bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UEM et coordination des politiques budgétaires
Authors: Bensaïd Jean , Gavrel Frédéric
Published: July 2011

WWU und Koordinierung der Haushaltspolitiken,

von Jean Bensaid, Frédéric Gavrel.

Während der Vertrag von Maastricht eine sehr enge Koordinierung der Währungspolitiken zwischen den WWU-Teilnehmerstaaten vorsieht, macht er in der Haushaltspolitik lediglich eine Plafondierung des öffentlichen Defizits und der Staatsverschuldung zur Auflage. Die Haushaltspolitik ist dann jedoch das einzige Instrument, das zur Abwehr eines gesamtwirtschaftlichen Schocks zur Verfügung steht. In diesem Artikel soil nun im Rahmen eines neokeynesianischen Modells mit zwei Ländern aufgezeigt werden, daß in einer Währungsunion lediglich die Angebotsschocks ein wirkliches Problem bei der Koordinierung der Haushaltspolitiken darstellen; derm solche Schocks, seien sie symmetrischer oder asymmetrischer Art, führen zwangsweise zu übermäßigen öffentlichen Defiziten, da die Unabhängigkeit der Haushaltspolitiken die Regierungen daran hindert, eine wirkliche Arbitration zwischen Inflation und Arbeitslosigkeit zu finden, die ihren Entscheidungen zugrunde liegt.
Le coût de l'assainissement des finances publiques en Italie
Authors: Gudin de Vallerin Philippe
Published: July 2011

The Cost of Stabilizing Public Finances in Italy,

by Philippe Gudin de Vallerin.

This article presents a number of simulations made using the Multimod model to study the impact on the real economy of stabilizing Italian public finances. The short-term depressive effects are considerably mitigated by the credibility gains resulting from the reduced public debt and by the Ricardian effects generated by the anticipated drop in long-term tax and social security contributions. In all cases, the stabilization of public finances alone cannot completely resolve the problems of nominal alignment, especially in the context of a sharp devaluation of the lira. This observation confirms the idea that the wage agreement needs to be strictly adhered to if inflation is to be significantly reduced.
Évaluation des effets budgétaires et redistributifs de réformes de la fiscalité indirecte française
Authors: Nichèle Véronique , Robin Jean-Marc
Published: July 2011

Évaluation des effets budgétaires et redistributifs de réformes de la fiscalité indirecte française,

par Véronique Nichèle, Jean-Marc Robin.

Cet article est consacré à l'évaluation de l'impact de deux réformes de la fiscalité indirecte française : l'application d'une taxe sur le baril de pétrole visant à réduire les émissions de dioxyde de carbone et une harmonisation de la TVA. proche des recommandations initiales de la CEE. Les effets des réformes sont simulés grâce aux résultats d'estimation d'un modèle de comportement de consommation des ménages, obtenus en utilisant la propriété d'agrégation exacte du modèle AI (Almost Ideal demand system) sur les données des trois dernières éditions de l'enquête "Budgets des Familles" combinées aux données agrégées de la comptabilité nationale entre 1970 et 1990. Les simulations, menées sur un sous-échantillon de l'enquête "Budgets des Familles" de 1989, fournissent des résultats très utiles concernant aussi bien l'impact des réformes sur les recettes fiscales du gouvernement que leurs effets redistributifs.
La rémunération des dirigeants d'entreprise
Authors: Bretel Benoît , Caubet-Hilloutou Jean-Noël , Di Carlo Laurent
Published: July 2011

La rémunération des dirigeants d'entreprise,

par Benoît Bretel, Jean-Noël Caubet-Hilloutou, Laurent Di Carlo.

L'article s'attache principalement à répondre à un aspect essentiel du débat portant sur la neutralité du prélèvement fiscal et social. Il s'agit de savoir si un entrepreneur individuel a intérêt ou non à constituer une société et, dans ce dernier cas, s'il est incité à se rémunérer sous forme de salaire ou de dividendes. On détermine ainsi le niveau de rémunération nette qu'un dirigeant peut finalement retirer du profit brut généré par l'entreprise, une fois qu'il a acquitté l'ensemble des divers impôts ou cotisations sociales qu'il doit.
La dynamique des prix et des salaires industriels : contrats échelonnés et anticipations rationnelles
Authors: Pereau Jean-Christophe
Published: July 2011

Die Dynamik der Preise und der Industrielôhne: abgestufte Verträge und rationale Antizipationen,

von Jean-Christophe Pereau.

In diesem Artikel wird die gesamtwirtschaftliche Auswirkung der niminalen Inflexibilität von beispielsweise abgestuften Verträgen auf die Dynamik der Preise une der Industrielöhne iin Frankreich theoretisch und zahlenmäßig analysiert. Als theoretischer Rahmen wird eine multisektorale Preis-Lohn-Schleife in einer monopolistischen Wettbewerbssituation gewählt. Nach Überprufung der Bedingungen von Blanchard und Kahn hinsichtlich der eigenen Werte des für das Jahr 1983 bezifferten Modells werden die dynamischen Multiplikatoren präsentiert, die mit transitorischen Schocks auf die Rohstoffpreise in Verbindung gebracht werden. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen eine Typologie der kosteninduzierten Inflationsmechanismen und der Schwankungen des Reallohnes auf, und zwar je nach der antizipierten oder nicht antizipierten Art der auf die Volkswirtschaft einwirkenden Schocks.
Prévision du PIB par la courbe des taux : une constatation empirique en quête de théorie
Authors: Dubois Eric , Janci Didier
Published: July 2011

Vorhersage des BIP anhand der Zinsstrukturkurve: eine empirische Feststellung, die einer Théorie bedarf,

von Eric Dubois und Didier Janci.

