bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Underutilized Green Banana (Musa acuminata AAA) Flours to Develop Fiber Enriched Frankfurter-Type Sausages
Authors: Salazar Diego , Arancibia Mirari , Calderón Lenin , López-Caballero María Elvira , Montero María Pilar
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to develop a fiber-enriched Frankfurter-type sausage by incorporating underutilized green banana flours as a meat extender, replacing wheat flour with banana flours (8%). A low-fat formulation substituting 12% pork fat with 24% banana peel flour was also studied. Sausages were stored at 4 °C/15 days. Cooking loss was low (5.6–4.1%) in all formulations and the substitution of wheat flour with banana flour did not modify moisture and protein composition, while carbohydrate, fiber, and ashes varied with the flour composition. In the low-fat sausages, fiber carbohydrate and ashes increased the most. Texture and color parameters were very similar for high-fat sausages throughout storage, although low-fat sausage showed higher hardness, while chewiness, L*, and whiteness tended to decrease. During the first week of storage, the microbial growth was scarce and then, an increase, except in the low-fat batch, in which growth remained constant. Enterobacteria and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected during storage. Sensory attributes throughout storage were very similar for all high-fat sausages; the odor in the formulations was defined as “different” but not unpleasant. The low-fat sausages, defined as a new product different from conventional sausages, were well accepted by the panelist. Banana flours are a suitable ingredient option to add nutritional value to Frankfurter-type sausages, which can be consumed by the wheat allergic population.
Metal Contents in Fish from the Bay of Bengal and Potential Consumer Exposure—The EAF-Nansen Programme
Authors: Moxness Reksten Amalie , Rahman Zillur , Kjellevold Marian , Garrido Gamarro Esther , Thilsted Shakuntala H. , Pincus Lauren M. , Aakre Inger , Ryder John , Ariyawansa Sujeewa , Nordhagen Anna , Lundebye Anne-Katrine
Published: May 2021

Fish represent an important part of the Sri Lankan and Bangladeshi diet. However, fish is also a source of contaminants that may constitute a health risk to consumers. The aim of this study was to analyse the contents of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in 24 commonly consumed marine fish species from the Bay of Bengal and to assess the potential health risk associated with their consumption. Mercury and lead contents did not exceed the maximum limits for any of the sampled species, and consumer exposure from estimated daily consumption was assessed to be minimal for adults and children. Numerous samples exceeded the maximum limit for cadmium (58%), particularly those of small size (≤25 cm). However, consumer exposure was insignificant, and health assessment showed no risk connected to consumption. These data represent an important contribution to future risk/benefit assessments related to the consumption of fish.
Lipoxygenase in Wheat: Genetic Control and Impact on Stability of Lutein and Lutein Esters
Authors: Mares Daryl J. , Cheong Judy , Goonetilleke Shashi N. , Mather Diane E.
Published: May 2021

Preservation of lutein concentrations in wheat-based end-products during processing is important both for product quality and nutritional value. A key constituent involved in lutein degradation is endogenous lipoxygenase. Lutein and lutein ester concentrations were compared at intervals during storage of noodle sheets prepared from flour of wheat varieties representing a range in lipoxygenase activity, as well as in different mill streams and in different grain tissues. Higher lipoxygenase concentration was associated with an increased loss of free lutein and lutein mono-esters whereas lutein diesters appeared to be more resistant to degradation. Lutein degradation was reduced in the presence of a lipoxygenase inhibitor, when noodle sheets were heated to destroy enzyme activity or when pH was increased. In addition, three populations were used to investigate the genetic control of lipoxygenase. A previously reported mutation of Lpx-B1.1 was associated with a reduction in activity from high to intermediate whilst a new locus on chromosome 4D was associated with variation between intermediate and near-zero. The gene underlying the 4D locus is a putative lipoxygenase. Stability of lutein could be improved by deployment of the mutations at the 4B and 4D loci and/or by post-harvest storage of grain under conditions that promote esterification.
Status of Mean Sea Level Rise around the USA (2020)
Authors: Watson Phil J.
Published: May 2021

The potential threats to the USA from current and projected sea level rise are significant, with profound environmental, social and economic consequences. This current study continues the refinement and improvement in analysis techniques for sea level research beyond the Fourth US National Climate Assessment (NCA4) report by incorporating further advancements in the time series analysis of long tide gauge records integrated with an improved vertical land motion (VLM) assessment. This analysis has also been synthesised with an updated regional assessment of satellite altimetry trends in the sea margins fringing the USA. Coastal margins more vulnerable to the threats posed by rising sea levels are those in which subsidence is prevalent, higher satellite altimetry trends are evident and higher ‘geocentric’ velocities in mean sea level are being observed. The evidence from this study highlights key spatial features emerging in 2020, which highlight the northern foreshore of the Gulf Coast and along the east coast of the USA south of the Chesapeake Bay region being more exposed to the range of factors exacerbating threats from sea level rise than other coastlines at present. The findings in this study complement and extend sea level research beyond NCA4 to 2020.
A Review on Historical Tsunamis in the Canary Islands: Implications for Tsunami Risk Reduction
Authors: Galindo Inés , Romero Carmen , Martín-González Esther , Vegas Juana , Sánchez Nieves
Published: May 2021

