bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy and COVID‐19: pharmacologic considerations
Authors: D'Souza R. , Ashraf R. , Rowe H. , Zipursky J. , Clarfield L. , Maxwell C. , Arzola C. , Lapinsky S. , Paquette K. , Murthy S. , Cheng M. P. , Malhamé I.
Published: September 2020

In this review, we summarize evidence regarding the use of routine and investigational pharmacologic interventions for pregnant and lactating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Antenatal corticosteroids may be used routinely for fetal lung maturation between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation, but decisions in those with critical illness and those < 24 or > 34 weeks' gestation should be made on a case‐by‐case basis. Magnesium sulfate may be used for seizure prophylaxis and fetal neuroprotection, albeit cautiously in those with hypoxia and renal compromise. There are no contraindications to using low‐dose aspirin to prevent placenta‐mediated pregnancy complications when indicated. An algorithm for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant patients with COVID‐19 is presented, which considers disease severity, timing of delivery in relation to disease onset, inpatient vs outpatient status, underlying comorbidities and contraindications to the use of anticoagulation. Nitrous oxide may be administered for labor analgesia while using appropriate personal protective equipment. Intravenous remifentanil patient‐controlled analgesia should be used with caution in patients with respiratory depression. Liberal use of neuraxial labor analgesia may reduce the need for emergency general anesthesia which results in aerosolization. Short courses of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs can be administered for postpartum analgesia, but opioids should be used with caution due to the risk of respiratory depression. For mechanically ventilated pregnant patients, neuromuscular blockade should be used for the shortest duration possible and reversal agents should be available on hand if delivery is imminent. To date, dexamethasone is the only proven and recommended experimental treatment for pregnant patients with COVID‐19 who are mechanically ventilated or who require supplemental oxygen. Although hydroxycholoroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir and remdesivir may be used during pregnancy and lactation within the context of clinical trials, data from non‐pregnant populations have not shown benefit. The role of monoclonal antibodies (tocilizumab), immunomodulators (tacrolimus), interferon, inhaled nitric oxide and convalescent plasma in pregnancy and lactation needs further evaluation. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Progesterone for prevention of preterm birth in women with short cervical length: 2‐year infant outcomes
Authors: Cuijpers C. J. J. , Van't Hooft J. , Schneeberger C. , Van Der Lee J. H. , Simons N. E. , Van Os M. A. , Van Der Ven J. , De Groot C. J. M. , Mol B. W. J. , Van Wassenaer‐leemhuis A. G.
Published: September 2020

Objective

To evaluate the long‐term outcomes of children born to women with a short cervix and otherwise low risk for preterm birth, after antenatal exposure to vaginal progesterone vs placebo.

Methods

This was a follow‐up study of the Triple P trial, which randomized 80 low‐risk women with a short cervix (≤ 30 mm) at 18–22 weeks' gestation to progesterone (n = 41) or placebo (n = 39). At 2 years of corrected age, children were invited for a neurodevelopmental assessment, using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition (BSID‐III), and a neurological and physical examination by an assessor blinded to the allocated treatment. Parents filled out the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a general‐health questionnaire. The main outcome of interest was mean BSID‐III cognitive and motor scores. Additionally, a composite score of mortality and abnormal developmental outcome, including BSID‐III ≤–1 SD, CBCL score in the clinical range and/or parental reported physical problems (at least two operations or at least two hospital admissions in the previous 2 years), was evaluated. Our sample size, dictated by the original sample of the Triple P trial, provided 80% power to detect a mean difference (MD) of 15 points (1 SD) between groups for the BSID‐III tests.

Results

Of the 80 children born to the randomized women, one in the progesterone group and two in the placebo group died in the neonatal period. Follow‐up data were obtained for 59/77 (77%) children and BSID‐III outcomes in 57 children (n = 28 in the progesterone group and n = 29 in the placebo group) born at a median gestational age of 38 + 6 weeks (interquartile range (IQR), 37 + 3 to 40 + 1 weeks) with a median birth weight of 3240 g (IQR, 2785–3620 g). In the progesterone vs placebo groups, mean BSID‐III cognitive development scores were 101.6 vs 105.0 (MD, –3.4 (95% CI, –9.3 to 2.6); P = 0.29) while mean motor scores were 102.4 vs 107.3 (MD, –4.9 (95% CI, –11.2 to 1.4); P = 0.13). No differences were seen between the two groups in physical (including genital and neurological examination), behavioral and health‐related outcomes.

