bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncontrollable Blackness
Authors: Flowe Douglas J.
Published: May 2021

Early twentieth-century African American men in northern urban centers like New York faced economic isolation, segregation, a biased criminal justice system, and overt racial attacks by police and citizens. In this book, Douglas J. Flowe interrogates the meaning of crime and violence in the lives of these men, whose lawful conduct itself was often surveilled and criminalized, by focusing on what their actions and behaviors represented to them. He narrates the stories of men who sought profits in underground markets, protected themselves when law enforcement failed to do so, and exerted control over public, commercial, and domestic spaces through force in a city that denied their claims to citizenship and manhood. Flowe furthermore traces how the features of urban Jim Crow and the efforts of civic and progressive leaders to restrict their autonomy ultimately produced the circumstances under which illegality became a form of resistance.Drawing from voluminous prison and arrest records, trial transcripts, personal letters and documents, and investigative reports, Flowe opens up new ways of understanding the black struggle for freedom in the twentieth century. By uncovering the relationship between the fight for civil rights, black constructions of masculinity, and lawlessness, he offers a stirring account of how working-class black men employed extralegal methods to address racial injustice.
Introduction
Authors: Flowe Douglas J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the main concepts of the book, its largest arguments, and the theories of historical study and criminology that they are imbedded in. It also lays out all of the archival materials used to make these arguments, and what methodologies are used regarding those documents. Finally, it introduces the theoretical framework called “the crucible of black criminality” which makes an assertion about how a number of historical factors have created the circumstances where crime among African Americans can sometimes be understood as resistance.
White Balance
Authors: Gomer Justin
Published: May 2021

The racial ideology of colorblindness has a long history. In 1963, Martin Luther King famously stated, "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." However, in the decades after the civil rights movement, the ideology of colorblindness co-opted the language of the civil rights era in order to reinvent white supremacy, fuel the rise of neoliberalism, and dismantle the civil rights movement’s legal victories without offending political decorum. Yet, the spread of colorblindness could not merely happen through political speeches, newspapers, or books. The key, Justin Gomer contends, was film--as race-conscious language was expelled from public discourse, Hollywood provided the visual medium necessary to dramatize an anti–civil rights agenda over the course of the 70s, 80s, and 90s.In blockbusters like Dirty Harry, Rocky, and Dangerous Minds, filmmakers capitalized upon the volatile racial, social, and economic struggles in the decades after the civil rights movement, shoring up a powerful, bipartisan ideology that would be wielded against race-conscious policy, the memory of black freedom struggles, and core aspects of the liberal state itself.
Conclusion
Authors: Gomer Justin
Published: May 2021

The conclusion situates the book’s analysis amid contemporary controversies, including the 2016 election of Donald Trump and #OscarsSoWhite. It explores how contemporary black filmmakers continue to use film to contest antiblackness and white supremacy on and off Hollywood movie screens, in front of and behind the camera.
Animal Skinners
Authors: Zehnle Stephanie
Published: May 2021

The chapter examines the transcolonial networks of a Swiss zoologist, Johann Büttikofer. He was employed by the Royal Museum of Natural History in Leiden. Together with the Swiss hunter, Franz Xaver Stampfli, he participated in two zoological expeditions to Liberia in the 1870s and 1880s. The chapter analyzes the various forms and cultures of human-animal relations that developed in the West African contact zone during the expeditions when different social classes, ethnic groups and species met and interacted. The chapter argues that these exchanges in the contact zone shaped the research agendas in the scientific metropoles in Europe to a considerable degree.
Early American Rebels
Authors: McIlvenna Noeleen
Published: May 2021

During the half century after 1650 that saw the gradual imposition of a slave society in England’s North American colonies, poor white settlers in the Chesapeake sought a republic of equals. Demanding a say in their own destinies, rebels moved around the region looking for a place to build a democratic political system. This book crosses colonial boundaries to show how Ingle's Rebellion, Fendall's Rebellion, Bacon's Rebellion, Culpeper's Rebellion, Parson Waugh's Tumult, and the colonial Glorious Revolution were episodes in a single struggle because they were organized by one connected group of people. Adding land records and genealogical research to traditional sources, Noeleen McIlvenna challenges standard narratives that disdain poor whites or leave them out of the history of the colonial South. She makes the case that the women of these families played significant roles in every attempt to establish a more representative political system before 1700. McIlvenna integrates landless immigrants and small farmers into the history of the Chesapeake region and argues that these rebellious anti-authoritarians should be included in the pantheon of the nation’s Founders.
Revolution in the Chesapeake, 1675–1679
Authors: McIlvenna Noeleen
Published: May 2021

