bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of clinical spectrum of Hepatitis A in children admitted at a tertiary care center in Western Nepal
Authors: Subedi Nabaraj , Shrestha Bandana , Bhattarai Arjun , Paudel Shankar , KC Namrata
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Hepatitis A is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries like Nepal. Hepatitis A virus is a positive-strand RNA virus that is transmitted feco-orally through person-to-person contact. Lack of awareness, overcrowding, and poor sanitation have led to increased infection mainly in many rural areas. This study was conducted to assess the clinical course of hepatitis A, blood parameters and its associated complications in patients admitted pediatric ward.
Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on pediatric patients who had presented with icterus. Only serologically confirmed cases by the detection of IgM antibodies against Hepatitis A virus (HAV), ELISA were included in the study group. The clinical course and lab profiles of the patients were analyzed.
Results: A total of 75 patients were positive for HAV IgM A (serology) and were included in the study. The majority of children seen were in the age group of 5 to 12 years (51%). The most common symptoms were icterus. More than a fivefold rise in AST and ALT (SGPT) was seen in 58 cases (77.3%) and 62 cases (82.6%) respectively. More than 2,000 U/L of AST and ALT were seen in 10 cases (13.3%) and 14 cases (18.6%) respectively.
Conclusions: It was found that vomiting, abdominal pain and icterus were most common clinical features. Elevated prothrombin time and raised liver enzymes were most common lab findings. The most common abdominal ultrasound finding was ascites. No patients presented with severe complications.
Comparative study on the efficacy of perineural vs intravenous dexamethasone as an adjunct to bupivacaine to prolong analgesia after axillary brachial plexus block in a tertiary care center, Pokhara
Authors: Pahari Thaneshwar , Hirachan Rozeeta , Neupane Sandeep , Bhattarai Kushal Mohan , Pakhrin Praynjal
Published: June 2024

Introduction: In resource-limited settings, adjuvant drugs offer an alternative to extend peripheral nerve block analgesia. This study compared perineural and intravenous dexamethasone for post-operative analgesia in upper limb surgery patients under axillary brachial plexus block.
Methods: An experimental study was done on 60 patients undergoing unilateral upper limb surgery under axillary brachial plexus block, randomized into two groups. Group A received bupivacaine 0.25% 30ml with perineural dexamethasone 8mg, and Group B received the same bupivacaine dose with intravenous dexamethasone 8mg. The duration of analgesia, reported as the time of breakthrough pain at the operative site, was considered the primary outcome. The duration of sensory blockade, VAS scores, and postoperative rescue analgesic consumption were noted. Student’s t-test applied to compare difference in mean between two groups.
Results: In 60 patients (30 per group), group A showed a statistically significant longer duration of analgesia (9.67±0.92 hours) than group B (8.89±0.93 hours) (p=0.002, 95% CI 0.31–1.27). VAS scores at 4 and 8 hours postoperatively were significantly lower in group A (1.20±0.85 and 1.97±0.67) than in group B (1.80±0.85 and 2.60±0.72). Group A also had significantly lower rescue analgesic consumption (4.17±9.48 mg) than group B (12.50±17.06 mg) (p=0.023).
Conclusions: Perineural dexamethasone significantly prolonged analgesia compared to intravenous dexamethasone in patients undergoing upper limb surgery under ultrasonography-guided axillary brachial plexus block.
Quality of life and its associated factors among the elderly population living in their own homes
Authors: Paudel Sharmila , Dhungana Surendra , Koirala Sharad , Banstola Sanju
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Quality of life among elderly individuals is an important area of concern that reflects the health status and well-being of this vulnerable population. Quality of life among elderly individuals is a neglected issue, especially in developing countries such as Nepal. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of life and its associated factors among the elderly population living in their own homes.
Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 234 elderly individuals living in the Syangja district of Nepal. Quality of life was assessed by the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) tool. Sociodemographic data were recorded by using a structured questionnaire. Independent t-tests and multiple linear regression were performed.
Results: Among 234 respondents, 54.7% of the elderly were 60 to 69 years old and 57.7% were female. The overall mean standard deviation score of QoL was 57.80±11.89. A total of 56.4% of respondents had a fair quality of life. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that physical exercise was associated with physical, psychological and social dimensions of quality of life. Education status was associated with physical dimension, chronic disease was associated with psychological dimension and past occupation was associated with environmental dimension. Age (p-value 0.032), marital status (p-value 0.047) and physical exercise were associated with overall fair quality of life.
Conclusions: More than half of the elderly have a fair quality of life and nearly half have a poor quality of life. Age, marital status, educational status, and physical exercise are factors influencing their quality of life. Local activities and awareness should be encouraged to enhance the Quality of life of elderly people.
Uptake of Arsenic and Lead ions by the adsorbent material prepared from physiochemical modification of spinach leaves
Authors: Das Brijesh Kumar , Jha Vinay Kumar
Published: June 2024

