bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estado vacinal, tipo de habitação e nível cultural da mãe e sua relação com o estado imunitário à poliomielite, em uma amostra de escolares do município de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Barbosa Victório , Stewien Klaus E. , Rosenburg Cornélio P.
Published: May 2006

Foram determinados numa amostra probabilística da população escolar do 1º grau da rede da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo: (1) o estado vacinal das crianças - nº de doses de vacina de Sabin - (2) o tipo de sua habitação - residência, favela e cortiço - e (3) o nível cultural da mãe - analfabeta e alfabetizada. Estes fatores foram relacionados com a presença de anticorpos protetores e o estado imunitário da mesma população infantil. Os resultados mostraram a existência de uma correlação entre a presença de anticorpos protetores contra os poliovírus dos tipos 1, 2 e 3 e o número de doses de vacina oral (trivalente) recebidas pelas crianças de 7 e 8 anos de idade. Contudo, as crianças só mostraram níveis satisfatórios de imunidade com 5 e mais doses de vacina. Nos grupos etários de 9 a 15 e mais anos, o estado imunitário das crianças não se apresentou mais relacionado com o número de doses de vacina recebidas, o que deve ser atribuído à imunização das crianças não vacinadas através de infecções naturais com poliovírus, que circulam nas comunidades. Quando o estado imunitário das crianças foi relacionado com o tipo de sua habitação e o nível cultural da mãe, verificou-se que quantidades substancialmente menores de vacina oral, administradas às crianças cujas mães são analfabetas, ou que habitam em favelas e cortiços, foram até certo ponto compensadas, em termos de imunidade, através de infecções naturais com poliovírus circulantes. Os autores recomendam um esquema de vacinação contra a poliomielite que apresente, em sua série básica, pelo menos 5 doses de vacina de Sabin (trivalente).
Long term follow-up and patterns of response of ALT in patients with chronic hepatitis NANB/C treated with recombinant interferon-alpha
Authors: Silva L.C. da , Ono S.K. , Fonseca L.E.P. , Carrilho F.J. , Mendes L.C.A. , França A.V.C. , Madruga C.L.A. , Laudanna A.A.
Published: May 2006

The response to interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis NANB/C has usually been classified as complete, partial or absent, according to the behavior of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). However, a more detailed observation of the enzymatic activity has shown that the patterns may be more complex. The aim of this study was to describe the long term follow-up and patterns of ALT response in patients with chronic hepatitis NANB/C treated with recombinant interferon-alpha. A follow-up of 6 months or more after interferon-a was achieved in 44 patients. We have classified the serum ALT responses into six patterns and the observed frequencies were as follows: I. Long term response = 9 (20.5%); II. Normalization followed by persistent relapse after IFN = 7 (15.9%); III. Normalization with transient relapse = 5 (11.9%); IV. Temporary normalization and relapse during IFN = 4 (9.1%); V. Partial response (more than 50% of ALT decrease) = 7 (15.9%); VI. No response = 12 (27.3%). In conclusion, ALT patterns vary widely during and after IFN treatment and can be classified in at least 6 types.
Fatores relacionados à prevalência de morbidades psiquiátricas menores em mulheres selecionadas em um Centro de Saúde no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: Kac Gilberto , Silveira Erika Aparecida , Oliveira Lívia Costa de , Mari Jair de Jesus
Published: May 2006

O objetivo foi investigar fatores potencialmente associados às morbidades psiquiátricas menores, incluindo variáveis do estado nutricional materno. Foi estudada uma coorte com 479 mulheres entre 15 45 anos. O General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) reduzido (12 itens) foi aplicado, aos nove meses pós-parto, nas 312 mulheres que completaram o seguimento. A presença de morbidades psiquiátricas menores foi definida como valores do escore derivado do GHQ > 4 pontos, sendo analisada como variável dependente. As análises foram realizadas com modelos de regressão logística multivariados hierarquizados. A prevalência de morbidades psiquiátricas menores foi de 54,2% (IC95%: 48,6-59,7). Os resultados do modelo final revelaram que as seguintes variáveis permaneceram estatisticamente associadas: nível 1: renda familiar (1º quartil: OR = 2,71; IC95%: 1,42-5,19; 2º quartil: OR = 2,13; IC95%: 1,13-4,04); nível 3: gordura corporal > 30% (OR = 1,66; IC95%: 1,03-2,65). Conclui-se que a baixa renda e a obesidade foram os únicos fatores potencialmente associados à probabilidade de ocorrência de morbidades psiquiátricas menores, mesmo após o controle para variáveis de confusão, e que são escassos os estudos relacionando estado nutricional materno e morbidades psiquiátricas menores.
Violência e saúde como um campo interdisciplinar e de ação coletiva
Authors: Minayo Maria Cecília de Souza , Souza Edinilsa Ramos de
Published: May 2006

Este artigo tenciona apresentar a complexidade da reflexão sobre violência e saúde e, ao mesmo tempo, o campo de possibilidades que a temática abre tanto para a colaboração ínterdisciplinar, como para a ação multiprofissional. Busca elaborar uma crítica das visões que absolutizam o sentido da violência, sem, no entanto, pretender apontar uma resposta definitiva. Adverte para o risco epistemológico e prático de reducionismo que corre o setor de saúde ao querer tratar esse fenômeno como urna epidemia e para a necessidade de colaboração intersetorial e com a sociedade civil. É um artigo aberto, com mais perguntas que respostas, mas apresentando uma proposta interdisciplinar entre as ciências sociais, a epidemiologia e a psicologia.
Aspectos e impactos ambientais de pedreira em área urbana
Authors: Bacci Denise de La Corte , Landim Paulo Milton Barbosa , Eston Sérgio Médici de
Published: May 2006

