bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIII-37 Effects of supplemented trace mineral amino acid chelates in working Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Coon Craig N , Fowler Jason W , Varney Jessica L , Sitver Max A , Boggess Mary Ann
Published: December 2019

Trace mineral amino acid chelates (TMAAC) maintain integrity prior to absorption without binding to or interacting with other minerals or chelating compounds. TMAACs are essential as prosthetic groups for activating important enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), which is needed to rid the body of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. A 19-day trial utilizing 20 Labrador Retrievers (10m/10f) was set up to determine the effects of TMAAC tabs on performance, recovery, and exercise induced inflammatory response. Dogs were sorted into two treatment groups: the TMAAC group received three oral tablets per day and the CON group received none. Body weights were recorded weekly and feed consumption was recorded daily. All dogs participated in an 8.05 km endurance run on Day 18, inducing exercise stress. Blood draws for serum biomarker analyses and gait analyses were performed at baseline (prior to treatment), 1-hour post-run, and 24-hours post-run. A pressure sensing computerized mat (CIR Systems, Inc) was used to evaluate lameness based on temporal spatial gait parameters. Dogs were walked on the mat at each time point to obtain three valid walks for analysis. TMAAC male dogs had similar amounts of SOD at baseline (P = 0.63) but increased 0.38 ng/ml SOD from baseline to Post-1h, while CON males had a 0.46ng/ml significant decrease in SOD (P = 0.002). Positive antioxidant trends favored TMAAC dogs across biomarkers assayed (P = 0.06). Gait lameness scores (GLS) indicated TMAAC males had unbalanced gait at baseline but recovered their normal gait after being on the treatment (P = 0.02). Stride length evaluation found that after treatment, this characteristic remained constant for TMAAC dogs but became uneven Post-24h for CON dogs (P = 0.04). Data collected from this trial indicate some significant exercise recovery improvement in working Labrador Retrievers supplemented with trace mineral amino acid chelates.
PSIII-39 Gene expression in adipose tissue at 8 months could explain adult overweight status in Beagle dogs
Authors: Leray Véronique , Moinard Alex , Leclerc Lucie , Thorin Chantal , Nguyen Patrick , Flanagan John
Published: December 2019

Individuals are more or less prone to excessive fat deposits and body weight. This could result from differences in the expression of gene involved in adipose tissue metabolism in early life. This study aimed to identify such possible differences in puppy dogs. Twenty-four 4-wk old females Beagle puppies were raised in the same environment, and fed with the same diet, ad libitum but for 3.5 h. Dogs were allotted in 3 groups according to their fat-free mass, fat mass, and pelvic circumference at 24 months of age: IW (n = 9; ideal body condition, OW1 (n = 6; moderately overfat) and OW2 (n = 9; overfat/obese). Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) samples were collected at the time when animals were neutered (8 months). The mRNA level of genes involved in the regulation of lipolysis (perilipin, HSL), lipogenesis (ACC, ADRP, CPT1, FAS, FABP), adipogenesis (PPARg, SREBP-1c), thermogenesis (UCP1, UCP2), glucose uptake (GLUT4), insulin signaling (IRS2), and adiponectin production was assessed by real time RT-PCR. Gene expression levels in the three groups were compared by a Wilcoxon test. Ethics approval was granted by the French Ministry of Research and Royal Canin’s Ethical Committee. Compared to IW, OW2 dogs had a lower expression of UCP1 in the VAT (P = 0.049). This could result in reduced heat production by non-shivering thermogenesis. Moreover, a low UCP1 expression has been linked to obesity. Compared to IW, OW1 dogs had a higher transcription level of ACC and ADRP genes (P < 0.05). ACC is a point of regulation of the FA synthesis whereas ADRP is involved in the differentiation of the pre-adipocytes, and fat storage. These results suggest that the overweight/obesity phenotype could be associated with a lower heat loss, and the moderately overweight phenotype with a higher ability to fat synthesis compared to the lean phenotype.
PSVIII-33 Therapeutic effects of sophorolipid on intestinal restoration in HT-29 cell and early-weaned rats
Authors: Kwak Minjin , Kim Jonggun , Lee Hanbae , Whang Kwang-Youn
Published: December 2019

Sophorolipid (SPL) is a glycolipid bio-surfactant produced by Candida bombicola and displays antimicrobial activity and stimulates collagenesis with less toxic and more biodegradable than other surfactants. As its effect has not been demonstrated in weaning animal models, we conducted two experiments to investigate the effect of SPL on intestinal restoration. First, a wound healing assay using HT-29 cells was conducted to quantify migration capacity. Cells were seeded into 6-well plate and scratched. After 24- and 48-hour incubation, SPL increased migration of cells in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). It seemed that SPL had restorative effects on intestinal wounds. Afterwards, an in vivo experiment was conducted using thirty 2-week-old early-weaned rats, which were randomly allotted into three treatments (CON; NIH-31 diet, BAM; 32 ppm of bambermycin and SPL; 10 ppm of SPL). During 16 days of trial, rats fed ad libitum and body weights were measured every four days. Rat were sacrificed at days 8 and 16 to collect jejunum to investigate morphological changes and cecal contents to determine microbial population. The data were analyzed using ANOVA procedures of SAS 9.4. The means were compared by Duncan’s multi-range test at P < 0.05 level of significance. Rats in SPL were heavier than those in CON by 15.1 % at day 16. Jejunal villus height in SPL was highest among treatments at day 8, and it was also significantly lengthened in SPL than other treatments at day 16 (P < 0.05). Cecal populations of E. coli, Streptococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. were significantly reduced by 64.7 %, 67.2 % and 40.0 % in SPL, respectively, relative to CON at day 16 (P < 0.05). Collectively, SPL accelerated growth by improving intestinal restoration and modulating microbiota population. SPL might have a potential as a feed additive to reduce early-weaning stress of livestock animals.
PSI-11 Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in high-protein sunflower meal fed to growing pigs with or without phytase supplementation
Authors: Lee Jinyoung , Kim Jong Woong , Nyachoti C Martin
Published: December 2019