This chapter places Bacon’s Rebellion in the context of political developments in the surrounding colonies. In Virginia, Governor Berkeley had recently disenfranchised many of the poorer farmers. This allowed his elite supporters in the assembly to pass a high poll tax. Dissatisfaction became violent in the summer of 1676, in both Virginia and in an area of Maryland known as the Clifts. The rebellions were eventually suppressed, but when a new governor tried to tax the Albemarle settlers, he was met with Culpeper’s Rebellion, which successfully saved representative government in North Carolina.
Religion Is but Policy, 1689–1699
Authors: McIlvenna Noeleen
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the overthrow of the Calverts in the 1690s by John Coode and the Protestant Association of Maryland. As word of the arrival of William of Orange spread across the Atlantic, one member of the radical network began an uprising in Virginia, known as Parson Waugh’s Tumult. Then in Maryland, the sons-in-law of Thomas Gerard organized and successfully created a democratic government, and the new King supported them. There would still be challenges. A governor tried to quell Coode’s influence, as Coode tried to teach others about Cicero and commonwealths. But the real killer of egalitarian thought was slavery. The switch to an enslaved labor force throughout the Chesapeake over the 1690s substituted race for class in the social hierarchy of the region.
Military Bases and Rubber Tires
Authors: Nobbs-Thiessen Ben
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the transnational undercurrents of Bolivia’s national revolution. It weaves together the geopolitical and environmental forces that led the Okinawans and Mennonites to Santa Cruz. In postwar Okinawa, the U.S. military displaced farmers as it constructed bases on expropriated lands across the Ryukyuan archipelago. From political protests and blockades to performances of model agrarian citizenship, Okinawans contested removal and several thousand were eventually relocated to Bolivia. There Okinawans employed the same strategy of model agrarian citizenship they had used to contest U.S. removal on the Ryukyuan islands to successfully counter xenophobia in Santa Cruz. The second half of this chapter begins with the small-scale migration of Paraguayan Mennonites to Bolivia in the mid-1950s before turning to Mexico where a prolonged midcentury drought was devastating farming communities in Chihuahua. In the face of drought many Mexican Mennonites initially traveled north to work as laborers on Canadian farms. Returning to Mexico, these braceros brought modern goods and evangelical missionaries back to their traditional colonies. The result was a bitter conflict that centered on the use of rubber tires, rather than steel wheels, on Mennonite tractors and pushed forward an exodus of conservative Mennonites to Bolivia in 1968.
Past and Present in the Bolivian Lowlands
Authors: Nobbs-Thiessen Ben
Published: May 2021

This conclusion draws on contemporary examples from Santa Cruz to explore the visibility and invisibility of internal and transnational migration. The very scale of the March to the East continually obscures its origins as new agro-industrial operation and its role in accelerating development. In highlighting these realities, the conclusion points to decades-long continuities in lowland policy that are shared by diverse political regimes.
Cointel’s Got Blacks in Hell
Authors: Onaci Edward
Published: May 2021

The fifth chapter considers some of the dangerous and dispiriting aspects of social movement participation. It underscores the importance of external forces, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and state police, in shaping the development of social movements, as well as lifestyle politics. State repression led to incarceration, death, and demobilization; but even as activists added new names to the roster of political prisoners and prisoners of war, they also rethought their beliefs and ideas, and used the harms they experienced generate their collective political agenda. Chapter five, therefore, clarifies how New Afrikans thought about and acted as the result of hostility and violence, even as they pursued their goals.
Epilogue
Authors: Onaci Edward
Published: May 2021

The epilogue ponders the space created by a study of New Afrikan Independence Movement history for further exploration and analysis. Taking seriously Marilyn Preston Killingham’s perspective about racial terrorism, it reminds readers that historical state violence and ongoing repression against the activist left create archival silences that the small but growing body of scholarship about this movement has yet to fully explore. The production of geographies, economic studies, cultural analysis, and biographies associated with the NAIM will help scholars and activists continue to reveal and learn from the lessons of this dynamic political struggle. Therefore, the epilogue encourages further research as students of New Afrikan history continue to reveal archival silences and use them to generate the production of new ideas and more activism.
The Other 1960s Student
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Berkman became a pre-med at Cornell University in the mid 1960s, as the social movements of the 1960s swirled around him. He became a football player, president of his fraternity, and focused on getting into medical school, not radical politics. He got into every medical school he applied to and won major scholarships. A lecture by Black Power advocate Stokley Carmichael during his last semester in college, however, made him begin to question his place and role in the world.
Dr. Salk or Dr. Lenin
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Berkman entered Columbia University’s medical school expecting to have a successful and brilliant career as a physician. Early on he was drawn, however, to his classmates with more radical politics. The upheaval of the late 1960s caught up with him as he began to read Marx and became more and more willing to do small illegal actions. He also met and romanced his classmate Barbara Zeller as they both moved closer to people in political groups such as the Students for Democratic Society’s Weathermen.
The Left of the Left
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Berkman and Zeller settled in New York in 1974, and he returned to community medicine. She worked in hospitals and began to learn acupuncture. They married and had their daughter Sarah in 1976. Berkman’s politics became increasingly anti-imperialist and anti-racist as he joined the primarily woman dominated May 19th Communist Organization. Much of their work was to counter the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and to do anti-racist work through his leadership in the John Brown Anti-Klan Committee, that became a national organization. He agreed to treat Black and Latino radicals after they had been beaten by the police, and was suspected in helping bomber William Morales escape from his hospital prison. His politics were becoming dangerous.
Isolation and Rethinking
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Rather than be corrected or seek penitence, Berkman used his prison time to write to his friends, comrades and family, and to rethink his political trajectory. Often in isolation, and moved around without notice, he tried to figure out how to do his time, make a life and escape the incompetence of prison health care. Sent to Connecticut to stand trial for the robbery, he was given a concomitant sentence along with his federal prison time, then was charged, along with several of his comrades, on a federal conspiracy case.
His Full Self
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

