bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical Treatment of Gastric Outflow Obstruction in 40 Foals
Authors: ZEDLER STEVEN T. , EMBERTSON ROLF M. , BERNARD WILLIAM V. , BARR BONNIE S. , BOSTON RAYMOND C.
Published: June 2009

Objective—To report short‐ and long‐term survival and factors affecting outcome of foals after surgical correction of gastric outflow obstruction.

Study Design—Case series.

Animals—Foals (n=40) aged 5–180 days.

Methods—Clinical signs, laboratory data, diagnostic imaging, surgical findings, surgical procedures, medical treatment, and necropsy findings were retrieved from medical records. Outcome was obtained by reviewing performance, sales, and produce records or by telephone conversations with the owners.

Results—Gastric outflow obstruction was treated by gastroduodenostomy or by gastrojejunostomy with or without jejunojejunostomy. Long‐term follow‐up was available for 36 of 39 foals that survived to hospital discharge; 25 (69%) survived >2 years. All 8 foals with pyloric obstruction survived >2 years, whereas only 11 of 21 (52%) foals with duodenal obstruction survived >2 years. Six of 8 foals with obstruction of the duodenum and pylorus survived >2 years. Obstruction of the duodenum, adhesions to the duodenum, and postoperative ileus were significantly associated with decreased long‐term survival.

Conclusions—Long‐term outcome after gastric bypass procedures was substantially improved compared with previous reports. Factors that may have contributed to improved survival include better case selection and performing the gastrojejunostomy with the jejunum aligned from left to right.

Clinical Relevance—The prognosis for long‐term survival after surgical bypass of pyloric obstruction is excellent. The overall prognosis for long‐term survival after surgical bypass of duodenal obstruction is fair but should be considered guarded in those with pre‐existing duodenal adhesions.
Cementless Total Hip Replacement in an Alpaca
Authors: ORTVED KYLA F. , KROTSCHECK URSULA , COLLINS SAMANTHA A. , RAWLINSON JEREMY J. , DYCE JONATHAN
Published: June 2009

Objective—To report management of a chronic slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) in an alpaca using cementless total hip replacement (THR).

Study Design—Case report.

Animal—An 18‐month‐old, 47 kg alpaca male.

Methods—Cementless THR was performed in an alpaca with a chronic, right SCFE, and secondary osteoarthritis. Force plate gait analysis was performed before and 8 weeks after surgery. Outcome was determined through clinical evaluation, radiography, and force plate gait analysis.

Results—Cementless THR resulted in marked improvement in the alpaca's comfort level, degree of lameness, and range of motion. On preoperative force plate gait analysis there was decreased contact time (P=.01) and vertical impulse (P<.01) of the affected limb, whereas at 8 weeks postoperatively significant differences in gait analysis between pelvic limbs were not apparent.

Conclusion—THR using a BioMedtrix®canine cementless modular prosthesis restored hip function in an alpaca with coxofemoral osteoarthritis from chronic SCFE.

Clinical Relevance—THR may be an appropriate treatment for selected traumatic and degenerative conditions of the coxofemoral joint in alpacas.
Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Effect of Tibial Plateau Osteotomy on the Proximal Tibial Soft Tissue Envelope With and Without the Use of Protective Gauze Sponges
Authors: FARRELL MICHAEL , CALVO IGNACIO , CLARKE STEPHEN P. , BARRON RONNIE , COURCIER EMILY , CARMICHAEL STUART
Published: June 2009

Objective— To investigate the effect of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) on the proximal tibial soft tissue envelope with and without use of protective gauze sponges, and to determine whether the action of an oscillating saw blade on the gauze sponges would result in retention of particulate cotton debris.

Study Design— Cadaveric study.

Animals— Medium to large breed dog cadavers (n=10; 20 pelvic limbs).

Methods— TPLO was performed using the currently recommended technique involving dissection of the proximal tibial soft tissue envelope and its protection using cotton gauze sponges. In paired limbs, the procedure was repeated but no attempt was made to retract and protect the proximal tibial soft tissue envelope. Damage to the soft tissue envelope and presence of gross particulate cotton debris were investigated by direct observation and photographic analysis. Presence of microscopic cotton debris was investigated using light microscopic analysis of wound lavage fluid.

Results— No soft‐tissue trauma was found in gauze sponge‐protected specimens. When protective gauze sponges were not used, full‐thickness (sagittal plane) lacerations to the caudoproximal tibial muscle group occurred in all specimens with a mean craniocaudal width of 9.5 mm (range 2–12 mm). The cranial tibial muscle was traumatized in only 1 specimen without protective gauze sponges. Trauma to the popliteal vessels was not identified in any specimen. No gross cotton debris was identified, but microscopic cotton fibers (diameter, 7–35 μm) were identified in lavage fluid from all gauze sponge‐protected specimens.

Conclusions— Use of protective gauze sponges is effective in protecting the proximal tibial soft tissue envelope from an oscillating TPLO saw blade, but results in retention of microscopic cotton particulate debris within the operative site. Significant soft tissue trauma is seen only in the caudoproximal tibial muscle group if protective gauze sponges are not used.

