bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of vaginal cytology and plasma Srogesterone eterminations to the management of reproduction in the bitch
Authors: Wright P. J.
Published: April 2008

The use of vaginal cytology and plasma progesterone determinations in the management of 11 bitches presented to our small animal fertility clinic are described. Nine bitches were mated or artificially inseminated and seven became pregnant. Reproductive patterns detected included failure of ovulation, prolonged pro‐oestrus with late ovulation, short pro‐oestrus/oestrus with early ovulation, short pro‐oestrus/oestrus with late ovulation and normal pro‐oestrus/oestrus with late ovulation.
Bone haemangio‐sarcoma in a young Belgian malinois
Authors: Jennings P. B. , Andersen G. L. , Mathey W. S. , Okerberg C. V.
Published: April 2008

Bone haemangiosarcoma in a young Belgian malinois initially presented as an abscess involving the Tight 10th rib. The dog responded promptly to abscess drainage and antibiotics. Anaemia and thrombocytopenia began one week later and ultrasonography revealed splenic and liver lesions. Exploratory surgery identified tumour masses in the spleen, liver, lung and rib. Histopathological diagnosis was hemangiosarcoma, possibly of bone origin.
A serological and bacteriological survey of leptospiral infection in dogs in Edinburgh and Glasgow
Authors: van den Broek A. H. M. , Thrusfield M. V. , Dobbiet G. R. , Ellisi W. A.
Published: April 2008

Sera collected from 511 unvaccinated urban dogs were examined for antibodies to serovars of Leptospira interrogans representing nine serogroups found in the United Kingdom. The point estimates of the seroprevalence of leptospiral titres in Edinburgh and Glasgow at a minimum serum dilution of 1:10 were 23‐5 per cent and 27‐5 per cent, respectively, and, in Glasgow, the seroprevalence was significantly higher in males than females, for both crude and age‐adjusted values. Serovar canicola was the dominant strain identified, followed by serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, bratislava and ballum. Antibodies against serovars javanica and hardjo also were detected. Urine samples were collected from 84 of the male blood‐sampled dogs, and cultured. Serovars canicola and bratislava were isolated from three and four samples, respectively.
Treatment of distichiasis by conjunctival resection
Authors: Long R. D.
Published: April 2008

A technique is described for the relief of distichiasis by conjunctival resection of the cilia follicles. The results are documented on the application of the technique on 25 dogs.
Prevalence of antibodies to four major canine viral diseases in dogs in a Liverpool hospital population
Authors: Tennant B. J. , Gaskell R. M. , Jones R. C. , Gaskell C. J.
Published: April 2008

To determine the prevalence of antibodies to four major canine viruses, serum samples were obtained from 190 dogs presented to the Small Animal Hospital at the University of Liverpool. Antibodies to canine coronavirus (CCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV) and rotavirus (RV) were assayed using serum neutralisation (CCV and CDV), haemagglutina‐tion inhibition (CPV) and indirect fluorescent antibody (RV) techniques. Overall 54 per cent of dogs were seropositive to CCV, 84 per cent to CDV, 70 per cent to CPV and 86 per cent to RV, The antibody titres obtained were analysed with respect to a number of different parameters including: age, sex, breed, vaccination status, exercise regime, diet, Liverpool district in which the dog resided and the presence of diarrhoea, The prevalence and titres of antibodies to CCV, CDV and RV appeared to be influenced by age, CDV by vaccination status, and CCV by the presence of diarrhoea; no other influencing parameters were found.
A comparison of endotracheal and intravenous routes for atropine administration in anaesthetised dogs
Authors: Bor A. , Jones R. S. , Richards D. L. S.
Published: April 2008

The endotracheal route for atropine administration was compared with the intravenous route in 50 anaesthetised dogs. The response to drug administration was recorded as the change in heart rate from a steady pretreatment value. An indication was found of a positive relationship between the dose and the response to atropine given endotracheally. The increase in heart rate following atropine administration was similar, in terms of magnitude and speed of onset, when given by the endotracheal route at 0–06 mg/kg, as compared with that obtained by the intravenous administration of atropine at 0–04 mg/kg (P<0–05).
Acquired immune‐mediated myasthenia gravis in a cat associated with a cystic thymus
Authors: O'Dair H. A. , Holt P. E. , Pearson G. R. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J.
Published: April 2008

Acquired myasthenia gravis was diagnosed in a five‐year‐old domestic shorthair, neutered, female cat with generalised muscle weakness, tremors, dysphagia and alterations in voice. Radiographs indicated the presence of a mass in the anterior thorax. A response to edrophonium chloride, and raised levels of anti‐acetylcholine receptor antibodies in the serum, confirmed the diagnosis and indicated an immune‐mediated aetiology. Clinical remission occurred following thymectomy and the use of immunosuppressive corticosteroids. This is the first fully‐documented case of acquired feline myasthenia gravis associated with the presence of a thymic abnormality in the United Kingdom. The clinical features, laboratory findings and response to treatment are compared with those reported previously in cats and other species.
Breed, sex and age distribution in dogs with chronic liver disease: a demographic study
Authors: Andersson M. , Sevelius E.
Published: April 2008

