bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of hydrogenated diamond field-effect transistors on single and polycrystalline diamond
Authors: Zhou Rui , Yu Cui , Zhou Chuangjie , Guo Jianchao , He Zezhao , Wang Yanfeng , Qiu Feng , Wang Hongxing , Cai Shujun , Feng Zhihong
Published: December 2020

In this work, we investigate the influence of defect concentration of the diamond substrates on the performance of hydrogen-terminated diamond field-effect transistors by Raman spectra, pulsedI–Vcharacteristics analysis, and radio frequency performances measurements. It is found that a sample with higher defect concentration shows larger drain-lag effect and lower large-signal output power density. Defects in the diamond act as traps in the carrier transport and have a considerable influence on the large-signal output power density of diamond field-effect transistors. This work should be helpful for further performance improvement of the microwave power diamond devices.
Effect of welding heat input on microstructure and properties of TC4 titanium alloy ultra-narrow gap welded joint by laser welding with filler wire
Authors: Fang Naiwen , Guo Erjun , Huang Ruisheng , Yin Limeng , Chen Yongsheng , Zeng Caiyou , Cao Hao , Zou Jipeng , Xu Kaixin
Published: December 2020

A 10 mm narrow gap TC4 titanium alloy welded joint by laser welding with filler wire was obtained by different welding heat inputs. The microstructures of the welded joint were analyzed by OM, SEM, XRD and EBSD. The mechanical properties of the welded joint were analyzed by microhardness test and tensile test. The results show that with the increase of laser welding heat input, the average grain size and width of the equiaxed crystal zone in the center of the weld increases, the grain angle in the columnar crystal zone gradually tends to be perpendicular to the center of the weld, and the width of the heat affected zone (HAZ) increases without obvious grain coarsening. The HAZ of the welded joint is softened, and its microhardness value is lower than that of the weld and the base metal. The tensile strength of the welded joint is slightly higher than those of the base metal, but the elongation after fracture is less than that of the base metal, and it decreases with the increase of laser welding heat input.
High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and microscopy
Authors: Iwasawa Hideaki
Published: December 2020

This review outlines fundamental principles, instrumentation, and capabilities of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and microscopy. We will present how high-resolution ARPES enables to investigate fine structures of electronic band dispersions, Fermi surfaces, gap structures, and many-body interactions, and how angle-resolved photoemission microscopy (spatially-resolved ARPES) utilizing micro/nano-focused light allows to extract spatially localized electronic information at small dimensions. This work is focused on specific results obtained by the author from strongly correlated copper and ruthenium oxides, to help readers to understand consistently how these techniques can provide essential electronic information of materials, which can, in principle, apply to a wide variety of systems.
Zero-point energies prevent a trigonal to simple cubic transition in high-pressure sulfur
Authors: Whaley-Baldwin Jack
Published: December 2020

Recently published density functional theory results using the PBE functional (Whaley-Baldwin and Needs 2020 New J. Phys. 22 023020) suggest that elemental sulfur does not adopt the simple-cubic (SC)

P
m

3

̄

m

phase at high pressures, in disagreement with previous works (Rudin and Liu 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett.
83 3049--52; Gavryushkin et al 2017 Phys. Status Solidi B 254 1600857). We carry out an extensive set of calculations using a variety of different exchange–correlation functionals (both local and non-local), and show that even though under LDA and PW91 a high-pressure SC phase does indeed become favourable at the static lattice level, when zero-point energies (ZPEs) are included, the transition to the SC phase is suppressed in every case, owing to the larger ZPE of the SC phase; thus confirming the transition sequence as

R

3

̄

m
→

BCC, with no intervening SC phase. We reproduce these findings with pseudopotentials that explicitly include core electronic states, and show that even at these high pressures, only the n = 3 valence shell contributes to bonding in sulfur. We then compare our findings against the all-electron code ELK, which is in excellent agreement with our pseudopotential results, and examine the roles of the exchange and correlation contributions to the total energy. We further calculate anharmonic vibrational corrections to the ZPEs of the two phases, and find that such corrections are several orders of magnitude smaller than the ZPEs and are thus negligible. The effect of finite temperatures is also considered, and we show that the

P
m

3

̄

m

phase becomes even more unfavourable with an increase in temperature. Finally, the experimental consequences of our results on the equation of state of sulfur and its superconducting critical temperature are explicitly calculated.
Review of injection dependent charge carrier lifetime spectroscopy
Authors: Zhu Yan , Hameiri Ziv
Published: December 2020

Characterization and identification of recombination active defects in photovoltaic (PV) materials are essential for improving the performance of solar cells, hence, reducing their levelized cost of electricity. Injection dependent lifetime spectroscopy (IDLS) is a sensitive and widely used technique for investigating defects in silicon. With the development of carrier lifetime measurement techniques and analysis methods, IDLS has gained increasing popularity within the PV research community. In this paper, we review IDLS, from measurement techniques and systems, to existing and emerging defect parameterization methods. We also discuss the limitations and potential pitfalls of lifetime spectroscopy analysis and outline the possible approaches for improvement.
How isotropic kernels perform on simple invariants
Authors: Paccolat Jonas , Spigler Stefano , Wyart Matthieu
Published: December 2020

