bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marginalization of girl mothers during reintegration from armed groups in Sierra Leone
Authors: Burman M.E. , McKay S.
Published: October 2007

Background: Although the widespread presence of girls who participate in fighting forces is increasingly recognized, they remain a highly marginalized group globally, receiving little attention either during or after armed conflict. This is especially true for “girl mothers,” girls who return to communities with children born while members of fighting forces.

Aim: The concept of marginalization (Hall et al. 1994) is used to examine what happens to girl soldiers, especially girl mothers, in the aftermath of armed conflict when they seek to reintegrate back into their communities.

Methods: This analysis, as part of a larger study of reintegration of girl mothers, is based on field work with girls who were in fighting forces in northwest Sierra Leone, especially those who returned with children.

Findings: The type and level of marginalization these girls experience is consistent with the conceptualization of marginalization; however, they lack voice and experience shame and vulnerability. Moreover, economics were fundamentally related to their marginalization. The girls’ access to resources was significantly constrained because the area was heavily impacted by the war and because of widespread poverty throughout Sierra Leone.

Discussion: The findings raise important questions about marginalization of girls affected by war. Girls and girl mothers experience an extremely high level of marginalization; however, some aspects are not consistent with the original conceptualization of marginalization. Theory development in nursing needs to incorporate multiple voices, especially those of the very marginalized and be done in such a manner that benefits and empowers.
Verbal and physical abuse against nurses in Turkey
Authors: Çelik S.Ş. , Çelik Y. , Ağırbaş İ. , Uğurluoğlu Ö.
Published: October 2007

Aim:  This study of verbal and physical abuse against nurses in Turkey aimed to describe prevalence, sources, important effects on work, family and social life of the nurses, coping methods and factors.

Methods:  A sample of 622 nurses working in eight hospitals located in the capital city of Turkey was surveyed using verbal and physical abuse questionnaires.

Results:  The prevalence of verbal and physical abuse against nurses in the sample of this study were found to be as 91.1% and 33.0% respectively. Colleagues were found to be the most important source of verbally abusive behaviours while patients and patients’ relatives were the important sources of physically abusive behaviours. Disturbed mental health, decreased job performance and headache were the more frequently reported negative effects of verbal and physical abuses on nurses. The most common reactions against abusive behaviours were anger, helplessness, humiliation and depression. It is interesting to find that ‘did nothing’ was the most reported coping method with verbal abuse. The findings also suggested that working in inpatient units and increasing work experience in the nursing profession were statistically significant variables increasing the likelihood of being abused physically.

Discussion:  All the results on sources, negative effects, feelings and coping methods on verbally and physically abusive behaviours lead us to discuss that lower working status and power of the nurses at the work, poor working conditions in healthcare settings and insufficient administrative mechanisms as well as law and regulations against the abusers are the important factors forcing the nurses to work in an inappropriate work environment in Turkey.
An educational process to strengthen primary care nursing practices in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Chiesa A.M. , Fracolli L.A.
Published: October 2007

Objective:  To describe the experience of a registered nurse (RN) training process related to the Family Health Program (FHP) developed in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

Background:  The FHP is a national, government strategy to restructure primary care services. It focuses on the family in order to understand its physical and social structure in regards to the health–illness process. In the FHP, the RN is a member of a team with the same number as medical doctors – an unprecedented situation. The FHP requires a discussion of the RNs’ practice, by qualifying and empowering them with tools and knowledge.

Methods:  The training process was based on Freire’s approach founded on critical pedagogy in order to address the fundamental problem of inequalities in health. The first phase included workshops and the second one included a course. The workshops identified the following problems related to the RN’s work: lack of tools to identify the population’s needs; overload of work due to the accumulation of management and assistance activities; difficulties regarding teamwork; lack of tools to evaluate the impact of nursing interventions; lack of tools to improve the participation of the community. The course was organized to tackle these problems under five thematic headings.

Results:  The RN’s training process allowed the group to reflect deeply on its work. This experience led to the need for the construction of tools to intervene in the reality, mainly against social exclusion, rescuing and adapting of the knowledge accumulated in the healthcare practice, identifying settings which demand institutional solutions and engaging the RN in research groups in order to develop projects according to the complexity of the primary care services.

Conclusion:  The application of the concept of equity in the health sector represented a reaction against the processes of social exclusion, starting from performance at a local level to become a reality in the accomplishments achieved by the Brazilian National Health System. This training process allowed us to evaluate that partnership, which has produced many concrete results in addressing both parts of the Inequalities in Health dilemma and which is a productive way of building up a new model of health.
Acceptance and disclosure of HIV status through an integrated community/home‐based care program in South Africa
Authors: Ncama B. P .
Published: October 2007

Aim:  To report the outcome of a comparative study among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) served by an integrated community/home‐based care (ICHC) programme and those who are not in any home‐based care programme in terms of acceptance and disclosure of the HIV status.