The analysis of the historical documentary sources together with evidence from the geological record is essential to understand the impact and processes triggered by tsunamis on the Canary Islands. This archipelago has been affected by tsunamis caused by different geological processes, of which the most studied have been those generated by prehistoric mega-landslides. However, there is also evidence of those produced by distant tsunamigenic sources. An exhaustive review of all documentation available was made, identifying the existence of at least four seismically triggered tsunami episodes (1755, 1761, 1941 and 1969), the majority with an epicenter in the Azores-Gibraltar boundary. In this work, several tsunamis are cited for the first time, such as the one produced by the Argaga (La Gomera) landslide in 2020. Other episodes historically identified as tsunamis are discarded as they corresponded to other geological events. The effects of most historic tsunamis have gone unnoticed, having occurred in epochs of sparsely populated coastal areas. But their study allows us to infer the need for the archipelago authorities to establish preventive measures to avoid possible damage from tsunamis, especially if we consider the presently high population density of the Canarian littoral.
Review of Recent Developments and Understanding of Atterberg Limits Determinations
Authors: O’Kelly Brendan C.
Published: May 2021

Among the most commonly specified tests in the geotechnical engineering industry, the liquid limit and plastic limit tests are principally used for (i) deducing useful design parameter values from existing correlations with these consistency limits and (ii) for classifying fine-grained soils, typically employing the Casagrande-style plasticity chart. This updated state-of-the-art review paper gives a comprehensive presentation of salient latest research and understanding of soil consistency limits determinations/measurement, elaborating concisely on the many standardized and proposed experimental testing approaches, their various fundamental aspects and possibly pitfalls, as well as some very recent alternative proposals for consistency limits determinations. Specific attention is given to fall cone testing methods advocated (but totally unsuitable) for plastic limit determination; that is, the water content at the plastic–brittle transition point, as defined using the hand rolling of threads method. A framework (utilizing strength-based fall cone-derived parameters) appropriate for correlating shear strength variation with water content over the conventional plastic range is presented. This paper then describes two new fine-grained soil classification system advancements (charts) that do not rely on the thread-rolling plastic limit test, known to have high operator variability, and concludes by discussing alternative and emerging proposals for consistency limits determinations and fine-grained soil classification.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Acupoints on Motor and Neural Recovery of the Affected Upper Extremity in Chronic Stroke: A Sham-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: M. Alwhaibi Reem , Mahmoud Noha F. , M. Zakaria Hoda , M. Ragab Walaa , Al Awaji Nisreen N. , Y. Elzanaty Mahmoud , R. Elserougy Hager
Published: May 2021

Inability to use the affected upper extremity (UE) in daily activities is a common complaint in stroke patients. The somatosensory system (central and peripheral) is essential for brain reorganization and plasticity. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is considered an effective modality for improving UE function in stroke patients. The aim of the current study was to determine the therapeutic effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) acupoints on cortical activity and the motor function of the affected UE in chronic stroke patients. Forty male and female patients diagnosed with stroke agreed to join the study. They were randomly assigned to group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). G1 received task-specific training (TST) and sham electrical stimulation while G2 received TST in addition to TENS acupoints. Session duration was 80 min. Both groups received 18 sessions for 6 successive weeks, 3 sessions per week. Evaluation was carried out before and after completion of the treatment program. Outcome measures used were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the upper extremity (FMA-UE) and the box and block test (BBT) as measures of the motor function of the affected UE. Brain activity of the motor area (C3) in the ipsilesional hemisphere was measured using a quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG). The measured parameter was peak frequency. It was noted that the motor function of the affected UE improved significantly post-treatment in both groups, while no significant change was reported in the FMA-UE and BBT scores post-treatment in either G1 or G2. On the other hand, the activity of the motor area C3 improved significantly in G2 only, post-treatment, while G1 showed no significant improvement. There was also significant improvement in the activity of the motor area (C3) in G2 compared to G1 post-treatment. The results of the current study indicate that TST only or combined with TENS acupoints can be considered an effective method for improving motor function of the affected UE in chronic stroke patients, both being equally effective. However, TST combined with TENS acupoints proved better in improving brain plasticity in chronic stroke patients.
COVID-19 Vaccinated Individuals Can Be a Source of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission—A Systematic Review
Authors: Kampf Günter
Published: May 2021

Fundamental rights are probably given back earlier to COVID-19 vaccinated individuals assuming that they cannot spread SARS-CoV-2 anymore. The objective of the study was to determine if COVID-19 vaccinated individuals can still be the source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. PubMed was searched for studies on 4 April 2021. All studies with original data on COVID-19 cases among vaccinated individuals (phase III RCTs) and on viral load in the upper respiratory tract of vaccinated macaques after a SARS-CoV-2 challenge were included. Symptomatic COVID-19 cases were found in four trials among vaccinated participants although less frequently than among control subjects. One study revealed asymptomatic COVID-19 cases in a similar frequency among 2.168 AZD1222-vaccinated subjects (1.0%) compared to 2.223 control subjects (1.0%). In 15 studies with vaccinated macaques, it was found that the load of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, subgenomic RNA and infectious virus in the upper respiratory tract is variable. Sterilizing immunity was found in none of the animal studies. Major limitations of the animal studies are that the SARS-CoV-2 challenge took place within a few weeks of the final or only vaccine dose, that the viral challenge was often high and, in some studies, administered by up to four routes. Based on current knowledge it seems clear that COVID-19 vaccinated individuals can still be the source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
A Randomized Trial of Tai Chi on Preventing Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients
Authors: Wen Jiansheng , Su Min
Published: May 2021

