bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literacy and signing deaf students: a multi-national scoping review
Authors: Dostal Hannah , Scott Jessica , Gediel Ana , Vilhalva Shirley , Gasparin Camila
Published: June 2024

Many literature reviews or other types of reviews (e.g., meta-analyses, scoping reviews) in deaf education research are focused upon primarily or exclusively research that is performed in U.S. contexts or English-speaking contexts only. However, research that is conducted in non-English-speaking, non-U.S. settings that may be more likely to be multilingual, has value for our understanding of how deaf students using multiple languages may develop literacy skills. The objective of this review was to explore the literature on literacy development with deaf learners conducted outside of English-speaking contexts that has been published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. We identified 13 English-language articles, 9 Portuguese-language articles, and 0 Spanish articles that met inclusion criteria. From these articles, we glean important insights into the reading process, including the teaching of subskills of reading, writing instruction, early literacy experiences, and the potential relationship between signed languages and literacy. We also note the need for multiple, converging sources of evidence and the value of an asset-driven approach to understanding deaf learners.
Conserved microRNAs miR-8-3p and miR-2a-3 targeting chitin biosynthesis to regulate the molting process of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)(Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Ren Qian-Qian , Long Gui-Yun , Yang Hong , Zhou Cao , Yang Xi-Bin , Yan Yi , Yan Xin
Published: June 2024

Molting is a key solution to growth restriction in insects. The periodic synthesis and degradation of chitin, one of the major components of the insect epidermis, is necessary for insect growth. MicroRNA (miRNA) have been implicated in molting regulation, yet their involvement in the interplay interaction between the chitin synthesis pathway and 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling remains poorly understood. In this study, soluble trehalase (Tre1) and phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase (PAGM) were identified as targets of conserved miR-8-3p and miR-2a-3, respectively. The expression profiles of miR-8-3p-SfTre1 and miR-2a-3-SfPAGM exhibited an opposite pattern during the different developmental stages, indicating a negative regulatory relationship between them. This relationship was confirmed by an in vitro dual-luciferase reporter system. Overexpression of miR-8-3p and miR-2a-3 by injection of mimics inhibited the expression of their respective target genes and increased mortality, leading to death in the pre-molting, and molting death phenomena. They also caused a decrease in chitin content and expression levels of key genes in the chitin synthesis pathway (SfTre1, SfTre2, SfHK, SfG6PI, SfGFAT, SfGNA, SfPAGM, SfUAP, SfCHS1, SfCHS1a, and SfCHS1b). Conversely, the injection of miRNA inhibitors resulted in the upregulation of the expression levels of these genes. Following 20E treatment, the expression levels of miR-8-3p and miR-2a-3 decreased significantly, while their corresponding target genes increased significantly. These results indicate that miR-8-3p and miR-2a-3 play a regulatory role in the molting of Sogatella furcifera by targeting SfTre1 and SfPAGM, respectively. These findings provide new potential targets for the development of subsequent new control strategies.
Differences in tumor-associated T-cell receptor repertoires between early-onset and average-onset colorectal cancer
Authors: Tsai Ya-Yu , Nair Kanika G , Barot Shimoli V , Xiang Shao , Kamath Suneel , Melas Marilena , Walker Christopher P , Srivastava Raghvendra M , Osborne Nicole , Chan Timothy A , Mitchem Jonathan B , Bonner Joseph D , McDonnell Kevin J , Idos Gregory E , Sanz-Pamplona Rebeca , Greenson Joel K , Rennert Hedy S , Rennert Gad , Moreno Victor , Gruber Stephen B , Khorana Alok A , Liska David , Schmit Stephanie L
Published: June 2024

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) among individuals younger than age 50 (early-onset CRC [EOCRC]) has substantially increased, and yet the etiology and molecular mechanisms underlying this alarming rise remain unclear. We compared tumor-associated T-cell repertoires between EOCRC and average-onset CRC (AOCRC) to uncover potentially unique immune microenvironment-related features by age of onset. Our discovery cohort included 242 patients who underwent surgical resection at Cleveland Clinic from 2000 to 2020. EOCRC was defined as younger than age 50 years at diagnosis (N = 126) and AOCRC as 60 years of age or older (N = 116). T-cell receptor (TCR) abundance and clonality were measured by immunosequencing of tumors. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between TCR repertoire features and age of onset, adjusting for sex, race, tumor location, and stage. Findings were replicated in 152 EOCRC and 1984 AOCRC cases from the Molecular Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Study. EOCRC tumors had significantly higher TCR diversity compared with AOCRC tumors in the discovery cohort (odds ratio [OR] = 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32 to 0.61, P < .0001). This association was also observed in the replication cohort (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.62 to 0.89, P = .0013). No significant differences in TCR abundance were observed between EOCRC and AOCRC in either cohort. Higher TCR diversity, suggesting a more diverse intratumoral T-cell response, is more frequently observed in EOCRC than AOCRC. Further studies are warranted to investigate the role of T-cell diversity and the adaptive immune response more broadly in the etiology and outcomes of EOCRC.
Psychometric adaptation of the Spanish version of the Brief Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in adolescents
Authors: Sancho-Domingo Clara , Carballo José Luis , Coloma-Carmona Ainhoa , Buysse Daniel J
Published: June 2024