Background:  One of the major challenges in HIV/AIDS care in developing countries is acceptance and disclosure of a positive HIV status by PLWHAs. Denial and non‐disclosure of HIV status hinders prevention efforts as well as access to treatment, care and support for PLWHAs.

Methods:  Quantitative data were collected in 2004 from a group of PLWHAs served by the ICHC programme and a group that was not receiving any community/home‐based care. Data were compared between the two groups in terms of acceptance and disclosure of HIV status.

Findings:  The ICHC was effective in improving acceptance and disclosure of the HIV‐positive status by PLWHAs in the programme. PLWHAs in the ICHC programme did not find disclosure of their status difficult, and had disclosed their positive HIV status to more people than those who are not in any programme. PLWHAs in the ICHC programme not only disclosed their positive HIV status within their family network and households, but also disclosed to the community in general, sports group, religious groups and other social networks.

Conclusions:  Community/home‐based care programmes can serve as catalysts for acceptance and disclosure of a positive HIV status by PLWHAs.
Hurricane Katrina: prior trauma, poverty and health among Vietnamese‐American survivors
Authors: Chen A.C.‐C. , Keith V.M. , Leong K.J. , Airriess C. , Li W. , Chung K.‐Y. , Lee C.‐C.
Published: October 2007

Background:  The flooding of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina revealed the disproportionate vulnerability of ethnic minority communities for emergency preparedness, disaster relief and health. Nurses need to analyse Katrina's health consequences for the most vulnerable segments of our society.

Aim:  To examine factors contributing to differential health outcomes among the New Orleans Vietnamese community in response to Katrina.

Methods:  A sample of 113 adult Vietnamese Katrina survivors from New Orleans was recruited. A mixed‐method approach, including survey and focus groups, was used to collect data. Survey questions were modified from standardized instruments to evaluate survivors' health status and factors contributing to health outcomes. Multivariate and content analysis were used to investigate effects of prior trauma, financial strain, social support and acculturation level in predicting survivors' health outcomes.

Results:  Findings suggested financial strain was the strongest risk factor for Vietnamese survivors' post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and physical and mental health post‐disaster; while social support was a strong protective factor for health. Survivors who perceived higher impact from previous traumatic experiences had poorer physical health, but not PTSD symptoms or poor mental health after controlling for financial strain and social support, suggesting complex relationships among these measures in predicting PTSD symptoms and health. Less‐acculturated individuals also reported higher levels of PTSD symptoms and poorer physical health.

Conclusions:  Catastrophic events like Katrina can result in disproportionate risk of negative health outcomes among vulnerable populations. Nurses should take into account prior trauma, financial strain, social support network and acculturation level, to adequately address survivors' needs.
REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE FINANCES OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA AS AFFECTED BY FEDERATION
Authors: BLAND F. A.
Published: October 2007

The N.S.W. New State Commission Report, 1925. Pp. 150 and Appendices. Price 7/3, Government Printer.
THE IMMIGRATION PROBLEM IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: WOOD G. L.
Published: October 2007

“The time has already come when each country needs a considered national policy about what size of population, whether larger or smaller than at present, or the same, is most expedient. And having settled this policy, we must take steps to carry it into operation.”—J. M. Keynes.
THE CALCULATION OP THE COST OP PROTECTION1
Authors: Corden W. M.
Published: October 2007

It is now possible to sum up. The tariff has three effects—the production, the consumption and the terms of trade effect—of which the production and the terms of trade effects can be conveniently
THE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY, NOVEMBER 1958
Authors: Mathews Russell
Published: October 2007

This survey suggests that the authorities have been reasonably successful in their efforts to shelter the Australian economy from the adverse external situation. Unless there is a sudden and substantial reversal of recent trends, however, the battleground of economic policy will soon change from the domestic field to the balance of payments; and drastic action, perhaps devaluation of the Australian pound, will be needed in order to restore external equilibrium. In any event it will be necessary to find a method of financing our economic development that does not involve the continued use of our international reserves. The task of making adequate provision for housing and ancillary services, health and education, transport, and industrial development will for demographic and other reasons continue to be a pressing one throughout the next decade. If the impetus to economic expansion is not to be checked it will almost certainly be necessary to increase domestic savings. At the end of 1958 the basic problem of Australian economic policy is to reconcile the requirements of a rapid rate of development with the loss of resources resulting from the substantial deterioration that has occurred in our external position.
CRYING OVER SPILT MILK
Authors: Gruen F. H.
Published: October 2007

“Generally a dairy farmer gets plenty of advice… All of this advice is well meant:some of it is good, particularly that falling within the field of the advisors' operations; but there is sometimes trespass into other fields, and wrong advice, given in good faith, involves the farmer in expense and wasted effort.”

