bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photocontrol Over Self‐Assembled Nanostructures of π–π Stacked Dyes Supported by the Parallel Conformer of Diarylethene
Authors: Yagai Shiki , Iwai Kazunori , Yamauchi Mitsuaki , Karatsu Takashi , Kitamura Akihide , Uemura Shinobu , Morimoto Masakazu , Wang Hao , Würthner Frank
Published: February 2014

Diarylethenes (DAEs) have rarely been used in the design of photoresponsive supramolecular assemblies with a well‐defined morphology transition owing to rather small structural changes upon photoisomerization. A supramolecular design based on the parallel conformation of DAEs enables the construction of photoresponsive dye assemblies that undergo remarkable nanomorphology transitions. The cooperative stacking of perylene bisimide (PBI) dyes was used to stabilize the parallel conformer of DAE through complementary hydrogen bonds. Atomic force microscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and molecular modeling revealed that our DAE and PBI building blocks coassembled in nonpolar solvent to form well‐defined helical nanofibers featuring J‐type dimers of PBI dyes. Upon irradiating the coassembly solution with UV and visible light in turn, a reversible morphology change between nanofibers and nanoparticles was observed. This system involves the generation of a new self‐assembly pathway by means of photocontrol.
A description of arterial variants in the transoral approach to the parapharyngeal space
Authors: Wang Chengyuan , Kundaria Summit , Fernandez‐Miranda Juan , Duvvuri Umamaheswar
Published: February 2014

This study demonstrates variations in the vascular anatomy of the parapharyngeal space (PPS) as seen from the transoral approach compared with the transcervical approach. The PPS was dissected in injected cadaveric specimens. Anatomical measurements, including those of branches of the external and internal carotid arteries (ECA and ICA) and the styloglossus and stylopharyngeus muscles, were recorded and analyzed. In 67% (8/12) of cases, the ascending palatine artery (APA) originated from the facial artery and crossed the styloglossus muscle. The diameter of the APA at its origin was 1.4 ± 0.3mm. In 75% (9/12) of cases, the ascending pharyngeal artery (aPA) arose from the medial surface of the ECA near its origin. In 58% (7/12) of cases, the aPA ascended vertically between the ICA and the lateral pharynx to the skull base, along the longus capitus muscle. The aPA crossed the styloglossus muscle 12.6 ± 3.9mm from the insertion into the tongue. In 92% (11/12) of cases, the ECA and ICA were separated by the styloid diaphragm and pharyngeal venous plexus. In 8% (1/12), the ECA bulged into the parapharyngeal fat between the styloglossus and stylopharyngeus muscles adjacent to the pharyngeal constrictors. Knowledge of the precise anatomy of the PPS is important for transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Control of the vessels that supply and traverse the PPS can help the TORS surgeon avoid those critical structures and reduce surgical morbidity and potential hemorrhage. Clin. Anat. 27:1016–1022, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intraperitoneal injection of in vitro expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells together with zoledronate for the treatment of malignant ascites due to gastric cancer
Authors: Wada Ikuo , Matsushita Hirokazu , Noji Shuichi , Mori Kazuhiko , Yamashita Hiroharu , Nomura Sachiyo , Shimizu Nobuyuki , Seto Yasuyuki , Kakimi Kazuhiro
Published: February 2014

Malignant ascites caused by peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer is chemotherapy‐resistant and associated with poor prognosis. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the safety of weekly intraperitoneal injections of in vitro expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells together with zoledronate for the treatment of such malignant ascites. Patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with zoledronate (5 μmol/L) and interleukin‐2 (1000 IU/mL). After 14 days culture, Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cells were harvested and administered intraperitoneally in four weekly infusions. The day before T‐cell injection, patients received zoledronate (1 mg) to sensitize their tumor cells to Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cell recognition. Seven patients were enrolled in this study. The number of Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cells in each injection ranged from 0.6 to 69.8 × 108 (median 59.0 × 108). There were no severe adverse events related to the therapy. Intraperitoneal injection of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells allows them access to the tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity. The number of tumor cells in the ascites was significantly reduced even after the first round of therapy and remained substantially lower over the course of treatment. IFN‐γ was detected in the ascites on treatment. Computed tomography revealed a significant reduction in volume of ascites in two of seven patients. Thus, injection of these antitumor Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cells can result in local control of malignant ascites in patients for whom no standard therapy apart from paracentesis is available. Adoptively transferred Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cells do indeed recognize tumor cells and exert antitumor effector activity in vivo, when they access to the tumor cells.
Towards a Psychology of Rural Development Processes and Interventions
Authors: Landini Fernando , Leeuwis Cees , Long Norman , Murtagh Sofía
Published: February 2014

A psychosocial approach to rural development and development interventions, which we designate as ‘psychology of rural development’ (PsyRD), does not yet exist as an area of research or intervention within the field of psychology or development studies, even though rural development is in part obviously shaped by psychosocial factors. Thus, in this discussion paper, we argue the need for PsyRD, explore how it may provide new insights and tools for analysis vis‐à‐vis rural development scenarios and issues of social equity and outline the shape that, in our view, such a psychology should take. First, the multiple dimensions of rural development and the many practical problems faced by rural development agents contain strong psychosocial elements that require contributions from psychology. Yet at the same time, the psychological literature on this topic contains many limitations and biases, which leads us to, in the second part of the paper lay the groundwork for a PsyRD that focuses on the importance of adopting a critical and interdisciplinary approach capable of dealing with complexity and multidetermination. Finally, we conclude by outlining the challenges of PsyRD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetically Stabilized Bed for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene
Authors: Yu Lianqing , Wang Qingqing , Liu Chenguang , Zhang Yaping , Hao Lanzhong
Published: February 2014

