bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adorno, Brecht and Debord: Three Models for Resisting the Capitalist Art System
Authors: Ray Gene
Published: January 2017

The article presents three models of radical cultural practice: Adorno’s dissonant modernism, Brecht’s “functional transformation” or “re-functioning” of institutions through estrangement and dialectical realism, and Debord’s Situationist détournement of art, aiming to rupture and decolonize naturalized everyday life. The three models all begin with a critical appropriation of the traditions of art and aims at resisting the social power that passes through art, as an institutionalized field of production and activity. Each of the three modes establishes a set of productive strategies.
Artistic Re-Appropriation and Reconfiguration of the Medium’s Milieu
Authors: Lund Jacob
Published: January 2017

Drawing upon Bernard Stiegler’s and Jacques Rancière’s conceptions of medium as a milieu this article seeks to address the question of the political aspects of the aesthetic in relation to the notion of medium. Based on the analysis of this theoretical question the article interprets and discusses artistic endeavors to re-appropriate and reconfigure conservative symbolic orders and media milieus that have become dissociated in relation to works of art by Alfredo Jaar and Thomas Hirschhorn.
Aesthetic Reasoning: A Hermeneutic Approach
Authors: Davey Nicholas
Published: January 2017

This essay considers the foundations of reasonable evaluation in the arts. These we argue concern the relations that constitute (1) our experience of art, and (2) the ontology of the art work itself. The being of the artwork, the experience and the interpretation of it all involve over-lapping modes of part–whole relations. The experience of meaningfulness is not an experience of a singular object or framework of meaning as closed and complete but an experience of relational meaning whereby exposure to one set of meaningful relations transforms another in an on-going and open manner. This suggests that the experience of art itself provides the norms for reasonableness of evaluation. These norms are not rules in the sense of offering a method. They are characteristic of the features of an experience of meaningfulness itself. The essay suggests that the reasonableness of a response to a work can be considered in terms of (1) its appropriacy relative to the context of its own horizon and the horizon surrounding the production of the work; (2) its plausibility, that is, its internal coherence and consistency as a reading; (3) whether the structure of the response is consistent with, supplements, or expands the intelligible content of the work; and (4) whether it gives a sense of the latent possibilities still held within a work and intimates where the movement of a work’s subject-matter might
The Nordic Journal of Aesthetics No. 47 (2014), pp. 125–142 Commodification and Subjectivization - Toward a Critique of the Authorship Discourse
Authors: Johansson Anders
Published: January 2017

What does it mean that the author increasingly turns into a commodity? The article contains a discussion of some academic responses – taken from celebrity studies and autofiction studies – to this tendency. The texts discussed share an effort to rethink authorship, but nonetheless the implicit result is a reinforcement of a traditional, romantic notion of the author. Above all there is a lack of reflection on subjectivity in the authorship discourse, where concepts like “author”, “subject”, “self” often are treated as synonymous. In that sense the academic responses are part of the commodification they ought to be studying. On another level this commodification could be understood as an expression of a more general crisis of subjectivity: there is a need of stories about autonomous subjects just because of a more extensive desubjectivation. Finally the article turns to Theodor W. Adorno and Jacques Rancière in order to find a more dynamic and apt understanding of subjectivity.
Apocalypse (Not) Now
Authors: Lütticken Sven Lütticken
Published: January 2017

From its beginning in the 1940s, the nuclear regime has been the subject of aesthetic as well as political practices and interventions. This article examines a number of such interventions, from the Surrealists via the Situationists to the present. The focus is on forms of aesthetic activism that challenges the reigning thanatocracy. Key figures are Roberto Matta and Wolfgang Paalen (as “first responders” in the 1940s), Situationists such as Debord and Vaneigem in the late 1950s and 1960s (effecting a repoliticization of avant-garde aesthetics), later writings by ex-Situationists and pro-Situs such as René Riesel and Jaime Semprun, as well as contemporary artists such as Ei Arakawa and The Otolith Group (and their responses to Fukushima). Through concepts and tropes such as invisibility, survival and mutation, these practitioners seek to counteract the “insensible” nature of radiation and problematize post-war society’s dependency on nuclear deterrence and “peaceful” nuclear technology alike.
On the Mattering of Silence and Avowal: Joseph Beuys’ Plight and Negative Presentation in Post-1945 Visual Art
Authors: Ray Gene
Published: January 2017

Joseph Beuys’ installation Plight (1985) forcefully avows of the Nazi genocide by means of negative presentation. The work culminates a collective artistic investigation of negative sculptural strategies for representing traumatic history, opened by the Nouveaux Réalistes under the impact of Alain Resnais’ documentary film Nuit et Brouillard. This article outlines this history and analyzes Plight in the context of the ‘after Auschwitz’ crisis of representation and traditional culture theorized by Theodor W. Adorno. For Adorno, Auschwitz demonstrated threats to autonomous subjectivity posed by tendencies unfolding within the global social process of modernity itself. Reflecting on the fate of music, poetry and literature under these conditions, Adorno advocated a hermetic art of silence and dissonance, as exemplified by Paul Celan and above all Samuel Beckett. This article shows that in the visual arts, too, the genocidal violence of World War II was confronted with analogous strategies of indirection. In Plight, Beuys would successfully synthesize John Cage’s symbolic demolitions of traditional music and the investigations of negative presentation carried out in sculpture by Arman and Daniel Spoerri.
From Candle Light to Contemporary Lighting Systems: How Lighting Technology Shapes Scenographic Practices
Authors: Gröndahl Laura
Published: January 2017