Conclusion

In this sample of children born to low‐risk women with a short cervix at screening, no relevant differences in neurodevelopmental, behavioral, health‐related and physical outcomes were found between offspring exposed to vaginal progesterone and those exposed to placebo. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Association between 3D endovaginal and 2D perineal pelvic floor ultrasound findings and symptoms in women presenting with mid‐urethral sling complications
Authors: Taithongchai A. , Pandeva I. , Sultan A. H. , Thakar R.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To present the characteristics of women attending a tertiary urogynecology pelvic floor scan clinic with mid‐urethral sling (MUS) complications and examine the association between patient symptoms and findings on two‐dimensional (2D) perineal and three‐dimensional (3D) endovaginal ultrasound.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study of all women with MUS complications referred to a specialist pelvic floor ultrasound clinic between October 2016 and October 2018. Detailed history was obtained regarding their symptoms and time of onset. All patients underwent 2D perineal and 3D endovaginal ultrasound assessment. The association between patient symptoms and ultrasound findings was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Only symptomatic women with a single MUS, without other pelvic floor mesh, prior mesh excision or bulking agents, were included in the regression analysis.

Results

A total of 311 women with a history of MUS surgery were seen during the study period. Vaginal and/or non‐vaginal pain was reported by 80% of patients and this was the primary presenting complaint in 59% of the patients. One‐third of the patients reported symptoms starting within 4 weeks after surgery. The data of 172 patients were included in the regression analysis. MUS position within the rhabdosphincter was significantly associated with voiding dysfunction (odds ratio (OR), 10.6 (95% CI, 2.2–50.9); P = 0.003). Voiding dysfunction was highest in those with C‐shaped MUS both at rest and on Valsalva maneuver (OR, 3.2 (95% CI, 1.3–7.6); P < 0.001). MUS position in the distal third of the urethra was significantly associated with a higher rate of recurrent urinary tract infection (OR, 2.9 (95% CI, 1.3–6.3); P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Pelvic floor ultrasound can provide insight into the position and shape of the MUS, which could explain some patient symptoms and guide management or surgical planning. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Indigenous microbial communities in Albertan sediments are capable of anaerobic benzene biodegradation under methanogenic, sulfate‐reducing, nitrate‐reducing, and iron‐reducing redox conditions
Authors: Lee Korris , Ulrich Ania
Published: September 2020

Alberta is a major center for oil and gas production, and correspondingly harbors hundreds of unresolved contamination sites by environmental hazards such as benzene (C6H6). Due to its cost‐effectiveness, bioremediation has become a promising strategy for C6H6 removal. Contamination sites typically take on an anaerobic context, which complicates the energetics of contamination sites and is a subject that is scarcely broached in studies of Albertan sediments. This study examines the innate potential for indigenous microbial communities in Albertan sediments to remove C6H6 in a multitude of reduced conditions. Community profiles of these sediments were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and removal rates and reaction stoichiometries were observed by gas chromatography and ion chromatography. Organisms belonging to known primary degrader taxa were identified, including Geobacter (iron‐reducing), and Peptococcaceae (nitrate‐reducing). Furthermore, benzene removal patterns of the cultures were similar to those observed in previously reported microcosms, with lag times between 70 and 168 days and removal rates between 3.27 and 12.70 µM/day. Such information could support a more comprehensive survey of Albertan sediment consortia, which may eventually be utilized in informing future remediation efforts in the province.

Practitioner points

Clay and sand sediments originating from Northern Alberta could remove benzene under methanogenic, sulfate‐reducing, iron‐reducing, and nitrate‐reducing conditions.

Degradation profiles were broadly comparable to those of reported cultures from other geographical locales.

Key degrader taxa observed included Geobacter (Fe3+‐reducing) and Peptococcaceae (‐reducing).

Knowledge gained can be the start of a more extensive survey of Albertan sediments. Eventually, this collection of information can be used to generate robust C6H6‐degrading cultures that can be implemented for bioaugmentation and be implemented in informing remediation strategies in soil and water matrices for priority contamination cases such as leaking underground storage tanks and orphan wells.
Data intrinsic correction for working distance variations in MA‐XRF of historical paintings based on the Ar signal
Authors: Alfeld Matthias , Gonzalez Victor , van Loon Annelies
Published: September 2020

The nonplanar shape of a painting as well as practical constraints often result in the painting's surface not being parallel to the plane in that the measurement head of a MA‐XRF scanner is being moved. Changing the working distance affects the measurement geometry, so that the sensitivity for the same element may vary throughout the investigated area and induce visible artifacts. These artifacts are especially visible when different scans of the same painting are stitched together. In this article, we present an approach to correct for the variation of the measurement distance. We explored using an intrinsic part of the XRF data set, the Ar signal from the air, to estimate the distance between surface and instrument. The model is developed based on fundamental parameter calculations and a measurement of a NIST 610 standard and is verified on a set of scans of Rembrandt's ‘Portrait of Oopjen Coppit (1611–1689)’.
On Sugawara construction on celestial sphere
Authors: Fan Wei , Fotopoulos Angelos , Stieberger Stephan , Taylor Tomasz R.
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Conformally soft gluons are conserved currents of the Celestial Conformal Field Theory (CCFT) and generate a Kac-Moody algebra. We study celestial amplitudes of Yang-Mills theory, which are Mellin transforms of gluon amplitudes and take the double soft limit of a pair of gluons. In this manner we construct the Sugawara energy-momentum tensor of the CCFT. We verify that conformally soft gauge bosons are Virasoro primaries of the CCFT under the Sugawara energy-momentum tensor. The Sugawara tensor though does not generate the correct conformal transformations for hard states. In Einstein-Yang- Mills theory, we consider an alternative construction of the energy-momentum tensor, similar to the double copy construction which relates gauge theory amplitudes with gravity ones. This energy momentum tensor has the correct properties to generate conformal transformations for both soft and hard states. We extend this construction to supertranslations.
Chern-Simons invariants and heterotic superpotentials
Authors: Anderson Lara B. , Gray James , Lukas Andre , Wang Juntao
Published: September 2020

