bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of a genetic algorithm for the application in high‐throughput downstream process development
Authors: Treier Katrin , Berg Annette , Diederich Patrick , Lang Katharina , Osberghaus Anna , Dismer Florian , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: June 2012

Compared to traditional strategies, application of high‐throughput experiments combined with optimization methods can potentially speed up downstream process development and increase our understanding of processes. In contrast to the method of Design of Experiments in combination with response surface analysis (RSA), optimization approaches like genetic algorithms (GAs) can be applied to identify optimal parameter settings in multidimensional optimizations tasks. In this article the performance of a GA was investigated applying parameters applicable in high‐throughput downstream process development. The influence of population size, the design of the initial generation and selection pressure on the optimization results was studied. To mimic typical experimental data, four mathematical functions were used for an in silico evaluation. The influence of GA parameters was minor on landscapes with only one optimum. On landscapes with several optima, parameters had a significant impact on GA performance and success in finding the global optimum. Premature convergence increased as the number of parameters and noise increased. RSA was shown to be comparable or superior for simple systems and low to moderate noise. For complex systems or high noise levels, RSA failed, while GA optimization represented a robust tool for process optimization. Finally, the effect of different objective functions is shown exemplarily for a refolding optimization of lysozyme.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 7‐Alkenyl Homocamptothecins as Potent Topoisomerase I Inhibitors
Authors: Zhu Lingjian , Zhang Xianghua , Lei Ning , Liu Wenfeng , Miao Zhenyuan , Zhuang Chunlin , Sheng Chunquan , Guo Wei , Dong Guoqiang , Yao Jianzhong , Cheng Pengfei , Zhang Wannian
Published: June 2012

Homocamptothecin (hCPT) is a camptothecin (CPT) derivative with a seven‐membered β‐hydroxylactone E ring, which shows higher lactone stability and improves topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition activity. In an attempt to improve the antitumor activity of homocamptothecins, a series of 7‐alkenyl‐homocamptothecin derivatives was designed and synthesized based on a semisynthetic route starting from CPT. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibit higher cytotoxic activities on the A‐549 tumor cell line than topotecan (TPT). Some compounds such as 2a and 2o show a broad in vitro antitumor spectrum and exhibit superior Topo I‐inhibition activity.
Application of UV/VIS Spectrophotometry and Multivariate Analysis to Characterization of the Species of Solanum sect. ErythrotrichumChild
Authors: Basílio Ionaldo José L. D. , Moura Renata K. P. , Bhattacharyya Jnanabrata , de Fátima Agra Maria
Published: June 2012

The UV/VIS spectral characteristics of the standardized extracts of the leaves of 22 Solanum species of the Leptostemonum clade were investigated in the presence of shift reagents with the aid of multivariate analysis, to obtain data in support of the interspecific and subsectional delimitation proposed for Solanum sect. Erythrotrichum. Of these species, 20 belong to the section Erythrotrichum, S. paniculatum is assigned to the section Torva, and S. robustum is not attributed to a defined section. The results indicated characteristic λmax (absorbance maxima) for each species as well as the presence of phenolic compounds like flavonoids such as 5‐hydroxy flavonols. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the data obtained by UV/VIS analysis of the extracts or the extracts with the added shift reagents AlCl3 and HCl showed a cophenetic correlation coefficient above 0.92 and the classification of the data into three groups. The principal‐component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first three principal components accounted for over 98% of the total variance and showed results similar to those obtained by HCA. The present results supported the current proposal for interspecific delimitation of the studied species and partially supported the division of the section into two subsections. The UV/VIS spectral characteristics along with multivariate analysis appear to be a useful approach for distinguishing among species of the genus Solanum.
Chemical and Physical Modulation of Antibiotic Activity in Emericella Species
Authors: de la Cruz Mercedes , Martín Jesús , González‐Menéndez Victor , Pérez‐Victoria Ignacio , Moreno Catalina , Tormo José Rubén , El Aouad Noureddine , Guarro Josep , Vicente Francisca , Reyes Fernando , Bills Gerald F.
Published: June 2012