In this article, I discuss the influence of stage lighting on the processes of scenic design and the functioning of performance space. There has been a huge advance in lighting technology with regard to their accessibility, usability, luminosity and costs during the past decades. Light can no longer be thought of as a necessity that can just be added to the performance. It has become one of its basic visual elements, directing and focusing the spectators gaze. The rhythm of changing lighting cues create a visual dramaturgy, which has turned visual design from solid constructrions to a score of temporal events. Today you seldom see a performance without any use of projections or digital videos. I begin with a quick historical survey on the adaptation of electric light in order to exemplify the artistic significance of technological innovations. I move on to a more philosophical conversation about the metaphorical connotations of light as a basic component of the visual mise-en-scène. Then I return to the practices of contemporary theatre making and examine the contributions of the latest projection technology. I suggest that stage lighting has developed from being a technical tool making the scenes visible into a sovereign artistic agency creating images on its own terms. Today’s intermedial scenography can be seen as a parallel to the contemporary experience of our spatio-visual environment in everyday life, echoing the changes that happen in our ways of perceiving and conceptualizing the world.
Finnish Theatre Photography and the Influence of Technology
Authors: Virkki Susanna
Published: January 2017

This article is mainly based on interviews with three Finnish photographers’, Kari Hakli, Jalo Porkkala, and Petri Nuutinen’s as well as on the theatre photographs they have taken. The criterion for selecting these three photographers has been that their work spans a number of decades; therefore, the development of Finnish theatre photography can be studied from this perspective. The theatre photograph is a photo of the stage image, which is often based on the dramaturgy of the play script. The subjects and points of view of the photographer are not generally agreed on in advance with the director or the actors, but they are based on the photographer’s own estimations and views. He/she interprets and transmits the performance to the audience with his images, and works in between the theatre and the spectator, but he is not the artistic producer when photograph- ing, the performance is, i.e. he/she has not chosen lights, costumes or set design. Technology has had a significant influence on the theatrical image and pho- tographic equipment. With the development of materials and equipment, the making of theatre photographs has shifted from a static process into a more dynamic one. Finnish theatre photography has reacted quickly to aesthetic trends in both theatre and photography. In the past it was possible to photograph only static or slow-moving objects in a set situation or in a pose. Today, the photographer can move among the actors, photograph fast-moving objects with a handheld camera using the stage lighting without the need for additional lights. The images look more as if they have been taken by an insider, someone who belongs to the team, rather than by an intruder. Theatre photographs are nowadays needed in the same way they have always been needed, as documents of the performance.
Mobility and Theatre: Theatre Makers as Nomadic Subjects
Authors: Saro Anneli
Published: January 2017

This article discusses the pros and cons of theatrical mobility, investigating situ- ations where theatre is breaking its traditional practices of being local and urban by becoming mobile, international and rural. The main features in this context are guest performances at home and abroad, the importation of guest directors, performers, designers et cetera, and finally, site-specific and open-air productions. The structure of the analysis is based on these features, partly derived from the historical development of theatre but partly also from the aim of contrary thinking, insisting that contrary to the widespread assumption of nomadism as something indigenous or postmodern, nomadic attitudes can also be detected in quite traditional forms of theatre making and living. While touring at home and abroad provides opportunities for theatre makers to practice nomadic life style, summer theatre creates an opportunity for spectators to experience nomadism in more local spaces. The above mentioned features are analysed in the context of Estonian theatre, drawing occasional parallels with the neighbouring country of Finland. Each section goes through three periods of Estonian theatre history; 1) the period before the Second World War when theatres belonged to societies; 2) the period between 1940 and 1991 when Estonia was a part of the Soviet Union and all theatrical activities were subject to state control; 3) the period of independence and globalization. Since each period had a different imprint on theatrical mobility, the phenomenon will be investigated in relation to the political, social and cultural contexts, using Bruno Latour’s concept of actor-network-theory as a methodological tool.
Otherness and Self in Latvian Theatre: Changes at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Daija Pauls
Published: January 2017

In the article, political and historical interpretations of the first play in Latvian, an adapted translation of Ludvig Holberg’s Jeppe of the Hill (1723, Latvian version 1790) are explored. Although the play has been often interpreted as a work of anti-alcohol propaganda, the article argues that the political motives of the play are no less important. Translated into Latvian during the time of the French revolution, the play mirrors the tense atmosphere of the revolutionary years and reflects changes in Latvian peasant identity. While translating, Baltic German pastor Alexander Johann Stender changed the play’s setting to the late eighteenth century Courland and added new details, emphasizing the social conflict of the play as an ethnic one. It has been argued in the article that since ‘class’ in the Baltics was divided along national lines, the difference between peasants and masters was also the difference between Latvians and Germans, so class and ethnicity merged. When the peasant and the nobleman switch places in the play, this symbolizes a change in the Latvian-German colonial relationship. The colonial interpretation allows for a characterisation of the protagonist as a desperate imitator – a colonial subject who loses his identity as a serf and is not able to form a new identity in any way other than by copying the colonialist op- pressor. But this mimicry turns into ridicule, hence the play acquires a political meaning as it implicitly shows the disastrous consequences of revolutionary pro- test. Therefore, the play can be read as a part of the discussions about the Baltic Enlightenment emancipation project and as a hidden debate on serfdom and the colonial framework of the Courland society
Babel and Jericho: Architectural Myths for Technological and Psychological Catastrophes
Authors: De Kerckhove Derrick
Published: January 2017

