bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A VALIDATED METHOD FOR QUANTITATION OF PREGABALIN AND METHYLCOBALAMIN USING DIFF USE REFLECTANCE FTIR SPECTROSCOPY IN BULK AND COMBINED TABLET DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Dange Shital Shrirang , Kalyankar Tukaram Mohanrao , Aadhav Satish , Kowthalam Anita
Published: September 2021

A Simple, accurate precise and validated FTIR method was developed for the determination ofpregabalin (PRG) and methylcobalamin (MCA) in bulk as well as in tablet dosage form. The drug was analyzed by FTIR spectrophotometry with DRIFT sampling technique. wavenumber ranges 1660-1600 cm-1 (-COOH) and3400-3250 cm−1(-CONH2) were selected for pregabalin and methylcobalamin, respectively. The method was found to be linear over the range of PRG 1–6% w/w and MCA 0.2–1.2% w/w with good regression coefficient (r2) of PRG 0.9960 and MCA 0.9976. The percent recovery of pregabalin and methylcobalamin in marketed tablet dosage form was in the range of 98.25 – 99.00% and 98.62 – 99.60%, respectively. The LOD & LOQ were found 1.4003 & 4.2434 of PRG and 0.2027 & 0.6142 of MCA, respectively.The developed FTIR method was validated as per ICH guidelines and it can be used for the estimation of both drugs in combined dosage form.
EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF ORODISPERSIBLE TABLET OF ENALAPRIL MALEATE AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE DRUG COMBINATION
Authors: Ammanage Anand Shripal , Patil Yojana Dadasaheb , Saboji Jagadish Kamalanath , Kempwade Amolkumar Ashok , Hiremath Ravindra Durdundayya
Published: September 2021

The objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate orodispersible tablets of enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide combination to overcome the shortcomings of conventional dosage forms and improve patient compliance. Eleven formulations were prepared by wet granulation method using sodium starch glycolate as superdisintegrant and microcrystalline cellulose and Pearlitol 200 SD as diluents. The process variables were optimized to get desired characteristics. Various pre-compression and post-compression quality control parameters were evaluated. The wetting and disintegration times of formulation F10 were found to be 11 ± 4 and 15 ± 2 seconds, respectively. The in vitro dissolution study showed 97.2 % release of enalapril maleate and 96.94 % release of hydrochlorothiazide within 10 min. The optimized formulation was found to be stable during stability study. The study concludes that orodispersible tablet of enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide could be a better approach for the treatment of hypertension.
RESEALED ERYTHROCYTES: A PROMISING APPROACH TO ENHANCE EFFICACY OF ANTICANCER DRUGS
Authors: Salve Prathibha , Doijad Rajendra , Chivate Niranjan ,   Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmaceutics, c Department of Pharmaceutics, KCT’S Krishna College of pharmacy, Karad - 415 539, Maharashtra, India
Published: September 2021

Targeted drug delivery system is a potential drug delivery system which delivers the drug to particular organ of interest only. This improves the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment by reducing the side effects of drug which are required in case of anticancer drugs. Erythrocytes have been the most interesting carrier and have found to possess great potential in drug targeting. Resealed erythrocytes are gaining more popularity because of their ability to circulate throughout the body, biocompatibility, zero order release kinetics, reproducibility and ease of preparation. In this review, we have made an attempt to understand the process in detail to prepare resealed erythrocytes, including its mechanism, source and isolation of erythrocytes, methods of drug loading, in vivo and in vitro characterization of resealed erythrocytes, with special emphasis on applications of resealed erythrocytes for cancer treatment. With this review we can conclude that resealed erythrocyte is a promising approach to enhance efficacy of anticancer drugs.
PREVENTION OF APPARENT ADIPOSITY BY FRACTIONS OF DISTILLED COW URINE: A NON-INVASIVE APPROACH
Authors: Hatware Ketan , Sharma Sanjay , Deshpande Ashwini , Patil Kiran , Karri Sravani , Gautam Rupesh
Published: September 2021

Owing to the multifactorial pathological conditions management of obesity is a challenging problem. finding an effective and safe remedy is a huge area of interest for many scientists and healthcare professionals in the field of biomedicine. There is a traditional claim that fresh cow urine and its distillate have anti-obesity activity. The present study aimed to assess the bioactive fraction of distillated cow urine having anti-obesity potential. Distilled cow urine was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction method using different solvents. Distilled cow urine and all the fractions were assessed for the anti-obesity activity by analysing non-invasive parameters. The distilled cow urine and it’s methanolic as well as butanolic fractions show significant anti-obesity potential. It has been found that body weight reduced without affecting food consumption. This effect was probably due to the reduction in dietary fat absorption by reducing the pancreatic lipase activity and enhancing its excretion in faeces. Further research is required to explore the exact mechanism of action.
Penile Reconstruction after Polymethilmetacrylate Injection
Authors: Tame José Luis Haddad
Published: September 2021

Rising number of aesthetic procedures in men directed to enhance genitalia has alerted the medical community due to several complications related to them. Most of those procedures are performed in an office under local anesthesia using different kind of substances, most of them known to be harmful for humans; still, patients seek those procedures as a “safe” way to meet their goals. We present a reconstruction case due to Polymethilmetacrylate injection for penile enhancement.
Necrotizing Cellulitis Post Thighs Liposuction
Authors: DE Absi
Published: September 2021

