bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gravel Mulching Significantly Improves Crop Yield and Water Productivity in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of Northwest China: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wu Yangyang , Jia Zhenjiang , Li Wangcheng , Gao Susu , Zhang Xin , Niu Xiaoxiao , Huang Yahao
Published: August 2024

In the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China, periodic rainfall deficits, high field evaporation, limited freshwater resources, and high irrigation costs restrict crop yield and water productivity (WP). Gravel mulching (GM), a traditional agricultural tillage management practice widely used in arid and semi-arid regions, improves crop yield and WP. However, the combined impacts of GM on crop yield and WP are unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of GM on crop yield and WP under different factors and to find the most critical regional factors and gravel characteristics that affect crop yield and WP. To quantitatively assess the impact of GM on crop yield and WP, this study performed a meta-analysis, a regression analysis, and a path analysis of 185 yield comparisons and 130 WP comparisons from 30 peer-reviewed scientific reports. This study found that GM significantly increased crop yield and WP by an average of 29.47% and 28.03%, respectively. GM was reported with the highest response percentages (I) of crop yield and WP in regions whose average annual precipitation (AAP) was 200–400 mm, average annual temperature (AAT) was 0–9 °C, and altitude (A) was >1000 m. Overall, AAP, AAT, and A had significant effects on the I of crop yield (p < 0.001), but AAT and A had an insignificant impact on the I of crop WP (p > 0.05). Gravel size (GS), the amount of gravel mulching (AGM), the degree of gravel mulching (DGM), and the gravel mulching thickness (GMT) had a significantly positive impact on crop yield and WP (p < 0.05). The stepwise multiple linear regression analysis results indicated that the primary regional factors influencing yield were AAT and A, contributing 43.14% and 53.09%, respectively. GMT and GS were identified as significant gravel characterization factors impacting yield, contributing 82.63% and 17.37%, respectively. AAP and GMT were the main regional factors and gravel characterization factors affecting WP. Furthermore, the I values for cash crop yield and WP were higher than that for food crops, and moderate fertilization and irrigation would increase the I values of yield and WP. The benefits of GM are strongly correlated with the planting year. This study’s results show that GM generally improves crop yield and WP, although the extent of this impact varies based on different conditions. These findings are not only useful in relation to their direct applicability to other countries worldwide but also due to their potential to provide new ideas for agricultural practices in similar crop-growing environments.
Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping and Candidate Gene Analysis for Fiber Quality Traits in Upland Cotton
Authors: Jia Xiaoyun , Zhao Hongxia , Zhu Jijie , Wang Shijie , Li Miao , Wang Guoyin
Published: August 2024

Superior fiber quality is one of the most important objectives in cotton breeding. To detect the genetic basis underlying fiber quality, an F2 population containing 413 plants was constructed by crossing Jifeng 914 and Jifeng 173, both of which have superior fiber quality, with Jifeng 173 being better. Five fiber quality traits were investigated in the F2, F2:3, F2:4, and F2:5 populations. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was conducted based on a high-density genetic map containing 11,488 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and spanning 4202.12 cM in length. Transgressive segregation patterns and complex correlations in the five tested traits were observed. A total of 108 QTLs were found, including 13 major effect QTLs that contributed more than 10% toward phenotypic variation (PV) and 9 stable QTLs that could be repeatedly mapped in different generations. Chromosome A7 contained 12 QTL, ranking the first. No QTL was found on chromosomes D1 and D11. Two QTLs could be repeatedly detected in three populations, including qFL-D3-2 in F2, F2:4, and F2:5 with 9.18–21.45% of PV and qFS-A11-1 in F2:3, F2:4, and F2:5 with 6.05–10.41% of PV. Another seven stable QTLs could be detected in two populations, including four major effect QTLs: qFL-A12-3, qFS-D10-2, qMC-D6-2, and qMC-D8-1. Fourteen QTL-overlapping regions were found, which might explain the complex correlations among the five phenotypic traits. Four regions on chromosome A11, D3, D6, and D10 covered by both stable and major effect QTLs are promising for further fine mapping. The genomic regions of the two QTLs detected in three populations and the four major effect QTLs contain 810 genes. Gene functional analysis revealed that the annotated genes are mainly involved in protein binding and metabolic pathways. Fifteen candidate genes in the qFL-D3-2 region are highly expressed in fiber or ovules during fiber initiation, elongation, secondary cell wall thickening, or maturation stages. qRT-PCR revealed that Ghir_D03G005440.1 and Ghir_D03G011310.1 may play a role in promoting fiber initiation, while Ghir_D03G006470.1 may be beneficial for promoting fiber elongation. This study provides more information for revealing the molecular genetic basis underlying cotton fiber quality.
N Fertilizer in Combination with Straw Improves Soil Physicochemical Properties and Crop Productivity in Sub-Humid, Drought-Prone Areas
Authors: Liu Qingyue , Lu Liang , Hou Jian , Bai Jinling , Dong Qin’ge , Feng Hao , Zou Yufeng , Siddique Kadambot H. M.
Published: August 2024

