bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Poly-Victimization to Poly-Strengths: Understanding the Web of Violence Can Transform Research on Youth Violence and Illuminate the Path to Prevention and Resilience
Authors: Hamby Sherry , Taylor Elizabeth , Jones Lisa , Mitchell Kimberly J. , Turner Heather A. , Newlin Chris
Published: February 2018

For many years, an overly “siloed” approach has hampered efforts to understand violence and minimize the societal burden of violence and victimization. This article discusses the limitations of an overly specialized approach to youth violence research, which has focused too much on violence in particular contexts, such as the family or the school. Instead, a child-centered approach is needed that comprehensively assesses all exposures to violence. This concept of the total cumulative burden of violence is known as poly-victimization. The poly-victimization framework reveals that many youth are entangled in a web of violence, experiencing victimization in multiple settings by multiple perpetrators. This more accurate view of children’s exposure to violence has many advantages for advancing our scientific understanding of violence. Perhaps somewhat surprisingly, this more comprehensive view also points to new insights for resilience and prevention. This includes recognizing a parallel concept, “poly-strengths,” which captures the number of resources and assets children and their families can use to help insulate youth from violence (prevention) or assist in coping and promoting well-being after victimization (intervention). Reconceptualizing how resilience is defined and understood among youth populations can help alleviate the true societal burden of youth victimization.
Why Polyvictimization Matters
Authors: Wolfe David A.
Published: February 2018

The five important papers in this series reflect the evolving state of research on violence and victimization. Their findings and methods underscore the importance of studying poly-victimization as the more encompassing genesis of harm across stages of development, rather than singular, isolated events. That is, children and youth who experience one type of violence are more likely than not to have experienced (or will experience) many others. Poly-victimized children become victims of further abuse and trauma and, in turn, are at increased risk of becoming perpetrators toward peers and future partners. These five papers incorporate a wider lens that is more inclusive of gender minority and ethnic minority youth, as well as underserved populations such as youth served by the juvenile justice systems (especially girls). Important developments were described in terms of recruiting difficult-to-reach populations, and ways to screen for psychological maltreatment in the background of youths. These papers demonstrate how the field is moving away from narrowly focused studies of violence/victimization, toward a more integrative, person-centered strategy. Such a strategy looks for common elements, such as healthy relationship development, that move us closer to common causes and solutions. These solutions should involve universal prevention via our education system that promotes well-being, enhances resilience, and reduces poly-victimization for all youth.
Experimental research on machinability of different electrode materials for SEAM of the nickel-based superalloy GH4169
Authors: Li Xuezhi , Zhou Jianping , Wang Kedian , Xu Yan , Wu Tianbo
Published: February 2018

The short electric arc machining technology is a technical category of electrical machining in the special machining industry. It further improves machining efficiency (1.92 × 105 mm3/min) in comparison to other electrical machining. In short electric arc machining, the electrode materials directly affect the surface quality of the workpiece, electrode loss, and dimensional accuracy. Therefore, the selection of the electrode material is particularly important. Using the nickel-based superalloy GH4169 machining as the research object, the study aimed to improve the material removal rate, while reducing the electrode loss. The experimental research on the short electric arc machining properties (machining surface quality, inter-polar voltage and current waveform, electrode loss analysis, surface morphology, microstructure, chemical components analysis, etc.) of four types of tool electrode materials (graphite, copper, Q235, and aluminum) separated by two groups was conducted, in the first group: under the certain technological parameter, machining the GH4169 by four kinds of tool electrode materials respectively. In the second group, the influence of different tool electrode materials on the material removal rate was studied by using graphite and copper as the tool electrode materials under the different process parameters of discharge current, pulse time, pulse interval, and air pressure. The results show that the mechanical properties of the electrode materials differed due to the different thermal properties of the electrode materials under the same process parameters. Furthermore, the different physical properties of the electrode material caused different effects on the residual heat, resulting in differences in the material removal rate. Under most of the discharge conditions, MRR occupied a large proportion in the graphite electrode, and the relative mass loss of the electrode was about 16.7% of that of copper, providing a solid theoretical basis for the electrode selection of the short electric arc machining hard surface materials.
Design and analysis of a hydraulic–elastic railcar buffer
Authors: Partovi Meran Ahmad , Muğan Ata
Published: February 2018