Physiochemically modified adsorbent material from spinach was prepared by refluxing for 12, 24 and 36 hours in ortho phosphoric acid solution with in the temperature range between 60 - 100 °C. The highest specific surface area of 436 m2/g was obtained with refluxing for 24 hours sample (SA-24) and was selected for the adsorption of As(III) and Pb(II) ions from the aqueous solution with varying several parameters such as pH, kinetics, and concentration of adsorbent.
The adsorbent before and after adsorption of As(III) and Pb(II) was characterized by FTIR and XRD. Studies showed that the maximum efficiency at pH 5 for As(III) and Pb(II). Kinetics and isotherm model studies demonstrated that the experimental data fitted with pseudo-second order and Langmuir isotherm model with the rate constants 2.495 and 0.039 g/(mg·min) and the maximum adsorption capacities 116.28 and 128.21 mg/g for As(III) and Pb(II), respectively. The negative free energy (ΔG values -23 and -25 kJ/mol for As(III) and Pb(II), respectively) in adsorption process revealed the spontaneous nature and feasibility of the adsorption process onto spinach adsorbent. The values of ΔG further confirmed that the adsorption process was favored by physiochemical adsorption for As(III) and Pb(II), respectively.
Phytochemical evaluation of Aglaomorpha coronans from Nepal
Authors: Koirala Alisa , Devkota Agnidhar , Rajbhandari Meena
Published: June 2024

The rhizomes of Aglaomorpha coronans is used to cure back pain by the local people of Lamjung district. The medicinal value depends on the presence of biologically active phytochemicals with drug like properties. Phytochemical evaluation of A. coronans of Nepalese origin has not been reported yet. Hence, the present study is focused on the phytochemical analysis, evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial activities of various extracts and GC-MS profiling of ethyl acetate extract. The rhizomes were extracted with the hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, methanol and 50% aqueous methanol. Phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate, methanol and 50% aqueous methanol extracts showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and sugar. Their total content as well as antioxidant activity were determined. The highest amounts of phenolics, flavonoids and tannins were detected in the ethyl acetate extract (292.144±1.829 mg GAE/g, 322.904±3.942 mg CE/g, 516.666±0.423 mg TAE/g). The highest amounts of sugars were detected in the methanol extract (205.649±0.169mg GE/g). In DPPH radical scavenging assay, ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity (IC50 37.545 μg/ml). The chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus. GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract showed the presence of more than 20 compounds. However, 9 compounds, mainly polyol, low molecular weight phenolic acids and terpenes/sterols were identified by comparing the mass fragmentation pattern of each compound with the standard NIST mass spectral database. The presence of 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, Olean-13(18)-ene and β-sitosterol justifies the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of A. coronans in traditional medicine.
Remarkable photocatalytic performance of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared through green synthetic method by using Citrus limon dry peel extract
Authors: Waiba Sushan , Sharma Motee Lal , Sapkota Kamal Prasad
Published: June 2024

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized through green synthetic method using Citrus limon (Lemon) dry peel extract which acts as a reducing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were yellowish white and their UV-vis spectra showed the characteristic maximum peak at 332 nm which affirmed the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles. For further confirmation, the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). The most intense peak in the XRD pattern was selected for crystallite size determination by using the Scherrer’s equation; the average crystallite size was computed to be 19 nm. FE-SEM results demonstrated the spherical shape of nanoparticles with less distinct morphology. The hexagonal structure of ZnO NPs was identified by HR-TEM. ZnO NPs showed excellent catalytic activity of 50.25% photodegradation of MB under natural sunlight irradiation for 120 minutes. The results show that the as-synthesized ZnO NPs can have possible application in water treatment for removing harmful dyes. The phytochemical screening of dry Citrus limon peel extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, and reducing sugar.
Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential of Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants from Nepal
Authors: Pant Deepak Raj , Joshi Giri Prasad , Aryal Biva
Published: June 2024

Aqueous and metholic extracts of twelve different species of antidiabetic plants belonging to different plant groups (liverworts, ferns and flowering plants) were screened for the presence of seven different groups of secondary metabolites. The same extracts were also subjected to quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid content. Antioxidant potential of those extracts was also compared using DPPH radical scavenging activity. The qualitative phytochemical assessment showed presence of more phytochemicals in methanol extracts than aqueous extracts. Furthermore, the extracts of none of the species possessed all the phytochemicals tested. The methanolic extracts also contained quantitatively more metabolites like total phenolics and total flavonoids than aqueous extracts. The highest value of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were found respectively in methanol extracts of Rhus succedanea (162.71 ± 0.23 mg GAE/g) and Asterella wallichiana (70.5 ± 0.58 mg QE/g). The lowest value of TPC (17.86 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g) and TFC (2.63 ± 0.34 mg QE/g) was found in aqueous extracts of Hedychium coronarium. DPPH radical scavenging activity revealed high antioxidant potential in species with relatively high TPC values like O. wallichii, Rhus chinensis, R. succedanea, Rubus niveus and Smilax ferox.
कर्णाली प्रदेशमा बोलिने नेपालीका भाषिकामा बोधगम्यता {Comprehension in the Language of Nepali Spoken in Karnali Province}
Authors: निरौला Niraula यज्ञेश्वर Yageshwor
Published: June 2024

