bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation and Differentiation of IL-17–Producing CD4+ T Cells in Malignant Pleural Effusion
Authors: Ye Zhi-Jian , Zhou Qiong , Gu Yong-Yao , Qin Shou-Ming , Ma Wan-Li , Xin Jian-Bao , Tao Xiao-Nan , Shi Huan-Zhong
Published: October 2010

IL-17–producing CD4+ T (Th17) cells have been found to be increased in some human cancers; however, the possible implication of Th17 cells in regulating antitumor responses in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) remains to be elucidated. In the current study, distribution and phenotypic features of Th17 cells in both MPE and peripheral blood from patients with lung cancer were determined by flow cytometry or double immunofluorescence staining. The impacts of cytokines on Th17 cell generation and differentiation were explored. The chemoattractant activity of chemokines CCL20 and CCL22 for Th17 cells in vitro was also observed. It was found that the increased Th17 cells could be found in MPE compared with blood. The in vitro experiments showed that IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, or their various combinations could promote Th17 cell generation and differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells. MPE was chemotactic for Th17 cells, and this activity was partly blocked by anti-CCL20 and/or CCL22 Abs. Our data also showed that the accumulation of Th17 cells in MPE predicted improved patient survival. It could be concluded that the overrepresentation of Th17 cells in MPE might be due to Th17 cell differentiation and expansion stimulated by pleural proinflammatory cytokines and to recruitment of Th17 cells from peripheral blood induced by pleural chemokines CCL20 and CCL22. Furthermore, the accumulation of Th17 cells in MPE predicted improved patient survival. These data provide the basis for developing immune-boosting strategies based on ridding the cancer patient of this cell population.
IL-17A–Producing γδT Cells Promote CTL Responses against Listeria monocytogenes Infection by Enhancing Dendritic Cell Cross-Presentation
Authors: Xu Sheng , Han Yanmei , Xu Xiongfei , Bao Yan , Zhang Minggang , Cao Xuetao
Published: October 2010

Interleukin-17A–producing T cells, especially Th17, have been shown to be involved in inflammatory autoimmune diseases and host defense against extracellular infections. However, whether and how IL-17A or IL-17A–producing cells can help protection against intracellular bacteria remains controversial, especially how it regulates the adaptive immunity besides recruitment of neutrophils in the innate immune system. By infecting IL-17A–deficient mice with Listeria monocytogenes, we show in this study that IL-17A is required for the generation of Ag-specific CD8+ CTL response against primary infection, but not for the generation of memory CD8+ T cells against secondary challenge. Interestingly, we identify γδT cells, but not conventional CD4+ Th17 cells, as the main cells for innate IL-17A production during L. monocytogenes infection. Furthermore, γδT cells are found to promote Ag-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation by enhancing cross-presentation of dendritic cells through IL-17A. Adoptive transfer of Il17a+/+ γδT cells, but not Il17a−/− γδT cells or Il17a+/+ CD4+ T cells, were sufficient to recover dendritic cells cross-presentation and defective CD8+ T cell response in Il17a−/− mice. Our findings indicate an important role of infection-inducible IL-17A–producing γδT cells and their derived IL-17A against intracellular bacterial infection, providing a mechanism of IL-17A for regulation of innate and adaptive immunity.
Collectin 11 (CL-11, CL-K1) Is a MASP-1/3–Associated Plasma Collectin with Microbial-Binding Activity
Authors: Hansen Soren , Selman Lana , Palaniyar Nades , Ziegler Karel , Brandt Jette , Kliem Anette , Jonasson Maiken , Skjoedt Mikkel-Ole , Nielsen Ole , Hartshorn Kevan , Jørgensen Thomas J. D. , Skjødt Karsten , Holmskov Uffe
Published: October 2010

Collectins play important roles in the innate immune defense against microorganisms. Recently, a new collectin, collectin 11 (CL-11 or CL-K1), was identified via database searches. In present work, we characterize the structural and functional properties of CL-11. Under nonreducing conditions, in gel permeation chromatography recombinant CL-11 forms disulfide-linked oligomers of 100 and 200 kDa. A mAb-based ELISA estimates the concentration of CL-11 in plasma to be 2.1 μg/ml, and the presence of CL-11 in plasma was further verified by Western blotting and mass spectrometry. Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 1 (MASP-1) copurified with CL-11 and the interaction in plasma with MASP-1 and/or MASP-3 was further demonstrated using ELISA. We identified the adrenal glands, the kidneys, and the liver as primary sites of expression. CL-11 lectin activity was demonstrated by ELISA and showed that CL-11 has preference for l-fucose and d-mannose. We finally show that CL-11 binds to intact bacteria, fungi, and viruses and that CL-11 decreases influenza A virus infectivity and forms complexes with DNA. On the basis of the significant concentration of CL-11 in circulation and CL-11’s interaction with various microorganisms and MASP-1 and/or MASP-3, it is conceivable that CL-11 plays a role in activation of the complement system and in the defense against invading microorganisms.
Metastatic Melanoma to Thyroid: A Case Report and Institutional Review
Authors: Randolph Gregory W , Lubitz Carrie C , Faquin William C , Gaz Randall D , Sareh Parangi , Hodin Richard A , Stephen Antonia E
Published: October 2010

Objective

To report a case of melanoma metastatic to the thyroid gland and to review our experience with secondary neoplasms of the thyroid.