This paper presents a study on the development of a side buffer to absorb the impact energy of colliding railcars. Buffers are essential elements for improving the traveling comfort of passengers and extending the service life of a wagon chassis. In designing the buffer’s energy absorption characteristics, a combination of a hydraulic damper and a stack of disc springs (Belleville springs) were utilized. Disc springs have nonlinear load–deflection characteristics; by stacking them in series and parallel arrangements, the desired load–deflection characteristics can be achieved. The finite element method was employed to evaluate the performance of the designed buffer in terms of force–stroke and kinetic, strain, and viscous energies for 5, 7, and 9 km/h impact velocities. Simulation results proved that the designed buffer ensures the requirements of EN 15551 easily for various collision speeds. Low level of acceleration values and small peak collision forces proved that the proposed buffer has superior performance in comparison with the existing buffers in service by improving the shock absorption and crashworthiness features of railcars.
A survey of parametric modelling methods for designing the head of a high-speed train
Authors: Wang Ruibin , Zhang Jianjun , Bian Shaojun , You Lihuan
Published: February 2018

With the continuous increase of the running speed, the head shape of a high-speed train turns out to be the critical factor to boost the speed further. In order to reduce the time required to design the head of a high-speed train and to improve the modelling efficiency, various parametric modelling methods have been widely applied in the optimization design of the head of a high-speed train to obtain an optimal head shape so that the aerodynamic effect acting on the head of a high-speed train can be reduced and more energy can be saved. This paper reviews these parametric modelling methods and classifies them into four categories: two-dimensional, three-dimensional, CATIA-based, and mesh deformation-based parametric modelling methods. Each of the methods is introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are identified. The simulation results are presented to demonstrate that the aerodynamic performance of the optimal models constructed by these parametric modelling methods has been improved when compared with the numerical calculation results of the original models or the prototype models of running trains. Since different parametric modelling methods used different original models and optimization methods, few publications could be found which compare the simulation results of the aerodynamic performance among different parametric modelling methods. In spite of this, these parametric modelling methods indicate that more local shape details will lead to more accurate simulation results, and fewer design variables will result in higher computational efficiency. Therefore, the ability of describing more local shape details with fewer design variables could serve as a main specification to assess the performance of various parametric modelling methods. The future research directions may concentrate on how to improve such ability.
Robust output feedback trajectory tracking for quadrotors
Authors: Shi Xiling , Sun Yunqiang , Shao Xingling
Published: February 2018

This paper focuses on robust output tracking control for quadrotors exposed to parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. Based on the back-stepping control principle, the quadrotor dynamics is decomposed into translational and rotational subsystems. To handle the limitation of traditional extended state observer that can only be effective for integral-chain systems, a high-order extended state observer with special structure is developed to estimate the unmeasurable states and the lumped disturbances in rotational subsystem simultaneously. To avoid the tedious analysis and repeated differentiation of virtual control laws in the back-stepping technique, a first-order sliding mode differentiator is introduced to compute the derivative of virtual control law at each step in the presence of disturbances. The stability analysis is established using the Lyapunov theory. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme in achieving a guaranteed tracking performance with respect to an 8-shaped reference trajectory.
A review: Motor rehabilitation after stroke with control based on human intent
Authors: Li Min , Xu Guanghua , Xie Jun , Chen Chaoyang
Published: February 2018

Strokes are a leading cause of acquired disability worldwide, and there is a significant need for novel interventions and further research to facilitate functional motor recovery in stroke patients. This article reviews motor rehabilitation methods for stroke survivors with a focus on rehabilitation controlled by human motor intent. The review begins with the neurodevelopmental principles of motor rehabilitation that provide the neuroscientific basis for intuitively controlled rehabilitation, followed by a review of methods allowing human motor intent detection, biofeedback approaches, and quantitative motor rehabilitation assessment. Challenges for future advances in motor rehabilitation after stroke using intuitively controlled approaches are addressed.
A Social Safety Net: Developing a Model of Social-Support Figures as Prepared Safety Stimuli
Authors: Hornstein Erica A. , Eisenberger Naomi I.
Published: February 2018

Although the presence of social-support figures (e.g., close friends and family members) is known to increase feelings of safety, reduce threat responses, and improve health, the route by which these effects occur is not well understood. One explanation is that social-support figures are members of a powerful category of safety signals—prepared safety stimuli. Here, we review research demonstrating that social-support figures act as prepared safety stimuli and explore the impact that these unique safety stimuli have on fear-learning processes. According to recent work, the presence of social-support figures both reduces fear acquisition and enhances fear extinction, ultimately decreasing perceptions of threat. These findings shed light on the route by which social support buffers against threat and illustrate the unique properties of prepared safety stimuli and how they might be used to improve mental and physical health outcomes.
Exclusion Through Imperio
Authors: Maillet Pauline , Mountz Alison , Williams Kira
Published: February 2018