We live in mythical times when the consequences of human social behavior find an expression in large events that mark the century, from the Fall of the Berlin Wall, to that of the towers of the World Trade Centre. Our public figures such as Putin, Erdogan, Bush, both Clintons or Trump are tragic figures occupying the world stage and deciding its destiny. We can seek a pattern in ancient myths to tell modern

stories. This paper takes the architectural approach regarding the building or the tearing down of walls, specifically those of Babel, Jericho and the Berlin Wall in order to assess their deeper meaning in terms of the larger picture.
The prognostic value of tumor length to resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study
Authors: Zhang Xiangwei , Wang Yang , Li Cheng , Helmersson Jing , Jiang Yuanzhu , Ma Guoyuan , Wang Guanghui , Dong Wei , Sang Shaowei , Du Jiajun
Published: January 2017

Background

The current TNM classification system does not consider tumor length for patients with esophageal carcinoma (EC). This study explored the effect of tumor length, in addition to tumor depth and lymph node involvement, on survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods

A total of 498 ESCC patients who underwent surgical resection as the primary treatment were selected in the retrospective study. Pathological details were collected, which included tumor type, TNM stage, differentiation. Other collected information were: the types of esophageal resection, ABO blood group, family history and demographic and lifestyle factors. A time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and a regression tree for survival were used to identify the cut-off point of tumor length, which was 3 cm. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to identify the prognostic factors to ESCC.

Results & Discussion

The 1-, 3-, 5-year overall survival rates were found to be 82.5%, 55.6%, and 35.1%, respectively. Patients who had larger tumor length (>3 cm) had a higher risk for death than the rest patients. From the univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model, the overall survival rate was significantly influenced by the depth of the tumor and lymph node involvement (either as dummy or continuous variables), Sex, and tumor length. Using these four variables in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model, we found that the overall survival was significantly influenced by all variables except Sex. Therefore, in addition to the depth of the tumor and lymph node involvement (as either dummy or continuous variables), the tumor length is also an independent prognostic factor for ESCC. The overall survival rate was higher in a group with smaller tumor length (≤3 cm) than those patients with larger tumor length (>3 cm), no matter what the tumor stage was.

Conclusion

The tumor length was found to be an important prognostic factor for ESCC patients without receiving neoadjuvant therapy. The modification of EC staging system may consider tumor length to better predict ESCC survival and identify higher risk patients for postoperative therapy.
Efeito da fisioterapia clássica associada a reabilitação virtual em pacientes hemiparéticos
Authors: Ferreira Neto Fleury , Fonseca Marcus de Lemos , Araújo Roberto Paulo Correia de , Sena Eduardo Pondé de
Published: January 2017

Introdução: em meio a suas principais repercussões, a disfunção motora mais evidente do AVE é a hemiparesia, que pode causar déficit de estabilidade levando o paciente a manter-se em uma posição de assimetria postural, com distribuição do suporte do peso para o hemicorpo parético; esse fator e a dificuldade de transferir o peso para o lado afetado interferem na capacidade de manter o controle postural. Objetivo: analisar a descarga de peso em pacientes hemiparéticos após uma intervenção da fisioterapia clássica associada à reabilitação virtual. Metodologia: foram selecionados por conveniência 10 pacientes hemiparéticos pós-AVE, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 30 e 65 e que tinham condições funcionais de permanecer na posição ortostática, sem apoio, por um período mínimo de 12 segundos. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo I (apenas fisioterapia clássica) e grupo II (fisioterapia clássica em associação com reabilitação virtual através do Nitendo Wii). A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Católica do Salvador sob o parecer 1.310.210. Resultados: a análise da descarga de peso após a intervenção verificou melhora na simetria nos dois grupos, porém sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Os dados objetivos apontam que o grupo II (Fisioterapia + Wii) obteve uma melhora mais evidente na simetria, porém os pacientes do grupo I (Fisioterapia Clássica) também obtiveram melhora semelhante, provavelmente decorrente dos exercícios da fisioterapia clássica terem sido bem direcionados à descarga de peso em membros inferiores. Conclusão: esta pesquisa demostra melhora na simetria corporal dos pacientes avaliados após uma única intervenção terapêutica, sem superioridade aparente entre os grupos.
Oficinas de aprimoramento da comunicação oral em adultos: um estudo de caso
Authors: Neves Paloma Cristina Rodeiro , Falcão Ana Regina Graner , Toralles Maria Betânia Pereira
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: Relatar a percepção de um sujeito a respeito das oficinas de aprimoramento da comunicação oral em adultos inscritos na lista de espera da Clínica-Escola Professor Jurandy Gomes de Aragão, da Universidade do Estado da Bahia, com alguma dificuldade na comunicação oral. Metodologia: Estudo de caso de caráter qualitativo descritivo e corte transversal, realizado por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada, dividida em duas etapas. A primeira contendo itens relacionados aos dados de identificação que possam levantar o perfil do sujeito da pesquisa e a segunda, questões norteadoras referentes ao objeto de estudo. A partir do relato obtido, foi feita a análise de Bardin (Análise do Conteúdo). Posteriormente as fases de análise, foi possível organizar categorias de acordo com a frequência de aparecimento no depoimento. Resultados: Diante das releituras e análises da narrativa da entrevistada, verificamos que a comunicação efetiva, a empatia e o trabalho em grupo foram fatores presentes durante as Oficinas e decisivos para a eficácia do atendimento fonoaudiológico diferenciado. Conclusão: Ficou evidente que a abordagem grupal na Fonoaudiologia é benéfica, facilitando o aprimoramento da comunicação oral.No entanto, considerando-se que a atuação fonoaudiológica em grupo é ainda uma estratégia terapêutica pouco utilizada, novas pesquisas e estudos na área devem ser incentivados.

