bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fresh from the Ornamental Garden: Hips of Selected Rose Cultivars Rich in Phytonutrients
Authors: Cunja Vlasta , Mikulic‐Petkovsek Maja , Weber Nika , Jakopic Jerneja , Zupan Anka , Veberic Robert , Stampar Franci , Schmitzer Valentina
Published: January 2016

Morphological parameters (size, weight, color), the content of sugars, organic acids, lycopene, β‐carotene, and phenolics were determined in hips of Rosa canina (RCA), Rosa sweginzowii (RSW), Rosa rugosa (RUG), and selected ornamental Rosa cultivars Fru Dagmar Hastrup (FDH), Repandia (REP), Veilchenblau (RVB), Aloha (RAL), Bonica (BON), and Golden Gate (RGG). Although traditionally used RCA hips contained the highest amount of cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (83 μg/g DW) and were the reddest (h° = 17.5), they did not stand out in other analyzed parameters. RGG climber had the biggest hips (8.86 g), which also contained highest sugar levels (50.9 g/100 g DW). RAL stood out as the cultivar rich in organic acids (33.9 g/100 g DW), mainly because of high quinic acid content (17.6 g/100g DW). FDH and RSW hips were characterized by particularly high ascorbic acid levels (4325 mg/100 g DW and 4711 mg/100 g DW). Other ornamental cultivars contained low amounts of ascorbic acid compared to the analyzed species. The phenolic profile was species/cultivars‐specific. The greatest diversity of phenolic compounds was detected in RUG and FDH hips (55 and 54 different tentatively identified compounds with HPLC/MS). Flavanols represented the main phenolic class in most of the investigated species/cultivars and RGG hips contained the highest amount of catechin and proanthocyandin derivatives (15855 μg/g DW). Altogether RAL hips contained the highest quantity of phenolics (44746 μg/g DW) mainly due to high levels of hydrolysable tannins compared to other species/cultivars. Although small, hips of BON and REP were most abundant regarding β‐carotene and lycopene content, respectively.
Frustrated Leadership: Russia's Economic Alternative to the West
Authors: Johnson Juliet , Köstem Seçkin
Published: January 2016

The Russian government saw the 2008 global financial crisis as both a repudiation of western neoliberalism and as an ideal opportunity to promote its own international economic leadership. Russia's alternative vision encompasses multipolarity, financial nationalism and political illiberalism. These policies are symbiotic. The state uses its control over financial flows to build and maintain political and economic power at home as well as to project its influence abroad, all justified with a strong dose of great power nationalism positioning Russia as the Eurasian pole in an emerging multipolar world order. However, the Kremlin is doomed to frustration in its quest to assert international economic leadership. The Russian government has the ability to shake up the existing international order but lacks the credibility, stability, or economic clout to lead the creation of a new one. This has troubling implications for the future of international economic cooperation and reform, as Russia's frustrations have increasingly turned it in reactive and confrontational directions.
Knowledge of oral cancer risk factors amongst high‐risk Australians: findings from the LESIONS programme
Authors: Dost F , Do L , Farah CS
Published: January 2016

Background

Patient awareness of risk factors associated with cancer has been shown to increase patient presentation for screening and early detection. This study aimed to identify the level of awareness of oral cancer risk factors in a high risk Australian population.

Methods

Participants were recruited from the LESIONS programme between April 2012 and April 2014. Demographics were collected via semi‐structured interview. A self‐administered questionnaire was provided, listing a number of possible oral cancer risk factors. Participants were requested to indicate their level of agreement on a three‐point scale. Bivariate and multivariable analysis was performed.

Results

A total of 1498 participants took part in the LESIONS programme and were invited to complete the questionnaire. The most common risk factors thought to be associated with oral cancer were smoking (87.5%), poor oral hygiene (67.9%) and family history (61.1%). Only 50.2% of respondents were aware of alcohol consumption as a risk factor.

Conclusions

While most participants were aware of the association between smoking and oral cancer, only half were aware of the significant risk alcohol consumption poses. A significant portion of participants also held a number of inaccurate beliefs in relation to oral cancer risk. These findings can benefit both clinicians and public health policy makers in targeting oral cancer education.
Effect of photodynamic therapy adjunct to scaling and root planing in periodontitis patients: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Pulikkotil SJ , Toh CG , Mohandas K , Leong KVG
Published: January 2016

Background

A randomized split‐mouth controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in reducing Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in periodontitis patients.

Methods

Twenty patients with periodontitis were recruited for the trial. Following random allocation of either quadrants of the selected jaw to test or control treatment, conventional non‐surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) was performed. In addition, the test side received adjunct photodynamic therapy. Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing (BoP) and plaque scores (PS%) were recorded at phase 0 (baseline), phase 1 (immediately after NSPT), phase 2 (7 days following NSPT), phase 3 (1 month following NSPT) and phase 4 (3 months following NSPT). Subgingival plaque samples for quantification of Aa by real‐time polymerase chain reaction was performed at phases 0, 1, 2 and 4.

Results

There was a significant clinical improvement at phases 3 and 4 compared with baseline while BoP reduced significantly only in the test group at phase 4. However, no difference in the quantification of Aa was detected between the groups.