Clinical Relevance— Retraction and protection of the caudoproximal tibial soft tissue envelope is recommended during TPLO; however, to prevent retention of microscopic particulate cotton debris, alternatives to cotton gauze sponges should be considered as protective devices.
Treatment of a Periarticular Tibial Fracture in a Foal with a Hybrid External Fixator
Authors: DE GODOY ROBERTA FERRO , FILGUEIRAS RICHARD R. , GONTIJO LÍLIAN A. , XIMENES FÁBIO HENRIQUE BEZERRA , DE GOUVÊA LIANA VILLELA , DA SILVA PEREIRA CRISTIANE , ALMEIDA RICARDO M. , LEITE CECI RIBEIRO , NETO ANTÔNIO RAPHAEL T. , BORGES JOSÉ RENATO JUNQUEIRA
Published: June 2009

Objective—To report repair of a right proximal tibial Salter‐Harris type II fracture in a foal with a hybrid external fixator (HEF).

Study Design—Case report.

Animals—A 5‐month‐old male foal.

Methods—After open surgical reduction, an HEF built with wires, 2 half‐rings, 3 half‐threaded connecting rods, and Schanz pins was used to stabilize the fracture.

Results—Immediately after surgery, the foal had relatively good weight bearing. The HEF was removed at 60 days after radiographic confirmation of healing.

Conclusions—HEF can be used to stabilize a proximal tibial Salter‐Harris type II fracture in a 5‐month‐old foal.

Clinical Relevance—HEF should be considered as another option for repair of proximal tibial Salter‐Harris type II fractures in foals.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Postantibiotic Effect of Amikacin for Equine Isolates of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro
Authors: CARON JOHN P. , BOLIN CAROLE A. , HAUPTMAN JOSEPH G. , JOHNSTON KIMBERLY A.
Published: June 2009

Objective— To report the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amikacin sulfate for equine clinical isolates of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and characterize the initial kill and duration of the postantibiotic effect (PAE) for selected strains.

Study Design— Experimental study.

Methods— Isolates of MRSA (n=35) had their amikacin MIC determined using the E‐test agar diffusion method. Two isolates with MICs>256 μg/mL limit were further characterized using broth macrodilution. Six distinct isolates with amikacin MICs of 32, 48, 128 (2 isolates) and 500 (2 isolates) μg/mL had PAE determinations made over a range of amikacin concentrations from 31.25–1000 μg/mL using standard culture‐based techniques.

Results— Median MIC of the 35 isolates was 32 μg/mL (range 2 to >256 μg/mL). Mean PAE of selected MRSA strains had an overall mean (all amikacin doses) of 3.43 hours (range 0.10–9.57 hours). PAE for MRSA exposed to amikacin at 1000 μg/mL was 6.18 hours (range 3.30–9.57 hours), significantly longer than that for all other concentrations (P<.0001). There was no statistically significant effect of isolate MIC on PAE.

Conclusions— Isolates had a wide range of MIC; however, growth of all 6 selected strains were inhibited within the range of concentrations tested, including 2 strains with MICs of 500 μg/mL. PAE duration was not influenced by the MIC of amikacin but was significantly longer with treatment at 1000 μg/mL than at lower concentrations.

Clinical Relevance— Clinical isolates of MRSA are susceptible to amikacin at concentrations achieved by regional perfusion: however, the modest duration of PAE observed suggest that further laboratory and in vivo evaluation be conducted before recommending the technique for clinical use.
Sinoscopic Treatment of Rostral Maxillary and Ventral Conchal Sinusitis in 60 Horses
Authors: PERKINS JUSTIN D. , WINDLEY ZOË , DIXON PADRAIC M. , SMITH MATTHEW , BARAKZAI SAFIA Z.
Published: June 2009

Objective—To evaluate the use of sinoscopy for detection and treatment of ventral conchal sinus (VCS) and/or rostral maxillary sinus (RMS) disease in horses.

Study Design—Case series

Animals—Horses (n=60) with suspected paranasal sinus disease.

Methods—Horses were evaluated by sinoscopy through a conchofrontal sinus (CFS) portal with ventral conchal bulla (VCB) fenestration. Other endoscopic sinus approaches and adjunctive diagnostic tests; oral examination, computed tomography, radiography, scintigraphy and endoscopic examination of the upper portion of the respiratory tract were used in some horses.

Results—The CFS approach permitted adequate observation of the RMS and VCS in 53 horses (88%). Hemorrhage caused by VCB fenestration prevented examination of the RMS and/or VCS in 12 horses (21%). Observation of lesions was possible in all horses diagnosed with neoplasia, sinus cysts, and progressive ethmoidal hematomas. Endoscopy of the paranasal sinuses was useful diagnostically in 82% of horses with primary sinusitis. Other diagnostic modalities were usually required to confirm a diagnosis of dental sinusitis.

Conclusions—Trephination into the CFS with VCB fenestration is a minimally invasive technique that provides consistent access to the RMS and VCS. It facilitates diagnosis of many sinus disorders and endoscopically guided treatment of many horses with sinus cysts and primary sinusitis, in combination with sinus lavage.