The objective of this research was to estimate the apparent (ATTD) and standardized (STTD) total tract digestibility of phosphorus (P) in high-protein sunflower meal (HP-SFM) fed to growing pigs with or without phytase supplementation. Twenty-four individually-housed pigs (19.5 ± 1.9 kg) were assigned to 1 of 4 diets in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per diet. The experimental diets consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and a diet containing 30% of HP-SFM, both of which were fed without or with phytase supplementation at 500 phytase units/kg. Pigs were given their daily feed allowance at 2.8 times the maintenance energy requirement. The experimental period lasted for 15 d including 10 d for adaptation to experimental diets and 5 d for total collection of feces. The STTD of P was calculated by correcting the ATTD of P with the basal endogenous P loss, which was assumed to be 190 mg/kg dry matter intake. Phytase supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) both calcium (Ca; 1.34 vs. 2.14%) and P concentrations in feces (3.23 vs. 4.44%) in HP-SFM including diets. Addition of dietary phytase to the HP-SFM-contained diets also reduced (P < 0.05) daily Ca output from 3.08 to 1.86 g/d and daily P output from 6.41 to 4.51 g/d. The ATTD of Ca and P and STTD of P increased (P < 0.05) by providing phytase in both basal and HP-SFM including diets. The ATTD and STTD of P in HP-SFM were 18.4 and 19.3% for without phytase and 36.5 and 37.5% for with phytase, respectively, and there was a tendency (P = 0.063) for phytase supplementation to increase P utilization in HP-SFM fed to growing pigs. The standardized total tract digestible P content in HP-SFM was calculated at 3.61 g/kg.
PSVII-3 Body temperature and movement patterns of Raramuri Criollo versus Angus-crossbred cows grazing Chihuahuan Desert rangeland in summer
Authors: Cibils Andres , Estell Rick , Gonzalez Alfredo , Spiegal Sheri , Anderson Martha , Steele Caitriana , Continanza Guadalupe
Published: December 2019

Body temperature and movement patterns of Angus Hereford crossbred (AH) vs. Raramuri Criollo (RC) nursing cows were monitored in summer 2016 and 2017. AH and RC cows grazed separately in two adjacent Chihuahuan Desert pastures (1190ha, 1165ha) in a crossover design for 4 weeks each year. Body temperature (BodyT) was monitored at 10 min intervals by placing blank CIDRs containing a temperature logger in 10 cows per breed. Seven to 9 AH and RC cows were also fitted with GPS collars that recorded position and ambient temperature (CollarT) at 10 min intervals. A landscape thermal map (LandT) was developed for habitat analysis. Data were analyzed within four daytime segments: dawn (sunrise to 9AM); pre-noon (9AM to noon); post-noon (noon to 3PM); and dusk (3PM to sunset). ANOVA was used to determine whether BodyT, animal movement, CollarT, and mean LandT position within each day segment were different for AH vs. RC cows. Breed nested within Year*Pasture was treated as the experimental unit. BodyT increased as a day progressed and was higher (P < 0.05) in AH vs. RC during post-noon (38.83 vs. 38.42oC) and dusk (39.22 vs. 38.70oC). Compared to AH counterparts, RC cows traveled farther (4.7 vs. 2.7 km*daytime h-1, P < 0.05), at higher velocities (5.9 vs. 3.5 m*min-1, P < 0.05) and spent more time grazing (5.6 vs. 4.3 daytime h; P < 0.05) and traveling (0.7 vs. 0.3 daytime h; P < 0.05) during all four daytime segments. Largest breed differences were observed during the hottest segments of the day (post-noon and dusk). Increasing CollarT throughout a day was associated with selection of cooler landscape locations (LandT) in both breeds. Apparent lower body heat load in RC cows may reduce constraints on their movement patterns compared to AH cows grazing Chihuahuan Desert rangeland in summer.
PSVII-4 Ruminal fermentation and enteric methane production of legumes containing condensed tannins fed in continuous culture
Authors: Soder Kathy J , Roca-Fernandez Ana , Dillard S Leanne
Published: December 2019

