bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence of vitamin D and interferon‐β cross‐talk in human osteoblasts with 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 being dominant over interferon‐β in stimulating mineralization
Authors: Woeckel V.J. , Koedam M. , van de Peppel J. , Chiba H. , van der Eerden B.C.J. , van Leeuwen J.P.T.M.
Published: November 2011

It is well established that 1α‐25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) regulates osteoblast function and stimulates mineralization by human osteoblasts. The aim of this study was to identify processes underlying the 1,25D3 effects on mineralization. We started with gene expression profiling analyses of differentiating human pre‐osteoblast treated with 1,25D3. Bioinformatic analyses showed interferon‐related and ‐regulated genes (ISG) to be overrepresented in the set of 1,25D3‐regulated genes. 1,25D3 down‐regulated ISGs predominantly during the pre‐mineralization period. This pointed to an interaction between the vitamin D and IFN signaling cascades in the regulation of osteoblast function. Separately, 1,25D3 enhances while IFNβ inhibits mineralization. Treatment of human osteoblasts with 1,25D3 and IFNβ showed that 1,25D3 completely overrules the IFNβ inhibition of mineralization. This was supported by analyses of extracellular matrix gene expression, showing a dominant effect of 1,25D3 over the inhibitory effect of IFNβ. We identified processes shared by IFNβ‐ and 1,25D3‐mediated signaling by performing gene expression profiling during early osteoblast differentiation. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that genes being correlated or anti‐correlated with interferon‐induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1) were associated with osteoblast proliferation. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates a cross talk between 1,25D3 and IFNβ in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation/mineralization. The interaction is complex and depends on the process but importantly, 1,25D3 stimulation of mineralization is dominant over the inhibitory effect of IFNβ. These observations are of potential clinical relevance considering the impact of the immune system on bone metabolism in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3258–3266, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Apert syndrome mutant FGFR2 and its soluble form reciprocally alter osteogenesis of primary calvarial osteoblasts
Authors: Suzuki Hiroyuki , Suda Naoto , Shiga Momotoshi , Kobayashi Yukiho , Nakamura Masataka , Iseki Sachiko , Moriyama Keiji
Published: November 2011

Apert syndrome is characterized by craniosynostosis and syndactyly, and is predominantly caused by mutation of either S252W or P253W in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2 gene. In this study, we characterized the effects of one of the mutations (S252W) using primary calvarial osteoblasts derived from transgenic mice, Ap‐Tg and sAp‐Tg, that expressed an Apert‐type mutant FGFR2 (FGFR2IIIc‐S252W; FGFR2IIIc‐Ap), and the soluble form (extracellular domain only) of the mutant FGFR2 (sFGFR2IIIc‐Ap), respectively. Compared to WT‐derived osteoblasts, osteoblasts from Ap‐Tg mouse showed a higher proliferative activity and enhanced differentiation, while those from sAp‐Tg mouse exhibited reduced potential for proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. When transplanted with β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) granules into immunodeficient mice, Ap‐Tg‐derived osteoblasts showed a higher bone forming capacity, whereas sAp‐Tg‐derived osteoblasts were completely deficient for this phenotype. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), MEK, PLCγ, and p38 was increased in Ap‐Tg‐derived osteoblasts, whereas phosphorylation of these signaling molecules was reduced in sAp‐Tg‐derived osteoblasts. Interestingly, when these experiments were carried out using osteoblasts from the mice generated by crossing Ap‐Tg and sAp‐Tg (Ap/sAp‐Tg), which co‐expressed FGFR2IIIc‐Ap and sFGFR2IIIc‐Ap, the results were comparable to those obtained from WT‐derived osteoblasts. Taken together, these results indicate that osteoblasts expressing FGFR2IIIc‐Ap proliferate and differentiate via highly activated MEK, ERK, and p38 pathways, while these pathways are suppressed in osteoblasts expressing sFGFR2IIIc‐Ap. Our findings also suggest that altered FGFR2IIIc signaling in osteoblasts is mostly responsible for the phenotypes seen in Apert syndrome, therefore these osteoblast cell lines are useful tools for investigating the pathogenesis of Apert syndrome. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3267–3277, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potential role of prolactin in antipsychotic‐mediated association of schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Oberweis Brandon , Gragnoli Claudia
Published: November 2011

It remains unclear why atypical antipsychotics confer a risk for hyperglycemia compared to typical antipsychotics. Atypical antipsychotics antagonize dopamine receptors‐2 (D2) and serotonin (5‐HT) receptors‐2, while typical antipsychotics antagonize only D2 receptors. We aimed at elucidating the mechanistic differences between the role of typical and atypical antipsychotics on prolactin levels and glucose regulation. A Medline search was conducted during 2010 using the search terms type 2 diabetes (T2D), typical/atypical antipsychotics, schizophrenia, prolactin, and serotonin. We discuss the effect of typical and atypical antipsychotics on prolactin levels and glucose regulation. Given that prolactin is under negative control by dopamine and positive control by serotonin, typical antipsychotics induce elevations in prolactin, while atypical antipsychotics do not. Research studies show protective effects of prolactin on T2D. We hypothesize that the difference in induction of T2D between typical and atypical antipsychotics is due to the antipsychotic receptor binding mediated effect in changes in prolactin levels. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3001–3006, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TGF β‐1 administration during Ex vivo expansion of human articular chondrocytes in a serum‐free medium redirects the cell phenotype toward hypertrophy
Authors: Narcisi R. , Quarto R. , Ulivi V. , Muraglia A. , Molfetta L. , Giannoni P.
Published: November 2011