The addition of epigenetic modifying agents and ion‐exchange resins to culture media and solid‐state fermentations have been promoted as ways to stimulate expression of latent biosynthetic gene clusters and to modulate secondary metabolite biosynthesis. We asked how combination of these treatments would affect a population of screening isolates and their patterns of antibiosis relative to fermentation controls. A set of 43 Emericella strains, representing 25 species and varieties, were grown on a nutrient‐rich medium comprising glucose, casein hydrolysate, urea, and mineral salts. Each strain was grown in untreated agitated liquid medium, a medium treated with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, 5‐azacytidine, a DNA methylation inhibitor, an Amberlite non‐ionic polyacrylate resin, and the same medium incorporated into an inert static vermiculite matrix. Species‐inherent metabolic differences more strongly influenced patterns of antibiosis than medium treatments. The antibacterial siderophore, desferritriacetylfusigen (1), was detected in most species in liquid media, but not in the vermiculite medium. The predominant antifungal component detected was echinocandin B. Some species produced this antifungal regardless of treatment, although higher quantities were often produced in vermiculite. Several species are reported for the first time to produce echinocandin B (3). A new echinocandin analog, echinocandin E (2), was identified from E. quadrilineata.
Fluid Dynamics of Fluidized and Vibrofluidized Beds Operating with Geldart C Particles
Authors: Meili L. , Daleffe R. V. , Freire J. T.
Published: June 2012

The fluid dynamic behavior of a vibrofluidized bed operating with Geldart C particles was studied. The experiments were conducted in order to observe the influence of amplitude, frequency, and dimensionless vibration number on the minimum fluidization velocity, pressure drop, and standard deviation obtained. It was noted that the dimensionless vibration number should be used very carefully if it is to be the unique parameter to set the vibrational effect of the bed fluid dynamics. The results clearly indicate that the fluid dynamic behavior of the bed is very dependent on the different combinations of amplitude and frequency for the same dimensionless vibration number. Therefore, the use of the amplitude or frequency of vibration and the dimensionless vibration number is recommended for a better characterization of the vibrational effects on the fluid dynamic behavior of the particle bed.
Residence Time Distribution Models Derived from Non‐Ideal Laminar Velocity Profiles in Tubes
Authors: Pegoraro P. R. , Marangoni M. , Gut J. A. W.
Published: June 2012

The theoretical E‐curve for the laminar flow of non‐Newtonian fluids in circular tubes may not be accurate for real tubular systems with diffusion, mechanical vibration, wall roughness, pipe fittings, curves, coils, or corrugated walls. Deviations from the idealized laminar flow reactor (LFR) cannot be well represented using the axial dispersion or the tanks‐in‐series models of residence time distribution (RTD). In this work, four RTD models derived from non‐ideal velocity profiles in segregated tube flow are proposed. They were used to represent the RTD of three tubular systems working with Newtonian and pseudoplastic fluids. Other RTD models were considered for comparison. The proposed models provided good adjustments, and it was possible to determine the active volumes. It is expected that these models can be useful for the analysis of LFR or for the evaluation of continuous thermal processing of viscous foods.
Boronic Acid Functionalized Core–Shell Polymer Nanoparticles Prepared by Distillation Precipitation Polymerization for Glycopeptide Enrichment
Authors: Qu Yanyan , Liu Jianxi , Yang Kaiguang , Liang Zhen , Zhang Lihua , Zhang Yukui
Published: June 2012