Für zahlreiche Länder gibt der Abstand zwischen kurzfristigen und langfristigen Zinssätzen offensichtlich Aufschluß über die künftigeEntwicklung der Wirtschaftstätigkeit. Mehrere Modelle, von denen keines völlig zufriedenstellte oder empirisch bestätigt werden konnte, ermöghichen eine theoretische Rechtfertigung für eine solche Beziehung. Diese Modelle beruhen entweder auf der intertemporalen Konsumglättung oder auf der Entstehung der wâhrungspolitischen Antizipationen der Wirtschaftssubjekte oder aber auch auf den Auswirkungen der Währungspolitik auf die Wirtschaftstätigkeit über möglicherweise das Kreditangebot aer Banken.

Trotz der theoretischen Schwierigkeiten, eine völlig zufriedenstellende Rechtfertigung für eine solche Beziehung zu finden, ist deren empirische Haltbarkeit jedoch überaus groß. Bei den französischen Daten enthält der Abstand zwischen den dreimonatigen Geldmarktzinsen und den zehnjährigen Anleihezinsen somit ein Jahr im voraus eine einzigartige Information über die künftige Entwicklung der Wirtschaftstätigkeit im Verhältnis zu einer Gesamtheit von a priori relevanten ökonomischen Variablen. Diese Information kann zudem durch die Hinzunahme einiger dieser Variablen ergänzt werden, um einen überaus leistungsfähigen Leitindikator der Wirtschaftstätigkeit zu erhalten.
La gestion des risques par les établissements de crédit : essais de modélisation macro-économique
Authors: Cordier Jean , Jacquinot Pascal , Plihon Dominique
Published: July 2011

Risk Management by Credit Establishments,

by Jean Cordier, Pascal Jacquinot and Dominique Plihon.

Over the last ten years, the banking environment has been extensively modified by the liberalization and modernization of the French financial system. Moreover, sharper economic and financial fluctuations have increased the risks faced by banks. In spite of this situation and the growing share taken by market operations, the fact remains that the financial structure of French banks is still largely dictated by a traditional banking intermediation logic. The customary context of the banking firm in monopolistic competition remains suitable for modelling this sector. It should, however, be enhanced to take account of active risk management by banks. In order to cover the risks generated by operations with their clientele, banks are notably driven to define their long-term resource issue policy in an endogenous manner while taking account of the relative costs. Furthermore, they are careful not to allocate an overly large share of their equity capital to share acquisitions.
Caractéristiques de l'emploi et du chômage par catégories socioprofessionnelles : France, 1962-1989
Authors: Maillard Bénédicte , Sneessens Henri
Published: July 2011

Características del empleo y del paro por categorías socioprofesionales : Francia, 1962-1989,

por Bénédicte Maillard, Henri Sneessens.

En este artículo se compara las evoluciones observadas en las cuatro grandes categorías socioprofesionales que distinguen las encuestas Emploi del Insee (Oficina nacional de estadística y de estudios ecónomicos). Surge la imagen de un mercado de trabajo muy segmentado. Se distinguen dos grupos, uno con un nivel de cualificación muy elevado (los altos mandos y las profesiones intermediarias) ; el otro con un nivel de cualificación muy inferior (los empleados y los obreros). En otros criterios (proporción en el paro total, movilidad, antiegüedad de paro), la escisión entre estos dos grupos es menos clara que lo que podrîa imaginarse a priori. El nivel de estudios parece sin embargo constituir una significativa línea de fragmentación en el mercado de trabajo.
Durées de chômage et comportements d'offre de travail : une revue de la littérature
Authors: Cases Chantal
Published: July 2011

Duraciones de paro y comportamientos de oferta de trabajo : una revisión de la literatura,

por Chantai Cases.

El aumento del paro durante los años 1970 - 1980 y el cuestionamiento del modelo walrasiano del mercado de trabajo han estado en los principios del desarrollo de estudios teóricos y empíricos de los déterminantes de la duración de paro. Los análisis empíricos están basados, en su mayoría, en modelos de equilibrio parcial llamados "de búsqueda de empleo" o sus prolongaciones (modelos de movilidad, de emparejamiento). Se ilustran también otras grandes corrientes teóricas, en particular los modelos de segmentación. Los trabajos empíricos no han permitido todavia establecer resultados indiscutibles en lo que respecta al papel del subsidio de paro sobre su duración.
Les écarts de salaires entre les secteurs public et privé en Afrique francophone : analyse comparative
Authors: Lachaud Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2011

Las disparidades de salarios entre el sector público y el sector privado en Africa francófona : análisis comparativo,

por Jean-Pierre Lachaud.

En el marco de los programas de ajuste estructural implementados en Africa, la idea de que los salarios del sector público son demasiado elevados respecto de los del sector privado fundamenta en parte las políticas salariales dirigidas al sector público. En verdad, la existencia de un diferencial de salarios a nivel sectorial, que induce una segmentación del mercado de trabajo del sector moderno de las economías africanas ha sido pocas veces objeto de un examen detenido. Disponiendo de datos transversales homogéneos, recogidos a través de encuestas piloto sobre empleo realizadas recientemente a las familias en siete capitales de paises de Africa francófona, y de datos longitudinales inhérentes a un solo país, el autor se propone verificar esta hipótesis con la ayuda de una estimación de funciones de ganancias.

