bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A kernel-based integration of genome-wide data for clinical decision support
Authors: Daemen Anneleen , Gevaert Olivier , Ojeda Fabian , Debucquoy Annelies , Suykens Johan AK , Sempoux Christine , Machiels Jean-Pascal , Haustermans Karin , De Moor Bart
Published: April 2009

Background

Although microarray technology allows the investigation of the transcriptomic make-up of a tumor in one experiment, the transcriptome does not completely reflect the underlying biology due to alternative splicing, post-translational modifications, as well as the influence of pathological conditions (for example, cancer) on transcription and translation. This increases the importance of fusing more than one source of genome-wide data, such as the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and epigenome. The current increase in the amount of available omics data emphasizes the need for a methodological integration framework.

Methods

We propose a kernel-based approach for clinical decision support in which many genome-wide data sources are combined. Integration occurs within the patient domain at the level of kernel matrices before building the classifier. As supervised classification algorithm, a weighted least squares support vector machine is used. We apply this framework to two cancer cases, namely, a rectal cancer data set containing microarray and proteomics data and a prostate cancer data set containing microarray and genomics data. For both cases, multiple outcomes are predicted.

Results

For the rectal cancer outcomes, the highest leave-one-out (LOO) areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) were obtained when combining microarray and proteomics data gathered during therapy and ranged from 0.927 to 0.987. For prostate cancer, all four outcomes had a better LOO AUC when combining microarray and genomics data, ranging from 0.786 for recurrence to 0.987 for metastasis.

Conclusions

For both cancer sites the prediction of all outcomes improved when more than one genome-wide data set was considered. This suggests that integrating multiple genome-wide data sources increases the predictive performance of clinical decision support models. This emphasizes the need for comprehensive multi-modal data. We acknowledge that, in a first phase, this will substantially increase costs; however, this is a necessary investment to ultimately obtain cost-efficient models usable in patient tailored therapy.
RhoA/Rho Kinase Signaling in the Cumulus Mediates Extracellular Matrix Assembly
Authors: Yodoi Rieko , Tamba Shigero , Morimoto Kazushi , Segi-Nishida Eri , Nishihara Mika , Ichikawa Atsushi , Narumiya Shuh , Sugimoto Yukihiko
Published: April 2009

Cumulus cells surround the oocyte and regulate the production and assembly of the extracellular matrix (ECM) around the cumulus-oocyte complex for its timely interaction with sperm in the oviduct. We recently found that C-C chemokines such as CCL2, CCL7, and CCL9 are produced and stimulate integrin-mediated ECM assembly in the postovulatory cumulus to protect eggs and that prostaglandin E2-EP2 signaling in the cumulus cells facilitates fertilization by suppressing this chemokine signaling, which otherwise results in fertilization failure by preventing sperm penetration through the cumulus ECM. However, it remains unknown as to what mechanisms underlie chemokine-induced cumulus ECM assembly. Here we report that inhibition of EP2 signaling or addition of CCL7 augments RhoA activation and induces the surface accumulation of integrin and the contraction of cumulus cells. Enhanced surface accumulation of integrin then stimulates the formation and assembly of fibronectin fibrils as well as induces cumulus ECM resistance to hyaluronidase and sperm penetration. These changes in the cumulus ECM as well as cell contraction are relieved by the addition of Y27632 or blebbistatin. These results suggest that chemokines induce integrin engagement to the ECM and consequent ECM remodeling through the RhoA/Rho kinase/actomyosin pathway, making the cumulus ECM barrier resistant to sperm penetration. Based on these results, we propose that prostaglandin E2-EP2 signaling negatively regulates chemokine-induced Rho/ROCK signaling in cumulus cells for successful fertilization.
Coordinate Regulation of Estrogen-Mediated Fibronectin Matrix Assembly and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation by the G Protein-Coupled Receptor, GPR30
Authors: Quinn Jeffrey A. , Graeber C. Thomas , Frackelton A. Raymond , Kim Minsoo , Schwarzbauer Jean E. , Filardo Edward J.
Published: April 2009

Estrogen promotes changes in cytoskeletal architecture not easily attributed to the biological action of estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. The Gs protein-coupled transmembrane receptor, GPR30, is linked to specific estrogen binding and rapid estrogen-mediated release of heparin-bound epidermal growth factor. Using marker rescue and dominant interfering mutant strategies, we show that estrogen action via GPR30 promotes fibronectin (FN) matrix assembly by human breast cancer cells. Stimulation with 17β-estradiol or the ER antagonist, ICI 182, 780, results in the recruitment of FN-engaged integrin α5β1 conformers to fibrillar adhesions and the synthesis of FN fibrils. Concurrent with this cellular response, GPR30 promotes the formation of Src-dependent, Shc-integrin α5β1 complexes. Function-blocking antibodies directed against integrin α5β1 or soluble Arg-Gly-Asp peptide fragments derived from FN specifically inhibited GPR30-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. Estrogen-mediated FN matrix assembly and epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation were similarly disrupted in integrin β1-deficient GE11 cells, whereas reintroduction of integrin β1 into GE11 cells restored these responses. Mutant Shc (317Y/F) blocked GPR30-induced FN matrix assembly and tyrosyl phosphorylation of erbB1. Interestingly, relative to recombinant wild-type Shc, 317Y/F Shc was more readily retained in GPR30-induced integrin α5β1 complexes, yet this mutant did not prevent endogenous Shc-integrin α5β1 complex formation. Our results suggest that GPR30 coordinates estrogen-mediated FN matrix assembly and growth factor release in human breast cancer cells via a Shc-dependent signaling mechanism that activates integrin α5β1.
Ethnic Violence and the Prospects for Democracy in the Aftermath of the 2007 Kenyan Elections
Authors: Ashforth Adam
Published: April 2009

