bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forage Potential of Intercropping Barley with Faba Bean, Lupin, or Field Pea
Authors: Strydhorst Sheri M. , King Jane R. , Lopetinsky Ken J. , Harker K. Neil
Published: September 2017

Annual cool‐season grain legumes grown in mixtures with barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), may offer advantages over barley sole crops for forage production. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of intercropping ‘Snowbird’ tannin‐free faba bean (Vicia fabaL.), ‘Arabella’ narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifoliusL.), and ‘Cutlass’ field pea (Pisum sativumL.), along with legume planting densities (LPD) on forage yields, nutritive value, and economic returns. Field studies were conducted at three sites in the Parkland region of Alberta, Canada, in 2004 and 2005. Each legume was planted at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0× their recommended sole crop planting density with ‘Niobe’ barley at 0.25× the recommended sole crop planting density. A barley sole crop was also included for comparison. Increasing the LPD from 0.5 to 2.0× did not effect forage dry matter (DM) but it increased the proportion of legume in the forage DM from 39 to 63%, protein concentration from 119 to 132 g kg−1, and acid detergent lignin (ADL) from 36 to 42 g kg−1while it decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from 465 to 422 g kg−1. Faba bean–barley, lupin–barley, and pea–barley intercrops had 64, 27, and 55% higher protein yields, respectively, compared to sole crop barley. Faba bean–barley and lupin–barley had similar forage DM yields which were 1.5 Mg ha−1and 1.3 Mg ha−1less than pea–barley and sole barley crops, respectively. Intercrops of Cutlass pea and Niobe barley offered the most favorable combination of forage DM yields, nutritive value, and economic returns.
Predicting Rice Yield Response to Midseason Nitrogen with Plant Area Measurements
Authors: Stevens G. , Wrather A. , Rhine M. , Vories E. , Dunn D.
Published: September 2017

A simple method is needed to aid farmers with midseason nitrogen (MSN) decisions in dry‐seeded, delayed flood rice (Oryza sativa L.). This study was conducted to develop thresholds using visual and digital image measurements for predicting rice yield response to MSN. ‘Francis’ and ‘Cheniere’ rice were drill seeded on 19‐cm row spacing from 2004 to 2006 on silt loam and clay soils at Glennonville and Portageville, MO. Preflood N (PFN) was applied at rates of 0, 39, 78, 118, and 157 kg urea‐N ha−1 with and without two MSN applications of 34 kg N ha−1 at panicle differentiation (R1) and at R1 + 7d. Plant area observations were made 1 to 2 d before R1. In each plot, a yardstick was floated on floodwater positioned between two center rows. Visible inch numbers were counted while standing above the rows. A number was not counted when rice leaves obstructed the view of one or more digits in the whole number. Plant height was measured, and digital images of canopy were analyzed to determine percent green pixels. Highest rice yields on both soils were most often achieved with 78 kg N ha−1 with MSN or 118 kg N ha−1 without MSN. The PFN significantly affected visible yardstick numbers, plant height, and percent green pixels. Height was the least reliable indicator of rice N status. Using regression analysis, no rice yield increase from MSN was produced when fewer than 13 yardstick numbers were showing or more than 64% of image pixels were green.
Influence of Soil Moisture and Land Use History on Denitrification End‐Products
Authors: Bergsma Timothy T. , Robertson G. Philip , Ostrom Nathaniel E.
Published: September 2017

We investigated the effects of recent moisture history on the relative production of N2O and N2 during denitrification in soil from cropped and successional ecosystems. The soils were pedogenically identical but had been managed differently for the past decade. Sieved soils were amended with nitrate, glucose, and water. Long‐wet and short‐wet incubations received 80 and 0%, respectively, of prescribed water 2 d before incubation and the rest just before incubation. The N2O and N2 production and N2O mole fraction (N2O/[N2O + N2]) were measured using acetylene inhibition. The N2 production and soil 15N enrichment were measured by 15N‐gas evolution. The response of N2O mole fraction to moisture history differed by ecosystem. Mean N2O mole fraction in the successional system was about the same for long‐wet and short‐wet treatments (0.34 and 0.33, respectively). For the cropped system, however, the N2O mole fraction was 0.36 for the long‐wet and 0.90 for the short‐wet treatment. Thus, in the cropped system a much smaller proportion of end product was N2O if soil had been wet for 2 d. For N2 fluxes, the isotope method gave the same pattern (r = 0.92) but only about one‐third the magnitude, suggesting that N2 derived from two distinct pools. Differences in response of N2O mole fraction for successional and cropped soils may be due to differences in microbial communities. Further knowledge of ecosystem differences with respect to N2O mole fraction and recent moisture history may improve modeled estimates of local and global N2O fluxes.
Air Pollution by Concrete Dust from the Great Hanshin Earthquake
Authors: Gotoh Takao , Nishimura Takashi , Nakata Minoru , Nakaguchi Yuzuru , Hiraki Keizo
Published: September 2017

