bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volumetric changes of grafted volumes and the Schneiderian membrane after transcrestal and lateral sinus floor elevation procedures: A clinical, pilot study
Authors: Temmerman Andy , Van Dessel Jeroen , Cortellini Simone , Jacobs Reinhilde , Teughels Wim , Quirynen Marc
Published: April 2017

Aim

To investigate the influence of various surgical techniques for sinus augmentation on the volumetric changes of graft, membrane and the post‐operative discomfort.

Materials and Methods

Eighteen patients in need of bilateral sinus floor elevation (SFE) were assigned to lateral SFE, transcrestal SFE and intralift procedures. CBCT images taken at baseline, 1 week and 6 weeks were analysed for volumetric changes in graft and Schneiderian membrane. Questionnaires were used to analyse post‐op discomfort.

Results

The overall average graft volume obtained after 1 week was 1.87 cm3 (range 0.12–4.72 cm3). Volumes decreased after 6 weeks to an overall mean volume of 1.33 cm3 (range 0.10–4.29 cm3 – average decrease of 27.6%). After 6 weeks, the amount of graft volume decreased in every treatment option, ranging from −23.13% for the tSFE, over −24.55% for the lSFE, to −33.71% for the IL. Although all treatment options correspond in an increase in Schneiderian membrane volume, no statistically significant correlation between this increase and loss of graft volume could be obtained for all treatments (p = 0.97).

Conclusion

All SFE techniques provided sufficient graft volume for implant treatment. All techniques provoke a partially transient swelling of the Schneiderian membrane. All techniques resulted in a decrease in graft volume after 6 weeks; however, no significant differences were obtained between treatments. Furthermore, no statistical significant correlation between the post‐operative swelling of the Schneiderian membrane and reduction in graft volume at 6 weeks could be obtained.
Museum samples could help to reconstruct the original distribution of Salmo trutta complex in Italy
Authors: Splendiani A. , Fioravanti T. , Giovannotti M. , Olivieri L. , Ruggeri P. , Nisi Cerioni P. , Vanni S. , Enrichetti F. , Caputo Barucchi V.
Published: April 2017

Partial D‐loop sequences of museum specimens of brown trout and marble trout (Salmo trutta species complex) collected from Mediterranean rivers in the late 19th century were analysed to help to describe the native distribution of these species. All the individuals studied carried native haplotypes, the geographic distribution of which is consistent with published data. These results indicate that museum specimens from the 19th century could represent an opportunity to get a picture of the original genetic diversity distribution of this species complex.
The Waste Footprint of French Households in 2020: A Comparison of Scenarios of Consumption Growth Using Input‐Output Analysis
Authors: Beylot Antoine , Boitier Baptiste , Lancesseur Nicolas , Villeneuve Jacques
Published: April 2017

This study aims at quantifying and analyzing the waste footprint of French household consumption in 2020 with respect to different scenarios of economic growth. Three models are jointly used: (1) a multiregional unilateral input‐output model extended to waste, to quantify waste generation from economic activities induced by household consumption; (2) a coefficient‐based model dedicated to quantifying postconsumer waste as a function of household consumption; and (3) the New Econometric Model of Evaluation by Sectorial Interdependency and Supply (NEMESIS), a macroeconometric model used to elaborate different scenarios of growth in household consumption in the period 2008–2020. Three scenarios consider changes primarily in terms of household consumption volume, while one scenario additionally considers changes in the composition of consumption according to the past‐30‐year trend. First, this study suggests that if the trend in changes of composition is maintained, it will lead, by 2020, to a “relative” decoupling between French household consumption and waste footprint with respect to dry recyclables, mixed wastes, and organic wastes and to an “absolute” decoupling with respect to mineral wastes. Second, this study provides a mapping of the changes in French household waste footprints from 2008 to 2020 as a function of scenarios, with indications of where these changes would actually occur in the economy (waste from economic activities or postconsumer waste) and geographically (in France or abroad). In particular, for most of the scenarios considered, changes in French household consumption from 2008 to 2020 primarily induce changes in organic and mineral waste generation abroad rather than in France.
Natural genomic amplification of cholinesterase genes in animals
Authors: Chatonnet Arnaud , Lenfant Nicolas , Marchot Pascale , Selkirk Murray E.
Published: April 2017

Tight control of the concentration of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses requires precise regulation of the number and state of the acetylcholine receptors, and of the synthesis and degradation of the neurotransmitter. In particular, the cholinesterase activity has to be controlled exquisitely. In the genome of the first experimental models used (man, mouse, zebrafish and drosophila), there are only one or two genes coding for cholinesterases, whereas there are more genes for their closest relatives the carboxylesterases. Natural amplification of cholinesterase genes was first found to occur in some cancer cells and in insect species subjected to evolutionary pressure by insecticides. Analysis of the complete genome sequences of numerous representatives of the various metazoan phyla show that moderate amplification of cholinesterase genes is not uncommon in molluscs, echinoderms, hemichordates, prochordates or lepidosauria. Amplification of acetylcholinesterase genes is also a feature of parasitic nematodes or ticks. In these parasites, over‐production of cholinesterase‐like proteins in secreted products and the saliva are presumed to have effector roles related to host infection. These amplification events raise questions about the role of the amplified gene products, and the adaptation processes necessary to preserve efficient cholinergic transmission.

