bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Disasters on Readiness for War
Authors: Flemming Arthur S.
Published: March 2007

The Office of Defense Mobilization is essentially a planning and co- ordinating agency in the Executive Office of the President. Its chief purpose is to organize and focus governmental activity at all levels to the end that pro duction in an area struck by disaster—natural or man-made—can be quickly re stored. This requires techniques for assessing damage and facilities for promot ing a rapid resumption of production. The 1955 floods in the northeastern states and California provided a test of the effectiveness of civil defense preparations and caused them to work out new procedures. The author discusses the spe cific actions taken at that time, the Disaster Readiness Plan since prepared, and the relation of that plan to planning against the disaster of thermonuclear at tack.—Ed.
How a State Prepares for Disaster
Authors: McGill William L.
Published: March 2007

The State of Texas leads the other states of the nation in the num ber of major disasters: it is first in tornadoes and devastating floods and second in hurricanes. This article describes how Texas, under its Civil Protection Act of 1951, without setting up an independent state agency, has gone about mobiliz ing and utilizing the resources of the state in time of major disaster. The "Texas Plan" is discussed in detail and attention paid in particular to its cost and financing, the planning of disaster relief, preparedness, and training.—Ed.
The Voluntary Effort in Disaster Relief
Authors: Bunker Ellsworth
Published: March 2007

The disaster relief service of the American National Red Cross is seventy-five years old. During this period it has engaged in over 6,700 disaster relief operations, all financed by voluntary contributions. The principles gov erning the work of the Red Cross in these operations are explained, and a de scription is given of the national, regional, and local structure and functions of the organization, which has about 3,700 local chapters; these have first responsi bility for emergency action but can count on the help and guidance of profes sionally trained personnel from the national organization.—Ed.
How a Community Met a Disaster: Yuba City Flood, December 1955
Authors: Stiles William W.
Published: March 2007

The Yuba City flood of December 1955 was the worst disaster to strike California since the San Francisco earthquake. Initial attempts to bolster the levees, with the assistance of the military from nearby Beale Air Force Base, were unsuccessful; but as the waters swept over the countryside, well-organized evacuation took place. Beale provided emergency technical rescue and relief service. The Red Cross established numerous shelters and several giant kitchens and mobile canteens. As the waters subsided, the local health department un dertook the massive task of arresting contamination and pollution, and the town contracted for the removal of the thousands of tons of debris. Flood post mortem suggests that long postponed control measures, including dam construc tion, might have staved off the disaster.—Ed.
The Structure of International Labor Activities
Authors: Lorwin Lewis L.
Published: March 2007

The international labor movement, over a hundred years old, is embodied in the associations of trade unions and other labor organizations in dif ferent countries that are formed for mutual aid and joint action in matters of common interest. The history of the movement is sketched by the author. The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions, and the World Federation of Trade Unions are the three general organizations which are now active in the field, together with a number of International Trade Secretariats and regional organizations. The pro grams of work, organization, and financing of these various agencies are de scribed.—Ed.
Regional Organizations of International Labor
Authors: Steinbach Arnold L.
Published: March 2007

Since World War II, the focus of power in the international labor movement is no longer in Europe. Events, in which American labor has played a significant role, have favored a definite trend toward decentralization and the strengthening of regional organization. This has been secured in part by the establishment of regional (Asian, European, Latin American) offices by inter national federations of unions in specific trades or industries, and in part by the creation of regional organizations in Europe, the Americas, and Asia by the In ternational Confederation of Free Trade Unions. The author discusses some of the problems involved in these trends, the specific difficulties which face the ex tension of the movement to Africa, and the rivalry between the leading world confederations of labor, the ICFTU and the Communist World Federation of Trade Unions.—Ed.
Termination of Federal Supervision: The Removal of Restrictions Over Indian Property and Person
Authors: Watkins Arthur V.
Published: March 2007

Thinking constructively of the Indian as a fellow American we are now seeking to assure him of equality in the enjoyment and responsibilities of our national citizenship. Congress has called for termination of federal super vision over him as soon as possible. The proposed solutions vary in method. Seeking to be factual and informative rather than argumentative, the author dis cusses recent Congressional and related actions with a view as to what these es tablish for the present and portend for the future.—Ed.
The Economic Basis of Indian Life
Authors: Kelly William H.
Published: March 2007