Abstract

The superpotential in four-dimensional heterotic effective theories contains terms arising from holomorphic Chern-Simons invariants associated to the gauge and tangent bundles of the compactification geometry. These effects are crucial for a number of key features of the theory, including vacuum stability and moduli stabilization. Despite their importance, few tools exist in the literature to compute such effects in a given heterotic vacuum. In this work we present new techniques to explicitly determine holomorphic Chern-Simons invariants in heterotic string compactifications. The key technical ingredient in our computations are real bundle morphisms between the gauge and tangent bundles. We find that there are large classes of examples, beyond the standard embedding, where the Chern-Simons superpotential vanishes. We also provide explicit examples for non-flat bundles where it is non-vanishing and non-integer quantized, generalizing previous results for Wilson lines.
Intestinal Nematode Infection Affects Metastasis of EL4 Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Donskow-Łysoniewska Katarzyna , Krawczak Katarzyna , Machcińska Maja , Brodaczewska Klaudia
Published: September 2020

An effective host immune system prevents the growth of most cancer cells. However, as intestinal nematodes are able to induce both immunotolerance and immunosuppression in the host, it is possible that their presence could allow co-occurring cancer cells to proliferate and metastasize. Our findings indicate that previous, subsequent or concurrent intestinal nematode infection affects the formation of lung metastatic nodules in mice experimentally infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus. In addition, pre-infection with nematodes renders mice resistant to metastasis development in lungs, with the inoculated EL4 cancer cells being located mainly in mesenteric lymph nodes. The present paper discusses the nematode-induced mechanisms which may influence the metastatic process.
Fractures of the acetabulum: from yesterday to tomorrow
Authors: Cimerman Matej , Kristan Anže , Jug Marko , Tomaževič Matevž
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The aim of this article is to present history, state of the art, and future trends in the treatment of acetabular fractures.

Methods

Review of recent and historical literature.

Results

Acetabular fractures are difficult to treat. The first descriptions of this injury already appeared in ancient Greek history, but intensive development started in the second half of the twentieth century after Judet and Letournel’s seminal work. Their classification is still the gold standard today. It is actually a pre-operative planning system and is used to determine the most appropriate surgical approach. The therapy of choice for dislocated fractures is open reduction and internal fixation. Recent modern techniques based on high-tech computerized planning systems and 3D printing have been successfully integrated into orthopaedic trauma practice.

Conclusion

There is no ideal surgical approach for acetabulum fracture treatment, so new approaches have been developed in recent decades. The best outcome series have shown good or excellent results, between 70 and 80%.
Correction to: Recent advances in our understanding of the organization of dorsal horn neuron populations and their contribution to cutaneous mechanical allodynia
Authors: Peirs Cedric , Dallel Radhouane , Todd Andrew J.
Published: September 2020

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake.
The Intricate Determination of Magnetic Anisotropy in Quasi-octahedral Vanadium(III): An HF-EPR and Magnetic Study
Authors: Westrup Kátia Cristina Molgero , Santana Francielli Sousa , Hughes David Lewis , Nunes Giovana Gioppo , Soares Jaísa Fernandes , Barra Anne-Laure , Sessoli Roberta , Sorace Lorenzo
Published: September 2020

We report here the synthesis and a preliminary characterization of the tetranuclear complex of formula [Ga3V(LEt)2(dpm)6],Ga3VEt, in whichH3LEt = 2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-propane-1,3-diol and Hdpm = dipivaloylmethane,containing a single paramagnetic vanadium(III) center, from a structural, magnetic, and spectroscopic point of view. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction evidenced that this derivative is isostructural with the star-shaped Single-Molecule Magnet [Fe3V(LEt)2(dpm)6],Fe3VEt, and can, thus, be considered a model to analyze the magnetic anisotropy of the vanadium(III) ion in that system. The observed results confirm the complexity in obtaining a rationalization of the magnetic behavior of this metal ion, with magnetization data and High Field Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (HF-EPR) spectroscopy providing apparently conflicting results. Indeed, the former were rationalized assuming a rhombic distortion of the ligand field and a dominant easy-axis type anisotropy (equivalent toD≈ −14.1 cm−1,E≈ 1.2 cm−1), while a simple axial Spin Hamiltonian approach could explain HF-EPR data (|D| ≈ 6.98 cm−1).
Understanding National Preferences in EU Consumer Policy: A Regime Approach
Authors: Austgulen M. H.
Published: September 2020

