bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE POTENTIOMETRIC UREA BIOSENSOR USING CHITOSAN MEMBRANE
Authors: Mulyasuryani Ani , Roosdiana Anna , Srihardyastutie Arie
Published: January 2019

Potentiometric urea biosensor development is based on urea hydrolysis by urease resulted CO2. The biosensor is used chitosan membrane and the H3O+ electrode as a transducer. The research was studied of effecting pH and membrane thickness to the biosensor performance. The best biosensor performance resulted at pH = 7.3 and 0.2 mm of membrane thickness. The biosensor has a Nerntian factor 28.47 mV/decade; the concentration range is 0.1 up to 6.00 ppm; and the limit of detection is 0.073 ppm. The response time of this biosensor is 280 seconds, efficiency 32 samples and accuracy 94% up to 99%.   Keywords: biosensor, potentiometry, urea, chitosan membrane
EFFECT OF SCANDIUM ON HIDROGEN DISSOCIATION ENERGY AT MAGNESIUM SURFACE: AB INITIO DFT STUDY
Authors: Sutapa I Wayan , Armunanto Ria , Wijaya Karna
Published: January 2019

The dissociative chemisorption of hydrogen on both pure and Sc-incorporated Mg(0001) surfaces have been studied by ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The calculated dissociation energy of hydrogen molecule on a pure Mg(0001) surface (1.200 eV) is in good agreement with comparable theoretical studies. For the Sc-incorporated Mg(0001) surface, the activated barrier decreases to 0.780 eV due to the strong interaction between the molecular orbital of hydrogen and the d metal state of Sc. This could explain the experimentally observed improvement in absorption kinetics of hydrogen when transition metals have been introduced into the magnesium materials.   Keywords: Dissociation, Adsorption, Chemisorptions, DFT, Magnesium
ANTIBIOTIC COMPOUND FROM MARINE ACTINOMYCETES (Streptomyces sp A11): ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE ELUCIDATON
Authors: Sunaryanto Rofiq , Marwoto Bambang , Irawadi Tun Tedja , Mas’ud Zainal Alim , Hartoto Liesbetini
Published: January 2019

Purification and structure elucidation of antibiotic produced by marine actinomycetes (Streptomyces sp A11) was conducted. Production of antibiotic was carried out by liquid fermentation using yeast and peptone medium for 5 days fermentation. Purification of antibiotic was carried out by silica gel 60 (Merck, 0.063-0.200 mm) column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Structure elucidation was carried out using ESI-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT 13C NMR, and FTIR. This antibiotic was identified as cyclo (tyrosyl-prolyl) / (C14H16N2O3). This antibiotic had biological activity to Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 66923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, and produced by extracellular secretion.   Keywords: antibiotic, actinomycetes, purification, structure elucidation
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IRON SULPHIDE THIN FILMS BY CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION METHOD
Authors: Kassim Anuar , WeeTee Tan , Abdullah Dzulkefly Kuang , Sharif Atan Mohd. , SoonMin Ho , Yong Gwee Siew , Nagalingam Saravanan
Published: January 2019

FeS2 thin films have been deposited by using low cost chemical bath deposition technique. The films obtained under deposition parameters such as bath temperature (90 °C), deposition period (90 min), electrolyte concentration (0.15 M) and pH of the reactive mixture (pH 2.5). The thin films were characterized using X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy in order to study the structural and morphological properties. The band gap energy, transition type and absorption properties were determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. X-ray diffraction displayed a pattern consistent with the formation of an orthorhombic structure, with a strong (110) preferred orientation. Atomic force microscopy image showed the substrate surface is well covered with irregular grains. A direct band gap of 1.85 eV was obtained according to optical absorption studies.   Keywords: Iron sulfide, X-ray diffraction, chemical bath deposition, thin films
DECREASEMENT OF COLOUR AND COD CONTENT OF THE LIQUID WASTE PRODUCT FROM THE JEANS WASHING INDUSTRY BY CHITOSAN AND Trametes versicolor
Authors: Bulan Rumondang , Sinaga Mersi Suryani , Darnianti Darnianti
Published: January 2019

Chitosan and Trametes versicolor were used as the material for processing liquid waste product from the jeans washing industry in this study as they were more economics and no negative damage in the environmental life. This research is to find out the chitosan and Trametes versicolor effect as the coagulant in decreasing the colour and the COD content of the liquid waste product from the jeans washing industry using the coagulation method and floculation. The dosage of chitosan and Trametes versicolor were 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/L of the liquid waste product whereas the combination of chitosan and Trametes versicolor were 4:1, 3:2, 2:3 and 1:4. The data resulted from the analysis were shown as a graphics. The research results show that the optimum dosage of chitosan as coagulant was 800 mg/L which was able to decrease the colour intensity. For blue colour, the intensity decreased from 1.2 to 0.1%; the yellow colour intensity decreased from 0.9 to 0.0% and the COD 91.23%. The optimum dosage of Trametes versicolor of 600 mg/L was able to decrease the blue colour intensity from 1.2 to 0.11%; the yellow colour intensity from 0.9 to 0.1% and the COD was 91.37%. By using the combinationof chitosan and Trametes versicolor it was shown that the best result was using the 3:2 ratio which was able to decrease the blue colour intensity from 0.9 to 0.1% and the yellow colour intensity from 0.9 to 0.0% and the COD was 86.68%.   Keywords: colour intensity, COD, liquid waste product of the jeans washing, chitosan, Trametes versicolor
IMMOBILIZATION OF HUMIC ACID ON CHITOSAN BEADS BY PROTECTED CROSS-LINKING METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION AS SORBENT FOR Pb(II)
Authors: Nurmasari Radna , Santoso Uripto Trisno , Umaningrum Dewi , Rohman Taufiqur
Published: January 2019