Objective

Good sleep quality is essential for adolescent health, yet sleep difficulties persist in this age group. The 6-item Brief Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (B-PSQI) was recently developed to improve sleep quality assessment, however, its validity in adolescents remains unexplored. This study examined the B-PSQI’s psychometric properties in Spanish adolescents and adapted the scoring method to age-specific sleep recommendations.

Methods

A cross-sectional study involving 1,065 adolescents (15–17 years; 56.8% female) was conducted in public high schools. Sleep quality was measured using the B-PSQI, the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the short Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Additionally, depression and anxiety were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales. Reliability, validity, and measurement invariance were analyzed.

Results

The B-PSQI global scores were 4.5 (SD = 1.9) for the original scoring method and 5.4 (SD = 2.8) for the age-adjusted. The age-adjusted B-PSQI showed satisfactory reliability (ω = 0.84) and concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity (ISI rS = 0.67; PROMIS rS = 0.71; anxiety rS = 0.40; depression rS = 0.42; ESS rS = 0.29). Adequacy for one-factor structure (χ2(4) = 53.9; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.92; RMSEA = 0.108; SRMR = 0.05) and invariance across sexes were supported. Both B-PSQI scoring methods showed similar psychometric properties, but the original yielded a higher percentage of poor sleepers (43.1%; cutoff ≥5) than the age-adjusted version (41.9%; cutoff ≥6).

Conclusions

Findings suggest that the B-PSQI is a valid and reliable measure to assess adolescent sleep quality. Its scoring can be adjusted to provide age-specific criteria for good sleep. The B-PSQI has potential utility for screening sleep problems and facilitating overall health promotion in adolescents.
Female genital mutilation among migrants in Spain: healthcare system responses and challenges
Authors: Evangelidou Stella , Cuxart-Graell Alba , Zucchelli Emma , Gonçalves Alessandra Queiroga , Cruz Angeline , Sequeira Ethel , Ndir Bombo , Elafef Eman , Calero-Blazquez Carolina , Collado Rou Sanchez , Perez Carme Saperas , Requena-Méndez Ana
Published: June 2024

Female genital mutilation/cutting is a human rights violation deeply rooted in gender inequality. The detection of women who have suffered the practice poses a series of challenges in primary healthcare. Intersectoral actions with an intersectional approach can acknowledge the complexity of the issue that can enhance safe and dialogical environments.
Root hairs: an underexplored target for sustainable cereal crop production
Authors: Tsang Ian , Atkinson Jonathan A , Rawsthorne Stephen , Cockram James , Leigh Fiona
Published: June 2024

To meet the demands of a rising human population, plant breeders will need to develop improved crop varieties that maximize yield in the face of increasing pressure on crop production. Historically, the optimization of crop root architecture has represented a challenging breeding target due to the inaccessibility of the root systems. Root hairs, single cell projections from the root epidermis, are perhaps the most overlooked component of root architecture traits. Root hairs play a central role in facilitating water, nutrient uptake, and soil cohesion. Current root hair architectures may be suboptimal under future agricultural production regimes, coupled with an increasingly variable climate. Here, we review the genetic control of root hair development in the world’s three most important crops—rice, maize, and wheat—and highlight conservation of gene function between monocots and the model dicot species Arabidopsis. Advances in genomic techniques including gene editing combined with traditional plant breeding methods have the potential to overcome many inherent issues associated with the design of improved root hair architectures. Ultimately, this will enable detailed characterization of the effects of contrasting root hair morphology strategies on crop yield and resilience, and the development of new varieties better adapted to deliver future food security.
The Saint Petersburg Oliver Bible: Concerning the Ownership and Use of an Early Family Bible (1478) in Kent in 1479–1529
Authors: Galtsin Dmitry , Pitulko Galina
Published: June 2024