O conceito de desempenho ambiental tem sido utilizado como forma para revelar as relações da empresa com o meio ambiente e com a sociedade, constituindo um parâmetro de análise da sua postura diante das questões sócio-ambientais. A avaliação dos aspectos e impactos ambientais gerados por determinada atividade é um instrumento da gestão ambiental, sendo aplicado, nesse trabalho, em uma pedreira de diabásio, na área de expansão urbana, no município de Campinas (SP). Foram avaliados os aspectos e impactos das etapas produtivas da pedreira e de suas instalações administrativas. Os impactos adversos mais significativos levantados foram a sobrepressão atmosférica e a vibração do terreno, causando desconforto à comunidade. Após tais levantamentos, algumas ações de melhoria foram implantadas pela empresa e resultaram na diminuição das reclamações por parte da comunidade; outras medidas, pró-ativas, devem ainda ser implementadas, principalmente aquelas voltadas para a prevenção de impactos negativos e a preservação do meio ambiente, além da recuperação da área degradada, como medida reativa.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Loss of Attachment in HIV‐Infected Women Compared to HIV‐Uninfected Women
Authors: Alves Mario , Mulligan Roseann , Passaro Douglas , Gawell Susan , Navazesh Mahvash , Phelan Joan , Greenspan Deborah , Greenspan John S.
Published: May 2006

Background: The Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) is the largest, most detailed, controlled longitudinal collection of data to evaluate the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and its therapies on the periodontium.

Methods: This report evaluates periodontal probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), and tooth loss from 584 HIV‐seropositive and 151 HIV‐seronegative women, recorded at 6‐month intervals from 1995 to 2002. Using the random split‐mouth method, PD and AL were recorded from four sites per tooth: mesial‐buccal, buccal, distal‐buccal, and lingual. Influence of viral load, CD4 count, race, smoking, drug use, low income, and level of education were evaluated.

Results: At baseline, AL was 1.6 versus 1.1 mm (P = 0.003) and PD was marginally deeper (2.1 versus 2.0 mm; P = 0.02) in HIV‐seropositive versus HIV‐seronegative women. Adjusted longitudinal analysis showed that HIV infection did not increase the mean PD (rate ratio [RR], 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96 to 1.04), worst PD (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.09), mean AL (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.02), worst AL (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.07), or tooth loss (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.05).

Conclusions: CD4 count and viral load had no consistent effects on PD or AL. Among HIV‐infected women, a 10‐fold increase in viral load was associated with a marginal increase in tooth loss. The progression of periodontal disease measured by PD and AL did not significantly differ between HIV‐infected and HIV‐uninfected women. The HIV‐seropositive women lost more teeth. Race, smoking, drug use, income, and education level did not influence the results for either group.
Two Algorithms for Variable Power Control of Heat‐Balance Sap Flow Gauges under High Flow Rates
Authors: Tarara Julie M. , Ferguson John C.
Published: May 2006

The advantages of variable power control for heat‐balance sap flow gauges are evident under high flow rates (e.g., >600 g h−1) where high rates of power must be applied. Under the very high flow rates (e.g., 1500–4000 g h−1) of mature grapevines (Vitis spp.), we evaluated two algorithms to control the power applied to heat‐balance sap flow gauges, and thus the temperature difference (ΔT) above and below gauge heaters: (i) a proportional‐derivative (PD) algorithm and (ii) an open‐loop controller following the theoretical diurnal course of irradiance. The PD algorithm was tuned for expected maximum flow rates and could keep ΔT within 0.1°C of its daytime (0800–1800 h) target value. Over 21 d, mean daytime ΔT was 1.32 ± 0.001°C (s.e.m.) for an 18‐gauge system. The algorithm was unstable early in the morning and in the evening as rates of sap flow were below those for which the algorithm had been tuned. In the open‐loop algorithm, power output was programmed to change according to a sine curve tied to daylength. In well‐watered vines, the power curve mimicked actual sap flow patterns. As flow rates varied it accommodated the changing dead time of the system, which is the delay or time required before any change in ΔT occurs. Daytime ΔT varied sinusoidally with a typical amplitude of 0.5 to 1.0°C. The coefficient of variation in daytime ΔT appeared to be higher (16–26%) under the open‐loop algorithm than under the PD algorithm (5–13%). Under weekly cycles of deficit irrigation, the variance in daytime ΔT increased with the number of days after irrigation, suggesting that the open‐loop algorithm might best be applied when the stem energy balance includes an estimate of heat storage.
Weed Control and Response to Herbicides during Tifton 85 Bermudagrass Establishment from Rhizomes
Authors: Butler Twain J. , Muir James P. , Ducar Joyce Tredaway
Published: May 2006