The characteristics of a magnetically stabilized bed (MSB) were studied by cold‐model experiments, using water as liquid phase, hydrogen as gas phase, and γ‐Fe2O3 magnetic powder as solid phase. The fluidized state of different bed positions was investigated by testing the transmissible laser current. Effects of magnetic field intensity and gas flow rate on layer expansion states of the MSB were analyzed by color diagrams. A Ru‐Zn‐B amorphous alloy was prepared by chemical reduction. Selective hydrogenation of benzene was carried out in the MSB by adjusting the contact time between the catalysts and reactants through variations of reaction temperature, magnetic field current, and liquid hourly space velocity.
Arrest of Rolling Circle Amplification by Protein‐Binding DNA Aptamers
Authors: Wang Lida , Tram Kha , Ali Monsur M. , Salena Bruno J. , Li Jinghong , Li Yingfu
Published: February 2014

Certain DNA polymerases, such as ϕ29 DNA polymerase, can isothermally copy the sequence of a circular template round by round in a process known as rolling circle amplification (RCA), which results in super‐long single‐stranded (ss) DNA molecules made of tandem repeats. The power of RCA reflects the high processivity and the strand‐displacement ability of these polymerases. In this work, the ability of ϕ29DNAP to carry out RCA over circular templates containing a protein‐binding DNA aptamer sequence was investigated. It was found that protein–aptamer interactions can prevent this DNA polymerase from reading through the aptameric domain. This finding indicates that protein‐binding DNA aptamers can form highly stable complexes with their targets in solution. This novel observation was exploited by translating RCA arrest into a simple and convenient colorimetric assay for the detection of specific protein targets, which continues to showcase the versatility of aptamers as molecular recognition elements for biosensing applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Cesium Thiotellurates: Cs2[TeS2] and Cs2[TeS3].
Authors: Babo Jean‐Marie , Wolff Klaus K. , Schleid Thomas
Published: February 2014

Cs2[TeS2] (I) and Cs2[TeS3] (II) are prepared by reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Cs (in situ prepared by thermal decomposition of CsN3), Te, and S (glassy silica tube, 500 °C, 3 d, cooling rate of 5 °C/h).
ChemInform Abstract: K4Ni3O6 and KNa2Ni2O4, New Quasi One‐Dimensional Oxonickelates(II, III).
Authors: Duris Katarina , Nuss Juergen , Jansen Martin
Published: February 2014

K4Ni3O6 (I) and KNa2Ni2O4 (II) are obtained by the azide/nitrate route starting from stoichiometric mixtures of KN3, KNO3, NaN3, NaNO3, and NiO (Ag crucible, complex heating schedule, annealing at 873 K, 30 h (I) and 500 h (II)) followed by oxidation at 873 K (15 h (I) and 100 h (II)).
ChemInform Abstract: The First Rare‐Earth Metal Telluride Chlorides, RTeCl (R: La, Ce, Pr, Nd).
Authors: Larres Markus , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: February 2014

LnTeCl (Ln: La, Ce, Pr, Nd) compounds are obtained as single crystals and/or powder samples by the reaction of anhydrous LnCl3, Ln metal, and Te (sealed Ta tubes in evacuated silica tubes, 1050 °C, 5 d, heating and cooling rate of 50 K/h).
ChemInform Abstract: The First Zeolitic Pure Germanate Built up from the Four‐Membered Ring — CCUT‐9 Showing High Surface Area.
Authors: Li Ya‐feng , Gao Wen‐yuan , Qin Xiao‐lin , Lu Jing‐jing , Liu Yan
Published: February 2014

Ge48O96 is solvothermally synthesized from a mixture of GeO2, NaOH, diethylenetriamine, and pyridine in the molar ratio of 1:4:8:30 (autoclave, 180 °C, 7—8 d, about 30% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Mobility in the Stannides Li2CuSn2 and Li2AgSn2.
Authors: Winter Florian , Dupke Sven , Eckert Hellmut , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer
Published: February 2014

Li2CuSn2 (I) and Li2AgSn2 (II) are prepared by induction‐melting (or in a muffle furnace) of the elements (sealed Nb ampoules, 1100 K for (I) or 900 K for (II), 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Comprehensive Uranium Thiophosphate Chemistry: Framework Compounds Based on Pseudotetrahedrally Coordinated Central Metal Atoms.
Authors: Neuhausen Christine , Hatscher Stephan T. , Panthoefer Martin , Urland Werner , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: February 2014

The new ternary compounds UP2S6 (I), UP2S7 (II), U(P2S6)2 (III), and U3(PS4)4 (IV) are prepared from polysulfide fluxes (evacuated quartz tube, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Ring‐Opening of Oxabenzonorbornadiene with Amines Promoted by a Chiral Iridium‐Monophosphine Catalyst
Authors: Luo Renshi , Liao Jianhua , Xie Ling , Tang Wenjun , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: February 2014