 
Prevalência de traumas infantis: uma investigação com adolescentes de uma escola pública em Salvador, Brasil
Authors: Vasconcelos Nina Maia de , Botelho Ana Cristina Batista , Oliveira Irismar Reis de
Published: January 2017

Introdução: eventos traumáticos na infância podem afetar significativamente a vida do indivíduo, aumentando a probabilidade de desenvolvimento de transtornos mentais no futuro. Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência de traumas vividos por adolescentes, alunos de uma escola pública de Salvador. Metodologia: estudo sobre a ocorrência de traumas sofridos na infância, utilizando o questionário QUESI em 274 adolescentes, alunos de escola pública, com idades entre 12 e 17 anos, no contexto de um ensaio clínico acerca da eficácia do Treinamento Cognitivo Processual em Grupo, para prevenção de transtornos de ansiedade e depressão em adolescentes. Resultados: 92,7% sofreram algum tipo de abuso na infância e 7,3% não sofreram nenhum tipo de abuso. Dentre os três tipos de abuso investigados, a prevalência do abuso emocional foi de 90,87%, a de abuso físico foi de 42,34% e a de abuso sexual, de 11,67%. Os abusos foram mais frequentes no sexo masculino do que no feminino. Conclusão: a investigação sobre traumas sofridos na infância possibilita uma melhor compreensão da etiologia dos transtornos psiquiátricos e ratifica a necessidade do desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de proteção às crianças e adolescentes.

 
Validade de critério e confiabilidade de uma proposta de correção neuropsicológica dos desenhos da Casa-Árvore-Pessoa (H-T-P)
Authors: Araújo Arão Nogueira de , Nascimento Marion Alves do , Sena Eduardo Pondé de
Published: January 2017

Introdução: o teste do desenho da Casa-Árvore-Pessoa (H-T-P), como um instrumento projetivo de avaliação qualitativa, é muito difundido na clínica psicológica. Todavia, como uma avaliação quantitativa de aspectos cognitivos, ainda apresenta parâmetros psicométricos bastante limitados. Objetivo: avaliar, baseada na expressão gráfica, as propriedades psicométricas de proposta quantitativa da forma reduzida do H-T-P. Metodologia: os sujeitos com esquizofrenia e os sujeitos controles foram avaliados com a forma reduzida do H-T-P (correção adaptada). A confiabilidade foi calculada mediante a avaliação da consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach e teste das metades) e da consistência temporal (teste-reteste). A validade de critério foi realizada mediante a comparação da diferença entre os grupos de sujeitos controles e o de sujeitos com esquizofrenia. Resultados: a consistência interna para o valor do alfa de Cronbach encontrado, na fase de teste, foi 0,71 e o teste das metades foi 0,66. Na fase reteste, o teste das metades obteve o valor de 0,71. A confiabilidade temporal para o grupo de sujeitos controles e o grupo de sujeitos com esquizofrenia foram, respectivamente, 0,60 e 0,80. A validade de critério pôde distinguir as diferenças entre os grupos. Discussão: A forma reduzida considerou características nitidamente mensuráveis dos desenhos as quais estavam descritas no manual do instrumento como as encontradas em sujeitos com baixa capacidade cognitiva, esquizofrenia e psicoses em geral. Conclusão: a forma reduzida do H-T-P com correção adaptada mostrou boa confiabilidade nas consistências internas, no teste- reteste e na validade de critério. Portanto, o instrumento apresentou-se útil para avaliar aspectos da expressão gráfica em pacientes com esquizofrenia
Foods, 1. Survey
Authors: Schieber Andreas , Shipe W. Frank
Published: January 2017

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.History of Food Production and Preservation3.Components and Their Reactions3.1.Water3.2.Proteins3.3.Lipids3.4.Carbohydrates3.5.Mineral Components3.6.Vitamins3.7.Enzymes3.8.Secondary Plant Metabolites3.9.Flavor Components3.10.Antinutritive and Toxic CompoundsNatural Pigments4.Food Law
Transmission Electron Microscopy as a Tool for the Characterization of Soft Materials: Application and Interpretation
Authors: Franken Linda E. , Boekema Egbert J. , Stuart Marc C. A.
Published: January 2017