Breed, sex and age distribution were studied in dogs with histopathologically diagnosed chronic (active or progressive) hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in Sweden. The study was based on clinical and histopathological records obtained during three years from a histopathological laboratory and during six years from an animal hospital. Some breeds were significantly (P<0–001) over‐represented: American and English cocker spaniels, labrador retrievers and West Highland white terriers. In both spaniel breeds the males were most frequent whereas in the labrador retriever, the females were over represented. In the West Highland white terrier there was no sex difference. The average age at presentation was approximately five years in spaniels and West Highland white terriers and seven years in labrador retrievers. The high incidence of chronic liver disease and liver cirrhosis in certain breeds indicate that hereditary factors may be of importance in the development of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.
Dental radiology: ageing changes in permanent teeth of beagle dogs
Authors: Morgan J. P. , Miyabayashi T.
Published: April 2008

Radiographic interpretation of dental or periodontal disease is dependent in part on an understanding of ageing changes, A progressively ageing colony of healthy beagle dogs (120 to 3759 days) was studied by use of high‐detail radiographs made following the death of the dog. Morphological features whose radiographic appearance was found to be especially age‐dependent were: root canal size, both vertical and horizontal alveolar bone resorption, visualisation of the lamina dura dentis, and detection of hypercementosis. Understanding of these ageing changes is necessary to avoid over‐diagnosis of disease.
Abnormal ocular pigment deposition associated with glaucoma in the cairn terrier
Authors: Petersen‐Jones S. M.
Published: April 2008

A condition involving ocular pigment deposition was diagnosed in six cairn terriers. In each, there was pigment deposition in a number of ocular sites, including the episclera, and ventral anterior chamber and drainage angle. Four of the dogs (aged 10 years or older) had developed a chronic glaucoma, which was presumed to be secondary to pigment deposition in the drainage angle. The other two dogs (six‐year‐old litter mates) had not developed glaucoma but there were pigmented particles in the aqueous and abnormal pigment deposition within the episclera and drainage angle. They also had a raised circumferential band protruding from the periphery of the iris into the anterior chamber.
Metastatic pilomatrixoma presenting as paraplegia in a dog
Authors: Ham L. Van. , van Bree H. , Maenhout T. , Tshamala M. , Broekaertt D. , Hoorens J. , Mattheeuws D.
Published: April 2008

A three‐year‐old giant poodle with a subacute paraplegia had a metastasic pilomatrixoma in vertebrae Tl, LI and L4, ulna, humerus, tibia and lymph nodes. Pilomatrixoma is generally considered as a benign tumour of the skin. This is the first report on pilomatrixoma metastasing to bone and causing neurological signs.
Pyothorax associated with a Mycoplasma species in a kitten
Authors: Malik R. , Love D. N. , Hunt G. B. , Canfield P. J. , Taylor V.
Published: April 2008

A 12‐week‐old kitten with congenital mitral valve dysplasia was shown by ante mortem and post mortem examination to have pneumonia and purulent pleurisy. A Mycoplasma species was isolated from a sample of pleural fluid collected at necropsy. Mycoplasmosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pyothorax in cats.
Vecuronium infusion in the dog
Authors: Jones R. S. , Young L. E.
Published: April 2008

The non‐depolarising muscle relaxant vecuronium bromide was administered to 20 dogs undergoing a variety of surgical procedures under general anaesthesia. An initial dose of 0–1 mg/kg was administered and followed by an infusion of 0–1 mg/kg/hour. Reversal of the neuromuscular block was carried out with neostigmine and atropine.
Pharmacokinetics of aditoprim in dogs after intravenous and oral administration: a preliminary study
Authors: Sutter H.‐M. , Ludwig B. , Bremer K. D. , Jordan J.‐C. , Rehm W. F. , Wanner M.
Published: April 2008

The pharmacokinetics of aditoprim (2,4‐diam‐ino‐5‐[4‐[dimethylamino]‐3,5‐dimethoxybenzyl] pyrimidine), a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, were studied in three eight to 17‐month‐old beagle dogs. The drug was alternately injected intravenously and administered orally as a tablet in two separate experiments. The doses ranged from 4–27 to 7–25 mg/kg bodyweight. The mean plasma clearance (CI) was 15‐3 ml/min/kg and the mean volume of distribution (Vss) 13‐1 litres/kg. The mean plasma elimination half‐life times after intravenous injection and oral administration were 11‐6 and 9‐6 hours, respectively. Aditoprim was readily (tmax= one to four hours) and completely absorbed from the intestinal tract (f = 89 per cent).
Prednisolone‐responsive neuropathy in a cat
Authors: Malik R. , France M. P. , Churcher R. , McDonald B.
Published: April 2008

Chronic relapsing polyneuropathy was diagnosed in a 15‐month‐old cat with a 12‐week history of limb weakness. The clinical course was punctuated by spontaneous remissions and relapse. There were two striking physical findings, weak withdrawal reflexes and atrophy of the proximal and distal limb muscles. Electrophysiological findings typical of a demyelinating motor neuropathy were present, namely small, dispersed compound muscle action potentials, markedly slow motor conduction and denervation potentials that were more prominent dis‐tally. Muscle biopsies showed changes consistent with denervation and a paucity of myelinated axons in intramuscular nerve bundles. The neuropathy responded rapidly and completely to prednisolone administration, which was slowly tapered over several months.
Clinical features and heritability of osteochondrosis of the elbow in labrador retrievers
Authors: Studdert V. P. , Lavelle R. B. , Beilharz R. G. , Mason T. A.
Published: April 2008

