bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimized Design of Floor Plan and Components of Prefabricated Building with Energy-Cost Effect
Authors: Guo Juanli , Li Mingchen , Jiang Zixin , Wang Zhoupeng , Zhou Yangkong
Published: April 2022

Optimizing building performance and economic benefits through feedback in building design is a hot topic in current academic research. However, few studies on prefabricated buildings have been undertaken in this field. Meanwhile, the methodology used for achieving optimized solutions is still poor. In this paper, genetic algorithms and correlation analysis are employed and two parametric design methods—i.e., the floor plan generation method and the component selection method—are proposed for the modularity of the prefabricated buildings. Taking a typical high-rise building in Tianjin as an example, correlation analyses are performed on the basis of the two proposed methods to enhance the depth of the optimized finding approach. The outcome of this research demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed numerical approach, which can produce the optimized floor plan and construction set under the local conditions. This also reveals that the shape coefficient and window-to-wall ratio are strongly correlated with the energy performance of a building, which can help architects to pursue optimized design solutions in the schematic design process.
The Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation over Lake Titicaca Basin Based on CMORPH
Authors: Chuchón Angulo Eleazar , Pereira Filho Augusto Jose
Published: April 2022

This paper examines the diurnal cycle of precipitation (DCP) over Lake Titicaca basin (LTb) during the summertime months based on the high spatial–temporal resolution (8 × 8 km2 and hourly) estimates of the Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique (CMORPH). This analysis was carried out using observations from rain gauges (RgSENAMHI) as a reference for the period 2002 to 2013. The accuracy of the CMORPH product was tested with graphical comparisons and several statistical metrics, such as correlation coefficient, bias, and root mean square error. Spatial maps of these metrics and of the diurnal cycle were developed to assess the spatial dependency in the CMORPH accuracy over the LTb. On average, 43% of the total RgSENAMHI variation was explained by the CMORPH. The correlation between the CMORPH and RgSENAMHI amounts was positive over the southeastern and northern LTb and negative in the central and southern LTb. An underestimation bias was observed over most of the LTb areas, and an overestimation bias was observed at some stations (e.g., Lagunillas, Isla Suana, and Desaguadero stations). The total bias decreased when approaching the lake attaining its minimum value over the mountains consistent with previous studies. Overall, the CMORPH was able to capture the spatial patterns of rainfall over the LTb. Over the surrounding lake area, the plateau, and high mountain areas, precipitation peaks were in the late afternoon, while over low areas, such as the valleys and Lake Titicaca, it peaked around midnight to early morning. This result suggests that the DCP is closely related to the local circulation resulting from a response due to solar radiation and the complex orography. On the other hand, the high resolution CMORPH technique can depict finer regional details, such as the less coherent phase pattern over a few regions.
PCB Component Detection Using Computer Vision for Hardware Assurance
Authors: Zhao Wenwei , Gurudu Suprith Reddy , Taheri Shayan , Ghosh Shajib , Mallaiyan Sathiaseelan Mukhil Azhagan , Asadizanjani Navid
Published: April 2022

Printed circuit board (PCB) assurance in the optical domain is a crucial field of study. Though there are many existing PCB assurance methods using image processing, computer vision (CV), and machine learning (ML), the PCB field is complex and increasingly evolving, so new techniques are required to overcome the emerging problems. Existing ML-based methods outperform traditional CV methods; however, they often require more data, have low explainability, and can be difficult to adapt when a new technology arises. To overcome these challenges, CV methods can be used in tandem with ML methods. In particular, human-interpretable CV algorithms such as those that extract color, shape, and texture features increase PCB assurance explainability. This allows for incorporation of prior knowledge, which effectively reduces the number of trainable ML parameters and, thus, the amount of data needed to achieve high accuracy when training or retraining an ML model. Hence, this study explores the benefits and limitations of a variety of common computer vision-based features for the task of PCB component detection. The study results indicate that color features demonstrate promising performance for PCB component detection. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate collaboration between the hardware assurance, computer vision, and machine learning communities.
Clinical Implications of Circulating Circular RNAs in Lung Cancer
Authors: Choi Sae Seul , Kim Sae Eun , Oh Seon Young , Ahn Young-Ho
Published: April 2022

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded RNAs with a covalently closed-loop structure that increases their stability; thus, they are more advantageous to use as liquid biopsy markers than linear RNAs. circRNAs are thought to be generated by back-splicing of pre-mRNA transcripts, which can be facilitated by reverse complementary sequences in the flanking introns and trans-acting factors, such as splicing regulatory factors and RNA-binding factors. circRNAs function as miRNA sponges, interact with target proteins, regulate the stability and translatability of other mRNAs, regulate gene expression, and produce microproteins. circRNAs are also found in the body fluids of cancer patients, including plasma, saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, and these “circulating circRNAs” can be used as cancer biomarkers. In lung cancer, some circulating circRNAs have been reported to regulate cancer progression and drug resistance. Circulating circRNAs have significant diagnostic value and are associated with the prognosis of lung cancer patients. Owing to their functional versatility, heightened stability, and practical applicability, circulating circRNAs represent promising biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.
Early T-Cell Precursor ALL and Beyond: Immature and Ambiguous Lineage T-ALL Subsets
Authors: Genescà Eulàlia , la Starza Roberta
Published: April 2022