A continuous culture fermentor study was conducted to assess nutrient digestibility, VFA concentration, microbial protein synthesis, bacterial N efficiency and enteric methane (CH4) production of 4 legumes containing different condensed tannins (CT) concentrations. Legumes were fermented in a 50:50 diet with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.): 1) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; ALF no CT); 2) Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; BFT, low CT); 3) Crown vetch [Securigera varia (L.); CV, moderate CT]; 4) Sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.); SL, high CT]. Diets were randomly assigned to 4 fermentors in 4 periods in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, with 7 d for adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. Temperature, pH and CH4 concentrations were recorded. Effluent samples were analyzed for pH, VFA, and DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF for determination of apparent (DM, OM, NDF and ADF) and true (DM and OM) nutrient digestibilities. Microbial protein synthesis and bacterial efficiency were estimated by analysis of N flows and purines. Forage samples were analyzed for DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, minerals and CT concentrations. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. The CT concentrations (g/kg DM) were 3, 21, 38 and 76 in ALF, BFT, CV and SL, respectively. Apparent and true DM and OM digestibilities were lower (P < 0.01) in SL than in ALF and BFT. Bacterial N efficiency per kg of truly digested DM and OM was lower (P = 0.05) in SL than in BFT and CV. The lowest (P < 0.001) CH4 production per unit of digestible nutrients was found in SL. There was a negative correlation (P < 0.001) between CT concentration and CH4 production. However, tradeoffs in ruminal fermentation (reduced nutrient digestibility, VFA concentration and bacterial N efficiency) must be considered when SL is used.
PSVII-7 Effects of alkali treatment on nutrient content and ergot alkaloid concentration in tall fescue silage
Authors: Allen Hannah , Bailey Eric , Meng Kevin
Published: December 2019

Addition of alkaline compounds at harvest may affect in vitro digestion and ergot alkaloid concentrations in endophyte-infected tall fescue silage. Silage (n = 60; 10 replications/treatment) was produced by filling vacuum-sealing plastic bags (35.5 cm by 27.9 cm) with 150 g of K31 tall fescue (DM basis; forage DM=76.9%; 96% endophyte infection rate) harvested in June. Alkalizing agents (CaO and NaOH) were solubilized in water (20% inclusion; wt/wt basis) and added to the forage at inclusion rates of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% on a dry matter basis. After ensiling for 42 d, forage samples were lyophilized and subsampled for proximate analysis and analysis of ergot alkaloids. A separate subsample was taken for in vitro total disappearance determination, and each sample was replicated in triplicate. Forage quality and digestibility values were calculated on an organic matter basis because organic matter linearly decreased (P < 0.01) as alkali increased. Alkali increased pH linearly (P < 0.01). Forage NDF decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as greater amounts of alkali treatment were included. Crude protein did not differ (P = 0.41) among treatments. In vitro total disappearance (OM basis) increased linearly (P < 0.01) as inclusion of alkali increased. Total ergot alkaloid concentration did not differ (P = 0.62) across treatments. Ergovaline concentration increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing alkali inclusion, but remained below established threshold for toxicity in ruminants. Lactic acid concentration responded quadratically (P < 0.01) with the lowest value corresponding to 3% alkali treatment. Acetic acid concentration increased quadratically (P < 0.01) with the highest value occurring during the 1% alkali inclusion. Propionic acid concentration increased linearly (P = 0.02) as alkali inclusion increased. A quadratic effect (P < 0.01) was observed for butyric acid concentration, with a decrease in butyrate above 1% alkali inclusion. Under conditions of this experiment, addition of alkalizing agents increased digestibility of baled tall fescue silage.
PSVIII-4 Live growth performance of Jersey steers using an aggressive implant strategy
Authors: Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Pillmore Sierra L , Cooper Kimberly , Tennant Travis , Lawrence Ty
Published: December 2019

This experiment was designed to study the effect of days on feed and an aggressive implant strategy on Jersey steer growth performance. Steers (n = 30; start of trial body weight (BW) 183 ± 43 kg) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments; negative control (CON) or implanted with Revalor 200 every 70 d (REV; d 0, d 70, d 140, d 210, d 280, d 350) for a total of 6 implants. Steers were weighed every 35 d and daily feed delivery was recorded daily. Data for dry matter intake (DMI) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were analyzed via a mixed model; the fixed effects were day and treatment. Live growth BW and average daily gain (ADG) used day as the repeated measure and animal as the subject in a repeated measures analysis. Change in BW increased linearly (P < 0.01); treatments differed in BW from d 280 through d 350 (P < 0.01). Average daily gain decreased (P < 0.01) linearly and differed (P < 0.01) at d 70, d 140, d 280, and d 350, but not (P ≥ 0.10) at d 210 or d 420. Dry matter intake was greater (P < 0.05) for REV steers (7.6 kg/d) than CON (6.8 kg/d). Gain to feed ratio did not differ (P ≥ 0.78) between CON steers (0.13 kg/kg dry matter (DM)) and REV (0.14 kg/kg DM) steers, yet G:F differed (P < 0.01) amongst periods (d 70 = 0.21 kg/kg, d 140 = 0.16 kg/kg, d 210 = 0.15 kg/kg, d 280 = 0.13 kg/kg, d 350 = 0.08 kg/kg, d 420 = 0.08 kg/kg). Aggressively implanting Jersey steers improved growth performance by 9.6%, 13.2%, 11.3%, and 7.7% for BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F, respectively.
PSVII-8 Trends in the unwanted horse population in the US Pacific Northwest
Authors: Nagy Shayna
Published: December 2019