The article studies a Latin bible printed in Nürnberg by Anton Koberger in 1478 and now stored in the Rare Book Department of the Russian Academy of Science Library (Biblioteka Akademii Nauk - BAN). This copy, which was part of Nikolai Likhachev’s book collection, had been owned in the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries by the Oliver Lorncourt family of Kentish gentry, as numerous handwritten notes on its pages testify. These marginalia were written by two Oliver Lorncourts in 1479-1529 and represent a valuable source on the history of the vast Oliver Lorncourt-Olivier de Leuville clan, especially its lesser known Kentish branch. The contents of Oliver Bible marginalia are analysed with other characteristics of this incunabulum, and the text of the marginalia in given in an appendix.
Trio of super-Earth candidates orbiting K-dwarf HD 48948: a new habitable zone candidate
Authors: Dalal S , Rescigno F , Cretignier M , Anna John A , Majidi F Z , Malavolta L , Mortier A , Pinamonti M , Buchhave L A , Haywood R D , Sozzetti A , Dumusque X , Lienhard F , Rice K , Vanderburg A , Lakeland B , Bonomo A S , Cameron A Collier , Damasso M , Affer L , Boschin W , Cooke B , Cosentino R , Fabrizio L Di , Ghedina A , Harutyunyan A , Latham D W , López-Morales M , Lovis C , Fiorenzano A F Martínez , Mayor M , Nicholson B , Pepe F , Stalport M , Udry S , Watson C A , Wilson T G
Published: June 2024

We present the discovery of three super-Earth candidates orbiting HD 48948, a bright K-dwarf star with an apparent magnitude of $m_V$  = 8.58 mag. As part of the HARPS-N Rocky Planet Search programme, we collect 189 high-precision radial velocity measurements using the HARPS-N spectrograph from 2013 October 6, to 2023 April 16. Various methodologies are applied to extract the radial velocities from the spectra, and we conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of the outcomes obtained through these diverse extraction techniques. To ensure the robustness of our findings, we employ several methods to address stellar variability, with a focus on Gaussian Process regression. To account for the impact of stellar variability and correlated noise in the radial velocity data set, we include activity indicators, such as $\log R^{^{\prime }}_{\mathrm{HK}}$ and bisector span, in the multidimensional Gaussian Process regression. Our analysis reveals three planetary candidates with orbital periods of 7.3, 38, and 151 d, and minimum masses estimated at $4.88 \pm 0.21$ M$_{\oplus }$, $7.27 \pm 0.70$ M$_{\oplus }$, and $10.59 \pm 1.00$ M$_{\oplus }$, respectively. The outermost planet resides within the (temperate) habitable zone, positioned at a projected distance of $0.029\,{\rm arcsec}$ from its star. Given the close proximity of this planetary system, situated at a distance of 16.8 parsecs, HD 48498 emerges as a promising target (closest super-Earth around FGK stars) for future high-contrast direct imaging and high-resolution spectroscopic studies.
Doppler dimming and brightening effects in solar prominences
Authors: Peat Aaron W , Osborne Christopher M J , Heinzel Petr
Published: June 2024

We explored the impact that Doppler dimming and brightening effects from bulk motions of solar prominences have on the formation of Ly $~\alpha$, H $~\alpha$, and Mg ii h line profiles. We compared two schemes in which these effects manifest; when the prominence is moving radially away from the solar surface (radial case), and when the prominence is moving parallel to the solar surface (horizontal case). To do this, we analysed 13 332 model profiles generated through the use of the 1D NLTE (i.e. departures from Local Thermodynamic equilibrium) radiative transfer (RT) code promweaver, built on the lightweaver NLTE RT framework to mimic the behaviour and output of the 1D NLTE RT code prom. We found that horizontal velocities are just as, or more important than radial velocities. This demonstrates that horizontal velocities need to be accounted for when attempting to do any sort of forward modelling.
Distinct DNA repair mechanisms prevent formaldehyde toxicity during development, reproduction and aging
Authors: Rieckher Matthias , Gallrein Christian , Alquezar-Artieda Natividad , Bourached-Silva Nour , Vaddavalli Pavana Lakshmi , Mares Devin , Backhaus Maria , Blindauer Timon , Greger Ksenia , Wiesner Eva , Pontel Lucas B , Schumacher Björn
Published: June 2024

Formaldehyde (FA) is a recognized environmental and metabolic toxin implicated in cancer development and aging. Inherited mutations in the FA-detoxifying enzymes ADH5 and ALDH2 genes lead to FA overload in the severe multisystem AMeD syndrome. FA accumulation causes genome damage including DNA–protein-, inter- and intra-strand crosslinks and oxidative lesions. However, the influence of distinct DNA repair systems on organismal FA resistance remains elusive. We have here investigated the consequence of a range of DNA repair mutants in a model of endogenous FA overload generated by downregulating the orthologs of human ADH5 and ALDH2 in C. elegans. We have focused on the distinct components of nucleotide excision repair (NER) during developmental growth, reproduction and aging. Our results reveal three distinct modes of repair of FA-induced DNA damage: Transcription-coupled repair (TCR) operating NER-independently during developmental growth or through NER during adulthood, and, in concert with global-genome (GG-) NER, in the germline and early embryonic development. Additionally, we show that the Cockayne syndrome B (CSB) factor is involved in the resolution of FA-induced DNA–protein crosslinks, and that the antioxidant and FA quencher N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) reverses the sensitivity of detoxification and DNA repair defects during development, suggesting a therapeutic intervention to revert FA-pathogenic consequences.
Roger Penrose’s Impossible Diagrams
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney
Published: June 2024