भाषाका सामाजिक, भौगोलिक, ऐतिहासिक, व्यक्तिभेद, प्रयोजनपरक लगायतका विभिन्न भेदहरू मध्ये भौगोलिक भेदका निम्ति भाषिका शब्द प्रयोग गर्ने गरिन्छ । कर्णाली प्रदेशको सिन्जा उपत्यकालाई नेपाली भाषाको उद्‍गमस्थल मानिएको छ र पन्ध्रौँ शताब्दीदेखि यस भाषाका भाषिकाहरू विकसित भएका हुन् । हुम्ला, जुम्ला, मुगु, डोल्पा, कालीकोट, दैलेख, सुर्खेत, सल्यान, जाजरकोट र रुकुम पश्चिम यस प्रदेशका भाषिक क्षेत्र मध्ये राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०६८ को नतिजाका आधारमा केही अध्ययनकर्ताहरूले जुम्ला, मुगु तथा हुम्लाका नेपाली भाषाका वक्ताको बोलीलाई नेपाली भाषाको भौगोलिक भाषिका नभई जुम्ली खस भाषा हो भनी उल्लेख गर्ने गरेका छन् । २०७८ को जनगणनाको नतिजामा उक्त क्षेत्रमा खस भाषाका वक्ता बसोबास गरेको उल्लेख छ । भाषिका मापनको महत्वपूर्ण आधार पारस्परिक बोधगम्यता हो ।यस शोधलेखमा क्षेत्रीय पद्धतिद्वारा सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी उक्त विभिन्न भाषिक क्षेत्रको बोली भिन्नाभिन्नै भाषा हुन् कि एउटै भाषाका भौगोलिक भेद हुन् भन्ने शोध समस्यामा केन्द्रित रही रेकर्ड गरिएको पाठ परीक्षण (आरटीटी) का आधारमा बोधगम्यता परीक्षण गरिएको छ र प्राप्त तथ्य विश्लेषणबाट जुम्ला, हुम्ला, कालीकोट, दैलेख, सुर्खेत, सल्यान, जाजरकोटमा बसोबास गर्ने भारोपेली आर्य परिवारका वक्ताले प्रयोग गर्ने बोली नेपाली भाषाकै भाषिका हुन् भन्ने निष्कर्ष आएको छ ।
चलचित्रीकरणमा कथानकको गति {Motion of Plot in Film Adaptation}
Authors: ढकाल Dhakal दीपकप्रसाद Dipakprasad
Published: June 2024

प्रस्तुत लेखमा कथा विधामा सौन्दर्य मूल्यका रूपमा रहने कथानक र चलचित्रमा दृश्यका तहबाट सृजना हुने गतिका बिचको अन्तरसम्बन्ध अध्ययन गरिएको छ । कथा पाठीय (भाषिक सङ्केत व्यवस्था) हुने र चलचित्र क्यामराको प्रविधि प्रयोग गरेर विद्युतीय प्रसारणमा प्रस्तुत गरिने विधा हुन् । यी दुई विधा क्रमशः पाठक र दर्शकका तहमा पुगेपछि सौन्दर्यबोध गरिने फरकफरक प्रस्तुति कला हुन् । यस अनुसन्धान लेखमा यी दुवै विधामा कथानकसम्बन्धी सैद्धान्तिक विमर्श गरिएको छ । यसरी गरिएको विमर्शका बिचको अन्तरसम्बन्धलाई आरेखबद्ध गरी अवधारणाको प्रस्टता प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । लेख तयारीका निम्ति पुस्तकालय कार्यबाट प्राप्त सामग्री प्रयोग गरिएको छ । कथाको विधा सिद्धान्तका सामग्री तथा चलचित्रका सैद्धान्तिक एवं प्राविधिक पक्षका बारेमा गरिएका अध्ययन प्रस्तुत लेखमा प्राथमिक सामग्रीका रूपमा प्रयोग गरिएका छन् । विश्लेषणका निम्ति गुणात्मक विधि प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यस क्रममा सैद्धान्तिक सन्दर्भ, तिनको व्याख्यात्मक प्रस्तुति तथा रेखाङ्कनका आधारमा सत्यापन सम्मको प्रक्रिया अपनाइएको छ । कथाका घटनालाई भौतिक अस्तित्वयुक्त मानस बिम्बमा प्रस्तुत गर्ने कला कथानक हो । कथानक पात्रको द्वन्द्व एवं क्रियाव्यापारका सापेक्षतामा प्रस्तुत हुन्छ । चलचित्रमा दृश्य कथानकभन्दा पनि मसिनो र सूक्ष्म विषय हो । कथानकका कुनै एक कोशीय एकाइका निम्ति धेरै दृश्यांशको समेत विधान गरेर गति निर्माण गर्नु पर्ने प्रविधि चलचित्रको दृश्यमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ । यी दुईका बिच गहिरो अन्तरसम्बन्ध हुन्छ । चलचित्रको दृश्यमा देखिने गति कथानकभन्दा पनि थप सूक्ष्म र बहुआयामिक (ध्वनि, प्रकाशको संयोजन र भौतिक अस्तित्वको विशिष्टतायुक्त) हुन्छ । यसरी गति निर्माण गर्दा चरित्रको वृत्त (आर्क) लाई केन्द्रमा रखेर दृश्यमा प्रस्तुत गरिन्छ । कथामा कोशीय एकाइको पारस्परिकता कथानकलाई गति विकास गर्न प्रयोग गरिन्छ भने चलचित्रमा भाषाइतरका प्राविधिक पक्षको समेत संयोजन गरी गतिको सूक्ष्मता विकास गरिएको हुन्छ ।
Perlindungan Data Digital Dengan Time-Based One-Time Password (TOTP)
Authors: Wibawa Sigit , Suryanto Suryanto , Ningsih Rahayu
Published: June 2024