Immobilization of humic acid (HA) on chitosan beads has been done using a protected cross-linking reaction method and the product was then utilized as sorbent for Pb(II). Protection of the active sites of HA was carried out by interacting HA with Pb(II) before performing the cross-linking reaction in order to maintain its adsorption capacity. Protected-HA was cross-linked with chitosan beads using glutaraldehyde in order to obtain sorbent insoluble both in aqueous acidic and basic solution. The result showed that the amount of immobilized HA on beads chitosan was 88.60% by weight. The adsorption capacity of the protected-sorbent beads for Pb(II) was 784 mg/g. As a comparison, the adsorption capacity of the non-protected sorbent beads for Pb(II) was only 142 mg/g.   Keywords: immobilization, adsorption, crosslinking, humic acid, chitosan
AB INITIO INVESTIGATION OF 12-CROWN-4 AND BENZO-12-CROWN-4 COMPLEXES WITH Li+, Na+, K+, Zn2+, Cd2+, AND Hg2+
Authors: Yahmin Yahmin , Pranowo Harno Dwi , Armunanto Ria
Published: January 2019

The structure and binding energies of 12-crown-4 and benzo-12-crown-4 complexes with Li+, Na+, K+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+were investigated with ab initio calculations using Hartree-Fock approximation and second-order perturbation theory. The basis set used in this study is lanl2mb. The structure optimization of cation-crown ether complexes was evaluated at HF/lanl2mb level of theory and interaction energy of the corresponding complexes was calculated at MP2/lanl2mb level of theory (MP2/lanl2mb//HF/lanl2mb). Interactions of the crown ethers and the cations were discussed in term of the structure parameter of crown ether. The binding energies of the complexes show that all complex formed from transition metal cations is more stable than the complexes formed from alkali metal cations.   Keywords: 12-crown-4, benzo-12-crown-4, alkali metals, transition metals
SYNTHESIZE AND CITOTOXICITY TEST OF SEVERAL COMPOUNDS OF MONO PARA-HIDROXY CHALCON
Authors: Arty Indyah Sulistyo
Published: January 2019

Five compounds of mono para-hidroxy chalcon were synthesized (TC1, TC2, TC3, TC4, and TC5) and tested their cytotoxicity against HeLa cell and Raji cell. The difference in substituent of TC1 (R4 =H), TC2 (R4 = OCH3), and TC3 (R4 = F), showed the difference of their citotoxicity against HeLa cell. The citotoxicity of TC1 (LC50 = 16.08 µg/mL) ≈ TC3 (LC50 = 13.37 µg/mL), but the substituent difference of TC2 (LC50 = 147.43 µg/mL), decreasing it citotoxicity 10 times. Like wise their citotoxicity against Raji cell of TC1 (LC50 = 36.44 µg/mL) ≈ TC3 (LC50 = 30.46 µg/mL), but the substituent difference of TC2 (LC50 = 468.94 µg/mL), decreasing it citotoxicity activity 15 times. Nevertheless the strength of citotoxicity TC4 (LC50 = 98.74 µg/mL) and TC5 (LC50 = 110.97 µg/mL) against Raji cell are stronger than the citotoxicity of two of them against HeLa cell (LC50 of TC4 = none, LC50 of TC5 = 576.53 µg/mL).   Keywords: mono para-hidroxy chalcon, HeLa cell, Raji cell, citotoxicity activity
SYNTHESIS OF TETRA-p-PROPENYLTETRAESTERCALIX[4]ARENE AND TETRA-p-PROPENYLTETRACARBOXYLICACIDCALIX[4]ARENE FROM p-t-BUTYLPHENOL
Authors: Kusumaningsih Triana , Jumina Jumina , Siswanta Dwi , Mustofa Mustofa
Published: January 2019

A research has been conducted to synthesize tetra-p-propenyltetraestercalix[4]arene and tetra-p-propenyltetracarboxylicacidcalix[4] arene using p-t-butylphenol as a starting material. The synthesis was carried out in following stages, i.e (1) synthesis of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene from p-t-butylphenol, (2) debutylation of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene, (3) tetraallilation of 25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene with NaH and allilbromida in dry tetrahydrofuran, (4) Claissen rearrangement of 25,26,27,28-tetrapropenyloxycalix[4]arene, (5) esterification of tetra-p-propenyltetrahydroxycalix[4]arene, (6) hydrolisis of tetra-p-propenyltetraestercalix[4]arene. The all structures of products were observed by means of melting point, FTIR, and 1H-NMR spectrometers. Tetra-p-propenyltetraestercalix[4]arene compound was obtained as yellow liquid product in 55.08% yield. Tetra-p-propenyltetracarboxylicacidcalix[4]arene compound was obtained as white solid product with the melting point 135-137 °C at decomposed and in 70.05% yield.   Keywords: calix[4]arene, Claissen rearrangement, esterification, hydrolisis
SYNTHESIS OF POLY-5,7-DIALLYL-25,26,27,28-TETRAHYDROXYCALIX[4]ARENE
Authors: Handayani Desi Suci , Jumina Jumina , Firdaus Maulidan , Kusumaningsih Triana
Published: January 2019

The synthesis of poly-5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene were performed in experimental series as follows: (1) Cyclotetramerization of p-t-butylphenol with NaOH and paraformaldehyde to p-butylcalix[4]arene, (2) Debutylation of p-butylcalix[4]arene using AlCl3 and phenol to tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene, (3) Allylation reaction using allylbromide to diallyloxy-dihydroxycalix[4]arene, (4) Claisen rearrangement reaction, (5) Cationic polymerization to diallylcalix[4]arenes. All of the synthesized products were analyzed by means of IR spectrometer and 1H-NMR spectrometer. The result of 25,27-diallyloxy-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene synthesis was white crystals having m.p. 205-207 °C in 80.95% yield. The synthesis of 5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy-calix[4]arene gave light yellow crystals having m.p. 214-216 °C in 78.67% yield. The polymerization gave poly(5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetra-hydroxycalix[4]arene) having m.p. 338-340 °C, in 60% yield. Its estimated has a relative molecular weight of 18,738 g/mol with the number of unit repetition about 37 monomer units.   Keywords: Diallylation, polymerization, Poly-5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene
NITROGEN, WATER AND BENZENE ADSORPTION IN MESOPOROUS CARBON (CMK-1) AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVATED CARBON (NORIT SX22)
Authors: Taba Paulina
Published: January 2019