Field studies were conducted in 2001 to 2003 to determine the effects of herbicides and application timings during establishment of ‘Tifton 85’ hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers. × C. nlemfuensis Vanderyst). The experimental design was a split plot with three replications. Main plot consisted of three herbicide application timings of 1, 14, and 28 d after planting (DAP), and subplots were 16 herbicide treatments. Hormone‐like herbicides (picloram + 2,4‐D amine and 2,4‐D amine + dicamba) applied 1 DAP controlled large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] 70 to 82%, did not injure Tifton 85, and consistently aided in Tifton 85 establishment, resulting in 23 to 30% ground cover in 2001 and 2002 compared with 3 to 4% in the untreated control. Imazapic (0.02, 0.035, and 0.05 kg a.i. ha−1) applied 1 and 14 DAP injured Tifton 85, ranging from 4 to 48% injury across years, yet these plots consistently had greater ground cover compared with the control, ranging from 9 to 56%. Glyphosate (0.28 kg a.i. ha−1) applied 14 DAP injured Tifton 85 less than 9%, controlled large crabgrass 76%, broadleaf signalgrass (Urochloa platyphylla Munroe ex C. Wright) 91%, and had 38, 45, and 17% ground cover in 2001, 2002, and 2003, respectively. Trifloxysulfuron (0.02 kg ha−1) applied 1 and 14 DAP controlled broadleaf signalgrass (>90%) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) (>90%), did not injure Tifton 85, and resulted in 41 to 67% ground cover in 2002 and 2003. These data illustrate that Tifton 85 establishment was improved when weeds were controlled.
Beijing and Beyond: Women's Health and Gender-Based Analysis in Canada
Authors: Hankivsky Olena
Published: May 2006

On the tenth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing, this article evaluates Canada's progress in the area of women's health by critically examining the Women's Health Strategy. Introduced in 1999 by Health Canada, the Strategy is considered Canada's key response to its international commitments for promoting women's health and in particular for implementing a gender-based analysis in all programs, services, policies, and research. By reviewing each objective of the Strategy, the article illustrates the limited progress that has been made to date. It provides arguments for why and how all levels of government should work to improve their response to women's health in Canada and, specifically, how the Women's Health Strategy can be redesigned to be more effective in attending to the needs and concerns of all Canadian women.
The Impact of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning Communities on High School Students' Knowledge Building, Strategic Learning, and Perceptions of the Classroom
Authors: Shell Duane F. , Husman Jenefer , Turner Jeannine E. , Cliffel Deborah M. , Nath Indira , Sweany Noelle
Published: May 2006

Across two years, we examined the effects of teachers' attempts to implement computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL) communities in classrooms in two high schools on students' knowledge building, strategic learning, and perceptions of the classroom environment. In year one, 429 (fall) and 317 (spring) students in the classes of 8 teachers and in year two, 946 students in the classes of 18 teachers participated. Students in classes where CSCL communities were more fully established reported more knowledge building goals and activities, more question asking, and higher perception of collaboration with fellow students. Students' reports of knowledge building, strategic learning, and perceptions of the classroom were also associated with their classroom achievement. Results suggest that implementing practices and technology supportive of CSCL communities can foster increased student knowledge building and enhance students' perceptions of collaboration in regular classroom environments.
Clinical relevance and therapeutic predictive ability of hypoxia biomarkers in head and neck cancer tumour models
Authors: Lee Tet Woo , Singleton Dean C. , Harms Julia K. , Lu Man , McManaway Sarah P. , Lai Amy , Tercel Moana , Pruijn Frederik B. , Macann Andrew M. J. , Hunter Francis W. , Wilson William R. , Jamieson Stephen M. F.
Published: March 2024

Tumour hypoxia promotes poor patient outcomes, with particularly strong evidence for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To effectively target hypoxia, therapies require selection biomarkers and preclinical models that can accurately model tumour hypoxia. We established 20 patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) and cell line‐derived xenograft (CDX) models of HNSCC that we characterised for their fidelity to represent clinical HNSCC in gene expression, hypoxia status and proliferation and that were evaluated for their sensitivity to hypoxia‐activated prodrugs (HAPs). PDX models showed greater fidelity in gene expression to clinical HNSCC than cell lines, as did CDX models relative to their paired cell lines. PDX models were significantly more hypoxic than CDX models, as assessed by hypoxia gene signatures and pimonidazole immunohistochemistry, and showed similar hypoxia gene expression to clinical HNSCC tumours. Hypoxia or proliferation status alone could not determine HAP sensitivity across our 20 HNSCC and two non‐HNSCC tumour models by either tumour growth inhibition or killing of hypoxia cells in an ex vivo clonogenic assay. In summary, our tumour models provide clinically relevant HNSCC models that are suitable for evaluating hypoxia‐targeting therapies; however, additional biomarkers to hypoxia are required to accurately predict drug sensitivity.
JAZ
Genes in Cotton: Prospects for Improvements to Vegetative and Fibre Growth by Addressing Lepidopteran Herbivory Resistance Mechanisms
Authors: Rock Christopher D. , Adhikari Indra P. , Parajulee Megha N.
Published: March 2024

Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long‐term efficacy of
Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt) transgene technologies. Plants have a deeply conserved defence response to pests: Jasmonic acid (JA) hormone signalling mediated by transcriptional repressors called JASMONATE‐ZIM‐DOMAIN/JAZ. JAZs normally limit expression of plant defence pathways, promoting assimilate partitioning towards growth and reproduction, by their carboxyl terminal Jas motif that antagonises MYeloCytomatosis (MYC) master transcription factor activities. Deletion, alternative splicing/intron retention, or disruption of the Jas motif results in JA insensitivity and increased resistance to pathogens including arthropod herbivores, for example by production of secondary metabolites and new leaves with higher trichome density. JA‐mediated trichome initiation and elongation also impact cotton fibre production. Since its release in 2017, the third‐generation stacked commercial Bt insecticidal Vip3A protein traits are increasingly under severe pressure for evolution of
Helicoverpa zea
(bollworm) resistance. Regional differences in efficacy of Bollgard
®
3 and WideStrike
®
3 against lepidopteran pests and increasing pesticide use are emerging issues. Future transgenic field control failures from bollworm infestations and incursions of
Helicoverpa armigera
from Central America are likely in the U.S. Cotton Belt. In this systematic primer on the problem, we take a conceptual approach to consider
JAZ
genes as means to leverage ‘internal’ host‐derived herbivore resistance in cotton. We consider the genetic redundancy and pleiotropic nature of JAZ master regulators on tissue‐specific growth, development, crosstalk with hormonal and small RNA pathways as nodes in networks, and limitations of JAZ efficacy due to fitness costs/growth trade‐offs versus prospects for enhancing resistance networks to orchestrate transgressive segregation (generation of extreme phenotypes in breeding progeny not seen in parental lines).
The use of dose surface maps as a tool to investigate spatial dose delivery accuracy for the rectum during prostate radiotherapy
Authors: Patrick Haley M. , Kildea John
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This study aims to address the lack of spatial dose comparisons of planned and delivered rectal doses during prostate radiotherapy by using dose‐surface maps (DSMs) to analyze dose delivery accuracy and comparing these results to those derived using DVHs.

Methods

Two independent cohorts were used in this study: twenty patients treated with 36.25 Gy in five fractions (SBRT) and 20 treated with 60 Gy in 20 fractions (IMRT). Daily delivered rectum doses for each patient were retrospectively calculated using daily CBCT images. For each cohort, planned and average‐delivered DVHs were generated and compared, as were planned and accumulated DSMs. Permutation testing was used to identify DVH metrics and DSM regions where significant dose differences occurred. Changes in rectal volume and position between planning and delivery were also evaluated to determine possible correlation to dosimetric changes.

Results

For both cohorts, DVHs and DSMs reported conflicting findings on how planned and delivered rectum doses differed from each other. DVH analysis determined average‐delivered DVHs were on average 7.1% ± 7.6% (p ≤ 0.002) and 5.0 ± 7.4% (p ≤ 0.021) higher than planned for the IMRT and SBRT cohorts, respectively. Meanwhile, DSM analysis found average delivered posterior rectal wall dose was 3.8 ± 0.6 Gy (p = 0.014) lower than planned in the IMRT cohort and no significant dose differences in the SBRT cohort. Observed dose differences were moderately correlated with anterior‐posterior rectal wall motion, as well as PTV superior‐inferior motion in the IMRT cohort. Evidence of both these relationships were discernable in DSMs.

Conclusion

DSMs enabled spatial investigations of planned and delivered doses can uncover associations with interfraction motion that are otherwise masked in DVHs. Investigations of dose delivery accuracy in radiotherapy may benefit from using DSMs over DVHs for certain organs such as the rectum.
Argument‐based intervention as a way to reduce covid‐19 unfounded beliefs and vaccination hesitancy
Authors: Teličák Peter , Šrol Jakub , Halama Peter
Published: March 2024

The aim of the experimental study was to verify the reduction of Covid‐19 unfounded beliefs through arguments in favor of vaccination. The sample includes 720 participants recruited by Qualtrics (50% women, age: M = 38.8, SD = 10.90). The participants were equally and randomly divided into three groups. The control group was given the task of reading a neutral text about Norway. The first experimental group was provided with a debunking text that corrected popular misinformation and unfounded beliefs about vaccination against polio and vaccination against Covid‐19. The second experimental group read the same text as the first, with two additional paragraphs addressing the motives and errors in the thinking of unfounded belief spreaders. The results confirmed that exposing the participants to arguments for vaccination reduces the endorsement of Covid‐19 unfounded beliefs and increases the willingness to be vaccinated against Covid‐19 disease.
Current wave of opioid crisis run by fentanyl combinations
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: March 2024

The fourth wave of the opioid crisis continues to grow increasingly complex, dominated by “fentanyl plus” combinations of drugs that, in some cases, predictably follow historical patterns, and in others, turn logic on its ear. A leading national researcher on drug‐using behavior told ADAW that unlike fentanyl's original imposition into the drug supply, many of the combinations that have emerged since then appear to be demand‐driven, though the “why” of the demand is often hard to pinpoint.
Oxygen‐Vacancy‐Rich Monolayer BiO2−X Nanosheets for Bacterial Sepsis Management via Dual Physically Antibacterial and Chemically Anti‐inflammatory Functions
Authors: Liu Fang , Zhang Kun , Lu Bin , Wang Xiaochun , Dong Qingrong , Xue Tingyu , Tan Yan , Wang Xing , Du Jiangfeng
Published: March 2024