28 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Alder‐Ene Reaction of Aryne with Olefins.
Authors: Chen Zhao , Liang Jinhua , Yin Jun , Yu Guang‐Ao , Liu Sheng Hua
Published: February 2014

A novel intermolecular Alder‐ene reaction based on aryne and olefins is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Directed Nickel‐Catalyzed Negishi Cross Coupling of Alkyl Aziridines.
Authors: Nielsen Daniel K. , Huang Chung‐Yang , Doyle Abigail G.
Published: February 2014

The cinsyl—protecting group is essential for the efficient execution of this reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Deprotection of Dithioacetals by Using a Novel 1,4‐Benzoquinone/cat. NaI System.
Authors: Inamoto Kiyofumi , Yamada Tetsuya , Kato Sei‐ichi , Kikkawa Shoko , Kondo Yoshinori
Published: February 2014

A wide range of different substituted aldehyde and ketone derivatives can be obtained from dithioacetals by using this general, efficient, and mild deprotection reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Acetylenic Alcohols with Calcium Carbide as the Acetylene Source.
Authors: Sum Yin Ngai , Yu Dingyi , Zhang Yugen
Published: February 2014

The reaction is conducted under mild, metal‐free, and environmentally benign conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Single Enantiomer (99%) Directly from Continuous‐Flow Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Duque Ruben , Pogorzelec Peter J. , Cole‐Hamilton David J.
Published: February 2014

Hydrogenation of dibutyl itaconate (I) under presented flow conditions gives only one chiral product namely dibutyl (S)‐(‐)‐methylsuccinate (II) with excellent enantioselectivity which can be directly recovered from a flow system.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide‐Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Cyclopropanation of Aromatic α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Akagawa Kengo , Takigawa Shota , Nagamine Iman Sho , Umezawa Ryota , Kudo Kazuaki
Published: February 2014

The new method can also be applied to aliphatic acrylaldehydes giving products with low diastereoselectivity (no examples are shown).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Dibromination of Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Hu Dennis X. , Shibuya Grant M. , Burns Noah Z.
Published: February 2014

The new dibromination reaction employs a combination of dibromomalonate as the bromonium source and a titanium bromide species as the bromide source and a tartaric acid‐derived diol (TND) as chiral reagent/ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structures of Air‐Stable Binuclear Hafnocene Perfluorobutanesulfonate and Perfluorobenzenesulfonate and Their Catalytic Application in C—C Bond‐Forming Reactions.
Authors: Li Ningbo , Zhang Xiaohong , Xu Xinhua , Chen Yun , Qiu Renhua , Chen Jinyang , Wang Xie , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: February 2014

The air‐stable hafnocene Lewis acid catalyst is shown to be effective in Lewis acid‐catalyzed C—C bond forming reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Transformation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to the Building Blocks 2,5‐Dihydroxymethylfurfural (DHMF) and 5‐Hydroxymethyl Furanoic Acid (HMFA) via Cannizzaro Reaction.
Authors: Subbiah Sowmiah , Simeonov Svilen P. , Esperanca Jose M. S. S. , Rebelo Luis Paulo N. , Afonso Carlos A. M.
Published: February 2014

The reaction can be upscaled without the loss of yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Multicomponent Reactions Involving Arynes, N‐Heterocycles, and Isatins.
Authors: Bhunia Anup , Roy Tony , Pachfule Pradip , Rajamohanan Pattuparambil R. , Biju Akkattu T.
Published: February 2014

When isoquinoline or quinoline derivatives are used as nucleophiles the reaction proceeds through 1,4‐dipolar intermediates yielding spiro‐indole‐oxazine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetically Useful Noncatalytic Strategy: A Stereocontrolled Rapid Cyclization of a Three Component System to Afford Hexahydropyrrolizines.
Authors: Sengupta Tista , Khamarui Saikat , Samanta Srikanta , Maiti Dilip K.
Published: February 2014

The three‐component annulation of proline esters (I) with unsaturated aldehydes (III) and maleimides or alkenes gives rise to pyrrolo[3,4‐a]pyrrolizines (IV) and hexahydropyrrolizines (VI) and (VIII) in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: TMSCl‐Catalyzed Condensation of α‐Diketone Compounds with Urea/Thiourea Derivatives under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Mobinikhaledi Akbar , Amiri Alireza Khajeh
Published: February 2014

Simple, green and highly efficient one‐pot syntheses of glycoluril and imidazole derivatives via Tms‐Cl‐catalyzed reactions of α,β‐diketone derivatives with urea derivatives are developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Autoxidation of Benzylamines: Application to the Synthesis of Some Nitrogen Heterocycles.
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Ermolenko Ludmila , Al‐Mourabit Ali
Published: February 2014

The reaction is conducted under solvent‐ and catalyst free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Novel Fluoro Isoxazolidine and Isoxazoline Derivatives Using N‐Benzyl Fluoro Nitrone via Cycloaddition Reaction in Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Chakraborty Bhaskar , Luitel Govinda Prasad
Published: February 2014

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of fluoro nitrone (I) with activated alkenes (II) and electron‐deficient alkynes (V) can be efficiently and conveniently proceed in ionic liquids to furnish isoxazolidines or isoxazolines, resp., in short reaction times and high product yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Amberlyst‐15‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 1,3‐Benzazoles in Water under Ultrasound.
Authors: Rambabu D. , Murthi P. Radha Krishna , Dulla Balakrishna , Rao M. V. Basaveswara , Pal Manojit
Published: February 2014

