bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Film marketing in Europe: bridging the gap between policy and practice
Authors: Kerrigan Finola , Özbilgin Mustafa
Published: July 2006

Concerns with US domination of European cinema screens and the apparent lack of success of policy makers to support sustainable development of the film industry has meant that these issues have remained topical for policy makers and researchers. This is also evidenced by both media attention and an increased research focus on the film industry, particularly from a marketing perspective.1–7 To date, neither policy nor empirical research has had a significant impact on the development and understanding of the industry. This paper seeks to bridge the perceived gap between policy and the practice of film marketing in Europe.

The interface between film marketing policy and practice in Europe offers an interesting venue to explore. While the macro‐environment is invariably emphasised in terms of its impact on marketing, many marketing academics and practitioners neglect the role that policy plays in shaping the practice of marketing.

This paper undertakes an historical analysis of protectionism in the US film industry from its inception and highlights the likely impact of similar protectionism in the European context. It also explains how Hollywood studios control domestic and international markets. The historical overview shows the importance of vertical integration in producing a successful marketing campaign. An exploration of the debate focusing on the call for liberalisation of the global audiovisual market is also undertaken from an industrial and cultural perspective to assess the possible impact that this will have upon film marketing in Europe, in addition to the implications for European cultural identity. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Revisiting membership scheme typologies in museums and galleries
Authors: Slater Alix
Published: July 2006

Research suggests that there has been a sustained and incremental growth in Friends' organisations (also known as membership schemes, societies and associations) in the UK since 1970. Despite this there is a dearth of published literature on the subject. This paper contributes to the theory in this area by: refining an existing set of characteristics and criteria that can be used by Friends' managers to identify the position of their own membership scheme in relation to others; mapping the organisational performance of 90 membership schemes affiliated to museums and galleries of varying sizes from across the UK; and using this information to extend and enhance an existing typology of membership schemes developed by Hayes and Slater. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Identifying promotional appeals for targeting potential volunteers: an exploratory study on volunteering motives among retirees
Authors: Callow Michael
Published: July 2006

This paper examines whether older adult volunteers share similar or diverse motives for volunteering. Previous research has often treated senior citizen volunteers as a homogenous group that is significantly different from other cohorts. This paper argues that the senior citizen segment is far from homogeneous in its motives for, and behaviour towards, volunteering, which may have a significant impact on the effectiveness of recruitment and promotional campaigns. An exploratory study was conducted and, as expected, interviewees identified a variety of benefits sought from volunteering. There was considerable variability in the importance of these benefits among respondents, suggesting that further clustering would be useful. Implications for recruitment and promotional campaigns are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Manufacture for donation: driving bottom‐line performance through contributions to run strategy optimisation
Authors: Thode Keith Richard , Williams Samuel Tate , Halligan Michael
Published: July 2006

Manufacturers have idle/open capacity as an inherent part of the manfacturing process. The focus of the paper is to analyse if, as capacity becomes available, it is more financially advantageous to use this capacity to make product for donation, or other nonprofit discount markets, than to leave the production line idle. The conclusion will highlight the opportunity for raising corporate efficiency through incorporating manufacture for donation as a component in run strategy optimisation. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
New product development practices of urban regeneration units: a comparative international study
Authors: Bennett Roger , Savani Sharmila
Published: July 2006

The new product development (NPD) activities of 14 not‐for‐profit urban regeneration organisations in three cities (London, Copenhagen and Boston) were examined to establish the degree to which they reflected the best practices recommended by the academic NPD literature in the for‐profit field. Executives in each organisation were questioned about the stages of the NPD process that they activated most intensively, relationships between marketing staff and technical urban development specialists, mechanisms for consulting end users of place products, methods for generating new ideas and the major problems they experienced. Parallels between the NPD behaviour of nonprofit urban regeneration organisations managing projects involving widespread change and that previously observed among for‐profit organisations engaged in the development of radically new products were investigated. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Can relationship marketing enhance strategic thinking in the public sector? A study of the perceived relationship between subsidised theatres and their government funders/regulators
Authors: Conway Tony , Whitelock Jeryl
Published: July 2006

This paper reports on the findings of research into the perceived relationships between publicly funded theatres and their key funders/regulators. This is part of a wider study into whether successful publicly funded arts organisations are more likely to apply a relationship marketing approach. Relationship marketing may help to remove a short‐term tactical focus that tends to exist in public sector organisations generally and publicly funded arts organisations particularly. Three UK producing theatres' relationships with the Arts Council and their respective local authorities are analysed and findings suggest that building relationships with this stakeholder type may well produce more strategically focused and successful theatres. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Direct and database marketing and customer relationship management in recruiting students for higher education
Authors: Tapp Alan , Hicks Keith , Stone Merlin
Published: July 2006