As Berkman battled a variety of cancers over the first years of 2000s, he also continued his global health work on HIV/AIDS. Whether it was a demonstration at the United Nations to demand global treatment or training programs for the Clinton Foundation in the Dominican Republic or courses for students at Columbia, he used his knowledge and skills around the world. He had become a global health “elder” whose ideas and support mattered to another generation. The cancers he had fought through stem cell operations were finally more than his body to fight and he died in June 2009.
Poor Man's Fortune
Authors: Roll Jarod
Published: May 2021

White working-class conservatives have played a decisive role in American history, particularly in their opposition to social justice movements, radical critiques of capitalism, and government help for the poor and sick. While this pattern is largely seen as a post-1960s development, Poor Man’s Fortune tells a different story, excavating the long history of white working-class conservatism in the century from the Civil War to World War II. With a close study of metal miners in the Tri-State district of Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, Jarod Roll reveals why successive generations of white, native-born men willingly and repeatedly opposed labor unions and government-led health and safety reforms, even during the New Deal.With painstaking research, Roll shows how the miners' choices reflected a deep-seated, durable belief that hard-working American white men could prosper under capitalism, and exposes the grim costs of this view for these men and their communities, for organized labor, and for political movements seeking a more just and secure society. Roll's story shows how American inequalities are in part the result of a white working-class conservative tradition driven by grassroots assertions of racial, gendered, and national privilege.
The Favorite of Fortune
Authors: Roll Jarod
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how southwest Missouri miners maintained their pursuit of market opportunities as industrial capitalism foreclosed those opportunities nationally in the 1870s. They did this by mining and marketing zinc, once a worthless by-product of lead mining. Their zinc mining created a profitable new market that partially freed working miners from the control of smelting companies. At a time of national economic depression, this development made the mining region famous as a poor man’s camp where capital-poor but hard-working men could work on their own account, as independent owner-operator miners, and possibly make considerable sums of money. When smelting companies looked to take control of zinc, some miners turned to antimonopoly politics, but most miners responded as before, by searching for mineral discoveries as prospectors on undeveloped land in Missouri and now in Kansas. By seeking new opportunities to enter the market again as independent producers rather than fight the smelting companies, as workers forming unions elsewhere did, these miners kept alive their faith in capitalism and risk-taking work.
The American Boy Has Held His Own
Authors: Roll Jarod
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines how Tri-State miners developed a faith that strong, white men could profit from risk-taking wage labor by transforming the job of hand-loading, or shoveling, into high-paying work through extreme physical exertion. They did this by insisting on a share of the profits of mining by working according to a piece rate that tracked the market price of metal. Tri-State miners justified this demand by appealing to their sense of privilege as white American men. This new culture of reckless work drew upon and fueled an aggressive expression of working-class masculinity that further alienated them from the safety and security of union solidarity. But it also set them in opposition to their employers. To back their demand for a share of profits through the piece rate, Tri-State miners appealed to white supremacy and American nationalism and rebelled by strikebreaking, changing jobs, suing for injuries, and by staging their own wildcat strikes without union allies. Their insistence on the piece rate also began to destroy their physical health by exacerbating a local silicosis epidemic.
Epilogue
Authors: Roll Jarod
Published: May 2021

This epilogue concludes the narrative by examining the effects of World War II on the Tri-State mining district. The National War Labor Board ultimately facilitated the unionization of most district miners in the CIO. As federal support waned at war’s end, however, the district rapidly collapsed. Although now unionized, Tri-State miners opted for the conservative, anti-Communist unionism of the American Federation of Labor. But no union could stop the closure of the mines by the late 1950s. Rather than go into mining, young working-class men. such as the district’s favorite son, Mickey Mantle, now chose other occupations. The epilogue also surveys the books core arguments and reiterates its historiographical significance.
Introduction
Authors: Whitlinger Claire
Published: May 2021

For decades, Philadelphia, Mississippi epitomized Southern racism as the site of the 1964 “Mississippi Burning” murders of civil rights activists James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner. Yet in a striking turn of events, the community’s efforts to confront its history of racial violence is now commended by academics and racial reconciliation practitioners as a model for other cities hoping to do the same. This introductory chapter situates this local transformation within a global political and cultural landscape, highlighting the “memory boom” ignited by WWII, which constructed acknowledgment and atonement with moral righteousness and legitimate democracy. Then, after reviewing scholarly debates on the social utility of commemorating violent pasts, the chapter argues that such commemorations are neither entirely beneficial nor detrimental to social life, as popular and scholarly texts often suggest. Rather, scholars should identify the conditions that enable commemorations of violent pasts to transform the often tragic conditions out of which they emerge. In this way, commemorations must be understood as both the cause and consequence of related memory movements. Studying commemorative outcomes therefore requires a detailed historical and counterfactual analysis, a methodological approach discussed in the chapter’s final section.
Prosecuting Edgar Ray Killen
Authors: Whitlinger Claire
Published: May 2021