Sepsis is defined as a life‐threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Effective treatment of bacterial sepsis remains challenging due to the rapid progression of infection and the systemic inflammatory response. In this study, monolayer BiO2−X nanosheets (BiO2−X NSs) with oxygen‐rich vacancies through sonication‐assisted liquid‐phase exfoliation are successfully synthesized. Herein, the BiO2−X NSs exhibit a novel nanozyme‐enabled intervention strategy for the management of bacterial sepsis, based on its pH dependent dual antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory functions. BiO2−X NSs exhibit effective antibacterial by utilizing oxidase (OXD)‐like activity. Additionally, BiO2−X NSs can scavenge multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitigate systemic hyperinflammation by mimicking superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). These dual capabilities of BiO2−X NSs allow them to address bacterial infection, proinflammatory cytokines secretion and ROS burst collaboratively, effectively reversing the progression of bacterial sepsis. In vivo experiments have demonstrated that BiO2−X NSs significantly reduce bacterial burden, attenuate systemic hyperinflammation, and rapidly rescued organ damage. Importantly, no obvious adverse effects are observed at the administered dose of BiO2−X NSs. This study presents a novel defect engineering strategy for the rational design of high‐performance nanozymes and development of new nanomedicines for managing bacterial sepsis.
Optimizing Atomic Layer Deposition Processes with Nanowire‐Assisted TEM Analysis
Authors: Schweizer Peter , Vogl Lilian M. , Maeder Xavier , Utke Ivo , Michler Johann
Published: March 2024

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is one of the premier methods to synthesize ultra‐thin materials on complex surfaces. The technique allows for precise control of the thickness down to single atomic layers, while at the same time providing uniform coverage even for structures with extreme aspect ratios such as deep trenches or wires. While many materials can be readily deposited using ALD there is still a lot of research going on to make other materials more accessible. When establishing a new process or adapting an existing process to a new reactor, precise optimization of the deposition parameters is necessary. However, characterizing the parameters of deposition rate, uniformity, composition, and structure is a challenging and time‐consuming task. Here a method is presented to optimize these process parameters during ALD deposition using high‐aspect ratio nanowires and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nanowire samples are prepared directly on TEM grids that are put into the ALD reactor during deposition. Within min of the process the coated nanowires can be analyzed by TEM to obtain the thickness of the layers, chemical composition, crystallinity, and conformality of the coating. This allows for a high testing throughput and subsequently a rapid optimization of deposition parameters.
Ribbontail Stingray Skin Employs a Core–Shell Photonic Glass Ultrastructure to Make Blue Structural Color
Authors: Surapaneni Venkata A. , Blumer Michael J. , Tadayon Kian , McIvor Ashlie J. , Redl Stefan , Honis Hanne‐Rose , Mollen Frederik H. , Amini Shahrouz , Dean Mason N.
Published: March 2024

Structural blue colors are common in animals, with the tissue nanostructures and material systems that produce them—especially bright blues—typically based on highly ordered nano‐architectures. In this study, we describe an unusually bright and angle‐independent structural blue from the skin of ribbontail stingray, arising from a more disordered array of scattering elements with a previously undescribed core–shell ultrastructure, involving nano‐vesicles enclosing guanine nano‐platelets. We show that this skin architecture functions as an intracellular photonic glass, coherently scattering blue, while broadband absorption from closely associated melanophores obviates the low color saturation typical for photonic glasses. Our characterization of skin ultrastructure and color in a stingray demonstrates how disordered systems can be harnessed to produce brilliant hues while illustrating that the capacity for guanine‐based colors likely arose extremely early in vertebrate evolution. Moreover, the material‐structure‐function associations underlying ribbontail stingray coloration, employing two distinct photonic phenomena, illustrate how the evolution of nanoscale architectures can have profound effects at much larger size scales (e.g., in visual ecology and communication), and provide fundamental guidelines for color‐saturated manmade photonic glasses.
Photopolymerized 3D Printing Materials for Optical Elements
Authors: Chen Yundong , Ye Piaoran , Huang Long , Zhao Shaoqing , Zhang Han , Wang Zhi , Liu Yuqing , Liu Hua
Published: March 2024

The optical element is a key part of manufacturing optoelectronic systems, which can realize functions such as imaging, spectroscopy, image transmission, filtering, and more. The design and manufacture of optical elements is a key issue that restricts its development, and the traditional optical component preparation method is less capable of preparing optical elements with complex structures and multiple materials. As a mature advanced manufacturing technology, photopolymerization 3D printing technology has the advantages of high printing precision and small layer thickness, which plays an important role in the preparation of optical elements. This review paper briefly provides a concise overview of the benefits and applications of photopolymerization 3D printing technology in optical element preparation The development overview and research progress of materials used for the preparation of optical elements by photopolymerization 3D printing are discussed. Finally, it summarizes the current limitations, challenges, future development prospects, and potential applications in the realm of optical element manufacturing.
Retraction: Organic Cocrystal Design to Promote Absorption and Triplet Excitons Formation for Sensitive Scintillator
Authors: Lei Yutian , Peng Guoqiang , Xu Youkui , Wang Haoxu , Li ZhenHua , Jin Zhiwen
Published: March 2024

Adv. Optical Mater. 2024, 12, 2302068

https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202302068

The above article, published online on 23 November 2023 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Anja Wecker, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH. The authors reported that time‐resolved fs‐TA spectroscopy test results presented in Figure 4a–c were not replicable in further experiments and determined that the discussions and conclusions are not reliable, and so the paper must be retracted. The authors agree to this retraction.
Visible Light Catalyzed Stannylation of Aryl Halides
Authors: Qiu Di , Ren Qianhang , Yue Guanglu , Chen Meng , Fagnoni Maurizio , Protti Stefano
Published: March 2024

