bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Codon Usage Bias in Two Hemipteran Insect Species:Bemisia tabaciandHomalodisca coagulata
Authors: Sharma Jyotika , Chakraborty Supriyo , Uddin Arif
Published: October 2014

Codon bias is the nonuniform use of synonymous codons which encode the same amino acid. Some codons are more frequently used than others in several organisms, particularly in the highly expressed genes. The spectacular diversity of insects makes them a suitable candidate for analyzing the codon usage bias. Recent expansion in genome sequencing of different insect species provides an opportunity for studying the codon usage bias. Several works on patterns of codon usage bias were done onDrosophilaand other related species but only few works were found in Hemiptera order. We analyzed codon usage in two Hemipteran insect species namelyBemisia tabaciandHomalodisca coagulata. Most frequent codons end with A or C at the 3rd codon position. The ENC (a measure of codon bias) value ranges from 43 to 60 (52.80) inB. tabacibut from 49 to 60 (56.69) inH. coagulata. In both insect species, a significant positive correlation was observed between A and A3%, C and C3%, and GC and GC3%, respectively. Our findings suggest that codon usage bias in two Hemipteran insect species is not remarkable and that mutation pressure causes the codon usage pattern in two Hemipteran insect species.
Simulations and Measurements of Electric Fields Emitted from a LTE Base Station in an Urban Area
Authors: Chen Hsing-Yi , Lin Tsung-Han
Published: October 2014

Radiation patterns emitted from a long-term evolution (LTE) base station antenna were first simulated by the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method. The validity of simulation results of radiation patterns was further checked by measurement data. After validating the accuracy of the FDTD method, electric fields at 123 test sites around a LTE base station in an urban area of Taipei City were simulated. Simulated electric fields were also validated by comparison with measured data obtained by a high frequency selective radiation meter with an isotropic E-field probe. Simulated and measured electric fields are in the range of 0.104–1.182 and 0.098–1.179 V/m at 1795 MHz, respectively. From obtained electric field strengths, it is ensured that the urban area is a good signal environment. The maximum power density emitted from the LTE base station is about1.853×10-4mW/cm2and is thus far below the safety standard value of 1.197 mW/cm2for human exposure to RF radiation at 1795 MHz.
On the Flexural-Torsional Vibration and Stability of Beams Subjected to Axial Load and End Moment
Authors: Towliat Kashani M. Tahmaseb , Jayasinghe Supun , Hashemi Seyed M.
Published: October 2014

The free vibration of beams, subjected to a constant axial load and end moment and various boundary conditions, is examined. Based on the Euler-Bernoulli bending and St. Venant torsion beam theories, the differential equations governing coupled flexural-torsional vibrations and stability of a uniform, slender, isotropic, homogeneous, and linearly elastic beam, undergoing linear harmonic vibration, are first reviewed. The existing formulations are then briefly discussed and a conventional finite element method (FEM) is developed. Exploiting the MATLAB-based code, the resulting linear Eigenvalue problem is then solved to determine the Eigensolutions (i.e., natural frequencies and modes) of illustrative examples, exhibiting geometric bending-torsion coupling. Various classical boundary conditions are considered and the FEM frequency results are validated against those obtained from a commercial software (ANSYS) and the data available in the literature. Tensile axial force is found to increase natural frequencies, indicating beam stiffening. However, when a force and an end moment are acting in combination, the moment reduces the stiffness of the beam and the stiffness of the beam is found to be more sensitive to the changes in the magnitude of the axial force compared to the moment. A buckling analysis of the beam is also carried out to determine the critical buckling end moment and axial compressive force.
Long-Term Outcome after Vitrectomy for Macular Edema with Retinal Vein Occlusion Dividing into the Occlusion Site
Authors: Iwase Takeshi , Oveson Brian C.
Published: October 2014

Purpose.To investigate the efficacy of treatment for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) with vitrectomy.Methods.This retrospective study identified patients with macular edema associated with RVO between January 2004 and April 2006. Inclusion criteria were eyes with (1) preoperative visual acuity (VA) of 20/40 or worse, (2) a central foveal thickness (CFT) greater than 250 μm, and (3) vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane and intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Each patient had their RVO classified as a major or macular BRVO or hemispheric RVO (HSRVO).Results.Forty-six eyes with major BRVO, 18 eyes with macular BRVO, and 17 eyes with HSRVO were investigated. VA was significantly improved at 24 months after surgery for each group(P<0.05). Vision in the macular BRVO group 24 months after surgery was significantly better than that in other groups(P<0.05). For each group, a concomitant reduction of CFT was noted at every time point when compared to preoperative values(P<0.001).Conclusions.In macular BRVO, the postoperative vision 24 months after surgery was significantly better than the other groups. These findings suggest that additional and earlier treatments might be more important for patients with major BRVO and HSRVO than for those with macular BRVO.
Cyclic Load Responses of GFRP-Strengthened Hollow Rectangular Bridge Piers
Authors: Jia Junfeng , Han Qiang , Xu Zigang , Zhang Dongjie
Published: October 2014