Despite the growing number of civil rights cold cases brought to trial decades after the crimes were committed, few social scientific studies explore the conditions that allow for such cases to emerge. Engaging this question through an in-depth case study of the 2005 prosecution of Edgar Ray Killen for the 1964 “Mississippi Burning” murders of civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, this chapter extends current understandings of cold case trials. More specifically, the chapter investigates whether and how the case can be understood as an outcome of the 40th anniversary commemoration in Philadelphia, Mississippi, finding that the commemoration catalysed mnemonic entrepreneurship and cultivated the organizational structures and resources necessary to achieve a positive legal outcome. In doing so, the commemoration empowered local organizers to perform the roles typically undertaken by victims’ relatives and investigative journalists, thus offering an alternative pathway to legal redress. In addition, this commemorative outcome was shaped by favourable political opportunities a juror pool that had been primed through the ‘‘memory of commemoration.’’
Arguing until Doomsday
Authors: Woods Michael E.
Published: May 2021

As the sectional crisis gripped the United States, the rancor increasingly spread to the halls of Congress. Preston Brooks's frenzied assault on Charles Sumner was perhaps the most notorious evidence of the dangerous divide between proslavery Democrats and the new antislavery Republican Party. But as disunion loomed, rifts within the majority Democratic Party were every bit as consequential. And nowhere was the fracture more apparent than in the raging debates between Illinois's Stephen Douglas and Mississippi's Jefferson Davis. As leaders of the Democrats' northern and southern factions before the Civil War, their passionate conflict of words and ideas has been overshadowed by their opposition to Abraham Lincoln. But here, weaving together biography and political history, Michael E. Woods restores Davis and Douglas's fatefully entwined lives and careers to the center of the Civil War era.
Operating on personal, partisan, and national levels, Woods traces the deep roots of Democrats' internal strife, with fault lines drawn around fundamental questions of property rights and majority rule. Neither belief in white supremacy nor expansionist zeal could reconcile Douglas and Davis's factions as their constituents formed their own lines in the proverbial soil of westward expansion. The first major reinterpretation of the Democratic Party's internal schism in more than a generation, Arguing until Doomsday shows how two leading antebellum politicians ultimately shattered their party and hastened the coming of the Civil War.
Introduction
Authors: Woods Michael E.
Published: May 2021

The introduction demonstrates how Stephen Douglas and Jefferson Davis’s intertwined careers can illuminate the sectionalism that split the antebellum Democratic Party. Both men moved west into the Mississippi River Valley, envisioned that valley as the nucleus of a burgeoning American empire, and regarded Democratic unity as vital to preserving a growing Union. But, pressured by their respective constituencies in Illinois and Mississippi, Douglas and Davis promoted incompatible programs for reconciling African American slavery with white freedom. Douglas championed whites-only majoritarianism and left African Americans’ status up to white voters in each state and territory. Alarmed, Davis sought to use federal power to protect slaveholders’ property rights against potentially hostile majorities. Rooted in a larger tension between property and democracy, this conflict shattered their party in 1860. Though ostensibly united by racism and anti-abolitionism, antebellum Democrats aligned into sectional wings and battled over the nature of American democracy itself.
Manifest Destinies
Authors: Woods Michael E.
Published: May 2021

The U.S.-Mexican War propelled Stephen Douglas and Jefferson Davis to the pinnacles of power but triggered a new round of sectional conflict that shook the Democratic Party to its core. Davis’s celebrated military service won him a seat in the U.S. Senate, where he fought to protect slaveholders’ property rights throughout the nation’s massive new western domain. Douglas joined him in the Senate as the self-appointed spokesman for a vast western constituency stretching from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Ocean. As they attempted to govern the Mexican Cession and the Oregon Territory, Davis and Douglas grappled with portentous questions about democracy, property rights, and the Union. Douglas embraced popular sovereignty as a means to preserve white men’s self-government, but Davis denounced it as a cloaked free soil doctrine and demanded positive federal protection for property in human beings. Their conflict escalated until Douglas helped broker the Compromise of 1850. Douglas hailed the compromise as a permanent basis for sectional peace, while Davis’s dogged resistance to the measure briefly upended his career.
Wages of Whiteness
Authors: Woods Michael E.
Published: May 2021