Methods

We depict the presentation and treatment of the patient, illustrating pathologic and radiologic findings. All patients with pathologic confirmation of metastatic tumors of the thyroid undergoing thyroidectomy at the Massachusetts General Hospital were reviewed (1995- 2008).

Results

A 59-year-old male presented with malignant melanoma of the scalp. Two months following his melanoma excision and lymphadenectomy, he underwent a hemi-thyroidectomy for fine-needle aspirate positive solitary metastasis. He initially did well, but on follow-up was noted to have diffuse metastases and expired from his disease eight months following initial diagnosis. Institutional review revealed 13 additional patients with pathologically confirmed secondary thyroid tumors.

Conclusions

FNA remains an indispensable diagnostic tool. Palliation from local compressive symptoms is an indication for surgery and long-term survival is seen in some patients undergoing resection of isolated metastases.
Screening for Ovarian Cancer: The Possible Improvement by 3D Ultrasound and 3D Power Doppler
Authors: Prka Matija , Honemeyer Ulrich
Published: October 2010

In developed countries more women die annually from ovarian cancer than from all other gynecologic malignancies combined. The fact that the ovaries are deep within the pelvic cavity and difficult to palpate is an obstacle to early diagnosis, especially in peri-post menopausal women, the group with the highest incidence of the disease. Seventy percent of patients are not diagnosed with the disease until the cancer has metastasized beyond the ovaries and is at stage 3 or 4. Patients with stage 3 or 4 have a 5-year survival rate of only 20-30%. Given the burden of suffering associated with ovarian cancer and the clear survival gradient related to the stage of disease at diagnosis, there is great need for development of effective screening methods for early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer. Better understanding of ovarian cancer etiology and increasing knowledge of tumor biology have both contributed to identify efficient Serum Tumor Markers, to screen high-risk populations. Technical advances in the field of ultrasound made transvaginal sonography (TVS) become the most important diagnostic tool, and multimodal (Serum markers plus TVS) screening appears to be a diagnostic break-through in fighting ovarian cancer. Five case reports illustrate that new ultrasound technologies such as 3D volume acquisition and 3D power Doppler imaging promise more reliable identification of an abnormal ovarian tumor vascularity and tumor-typical vascular architecture, thus facilitating early stage 1 – detection of the disease.
The Silent Sinus Syndrome: A Clinical Review
Authors: Choudhury Natasha , Marais Joe
Published: October 2010

Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) is a rare and interesting clinical condition that is associated with spontaneous, painless, unilateral enophthalmos and hypoglobus resulting from downward bowing of the orbital floor, in the absence of any symptomatic sinonasal disease.

It generally affects younger patients between the third and fifth decades of life.