A wide range of immature acute leukemias (AL), ranging from acute myeloid leukemias with minimal differentiation to acute leukemias with an ambiguous lineage, i.e., acute undifferentiated leukemias and mixed phenotype acute leukemia with T- or B-plus myeloid markers, cannot be definitely assigned to a single cell lineage. This somewhat “grey zone” of AL expresses partly overlapping features with the most immature forms of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), i.e., early T-cell precursor ALL (ETP-ALL), near-ETP-ALL, and pro-T ALL. These are troublesome cases in terms of precise diagnosis because of their similarities and overlapping phenotypic features. Moreover, it has become evident that they share several genomic alterations, raising the question of how their phenotypes reflect distinct AL entities. The aim of this review was to provide a systematic overview of the genetic events associated with immature T-ALL and outline their relationship with treatment choices and outcomes, especially looking at the most recent preclinical and clinical studies. We wish to offer a basis for using the genetic information for new diagnostic algorithms, in order to better stratify patients and improve their management with more efficient and personalized therapeutic options. Understanding the genetic profile of this high-risk T-ALL subset is a prerequisite for changing the current clinical scenario.
Prognostic Analysis of HPV Status in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Tendron Alexandre , Classe Marion , Casiraghi Odile , Pere Hélène , Even Caroline , Gorphe Philippe , Moya-Plana Antoine
Published: April 2022

Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis. Human papilloma virus (HPV) can induce SNSCC although its incidence and impact on patients’ outcomes remains unclear. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with SNSCC treated consecutively in a comprehensive cancer center. HPV status was determined with p16 immunohistochemistry followed by RNA in situ hybridization (RNAscope). The incidence, clinical characteristics, and oncologic outcomes of HPV+SNSCC were assessed. P16 prognostic value was evaluated. Fifty-nine patients were included. Eleven (18.6%) SNSCC were p16+ with five (8.4%) doubtful cases. RNAscope was positive in nine cases (15.2%). Patients with HPV+SNSCC were younger (p = 0.0298) with a primary tumor originating mainly in nasal fossa (p < 10−4). Pathologic findings were not different according to HPV status. Among patients who were curatively treated, overall survival was better for HPV+SNSCC (p = 0.022). No prognostic value of p16 expression was reported. Patients with HPV+SNSCC have better oncologic outcomes, probably due to earlier tumor stage with primary location predominantly in the nasal fossa, a more suitable epicenter to perform a surgical resection with clear margins. P16 expression seems not to be a good surrogate of HPV status in SNSCC.
The Scaffold Protein PICK1 as a Target in Chronic Pain
Authors: Sørensen Andreas Toft , Rombach Joscha , Gether Ulrik , Madsen Kenneth Lindegaard
Published: April 2022

Well-tolerated and effective drugs for treating chronic pain conditions are urgently needed. Most chronic pain patients are not effectively relieved from their pain and suffer from debilitating drug side effects. This has not only drastic negative consequences for the patients’ quality of life, but also constitute an enormous burden on society. It is therefore of great interest to explore new potent targets for effective pain treatment with fewer side effects and without addiction liability. A critical component of chronic pain conditions is central sensitization, which involves the reorganization and strengthening of synaptic transmission within nociceptive pathways. Such changes are considered as maladaptive and depend on changes in the surface expression and signaling of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs). The PDZ-domain scaffold protein PICK1 binds the AMPARs and has been suggested to play a key role in these maladaptive changes. In the present paper, we review the regulation of AMPARs by PICK1 and its relation to pain pathology. Moreover, we highlight other pain-relevant PICK1 interactions, and we evaluate various compounds that target PICK1 and have been successfully tested in pain models. Finally, we evaluate the potential on-target side effects of interfering with the action of PICK1 action in CNS and beyond. We conclude that PICK1 constitutes a valid drug target for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions without the side effects and abuse liability associated with current pain medication.
Pathophysiological Heterogeneity of the BBSOA Neurodevelopmental Syndrome
Authors: Bertacchi Michele , Tocco Chiara , Schaaf Christian P. , Studer Michèle
Published: April 2022