Conclusions

Within the limits of the study, PDT adjunct to scaling and root planing does not lead to quantitative reduction of Aa in periodontitis patients.
Plasma mepivacaine concentrations in patients undergoing third molar surgery
Authors: Scarparo HC , Maia RN , Filho EA dos Santos , Soares ECS , Costa FWG , Fonteles CSR , Bezerra TP , Ribeiro TR , Romero NR
Published: January 2016

Background

Local anaesthetic‐related systemic toxicity mainly results from elevated plasma concentrations of these drugs. We hypothesized that intraoral injection of submaximal doses of mepivacaine does not lead to toxic levels of this drug in blood. This study evaluated the plasma levels of mepivacaine in third molars surgeries.

Methods

Twenty‐one patients were randomly assigned into two groups: group I (two unilateral third molars; submaximal dose of mepivacaine 108 mg with epinephrine 54 μg) and group II (four third molars; submaximal dose of mepivacaine 216 mg with epinephrine 108 μg). Blood samples were collected before anaesthesia, and 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min after anaesthesia.

Results

Individual peak plasma concentrations ranged 0.77–8.31 μg/mL (group I) and from 2.36–7.72 μg/mL (group II). An increase in the average dose of mepivacaine from 1.88 ± 0.12 mg/kg (group I) to 3.35 ± 0.17 mg/kg (group II) increased the mean mepivacaine peak plasma levels from 2.33 ± 0.58 to 4.01 ± 0.69 μg/mL, respectively. Four patients obtained plasma levels of mepivacaine above the threshold for toxicity (5 μg/mL).

Conclusions

Toxic levels of mepivacaine are possible, even when a submaximal dose is used. A twofold increase in the dose of mepivacaine caused the mean peak plasma concentration to increase proportionally, indicating that they may be predicted based on the relation of dose per bodyweight.
A Radical Endeavor: Joseph Chamberlain and the Emergence of Municipal Socialism in Birmingham
Authors: Gehrke Jules P.
Published: January 2016

Joseph Chamberlain, an industrial entrepreneur, proponent of the “civic gospel,” and emerging British Radical Liberal leader of the 1870s, established Birmingham as one of the most influential models for municipal socialism in Europe and North America. Arguing gas and water ought to be in public hands and city officials ought to take a role in securing inhabitants’ health, he set the stage for continued mayoral activism and municipal socialism in the late 19th and early 20th century.
Reflections From China on Xi Jinping's “Asia for Asians”
Authors: Jakobson Linda
Published: January 2016

Internal debates continue in China and abroad about the meaning and significance of Chinese President Xi Jinping's position on a new Asian regional security order. Some observers insist that a strongly worded May 2014 speech Xi delivered in Shanghai reflects China's intensified determination to exercise an increasingly assertive posture toward the United States. Others suspect that such rhetoric is largely designed for internal consumption to appeal to nationalist sentiments about the need for China to stand up to the United States and take a leadership role in the region. Such differences in interpretation are extended to discussions about China's attitudes toward the United States’ continued strategic presence in Asia and about Washington's maintenance of its long‐standing alliance network there. The truth is that a combination of Chinese aspirations for shaping a new regional security architecture tempered by the realities and constraints of what China can actually do at this point in time must be acknowledged by both Chinese policymakers and their foreign counterparts.
The U.S. Alliance System in Asia: A Chinese Perspective
Authors: Fangyin Zhou
Published: January 2016

The U.S. alliance system in the region surrounding China is a reality that will last for some time. An important issue in China's rise is how Beijing will coexist effectively with U.S. alliances. In this article, I argue that China will not establish its own alliance system to counter the American alliance network, but will try to establish a new type of “major‐country relationship” between China and the United States. In the meantime, it is pursuing a dual strategy of coexistence with the U.S. alliance system in the region and resisting those U.S. alliance policies that it perceives may be intended to contain the growth of Chinese influence and power. Over time, China will develop differentiated political and security policies toward U.S. allies and will thus gain more strategic space by emphasizing common development strategies for the region, so as to decrease the security pressure on itself.
Unbreakable Alliance? ANZUS in the Asian Century
Authors: Taylor Brendan
Published: January 2016

The alliance between the United States and Australia (Australia New Zealand United States or ANZUS), while one of America's least problematic Asia‐Pacific strategic relationships at present, could face a series of new challenges as structural change in this region continues apace. This article analyzes five such challenges facing ANZUS: the rise of China; changing American expectations of its allies and partners; the intensification of Australia‐Japan security relations; the emergence of a divide between Australian public and elite opinion on ANZUS; and the rise of Indonesia. The article concludes by offering a series of policy‐relevant recommendations designed to ameliorate the worst effects of these challenges. These include the generation of greater policy debate on ANZUS in Australia; the introduction of new public education programs highlighting the alliance's costs and risks; and the establishment of a new Australia‐Indonesia‐U.S. trilateral dialogue process at the second track or 1.5 track level.
Diversifying sub‐Mediterranean pinewoods with oak species in a context of assisted migration: responses to local climate and light environment
Authors: Martín‐Alcón Santiago , Coll Lluís , Ameztegui Aitor
Published: January 2016

Questions

How do thermal migration distance and extreme cold events affect seedling emergence and survival in assisted migration schemes in the sub‐Mediterranean context? What role does plant provenance play? Can biotic interactions such as nurse effect of the overstorey and shrub layer buffer the negative responses to plant translocation? Are any of these effects species‐specific?