The occurrence of osteochondrosis in a breeding colony of labrador retrievers during an 11‐year period was investigated. Management practices and environmental factors were similar for all dogs. In 1247 progeny, elbow lameness was recorded in 259 dogs (21 per cent) and lesions of osteochondrosis on the coronoid process and, or, medial condyle of the humerus were confirmed in 189 dogs (15 per cent). None of 39 labrador crossbred dogs were affected. The incidence in progeny varied between different sires and dams and was associated with the severity of radiographic evidence of elbow arthritis in sires and dams with dams contributing significantly more than sires, suggesting a ‘maternal’ effect.
Hypercalcaemia in the dog: a study of 40 cases
Authors: Elliott J. , Dobson J. M. , Dunn J. K. , Herrtage M. E. , Jackson K. F.
Published: April 2008

Forty dogs referred to the University Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge for medical and oncological conditions between 1985 and 1990 were found to be hypercalcaemia In 18 cases the primary or underlying condition was diagnosed as lymphoproliferative disease with multicentric lymphoma occurring most commonly. Ten dogs were suffering from hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease) and two had adenocarcinomas of the apocrine glands of the anal sac. In three dogs a clinical diagnosis of renal dysplasia was made, this diagnosis being confirmed at post mortem examination in one dog. In the remaining cases hypercalcaemia was associated with a primary lung tumour, a thymoma, an osteosarcoma with widespread skeletal metastases, primary hyperparathyroidism due to a parathyroid adenoma, chronic panniculitis, iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism following mito‐tane therapy (one case each] and, in a further case, no diagnosis was reached. The most common clinical signs were inappetence, polyuria/ polydipsia, weakness, vomiting, lethargy and depression. As a group, the dogs with lymphoproliferative disease had a significantly higher mean plasma calcium concentration (4‐3 ± 0–7 vs 3–5 ± 0–4 mmol/litre), a significantly lower mean plasma inorganic phosphate concentration (1–5 ± 0–5 vs 2–4 ± 09 mmol/litre) and were significantly older (5‐5 ± 2–4 vs 3‐3 + 1–8 years) than the dogs with hypoadrenocorticism.
Mechanical and pathophysiological aspects of acute spinal cord trauma
Authors: Janssens L. A. A.
Published: April 2008

Experimental spinal cord trauma is studied with the purpose of better understanding and of finding better treatments for clinically occurring spinal cord trauma. In recent years major new insights have occurred in the pathophysiology of spinal cord trauma. A large amount of research has been carried out in experimental spinal cord trauma. It has mainly focused on vascular aspects of pathophysiology and on treatment. No generally accepted, very successful therapy for clinical use has emerged from this data. In addition, quite a few therapies which have been postulated to work have not yet been tested clinically. Finally the experimental models that have been used vary tremendously and standardisation is need ed. In this standardised model the influence of variables should be clear. The main pathophysiological phenomena that occur are rupture of cell membranes and microvessels. Microvessel rupture leads to free radical formation to thrombocyte aggregation and vessel obstruction. Cell oxygenation becomes impaired and eventually cell death occurs. This can be observed especially in the spinal cord grey matter. Cell membrane rupture leads to Ca2+‐influx, neurotoxic firing with glutamate release and the activation of the arachidonic acid cascade. This results in production of thromboxanes, prostaglandins and prostacyclins. These actuate thrombocyte aggregation serotonin release, vasoconstriction and oedem and lead to cell anoxia and cell death. All processes are completed within 24 hours after which regeneration takes place.
Purulent pericarditis in a puppy
Authors: Fuentes V. Luis , Long K. J. , Darke P. G. G. , Burnie A. G.
Published: April 2008

An eight‐week‐old female Cavalier King Charles spaniel was presented with tachypnoea, pyrexia and distended jugular veins following bite injuries to the chest and abdomen. Pericardial effusion was suspected from clinical, electrocardiographic and radiographic findings, and confirmed by echocardiography. Pericardiocentesis was carried out and the purulent fluid aspirated yieldedPasteurella multocidaon culture. After drainage, broad spectrum antibiotic therapy was instituted and the puppy went on to make an excellent clinical recovery. Despite this, some hyperechoic areas of myocardium were observed on echocardiography and occasional ventricular premature complexes were seen on electrocardiography. These were probably the result of an associated myocarditis.
Tube cystostomy in the dog and cat]
Authors: Williams J. M. , White R. A. S.
Published: April 2008

Prepubic tube cystostomy was performed in 10 dogs and one cat. Indications include urinary bypass following urethral trauma or surgery (six cases), following surgery for prostatic abscesses or cysts (four cases) and bladder atony secondary to urethral obstruction (one case). Tubes were left in situ for a minimum of seven days. All patients returned to normal micturition following tube removal. Urine leakage occurred for up to four days after tube removal by which time the stoma was granulating. Nosocomial infection was a consistent finding, but was controlled with antibiotic treatment following tube removal. Tube cystostomy was considered an effective means for diverting irritant urine from healing epithelium and thereby minimising the risk of urethral cicatrisation. It may also be indicated in the management of urinary retention as an alternative to repeated urethral catheterisation. This study indicates that tube cystostomy is readily performed, with few unexpected or serious complications.
A survey of the diagnosis and treatment of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Authors: Hall E. J. , Bond P. M. , McLean C. , Batt R. M. , McLean L.
Published: April 2008