Keamanan autentikasi pengguna sangat penting dalam perlindungan data digital. Metode autentikasi tradisional, seperti kata sandi statis, sering rentan terhadap serangan phishing, brute force, dan pencurian kata sandi, yang menyebabkan lebih dari 80% pelanggaran keamanan. One-Time Password (OTP) menawarkan solusi lebih aman dengan kata sandi yang hanya berlaku untuk satu sesi atau transaksi, mengurangi risiko penyalahgunaan. Penelitian ini mengembangkan dan mengimplementasikan sistem OTP menggunakan Python, serta mengevaluasi keunggulannya dibandingkan metode autentikasi lainnya. Kami menggunakan library pyotp untuk menghasilkan Time-based OTP (TOTP) dan mengintegrasikannya dengan framework web Flask untuk membuat server autentikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa OTP mengurangi risiko serangan phishing hingga 90% dan meningkatkan keamanan dibandingkan kata sandi statis hingga 75%. Selain itu, OTP menawarkan fleksibilitas dan kemudahan integrasi dengan berbagai aplikasi melalui API. Keamanan Tinggi: OTP memberikan lapisan keamanan tambahan yang sulit ditembus oleh pihak yang tidak berwenang. Kemudahan Implementasi Integrasi antara pyotp dan Flask cukup sederhana dan cepat untuk diimplementasikan. Pengguna hanya perlu menggunakan aplikasi OTP yang umum seperti Google Authenticator untuk memverifikasi identitas mereka.
Habitat suitability modeling of wild goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777) in different periods
Authors: Zenbilci Mevlüt , Özdemir Serkan , Çıvğa Alican , Ünal Yasin , Oğurlu İdris
Published: June 2024

Wild goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777) is a prominent mountain mammal found in many habitats in Türkiye, but few studies have investigated its relationship with the habitat. This species is significantly affected by various anthropogenic activities such as illegal hunting and marble quarries. This study aimed to determine the changes in potential suitable habitats for wild goats over time by creating habitat suitability models. This study was carried out in the province of Isparta. The occurrence data of wild goats were collected mostly from Sütçüler and Eğirdir districts. The data were obtained for two periods, 2009 and 2019. The habitat suitability modeling was performed using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) method. The results showed that habitat use of wild goat was influenced by factors such as elevation, ruggedness, slope, radiation index, annual precipitation (bio12), and annual mean temperature (bio1). The AUC values for the training and test datasets of the model obtained using data from the year 2009 were found to be 0.990 and 0.987, respectively. Similarly, for the year 2019, the values were found to be 0.987 and 0.978, respectively. It was observed that the identified suitable areas for both periods were mostly limited to local areas in the southwest and southeast of the study area. Finally, the habitat suitability maps were thresholded at a value of 0.5. As a result, the thresholded habitat suitability maps predict that there could be a 2,659-hectare (ha) increase in potential suitable areas in 2019.
Time-dependent change of natural vegetation on forest road fill slopes and its effects on erosion decrease
Authors: Misirlioğlu Gizem , Gümüş Selçuk
Published: June 2024

During the construction of forest roads, slopes become more susceptible to erosion as they remain bare due to soil excavation and felling of trees along the road route. In Türkiye, studies are carried out to prevent erosion and maintain slope stability, and it is known that these studies are quite costly. In this study, analyses were made on three forest roads built less than a year ago, 5 years ago and 10 years ago from the forest road network located at the same aspect and level, and the aim was to determine whether these costs were needed. Soil samples were taken from the fill slopes of these roads and the degree of covering of the plants was determined by using the grid method on the images taken with the drone. Analyses of organic matter, texture, stony ratio, and pH-EC determination were made on these soil samples. The vegetation cover of the fill slope surfaces was determined as 93% for the 10-year-old road, 80% for the 5-year-old road and 0% for the newly built road. According to the ABAG method (which is a simulation of the USLE model converted to the metric system and adapted to European conditions), the annual soil loss amount for the 10-year-old forest road was 1.59 tons/ha/years, for the 5-year-old forest road it was 1.75 tons/ha/years and, finally, for the newly built forest road, this value was 15.52 tons/ha/years. Considering that most of the soil loss occurs in the first years, the amount of soil loss determined on the 5-year-old forest road is at an acceptable level according to the erosion values that occur in natural areas. For this reason, considering that the fill slopes are naturally covered with vegetation, it has been determined that there is no need for costly stabilization process in the fill slopes in this study area
A HISTORICAL VIEW OF UKRAINE'S ECONOMY DURING THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR
Authors: Donchenko Svitlana , Kalistratov Mykhailo
Published: June 2024

Any state on whose territory a war of aggression is being waged, even if it has its own army and weapons, is forced to transfer its economy from a peaceful plan of work to a military one. During the war, enterprises, institutions, settlements are destroyed, people die. Forced evacuation of the population and enterprises. As a result of the destruction of jobs by the invaders, the state is forced to think about creating new enterprises with jobs for internally displaced persons, housing for them, pensions, medical care, education, etc.Accordingly, serious changes are taking place in Ukraine's economy.With the attack of Russian racism, a large part of the enterprises in the east of Ukraine was destroyed, This caused a partial relocation of industry. Destroyed large enterprises, the state will not be able to restore them during the war. Therefore, economists proposed to increase the gross domestic product at the expense of small and medium-sized businesses. During the war, the business procedure was simplified. At the first stage, taxes on business structures were reduced. Small and medium-sized businesses began to produce products for the front and create new jobs. Accordingly, military taxes on the working population were increased.Due to this and the economic assistance of the USA and the countries of the European Union, other partner countries managed to somewhat stabilize the economy of Ukraine.Thanks to the partial stabilization of the economy of our country during the war, it was possible to create enterprises in Ukraine for the production of military equipment. But funds for the purchase of own equipment are critically lacking. Foreign investments in the military industry of Ukraine are needed. At the same time, joint ventures with various countries have emerged that produce shells, guns, and repair equipment damaged by the enemy.It was difficult to stabilize the economy, there was no experience of working in wartime conditions. The logistics of internal trade were destroyed, which could turn into a global food crisis.There was also an energy problem. And in 2022-2023, and now, constant work is being done with partner countries regarding the supply of equipment to restore generation and power supply.
ANALYSIS OF LOGISTICS PROCESSES IN THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY
Authors: Levchuk Kateryna
Published: June 2024