This essay anatomizes the postelection violence in Kenya in 2007 to identify the different forms of ethnic conflict so as to analyze their implications for the future stability of a democratic regime in the country. It argues that five types of ethnic conflict marked the aftermath of the elections: ethnically targeted state repression, targeting of local ethnic proxies for national political figures, ethnic vigilantism, opportunistic criminal violence, and ethnic cleansing by Kalenjin ethnonationalists. The essay also argues that while there are good prospects for reconciliation, Kalenjin ethnonationalism poses a serious challenge to long-term stability.
Freedom and Blasphemy: On Indonesian Press Bans and Danish Cartoons
Authors: Keane Webb
Published: April 2009

A comparison of two challenges to freedom of the press, in Indonesia and Denmark, reveals some of the linkages among semiotic ideologies, secularism, and a moral narrative of modernity. By analyzing conflicts between semiotic ideologies, the article shows how actual journalistic practices both presuppose and deviate from the assumptions of any given such ideology. The article also discusses claims about the role of the press in the history of the nation. The case comparison brings out some fundamental tensions between two grounds for this role, to speak as a voice of a people and to serve as a conduit for truth. Viewed in the context of the semiotic ideologies they presuppose, conflicts over the actions and authority of the press can reveal some of the difficulties posed by the moral narrative of modernity and the common sense of contemporary liberalism.
Current status and application of abrasive flow finishing processes: A review
Authors: Mali H S , Manna A
Published: April 2009

The abrasive flow finishing (AFF) process which was introduced during the late-1960s has emerged as an important non-traditional metal finishing process and is increasingly being utilized by industry. The process has found applications in a wide range of fields such as aerospace, defence, and surgical and tool manufacturing industries. Extrusion pressure, flow volume, grit size, number of cycles, media, and workpiece configuration are the principal machining parameters that control the surface finish characteristics. Recently there has been a trend to create hybrid processes by merging the AFF process with other non-conventional processes. This has opened up new vistas for finishing difficult to machine materials with complicated shapes which would have been otherwise impossible. These processes are emerging as major technological infrastructure for precision, meso, micro, and nano scale engineering. This review provides an insight into the fundamental and applied research in the area and creates a better understanding of this finishing process, with the objective of helping in the selection of optimum machining parameters for the finishing of varied workpieces in practice.
On the heat partition properties of (Ti, Al)N compared with TiN coating in high-speed machining
Authors: Akbar F , Mativenga P T , Sheikh M A
Published: April 2009

Heat flow into the cutting tool is one of the critical factors in metal cutting which can influence tool wear mechanisms, tool performance, and quality of the machined part, especially in high-speed machining. An investigation was undertaken to determine the fraction of heat that flows into the cutting tool for high-speed machining with coated tools. The cutting tests were performed over a wide range of cutting speeds during which the cutting temperatures were measured experimentally using an infrared thermal imaging camera. The sticking and sliding regions were established from an examination of the tool—chip contact region using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. In the finite element model, a non-uniform heat flux was applied to match the experimental data. The heat partition results show that the use of coatings (Ti, Al)N may be more advantageous in high-speed machining than TiN coatings are.
The effect of three-dimensional crack growth on the force distribution and meshing stiffness of a spur gear: Ideal and misaligned contacts
Authors: Saryazdi M G , Durali M
Published: April 2009

This article presents a routine for prediction of the crack growth path in gears. Crack simulation helps in determining failure modes and crack detecting by vibration monitoring. To simulate crack propagation an effective method is developed by which the meshing force is calculated based on the compliance of meshing teeth in every stage of crack growth. In this method the compliance matrix of the tooth is calculated using three-dimensional boundary element analysis without the need for simultaneously modelling two meshing gears. The force distribution on the contact area is then calculated using Hertz theory and compliance matrices of meshing teeth. The method is used in prediction of the crack propagation path, meshing force, and meshing stiffness for two cases of ideal and misaligned meshing of a spur gear set. The crack propagation path is very different in the two cases of meshing and affects force distribution on a contact zone. Meshing stiffness reduces as crack propagates but the amount of reduction depends on the position of the contact line and crack propagation path.
On the performance of a cascade of improved turbine nozzle blades in nucleating steam. Part 2: Wake traverses
Authors: Bakhtar F , Mamat Z A , Jadayel O C
Published: April 2009

