bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steam Turbine Governor (STG) Controller Design Based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
Authors: Majeed Farah Ayad Abdul
Published: July 2021

A reheat and non-reheat steam turbines governor is a component of the turbine control system that regulates rotational speed in response to changing load conditions. The governor output signal manipulates the position of a steam inlet valve or nozzles which in turn regulates the steam flow to the turbine. The application of PID (proportional integral derivative (controller has been widely used from small industry to high technology industry. Tuning the parameters of a PID controller is very important in PID control, Ziegler-Nichols method also used to tune the coefficients of a PID controller. The compensation has been proposed to be 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 15% of the actual load.

This paper evaluates the feasibility of using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method for determining the optimal PID controller parameters for steam turbine speed control. The PSO optimization technique is compared with Ziegler-Nichols method and (PID) controllers. It is validated that PSO based controller is more efficient in reducing the steady-states error, settling time, rising time, and overshooting limit in speed control of the steam turbine control. In which the maximum peak overshoot has been reduced from 44.8% in case of the original system without any controller to 3.45% for the case of PSO based controller and that for 15% load change.
Shear force analysis of Resistance Spot Welding of Similar and Dissimilar Material: copper and carbon steel
Authors: Husain Imad M. , Saad Mursal Luaibi , Barrak Osamah Sabah , Hussain Sabah Khammass , Hamzah Mahmood Mohammed
Published: July 2021

Resistance spot welding (RSW) is a complicated process, which involves the interaction of electrical, thermal, mechanical, and metallurgical phenomena. In this research we used two types of material (UNS G10050 carbon steel and UNS C10010 copper) and welded them in similar and dissimilar condition with four variables welding current, pressure, squeeze time and welding time. The results of the tensile-shear force were analyzed statistically by the Design of experiments (DOE) utilizing Taguchi method. Tensile-shear test used for counting the strength of the joint, maximum strength was found in similar joining condition for carbon steel, also it is interesting to note that the strength of dissimilar joint is stronger than copper joining in similar condition.
Modal analysis of Kaplan turbine in Haditha hydropower plant using ANSYS and SolidWorks
Authors: Muhsen Abdulmuttalib A. , Resan Al-Malik Ali A. , Attiya Bashar H. , Al-Hardanee Omar Farhan , Abdalazize Karam Aied
Published: July 2021

In this study, numerical analysis is conducted to investigate the failure modes in Kaplan turbine. All necessary steps for Kaplan turbine failure analysis are presented in this work using the modal analysis computational approach. The modal behaver analysis is carried out on a model of an existing Kaplan turbine blade, which is based on the existing turbine used in Haditha hydropower plant in Iraq. This work investigates the modal behavior of the blade of interest, which aid in predicting structural damage initiation. The Kaplan turbine blade is designed using the commercial software ANSYS and SolidWorks. To simulate the blade in operation, the blade is fixed from one end, and all degrees of freedom are measured. Moreover, the turbine blade is moved and rotated to simulate multiple operational conditions. Both mode shapes and natural frequencies are predicted and analyzed using the two aforementioned commercial software and the numerical formula involving the arrest Lanczos method. It is clear from the results that the natural frequency of the specified mode shape does not match with the natural frequency of the runner blade. Hence, there is no failure due to resonance phenomenon in this specific Kaplan turbine. The future work must investigate other aspect of the failure modes in such turbine, such as unbalance dynamic loading. The Results obtained from this study will help study the different possibilities for detecting the failure of the Kaplan blade by examining the modal behavior of the blade.
Analytical approach to design wind turbine blades suitable for high power production based on operational conditions in Iraq
Authors: Rahmah Nisreen M. , Muhammad Ahmed K. , Mohammed Tawfeeq W.
Published: July 2021

This study presents analytical approach to design wind turbine blades of high power production capable to work in actual operational conditions in Iraq. The study includes aerodynamics analysis related to wind features around the blades, stress analysis related to the weight of the blade and corresponding loads using SolidWorks software and finally selection the suitable material for manufacturing. Moreover, a survey has done to collect data of wind characteristics in Iraq. The effective parameters in the design were: wind speed, desired power and tower height. The design predicts many specifications in the design of blade for a rate power between (600-850 kW), where the diameter of rotary ranged from 48-57 m, length of blade ranged from 23-27 m and the thickness of the chord has not exceeded 0.12 m as maximum.
Effect of Multi-pass SMAW Welding on the Surface Hardness and Microstructure of Carbon Steel AISI 1050
Authors: Sar Mohammed Helan , Barrak Osamah Sabah , Hussain Sabah Khammass
Published: July 2021

