bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlated Effects of Energetic Electrons at the 6.6 Re Equator and the Auroral Zone During Magnetospheric Substorms
Authors: Parks G. K. , Arnoldy R. L. , Lezniak T. W. , Winckler J. R.
Published: November 2015

During magnetically disturbed times, large intensity variations are observed for electrons of energies 50‐ to 150‐keV at the geostationary orbit of the ATS‐1 satellite. Simultaneously, the correlation experiment at the magnetic conjugate region of the satellite has shown that large fluxes of bremsstrahlung X‐rays from precipitated energetic electrons are observed on high‐altitude balloons while magnetic bays are recorded on the ground. The conclusion reached is that the magnetospheric substorm is responsible for the simultaneous intensification of the trapped particle population at 6.6 Re, equatorial plane and of precipitated energetic electrons at the magnetic conjugate region.
Propagation of ELF and VLF Waves Below a Generally Anisotropic Ionosphere
Authors: Galejs Janis
Published: November 2015

The mode analysis of ELF and VLF waves has been generalized to allow arbitrary directions of propagation below a curved stratified ionosphere with a dipping static magnetic field. In the ELF range, the propagation parameters are changed almost linearly with the azimuthal angle ϕ by varying the direction of propagation from east to west. In the VLF range, the phase velocity exhibits its maximum value for propagation in south‐and‐north direction; and minimum values occur for propagation toward west. Also, maximum attenuation rates occur for propagation toward the west. Measured interference distances D of the two lowest waveguide modes are explained using nighttime ionosphere models that exhibit sharp density gradients in the height range from go to 85 km.
External Admittance of an Axial Slot on a Dielectric Coated Metal Cylinder
Authors: Knop Charles M.
Published: November 2015

An expression is derived for the external admittance of an axial slot cut in an infinitely long metal cylinder that is concentrically coated with a homogeneous dielectric of relative dielectric constant ∊r. The derivation is based on the mode expansion technique of Wait, in conjunction with Parseval's theorem. Determination of the axial surface waves that can be excited by this slot is also obtained. Additionally, azimuthal surface waves are discussed. Complete expressions in normalized form, ready to be computed, for the external conductance and susceptance of the slot are given for an ordinary dielectric coating (∊r ⩾), a plasma coating (0 ⩽ ∊r ⩽ 1), and no coating
A Note on the Mathematical Representation of the Source for Tubular Transmitting Antennas
Authors: Otto D. V.
Published: November 2015

The representation of the source of the electromagnetic fields for a thin‐walled tubular transmitting antenna is examined. Application of a standard formula for the electromagnetic field leads to the concept of a magnetic current source. With this type of source, the correct integral equation for the tubular antenna is easily derived because the standard vector potential method (with an extra term for the potential due to the magnetic current) can be used. The method is easily applied to other excitation geometries.
Wettability by Ionic Liquids
Authors: Liu Hongliang , Jiang Lei
Published: November 2015

Ionic liquids (ILs) have become particularly attractive recently because they have demonstrated themselves to be important construction units in the broad fields of chemistry and materials science, from catalysis and synthesis to analysis and electrochemistry, from functional fluids to clean energy, from nanotechnology to functional materials. One of the greatest issues that determines the performance of ILs is the wettability of correlated surfaces. In this concept article, the key developments and issues in IL wettability are surveyed, including the electrowetting of ILs in gas–liquid–solid systems and liquid–liquid–solid systems, ILs as useful probe fluids, the superwettability of Ils, and future directions in IL wettability. This should generate extensive interest in the field and encourage more scientists to engage in this area to tackle its scientific challenges.
Sociology in Practice for Health Care Professionals
Authors: Iphofen Ron , Poland Fiona
Published: November 2015

This introductory text encourages the application of sociological insights in health care. Health processes and outcomes are analysed in terms of social difference, inequality, opportunities and life chances. Key sociological concepts and theories are introduced by using practical exercises and an active learning approach. The book is written in an accessible style so that it can be used as a course text but will also appeal to individual readers at all levels in their career.
Easing the Burden: Describing the Role of Social, Emotional and Spiritual Support in Research Families with Li‐Fraumeni Syndrome
Authors: Peters June A. , Kenen Regina , Bremer Renee , Givens Shannon , Savage Sharon A. , Mai Phuong L.
Published: November 2015

This study presents findings of a mixed‐method descriptive exploration of the role of friends and spirituality/religiosity in easing the burden of families with the rare inherited disorder, Li‐Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS). LFS is caused by germline mutations in the TP53 gene and is associated with very high lifetime risk of developing one or more malignancies. During the first clinical visit we assessed several types of social support among a subset of study participants (N = 66) using an established interactive research tool called the Colored Eco‐Genetic Relationship Map (CEGRM). We performed both quantitative and qualitative analyses of social relationships with LFS family members and close non‐kin. Distress scores (N = 59) were mostly low normal, with some outliers. We found that reported friendships varied widely, that the friendships were often deep and enduring, and were important sources of informational, tangible, emotional and spiritual support. Confidantes tended to be best friends and/or spouses. Organized religion was important in selected families, typically from mainstream traditions. However, a number of people identified themselves as “spiritual” and reported spiritual and humanist explorations. Our results shed preliminary light on how some people in families with LFS cope in the face of tremendous medical, social and emotional challenges.
Synthesis and Characteristics of Dodecyl Isopropylolamine and Derived Surfactants
Authors: Asadov Ziyafaddin H. , Rahimov Ravan A. , Mammadova Khuraman A. , Gurbanov Atash V. , Ahmadova Gulnara A.
Published: November 2015