This article is the second of a set and describes the results of wake traverses and droplet measurements in a cascade of steam turbine improved nozzle blade profiles. In the course of expansion of steam in turbines the state path crosses the saturation line, the fluid nucleates become wet, and the succeeding stages have to operate on a two-phase mixture. The formation and subsequent behaviour of the liquid phase lowers the performance of turbine wet stages. To study these problems systematically the turbine two-phase flow conditions need to be reproduced realistically, which can be done under blow down conditions. Following earlier studies of typical profiles in nucleating steam the performance of a new design of blades is presented. A substantially improved aerodynamic performance is achieved by the new profile.
A new model for damping controlled fluidelastic instability in heat exchanger tube arrays
Authors: Meskell C
Published: April 2009

Heat exchanger tube arrays are susceptible to damage due to flow-induced vibration, with fluidelastic instability (FEI) potentially being the most destructive mechanism. In this article a simple wake model consisting of a convecting vortex sheet is proposed to represent the transient nature of fluidelastic forces present in a tube array. Using this model, the memory function proposed by Granger and Paidoussis has been obtained without the need to calibrate the model with experimental data. The resulting function is found to compare well with the first- and second-order empirical approximations. The memory function has been combined with experimental data for the static fluid force to produce a prediction of the critical velocity for a range of mass damping parameters. This stability threshold is in reasonable agreement with experimental data. Therefore, it is concluded that vorticity transport may well form part of the underlying mechanism responsible for damping controlled FEI, as previously proposed.
Model reduction in commensurate fractional-order linear systems
Authors: Tavakoli-Kakhki M , Haeri M
Published: April 2009

In this paper, some commonly used model reduction methods for integer-order systems are employed to approximate commensurate fractional-order linear systems. In comparison with the original system, the approximating model possesses a smaller inner dimension, while its fractional order is the same as that of the original system. The applied methods fall into the global reduction category, such as direct truncation and singular perturbation methods, and into the local reduction category, such as Pade approximation, partial realization, shifted Pade approximation, and rational interpolation methods. The applicability of these methods is illustrated by approximating a sample high-dimensional, commensurate, fractional-order, linear system.
Mentoring. A Quality Assurance Tool for Dentists Part 3: Building a Successful Mentoring Relationship
Authors: Holt Vernon P , Ladwa Russ
Published: April 2009

The contribution that the mentor can make to the mentoring relationship is undoubtedly crucial. It revolves around mentor qualities, including honesty, congruence, self-sufficiency, and patience. Mentor attitudes include unconditional positive regard for the mentee and mentee focus. Mentor behaviours include establishing rapport, demonstrating warmth and empathy, and giving constructive feedback. There are also unhelpful mentor positions, which are to be avoided. However, there are enormous rewards for the mentor.

Mentees also make a significant contribution to the successful relationship by being open to the process and ready to engage with their mentor in order to discover their own goals and develop their own resources and career. This will help them to serve their patients better in the years to come and thereby to achieve a greater sense of purpose, satisfaction and reward in their professional lives.
Resin-Based Composites and Dentine-Bonding Agents. Which, who and Why? A Study in the East of Scotland
Authors: McFadzean Rhona W , Gibson Emily , Newcombe Ruth F , Nataraja Rajeev , Santini Ario
Published: April 2009

Aims

To determine which resin-based composite (RBC) and dentine-bonding agent (DBA) systems were most widely used by a random convenience sample of dentists in the East of Scotland, by whom they were used, and what influenced the dentists’ choice when buying/using a particular RBC and DBA.

Methods

A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted from June to December 2006. A questionnaire was compiled and, following a short pilot and revision, 250 questionnaires were randomly distributed to dentists attending vocational training/general professional training study days, continuing education courses and various dental meetings. Data from the completed questionnaires were collated and analysed.

Results

A total of 138 questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 55%, of which 101 (73%) were from practitioners working within the General Dental Services, 20 (14%) from Community Dental Service dentists, and 17 (12%) from practitioners in the hospital dental service. The most popular RBC reported by respondents 43 (31%) was Z100™ (3M UK, Bracknell, UK). The most common factors that influenced respondents’ choice when buying an RBC were ease of use and availability, reported by 51 (37%) and 45 (33%) respondents, respectively. Prime & Bond®(DENTSPLY DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) was reported as the most popular DBA by 58 (42%) respondents. Overall, availability, reported by 61 (44%) respondents, was the most popular reason for choice of a DBA, followed by ease of use, reported by 52 (38%) respondents, and reliability, reported by 23 (17%) respondents.