In our randomized controlled trial, we investigated whether Wu-style Tai Chi (Tai Chi combined with Daoyin) as a potential exercise prescription is more effective than simplified Tai Chi in the prevention and treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia in the middle-aged and elderly. We randomly assigned 66 patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia to one of the two groups: the Wu-style Tai Chi group or the simplified Tai Chi group; the simplified Tai Chi group only exercised simplified Tai Chi three times a week for 6 weeks. The Wu-style Tai Chi group participated in 60 min of Wu-style Tai Chi three times a week for 6 weeks. Serum biochemical tests were conducted at baseline and at the end of the study. Measurements of blood pressure were performed at the same time. Primary outcomes were compared within and between groups at baseline and at 6 weeks. The participants in the Wu-style Tai Chi group performed, at 6 weeks, significantly better than baseline on all of the primary outcomes (p value ≤ 0.05). The results also show significant difference within the simplified Tai Chi group from baseline to 6 weeks in TCHO (mmol/L), SBP (mmHg), and LDL-C (mmol/L) (p value < 0.05). From baseline to 6 weeks, the Wu-style Tai Chi group had significant differences at more test indexes in serum and blood pressure than the simplified Tai Chi group. At 6 weeks, the Wu-style Tai Chi group had a significantly greater mean improvement in the SBP (mmHg) than did the simplified Tai Chi group (mean between-group difference, −5.80 (mmHg) [95% CI, −14.01 to 2.41]; p = 0.007). The results showed that, compared with simplified Tai Chi, Wu-style Tai Chi had a better effect on hypertension in the middle-aged and elderly. At 6 weeks in LDL-C (mmol/L), the Wu-style Tai Chi group had significantly greater improvement between the two groups (means between-group difference, −0.45 (mmol/L) [95% CI, −0.89 to −0.17]; p = 0.03). The results showed that Wu-style Tai Chi protected the cardiovascular system of the middle-aged and elderly in improving LDL-C (mmol/L), and was more significant than simplified Tai Chi. After 6 weeks of exercise, Wu-style Tai Chi could effectively improve hyperlipidemia and hypertension. The total effective rate of cardiovascular disease was 90.00%. There was significant difference in the treatment effect of hypertension and hyperlipidemia between the two groups during 6 weeks (p = 0.039), showing that, in a small population of middle-aged and elderly subjects, Wu style Tai Chi could be useful in managing important CV risk factors, such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
Development of an Integrated BIM-3D GIS Approach for 3D Cadastre in Morocco
Authors: Hajji Rafika , Yaagoubi Reda , Meliana Imane , Laafou Imane , Gholabzouri Ahmed El
Published: May 2021

With rapid population growth, there is an increasing demand for vertical use of space. The wide spread of complex and high-rise buildings, as well as the increasing number of infrastructure above or underground, requires new methods for efficient management of land property. 3D cadastre has, thus, become a necessity for land administration. However, the success of 3D cadastral systems relies on the definition of legal and institutional frameworks and requires implementing performant technical solutions. The potential of BIM and 3D GIS in this field has been demonstrated by several authors. However, cadastral development is strongly related to the national context of each country in terms of laws, institutions, etc. In this paper, an integrated approach based on BIM and 3D GIS for the implementation of a 3D cadastre in Morocco is presented. This approach demonstrates the relevance of such integration for the efficient management of cadastral information. First, a Conceptual Data Model (CDM) based on an extension of CityGML, was proposed for the management of cadastral information in Morocco. Then, a BIM modeling process was developed according to the model’s specifications and then translated to CityGML format. After that, a 3D Geodatabase was implemented in ArcGIS based on the proposed CDM. Our method was applied to a case of co-ownership building, showing several difficulties and limits in terms of 2D representation. The results show several advantages in terms of representation and management of 3D cadastral objects. In addition, some improvements are proposed to extend the concept of co-owner share to a volumetric calculation.
Genotype and Trait Specific Responses to Rapamycin Intake in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Rohde Palle Duun , Bøcker Asbjørn , Jensen Caroline Amalie Bastholm , Bergstrøm Anne Louise , Madsen Morten Ib Juul , Christensen Sandra Læsø , Villadsen Steffan Balling , Kristensen Torsten Nygaard
Published: May 2021