Dodecyl isopropylolamine has been synthesized on the basis of dodecylamine and propylene oxide. The structure of dodecyl isopropanolamine has been determined by X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR‐ and NMR‐spectroscopic methods. Ionic surfactants have been synthesized by interaction of dodecyl isopropylolamine with various acids (HCl, HBr, acetic and propionic) and alkyl halides (methyl iodide, ethyl bromide and n‐propyl bromide). Colloidal‐chemical parameters, petroleum‐collecting and petroleum dispersing capacities of the synthesized cationic surfactants have been studied.
Rapid Quantitative Determination of Squalene in Shark Liver Oils by Raman and IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Hall David W. , Marshall Susan N. , Gordon Keith C. , Killeen Daniel P.
Published: November 2015

Squalene is sourced predominantly from shark liver oils and to a lesser extent from plants such as olives. It is used for the production of surfactants, dyes, sunscreen, and cosmetics. The economic value of shark liver oil is directly related to the squalene content, which in turn is highly variable and species‐dependent. Presented here is a validated gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis method for the quantitation of squalene in shark liver oils, with an accuracy of 99.0 %, precision of 0.23 % (standard deviation), and linearity of >0.999. The method has been used to measure the squalene concentration of 16 commercial shark liver oils. These reference squalene concentrations were related to infrared (IR) and Raman spectra of the same oils using partial least squares regression. The resultant models were suitable for the rapid quantitation of squalene in shark liver oils, with cross‐validation r2 values of >0.98 and root mean square errors of validation of ≤4.3 % w/w. Independent test set validation of these models found mean absolute deviations of the 4.9 and 1.0 % w/w for the IR and Raman models, respectively. Both techniques were more accurate than results obtained by an industrial refractive index analysis method, which is used for rapid, cheap quantitation of squalene in shark liver oils. In particular, the Raman partial least squares regression was suited to quantitative squalene analysis. The intense and highly characteristic Raman bands of squalene made quantitative analysis possible irrespective of the lipid matrix.
First Trimester Diagnosis of Sirenomelia
Authors: Kazi Amir Irfan , Iqbal Yasmin , Kazi Sana Elham
Published: November 2015

Sirenomelia is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by a single lower extremity which is associated with abnormalities in other organ systems, commonly affecting the gastrointestinal and the urogenital systems. It is sporadic with no increased risk in subsequent pregnancies. In almost all the cases of sirenomelia, a single umbilical artery (SUA) is present which arises from the abdominal aorta. Sirenomelia can be confidently diagnosed in the first trimester while the diagnosis in the second and third trimesters is rendered difficult due to the lack of amniotic fluid in the later gestation. Transvaginal ultrasound and color Doppler have a key role in making the diagnosis and 3D ultrasound helps in better demonstrating the abnormality.
The veil of experimental currency units in second price auctions
Authors: Drichoutis Andreas C. , Lusk Jayson L. , Nayga Rodolfo M.
Published: November 2015

Economic experiments often entail subjects making decisions with payoffs in experimental currency units (ECUs). Earnings in ECUs are converted to cash at the end of the experiment. Such a procedural choice seems to be driven more by habit or tradition than by empirical evidence that this is more appropriate to use.
We report results of a private, induced value second price auction (SPA) experiment in which we manipulate the exchange rate between ECUs and cash. We find virtually no relationship between a stronger/weaker experimental currency and the ability of theory to predict observed outcomes. The only significant effect relates to the comparison of the cash-only condition to the one-to-one exchange condition. The latter produced greater behavioral deviations from theoretical predictions. However, we find that this effect is largely driven by a handful of subjects. The results suggest that the use of ECUs is not a hindrance for experimental practice, at least not in the context of an induced value SPA.
Mass spectrometry cancer data classification using wavelets and genetic algorithm
Authors: Nguyen Thanh , Nahavandi Saeid , Creighton Douglas , Khosravi Abbas
Published: November 2015

This paper introduces a hybrid feature extraction method applied to mass spectrometry (MS) data for cancer classification. Haar wavelets are employed to transform MS data into orthogonal wavelet coefficients. The most prominent discriminant wavelets are then selected by genetic algorithm (GA) to form feature sets. The combination of wavelets and GA yields highly distinct feature sets that serve as inputs to classification algorithms. Experimental results show the robustness and significant dominance of the wavelet‐GA against competitive methods. The proposed method therefore can be applied to cancer classification models that are useful as real clinical decision support systems for medical practitioners.
Plasma Epstein Barr viral load in adult-onset Hodgkin lymphoma in South India
Authors: Sinha Mahua , Rao Clementina Rama , Shafiulla Mohammed , Shankaranand Bharatnur , Viveka Belathur K. , Lakshmaiah Kuntegowdanahalli C. , Jacob Linu Abraham , Babu Govind K. , Jayshree Rudrapatna S.
Published: November 2015

Objective/background:

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) DNA load is increasingly being used as a noninvasive biomarker for detecting EBV association in lymphomas. Since there is a need of data from India, we undertook to prospectively evaluate plasma EBV DNA load as a marker of EBV association in newly diagnosed adult-onset Hodgkin lymphoma (HL).