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides direct structural information on nano‐structured materials and is popular as a characterization tool in soft matter and supramolecular chemistry. However, technical aspects of sample preparation are overlooked and erroneous image interpretations are regularly encountered in the literature. There are three most commonly used TEM methods as we derived from literature: drying, staining and cryo‐TEM, which are explained here with respect to their application, limitations and interpretation. Since soft matter chemistry relies on a lot of indirect evidence, the role of TEM for the correct evaluation of the nature of an assembly is very large. Mistakes in application and interpretation can therefore have enormous impact on the quality of present and future studies. We provide helpful background information of these three techniques, the information that can and cannot be derived from them and provide assistance in selecting the right technique for soft matter imaging. This essay warns against the use of drying and explains why. In general cryo‐TEM is by far the best suited method and many mistakes and over‐interpretations can be avoided by the use of this technique.
Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices based on Two‐Dimensional Materials: From Fabrication to Application
Authors: Shim Jaewoo , Park Hyung‐Youl , Kang Dong‐Ho , Kim Jin‐Ok , Jo Seo‐Hyeon , Park Yongkook , Park Jin‐Hong
Published: January 2017

Since the rediscovery of graphene in 2004, this material has attracted an enormous amount of interest owing to its unique structural, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. Beyond this, the unique properties of graphene have also triggered extensive research on other two‐dimensional (2D) materials including transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), particularly for electronic and optoelectronic device applications. In particular, not only single junction but also various heterojunction devices based on 2D materials have afforded novel functionality and advances in many research fields. The availability of various 2D materials could allow the formation of a wide variety of heterojunctions with desired band alignments, thereby providing a powerful fabrication process platform for high‐performance electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this review, the important fabrication techniques of i) doping, ii) contact engineering, and iii) heterojunction formation for improving the performance of 2D‐material‐based devices are first introduced. Promising 2D‐material‐based electronic and optoelectronic devices are then discussed, including lateral/vertical field‐effect transistors (FETs), negative differential resistance (NDR) devices, memory, photodetectors, photovoltaics, and light‐emitting diode (LED) devices.
A Concise Synthesis of Novel Aryl Pyrimidine C‐Nucleoside Analogs from Sugar Alkynes
Authors: Zhang Fuyi , Liang Yan , Li Jing , Gao Fei , Liu Hong , Zhao Yufen
Published: January 2017

Aryl‐ and amino‐substituted pyrimidine C‐nucleoside analogs have been synthesized in good to excellent yields by one‐pot coupling of terminal sugar alkynes, substituted benzoyl chlorides, and amidine salts. The reaction conditions are tolerant of various structurally complex sugars having sterically bulky groups, unprotected hydroxyl groups, and sensitive substituents. The sugar alkynes include structurally diverse pyranosides, acyclic glycosides, and furanosides. The substituted benzoyl chlorides bear electron‐withdrawing and ‐donating substituents with different steric hindrance. The amidine salts include acetamidine hydrochloride, benzamidine hydrochloride, and guanidine hydrochloride.
Synthesis of 1,8‐Anthracene–Ethenylene Cyclic Dimers and Related Compounds: Effects of Linkers on their Structures, Electronic Properties, and Dynamic Behavior
Authors: Inoue Masataka , Iwanaga Tetsuo , Toyota Shinji
Published: January 2017

Cyclic compounds consisting of two 10‐mesityl‐1,8‐anthracene units with trans‐ or cis‐ethenylene linkers and their ethynylene and ethylene analogs were synthesized by cross‐coupling reactions and catalytic hydrogenation reactions. The structures of the four compounds were investigated by X‐ray analysis and DFT calculations. The trans‐ethenylene and ethylene compounds had nonplanar stair‐like frameworks, whereas the cis‐ethenylene compound had a rigid folded framework. In the UV/Vis spectra, the absorption bands red‐shifted in the order of ethylene, cis‐ethenylene, trans‐ethenylene, and ethynylene compounds according to an increase in π‐conjugation. The fluorescence spectra showed that these compounds were emissive in solution as well as in the solid state. Dynamic processes involving the exchange between the two syn forms were observed for the trans‐ethenylene and ethylene compounds by variable temperature 1H NMR measurements. The effects of linkers on electronic properties and dynamic behavior are discussed on the basis of their molecular structures and molecular orbitals.
Beryllium‐Free β‐Rb2Al2B2O7 as a Possible Deep‐Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Material Replacement for KBe2BO3F2
Authors: Tran T. Thao , Koocher Nathan Z. , Rondinelli James M. , Halasyamani P. Shiv
Published: January 2017

A new beryllium‐free deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) nonlinear optical (NLO) material, β‐Rb2Al2B2O7 (β‐RABO), has been synthesized and characterized. The chiral nonpolar acentric material shows second‐harmonic generation (SHG) activity at both 1064 and 532 nm with efficiencies of 2×KH2PO4 and 0.4×β‐BaB2O4, respectively, and exhibits a short absorption edge below 200 nm. β‐Rb2Al2B2O7 has a three‐dimensional structure of corner‐shared Al(BO3)3O polyhedra. The discovery of β‐RABO shows that through careful synthesis and characterization, replacement of KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) by a Be‐free DUV NLO material is possible.
Induction of Strong and Tunable Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Nonchiral, Nonmetal, Low‐Molecular‐Weight Fluorophores Using Chiral Nanotemplates
Authors: Goto Taisei , Okazaki Yutaka , Ueki Masahiro , Kuwahara Yutaka , Takafuji Makoto , Oda Reiko , Ihara Hirotaka
Published: January 2017