A large amount of horses are relinquished by their owners every year. Many of these unwanted horses are sent to non-profit shelters, which have become overcrowded. Many of these shelters struggle to find sufficient funding and also to increase the adoption rates of the animals. The goal of this study was to analyze trends in demographical data and intake and outcome types of the unwanted horse population in the states of Washington and Idaho and to determine the days of stay (DOS) of horses in these states. Data on 545 equids from four shelters from the two states were recorded. The overall average DOS for the four shelters was 232.94 d however significant differences were observed among the shelters (P < 0.05). Riding horse breeds represented 59% of the sample population. Significant differences in DOS (P < 0.05) was observed among the breed classes (Drafts: 311.14 d, Ponies: 230.62 d, Riding Horse: 76.18 d, Gaited: 53.21 d, and Exotic: 112.58 d, Unknown: 603.87 d). When including animals of unknown age, there was significant difference (P < 0.05) among age groups (Infantile: 29.1 d, Young: 83.75 d, Mature: 112.95 d, Geriatric: 107.08 d and Unknown: 480.49 d.) There was no significant difference in gender. For animals with recorded intake types, there was no significant difference (Surrender: 143.08 d and Rescued: 178.25 d). There was also no difference in DOS for outcome type (Adopted: 229.32 d, Fostered: 344.0 d, Euthanized: 295.48 d, and Other causes of death: 386.67 d). The estimated cost per horse for each shelter ($9.99/d) ranged from $654 to $6248/horse. Reducing the stay duration of animals and increasing the flow of horses through shelters is important in alleviating shelter overload and improving the welfare of animals relinquished to these shelters and reducing costs associated with maintaining horses.
PSI-B-42 Late-Breaking: Effect of Nellore cattle supplementation during the growing phase on pasture with urea (high or low) and with or without tannin extracts on the performance, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters
Authors: Cidrini Iorrano A , Prados Laura , Foresto Willian , Mariano Eduarda , Souza William , Siqueira Gustavo R , Resende Flavio D
Published: December 2019

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of cattle supplementation (3g/kg BW) with urea (U) and tannin extracts (TE; SilvaFeed Bypro®️) during the dry season on performance, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters. Trial 1-Sixty-four Nellore (294 ± 15.2 kg BW) were used to determine the effect of supplementation during the growing phase (137d) on performance. The animals were blocked by BW to one of four treatments: 1) 30g urea/kg DM supplement (LU); 2) 30g urea/kg DM supplement + 7g TE/kg DM supplement (LU+TE); 3) 50g urea/kg DM supplement (HU); 4) 50g urea/kg DM supplement + 7g TE/kg DM supplement (HU+TE). Trial 2- Eight ruminally cannulated Nellore fed with trial 1 diet (4 x 4 Latin square) was used to evaluate DM intake and digestibility, ruminal pH, VFA, ruminal ammonia, serum glucose and urea at different times after feeding. The data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4. There was no interaction (P > 0.10) between U and TE, the treatments did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG, intake or digestibility, VFA total, serum glucose and urea (Table1). However, animals fed TE showed butyrate (Figure 1) tended to higher on time 12-18h (Time × TE; P = 0.06), while the acetate: propionate ratio tended (Time × TE; P = 0.08) to decrease. The isovalerate tended to be higher on time 6h in animals fed HU+TE while LU+TE tended to be higher on time 12-18h. The ruminal pH of the animals fed with LU tended to be lower on time 6h compared to HU, while ruminal ammonia was higher (P < 0.01) to animals fed HU on time 6h compared to LU. Overall, TE and U did not influence the performance of Nellore and the inclusion of TE tended to improve the efficiency in ruminal fermentation.
PSIV-B-25 Late-Breaking: Maternal supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids and methionine during late- gestation alters amino acid transporters and global DNA methylation in the lamb small intestine
Authors: Relling Alejandro E , Velazquez Milca Rosa , Batistel Fernanda
Published: December 2019

The intestine plays a crucial role in nutrient digestion and absorption, and its function is critical for animal growth and health. However, the effect of maternal nutrition on offspring’s intestine is not well documented. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids, methionine or both during late-gestation on offspring’s intestine amino acids transporters and global DNA methylation. Twenty ewes were used in a randomized block design and treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial design. Treatments were: 1) control diet (CTR) without polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or methionine (MET) supplementation; or supplemented with 2) Ca salts of PUFA (1% DMI; Strata G113®, Virtus Nutrition); rumen-protected MET (0.1% DMI; Smartamine®, Adisseo); and 4) PUFA and MET (PUFA+MET). Treatments were fed from day 100 to 145 of gestation. On day 145, ewes were euthanized and fetuses’ intestines were sampled. Protein quantification of amino acid transporters was measured using Simple Western System and global DNA methylation was determined using a commercial kit. No interactions between PUFA×MET were observed for the variables analyzed. PUFA increased (P ≤ 0.03) global DNA methylation and protein expression of SLC7A5, SLC38A2, and SLC38A10 compared with CTR. Furthermore, PUFA tended to increase (P = 0.07) SLC38A1 protein expression compared with CTR, whereas no difference (P > 0.05) was observed for SLC6A9. Compared with CTR, MET increased (P ≤ 0.05) global DNA methylation and SLC38A10 protein expression, and tented to increase (P ≤ 0.10) SLC6A19 and SLC38A2. MET did not affect SLC7A5 and SLC38A1 compared with CTR. Maternal supply of PUFA and MET led to greater protein expression of amino acid transporters and global DNA methylation on offspring’ intestine; however, the effects of these nutrients were not additive. Further research is necessary to better understand the role of DNA methylation on intestine’s amino acid transporters.
PSIV-B-39 Late-Breaking: Rhipicephalus sanguineus in domestic canines of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
Authors: Robles Mario C Rubio , Verdugo Idalia Enriquez , Camacho Soila M Gaxiola , Campo Nohemi Castro del , Guajardo Silvia del C Cota
Published: December 2019

