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The theory is introduced and discussed as a modification to the continuous-time transform, alongside the concept of windowing in the time domain. The fast Fourier transform is explored as an efficient algorithm for the computation of the DFT. The operation of discrete-time convolution is presented as a straight application of the DFT in musical signal processing. The chapter closes with a detailed look at time-varying convolution, which extends the principles developed earlier. The conclusion expands the definition of spectrum once more.
Time-Frequency Processing
Authors: Lazzarini Victor
Published: September 2021

The idea of dynamic spectral processing, introduced at the end of the previous chapter is fully developed here. The principle of sub-band analysis and synthesis is shown as the basis for a time-varying frequency-domain approach. The short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is introduced as a sequence of time-ordered DFT frames from which amplitude and phase data can be obtained. Different methods for instantaneous frequency estimation are discussed. A streaming system for dynamic spectral processing is introduced, and various modification techniques are explored. The latter part of the chapter presents the Hilbert transform as yet another streaming spectral processing application. The chapter concludes with further additions to the notions of spectrum developed earlier in the volume.
Computer Sound Design
Authors: Lazzarini Victor
Published: September 2021

The principles of sound design within a computational context are demonstrated through a series of examples and techniques. These include additive synthesis, which is the focus of the earlier part of the chapter, and is followed by source-modifier methods, which are complementary to it. The more advanced approaches of granular synthesis and streaming spectral processing complement the discussion, which is fully illustrated with code examples and spectrogram figures. The chapter concludes with an overview of design approaches.
Composing the Spectrum
Authors: Lazzarini Victor
Published: September 2021

This chapter is dedicated to the exploration of spectral music composition. It begins with a general introduction to fundamental aspects of spectral music-making. This discusses the role of metaphors in supporting the realisation of musical ideas, as well as concepts such as space, both physical and virtual. This is followed by a complete analysis of the processes in the composition of Mouvements, a piece of pure spectrally-oriented computer music. The discussion is fully illustrated with code examples taken from the composition, and spectrograms detailing important elements of the piece. The volume concludes with a summary of what the term spectrum signifies from both a musical and a technical point of view.
The Years in Lisbon
Authors: Tomás António
Published: September 2021

After concluding his high school education, Cabral travels to Portugal, Lisbon, for pursing his university studies in agronomy. In Lisbon, Cabral immerses himself in the cultural and social life available to the black youths coming from other parts of the Portuguese empire. More importantly, in Lisbon Cabral acquaints with students from other Portugal dominated territories, such as Mozambique and Angola. With them he does not only builds longstanding friendships, but he also forms a number of anti-colonial and clandestine organizations, which would be the predecessors of the modern national liberation movements that would achieve independence in Cape Verde, Guinea, Angola and Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe.
Modes of Making War
Authors: Tomás António
Published: September 2021

By the time the anticolonial war started in Guinea-Bissau, in terms of counterinsurgency doctrine Cabral could choose from two major theories. On the one hand, the theory of movement, proposed by the likes of Mao, that involved the massive participation of the peasantry. On the other, the foco theory, espoused by Che Guevara and experimented in the Cuban revolution, that consisted of the incursion in a given territory of a small group of revolutionaries with the mission to start the uprising. The revolution in Guinea is the mix between the two. It counted on the one hand with a significant adherence of the Guinean peasantry, but the party’s leadership was in the hand of a handful of cadres, most of them from Cape Verde.
A State Inside the Colony
Authors: Tomás António
Published: September 2021

Guerilla manuals stress the point of the need for the creation of sanctuaries, or rearguard places where the insurgent can store weaponry, receive medical assistance and strategize on operations. Having this in mind, Cabral has devoted a considerable amount of attention to the creation of the liberated zones. Wary of resolving the conflict by simply the military, the liberated zones progressively became the anticipation of an independent Guinea, or the possibility of what an independent Guinea could do. These liberated zones were also cornerstone of PAIGC’s social life for the education and health services they provided to the populations. In the end, then, they also became powerful tools for the party’s propaganda.
Hard Rock, Glam Rock, and Progressive Rock in the 1970s
Authors: Braae Nick
Published: September 2021