EU consumer policy is a policy area that is receiving increased attention and is considered important for the proper functioning of the internal market. Yet, as with many other supranational policy areas, conflicting positions of the Member States have led to many compromises and rejections of EU-initiated proposals. By building on regime theory and previous research identifying consumer policy regimes, the aim with this article is to investigate potential patterns in countries’ preferences in EU consumer policy. With this, the article seeks both to contribute to the theoretical understanding of factors influencing Member States’ positions to EU consumer policy and to the debate on how future EU consumer policies should be designed and put into power. Differences in country and regime preferences are analysed using data collected through an open public consultation as part of the European Commission’s Fitness Check of European consumer and marketing law in 2016 and through interviews with key stakeholders in 2018. The results show that there are substantial differences between the regimes and that the level of harmonization of consumer and marketing law seems to be the most contested issue. Furthermore, the article points to several potential reasons for these differences between countries and regimes and recommends that future studies should be undertaken to generate deeper knowledge about the effects of these explanatory factors.
Scientific Realism Without Reality? What Happens When Metaphysics is Left Out
Authors: Corti Alberto
Published: September 2020

Scientific realism is usually presented as if metaphysical realism (i.e. the thesis that there is a structured mind-independent external world) were one of its essential parts. This paper aims to examine how weak the metaphysical commitments endorsed by scientific realists could be. I will argue that scientific realism could be stated without accepting any form of metaphysical realism. Such a conclusion does not go as far as to try to combine scientific realism with metaphysical antirealism. Instead, it amounts to the combination of the former with a weaker view, called quietism, which is agnostic on the existence of mind-independent structures. In Sect. 2, I will argue that the minimal claim that brings together every scientific realist view is devoid of any metaphysical commitment. In Sect. 3, I will define metaphysical realism and antirealism. Such work will be instrumental in providing a more precise statement of quietism. Finally (Sect. 4), I will argue that assuming quietism, it is still possible to make sense of the debate between scientific realists and antirealists.
Identifying patients with metformin associated lactic acidosis in the emergency department
Authors: van Berlo-van de Laar I. R. F. , Gedik A. , van ‘t Riet E. , de Meijer A. , Taxis K. , Jansman F. G. A.
Published: September 2020

Background Metformin associated lactic acidosis (MALA) is a serious adverse event with a high mortality rate of 30–50%. Early recognition of MALA and timely starting treatment may reduce its morbidity and mortality. Objective The aim of this study was to explore clinical parameters to identify patients with MALA in patients with suspected sepsis induced lactic acidosis in the emergency department ED. Setting A retrospective single centre study was conducted at the Deventer Teaching Hospital in the Netherlands. Method Patients with lactate concentration > 4.0 mmol/l admitted at the ED between 2010 and 2017 with suspected sepsis or confirmed MALA and referred to the Intensive Care Unit were included. Baseline characteristics (pH, lactate, creatinine and CRP) of MALA patients were compared with patients with suspected sepsis induced lactic acidosis. Creatinine and lactate concentration were selected as potential relevant parameters. Main outcome measure Sensitivity and specificity of the highest tertiles of the creatinine and the lactate concentrations separately, in combination, and both combined with metformin use, were calculated. Results Thirteen MALA and 90 suspected sepsis induced lactic acidosis patients were included. Lactate (14.7 vs 5.9 mmol/l, p < 0.01) and creatinine concentration (642 vs 174 μmol/l, p < 0.01) were significantly higher in the MALA group and arterial pH (7.04 vs 7.38, p < 0.01) and CRP (90 vs 185 mg/l, p < 0.01) were significantly lower. The combined parameters lactate ≥ 8.4 mmol/l, creatinine ≥ 256 μmol/l had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 95% for identifying MALA in suspected sepsis induced lactic acidosis patients in the ED. When combined with metformin use the specificity increased to 99%. Conclusion When managing lactic acidosis in the ED the diagnosis MALA should be considered in patients with a creatinine concentration ≥ 256 μmol/l and lactate concentration ≥ 8.4 mmol/l.
Isolation and ex vivo cultivation of single myofibers from porcine muscle
Authors: Stange Katja , Ahrens Hellen Elisa , von Maltzahn Julia , Röntgen Monika
Published: September 2020