We investigate how the training curve of isotropic kernel methods depends on the symmetry of the task to be learned, in several settings. (i) We consider a regression task, where the target function is a Gaussian random field that depends only on

d
∥

variables, fewer than the input dimension d. We compute the expected test error ϵ that follows

ϵ
∼

p

−
β

where p is the size of the training set. We find that β ∼ 1/d independently of

d
∥

, supporting previous findings that the presence of invariants does not resolve the curse of dimensionality for kernel regression. (ii) Next we consider support-vector binary classification and introduce the stripe model, where the data label depends on a single coordinate

y
(

x
_

)
=
y
(

x
1

)

, corresponding to parallel decision boundaries separating labels of different signs, and consider that there is no margin at these interfaces. We argue and confirm numerically that, for large bandwidth,

β
=

d
−
1
+
ξ

3
d
−
3
+
ξ

, where ξ ∈ (0, 2) is the exponent characterizing the singularity of the kernel at the origin. This estimation improves classical bounds obtainable from Rademacher complexity. In this setting there is no curse of dimensionality since

β
→
1

/

3

as

d
→
∞

. (iii) We confirm these findings for the spherical model, for which

y
(

x
_

)
=
y
(

|

|

x
_

|

|

)

. (iv) In the stripe model, we show that, if the data are compressed along their invariants by some factor λ (an operation believed to take place in deep networks), the test error is reduced by a factor

λ

−

2
(
d
−
1
)

3
d
−
3
+
ξ

.
Global Jihad and International Media Use
Authors: el-Aswad el-Sayed , Sirgy M. Joseph , Estes Richard J. , Rahtz Don R.
Published: December 2020

Globalization and international media are potent contributors to the rise of the Islamist global jihad. Widespread digital communication technologies that connect people all over the world are a substantial component of globalization. Over the past three decades, “virtual jihad” has emerged as a potent disseminator of radical religious-political ideologies, instilling fear and fostering instability worldwide. Western and global media, while often misrepresenting Islam and Muslims, have played a significant role in disseminating jihadist ideologies. The involvement of global jihadists (mujāhidīn) across myriad media outlets and platforms has allowed them to promote their agenda around the world. Using the Internet and media outlets, global jihadists are able to attract and recruit people to their ranks in an accelerated manner. Jihadists have engaged in media activities that have empowered and expanded the global jihad movement, even in the face of increased mitigation efforts.
Economics of Waste Minimization, Recycling, and Disposal
Authors: Begum Rawshan Ara , Ehsan Sofia
Published: December 2020

With rapid population growth and urbanization around the world, waste generation (solid, liquid, and gaseous) is increasing. Waste management is a critical factor in ensuring human health and environmental protection, which is a major concern of both developing and developed countries. Waste management systems and practices, including collection, transport, treatment, and disposal, vary between developed and developing countries or even in urban and rural areas. In response, economic models have been developed to help decision-makers choose the most efficient mix of policy levers to regulate solid waste and recycling activities. The economic models employ different kinds of data to estimate the factors that contribute to solid waste generation and recycling, and to estimate the effectiveness of the policy options employed for waste management and disposal. Thus, economic analysis plays a crucial role in the proper and efficient management of solid waste, and leads to significant developments in the field of environmental economics to reflect the costs of pollution related to waste, measure the environmental benefits of waste management, find cost-efficient solutions, and shape policies for environmental protection and sustainable development. Economic assessment and cost-benefit analysis help to determine optimal policies for efficient use of resources and management of waste problems to achieve sustainable waste management, especially in developing and least developed countries. Crucial challenges include issues such as the limits of waste hierarchy, integration of sustainable waste management, public-private cooperation, and linear versus circular economy.
Tenofovir Diphosphate Concentrations in Dried Blood Spots From Pregnant and Postpartum Adolescent and Young Women Receiving Daily Observed Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Stranix-Chibanda Lynda , Anderson Peter L , Kacanek Deborah , Hosek Sybil , Huang Sharon , Nematadzira Teacler G , Taulo Frank , Korutaro Violet , Nakabiito Clemensia , Masenya Maysebole , Lypen Kathryn , Brown Emily , Ibrahim Mustafa E , Yager Jenna , Wiesner Lubbe , Johnston Benjamin , Amico K Rivet , Rooney James F , Chakhtoura Nahida , Spiegel Hans M L , Chi Benjamin H ,   IMPAACT 2009 Team, Chanaiwa Vongai , Maonera Suzen , Mungate Lucia , Mambiya Sharon Kunkanga , Mnemba Abigail , Chithila Flora , Nakabuye Phionah , Kisekka Muzamil Nsibuka , Ndyanabangi Victoria , Mirembe Brenda Gati , Ssemambo Phionah Kibalama , Ssekasi Annette Miwanda , Horne Elizea , Sibisi Siphokazi , Grab Janet
Published: December 2020

Background

Intracellular tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) concentration in dried blood spots (DBSs) is used to monitor cumulative pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence. We evaluated TFV-DP in DBSs following daily oral PrEP (emtricitabine 200 mg/tenofovir diphosphate 300 mg) among pregnant and postpartum adolescent girls and young women (AGYW).