Cell‐based cartilage resurfacing requires ex vivo expansion of autologous articular chondrocytes. Defined culture conditions minimize expansion‐dependent phenotypic alterations but maintenance of the cells' differentiation potential must be carefully assessed. Transforming growth factor β‐1 (TGF β‐1) positively regulates the expression of several cartilage proteins, but its therapeutic application in damaged cartilage is controversial. Thus we evaluated the phenotypic outcomes of cultured human articular chondrocytes exposed to TGF β‐1 during monolayer expansion in a serum‐free medium. After five doublings cells were transferred to micromass cultures to assess their chondrogenic differentiation, or replated in osteogenic medium. Immunocytostainings of micromasses of TGF‐expanded cells showed loss of aggrecan and type II collagen. Positivity was evidenced for RAGE, IHH, type X collagen and for apoptotic cells, paralleling a reduction of BCL‐2 levels, suggesting hypertrophic differentiation. TGF β‐1‐exposed cells also evidenced increased mRNA levels for bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, matrix metalloproteinase‐13, TIMP‐3, VEGF and SMAD7, enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and pyrophosphate availability. Conversely, SMAD3 mRNA and protein contents were reduced. After osteogenic induction, only TGF‐expanded cells strongly mineralized and impaired p38 kinase activity, a contributor of chondrocytes' differentiation. To evaluate possible endochondral ossification progression, we seeded the chondrocytes on hydroxyapatite scaffolds, subsequently implanted in an in vivo ectopic setting, but cells failed to reach overt ossification; nonetheless, constructs seeded with TGF‐exposed cells displayed blood vessels of the host vascular supply with enlarged diameters, suggestive of vascular remodeling, as in bone growth. Thus TGF‐exposure during articular chondrocytes expansion induces a phenotype switch to hypertrophy, an undesirable effect for cells possibly intended for tissue‐engineered cartilage repair. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3282–3290, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sonographic evaluation of peripheral nerve injuries following the Wenchuan earthquake
Authors: Tang Peifu , Wang Yuexiang , Zhang Lihai , He Chunqing , Liu Xianfei
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To analyze retrospectively the sonographic characteristics of the peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) resulted from Wunchuan earthquake.

Methods.

The sonographic images of 38 patients with surgically proved PNIs were reviewed and compared with the surgical findings.

Results.

A total of 78 nerves in 38 patients were found injured in surgery, which included 16 median nerves in the forearm (20.5%), 6 ulnar nerves in the forearm or arm (7.7%), 8 radial nerves in upper limb (10.0%), 8 sciatic nerves (10.3%) in gluteal region, 17 tibial nerves in the leg (21.8%), and 23 peroneal nerves (29.5%). The most common injured nerve in the lower extremity was the peroneal nerve (29.5%) and in upper extremity was the median nerve (20.5%). Sonography correctly diagnosed 72 earthquake‐related nerve injuries (92.3%), which included 5 complete disruption (6.4%), 4 partial disruption (5.1%), 63 nerve entrapment (88.5%, included 1 entrapment by bone calus, 38 entrapments by the scar tissue, 13 entrapments by the thickened muscle or tendinous arch, and 11 entrapment in the narrowed osteofibrous tunnels).

Conclusions.

Nerve entrapment injury was the common sonographic finding in earthquake‐related PNI. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011;
In vitro assays for vesper mice (Calomys laucha) sperm using heterologous substrates from nonrodent species
Authors: Corcini Carine D. , Stephan Mariângela H.L. , Colares Élton P. , Santos Elisa C.S. , Varela Antonio S. , Bongalhardo Denise C. , Lucia Thomaz
Published: November 2011

Small vesper mice (Calomys laucha) may be considered as an animal model for in vitro fertilization studies, but limited data about in vitro evaluations of their sperm quality and fertility are available. The in vitro penetration (IVP) assay is used to estimate potential sperm fertility for many mammal species, but it still requires reduction in cost and labor. This study tested improvements in the IVP assay forC. lauchasperm using swine oocytes and perivitelline layers (PVL) of chicken eggs as substrates, and evaluated associations amongC. lauchasperm quality, IVP, and in vivo fertility after natural mating. In the IVP assay, gametes coincubation was carried out flat‐bottomed wells with M2, in water bath at 37°C for 2 hr.C. lauchasperm presented motility, normal morphology, membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity equal to 90.6 ± 5.6, 90.2 ± 6.6, 88.7 ± 9.6, and 90.5 ± 11.5%, respectively. The IVP rate was 39.8% in swine oocytes and 87.5% in the inner PVL. Considering in vivo fertility as the gold standard, the IVP assay in swine oocytes presented a sensitivity of 16.0% and specificity of 83.3%. The sensitivity of the IVP assay in the inner PVL was 84.0%, but the specificity was not determined because there were no true negative results. Sperm membrane integrity was correlated with parturition after natural mating (r= 0.38,P<0.01) and litter size (r= 0.54;P<0.0002).The IVP assay using swine oocytes as substrates can be performed in nearly 2 hr without gametes' coincubation in CO2.J. Exp. Zool. 317:96–102, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quinolone analogs 11: Synthesis of novel 4‐quinolone‐3‐carbohydrazide derivatives with antimalarial activity
Authors: Kurasawa Yoshihisa , Yoshida Kiminari , Yamazaki Naoki , Kaji Eisuke , Sasaki Kenji , Zamami Yoshito , Sakai Yasuhiro , Fujii Takatoshi , Ito Hideyuki
Published: November 2011