The pathogenesis of silent sinus syndrome is based on chronic maxillary sinus obstruction, related to occlusion of the maxillary infundibulum which results in a hypoventilated sinus and negative pressures. Endoscopic sinus surgery to create a wide maxillary antrostomy with or without orbital floor reconstruction is considered the gold standard treatment of choice.
Improved global modelling of HOx recycling in isoprene oxidation: evaluation against the GABRIEL and INTEX-A aircraft campaign measurements
Authors: Stavrakou T. , Peeters J. , Müller J.-F.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Stimulated by recent important developments regarding the oxidation chemistry of isoprene, this study evaluates and quantifies the impacts of different mechanism updates on the boundary layer concentrations of OH and HO2 radicals using the IMAGESv2 global chemistry transport model. The model results for HOx, isoprene, NO, and ozone are evaluated against air-based observations from the GABRIEL campaign, conducted over the Guyanas in October 2005, and from the INTEX-A campaign over the Eastern US in summer 2004. The version 2 of the Mainz Isoprene Mechanism (MIM2, Taraborrelli et al., 2009) used as reference mechanism in our simulations, has been modified to test (i) the artificial OH recycling proposed by Lelieveld et al. (2008), (ii) the epoxide formation mechanism proposed by Paulot et al. (2009b), and finally (iii) the HOx regeneration of the Leuven Isoprene Mechanism (LIM0) proposed by Peeters and Müller (2010). The simulations show that the LIM0 scheme holds by far the largest potential impact on HOx concentrations over densely vegetated areas in the Tropics as well as at mid-latitudes. Strong increases, by up to a factor of 4 in the modelled OH concentrations, and by a factor of 2.5–3 in the HO2 abundances are estimated through the LIM0 mechanism compared to the traditional isoprene degradation schemes. Comparatively much smaller OH increases (<25%) are associated with the implementation of the mechanism of Paulot et al. (2009b); moreover, the global production of epoxides is strongly suppressed (by a factor of 4) when the LIM0 scheme is combined with this mechanism. Hydroperoxy-aldehydes (HPALDs) are found to be major first-generation products in the oxidation of isoprene by OH, with a combined globally averaged yield of 50–60%. The use of the LIM0 chemistry in the global model allows for reconciling the model with the observed concentrations at a satisfactory level, compared to the other tested mechanisms, as the observed averaged mixing ratios of both OH and HO2 in the boundary layer can be reproduced to within 30%. In spite of the remaining uncertainties in the theoretically-predicted rates of critical radical reactions leading to the formation of HPALDs, and even more in the subsequent degradation of these new compounds, the current findings make a strong case for the newly proposed chemical scheme. Experimental confirmation and quantification is urgently needed for the formation of HPALDs and for their fast OH-generating photolysis.
Dissolved and particulate reactive nitrogen in the Elbe River/NW Europe: a 2-year N-isotope study
Authors: Schlarbaum T. , Dähnke K. , Emeis K.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Rivers collect and transport reactive nitrogen to coastal seas as nitrate, ammonium, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), or particulate nitrogen. DON is an important component of reactive nitrogen in rivers and is suspected to contribute to coastal eutrophication, but little is known about seasonality of DON loads and turnover within rivers. We measured the concentrations and the isotope ratios 15N/14N of combined DON+NH4+ (δ15DON+NH4+), nitrate (δ15N−NO3−) and particulate nitrogen (δ15PN) in the non-tidal Elbe River (SE North Sea, NW Europe) over a period of 2 years (June 2005 to December 2007) at monthly resolution. Combined DON+NH4+ concentrations ranged from 22 to 75 μM and comprised nearly 23% of total dissolved nitrogen in the Elbe River in annual mean; PN and nitrate concentrations ranged from 11 to 127 μM, and 33 to 422 μM, respectively. Combined PN and DON+NH4+ concentrations were, to a first approximation, inversely correlated to nitrate concentrations. δ15DON+NH4+, which varied between from 0.8‰ to 11.5‰, changed in parallel to δ15PN (range 6 to 10‰), and both were anti-correlated to δ15N−NO3− (range 6 to 23‰). Seasonal patterns of DON+NH4+ concentrations and δ15DON+NH4+ diverge from those expected from biological DON+NH4+ production in the river alone and suggest that the elution of organic fertilisers significantly affects the DON+NH4+ pool in the Elbe River.
Deep plant-derived carbon storage in Amazonian podzols
Authors: Montes C. R. , Lucas Y. , Pereira O. J. R. , Achard R. , Grimaldi M. , Melfi A. J.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Equatorial podzols are soils characterized by thick sandy horizons overlying more clayey horizons. Organic matter produced in the topsoil is transferred in depth through the sandy horizons and accumulate at the transition, at a depth varying from 1 to more than 3 m, forming deep horizons rich in organic matter (Bh horizons). Although they cover great surfaces in the equatorial zone, these soils are still poorly known. Studying podzols from Amazonia, we found out that the deep Bh horizons in poorly drained podzol areas have a thickness higher than 1 m and store unexpected amounts of carbon. The average for the studied area was 66.7 ± 5.8 kg C m−2 for the deep Bh and 86.8 ± 7.1 kg C m−2 for the whole profile. Extrapolating to the podzol areas of the whole Amazonian Basin has been possible thanks to digital maps, giving an order of magnitude around 13.6 ± 1.1 Pg C, at least 12.3 Pg C higher than previous estimates. This assessment should be refined by additional investigations, not only in Amazonia but in all equatorial areas where podzols have been identified. Because of the lack of knowledge on the quality and behaviour of the podzol organic matter, the question of the feedback between the climate and the equatorial podzol carbon cycle is open.
Entropy production and multiple equilibria: the case of the ice-albedo feedback
Authors: Herbert C. , Paillard D. , Dubrulle B.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Nonlinear feedbacks in the Earth System provide mechanisms that can prove very useful in understanding complex dynamics with relatively simple concepts. For example, the temperature and the ice cover of the planet are linked in a positive feedback which gives birth to multiple equilibria for some values of the solar constant: fully ice-covered Earth, ice-free Earth and an intermediate unstable solution. In this study, we show an analogy between a classical dynamical system approach to this problem and a Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) principle view, and we suggest a glimpse on how to reconcile MEP with the time evolution of a variable. It enables us in particular to resolve the question of the stability of the entropy production maxima. We also compare the surface heat flux obtained with MEP and with the bulk-aerodynamic formula.
Sub-daily variability of suspended sediment fluxes in small mountainous catchments – implications for community-based river monitoring
Authors: Duvert C. , Gratiot N. , Némery J. , Burgos A. , Navratil O.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Accurate estimates of suspended sediment yields depend on effective monitoring strategies. In mountainous environments undergoing intense seasonal precipitation, the implementation of such monitoring programs relies primarily on a rigorous study of the temporal variability of fine sediment transport. This investigation focuses on seasonal and short-term sediment variability in a subhumid region of the Mexican Volcanic Belt. Intensive hydrosedimentary monitoring was conducted during one year on four contrasting catchments (3 to 630 km2). Analyses revealed significant temporal variability in suspended sediment export over various time scales, with between 63 and 97% of the annual load exported in as little as 2% of the time. Statistical techniques were used to evaluate the sampling frequency required to get reliable annual sediment yield estimates at the four sites. A bi-daily sampling would be required at the outlet of the 630-km2 catchment, whereas in the three smaller catchments (3–12 km2), the achievement of accurate estimates would inevitably require hourly monitoring. At the larger catchment scale, analysis of the sub-daily variability of fine sediment fluxes showed that the frequency of sampling could be lowered by up to 100% (i.e. from bi-daily to daily) if considering a specific and regular sampling time in the day. In contrast, conducting a similar sampling strategy at the three smaller catchments could lead to serious misinterpretation (i.e. up to 1000% error). Our findings emphasise the importance of an analysis of the sub-daily variability of sediment fluxes in mountainous catchments. Characterising this variability may offer useful insights for improving the effectiveness of community-based monitoring strategies in rural areas of developing countries. In regions where historical records based on discrete sampling are available, it may also help assessing the quality of past flux estimates. Finally, the study confirms the global necessity of acquiring more high frequency data in small mountainous catchments, especially in poorly gauged areas.
Self‐healing Fibers: Autonomic Recovery of Fiber/Matrix Interfacial Bond Strength in a Model Composite (Adv. Funct. Mater. 20/2010)
Authors: Blaiszik Benjamin J. , Baginska Marta , White Scott R. , Sottos Nancy R.
Published: October 2010

