bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redaction Criticism and the Early History of Taoism
Authors: Roth Harold D.
Published: August 2016

This study employs the critical methodology called “redaction criticism” originally developed in New Testament studies, for the analysis of the relationship between two important but overlooked sources of early Taoist thought: theKuan Tzuessays entitledNei-yehandHsin-shu, hsia. Although the relationship between these essays has long been the subject of controversy, the author concludes thatHsin-shu, hsia(written ca. 200 B.C.) is a deliberate abridgement, rearrangement, and restatement ofNei-yeh(written ca. 330 B.C.) that demonstrates a different ideological viewpoint.

WhereasNei-yehis a collection of twenty-two mostly rhymed stanzas devoted to the practice of guided breathing meditation, its cosmological significance and its physiological, psychological, and spiritual effects,Hsin-shu, hsiais a work of mixed prose and verse that is expressly concerned with the political benefits of such “inner cultivation” practices. In other words, it sees them as techniques for rulership.

This new ideological position is significant. Based upon previous research by the author and on the work of other scholars, the author hypothesizes that there were three distinct, but related, aspects of early Taoism: the Individualist, the Primitivist, and the Syncretist. According to this categorization,Nei-yehis an Individualist text andHsin-shu, hsiais Syncretist The deliberate rearrangement and emendation ofNei-yehby theHsin-shu, hsiaauthor argues for the position that Syncretist Taoism is a direct descendant of Individualist Taoism — perhaps even its lineal descendant.
Some Comments on Zhouyuan Oracle-Bone Inscriptions: A Response to Edward L. Shaughnessy
Authors: Yuzhou Fan
Published: August 2016

There is no doubt that the discovery of the Zhouyuan oracle-bone inscriptions Is one of the most important achievements in recent Chinese archaeological work. It not only enables oracle-bone inscription research to develop a new branch but it provides sources for studying the history and culture of the early Zhou, even before they conquered the Shang empire. Consequently, as soon as they were found, the Zhouyuan oracle-bone inscriptions came under observation by scholars at home and abroad. Present research, however, has not yet reached a mature stage. Different views exist on quite a few questions. It is obvious that more research and discussion about the Zhouyuan oracle-bone inscriptions is still necessary.
Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity
Authors: Pulleyblank Edwin G.
Published: August 2016

Abstracts

The rule of surname exogamy, which has been an important feature of Chinese social organization down to recent times, seems to have originated with the Zhou dynasty. Its importance is symbolized in the myth of Jiang Yuan姜媚 or 姜原, the mother of Hou Ji后稷, Lord Millet, the ancestor of the Zhou kings, whose surname was Ji姬. Contrary to a view that has become popular, it is argued that Ji and Jiang could not have been the names of two originally separate peoples with different geographical origins that came together and formed an intermarrying alliance but were the names of the two leading, intermarrying, clans of a single people. After the Zhou conquest of Shang, marriage politics, which required the rulers of originally non-Chinese states to have clan names of the same kind, played an important part in gradually incorporating such states into the Zhou, Hua-Xia華夏, polity. The fact that the surnames Ji and Jiang were also found among peoples known as Rong 戎 who were not recognized as Hua-Xia but were probably also Sino-Tibetan in language seems to be consistent with traditional accounts of Zhou's northwestern origins. The words Ji and Jiang are probably etymologically related and although yang羊 “sheep” plays a phonetic role in the graphs of both the surname Jiang and the ethnic name Qiang 羌, Jiang and Qiang are two separate words and need not have anything to do with one another.
The Jin Hou Su Bells Inscription and its Implications for the Chronology of Early China
Authors: Nivison David S. , Shaughnessy Edward L.
Published: August 2016

Since the Jin Hou Su chime-bells from the cemetery of the Jin lords at Tianma-Qucun, Shanxi, became known to the scholarly world, the problem of the dates contained in its inscription has attracted the attention of scholars both in and outside of China. In this article we discuss two aspects of this problem. First, while the “thirty-third year” date of the inscription must certainly refer to King Xuan's reign, which is to say 795 B.C., the four full date notations of the inscription are incompatible with this year, but are instead compatible with the following year, 794 B.C. This article suggests two ways to reconcile this discrepancy. Second, while there can be no doubt that Jin Hou Su is Jin Xian Hou, the “Jin shijia” chapter of the Shi ji gives his dates of reign as 822 to 812 B.C., which is in turn incompatible with either 795 or 794 B.C. However, in the Shi ji's genealogy of Jin lords, the son of Xian Hou is Mu Hou and the grandson of Mu Hou is Zhao Hou, which contradicts the zhao-mu structure of the Zhou ancestral system. Therefore, we propose that the Shiji has reversed the order of Xian Hou and Mu Hou, such that Xian Hou's reign actually extended from King Xuan's thirty-third year through his forty-third year (795-785 B.C.). Not only does this simple change in the genealogy of the Jin lords resolve the problem of the dates in the Jin Hou Su bells inscription, but it also serves to explain an entire array of problems in the chronology of early China.
State Control of Bureaucrats under the Qin: Techniques and Procedures
Authors: Yates Robin D.S.
Published: August 2016