La principal conclusión de esta investigación es de mostrar que las distorsiones observadas en el mercado de trabajo moderno de un gran número de paises de Africa son menos importantes que lo que se crée habitualmente. En la mayoría de los paises considerados, las disparidades de salarios entre el sector público y el sector privado son principalmente imputables a las caracteristicas de los individuos. Este resultado sugiere que la continuación de las políticas que apuntan a una reducción de los salarios del sector público se justifica cada vez menos, social y economicamente.
Estimations de fonctions de gains sur données de panel : endogéneité du capital humain et effets de la sélection
Authors: Guillotin Yves , Sevestre Patrick
Published: July 2011

Estimating Gains from Panel Data: Endogenous Human Capital and Selection Effects,

by Yves Guillotin and Patrick Sevestre.

The purpose of this article is to analyze two of the problems encountered when empirically testing gains functions using panel data. First of all, the biases resulting from the correlation between the initial human capital, experience and the unobserved individual characteristics (personal capacities, family-acquired skills, etc.) are contemplated. Secondly, cylinder sampling effects, such as those in the selection process for the individuals in the sample, are also studied. These two problems are illustrated by distinct gains function estimates, obtained using different methods, based on cylinder samples and non-cylinder samples taken from ENSEE's annual wage and salary return panel. The estimates show that appreciable biases can result from not taking the characteristics of the model and the data into account.
La nouvelle instrumentation de la politique agricole commune
Authors: Guyomard Hervé , Mahé Louis-Pascal
Published: July 2011

La nueva instrumentación de la Política agrícola común,

por Hervé Guyomard, Louis-Pascal Mahé.

El objetivo de este artículo es el de examinar las consecuencias de la nueva instrumentación de la Pac -baja de precios de apoyo, pagos compensatorios y congelación de tierras- en la oferta del producto, la demanda derivada del factor variable, la intensificación y las retribuciones de la tierra y del capital. Mostramos que la intensificación debería disminuir debido a bajas sustantiales de los precios pero que la congelación puede anular una parte del movimiento hacia una intensificación menor. Mostramos también que los pagos compensatorios de la reforma no están desacoplados, en particular porque intervienen en la selección de las asignaciones de superficies. Por último, el alcance político del análisis permite proponer ciertos arreglos a la reforma de modo a integrar mejor los papeles tradicionales de la agricultura (producción e intercambios de bienes) y sus "nuevas" funciones (conservación de la natura).
Analyse micro-économique d'un marché des droits à produire en agriculture : application aux quotas laitiers en France
Authors: Delache Xavier , Goudounèche Catherine , Guyomard Hervé , Irz Xavier , Mahé Louis-Pascal
Published: July 2011

Mikroökonomische Analyse eines Marktes der Erzeugungsrechte in der Landwirtschaft: eine Anwendung auf die Milchquoten in Frankreich,

von Xavier Delache, Catherine Goudounèche, Hervé Guyomard, Xavier Irz , Louis-Pascal Mahé.

In diesem Artikel wird anhand der Ergebnisse der Dualitätstheorie und des Begriffes des virtuellen oder dualen Preises in Verbindung mit einem rationierten Output das Verhalten des rationierten Produzenten gegenüber dem Erzeugnis in einem System analysiert, in dem die Quoten frei auf einem Markt gehandelt werden können. Wir schlagen einen mikroökonomischen Rahmen zur Analyse des Erzeugerverhaltens in einem System der handelbaren Quoten vor und definieren die Merkmale des Marktes (zum Mieten) der Quoten in einer Gleichgewichtssituation: Quotenpreis, gehandelte Mengen und Schwankungen der Einkommen aus der Milcherzeugung. Angewandt wird das Modell auf eine Stichprobe von französischen Milchbetrieben im Jahre 1991.
La compétitivité hors-prix dans les échanges de produits agricoles et agro-alimentaires français sur le marché communautaire
Authors: Chevassus-Lozza Emmanuelle , Gallezot Jacques
Published: July 2011

Non-Price Competitiveness in French Trade in Agricultural and Food Products on the Community Market,

by Emmanuelle Chevassus-Lozza and Jacques Gallezot.

This study of the determinants for French exports of agricultural and food products within the Community market concludes that competitiveness cannot be limited solely to price concerns. Deterioration in the relative price ratio does not necessarily lead to a loss of market share. "Structural", "volume" or more generally "non-price" competitiveness comes into play in particular for food product quality and differentiation. Prices and non-prices would appear to be two complementary and non-interchangeable aspects of external competition wherein the non-price determinants are structural components influencing the price.
Une construction gallo-romaine rue Villeneuve et rue de la Portette à Orange (Vaucluse). Fouille de sauvetage 1984
Authors: Bellet Michel-Edouard , Borgard Philippe , Carru Dominique , Woehl Maryse
Published: July 2011

Une intervention des services techniques de la Ville a permis la réalisation d'une fouille de sauvetage rue de la Portette et rue Villeneuve à Orange (Vaucluse).