This chapter places Queen within the network of the principal rock labels of the 1970s. Extending the work of classical and popular music analysts, a distinction is drawn between style and genre, as pertaining to replicated musical patterns and the cultural meanings afforded by such patterns, respectively. With this distinction in place, Queen’s 1970s outputs are analysed in relation to the style and genre conventions of hard rock, glam rock, and progressive rock. It is demonstrated that the band engaged the style conventions of the former and latter labels, but were positioned closer to glam rock in genre terms. This is evident through their subversive exaggerated articulation of hard and progressive rock style traits, with ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’ encapsulating this relationship.
Once We Were Slaves
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

An obsessive genealogist and descendant of one of the most prominent Jewish families since the American Revolution, Blanche Moses firmly believed her maternal ancestors were Sephardic grandees. Yet she found herself at a dead end when it came to her grandmother’s maternal line. Using family heirlooms to unlock the mystery of Moses’s ancestors, Once We Were Slaves overturns the reclusive heiress’s assumptions about her family history to reveal that her grandmother and great-uncle, Sarah and Isaac Brandon, actually began their lives as poor, Christian, and enslaved in Barbados. Tracing the siblings’ extraordinary journey throughout the Atlantic World, Leibman examines artifacts they left behind in Barbados, Suriname, London, Philadelphia, and, finally, New York to show how Sarah and Isaac were able to transform themselves and their lives, becoming free, wealthy, Jewish, and—at times—white. While their affluence made them unusual, their story mirrors that of the largely forgotten population of people with mixed African and Jewish ancestry that constituted as much as 10 percent of the Jewish communities in which the siblings lived, and sheds new light on the fluidity of race—as well as on the role of religion in racial shift—in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Synagogue Seats
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

Barbados’s floundering economy and racial strife pushed many Jews north to the United States, including Isaac Lopez Brandon and his former enslaver’s son, Moses Lopez. Once a prosperous Bridgetown store owner, Moses Lopez struggled in the cold North, settling first in New York, where his children attended the synagogue’s school, before moving on to Newport and Philadelphia. He reinvented himself as a doctor and dentist, but without much success. Religiously, he also floundered. In Barbados, Moses Lopez had helped run the synagogue, but Philadelphia’s congregation repeatedly refused his requests to become a member. It wasn’t until his mother died and he could pay off his debts and donate a chair that the synagogue took him in. Isaac, on the other hand, had better luck. His father and family paved his way through charitable donations. While not free from racism, Philadelphia was a place that valued self-made men, and Isaac fit right in.
This Liberal City
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

In July of 1820, Isaac Lopez Brandon and his mother landed in Philadelphia, where they joined the growing community of wealthy free people of color who flocked to the northern city from the South and the Caribbean. As in New York, in Philadelphia gradual emancipation led to new opportunities and instigated a racial backlash. While some Jewish Philadelphians worked on behalf of abolition, others owned the print shops and newspapers that published articles fomenting anti-Black ire. Money would ease the Brandons’ path. Philadelphia would be the first place that Isaac’s mother positioned herself not as Lopez or Gill, but as Mrs. Brandon, despite the fact there is no evidence she married Abraham Rodrigues Brandon. Behind the scenes, Abraham helped his niece’s husband secure a job as hazan (religious leader) of the congregation. As in New York, Sarah’s in-laws helped smooth their transition into Jewish life.
Difficulties of Defining Slavery and the Borders between Free and Unfree
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

In this chapter I pay special attention to the terminological and semantic problem for any researcher dealing with slaves and slavery in (pre-)history, namely to establish whether terms such as servus, mancipium, villicus, rusticus, etc. actually defined a free or an unfree person. As a case of illustration, to problematize the sometimes “blurred” situation, I discuss the situation of the Mamluks and the Ottoman Empire. In a sunbchapter I am presenting how Classical authors and jurists approached slavery and freedom, and how they could accept and motivate servile status and the abuse of humans, being used as tools, and in subsequent subchapter I give a very short introduction to the research of slavery, with a focus on the Scandinavian research.
Thralls in Old Norse Poetry and Sagas
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