This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.

image
Exercise and BDNF reduce Aβ production by enhancing α‐secretase processing of APP
Authors: Nigam Saket M. , Xu Shaohua , Kritikou Joanna S. , Marosi Krisztina , Brodin Lennart , Mattson Mark P.
Published: April 2017

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age‐related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by aggregation of toxic forms of amyloid β peptide (Aβ). Treatment strategies have largely been focused on inhibiting the enzymes (β‐ and γ‐secretases) that liberate Aβ from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). While evidence suggests that individuals who exercise regularly are at reduced risk for AD and studies of animal models demonstrate that running can ameliorate brain Aβ pathology and associated cognitive deficits, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. However, considerable evidence suggests that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mediates beneficial effects of exercise on neuroplasticity and cellular stress resistance. Here, we tested the hypothesis that BDNF promotes non‐amyloidogenic APP processing. Using a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease and cultured human neural cells, we demonstrate that exercise and BDNF reduce production of toxic Aβ peptides through a mechanism involving enhanced α‐secretase processing of APP. This anti‐amyloidogenic APP processing involves subcellular redistribution of α‐secretase and an increase in intracellular neuroprotective APP peptides capable of binding and inhibiting β‐secretase. Moreover, our results suggest that BDNF's ability to promote neurite outgrowth is primarily exerted through pathways other than APP processing. Exercise and other factors that enhance BDNF signaling may therefore have both therapeutic and prophylactic value in the battle against AD.

Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 191.

image
Effectiveness of topical clove oil on symptomatic treatment of chronic pruritus
Authors: Ibrahim Ibrahim M , Elsaie Mohamed L. , Almohsen Abdelraouf M , Mohey‐Eddin Mahmoud H
Published: April 2017

Background

Pruritus is a frequent symptom in the general population and in many skin and systemic diseases. Its frequency demonstrates a high burden and an impaired quality of life.

Aim

Assessment of the efficacy of topically applied clove oil alone in the treatment of chronic pruritus.

Methods

Fifty selected subjects diagnosed with chronic pruritus due to either hepatic, renal, or diabetic causes were studied and divided into two groups of 25 patients each. Group I patients were instructed to hydrate the skin and then apply topical clove oil while group II patients applied petrolatum topically by hand; this application was done on the areas of pruritus, twice daily and for 2 weeks. The severity of the itch was assessed and compared before and after the study by 5‐D itch scale. The results were analyzed by SPSS. Statistical methods such as descriptive analysis, independent‐samples t‐test, paired‐samples t‐test, and chi‐square were employed.

Results

There was a significant improvement regarding all studied individual parameters (5‐D itch scale) for the clove oil users with no significance among petrolatum users. Comparison of 5‐D itch scale total score between patients of group I and patients of group II favored the improvement following the use of clove oil than using placebo (P value>.05).

Conclusion

The topical treatment of chronic pruritus with clove oils is effective, easy to use, safe, cheap, and more acceptable for whom topical and systemic treatments tend to be irritating, contraindicated, or less well tolerated.
Intrahospital transfers and the impact on nursing workload
Authors: Blay Nicole , Roche Michael A , Duffield Christine , Gallagher Robyn
Published: April 2017

Aims and objectives

To determine the rate of patient moves and the impact on nurses’ time.

Background

Bed shortages and strategies designed to increase patient flow have led to a global increase in patient transfers between wards. The impact of transferring patients between wards and between beds within a ward on nurses’ workload has not previously been measured.

Design

A two‐stage sequential study. Retrospective analysis of hospital data and a prospective observational‐timing study.

Methods

Secondary analysis of an administrative data set to inform the rate of ward and bed transfers (n = 34,715) was undertaken followed by an observational‐timing study of nurses’ activities associated with patient transfers (n = 75).

Results

Over 10,000 patients were moved 34,715 times in 1 year which equates to an average of 2.4 transfers per patient. On average, patient transfers took 42 min and bed transfers took 11 min of nurses’ time. Based on the frequency of patient moves, 11.3 full‐time equivalent nurses are needed to move patients within the site hospital each month.

Conclusion

Transferring patients is workload intensive on nurses’ time and should be included in nursing workload measurement systems.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses at the site hospital spend over 1700 hr each month on activities associated with transferring patients, meaning that less time is available for nursing care.
The effects of threshold inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised experimental study
Authors: Chuang Han‐Yu , Chang Hsiao‐Yun , Fang Yueh‐Yen , Guo Su‐Er
Published: April 2017

Aims and objectives

To investigate the effects of threshold inspiratory muscle training in patients with stages II through IV chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using maximum inspiratory pressure, baseline dyspnoea index, 6‐minute walk test and quality of life.