Location

Three pinewoods in the Catalan Pre‐Pyrenees, northeast Iberian Peninsula.

Methods

We used a replicated field trial to test the early years establishment of two contrasted provenances of four Quercus species (Q. coccifera, Q. ilex, Q. faginea and Q. pubescens) that were sown and planted along gradients of elevation and understorey microsite conditions in sub‐Mediterranean pinewoods. Seedling responses to translocation were evaluated through seedling emergence, seedling survival and re‐sprouting after dieback events according to seedling provenance, thermal migration distance, extreme cold events and microenvironment.

Results

The study reports high success of both the planting (with an overall 76.3% of initial 3‐yr survival) and sowing (with an overall 50% of seedling emergence) experiments. The results show that: (1) the thermal migration distance and the occurrence of extreme cold events have strong effects on the responses of the translocated species (particularly the evergreen oaks); (2) the forest overstorey plays an important role in attenuating the negative effects of thermal migration distance on seedling survival; and (3) these responses are species‐specific. The evergreen Quercus species showed more evidence of high ecotypic differentiation in terms of cold tolerance, enabling local provenances to respond better to translocation. In contrast, marcescent species, showed high phenotypic plasticity that led to a better overall establishment success.

Conclusion

The implementation of assisted migration is a feasible option to increase the diversity and resilience of the sub‐Mediterranean pinewoods. Assisted migration programmes should manage risks by thoroughly considering thermal migration distances and the occurrence of extreme cold events when selecting species and seed sources, since Mediterranean tree species show different strategies regarding adaptation to cold. Programme managers should also consider the advantage of planting/sowing under relatively closed canopy to buffer some of the negative responses associated with translocation.
Comparative morphology of the female genital ducts of seven eubrachyuran crabs (Saint Laurent, 1980)
Authors: de Souza Leonardo Peres , Ogawa Cynthia Yuri , Silva José Roberto Feitosa , Camargo‐Mathias Maria Izabel
Published: January 2016

Three brachyuran groups can be defined based on genital orifices' location: coxae – Podotremata, coxal (males) or sternal (females) – Heterotremata and sternal – Thoracotremata. Aiming to compare Heterotremata (three species) and Thoracotremata (four species), we provide a detailed morphological description of the genital ducts. To do so, 50 females were collected and dissected, and macroscopic and histological description of their reproductive system is presented. In all of the specimens, the system is bilaterally sy, consisting a pair of ovaries and of genital ducts. Also, genital ducts have four components: oviduct, seminal receptacle, vagina and gonopore. Ovaries may be connected to seminal receptacle through dorsal or ventral region. In the Heterotremata studied, both types are observed, while it is only ventral in Thoracotremata. Seminal receptacle has two regions in all species: ventral – simple columnar secretory epithelium, apical region covered with cuticle, and middorsal – epithelium could be columnar secretory or stratified. Vagina is concave in all analysed Thoracotremata and simple in Heterotremata. An operculum was observed in all the Thoracotremata. Observed morphological patterns are consistent throughout Thoracotremata, while varying in Heterotremata, that is the way ovary and receptacle are connected and the kind of epithelia that forms the receptacle.
Sleep Disturbances and Symptoms of Depression and Daytime Sleepiness in Pregnant Women
Authors: Tsai Shao‐Yu , Lin Jou‐Wei , Wu Wei‐Wen , Lee Chien‐Nan , Lee Pei‐Lin
Published: January 2016

Background

Sleep disturbance, depression, and daytime sleepiness are among the most prevalent symptoms reported by women during pregnancy. However, available data on the association between sleep disturbances and symptoms of depression and daytime sleepiness in pregnant women are sparse and methodological limitations have been acknowledged. The purpose of the study was to examine objective and self‐reported sleep disturbances and symptoms of depression and daytime sleepiness in a group of healthy pregnant women.

Methods

A total of 274 third‐trimester pregnant women wore a wrist actigraph continuously for 7 days to assess objective sleep quality and quantity. Self‐reported sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), with self‐reported poor sleep quality defined as a PSQI score more than 5. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression Scale (CES‐D) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used to evaluate symptoms of depression and daytime sleepiness, respectively.

Results

Sixty‐four (23.4%) women were at risk for clinical depression and 69 (25.2%) had daytime sleepiness. Risk of clinically meaningful depressive symptomatology was significantly increased in women with objective total nighttime sleep less than 6 hours (OR 2.53 [95% CI 1.26–5.08]) and self‐reported poor sleep quality (OR 3.31 [95% CI 1.74–6.30]), even after multiple adjustment. Neither objective nor self‐reported sleep disturbances increased daytime sleepiness in this group of pregnant women.