The formation and maturation of the human brain is regulated by highly coordinated developmental events, such as neural cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Any impairment of these interconnected multi-factorial processes can affect brain structure and function and lead to distinctive neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we review the pathophysiology of the Bosch–Boonstra–Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome (BBSOAS; OMIM 615722; ORPHA 401777), a recently described monogenic neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by the haploinsufficiency of NR2F1 gene, a key transcriptional regulator of brain development. Although intellectual disability, developmental delay and visual impairment are arguably the most common symptoms affecting BBSOAS patients, multiple additional features are often reported, including epilepsy, autistic traits and hypotonia. The presence of specific symptoms and their variable level of severity might depend on still poorly characterized genotype–phenotype correlations. We begin with an overview of the several mutations of NR2F1 identified to date, then further focuses on the main pathological features of BBSOAS patients, providing evidence—whenever possible—for the existing genotype–phenotype correlations. On the clinical side, we lay out an up-to-date list of clinical examinations and therapeutic interventions recommended for children with BBSOAS. On the experimental side, we describe state-of-the-art in vivo and in vitro studies aiming at deciphering the role of mouse Nr2f1, in physiological conditions and in pathological contexts, underlying the BBSOAS features. Furthermore, by modeling distinct NR2F1 genetic alterations in terms of dimer formation and nuclear receptor binding efficiencies, we attempt to estimate the total amounts of functional NR2F1 acting in developing brain cells in normal and pathological conditions. Finally, using the NR2F1 gene and BBSOAS as a paradigm of monogenic rare neurodevelopmental disorder, we aim to set the path for future explorations of causative links between impaired brain development and the appearance of symptoms in human neurological syndromes.
Switching of Redox Signaling by Prdx6 Expression Decides Cellular Fate by Hormetic Phenomena Involving Nrf2 and Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Chhunchha Bhavana , Kubo Eri , Singh Dhirendra P.
Published: April 2022

Changes in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels due to remodeling of antioxidant defense can affect the status of biological homeostasis in aging/oxidative stress. Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), an antioxidant gene downstream target for the Nrf2 pathway, plays a role in regulating ROS homeostasis. Using aging human (h) lens epithelial cells (LECs) or Prdx6-deficient (Prdx6−/−) mouse (m) LECs, here we showed that dichlorofluorescein (DCF) oxidation or H2O2 were strictly controlled by Prdx6. We observed that a moderate degree of oxidative stress augmented Nrf2-mediated Prdx6 expression, while higher doses of H2O2 (≥100 µM) caused a dramatic loss of Prdx6 expression, resulting in increased DCF oxidation and H2O2 amplification and cell death. Mechanistically, at increased oxidative stress, Nrf2 upregulated transcriptional factor Klf9, and that Klf9 bound to the promoter and repressed the Prdx6 gene. Similarly, cells overexpressing Klf9 displayed Klf9-dependent Prdx6 suppression and DCF oxidation with H2O2 amplification, while ShKlf9 reversed the process. Our data revealed that H2O2 and DCF oxidation levels play a hormetical role, and the Nrf2-Klf9-Prdx6 pathway is pivotal for the phenomena under the conditions of oxidative load/aging. On the whole, the results demonstrate that oxidative hormetical response is essentially based on levels of oxidative triggering and the status of Klf9-Prdx6 pathway activation; thus, Klf9 can be considered as a therapeutic target for hormetic shifting of cellular defense to improve protective resilience to oxidative stress.
Assessment of BPV-1 Mediated Matrix Metalloproteinase Genes Deregulation in the In Vivo and In Vitro Models Designed to Explore Molecular Nature of Equine Sarcoids
Authors: Podstawski Przemysław , Ropka-Molik Katarzyna , Semik-Gurgul Ewelina , Samiec Marcin , Skrzyszowska Maria , Podstawski Zenon , Szmatoła Tomasz , Witkowski Maciej , Pawlina-Tyszko Klaudia
Published: April 2022

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) represent a family of enzymes capable of biocatalytically breaking down the structural and functional proteins responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity. This capability is widely used in physiological processes; however, imbalanced MMP activity can trigger the onset and progression of various pathological changes, including the neoplasmic transformation of different cell types. We sought to uncover molecular mechanisms underlying alterations in transcriptional profiles of genes coding for MMPs, which were comprehensively identified in equine adult dermal tissue bioptates, sarcoid-derived explants, and ex vivo expanded adult cutaneous fibroblast cell (ACFC) lines subjected to inducible oncogenic transformation into sarcoid-like cells. The results strongly support the hypothesis that the transcriptional activity of MMP genes correlates with molecular modifications arising in equine dermal cells during their conversion into sarcoid cells. The alterations in MMP transcription signatures occurs in both sarcoid tissues and experimentally transformed equine ACFC lines expressing BPV1-E4^E1 transgene, which were characterized by gene up- and down-regulation patterns.
Perspective: Gestational Tryptophan Fluctuation Altering Neuroembryogenesis and Psychosocial Development
Authors: Huang Xiaohong , Feng Zhendong , Cheng Heng-wei
Published: April 2022

Tryptophan, as the sole precursor of serotonin, mainly derived from diets, is essential for neurodevelopment and immunomodulation. Gestational tryptophan fluctuation may account for the maternal-fetal transmission in determining neuroembryogenesis with long-lasting effects on psychological development. Personality disorders and social exclusion are related to psychosocial problems, leading to impaired social functioning. However, it is not clear how the fluctuation in mother-child transmission regulates the neuroendocrine development and gut microbiota composition in progeny due to that tryptophan metabolism in pregnant women is affected by multiple factors, such as diets (tryptophan-enriched or -depleted diet), emotional mental states (anxiety, depression), health status (hypertension, diabetes), and social support as well as stresses and management skills. Recently, we have developed a non-mammal model to rationalize those discrepancies without maternal effects. This perspective article outlines the possibility and verified the hypothesis in bully-victim research with this novel model: (1). Summarizes the effects of the maternal tryptophan administration on the neuroendocrine and microbial development in their offspring; (2). Highlights the inconsistency and limitations in studying the relationship between gestational tryptophan exposure and psychosocial development in humans and viviparous animals; and (3). Evidences that embryonic exposure to tryptophan and its metabolite modify bullying interactions in the chicken model. With the current pioneer researches on the biomechanisms underlying the bully-victim interaction, the perspective article provides novel insights for developing appropriate intervention strategies to prevent psychological disorders among individuals, especially those who experienced prenatal stress, by controlling dietary tryptophan and medication therapy during pregnancy.
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis Compared to the Overweight and Obese: A Different Approach in Understanding the Results
Authors: Mogoi Mirela , Pop Liviu Laurentiu , Dediu Mihaela , Ciuca Ioana Mihaiela
Published: April 2022