Cette fouille a mis au jour trois salles aux pavements mosaïques du début du IIe siècle. La dépose de ces mosaïques a permis des sondages profonds qui ont montré l'existence d'une occupation remontant au début de l'époque augustéenne et qui se poursuit durant le Ier siècle. Fin 1er - début IIe siècle, la construction est remaniée. Enfin seule une trace très discrète du IIIe siècle a pu être reconnue avant l'occupation médiévale.

Ainsi se confirme pour cette zone l'existence d'un quartier de la ville romaine. On notera avec un intérêt particulier, comme ailleurs, la transformation de la fin du Ier - début du IIe siècle ainsi que la présence de céramique du Ier âge du Fer, indice possible, quoique ténu, de la ville antérieure à la cité coloniale, qu'aurait reconnu R. Amy.
Carrières antiques du Bois-des-Lens (Gard). Inventaire préliminaire
Authors: Bessac Jean-Claude
Published: July 2011

A l'ouest de Nîmes, le gisement de calcaire fin du Bois-des-Lens a été exploité très précocement et exporté en Gaule méridionale sur divers sites romains entre Fréjus et Narbonne. Ce gisement est l'objet depuis plusieurs années d'investigations archéologiques diverses : fouilles, sondages et surtout une vaste prospection propre aux carrières antiques. Cette prospection est actuellement suffisamment avancée pour proposer un inventaire préliminaire de ces anciens chantiers d'extraction; sur 19 sites repérés, 15 exploitations sont maintenant formellement identifiées comme antiques. Une première évaluation minimale des volumes de pierres produits alors donne des chiffres compris entre 10 000 et 15 000 m3, ce qui, pour une pierre de telle qualité, dénote une certaine importance économique régionale. Plus de la moitié de ces carrières ont fonctionné dès le début du Haut-Empire voire avant cette période pour la plus ancienne. Quelques exploitations ont poursuivi leur activité plus ou moins intensément jusqu'à la fin de l'Antiquité, l'une d'entre-elles a même fonctionné aux environs du XVIe siècle. Ce gisement, maintenant bien défini dans ses limites géographiques et chronologiques, constitue un ensemble d'étude de premier ordre qui pourra être mis à profit afin d'améliorer la connaissance de cette activité essentielle pour l'architecture et la sculpture antiques de la Gaule méditerranéenne.
La lettre grecque d'Emporion et son contexte archéologique
Authors: Sanmarti Grego Enric , Santiago Alvarez Rosa Araceli
Published: July 2011

A written lead tablet discovered in Ampurias had already been published. This article takes up again the same topic and gives more information concerning its archeological context. It describes the circumstances of the finding : the inscription was discovered in an environment of dwelling houses, in a backfill of soil dated back to the 5th century B.C. The text which is engraved in Ionian, is a letter mentioning contracts and commitments to be taken by the sender's correspondent. Sailings are also mentioned, and so is the name of Saiganthé, more likely to be Sagunthe. The correspondent has to organize dealings and to propose to a third person a half-share in a bargain.
Un dépotoir de l'Antiquité tardive dans le quartier de l'Esplanade à Arles
Authors: Congès Gaëtan , Leguilloux Martine , Brien-Poitevin Françoise
Published: July 2011

A stratigraphie unit very well grouped (showing well dated crockery coherent with quite a number of coins) in the beginning of the 5th century of our era was recently excavated in Arles. It is located precisely in the Esplanade district, south of the city, just outside the ramparts. Authors mainly present the ceramic material from a dumping ground which yielded a significant number of amphorae, most of which came from eastern imports.
Vestiges d'un mausolée à Solliès-Toucas (Var)
Authors: Pasqualini Michel
Published: July 2011

In 1990, the discovery of a written boundary stone (which marks the limits of a burial site) and six boulders most likely coming from a large mausoleum (1st and 2nd century A.D. ?) can be related to the existence of burial graves in the neighborhood and reveal it as the sepulcher of an important person or the owner of a villa.
Un pagus à Sallèles d'Aude ? Essai sur les pagi de Narbonnaise
Authors: Laubenheimer Fanette , Tarpin Michel
Published: July 2011

Une inscription récemment découverte sur la commune de Sallèles d'Aude nous fait connaître un nouveau pagus de Narbonnaise, sans doute lié à un site archéologique fort important, connu en particulier par un grand atelier de production d'amphores. Le nombre relativement important d'attestations de pagi dans cette province permet, mieux qu'ailleurs en Gaule, de cerner la relation entre ces pagi d'une part et les colonies ou oppida Latina d'autre part. On remarque ainsi que les pagi se trouvent d'ordinaire en limite des territoires de cités et qu'ils représentent sans doute la fossilisation territoriale d'une ancienne différence de statut entre les colons ou nouveaux Latins et ceux des indigènes restés complètement peregrins. L'absence de pagi autour de Nimes s'explique alors probablement par une égalité de statut au sein de la cité des Volques Arécomiques. Les textes des gromatiques permettent en outre de définir les pagi comme de véritables territoires limités, inclus dans les territoires plus vastes des cités, ce qui pose la question de la relation hiérarchique entre cité et pagus. A ce propos, on constate que les deux grandes cités indigènes des Voconces et des Allobroges sont dotées de préfets de pagi au lieu des habituels magistri, attestés dans les colonies avec déduction comme Narbonne.
Les sarcophages décorés du musée de Vienne (Isère)
Authors: Gaggadis-Robin Vassiliki , Gascou Jacques
Published: July 2011

