bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Características de carcaça e da carne de caprinos Boer x Saanen confinados recebendo rações com casca do grão de soja em substituição ao milho
Authors: Hashimoto Juliano Hideo , Alcalde Claudete Regina , Silva Karina Toledo da , Macedo Francisco de Assis Fonseca de , Mexia Alexandre Agostinho , Santello Graziela Aparecida , Martins Elias Nunes , Matsushita Makoto
Published: March 2007

Avaliaram-se as características de carcaça, os rendimentos dos cortes, a proporção dos tecidos, a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo Longissimus dorsi de cabritos confinados alimentados com rações contendo casca do grão de soja em substituição ao grão de milho moído. Foram utilizados 15 cabritos machos inteiros Boer x Saanen distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (cinco animais por tratamento) e abatidos com 33,82 ± 4,40 kg de peso corporal. As rações foram compostas de feno de grama-estrela (Cynodon spp.), farelo de soja, milho moído e/ou casca do grão de soja e minerais. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de 0, 50 e 100% de substituição do milho pela casca do grão de soja. Os níveis de substituição do milho pela casca do grão de soja não alteraram as características de carcaça, mas influenciaram o rendimento dos cortes comerciais do lombo e do pescoço. A porcentagem de carne do músculo Longissimus dorsi não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, entretanto, os animais do tratamento que não receberam casca do grão e soja apresentaram maiores proporções de gordura e menores de osso. A composição centesimal e o perfil dos ácidos graxos não diferiram entre os animais, contudo, o músculo Longissimus dorsi daqueles alimentados com casca do grão de soja apresentou maiores teores de colesterol. A casca do grão de soja pode ser utilizada como substituto do milho em rações, pois não alterou as características de carcaça e de carne dos animais.
Teores de proteína bruta para bovinos alimentados com feno de capim-tifton 85: parâmetros ruminais, eficiência de síntese microbiana e degradabilidade in situ
Authors: Silva Edilane Aparecida da , Berchielli Telma Teresinha , Reis Ricardo Andrade , Pires Alexandre Vaz , Sato Kátia Junko , Paes José Mauro Valente , Lopes André Dias
Published: March 2007

Avaliou-se o efeito da deficiência de PB na dieta sobre a eficiência de síntese microbiana e a degradabilidade in situ da MS e FDN em novilhos mestiços. Os tratamentos consistiram de dietas compostas de feno de tifton 85 (FN) suplementadas com uréia (FNUR), farelo de soja (FNFS) e farelo de glúten de milho- 60 (FNGL). Foram utilizados oito novilhos canulados no rúmen e no duodeno, distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4. O pH e a concentração de nitrogênio não-amoniacal (N-NH3) foram mensurados no fluido ruminal antes e 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas após o fornecimento da ração, utilizando-se a fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) como indicador do fluxo duodenal. A eficiência microbiana foi determinada por meio das bases purinas. Em todas as dietas, o pH e a concentração de N-NH3 foram adequados para o crescimento dos microrganismos ruminais. Não houve efeito da deficiência de PB na dieta sobre a ingestão de MS, a eficiência de síntese microbiana e a cinética de degradação da MS e FDN do feno de tifton 85. O teor de PB das dietas não alterou o crescimento microbiano, a eficiência de síntese microbiana e a cinética de degradação ruminal.
Effects of the application of sewage sludge and fowl manure on soils of Paraná state in maize plants (Zea mays L.) as a macro-nutrients source
Authors: Gobbi Marlene A. , Pigozzo Ana T. Jordão , Lenzi Ervim , Luchese Eduardo B.
Published: March 2007

The potential of two organic residues as sources of macro-nutrients in three types of soils of the third plateau of Paraná state was studied. Treatment consisted of a dose (38 t.ha-1) of fowl manure and sewage sludge neutralized by a 3:1 (CaO+MgO) mixture. Fowl manure was kept in natura. Maize (Zea mays L.)was reference plant. After 30 days of seeding, the aerial parts of the plants were cut. They were dried at 70 0C till constant weight was obtained, then weighted and ground. Analyses were undertaken after nitric-perchloric digestion of the samples. Macro-nutrient levels in soils and in plants were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, flame technique. Results showed that production of dry matter was higher when fowl manure was used. Levels of macro-nutrients in Terra Roxa - TR were higher than those of Latossolo Vermelho Escuro - LE (Deep Red Latisol) and Podzólico Vermelho - PV (Red Podzolic), soils respectively. In aerial parts of maize plants collected in the soils treated with organic residues the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, S and P were higher than those without treatment. The sewage sludge caused highest relation in Ca:Mg.
Phosphorus collectors from filter paper and synthetic cloth coated with iron or aluminium oxide to provide phosphorus by diffusion in soils
Authors: Luchese Eduardo Bernardi , Lenzi Ervim , Favero Luzia Otília Bortotti , Loubak Luceide Heloisa
Published: March 2007