This essay studies seven aspects of administration in the Qin state and empire in the light of the texts found at Shuihudi written on bamboo strips: rules for appointment of officials; age and other limitations; length of tenure in office; guarantees of performance; reports; methods of checking an official's performance; and salaries. The evidence is compared with that drawn from traditionally transmitted historical and philosophical texts. In addition, these administrative techniques are situated within the metaphysical and cosmological framework that guided actual Qin bureaucratic practice.
Basic Considerations on the Commentaries of the Silk Manuscript Book of Changes
Authors: Xueqin Li
Published: August 2016

The silk manuscript texts of the Yijing and Comtnentatires — “Xici” “Yi-zhiyi,” “Yao,” and “Ersanzi Wen” — though excavated more than twenty years ago were published, albeit incompletely, for the first time in 1993. The physical state and the organization of these versions of the classic and commentaries were described by Edward Shaughnessy in Early China 19 (“A First Reading of the Mawangdui Yijing Manuscript”), and it is my intention in this article to begin to explore in some depth the differences between the silk manuscript Commentaries and the received text of the Xici to determine what they tell us about our understanding of the Zhou yi tradition. Even with our partial scholarly understanding of these texts it is possible to venture some preliminary judgments on the structure of the Commentaries, on the differing content of the silk manuscript version, on the enigma of the recurring phase “Zi yue” and on the date of its composition. Three main differences can be identified: discrepancies in characters, in sentences, and in chapter sequence. Nevertheless, the structure of the silk manuscript Xici and that of the received Commentaries are largely in agreement and what differences are in evidence, such as the scattering of certain parts of the received Xici in the heretofore unknown Yizhi Yi and Yao commentaries, may be explained by Qin discrimination against ru tradition following the conquest of Chu in 278 B.C. One of the principal discoveries resulting from comparison of the excavated and received texts is the presence of numerous loan graphs in the silk manuscript text, and it is through a better understanding of the function of such loans that a satisfactory explanation of the age-old enigma of “Zi yue” that occurs frequently and in the same places in both texts may be obtained.
Chinese Neolithic Burial Patterns: Problems of Method and Interpretation
Authors: Pearson Richard
Published: August 2016

This paper reviews the interpretation of Chinese Neolithic burials by Chinese archaeologists, comparing their approaches to those of some processual and symbolic archaeologists of the West and also of western Marxist anthropologists. Descriptions of recent Chinese burial practices provide ethnoarchaeological comparison. The author concludes that there may have been a shift from “matrilineal” to “patrilineal” organization, but that this shift cannot be documented from archaeological data alone. Exploration of the spatial and symbolic aspects of the burials is advocated. The paper concludes with a pilot project devoted to the statistical discovery of sets of ceramic vessels used in rituals ancestral to those of the Bronze Age.
The Shang State as Seen in the Oracle-Bone Inscriptions
Authors: Keightley David N.
Published: August 2016

This paper was first prepared as a documentary appendix to “The Late Shang State: When, Where, and What?” (to be published in the conference volume,The Origins of Chinese Civilization), which, by analyzing a series of thirty-nine “state criteria” under the general headings of Sovereignty, Territoriality, Religion and Kinship, Alliance and Warfare, and Exchange, attempted to classify the state in developmental terms. The present paper presents the documentary evidence in more detail by translating and discussing characteristic Inscriptions (generally from period I, the reign of Wu Ting) within each of the thirty-nine criteria. In so far as possible, the discussion focuses on the case of the Chou as a Shang state member. The evidence is particularly valuable because of the insights it gives Into the daily activities of the Shang theocrat.
The Steppe Connection
Authors: Bunker Emma C.
Published: August 2016

The old accepted theories concerning the direction of cultural influence between China and the Eurasian steppes during the Eastern Zhou period need to be reassessed in the light of recent archaeological discoveries. The pictorial scenes on the “Hunting Hu,” the trend toward naturalism, the long sword and scabbard slide, all credited at one time or another to northern barbarian influence, can now be shown to reflect Chinese innovations instead. A Shang priority can be recognized for the coiled feline, which was to become a leitmotif of the steppe “Animal Style” world. In the future, extreme caution is suggested when attempting to identify the ultimate cultural source for any unusual steppe or Chinese feature that seems exotic.
The Chinese Particle

Tzeng
Authors: Graham A. C.
Published: August 2016

It is well known that the character represents two different particles in classical Chinese. Of these the temporal particle tserng, which refers an event to the indefinite past in the same manner as does charng, hardly appears in the extant literature until late in the third century B.C. According to a note on this word by Inoue Juro , there is only one example in pre-Chyn literature, in the phrase (“There has never been…,”) at the beginning of the first chapter of Mohtzyy. This chapter is among the latest parts of the book, and not necessarily earlier than the third century B.C. The first securely dated example is in the Leushyh chuenchiou, begun under the direction of Leu Buhwei (died 235 B.C.) and completed soon after the victory of the Chyn dynasty in 221 B.C.
The Two Editions of the