Air pollution in the areas affected by the Great Hanshin Earthquake (Hyogo, Japan) of 17 Jan. 1995 was quite serious. We performed three investigations of dust. In the first investigation, we measured the total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration in the greatly damaged areas, located around the Sannomiya Station where a few hundred thousand people walked by during the daytime of 3 February. The maximum concentration at five points reached 150 μg/m3 In the second investigation, eight samples, which were classified into three groups (concrete, mortar, and soil dusts) as sources, were analyzed elementally by X‐ray fluorescence. The elements found in concrete dust (Ca and S) were similar to those found in mortar dust. These differed from those found in soil dust (Ti, Fe, and Zr). The elements found in soil dust were important from the viewpoint of heavy metal contamination. In the third investigation, the alkalinity of concrete dust was observed by dissolution. This solution was equivalent to pH 11 to 12 and electrical conductivity 20 to 30 μS/m. We suspect that the alkaline component in the dust from debris in all the devastated areas was approximately comparable with the alkaline solution by which the acid rain falling over the Hanshin district of Osaka Megalopolis in one year could be neutralized into water of pH 7.0.
Effect of Roundup Ultra on Microbial Activity and Biomass from Selected Soils
Authors: Haney R.L. , Senseman S.A. , Hons F.M.
Published: September 2017

Herbicides applied to soils potentially affect soil microbial activity. The quantity and frequency of Roundup Ultra [RU; N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine; Monsanto, St. Louis, MO] applications have escalated with the advent of Roundup‐tolerant crops. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Roundup Ultra on soil microbial biomass and activity across a range of soils varying in fertility. The isoproplyamine salt of glyphosate was applied in the form of RU at a rate of 234 mg active ingredient kg−1 soil based on an assumed 2‐mm glyphosate–soil interaction depth. Roundup Ultra significantly stimulated soil microbial activity as measured by C and N mineralization, as well as soil microbial biomass. Cumulative C mineralization as well as mineralization rate increased above background levels for all soils tested with addition of RU. There were strong linear relationships between C and N mineralized, as well as between soil microbial C and N (r2 = 0.96 and 0.95, respectively). The slopes of the relationships with RU addition approximated three. Since the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate has a C to N ratio of 3:1, the data strongly suggest that RU was the direct cause of the enhanced microbial activity. An increase in the C mineralization rate occurred the first day following RU addition and continued for 14 d. Roundup Ultra appeared to be rapidly degraded by soil microbes regardless of soil type or organic matter content, even at high application rates, without adversely affecting microbial activity.
Contamination Time Effect on Lead and Cadmium Fractionation in a Tropical Coastal Clay
Authors: Lim Teik‐Thye , Tay Joo‐Hwa , Teh Cee‐Ing
Published: September 2017

The capability of a tropical coastal clay to immobilize lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) was investigated in laboratory batch sorption tests conducted under acidic, neutral, and slightly alkaline conditions. The contact time was extended to 65 d. The distribution of Pb and Cd among various sorbed phases was examined using a sequential extraction technique. The sorbed phases were fractionated into the exchangeable, carbonate, reducible, organic, and residual fractions. There were only small changes in the total Pb and Cd sorption beyond a 1‐d sorption period. The metal fractionation results show that the amount of Pb and Cd in various fractions changed with sorption time, and the changes were pH‐dependent. These changes could be attributed to mineral dissolution and transformation or redistribution of the sorbed phases. Transformation of the sorbed phases resulted in increasing Pb and Cd retention in the more persistent fractions with time, at the expense of reductions in the loosely bound fractions. Nevertheless, Pb and Cd fractionation in the solid phase appeared to reach equilibrium within the 65‐d sorption period. These Pb and Cd fractionation results reflect the effect of contamination time on the heavy metal lability and bioavailability in the subsurface environment.
Limnological Effects of Wood Ash Application to the Subcatchments of Boreal, Humic Lakes
Authors: Tulonen Tiina , Arvola Lauri , Ollila Susanna
Published: September 2017

To assess environmental risks of wood ash, limnological effects of ash application to the drainage basins of two small, humic lakes and one reference lake in southern Finland were examined in this three‐year study. Treated areas corresponded to 12 and 19% of the total catchment and the amount of wood ash added was 6400 kg ha−1 Immediate effects of wood ash on lake water were investigated in three tank experiments each lasting 1.5 wk. In tank experiments, addition of wood ash increased pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and Ca and P concentrations of humic lake water, while growth of phytoplankton decreased. After wood ash application to the subcatchments, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and concentrations of K+, SO2−4, and Cl− slightly increased, both in inflowing waters and in the lakes, but no increased leaching of Ca, N, or P from the treated subcatchments occurred. Phytoplankton biomass increased in both experimental lakes in comparison with the reference lake. In the lake with 19% application rate to the catchment, zooplankton biomass also increased. The results indicate that, over the short term, a small‐scale ash treatment to a forested drainage basin will not necessarily cause significant changes in the water quality of boreal humic lakes, but at higher application rates, changes in water chemistry and biology are more evident.
Poultry Litter Ash as a Potential Phosphorus Source for Agricultural Crops
Authors: Codling Eton E. , Chaney Rufus L. , Sherwell John
Published: September 2017