Methods:

EBV DNA was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In a subset of patients, an assay was validated qualitatively with EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) immunohistochemistry (IHC). Wherever possible, follow-up plasma samples post three cycles of chemotherapy were obtained.

Results:

Over a period of 10 months, 33 newly diagnosed adult-onset HL were enrolled in the study. Pretherapy plasma EBV DNA was detectable in ~49% (16/33) patients (viral loads range, 1.0-51.2 × 103 copies/mL) and undetectable in 30 voluntary blood donors. LMP1 IHC was positive in 56% of cases tested (14/25). Sensitivity and specificity of plasma EBV DNA with respect to LMP1 IHC were 86% and 100%, respectively. Of the eight patients in whom follow-up plasma was available, in five EBV baseline-positive patients EBV load reverted to negative postchemotherapy and corroborated with clinical remission.

Conclusion:

Plasma EBV DNA load estimation may be useful in detecting EBV-association and possibly monitoring the response to therapy in EBV-related HL especially in our country where EBV association of HL is higher than in developed nations.
Association of HLA and cytokine gene polymorphisms with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Zhang Hai‐Ping , Zou Jian , Xie Ping , Gao Fei , Mu Hui‐Jun
Published: November 2015

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rare, progressive, and lethal interstitial lung disease with unknown etiology. Divergent observations have suggested that genetic factors contribute to IPF susceptibility. This study investigated the relationship between human leukocyte antigen (HLA), cytokine gene polymorphisms, and IPF in a Chinese Han population. The gene polymorphisms of HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐DRB1, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF‐α (−308 A/G)], transforming growth factor beta [TGF‐β1 (+869 T/C)], interleukin 10 [IL‐10 (−592 C/A, −819 T/C, and −1082 G/A)], and interferon gamma [IFN‐γ (+874 T/A)] were detected in 102 individuals with IPF and 266 unrelated normal controls using PCR with sequence‐specific primers and a high‐resolution melt (HRM) approach. The data showed that there was no difference in HLA allele frequencies between the IPF and control groups. However, the data showed the frequency of HLA‐A*02‐DRB1*04 haplotype in the IPF group was significantly higher than that in the control group [odds ratio (OR) = 4.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.82–12.08, p < 0.001]. In addition, no differences in the allele and genotype distributions of the cytokines were found between the IPF and control groups (p > 0.01). Our findings suggest that there is an association between specific HLA haplotype and IPF genetic susceptibility and that the genetic variability of some cytokines may not be involved in the pathogenesis of IPF.
hnRNPA2/B1 activates cyclooxygenase‐2 and promotes tumor growth in human lung cancers
Authors: Xuan Yang , Wang Jingshu , Ban Liying , Lu Jian-Jun , Yi Canhui , Li Zhenglin , Yu Wendan , Li Mei , Xu Tingting , Yang Wenjing , Tang Zhipeng , Tang Ranran , Xiao Xiangsheng , Meng Songshu , Chen Yiming , Liu Quentin , Huang Wenlin , Guo Wei , Cui Xiaonan , Deng Wuguo
Published: November 2015

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is highly expressed in tumor cells and has been regarded as a hallmarker for cancers, but the excise regulatory mechanism of COX‐2 in tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we pulled down and identified a novel COX‐2 regulator, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNPA2/B1), which could specifically bind to COX‐2 core promoter and regulate tumor growth in non‐small‐cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Knockdown of hnRNPA2/B1 by shRNA or siRNA downregulated COX‐2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, and suppressed tumor cell growth in NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, overexpression of hnRNPA2/B1 up‐regulated the levels of COX‐2 and PGE2 and promoted tumor cell growth. We also showed that hnRNPA2/B1 expression was positively correlated with COX‐2 expression in NSCLC cell lines and tumor tissues, and the up‐regulated expression of hnRNPA2/B1 and COX‐2 predicted worse prognosis in NSCLC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the activation of COX‐2 expression by hnRNPA2/B1 was mediated through the cooperation with p300, a transcriptional co‐activator, in NSCLC cells. The hnRNPA2/B1 could interact with p300 directly and be acetylated by p300. Exogenous overexpression of p300, but not its histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain deletion mutation, augmented the acetylation of hnRNPA2/B1 and enhanced its binding on COX‐2 promoter, thereby promoted COX‐2 expression and lung cancer cell growth. Collectively, our results demonstrate that hnRNPA2/B1 promotes tumor cell growth by activating COX‐2 signaling in NSCLC cells and imply that the hnRNPA2/B1/COX‐2 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for human lung cancers.
Periodicity and driving forces of volcanism
Authors: Dobretsov N.L.
Published: November 2015