A new strategy is described for generating strong circularly polarized luminescence with highly tunable emission bands through chiral induction in nonchiral, totally organic, low‐molecular‐weight fluorescent dyes by chiral nanotemplate systems. Our approach allows the first systematic investigation to clarify the correlation between the circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence intensities. As a result, a dilute solution system with the highest circularly polarized luminescence intensity achieved to date and a dissymmetry factor of over 0.1 was identified.
A Stimuli‐Responsive Smart Lanthanide Nanocomposite for Multidimensional Optical Recording and Encryption
Authors: Li Xiang , Xie Yujie , Song Bo , Zhang Hao‐Li , Chen Hao , Cai Huijuan , Liu Weisheng , Tang Yu
Published: January 2017

A stimuli‐responsive lanthanide‐based smart nanocomposite has been fabricated by supramolecular assembly and applied as an active material in multidimensional memory materials. Conjugation of the lanthanide complexes with carbon dots provides a stimuli response that is based on the modulation of the energy level of the ligand and affords microsecond‐to‐nanosecond fluorescence lifetimes, giving rise to intriguing memory performance in the spatial and temporal dimension. The present study points to a new direction for the future development of multidimensional memory materials based on inorganic–organic hybrid nanosystems.
Measuring Nanoscale Thermostability of Cell Membranes with Single Gold–Diamond Nanohybrids
Authors: Tsai Pei‐Chang , Epperla Chandra P. , Huang Jo‐Shan , Chen Oliver Y. , Wu Chih‐Che , Chang Huan‐Cheng
Published: January 2017

Much of the current understanding of thermal effects in biological systems is based on macroscopic measurements. There is little knowledge about the local thermostability or heat tolerance of subcellular components at the nanoscale. Herein, we show that gold nanorod–fluorescent nanodiamond (GNR‐FND) hybrids are useful as a combined nanoheater/nanothermometer in living cells. With the use of a 594 nm laser for both heating and probing, we measure the temperature changes by recording the spectral shifts of the zero‐phonon lines of negatively charged nitrogen‐vacancy centers in FNDs. The technique allows us to determine the rupture temperatures of individual membrane nanotubes in human embryonic kidney cells, as well as to generate high temperature gradients on the cell membrane for photoporation and optically controlled hyperthermia. Our results demonstrate a new paradigm for hyperthermia research and application.
Fabrication of a polymer monolithic column via redox system and its application in efficient separation of Chinese herb Rheum palmatumL.
Authors: Jiang Xiaoya , Jiao Xiaoyan , Zhang Doudou , Bai Ligai , Liu Haiyan , Yan Hongyuan
Published: January 2017

A polymer monolithic column was prepared via redox system in a stainless steel column (50 × 4.6 mm i.d.) by using 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate as monomer and ethylene dimethacrylate as cross linking agent. Characteristics of the homemade monolithic column were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption‐desorption and mercury intrusion porosimeter, respectively. The results showed that the resulting monolithic column occupied relative uniform porous skeleton structure. Furthermore, the monolith was tested by separating aromatic compounds in conjunction of high performance liquid chromatography with the highest column efficiency of more than 21,000 plate per meter, which was relative high for polymer‐based monolithic column with 4.6 mm i.d. At last, the monolithic column was used to simultaneously separate and quantitatively analyzes five active compounds in Chinese herb Rheum palmatum L. The validation of the method was carried out, which indicated that the accuracy represented by recovery was in the range of 98.48% to 101.57%. Limit of detection and limit of quantification for the five active compounds were less than 33.7 ng and 90.8 ng, respectively. All the results indicated that the present method was simple and efficient for quantitative analysis of the five active compounds from Chinese herb Rheum palmatum L. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44874.
Comparison of cellulose and chitin nanocrystals for reinforcing regenerated cellulose fibers
Authors: Chen Jing‐Huan , Liu Jin‐Gang , Yuan Tong‐Qi , Sun Run‐Cang
Published: January 2017

In this study, regenerated cellulose fibers reinforced by cellulose nanocrystals (CENC) and chitin nanocrystals (CHNC) were prepared by blending the nanocrystals suspensions with the cellulose solution in NaOH/urea/water solvent at room temperature. The effect of nanocrystals' addition on the properties of spinning dopes and regenerated fibers were investigated and compared. Results showed that the obtained CENC and CHNC had different dimensions, and both of them increased the viscosity and decreased the transparency of the spinning dopes. However, the dissolution state of cellulose was not changed. CHNC had a greater influence on the properties of spinning dopes, while CENC had more obvious effect on the performance of regenerated fibers. The CENC reinforced fibers showed a higher crystallinity index as compared to the CHNC reinforced fibers. The tensile strength of the regenerated fibers was evidently improved when 3 wt % CENC or 2 wt % CHNC were added, while the elongation at break of the fibers was slightly decreased with the increase of nanocrystals content. The morphology and thermal stability of the regenerated fibers was not affected by the addition of nanocrystals. This study suggested that the dimension, group and content of nanocrystals were important factors for the reinforcement of regenerated cellulose fibers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44880.
Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of red emitting phosphor La2–xEuxLi0.5Al0.5O4 [x = 0.2–2] with K2NiF4 structure
Authors: Kasturi S. , Satish Kumar S. , Sivakumar V.
Published: January 2017