Methods

Directly observed PrEP was administered for 12 weeks in a pregnancy (14–24 weeks’ gestation, n = 20) and postpartum (6–12 weeks postpartum, n = 20) group of AGYW aged 16–24 years in sub-Saharan Africa. Weekly DBS TFV-DP was measured by validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay. Week 12 TFV-DP distributions were compared between groups with Wilcoxon test. Population pharmacokinetic models were fit to estimate steady-state concentrations and create benchmarks for adherence categories. Baseline correlates of TFV-DP were evaluated.

Results

Median age was 20 (IQR, 19–22) years. Of 3360 doses, 3352 (>99%) were directly observed. TFV-DP median (IQR) half-life was 10 (7–12) days in pregnancy and 17 (14–21) days postpartum, with steady state achieved by 5 and 8 weeks, respectively. Observed median (IQR) steady-state TFV-DP was 965 fmol/punch (691–1166) in pregnancy versus 1406 fmol/punch (1053–1859) postpartum (P = .006). Modeled median steady-state TFV-DP was 881 fmol/punch (667–1105) in pregnancy versus 1438 fmol/punch (1178–1919) postpartum. In pooled analysis, baseline creatinine clearance was associated with observed TFV-DP concentrations.

Conclusions

TFV-DP in African AGYW was approximately one-third lower in pregnancy than postpartum. These Population-specific benchmarks can be used to guide PrEP adherence support in pregnant/postpartum African women.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT03386578
Human Rights in Older Age: A Critical Reflection of the Debate Around a UN Convention on the Rights of Older Persons
Authors: Hopf Stefan , Previtali Federica , Georgantzi Nena
Published: December 2020

In recent years ageism has received increase international attention. In 2016 the UN dedicated the International Day of Older Persons to the fight against ageism and the World Heath Organization launched a campaign to combat ageism. This growing interest is also illustrated by the establishment of the UN Open-Ended Working Group on Ageing, and the related work on a UN convention on the rights of older persons, which, among other things, aims to provide better protection against discrimination. The ongoing discussions about a convention is accompanied by tensions between views assuming an older persons’ specific convention may reproduce age-related group differences and could perpetuate ageism, and those who argue that it will help reducing it. This article critically reflects on these discussions and some aspects of a potential convention that could provide basis for ageism critique. We refer to central sociological and legal arguments of the debate around ageism and age-based distinctions, which show clear intersections, e.g. the legal discussion one the justifiability of the general use of "age limits" and the socio-scientific debate on the relationship between age categorization and ageism. These intersections serve as central starting point for the question whether and to what extent age group differentiation and targeted human rights protection may (re-)produce ageism. Finally, we argue in favor of re-framing the debate about a convention on the rights of older persons towards a more universalist approach, which addresses possible age inequalities and critically reflects on the connection between chronological age and targeted human rights provisions.
Self-Related Views of Aging After Age 50: The Long-Term Effects of Poor Health in Childhood
Authors: Smith Jacqui , Larkina Marina
Published: December 2020

Age stereotypes and expectations about one’s own aging commence in childhood but most research focuses on predictive associations with midlife health behaviors, later-life chronic conditions, and longevity. Surprisingly little is known about the role of poor childhood health in these associations. This study aims to fill this gap. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS: N = 5807; aged 50-98), we investigated whether diagnosed chronic illness before age 16 and self-rated childhood health predict late-life self-perceptions of aging (SPA) and subjective age discrepancy (AD). We conducted multivariate multiple regressions to determine the joint and unique effects of childhood health. Models included controls for current health (functional limitations), memory status, and demographic covariates (age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, and education). Multivariate tests (Pillai’s trace) revealed that both childhood health indicators were significant predictors. Over and above all covariates and the covariation of the two views of one’s own aging, univariate models showed that the number of childhood diagnoses was significant predictor of AD (p < .007) but not for SPA. In contrast, self-rated childhood health was a significant predictor of SPA (p < .001) but not for AD. This study provides new insight into precursors of self-evaluations of aging. Whereas childhood diagnoses of chronic illness attenuated the extent that individuals felt younger than their actual age, ratings of poor childhood health enhanced negative SPA. The non-normative experience of poor health in early life is a lifelong foundation for both late life beliefs and health.
The Social Patterns of Age Discrimination: An Analysis of the Macro-Perspective-Interpretations
Authors: Hopf Stefan
Published: December 2020