This article explores and unpacks the entanglements between law and geography that enable and advance the exclusion of non-citizens from entry into sovereign territory. We suggest that states manipulate jurisdiction within and beyond sovereign territory to extend enforcement. This jurisdiction applies primarily to the bodies of migrants themselves as opposed to fixed spaces. Like Elden’s (2009, 2013) imperio, or imperial power, this extension is spatially boundless, limitless in internal checks and administrative. Imperio places migrant bodies into new legal regimes with subjectivities that overlap and override existing protections, such as international refugee law. We develop our argument by considering enforcement practices in three areas: the waiting zone at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport, search and rescue areas on the Central Mediterranean Sea and Australian excision zones.
Trust as a Skill
Authors: Tamilina Larysa , Tamilina Natalya
Published: February 2018

A growing body of research is considering how social trust is built at the individual and societal levels. This study introduces a new conceptual framework of trust formation by uniting dispositional and experiential determinants into a single analytical framework. By drawing on psychological theories of skill acquisition, we describe trust as shaped by four factors: crystallised, cognitive, contact and context. We combine these four factors into a 4C-component analytical model by establishing links between them and explaining the rationale behind their individual and joint effects on trust. The proposed model is tested with the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) public-use data. Both theoretical and empirical elaborations suggest that context is the strongest driver of trust formation. Good contexts also spur more trust when individuals already possess crystallised knowledge and can display faith in others. Such knowledge can be learned if it is missing, but how efficiently depends on the quality of one’s cognitive system, frequency of contacts with others and the distance between one’s actual knowledge of trust and the optimal level of trust knowledge for the given context.
A Dynamic Relationship between Financial Development and Import Demand for Bangladesh: An Evidence from Combine Cointegration and Granger Causality Approach
Authors: Ahad Muhammad , Dar Adeel Ahmad
Published: February 2018

This article has estimated the impact of financial development on import demand over the period of 1986: Q1–2014: Q4 in case of Bangladesh. The long-run relationship between financial development, import demand and economic growth are investigated by combine cointegration. Error Correction Method (ECM) is applied to examine short-run phenomena. The unit root properties of variables are tested by augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF) and Philips–Perron (P–P) unit root test. Perron (1997) single structural break unit root test is also applied. The results of Bayer and Hanck (2013) combine cointegration test that reveal the existence of long-run relationship between import demand, financial development and economic growth. Financial development and economic growth have a positive and significant impact on import demand in long run as well as in short run. The lagged value of error correction method (ECMt-1) is –0.08 that is negative and significant. This indicates that change from equilibrium level of import demand is corrected by 8 per cent per quarter in a year. The results of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Granger causality explain that bidirectional causality exists between import demand and financial development in long run as well as short run. Similarly, bidirectional causality exists between import demand and economic growth in short run. Policymakers should focus on financial sector development for import of technology through adoption of the import substitution policy.
Does Size, Value and Seasonal Effects Still Persist in Indian Equity Markets?
Authors: Sobti Neharika
Published: February 2018

This article is an attempt to re-examine the persistence of company fundamentals such as size and value effects along with seasonal anomalies, such as January, April and Diwali (November) effects, in explaining the cross-sectional variation in average return of portfolios in the Indian equity market. The study analysed 740–1530 companies on an average listed on NSE for the period of 1996–2016 taking Nifty 500 as the market index. The study follows the standard methodology of Fama and French (1993) in constructing size and value mimicking portfolios but the originality comes from formulating 30 size–value-sorted portfolios with size sorted on deciles. An attempt has been made to compare single-index model with Fama–French Three-Factor (FFTF) model in the present context. The study finds evidence of both size and value effect in India and non-existence of January, April and Diwali effects in India for the given period as found previously by Gupta and Kumar (2007), Connor and Sehgal (2001) and Tripathi (2008). The FFTF model does better job than single-index model.
Does Size Matter for IPO Survival? Empirical Evidence from India
Authors: Baluja Garima
Published: February 2018

This article examines the effect of size of new issues on their survival profile in the aftermarket. The relationship between the probability of delisting and the time duration of initial public offerings (IPOs) on Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) is tested using logistic regression and parametric survival analysis models. The models take a range of information concerning offering, market and corporate specific characteristics as well to explore the outcome of IPOs on the trading exchange. The analysis of Kaplan–Meier curves provides insight about how size matters in determining the survival and hazard trend of IPO in the aftermarket. Overall, the study reveals that issues with large size exhibits more market confidence as well as ability to withstand the rough market situations in the aftermarket, and hence, they survive longer in the market. The analysis of other variables shows a positive influence of age, lead manager’s reputation and IPO demand, whereas negative influence of risk, list delay, underpricing, market level and IPO activity on the survival probability as well as duration of IPOs in the aftermarket. Further, the survival prospects are analysed across several industrial sectors as well. The present study provides useful insight to several parties associated with IPOs, such as investors, issuers, creditors and regulators, who can utilize this information for taking rational decisions.
Intrathoracic gossypiboma
Authors: Kucuk Canan , Arda Kemal , Turkkani Mustafa Hamidullah , Ata Naim
Published: February 2018

Objective:

Gossypiboma is a cotton matrix mass that is left behind in the body during the surgical operation. A retained surgical swab (gossypiboma) is a rare but an important complication of an intrathoracic surgery.

