bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recognizing Lincoln: Image Vernaculars in Nineteenth-Century Visual Culture
Authors: Finnegan Cara A
Published: January 2007

This essay studies letters written to McClure's magazine in response to its 1895 publication of a previously unknown photograph of Abraham Lincoln. The letter writers mobilized what I call "image vernaculars," enthymematic arguments grounded in their social knowledge about photography, portraiture, and "scientific" discourses of character such as physiognomy. Armed with these image vernaculars, viewers argued the photograph was evidence of Lincoln's superior moral character, and they used it to elaborate an Anglo-Saxon ideal national type at a time when elites were consumed by fin-de-siècle anxieties about the fate of "American" identity.
The Rhetor as Hero and the Pursuit of Truth: The Case of 9/11
Authors: Hyde Michael J.
Published: January 2007

This essay offers a discussion and critical assessment of how attempted acts of rhetorical heroism presuppose, at least from an ontological perspective, a genuine concern for disclosing "the truth" of matters of importance. The terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, serves as the case study for exploring the relationship between rhetoric, heroism, and truth. The ontological basis of this relationship is associated with what is described as the heroic structure of human existence that presents itself as a primordial form of epideictic speech and that speaks a moral directive heard as a call of conscience. The events of 9/11 worked to disclose the evocative nature of this structure.
"Equipped for Murder": The Paxton Boys and "the Spirit of Killing all Indians" in Pennsylvania, 1763-1764
Authors: Engels Jeremy
Published: January 2007

In the winter of 1763, dozens of Western Pennsylvanians calling themselves the Paxton Boys murdered 21 Native Americans, a politically charged action that nearly embroiled the colony in civil war and altered the colony's election in 1764. This essay examines the Paxton Boys' justifications and also the failed rhetorical strategies developed by Quakers for defending Native Americans. . . As the Paxton Boys demonstrated the interrelationship between colonial violence and rhetoric, they set the precedent for future violence targeting Native Americans in Pennsylvania and beyond.
Killing Emmett
Authors: Houck Davis W
Published: January 2007

Mississippi newspapers were fundamental to creating a climate of public opinion that enabled Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam to go free in the trial of Emmett Till. Using newspaper stories, photographs, letters to the editor, and editorials from nine different Mississippi newspapers, I argue that themes of race, gender, class, and sexuality are pivotal to understanding the construction of key players in the trial. In addition, published comments by Roy Wilkins of the NAACP and Till's mother, Mamie Till Bradley, greatly altered the discursive landscape, transforming Emmett Till from an innocent boy into a menacing male. Similarly, Bryant and Milam morphed from local peckerwoods to heroic defenders of the country generally and Southern white womanhood particularly.
The Cost of Prestige: Do New Research I Universities Incur Higher Administrative Costs?
Authors: Morphew Christopher C , Baker Bruce D
Published: January 2007

The authors construct and respond to several questions about changing administrative costs for new Research I Universities, a group of institutions that might be expected to incur new costs as a result of their new status. Using IPEDS data, the study provides mixed support for the claim that universities reaching the pinnacle of research university status experience increase administrative costs as a result of their aspirations and the realities of their new stature.
When Does Race Matter in College Friendships? Exploring Men's Diverse and Homogeneous Friendship Groups
Authors: Antonio Anthony Lising
Published: January 2007

This qualitative study explores how male students from different racial backgrounds experience racial diversity within racially diverse or homogeneous friendship groups. Based on an inductive analysis of purposive interviews, the author found that diverse friendships among men may result from both an attitude of intentionality with regard to diversity as well as a complete dismissal of difference. Similarly, racial homogeneity among friends is not always intentional, nor does it necessarily lead to racial isolation.
Obtaining Integrity? Reviewing and Examining the Charter between Higher Education and Society
Authors: Kezar Adrianna J
Published: January 2007

How is the new industrial model of privatization, commercialization, and corporatization altering higher education's traditional mission? To provide policymakers with understanding about the traditional charter between higher education and society, this article defines the concepts of the public good underlying the charter, analyzes the new model's pervasiveness, synthesizes empirical evidence about its effect on the social and public purposes of higher education, and proposes a list of issues and questions for discussion among education and government leaders.
Policy as Symbol: Title II of the 1944 G.I. Bill
Authors: Serow Robert C.
Published: January 2007

The 1944 G.I. Bill is often thought to have democratized higher education in the United States. This paper reviews evidence showing that the G.I. Bill's impact on education enrollments was more limited than is generally recognized. It attributes the gap between the law's perceived and documented effects to the symbolism surrounding postwar educational expansion and concludes by discussing the legacy of the G.I. Bill for contemporary policies in higher education.
Tenuous Ties: The Limited-Term Full-time Faculty in Canadian Universities
Authors: Rajagopal Indhu
Published: January 2007