The reaction of the 6‐substituted 1‐methyl‐4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylates 10a, 10b with hydrazine hydrate gave the 3‐carbohydrazides 7a, 7b, respectively, whose reaction with 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐pyridinecarbaldehydes afforded the 3‐(N2‐pyridylmethylene)carbohydrazides 8a, 8b, 8c and 9a, 9b, 9c. The Curtius rearrangement of compound 7b provided the N,N′‐bis(4‐quinolon‐3‐yl)urea 14 presumably via the 3‐carboazide 11 and then 3‐isocyanate 12. Compounds 7a, 8a, and 9a were found to possess antimalarial activity from the in vitro screening data. J. Heterocyclic Chem.,(2011).
Estimation of trends in extreme melt‐season duration at Svalbard
Authors: Kvamstø Nils Gunnar , Steinskog Dag Johan , Stephenson David B. , Tjøstheim Dag Bjarne
Published: November 2011

A time series of monthly mean surface temperatures taken at Svalbard airport, Spitzbergen, for the period 1912–2010 was examined for changes in melt‐season length. The annual melt‐season length was constructed from daily temperature estimates based on the monthly data using smoothing splines. We argue that the changes in annual melt‐season length are linked to variability in regional sea surface temperatures, the mean Northern Hemisphere surface temperature and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. A regression model for the melt‐season length with these three parameters as predictors, explained about 40% of the observed variance. The annual mean melt season for the period from 1912 to 2010 was estimated to be 108 days, and the linear trend was 0.17 days/year. The risk of having positive extremes in the melt season increased with increasing Northern Hemisphere surface temperature and the regional sea surface temperatures. On the basis of our study of past observations, the 100‐year return length of the melt season at Svalbard was predicted to change from the current 95% confidence interval of 131 (108, 138) days to 175 (109, 242) days with 1 °C warming of both regional sea surface temperature and the mean Northern Hemisphere surface temperature. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of lactic acid and glycolic acid on human osteoblasts: A way to understand PLGA involvement in PLGA/calcium phosphate composite failure
Authors: Meyer Florent , Wardale John , Best Serena , Cameron Ruth , Rushton Neil , Brooks Roger
Published: November 2011

The use of degradable composite materials in orthopedics remains a field of intense research due to their ability to support new bone formation and degrade in a controlled manner, broadening their use for orthopedic applications. Poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide) acid (PLGA), a degradable biopolymer, is now a popular material for different orthopedic applications and is proposed for use in tissue engineering scaffolds either alone or combined with bioactive ceramics. Interference screws composed of calcium phosphates and PLGA are readily available in the market. However, some reports highlight problems of screw migration or aseptic cyst formation following screw degradation. In order to understand these phenomena and to help to improve implant formulation, we have evaluated the effects of PLGA degradation products: lactic acid and glycolic acid on human osteoblasts in vitro. Cell proliferation, differentiation, and matrix mineralization, important for bone healing were studied. It was found that the toxicity of polymer degradation products under buffering conditions was limited to high concentrations. However, non‐toxic concentrations led to a decrease in cell proliferation, rapid cell differentiation, and mineralization failure. Calcium, whilst stimulating cell proliferation was not able to overcome the negative effects of high concentrations of lactic and glycolic acids on osteoblasts. These effects help to explain recently reported clinical failures of calcium phosphate/PLGA composites, but further in vitro analyses are needed to mimic the dynamic situation which occurs in the body by, for example, culture of osteoblasts with materials that have been pre‐degraded to different extents and thus be able to relate these findings to the degradation studies that have been performed previously. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:864–871, 2012
Splenic hilar lymph node metastasis independently predicts poor survival for patients with gastric cancers in the upper and/or the middle third of the stomach
Authors: Zhu Guo‐lian , Sun Zhe , Wang Zhen‐ning , Xu Ying‐ying , Huang Bao‐jun , Xu Yan , Zhu Zhi , Xu Hui‐mian
Published: November 2011

Background

Effectiveness of splenectomy for advanced gastric cancers occupying the upper and/or the middle third of the stomach is still in debate. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the impact of splenectomy on patient survival by investigating the pathological characteristics and prognostic significance of splenic hilar lymph node metastasis.