Europium (Eu)3+‐substituted La2Li0.5Al0.5O4 red emitting phosphors were prepared by a conventional high‐temperature solid‐state reaction method. Powder X‐ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance spectra and spectrofluorometry were used as vital characterizing tools for the phosphors. The Eu concentration dependence luminescence properties and Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters were investigated and calculated, respectively. All compositions showed an orange red emission (due to the magnetic and electric dipole transitions of the Eu3+ ion) with the appropriate Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) colour gamut under near ultraviolet or blue ray light excitation. The calculated critical distance showed that the energy transfer occured between Eu to Eu via an exchange mechanism. The Eu1.4La0.6Li0.5Al0.5O4 composition showed the highest red emission intensity with CIE colour saturation compared with that of the commercial Eu‐activated yttrium oxysulfide red phosphor.
Streptomyces venezuelae TX‐TL – a next generation cell‐free synthetic biology tool
Authors: Moore Simon J. , Lai Hung‐En , Needham Hannah , Polizzi Karen M. , Freemont Paul S.
Published: January 2017

Streptomyces venezuelae is a promising chassis in synthetic biology for fine chemical and secondary metabolite pathway engineering. The potential of S. venezuelae could be further realized by expanding its capability with the introduction of its own in vitro transcription‐translation (TX‐TL) system. TX‐TL is a fast and expanding technology for bottom‐up design of complex gene expression tools, biosensors and protein manufacturing. Herein, we introduce a S. venezuelae TX‐TL platform by reporting a streamlined protocol for cell‐extract preparation, demonstrating high‐yield synthesis of a codon‐optimized sfGFP reporter and the prototyping of a synthetic tetracycline‐inducible promoter in S. venezuelae TX‐TL based on the tetO‐TetR repressor system. The aim of this system is to provide a host for the homologous production of exotic enzymes from Actinobacteria secondary metabolism in vitro. As an example, the authors demonstrate the soluble synthesis of a selection of enzymes (12–70 kDa) from the Streptomyces rimosus oxytetracycline pathway.
Optimized Reaction Conditions Enable the Hydration of Non‐natural Substrates by the Oleate Hydratase from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica
Authors: Demming Rebecca M. , Otte Konrad B. , Nestl Bettina M. , Hauer Bernhard
Published: January 2017

The oleate hydratase from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (Em‐OAH) catalyzes the hydration of oleic acid (C18) to (R)‐10‐hydroxystearic acid. In previous work, low activity of Em‐OAH towards chemically synthesized (Z)‐undec‐9‐enoic acid (C11) was observed. Product formation in the hydration of the truncated C11 substrate was improved by optimizing the reaction conditions by applying statistical experiment design. Optimized reaction conditions resulted in a 2.8‐fold increase in product formation in just one quarter of the time (64 % conversion in 28 h). The applicability has been assessed in the upscaling of the conversion of (Z)‐undec‐9‐enoic acid to (S)‐10‐hydroxyundecanoic acid (132 mg product, >95 % purity). Reaction conditions developed for the hydration of C11 facilitated the first hydration of non‐natural alkenes. By using a fatty acid dummy substrate, 1‐decene was successfully hydrated to (S)‐2‐decanol with excellent stereoselectivity and 50 % conversion after four days of incubation.
Probing Excimers of Pt(II) Compounds with Phenyl‐1,2,3‐Triazolyl and Pyridyl‐1,2,4‐Triazolyl Chelate Ligands by Means of Electrochemiluminescence
Authors: Xiang Guiming , Wang Xiang , Li Michelle S. M. , Lac Kevin , Wang Suning , Ding Zhifeng
Published: January 2017

Pt(II) complexes are well known for their excellent phosphorescence properties. Here, we report the results of an electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence (or electrogenerated chemiluminescence, ECL) study of two Pt complexes with phenyl‐1,2,3‐triazolyl and pyridyl‐1,2,4‐triazolyl chelate ligands to explore their effectiveness as ECL luminophores. The two Pt complexes with the two substituents CF3 and t‐Bu on the pyridyl‐1,2,4‐triazolyl ligand (Pt1 and Pt2) were purposely chosen to see the structure and ECL correlations. It was discovered that excimers, the excited states of analyte dimers, contributed mainly to the ECL production. These two complexes exhibited weak ECL efficiencies following the annihilation mechanism. However, ECL was enhanced with co‐reactants such as tri‐n‐propylamine for Pt1 and ammonium persulfate for Pt2. Spooling ECL spectroscopy was utilized to gain analytical insight into light emission mechanisms. It is shown that excimers were probed easily by means of ECL.
Equiatomic AEAuX (AE=Ca−Ba, X=Al−In) Intermetallics: A Systematic Study of their Electronic Structure and Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: Benndorf Christopher , Stegemann Frank , Seidel Stefan , Schubert Lea , Bartsch Manfred , Zacharias Helmut , Mausolf Bernhard , Haarmann Frank , Eckert Hellmut , Pöttgen Rainer , Janka Oliver
Published: January 2017

The three intermetallic compounds SrAuGa, BaAuAl and BaAuGa were synthesised from the elements in niobium ampoules. The Sr compound crystallises in the orthorhombic KHg2‐type structure (Imma, a=465.6(1), b=771.8(2), c=792.6(2) pm, wR2=0.0740, 324 F2 values, 13 variables), whereas the Ba compounds were both found to crystallise in the cubic non‐centrosymmetric LaIrSi‐type structure (P213, BaAuAl: a=696.5(1) pm; wR2=0.0427, 446 F2 values, 12 variables; BaAuGa: a=693.49(4) pm, wR2=0.0717, 447 F2 values, 12 variables). The samples were investigated by powder X‐ray diffraction and their structures refined on the basis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The title compounds, along with references from the literature (CaAuAl, CaAuGa, CaAuIn, and SrAuIn), were characterised further by susceptibility measurements and 27Al and 71Ga solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations of the density of states (DOS) and the NMR parameters were used for the interpretation of the spectroscopic data. The electron transfer from the alkaline‐earth metals and the group 13 elements onto the gold atoms was investigated through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), classifying these intermetallics as aurides.
Ligand versus Complex: C−F and C−H Bond Activation of Polyfluoroaromatics at a Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene
Authors: Paul Ursula S. D. , Radius Udo
Published: January 2017