In this article we discuss the stone decorated sarcophagi in the museum of Vienne (Isère, France). The material can be divided into two series. Besides the limestone production of a local workshop (chests with Erotes bringing the tabula of the inscription n° I. 2 and 3, or with an unusual motive of garland with a bird n° I. 1, or with strigili, columns and ascia) there also exist some marble fragments of chests (Endymion n° II. 1, a Satyr mask). The pieces can be dated to the end of the second and the beginning of the third century A. D.
La récente découverte d'une installation de l'Antiquité tardive sur le site d'Ambrussum (Villetelle, Hérault). 2 - Etude des vestiges fauniques
Authors: Forest Vianney
Published: July 2011

The remnants of the fauna in the 4th century A. D. in the lower part 0/Ambrussum include some bones coming from the Vertebrate and shells coming from marine molluscs. They help understanding how the sediments they are issued from were formed : these sediments are backfills mixing parts of bodies ofEquidaes and of a large cat with food remains either from domestic species , ovine and caprine race, swine, cattle, hen, or from wild species, stag, rabbit, partridge, oysters. The set of oyster shells mainly includes the Lopha stentina species which seems to be identified for the first time in the area and which attests the exploitation of a natural deposit.
Pérennité et mutations dans l'organisation de paysages agraires : le Tricastin et le terroir de Lattes
Authors: Jung Cécile
Published: July 2011

L'analyse morphologique des paysages actuels montre bien souvent la forte pérennité des agencements parcellaires mis en place durant la Protohistoire, l'Antiquité ou la période médiévale. Ce constat posé, il s'agit d'expliquer quels sont les facteurs et les processus entrant enjeu dans la conservation des organisations du paysage (réseaux parcellaires, viaires). Cet article cherche donc à donner quelques pistes de recherche sur cette problématique. Les facteurs naturels et anthropiques permettant d'expliquer la permanence ou la déstructuration de ces réseaux sont exposés et analysés, à partir d'exemples tirés de l'étude des fossés de la centuriation B d'Orange et de travaux sur le terroir de Lattes.
Evolution des centres de production et pôles de peuplement dans la vallée de l'Hérault. Les exemples d'Embonne (Agde) et Peyre Plantade (Clermont-l'Hérault)
Authors: Bermond Iouri , Pomarèdes Hervé , Rascalou Pierre
Published: July 2011

Researches begun these last years at the sites of Embonne and Peyre Plantade tired and delt in their own way with caracterizations of big rural settlements established in the Hérault valley. Yet, the misses of regional research and of traditional typologies and the shortage of epigraphic documents do not allow us to fact that the easily account for field realities allowing for that the origins of these two settlements and their eonomic orientations have specific local contexts (?).

The evolution of the shapes of these two settlements looks like broadly depending upon their particular activities so their statues and influency consequerently evolve during the time.
Le dépôt de marbre du parking Pasteur. Eléments de décoration trouvés dans une domus d'Aix-en-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône)
Authors: Digelmann Patrick
Published: July 2011

En 1985, un important dépôt de marbre fut découvert dans la fouille d'une domus à Aix-en-Provence. Son analyse a permis de classer selon leur fonction des matériaux mis au rebut par les récupérateurs. Dans l'ensemble présenté, se détache un décor pariétal à réseau qui apparaît en principe dans l'habitat au milieu du Ier s. ap. J.-C. Mais dans le cas aixois, le placage qui cadre mal avec le contexte de la domus pose d'étroites limites au commentaire. C'est pourquoi l'étude s'attache au choix des pierres et à la mise en œuvre de techniques comme la découpe, la retaille et le réemploi. Il est aussi établi qu'à la fin du Ier ou au début du IIe s., la part des marbres locaux s'accroît. Le nouvel état des pierres décoratives qui est dressé correspond à la marmorisation des résidences urbaines et rurales de Gaule Narbonnaise.
Les agglomérations secondaires du sud-ouest de la cité antique de Vienne
Authors: Béal Jean-Claude
Published: July 2011

Several sites located on the Rhône banks downstream from the town of Vienne (Isère, France) were used as stopover points; they have been identified as such by archaeological sources or mentioned in written sources, although some of them remain difficult to locate. The analysis of thèse éléments reveals, in this part of the Allobroges' city, a shortage in urban structures, conversely to the western part of the civitas. This could be the conséquence of the strong development of villae, whose présence is at least acknowledged nearby, in Limony or Andace. The case of the Châtelet sanctuary (see in this volume) is significant : although it was built near Andance and assumed a régional rôle, it was neither situated within this town, nor was it directly connected to it.
Praetor Aquis Sextis
Authors: Christol Michel
Published: July 2011