Background

A threshold inspiratory muscle training device provides pressure for inspiratory muscle strength, but there is limited information on the effects of threshold inspiratory muscle training starting at low pressure training.

Design

Randomised experimental design.

Methods

A total of 55 patients completed this study between September 2013–April 2014. The experimental group (n = 27) was provided medical treatment and routine care, along with five sessions of threshold inspiratory muscle training per week (21–30 min per session), accompanied by a progressive increase in the pressure threshold over a period of 8 weeks. The control group (n = 28) was provided medical treatment and routine care only, without intervention. In the inferential analysis, p values <.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.

Results

After 8 weeks in the experimental group, mean maximum inspiratory pressure improved by −17.6 ± 0.18 cmH2O, mean 6‐minute walk test improved by 47.8 ± 1.46 m, and the baseline dyspnoea index increased from 4.48 ± 2.12 points to 9.0 ± 2.27 points. These data and quality of life were statistically different between the experimental and the control groups (p < .05).

Conclusions

The threshold inspiratory muscle training can reduce patients’ difficulties with respect to daily activities, thereby reducing the burden on the family, and improving prognosis in patients with moderate‐to‐very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The stories of frequent attenders to the Emergency Department
Authors: Robinson Karin , Lucas Elizabeth , van den Dolder Paul , Halcomb Elizabeth
Published: April 2017

Aims and objectives

To explore the experiences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) amongst individuals who have a high frequency of presentations to the Emergency Department and their carers.

Background

Patients with COPD are amongst the most frequent attenders in the Emergency Department despite the chronic nature of their condition. Good self‐management has previously been identified as a key to maintaining health and reducing COPD exacerbations. There has been limited investigation of those with COPD who frequently attend the Emergency Department.

Design

Descriptive qualitative phase of a mixed methods study.

Methods

Individuals who had attended an Emergency Department within a single health district at least three times in the previous year for COPD were invited to participate in semistructured face‐to‐face interviews. A total of 19 individuals consented to participate, of whom 12 were male. Half of the interviews included both those with COPD and carers. Data were audio‐recorded and transcribed, before being analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Five main themes emerged from the data, namely (i) a sense of grief, loss and guilt, yet hope for the future; (ii) the impact on carers; (iii) the end point of self‐management; (iv) the healthcare experience; and (v) the primary care experience.

Conclusion

The experience of individuals with COPD who frequently present to the Emergency Department and their carers highlights the complexity of living with this disease. Providing effective intervention to manage exacerbation requires an understanding of the issues that are faced by patients and their carers. Clear systems and skills for sharing information are essential to decrease avoidable use of the Emergency Department.
Patients and families realising their future with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—A qualitative study
Authors: Bragadottir Gudrun H , Halldorsdottir Bryndis S , Ingadottir Thorbjorg S , Jonsdottir Helga
Published: April 2017

Aims and objectives

To gain insight into the lived experience of learning about having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for patients and their families.

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease often progresses for years. Adjustment to declining health is gradual, and the disease may have developed considerably when health care is sought and people are diagnosed. Reaching patients at early stages is necessary to delay progression of the disease.

Design

Interpretive phenomenology.

Methods

Data were collected in four family focus group interviews (N = 37) and a subsample of eight family‐dyad interviews. Patients were eight men, and 14 women aged 51–68 years. Majority of the patients (n = 19) were at GOLD grades II and III, with three at grade IV. The family members were eight men, and seven women aged 29–73 years. Data were collected between June–November 2012.

Results

Five, not mutually exclusive themes, revealed a long and arduous process of learning about and becoming diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and how unaware participants were of the imminent threat that the disease imposes on life. The themes were as follows: burden of shame and self‐blame, enclosed in addiction, living in parallel worlds, realising the existence of the disease and a cry for empathy.

Conclusions

Learning about and realising the existence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and what it entails at present time and in the future was bleak for the participants. The patients tended to put aside the thought of being a person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and defer actions that might halter progression of the disease, particularly to quit smoking.