The Dred Scott decision (1857) sought to enshrine white supremacy in constitutional law and vanquish the antislavery activists who opposed Stephen Douglas and Jefferson Davis’s Democratic Party. Nevertheless, the Davis-Douglas rivalry intensified in the late 1850s. Racism and anti-abolitionism were flimsy foundations for party unity because they could not resolve the tension between Douglas’s majoritarianism and Davis’s dedication to slaveholders’ property rights. This conflict exploded into intraparty war in 1858 as Democrats debated the admission of Kansas as a state under the proslavery Lecompton Constitution. Embraced by Davis and like-minded Democrats for safeguarding property rights, the Lecompton Constitution was assailed by Douglas and his allies as a perversion of popular sovereignty. After clashing over Lecompton in the Senate, Davis and Douglas had to defend themselves back home. Davis veered toward more extreme positions on reopening the Atlantic slave trade and passing federal legislation to protect slavery in western territories. Meanwhile, Douglas ran for re-election against Abraham Lincoln, a formidable foe who forced him to prove that popular sovereignty could produce free states. By 1859, Democrats’ efforts to win state and local elections exacerbated their party’s internal sectional conflict.
Conclusion
Authors: Walker Christine
Published: May 2021

The book concludes in the 1760s, the era when most of the scholarship on Jamaica begins. It uses a unique set of letters written by a Euro-African woman, Mary Rose, to her former paramour and patron, Rose Fuller, to frame a moment of violence and change in the colony. Between 1760 and 1761, enslaved people launched a massive uprising called Tacky’s Revolt on the island. Tacky’s Revolt challenged slaveholder hegemony and threatened British power in Jamaica. Rose occupied a liminal position in colonial society during this moment of crisis. She was a free woman of European and African descent of middling wealth who commanded enslaved people and worked as a rancher to earn additional income. Yet, her authority was fragile and dependent on Fuller’s support. Rose thus foregrounds the precarious position occupied by free and freed women with African ancestry at a moment when some local officials, together with imperial authorities, determined that white solidary was the solution to extinguishing slave insurgencies. The local government sought to limit the material wealth held by free people of Euro-African descent. Yet, this population continued to grow, adding to the diverse group of women who remained deeply invested in slaveholding.
A Permanent Crisis
Authors: Mayeux Sara
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the rocky implementation of Gideon v. Wainwright between 1963 and 1973, continuing the Massachusetts case study begun in chapter 2 and also addressing developments in Philadelphia and other localities. Although states could technically comply with Gideon in a variety of ways (e.g. appointing private counsel case-by-case),many lawyers and reform organizations interpreted Gideon as a broader mandate to establish and expand institutionalized public defender offices. The Ford Foundation and the National Legal Aid and Defender Association (NLADA) embarked upon the National Defender Project, an ambitious nationwide effort. As a result of such efforts, the 1960s witnessed change and growth in public defender offices around the country. In Massachusetts, for example, the organization initially founded as a voluntary defender was converted from a private charity into a statewide public defender agency, hired dozens of new lawyers, and was soon handling tens of thousands of cases each year. Yet, criticisms quickly emerged that public defenders had overwhelming caseloads and resorted too often to plea bargaining, rather than trial advocacy. Reformers diagnosed a new problem, the “indigent defense crisis” that persists today.
Pragmatic Values of Lexemes Marking Names Of Animals and Plants in Orhan Pamuk’s Novel Kafamda Bi̇r Tuhaflik and Translation in Bosnian Language
Authors: Solak Edina , Bašić Mirza
Published: May 2021

The primary goal is to analyze the pragmatic value of lexemes marking names of animals and plants in Orhan Pamuk’s novel Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık. Besides, contrastive analysis was used to answer the question of whether lexemes marking names of animals and plants can have an identical pragmatic illocution in Turkish and Bosnian language. The initial language of the analysis is Turkish, which implies the fact that pragmatic functions of lexemes marking names of animals and plants in the Turkish language are compared to the translational equivalents in Bosnian. This is used to try to determine similarities and differences between the pragmatic values of names of animals and plants in two genetically and typologically different languages.
The Risk as a Communication Phenomenon Within McLuhan’s Global Village
Authors: Vatreš Amina
Published: May 2021

Positioning one of the crucial dimensions of recent global society - global interdependence in the center of interest, the essential goal of this paper is primarily to reflect on the communication potential of global risks as a new reflection of interdependence within McLuhan’s global village. The paper explains how the media’s reduction of the world to the level of a global village has affected and transformed the relevant determinants of various risks, but also the process by which different societies cooperate and communicate to deal with them effectively. Speaking primarily from the perspective of global interdependence, as a product of a globalized-driven change in the communicative-technological-social paradigm, the paper is oriented towards theoretical consideration of the position of risk as a communication phenomenon in the modern age.
Kecemasan Siswa Sekolah Menegah Atas dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah pada Materi Program Linier dalam Praktek Kelas Virtual
Authors: Febryliani Ignes , Umam Khoerul , Soebagjoyo Joko , Maarif Samsul
Published: May 2021