1960 Report of the Dairy Industry Committee of Enquiry.
HIRE PURCHASE AND THE STABILITY OF CONSUMPTION
Authors: Cameron Burgess
Published: October 2007

The argument of this paper may be summarised:Consumption expenditure depends upon the sum of households' income after tax plus the rise in outstanding hire purchase liabilities. Hence when hire purchase outstandings rise, say from zero, consumption rises. This higher level of consumption expenditure will only be maintained so long as hire purchase outstandings continue to rise by the same annual amount. But outstandings will not continue to rise if personal disposable income is fixed, because a rise in outstandings necessitates a rise in hire purchase repayments and there is a limit to the ratio of repayments to income which people are prepared to undertake. Hence at some point consumption falls.

In essence this argument is that the average propensity to consume rises when hire purchase is introduced and falls subsequently. This proposition remains substantially true if personal disposable income is not fixed but is rising. Thus if national income is rising at a constant rate because of a rise in the work force, hire purchase outstandings will initially grow at a more rapid rate than national income in order to reach the acceptable repayments/income ratio for the existing population. Subsequently hire purchase outstandings must grow less rapidly at a rate equal to national income. This fall m the rate of growth of outstandings involves a lower average propensity to consume.

Finally, if national income falls in a recession it seems likely that hire purchase outstandings not merely do not rise but may fall sharply as the disemployed and people on short time seek to pay off their hire purchase contracts without entering into new contracts. This will cause the average propensity to consume to fall further. In the subsequent boom this process may be reversed.

The first two paragraphs of this summary suggest a once‐for‐all fluctuation in the average propensity to consume. The third paragraph suggests that the fluctuation may be perpetuated in a steady (or unsteady) cycle.
AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC STRATEGY*
Authors: Smithies Arthur
Published: October 2007

To summarize, the Australian economic strategy since the war should be enlarged in several directions:

(a) The current balance‐of‐payments deficit should be eliminated over the next decade.

(b) Government expenditures, particularly on defence and foreign aid, should be increased, with total expenditures or goods and services rising to about 25 per cent of G.N.P.

(c) The efficiency of investment in public works and housing should be improved.

(d) Taxes and domestic savings should be increased.

(e) New wage‐price policies should be evolved to avoid chronic tendencies towards inflation
A PBOBLEM IN PRICES AND QUANTITIES
Authors: Butlin N. G.
Published: October 2007

“Most of us were brought up to employ such index numbers as Sauerbeck's… much too lightheartedly, and without sufficient warning that… the actual divergences between these indexes and the Purchasing Power of Money might prove to be, if we could calculate them, of very great significance both theoretical and practical.”
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF NAURU1
Authors: HUGHES Helen
Published: October 2007

The rent of land, therefore, considered as the price paid for the vise of the land, is naturally a monopoly price. It is not at all proportioned to what the landlord may have laid out upon the improvement of the land, or to what he can afford to take, but to what the farmer can afford to give.
Cost of Protection of the U. S. Wool Sector
Authors: CRAMMATTE EDITH , DARDIS RACHEL
Published: October 2007

The present system of protection of the U. S. wool sector affords an opportunity for examining the interdependence of intermediate and final goods sectors when both are protected. It also illustrates the cumulative nature of protective devices.

In this study an intermediate good model is employed to investigate the cost to the United States of maintaining the present method of protection for raw wool and wool products1. The concept of a net tariff is utilized to represent the actual protection afforded to a final good when its inputs are also protected. This net tariff is related to the effective protective rate which has been frequently mentioned in the literature. It is, however, more useful when the question of cost allocation between sectors is under consideration. The intermediate good model also permits an estimation of the gain from the removal of protection in either the raw wool or wool products sector as well as an estimation of the gain from adopting alternative methods of protection such as deficiency payments.
Occupational Prestige and Labour Market Behaviour in Papua New Guinea*
Authors: Conroy J. D.
Published: October 2007

‘Underdevelopment economics is a vastly important subject, but it is not a formal or theoretical subject. It is a practical subject which must expect to call upon any branch of theory (including non‐economic, for instance, sociological, theory) which has any relevance to it’ [17].
Australian Company Mergers 1960‐1970*
Authors: Stewart I. C.
Published: October 2007

This study recorded 340 international mergers and 1992 domestic mergers in Australia in the period mid 1959‐December 1970. In the 1,460 mergers for which price information was available, the total merger value amounted to $2,283.3 million. The merger movement was most intensive in the later years of the period, with $1,034.8 million being paid for 429 firms during 1968‐1970. This compares with some 1,157 mergers transacted at a total cost of $558.4 million recorded by Mr Bushnell [2] in the period 1947‐to mid 1959.23

