bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gravitational instabilities and censorship of large scalar field excursions
Authors: Draper Patrick , Farkas Szilard
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Large, localized variations of light scalar fields tend to collapse into black holes, dynamically “censoring” distant points in field space. We show that in some cases, large scalar excursions in asymptotically flat spacetimes can be UV-completed by smooth Kaluza-Klein bubble geometries, appearing to circumvent 4d censorship arguments. However, these spacetimes also exhibit classical instabilities related to the collapse or expansion of a bubble of nothing, providing a different censorship mechanism. We show that the Kerr family of static KK bubbles, which gives rise to an infinite scalar excursion upon dimensional reduction, is classically unstable. We construct a family of initial data in which the static bubbles sit at a local maximum of the energy, and we give a general argument that such a property indeed indicates mechanical instability in gravity. We also discuss the behavior of wound strings near a bubble, a local probe of the large traversal through moduli space.
$$ \mathcal{W} $$ -algebra modules, free fields, and Gukov-Witten defects
Authors: Procházka Tomáš , Rapčák Miroslav
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We study the structure of modules of corner vertex operator algebras arrising at junctions of interfaces in

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

SYM. In most of the paper, we concentrate on truncations of

$$ {\mathcal{W}}_{1+\infty } $$

W

1
+
∞

associated to the simplest trivalent junction. First, we generalize the Miura transformation for

$$ {\mathcal{W}}_{N_1} $$

W

N
1

to a general truncation

$$ {Y}_{N_1,{N}_2,{N}_3} $$

Y

N
1

,

N
2

,

N
3

. Secondly, we propose a simple parametrization of their generic modules, generalizing the Yangian generating function of highest weight charges. Parameters of the generating function can be identified with exponents of vertex operators in the free field realization and parameters associated to Gukov-Witten defects in the gauge theory picture. Finally, we discuss some aspect of degenerate modules. In the last section, we sketch how to glue generic modules to produce modules of more complicated algebras. Many properties of vertex operator algebras and their modules have a simple gauge theoretical interpretation.
Schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology in obsessive–compulsive disorder: an empirical study
Authors: Rasmussen Andreas Rosén , Nordgaard Julie , Parnas Josef
Published: May 2019

The differential diagnosis of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders can be difficult. In the current diagnostic criteria, basic concepts such as obsession and delusion overlap. This study examined lifetime schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology, including subtle schizotypal symptomatology and subjective anomalies such as self-disorders, in a sample diagnosed with OCD in a specialized setting. The study also examined the differential diagnostic potential of the classic psychopathological notions of true obsession (‘with resistance’) and pseudo-obsession. The study involved 42 outpatients diagnosed with OCD at two clinics specialized in the treatment of OCD. The patients underwent semi-structured, narrative interviews assessing a comprehensive battery of psychopathological instruments. The final lifetime research-diagnosis was based on a consensus between a senior clinical psychiatrist and an experienced research clinician. The study found that 29% of the patients fulfilled criteria of schizophrenia or another non-affective psychosis as main, lifetime DSM-5 research-diagnosis. Another 33% received a research-diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder, 10% a research-diagnosis of major depression and 29% a main research-diagnosis of OCD. Self-disorders aggregated in the schizophrenia-spectrum groups. True obsessions had a specificity of 93% and a sensitivity of 58% for a main diagnosis of OCD. In conclusion, a high proportion of clinically diagnosed OCD patients fulfilled diagnostic criteria of a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. The conspicuous obsessive–compulsive symptomatology may have resulted in a disregard of psychotic symptoms and other psychopathology. Furthermore, the differentiation of obsessions from related psychopathological phenomena is insufficient and a conceptual and empirical effort in this domain is required in the future.
Scheduling approach for on-site jobs of service providers
Authors: Holczinger Tibor , Ősz Olivér , Hegyháti Máté
Published: May 2019

Nowadays the successful operation of a company is unimaginable without fast and reliable communication. As a result, so-called Communication Service Providers play an important role in today’s business life. Their orders have to be carried out promptly and dependably, let them be requests for new installations, modifications, or maintenance tasks. These orders have to be performed at different locations and they often have deadlines or strict starting times. Violating such a timing requirement usually implies penalties. In this paper, scheduling problems arising at a Hungarian service provider are examined. At this company, orders are decomposed into smaller tasks, which can be performed by specially trained personnel. Transportation of these specialists contributes a lot to the costs and to the complexity of their scheduling, as well. The goal is to minimize the overall cost of satisfying all orders within the given time horizon with the available assets of the company. The proposed approach relies on the S-graph framework, which has been applied to various production scheduling problems in the literature. In addition to an unambiguous and sound S-graph model of the examined problem, slight modifications of the scheduling algorithms for cost minimization, and new bounding methods have been developed. Several of such bounds have been provided and tested for performance and scalability over a large number of generated examples. The sensitivity of the approach for certain problem features has also been examined.
Perspective-Based Generic Questions as a Tool to Promote Student Biology Teacher Questioning
Authors: de Boer Eveline , Janssen Fred J. J. M. , van Driel Jan H. , Dam Michiel
Published: May 2019