Penrose diagrams gave new shape to the universes described by General Relativity, and in turn they shaped the development of the field. Penrose diagrams allowed an entire infinite universe to be depicted on a finite sheet of paper. They shaped physicists’ understanding of black holes and relativistic cosmology. This chapter traces Roger Penrose’s development of his novel from unexpected sources including spacetime diagrams, the psychology of perception, in the art of M.C. Escher, and in recreational mathematics. This chapter argues that the same visual experience was created by Penrose’s early “impossible” figures as in his space-time diagrams. The price of these methods was that they could only describe massless, vacuum, universes. Thus, the power of Penrose’s methods—ubiquitous in analyses of radiation and causality in GR—centered the vacuum in relativists’ practice.
“Swimming Poor in a Raging River”
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Butorac Donna , Farrell Emily , Lising Loy , Motaghi-Tabari Shiva , Tetteh Vera Williams
Published: June 2024

The introductory chapter sets the scene for this study of the lived experience of migrant language learning. It draws on the metaphor of swimming in a raging river. Adult language learning is difficult because language learning is inextricably linked to the achievement of interactional goals. The chapter also provides the context for the research by presenting a historical overview of migration to Australia, with a special focus on the racialization of English through early national policies, the securitization of migration since 2001, and neoliberal understandings of migration as the transfer of human capital. The chapter furthermore presents the collaborative methodological approach of reusing data from six different sociolinguistic ethnographic research projects undertaken over a period of 20 years.
“Sometimes the White People Get Angry”
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Butorac Donna , Farrell Emily , Lising Loy , Motaghi-Tabari Shiva , Tetteh Vera Williams
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores participants’ experiences of Othering, exclusion, discrimination, and racism. Many participants experienced at one time or another that their right to space in Australia was challenged. These challenges came in the form of selective incivility, micro-aggressions, racist insults, and even physical attacks. The chapter explores the intersection of language and race. Their accents othered all participants, but white-looking participants reported fewer and less serious experiences of Othering and, by and large, saw themselves on a trajectory to inclusion. Participants racialized as African or Asian, by contrast, believed that they would always be embodying difference and that even their native-born children would not be safe from racism. The chapter closes with the participants’ coping strategies.
The Road to Armstrong
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2024

The growing importance of life insurance to Americans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century led to dissatisfaction with business practices that limited access to reliable and affordable coverage. Unmet demand and distrust of the big companies increased the popularity of cheaper alternatives such as assessment and fraternal insurance, although they too had shortcomings. At the same time, mounting criticism centered on the financial activities and business practices of big life insurers, fed by the work of investigative journalists. Progressive Era concerns about trusts and corporate greed culminated in 1905 with the Armstrong investigation in New York, a watershed moment in legislative oversight and business regulation that has few equals. The Armstrong investigation resulted in significant new state regulation of life insurance in New York and many other states.
Accidents and Mishaps
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2024

This chapter covers the development of casualty insurance and workers’ compensation. An early form of casualty insurance was travel insurance, which became available in the United States in the 1860s. The coverage soon broadened to cover all accidents and injuries causing disability. Accident insurers began to sell employers’ liability coverage as workplace injuries increased. Problems with this market led to the development of workers’ compensation in the early twentieth century. Workers’ compensation laws rolled out in different forms across states over nearly four decades. Progressive reformers hoped that workers’ compensation would be the basis for a broader set of social insurance programs, yet in the postwar period the country embraced a probusiness type of “Americanism” in which state insurance was viewed as a stepping stone to socialism. The provision of voluntary benefits to employees—welfare capitalism—began to emerge as the uniquely American solution to the unmet needs of workers.
Personalist Rule and Regime Continuity in Central Asia
Authors: Anceschi Luca
Published: June 2024

This chapter looks comparatively at the evolution of personalist rule in four political systems located in Central Asia: Kazakhstan under Nursultan Nazarbayev; Tajikistan under Emomali Rahmon; Turkmenistan under Niyazov/Berdimuhamedov; and Uzbekistan under Islam Karimov and his successor, Shavkat Mirziyoyev. The chapter outlines the commonalities that defined the processes of political personalization completed in the region throughout the post-Soviet era, highlighting a series of distinctive traits that set Central Asian personalism apart from analogous political regimes in power across the former Soviet Union and beyond. Here, particular attention is devoted to the study of the different modalities of post-personalist transition that surfaced in the region, looking in turn at the three models that ensured regime durability beyond the sudden deaths of personalist leaders or, alternatively, instigated dynamics of managed (Kazakhstan) or dynastic (Turkmenistan) succession in the countries in question.
On ‘New’ and ‘Old’ Personal Rule
Authors: Baturo Alexander , Anceschi Luca , Cavatorta Francesco
Published: June 2024