While mergers took place in almost all industries, they were not uniformly distributed. More than two‐thirds of foreign take‐overs occurred in manufacturing, compared with less than one‐half of domestic mergers in manufacturing. Foreign companies have purchased the largest or leading Australian firms in their respective industries. Moreover, United States take‐overs were important in basic chemicals and flour mill and cereal products; on the other hand, United Kingdom take‐overs were prominent in beverages and malt, other industrial machinery and fabricated metal products. Among the foreign acquiring companies, merger activity was more concentrated in United Kingdom‐based companies than among United States‐based companies. For the period as a whole, domestic take‐overs outnumbered foreign take‐overs by more than 5·5 to 1. In examining the limited evidence for foreign take‐over activity in the period 1946‐59,24 it is apparent that foreign firms have accounted for a much higher share of merger activity during the nineteen‐sixties. In addition, mergers overseas have brought together the Australian subsidiaries of the merging companies.

Mr Bushnell [2] rated the tax structure including all its ramifications as probably the single most important cause for mergers.25 While tax factors have continued to play an important role in merger activity, it appears that, during the sixties, a far more important reason for mergers in many industries has been the so‐called proliferation effect of mergers. As some firms, especially the multinationals, took over leading local companies making for cost and competitive advantages, invariably the smaller remaining independent firms were compelled to resort to mergers for defensive reasons. The owners of many of these firms, fearing a war of attrition, took advantage of avoiding risks by capitalizing future profits in the form of tax‐free capital gains, by selling out before a situation emerged where their bargaining power would have been seriously eroded. Most of these firms disappearing into mergers, did so with partners closely related to their existing operations. Approximately three‐fourths of domestic and foreign take‐overs were of the broad horizontal class.
Trade Policy in the Presence of Economies of Scale and Product Variety*
Authors: Snape Richard H.
Published: October 2007

It is well known that laissez faire may not be the ‘first‐best’ policy in a closed economy where economies of scale are present. Corden has shown that this conclusion can carry over into an open economy, though under his assumption that imported goods are perfect substitutes for home‐produced goods, interference with international trade could not raise real income. We have shown that where there are economies of scale, and imported goods are not identical to the home produced goods, interference with trade could raise real national income, though such a form of intervention would not normally be optimal. Further, it could even be desirable to support home production of more than one ‘variety’. Measurements of ‘costs of protection’ that aggregate several varieties into one may mislead not only regarding the size of the cost but even regarding its sign.
The Mathews Report on Business Taxation*
Authors: SWAN PETER L.
Published: October 2007

The controversial Mathews proposals on inflation and business taxation have been, in part, adopted by the Fraser Government. These proposals are based on the concept of (physical) capacity maintenance which the Report concludes is essential for business survival. It is shown that this conclusion is incorrect and arises only because an irrational pricing policy is assumed. Moreover, the recommendations measure, up rather poorly against conventional criteria such as equity and efficiency. Reform of both company and personal taxation is proposed so as to ensure that only real‐income and real‐interest receipts are taxed. These new proposals are robust when confronted with the usual criteria.
Wants and Working Wives: Household Demand and Saving in Australia*
Authors: WILLIAMS ROSS A.
Published: October 2007

Household survey data are used to compare the consumption and savings behaviour of families in which both husband and wife work with the behaviour when only the husband is employed. Other household characteristics allowed for are age, socio‐economic class and family size. A linear systems model is used and attention is focused on alternative methods of estimating the parameters of the Klein‐Rubin utility function. The preferred method involves the use of information from time‐series studies in estimating the ‘subsistence’ parameters.
Lifetime Utility Maximization When the Consumer's Lifetime Depends on his Consumption*
Authors: HUGHES W. R.
Published: October 2007

A model of consumer behaviour is postulated whereby expected lifetime is an argument of the consumer's utility function and the consumption pattern chosen by the consumer affects his subjective probability distribution over expected, lifetime. Although introducing uncertainty makes the derivation of general conclusions difficult, it is shown for a simple two‐good case that there are significant implications for income and substitution effects and the shape of the consumer's demand curve.
Interest Rates and Monetary Velocity in Australia and the United States*
Authors: LEWIS M. K.
Published: October 2007

Two problems have become evident in recent work on the demand for money. One is the implausibly long lags in the demand for money function, the other is a tendency for short‐run instability during the 1970s. This paper argues that these problems stem from a point raised by Milton Friedman in 1959 but neglected subsequently: namely, the failure of reference cycles in interest rates to conform in timing with cycles in velocity. The cyclical association between interest rates and velocity is examined for both Australia and the US using cross‐spectral methods, and evidence is found of the timing relationships which puzzled Friedman and led him to doubt that interest rates significantly affected the demand for money. After considering the implications of these findings, it is concluded that many models of the demand for money appear to be mis‐specified, and the two problems mentioned above are symptomatic of this. A different approach to modelling the demand for money is outlined, in which a short‐lead relationship in the money market is substituted for the long lags found by other researchers.
Federal Balance and Economic Stability*
Authors: MATHEWS RUSSELL
Published: October 2007