In biological research, generic questions that are derived from perspectives (ways of looking at and thinking about life processes) help in generating specific questions. In this study, we used perspective-based generic questions as scaffolds to support student teachers in increasing the quality and quantity of their questions about biological topics. Fifteen student biology teachers were given an intervention to individually generate, in 15 min, as many questions as possible that they might ask in class about standards from the national syllabus for biology on a particular biological topic, first without using, and then using a set of perspective-based generic questions. The results of this study show that, using perspective-based generic questions, student teachers generated significantly more and higher quality questions. The formulated questions can be applied in two different contexts: during practicum, when student teachers actually teach biology, or when they plan future lessons, as the basis of challenging tasks or assignments, with the aim of getting students interested in finding the answers.
Taxes, the tax administrative burden and the entrepreneurial life cycle
Authors: Braunerhjelm Pontus , Eklund Johan E. , Thulin Per
Published: May 2019

We present a modified version of the entrepreneurial choice model, where it is shown that the expected utility of becoming an entrepreneur is decreasing in both the levels of taxes and the tax administrative burden. We extend previous empirical findings by examining how these variables influence entrepreneurs at different stages in the entrepreneurial life cycle. Our findings imply that the effect of the tax administrative burden varies over the entrepreneurial life cycle from strongly negative to insignificant. The most pronounced negative effects appear in the early stages of entrepreneurship. We conclude that a 10% reduction in the tax administrative burden increases the propensity for new business establishments by 4%. Our findings support the idea that tax simplification is one way to encourage entrepreneurship, without any reduction in tax revenues.
Learning About Archaeology and Prehistoric Life
Authors: Besse M. , Fragnière S. , Müller A. , Piguet M. , Dubois L. , Miéville D. , Schoeb S. , Schumacher D.
Published: May 2019

This article is about an intervention introducing prehistoric life in primary education. Its objectives were to foster openness and interest for prehistory and archaeology, as well as content knowledge and conceptual learning with a focus on four main facets: basic knowledge about prehistoric life; conceptual learning/change regarding prehistory; learning about archaeologists and archaeology as a scientific discipline; and learning about interactions of archaeology and other disciplines (interdisciplinarity). Students participated in two workshops about the creation of a prehistoric object, highlighting the close interaction between the natural sciences and humanities within archaeology. The workshop emphasised dialogue between students, teachers and researchers, as well as active participation by the students. The educational effects of the workshops were studied using a pre-post design (N = 439, ages 8–10 years). Results show that the workshops had sizeable positive effects on both affective and cognitive variables. The appreciation of the workshops ranged from ≈ 70 to 90% (of maximum value) for interest, perceived educational value and further aspects. We also found a positive impact of the intervention on cognitive variables, e.g. for several elements of key knowledge about prehistory (such as where prehistoric people lived and with what resources; medium to large effect sizes:d > 0.9 andd = 0.46, respectively). Regarding conceptual learning, we found improved understanding of the link between climate change and long-term changes in wildlife in a given area (medium to large effect sizes,d = 0.5–0.8). A positive impact was also found for the understanding of archaeology encompassing both humanities and the natural sciences (e.g. understanding of climate change as inferred from archaeological knowledge,d = 0.3–0.5). No differences of the various outcomes were found between girls and boys; the workshops appear suitable for both genders. We conclude with a discussion of the interpretation of our findings, of some limitations and possible improvements, and of future perspectives, in particular for further classroom implementation.
Performance assessment of water reuse strategies using integrated framework of urban water metabolism and water-energy-pollution nexus
Authors: Landa-Cansigno Oriana , Behzadian Kourosh , Davila-Cano Diego I. , Campos Luiza C.
Published: May 2019

This paper evaluates the metabolism-based performance of a number of centralised and decentralised water reuse strategies and their impact on integrated urban water systems (UWS) based on the nexus of water-energy-pollution. The performance assessment is based on a comprehensive and quantitative framework of urban water metabolism developed for integrated UWS over a long-term planning horizon. UWS performance is quantified based on the tracking down of mass balance flows/fluxes of water, energy, materials, costs, pollutants, and other environmental impacts using the WaterMet2 tool. The assessment framework is defined as a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) within the context of the water-energy-pollution nexus. The strategies comprise six decentralised water reuse configurations (greywater or domestic wastewater) and three centralised ones, all within three proportions of adoption by domestic users (i.e. 20, 50, and 100%). This methodology was demonstrated in the real-world case study of San Francisco del Rincon and Purisima del Rincon cities in Mexico. The results indicate that decentralised water reuse strategies using domestic wastewater can provide the best performance in the UWS with respect to water conservation, green house gas (GHG) emissions, and eutrophication indicators, while energy saving is almost negligible. On the other hand, centralised strategies can achieve the best performance for energy saving among the water reuse strategies. The results also show metabolism performance assessment in a complex system such as integrated UWS can reveal the magnitude of the interactions between the nexus elements (i.e. water, energy, and pollution). In addition, it can also reveal any unexpected influences of these elements that might exist between the UWS components and overall system.
Cognitive consequences of timeframe bias. On the link between working memory, cognitive switching, and time perspective
Authors: Witowska Joanna , Zajenkowski Marcin
Published: May 2019