The boronic acid‐functionalized core–shell polymer nanoparticles, poly(N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide‐co‐methacrylic acid)@4‐vinylphenylboronic acid (poly(MBA‐co‐MAA)@VPBA), were successfully synthesized for enriching glycosylated peptides. Such nanoparticles were composed of a hydrophilic polymer core prepared by distillation precipitation polymerization (DPP) and a boronic acid‐functionalized shell designed for capturing glycopeptides. Owing to the relatively large amount of residual vinyl groups introduced by DPP on the core surface, the VPBA monomer was coated with high efficiency, working as the shell. Moreover, the overall polymerization route, especially the use of DPP, made the synthesis of nanoparticles facile and time‐saving. With the poly(MBA‐co‐MAA)@VPBA nanoparticles, 18 glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digest were captured and identified by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometric analysis, relative to eight glycopeptides enriched by using commercially available meta‐aminophenylboronic acid agarose under the same conditions. When the concentration of the HRP digest was decreased to as low as 5 nmol, glycopeptides could still be selectively isolated by the prepared nanoparticles. Our results demonstrated that the synthetic poly(MBA‐co‐MAA)@VPBA nanoparticles might be a promising selective enrichment material for glycoproteome analysis.
Solvent‐ and Temperature‐Controlled In Situ Ligand Reactions Mediated by CuII and 3′‐[(E)‐{[(1S,2S)‐2‐Aminocyclohexyl]imino}methyl]‐4′‐hydroxy‐4‐biphenylcarboxlic Acid
Authors: Chen Qihui , Jiang Feilong , Chen Lian , Yang Ming , Hong Maochun
Published: June 2012

Three new compounds, CuL, CuL′, and Cu2O2L′′2 (H2L=3′‐[(E)‐{[(1S,2S)‐2‐aminocyclohexyl]imino}methyl]‐4′‐hydroxy‐4‐biphenylcarboxlic acid, H2L′=3′‐[(E)‐{[(1S,2S)‐2‐aminocyclohexyl]imino}methyl]‐4′‐hydroxy‐5′‐nitro‐4‐biphenylcarboxlic acid, H2L′′=3′‐(N,N‐dimethylamino methyl)‐4′‐hydroxy‐4‐biphenylcarboxlic acid), were selectively synthesized through a controlled in situ ligand reaction system mediated by copper(II) nitrate and H2L. Selective nitration was achieved by using different solvent mixtures under relatively mild conditions, and an interesting and economical reductive amination system in DMF/EtOH/H2O was also found. All crystal structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Both CuL and CuL′ display chiral 1D chain structures, whereas Cu2O2L′′2 possesses a structure with 13×16 Å channels and a free volume of 41.4 %. The possible mechanisms involved in this in situ ligand‐controlled reaction system are discussed in detail.
7‐Decarboxymethyl‐cobyrinates: Vitamin B12‐Derivatives that Lack the c‐Side Chain
Authors: Kräutler Bernhard
Published: June 2012

The synthesis of cobyrinic acid derivatives by reduction of dehydrocobyrinates is largely unexplored. It is, however, a rational path to B12 analogues that lack specific substituents of the corrin moiety of natural B12 derivatives. The partial syntheses of four epimeric 7‐decarboxymethyl‐cobyrinates is described, which is achieved by reduction of Δ7‐dehydro‐7‐de[carboxymethyl]‐cobyrinate with zinc or with the ‘prebiotic’ reducing agent formic acid. A direct and remarkably efficient route was found to 7‐decarboxymethyl‐cobyrinates, which are cobyrinic acid derivatives in which the c‐side chain at ring B of vitamin B12 is missing. The structures of the hexamethyl‐7‐decarboxymethyl‐cobyrinates were characterized and the stereochemical and conformational properties at their newly saturated ring B were analyzed. The stereochemical outcome of the reduction was found to depend strongly on the reaction conditions. In 7‐decarboxymethyl‐cobyrinates, both peripheral carbon centres of ring B carry a hydrogen atom, and the characteristic quaternary carbon centre at C7 of the cobyrinic acid moiety of vitamin B12 is lacking. The still highly substituted 7‐decarboxymethyl‐cobyrinates are readily dehydrogenated in the presence of dioxygen, furnishing 7‐de[carboxymethyl]‐Δ7‐dehydro‐cobyrinate as the common, unsaturated oxidation product. The noted stability of vitamin B12 and of other CoIII‐cobyrinates in the presence of air is a consequence of their highly substituted corrin macrocycle, a finding of interest in the context of chemical rationalizations of the B12 structure.
Algorithms for a strain‐based plasticity criterion for bone
Authors: Pankaj Pankaj , Donaldson Finn E.
Published: June 2012