A questionnaire was sent to veterinary surgeons who had diagnosed exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) by assay of low serum concentration of trypsin‐like immunoreactivity in 302 dogs. Two‐thirds of cases were German shepherd dogs, in which EPI was found equally in males and females. The disease was also diagnosed in 33 other breeds, most commonly in crossbreeds, spaniels, small terriers and collies, and was more common in females. Detailed replies on 160 cases were returned; 79 dogs were alive and 41 dead, with the remainder lost to long term follow‐up. The major reasons for death were euthanasia because of the cost, the prognosis, and failure to respond to treatment. An adequate response to treatment was obtained in 92 per cent of dogs. Uncoated preparations of pancreatic enzyme replacement were found to be more successful, and the use of dietary manipulation and antibiotics were frequently reported to be useful adjunctive therapies.
Correlation of ultrasonographic and patho‐morphological findings in canine hepatic diseases
Authors: Vörös K. , Vrabély T. , Papp L. , Horváth L. , Karsai F.
Published: April 2008

Findings of hepatic ultrasonography were analysed in 22 dogs with liver disease and compared with the results of final morphological diagnoses. Ultrasonographic appearance of the liver demonstrated focal alterations in 11 dogs (50 per cent): multifocal lesions in hepatic neoplasia (six), hepatic cirrhosis (one), generalised mycosis (one) and unifocal lesions in haemangiosarcoma (one), nodular hyperplasia (one) and misdiagnosed intestinal invagination (one), Diffuse ultrasonographic alterations were found in 11 dogs (50 per cent): hyperechoic liver of normal/enlarged size in lymphosarcoma (four) and hepatic lipidosis (two); hyperechoic ‘bright’ but small liver in atrophic cirrhosis (two); hypoechoic to normal intensity liver of normal size in liver dystrophy (two) and hepatic venous distension (one). Gallbladder abnormalities were detected in 14 of 20 dogs (70 per cent). Correct ultrasonographic diagnoses were made in 11 dogs (50 per cent). The best results were achieved by combining the clinicolaboratory and ultrasonographic findings, providing a correct diagnosis in 17 dogs (77‐3 per cent).
Erythema multiforme in a dobermann on trimethoprim‐sulphamethoxa‐zole therapy
Authors: Delmage D. A. , Payne‐Johnson C. E.
Published: April 2008

This report describes the clinical and histopathological features of a suspected drug eruption in a dobermann pinscher dog on oral trimethoprim‐sulphamethoxazole therapy.
Thyroid function in the cat: assessment by the TRH response test and the thyrotrophin stimulation test
Authors: Sparkes A. H. , Jones B. R. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J. , Walker M. J.
Published: April 2008

Changes in total thyroxine (T4), free T4 and total tri‐iodothyronine (T3) were measured in 13 cats after the intravenous injection of varying doses of thyrotrophin stimulating hormone (TSH) (0–5 U/cat n = 6; 1 U/cat n = 8; 1 U/kg bodyweight, n = 7) or thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) (100 ug/cat, n = 10). All three doses of TSH resulted in a significant (P < 0–05) rise in T4, free T4 and T3 levels, with the mean peak in hormone concentrations occurring six to eight hours after injection. The three doses of TSH all appeared to produce maximal stimulation of thyroid hormone secretion. The mean percentage increase in hormone concentrations at seven hours following the three doses of TSH ranged from 167 to 198 per cent for T4, 240 to 365 per cent for free T4, and 73 to 116 per cent for T3. Following administration of TRH there was also a significant (P < 0–05) rise in T4, and free T4. The mean peak in T4 and free T4 levels occurred at four hours, and mean increases in hormone levels at this time were 92 per cent for T4, and 198 per cent for free T4. The administration of TRH produced little change in T3 levels. TSH administration resulted in a significantly higher (P < 0–05) percentage peak increase in T4, free T4 and T3 levels at all three dosages than did TRH.
Effect of anaesthesia and stress on the radiographic evaluation of the coxofemoral joint
Authors: Madsen J. S. , Svalastoga E.
Published: April 2008

A pelvic radiographic examination was performed on 15 large breed dogs without history and clinical sign of hip dysplasia. The effect of anaesthesia and of two stress‐radiographic methods on the coxofemoral subluxation was evaluated. With anaesthesia a mild coxofemoral subluxation was seen in 31 per cent of the dogs, which all appeared radiographically normal when sedated. The Norberg angle was significantly decreased in anaesthetised dogs (P < 0–05). When dogs with a radiographically normal coxofemoral joint conformation were submitted to a stress‐radiographic examination there was a shift towards an increased coxofemoral subluxation. Subluxation was seen in 70 per cent of the dogs when the knee fixation method of positioning was applied and in 100 per cent of the dogs when the wedge method was used. Correspondingly the Norberg angle decreased significantly when the coxofermoral joints were stressed (Pkneefix< 0–00003; Pwedge= 0–000008). The study concludes that the currently used procedure for evaluation of the hip joints does not necessarily disclose whether or not a dog has hip dysplasia.
Nutrition and the integument
Authors: Kirk R.W.
Published: April 2008

Although nutritional deficiencies, imbalances and toxicities may be specific, they all tend to produce general, non‐specific skin changes. Tests to determine nutrient levels in tissues or serum are expensive and rarely diagnostic. Careful evaluation of genetic factors and the dietary history may give clues to the diagnosis; and test feedings or trial medications may produce clinical response. Except for food hypersensitivities, which may be common in certain individuals, pets fed complete, balanced commercial diets rarely have skin disorders caused by nutritional factors.
The Homoeopathic Treatment of Small Animals (Principles and Practice)
Authors: Wolfensohn S.
Published: April 2008