The volume and style of volcanism change periodically, with cycles of three main scales, which have different causes and effects. Short cycles of volcanic activity last from tens to thousands of years and are associated with periodic accumulation of magma in shallow chambers and its subsequent eruptions. The eruptions either have internal causes or are triggered externally by variations in solar activity, tidal friction, and Earth’s rotation speed. Medium-scale cycles, hundreds of thousands to millions of years long, are due to changes in spreading and subduction rates. Long cycles (30–120 Ma) are related to ascent of mantle plumes, which take away material and heat from the core–mantle boundary and change the convection rate. These appear to be the major controls of the average periodicity. Acceleration of asthenospheric convection caused by periodic plume activity pulses can change spreading rates and, correspondingly, the relative positions of moving plates. The medium-scale periodicity of volcanism is illustrated by the examples of Kamchatka and Japan, where the intensity of subduction magmatism changes periodically in response to the opening of back-arc basins (Shikoku, Sea of Japan, and South Kurile basin).
The Hercynian Ikat thrust in the Transbaikalian segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt
Authors: Reznitsky L.Z. , Shkol’nik S.I. , Ivanov A.V. , Demonterova E.I. , Letnikova E.F. , Hung C.-H. , Chung S.-L.
Published: November 2015

We present a comprehensive description of the blastomylonites of the Ikat thrust localized within the Ikat terrane in the East Transbaikalian branch of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The metamorphic rocks of the Garga block are thrust over the almost unmetamorphosed Cambrian deposits of the Ikat Formation. The geologic position of the thrust and the structure and mineral and petrochemical compositions of the blastomylonites in the suture zone are considered, and U–Pb dating of detrital zircon is carried out. The blastomylonites develop after the gneisses of the Garga block; the block protolith, admixed with felsic volcanic material, was no older than the Neoproterozoic (750–800 Ma). The 40Ar/39Ar age of the thrust is estimated at 282 ± 0.4 Ma based on metamorphic biotite from the blastomylonites. The thrust marks the transpression period during the Late Paleozoic processes of tectonometamorphic activity related to the subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic crust beneath the Siberian continent.
Ag2(S,Se) solid solutions in the ores of the Rogovik gold-silver deposit (northeastern Russia)
Authors: Pal’yanova G.A. , Kravtsova R.G. , Zhuravkova T.V.
Published: November 2015

The relationships and chemical compositions of silver sulfoselenides in the ores of the Rogovik gold-silver deposit (northeastern Russia) were studied to refine the low-temperature region of the Ag2S–Ag2Se phase diagram and identify contradictions between natural and experimental data. Two types of relationships between the phases of the system Ag2S–Ag2Se have been recognized using optical and scanning electron microscopy: (1) Se-acanthite and S-naumannite occur as monomineral microinclusions or fill cracks in the grains or the interstices of other minerals, and acanthite (free of impurities) forms rims on Fe-sphalerite; (2) Se-acanthite forms rims on S-naumannite. Electron probe microanalysis of silver sulfoselenides from the Rogovik ores revealed 0–7.9 wt.% Se in acanthite and 0–3.2 wt.% S in naumannite, which corresponds to the acanthite series Ag2S–Ag2S0.74Se0.26 and naumannite series Ag2S0.28Se0.72–Ag2Se. The composition ranges of the studied acanthite and naumannite series are wider than those of natural silver sulfoselenides from the Guanajuato (Mexico), Silver City (USA), Salida (Indonesia), and other deposits (Ag2S–Ag2S0.85Se0.15 and Ag2S0.12Se0.88–Ag2Se, respectively) but are significantly narrower than the composition ranges of synthetic samples: Ag2S–Ag2S0.4Se0.6 and Ag2S0.3Se0.7–Ag2Se. The presence of intergrowths of two phases of the Ag2S-Ag2Se series in the form of Se-acanthite rims on S-naumannite in the Rogovik ores and the absence of three-phase intergrowths of silver sulfoselenides Ag2S1-xSex from this and other deposits do not confirm the assumption on the existence of the third solid solution. The results of earlier studies of natural Ag2(S,Se) solid solutions show the existence of two solid solutions (of the acanthite and naumannite series) in the Ag2S–Ag2Se system and confirm the experimental data. It is necessary to carry out a detailed examination of natural silver sulfoselenides falling in the interval from Ag2S0.4Se0.6 to Ag2S0.3Se0.7 in order to identify the limits of two-phase immiscibility.
Linear and nonlinear receptivity of the boundary layer in transonic flows
Authors: Ruban A. I. , Bernots T. , Kravtsova M. A.
Published: November 2015

In this paper we analyse the process of the generation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves in a laminar boundary layer on an aircraft wing in the transonic flow regime. We assume that the boundary layer is exposed to a weak acoustic noise. As it penetrates the boundary layer, the Stokes layer forms on the wing surface. We further assume that the boundary layer encounters a local roughness on the wing surface in the form of a gap, step or hump. The interaction of the unsteady perturbations in the Stokes layer with steady perturbations produced by the wall roughness is shown to lead to the formation of the Tollmien–Schlichting wave behind the roughness. The ability of the flow in the boundary layer to convert ‘external perturbations’ into instability modes is termed the receptivity of the boundary layer. In this paper we first develop the linear receptivity theory. Assuming the Reynolds number to be large, we use the transonic version of the viscous–inviscid interaction theory that is known to describe the stability of the boundary layer on the lower branch of the neutral curve. The linear receptivity theory holds when the acoustic noise level is weak, and the roughness height is small. In this case we were able to deduce an analytic formula for the amplitude of the generated Tollmien–Schlichting wave. In the second part of the paper we lift the restriction on the roughness height, which allows us to study the flows with local separation regions. A new ‘direct’ numerical method has been developed for this purpose. We performed the calculations for different values of the Kármán–Guderley parameter, and found that the flow separation leads to a significant enhancement of the receptivity process.
Universal rescaling of drop impact on smooth and rough surfaces
Authors: Lee J. B. , Laan N. , de Bruin K. G. , Skantzaris G. , Shahidzadeh N. , Derome D. , Carmeliet J. , Bonn D.
Published: November 2015