(1) Background: In cystic fibrosis (CF), the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is recommended from 10 years old annually to screen and diagnose cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD). Alternative OGTT characteristics (glucose curve shape, time to glucose peak, one-hour glucose value, and three-hour glucose value with the new shape curve) were studied in other populations considered at high risk for diabetes; (2) Methods: The study analyses classical and alternative OGGT characteristics from 44 children (22 CF, 22 obese without CF), mean age: 12.9 ± 2.2 years evaluated in a single-center from Romania. (3) Results: In 59.1% of children with CF, the predominant OGTT pattern was: abnormal glucose metabolism or CFRD, with a monophasic curve shape, a late peak glucose level, and 1 h glucose ≥ 155 mg/dL, showing a very different pattern compared with sex and age-matched obese children. Statistical estimation agreement between the late glucose peak (K = 0.60; p = 0.005), the 1 h glucose ≥ 155 mg/dL during OGTT (K = 0.69, p = 0.001), and the classical method of interpretation was found. (4) Conclusions: Late peak glucose and 1 h glucose level ≥ 155 mg/dL during OGTT can be used for diagnosing the early glucose metabolism alteration in children with CF.
Network Pharmacology Study to Elucidate the Key Targets of Underlying Antihistamines against COVID-19
Authors: Oh Ki-Kwang , Adnan Md. , Cho Dong-Ha
Published: April 2022

Antihistamines have potent efficacy to alleviate COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) symptoms such as anti-inflammation and as a pain reliever. However, the pharmacological mechanism(s), key target(s), and drug(s) are not documented well against COVID-19. Thus, we investigated to decipher the most significant components and how its research methodology was utilized by network pharmacology. The list of 32 common antihistamines on the market were retrieved via drug browsing databases. The targets associated with the selected antihistamines and the targets that responded to COVID-19 infection were identified by the Similarity Ensemble Approach (SEA), SwissTargetPrediction (STP), and PubChem, respectively. We described bubble charts, the Pathways-Targets-Antihistamines (PTA) network, and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network on the RPackage via STRING database. Furthermore, we utilized the AutoDock Tools software to perform molecular docking tests (MDT) on the key targets and drugs to evaluate the network pharmacological perspective. The final 15 targets were identified as core targets, indicating that Neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction might be the hub-signaling pathway of antihistamines on COVID-19 via bubble chart. The PTA network was constructed by the RPackage, which identified 7 pathways, 11 targets, and 30 drugs. In addition, GRIN2B, a key target, was identified via topological analysis of the PPI network. Finally, we observed that the GRIN2B-Loratidine complex was the most stable docking score with −7.3 kcal/mol through molecular docking test. Our results showed that Loratadine might exert as an antagonist on GRIN2B via the neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction pathway. To sum up, we elucidated the most potential antihistamine, a key target, and a key pharmacological pathway as alleviating components against COVID-19, supporting scientific evidence for further research.
Comparison of Dust Deposition Reduction Performance by Super-Hydrophobic and Super-Hydrophilic Coatings for Solar PV Cells
Authors: Lu Hao , Zheng Chuanxiao
Published: April 2022

Dust deposition on solar photovoltaic (PV) cells will dramatically reduce the photovoltaic power output. Self-cleaning coating may be a novel method to decrease dust deposition problems. This paper compares self-cleaning performances and mechanisms of super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic coating on dirt deposition decrease for solar photovoltaic cells by experimental measurement. In the process of the deposition of dust on solar cells, covering glass, coated and uncoated, is conducted under natural settling conditions. Moreover, the dust removal efficiency of the glass samples with and without coatings is studied under water spraying conditions. The wettability of different surfaces, dust deposition mass, dust removal efficiency, self-cleaning mechanisms, and transmittance of glass samples are investigated and analyzed. Under natural settling conditions, the deposition mass reduction ratio by the super-hydrophilic coating is only 8.1%, while it can reach 85.8% by the super-hydrophobic coating because of surface micro-structures and low surface energy. However, after the water spraying process, the remaining dust mass ratio for the super-hydrophobic surface is only 16.5%, while it is 18.6% for the super-hydrophilic surface. The self-cleaning mechanism of super-hydrophobic coating is that most deposited particles of dust are removed from glass samples by the rolling of liquid droplets. However, the self-cleaning mechanism of super-hydrophilic coating is the breakup of the liquid film. Therefore, both coatings can effectively reduce dust deposition under water spraying conditions. The average transmittance of super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic coatings after the water spraying process is 91.1% and 86.4%, respectively, while it is only 61.1% for the uncoated glass sample.
Effect of Annealing and Oxidation on the Microstructure Evolution of Hot-Dipped Aluminide Q345 Steel with Silicon Addition
Authors: Ma Yujian , Yuan Binbin , Liu Ya , Wang Jianhua , Su Xuping
Published: April 2022