La création de la colonie latine d'Aix est l'œuvre d'Auguste, durant son principat (-27/+ 14), et l'élévation au rang de colonie romaine est postérieure à l'époque de Vespasien. La révision d'une inscription de Narbonne (CIL, XII, 4409 = HGL, XV, 99) permet d'éliminer la restitution [(duum)vi]r praetor, qui avait été admise par Hirschfeld. La magistrature qui apparaît est celle de praetor Aquis Sextis. Elle vient compléter, aux origines de la cité, l'inscription d'un autre praetor (CIL, XII, 517 et p. 814 = ILN, Aix- en-Provence, 27).
The efficiency of mechanisms driving Subauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS)
Authors: Wang H. , Lühr H.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. We have investigated the seasonal and diurnal variation of SAPS (Subauroral Polarization Streams) occurrence based on 3663 SAPS events identified in DMSP ion drift observations in the Northern Hemisphere during July 2001 and June 2003. Their relationships with high latitude convection electric field, substorm, and ionospheric conductivity have been addressed. SAPS occurrences show a clear seasonal and diurnal variation with the occurrence rates varying by a factor of 5. It is found that the convection electric field might play a dominant role in association with SAPS occurrence. Peak convection electric fields mark the occurrence maximum of SAPS. Substorm might play a secondary role related to SAPS occurrence. It account for the secondary maximum in SAPS occurrence rate during December solstice. Our work demonstrates that the substorm induced electric field can develop SAPS during relatively low global convection. Somewhat low fluxtube-integrated conductivity is favorable for SAPS to develop. Another topic is the temporal relationship between SAPS and substorm phases. SAPS can occur at substorm onset, substorm expansion and recovery phases. Most probably SAPS tend to occur 60 min/45 min after substorm onset during quiet/more disturbed geomagnetic activity, respectively. This indicates that enhanced global convection helps SAPS to develop quicker during substorms. The peak plasma velocity of SAPS is increased on average only by 5–10 % by the substorm process.
Novel peptide targeting integrin αvβ3‐rich tumor cells by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Wu Guoqiu , Wang Xiaodong , Deng Gang , Wu Linyuan , Ju Shenghong , Teng Gaojun , Yao Yuyu , Wang Xiyong , Liu Naifeng
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To investigate the targeting activity of the peptide (named P1c) derived from connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) to αvβ3‐rich tumor cells.

Materials and Methods:

P1c was synthesized and conjugated with ultrasuperparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIOs) coated with meso‐2,3‐dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). The specific binding activity of P1c‐USPIOs to αvβ3 was verified by solid phase binding assay. The combination of P1c‐USPIOs with a human primary liver cancer cell (Bel 7402) with αvβ3‐positive expression and uptake of P1c‐USPIOs by cells was investigated by Prussian blue staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The targeting activity of the probe in vivo was also evaluated using a small‐animal tumor model by MRI.

Results:

The cell uptake of P1c‐USPIOs was observed in a dose‐dependent manner, whereas no significant particle uptake was found in the plain USPIOs group. The differences on T2*‐weighted imaging were also found by MRI and the signal intensity (SI) was statistically reduced after coculture of Bel 7402 cells with P1c‐USPIOs at a concentration of 20–80 μg/mL compared with plain USPIOs (P < 0.05). The in vivo study showed that the signal reduction was distributed mainly in the periphery and some central areas of the tumor. The tumor‐to‐muscle CNR (contrast‐to‐noise ratio) at 12 hours after the administration of the P1c‐USPIOs was statistically significantly different compared to those at 0 hour, 1 hour, or the plain USPIO group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The peptide P1c might be a good candidate as a targeting carrier for drugs or tracers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New approach towards improved visualization of myocardial edema using T2‐weighted imaging: A cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) study
Authors: Cocker Myra S. , Shea Steven M. , Strohm Oliver , Green Jordin , Abdel‐Aty Hassan , Friedrich Matthias G.
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To compare T2‐weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging with AASPIR (asymmetric adiabatic spectral inversion recovery) and STIR (short T1 inversion recovery) for myocardial signal intensity, image quality, and fat suppression.

Materials and Methods:

Forty consecutive patients (47 ± 16 years old) referred by cardiologists for CMR‐based myocardial tissue characterization were scanned with both STIR and AASPIR T2‐weighted imaging approaches. Signal intensity of left ventricular myocardium was normalized to a region of interest generating a signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). In six patients with regional edema on STIR the contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) was assessed. Two independent observers used a scoring system to evaluate image quality and artifact suppression. Six healthy volunteers (three males, 32 ± 7 years) were recruited to compare fat suppression between AASPIR and STIR.

Results:

SNR of AASPIR was greater than STIR for basal (128 ± 44 vs. 83 ± 40, P < 0.001), mid‐ (144 ± 65 vs. 96 ± 39, P < 0.01), and apical (145 ± 59 vs. 105 ± 35, P < 0.05) myocardium. Improved image quality and greater suppression of artifacts was demonstrated with AASPIR. In patients with regional edema, CNR increased by 49% with AASPIR, while SNR of pericardial fat did not differ (44 ± 39 vs. 33 ± 30, P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

Our findings support the implementation of an AASPIR‐based approach for T2‐weighted imaging due to improved pericardial fat suppression, image quality, and artifact suppression with greater CNR and SNR. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI studies of cryoinjury infarction in pig hearts: ii. Effects of intrapericardial delivery of adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSC) embedded in agarose gel
Authors: Yang Y. , Dreessen de Gervai P. , Sun J. , Glogowski M. , Gussakovsky E. , Kupriyanov V.
Published: July 2011