Clinical Relevance—Many diseases affecting the RMS and VCS can be diagnosed and resolved endoscopically using a CFS approach with VCB fenestration, thus avoiding the need for osteoplastic sinus surgery and its associated risks and complications.
Identification of 14 new alleles at the fucosyltransferase 1, 2, and 3 loci in Styrian blood donors, Austria
Authors: Matzhold Eva Maria , Helmberg Wolfgang , Wagner Thomas , Drexler Camilla , Ulrich Silvia , Winkler Alexandra , Lanzer Gerhard
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND:Genes for fucosyltransferases 1 (FUT1:H), 2 (FUT2:Secretor), and 3 (FUT3:Lewis) encode enzymes crucial for ABH and Lewis blood group antigen synthesis. They are highly polymorphic and ethnically and geographically specific.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:Genetic variations and allele frequencies of FUT1, FUT2, and FUT3 encoding regions and flanking sequences were analyzed in 100 Styrian blood donors by systematic sequencing. Haplotypes were verified with sequence‐specific primers. To identify discrepancies, serologically determined ABO and Lewis blood groups were correlated to respective genotypes.

RESULTS:Two novel FUT1 alleles were defined by 9C>T (silent) and 991C>A (P331T) mutations, the latter located in the catalytic domain of the enzyme. Five new alleles of FUT2 were found: three were characterized by new variants and two resulted from new combinations of known polymorphisms. The new 412G>A (G138S) mutation also is located in the catalytic domain. A new nonsecretor allele, based on the presence of 428G>A (nonsense), was found. Another FUT2 allele may have resulted from an intragenic crossover event. FUT3 analysis revealed seven novel alleles, partly based on the new mutations 41G>A (R14H), 1060C>G (R354G), 735G>C (silent), and 882C>T (silent). While 41G>A is placed in the cytoplasmic domain and functional, 1060C>G is placed in the catalytic domain.

CONCLUSION:Multiple common and sporadic sequence variations including 14 new alleles at FUT1, FUT2, and FUT3 loci were identified. Four novel mutations result in amino acid substitution in the protein. Three of them are predicted to have adverse effects on the enzyme activity. A novel nonsecretor allele was found.
Competence‐Based and Integrity‐Based Trust as Predictors of Acceptance of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS)
Authors: Terwel Bart W. , Harinck Fieke , Ellemers Naomi , Daamen Dancker D. L.
Published: June 2009

Public trust in organizations that are involved in the management and use of new technologies affects lay judgments about the risks and benefits associated with these technologies. In turn, judgments about risks and benefits influence lay attitudes toward these technologies. The validity of this (indirect) effect of trust on lay attitudes toward new technologies, which is referred to as the causal chain account of trust, has up till now only been examined in correlational research. The two studies reported in this article used an experimental approach to more specifically test the causal chain account of trust in the context of carbon dioxide capture and storage technology (CCS). Complementing existing literature, the current studies explicitly distinguished between two different types of trust in organizations: competence‐based trust (Study 1) and integrity‐based trust (Study 2). In line with predictions, results showed that the organizational position regarding CCS implementation (pro versus con) more strongly affected people's risk and benefit perceptions and their subsequent acceptance of CCS when competence‐based trust was high rather than low. In contrast, the organizational position had a greater impact on people's level of CCS acceptance when integrity‐based trust was low rather than high.
Postmining Management in France: Situation and Perspectives
Authors: Didier Christophe
Published: June 2009

Even if most French mines are definitively closed, potential risks remain above the abandoned sites. In addition to surface instability, some mining sites may be affected by dangerous gas emissions, flooding events, or environmental impacts. Those kinds of disorders strongly influence the land‐use management of the concerned areas. The present article presents the French mining historical context and identifies the major kinds of residual risks and harmful effects that may affect abandoned mine sites. The prevention policy applied on the national territory is then discussed and prospects for further developments are proposed.
Risk Analysis of Chemical, Biological, or Radionuclear Threats: Implications for Food Security
Authors: Mohtadi Hamid , Murshid Antu Panini
Published: June 2009

If the food sector is attacked, the likely agents will be chemical, biological, or radionuclear (CBRN). We compiled a database of international terrorist/criminal activity involving such agents. Based on these data, we calculate the likelihood of a catastrophic event using extreme value methods. At the present, the probability of an event leading to 5,000 casualties (fatalities and injuries) is between 0.1 and 0.3. However, pronounced, nonstationary patterns within our data suggest that the “reoccurrence period” for such attacks is decreasing every year. Similarly, disturbing trends are evident in a broader data set, which is nonspecific as to the methods or means of attack. While at the present the likelihood of CBRN events is quite low, given an attack, the probability that it involves CBRN agents increases with the number of casualties. This is consistent with evidence of “heavy tails” in the distribution of casualties arising from CBRN events.
Feasibility and Safety of Using an Esophageal Protective System to Eliminate Esophageal Thermal Injury: Implications on Atrial‐Esophageal Fistula Following AF Ablation
Authors: ARRUDA MAURICIO S. , ARMAGANIJAN LUCIANA , BIASE LUIGI DI , RASHIDI RASSOLL , NATALE ANDREA
Published: June 2009

Background:
Ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) requires energy delivery in close proximity to the esophagus (Eso) which has accounted for the LA‐Eso fistula, a rare but life‐threatening complication.

Purpose:
We evaluated an Eso cooling system to protect the Eso during RF ablation.