C. E. I. DAY. Published by C. W. DANIEL, Saffron Walden.
Perineal urethrostomy versus dietary management in prevention of recurrent lower urinary tract disease
Authors: Osborne C. A. , Caywood D. D. , Johnston G. R. , Polzin D. J. , Lulich J. P. , Kruger J. M.
Published: April 2008

The frequency and cause of recurrent lower urinary tract disease was compared prospectively in three groups of 10 male cats during a one year period following correction of obstructive urethropathy caused by matrix‐crystalline plugs. One group of cats was managed by perineal urethrostomy, one group with a calculolytic diet, and the third group by perineal urethrostomy and the calculolytic diet. Ten episodes of bacterial urinary tract infection developed in five of 10 cats with perineal urethrostomies; six episodes of bacterial urinary tract infection developed in four of 10 cats with perineal urethrostomies and consuming the calculolytic diet. Bacterial urinary tract infections were not observed in cats managed only with the calculolytic diet. Staphylococcal‐induced struvite urocystoliths developed in two cats with perineal urethrostomies. Vesicourachal diverticula detected in nine cats at the time of diagnosis of urethral obstruction healed spontaneously following restoration of urethral patency and remission of clinical signs. Transient microscopic haematuria was observed in approximately 25 per cent of the cats in all three treatment groups during the one year study. Results of this study confirm the effectiveness of dietary management in prevention of recurrent urethral obstruction caused by struvite‐containing urethral precipitates, and verify that recurrent signs of lower urinary tract disease in cats may be caused by agents that are different from those that initiate the problem. They also confirm that perineal urethrostomies predispose cats to recurrent ascending bacterial urinary tract infections.
Aortic stenosis: clinical findings in six cats
Authors: Stepien R. L. , Bonagura J. D.
Published: April 2008

Congenital aortic stenosis was diagnosed in six cats. Clinical findings included dyspnoea, systolic murmurs with maximal intensity at the left apex or right sternal border, and cardiomegaly with congestive heart failure. Some clinical features of feline aortic stenosis were similar to those observed in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Definitive diagnosis was obtained by angiographic imaging of a discrete, consistent subvalvular obstruction, Doppler‐echocardio‐graphy, or by necropsy. Although, two of the cats were diagnosed at ages older than usually reported, the overall prognosis for cats with aortic stenosis was poor. Four of the six cats died or were euthanased within one year of the onset of clinical signs.
Perforated gastric ulcer v associated with pyloroplasty for chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy in a dog
Authors: Polese M. , Bellenger C. R. , Maddison J. E. , Church D. B.
Published: April 2008

A six‐year‐old male silkie terrier presented with a history of chronic vomiting. A diagnosis of gastric outflow obstruction was made using contrast radiography of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Surgical examination of the stomach revealed thickened pyloric antral mucosa. A Heineke‐Mikulicz pyloroplasty combined with resection of the hypertrophic pyloric mucosa were performed to increase the patency of the pyloric lumen. The dog recovered well from surgery and his condition remained stable until the sixth day postoperatively when his condition deteriorated rapidly resulting in his death that night. At autopsy a perforated gastric ulcer was found in the cardiac region of the pylorus with evidence for a generalised peritonitis. An association between gastric outflow obstruction and gastric ulceration has been reported in human clinical literature and in canine experimental models. No such association has been previously documented in the veterinary clinical literature.
Treatment of epidural haemangio‐sarcoma in a dog
Authors: Jeffery N. D.
Published: April 2008

The cause of spinal pain and paresis in a 10‐year‐old great dane dog was found to be an epidural haemangiosarcoma. The tumour was surgically removed and adjunctive treatment with doxorubicin given. The dog survived in remission of its clinical signs for 11 months.
Skin disorders of small mammals
Authors: Scarff D. H.
Published: April 2008

Small mammals are frequently presented to the veterinary surgeon for skin disorders as children's pets, laboratory animals or commercial breeding groups. The role of the veterinary surgeon in these different categories is examined. Investigation and management of these disorders is discussed placing particular emphasis on a diagnostic approach and highlighting those areas which differ from canine and feline dermatology. Common dermatoses of these animals are described on an aetiological basis.
Influence of diet on urine pH and the Feline urological syndrome
Authors: Skoch E. R. , Chandler E. A. , Douglas G. M. , Richardson D. P.
Published: April 2008

The hypothesis that feline urine pH can be manipulated by use of varying amounts of natural food components was tested. A relatively simple experimental model was constructed whereby soybean meal in a basal calculogenic diet was substituted by other components at varying levels and the changes in urine pH measured. In a different phase of the experiment the result of rapid change of diet was used to show the speed of response of urine pH. The effect of urine acidifying compounds was also demonstrated by the model. The prophylactic effect of three food components on urine pH was compared, with corn gluten meal the most potent. The model also demonstrated that feline urological syndrome (FUS) is possible in the presence of reduced levels of magnesium confirming previous work noting that the effect of urine pH is greater in the prevention of the condition than magnesium levels per se.
Follow‐up study of 100 cases with thoracolumbar disc protrusions treated by lateral fenestration
Authors: Butterworth S. J. , Denny H. R.
Published: April 2008