Rapamycin is a powerful inhibitor of the TOR (Target of Rapamycin) pathway, which is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase, that plays a central role in plants and animals. Rapamycin is used globally as an immunosuppressant and as an anti-aging medicine. Despite widespread use, treatment efficiency varies considerably across patients, and little is known about potential side effects. Here we seek to investigate the effects of rapamycin by using Drosophila melanogaster as model system. Six isogenic D. melanogaster lines were assessed for their fecundity, male longevity and male heat stress tolerance with or without rapamycin treatment. The results showed increased longevity and heat stress tolerance for male flies treated with rapamycin. Conversely, the fecundity of rapamycin-exposed individuals was lower than for flies from the non-treated group, suggesting unwanted side effects of the drug in D. melanogaster. We found strong evidence for genotype-by-treatment interactions suggesting that a ‘one size fits all’ approach when it comes to treatment with rapamycin is not recommendable. The beneficial responses to rapamycin exposure for stress tolerance and longevity are in agreement with previous findings, however, the unexpected effects on reproduction are worrying and need further investigation and question common believes that rapamycin constitutes a harmless drug.
Osteoglycin as a Potential Biomarker of Mild Kidney Function Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Authors: González-Salvatierra Sheila , García-Fontana Cristina , Andújar-Vera Francisco , Grau-Perales Alejandro Borja , Martínez-Heredia Luis , Avilés-Pérez María Dolores , Hayón-Ponce María , Iglesias-Baena Iván , Riquelme-Gallego Blanca , Muñoz-Torres Manuel , García-Fontana Beatriz
Published: May 2021

Osteoglycin (OGN) could be a biomarker of mild kidney function impairment in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our study aimed to determine the association between serum OGN and impaired kidney function risk in T2D patients and to analyze its potential role as an estimator of kidney disturbances in this population. This cross-sectional study included 147 T2D patients (65 ± 8 years, 58.5% males), and 75 healthy controls (63 ± 10 years, 36% males). Circulating OGN levels were determined by ELISA. Linear regression modeling was performed to determine the variables influencing circulating OGN, and an ROC curve was plotted to assess the usefulness of OGN as an estimator of diabetic kidney disease risk. Circulating OGN was significantly increased in T2D patients compared to controls (18.41 (14.45–23.27) ng/mL vs. 8.74 (7.03–12.35) ng/mL; p < 0.001). We found a progressive increase in serum OGN according to the severity of kidney impairment in T2D patients (normal kidney function: 16.14 (12.13–20.48) ng/mL; mildly impaired kidney function: 19.15 (15.78–25.90) ng/mL; moderate impaired kidney function: 21.80 (15.06–29.22) ng/mL; p = 0.006). Circulating OGN was an independent estimator of mildly impaired kidney function risk in T2D patients. We suggest that serum OGN could act as an albuminuria-independent biomarker of incipient kidney dysfunction in T2D patients.
Left Ventricle Phenotyping Utilizing Tissue Doppler Imaging in Premature Infants with Varying Severity of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Torres Eunice , Levy Philip T. , El-Khuffash Afif , Gu Hongjie , Hamvas Aaron , Singh Gautam K.
Published: May 2021

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is characterized by alveolar-capillary simplification and is associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH) in preterm infants. The contribution of left ventricle (LV) disease towards this severe BPD-PH phenotype is not well established. We aimed to describe the longitudinal trajectory of the LV function as measured by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and its association with BPD-PH. We retrospectively assessed prospectively acquired clinical and echocardiographic data from 77 preterm infants born between 2011 and 2013. We characterized the LV function by measuring systolic and diastolic myocardial velocities (s’, e’, a’), isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), and myocardial performance index with TDI at three time periods from 32 and 36 weeks, postmenstrual age through one year of age. We also measured post systolic motion (PSM), a marker of myocardial dysfunction that results from asynchronous movement of the ventricular walls, and not previously described in preterm infants. Patients were stratified into groups according to BPD severity and the presence of PH and compared over time. Conventional TDI measures of the LV function were similar between groups, but the septal PSM was significantly prolonged over the first year of age in patients with BPD-PH. PSM provides a novel objective way to assess the hemodynamic impact of lung and pulmonary vascular disease severity on LV function in preterm infants with BPD and PH.
Autologous Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells for Limb Salvage in Diabetic Foot Patients with No-Option Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Scatena Alessia , Petruzzi Pasquale , Maioli Filippo , Lucaroni Francesca , Ambrosone Cristina , Ventoruzzo Giorgio , Liistro Francesco , Tacconi Danilo , Di Filippi Marianna , Attempati Nico , Palombi Leonardo , Ercolini Leonardo , Bolognese Leonardo
Published: May 2021

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) are reported to prevent major amputation and healing in no-option critical limb ischemia (NO-CLI). The aim of this study is to evaluate PBMNC treatment in comparison to standard treatment in NO-CLI patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). The study included 76 NO-CLI patients admitted to our centers because of CLI with DFUs. All patients were treated with the same standard care (control group), but 38 patients were also treated with autologous PBMNC implants. Major amputations, overall mortality, and number of healed patients were evaluated as the primary endpoint. Only 4 out 38 amputations (10.5%) were observed in the PBMNC group, while 15 out of 38 amputations (39.5%) were recorded in the control group (p = 0.0037). The Kaplan–Meier curves and the log-rank test results showed a significantly lower amputation rate in the PBMNCs group vs. the control group (p = 0.000). At two years follow-up, nearly 80% of the PBMNCs group was still alive vs. only 20% of the control group (p = 0.000). In the PBMNC group, 33 patients healed (86.6%) while only one patient healed in the control group (p = 0.000). PBMNCs showed a positive clinical outcome at two years follow-up in patients with DFUs and NO-CLI, significantly reducing the amputation rate and improving survival and wound healing. According to our study results, intramuscular and peri-lesional injection of autologous PBMNCs could prevent amputations in NO-CLI diabetic patients.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Integrative Psychotherapeutic Group Treatment Compared to Self-Help Groups in Functional Vertigo/Dizziness
Authors: Limburg Karina , Radziej Katharina , Sattel Heribert , Henningsen Peter , Dieterich Marianne , Probst Thomas , Dale Rachel , Lahmann Claas
Published: May 2021