Methods and Results:
An “in vitro” heart‐Eso preparation was initially used to test a temperature‐controlled fluid‐circulating system (EPSac [esophageal protective system]—RossHart Technologies Inc.) and an expandable compliant Eso sac during cardiac RF delivery (4 mm tip, perpendicular to the heart, 15 g pressure) at 25, 35, and 45 W, 100 ± 5 Ω for 30 seconds with the EPSac at 25, 15, 10, and 5°C. All cardiac lesions were transmural. Eso thermal injury could only be avoided with the EPSac at 10 and 5°C. The system was then tested in 6 closed chest dogs, each receiving 12 RFs (LA aiming at the Eso) for 30 seconds: without EPSac (control) at 35 W (1 dog); at 45 W with EPSac at 25°C (1 dog), 10°C (2 dogs), and 5°C (2 dogs). The EPSac volume was intentionally increased to displace the Eso toward the LA (2 dogs 5 and 10°C). Eso injured control and EPSac at 25°C; Eso spared EPSac at 5 and 10°C, without Eso displacement. Shallow external Eso injury noted when intentionally displacing the Eso toward the LA.

Conclusions:
The EPSac spares the Eso from collateral thermal injury. It requires circulating fluid at 5 or 10°C and a compliant sac to avoid displacement of the Eso. Its safety and efficacy remain to be demonstrated in patients undergoing AF ablation.
Transesophageal Echocardiography for the Prevention of Embolic Complications After Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: MICHAEL KEVIN A. , REDFEARN DAMIAN P. , BARANCHUK ADRIAN , BIRNIE DAVID , GULA LORNE J. , STERNS LAURENCE , PANTANO ALFREDO , MACLE LAURENT , VEENHUYZEN GEORGE , VERMA ATUL , MANGAT IQWAL , SAPP JOHN , MORILLO CARLOS A.
Published: June 2009

Background:
Thromboembolic complications during left‐sided ablations range between 1.5 and 5.4%. Preprocedural TEE has been used to exclude the presence of left atrial thrombi in order to minimize risk. The use of TEE is empiric and it has not been evaluated in contemporary practice.

Methods and Results:
A multicenter national survey describing the practice at 11 Canadian teaching hospitals. A total of 2,225 patients underwent elective catheter ablation for symptomatic AF. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was used either routinely or selectively as a preablative strategy in patients. There were 996 patients in a routine preprocedure TEE strategy and 1,190 in a selected TEE strategy; 1 center (n = 39 patients) did not perform TEE. Twelve of 996 (1.2%) in the routine unselected cohort had thrombi identified. TEEs were performed in 200 of 1,190 in the selected cohort; 4 (2.0%) left atrial thrombi were observed; there was no significant difference in the prevalence of thrombi (P = 0.34). A total of 11 embolic events occurred inclusive of all groups. There was no difference in event rates between the 2 strategies (0.6% and 0.4%, P = 0.54). Events were unrelated to AF duration (persistent vs paroxysmal, r = 0.03, N = 2,225, P = 0.9).

Conclusion:
The selection criteria employed to perform TEEs did not increase the chance of identifying LA thrombi in a patient cohort with primarily nondilated left atria and paroxysmal AF. The overall thromboembolic event rate was low (0.49%) and was not significantly different between the 2 TEE strategies.
Effect of Electrode Orientation on Lesion Sizes Produced by Irrigated Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters
Authors: WOOD MARK A. , GOLDBERG SCOTT M. , PARVEZ BABAR , PATHAK VISHESH , HOLLAND KRISTEN , ELLENBOGEN AMY L. , HAN FREDERICK T. , ALEXANDER DANIEL , LAU MELISSA , RESHKO LEONID , GOEL ANEESH
Published: June 2009

Background:
Irrigated radiofrequency (RF) ablation catheters may produce different lesion sizes dependent upon the electrode orientation to the tissue. This study examined the effect of irrigated electrode orientation on the lesion size and explores a potential mechanism for this effect.

Methods and Results:
Lesions were created in isolated porcine myocardium using an open irrigation, closed irrigation, and nonirrigated RF catheter (all 3.5–4 mm tips). Lesions were created with the electrodes with all permutations of electrode orientation (vertical or horizontal), contact pressure (6 or 20 g), and saline superfusate flow (0.2 or 0.4 m/sec) over tissue interface. The effect of electrode irrigation without RF delivery on tissue temperature was assessed with intramyocardial temperature probes and infrared thermal imaging. For both irrigated catheters, the horizontal orientation produced 25–30% smaller lesion volumes than the vertical orientation despite equal or greater power deliveries. The horizontal orientation produced larger lesion volumes for the nonirrigated catheter. Higher superfusate flow rates were associated with decreased lesion volumes for the irrigated catheters but greater lesion volumes for the nonirrigated catheter. Catheter irrigation alone without RF delivery reduced intramyocardial temperatures up to 4.9°C and the horizontal orientation produced a 2‐fold greater area of tissue cooling than the vertical orientation.

Conclusion:
Horizontal electrode orientations reduce lesion volumes for irrigated RF catheters. This effect may be in part due to greater areas of active tissue cooling in the horizontal orientation.
The global crisis, social protection and jobs
Authors: STIGLITZ Joseph
Published: June 2009

Policy responses to the global financial meltdown of 2008 and the collapse of aggregate demand have largely been driven by domestic interests. Resurgent protectionism, bank bail‐outs and national‐level stimulus packages are distorting competition and incentives to the detriment of developing countries, much‐needed spending on social protection and, ultimately, rapid global economic recovery. Warning against underestimation of the job‐destruction potential of the current crisis, the author argues for a truly global stimulus package, together with a rethink of economic paradigms and regulatory policies, financial assistance to developing countries, a less constraining IMF, and stronger social protection as an automatic stabilizer of economies.
Student labour and academic proficiency in international perspective
Authors: POST David , PONG Suet‐Ling
Published: June 2009