The objective of this work is to investigate the chemical composition, mechanical, and metallurgical properties of welded the carbon steel plates by electrode E7Cr utilize a shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) to weld three cases include one, two, and three passes. The material of the carbon steel plate was of type AISI 1050 with a thickness of 18mm, the diameter of the electrode was 3.2mm. A surface welding was used as a deposit on the surface of base metal with welding parameters of welding current = 90-140A, voltage = 21V. The welded workpiece was tested by a chemical composition analysis, Vickers hardness test, and microstructure test. The results refer that the chemical composition analysis of deposited weld metal achieved an increase in the alloying element of C, Cr, and Mn. The microstructure test of welding zone gives the microstructure different of the base metal, which it consists of a mixture of fine-grain Ferrite, dendrite, coarse dendrites, and Cr-carbide, especially in the third pass. The Vickers hardness test of the third layer had an estimate much higher than of the other layers.
Efficiency enhancement of solar cell collector using Fe3O4 / water nanofluid
Authors: Saleh A.H. , Hussein A.M. , Danook S.H.
Published: July 2021

Increasing temperature of cell’s surface considers one of the most parameters that affected the performance of Photovoltaic thermal collector (PV/T).

A numerical study aid by Ansys Fluent was employed in this study to invesitgate the performance of PV solar cell energy analysis under the same climatic condition of Sherqat-Iraq. A validated CFD model was used in this investigation. It was included six cases four concentrations of (Fe3O4/water) nanofluid, one employed pure water and one used non-cooling PV. The collector of PV/T contains an absorber plate made of Aluminium and serpentine pipe made of copper. The system worked under laminar regime at a constant flow rate (0.0075kg/sec). The results showed that the using of nanofluid as coolant increasing the overall efficiency of PV compared with the water-cooling and non-cooling PV solar cell. It was concluded that the highest thermal and electrical effeciencies are 19.5% and 55.45% respectively when using 1% volume fraction of nanofluid.
Experimental study of cold storage packed domestic refrigerator with solar powered variable speed compressor
Authors: Radhi Mahdi M , Johain J F , Khalifa Abdul-Hadi N
Published: July 2021

A domestic chest type freezer powered by photovoltaic solar panels studied experimentally. Phase change materials (PCM) were incorporated as thermal energy storage instead of traditional batteries for power backup freezer operation under absence/low solar irradiance levels. The test rig consists of three sided freezer divided into two insulated compartments each have its own PCM storage tank. A eutectic potassium chloride (19.4% with -10°C freezing temperature) and sodium chloride (8% with -5°C freezing temperature) aqueous solutions were used as thermal energy storage in each part of cabin. A comparison between different PCMs was made. The results showed a %54 reduction in compressor running time for the PCM packed evaporator. 4Kg of 8% NaCl solution at full load gave higher thermal mass. Also, freezer temperature maintained between -3.5 to -1 ºC for 46% of holdover periods without power supply. 8% NaCl solution performance was superior to 14% NaCl. As the mass of PCM increases the freezer performance improves as well. Finally, two compartments freezer showed that 2kg of 19.5% KCl has successfully kept load temperature at (2°C).
Annealing Effect on Structural and Optical Properties of Cr2O3 Thin Films Prepared by R.F Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Khalaf Mohammed K. , al-kader Dawood salman abd , salh Jassim Mohammed
Published: July 2021

The films of Chromium oxide were deposited on the glass substrates by sputtering magnetron mothed. After that, every film was under annealing at 500 degrees. The spectra of absorption were utilized in determining the coefficient of absorption of a film and every impact of the temperature for annealing on the coefficient was under investigation. The edge of absorption moved towards the red range of the wavelength and the chromium (III) films’ optical constants decrease after being annealed at 500 degrees.

The XRD results show that the annealing time has a profound effect on crystallinity and crystallographic orientation of Cr2O3 thin films. These factors can affect the performance and application of devices. It was uncovered that the content of the adsorbed oxygen declines with raising the annealing temperature, AFM researches of chromium (III) oxide thin films show a surface soft sprinkles after annealing.
The Effect of Mass Flow Rate and Heat Flux on Vertical Two-Phase Flow Regimes in a Small Diameter Tube
Authors: Mohammed Ali K. , Majeed Majid H. , Mohammed Ahmed Q.
Published: July 2021

In recent years, there has been a rising concentration in investigating and researching the boiling of micro channel flow; since they afford high thermal effectiveness, small size, and low weight. In this paper, the boiling heat transfer was experimentally examined using water as the working fluid in small diameter tubes. Experiments for the flow model were performed using the same Pyrex glass tube test facility. The experiments of heat transfer were carried out using an internal diameter copper tube (10.922 mm). The range of other parameters was varied: mass flow rate (0.008–0.0214kg/s); heat flux (17351–80529W/m2); it has been found that the average coefficient of heat transfer depends on the form of flow pattern. The average heat transfer coefficient increases by about 37% when the flow pattern varied from slug flow to churn flow at a constant mass flow rate of 0.008kg/s. Besides, the heat transfer coefficient (h) in the two-phase flow, is 39%, which is more than that for single-phase flow, when the mass flow rate is 0.0214kg/s, and heat flux) increases from 17351W/m2 to 49105W/m2. Also, when mass flow rate rises from (0.008kg/s) to (0.0166kg/s), the pressure drop increases by about (15%) and increases by about (5%) when the mass flow rate rises from (0.0166kg/s) to (0.0214kg/s). The main regime of flow was a slug, churn, bubbly, dispersed bubbly, and confined bubbly flow.
Analysing and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Different Filters on Segmentation Skin Tumors Images
Authors: Latif Haider K , Aljanabi Mohanad
Published: July 2021