A range of stress‐based plasticity criteria have been employed in the finite element analysis of the post‐elastic behaviour of bone. There is some recognition now that strain‐based criteria are more suitable for this material because they better represent its behaviour. Moreover, because bone yields at relatively isotropic strains, a strain‐based criterion requires fewer material parameters unlike those required for a stress‐based criterion. Based on a minimum and maximum principal strain criterion, a robust strain‐based plasticity algorithm is developed. As the criterion comprises six piecewise linear surfaces in principal strain space, it has a number of singular regions. Singularity indicators are developed to direct the algorithm to make appropriate plastic corrector returns when singularity regions are encountered. The developed algorithms permit a plastic corrector to be achieved in a single iterative step in all cases. A range of benchmark tests are developed and conducted after implementing the algorithm in a finite element package. These tests show that the constitutive behaviour is as expected. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a Highly Nanodispersed Pd–MgO/SiO2 Composite Catalyst with Multifunctional Activity for CH4 Reforming
Authors: Kim Hyun You , Park Jung‐Nam , Henkelman Graeme , Kim Ji Man
Published: June 2012

We describe a highly nanodispersed Pd–MgO/SiO2 composite catalyst synthesized by an in situ, one‐pot, reverse microemulsion method as a multifunctional catalyst for low‐temperature CH4 reforming. Experimental results suggested evidence for a synergistic interplay of each component and DFT calculations confirmed a multifunctional reaction mechanism of CH4 reforming and the importance of the Pd–MgO interface. We find that the Pd nanoparticle binds and dissociates CH4, that MgO activates CO2 and increases coking resistance, and that SiO2 prevents Pd sintering. CO spillover from Pd to MgO opens a faster pathway for CO production. A unique and groundbreaking feature of the present catalyst is the well‐designed cooperation of each element that assures long‐lasting, consistent, high‐ and low‐temperature activity.
Variable length signal detection framework for cognitive radio systems
Authors: Choi Kae Won , Jeon Wha Sook , Jeong Dong Geun
Published: June 2012

The cognitive radio (CR) system opportunistically utilizes the frequency bands temporally unoccupied by the primary user. In the CR system, the energy or cyclostationary detector is used to detect the primary user signal. For protecting the primary user tightly, the signal detection time can be very long, which leads to inefficiency in the CR system. Thus, we propose a novel signal detector that greatly reduces the average detection time. The proposed detector periodically decides whether it terminates the detection process or receives more input signal for more information. Therefore, the proposed detector has variable detection time. We will call the proposed detector the variable length signal detector (VLSD). The VLSD is designed by using a partially observable Markov decision process framework for optimal performance. We present the numerical results showing that the VLSD requires much smaller average detection time compared with the traditional fixed length signal detector to achieve a given detection error probability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of EEG phase properties with pulse and noise stimuli in visual cortex (V1)
Authors: Ogawa Yutaro , Takeno Shohei , Kotani Kiyoshi , Jimbo Yasuhiko
Published: June 2012

The event‐related potential (ERP) of brain EEG (electroencephalogram) activity plays an important role in EEG phase synchronization and/or hemodynamic responses measured by fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). However, the specific mechanism of ERP generation is still unclear. In this study, pulse and noise‐type visual stimuli were administered to subjects. Then the phase response of the EEG in α‐waves was analyzed. The magnitudes of the phase response were found to vary with the stimulus administered phase and no power increase was observed. These results indicate that the ERP in α‐waves is generated by phase resetting of brain activity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(7): 58–64, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11368
Feature analysis of groundwater discharge points in coastal regions around Mt. Chokaisan using ALOS AVNIR‐2 Data
Authors: Kageyama Yoichi , Shibata Chieko , Nishida Makoto
Published: June 2012