This paper examines limited-term full-time faculty (LTFTs) in Canadian universities in 1991-1992 in response to the author's survey. It addresses the following issues: the faculty hierarchy, the characteristics of LTFTs, career paths, career aspirations and job prospects, barriers to achieving tenure-stream positions, workloads, perceptions of their workplace, and their view of how tenured faculty perceive them. The discussion examines these questions: Are LTFTs a kind of "disposable" faculty? Does hierarchy in academe begin where collegium ends?
International Students: Constructions of Imperialism in the Chronicle of Higher Education
Authors: Rhee Jeong-eun , Sagaria Mary Ann Danowitz
Published: January 2007

This article links colonial/neocolonial and feminist literature with discourses
on international students to examine how a discourse of imperialism constructs
and represents international students in U.S. universities. Applying a
critical discourse analysis to 78 articles published in the Chronicle of Higher
Education between 1996 and 1999, the authors identified three themes of U.S.
imperialism: international students as capital, international students as subjugated Others, and imperialism as self-identity. They discuss implications of portrayals of international students through an imperialist lens.
Student Activists' Characterizations of Administrators in Higher Education: Perceptions of Power in "the System"
Authors: Ropers-Huilman Becky , Carwile Laura , Barnett Kathy
Published: January 2007

This study investigated student activists' characterizations of administrators at a southern university in the United States. Findings from interviews with 26 activists indicate that they perceive administrators as gatekeepers, antagonists, supporters, and absentee leaders. Activists had limited understandings of the roles and responsibilities of administrators as leaders in higher education. They expressed a desire to develop stronger relationships with administrators, both to enhance their ability to participate in the campus community and to be an integral part of shaping the university and, through the university, society.
Post-Tenure Review: What Matters to Faculty
Authors: Wood Melinda , Johnsrud Linda K
Published: January 2007

Post-tenure review has been studied primarily as an administrative issue in higher education; less attention has been given to empirically examining the underlying assumptions of faculty regarding this phenomenon. By surveying a representative sample of over 400 instructional faculty at two research universities, this study contributes to what is known about faculty beliefs and values regarding post-tenure review in the context of organizational culture. Implications for further exploration of the culture of the academy are included.
Advance to Graduate Education: The Effect of College Quality and Undergraduate Majors
Authors: Zhang Liang
Published: January 2007

Using a nationally representative sample of baccalaureate graduates from 1993, this study examines the effect of college quality and undergraduate majors on a variety of graduate education outcomes including graduate school enrollment, graduate degree attainment, and the quality of graduate programs. Other factors being equal, college quality has a significant effect on graduate education. More importantly, because part of socioeconomic factors has been crystallized into academic performance and educational credentials, socioeconomic factors exert significant direct and indirect effects on graduate education.
Does the Vocational Focus of Community Colleges Hinder Students' Educational Attainment?
Authors: Roksa Josipa
Published: January 2007

This study examines the effects of vocational focus of community colleges on students' educational attainment. By examining different aspects of vocational education and three distinct student outcomes, the results demonstrate variation in the extent to which institutional focus on vocational training influences students' progress through higher education. Controlling for individual and state characteristics, this study found that the vocational focus of associate degree programs has no negative effects on students' educational attainment. However, when institutions move away from degree-granting programs and focus on awarding short-term certificates, students' likelihood of earning associate degrees is adversely affected.
Paradise Lost and the Concept of Creation
Authors: Lehnhof Kent Russell
Published: January 2007

On his visit to Eden, Raphael informs Adam and Eve that the universe was not created ex nihilo but rather de deo: everything was fashioned from out of the singular substance of God. This consubstantial connection to God proves universally ennobling by conferring upon each existent a divine origin and a divine composition. Milton's materialist monism, however, prevents him from participating in orthodox ideas of God that differentiate deity from all else on the basis of a divine ousia unique to him. Unable to locate God's divinity in a material difference, Milton sets God off from every other existent on the basis of creation. God is God because he alone created everything. In short, the ability to give life operates in Paradise Lost as the primary identifier of the one and only God. Everything in the epic hinges on acts of authorship because authorship is the ground of divinity.
Corridos and la pura verdad: Myths and Realities of the Mexican Ballad
Authors: Villalobos Jose Pablo , RamÃ­rez-Pimienta Juan Carlos
Published: January 2007

The Mexican ballad, or corrido is often considered a genre that expresses the notion of "truth" as perceived by its authors and consumers. This essay offers a reading of the corrido that denies this idea of transparency while looking at what the corrido itself contributes to its own definition. First we look at various popular conceptions of what the corrido is thought to accomplish, then we offer an analysis of the self-referential ballad by Los Tigres del Norte aptly titled "El corrido." It is here that, when coupled with instances of metafictional commentary found in other ballads, the breakdown and contradiction of the corrido as vessel of memory shows its own internal fissures. Once this inconsistency is established, we focus on the most popular and conflictive sub-genre of the Mexican ballad, the narco-ballad or narcocorrido. By interpreting the lyrics of various narcocoriddos, we further underscore how this musical form breaks with the journalistic fact finding discourse found in traditional corridos. The concluding section looks to testimonial writing as a comparable genre that is also framed in truth claims in order to establish a hypothetical response to the need for believing the corrido as repository of truth.
Sniffing the "Calypso Magnolia": Unearthing the Caribbean Presence in the South (Response)
Authors: Brown Kimberly Nichele
Published: January 2007