The isolation and cultivation of intact, single myofibers presents a superior approach for studying myogenic cells in their native position. The cells’ characteristics remain more similar to muscle tissue than in cell culture. Nevertheless, no routinely used method in higher vertebrates exists. Therefore, we aimed at establishing the isolation and cultivation of single myofibers from porcine muscle. For the first time, we implemented the isolation of intact myofibers from porcine fibularis tertius muscle by enzymatic digestion and their subsequent cultivation under floating conditions. Confocal microscopy showed intact myofibrill structures in isolated myofibers. Myogenic cells were able to proliferate at their parent myofiber as shown by the increase of myonuclear number during culture. Additionally, the described method can be used to investigate myogenic cells migrated from isolated myofibers. These cells expressed myogenic markers and were able to differentiate. In the future, our method can be used for genetic manipulation of cells at myofibers, investigation of growth factors or pharmacological substances, and determination of interactions between myofibers and associated cells. Working with isolated myofibers has the potential to bridge conventional cell culture and animal experiments. Adapting the method to porcine muscle allows for application possibilities in veterinary medicine as well as in biomedical research, which cannot be addressed in rodent model systems.
On Wave-Induced Elastic Deformations of a Submerged Wave Energy Device
Authors: Li Shuijin , Hayatdavoodi Masoud , Ertekin R. Cengiz
Published: September 2020

Structural integrity has remained a challenge for design and analysis of wave energy devices. A difficulty in assessment of the structural integrity is often laid in the accurate determination of the wave-induced loads on the wave energy devices and the repones of the structure. Decoupled hydroelastic response of a submerged, oscillating wave energy device to extreme nonlinear wave loads is studied here. The submerged wave energy device consists of an oscillating horizontal disc attached to a direct-drive power take-off system. The structural frame of the wave energy device is fixed on the seafloor in shallow water. Several extreme wave conditions are considered in this study. The nonlinear wave loads on members of the submerged structure are obtained by use of the level I Green-Naghdi equations and Morison’s equation for cylindrical members. Distribution of Von Mises stresses and the elastic response of the structure to the extreme wave loads are determined by use of a finite element method. The decoupled hydroelastic analysis of the structure is carried out for devices built by four different materials, namely stainless steel, concrete, aluminium alloy, and titanium alloy. The elastic response of these devices is studied and results are compared with each other. Points of maximum stress and deformations are determined and the structural integrity under the extreme conditions is assessed. It is shown that the proposed approaches provide invaluable information about the structural integrity of wave energy devices.
Intracardiac tumor as a rare manifestation of genetic syndromes—presentation of a family with Gorlin syndrome and a literature review
Authors: Szczałuba Krzysztof , Makuła Ewa , Piórecka-Makuła Anna , Sicińska Justyna , Rydzanicz Małgorzata , Gasperowicz Piotr , Płoski Rafał , Werner Bożena
Published: September 2020

Intracardiac tumors in children are relatively rare, but their clinical consequences may include severe outflow tract obstruction, embolism, cardiac insufficiency, or rhythm disturbances. In some cases, the tumor may constitute part of a genetic condition and prompt additional investigations, as well as a modification of therapeutic management. Herein, we present a molecularly confirmed familial case of Gorlin syndrome with an early cardiac tumor as a presenting sign. We provide detailed clinical characteristics of the affected individuals and a useful review of syndromic causes of pediatric cardiac tumors in clinical practice.
A systematic analysis on prevalence and sub-regional distribution of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus among adults in African countries
Authors: Dessie Getenet , Mulugeta Henok , Amare Desalegne , Negesse Ayenew , Wagnew Fasil , Getaneh Temsgen , Endalamew Akililu , Adamu Yibeltal Wubale , Tadesse Gizachew , Workineh Aster , Lebu Sarah
Published: September 2020

Background

Despite the high prevalence of diabetes in Africa, the extent of undiagnosed diabetes in the region is still poorly understood. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to determine the pooled prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus among adults in Africa.

Methods

We conducted a systematic desk review and electronic web-based search of PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and the World Health Organization’s Hinari portal (which includes the SCOPUS, African Index Medicus, and African Journals Online databases), identifying peer-reviewed research studies on the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes among adult individuals using pre-defined quality and inclusion criteria. We ran our search from June 1, 2018 to Jun 14, 2020. We extracted relevant data and presented descriptive summaries of the studies in tabular form. The I2 test was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Funnel plot asymmetry and Egger’s tests were used to check for publication bias. The final effect size was determined by applying a trim and fill analysis in a random-effects model.