Maryland will impose restrictions on poultry litter application to soils with excessive P by the year 2005. Alternative uses for poultry litter are being considered, including burning as a fuel to generate electricity. The resulting ash contains high levels of total P, but the availability for crop uptake has not been reported. Our objective was to compare the effectiveness of poultry litter ash (PLA) and potassium phosphate (KP) as a P source for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in acidic soils, without and with limestone application. Two acidic soils (pH 4.25 and 4.48) were studied, unlimed or limed to pH 6.5 before cropping. The PLA and KP were applied at 0, 39, and 78 kg P ha−1, after which wheat was grown. Limestone significantly increased wheat yield, but the P sources without limestone did not. The two P sources were not significantly different as P fertilizer. At the 78 kg P ha−1 rate, wheat shoot–P concentrations were 1.10 and 1.12 g kg−1 for the PLA treatment compared with 0.90 and 0.89 g kg−1 for KP in the nonlimed and limed soils, respectively. Trace element concentrations in wheat shoots from the PLA treatment were less than or equal to KP and the control. The low levels of water‐soluble P and metals in the soils and the low metal concentrations in wheat suggest that PLA is an effective P fertilizer. Further studies are needed to determine the optimum application rate of PLA as a P fertilizer.
Long term vibration data analysis from wind turbine -statistical vs energy based features
Authors: Ignasiak Adrian , Gomolla Norbert , Kruczek Piotr , Wyłomanska Agnieszka , Zimroz Radosław
Published: September 2017

Wind turbines are operating in varying conditions. Therefore, the recorded signal is highly nonstationary. The typical approach for damage detection in long term data is based on the energy and spectral analysis. This method, suffer for several drawbacks, especially for the signals with high contamination. Thus, the alternative approach is the application of statistical parameters that may indicate the damage. In order to indicate the frequency band corresponding to the damage the proper statistics are used. In this paper, the well know spectral kurtosis and another statistic are applied to the long-term vibration data from wind turbine. Their performance is compared with the standard energy based methods. It is showed that selectors are able to track the damage development and distinguish between healthy and unhealthy case.
Association rules discovery from diagnostic data-application to gearboxes used in mining industry
Authors: Stefaniak Paweł , Wodecki Michał , Michalak Anna
Published: September 2017

One of the key issues encountered in development of condition monitoring systems for industry is definition of decision rules in diagnostic system for determined diagnostic features. In practice, it appears very often that proposed algorithm is not effective for all technical assets of machinery park. The major cause is usually related to smaller or higher diversity of objects, mainly in terms of design features, operating conditions and wear level. These factors directly influence the profile of measured vibration signals, diagnostic features, thresholds, decision rules and so on. In this paper authors propose the usage of Generalized Rule Induction (GRI) algorithm for association rules discovery from data base of the Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) - patterns hidden in data reflecting existing processes phenomena, regularities, and expresses relationships between them. Such approach provides better interpretation of signals, and consequently, much more effective decision rules.
Las fronteras, la movilidad y lo transfronterizo: Reflexiones para un debate
Authors: Tapia Ladino Marcela Aurora
Published: September 2017

El propósito de este manuscrito es hacer una aportación al debate de lo trans y lo fronterizo a partir de los estudios de las fronteras para pensar un marco explicativo que permita comprender qué convierte a una región o espacio fronterizo en transfronterizo. La metodología fue fundamentalmente revisión de la producción teórica anglo y latinoamericana al respecto. La consideración de la escala y la mirada desde el territorio en el análisis es central para comprender esta conversión. Postulamos que región o espacio fronterizo se transforma en transfronterizo fundamentalmente por la interacción que producen las movilidades de las personas en sus constantes y continuos cruces y así como por el despliegue de una serie de prácticas sociales que tienen a la frontera como referente y como recurso.
Propuesta de un modelo de análisis de estrategias de colaboración sindical transfronteriza
Authors: Rubio Campos Jesús
Published: September 2017

El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar la eficacia de la colaboración sindical transfronteriza para enfrentar los efectos adversos de la globalización sobre las condiciones laborales. La metodología utilizada es la comparada, con casos de América del Norte y la Unión Europea. En un primer nivel de análisis, los casos se dividieron en cuatro tipologías y en un segundo se construyeron dos categorías, la intensidad y eficacia de la colaboración, con variables de graduación al interior de cada categoría. El valor del estudio reside en la nueva propuesta de modelo de análisis y la cantidad de casos revisados, pero una limitación es su carácter exploratorio. Se encontró que la colaboración sindical transfronteriza resulta una estrategia eficaz para enfrentar los efectos adversos de la globalización sobre las condiciones laborales, en diversos grados dependiendo de la institucionalización y frecuencia de colaboración.
The Semiotic Study on Sasak Sufism Reflected in A Novel Sanggarguri by Lalu Agus Fathurrahman
Authors: Asyari Hasyim
Published: September 2017