Case Presentation:

Intrathoracic gossypiboma was reported with cough and dyspnea, 7 years after coronary artery bypass surgery. Chest radiography and thorax computed tomography images’ findings are discussed. The patient was operated in the hospital where he had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery. The patient recovered uneventfully with complete resolution of all clinical symptoms on follow-up.

Discussion:

The patients may be symptomatic for a long period after the operation and the clinical presentation of gossypibomas may be acute or delayed. Radiological methods, especially computerized tomography, are very helpful in diagnosis.

Conclusion:

The use of radiopaque marked sponges in surgical procedures may prevent the formation of gossypiboma.
Can interpersonal psychotherapy be delivered by a community agency?
Authors: Luty Suzanne E , Scalia Sebastiano
Published: February 2018

Objectives:

There are limited options for depressed patients to have access to evidence-based psychotherapies in the community. This pilot study explored the feasibility of delivering interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) to clients in a community support agency.

Method:

A total of 18 clients with depression completed at least eight sessions of IPT (range 8–13) and 17 completed a range of pre- and post-treatment measures.

Results:

Clients had a high level of depression and were functioning poorly. All found the delivery of IPT in the community useful and would recommend therapy to others. There was a significant reduction in self-report and clinician-rated depression, and improvement in social functioning.

Conclusions:

This study supports the notion that therapy can be delivered by appropriately trained non-mental-health clinicians in the community with good effect and adds to the range of options for delivery of psychiatric care.
Like Mother, Like Child: The Influences of Maternal Attitudes and Behaviors on Weight-Related Health Behaviors in Their Children
Authors: Chen Jyu-Lin , Guo Jia , Esquivel Jill Howie , Chesla Catherine A.
Published: February 2018

Background: Childhood obesity has become a global health issue, yet little is known about the influence of maternal factors on children’s weight-related health behaviors (dietary habits and physical activity), especially in China. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of maternal factors on children’s eating behaviors and physical activity in Chinese preschool-age children. Method: A cross-sectional study was utilized to describe weight-related health behaviors among preschool-aged children and identify maternal factors that are associated with children’s weight-related health behaviors in China. Mothers completed questionnaires regarding family eating and activity habits, child feeding practices, and maternal self-efficacy regarding their child’s health-related health behaviors. Results: A total of 222 mother–child dyads participated in this study. Maternal health-related behavior and attitudes regarding feeding practices and self-efficacy were associated with children’s health-related behaviors, including eating behaviors and physical and sedentary activities. The influence of maternal behaviors and attitudes were domain specific. Discussion: Improvement of children’s health behaviors, promoting a healthy lifestyle of the mother and self-efficacy, and providing health home environment for the child are critical in obesity prevention. Implications for Practice: Because children’s health is critical to the health of the nation and to global development, understanding the factors related to children’s health-related behaviors is an important first step toward development of tailored, culturally sensitive interventions for promoting a healthy lifestyle and preventing obesity.
Simultaneous vibration suppression and energy harvesting with a non-traditional vibration absorber
Authors: Yuan Miao , Liu Kefu , Sadhu Ayan
Published: February 2018

This article investigates the effectiveness of using a non-traditional vibration absorber for the purpose of simultaneous vibration suppression and energy harvesting. Unlike the commonly used vibration absorber in which the absorber damper is attached to the primary mass, the non-traditional vibration absorber under study has its damper connected between the absorber mass and the ground. In this article, an apparatus of such a configuration is developed. It consists of a primary system subjected to a ground excitation and the non-traditional vibration absorber whose frequency and damping can be tuned. An electro-magnetic device serves as both the absorber damper and the energy harvester. The optimum parameters of the vibration absorber are derived based on the classical “fixed-points” theory. The mechanism of the electro-magnetic damper is developed and its energy harvesting performance is investigated. The results are validated using both computer simulation and experiment. The study shows that when the vibration absorber is optimally tuned with respect to the frequency tuning ratio and load resistance, the frequency response function of the primary mass can be made near flat in a wider frequency band. It also demonstrates that the dual purpose of vibration suppression and energy harvesting can be achieved with the proposed absorber.
CK7/CK20 Double-Negative Pulmonary Enteric Adenocarcinoma With Histopathological Evaluation of Transformation Zone Between Enteric Adenocarcinoma and Conventional Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Miyaoka Masashi , Hatanaka Kazuhito , Iwazaki Masayuki , Nakamura Naoya
Published: February 2018