Q345 steel was coated by hot dipping into molten pure aluminum and Al-Si baths. The coatings were annealed at 800 and 900 °C for 1–3 h and subsequently oxidized at 900 °C for 15 h in air. The results revealed that the thickness of the intermetallic layer increased with increasing hot-dipping time in the range of 700–750 °C, while it decreased when the hot-dipping aluminizing temperature was 800 °C. As the silicon content in the aluminum bath increased, the thickness of the intermetallic layer decreased, and the intermetallic layer/steel-substrate interface transformed from an irregular morphology into a flat morphology. The hot-dipped Al-2.5Si samples were subjected to annealing; the higher the annealing temperature and longer the annealing time, the faster the transformation of the intermediate phase in the coating. The Fe2Al5 phase was fully transformed into the ductile FeAl phase after the hot-dipped samples annealed at 900 °C for 3 h. When the outermost layer of Q345 steel was the FeAl phase, oxidation resistance of the oxide was the best.
Spin-Current Oscillations in Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Multibarrier GaMnAs/GaAs: Role of Temperature and Bias Voltage
Authors: Al-Shameri Najla S. , Dakhlaoui Hassen
Published: April 2022

This paper has studied the electronic properties of multi-diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) layers Ga(1 − x)MnxAs interposed between nonmagnetic GaAs layers. The asymmetry of confining potential on the transmission coefficient by tuning the temperature and the size of the (DMS) layers was discussed. The diluted magnetic layers Ga(1 − x)MnxAs behave as barriers for spin-up holes and quantum wells for spin-down holes. Furthermore, we have addressed the impact of an applied bias voltage and the temperature on the variation of the spin-polarization and spin current densities. Our findings reveal that the transmission coefficients present an oscillating behavior due to the resonant states and strongly depend on the temperature of the system and the number of magnetic layers. Furthermore, the obtained results demonstrated that the number of these states is multiplied by augmenting the magnetic layers. Moreover, we demonstrate that the asymmetric structure presents a completely different transmission of holes than the symmetric structure. Furthermore, the negative differential resistance (NDR) is demonstrated in the current density variations. Especially, this (NDR) was more intense for spin-up holes than spin-down holes. The findings in the present paper can be useful in manufacturing spin-filters by adjusting the values of the temperature and the external voltages.
Structural and Mechanical Properties of Fluorine-Containing TaCxNy Thin Films Deposited by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Hsieh Jang-Hsing , Li Chuan , Wu Weite , Liu Shan-Lun
Published: April 2022

TaN thin-film coatings are well known for their good mechanical properties, acceptable toughness, as well as good biocompatibility. However, the friction coefficient of these films is sometimes too high, or the hemocompatibility is poor. The purpose of this study is to reduce the friction coefficient and increase the hydrophobicity of TaN coatings by introducing carbon and fluorine into the coatings. This study has never been conducted by other researchers. Fluorine-containing tantalum carbonitride (i.e., F–TaCxNy) top layers were deposited on TaN/Ta interlayers by reactive sputtering with fixed nitrogen and various hexafluoroethane (C2F6) mass flow rates. During the deposition process, C2F6 gas with various mass flow rates was added. After deposition, these F–TaCxNy multi-layered films were then characterized using XRD, XPS, FTIR, FESEM, WDS, a nano-indenter, a water contact-angle measurement system, and a tribometer. The tribological tests were carried out in the environment with and without humidity. The surface energies of the films were examined with water contact-angle variation. According to structural analysis, TaN phase would transform to TaCxNy with the increase in the C2F6 mass flow rate, which would result in a decrease in the friction coefficient and an increase in hydrophobicity. The films’ hardness (H, increased at most by 20%), elastic modulus (E), and H/E ratio first increased then decreased, most likely due to the increase in relatively soft C–F bonding. According to the results obtained from tribotesting, it was found that an increase in carbon and fluorine contents in the films reduces the friction by more than 30%, and wear rate by more than 50%. More importantly, the effects of moisture on the friction coefficient can be minimized to almost nothing. In a water contact-angle study, the contact angle increased from 60° to 85° with the increase in C2F6 mass flow rates. This evidence illustrated that hemocompatibility of the TaN thin film can be significantly enhanced through the formation of Ta–C and C–Fx bonding. The chemical composition and bonding status of these films, especially the existence of C–Fx bonds, were studied by FTIR and XPS. In sum, with the increased C2F6 mass flow rate, the carbon and fluorine contents in the films increased, while the nitrogen content decreased. The structure, bonding status, and compositions varied accordingly. The tribological behaviors were significantly improved. Furthermore, by carrying out tribotesting in humid air and a dry argon environment, it was confirmed that the greater the fluorine content, the less sensitive the films would be to environment change. This is attributable to the induced lower surface energy and reduced adsorption to water vapor due to the increase in C–Fx bonds. The successfully fabricated and studied F–TaCxNy films could be applied in many areas such as artificial blood vessels, or precision components in an atmospheric or vacuum environment.
Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy in Grade 2/3 IDH1/2 Mutant Gliomas: A Preliminary Report and Literature Review
Authors: Johnson Gabrielle W. , Han Rowland H. , Smyth Matthew D. , Leuthardt Eric C. , Kim Albert H.
Published: April 2022

Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) has become an increasingly utilized alternative to surgical resection for the treatment of glioma in patients. However, treatment outcomes in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) mutant glioma, specifically, have not been reported. The objective of this study was to characterize a single institution’s cohort of IDH1/2 mutant grade 2/3 glioma patients treated with LITT. We collected data on patient presentation, radiographic features, tumor molecular profile, complications, and outcomes. We calculated progression-free survival (PFS) and tested factors for significant association with longer PFS. Overall, 22.7% of our cohort experienced progression at a median follow up of 1.8 years. The three- and five-year estimates of PFS were 72.5% and 54.4%, respectively. This is the first study to characterize outcomes in patients with IDH1/2 mutant glioma after LITT. Our results suggest that LITT is an effective treatment option for IDH1/2 mutant glioma.
The Learning Curve and Inter-Observer Variability in Contouring the Hippocampus under the Hippocampal Sparing Guidelines of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0933
Authors: Konopka-Filippow Monika , Sierko Ewa , Hempel Dominika , Maksim Rafał , Samołyk-Kogaczewska Natalia , Filipowski Tomasz , Rożkowska Ewa , Jelski Stefan , Kasprowicz Beata , Karbowska Eryka , Szymański Krzysztof , Szczecina Kamil
Published: April 2022

Hippocampal-sparing brain radiotherapy (HS-BRT) in cancer patients results in preservation of neurocognitive function after brain RT which can contribute to patients’ quality of life (QoL). The crucial element in HS-BRT treatment planning is appropriate contouring of the hippocampus. Ten doctors delineated the left and right hippocampus (LH and RH, respectively) on 10 patients’ virtual axial images of brain CT fused with T1-enhanced MRI (1 mm) according to the RTOG 0933 atlas recommendations. Variations in the spatial localization of the structure were described in three directions: right–left (X), cranio-caudal (Y), and forward–backward (Z). Discrepancies concerned three-dimensional localization, shape, volume and size of the hippocampus. The largest differences were observed in the first three delineated cases which were characterized by larger hippocampal volumes than the remaining seven cases. The volumes of LH of more than half of hippocampus contours were marginally bigger than those of RH. Most differences in delineation of the hippocampus were observed in the area of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. Conversely, a large number of hippocampal contours overlapped near the brainstem and the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. The most problematic area of hippocampal contouring is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. Training in the manual contouring of the hippocampus during HS-BRT treatment planning under the supervision of experienced radiation oncologists is necessary to achieve optimal outcomes. This would result in superior outcomes of HS-BRT treatment and improvement in QoL of patients compared to without HS-BRT procedure. Correct delineation of the hippocampus is problematic. This study demonstrates difficulties in HS-BRT treatment planning and highlights critical points during hippocampus delineation.
Prognostic Performance of the Derived Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Stage IV Melanoma Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Gambichler Thilo , Mansour Rita , Scheel Christina H. , Said Shayda , Abu Rached Nessr , Susok Laura
Published: April 2022

The purpose was to evaluate the prognostic performance of the derived neutrophil–to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) in patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma (CM) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). We retrospectively investigated 41 CM patients with stage IV disease who had the indication for treatment with ICI. dNLR as well as NLR were routinely determined prior to the start of ICI treatment. The dNLR and NLR were calculated as follows: dNLR = absolute neutrophil counts (ANC)/white blood cell count −ANC and NRL = ANC/absolute lymphocyte counts, respectively. Follow-up of the patients was performed in line with current guidelines. In univariate analysis, dNLR (p = 0.027 and p = 0.032) as well as NLR (p = 0.0023 and p = 0.0036) were the only parameters which were significantly associated with the best overall response (BOR) and disease control rate (DCR) on ROC curve analyses. NLR negatively correlated with CM-specific survival (r = −0.32, p = 0.043). CM-specific deaths were significantly associated with the absence of immune-related adverse events (p = 0.043), elevated S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) at baseline (p = 0.0006), and dNLR (p = 0.024). In multivariate analyses, NLR was the only significant independent predictor for BOR (p = 0.014; odds ratio: 1.7; and 95% CI 1.11 to 2.61) and DCR (p = 0.019; odds ratio: 1.5; and 95% CI 1.07 to 2.19). Regarding CM-specific death, however, normal baseline S100B was the only significant independent predictor (p = 0.0020; odds ratio: 0.074; and 95% CI 0.014 to 0.38) for survival. Our data demonstrate that baseline NLR seems to be superior to dNLR in the prediction of ICI response in CM patients.
Mathematical Modeling and Stability Analysis of Tiltrotor Aircraft
Authors: Sheng Hanlin , Zhang Chen , Xiang Yulong
Published: April 2022