The pivotal issues of this research are (a) how the signs of Sasak Sufism is reflected in novel  Sanggarguri was written by  Lalu  Agus Fathurrahman, (b) how the Sufism role is implemented in Sasak community in modern life, (c) how the Sufism is somehow entangled with literacy learning. Thus, this study intends to interpret the meaning of sufist signs that are reflected in the novel, to study the role of Sufism in Sasak modern society, and to analyze any entanglement of Sufism with literacy learning in senior high school. The research is qualitative research with the descriptive analytic mode. Data collection is done with through library study together with a direct in-depth interview method to several prominent Sasak figures who understand Sasak Sufism as well as some teachers and students serving as the respondents in order to find how the entanglement of Sasak sufistic values properly inserted in the literature learning at senior high schools. In its process, this research assesses signs of Sasak Sufism by using the theory of semiotics and, afterward, endeavors to describe its relation to the literature learning. As one of the literary work holding local characteristic and theme, this novel contains a series of symbols and values upon culture, religiosity, and Sufism owned by Sasak people so they can be used as inspiration to maintain Sasak wisdom as their own identity. Sufism in Sasak community is a paradigm or a way of thinking and behavior for Sasak people in looking their selfnesses as God’s creatures and their relationship with other creatures living in the world.
Monitoreo de la degradación forestal en México con base en el inventario nacional forestal y de suelos (Infys)
Authors: Leyva-Ovalle Ángel , Valdez-Lazalde José René , De los Santos-Posadas Héctor Manuel , Martínez-Trinidad Tomas , Herrera-Corredor José Andrés , Lugo-Espinosa Oziel , García-Nava José Rodolfo
Published: September 2017

Existen muchas definiciones de degradación forestal. Sin embargo, la mayoría no son operativas dado que no proponen variables para medirla. Su medición es compleja; evaluarla implica comparar el estatus del bosque en un momento dado con un estado previo (condición de referencia o línea base). El reto del seguimiento (monitoreo) de la degradación inicia con su definición y con la identificación de la línea base. En este trabajo se propone un índice general de degradación (IGD) para evaluar la degradación forestal que ocurre en México en el periodo que transcurre entre mediciones del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos (Infys). El IGD está compuesto de indicadores que toman como insumo la base de datos del Infys. Paralelamente, el estudio pretende construir una línea base que permita dar seguimiento a la degradación forestal en años futuros. Los resultados a escala de entidad federativa indican que los estados de Puebla, Veracruz, Morelos y Colima no muestran evidencia global de procesos de degradación en el periodo evaluado. Contrariamente, Querétaro, Tamaulipas y el D.F. (Ciudad de México) registran cierto proceso de degradación. El valor del IGD ponderado a escala nacional indica que, en general, para los periodos evaluados de cinco años (e.g. 2004-2009, 2005-2010, etc.) los ecosistemas del país no registran procesos considerables de degradación, es decir, el valor obtenido del IGD es igual al valor de referencia. Sin embargo, a escala local es posible identificar áreas severamente degradadas o incluso deforestadas.
Espuma fenólica de célula abierta hidratada como medio para mitigar estrés hídrico en plántulas de Pinus leiophylla
Authors: Palacios-Romero Abraham , Rodríguez-Laguna Rodrigo , Razo Zárate Ramón , Meza-Rangel Joel , Prieto-García Francisco , Hernández Flores María de la Luz
Published: September 2017

El presente estudio tiene por objetivo determinar el efecto de la espuma fenólica de célula abierta como mecanismo para mitigar el estrés hídrico en plantas de Pinus leiophylla en condiciones de invernadero. Se estableció un ensayo en el que se aplicaron cuatro tratamientos con diferente volumen de espuma fenólica como sustrato y un testigo. Se evaluó semanalmente supervivencia, crecimiento en altura, diámetro e incremento en biomasa. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el tiempo de supervivencia entre los tratamientos; la supervivencia de 50% de los individuos se incrementó en hasta seis y siete semanas más al utilizar espuma fenólica hidratada de 462 cm3 y 616 cm3, respectivamente, con respecto al testigo. En cuanto a crecimiento en altura y diámetro, el testigo nuevamente presentó el menor crecimiento en altura y diámetro (29.5 cm y 4.1 mm, respectivamente) con respecto al resto de los tratamientos, mientras que las plantas con espuma de 462 cm3 presentaron el mayor crecimiento en altura y diámetro (33.5 cm y 5.1 mm, respectivamente). Para el caso de biomasa, las plantas con espuma de 308 cm3 presentaron el menor valor con respecto a aquellas con espuma de 616 cm3 y testigo. Estos resultados sugieren que la espuma fenólica es un buen mitigador de los efectos del estrés hídrico, ya que prolongan el tiempo de supervivencia de las plantas en hasta siete semanas y mejoran el crecimiento en altura y diámetro al compararlo con el testigo.
Karyomorfologi dan Jumlah Kromosom Empat Grup Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke. di Lombok
Authors: Iswantari Widya , Mulyaningsih Tri , Muspiah Aida
Published: September 2017