Marketing in higher education is changing. There is a need to be on the one hand ever more cost‐effective and on the other more socially responsible in recruiting applicants. Most university faculties have to deal in very competitive sectors in order to attract applicants. In this paper the authors analyse the results of a recent study of the customer database belonging to the University of the West of England. It is concluded that direct and database marketing has distinct potential in attracting more students cost‐effectively, and improving the precision and control with which the whole recruitment process is managed. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Understanding the postgraduate education market for UK‐based students: a review and empirical study
Authors: Donaldson Bill , McNicholas Carolyn
Published: July 2006

This paper examines why postgraduate students in the UK decide to take up a further degree, the factors influencing their choice of programme and institution and the sources of information consulted. The study is based on a literature review, other sources of information and primary research with students at one institution. Based on responses from 102 current students the analysis reveals that improvement of career prospects was the prime motivator for studying a postgraduate qualification, allied to a desire to gain or update skills to become more employable. Students also chose to study for their own personal satisfaction. For the university in question, accreditation of some programmes was a deciding factor influencing their choice of institution. The reputation of the university and its location were also important. Various sources of information were referred to but the use of faculty and tutors as ‘salespeople’ had significant impact. Managerial implications for universities and directions for further research complete the paper. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Exploring the value of party political advertising for youth electoral engagement: an analysis of the 2001 British General Election advertising campaigns
Authors: Dermody Janine , Scullion Richard
Published: July 2006

One of the central, non‐party issues in the latter days of the 2001 British General Election campaign was encouraging the electorate to vote. With turnout at British elections in decline, particularly among young people, British democracy appears to be facing a crisis. This disengagement offered both opportunities and challenges for the election advertising campaigns, however, the campaigns employed have been accused of failing to engage a disinterested young electorate. The aim of this paper is to explore youth attitudes to electoral advertising and to explore its value for public servants tasked with increasing voter engagement and turnout among young people for future British general elections. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
A practical guide to corporate fundraising on a regional basis
Authors: Arnell Jane
Published: July 2006

Regional corporate fundraising has the potential to become a growth area as major companies move out of big cities and wish to become involved in supporting charities in the regions where they relocate.

This paper gives ‘hands‐on’ guidance to charities on the way to approach corporations; the importance of thorough research is stressed, as is the necessity for clear, professional proposals that point out the benefits to both charities and corporations. Much practical advice is given and many specific opportunities for fundraising are listed. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Clergy views on the marketing of the Church: insights from a UK survey
Authors: Devlin James F. , Sherman Ann
Published: July 2006

The marketing of the Church, an example of social cause marketing, has been the subject of increasing attention in the academic literature. At the same time churches in the United Kingdom are increasingly seen to be engaging in what have been termed marketing activities. A small number of studies have investigated the degree to which clergy in the USA view the use of marketing techniques as acceptable and appropriate. This paper makes a contribution to the continuing debate surrounding the use of marketing in a church setting by presenting the results of a survey of UK clergy in which they are asked about the appropriateness of marketing activities in the church context. While results indicate a general acceptance of marketing techniques, there is less acceptance among the clergy of the need to develop, and appropriateness of developing, a marketing orientation or philosophy. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Charity shop volunteers: a case for ‘tender loving care’
Authors: Whithear Roy
Published: July 2006

The main purpose of this paper, which features all the shop volunteers in the town of Ruislip (and some in a neighbouring town), is to build a picture of the volunteer workforce and to note some distinguishing features about volunteer groupings that have been identified. It discusses some of the management challenges facing charities in marshalling their volunteers and notes the very important part the local shop manager plays in that process. Finally it discusses some of the consequences to volunteering of the migration to ‘professionalism’.

It is suggested that charities, by understanding what is happening to volunteering in the retail sector, will extract maximum contribution from the efforts of their volunteers, present and future. A competitive edge may be found by some if they employ a humanistic approach to the management of volunteers. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Selling goods and services by charities: a clearer view of an emerging picture
Authors: Palmer Paul , Wise David , Penney Derek
Published: July 2006

The role of voluntary organisations in society and the way such organisations are able to gain finance to support their role, is a continuing source of interest. Charities appear to be becoming more commercial in their selling of goods and services to augment their traditional sources of income.

Such trading activity raises sensitive issues of topical interest; notably the way in which charities' income is taxed and the perception of competition between charities and private traders.