In "Sniffing the 'Calypso Magnolia': Unearthing the Caribbean Presence in the South," Kimberly Nichele Brown discusses the multifarious ways in which John Lowe takes the academy to task for its rigid conceptual framing of southern literature. She further examines how Lowe's proposition for widening the southern literature canon to include Caribbean influences marks a potentially paradigmatic shift in our understanding of not only southern and Caribbean studies, but of African American and Latino studies as well. Although Brown discusses the multiple benefits of blurring the boundaries of literary and cultural specialties within the academy, she voices concern about what consequences Lowe's proposal might have on the future of African American, Caribbean, and Latino studies--disciplines founded by scholars who fought for autonomy in resistance to an inflexible canon. Finally, Brown challenges Lowe to more fully define what constitutes southern literature and what characteristics (place of birth, style of writing) make someone a southern writer.
Toward "A New Southern Studies"
Authors: Kreyling Michael
Published: January 2007

The life histories of academic fields of study are punctuated by revolutions. The field of southern literary studies has been in the process of such a change over the past several years. Anthologies for classroom use reflect this change by trying to capture commercial value as textbooks of the "new." The South in Perspective (Prentice Hall, 2001), edited by Edward Francisco, Robert Vaughan, and Linda Francisco, is one such anthology; it strives to ride the new wave by redistributing historical periods and shaking up thematic categories. Not all of its revisions are successful.
Literary critical activity is another index of change. As the study of literature in general moves from centering on the text to grazing on the context, or the cultural conditions under which texts are produced and in which they have and express meaning, so the study of southern literature (long a bastion of formalist and text-centered criticism) has been shaken up by turns fueled by gender studies, studies in globalization and "new geography," new historicism, and culture studies. Houston A. Baker, Jr. and Dana D. Nelson have edited a special issue of American Literature (June 2001; 73:2) subtitled "Violence, the Body, and 'The South,'" which contains several essays calling for and demonstrating new approaches to familiar texts and unfamiliar texts in the frame of southern studies. Sometimes, however, in the drive to be new old wine is funneled into new bottles. A certain critical parallax sometimes obscures the fact that what "old" critics have written is often close to, if not identical to, what the "new" have expressed in the new vocabularies.

Still, there are examples of new departures on familiar routes. Houston A. Baker's Turning South Again: Re-thinking Modernism/Re-reading Booker T. (Duke University Press, 2001) re-reads Up from Slavery in the context of Baker's own life as an African American scholar coming of age in the latter half of the twentieth century, and in the harsh current context of social crisis for young African American males who, Baker charges, are ill-served and led by a cadre of conservative African American intellectuals--as the people were by Booker T. Washington in the latter nineteenth century.
Ghosts and Shattered Bodies, or What Does it Mean To Still Be Haunted by Southern Literature?
Authors: Yaeger Patricia
Published: January 2007

"Ghosts and Shattered Bodies" argues that we must recognize a repetitive structure in southern fiction that depends on the trace or remnant to conjure the unthought of history. The blunt facts of racial trauma can be over-exposed, made facile, in the glam tropology of the gothic. This older rhetorical structure gives way to a shared hauntology in which simple fragments, residues, or traces of trauma fashion a regime of haunting. When white southern fiction makes these ghosts, it is clouded and driven by the return of the oppressed. Attending to starker tragedies, black fiction delineates the return of the dispossessed. While white women writers like Douglas and Porter focus on white children who miniaturize or repress memories of angry black women, African American women writers like Wright, Dash, and Morrison tell stories about what has disappeared but needs to be called forth again--about remnants of people who have been divested of property and can only return as a remnant or fragment that needs to be made into an integer.
Sexual Consent and the Art of Love in the Early Modern English Lyric
Authors: Garrett Cynthia E
Published: January 2007

This essay traces a neglected strain of early modern English
neo-Ovidianism, showing how Ovid's claim in Ars Amatoria that women
enjoy rape gains currency through lyrics in popular miscellanies
and song collections. Some of the lyrics include a female voice to
provide quasi-legal testimony of consent, while others adopt Ovid's
erotodidacticism, with a male sexual preceptor instructing the uninitiated
in the paradoxical lesson that women's "no" means "yes." The anonymous
writers of these lyrics use the Ars to license comic treatment of sexual
assault, circulating Ovid's precept as a secret lesson in a contemporary
school of love.
John Donne's Strategies for Discreet Preaching
Authors: Lunderberg Marla Hoffman
Published: January 2007