Results

Our search identified 1442 studies amongst which 23 articles were eligible for inclusion in the final meta-analysis. The average pooled prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus among adults was 3.85 (95% CI: 3.10–4.60). The pooled prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus based on geographic location was 4.43 (95% CI: 3.12–5.74) in Eastern Africa; 4.72 (95% CI: 2.64–6.80) in Western Africa; 4.27 (95% CI: 1.77–6.76) in Northern Africa and 1.46 (95%CI: 0.57–2.34) in southern Africa respectively.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate a high prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in Africa and suggest that it may be more prevalent in Western Africa than the rest of the regions. Given the high levels of undiagnosed diabetes in the Africa region, more attention should be paid to incorporating diabetes screening and treatment services into existing diabetes related programs to reduce the prevalence of undiagnosed cases.
On the effect of anchoring on valuations when the anchor is transparently uninformative
Authors: Ioannidis Konstantinos , Offerman Theo , Sloof Randolph
Published: September 2020

We test whether anchoring affects people’s elicited valuations for a bottle of wine in individual decision-making and in markets. We anchor subjects by asking them if they are willing to sell a bottle of wine for a transparently uninformative random price. We elicit subjects’ Willingness-To-Accept for the bottle before and after the market. Subjects participate in a double auction market either in a small or a large trading group. The variance in subjects’ Willingness-To-Accept shrinks within trading groups. Our evidence supports the idea that markets have the potential to diminish anchoring effects. However, the market is not needed: our anchoring manipulation failed in a large sample. In a concise meta-analysis, we identify the circumstances under which anchoring effects of preferences can be expected.
Mobile Location-Based Services’ Value-in-Use in Inner Cities: Do a Customer’s Shopping Patterns, Prior User Experience, and Sales Promotions Matter?
Authors: Schwipper Stephanie , Peche Severine , Schmitz Gertrud
Published: September 2020

Mobile location-based services (LBS) represent a promising opportunity for inner-city retailers and service providers to react to changes in customer behavior due to digitalization. To gain competitive advantages, mobile LBS must offer customers high value-in-use and help them reach their shopping goals during their inner-city visits. Shopping goals differ depending on shopping patterns; thus, these patterns may influence customers’ evaluation of mobile LBS during inner-city visits. Since value-in-use is not only a context-specific but also a temporally dynamic construct, customers’ user experience must also be considered. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of customers’ shopping patterns and current user experience on their evaluation of mobile LBS’ value-in-use during inner-city visits. Moreover, the impacts of the offers transmitted through mobile LBS on the value-in-use are examined.

Using field test data, we empirically verify a conceptualization of mobile LBS and determine a comprehensive view of mobile LBS’ value-in-use during shopping trips with different shopping patterns and user experience within a mixed-method analysis. Our results identify both utilitarian and hedonic value-in-use components as being empirically relevant for high value-in-use evaluations regarding mobile LBS in inner cities. Furthermore, the relevance of monetary benefits, fun benefits, and irritation on value-in-use vary according to customers’ user experience. A customer’s shopping pattern affects the value-in-use of mobile LBS; however, this effect is not as differentiated as expected. Moreover, the number of relevant monetary and non-monetary offers transmitted during an inner-city visit are shown to represent a potential, albeit limited, management instrument for affecting mobile LBS’ value-in-use.
The Monday Effect Revisited: A Diary and Sleep Actigraphy Study
Authors: Elfering Achim , Gerhardt Christin , Pereira Diana , Schenker Anna , Kottwitz Maria U.
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Accidents are more likely to occur during the morning hours of Mondays (Monday effect). This might be due to a higher level of cognitive failure on Monday morning at work.

Methods

In a pilot actigraphy study across one working week, we explored this Monday effect and regressed daily self-reported workplace cognitive failure on weekdays (Monday versus other days), background social stressors at work, delayed sleep onset and sleep duration. Diary data were gathered from 40 full-time employees.

Results

Confirming our assumptions, results revealed work-related cognitive failure and sleep-onset latency on the previous night to be higher on Mondays compared to other workdays. Work-related cognitive failure correlated positively with delayed sleep-onset latency and background social stressors. In multilevel regression analysis, Monday significantly explained variations in workplace cognitive failure. The addition of background social stressors at work and sleep-onset latency to the regression model showed unique contributions to the prediction of workplace cognitive failure. No significant two-way or three-way interactions between working days, sleep-onset latency or sleep duration, and background social stressors were found.

Conclusion

Peak levels of cognitive failure on Monday morning and the association of cognitive failure with social stressors at work contribute to understanding the mechanisms involved in the increased prevalence of occupational accidents on Monday morning. Occupational safety interventions should address both social stressors at work and individual sleep hygiene.
The Impact of Road Infrastructure Development Projects on Local Communities in Peri-Urban Areas: the Case of Kisumu, Kenya and Accra, Ghana
Authors: Khanani Risper Sarah , Adugbila Emmanuel Junior , Martinez Javier A. , Pfeffer Karin
Published: September 2020