The zoonotic potential of canine vector-borne diseases mainly tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus is associated with the strongest evidence of ticks exposed to high temperatures attach and feed on humans faster, suggesting that the risk of human parasitism by Rhipicephalus sanguineus could increase in warm weather areas, such as the state of Sinaloa, Mexico; which increases the risk of transmission of zoonotic agents as such Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Lyme disease, Typhus, Rickettsial, Tularemia, Babesia and Anaplasma impacting on human and canine health; so the aim of this study was genetical characterization of ticks present in dogs attended at veterinary clinics in the city of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico. for it, were collected 240 live ticks present on 120 canines and processed in the Parasitology laboratory of the FMVZ-UAS, after the Morphological identification of Rhipicephalus, were formed 5 groups and the DNA extraction was performed by QIAamp DNA Mini Kit de QIAGEN® and processed by PCR using the oligonucleotide sequences: 16S+1: 5′-CCG GTC TGA ACT CAG ATC AAG T3′ y 16S-1: 5′-GCT CAA TGA TTT TTT AAA TTG CTG T-3′, of the 16S ARNr mitochondrial. The PCR amplification of target region of the the 16S ARNr, from DNA tick samples, resulted amplicons of size 460 bp and the 5 sequences generated and analysed, was genetically compatible with Rhipicephalus sanguineus of the GenBank sequences; being important identification for the association with pathogens and the risk of transmission of canine zoonosis.
PSXIV-6 Late-Breaking: Evaluation of the heat tolerance in Girolando cows
Authors: Mendonca Filipe A , Taveira Rodrigo , Anjos Victor Dos , Silva Izabelle Da , Ponte Felipe , Mesquita Bruno
Published: December 2019

The breeds that present better adaptations to the climate of the region where they are raised may present greater productive advantages in relation to those that are less adapted. Considering the tropical regions, it is important to check whether the breeds used have heat tolerance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the heat tolerance of 15 Girolando cows, which was conducted by three evaluations in the months of October, November and December respectively. All evaluations were carried out on sunny days without clouds and little wind. This test consisted of gathering the cows for being compared to each other in a shaded pasture for two hours, from 11 am to 1:00 pm, gauging the physiological parameters at 1:00 pm. Afterwards, the cows were exposed to the open and sunny environment, allowing the total incidence of solar radiation, for one hour (from 1:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m.), then returning to the shaded corral, being immediately gauging the physiological parameters, and remaining for more one hour, from 2:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. assessing again the parameters at 3:00 p.m. The temperature and humidity index found in the evaluations performed at 1:00, 2:00 and 3:00 p.m. hours were 76.6, 77.6 and 78.5, respectively. The mean body surface temperature obtained at 1:00, 2:00 and 3:00 p.m. were 38.16 ° C, 38.90 ° C and 38.22 ° C, respectively. The average values of the sweating rate found were 845.55, 1,088.29 and 955.85 g. m-². h-1 for the measurements performed at 1:00, 2:00 and 3:00 p.m., respectively. The mean values of the rectal temperature obtained at 1:00, 2:00 and 3:00 p.m. were 38.39 ° C, 38.70 ° C and 38.45 ° C, respectively. The evaluated cows showed heat tolerance, suggesting that dairy cattle production systems in the tropics can use Girolando cows.
PSV-24 Effect of pre-weaning, post-weaning and fattening growth rate on carcass and meat traits in feedlot Nellore cattle
Authors: Amorim Tamyres , Gemelli Jessica , Fuzikawa Ingrid , Martins Taiane S , Moura Gabriella , Mueller Lenise , Ferrinho Adrielle D , Garbossa Pollyana , Muñoz Julian A , Rosa Caroline , Ramos Vinicius , Modesto Raquel , Costa Mariana , Ronchi Michel , Dibo Pedro V , Zambianco Talles D , Poleti Mirele , Baldi Fernando , Bueno Ives C , Corte Rosana , Pereira Angelica
Published: December 2019

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of contrasting growth rate in pre and post-weaning period on carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot Nellore cattle. To high weight gain, in pre and post-weaning period, were be considered management groups with mean weight gain above the third quartile of pre-weaning (PREW) or post-weaning (PROW) weight gain distribution of population to group of moderate gain were be considered management lots with daily average gains between the first and third quartiles of PREW or PROW weight gain distribution of population. In the low gain group will be considered management lots with daily average gains lower than the first quartile of PREW or PROW weight gain distribution of population. We used a total of 500 bulls, registered in the National Association of Breeders and Researchers, fed during 90 days with the same diet, confined and slaughtered. The PREW presented a weight gain rate (WGR) of 57.1, 67.3, and 77.7 kg for low, moderate and high WGR, respectively; and the PROW of 110.3, 113.4, and 119.4 kg for low, moderate and high WGR, respectively. The hot carcass weight influenced WGR in pre-weaning (297.56±11.80, 323.53±10.09, and 364.31±18.88 kg) for low, moderate and high, respectively (P = 0.03). The carcass dressing was affected by weaning period in WGR (pre-weaning: 54.18, 54.33, and 57.88 %; P = 0.034, and post-weaning 55.52, 56.23, and 54.66%; P = 0.471) for low, moderate and high WGR, respectively. The contrasting weight gain groups did not influence the marbling score in PREW (P = 0.128) and PROW (P = 0.772), back fat thickness in PREW (P = 0.719) and PROW (P = 0.833), ribeye area in PREW (P = 0.472) and PROW (P = 0.833), tenderness in PREW (P = 0.936) and PROW (P = 0.911). In general, the gain rate did not improve the carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot Nellore cattle.
PSV-27 Fat color and myoglobin of meat from young cattle fed with mineral or concentrate in growing phase and finished on pasture or feedlot
Authors: Torrecilhas Juliana A , Vito Elias San , Lage Josiane , Fiorentini Giovani , Simioni Tiago , Castagnino Pablo , Lima Laís , Berchielli Telma
Published: December 2019