The research, commissioned by the National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO), throws light on these issues by revealing the nature and extent of trading by charities using authoritative data and a statistically sound sample of charities engaged in trading.

Because of legal and taxation constraints on charities, much trading is carried out by subsidiaries rather than by the charities themselves. This study is the first to examine specifically the use of subsidiary companies and to focus on competitive issues. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
The development of purpose and strategy within British charitable organisations: historical impressions
Authors: Williams Ian
Published: July 2006

This paper is based on research work undertaken as part of a PhD thesis. It considers the development of purpose and strategy within British charitable organisations. First, the historical path of charity in Britain is traced. Secondly, an assessment of the more fundamental forces that constitute the nature of charitable initiative are explored, much of which is applicable beyond ‘our island home’.[Churchill, W. (1957) ‘A History of the English Speaking Peoples’, Cassell and Company, London.] The historical relationship of charity to business is then examined, particularly in terms of the influence that business ‘culture’ is gaining in shaping charitable endeavour today. Finally, an initiative to link business and charity is presented and conclusions are noted. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Blurred vision: public trust in charities
Authors: Gaskin Katharine
Published: July 2006

Recent evidence that people's trust in charities is low holds serious implications for a sector that needs high levels of public confidence and support to thrive. This paper reports on qualitative focus group research initiated by the Third Sector Foresight Consortium on Trust, set up by the National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO) and the Henley Centre. Strong negative views about fundraising and marketing strategies, ‘fat cat’ salaries and fraud are only partially offset by favourable opinions of the aims and role of charities in society. There appears to be a ‘blurring’ of the voluntary sector's identity and boundaries in the public mind, with overlaps with the state and business sector threatening to obscure the distinctive character of charity and widespread suspicion of the abuse of charitable status. A consequent demand for greater openness and accountability focuses on information about charity finances and performance measurement. Suggestions for further research and strategies for the charity sector to respond to the findings conclude the paper. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Building and using a charity customer database
Authors: Stone Merlin , Moreton Annie , Larsen Peter , Robinson Paul
Published: July 2006

This paper describes how a leading campaigning organisation, Greenpeace, improved its fundraising performance through a major supporter database project. It shows how a complex and inadequate database situation can be transformed into a successful operation by applying professional statistical, marketing and systems techniques that are becoming much more widely available, while reducing costs considerably. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Is direct mail donor recruitment an art or a science?
Authors: Williamson Brian
Published: July 2006

This paper promotes the importance of proper post‐response analysis and highlights the critical elements to be analysed. The analysis elements discussed include: response measures, donation values, donation options, costs and return on investment. The goal of this paper is to introduce the reader to what can be learned from each type of analysis and how that information can be used. This will empower the analyst to make appropriate recommendations for future mailings. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Recruitment of new direct response donors: some implications for the future based on a survey from the past
Authors: Masters Tony
Published: July 2006

The constant need to enlarge the universe of charitable donors has driven innovation and imagination in direct response fundraising for over fifteen years. Each time there is a new development in media and creativity, charities are stimulated to adopt a different approach when trying to cold recruit potential donors. This process dates back to early exploitation in the mid‐70s of mass mailing to prospects, using the new medium of direct marketing. It has continued with key creative changes to the ‘call to give’ with experimentation with other media, from door‐drops to direct response TV and with the introduction of banking systems that facilitate the collection of small monthly donations. This evolution will continue, as will the search for the most cost‐effective route to increasing the value and reliability of donors. The quest for funds is increasingly competitive and is behind some of the most interesting developments in donor analysis and profile. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Performance comparisons in fundraising – the case of fundratios
Authors: Paton Rob
Published: July 2006

Fundraisers need to be able to compare results if they are to judge the success of their different programmes and schemes. But any such comparisons are fraught with difficulties. This paper reviews the experience of what is almost certainly the longest running scheme for comparing fundraising performance anywhere in the world. It describes the way it has developed, the challenges it has faced and the ways in which its figures are used, drawing on the views of a wide range of participants. It concludes by highlighting the prospects and possibilities now open to the scheme, and its longer‐term significance for nonprofit managers. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Volunteering: the long arm of the law
Authors: Morris Debra
Published: July 2006

Voluntary organisations are beginning to acknowledge that they have responsibilities towards volunteers that closely resemble their duties towards paid staff. There is a move towards interviewing volunteers, taking up references and defining the terms and conditions of volunteer work. This paper explores some legal implications of the formalisation of the relationship between voluntary organisations and their voluntary workers. Particular emphasis is placed on the problems that can arise when voluntary workers receive payment over and above the reimbursement of their actual expenditure. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Relating to marketing? Why relationship marketing works for not‐for‐profit organisations
Authors: Brennan Linda , Brady Erica
Published: July 2006