The flow of fresh water into the sea, called submarine groundwater discharge, is a key factor for understanding the hydrologic cycle in both sea and land regions. The numerous positions from which fresh water is discharged and the variations in its quantity impede the understanding of its properties. In a previous study, we detected groundwater discharge points expressed by differences in fresh water and seawater by using multispectral Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) signals with 30‐m spatial resolution. Details of seawater surface information regarding the submarine groundwater discharge have not yet been obtained. Therefore, this paper analyzes the features of water properties around groundwater discharge points by using Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR‐2) outputs, which provide 10‐m spatial resolution. Classification maps obtained by k‐means clustering are compared with measurements in ground surveys, geologic maps, and estimation maps of relative salinity. The experimental results obtained from the AVNIR‐2 data are in considerable agreement with the realities in the study area. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(7): 1–9, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11398
Remote Control of the C‐3–C‐4 Double‐Bond Epoxidation of a Chiral 1,2‐Dihydroquinoline: Application to the Synthesis of (–)‐(R)‐Sumanirole (PNU‐95666E)
Authors: Jean‐Gérard Ludivine , Macé Frédéric , Ngo Anh Ngoc , Pauvert Mickaël , Dentel Hélène , Evain Michel , Collet Sylvain , Guingant André
Published: June 2012

A twelve‐step synthesis of (–)‐(R)‐sumanirole starting from quinoline is described. The first synthetic approach, using a chiral Reissert adduct, was too problematic to be pursued further. In the second successful approach, the authors took advantage of the stereoselective epoxidation of a 1,2‐dihydroquinoline bearing an Evans' chiral auxiliary at N‐1.
A Bifunctional β‐Isocupreidine Derivative as Catalyst for the Enantioselective Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction and a Mechanistic Rationale for Enantioselectivity
Authors: Martelli Gianluca , Orena Mario , Rinaldi Samuele
Published: June 2012

Starting from β‐isocupreidine (β‐ICD), a series of difunctional catalysts were synthesized to ascertain their usefulness in the asymmetric Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction. The trichloroacetylcarbamate derivative was found to give the (R)‐MBH adducts in excellent optical purities (90–99 % ee) and moderate to good yields (43–83 %), in some cases, better than β‐ICD. A number of acrylates were also tested and 2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐nitrophenyl acrylate was identified as a suitable alternative to the popular hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate, with both the β‐ICD and trichloroacetylcarbamate derivatives. The mechanism of the rate‐ and selectivity‐determining step was ascertained by means of experimental observations and a computational investigation aimed at clarifying the transition state structures is reported. These studies have clarified the reasons for the effectiveness of these structurally related catalysts in the asymmetric MBH reaction between acrylates and aldehydes.
Modified water‐filling algorithm for deliberately clipped OFDM signals
Authors: Golan Ziv , Wulich Dov
Published: June 2012

The most well‐known drawback of multi‐carrier (MC) communication systems such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is the high dynamic range of its transmitted signal. However, it still has many advantages. One important advantage is the high spectral efficiency in a frequency selective channel environment. This spectral efficiency entitled MC system as ‘capacity achieving’ and indeed, nowadays, MC systems are able to get very close to the Shannon capacity bound. A very important element of the ‘capacity achieving’ is the water‐filling (WF) power‐loading method. This paper presents an innovative concept of combining the WF method with the ‘clipping and filtering’ peak to average power ratio reduction technique into a unified approach. The proposed system optimizes the channel capacity by controlling both the clipping amount together with the sub‐carrier power‐loading coefficients. This method will be shown to give greater performance than the traditional WF that does not use the clipping model. In addition, a computationally efficient algorithm that is suitable for real‐time implementation is proposed here. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of self‐rated health on medical care utilization for older people with depressive symptoms
Authors: Pu Christy , Bai Ya‐Mei , Chou Yiing‐Jenq
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To test the hypothesis whether self‐rated health alone can explain the relationship between depression and medical care utilization for the older people and to determine whether the explanatory power of self‐rated health is greater than that of the explanatory power of a major disease and activities of daily living.