Phosphorus collectors made from filter paper and synthetic cloth, were tested to evaluate their feasibility of determining the need for phosphate application. The collectors were coated with two types of oxides, iron oxide and aluminium oxide. The capacity of the collectors was tested by placing them in a 2 mL of solution containing phosphorus (PO4(3-)) in the concentration of 0.0, 1.00, 3.00, 5.00, 7.00, 9.00 and 11.00 µ g.mL-1, respectively, after which they were placed in contact with four types of soil (LBa, LRd, LEd and Ca) and incubed for 0.0 and 24 h. In this test the soils were kept at a humidity equivalent to 150 mmHg suction. The amount of phosphorus extracted from the solutions was tested at intervals between 0,0 and 11.0 µ g of phosphorus/mL. Results indicated that collectors were most efficient in Dystrophic Dark-Red Latosol (LEd) and less efficient in "Bruno álico" Latosol (LBa) and Cambisol (Ca). Synthetic cloth was the support yielding the best performance, whereas iron oxide lining was the most adequate lining material. Phosphorus collection increased with time of incubation.
Production of allyl phenyl carbinol (APC) by biotrans-formation using Rhizopus arrhizus
Authors: Shukla Vilas B. , Kulkarni Pushpa R.
Published: March 2007

The objective of the present work was to study the stereoselective synthesis of homo-allylic alcohol using stereoselective hydrolysis by Rhizopus arrhizus and also to study the stereoselective synthesis of allyl phenyl carbinol (APC) or 1-Phenyl-3-butene-1-o by combination of chemical synthesis and biotransformation from cheap raw materials such as benzaldehyde and allyl bromide. Stereospecific synthesis of allyl phenyl carbinol (APC) was achieved by acetate hydrolysis by R. arrhizus giving R (+) enantiomer. Maximum enantiomeric excess of APC was obtained at 16 h where as maximum yield of it was obtained at 48 h of biotransformation.
Assessment of the plan for pre-exposition vaccination with Fuenzalida-Palacios anti-rabies vaccine
Authors: Preto Angela Aparecida , Gomes Elisa Maines , Fernandes Maurício José , Hennig Nei Adolfo , Germano Pedro Manoel Leal
Published: March 2007

Studies ere carried out to monitor the titres of anti-rabies antibodies taken from individuals exposed to the risk of infection. Fifty-seven individuals aged between 20 and 40, were vaccinated with a minimum titre of 1.3 IU Fuenzalida-Palacios type anti-rabies vaccine. The vaccination plan consisted of the application of three doses at two day intervals and a booster applied 28 days after the final dose. The accompainment of the antibody titres was achieved by means of the seroneutralization test over a total period of 18 months. Through the monitoring carried out, it was found to be necessary to apply a booster vaccination to part of the group. Some of these individuals were revaccinated with Fuenzalida-Palacios type vaccine with a minimum titre of 1.3 IU. And some with cellular vaccine with a minimum titre of 2.5 IU. All the individuals responded with titres greater than 0.5 IU, maintaining these levels until the end of the observation period, demonstrating a ready anamnestic response to both immunogens.
Chromosome number and microsporogenesis in Paspalum maritimum (caespitosa group; gramineae)
Authors: Adamowski Eleniza de Victor , Pagliarini Maria Suely , Batista Luiz Alberto Rocha
Published: March 2007

Despite of economic importance of the genus Paspalum, little or no cytologic information is available for many species. This is the first report about chromosome number and meiotic behavior for P. maritimum. The three accessions collected in Amapá State (North Region of Brazil) were tetraploid (2n=4x=40) with the chromosomes associating predominantly as bivalents. The low frequency of multivalents suggested that they were segmental allotetraploids. All accessions showed a low rate of meiotic irregularities, and as a consequence the pollen fertility was high. The results suggested that these accessions presented potential for use in a hybridization program.
In vitro antimicrobial activity of different gutta-percha points and calcium hydroxide pastes
Authors: Tanomaru Juliane Maria Guerreiro , Pappen Fernanda Geraldes , Tanomaru Filho Mário , Spolidorio Denise Madalena Palomari , Ito Izabel Yoko
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of different trademarks and compositions of gutta-percha points and calcium hydroxide pastes used in endodontic therapy. The evaluated material consisted of gutta-percha points containing calcium hydroxide (RoekoTM), gutta-percha points containing chlorhexidine (RoekoTM), two convencional gutta-percha points (Endo PointsTM and RoekoTM) and two calcium hydroxide pastes (CalenTM and Calen/PMCC TM). Antimicrobial tests included five species of microorganisms: Escherichia coli (ATCC10538), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC12228), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853), and Micrococcus luteus (ATCC9341). The Agar difusion method was employed. The plates were kept at room temperature for 2 h for prediffusion and then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The triphenyltetrazolium chloride gel was added for optimization and the zones of inhibition were measured. Statistical evaluation was carried out using analysis of variance and Tukey Test. The obtained results showed that all microbial species used in the study were inhibited by the gutta-percha points containing chlorhexidine and by the calcium hydroxide pastes (CalenTM and Calen/PMCC TM), with similar results (p > 0.05). No antimicrobial activity was observed for the other groups. It was concluded that the gutta-percha points containing chlorhexidine presented antimicrobial activity, whereas the gutta-percha points containing calcium hydroxide did not.
Effect of gamma rays on the bone repair process in rats with estrogen deficiency
Authors: Chicarelli Mariliani , Ramos Flávia Maria de Moraes , Manzi Flávio Ricardo , Novaes Pedro Duarte , Bóscolo Frab Norberto , Almeida Solange Maria de
Published: March 2007