Conclusions

The most popular RBCs and DBAs used by respondents to this study and common reasons for their use were identified. However, it was found that, among those who responded, there was no discernible relationship between undergraduate training, year of qualification and choice of material. Further research is required to corroborate these findings and to identify the level of understanding of material science by dental clinicians.
Monte Carlo tests of the Rasch model based on scalability coefficients
Authors: Christensen Karl Bang , Kreiner Svend
Published: April 2009

For item responses fitting the Rasch model, the assumptions underlying the Mokken model of double monotonicity are met. This makes non‐parametric item response theory a natural starting‐point for Rasch item analysis. This paper studies scalability coefficients based on Loevinger's H coefficient that summarizes the number of Guttman errors in the data matrix. These coefficients are shown to yield efficient tests of the Rasch model using p‐values computed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The power of the tests of unequal item discrimination, and their ability to distinguish between local dependence and unequal item discrimination, are discussed. The methods are illustrated and motivated using a simulation study and a real data example.
The impact of dispositional emotional expressivity and social constraints on distress among prostate cancer patients in Iceland
Authors: Agustsdottir Sjofn , Kristinsdottir Aslaug , Jonsdottir Katrin , Larusdottir Solrun Osk , Smari Jakob , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis B.
Published: April 2009

Objectives

The aim of our study was to identify individual factors that may predict which subset of prostate cancer patients is more likely to experience emotional distress.

Design and methods

Prostate cancer survivors identified through the Icelandic Cancer Registry (N=184), completed questionnaires measuring emotional distress, dispositional emotional expressivity and social constraints.

Results

A significant positive relationship was observed between perceived social constraints and distress (e.g. anxiety, depression, and intrusive thoughts), but only among prostate cancer survivors with higher levels of dispositional emotional expressivity.

Conclusions

The results of our study suggest that it might be important to assess individual differences as well as social environmental factors in the treatment of distress among prostate cancer survivors.
A century of psychology and psychotherapy: Is an understanding of control the missing link between theory, research, and practice?
Authors: Mansell Warren , Carey Timothy A.
Published: April 2009

‘Control’ can be defined as the maintenance of a variable within fixed limits despite external disturbances. There is substantial evidence that the experience of loss of control characterizes psychological disorders. Therefore, we take a historical perspective on how modern psychology as a science has attempted to explain the process of control over the last century, beginning with William James's (1890) proposal of the ‘pursuance of fixed ends by variable means’ as the essence of mentality. We conclude that, after a long diversion from this perspective during the 20th century, recent approaches within psychology are again considering the importance of understanding control. We propose that Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) presents the most focused and applicable account, as characterized by its relevance for psychological therapy in the form of the Method of Levels (MOL). This is a therapeutic technique directed at guiding the client's awareness to the higher level (or meta‐) control processes that maintain their current problem of conflict between their personal goals. We cover the emerging evidence base for PCT and MOL and propose that an understanding of control through PCT has the capacity to link theory, research, and practice within the field of psychotherapy.
Reclothing the Emperor: The Swimming Pool as a Negotiated Order
Authors: Scott Susie
Published: April 2009

This article examines the unspoken rules, routines, and rituals of the swimming pool, using ideas from negotiated order theory, Foucault, Goffman's dramaturgical theory, and symbolic interactionism. It identifies three sets of social norms: respect for personal space, respect for individuals' disciplinary regimes, and the desexualization of encounters. I show how these rules are (normally) followed or (occasionally) breached through various rituals, and examine the consequences for interaction order. The tale of “The Emperor's New Clothes” is used analogously to explain why actors cannot consciously attend to their precarious construction of reality, yet remain poised to defend it.
Performing Beauty: Dove's “Real Beauty” Campaign
Authors: Millard Jennifer
Published: April 2009

Dove, a popular beauty brand, impressed some in the advertising world with its unique “Campaign for Real Beauty” and made others cringe. But little is known about how real women respond. “Real” beauty according to Dove means various shapes and sizes—flaws and all—and is the key to rebranding, rebuilding women's self‐esteem, and redefining beauty standards. Drawing on interviews and focus groups with sixteen Canadian women and guided by social semiotics and dramaturgy, I examine Dove's presentation of beauty and women's reactions to it from a “beauty as performance” frame. This study examines processes of interpretation and finds that expressing beauty, the self, and a public image inextricably requires elements of performance.
“Mom said we had a money maker”: Sexualization and Survival Contexts among Homeless Women
Authors: Wesely Jennifer K.
Published: April 2009

This study examines the lived experiences of a group of homeless women, with particular attention to their “sexualization” and how this frames their interpretations of and responses to their homelessness. A symbolic interactionist approach locates the social construction of femininity with its emphasis on sexualized embodiment within larger structural conditions of gender inequality. The impact of these structural conditions intersects with homelessness for the participants in this study. In‐depth interviews at a homeless shelter reveal the early sexualization that degraded and violated the women, eroding their self‐worth as young girls and, later, as adults. These circumstances shaped their gendered fears and vulnerabilities and influenced the context of their survival.
Az erény természete - Evolúciós stratégiák a proszociális viselkedés hátterében
Authors: Bereczkei Tamás
Published: April 2009

A rokonok, barátok, csoporttársak közötti önzetlenség
evolúciós elméletei és kutatási eredményei mára a pszichológiai kézikönyvek
standard részeit alkotják. Az idegenek iránti támogatás –amely fajunk egyedülálló
sajátossága –azonban sokáig nem kapott megfelelő magyarázatot a darwini
alapokon álló pszichológiában. Miért vagyunk nagylelkűek azokkal szemben, akik
nem a rokonaink, akiktől nem várhatunk viszonzást, sőt akikkel sohasem
találkoztunk és feltehetőleg nem is fogunk? Ugyanaz a kérdés másképpen: miért
olyan általánosak és erőteljesek valamennyi kultúrában az együttműködés és
szolidaritás normái__
Kreativitás és inspekciós idő
Authors: Zétényi Tamás
Published: April 2009