Modern societies can be regarded as service economies, consequently accessing services is an essential part of social and economic participation. Direct and indirect indiscrimination act as barriers to accessing and using services and one way to address these barriers is to implement anti-discrimination legislation and policy. From a sociological point of view, such policies and legal frameworks can be described as elements of the social discourse in these areas. These texts, along with their implicit and explicit interpretations of the problem, represent the official and legitimised stake of the socially available stock of knowledge of what constitutes age discrimination. Hence the shape and contribute to the general understanding of age discrimination. The study aims to investigate the interpretation patterns offered by the “supply” side, that is by those actors who in their work refer to but also (re-) shape and disseminate the problem interpretation contained in the official texts. To address this aim, focus groups with stakeholders and semi-structured interviews with legal and policy experts were conducted in Austria and Ireland. The findings highlight that experts and stakeholders’ definitions of age discrimination usually extend past legal and policy concepts. The expert and stakeholder approaches differ in their starting points for describing the problem, ranging from vulnerability considerations to human rights-based concepts and more structurally orientated needs-based criteria. Finally, the analysis also reveals a central distinguishing feature of age discrimination, namely the “de-temporalization” and “de-historicization” of the person, which is of equal importance as the de-individualization as a consequence of stereotyping
What Are the Most Distressing Aspects of Experiencing Elder Abuse? Findings From a Qualitative Study With Victims
Authors: Hsieh Jessica , Burnes David , Scher Clara , Zanotti Paula , Burchett Chelsie , Sirey Jo Anne , Lachs Mark
Published: December 2020

Adult protective services and other community-based agencies respond to hundreds of thousands of elder abuse cases annually in the United States; however, few studies include elder abuse victims’ voices. This study explored the most distressing aspects of elder abuse, as identified by victims themselves; to date, this is the first known study on this topic. Guided by a phenomenological qualitative methodology, this study conducted in-person, semi-structured interviews with a sample of elder abuse victims (n = 30) recruited from a community-based elder abuse social service program in New York City. To enhance trustworthiness, two researchers independently analyzed transcript data to identify key transcript codes/themes. Distressing aspects of elder abuse were identified across three key domains, related to feelings of loss (50% of codes), threats/negative consequences (55%), and client-needs/system incongruity (14%). Specifically, the first theme represented outcomes related to loss of relationships (19% of ‘loss’ codes), personhood (16%), credibility (19%), faith/trust in others (38%), and finances (8%). The second theme looked at threats to physical self (34% of ‘threat’ codes), psyche (39%), and others, including the perpetrator (27%). The third theme focused on mismatches in client/system goals (50% of ‘incongruity’ codes) and legal system involvement (50%). The findings in this study provide a comprehensive and conceptually organized range of aspects to serve as infrastructure for the development of meaningful interventions to address the needs of victims. This study represents one of the largest efforts to understand and integrate the perspectives and needs of victims into elder abuse intervention practice/research to date.
Change in Cognitive Performance by Race or Ethnicity and Multimorbidity Among Older Americans
Authors: Quinones Ana , Chen Siting , Botoseneanu Anda , Allore Heather , Newsom Jason , Thielke Stephen , Kaye Jeffrey
Published: December 2020

Understanding factors that influence cognitive performance remain critical priorities, particularly among racial/ethnic groups that have higher prevalence of dementia. This study assesses race/ethnic (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic) differences in cognitive performance in adjusted models accounting for co-existing self-reported chronic conditions (arthritis, diabetes, cancer, depressive symptoms, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, lung disease, osteoporosis, stroke), age, sex, education, and income. Data from the 2011-2017 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a nationally-representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries (N=7,041, mean age=77.5), were used to estimate a series of cross-sectional multivariable linear regressions to evaluate race/ethnic differences in cognitive performance scores on the NHATS cognitive composite test of memory, orientation, and executive function domains (range 0-33) over seven years. In adjusted models, black participants had lower cognitive scores relative to white participants in 2011 (b=-2.25, 95% CI[-2.52, -1.98]) and by the end of the observation period in 2017 (b=-3.24, 95% CI[-3.72, -2.76]). Similarly, Hispanic participants experienced lower cognitive scores relative to white participants in 2011 (b=-2.31, 95% CI[-2.77, -1.84]) which persisted to the end of the observation window (b=-2.77, 95% CI[-3.66, -1.89]). Racial/ethnic groups had significantly lower cognitive scores relative to white Medicare beneficiaries over seven years of assessment. These analyses build toward longitudinal analyses of repeated observations of cognitive performance. Given the broad clinical and policy implications involved in caring for persons with dementia, it will be important to intervene earlier on modifiable risk factors to postpone cognitive declines among older minority ethnic adults.
Prevalence of Heavy Alcohol Use by Caregivers of Persons With Alzheimer’s Disease or Related Dementia
Authors: Kunicki Zachary , Jones Richard
Published: December 2020