This study aimed at evaluating the bone repair process in ovariectomized rats submitted to an irradiation procedure. For this purpose, one hundred rats were randomly divided in four experimental groups: control, ovariectomized, irradiated and irradiated/ovariectomized. A bone defect was made on all animals' tibias. Three days after surgery, only irradiated and irradiated/ovariectomized rats received 8 Gy of gamma rays on the lower limbs region. The animals were sacrificed 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after surgery in order to assess the repair process. It was possible to observe a delay in the bone repair process in the irradiated/ovariectomized group, in which there was a remarkable association between estrogen deficiency and ionizing radiation resulting in the reduction of newly formed bone production, thus accelerating the resorption process.
Adherence to HeLa cells, typing by killer toxins and susceptibility to antifungal agents of Candida dubliniensis strains
Authors: Silva Gismari Miranda da , Silveira Fernando Ricardo Xavier da , Pires Maria de Fátima Costa
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the adherence capability to HeLa cells, the susceptibility to killer toxins and the in vitro susceptibility to antifungal agents (eTest? method - AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) of 9 Candida dubliniensis isolates recovered from HIV+ and AIDS patients. The adherence test was strongly positive for strain ATCC 777 and positive for all other strains. Typing by killer toxins revealed two different biotypes among the 9 isolates studied: 888 and 688. Only biotype 688 (ATCC 777) was susceptible to the K2 toxin. There was a significant inverse correlation between adherence and killer toxin susceptibility (r = -0.8525 - p = 0.0035). No strains presented resistance to fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole, flucytosine or amphotericin-B. With the exception of ATCC 777, all the other isolates presented similar behavior.
Penicillin Allergy Skin Testing: What Do We Do Now?
Authors: Schafer Jeremy A. , Mateo Noe , Parlier Garry L. , Rotschafer John C.
Published: March 2007

Drug‐induced anaphylaxis remains a relatively infrequent event. However, penicillin and associated β‐lactam antibiotics remain a primary cause of anaphylaxis. Penicillin allergies are undoubtedly overreported, and patients with suspected penicillin allergy can be treated with antibiotic alternatives. Penicillin allergy skin testing is a simple and effective way to identify true penicillin allergy. Skin testing involves testing for both major and minor determinants and should be conducted in a facility with available life‐support equipment. The commercial major determinant product, benzylpenicilloyl‐polylysine, was removed from the market in 2004; this action compromised the ability of clinicians to evaluate a patient's likely response to penicillin therapy. Alternatives to skin testing include laboratory synthesis of major determinants, use of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST), or a combination of RAST and minor determinant skin testing. Patients with suspected penicillin allergy can undergo desensitization if they require penicillin therapy. The planned return of a commercial major determinant will hopefully resolve this issue.
Safety of Newer Antidepressants in Pregnancy
Authors: Way Cynthia M.
Published: March 2007

Pharmacotherapy for depression is often necessary during pregnancy. The information available about use of the newer antidepressants in pregnant women is limited by trial design and lack of long‐term follow‐up of exposed infants. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are not generally thought to be major teratogens. Some recent studies, however, have suggested that paroxetine may be associated with a small increase in risk of congenital abnormalities, particularly cardiac defects. Data on the effect of SSRIs on the incidence of preterm birth, spontaneous abortion, and fetal death are conflicting. Third‐trimester exposure to newer antidepressants, including SSRIs and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e. g., venlafaxine), has been associated with a poor neonatal adaptation syndrome. In addition, SSRI use may be associated with an increased risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Preliminary evidence suggests that SSRI exposure in utero does not have significant long‐term effects on cognition or behavior. Based on limited information, mirtazapine, bupropion, and venlafaxine do not appear to be major teratogens. Little or no information is available on duloxetine.
Contemporary Issues in Clopidogrel Therapy: New Evidence Shaping Clinical Practice
Authors: Emmons Kristi L. , Taylor Nicole R.
Published: March 2007

Antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone in the management of acute coronary syndromes. Clopidogrel produces irreversible inhibition of the platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor, thereby attenuating activation and aggregation of platelets. Clopidogrel has been shown to prevent stent thrombosis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and reduces major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with unstable angina or non–ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (non‐STEMI). Recent studies have left clinicians with many questions regarding the role and dosing regimens of clopidgrel in STEMI, PCI, and primary or secondary prevention. Based on an analysis of the data, clopidogrel should be given in addition to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy to patients with STEMI. In patients undergoing PCI, a loading dose of clopidogrel 600 mg should be given if the procedure needs to be performed within 15 hours of initial presentation. If PCI can be delayed for 15 hours or more, a loading dose of 300 mg can be used. Evidence also suggests that clopidogrel should not be prescribed for primary prevention in high‐risk patients.
Cinnamon Supplementation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Pham Antony Q. , Kourlas Helen , Pham David Q.
Published: March 2007