This trial aimed to evaluate the fat color and myoglobin concentration of three cattle breeds, supplemented in two nutritional plans (NP) during the growing phase and finished in the intensive system on pasture or conventional feedlot. One hundred and nineteen bulls from three genetic groups: Nellore (N), ½ Angus x ½ Nellore (A) and ½ Senepol x ½ Nellore (S), were randomly assigned in two NP on growing phase: mineral (M) or concentrate (C, energy protein 0.3% BW). Following the growing phase, two replicates within each treatment were randomly assigned to one of two finishing systems: pasture (P, n = 59) and conventional feedlot (CF, n = 60). Bulls were supplemented daily with 2% BW of concentrate (16% CP and 78% TDN) and slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Steaks from longissimus muscle (LM) between 12th and 13th ribs each animal were collected for analysis of concentration myoglobin (MYO) and subcutaneous fat were removed for color analysis (parameters: L*, a*, b*, C* and h*). The data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED procedures in SAS 9.4, with a 3×2×2 factorial arrangement. The muscle of Nellore showed greater (P = 0.006) concentration of MYO compared to Angus, however, Senepol had values similar to Nellore and Angus (4.43, 4.03 and 4.25, Nellore, Angus, and Senepol, respectively), and the muscle of animal finished on CF had lower concentration of MYO compared to pasture (P < 0.0001; 4.55 and 3.93, P and CF). The subcutaneous fat of animals finished on pasture showed high (P < 0.05) of L*, a*, b* and C* compared to CF. Therefore, the meat quality parameters were more affected by finished systems, the meat of animals from pasture had the lighter fat and amount of yellow pigmentation, and also presented meat with greater level of myoglobin.
PSV-31 Mechanisms and biochemical pathways affecting the eating quality of Triceps brachii muscle
Authors: Ijiwade Esther O , Bruce Heather L , Guan Le Luo , Chen Yanhong , Roy Bimol , Hamed Rabaa
Published: December 2019

Twenty-four beef steers (Angus, Charolais and Angus crossbred) were used to test the hypothesis that phenotypic measurements of meat quality attributes and intramuscular connective tissue characteristics will be related to the differences in the expression level of genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of collagen. Triceps brachii muscles from steers with low and high intramuscular collagen solubility at 3 days post mortem (dpm) were selected within each breed type for candidate gene analysis. Expression levels of 27 candidate genes were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and the mean differences in expression between candidate and control (18s RNA) genes were calculated. Analysis of variance indicated that breed type had significant effects (P < 0.05) on expression of genes related to collagen types I, V, and VI (COL1A1, COL5A1 and COL6A1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), lysyl hydroxylase (LH), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, 8 and 13, prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4HA1), SMAD (2, 3 and 7), and tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP). Collagen heat solubility had no effect on gene expression (P > 0.05), although there was a significant interaction between breed type and collagen solubility (P < 0.05) for COL3A1, FGF2, MMP13, and SMAD 6 expressions. Candidate gene expression levels were correlated to intramuscular pH, 3 and 13 dpm Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), total intramuscular collagen, and collagen heat solubility at 3 and 13 dpm. Negative correlations (P < 0.05) existed between FGF1 and 13 dpm soluble collagen (r = -0.44), MMP8 and total collagen (r = -0.55) and MMP13 and wet perimysium weight (r = -0.46). Positive correlations (P < 0.05) existed between FGF1 and 3dpm WBSF (r = 0.44) and, TIMP3 and 3 dpm WBSF (r = 0.33). Results indicated genes associated with increased collagen synthesis and inhibition of MMPs were related to increased beef toughness.
PSIX-20 Performance of nursery pigs fed zinc, copper, manganese, and iron in inorganic or organic forms
Authors: Garrett Jack E , McNaughton James L
Published: December 2019

Zinc, copper, manganese and iron are all important trace minerals necessary for optimum growth and performance. The use of organic trace minerals (SQM) provides additional assurances that those minerals do not bind with an antagonist and are actually delivered in a form that allows them to be absorbed and utilized by the pig. This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of organic trace minerals (zinc, copper, manganese and iron) as a partial or complete replacement of inorganic minerals. Ninety-six weaned barrow pigs (60 lbs) were randomly assigned to one of three diets (Control = 100% inorganic; 50-SQM = 50% inorganic and 50% SQM; 100-SQM = 100% SQM trace minerals). Diets were formulated according to NRC specification. Body weights and feed consumption were measured on days 0, 7, 14, 39 and 60. Data were analyzed using GLM ANOVA NCSS, Utah, with mean differences determined using a protected F-test. There was no baby pig mortality experienced in this study. Pig weight gain compared to the Control was different (P < 0.01) by day 7 and carried through to the end of the study (60d: 59.2, 61.0 and 62.2 lbs, respectively). Feed consumption was initially different (P < 0.01) between the Control pigs and those receiving diets containing SQM trace minerals through the first 14 days. Feed efficiency was significantly improved (P < 0.05) by day 14 of the study between the 100% SQM supplemented diet and the Control diet. The pigs receiving any level of SQM trace minerals resulted in more efficient gains than those receiving the Control diet (60 d; 1.938, 1.887, and 1.855, respectively). Overall, this study indicates that the addition of all the supplemented trace minerals (zinc, copper, manganese and iron) in the form of SQM provides a benefit in growth and efficiency during those first weeks after weaning.
PSIX-3 Fast-growing and slow-growing broiler breeds had different response to feed energy level
Authors: Sun Qiujuan , li xiaomin , xiang Rong , Wang Guojun , li wenbin , hui heping , wang zhiqiang
Published: December 2019