The article analyses the current state of the Ukrainian metallurgical industry, explores the logistics system of metallurgical enterprises, and proposes strategic logistics solutions. To maintain objectivity, subjective evaluations have been excluded. The decline in the production of rolled products and iron and steel in 2022 has caused Ukraine to drop from 14th to 25th in the global ranking. Therefore, the article suggests exploring alternative transportation methods to reduce costs and improve efficiency.
Following the Russian invasion, Europe has become the sole market for steel products. However, shipping goods by rail has become challenging and costly. The costs of delivering rolled products for steelmakers have nearly doubled, while demand for these products has decreased due to unfavourable market conditions.
Therefore, the operation of steel companies in today's environment requires the maximum use of management tools for the steel industry, particularly in sales and logistics management.
In Ukraine, just over 20  % of the total volume of rolled steel production is shipped to the domestic market, while exports account for about 80 %.
Logistics issues are closely related to the key development issues of the steel industry. The state of the logistics infrastructure allows for active participation in conquering new markets and increasing volumes in the global metal market.
The article examines the logistics systems of metallurgical enterprises, focusing on their characteristics and features that impact efficiency and production costs.
Independently Controlled Carbon and Nitrogen Potential - A New Approach to Carbonitriding Processes
Authors: Winter Karl-Michael
Published: June 2024

Late research projects show that retained austenite, if stabilized by nitrogen, has a positive influence on the fatigue strength of work pieces. The combined diffusion profile of carbon and nitrogen applied in a carbonitriding process plays the major role, besides the process temperature. Yet today, only the carbon potential is somehow controlled and even this is not easy to achieve. This paper will present a new system able to measure and control both, the carbon potential and the nitrogen potential independently. The knowledge of the activities of nitrogen and carbon in iron and the effect of alloying elements on such activities as well as the solubilities offers an easy to use method to apply the potentials on real steels.
Capitalizing on Current Technology Used in Data Acquisition
Authors: Fincken Bob
Published: June 2024

Automation can be many different things across many different industries so it’s hard to have one definition to cover it in its entirety. In heat treating, automation is approached in categories. The types of processes and equipment may only have certain capabilities when it comes to mechanically automating a process forcing heat treaters to look at non-traditional types of automation. Many heat treaters need flexible equipment when it comes to processes and load sizes because of economic pressures and competition, costs and capital are being scrutinized. Does it take significant capital to automate a process? In the world of heat treating it doesn’t have to.
Automatic Vickers Case Depth Measurement
Authors: Horsch Arnold
Published: June 2024

Fully automated Vickers measurement systems with image analysis have been commonly used for over 20 years to measure case depth in carburizing, nitriding, and surface hardening processes. One of the most frequently discussed issues is the reproducibility of results both within individual systems and between different systems. This paper presents examples from industrial users to illustrate the ongoing challenges with these systems and the main points of discussion. The examples highlight the difficulties that arise even when systems operate within the accepted accuracy range of existing standards. Additionally, the paper will discuss future challenges and potential improvements for automatic hardness test systems.
Intelligent Heat Treating: Simulation of Carburization Process
Authors: Wei Y. , Wang G. , Sisson R.D. , Bernard B. , Poor R.
Published: June 2024

Heat treaters need an effective simulation tool to predict the carburization performance of a variety of steels. The tool is needed not only to predict the carbon profile but also to optimize the process in terms of the cycle time and the cost. CarbTool has been developed to meet these needs for gas and vacuum carburization. In this paper, CarbTool predictions were compared with industrial experimental results of four types of steels, heat treated by both gas and vacuum carburizing processes. Based on the excellent agreement of model predictions and experimental results, CarbTool may be used to predict the carbon concentration profile for a variety of alloys in both gas and vacuum carburizing processes.
Detailed Specifications for Global Heat Treatment Sourcing and Materials
Authors: Sponzilli Jared , Sponzilli John
Published: June 2024

The very nature of global sourcing means that components must carry clear and detailed specifications for material, heat treatment, and test methods. Qualified global heat treat facilities can achieve good control of not only the common features such as surface and gradient hardness, but also of microstructure, core hardness, residual stress, and other critical metallurgical parameters. This paper will discuss a new concept for material specifications and more detailed heat treatment specifications for the global marketplace.
Quality Improvement in Heat Treatment Based on Necessary Information Exchange
Authors: Ermert Volker , Horsch Arnold , Klein Dieter , Wuest Thorsten , Kohlmann Rainer , Mahlig Ralph , Rentrop Britta
Published: June 2024