Based on the 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, the authors find that negative associations between student employment and academic achievement are stronger in some countries than in others – differences likely to result from country‐specific work opportunities and needs. Turning to the 2004 Educational Longitudinal Survey of the United States for causality, they observe a curvilinear association between employment and math proficiency: working up to ten hours per week has a modest positive effect, 10–19 hours has no effect, and 20 hours or more has a substantial negative effect. The possible endogeneity of work‐hours is then tested with instrumental variables.
Technological change and income distribution in Europe
Authors: PERUGINI Cristiano , POMPEI Fabrizio
Published: June 2009

This article provides empirical evidence of the link between technological change and overall income inequality in 14 EU countries. The analysis begins by testing the skill‐biased technological change (SBTC) hypothesis in sectors with different levels of technology intensity. After confirming the skill complementarity of technology and the predominantly skill‐replacing character of investment, the analysis turns to sectoral changes in skilled‐labour demand as a possible determinant of income inequality. It finds a non‐linear relationship between SB TC and inequality in five of the eight sectors considered, suggesting an inverted U‐shaped pattern that can be explained by stages in labour demand and supply adjustments over time.
Transnational collective bargaining in Europe: The case for legislative action at EU level
Authors: Ales Edoardo
Published: June 2009

Since the second half of the 1990s, cross‐sectoral, sectoral and company‐level bargaining has developed into a key movement in transnational industrial relations in the European Union. Originally stimulated by EU institutions, these forms of bargaining have since progressed autonomously. At present, it is difficult to say exactly what effect, if any, they can have on individual working conditions. Based on a 2005 report to the European Commission, this paper argues for EU legislative action to create an optional framework for transnational collective bargaining, in the form of a Council regulation to be adopted under the social and economic cohesion chapters of the EU Treaty.
Core labour standards under the Administration of George W. Bush
Authors: Candland Christopher
Published: June 2009

Outside of the International Labour Organization, the United States uses two main channels to promote labour standards internationally: bilateral or regional trade agreements and “labour diplomacy”. Examining developments in these areas between 2001 and 2008, the author argues that the Bush Administration weakened the United States' capacity to uphold internationally recognized core labour standards. Although it concluded an unprecedented number of free trade agreements, their labour clauses are largely devoid of meaningful enforcement mechanisms – suggesting a closer connection with general foreign policy objectives than with concern for workers' rights. Furthermore, the work of the Federal Advisory Committee on Labor Diplomacy was eventually suspended.
Labour statistics: The boundaries and diversity of work
Authors: Bollé Patrick
Published: June 2009

The 18th International Conference of Labour Statisticians was convened at the end of 2008. Its agenda featured, inter alia, the measurement of working time, child labour, decent work, labour underutilization and volunteer work. Here, the author reports on conceptual and definitional innovations in these areas, especially in regard to the boundaries of the concept of work. One such innovation – particularly useful for the measurement of working time and child labour – is a move to take account of domestic work and volunteer work for households.
Crisis mundial, protección social y empleo
Authors: STIGLITZ Joseph
Published: June 2009

Las políticas adoptadas frente a la crisis financiera mundial que estalló en 2008 promueven casi exclusivamente los intereses nacionales. El proteccionismo y los planes nacionales de salvamento de bancos y de reactivación económica están distorsionando la competencia en detrimento de los países en desarrollo, de la protección social y de la meta de una recuperación rápida. Y tal vez haya una destrucción de empleos excepcional. El autor aboga por que se adopte un plan mundial de reactivación económica. Defiende también una reconsideración de las ideas y reglamentaciones económicas y de la asistencia al mundo en desarrollo, una actitud menos exigente del Fondo Monetario Internacional y el apoyo a la protección social para que actúe como estabilizador.
La «externalización» del derecho del trabajo
Authors: OJEDA AVILÉS Antonio
Published: June 2009

El intenso proceso de reajuste del derecho del trabajo, que durante tres decenios ha parecido a los especialistas que significaba una fragmentación y, peor aún, una disgregación de esta materia en campos cada vez más alejados entre sí, comienza a adquirir un enfoque unitario que podría alcanzar una nueva dimensión estructural en pocos años. El movimiento expansivo le lleva a invadir territorios ajenos que parecen poner enpeligro su identidad y sus fronteras tradicionales, aunque está desembocando en una simbiosis que es fruto de influencias recíprocas. En el presente estudio se analizan seis líneas de expansión observadas en los países europeos y en algunos americanos y asiáticos.
Los estudiantes que trabajan y su rendimiento escolar
Authors: POST David , PONG Suet‐Ling
Published: June 2009

El Estudio Internacional de Tendencias en Matemáticas y Ciencias de 2003 revela que el trabajo del estudiante merma más su rendimiento escolar en unos países que en otros. Es probable que las diferencias se deban a las circunstancias nacionales en cuanto a necesidades y posibilidades de trabajo. Los autores, basándose en una encuesta estadounidense de 2004, confirman que el trabajo influye en el rendimiento en matemáticas: trabajar hasta diez horas por semana tiene consecuencias positivas ligeras, mientras que hacerlo de veinte horas en adelante tiene un efecto negativo considerable. Después someten aprueba laposible endogeneidad de la decisión de trabajar.
La Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación y el régimen sindical argentino
Authors: Goldin Adrián
Published: June 2009