A kreativitásnak az inspekciós idővel való kapcsolatát
vizsgáltuk 97 személy közreműködésével. A ko­rábbi adatokra alapozva azt
feltételeztük, hogy a pszichometriai kreativitás –a pszichometriai intelligenciához
hasonlóan – kapcsolatban van az inspekciós idővel. A korábbi eredmények szerint
a mentális képességek alacsony vagy közepes nagyságrendű negatív korrelációt
mutatnak nagyobb mintákon az információfeldolgozással. Azaz, egy-egy
vizsgálatban a személyek között 10–20%-nak, akiknek magas vagy alacsony
tesztteljesítményéhez gyorsabb, illetve lassabb válaszidő társul. Az irodalmi
adatok__
A szomorú és a vidám érzelmi állapot megjelenése a beszédben
Authors: Szabó Eszter
Published: April 2009

Régen megfigyelt jelenség, hogy érzelmek hatására
megváltozik a beszélő hangja, beszédének jellege. Ebben a kutatásban az
önéletrajzi emlékezés módszerét és zenét használtunk negatív és pozitív érzelmek
kiváltására. A kísérleti személyek vidám, semleges és szomorú érzelmi töltetű
történeteket meséltek magukról, és az általuk elmondottakból fél-félperces
szakaszokat fonetikai elemzésnek vetettünk alá a Praat-program segítségével.
Azt vizsgáltuk, hogy az érzelem hatására hogyan változnak a beszéd olyan
paraméterei, mint a néma szünetek átlagos hosszúsága, a szünetek aránya a
beszédben, az artikulációs tempó, az alaphangmagasság é__
The Role of the Taxanes in the Treatment of Older Patients with Advanced Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Ramalingam Suresh S. , Khuri Fadlo R.
Published: April 2009

The treatment of older patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a considerable challenge for physicians. A patient ’s suitability for chemotherapy is frequently based solely on chronologic age; as a consequence, older patients with NSCLC are less likely to receive standard chemotherapy than younger patients. Although age-related factors, such as comorbid illness, should be taken into consideration when assessing a patient ’s suitability for treatment, fit and functionally independent older patients should be considered candidates for standard chemotherapy. The taxanes are widely used in the treatment of advanced-stage NSCLC and are well tolerated in older patients. The efficacy of both paclitaxel and docetaxel has been studied in older patients and appears to be comparable with that seen in younger patients either as monotherapy or in combination with a platinum compound as first-line therapy. In addition to the available evidence, prospective evaluation of novel agents in elderly-specific or -enriched studies is necessary to guide the treatment of older patients with NSCLC.
Current Treatment Approaches for Infants with Malignant Central Nervous System Tumors
Authors: Lafay-Cousin Lucie , Strother Douglas
Published: April 2009

Learning Objectives

Evaluate the challenges of identifying very young children with brain tumors so that they can be enrolled in clinical trials. Identify prognostic factors for children with certain brain tumors and assess the influence of these factors on current therapeutic strategies. Outline factors affecting survival and neurocognitive outcome of children with malignant brain tumors.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Immunotherapeutics in Development for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Harzstark Andrea L. , Small Eric J.
Published: April 2009

Whereas chemotherapy is the standard of care for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and is associated with a survival benefit, there remains a need for alternative approaches. Extensive work has been done evaluating multiple immunotherapies for the treatment of prostate cancer. This review discusses clinical results for the most promising developments. These include cytokine-based therapy with GM-CSF; vaccines; antibody-based immunotherapies, including anti–cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 therapy and antibodies against additional targets; and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy.
Salvage Therapy in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors: Mendler Jason H. , Friedberg Jonathan W.
Published: April 2009

Learning Objectives

Appraise the most important properties of a salvage chemotherapy regimen and name at least three effective regimens. Evaluate poor-risk clinical features pre-HDCT/ASCT that reduce the chance for cure and design a more effective alternative transplant approach. Hypothesize the reasons for the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies that have shown activity against relapsed HL.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Oil Relative Permeability for Gravity Drainage Based on In-Situ Saturation Measurements
Authors: Naylor P. , Sargent N. C. , Tilsed A. P. , Frorup M. D.
Published: April 2009

A determination of oil relative permeability data during secondary and tertiary, gravity stable, nitrogen injection experiments is described. Four experiments were conducted at high and low pressure using vertical Clashach sandstone cores and a dead oil in the presence of connate brine. The spatial distributions of oil throughout the cores were determined using a radioactive tracer technique and these in-situ saturation measurements were used to determine the oil relative permeability.

The results of two new experiments are presented. A high pressure, secondary, gravity stable, nitrogen injection was conducted in a 1790 mm core with a connate water saturation of 0.25. The residual oil saturation following 12 days of gas flooding was 0.19. A low pressure, tertiary, gravity stable, nitrogen injection was conducted in a 841 mm core with a connate water saturation of 0.19. A residual oil saturation to water flooding of 0.51 was reduced to 0.09 after 37 days of drainage.