Noise eliminating from an image is a significant task in biomedical images, which the noise could make to less error recognition. Filtering employing of a device for noise elimination is disturbed in this work. The determination is to compare different filters effectiveness - Median Filter (MF), Gaussian and Wiener filters. Image segmentation is very significant in digital image processing and lets automatic detection of the particulars of matters in central zones. This ability has a significant part to perform in resolving various challenging problems, mainly problems associated with several diseases, for instance, skin tumours. To reach an active technique to distinguish skin tumuors premature without doing needless skin biopsies, skin tumours images segmentation for lesions has been inspected with MF. We confirm our designs on synthetical images representing typical analysis and modelling to evaluate the constructions and display proof-of-concept outcomes on real biomedical images with various filters segmentation.
Energy-Efficient Localization System for the Blind Based on an Awake/Sleep Scheduling Scheme
Authors: Al-kafaji Rasha Diaa , Gharghan Sadik Kamel , Mahdi Siraj Qays
Published: July 2021

The mobility of blind individuals is restricted by their inability to perceive their surroundings. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 1 billion people suffer from blindness or poor vision that cannot be treated. Several techniques can use in the localization for the blind. Most localization system buildings use wireless sensor network (WSN) technology, but WSNs are a major source of energy consumption. Therefore, saving power in localization systems is a vital requirement. In this paper, a power-efficient portable localization system (PEPLS) based on WSN was implemented. In this system, location information was acquired via global positioning system (GPS) and transmitted via global system for mobile (GSM) and ZigBee protocols. These radio frequency modules increase power consumption. Therefore, an awake/sleep algorithm was used to decrease the power consumption of the PEPLS. The main components of the prototype PEPLS were GPS, GSM, ZigBee, and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) units as well as an Arduino Nano Microcontroller. The proposed awake/sleep algorithm reduced the current consumption of the PEPLS to about 25 mA relative to classical operation, which consumes 156 mA. Consequently, a power savings of 84% was accomplished. Moreover, comparisons with other related works demonstrated that high power savings were achieved.
The IoT for Healthcare Applications
Authors: Hassan Hadeel Kareem , abed Jameel kaduim , Waheb Muthana Arzuqi
Published: July 2021

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept of the internet so that all things in our life can connect to the internet or to other to send and receive data to do all functions through the network. IoT is a new concept based on the use of the Internet to facilitate our way of life. The presence of mobile medical applications and mobile health services that have contributed to drawing innovative features of the way to provide health care services. Also, the spread of emerging technologies such as robotics and artificial intelligence, accompanied by the simple exchange and spread of medical information thanks to the internet, and the discovery methods of treatment. This fundamental shift is reflected positively on patient care after it enabled the doctor to give a more good diagnosis and thus get better treatment results. This combination of the features of the IoT in medical devices contributed greatly to improving the quality and effectiveness of medical services. Mobile devices, wireless networks, and other smart services more than 80% of health care institutions which means that more hospitals, institutions, and health centres have activated smart health devices. Today, “IoT” technologies and digital devices connected to the internet are prevalent in hospitals. It has come to the point where it can be said that many doctors and other health care providers have dispensed with paper and have become either totally or largely dependent on devices connected to WiFi networks and tablets. In this study, nine patients have been applying this technique to them, and their results have varied and will be reviewed.
Application of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Mechanism in Infant Population: A Short Review
Authors: Alkhafaji Farah M. , Khalid Ghaidaa A. , Al-Naji Ali
Published: July 2021

Cardiac arrest (CA) is a significant issue in infants worldwide, which causes disagreeable morbidity and mortality ratios. Thus, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a technique performed in case of cardiac arrest to save victims’ lives. The aim of CPR is to follow the blood flow promoting to the vital organs during the external chest provisional compressions. This technique has been reported to develop CA results. It was reported that CPR was not performed in high quality even when highly qualified rescuers delivered by CPR. Therefore, international guidelines have proposed for applying a CPR feedback device to release high-quality CPR to enhance survival rates. There is currently no feedback device available to guide learners through infant CPR performance compared to the adequate number of the adult in CPR feedback device. This study establishes a background knowledge to understand the CPR technique in infant populations by reviewing the following: the critical role of chest compression and rescue breath during the CPR process, the CPR standards, increasing the cardiac arrest survival rate by performing high-quality CPR, the effect of feedback on CPR performance., outlining the effect of different compression techniques on all the hemodynamic outcomes for delivering high-quality infant CPR.
Causes of Abandoned Construction Projects: A case study in Iraq
Authors: Khudhaire Huda Yaseen , Naji Hafeth I.
Published: July 2021