Lombok memiliki empat grup Gyrinops versteegii yang merupakan penghasil gaharu, yaitu grup Pantai, Buaya, Madu, dan Beringin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karyotipe dan jumlah kromosom empat grup G. versteegii yang bermanfaat dalam taksonomi dan program pemuliaan. Dalam penelitian ini pembuatan preparat kromosom ujung akar menggunakan metode squash. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah semua grup G.versteegii memiliki jumlah kromosom yang sama (n = 9) dan bentuk kromosom yang sama, yaitu berbentuk metasentrik dan memiliki pola karyotipe yang sama (2n = 18m). Ukuran kromosom setiap grup bervariasi,  yaitu grup Pantai memiliki ukuran yang paling panjang yaitu 0,53 μm dari ketiga grup yang lain: Buaya (0,27 μm), Madu (0,21 μm), dan Beringin (0,18 μm).Kata kunci: gaharu; Gyrinops versteegii; karyotipe; kromosom; Lombok Karyomorphology and Chromosome Number of Four Groups of Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke. in LombokAbstractLombok has four groups of Gyrinops versteegii i.e. Pantai, Buaya, Madu, and Beringin group. Studies of karyomorphology and the number of chromosomes could be very useful for taxonomy and plant breeding. In this study, the preparation used a root tip squash method. The results obtained from this study: groups of G. versteegii had similar chromosome number (n = 9), and similar metacentric chromosomes. Therefore, the karyotype formula of the four groups of G. versteegii was 2n = 18m. Each group of G. versteegii showed a variation of chromosome size: Pantai group has a size of 0.53 ìm which is the longest than the other three groups: Buaya (0.27 ìm), Madu (0.21 ìm), and Beringin (0.18 ìm).
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MICROSPONGE GEL FOR TOPICAL DELIVERY OF ANTIFUNGAL DRUG
Authors: Yadav Vishal , Jadhav Prakash , Dombe Shailaja , Bodhe Anjali , Salunkhe Pranali
Published: September 2017

Objective: The purpose of present study aims to design novel drug delivery system containing oxiconazole nitrate microsponges and to prepare microsponge gel. Oxiconazole nitrate is an antifungal drug used in the treatment of fungal infection having a poor aqueous solubility, side effects and adverse reactions. The microsponge delivery system is unique technology for controlled release of active agents. Methods: The microsponges were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method by using polymer eudragit S-100 and eudragit L-100. All the formulated microsponges were subjected for various evaluation parameters such as production yield, encapsulation efficiency, particle size analysis and in vitro drug release study. The optimised microsponge formulation F3 and F9 were further formulated as gel formulation for topical delivery. Prepared gel was evaluated for physical parameters like pH, spreadability, viscosity, drug content and in vitro diffusion study and compared with the marketed formulation.Results: The Fourier transform infrared radiation measurement (FTIR) and Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) of drug and excipient confirm compatibility. Results revealed that quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method is a suitable technique for the preparation of microsponges as most of the formulations were discrete and spherical in shape with a good production yield of 61.44% to 80.45% and The highest drug release for F3 and F9 formulation was found to be 87.77 % and 83.24 % respectively for the 8 h. The microsponge gel formulation MGI (F3) showed the controlled release of oxiconazole nitrate for 12 h. The drug release data of optimised batch MGI (F3) were fitted into different kinetic models and showed that the drug release from gel formulation follows zero order release.Conclusion: As compared to conventional formulation, the prepared microsponge gel are expected to remain on the skin for a longer time, gradually releasing their contents over the time. Hence, oxiconazole nitrate microsponges and microsponge gel prepared in this study are promising as being more useful than conventional formulation therapy.
STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF DOSULEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE AND METHYLCOBALAMIN IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Shah Radhika , Shah Ragin
Published: September 2017

Objective: To develop an accurate, simple, rapid, precise, economic and stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of dosulepin hydrochloride and methylcobalamin in tablet dosage form and validate as per ICH guidelines.Methods: The column used was Kromasil C18 (250 X 4.6 mm, 5 µm), with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile: phosphate buffer pH 3 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid (60:40) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The effluents obtained were monitored at 285 nm with photodiode array detector. Dosulepin hydrochloride and methylcobalamin were subjected to stress degradation conditions like hydrolysis (acid and base), oxidation, thermal and photolysis degradation. The samples subjected to stress degradation were analysed by the developed method.Results: The retention time for dosulepin hydrochloride and methylcobalamin was found to be 7.99 min and 1.97 min, respectively. The linearity of developed method was achieved in the range of 165-495 μg/ml for dosulepin hydrochloride and 5-15 μg/ml for methylcobalamin. The detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) limits were found to be 0.75 µg/ml and 2.28 µg/ml for dosulepin hydrochloride and 0.040 µg/ml and 0.121 µg/ml for methylcobalamin respectively. In the stability studies, it was observed that there is no interference of the degradation products with drug samples.Conclusion: An accurate simple, rapid, precise, linear and stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for simultaneous quantitative estimation of dosulepin hydrochloride and methylcobalamin both in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. This method holds good for the routine analysis of dosulepin hydrochloride and methylcobalamin in various pharmaceutical industries as well as in academics.
COMPARISON OF THE USP APPARATUS 2 AND 4 FOR TESTING THE IN VITRO RELEASE PERFORMANCE OF IBUPROFEN GENERIC SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Medina Jose Raul , Cortes Mariel , Romo Erik
Published: September 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was the comparison of the in vitro release performance of ibuprofen generic suspensions and reference, based on the hydrodynamic environment generated by the flow-through cell method (USP Apparatus 4). Results were compared with those obtained by the use of the USP Apparatus 2.Methods: The Advil® suspension (2 g/100 ml) and two generic formulations with the same dose were tested. Dissolution studies were carried out using a USP Apparatus 4 Sotax CE6 with 22.6 mm cells, laminar flow at 16 ml/min, and pH 7.2 phosphate buffer at 37.0±0.5 °C as dissolution medium. Ibuprofen was quantified spectrophotometrically at 222 nm. The in vitro release of the three drug products were studied using the USP Apparatus 2. The dissolution profiles of generic products were compared with the reference by model-independent, model-dependent, and analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based comparisons.Results: The dissolution profile of the generic product A was similar to the dissolution profile of reference, only with the use of the USP Apparatus 4. The f2 similarity factor was>50 and no significant differences were found with dissolution efficiency data (*P>0.05). Similar results were found with the comparison of t50% and t63.2% values. Similar dissolution profiles between generic product A and reference were also found with ANOVA-based comparisons.Conclusion: The flow-through cell method was adequate for study the in vitro release of ibuprofen suspensions. It is necessary to evaluate the in vivoperformance of the drug products used in order to estimate the predictability of the proposed methodology.
EFFECT OF WATER CONTENT IN KNEADING METHOD OF SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE FOR SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT
Authors: P. Shankarguru , D. Ramya Devi , Bn Vedha Hari
Published: September 2017

