bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the pathogenicity, penetrance and expressivity of putative disease-causing variants in a population setting
Authors: Wright Caroline F. , West Ben , Tuke Marcus , Jones Samuel E. , Patel Kashyap , Laver Thomas W. , Beaumont R. N. , Tyrrell Jessica , Wood Andrew R. , Frayling Timothy M. , Hattersley Andrew T. , Weedon Michael N.
Published: September 2018

Over 100,000 genetic variants are classified as disease-causing in public databases. However, the true penetrance of many of these rare alleles is uncertain and may be over-estimated by clinical ascertainment. As more people undergo genome sequencing there is an increasing need to assess the true penetrance of alleles. Until recently, this was not possible in a population-based setting. Here, we use data from 388,714 UK Biobank (UKB) participants of European ancestry to assess the pathogenicity and penetrance of putatively clinically important rare variants.

Although rare variants are harder to genotype accurately than common variants, we were able to classify 1,244 of 4,585 (27%) putatively clinically relevant rare variants genotyped on the UKB microarray as high-quality. We defined “rare” as variants with a minor allele frequency of <0.01, and “clinically relevant” as variants that were either classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic in ClinVar or are in genes known to cause two specific monogenic diseases in which we have some expertise: Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) and severe developmental disorders (DD). We assessed the penetrance and pathogenicity of these high-quality variants by testing their association with 401 clinically-relevant traits available in UKB.

We identified 27 putatively clinically relevant rare variants associated with a UKB trait but that exhibited reduced penetrance or variable expressivity compared with their associated disease. For example, the P415APER3variant that has been reported to cause familial advanced sleep phase syndrome is present at 0.5% frequency in the population and associated with an odds ratio of 1.38 for being a morning person (P=2×10-18). We also observed novel associations with relevant traits for heterozygous carriers of some rare recessive conditions, e.g. heterozygous carriers of the R799WERCC4variant that causes Xeroderma pigmentosum were more susceptible to sunburn (one extra sunburn episode reported,P=2×10-8). Within our two disease subsets, we were able to refine the penetrance estimate for the R114WHNF4Avariant in diabetes (only ~10% by age 40yrs) and refute the previous disease-association ofRNF135in developmental disorders.

In conclusion, this study shows that very large population-based studies will help refine the penetrance estimates of rare variants. This information will be important for anyone receiving information about their health based on putatively pathogenic variants.
Integration of Molecular Interactome and Targeted Interaction Analysis to Identify a COPD Disease Network Module
Authors: Sharma Amitabh , Kitsak Maksim , Cho Michael H. , Ameli Asher , Zhou Xiaobo , Jiang Zhiqiang , Crapo James D. , Beaty Terri H. , Menche Joerg , Bakke Per S. , Santolini Marc , Silverman Edwin K.
Published: September 2018

The polygenic nature of complex diseases offers potential opportunities to utilize network-based approaches that leverage the comprehensive set of protein-protein interactions (the human interactome) to identify new genes of interest and relevant biological pathways. However, the incompleteness of the current human interactome prevents it from reaching its full potential to extract network-based knowledge from gene discovery efforts, such as genome-wide association studies, for complex diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we provide a framework that integrates the existing human interactome information with new experimental protein-protein interaction data for FAM13A, one of the most highly associated genetic loci to COPD, to find a more comprehensive disease network module. We identified an initial disease network neighborhood by applying a random-walk method. Next, we developed a network-based closeness approach (CAB) that revealed 9 out of 96 FAM13A interacting partners identified by affinity purification assays were significantly close to the initial network neighborhood. Moreover, compared to a similar method (local radiality), the CAB approach predicts low-degree genes as potential candidates. The candidates identified by the network-based closeness approach were combined with the initial network neighborhood to build a comprehensive disease network module (163 genes) that was enriched with genes differentially expressed between controls and COPD subjects in alveolar macrophages, lung tissue, sputum, blood, and bronchial brushing datasets. Overall, we demonstrate an approach to find disease-related network components using new laboratory data to overcome incompleteness of the current interactome.
A contraction stress model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to thick filament sarcomere mutations
Authors: Cohn Rachel , Thakar Ketan , Lowe Andre , Ladha Feria , Pettinato Anthony M. , Meredith Emily , Chen Yu-Sheng , Atamanuk Katherine , Huey Bryan D. , Hinson J. Travis
Published: September 2018