This chapter summarizes the key findings in the volume and addresses three questions regarding personalism and personalist regimes. The first, and the main, question is what we can conclude in terms of differences between the personalism of old, during the Cold War, and the contemporary forms of personalism. Briefly, drawing from the discussion in the contributing chapters, we conclude that contemporary personalist rule tends to be characterized by the absence of a personality cult, and that contemporary leaders are also more savvy about mass communication methods and are good at pretending to be men of the people; they are also more adaptable in terms of ideology; and they are less likely to initiate dynastic succession than their peers did during the Cold War. Second, we reappraise the continuing value of relying on in-depth case study research for a better understanding of the murky world of personalistic politics. Third, given that personalization often implies deinstitutionalization, we ask whether leaders can attain true one-man rulership without institutions. While personalism without institutions, or with very weak institutions, is theoretically and even practically possible, it incurs severe governance problems. Furthermore, institutions matter even under personalism, and even dormant institutions may thwart personalist rule.
Three Ethical Perspectives in American Choice of Law
Authors: Brilmayer Lea
Published: June 2024

In American law, choice of law has not generally been analysed in explicitly normative terms; and so constructing a normative analysis of the subject requires starting out at ground level. This essay argues that one reason that normative thought in conflict of laws is underdeveloped and backwards is that scholars with entirely different perspectives on what counts as a normative relationship have not communicated with one another about their different orientations and objectives. It identifies three different perspectives that might be used to build a normative theory of conflict of laws: the fairness perspective, the interest perspective, and the statist perspective. The fairness perspective focuses on the relationship between the individual and a state of which she is not a citizen, on the theory that she only has a duty to support her own government. The interest perspective focuses on the relationship between an individual and her own state. The gravamen of a violation is a failure to provide some affirmative benefit that the citizen claims to be entitled to. The statist perspective reflects principles somewhat analogous to those of public international law; the relevant relationship is that of one state with another. This normative perspective most nearly resembles First Restatement vested rights analysis. The scholars who come at normative theory from different directions are unlikely to make much progress in their interactions until they recognize that they are, in effect, speaking different languages.
Public Policy and the Rule of Law
Authors: Langille Joanna
Published: June 2024

The public policy exception is a well-established part of common law choice-law doctrine. Yet scholars have long argued that the exception’s content is uncertain, and that it is in tension with important values in private international law, such as the rule of law, cosmopolitanism, pluralism, and comity. In the author’s view, the failure to offer an account of public policy that addresses these concerns is due to a misunderstanding of the exception’s role in choice-of-law doctrine. The exception is typically understood to play an instrumental, regime-oriented, political function that is hard to square with the legal structure of choice of law, but if we reinterpret public policy as playing an important rule-of-law role, these concerns fall away. This chapter argues that public policy is best understood as a substantive rule-of-law check on the application of foreign law. It allows judges to ensure that the content of any foreign law they apply conforms with the minimal moral requirements of legality, as the forum understands it. This approach changes our understanding of public policy’s role from an instrumental, regime-oriented, functional exception, to an extension of the juridical structure of choice-of-law rules. This role is consistent with the legality of private international law rules. It also directs us to an account of the values that should shape and bound the application of public policy. Finally, this approach helps to mitigate the tension between public policy and cosmopolitanism, pluralism, and comity.
The Justice of Private International Law: Equality and the Difference Principle
Authors: Aldo Menicocci Alejandro
Published: June 2024

Private international law belongs to a bigger General Conflicts Law, like a Law of Laws. The multiplicity of laws it relates to imposes on it the indirect method (as the main method) and the indirect rule (as a meta-norm for the production of the specific rule). Historically built on the cultural foundations of Roman law and Christianity, private-international-law problems of justice were solved either by relying on the response of foreign law, or by blocking it through recourse to ordre public. The problems presented by the application of foreign law were solved through the contribution of the doctrine elaborated by scholars, and later, several of these theories have become positive norms. Today the scenario has changed: private international law relates to people throughout the entire international community. This circumstance imposes a restriction on the concept of ordre public. At the same time, the application of foreign law cannot ignore the standards achieved by international human rights law. A theory of justice inspired by contractual bases can provide a satisfactory alternative of coexistence between cultural diversity and minimum human rights standards.
The Crime-Fraud Exception
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will
Published: June 2024

The crime-fraud exception (also known as the iniquity exception) prevents legal professional privilege from applying to communications that are made in furtherance of a criminal or fraudulent purpose. This chapter includes a review of the key legal principles governing the crime-fraud exception generally, including the type of conduct that will engage the exception and how this has developed since the case of R v Cox and Railton, and the standard of proof that must be met. The chapter then explores how the crime-fraud exception applies to criminal cases specifically, focusing in particular on the distinction between the ‘ordinary run’ of criminal cases and those in which the exception arises, and how the exception can apply where there is overlap between the alleged iniquitous conduct and the issues to be determined at trial. There is also guidance on practical and ethical issues associated with the crime-fraud exception.
Appeals
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will
Published: June 2024