Methods

This study used the data from 1572 older people obtained from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan. The data from the National Health Interview Survey were linked to the 2005 computerized claims data from the National Health Insurance, and from that, the outpatient expenditures and number of outpatient episodes were identified. The contribution of self‐rated health, activities of daily living, the presence of major diseases, and self‐rated health were estimated using ordinary least squares regressions.

Results

Controlling for self‐rated health alone almost eliminates the positive relationship between depressive symptoms and number of outpatient visits. After controlling for self‐rated health, the utilization ratio of outpatient visits for older people with depressive symptoms reduced significantly to only 1.01 and became insignificant. A similar pattern was observed for total outpatient costs.

Conclusions

It was found that self‐rated health is an important factor in the depressive symptoms–outpatient utilization relationship. To reduce medical costs for older people with depressive symptoms, it is essential that the self‐rated health for this group is improved. Future studies should test the mechanism through which self‐rated health impacts on medical utilization for older people with depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total Synthesis, Absolute Configuration, and Biological Activity of Xyloallenoide A
Authors: Wang San‐Yong , Xu Zhong‐Liang , Wang Hui , Li Chun‐Rong , Fu Li‐Wu , Pang Ji‐Yan , Li Jing , She Zhi‐Gang , Lin Yong‐Cheng
Published: June 2012

The novel natural product xyloallenoide A, isolated from the marine mangrove endophytic fungus from the South China Sea, and its diastereoisomer xyloallenoide A1, which contain N‐methyl‐substituted amino acids, were synthesized. The absolute configurations of the amino acid units of xyloallenoide A were finally confirmed to be L‐Lys, Me‐D‐Val, and Me‐L‐Ala. This report represents a practical and attractive alternative for the synthesis of N‐methyl‐substituted cyclotripeptides. In the preliminary bioassay, synthetic xyloallenoide A showed marginal activities against KB (IC50=9.6 μM) and KBv200 cells (IC50=10.3 μM), and xyloallenoide A1 was inactive against KB and KBv200 cells.
Interfacially Cross‐Linked Reverse Micelles as Soluble Support for Palladium Nanoparticle Catalysts
Authors: Lee Li‐Chen , Zhao Yan
Published: June 2012

Reverse micelles (RM) were formed in heptane/CHCl3 with a surfactant carrying the triallylammonium (=triprop‐2‐en‐1‐ylammonium) head group (Scheme). Photo‐cross‐linking with dithiothreitol (=rel‐(2R,3R)‐1,4‐dimercaptobutane‐2,3‐diol; DTT) captured the RMs and afforded organic, soluble nanoparticles in a one‐step reaction. Similar to dendrimers, the cross‐linked reverse micelles could encapsulate palladium nanoparticles within their hydrophilic cores and protect them in catalytic reactions. Good to excellent yields were obtained in the Heck coupling of a range of alkyl acrylates (=alkyl prop‐2‐enoates) and iodobenzenes (Tables 1 and 2). The catalytic activity of the palladium nanoparticles was maintained in several repeated runs.
Two New Cycloheptapeptides from Psammosilene tunicoides
Authors: Tian Jun‐Mian , Gao Jin‐Ming , Lu Lu , He Yi‐Ren , Shen Yun‐Heng , Li Hui‐Liang , Su Juan , Liu Run‐Hui , Shan Lei , Zhang Wei‐Dong
Published: June 2012