Thick filament sarcomere mutations are the most common cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a disorder of heart muscle thickening associated with sudden cardiac death and heart failure, with unclear mechanisms. We engineered an isogenic panel of four human HCM induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSc) models using CRISPR/Cas9, and studied iPSc-derived cardiomyocytes (iCMs) in 3-dimensional cardiac microtissue (CMT) assays that resemble in vivo cardiac architecture and biomechanics. HCM mutations result in hypercontractility in association with prolonged relaxation kinetics in proportion to mutation pathogenicity but not calcium dysregulation. RNA sequencing and protein expression studies identified that HCM mutations result in p53 activation secondary to increased oxidative stress, which results in increased cytotoxicity that can be reversed by p53 genetic ablation. Our findings implicate hypercontractility as an early consequence of thick filament mutations, and the p53 pathway as a molecular marker and candidate therapeutic target for thick filament HCM.
4C Analysis of 3C, ChIP-Loop, and Control Libraries
Authors: Kim Tae Hoon , Dekker Job
Published: September 2018

The 4C detection method starts with a 3C, ChIP-loop, or control library and then uses inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify all restriction fragments that are ligated to a single restriction fragment of interest. As a result, a genome-wide interaction profile of the restriction fragment of interest is obtained. Before starting a 4C experiment, first assess the quality of the 3C, ChIP-loop, or control library that will be studied by performing semiquantitative PCR with the library as template. This procedure ascertains that ligation products can be readily detected and that nearby restriction fragments become ligated more frequently than more distant fragments. Choice of a restriction enzyme for 4C analysis and determination of interaction frequencies using 4C are described in detail.
Selective Agents for Stable Transfection
Authors: Kumar Priti , Nagarajan Arvindhan , Uchil Pradeep D.
Published: September 2018

A stable cell line is generated when transfected DNA undergoes integration into a chromosome by nonhomologous recombination. Cells that stably express selectable (e.g., antibiotic-resistant) markers are also likely to have incorporated other DNA sequences. This phenomenon, in which physically unlinked genes are assembled into a single integrated array and expressed in the same transfected cell, is known as “cotransfection.” Resistance to antibiotics has proven to be effective in selecting cotransfectants and, in some cases, as a driver for gene amplification.
Entrepreneurial capability (EC) environment in ASEAN-05 emerging economies
Authors: Afzal Munshi Naser Ibne , Mansur Kasim , Manni Umme Humayara
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The entrepreneurial capability (EC) environment refers to the general social and economic settings of a given local/regional entrepreneurship environment. The primary purpose of this study is to uncover key indicators of the EC milieu and test these components empirically within the context of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)-5 economies to elucidate the current state of their EC environments, at the regional and national levels. To this end, the aim of this study is twofold. First, this work endeavors to explicate the determinants of EC, with aims of elucidating its association to commercial opportunities in (ASEAN)-5 economies, namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Next, this study applies the developed theory, including the identified determinants of EC to empirically test the efficiency and imperative coefficients of variables that have an impact on perceived entrepreneurial capabilities within a given environment.

Design/methodology/approach

This research applies two frontier models, namely, the consistent estimation of fixed-effects and linear transformation stochastic frontier models, to assess the coefficients of significant EC variables for the panel sample. Data corresponding to the assessed variables were retrieved from the databases of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) – 2016 and the World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) – 2016, for the period, 2010-2016.

Findings

The attained results suggest that factors corresponding to the variables “Entrepreneurship as a good career choice” and “perceived opportunities” have played a significantly positive role on the EC environment of ASEAN 05, although findings suggest both factors may still be improved upon. Conversely, the “fear of failure rate” factor was shown to have exerted a negative impact on the efficiency of the EC environment of ASEAN 05. Other important variables – such as intellectual property rights, university education and knowledge transfer rate – were shown to generate a positive impact on the EC environment of these economies.

Originality/value

This study makes an important contribution to the entrepreneurship literature and can stimulate policymakers to rethink the EC settings of ASEAN-05 in their pursuit of an innovation-driven region.
Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial education and performance
Authors: Cho Yun Hee , Lee Joo-Heon
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Korean economy is demanding to change from an industrial society to an entrepreneurial society. It is asking for a generational change from the preexisting paradigms of such as labor consciousness, the concept of work and company management. Entrepreneurship is one of the key elements that will lead to a successful business performance under highly uncertain business conditions. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance. Also, the authors look for the role of entrepreneurship education in the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on financial and nonfinancial business performance.

Design/methodology/approach

To accomplish the purpose of this study, the authors carried out a survey targeting nascent entrepreneurs and total early-stage entrepreneurs with less than seven years of experience. Based on the Miller’s (1983) definition, a group of questions for entrepreneurial orientation, similar to Covin and Slevin (1989), were developed.

Findings

First, among the subfactors of entrepreneurial orientation, it was clear that innovative progressiveness affected nonfinancial business performance. Second, risk-taking propensity did not influence both financial business performance and nonfinancial business performance. Third, entrepreneurship education had no connection with entrepreneurial orientation or business performance.

Practical implications

Nonfinancial business performances are related with long-term goals and growth potential. Innovative proactiveness affects nonfinancial business performance. Thus, entrepreneurs should look for ways to promote their innovative proactiveness. Entrepreneurship education for experienced entrepreneurs is not as effective as that for students.