Thralls occur frequently in Old Norse sagas. According to these literary sources, the picture one gets is of an Icelandic Viking-Age society where slaves were common. Very often the thrall was used as a tool in a saga narrative, for example, as an executor in some feud. What is evident, when reading the sagas, thralls are used as a literary “spice”, to contrast the free. Therefore, it is hazardous to look for qualitative characteristics concerning thralls and their circumstances in society from the Icelandic sagas. What we find is instead the thirteenth-century authors’ impression of Viking-Age slavery.
Evidence for Thralls in Scandinavian Place Names
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

A very important source for reconstruction of pre-historic Scandinavian society is toponymy, place-names. There is a caveat here, similar to what we found regarding runic inscription, namely probably very little cause for including slaves in the naming of settlements (and in minor names). We have some probably certain names, and a larger proportion of potential place-names with terms denoting a slave. The most “secure” terms must be þræll, but we might also consider terms such as bryti, man n., and karli. The conclusion is that place-names can unfortunately shed very little light on slaves in early Scandinavian society.
The End of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia August 1939–April 1941
Authors: Pavlowitch Stevan K.
Published: September 2021

This chapter chronicles the start of the Yugoslav regency and how it managed to protect its territorial integrity and its independence. It assesses the impact of the Depression, the rise of Hitler's Reich, the decline of French power, and the Western Allies' scant sympathy for the country's economic problems. The chapter looks at Yugoslavia, as a united state, and the ideology of integral 'Yugoslavism', which was supposed to merge all the component identities. It highlights the struggles and impending dissolution of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ, Komunistička partija Jugoslavije) and how it continued to act through legal organisations. The chapter then introduces Josip Broz, known as Tito, who had appeared at the eleventh hour to give the party some cohesion. The KPJ thereafter achieved some success as a disciplined movement formed on a federalist basis under a team of able younger men for whom Tito, the executor in Yugoslavia of a line received from Moscow, was the ultimate arbiter. Ultimately, the chapter discusses Germany's diplomatic offensive to get Yugoslavia off its neutrality.
Yugoslavia Broken Up: Hitler’s ‘New Disorder’ 1941
Authors: Pavlowitch Stevan K.
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with the German Supreme Command's announcement of the end of operations on the 'Serbian theatre.' Following World War II, the chapter covers the various categories of prisoners of war who were coming home: those who opted for Croatia, those who originated from the annex territories and from Montenegro, those who belonged to ethnic minorities, and the sick. Almost all the Jews who remained in German captivity, including some 400 officers, survived the war. The chapter also demonstrates how Adolf Hitler wanted to destroy the 'Versailles construct' that was Yugoslavia. Serbs were to be punished; Croats brought over to the Axis; Slovenes Germanised or dispersed. It highlights the dominion of Germany in economic position, communication lines and mineral deposits. Ultimately, the chapter discusses the irrevocable decision of the Führer to carve up Greece and Yugoslavia.
The KPJ Liberates, Conquers and Restores Yugoslavia January 1944–May 1945
Authors: Pavlowitch Stevan K.
Published: September 2021

This chapter illustrates the results of the major Allied landing on the Yugoslav coast and how Marshall Tito's movement became the main beneficiary of British support forthcoming from Italy. It examines the British influence in a restored Yugoslavia, through support for the most active domestic movement. The Yugoslav communists had been active, and radically so, because they were carrying out their own revolutionary plan, for long unobserved. Following the war of Nazi Germany and its allies, the chapter then uncovers a situation that developed in which all the cards were stacked in favour of Tito and the Partisans. It evaluates how the formation of a 'partisan government' at Jajce had left a deep impression on the population of Bosnia. The chapter also presents the Yugoslav communists' less success in Macedonia, and the German withdrawal from Montenegro. Acknowledged as Yugoslavia's prime minister, Tito went to Moscow in April 1945 to sign a twenty-year treaty with the Soviet Union. Ultimately, it analyses Yugoslavia's tremendous human and material losses, the final withdrawal of the Germans, and the communist takeover.
Afterword
Authors: Pavlowitch Stevan K.
Published: September 2021