The rate of change of oil relative permeabilities with respect to oil saturation was larger in the secondary, gravity stable, nitrogen injection than in the tertiary injection. The predicted residual oil saturation to gas corresponding to an infinite drainage time appears to be finite for secondary gas injection and zero for tertiary gas injection.

The permeability data is consistent with a theoretical model of film drainage which predicts a Corey Exponent of three.
Formation Damage Prevention – Completion of the Most Productive Horizontal Well in Germany in the Mittelplate Offshore Oil Field
Authors: Rappuhn T. , Münch E. , Schuhbauer W.
Published: April 2009

The Mittelplate oil field is located in the Tidelands National Park in the German North Sea. Its location in an ecologically sensitive area was a challenge during well completion planning. The horizontal well A 7a penetrates the Dogger-delta sandstone in the Jurassic trough on the flank of a salt dome. The well's productivity is a very important factor in the economics of field development. The specific reservoir conditions were decisive for well design and completion fluid selection. To retain all options for future production phases, a concept using a cemented liner and subsequent perforation was selected. Formation damage control was supported by short workover time due to new completion techniques. To avoid formation damage during the initial stages of perforation and completion, a non-damaging completion fluid was evaluated in laboratory investigations. The objective was to verify the rheological properties, carrying capacity, and time stability. Minimizing fluid loss during completion guarantees optimum well productivity. A xanthan-based carrier fluid with oil-soluble resins serving as bridging agents was selected. Intensive quality control of the chemicals ensured the use of correct batches in the field, contributing to the positive results of the project.
Cased Hole Exploration: Modern Pulsed Neutron Techniques for Locating By-Passed Hydrocarbons in Old Wells
Authors: Streeter R. W. , Hogan G. P. , Rogers C. B. , Odom R. C. , Barrett D. G.
Published: April 2009

Many Permian Basin fields are considered "mature", with some of these fields almost depleted and/or undergoing water or CO2: flooding. Operators are being faced with decisions to P&A or to recomplete in other zones, often with inadequate data. Unfortunately, many of these wells were logged before modem porosity logs were available. In other wells, for various reasons, the entire well was not logged.

The integration of modem pulsed neutron technologies1 can. however, provide the operator with reservoir parameters from inside casing. For porosity, pulsed neutron systems can make a thermal neutron ratio porosity' (RPHI) similar in response to the compensated neutron. Pulse neutron systems can also be used to make a new type of porosity (IPHI) derived from gamma rays created by inelastic scattering of fast neutrons. IPHI is similar in response to an open hole density and can be crossplotted with RPHI to help identify lithology changes and differentiate tight zones from gas. The crossplotted porosity also helps compensate for lithology and gas effects, and to some extent for some variations in near wellbore environment. The crossplotted porosity can then be used with sigma and/or CATO2 to determine water saturation.
Dealing with Harsh Pumping Conditions in the Dos Cuadras Field, Offshore California
Authors: Krupa Ronald J. , Bebak Ken , Jackson Pat
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this paper is to provide information pertaining to the abrasive pumping conditions and the subsequent corrective action. Additionally, this environment also includes gassy, and corrosive conditions. This paper will describe the characteristics of the harsh environment as well as empirical dataas to the corrective action steps taken to address the application challenges.

The data is an accumulation of computer simulation, field testing, and subsequent evaluation of the equipment upon return to the well.

The results of the paper will show that electrical submersible pump runtimes can be improved by the effective use of abrasion resistant, corrosion resistant, and gas separation technologies. The overall goal of the paper is to share experiences with the industry so that others may benefit from successfully operating submersibles in these harsh conditions.

Introduction

The Dos Cuadras Field is located in the Santa Barbara Channel roughly 7.5miles southeast of Santa Barbara, California, under OCS leases P-0240 and P-0241. Platforms "A", "B", "C" and "Hillhouse"were set in the late 1960's and early 1970's to exploit the reserves in the field. The water depth is 190 feet. The primary zone of interest is the Repetto formation, a Pliocene age sequence of alternating sand and shale intervals. The productive horizons range in depth from about 500 feet below sea level to roughly 4000 feet below sea level. Well conditions are shown on Figure 1.

Original completions consisted of selectively perforated intervals which were produced with electrical submersible pumps. Because of the limited perforation technology applied, relatively high fluid velocities resulted in excessive sand production in the wells. Application of sand control techniques to counter the sand production has been precluded by long producing intervals, limited fluid levels and restricted casing sizes. As a result, to produce the wellbore fluids, it became necessary to produce the sand along with the fluids.
Advertising and Cost Reduction
Authors: Immordino Giovanni
Published: April 2009