A serious complication post liposuction is presented. The patient with a necrotizing cellulitis of a thigh and a nerve injury due to the debridement done before she was referred to our hospital. She needed multiple surgical and intensive care procedures to save her life. Two years after the incident, the residual defect was repaired with multiple consecutive expansions.
Palate Obturators in the Phono-Articular System in Defects Caused by Nasal T / NK Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Robledo Carrizales Lucia Guadalupe
Published: September 2021

Lymphomas are frequent malignant neoplasms, due to the destructive and rapidity of their clinical course, they present extensive areas of necrosis, which could be induced by the Epstein Bar virus (EBV) that is present in most of these lymphomas causing oro-nasal communications that they have an impact on phonation, chewing, swallowing and loss of self-esteem. Due to the extension of this type of communication, they represent a challenge in surgical rehabilitation opting for a prosthetic device.
Ultrasonically Detected Subpleural Lung Consolidations in The Emergency Room: A Case Report
Authors: Mártinez Karen Itzel González
Published: September 2021

We report the clinical case of a 76- year-old patient who was admitted to the emergency department due to respiratory distress. He had a history of Systemic arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. The patient reports symptoms that began three days prior to admission, including dyspnea, fever, myalgia, arthralgia, headache and respiratory distress that was exacerbated 1 day prior to admission. Physical examination revealed a conscious patient with the following vital signs: blood pressure 120/62mmHg, heart rate 109bpm, respiratory rate 28rpm, temperature 38.8°C, arterial oxygen saturation 76%, dyspnea, use of accessory muscles, tachycardia, tachypnea, which met the operational definition for Covid-19. Upon admission to the service, a pulmonary ultrasound was performed in which subpleural consolidations were identified, predominantly in the right hemithorax, as well as an air bronchogram and little pleural effusion. Based on these observations, the patient was admitted to the unit, where management with supplemental oxygen was started using a face mask with a reservoir bag. A chest X-ray was performed in which a diffuse interstitial alveolar pattern was identified in both hemithoraxes. Later a simple chest tomography was performed in which changes compatible with CO-RADS 5 were identified. He continued with established management and during his stay in the service, he evolved to deterioration to need advanced management via air. This study suggests that pulmonary ultrasound may be an effective and reliable tool in the initial evaluation of patients with respiratory distress in the context of Covid-19 pneumonia and that the identification of subpleural consolidations represent a prognostic factor of the disease: identifying them quickly after admission suggests a worse evolution of the disease, thus prompting us to make correct and concrete decisions regarding the management and treatment of these patients, without having to wait for complementary studies such as chest radiography and even tomography.
COVID-19 Crisis in India: Threats and Opportunities
Authors: Tabish SA
Published: September 2021

Covid-19 catastrophe in India during the first half of 2021 has been a matter of great concern for policy makers, health institutions and the government. A country of 1.4 billion has passed 29m Covid-19 infections and 351,300 deaths. India is likely to have more new cases per day from the beginning of August 2021. Strains of Concern and the Strains of Interest (new and emerging mutants have contributed to increased morbidity and mortality. Emergence of mucormycosis (black fungus) during the ongoing pandemic is a bigger challenge to India, Action on a war-footing is needed to save lives by expanding and upgrading healthcare facilities more so in rural areas. 233 million doses of the COVID vaccine have been given in India. More than 45 million people have received two doses of the vaccine (fully vaccinated). The third Phase of the vaccination has coincided with an acute vaccine supply shortage across the country. India’s monthly COVID vaccine manufacturing capacity is about 60-65 million doses against the final requirement of 1.45 billion doses to cover 70 per cent adults. Investing in health is crucial. India’s health system is overwhelmed. Hospitals are running out of oxygen supplies, ventilators and beds. It is a situation that needs a global approach. Tiding over a pandemic requires detailed preparation at multiple levels on the part of the State. Vaccination drive to cover all is crucial. Global partners have a responsibility to support India in mass production of vaccines. Developed economies must support the scale-up of lab testing and genomic sequencing of virus. Developed nations should also provide technical assistance, help India in training its health professionals and provide logistic support (oxygen canisters/concentrators/cylinders/ medications/PPEs, establishing/operationalising field hospitals/quarantine centres), strengthening surveillance systems, data management like accurate reporting of cases and deaths besides temporality taking out manufacturing of life-saving vaccines/drugs from India to other parts of the world during the crisis.
Impact of Patient Centred Care in a Dementia Ward in an Acute Hospital
Authors: Ching LimSi
Published: September 2021

The older persons with dementia will occupy more hospital beds in the years to come. Caring for a patient living with dementia is challenging for the hospital staff, especially for those exhibiting neuropsychiatric symptoms. Providing person centred care has been recognised as the ideal model of care for the persons with dementia. However, this care model is time consuming and requires training and education. Provision of good care in the hospital for the older persons with dementia include avoidance of restraints, prescription of psychotropics, in-hospital fall reduction, minimising risk of cognitive and functional decline with discharge home to their families and loved ones.Person centred care is effective in the acute setting,with proper training, guidance and leadership.
Paranoid Hostility but Not Depressive Symptoms Associated with Cytokines During the Premenstrual Phase in Young Women
Authors: Ioannis Syros
Published: September 2021