Adsorption at various interfaces has attracted the attention of many scientists. This article discusses gas-solid and vapour-solid adsorption in CMK-1 and Norit SX22 using nitrogen, water and benzene as adsorbates. For comparison, MCM-48 used as template in synthesizing CMK-1 was also utilized as adsorbent. Results showed that the shape of nitrogen isotherm for CMK-1 is categorized as Type IV shape, whereas activated carbon (Norit SX2) has Type I shape with a hysteresis loop at P/P0 > 0.5, which is a H4 type of hysteresis. The shape of nitrogen isotherm for MCM-48 is categorized as Type IV shape with small hysteresis loop observed at P/P0 above 0.45, indicating that the larger pores are filled at high P/P0, which is typical of an H3 hysteresis loop The amount of nitrogen adsorbed in activated carbon at the high relative pressure is considerably smaller than that in CMK-1. The hydrophobicity feature of CMK-1 is the same as activated carbon (Norit SX2), but slightly different to the template MCM-48. The affinity of CMK-1 to benzene is considerably higher than activated carbon, suggesting the promising future of CMK-1 to be used as a selective adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds from water environment.   Keywords: Adsorption, water, benzene, CMK-1, activated carbon
STABILITY OF KETOPROFEN COATED BY CHITOSAN-GUAR GUM GEL
Authors: Sugita Purwantiningsih , Srijanto Bambang , Arifin Budi , Setyowati Ellin Vina
Published: January 2019

The coating stability of ketoprofen by chitosan-guar gum gel has been studied. Into 228.6 mL of 1.75% (w/v) chitosan solution in 1% (v/v) acetic acid, 38.1 mL of guar gum (gg) solution was added with concentration variation of 0.35, 0.55, and 0.75% (w/v) for ketoprofen microcapsules, and stirred with magnetic stirrer until homogenous. Afterwards, 7.62 mL of glutaraldehyde (glu) was added slowly under stirring, with concentrations varied: 3, 3.5, and 4% (v/v). All mixtures were shaked for 20 min for homogenization. Into each microcapsule mixture for ketoprofen, a solution of 2 g of ketoprofen in 250 mL of 96% ethanol was added. Every mixture was then added with 5 mL of 2% Tween-80 and stirred with magnetic stirrer for an hour at room temperature. Conversion of suspension into fine powders/granules (microcapsules) was done by using spray dryer. Every microcapsule formula was packed into capsules, as much as 100 g per capsule. The capsules were contained in 100-mL dark bottles and the bottles were kept in climatic chamber at (40 ± 2) °C and RH (75 ± 5) % for 3 months. The microcapsule stabilities were tested chemically and physically. The result showed that formulation of ketoprofen preparation composed of 1.75% (w/v) chitosan, 0.35% (w/v) gg, and 3.50% (v/v) glu, was relatively the best, with ketoprofen percentage left in microcapsule after 3 months, degradation rate constant, and shelf life of 80.33%, 0.0351 % week-1, and 18.92 months, respectively. Reaction kinetic model for this formula followed Prout-Tompkins equation and the degradation of ketoprofen was seem to follow autocatalytic reaction mechanism controlled by the formation and growth of reaction core.   Keywords: Ketoprofen, chitosan-guar gum gel
YOGYAKARTA AIR BORNE QUALITY BASED ON THE LEAD PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION
Authors: Abidin Zaenal , Sunardi Sunardi
Published: January 2019

Analysis of Yogyakarta air quality based on concentration of lead particulate using Fast Neutron Activation Analysis (FNAA) method has been done. The sample was taken 3 times in 16 strategic locations of Yogyakarta city using Hi-Vol air sampler that equipped with cellulose filter TFA 2133. The sample irradiated for 30 min with 14 MeV fast neutron and then counted using gamma spectroscopy (AccuSpec). The result indicated that concentration of Pb-208 along Diponegoro street up to Janti street respectively are minimally (0.689 - 0.775) mg/m3, and maximally:  (1.598 - 1.785) mg/m3. According to DIY governor decree No. 153/2002 about the limited toxicity ambient on Yogyakarta area it is concentration that Pb. The concentration of Pb-208 are still below the permitted value of 2 mg/m3, but in certain areas, the Pb concentration is almost equal to upper limit of permitted concentration of Pb.   Keywords: air borne, neutron generator, FNAA
EXTRACTION, CLEAN-UP, AND HPLC DETECTION OF CARBARYL AND CARBOFURAN FROM CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea)
Authors: Falah Iip Izul
Published: January 2019

Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) and carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol-N-methylcarbamate) are very important N-methylcarbamate pesticides due to their high insecticide and nematocide effects, and widely used in vegetables plantations. The increasing use of carbamate pesticides poses a risk to human and environment. Thus, it is necessary to quantify their residue amount in food and vegetables to prevent harmful effect on animals, human and environment. This work was aimed to study of carbaryl and carbofuran analysis from fortified cabbage (Brassica oleracea) by liquid-liquid extraction, clean-up using SPE, followed by HPLC detection. Result of the work showed that detection of carbaryl using spectrophotometer detector at wavelength of 220 nm was better than at 230 and 280 nm, respectively. When the carbamates were extracted from cabbage using methanol, followed by liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane, cleaned-up with SPE-C18 and eluted by acetonitrile, the recovery was 96.8%. The detection by HPLC involved 4.6 x 25 mm, 5 µm C18 column, spectrophotometer detector at wavelength of 220 nm, and isocratic mobile phase at ratio of 35:65 of acetonitrile:aquabidest gave a good separation between co-extracted compounds and the carbamates.   Keywords: HPLC, carbaryl, carbofuran, extraction, clean-up
APHORPINE ALKALOIDS FROM BARK OF Cryptocarya ferrea
Authors: Saidi Nurdin , Hadi A. Hamid A. , Awang Khalijah , Mukhtar Mat Ropi
Published: January 2019