C−F and C−H bond activation reactions of polyfluoroaromatics at the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (cAAC) cAACmethyl (1) are reported. Studies on the C−F bond activation using the cAAC‐stabilized nickel(0) complex [Ni(cAACmethyl)2] (2) have shown that 2 does not react with fluorinated arenes. However, these investigations led to the observation of C−F bond cleavage of perfluorinated arenes by the carbene ligand cAACmethyl (1) itself. The reaction of 1 with C6F6, C6F5−C6F5, C6F5−CF3, and C5F5N afforded the insertion products of cAAC into one of the C−F bonds of the substrate, that is, the C−F bond activation products (cAACmethyl)F(Arf) (Arf=C6F5 4 a, C6F4−C6F5 4 b, C6F4−CF3 4 c, C5F4N 4 d). These products decompose readily upon heating to 80 °C within a few hours in solution with formation of ionic iminium salts [(cAACmethyl)(Arf)][X] 6 a–d or neutral alkenyl perfluoroaryl imine compounds 7 a–d. The compounds (cAACmethyl)F(Arf) 4 a–d readily transfer fluoride, which has been exemplified by the fluoride transfer of all compounds using BF3 etherate as fluoride acceptor. Fluoride transfer has also been achieved starting from (cAACmethyl)F(C6F4‐CF3) (4 c) or (cAACmethyl)F(C5F4N) (4 d) to other selected substrates such as trimethylchlorosilane, benzoyl chloride and tosyl chloride. Instead of C−F bond activation, insertion of the cAAC into the C−H bond was observed if 1 was treated with the partially fluorinated arenes C6F5H, 1,2,4,5‐C6F4H2, 1,3,5‐C6F3H3, and 1,3‐C6F2H4. The compounds (cAACmethyl)H(Arf) (Arf=C6F5 12 e, 2,3,5,6‐C6F4H 12 f, 2,4,6‐C6F3H2 12 g and 2,6‐C6F2H3 12 h) have been isolated in good yields and have been characterized including X‐ray analysis. Fluorobenzene C6FH5 (pKa ≈37), the least C−H acidic fluoroarene used in this study, does not react. In order to investigate the scope and limitations of this type of cAAC C−H bond activation reaction, cAACmethyl (1) was treated with several other reagents of different C−H acidity such as imidazolium salts, imidazoles, esters, and trimethylphosphine. These investigations led to the isolation and characterization of the compounds [(cAACmethyl)H(R2ImMe2)]X (13 a,b), (cAACmethyl)H(ImR2) (14 a–c), (cAACmethyl)H(CH(COOCH3)2) (15 b) and (cAACmethyl)H(CH2‐PMe2) (16). Deprotonation of [(cAACmethyl)H(Me2ImMe2)][BF4] (13 a) at the cAAC carbon atom using KHMDS as a base led to isolation and structural characterization of the cAACmethyl‐NHC heterodimer (17).
Personalized, assessment‐based, and tiered medical education curriculum integrating treatment guidelines for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Lee Brian C. , Ruiz‐Cordell Karyn D. , Haimowitz Steven M. , Williams Cara , Stambler Bruce S. , Mandarakas Anthia
Published: January 2017

Background

This continuing medical education (CME) curriculum utilizes the Learner Assessment Platform (LAP), providing learners with personalized educational pathways related to atrial fibrillation treatment.

Hypothesis

There are improvements in knowledge among physician learners after CME, especially among LAP learners.

Methods

In this LAP‐based curriculum, an evaluation of learner deficits on designated learning objectives was conducted in tier 1 and used to direct learners to individualized tier 2 activities. Performance was assessed across learner tracks from baseline to learners’ final intervention. Retention data were measured by the postcurriculum assessment, completed 8 weeks after the learners last intervention. Additionally, each activity included a unique matched set of pretest and post‐test questions assessing the 4 learner domains: knowledge, competence, confidence, and practice patterns.

Results

Significant learner improvement was measured across the curriculum over all 4 learner‐domains: 48% (P < 0.0005), 78% (P < 0.0005), 21% (P < 0.0005), and 20% (P < 0.0005) improvements for knowledge, competence, confidence, and practice, respectively. Significant gains in participant performance scores (28% increase, P < 0.0005) by the final activity was observed. Learners who participated in the LAP (N = 989) demonstrated greater improvement in performance from baseline compared to non‐LAP learners (41% increase for LAP vs 23% and 26% increase for non‐LAP learners who completed 1 (N = 1899) or ≥2 (N = 533) activities, respectively, P = 0.003).

Conclusions

The participant population (N = 3421) achieved statistically significant improvement across the curriculum, with LAP learners showing greater performance gains compared to non‐LAP learners. These findings support the value of the LAP methodology in providing a cumulative and individualized CME experience.