This article argues that Donne forges a middle ground between
pragmatics of service and opportunities to voice individual will in
combining fulsome praise with forthright criticism. Contemporary usage of
the word "discretion" shows sixteenth- and seventeenth-century thinkers
to have imagined it as a middle ground between cowardice and foolishly
rash action; this paper argues that Donne negotiates the challenges of
seeking patronage through a "rhetoric of discretion." Donne's sermons
provide a particularly rich arena for examining this rhetoric as the
court preacher both discusses and enacts how best to negotiate the
frequent disparity between secular pressure and sacred word.
The Erotology of Donne's "Extasie" and the Secret History of Voluptuous Rationalism
Authors: Martin Catherine Gimelli
Published: January 2007

This essay challenges the contention that Donne's "Extasie" is a
seduction poem, the now current reading initally resisted by distinguished
scholars such as Herbert J. C. Grierson, Helen Gardner, and Merritt
Y. Hughes. Their failure to defend Donne's seriousness is traced to
three main sources: 1) fashionable Freudian, New Critical, and/or New
Historical irony; 2) the semi-secrecy of the "voluptuous rationalist"
tradition behind the poem; and 3) Donne's technique of "scandalously"
challenging the conservative humanist and/or Puritan reaction against
incarnational Neo-Platonism. Focusing mainly on the two latter points,
this essay excavates the poem's roots in Plato, Epicurus, Cusanus,
Marsilio Ficino, Pico della Mirandola, and their late Renaissance
revitalizers: Michel de Montaigne, Paracelsus, Desiderius Erasmus,
and Sir Thomas More.
Recent Studies in Tudor and Stuart Drama
Authors: Callaghan Dympna
Published: January 2007

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating Tudor and Stuart drama and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
"Bearing Hence" Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale
Authors: Hunt Maurice
Published: January 2007

Wordplay in The Winter's Tale involving forms of the word "bear" deepens our understanding for the play's design of a bear's onstage pursuit and reported devouring of Antigonus. Among other things, this wordplay suggests that Camillo's transporting Polixenes out of Leontes' court and Florizel's carrying Perdita away from her country home amount to redemptive "bearings hence" that contrast with the fatal "bearing hence" of Antigonus. Meanings generated in The Winter's Tale by wordplay on forms of the word "bear" strengthen playgoers' impressions of the finally benign nature of the god Apollo's providence.
Castrating the Creditor in The Merchant of Venice
Authors: Penuel Suzanne
Published: January 2007

The castration references surrounding Merchant's creditors represent dependents' fantasies of selves free of social inscription in an inheritance-based economy. Antonio's castration is an "unmanning," part of an early modern perception of the relatively financially toothless female parent as more giving and less combative than the male. Shylock's castration is part of a more general "unparenting"—a Jewish progenitor threatens the Christians, who like nondramatic early moderns resent Christianity's indebtedness to Judaism. The play's concern with cuckoldry foregrounds a side effect of the symbolic emasculation of fathers: one questions mothers' fidelity.
Disowning Knowledge of Jessica, or Shylock's Skepticism
Authors: Sherman Anita Gilman
Published: January 2007

Stanley Cavell's idea of a skeptical trajectory offers a new way to understand Shylock's fanatical quest for certainty. Cavell's view that skepticism is experienced as a crisis of global doubt inviting a range of responses helps us to see Shylock's fixation on the bond as a symptom of a strategy of large-scale avoidance—avoidance of knowledge that with Jessica gone, his world has fallen away. Shylock's fanaticism exemplifies the dangers of abandoning skepticism, even as it provides a way of meeting its threats, while the play as a whole stages the practice of skepticism with its rhetoric of balanced oppositions.
The Severed Hand in Webster's Duchess of Malfi
Authors: Tricomi Albert H.
Published: January 2007

This essay adduces a new source for John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi—Henry Boguet's extremely popular Discourse exécrable des sorciers. Boguet's chapter "Of the Metamorphosis of Men into Beasts" provides a strong link to the dead-man's hand episode in The Duchess and to Webster's representation of lycanthropic possession throughout the play. This finding places Webster's tragedy firmly within an intensely felt topical discourse on witchcraft and also reveals the logic behind Ferdinand's mad attempt to sever the marital bond between the Duchess and her husband by presenting her with a severed hand bearing a marriage ring.
Pope's Epistle to Bathurst and the Meaning of Finance
Authors: Jones Tom
Published: January 2007

This article attempts to show that Alexander Pope's argument and poetic technique in the Epistle to Bathurst challenge the idea that words are like money or other economic tokens. Reading against the recent characterization of Pope's work as nostalgic, this piece takes issue with the corollary established by J. G. A. Pocock and others between financial change and linguistic uncertainty in the early eighteenth century. It presents Pope as a skeptical thinker aware of the radical contingency of all human values, more in line with David Hume than earlier writers on money. It suggests that Pope's imitative meter is an investigation of this contingency of value.
Johnson and His "Readers" in the Epistolary Rambler Essays
Authors: Powell Manushag N
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the fictitious "letters to the editor" in Samuel Johnson's Ramblerin order to explore the author's powerful ambivalence toward his various personas, his readership, and his own text throughout the periodical.
Recent Studies in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: January 2007