Many Indians are solving their economic problems by turning to off-reservation wage work in industry and business. However, most Indians continue to live on reservations where, for a number of reasons, agricultural in come must be supplemented with wages from seasonal and periodic off-reservation wage work. The result is an income for Indian families generally lower than among neighboring non-Indians, with some localities suffering severe economic depression. The Indian attachment to reservation life is strong and hinders the normal absorption of Indians into the general population. Federal assistance programs include both an effort to develop reservation resources and to encourage Indians to relocate in industrial centers.
Patterns of Health and Disease Among the Navahos
Authors: Adair John , Deuschle Kurt , McDermott Walsh
Published: March 2007

Community patterns of our Indian citizens range from ordinary American communities to ways of life more comparable with those seen in parts of Asia or South America. In each type the disease picture can be expected to be different and the ways of dealing with it must necessarily be somewhat dif ferent. The Navaho tribe is the largest Indian tribe, a group whose ways of life perhaps differ the most from the rest of the United States. The broad principles revealed in an analysis of Navaho health are applicable to other tribes, although the particular health situation of another tribe would depend on the circumstances of its tribal life.
Education Among American Indians: Institutional Aspects
Authors: Thompson Hildegard
Published: March 2007

Although the educational needs of all Indians have never been fully met at any period, education has been one problem area to which the public his torically has been most sensitive and most responsive. In 1956, 55.3 per cent of the appropriation made to the Bureau of Indian Affairs was earmarked for formal education. This article attempts to put the educational problems of today's In dians in historical perspective by highlighting what has transpired with respect to the establishment of schools, the major practices and policies governing their operation, and the relationship of policy to the adjustment of Indians to the dominant culture.
American Indian Political Participation
Authors: Peterson Helen L.
Published: March 2007

The legal right of American Indian tribes to self-government still exists in principle, but during the last hundred years, it has been ignored or in fringed upon by regulation or local interpretation to such an extent, especially since the Civil War, that the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 which meant to restore self-government in local affairs seemed unrealistic to many Indian tribes. Since 1950, government interference in tribal affairs has again increased, both at the national and state levels. The participation of Indians in political life is growing. Over 32,000 were in the armed services during the last World War. As citizens, since 1924 they are increasingly participating in local and national elections.—Ed.
American Indian Personality Types and Their Sociocultural Roots
Authors: George D. , Spindler Louise S.
Published: March 2007

It appears that American Indians probably exhibit some pivotal and core features of psychological structure in common, and that these core features function differently in variant tribal and areal cultures. The combina tion of these features in the basic personality structure of each society appears to exhibit considerable stability through time, and apparently selectively limits effective choices of new cultural alternatives as long as it continues to function. By reversing the relationship between culture change and psychological structure, we can see that several distinct types of personality emerge, representing various combinations of experience, needs, and results of experience. These types are cast somewhat differently in the framework of male and female roles in culture change.
Prospects of Continued Anglo-French Solidarity
Authors: De la Grandville Jean
Published: March 2007

The system of alliances is the most practical one as a basis for inter national organization. In Europe the Organization for European Economic Co operation was made necessary by the Marshall Plan. Further integration has been hampered by traditions of sovereignty, which are being overcome. More rapid progress may have been delayed by Great Britain's hesitancy to join in the European organizations, in spite of the French efforts to secure her co-opera tion. Developments on the Continent, such as the formation of the Coal and Steel Community, have brought Great Britain closer. The Common Market plan and Euratom may prove even greater inducements to full British association with the Continental states.—Ed.
The Soviet Union and German Rearmament
Authors: Schuman Frederick L.
Published: March 2007

Western hopes and Soviet fears of German rearmament are both products of past German military prowess. But Germany has no future as a military power thanks to the industrialization of Russia and the advent of the atomic and thermonuclear age. NATO strategy is unworkable. Muscovite anxieties are irrational. Soviet responses to German rearmament are reviewed and the need for a reappraisal of policy expounded.
The German Defense Contribution
Authors: Krekeler Heinz L.
Published: March 2007

Psychologically, Germans were unprepared in 1950 for the thought that the defense of Europe required their active participation. Now the over whelming majority favor the re-creation of a German army as part of the NATO command. An important factor in this change of attitude was the restoration of sovereignty in 1955. Principles underlying participation are that German troops are to be used for defense only and that the people will enjoy protection on a par with that given other NATO partners. The will and the means of common defense will be strengthened by growing economic and political stability stimu lated by the European common market plan.—Ed.
Voluntary Youth Organizations
Authors: Bartlett William H. , Bridges Bernice
Published: March 2007

America has a tradition of voluntary associations developed to pro vide constructive informal educational and recreation opportunities for youth in leisure time. A common goal of these organizations has been the person- centered programs to develop independent, self-directed, self-reliant, self- controlled, and socially responsible citizens. Recent decades have seen a growth in the number of organizations and of young participants and changes in prac tices. At a time when the nation's population outlook swells the number of potential members and decreases the age group from which leaders are drawn, circumstances require a reconsideration of goals and programs.
Penal Institutions
Authors: Heyns Garrett
Published: March 2007