Methods

Clinicopathologic and prognostic data of 265 patients with gastric cancer in the upper and/or the middle third of the stomach who underwent the operation of en bloc resection of primary cancer and D2/D3 lymphadenectomy combined with splenectomy were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Multivariate analysis revealed pT category, pN category, and distant lymph node metastasis independently correlated with the presence of splenic hilar lymph node metastasis. Prognoses of patients with positive splenic hilar lymph nodes were significantly poorer than that of patients with negative splenic hilar lymph nodes for the entire study population and for those who underwent R0 resection, but not for those who underwent R1‐2 resection. There was no significant difference in survival between patients who underwent R0 resection with positive splenic hilar lymph nodes and those who underwent R1‐2 resection. Splenic hilar lymph node metastasis was one of independent indicators predicting worse prognosis and the presence of distant metastasis after surgery. Subset analysis according to the TNM stage revealed there were significant differences in survival between patients with and without splenic hilar lymph node metastasis.

Conclusions

Splenic hilar lymph node metastasis should be considered as one of incurable factors. Consequently, the efficiency of splenectomy aiming at prolonging survival for patients with high risk of splenic hilar lymph nodes metastasis should be questioned, although resection of invasive organs form gastric cancers has been recommended if R0 surgery could be achieved. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:786–792. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aquaporins in human breast cancer: Identification and involvement in carcinogenesis of breast cancer
Authors: Shi Zhonghua , Zhang Ting , Luo Liang , Zhao Hua , Cheng Jing , Xiang Jingying , Zhao Chun
Published: November 2011

Background and Objectives

Aquaporins (AQPs) play important roles in water and glycerol transport. Recently, the role of AQPs in human carcinogenesis has become an area of great interest. However, little is known about the function of AQPs in human breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profile of AQPs in human breast cancer and its significance.

Methods

In this study, we screened the expression profile of AQP0–12 in breast cancer tissues and corresponding normal tissues by RT‐PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.

Results

AQP1, 3–5, and 10–12 were expressed in human breast cancer and/or normal breast tissues, and AQP1 and 3–5 exhibited differential expression. AQP1 was expressed in cell membranes and its expression was higher in cancer than that in normal tissues. AQP4 was expressed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm and was detected markedly stronger in normal than in cancer tissues. AQP5 was expressed mainly in cell membranes in carcinoma tissues, but was almost absent in normal breast tissues. Expression of AQP5 was associated with cellular differentiation, lymph node invasion, and clinicopathological staging.

Conclusions

These observations suggested that several subtypes of the AQP family play a role in human breast carcinogenesis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:267–272. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry with nozzle‐skimmer fragmentation for comprehensive quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Sugimoto Takanori , Bamba Takeshi , Izumi Yoshihiro , Nomura Hironari , Shiina Takashi , Fukusaki Eiichiro
Published: November 2011

This study sought to develop techniques for LC/MS‐based metabolomics and to verify that an MS/MS spectral tag (MS2T) could be used in practical secondary metabolite profiling. The retention time (RT), precursor ions, and fragment ions generated by nozzle‐skimmer fragmentation were determined using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/TOF‐MS) and compared with the MS2T. A standard mix was analyzed with UPLC/TOF‐MS under the same conditions as were used to construct the MS2T. The difference in RT for the standards was less than 0.15 min and the average RSD was about 2.8%, suggesting that the analysis was highly repeatable. Both precursor ions and fragment ions were observed when the cone voltage was 75 V. Experimental data and fragmentation pattern in the MS2T annotation list were highly similar. Wild‐type and cas‐1 mutant Arabidopsis thaliana samples treated with an elicitor were analyzed using UPLC/TOF‐MS. Sixty‐five peaks were successfully annotated. Fragment ions were observed with nozzle‐skimmer fragmentation in 50 of 65 (77%) peaks. The reliability of annotation may have increased as a result of fragment ions. Results of multivariate analysis suggested that cas‐1 was related to induction of the biosynthesis of these flavonoids. The devised method facilitated practical secondary metabolite profiling.
Selective removal of caffeine from tea extracts using macroporous crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol adsorbents
Authors: Ma Ning , Wang Peng , Kong Xia , Shi Rongfu , Yuan Zhi , Wang Chunhong
Published: November 2011

The hydrolysis reaction of ester groups in vinyl acetate (VAc) was used to introduce hydroxyl groups into the matrix of a macroporous adsorbent, which was itself prepared by free radical suspension copolymerization of triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) and VAc. Therefore, the copolymerization incompatibility between the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic monomer was overcome successfully and the hydrophobic matrix of the polymeric adsorbent containing a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) segment was obtained. Introduction of the PVA segment decreased the hydrophobic adsorption affinity of the adsorbent while producing the hydrogen‐bonding interaction. When isolating the two active components, polyphenols (TPh) and caffeine (CAF), from green tea extracts, this polymeric adsorbent, namely poly(TAIC‐co‐VA), exhibited good adsorption selectivity towards TPh over CAF. The adsorption mechanism leading to this selectivity involved a hydrophobic interaction mechanism for CAF and multiple weak hydrophobic and hydrogen‐bonding interactions for TPh. The adsorption thermodynamics for TPh on poly(TAIC‐co‐VA) were studied. The effects of adsorbent structure and gradient desorption conditions on isolation were investigated. The result showed that adsorbent, with 20% TAIC content, was able to efficiently remove CAF from different tea extracts with different ratios of TPh and CAF. Finally, almost no CAF was detected in the TPh fraction and the recovery of TPh was greater than 95%.
Selective determination of trace thiamphenicol in milk and honey by molecularly imprinted polymer monolith microextraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Li Juan , Chen Huaixia , Chen Hui , Ye Yong
Published: November 2011