A visible light‐mediated strategy for the preparation of aromatic stannanes from aryl halides (mostly aryl bromides) is presented herein. The reaction proceeds under metal‐ and additive‐free conditions and exhibits a broad substrate scope. The products obtained have been employed in the C−C bond formation via Stille cross‐coupling reactions. Mechanistic investigation evidenced the key role of both aryl radical and trimethylstannyl radical in Ar−Sn bond formation.
Advancing Emergency Supplies Management: A Blockchain‐Based Traceability System for Cold‐Chain Medicine Logistics
Authors: Zeng Wang , Wang Yuzhi , Liang Kaibo , Li Jianlan , Niu Xinyue
Published: March 2024

Advancing cold‐chain medicine logistics and emergency supplies management necessitates a robust blockchain‐based traceability system. This specialized information system is essential for enhancing quality control and operational efficiency. Despite challenges like insufficient supplies, ineffective distribution, and delays, blockchain's transparency and traceability offer significant potential to revolutionize national emergency management. This paper presents a blockchain‐based traceability system tailored for cold‐chain medicine logistics. This system achieves traceability and automatic medicine quality assessment by integrating blockchain principles and leveraging hazard analysis theory combined with IoT technology. This system also enhances data reliability with a multi‐sensor data fusion algorithm, improving temperature accuracy beyond conventional methods. Additionally, the feasibility and necessity of integrating blockchain into cold‐chain pharmaceutical traceability processes is thoroughly examined. The proposed system fulfills traceability needs for emergency cold‐chain medicine while addressing industry challenges.
Bayesian Optimization with Experience for Fast Development of Monolithic Tandem Solar Cells: Simulation Case Study
Authors: Tsoi Konstantin , Yerci Selçuk
Published: March 2024

Machine learning (ML) is gaining more attention in photovoltaic research and will be a vital tool in reaching record‐high power conversion efficiencies (PCE) in the near future. One area, where ML is significantly beneficial is reducing the number of experiments needed to find the optimum combination of parameters in solar cell fabrication. Bayesian optimization (BO) provides routes for quickly identifying optimum parameters in problems with large parameter space. In this work, BO algorithms utilizing previous knowledge are demonstrated to result in faster optimization of tandem solar cells, a technology rapidly gaining more interest due to its potential to deliver record‐high performance. Namely, it is shown that in the space of all possible parameter combinations that take ≈88 years to evaluate, optimum PCE can be obtained in 20 min. Moreover, it is demonstrated that methods utilizing previous knowledge outperform those that do not by yielding an increase of ≈8.9%abs. in the 1st iteration and requiring 5× less time to reach a target PCE of 38.5% across 20 different trials. Results from this work help accelerate the development of tandem solar cells by removing the need for large numbers of experiments in identifying optimum parameters.
Multivalent Aptamer‐Based Lysosome‐Targeting Chimeras (LYTACs) Platform for Mono‐ or Dual‐Targeted Proteins Degradation on Cell Surface
Authors: Duan Qiao , Jia Hao‐Ran , Chen Weichang , Qin Chunhong , Zhang Kejing , Jia Fei , Fu Ting , Wei Yong , Fan Mengyang , Wu Qin , Tan Weihong
Published: March 2024

Selective protein degradation platforms have opened novel avenues in therapeutic development and biological inquiry. Antibody‐based lysosome‐targeting chimeras (LYTACs) have emerged as a promising technology that extends the scope of targeted protein degradation to extracellular targets. Aptamers offer an advantageous alternative owing to their potential for modification and manipulation toward a multivalent state. In this study, a chemically engineered platform of multivalent aptamer‐based LYTACs (AptLYTACs) is established for the targeted degradation of either single or dual protein targets. Leveraging the biotin‐streptavidin system as a molecular scaffold, this investigation reveals that trivalently mono‐targeted AptLYTACs demonstrate optimum efficiency in degrading membrane proteins. The development of this multivalent AptLYTACs platform provides a principle of concept for mono‐/dual‐targets degradation, expanding the possibilities of targeted protein degradation.
Active Dual‐Protein Coating Assisted by Stepwise Protein–Protein Interactions Assembly Reduces Thrombosis and Infection
Authors: Zhang Wentai , Zhang Jiangling , Hu Fangkun , Wang Wenxuan , Du Zeyu , Ke You , Ma Qing , Mou Xiaohui , Lu Jing , Yang Zhilu
Published: March 2024

Universal protein coatings have recently gained wide interest in medical applications due to their biocompatibility and ease of fabrication. However, the challenge persists in protein activity preservation, significantly complicating the functional design of these coatings. Herein, an active dual‐protein surface engineering strategy assisted by a facile stepwise protein–protein interactions assembly (SPPIA) method for catheters to reduce clot formation and infection is proposed. This strategy is realized first by the partial oxidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (LZM) for creating stable nucleation platforms via hydrophobic interaction, followed by the assembly of nonoxidized BSA (pI, the isoelectric point, ≈4.7) and LZM (pI ≈11) through electrostatic interaction owing to their opposite charge under neutral conditions. The SPPIA method effectively preserves the conformation and functionality of both BSA and LZM, thus endowing the resultant coating with potent antithrombotic and bactericidal properties. Furthermore, the stable nucleation platform ensures the adhesion and durability of the coating, resisting thrombosis and bacterial proliferation even after 15 days of PBS immersion. Overall, the SPPIA approach not only provides a new strategy for the fabrication of active protein coatings but also shows promise for the surface engineering technology of catheters.
Integrating Full‐Color 2D Optical Waveguide and Heterojunction Engineering in Halide Microsheets for Multichannel Photonic Logical Gates
Authors: Xing Chang , Zhou Bo , Yan Dongpeng , Fang Wei‐Hai
Published: March 2024