The key problem in the development process of a tiltrotor is its mathematical modeling. Regarding that, this paper proposes a dividing modeling method which divides a tiltrotor into five parts (rotor, wing, fuselage, horizontal tail, and vertical fin) and to develop aerodynamic models for each of them. In that way, force and moment generated by each part are obtained. Then by blade element theory, we develop the rotor’s dynamic model and rotor flapping angle expression; by mature lifting line theory, the build dynamic models of the wings, fuselage, horizontal tail and vertical fin and the rotors’ dynamic interference on wings, as well as nacelle tilt’s variation against center of gravity and moment of inertia, are taken into account. In MATLAB/Simulink simulation environment, a non-linear tiltrotor simulation model is built, Trim command is applied to trim the tiltrotor, and the XV-15 tiltrotor is taken as an example to validate rationality of the model developed. In the end, the non-linear simulation model is linearized to obtain a state-space matrix, and thus the stability analysis of the tiltrotor is performed.
Numerical Study of Multiphase Water–Glycerol Emulsification Process in a Y-Junction Horizontal Pipeline
Authors: De la Cruz-Ávila M. , Carvajal-Mariscal I. , Klapp J. , Guzmán J. E. V.
Published: April 2022

This work aims to analyse different injection configurations for the analysis of the emulsification process in a Y-junction staggered horizontal pipeline. The case study comprises a multiphase analysis between two liquids, one with high and the other with low viscosity. Through numerical simulations, it is intended to explain the behaviour and describe the mechanism that produces the water–glycerol emulsification process with three supply zones for both fluids. According to the phase injection scheme, six input scenarios or combinations were analysed. Through strain rate and shear velocity analyses, it was possible to describe the early stages of the emulsification process before a flow pattern is constituted. The results show significant variations concerning the high viscosity fluid, mainly because it presents a partial pipe flooding, even in the injection zone of the low viscosity fluid. The fluid ratio varies according to the input position of the phases. Additionally, a smooth blending process was observed in some scenarios, due to the fact that the continuous phase gradually directs the main fluid to the pipeline centre. The analysis revealed that supply configuration has a significant relevance on the development of the main fluid flow and a substantial extent on the emulsification process.
Study on Improving Fault Stability of Doubly Fed Induction Wind Turbine by Using Active-Power Transient Frequency Characteristics
Authors: Yan Xiangwu , Ma Tengyu , Cui Sen , Dong Qing , Chang Wenfei , Li Ruibo , Li Tiecheng
Published: April 2022

With the continuous increase in wind power penetration, doubly fed wind turbines can quickly respond to changes in grid frequency, and have particularly important inertia-response characteristics. This article starts with the excitation control principle of a doubly fed induction generator, compares the transient frequency characteristics of the synchronous generator under fault, and proposes that the doubly fed induction generator can control the speed or active power of the generator through excitation. It proves the unique “active power transient frequency characteristics” of doubly fed induction generators. Under different wind speeds, the inertia response capability of the wind turbine is quantified, and the degrees of influence of the inertia time constant and frequency characteristic slope of the doubly fed induction generator on the transient change process are analyzed. Finally, simulation and experiments verify the correctness of the above theory, which provides a basis for significantly improving the transient stability of the power system and realizing the controllability of the transient stability of the power system.
Hybrid-Domain Evaluation PTS with Adaptive Selection Methods for PAPR Reduction
Authors: Hu Feng , Lu Yuan , Jin Libiao , Liu Jianbo , Xia Zhiping , Zhang Guoting , Xiao Jingting
Published: April 2022

The partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique is a fairly suitable scheme to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem inherent in 5G multicarrier systems, especially considering a high-order QAM modulation design. However, the high computational complexity level and the speed of the convergence for optimizing the phases of the transmitting signal restrict this technique in practical applications. In this paper, a low-complexity frequency-domain-evaluated PTS (F-PTS) based on a spacing multiobjective (SMO) processing algorithm is proposed to reduce the PAPR values. The PAPR performance are accurately predicted in terms of modifying relative dispersion in the frequency domain. As a result, the complexity of searching the optimal phase factors and IFFT computing is simplified. Moreover, a frequency-domain- and time-domain-evaluating PTS (FTD-PTS) is employed to search the optimal solution with a reasonable complexity. Simulation results verify that the operation rate of F-PTS is significantly improved after transferring the exhaustive search strategy of PTS into the SMO algorithm, and the F-PTS PAPR reduction performance is just 0.3 dB away from theoretical optimal performance. The FTD-PTS spends an acceptable operation rate to obtain optimal PAPR reduction performance, which subtracts 0.5 and 0.6 dB more than PSO-PTS and conventional PTS at CCDF=10−3, respectively.
Battery Storage at the Secondary Distribution Electricity Grid by Investigating End-Users Load Demand Measurements
Authors: Theocharis Andreas , Hamanee Sahaphol
Published: April 2022