Insufficient and missing information can lead to avoidable costs in heat treatment, arising both from failures and from the time-consuming process of acquiring information. The Quality Assurance in Heat Treatment research group of the Association for Heat Treatment and Materials Technology aims to raise awareness among all heat treatment contractors about the importance of exchanging necessary information. This goal will be achieved by first documenting the essential information and then explaining why information exchange is crucial. Three examples are provided to demonstrate the impact of information on product outcomes. To disseminate these explanations to the general public, a concept and the initial implementation of a knowledge system are introduced.
Cleaning for Heat Treating
Authors: MacKenzie D. Scott , Johnston Robert
Published: June 2024

Heat treating often requires changing the surface chemistry of the part from carburizing or Nitriding. In addition it is important to remove residual quench oil from parts after quenching. Discussion of various cleaner chemistries will be discussed, with application to heat treating. Case histories will be shown showing the effect of improper cleaning has on parts.
Bottleneck Oriented Load Planning in Heat Treatment – Optimizing the Production Flow Saves on Time and Resources
Authors: Winter Karl-Michael
Published: June 2024

Making money in heat treating is becoming increasingly challenging. The ongoing economic crisis has significantly impacted the industry. However, understanding the true dynamic capacity of partially idled equipment and maximizing even the smallest capabilities can optimize the cost-to-earnings ratio. While computer systems are widely used to plan workflows, they often lack the necessary knowledge to effectively break down shop orders into actual loads. This article provides an overview of the existing planning layers and the various methods employed. It explains how strategic planning around bottlenecks can optimize throughput while minimizing equipment usage, thereby conserving resources.
Effect of Bath Temperature on Surface Heat Flux during Quenching in Carbon Nanotube Nanofluids
Authors: Babu K. , Kumar T.S. Prasanna
Published: June 2024

In this paper, the effect of nanofluid temperature on the heat transfer rate has been studied during immersion quenching in Carbon Nanotube (CNT) nanofluid. For this purpose, CNT nanofluid was prepared by suspending 0.25wt% of chemically treated CNTs (TCNT) in de-ionized (DI) water without any surfactant. Quench probes with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 50 mm were machined from 304L stainless steel and quenched in CNT nanofluid when maintained at 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C. The heat flux and temperature at the quenched surface were estimated based on the Inverse Heat Conduction (IHC) method using the measured temperature data during quenching as input. The computation results showed that the peak heat flux increased when the CNT nanofluid was maintained at 40 °C than at 30°C and decreased with further increase in the CNT nanofluid temperature. The enhanced heat transfer performance of CNT nanofluid during quenching at a slightly higher temperature is attributed to the increase in the Brownian motion of CNTs in nanofluid. The reduced heat transfer rate when the CNT nanofluid maintained at 50 °C during quenching was due to the predominant effect of quenchant temperature on quenching heat transfer rate.
Effect of Process Time on Low-Temperature Nitrided Austenitic Stainless Steels Layer Structure
Authors: Koshel D. , Kalucki J.
Published: June 2024

There is considerable interest in nitriding austenitic stainless steels under conditions where nitrogen is primarily in solid solution. Supersaturation with nitrogen significantly increases hardness and induces high residual compressive stresses. This paper explores the relationship between nitrogen content, layer morphology, and properties. It examines Nitrex’s Nano-S nitriding processes performed at various times to achieve different nitrogen levels in austenitic AISI 304 stainless steel. The research also includes 410 grade martensitic stainless steel and 17-4 precipitation-hardened steel, with results yet to be determined. Based on these results, optimal nitriding conditions to achieve the desired properties will be recommended.
Energy Efficient Vacuum Solutions for Industrial Furnaces
Authors: Zöllig Uwe , Vitale Mario
Published: June 2024

In the fight against global warming and rising greenhouse gas concentrations, the European Commission established the European Directive 2005/32/EC to regulate CO2 emissions. This directive, along with several amendments, outlines eco-design requirements for energy-using products, emphasizing increased efficiencies. As a result, new standards and norms have been developed and updated, which must now be considered in new product engineering projects. Additionally, energy costs are continually rising and are expected to keep increasing in the future. Given these factors, the design of modern furnaces has evolved significantly. Newly designed vacuum furnaces are much more efficient than older models. Consequently, vacuum pumps and pump systems must also be designed to support these energy-saving efforts. While the primary priority for vacuum pumps and systems remains to reliably provide the required vacuum level and ensure trouble-free operation, energy-saving measures must not compromise furnace uptime. This presentation will demonstrate that modern vacuum solutions, including dry-compressing screw-type vacuum pumps and innovative blower designs, can help achieve energy-saving goals. It will also describe measures taken with conventional vacuum components, such as rotary-vane pumps and diffusion pumps, to meet the new energy-saving requirements.
Multi-Purpose LPC+LPN+HPGQ 25 Bar N2/He Single Chamber Vacuum Furnaces
Authors: Korecki Maciej , Olejnik Józef , Kula Piotr , Pietrasik Robert , Wołowiec Emilia Stańczyk
Published: June 2024

The article describes the achievements and application of a new generation of HPGQ vacuum furnaces. Implementation of 25 bar quenching enables reaching hardening properties compared to the ones obtained with oil, while vacuum carburizing and nitriding additionally create a great potential for running different heat treatment and thermo-chemical processes as well as multiple processes combined in a single furnace cycle. Technical and technological aspects of the furnace exploitation are presented and operational costs reduction and energy saving are considered.
Social aspects of the global food system and their implications for food security
Authors:   Mykolayiv National Agrarian University, Oliinyk T.
Published: June 2024