Relevance to clinical practice

Individuals and families need support early in the disease process to realise and accept the existence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and particularly to deal with the challenges that nicotine addiction, shame and self‐blame present. Increased public awareness about this enormous, but hidden, health problem is necessary.
Selling Failed Banks
Authors: GRANJA JOÃO , MATVOS GREGOR , SERU AMIT
Published: April 2017

The average FDIC loss from selling a failed bank is 28% of assets. We document that failed banks are predominantly sold to bidders within the same county, with similar assets business lines, when these bidders are well capitalized. Otherwise, they are acquired by less similar banks located further away. We interpret these facts within a model of auctions with budget constraints, in which poor capitalization of some potential acquirers drives a wedge between their willingness and ability to pay for failed banks. We document that this wedge drives misallocation, and partially explains the FDIC losses from failed bank sales.
Women in Prosthodontics: A Brief Look at Pioneers, Leaders, and Inspirers
Authors: Afshari Fatemeh S. , Yuan Judy Chia‐Chun , Sukotjo Cortino
Published: April 2017

There are several women pioneers in prosthodontics, and each deserves recognition and admiration for all she has achieved in helping bridge the gender gap in dentistry. Women have come a long way from being first depicted as a thieving woman assistant in early 1523 to becoming award‐winning, Board‐certified clinicians, program directors, department chairs, and deans of dental schools. However, current female resident membership in the American College of Prosthodontists is less than 40%. Women in leadership roles are still scarce, and advancement is still needed. This article provides a brief summary of the history of prosthodontics, highlighting prominent women prosthodontists and their stories, while providing inspiration for future prosthodontists, men as well as women.
An Alternative Prosthetic Approach for Rehabilitation of Two Edentulous Maxillectomy Patients: Clinical Report
Authors: Yenisey Murat , Külünk Şafak , Kaleli Necati
Published: April 2017

Obturator prosthesis is a common treatment method for maxillectomy patients for maintaining their oronasal separation and resuming their social lives. After tumor resection, the remaining anatomical structures have a significant effect on prosthesis retention. The present study describes the rehabilitation of two maxillectomy patients after cancer surgery using a prosthesis consisting of a denture and a special retentive obturator that is positioned in the anatomical undercuts of the nasal cavity. These patients have undergone total and subtotal maxillectomy surgery after the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. The systemic and local health status of the total maxillectomy patient was not suitable for zygomatic implant surgery. Only one osseointegrated dental implant was placed into the left maxillary tuberosity area in the subtotal maxillectomy patient. In addition, the quality, vertical height, and horizontal width of the remaining bone structures in the maxilla limited the use of osseointegrated dental implants. Mechanical prosthesis retention was provided using a multiunit retentive mechanism composed of an orthodontic forsus fatigue resistant device (OFFRD), two Herbst appliances, and an acrylic piece associated with healthy keratinized mucosa. The OFFRD could easily apply a consistent force and push the acrylic pieces toward the retentive undercut under the control of the two Herbst appliances. Two OFFRD units in different directions were designed for the total maxillectomy patient, while only one OFFRD unit was placed on the opposite side of the osseointegrated implant in the subtotal maxillectomy patient. A sufficient retention was obtained for both patients. The patients were satisfied, and no major complications were observed in periodic controls.
Relationships Among Student, Staff, and Administrative Measures of School Climate and Student Health and Academic Outcomes
Authors: Gase Lauren N. , Gomez Louis M. , Kuo Tony , Glenn Beth A. , Inkelas Moira , Ponce Ninez A.
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

School climate is an integral part of a comprehensive approach to improving the well‐being of students; however, little is known about the relationships between its different domains and measures. We examined the relationships between student, staff, and administrative measures of school climate to understand the extent to which they were related to each other and student outcomes.

METHODS

The sample included 33,572 secondary school students from 121 schools in Los Angeles County during the 2014‐2015 academic year. A multilevel regression model was constructed to examine the association between the domains and measures of school climate and 5 outcomes of student well‐being: depressive symptoms or suicidal ideation, tobacco use, alcohol use, marijuana use, and grades.

RESULTS

Student, staff, and administrative measures of school climate were weakly correlated. Strong associations were found between student outcomes and student reports of engagement and safety, while school staff reports and administrative measures of school climate showed limited associations with student outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

As schools seek to measure and implement interventions aimed at improving school climate, consideration should be given to grounding these efforts in a multidimensional conceptualization of climate that values student perspectives and includes elements of both engagement and safety.
Washout Ratio in the Hepatic Vein Measured by Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasonography to Distinguish Between Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Hepatic Disorders in Dogs
Authors: Morishita K. , Hiramoto A. , Michishita A. , Takagi S. , Osuga T. , Lim S.Y. , Nakamura K. , Sasaki N. , Ohta H. , Takiguchi M.
Published: April 2017

Background

Perflubutane microbubbles, a second‐generation ultrasound contrast agent, are phagocytized by Kupffer cells. This characteristic may be useful to differentiate diffuse hepatic diseases in dogs.

Hypothesis/objectives

To determine whether the washout ratio in the hepatic vein (HV) measured by contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) can distinguish between inflammatory and noninflammatory hepatic disorders in dogs.

Animals

Forty‐one client‐owned dogs with hepatic disorders including 14 with hepatitis, 7 with primary hypoplasia of the portal vein (PHPV), 9 with congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS), and 11 with other hepatopathy were enrolled. Six dogs without hepatic disease also were evaluated as healthy controls.