El monopolio sindical establecido por ley en la Argentina ha empezado a quebrarse gracias a un fallo de la Corte Suprema. A juicio de ésta, el sindicato que logra la condición de «más representativo» adquiere un cúmulo excesivo defacultades y privilegios respecto de los demás sindicatos. Ello es contrario al principio de «organización sindical libre y democrática» que se proclama en el artículo 14 bis de la Constitución argentina y a la doctrina de los órganos de control de la OIT. En esta sentencia histórica, la Corte reconoce jerarquía constitucional al Convenio de la OIT sobre la libertad sindical (núm. 87), y deja en claro que rechaza la unidad impuesta por la ley, pero no la decidida libremente por los trabajadores.
Las normas fundamentales del trabajo durante la Administración de George W. Bush
Authors: Candland Christopher
Published: June 2009

Fuera de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, los Estados Unidos se valen sobre todo de dos medios para promover el cumplimiento internacional de las normas del trabajo: los tratados comerciales, sean bilaterales o regionales, y la «diplomacia laboral». En un análisis de lo ocurrido en este ámbito entre 2001 y 2008, el autor sostiene que la Administración de G. W. Bush ha debilitado la capacidad de los Estados Unidos para fomentar las normas fundamentales del trabajo. Aunque el país suscribió en ese período más tratados de libre comercio que nunca, las cláusulas laborales de los mismos carecen de mecanismos de seguimiento y fiscalización verdaderamente eficaces; elloparece indicar que responden más a los objetivos generales de la política exterior que a la defensa de los derechos de los trabajadores. Además, la labor del Consejo Consultivo en Diplomacia Laboral acabó siendo suspendida.
Estadísticas laborales. Fronteras y diversidad del trabajo
Authors: Bollé Patrick
Published: June 2009

La 18.a Conferencia Internacional de Estadísticos del Trabajo, reunida a finales de 2008, estudió los problemas que plantea la medición del tiempo de trabajo, el trabajo infantil, el trabajo decente, el grado de infrautilización de lamano de obra, el trabajo voluntario, etc. El autor analiza las innovaciones aprobadas por los especialistas en el plano de los conceptos y definiciones, sobre todo con respecto a los límites de la propia noción de trabajo. Así, por ejemplo, contabilizar el trabajo no remunerado realizado en el hogar es muy importante para hacer una buena medición del tiempo total que dedica una persona a trabajar y del trabajo infantil.
Prenatal growth, postnatal growth and trait anxiety in late adulthood – the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Lahti J. , Räikkönen K. , Pesonen A.‐K. , Heinonen K. , Kajantie E. , Forsén T. , Osmond C. , Barker D. J. P. , Eriksson J. G.
Published: June 2009

Lahti J, Räikkönen K, Pesonen A‐K, Heinonen K, Kajantie E, Forsén T, Osmond C, Barker DJP, Eriksson JG. Prenatal growth, postnatal growth and trait anxiety in late adulthood – the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study.

Objective:  Trait anxiety may predispose to anxiety disorders and cardiovascular events. We tested whether prenatal growth or postnatal growth from birth to 11 years of age and in adulthood predict trait anxiety in late adulthood.

Method:  Women (n = 951) and men (n = 753) reported trait anxiety using the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale at an average age of 63.4 years and growth was estimated from records.

Results:  Higher trait anxiety was predicted by smaller body size at birth, in infancy and in adulthood. Moreover, faster growth particularly from seven to 11 years of age and slower growth between 11 and 63 years predicted higher trait anxiety.

Conclusion:  We found a pattern of pre‐ and postnatal growth that predisposed to higher trait anxiety in late adulthood. This pattern resembles that found to increase the risk of cardiovascular events and, thus, points to a shared common origin in a suboptimal prenatal and childhood developmental milieu.
Spatial and temporal patterns of seed predation on three tree species in an oak‐pine forest
Authors: Plucinski Karen E. , Hunter Malcolm L.
Published: June 2009

We experimentally examined spatial and temporal patterns of seed predation on three tree species in an oak‐pine forest in southern Maine. USA, Rodents were the principal seed predators. Rates of seed loss varied with tree species and exposure to three different suites of potential seed predators (all vertebrate seed predators, medium‐sized rodents [primarily squirrels] and small rodents [primarily mice and voles]),Acer rubrumseeds were removed more slowly (mean of 17.7% within 2 d across all habitats and treatments in 1991) than seeds of eitherQuereus rubraorPinus strobus(e,g., > 99% removed within 2 d across all habitats and treatments for each species in 1991), Levels of final removal (cumulative removal at final census) varied with year but not with microhabitat; i.e., seed predation in four types of forest gap was not significantly different than in intact forest. Both field data and experimental feeding trials with captivePeromyscus leucopusandClethrionomys gapperisuggest that a significant proportion of while pine seeds is eaten at time of detection, while red oak acorns are more likely to be cached. CaptivePeromyscus leueopuscached and ate significantly more red oak acorns thanClethrionomys gapperi.These results suggest that red oak mast may be more important in overwintering success inFeromyscusthan inClethrionomys.Nevertheless, both species did consume red oak acorns, suggesting that in southern Maine these species are not substantially inhibited by high tannin levels in red oak acorns, as has been suggested by researchers elsewhere.
Endogenous ligands for C‐type lectin receptors: the true regulators of immune homeostasis
Authors: García‐Vallejo Juan J. , Van Kooyk Yvette
Published: June 2009