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of feed energy on the fast-growing and slow-growing broilers. A total of 1080 1-d-old WOD168-1 and -2 broilers breeding by Yukou Poultry of both gender were assigned to 8 groups. A 2×2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block design to study the effects of breeds (fast-/slow-growing breeds), feed energy (LOW: 2920, 3020 kcal/kg; HI: 3020, 3120 kcal/kg diet for 0–21 d and 22-42d, respectively), and gender (male and female), and the interactive effects. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was formulated to meet nutrient requirements of both breeds. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and feed to gain ratio (F/G) were determined on d 21 and 42, and carcass compositions were determined on d 42. Results from d 0 to 21 indicated that BW, FI and F/G of both breeds decreased as feed energy increased; fast-growing breeds had higher BW and FI, and lower F/G when compared with slow-growing breeds. High feed energy had decreased BW of both breeds on d 42. While F/G from d 0 to 42 showed interactive effects between breeds and feed energy: high feed energy and fast-growing breeds had lowered F/G; while F/G of fast-growing breeds fed with increased feed energy decreased less than slow-growing breeds. Carcass composition measured on d 42 showed different results between breeds and feed energy. Semi-eviscerate rate was increased in fast-growing breeds, but decreased in slow-fasting breeds. In conclusion, different breeds of broilers had different response toward feed energy level.
PSVII-20 Meta-analysis: Effect of increasing dietary calcium and phytase dose on phosphorus digestibility in weaning piglets and growing pigs
Authors: Velayudhan Deepak E , Marchal Leon , Dersjant-Li Yueming
Published: December 2019

A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) levels and phytase dose on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorus (P) in pigs fed corn or wheat-based diets. A database was constructed using 19 studies (published and unpublished), contributing 766 data points with 464 in nursery pigs and 303 in growing pigs. A Buttiauxella sp. phytase was added at 4 doses (250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 FTU/kg) to P and Ca deficient negative control diets (NC) among different studies. Total analysed dietary Ca, total P and calculated phytate P levels varied from 0.41 to 0.97%, 0.36 to 0.67%, and 0.21 to 0.31%, respectively among studies. Data were analysed using Mixed Model by JMP 14.0. Since no significant differences were observed in ATTD P between nursery pigs (average initial body weight 7.5kg) and growing pigs (average initial body weight 40.0kg), the data were combined for the meta-analysis. Nonlinear modelling was used to evaluate the effect of dietary Ca on ATTD P and P digestibility improvement over the NC at different phytase levels. Increasing phytase dose from 0 to 2000 FTU/kg, improved (P < 0.05) ATTD Ca and P in an exponential manner, with a greater ATTD P (P < 0.05) over NC. With multivariate analysis, ATTD P had a negative correlation (P < 0.05) with dietary Ca levels (-0.26), Ca:P ratio (-0.30) and dietary phytate content (-0.40). An interaction was found between Ca level and phytase dose for P digestibility improvement over NC, which was not significantly different at dose between 250 to 1000 FTU but increased (P < 0.05) at phytase dose of 2000 FTU/kg with increasing dietary Ca. These findings suggest that supplementation of 2000 FTU phytase /kg could restore Ca and P balance and mitigate the negative effects of increasing dietary Ca on P digestibility.
PSVII-21 Determination of apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in various hatchery by-products for broiler chickens
Authors: Park Geun Hyeon , Choi Hyeon Seok , Kim Jong Hyuk , Han Gi Ppeum , Ji Sang Yun , Kil Dong Yong
Published: December 2019

The Korean poultry industry produces more than 4,000 tons of hatchery by-products (HBPs) every year. There is an increasing interest in the use of HBPs as a feed ingredient in The Korean feed industry. However, limited information regarding nutritional values for HBPs has been available. Thus, we conducted an experiment to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AAs) in 4 different HBPs for broiler chickens. Four HBPs included infertile eggs (IFE), unhatched eggs (UHE), low grade and dead chicks (LDC), and mixture (MIX) containing 55% IFE, 10% UHE, 10% LDC, and 25% hatched eggshells. A total of three-hundred-thirty-six 21-d-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 7 replicates per treatment. Each diet contained individual HBP as a sole source of AAs. Additional 125 birds were used to estimate ileal endogenous losses of AAs. Results indicated that the AID and SID of 5 essential AAs (Arg, Met, Trp, His, and Val) for LDC were greatest (P < 0.05), but those (Arg, Met, and Trp) for MIX were the least (P < 0.05) among 4 HBPs. The AID and SID of most AAs in IFE were comparable to those in UHE. However, the AID and SID of 3 essential AAs (Lys, Leu, and Phe) were not different among 4 HBPs. The average AID and SID of both essential and nonessential AAs (18 AAs) for LDC were greatest (P < 0.05), but those for MIX were the least (P < 0.05) among 4 HBPs. In conclusion, HBPs used in this experiment contain high amounts of digestible AAs, which are comparable to other animal by-products. Generally, AAs in LDC are more digestible than AAs in other 3 HBPs (UHE, IFE, and MIX).
PSVII-32 Fat analysis and sensory trial on Gallus gallus domesticus fed olive pomace
Authors: Conn Benny J , Snokhous Payton , Kelley Stanley F , Beverly Marcy , Anderson Mark , Legako Jerrad F
Published: December 2019