Methods

Dogs with hepatic disorders were prospectively included. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography of the HV was performed for 2 minutes. Washout ratio was defined as the attenuation rate from peak intensity to the intensity at the end of the CEUS study.

Results

Washout ratio in the hepatitis group (median, 18.0%; range, 2.0–37.0%) was significantly lower than that of the PHPV (median, 52.2%; range, 11.5–86.3%), cPSS (median, 60.0%; range, 28.6–77.4%), other hepatopathy (median, 70.5%; range, 26.6–88.4%), and normal (median, 78.0%; range, 60.7–91.7%) groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for hepatitis was 0.960, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.853–0.990. Washout ratio ≤37.1% resulted in a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 78.5–100%) and specificity of 85.2% (95% CI, 67.5–94.1%) for the prediction of hepatitis.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Washout ratio can distinguish hepatitis from the other noninflammatory disorders with high accuracy. This result might reflect impaired Kupffer cell phagocytosis in dogs with hepatitis.
Pharmacokinetics of nebulized and subcutaneously implanted terbinafine in cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus)
Authors: Kane L. P. , Allender M. C. , Archer G. , Leister K. , Rzadkowska M. , Boers K. , Souza M. , Cox S.
Published: April 2017

Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, the causative agent of snake fungal disease, is proposed as a serious threat to the conservation of several snake populations. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of terbinafine administered through nebulization and a sustained subcutaneous implant as potential treatments of Ophidiomyces in reptiles. Seven adult cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) were used in single‐dose trials. Each snake was nebulized with terbinafine (2 mg/ml) for 30 min and had blood collected before nebulization and up to 12 hr after nebulization. Following a 5‐month washout, the same snakes were administered a subcutaneous implant containing 24.5 mg terbinafine; blood was collected at baseline, 1 day postimplant placement, and then once weekly for 9 weeks. Plasma for both studies was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The mean plasma concentrations of nebulized terbinafine peaked between 0.5 and 4 hr. The subcutaneously implanted terbinafine reached therapeutic concentrations on day 1 and maintained therapeutic for over 6 weeks. These methods and doses are recommended as potential treatment options for snake fungal disease in reptiles.
Foraging area, not trophic position, is linked to head size variation in adult female loggerhead turtles
Authors: Price J. T. , Pfaller J. B. , Vander Zanden H. B. , Williams K. L. , Bolten A. B. , Bjorndal K. A.
Published: April 2017

Variation in trophic morphology among individuals within a population may suggest intrapopulation variation in diet and resource use. In such situations, individuals may occupy more specialized roles within a generalist population. Among loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), adults exhibit variation in head size, a likely predictor of bite‐force generation and therefore feeding performance. We investigated several factors that may affect variation in head size for female loggerheads nesting on Wassaw Island, Georgia, USA. We first quantified the amount of variation in head size (width, length and depth) that was explained by differences in body size. We then investigated whether variation in absolute head size and variation in head size not explained by body size (relative head size) were related to foraging area, trophic position or both using stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen. We found that greater than 50% of the variation in head size was not explained by body size and that foraging area contributed at least partially to differences in head size, while trophic position was not correlated with differences in head size. These results suggest that there may be some trophic specialization within foraging areas, such that turtles foraging in distinct areas maintain different relative head sizes as a result of differences in diet and resource availability. However, the variation in head size that does exist within a foraging area does not appear to be related to specialization at different trophic positions. Understanding factors that affect variation in trophic morphology can provide valuable insight into the trophic interactions of a species and reveal mechanisms that reduce intraspecific competition.
Patterns of cultural consensus and intracultural diversity in Ghanaian complementary feeding practices
Authors: Kalra Nikhila , Pelto Gretel , Tawiah Charlotte , Zobrist Stephanie , Milani Peiman , Manu Grace , Laar Amos , Parker Megan
Published: April 2017

Designing effective interventions to improve infant and young child (IYC) feeding requires knowledge about determinants of current practices, including cultural factors. Current approaches to obtaining and using research on culture tend to assume cultural homogeneity within a population. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of cultural consensus (homogeneity) in communities where interventions to improve IYC feeding practices are needed to address undernutrition during the period of complementary feeding. A second, related objective was to identify the nature of intracultural variation, if such variation was evident. Selected protocols from the Focused Ethnographic Study for Infant and Young Child Feeding Manual were administered to samples of key informants and caregivers in a peri‐urban and a rural area in Brong‐Ahafo, Ghana. Cultural domain analysis techniques (free listing, caregiver assessment of culturally significant dimensions, and food ratings on these dimensions), as well as open‐ended questions with exploratory probing, were used to obtain data on beliefs and related practices. Results reveal generally high cultural consensus on the 5 dimensions that were assessed (healthiness, appeal, child acceptance, convenience, and modernity) for caregiver decisions and on their ratings of individual foods. However, thematic analysis of caregiver narratives indicates that the meanings and content of the constructs connoted by the dimensions differed widely among individual mothers. These findings suggest that research on cultural factors that affect IYC practices, particularly cultural beliefs, should consider the nature and extent of cultural consensus and intracultural diversity, rather than assuming cultural homogeneity.
Vector and nonvector insect feeding reduces subsequent plant susceptibility to virus transmission
Authors: Li Ping , Shu Yan‐Ni , Fu Shuai , Liu Yin‐Quan , Zhou Xue‐Ping , Liu Shu‐Sheng , Wang Xiao‐Wei
Published: April 2017