Summary:  C‐type lectin receptors (CLRs) have long been known as pattern‐recognition receptors implicated in the recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system. However, evidence is accumulating that many CLRs are also able to recognize endogenous ‘self’ ligands and that this recognition event often plays an important role in immune homeostasis. In the present review, we focus on the human and mouse CLRs for which endogenous ligands have been described. Special attention is given to the signaling events initiated upon recognition of the self ligand and the regulation of glycosylation as a switch modulating CLR recognition, and therefore, immune homeostasis.
Conveying glycan information into T‐cell homeostatic programs: a challenging role for galectin‐1 in inflammatory and tumor microenvironments
Authors: Rabinovich Gabriel A. , Ilarregui Juan M.
Published: June 2009

Summary: The immune system has evolved sophisticated mechanisms composed of several checkpoints and fail‐safe processes that enable it to orchestrate innate and adaptive immunity, while at the same time limiting aberrant or unfaithful T‐cell function. These multiple regulatory pathways take place during the entire life‐span of T cells including T‐cell development, homing, activation, and differentiation. Galectin‐1, an endogenous glycan‐binding protein widely expressed at sites of inflammation and tumor growth, controls a diversity of immune cell processes, acting either extracellularly through specific binding to cell surface glycan structures or intracellularly through modulation of pathways that remain largely unexplored. In this review, we highlight the discoveries that have led to our current understanding of the role of galectin‐1 in distinct immune cell process, particularly those associated with T‐cell homeostasis. Also, we emphasize findings emerging from the study of experimental models of autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, fetomaternal tolerance, and tumor growth, which have provided fundamental insights into the critical role of galectin‐1 and its specific saccharide ligands in immunoregulation. Challenges for the future will embrace the rational manipulation of galectin‐1‐glycan interactions both towards attenuating immune responses in autoimmune diseases, graft rejection, and recurrent fetal loss, while at the same overcoming immune tolerance in chronic infections and cancer.
Glycosyltransferase‐programmed stereosubstitution (GPS) to create HCELL: engineering a roadmap for cell migration
Authors: Sackstein Robert
Published: June 2009

Summary:  During evolution of the vertebrate cardiovascular system, the vast endothelial surface area associated with branching vascular networks mandated the development of molecular processes to efficiently and specifically recruit circulating sentinel host defense cells and tissue repair cells at localized sites of inflammation/tissue injury. The forces engendered by high‐velocity blood flow commensurately required the evolution of specialized cell surface molecules capable of mediating shear‐resistant endothelial adhesive interactions, thus literally capturing relevant cells from the blood stream onto the target endothelial surface and permitting subsequent extravasation. The principal effectors of these shear‐resistant binding interactions comprise a family of C‐type lectins known as ‘selectins’ that bind discrete sialofucosylated glycans on their respective ligands. This review explains the ‘intelligent design’ of requisite reagents to convert native CD44 into the sialofucosylated glycoform known as hematopoietic cell E‐/L‐selectin ligand (HCELL), the most potent E‐selectin counter‐receptor expressed on human cells, and will describe how ex vivo glycan engineering of HCELL expression may open the ‘avenues’ for the efficient vascular delivery of cells for a variety of cell therapies.
β‐glucan recognition by the innate immune system
Authors: Goodridge Helen S. , Wolf Andrea J. , Underhill David M.
Published: June 2009

Summary:  β‐glucans are recognized by the innate immune system. This recognition plays important roles in host defense and presents specific opportunities for clinical modulation of the host immune response. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells among others express several receptors capable of recognizing β‐glucan in its various forms. This review explores what is currently known about β‐glucan recognition and how this recognition stimulates immune responses. Special emphasis is placed on Dectin‐1, as we know the most about how this key β‐glucan receptor translates recognition into intracellular signaling, stimulates cellular responses, and participates in orchestrating the adaptive immune response.
T‐cell growth, cell surface organization, and the galectin–glycoprotein lattice
Authors: Grigorian Ani , Torossian Sevan , Demetriou Michael
Published: June 2009

Summary:  Basal, activation, and arrest signaling in T cells determines survival, coordinates responses to pathogens, and, when dysregulated, leads to loss of self‐tolerance and autoimmunity. At the T‐cell surface, transmembrane glycoproteins interact with galectins via their N‐glycans, forming a molecular lattice that regulates membrane localization, clustering, and endocytosis of surface receptors. Galectin–T‐cell receptor (TCR) binding prevents ligand‐independent TCR signaling via Lck by blocking spontaneous clustering and CD4‐Lck recruitment to TCR, and in turn F‐actin transfer of TCR/CD4‐Lck complexes to membrane microdomains. Peptide–major histocompatibility complexes overcome galectin–TCR binding to promote TCR clustering and signaling by Lck at the immune synapse. Galectin also localizes the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 to microdomains and the immune synapse, suppressing basal and activation signaling by Lck. Following activation, membrane turnover increases and galectin binding to cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) enhances surface expression by inhibiting endocytosis, thereby promoting growth arrest. Galectins bind surface glycoproteins in proportion to the branching and number of N‐glycans per protein, the latter an encoded feature of protein sequence. N‐glycan branching is conditional to the activity of Golgi N‐acetylglucosaminyl transferases I, II, IV and V (Mgat1, 2, 4, and 5) and metabolic supply of their donor substrate UDP‐GlcNAc. Genetic and metabolic control of N‐glycan branching co‐regulate homeostatic set‐points for basal, activation, and arrest signaling in T cells and, when disturbed, result in T‐cell hyperactivity and autoimmunity.
PSGL‐1 function in immunity and steady state homeostasis
Authors: Carlow Douglas A. , Gossens Klaus , Naus Silvia , Veerman Krystle M. , Seo Wooseok , Ziltener Hermann J.
Published: June 2009