Discussion

Both objective nighttime sleep less than 6 hours and self‐reported poor sleep quality in healthy third‐trimester pregnant women is associated with significant risks for clinical depression. Improving sleep would likely be associated with a reduction in depression symptom severity and an attenuation of the prevalence of depression in pregnant women.
Advances in therapy for Philadelphia‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of childhood and adolescence
Authors: Bleckmann Kirsten , Schrappe Martin
Published: January 2016

The presence of the BCR/ABL1 fusion gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a rare finding and has been an adverse prognostic factor associated with a high risk of therapeutic failure. The current key components of treatment are intensive polychemotherapy and a BCR/ABL1 kinase domain inhibitor. This treatment approach has been applied in a few clinical trials by paediatric leukaemia study groups. Thus, this subtype of ALL serves as the first model system for truly targeted treatment. The role of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is increasingly called into question, at least in a favourable, though not yet clearly defined, subset of patients. Currently, the choice of the most effective tyrosine kinase inhibitor is not yet settled, in particular, in view of potential reduction of overall treatment intensity.
What factors may assist social workers to promote life satisfaction and personal growth among first‐time grandfathers?
Authors: Ben Shlomo Shirley , Taubman ‐ Ben‐Ari Orit
Published: January 2016

Drawing on positive psychology and the perception of families as systems, the current study examined the contribution of variables regarding first‐time grandfathers and their sons, who have become first‐time fathers, to grandfathers' life satisfaction and personal growth. In addition, the association between the frequency of meetings between grandfather and grandchild to grandfathers' life satisfaction and personal growth was examined.

The sample consisted of 106 pairs of first‐time Jewish Israeli grandfathers and their sons (n = 212). The grandfathers completed questionnaires relating to personal variables such as narcissism, family relations and frequency of meetings with the grandchild, and reported on their sense of life satisfaction and personal growth. The fathers completed questionnaires relating to personal variables, narcissism and family relations.

Higher levels of grandfathers' life satisfaction were associated with their own perception of good family relations; higher levels of grandfathers' personal growth were related to their narcissism. The grandfather's perception of the frequency of meetings with the grandchild was found to moderate between the father's narcissism and the grandfather's life satisfaction and personal growth.

The findings point to the crucial role social workers may play in enhancing life satisfaction and enabling personal growth through dedicated intergenerational interventions.
Soft tissue stability and volumetric changes after 5 years in pontic sites with or without soft tissue grafting: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Sanz‐Martín Ignacio , Sailer Irena , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Thoma Daniel S.
Published: January 2016

To evaluate volumetric changes (VC) of pontic sites with or without soft tissue grafting over 5 years.

Material and Methods

Twelve patients participating in a prospective clinical trial evaluating fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) were selected on the basis of having received a subepithelial connective tissue graft for soft volume augmentation in pontic sites (augmentation group [AG]). An additional 12 patients, belonging to the same study, that had not received soft tissue grafting were used as controls (control group [CG]). Casts made from dental impressions taken at prosthesis delivery (baseline [BL]) and at 5 years (5‐FU) were digitized, and linear and volumetric measurements performed to assess the soft tissue pontic height (PH), abutment height (AH), (VC) and changes in tissue thickness (TT) on the buccal side of the pontics.

Results

There were no significant differences at BL between the two groups for linear measurements (P > 0.05). The changes in soft tissue pontic height (PHC) amounted to a loss in the height of 0.34 mm (SD = 0.5) and 0.35 mm (0.2) for AG and CG, respectively. The mean VC amounted to a loss of 5.31 mm3 (±1.1) (AG) and 4.32 mm3 (±1.7) (CG). None of the changes between BL and 5‐FU in volumetric and linear measurements, including TT and mean mesial and distal abutment height changes (mAHC and dAHC), reached statistically significant differences between AG and CG (P > 0.05). However the changes in linear measurements from BL to 5‐FU were significant in all parameters for both groups (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

At an observational period of 5 years, pontic sites with or without grafting under FDPs demonstrated similar dimensional stability.

Clinical relevance

Pontic sites with or without grafting are volumetrically stable over 5 years.
Development of Implant Stability Quotient values of implants placed with simultaneous sinus floor elevation – results of a prospective study with 109 implants
Authors: Kuchler Ulrike , Chappuis Vivianne , Bornstein Michael M. , Siewczyk Marta , Gruber Reinhard , Maestre Laura , Buser Daniel
Published: January 2016

Objectives

In patients with implant placement and simultaneous sinus floor elevation (SFE), healing periods of 6 months have been the standard of care for more than 25 years. The primary objective of this prospective case series study was to determine what percentage of implants placed with SFE reach a threshold Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) of ≥70 after 8 weeks of healing using Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA).

Material and Methods

A total of 109 dental implants were placed in 97 patients. SFE was carried out with a lateral window approach and a mixture of autogenous bone chips and deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM). Titanium screw‐type, tissue‐level implants with a chemically modified SLA surface were used. ISQ values were measured after implant insertion (ISQBL) and after 8 weeks of healing (ISQ8 wk). Patients showing ISQ8 wk ≥ 70 subsequently underwent restoration. Implants with an ISQ value < 70 were recalled at 2‐week intervals.

Results

The ISQ at baseline had a mean value of 68.3 (SD ± 9.8). At 8 weeks, the mean ISQ value was 73.6 (SD ± 6.4). This increase was statistically significant (P < 0.001). An ISQ8 wk value ≥70 was observed for 91 implants (83%). One implant (0.9%) with a peri‐implant infection and severe bone loss at 8 weeks was considered an early failure.