Consider a Cournot oligopoly where producers launch new products. At first potential buyers are unaware of the product, and firms decide on levels of production, advertising expenditure and a cost-reducing investment. We find the conditions for complementarities among scale, advertising and innovation strategies to arise. In a duopoly with substitute products all variables are higher for the firm that moves from mass advertising to targeted advertising but decrease for the other. In an oligopoly with complementary products all variables are higher for all firms when they shift away from mass marketing. We conclude by linking our results to the empirical literature on internalization which finds a positive relationship between advertising intensity and foreign direct investment.
Sol-gel bioactive glass-ceramics Part I: Calcium phosphate silicate/wollastonite glass-ceramics
Authors: Radev Lachezar , Hristov Vladimir , Michailova Irena , Samuneva Bisserka
Published: April 2009

In this work we present experimental results about synthesis, structure evolution and in vitro bioactivity of new calcium phosphate silicate/wollastonite (CPS/W) glass-ceramics. The samples obtained were synthesized via polystep sol-gel process with different Ca/P+Si molar ratio (R). The structure of the materials obtained was studied by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and SEM. XRD showed the presence of Ca15(PO4)2(SiO4)6, β-CaSiO3 and α-CaSiO3 for the sample with R=1.89 after thermal treatment at 1200°C/2h. The XRD results are in good agreement with FTIR analysis. SEM denotes that apatite formation can be observed after soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF).
Optimal Internal Dissipation of a Damped Wave Equation Using a Topological Approach
Authors: Münch Arnaud
Published: April 2009

Optimal Internal Dissipation of a Damped Wave Equation Using a Topological Approach

We consider a linear damped wave equation defined on a two-dimensional domain Ω, with a dissipative term localized in a subset ω. We address the shape design problem which consists in optimizing the shape of ω in order to minimize the energy of the system at a given timeT. By introducing an adjoint problem, we first obtain explicitly the (shape) derivative of the energy at timeTwith respect to the variation in ω. Expressed as a boundary integral on ∂ω, this derivative is then used as an advection velocity in a Hamilton-Jacobi equation for shape changes. We use the level-set methodology on a fixed working Eulerian mesh as well as the notion of the topological derivative. We also consider optimization with respect to the value of the damping parameter. The numerical approximation is presented in detail and several numerical experiments are performed which relate the over-damping phenomenon to the well-posedness of the problem.
Robust Parameter Design Using the Weighted Metric Method—The Case of ‘the Smaller the Better’
Authors: Ardakani Mostafa , Noorossana Rassoul , Akhavan Niaki Seyed , Lahijanian Homayoun
Published: April 2009

Robust Parameter Design Using the Weighted Metric Method—The Case of ‘the Smaller the Better’

In process robustness studies, it is desirable to minimize the influence of noise factors on the system and simultaneously determine the levels of controllable factors optimizing the overall response or outcome. In the cases when a random effects model is applicable and a fixed effects model is assumed instead, an increase in the variance of the coefficient vector should be expected. In this paper, the impacts of this assumption on the results of the experiment in the context of robust parameter design are investigated. Furthermore, two criteria are considered to determine the optimum settings for the control factors. In order to better understand the proposed method and to evaluate its performances, a numerical example for the case of ‘the smaller the better’ is included.
Reachability of Cone Fractional Continuous-Time Linear Systems
Authors: Kaczorek Tadeusz
Published: April 2009

Reachability of Cone Fractional Continuous-Time Linear Systems

A new class of cone fractional continuous-time linear systems is introduced. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a fractional linear system to be a cone fractional one are established. Sufficient conditions for the reachability of cone fractional systems are given. The discussion is illustrated with an example of linear cone fractional systems.
Positive 2D Discrete-Time Linear Lyapunov Systems
Authors: Przyborowski Przemysław , Kaczorek Tadeusz
Published: April 2009

Positive 2D Discrete-Time Linear Lyapunov Systems

Two models of positive 2D discrete-time linear Lyapunov systems are introduced. For both the models necessary and sufficient conditions for positivity, asymptotic stability, reachability and observability are established. The discussion is illustrated with numerical examples.
Changes in the phytoplankton community of a lake restored with phosphorus inactivation (Lake Głęboczek, northern Poland)
Authors: Jaworska Bożena , Gawrońska Helena , Łopata Michał
Published: April 2009

The study applied qualitative and quantitative phytoplankton analysis as a tool for determining algal community characteristics and identifying the directions and general trends of changes caused by the restoration of Lake Głęboczek through phosphorous inactivation before and during its application.

The method applied in the studied lake aimed at reducing phosphorous availability through the chemical precipitation of its excess mineral forms in the water body and limiting their mobility in the bottom sediments. Restoration efforts led to shifts in the phytoplankton domination structure followed by the inhibition of blue-green algae development. In consequence, a significant decrease was recorded in the growth rate of the phytoplankton community.
The diurnal distribution of cladocerans in a bed of Myriophyllum verticillatum in Lake Wielkowiejskie
Authors: Basińska Anna , Cichocka Monika , Kuczyńska-Kippen Natalia
Published: April 2009

The main aim of the study was to analyze diurnal changes in the composition and dynamics of the cladoceran community among three stations located along a horizontal transect that included the central part of a Myriophyllum verticillatum bed at the perimeter of a macrophyte stand and the open water zone of neighboring vegetated stations.

Typically littoral species distinctly dominated the material examined. Ceriodaphnia quadrangula significantly influenced the total crustacean community.