Autonomic self‐healing of interfacial damage in a model single‐fiber composite is achieved through sequestration of ca. 1.5 μm diameter dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) healing‐agent‐filled capsules and recrystallized Grubbs’ catalyst to the fiber/matrix interface. When damage initiates at the fiber/matrix interface, the capsules on the fiber surface rupture, and healing agent is released into the crack plane where it contacts the catalyst, initiating polymerization. A protocol for characterizing the efficiency of interfacial healing for the single‐fiber system is established. Interfacial shear strength (IFSS), a measure of the bond strength between the fiber and matrix, is evaluated for microbond specimens consisting of a single self‐healing functionalized fiber embedded in a microdroplet of epoxy. The initial (virgin) IFSS is equivalent or enhanced by the addition of capsules and catalyst to the interface and up to 44% average recovery of IFSS is achieved in self‐healing samples after full interfacial debonding. Examination of the fracture interfaces by scanning electron microscopy reveals further evidence of a polyDCPD film in self‐healing samples. Recovery of IFSS is dictated by the bond strength of polyDCPD to the surrounding epoxy matrix.
Solar Cells: Performance Optimization of Polymer Solar Cells Using Electrostatically Sprayed Photoactive Layers (Adv. Funct. Mater. 20/2010)
Authors: Kim Joon‐Sung , Chung Won‐Suk , Kim Kyungkon , Kim Dong Young , Paeng Ki‐Jung , Jo Seong Mu , Jang Sung‐Yeon
Published: October 2010

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) are fabricated using a novel film deposition method, the electrostatic spray (e‐spray) technique. Stable atomization and uniform deposition of the polymer blend by e‐spray are achieved by manipulating the solution concentration, the solvent composition, and the electric field. The performance of PSCs is primarily influenced by the inherent film morphology of the e‐sprayed polymer‐blend active layers, which is significantly different from that of the conventional films that are formed using the spin‐coating (SC) method. The intrinsically formed interfacial boundaries between the e‐sprayed blend pancakes resist charge transport, which unfavorably influences device efficiency. The internal series resistance (RS) of the PSCs that are formed using the e‐spray method (e‐spray‐PSC) is significantly reduced by a solvent vapor soaking (SVS) treatment in addition to the conventional thermodynamic nanomorphology controls. The detailed relationship between the morphologies (film morphology and internal nanomorphology) and the RS is revealed using impedance spectroscopy. The performance of the e‐spray‐PSCs is comparable to those of the PSCs that are fabricated using the SC method under identical conditions. Therefore, the e‐spray method can be used to fabricate ultralow‐cost PSCs, because of the performance results combined with the intrinsic advantages that the e‐spray method is simple and has a low materials loss.
Optimization of free fatty acids reduction in Calophyllum inophyllum (pinnai) oil using modified zirconia catalyst for biodiesel production
Authors: Sathyaselvabala Vasanthakumar , Thiruvengadaravi Kadathur Varathachary , Sudhakar Muniswami , Selvaraj Dinesh Kirupha , Sivanesan Subramanian
Published: October 2010

A two‐step process was developed to produce biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum oil with high free fatty acids (FFAs), which is abundant in coastal areas of India. In the first step, esterification was carried out using modified zirconia catalyst, and in the second step; transesterification was carried out using conventional alkali catalyst, KOH. Modified zirconia was a synthesized catalyst and was characterized by NH3 TPD, XRD, SEM, and FTIR analyses. Catalytic activity was checked with FFA esterification reaction. In the first step, the acid value was reduced from 44 to 2 mg KOH/g of oil. The esterification process parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). A kinetic study demonstrated that the esterification reaction followed pseudo first‐order kinetics. Thermodynamic studies on the esterification reaction were carried out based on the Arrhenius model. In this study, we showed that sulfated zirconia is an efficient alternate to the homogenous acid catalyst for esterification of FFA in pinnai oil. The impregnated sulfate ion increases the acidity and hydrophobic character of zirconia, which in turn increases the esterification of FFAs. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring serum chondroitin sulfate levels in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Karangelis D. , Asimakopoulou A. , Kanakis I. , Tagarakis G. I. , Koufakis T. , Triposkiadis F. , Tsilimingas N. , Karamanos N. K.
Published: October 2010

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are functionally important molecules of the arterial wall and play a crucial role in atherogenesis. Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans (CS/DSPGs) participate in several biological events through their GAG chains, and are also involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to compare the pre‐ and post‐operative levels of CS in serum of patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery using a highly sensitive reversed‐polarity capillary electrophoresis method and to investigate the correlation of CS with common biochemical lipid markers. It was found that CS values were significantly higher for all patients post‐operatively and, furthermore, CS levels were statistically correlated to apolipoprotein A and B levels. Notably, the pre‐operational lipid profile of the patient may be indicative of the values of 4‐sulfated CS post‐operationally. Furthermore, the obtained results highlight the clinical significance of CS levels in serum, since they may provide complementary information for the latent inflammatory state of the patient. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entrapment of Heteropolyacids in Metallic Silver Matrices: Unique Heterogenized Acid Catalysts
Authors: Krackl Sebastian , Company Anna , Aksu Yilmaz , Avnir David , Driess Matthias
Published: October 2010