All penal institutions in the United States have recreation pro grams, although they vary in extent because of limitations of space and facilities. Prison administrators recognize that well-directed recreation is vital to an ade quate program for effecting the rehabilitation of the inmate. Progress toward securing sufficiently extensive recreation lags because of inadequate financing and is hindered because the public is apathetic to institutional needs in this respect.
Religious Organizations
Authors: Tully Robert W.
Published: March 2007

The three major faiths have made efforts to discover common ground and define common concepts of recreation in relation to religious organizations. Trends in leadership education, camping, family recreation, and co-operation in community activities indicate the vigor of the religious groups and their aware ness of the values inherent in the use of the increased phases of leisure.
The Armed Forces
Authors: Gates Sherwood , Williams Harold W.
Published: March 2007

Recreation has a firmly established place in the Armed Forces. As our military establishment has grown and become an important segment of our national life, recreation programs in the Armed Forces have also developed to the point where they are becoming accepted as an important but normal phase of the American recreation movement. Outdated philosophies of military recreation based on charitable considerations are being replaced by modem concepts of the function of free-time programs in military settings.
The Provision of Shelter
Authors: Klutznick Philip M.
Published: March 2007

Dramatic demographic changes in the next twenty-five years will re quire housing production up to 2 to 3 million units annually. Maintenance of a high economic level will virtually eliminate poverty. Improved transportation will continue to expand the limits of cities. With these and other trends on the horizon, we can expect greater participation by the federal government in helping to finance the production of private housing, new forms of public housing, and large-scale renewal of deteriorated central areas. Tomorrow's houses will not be of markedly better design, nor will there be any drastic changes in methods of residential construction.
Community Services
Authors: Foote Nelson N.
Published: March 2007

The common tendency to confine thinking about family services to the professional activities of public and private agencies ignores both commercial services and the functions which families perform for themselves. With their higher incomes, education, leisure, and competence for working out patterns of mutual aid with their urban neighbors, American families will probably rely less in the future on professional assistance and more on themselves. The role of the professional will remain that of remedying difficult cases, of setting stand ards of competence, and of training lay leadership in hygiene, child development, adult education, recreation, and counseling. There will be more emphasis on diffusing the means and knowledge of optimal development of capacities and less on minimal standards of subsistence and adjustment.
Alcoholism: Attitudes and Attacks, 1775-1935
Authors: McCarthy Raymond G.
Published: March 2007

For generations uncontrolled drinking was looked upon as a matter of individual perversity and moral defect. One or two physicians pointed out the disease character of this behavior, but they received little recognition from their colleagues. Society in general tended either to ignore the condition or to deal with it through legislation and punitive action. Attempts at elimination of uncontrolled drinking during the last one hundred and fifty years have demon strated that this is a mixed medical and social problem. Joint responsibility and co-operation of both medicine and the community are imperative if a solution to the condition is to be achieved. There is evidence that this co-operation is slowly developing.
Perception, Learning, and Emotion: The Role of Alcohol
Authors: Conger John J.
Published: March 2007

A good deal is already known about the effects of alcohol on spe cific psychological functions such as perception, memory, judgment, learning ability, and certain emotions. We are also beginning to understand something of how the effect of alcohol on an individual's need-patterns may lead to con tinued drinking, and, further, how alcohol can give rise to quite different pat terns of behavior in different individuals or in the same individual at different times. Much remains to be learned, however, about the specific ways in which the need-patterns of normal drinkers and nondrinkers differ from those of addictive drinkers.
Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Trice Harrison M.
Published: March 2007

The fellowship of Alcoholics Anonymous has successfully restored some 200,000 compulsive alcoholics to sobriety. Thousands more have tried to affiliate with A.A. but have failed. The movement, however, has spread through out the world and is still growing. Changes in the self-conception of members constitute the main therapeutic effect. Possession of an ability to adjust to the casual, informal group life of the fellowship characterizes those alcoholics who affiliate with A.A. in contrast with those who do not. Alcoholics Anonymous demonstrates the effectiveness of group processes in altering individual behavior. As such it indicates a technique for the treatment of degenerative diseases in general. Its success has renewed our realization that man is more than physiol ogy, that his ills can often be reduced by his involvement in face-to-face thera peutic groups.
Medical Practice and the Alcoholic
Authors: Straus Robert
Published: March 2007