This study investigated the seismic behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) strengthened hollow rectangular bridge piers. Cyclic testing of reinforced concrete (RC) piers retrofitted with GFRP was carried out under constant axial loading and lateral bending. The failure characteristics, flexural ductility, dissipated energy, and hysteretic behaviors, were analyzed based on experimental results. A simplified GFRP-confined concrete model is developed by considering effective strength coefficient and area distribution ratio of GFRP sheets. The results indicate that the failure modes and damage region would be changed and the ductility and dissipated energy of the GFRP-strengthened hollow rectangular bridge piers were improved greatly but not much improvement for the lateral load capacity. The analytical results of the force-displacement hysteretic loops based on the GFRP-confined concrete model developed in this paper agreed well with the experimental data.
Field Dissipation and Storage Stability of Glufosinate Ammonium and Its Metabolites in Soil
Authors: Zhang Yun , Wang Kai , Wu Junxue , Zhang Hongyan
Published: October 2014

A simple analytical method was developed to measure concentrations of glufosinate ammonium and its metabolites, 3-methylphosphinico-propionic acid (MPP) and 2-methylphosphinico-acetic acid (MPA), in field soil samples. To determine the minimum quantification limit, samples were spiked at different levels (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg). Soil samples were extracted with ammonium hydroxide solution 5% (v/v), concentrated, and reacted with trimethyl orthoacetate (TMOA) in the presence of acetic acid for derivatization. The derivatives were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) using a flame photometric detector (FPD). The linear correlation coefficients of glufosinate ammonium, MPP, and MPA in soil were 0.991, 0.999, and 0.999, respectively. The recoveries of this method for glufosinate ammonium, MPP, and MPA in soil were 77.2–95.5%, 98.3–100.3%, and 99.3–99.6% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 1.8–4.1%, 0.4–1.4%, and 1.3–2.0%, respectively. Glufosinate ammonium dissipated rapidly in soil to MPA in hours and gradually degraded to MPP. The half-life of glufosinate ammonium degradation in soil was 2.30–2.93 days in an open field. In soil samples stored at −20°C glufosinate ammonium was stable for two months. The results of this study should provide guidance for the safe application of the herbicide glufosinate ammonium to agricultural products and the environment.
Assessment of Gastric Phenotypes Using Magnifying Narrow-Band Imaging for Differentiation of Gastric Carcinomas from Adenomas
Authors: Kobayashi Masaaki , Hashimoto Satoru , Nishikura Ken , Mizuno Ken-Ichi , Takeuchi Manabu , Ajioka Yoichi
Published: October 2014

Background. Conventional white-light endoscopy and forceps biopsy are insufficient for definitive diagnosis of gastric adenoma. Immunohistochemical studies have reported an obvious phenotypic difference between adenomas and carcinomas. We investigated the utility of narrow-band imaging with magnifying endoscopy (NBI-ME) for mucin phenotypic assessment to differentiate carcinomas from adenomas.Methods. NBI-ME findings were classified into A, B, and AB types, which revealed papillary, tubular pits and groove microstructures, respectively. To investigate A-B classifications retrospectively, 137 patients (155 lesions) that were diagnosed pretherapeutically with adenoma or borderline lesions by biopsy were enrolled. The mucin phenotype was analyzed immunohistochemically in the first 60 lesions.Results. After endoscopic submucosal dissection, A type and AB type lesions were determined histologically as carcinoma (81/82, 99%). B type lesions were adenoma (29/73, 40%) and carcinoma (44/73, 60%). A or AB type correlated to histological carcinomas (sensitivity 65%, specificity 97%, and accuracy 71%). Mucin phenotypes were gastric or gastrointestinal in A type and AB type carcinomas (31/37, 84%) and intestinal in B type adenomas and carcinomas (21/23, 91%).Conclusions. NBI-ME has the advantage of the assessment of mucin phenotypes in gastric carcinomas and adenomas. The proposed A-B classification is useful, especially for differentiation of gastric or gastrointestinal carcinomas from adenomas.
Solar Hydrogen Production Coupled with the Degradation of a Dye Pollutant Using TiO2Modified with Platinum and Nafion
Authors: Kim Jungwon , Park Yiseul , Park Hyunwoong
Published: October 2014

The simultaneous production of molecular hydrogen (H2) and degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was successfully achieved using TiO2modified with platinum and nafion (Pt/TiO2/Nf) under visible light(λ>420 nm). Pt/TiO2/Nf exhibited high activity for H2production in the presence of RhB and EDTA as a photosensitizer (also an organic dye pollutant) and an electron donor, respectively. However, the activity of TiO2modified with either platinum or nafion for H2production was negligible under the same experimental conditions. The negatively charged nafion layer enhances the adsorption of cationic RhB and pulls protons, a source of hydrogen, to the surface of TiO2through electrostatic attraction. On the other hand, platinum deposits on TiO2can act as an electron sink and a temporary electron reservoir for the reduction of protons. With the production of H2, RhB was gradually degraded throughN-deethylation, which was confirmed by the spectral blue shift of the maximum absorption wavelength(λmax)from 556 to 499 nm (corresponding to theλmaxof rhodamine 110). With Pt/TiO2/Nf employed at[RhB]=20 μM (0.6 μmol), approximately 70 μmol of H2was produced and RhB and its intermediates were completely removed over a 12 h period. A detailed reaction mechanism was discussed.
Dual Algebras and A-Measures
Authors: Kosiek Marek , Rudol Krzysztof
Published: October 2014