The present study examined how time perspective is associated with working memory updating and cognitive switching. Additionally, stress states and mood as potential mediators of the relationship between time perspective and cognitive performance were analysed. During two sessions participants (n = 200) completed a set of questionnaires measuring time perspective, task-related stress states, and mood. Moreover, in two separate sessions they performed working memory updating and switching tasks. The results indicated that two time perspectives, i.e. Present Fatalism and Past Positive, were associated with updating. Furthermore, mediation analysis showed that positive mood accounted for these relationships. Specifically, Present Fatalism was correlated with low positive mood and in turn, worse working memory scores, whereas Past Positive was associated with high positive mood leading to better performance on the working memory task. None of the time perspective dimensions correlated with cognitive switching. These findings shed more light on the cognitive consequences of timeframe bias and suggest new approaches in research on time perspective and cognitive functioning.
Aspects of Religious Morality in Early Greek Epic
Authors: Gill David
Published: May 2019

InLaws8.835b–842a Plato puzzles over the question of how the lawgiver is to inculcate proper behavior in matters of sexual activity. The problem is made more difficult by the fact that he would like to define proper sexual activity much more narrowly than any Greek legislator before him ever had. He would limit it to acts between man and wife which are capable of resulting in conception (838e–39a). Every other sexual manifestation, homosexual or heterosexual, is to be forbidden.
The Jews and Christian Apologetics After Theodosius ICunctos Populos
Authors: Wilken Robert L.
Published: May 2019

To the men and women of the Middle Ages the figure of Constantine loomed large over the fourth century. Born a pagan, he converted to Christianity and became the first Christian emperor, the convenor of councils, the defender of orthodoxy, the builder of churches, the herald of a new age, the founder of Christian Europe. But to the men and women of the later fourth century, the generation of John Chrysostom, it was not Constantine, but Julian, raised a Christian only to forsake his “hereditary piety,” Julian the pagan emperor,Julianus Apostata, whose deeds were alive in their memory. The age of Constantine was part of past history, but Julian's actions, abortive as they may have appeared to later generations, were still remembered not only by the old, says John Chrysostom, but also by the “young people” of our day.
Harmonistic Readings in the Old Syriac Gospels
Authors: Howard George
Published: May 2019

There are two extant copies of the Old Syriac gospels, theevangelion da-mepharreshe.One, the Curetonian Codex (=C), was discovered by William Cureton and edited by him in 1858. It dates to the middle or later part of the fifth century. The other, the Sinaitic Codex (=S), was discovered by Mrs. Agnes Smith Lewis and her sister Mrs. Margaret Dunlop Gibson at St. Catherine's monastery on Mount Sinai. It dates to the later part of the fourth or beginning of the fifth century. Both MSS have a number of lacunae. In combination, however, they preserve most of the text of the four gospels. Although they are not identical their agreements are sufficient to show that they belong to the same translation. S is generally thought to preserve the original text better than C. C, however, sometimes preserves older readings than S.
Rabbi Yoḥanan and Origen on the Song of Songs: A Third-Century Jewish-Christian Disputation
Authors: Kimelman Reuven
Published: May 2019

The rabbinic influence on Origen's exegesis of the Song of Songs has been the focus of three major studies.
Karl Barth's Concept of the Divinity of Jesus Christ
Authors: Waldrop Charles T.
Published: May 2019

Karl Barth's concept of the divinity of Jesus Christ is subject to two opposing interpretations. According to one, Barth maintains that Jesus Christ is a complete, human person who is distinct from God but who can be said to be divine because of God's unique presence in and with him. In this view, divinity in the strictest sense belongs only to God, but it can be attributed to Jesus because of his relation to God and his role as the special medium of God's revelation. If this interpretation were correct, Barth would stand in the Antiochian theological tradition.
A Third Approach to Maimonides' Cosmogony-Prophetology Puzzle
Authors: Harvey Warren Zev
Published: May 2019

Maimonides'Guide of the Perplexedis a book of puzzles. Worried lest his radically intellectualist teachings harm the unschooled reader incapable of replacing naive faith with reasoned conviction, Maimonides took extraordinary precautions to conceal them from him. He cut up his arguments as with a jig saw, placed the pieces in careful disarray, and tossed in a goodly number of extra pieces which seemingly fit but do not. His presupposition, of course, was that any reader keen enough to piece together his puzzles would be intellectually prepared to cope with his teachings. No one will gainsay that Maimonides did a superb job of concealment. After almost eight centuries, students of theGuideare still trying to figure out how to solve its puzzles.
A Symbol of Hope From Thessalonica
Authors: Nystrom Bradley P.
Published: May 2019

A fourth-century inscription from Thessalonica includes an enigmatic symbol for which no explanation has been offered. The symbol appears on a stone marking the graves of a certain Σαμβάτιϛ and, presumably, his wife, Mαξήμα, and represents three intersecting staffs.
On Analyzing The Law of Legal Ethics: An American Perspective
Authors: Patterson L. Ray
Published: May 2019

My purpose in this paper is to present some propositions relevant to the analysis of legal ethical problems. In working my way to those propositions, however, I shall first discuss the need for them and explain why I deem them to be important.