We report a rare case of pulmonary enteric adenocarcinoma (PEA) exhibiting a immunohistochemical feature of CK7/CK20 double-negativity by evaluating the transformation zone between PEA and conventional pulmonary adenocarcinoma (CPA). A 75-year-old man was found to have a mass, 40 mm in diameter, in the right lower lobe on chest computed tomography, and underwent right lower lobectomy. Histologically, the tumor was composed of a PEA and CPA component. The dominant PEA component had medium to large complex glands with tall columnar cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and brush-border. The CPA component comprised small to medium glands with cuboidal cells. Moreover, intermediate glands (INT), which had cuboidal to tall columnar cells, with morphological features between PEA and CPA, was also observed in the transformation area. Immunohistochemically, the PEA component was negative for CK7, CK20, and TTF-1, and positive for CDX2 and SATB2 (weak): the CPA component was negative for CK20, CDX2, and SATB2, and positive for CK7 and TTF-1: the INT were negative for SATB2, with intermingled positive signals for CK7, CK20, TTF-1, and CDX2. The final diagnosis was PEA based on the CPA component and not colorectal carcinoma. To distinguish CK7-negative PEA from metastatic colorectal carcinoma, careful examination for a CPA component is very useful along with clinical information. There are no reports that discuss about process of oncogenesis, de novo sequence or transformation from CPA of PEA. This is the first reported case of CK7/CK20 double-negative PEA, with analysis of the transformation zone between PEA and CPA components.
To Be or to Seem: The Role of Environmental Practices in Corporate Environmental Reputation
Authors: Morales-Raya Matilde , Martín-Tapia Inmaculada , Ortiz-de-Mandojana Natalia
Published: February 2018

Although the literature has shown the benefits of corporate environmental reputation, little is known about how this reputation develops. Based on impression management theory, we examine how a firm’s environmental practices create its environmental reputation. We undertake a fine-grained analysis by distinguishing between high and low environmental external visibility practices and examining the effect of decoupling environmental practices (i.e., using only practices that are highly visible) on environmental reputation. We also propose that corporate environmental disclosure moderates these relationships. The hypotheses are tested on a sample of 241 U.S. firms included in Newsweek’s Green Rankings. Our results suggest that managers should avoid decoupling because such practices heavily jeopardize environmental reputation. In contrast, developing a balanced set of both high and low environmental external visibility practices, enhanced through environmental disclosure, pays for environmental reputation.
Pulmonary Atresia With an Intact Ventricular Septum: Preoperative Physiology, Imaging, and Management
Authors: Chikkabyrappa Sathish M. , Loomba Rohit S. , Tretter Justin T.
Published: February 2018

Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA-IVS) is a rare complex cyanotic congenital heart disease with heterogeneous morphological variation. Prenatal diagnosis allows for developing a safe plan for delivery and postnatal management. While transthoracic echocardiography allows for detailed delineation of the cardiac anatomy, additional imaging modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and catheterization may be necessary to further outline features of the cardiac anatomy, specifically coronary artery anatomy. The size of the tricuspid valve and right ventricular cavity as well as the presence of right ventricle–dependent coronary circulation help to dichotomize between biventricular repair versus univentricular palliation or heart transplantation, as well as predicting the expected survival. The delineation and understanding of these features help to dictate both medical and surgical management.
Reactive Oxygen Species: A Key Constituent in Cancer Survival
Authors: Kumari Seema , Badana Anil Kumar , G Murali Mohan , G Shailender , Malla RamaRao
Published: February 2018

Background:

Cancer is one of the major heterogeneous disease with high morbidity and mortality with poor prognosis. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alteration in redox balance, and deregulated redox signaling are common hallmarks of cancer progression and resistance to treatment. Mitochondria contribute mainly in the generation of ROS during oxidative phosphorylation. Elevated levels of ROS have been detected in cancers cells due to high metabolic activity, cellular signaling, peroxisomal activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of oncogene, and increased enzymatic activity of oxidases, cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and thymidine phosphorylases. Cells maintain intracellular homeostasis by developing an immense antioxidant system including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Besides these enzymes exist an important antioxidant glutathione and transcription factor Nrf2 which contribute in balancing oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species–mediated signaling pathways activate pro-oncogenic signaling which eases in cancer progression, angiogenesis, and survival. Concomitantly, to maintain ROS homeostasis and evade cancer cell death, an increased level of antioxidant capacity is associated with cancer cells.