A new and efficient method for the synthesis of 2‐substituted 1,3‐benzazoles under environmentally friendly conditions is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 3′‐Indolyl Substituted Pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazoles as Potential Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agents.
Authors: Kathrotiya Harshad G. , Patel Manish P.
Published: February 2014

A variety of new pyridobenzimidazole derivatives (IV) (18 examples) are synthesized via a multicomponent reaction and evaluated for their antibacterial and antioxidant activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Purine Derivatives by One‐Pot Three‐Component Mannich Reaction.
Authors: Zhang Qian , Ma Bai‐Wei , Huang Yong‐Zhen , Wang Qian‐Qian , Wang Xing‐Xing , Qu Gui‐Rong , Guo Hai‐Ming
Published: February 2014

18 Purine derivatives are prepared by a one‐pot three‐component Mannich reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Syntheses of Enantiopure 1,2‐Oxazin‐4‐yl Nonaflates and Phosphates and Their Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Couplings.
Authors: Moinizadeh Nima , Klemme Robby , Kansy Marcus , Zimmer Reinhold , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: February 2014

The nonaflate (III) is prepared from the corresponding ketone (I) and converted into various 4‐substituted derivatives by Kumada‐Corriu, Sonogashira, Heck‐ or borylation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of an Isolable Dialkylsilylene with Aromatic Nitriles Providing a New Type of Heterosilole.
Authors: Wang Liliang , Chen Weifeng , Li Zhifang , Xiao Xu‐Qiong , Lai Guoqiao , Liu Xupeng , Xu Zheng , Kira Mitsuo
Published: February 2014

The reaction of silylene (I) with aromatic nitriles bearing electron‐donating substituents on the phenyl ring (II) leads to the desired 1,4‐diaza‐2‐siloles (III), whilst the reaction with aromatic nitriles with strong electron‐withdrawing substituents (IV) affords 1,3‐diaza‐2‐siloles (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of Reducing Carbohydrates into Hydrophilic Substituted Imidazoles.
Authors: Brust Andreas , Cuny Eckehard
Published: February 2014

The presented approach does not require protective groups and can be easily transferred into large‐scale production.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Bouchardatine.
Authors: Naik Nilesh H. , Urmode Tukaram D. , Sikder Arun K. , Kusurkar Radhika S.
Published: February 2014

Two novel routes are elaborated for the synthesis of the naturally occurring alkaloid bouchardatine (I).
ChemInform Abstract: 25th Anniversary Article: Ion Exchange in Colloidal Nanocrystals
Authors: Gupta Shuchi , Kershaw Stephen V. , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: February 2014

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploration of Electronic Functionalities in Metal Oxides by Combinatorial Lattice Engineering
Authors: Kawasaki Masashi
Published: February 2014

Review: 163 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Neutron Scattering‐The Key Characterization Tool for Nanostructured Magnetic Materials
Authors: Fitzsimmons M. R. , Schuller Ivan K.
Published: February 2014

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Full Control of Magnetism in a Manganite Bilayer by Ferroelectric Polarization
Authors: Dong Shuai , Dagotto Elbio
Published: February 2014

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Element Availability Impacts the Future of Photonics
Authors: Overton Gail
Published: February 2014

Review: discussion based on 3 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Highlight Syntheses
Authors: Downer‐Riley Nadale K.
Published: February 2014

Review: of both interesting and popular natural products reported in the literature in 2012; 24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroatom Methods
Authors: An Jie , Denton Ross M.
Published: February 2014

Review: synthetic methods involving organoheteroatom chemistry from the primary literaure of 2012; 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Modelling of Oxygenation Processes in Enzymes and Biomimetic Model Complexes
Authors: de Visser Sam P. , Quesne Matthew G. , Martin Bodo , Comba Peter , Ryde Ulf
Published: February 2014

Review: 108 refs.
Introduction of a New Technique to Measure the Coefficient of Restitution for Nanoparticles
Authors: Schöner Christian , Rennecke Stephan , Weber Alfred P. , Pöschel Thorsten
Published: February 2014

A modified single‐stage low pressure impactor is described to measure the coefficient of normal restitution en for nanoparticles. The device is analysed numerically using CFD, and the gas flow inside the structured impaction plate is studied. A formula for the calculation of en is derived and first measurements of en for spherical silver particles are presented together with numerical data obtained from force‐based molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the simulation data for en and the sticking probability are investigated in detail for the elastic, and partly for the plastic impaction regime.
Synthesis of Silica Catalyst Support Particles with Tunable Pore Size via Spray Drying and Calcination
Authors: Zeng Lintao , Weber Alfred P.
Published: February 2014