It is well known that some women, during their premenstrual phase, express Hostility (Ho) and Depressive symptoms (De). Various studies indicate that Ho and De correlate with circulating concentrations of cytokines. These data support the hypothesis of an inflammation-sensitive mechanism linked to certain psychological states. The aim of this study was to correlate Ho and De with selective proinflammatory cytokines during the menstrual cycle in young women. Twenty-two physically healthy medical students, mean age 22.95+2.83(SD), were studied. All reported regular menses that ranged between 27-33 days. Blood was drawn three times across a single cycle: at follicular phase (FL), at mid luteal phase (ML) and at late luteal phase (LL) corresponding to the premenstrual phase. The following proinflammatory cytokines were determined at each sample: Interleukin 8 (IL-8), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 1α (IL-1α), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α). Immediately before blood sampling the women completed the Zung self-rating depression scale and the hostility and direction of hostility questionnaire (HDHQ), which comprises five subscales: urge to act out hostility, criticism of others, paranoid hostility, self-criticism and delusional guilt. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to determine the relation between variables at the specific time points; ρ<0.05 was considered significant. Mean values of cytokines did not change significantly throughout the menstrual cycle. Paranoid hostility was positively correlated with IL-8 (Rs=0.476, p=0.046), IL-1α (Rs=0.458, p=0.048) and TNF-α (Rs=0.518, p=0.023) in LLphase. No other significant correlation was found. Cytokines correlate with paranoid hostility and this correlation is probably related with the premenstrual hormonal changes. It is difficult to evaluate the clinical significance of our findings, nevertheless, when exploring the above association, it is necessary to take into consideration the phase of the cycle as well as the special aspects of Ho we seek to study.
Covid-19, Carnosine and Cognition
Authors: Hipkiss Alan R
Published: September 2021

The possible ameliorative roles of the dipeptide carnosine with respect to Covid-19 viral infection and associated pathologies are discussed. In particular carnosine’s ability to suppress age-related changes in carbohydrate metabolism which normally exacerbate Covid-19-induced dysfunction as well as the dipeptide’s anti-inflammatory activity is considered. As carnosine is normally present in the olfactory lobe and that anosmia (loss of sense of smell) is a common feature of Covid-19’s effect on humans, the possibility that nasal administration of carnosine could be therapeutic is considered as a means of raising levels of the dipeptide in the olfactory lobe and thereby alleviates virus-mediated neuropathology.
Comparative Study of Two Nebulized Preparations of Salbutamol in Children
Authors: Saadé Samer
Published: September 2021

Aim: Salbutamol is the main treatment for asthma attacks. It can be given via inhaler, nebulizer or oral route. Nebulization is mainly used at emergency departments. The aim of our study is to compare the clinical efficacy of two nebulized salbutamol preparations Ventolin® GSK and Asthalin® CIPLA. Methods: We conducted a prospective double blind randomized trial between April and December 2017 in which 30 children with asthma were included. Children were assigned randomly to receive nebulized Asthalin® or Ventolin®, with 15 patients included in each study arm. For each patient, oxygen saturation, presence of wheezing, retractions and thoraco-abdominal asynchrony, before and after Salbutamol nebulization were recorded. The effect of each treatment dose on oxygen saturation and respiratory rate after stratification of the initial population was analyzed. Results: Ventolin® increased oxygen saturation by 1.87% and decreased respiratory rate by 10.87 breaths per minute, while Asthalin® improved oxygen saturation by 1.8% and decreased respiratory rate by 9.53 breaths per minute. However, the difference was not significant as it was not significant for respiratory symptoms improvement and need for oxygenation and hospitalization rates. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between Ventolin® and Asthalin® when given via nebulization. Both treatments improved oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and respiratory symptoms similarly.
Evaluation of Serum Tumor Markers Variation, following the Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Niknamian Sorush
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Radioactive iodine is the effective therapy in thyroid cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the serum tumor markers in patients under the therapy with radioactive iodine 131. Material and methods: 45 cases of female patients aged 16-60 years with thyroid cancer surgery referred to the nuclear medicine department of Nemazi hospital for (iodine treatment after surgery) were selected. The selection was on the basis of interviewing and information of patients is consent forms. Only patients with thyroid cancer and referred for the first time without any other diseases were chosen for this study. The selected patients were prescribed a dose of 150mCi of I-131.From each patient, 4 mL of chelated serum for serological studies on tumor markers and 2 mL of oxalated serum for spectrophotometry studies on cell death were used in three stages. The first stage before the iodine therapy, the second stage, after 48 hours, and the third stage, 30 days after radioiodine therapy were studied and the results were evaluated by the one-way repeated measures ANOVA test. Results: according to the results of dependent paired T-Test, AFP, in the periods before, 48 hours and 1 month after radioiodine therapy, respectively were 3.46±1.21 and 3.74±1.37 and 3.76±1.25 (p <0.0005). About CA 19-9 in the periods before, 48 hours and one month after radioiodine therapy, the results were 9.30±6.32, 9.95±6.92 (p = 0.040) and 11.26±7.49 (p <0.0005) respectively. About CEA, the results were 1.60±0.60, 1.47±0.55 and 2.23±0.69 (p <0.0005), respectively. In the case of tumor marker CA 15-3 results were 15.53±6.48 and 1.60±0.60 and 15.68±6.52 (p = 0.014), respectively and in the case of ALP, results were 124.22±5 and 122.2±6 and 116.7±7 (p <0.0005), respectively. Conclusion: According to the same studies and the acquired results, it can be concluded that the tumor markers CEA and CA19-9 are more acceptable and sustainable for monitoring the malignancy and progressive disease in patients with thyroid cancer. The decreasing ALP is normal and transient. The increase of AFP and CA15-3 is not even statistically reliable. It is recommended that the period of iodine therapy and falsely elevated tumor markers can be informed to the doctor, during the gastrointestinal studies in patients with thyroid cancer, in order to prevent wrong decisions on the treatment process.
Akut Apandisit Hastalarında Ghrelin Hormon Düzeyi Bakılması ve Ghrelin Hormon Düzeyinin C-Reaktif Protein ve Beyaz Kan Hücre Düzeyleri İle Karşılaştırılması
Authors: PEKSÖZ Rıfat , ALBAYRAK Yavuz , ŞEBİN Engin , DİŞÇİ Esra , AŞKIN Seda , YILDIRGAN Mehmet İlhan
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmada akut apandisit hastalarında ghrelin hormonunun tanısal değerininin incelenmesi ve white blood cell (WBC), c-reaktif protein (CRP) gibi rutin kullanılan laboratuvar testleriyle korelasyonunun değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem: Ekim 2018 ile Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında akut apandisit ön tanısı ile ameliyat edilen 16-80 yaş arası hastalar prospektif olarak incelendi. Preoperatif dönemde hastalardan hemogram ve CRP ile birlikte ghrelin hormon düzeyi ölçümü için kan alındı. Hastalar 3 gruba ayrılarak yaş, cinsiyet, ek hastalık, iştahsızlık, ghrelin, lökosit, CRP ve vücut kitle indeksi (VKİ) gibi parametreler karşılaştırıldı.