Conclusions:

This review focuses the role of ROS in cancer survival pathways and importance of targeting the ROS signal involved in cancer development, which is a new strategy in cancer treatment.
Prion Proteins Without the Glycophosphatidylinositol Anchor: Potential Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Kovač Valerija , Čurin Šerbec Vladka
Published: February 2018

Prion protein (PrP) is a biomolecule that is involved in neuronal signaling, myelinization, and the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In the cell, PrP is shed by the ADAM10 protease. This process generates PrP molecules that lack glycophosphatidylinositol anchor, and these molecules incorporate into toxic aggregates and neutralize toxic oligomers. Due to this dual role, these molecules are important biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we present shed PrP as a potential biomarker, with a focus on PrP226*, which may be the main biomarker for predicting neurodegenerative diseases in humans.
Clinical Texting Among Medical Trainees of the University of British Columbia
Authors: Guo Danny , Phan Nam , Ho Kendall , Pawlovich John , Kitson Neil
Published: February 2018

We believe cellphone text messages are commonly used in medical practice whether in rural or urban settings and that clinical photos are often attached to them. Our interest is the use of this technology to provide dermatology service to rural and remote British Columbia. Concern has been expressed about the security of confidential information and adequacy of privacy protection in such an application. We have found little published information about the extent of texting in rural and remote settings (and none in our jurisdiction) or the number and nature of privacy breaches that have actually occurred as a result. To obtain such information, we first set out to survey medical practitioners about their actual use. The results reported here are from medical trainees enrolled with the University of British Columbia who are in both rural and urban settings.
Two-dimensional finite element analysis investigation of the heat partition ratio of a friction brake
Authors: Qiu Le , Qi Hong-Sheng , Wood Alastair
Published: February 2018

A two-dimensional coupled temperature–displacement finite element model is developed for a pad-disc brake system based on a restricted rotational pad boundary condition. The evolution of pressure, heat flux, and temperature along the contact interface during braking applications is analysed with the finite element model. Results indicate that different rotational pad boundary conditions significantly impact the interface pressure distribution, which in turn affects interface temperature and heat flux distributions, and suggest that a particular pad rotation condition is most appropriate for accurately modelling friction braking processes. The importance of the thermal contact conductance in the analysis of heat transfer in friction braking is established, and it is confirmed that the heat partition ratio is not uniformly distributed along the interface under normal and high interface thermal conductance conditions.
Using features of meaningful experiences to guide primary physical education practice
Authors: Beni Stephanie , Fletcher Tim , Chróinín Déirdre Ní
Published: February 2018

Providing meaningful experiences in physical education has long been identified as a key objective for teachers to strive toward. Supported by a critical friend, a beginning teacher used self-study methodology to analyse ways she drew from the features of meaningful experiences to guide her planning and instruction in primary physical education. Data from a striking/fielding games (e.g. softball, cricket) unit were collected and analysed. Results demonstrate how the teacher came to use the features of meaningful experiences (i.e. social interaction, fun, challenge, motor competence, personally relevant learning, and delight) in integrated ways to guide her planning and instruction in physical education. Through committing to prioritising meaningfulness and reconceptualising ways an experience may be meaningful, the teacher was able to foster these experiences for students primarily through using features of meaningful experiences to filter her decisions. This study offers preliminary support for pedagogies and approaches teachers may use to prioritise meaningful experiences in primary physical education.
Simulation for competency assessment in vascular and cardiac ultrasound
Authors: Sheehan Florence H , Zierler R Eugene
Published: February 2018

Healthcare providers who use peripheral vascular and cardiac ultrasound require specialized training to develop the technical and interpretive skills necessary to perform accurate diagnostic tests. Assessment of competence is a critical component of training that documents a learner’s progress and is a requirement for competency-based medical education (CBME) as well as specialty certification or credentialing. The use of simulation for CBME in diagnostic ultrasound is particularly appealing since it incorporates both the psychomotor and cognitive domains while eliminating dependency on the availability of live patients with a range of pathology. However, successful application of simulation in this setting requires realistic, full-featured simulators and appropriate standardized metrics for competency testing. The principal diagnostic parameter in peripheral vascular ultrasound is measurement of peak systolic velocity (PSV) on Doppler spectral waveforms, and simulation of Doppler flow detection presents unique challenges. The computer-based duplex ultrasound simulator developed at the University of Washington uses computational fluid dynamics modeling and presents real-time color-flow Doppler images and Doppler spectral waveforms along with the corresponding B-mode images. This simulator provides a realistic scanning experience that includes measuring PSV in various arterial segments and applying actual diagnostic criteria. Simulators for echocardiography have been available since the 1990s and are currently more advanced than those for peripheral vascular ultrasound. Echocardiography simulators are now offered for both transesophageal echo and transthoracic echo. These computer-based simulators have 3D graphic displays that provide feedback to the learner and metrics for assessment of technical skill that are based on transducer tracking data. Such metrics provide a motion-based or kinematic analysis of skill in performing cardiac ultrasound. The use of simulation in peripheral vascular and cardiac ultrasound can provide a standardized and readily available method for training and competency assessment.
Ambiguous loss and incomplete abduction narratives in Kosovo
Authors: Kajtazi-Testa Laura , Hewer Christopher J
Published: February 2018