The interactions of vector–virus–plant have important ecological and evolutionary implications. While the tripartite interactions have received some attention, little is known about whether vector infestation affects subsequent viral transmission and infection.

Working with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, begomovirus and tobacco/tomato, we demonstrate that pre‐infestation of plants by the whitefly vector reduced subsequent plant susceptibility to viral transmission. Pre‐infestation by the cotton bollworm, a nonvector of the virus, likewise repressed subsequent viral transmission.

The two types of insects, with piercing and chewing mouthparts, respectively, activated different plant signaling pathways in the interactions. Whitefly pre‐infestation activated the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, leading to deposition of callose that inhibited begomovirus replication/movement. Although cotton bollworm infestation elicited the jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway and was beneficial to virus replication, the pre‐infested plants repelled whiteflies from feeding and so decreased virus transmission. Experiments using a pharmaceutical approach with plant hormones or a genetic approach using hormone transgenic or mutant plants further showed that SA played a negative but JA played a positive role in begomovirus infection.

These novel findings indicate that both vector and nonvector insect feeding of a plant may have substantial negative consequences for ensuing viral transmission and infection.
Behavior of two Tannerella forsythia strains and their cell surface mutants in multispecies oral biofilms
Authors: Bloch Susanne , Thurnheer Thomas , Murakami Yukitaka , Belibasakis Georgios N. , Schäffer Christina
Published: April 2017

As a member of subgingival multispecies biofilms, Tannerella forsythia is commonly associated with periodontitis. The bacterium has a characteristic cell surface (S‐) layer modified with a unique O‐glycan. Both the S‐layer and the O‐glycan were analyzed in this study for their role in biofilm formation by employing an in vitro multispecies biofilm model mimicking the situation in the oral cavity. Different T. forsythia strains and mutants with characterized defects in cell surface composition were incorporated into the model, together with nine species of select oral bacteria. The influence of the T. forsythia S‐layer and attached glycan on the bacterial composition of the biofilms was analyzed quantitatively using colony‐forming unit counts and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, as well as qualitatively by fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy. This revealed that changes in the T. forsythia cell surface did not affect the quantitative composition of the multispecies consortium, with the exception of Campylobacter rectus cell numbers. The localization of T. forsythia within the bacterial agglomeration varied depending on changes in the S‐layer glycan, and this also affected its aggregation with Porphyromonas gingivalis. This suggests a selective role for the glycosylated T. forsythia S‐layer in the positioning of this species within the biofilm, its co‐localization with P. gingivalis, and the prevalence of C. rectus. These findings might translate into a potential role of T. forsythia cell surface structures in the virulence of this species when interacting with host tissues and the immune system, from within or beyond the biofilm.
Divine hiddenness: part 1 (recent work on the hiddenness argument)
Authors: Schellenberg J.L.
Published: April 2017

Only 6 years have passed since I last published a critical survey article on the divine hiddenness discussion (Schellenberg, ). But more than 60 papers and books dealing with hiddenness themes have been published in that time. Not all can be addressed here. Moreover, to enable a reasonable treatment of those that will make an appearance, I shall break the present survey into two parts. I begin in this piece with recent work—including my own—on the argument descended from Schellenberg (), which started the discussion. Part 2, yet to come, will consider ways in which this area of inquiry has recently been enlarged beyond its original parameters.
Ontic Structural Realism
Authors: McKenzie Kerry
Published: April 2017

Ontic structural realism (OSR) is at its core the view that “structure is ontologically fundamental.” Informed from its inception by the scientific revolutions that punctuated the 20th century, its advocates often present the position as the perspective on ontology best befitting of modern physics. But the idea that structure is fundamental has proved difficult to articulate adequately, and what OSR's claimed naturalistic credentials consist in is hard to precisify as well. Nor is it clear that the position is actually supported by our most fundamental physical theories. What is clear, however, is that structuralists have revealed a seam of material at the core of modern physics that is replete with implications for metaphysics. This article will survey some positions subsumed under the rubric of OSR, considering both their warrant and the interconnections that exist between them. It will be argued that the fundamental kind properties pose a challenge to ontic structuralism, because it seems that these properties do not supervene upon the relevant structures. But it will also be argued that the development of structuralist metaphysics will require both an engagement with the details of modern physical theories and the deployment of tools more typically developed in a priori metaphysics. As such, it seems armchair metaphysicians have not just a stake in whether OSR's claims may ultimately be shown to stand up, but a crucial role to play in getting them to the point where they can be subjected to scrutiny in the first place.
Epistemic externalism in the philosophy of religion
Authors: Baker‐Hytch Max
Published: April 2017