There are specific considerations concerning waiver of legal professional privilege which arise on appeal against conviction and/or sentence. This chapter focuses on the implications for privilege when a convicted defendant appeals to the Court of Appeal against their conviction or sentence in the Crown Court and the extent to which these principles similarly apply in appeals from the magistrates’ court to the Crown Court. Topics include particular considerations for appeals based on criticism of previous legal representatives and fresh evidence, the McCook requirements and obligations on newly instructed lawyers to make enquiries with previous legal representatives, expressly waiving privilege in order to advance certain grounds of appeal, the potential for implied waiver and collateral waiver, the impact of a refusal to waive privilege, and the powers of the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC) to obtain privileged documents.
Toward an increased understanding of the learning turn
Authors: Örtenblad Anders
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces readers to the subject as well as to the book. The first section deals with the prevalence of a certain type of multiword term that begins with the word “learning” (this is known as the “premodifier”), which in this chapter comes under the notion of Learning Terms. The term “learning turn” is a way of describing the frequent use of Learning Terms—both the number of such terms and the frequency with which they appear—which has been evident during the past few decades. The second section sets out the book’s ambitions: the main aims are to make sense of the learning turn and also of the decrease in frequency that has been identified more recently for some Learning Terms. In the third section some plausible conclusions from the book are outlined, and the final section introduces each chapter.
Linguistic modifiers and the construction of concept meaning
Authors: van Rooy Bertus
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers a linguistic analysis of the term “learning organization” on the basis of an exposition of foundational concepts about the relationship between form and meaning in language. “Organization” is derived from the verb “to organize,” referring to the result of the activity or organizing, in the first instance of organic and physical objects, but becomes polysemous when extended semantically to abstract organization, and ultimately to the social meaning of an organized body of people with a particular purpose, such as a business. “Learning” is derived from the verb “to learn,” and signals an incomplete, ongoing process of learning. In combination, the multiword phrase “learning organization” refers to a social collective of people who form an organization with a particular purpose, and which is moreover engaged in ongoing learning. The organization is construed through metaphorical extension as a person, and hence has the ability to learn.
The impossibility of the learning organization
Authors: Jackson Norman V.
Published: June 2024

This chapter draws attention to the one-dimensional nature of the learning organization, something which allows it to ignore the complex systemic influences within an organization. Critiquing Senge’s seminal The Fifth Discipline, close attention is paid to Senge’s own words so as to maintain focus on the internal logic of his book. By illuminating the necessary disjunction between the learning organization as fact defined by management, and as meaning determined by those subject to it, the chapter suggests that an inevitable disappointment will ensue for all involved. The non-consideration of labor makes the requirements of The Fifth Discipline something more suited to robots than humans. While claiming a relatively unspecified efficacy resulting from the application of his five “component technologies,” Senge avoids what might be conventionally understood as “proof.” Instead he makes extensive use of “truly,” “genuinely,” etc. to show a spurious difference in commitment by those involved in applying his prescription. This way any lack of success can be explained.
Is There a Thing Called Moral Equality? (And Does It Matter if There Isn’t?)
Authors: Sangiovanni Andrea
Published: June 2024

A commitment to moral equality is everywhere accepted as a foundation stone of liberal moral and political philosophy. Yet it is often very unclear what such commitment, in fact, commits us to. In this chapter, I argue three main points. First, I argue that it is unclear whether it is the same commitment at the heart of predominant versions of consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Second, I argue that the reference to equality is redundant in the most common formulations. Third, I argue that we ought to distinguish, more clearly than has been done so far, the role of the commitment in debates on animal ethics and in debates on social equality.
Basic Equality
Authors: Kirby Nikolas
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers a novel solution to the problem of the basis of basic equality. It begins with the assumption that, in virtue of possessing some degree of rational agency as a non-normative property, (almost) all human beings are able to be morally responsible for their actions to some degree of credit. However, it is a mistake to equate such degrees of credit with the moral worth of one’s actions. Moral worth is equivalent to the actual value of such credit attained (‘choice’) relative to the possible values of credit available to that individual (‘circumstance’). Once differences in circumstance, including any initial differences in our degrees of rational agency, are accounted for, then it follows that each individual has the equal ability to attain moral worth, regardless of any initial differences in such rational agency. We are equals, at least, in this one moral property. Why should we accept such claims about moral worth to be true? They are the most plausible way to avoid the problem of circumstantial moral luck. What, if anything, follows given such basic equality? Each individual’s response to the challenge of attaining moral worth should have, ceteris paribus, ‘equal weight’ in the world implying the equalization of circumstances.
Basic Equality, Rational Agency Capacity, and Potentiality
Authors: Arneson Richard
Published: June 2024