Straw returning may be an efficient strategy to maintain agricultural sustainability. However, which straw returning strategy can effectively improve soil properties and crop yield remain unclear. A five-year (2011–2016) field experiment in sub-humid, drought-prone areas of northwestern China with uneven rainfall distribution and irrigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer without straw mulching (CK), with regular straw mulching (LSM), and with ammoniated straw plowing (ALSP) on soil water, soil aggregates, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and water use efficiency (WUE) in an annual winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system. The results demonstrate that ALSP had a greater soil water content than CK in the 0–60 cm soil layer. ALSP also had substantially more soil water than LSM in the 0–100 cm layer during the wet year (2011–2012) and two dry years (2014–2015 and 2015–2016). In the normal years (2012–2013 and 2013–2014), the soil water content in ALSP was significantly lower than in LSM in the 0–20 cm soil layer. ALSP was better able to alleviate soil drought in dry years and excessive humidity in wet years. Compared to CK, SOC in the 0–20 cm soil layer in 2016 increased by 8.3% in LSM and 11.7% in ALSP, and TN in the upper soil increased by 6.6% in LSM and 10.1% in ALSP. The equivalent wheat yield and WUE increased in ALSP by 15.6% and 17.5%, respectively, relative to CK, and by 6.79% and 5.97%, respectively, relative to LSM. Thus, we concluded that plowing ammoniated straw with N fertilization is a promising strategy for improving soil fertility and crop productivity in winter wheat–summer maize rotation systems in the sub-humid, drought-prone areas of northwestern China.
Integrating Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Unveils the Browning Mechanism of Leaf Response to High Temperature Stress in Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Wang Chunkai , Ding Yongliang , He Bing , Qiu Mingsheng , Shen Dongmei , Chen Shuaiwei , Song Wenjing , Qi Weicong , Lv Yuanda , Meng Lin
Published: August 2024

During the process of flue-curing and processing, leaves from cash crops such as tea and tobacco frequently undergo a phenomenon of browning, leading to reduced quality and significant economic losses. Despite a variety of approaches developed to suppress browning, little is known about the role that flue-curing of postharvest leaves with stems plays in delaying browning. This study investigated the impact of leaf-with-stem (LWS) flue-curing on the browning of tobacco and its underlying mechanisms. Physiological results indicated that LWS flue-curing effectively delayed browning by enhancing antioxidant capacity and maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels during the yellowing stage. Comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that LWS flue-curing significantly influenced various metabolic pathways. Specifically, 196, 218, and 402 metabolites, and 65, 131, and 718 genes exhibited significant changes at the 38 °C, 40 °C, and 42 °C stages, respectively, inhibiting membrane lipid degradation and enhancing the supply of reducing hydrogen through the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway. Additionally, hormone signaling pathways were found to be associated with LWS flue-curing. These findings highlight the complex interplay of metabolic pathways and signaling networks in attenuating browning, providing valuable insights for minimizing postharvest leaf browning during flue-curing and processing.
Maize Anthesis-Silking Interval Estimation via Image Detection under Field Rail-Based Phenotyping Platform
Authors: Zhuang Lvhan , Wang Chuanyu , Hao Haoyuan , Song Wei , Guo Xinyu
Published: August 2024

The Anthesis-Silking Interval (ASI) is a crucial indicator of the synchrony of reproductive development in maize, reflecting its sensitivity to adverse environmental conditions such as heat stress and drought. This paper presents an automated method for detecting the maize ASI index using a field high-throughput phenotyping platform. Initially, high temporal-resolution visible-light image sequences of maize plants from the tasseling to silking stage are collected using a field rail-based phenotyping platform. Then, the training results of different sizes of YOLOv8 models on this dataset are compared to select the most suitable base model for the task of detecting maize tassels and ear silks. The chosen model is enhanced by incorporating the SENetv2 and the dual-layer routing attention mechanism BiFormer, named SEBi-YOLOv8. The SEBi-YOLOv8 model, with these combined modules, shows improvements of 2.3% and 8.2% in mAP over the original model, reaching 0.989 and 0.886, respectively. Finally, SEBi-YOLOv8 is used for the dynamic detection of maize tassels and ear silks in maize populations. The experimental results demonstrate the method’s high detection accuracy, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.987 and an RMSE of 0.316. Based on these detection results, the ASI indices of different inbred lines are calculated and compared.
Vegetation’s Dynamic Changes, Spatial Trends, and Responses to Drought in the Yellow River Basin, China
Authors: Wang Fei , Men Ruyi , Yan Shaofeng , Lai Hexin , Wang Zipeng , Feng Kai , Gao Shikai , Li Yanbin , Guo Wenxian , Qu Yanping
Published: August 2024