One hundred‐and‐seventeen dogs with thoracolumbar disc protrusions were treated by lateral fenestration over a five year period. The results obtained in 100 of these cases are presented. The overall success rate was 87 per cent but only 33 per cent of those with paraplegia and loss of conscious pain sensation regained the use of their hindlimbs.
A field investigation of kennel cough: Efficacy of different treatments
Authors: Thrusfield M. V. , Aitken C. G. G. , Muirhead R. H.
Published: April 2008

The efficacy of antibiotics, corticosteroids and antitussives in the treatment of kennel cough was investigated in clinical cases in the field, using information recorded on questionnaires distributed to a random sample of veterinary practitioners in the United Kingdom. Analysis of the results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the duration of coughing between treated and untreated dogs when a trimethoprim‐sulphonamide combination, oxytetracycline, ampicillin/amoxycillin, or corticosteroid were administered alone, and when ampicillin/ amoxycillin‐corticosteroid or trimethoprim‐sulphonamide‐corticosteroid combinations were given. The estimated median duration of coughing between treated and untreated animals when a trimethoprim‐sulphonamide combination or ampicillin/amoxycillin were administered alone also differed significantly. The most efficacious drug was trimethoprim‐sulphonamide, administered alone.
A probable case of hypoparathyroidism in a cat
Authors: Parker J. S. L.
Published: April 2008

Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism was suspected in a young female cat. The relevant historical and clinical findings were: anorexia, intermittent muscle tremors, hindlimb ataxia, behavioural changes and cataracts. Salient laboratory findings were: hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and normal renal function (normal serum urea and creatinine concentrations with hypersthenuria). No evidence of intestinal malabsorption, pancreatitis or nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism was found. Treatment with oral synthetic vitamin D (1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol) and intravenous and oral calcium supplements was successful in correcting the hypocalcaemia and abolishing the clinical signs.
Open ante‐brachiocarpal luxation in a greyhound
Authors: Butterworth S. J.
Published: April 2008

The successful management of an open ante‐brachiocarpal luxation in a two‐year‐old grey hound is described.
Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia
Authors: Moon M.
Published: April 2008

A seven‐month‐old collie and a four‐year‐old Jack Russell terrier were presented with coughing and dyspnoea of varying duration. A peripheral and pulmonary eosinophilia was detected in both dogs. After ruling out heartworm disease, lungworms, fungal pneumonia and drug reactions, a diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia was made. Dramatic relief of clinical signs, radiographic infiltrate and peripheral eosinophilia occurred after administration of glucocorticoids.
Feline spongiform encephalopathy
Authors: Grufiydd‐Jones T. J. , Galloway P. E. , Pearson G. R.
Published: April 2008

This paper reviews the recently recognised condition of feline spongiform encephalopathy and its importance as a neurological disorder of cats. Its possible origin and relationship to other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are discussed.
Tremor syndromes in dogs: Diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Bagley R. S.
Published: April 2008

Tremor is frequently associated with a variety of diseases in human beings and animals. Unlike humans beings, however, many tremor disorders of animals resist strict classification and have poorly defined aetiologies. In dogs, generalised tremor is more commonly recognised than tremor localised to one body area. History and clinical presentation remain important in the differential diagnosis of these disorders. Appropriate therapy for several of these syndromes can result in long term control or resolution of tremor.
Canine urolithiasis in Sweden and Norway: Retrospective survey of prevalence and epidemiology
Authors: Wallerström B. I. , Wågberg T. I.
Published: April 2008

It was estimated that 23 to 24 dogs per 10,000 in Sweden were operated on for urolithiasis between 1956 and 1982. During this period urinary calculi were confirmed in 2898 dogs of 95 breeds, chiefly in chondrodystrophic and well proportioned (not short legged) miniature breeds. The distribution between the sexes in the period 1956 to 1970 was estimated at 57 per cent male and 43 per cent female in the chondrodystrophic breeds, 74 per cent male and 26 per cent female in the well proportioned miniatures, and 83 per cent and 17 per cent female in the large breeds; in the dalmatian (1956 to 1982) 94 per cent were male and 6 per cent female. Urinary calculi were found at a younger age in the chondrodystrophic breeds (1956 to 1970) than in the well proportioned miniature dogs and in large dogs (P<0–001). It was estimated that five dogs per 10,000 in Norway were operated on for urolithiasis between 1956 and 1970. During this period urinary calculi were diagnosed in 71 dogs of 28 breeds. Seventy‐nine per cent were male and 21 per cent were female. Urolithiasis in dogs appears to be chiefly constitutionally dependent. Chondrodystrophic breeds and small breeds are particularly susceptible.
Diagnosis of ehrlichiosis from the presence of inclusion bodies or morulae of E can is
Authors: Elias E.
Published: April 2008

Peripheral blood smears (stained with May‐Griinwald‐Giemsa) taken from 250 dogs showing clinical signs suggestive of ehrlichiosis were examined for the presence of inclusion bodies or morulae of Ehrlichia canis. Inclusion bodies were seen in 220 (88 per cent) cases, of which only 9 (4 per cent) cases exhibited morulae. Thus inclusions other than morulae may play an important role in the diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis in enzootic areas.
Lipoid pneumonia in a rough collie dog
Authors: Corcoran B. M. , Martin M. , Darke P. G. G. , Anderson A. , Head K. W. , Clutton R. E. , Else R. W. , Fuentes V. Luis
Published: April 2008