The paper examines the concepts of and the conditions for vertical and horizontal fiscal balance in a federal system, with special reference to intergovernmental grants arrangements and the effects of open‐ended settlements on the stability of the system. The notions of vertical balance, horizontal balance and open‐endedness are then applied to other aspects of economic policy, in particular the formulation of budgetary policy by a single government and the settlement of wage claims. It is suggested that economic instability in Australia during recent years has been associated with two forms of horizontal imbalance, resulting from institutional factors which have encouraged open‐endedness in the process of determining budget priorities on the one hand and open‐endedness in wage bargaining on the other.
Wage Indexation: The Treatment of Public Sector Taxes and Goods*
Authors: LLOYD P. J.
Published: October 2007

This paper considers the problem of constructing an index, in the presence of a large public sector, which will tell us whether any adjustment to wages or other payments to households in one situation will leave the households better or worse off than in some previous situation with a different set of prices. This index is an extension of the true price index. The paper also proposes an index of the affordable wages with which the first index should be compared.
The Dynamics of Inflation and Employment in the Full‐Employment Zone: A Theoretical Analysis*
Authors: LAING N. F.
Published: October 2007

The paper is concerned with an economy in which some sectors reach full employment before others as demand expands. The position of short‐run equilibrium of employment and excess demand is determined by the intersection of the aggregate demand schedule and the short‐run output function, which shows the level of output induced by different levels of aggregate demand. The dynamics of the short‐run equilibrium position are explored. It is shown that equilibrating forces due to relative price changes must predominate over disequilibrating forces due to the redistribution of income, in the absence of exogenous shocks and induced cost inflation. The latter is shown to be subject to a multiplier effect. The paper ends by drawing the policy implications of the analysis. It refutes the acceleration thesis by showing that the level of the real wage does not tend to change under excess demand and argues that if the economy is taken into the full employment zone forces will be set to work which tend to remove the bottlenecks.
Trade Policies and Industrialisation*
Authors: FALVEY RODNEY E.
Published: October 2007

In this paper, the three‐commodity model of Gruen and Corden is used to examine the effects of import restriction policies designed to promote industrial development. It is shown that under circumstances which might reasonably be expected to exist in developing economies such policies will likely appear successful in the short run, but may fail in the long run, if the import‐competing sector's expansion is largely achieved by the diversion of resources from an infant manufacturing sector producing exportables. An export subsidy is the more appropriate policy under these circumstances.
Monetary Policy and Capital Inflow*
Authors: MURRAY GORDON L.
Published: October 2007

Capital inflow has been depicted in the model developed by Pentti Kouri and Michael Porter as being determined exclusively by monetary forces, with GNP entering the equation through its impact on the demand for money. If this is correct, disaggregation of GNP should have little effect on the estimates of response parameters in the model. It is found that replacing GNP by investment and non‐investment spending has a significant effect on the estimates, suggesting that capital inflows have direct purposes which are not well represented in a purely monetary model. An attempt is made to construct a money policy equation as the second part of a simultaneous system depicting the interplay of monetary policy and capital inflow. In spite of claims to the contrary, it is found that simultaneous estimation gives results which differ considerably from those of single‐equation methods.
Structural Changes in Australian Manufacturing Industry*
Authors: HOA TRAN VAN
Published: October 2007

The paper uses a neoclassical production function and historical data to test for structural stability in Australian manufacturing industry. The production function is an extended constant elasticity of substitution form in which factor substitution elasticity, returns to scale and market structure in output, capital and labour are testable hypotheses. Tests for structural changes in homogeneity and factor substitution elasticity relations are based on overall and individual tests of covariance analysis and also on a special version of the Swerling‐Kalman filtering systems as proposed by Cooley and Prescott. The empirical findings possess desirable statistical properties and indicate the existence of structural instability in the industry. The evidence also repudiates the assumptions of unitary factor substitution elasticity, constant returns to scale and market competitiveness in output and factors of production.
Devaluation, Capital Mobility, and Long‐Run Equilibrium*
Authors: TAKAYAMA AKIRA , ANDERSON RICHARD K.
Published: October 2007

The paper considers a small, fully employed economy with non‐tradeables, securities, and money. The paper first analyzes the effects of devaluation and financial controls in the short‐run equilibrium on the trade balance, the capital account, and the overall balance of payments. Disequilibria in the capital account and the overall balance of payments cause changes in the stock of securities and money, shifting the short‐run equilibrium. The paper investigates the condition for the‐ uniqueness and stability of the long‐run equilibrium under this adjustment process (‘specie flow mechanism’). Finally, the long‐run equilibrium effects of devaluation and monetary policies are examined.
The Dynamic Interactions Between the Phillips Relation and the IS‐LM Model*
Authors: MCDONALD IAN
Published: October 2007