Weak-star closures of Gleason parts in the spectrum of a function algebra are studied. These closures relate to the bidual algebra and turn out both closed and open subsets of a compact hyperstonean space. Moreover, weak-star closures of the corresponding bands of measures are reducing. Among the applications we have a complete solution of an abstract version of the problem, whether the set of nonnegative A-measures (called also Henkin measures) is closed with respect to the absolute continuity. When applied to the classical case of analytic functions on a domain of holomorphyΩ⊂Cn, our approach avoids the use of integral formulae for analytic functions, strict pseudoconvexity, or some other regularity ofΩ. We also investigate the relation between the algebra of bounded holomorphic functions onΩand its abstract counterpart—thew* closure of a function algebraAin the dual of the band of measures generated by one of Gleason parts of the spectrum ofA.
A Natural Flavonoid Glucoside, Icariin, Regulates Th17 and Alleviates Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Murine Model
Authors: Chi Liqun , Gao Wenyuan , Shu Xiangrong , Lu Xin
Published: October 2014

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that causes deformity of the joints and physical disability. Icariin, a natural flavonoid glucoside isolated from plants in theEpimediumfamily, has been proven to have various pharmacological activities. A recent study showed that icariin suppressed cartilage and bone degradation in mice of collagen-induced arthritis. However, the mechanism needs to be further investigated. In our current study, we found that icariin reduced the arthritis score and the incidence of arthritis compared with that in mice treated with water. Icariin inhibits the expression of various osteoclastogenic markers, such asβ3 integrin, cathepsin K, and MMP9in vitro. Icariin treatment in mice with CIA also resulted in less number of Th17 cells and decreased ratio of CD4+IL-17+cells. The alleviated arthritis score and incidence of arthritis and reduced serum levels of IgG2a induced by icariin were abolished with additional IL-17 administration. Furthermore, icariin inhibited STAT3 activation in T cells and STAT3 inhibitor resulted in decreased IL-17 production and alleviated RA. In conclusion, icariin decreases Th17 cells and suppresses the production of IL-17, which contributes to the alleviated rheumatoid arthritis, through the inhibition of STAT3 activation.
Predicting and Preventing Flow Accelerated Corrosion in Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Poulson Bryan
Published: October 2014

Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) of carbon steels in water has been a concern in nuclear power production for over 40 years. Many theoretical models or empirical approaches have been developed to predict the possible occurrence, position, and rate of FAC. There are a number of parameters, which need to be incorporated into any model. Firstly there is a measure defining the hydrodynamic severity of the flow; this is usually the mass transfer rate. The development of roughness due to FAC and its effect on mass transfer need to be considered. Then most critically there is the derived or assumed functional relationship between the chosen hydrodynamic parameter and the rate of FAC. Environmental parameters that are required, at the relevant temperature and pH, are the solubility of magnetite and the diffusion coefficient of the relevant iron species. The chromium content of the steel is the most important material factor.
Development of Pd Alloy Hydrogen Separation Membranes with Dense/Porous Hybrid Structure for High Hydrogen Perm-Selectivity
Authors: Han Jae-Yun , Kim Chang-Hyun , Kim Sang-Ho , Kim Dong-Won
Published: October 2014

For the commercial applications of hydrogen separation membranes, both high hydrogen selectivity and permeability (i.e., perm-selectivity) are required. However, it has been difficult to fabricate thin, dense Pd alloy composite membranes on porous metal support that have a pore-free surface and an open structure at the interface between the Pd alloy films and the metal support in order to obtain the required properties simultaneously. In this study, we fabricated Pd alloy hydrogen separation membranes with dense/porous hybrid structure for high hydrogen perm-selectivity. The hydrogen selectivity of this membrane increased owing to the dense and pore-free microstructure of the membrane surface. The hydrogen permeation flux also was remarkably improved by the formation of an open microstructure with numerous open voids at the interface and by an effective reduction in the membrane thickness as a result of the porous structure formed within the Pd alloy films.
In SilicoGenome Comparison and Distribution Analysis of Simple Sequences Repeats in Cassava
Authors: Vásquez Andrea , López Camilo
Published: October 2014

We conducted a SSRs density analysis in different cassava genomic regions. The information obtained was useful to establish comparisons between cassava’s SSRs genomic distribution and those of poplar, flax, andJatropha. In general, cassava has a low SSR density (~50 SSRs/Mbp) and has a high proportion of pentanucleotides, (24,2 SSRs/Mbp). It was found that coding sequences have 15,5 SSRs/Mbp, introns have 82,3 SSRs/Mbp, 5′ UTRs have 196,1 SSRs/Mbp, and 3′ UTRs have 50,5 SSRs/Mbp. Through motif analysis of cassava’s genome SSRs, the most abundant motif was AT/AT while in intron sequences and UTRs regions it was AG/CT. In addition, in coding sequences the motif AAG/CTT was also found to occur most frequently; in fact, it is the third most used codon in cassava. Sequences containing SSRs were classified according to their functional annotation of Gene Ontology categories. The identified SSRs here may be a valuable addition for genetic mapping and future studies in phylogenetic analyses and genomic evolution.
Flt3/Flt3L Participates in the Process of Regulating Dendritic Cells and Regulatory T Cells in DSS-Induced Colitis
Authors: Mao Jing-Wei , Huang Yu-Shuang , Tang Hai-Ying , Bi Jian , Liu Yan-Fei , Wang Ying-De
Published: October 2014