Diabetes mellitus is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, and most patients with the disease have type 2 diabetes. The effectiveness of cinnamon supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes has received a great deal of media attention after a study was published in 2003. Although the efficacy of cinnamon in patients with diabetes has not been established, many patients seek other therapies and supplement their prescribed pharmacologic therapy with cinnamon. We conducted a literature search, limited to English‐language human studies, using MEDLINE (1966–August 2006), EMBASE (1980–August 2006), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–August 2006), and Iowa Drug Information Service (1966–August 2006). References from articles and clinical trials were reviewed for additional sources; no abstracts were reviewed. We found two prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, peer‐reviewed clinical trials and one prospective, placebo‐controlled, peer‐reviewed clinical trial that evaluated the efficacy of cinnamon supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes; a total of 164 patients were involved in these trials. Two of the studies reported modest improvements in lowering blood glucose levels with cinnamon supplementation in small patient samples. One trial showed no significant difference between cinnamon and placebo in lowering blood glucose levels. Overall, cinnamon was well tolerated. These data suggest that cinnamon has a possible modest effect in lowering plasma glucose levels in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. However, clinicians are strongly urged to refrain from recommending cinnamon supplementation in place of the proven standard of care, which includes lifestyle modifications, oral antidiabetic agents, and insulin therapy.
Diltiazem‐Induced Eosinophilic Pleural Effusion
Authors: Raptis Lampros , Pappas Georgios , Katsanou Andromahi , Koutsouka Freideriki , Petrakis Dimitrios , Akritidis Nikolaos
Published: March 2007

A 68‐year‐old woman developed eosinophilic pleural effusion and systemic eosinophilia 2 months after starting antihypertensive therapy with diltiazem. Several drugs are known to cause this disorder; however, the only other drug the patient had been taking was clonidine, which she had taken for the past 3–4 years. She was evaluated for all other possible causes of eosinophilia and eosinophilic pleural effusion, including malignancy, infection, and autoimmune disorders. Her symptoms resolved after diltiazem was discontinued, and no recurrence was noted on follow‐up. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of eosinophilic pleural effusion caused by diltiazem. According to the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale, a probable relationship existed between diltiazem and the patient's eosinophilia and pleural effusion. Although numerous drugs have been associated with eosinophilia and eosinophilic pleural effusion, the spectrum may actually be wider than is commonly thought and may include such unrecognized agents as diltiazem.
Safe Administration of Iron Sucrose in a Patient with a Previous Hypersensitivity Reaction to Ferric Gluconate
Authors: Sane Radhika , Baribeault David , Rosenberg Carol L.
Published: March 2007

A 67‐year‐old woman with iron deficiency anemia required parenteral iron therapy and was treated with intravenous ferric gluconate. She tolerated the first dose, but after the second dose, she developed a tingling feeling all over her body, along with swelling in her hands and feet, and a rash with hives over most of her body. It was thought that she had likely experienced a hyper‐sensitivity reaction to ferric gluconate. The decision was made to continue therapy; however, two modifications were made. The patient was given dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and ibuprofen 1 hour before administering the third dose, and the infusion time was prolonged by 1 hour. Approximately 45 minutes after the infusion was completed, the patient developed hives on her arms and legs. At the patient's next clinic visit, it was decided that continuation of parenteral iron repletion was necessary, and the decision was made to attempt a challenge with iron sucrose. The patient was given dexamethasone 8 mg to be taken the night before and the morning of treatment. She successfully completed the iron repletion therapy with iron sucrose. Three parenteral iron products are available in the United States: iron dextran, sodium ferric gluconate complex, and iron sucrose. Iron dextran, the oldest of these products, carries the highest risk for hypersensitivity reactions. Available data suggest that either iron sucrose or ferric gluconate can be safely administered to patients with known hypersensitivity to iron dextran. Our patient's experience implies that it may be possible to safely administer iron sucrose to a patient with hypersensitivity to ferric gluconate. This finding has clinical implications and warrants confirmation in a larger population.
Fatal Pulmonary Toxicity After a Single Dose of Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Gupta Shilpa , Mahipal Amit
Published: March 2007

Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapeutic agent with the potential to cause pulmonary toxicity, most commonly in the form of diffuse alveolar damage. Cyclophosphamide‐induced pulmonary toxicity is extremely rare and often difficult to recognize because of presence of confounding factors, including use of other cytotoxic drugs, radiation pneumonitis, oxygen toxicity, pulmonary infections, and malignancies. The lung toxicity caused by cyclophosphamide is accelerated when cyclophosphamide is combined with amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic agent also capable of lung toxicity. We describe a patient with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma who developed fatal pulmonary toxicity after a single dose of cyclophosphamide in the setting of long‐term amiodarone use.
Current Guidelines for Treatment of Heart Failure: 2006 Update
Authors: Uddin Nabil , Patterson J. Herbert
Published: March 2007

Several pivotal clinical trials have generated new knowledge regarding drug therapy for heart failure. Thus, the Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) and the American College of Cardiology‐American Heart Association (ACC‐AHA) guidelines were updated in 2006 and 2005, respectively. We review the evidence from these trials and summarize the changes to the HFSA and ACC‐AHA guidelines. Based on data from these studies, the new guidelines include broader, stronger recommendations for β‐blocker therapy, and strong recommendations for angiotensin II receptor blockers. The aldosterone antagonists, spironolactone and eplerenone, are also included in the guidelines. Pharmacists should have a basic level of familiarity with the new guidelines on heart failure and the evidence from recent clinical studies. They should be able to relate how this information contributes to the evolving understanding of treatment strategies for heart failure.
Clinical and Economic Implications of New Strategies for Heart Failure Management in the Managed Care Setting
Authors: Chase Sandra L. , Pickworth Kerry K.
Published: March 2007