The general method of doping metals with organic, bio‐organic, and polymeric dopants is extended to inorganic dopants. Specifically, the heteropolyacids H3[P(M3O10)4] (PMA; M=Mo, W) were successfully entrapped within a metallic silver matrix. The obtained PMA@Ag composites were fully characterized by PXRD, surface area, SEM, TEM and EDX measurements, showing a homogenous distribution of the catalyst in the support. The new composite materials are successfully applied in the catalytic alkylation of arenes, as demonstrated by the successful adamantylation of toluene or anisole with 1‐bromoadamantane. Furthermore, this reaction is applied with the less reactive 1‐chloroadamantane in both the supported and unsupported case. PMoA, which easily decomposes under the applied reaction conditions, is protected by entrapment and shows increased activity when supported in the silver matrix. In the same reaction, the entrapped PWA shows a drastically increased reaction rate compared to the free acid, which further confirms the positive synergistic effects of the entrapment process. Both heterogenized catalysts are successfully recycled and reused, but the reaction time steadily increases in successive cycles due to agglomeration of the catalyst, which results in a lower accessibility of the dopant. Moreover, the alkylation can be extended to other alkyl chloride substrates, as demonstrated for tert‐butyl chloride.
Target selection of proprioceptive and motor axon synapses on neonatal V1‐derived Ia inhibitory interneurons and Renshaw cells
Authors: Siembab Valerie C. , Smith Courtney A. , Zagoraiou Laskaro , Berrocal Maria C. , Mentis George Z. , Alvarez Francisco J.
Published: October 2010

The diversity of premotor interneurons in the mammalian spinal cord is generated from a few phylogenetically conserved embryonic classes of interneurons (V0, V1, V2, V3). Their mechanisms of diversification remain unresolved, although these are clearly important to understand motor circuit assembly in the spinal cord. Some Ia inhibitory interneurons (IaINs) and all Renshaw cells (RCs) derive from embryonic V1 interneurons; however, in adult they display distinct functional properties and synaptic inputs, for example proprioceptive inputs preferentially target IaINs, while motor axons target RCs. Previously, we found that both inputs converge on RCs in neonates, raising the possibility that proprioceptive (VGLUT1‐positive) and motor axon synapses (VAChT‐positive) initially target several different V1 interneurons populations and then become selected or deselected postnatally. Alternatively, specific inputs might precisely connect only with predefined groups of V1 interneurons. To test these hypotheses we analyzed synaptic development on V1‐derived IaINs and compared them to RCs of the same age and spinal cord levels. V1‐interneurons were labeled using genetically encoded lineage markers in mice. The results show that although neonatal V1‐derived IaINs and RCs are competent to receive proprioceptive synapses, these synapses preferentially target the proximal somato‐dendritic regions of IaINs and postnatally proliferate on IaINs, but not on RCs. In contrast, cholinergic synapses on RCs are specifically derived from motor axons, while on IaINs they originate from Pitx2 V0c interneurons. Thus, motor, proprioceptive, and even some interneuron inputs are biased toward specific subtypes of V1‐interneurons. Postnatal strengthening of these inputs is later superimposed on this initial preferential targeting. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4675–4701, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscle Spindles: Their Messages and Their Fusimotor Supply
Authors: Matthews Peter B. C.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Tendon Organs

Structure of Muscle Spindles

Classic View

Recognition of Motor Duality

Subdivision of Nuclear‐Bag Fibers

Functional Properties of Primary and Secondary Spindle Afferent Endings

Different Responses to Various Stimuli

Mode of Summation of Signal Components

Amplitude Nonlinearity

Linear Responses to Sinusoidal Stretching

Assessment

Possible Intermediate Endings

Motor Supply to Muscle Spindle

Gamma Motor Axons

Delimitation of Static and Dynamic Fusimotor Axons

Intrafusal Destination of Static and Dynamic Axons

Properties of Intrafusal Muscle Fibers

Beta or Skeletofusimotor Axons

Possible Functional Roles for the Fusimotor System

Maintenance of Sensitivity

Central Regulation of Spindle Sensitivity (Parameter Control)

Fusimotor Biasing and Suggested Role as Servo Input

Assessment

Structure

Functional Differences Between Primary and Secondary Endings

Static and Dynamic Fusimotor Axons

Possible Functional Roles for the Fusimotor System
Neural Control of Muscle Length and Tension
Authors: Houk James C. , Rymer W. Zev
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Control Theory Concepts