Drought is a complex and recurrent natural disaster that can have devastating impacts on economies, societies, and ecosystems around the world. In light of climate change, the frequency, duration, and severity of drought events worldwide have increased, and extreme drought events have caused more severe and irreversible damage to terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, estimating the resilience of different vegetation to drought events and vegetation’s response to damage is crucial to ensuring ecological security and guiding ecological restoration. Based on meteorological and remote-sensing datasets from 1982 to 2022, the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal variability of vegetation were identified in the Yellow River Basin (YRB), the dynamic changes and recurrence periods of typical drought events were clarified, and the driving effects of different drought types on vegetation were revealed. The results indicated that (1) during the research period, the standardized vegetation water-deficit index (SVWI) showed a downward trend in the YRB, with a 99.52% probability of abrupt seasonal changes in the SVWI occurring in January 2003; (2) the characteristic values of the grid trend Zs were −1.46 and 0.20 in winter and summer, respectively, indicating a significant downward trend in the winter SVWI; (3) the drought with the highest severity (6.48) occurred from September 1998 to February 1999, with a recurrence period of 8.54 years; and (4) the growth of vegetation was closely related to drought, and as the duration of drought increased, the sensitivity of vegetation to drought events gradually weakened. The research results provide a new perspective for identifying vegetation’s dynamic changes and responses to drought, which is of great significance in revealing the adaptability and potential influencing factors of vegetation in relation to climate.
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotypes by Multiplex PCR Identification and Evaluation of Lung Lesions in Pigs from Piedmont (Italy) Farms
Authors: Cuccato Matteo , Divari Sara , Ciaramita Silvia , Sereno Alessandra , Campelli Domenico , Biolatti Pier Giuseppe , Biolatti Bartolomeo , Meliota Francesco , Bollo Enrico , Cannizzo Francesca Tiziana
Published: August 2024

Porcine pleuropneumonia (PPP) is one of the main causes leading to massive losses in the pig industry, with high economic impacts. Among different etiological agents, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is responsible for severe fibrinous-necrotizing pleuropneumonia. A total of 19 different APP serotypes are currently recognized. This study aimed to identify APP serotypes isolated from pneumonic lesions in naturally infected and dead pigs in the Piedmont Region and to describe lesions. A total of 107 dead pigs with a suspected PPP diagnosis were included in this study. Lungs were evaluated using gross-pathology scoring systems, histopathology, and APP isolation and serotypes identification by multiplex PCR were conducted. Gross lung lesions were mainly represented by fibrinous pneumonia and pleuropneumonia. APP was isolated in 20/107 (18.7%) samples. PCR indicated APP DNA presence in 53/107 (49.5%) of lung samples. The most observed serotypes were serotype 2 in 24/53 (45.3%) and serotype 6 in 13/53 (24.5%) samples. Moreover, multiplex PCR results suggested a coinfection of different serotypes in five samples. This study emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach, utilizing various techniques, such as gross- and histopathology, and bacteriological culture and PCR, to enhance the diagnosis of APP infections.
Effects of the Direction of Two Kirschner Wires on Combined Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy and Tibial Tuberosity Transposition in Miniature Breed Dogs: An Ex Vivo Study
Authors: Nam Sanghyun , Jeon Youngjin , Lee Haebeom , Jeong Jaemin
Published: August 2024

This study evaluates the impact of Kirschner wire (K-wire) insertion direction on the biomechanical properties of combined tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT) procedures in small-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture and medial patella luxation. Twenty-one cadaveric tibiae were divided into two groups; the specimens were divided into two groups; one underwent TPLO-TTT with a proximal pin placement (Group TTP), and the other received TPLO-TTT with a distal pin placement (Group TTD). For both pin placements, two additional subgroups were formed: one with a 0.56 mm tension band (Groups TTP0.56 and TTD0.56) and the other with a 0.76 mm tension band (Groups TTP0.76 and TTD0.76). The tensile force was applied, and failure load and mode were recorded. The distal pin direction in Group TTD0.56 exhibited a significantly higher mean failure load (380.1 N) compared to the proximal pin direction in Group TTP0.56 (302.2 N, p = 0.028). No significant differences were observed among the other groups. This study concludes that distal pin placement can provide similar or improved mechanical stability in cases with limited space for proximal pin placement during combined TPLO and TTT procedures.
Cerogamasus, a New Genus of Parasitinae Mites, with Description of Four New Species from China (Acari: Parasitiformes: Parasitidae)
Authors: Yao Maoyuan , Chen Jianxin , Yi Tianci , Jin Daochao
Published: August 2024

The new genus, Cerogamasus gen. nov., with the type species Cerogamasus tibetensis sp. nov., is established. The new genus is easily distinguished from other genera of Parasitidae because the dorsal idiosoma in both sexes bears more than 40 pairs of setae, of which fewer than 7 pairs of podonotal setae are smooth; the seta z5 of the dorsal hexagon is similar to j5 and j6 in form (pilose or distally pilose) while different in length (z5 longer); the seta al of the palpfemur is pectinate, and al1 and al2 of the palpgenu are entire; the gnathotectum is trispinate; peritrematal shields in females are posteriorly free; and the palptrochanter in males has a pointed ventral protuberance. C. anhuiensis sp. nov., C. guizhouensis sp. nov. and C. multidentatus sp. nov. are described based on adult samples; C. tibetensis sp. nov. is described based on deutonymph and adult samples. Cycetogamasus coreanus Athias-Henriot, 1980, is transferred to Cerogamasus gen. nov. as a new combination.
Overview of Bovine Mastitis: Application of Metabolomics in Screening Its Predictive and Diagnostic Biomarkers
Authors: Li Muyang , Li Zhongjie , Deng Ming , Liu Dewu , Sun Baoli , Liu Jianying , Guo Jianchao , Guo Yongqing
Published: August 2024

Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary glands, and its pathogenesis and diagnosis are complicated. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of small-molecule metabolites, the metabolomics technique plays an important role in finding biomarkers and studying the metabolic mechanism of bovine mastitis. Therefore, this paper reviews the predictive and diagnostic biomarkers of bovine mastitis that have been identified using metabolomics techniques and that are present in samples such as milk, blood, urine, rumen fluid, feces, and mammary tissue. In addition, the metabolic pathways of mastitis-related biomarkers in milk and blood were analyzed; it was found that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was the most significant (FDR = 0.0015767) pathway in milk fluid, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism was the most significant (FDR = 0.0081994) pathway in blood. The purpose of this review is to provide useful information for the prediction and early diagnosis of bovine mastitis.
New Myzostomids (Annelida) in Symbiosis with Feather Stars in the Shallow Waters of the South China Sea (Hainan Island)
Authors: Isaychev Alexander , Schepetov Dimitry , Zhou Yutong , Britayev Temir A. , Ivanenko Viatcheslav N.
Published: August 2024

This research delves into the molecular and morphological characteristics of myzostomid worms associated with common shallow-water feather stars (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Comatulidae) in the coastal waters near Sanya, Hainan Island. Through the examination of specimens collected at depths of up to 10 m using scuba diving techniques, we describe three new species (Myzostoma ordinatum sp. nov., M. scopus sp. nov., and M. solare sp. nov.) and report the first record of Myzostoma polycyclus Atkins, 1927 in the South China Sea. The absence of overlap with the seven previously documented Myzostomida species in the shallow waters of Hong Kong and Shenzhen reveals significant gaps in our understanding of marine biodiversity in the South China Sea. These findings, combined with an analysis of available molecular data, underscore the potential existence of unexplored and diverse symbiotic relationships among marine invertebrates within the region.
A Legal Ban on Dog Meat Production: Political Decision-Making for an Ethical Community
Authors: Choi Yoojin , Joo Seola , Chun Myung-Sun
Published: August 2024

For over 40 years, the human consumption of dog meat has been a controversial issue in South Korea. While some defend it as cultural tradition, others criticize the act as unethical treatment of dogs. This study examined the public perceptions and opinions driving the legislative efforts to ban dog meat through an online survey of 1000 participants assessing their experiences with dog meat, awareness of related issues, and support for institutional bans. The results revealed a widespread negative view of the dog meat industry, largely due to concerns over animal cruelty, and a negligible demand for consuming dog meat, which points to the expected demise of the industry. However, there was notable resistance to the ban from the view that it restricts personal freedom, with anthropocentric attitudes hindering progress in animal welfare. Regression analysis identified gender, political affiliations, animal experiences, and perceptions of dog meat as key predictors of support for the ban. As beloved pets, dogs influence human ethics, and the growing awareness of animal ethics has led to a ‘political turn’ enabling policymakers to enact bans. This study highlights how animal welfare benefits from political actions backed by societal consensus.
Using Different Cage Enrichments to Improve Rabbits’ Performance, Behavior, and Welfare
Authors: Elsayed Menna , Soliman Farid , Elghalid Osama , El-Sabrout Karim
Published: August 2024

Environmental enrichment is about improving the surroundings in which your animal lives by providing opportunities to express behavioral activity normally, which in turn has a great impact on the animal’s welfare and productivity. The aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of using different enrichment cage tools (a rubber floor, plastic-colored balls, and a mirror) on rabbits’ physiology, productivity, carcass quality, behavior, and welfare. A total of 84 weaned rabbits (V-line) were randomly and equally assigned to 4 groups, each with 7 replicates (3 rabbits/replicate). The 1st rabbit group (T1) served as a control, while the 2nd group (T2) was enriched with rubber floors. The 3rd group (T3) was enriched with plastic-colored balls, and the 4th group (T4) was enriched with mirrors. Productive traits, including the weekly body weight and feed intake, as well as the carcass characteristics, were measured. Hematological parameters and biochemical constituents were determined according to the reference’s description. Furthermore, behavioral activities, such as walking, resting, feeding, and drinking, were observed. According to the results, enriching the rabbit cages with plastic-colored balls and mirrors improved the marketing body weight and feed conversion rate. It also improved carcass quality characteristics, such as the carcass weight and dressing percentage. The T3 and T4 rabbits had higher RBCS, Hb, and hematocrit levels as well as lower WBCS levels. They also had significantly higher total protein, globulin, glucose, AST, and IgG values than other treatments. In addition, they had significantly lower corticosterone levels and fear responses. Therefore, it is recommended to use plastic-colored balls and mirrors for rabbit farming for better productivity, behavior, and welfare.
Variation in the Exon 3–4 Region of Ovine KRT85 and Its Effect on Wool Traits
Authors: Chai Wenqiong , Zhou Huitong , Gong Hua , Wang Changfa , Hickford Jon G. H.
Published: August 2024