Not‐for‐profit organisations often consider marketing to be inappropriate to their needs. This may well be true if marketing is thought of in its traditional and outdated ‘transactionally’ focused mode. Relationship marketing, with a focus on relationships rather than transactions, and multiple markets, has the ability to meet the unique needs of not‐for‐profit organisations. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
How responsive are charities to market needs?
Authors: Connor Rosie
Published: July 2006

Voluntary organisations have a unique set of stakeholders. Their services are paid for, not by their customers, but by ‘purchasers’ such as social services or grant‐making trusts. This separation of customers from purchasers denies voluntary organisations a direct market mechanism for feedback on their services. As a result, charities are in danger of providing outdated poor‐quality services for years, while convincing purchasers that they are still doing a good job.

This paper examines the extent to which voluntary organisations do in fact respond to market needs, despite their undemanding environment. The paper draws on research from 15 national disability charities to explore the extent to which charities are market orientated, and to identify examples of best practice in the field.

The paper concludes by identifying the critical role played by charity chief executives in urging their own organisations to adopt marketing principles. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Press stories as a medium for social marketing: the publisher's perspective
Authors: Bennett Roger , Gabriel Helen
Published: July 2006

Features editors in 50 UK newspapers and magazines completed a mail questionnaire concerning their use of charity infotorials, ie human interest press stories based on materials developedandsubmittedbycharityemployees. The research focused on publishers' reasons for carrying this type of article, editorial policy regarding materials submitted by charities, perceptions of the quality of the copy received, and the determinants of publishers' levels of satisfaction with outcomes. A clear dichotomy emerged between publishing firms that viewed infotorials mainly as a means for gaining a competitive advantage over titles produced by other businesses, and those that adopted a more altruistic approach to the publication of stories with a charity‐related theme. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
Exploring the link between cause‐related marketing and brand building
Authors: Polonsky Michael Jay , Macdonald Emma K.
Published: July 2006

The use of cause‐related marketing (CRM) is increasing around the world and provides benefits to both firms and causes, by linking the two organisations together. Most of the CRM literature examines this strategy from a for‐profit perspective. This paper examines how this literature could be equally applicable to examining CRM from a not‐for‐profit perspective. That is CRM programmes can positively and negatively impact on a not‐for‐profit's brand, which is frequently its most valuable asset. In this way CRM can be related to a number of not‐forprofit brand and brand equity issues including brand awareness, brand attitude and intention to support the CRM programme. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
Perceived risk and consumer decision making related to health services: a comparative study
Authors: Ashford Ruth , Cuthbert Peter , Shani Najah
Published: July 2006

It is acknowledged[Weinstein, N. and Nicolich, M. (1993) ‘Correct and Incorrect Interpretations of Correlation Between Risk Perceptions and Risk Behaviours’, Health Psychology, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 235–45.] that with the development of services marketing specifically related to health services comes a need to understand the aspects of consumer risk behaviour. This paper examines differences in perceived risk between health services, general services and goods and will seek to substantiate and develop a previous US study,[Murray, K. B. and Schlacter, J. L. (1990) ‘The Impact of Services Versus Goods on Consumer's Assessment of Perceived Risk and Variability’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 51–65.] utilising a quantitative methodology with repeated measures and nested factors. The conclusions support the hypotheses that there are significant differences in perceptions of social and psychological risks when purchasing health services. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
How much are new donors worth? Making donor recruitment investment decisions based on lifetime value analysis
Authors: Aldrich Tobin M.
Published: July 2006

Donor lifetime value analysis can be an extremely powerful tool in not‐for‐profit marketing. Many organisations are yet to use this tool to its full value because of practical difficulties with definition and implementation. This paper outlines how Sight Savers International has defined lifetime value and the limitations and problems that needed to be overcome to use the technique effectively as a means of informing decisions about new donor recruitment. The paper introduces the concept of time‐based lifetime value and how it can be developed to measure return on investment of each type of donor recruitment activity. The results of the analysis as applied to Sight Savers are shown; these reveal that some current assumptions, such as that which says cold direct mail produces the best donor lifetime value, may need revising. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
Polymerization of Acrylic Acid on Expanded Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Tube by APGD Plasma Treatment
Authors: Njatawidjaja Ellyana , Kodama Makoto , Matsuzaki Kenji , Yasuda Keishu , Matsuda Takehisa
Published: July 2006

Summary: An APGD treatment was applied to modify expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (ePTFE) tubes with acrylic acid (AAc). The outer surfaces of ePTFE tubes were wrapped with PTFE films before APGD treatment. A hydrophilic modification of the inner surfaces after the treatment was observed, to a degree even higher than the one observed for the outer surfaces. These results indicate the formation of an insoluble polymerized AAc layer on the ePTFE surfaces.