I was first ‘introduced’ to Stevan Pavlowitch thanks to Hurst sometime in 1993. A freshly arrived refugee from the former-Yugoslavia, unsure what to do with life and yet to begin my university studies in history, I was wandering the streets of Covent Garden when the Africa Centre bookshop on King Street caught my attention. Among the various books on African topics stood a biography of Tito, written by someone obviously of Yugoslav origin, but the spelling of whose surname suggested he had lived outside Yugoslavia for considerably longer than me. It was a Sunday afternoon, the only time I was off work (as a busboy and a barman in London clubs and pubs), and the bookshop was closed, to my disappointment. I stared at the book display for what seemed like a long time, excited and emotional, probably wondering who was Stevan K. Pavlowitch, what did he write about Tito, my (our?) former president, and why would an African cultural centre sell a biography of Yugoslavia’s late leader....
Recognition
Authors: Rhode Deborah L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores recognition, or what social scientists sometimes label status. Recognition is a fundamental need, but it takes different forms. Some people crave respect from peers; others want the applause of multitudes. The quest for recognition can have positive consequences in driving performance and encouraging generosity. But it can easily turn toxic, because acclaim is addictive and the desire can never be fully satisfied. For many people, the more recognition they receive, the more they require -- and fame is often fleeting. Overt self-aggrandizement is usually self-defeating. Mental health and satisfaction is lower among people strongly invested in acclaim than in intrinsic goals such as relationships, personal growth, and contributing to a larger cause or community. Although our craving for recognition is deeply rooted, our culture can do more to refocus what people seek recognition for and to reward those who serve socially valued ends beyond their own.
The Role of Families, Schools, and Colleges
Authors: Rhode Deborah L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the challenges for families and schools in channeling ambitions in more productive directions. Today’s adolescents confront a world of growing pressures, which are also increasing mental health challenges. Parents’ vicarious ambitions can compound the problems if they push children to focus too much on extrinsic markers of success at the expense of intrinsic motivations to learn and ethical values. Both schools and families should help students to develop persistence, resilience, a strong moral compass, and commitment to the common good. Opportunities for service learning, internships and mentorships can encourage constructive ambitions. So too, parents and colleges must better control the preoccupation with prestige that has hijacked admission processes and encouraged gaming the system. Educators should also modify admission criteria such as legacy, donor, and athletic preferences that advantage already advantaged applicants.
Ambition for What? At What Cost?
Authors: Rhode Deborah L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the ambitions that are most likely to yield happiness, well-being, and meaning and examines the costs of ambitions that are more narrowly focused on money, power, and recognition. Although what individuals will find most fulfilling is deeply personal, individuals can benefit from the insights of the world’s great thinkers and contemporary researchers. Discussion focuses on what philosophers have claimed and positive psychologists have documented about contributors to what is variously termed happiness, well-being or flourishing. In general people benefit from a mix of pursuits that supply pleasure, accomplishment, meaning, purpose, and positive relationships. Families, societies, and even individuals themselves are most likely to thrive when people pursue goals beyond their own satisfaction and success. The chapter closes with tools to help them think more deeply about their legacy and what ambition means and should mean for them.
Introduction
Authors: Pasternak Avia
Published: September 2021

Holding states responsible for their wrongdoings is a common practice. At both the domestic and the international level, states routinely pay compensation and other forms of reparation for wrongs they inflicted on other states and individuals. This introductory chapter identifies the core questions which this common practice raises, and which are explored in the book: How should a state’s corporate remedial responsibilities with regard to its wrongdoings be distributed among its citizens? What factors should determine the shape of the distribution? Can the common practice of letting the burden fall on the citizenry at large be justified? If so, in what type of states? The chapter explains these questions and outlines the key findings the book offers in response.
Intentional Participation and Nonproportional Distribution
Authors: Pasternak Avia
Published: September 2021

This chapter develops a justification for a nonproportional distribution of a group’s remedial liabilities for its wrongdoings. The justification is grounded in the group members’ participation in their group. Drawing on Christopher Kutz’s model of collective action, it suggests that people participate in a group act when they have a participatory intention in take part in the act. It then argues that when people intentionally participate in collective action, they incur the duty to accept a nonproportional share of the burdens that flow from that action, in circumstances where a proportional distribution is not feasible or is very costly. However, there are limits to this obligation: it arises only when the group members’ participatory intentions are genuine, and not forced on them against their will.
Intentional Citizenship and Regime Types
Authors: Pasternak Avia
Published: September 2021