We tested the efficacy of an integrative psychotherapeutic group treatment (IPGT) in reducing vertigo/dizziness-related impairment along with depression, anxiety, and somatization by conducting a randomized controlled superiority trial comparing IPGT to self-help groups moderated by a clinical psychologist (SHG). Adult patients with functional vertigo and dizziness symptoms were randomly allocated to either the IPGT or SHG as active control group. Outcomes were assessed at baseline (t0), after treatment lasting 16 weeks (t1), and 12 months after treatment (t2). A total of 81 patients were assigned to IPGT and 78 patients were assigned to SHG. Vertigo-related impairment was reduced in both conditions (IPGT: t0–t1: d = 1.10, t0–t2: d = 1.06; SHG: t0–t1: d = 0.86, t0–t2: d = 1.29), showing the efficiency of both IPGT and SHG. Clinically relevant improvements were also obtained for depression in both groups. Linear mixed model analyses revealed no differences between groups for all outcomes (effect of group for the primary outcome: b = −1.15, SE = 2.13, t = −0.54, p = 0.59). Attrition rates were higher in SHG (52.6%) than in IPGT (28.4%). Both conditions improved primary and secondary outcomes while IPGT was better accepted by patients than SHG. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02320851.
Secondary Sutureless Posterior Chamber Lens Implantation with Two Specifically Designed IOLs: Iris Claw Lens versus Sutureless Trans-Scleral Plugs Fixated Lens
Authors: Seknazi Daniel , Colantuono Donato , Tahiri Rachid , Amoroso Francesca , Miere Alexandra , Souied Eric H.
Published: May 2021

Background. The management of patients with aphakia and/or lack of capsular support remains debated. The sutureless posterior chamber IOL (PCIOL) fixation is a very useful surgical option. The purpose of the study was to compare the early outcomes as well as post-operative best corrected visual acuity, refractive errors and complications of two different techniques of sutureless PCIOL secondary implantation. Methods. Patients who underwent secondary implantation from December 2019 to January 2021 in the Department of Ophthalmology of Creteil Hospital, and in the Granville Ophthalmology Center, were retrospectively included. Eyes implanted with the iris claw lens (Artisan Aphakia IOL model 205, Ophtec BV, Groningen, The Netherlands) were included in group 1, and eyes implanted with a newly developed sutureless trans-scleral plugs fixated lens (STSPFL, Carlevale lens, Soleko, Pontecorvo, Italy) were included in group 2. Results. Twenty-two eyes of 22 patients were enrolled in group 1, and twenty eyes of 20 patients in group 2. No difference was found in visual acuity between two groups (0.35 +/− 0.29 logmar for group 1 and 0.23 +/− 0.51 logmar for group 2) (p = 0.15) at mean post-operative follow up (6.19 +/− 3.44 months for group 1 and 6.42 +/− 3.96 months for group 2) (p = 0.13). Both the mean refractive error (MRE) and induced astigmatism (IA) were greater in group 1 compared to group 2, respectively: the MRE was 0.99 +/− 0.57 vs. 0.46 +/− 0.36 (p < 0.01), and IA was 1.72 +/− 0.96 vs. 0.72 +/− 0.52 (p < 0.01). Conclusions. No significant differences in terms of the recovery of visual acuity were found between the two groups. Group 2 (STPFL) gives better results in our sample due to less post-operative induced astigmatism and less refractive error.
TRAP5b and RANKL/OPG Predict Bone Pathology in Patients with Gaucher Disease
Authors: Ivanova Margarita , Dao Julia , Noll Lauren , Fikry Jacqueline , Goker-Alpan Ozlem
Published: May 2021