Bulgular: Çalışmaya 30 sağlıklı kişi, 29 nonkomplike apandisit, 29 komplike apandisit olarak 3 grup dahil edildi. Gruplar arasında yaş, cinsiyet, VKİ ve ghrelin düzeyleri arasında anlamlı fark saptanmadı (p>0.05). İştahsızlık, Lökosit ve CRP düzeyleri akut apandisitli hastalarda kontrol grubuna göre ileri derecede anlamlı saptandı (p<0,001). Hastaların ghrelin değerlerinin lökosit ile korelasyonuna bakıldığında anlamlı bir korelasyon saptanmadı.

Sonuç: Akut apandisit tansında ve hastalığın ciddiyetinin belirlenmesinde WBC ve CRP gibi serolojik testler kullanılabilir. Akut apandisitin ciddiyet düzeyi arttıkça ghrelin hormon değeri de artmaktadır ancak gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark saptanmadı. Akut apandisit gibi iştah düzeyinin değiştiği bir hastalık için, daha fazla hasta katılımının olduğu çok merkezli çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
Bir Şehir Hastanesinde İstenilen Psikiyatri Konsültasyonlarının Değerlendirilmesi: 2019 Yılı Verileri
Authors: TAŞCI Gülay
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Biz çalışmamızda 2019 yılı içerisinde ayaktan başvuran ya da yatarak tedavi gören hastalardan istenen psikiyatri konsültasyonlarına ait verileri geriye dönük olarak incelemeyi amaçladık.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Hastanemizde yatarak tedavi gören veya acil servise ayaktan başvuran, psikiyatri konsültasyonu istenen 18 yaş ve üstü hastaların verileri, hastane kayıt sistemi üzerinden incelenmiştir.

Bulgular: Toplamda 961 hastaya psikiyatri konsültasyonu istenmiştir. Hastaların 511’i (%53.2) kadın, 450’si (% 46.8) erkeklerden oluşuyordu. Kadınların yaş ortalaması 53.65±21.5 yıl, erkeklerin ise 57.59±21.38 yıl idi. Bunlardan 23 (%2.4) kişi acil servise ayaktan başvuran, 204 (%21.2) kişi yoğun bakım ünitesinde (YBÜ), 280 (%29.1) kişi cerrahi servislerde, 454 (% 47.3) kişi ise dahili servislerde yatarak tedavi gören hastalardı. Diyabet (DM), hipertansiyon (HT) gibi endokrinolojik hastalıklar (n=228, % 23.7), KOAH (kronik obstruktif akciğer hastalığı), astım gibi göğüs hastalıkları ile ilgili hastalıklar (n=165, %17.2) en sık eşlik eden fiziksel hastalıklardı. Psikiyatrik tanıları ise; anksiyete bozukluğu 409 (%42.6), depresif bozukluk 131 (%13.6), uyum bozukluğu 70 (%7.3) kişi ile en sık konulan tanılar idi. Öz kıyım girişiminde bulunan hastalar 123 (% 12.8) kişi idi. Hastalardan 71 (%57.73)’i kadın, 52 (%42.27)’si erkekti. Hastaların yaş ortalaması 30.64±5.64 idi. Depresif bozukluk ve anksiyete bozukluğu en sık konulan tanılardı.

Sonuç: Psikiyatri dışı kliniklerde değerlendirilen hastaların tanı ve tedavilerinin psikiyatri hekimiyle işbirliği içinde düzenlenmesi tedaviye uyum ve hastalığın prognozu açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışma Elazığ ili psikiyatri konsültasyonlarını inceleyen ilk çalışmadır. Bu çalışma ile diğer illerde yapılan çalışmaların karşılaştırılması ve psikiyatrik yaklaşımlara yön vermesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Acil Servise Başvuran Hastaların Sağlık Anksiyetesinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: ÖZLÜ İbrahim , KILINÇ Tülay , KARAMAN ÖZLÜ Zeynep
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışma acil servise başvuran hastaların sağlık anksiyetesini belirlemek amacıyla tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel olarak yapıldı.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmaya Atatürk Üniversitesi Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Hastanesi Acil Servisine, Ekim-Aralık 2019 tarihleri arasında başvuran 364 hasta alındı. Verilerin toplanmasında “Hasta Tanıtım Formu” ve “Sağlık Anksiyetesi Ölçeği” kullanıldı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde sayı, ortalama, yüzdelik dağılımlar, bağımsız gruplarda t testi, Kruskal Wallis, Kolerasyon ve Cronbach Alfa güvenirlik analizi kullanıldı.