Energy storage systems is expected to be utilized to cover the increased electrification of energy demands and to alleviate the electrical energy production from intermittent energy sources such as solar and wind. Aggregated and distributed battery energy storage systems may improve electricity grids operability and security by providing smart energy management options and efficient resources allocation. In this paper, battery storage at the secondary distribution level is explored. The investigation is based on the end-user energy demand behavior. As such, the electrical energy consumption patterns are measured and analyzed in a residential area. Measurements were collected and analyzed in order to record the customers’ behaviors aiming to reveal their differences and similarities. Following this, aggregated and distributed battery energy storage systems are computed based on the features of the measured electrical power consumption patterns aiming to estimate the factors that could potentially incentivize the installation of a battery system either as aggregated at the low voltage transformer side or as distributed system at the load side. The parameters that affect the economic viability of the system are qualitatively evaluated with regard to the profitability of the system.
Coping with Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Insights from Digital Business Services
Authors: Belousova Veronika , Bondarenko Oxana , Chichkanov Nikolay , Lebedev Denis , Miles Ian
Published: April 2022

Digital Business Services (DBS), industries that have grown rapidly in recent years, played important roles in facilitating the adoption of digital technologies, as well as having applications in innovative products, transforming business processes across the economy. If DBS firms are committed to reducing negative environmental impacts, they should be able to make more positive contributions to their clients’ performance; for instance, promoting the digitalization of businesses process in ways that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and inefficient energy usage. But what are DBS business practices, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and related topics? This study examines the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) disclosures of leading companies providing consultancy, advertising/marketing, and information technology services. The plans, targets, and actions of DBS companies with above-average ESG scores, as indexed by the Refinitiv dataset, are examined. The results indicate that all of these firms express goals, and almost all of them have set clear targets, in terms of moving to net zero. A wide range of relevant activities is being implemented, including services that promote energy efficiency. The diversity of these actions suggests that these firms can learn from each other, and that companies with lower ESG ratings have models to emulate.
Effect of Natural Ilmenite on the Solid Biomass Conversion of Inhomogeneous Fuels in Small-Scale Bubbling Fluidized Beds
Authors: Schneider Tanja , Müller Dominik , Karl Jürgen
Published: April 2022

The application of oxygen carriers as alternative bed material in fluidized bed combustion originates from chemical lopping processes. They serve as oxygen transport agents undergoing consecutive redox cycles. Thereby, oxygen carriers can provide surplus oxygen in oxygen-lean areas of fluidized bed combustion processes. In turn, re-oxidation takes place in oxygen-rich reactor parts. A more homogeneous combustion and reduced CO emissions follow during steady-state operation. However, especially regarding solid biomass conversion, inhomogeneous fuel qualities result in transient combustion conditions. Therefore, this research deals with the influence of the oxygen carrier ilmenite on solid biomass conversion. Separated batch experiments with methane (volatile), char and wood pellets took place in a laboratory bubbling fluidized bed reactor. They reveal that ilmenite enhances the in-bed CO2 yield by up to 63% during methane combustion. Batch char experiments confirm that solid–solid reactions with ilmenite are negligible. However, heterogeneous gas–solid reactions reduce the O2 partial pressure and limit the char conversion rate. The batch wood pellet experiments show that the ilmenite oxygen buffering effect is mitigated due to high local oxygen demand around the pellets and limited pellet distribution in the bed. Finally, the continuous operation in a 100 kWth BFB with inhomogeneous fuel input indicates a higher in-bed fuel conversion and confirms lower CO emissions and less fluctuation in the flue gas during inhomogeneous fuel supply.
Local Energy Markets in Action: Smart Integration of National Markets, Distributed Energy Resources and Incentivisation to Promote Citizen Participation
Authors: Klement Peter , Brandt Tobias , Schmeling Lucas , de Bronstein Antonieta Alcorta , Wehkamp Steffen , Penaherrera Vaca Fernando Andres , Lanezki Mathias , Schönfeldt Patrik , Hill Alexander , Katic Nemanja
Published: April 2022

Since the Paris Agreement in 2016, the goals of limiting climate change and moving toward climate resilience stand. With a share of about 80% of global CO2 emissions, the energy sector is an essential driver for these goals. A shift to low-carbon energy production and a decentralized system for more efficient energy transmission distribution is necessary. In this paper, we present our work on Modelling of Power Exchanges, Algorithms for Local Energy Market (LEM), Competitiveness of Combined Heat and Power Plant (CHP) and Energy Feedback Devices. The study was conducted considering technical, economic, social and regulatory framework. For easy integration into energy simulations or a district energy management system (DEMS), a model for power exchanges was created that allows flexible input or deterministic price patterns. The algorithm handles the clearing of an LEM by a district aggregator using limit orders with the goal of increasing the share of locally consumed electricity using economic incentives. An investigation was conducted into the operation of flexible CHPs in low-carbon power systems to balance the volatility of renewable energy. An Energy Signal Light (ESL) was developed as an energy feedback device, which is integrated into the DEMS in a living lab and allows individual configuration. In summary, the results presented should be compared with those of other research approaches in the future and require qualitative and quantitative evaluation.