This chapter applies the idea of “intentional citizenship” to real-world states and their citizens. It examines people’s attitudes to their state as reported in cross-national attitude surveys on national identity. This data demonstrates that in most democratic countries, large majorities of the population have a fairly strong attachment to their country or their state, and are its intentional participants. As such they are liable for a nonproportional distribution of their states’ remedial obligations. The chapter then turns to examine the scope of intentional citizenship in nondemocratic states. Using recent studies from comparative politics on the nature of nondemocratic states, it examines the ways in which patterns of civic participation, state oppression and state manipulation affect intentional citizenship.
How Should Learning through STEM and Music Be Aligned?
Authors: Longo Shawna
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins by providing a few “Pool Rules” before jumping into aligning STEM and Music. The importance of quality and authenticity in the learning experience is paramount, and this part of the book seeks to help the reader achieve both. The chapter then explores multiple sides of STEM and Music to provide guidance on using and assessing high-quality educational standards currently available to the greater educational community. Each set of standards explained provides another way that educators may find direct connections between content areas. These standards include the Next Generation Science Standards, International Society for Technology in Education Standards, Computer Science Teachers Association & K–12 Computer Science Framework, Common Core Mathematics Standards for Practice, Engineering Standards, and National Core Arts Standards.
Instructional Plans: Grades K–2
Authors: Longo Shawna
Published: September 2021

Chapter 5 presents three instructional plans that are geared toward grades K–2. Instructional plans consist of planning necessities, standard alignment, alignment to philosophies approached in earlier chapters, as well as instructional procedures and assessments. Adaptations for other grade-level bands as well as potential extensions are available for each plan. This chapter includes the following instructional plans: Shapes of Electric Guitars, Sound Amplification and Speaker Building, and Measuring Length and Pitch. In Shapes of Electric Guitars, students will design guitar bodies and perform on them using available technology. In Sound Amplification, students will analyze and experiment with sound waves, eventually building their own small speaker. In Measuring Length and Pitch, students will measure pitched tubes to determine the mathematical relationship between pitches.
Instructional Plans: Grades 3–5
Authors: Longo Shawna
Published: September 2021

Chapter 6 presents three instructional plans that are geared toward grades 3–5. Instructional plans consist of planning necessities, standard alignment, alignment to philosophies approached in earlier chapters, as well as instructional procedures and assessments. Adaptations for other grade-level bands as well as potential extensions are available for each plan. This chapter includes the following instructional plans: Invent an Instrument Using Recycled Materials, Composing Using Light: Musical Automata, and Performing Music Using Light: Theremins and Oscillators. During Invent an Instrument Using Recycled Materials, students will design and build an instrument that they can use in performance. In Composing Using Light: Musical Automata, students will use the concepts of transferring energy and photosensitive circuits to compose a piece of music. In Performing Music Using Light: Theremins and Oscillators, students will use concepts such as voltage, resistance, and oscillation, to create their own electronic musical instruments that change pitch depending on exposure to light.
“As Different . . . as Light Is from Darkness”
Authors: Steward Gary L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that the clergy’s overall perspective on political resistance remained consistent, even as political loyalties shifted with the Declaration of Independence in 1776. John Witherspoon, the leading clergyman to publicly support independence, remained consistent in his rejection of political absolutism and his belief in the doctrine of resistance. He did not agree with the perspective of Thomas Paine and other political radicals but argued for resistance along the lines of his own theological tradition. Support for political independence, it is argued, should not be viewed as signaling a broader shift in Witherspoon’s ethical and philosophical views. He did not embrace a secular understanding of moral virtue held by philosophers like Francis Hutcheson. His moral philosophy and approach to moral questions remained consistent with his own theological tradition, and no major shift needs to be asserted in this regard.
Conclusion
Authors: Steward Gary L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter concludes by hinting at the broader implications for understanding the clergy’s political resistance thought during this time period. The clergy’s justification of political resistance in the American Revolution cannot be used to argue for a major shift in American Protestant thought. Nor should the Revolution be understood in purely secular terms. The justifications of resistance made by the clerical leaders highlight the religious nature of many people’s thought processes in this time period. While the patriot clergy rejected political absolutism and supported active measures of defensive resistance, this should not be understood as a defection from their historic Protestant tradition.
Liquid Meaning in Sanskrit Poetics
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick
Published: September 2021