Poröse SiO2‐Partikeln werden als Katalysatorträger häufig in chemischen Reaktionen eingesetzt. Hier wurden kugelförmige poröse SiO2‐Agglomerate mit einstellbarer Porengröße durch einen aerosol‐basierten Prozess hergestellt. Die Herstellung erfolgte über die Sprühtrocknung einer kolloidalen SiO2‐Suspension, mit Polyvinylpyrrolidin (PVP) als Templat. Nach der Sprühtrocknung wurden die Partikeln auf einem Filter gesammelt und anschließend in einem Muffelofen kalziniert, um die Template zu entfernen. Porengröße und Porosität der SiO2‐Agglomerate sind durch die Menge an PVP und die SiO2‐Primärpartikelgröße einstellbar.
An internal model controller design procedure for multivariable system based on the double‐decomposition
Authors: Jin Qi‐bing , Liu Li‐ye
Published: February 2014

A novel design procedure of internal model controller based on the Double‐Decomposition (DD), which includes the Full Rank Decomposition (FRD) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), is proposed for the multivariable system with multiple time‐delay plant. In the controller design process, the Reflexive Generalised Inverse Matrix (RGIM) based on FRD is used to replace the generalised inverse matrix to design the internal model controller; improved filter based on SVD is introduced into the design process. In the FRD process for a non‐square system, the Effective Relative Gain Array (ERGA) is applied to select the linear independent column. After model reduction for the internal model controller, the expression of the controller is obtained. Then the square system and the non‐square system are taken as examples. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the multivariable system with the multiple time‐delay plant.
Ultra‐wideband multiple‐access relay channel with correlated noises and its diversity analysis
Authors: Sahebalam A. , Osmani‐Bojd M. , Hodtani G.A.
Published: February 2014

In this study, we investigate a new and practical model, ultra‐wideband Slepian–Wolf multiple‐access relay channel (UWB‐SW‐MARC) with correlated noises at the relay and receiver, which includes two important models, that is, UWB‐SW multiple‐access channel with correlated noises and UWB relay channel with correlated noises, as its special cases. We derive a general rate region for UWB‐SW‐MARC and obtain an outer bound for this model and, thereby, prove two certain capacity theorems for two important and different classes of MARC. Also, we analyze outage probability and diversity gain as the practically important concepts in wireless communications and prove that adding a relay to the multiple‐access channel improves the diversity gain. Finally, we evaluate some results numerically and illustrate that the noise correlation coefficient plays an important role in determining the relay position, and show that the channel performance depends on the noise variances. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Working memory and inhibitory control in visually guided manual search in toddlers
Authors: Jenkins Iris L. , Berthier Neil E.
Published: February 2014

Toddlers undergo a transition at about 2.5–3 years‐of‐age that dramatically improves their ability to search for hidden objects. The development of these skills seems to depend on the development of executive functions. We used a correlational design to investigate which components of executive function might be involved in this improved search. Three tests of working memory did not correlate with search performance, but a test of inhibitory/cognitive control was associated with performance increases. Improvement seemed to be the result of control of visual attention and responding in the face of misleading visual events and not the result of improvements in working memory. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1252–1262, 2014.
Local adaptations to frost in marginal and central populations of the dominant forest tree Fagus sylvatica L. as affected by temperature and extreme drought in common garden experiments
Authors: Kreyling Juergen , Buhk Constanze , Backhaus Sabrina , Hallinger Martin , Huber Gerhard , Huber Lukas , Jentsch Anke , Konnert Monika , Thiel Daniel , Wilmking Martin , Beierkuhnlein Carl
Published: February 2014

Local adaptations to environmental conditions are of high ecological importance as they determine distribution ranges and likely affect species responses to climate change. Increased environmental stress (warming, extreme drought) due to climate change in combination with decreased genetic mixing due to isolation may lead to stronger local adaptations of geographically marginal than central populations. We experimentally observed local adaptations of three marginal and four central populations of Fagus sylvatica L., the dominant native forest tree, to frost over winter and in spring (late frost). We determined frost hardiness of buds and roots by the relative electrolyte leakage in two common garden experiments. The experiment at the cold site included a continuous warming treatment; the experiment at the warm site included a preceding summer drought manipulation. In both experiments, we found evidence for local adaptation to frost, with stronger signs of local adaptation in marginal populations. Winter frost killed many of the potted individuals at the cold site, with higher survival in the warming treatment and in those populations originating from colder environments. However, we found no difference in winter frost tolerance of buds among populations, implying that bud survival was not the main cue for mortality. Bud late frost tolerance in April differed between populations at the warm site, mainly because of phenological differences in bud break. Increased spring frost tolerance of plants which had experienced drought stress in the preceding summer could also be explained by shifts in phenology. Stronger local adaptations to climate in geographically marginal than central populations imply the potential for adaptation to climate at range edges. In times of climate change, however, it needs to be tested whether locally adapted populations at range margins can successfully adapt further to changing conditions.
Improvement of DEP Cell Sorter by Design of Flow Channel for Higher Field Gradient
Authors: Suzuki Seiichi , Ito Emiko , Hasegawa Sena , Takahashi Tsutomu , Hara Takahiko
Published: February 2014