Bulgular: Araştırma kapsamına alınan hastaların sağlık anksiyetesi ölçeği toplam puan ortalamaları 19.19±8.64, bedensel belirtilere aşırı duyarlık ve kaygı boyutu puan ortalamaları 15.09±7.02 ve hastalığın olumsuz sonuçları boyutu puan ortalamaları 4.09±2.72 olarak bulundu. Kadın olmanın, yaşın, eğitim durumunun, düzenli ilaç kullanımının, son zamanlarda stresli bir olay yaşamanın, acil servise geliş şeklinin, son 6 ay içinde acil servise başvuru durumunun ve acil servise başvuru nedeninin hastaların sağlık anksiyetesi düzeyini artırdığı belirlendi (p<0.05).

Sonuç: Acil servise başvuran hastaların genel olarak sağlık anksiyetesi düzeylerinin düşük olduğu bulundu. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda; acil servise başvuran hastaların sağlık anksiyetesinin belirlenmesi amacıyla farklı bölgelerdeki acil servislerde ve daha büyük örneklemde araştırma yapılması önerilir.
Chronic subdural hematoma as a complication of medicinal leech therapy
Authors: Bas Nuri Serdar , Tufan Azmi
Published: September 2021

Applications related to the use of leeches in medical therapies date back for centuries. We present here a case of self-administered leech application for chronic low back pain who subsequently developed complication of chronic subdural hematoma. We are not aware of similar report in the literature. This was a 34-year-old man who was admitted to our Emergency Department with headache, right side numbness, and intermittent difficulty in speaking. During the neurological examination, it was observed that the patient had difficulty in speaking and pronouncing words intermittently while taking his medical history. Motor examination was normal. The patient did not report any recent trauma. There was no known history of systemic or hereditary disease, drug or substance abuse. Cranial CT and MR imaging showed a left frontoparietal chronic subdural hematoma. Further history was obtained that leech was applied to the patient for low back pain in the last 45 days, two times at 15 days intervals. The patient’s drowsiness and speech difficulties improved after the surgical operation. On one month follow-up, neurological examinations were normal. Our patient shows that leech therapy can be complicated by subdural hematoma.
Dose optimization study for recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke: A study from Middle-East
Authors: Hemasian Helia , Sheikhbahaei Erfan , Shahzamani Arvin , Khorvash Faribourz , Saadatnia Mohammad , Rastinmaram Zahra
Published: September 2021

Background: Variable intravenous recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (rt-PA) dosages are used for ischemic stroke. We aimed to report our experience from administering different rt-PA doses in a tertiary referral center in Middle-East.
Method: Medical documents of ischemic stroke patients who received rt-PA were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Patients were grouped into three categories based on the received total amount of rt-PA and their body weight: 0.6 mg/kg (low-dose), 0.75 mg/kg (intermediate-dose), and 0.9 mg/kg (high-dose). During the hospitalization period, patients were under full surveillance for rt-PA complications. The validated format of the National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) and the modified Rankin scale (mRS) were used at the baseline, at the time of being discharged, and after 3 months. Chi-square, ANOVA, and ANCOVA were used for statistical analysis.
Results: 602 patients were evaluated and grouped as follow: 187 (31.06%) in 0.6 mg/kg group (61% male) with mean age of 68±15 years, 217 (36.04%) in 0.75 mg/kg group (59% male) with mean age of 67±13 years, and 198 (32.89%) in 0.9 mg/kg group (50% male) with mean age of 69±17 years. There was no significant difference between the three groups regarding their demographics, comorbidities, and the distribution of stroke risk factors. No significant difference was seen between the three groups regarding in-hospital death and intracranial hemorrhage (p=0.07 and 0.09, respectively). In terms of NIHSS, no significant difference was observed between the three groups at the time of admission, discharge, and follow-up (p=0.98, 0.85, and 0.47, respectively). At the time of discharge, the mRS of 0.6 mg/kg group was significantly higher than the other two groups (p=0.04), which decreased in the 3-month follow-up and did not make significant differences (p=0.38).
Conclusions: According to the in-hospital mortality, intracranial hemorrhage, mRS, and NIHSS scores, we recommend 0.75 mg/kg as our safe, beneficial, and cost-effective dosage.
Expanding the genotype-phenotype spectrum of autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: A novel PLEKHG5 gene mutation
Authors: Yayici Köken Özlem , Öztoprak Ülkühan , Topçu Vehap , Çavdarli Büsranur , Temucin Çagri Mesut , Aydingöz Üstün , Dedeoglu Toptas Özge , Kayilioglu Hulya , Yuksel Deniz
Published: September 2021