Clinical pharmacists in all settings see a large number of patients with heart failure, many of whom are Medicare recipients. Clinical studies have identified appropriate drug therapy for patients with heart failure, and several professional organizations have compiled excellent guidelines. Regardless, many patients are not benefiting from treatment with drugs proven to help reduce morbidity and mortality. Following the evidence‐based or consensus guidelines can reduce morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with heart failure.
The Central American Common Market: Economic and Political Integration
Authors: Hildebrand John R.
Published: March 2007

As indicated by the voluminous professional and popular literature published over the past decade, there is now widespread interest in steps toward economic and political integration on a wide variety of regional and global bases. In this paper I intend to examine some of the issues arising from integration efforts. The geographic and functional bases of current integrational efforts are indeed numerous. It is fascinating to review the many reasons or motivations behind these striking developments of which the Central American Common Market is one important example. The reasons behind these developments are not new to this decade, but rather are the results of a more general concern or awareness of current problems and current possibilities. Attitudes and values are also undergoing changes.
The Public Diplomacy of U.S. Business Abroad: The Experience of Latin America
Authors: Kingsley Robert E.
Published: March 2007

It is not surprising that the academic community should be interested in probing the diplomatic role of U.S. business abroad. The business corporation, which has aptly been called the characteristic institution of American society, has been a prime force for change and economic progress, not only in industrialized nations but in the most remote and backward areas as well. As a leader in building a new society, U.S. business has had thrust upon it a diplomatic function (and one which is not merely an appendage of political diplomacy) that we are only beginning to discern in all of its implications.

Because of the magnitude and rate of growth of our economic involvement abroad, a few statistics may provide an adequate if hurried perspective of the issues and problems which I believe will necessitate rethinking the diplomatic stance of U.S. business. Over the two decades between 1940 and 1961, total U.S. foreign assets and investments rose from $12 billion to $80 billion. In Latin America, with which most of this paper will be concerned, U.S. direct investments now exceed $10 billion, U.S. companies pay one-fifth of all taxes, and employ a million and a half people. U.S. citizens living and working in Latin America number in the tens of thousands; there are about 17,000 in Venezuela alone.
Manuel José García: Un Eco de Benjamín Constant en el Plata
Authors: Urquijo José M. Mariluz
Published: March 2007

No mucho después de los días de mayo de 1810 la población de los suburbios y de la campaña acude a participar de una revolución en cuyos preparativos no ha intervenido pero cuyo programa abraza con calor. El pueblo deja de ser la abstracción contenida en los impecables esquemas que los textos de política habían puesto en circulación para transformarse en una realidad tangible y no siempre agradable. Muchos de los autores de la Revolución observan con sorpresa y alarma como, al amparo de fórmulas demasiado generalizadoras, asoma —a veces espontáneamente, a veces digitada por aprovechados líderes— una masa iletrada a la que no consideran preparada para gravitar en la vida pública, una masa cuya vocación política no la habilita para asumir las responsabilidades que pretende. Para poder excluir esa presencia que empieza a ser molesta surge entonces la necesidad de precisar los objetivos, de matizar los planteos excesivamente simples, de equilibrar el concepto de libertad con el de autoridad.
Possible Cultural Maladjustment in Modern Latin America
Authors: Gillin John P.
Published: March 2007

Some maladjustments exist in all living, functioning cultural systems, even the most isolated and the most stable. This is merely to say that no cultural system (other than Utopia) is perfect. The possibilities of maladjustment or imperfect function rise with the increased size and complexity of a culture. Modern complex sociocultural systems or civilizations are therefore much more liable to suffer the difficulties of maladjustment than were the primitive and folk systems that preceded them, even in the same territory. Not only do modern systems contain more custom-patterns and institutions in absolute numbers, but they involve numerous subcultures and specialties serving the many differentiated groupings and categories that make up a modern society. Furthermore, all modern systems are in process of rapid change for they are in close and rapid contact with the constant flow of innovations from other modern systems.
“Foreign Aid” to Brazil from Private U.S. Sources
Authors: Godfrey Erwina E.
Published: March 2007

At every recent session of the United States Congress foreign aid has been debated, criticized, and eventually enacted into law. Unfortunately, results of the foreign aid program have been less miraculous than its proponents anticipated. Instead of free, happy and productive allies, we find that discontented, disappointed and even resentful nations are recipients of U. S. “foreign aid.”