Comparison of FTIR‐ATR spectra measured on the untreated ePTFE's inner surface (a) and outer surface (b), and on the inner surface (c), and outer surface (d) of the AAc‐coated ePTFE's.

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Comparison of FTIR‐ATR spectra measured on the untreated ePTFE's inner surface (a) and outer surface (b), and on the inner surface (c), and outer surface (d) of the AAc‐coated ePTFE's.
Mechanisms Involved in the Conversion of ppHMDSO Films into SiO2‐Like by Oxygen Plasma Treatment
Authors: Granier Agnès , Borvon Gael , Bousquet Angélique , Goullet Antoine , Leteinturier Christiane , van der Lee Arie
Published: July 2006

Summary: Thin ppHMDSO plasma polymer films deposited in a low pressure hexamethyldisiloxane plasma have been exposed to oxygen plasmas ignited in the same reactor at different pressures. The time evolution of the ppHMDSO film during the oxygen plasma treatment (30 s to one hour) was monitored in situ by multi‐wavelength ellipsometry. The treated films were analysed ex situ by X‐ray reflectometry, spectroscopic ellipsometry and infrared spectroscopy. On the other hand, the oxygen atom density as well as the oxygen ion density and energy were measured by actinometry and Langmuir probe measurements, respectively. For all the investigated oxygen plasma conditions, the film thickness and extinction coefficient significantly decrease. If the O ion energy is low enough (typically less than 10 eV) the 65nm ppHMDSO can even be transformed into a 45 nm‐thick carbon free SiO2‐like film. In contrast, if the ion energy is higher than 10 eV, the ppHMDSO is only partially oxidised. Based on the oxygen atom flux measurement, it is concluded that the number of oxygen atoms impinging on the ppHMDSO film is not the only parameter which governs the treatment. The oxygen ion energy appears to have a key role as far as energetic ions are likely to induce the formation of a dense superficial SiO2 layer which prevents the diffusion of O atoms in the film and the out diffusion of volatile oxidation products.

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Crystal structure of phosphatidylglycerophosphatase (PGPase), a putative membrane‐bound lipid phosphatase, reveals a novel binuclear metal binding site and two “proton wires”
Authors: Kumaran Desigan , Bonanno Jeffrey B. , Burley Stephen K. , Swaminathan Subramanyam
Published: July 2006

Phosphatidylglycerophosphatase (PGPase), an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, catalyzes formation of phosphatidylglycerol from phosphatidylglycerophosphate. Phosphatidylglycerol is a multifunctional phospholipid, found in the biological membranes of many organisms. Here, we report the crystal structure of Listeria monocytogenes PGPase at 1.8 Å resolution. PGPase, an all‐helical molecule, forms a homotetramer. Each protomer contains an independent active site with two metal ions, Ca2+ and Mg2+, forming a hetero‐binuclear center located in a hydrophilic cavity near the surface of the molecule. The binuclear center, conserved ligands, metal‐bound water molecules, and an Asp–His dyad form the active site. The catalytic mechanism of this enzyme is likely to proceed via binuclear metal activated nucleophilic water. The binuclear metal‐binding active‐site environment of this structure should provide insights into substrate binding and metal‐dependent catalysis. A long channel with inter‐linked linear water chains, termed “proton wires,” is observed at the tetramer interface. Comparison of similar water chain structures in photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs), Cytochrome f, gramicidin, and bacteriorhodopsin, suggests that PGPase may conduct protons via proton wires. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ferroelectric phase transition detected by means of a contact electrode method
Authors: Roleder K. , Matlak M. , Ziębińska A. , Ćwikiel K. , Franke I.
Published: July 2006

The contact (reference) electrode method has been applied to observe the structural transformation between the paraelectric cubic and ferroelectric tetragonal phase in the dielectric BaTiO3 (BT) single crystal. The contact electrode in a form a thin gold layer has been sputtered to the biggest crystal surface and at the ends of the electrode two thin silver wires have been glued. A voltage U has been applied to these wires and the resistance of the reference electrode has been measured as function of temperature. The method utilises the new effect of the chemical potential induced phase transition in the electron gas of the reference electrode correlated with the phase transition taking place in the investigated material which can be observed in the resistance temperature dependence of the reference electrode. Except for clear changes in the resistance of the contact electrode at the transition point another anomaly at about 105 °C has been detected. The experiments have shown that this method, used till now to metallic materials, is sensitive enough to observe phase transitions also in the case of non‐metallic materials, like BT. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic properties of zinc‐blende Scx Ga1−xN
Authors: Fredj A. Ben , Oussaifi Y. , Bouarissa N. , Said M.
Published: July 2006