A familiar and plausible view holds that a being’s possessing rational agency capacities (RAC) at a sufficient level and within a wide range suffices for basic equality, involving personhood status and substantive moral entitlements accompanying it, the same for all persons. A familiar objection holds that if possessing RAC at this threshold level confers some moral considerability on a being, possessing greater degrees of RAC above this threshold should confer yet greater moral considerability. The same objection to basic equality applies for any proposed traits, possession of which at a threshold level is asserted to suffice for basic equality. This essay explores the idea that it is nonetheless the case that possession of threshold RAC does suffice for basic equality status, though we presently lack any satisfactory explanation of how this is so. The RAC account is appealing, in that it facilitates a unified explanation of a range of moral convictions we should be reluctant to shed. The RAC account also has controversial but perhaps acceptable implications, but it runs into a seemingly devastating ‘young childicide’ problem. A modified RAC account, however, resolves this problem.
Divided by a Common Language
Authors: Devetak Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter provides a historiographical survey of the changing relationship between the academic discipline of history and the political science sub-discipline of international relations (IR). The first section of the chapter recalls the shared intellectual space occupied by history and politics (including IR) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The second section relates the mid-century divergence between the disciplines as IR pursued academic independence by developing its own theoretical traditions. This drove IR further away from historiography and historical methods. At the same time, history cast off its concern with questions of government, statecraft, empire-building, and war in order to refocus on social, economic, and cultural dimensions. The final section describes the convergence of history and IR on renewed historico-political ground made possible by the ‘historical turn’ in IR and the ‘international turn’ in history.
Perfection and Self-Perfection in Baumgarten and Kant
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: June 2024

The debate on whether Kant’s duties of justice derive from the fundamental principle of morality akin to his ethical duties has persisted, with some scholars advocating the autonomy of Kantian justice from morality. However, this chapter contends that Kant closely follows Baumgarten, who perceives justice and ethics as integral components of a unified moral system. While Kant does not challenge Baumgarten on this, notable disparities exist between their perspectives. Baumgarten’s distinction between internal and external motives well explains why justice only concerns the duties of action, which Kant simply takes for granted without any acknowledgment. Additionally, Baumgarten’s definition of perfect duties as enforceable contrasts with Kant’s identification of non-coercively enforceable perfect duties that extend beyond the scope of justice. Kant’s argument on coercion hindering freedom reveals the underlying foundation of his moral philosophy, grounded in the normativity of freedom, distinguishing it from the perspectives of Baumgarten and other Wolffians.
Fatalism and False Futures in De Interpretatione 9
Authors: Carter Jason W.
Published: June 2024

In De interpretatione 9, Aristotle argues against the fatalist view that if statements about future contingent singular events (e.g. ‘There will be a sea battle tomorrow,’ ‘There will not be a sea battle tomorrow’) are already true or false, then the events to which those statements refer will necessarily occur or necessarily not occur. Scholars have generally held that, to refute this argument, Aristotle allows that future contingent statements are exempt from either the principle of bivalence or the law of excluded middle. This paper offers a new interpretation of Aristotle’s refutation of fatalism. According to this interpretation, each member of a pair of contradictory future contingent statements, in virtue of expressing modal necessity, is simply false.
Conclusion
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

The conclusion offers a general discussion of the evolution of Japanese capitalism and entrepreneurship from the Edo era to the present and some implications for business development in Japan and other capitalist economies. Countries around the world have looked to Japan as a model for success in business, education, and labour relations—one that brought rapid economic growth and prosperity in the postwar period and beyond. However, in more recent decades this model has been called into question. High-speed growth yielded negative externalities, namely environmental degradation. The gradual shift toward a more Anglo-Saxon neoliberal model of capitalism has resulted in a widening of socioeconomic inequalities. Japan’s search for solutions offers many useful lessons to other nations facing the similar challenges. The book’s broad survey of Japanese capitalism and entrepreneurship over time gives students of Japanese business, economics, and society ample information for discussion and debate as well as some ideas for confronting these challenges.
Introduction
Authors: Wills Christopher
Published: June 2024

In the introduction, we journey down the eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes, meeting some of the huge range of species of birds, animals, and plants that populate this succession of complex ecosystems. We encounter “tangled banks” of organisms that are co-evolving in ways that were first described by Charles Darwin. His theory of evolution through natural selection allows us to make sense of some of their many cooperative and competitive ecological interactions. And we see how these ecosystems have a secret life. At the genetic level, they are actually the bubbling cauldrons of evolutionary change that power their ability to take part in these ever-changing webs that form the basis of life on Earth.
How Ecosystems Survive Change
Authors: Wills Christopher
Published: June 2024

Here we retrace the long and eventful history of tropical reef ecosystems, showing how they form and how their structure and component species have managed to adapt over time as they have survived repeated ecological upheavals and waves of extinctions. This history is illuminated by stories of reefs around the world that the author has visited. At the conclusion of this eventful tale, we explore evidence from the exploding diversity of the fossil record of shelled molluscs over time, showing how the diversity and perhaps the resilience of reefs have grown. Although there may be temporary limits to ecosystem diversity, those limits have repeatedly been overcome by the ever-increasing numbers of ecological niches generated by these complex ecosystems.
How Entangled Is an Entangled Bank?
Authors: Wills Christopher
Published: June 2024