Two new cycloheptapeptides, tunicyclins F and G, were isolated from the roots of Psammosilene tunicoides. Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, as well as HR‐ESI‐MS data. Tunicyclin G contains an unusual α,β‐dehydrotryptophan (ΔZ‐Trp) residue, which mainly occurs in the cyclic peptides from marine sponge and bacteria.
Cyclohexadepsipeptides from the Filamentous Fungus Acremonium sp. BCC 2629
Authors: Bunyapaiboonsri Taridaporn , Vongvilai Pornrapee , Auncharoen Patchanee , Isaka Masahiko
Published: June 2012

Seven new cyclohexadepsipeptides, beauvenniatins F, G1, G2, G3, H1, H2, and H3 (1–7, resp.), were isolated from cultures of the fungus Acremonium sp. BCC 2629. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configurations were addressed by HPLC analyses of their acid hydrolysates. Their biological activities were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and Plasmodium falciparum K1; the respective MIC and IC50 values were in the micromolar range.
A New Alkylation Method for Heptalene‐4,5‐dicarboxylates and of One of Their Pseudoester Forms
Authors: Abou‐Hadeed Khaled , Molnar Zoltàn A. , Göksaltık Pinar , Kunz Roland W. , Linden Anthony , Hansen Hans‐Jürgen
Published: June 2012

Dimethyl heptalene‐4,5‐dicarboxylates

The locants of heptalene itself are maintained throughout the whole work. See footnote 4 in [1] for reasoning.

undergo preferentially a Michael addition reaction at C(3) with α‐lithiated alkyl phenyl sulfones at temperatures below −50°, leading to corresponding cis‐configured 3,4‐dihydroheptalene‐4,5‐dicarboxylates (cf. Table 1, Schemes 3 and 4). The corresponding heptalenofuran‐1‐one‐type pseudoesters of dimethyl heptalene‐4,5‐dicarboxylates (Scheme 5) react with [(phenylsulfonyl)methyl]lithium almost exclusively at C(1) of the furanone group (Scheme 6). In contrast to this expected behavior, the uptake of 1‐[phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]lithium occurs at C(5) of the heptalenofuran‐1‐ones as long as they carry a Me group at C(11) (Schemes 6 and 7). The 1,4‐ as well as the 1,6‐addition products eliminate, on treatment with MeONa/MeOH in THF, benzenesulfinate, thus leading to 3‐ and 4‐alkylated dimethyl heptalene‐4,5‐dicarboxylates, respectively (Schemes 8–13). The configuration of the addition reaction of the nucleophiles to the inherently chiral heptalenes is discussed in detail (cf. Schemes 14–19) on the basis of a number of X‐ray crystal‐structure determinations as well as by studies of the temperature‐dependence of the 1H‐NMR spectra of the addition products.
Reflective family play: A model for whole family intervention in the infant and preschool clinical population
Authors: Philipp Diane A.
Published: June 2012

This article proposes a new treatment model, Reflective Family Play, for clinical intervention in two‐parent families of children aged 0 to 5 years. It is play‐based and grounded in the evidence‐based treatment approach of Watch Wait and Wonder (WWW) as well as the assessment tool known as the Lausanne Family Play paradigm (LFP). WWW is a dyadic treatment for caregivers and their infants or preschoolers that has been shown to shift attachment in the very young (N.J. Cohen, E. Muir, & M. Lojkasek, 1999; N.J. Cohen, M. Lojkasek, E. Muir, R. Muir & C.J. Parker, 2002). The LFP is a more recent adaptation of the Lausanne Trilogue Play paradigm (LTP; E. Fivaz‐Depeursinge & A. Corboz‐Warnery, 1999). Together, the LTP/LFP have now been used for over 2 decades as reliable measures of the family alliance and interactions in two‐parent households. By combining concepts from WWW and the LTP/LFP, a novel approach is presented for treatment in two‐caregiver households. Clinical excerpts are used to illustrate.
Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescence and Maudsley Family‐Based Treatment
Authors: Hurst Kim , Read Shelly , Wallis Andrew
Published: June 2012