In this study, high separation ratio microfluidic cell sorting by a dielectrophoretic (DEP) force is presented. The recent development of iPS cell technology has raised the possibility of regenerative therapy. Technologies of genetic cell processing require purification of specific target cells by a cell sorter. The most widely used system for cell separation is flow cytometry (FCM), which has been developed for research purposes. Despite the excellent separation ratio it achieves, it has a rather high cost per operation. For clinical use, devices contacting biological specimens must be disposable to prevent cross‐infection. A low cost microfluidic cell sorter, using the DEP force, can be fabricated by photolithography. However, the sorting rate of existing DEP cell sorters is far lower than that of FCM because of limitations of the applicable voltage in an aqueous fluid. To circumvent the problem and raise the DEP force, the implementation of field gradient dependence was investigated. The flow channel was designed to produce a high gradient at the separation point and to enhance the DEP force. Numerical calculations by the finite element method indicate that the electric field distribution has a peak intensity at the entrance to the separation channel. DEP separation of latex beads 2 m in diameter at a flow speed of 3.0 mm/s, six times that of our previous system, was demonstrated.
TLR activation of tumor‐associated macrophages from ovarian cancer patients triggers cytolytic activity of NK cells
Authors: Bellora Francesca , Castriconi Roberta , Dondero Alessandra , Pessino Anna , Nencioni Alessio , Liggieri Giovanni , Moretta Lorenzo , Mantovani Alberto , Moretta Alessandro , Bottino Cristina
Published: February 2014

We analyzed the functional outcome of the interaction between tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) and natural killer (NK) cells. TAMs from ascites of ovarian cancer patients displayed an alternatively activated functional phenotype (M2) characterized by a remarkably high frequency and surface density of membrane‐bound IL‐18. Upon TLR engagement, TAMs acquired a classically activated functional phenotype (M1), released immunostimulatory cytokines (IL‐12, soluble IL‐18), and efficiently triggered the cytolytic activity of NK cells. TAMs also induced the release of IFN‐γ from NK cells, which however was significantly lower compared with that induced by in vitro‐polarized M2 cells. Most tumor‐associated NK cells displayed a CD56bright, CD16neg or CD56bright, CD16dim phenotype, and very poor cytolytic activities, despite an increased expression of the activation marker CD69. They also showed downregulation of DNAM‐1, 2B4, and NTB‐A activating receptors, and an altered chemokine receptor repertoire. Importantly however, when appropriately stimulated, NK cells from the patients, including those cells isolated from ascites, efficiently killed autologous TAMs that expressed low, “nonprotective” levels of HLA class I molecules. Overall, our data show the existence of a complex tumor microenvironment in which poorly cytolytic/immature NK cells deal with immunosuppressive tumor‐educated macrophages.
Profiles of white matter tract pathology in frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Mahoney Colin J. , Ridgway Gerard R. , Malone Ian B. , Downey Laura E. , Beck Jonathan , Kinnunen Kirsi M. , Schmitz Nicole , Golden Hannah L. , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Schott Jonathan M. , Rossor Martin N. , Ourselin Sebastien , Mead Simon , Fox Nick C. , Warren Jason D.
Published: February 2014

Despite considerable interest in improving clinical and neurobiological characterisation of frontotemporal dementia and in defining the role of brain network disintegration in its pathogenesis, information about white matter pathway alterations in frontotemporal dementia remains limited. Here we investigated white matter tract damage using an unbiased, template‐based diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) protocol in a cohort of 27 patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) representing both major genetic and sporadic forms, in relation both to healthy individuals and to patients with Alzheimer's disease. Widespread white matter tract pathology was identified in the bvFTD group compared with both healthy controls and Alzheimer's disease group, with prominent involvement of uncinate fasciculus, cingulum bundle and corpus callosum. Relatively discrete and distinctive white matter profiles were associated with genetic subgroups of bvFTD associated with MAPT and C9ORF72 mutations. Comparing diffusivity metrics, optimal overall separation of the bvFTD group from the healthy control group was signalled using radial diffusivity, whereas optimal overall separation of the bvFTD group from the Alzheimer's disease group was signalled using fractional anisotropy. Comparing white matter changes with regional grey matter atrophy (delineated using voxel based morphometry) in the bvFTD cohort revealed co‐localisation between modalities particularly in the anterior temporal lobe, however white matter changes extended widely beyond the zones of grey matter atrophy. Our findings demonstrate a distributed signature of white matter alterations that is likely to be core to the pathophysiology of bvFTD and further suggest that this signature is modulated by underlying molecular pathologies. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4163–4179, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity abnormalities in pediatric multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rocca Maria A. , Valsasina Paola , Absinta Martina , Moiola Lucia , Ghezzi Angelo , Veggiotti Pierangelo , Amato Maria P. , Horsfield Mark A. , Falini Andrea , Comi Giancarlo , Filippi Massimo
Published: February 2014

Active motor functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have a strictly lateralized pattern of activations and a preserved functional connectivity (FC) within the motor system when compared to age‐matched healthy controls. However, it is still not clear whether a preserved FC in pediatric MS is present only in the motor system, or involves other relevant functional system. Resting‐state (RS) fMRI is a valuable tool for an unbiased investigation of FC abnormalities of multiple networks. This study explored abnormalities of RS FC within and between large‐scale neuronal networks from 44 pediatric MS patients and 27 controls and their correlation with clinical, neuropsychological, and conventional MRI measures. Compared to controls, pediatric MS patients had a decreased FC of several regions of the sensorimotor, secondary visual, default‐mode (DMN), executive control, and bilateral working memory (WMN) networks. They also experienced an increased FC in the right medial frontal gyrus of the attention network, which was correlated with T2 lesion volume. Cognitively impaired patients had decreased RS FC of the right precuneus of the left WMN. An increased FC between the sensorimotor network and the DMN, and between the L WMN and the attention network as well as a decreased FC between L WMN and the DMN were also found. A distributed pattern of FC abnormalities within large‐scale neuronal networks occurs in pediatric MS patients, contributes to their cognitive status, and is partially driven by focal white matter lesions. Internetwork connectivity is relatively preserved in these patients. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4180–4192, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rangeland hydrology and erosion model (RHEM) enhancements for applications on disturbed rangelands
Authors: Al‐Hamdan Osama Z. , Hernandez Mariano , Pierson Frederick B. , Nearing Mark A. , Williams C. Jason , Stone Jeffrey J. , Boll Jan , Weltz Mark A.
Published: February 2014