Isolation, identification and characterization of the compounds isolated from the bark of Cryptocarya ferrea yielded three known aphorpine alkaloids. They are (-)-O-methylisopiline 1, (+)-norlirioferine 2 and (+)-lirioferine 3. Structural elucidation was established through several spectroscopic methods, such as 1D-NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, NOE), 2D-NMR (COSY, NOESY, HMQC, HMBC), UV, IR, and MS and comparison with the published data.   Keywords: Cryptocarya ferrea; (-)-o-methylisopiline, (+)-norlirioferine, (+)-lirioferine
AMINO AND MERCAPTO-SILICA HYBRID FOR Cd(II) ADSORPTION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Buhani Buhani , Narsito Narsito , Nuryono Nuryono , Kunarti Eko Sri
Published: January 2019

Modification of silica gel with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane through sol-gel technique producing amino-silica hybrid (HAS) and mercapto-silica hybrid (HMS), respectively, has been carried out using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as silica source. The adsorbents were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR), and X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX). Adsorption of Cd(II) individually as well as its binary mixture with Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) in solution was performed in a batch system. Adsorption capacities of Cd(II) ion on adsorbent of silica gel (SG), HAS, and HMS are 86.7, 256.4 and 319.5 μmol/g with the adsorption energies are 24.60, 22.61 and 23.15 kJ/mol, respectively. Selectivity coefficient (α) of Cd(II) ion toward combination of Cd(II)/Ni(II), Cd(II)/Cu(II), and Cd(II)/Zn(II) ions on HAS adsorbent is relatively smaller than those on HMS adsorbent which has α > 1.   Keywords: adsorption, amino-silica hybrid, mercapto-silica
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOBILIZED LIPASE IN ALUMINOSILICATE FOR LACTOSYL PALMITATE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Roosdiana Anna , Setianingsih Tutik , Mardiana Diah , Suratmo Suratmo
Published: January 2019

Whey lactose can be esterified enzymatically by using immobilized lipase. The lipase can be isolated from Rhizopus oryzae, purified and immobilized in mesoporous aluminosilica. The use of immobilized lipase has advantages, there are longer shelf life and repeatable use. It is necessary to characterize the immobilized lipase dan ester product. The aim of the research was to characterize immobilized lipase, including determination lipase adsorption type in mesoporous aluminosilicate, immobilized lipase stability during storage time, efficiency of repetitive use of immobilized lipase. The result showed that lipase adsorption in mesoporous aluminosilicate was physical adsorption type through hydrogen bound and electrostatic interaction. Immobilized lipase stability was relatively constant at storage temperature 5 °C for 25 days resulting in 98.16% of initial activity. The repetitive use of immobilized lipase showed efficient until 5 uses within activity of 50.22%. The IR spectra of lactosyl palmitate from both whey and pure lactose result showed bands at wavelength number of 3462 cm-1(OH bond), 1739 cm-1 and 1747 (C=O ester bond) 1295 cm-1 dan 1242 cm-1 (C-O ester bond). In addition, the HLB value for lactosyl palmitate (whey) 4.708 and lactosyl palmitate (pure lactose) 4.715, therefore both lactosyl palmitate is appropriate as emulgator in W/O.   Keywords: immobilized lipase, aluminosilica, lactose, whey, lactosyl palmitate
CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF EUGENOL ISOLATED FROM CLOVE OIL TO 4-ALLYL-2-METHOXY-6-SULFONICPHENOL AND 4-ALLYL-2-METHOXY-6-AMINOPHENOL
Authors: Sudarma I Made , Ulfa Maria , Sarkono Sarkono
Published: January 2019

The overall objective of this research was to develop new compounds with potential biological activity from readily accessed natural products, in particular eugenol. Eugenol has been reported to posses antioxidant and anticancer properties. In an attempt to enhance  intrinsic activity of this natural compound, some derivatives were possible to synthesize. The main aim of this preliminary research was to isolate eugenol from clove oil and made its sulfonic and amine derivatives through chemical transformation. Clove oil was extracted from clove buds with dichloromethane and followed by isolation of eugenol using column chromatography to afford eugenol (73%). Eugenol has been reported to posses antioxidant and anticancer properties. In an attempt to enhance intrinsic activity of this natural compound, some derivatives were possible to synthesize. Eugenol was transformed to its sulfonic derivative in moderate yield by treatment with chlorosulfonic acid and to its amine by reduction of its nitro derivative. This transformation was rapidly confirmed by GC-MS analysis which showed significance molecular ion at m/z 244 corresponding to molecular formula C10H12SO5. and at m/z 179 corresponding to molecular formula C10H11O2NH2.   Keywords: Chemical Transformation, Eugenol, 4-Allyl-2-methoxy-6-sulfonicphenol and 4-Allyl-2-methoxy-6-aminophenol
SYNTHESIS ALKANOLAMIDE TETRAHIDROXY OCTADECANOATE COMPOUND FROM CANDLE NUT OIL
Authors: Daniel Daniel
Published: January 2019