The incidence of lipoid pneumonia in dogs is not known and confirmed cases do not appear to have been reported. Three forms of lipoid pneumonia are recognised in mammalian species; exogenous lipoid pneumonia (ELP), endogenous lipoid pneumonia (EnLP), and post‐obstructive endogenous lipoid pneumonia (PEnLP). All forms share similar microscopic characteristics of fat accumulation in the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages and are otherwise clinically indistinct from other forms of pneumonia. A case of lipoid pneumonia in a seven‐year‐old rough collie dog which was presented with recurrent bronchopneumonia over several months is reported here. Diagnosis was made from biopsy of resected lung tissue and from detection of fat‐containing vacuoles in macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. ELP could not be differentiated from PEnLP in this dog, but a complete recovery followed removal of the affected right accessory and caudal lung lobes.
Phenobarbitone‐responsive hypersialism in two dogs
Authors: Chapman B. L. , Malik R.
Published: April 2008

Two dogs were examined for hypersialism associated with non‐painful, symmetrical enlargement of both mandibular salivary glands. These signs were accompanied by inappetence and weight loss. The underlying cause of the problem could not be determined despite extensive investigations including fine needle aspiration biopsy of affected salivary glands. Hypersialism and mandibular salivary gland enlargement resolved completely during pheno‐barbitone administration.
Generalised amyloidosis and acute liver haemorrhage in four cats
Authors: Blunden A. S. , Smith K. C.
Published: April 2008

Over a period of three years, four domestic shorthaired cats from a breeding colony were presented with a history of acute collapse or short illness leading to euthanasia. Post mortem examinations and histopathology revealed generalised amyloidosis, with severe hepatic involvement and associated liver haemorrhage. The clinicopathological findings are detailed and compared with existing reports of this unusual manifestation of amyloidosis in the cat.
Orbital multilobular tumour of bone in a dog
Authors: Groff J. M. , Murphy C. J. , Poolt R. R. , Koblik P. , Bellhorn R.
Published: April 2008

A multilobular tumour of bone with left orbital involvement was diagnosed at post mortem examination in an eight‐year‐old German shepherd cross dog. The tumour resulted in progressive exophthalmos with lateral deviation of the left eye. Radiographs revealed that the mass was mineralised and originated from the left frontal bone with invasion of the left frontal sinus and destruction of the cribriform plate. This is the third reported case of this type of tumour involving the orbit of the dog and thus multilobular tumour of bone should be considered as a differentia] diagnosis of exophthalmos.
Feline heart disease: An update
Authors: Fuentes V. Luis
Published: April 2008

Heart disease is relatively common in cats and our understanding of feline cardiomyopathy has improved considerably over the last two decades, in part as a result of the improved sophistication of non‐invasive diagnostic techniques. The incidence of feline dilated cardiomyopathy has declined markedly since the discovery of taurine deficiency as an aetiological factor and subsequent modification of commercial diets. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy now seems to be the commonest primary form and is characterised by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. Intermediate forms of cardiomyopathy are also recognised. Secondary cardiomyopathies are common; examples of causes include hyperthyroidism, systemic hypertension and acromegaly. Congenital cardiac disease is also well recognised and may lead to clinical signs even late in life.
Current developments in c ar diopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Young L. E.
Published: April 2008

As veterinary surgeons, we must all deal, on occasion, with an animal who has suffered a cardiac arrest. This article reviews the recent literature concerning cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and examines the suggestions recently put forward by the American Heart Association in their improved resuscitation protocol. These protocol modifications have been shown experimentally and clinically to improve cerebral and myocardial haemodynamics during closed chest cardiac massage. The ultimate goal of CPR must be not merely to resuscitate the patient in the short term, but to promote complete neurological recovery in the longer term. Prompt recognition of cardiac arrest and the immediate initiation of resuscitative measures play a major contributing role in a favourable neurological outcome. In addition to the familiar ABC system of basic cardiac life support, the use of a high dose adrenaline (0–2 mg/kg) is proposed as the best first line drug treatment in the arrested patient. This can be accompanied by abdominal wrapping and synchronous ventilation and chest compressions to optimise cerebral and myocardial blood flow. Calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate should no longer be included in the early resuscitative efforts.
Management of dietary hypersensitivity in the dog
Authors: Halliwell R. E. W.
Published: April 2008

Dietary hypersensitivity is an uncommon condition which can result in a variety of dermato‐logical and gastrointestinal signs. The major emphasis in management is on elimination of the causative agent from the diet. Correct diagnosis and implication of the offending allergen are prerequisites for optimal therapy. If this proves impossible, or if multiple sensitivities preclude formulation of an appropriate diet, corticosteroids or other anti‐inflammatory agents must be employed and are variably effective.
Feline matrix‐crystalline urethral plugs: A unifying hypothesis of causes
Authors: Osborne C. A. , Kruger J. P. , Lulich J. P. , Bartges J. W. , Polzin D. J. , Molitor T. , Beauclair K. D. , Onffroy J.
Published: April 2008

The hypothesis is advanced that various combinations of aetiologically different events may lead to three different, but common, clinical manifestations of feline lower urinary tract disease. One manifestation, characterised by nonobstructive haematuria, dysuria, pollakiuria, and increased production of proteinaceous and cellular inflammatory reactions occurs as a consequence of urinary tract infections with viruses and occasionally other infectious agents. A second manifestation is that of classical urolithiasis, which occurs in response to oversaturation of urine with different types of calculogenic substances. Naturally occurring feline uroliths containing magnesium ammonium phosphate, calcium oxalate, ammonium urate, calcium phosphate, cystine and xanthine have been observed. A third manifestation, resulting from the concomitant occurrence of urinary tract infections and various types of urine crystals, is characterised by formation of matrix‐crystalline plugs that may obstruct the urethra, especially of male cats. Preliminary data suggest that urethral plug matrix contains Tamm‐Horsfall mucoprotein, similar to that observed involved in the formation of renal tubular casts.
Practical management of obesity in dogs and cats
Authors: Sloth C.
Published: April 2008

Obesity is the most common form of malnutrition encountered in small animal practice in the western world. In a survey of cats presented to the author's clinic, 40 per cent were overweight or obese; the incidence of obesity was highlighted in neutered cats, those that were kept indoors and those over 36 months of age. A number of clinical conditions of dogs and cats can be associated with obesity, therefore its prevention and control represents an important challenge for the small animal veterinarian and its success is largely dependent on effective client education. Treatment of obesity involves a suitable diet formulation and continual patient monitoring to maintain the owner's enthusiasm and cooperation. Commercial low calorie diets provide an effective and convenient means of weight loss in obese dogs and cats.
Dietary management of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nelson R. W.
Published: April 2008

Dietary therapy should be designed to enhance insulin therapy and improve glycaemic regulation of the diabetic dog and cat. Dietary therapy will not alleviate the necessity for insulin therapy in dogs and cats with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Preliminary work suggests that dietary therapy may ultimately be the only therapy necessary to maintain glycaemic control in cats with suspected non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Currently, the feeding of a high fibre, high complex carbohydrate diet is recommended at a caloric intake designed to correct obesity and maintain ideal bodyweight. Several small meals should be fed during the period of insulin activity, to help minimise post prandial fluctuations in the blood glucose concentration.
Carbimazole therapy of feline hyperthyroidism
Authors: Mooney C. T. , Thoday K. L. , Doxey D. L.
Published: April 2008

The efficacy and safety of carbimazole (CBZ) was studied in a series of 45 hyperthyroid cats. CBZ was used before surgical thyroidectomy in 34 cats, at a dose of 5 mg administered orally every eight hours. Biochemical euthyroidism, as assessed by a decrease in serum total thyroxine (T4) concentrations into the reference range, was achieved in 31 cats (91 per cent) within a mean (± SD) of 5–7 (± 2–9) days (range, three to 15 days). Clinical evidence of euthyroidism tended to lag behind biochemical evidence but was usually apparent after 14 days. Continuing therapy tended to decrease serum total T4 but not serum total triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations below the reference range but clinical evidence of hypothyroidism was not apparent. In five additional cats, 5 mg CBZ was administered three times between 08.00 and 20.00 hours. Euthyroidism was achieved in only one cat after 14 days, emphasising the need for eight hourly dosing. Clinically observable side effects developed in five cats (13 per cent), two to three weeks after commencing therapy and included vomiting (n y 2) and vomiting and anorexia (n = 3). In three cases withdrawal of CBZ was required. Mild and transient haematological abnormalities developed in two cats (one case each of lymphocytosis and leucopenia). There were significant decreases in serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in those cats achieving euthyroidism (P < 0–001 in each case) but not in those that remained hyperthyroid despite CBZ therapy (P ± 0–05 in each case). CBZ was used as the sole therapy for the condition in eight cats for between four and 65 weeks. A consistent dosage of 5 mg CBZ administered twice daily was necessary to maintain euthyroidism. Adverse reactions were not noted. Chronic medical management tended to depress serum total T4 concentrations below the reference range. Corresponding serum total T3 concentrations remained within the reference range on 15 (88 per cent) of 17 occasions and may explain why the animals appeared clinically euthyroid. CBZ appears to be a safe and effective drug both in the short and long term management of feline hyperthyroidism and can be recommended as the current drug of choice in the UK.
Malignant seminoma with gross metastases in a dog
Authors: Tennant B. , Kelly D. F.
Published: April 2008

A 10‐year‐old male crossbred dog developed a non‐painful unilateral testicular swelling; the other gonad was reduced in size. Both gonads were removed surgically; the larger contained a diffuse seminoma, the smaller atrophic testis contained an interstitial cell adenoma and several intratubular seminomas. Six months after being castrated the dog developed palpable intraabdominal masses. Necropsy revealed gross metastatic malignant seminoma in para‐aortic lymph nodes. No histological features were identified to correlate with the malignant behaviour of this usually benign tumour.
Feline hypertrophic cardio‐myopathy: Variations on a theme
Authors: Bright J. M. , Golden A. L. , Daniel G. B.
Published: April 2008

The history and the physical, radiographic, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, haemo‐dynamic and angiocardiographic findings from 18 cats with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are described. These data document a diverse spectrum of clinical manifestations of this disease in cats. The variety and complexity of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy complicate the diagnosis and challenge the idea that this disorder is a single disease entity.
Deleted chromosome 32 in mammary neoplasms in two domestic dogs
Authors: Mayr B. , Plasser J. , Schleger W. , Loupal G. , Burtscher H.
Published: April 2008

Tumour cells of two cases of mammary neoplasm in dogs were investigated cytogenetically. A small marker chromosome, a deleted chromosome 32, was detected in many cells (35 and 40 per cent respectively) in both dogs.