Using the empirical pseudopotential approach, we have investigated the electronic properties of GaN, ScN and their hypothetical alloys Scx Ga1−x N in the zinc‐blende structure. The band gaps at Γ‐, X‐ and L‐points as well as the electron effective masses of Γ and X valleys were calculated as a function of scandium molar fraction x. The agreement between our results and the available experimental and previously calculated data is fair. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zero dimensional exciton‐polaritons
Authors: Baas A. , El Daïf O. , Richard M. , Brantut J.‐P. , Nardin G. , Idrissi Kaitouni R. , Guillet T. , Savona V. , Staehli J. L. , Morier‐Genoud F. , Deveaud B.
Published: July 2006

We present a novel semiconductor structure in which 0D polaritons coexist with 2D microcavity polaritons. Spatial trapping of the 2D microcavity polaritons results from the confinement of their photonic part in a potential well, consisting of an adjustable thickness variation of the spacer layer. This original technique allows to create polaritonic boxes of any size and shape. Strong coupling regime is evidenced by the typical energy level anticrossing, in real space and in momentum space, and supported by a theoretical model. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Disorder issues in metallic photonic crystals
Authors: Nau D. , Schönhardt A. , Bauer C. , Christ A. , Zentgraf T. , Kuhl J. , Giessen H.
Published: July 2006

We study the influence of positional disorder on the optical properties of metallic photonic crystals. Two disorder models are implemented, namely frozen‐phonon disorder and long‐range disorder. We calculate the two‐point correlation functions, analyze the Fourier transforms of the spatial arrangements, and present experimental extinction spectra of the different disordered photonic crystals. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exciton dynamics in the presence of an electron gas in GaAs quantum wells
Authors: Bajoni D. , Senellart P. , Perrin M. , Lemaître A. , Sermage B. , Bloch J.
Published: July 2006

The dynamics of excitons in a GaAs quantum well in the presence of an electron gas is investigated by time resolved photoluminescence (PL). We prove that the emission at the exciton energy originates from a real exciton population for all time delays. Moreover we show that injecting a low density electron gas strongly accelerates the exciton dynamics, by increasing the exciton formation rate. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlation effects in the ultrafast dynamics of the Quantum Hall system close to v = 1
Authors: Kavousanaki E. G. , Dani K. M. , Tignon J. , Chemla D. S. , Perakis I. E.
Published: July 2006

We present a many‐body theory of the non‐linear optical response of the Quantum Hall system. This theory describes the role of the cold, strongly correlated, two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the ultrafast dynamics. We discuss the manifestations of intraband and interband coherences induced by the collective 2DEG excitations in the coupled photocarrier–Quantum Hall system. We compare to transient three‐pulse four‐wave‐mixing experiments. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Further exploration of the Fukui function, hardness, and other reactivity indices and its relationships within the Kohn–Sham scheme
Authors: Fuentealba P. , Chamorro E. , Cárdenas C.
Published: July 2006

The Fukui function, hardness, and other reactivity indices defined in the context of the Kohn–Sham scheme have been further examined following up previous developments. An equation analogue to the Berkowitz–Parr relationship among the noninteracting linear response function and a new Kohn–Sham softness hierarchy can be derived as defined in the present study. The thermodynamic‐like structure of the mathematical equations is retained among the global, local, and nonlocal hierarchies of descriptors, yielding equations that present fewer approximations. In particular, it is stressed that the Kohn–Sham hardness is better approximated by the Kohn–Sham energy gap and, as previously emphasized, that the Kohn–Sham Fukui function is precisely equal to the square of the frontier orbital. The higher‐order perturbational extensions have been outlined, and the analogue of a Fukui response function within the Kohn–Sham context has been derived. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Theoretical study of 3d‐metal mononitrides using DFT method
Authors: Chaudhari Ajay , Lee Shyi‐Long
Published: July 2006