The maximum spreading of drops impacting on smooth and rough surfaces is measured from low to high impact velocity for liquids with different surface tensions and viscosities. We demonstrate that dynamic wetting plays an important role in the spreading at low velocity, characterized by the dynamic contact angle at maximum spreading. In the energy balance, we account for the dynamic wettability by introducing the capillary energy at zero impact velocity, which relates to the spreading ratio at zero impact velocity. Correcting the measured spreading ratio by the spreading ratio at zero velocity, we find a correct scaling behaviour for low and high impact velocity and, by interpolation between the two, we find a universal scaling curve. The influence of the liquid as well as the nature and roughness of the surface are taken into account properly by rescaling with the spreading ratio at zero velocity, which, as demonstrated, is equivalent to accounting for the dynamic contact angle.
Dynamics of shear-induced migration of spherical particles in oscillatory pipe flow
Authors: Snook Braden , Butler Jason E. , Guazzelli Élisabeth
Published: November 2015

The large-amplitude oscillatory flow of a suspension of spherical particles in a pipe is studied at low Reynolds number. Particle volume fraction and velocity are examined through refractive index matching techniques. The particles migrate toward the centre of the pipe, i.e. toward regions of lower shear rate, for bulk volume fractions larger than 10 %. Steady results are in agreement with available experimental results and discrete-particle simulations for similar geometries. The dynamics of the shear-induced migration process are analysed and compared against the predictions of the suspension balance model using realistic rheological laws.
The genus Cittarium (Vetigastropoda: Trochoidea) in the Upper Miocene of the Dominican Republic with the description of a new species
Authors: Landau Bernard , Kronenberg Gijs C. , da Silva Carlos M.
Published: November 2015

Today, the marine gastropod genus Cittarium is present only in the West Indies faunas, represented by a single species C. pica, also known from the Pleistocene of Bermuda. Herein Cittarium praepica n. sp. is described from the Upper Miocene Cercado Formation of the Dominican Republic. This is the oldest fossil record for the genus in the eastern Tropical America. The new species is compared to the Pleistocene to Recent Caribbean C. pica and to C. maestratii Lozouet, 2002 of the Upper Oligocene of France. The importance of this new record for the geological history and the biogeography of the genus are discussed.
The Troy treasures in Russia
Authors: Easton D. F.
Published: November 2015

The treasures from Troy, removed from Berlin to be kept quietly in Moscow and–it now proves–in St Petersburg these last 50 years, are now being seen. Here is a first first-hand report on just what they amount to.
Goddesses, Gimbutas and New Age archaeology
Authors: Meskell Lynn
Published: November 2015

For a century a notion of a prehistoric Mother Goddess has infused some perceptions of ancient Europe, whatever the realities of developing archaeological knowledge. With the reverent respect now being given to Marija Gimbutas, and her special vision of a perfect matriarchy in Old Europe, a daughter-goddess is now being made, bearer of a holy spirit in our own time, to be set alongside the wise mother of old.
Late Jomon cultigens in northeastern Japan
Authors: D'Andrea A. C. , Crawford G. W. , Yoshizaki M. , Kudo T.
Published: November 2015

The subsistence basis for Japanese civilization has always been intensive rice cultivation. What was grown there before the introduction of paddy technology? A glimpse of the plant cultigens in the later Jomon begins to tell.
Tilley's and Morrison's triremes—evidence and practicality
Authors: Coates John
Published: November 2015

The designer of the reconstructed Greek trireme, Olympias, first proposed by John Morrison and now built and tested at sea, takes issue with Alec Tilley's divergent ideas and proposals about these ships, together with their practicality. The author is a naval architect.
On the significance of the crania from the River Thames and its tributaries
Authors: Knüsel Christopher J. , Carr Gillian C.
Published: November 2015

Bradley & Gordon, writing in ANTIQUITY in 1988, reported a distinct pattern in the distribution and dates of the many human crania that have been found in the River Thames. Issue is taken with that view, and the insight it promised in relating human remains to the prehistoric British interest in watery places
Recent academic development at the London Institute of Archaeology
Authors: Harris David
Published: November 2015

David Harris, its Director, reports on recent academic developments at the Institute of Archaeology, 10 years after its incorporation into University College London.
The Cleaven Dyke: a Neolithic cursus monument/bank barrow in Tayside Region, Scotland
Authors: Barclay Gordon J. , Maxwell Gordon S. , Simpson Ian A. , Davidson Donald A.
Published: November 2015

A linear earthwork in lowland Scotland, known a couple of centuries and often thought to be connected to Roman military operations on this far north frontier, is shown to be a Neolithic feature of a kind more often seen further south in Britain.
A cache of hippopotamus ivory at Gao, Mali; and a hypothesis of its use
Authors: Insoll Timothy
Published: November 2015

The hippopotamus is a large beast with large teeth—large enough for hippopotamus ivory, then and now, to be a useful alternative to elephant ivory (there are both kinds in the Aegean Bronze Age, as well as the little tusks of wild boar). A newly found cache of hippopotamus ivory at Gao, medieval city of the south Saharan edge, opens a wider place for the material in contact across the great north African desert.
The end of Mithraism
Authors: Nicholson Oliver
Published: November 2015