The immunoregulation between dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T cells (T-regs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Recent research showed that Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) and Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) were involved in the process of DCs regulating T-regs. The DSS-induced colitis model is widely used because of its simplicity and many similarities with human UC. In this study, we observe the disease activity index (DAI) and histological scoring, detect the amounts of DCs and T-regs and expression of Flt3/Flt3L, and investigate Flt3/Flt3L participating in the process of DCs regulating T-regs in DSS-induced colitis. Our findings suggest that the reduction of Flt3 and Flt3L expression may possibly induce colonic immunoregulatory imbalance between CD103+MHCII+DCs and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+T-regs in DSS-induced colitis. Flt3/Flt3L participates in the process of regulating DCS and T-regs in the pathogenesis of UC, at least, in the acute stage of this disease.
Synthesis and Physicochemical Behaviour of Polyurethane‐Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites Based on Renewable Castor Oil Polyols
Authors: Ali Alaa , Yusoh Kamal , Hasany S. F.
Published: October 2014

Polyurethanes (PUs) are high performance materials, with vast industrial and engineering applications. In this research, effects of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) on physicochemical properties of Castor Oil based Polyurethanes (COPUs) were studied. MWCNTs were added in different weight percentages (0% to 1% wt) in a castor oil based polyurethane (COPUs‐MWCNTs) nanocomposites. The composition, structure, and morphology of polyurethanes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and element detection by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, respectively. Thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Barrier properties and surface area studies were investigated by nitrogen permeability machine and BET technique. Mechanical properties were calculated by tensile universal testing machine. Results showed well dispersed MWCNTs in polyurethane matrix at different weight percentages. The best results were obtained with 0.3 wt% of MWCNTs in the composite. Surface area studies revealed presence of very few pores which is in a good agreement with barrier permeability, reduced up to ~68% in 1 wt% and ~70% in 0.5 wt% of MWCNTs in polymer matrix, with respect to pure COPUs samples.
Role of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Diabetic Nephropathy: Lessons from Diabetic eNOS Knockout Mice
Authors: Takahashi Takamune , Harris Raymond C.
Published: October 2014

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in many countries. The animal models that recapitulate human DN undoubtedly facilitate our understanding of this disease and promote the development of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic interventions. Based on the clinical evidence showing the association of eNOS dysfunction with advanced DN, we and others have created diabetic mice that lack eNOS expression and shown that eNOS-deficient diabetic mice exhibit advanced nephropathic changes with distinct features of progressive DN, including pronounced albuminuria, nodular glomerulosclerosis, mesangiolysis, and arteriolar hyalinosis. These studies clearly defined a critical role of eNOS in DN and developed a robust animal model of this disease, which enables us to study the pathogenic mechanisms of progressive DN. Further, recent studies with this animal model have explored the novel mechanisms by which eNOS deficiency causes advanced DN and provided many new insights into the pathogenesis of DN. Therefore, here we summarize the findings obtained with this animal model and discuss the roles of eNOS in DN, unresolved issues, and future investigations of this animal model study.
Compressive Behaviour of RC Column with Fibre Reinforced Concrete Confined by CFRP Strips
Authors: Vasumathi A. M. , Rajkumar K. , Ganesh Prabhu G.
Published: October 2014

The structural application of synthetic fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) has become widespread in the construction industry in order to satisfy the requirement of the earthquake resistant structures. Research conducted so far are focused on the structural behaviour of RC column externally confined with FRP composites, while studies are needed to address the behaviour of FRP strengthened RC column fabricated using fibre reinforced concrete. With the intention that the experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the feasibility use of CFRP composite strips in strengthening of RC column made with fibre reinforced concrete. Circular synthetic Polypropylene fibre was used in the rate of 0.50% in the volume of concrete. CFRP strips having a width of 50 mm were used to confine the column and the experimental parameters were effective spacing between the CFRP strips (20 mm and 30 mm) and the number of CFRP layers (one, two and three). The externally bonded CFRP strips counteract the lateral expansion of the concrete significantly by providing restraining effect and thus effect enhanced the stiffness of the column. The column strengthened with CFRP strips showed a maximum of 198.87% and 91.75% enhancement in axial deformation control and ultimate strength, respectively, compared to that of reference column. From the test results obtained, it is suggested that CFRP strips with the spacing of 20 mm and 30 mm can be used in strengthening of RC column made with FRC; however the column confined with 30 mm spacing provides an economical advantage compared to that of 20 mm spacing.
System Accuracy Evaluation of the GlucoRx Nexus Voice TD-4280 Blood Glucose Monitoring System
Authors: Khan Muhammad , Broadbent Keith , Morris Mike , Ewins David , Joseph Franklin
Published: October 2014