Originality/value

In the authors’ study, survey questionnaires were sent to 200 nascent and total early-stage entrepreneurs searching for business angel investments or entrepreneurship consultants in Korea. A total of 180 entrepreneurs answered the survey questions online. There are not so many valid studies examining the effect of entrepreneurship education for nascent and total early-stage entrepreneurs in Korea.
Overflow oscillation-free realization of digital filters with saturation
Authors: Agarwal Neha , Kar Haranath
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to establish a criterion for the global asymptotic stability of fixed-point state–space digital filters using saturation overflow arithmetic.

Design/methodology/approach

The method of stability analysis used in this paper is the second method of Lyapunov. The approach in this paper makes use of a precise upper bound of the state vector of the system and a novel passivity property associated with the saturation nonlinearities.

Findings

The presented criterion leads to an enhanced stability region in the parameter-space as compared to several existing criteria.

Practical implications

When dealing with the design of fixed-point state–space digital filters, it is desirable to have a criterion for selecting the filter coefficients so that the designed filter becomes free of overflow oscillations. The criterion presented in this paper provides enhanced saturation overflow stability region and therefore facilitates the designer greater flexibility in selecting filter parameters for overflow oscillation-free realization of digital filters.

Originality/value

The approach uses the structural properties of the saturation nonlinearities in a greater detail. The exploitation of upper bound of the system state vector together with a new passivity property of saturation nonlinearities is a unique feature of the present approach. The presented approach may lead to results not covered by several existing approaches.
Numerical simulation of pressure drop for three-dimensional rectangular microchannels
Authors: Duan Zhipeng , Liang Peng , Ma Hao , Ma Niya , He Boshu
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to numerically investigate the flow characteristics and extend the data of friction factor and Reynolds number product of hydrodynamically developing laminar flow in three-dimensional rectangular microchannels with different aspect ratios.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a finite-volume approach, the friction factor characteristics of Newtonian fluid in three-dimensional rectangular ducts with aspect ratios from 0.1 to 1 are conducted numerically under no-slip boundary conditions. A simple model that approximately predicts the apparent friction factor and Reynolds number product fappRe is referenced as a semi-theoretical fundamental analysis for numerical simulations.

Findings

The accurate and reliable results of fappRe are obtained, which are compared with classic numerical data and experimental data, and the simple semi-theoretical model used and all comparisons show good agreement. Among them, the maximum relative error with the classic numerical data is less than 3.9 per cent. The data of fappRe are significantly extended to other different aspect ratios and the novel values of fappRe are presented in the tables. The characteristics of fappRe are analyzed as a function of a non-dimensional axial distance and the aspect ratios. A more effective and accurate fourth-order fitting equation for the Hagenbach's factor of rectangular channels is proposed.

Originality/value

From the reliable data, it is shown that the values of fappRe and the model can be references of pressure drop and friction factor for developing laminar flow in rectangular channels for researchers and engineering applications.
Future of the discrete element method in the modelling of grinding wheels
Authors: Osa Juan Luis , Ortega Naiara , Vidal Gorka , Fernandez-Gauna Borja , Carballo Asier , Tolosa Ibon
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The granular structure of a grinding wheel determines its performance remarkably when grinding. Nowadays, grinding wheels are man-made porous conglomerates of hard abrasive grains bonded with a binder. As an engineered material, it would be interesting to foresee the behaviour of the wheel, but it is hindered under its complex heterogeneous nature. Recently, some models based on the discrete element method (DEM) have been presented to model the grinding wheel. This paper aims to identify and propose a framework that must comply with such models and to identify new applications for DEM models in grinding.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the characteristics of the grinding wheel are described. In this way, the framework of DEM models of a grinding wheel material is developed, reproducing both the granular morphology and stiffness.

Findings

The paper asserts a promising future that provides the DEM in the modelling of grinding.

Originality/value

The potential of DEM in grinding is analysed, proposing new applications. It can be used as topography model, which can also model the stiffness. In addition, DEM opens a new interesting research line: the modelling of the grit breakout. It draws up the development of essential dressing and wear models.
Information security behaviour of smartphone users
Authors: Nowrin Shohana , Bawden David
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to understand the information security behaviour of the students of the University of Dhaka, Bangladesh in the use of smartphones. Bangladesh is well-known as one of the largest and fastest growing mobile phone market of the world, and the University of Dhaka is also the largest student’s assembly in the country in terms of using smartphones. Besides, the rising use of smartphones is also likely to be typical of other sub-continent countries.

Design/methodology/approach

To gain an understanding of the information security behaviours of the students of University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, a quantitative survey method was deployed in revealing the approaches of the students towards avoidance of various security risks. A total of 356 students participated in the study, although eight of the participants did not carry out the full survey because they do not use smartphones. The collected data were analysed with suitable statistical methods.