Conclusions

This study showed that 83% of implants reached the threshold level of ISQ ≥ 70 after 8 weeks, allowing an early loading protocol. The early failure rate was considered low with 0.9%. The RFA technology is a suitable method to objectively monitor implant stability longitudinally.
Locus Coeruleus Dysfunction in Transgenic Rats with Low Brain Angiotensinogen
Authors: Ogier Michael , Bricca Giampiero , Bader Michael , Bezin Laurent
Published: January 2016

Aims

Transgenic TGR(ASrAOGEN)680 (TGR) rats with specific downregulation of glial angiotensinogen (AOGEN) synthesis develop cardiovascular deficits, anxiety, altered response to stress, and depression. Here, we evaluated whether these deficits are associated with alteration of the integrity of the noradrenergic system originating from locus coeruleus (LC) neurons.

Methods

Adult TGR rats were compared to control Sprague Dawley rats in terms of the following: tissue levels of transcripts encoding noradrenergic markers, tissue tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein level, in vivo TH activity, density of TH‐containing fibers, behavioral response to novelty, locomotor activity, and polysomnography.

Results

TH expression was increased in the LC of TGR rats compared to controls. In LC terminal fields, there was an increase in density of TH‐containing fibers in TGR rats that was associated with an elevation of in vivo TH activity. TGR rats also displayed locomotor hyperactivity in response to novelty. Moreover, polysomnographic studies indicated that daily paradoxical sleep duration was increased in TGR rats and that the paradoxical sleep rebound triggered by total sleep deprivation was blunted in these rats.

Conclusions

Altogether, these results suggest that disruption of astroglial AOGEN synthesis leads to cardiovascular, cognitive, behavioral, and sleep disorders that might be partly due to LC dysfunction.
Repeat liver retransplantation: rationale and outcomes
Authors: Memeo Riccardo , Laurenzi Andrea , Pittau Gabriella , Sanchez‐Cabus Santiago , Vibert Eric , Adam Rene , Azoulay Daniel , Sa Cunha Antonio , Ichai Philippe , Saliba Faouzi , Samuel Didier , Cherqui Daniel , Castaing Denis
Published: January 2016

Background

Liver retransplantation remains the only option for recurrent graft failure. The aim of our study is to identify predictive factors involved in patients and graft survival for patients undergoing repeat retransplantation (RRT).

Methodology

From January 1985 to December 2012, 2940 liver transplantations were performed in 2477 patients at Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France. All patients who underwent third, fourth, and fifth transplantation were included in the study and retrospectively analyzed.

Results

In the univariate analysis, the factors that were associated with 90‐d patient post‐operative survival were pre‐operative vasopressors support, pre‐operative extra hepatic sepsis, primary non‐function (PNF) as indication of RRT, recipient's model of end stage liver disease (MELD), urgent RRT, creatinine value at RRT, and prothrombin ratio. The multivariate logistic regression confirmed the role of systemic septic status (OR = 12.8, p = 0.01) and vasopressor drug support (OR = 4.7, p = 0.05) as predictors of post‐operative mortality. In the univariate analysis, the factors that were associated with patient 10 yr long‐term survival (were vasopressor support, systemic septic patient, PNF as indication of RRT, RRT occurred between 1985 and 1999, recipient's MELD, creatinine value at RRT, and prothrombin ratio. The multivariate logistic regression confirmed the role of systemic septic patient (OR = 6.4, p = 0.03) and the RRT between 1985 and 1999 (OR = 3.6, p = 0.05) as predictors of long‐term mortality.

Conclusion

RRT represent a valid alternative in selected patients. Selection should be oriented on patients needing third transplant without extra hepatic sepsis and vasoactive drug support at moment of RRT. If necessary, fourth and fifth RRT could be performed with a decision made on case‐by‐case basis, despite a high post‐operative mortality.
Mapping Value in a ‘Green’ Commodity Frontier: Revisiting Commodity Chain Analysis
Authors: Neimark Benjamin , Mahanty Sango , Dressler Wolfram
Published: January 2016

Analysis of commodity chains has provided important insights on how power, resource and market access mediate the distribution of benefits and risks. Given this analytical potential, Commodity Chain Analysis (CCA) is now being applied to the study of biofuels and carbon markets to gain systematic insight into the circumstances, relationships and transformations involved in their production and exchange. By building on and adapting this approach to three distinct case studies (biofuels in Madagascar and forest carbon in Cambodia and Laos), this article contributes new insights on the emergence of value within market environmentalism. The analysis highlights methodological challenges in applying CCA to commodified forms of nature, and the significance of knowledge and value negotiations. All three cases illustrate that it remains highly uncertain whether or not market exchange can ultimately be realized. As in the case of traditional commodities, pre‐existing conditions of power and access shape modes of production and network configuration. Parallel and intersecting commodity networks (e.g. for land and timber) also require us to think beyond the traditional single‐commodity focus. Thus, the authors call for an expanded analytical focus in applying CCA to non‐material ‘green’ commodities which places greater emphasis on value negotiations and connections within new ‘commodity frontiers’.
Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic features of pediatric acute gastrointestinal graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Hiejima Eitaro , Nakase Hiroshi , Matsuura Minoru , Honzawa Yusuke , Higuchi Hirokazu , Saida Satoshi , Umeda Katsutsugu , Hiramatsu Hidefumi , Adachi Souichi , Izawa Kazushi , Kawai Tomoki , Yasumi Takahiro , Nishikomori Ryuta , Heike Toshio
Published: January 2016

Background and Aim

Acute gastrointestinal graft‐versus‐host disease (GI‐GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). There are very few studies on specific endoscopic findings in pediatric acute GI‐GVHD. The aim of this retrospective case–control study was to elucidate the characteristic endoscopic findings in pediatric acute GI‐GVHD that improve the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopy.