My basic thesis is that historically the profession's codes of ethics constituted a jurisprudential anomaly with two unfortunate consequences. First, they had an undesirable effect on the conduct of lawyers in the representation of their clients. Second, and more importantly, they served to impede the development of a satisfactory law of legal ethics.

The first proposition is more difficult to establish than the second and I do not propose to dwell on it. But, if you accept the notion that lawyers have used their duty of loyalty to the client to arrogate to themselves the power of acting in accordance with the client's wishes regardless of the consequences to society or to others, I think you will agree with the point. This is not to say that lawyers always exercise that power, and few lawyers, I think, take seriously Lord Brougham's infamous dictum that an advocate “must not regard the alarm, the suffering, the torment, the destruction which he may bring upon any other” in defense of his client. But the fact that the dictum lives on tells us something about the lawyer's perception of his duty of loyalty. Ultimately, I suppose, the notion of the lawyer's duty of loyalty to the client must be attributed to the common law adversary system of trial, but the duty received its most fulsome expression in the profession's code of ethics. Courts never gave loyalty the imprimatur of approval that the profession stamped on it with the rules of ethics.
Advertising and Contract
Authors: Tedeschi G.
Published: May 2019

After having acquired a prominent place in economic life—and therefore also in the life of law—advertising has begun to draw the attention of both law-maker and legal analyst.

Indeed two fronts are distinguishable which the potential victims of advertising seek to open up against the advertiser—the first by his business competitors and the second by the actual direct and indirect customers. As to the first front, the law has already taken regard of it ever since it took a stand against unfair competition, since advertising is the main instrument to effect some of the different forms of unfair competition (which in Israeli law, following the English pattern, takes the shape of “injurious falsehood” and “passing off”).
Schistosoma bovis, S. intercalatumandS. haematobium:methods forin vivoradiolabelling of cercariae with radioselenium
Authors: Christensen Niels Ørnbjerg
Published: May 2019

Cercariae of Schistosoma bovis, S. intercalatum and S. haematobium were radiolabelled by individual exposure of their respective host snails to 75Se-methionine in 1 ml water for a period of 20 hours. Maximum cercaria-bound radioactivity was obtained four to seven days after labelling of snails, but detectable levels of radioactivity incorporation were obtained with all three species for a period of 32 days. The radiolabelling procedure did not interfere with the production of cercariae or with the biological characteristics of the labelled larvae. The described research opens the way for the application of various radioisotope tracer systems in studies on host-parasite relationships between cercariae and schistosomula of terminal-spined species of schistosomes and the final host.
Studies on Onchocerca tarsicola Bain and Schulz-Key, 1974 in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in northern Finland
Authors: Bylund G. , Fagerholm H.-P. , Krogell C. , Nikander S.
Published: May 2019

A survey revealed that Onchocerca tarsicola Bain & Schulz-Key, 1974 is a widespread parasite among reindeer in northern Finland. Of 407 animals studied from 12 reindeer herds, 124 (30·5%) were infected. There was a marked difference in infection levels between different reindeer herds and the frequency as well as the intensity of infection was highest in old animals whereas the parasites were rare in yearlings.
Studies on amphistomiasis in Andhra Pradesh (India) VI. Immunization of lambs and kids with gamma irradiated metacercariae of Cercariae indicae XXVI
Authors: Hafeez Md. , Rao B. V.
Published: May 2019

The life span and the pathogenicity of amphistomes developing from Cercariae indicae XXVI (Paramphistomum epiclitum) were considerably reduced when the metacercariae were gamma-irradiated at 2krad or 3krad. The higher irradiation dose resulted in the complete absence of the flukes in infected animals. Single vaccination of lambs and kids with 3000 metacercariae irradiated at 2 krad or 3 krad stimulated a significant degree of resistance against challenge with 5000 non-irradiated metacercariae. The resistance was more pronounced in the group vaccinated with metacercariae irradiated at 3krad.
Schistosoma mansoni: changes in the rate of tyrosine uptake by unisexual females after stimulation by males and male extracts
Authors: Popiel Irene , Erasmus David A.
Published: May 2019

The rate of uptake of H3 tyrosine by unisexual females in vitro was accelerated by 22% when male worm extract was added to the culture medium. Pairing of unisexual females with mature male worms in vitro resulted in a similar acceleration of H3 tyrosine uptake. As tyrosine is avidly taken up by the vitelline gland for the formation of egg shell protein the change in the rate of H3 tyrosine uptake can be employed as a sensitive quantitative criterion for assessing its development following stimulation.
A simplified radioimmunoassay technique for hydatid disease and human trichinosis
Authors: Matossian R. M.
Published: May 2019

A. A comparative study of a simplified radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique with the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test in the diagnosis of 72 patients with hydatid disease indicated the greater sensitivity of the former. Both methods had an equal specificity in 60 control patients. RIA will serve as a useful addition to tests already available in hydatid serology.