Qian-Bian
Authors: Lefeuvre Jean A.
Published: August 2016

One of the most important reference works for the scholar who studies the Shang dynasty oracle bone inscriptions is the Yin-xu shu-qi qian-bian of Luo Zhen-yu . This collection of rubbings was published in two editions -- one dated 1913 and a revised version which appeared in 1932. Because most scholars do not have access to either of the two original editions but rather to subsequent reprints which do not provide clear publication information, it is not immediately apparent which of the two editions one is using. This can of course lead to needless confusion. To help avoid this I have gathered information on the two editions which should aid scholars in identifying which edition of the work they have before them.
The Question of Interpretation: Qin History in Light of New Epigraphic Sources
Authors: Pines Yuri
Published: August 2016

Recently discovered epigraphic sources of Qin's history often seem to contradict the conventional wisdom regarding the history of this state. Thus, the recently published inscription on the jade tablets records a prayer to Mountain Hua by one of the last Qin kings, in which the latter surprisingly laments the demise of the Zhou house–an action for which traditionally Qin was blamed. On the other hand, some of the Shuihudi Qin statutes contain equally surprising statements according to which the Qin populace on the eve of the imperial unification was clearly differentiated from the members of the Xia ethno-cultural community. In both cases the apparent contradiction between the new evidence and the conventional interpretation of the received texts caused most of the scholars to neglect the confusing evidence altogether or to reinterpret it in accord with the traditional views.

In my paper, I suggest that the new evidence can be reconciled with the received texts, if due attention is paid to the complexity of cultural and political dynamics in the state of Qin prior to the imperial unification of 221 B.C.E. During the last two centuries of the Warring States period Qin appears to be engulfed in two contradictory processes of estrangement from and re-integration with the “Central States.” On the one hand, radical reforms of the mid-fourth century B.C.E. brought about not only sociopolitical but also cultural changes, creating the cultural gap between Qin and the rest of the Zhou world. Concomitantly, endless military conflicts between Qin and its neighbors further strengthened the cohesiveness of Qin's populace, increasing furthermore the sense of antagonism between the people of Qin, particularly among the lower strata, and the dwellers of eastern states. On the other hand, however, Qin's eventual separation from the rest of the Zhou world was counterbalanced by the equally powerful integrative factors. The influx of eastern advisors perpetuated cultural ties between Qin and its neighbors, while the desire of Qin rulers to facilitate incorporation of the eastern territories into their expanding realm dictated a more flexible policy of building rather than destroying political and cultural bridges with the Zhou world. Understanding this ongoing tension between conflicting integrative and centrifugal tendencies allows us to build a new interpretative framework for the Qin history, fully incorporating the received and the unearthed texts.
“New” Evidence on the Zhou Conquest
Authors: Shaughnessy Edward L.
Published: August 2016

The inscription on the Li gui, a vessel unearthed in 1976 in Qishan county of Shaanxi province, by substantiating certain key assertions of traditional Chinese historiography, has once again focused attention on King Wu’s conquest of the Shang and his consequent establishment of the Zhou dynasty. It is the expectation, and ever increasing reality, of discovering ancient records, usually in the form of bone or bronze inscriptions, that makes the study of early China so vibrant and open to new interpretations.
The Religious Dimension of the Education Reform Act 1988
Authors: Harte J. D. C.
Published: August 2016

“I believe that in the years to come it will be the best thing this government has done and one of the best things any government has done in this century.”
Archdeacon of Cheltenham v BlandA Sledgehammer to crack a nut
Authors: Pix Stephen
Published: August 2016

Before its enactment, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963 experienced a stormy passage during the debates in Church Assembly, being roundly attacked as unnecessarily complex and unwieldy by Garth Moore, who represented the University of Cambridge and was at that time Chancellor of the Dioceses of Durham, Gloucester and Southwark. In view of this, it is ironic that the first case under the disciplinary sections of that Measure should have occurred in the Diocese of Gloucester and should have been heard at first instance by Moore, sitting with four assessors, in July 1969.
Recent Legislative Developments
Authors: Hanson B. J. T.
Published: August 2016

At the February 1990 Group of Sessions of the General Synod Amending Canon No. 14 was promulged. This Canon is part of the package of amending rules which have modified the Election Rules of the three Houses of the General Synod in preparation for the elections to take place in July to October this year.
Vestiges of Establishment
Authors: Watkin Thomas Glyn
Published: August 2016

A distinction which has been much discussed by those concerned with the laws governing churches, especially perhaps the Church of England and to a lesser extent the Church in Wales, is that between canon law and ecclesiastical law. At times, the terms appear to be used synonymously, whilst at others, there is a clear distinction. It is submitted that both views can be correct. However, they are correct only while certain conditions prevail.
Towards 2000: Church and State Relations
Authors: Say David
Published: August 2016