A positive attitude of the physician toward his alcoholic patient is an essential component of a satisfactory therapeutic relationship. Despite soci ety's recognition of alcoholism as a form of illness, the physician has been reticent to accept alcoholics as patients. Alcoholism has not been medically respectable; it has no well-defined etiology or therapy. The "special problem" community approach has permitted the practicing physician to feel justified in referring alco holics elsewhere. It is suggested that medicine's new emphasis on comprehensive care, the health team concept, and new therapeutic discoveries may permit the physician to view alcoholism as an interesting clinical entity.
Life in the Americas During the Next Century
Authors: Brown Harrison
Published: March 2007

It seems likely that the combined population of North and South America will grow during the next century to one billion and possibly to two billion persons. An attempt is made to forecast the kinds of life which people will lead at that time, their sources of food and raw materials, and their eco nomic status on the assumption that there will be no world-wide catastrophe in the meantime.
Recent Trends in Latin American Urbanization
Authors: Browning Harley L.
Published: March 2007

The swelling populations and sweeping social and economic trans formations which are now working themselves out in Latin America cannot fail to be reflected in those sensitive barometers of change, cities. More than one quarter of the total population now lives in cities of 20,000 or more and the present surge of urban growth shows little sign of having run its course. The traditional pattern of first-city supremacy has intensified rather than weakened with modernization. Despite programs of economic development, urban areas still have a low level of industrialization.
Economic Development, Social Change and Population Problems in Brazil
Authors: Costa Pinto L.A. , Bazzanella Waldemiro
Published: March 2007

This article deals with significant aspects of social change in modern Brazil and particularly with the main demographic implications. Brazil's society is changing—old patterns persist, but do not prevail; new patterns are present, but are not dominant. The social change is the result of the transition from an agrarian to an industrial economy, from a rural to an urban society, and from a parochial to a more secular way of life. Emerging social classes include an urban proleteriat, a middle class, and a bourgeoisie of merchants and industrial ists. The government is exercising great efforts to accelerate the rate of eco nomic development of the country. An important feature of Brazil's demogra phy is the high rate of natural increase in the population due mainly to the high birth rate and declining death rate, particularly in infant mortality—Ed.
Agriculture in Eastern Europe
Authors: Tomasevich Jozo
Published: March 2007

After World War II, governments carried out agrarian reforms in Eastern Europe. This measure resulted in a radical change in the distribution of land ownership. Later a policy of collectivization and formation of state farms followed. Agricultural production has stagnated and fallen behind the planned mark and needs of the population. Conditions concerning production, marketing, and income reduce incentive for greater production and for the mar keting of larger amounts of production. Agriculture has played a subservient role to the rapid development of industry, and generally represents the least successful sector of Communist economic policy.
Limits and Problems of Decompression: The Case of Hungary
Authors: Kecskemeti Paul
Published: March 2007

Anxious to dilute authority within the Communist regimes in the satellite countries, Stalin's successors in 1953 compelled Hungary's party boss, Mátyás Rákosi, to share power with a moderate Communist, Imre Nagy. The Moscow center hereafter consistently sought to balance one set of Communist powerholders in Hungary against another. It is shown how this manipulation policy eventually undermined the stability of the Hungarian regime and rendered it unable to stem the tide of revolt provoked by accumulated past grievances.
East Europe, Germany, and the West
Authors: Campbell John C.
Published: March 2007

Both the Soviet Union and the Western powers have had to rethink their policies concerning Eastern Europe since the crisis of 1956. Both have to take full account of the cardinal importance of Germany. Many in the West now find hope in the possibilities of negotiation and "disengagement" to avert dangers of war and to promote freedom for Eastern Europe. For the West it promises to be a long, hard road before an acceptable solution of the German problem and that of Eastern Europe becomes possible. Its main task is to look to its own strength and unity.
Leadership in the Western Pacific and Southeast Asia
Authors: Linebarger Paul M.A.
Published: March 2007