Findings

The findings of the study reveal that students of University of Dhaka possess a moderately secure behaviour in terms of avoiding harmful behaviours, using useful phone settings and add-on utilities and disaster recovery. This study also shows that the students do not behave securely in all aspects of using different security features in the same way, and it also varies somewhat according to gender, and between faculties and institutions. The university library is recommended as the focus for instruction and guidance on the best practice in smartphone use by students.

Research limitations/implications

The study does not include any other universities of Bangladesh except University of Dhaka due to the shortage of time. A further study can be conducted to gain an understanding in a greater extent by including students of the other universities and perhaps also other countries.

Originality/value

This is the first paper in Bangladesh related to the study of information security behaviour regarding the use of smartphone among the student of University of Dhaka. This study will help to raise information security awareness among the students and encourage the authorities to adopt appropriate strategies and policies to resolve information security risks in the use of smartphones. Specially, the university library can take some initiatives in this case, such as providing advice, seminars, workshops and lectures to make the students aware about security issues.
Participating by activity or by week in MOOCs
Authors: Baikadi Alok , Demmans Epp Carrie , Schunn Christian D.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to provide a new characterization of the extent to which learners complete learning activities in massive open online courses (MOOCs), a central challenge in these contexts. Prior explorations of learner interactions with MOOC materials have often described these interactions through stereotypes, which accounts for neither the full spectrum of potential learner activities nor the ways those patterns differ across course designs.

Design/methodology/approach

To overcome these shortcomings, the authors apply confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis to learner activities within three MOOCs to test different models of participation across courses and populations found within those courses.

Findings

Courses varied in the extent to which participation was driven by learning activities vs time/topic or a mixture of both, but this was stable across offerings of the same course.

Research limitations/implications

The results call for a reconceptualization of how different learning activities within a MOOC are designed to work together, to better allow strong learning outcomes even within one activity form or more strongly encourage participation across activities.

Originality/value

The authors validate new continuous-patterns rather than a discrete-pattern participation model for MOOC learning.
The Moderating Effect of Criminal Thinking on Certainty of Apprehension in Decisions to Engage in Antisocial Behavior: Replication and Extension
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Morgan Robert D. , Scanlon Faith
Published: September 2018

This study explored whether the rational (certainty of punishment) and nonrational (criminal thinking) aspects of antisocial decision‐making interact. A convenience sample of 319 undergraduates (106 men, 213 women) completed a measure of criminal thinking and responded to three fictional vignettes (i.e., cheating on a final examination in a class they were in jeopardy of failing, stealing $50 off a table in a dorm room, and selling marijuana for a friend) at three different levels of risk or certainty of apprehension (50%, 10%, and 1%). Results indicated that participants reported that they would be more likely to engage in antisocial behavior when the certainty of getting caught was low and the level of proactive (P) or reactive (R) criminal thinking was high. An interaction between certainty and criminal thinking was also observed in which the gap between lower and higher criminal thinking respondents grew as the probability of getting caught fell.
Value of labeling credence attributes—common structures and individual preferences
Authors: Dahlhausen Johanna Lena , Rungie Cam , Roosen Jutta
Published: September 2018

This article analyzes the common preference structure underlying purchase intentions for food products labeled with credence attributes. In three consecutive, hypothetical discrete choice experiments, consumers selected pork, eggs, and pasta containing egg based on the attributes organic, local, animal welfare, certified “free of antibiotics,” and price. The data were analyzed using structural choice modeling, a factor‐analytic approach modeling latent sources of preference heterogeneity. The results of this analysis show that preference heterogeneity is stable across products and can be explained best by common characteristics in credence attributes. The article gives guidance as to how to use factors in the analysis of multiple discrete choice experiments.
Ethnic Parties, Ethnic Tensions? Results of an Original Election Panel Study
Authors: Flesken Anaïd
Published: September 2018

Ethnic diversity is considered detrimental to national unity, especially if ethnicity is politically mobilized: Ethnic parties in electoral competition in particular are thought to increase the salience of ethnic differences and, with it, ethnic tensions. Yet the individual links of this psychological chain have only been examined cross‐sectionally, and never together. This article employs original longitudinal survey data to simultaneously assess changes in ingroup identification, outgroup aversion, and national identification over the election period within one diverse society: Romania. While ingroup identification does increase, ethnic relations do not worsen. On the contrary, outgroup aversion decreases while national identification increases, for minority and majority Romanian citizens alike. I explain these findings with the common ingroup identity model from social psychology: Elections in ethnically diverse societies may not only increase the salience of ethnic groups but also that of the superordinate, national identity. The findings question the often assumed automaticity of intergroup threat.
Unhierarchical and Hierarchical Core‐Periphery Relations: North Fennoscandian Trade Network from the Middle Ages to the Post‐Sixteenth Century
Authors: Kuusela Jari‐Matti , Nurmi Risto , Hakamäki Ville
Published: September 2018