The paper substantiates the relevance of studying the social aspects of the global food system and their significance for food security. The impact of these aspects on food security and the well-being of the population is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the quality and safety of food products, including standards, sanitary norms, and informational transparency for consumers.
Cooperation of territorial communities in the context of food security formation
Authors:   Mykolayiv National Agrarian University, KORMYSHKINA I.
Published: June 2024

The article discusses the importance of ensuring stable access to quality food products and the effectiveness of cooperation among territorial communities in addressing this issue. Problems with storage and processing of crops are considered one of the main challenges in ensuring food security. The importance of logistic chains in ensuring food security in times of war is also highlighted. The benefits of participating in the "Community Support Program for Food Security" project, aimed at providing assistance to affected communities and strengthening social ties, are identified.
Industrial breeding of edible insects in the context of food security of Ukraine
Authors:   Engineering and Technology Institute ", Limar I. ,   Biotechnics",   of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Khodorchuk V.
Published: June 2024

Historically, some regions of the world have eaten insects. Edible insects are a source of complete protein. Currently, commercial promotion of edible insects is observed in European countries and in the United States. In the conditions of Ukraine, the industrial breeding of insects for food consumption can be considered as a component of the country's food security
Management of food waste in the field of hospitality in the context of the formation of food security of territorial communities
Authors:   Mykolayiv National Agrarian University, Pavliuk S.
Published: June 2024

In this work, the necessity of food waste management in the field of hospitality is considered. It is noted that the latter is the most generating area � 18% of the total volume of all food waste. The key directions regarding the formation of food security of territorial communities and the cooperation of interested community groups and food establishments are summarized. It was emphasized that such cooperation will have a synergistic effect: the development of the local economy and the rational use of food products.
THE NATION'S ABILITY TO RESPOND TO THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF EDUCATION
Authors: Siti Nurmela  , Yulianti  , Hobir Asyari  , Hafidin Nurhadi  , Uus Ruswandi
Published: June 2024

This research aims to find out the background of the concept of globalization, the positive and negative impacts of globalization, as well as the efforts and abilities of the Indonesian nation in responding to the challenges of globalization, especially in the field of education. This research uses a library research method or often called library research, with the aim of providing comprehensive research results from various points of view so that it becomes an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary study. The results showed that globalization and its various challenges have become something that cannot be avoided. So that the nation's ability to answer its challenges still needs to be pursued and fought together. Globalization with its various forms, is no longer for us to question, but for us to take advantage of it well, and we fortify its negative impact through global education that cannot be separated from character education. So that the nation's children are able to take advantage of the positive impacts of globalization wisely and at least avoid its negative impacts.
ЛЬВІВЩИНА, ЯК ПЕРСПЕКТИВНИЙ РЕГІОН УКРАЇНИ ДЛЯ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ ТУРИЗМУ ТА РЕКРЕАЦІЇ
Authors: ПАНЬКІВ Наталія , ЄЛІСЄЄВА Таїсія
Published: June 2024

Стаття присвячена дослідженню туристично-рекреаційного потенціалу Львівщини, оцінці впливу сучасних викликів на розвиток туризму в регіоні та розробці рекомендацій для забезпечення сталого розвитку туристичного сектору в умовах кризи. В процесі дослідження встановлено основні проблемні аспекти та перспективи переходу області до напрямку сталого розвитку, здійснено SWOT-аналіз туристично-рекреаційної сфери Львівщини, який підтверджує, що розвиток туризму та диверсифікація економіки є ключовими для подальшого успіху регіону. Визначено основні проблеми, шляхи їх вирішення та перспективи розвитку туристичного потенціалу регіону. Встановлено, що стратегія розвитку туризму повинна бути спрямована на створення нових інноваційних продуктів та покращення інфраструктури. В цілому, розвиток туризму на Львівщині вимагає комплексного підходу та співпраці всіх зацікавлених сторін: органів влади, бізнесу, громадських організацій та міжнародних партнерів для забезпечення сталого та успішного розвитку туризму на Львівщині. Таким чином, Львівська область має всі передумови стати одним із найпривабливіших туристичних напрямків не лише в Україні, але й у всій Центрально-Східній Європі.
Biostratigraphy of Late Holocene bottom sediments from the Northern part of Chukchi Sea
Authors: Vologina E.G. E.G. ,   Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 128 Lermontov street Irkutsk, 664033, Russia, Kulagina N.V. N.V. ,   Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 128 Lermontov street Irkutsk, 664033, Russia, Chernyaeva G.P. G.P. ,   Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 128 Lermontov street Irkutsk, 664033, Russia, Sturm M. M. ,   Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 133 Überlandstrasse, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland, Kolesnik A.N. A.N. ,   Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskaya street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
Published: June 2024

The research goal is the investigation of environmental processes of recent sedimentation in the Arctic Ocean area. A short core (length – 37 cm) was taken from the Northern part of the Chukchi Sea. Analytical methods included macroscopic sedimentological description by smear-slides, dating by γ-measurements of 137Cs and 210Pb, diatom and palynological analyses. Sedimentation rates at the research site have been determined to be 1 mm y-1. Thus, the age of the cored sediments spans approximately 400 years, which includes the period of the Little Ice Age. Abundant cold-water diatom species and spores of terrestrial plants within the lower part of the sediment core are characteristic for cold climate conditions, which dominated the Little Ice Age. The occurrence of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Neogene species of spores and pollen in the Holocene deposits are the evidence of coastal abrasion and the subsequent transfer of the material to the coring site by currents. Southern, subtropical, and tropical species of diatoms within the upper, more recent part of the core reveal the transfer of material by currents from the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait. The results of biostratigraphic analyses indicate environmental changes during the last 400 years, revealed in bottom sediments of the Northern part of the Chukchi Sea.
Limnology in Russia
Authors: Sapelko T.V. T.V. ,   Institute of Limnology, Russian Academy of Science – SPC RAS, 9 Sevastyanova Str., St. Petersburg, 196105, Russia
Published: June 2024