Objective: The main objective of the research work was to optimize the water requirement/content used in kneading method for solid dispersion/inclusion complex formation between water insoluble drug and polymer.Methods: Nimesulide (model drug) and β-cyclodextrin were taken in a different ratio such as 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 and, the mixture was triturated well for half hour. Water was incorporated to the mixture in different levels like 75%, 50%, 25% w/v in divided proportions and 0% (no water addition, but the mixture was triturated continuously). After each part of water addition, the mixture was triturated well for 10 min and dried using hot air over for 30 min at 50 °C and sieved using sieve no: 44. The complexes formed were subjected for various analytical characterization studies including solubility, particle size, the angle of repose, tapped density, Carr’s index, fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), thermo gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-TDA), x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and in vitro dissolution studies.Results: The dissolution studies showed improvement in the release of nimesulide, which depended on the percentage level of water. The solubility of the sample was increased with increasing the concentration of the inclusion complex formed. Kneading method was proved to be a successful technique for formation of stable inclusion complex of nimesulide with β-cyclodextrin. All the formulations exhibited acceptable particle size and solubility in the range of 22.6±2 to 29±5 and 45±5 to 133±3.5 respectively.Conclusion: Nimesulide and β-cyclodextrin complex was successfully prepared and characterized for the drug-polymer stability and interactions. The result confirmed that the liquid content in the solid dispersion prepared by the kneading method played an important role in the dissolution of the poorly soluble drug.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SACUBITRIL AND VALSARTAN IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Mishra Shweta , Patel C. J. , Patel M. M.
Published: September 2017

Objective: This study aims to develop and validate a stability indicating HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of sacubitril and valsartan in pharmaceutical dosage form.Methods: Sacubitril and valsartan separation were achieved by LC-20 AT C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm) column and buffer (potassium phosphate, pH 3.0): methanol (50:50) as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min (millilitre per minute). Detection was carried out at 224 nm (nanometer). The different HPLC experimental parameters were optimized and the method was validated according to the standard guideline. Forced degradation experiments were carried out by exposing sacubitril and valsartan standard and sample for thermal, photolytic, oxidative and acid-base hydrolytic stress conditions.Results: Retention time of sacubitril and valsartan were found to be 4.170 min (minute) and 6.530 min (minute) respectively. The method has been validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, and LOQ. Linearity observed for sacubitril is 12.25-36.75 μg/ml (microgram per milliliter) and for valsartan is 12.75-38.25 μg/ml (microgram per milliliter). The results showed that sacubitril and valsartan and the other degradation products were fully resolved and thus the proposed method is stability-indicating.Conclusion: The proposed HPLC method was found to be simple, specific, precise, accurate, rapid and economical for simultaneous estimation of valsartan and sacubitril in bulk and tablet dosage form. Thus the validated economical method was applied for forced degradation study of sacubitril and valsartan tablet.
FORMULATION, STABILITY TFORMULATION, STABILITY TEST AND IN VITRO PENETRATION STUDY OF TRANSETHOSOMAL GEL CONTAINING GREEN TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS L. KUNTZE) LEAVES EXTRACTEST AND IN VITRO PENETRATION STUDY OF TRANSETHOSOMAL GEL CONTAINING GREEN TEA(CAMELLIA SINENSIS L. KUNTZE) LEAVES EXTRACT
Authors: Ramadon Delly , Pramesti Seshiana Sebti , Anwar Effionora
Published: September 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to increase penetration of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from the extract using transethosomal gel.Methods: Transethosomes (TE) formulae were made using thin layer hydration method with different concentration of green tea extract which was equivalent to 1% (F1), 1.5% (F2), and 2% (F3) of EGCG. F1 was the chosen formula to be incorporated into a gel as a transethosomal gel (TEG). A gel containing green tea extract was also made as a control called as non-transethosomal gel (NTEG). A stability test and in vitro penetration study of gels using Franz diffusion cell were performed.Results: F1 was the chosen formula because it had a spherical shape, a particle size of 112.14±2.19 nm, PDI of 0.166±0.03, a zeta potential of-52.05±1.34 mV, and %EE of 58.06±0.08%. Stability test results showed that TEG more stable than NTEG. The amount of EGCG penetrated from TEG and NTEG were 1391.16±34.89 µg/cm2 and 485.29±14.49 µg/cm2, respectively (p<0.05). The lag time for TEG was around 0.99±0.2 h, while NTEG was 8.69±0.2 h (p<0.05).Conclusion: It can be concluded that transethosomes can improve gel stability and increase the amount of EGCG penetrated through the skin.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IN SILICO AND IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS-A REVERSE PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH
Authors: Ramaswamy Radhika , Srikanth J. , Reddy C. Umamaheswara
Published: September 2017