Candle nut oil could be transesterificated by methanol with concentrated H2SO4 as a catalyst to form fatty acid methyl esther. Methyl linoleate could be separated by Column Chromatography mechanism technic partition from fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) mixture, then it was treated by ethanolamine at base condition in benzene as solvent and sodium methylate as a catalyst at reflux condition for 6 hours to form an alkanolamide. Alkanolamide could be epoxydized by tert-buthyl hydroperoxyde and peroxygenase as a catalyst and it was refluxed for 6 hours at 40 °C and nitrogen gas condition to form the epoxy alkanolamide octadecanoate, and then it was hydrolyzed by HCl 0.1 M to form alkanolamide tetrahidroxy octadecanoate (Polyol). Alkanolamide tetrahidroxy octadecanoate could be separated by Column Chromatography using silica gel H 40 and the eluent was the mixture of chloroform, ethyl acetate, formic acid in a ratio 90:10:1 (v/v/v/). Determination of HLB value from alknolamide tetrahydroxy octadecanoate is 13.096. Therefore, this compound was particularly suitable for application as an o/w emulsifiers. All af the reaction steps were confirmed by using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, GC-MS, Gas Chromatography and TLC.   Keywords: Esterification, Candle nut oil, Surfactant, Amidation, Polyol.
NORARTOCARPETIN, FLAVONE DERIVATIVE FROM LEAVES OF Artocarpus fretessi
Authors: Soekamto Nunuk Hariani , Nafie Nursiah La , Mandey Fredryk Welliam , Garson Marry
Published: January 2019

Norartocarpetin (1), together with mulberrin (2) and mulberrokromen (3) were isolated from Artocarpus fretessi (Moraceae). This plant is an endemic species in Indonesia and locally known as ";Kelembi"; or ";Maumbi";. The structure of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of physical and spectroscopic data. Compounds (1) is precursor of compound (2) and (3) in the biogenetic pathway.   Keywords: Norartocarpetin, mulberrin, mulberrokromen, Artocarpus fretessi (Moraceae).
SYNTHESIS OF AZO COMPOUNDS DERIVATIVE FROM EUGENOL AND ITS APPLICATION AS A TITRATION INDICATOR
Authors: Purwono Bambang , Mahardiani Catur
Published: January 2019

The synthesis of azo compounds from eugenol has been carried out by diazotation reaction. The diazonium salt was produced by reaction of aniline and sodium nitrite in acid condition at 0-5 °C temperature to yield benzenediazonium chloride salt. The salt was then reacted with eugenol to produce the azo derivatives. The azo product was analyzed by IR, 1H-NMR, dan GC-MS spectrometer. The results showed that the reaction of benzenediazonium chloride with eugenol gave 4-allyl-2-methoxy-6-hydroxyazobenzene in 34.27% yield for 30 minutes reaction. The derivative of azo compound was dissolved in ethanol and then the color changing was observed in range of pH 9.8-11.1 from yellow to red. Application for titration indicator for acetic acid titrated with sodium hydroxide showed error less than 3.20% compared with phenol phtaline indicator.   Keywords: Eugenol, Azo compound, titration indicator
COORDINATION STATE AND AGGREGATION PROCESS OF BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL A AND ITS DERIVATIVES : STUDY ON ACETONE-WATER AND METHANOL-WATER SOLVENTS
Authors: Heriyanto Heriyanto , Trihandaru Suryasatriya , Limantara Leenawaty
Published: January 2019

Research on bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and its derivatives had been conducted to determine the coordination state and the aggregation process in acetone-water and methanol-water. The results showed that there were mainly two absorption peaks in BChl a and its derivatives, namely: Qx and Qy that were very sensitive to coordination state and aggregation process. The coordination state of pigment could be determined based on Qx absorption peak that was influenced by solvents. In addition, the donor number (DN) and taft parameters (β and π*) from each sovents could also be used to determine the coordination state. One or two of axial coordination toward center metal of BChl a and its derivatives have to be filled by donor electron as a foreign nucleophile. Mg-BChl was exist as five-coordinate complexes in acetone but as six-coordinate complexes in methanol. Five-coordinate complexes of Zn-BChl was occurred either in acetone or methanol. Cu-BChl was exist as four-coordinate complexes in acetone but altered to five-coordinate complexes in methanol. The agregation process was influenced by the existence of water added in pigment solution. The order of Mg-BChl a and its derivatives abilities to form new aggregate in acetone-water and methanol-water, in regard of water-addition percentage was as follow: Cu-BChl > Zn-BChl > Mg-BChl. Methanol was the solvent that could form aggregate of Mg-BChl and its derivatives at lower water-addition percentage compared to acetone.   Keywords: aggregation, bacteriochlorophyll & its derivatives, coordination state.
A PRENYLATED FLAVONE FROM THE HEARTWOOD OF Artocarpus scortechinii King (Moraceae)
Authors: Hakim Aliefman
Published: January 2019

Two prenylated flavones have been successfully isolated from the methanol extract of the heartwood Artocarpus scortechinii King. They were determined as artelastisin and artelastin. It has been reported that artelastisin and artelastin were obtained from Artocarpus elasticus. The cytotoxicity toward cell murine leukemia P-388 showed that artelastisin is active with IC50 3.0 µg/mL. In addition, artelastin is inactive with IC50 5.75 µg/mL. The structures of isolated compounds were determined based on spectroscopy data including UV, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR. These compounds are reported for the fist time from this plant.   Keywords: Artocarpus scortechinii King, prenylated flavone, and cell murine leukemia P-388.
TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR OF Cr(III), Cd(II), Pb(II), AND Ag(I) IONS THROUGH BULK LIQUID MEMBRANE CONTAINING p-tert-BUTYLCALIX[4]ARENE–TETRADIETHYLACETAMIDE AS ION CARRIER
Authors: Maming Maming , Jumina Jumina , Siswanta Dwi , Sastrohamidjojo Hardjono , Ohto Keisuke
Published: January 2019