Ensuring information security has emerged as a paramount concern in contemporary human society. Substantial advancements in this regard can be achieved by leveraging photonic signals as the primary information carriers, utilizing photonic logical gates capable of wavelength tunability across various time and spatial domains. However, the challenge remains in the rational design of materials possessing space‐time‐color multiple‐resolution capabilities. In this work, a facile approach is proposed for crafting metal‐organic halides (MOHs) that offer space‐time‐color resolution. These MOHs integrate time‐resolved room temperature phosphorescence and color‐resolved excitation wavelength dependencies with both space‐resolved ex situ optical waveguides and in situ heterojunctions. Capitalizing on these multifaceted properties, MOHs‐based two‐dimensional (2D) optical waveguides and heterojunctions exhibit the ability to tune full‐color emissions across the spectra from blue to red, operating within different spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, this work introduces an effective methodology for engineering space‐time‐color resolved MOH microstructures, holding significant promise for the development of high‐density photonic logical devices.
Synergistic Regulation of Intrinsic Lithiophilicity and Mass Transport Kinetics of Non‐Lithium‐Alloying Nucleation Sites for Stable Operation of Low N/P Ratio Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Bae Minjun , Park Sung‐Joon , Kim Minki , Kwon Eunji , Yu Seungho , Choi Juhyung , Chang Yujin , Kim Yonghwan , Choi Yoon Jeong , Hong Hwichan , Lin Liwei , Zhang Wang , Park Seungman , Maeng Ji Young , Park Jungjin , Lee Seung‐Yong , Yu Seung‐Ho , Piao Yuanzhe
Published: March 2024

Constructing functional materials on a 3D host is an efficient strategy to tackle issues of lithium (Li) metal anodes. Although non‐Li‐alloying materials provide structural stability during cycling due to reduced lattice distortions, low lithiophilicity and sluggish mass transport kinetics limit their functionality. Herein, a synergistic strategy is proposed to improve intrinsic lithiophilicity and mass transport kinetics of non‐Li‐alloying nucleation sites and demonstrate its remarkable efficacy. Two carbon fiber (CF) hosts coated by non‐Li‐alloying nanosheets with and without oxygen‐enriched carbon filler (OCF) as lithiophilicity and mass transport booster (OCF‐DSC@CF and DSC@CF, respectively) are constructed and their physiochemical properties are systematically evaluated to reveal the efficacy of OCF. By advanced characterization techniques, including 3D tomography and location‐dependent electron energy loss spectroscopies, the complex heterostructure of OCF‐DSC@CF with distinctive roles of each constituent is clearly identified. As verified by theoretical and electrochemical analyses, the incorporation of OCF endows OCF‐DSC@CF with substantially improved lithiophilicity and mass transport kinetics. Moreover, OCF‐DSC@CF induces a multifunctional SEI enriched with LiF and LiCx, which exhibits well‐balanced electrical resistivity and ionic conductivity. Benefiting from these attributes, OCF‐DSC@CF exhibits an unprecedented cyclability under a low N/P ratio of 1.8, achieving 700 cycles at 0.5C with an exceptional capacity retention of 97.8%.
A mixed methods assessment of technical and financial assistance to small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises in Kenya's food sector
Authors: Nakasone Eduardo , Porter Maria , Maredia Mywish K. , Jones Andrew , Tschirley David
Published: March 2024

We study the impact of providing consulting services and major capital infusions to small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the food sector in Kenya. We exploit a quasi‐experimental design that matches treated firms with comparable firms that applied for the same support but were just short of scoring sufficient points to receive this support. Using mixed methods, this quantitative analysis is supplemented by in‐depth qualitative interviews, which provide further insights into the workings of the program. The program helped SMEs launch new products and increased numbers of employees. Interviewees described higher sales resulting from the major capital infusions they received.
Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell for Clean Electric Energy: Unravelling the Role of Electrode Materials for a Sustainable Future
Authors: Bishnoi Pariksha , Mishra Kirti , Siwal Samarjeet Singh , Gupta Vijai Kumar , Thakur Vijay Kumar
Published: March 2024

Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) are better than others in commercially used FCs due to easy availability, less toxicity, and C‐2‐type alcohol. Ethanol has a high theoretical efficiency of 97% and is a safe, plentiful, and renewable resource that can be stored and controlled using the infrastructure that is in place now. Nevertheless, low functional efficiencies and the release of carbon dioxide (CO2), acetaldehyde, and byproducts of acetic acid must be addressed if DEFCs are to grow and become more commercially viable. To overcome these problems, new anode and cathode catalysts are needed, so this review article discusses the introduction of FCs with their structure, working and mechanism. Further, the report covers various types of FC catalysts, and their application in FC technology is explained. The role of the catalyst (such as anode and cathode), similarities and differences between Pt/Pd‐based catalysts, and the importance of supporting materials (such as carbon, transition metal dichalcogenides, MXene, and black phosphorus‐based materials) in DEFCs are described. In addition, the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of the DEFCs are discussed. Finally, the proposed theme is concluded with the existing challenges in this field and the future prospect of DEFCs.
An efficient photothermal conversion material based on D‐A type luminophore for solar‐driven desalination
Authors: Yang Jun‐Cheng , Wu Lin , Wang Le , Ren Runhua , Chen Pu , Qi Chunxuan , Feng Hai‐Tao , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: March 2024