Background and objective: Bone involvement occurs in 75% of patients with Gaucher disease (GD), and comprises structural changes, debilitating pain, and bone density abnormalities. Osteoporosis is a silent manifestation of GD until a pathologic fracture occurs. Thus, early diagnosis is crucial for identifying high-risk patients in order to prevent irreversible complications. Methods: Thirty-three patients with GD were assessed prospectively to identify predictive markers associated with bone density abnormalities, osteopenia (OSN), and osteoporosis (OSR). Subjects were categorized into three cohorts based on T- or Z-scores of bone mineral density (BMD). The first GD cohort consisted of those with no bone complications (Z-score ≥ −0.9; T-scores ≥ −1), the second was the OSN group (−1.8 ≥ Z-score ≥ −1; −2.5 ≥ T-score ≥ −1), and the third was the OSR group (Z-score ≤ −1.9; T-scores ≤ −2.5). Serum levels of TRAP5b, RANKL, OPG, and RANK were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: TRAP5b levels were increased in GD patients, and showed a positive correlation with GD biomarkers, including plasma glucosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb1) and macrophage activation markers CCL18 and chitotriosidase. The highest level of TRAP5b was measured in patients with osteoporosis. The elevation of RANKL and RANKL/OPG ratio correlated with osteopenia in GD. Conclusion: TRAP5b, RANKL, and RANKL/OPG elevation indicate osteoclast activation in GD. TRAP5b is a potential bone biomarker for GD with the ability to predict the progression of bone density abnormalities.
Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Common Hypertriglyceridemia Genetic Variants in Patients with Systemic Erythematosus Lupus
Authors: Fanlo-Maresma Marta , Candás-Estébanez Beatriz , Esteve-Luque Virginia , Padró-Miquel Ariadna , Escrihuela-Vidal Francesc , Carratini-Moraes Monica , Corbella Emili , Corbella Xavier , Pintó Xavier
Published: May 2021

SLE is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis to analyze its relationship with dyslipidemia and related genetic factors in a population of patients with SLE. Seventy-one SLE female patients were recruited. Carotid ultrasound, laboratory profiles, and genetic analysis of the ZPR1, APOA5, and GCKR genes were performed. SLE patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of carotid plaques. Patients with carotid plaque had higher plasma TG (1.5 vs. 0.9 mmol/L, p = 0.001), Non-HDL-C (3.5 vs. 3.1 mmol/L, p = 0.025), and apoB concentrations (1.0 vs. 0.9 g/L, p = 0.010) and a higher prevalence of hypertension (80 vs. 37.5%, p = 0.003) than patients without carotid plaque. The GCKR C-allele was present in 83.3% and 16.7% (p = 0.047) of patients with and without carotid plaque, respectively. The GCKR CC genotype (OR = 0.026; 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.473, p = 0.014), an increase of 1 mmol/L in TG concentrations (OR = 12.550; 95% CI: 1.703 to 92.475, p = 0.013) and to be hypertensive (OR = 9.691; 95% CI: 1.703 to 84.874, p = 0.040) were independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis. In summary, plasma TG concentrations, CGKR CC homozygosity, and hypertension are independent predictors of carotid atherosclerosis in women with SLE.
Ras, TrkB, and ShcA Protein Expression Patterns in Pediatric Brain Tumors
Authors: Prill Monika , Karkucinska-Wieckowska Agnieszka , Lebiedzinska-Arciszewska Magdalena , Morciano Giampaolo , Charzynska Agata , Dabrowski Michal , Pronicki Maciej , Pinton Paolo , Grajkowska Wieslawa , Wieckowski Mariusz R.
Published: May 2021

Numerous papers have reported altered expression patterns of Ras and/or ShcA proteins in different types of cancers. Their level can be potentially associated with oncogenic processes. We analyzed samples of pediatric brain tumors reflecting different groups such as choroid plexus tumors, diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors, embryonal tumors, ependymal tumors, and other astrocytic tumors as well as tumor malignancy grade, in order to characterize the expression profile of Ras, TrkB, and three isoforms of ShcA, namely, p66Shc, p52Shc, and p46Shc proteins. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the potential correlation between the type of pediatric brain tumors, tumor malignancy grade, and the expression patterns of the investigated proteins.
An Automatic Offset Calibration Method for Differential Charge-Based Capacitance Measurement
Authors: Ferlito Umberto , Grasso Alfio Dario , Vaiana Michele , Bruno Giuseppe
Published: May 2021

Charge-Based Capacitance Measurement (CBCM) technique is a simple but effective technique for measuring capacitance values down to the attofarad level. However, when adopted for fully on-chip implementation, this technique suffers output offset caused by mismatches and process variations. This paper introduces a novel method that compensates the offset of a fully integrated differential CBCM electronic front-end. After a detailed theoretical analysis of the differential CBCM topology, we present and discuss a modified architecture that compensates mismatches and increases robustness against mismatches and process variations. The proposed circuit has been simulated using a standard 130-nm technology and shows a sensitivity of 1.3 mV/aF and a 20× reduction of the standard deviation of the differential output voltage as compared to the traditional solution.
Latitudinal Differentiation among Modern Planktonic Foraminiferal Populations of Central Mediterranean: Species–Specific Distribution Patterns and Size Variability
Authors: Kontakiotis George , Efstathiou Eirini , Zarkogiannis Stergios , Besiou Evangelia , Antonarakou Assimina
Published: May 2021