Use of blood glucose (BG) meters in the self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) significantly lowers the risk of diabetic complications. With several BG meters now commercially available, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ensures that each BG meter conforms to a set degree of accuracy. Although adherence to ISO guidelines is a prerequisite for commercialization in Europe, several BG meters claim to meet the ISO guidelines yet fail to do so on internal validation. We conducted a study to determine whether the accuracy of the GlucoRx Nexus TD-4280 meter, utilized by our department for its cost-effectiveness, complied with ISO guidelines. 105 patients requiring laboratory blood glucose analysis were randomly selected and reference measurements were determined by the UniCel DxC 800 clinical system. Overall the BG meter failed to adhere to the ≥95% accuracy criterion required by both the 15197:2003 (overall accuracy 92.4%) and 15197:2013 protocol (overall accuracy 86.7%). Inaccurate meters have an inherent risk of over- and/or underestimating the true BG concentration, thereby risking patients to incorrect therapeutic interventions. Our study demonstrates the importance of internally validating the accuracy of BG meters to ensure that its accuracy is accepted by standardized guidelines.
The Prognostic Impact of High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity with Aspirin or ADP Receptor Antagonists: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: D’Ascenzo Fabrizio , Barbero Umberto , Bisi Marta , Moretti Claudio , Omedè Pierluigi , Cerrato Enrico , Quadri Giorgio , Conrotto Federico , Zoccai Giuseppe Biondi , DiNicolantonio James J. , Gasparini Mauro , Bangalore Sripal , Gaita Fiorenzo
Published: October 2014

Objective. Negative results of recent randomized clinical trials testing the hypothesis of target therapy for patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HOPR) have questioned its independent impact on clinical outcomes. 26 studies with 28.178 patients were included, with a median age of 66.8 (64–68) and 22.7% (22.4–27.8), of female gender. After a median follow-up of 1 year (0.1–1), cardiac adverse events occurred in 8.3% (3–11; all results are reported as median and interquartile range) of patients. Pooling all studies together, on-treatment platelet reactivity significantly increased the risk of adverse events (OR 1.33 [1.09, 1.64],I2=0%). However, a sensitivity analysis showed that HOPR did not increase the risk of adverse events for patients with ACS, AMI, or stable angina as well as patients resistant to aspirin, ADP antagonists, or both. For all studies, publication bias was formally evident; after adjusting for this, HOPR did not significantly increase adverse cardiac events (OR 1.1 : 0.89–1.22,I20%).Conclusions. After adjusting for clinical confounders (like risk factors and clinical presentation) and for relevant publication bias, HOPR was not an independent prognostic indicator in unselected patients with both stable and unstable coronary disease for an adverse cardiac event. The clinical importance of HOPR for high-risk populations remains to be assessed.
Carbon Dioxide Emissions as Affected by Alternative Long-Term Irrigation and Tillage Management Practices in the Lower Mississippi River Valley
Authors: Smith S. F. , Brye K. R.
Published: October 2014

Ensuring the sustainability of cultivated soils is an ever-increasing priority for producers in the Lower Mississippi River Valley (LMRV). As groundwater sources become depleted and environmental regulations become more strict, producers will look to alternative management practices that will ensure the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of their production systems. This study was conducted to assess the long-term (>7 years) effects of irrigation (i.e., irrigated and dryland production) and tillage (conventional and no-tillage) on estimated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soil respiration during two soybean (Glycine maxL.) growing seasons from a wheat- (Triticum aestivumL.-) soybean, double-cropped production system in the LMRV region of eastern Arkansas. Soil surface CO2fluxes were measured approximately every two weeks during two soybean growing seasons. Estimated season-long CO2emissions were unaffected by irrigation in 2011 (P>0.05); however, during the unusually dry 2012 growing season, season-long CO2emissions were 87.6% greater (P=0.044) under irrigated (21.9 Mg CO2ha−1) than under dryland management (11.7 Mg CO2ha−1). Contrary to what was expected, there was no interactive effect of irrigation and tillage on estimated season-long CO2emissions. Understanding how long-term agricultural management practices affect soil respiration can help improve policies for soil and environmental sustainability.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutics from a Mitochondria-Centric Perspective
Authors: Gusdon Aaron M. , Song Ke-xiu , Qu Shen
Published: October 2014

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes a spectrum of disorders characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides within the liver. The global prevalence of NAFLD has been increasing as the obesity epidemic shows no sign of relenting. Mitochondria play a central role in hepatic lipid metabolism and also are affected by upstream signaling pathways involved in hepatic metabolism. This review will focus on the role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of NAFLD and touch on some of the therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondria as well as metabolically important signaling pathways. Mitochondria are able to adapt to lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by increasing rates of beta-oxidation; however increased substrate delivery to the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and eventually ETC dysfunction. Decreased ETC function combined with increased rates of fatty acid beta-oxidation leads to the accumulation of incomplete products of beta-oxidation, which combined with increased levels of ROS contribute to insulin resistance. Several related signaling pathways, nuclear receptors, and transcription factors also regulate hepatic lipid metabolism, many of which are redox sensitive and regulated by ROS.
The Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease and Short-Term Treatment with Rosiglitazone on Plasma Cell-Free DNA Levels
Authors: McGuire Amanda L. , Urosevic Nadia , Chan Doris T. , Dogra Gursharan , Inglis Timothy J. J. , Chakera Aron
Published: October 2014