The study on the transport behavior of Cr(III), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Ag(I) through bulk liquid membrane using p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-tetradiethylacetamide as ions carrier has been conducted. The aims of this work are to determine the optimum condition, efficiency, and transport selectivity of the carriers for those ions. Both optimum condition and transport efficiency were obtained by determination of the concentration of transported ions with variation of the source phase pH, ion carrier concentration, the nature of decomplexant agent in the receiving phase, and transport time. The transport selectivity of the ion carrier was obtained from the ions competition transport experiments. The amount of Cr(III), Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ag(I) transported across liquid membrane were 11.6, 25.5, 39.5, and 42.1% respectively. The ion carrier is selective for Cd(II), Pb(II), Ag(I), and strongly depends on the nature of decomplexant agent as well as transport mechanism. The remarkable selectivity was shown by the ion carrier to Ag(I) when the transport process was carry out under high concentration of acid in the source phase.   Keywords: transport, p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-tetradiethylacetamide, efficiency, selectivity, bulk liquid membrane, heavy metals
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR THIN FILM OF TiO2 ON GRAPHITE SUBSTRATE BY Cu-ELECTRODEPOSITION
Authors: Rahmawati Fitria , Wahyuningsih Sayekti , Handayani Nurani
Published: January 2019

Surface modification of graphite/TiO2 has been done by mean of Cu electrodeposition. This research aims to study the effect of Cu electrodeposition on photocatalytic enhancing of TiO2. Electrodeposition has been done using CuSO4 0,4 M as the electrolyte at controlled current. The XRD pattern of modified TiO2 thin film on graphite substrate exhibited new peaks at 2θ= 43-44o and 2θ= 50-51o that have been identified as Cu with crystal cubic system, face-centered crystal lattice and crystallite size of 26-30 nm. CTABr still remains in the material as impurities. Meanwhile, based on morphological analysis, Cu particles are dissipated in the pore of thin film. Graphite/TiO2/Cu has higher photoconversion efficiency than graphite/TiO2.   Keywords: semiconductor, graphite/TiO2, Cu electrodeposition
CATALYTIC HYDROCRACKING OF WASTE LUBRICANT OIL INTO LIQUID FUEL FRACTION USING ZnO, Nb2O5, ACTIVATED NATURAL ZEOLITE AND THEIR MODIFICATION
Authors: Trisunaryanti Wega , Purwono Suryo , Putranto Arista
Published: January 2019

Catalytic hydrocracking of waste lubricant oil into liquid fuel fraction using ZnO, Nb2O5, activated natural zeolite (ZAAH) and their modification has been investigated. The zeolite was produced in Wonosari, Yogyakarta. Activation of the zeolite was carried out by refluxing with HCl 3M for 30 min, produced the activated natural zeolite (ZAAH). The ZnO/ZAAH catalyst was prepared by impregnation of Zn onto the ZAAH by ion exchange method using salt precursor of Zn(NO3)2.4H2O. The Nb2O5/ZAAH catalyst was prepared by mixing the ZAAH sample with Nb2O5 and oxalic acid solution until the paste was formed. The impregnation of Zn onto Nb2O5/ZAAH was carried out using the same method to that of the ZnO/ZAAH catalyst resulted ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalyst. Characterization of catalyst includes determination of Zn metal by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), acidity by gravimetric method and catalyst porosity by Surface Area Analyzer (NOVA-1000). Catalytic hydrocracking was carried out in a semi-batch reactor system using ZnO, ZAAH, ZnO/ZAAH and ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalysts at 450 oC under the H2 flow rate of 15 mL/min. and the ratio of catalyst/feed = 1/5. The composition of liquid products was analyzed by Gas Chromatograpy (GC).The results showed that impregnation of ZnO and/or Nb2O5 on the ZAAH increased the acidity and specific surface area of catalyst. The products of the hydrocracking process were liquid, coke and gas. Conversion of liquid products was increased by the increase of catalyst acidity. The highest liquid product was produced by ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalyst, 52.97 wt-%, consist of gasoline, 38.87 wt-% and diesel, 14.10 wt-%.   Keywords: hydrocracking, waste lubricant oil, liquid fuel fraction
SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NORMAL HYDROCARBON, NONADECANE IN THE CABBAGE VEGETABLES SAMPLES (Brassica oleracea VAR. CAPITATA F. ALBA) BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: Hossain M. Amzad , Salehuddin S. M. , Kabir M. J.
Published: January 2019

Toxic normal hydrocarbon (NH), nonadecane in the methanolic extract of the whole of cabbage samples collected from different districts of Bangladesh was analyzed by GC-MS. It was observed that NH deposition on the samples takes place in different morphological parts of the biological materials. The NH, nonadecane, was found in the cabbage samples collected from the highway road side by the extraction of methanol. The identification and quantification of the title compounds have not been reported previously in the cabbage sample.   Keywords: Cabbage; brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba; quantification; normal hydrocarbon, nonadecane, GC-MS
CONFORMATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF CALIX[4]ARENE: THEORETICAL STUDY USING AB INITIO METHOD
Authors: Sudrajat Hanggara , Armunanto Ria
Published: January 2019

Molecular structures were optimized for the calix[4]arene by ab initio method at the Hartree-Fock level of theory using LANL2DZ and 6-311G basis sets. Conformational equilibrium of four calix[4]arene conformers are reported. The results are compared with experiment, force field, and semiempirical molecular orbital calculations. General trends in relative stabilities of calix[4]arene decrease in following order: cone > partial-cone > 1,2-alternate > 1,3-alternate. The most stable conformer is the cone conformer that is stabilized by an array of four hydrogen bonds and these results agree with the reported experimental observations. All structures were analyzed using theoretical IR, UV-Vis, and 1H NMR spectra attributed to the conformational equilibrium at the Hartree-Fock level of theory using LANL2DZ basis set.     Keywords: ab initio calculation, calix[4]arene, conformations, cone
1D AND 2D NMR STUDIES OF BENZYL O–VANILLIN
Authors: Al–Douh Mohammed Hadi , Abd Hamid Shafida , Osman Hasnah
Published: January 2019