Recently, many construction projects in Iraq have been either incomplete or abandoned, with negative implications for stakeholders, the economy, and the environment. The research methodology in this study adopts to Identify the reasons for the abandonment of construction projects in Iraq and arranging them corresponding to the viewpoint of three superiors (owners, consultants, contractors) of the construction project. A literature review on abandoned construction projects was carried out and interviews were conducted for a range of experts in the sector of the building environment in Iraq. As a result, the questionnaire consisted of 41 causes of abandoned construction projects in Iraq. the causes are grouped into six-item. A field survey was conducted using the Relative Importance Index (RII) to rate these causes from the perspective of the owner, contractor, and consultant. 85 forms are the total number of questionnaires distributed, representing 30 for owners, 20 for contractors, and 35 for consultants. The results concluded that the causes of abandoned projects related to time, finance, and resources are in the first, second, and third places, with a total RII equal to 78, 76.3, and 75.8, respectively.
Baghdad flood Residential zone exposed to inundation by Mosul dam Hypothetical failure
Authors: Kareem Hassan Alwan Prof. Dr. , Hadeel Yassin Abbas Eng.
Published: July 2021

Lately most of institutions in the world interest in floods states and the impact of inundation on the cities and land use that content of, because it’s important to realize the amount of hazard that will be faced when the flood occur by any case (Pluvial flood and dam failure flood), Which make the habitants understand how to deal with this flooded area each according to its location and conditions, In this paper we will confine the Residential zone in Baghdad city that exposure to flood causing by Mosul dam failure, GIS technique help us to observe, understand and calculate the areas of land use in cites that exposed to inundation hazard to study the scenario to deal with and treat this area, and understand how suitable the location planning of this land use, By using the Hypothetical dam’s failure model of Mosul dam which built from the Digital Elevation Model and the cross sections of the rivers (That done by Iraqi ministry of water resources using HEC RASS program), Intersection this model with the Layers (shape files) of Baghdad city Residential zone, the analysis’s layer (the result layer) will show the damaged areas and it’s percentage to Residential use.
Reinforced Concrete Circular Deep Beams - Finite Element Parametric Study
Authors: Talal Abdullah A. , Dawood Asala A. , Abdul-Razzaq Khattab S. , Khaleel Wisam H. , Al-Karawi Sultan N.
Published: July 2021

This paper presents a parametric study using finite element analysis of twenty six reinforced concrete circular deep beams. The considered parameters are loading type (partial and full), diameter, height and width of the circular beam, in addition to number of supports. It is concluded that applying a central partial uniformly distributed loading by 33-100% of the span length increased the load capacity by about 4-39%, and at the same time, decreased the maximum deflection and torsional moments by about 10-30% and 4-26%, respectively as compared with equivalent concentrated central loading. Increasing beam diameter by 33-167% led to decrease the load capacity by about 7-35%, while the deflection and torsional moments increased by about 41-265% and 24-77%, respectively. The load capacity and torsional moments increased by about 14-68% and 14-86%, respectively whereas deflection decreased by about 7-23% when the height of beam increased by 11-56%. The load capacity, deflection and torsional moments increased by about 163-458%, 54-83% and 160-451%, respectively when the circular beam width increased by 50-150%. Finally, it is found that the load capacity increased by about 85-365%, while the deflection and torsional moments decreased by about 24-56% and 10-46%, respectively when number of support increased by 25-100%.
The effectiveness of project delivery systems in the optimal implementation of green buildings
Authors: Tamur Shaymaa T. , Erzaij Kadhim R.
Published: July 2021

This research shows a summary of the latest systems of project delivery, which can work on the green building execution to define and processing the inherent complexity in the green building sector represents by cost and time overrun due to the challenges potential in the implementation of such a project. The study focuses on the strength, weaknesses, and intricacies of different types of project delivery systems sensed latest study trends in systems of project delivery, and how they carry out in an environment of green building. This research promotes future work to concentrates on the presentation and quality of green building because these fields are more necessary to the organizational and technological complexities, regular the preliminaries for educational students to discover modern techniques in assessing systems of project delivery in addition to in promoting decision-makers in the appropriate judgments for choosing the delivery system to attain the success of a project.
Experimental investigation of physical characteristics of asphalt binder containing nano and micro steel slag
Authors: Zghair Hussein H , Mohammed Humam H
Published: July 2021