Mr Chairman, Vicar General, Worshipful Chancellors, ladies and gentlemen. This is the second time that I have been privileged to address this Society. Three years ago I spoke after a good dinner at Corpus Christi, Cambridge, when members' critical faculties had undoubtedly been dimmed by the College claret! It is quite a different thing to speak to you today on a dull Saturday in the solemn environs of Westminster Cathedral, especially as in 1987 I spoke as a diocesan bishop and today I speak as one of those living in what is euphemistically called “retirement”. It is a demanding way of life in which one lacks the resources and the defences long taken for granted, and of course, it is subject to the changes and chances of British Rail for which I profoundly apologise. I had an unscheduled bus journey of an hour and three quarters round the villages of my former diocese this morning.
Omnis Gallia … or, the Roles of the Archdeacon
Authors: Jones T. Hughie
Published: August 2016

A recent biography of Enoch Powell quotes him as using an interesting metaphor to illustrate the way in which the House of Commons can control the Treasury:

Many churches contain an old chest with three locks. The keys to those locks were held by the parson and the two churchwardens, and they were all different. Only, therefore, by the co-operation of all three could anything be extracted from the parish chest.
Famous English Canon Lawyers: IV William Lyndwood, LL.D. († 1446)
Authors: Baker J. H.
Published: August 2016

The best known of all medieval English canonists is William Lyndwood, compiler of the Provinciale. His name derives from what is now Linwood, in Lincolnshire, where his father John (d. 1419) was a woolman, and where (according to his will) he was born. William was sent to Cambridge, where he studied at Gonville Hall and is said to have become a fellow of Pembroke Hall. In the old library of Gonville and Caius College there was an inscription in the window requesting prayers for Lyndwood as ‘hujus collegii quondam commensalis’. His lectures have not survived, and the exact dates of his university residence are not known; but he was certainly a doctor of both laws by 1407, when he was ordained priest. By that time he already held a number of benefices – the earliest we know of was the wardenship of a hospital in 1396 – and he was to collect many more in the course of his career. These were not actual occupations, but sources of income intended to maintain a lawyer destined for high office.
Blasphemy and other Expressions of Offensive Opinion
Authors: Elliott D. W.
Published: August 2016

The law of blasphemy is presently in a state of transition in this country. After a long period of desuetude, the offence was suddenly revived in 1979 by the case ofWhitehouse v Lemon. Six years later, in 1985, the Law Commission recommended its total abolition without any replacement. No legislation to effect that abolition has appeared, and given the controversy which that appearance would undoubtedly cause, it is unlikely that anything will happen in the immediate future. Nevertheless the situation contains an imbalance which suggests that it will not continue indefinitely. The interval before the inevitable next step provides an opportunity to ponder what that next step ought to be.
Synodical Government in the Scottish Episcopal Church
Authors: Guild Ivor
Published: August 2016

‘In Scotland the Church is fortunately in a position of practical independence of the State. Whatever difficulties and hindrances affect the Church in Scotland, and they are many, are more than balanced by the non-interference of the temporal power.’ So wrote Canon Lempriére in 1903, and so it remains. As a result it has adapted to changing circumstances more easily than a body established by law.
The Training of Archdeacons
Authors: Buckingham Hugh
Published: August 2016

A few months ago there was a national conference for all the archdeacons of the Church of England. We number just over a hundred and of these eighty were present. On the following weekend The Church Times had a cartoon on its front page showing two anxious clergy, one saying to the other, ‘What bothers me is what the other twenty-two were doing!’ Such is the reputation of archdeacons, who bear something of the character of that God whom the small boy once famously described as the Person who goes around seeing what you are up to and then telling you to stop.
The Exclusion of the Clergy from Criminal Trial Juries: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary
Published: August 2016

Schedule 1 to the Juries Act 1974 provides that ‘[a] man in holy orders; a regular minister of any religious denomination [and] [a] vowed member of any religious order living in a monastery, convent or other religious community’ is ineligible to serve on a criminal (and also a civil) jury. This has been the law since 1972. For the remainder of this century members of the clergy have been eligible, but not compellable, jurors. In practice they did not serve. The change effected in 1972 is a reversion to the position which probably prevailed in the Middle Ages. Aside from the occasional official report, the liability of religious functionaries to serve on juries in criminal trials has been rarely written about. The last time it happened was in 1882. The object of this article is to fill the lacuna by tracing the history of the clergy's ineligibility for jury service in criminal trials and the reasons for it.
International Conference on the Unification of Europe and the Relationship of Society, State and Church
Authors: Pearce Augur
Published: August 2016

Under the auspices of the Wolfsburg Catholic Academy, invited delegates from England and Wales, France, Germany, Poland, Hungary and Spain assembled in Canterbury for three days in September 2000 to consider the present state of the Church/nation relationship in their home jurisdictions and the possible implications of a variety of European developments.
Islam in the European Union
Authors: Hill Mark
Published: August 2016