The purpose was to assess effects of intrapericardially deposited adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSC) as a source of angiogenic factors on cryoinjury infarction. To enhance this effect and reduce incorporation of ADSC into tissue, the cells were immobilized in agarose gel patches transplanted onto cryoinjured epicardium. In domestic pigs (15–20 kg) the left ventricular (LV) anterior wall of exposed hearts was cryoinjured using aluminum rod (Φ=25 mm) cooled in liquid nitrogen. Sterilized circular patches made of agarose gel were placed in a nylon bag and sutured to cryoinjured epicardium. In 4 pigs, the patches contained 650,000 human ADSCs; in control animals patches were cell‐free (n,=,2) or no patches were implanted (n,=,2). Cine and T1‐weighted MRI was performed in vivo weekly (4 weeks) after injury using a 3 T imager. Following baseline imaging, a double bolus of gadopentate dimeglumine was injected (GdDTPA, 0.05 and 0.15 mmol/kg) and serial short axis images were acquired. In the 4‐week ADSC‐treated group, 2 pigs were assessed using GdDTPA and 2 pigs were assessed using MnCl2 (70 micromol/kg/14 min). In all pigs, 5 × 106 NIR fluorescent microspheres (15 µm FMS, 645/680 nm) were injected into the hearts, which were excised, sliced and examined with fluorescence imaging for FMS content. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was used to determine necrotic areas. Four‐week infarction areas were hypokinetic and appeared hyperintensive on Gd‐enhanced MR images, hypointensive on Mn‐enhanced images, and were TTC‐negative. First‐pass Gd enhancement kinetics was faster in the infarct area of ADSC‐treated hearts: 152 ± 89 vs 54 ± 5.3% of normal in control (p = 0.03). Accordingly, FMS fluorescence was much higher in the treated infarcts (144 ± 59% of remote, n = 4) relative to control hearts (58 ± 13%, n = 4), which correlated with 3 times higher microvascular density in treated hearts. LV wall thickening was partially restored by ADSC treatment. ADSC‐containing patches attached to cryoinjured epicardium greatly improved perfusion and microvascular density of scar tissue. Copyright © 2011 National Research Council Canada.
The Lexicon in Acquisition
Authors: Clark Eve V.
Published: July 2011

Without words, children can't talk about people, places, things, actions, relations, or states, and they have no grammatical rules. Without words, there would be no sound structure, no word structure, and no syntax. The lexicon is central in language, and in language acquisition. Eve Clark argues for this centrality and for the general principles of conventionality and contrast at the core of language acquisition. She looks at the hypotheses children draw on about possible word meanings, and how they map their meanings on to forms. The book is unusual in dealing with data from a wide variety of languages, in its emphasis on the general principles children rely on as they analyse complex word forms, and in the broad perspective it takes on lexical acquisition.
Just Institutions Matter
Authors: Rothstein Bo
Published: July 2011

In this book Bo Rothstein seeks to defend the universal welfare state against a number of important criticisms which it has faced in recent years. He combines genuine philosophical analysis of normative issues concerning what the state ought to do with empirical political scientific research in public policy examining what the state can do. Issues discussed include the relationship between welfare state and civil society, the privatization of social services, and changing values within society. His analysis centres around the importance of political institutions as both normative and empirical entities, and Rothstein argues that the choice of such institutions at certain formative moments in a country's history is what determines the political support for different types of social policy. He thus explains the great variation among contemporary welfare states in terms of differing moral and political logics which have been set in motion by the deliberate choices of political institutions. The book is an important contribution to both philosophical and political debates about the future of the welfare state.
The Princes of Orange
Authors: Rowen Herbert H.
Published: July 2011

This major study provides the first comprehensive assessment of an important European institution, the Stadholderate of the Dutch Republic. Professor Rowen looks at the career of each Prince of Orange in turn, from William I ('The Silent'), to the last and saddest, William V, examining their roles as Stadholder and interweaving their personal lives and characters with the development of the institution. Without engaging in psycho-history, Rowen treats the individual personality of each Stadholder as a significant factor, and shows how the Stadholderate contributed to a distinctive political and constitutional coloration that rendered the United Provinces unique in Europe. The work assesses the contribution of the Stadholderate to the rise and subsequent fall of the Dutch Republic as one of the great powers of early modern Europe, and analyses each prince within his contemporary context, avoiding the highly present-minded approach of many of the Republic's subsequent historians. The Princes of Orange is thus neither a work of hagiography, glorifying the Dutch royal house, nor a piece of destructive iconoclasm, but an authoritative account of a most unusual political, dynastic and diplomatic institution.
The Jewish and Christian World 200 BC to AD 200
Authors: Leaney A. R. C.
Published: July 2011

The three general editors of the Cambridge Bible Commentary series have all, in their teaching, experienced a lack of readily usable texts of the literature which is often called psuedepigrapha but which is more accurately defined as extra-biblical or parabiblical literature. The aim of this series is to help fill this gap. The welcome accorded to the Cambridge Bible Commentary has encouraged the editors to follow the same pattern here, except that carefully chosen extracts from the texts, rather than complete books, have normally been provided for comment. The introductory material leads naturally into the text which itself leads into alternating sections of commentary. Within the severe limits imposed by the size and scope of the series each contributor will attempt to provide for the student and general reader the results of modern scholarship, but has been asked to assume no specialized theological or linguistic knowledge.
Spin Glasses
Authors: Fischer K. H. , Hertz J. A.
Published: July 2011

The study of spin glasses is a fascinating new topic in condensed matter physics that has attracted considerable attention over recent years. This book gives a comprehensive account of the subject, and will provide a valuable overview and reference to both newcomers and experts in the field. The authors discuss the most important developments in the theory, experimental work and computer modelling of spin glasses. The first chapters give a general introduction to the basic concepts, followed by a discussion of mean field theory, the only well-established spin glass theory so far. This book will be of interest primarily to condensed matter physicists, but because of the potentially wide applications of the theory involved, the book should also appeal to researchers in other disciplines, including theoretical physics, metallurgy and computational neuroscience.
A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, with an Account of the Native Tribes, and Observations on the Climate, Geology, and Natural History of the Amazon
Authors: Wallace Alfred Russel
Published: July 2011