A novel solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) method based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) monolith as the sorbent for the selective extraction of thiamphenicol (TAP) in milk and honey was developed. The newly developed MIP monolith was produced using TAP as the template molecule, 4‐vinylpyridine (4‐VP) as the functional monomer. The TAP‐MIP monolith synthesized in a micropipette tip could be connected with syringes in different sizes simply to perform SPME process without any other treatment. The derivated MIP monolith showed high selectivity and enrichment ability for TAP. A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of TAP in milk and honey using polymer monolith microextraction (PMME) based on the MIP monolith combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography‐photodiodes array detector was developed. Several parameters affecting MIP monolith microextraction were investigated, including the flow rate, volume, pH and salt concentration of sample, the type and volume of washing solution, the type and flow rate of eluent. The recovery of this method for TAP was investigated and high recoveries of 92.9–99.3% from milk and honey were obtained with relative standard deviations less than 4.9%.
Randomized controlled trial on postoperative pulmonary humidification after total laryngectomy: External humidifier versus heat and moisture exchanger
Authors: Mérol Jean‐Claude , Charpiot Anne , Langagne Thibault , Hémar Patrick , Ackerstaff Annemieke H. , Hilgers Frans J. M.
Published: November 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Assessment of immediate postoperative airway humidification after total laryngectomy (TLE), comparing the use of an external humidifier (EH) with humidification through a heat and moisture exchanger (HME).

Study Design:

Randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Methods:

Fifty‐three patients were randomized into the standard (control) EH (N = 26) or the experimental HME arm (N = 27). Compliance, pulmonary and sleeping problems, patients' and nursing staff satisfaction, nursing time, and cost‐effectiveness were assessed with trial‐specific structured questionnaires and tally sheets.

Results:

In the EH arm data were available for all patients, whereas in the HME arm data were incomplete for four patients. The 24/7 compliance rate in the EH arm was 12% and in the HME arm 87% (77% if the four nonevaluable patients are considered noncompliant). Compliance and patients' satisfaction were significantly better, and the number of coughing episodes, mucus expectoration for clearing the trachea, and sleeping disturbances were significantly less in the HME arm (P < .001). This was also the case for nursing time and nursing staff satisfaction and preference.

Conclusions:

This RCT clearly shows the benefits of immediate postoperative airway humidification by means of an HME over the use of an EH after TLE. This study therefore underlines that HMEs presently can be considered the better option for early postoperative airway humidification after TLE.
Comparing German and Italian Public Universities: Convergence or Divergence in the Higher Education Landscape?
Authors: Agasisti Tommaso , Pohl Carsten
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we examine and compare the efficiency of Italian and German public universities and its evolution in the period 2001–2007. This topic is particularly important because of two main reasons: (i) as the universities are funded through public money in both countries, it is necessary to assess whether it has been used efficiently; (ii) the comparison among (similar) European countries can stimulate a benchmarking exercise that can be useful for managerial and policy making purposes. The results show that German universities are more efficient than their Italian counterparts are, using data envelopment analysis. However, the latter are catching up: in the period 2001–2007, their efficiency has improved more rapidly. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anticipation of Auction Fever: Entry Decision, Reserve Price and the Choice of Auction Design
Authors: Dodonova Anna , Khoroshilov Yuri
Published: November 2011

This paper analyzes the entry decision of rational bidders who expect to experience auction fever in English auctions. It shows that nonparticipation decision reduces seller's expected profit and this effect may outweigh the positive effect of the auction fever. We analyze the choice between English and second‐price sealed‐bid auctions and the optimal reserve price in English auctions. We show that it might be optimal for the seller to set a reserve price below her own valuation of the object. Finally, we show that the order in which bidders place their bids matters and the first bidder always has an advantage. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carotenoids and apocarotenoids in cellular signaling related to cancer: A review
Authors: Sharoni Yoav , Linnewiel‐Hermoni Karin , Khanin Marina , Salman Hagar , Veprik Anna , Danilenko Michael , Levy Joseph
Published: November 2011

The basis for the vivid color of carotenoids and their antioxidant activity is the multiple conjugated double bonds, which are characteristic for these phytonutrients. Moreover, the cleavage of these oxidation‐prone double bonds leads to the formation of apocarotenoids. A large number of carbonyl‐containing oxidation products are expected to be produced as a result of carotenoid oxidation and these can be further metabolized into the corresponding acids and alcohols. As discussed in this review, many, but not all, of these potential products have been detected and identified in plants as well as in human and animal plasma and tissues. Some of these compounds were found to be biologically active as anticancer agents. In addition to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, several carotenoid metabolites were shown to modulate the activity of various transcription systems. These include ligand‐activated nuclear receptors, such as the retinoic acid receptor, retinoid X receptor, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor and estrogen receptor, as well as other transcription systems that have an important role in cancer, such as the electrophile/antioxidant response element pathway and nuclear factor‐κB. Therefore, apocarotenoids can be considered as natural compounds with multifunctional, rather than monofunctional, activity and, thus, can be useful in the prevention of cancer and other degenerative diseases.
A new analytical solution based on joint relaxation for analyzing symmetrical block stability
Authors: Bagheri M. , Stille H.
Published: November 2011