In the struggle for leadership in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, both the West and the Communists have definite advantages. The United States' stake in SEATO depends upon its possessions of western Pacific islands and its strategic bases in the area. Rivalry between India and Russia in the area is significant, while the China-India conflict is an ideological one. India's influence can be best understood in light of her role as the largest power in the British Common wealth of Nations. The pattern of economic co-operation in the Commonwealth is as important as its political structure as exemplified by the Colombo Plan. Russia has a definite for eign policy—Soviet missions have been established in almost every Southeast Asian country; direct Soviet influence is sig nificant and is reinforced by international trade. China's pres sure is not great in Southeast Asia. The United States' im mersal in the area came with World War II. The first phase of American policy supported both the colonial powers and the nationalist rebels; the Korean conflict changed this pattern; and the collapse of Indochina meant the final dissociation with the maintenance of colonial powers. In 1958 American su periority in nuclear weapons began to wane, and Mr. Dulles continued the policy of containment. Southeast Asia is in the ambit of two American foreign policies: the cold war and the policy toward colonial and underdeveloped areas. Since a larger policy—that the interest of humanity as a whole tran scends that of a single nation—is important, it is necessary that behind the citizen's perception of everyday politics, there re mains an awareness of the larger problem of human culture. —Ed.
The Soviet Employment of Military Strength for Political Purposes
Authors: Dinerstein Herbert S.
Published: March 2007

Although traditionally the Soviets have thought in terms of capitalist encirclement, increased Soviet military and political strength has now made them feel that it is they who are on the offensive and the capitalist world which is on the defensive. As a result of Soviet advances, many people who profess no faith in the Marxist god of history seem to accept the Soviet hopes and expectations for the future as, in part at least, inevitable. They feel that we can no longer delude our selves by viewing the Soviet Union as a second-rate power. Russia is strong, both politically and militarily, and since this is an accepted fact it would be "unrealistic" to oppose the Soviet Union at every point where it seeks to advance. Thus go the arguments which have resulted in mounting pressures to nego tiate with the Soviet Union. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that apprehensions and counsels of despair about present Soviet strength are without adequate foundation. It is argued here that changes in the nature of war—the potential ity for a nuclear holocaust—and in the political organization of the world—the ideological polarization of international politics —make it much more difficult for the Soviet Union to expand politically and territorially than it was for Germany and Japan. Further, the doctrainaire Marxist belief that communism must wax as capitalism wanes—for this is how they read the Book of History—reinforces the caution and conservatism dictated by military and political considerations.—Ed.
Factors Looking to Eastern World Leadership
Authors: Ali Mohammed
Published: March 2007

Today Asians look for a synthesis between West ern ways that have deeply influenced them and their own cul ture. They know that isolation is impossible and are conscious of the interdependence of peoples. Asians want partnership with the West based on trust. Owing to past misfortunes, Asians are still suspicious. The West has to convince Asians that the past is gone and that they wish to help the East. Until all countries are free, Asians will continue to be suspicious. Against this is the ideological clash between democracy and totalitarianism which Asians by and large see more as a conflict between free enterprise and state-controlled economy. While their problems persist and Asians strive for a better life they become vulnerable to false materialism. Poverty erodes ide ologies. Asians cannot understand why they should be poorly fed and clothed while others are better off. The challenge to the Free World is to give meaning to human dignity and free dom that are lacking under communism. No single outlook in Asia is apparent, yet two trends, regionalism and a wait-and- see policy, are noticeable. The basic need continues to be prompt development so that a better life can be available for all. Humanity is one—the question is not of leadership of Asia or of the West. Rather it is a theme of partnership and co-operation.
Driver Licensing
Authors: Baker James Stannard
Published: March 2007

During the past half century, driver licensing has developed from a tax on the users of highways to a major safety activity, and it has spread to every state in the Union. Con trolling who should drive and under what conditions was less important than taxation in the early days of licensing, but today this relationship has been reversed. Licensing is granting a privilege, and the courts have repeatedly upheld this principle; the public, however, must be constantly reminded that a license to drive is only a privilege and not a right. Laws generally provide for examination of drivers and restriction of licenses, but, based as they are on the theory that high-risk applicants can be detected and rejected, they are so limited in effectiveness that continued driver improvement work is necessary to deal with those whose driving records contain conspicuous numbers of unfavorable reports. Driver licensing depends for success upon supporting activities of police and courts both in en forcing license requirements and reporting driver experience. Years of research will be required to develop its full safety potentialities.
Human Behavior—Factor X
Authors: Malfetti James L.
Published: March 2007

Driver reward and punishment are examined as influences in driver behavior. Perception and judgment are accepted as significant factors, and a number of research needs are suggested. Public information and education are evalu ated, and deficiencies pointed out. Driving as a social process is examined; recommendations are made for reasonable traffic regulations, a moral approach to traffic safety, and the group discussion-decision technique for improving driver behavior. Limiting conditions of the driver—such as fatigue and intoxica tion—are discussed. Electronic devices to take control when the driver fails are described and recommended. Lack of in formation about causes of accidents is a major impediment to progress in most areas of traffic safety. The "mixed team" approach to accident investigation is endorsed. Pedestrian safety is defined as primarily an urban problem with many of the same socio-psychological bases as driver safety.
The Military Looks at Traffic Safety
Authors: Jackson Stephen S.
Published: March 2007