Some caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias (ADRD) are known to be under high levels of burden, which is associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Previous research has established anxiety, depression, and stress are associated with heavy alcohol use, but little research has examined heavy alcohol use among ADRD caregivers. Heavy alcohol use could influence the ability of ADRD caregivers to provide care. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence and prevalence correlates of heavy alcohol use among ADRD caregivers using the 2016 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS). We identified 2,028 persons among the 486,303 BRFSS respondents who were the primary informal caregivers of a person with ADRD. Among them, the prevalence of heavy alcohol use was 6.3 per 100 persons. Adult child caregiver relationship, positive smoking status, and fewer hours of providing care per day were all positively and significantly associated with heavy alcohol use. Notably, sex was not. Future research should examine if heavy alcohol use by ADRD caregivers is related to personally and clinically relevant outcomes of care provided to the persons with ADRD.
Shared Decision Making Between Older Adult Home Health Patients and Their Caregivers: A Dyadic Coping Perspective
Authors: Tay Djin , Ellington Lee , Towsley Gail , Supiano Katherine , Berg Cynthia
Published: December 2020

Older adult Home health (HH) patients comprise a medically frail population with increased inpatient and emergency department utilization. Despite the need for advance care planning among this population, rates are suboptimal. Patients rely increasingly on caregivers to advocate and coordinate their care particularly at the end of life; however surrogate decision makers are often underprepared for their roles in end-of-life decision making. This study examined shared decision making processes among older adult HH patients and caregivers during a shared decision making intervention guided by the Developmental-Contextual Model of dyadic coping (DCM). Purposive recruitment of N=18 HH patient-caregiver dyads was conducted. Patients were 55 years and above and participated with a family or non-family caregiver they nominated to the study. A 10-41 minute long video-recorded advance care planning intervention was conducted in patients’ homes and analyzed for non-verbal and verbal interactions using Noldus Observer XT 14.0. Theoretically-derived codes were applied deductively in a content analysis to examine dyadic processes associated with interactions suggesting agreement (convergent interactions) and disagreement (divergent interactions). Convergent interactions demonstrated greater alignment in illness representations and shared appraisals, and processes involving support, negotiation, and confirmation of preferences were noted. Convergent interactions also facilitated joint planning for future decisions. Disagreement on illness representations and/or shared appraisals, and overriding another’s preference was observed with divergent interactions. This study builds the groundwork for intervention refinement to promote constructive decision making and address non-constructive decision making among patient and caregivers for advance care planning.
Spousal Caregiving and Cognitive Trajectories: Does Care Recipient Dementia Status Matter?
Authors: Atkinson Taylor , Jester Dylan , Haley William
Published: December 2020

Caregiving is often considered stressful, even more so if the care recipient has been diagnosed with dementia. The current study examines the rate of cognitive decline of spousal caregivers of persons with dementia (CG-D) when compared to spousal caregivers of persons without dementia (CG) before and after the death of the care recipient. Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data from 1998-2016 were used to examine cognitive trajectories of CG-D (n=364) and CG (n=1,649) before and after the care recipient death. Cognition was measured through the HRS’s shortened Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status and separated into measures of total cognition and memory. Covariates included age, education, sex, race, ethnicity, care hours, frailty, socioeconomic status, nursing home placement of the recipient, and whether the death was expected. Piecewise mixed models were constructed to examine two two-year periods of decline leading up to the death of the care recipient, and two two-year periods of decline after the death of the care recipient. CG-D and CG declined at equivalent rates on measures of total cognition and memory (ps > .05). In all caregivers, total cognition and memory declined at a stable rate before the death of the care recipient. However, an accelerated decline was evident after the death of the care recipient (ps < .001). Our results suggest that cognitive decline is not differentially affected by care recipient dementia diagnosis. We find evidence that the death of a spousal care recipient is accompanied by hastened cognitive decline in our population-based sample.
Wellness Coaching: Practices and Preferences Among Life Plan Community Residents and Staff
Authors: Fullen Matthew , Smith Jennifer , Sayer Janis , Clarke Philip , Tomlin Connie
Published: December 2020

Wellness coaching, a process in which a coach and client partner together to address the client’s wellness goals, can increase motivation and develop skills to enhance wellness and lifestyle balance among older adults. To understand wellness preferences among Life Plan Community residents, we surveyed a total of 447 residents from 10 Life Plan Communities. Participants were asked about perceptions of wellness, wellness activity preferences, motivators and barriers to participation in wellness activities, and wellness coaching program preferences. Twenty employees in wellness-related or leadership roles also completed a survey. To enhance our understanding of these perspectives on wellness coaching, nine residents and four employees participated in follow-up interviews. Among the study findings, the majority of resident respondents expressed an interest in improving almost all domains of wellness. Forty percent (40%) of participants said they were extremely or moderately likely to try wellness coaching, and about one-half (51%) said they believed they would benefit from wellness coaching. Staff indicated interest in implementing a wellness coaching program in their community, with 74% reporting at least a moderate likelihood of implementing a program if led by a staff member. Results indicated that emotional and vocational wellness programs were offered and attended less frequently than other types of wellness programs, which suggests that wellness coaching could help to address the need for more programming in these areas. In addition, findings suggested that implementation requires resident input to ensure buy-in. The survey results informed the development of recommendations for a resident wellness coaching program.
Examining Satisfaction With Assisted Living Among Residents With and Without Dementia
Authors: Holmes Sarah , Galik Elizabeth , Resnick Barbara
Published: December 2020