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the Nineteenth Century and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
The Education of Bronte's New Nouvelle Heloise in Shirley
Authors: Gargano Elizabeth
Published: January 2007

Although most critics dismiss the numerous schoolroom scenes in Charlotte Bront�'s Shirley as emblems of patriarchal oppression, in fact such scenes form part of the novel's complex discourse on education. Echoing Rousseau's New Heloise, with its eroticized relationship between tutor and pupil, Bront� links Shirley's attraction to her former tutor Louis Moore with the provisional freedom of a Rousseauean education. While the private Fieldhead schoolroom allows a brief rebellion against the social order, Shirley also finds herself enmeshed in the hierarchical social transactions of a coercive parish schoolroom, emphasizing her role as a public defender of church and state.
Women Poets and Contested Spaces in The Yellow Book
Authors: Hughes Linda K
Published: January 2007

To illuminate poetry's role in The Yellow Book as well as its gender politics, this essay investigates poems by women in relation to poems by men, the Oscar Wilde trial, and the literary marketplace. Volume 1 suggested that pages devoted to poetry were a contested space: no poems by women appeared alongside masculine contributions that celebrated male poetic tradition or objectified women. New Woman poems began to appear in volume 2, however. And after Wilde's trial, it was poetry by women that sustained the journal's decadent content and obliquely expressed sympathy with Wilde.
Cruikshank, Thackeray, and the Victorian Eclipse of Satire
Authors: Palmeri Frank
Published: January 2007

Although some of the satiric energy of the 1790s carried over into the first decades of the following century, by 1850 satire had been eclipsed by other forms. This essay traces steps in the process by which satire ceased to be a genre-determining force in graphic art and in narrative, focusing first on George Cruikshank's contributions to the Comic Almanack (1835�53) and then on William Makepeace Thackeray's contributions to Punch (1843�48). Partly as a result of Thackeray's own actions, Vanity Fair (1847�48) was the last major British work for a generation that was primarily satiric.
Spiritual Reading in Milton's Eikonoklastes
Authors: Ainsworth David
Published: January 2007

This essay argues that Milton's Eikonoklastes succeeds as an educative polemic, though not as a piece of political propaganda. In Eikonoklastes, Milton advances a strenuous and suspicious mode of reading Charles I, which seeks variance between the king's words and his deeds. Furthermore, Milton includes his readers in the process of demolishing Eikon Basilike. This essay examines Milton's process of spiritual reading and argues that Eikonoklastes attacks the very idea of uncritical reading. Milton successfully presents a critical process guided by the spirit within as a preferable alternative to the unquestioning acceptance of a comforting civil and spiritual servility.
Seventeenth-Century Manuscript Sources of Alice Thornton's Life
Authors: Anselment Raymond A
Published: January 2007

When the Surtees Society published the only edition of Alice Thornton's autobiography, it omitted and restructured parts of this seventeenth-century gentry woman's self-representation. One of the three manuscripts available to the Victorian editor has since disappeared, but the others, now owned by a private collector, provide a significant corrective to the published version. An analysis of the editorial changes that limit Thornton's intent reveals the complex dimensions of this domestic and spiritual memoir. The manuscripts redefine a conventional concern with divine deliverance in their author's affirmation of her faith and family, a validation of personal integrity and divine mercy that further affirms her importance among early modern women writers.
The Private Opinions of Sir Thomas Browne
Authors: Huebert Ronald
Published: January 2007

This essay raises and proposes strategies for answering a single question: what is it about Religio Medici that has provoked so many of its readers into attacking it? I draw in particular on the attacks of four influential readers, two from the seventeenth century (Sir Kenelm Digby and Alexander Ross), two from the twentieth (Stanley Fish and Michael Wilding). These attacks tend to express irritation at what is most distinctive of Browne as a thinker and writer: his self-absorption, his tolerance, his preference for the intuitive over the systematic.
Authorial Self-Consciousness in Nashe's The Vnfortvnate Traveller
Authors: Hyman Wendy
Published: January 2007

This essay shows that the outrageous excesses of Thomas Nashe's style are deliberately subversive of the early modern economic, political, and—above all—literary hierarchy. Nashe embraces with gusto the transgressive power of narrative and the public marketplace, although the text also records ambivalence about the decline of patronage and the courtly modes it sustained. Through a consideration of The Vnfortvnate Traveller's bibliographic prescience, its extreme violence, and its equivocal narrative stance, this essay traces Nashe's self-implicating commentary on the early modern literary milieu.
Forty Years and More Trees: Land Cover Change and Coffee Production in Honduras
Authors: Bass J. O. Joby
Published: January 2007

Geographers interested in vegetation change increasingly focus on forest transitions. Several studies have documented an increase in forest cover in tropical America. This paper examines the nature of land cover change between 1954 and 1992 in a mountainous region of western Honduras. Analysis of aerial photographs indicates that tree cover increased by 17% around the town of Marcala. The accuracy of the aerial photograph analysis was assessed by field reconnaissance in 2004, which suggested that the increase in trees consisted largely of shade coffee fincas. More than 80% of the 46 field sites visited in this study experienced an increase in tree cover, which consisted of pine forest and several types of shaded tree canopies for the growth of coffee.
Exploring Inequalities in Health Care Coverage by Degree of Rurality in Western North Carolina
Authors: Gesler Wilbert M. , Sherman Jill E , Spencer John , Preisser John S , Arcury Thomas A , Perin Jamie
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine whether or not there is poorer geographic access to health care in more rural counties. Possible inequalities in health care access and utilization were examined for populations living in twelve counties in the mountain region of North Carolina with different degrees of rurality, defined by Beale Code groupings based on urban population size and adjacency to a metro area. Several measures of availability, geographic accessibility, and utilization of practitioners were employed in the study. Data were derived from the U.S. Census, public and proprietary physician databases, and a household survey of 1,059 households. Overall, with some small exceptions, there was little difference in access by degree of rurality at the Beale Code level of analysis. Some types of access were better for more rural populations and some were better for less rural populations. Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA) guidelines for population to primary care physician ratios, and Health and Services Administration (Bureau of Health Professions) guidelines for travel time and distances were met for the majority of the population. The related issues of how to measure rurality and appropriate geographic scales of analysis are discussed.
Land Use Change and Sinkhole Flooding in Cookeville, Tennessee
Authors: Hart Evan A
Published: January 2007

In karst regions, urban flooding is exacerbated by the presence of sinkholes that flood adjacent areas when surface runoff rates exceed sinkhole drainage rates. Repeated sinkhole flooding has occurred in Cookeville, Tennessee, causing damage to both residential and commercial areas of the city. This paper documents land use change in Cookeville between 1955 and 1997 and employs the TR-55 rainfall-runoff model to estimate the effect of these changes on sinkhole flooding. Between 1955 and 1997, the percentage of commercial land in Cookeville increased five-fold, while the percentage of residential land doubled. Over the same period land area in pasture decreased by onethird. Approximately two-thirds of the natural stream channels in the city were converted to concrete-lined channels beginning in the 1980s, further increasing runoff rates to sinkholes. In addition to increasing runoff, paving and filling of many sinkhole swallets in Cookeville has probably increased the flooding threat by decreasing sinkhole drainage rates. Results from the rainfallrunoff model suggest that urbanization has caused a tripling of flood magnitudes for some sinkhole watersheds. A 1998 storm caused floodwaters in one sinkhole to rise within 3 m of a drainage divide that separates the sinkhole from a major shopping center. Greater flood heights within this sinkhole are likely to occur in the future given that the 1998 event was estimated to be only a 1-hr, 10-yr storm, and because large amounts of debris that are regularly swept into the swallet threaten to reduce sinkhole drainage rates. Results from this study highlight the need for flood mitigation strategies that regulate urban development within sinkhole watersheds, as well as limit activities that interfere with the drainage function of sinkholes.
Student Politics, National Politics: Mexico’s National Student Union, 1926–1943
Authors: Espinosa David
Published: January 2007

In 1926 students enrolled in Mexico City’s exclusive Catholic preparatory schools faced a crisis that threatened to ruin their academic careers. They were in a serious quandary because officials at the government-supported National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) were placing what were viewed as unfair obstacles to their plans of matriculating into the university, thereby threatening the aspirations that these students and their parents had for their futures. Their predicament was directly related to the deteriorating political climate that would soon produce the religious civil war known as the Cristero Rebellion of 1926-1929. These students were being victimized by pro-government UNAM officials because of their Catholic Church affiliation; this at a time that the Church was locked in a bitter struggle with President Plutarco Elías Calles (1924-1928). The heart of the conflict was Calles’s steadfast determination to enforce the anticlerical provisions contained in the Constitution of 1917. This landmark document encapsulated many of the central demands of the men and women who, like President Calles, had fought in the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). Calles was a dedicated anticlerical who believed that the nation’s social, political, economic, and educational development required a dramatic reduction in the Roman Catholic Church’s influence within Mexican society.

By mid 1926 these affected students had organized themselves into a citywide student group, the Union of Private School Students, with the goal of defending themselves from what they perceived to be the arbitrary, ideologically driven actions of university officials. However, the evolution of this nascent student organization changed dramatically when its activities drew the attention and interest of the country’s most important Catholic official, the Archbishop of Mexico José Mora y del Río.
Monitoring People: Dynamics and Hazards of Record Management in France, 1935-1944
Authors: Heide Lars
Published: January 2007

Monitoring people by use of punched cards was a tool for governments to exploit the potentials of modern mass society, which they started to develop in the 1930s. In France, Rene Carmille promoted this possibility. He worked to mechanise the army's conscript and mobilisation administration, which was only implemented by the autocratic French regime after the country had been conquered by Germany in 1940. For this end a national register of people was established by use of punched cards. However, this register also improved the possibilities to control and locate individuals, for example Jews, which Carmille only gradually realised. This predicament added to Carmille's dilemma between his loyalty to the French government and his detestation of the German Nazis. After the German occupation of the last part of France in late 1942, he rebelled against the French collaborative regime, was arrested by the Germans and died in a concentration camp.
Sidney Pressey and the Automation of Education, 1924-1934
Authors: Petrina Stephen
Published: January 2007

Rather than dismiss the case of Sidney Pressey and the Automatic Teacher as just another failure in the history of educational technology and psychology, this article makes an argument for paying attention to the automation of the professions. Produced in the 1920s, the Automatic Teacher automated clerical and diagnostic skills and redefined productivity in terms of individualization. While standardizing education with teaching machines and tests, Pressey claimed to liberate teachers from burdens of drilling and testing and students from conformity in mass education. He nonetheless found out the hard way that his project of individualizing the masses was more easily automated than commercialized. The Welch Manufacturing Company produced 250 Automatic Teachers but shelved the project after selling only about 160.
Gaining Technical Know-How in an Unequal World: Penicillin Manufacture in Nehru's India
Authors: Tyabji Nasir
Published: January 2007

The paper examines the rationale behind the Government of India's decision to initiate the manufacture of penicillin through collaboration with specialized agencies of the United Nations. Initially the expectation had been that collaboration was essential with one of the prominent transnational companies which had proprietory knowledge in penicillin manufacture. This preference for aligning with a proven manufacturer rather than taking the more entrepreneurial route of depending on the United Nations was favoured by the Committee established to oversee the penicillin project which was chaired by a prominent industrialist. Prime Minister Nehru's intervention tilted the balance in favour of the United Nation's agencies. Nehru's choice in the matter was based on the advantages to India which would accrue from association with the United Nations, in addition to his reluctance to allow India to enter into a subordinate position through collaboration with a foreign manufacturer in as sensitive an area as pharmaceuticals.
War on Weeds: Iowa Farmers and Growth-Regulator Herbicides
Authors: Anderson J. L
Published: January 2007

After World War II farmers transformed the Iowa landscape by using newly developed growth regulator herbicides while simultaneously shaping the way herbicides were used. Herbicides met many farmers' goals, including cutting fuel and labor costs of cultivating while boosting yields by reducing weed competition for soil nutrients, light, and moisture. In the 1940s and 1950s, experts advised farmers to only use chemicals to supplement mechanical cultivation, but by the 1960s some farmers reduced or eliminated cultivation. Farmers also contended with unanticipated consequences of herbicide use. Some weeds were resistant to herbicide and proliferated as farmers reduced or eliminated species that were easier to control. Weed control became more expensive and complicated by 1972, with new varieties, combinations, additives, and government regulation. In spite of the expense of herbicides and some undesirable consequences, farmers continued to use them, accepting a new chemical paradigm and altering the Midwestern landscape.
The Longue Duree of Abbott Payson Usher
Authors: Molella Arthur P.
Published: January 2007

A History of Mechanical Inventions by the economic historian Abbott Payson Usher, first published in 1929, pioneered the modern study of the history of technology. Its meticulous attention to the details of technological evolution give it the appearance of a narrow "nuts-and-bolts" history, now long out of fashion. But, it actually took on the human and moral dimensions of technology in the broadest way. The book's introductory chapters lay out an ambitious agenda for history, embracing issues of novelty, technological determinism, and historical causation—issues that remain central to the field today. Usher's book was very much a product of the Machine Age and of the moral questions it raised about human freedom in the face of technology. Advocating human agency in history, Usher was driven by a "material sense of things" and by ideas from contemporary revolutions in relativity, quantum theory, and Gestalt psychology, theories asserting a new more intimate relationship between humans and the cosmos.
Roads without Rails: European Highway-Network Building and the Desire for Long-Range Motorized Mobility
Authors: Mom Gijs
Published: January 2007

Limited-access highways were introduced before the Second World War in some European countries, and after that war in many others around the world, including the United States. They were superimposed upon an already existing, hierarchical system of roads. This article analyses the emergence of the 'highway concept,' focusing on the special case of the Netherlands. It argues that in order to build such roads, power had to be shifted to the state; in addition, fantasies about their future long-range use for touristic purposes were instrumental. The realization of early automobile-only road networks was accompanied by the emergence of a 'railway metaphor,' which referred to the desire for central control of national and international road building agencies. On these roads, traffic flows resemble centrally controlled train behavior far more than motorists and historians alike have thus far realized.
Structure Ascendant
Authors: Moy Timothy
Published: January 2007

Though it clearly bears the marks of the early 1950s, Ideas and Weapons remains an important and useful classic in the literature on military innovation. I.B. Holley's analysis of the role of institutional structure in shaping the adoption of the aerial weapon during World War I continues to frame current understanding of the complex interaction between military doctrine, military institutions, and technological change. This Revisit examines the context and content of Holley's analysis, its scholarly reception, and its impact on current literature in the history military technology.
The Spectacle of the Scaffolding: Rape and the Violent Foundations of Medieval Theatre Studies
Authors: Enders Jody
Published: January 2007

This essay takes as its point of departure one of the earliest extant records of the French medieval stage which has nonetheless been effaced from most histories: the gang-rape of a woman in 1395 on the eve of some theatrical festivities. Arguing for a more complete context, Enders interrogates the numerous historiographical intersections of theatre, law, performativity, and intentionality as she revises certain politically correct pieties which tend to dismiss the very real dangers of theatre. In this case, those dangers speak to a troubling shared space of premeditation for theatre and rape, both of which follow analogous paths from imagination to enactment, virtuality to actuality.
Ong Keng Sen's Desdemona, Ugliness, and the Intercultural Performative
Authors: Lan Yong Li
Published: January 2007

The Singaporean director Ong Keng Sen's production of Desdemona (2000) brought several traditional and contemporary Asian performance forms, languages, and mediums together as a response to Shakespeare's Othello. This essay examines this production as an instance of how Asian intercultural Shakespeare performance exposes our investments in Shakespeare and/or Asia as its material, its attractions, and its meta-�ctions. It explores the performativity of failure in cultural exchange and connection in Desdemona, through its presentation of the inauthentic, of performance rituals, and of antitheses that construct Asia in opposition to notions of the beauty of Asian theatres.
"A Supplement to Public Laws": Arthur Murphy, David Garrick, and Hamlet, with Alterations
Authors: Schoch Richard W
Published: January 2007

The career of Arthur Murphy (1727-1805) bears exceptional witness not only to the precarious financial and legal condition of dramatic authors in Georgian England, but also—and more importantly—to the theatre's capacity to reconceive the author's position within the burgeoning culture of print. Murphy, who was both a playwright and a practicing barrister, spent his entire career trying to redefine the professional status of dramatic authors. He failed in the law; he succeeded in the drama. The unlikely vehicle for his success was Hamlet, with Alterations (1772)—a play neither published nor performed in its author's lifetime. The play, a parody of Garrick's radical adaptation of Hamlet, succeeded not in changing the law but in changing the discourse about the relationship between a dramatic author and the commodity of a dramatic text.
Rabbits, Machines, and the Ontology of Performance
Authors: Wolska Aleksandra
Published: January 2007

This essay argues for theatre as a mode of becoming rather than one of vanishing. By working through the temporal constructs that have traditionally fostered a sense of transience in performance, this essay attempts to establish appearance as a category of thought. It focuses on the praxis of performance, taking as its example a 2002 production in the Philadelphia Fringe Festival entitled machines machines machines machines machines machines machines and its subsequent unfolding in the everyday. Contrary to the dominant critical model of thought that casts theatre as inevitably and unstoppably moving towards its own end, absence, and death, this essay contends that performance is a force of animate presence, continuation, and becoming.
The Blackness of Blackness. .. Reading the Typography of Invisible Man
Authors: Brody Jennifer DeVere
Published: January 2007

This article reads the role of typography in Ralph Ellison's novel, Invisible Man, and implicitly calls for attention to "scripts" in theatre studies. More specifically, the essay argues that the ellipses in Invisible Man play a role in our understanding of "the blackness of blackness," which is a key motif in the novel and in black performance in general.
Composite Bodies of Dance: The Repertory of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
Authors: DeFrantz Thomas
Published: January 2007

The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater performs a diverse repertory of modern dance works. The demands of a diverse repertory are not invisible, however, and the Ailey company has struggled at times to satisfy the needs of varied choreographic grammars. This essay explores the challenges and implications of a varied repertory for American modern dance artists in terms of dance techniques, critical reception, casting, and the strategies of style as capable of producing recognizable black embodiment by the Ailey company from 1958 through 2005. I suggest that the diverse repertory amplifies African American strategies of versatility as survival, embeds "mastery of form" as a foundational ethic of dance training for its performers, and predicts a "deformation of mastery," through the assemblage of dance techniques by its company members, toward an ultimate valuation of performance style. Through its repertory, the Ailey company stages composite bodies that reveal aesthetic affinities and political connections among disparate dance techniques and histories, laying bare ever-expanding possibilities for concert dance to connect with its audiences.