B. A comparison of the (RIA) technique with the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) in the diagnosis of 33 patients with early, active trichinosis and 30 healthy controls indicated an equal sensitivity and specificity of both methods. The adoption of RIA as an easier method is recommended.

This study of a simplified radioimmunoassay technique for the diagnosis of hydatid disease and trichinosis in man is presented in two sections.
Resistance toFasciola hepaticain calves harbouring primary patentSchistosoma bovisinfections
Authors: Sirag Sirag B. , Christensen Niels Ørnbjerg , Nansen Peter , Monrad Jesper , Frandsen Flemming
Published: May 2019

A substantial resistance to a heterologous challenge withFasciola hepaticawas demonstrated in calves harbouring primary patentSchistosoma bovisinfections of an age of 10 weeks at challenge, the mean worm burden being reduced by 29·9% (p < 0025) in calves primarily infected withS. bovisas compared with that of the challenge control group. The heterologous resistance was also evidenced by less pronounced liver tissue damage and lower serum gammaglutamyl-transpeptidase values in theS. boms-infected animals compared with the challenge control group.
Karyotypes and chromosome morphologies of Megalodiscus temperatus and Philophthalmus gralli
Authors: Grossman A. I. , Cain G. D.
Published: May 2019

The karyotypes of two hermaphroditic trematodes, Megalodiscus temperatus and Philophthalmus gralli, were described and compared as to chromosomal morphology and constitutive heterochromatin constitution. The haploid number of chromosomes for both species is 10 and both karyotypes are composed mainly of acrocentric chromosomes. Constant heteromorphism of the No. 10 chromosomes was found in M. temperatus. The heteromorphic chromosomes differ is size and heterochromatin constitution. The possible mechanisms of chromosomal dimorphism in M. temperatus and its significance in the evolution of sexchromosome differentiation in trematodes are discussed.
The effect of drug treatment on the pattern of emergence of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae from skin snips
Authors: Kale Oladele O.
Published: May 2019

A controlled study was carried out to determine the effect of some known anti-filarial drugs on the pattern of emergence of Onchoccrca volvulus microfilariae from skin snips into saline. The results show that before treatment, 81·7 to 92·1% of microfilariae emerge in all the groups within 24 hours. The differences between the groups were not significant. After treatment with oral diethylcarbamazine, metrifonate and topical diethylcarbamazine (DEC) the percentage of microfilariae emerging from the snips dropped significantly to 48·4,560 and 60·1 respectively, whereas no significant change occurred following treatment with levamisole (88·1%) and yeast tablets (89·1%). A pair-wise comparison of the post-treatment microfilarial emergence in all the groups showed statistically significant differences when (i) oral DEC is compared to levamisole, topical DEC and yeast, (ii) metrifonate is compared to levamisole and yeast and (iii) topical DEC is compared to yeast. It is suggested that microfilariae which fail to emerge from snips after treatment are those that have been killed or paralysed by the action of the drugs. The study has thus established that drug action in vivo is one of the factors which affects the proportion of microfilariae which emerge from skin snips and provides an additional parameter for measuring the antimicrofilarial potential of drugs in clinical chemotherapeutic trials.
The relationship between pasture herbage and the development and survival of the free-living stages of Oesophagostomum dentatum
Authors: Rose J. H. , Small A. J.
Published: May 2019

Plots of pastureland with well grown herbage provided a more favourable environment for the survival and development of the free-living stages of Oesophagostomum dentatum in faeces during warm dry weather than did plots with short herbage. This was because well grown herbage gave better protection against the unfavourable effects of dryness than did short herbage. There was no significant difference between the plots during cool wet weather.
Pathological changes in kidneys, livers and spleens of Brugia pahangi-infected jirds (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Klei Thomas R. , Crowell Wayne A.
Published: May 2019

The major organs, other than lymphatics, of jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) with prepatent and chronic patent infections of Brugia pahangi were studied by standard histological, electron microscopical and fluorescent antibody techniques. Changes observed and not previously described in detail or in large numbers of animals are reported. Multifocal non-suppurative interstitial nephritis was observed in 4% of animals with patent infections of 163 days duration and in 69% of animals with patent infections of 274 days duration. Glomerular changes were not observed in kidneys of any animals infected with B. pahangi. The occurrence of large granulomata composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and giant cells in the liver and smaller granulomata in the spleen correlated with patency of infections but microfilariae or worm antigens were not observed in these areas. Amyloid deposits were demonstrated in the spleens of 4% of animals with patent infections of 163 days duration and in 38% of animals with patent infections of 274 days duration but were not seen in uninfected animals of the same age or animals receiving only challenge inoculations of 28 days duration.
The utility of human filarial serum in the detection of circulating antigen
Authors: Kaliraj P. , Kharat Indira , Ghirnikar S. N. , Harinath B. C.
Published: May 2019