This article studies the medieval northern Fennoscandian trade network utilizing a macro‐scale perspective—namely, the world‐systems analysis—while still maintaining a decidedly local approach to the analysis. It is argued that local factors, formed of a synergy between social and natural components, created a situation where the trade network of northern Fennoscandia remained an unhierarchical peer network despite a seeming power asymmetry between the participants. This study demonstrates how a local analysis is always important even—and especially—when utilizing a macro‐scale perspective, as assumptions (for example, pertaining to power asymmetries) may lead to misconceptions of the social forces in play within a social network. [medieval archaeology, world‐systems analysis, northern Fennoscandian trade network]
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: risk of adverse cardiovascular events with proton pump inhibitors independent of clopidogrel
Authors: Batchelor Riley , Kumar Radya , Gilmartin‐Thomas Julia F. M. , Hopper Ingrid , Kemp William , Liew Danny
Published: September 2018

Background

Clopidogrel's anti‐platelet effects may be attenuated by a pharmacokinetic interaction with co‐prescribed proton pump inhibitors, which inhibit oxidative pathways that convert clopidogrel into its active metabolites. Despite this, the impact of PPIs on cardiovascular risk in the absence of clopidogrel is not well defined.

Aim

To report on a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the association between PPIs and cardiovascular risk, independent of clopidogrel.

Methods

The databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched in October 2017. The primary outcome was association between PPI monotherapy and any adverse cardiovascular event. The secondary outcome was association between proton pump inhibitor monotherapy and acute myocardial infarction. Studies were excluded if they reported or did not adjust for concomitant anti‐platelet therapy or involved participants aged less than 18 years.

Results

A total of 22 studies were included in the systematic review. Data from 16 studies were included in the meta‐analysis (involving 447 408 participants). Of these, eight were randomised controlled trials, seven were observational studies and one was a retrospective analysis of a randomised controlled trial. An increased risk of any adverse cardiovascular event with PPI monotherapy was observed using pooled data from observational studies (risk ratio 1.25, 95% CI 1.11‐1.42, I2 81%, P < 0.001), but not from randomised controlled trials (risk ratio 0.89, 95% CI 0.34‐2.33, I2 0%, P = 0.85).

Conclusion

There is no clear evidence of an association between PPI monotherapy and increased cardiovascular risk.
Toward standardized patient positioning to avoid peripheral nerve injury during laparoscopic colorectal surgery: Application of a protocol and study of the resulting relationship between total rotation time and contact pressure at the shoulder
Authors: Harada Yoshikuni , Tanaka Jun‐ichi , Umemoto Takahiro , Sekine Ryu‐ichi , Wakabayashi Tetsuji , Kijima Kazuhiro , Kigawa Gaku
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Generally, laparoscopic colorectal surgery is performed with the patient in the lithotomy and rotated positions. The lithotomy position, however, is associated with intraoperative peripheral nerve injury (IPNI). We studied the relationship between patient positioning during laparoscopic colorectal surgery, contact pressure at the shoulder, and the occurrence of IPNI and tested a positioning protocol aimed at surgical safety in addition to maintenance of a good surgical field.

Methods

We applied our positioning protocol in 44 cases and collected data that could be used to answer our study questions. We set limits for shoulder contact pressure and time in the rotation position. When the time limit was reached, we returned the patient to the supine position for 5 min.

Results

Patients' median age was 71 years; mean BMI was 22.4 kg/m2. Median time in the rotation position was 126 min. For the 22 patients for whom validated data was obtained, mean lower shoulder pressure changed from 8.5 mmHg just after rotation to 11.4 mmHg 120 min after rotation (P = 0.013). Absence of IPNI in our patients confirmed the proposed relation between patient positioning and IPNI. Our data indicate that a prolonged period in the rotation position increases contact pressure at the shoulder, which can increase the risk of IPNI.

Conclusion

Our patient positioning protocol appears to have prevented laparoscopic colectomy‐related IPNI. Future studies are warranted to confirm the relationship between patient positioning and IPNI and, if necessary, to further refine the protocol to ensure prevention of IPNI during laparoscopic colorectal surgery.
Teacher–student interaction and lower secondary school students’ situational engagement
Authors: Pöysä Sanni , Vasalampi Kati , Muotka Joona , Lerkkanen Marja‐Kristiina , Poikkeus Anna‐Maija , Nurmi Jari‐Erik
Published: September 2018

Background

Prior research has shown that engagement plays a significant role in students’ academic learning.

Aims

The present study sought to expand the current understanding of students’ engagement by examining how situational engagement during a particular lesson is associated with the observed teacher–student classroom interactions (i.e., emotional support, instructional support, and classroom organization) in the same lesson.