Understanding residents’ satisfaction with assisted living (AL) is essential for creating supportive environments that are focused on residents’ needs and preferences. Nearly half of AL residents experience some level of cognitive impairment, although limited research has examined residents’ satisfaction with AL particularly among those with cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to compare satisfaction with AL between residents with and without dementia. Baseline data from the Dissemination and Implementation of Function Focused Care in AL study was used in this analysis. A total of 481 AL residents were included in the sample. Measures included demographic information, Saint Louis University Mental Status Exam (SLUMS), and the Resident Satisfaction Index. Controlling for age, gender, and comorbidities, multivariate analyses of variance was performed to consider the impact of cognitive status on residents’ satisfaction with health care services, physical environment, relationships with staff, and social activities. The majority of participants were female (71%), White (97%), mean age was 89 years old (SD=7.43), and mean SLUMS score was 15.90 (SD=4.74). On average, residents were highly satisfied with AL reporting a mean score of 19.17 (SD=3.15). There were no significant differences in residents’ satisfaction scores (p>.05) between residents with dementia and without dementia across all subdomains of satisfaction: health care services, physical environment, relationships with staff, and social activities. There may have been some bias in results due to social desirability. Further research should explore additional aspects of residents’ satisfaction with staff such as whether or not person-centered care is provided.
Thinking Outside the (Enrollment) Box: “Who, disguised as a Public Educator, . . .”
Authors: Anunsen Roger
Published: December 2020

“Thank you, I really enjoyed your talk. I understand you teach college classes and I’m wondering how . . .” That’s what can happen when a “College Educator” steps off campus, steps into the community. That’s the enrollment superpower of a “Public Educator.” We’ll track a decade of innovative off-campus educational presentations strategically positioned to target new students, lead to cognitive-enhancing programs with adult residential living communities, and, importantly, help reset the role and relevancy of today’s gerontology faculty. Examples will include service club meetings, public agency, business and non-profit training retreats, and residential community staff training. Examples include “This is Your Brain on . . .” events such as Music, Loneliness, Sleep, Volunteering, Sports Fandom, Quilting, Golf and, of course, TasteAerobics featuring Brain-Healthy Chocolate. We’ll conclude with an innovative enrollment and awareness-raising project in a small city west of Portland that kicked off with a 6-part Aging Education Series. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Community College Interest Group.
Implementing a Positive Learning Experience Related to Older Adults for Undergraduates: A Toolkit
Authors: Scheve Ann , Bruderle Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

Undergraduate nursing students are frequently exposed to older adults in the clinical setting, where they assess and manage their diseases and its consequences. But that is not enough! To support healthy aging, students need positive intergenerational learning experiences with older adults to discover the gifts of aging early in their curriculum. The goal of these experiences is to help students reflect on their thoughts about aging and reframe how they view older adults. During this presentation we will provide a tool kit based on our experience incorporating positive intergenerational learning early in our curriculum, offer practical guidelines and share constructive feedback.
Dementia Caregiving, Care Recipient Health, and Financial Burdens
Authors: Basu Rashmita
Published: December 2020

Objective: While about 75% of people with ADRD receive care informally by their family members, relatively little is known about the effect of the quality of caregiving on maintaining carerecipient’s health and financial burden of out-of-pocket (OOP) healthcare costs. The goal of this study is to examine the quality of caregiving on the out-of-pocket healthcare costs among ADRD patients and if caregiving prevents deterioration of physical health of carerecipients. Data and Sample: We used a nationally representative sample of people diagnosed with ADRD from the Aging Demographic and Memory Study, subsample of the Health and Retirement Study. The study sample includes carerecipients whose caregivers participated in the survey (N=261). Outcome measures: Primary outcomes were deterioration of carerecipients’ health (1=yes, 0=no) and annual OOP healthcare costs. The quality of caregiving is captured by if caregiving made them feel good, feel useful and fee closer to carerecipients. More than 70% caregivers reported that caregiving make them feel good or useful. About 60% of carerecipients’ physical health was maintained, and average out-of-pocket costs was $3,701/year ($0-$31,051). Multivariable logit for binary health outcome and OLS regression for OOP cost were estimated. Results: The likelihood of health deterioration was significantly lower for carerecipients whose caregivers reported that caregiving made them feel useful (AOR=5.1, 95% CI: 1.9- 14.5) and lower OOP remained significantly associated with presence of usefulness of caregiving (cost decrease, $3000 [95% CI: $6309-$918). Positive feeling of caregiving is independently associated with lower OOP cost and deterioration of physical health among ADRD patients.
Aging and Decision Making: Socio-Emotional and Contextual Factors
Authors: Strough JoNell , Loeckenhoff Corinna , Charles Susan
Published: December 2020