Pembelajaran matematika secara virtual telah mengubah bagaimana siswa merespons situasi belajar dan tidak jarang meningkatkan kecemasan siswa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengungkapkan secara deskriptif bagaimana kecemasan yang terjadi pada siswa pada saat mempelajari program linear dalam pembelajaran matematika secara virtual. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan menggunakan survey secara online agar dapat menjangkau seluruh subjek penelitian. Analisis data penelitian dideskripsikan secara deskriptif untuk mengilustrasikan kecemasan yang terjadi pada siswa pada kelas virtual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kecemasaan siswa pada saat mempelajari materi program linear meningkat pada aspek penilaian dimana kebayakan siswa meminta untuk diajarkan ulang materi yang sudah dipelajari. Kontribusi penelitian ini berdampak pada bagaimana belajar matematika yang efektif dan baik sehingga kecemasan yang terjadi dapat meningkatkan pemahaman matematis siswa
Komunikasi Matematis Siswa SMP: Studi Membangun Diskusi Kelompok yang Efektif Melalui Strategi Student Team Heroic Leadership
Authors: Nurhusain Muhammad , Hasby Muhammad
Published: May 2021

Matematika pada umumnya identik dengan penghitungan angka dan rumus, sehingga menimbulkan anggapan bahwa keterampilan komunikasi tidak dapat dibangun dari pembelajaran matematika. Salah satu komponen kunci yang dapat mempengaruhi keberhasilan dalam matematika adalah kebutuhan untuk memperhatikan ketelitian yang secara eksplisit meminta siswa untuk memperhatikan ketepatan baik kalkulasi maupun bahasa. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan guru mata pelajaran matematika SMP di salah satu sekolah negeri yang ada di Makassar, peneliti menemukan beberapa masalah dalam pembelajaran matematika  (1) metode yang digunakan guru adalah ceramah. (2) pembelajaran belum berpusat pada siswa (student centered learning). (3) Dalam menyelesaikan soal matematika siswa kurang mampu menuliskan simbol matematika dengan benar. Bagaimana meningkatkan komunikasi matematika siswa dalam membangun diskusi kelompok yang efektif melalui strategi student team heroic leadership adalah tujuan penelitian ini. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas yang akan di adakan minimal 2 siklus, setiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahapan yaitu: 1) Perencanaan, 2) Pelaksanaan, 3) Pengamatan, 4) Refleksi. Subjek Penelitian adalah siswa kelas VII salah satu SMP negeri yang ada di Makassar, yang terdiri dari 6 laki-lai dan 10 perempuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan komunikasi matematika siswa dapat ditingkatkan dengan menerapkan strategi pembelajaran Student Team Heroic Leadership, hal ini ditunjukkan dengan rata-rata nilai hasil tes komunikasi pada siklus I dari 76% menjadi 96% pada siklus II, ketuntasan hasil tes komunikasi matematika siswa secara kalsikal meningkat dari tes siklus I ke tes siklus II, dan terjadi perubahan positif aktivitas siswa pada siklus I dan siklus II. Temuan lain terungkap bahwa adanya kecenderungan siswa menyembunyikan sesuatu yang tidak diketahui selama proses pembelajaran sehingga guru kesulitan untuk menilai sejauh mana pemahaman siswa terhadap konsep dari materi matematika yang disajikan. Harapan peneliti, lebih lanjut akan dilakukan penelitian bagaimana memunculkan percaya diri siswa dalam mengungkapkan ketidaktahuan selama menyelesaikan masalah matematika yang disajikan guru selama proes pembelajaran.
ANALISIS YURIDIS TERHADAP PRAKTEK PERJANJIAN TERTUTUP AIR MINUM DALAM KEMASAN (STUDI PUTUSAN NOMOR 22/KPPU-I/2016)
Authors: Sihombing Fitri Oktaviani , Sitohang Erita Wage Wati , Sihotang Lesson
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis analisa hukum terhadap pertimbangan majelis hakim dalam memberikan putusan pada perkara Nomor 22/KPPU-I/2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisa yuridis dan studi kepustakaan. Dalam penelitian kepustakaan, studi pustaka dilakukan pada peraturan perundang-undang dan studi pustaka lainnya, pengumpulan data dengan mengadakan studi penelaahan terhadap buku-buku, literatur-literatur, yang ada hubungannya dengan masalah. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan yuridis dan dijabarkan dengan deskriptif analitis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa PT Balina Agung Perkasa dan PT Tirta Investama telah melakukan praktek perjanjian tertutup dan penguasaan pasar karena telah melanggar pasal 15 ayat (3) huruf b dan pasal 19 huruf a dan b yakni adanya penguasaan pasar dan perjanjian tertutup.
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA PELAKU ORDERAN FIKTIF OJEK ONLINE YANG MENGAKIBAT KERUGIAN PT. GRAB INDONESIA ( STUDI PUTUSAN NOMOR 1507/PID.SUS/2018/PN.MDN)
Authors: Waruwu Vikardin , Nainggolan Ojak , Sinaga Jusnizar
Published: May 2021