The rangeland hydrology and erosion model (RHEM) is a new process‐based model developed by the USDA Agricultural Research Service. RHEM was initially developed for functionally intact rangelands where concentrated flow erosion is minimal and most soil loss occurs by rain splash and sheet flow erosion processes. Disturbance such as fire or woody plant encroachment can amplify overland flow erosion by increasing the likelihood of concentrated flow formation. In this study, we enhanced RHEM applications on disturbed rangelands by using a new approach for the prediction and parameterization of concentrated flow erosion. The new approach was conceptualized based on observations and results of experimental studies on rangelands disturbed by fire and/or by tree encroachment. The sediment detachment rate for concentrated flow was calculated using soil erodibility and hydraulic (flow width and stream power) parameters. Concentrated flow width was calculated based on flow discharge and slope using an equation developed specifically for disturbed rangelands. Soil detachment was assumed to begin with concentrated flow initiation. A dynamic erodibility concept was applied where concentrated flow erodibility was set to decrease exponentially during a run‐off event because of declining sediment availability. Erodibility was estimated using an empirical parameterization equation as a function of vegetation cover and surface soil texture. A dynamic partial differential sediment continuity equation was used to model the total detachment rate of concentrated flow and rain splash and sheet flow. The enhanced version of the model was evaluated against rainfall simulation data for three different sites that exhibit some degree of disturbance by fire and/or by tree encroachment. The coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency were 0.78 and 0.71, respectively, which indicates the capability of the model using the new approach for predicting soil loss on disturbed rangeland. By using the new concentrated flow modelling approach, the model was enhanced to be a practical tool that utilizes readily available vegetation and soil data for quantifying erosion and assessing erosion risk following rangeland disturbance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of γ‐decalactone by Yarrowia lipolytica: insights into experimental conditions and operating mode optimization
Authors: Braga Adelaide , Belo Isabel
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

γ‐Decalactone production from ricinoleic acid biotransformation derived from the triglycerides in castor oil by Yarrowia lipolytica, has been widely described in literature in studies concerning lipidic metabolism that leads to lactones production, interactions of cells with the lipid substrate, toxicity of produced metabolites, selection of over‐producing mutants and selection of environmental conditions.

RESULTS

In order to improve technological aspects of γ‐decalactone production, oxygen transfer rate (OTR), cell density and oil concentration effects were investigated, in batch and step‐wise fed‐batch cultures of Yarrowia lipolytica W29. The best γ‐decalactone concentration of 5.4 ± 0.5 g L‐1 was obtained for batch cultures with 60 g L‐1 of cells and substrate concentration.

CONCLUSION

The direct influence of aeration and agitation rates, thus of OTR, on production of γ‐decalactone has been demonstrated. γ‐Decalactone productivity of 215 ± 19 mg L‐1 h‐1 was obtained with 60 g L‐1 of cells and castor oil concentration in batch and step‐wise fed‐batch cultures of Yarrowia lipolytica. The results obtained suggest that these two strategies are good alternatives for industrial production processes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Multi‐directional anisotropy from diffusion orientation distribution functions
Authors: Tan Ek T. , Marinelli Luca , Sperl Jonathan I. , Menzel Marion I. , Hardy Christopher J.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

To evaluate a model‐independent, multi‐directional anisotropy (MDA) metric that is analytically and experimentally equivalent to fractional anisotropy (FA) in single‐direction diffusivity, but potentially superior to FA in its sensitivity to the underlying anisotropy of multi‐directional diffusivity.

Materials and Methods

An expression for MDA was defined from the orientation distribution function (ODF) and its analytical relation to FA was derived. Simulations of single and crossed double‐fibers were performed using a compressed‐sensing‐accelerated diffusion‐spectrum‐imaging (CS‐DSI) scheme. In vivo brain imaging using CS‐DSI was performed on eight healthy subjects. MDA was compared with FA and with another ODF‐based metric known as generalized FA (GFA).

Results

In simulated single‐direction fibers, MDA was shown to be equivalent to FA (from FA = 0.2 to 0.8). In crossed fibers, MDA provided superior differentiation of the underlying anisotropy as compared to FA and GFA. In vivo analysis shows that the MDA was superior to both FA (P = 0.015) and GFA (P = 0.021) in terms of its relative accuracy in crossed fiber regions.