A friend of Charles Darwin and a social activist respected by John Stuart Mill, Alfred R. Wallace (1823–1913) was an outstanding nineteenth-century intellectual. Wallace, renowned in his time as the co-discoverer of natural selection, was a young schoolteacher when he began his exciting career as an explorer-naturalist, and set off for Brazil in 1848 with Henry Walter Bates. A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (1853) is the stimulating and engaging result of this first expedition and a precursor to his best-selling Malay Archipelago (1869). The depth and breadth of Wallace's observations in this book as naturalist, anthropologist and geologist are remarkable, and it is tantalising to learn that half his notes and 'the greater part of [his] collections and sketches' were lost at sea when his ship was burned on his voyage home.
The History of Rome
Authors: Niebuhr Barthold Georg
Published: July 2011

This three-volume English translation of Barthold Georg Niebuhr's influential History of Rome was published between 1828 and 1842. It follows the second German edition, which the author contrasts with the earlier edition (1811–1812, translated into English in 1827) as being 'the work of a man who has reached his maturity'. The early part of the nineteenth century saw important developments in philological scholarship in Germany, and Niebuhr's international career as a statesman and scholar reflected Germany's new-found confidence in the wider world. His book had a lasting impact both within its own subject area and on the understanding of history as an academic discipline, and was a landmark of nineteenth-century European scholarship. Volume 2 begins with the league with the Latins and ends with civil history down to the fourth century B.C.E..
The History of Rome
Authors: Niebuhr Barthold Georg
Published: July 2011

This three-volume English translation of Barthold Georg Niebuhr's influential History of Rome was published between 1828 and 1842. It follows the second German edition, which the author contrasts with the earlier edition (1811–1812, translated into English in 1827) as being 'the work of a man who has reached his maturity'. The early part of the nineteenth century saw important developments in philological scholarship in Germany, and Niebuhr's international career as a statesman and scholar reflected Germany's new-found confidence in the wider world. His book had a lasting impact both within its own subject area and on the understanding of history as an academic discipline, and was a landmark of nineteenth-century European scholarship. Volume 3 begins with the Licinian rogations and ends with the first Punic war.
A History of Greece
Authors: Thirlwall Connop
Published: July 2011

This is the third of eight volumes on the history of Greece, first published in 1836. The volumes were aimed at two audiences: those people who wanted more than a superficial knowledge of the subject, but did not have the time or means to study the original sources, and those who had access to the ancient authors, but required a guide or interpreter. The third volume considers the period from the beginning of the Athenian maritime ascendancy to the Thirty Years' Truce between Athens and Sparta, and the age of Pericles. It looks at the causes and events of the Peloponnesian War from its beginnings to the Sicilian Expedition. This book will be of interest to researchers and students of ancient history.
The Correspondence of Richard Bentley
Authors: Bentley Richard
Published: July 2011

The celebrated classicist Richard Bentley (1662–1742) was elected Master of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1700. He corresponded with many respected thinkers and scholars, based in Paris, Naples, Berlin, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Copenhagen, Hamburg and elsewhere around the world. These two volumes of his correspondence, first published in 1842 and now reissued, provide fascinating insights into Bentley's thought and the intellectual world he inhabited. Volume 1 contains letters, mostly in Latin, written and received between 1689 and 1712. They appear in chronological order, and shed light on relationships between scholars of different generations and nationalities, and often opposing religious, moral, political, and literary opinions. Exceptionally noteworthy in this volume is Bentley's correspondence with Archbishop Wake and the Earl of Oxford, as well as four letters from Sir Isaac Newton.
Domestic Manners of the Americans
Authors: Trollope Frances Milton
Published: July 2011

Frances Trollope candidly describes her travel experiences in the United States during 1827–1831 in her two-volume book Domestic Manners of the Americans. First published in 1832, it records her views on many aspects of American daily life, especially targeting the supposed lack of manners among Americans. On reaching America, Mrs. Trollope encountered a country that was completely different from what she had expected. She expresses her disgust at the copious handshaking, spitting-habits, tobacco chewing, expressions of self-righteousness, and hypocrisy of the Americans and vents her outrage at the existence of the slave trade in a country that boasted of equality. Her criticisms of American culture are interspersed with descriptions of elections, cathedrals, markets, public balls, literature, and religion. Volume 1 covers her travels through New Orleans, Memphis, Baltimore and Washington, and offers an engaging account of a nineteenth-century Englishwoman's impressions of America.
Scientific Papers
Authors: Strutt John William
Published: July 2011

Lord Rayleigh (1842–1919) won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1904. His early research was in optics and acoustics but his first published paper, from 1869, was an explanation of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. In 1871, he related the degree of light scattering to wavelength (part of the explanation for why the sky is blue), and in 1872 he wrote his classic Theory of Sound (not included here). He became a Fellow of the Royal Society and inherited his father's peerage in 1873. Rayleigh nevertheless continued groundbreaking research, including the first description of Moiré interference (1874). In 1881, while president of the London Mathematical Society (1878–1880) and successor to Maxwell as Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge (1879–1884), Rayleigh published a paper on diffraction gratings which led to improvements in the spectroscope and future developments in high-resolution spectroscopy. This volume contains papers from 1869 to 1881.