Solar‐driven interfacial evaporation is a promising technology for desalination. The photothermal conversion materials are at the core and play a key role in this field. Design of photothermal conversion materials based on organic dyes for desalination is still a challenge due to lack of efficient guiding strategy. Herein, a new D (donor)‐A (acceptor) type conjugated tetraphenylpyrazine (TPP) luminophore (namely TPP‐2IND) was prepared as a photothermal conversion molecule. It exhibited a broad absorption spectrum and strong π–π stacking in the solid state, resulting in efficient sunlight harvesting and boosting nonradiative decay. TPP‐2IND powder exhibited high photothermal efficiency upon 660 nm laser irradiation (0.9 W cm−2), and the surface temperature can reach to 200°C. Then, an interfacial heating system based on TPP‐2IND is established successfully. The water evaporation rate and the solar‐driven water evaporation efficiency were evaluated up to 1.04 kg m−2 h−1 and 65.8% under 1 sunlight, respectively. Thus, this novel solar‐driven heating system shows high potential for desalination and stimulates the development of advanced photothermal conversion materials.
Investigating the impact of hypertension with and without diabetes on Alzheimer's disease risk: A clinico‐pathological study
Authors: Ruthirakuhan Myuri , Swardfager Walter , Xiong Lisa , MacIntosh Bradley J. , Rabin Jennifer S. , Lanctôt Krista L. , Ottoy Julie , Ramirez Joel , Keith Julia , Black Sandra E.
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION

Hypertension and diabetes are common cardiovascular risk factors that increase Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. However, it is unclear whether AD risk differs in hypertensive individuals with and without diabetes.

METHODS

Cognitively normal individuals (N = 11,074) from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) were categorized as having (1) hypertension with diabetes (HTN+/DM+), (2) hypertension without diabetes (HTN+/DM‐), or (3) neither (HTN‐/DM‐). AD risk in HTN+/DM+ and HTN+/DM‐ was compared to HTN‐/DM‐. This risk was then investigated in those with AD neuropathology (ADNP), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), cerebrovascular neuropathology (CVNP), arteriolosclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Finally, AD risk in HTN‐/DM+ was compared to HTN‐/DM‐.

RESULTS

Seven percent (N = 830) of individuals developed AD. HTN+/DM+ (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.31 [1.19–1.44]) and HTN+/DM‐ (HR = 1.24 [1.17–1.32]) increased AD risk compared to HTN‐/DM‐. AD risk was greater in HTN+/DM+ with ADNP (HR = 2.10 [1.16–3.79]) and CAA (HR = 1.52 [1.09–2.12]), and in HTN+/DM‐ with CVNP (HR = 1.54 [1.17–2.03]). HTN‐/DM+ also increased AD risk (HR = 1.88 [1.30–2.72]) compared to HTN‐/DM‐.

DISCUSSION

HTN+/DM+ and HTN+/DM‐ increased AD risk compared to HTN‐/DM‐, but pathological differences between groups suggest targeted therapies may be warranted based on cardiovascular risk profiles.

Highlights

AD risk was studied in hypertensive (HTN+) individuals with/without diabetes (DM+/‐).

HTN+/DM+ and HTN+/DM‐ both had an increased risk of AD compared to HTN‐/DM‐.

Post mortem analysis identified neuropathological differences between HTN+/DM+ and HTN+/DM‐.

In HTN+/DM+, AD risk was greater in those with AD neuropathology and CAA.

In HTN+/DM‐, AD risk was greater in those with cerebrovascular neuropathology.
Analysis of agreement between measures of subjective cognitive impairment and probable dementia in the National Health and Aging Trends Study
Authors: Chyr Linda C. , Wolff Jennifer L. , Zissimopoulos Julie M. , Drabo Emmanuel F.
Published: March 2024

BACKGROUND

Subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) measures in population‐based surveys offer potential for dementia surveillance, yet their validation against established dementia measures is lacking.

METHODS

We assessed agreement between SCI and a validated probable dementia algorithm in a random one‐third sample (n = 1936) of participants in the 2012 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS).

RESULTS

SCI was more prevalent than probable dementia (12.2% vs 8.4%). Agreement between measures was 90.0% and of substantial strength. Misclassification rates were higher among older and less‐educated subgroups due to higher prevalence of false‐positive misclassification but did not vary by sex or race and ethnicity.

DISCUSSION

SCI sensitivity (63.4%) and specificity (92.5%) against dementia were comparable with similar metrics for the NHATS probable dementia measure against the “gold‐standard” Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study–based dementia criteria, implying that population‐based surveys may afford cost‐effective opportunities for dementia surveillance to assess risk and inform policy.

Highlights

The prevalence of subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) is generally higher than that of a validated measure of probable dementia, particularly within the youngest age group, females, Whites, and persons with a college or higher degree.

Percent agreement between SCI and a validated measure of probable dementia was 90.0% and of substantial strength (prevalence‐ and bias‐adjusted kappa, 0.80). Agreement rates were higher in older and less‐educated subgroups, driven by the higher prevalence of false‐positive disagreement, but did not vary significantly by sex or race and ethnicity.

SCI's overall sensitivity and specificity were 63.4% and 92.5%, respectively, against a validated measure of probable dementia, suggesting utility as a low‐cost option for dementia surveillance. Heterogeneity in agreement quality across subpopulations warrants caution in its use for subgroup analyses.