The Department of Defense faces a two-fold traffic safety problem. First, it is the owner of one of the world's largest motor vehicle fleets, with aggregate annual mileages totalling in the billions; second, it is the employer of millions of young men, 2,000 of whom die every year in traffic accidents. Vigorous safety campaigning on the part of the Department has resulted in an impressive reduction in the num ber of accidents involving government-owned vehicles. The campaign to reduce the number of off-duty accidents to service men, however, faces many obstacles. The armed forces are composed largely of young men in the age group most prone to accidents; the chances are increased still further by the fact that servicemen, usually located somewhere away from their homes, are very likely to want to drive long distances on holiday and week-end leaves. The ability of the services to combat acci dents is limited by their lack of control over the serviceman and his car when neither is on military property. Many tech niques, however, are used. A close liaison with the states per mits education of offenders; tests to weed the bad drivers from the good allow education for the poor risks even before they have become violators. Inspection of cars located on base, lectures, driving rodeos, and movies are all aspects of the cam paign which has earned high praise for the safety efforts of the Department.
Organizing for Safety
Authors: Bethea J.W.
Published: March 2007

Traffic safety is the responsibility of public of ficials, yet public officials cannot successfully discharge this re sponsibility without public support. Public support in turn will not be successful unless it is properly focused. This focus can best be achieved through a formal organization of all groups and all individuals united in a co-ordinated accident prevention program. This organized group of citizens performs a two- way function: it conducts a continuous campaign of education to keep the community alerted to accident prevention needs, and it places its support solidly behind public officials, encourag ing them to improve their program and to advance its effective ness. Organized citizen support for traffic safety is not some thing new and unique. It developed out of industrial safety experience as motor-vehicle traffic grew in volume and com plexity. The need for a co-ordinated attack on traffic accidents is not limited to citizens and citizen groups, however. Public officials charged with traffic responsibilities also should co-ordi nate their efforts in order to minimize duplication and assure understanding and co-operation. This can best be achieved through a co-ordinating committee of the heads of the depart ments which have traffic responsibilities, with the chief execu tive serving as chairman. The traffic problem can be brought under control if public officials provide leadership and are backed by strong citizen support for the measures needed to achieve this end.
The China Problem Today
Authors: Lindbeck John M.H.
Published: March 2007

No change in the last decade rivals that which has taken place in the situation of China. The military victory of the Chinese Communist forces on the mainland in 1949-50 and the removal of the Nationalist government to Taiwan have created a radically different milieu in which the China problem must be viewed today. Four elements in this situation are of key importance: the direction of developments within Com munist China as the Peking regime seeks to impose its coercive, high-speed program of modernization and social transformation on the Chinese people in an environment far different from that confronting the Bolsheviks in Russia in the 1920's; the benefits and liabilities derived from mainland China's special relation ship to the Soviet Union; the changes and pressures in China's Asian environment; and the influence of American military and political power on Chinese developments. Russia and the United States both exercise immediate and direct influence on China's domestic and international position, but neither can fully control the evolving relations between China and her Asian neighbors. In this area, signs of flexibility and change have appeared during the past decade. Committed to its Russian connection and opposed to all signs of neutralism within the Communist orbit, Communist China has been unable to yield to the appeals of Asian neutralism but has sought to find some ac commodation with it favorable to its own ends.
United States China Policy
Authors: Clough Ralph N.
Published: March 2007

Communism has taken over much of East Asia and poses a grave military and subversive threat to the free countries of the area. United States policy is aimed at counter ing this threat by deterring military aggression through a series of security pacts and the development of indigenous Free World military strength; strengthening the economies and the internal security of the free nations; and opposing any action which would contribute to Chinese Communist power to conquer or subvert. Essential to the policy of limiting the external political effectiveness of the Peiping regime is our support of the Republic of China. United States China policy has been strongly supported by the American people, but there have been expressions of doubt as to the validity of the policy for the future. A "two-Chinas" concept has sometimes been proposed as an alternative. However, the concept is vehemently op posed by both Peiping and Taipei. Even if it were practicable, its presumed advantages are highly questionable and its adop tion by the United States would seriously injure the Free World position in East Asia.