Sustainable development is represented the great challenge of meeting the requirements of humans for the industrial products, transportation and influence of waste materials whereas sustaining and protecting environmental quality. The main purpose of the current research is to assess the physical properties of base and modified asphalt binders with selected percentages of nano and micro size of steel slag material. Significant physical characteristics of the modified asphalt including; ductility value, softening point, penetration index, penetration grade and viscosity values were measured. Three percentages of nano and micro size of iron slag as (1, 2, and 3) % by of the asphalt weight were blended by a shear mixer set at (3,000) rpm and mixing period fixed at 20 min at 145 °C. In general, the results have shown adding nano and micro steel slag powder that increased the viscosity values, softening point temperature, whereas reduced the ductility and penetration values. Concerning penetration index values for the modified asphalts are improved by adding slag percentages. However, the modified asphalt binder with 3% of nano slag showed a higher value of penetration index (PI) thus, it has an encouraging influence on the resistance of rutting failure.
Effect of cement dust on consolidation properties of expansive soil
Authors: Hussein Abeer F. , Ali Ahmed S. , Al-Taie Abbas J
Published: July 2021

The utilization of by-product wastes as stabilizer materials to problematic soils has become widely common. Such a situation considers as a solution to the negative effects of these materials on the environment, on one hand, and as an economic solution by recycling the wastes in soils’ improvement techniques, on the other. The purpose of the present study is to explore the consolidation properties of Iraqi expansive soil with the addition of one selected by-product wastes materials from the local industry process. The cement dust has been selected as a stabilizer to explored expansive soil. The cement dust has been selected as a stabilizer to explored expansive soil. The cement dust is a waste of cement industry and its deposit is rarely recycled in the local Iraqi industry, and there are significant amounts of cement dust available as waste materials. Herein, the specimens were prepared by mixing the expansive soil with different content of cement dust (from 0% to 30%). An experimental series of consolidation tests were carried out to explore the effects of cement dust on consolidation properties experienced by expansive soil. Test results indicate that cement dust has considerably affected the consolidation properties of expansive soil. In particular, the swelling index (cs) was reduced for one-third of the value of cs of virgin soil.
Effect of High Contain Sustainable Steel Fiber on Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete
Authors: Aljalawi N M F
Published: July 2021

An experimental work was carried out to investigate some mechanical properties of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC). These properties include Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Water Absorption and Density. The effect of the high volume of steel fiber on these properties were carefully studied, the steel fibers volume fraction (0%, 14%, 28% by volume of concrete) layer and (0%, 7%, 14% by volume of concrete) random. Used silica fume content 10% as a partial replacement by weight of cement and super plasticizer known (Sika Visco Crete-5930). The experimental results showed that as the steel fiber volume increase from 0% to 28% (layer) lead to decrease in compressive strength while increase in tensile strength, water absorption and density. The steel fiber volume from 0% to 14% (random) lead to decrease in compressive strength while increase in tensile strength, water absorption and density.
Simulation Traffic Flow in Urban Arterial Streets Using CFD (Army Canal Street as a Case Study)
Authors: Hatem Manar K. , Qasim Dr. Gofran J.
Published: July 2021

computation fluid dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics that has been widely and successfully applied to different fields of engineering researches by using the numerical analysis and data structures to analyze and solve problems that involve fluid flows. The aim of this paper concentrated on simulation process of traffic flow of particular section of Army Canal Street by using CFD approach. It is found that the tremendous potential to analyze the traffic flow by the CFD approach by providing an estimation of the unknown value of traffic flow in the exits or entries based on collected data of the upstream and downstream or vice versa. This process will help in reduce the time, effort and cost in the traffic count calculation process for a specific segment. The CFD has the capability to clarify visually the high and low regions of the traffic flow on the roadway section based on the colored contour legend.
Effects of Carbon Fiber & Sika Fiber on Improving the Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soil
Authors: Hammodi Rusul Sh. , Ahmed Balqees A.
Published: July 2021

The effects of carbon & sika fibers on the Undrained unconsolidated strength (UUS) of weak clay soil have been studied in this research. The soil sample obtained from Al Basra city south of that can be classified according to USCS as weak silty clay of low plasticity (CL). The additives are carbon & sika fibers. The soil samples were improved by mixing with four ratios of each additive 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% of the dry soil weight. Mixture samples prepared using the optimum water content. Bearing capacity of samples measured by the unconsolidation undrained tri-axial shear test. Based on the results of tests at failure, the undrained unconsolidated strength (UUS) increased with increasing the ratio of additives, except in the case of sika fiber, which gave negative effects. In addition, it is important to avoid using carbon fiber in a high ratio of upper than 1% of dry soil weight due to a decrease in the (UUS).
Hydraulic characteristics of the lower part of Diyala River
Authors: Jassam Wafeek Abood , Abed Basim Sh.
Published: July 2021