The magnitude of clamping forces has a significant influence on the estimated ultimate pullout force of a block. The Crawford–Bray equation, which is fundamental in considering clamping forces, is only a function of horizontal stress and block height. Further research to incorporate the influence of induced stress in block stability analysis was considered, but all the previous analytical solutions for analyzing block stability assume a continuum medium to estimate clamping forces and do not allow joint deformations to occur before block movement due to gravity. Assuming a continuous medium to estimate clamping forces leads to an overestimation of block stability and therefore unsafe design. In this paper, an attempt has been made to deepen the understanding of the block failure mechanism and correct the estimated magnitude of clamping forces in a discontinuous medium. A conceptual model is proposed based on the loading–unloading of the block from an in‐situ state to failure. Based on this model, an analytical solution has been developed that calculates clamping forces in a discontinuous medium. The validity and model uncertainty of the solution were checked for different conditions. The new analytical solution is both precise and accurate and can be used as a design tool to estimate block stability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 6000‐Year‐Old Hand Amputation from Bulgaria—The Oldest Case from South‐East Europe?
Authors: Zäuner S. P. , Wahl J. , Boyadziev Y. , Aslanis I.
Published: November 2011

A skeleton from Tell Yunatsite in Bulgarian Thrace shows evidence of amputation of the right hand. The individual dates back to the end of the fifth millennium, connecting it to the Late Copper Age of that region. The Chalcolithic settlement on the tell ended immediately after a bellicose assault. Therefore, the question arose if the loss of the hand may be connected with this incidence. Anthropological studies in close collaboration with the archaeologists on site made clear that the abscission took place at an earlier time. This result led to a series of complex questions. These are described in this work. We will show that a congenital origin for the loss of the hand can be excluded, and that the individual survived this severe injury for a certain time span. Several possible explanations for an amputation are discussed. It turns out that a surgical intervention seems to be the most likely reason. It becomes clear that there must have been an excellent medical knowledge in the Copper Age concerning surgery and wound treatment. Furthermore, the survival of the handicapped individual documents a certain social cohesion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic cardiac allograft rejection: critical role of ED‐A+ fibronectin and implications for targeted therapy strategies
Authors: Franz Marcus , Neri Dario , Berndt Alexander
Published: November 2011

Chronic cardiac allograft rejection is characterized by cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and cardiac interstitial fibrosis (CIF) causing severe long‐term complications after heart transplantation and determining allograft function and patients' prognosis. Until now, there have been no sufficient preventive or therapeutic strategies. CAV and CIF are accompanied by changes in the extracellular matrix, including re‐expression of the fetal fibronectin splice variant known as ED‐A+ fibronectin. This molecule has been shown to be crucial for the development of myofibroblasts (MyoFbs) as the main cell type in CIF and for the activation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) as the main cell type in CAV. Relevant re‐expression and protein deposition of ED‐A+ fibronectin has been demonstrated in animal models of chronic rejection, with spatial association to CAV and CIF, and a quantitative correlation to the rejection grade. The paper by Booth et al published in this issue of The Journal of Pathology could prove for the first time the functional importance of ED‐A+ fibronectin for the development of CIF as a main component of chronic cardiac rejection. Thus, promising conclusions for the development of new diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for chronic cardiac rejection focusing on ED‐A+ fibronectin can be suggested. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic and epigenetic similarities and differences between childhood and adult AML
Authors: Juhl‐Christensen Caroline , Ommen Hans Beier , Aggerholm Anni , Lausen Birgitte , Kjeldsen Eigil , Hasle Henrik , Hokland Peter
Published: November 2011

Background

The biology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is complex and includes both genetic and epigenetic aberrations. We addressed the combined consequences of promoter hypermethylation of p15, CDH1, ER, MDR1, and RARB2 and mutation of NPM1, CEBPA, FLT3, and WT1 in a Danish cohort of 70 pediatric and 383 adult AML patients.

Procedure

Mutation analysis was done by fragment analysis followed by sequencing or by sequencing alone. Methylation status was determined using methylation‐sensitive melting curve analysis (MS‐MCA) after initial bisulfite modification.

Results

Among pediatric AMLs, we found promoter hypermethylation in p15 (47%), CDH1 (64%), ER (62%), MDR1 (8%), and RARB2 (22%) and mutations in NPM1 (11%), CEBPA (3%), FLT3ITD (4%), FLT3D835 (7%), and WT1 (7%). Promoter hypermethylation was significantly more frequent in core binding factor leukemias (CBF) compared to AMLs with abnormalities involving 11q23 (P = 0.024). Compared to adult AML we found a significant difference in p15 (47% vs. 73%, P < 0.001) and RARB2 (22% vs. 42%, P = 0.003) methylation, as well as in NPM1 (11% vs. 31%, P = 0.001) and FLT3ITD (4% vs. 26%, P < 0.001) mutation.