The reaction of o-vanillin A with benzyl bromide B2 in acetone as the solvent and K2CO3 as a base in the presence of tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (TBAI) as catalyst formed benzyl o-vanillin, C. The complete assignments of C using PROTON, APT, DEPT-135, COSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC NMR in both CDCl3 and acetone-d6 are discussed, and the coupling constants J are reported in Hertz (Hz).     Keywords: 1H NMR; 13C NMR; 2D NMR; Benzyl o-Vanillin
ISOFLAVONES AGLICONE OF TEMPE MALANG FRIED SLICES
Authors: Iskandar Yetti Mulyati , Priatni Sri
Published: January 2019

Soybean fermentation was carried out by using mixed culture Rhizopus oligosporus C and Rhizopus oryzae L16 (1:1) as inoculum. Incubation places in an incubator at 30 oC for 5 days and assessment of β-glucosidase activity daily was investigated. Isoflavones aglicone of tempe produced in laboratory scale, tempe commercial and fried slices tempe from Malang were analized by chromatography technique. Bioconversion of isoflavonoida in soybean to isoflavone aglicone compounds can be caused by extracelluler enzyme b -glucosidase. The observation showed that fresh tempe Malang was obtained genistein content 15.57 mg/100 g defatted tempe higher than tempe produced from laboratorium scale that was 5.45 mg/100 g defatted tempe. However, genistein content of fried slices tempe from Malang content decreased 25%, that was 11.45 mg/100 g defatted tempe. Tempe prepared at laboratory had the highest specific activity of β-glucosidase at day two that was 1693 U/g protein.   Keywords: tempe, Rhizopus oligosporus C, Rhizopus oryzae L16, genistein
PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION of lipase from COCOA BEANS (Theobroma cacao. L.) of clone PBC 159
Authors: Samsumaharto Ratna Agung
Published: January 2019

A study was carried out to characterize the cocoa lipase from cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao, L.) of clone PBC 159. The optimum temperature of cocoa lipase was 30-40 °C and the pH optimum was 7.0-8.0. The moleculer weight of the lipase enzyme was in between 45-66 kDa. The results indicate that Km value for cocoa bean lipase was 2.63 mM, when trimyristin was used as a substrate. The incubation of cocoa bean lipase with triolein and tributyrin (as substrate) yielded Km of 11.24 and 35.71 mM, respectively. The Vmax value obtained from the incubation of the lipase with a wide range of substrates, including tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein, are expressed as µmole acid/min/mg protein for cocoa lipase. Vmax values decreased with the increase in the triacylglycerol chain-length, with Vmax values of 27.78, 13.16 and 11.63 µmole acid/min/mg protein when incubated with tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein, respectively. Inhibition of lipase occurred in the presence of diisopropyl flourophosphate, N-bromosuccinimide and 5,5-dithiobis-(-2-nitrobenzoic acid).   Keywords: characterization, lipase, cocoa beans
IDENTIFICATION OF SOME CARCINOGENIC POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN BANGLADESHI VEHICLES EXHAUST TAR BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Authors: Hossain M. Amzad , Salehuddin S. M.
Published: January 2019

A more sensitive GC-MS method has been established for the determination of some carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vehicles exhaust tar samples. The tar samples were extracted using dichloromethane (DMC): n-hexane solvent mixture. A multi-layer clean-up (silica gel/sodium sulphate) column was used, followed by glass fiber filter (GFF) paper. The method was successfully applied to determine a number of PAHs present in exhaust tar sample of different vehicles of the Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh.   Keywords: Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, vehicles tar samples, identification, GC-MS/MS
INVESTIGATION OF STABLE ISOTOPE OF 18O AND 2H IN SHALLOW GROUNDWATER FROM KARAWANG AREA
Authors: Pujiindiyati E. Ristin
Published: January 2019

Karawang area is well known as an agriculture area and 2% area is utilized for industries. Clean water demands increase due to developing industry development and population increasement. The origin of groundwater is necessary to keep the sustainability of water resources in this area. Stable isotopes such as 18O and 2H can be used as a parameter to trace the ground water origin. The methods used were Epstein-Mayeda and Zinc reduction for analysis 18O and 2H, respectively. Sampling period was conducted in major dry season in year 2002. The result showed that evaporation effect had influenced to the content of both isotopes in its shallow groundwater that caused a slope shift from its local meteoric line. The origin of its shallow groundwater was from rainwater infiltrating directly in less than 10 m altitude. Citarum River showed more depleted values in both isotopes compared to shallow groundwater and it indicated that its water might originate from spring at the altitude of 600 m.     Keywords: oxygene-18, deuterium, groundwater, isotope
TOXIC NORMAL HYDROCARBONS (NHs) IN THE FISH SAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF BANGLADESH
Authors: Hossain M. Amzad , Salehuddin S. M.
Published: January 2019

Toxic normal hydrocarbon (NH), nonadecane in the dichloromethane-hexane crude extract of the flesh of fish samples collected from the different districts of Bangladesh was analyzed by GC-MS/MS. It was observed that NH deposition on the samples takes place in different morphological parts of the biological materials. The NH, nonadecane, was found in the fish samples collected from the roadside by the extraction of dichloromethane-hexane mixture solvents.   Keywords: Toxic normal hydrocarbon, nonadecane, quantification, Bangladeshi fish GC-MS/MS
ENCAPSULATION OF HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE-GLUCOSE OXIDASE (HRP-GOx) IN SILICA AQUAGEL SYNTHESIZED FROM RICE HULL ASH FOR ENZYMATIC REACTION OF GLUCOSE
Authors: Nuryono Nuryono , Narsito Narsito , Astuti Endang
Published: January 2019