Sample

The participants were 709 Grade 7 students (47.7% girls) from 59 classrooms in 26 lower secondary schools and 51 teachers.

Methods

The data consisted of 155 video‐recorded lessons (90 language arts and 65 mathematics lessons) coded using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System – Secondary (CLASS‐S) observational instrument. Students’ self‐ratings of their situation‐specific engagement were collected using the mobile‐based In Situations (InSitu) Instrument at the end of each lesson. The data were analyzed with cross‐classified two‐level hierarchical modelling.

Results and conclusions

The results indicated that emotional support in the classroom was positively associated with students’ emotional engagement and help‐seeking, whereas classroom organization was associated with students’ behavioural and cognitive engagement. Overall, the findings provide novel evidence suggesting that students’ engagement can be fostered by supportive teacher‐student interactions.
Rethinking current models in social psychology: A Bayesian framework to understand dramatic social change
Authors: de la Sablonnière Roxane , Lina Jean‐Marc , Cárdenas Diana
Published: September 2018

Dramatic social change (DSC) is the new normal, affecting millions of people around the world. However, not all events plunge societies into DSC. According to de la Sablonnière (2017, Front. Psychol., 8, 1), events that have a rapid pace of change, that rupture an entire group's social and normative structures, and that threaten the group's cultural identity will result in DSC. This perspective provokes important unanswered questions: What is the chance that a DSC will occur if an event takes place? And, when will other societal states arise from such events? Addressing these questions is pivotal for a genuine psychology of social change to emerge. The goal of this article was to describe a methodology that attempts to answer these questions via a probabilistic decision tree within a Bayesian framework. According to our analysis, a DSC should occur 6.25% of the time that an event takes place in a stable society (68.75% of the time for incremental social change, 12.5% for inertia, and 12.5% for stability). The Bayesian probabilistic decision tree could be applied to specific event and thus serve as a guide for a programmatic study of social change and ultimately inform policymakers who need to plan and prepare for events that lead to DSC.
The role of space for a paradoxical way of thinking and doing: A study of idea work in architectural firms
Authors: Gaim Medhanie , Wåhlin Nils , Jacobsson Mattias
Published: September 2018

It is well established that engaging paradoxes and the role of space are important aspects of idea work. Although the significance has been recognized, studies that focus on the intersection between space and paradox are scarce. Accordingly, this article explores the intersection and focuses on the role of space in idea work characterized by paradoxes. More specifically, the aim of this article is twofold. First, the article aims at identifying the spatial conditions that enable organization members to think and act paradoxically. Second, the article aims at exploring how spatial conditions evoke a paradoxical way of thinking and doing. Based on three Scandinavian architectural firms, and through abductive inference, four spatial conditions are identified and outlined. The conditions are conceptualized as organized chaos, boundary(less)ness, premeditated spontaneity, and (re)framing. From the results, and through the discussion, the notion of “generative space” is introduced to explain the overall importance of spatiality, as well as how the interrelatedness of the conditions facilitates a paradoxical way of thinking and doing in idea work.
Innate immune sensor laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 suppresses tumor cell growth and functions as a prognostic marker in neuroblastoma
Authors: Lin Li‐Ling , Huang Chao‐Cheng , Wu Min‐Tsui , Hsu Wen‐Ming , Chuang Jiin‐Haur
Published: September 2018

The innate immune receptors, such as toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3), melanoma differentiation‐associated 5 (MDA5) and retinoic acid‐inducible gene‐I (RIG‐I), have been shown to be differentially expressed in neuroblastoma (NB) and promote dsRNA poly (I:C)‐induced NB suppression in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of another important innate immune cytosolic sensor, laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), in the cancer behavior of NB remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the expression levels of LGP2 were either low or undetectable in all NB cell lines tested with or without MYCN amplification. LGP2 expression levels were significantly increased only in NB cells without MYCN amplification, including SK‐N‐AS and SK‐N‐FI after poly (I:C) treatment in vitro and in mouse xenograft models. Ectopic expression of LGP2 in NB cells significantly enhanced poly (I:C)‐induced NB cell death associated with downregulation of MDA5, RIG‐I, MAVS and Bcl‐2, as well as upregulation of Noxa and tBid. By immunofluorescence analyses, LGP2 localized mainly in the cytoplasm of NB cells after poly (I:C) treatment. In human NB tissue samples, cytoplasmic LGP2 expression was positively correlated with histological differentiation and inversely correlated with MYCN amplification. Positive cytoplasmic LGP2 expression in tumor tissues could predict a favorable outcome in NB patients independent of other prognostic factors. In short, LGP2 was effective in promoting poly (I:C)‐induced NB suppression and cytoplasmic LGP2 can serve as an independent favorable prognostic factor in NB patients.
Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with premixed insulin
Authors: Yu Miao , Shankar R. Ravi , Zhang Ruya , Zhang Ye , Lin Jianxin , O'Neill Edward A. , Chen Guojuan , Liu Shu , Tu Yingmei , Engel Samuel S.
Published: September 2018