α-keratins are structural proteins in the cortex of wool fibres and assemble in an organized fashion into keratin intermediate filaments. Variation in these keratin proteins affects the structure and characteristics of wool fibre, making keratin genes ideal candidates for the development of gene markers that describe variations in wool traits. A region of KRT85 spanning exon 3–4 (including the entire exon 3, intron 3, exon 4 and part of intron 4) was investigated. Two banding patterns defining two variant sequences (A and B) were observed in this region, and these were characterised by the presence of two single nucleotide polymorphisms. The effect of this variation in the exon 3–4 region of KRT85 on wool traits was investigated in 463 Merino × Southdown-cross lambs. The frequencies of these two variants in these sheep were 55.6% and 44.4%, respectively. Three different genotypes were observed with frequencies of 32.6%, 46.1% and 21.3% for AA, AB and BB, respectively. The presence of A was associated with an increase in greasy fleece weight and clean fleece weight, while the presence of B was associated with an increased wool prickle factor. These findings should be replicated in a broader range of sheep breeds to determine whether the associations are robust and to clarify whether the observed effects are attributable to breed differences or to gene effects themselves.
Protopine-Type Alkaloids Alleviate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Inflammation and Modulate the Gut Microbiota in Mice
Authors: Huang Jialu , Yue Meishan , Yang Yang , Liu Yisong , Zeng Jianguo
Published: August 2024

In this study, we assessed the therapeutic effects of Macleaya cordata (Willd). R. Br.-derived protopine-type alkaloids (MPTAs) in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal inflammation. The experimental design involved the allocation of mice into distinct groups, including a control group, a model group treated with 6 mg/kg LPS, a berberine group treated with 50 mg/kg berberine hydrochloride and low-, medium- and high-dose MPTA groups treated with 6, 12 and 24 mg/kg MPTAs, respectively. Histological analysis of the ileum, jejunum and duodenum was performed using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Moreover, the quantification of intestinal goblet cells (GCs) was performed based on PAS staining. The serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the mRNA levels of TLR4, NF-κB p65, NLRP3, IL-6 and IL-1β were assessed using quantitative PCR (qPCR). The protein levels of TLR4, Md-2, MyD88, NF-κB p65 and NLRP3 were determined using Western blotting. Furthermore, the 16S rDNA sequences of bacterial taxa were amplified and analysed to determine alterations in the gut microbiota of the mice following MPTA treatment. Different doses of MPTAs were found to elicit distinct therapeutic effects, leading to enhanced intestinal morphology and an increased abundance of intestinal GCs. A significant decrease was noted in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α). Additionally, the protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, NLRP3 and p-p65/p65 were markedly reduced by MPTA treatment. Furthermore, 16S rDNA sequencing analysis revealed that the administration of 24 mg/kg MPTAs facilitated the restoration of microbial composition.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of mRNA and miRNA during the Development of Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Gannan Yak and Tianzhu White Yak
Authors: Niu Yanmei , Guo Dashan , Wei Yali , Li Jingsheng , Bai Yanbin , Liu Zhanxin , Jia Xue , Chen Zongchang , Li Liang , Shi Bingang , Zhang Xiaolan , Zhao Zhidong , Hu Jiang , Wang Jiqing , Liu Xiu , Li Shaobin
Published: August 2024

The Gannan yak, a superior livestock breed found on the Tibetan Plateau, exhibits significantly enhanced body size, weight, and growth performance in comparison to the Tianzhu white yak. MiRNAs play a pivotal role in regulating muscle growth by negatively modulating target genes. In this study, we found the average diameter, area, and length of myofibers in Gannan yaks were significantly higher than those of Tianzhu white yaks. Further, we focused on analyzing the longissimus dorsi muscle from both Gannan yaks and Tianzhu white yaks through transcriptome sequencing to identify differentially expressed (DE)miRNAs that influence skeletal muscle development. A total of 254 DE miRNAs were identified, of which 126 miRNAs were up-regulated and 128 miRNAs were down-regulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the target genes of these DE miRNAs were significantly enriched in signaling pathways associated with muscle growth and development. By constructing a DE miRNA- DE mRNA interaction network, we screened 18 key miRNAs, and notably, four of the candidates (novel-m0143-3p, novel-m0024-3p, novel-m0128-5p, and novel-m0026-3p) targeted six genes associated with muscle growth and development (DDIT4, ADAMTS1, CRY2, AKIRIN2, SIX1, and FOXO1). These findings may provide theoretical references for further studies on the role of miRNAs in muscle growth and development in Gannan yaks.
The Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri on the Fermentation Quality, In Vitro Digestibility, and Aerobic Stability of Silphium perfoliatum L. Silage
Authors: Jin Yitong , Wang Peng , Li Fuhou , Yu Meng , Du Jiarui , Zhao Tianyue , Yi Qixuan , Tang Hongyu , Yuan Bao
Published: August 2024