Autosomal recessive intermediate Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) disease type C is a very rarely-seen neurogenetic disorder. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family G member 5 (PLEKHG5) gene on chromosome 1p36 was recently reported in patients with CMT. From the first description of the disease to date, almost 40 different variants associated with the PLEKHG5 gene were identified. Here, we present an adolescent girl who was thought initially to be myopathy because of progressive proximal muscle weakness. The electrophysiologic study revealed axonal sensory and motor neuropathy with some demyelinating features. She was diagnosed with autosomal recessive inheritance, intermediate CMT disease type C with a novel homozygous mutation in the PLEKHG5 gene in clinical exome sequencing as c.1600- 2A>G by next-generation sequencing. We describe here the novel mutation in the PLEKHG5 gene and the genotype-phenotype correlation.
Skipped multilevel lesion as an atypical tuberculous spondylitis mimicking spinal metastasis: A case report
Authors: Sugianto Paulus , Sutantoyo Felisitas Farica
Published: September 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of major global health threats and leads to morbidity and mortality. TB is prevalent in low and middle income countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia. M. tuberculosis usually affects the lungs. Spine is the most common extrapulmonary sites for TB after lymph nodes, accounts for 1% of all TB cases, and 50 to 60% of osteoarticular TB. In the case of spinal TB, two or more adjacent vertebrae are usually involved due to hematogenous spread of bacteria in which the vertebral arteries feed the two adjacent vertebrae. The incidence of multiplelevel non-contiguous spinal TB is 1.1 to 16% of all skeletal TB. Multiple-level non-contiguous, an atypical form of spinal TB is rare. It has insidious symptoms, often with diagnostic delays and a higher risk of permanent neurological deficits. We report a case of atypical TB spondylitis with non-contiguous multiple level of lesions mimicking multiple bone metastases.
The establishment of a stroke-associated pneumonia predictive scoring system
Authors: Wang Yan , Wu Zhisheng
Published: September 2021

Background & Objective: Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is a common complication of ischemic stroke, increasing the length of hospital stay and costs, and affecting prognosis. This study aimed to determine the incidence of SAP, investigate the risk factors that lead to SAP to facilitate a more targeted response to the prevention of SAP.
Methods: A retrospective study was performed to analyze the factors that predict SAP in an acute stroke population from a university affiliated hospital in Fujian, China. A SAP risk score table was constructed.
Results: A total of 1,016 patients with acute cerebral infarction were enrolled. The incidence of SAP was 13.58%. Multivariate regression analysis found that age, NIHSS, GCS scores, dysphagia, heart failure, creatinine, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) use were independently associated with SAP. Based on the data, a SAP risk score table was constructed with age > 75 years -2 points, NIHSS ≥ 16 -2 points, GCS score ≤ 8 -1.5 points, dysphagia - 5 points, heart failure - 1.5 points, creatinine - 1 point, PPIs use - 1.5 points, a total of 14.5 points. The optimal value was 3 points.
Conclusions: Age, NIHSS, GCS score, dysphagia, heart failure, creatinine, and PPIs use were predictive of SAP.
Two New Cassis (Gastropoda: Cassidae) and a New Malea (Gastropoda: Tonnidae) from the Pliocene and Pleistocene Beds of Southern Florida
Authors: Petuch Edward , Berschauer David
Published: September 2021

Two new fossil Helmet Shells of the genus Cassis Scopoli, 1777 (Cassidae) and a new fossil Grinning Tun Shell of the genus Malea Valenciennes, 1832 (Tonnidae) are described from the Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil beds of southern Florida. The new Helmet Shells, Cassis rasae n. sp. and Cassis viliusi n. sp., were both collected in the rich fossil beds of the Holey Land Member of the Bermont Formation (Calabrian Stage, Early Pleistocene) and the new Grinning Tun, Malea hyaducki n. sp., was collected in the Fruitville Member (Kissimmee River Valley equivalent beds) of the Tamiami Formation (late Piacenzian Stage of the Pliocene). The discovery of two new large Helmet Shells in the Holey Land Member demonstrates that four species of Cassis are present in the Bermont Formation, making this the single largest fossil Cassis fauna found anywhere on Earth. The new Grinning Tun represents the oldest-known Malea found in Florida, and is the direct ancestor of the Gelasian Pleistocene Malea springi (Caloosahatchee Formation) and the Calabrian Pleistocene Malea petiti (Bermont Formation).
Description of two new Jaspidiconus species from Bahia State, Brazil
Authors: Crabos Oliver , Oliveira Geraldo , Almeida Laudelino , de Queiroz Gregorio
Published: September 2021

Two new Jaspidiconus species from Bahia State, Brazil are described here and compared to other similar taxa from the Brazilian Molluscan Province. A new taxon, Jaspidiconus vanini n. sp., is described from Bahia and Espirito Santo States, Brazil and compared to the similar Jaspidiconus simonei Petuch & Myers, 2014 and Jaspidiconus poremskii Petuch & Myers, 2014. Another new taxon, Jaspidiconus tinharensis n. sp., is described from Morro de São Paulo, Bahia State, Brazil and is compared to the similar Jaspidiconus simonei Petuch & Myers, 2014, Jaspidiconus marinae Petuch & Myers, 2014, Jaspidiconus ogum Petuch & Myers, 2014, and Jaspidiconus icapui Petuch & Berschauer, 2018.
Description of four new Nataliamarginella and one Punctamarginella species (Marginellidae: Marginella), from the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Veldsman Stephan
Published: September 2021

Five new species in the genus Marginella from the Eastern Cape, South Africa are described. Four species in the subgenus Nataliamarginella S.G. Veldsman, 2017: M. (N.) mbasheensis n. sp., M. (N.) mlambomkuluensis n. sp., M. (N.) mtataensis n. sp., and M. (N.) muratovi n. sp.; and one species in the subgenus Punctamarginella S.G.Veldsman, 2017 M. (P.) transovula n. sp. The new species are compared to their closest congeners within their respective subgenus with regards to their shell morphological features and locality. The species described here are all found deep water (50-550 m) along the central-northern Eastern Cape, between the Great Kei River (50 km north of East London) and Mbotyi (25 km north of Port St. Johns), South Africa, a portion of the 34 6region previously known as Transkei. Most of the closest congeners regarding shell morphology are found in KwaZulu-Natal at least 70 km north-east and further, with a region previously named Pondoland separating them. Very few Marginella species are adapted to live in the specific habitat of the Pondoland region.
Die Konstruktion der Heimatliebe
Authors: Panke-Kochinke Birgit
Published: September 2021