To improve understanding of the safety and efficacy of adding sitagliptin to treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes taking premixed insulin, data from patients using premixed insulin ± metformin (screening HbA1c ≥7.5% and ≤11%) in either of two clinical trials in which sitagliptin 100 mg once‐daily or placebo was added to various formulations of insulin treatment, were analysed. In both trials, insulin doses were to remain stable throughout the 24‐week trial period. At week 24, the between‐group difference (sitagliptin ‐ placebo) in the least squares mean (95% confidence intervals) change from baseline in HbA1c in patients using premixed insulin was −0.43% (−0.58, −0.28), P <0.001. Adverse events were generally similar between the treatment groups. The incidence of symptomatic hypoglycaemia was slightly higher with sitagliptin, and the incidence of hypoglycaemia requiring medical attention was slightly higher with placebo; in both cases the difference was not statistically significant. The data from this pooled analysis confirm the utility of sitagliptin used in combination with premixed insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Impact of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam on vascular risk markers and lipid‐lowering agents in the elderly
Authors: Mintzer Scott , Trinka Eugen , Kraemer Günter , Chervoneva Inna , Werhahn Konrad J.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To examine serologic markers of vascular risk under treatment with commonly used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the elderly in a randomized setting, and to determine whether the reduced exposure to hydroxymethylglutaryl‐CoA reductase inhibitors (“statins”) caused by carbamazepine reduces the effectiveness of the drugs as lipid‐lowering agents.

Methods

Standard lipid fractions, lipoprotein(a), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) were examined in a subset of those participating in the STEP‐ONE trial, in which elderly patients with new epilepsy were randomized to treatment with carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or levetiracetam. Separate comparisons were made by individual AED, among those treated with statins, and, for CRP, among those treated with anti‐inflammatory drugs.

Results

One hundred ninety‐four patients had the aforementioned serologic measurements. In patients not taking statins, those treated with carbamazepine had higher total cholesterol than those treated with levetiracetam (+16.6 mg/dL, P = 0.053), with values from patients on lamotrigine intermediate, whereas cholesterol fractions were subject to drug–gender interactions which did not show a consistent pattern. Lipoprotein(a) was significantly lower in lamotrigine patients than in the carbamazepine and levetiracetam groups. After accounting for the effects of steroids, CRP was higher in carbamazepine patients than in other patients. Patients taking a statin had lower lipid levels than those not taking a statin regardless of AED, but the differences between statin‐treated and non–statin‐treated patients were much larger (50%‐100% or more) in the lamotrigine and levetiracetam groups than in the carbamazepine group (P = 0.035 for interaction effect of statin use and AED on total cholesterol).

Significance

Here, we demonstrate that carbamazepine significantly interferes with the ability of statins to lower total cholesterol, thus making it a poor choice for hyperlipidemic patients or those with cardiovascular disease. Native AED effects on lipids were inconsistent and subject to drug–gender interaction, in contrast with other studies; further investigation is necessary to determine if these latter findings are genuine or spurious.
Transparency‐generated trust: The problematic theorization of public audit
Authors: Heald David
Published: September 2018

Public audit has been under‐theorized, the existing literature too dominated by institutional description. Public audit may be interpreted as promoting transparency in order to generate trust, thus leading to legitimacy. Disaggregating transparency and trust, the article develops a subtler analysis of their role in public audit. By integrating collibration into the processes of economization, the governance of public audit and its operational activities are illuminated. Expected to be bloodhound, not just watchdog, public audit space is currently contested and can be forcibly evacuated. Transparency‐generated trust might be the outcome, but providing a well‐evidenced transparency should be public audit's mission.
Does Emotional Dependence and Perceived Parental Acceptance Predict Children's Psychological Maladjustment?
Authors: Carrasco Miguel Á. , González‐Calderón María José , Suárez Juan C.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To analyze associations among child dependence, perceived parental acceptance, and children's psychological adjustment.

Background

Extreme levels of both perceived parental acceptance and rejection are postulated to be associated with dependence in such a way that may lead to psychological maladjustment. However, this influence has not been empirically tested to date.

Method

A convenience sample of 989 children (9–16 years of age, 45.7% boys) in Spain completed the Personality Assessment Questionnaire, the Youth Self Report (YSR), and the Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire for children. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and hierarchical multiple regressions.

Results

Child dependence and parental acceptance had a curvilinear relationship and were both associated with children's psychological maladjustment. Children's dependence, family structure, and children's age moderated the relationship between parental rejection and children's maladjustment.