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulating free nucleic acids, known as cell-free DNA (cfDNA), have been proposed as a novel biomarker of cardiovascular risk. The impact of renal impairment on cfDNA levels and whether cfDNA is associated with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in CKD has not been systematically studied. We analysed cfDNA concentrations from patients with varying degrees of CKD. In addition, to determine whether there is a relationship between cfDNA, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in CKD, levels of proinflammatory cytokines and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) were measured in patients treated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist rosiglitazone or placebo for 8 weeks. cfDNA levels were not increased with renal impairment or associated with the degree of renal dysfunction(P=0.5). Treatment with rosiglitazone for 8 weeks, but not placebo, was more likely to lead to a reduction in cfDNA levels(P=0.046); however, the absolute changes in cfDNA concentrations during treatment were not statistically significant(P>0.05). cfDNA levels correlated with markers of endothelial dysfunction (hsCRPP=0.0497) and vWF(P=0.0005). In conclusion, cell-free DNA levels are not influenced by renal impairment but do reflect endothelial dysfunction in patients with CKD.
Material Characterization of Strontium Ferrite Powders for Producing Sintered Magnets by Ceramic Injection Molding (MagnetPIM)
Authors: Drummer Dietmar , Messingschlager Susanne
Published: October 2014

For this study, different strontium ferrite powders were mixed with a filling ratio of about 60 vol% in a binder system and formed into green compacts. During the process of injection molding, a magnetic field was generated in the tool via a magnetic coil, which enables magnetization and orientation of the ceramic particles. All powders were successfully processed by MagnetPIM. The investigations identified that it is impossible to extrapolate from the magnetic properties of a green compact to the magnetic properties of a sintered part. It became obvious, though, that, when producing very strong magnetic parts by MagnetPIM, the best results can be obtained by using powders with small particle sizes.
Changes in Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Indices in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Undergoing Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation
Authors: Huang Ying , Zhao Yong , Yan Ling , Chuai Yun-Hai , Liu Ling-Ling , Chen Yi , Li Min , Wang Ai-Ming
Published: October 2014

Background. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) treatment always attain a low cumulative pregnancy rate disaccording with the satisfactory number of oocytes.Objective. We aim to evaluate the status of coagulation and fibrinolytic system in PCOS patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) process.Method. Of the 97 women, 30 patients with PCOS composed the study group; 67 women of child-bearing age with normal endocrine function composed the control group. All participants underwent GnRH agonist standard long protocol, and plasma HCY, FVIII, FX, and D-dimer levels as well as hormone parameters were measured at day of full downregulation, hCG priming, and embryos transfer.Results. On day of full downregulation, FX levels were significantly higher in PCOS group (P<0.01). On hCG priming day, FX and estrogen levels in PCOS group were higher than in the control group and FVIII levels were significantly lower on day of embryos transfer whereas FX and E2 levels were significantly higher in PCOS group.Conclusion. Hypercoagulable state during peri-implantation phase would probably lead to poor microcirculation of endometrium and be one of the most important disadvantages of successful implantation and subsequent clinical pregnancy.
Individually Tailored Screening of Susceptibility to Sarcopenia Using p53 Codon 72 Polymorphism, Phenotypes, and Conventional Risk Factors
Authors: Di Renzo Laura , Gratteri Santo , Sarlo Francesca , Cabibbo Andrea , Colica Carmen , De Lorenzo Antonino
Published: October 2014

Background and Aim.p53 activity plays a role in muscle homeostasis and skeletal muscle differentiation; all pathways that lead to sarcopenia are related to p53 activities. We investigate the allelic frequency of the TP53 codon 72 in exon 4 polymorphism in the Italian female population and the association with appendicular skeletal muscle mass index in normal weight (NW), normal weight obese (NWO), and preobese-obese (Preob-Ob) subjects.Methods.We evaluated anthropometry, body composition, and p53 polymorphism in 140 women distinguished in NW, NWO, and Preob-Ob.Results.Arg*/Arg*genotype increases sarcopenia risk up to 20% (Arg*/Arg*genotype OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 0.48–2.9;proallele*carriers OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.83–2.06). The risk of being sarcopenic forArg*/Arg*genotype in NWO and Preob-Ob is 31% higher than NW carriers ofproallele*(RR = 0,31, 95% CI = 0,15–0,66,P= 0,0079). We developed a model able to predict sarcopenia risk based on age, body fat, and p53 polymorphism.Conclusion. Our study evidences that genotyping TP53 polymorphism could be a useful new genetic approach, in association with body composition evaluations, to assess sarcopenia risk.
Product‐Form Solutions for Integrated Services Packet Networks and Cloud Computing Systems
Authors: Dai Wanyang
Published: October 2014