In this paper the IS‐LM model is extended dynamically by the addition of a price‐adjustment relation (the Phillips relation) and a quantity‐adjustment relation. Three specifications of the Phillips relation are considered. It is shown that the nature of the price‐adjustment process has important implications for stability; in fact the price‐adjustment processes which yield clockwise (counter‐clockwise) Phillips loops may also be unstable (are not unstable). On the other hand, the speed of the price‐adjustment process is not relevant for stability. The speed of quantity adjustment is only important in the expectations case and there the slower the speed of adjustment the more likely is instability. No clear conclusions emerge, in general, concerning the slopes of the IS‐LM relations and stability. In conclusion the results are related to the debate on the micro‐foundations of Keynesian economics.
Monetary Expansion in an Open Economy of Intermediate Size*
Authors: ROBERTS WILLIAM W.
Published: October 2007

This paper introduces a monetary asset, perceived as an addition to wealth, into a two‐country neoclassical model of accumulation. As domestic monetary expansion changes, demand for the investment good is shifted. This alters the terms and level of trade as well as production and shifts the balanced growth paths of both economies. For a non‐specialized world it is found that an increase in domestic monetary expansion will increase the domestic overall capital intensity, decrease the foreign overall capital intensity, and worsen the terms of trade for the country importing the investment good.
Rigid Wage, Factor Immobility and Immiserizing Growth*
Authors: YU EDEN SIU‐HUNG
Published: October 2007

In the theory of trade and growth, Bhagwati made an interesting contribution by demonstrating the proposition that growth can be welfare reducing even at constant terms of trade, whenever distortions obtain in an economic system. Batra‐Scully strengthened the Bhagwati thesis and derived the conditions for growth to be immiserizing at improved terms of trade in the presence of a wage differential. In the present analysis, we show that economic expansion in a country which is characterized by factor immobility and/or factor price rigidity may not reduce the country's real income at constant or improved terms of trade. Specifically, the Bhagwati theorem, and its stronger version proposed by Batra‐Scully, hold for an economy with a rigidity in factor price whether or not accompanied by factor immobility. However, growth will not lower welfare at constant or improved terms of trade if factor immobility is the only imperfection existing in the factor market.
Profitability and Concentration in Australian Manufacturing Industries:A Reply
Authors: ROUND DAVID K.
Published: October 2007

This brief note takes the adjusted profitability data series suggested by Leech and Grant, and shows that the weak and generally not strongly significant effect which concentration has on such profitability data (as shown by Leech and Grant) becomes even weaker and less significant when the model is more appropriately specified to include a capital‐output variable.
Tariff Compensation Without Omniscience*
Authors: WARR PETER G.
Published: October 2007

The piecemeal application of second‐best arguments to practical policy‐making is highly dangerous. This paper attempts to demonstrate this by taking the recent Australian debate over ‘tariff compensation’ as an example. The attempt to ‘compensate’ for tariff‐induced distortions in output prices by means of input subsidies is shown to lead to informational problems so serious that the pursuit of such a policy in practice seems unwise. This point is argued by means of extensive numerical examples. These suggest that the potential welfare gains from tariff compensation, optimally applied, are small relative to the potential costs of well‐intentioned but erroneous interventions.
The Importance of Being Honest*
Authors: KEMP MURRAY C. , NG YEW‐KWANG
Published: October 2007

Given individual propensities to cheat (stealing, overcharging, etc.), the optimality conditions for the amount of resources devoted to law enforcement and for the severity of penalties on convicted cheats are derived. In some interesting cases, the optimal penalty equals the market price divided by the probability of conviction and it is optimal to spend very little on enforcement and impose a severe penalty. These conclusions seem to apply to the practical case of metered parking violation.
Two Theorems on Generalized Diminishing Returns and their Applications to Economic Analysis*
Authors: LONG NGO VAN
Published: October 2007

Under certain weak assumptions such as free disposal and non‐satiety, it is shown that the concavity of utility and of technology implies that the maximum value of the set of all attainable programmes is a concave function of the initial capital stocks. For time‐independent problems, this implies that along an optimal path, as a capital stock is accumulated, its shadow price falls. The usefulness of the theorems is demonstrated in a number of examples, including Kemp's cake‐eating problem and Forster's pollution‐control problem.
Optimal Tariff Policy on Imports from Multinationals*
Authors: SVEDBERG PETER
Published: October 2007