In this experiment, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri were added individually or in combination to Silphium perfoliatum L. (SP) silage to investigate the effects of different fermentation types of lactobacilli on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of SP-silage, with a view to providing a certain scientific basis and technical support for obtaining high-quality SP-silage in production. The experiment comprised a non-additive group (control), an L. plantarum group (LP), an L. buchneri group (LB), and an L. plantarum and L. buchneri mixed treatment group (LPLB). Samples were taken after 60 days of fermentation and analyzed for the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of the SP-silage. The results showed that the addition of LP, LB, and LPLB significantly reduced the pH and proportion of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen and significantly increased the lactic acid, in vitro dry matter digestibility, and in vitro crude protein digestibility in the SP-silage (p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the dry matter and crude protein contents of the LB and LPLB groups were significantly increased, while the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The SP-silage supplemented with LPLB had the highest dry matter and crude protein contents. The gross and digestible energies of the SP-silage in the LB and LPLB groups were significantly higher than those in the control and LP groups (p < 0.05). The aerobic stability of the SP-silage was significantly reduced by 24.14% in the LP group and increased by 58.62% and 34.48% in the LB and LPLB groups, respectively, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). It was shown that adding a combination of LP and LB resulted in the best fermentation quality, nutritional value, and in vitro digestibility of the SP-silage. LB was effective in improving the aerobic stability of SP-silage.
Microplastic-Mediated Transfer of Tetracycline Resistance: Unveiling the Role of Mussels in Marine Ecosystems
Authors: Milani Giovanni , Cortimiglia Claudia , Belloso Daza Mireya Viviana , Greco Emanuele , Bassi Daniela , Cocconcelli Pier Sandro
Published: August 2024

The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is exacerbated by the mobilization of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) occurring in different environmental niches, including seawater. Marine environments serve as reservoirs for resistant bacteria and ARGs, further complicated by the ubiquity of microplastics (MPs). MPs can adsorb pollutants and promote bacterial biofilm formation, creating conditions favorable to the dissemination of ARGs. This study explores the dynamics of ARG transfer in the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis within a seawater model, focusing on the influence of polyethylene MPs on the mobilization of the Tn916-carrying tetM gene and plasmid-encoded ermB. Experiments revealed that biofilm formation on MPs by Enterococcus faecium and Listeria monocytogenes facilitated the transfer of the tetM resistance gene, but not the ermB gene. Furthermore, the presence of MPs significantly increased the conjugation frequency of tetM within mussels, indicating that MPs enhance the potential for ARG mobilization in marine environments. These findings highlight the role of MPs and marine organisms in ARG spread, underscoring the ecological and public health implications.
A New Convenient Method to Assess Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Efficacy against Pathogenic Clostridioides difficile Biofilms
Authors: Xu Lingjun , Gurung Bijay , Gu Chris , Wang Shaohua , Gu Tingyue
Published: August 2024

Clostridioides difficile is a widely distributed anaerobic pathogen. C. difficile infection is a serious problem in healthcare. Its biofilms have been found to exhibit biocorrosivity, albeit very little, but sufficient for it to correlate with biofilm growth/health. This work demonstrated the use of a disposable electrochemical biofilm test kit using two solid-state electrodes (a 304 stainless steel working electrode, and a graphite counter electrode, which also served as the reference electrode) in a 10 mL serum vial. It was found that the C. difficile 630∆erm Adp-4 mutant had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for vancomycin twice that of the 630∆erm wild type strain in biofilm prevention (2 ppm vs. 1 ppm by mass) on 304 stainless steel. Glutaraldehyde, a commonly used hospital disinfectant, was found ineffective at 2% (w/w) for the prevention of C. difficile 630∆erm wild type biofilm formation, while tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS) disinfectant was very effective at 100 ppm for both biofilm prevention and biofilm killing. These antimicrobial efficacy data were consistent with sessile cell count and biofilm imaging results. Furthermore, the test kit provided additional transient biocide treatment information. It showed that vancomycin killed C. difficile 630∆erm wild type biofilms in 2 d, while THPS only required minutes.
Impact of Empirical Antimicrobial Treatment on Patients with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Authors: Khunkit Pirawan , Siripaitoon Pisud , Lertsrisatit Yongyut , Watthanapaisal Dissaya , Kositpantawong Narongdet , Kanchanasuwan Siripen , Cheh-oh Nadia , Chittrakarn Sorawit , Jaroenmark Tanapat , Poonchuay Natnicha , Chusri Sarunyou
Published: August 2024

This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia), focusing on the impact of appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment. Of the enrolled 240 patients with VAP due to S. maltophilia (median age: 45 years) in a tertiary-care hospital in southern Thailand between January 2010 and December 2021, 90% had medical comorbidities and 91% had previously received carbapenems. In addition, only 45% of the patients were initially admitted to the intensive care unit. Patients administered appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment including colistin alone and colistin plus TMP-SMX or fluoroquinolone-based regimens had significantly lower 14-day, 30-day, and in-hospital mortalities, compared with those who did not receive appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment (21% and 2% vs. 31%; 30% and 5% vs. 44%; and 30% and 12% vs. 53%, respectively). Thus, the use of appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatments led to a significantly reduced length of hospital stay, duration of ventilation, and hospital costs. The current study suggests that the use of appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment based on susceptibility testing without considering pharmacokinetic properties and administration dosages improves the outcomes of patients with VAP due to S. maltophilia.
Measuring Temporal Trends and Patterns of Inpatient Antibiotic Use in Northwest China’s Hospitals: Data from the Center for Antibacterial Surveillance, 2012–2022
Authors: Aierken Aizezijiang , Zhu Xiaochen , Wang Ningning , Zhang Jiangtao , Li Weibin , Wushouer Haishaerjiang , Abudukeremu Kaisaier
Published: August 2024