Methods

All consecutive patients under 18 years of age who underwent allogeneic HSCT in Kyoto University Hospital from May 2003 to October 2014 were identified retrospectively. Patients who underwent GI endoscopy as a result of sustained GI symptoms were identified. Intestinal villous patterns were evaluated by magnification endoscopy with the water‐immersion technique. The patients were diagnosed with acute GI‐GVHD and non‐GVHD on the basis of biopsy histology. Endoscopic findings of the two groups were compared.

Results

Of the 171 patients who underwent HSCT, 30 underwent GI endoscopy. Of these, 17 and nine were diagnosed with acute GI‐GVHD and non‐GVHD, respectively. Compared with non‐GVHD, acute GI‐GVHD was associated significantly more often with short blunt villi in the duodenum (P = 0.013), variable defect villi and short blunt villi in the ileum (P = 0.009 and 0.035, respectively), and edema, erosion, and tortoiseshell‐like mucosae in the colon (P = 0.017, 0.023, and 0.017, respectively).

Conclusion

Pediatric acute GI‐GVHD was associated with several characteristic features on magnifying endoscopy with the water‐immersion technique. These features will be useful for endoscopic diagnosis of pediatric acute GI‐GVHD.
Patient‐reported outcome measures in neurodisability: fit for purpose or scope for improvement?
Authors: Knox Virginia
Published: January 2016

This commentary is on the review article by Janssens et al. on pages 437–451 of this issue.
What does selective motor control of the upper extremity in cerebral palsy tell us?
Authors: Gordon Andrew M
Published: January 2016

This commentary is on the original article by Wagner et al. on pages 612–617 of this issue.
Optimum bolus wizard settings in insulin pumps in children with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Andersen A. J. B. , Ostenfeld A. , Pipper C. B. , Olsen B. S. , Hertz A. M. , Jørgensen L. K. , Høgsmose J. , Svensson J.
Published: January 2016

Aim

To evaluate current insulin pump settings in an optimally regulated paediatric population using bolus wizard.

Methods

We used a retrospective study design to analyse data from 124 children on insulin pump therapy who had optimum HbA1c levels [< 59 mmol/mol (< 7.5%)] and no history of severe hypoglycaemic events. Bolus wizard settings were used to calculate the insulin to carbohydrate factors and insulin sensitivity factors. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the variables associated with the calculation factors.

Results

Insulin to carbohydrate factor varied from 276 in the youngest group to 424 in the oldest group, and increased according to age. Insulin sensitivity factor was highest in the group aged 6 to < 12 years, with a value of 125. Age, amount of carbohydrates, number of boluses per day and insulin per kg were all significantly associated with both calculation factors. Furthermore, duration of insulin pump treatment was significantly associated with insulin sensitivity factor and percentage bolus/basal was significantly associated with insulin to carbohydrate factor. Gender, diabetes duration and BMI were not associated with any of the calculation factors.

Conclusion

Optimum insulin pump settings at pump initiation depend on both insulin requirements and use of the pump. Settings need to be individualized because the standardized calculation factors are not constant for children. There is a need to develop specific age‐ and insulin dose‐dependent calculation factors.
Drug development from the bench to the pharmacy: with special reference to dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor development
Authors: Carr R. D.
Published: January 2016

The dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor concept is an example of prospective drug design and development based upon a distinct endocrine hypothesis. The design of enzyme inhibitors is a pragmatic approach to drug design; being compatible with the identification and optimization of small molecules that have properties commensurate with oral administration, as well as acceptable drug metabolism, distribution and elimination characteristics. Glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1), a hormone with a spectrum of favourable metabolic actions, including glucose‐dependent stimulation of insulin and inhibition of glucagon secretion, provided the endocrine basis from which the idea of using DPP‐4 inhibitors as anti‐diabetic agents was developed. The origin of the DPP‐4 inhibitor concept was inspired by the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor approach, which succeeded in establishing a class of extensively used therapeutic agents for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
Right Heart Involvement in Patients with Sarcoidosis
Authors: Patel Mita B. , Mor‐Avi Victor , Murtagh Gillian , Bonham Catherine A. , Laffin Luke J. , Hogarth Douglas Kyle , Medvedofsky Diego , Lang Roberto M. , Patel Amit R.
Published: January 2016