Objective: Cancer is one of the major deaths occurring worldwide and its prophylaxis demands the daily consumption of extracts or dietary supplements of traditional medicinal plants which possess anticancer activities. This study focuses on the evaluation of the chemo preventive and antiproliferative effects of the active constituents of Indian medicinal plants such as Withaniasomnifera, Phyllanthusemblica and Zingiberofficinale by in silico and in vitro studies.Methods: In silico docking analysis is performed using Molegro Virtual Docker choosing the targets as p-glycoprotein and thymidylate synthase for the identified phytoconstituents. In vitro colorimetric cell metabolic activity assay is performed for the standardized extracts of these plants in various cell lines using the standards.Results: The phytoconstituents in the plants, Withaniasomnifera and Phyllanthusemblica revealed good binding affinity towards thymidylate synthase and p-glycoprotein respectively as compared to that of the standards.Conclusion: Phyllanthusemblica showed a maximal antiproliferative effect on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) when compared to the other plant extracts. Zingiber officinalis was found to inhibit HT-29 cell lines to a greater extent and Withaniasomniferum resulted in highest A549 cell death. A combination of these extracts in any dosage form could be used in the therapeutic efficacy in cancer.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF CLERODENDRUM INFORTUNATUM
Authors: Hazarika Animesh , Saha Dipankar
Published: September 2017

Objective: To determine preliminary phytochemical Screening and evaluation of Antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic extract of Leaves Clerodendrum infortunatum.Methods: The ethanolic extract of leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum was prepared and analyzed for phytochemical constituents using standard method and evaluate scientifically the anti-diarrheal effect using leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum by castor oil-inducing method. Animals were divided into four groups. Group-I was treated with distilled water 2 ml/kg body weight. Group-II was treated with loperamide 1 mg/kg body weight, Group-III and Group-IV were treated with ethanolic extract of leaves Clerodendrum infortunatum 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight respectively.Results: Various phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of sterols, terpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, glycoside, saponins, proteins and amino acids. The ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum leaves given by oral route to mice at doses of 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly showed antidiarrheal activity against castor oil induced diarrhea as compared with control group and standard.Conclusion: The present study concluded that ethanolic extract of leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum contain the high presence of phytochemical components and it showed that the leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum having significant antidiarrheal activity. All doses of the plant extracts showed a significant delay in castor oil-induced diarrhea and this justifies the use of this plant as a herbal remedy against diarrhea.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND BIOGENIC SYNTHESIS OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES USING THE LEAF EXTRACT OF ALOE VERA
Authors: Vyas Jay , Rana Shafkat
Published: September 2017

Objective: The objective of this present study were to the biogenic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Aloe vera extract and check it’s antioxidant potential by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays.Methods: In this study we investigated the clove of Aloe vera, which is used for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-Visible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometer, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays for checked it’s antioxidant potential.Results: The present study was carried out to synthesis of Selenium nanoparticles using extract of Aloe vera. UV-Vis Spectra at 350 nm with Aloe vera extract and observed as hollow and spherical particles in size ranging 7-48 nm which is found more stable more than two months. EDAX analysis was carried out to check the presoak of Selenium in nanoparticles. Results of EDAX, confirmed its present. TEM and SEAD represented addition evidence of formation of nanoparticles whereas SEAD indicates the particles were crystalline in nature. FT-IR analysis was carried out to identify the possible bio molecules and Aloe vera extract-metal ions interaction responsible for formation and stabilization of selenium nanoparticles. FRAP, ABTS and DPPH assay results sequester that Selenium nanoparticles prepared using Aloe vera extract possess more activity than extract alone.Conclusion: The bio molecules of Aloe veraextract acted as stabilizing as well as capping agent leading to the formation of Selenium nanoparticles. Selenite has been proven to have antioxidant activity and is being used as chemoprevention agent in cancer diagnosis but same time it is toxic also. Elemental Selenium i.e. Selenium nanoparticles are less toxic form of selenium.
ORAL GENTAMICIN PREPARATION USING SOLIDIFIED LIPID PARTICULATE DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: Adedokun Musiliu , Jackson Tenderwealth , Uchegbu Kelechi , Attama Anthony
Published: September 2017

Objective: Despite the broad pharmacological activity of gentamicin against a number of bacteria, it's very inadequate oral bioavailability due to poor intestinal membrane permeability has limited its formulation into oral dosage delivery system. This work was thus aimed at formulation and evaluation of gentamicin-loaded microemulsions based on preparation of lipid matrix for sustained release delivery.Methods: Oral gentamicin suspensions were prepared by emulsification method using Tween 80 as a mobile surfactant in the lipid matrix dispersion. The resultant oral suspensions were evaluated for mean particle size and morphology using a photomicrograph, encapsulation efficiency/entrapment, EE (%), dispersibility, pH and absolute drug content. Release study as a function of inhibition zone diameter (IZD) and in vitro release study was also carried out. The in vitro release study was performed in both simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.2) respectively. The release data were analyzed mathematically according to zero order, first order and Higuchi equations.Results: The prepared suspensions were cream-white in colour, easily dispersed and well homogenized. Batch D, which had least amount of excipients incorporated into the lipid matrix showed clumped irregular-shaped and less free-flowing particles. The particle size was significantly influenced by lipid matrix combination ratio in the presence of a surfactant (p<0.05). The mean particle size diameters of the samples were 15.44 mm, 10.64 mm, 4.12 mm, and 2.70 mm for batches A, B, C and D respectively. The values of EE obtained varied between 47% and 59% with Batch B exhibiting the highest value. The Higuchi model gave the best release kinetics result followed by zero order kinetics.Conclusion: Oral gentamicin prepared exhibited antibacterial properties against Klebsiella spp., Escherchia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results suggest that a lipid matrix system could be useful as a sustained release oral delivery system of a poorly absorbable drug such as gentamicin.
AMINO ACID PROFILE OF A BASIDIOMYCETOUS EDIBLE MUSHROOM-LENTINUS SAJOR-CAJU
Authors: . Lata , Atri Narender Singh
Published: September 2017

Objective: In this paper amino acid profile of Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr., a basidiomycetous mushroom has been investigated.Methods: During the evaluation 15 amino acids (lysine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, cysteine, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and histidine) were determined from the dried sample of Lentinus sajor-caju by following the standard technique of biochemistry using ion-exchange chromatography.Results: The total amino acid content has been evaluated at 18.82 g/100g. Amongst the evaluated amino acids, exogenous amino acid lysine (6.66 g/100g) is preponderantly present in comparison to all other amino acids. The essential amino acid (EAA) index (44.64%) and biological value (BV=36.93%) has also been determined for the examined sample.Conclusion: Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr. is a potential source of quality protein with a substantial proportion of exogenous and endogenous amino acids.
REVIEW ON ANTIHYPERLIPEDEMIA LIPOPHILIC DRUGS AND THEIR NOVEL FORMULATION APPROACHES
Authors: Khairnar Ashwini , Shelke Santosh , Rathod Vivek , Kalawane Yogesh , Jagtap Ashish
Published: September 2017

It has been ranked as one of the greatest risk factors contributing to prevalence and severity of coronary heart diseases (CHD). CHD, stroke, atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia are the primary cause of death. The increased levels of serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) have been reported as a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Hyperlipidemia is irregularly elevated levels of any or all lipids or lipoproteins in the blood i.e. fatty substances are found in the blood. Many drugs have been reported to inihibit the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of Cholesterol. Wherein, solubility is the key parameter for any active ingredient to maintain the desired therapeutic effects. Since various types of formulations are being currently prepared to enhance its solubility which in turn may improve the bioavailability of the drug? Studies reveal that different methodologies were carried out to overcome the bioavailability issue which is the key limiting factor. The present study focuses on the different types of novel formulation approaches of lipid soluble drug.
USE OF SOME ETHNOMEDICINAL HERBS BY THE NATIVES OF SOLANG VALLEY, KULLU DISTRICT, HIMACHAL PRADESH
Authors: Kaur Maninder , Singhal Vijay Kumar , Singh Jaswant
Published: September 2017

Objective: The objective of the study was to enlist the ethnobotanical uses of wild plants of Solang Valley, Kullu District, Himachal Pardesh. Due to the specific geographical location of the valley, it possesses a high amount of endemic plant diversity. The plants are being used medically by local people against many ailments such as rheumatism, gastric disorders, muscular pain, asthma, dysentery, diabetes, constipation, cold, cough, fever, etc.Methods: For documentation of ethnomedicinal information, a questionnaire containing vernacular name, plant part/s used, medicinal uses, method of preparation and amount of dose taken was prepared. To gather such information, personal interviews/interactions were conducted with medicine men (vaids and hakims), local healers, village elders, tribals and shepherds.Results: Presently, 42 plant species belonging to 41 genera and 24 families are included for ethnobotanical study with respect to their scientific names, vernacular names, plant parts used, ethnomedicinal purposes, mode of preparation, and dose/amount taken. As many as 23 species are used for treating more than one ailment. By consulting the previous literature, it was found that there are 19 species which have not been reported earlier and are used by the natives for different medicinal purposes.Conclusion: The unsustainable harvesting such as uprooting of whole plant of medicinal use from the wild is resulting into a serious decline in plant populations. Therefore various cultivation techniques should be designed, and implemented especially for the highly medicinally important and endangered plant species. Grazing should be restricted in high altitudinal zones possessing high endemic plant diversity. Further, information gathered on ethnobotanical aspects of plants of medicinal use will be helpful in the selection of elite genotypes/chemotypes which could provide a base for future plantation programmes which will be helpful for sustainable development of the valley.