Conclusion

Age‐related differences exist in the frequency of mutations and it appears that promoter hypermethylation occurs in a non‐random pattern in childhood AML accompanying specific genetic aberrations, and might represent an important step in the leukemogenic transformation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 525–531. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutations profile of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia among Japanese children
Authors: Ismael Olfat , Shimada Akira , Hama Asahito , Sakaguchi Hiroshi , Doisaki Sayoko , Muramatsu Hideki , Yoshida Nao , Ito Masafumi , Takahashi Yoshiyuki , Akita Naohiro , Sunami Shosuke , Ohtsuka Yoshitoshi , Asada Youji , Fujisaki Hiroyuki , Kojima Seiji
Published: November 2011

Background

Acquired somatic mutations of JAK2 have been reported to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of BCR‐ABL1‐negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). However, the molecular characteristics of childhood MPN remain to be elucidated.

Patient and Methods

We investigated a group of pediatric patients diagnosed either with essential thrombocythemia (ET; N = 9) or polycythemia vera (PV; N = 4) according to WHO criteria (median age = 10 years; range 1.5–15 years) in whom direct sequencing was performed for the existence of genetic alterations in JAK2, MPL, TET2, ASXL1, CBL, IDH1, and IDH2. More sensitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction was used for JAK2V617F genotyping.

Results

We found three patients harbor JAK2V617F mutation (2/9 ET and 1/4 PV). Bone marrow examination showed small and large megakaryocytes with dysplastic features in JAK2V617F‐positive ET patients compared to those without JAK2V617F. We identified a previously unrecognized missense mutation at codon 1230 in exon 12 of ASXL1 gene in ET and PV patients (1/9 ET and 1/4 PV). Otherwise, no genetic alterations could be detected in JAK2 exon 12, MPL, TET2, CBL, IDH1, and IDH2 in all ET and PV patients.

Conclusion

Although JAK2 mutations in childhood ET and PV are not as frequent as reported in adult patients, JAK2 is the most frequently mutated gene in childhood MPN known so far. Owing to the presence of childhood MPN without any genetic alterations in JAK2, MPL, TET2, ASXL1, CBL, IDH1, and IDH2, new biological markers have to be found. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:530–535. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Right–Wing Authoritarianism: Protective Factor against Or Risk Factor for Depression?
Authors: Duriez Bart , Klimstra Theo A. , Luyckx Koen , Beyers Wim , Soenens Bart
Published: November 2011

Because the authoritarian personality was introduced to explain the rise of fascism during World War II, research focused on its ability to predict prejudice, leaving its associations with well–being largely unexplored. Studies that did examine these associations yielded inconsistent results, and some authors even argued that authoritarianism buffers against the negative effects of psychological vulnerability factors (i.e. D–type personality) and negative life events on well–being, especially among people in an authoritarian environment. Using a cross–sectional community sample (N = 1010), Study 1 failed to support the idea that authoritarianism relates to depressive symptoms and buffers against the negative effects of D–type personality on depressive symptoms. Using a longitudinal college student sample (N = 499), Study 2 showed that authoritarianism did not moderate the effects of life events either and even predicted over–time increases in depressive symptoms. Using a longitudinal high school sample (N = 590), Study 3 showed that this effect emerged regardless of degree of fit with the social environment (i.e. with family and friends). Taken together, results suggest that authoritarianism constitutes a risk factor for rather than a protective factor against depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microcontroller‐based simple maximum power point tracking controller for single‐stage solar stand‐alone water pumping system
Authors: Packiam P. , Jain N. K. , Singh I. P.
Published: November 2011

A simple microcontroller‐based maximum power point tracking controller is proposed for a single‐stage solar stand‐alone water pumping system for remote, isolated, and nonelectrified population, where less maintenance, low cost, and an efficient system is of prime interest. It consists of a photovoltaic (PV) module, a DC–AC converter utilizing space‐vector pulse‐width modulation, an induction motor coupled with a water pump, a voltage sensor, and a current sensor. A space‐vector pulse‐width modulation‐controlled DC–AC converter aided by a fast‐acting on–off supervisory controller with a modified perturb‐and‐observe algorithm performs both the functions of converting PV output voltage to a variable voltage, variable frequency output, as well as extracting the maximum power. A limited variable step size is preferred during transient state, and a steady frequency, which is calculated on the basis of steady‐state oscillation, is set during steady state. A fast‐acting on–off supervisory controller regulates DC link voltage during steady state and enables maximum power point tracking algorithm only during transient state to draw a new voltage reference. In the event of low voltage, the controller switches off the motor but continuously scans for an available PV voltage. The system is not protected against an overcurrent because the maximum current is equal to its short circuit current. The 16‐bit microcontroller dsPIC6010A (Microchip Technology, Inc., Chandler, AZ, USA) is used to implement the control functions. The proposed controller is verified through simulation as well as tested in the laboratory prototype model. The simulation and experimental results show good correlation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐efficiency InGaN/GaN quantum well structures on large area silicon substrates
Authors: Zhu D. , McAleese C. , Häberlen M. , Kappers M. J. , Hylton N. , Dawson P. , Radtke G. , Couillard M. , Botton G. A. , Sahonta S.‐L. , Humphreys C. J.
Published: November 2011