The left ventricle (LV) is affected in 20–25% of patients with sarcoidosis and its involvement is associated with morbidity and mortality. However, effects of sarcoidosis on the right ventricle (RV) are not well documented. Our aims were to investigate the prevalence of RV dysfunction in patients with sarcoidosis and determine whether it is predominantly associated with direct cardiac involvement, severity of lung disease, or pulmonary hypertension (PH). We identified 50 patients with biopsy‐proven extra‐cardiac sarcoidosis and preserved LV function, who underwent echocardiography, pulmonary function (PF) testing, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance. RV function was quantified by free wall longitudinal strain. Tricuspid valve Doppler and estimated right atrial pressure were used to estimate systolic pulmonary artery pressure. Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement was considered diagnostic for cardiac sarcoidosis and assumed to involve both ventricles. Of the 50 patients, 28 (56%) had RV dysfunction, 4 with poorly defined PF status. Of the remaining 24 patients, 16 (67%) had lung disease, 8 (33%) had PH, and 10 (42%) had LV involvement. Ten patients had greater than one of these findings, and 4 had all 3. In contrast, in 4/24 patients (17%), RV dysfunction could not be explained by these mechanisms, despite severely reduced RV strain. In conclusion, RV dysfunction is common in patients with sarcoidosis and is usually associated with either direct LV involvement, lung disease, or PH, but may occur in the absence of these mechanisms, suggesting the possibility of isolated RV involvement and underscoring the need for imaging protocols that would include RV strain analysis.
Left Ventricular End‐Systolic Eccentricity Index for Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension in Infants
Authors: Abraham Sharon , Weismann Constance G.
Published: January 2016

Background

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common problem in the neonatal intensive care unit and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to identify a quantitative echocardiographic marker of septal curvature that can be used to accurately identify PH in NICU infants with concern for PH.

Methods

Echocardiograms of infants who were prematurely born and infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn were performed using a defined protocol for evaluation of PH. Qualitative assessment by a single pediatric cardiologist was used as a reference standard. Qualitative and quantitative parameters of right ventricular (RV) size, pressure, and function were documented. Left ventricular end‐systolic eccentricity index (EI) was defined as the ratio of the anterior–inferior and septal–posterolateral cavity dimensions at the mid‐ventricular level.

Results

A total of 216 infants at risk for PH were included in this study. One hundred forty‐three (66%) had an interpretable tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity. While systolic septal flattening was recognized at EIs ≥ 1.15, more than half‐systemic RV pressure became apparent at EIs ≥ 1.3. Unlike qualitative assessment of septal flattening, there was high inter‐observer agreement for EIs. Quantitative parameters of RV systolic function were impaired only at EIs ≥ 1.3.

Conclusions

We suggest that EIs should be incorporated into routine protocols when there is a concern for PH in neonates. This may lead to a more reliable assessment of PH and may reduce inter‐observer variability. Correlation of EIs with invasive hemodynamic data is needed to validate our results.
Does Homeownership Partly Explain Low Participation in Supplementary Pension Schemes?
Authors: Torricelli Costanza , Brancati Maria Cesira Urzì , Santantonio Marco
Published: January 2016

To investigate a possible trade‐off between homeownership and individual participation in a supplementary pension scheme, we use nine waves of the Bank of Italy's Survey on Household income and Wealth (1995–2012). Italy lends itself to this type of investigation because the Italian public pension system was heavily reformed in the period, providing in principle incentives for participation, and the homeownership rate is very high. The impact of homeownership is captured in two ways: by a dummy for being homeowner and by an index capturing household portfolio illiquidity due to housing. Our results show that, after controlling for a vast array of socio‐economic characteristics and allowing for unobserved individual heterogeneity, both measures of homeownership are negatively associated with participation in supplementary pension schemes. Moreover such an effect persists both in boom and bust phases of the housing market and does not disappear even after tax incentives and a strong default option introduced by the 2007 reform.
The conserved genetic background for pluteus arm development in brittle stars and sea urchin
Authors: Morino Yoshiaki , Koga Hiroyuki , Wada Hiroshi
Published: January 2016

Echinoderm pluteus larvae are considered a classical example of convergent evolution that occurred in sea urchins and brittle stars. Several genes are known to be involved in the development of pluteus arms in sea urchins, including fgfA, pax2/5/8, pea3, otp, wnt5, and tet. To determine whether the convergent evolution of larval arms also involves these genes in brittle stars, their expression patterns were determined in brittle star. We found that all genes showed similar expression in the arms of ophiopluteus to that seen in echinopluteus, suggesting that convergent evolution of pluteus arms occurred by recruitment of a similar set of genes. This may be explained by our observation that some of these genes are also expressed in the spine rudiment of direct‐type development sea urchins. We propose an evolutionary scenario wherein the pluteus arms of both echinopluteus and ophiopluteus were acquired by independent co‐options of the genetic module responsible for the projection of the adult skeleton.
The role of microRNA in myelodysplastic syndromes: beyond DNA methylation and histone modification
Authors: Milunović Vibor , Mandac Rogulj Inga , Planinc‐Peraica Ana , Bulycheva Ekaterina , Kolonić Ostojić Slobodanka
Published: January 2016