Systems and Models

Control Systems

Feedback, Feedforward, and Adaptive Systems

Principle of Negative Feedback

Regulated Variables and Properties

Control Configurations

Hypotheses of Motor Servo Function

Salient Features of the Available Sensors

Follow‐up Servo Hypothesis

Spindle Receptors as Model‐Reference Error Detectors

Conditional Feedback and Servo Assistance

β‐System and the Possibility for Zero Sensitivity

Stiffness Regulation

Summary Model

Adaptive Models

Muscle Mechanical Stiffness

Stiffness Definitions

Length Dependence

Recruitment of Motor Units

Rate Modulation of Motor Units

Instantaneous Stiffness and Short‐Range Elasticity

Instantaneous Stiffness Beyond the Short‐Range Region

Ramp Responses: Transient Properties and Nonlinearity

Natural Combinations of Recruitment and Rate Modulation

Central Pathways

Primary Ending Projections

Tendon Organ Projections

Projections From Secondary Endings and GroupIIFree Nerve Endings

Projections From GroupsIIIandIVFree Nerve Endings

Clasp‐Knife Reflex

Long‐Loop Reflexes

Simplified Animal Models

Decerebrate Preparation

Spinal Preparation

Tonic Stretch Reflex in Functionally Isolated Muscles

Basic Features of the Stretch Reflex

Static Force‐Length Relations

Normalized Stiffness

Mechanically and Neurally Mediated Components

Actions of Control Signals on the Motor Servo

Dependence of Incremental Stiffness on Initial Force

Loop Gain of Force Feedback

Static Regulatory Characteristics in Intact Subjects

Skeletal Mechanics and Coordinate Systems

Steady‐State Responses to Changes in Load Force

Torque‐Angle Relations

Equivalent Stiffness and the Concept of Composite Motor Servos

Effect of Instructional Set

Gain Variation vs. Gain Control

Dynamic Responses to Mechanical Disturbances

Dynamic Features of Force Development

Dependence of Transient Responses on Initial Force

Amplitude Dependence and Linearity

Asymmetry of Motor Servo Response

Compensation for Yielding

Predictive Compensation: Feedforward vs. Nonlinear Feedback Viewpoints

Vibration and the Stretch Reflex

Velocity Dependence and Damping

Implementation of Movement Commands

α‐γ‐Relations

Positional Stiffness Deduced From Spindle Relations

β‐Innervation of Muscle Spindles

Analytical Approaches to Actions of α‐, β‐, and γ‐Motoneurons

Equilibrium Point Control

Stiffness Regulation vs. Stiffness Control

Perturbations During Movement

Compliance, Load Compensation, and Biological Design
Peripheral Mechanisms of Hearing
Authors: Dallos Peter
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Overview and Gross Anatomy

Evolution of Ears and Their Variety

Evolution of the Inner Ear

Evolution of the middle ear

Sensory Receptors

Cochlear Hair Cells in the Mammal

Hair Cells as Transducers

Function of Cochlear Hair Cells

Events at Receptive Region of Cells

Anatomy of Mammalian Cochlear Duct

Generation of Receptor Current

Micromechanics of Organ of Corti

Input to Organ of Corti: Basilar Membrane Mechanics

Structure and Properties of Cochlear Canal and Basilar Membrane

The Traveling Wave

Nonlinearities

The Second Filter

The Middle and Outer Ear

Evolutionary Necessity

The Middle Ear

The Outer Ear

Electrical Signs of Transduction: Cochlear Potentials

Recording Methods

Intracellular Recording

Gross Recording

Output of Receptor Cells

Transmitter Substances

Site of Impulse Initiation

Action of Efferent Nerve Fibers

Note Added in Proof
Growth and magnetic‐optical properties of Sr3Gd(BO3)3 and Sr3TbxGd1‐x(BO3)3 single crystals
Authors: Junye Lu , Jianzhong Chen
Published: October 2010

Single crystals of Sr3Gd(BO3)3 (SGB) and Sr3TbxGd1‐x(BO3)3 (TSGB) with dimension Ø 20 mm×20 mm have been grown by Czochralski method. The grown crystals were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction analysis which showed the crystals belong to hexagonal structure with lattice parameters of a=b=1.254 nm, c=0.926 nm (SGB) and a=b=1.253 nm, c=0.925 nm (TSGB). In TSGB, x=17.7% was obtained by X‐ray fluorometry which showed the segregation coefficient of Tb is closed to 1. The transmission spectrum was measured, which indicated the crystals have high transmittance in 400‐1100 nm region. The Faraday rotation of single crystals at 532 nm wavelength was measured at room temperature. Finally, the Verdet constants were investigated, (SGB) V=17.9 degcm‐1T‐1 and (TSGB) V=21.3 degcm‐1T‐1. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Role of annealing environment and partial pressure on structure and optical performance of TiO2 thin films fabricated by rf sputter method
Authors: Yildirim G. , Akdogan M. , Varilci A. , Terzioglu C.
Published: October 2010

Influences of the different annealing ambient (in air, 1 bar, 2 bar, 3 bar and 4 bar oxygen partial pressure) on the titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films deposited on soda lime glass by standard radio frequency (rf) magnetron reactive sputtering method at 100 watt were investigated by means of X–ray diffractometer (XRD), ultra violet spectrometer (UV–vis), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was found that either optical properties or energy band gaps of the films enhanced with increase in the oxygen partial pressure up to 3 bar. The energy band gaps of the films (except for the film annealed in 4 bar oxygen partial pressure) became larger than the film annealed in atmospheric pressure. The best transmission was observed for the thin film annealed in 3 bar oxygen partial pressure. Moreover, not only was grain–like structure found to be more dominant than dot–like structure but also growth of anatase phase was observed instead of that of the rutile phase with increasing oxygen partial pressure up to 3 bar. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Novel nontoxic nanopigments based on zirconia and rare earth mixed oxides
Authors: Chandini Sam S. P. , Prasad V. S. , Sudarsana Kumar K.
Published: October 2010