Maintaining sound decision-making skills in later life is a key concern in the face of population aging. The four presentations in this symposium highlight the importance of considering socio-emotional and contextual factors when investigating adult age differences in decision making. Together, they show that features of decision contexts such as the way information is presented, along with social relationships and emotional responses, have distinct implications for understanding age effects in decision-related processing and outcomes. Drawing from fuzzy trace theory, Nolte, Löckenhoff and Reyna showed that gist-based (“good,” “extremely poor”) versus verbatim information (exact numbers) was differentially appealing to younger and older adults, with older adults seeking more gist information than verbatim information. Young and Mikels investigated older and younger adults’ integral emotional responses to a behavioral risk-taking task. Younger adults experienced more anger and less contentment than older adults. These emotions differentially predicted risk taking in the two groups. Seaman, Christensen, Senn, Cooper, and Cassidy found age differences in learning about the trustworthiness of social partners. Older adults showed less learning relative to younger adults and invested less with trustworthy partners and more with untrustworthy partners. Smith, Strough, Parker and Bruine de Bruin found that older age, perceiving better decision-making ability than age peers, and perceiving declines in ability over time, were associated with lesser preferences for making decisions with others. In her discussion, Charles will integrate these findings with existing research on aging and decision making and offers directions for future research.
Health-Related Support and Control on Poor Diet in Mixed-Weight, Older Gay Married Couples
Authors: Novak Joshua , Wilson Stephanie , Peak Terry , Gast Julie , Miyairi-Steel Maya
Published: December 2020

The health support and control literature in same sex couples suggests partners take turns (known as health behavior work). However, research has not accounted for mixed-weight (lighter partner (LP) and heavier partner (HP)) status in these relationships nor investigated domain-specific health behavior work (i.e., dietary habits) on outcomes. We examined an actor-partner interdependence mediation model of 224 mixed-weight, older gay married couples (mean age: 52) and controlled for education, relationship satisfaction and length, frequency of eating meals together, and income. Nutrition-specific eating encouragement and discouragement was not associated with poor dietary behaviors for either partner. More frequent couples’ reports of disagreements about nutrition was associated poorer diet for both the HP and LP (through their own higher depressive symptoms). Interestingly, the higher LP’s health support was associated with better LP’s diet (through lower depressive symptoms), and higher HP’s health control was associated with poorer LP’s diet (through lower depressive symptoms).
Establishing the Replicability and Generalizability of Multi-Study Longitudinal Research
Authors: Hofer Scott
Published: December 2020

Replication and cross-validation of research findings across independent longitudinal studies is essential for a cumulative science. However, the interplay between harmonization, replication, and generalizability of results across interdisciplinary longitudinal studies can present remarkable challenges. Careful interpretation of multistudy results must include consideration of the age, birth cohort, health, and education of individuals in the sample, measurements, the number and spacing of assessments, and rates of response and attrition. Placed in a broader historical (or future) context, we must consider the representativeness of population sampling, historical period, and analytic method in understanding the replicability and generalizability of findings. In a multistudy context, harmonization can be considered at levels of research question, statistical models, and measurements and can minimize some sources of cross-study variability. I will discuss the challenges and benefits of harmonization and the coordinated analysis approach used by the IALSA research network to achieve results from multi-study integrative research.
Psychological Pathways Linking Parent-Child Relationships to Subjective and Objective Sleep Among Older Adults
Authors: Wang Haowei , Kim Kyungmin , Burr Jeffrey , Wu Bei
Published: December 2020

This study investigated whether older adults’ relationships with their children were associated with their self-reported subjective sleep quality and actigraphy-measured objective sleep characteristics, as well as whether depressive symptoms and loneliness mediated the association between these parent-child relationships and sleep. Data were taken from the second wave of the National Social life, Health, and Aging Project, in which 569 respondents (age 57-85) participated in the sleep module, along with the social network module that provided relationship information for participants and their children. Results from structural equation modeling showed that (1) parents’ closeness with children was associated with better objective sleep (i.e., fragmentation of sleep and percent sleep), (2) more frequent contact with children was related to better subjective sleep quality, (3) depressive symptoms and loneliness were associated with worse subjective sleep quality, and (4) less closeness with children were related to worse subjective sleep quality via older adults’ depressive symptoms. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Sleep, Circadian Rhythms and Aging Interest Group.
Aging in High-Risk Coastal Regions: Examining Social Infrastructure Needs of Older Adults Living in the Gulf Coast
Authors: Merdjanoff Alexis
Published: December 2020