It remains undisputed that the concept of "love of home" in the novel for hire and staple novel is fictional and also trivial. And it is precisely this triviality that provides an example of a basic pattern that explains the almost unbroken impact of the concept of home in other contexts right up to the present day: The construction of a place of longing where security and love flow together in a form reminiscent of child-hood. Having a home represents an essential basis for security in life. The novels thus reproduce this basic model of life in an exemplary manner in an endless abundance of narratives that always come down to one core statement: Every human being needs a home.
Phytochelatin Synthase in Heavy Metal Detoxification and Xenobiotic Metabolism
Authors: Chia Ju-Chen
Published: September 2021

Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) is well-known for its role in heavy metal detoxification in plants, yeasts and non-vertebrate animals. It is a protease-like enzyme that catalyzes glutathione (GSH) to form phytochelatins (PCs), a group of Cys-rich and non-translational polypeptides with a high affinity to heavy metals. In addition, PCS also functions in xenobiotic metabolism by processing GS-conjugates in the cytosol. Because PCS is involved in GSH metabolism and the degradation of GS-conjugates, it is one of the important components in GSH homeostasis and GSH-mediated biodegradation. This chapter reviews the biochemical mechanism of PCS, how the enzyme activity is regulated, and its roles in heavy metal detoxification as well as GS-S-conjugate metabolism. This chapter also highlights the potential applications of PCS in the improvement of plant performance under combined stresses.
Infections in Neurosurgery and Their Management
Authors: Arad Senaobar Tahaei Seyed , Ashkan Senobar Tahaei Seyyed , Mencser Zoltan , Barzo Pal
Published: September 2021

Surgical site and postoperative infections are common problems in surgical wards and treating them can be challenging and very complicated. It is important to understand different types of postoperative infections and their best management. In this chapter we try to emphasis on infections which are occurring in neurosurgical units and how to approach them. Foreign body infection is another challenge that happens in neurosurgical units, and it is vital to recognize these infections in time and start the treatment as soon as possible. Atypical infections occurrence is low therefore this problem is not addressed often in textbooks or in the literature, therefore atypical infections will be discussed in this chapter too. By discussing the most common postoperative complications and their best management profile, the authors here will try to widen the perspective of readers on infections in neurosurgical units in order to understand this problem better. Untreated infections or poorly treated infections can lead to sepsis and catastrophic results.
EMC Measurement Setup Based on Near-Field Multiprobe System
Authors: Tena Sánchez Rubén , Jacob Foged Lars , Sierra Castañer Manuel
Published: September 2021

Multiprobe spherical near-field measurement is a potent tool for fast and accurate characterization of electrical properties of antennas. The use of fast switching in one axis, an azimuth positioner, and a near- to far-field transformation allows a substantial time reduction in antenna measurements while maintaining high-quality results. On the other hand, conventional emissions EMC measurement systems are typically based on detecting the radiated spurious emissions by a device at different frequencies. The systems usually work in far-field (or quasi-far-field conditions), performing the measurements either at 3 or 10 meters. Measurements under these conditions take space and time. Moreover, the systems are not cost-effective for pre-compliance purposes where pre-testing of the device should provide valuable information and confidence about the DUT before performing a compliance test. This chapter analyzes the possibility of cost and space reduction for EMC systems based on multiprobe near-field measurement systems in combination with OTA (over the air measurements), reference-less systems, spherical near-field transformation, phase reconstruction, modal filtering, source reconstruction, and software-defined radio receivers.
Development of Management Model Post-Stroke Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Heltty Heltty , Sitorus Ratna , Nusdwinuringtyas Nury , Martha Evi
Published: September 2021

Post-stroke urinary incontinence (UI) is one of the sequelae of stroke. This situation affects all aspects of the patient’s life both physically, psychologically, socially, and spiritually. Post-stroke UI as a chronic disease requires holistic treatment. Many chronic health problems will respond well when handled from a holistic perspective. The holistic health view focuses on the patient’s health care needs, not only needs related to the patient’s physical condition of health, but also subjective aspects related to social representation of his/her health conditions. Developing a holistic post-stroke UI management model and continuous care at the patient’s home needs to be done. This chapter includes model components which are also interventions that can be done to overcome post-stroke UI. These interventions include information and understanding of post-stroke UI; ways to overcome post-stroke UI; conduct self-control and stay motivated; perform daily activities independently according to ability; and get family support and peer attention. This model was developed based on previous qualitative studies and literature studies related to post-stroke urinary incontinence. Intervention in this model is aimed at patients who have passed the acute phase of stroke, when they will be discharge from the hospital and continued at the patient’s home.
Oral Language Skills and Literacy Skills of Malay Children with Dyslexia
Authors: A. Razak Rogayah , Xing Lin Loke , Azmarul A. Aziz Mohd
Published: September 2021