This paper embodies the result of the investigations carried out on the synthesis of zirconia‐ rare earth mixed oxide pigments: ZrCe1‐xYxO4‐δ and ZrCe1‐xPrxO4‐δ by the solution combustion method and their characterization by X‐ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometric analysis, thermal analysis, reflectance spectral data and surface area measurements. The synthesized nano pigments possess low a and high b and exhibit yellow color when doped with Y and changes from yellow to orange‐red color when doped with Pr, with increase in x values. These pigments show maximum reflectance of 90% when the wavelength is above 550 nm. Due to the homogeneity of the phase formed and resistance to water, acids and alkali, the rare earth mixed oxides developed are found to be promising candidates as nontoxic pigments. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of Benzotriazine and Aryltriazene Derivatives Starting from 2‐Azidobenzonitrile Derivatives
Authors: Nakhai Azadeh , Stensland Birgitta , Svensson Per H. , Bergman Jan
Published: October 2010

3‐Substituted 3,4‐dihydro‐4‐imino‐1,2,3‐benzotriazine derivatives 7 were formed from 2‐azidobenzonitriles 4 as starting materials on treatment with Grignard or lithium organic reagents. In some cases these procedures gave aryltriazenes 10 and 11 as products. All compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopy and the structures of three products, namely 7a, 10a and 11i, were corroborated by X‐ray crystallography.
Uncatalyzed One‐Pot Diastereoselective Synthesis of α‐Amino Phosphonates Under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Tibhe Gaurao D. , Lagunas‐Rivera Selene , Vargas‐Díaz Elena , García‐Barradas Oscar , Ordoñez Mario
Published: October 2010

Uncatalyzed one‐pot, three‐component reactions of aldehydes, chiral α‐methylamines, and dimethyl phosphite under solvent‐free conditions were used for the diastereoselective synthesis of α‐amino phosphonates. The reactions proceeded with extremely high efficiency under mild conditions and gave good yields and diastereoselectivities (70:30 to 93:7 dr). This approach could be useful for the large‐scale synthesis of several α‐amino phosphonates.
Mutation spectrum in FE1‐MUTATMMouse lung epithelial cells exposed to nanoparticulate carbon black
Authors: Jacobsen Nicklas Raun , White Paul A. , Gingerich John , Møller Peter , Saber Anne Thoustrup , Douglas George R. , Vogel Ulla , Wallin Håkan
Published: October 2010

It has been shown previously that carbon black (CB), Printex 90 exposure induces cII and lacZ mutants in the FE1‐MutaTMMouse lung epithelial cell line and causes oxidatively damaged DNA and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of this study was to determine the mutation spectrum in the cII gene of Printex 90 exposed cells. Cells exposed to CB have a substantially different mutation spectrum in the cII gene compared with vehicle exposed controls. The mutation spectra differ both in the positions (P < 0.0001) and types of the mutations (P < 0.0001). Exposure to Printex 90 increased the number of single base deletions by 2.3‐fold and larger deletions by 1.9‐fold. Most single base deletions were within two repetitive sequences in cII, but the large deletions were not. The mechanism behind the large deletions is not yet known. The largest increases in base substitutions were observed in G:C→T:A, G:C→C:G, and A:T→T:A transversion mutations; this is in keeping with a genetic finger print of ROS and is further substantiated by the observations that Printex 90 generates ROS and oxidatively damaged DNA. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of in vitro micronucleus and gene mutation assay results for p53‐competent versus p53‐deficient human lymphoblastoid cells
Authors: Honma Masamitsu , Hayashi Makoto
Published: October 2010

The high frequency of false or irrelevant positive results in in vitro mammalian cell genotoxicity tests is a critical concern for regulators. Here, we tested whether such results may be due to the mammalian cells used in the tests being deficient in p53, which is involved in the maintenance of genomic stability. We compared the in vitro responses of two human lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from the same progenitor cell‐p53‐competent (TK6) and p53‐deficient (WTK‐1) cells‐in a micronucleus (MN) test and a thymidine kinase gene (TK) mutation assay. We tested 14 chemicals including three mutagens and 11 clastogens and spindle poisons. The three mutagens evoked clear positive responses in both assays in both cell lines. The responses to the clastogens and spindle poisons, on the other hand, depended on the assay endpoint and/or the cell line. Most of clastogens and spindle poisons were positive in the MN test in both cell lines. In the TK mutation assay, on the other hand, WTK‐1 cells but not TK6 cells detected spindle poisons, which may have been due to the disturbance of the spindle checkpoint and lack of apoptosis in the p53‐deficient cells. Some chemicals that induced chromosome aberrations in rodent cells were negative in both TK6 and WTK‐1 cells, indicating that a species‐specific factor rather than p53 status was associated with the response. In conclusion, the p53 status did not seriously influence the MN test results but it did influence the TK mutation assay results. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Production of activated carbon by K2CO3 activation treatment of furfural production waste and its application in gas storage
Authors: Sun Yong , Yang Gang , Wang Yun‐Shan , Zhang Jin‐Ping
Published: October 2010

Activated carbon was produced by K2CO3 chemical activation of furfural production waste. The results showed that the product is essentially microporous carbon whose BET surface area and pore volume when the carbon was activated at 800°C were 2218 m2/g and 1.04 cm3/g, respectively. The potential usefulness of resultant carbons for gas storage is closely investigated. The hydrogen adsorption study showed that all the carbons exhibited a fast adsorption rate and the carbon activated at 800°C had the largest amount of adsorbed hydrogen due to its greater specific surface area and micropore volume. The hydrogen adsorption capacity of the carbon activated at 800°C can reach 1.7 wt % at 77K 1 atm and 0.48 wt % at 298K 6 MPa, respectively. The isosteric heat of adsorption with zero loading of hydrogen on carbon with the largest specific surface area can be 5 kJ/mol. The adsorption model based on Tóth equation together with Benedict‐Webb‐Rubin (BWR) equation of state is proposed for this carbon in adsorbing hydrogen under high pressure. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010.
Subaerial weathering versus wave processes in shore platform development: reappraising the Old Hat Island evidence
Authors: Kennedy David M. , Paulik Ryan , Dickson Mark E.
Published: October 2010