Using partial equilibrium analysis, it is shown that for small countries there is an optimal tariff on imports from a monopolistic multinational. There is also (under specified circumstances) a tariff at which the multinational finds subsidiary production more profitable than exports: the switchover tariff. The interaction between the optimal and switchover tariffs is analyzed from the small country's welfare standpoint. The conclusion is that there is not one, but a variety of possible optimal policies for the country: trade at the optimal tariff, with or without prohibition of subsidiary production, or tariff‐protected subsidiary production.
The Dynamics of Duopoly Output Games Involving Cournot and Related Best‐Response Strategies*
Authors: RICKARD JOHN A.
Published: October 2007

The paper considers a variety of perfect information duopoly games involving the Cournot and related best‐response strategies. Firms record their output at the end of each business period. At the beginning of a new period they have to plan their new output; they do so in an attempt to maximize their profits. The importance of discrete time and the resulting time interval between successive outputs is discussed. The difference equations appropriate to the various games are solved exactly, and it is shown that there is always a stable approach to equilibrium at the Cournot point. The convergence of the solutions is discussed.
The Free‐Rider Problem: A Survey*
Authors: McMILLAN JOHN
Published: October 2007

A number of recent papers have developed a variety of ways of overcoming the free‐rider problem. This essay presents a survey and exposition of these contributions and suggests that the free‐rider problem is a statement of the incompleteness of the standard theory rather than a description of the world. Misallocation of resources is not inevitable in a public‐goods economy.
Economic Influences upon Marriage Behaviour: Australia, 1954–1984*
Authors: WITHERS GLENN A.
Published: October 2007

In this paper the Becker‐Friedan analysis of marriage behaviour is adapted for special Australian circumstances and estimated on Australian time‐series data, 1954‐74. It is found that in the post‐war period such factors as relative wages and unemployment, sex‐ratios, income growth and conscription do assist in understanding variations in marriages, and in particular assist in understanding the significant drop in marriages after 1972. The projections calculated for 1975–1984 imply the continuation of the long‐term decline in marriage rates experienced for women over 21, but suggest that the recent substantial falls in marriage rates for young women may be temporary.
Modelling the Role of Government Policy in Post‐War Australian Immigration*
Authors: KELLEY ALLEN C. , SCHMIDT ROBERT M.
Published: October 2007

The authors develop and estimate a model of post‐war Australian migration which highlights an endogenous treatment of government policy and includes three equations explaining the emigration rate, the Government's Immigration Programme rate, and the immigration rate. The model permits the separate identification of long‐run population growth influences vis‐à‐vis short‐run economic considerations in explaining migration. Short‐run labour market conditions are found to be more important in explaining government behaviour than are long‐run population considerations. Immigrant behaviour appears to be affected by both short‐run and long‐run influences. Very little unexplained variation remains in the estimated regressions.
The Formation of Consumer Inflationary Expectations in Australia*
Authors: DEFRIS L. V. , WILLIAMS R. A.
Published: October 2007

This paper analyzes the quantitative price expectations of consumers as obtained from consumer surveys. Price expectations are considered as functions of (i) past rates of inflation (ii) other economic variables, and (iii) consumer sentiment variables. The dominant influence on expectations is the most recent change in the consumer price index. Wage‐indexation decisions and changes in the money supply also exert a significant influence on mean expectations. The variability of price expectations across consumers is proportional to the mean level of expectations.
The Modus Operandi of Protection*
Authors: ARNDT H. W.
Published: October 2007

The theory of (tariff and exchange‐rate) protection usually assumes that imports and domestic substitutes sell at the same price and that exceptions to the ‘law of one price’ are due to imperfect substitutability. This article discusses the implications for the modus operandi of protection of the divergence between the prices of imports and of their domestic substitutes. It argues that the extent of this divergence will depend on imperfect price flexibility as well as imperfect substitutability. Whereas under ‘flex‐price’ conditions, protection in the first instance merely redistributes income and changes market shares, output and employment only with a lag, protection under ‘fix‐price’ conditions immediately affects market shares and (subject to inventory changes) output and employment.
A Case for Managed Exchange Rates*
Authors: PRACHOWNY MARTIN F. J.
Published: October 2007

The incorporation of adaptive expectations by Dornbusch in a Mundell‐Fleming model modifies significantly the traditional results of policy effectiveness in a small, open economy. While monetary policy is still able to influence aggregate demand when flexible exchange rates prevail, the effects of this policy on other important variables in the economy during the adjustment process to a new equilibrium may be considered sufficiently ‘disruptive’ so that the authorities will be hesitant to use their only fully‐effective policy instrument for income‐stabilization purposes. However, by adding a target level for the exchange rate to their list of goal variables and by using an appropriate mix of monetary and fiscal policies, it appears to be possible for the government to avoid these disruptive side effects.
Factor Intensity Reversal in a Three‐Factor, Three‐Commodity Model*
Authors: MELVIN JAMES R.
Published: October 2007