In any livestock production system, feed is the most costly production input. The goal of any producer is to find a feed source or combination of sources that provide a balance of nutrients that meet the requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing to favorable growth and carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry which can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). This by-product has potential as a supplemental source of energy and other essential nutrients to be blended into livestock rations. The objective of the study was to analyze the adipose tissue, and conduct a sensory trial from broilers fed different levels of olive pomace. Four pens, consisting of 10 broilers each at 34 days of age, were provided four feed diets in separate feeders. Feeders were filled with either a commercial broiler feed (control), or an olive pomace to commercial broiler feed mixture at 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1. The broilers were fed for 27 days, harvested, a fat sample was taken for fatty acid analysis, and a breast was taken from each bird for sensory analysis. The sensory trial on the chicken breast was to determine if students (n = 42) could detect flavor differences between treatment groups. No significant differences were detected between treatment groups in the sensory analysis (P > 0.79). Fat samples showed that all of the fat from the control, 1:3, and 3:1 were similar, however, the 1:1 treatment had lower amounts of docosahexaenoic acid and higher amounts of decanoic acid. While unsure about the differences in fatty acid content for 1:1 treatment, the results illustrate that olive pomace can be fed in large amounts and not affect the palatability of the resulting product.
PSVII-36 Examining the effect of a physiological dose of the polyamine; spermine, on myogenic regulatory transcription factor expression
Authors: gouru Avani , Murdoch Gordon
Published: December 2019

Examining the effect of a physiological dose of the polyamine; spermine, on myogenic regulatory transcription factor expression. Spermine is a micronutrient derived from amino acids. It affects cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and gene regulation in many cell types. Polyamines have long been overlooked with respect to their biological effects on muscle growth. Myogenic regulatory factors (myoD, myf5) initiate, promote and regulate myogenesis. Supporting myogenic transcription factors transcription and by such enhancing muscle production in livestock, through nutrition may be possible with dietary spermine supplementation. We examined the effect of spermine (0.5mM) in undifferentiated c2c12 muscle cells at two time points (8hr and 16hr). Using TaqMan-MGB qRT-PCR we quantified mRNA for key myogenic regulatory factors in a minimum of three experiments each containing 3 technical replicates. We report a significant increase in myoD (P = 0.02) and myf5 (P = 0.05) mRNA at 8hr following spermine treatment as compared to controls (no spermine). After 16 hr exposure to spermine (0.5mM) treatment myoD (P = 0.01) remained significantly different from controls. Our results indicate that spermine supports myogenesis through expression of increased myogenic regulatory factors at early stages of myogenesis. These findings support the need to further test the hypothesis that spermine promotes increased muscle growth and ultimately may represent a dietary means to maximize muscle growth in livestock species.
PSXIII-38 Hepatic reducing factors expression changes in dromedary camel during late gestation and early lactation
Authors: Zarrin Mousa , Christensen Rachael , DoostMohammadi S Kazem , Ahmadpour Ahmadali , Ahmadpour Amir
Published: December 2019

Tremendous stress for female livestock species occurs during transition from gestation to lactation. The liver adaptive mechanisms have evolved to protect the animal’s overall health. However, there are many unknown mediators of this process, especially in dromedary camels. This study investigated the fluctuation of gene expression for the synthesis of hepatic reducing factors in ten multiparous (2.38 ± 0.56; mean ± SEM parity) pregnant dromedary camels (527.94 ± 73.46 kg body weight). Camels were pastured daily and kept in individual stalls nightly with provision of partial mixed ration (PMR) and water. Hepatic biopsies were taken on days 60, 45, 30, and 15 antepartum (AP) and days 3, 15, 30, 45, and 60 postpartum (PP). The mRNA abundance of genes regulating the key enzymes glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) were analyzed with qPCR technique. Statistical significances were determined by general linear model with repeated measures using IBM SPSS statistics software and mean differences with LSD test significance considered at P values < 0.05. Compared to d 60AP, mRNA abundance of most target genes peaked at d 3 or 15PP (P ≤ 0.02) and decreased gradually to the previous 6AP nadir, at d 30PP. Only 6PGD remained elevated until d 30PP (P = 0.03) then decreased d 45PP. The measured mRNA abundances of the GCLC, GCLM, and G6PD at d 30PP, and of 6PGD at d 45PP were lower than at d 3PP (P ≤ 0.05). In contrast with GCLC and GCLM, which did not change for the rest of the study, G6PD and 6PGD decreased slightly from d 30PP to d 60PP (P ≤ 0.05). The results corroborate the increased demand for reducing factors during transition and substantiate the increased expression of hepatic regulating factors, such as Nrf2 during this period.