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are heterogeneous group of hematologic disorders of mostly elderly and based on distinct clinical phenotypes. Current paradigm of their pathogenesis relies on somatic gene mutations combined with the predisposing defective osteohematopoietic niche, but due to the breakout in epigenetic research scientific focus has steered toward two most common epigenetic modifications: methylation mechanisms and histone modification. At the same time, relatively few studies have been undertaken regarding the third epigenetic pathway – microRNAs – in MDS. The main aim of this review is to provide the basics of microRNA biology and function in oncogenesis, showing the complexity of mechanisms behind this single‐stranded 22 nucleotides long RNA molecule, with further focus on its implication in MDS pathology and clinical context. By extensive literature search, we have shown enough evidence for their deregulation in MDS. However, few studies have addressed the issue on pathogenic events in MDS and its association with specific microRNAs. Preliminary research in clinical setting has shown the possible utility of microRNAs in terms of prognosis and therapy, although we are only beginning to understand various implications of microRNAs in MDS and further extensive research is warranted to answer multiple questions arising from interconnection of this epigenetic mechanism in MDS.
Thrombophilic risk of individuals with rare compound factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A polymorphisms: an international case series of 100 individuals
Authors: Lim Ming Y. , Deal Allison M. , Kim Steven , Musty Michael D. , Conard Jacqueline , Simioni Paolo , Dutrillaux Fabienne , Eid Suhair S. , Middeldorp Saskia , Halbmayer Walter M. , Boneu Bernard , Moia Marco , Moll Stephan
Published: January 2016

The risk of thrombosis in individuals with rare compound thrombophilias, homozygous factor V Leiden (FVL) plus heterozygous prothrombin G20210A (PTM), homozygous PTM plus heterozygous FVL, and homozygous FVL plus homozygous PTM, is unknown. We identified, worldwide, individuals with these compound thrombophilias, predominantly through mailing members of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Physicians were sent a clinical questionnaire. Confirmatory copies of the genetic results were obtained. One hundred individuals were enrolled; 58% were female. Seventy‐one individuals had a venous thrombosis (includes superficial and deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism), 4 had an arterial thrombosis and 6 had both. Nineteen individuals had never had a thrombotic event. Thrombosis‐free survival curves demonstrated that 50% of individuals had experienced a thrombotic event by 35 yrs of age, while 50% had a first venous thromboembolic event (VTE; includes all venous thrombosis except superficial thrombosis) by 41 yrs of age; 38.2% of first VTEs were unprovoked. 37% of patients had at least one VTE recurrence. Seventy percent of first pregnancies carried to term and not treated with anticoagulation were thrombosis‐free. In conclusion, patients with these rare compound thrombophilias are not exceedingly thrombogenic, even though they have a substantial risk for VTE.
Variable prey development time suppresses predator–prey cycles and enhances stability
Authors: Cronin James T. , Reeve John D. , Xu Dashun , Xiao Mingqing , Stevens Heidi N.
Published: January 2016

Although theoretical models have demonstrated that predator–prey population dynamics can depend critically on age (stage) structure and the duration and variability in development times of different life stages, experimental support for this theory is non‐existent. We conducted an experiment with a host–parasitoid system to test the prediction that increased variability in the development time of the vulnerable host stage can promote interaction stability. Host–parasitoid microcosms were subjected to two treatments: Normal and High variance in the duration of the vulnerable host stage. In control and Normal‐variance microcosms, hosts and parasitoids exhibited distinct population cycles. In contrast, insect abundances were 18–24% less variable in High‐ than Normal‐variance microcosms. More significantly, periodicity in host–parasitoid population dynamics disappeared in the High‐variance microcosms. Simulation models confirmed that stability in High‐variance microcosms was sufficient to prevent extinction. We conclude that developmental variability is critical to predator–prey population dynamics and could be exploited in pest‐management programs.
Description of a technique for orthograde endodontic treatment of equine cheek teeth with apical infections
Authors: Lundström T. , Wattle O.
Published: January 2016

An orthograde endodontic method, similar to that used in human dentistry, is described for use on endodontically diseased permanent cheek teeth in horses. The technique has been adapted to meet the anatomical and physiological differences between hypsodont and brachyodont teeth and is performed in sedated horses. The techniques of debriding the pulp cavity and use of dental materials which fulfil the requirements for equine teeth are presented here. The results of this technique appear to be promising but have yet to be evaluated in a peer‐reviewed study. By using orthograde endodontic therapy on sedated horses it is now possible to save endodontically diseased permanent cheek teeth.
Multifunctional human transcriptional coactivator protein PC4 is a substrate of Aurora kinases and activates the Aurora enzymes
Authors: Dhanasekaran Karthigeyan , Kumari Sujata , Boopathi Ramachandran , Shima Hiroki , Swaminathan Amrutha , Bachu Mahesh , Ranga Udaykumar , Igarashi Kazuhiko , Kundu Tapas K.
Published: January 2016

Positive coactivator 4 (PC4), a human transcriptional coactivator, is involved in diverse processes like chromatin organization and transcription regulation. It is hyperphosphorylated during mitosis, with unknown significance. For the first time, we demonstrate the function of PC4 outside the nucleus upon nuclear envelope breakdown. A fraction of PC4 associates with Aurora A and Aurora B and undergoes phosphorylation, following which PC4 activates both Aurora A and B to sustain optimal kinase activity to maintain the phosphorylation gradient for the proper functioning of the mitotic machinery. This mitotic role is evident in PC4 knockdown cells where the defects are rescued only by the catalytically active Aurora kinases, but not the kinase‐dead mutants. Similarly, the PC4 phosphodeficient mutant failed to rescue such defects. Hence, our observations establish a novel mitotic function of PC4 that might be dependent on Aurora kinase‐mediated phosphorylation.