Mithraism, the Roman cult to the Persian mystery god Mithras, had a special following in the army–and a matchingly broad distribution across the Empire. The singularly uniform class of Mithraic temples came to an end in several ways, by abandonment, burning, deliberate destruction, even by planned and careful sealing. Comparison of these circumstances can shed light on the different ways in which pagan worship came to cease.
The Passio Sanctorum Quattuor Coronatorum: a petrological approach
Authors: Peacock D. P. S.
Published: November 2015

A geological look at the hard evidence of Roman stone in central Europe illuminates a major documentary source for the human experience of Roman quarrying.
Dromedaries in antiquity: Iberia and beyond
Authors: Muñiz Arturo Morales , Riquelme Jose A. , von Lettow-Vorbeck Corina Liesau
Published: November 2015

A handful of finds of camel bones from Iberia now illuminate the faint story of camels in Roman and Muslim Europe–and hint at why the dromedary never became established as a domesticate in the peninsula.
The earliest farmers in Europe
Authors: van Andel Tjeerd H. , Runnels Curtis N.
Published: November 2015

Some 9000 years ago the first European farmers established themselves in the empty plains of Thessaly, the only region in Greece that provided a reasonably assured harvest and was large enough for significant population growth. They flourished there and after more than a thousand years spread to the Balkans and beyond. The recognition that their success may have depended on the natural irrigation of river and lake floodplains leads us to a modified version of the wave-of-advance model of demic diffusion.
Archaeology, ethnohistory and exchange along the coast of Ecuador
Authors: Currie Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2015

An account from Fracisco Pizarro's expedition tells of a trading raft encountered along the coast of Ecuador. It gives a rare first-hand record of the established exchange of fine craftwork along the north-western coast of South America. The excavation in 1992–3 of a Manteño-period workshop in Manabí Province gives a corresponding archaeological view of the making of these luxury goods.
Cist burials of the Kumaun Himalayas
Authors: Agrawal D. P. , Kharakwal Jeewan , Kusumgar Sheela , Yadava M. G.
Published: November 2015

In the Kumaun region of Uttar Pradesh, India, on the southern slopes of the Himalaya are cist burials, as well as megalithic monuments. Radiocarbon dates from the cists now hint at their going back to the 3rd millennium BC, and linguistic affinities would associate them with early Indo-European migrations into the western and central Himalaya regions.
Horse, wagon & chariot: Indo-European languages and archaeology
Authors: Anthony David W.
Published: November 2015

New discoveries across the steppe zone of eastern Europe, and new dates relating to those discoveries, keep that oldest of archaeological puzzles, the Indo-European question, happily unanswered. A version of this paper was given at a 1994 meeting, on ‘Language, culture and biology in prehistoric central Eurasia’—its title a reminder that the biological view of Indo-European may again be a growing interest.
Human and natural agency: some comments on Pedra Furada
Authors: Borrero Luis Alberto
Published: November 2015

In the December 1994 issue, we published a view by Meltzer, Adovasio & Dillehay of Pedra Furada, the large cave-shelter in northeast Brazil whose deposits may show a precocious human occupation of the New World. This further comment addresses natural and human agencies there, and how the research community can choose between several interpretations becoming available.
Environmental change in Greater Australia
Authors: Kershaw A. Peter
Published: November 2015

Australia, a dry island continent in mid latitude, spans from tropical to cold temperate regions; long isolation has given it its own flora and fauna. Environmental changes in the late Quaternary have had their own and special courses in the continent and its several regions. The role of fires set by people is an important issue in the changing ‘natural’ landscape.
Arboriculture and agriculture in coastal Papua New Guinea
Authors: Gosden Chris
Published: November 2015

A central issue in the regional prehistory over the Transition — and therefore of this whole set of papers — is the different life-ways that came to be followed in Papua New Guinea and in Australia itself; the one became agricultural, the other hunter-gatherer. There is more to the story than that divide; this is a story of a human and created world, rather than a simple response to directing environment.
Additional comments on blood residue analysis in archaeology
Authors: Leach Jeff D. , Mauldin Raymond P.
Published: November 2015

A complement to a paper early in this year's volume of ANTIQUITY reports experience with searching for blood-residue traces with the services of a commercial testing laboratory.
Thematic changes in Upper Palaeolithic art: a view from the Grotte Chauvet
Authors: Clottes Jean
Published: November 2015

Trustworthy dates on charcoal from the classic European painted caves have given a sharper view of images and their making in the later Palaeolithic. The new Grotte Chauvet has its own original themes, revealing a striking and an unexpected Aurignacian art with — again — dates from charcoal in which one can have confidence.
Holocene humans at Pontnewydd and Cae Gronw caves
Authors: Aldhouse-Green Stephen , Pettitt Paul , Stringer Christopher
Published: November 2015

Pontnewydd, in north Wales, is known as a rare Middle Pleistocene site in northern Europe with human remains. Radiocarbon AMS dates identify human specimens, deriving from later use of the cave at Pontnewydd and its neighbour Cae Gronw, that have no part in its earlier story.
New features within the henge at Avebury, Wiltshire: aerial and geophysical evidence
Authors: Bewley Robert , Cole Mark , David Andrew , Featherstone Roger , Payne Andrew , Small Fiona
Published: November 2015