The frustrations and failures inherent in a governmental foreign aid program were publicized by the best-selling polemic, The Ugly American. The authors insisted that much of the trouble with foreign aid was to be found in the naïvete of its originators, the ignorance and incompetence of its administrators, and the general insensitivity of Americans toward peoples of other lands. The indictment provoked angry denials from advocates of foreign aid, and managed to obscure the positive achievements of two decades of assistance by the United States government to many countries where ignorance, poverty and disease were considered to be ineradicable.
ODECA: Common Market Experiment in an Under-Developed Area
Authors: Keller Frank Leuer
Published: March 2007

The integration process can be intensified and accelerated not only by specialization resulting from broadening of markets through liberalization of trade but also through use of such instruments as agreements for complementary production within economic sectors … Title III, Declaration of Punta del Este, Montevideo, 1961.

The European pattern of economic integration has found expression in the Western Hemisphere in three politically divergent, widelyseparated regional groupings. One such group is the now-defunct West Indies Federation, a rearrangement of the remaining bits and pieces of British colonialism in the Caribbean region. Another is the Latin American Free Trade Association, straddling gaps from Mexico to Argentina, which appears to be a superficial bid for economic affinity among the more developed Latin American nations. But the most vigorous approach to regional economic integration is being pursued by the Organization for the Economic Development of Central America, which boldly proposes to weld at least five individually inefficient, insufferably nationalistic entities into one productive effort capable of initiating and sustaining economic take-off. Thus, in Central America, regional integration is being enforced even before national identity has fully emerged.
Racism and Communism in British Guiana
Authors: Halperin Ernst
Published: March 2007

With an area of 83,000 square miles and a population of 600,000, British Guiana is one of the smallest countries on the South American continent. Its political importance is out of all proportion to its size or economic performance for the single reason that the People's Progressive Party (PPP), which won a clear majority in the Legislative Assembly elections of 1961, is completely dominated by a group of Communists.

British Guiana is still a colony under a governor who is a British civil servant nominated by the Colonial Office in London and who controls law and order, defense, and external affairs—the effective levers of command. The local government can thus be said to be in office but not in power, its range of action being extremely limited.
The Fisheries Industry of el Salvador
Authors: Thompson John
Published: March 2007

The per capita availability of fisheries products in El Salvador is about 3.3 pounds per annum. The level, while low, is not out of the ordinary for tropical America. Seafood in particular, but animal protein in all forms, is little consumed by the great bulk of the population. It is the better endowed economic classes and the fishermen who account for most of the consumption of fisheries products. Other groups, chiefly urban, regard fish and crustaceans as luxuries, ordering or serving them mainly during religious and other festive occasions.
Fifteen Years of Central Banking in Honduras
Authors: LaBarge Richard A. , Falero Frank
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to draw together from primary sources the case history of formative policy years for the Central Bank of Honduras. This bank, like others formed throughout the underdeveloped world in the post-World War II era, was created in 1950 as a vehicle for stimulating economic growth. In retrospect over 186 months of operations this particular Central Bank has an unusually outstanding policy record—a record which argues forcefully for appropriate monetary policy as a stimulant to economic advance.

The first meeting of Central Bank directors was held on May 31, 1950, for the purpose of establishing the major monetary policies under which the Bank would commence operations July 1. At that meeting the directors established a schedule of maximum interest rates to be charged by the public commercial banks and a schedule of rates at which eligible commercial paper of 12 months maturity or less could be rediscounted with the Central Bank.
Una Mystica Perennis
Authors: Olaso Ezequiel de
Published: March 2007

En este breve estudio me propongo destacar algunas de las ideas del casi desconocido pensador argentino Vicente Fatone cuya personalidad ha gravitado decisivamente en los estudios filosóficos en la Argentina.

Aparte de sus peculiares características personales —de que ahora no me ocuparé— Fatone poseía la fecunda virtud de saber mirar filosóficamente los más variados asuntos de la preocupación humana. Esto cobra especial relieve si se atiende a que Buenos Aires no es sólo una gran ciudad sino una frontera. Hacia adentro comunica con un país de tenue tradición cultural. Hacia afuera … Acaso la mejor definición de Buenos Aires consista en no limitar ese otro mundo al que está abierta. Ese otro mundo ha sido y es una larga conquista que aún no ha cesado y a cuya ampliación contribuyó Fatone en insospechada medida. Merced a él se incorporan al círculo de preocupaciones del argentino —aparte de innumerables pensadores, obras y corrientes del pensamiento— tres grandes orbes ideales: el Oriente, el pensamiento místico especulativo de las culturas más importantes y, en menor medida, la filosofía científica o analítica anglosajona.
Under-Developed Territories of the Commonwealth
Authors: Sinanan A. S.
Published: March 2007

The problem of under-developed territories is a global one and must receive the attention of the more developed territories of the world. I venture to suggest that within the Commonwealth itself the highly developed partners must make an attempt to understand our problems, to appreciate the need for assistance, and to give serious attention to this problem. I say that, because it is an incontrovertible and accepted fact that a more rapid and extensive economic development of under-developed countries and, even more, an increase of their production, are not only absolutely vital for raising the level of productive employment and the living standards of their populations, but are so necessary, so compelling, and yet so obvious for the steady and unchecked growth of the world economy as a whole. They are also vital above all for the maintenance of world peace, world stability and world security.
Apuntaciones Sobre Bolivar: Critico
Authors: Avilés Luis E.
Published: March 2007