Konsep Pertanggungjawaban Pidana tidak hanya menyangkut soal hukum melainkan menyangkut nilai moral dan kesusilaan umum memenuhi keadilan. Pertanggungjawaban pidana didasarkan pada kesalahan pembuat bukan hanya dipenuhinya unsur tindak pidana dalam pertanggungjawaban pidana, beban pertangunggjawaban pidana dibebankan pada pelaku pelangaran tindak pidana, sehingga setiap orang yang melakukan pelangaran terhadap undang-undang wajib bertangungjawab atas apa yang telah dilakukannya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan  ini adalah  penelitian hukum normatif  dengan cara melakukan  penelusuri atau menelaah bahan pustaka seperti buku, jurnal, dan Putusan Nomor 1507/Pid.Sus./2018/PN. Mdn. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan maka diperoleh  kesimpulan bahwa pertanggungjawaban pidana terdakwa Afandi Penampat Perangin-angin memiliki kemampuan bertanggungjawab dan adanya kesalahan yang dilakukan  yang bertentangan dengan hukum sehingga hakim menjatuhkan pidana terhadaap terdakwa dengan Pasal 30 Ayat (3) Jo Pasal 46 Ayat (3) Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik sebagaimana diperbaharui dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik Jo Pasal 55 Ayat (1) Ke-1 KUHPidana
Overview on main nutrition-related diseases in three countries from North Africa
Authors: Diaf Mustapha , Khaled Meghit Boumediene
Published: May 2021

The aim of this review article is to give a holistic overview on the magnitude of nutrition-related diseases in the North African region and to outline major factors associated with the prevalence of these complications. A literature analysis was performed on PubMed and Google Scholar for data relating to nutrition-related diseases published between January 2007 and March 2017. The employed keywords were; “Algeria AND Morocco AND Tunisia AND Nutrition-Related diseases”. We focused firstly on the nutrition-related diseases associated to inadequate intake of nutrients and unhealthy dietary habits such as low birth weight, anemia and micronutrient deficiencies, thereafter, diseases associated with changes in lifestyle such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are highlighted. Factors, contributing to nutritional issues, vary from one country to another. Low socioeconomic status, low educational levels, unhealthy eating habits, poverty, and ignorance are mainly responsible for both under and over nutrition problems. Despite their alarming rates, national strategies to combat these nutritional diseases do not exist or are ineffective in North African countries. Efforts are focused on therapeutic actions, however, the scarcity or the complete lack of preventive health care services, epidemiological surveys, nutritional surveillance and lack of nutritional assessment need to be considered. Continuous and accurate analyses of the evolving situation will allow setting up good tools, strategies and health intervention programs in North African countries.

Keywords: North African countries, nutrition-related diseases, overview, undernutrition, over-nutrition.
Tarımsal Arazi Maliklerinin Arazi Toplulaştırma Projelerinin Çeşitli Aşamalarındaki Davranış ve Görüşlerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Çanakkale İli Örneği
Authors: KARAÖNDER İlker , GÜREL Aydın
Published: May 2021

Arazi toplulaştırması, önemli bir tarımsal yapı bozukluğu olan arazi parçalanması sorununu çözmenin tek yoludur. Ancak, doğrudan mülkiyet hakkını ilgilendirmesi nedeniyle gerçekleştirilmesi zor bir uygulamadır. Toplulaştırmanın arazi maliklerince benimsenebilmesi için, projelerin başlangıçtan tamamlanmasına kadar tüm aşamalarının iyi yönetilmesi gereklidir. Bu çalışmada, arazi maliklerinin toplulaştırma projelerinin çeşitli aşamalarındaki bazı davranışları ve süreçlere yönelik görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Çanakkale ilinde arazi toplulaştırması yapılan 19 yerleşim yerinde toplam 346 arazi maliki ile anket yapılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında arazi maliklerinin projenin öncesinde toplulaştırmaya yönelik tutumları ve bilgilendirme toplantılarındaki davranış ve görüşleri inceleme altına alınmıştır. Ayrıca, maliklerin yeni parselasyon planları ve mülkiyet listelerine itiraz edip etmeme durumları, yeni arazilerine ve projenin kendilerine yüklediği maliyete ilişkin düşünceleri araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, tarımsal arazi maliklerinin düşünce ve davranışlarından hareketle, arazi toplulaştırma projelerinin benimsenmesi ve başarısının artması için uygulamada gerekli tedbirlerin alınması önerilmektedir.
Triggers of benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis and its pathophysiology: a review of literature
Authors: Halawi A , Ibrahim N , Bitar R
Published: May 2021

Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by episodes of cholestasis followed by complete resolution. The episodic nature of BRIC raises concerns about its possible trigger factors. Indeed, case reports of this orphan disease have associated BRIC to some triggers. In the absence of any reviews, we reviewed BRIC trigger factors and its pathophysiology. The study consisted of a systematic search for case reports using PubMed. Articles describing a clear case of BRIC associated with a trigger were included resulting in 22 articles that describe 35 patients. Infection was responsible for 54.3% of triggered episodes, followed by hormonal, drugs, and miscellaneous causes reporting as 30%, 10%, and 5.7% respectively. Females predominated with 62.9%. The longest episode ranged between 3 months to 2 years with a mean of 32.37 weeks. The mean age of the first episode was 14.28 ranging between 3 months to 48 years. Winter and autumn were the major seasons during which episodes happened. Hence, BRIC is potentially triggered by infection, which is most commonly a viral infection, hormonal disturbances as seen in oral contraceptive pills and pregnancy state, and less commonly by certain drugs and other causes. The appearance of cholestasis during the first two trimesters of pregnancy compared to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy could help to differentiate between the two conditions. The possible mechanism of BRIC induction implicates a role of BSEP and ATP8B1. While estrogen, drugs, and cytokines are known to affect BSEP, less is known about their action on ATP8B1.
Measurement Report: A Multi-Year Study on the Impacts of Chinese New Year Celebrations on Air Quality in Beijing, China
Authors: Foreback Benjamin , Dada Lubna , Dällenbach Kaspar , Yan Chao , Wang Lili , Chu Biwu , Zhou Ying , Kokkonen Tom V. , Kurppa Mona , Pileci Rosaria E. , Wang Yonghong , Chan Tommy , Kangasluoma Juha , Zhuohui Lin , Guo Yishou , Li Chang , Baalbaki Rima , Kujansuu Joni , Fan Xiaolong , Feng Zemin , Rantala Pekka , Gani Shahzad , Bianchi Federico , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku , Liu Yongchun , Paasonen Pauli
Published: May 2021

Abstract. We investigated the influence of the Chinese New Year (CNY) celebrations on local air quality in Beijing from 2013 through 2019, bringing together comprehensive observations at the newly-constructed Aerosol and Haze Laboratory at Beijing University of Chemical Technology – West Campus (BUCT-AHL) and data from Chinese government air quality measurement stations. In this study, these datasets are used together to provide a detailed analysis of air quality during the CNY over multiple years. Before CNY in 2018, the city of Beijing prohibited the use of fireworks and firecrackers in an effort to reduce air pollution. In 2018 air pollutant concentrations still showed a significant peak during the CNY night, even though not as strong as in previous years, but in 2019, the pollution levels were notably lower. During the studied 7-year study period, it appears that there has been a long-term decrease in CNY related emissions since 2016. Based on our analysis, the pollutants with the most notable spike during CNY were sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, including black carbon. Sulfuric acid concentration followed the sulfur dioxide concentration and showed elevated overnight concentration in CNY 2018, but not notably in 2019. Additionally, spectrometer data and analysis of aerosol particle number size distribution shows direct emissions of particles with diameters around 20 nm during CNY in 2018 and 2019. Meteorological conditions were comparable between the latest two years, indicating that air quality associated with the CNY may be improving, perhaps a positive effect of the restrictions. The longer observations in the future will provide confirmation for these trends.
Measurement report: Characterization of the vertical distribution of airborne Pinus pollen in the atmosphere with lidar-derived profiles: a modelling case study in the region of Barcelona, NE Spain
Authors: Sicard Michaël , Jorba Oriol , Ho Jiang Ji , Izquierdo Rebeca , De Linares Concepción , Alarcón Marta , Comerón Adolfo , Belmonte Jordina
Published: May 2021

Abstract. This paper investigates the mechanisms involved in the dispersion, structure and mixing in the vertical column of atmospheric pollen. The methodology used employs observations of pollen concentration obtained from Hirst samplers (we will refer to as surface pollen) and vertical distribution (polarization-sensitive lidar) as well as nested numerical simulations with an atmospheric transport model and a simplified pollen module developed especially for this study. The study focuses on the predominant pollen type, Pinus, of the intense pollination event which occurred in the region of Barcelona, Catalonia, NE Spain, during 27–31 March, 2015. First, conversion formulas are expressed to convert lidar-derived total backscatter coefficient and model-derived mass concentration into pollen grains concentration, the magnitude measured at the surface by means of aerobiological methods, and for the first time ever, a relationship between optical and mass properties of atmospheric pollen, through the estimation of the so-called specific extinction cross-section, is quantified in ambient conditions. Second, the model horizontal representativeness is assessed through comparison between nested pollen simulations at 9, 3 and 1 km horizontal resolution and observed meteorological and aerobiological variables at seven sites around Catalonia. Finally, hourly observations of surface and column concentration in Barcelona are analysed with the different numerical simulations at increasing horizontal resolution and varying sedimentation/deposition parameters. We find that the 9 or 3 km simulations are less sensitive to the meteorology errors hence they should be preferred for specific forecasting applications. The largest discrepancies between measured surface (Hirst) and column (lidar) concentrations occur during nighttime: only residual pollen is detected in the column whereas it is present at the surface. The main reason is related to the lidar characteristics which has a lowest useful range bin at ~225 m, above the usually very thin nocturnal stable boundary layer. At the hour of the day of maximum insolation, the pollen layer does not extend up to the top of the planetary boundary layer according to the observations (lidar), probably because of gravity effects; however, the model simulates the pollen plume up to the top of the planetary boundary layer, resulting in an overestimation of the pollen load. Besides the large size and weight of Pinus grains, sedimentation/deposition processes have only a limited impact on the model vertical concentration in contrast to the emission processes. For further modelling research, emphasis is put on the accurate knowledge of plant/tree spatial distribution, density and type, as well as on the establishment of reliable phenology functions.