Epistemic externalism is a view about what it takes for a belief to be epistemically justified or to be an item of knowledge. Externalism has grown considerably in popularity over the past few decades and this development has spilled over into the philosophy of religion, where we find externalist theories of justification and knowledge being employed to make the case for the positive epistemic status of religious beliefs. In §1, I offer an overview of epistemic externalism and its rival, internalism. In §2, I outline some of the most significant applications of externalism to the philosophy of religion. In §3, I consider whether externalist theories are really required to secure various desiderata that externalist religious epistemologists take to be important. In §4, I explore an objection according to which the facts of religious diversity indicate that religious beliefs do not meet externalist requirements for justification or knowledge. Finally, in §5, I consider a worry about whether externalist accounts can really be used to evaluate the epistemic standing of religious beliefs.
Computation of the Coefficients Appearing in the Uniform Asymptotic Expansions of Integrals
Authors: Farid Khwaja S. , Olde Daalhuis A. B.
Published: April 2017

The coefficients that appear in uniform asymptotic expansions for integrals are typically very complicated. In the existing literature, the majority of the work only give the first two coefficients. In a limited number of papers where more coefficients are given, the evaluation of the coefficients near the coalescence points is normally highly numerically unstable. In this paper, we illustrate how well‐known Cauchy‐type integral representations can be used to compute the coefficients in a very stable and efficient manner. We discuss the cases: (i) two coalescing saddles, (ii) two saddles coalesce with two branch points, and (iii) a saddle point near an endpoint of the interval of integration. As a special case of (ii), we give a new uniform asymptotic expansion for Jacobi polynomials in terms of Laguerre polynomials as that holds uniformly for z near 1. Several numerical illustrations are included.
Why do some older adults start drinking excessively late in life? Results from an Interpretative Phenomenological Study
Authors: Emiliussen Jakob , Andersen Kjeld , Nielsen Anette Søgaard
Published: April 2017

Introduction

This is a pioneering qualitative phenomenological hermeneutical study investigating a so far under‐investigated group of older adults with very late‐onset alcohol use disorder. The number of older adults is increasing, and the number of older adults with alcohol problems is increasing accordingly. We investigated older adults with very late‐onset alcohol use disorder to identify what causes some people to develop problems with alcohol after the age of 60.

Method

We interviewed 12 Danish individuals (seven men) whose alcohol use disorder started after the age of 60. For our analysis, we used the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis framework, rigorously following the six steps it prescribes. Participants were included until data saturation was achieved.

Findings

After a lifelong unproblematic (at times heavy) use of alcohol, it seemed that using alcohol as a coping strategy was one of the main factors in very late‐onset alcohol use disorder among our participants. We found that the participants experienced a marked loss of identity when they had no activities to fill up their time after retirement. Social activities involving alcohol were also closely related to very late‐onset alcohol use disorder.

Conclusion

Loss of identity, coping with physical and psychological problems, an overarching societal and social culture surrounding alcohol and the interrelationship between social life, alcohol use and heavy drinking are important factors that need be addressed clinically and preventively, and specifically for individuals experiencing very late‐onset alcohol use disorder.
Enzyme reversal to explore the function of yeast E3 ubiquitin‐ligases
Authors: MacDonald Chris , Winistorfer Stanley , Pope Robert M. , Wright Michael E. , Piper Robert C.
Published: April 2017

The covalent attachment of ubiquitin onto proteins can elicit a variety of downstream consequences. Attachment is mediated by a large array of E3 ubiquitin ligases, each thought be subject to regulatory control and to have a specific repertoire of substrates. Assessing the biological roles of ligases, and in particular, identifying their biologically relevant substrates has been a persistent yet challenging question. In this study, we describe tools that may help achieve both of these goals. We describe a strategy whereby the activity of a ubiquitin ligase has been enzymatically reversed, accomplished by fusing it to a catalytic domain of an exogenous deubiquitinating enzyme. We present a library of 72 “anti‐ligases” that appear to work in a dominant‐negative fashion to stabilize their cognate substrates against ubiquitin‐dependent proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. We then used the ligase‐deubiquitinating enzyme (DUb) library to screen for E3 ligases involved in post‐Golgi/endosomal trafficking. We identify ligases previously implicated in these pathways (Rsp5 and Tul1), in addition to ligases previously localized to endosomes (Pib1 and Vps8). We also document an optimized workflow for isolating and analyzing the “ubiquitome” of yeast, which can be used with mass spectrometry to identify substrates perturbed by expression of particular ligase‐DUb fusions.
Bacteria can proliferate in thawed cryoprecipitate stored at room temperature for longer than 4 h
Authors: Ramirez‐Arcos S. , Jenkins C. , Sheffield W. P.
Published: April 2017