Background: The challenge of emerging antimicrobial resistance and variation in antibiotic use across provinces in China call for knowledge on antibiotic utilization at the regional level. This study aims to evaluate the long-term trends and patterns of antibiotic usage in Xinjiang Province, the largest provincial-level division located in the northwest of China, aiming to provide evidence in enhancing provincial antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and developing policy measures to optimize regional antimicrobial use. Methods: This was an ecological study with temporal trend analysis on inpatient antibiotic utilization, with antibiotic use data from 92 public hospitals covered by Xinjiang’s Center for Antibacterial Surveillance from 2012 to 2022. Antibiotic use was measured by the number of daily defined doses per 100 patient days (DDDs/100 pds). Patterns of antibiotic use were described by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) subgroups and the Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification. The Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) of antibiotic use and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to describe the trend of antibiotic use over time. Joinpoint regression was performed using the Weighted Bayesian Information Criteria (WBIC) model with a parametric method. A pairwise comparison between secondary and tertiary hospitals was conducted to explore disparities in antibiotic use across hospital levels. The most commonly used antibiotics were also analyzed. Results: The total inpatient antibiotic use in Xinjiang was 27.6 DDDs/100 patient days in 2022, with a significant decreasing trend during 2012–2022 (AAPC, −2.0%; 95% CI, −3.6% to −0.4%). The Watch group antibiotics were the most used AWaRe category, with the Access-to-Watch ratio decreasing significantly from 46.4% to 24.4% (AAPC, −6.8%; 95% CI, −8.4% to −5.1%). No significant difference was found in the trend of total antibiotic use between secondary and tertiary hospitals, but there were disparities across hospital levels in subgroups. Third-generation cephalosporins, second-generation cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones remained the top three antibiotic class throughout the study period. The number of antibiotics accounting for 90% of the total antibiotic use decreased from 34 antibiotics in 2012 to 18 antibiotics in 2022. Conclusions: The decreasing trend of inpatient antibiotic use in Xinjiang’s public hospitals reflects the effects of continuous AMS implementation. Patterns of antibiotic use underscore the need for further efforts on evidence-based antibiotic selection and for analyses on the appropriateness of antibiotic use.
Impact of Combined Pollution of Ciprofloxacin and Copper on the Diversity of Archaeal Communities and Antibiotic-Resistance Genes
Authors: Chen Meijuan , Li Weiying , Teng Haibo , Hu Wenxin , Dong Zhiqiang , Zhang Dawei , Liu Tianyi , Zheng Quan
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to explore the response of archaeal communities and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) to ciprofloxacin (CIP, 0.05–40 mg/L) and copper (Cu, 3 mg/L) combined pollution during stress- and post-effect periods in an activated sludge system. With the increase in the CIP concentration, the diversity of archaea decreased, but the richness increased under the stress of 10 mg/L CIP. Under stress and post effects, the change in unknown archaeal community structure was more significant than that of the known archaea. The relative abundance of unknown archaea was significantly reduced with the increase in CIP concentration. Meanwhile, there were certain archaea that belonged to abundant and rare taxa with different resistance and recovery characteristics. Among them, Methanosaeta (49.15–83.66%), Methanoculleus (0.11–0.45%), and Nitrososphaera (0.03–0.36%) were the typical resistant archaea to combined pollution. And the resistance of the abundant taxa to combined pollution was significantly higher than that of the rare taxa. Symbiotic and competitive relationships were observed between the known and the unknown archaea. The interactions of abundant known taxa were mainly symbiotic relationships. While the rare unknown taxa were mainly competitive relationships in the post-effect period. Rare archaea showed an important ecological niche under the stress-effect. Some archaea displayed positive correlation with ARGs and played important roles as potential hosts of ARGs during stress- and post-periods. Methanospirillum, Methanosphaerula, Nitrososphaera and some rare unknown archaea also significantly co-occurred with a large number of ARGs. Overall, this study points out the importance of interactions among known and unknown archaeal communities and ARGs in a wastewater treatment system under the stress of antibiotics and heavy metal combined pollution.
In Vitro Modulation of Autophagy by New Antioxidant Nitrones as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Izquierdo-Bermejo Sara , Chamorro Beatriz , Martín-de-Saavedra María Dolores , Lobete Miguel , López-Muñoz Francisco , Marco-Contelles José , Oset-Gasque María Jesús
Published: August 2024

Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide, yet current therapeutic strategies remain limited. Among the neuropathological events underlying this disease are multiple cell death signaling cascades, including autophagy. Recent interest has focused on developing agents that target molecules involved in autophagy to modulate this process under pathological conditions. This study aimed to analyze the role of autophagy in cell death induced by an in vitro ischemia–reperfusion (IR) model and to determine whether nitrones, known for their neuroprotective and antioxidant effects, could modulate this process. We focused on key proteins involved in different phases of autophagy: HIF-1α, BNIP3, and BECN1 for induction and nucleation, LC3 for elongation, and p62 for degradation. Our findings confirmed that the IR model promotes autophagy, initially via HIF-1α activation. Additionally, the neuroprotective effect of three of the selected synthetic nitrones (quinolylnitrones QN6 and QN23, and homo-bis-nitrone HBN6) partially derives from their antiautophagic properties, demonstrated by a downregulation of the expression of molecular markers involved in various phases of autophagy. In contrast, the neuroprotective power of cholesteronitrone ChN2 seems to derive from its promoting effects on the initial phases of autophagy, which could potentially help inhibit other forms of cell death. These results underscore the importance of autophagy modulation in neuroprotection, highlighting the potential of inhibiting prodeath autophagy and promoting prosurvival autophagy as promising therapeutic approaches in treating ischemic stroke clinically.
Differences in HDL Remodeling during Healthy Pregnancy and Pregnancy with Cardiometabolic Complications
Authors: Stankovic Marko , Zeljkovic Aleksandra , Vekic Jelena , Antonic Tamara , Ardalic Daniela , Miljkovic-Trailovic Milica , Munjas Jelena , Saric Matutinovic Marija , Gojkovic Tamara , Jovicic Snezana , Mikovic Zeljko , Stefanovic Aleksandra
Published: August 2024

This study investigated the longitudinal trajectory of changes in antioxidative and anti-inflammatory high-density lipoprotein (HDL) components during healthy pregnancy and pregnancy with cardiometabolic complications. We recruited and longitudinally followed 84 women with healthy pregnancies and 46 pregnant women who developed cardiometabolic pregnancy complications (gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy). Their general lipid profiles, oxidative stress status, inflammatory status, and antioxidative and anti-inflammatory HDL components were analyzed. The results of our study confirmed the expected trajectory for the routine lipid parameters. Our study results indicate more intensive oxidative stress and a higher level of inflammation in the group with complications compared with the control group. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was significantly lower in the first trimester in the group with complications compared with the control group (p < 0.05). We did not find significant differences in the apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) concentrations in the first trimester between the control group and the group with complications, but in the second and third trimesters, the group with complications had significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, respectively). The S1P, paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations were significantly lower in the group with complications in the first trimester. During the second trimester, only the SAA concentrations were identified as significantly lower in the group with complications compared with the control group, while in the third trimester, the PON1, apolipoprotein M (Apo M), and SAA concentrations were all significantly lower in the group with complications. Through a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, the S1P concentration in the first trimester was distinguished as an HDL-associated marker independently associated with cardiometabolic pregnancy complications. In conclusion, our study results showed that HDL remodeling differs between healthy pregnancies and pregnancies with maternal cardiometabolic complications, with changed HDL composition and functionality consequently impacting its biological functionality in the latter case.
Asparagopsis taxiformis as a Novel Antioxidant Ingredient for Climate-Smart Aquaculture: Antioxidant, Metabolic and Digestive Modulation in Juvenile White Seabream (Diplodus sargus) Exposed to a Marine Heatwave
Authors: Pereira Alícia , Marmelo Isa , Dias Marta , Silva Ana Catarina , Grade Ana Catarina , Barata Marisa , Pousão-Ferreira Pedro , Dias Jorge , Anacleto Patrícia , Marques António , Diniz Mário S. , Maulvault Ana Luísa
Published: August 2024

The increasing frequency and duration of marine heatwaves (MHWs) due to climate change pose severe threats to aquaculture, causing drastic physiological and growth impairments in farmed fish, undermining their resilience against additional environmental pressures. To ensure sustainable production that meets the global seafood demand and animal welfare standards, cost-effective and eco-friendly strategies are urgently needed. This study explored the efficacy of the red macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis on juvenile white seabream Diplodus sargus reared under optimal conditions and upon exposure to a MHW. Fish were fed with four experimental diets (0%, 1.5%, 3% or 6% of dried powdered A. taxiformis) for a prophylactic period of 30 days (T30) and subsequently exposed to a Mediterranean category II MHW for 15 days (T53). Biometric data and samples were collected at T30, T53 and T61 (8 days post-MHW recovery), to assess performance indicators, biomarker responses and histopathological alterations. Results showed that A. taxiformis supplementation improved catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities and reduced lipid peroxidation promoted by the MHW, particularly in fish biofortified with 1.5% inclusion level. No histopathological alterations were observed after 30 days. Additionally, fish biofortified with 1.5% A. taxiformis exhibited increased citrate synthase activity and fish supplemented with 1.5% and 3% showed improved digestive enzyme activities (e.g., pepsin and trypsin activities). Overall, the present findings pointed to 1.5% inclusion as the optimal dosage for aquafeeds biofortification with A. taxiformis, and confirmed that this seaweed species is a promising cost-effective ingredient with functional properties and great potential for usage in a climate-smart context.