3d‐Metal mononitrides are studied using the density functional theory method. The lowest spin state for these dimers is obtained using the B3LYP hybrid functional with the 6‐311+G* basis set. The equilibrium geometries, vibrational frequencies, binding energies, Mulliken, and natural orbital population analysis charges, natural orbital electronic configuration, electron affinity, and ionization potential are obtained. Mulliken as well as natural orbital population analysis charges indicate that for all dimers, in cations most of the positive charge localized on the transition metal atom where in anions most of the negative charge localized on nitrogen atom. The binding energies for 3d‐metal mononitrides are higher than those for monocarbides and monoxides. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Helium fine structure: Unsolved many‐body‐QED Problem
Authors: Lindgren Ingvar
Published: July 2006

Theoretical and experimental results for the fine‐structure separation of the lowest 3P state of the helium atom disagree significantly. The experiment is well checked and the disagreement is most likely due to deficiency in the theoretical evaluation, which is based upon power expansion of the Bethe‐Salpeter equation. A new numerical technique is introduced for combining QED and electron‐correlation calculations, which in the future might contribute to resolving the issue. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Analytical evaluation of molecular electronic integrals using Poisson's equation: Exponential‐type orbitals and atom pairs
Authors: Absi Noureddine , Hoggan Philip
Published: July 2006

The integral bottleneck in evaluating molecular energies arises from the two‐electron contributions. These are difficult and time‐consuming to evaluate, especially over exponential type orbitals, used here to ensure the correct behavior of atomic orbitals. The two‐center two‐electron integrals are essential to describe atom pairs in molecules and distinguish those that are bound. In this work on analytical integration, it is shown that the two‐center Coulomb integrals involved can be expressed as one‐electron kinetic energy‐like integrals. This is accomplished using the fact that the Coulomb operator is a Green's function of the Laplacian. The ensuing integrals may be further simplified by defining spectral forms for the one‐electron potential satisfying Poisson's equation therein. A sum of overlap integrals with the atomic orbital energy eigenvalue as a factor is then obtained to give the Coulomb energy. This is most easily evaluated by direct integration. The orbitals involved in three and four center integrals are translated to two centers. This is discussed very briefly. The evaluation of exchange energy is a straightforward extension of this work. The summation coefficients in spectral forms are evaluated analytically from Gaunt coefficients. The Poisson method may be used to calculate Coulomb energy integrals efficiently. For a single processor, gains of CPU time for a given chemical accuracy exceed a factor of 4. This method lends itself to efficient evaluation on a parallel computer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 106, 2006
BSSE‐free hardness profiles of hydrogen bond exchange in the hydrogen fluoride dimer
Authors: Asturiol David , Duran Miquel , Salvador Pedro , Torrent‐Sucarrat Miquel
Published: July 2006

Hardness profiles are calculated for the hydrogen bond interchange in the hydrogen fluoride dimer; the study is carried out at the Hartree–Fock and second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2) levels of theory with three different basis sets. The basis set superposition error (BSSE) is corrected by means of the chemical Hamiltonian approach (CHA). Uncorrected and BSSE‐corrected energy and hardness profiles are compared. Their analysis shows that hardness profiles do not lead to spurious minima as energy profiles do in various cases. The CHA methodology is shown to be valuable in the analysis of intermolecular interactions, with BSSE observed to carry smaller modifications on hardness profiles than on energy curves. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Comprehensive theoretical study towards the accurate proton affinity values of naturally occurring amino acids
Authors: Dinadayalane T. C. , Sastry G. Narahari , Leszczynski Jerzy
Published: July 2006

Systematic quantum chemical studies of Hartree–Fock (HF) and second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2) methods, and B3LYP functional, with a range of basis sets were employed to evaluate proton affinity values of all naturally occurring amino acids. The B3LYP and MP2 in conjunction with 6‐311+G(d,p) basis set provide the proton affinity values that are in very good agreement with the experimental results, with an average deviation of ∼1 kcal/mol. The number and the relative strength of intramolecular hydrogen bonding play a key role in the proton affinities of amino acids. The computational exploration of the conformers reveals that the global minima conformations of the neutral and protonated amino acids are different in eight cases. The present study reveals that B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) is a very good choice of technique to evaluate the proton affinities of amino acids and the compounds derived from them reliably and economically. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Ab initio study of the structural properties of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
Authors: Allen Reeshemah N. , Shukla M. K. , Reed Demarcio , Leszczynski Jerzy
Published: July 2006