The hot and dry summer of 1995 once again proved the value and cost-effectiveness of aerial survey. Numerous parchmarks were a product of the dry conditions throughout England, but especially in chalk grassland, and they revealed important new archaeological information. A parchmark within the great Neolithic henge at Avebury identifies a new subterranean feature, confirmed by geophysical survey, which fills in further details of the Avebury enclosure.
Transformations of Upper Palaeolithic implements in the Dabba industry from Haua Fteah (Libya)
Authors: Hiscock Peter
Published: November 2015

Different models of stone-working technology in the Upper Palaeolithic are tested by examining an assemblage from Haua Fteah, on the Libyan coast of north Africa. Evidence that some scrapers have been reworked into burins, while some burins were modified to form scrapers, show how this typically Upper Palaeolithic industry contains morphological transformations between types. This evidence is consistent with a technological continuity from the Middle Palaeolithic.
The use of immunological techniques in the analysis of archaeological materials — a response to Eisele; with report of studies at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump
Authors: Newman Margaret E. , Ceri Howard , Kooyman Brian
Published: November 2015

Eisele et al. in ANTIQUITY (1995) reported discouraging results from experiments to see if blood traces reliably survive on stone tools. Here, issue is taken with aspects of that study, and new research is reported from the celebrated buffalo-jump at Head-Smashed-In, southern Alberta. The great bone-bed there, consisting almost exclusively of bison bones, gives rare opportunity to study remains of a known single species under the genuine conditions of an archaeological site, rather than a supposing simulation.
Origin and development of Australian Aboriginal tropical rainforest culture: a reconsideration
Authors: Cosgrove Richard
Published: November 2015

In contemporary green perceptions, rainforests are an Eden of biodiversity. But they seem also to be a famously hard environment for human subsistence, with foods scattered or high up beyond reach — which is why reports of Palaeo-Indians' flourishing in the Brazilian rainforests have caused surprise. What place do the rainforests have in Aboriginal Australian settlement, as archaeologically perceived?
Crypt archaeology after Spitalfields: dealing with our recent dead
Authors: Cox Margaret
Published: November 2015

A decade ago, the crammed burial-vaults under Christ Church, Spitalfields, a fine English Baroque church in east-central London designed by Hawksmoor, were archaeologically excavated. This pioneering work in the post-medieval archaeology of our own culture's burial practice has not been followed up. Why?
Cultural stratigraphy at Mezhirich, an Upper Palaeolithic site in Ukraine with multiple occupations
Authors: Soffer Olga , Adovasio James M. , Kornietz Ninelj L. , Velichko Andrei A. , Gribchenko Yurij N. , Lenz Brett R. , Suntsov Valeriy Yu.
Published: November 2015

The later Palaeolithic sites on the East European plain are celebrated for their solid buildings constructed of mammoth bones. Were these permanent settlements, occupied all the year round? Or were they seasonally occupied, in a land where winters are harsh? Stratigraphic explorations at Mezhirich, and excavation of the empty space between the buildings, leads to a decisive interpretation.
Constraining the age of the Côa valley (Portugal) engravings with radiocarbon dating
Authors: Dorn Ronald I.
Published: November 2015

Radiocarbon ages for the Côa petroglyphs are very similar to those obtained by Watchman (1995). Fundamental problems in the use of radiocarbon dating at Côa include evidence for the addition of younger carbon in an open system, and evidence of contamination from older sources of carbon. Radiocarbon measurements, therefore, cannot be used to decide whether the engravcings are or are not of Palaeolithic age.
An approach to the study of ancient archery using mathematical modelling
Authors: Kooi B. W. , Bergman C. A.
Published: November 2015

The archer's bow is a machine whose purpose is to impart stored energy effectively and accurately to propel the arrow. A mathematical modelling of different bow types shows how their engineering characteristics define their performances.
Celtic myths
Authors: Collis John
Published: November 2015

In ANTIQUITY a year ago, Vincent & Ruth Megaw found a useful parallel between the multiple definitions of the ancient Celts, as it can be seen from varied sources, and the several ways an individual's ethnic identity is seen and defined in the contemporary world. Here the other view is stated: that the methodology and interpretations advocated by the Megaws are both false and dangerous.
The earliest farmers in Macedonia
Authors: Wilkie Nancy C. , Savina Mary E.
Published: November 2015

Survey in southwest Macedonia provides a new field record of the pattern of Neolithic settlement. It prompts a further opinion in the enduring debate about the nature of the diffusion of agriculture, discussed most recently in ANTIQUITY by van Andel & Runnels (1995).
Monuments of war: defining England's 20th-century defence heritage
Authors: Dobinson C. S. , Lake J. , Schofield A.J.
Published: November 2015

The editor of ANTIQUITY remembers travelling, as a child, on the main A1 highway to see relatives in southeast England, watching the banks of sharp-nosed Bloodhound missiles ranged close by the road – pointing east, to meet incoming Soviet bombers. The obsolete monuments of the Cold War, and before that of the Second World War, are history now, famously the Berlin Wall (Baker 1993 in ANTIQUITY). Many, like the concrete runways of the airfields, are so solidly built they are not lightly removed. These remains of England's 20th-century defence heritage are not well understood. However, and contrary to popular belief, they do have a large documentation; and it is this, the authors argue, that should form the basis for systematic review.
The genesis of urnfields: economic crisis or ideological change?
Authors: Fokkens Harry
Published: November 2015