Although key coagulation factor activities are maintained in thawed cryoprecipitate stored for up to 24 h at ambient temperature, several jurisdictions limit such storage to 4–6 h. Here, we separately spiked thawed cryoprecipitate units with four bacterial strains: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Serratia liquefaciens, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No strains grew in the first 4 h of storage, but by 24 h, three of four exhibited up to 1000‐fold proliferation. Pathogen inactivation technologies could be explored to mitigate the safety risk posed by extending storage of thawed cryoprecipitate at room temperature.
Mechanical tuning and amplification within the apex of the guinea pig cochlea
Authors: Recio‐Spinoso Alberto , Oghalai John S.
Published: April 2017

Key points

A popular conception of mammalian cochlear physiology is that tuned mechanical vibration of the basilar membrane defines the frequency response of the innervating auditory nerve fibres

However, the data supporting these concepts come from vibratory measurements at cochlear locations tuned to high frequencies (>7 kHz).

Here, we measured the travelling wave in regions of the guinea pig cochlea that respond to low frequencies (<2 kHz) and found that mechanical tuning was broad and did not match auditory nerve tuning characteristics.

Non‐linear amplification of the travelling wave functioned over a broad frequency range and did not substantially sharpen frequency tuning.

Thus, the neural encoding of low‐frequency sounds, which includes most of the information conveyed by human speech, is not principally determined by basilar membrane mechanics.

The popular notion of mammalian cochlear function is that auditory nerves are tuned to respond best to different sound frequencies because basilar membrane vibration is mechanically tuned to different frequencies along its length. However, this concept has only been demonstrated in regions of the cochlea tuned to frequencies >7 kHz, not in regions sensitive to lower frequencies where human speech is encoded. Here, we overcame historical technical limitations and non‐invasively measured sound‐induced vibrations at four locations distributed over the apical two turns of the guinea pig cochlea. In turn 3, the responses demonstrated low‐pass filter characteristics. In turn 2, the responses were low‐pass‐like, in that they occasionally did have a slight peak near the corner frequency. The corner frequencies of the responses were tonotopically tuned and ranged from 384 to 668 Hz. Non‐linear gain, or amplification of the vibrations in response to low‐intensity stimuli, was found both below and above the corner frequencies. Post mortem, cochlear gain disappeared. The non‐linear gain was typically 10–30 dB and was broad‐band rather than sharply tuned. However, the gain did reach nearly 50 dB in turn 2 for higher stimulus frequencies, nearly the amount of gain found in basal cochlear regions. Thus, our data prove that mechanical responses do not match neural responses and that cochlear amplification does not appreciably sharpen frequency tuning for cochlear regions that respond to frequencies <2 kHz. These data indicate that the non‐linear processing of sound performed by the guinea pig cochlea varies substantially between the cochlear apex and base.
La noche de los proletarios de Jacques Rancière como posibilidad para pensar en otro tipo de comunidad
Authors: Patiño Niño Diana Milena
Published: April 2017

El presente escrito tiene por objetivo mostrar que La noche de los proletarios de Jacques Rancière proporciona elementos para pensar un tipo de comunidad diferente a aquellas que se afirman a partir de la negación, o aquellas que se conciben a partir de la dialéctica de inclusión y exclusión, que define un adentro y un afuera de lo colectivo, un propio y un impropio. En este sentido, creemos que a través de la mencionada obra aflora una inquietud por la comunidad de una forma bastante desplazada a como habitualmente la pensamos, toda vez que más que de comunidad, Rancière habla de una experiencia comunitaria que hace referencia a una cierta inquietud que abre posibilidades de alteración o de transformaciones singulares y del ser-en-común.
Tolerancia, reconocimiento, hospitalidad: tensiones en torno a la desigualdad
Authors: Scherbosky Federica
Published: April 2017

En este trabajo analizamos la categoría de reconocimiento propuesta por Raúl Fornet-Betancourt. Presentamos una historia de esta categoría que realiza el autor y a partir de la cual señala cómo el reconocimiento supone o da por sentado situaciones de desigualdad, tanto político-jurídica como económica. Por tal motivo el autor propone un abandono de esta categoría y un paso a la tolerancia, en términos de amor al prójimo. Nosotros proponemos una reconsideración del reconocimiento, pues sostenemos que puede pensarse desde la diversidad y no únicamente desde la desigualdad. Incluso en la misma Filosofía Intercultural que postula Fornet-Betancourt hay elementos que atienden específicamente a la diversidad y a partir de estos intentamos rehabilitar el reconocimiento. Trabajamos también los aportes de Arturo Roig, quien retoma esta categoría desde otras perspectivas teóricas y nos permite pensar un reconocimiento legítimo a partir del autoreconocimiento.