A one-dimensional hydraulic model was conducted to simulate the flow in Diyala River. The research aims to study the flow capacity along Diyala River and especially concerning on reach of the river within Baqubah City during flood seasons by using HEC-RAS, 5.07 software. Moreover, specifying the hydraulic problems and then the necessary treatments to overcome them were suggested. A 190 km length of the reach of Diyala River was included in this study, starts from Diyala submerged weir to the confluence of Diyala-Tigris River south of Baghdad City. Good agreement resulted between the measured and the simulation results with a determination coefficient (R2) value of 0.84 with Manning Coefficients in the steady-state flow of 0.028 and 0.045 for the main channel and for the over-banks of Diyala River, respectively. Moreover, the model results and the field surveying of the river showed that the flood capacity of the Diyala River within Baqubah City is cannot be exceeding 750 m3/sec. Also, the flood-prone areas were identified, that they were located between Kharnabat to Um Al-Atahm, which requires training for the cross-sections and rising the embankments to increase the discharge capacity of the river for more than of 1000 m3/sec.
Particle Swarm Optimization in Training Management of Construction Projects
Authors: Falih Suha , Mohammed Sawsan Rasheed
Published: July 2021

The process of mining the necessary information from the database the previously exist called data mining, also it was given different name as the extraction of knowledge, detection of information, harvesting of information, data archeology, and processing of data pattern The author gather these data from the papers and projects and form a mathematical model to solve training problems, 41 project taken and every project contain 10 problem contain 3 conceivable solutions, the PSO attempts to determine the best solution. The results show that most of the engineers are not multidiscipline and even if they work on the other discipline, the lack the principle of it. The nature of the construction industry in Iraq tends to use the traditional methods in the construction and refuse to use the modern techniques. PSO algorithm used to determine the optimal result for each training problem PSO technique displays operative method in determining the greatest solution in terms of velocity and way of examining.
A Review on Deep mixing method for soil improvement
Authors: Alhamdi Mohammed Khalil , Albusoda Bushra Suhale
Published: July 2021

Deep mixing method, the ideal choice that can be used to treat problems arising from the presence of soft clay soil as a basis for constructing a specific structure. Soft clay soil covers large areas in some countries around the world, making it difficult to find suitable places for construction. Soft clay soil which has a high moisture content that makes it with small shear resistance and high settlement capability is not suitable as a bearing layer under the foundations of the facilities, Therefore, the need arose to either the use of a certain type of foundation, such as deep foundations Which are more complicated compared to the second option, or the use a specific treatment technique to improve the properties of the soft clay soil and make it suitable for the construction with the using of a certain type of foundations other than deep foundations. One of the most suitable treatment techniques for soft clay soils in terms of structural purpose, cost and time is the deep mixing process. Deep soil mixing is a complex process in terms of factors that affect the improved soil quality and the processes that causing the improvement. This process has been covered in a lot of books and published researches in many of its aspects, but there is some of that relates to this process has not been significantly highlighted such as improved soil permanence over time, which causes a poor understanding of the behavior of improved soil after the improvement process. In this research paper, everything related to the deep mixing process will be touch upon, starting with the historical development of this process, its beginnings to its types, classifications and applications, and the accompanying chemical and physical processes, in addition to a literary review for what related to this process.
Effect of fine Aggregate Replacement with Dolomite powder on GFRC Mechanical Properties
Authors: Manikandan P , Dhivya S , Poornima S , Mahesh Raj M , Prabhu C , Keerthivasan R
Published: July 2021

Portland cement, sand, water, acrylic copolymer, alkali resistant glass fibre reinforcement (GFR), and additives make up Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC). Dolomite is a calcium magnesium carbonate anhydrous carbonate mineral. The aim of this study is to find the flexural strength of the concrete, split tensile of beam, and compressive strength of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) with Dolomite Waste used as the partial sand (fine aggregate) substitute. In this direction, an investigation of strength was conducted to find the use of dolomite as a partial (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%) substitute for fine aggregate in GFRC. The M25 grade of concrete was subjected to hardened concrete tests at the ages of seven and twenty-eight days. The findings of the tests are compared to those of standard concrete.
Minimization of Hiring cost for n-Jobs, 2-Machines Flow Shop Scheduling: Processing Time Associated with Probabilities with Transportation Time including Break down interval
Authors: Gupta Deepak , Sehgal Poojadeep
Published: July 2021

This paper examines a heuristic programmed algorithm for the problem of two-stage flow shop scheduling in which the time to process their respective probabilities and to minimize the cost of hiring machines under a given rental policy. Furthermore, it takes into account the transfer time from one device to another system. The algorithm is very easy to understand and also offers an significant technique for decision-making.
A microfabricated ion trap chip with a sloped loading slot to minimize exposing trapped ions to stray charges
Authors: Jung Changhyun , Lee Woojun , Jeong Junho , Lee Minjae , Park Yunjae , Kim Taehyun , "Dan" Cho Dong-II
Published: July 2021