Chapter three surveys classical Indian literary theory and looks at how rasa (liquid meaning) became considered to be the goal of the literary work of art. The chapter considers a vision of the poetic work of art that is radically different from the models of private, silent reading that most Westerners have been brought up with. The text discusses how rasa is achieved through resonant suggestion, and how the meaning of a poem is understood in terms of its taste. The production of rasa is viewed through classical Indian aesthetics as well as though works of Western literary critics who have put forth resonant ideas. The Meghadūta is seen as an exemplary work in this regard.
Narrational Complexity
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2021

What makes a narrative complex? Different disciplines have defined complexity in a number of ways, but all of them reduce to the notion of counting. In education, one often finds complexity metrics based on counts of the words in the average sentence and the number of syllables in the words. Is there anything in movies like this? Not clearly. But rather than focusing on the narrative (the story) per se, this chapter focuses on the narration (how the story is told). One possible measure of narrational complexity is the number of narrational shifts in a given movie. Given the growth in number of syntagma during the past 50 years—a reflection of the construction of the narration—there is ample evidence for these shifts being a reasonable measure of complexity. They also appear to reinforce emotional commitment in the viewer.
The Light of the Lux
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about Marshal Tito's return to Moscow in early 1935 after having successfully carried out the missions in Vienna and Ljubljana. It recounts Tito's arrival in the Soviet Union in February 1935, after having been co-opted in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) and elected to the Politburo. It also analyzes Tito's work in the special “cadre department” of the Communist International (KI), which belonged to the Soviet intelligence apparatus. The chapter describes Tito as a military-trained cadre, a specialist in secret agent activities, organizing secretary, and underground activist. It looks at the structure of the apparatus and communist parties of the Comintern, which are considered as a visible political manifestation.
Marshal
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts how the Comintern had been pushed into the background after moving first to Kuybyshev and then to Ufa, and finally away from the Moscow vortex. It tells of the eventual expiration of the Comintern in the summer of 1943, during which Fascist Italy also collapsed between July and September. It also refers to Vladimir Nazor, a well-known poet who joined the Partisans despite his advanced age, who wrote a few poems that were set to music by composer Oskar Danon in the glory of the newly minted Marshal Tito. The chapter discusses the arrival of the US delegation in Tehran for the Allied conference codenamed “Eureka” in November 1943 with a bundle of raw estimates and worst-case scenarios. It mentions Harry Hopkins, Roosevelt's special advisor, who anticipated Soviet domination in postwar Europe.
Eagle
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the Soviet expedition headed by General Lieutenant Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneyev of the twelve C-47 transport aircraft that flew to Astrakhan and then proceeded to Baku, Tehran, Baghdad, Tripoli, and Tunis. It describes Operation Bari as a Soviet special operation of the largest scale that intended to exercise control over the guerrillas from Athens to Marseille and then land the role of the key political factor in the new, fascism-free Europe. It also talks about the Italian government of Marshal Badoglio, who was most inclined to accept the Soviets as he had been entrusted by the Italian king with forming a new government after the capitulation. The chapter recounts how Badoglio's government agreed to make the base available to the Soviets in exchange for Joseph Stalin's recognition. It highlights that the city of Bari became the Red Army's Mediterranean headquarters.
Panther’s Jump
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with an account of General Nikolai Korneyev about the British mission that discreetly informed Marshal Tito's Supreme Command about a possible German raid, refusing to be be specific in order to avoid compromising the source. It emphasizes that the intelligence of the raid was obtained by breaking the radio communications encrypted by the Enigma cipher machine. It also mentions Captain Franz Kraigher, who was the first to inform the German command about Tito's relocation from Jajce to Drvar. The chapter focuses on the Panther Group's mission on land to determine the suspected location of Tito's Supreme Command, Šobića groblje — the local cemetery. It discusses how the Germans had obtained reliable information about the location of the radio center of Tito's Supreme Command through goniometry and intelligence.
The Belgrade Operation
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyzes how self-styled Marshal Tito was impressed with the fourteen-year older generalissimo, Joseph Stalin, who was at the peak of his power and was able to move armies of millions. It talks about Stalin's intention to give Tito arms for building a real army and to send two Soviet strategic formations to the Balkan theater of operations. It also mentions the representatives of the Bulgarian Fatherland Front who went to Craiova in Romania to sign an agreement with Tito on the engagement of their army against the German forces on the Yugoslav front. The chapter details Stalin's arrangement with Stalin about the Red Army entering Yugoslavia, liberating Belgrade, and simultaneously cutting the German Army Group E's withdrawal route from Greece along the Morava Valley. It examines how the Yugoslav Partisan participated in the operation with its forces that had been crossing from Bosnia into Serbia.
L’homme Nikita
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter cites the Sixth Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) that took place in Zagreb, where the party was renamed the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY). It details how the LCY was modernized and federalized as the umbrella organization of six separate territorial parties. It also mentions Milovan Đilas, chief of agitprop that went much further in the iconoclasm. The chapter analyzes Đilas' articles, in which he argued that Joseph Stalin's ideas had nothing to do with Marxism and that they were much closer to Adolf Hitler's. It discusses how Đilas went to the opposite extreme by proclaiming Stalinism to be fascist in nature while Joseph Stalin was still alive and well in the Kremlin.
From Desert to Wilderness
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter details Marshal Tito's great African tour, accompanied by numerous state officials aboard his 4,000-ton cruiser Galeb in February 1961. It describes Tito's expedition as a political adventure that only he was capable of and where he showed ambition to become the major player in Africa to rival Western interests. It also recounts how Tito maintained equidistance between the big powers and modified the centralized economy with some limited competition between state-owned companies. The chapter recounts Tito's receipt of huge amounts of money from the West for breaking the monolith of world communism. It mentions Dr Kwame Nkrumah, a professor of philosophy who welcomed Tito in Accra, the capital of the newly independent country of Ghana.
The Reifying Pattern
Authors: Valmisa Mercedes
Published: September 2021