The utility of human filarial serum immunoglobulin (FSI) in detecting circulating antigen in filarial sera was studied by counter Immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and the indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT). CIEP was found to be better than IHAT. 23 out of 30 sera from persons with microfilaraemia and one of 30 clinical cases of filariasis, but none of the normal sera or sera from those with helminths other than filariae, showed the presence of circulating filarial antigen in CIEP. FSI was fractionated by DEAE- Sephadex A-50 column chromatography and the antibody active in CIEP was found to be IgG in nature.
Cytochemistry of Mehlis' gland in Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Mandawat S. , Sharma A. N.
Published: May 2019

Histochemical techniques were used to study the chemical composition of Mehlis’ gland secretion in Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium. The results suggest the secretion to be lipoproteinous in nature, containing several hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. In tests for nine hydrolytic enzymes only seven were detected in relation to gland cells, ihe two enzymes not showing any reactivity being glucose-6-phosphatase and 5-Nucleotidase. Alkaline phosphatase and ATPase have been associated with the permeability and transport of precursors of synthetic material from the surrounding parenchyma and with eliminating the waste products from the gland: ACPase in (i) generating a favourable milieu in the gland for the synthesis of secretory material and (ii) in regulating secretion and its over production; TPPase in elaborating the secretion, esterases in the metabolism of the gland. Intense SDH and MAO activities were related to high synthetic activity of the gland cells. Phenol oxidase—a key enzyme involved in tanning was absent.
The transmission ofOnchocerca tarsicola(Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) byOdagmia ornataandProsimulium nigripes(Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Schulz-Key H. , Wenk P.
Published: May 2019

Onchocerca tarsicolais a subcutaneous filariid of the red deer living on the tendons of the radial-carpal and tibial-tarsal joints. Its micronfilariae concentrate mainly in the external ears. The extrinsic cycle of this parasite was investigated. In a hyperendemic area wild-caughtOdagmia ornatawere dissected, as well as samples which had fed on a tame deer and been kept in the laboratory after the infecting blood-meal. About 3 to 5% of the flies were infected with larval stages ofOnchocerca tarsicola. More than 40% ofOdagmia ornatainduced to feed on the ears of the deer became infected and about 30% of the flies which survived more than 18 days contained third-stage larvae. The larval development in the vector is described.Prosimulium nigripesappears to be a second natural vector ofOnchocerca tarsicola. Observations concerning the potential vectors ofO. Jlexuosa, O. tubingensis and Cutifilaria wenkiliving in red deer are discussed.
Researches on Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) in the south of Chile. IV Occurrence of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzch)
Authors: Torres Patricio , Franjola René , Figueroa Luis , Schlatter Roberto , González Héctor , Contreras Boris , Martin Rodolgo
Published: May 2019

Experimental infections were established with Diphyllobothrium sp. plerocercoids obtained from Salmo gairdneri. a fish introduced at the beginning of the 1900s in the lake region of Chile. These permitted us to obtain adult parasites in Larus dominicanus and Canis familiaris.

The histological features of the plerocercoids, their relation to the host, adult pattern and susceptibility of hosts allowed us to determine the presence of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzch) for the first time in South America in the lacustrine region of southern Chile.

It is believed that this cestode was introduced to this ecosystem by infected persons travelling from North America or Europe or, alternatively, brought by migratory birds, e.g., Sterna hirundo, S. paradisea or Larus pipixcan on their winter visits to South America.
Limited fly load and development of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in Guatemalàn Simulium ochraceum
Authors: Hashiguchi Y. , Kawabata M. , Ito S. , Recinos C M. M.
Published: May 2019

Fly load of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae and their early development in Simulium ochraceum were examined at intervals of 10, 30 and 60 min after ingestion and then hourly up to 72 hours. Many microfilariae ingested were damaged by the cibarial armature of the vector, limiting the fly load, but some of these damaged microfilariae were able to penetrate the gut before they died. Thus, the mean number of the living parasites per fly in the head and thorax decreased gradually with elapse of time after ingestion. The parasites ingested by S. ochraceum did not develop beyond the microfilarial stages during the first 24 hours; thereafter only thoracic forms (lst-stage larvae) were found to be alive. The high mortality of the infected fly might be caused by the high intakes of microfilariae and also by normal and/or partly wounded microfilariae invading various organs. The numbers of microfilaria ingested from different biting sites were usually high in comparison with the densities observed in each site; this indicates that the microfilariae might be attracted by the biting females.
Experience in Northern Nigeria with countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, double diffusion and indirect haemagglutination tests for diagnosis of hydatid cyst in camels
Authors: Dada B. J. O. , Adegboye D. S. , Mohammed A. N.
Published: May 2019

Sera from 36 slaughtered camels with proven hydatid disease, from 46 camels found to be free of hydatidosis at post-mortem meat inspection, and from 26 animals with confirmed caprine heartwater, bovine trypanosomiasis and cysticercosis were examined. The indirect haemagglutination was found to be the most sensitive but least specific of the three tests. Ouchterlony's double diffusion (DD) test was specific and fairly sensitive. Although the countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis was as specific as DD, it was the least sensitive of the three serological tests.