A novel microfabricated ion trap chip that can geometrically minimize exposing trapped ions to stray charges on dielectric surfaces is developed. The new design utilizes a sloped loading slot to make the dielectric layers of the loading slot sidewalls invisible to the trapped ions. The designed loading slot is realized by applying silicon anisotropic etching processes, and the ion trap chip that contains the sloped loading slot is fabricated using microelectromechanical system processes. Stray charges induced by injecting an ultraviolet laser on the surface of the fabricated ion trap chip are experimentally characterized by measuring stray electric fields at the location of the trapped ions. The measured results are compared to those of a previous ion trap chip with a vertical loading slot. The magnitude of the measured stray electric field in the axial direction is within 1.5 V m−1 for the proposed ion trap chip, whereas it is approximately 10 V m−1 for the previously reported ion trap chip.
Interfacial informatics
Authors: Fischer Julia M , Parker Amanda J , Barnard Amanda S
Published: July 2021

Using machine learning methods to analyse and predict events occurring at interfaces is more complicated than applying machine learning to participating entities, such as adsorbates and adsorbents separately. Whether combining molecular or materials descriptors, or explicitly defining the topology of the space in between, the choice of features is critical to successfully understanding the potential energy surface that determines the probability of events, or the importance of unique characteristics that can guide decision making. If reliably defined these descriptors can be used in advanced machine learning methods to model dynamics, co-adsorption and interfacial evolution based on complex data; an area traditionally reserved for molecular dynamics or kinetic Monte Carlo. In this perspective, we provide some insights into how interactions and interfaces can be more effectively described and introduce some relevant machine learning methods that go beyond the unsupervised pattern recognition or supervised classification and regression currently preferred by the community.
Confession of a causal decision theorist
Authors: Elga Adam
Published: July 2021

(1) Suppose that you care only about speaking the truth, and are confident that some particular deterministic theory is true. If someone asks you whether that theory is true, are you rationally required to answer ‘yes’? (2) Suppose that you face a problem in which (as in Newcomb's problem) one of your options – call it ‘taking two boxes’ – causally dominates your only other option. Are you rationally required to take two boxes? Those of us attracted to causal decision theory are under pressure to answer ‘yes’ to both questions. However, it has been shown that many existing decision theories are inconsistent with doing so (Ahmed 2014). A simple proof shows that the same goes for an even wider class of theories: all ‘suppositional’ decision theories. The moral is that causal decision theorists must either answer ‘no’ to one of the above questions, or else abandon suppositional decision theories.
Animal Allergens, Endotoxin, and β-(1,3)-Glucan in Small Animal Practices: Exposure Levels at Work and in Homes of Veterinary Staff
Authors: Zahradnik Eva , Sander Ingrid , Kleinmüller Olaf , Lotz Anne , Liebers Verena , Janssen-Weets Bente , Kler Stéphanie , Hilger Christiane , Beine Alexandra , Hoffmeyer Frank , Nienhaus Albert , Raulf Monika
Published: July 2021

Objectives

In veterinary settings, high exposures to animal allergens and microbial agents can be expected. However, occupational exposure levels are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the allergen, endotoxin, and β-(1,3)-glucan concentrations in small animal practices and in the homes of practice employees.

Methods

Dust samples were collected using electrostatic dust fall collectors in diverse rooms of 36 small animal practices, as well as in employees’ homes. Major animal allergens (Fel d 1, Can f 1, Ory c 3, Cav p 1, Equ c 1, Bos d 2), domestic mite (DM) allergens, and β-(1,3)-glucan levels were measured using enzyme immunoassays. Endotoxin was determined using the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. Influences on exposure levels were analyzed using multilevel models.

Results

The levels of Can f 1, Fel d 1, Ory c 3, and Cav p 1 were up to 30 times higher in practices compared with homes without animals, but significantly lower compared with the homes with the respective pet. Although horses were not treated in the practices, Equ c 1 was found in 87.5% of samples, with the highest concentrations measured in changing rooms. DM levels were significantly lower in practices than in all private homes, and endotoxin levels were similar to those in homes with pets. In the practice itself, exposure levels were significantly influenced by animal presence, type of the room, and area per employee; whereas, room volume and diverse cleaning measures had mostly no effect.

Conclusions

Exposure to animal allergens is high in veterinary practices, but it does not reach levels of households with pets. Domestic mite allergen and endotoxin exposure seem to be low for workers in veterinary practices. The high Equ c 1 detection rate strongly indicates dispersal of allergens, most likely through clothing and hair.
Recognizing binding sites of poorly characterized RNA-binding proteins on circular RNAs using attention Siamese network
Authors: Wu Hehe , Pan Xiaoyong , Yang Yang , Shen Hong-Bin
Published: July 2021