Early Chinese texts make us witnesses to (sometimes implicit) debates about the power, or lack thereof, that humans had over the course of events, the outcomes of their actions, and their own lives. In the midst of these discourses on the limits of the efficacy of human agency, the notion of ming命‎ acquired particular relevance and took a central position. Overall, we may understand ming as everything that happens without human intervention and remains out of human control. Most early thinkers shared a pattern of thinking about ming that established a problematic relationship between the person and the world: the reifying pattern, where the person was thought to be overpowered by external, objective, imposing, limiting, and detrimental forces. Chapter 4 analyzes the reifying pattern via the Mengzi and Guodian Tang Yu zhi dao.
The New Math
Authors: Bronner Yigal
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the first concentrated effort to theorize and defend Madhva’s inversion against traditional interpretive theory. The protagonist of this chapter is Vyāsatīrtha, the great architect of Dualist Vedānta as a major philosophical, social, and political movement under the auspices of the Vijayanagara Empire. Vyāsatīrtha assembles a systematic defense of the power of the closing. He builds his argument out of existing Mīmāṃsā case law, gathering an array of interpretive decisions in which, he argues, it is really the closing that is the deciding factor. He also reexamines the cases traditionally thought to illustrate the power of the opening, demonstrating in each that some interpretive criterion other than sequence really dictates the agreed-upon conclusion. Thus, without actually challenging the existing interpretive conclusions of the entire Mīmāṃsā tradition, Vyāsatīrtha develops (or, in his mind, reveals) a “new math” that both upholds Madhva’s theory and explains a variety of old results.
The New Attitude
Authors: Bronner Yigal
Published: September 2021

This chapter features Vijayīndratīrtha, the grand-pupil of Vyāsatīrtha, author of Conquest of the Closing (Upasaṃhāravijaya), which attacks Appayya Dīkṣita’s monograph. However, he and his nemesis had much more in common than either was prepared to acknowledge. Appayya Dīkṣita had pioneered the technique of inverting any principle that prioritizes the closing by showing that it cuts both ways and could be used to support the power of the opening. Vijayīndratīrtha adopts this technique and shows that Appayya Dīkṣita’s arguments can work against him in the same way. He thereby effectively defuses Appayya Dīkṣita’s arguments for the power of the opening, without decisively confirming the counterposition. This method leaves him, possibly by design, with a strong debater’s argument against his opponent but with a weak and possibly insincere defense of his own position. This mode of argumentation gives Vijayīndratīrtha’s work a distinctly flippant tone, rarely seen in earlier Sanskrit scholastic thought.