Dyslexia can involve among others, difficulties in spoken language. However, there is limited local data on oral language (narrative skills) and literacy skills in children with dyslexia. The relationship between language and literacy is well documented although they involve complicated and non-straightforward processes. There is also evidence suggesting a link between language difficulties with subsequent literacy difficulties. Thus, this study aims to identify and describe the language and literacy skills of Malay children with dyslexia, and to discuss the possible relationships between them. Subjects were six children with dyslexia in the Klang Valley, Malaysia aged 8:0 to 9:11 (mean age, 8:10) who were compared to an age-matched control group (n = 10). The battery of tests administrated was phonological awareness test, language task, narrative, and literacy tasks. Our findings showed that children with dyslexia had generally weaker language and literacy skills than the control group. There were significant differences (p < .05) in grammar understanding, sentence repetition, and reading and spelling at both word and paragraph levels. Pearson correlation between language and literacy was shown to be positive and strong, r = .887, p < .05. The qualitative discussion of the data is presented. Findings from this study would provide useful information to teachers and speech-language therapists in their teaching or planning of appropriate clinical evaluation and management of children with dyslexia.
Analysis of Inputs Parameters Used to Estimate Enteric Methane Emission Factors Applying a Tier 2 Model: Case Study of Native Cattle in Senegal
Authors: Ndao Séga
Published: September 2021

In the context of the Paris Agreement, and considering the importance of methane emissions from cattle in West Africa, application of a Tier 2 method to estimate enteric methane emission factors is clearly pertinent. The current study has two purposes. Firstly, it aims to detect how much each input parameter contributes to the overall uncertainty of enteric methane emission factors for cattle. Secondly, it aims to identify which input parameters require additional research efforts for strengthening the evidence base, thus reducing the uncertainty of methane enteric emission factors. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methodologies were applied to input parameters in the calculation of enteric methane emission factors for lactating cows and adult male Senegalese native cattle using the IPCC Tier 2 model. The results show that the IPCC default input parameters, such as the coefficient for calculating net energy for maintenance (Cfi), digestible energy (DE) and the methane conversion rate (Ym) are the first, second and third most important input parameters, respectively, in terms of their contribution to uncertainty of the enteric methane emission factor. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that future research in Senegal should prioritize the development of Ym, Cfi and DE in order to estimate enteric methane emission factors more accurately and to reduce the uncertainty of the national agricultural greenhouse gas inventory.
Persistant Organic Pollutants in Soil and Its Phytoremediation
Authors: Begum Mahima , Sarmah Bhaswati , Goswami Kandali Gayatri , Kalita Sontara , Ojha Ipsita , Bhagawati Raktim , Talukdar Lipika
Published: September 2021

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of soil mainly exhibit toxic characteristics that posses hazard to whole mankind. These toxic pollutants includes several group of compound viz., polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, herbicides and organic fuels, especially gasoline and diesel. They can also be complex mixture of organic chemicals, heavy metals and microbes from septic systems, animal wastes and other sources of organic inputs. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology which can be used for remediation of soil from organic pollutants. In this chapter an attempt has been made to discuss about the sources of organic pollutants, factors that influenced the uptake of organic pollutants by plants, the different mechanism responsible for organic pollutants, phytoremediation of organic pollutants and their advantages and limitation.
ROS Regulation Mechanism for Mitigation of Abiotic Stress in Plants
Authors: Kumari Asha , Singh Bhinda Mahendar , Sharma Sachin , Kumar Chitara Manoj , Debnath Ashim , Maharana Chandan , Parihar Manoj , Sharma Binny
Published: September 2021

Plants respond to various stresses during their lifecycle among which abiotic stress is the most severe one comprising heat, cold, drought, salinity, flooding, etc. which take a heavy toll on crop yield worldwide in every corresponding year. ROS has a dual role in abiotic stress mechanisms where, at high levels, they are toxic to cells while at the same time, the same molecule can function as a signal transducer that activates a local as well as a systemic plant defense response against stress. The most common ROS species are Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Superoxide anions (O2-), Hydroxyl radicals (OH-), and Singlet oxygen (1O2) which are results of physiological metabolism often controlled by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. ROS generally accumulate in plants during abiotic and biotic stress conditions resulting in oxidative damage which ultimately leads to programmed cell death. Many ROS scavenging pathways have been well studied against stress responses. Through careful manipulation of ROS levels in plants, we can enhance stress tolerance in plants under unfavorable environmental conditions. This chapter presents an overview of ROS regulation in plants and the essential enzymes involved in the abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms which are thoroughly discussed below.
Anatomy, Embryology and Life Cycle of Lophophytum, a Root-Holoparasitic Plant
Authors: Arnaldo Sato Hector , Maria Gonzalez Ana
Published: September 2021

The most extreme manifestation of parasitism occurs in holoparasites, plants that are totally achlorophyllous. Among them, the genus Lophophytum (Balanophoraceae) is characterized by an aberrant vegetative body called a tuber, devoid of stems and leaves. The genus is exclusively South American, comprising five taxa, which parasitize the roots of trees or shrubs. This review focuses on the Argentine species of the genus: L. leandri and L. mirabile subsp. bolivianum. Topics covered include: morphology and anatomy of the vegetative body and host–parasite connection; structure, anatomy and development of the staminate and pistillate flowers; sporogenesis and gametogenesis, embryo sac inversion; endospermogenesis, embryogenesis and fruit development. The evolutionary trend in the gynoecium and embryo sac of the Balanophoraceae is also discussed to reflect the variability. Finally, observations were made on the synchronization of the life cycles of the parasites and hosts to infer possible ways by which parasitism has evolved, until now unknown.