This article was written just prior to the renewal of the Chi nese Communist artillery bombardment of Quemoy on August 23 and therefore does not reflect events which have taken place since then. However, it remains an authoritative exposition of United States policy towards China.
Ideology and Politics in Communist China
Authors: Steiner H. Arthur
Published: March 2007

The relationship of "ideology" to "politics" is an important question of general Marxist-Leninist thought which seeks to identify the two. The "party-line" is the practical, operational device for analyzing new or changing situations in Marxist-Leninist terms and for issuing pertinent policy (action) directives to party cadres and other administrators. Mao Tse- tung's views on the relationship of ideology and politics ("the ory" and "practice") were developed in the 1920's and 1930's and strongly influence practice today. The recent completion of the processes of socialization in Communist China has created a new situation in which the Communist party is moving to identify and bring under control the "rightist" and "antisocial ist" elements, and to undertake a "big leap" under the aegis of a new General Line of Socialist Construction. The current political and ideological discussions in Communist China, cen tering on the theme of "revisionism," are directed toward action against "bourgeois rightists" at home and abroad and are re lated to the attack on Titoism and the drive to develop greater "socialist solidarity." In this connection, the Politburo has defined five principal ingredients of "the universal truth of Marxism-Leninism" as a means for judging the correctness of action.
Agriculture and Population in Relation to Economic Planning
Authors: Spencer J.E.
Published: March 2007

The. initial agrarian reform program of distribut ing land to the landless won over the poorer rural masses that form the main Chinese population. By staged evolution of co-operative organization, land has now become state property, making almost all Chinese landless in the strict sense. The consolidation of farm land into co-operatively managed units permits policy control, taxation, agricultural public works pro grams, agricultural management, and crop collection to be more effectively handled than was formerly the case. Long-range major improvement programs actually are expanding the farm landscape, developing irrigation, reducing floods, and improving yields. An integral feature of economic planning is a new major birth control program which is just beginning to take effect. The population total now stands close to 640,000,000, with an annual increase of about 11,000,000 and death rates comparable to those in advanced countries. The essentially in tensive agriculture is being further intensified. Some headway is being made and the Chinese population is a little better off in basic, essential needs than it formerly was. Mechanization and other features typical of agricultural improvement elsewhere are being pushed as long-term improvements which are just be ginning to show results.
Dynamics of the Moscow-Peking Axis
Authors: Whiting Allen S.
Published: March 2007

Alliance with Soviet Russia has served the mili tary, economic, and political interests of Communist China. The dependency of Peking upon Moscow during the Stalin period compelled suppression of ideological differences on the part of Mao Tse-tung. Growing Chinese strength, however, afforded increased leverage upon the post-Stalin leadership. In 1956, the East European crisis prompted Peking to inter vene in bloc affairs, promoting a formula which varied from the approach of Moscow. This formula called for relegation of bloc differences to secret bilateral discussions as well as for toleration of greater divergence in the domestic practices of bloc regimes. Chinese mediation between the Polish and Russian positions during 1956-57 appeared to smooth bloc relations throughout East Europe.

Abandonment of this formula at the November 1957 con ference in Moscow coincided with a major shift by Mao Tse- tung on other aspects of Chinese foreign policy. This shift paralleled preconference signs from Khrushchev of a harsher line both on bloc affairs and toward the non-Communist world.

Overtly the Sino-Soviet attack against "revisionism" applied to the Yugoslavs. Gomulka's position at the conference, how ever, as well as during the 1958 attack on Tito, suggested that Poland also felt pressure from the new line. The change in Peking's policy from 1956 to 1957 may have come from a reappraisal of Soviet strength resulting from intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) and artificial satellite developments in the latter half of 1957. Such a reappraisal may explain the new harshness of Chinese foreign policy statements directed not only within the bloc but to other areas as well.
Peking's International Position and the Cold War
Authors: Dai Shen-Yu
Published: March 2007

Chinese Communist foreign policy is a blend of three major ingredients: the cultural confidence of the imperial Chinese tradition, the psychological energy of modern Chinese nationalism, and the political aggressiveness of contemporary Chinese Communism. These elements combine to produce a pluralist mentality which is frequently evident in Peking's vig orous cold war diplomacy. Mainland China's pattern of for eign relations is complex but cohesive. Its basic aim is the attainment of recognized international status as a major power. Its instrumentalities vary widely: political, economic, cultural, and propaganda devices are all used regularly. During the past decade, Peking's "people's diplomacy" has helped Com munist China to overcome the limitations imposed by its de jure position and to gain increased influence in Asian affairs. Re cently Communist policy has manifested growing interest in the so-called "national independence forces" not only in Asia but also in the Middle East, Africa, and even Latin America. Both Chinese national interest and Communist ideology compel Com munist China to attempt to extend its ties in these areas.
Taiwan's Development as Free China
Authors: Walker Richard L.
Published: March 2007