The maximum abundance of littoral species was noted in the middle part of the plant stand while the minimum was in the open water. These species revealed a similar pattern of diurnal distribution, irrespective of the station, with the highest numbers at night and the lowest during the day and morning. A similar pattern of diurnal distribution was also observed for pelagic species that exhibited significant differences in the open water zone between the day (the lowest numbers) and night (the highest) samplings.

It was suggested that the diurnal distribution of cladoceran representatives between the macrophyte bed and the open water zone of Lake Wielkowiejskie might have been influenced by young fish predation (pelagic species) and by typical adaptations of particular species to living within the heterogeneous habitat of a macrophyte stand (littoral species).
The effects of abiotic conditions on release of biogenic substances from bottom sediments
Authors: Sobczyński Tadeusz
Published: April 2009

The effects of abiotic environmental conditions, such as water oxygen content, pH and temperature, on the release of biogenic substances (mainly orthophosphates) from bottom sediments were examined in freshly collected samples from Lake Góreckie, Wielkopolski National Park. It was observed that their release was favoured by anaerobic conditions, alkaline pH and elevated temperatures, which are conditions naturally occurring in surface waters, especially in reservoirs of higher trophy.
Potential of Oyster Mushrooms for the Biocontrol of Sugar Beet Nematode (Heterodera Schachtii)
Authors: Palizi Parisa , Goltapeh E. , Pourjam Ebrahim , Safaie Naser
Published: April 2009

Potential of Oyster Mushrooms for the Biocontrol of Sugar Beet Nematode (Heterodera Schachtii)

The potential of oyster mushrooms to attack and kill sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) was studied. The ability ofPleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, P. florida, P. flabellatus, P. ostreatus(sporeless),P. eryngiiandHypsizygus ulmariusto prey on the cyst nematode was confirmed. Nematodes were inoculated on water agar plates on which a single sparse fungal colony of one of the above mentioned fungi was grown. Nematodes were quickly immobilized after inoculation the plates with eachPleurotusspecies, with mortality of about 96%, 72%, 55%, 52%, 20%, 23% and 62%, respectively. Nematicidal activities of culture filtrates ofPleurotusspecies andH. ulmariusagainstH. schachtiiwere also studiedin vitro.Extracts ofP. ostreatuscould paralyse 90% of nematodes whereasP. eryngiicould paralyse only 50% of nematodes. The efficacy of old mushroom compost from cultures ofP. ostreatusandP. sajor-cajuin controlling cysts on sugar beet (Beta vulgarisICI) were studied under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that 100 and 200 grams of mushroom compost per 3 kilogram/pot could significantly control cysts, reducing more than 85% cysts in soil. Presence of cysts on the roots and larvae inside roots were compared with the control treatment.
Analysis of Cyst and Cone Top Morphometrics of Indian Populations of Maize Cyst Nematode
Authors: Abdollahi Mohammad
Published: April 2009

Analysis of Cyst and Cone Top Morphometrics of Indian Populations of Maize Cyst Nematode

Hierarchical cluster analysis based on cyst and cone top morphometric means including cyst length, cyst width, cyst length to cyst width ratio, vulval slit length, vulval bridge length, vulval bridge breadth, under bridge breadth, length of fenestra, breadth of fenestra, distance from anus to fenestra and number of secondary bullae was used to learn more about cyst and cone top morphometric means and their relationships for six populations ofHeterodera zeaefrom Indore, Ludhiana, Delhi, Udaipur, Kanpur and Samastipur by using SPSS 13 for Windows computer software (SPSS Inc.). Values of proximity matrix based on cluster analysis of morphometrics and the dendrograms visually illustrated the grouping and relationships among populations. Intra specific variations in the different characters of the cone top structure revealed that Indore and Samastipur populations ofH. zeaewere different as compared to other ones ofH. zeae.Cluster analysis of cyst morphometrics showed that the populations ofH. zeaefrom Kanpur and Delhi were different as compare to other four ones.
Inhibitory Effects of Powdered Caraway and Peppermint Extracts on Pea Root Rot under Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: El-Mougy Nehal , Alhabeb Rokayah
Published: April 2009

Inhibitory Effects of Powdered Caraway and Peppermint Extracts on Pea Root Rot under Greenhouse Conditions

The effects of caraway and peppermint extracts was evaluated at concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%, respectively on the radial mycelial growth ofSclerotium rolfsii.High significant inhibitory effect on radial fungal growth was observed with different concentrations of each of plant extracts. Concentration of 6% and more of the two extracts in combination were able to cause complete growth inhibition of the tested fungus. In greenhouse, the efficacy of plant extracts in addition to the fungicide Rizolex-T as seed dressing on pea root rot incidence was evaluated in pot experiment using soil artificially infested with the disease agent. All treatments showed a significant reduction in disease incidence compared with the control treatment. Rizolex-T followed by combination of caraway and peppermint extracts as a mixture showed superior reduction effect on root rot disease incidence at pre-, and post-emergence growth stages than individual treatment with each of extracts. The usage of caraway and peppermint extracts for seed dressing before sowing might be applied as control measure for controlling root rot diseases.