This chapter starts with the surprising outcome of the author’s brief visit to an apparently featureless open ocean ecosystem, and shows how such ecosystems actually harbor large numbers of bacterial and virus species. We then explore the findings from mid-ocean data samples that were collected on voyages of the tiny oceanographic vessel Tara. Cutting-edge analysis of the genomes of single cells is revealing that such apparently species-poor and simple ecosystems are actually complex and rich in species of microorganism and species of virus that prey on them. This complexity contains both dangers and solutions to the dangers. Pathogens such as the cholera bacillus are often found in such ecosystems, which also contain genetic resources that can make such pathogens less dangerous. A pathogen without such controls, such as the smallpox virus that can infect only humans, can rage if unchecked.
Swift Evolution in Tiny Entangled Banks
Authors: Wills Christopher
Published: June 2024

Laboratory experiments are now exploring how rapidly ecosystems can evolve greater species complexity, and how quickly their species can accumulate genetic diversity. We follow dramatic experiments, carried out by Norikazu Ichihashi, on a laboratory ecosystem that is simpler than even the simplest free-living organism. This lab ecosystem consists only of parts of a bacterial virus and parts of its host cells that are capable of limited replication, and yet it soon accumulates a variety of functional molecules and a collection of non-functional “parasite” molecules that sponge off the system. We explore the parallels between this simple system and real ecosystems, with their complex network of hosts and parasites.
Benefiting from the Bubbling Evolutionary Cauldrons
Authors: Wills Christopher
Published: June 2024

We begin this chapter with an examination of what we mean by evolutionary adaptations, by contrasting simple, continually fine-tuned adaptations, such as selection for mimicry patterns in stable ecosystems, with astoundingly flexible mechanisms such as our adaptive immune systems. Flexible mechanisms can adapt organisms to continually changing conditions. This is done, not by anticipating the future, but by drawing on capabilities that have evolved during continually changing conditions in the past—a process that the author has named “the wisdom of the genes.” We trace the remarkable role played by gene transfers in the evolution of the immune system in jawed vertebrates like us. We show how immune systems in other animal groups are not as flexible, because they have not utilized these “borrowed” genes in the same way. The adaptive immune system arose because of the evolutionary resources provided to our ancestors by the ecosystems in which they lived, and because of the wide range of challenges by the pathogens and parasites that inhabited those same ecosystems.
Tipping Points
Authors: Wills Christopher
Published: June 2024

Here we explore ecosystems on the point of collapse, and ask what interventions are likely to have the greatest positive effect on them. We travel to stressed ecosystems in western Mongolia, northern China, and the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, and find that even the most challenged ecological communities retain a surprising amount of evolutionary potential. We see how restoration programs are adapting to this new knowledge, incorporating the unique features of each ecosystem into their approaches. We visit a largely unsuccessful coral reef restoration program on the island of Bohol in the Philippines, and learn from coral ecologists the most likely reasons for its failure. In all of these cases, it is essential to restore and preserve ecosystems in their entirety. Then we turn to additional ways to measure interactions among species in intact ecosystems. My colleagues and I have recently shown that it is possible to measure how interactions between pairs of tree species change over time, and how they are influenced by environmental factors such as soil composition. Ecosystems really are complicated, ever-changing places!
Comparing the prescriptivism of nineteenth- and twenty-first-century language experts in France
Authors: Humphries Emma
Published: June 2024

This chapter compares two sources of language advice: the nineteenth-century publication Le Courrier de Vaugelas (1868–81); and the twenty-first-century website Dire, ne pas dire. Both sources have a question and answer format; readers’ questions about the French language are published alongside responses from perceived experts. The chapter analyses the experts’ responses, exploring, first, the metalanguage and imagery used to give language advice; and second, the extent to which this can be considered prescriptivist. Findings suggest considerable consistency over time in the use of prescriptive imagery but show that, in each publication, this is used to target different aspects of the language and that the perceived experts have different approaches to prescribing usage. Both approaches, however, have the potential to be interpreted as prescriptive by their readers.
France and its difficult relationship with foreign languages
Authors: Caron Philippe
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers two research areas that are rarely dealt with together: French educational policy towards foreign languages from the 1980s onwards and the creation of official neologisms to avoid English loanwords. Examining these two areas together shows the ways in which they are intertwined. The chapter examines French attitudes towards loanwords and suggests that this can shed light on pupils’ performance in foreign-language learning. It also shows that the innovative policy of teaching a second language from the age of 13, which aimed to create a real diversity of languages within a multilingual Europe, has failed. The conclusion addresses an important question: to what extent is a country like France able to modify its behaviour towards the other?