In nine years the Chinese Nationalists have made substantial strides in rebuilding their government, morale, and symbolic appeal. Many of the civilian accomplishments on Taiwan have received little notice in the outside world. In the grim period, 1949-50, the Nationalist cause appeared hopeless, but United States protection and support since the Communist aggression in Korea in June 1950 have facilitated positive achievements. 1951 and 1952 were years of reform, followed by a four-year (1953-56) period of adjustment and planning. During these years increased emphasis was placed on building Taiwan's symbolism as a repository of Chinese culture. In 1957 and 1958 the cumulative effect of domestic reforms and United States aid brought a burst of flowering in economic and cultural fields. Six areas of major achievement in Taiwan de serve special mention: the land reform program, internationally acclaimed as a model; the work of the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction; improved living conditions which give Taiwan the highest standard of living in Southeast Asia; devel opment of democratic and responsible local government; the expansion of public education and cultural activities; and the building of an efficient military force making a substantial con tribution to Free-World defenses in Asia. But some problems persist: the inability of the Kuomintang to capture the imagina tion of the Chinese intellectuals and youth who remain outside Communist control, continued psychological tensions, and pop ulation pressure. A complete reorganization of the Kuomin tang and the development in Taiwan of a new philosophy of democracy for China would be desirable; but these changes depend upon initiative from Chiang Kai-shek and seem difficult within the present crisis context. On balance, though, the Na tionalists have succeeded to a point where their cause cannot be ignored.
Delinquency Prevention: The Size of the Problem
Authors: Perlman I. Richard
Published: March 2007

The extent and nature of that ill-defined com plex, juvenile delinquency, defy precise definition. Never theless, existing evidence indicates that delinquent behavior known to official agencies has increased in recent years, both absolutely and proportionally. Moreover, there is evidence that a great amount of law-violation among juveniles goes un detected. Because of the size and importance of the juvenile delinquency problem, its tremendous cost in dollars and in human wastage, and the prospect that it will increase still further, much more must be learned about its prevention, treatment, and basic causes. More and better research is needed to test hypotheses concerning causal factors, to evalu ate current programs of prevention and treatment, and to try out and evaluate new methods. Research priorities must be carefully assessed and the finding of basic facts must be im proved. We will then have an adequate base line for evalu ating the problem and an adequate picture of the extent to which our treatment facilities are now applying what we do know.
Delinquency Prevention Through Revitalizing Parent-Child Relations
Authors: Tefferteller Ruth S.
Published: March 2007

At the Henry Street Settlement, New York City, a project is under way to prevent the contagion of gang activity on younger children by detecting and working with the younger groups while there is still a good chance to influence them. Here we find that one of the most important steps in the cor rective process lies in reaching the parents of these children and helping them reassert their own influence and authority. Even the flimsiest of parent-child relationship is a potential source of control, if help is given in time. Through this spe cial project we are attempting to devise programs which place as much emphasis on encouraging parents to express their au thority as on the intensive group work being done with the chil dren. One of the most effective tools for achieving this has been through a constant effort to bring the parents of prede linquent gang members together at meetings so that their opin ions and group influence can be felt by the children. Another has been through the close, informal relationships developed with individual parents around matters concerning their chil dren and themselves. The partnership between home and Settlement is accepted and recognized by the children and, in most instances, is contributing towards revitalizing parent- child relationships. All combined, this approach seems to be having a positive effect on the behavior of the children in these young groups.
An American Aid Mission Director's View of Technical Co-operation
Authors: Roseman Alvin
Published: March 2007

Economic development is now a prime national imperative in the less-advanced countries of the world. Tech nical co-operation—the organized international transfer of technical knowledge and skills—is one of the ways in which the more developed countries can aid less advanced ones to achieve their aspirations. The principal requirements for eco nomic growth are a development climate, capital, and modern technology. The creation of an environment conducive to progress is a task for indigenous political leadership. Once that leadership faces up to its responsibilities, technical co operation can contribute substantially to the country's eco nomic growth—especially in assistance in economic planning; in introducing new techniques in agriculture, industry, and the public services; in the development of extension methods for spreading technical knowledge; and in the training of profes sional and technical manpower. A key characteristic of the United States' technical co-operation program is its emphasis upon mutuality with the participating country. This type of collaborative relationship sometimes may be immediately less effective than the direct operational methods employed by the Soviet bloc aid programs. However, it provides a sounder basis for strengthening the capacity of less-developed coun tries to meet their own problems. The success of United States technical aid depends very largely upon the capability of American administrators and technicians in the field of hu man relations and upon their understanding of the role of their technical specialties in the larger problems of economic and so cial advancement.