This study examines how coastal erosion, flooding susceptibility, and extreme hazard risk in Louisiana communities shape decisions to age in place. The decision to age in place is not only related to one’s physical health and cognitive capabilities but strongly connected to neighborhood cohesion, sociocultural contexts, economic resources, familiarity with surroundings, and a sense of security. However, research on the types of individual and community resources that older adults need in order to successfully age in environmentally vulnerable communities is exceptionally sparse. Using in-depth interview data collected from older adults (n=20) living in coastal Louisiana parishes, this research aims: 1) to gain a deeper understanding of how coastal erosion and frequent flooding influence the decision to age in place; 2) to compile evidence as to how coastal communities can create resources that promote resilience, despite environmental risk; and 3) to use this evidence to increase awareness and enhance policy discussions on coastal adaptation.
Gender, Cognitive Status, and Depressive Symptoms: Findings From the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project
Authors: Cheung Ethan Siu Leung , Mui Ada
Published: December 2020

This secondary research is based on the Wave 3 National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (n = 3,104). The association between cognition, gender, and depressive symptomatology were examined. Findings indicate that 54% of the sample were women and the mean age was 72.95 (SD=8.29). Bivariate analyses suggest that there were no gender differences in cognitive status (Mean of MoCA Short Form = 9.73; SD = 3.26), age, and stress (Mean of PSS = 7.69; SD = 3.90). There were significant gender differences in terms of marital status, income, education, stressors, social participation, and social support. Compared to older men, older women reported a significantly lower level of both education and income. Multiple regression results show that gender has an independent effect and a joint effect with stressors in explaining depressive symptoms. Parallel regression analyses for each gender group were conducted and models were significant (P < .0001). The only common predictor for depressive symptoms was ADL impairment, and the impact of this was stronger for males (b=.32) than for females (b=.17). For older men, unique correlates of depressive symptoms were being not married, more ADL and cognitive impairments, and higher stress. For older women, a higher level of depressive symptoms was associated with being younger, lower-income, a higher level of ADL and IADL impairments. In addition, white elderly women reported a higher level of depressive symptoms than Asian elderly women. Findings suggest gender and racial differences in depressive symptoms experienced among older Americans living in the community.
Micro- and Macro-Level Time Associations: How Daily Life Settles Into Longer-Term Profiles
Authors: Joiner Raquael , Nelson Niccole , Scott Stacey
Published: December 2020

Over a decade ago, Ram and Gerstorf (2009) proposed a descriptive framework to unite the study of intraindividual variability, operating at the micro-level timescale (e.g., minutes, days), and intraindividual change, operating at the macro-level time scale (e.g., years, decades). Since this proposal, several aging theories have incorporated a micro-level time component in their conceptualizations of longer-term aging processes. Furthermore, technological advancements have eased difficulties associated with data-collection at micro-level timescales, leading to an upsurgence of empirical investigations of dynamic characteristics and dynamic processes. This session presents theoretical, quantitative, and qualitative research aimed at better understanding the associations between micro- and macro-level time. More specifically, 1) Nelson et al. present their novel theoretical framework linking micro-level time emotion regulatory processes to intraindividual trajectories of cognitive functioning, 2) Joiner and colleagues present a quantitative study assessing the association between daily emotion-dynamics and yearly trajectories of depressive symptomatology, 3) Bergeman et al. present a quantitative study of daily risk and resilience in relation to trajectories of health and well-being, and 4) Bouklas and colleagues present a qualitative study linking individuals’ daily routines and behaviors to their general life outlooks. The quantitative and qualitative studies are based on available data from the The Notre Dame Study of Health & Well-Being, a 10-year, nested-longitudinal study that incorporates yearly questionnaires, five 56-day measurement bursts, and interview data. Discussant Stacey Scott will synthesize the presentations with Ram and Gerstorf’s framework and encourage researchers to integrate shorter- and longer-term timescales into their theoretical and empirical work on aging.
Are Spouses More Likely to be Depressed Than Adult Children in Dementia Care? A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: Liu Jinyu
Published: December 2020

Using a mixed-methods approach, this study examines caregiver burden and depressive symptoms of Chinese American spouses and adult-children who provided care for their spouse or parents with dementia. Quantitative data were collected from a questionnaire-based survey in 124 Chinese caregivers in New York City and narrative data were gathered from in-depth interviews with 27 of these caregivers. The results of linear regression show that there was no difference in objective burden (caring tasks) between spousal and adult-child caregivers, but spousal caregivers reported significantly higher levels of subjective burden and depressive symptoms. Based on the structural equation modeling, it was found that subjective burden significantly mediated the association between being a spousal caregiver on depressive symptoms. The narrative data show that, compared to the adult-child caregivers, spousal caregivers were more likely to express their worries about the sequence of death (what will happen if they die earlier than their care receiver?).