Ten mothers of men and boys who were abducted and listed as missing during the war in Kosovo in 1998/1999 were interviewed in Kosovo in the spring of 2012. Although the missing are presumed dead by the authorities, the mothers continue to live in a state of emotional ambiguity where a presumption of death is balanced with the hope of being reunited. In the absence of absolute proof, finding the remains of their loved ones becomes a major preoccupation. Using a social phenomenological approach, this study explored the social and political complexities existing within the life-world of these women. The findings suggest that they live in a continual state of psychological distress, and even when remains are returned, the unknown elements of the narrative of their abduction and murder only add to their distress and force many into self-imposed emotional exile away from community and close family.
What is at stake? Exploring the moral experience of stigma with Indian-Australians and Anglo-Australians living with depression
Authors: Brijnath Bianca , Antoniades Josefine
Published: February 2018

This article applies the framework of moral experience to examine the cultural experience of stigma with Indian-Australians and Anglo-Australians living with depression in Melbourne, Australia. To date few studies have examined this dynamic in relation to mental illness and culture, and no studies have applied this framework in a culturally comparative way. Based on 58 in-depth interviews with people with depression recruited from the community, we explicate how stigma modulates what is at stake upon disclosure of depression, participants’ lived experience following that disclosure, and how practices of health-seeking become stigmatised. Findings show that the social acceptance of depression jars against participants’ experience of living with it. Denialism and fear of disclosure were overwhelming themes to emerge from our analysis with significant cultural differences; the Anglo-Australians disclosed their depression to family and friends and encountered significant resistance about the legitimacy of their illness. In contrast, many Indian-Australians, especially men, did not disclose their illness for fear of a damaged reputation and damaged social relations. For Indian-Australians, social relations in the community were at stake, whereas for Anglo-Australians workplace relations (but not community relations) were at stake. Participants’ experiences in these settings also influenced their patterns of health-seeking behaviors and age and inter-generational relationships were important mediators of stigma and social support. These findings illuminate how stigma, culture, and setting are linked and they provide critical information necessary to identify and develop customised strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of stigma in particular cultural groups.
Dampness problems in Tianjin dwellings: A cross-sectional study of associations with building characteristics and lifestyles
Authors: Kong Xiangrui , Sun Yuexia , Weschler Louise B. , Sundell Jan
Published: February 2018

This study investigated the association of building characteristics and occupant behaviours with building dampness indicators. Data were from a cross-sectional study in urban Tianjin and rural Cangzhou, China, from 2013 to 2014. We studied two fundamental types of Chinese dwellings: bungalows typical of rural locales and apartments in low- and high-rise buildings typical of urban settings. Occupants of bungalows reported more dampness indicators than apartment dwellers. Risk factors for one or more dampness indicators included natural ventilation without fans, older dwellings and coal stove or Kang heating system (a brick bed installed in the bedroom for heating and sleeping). All these factors were typical of bungalows, which generally used older building technologies including non-insulated external walls, wooden frame windows, electric fans for cooling and no exhaust fan ventilation. Occupant behaviours that decreased the risk for dampness indicators included frequent window opening and daily cleaning, regardless of the type of dwelling. Indoor dampness was highly correlated with mouldy and humid odour, and paradoxically (although not a new finding) with the perception of air dryness.
Effects of posture and vibration magnitude on seat to head transmissibility during exposure to fore-and-aft vibration
Authors: Bhiwapurkar MK , Saran VH , Harsha SP
Published: February 2018