The extension of the notion of factor intensity reversal is extended to three dimensions and it becomes clear that a single phenomenon in two dimensions becomes two distinct phenomena in three. It is shown that one interpretation, the degeneration of A, the coefficient matrix, is the phenomenon which causes problems in trade theory, and this case is easily extended to higher dimensions. Another interpretation uses the Minkowski and Metzler definitions of intensities, and here it is shown that while ‘reversals’ are possible they cause no difficulties unless they are also associated with a degeneration of A. Thus the heart of ‘factor intensity reversal’, i.e. degeneration of A, is easily generalized.
Global Stability with Spillovers*
Authors: ECKALBAR JOHN C.
Published: October 2007

This paper investigates the stability of a small, highly stylized economy, which has imperfectly informed traders visiting markets sequentially. Trading out of equilibrium is allowed. Roughly speaking, this system is found to be stable, even though spillovers are present, as long as the direct effects of price changes dominate the spillovers.
The Neutrality of the Resource Rent Tax
Authors: GARNAUT ROSS , ROSS ANTHONY CLUNIES
Published: October 2007

Although less distorting than conventional royalties and income tax, the resource rent tax is strictly neutral only if the interest rate at which losses are carried forward relates correctly to the discount rate employed by investors in project evaluation. Thus it is possible in principle to design a resource rent tax that is strictly neutral only if parameters are set independently for each minerals investment. Such attempts to tailor parameters to each investment would make great demands on information and would increase business uncertainty. The paper suggests expedients to reduce the costs of non‐neutrality when resource rent tax is applied with parameters that are of general application and discusses their use in Australia.
Rent Royalties*
Authors: MAYO WAYNE
Published: October 2007

On neutrality grounds, royalties designed to tax only the economic rent of mining or petroleum operations are preferable to royalty schemes currently used in Australia. The Resource Rent type of royalty generally has a predictable but asymmetrical effect on the probability distribution of the net present value of projects being considered for investment. This effect is independent of the characteristics of individual projects, and so with appropriate selection of the operating parameters, this royalty scheme would not greatly affect the screening of projects for investment purposes.
The Under‐Exploitation of Natural Resources: A Model with Overlapping Generations*
Authors: KEMP MURRAY C. , LONG NGO VAN
Published: October 2007

It is well known that competitive markets may fail to generate an optimal rate of extraction of a natural resource‐stock. The barrier to optimality may be uncertainty about tenure, commonality of property rights in the resource, or uncertainty about the extent of the resource. In all these cases, suboptimality takes the form of over‐extraction. We draw attention to an additional source of suboptimality. In an economy with overlapping generations, the resource‐stock plays the double role of repository of savings and source of productive inputs. The decline in the supply of the resource‐stock may eventually force its price so high that it ceases to perform its second function. Extraction comes to an end even though the resource has a positive marginal productivity in producing consumption goods. This is inefficient, hence suboptimal. This time, however, suboptimality takes the form of under‐extraction.
A Diagrammatic Exposition of the Monetary Trade Model
Authors: LIVIATAN NISSAN
Published: October 2007

In recent literature the monetary model of trade is presented diagrammatically in terms of hoarding and of the relative price of non‐traded goods. In this paper we go back to the original diagrammatic approach of Mundell where he uses the stock of domestic money instead of hoarding. We adapt Mundells approach to the more recent developments of the monetary model and point out its expository advantages. We conclude the paper with a comparison of the two approaches.
The Demand for Wine in Australia, 1955–1977*
Authors: OWEN A. D.
Published: October 2007

The consumption of wine in Australia has risen markedly since the mid‐1960s, from an apparent consumption per capita of 5·53 litres in 1965 to 13·04 litres in 1977. A number of factors (both social and economic) have contributed to this rapid growth in consumption which, despite the increases which have occurred, is still low by European standards. This paper presents the results of a study designed to quantify these factors and to establish their relative importance in explaining the demand for wine in Australia since 1955.
Individual Choice Modelling with Discrete Commodities: Theory and Application to the Tasman Bridge Reopening*
Authors: HENSHER DAVID A.
Published: October 2007

Many choice situations facing individual consumers entail selection of one alternative out of a set of discrete commodities. The essential elements of a theory of individual choice behaviour are outlined for the situation where the alternatives are discrete. An operationally tractable model is proposed within the theoretical framework but with certain assumptions. The model, multinomial logit, is applied to a study of the prediction of mode and route market shares associated with the reopening of the Tasman Bridge. The empirical study is primarily designed to illustrate the potential of this relatively new microeconomic approach to demand modelling.
A Generalization of the Fisher Equation*
Authors: KIERZKOWSKI HENRYK
Published: October 2007

The Fisher equation is generalized by introducing differential expectations. It is argued that borrowers and lenders may adjust their expectations of inflation with different speeds. The appropriate reduced‐form equation for the interest rate is derived and estimated using the data series contained in Fisher's The Theory of Interest.