All three serological tests were always positive in camels with hydatid cyst infection affecting both the liver and the lung. A combination of indirect haemagglutination and Ouchterlony's double diffusion tests could be useful for diagnosing hydatidosis in camels and probably other animals.
Late Cenozoic Stages and Molluscan Zones of the U.S. Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain
Authors: Blackwelder Blake W.
Published: May 2019

Pliocene to Holocene deposits of the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain from Maryland to Georgia are divided into four stages and four substages using molluscan biostratigraphic data. These divisions are the Wiltonian and Burwellian Stages (early Pliocene), Gouldian and Windyan Substages of the Colerainian Stage (late Pliocene to early Pleistocene), and Myrtlean and Yongesian Substages of the Longian Stage (late Pleistocene to Holocene). These stages may be recognized from Florida to as far north as Massachusetts and will facilitate correlation with other regions.
Effects of Glyphosate on the Growth Rate ofChlorella
Authors: Christy S. L. , Karlander E. P. , Parochetti J. V.
Published: May 2019

The unicellular green alga,Chlorella sorokinianaShihira and Krauss, was cultured in vitro using an inorganic growth medium with various concentrations of the herbicide glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Growth rates, in terms of ceil doublings per day, were determined for cells inoculated into media containing from 5.91 × 10−6M to 591 × 10−6M glyphosate. Comparisons with a control, which supported 10.4 doublings/day, showed growth only slightly reduced at 5.91 × 10−6M and 11.8 × 10−6M, with averages of 9.7 and 9.5 doublings/day; reduced by more than half at 17.7 × 10−6M with an average of 4.4 doublings/day; and prevented at all higher concentrations. In addition to completely preventing growth at 23.7 × 10−6M and above, glyphosate seemed to cause a deterioration of the inoculum cells. Filtering the media containing 5.91 × 10−6M, 11.8 × 10−6M, and 17.7 × 10−6M through kaolinite prior to introduction of the alga reduced the inhibition previously noted at 17.7 × 10−6M and resulted in growth rates from 9.1 to 9.5 doublings/day.
Soil Residue Accumulation from Three Applied Arsenic Sources
Authors: Woolson E. A. , Isensee A. R.
Published: May 2019

As a result of applying arsenicals as herbicides, desiccants, or soil sterilants, soil As levels can increase under some conditions. Three arsenicals, sodium arsenite, (NaAsO2), cacodylic acid, (hydroxydimethylarsine oxide), and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) were applied to bare soil at 1, 2, and 10 times the recommended maximum application rates. After incorporation, radishes (Raphanus sativusL.) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] were planted as indicator crops to assess the phytotoxicity of accumulated soil As residues. Soil As residues increased at all levels of application. However, only 50% of the As applied at 10 times the recommended rate was found after seven annual applications, regardless of the source. Total losses of As from the soil averaged 14 to 15% of that applied each year. At 10 times the recommended rate, As generally reduced radish and soybean yields, but seldom reduced yields at the two lower rates. Results indicated little danger of As residue accumulating to phytotoxic levels under normal application rates.
Enhanced Degradation of Atrazine by Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Jachetta J. J. , Radosevich S. R.
Published: May 2019

Photosynthesis in corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3369A’) was inhibited 25% by atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] after a 2-h root exposure in nutrient solution. Photosynthesis of the treated plants had completely recovered 21.4 h after removal from the treatment solution. Recovery of photosynthesis from second and third successive atrazine treatments required only 10.3 h and 4.0 h, respectively. Atrazine metabolism rates in corn plants after 1, 2, or 3 successive 4-h treatment periods, where each treatment period was followed by a 12-h recovery period, showed increased rates of metabolism of atrazine during each recovery time. An increased level of glutathione-S-atrazine was found following the first 4-h atrazine treatment and 12-h recovery. The enhanced production of GS-atrazine was maintained throughout subsequent exposures and recoveries. An inverse correlation (r2= 0.992) was found between the increase in GS-atrazine production following each 4-h atrazine exposure and the time required for corn plants to recover from atrazine-induced photosynthesis inhibition. Enhanced detoxification of atrazine by corn plants pretreated with atrazine was indicated. No enhanced tolerance to other herbicides was observed from atrazine pretreatment. This phenomenon is similar to that described for the enhanced detoxification of several insecticides in animal systems.
Effects of Allelopathic Chemicals on Growth and Physiological Responses of Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Patterson D. T.
Published: May 2019