CC intro: The genesis of urnfield cemeteries and of Late Bronze Age culture change is often related to an economic and environmental crisis. In the Lower Rhine Basin, changes in burial rites, settlement structure and hoarding practices show a transformation of ideology, consistent with the dissolution of a society into smaller, more autonomous social units.
The beginnings of manuring in western Europe
Authors: Bakels C. C.
Published: November 2015

The history of field manuring is poorly known. Domestic waste may have been used for this purpose from the Early Neolithic onwards. It is possible that the practice of collecting animal dung began with the introduction of the ard.
Archaeology and archaeometry: from casual dating to a meaningful relationship?
Authors: Killick David , Young Suzanne M.M.
Published: November 2015

Most archaeology and anthropology departments are grouped as Humanities or as Social Sciences in university organizations. Where does that place the archaeometrists who approach the materials with the methods of physical and biological sciences? And where does it place the archaeologists themselves — especially when archaeometric studies have a large place in contract archaeology?
Contradictions in Lapita pottery, a composite clone
Authors: Ambrose W. R.
Published: November 2015

Like the cultures of Neolithic Europe — ‘Glockenbecherkultur’, ‘Trichterbecherkultur’, ‘Linienbandkeramik’ — the ‘Lapita culture’ of the western Pacific is defined by its distinctive ceramics. What that ‘ceramic culture’ amounts to in human terms has been a key question in the region's archaeology — complete with a quest for a Lapita homeland. This fresh review focuses on the pottery, the defining stuff itself of the affair.
Bronze Age myths? Volcanic activity and human response in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic regions
Authors: Buckland Paul C. , Dugmore Andrew J. , Edwards Kevin J.
Published: November 2015

A first rule of statistics is that the existence of a correlation does not itself prove a causal connection. This is the heart of the recurrent question in later European prehistory — whether in the Mediterranean or in the Atlantic northwest — about volcanic eruptions, their impact on climate, and then of the climatic impact on human populations. The burial under tephra of the Late Bronze Age settlement of Santorini is proof of a particular catastrophe: but is there the evidence to prove wider European calamity?
Healthy but mortal: human biology and the first farmers of western Europe
Authors: Jackes Mary , Lubell David , Meiklejohn Christopher
Published: November 2015

What do we know about the effects of the transition to agriculture on human biology? A literature has grown up that gives us the impression that we know a great deal about what happened to bones and teeth when people became sedentary farmers. A review of the sources of these ideas and the evidence supporting them, especially based on work in Portugal, reveals that a reconsideration of the biological consequences of farming in Europe is overdue.
International tooth removal in Neolithic Italian women
Authors: Robb John
Published: November 2015

As many an excavator — and many an older person — knows, it is in the nature of human teeth to fall out, before death if they can, after and into the ground if they may not. So any consideration of tooth loss as we see it in prehistoric remains — if it is to be the cultural evidence for the deliberate removal of teeth — needs properly to identify a sufficiently distinctive pattern.
The Mildenhall Treasure: a first-hand account
Authors: Lethbridge T. C.
Published: November 2015

Introducing our articles by Richard Hobbs and Paul Ashbee (ANTIQUITY 71: 63–76) on the Mildenhall Treasure, the mass of Roman silverware which came to light in east England in 1946, I remarked that the principals are deceased. One principal did leave a first-hand account which has not been known before — Tom Lethbridge, Hon. Keeper of Anglo-Saxon antiquities in the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge. This extract from his unpublished autobiography is printed with the kind permission of Mrs Tom Lethbridge.
‘Strange paintings’ and ‘mystery races’: Kimberley rockart, diffusionism and colonialist constructions of Australia's Aboriginal past
Authors: McNiven Ian J. , Russell Lynette
Published: November 2015

Amongst the most striking and the most handsome of ancient Australian relics are the Bradshaw paintings of the Kimberley, in the remote northwest of the continent, uncertainly dated but seemingly most ancient. According to one published view, the Bradshaws are not so much ‘early Aboriginal’ as ‘pre-Aboriginal’. Issue is taken with that notion, in light of European attitudes to Aboriginal accomplishment over the last two centuries.
The earlier Palaeolithic occupation of the Chilterns (southern England): re-assessing the sites of Worthington G. Smith
Authors: White Mark J.
Published: November 2015

Boxgrove in Sussex has been in the headlines for its human bone (‘the first Englishman’); more to the research point is its superb in-place deposits of debris from handaxe-knapping. This is a timely moment to look once again at the reports of Worthington G. Smith, who a century ago recognized, amongst the scores of sites with river-rolled handaxes, rare deposits of a more informative character.
Cupule engravings from Jinmium–Granilpi (northern Australia) and beyond: exploration of a widespread and enigmatic class of rock markings
Authors: Taçon Paul S.C. , Fullagar Richard , Ouzman Sven , Mulvaney Ken
Published: November 2015

Antiquity last year reported a startlingly old series of dates from Jinmium in tropical north Australia. At Jinmium are old rock-engravings, the pecked cups or cupules that are widespread in Australia. This study of the Jinmium cupules goes beyond that immediate topic to broader issues.