Conclusion

Results provide empirical support for the postulated relationships between perceived parental acceptance and child dependence and show the relevance of considering children's age and family structure as potential moderators. Furthermore, child dependence tends to buffer the impact of parental rejection in certain individuals.

Implications

Child dependence and parental rejection should be considered together in parenting intervention programs. Moreover, promoting dependence could be part of this intervention in certain family settings.
Headache attributed to TMD Is Associated With the Presence of Comorbid Bodily Pain: A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Vivaldi Daniela , Di Giosia Massimiliano , Tchivileva Inna E. , Jay Gary W. , Slade Gary D. , Lim Pei F.
Published: September 2018

Headache attributed to temporomandibular disorders (TMDH) is defined as a secondary headache by the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition (ICHD‐3).

Objective

The objective of this case‐control study is to investigate the phenotypic characteristics of chronic TMD with and without TMDH. We hypothesize that chronic TMD with TMDH is associated with increased number of bodily pain conditions, more painful sites in the head and neck region, and greater TMD pain intensity.

Methods

This is a retrospective cross‐sectional review of the medical records of consecutive patients who sought treatment at the University of North Carolina Orofacial Pain Clinic between 2013 and 2014. The inclusion criterion was a diagnosis of myalgia or arthralgia according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. In addition, cases had a diagnosis of TMDH according to the ICHD‐3 criteria. Data on the presence and the number of self‐reported bodily pain conditions (such as fibromyalgia and low back pain), pain intensity, number of painful sites in the head and neck upon palpation, and TMD pain onset were analyzed.

Results

A total of 295 records were reviewed. Thirty‐four (29.3%) patients fulfilled inclusion criteria for cases (TMD+TMDH) and 82 (70.7%) for controls (TMD−TMDH). Cases reported greater number of bodily pain conditions than controls, with a mean of 1.97 ± 1.50 and 1.26 ± 1.28 of bodily pain conditions, respectively (P = .012, OR = 1.43 [95% CI 1.07−1.92]). In fact, 55.9% of cases reported at least 2 comorbid pain conditions compared to 37.8% controls (P = .044). Compared to controls (8.65 ± 5.32), cases (13.05 ± 4.46) exhibited greater number of painful sites upon palpation in the head and neck region (P < .0001, OR = 1.18 [95% CI 1.09−1.30]), and greater TMD pain intensity, with a mean of 6.00 ± 2.17 for cases and 5.09 ± 2.14 for controls (P = .041, OR = 1.22 [95% CI 1.01−1.47]).

Conclusion

In a population of patients with chronic TMD seeking pain management, TMDH was significantly associated with an increased number of self‐reported bodily pain conditions, a greater number of painful sites in the head and neck regions, and higher TMD pain intensity.
Update on early mortality syndrome/acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease by April 2018
Authors: Prachumwat Anuphap , Taengchaiyaphum Suparat , Mungkongwongsiri Natthinee , Aldama‐Cano Diva J. , Flegel Timothy W. , Sritunyalucksana Kallaya
Published: September 2018

Outbreaks of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) have caused great economic losses to many shrimp‐producing countries in Asia since its first appearance in 2009. The causative agent was reported in 2013 as specific isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND) that were later found to harbor a plasmid (pVA) encoding the Pir‐like binary toxin genes Pir
vpA and Pir
vpB. VPAHPND isolates colonize the shrimp stomach and release the binary toxins that cause massive sloughing of tubule epithelial cells followed by shrimp mortality. More recent information indicates that pVA plasmid and variants occur in many V. parahaemolyticus serotypes and also in other Vibrio species such as Vibrio campbellii, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio owensii. Information on such genomic and proteomic studies of different VPAHPND isolates from different countries are reviewed. A cohort study carried out in Thailand in 2014 indicated that AHPND outbreaks account for only a portion of the disease outbreaks reported by shrimp farmers as outbreaks of early mortality syndrome (EMS). It is recommended that a regional research network and surveillance program for newly emerging or re‐emerging pathogens be established to speed up the process of diagnosis and the implementation of coordinated control measures and to avoid a repeat of the EMS/AHPND scenario.
Through Sensus Fidelium to Deification: Listening to the Voice of the Faithful in Eastern Orthodoxy
Authors: Maican Petre
Published: September 2018

The most significant challenge facing Eastern Orthodoxy is the laity’s lack of engagement with their faith. In this article, I argue that this issue can be overcome by reintroducing the practice of consulting the laity in matters of faith (sensus fidelium). I begin by focusing on the benefits of sensus fidelium, as developed by Roman Catholic theology. I then move to demonstrate that sensus fidelium is also part of the Eastern Orthodox heritage. In the third section, I show the main risk the implementation of sensus fidelium raises, namely, confiscation by ultraconservative groups. Finally, I deal with this risk in the last section by placing the criteria for discerning the authentic voice of the laity in relation to the doctrine of deification.