Por los años de 1883 decíase en La Verdad de Bogotá con referencia a Bolívar: “Acaso el distintivo más característico de la grandeza de los hombres, es la variedad de las facultades que constituyen su genio. De esta variedad provienen principalmente sus más insignes cualidades, así como sus defectos; porque de la combinación de facultades diversas, que todo lo abarcan, resultan de ordinario, tanto en la mente misma y en el temperamento como en el carácter, contrastes que, considerados desde un punto de vista, son armonías, y desde otro, son disonancias y aún contradicciones.”
Culture Change in Brazil: An Analytical Model
Authors: Hutchinson H. W.
Published: March 2007

The importance of the study of culture change lies not only in the opportunities for scientific understanding of culture through its dynamic aspects, but also in “applied” needs for analyzing and, so far as possible, predicting present-day cultural trends. Keesing defines culture change as a, “reformulation of group behavior. Such reformulation may be seen occurring from the level of individual experience to that of the total functional and integrational setting of a cultural system.”

This paper is concerned primarily with the second aspect of the reformulation, that is, the total setting in one country, Brazil. Obviously, in such a short paper, all aspects of change in Brazil cannot be treated nor can they be definitely stated. In fact, one of the purposes of this preliminary paper is to raise more questions than it answers concerning culture change in whole, contemporary, national cultures.
Pro-Communist Revolution in Cuban Education
Authors: Roucek Joseph S.
Published: March 2007

In October, 1963, the international crisis that centered on, and arose out of, events on the Caribbean island of Cuba, was the culmination of a series of events which had kept Cuba in the world's headlines for the previous four years — ever since the revolutionary régime headed by Dr. Fidel Castro established itself in power in December, 1958. The understanding of this crisis is quite difficult, because this matter has been subject to widely-differing interpretations, and many aspects of the regime's history are intensely controversial.
Military Aid to Latin America in the U.S. Congress
Authors: Francis Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Over the last thirteen years the United States has provided almost five hundred million dollars in military aid to Latin America. This program has continued undaunted despite the fact that the justification for the undertaking — as shown by testimony of U. S. congressional hearings — has undergone such a wide fluctuation that today's purposes are quite different from yesterday's. To understand the present program it is helpful to explore the peculiar evolution of this program of aid.

During World War II there was cooperation between the United States and Latin-American military forces. Two states, Mexico and Brazil, donated forces which saw combat. The chief contribution of Latin America to the war effort, however, was in the realm of economic assistance to the United States war machine.
Emocion Universal de la Poesia Negra
Authors: Carpio Campio
Published: March 2007

El escritor nicaragüense, Juan Felipe Toruño, dió a publicidad un ensayo-antología Poesía negra que es uno de los documentos más humanos que hayan caído bajo nuestra mirada. Y es un testimonio de universalidad viviente que, con toda nobleza, enjuicia un problema que de “tanto incidir en él, los hombres se han acostumbrado a mirarlo de soslayo”. Si no se tratara de un escritor de auténtica jerarquía continental y cuya nombradla corre a través de las mentalidades literarias de las Americas, este solo libro lo hubiera colocado en la primera fila de las figuras intelectuales más representatives de nuestra familia castellana, que hace profesión de fe y que pone su pluma al servicio de la humanidad.
Brazil and Africa
Authors: Nevins Lawrence
Published: March 2007

One goal among many of the Quadros administration's independent foreign policy was building a new relationship with Africa. The dramatic appearance of numerous independent states on the other shore of the South Atlantic, as well as Brazil's social and intellectual traditions, made this a particularly appealing ideal. It was at that time, in 1961, that the distinguished historian, José Honório Rodrigues, published África e Brasil: Outro Horizonte, a book written to illustrate the nearly four centuries of mutual influences between Brazil and Africa, and to urge the resumption of cultural and political relations.
Hegel and Latin America Today
Authors: McNicoll Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Hegel's theory of the eternal interplay of thesis and antithesis appears to be more tenable than most of the ideas Karl Marx borrowed from him. At least its application to the present Latin-American scene leads to some interesting queries. There was a wave of optimism a few years ago regarding the advance of democratically-inspired governments in the Hemisphere. As recently as 1959, a shrewd observer could say:

In Latin America there are now a group of leaders who have used democratic means to bring dictatorships to an end and at the same time erect barriers against Communism and Justicialism.

There is now no more talk of caudillos or dictators and the last survivors of this group can scarcely maintain themselves in power for another year. Thus the vision of President Ramón Villeda Morales, who predicted that 1960 would see the map of Latin America cleaned of dictators, may be realized.
Revolucao Social NA America Latina em 1961
Authors: Fischlowitz Estanislau
Published: March 2007

Prevalece no momento a opinião, conforme a qual essa região se encontraría em pleno processo de “revolução social”, sem quaisquer precedentes nesse sentido no passado, mesmo recente.

Quer nos parecer, realmente, muito acertada tal interpretação dos fenômenos de dinamismo social como principal característica do cenário turbulento, em 1961, dessa região tôda: 20 países com mais de 205 milhóes de habitantes.