An experimental study has been conducted on the vibration simulator, developed as a mockup of a railway vehicle. In this paper, the effect of variations in the posture and vibration magnitude on head motions in three translational directions (fore-and-aft, lateral and vertical) are studied with seat vibration in fore-and-aft direction. Thirty healthy male subjects are exposed to random vibration with three vibration magnitudes of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 m/s2 r.m.s. over the frequency range 1–20 Hz. The data results are analyzed in terms of seat-to-head transmissibility (STHT) in two sitting postures; backrest and forward lean. Vibration measurements of the head motions are made with an apparatus (bite-bar). The study confirms that the measured responses to single fore-and-aft axis vibration have shown notable cross-axis responses. An increase in the excitation magnitude consistently revealed a decrease in the response peak magnitude and the corresponding resonant frequency, particularly in the presence of a back support. Such non-linear behavior has been interpreted as a non-linear softening effect in the muscle tension under increasing intensity of vibration. The use of a back support significantly alters the biodynamic responses of the seated body, which is attributable to the constraint due to the backrest support.
Dynamics of a group of quasi-zero stiffness vibration isolators with slightly different parameters
Authors: Valeev Anvar
Published: February 2018

This article is devoted to finding solutions of problems of vibration isolators with quasi-zero stiffness from a manufacturing point of view. The following study is appeared after experimental study and manufacturing of preproduction serial of universal isolators of a dome type. An analytical description of some types of vibration isolators with quasi-zero stiffness is briefly observed. The sensitivity of vibration isolators of a dome type is studied. It is proved that vibration isolators with quasi-zero stiffness require high precision at manufacturing. Dynamics of a group of vibration isolators is also analyzed. It appears that an average behavior of an isolator in a group may not coincide with the behavior of a single isolator. Due to the normal distribution of parameter, the total properties of the vibration isolator can be slightly changed.
An explicit formula of perturbating stiffness matrix for partial natural frequency assignment using static output feedback
Authors: Zhang Jiafan , Ye Jianping , Ouyang Huajiang , Yin Xiang
Published: February 2018

The partial eigenvalue (or natural frequency) assignment or placement, only by the stiffness matrix perturbation, of an undamped vibrating system is addressed in this paper. A novel and explicit formula of determining the perturbating stiffness matrix is deduced from the eigenvalues perturbation theorem for a low-rank perturbed matrix. This formula is then utilized to solve the partial eigenvalue (or natural frequency) assignment via the static output feedback. The control matrix, output matrix and feedback gain matrix can be explicitly expressed and easily constructed.
Empowerment, environment and person-centred care: A qualitative study exploring the hospital experience for adults with cognitive impairment
Authors: Prato Laura , Lindley Lyndsay , Boyles Miriam , Robinson Louise , Abley Clare
Published: February 2018

It is acknowledged that there are many challenges to ensuring a positive hospital experience for patients with cognitive impairment. The study (‘Improving hospital care for adults with cognitive impairment’) aimed to explore the positive and negative experiences of older adults with cognitive impairment (dementia and delirium) and their relatives and/or carers, during an acute hospital stay, from admission to discharge, using a qualitative, case study methodology. Six participants with cognitive impairment, eight relatives and 59 members of the health care team were recruited. Data was collected via ethnographic, observational periods at each stage of the hospital journey and through the use of semi-structured interviews with relatives, carers and health care staff including: medical staff; nursing staff; physiotherapists and ward managers. Interpretive phenomenological analysis was used to facilitate data analysis. 52 hours 55 minutes of ethnographic observations and 18 interviews with ward staff and relatives were undertaken. Three superordinate themes emerged from the data as crucial in determining the quality of the hospital experience: valuing the person; activities of empowerment and disempowerment and the interaction of environment with patient well-being. Whether the patient’s hospital experience was positive or negative was powerfully influenced by family involvement and ward staff actions and communication. Participants identified a requirement for a ward based activity service for patients with cognitive impairment. Further research must be undertaken focusing on the development of ward based activities for patients with cognitive impairment, alongside a move towards care which explores measures to improve and expand relative involvement in hospital care.
Disrupting professional practices with research-driven intervention. Researcher–gatekeeper negotiations in the context of targeted youth services
Authors: Aaltonen Sanna , Kivijärvi Antti
Published: February 2018

This methodological article reflects upon the relationships between researchers and professionals who work with marginalized young adults. The latter act as gatekeepers who have the power to foster or restrict cooperative research. As such, this paper focuses on the significance of researcher and gatekeeper relationships in the context of research that aims to broaden established professional practices, as well as the role of the gatekeeper. The paper evaluates a case example to determine how gatekeeping impacts the research process and how gatekeepers’ engagement with research is maintained. The analysis is based on field notes and interviews that were completed during the research process for an empirical study that aimed to both scrutinize and promote the quality of life of 16- to 29-year-old young adults who were not in education or employment. In spite of the expectation of rapid and impactful results by entities that fund research, the ability to co-create new professional practices requires time and continuous negotiation. Therefore, operating as a researcher in targeted youth or social work calls for a developed understanding of varying forms of knowledge and gatekeeping that are relevant to youth counselling.