The growth techniques which have enabled the realization of InGaN‐based multi‐quantum‐well (MQW) structures with high internal quantum efficiencies (IQE) on 150 mm (6‐in.) silicon substrates are reviewed. InGaN/GaN MQWs are deposited onto GaN templates on large‐area (111) silicon substrates, using AlGaN strain‐mediating interlayers to inhibit thermal‐induced cracking and wafer‐bowing, and using a SiNx interlayer to reduce threading dislocation densities in the active region of the MQW structure. MQWs with high IQE approaching 60% have been demonstrated. Atomic resolution electron microscopy and EELS analysis have been used to study the nature of the important interface between the Si(111) substrate and the AlN nucleation layer. We demonstrate an amorphous SiNx interlayer at the interface about 2 nm wide, which does not, however, prevent good epitaxy of the AlN on the Si(111) substrate.
Band gap reduction and dielectric function of Ga1−xZnxN1−xOx and In1−xZnxN1−xOx alloys
Authors: Dou Maofeng , Persson Clas
Published: November 2011

The band gap reductions, dielectric functions and absorption coefficients of the Ga1−xZnxN1−xOx and In1−xZnxN1−xOx (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00) alloys were calculated, employing the partial self‐consistent GW approximation. As a comparison, the local density approximation (LDA) and the Heyd–Scueria–Ernzerhof (HSE) hybrid functional were also used to calculate the gap reduction. Both Ga1−xZnxN1−xOx and In1−xZnxN1−xOx alloys show strong band gap bowing. As a result, the band gap energy in Ga1−xZnxN1−xOx is reduced by Eg(GaN) − Eg (Ga1−xZnxN1−xOx) = 1.61, 2.01 and 1.91 eV for x = 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75, respectively. This allows optoelectronic devices based on GaN and ZnO with more efficient absorption or emission of light in the visible light range. The calculated dielectric functions and absorption spectra demonstrate that the band gap reduction enhances the optical absorption around the 2.5 eV region. Interestingly, the In1−xZnxN1−xOx alloy with x = 0.25 has the large optical absorption coefficient in the energy region 0.69–6.0 eV, and the alloy has very good absorption at 2–3 eV.
Investigation of a relaxation mechanism specific to InGaN for improved MOVPE growth of nitride solar cell materials
Authors: Pantzas K. , Patriarche G. , Orsal G. , Gautier S. , Moudakir T. , Abid M. , Gorge V. , Djebbour Z. , Voss P. L. , Ougazzaden A.
Published: November 2011

In this paper we report on a spontaneous 2D/3D transition observed in InGaN alloys after 60 nm of growth. This transition is responsible for the formation of a stack of distinct InGaN layers. The driving mechanism is shown to be lateral fluctuations of the indium composition, that arise to accommodate the increasing strain energy of the InGaN layer. Three distinct stages of growth have been identified. First, a homogeneous, 2D InGaN layer forms, pseudomorphically strained on the underlying GaN. Then, at around 30 nm large lateral fluctuations of the indium composition are observed and a second pseudomorphic layer, composed of indium‐rich and indium‐poor clusters, is formed. Finally induces a 2D/3D transition at 60 nm and a 3D InGaN layer is formed.
Laser induced temperature effects in multi‐walled carbon nanotubes probed by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Judek Jaroslaw , Jastrzebski Cezariusz , Malolepszy Artur , Mazurkiewicz Marta , Stobinski Leszek , Zdrojek Mariusz
Published: November 2011

We examined the influence of continuous laser irradiation on as‐prepared and oxidized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the basis of Raman scattering. Differences between Raman spectra for both types of nanotube samples are shown. We evaluate the influence of the laser power density (LPD) on two main Raman modes (D and G) based on the position of the peaks, widths, and the relative intensity ID/IG ratio. Impurities and their interaction with nanotubes are crucial for interpretation of the measured effects. Oxidation, as well as the irradiation process, improves purity of samples. No structural changes of the tubes are observed. The Raman signal decrease is likely to originate from nanotube loss.
Threshold voltage stability comparison in AlGaN/GaN FLASH MOS‐HFETs utilizing charge trap or floating gate charge storage
Authors: Kirkpatrick Casey , Lee Bongmook , Choi YoungHwan , Huang Alex , Misra Veena
Published: November 2011

Enhancement mode operation of AlGaN/GaN devices with breakdown voltage over 700 V is achieved by threshold shifting in a FLASH metal oxide semiconductor heterojunction field effect transistor. Charge stored during a programming step in either a charge trap or metal floating gate charge storage layer is responsible for this shift. Threshold stability for charge trap and floating gate memories is compared with charge trap devices losing <10% of initial threshold voltage shift after 104 seconds. Charge trap and floating gate devices maintain enhancement mode operation after 4 × 104 s. Threshold voltage as a function of drain bias for each storage method is compared. The most stable threshold voltage is observed when utilizing charge trap storage due to the discrete nature of the traps. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)