Depois de sair de longo período de estagnação pós-colonial, essa parte do Hemisferio Ocidental — primeira grande região do “mundo subdesenvolvido em vésperas de se incorporar plenamente ao ciclo de civilização material adiantada — entrou, no período de após guerra, numa fase de alteracóes bruscas e febris que, simultáneamente, abrangem a sua estrutura política, as suas bases económicas, os seus fundamentos populacionais, mas, sobretudo, o seu panorama social.
Aspiracoes e Interesses do Brasil
Authors: Rodrigues José Honório
Published: March 2007

As nacoes, como sociedades políticas, vivem sob o império de interésses vitáis, que criam reações emocionáis e convições racionáis, edáo ao povo e á sua lideranga um comportamento unitario histórico. Todas elas tém aspiragoes permanentes que sao fruto do processo histórico, das características do povo e da etapa do desenvolvimento económico.

É no processo histórico que se revelam novas energías espirituais, forgas económicas em expansáo, vitalidades políticas que podem manifestar e garantir a perspectiva de expansáo das aspiragoes nacionais, no campo interno ou internacional, maiores ou menores conforme a capacidade do povo, da lideranga e da fórga económica.
The Uruguayan Economy: Its Basic Nature and Current Problems
Authors: Daly Herman E.
Published: March 2007

The economic history of Uruguay from the turn of the century up to the early 1950's is characterized by economic growth, by extensive governmental involvement in economic activity, and by an ardent secularist faith in the welfare state ideals of the great José Batlle y Ordóñez and the Batllista tradition which lived on after him. Its small size, stable democracy, and apparent aloofness from the problems of the rest of the continent have earned la Republica Oriental del Uruguay such sobriquets as the “Switzerland” or “Utopia” of South America. Beginning in the early 1950's, however, there were signs that this country which had for so long been a model laboratory for progress and reform to its crisis-ridden neighbors, was itself about to face a crisis. The economic dimension of the Uruguayan crisis is that the annual per capita gross national product (currently about 500 dollars) has not risen for over a decade, and has in fact declined slightly in the last several years.
Como Somos Los Argentinos
Authors: Garasa Delfín Leocadio
Published: March 2007

Deseo aclarar ante todo —para tranquilidad de mis lectores— que en ningún momento pretendo en este artículo arrastrarlos a la áspera cuesta de las definiciones. Nada más lejos de mi intención que el ensayo filosófico o la interpretación sociológica, venerables disciplinas cuya profundidad siempre me produce vértigo. Quizás sea el vértigo que sentimos ante lo desconocido, ante lo que escapa a nuestras posibilidades de captación.

Lo único que puedo prometer es intentar situarme en un ángulo objetivo. Trataré, pues, de ser lo más imparcial posible. Nada se pierde con intentarlo. Tal vez no lo consiga y esto no quede sino como una buena intención, una de esas buenas intenciones que empiedran el camino del infierno. No es fácil empresa el salirse de sí mismo. Y así, en mi condición de argentino que se refiere a sus compatriotas, a sí mismo, en una publicación de otro país, no sé hasta qué punto podré despojar a mis palabras de la impresionable subjetividad y elevarlas a la helada región de las afirmaciones impersonales. No sé incluso hasta que punto desearía hacerlo, en caso de que pudiera.
The Literary Social Symbol for an Interrelated Study of Mexico
Authors: Valdés Mario J.
Published: March 2007

The idea of a seminar that would contribute as much to the understanding of the country or area studied as to the individual disciplines participating is still one of those interesting projects that very rarely materialize. I can only provide knowledgeable discussion on the contribution that literary criticism can make to the larger objective of the study of Latin American society and culture. I am of the opinion that the insights of literary analysis can be very useful to my colleagues in the social sciences, but the adaptation of material from a discipline that is dealing with the imagination in its most elaborate expression, in the last analysis, must depend on each specialist's willingness to confront the subjective vision in man as a part of the human experience.
Cadastral Systems on the Northern Coast of Peru: Some Problems and Proposals
Authors: Fitchett Delbert A.
Published: March 2007

Peruvians who are planning more extensive development of their Northern coast area find the lack of accurate data regarding land surveys, land tenure, and land values a serious obstacle. An effective register of the real property of the area based on a sound cadastral system is urgently needed.

A typically faulty element in the agrarian structure of economically underdeveloped countries is the so-called land division or cadastral system regnant. Generally, the main objectives of these systems would be to record and measure the tenure characteristics of (agricultural) land. Their contents would vary according to the goals of the system and the resources available for establishing and maintaining it. The essential components are a registry of rights in land and its accompanying map.
La ironía política de Alberdi
Authors: de Gandía Enrique
Published: March 2007

Alberdi fue el más grande y sutil ironista de la literatura argentina. Sus críticos lo han estudiado como político, internacionalista y sociólogo. Ninguno advirtió la inmensa ironía que lo distingue entre sus compatriotas. La ironía, esa burla fina, disimulada, tan difícil de alcanzar cuando no se posee un talento especial, sólo se encuentra, en la literatura argentina, en escritores muy posteriores y, salvo raras excepiones, no logra la espontaneidad, la gracia y la hondura que fluyen del espíritu de Alberdi. Esta ironía es propia de los hombres solitarios, a menudo tristes, que contemplan el mundo con desdén porque descubren sus debilidades, sus ridiculeces, y, por tanto, terminan por despreciarlo.