One of the longest standing debates in rocky coast geomorphology is whether subaerial weathering or wave processes dominate shore platform evolution. The origins of this debate date to the mid‐nineteenth century when the first descriptions of Old Hat Islands were provided from northern New Zealand. Old Hat Islands are surrounded by a broad near‐horizontal shore platform. Their formation was inferred to relate to subaerial weathering of bedrock to a level of permanent saturation with wave processes acting only to remove the weathered debris. To date, no detailed topographic surveys have been conducted on the Old Hat Islands in New Zealand that initiated this debate; in this study we provide the first quantitative data on the original field sites. Topographical surveying and Schmidt Hammer hardness testing were conducted on >25 profiles of varying wave exposure. In contrast to the classic descriptions, platform elevation varies from just above mean high water spring (MHWS) at the most exposed sites, to mean high water neap (MHWN) at the most protected sites or mean sea level (MSL) where beaches occur on the platform surface. There is no significant difference between the hardness of the cliffs and the platforms fronting them and no clear relationship between wave exposure and platform width. Rather than being exclusively dominated by subaerial process, the formation of microtidal, sheltered, Old Hat Island platforms is considered to be a function of (i) the rate of weathering, (ii) exposure to wave energy, (iii) nearshore water depth and (iv) rock resistance. Shore platform elevation in the study area is thought to be a function of the level at which waves erode cliff rock, and the action of weathering which lowers platform surfaces. The width of platforms is strongly influenced by the ability of waves to dissect the platform edge along vertical joint lines. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining and modeling known adverse outcome pathways: Domoic acid and neuronal signaling as a case study
Authors: Watanabe Karen H , Andersen Melvin E , Basu Niladri , Carvan Michael J , Crofton Kevin M , King Kerensa A , Suñol Cristina , Tiffany-Castiglioni Evelyn , Schultz Irvin R
Published: October 2010

An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a sequence of key events from a molecular-level initiating event and an ensuing cascade of steps to an adverse outcome with population-level significance. To implement a predictive strategy for ecotoxicology, the multiscale nature of an AOP requires computational models to link salient processes (e.g., in chemical uptake, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, and population dynamics). A case study with domoic acid was used to demonstrate strategies and enable generic recommendations for developing computational models in an effort to move toward a toxicity testing paradigm focused on toxicity pathway perturbations applicable to ecological risk assessment. Domoic acid, an algal toxin with adverse effects on both wildlife and humans, is a potent agonist for kainate receptors (ionotropic glutamate receptors whose activation leads to the influx of Na+ and Ca2+). Increased Ca2+ concentrations result in neuronal excitotoxicity and cell death, primarily in the hippocampus, which produces seizures, impairs learning and memory, and alters behavior in some species. Altered neuronal Ca2+ is a key process in domoic acid toxicity, which can be evaluated in vitro. Furthermore, results of these assays would be amenable to mechanistic modeling for identifying domoic acid concentrations and Ca2+ perturbations that are normal, adaptive, or clearly toxic. In vitro assays with outputs amenable to measurement in exposed populations can link in vitro to in vivo conditions, and toxicokinetic information will aid in linking in vitro results to the individual organism. Development of an AOP required an iterative process with three important outcomes: a critically reviewed, stressor-specific AOP; identification of key processes suitable for evaluation with in vitro assays; and strategies for model development. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:9–21. © 2010 SETAC
Reverse engineering adverse outcome pathways
Authors: Perkins Edward J , Chipman J. Kevin , Edwards Stephen , Habib Tanwir , Falciani Francesco , Taylor Ronald , Van Aggelen Graham , Vulpe Chris , Antczak Philipp , Loguinov Alexandre
Published: October 2010

The toxicological effects of many stressors are mediated through unknown, or incompletely characterized, mechanisms of action. The application of reverse engineering complex interaction networks from high dimensional omics data (gene, protein, metabolic, signaling) can be used to overcome these limitations. This approach was used to characterize adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for chemicals that disrupt the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal endocrine axis in fathead minnows (FHM, Pimephales promelas). Gene expression changes in FHM ovaries in response to seven different chemicals, over different times, doses, and in vivo versus in vitro conditions, were captured in a large data set of 868 arrays. Potential AOPs of the antiandrogen flutamide were examined using two mutual information-based methods to infer gene regulatory networks and potential AOPs. Representative networks from these studies were used to predict network paths from stressor to adverse outcome as candidate AOPs. The relationship of individual chemicals to an adverse outcome can be determined by following perturbations through the network in response to chemical treatment, thus leading to the nodes associated with the adverse outcome. Identification of candidate pathways allows for formation of testable hypotheses about key biological processes, biomarkers, or alternative endpoints that can be used to monitor an AOP. Finally, the unique challenges facing the application of this approach in ecotoxicology were identified and a road map for the utilization of these tools presented. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:22–38. © 2010 SETAC