Geometries of the neutral and ionic tautomeric species of ascorbic acid were optimized at the density functional theory (DFT) level using the B3LYP functional. The radical species were evaluated using the unrestricted B3LYP method. Single‐point energy calculations were also performed using the Møller–Plesset (MP2) and unrestricted MP2 (UMP2) methods for the closed‐shell and open‐shell systems, respectively. The effects of aqueous solution were evaluated using the conducting polarized continuum model (CPCM) and polarized continuum model (PCM). The geometries of most stable radicals in the respective groups were also optimized in the water solution using the CPCM model at the UB3LYP level. All calculation were performed using the 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set. The nature of stationary points on the gas phase potential energy surfaces (PESs) was evaluated using vibrational frequency calculations; all geometries characterize local minima. The species obtained by the deprotonation of the O3 site is the most stable monoanion of ascorbic acid. For the radical species, the structure obtained by the dehydrogenation of the O3 site is the most stable monoradical. Among the radical anions, the species obtained by the deprotonation of the O3 site and subsequent dehydrogenation of the O2 site is the most stable in the gas phase and in an aqueous medium. The computed isotropic hyperfine coupling constants of this species were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Our investigation also supports the earlier findings that the oxidized species of ascorbic acid in water solution by the OH• radical is radical anion of the AAOO form. The spin densities and molecular electrostatic potentials are also discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Nonequilibrium dynamics of single polymer molecules: Relaxation close to and far from equilibrium
Authors: Hanke Felix , Kreuzer Hans Jürgen
Published: July 2006

A master equation approach is used to study the relaxation of single polymer molecules. For relaxation close to equilibrium, a Fokker–Planck equation is derived via a Kramers–Moyal expansion. Far from equilibrium, two scenarios are studied: (i) an initial force that stretched the molecule to a certain length is suddenly released and the time evolution to the final force‐free equilibrium is followed; and (ii) a force of a certain magnitude is suddenly applied to a molecule and the time evolution to the final equilibrium stretching at that force is followed. Initial transients, dominated by many time scales, are followed by a roughly exponential decay. Final approach to equilibrium is again exponential, but on a time scale many orders of magnitude slower. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Public perceptions of Bhutan's approach to sustainable development in practice
Authors: Rinzin Chhewang , Vermeulen Walter J. V. , Glasbergen Pieter
Published: July 2006

This paper focuses on the practical approach to sustainable development in Bhutan and specifically on public views on and experiences with the implementation of this strategy. Bhutan's development goal is ‘gross national happiness’. The strategy it has adopted to achieve this goal is known as the ‘middle path strategy’, which essentially addresses four sources (‘pillars’) of gross national happiness: economic development, ecological preservation, cultural preservation and good governance, without giving greater emphasis to any one pillar over the others. The paper is based on a survey conducted in 10 districts of Bhutan. Standard pre‐designed questionnaires were used for interviews with representatives of three main groups in society: the state, civil society and the market.

  The results of this survey, the first of its kind to be carried out in the country, revealed that there is general agreement with the substance of the development strategy, although not everyone is fully aware of its scope and implications. A remarkable outcome of the survey, and one that contrasts with happiness studies conducted elsewhere in the world, was the high score for happiness in a country whose gross domestic product is so small. However, people do feel uncertain and the chosen development path is still fragile. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Remarks on wind turbine power absorption increase by including the axial force due to the radial pressure gradient in the general momentum theory
Authors: Xiros M. I. , Xiros N. I.
Published: July 2006

It is shown that the general momentum theory, in the form that it has been published previously, underestimates the axial force and the absorbed power, possibly by a large amount if the expansion of the wake is large. Consequently, the Betz limit, theoretically, can probably be exceeded by a correspondingly large amount. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Reliability analysis for wind turbines
Authors: Tavner P. J. , Xiang J. , Spinato F.
Published: July 2006

Modern wind turbines are complex aerodynamic, mechanical and electrical machines incorporating sophisticated control systems. Wind turbines have been erected in increasing numbers in Europe, the USA and elsewhere. In Europe, Germany and Denmark have played a particularly prominent part in developing the technology, and both countries have installed large numbers of turbines. This article is concerned with understanding the historic reliability of modern wind turbines. The prime objective of the work is to extract information from existing data so that the reliability of large wind turbines can be predicted, particularly when installed offshore in the future. The article uses data collected from the Windstats survey to analyse the reliability of wind turbine components from historic German and Danish data. Windstats data have characteristics common to practical reliability surveys; for example, the number of failures is collected for each interval but the number of turbines varies in each interval. In this article, the authors use reliability analysis methods which are not only applicable to wind turbines but relate to any repairable system. Particular care is taken to compare results from the two populations to consider the validity of the data. The main purpose of the article is to discuss the practical methods of predicting large‐wind‐turbine reliability using grouped survey data from Windstats and to show how turbine design, turbine configuration, time, weather and possibly maintenance can affect the extracted results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.