Large-scale spatial planning and urban development projects have gained popularity in cities of the Global South. Such projects are being used to improve connectivity, scale up cities’ competitiveness, and in return, attract investments. However, while road development changes peri-urban environments in the Global South cities, little attention is given to the consequences of road infrastructure in those areas. The objective of this paper is to investigate how the implementation of road infrastructure projects is transforming the socio-spatial landscapes and economic development, and how they affect social groups within the peri-urban areas of Kisumu (Kenya) and Accra (Ghana) cities, focusing on effects at the community level. The research employed a case study approach, using qualitative, quantitative and spatial methods to examine these socio-spatial and economic development dynamics. The findings show that, on the one hand, road infrastructure projects scaled up residential development, both in Kisumu and Accra, as the roads contributed to housing rents and land prices to increase and rendered peri-urban communities along them as attractive zones for real estate developers. Furthermore, accessibility to facilities and services improved. Also, in both cities, the road improvements fuelled employment opportunities. Conversely, in both cities, the road infrastructure projects led to gentrification and therefore to the displacement of poor residents into the hinterlands, which changed the social fibre and integration to a certain degree. The road infrastructure projects benefitted the rich, who own land at the expense of the poor. The findings that the impacts of road infrastructure appear to differ in locational context and class of individuals within peri-urban areas make us suggest that place-based and people-based policies need to be combined to address the consequences of road infrastructure projects.
French Translation and Validation of the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire
Authors: Martineau Sarah , Gascon Laurence , Saltychev Mikhail , Rahal Akram , Marcotte Karine , Moubayed Sami P.
Published: September 2020

Synkinesis is a distressing sequela of peripheral facial palsy (PFP). This study aimed to translate and validate the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ), a reliable patient-reported outcome evaluation tool for synkinesis, in French. The SAQ was translated following a standard forward–backward translation procedure. After a cognitive debriefing with 10 PFP patients, the SAQ-F was assessed amongst 50 patients for internal consistency, known-group validity, construct validity, criterion validity, and test–retest reliability. Results demonstrated that the SAQ-F was valid, reliable, and had a unidimensional structure. The SAQ-F should be accompanied by clinician-based scales, to provide valuable additional information on the severity of synkinesis.
Functional data analysis and prediction tools for continuous glucose-monitoring studies
Authors: Gecili Emrah , Huang Rui , Khoury Jane C. , King Eileen , Altaye Mekibib , Bowers Katherine , Szczesniak Rhonda D.
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

To identify phenotypes of type 1 diabetes based on glucose curves from continuous glucose-monitoring (CGM) using functional data (FD) analysis to account for longitudinal glucose patterns. We present a reliable prediction model that can accurately predict glycemic levels based on past data collected from the CGM sensor and real-time risk of hypo-/hyperglycemic for individuals with type 1 diabetes.

Methods:

A longitudinal cohort study of 443 type 1 diabetes patients with CGM data from a completed trial. The FD analysis approach, sparse functional principal components (FPCs) analysis was used to identify phenotypes of type 1 diabetes glycemic variation. We employed a nonstationary stochastic linear mixed-effects model (LME) that accommodates between-patient and within-patient heterogeneity to predict glycemic levels and real-time risk of hypo-/hyperglycemic by creating specific target functions for these excursions.

Results:

The majority of the variation (73%) in glucose trajectories was explained by the first two FPCs. Higher order variation in the CGM profiles occurred during weeknights, although variation was higher on weekends. The model has low prediction errors and yields accurate predictions for both glucose levels and real-time risk of glycemic excursions.

Conclusions:

By identifying these distinct longitudinal patterns as phenotypes, interventions can be targeted to optimize type 1 diabetes management for subgroups at the highest risk for compromised long-term outcomes such as cardiac disease or stroke. Further, the estimated change/variability in an individual’s glucose trajectory can be used to establish clinically meaningful and patient-specific thresholds that, when coupled with probabilistic predictive inference, provide a useful medical-monitoring tool.
Religious prohibition and sacrifice: evidence from the Amish restriction on high school education
Authors: Wang Liang Choon
Published: September 2020

The Amish collective objection to high school education and refusal to comply with compulsory schooling laws can be interpreted with a religious-club-good framework. According to the religious-club interpretation, the Amish use the restriction on secular education as a religious prohibition and sacrifice to improve the welfare of sect members. I exploit the 1972 U.S. Supreme Court's decision inWisconsin vs. Yoder, which exempts Amish children from compulsory high school education, as a policy shock to test several key predictions of the religious-club explanations. The evidence suggests that the successful restriction on high school education helped the Amish sect exclude individuals with low religious participation, lower members' shadow cost of time, and grow the sect through higher fertility.
Social interactions, ethnicity, religion, and fertility in Kenya
Authors: Iyer Sriya , Weeks Melvyn
Published: September 2020

Reproductive externalities are important for fertility behavior in Kenya. We identify from anthropology structural forms of social interaction operating across individuals belonging to different ethnic and religious groups on the number of children ever born. We use the 1998 Demographic and Health Survey, combined with primary meteorological data on Kenya, and GMM methods, to show that social interaction effects by ethnicity are important over and above an individual's characteristics such as their religion to explain variations in fertility. Our findings have implications for policy debates in Kenya and in other developing countries about ethnic, religious, and other differences in fertility behavior.
Radiation Injury Treatment Network Medical and Nursing Workforce Radiation: Knowledge and Attitude Assessment
Authors: Veenema Tener Goodwin , Moran Timothy P. , Kazzi Ziad , Schneider-Firestone Sarah , Case Cullen , Aldrich Jennifer
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

The Radiation Injury Treatment Network (RITN) is prepared to respond to a national disaster resulting in mass casualties with marrow toxic injuries. How effective existing RITN workforce education and training is, or whether health-care providers (HCPs) at these centers possess the knowledge and skills to care for patients following a radiation emergency is unclear. HCP knowledge regarding the medical effects and medical management of radiation-exposed patients, along with clinical competence and willingness to care for patients following a radiation emergency was assessed.