The effects of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid,t-cinnamic acid,p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, vanillic acid, and vanillin on growth, photosynthesis, water relations, and chlorophyll content of 3-week-old soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Tracy’] grown in aerated nutrient solution were determined. At concentrations of 10−3M, caffeic,t-cinnamic,p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic, and vanillic acids significantly reduced dry matter production, leaf expansion, height, leaf production, net assimilation rate (rate of dry matter production per unit leaf area), and leaf area duration (total leaf area present during treatment interval). Chlorogenic acid,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, and vanillin at 10−3M did not inhibit growth. None of the 10 compounds at 10−4M inhibited growth. At concentrations of 10−3M, caffeic,t-cinnamic,p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic, and vanillic acids severely reduced net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of single, fully expanded leaves. These same compounds also caused marked reductions in leaf chlorophyll content, with net losses of chlorophyll occurring over an 86-h period after treatment.
Control of Weeds in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Untilled Stubble with Herbicides
Authors: Ghadiri H. , Wicks G. A. , Fenster C. R. , Burnside O. C.
Published: May 2019

Visible wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) injury, delay in bloom date, and yield reduction were observed following herbicide treatments in growing wheat. Protein content and volume weight of winter wheat were not significantly affected by any herbicide treatment. Some treatments reduced annual grass and broadleaf population by 90% or more 6 weeks after spraying and maintained weed control 8 weeks in untilled winter wheat stubble. Effective herbicide treatments that caused the least winter wheat injury in 1977 and 1978 included metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] + alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at 0.3 + 2.8 kg/ha, metribuzin + oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsufanilamide) at 0.3 + 1.8 kg/ha, metribuzin + pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] at 0.3 + 2.2 kg/ha, metribuzin + SN-533 [N-ethyl-N-propyl-3-(propylsulfonyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carboxamide] at 0.3 + 0.8 kg/ha, and R-40244 [1-m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-chloro-4-chloromethyl-2-pyrrolidone] at 1.1 kg/ha. Herbicide treatments that showed the most potential to control annual grass and broadleaf weeds selectively in tillered winter wheat and stubble in 1978 include metribuzin + metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] at 0.3 + 2 kg/ha, metribuzin + oryzalin at 0.3 + 1.4 kg/ha, and metribuzin + pendimethalin at 0.3 + 2 kg/ha.
Control of Three Weed Species in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) with an Electrical Discharge System
Authors: Wilson R. G. , Anderson F. N.
Published: May 2019

An electrical discharge system (EDS) was evaluated in field studies conducted in 1977 through 1979 in western Nebraska for its ability to control weed escapes in sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono Hy D2′). Nine weeks after sugarbeets were planted, kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.] had attained a height above sugarbeets sufficient for EDS treatment. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) generally attained sufficient height above sugarbeets 11 and 13 weeks after sugarbeet planting. Sugarbeet root yields were reduced 40, 20, and 10% from competition by kochia, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed, respectively. Treatment of kochia, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters with EDS in some cases resulted in a reduction in weed height. The EDS treatments reduced the stand of all weeds 32, 39, and 47% for 1977, 1978, and 1979, respectively. Although the EDS treatments failed to kill many weeds, it did suppress the competitive ability of the three weeds to the extent that sugarbeet yields were higher in areas receiving EDS treatments than areas receiving no EDS treatment.
Effects of Sodium Hypochlorite and Certain Plant Growth Regulators on Germination of Witchweed (Striga asiatica) Seeds
Authors: Hsiao A. I. , Worsham A. D. , Moreland D. E.
Published: May 2019

Witchweed [Striga asiatica(L.) Kuntze] seeds conditioned for 3 weeks in either water or 0.01% (w/v) sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) had 83 to 95% germination after being treated withdl-strigol, kinetin, zeatin, or natural stimulants from corn (Zea maysL.) root exudates. None of these compounds, however, induced germination of seeds conditioned in 0.025 or 0.050% (w/v) NaOCl. Seeds conditioned in 0.075, 0.1, or 0.15% (w/v) NaOCl had 8, 56, and 76% germination, respectively, during the first week of conditioning and 10, 100, and 100% germination after 2 weeks of conditioning. Germination in these concentrations of NaOCl was termed “atypical”.
Selective Weed Control with EPTC-Treated Seed of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Authors: Dawson J. H.
Published: May 2019

EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) was applied to seed of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) that was coated with a porous material consisting principally of lime or gypsum. When the treated seed was planted in the field or greenhouse, grass was controlled selectively. When seeds, each carrying 0.1 mg EPTC, were seeded 1 cm apart in rows, the rate of EPTC would have been 2 kg/ha if this quantity of EPTC had been distributed in a band 5 cm wide. Such applications controlled grass completely in bands 5 to 6 cm wide. When seeds, each carrying 0.2 mg EPTC, were evenly distributed at seeding rates of 14 or 25 kg/ha, the broadcast rates of EPTC were 1.3 and 2.2 kg/ha. Both rates controlled grass completely. Storing EPTC-treated seed for 1 yr at 5 C did not affect germination of the seed or emergence and growth of the seedlings.