Studies of the spatial distribution and size of modern planktonic foraminifera are still lacking in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, 17 core-top sediments collected from a north-south transect along the central Mediterranean have been analyzed for planktonic foraminiferal content, in terms of their distributional pattern and intraspecific size variability. Among the analyzed planktonic foraminiferal species, Globigerina bulloides and Globigerinoides ruber (w) were the most abundant, presenting an antagonistic behavior and an overall decreasing trend in their average size values from Adriatic to Ionian sub-basins. Intraspecific differences have been also documented for G. ruber (w), with the dominant sensu stricto morphotype to present generally higher frequencies and more constant shell sizes than sensu lato. The greater size variability of the latter is possibly related to its adaptation in particular hydrographic conditions based on its depth habitat preference and ecological characteristics to reach the (sub)optimum growth conditions. The rest of the species occur in minor percentages and show on average 11% increase with decreasing latitude characterized by distinct species-specific size variations along the transect. Our results show that the relationship between planktonic foraminifera shell size and abundance or sea surface temperature are either absent or weaker than previously reported for other regions and that in central Mediterranean assemblages’ size may be mainly related to nutrient availability. Besides the environmental parameters (sea surface temperature, primary productivity, water depth, stratification), the possible hidden cryptic diversity, still lingers to be consistently determined, could give a better understanding of the geographic and morphological differentiation within the Mediterranean planktonic populations.
A Comparison, Validation, and Evaluation of the S-world Global Soil Property Database
Authors: Stoorvogel Jetse J. , Mulder Vera L.
Published: May 2021

Despite the increased usage of global soil property maps, a proper review of the maps rarely takes place. This study aims to explore the options for such a review with an application for the S-World global soil property database. Global soil organic carbon (SOC) and clay content maps from S-World were studied at two spatial resolutions in three steps. First, a comparative analysis with an ensemble of seven datasets derived from five other global soil databases was done. Second, a validation of S-World was done with independent soil observations from the WoSIS soil profile database. Third, a methodological evaluation of S-world took place by looking at the variation of soil properties per soil type and short distance variability. In the comparative analysis, S-World and the ensemble of other maps show similar spatial patterns. However, the ensemble locally shows large discrepancies (e.g., in boreal regions where typically SOC contents are high and the sampling density is low). Overall, the results show that S-World is not deviating strongly from the model ensemble (91% of the area falls within a 1.5% SOC range in the topsoil). The validation with the WoSIS database showed that S-World was able to capture a large part of the variation (with, e.g., a root mean square difference of 1.7% for SOC in the topsoil and a mean difference of 1.2%). Finally, the methodological evaluation revealed that estimates of the ranges of soil properties for the different soil types can be improved by using the larger WoSIS database. It is concluded that the review through the comparison, validation, and evaluation provides a good overview of the strengths and the weaknesses of S-World. The three approaches to review the database each provide specific insights regarding the quality of the database. Specific evaluation criteria for an application will determine whether S-World is a suitable soil database for use in global environmental studies.
The Impact of the Church–State Model for an Effective Guarantee of Religious Freedom: A Study of the Peruvian Experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Mosquera Susana
Published: May 2021

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments established important restrictions on religious freedom. Due to a restrictive interpretation of the right to religious freedom, religion was placed in the category of “non-essential activity” and was, therefore, unprotected. Within this framework, this paper tries to offer a reflection on the relevance of the dual nature of religious freedom as an individual and collective right, since the current crisis has made it clear that the individual dimension of religious freedom is vulnerable when the legal model does not offer an adequate institutional guarantee to the collective dimension of religious freedom.
An Adaptive RBF-NMPC Architecture for Trajectory Tracking Control of Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Chu Zhenzhong , Wang Da , Meng Fei
Published: May 2021

An adaptive control algorithm based on the RBF neural network (RBFNN) and nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is discussed for underwater vehicle trajectory tracking control. Firstly, in the off-line phase, the improved adaptive Levenberg–Marquardt-error surface compensation (IALM-ESC) algorithm is used to establish the RBFNN prediction model. In the real-time control phase, using the characteristic that the system output will change with the external environment interference, the network parameters are adjusted by using the error between the system output and the network prediction output to adapt to the complex and uncertain working environment. This provides an accurate and real-time prediction model for model predictive control (MPC). For optimization, an improved adaptive gray wolf optimization (AGWO) algorithm is proposed to obtain the trajectory tracking control law. Finally, the tracking control performance of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulation. The simulation results show that the proposed RBF-NMPC can not only achieve the same level of real-time performance as the linear model predictive control (LMPC) but also has a superior anti-interference ability. Compared with LMPC, the tracking performance of RBF-NMPC is improved by at least 43% and 25% in the case of no interference and interference, respectively.
Existence and Symmetry of Solutions for a Class of Fractional Schrödinger–Poisson Systems
Authors: Yun Yongzhen , An Tianqing , Ye Guoju
Published: May 2021

In this paper, we investigate a class of Schrödinger–Poisson systems with critical growth. By the principle of concentration compactness and variational methods, we prove that the system has radially symmetric solutions, which improve the related results on this topic.
Inequalities on the Generalized ABC Index
Authors: Bosch Paul , Molina Edil D. , Rodríguez José M. , Sigarreta José M.
Published: May 2021

In this work, we obtained new results relating the generalized atom-bond connectivity index with the general Randić index. Some of these inequalities for ABCα improved, when α=1/2, known results on the ABC index. Moreover, in order to obtain our results, we proved a kind of converse Hölder inequality, which is interesting on its own.
Short-Term Interest Rate Estimation by Filtering in a Model Linking Inflation, the Central Bank and Short-Term Interest Rates
Authors: Antonacci Flavia , Costantini Cristina , Papi Marco
Published: May 2021