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) interact with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to play crucial roles in gene regulation and disease development. Computational approaches have attracted much attention to quickly predict highly potential RBP binding sites on circRNAs using the sequence or structure statistical binding knowledge. Deep learning is one of the popular learning models in this area but usually requires a lot of labeled training data. It would perform unsatisfactorily for the less characterized RBPs with a limited number of known target circRNAs. How to improve the prediction performance for such small-size labeled characterized RBPs is a challenging task for deep learning–based models. In this study, we propose an RBP-specific method iDeepC for predicting RBP binding sites on circRNAs from sequences. It adopts a Siamese neural network consisting of a lightweight attention module and a metric module. We have found that Siamese neural network effectively enhances the network capability of capturing mutual information between circRNAs with pairwise metric learning. To further deal with the small-sample size problem, we have performed the pretraining using available labeled data from other RBPs and also demonstrate the efficacy of this transfer-learning pipeline. We comprehensively evaluated iDeepC on the benchmark datasets of RBP-binding circRNAs, and the results suggest iDeepC achieving promising results on the poorly characterized RBPs. The source code is available at https://github.com/hehew321/iDeepC.
Medical concept normalization in clinical trials with drug and disease representation learning
Authors: Miftahutdinov Zulfat , Kadurin Artur , Kudrin Roman , Tutubalina Elena
Published: July 2021

Motivation

Clinical trials are the essential stage of every drug development program for the treatment to become available to patients. Despite the importance of well-structured clinical trial databases and their tremendous value for drug discovery and development such instances are very rare. Presently large-scale information on clinical trials is stored in clinical trial registers which are relatively structured, but the mappings to external databases of drugs and diseases are increasingly lacking. The precise production of such links would enable us to interrogate richer harmonized datasets for invaluable insights.

Results

We present a neural approach for medical concept normalization of diseases and drugs. Our two-stage approach is based on Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). In the training stage, we optimize the relative similarity of mentions and concept names from a terminology via triplet loss. In the inference stage, we obtain the closest concept name representation in a common embedding space to a given mention representation. We performed a set of experiments on a dataset of abstracts and a real-world dataset of trial records with interventions and conditions mapped to drug and disease terminologies. The latter includes mentions associated with one or more concepts (in-KB) or zero (out-of-KB, nil prediction). Experiments show that our approach significantly outperforms baseline and state-of-the-art architectures. Moreover, we demonstrate that our approach is effective in knowledge transfer from the scientific literature to clinical trial data.

Availability and implementation

We make code and data freely available at https://github.com/insilicomedicine/DILBERT.
tRNA-derived fragment tRFLys-CTT-010 promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression by regulating glucose metabolism via G6PC
Authors: Zhu Ping , Lu Jingjing , Zhi Xiuling , Zhou Yue , Wang Xue , Wang Chaofu , Gao Yabiao , Zhang Xiufen , Yu Jerry , Sun Yangbai , Zhou Ping
Published: July 2021

tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are a novel class of small non-coding RNAs whose biological roles are not well defined. Here, using multiple approaches, we investigated its role in human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Our genome-wide transcriptome analysis of small non-coding RNAs revealed that tRFLys-CTT-010 was significantly increased in human TNBC. It promoted TNBC proliferation and migration. It also closely associated with starch and sucrose metabolism pathways (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis) and positively regulated the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC), one of the related genes in the pathway. G6PC, a complex of glucose-6-phosphatase in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, is upregulated in human TNBC samples. Further studies demonstrated that overexpression of G6PC in tRFLys-CTT-010 inhibitor-transfected TNBC cell lines can reverse malignant biological behavior and knockdown of G6PC in TNBC cell lines inhibited tumor progression and reversed the oncogenic function of tRFLys-CTT-010. In addition, tRFLys-CTT-010 interacted with G6PC to regulate cellular lactate production and glycogen consumption, resulting in cell survival and proliferation. Thus, fine-tuning glucose metabolism and the tRFLys-CTT-010/G6PC axis may provide a therapeutic target for TNBC treatment.
Adaptation of the Corticomuscular and Biomechanical Systems of Pianists
Authors: Kimoto Yudai , Hirano Masato , Furuya Shinichi
Published: July 2021

Independent control of movements between the fingers plays a role in hand dexterity characterizing skilled individuals. However, it remains unknown whether and in what manner neuromuscular and biomechanical constraints on the movement independence of the fingers depend on motor expertise. Here, we compared motor dexterity, corticospinal excitability of multiple muscles, muscular activation, and anatomical features of the fingers between the pianists and nonpianists. When the ring finger was passively moved by a robot, passive motions produced at the adjacent fingers were smaller for the pianists than the nonpianists, indicating reduced biomechanical constraint of fingers in the pianists. In contrast, when the ring finger moved actively, we found no group difference in passive motions produced at the adjacent fingers; however, reduced inhibition of corticospinal excitability of the adjacent fingers in the pianists compared with the nonpianists. This suggests strengthened neuromuscular coupling between the fingers of the pianists, enhancing the production of coordinated finger movements. These group differences were not evident during the index and little finger movements. Together, pianists show expertise-dependent biomechanical and neurophysiological adaptations, specifically at the finger with innately low movement independence. Such contrasting adaptations of pianists may subserve dexterous control of both the individuated and coordinated finger movements.