The European Consortium for Church and State Research was established in 1989 and has its headquarters at the Istitutio di Diritto Internazionale of the University of Milan. Professor David McClean. who since its inception has occupied the place reserved for the United Kingdom, set out the background to the formation of the Consortium in his paper, European perspectives on Ecclesiastical Law and Religious Education (1990) 2 Ecc LJ 23–27. Since then the Consortium has met annually and considered a broad range of subjects concerning relations between states and relirious denominations in Europe from a historical, political and, particularly, juridical point of view. Its web page may be viewed at www.uni-trier.de/eurocon/. Professor Norman Doe was elected to the Consortium two years ago. having been involved in its affairs for some years. I was invited to attend the sessions in Reggio Calabria (1998), in Strasbourg (1999) and. most recently, in Vienna last November.
Religious Offences
Authors: Jeremy Anthony W
Published: August 2016

In the aftermath of the tragedies in the United States on 11 September 2001, the news media in the United Kingdom reported a great increase in crime and attacks on Muslims. A Director of the Central Mosque spoke publicly of the unprecedented backlash against the British Muslim community and whilst emphasising Islam to be a religion of peace and opposed to terrorism, urgently stressed the need for greater protection. The police chiefs were responsive. The government had to act.
Regulation within the Religious Society of Friends
Authors: Cranmer Frank
Published: August 2016

British Quakers are arguably the least dogmatic group in Christendom; indeed, Universalist Friends would not describe themselves as Christians at all. Possibly because of this relaxed attitude to doctrine, some Friends tend also to assume that they operate in a rule-free environment. When I told the clerk of our Preparative Meeting that I was working on an article on ‘Quaker canon law’ her immediate response was, ‘Oh, we don't have any ofthat’—which is probably why Anthony Bradney and Fiona Cownie gave their recent study of the Quaker business method the gently-ironic title,Living Without Law.
The Right to Marry in the Parish Church: A Rehabilitation of Argar v Holdsworth
Authors: Humphreys Jacqueline
Published: August 2016

The entitlement of all persons capable of validly contracting marriage to have such marriage solemnised in the church or chapel of the parish in which they live was, until recently, widely accepted and often repeated. Argar v Holdsworth is the case most often cited as evidencing the existence of this right. However, this received orthodoxy has recently been challenged from two sources. First, by Professor Norman Doe in The Legal Framework of the Church of England and secondly by the late the Reverend Michael G. Smith, in an article in this Journal. Both Doe and Smith throw doubt upon Argar v Holdsworth as providing any basis for proving the existence of such a right and Doe goes further in suggesting that the right to marry was abolished by the Marriage Act 1936 and has only survived since that date as a legal fiction. I seek to demonstrate that Smith's understanding of Argar v Holdsworth is seriously flawed and also that the criticisms levelled against this case as an authority both by Smith and by Doe cannot be upheld.
Beerheide v Suthers: A Case Study Concerning Religion in Prisons in the USA
Authors: Peterson Scot M
Published: August 2016

The penitentiary in the United States of America originated as a religious institution. Its roots lie in the belief that inmates could reform if they were given an opportunity to engage in reflection, prayer, Bible-reading and work, thus establishing a new personal foundation for functioning as productive members of the larger society. Not surprisingly, given American's predilection for maintaining a secular civil society, this original foundation for the prison eventually fell from favour, and American penological theories became more sociological or psychological in nature. The fact remains, however, that society in the United States is broadly religious, and prisons continue to address the religious beliefs of inmates and how to accommodate those beliefs in a penological setting. This comment provides a case study on this topic, based on littigation concerning the provision of kosher food to Orthodox inmates in the prisons in Colorado.
The General Synod of the Anglican Church of Australia
Authors: SC Garth Blake
Published: August 2016

The 13th General Synod of the Anglican Church of Australia was held in Fremantle, Western Australia between 2 and 8 October 2004.
Religious Orders and the Criminal Records Bureau
Authors: Costigane Helen
Published: August 2016

Recent scandals in the churches relating to the abuse of children and vulnerable adults have led to a desire to protect those to whom the churches minister by putting in place safeguards which screen out those not suitable to work in this capacity. For the Roman Catholic Church, the implementation of the Nolan Report has been a key part of this process, together with the setting up of the Catholic Office for the Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults(COPCA). The Conference of Religious (the representative body of priests, sisters and brothers who belong to religious orders) has also been involve in ongoing dialogue with diocesan bishops about how the recommendations of the Nolan Report might best be implemented At the same time, concerns have been raised about whether some of the measures being implemented compromise important principles of privacy and confidentiality. This discussion looks at this from the particular viewpoint of a nun1 who does not work with children or vulnerable adults, and explores whether she is required to undergo checks by the Criminal Records Bureau simply by virtue of being a nun.
Richard Hooker: The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity Revisited
Authors: Williams Rowan
Published: August 2016

Richard Hooker's book, The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, is much more than a museum piece or a dissertation on how to run churches. It is a classic of doctrinal reflection, and is topically relevant. His main opponents at the time belonged to the militant Puritan wing of the English Church, and in answering them Hooker provides a still-rich line of thought. Theologically speaking, the most basic sense of law, for Hooker, is God's acceptance of the logic of a limited creation. A crucial concept is ‘compatible variety’, and this should be kept in mind when reading Hooker on the laws of nature, the laws of society, and the law that regulates the Church. Also of importance is the distinction between the unchangeable basics, in Church or state, and those laws that contribute to the maintenance of this or that particular society or Christian community. For Hooker, the mistake of his Puritan opponents was to think that the Bible is an exhaustive source of laws of both kinds. The Bible is neither a complete nor an incomplete law book. Law, as the form of compatible variety, is also the form in which God's ‘abundance’ is to be perceived and experienced. Outside the abiding truths about the sort of life God's life is and the dignity given to creatures, human intelligence and ingenuity and prudence have a wide remit. According to Hooker, the most basic rebellion is to refuse the limits that make compatible variety possible. Law assumes, then, that we do not ‘begin socially as a set of unrelated atoms, whether individuals, classes, races or interest groups. Our basic position is one of potential agents in a negotiation through which we discover our welfare, and discover something we do not know at the start. Key theological notions are creation and the Body of Christ.
The Canon Law of the Church of England: Its Implications for Unity
Authors: Edwards Quentin
Published: August 2016

Among lawyers who profess to know their way about the labyrinth of the Church of England's legal foundations there is a debate whether there are two subjects or one – are ecclesiastical law and canon law the same? As some purists contend that canon law is more restricted in its scope I shall take, for convenience and perhaps accuracy, the description ecclesiastical law, which certainly comprehends, or should comprehend, canon law. The ecclesiastical law of the Church of England is derived from six sources (1) papal and domestic canon law, (2) ecclesiastical common law, (3) the relevant parts of the Corpus Juris Civilis, (4) parliamentary statutes, (5) Measures of the Church Assembly and the General Synod, (6) the Canons.
Where Now the Draft Care of Cathedrals Measure?
Authors: Bullimore J. W.
Published: August 2016

One of the main areas of concern highlighted in the Faculty Jurisdiction Commission Report (C.I.O. 1984) was the need for clear public accountability by the Church for changes and alterations to its buildings. Whereas parish churches are covered by the faculty jurisdiction, no comparable mandatory system exists for cathedrals. In order to remedy that the FJC proposed changes. Chapter 8 recommended that the Cathedrals Advisory Commission should be placed on a statutory basis and that proposals by cathedral chapters should be referred to the CAC where they involved “any significant work or works to preserve, alter or add to the building or its contents which would materially affect the architectural, artistic, historical or archaeological character of the Cathedral.”
Faith, Doctrine and Roman Catholic Canon Law
Authors: Ombres Robert
Published: August 2016

‘It is not at all easy (humanly speaking) to wind up an Englishman to a dogmatic level’.

This quotation is, of course, from Newman's Apologia, where many memorable things are said. Yet, even in England, it seems inescapable to treat of faith and doctrine if we are to consider Roman Catholic canon law. As Christian believers, consequently holding certain doctrines about Christ and his Church, we have a theology of canon law and a theology in canon law. We explore the theology of canon law whenever we consider why there is canon law at all in a Church founded on the unique saving grace of Jesus Christ, and we explore the theology in canon law whenever we consider how faith and doctrine show themselves in the making and application of canon law.
Differences in Characteristics of Asian American and White Problem Gamblers Calling a Gambling Helpline
Authors: Barry Declan T. , Steinberg Marvin A. , Wu Ran , Potenza Marc N.
Published: August 2016

Introduction: The characteristics of Asian American and white problem gamblers using a gambling helpline were examined to identify race-related differences.

Methods: Logistic regression analyses were conducted on data obtained from callers to a gambling helpline serving southern New England in 2000–2003, inclusive.

Results: Of the 144 phone calls used in the analyses, 72 were from Asian American callers and 72 were from white callers who were matched on gender, education, income, marital/cohabitation status, and age. Race-related differences were observed in forms of gambling problems, psychiatric problems secondary to gambling, substance use problems, and family history. Asian American gamblers were more likely to report suicide attempts related to gambling and problems with non-strategic gambling. White gamblers were more likely to report both casino and non-casino gambling problems and personal and familial alcohol use problems. High proportions of both groups reported problems with strategic gambling, gambling-related anxiety, family and financial problems secondary to gambling, financial debt, daily tobacco use, and a family history of problem gambling.

Conclusion: Race-related differences should be considered in optimizing prevention and treatment strategies related to problem gambling.
Is There a Distinct OCD Spectrum?
Authors: Hollander Eric , Benzaquen Stephanie D.
Published: August 2016

The obsessive-compulsive disorders spectrum concept has grown in recent years because of the common clinical features, such as obsessive thinking and compulsive rituals, biological markers, presumed etiology, and treatment response, that these disorders may share with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This concept has important implications in regard to diagnosis, nosology, neurobiology, and treatment of a wide group of diverse disorders affecting up to 10% of the population. New insights in central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms that drive the repetitive behaviors of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders have heightened interest in the spectrum in researchers, clinicians, and those involved in drug development.

An important approach in neuropsychiatry centers on employing a dimensional classification of psychopathology. Psychiatric phenomena often fall on a continuum. A dimensional approach allows for the classification of patients who fall at the border of classical entities or who are otherwise atypical. Diagnostic categories are considered along a spectrum if there is considerable overlap in symptoms and in etiology, as demonstrated by familial linkage biological markers, and pharmacological dissection. Categorical and dimensional approaches to the OCD spectrum could have significant implications for diagnosis, nosology, neurobiology, and treatment of a wide group of disorders affecting a sizable percentage of the population.

Recent interest has focused on spectrums in movement disorders, affective disorders, schizophrenia, epileptic and impulsive disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders (which we will examine here); in addition, there has been interest in the overlap between these spectrums. Viewing disorders in terms of overlapping spectrums provides researchers and clinicians a framework with which to better understand and treat these disorders.
Symptoms in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tourette Syndrome: A Spectrum?
Authors: Swerdlow Neal R. , Zinner Sam , Farber Robert H. , Seacrist Cassie , Hartston Heidi
Published: August 2016

There is clear overlap in the clinical symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS). As a result, OCD (with or without tics) and TS (with or without obsessive-compulsive symptoms [OCS]) have been conceptualized to form a disorder spectrum—an overlapping set of phenotypes reflecting presumed commonality at the level of the underlying genetics and neuropathology. We identified the characteristics of a research sample of patients with OCD or TS, based on information obtained in semistructured clinical interviews, to examine the similarities and differences in the clinical symptoms across this spectrum. This sample conformed to known age-of-onset and sex distribution patterns for OCD and TS. Previously reported patterns of predominant aggressive and sexual obsessions and touching compulsions were observed in subjects with tic-related OCD, compared with non—tic-related OCD (ie, OCD alone). The majority of patients with tic-related OCD experienced horrifically violent obsessions that were less common in OCD alone and much less common in TS. Nonetheless, symptomatic and functional impairment in TS subjects was clearly related to the intensity of their OCS. The specific obsessions and compulsions associated with clinical impairment in TS differed from those associated with impairment in OCD. These results suggest that, despite the many overlapping dimensions of these disorders, the symptoms and associated impairment in “pure” OCD, tic-related OCD, and TS do not form a simple continuous spectrum.
Oculomotor Delayed Response Abnormalities in Young Offspring and Siblings at Risk for Schizophrenia
Authors: Diwadkar Vaibhav A. , Sweeney John A. , Boarts Dawn , Montrose Debra M. , Keshavan Matcheri S.
Published: August 2016

Individuals with schizophrenia are known to demonstrate cognitive and behavioral difficulties, particularly alterations in executive functions, including working memory. It is unclear whether these deficits reflect trait-related vulnerability to schizophrenia indicators and can be assessed by studying nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. In this study, we used an oculomotor delayed response (ODR) paradigm to examine spatial working memory in 37 “high-risk” child and adolescent offspring and siblings (age range=6–25 years) of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Compared with 37 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (age range=6–23 years), high-risk subjects showed nonsignificantly greater errors in the ODR task at longer delay intervals. Statistical analyses suggested that performance improved with age in healthy control subjects, whereas it worsened with age in high-risk subjects. In both groups, the ODR errors were generally associated with poorer sustained attention (Continuous Performance Test: visuospatial d prime), some-what poorer executive function (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test), and elevated Heinrichs-Buchanan neurological soft signs scores. These findings indicate the presence of spatial working memory abnormalities in individuals at risk for schizophrenia. Furthermore, these abnormalities may be progressive in nature. The ODR task is a valuable indicator of prefrontal cortical function and spatial working memory and may be a potentially valuable marker for familial risk of schizophrenia.
Progress Toward Discovery of Susceptibility Genes for Bipolar Manic-Depressive Illness and Schizophrenia
Authors: Gershon Elliot S. , Badner Judith A.
Published: August 2016

The inconsistency in linkage results that has bedeviled psychiatric genetics has been observed to occur regularly in common diseases with complex inheritance. Nonetheless, in two such instances—noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—susceptibility genes have been discovered based on the follow-ups of linkage findings. In bipolar illness disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SZ), there are some linkage reports with replication of other studies similar to the situation in NIDDM and IBD before the successful positional cloning efforts. Two of the regions with linkage reports, BPD and SZ, on the long arms of chromosomes 13 and 22, show linkage to the same markers in both diseases. This lends some plausibility to the hypothesis of some shared genetic predispositions for both disorders. Cytogenetic evidence offers another positional approach to susceptibility genes. The velocardiofacial syndrome is associated with deletions very close to the linkage region on chromosome 22, and with psychiatric manifestations of both BPD and SZ. Endophenotypes ofSZ, previously demonstrated to be heritable, have been found to have chromosomal linkage in at least one study. These include eye-tracking abnormalities linked to 6p, and an abnormality of the P50 cortical evoked potential linked to chromosome 15. Variants in specific genes have been associated with susceptibility to the psychiatric illnesses. These genetic findings may contribute to etiologic subcategorization of BPD and SZ, and the development of new treatment approaches. A table of genetic terms is included for review.
Herb-Drug Interactions: Focus on Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Cott Jerry M.
Published: August 2016

Recent literature regarding drug-drug, herb-drug, and food-drug interactions must not be ignored; nor can they always be taken at face value. Studies have shown that St. John's wort (SJW)(Hypericum perforatum) can reduce plasma levels of indinavir, cyclosporin, digoxin, and possibly other drugs as well. Current knowledge regarding the metabolism of these medications suggests that the cytochrome P450 (CYP) drug metabolizing enzyme systems cannot account for all these effects. It has been reported that the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transmembrane pump is also induced by SJW. Medications that are substrates of both CYP 3A4 a Pgp are of particular concern and may pose special interaction risks when combined with certain foods or botanical products such as SJW.
Adverse-Effect Profile of Kava
Authors: Connor Kathryn M. , Davidson Jonathan R.T. , Churchill L. Erik
Published: August 2016

The use of alternative therapies has increased substantially over the last decade, particularly for more chronic conditions such as anxiety. Among the most widely used treatments are medicinal herbs, or phytomedicines, such as kava (Piper methysticum), which has demonstrated anxiolytic activity in both animal models and clinical samples. Kava has several advantages over conventional pharmacologic treatments for anxiety—in clinical settings it has been associated with better tolerability and lack of physiologic dependence and withdrawal. However, phytomedicines are not rigorously regulated in the United States and systematically collected safety data are very limited. These issues are a leading concern regarding the safety of medicinal herbs such as kava. In this report, the safety profile for kava is provided, including findings from a study of its use in generalized anxiety disorder. Safety parameters assessed include occurrence of adverse events, withdrawal symptoms, effect on heart rate, blood pressure, laboratory assessments, and sexual function. No differences were found between kava and placebo on any of the parameters evaluated. The data support the safety of kava in treating anxiety at 280 mg kava lactones/day for 4 weeks.
Protein Kinase A in Major Depression: The Link Between Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hyperactivity and Neurogenesis
Authors: Perera Tarique , Lisanby Sarah H. , Sackeim Harold A.
Published: August 2016

The latest and most generative biological theories of major depression center on two major hypotheses. The first focuses on the concept that hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leads to many of the pathological changes in the brain that accompany major depression. The second posits that neurogenesis leads to the repair of depression-related injuries. These two hypotheses are complementary: the former alludes to the etiology or consequences of depression, while the latter suggests mechanisms of antidepressant action. Significant crosstalk occurs between these two systems at many levels. Protein kinase A (PKA) may play an important role in this crosstalk at the intracellular level of signaling cascades. PKA is involved in the formation of long-term potentiation and fear conditioning in response to stress. Chronic stress leads to the suppression of hippocampal activity, which may cause the hyperactivity of the HPA axis during melancholic depression. PKA is also involved in the stimulation of hippocampal neurogenesis after antidepressant treatment. In theory, neurogenesis may lead to the restoration of hippocampal function, and this may be the mechanism that leads to antidepressant-mediated normalization of HPA hyperactivity. Thus, PKA is active during processes that potentially lead to depression and other processes that lead to the resolution of the illness. These opposing processes may be mediated by separate PKA isozymes that activate two distinct pathways. This review highlights the dual role of this enzyme in two biological hypotheses pertaining to depression and its treatment.
New Trends in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Brawman-Mintzer Olga , Yonkers Kimberly A.
Published: August 2016

Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the general population, found nearly twice as often in women, and estimated to affect 26.9 million individuals in the United States alone. Anxiety disorders are associated with considerable chronicity, morbidity, and disability. Treatment of anxiety disorders includes pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches. The first-line pharmacologic treatments currently include the use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. However, despite the general success of the available treatments, no single anxiolytic appears to be effective for all patients suffering from anxiety. Low recovery rates have been reported in all anxiety disorders, underscoring the need for optimizing treatment for these disabling disorders. In recent years, there is increasing interest in the use of atypical neuroleptics in the treatment of anxiety disorders patients. This article discusses the emerging data on the use of these agents in the treatment of anxiety with a focus on treatment-refractory patients and on the implications for the treatment of women suffering from anxiety disorders.