Methods:

An online survey was conducted to assess level of knowledge regarding the medical effects of radiation, medical/nursing management of patients, self-perception of clinical competence, and willingness to respond to radiation emergencies and nuclear events.

Results:

Attendance at previous radiation emergency management courses and overall knowledge scores were low for all respondents. The majority indicated they were willing to respond to a radiation event, but few believed they were clinically competent to do so.

Conclusions:

Despite willingness to respond, HCPs at RITN centers may not possess adequate knowledge of medical management of radiation patients, and appropriate response actions during a radiation emergency. RITN should increase the awareness of the importance of radiation education and training.
‘Wicked’ solutions for ‘wicked’ problems: Responsible innovations in social enterprises for sustainable development
Authors: Ranabahu Nadeera
Published: September 2020

Social enterprises create innovative solutions to address social issues and achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper examines the innovative social entrepreneurial processes using the theoretical foundation of responsible innovation (i.e., anticipation, reflexivity, inclusion and deliberation, responsiveness, and knowledge management). The data collected from three case study organisations reveals that social enterprises at the initiation stage address only a few SDGs. However, innovation development and implementation processes lead to products and services diversification and geographical expansion which broaden the SDG focus. During this process, enterprises iteratively conduct activities associated with different dimensions of responsible innovation and operate within ethics, values and rights-based boundaries. Based on these findings, this paper proposes a process model combining SDG literature with responsible innovation. The managerial implications of using responsible innovation perspective to achieve SDGs are also highlighted.
A survey of spatially and temporally resolved radio frequency interference in the FM band at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory
Authors: Tingay S. J. , Sokolowski M. , Wayth R. , Ung D.
Published: September 2020

We present the first survey of radio frequency interference (RFI) at the future site of the low frequency Square Kilometre Array (SKA), the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory (MRO), that both temporally and spatially resolves the RFI. The survey is conducted in a 1 MHz frequency range within the FM band, designed to encompass the closest and strongest FM transmitters to the MRO (located in Geraldton, approximately 300 km distant). Conducted over approximately three days using the second iteration of the Engineering Development Array in an all-sky imaging mode, we find a range of RFI signals. We are able to categorise the signals into: those received directly from the transmitters, from their horizon locations; reflections from aircraft (occupying approximately 13% of the observation duration); reflections from objects in Earth orbit; and reflections from meteor ionisation trails. In total, we analyse 33 994 images at 7.92 s time resolution in both polarisations with angular resolution of approximately 3.5$^{\circ}$, detecting approximately forty thousand RFI events. This detailed breakdown of RFI in the MRO environment will enable future detailed analyses of the likely impacts of RFI on key science at low radio frequencies with the SKA.
Men in maternal health: an analysis of men’s views and knowledge on, and challenges to, involvement in antenatal care services in a Tanzanian community in Dodoma Region
Authors: Gibore Nyasiro Sophia , Gesase Ainory Peter
Published: September 2020

Promoting men’s involvement in antenatal care (ANC) requires an understanding of their views on how they ought to be involved. Their involvement in ANC services can help in reducing delay in deciding to seek care and facilitate women’s access to skilled antenatal services. This study sought to determine men’s views and knowledge on, and challenges to, involvement in ANC services in Tanzania. The cross-sectional study was carried out in four districts of Dodoma Region in November 2014 and June 2016. A multi-stage sampling strategy was used to select the study respondents. Data were collected by interviewing 966 men using a structured questionnaire. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between men’s involvement in ANC services and their background characteristics. About 63.4% of respondents accompanied their partners to ANC services. Men’s view was that they can be involved through accompanying their partner to ANC clinics and providing money for health services. Men who had poor knowledge on ANC services were two times less likely to be involved in ANC services. Similarly, long waiting times at the antenatal clinics decreased the likelihood of service utilization by their partners. Men from a two-income household were more likely to be involved in ANC services than men from households where the men’s earnings were the only source of income. Challenges encountered by men during attendance at ANC services included: perception of antenatal clinics as places only for women, financial difficulties, influence of peer pressure and lack of time due to occupational demands. There is a need to establish community outreach ANC services that offer couple-friendly services in Tanzania. Also, it is crucial to have a policy for men’s involvement in maternal health care that addresses cultural practices that hinder men’s involvement in ANC services.