In recent years, the sol-gel technique has attracted increasing interest as a unique approach to immobilize biomolecules for bioanalytical applications as well as biochemical and biophysical studies. In this research, encapsulation of Horseradish peroxidase-Glucose oxidase (HRP-GOx) enzymes in silica aquagel from rice hull ash by sol-gel process has been carried out. In addition, the effect of several parameters (weight ratio of HRP to GOx, pH, temperature, sodium ion concentration) on enzyme activity was studied, as well. Rice hull ash, which was produced by ashing at 700 °C, was extracted it's silika by NaOH solution 1 M at 100 °C for two hours to produce sodium silikate (Na2SiO3) solution. The Na2SiO3 solution with pH of 13 was added with a strong cation exchanger resin, to produce sol solution with the pH of 4. Encapsulation was emphasized by mixing sol solution and phosphate buffer pH 7 containing HRP-GOx solution at volume ratio of buffer to sol solution 1:5. The mixture was transferred into 96-microwell plate and was aged for 24 hours. Enzymatic reaction was carried out by adding chromogenic solution of phenol and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) and b-D-glucose solution (as substrate) into the microwell. Enzymatic activity was examined by measuring absorbance of product solution at 490 nm with ELISA reader. Result of enzymatic activity for encapsulated enzymes (SGE) was compared to that for free enzymes (EB). Results showed that at the investigated condition, HRP-GOx enzymes gave high activity at weight ratio of HRP to GOx 10:1 and pH 7 for both SGE and EB. Encapsulation caused the enzymes activity decrease to 53.0±0.2 %. However, SGE was observed to be more stable on pH and temperature changes than EB. Study on the effect of sodium concentration showed that the increase of sodium concentration from 0.10 to 0.37 M decreased the enzymatic activity to 56±0.2%. Reusability test showed that the synthesized SGE was reusable with activity decrease of 60% within 23 days.   Keywords: rice hull ash, encapsulation, aquagel, horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase
SYNTHESIS OF MESOPOROUS METHYL-SILICA HYBRID FOR ADSORPTION OF ALIZARIN RED-S
Authors: Rusdiarso Bambang , Kunarti Eko Sri , Hamdiani Saprini
Published: January 2019

Mesoporous methyl-silica hybrid has been synthesized through sol-gel process, by using tetraethylorthosilicate and methyltriethoxysilane as precursors and tartaric acid as a template. The adsorbent was applied to study the adsorption of alizarin red-S. The preparation of methyl-silica hybrid was carried out at various mol ratios of precursors and tartaric acid concentration. The methyl-silica hybrid result was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and surface area analyzer. Adsorption experiment was conducted to study the effect of pH and Alizarin Red-S concentration on the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. The adsorbed Alizarin Red-S was calculated from different of Alizarin Red-S concentration before and after adsorption based on the analysis with UV-Vis method. Characterization with Infrared Spectroscopy showed that methyl-silica hybrid has been successfully synthesized as indicated by appearance of characteristic functional group vibrations i.e Si-C, silanol (Si-OH) and siloksan (Si-O-Si). The X-ray diffraction data showed amorphous structure of methyl-silica Hybrid. The Surface Area Analyzer analysis data showed that the pore diameter and surface area of methyl-silica hybrid tended to increase as the template concentration increases. Adsorption study of methyl-silica hybrid showed that the adsorption decreased as the pH was increased. The optimum adsorption was obtained at pH=2.0 with the concentration of Alizarin Red-S of 70 mg/L.   Keywords: sol-gel, tartaric acid template, mesoporous, adsorption
KINETICS OF PALM OIL TRANSESTERIFICATION IN METHANOL WITH POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE AS A CATALYST
Authors: Yoeswono Yoeswono , Triyono Triyono , Tahir Iqmal
Published: January 2019

A study on palm oil transesterification to evaluate the effect of some parameters in the reaction on the reaction kinetics has been carried out. Transesterification was started by preparing potassium methoxide from potassium hydroxide and methanol and then mixed it with the palm oil. An aliquot was taken at certain time interval during transesterification and poured into test tube filled with distilled water to stop the reaction immediately. The oil phase that separated from the glycerol phase by centrifugation was analyzed by 1H-NMR spectrometer to determine the percentage of methyl ester conversion. Temperature and catalyst concentration were varied in order to determine the reaction rate constants, activation energies, pre-exponential factors, and effective collisions. The results showed that palm oil transesterification in methanol with 0.5 and 1 % w/w KOH/palm oil catalyst concentration appeared to follow pseudo-first order reaction. The rate constants increase with temperature. After 13 min of reaction, More methyl esters were formed using KOH 1 % than using 0.5 % w/w KOH/palm oil catalyst concentration. The activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) for reaction using 1 % w/w KOH was lower than those using 0.5 % w/w KOH.   Keywords: palm oil, transesterification, catalyst, first order kinetics, activation energy, pre-exponential factor
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEL DRESSING COPOLYMER POLI(VINYLPIRROLIDONE) (PVP) - k- CARRAGEENAN PREPARED BY RADIATION AND HEALING TIMES ON THE RADIUS REDUCTIONS BURN INJURIED OF WISTAR WHITE RAT
Authors: Erizal Erizal
Published: January 2019

The pre-clinical study of poly (vinyl pirrolidone) (PVP)-k- carrageenan hydrogel has been carried out. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of hydrogel for healing burn injuried in the rats. The hydrogels were prepared by g-irradiation of aqueous solutions of 15 wt.-% PVP and 2 wt.-% k- carrageenan at a sterilization dose of 25 kGy. The physico-chemical properties of hydrogels were investigated. The results showed that the hydrogels suitable as candidate for wound dressing with gel fraction of 90 ± 5 (%), the water absorption was 4500 ± 55 (w/w), the water content was 83 ± 2 (%), tensile strength was 1,5 ± 0,1 kg/cm2 and adhesiveness was 0. The effect of the hydrogel as wound dressing was evaluated by attaching to a burn of the back skin of rats as a function of time observation. Advantages of the hydrogel were slightly faster rate of reducing radius diameter of injured burn skin, easy removal without damage to renewed skin.   Keywords: hydrogel, irradiation, copolymer, PVP, k carrageenan, diameter