Conclusion

MDA provides a potentially superior measure of fiber anisotropy relative to conventional FA or GFA, and may be used to improve the assessment of disease in regions with multi‐directional brain fibers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:841–850. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor improves neuron survival in experimental spinal cord injury by regulating nucleophosmin‐1 expression
Authors: Guo Yuji , Liu Shangming , Wang Ping , Zhang Hui , Wang Fuwu , Bing Lujun , Gao Jiangang , Yang Jie , Hao Aijun
Published: February 2014

Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and its related mechanisms were investigated to assess the potential for this factor to exert neuroprotective effects against spinal cord injury in mice. Recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (rhG‐CSF) was injected into mice spinal cord hemisection models. Locomotor activity was assessed by using the Basso‐Bettie‐Bresnahan scale. Neurons isolated from spinal cords were cultured in vitro and used in a neuronal mechanical injury model. Three treatment groups were compared with this model, 1) G‐CSF, 2) G‐CSF + NSC348884 (a nucleophosmin 1‐specific inhibitor), and 3) NSC348884. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were performed to analyze the expression of G‐CSF and nucleophosmin 1 (Npm1). TUNEL staining was performed to analyze apoptosis after G‐CSF treatment. We found that the G‐CSF receptor (G‐CSFR) and Npm1 were expressed in neurons and that Npm1 expression was induced after G‐CSF treatment. G‐CSF inhibited neuronal apoptosis. NSC348884 induced p53‐dependent cell apoptosis and partially blocked the neuroprotective activity of G‐CSF on neurons in vitro. G‐CSF promoted locomotor recovery and demonstrated neuroprotective effects in an acute spinal cord injury model. The mechanism of G‐CSF's neuroprotection may be related in part to attenuating neuronal apoptosis by NPM1. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activity Reconstruction of Post‐Medieval Dutch Rural Villagers from Upper Limb Osteoarthritis and Entheseal Changes
Authors: Palmer J. L. A. , Hoogland M. H. L. , Waters‐Rist A. L.
Published: February 2014

The first objective of this study is to reconstruct levels and types of physical activity and associated sexual and social differences using human skeletal remains from the predominately 19th century Dutch cemetery of Middenbeemster. For most individuals, life in the Beemster centred around dairy farming and was heavily based on manual labor, with a purported higher class of wealthier individuals performing less manual labor. Two skeletal markers of activity are examined in the upper limb of late young adult and middle‐aged adults of both sexes (26–49 years, n = 69): osteoarthritis (OA) and entheseal changes (EC). Results support the hypothesis that the majority of the population engaged in high levels of physical activity; however, a group with a clearly lower or different pattern of activity, possibly representing a higher, less active class, was not discernible. This may be due to a low number of less active individuals in the analysed sample and/or the heterogeneity of occupations and activities. A gendered division of labour was evident in the EC data with males having more pronounced muscle attachments in almost all sites, especially the biceps brachii, used primarily in lifting. Females had more pronounced triceps brachii, which may be due to activities that required pushing or pulling with the elbow in a flexed position. The prevalence and severity of OA did not differ between the sexes. While this could be interpreted to indicate men and women engaged in a similar level of strenuous activity, hormonal and anatomical differences limit the strength of the comparison. The second objective of this study is to evaluate the concordance of OA and EC as activity markers. The correlation between OA and EC is very low, illustrating their variable and complex etiologies. Etiological factors need further research for OA and EC to become more reliable activity markers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultural Changes in Funeral Rites During the Neolithic in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula? The Cave of Pantà de Foix (Barcelona)
Authors: Subirà M. E. , López‐Onaindia D. , Yll R.
Published: February 2014

During the third millennia bc, there is a change in the funerary patterns of the populations in Catalonia. This novelty usually has been usually related to a change in the economical source of the human groups that become less sedentary as the stockbreeding becomes more important. In the present study, we analyse this change, reflected in the mortuary practices, by the study of diet and health markers such as caries, dental calculus or enamel hypoplasias and of biological affinities based on dental non‐metric traits. It has been included a total amount of 317 permanent teeth from Cova del Pantà de Foix sites, a sepulchral cave found at the south‐west of the city of Barcelona and dates from the third millennia bc. The 74.2% of them present dental calculus deposits, which are usually related to a high protein intake. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of carious lesions (15.3% of the teeth) suggests that the main dietary contribution comes from carbohydrates. Furthermore, when this group is compared with one from the Middle Neolithic Age, which presents a lower calculus prevalence, no biological differences are observed. This lack of differences among these groups denote that the origin of the high amount of calculus deposit is environmental, which is consistent with the elevated observation of hypoplasias of the crown enamel. The absence of dietary, biological and economical differences indicates that the population substrate during the Neolithic in Catalonia is the same and that the transition in the funerary rite is related to a substantial change only regarding to mortuary practices. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of reversible and self‐healable networks based on acylhydrazone groups
Authors: Apostolides Demetris E , Patrickios Costas S , Leontidis Epameinondas , Kushnir Michelle , Wesdemiotis Chrys
Published: February 2014

A series of seven dynamic covalent networks based on pentaerythritol tetra(benzohydrazide) and 1,10‐decanediol dibenzaldehyde were prepared in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). The equilibrium degree of swelling in DMF and the sol fraction displayed a minimum at or near the hydrazide–benzaldehyde stoichiometric ratio. The composition of the sol fraction changed according to the feed composition, with the dibenzaldehyde‐rich preparations exhibiting extractables composed of star oligomers based on tetra(benzohydrazide) cores. Finally, network reversibility and self‐healing were demonstrated in the presence of acid. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry