bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary rhinoplasty: reconstitution of the allar cartillages by a rhinoplasty with an external incision
Authors: Ishida Jorge , Lee Joseph , Shiroma Edson , lshida Luis Carlos
Published: June 2009

Presentation of 62 cases of secondary nasal deformities treated by external incision. Several types of endonasal deformities were observed, properly classified and repaired. When excessive ressection was observed, local cartillage graft, septonasal or conchal types were employed.
Electrocardiography in Chagas' heart disease
Authors: Garzon Sérgio A.C. , Lorga Adalberto M. , Nicolau José Carlos
Published: June 2009

Conventional ECG still plays an important role in the overall knowledge of Chagas' cardiopathy, because of its importance in longitudinal and epidemiological studies, its diagnostic value, and its utility in prognostic evaluation. The authors discuss these aspects, as well as the use of ECG in the acute phase and the significance of a normal ECG in Chagas' disease. Correlations were made between ECG and hemodynamic/angiographic variables among 1010 patients with positive laboratory tests for Chagas' disease: a) in the group with normal ECG there were no significant differences between symptomatic and non-symptomatic patients with regard to ejection fraction and angiographic abnormalities; b) slight abnormalities on the ECG corresponded to an intermediate level of severity of the disease, that is, between normal ECG and ECG with significant abnormalities; c) fibrosis on the ECG was not predictive of akinesia in the related area on the angiography; d) combined ECG abnormalities generally correlated with greater myocardial compromise compared to isolated abnormalities; e) under multiple regression analysis the ECG abnormalities that independently correlated with depressed ejection fraction were: premature ventricular beats, ventricular tachycardia, left bundle branch block, atrial fibrillation, complete AV block, and anterior and inferior fibrosis. Male sex, cardiac insufficiency and cardiomegaly on the thorax radiography were also significantly related.
Signal-averaged electrocardiogram in chronic Chagas' heart disease
Authors: Moraes Aguinaldo Pereira de , Moffa Paulo Jorge , Sosa Eduardo A. , Bellotti Giovanni M. V. , Pastore Carlos A. , Lima Eduardo V. , Chalela William A. , Grupi César José , Pileggi Fúlvio José Carlos
Published: June 2009

The aim of the study was to register the prevalence of late potentials (LP) in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease (CCD) and the relationship with sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT). 192 patients (96 males), mean age 42.9 years, with CCD were studied through a Signal Averaged ECG using time domain analysis. According to presence or absence of bundle branch block (BBB) and SVT, four groups of patients were created: Group I (n = 72): without SVT (VT-) and without BBB (BBB-): Group II (n = 27): with SVT (VT+) and BBB-; Group III (n = 63): VT- and with BBB (BBB+); and Group IV (N = 30): VT+ and BBB+. The LP was admitted, with 40 Hz filter, in the groups without BBB using standard criteria of the method. In the group with BBB, the root-mean-square amplitude of the last 40 ms (RMS) < =14µV was considered as an indicator of LP. RESULTS: In groups I and II, LP was present in 21 (78%) of the patients with SVT and in 22 (31%) of the patients without SVT (p < 0.001), with Sensitivity (S) 78%; Specificity (SP) 70% and Accuracy (Ac) 72%. LP was present in 30 (48%) of the patients without and 20 (67%) of the patients with SVT, in groups III and IV. p = 0.066, with S = 66%; SP = 52%; and Ac = 57%. In the follow-up, there were 4 deaths unrelated to arrhythmic events, all of them did not have LP. Eight (29,6%) of the patients from group II and 4 (13%) from group IV presented recurrence of SVT and 91,6% of these patients had LP. CONCLUSIONS: LP occurred in 77.7% of the patients with SVT and without BBB. In the groups with BBB, there was association of LP with SVT in 66,6% of the cases. The recurrence of SVT was present in 21% of the cases from which 91,6% had LP.
Aprendizaje escolar y obstáculos: estudio de caso de una profesora de ciencias de secundaria
Authors: Vázquez-Bernal Bartolomé , Jiménez-Pérez Roque , Martos Matilde , Mellado Vicente
Published: June 2009

En el artículo se describe un estudio de caso de una profesora de educación secundaria integrada en un grupo de investigación-acción. Nuestro interés es la relación entre el aprendizaje escolar y los obstáculos que sus alumnos encuentran. Se analiza cómo la reflexión de la profesora y sus acciones en el aula interactúan, así como su influencia en el desarrollo profesional. Para acometer este estudio hemos desarrollado una hipótesis de progresión que llamamos de la Complejidad. Los hallazgos sugieren que la profesora posee una concepción asimilativa del aprendizaje escolar, formando parte del núcleo duro de sus obstáculos para el desarrollo profesional. Este proceso indica la dirección en su desarrollo profesional en tanto construya teorías más complejas al respecto, así como el soporte fundamental del grupo de investigación-acción.
Atribuição de significados biológicos às variáveis da equação logística: uma aplicação do Cálculo nas Ciências Biológicas
Authors: Kato Lilian Akemi , Bellini Marta
Published: June 2009

Este artigo apresenta, como objetivo principal, uma proposta metodológica para o ensino do Cálculo nos cursos de Ciências Biológicas, que privilegia a atribuição de significados biológicos às variáveis e parâmetros que aparecem nos modelos matemáticos no estudo de dinâmica de populações. Utilizou-se, neste estudo, a equação logística como modelo matemático que caracteriza diversos tipos de crescimento populacional, além de apresentar outras complexidades do fenômeno biológico que podem ser melhor caracterizadas e explicadas por meio dos conceitos matemáticos relacionados ao Cálculo Diferencial. Entende-se que estas relações do Cálculo com as Ciências Biológicas contribuem para a compreensão de fenômenos biológicos complexos que podem ser explicados por equações matemáticas bastante simples.
Desafios gerenciais para a reconfiguração da administração burocrática Brasileira
Authors: Rezende Flávio da Cunha
Published: June 2009

O trabalho focaliza o problema dos limites da construção das novas burocracias gerenciais, no contexto das reformas administrativas contemporâneas. O argumento central é o de que de as reformas gerenciais encontram considerável dificuldade para estabelecer os novos modelos institucionais orientados pela performance devido à preponderância do ajuste fiscal. A construção do argumento é baseada em dois níveis complementares de análise. O primeiro abrange evidências comparativas produzidas por estudos e pesquisas que analisaram os limites da implementação de reformas gerenciais da administração pública em diversos países e diversas condições. O segundo focaliza nas razões específicas da não implementação das novas burocracias orientadas pela performance no contexto da estratégia de reforma administrativa gerencial perseguida pelo Governo Federal brasileiro em 1995.
Preliminary evaluation of a constructed wetland for treating extremely alkaline (pH 12) steel slag drainage
Authors: Mayes W. M. , Aumônier J. , Jarvis A. P.
Published: June 2009

High pH (>12) leachates are an environmental problem associated with drainage from lime (CaO)-rich industrial residues such as steel slags, lime spoil and coal combustion residues. Recent research has highlighted the potential for natural (‘volunteer’) wetlands to buffer extremely alkaline influent waters. This appears ascribable to high CO2 partial pressures in the wetland waters from microbial respiration, which accelerates precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and the high specific surface area for mineral precipitation offered by macrophytes. The research presented here builds on this and provides preliminary evaluation of a constructed wetland built in March 2008 to buffer drainage from steel slag heaps in north-east England. The drainage water from the slag mounds is characterised by a mean pH of 11.9, high concentrations of Ca (up to 700 mg/L), total alkalinity (up to 800 mg/L as CaCO3) and are slightly brackish (Na = 300 mg/L; Cl = 400 mg/L) reflecting native groundwaters at this coastal setting. Documented calcite precipitation rates (mean of 5 g CaCO3/m2/day) from nearby volunteer sites receiving steel slag drainage were used to scale the constructed wetland planted with Phragmites australis; a species found to spontaneously grow in the vicinity of the discharge. Improved performance of the wetland during summer months may at least in part be due to biological activity which enhances rates of calcite precipitation and thus lowering of pH. Secondary Ca-rich precipitates also serve as a sink for some trace elements present at low concentrations in the slag leachate such as Ni and V. The implications for scaling and applying constructed wetlands for highly alkaline drainage are discussed.
PDA Usage by Japanese Resident Physicians Is Low
Authors: Takahashi O. , Ohde S. , Tokuda Y. , Omata F. , Fukui T. , Jacobs J. L.
Published: June 2009

Objectives: Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are in widespread use by resident physicians in many countries, reaching as high as 95% in some reports. Uses are varied and include clinical decision support and support of evidence-based practice. Utilization by resident doctors in Japan has not been characterized. This study was conducted to determine practice patterns of PDA use by Japanese resident physicians.

Methods: A nationwide cohort survey study was distributed to all 1070 residency teaching programs in Japan. The survey included questions pertaining to use of PDAs in clinical practice.

Results: 1124 surveys were returned (response rate of approximately 75%). 297 (30.7%) respondents reported currently using PDAs, while 971 (86.4%) reported having used a PDA in the past. PDA users were more likely to be male (p < 0.05), but no other significant differences were found when examining the following variables: age, training site (university hospital versus community teaching hospital), satisfaction with existing information technology access.

Conclusions: Use of PDAs among Japanese resident physicians is much lower than their counterparts in other countries. In light of this, further research on patient outcomes in Japan and the impact of PDA usage on patient outcomes is urgently needed. If demonstrated to improve outcomes, barriers to adoption need to be identified and overcome.
3D Segmentation of the Left Ventricle Combining Long- and Short-axis MR Images
Authors: Relan J. , Groth M. , Müllerleile K. , Handels H. , Säring D.
Published: June 2009

Objectives: Segmentation of the left ventricle (LV) is required to quantify LV remodeling after myocardial infarction. Therefore spatiotemporal cine MR sequences including long-axis and short-axis images are acquired. In this paper a new segmentation method for fast and robust segmentation of the left ventricle is presented.

Methods: The new approach considers the position of the mitral valve and the apex as well as the long-axis contours to generate a 3D LV surface model. The segmentation result can be checked and adjusted in the short-axis images. Finally quantitative parameters were extracted.

Results: For evaluation the LV was segmented in eight datasets of the same subject by two medical experts using a contour drawing tool and the new segmentation tool. The results of both methods were compared concerning interaction time and intra- and inter-observer variance. The presented segmentation method proved to be fast. The mean difference and standard deviation of all parameters are decreased. In case of intra-observer comparison e.g. the mean ESV difference is reduced from 8.8% to 0.5%.

Conclusion: A semi-automatic LV segmentation method has been developed that combines long- and short-axis views. Using the presented approach the intra- and inter-observer difference as well as the time for the segmentation process are decreased. So the semi-automatic segmentation using long-and short-axis information proved to be fast and robust for the quantification of LV mass and volume properties.
Sexually dimorphic effect of the Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF on susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease: New data and meta‐analysis
Authors: Fukumoto Noriko , Fujii Takashi , Combarros Onofre , Kamboh M. Ilyas , Tsai Shin‐Jen , Matsushita Sachio , Nacmias Benedetta , Comings David E. , Arboleda Humberto , Ingelsson Martin , Hyman Bradley T. , Akatsu Hiroyasu , Grupe Andrew , Nishimura Agnes Lumi , Zatz Mayana , Mattila Kari M. , Rinne Juha , Goto Yu‐ichi , Asada Takashi , Nakamura Shun , Kunugi Hiroshi
Published: June 2009

Conflicting results have been reported as to whether genetic variations (Val66Met and C270T) of the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) confer susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We genotyped these polymorphisms in a Japanese sample of 657 patients with AD and 525 controls, and obtained weak evidence of association for Val66Met (P = 0.063), but not for C270T. After stratification by sex, we found a significant allelic association between Val66Met and AD in women (P = 0.017), but not in men. To confirm these observations, we collected genotyping data for each sex from 16 research centers worldwide (4,711 patients and 4,537 controls in total). The meta‐analysis revealed that there was a clear sex difference in the allelic association; the Met66 allele confers susceptibility to AD in women (odds ratio = 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.24, P = 0.002), but not in men. Our results provide evidence that the Met66 allele of BDNF has a sexually dimorphic effect on susceptibility to AD. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ion Pairing and Salt Structure in Organic Salts through Diffusion, Overhauser, DFT and X‐ray Methods
Authors: Moreno Aitor , Pregosin Paul S. , Veiros Luis F. , Albinati Alberto , Rizzato Silvia
Published: June 2009

Pulsed gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) diffusion characteristics for a) the new [brucinium][X] salts 6 a–f [a: X=BF4−; b: X=PF6−; c: X=MeSO3−, d: X=CF3SO3−; e: X=BArF−; f: X=PtCl3(C2H4)−], b) 4‐tert‐butyl‐N‐benzyl analogue, 7 and c) the aryl carbocations (p‐R‐C6H4)2CH 9 a (R=CH3O) and 9 b (R=(CH3)2N), (p‐CH3O‐C6H4)xCPh3−x+ 10 a–c (x=1–3, respectively) and (p‐R‐C6H4)3C+ 11 (R=(CH3)2N) and 12 (R=H) all in several different solvents, are reported. The solvent dependence suggests strong ion pairing in CDCl3, intermediate ion pairing in CD2Cl2 and little ion pairing in [D6]acetone. 1H, 19F HOESY NMR spectra (HOESY: heteronuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) for 6 and 7 reveal a specific approach of the anion with respect to the brucinium cation plus subtle changes, which are related to the anion itself. Further, for carbocations 9–12, (all as BF4− salts) based on the NOE results, one finds marked changes in the relative positions of the BF4− anion. In these aryl cationic species the anion can be located either a) very close to the carbonium ion carbon b) in an intermediate position or c) proximate to the N or O atom of the p‐substituent and remote from the formally positive C atom. This represents the first example of such a positional dependence of an anion on the structure of the carbocation. DFT calculations support the experimental HOESY results. The solid‐state structures for 6 c and the novel Zeise's salt derivative, [brucinium][PtCl3(C2H4)], 6 f, are reported. Analysis of 195Pt NMR and other NMR measurements suggest that the η2‐C2H4 bonding to the platinum centre in 6 f is very similar to that found in K[PtCl3(C2H4)]. Field dependent T1 measurements on [brucinium][PtCl3(C2H4)] and K[PtCl3(C2H4)], are reported and suggested to be useful in recognizing aggregation effects.
Double Aromaticity and Ring Currents in All‐Carbon Rings
Authors: Fowler Patrick W. , Mizoguchi Noriyuki , Bean David E. , Havenith Remco W. A.
Published: June 2009

Double aromaticity of neutral, planar rings of carbon atoms is demonstrated through visualisation of the induced ring currents, mapped at the ipsocentric B3LYP/6‐31G(d)//B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level for species C6 to C30, with onset of delocalised current in the in‐plane π system at C10/C11. Both in‐plane and conventional out‐of‐plane π systems have diatropic/paratropic current in accordance with the Hückel rule, with 4 m+2 occupation of the out‐of‐plane π system taking precedence, as predicted by simple nesting of Frost–Musulin diagrams. The current‐density maps show characteristic double‐doughnut and double‐track topographies for out‐of‐plane and in‐plane ring currents, respectively, both governed by a common framework of angular momentum rules.
DCE‐MRI in experimental chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Shu Jian , Zhang Xiao Ming , Zhao Jian Nong , Yang Lin , Zeng Nan Ling , Zhai Zhao Hua
Published: June 2009

To assess pancreatic perfusion in experimental chronic pancreatitis (CP) by dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DCE MRI on a 1.5 T MR scanner was performed on 21 piglets with the ligation of pancreatic duct. They were divided into four groups based on pathology, including seven normal pigs and seven, three and four piglets with grade I, II and III CP, respectively. The signal intensity measured in the pancreatic body on DCE MRI was plotted against time to create a signal intensity–time (SI–T) curve for each piglet. The steepest slope (SS), time‐to‐peak (TTP) and peak enhancement ratio (PER) of the SI–T curve were noted. In the four groups, on the SI–T curve derived from DCE MRI, the SS was, respectively, 10.88 ± 1.20, 10.59 ± 1.02, 6.67 ± 1.31 and 5.48 ± 1.97%/s (F = 20.509, p = 0.000) from normal piglets to piglets with grade III CP. The TTP was 13.82 ± 3.09, 12.31 ± 5.52, 20.55 ± 3.79 and 37.26 ± 14.56 s (F = 10.681, p = 0.000) and the PER was 62.95 ± 20.20, 60.44 ± 20.00, 46.33 ± 22.70 and 67.65 ± 32.66% (F = 0.529, p = 0.668), respectively. The SS (r = –0.719, p = 0.000) and TTP (r = 0.538, p = 0.012) of the SI–T curve was correlated to the severity of CP, respectively. DCE MRI has a potential to diagnose moderate to advanced CP. The SS and TTP of the SI–T curve were correlated to the severity of CP. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy as a Probe of Photo‐ and Thermally Induced Valence Tautomeric Transition in a 1:1 Cobalt–Dioxolene Complex
Authors: Poneti Giordano , Mannini Matteo , Sorace Lorenzo , Sainctavit Philippe , Arrio Marie‐Anne , Rogalev Andrei , Wilhelm Fabrice , Dei Andrea
Published: June 2009

The role of the cobalt ion in the entropy‐ and optically‐driven valence tautomeric (VT) interconversion exhibited by the [Co(Me2tpa)(DTBdiox)](PF6)⋅C6H5CH3 complex (Me2tpa=bis (6‐methyl‐(2‐pyridylmethyl))(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine, DBdiox=3,5‐ditertbutyl‐dioxolene) is established by means of X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Analysis of the pre‐edge features at 6 and 300 K in the Co K‐edge XAS spectra using a ligand field multiplet approach allows us to obtain detailed information on the electronic structures of the metal ion in the two redox isomers. The temperature dependence of the spectra confirms the occurrence of a thermally induced VT transition and suggests that nucleation and distortion of the phase boundaries take place during the process. Moreover, optically induced metastable state formation is monitored at low temperatures—with a high degree of reproducibility—without changing the position of measurement on the sample during the experiment. This result paves the way for the use of such a highly sensitive technique for the investigation of photoswitchable materials in non‐crystalline and nanostructured environments.
Early lens development in the zebrafish: A three‐dimensional time‐lapse analysis
Authors: Greiling Teri M.S. , Clark John I.
Published: June 2009

In vivo, high‐resolution, time‐lapse imaging characterized lens development in the zebrafish from 16 to 96 hr postfertilization (hpf). In zebrafish, the lens placode appeared in the head ectoderm, similar to mammals. Delamination of the surface ectoderm resulted in the formation of the lens mass, which progressed to a solid sphere of cells separating from the developing cornea at approximately 24 hpf. A lens vesicle was not observed and apoptosis was not a major factor in separation of the lens from the future cornea. Differentiation of primary fibers began in the lens mass followed by formation of the anterior epithelium after delamination was complete. Secondary fibers differentiated from elongating epithelial cells near the posterior pole. Quantification characterized three stages of lens growth. The study confirmed the advantages of live‐cell imaging for three‐dimensional quantitative structural characterization of the mechanism(s) responsible for cell differentiation in formation of a transparent, symmetric, and refractile lens. Developmental Dynamics 238:2254–2265, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermodynamic and Structural Investigations on the Complexation Process of Dioxo Macrocyclic Ligands: Towards Neutral Copper Complexes at Physiological pH
Authors: Déchamps‐Olivier Isabelle , Cadiou Cyril , Harakat Dominique , Roisnel Thierry , Chuburu Françoise , Hodacova Jana , Koscova Simona
Published: June 2009

Two dioxotetraza macrocycles 9,12,16,19‐tetraazatricyclo[19.4.0.02,7]pentacosa‐1(21),2,4,6,22,24‐hexaene‐8,20‐dione(L1) and 9,13,16,20‐tetraazatricyclo[20.4.0.02,7]hexacosa‐1(22),2,4,6,23,25‐hexaene‐8,21‐dione (L2) and two bis(dioxotetraaza) macrocycles 7,10,14,17,25,28,32,35‐octaazatetracyclo[17.17.2.05,37.023,38]octatriaconta‐1,3,5(37),19,21,23(38)‐hexaene‐6,18,24,36‐tetrone (L3) and 7,11,14,18,26,30,33,37‐octaazatetracyclo[18.18.2.05,39.024,40]tetraconta‐1,3,5(39),20,22,24(40)‐hexaene‐6,19,25,38‐tetrone (L4) were prepared. Their protonation constants and the overall complexation constants of their copper(II) complexes were determined by potentiometry at 25 °C (I = 1, KNO3). In aqueous solution, the complexation sequence was elucidated for each ligand by means of UV/Vis and EPR spectroscopy. According to the ligand structure, two complexation mechanisms can be characterized. For ligand L1, a neutral complex [CuL1H–2] is readily obtained in one step at pH ≈ 5, and it is the sole species above pH 7. Its structure was confirmed by X‐ray analysis. For ligands L2 and L4, the neutral complexes [CuL2H–2] and [Cu2L4H–4] were formed by successive deprotonation of [CuL2]2+ and [Cu2L4]4+, respectively.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Neonatal health program management in a resource‐constrained setting in rural Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Thomas Abigail , Kumar Vishwajeet , Bhandari Mahendra , Ahuja Ramesh C. , Singh Pramod , Baqui Abdullah H. , Awasthi Shally , Singh J. V. , Santosham Mathuram , Darmstadt Gary L. ,   and for the Saksham Study Group
Published: June 2009

This analysis identifies salient features of team management that were critical to the efficiency of program implementation and the effectiveness of behavior change management to promote essential newborn care practices in Uttar Pradesh, India. In May 2003, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and King George Medical University initiated a cluster‐randomized, controlled neonatal health research program. In less than 2 years, the trial demonstrated rapid adoption of several evidence‐based newborn care practices and a substantial reduction in neonatal mortality in intervention clusters. Existing literature involving research program management in resource‐constrained areas of developing countries is limited and fails to provide models for team organization and empowerment. The neonatal research project examined in this paper developed a unique management strategy that provides an effective blueprint for future projects. Transferable learning points from the project include emphasizing a common vision, utilizing a live‐in field site office, prioritizing character and potential in the hiring process, implementing a learning‐by‐doing training program, creating tiers of staff recognition, encouraging staff autonomy, ensuring a broad staff knowledge base to seamlessly handle absences, and maintaining the flexibility to change partnerships or strategies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of enzymatic extraction of ferulic acid from wheat bran, using response surface methodology, and characterization of the resulting fractions
Authors: Barberousse Hélène , Kamoun Amel , Chaabouni Moncef , Giet Jean‐Michel , Roiseux Olivier , Paquot Michel , Deroanne Claude , Blecker Christophe
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: The agro‐industries generate thousands of tons of by‐products, such as bran or pulps, each year. They are, at best, used for cattle feeding. Through biocracking, this biomass may constitute a renewable source for various molecules of interest for the industry. For instance, ferulic acid, a compound showing antioxidant ability, is found in abundance in cereal bran. Its release depends mainly on the breaking of its ester linkage to other constitutive elements of the cell wall, such as arabinoxylans. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of ferulic acid esterase (FAE) and xylanase activities, as well as incubation time and temperature, on ferulic acid extraction yield from wheat bran. Under optimized conditions, the composition of the hydrolysate and of residual bran were compared to native bran.

RESULTS: Experiments carried out under the predicted optimal conditions (FAE amount, 27 U g−1; xylanase amount, 304 U g−1; incubation time, 2 h; and temperature, 65 °C) led to an extraction yield of 52.8%, agreeing with the expected value (51.0%). The crude ferulic acid fraction was purified with Amberlite XAD16, leading to a final concentration of 125 µg mL−1 of ferulic acid in ethanol. The antioxidant capacity of this purified fraction was evaluated by the DPPH· scavenging method: it exhibited better efficiency (EC50 = 10.6 µmol L−1 in ferulic acid) than the ferulic acid standard (EC50 = 13.7 µmol L−1).

CONCLUSION: These results confirm the potential of wheat bran valorization in the field of natural antioxidant extraction, possibly viable in an industrial scheme. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
How different are diastereomorphous orientations of enantiomers in the liquid crystalline phases of PBLG and PBDG: a case study
Authors: Marx Andreas , Schmidts Volker , Thiele Christina M.
Published: June 2009

The orientational properties of the two enantiomers of an example compound, namely isopinocampheol [(+)‐ and (−)‐IPC] in the two enantiomers of a liquid crystalline phase, namely Poly‐γ‐benzyl‐L/D‐glutamate (PBLG/PBDG) with the organic cosolvent CDCl3, were investigated. The interactions can be either enantiomorphous, leading to equal orientations and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), or diastereomorphous, leading to different orientations and RDCs. The difference between the two diastereomorphous orientations was determined to be rather small (5° in the Euler angle β). Furthermore, we investigated whether one of the two diastereomorphous interactions is favored. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of an ISR‐related metabolite produced by rhizobacterium Klebsiella oxytoca C1036 active against soft‐rot disease pathogen in tobacco
Authors: Park Myung Ryeol , Kim Young Cheol , Lee Sunwoo , Kim In Seon
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Klebsiella oxytoca C1036 (C1036) causes induced systemic resistance (ISR) activity against the soft‐rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum SCC1 (SCC1). However, microbial metabolites from C1036 involved in ISR activity remain unknown. The present study was performed to identify an ISR‐related metabolite produced by C1036.

RESULTS: The supernatants of C1036 cultures grown on Luria‐Bertani medium were subjected to solvent extraction, repeated column chromatography and preparative liquid chromatography for isolation of an ISR‐related metabolite. High‐resolution mass spectrometer analysis of the isolated metabolite indicated a C9H15O3N compound with a mass of 185.11. Low‐resolution mass spectrometer analysis of the metabolite showed a molecular ion peak at 185 and its fragment ions at 84 and 56. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer analyses characterised all protons and carbons of the isolated metabolite. Based on the data, the isolated metabolite was determined to be butyl 2‐pyrrolidone‐5‐carboxylate (BPC). BPC at 12 mM significantly suppressed the disease symptoms in ISR bioassays against SCC1.

CONCLUSION: This is the first report identifying BPC as an ISR‐related metabolite produced by C1036. C1036 may play a role in promoting plant growth because it produces ISR‐related metabolites against the plant pathogen SCC1. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Antiviral and anticancer activities of 13(E)‐labd‐13‐ene‐8α,15‐diol isolated from Brachyglottis monroi
Authors: Choi Hwa Jung , Song Jae Hyoung , Kwon Dur Han , Baek Seung Hwa
Published: June 2009

The antiviral activity of 13(E)‐labd‐13‐ene‐8α,15‐diol (1), isolated from Brachyglottis monroi, was examined against human rhinovirus 2 (HRV2) and 3 (HRV3), and the anticancer activity on human cancer cells (A549 and Hep2). Compound (1) showed strong anti‐HRV2 and HRV3 activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.68 and 0.87 µg/mL, respectively, and a 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) of 59.45 µg/mL. Ribavirin only showed anti‐HRV3 activity with an IC50 of 30.48 µg/mL and a CC50 > 100 µg/mL. The addition of compound (1) to HRV‐infected HeLa cells directly reduced the formation of visible cytopathic effect (CPE) and it directly interacted with HRV particles. Furthermore, A549 and Hep2 cells incubated with 32 µg/mL of compound (1) for 48 h exhibited antilung and antilaryngeal cancer activities, with a viability of less than 50%. These results suggest that compound (1) may be used as a potential antiviral and anticancer agent. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolism of cyadox in rat, chicken and pig liver microsomes and identification of metabolites by accurate mass measurements using electrospray ionization hybrid ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Zhaoying , Huang Lingli , Dai Menghong , Chen Dongmei , Tao Yanfei , Wang Yulian , Yuan Zonghui
Published: June 2009

Cyadox (CYX), (2‐formylquinoxaline)‐N1,N4‐dioxide cyanoacetylhydrazone, is a growth promoter, which is more efficient and less toxic to animals. Few studies have been performed to reveal the metabolism of CYX in animals till now. In this study, the metabolic fate of CYX in the liver microsomes of animal was investigated firstly using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. CYX was incubated with rat, chicken and pig liver microsomes in the presence of a NADPH‐generating system. Multiple scans of metabolites in MS and MS2modes and accurate mass measurements were performed simultaneously through data‐dependent acquisition. Most measured mass errors were less than 10 ppm for both protonated molecules and fragment ions using external mass calibration. The structures of metabolites and their fragment ions were easily and reliably characterized based on the accurate MS2spectra and known structure of CYX. The relative biotransformation of CYX into characterized metabolites was estimated based on the UV absorption and the assumption that all metabolites had the same extinction coefficient as the parent compound at 305 nm. Totally, seven metabolites were identified as three reduced metabolites (cyadox 1‐monoxide (Cy1), cyadox 4‐monoxide (Cy2) and bisdesoxycyadox (Cy4)), three hydrolysis metabolites of the amide bond (N‐decyanoacetyl cyadox (Cy5), N‐decyanoacetyl cyadox 1‐monoxide (Cy6) and N‐decyanoacetyl bisdesoxycyadox (Cy7)) and a hydroxylation metabolite of Cy1 (Cy3). Cy1–Cy6 could be detected in rat, chicken and pig liver microsomes while metabolite Cy7 could only be observed in pig. The amounts of the metabolites in three species are different. For the formations of Cy1 and Cy3, the rank order was rat∼chicken > pig. For Cy4 and Cy5, the order was pig > rat > chicken. Cy1 and Cy4 have been previously reported, whereas the other five metabolites were novel. The N→O group reduction and hydroxylation were the main metabolic pathways for CYX in the three species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intramolecular transacylation: fragmentation of protonated molecules via ion‐neutral complexes in mass spectrometry
Authors: Tu Ya‐Ping , Huang Yingying , Atsriku Christian , You You , Cunniff Jack
Published: June 2009

An intramolecular transacylation reaction was observed in the mass spectrometry of molecules containing both benzoyl and carboxymethyl groups on an aromatic heterocyclic core. The reaction is triggered by a dissociative protonation on the heterocyclic ring at the atom (carbon or nitrogen) that bonds to the benzoyl group, leading to an intermediate ion‐neutral complex. The incipient benzoyl cation in the complex migrates to attack the carboxyl group of the neutral partner at the carbonyl or hydroxyl oxygen under thermodynamic or kinetic control, respectively. Elimination of benzoic acid followed by loss of carbon monoxide takes place as a result of the transacylation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis and optimization of AMGA for the large‐scale virtual screening
Authors: Ahn Sunil , Kim Namgyu , Lee Seehoon , Nam Dukyun , Hwang Soonwook , Koblitz Birger , Breton Vincent , Han Sangyong
Published: June 2009

This paper addresses performance issues on ARDA Metadata Grid Application (AMGA) and presents new techniques to improve the throughput of AMGA for the WISDOM environment. The first issue is a performance degradation problem when AMGA is used as a metadata service for task retrieval in the WISDOM environment. To deal with the issue, a new AMGA operation designed to reduce the communication overhead required to retrieve a task from AMGA is proposed. According to a performance study conducted with the new operation, the throughput of task retrieval using the proposed operation can be as much as 70 times higher than the throughput when using the existing AMGA operations. The second issue is an AMGA throughput issue in large‐scale grid‐enabled applications such as WISDOM, where it is not uncommon that thousands of jobs running on grid nodes access the AGMA service simultaneously. To address this issue, integration of a load‐balancing technique and a DB connection pool technique into the AMGA are proposed. Test results demonstrate that the performance can be improved linearly in proportion to the number of AMGA servers set up for load balancing; the performance improvement continues until the performance limit of the backend database system is reached. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Initial Postexcision PTH Level Does Not Fall Appropriately During Parathyroidectomy: What to Do Next?
Authors: O’Neal Patrick B. , Poylin Vitaliy , Mowschenson Peter , Parangi Sareh , Horowitz Gary , Pant Pravin , Hasselgren Per‐Olof
Published: June 2009

Background

Inadequate fall in the intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) level after removing enlarged parathyroid gland(s) typically signifies additional hyperfunctioning gland(s), prompting further neck dissection, but it may also be a false negative result. We analyzed intraoperative management of patients with an inadequate fall on PTH after excision of enlarged parathyroid gland(s).

Methods

Analysis involved a prospective database of 189 patients undergoing 193 procedures for primary hyperparathyroidism. The PTH level was determined before neck incision and 10–15 min after excision of enlarged parathyroid gland(s). A PTH decrease > 50% and into normal range was used as the criterion of successful parathyroidectomy.

Results

In 48 of 193 operations, initial postexcision PTH level did not fall appropriately. That inadequate fall in PTH level was a false negative result in 16 patients (33%) and cure was achieved without additional neck exploration in all but one patient, who had additional (negative) neck exploration after excision of a parathyroid adenoma. In all patients with false negative postexcision PTH assay, operative findings concurred with preoperative imaging tests.

Conclusions

Inadequate fall in intraoperative PTH may be false negative, particularly after removal of an adenoma found in the location determined by preoperative imaging. Repeat PTH may confirm the initial assay as false negative, obviating the need for additional neck dissection. Importantly, if repeat PTH does not fall appropriately, additional neck exploration needs to be performed.
The Saint Bartholomew's Massacres in the Provinces
Authors: Benedict Philip
Published: June 2009

As the devil never leaves unbelieving heretics in repose, they conspired in such cities as Paris, Rouen, Orleans, Lyons, Toulouse and other large cities to surprise the catholic Christians and put them all to the sword. The king was apprised of this near the end of the year 1572, whereupon, considering well such a damnable enterprise, he sent orders to all the cities to inquire as to the truth of this endeavour…. When its truth was discovered, he ordered, so that the cost of the executions for which he otherwise would have had to pay might be avoided, that…[the huguenots] be put to death in all of the cities of France where they could be caught. [Explanation of the Saint Bartholomew's massacre provided by an anonymous catholic chronicler, 1581.]
ThePolitiqueand the Prophet: Bodin and the Catholic League 1589–1594
Authors: Rose Paul Lawrence
Published: June 2009

Among the many apparent paradoxes of Jean Bodin's personality one of the most striking was the sudden transformation of the defender of royal sovereignty and religious toleration into the apologist of the rebelling Catholic League at Laon in 1589. Throughout the middle period of the Wars of Religion (1572–84) Bodin had been attached to the parties opposing the Guise and the Catholic League; he had been active first in the royalist party of Henri III and subsequently he rose to prominence in the retinue of the king's brother, thepolitiqueduke of Alençon. After the duke's death in 1584 Bodin seems to have been attached loosely to Henri of Navarre, supporting (so it seems) his claim to the French throne and earning through his services to Navarre the promise of a reward in 1587. Yet despite this royalist andpolitiquehistory Bodin in March 1589 to all appearances threw overboard his old loyalties and went over to public support of the League. In so doing he appears at first sight to have repudiated political, religious and jurisprudential convictions of long standing. The League demanded that the king of France be Catholic whereas Bodin had never regarded a religious test as a fundamental law of the French crown; the League demanded sectarian religious war of the kind which theRépubliquehad proscribed; the League abhorred the principle of religious toleration advocated in theRépublique; the League overruled the juristic right to the throne of Henri of Navarre which Bodin had justified as late as 1586. What motives could conceivably have driven Bodin to commit this act of apostasy (if such it really be)? The answer is of the greatest significance for an understanding of Bodin's mind not only in his later years but from his youth onwards. For Bodin's change frompolitiquetoligueuris but one of the several conversions which punctuate his life and the details of this particular alteration may illuminate his personality and thought in general.
The Press and the Fall of Asquith
Authors: McEwen J. M.
Published: June 2009

‘Who Killed Cock Robin?’ Familiar words to children, but not normally found over a leading article in a staid old tory newspaper. Certainly not when Britain was in the darkest period of a struggle for her very existence. Yet the Morning Post's use of the nursery rhyme was most appropriate on Monday, 4 December 1916. The previous day there had been an historic confrontation between the prime minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, and his secretary of state for war, David Lloyd George. What happened when they met at 10 Downing Street was not clear – nor, it should be added, is it clear to this day – but by Monday morning it was widely assumed that Lloyd George had held a pistol to Asquith's head and forced the old prime minister to yield the higher direction of the war to a small committee with the secretary for war at the helm. Therefore the answer should have been easy: Lloyd George killed ‘Cock Robin’.
Lord Hardinge as Ambassador to France, and the Anglo-French Dilemma over Germany and the Near East, 1920–1922
Authors: Goold J. Douglas
Published: June 2009

In November 1920 Lord Hardinge succeeded Lord Derby as ambassador to France, thereby acquiring the position that he had wanted and been expected to get for so long. Ironically enough, he had, as he realized, George Nathaniel Curzon, the foreign secretary, to thank for the Paris plum. His gratistude, however, did not prevent him from remarking later that one of the main reasons why he accepted the offer was that it gave him satisfaction that it was Lloyd George and Curzon, ‘who three years earlier had done their utmost to hound me out of the Diplomatic Service’ just after the publication of the Mesopotamia Commission Report, who offered him the coveted post. Hardinge's appointment was generally well received, and he was happy to escape from the ‘never-ending strain’ of the Foreign Office.
I. Political Groups and Tactics in the Convention of 1660
Authors: Jones J. R.
Published: June 2009

Surprisingly little attention has been given by modern historians to the composition or the detailed proceedings of the Convention Parliament of 1660. The generalizations of past generations of historians have been accepted and transmitted. In particular, terms of description have been applied to the political and religious groups in this parliament without precise definition or even verification. Since the demolition work performed by Professor Hexter, few would use the terms ‘presbyterian’ or ‘independent’ in talking of groups in the Long Parliament, at least without qualifications and additional definition. Yet they are still generally and confidently used in speaking of major groups in the Convention. So too is the label ‘royalist’, a quite useless term to use of 1660, when all but a few members wanted the return of the King, whatever their attitude had been in the 1640's. Yet these terms are still used as if ‘royalist’ and ‘presbyterian’ denoted separate and mutually exclusive groups. Some historians also see nothing illogical in contrasting ‘presbyterian’ (which if it means anything is a religious classification) with ‘royalist’ (a political term).
III. The No-Popery Movement in Britain in 1828–9
Authors: Machin G. I. T.
Published: June 2009

The passage of Catholic emancipation in April 1829 was resisted, in the name of the inviolability of the Protestant Constitution, by a group of ‘ultra’ anti-catholics.1 The principles and personnel of this group have already been well described, 2 but its political activities have been inadequately explored. Since 1824, when they criticized Lord Liverpool's Government for dilatoriness in prosecuting O’Connell's Catholic Association, these ultras had tended to form a distinct group on the right wing of the anti-catholic Tories, and had been the most aggressive opponents of Canning's short-lived ministry in 1827. The emergence of an Irish demand for Catholic emancipation, of unprecedented force, was shown in O’Connell's victory at the County Clare by-election in July 1828 and in the ensuing months. This produced a determined resistance by the Irish anti-catholics, which had its counterpart in a British no-popery movement led by the ultras. Most of the leading ultras were peers, and the most prominent among them were the dukes of Cumberland and Newcastle, the marquess of Chandos, the earl of Winchilsea and Lords Colchester and Kenyon. For nine months before the passage of the relief bill they sought to counteract the immense fervour of the Irish Catholics by stimulating the ingrained anti-catholic feelings which had characterized the English masses since the sixteenth century. Their efforts, however, were of no avail against Wellington's decision to carry a Government emancipation measure. It is the object of this study to investigate the no-popery movement and to account for its failure.
V. Ideology and Motivation in the Paris Commune of 1871
Authors: Price R. D.
Published: June 2009

The writing of history involves not only the search for evidence concerning particular events, but a selection of the evidence which appears to the historian to be most relevant to his task and also the imposition of labels on this evidence, its division into categories, resulting in a neat explanatory pattern being imposed on an otherwise undifferentiated mass of information.
I. The Law of Treason in the Early Reformation
Authors: Elton G. R.
Published: June 2009

On the eve of the Henrician Reformation, the law of treason was markedly less well developed than one might suppose. Over a century of dynastic war, party violence, and the vigorous extermination of opponents had left strikingly little deposit in the law which was still essentially defined by the famous act of 1352, the first, and to this day the basic, treason statute. Minor attempts to vary the law may here be ignored, and the only serious alteration—the act of 1397 which omitted the demand for an ‘overt deed’—was repealed in 1399. The reasons for what might at first sight seem a surprising reluctance to extend the grasp of the treason law are not obscure. For one thing, most of the so-called traitors of the later fifteenth century were men who had had the misfortune to fight on the losing side in a civil war. Their treason grew out of the see-saw of politics and was committed in open war. They were therefore commonly amenable (if not already killed in battle) to the summary procedure of treason trials under the law of arms and did not come within the purview of the law of England at all. This method of dealing with the vanquished had one disadvantage: conviction by a constable's or marshal's court did not involve forfeiture of lands. The Crown therefore had recourse to the authority of the high court of parliament, and acts of attainder followed each turn of the wheel in the civil wars.
V. ‘Capitalist Influence’ and the Transvaal Government during the Crown Colony Period, 1900–1906.
Authors: Denoon D. J. N.
Published: June 2009

It has become a tradition to portray Transvaal history as a struggle between Boer nationalism and international capitalism, from the beginnings of large-scale gold mining in the 1880s until the electoral victory of General Botha and Het Volk in 1907. J. A. Hobson, writing in 1899–1900, predicted that after—as before—the South African War, the Imperial Government would have to face the dilemma of choosing between ‘an oligarchy of financial Jews, and the restoration of Boer domination’, since there was no other basis of political power. In his analysis of Transvaal white politics, he admitted that some gold-mining companies (the J. B. Robinson group, Barnato's and sometimes the companies of Albu and Goertz) were hostile to the influence of larger companies (Eckstein's and Consolidated Gold Fields), but denied that this affected the monolithic nature of international capitalism in the Transvaal. Later writers on the period, who have rejected almost everything that Hobson wrote, have nevertheless endorsed his interpretation. The Boer leaders were understandably happy to approve of such an analysis, since it placed them in a flattering light as the only realistic salvation for a magnate-dominated society. General Botha, for example, ardently courted the white working men on the Rand after the War, stressing the identity of material interests between farmers and artisans, in the face of the capitalist threat. General Smuts presented a more subtle and persuasive version of the argument, when attempting to persuade the Colonial Office to grant responsible government to the Transvaal and Orange River Colony.