Summary:  The substantial importance of P‐selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL‐1) in leukocyte trafficking has continued to emerge beyond its initial identification as a selectin ligand. PSGL‐1 seemed to be a relatively simple molecule with an extracellular mucin domain extended as a flexible rod, teleologically consistent with its primary role in tethering leukocytes to endothelial selectins. The rolling interaction between leukocyte and endothelium mediated by this selectin‐PSGL‐1 interaction requires branched O‐glycan extensions on specific PSGL‐1 amino acid residues. In some cells, such as neutrophils, the glycosyltransferases involved in formation of the O‐glycans are constitutively expressed, while in other cells, such as T cells, they are expressed only after appropriate activation. Thus, PSGL‐1 supports leukocyte recruitment in both innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. A complex array of amino acids within the selectins engage multiple sugar residues of the branched O‐glycans on PSGL‐1 and provide the molecular interactions responsible for the velcro‐like catch bonds that support leukocyte rolling. Such binding of PSGL‐1 can also induce signaling events that influence cell phenotype and function. Scrutiny of PSGL‐1 has revealed a better understanding of how it performs as a selectin ligand and yielded unexpected insights that extend its scope from supporting leukocyte rolling in inflammatory settings to homeostasis including stem cell homing to the thymus and mature T‐cell homing to secondary lymphoid organs. PSGL‐1 has been found to bind homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 and to support the chemotactic response to these chemokines. Surprisingly, the O‐glycan modifications of PSGL‐1 that support rolling mediated by selectins in inflammatory conditions interfere with PSGL‐1 binding to homeostatic chemokines and thereby limit responsiveness to the chemotactic cues used in steady state T‐cell traffic. The multi‐level influence of PSGL‐1 on cell traffic in both inflammatory and steady state settings is therefore substantially determined by the orchestrated addition of O‐glycans. However, central as specific O‐glycosylation is to PSGL‐1 function, in vivo regulation of PSGL‐1 glycosylation in T cells remains poorly understood. It is our purpose herein to review what is known, and not known, of PSGL‐1 glycosylation and to update understanding of PSGL‐1 functional scope.
Modulation of host immune responses by helminth glycans
Authors: Harn Donald A. , McDonald Jasmine , Atochina Olga , Da’dara Akram A.
Published: June 2009

Summary:  Parasitic infections regulate/alter host immune responses. Among parasitic infections, helminth infection often leads to systemic immune suppression or anergy. Helminth infection or helminth extracts drive CD4+ T‐helper (Th) cell responses towards Th2 type and activate antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) such that these cells express an anti‐inflammatory phenotype. Among the myriad molecules present on or secreted by helminth parasites, glycans have been shown to be key in inducing Th2‐type and anti‐inflammatory immune responses. The majority of studies on immune modulatory helminth glycans have focused on Lacto‐N‐fucopentaose III and LewisX. When presented as glycol‐conjugates, with multiple copies of the sugars conjugated to a carrier molecule, these compounds activate APCs, inducing an alternative activation pattern, whose phenotypic profile is substantially different than that seen using pro‐inflammatory activators such as lipopolysaccharide. Though the mechanism of APC activation by LNFPIII/LewisX glycoconjugates has not been fully elucidated, it involves C‐type lectin ligation on the surface of APCs, with subsequent antagonism of Toll‐like receptor signaling. In this article, we discuss the APC surface receptors known to play roles in LNFPIII/LewisX induced alternative activation of APCs. We also discuss what is currently known regarding downstream signaling pathways, closing with a discussion of future research directions for this field of investigation including the potential use of immune modulatory glycans as vaccine adjuvants and anti‐inflammatory therapeutics.
CD22 and Siglec‐G: B‐cell inhibitory receptors with distinct functions
Authors: Nitschke Lars
Published: June 2009

Summary:  Siglecs (sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectins) are sialic acid‐binding proteins, which are expressed on many cell types of the immune system. B cells express two members of the Siglec family, CD22 (Siglec‐2) and Siglec‐G, both of which have been shown to inhibit B‐cell signaling. CD22 recruits the tyrosine phosphatase Src homology 2 domain‐containing phosphatase 1 (SHP‐1) to immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) and inhibits B‐cell receptor (BCR)‐induced Ca2+ signaling on normal B cells. CD22 interacts specifically with ligands carrying α2–6‐linked sialic acids. Interaction with these ligands in cis regulates the association of CD22 with the BCR and thereby modulates the inhibitory function of CD22. Interaction of CD22 to ligands in trans can regulate both B‐cell migration as well as the BCR signaling threshold. Siglec‐G is a recently identified protein with an inhibitory function restricted to a B‐cell subset, the B1 cells. Siglec‐G inhibits Ca2+ signaling specifically in these cells. In addition, it controls the cellular expansion and antibody secretion of B1 cells. Thus, both Siglecs modulate BCR signaling on different B‐cell populations in a mutually exclusive fashion.