We iteratively derive the product‐form solutions of stationary distributions for a type of preemptive priority multiclass queueing networks with multiserver stations. This type of queueing systems can typically be used to model the stochastic dynamics of some large scale backbone networks with multiprocessor shared‐memory switches or local (edge) cloud computing centers with parallel‐server pools. The queueing networks are Markovian with exponential interarrival and service time distributions. The obtained iterative solutions can be used to conduct performance analysis or as comparison criteria for approximation and simulation studies. Numerical comparisons with existing Brownian approximating model (BAM) related to general interarrival and service times are provided to show the effectiveness of our current designed algorithm and our previous derived BAM. Furthermore, based on the iterative solutions, we can also give some analysis concerning network stability for some cases of these queueing systems, which provides some insight for more general study.
Finite Element Modeling of Crack Generation in Laser Shock Peening Processed Airfoils
Authors: Li Fang , Qi Xue , Xiang Dan
Published: October 2014

Laser shock peening (LSP) is a surface treatment process for airfoils that is achieved by the induction of compressive stress. While LSP is a mature and reliable surface treatment process, slight anomalies during the process, or variations in material ductility and geometries, may cause unintended formation of small subsurface cracks in the resultant LSP processed material. In this study, we developed a 3D FEM model to simulate the formation and predict the sizes of cracks generated by inappropriate LSP processing in airfoil specimens in order to avoid producing such subsurface cracks. The Johnson-Cook plastic material model along with the consideration of effects of high strain rate was used to describe the plasticity of Ti alloys. The constants in this plastic model have been optimized with experimental data. The FEM model also includes both damage initiation and evolution criteria to simulate cracks generated by LSP process in the specimens. The simulated crack sizes and locations in the specimens have been validated by the experimental results.
Elevated Plasma Stromal-Cell-Derived Factor-1 Protein Levels Correlate with Severity in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Tsai Ping-Kun , Hsieh Ming-Ju , Wang Hsiang-Ling , Chou Ming-Chih , Yang Shun-Fa , Yeh Chao-Bin
Published: October 2014

Background.The aim of this study was to investigate differential changes in plasma levels of stromal-cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) before and after antibiotic treatment in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and observe the association between the severity of CAP and the plasma SDF-1 level.Methods.We gathered blood specimens from 61 adult CAP patients before and after antibiotic treatment and from 60 healthy controls to measure the plasma concentrations of SDF-1 by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results.The plasma SDF-1 concentration was elevated significantly in patients with CAP before receiving treatment compared with the controls and decreased significantly after the patients received treatment. Leukocyte (WBC) and neutrophil counts and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels decreased significantly after antibiotic treatment. Moreover, differences in the plasma concentration of SDF-1 were significantly correlated with PSI, CURB-65, and APACHE II scores (r=0.389,P=0.002, andn=61;r=0.449,P<0.001, andn=61; andr=0.363,P=0.004, andn=61, resp.).Conclusions.An elevated plasma SDF-1 concentration can be used as a biological marker for the early diagnosis of CAP and for the early detection of its severity.
Phytochemical and Biological Activities of Four Wild Medicinal Plants
Authors: Shad Anwar Ali , Ahmad Shabir , Ullah Riaz , AbdEl-Salam Naser M. , Fouad H. , Rehman Najeeb Ur , Hussain Hidayat , Saeed Wajid
Published: October 2014

The fruits of four wild plants, namely,Capparis decidua, Ficus carica, Syzygium cumini, andZiziphus jujuba, are separately used as traditional dietary and remedial agents in remote areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The results of our study on these four plants revealed that the examined fruits were a valuable source of nutraceuticals and exhibited good level of antimicrobial activity. The fruits of these four investigated plants are promising source of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. These four plants' fruits are good sources of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and chromium. It was also observed that these fruits are potential source of antioxidant agent and the possible reason could be that these samples had good amount of phytochemicals. Hence, the proper propagation, conservation, and chemical investigation are recommended so that these fruits should be incorporated for the eradication of food and health related problems.
Study of Tribological Properties of Nanolamellar WS2 and MoS2 as Additives to Lubricants
Authors: An Vladimir , Irtegov Yuri , de Izarra Charles
Published: October 2014

This work was aimed at studying the tribological properties of nanolamellar tungsten and molybdenum disulfides produced from nanosized W and Mo nanopowders by self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis. The prepared WS2 and MoS2 powders were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). For tribological tests, oil‐based lubricants added with nanolamellar tungsten and molybdenum disulfides were prepared. The tribological tests show that the friction coefficient of the nanolamellar powders is lower than that of commercial powder (μmin = 0.024 and 0.064, resp.). It is also found that the oil‐based lubricants with nanolamellar disulfide additives display higher antifriction and antiwear properties compared to commercial powder.
Systematic Analysis of Time-Series Gene Expression Data on Tumor Cell-Selective Apoptotic Responses to HDAC Inhibitors
Authors: Qi Yun-feng , Huang Yan-xin , Dong Yan , Zheng Li-hua , Bao Yong-li , Sun Lu-guo , Wu Yin , Yu Chun-lei , Jiang Hong-yu , Li Yu-xin
Published: October 2014

SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid or vorinostat) is the first nonselective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). SAHA affects histone acetylation in chromatin and a variety of nonhistone substrates, thus influencing many cellular processes. In particularly, SAHA induces selective apoptosis of tumor cells, although the mechanism is not well understood. A series of microarray experiments was recently conducted to investigate tumor cell-selective proapoptotic transcriptional responses induced by SAHA. Based on that gene expression time series, we propose a novel framework for detailed analysis of the mechanism of tumor cell apoptosis selectively induced by SAHA. Our analyses indicated that SAHA selectively disrupted the DNA damage response, cell cycle, p53 expression, and mitochondrial integrity of tumor samples to induce selective tumor cell apoptosis. Our results suggest a possible regulation network. Our research extends the existing research.
Vitamin D Status and Its Relationship with Metabolic Markers in Persons with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in the UAE: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sadiya Amena , Ahmed Solafa M. , Skaria Sijomol , Abusnana Salah
Published: October 2014

Aim.To report vitamin D status and its impact on metabolic parameters in people in the United Arab Emirates with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D).Methodology.This cross-sectional study included 309 individuals with obesity and T2D who were randomly selected based on study criteria. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (s-25(OH)D), calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, glycemic profile, and cardiometabolic parameters were assessed in fasting blood samples, and anthropometric measurements were recorded.Results.Vitamin D deficiency (s-25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L) was observed in 83.2% of the participants, with a mean s-25(OH)D of 33.8 ± 20.3 nmol/L. Serum 25(OH)D correlated negatively (P<0.01) with body mass index, fat mass, waist circumference, parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B and positively (P<0.01) with age and calcium concentration. Waist circumference was the main predictor of s-25(OH)D status. There was no significant association between serum 25(OH)D and glycemic profile.Conclusion.There is an overwhelming prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in our sample of the Emirati population with obesity and T2D. Association of s-25(OH)D with body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass, markers of calcium homeostasis and cardiometabolic parameters suggests a role of vitamin D in the development of cardiometabolic disease-related process.
Reproductive Toxicity of Triptolide in Male House Rat,Rattus rattus
Authors: Singla Neena , Challana Swati
Published: October 2014

The aim of study was to investigate the toxic effect of triptolide fed in bait on reproduction of male house rat,Rattus rattus. Feeding of cereal based bait containing 0.2% triptolide to maleR. rattusfor 5 days in no-choice feeding test, leading to mean daily ingestion of 20.45 mg/kg bw of triptolide, was found effective in significantly(P≤0.05)reducing sperm motility and viability in cauda epididymal fluid by 80.65 and 75.14%, respectively, from that of untreated rats. Pregnancy rates were decreased by 100% in untreated cyclic female rats paired with male rats treated with 0.2% triptolide. Present studies suggest the potential of 0.2% triptolide bait in regulating reproductive output ofR. rattus.
Preparation of Ni Doped ZnO-TiO2Composites and Their Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Zou Xiaowen , Dong Xiaoli , Wang Limei , Ma Hongchao , Zhang Xinxin , Zhang Xiufang
Published: October 2014

Herein, Ni doped ZnO-TiO2composites were prepared by facile sol-gel approach and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The results indicated that the Ni ions can be incorporated into the lattice of TiO2structure and replace Ti. The introduction of Ni expanded light absorption of TiO2to visible region, increased amount of surface hydroxyl groups and physically adsorbed oxygen (as the electronic scavenges), and then enhanced separation rate of photogenerated carriers. The photodegradation test of reactive brilliant blue (KN-R) under simulated solar light indicated that Ni doped ZnO-TiO2composites have better photocatalytic activities, as compared to those of TiO2and ZnO-TiO2.
Whole Prostate Volume and Shape Changes with the Use of an Inflatable and Flexible Endorectal Coil
Authors: Osman Murat , Shebel Haytham , Sankineni Sandeep , Bernardo Marcelino L. , Daar Dagane , Wood Bradford J. , Pinto Peter A. , Choyke Peter L. , Turkbey Baris , Agarwal Harsh K.
Published: October 2014

Purpose.To determine to what extent an inflatable endorectal coil (ERC) affects whole prostate (WP) volume and shape during prostate MRI.Materials and Methods.79 consecutive patients underwent T2W MRI at 3T first with a 6-channel surface coil and then with the combination of a 16-channel surface coil and ERC in the same imaging session. WP volume was assessed by manually contouring the prostate in each T2W axial slice. PSA density was also calculated. The maximum anterior-posterior (AP), left-right (LR), and craniocaudal (CC) prostate dimensions were measured. Changes in WP prostate volume, PSA density, and prostate dimensions were then evaluated.Results.In 79 patients, use of an ERC yielded no significant change in whole prostate volume (0.6±5.7%,P=0.270) and PSA density (-0.2±5.6%,P=0.768). However, use of an ERC significantly decreased the AP dimension of the prostate by-8.6±7.8%(P<0.001), increased LR dimension by4.5±5.8%(P<0.001), and increased the CC dimension by8.8±6.9%(P<0.001).Conclusion.Use of an ERC in prostate MRI results in the shape deformation of the prostate gland with no significant change in the volume of the prostate measured on T2W MRI. Therefore, WP volumes calculated on ERC MRI can be reliably used in clinical workflow.