We consider the model of Antonacci, Costantini, D’Ippoliti, Papi (arXiv:2010.05462 [q-fin.MF], 2020), which describes the joint evolution of inflation, the central bank interest rate, and the short-term interest rate. In the case when the diffusion coefficient does not depend on the central bank interest rate, we derive a semi-closed valuation formula for contingent derivatives, in particular for Zero Coupon Bonds (ZCBs). By using ZCB yields as observations, we implement the Kalman filter and obtain a dynamical estimate of the short-term interest rate. In turn, by this estimate, at each time step, we calibrate the model parameters under the risk-neutral measure and the coefficient of the risk premium. We compare the market values of German interest rate yields for several maturities with the corresponding values predicted by our model, from 2007 to 2015. The numerical results validate both our model and our numerical procedure.
Ultrasound Imaging Analysis of the Lumbar Multifidus Muscle Echo Intensity: Intra-Rater and Inter-Rater Reliability of a Novice and an Experienced Rater
Authors: Fortin Maryse , Rosenstein Brent , Levesque Jerome , Nandlall Neil
Published: May 2021

Background and Objectives: Ultrasound echo intensity (EI) of the lumbar multifidus muscle (LMM) could offer valuable insights regarding muscle quality in people with low back pain (LBP). However, whether the rater’s experience noticeably influences the reliability and precision of LMM EI measurements has not been established. The aims of this study were to investigate the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of LMM EI measurements, and to compare the reliability and SEM between a novice and an experienced rater. Materials and Methods: Twenty athletes (10 females, 10 males) with a history of LBP were included in this study. Transverse ultrasound images of LMM were taken at L5 in prone. LMM EI measurements were obtained bilaterally by tracing the maximum ROI representing the LMM cross-sectional area (CSA), avoiding the inclusion of bone or surrounding fascia. All measurements were performed by two novice raters and an experienced researcher. Each measurement was acquired by each rater three times for each side on three different images, and the average was used in the analyses. Raters were blinded to each other’s measurements and the participant’s clinical information. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were obtained to assess the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. Results: The intra-rater ICC values for the LMM measurements for the experienced rater were excellent (ICC all > 0.997). The inter-rater reliability ICC values showed moderate to excellent reliability (0.614 to 0.994) and agreement between the novice raters and the experienced rater, except for Novice 1 for the right LMM, which revealed lower ICCs and a wider 95% CI. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability results were similar when separately looking at the right and left side of the muscle and participant gender. Conclusions: Our findings support the clinical use of ultrasound imaging for the assessment of LMM EI in individuals with LBP.
Effect of Pre-Oxidation on Coagulation/Ceramic Membrane Treatment of Yangtze River Water
Authors: Xia Shengji , Zhang Xinran , Zhao Yuanchen , Tan Fibor J. , Li Pan , Liu Yanling
Published: May 2021

The membrane separation process is being widely used in water treatment. It is very important to control membrane fouling in the process of water treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a pre-oxidation-coagulation flat ceramic membrane filtration process using different oxidant types and dosages in water treatment and membrane fouling control. The results showed that under suitable concentration conditions, the effect on membrane fouling control of a NaClO pre-oxidation combined with a coagulation/ceramic membrane system was better than that of an O3 system. The oxidation process changed the structure of pollutants, reduced the pollution load and enhanced the coagulation process in a pre-oxidation-coagulation system as well. The influence of the oxidant on the filtration system was related to its oxidizability and other characteristics. NaClO and O3 performed more efficiently than KMnO4. NaClO was more conducive to the removal of DOC, and O3 was more conducive to the removal of UV254.
Effect of Membrane Materials and Operational Parameters on Performance and Energy Consumption of Oil/Water Emulsion Filtration
Authors: Barambu Nafiu Umar , Bilad Muhammad Roil , Huda Nurul , Nordin Nik Abdul Hadi Md , Bustam Mohamad Azmi , Doyan Aris , Roslan Jumardi
Published: May 2021

Membrane technology is one of reliable options for treatment of oil/water emulsion. It is highly attractive because of its effectiveness in separating fine oil droplets of <2 µm sizes, which is highly challenging for other processes. However, the progress for its widespread implementations is still highly restricted by membrane fouling. Most of the earlier studies have demonstrated the promise of achieving more sustained filtration via membrane material developments. This study addresses issues beyond membrane development by assessing the impact of membrane material (blend of polysulfone, PSF and polyethylene glycol, PEG), operational pressure, and crude oil concentration on the filtration performance of oil/water emulsion. The filtration data were then used to project the pumping energy for a full-scale system. Results show that fouling resistant membrane offered high oil/water emulsion permeability, which translated into a low energy consumption. The oil/water emulsion permeability was improved by three-fold from 45 ± 0 to 139 ± 1 L/(m2 h bar) for PSF/PEG-0 membrane in comparison to the most optimum one of PSF/PEG-60. It corresponded to an energy saving of up to ~66%. The pumping energy could further be reduced from 27.0 to 7.6 Wh/m3 by operation under ultra-low pressure from 0.2 to 0.05 bar. Sustainable permeability could be achieved when treating 1000 ppm oil/water emulsion, but severe membrane fouling was observed when treating emulsion containing crude oils of >3000 ppm to a point of no flux.