  2024   107 110   10.31951/2658-3518-2024-A-3-107 http://limnolfwbiol.com/index.php/LFWB/article/view/1205
Surface sediments of Karelian lakes: their formation peculiarities and chemical composition
    N.A. Belkina N.A.  Northern Water Problems Institute, Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleksander Nevsky Str., 50, Petrozavodsk, 185030, Russia

The territory of Karelia is a unique geographical region, where currently more than 62,000 lakes function in a humid climate, being at different stages of the evolution of their ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed the data on the chemical composition of the bottom sediments of Karelian lakes collected during the period 1965-2020. The patterns of the formation of the chemical composition of the bottom sediments of lakes are discussed. It is shown that in the lakes of the southeastern part of the Fennoscandian Crystal Shield, the bottom sediments of a mixed type are currently being formed: iron-humus-silicon, iron-silicon-humus, or humus-iron-silicon. There are small lakes where the bottom sediments accumulate either silicon (diatomite), iron (lake ore), or organic matter.
Assessment of nutrient load on the Cheboksary Reservoir using the results of modeling runoff and removal of biogenic elements from the pilot catchments
Authors: Yasinskiy S.V. S.V. ,   Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny Lane, 29/4, Moscow, 119017, Russia, Kondratyev S.A. S.A. ,   Institute of Limnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastyanova, Str., 9, St.Petersburg, 196105, Russia, Shmakova M.V. M.V. ,   Institute of Limnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastyanova, Str., 9, St.Petersburg, 196105, Russia, Kashutina E.A. E.A. ,   Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny Lane, 29/4, Moscow, 119017, Russia, Rasulova A.M. A.M. ,   Institute of Limnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastyanova, Str., 9, St.Petersburg, 196105, Russia
Published: June 2024

The paper presents the results of an approximate assessment of the nutrient load on the Cheboksary reservoir of the Volga Cascade from the right-bank and left-bank parts of the catchment basin. The main solution tools are the recognition of the underlying surfaces in the catchment and mathematical modeling. The catchment basins of the Kudma (right-bank tributary) and Linda (left-bank tributary) rivers have been identified as pilot sites. The catchment basins of the Kudma (right-bank tributary) and Linda (left-bank tributary) rivers have been identified as pilot sites. The representativeness of the selected pilot sites for the catchment basins of the Cheboksary reservoir is demonstrated. The mathematical basis of the research was the “precipitation-runoff-removal” model describing the formation of runoff and removal of biogenic elements from the catchment basin. To calibrate the mathematical model, the materials of observations of water discharges and the content of chemical agents in the gauging sections of the pilot catchment basins were used. The modeling data provides an approximate estimate of the total nutrient load on the Cheboksary reservoir, as well as the contribution of natural nitrogen and phosphorus removal to the load from the catchment basin.
Recent near-shore ostracod fauna of the Caspian Sea
Authors: Tkach A.A. A.A. ,   Laboratory of Pleistocene Paleogeography, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1a, Moscow, 119991, Russia
Published: June 2024

The work is based on the E.A.Gofman’s collection of recent ostracods. Here we present summarized data on our results of studying 45 near-shore sampling sites and previously published data, which were the first one to investigate the distribution of recent ostracods in the Caspian Sea and to discuss the influence of such factors as bottom sediments type, water temperature and salinity. Overall, distribution of the ostracods in the Caspian Sea shows a remarkable depth control. The near-shore ostracod assemblage of the Caspian Sea indicates shallow water conditions. Predominant species tolerates temperature and salinity seasonal changes. In northern area assemblage is dominated by Cyprideis torosa and contains abundant euryhaline species tolerant to reduced salinity ranges reflecting the river influence, significant temperature changes and unstable hydrological regime. In the Central and Southern Caspian Sea, the assemblage is mostly represented by the Tyrrhenocythere amnicola donetziensis and other stenohaline species. The analysis of the recent near-shore ostracods of the Caspian Sea allows to conclude that salinity, along with water depth, are the leading factors determining the composition of ostracod assemblages.
Impact of Higher Education on Employment of Disadvantaged Groups: A Comparative Study between Türkiye and the EU
Authors: Çetin Osman Murat , Kabaca Çiçek Selen
Published: June 2024

Within the scope of harmonization processes with the European Union (EU) legislation, increasing employment, improving working and living conditions, developing human resources for a sustainable employment structure, and social exclusion are among the fundamental issues covered by Chapter 19 on Social Policy and Employment. This study examines the employment policies and practices toward disadvantaged groups in Türkiye and the EU, and also highlights the impact of the variations in the definition of the concept of disadvantage across countries on the design and implementation of these policies. The study recognizes that the common definition of disadvantaged groups refers to individuals with disabilities, ex-convicts, women, and immigrants, and proposes to expand this definition to include those who are disadvantaged or become disadvantaged over time due to barriers to labour market access.