Anorexia nervosa is a serious psychiatric disorder that usually occurs in adolescence. The course of the illness can be protracted. Current empirical evidence suggests that the Maudsley Family‐Based Treatment (MFBT) is efficacious for adolescents. MFBT empowers parents as a crucial treatment resource to assist in their child's recovery. The authors review the diagnostic criteria and course of anorexia in adolescence, present empirical evidence and key theoretical concepts of MFBT, and provide a case study.
A Relational Cultural Approach to Working With Clients With Eating Disorders
Authors: Trepal Heather C. , Boie Ioana , Kress Victoria E.
Published: June 2012

The authors examine eating disorders through the conceptual framework of relational cultural theory (RCT). Taking into account the importance of relationships and connection, it is suggested that RCT may be a useful lens for conceptualizing and working with people who are experiencing eating disorders. Ways that RCT can be applied to enhance prevention efforts and recommendations for combining relationally focused counseling with evidence‐based individual eating disorder treatment are presented.
Counseling in Ireland
Authors: O'Morain Padraig , McAuliffe Garrett J. , Conroy Kayte , Johnson Jennifer M. , Michel Rebecca E.
Published: June 2012

Counseling in Ireland has experienced rapid growth in the past 30 years. Public attitudes toward counseling have become more positive, especially with the increasing secularization of a once strongly religious Catholic society. Licensure is nonexistent but there are certification bodies that attempt to ensure qualified practice. There is no third‐party payment, so access to counseling for impoverished individuals is a problem. Training programs are quite varied. Efforts are being made to standardize training and to develop licensure requirements.
Counseling and Mental Health Care in Palestine
Authors: Shawahin Lamise , Çiftçi Ays¸e
Published: June 2012

The authors provide a brief overview of counseling and mental health care in Palestine, including their history and a summary of their current status. Finally, a discussion is presented of future trends in the development of the profession with regard to recent changes in the region.
Lab‐on‐a‐chip biophotonics: its application to assisted reproductive technologies
Authors: Lai David , Smith Gary D. , Takayama Shuichi
Published: June 2012

With the benefits of automation, sensitivity and precision, microfluidics has enabled complex and otherwise tedious experiments. Lately, lab‐on‐a‐chip (LOC) has proven to be a useful tool for enhancing non‐invasive assisted reproductive technology (ART). Non‐invasive gamete and embryo assessment has largely been through periodic morpohological assessment using optical microscopy and early LOC ART was the same. As we realize that morphological assessment is a poor indication of gamete or embryo health, more advanced biophotonics has emerged in LOC ART to assay for metabolites or gamete separation via optoelectrical tweezers. Off‐chip, even more advanced biophotonics with broad spectrum analysis of metabolites and secretomes has been developed that show even higher accuracy to predicting reproductive potential. The integration of broad spectrum metabolite analysis into LOC ART is an exciting future that merges automation and sensitivity with the already highly accurate and strong predictive power of biophotonics. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sorption enhanced steam reforming (SESR): a direct route towards efficient hydrogen production from biomass‐derived compounds
Authors: Fermoso Javier , He Li , Chen De
Published: June 2012

OVERVIEW: Efficient conversion of biomass to hydrogen is imperative in order to realize sustainable hydrogen production. Sorption enhanced steam reforming (SESR) is an emerging technology to produce high purity hydrogen directly from biomass‐derived oxygenates, by integrating steam reforming, water‐gas shift and CO2 separation in one‐stage. Factors such as simplicity of the hydrogen production process, flexibility in feedstock, high hydrogen yield and low cost, make the SESR process attractive for biomass conversion to fuels.

IMPACT: Recent work has demonstrated that SESR of biomass‐derived oxygenates has greater potential than conventional steam reforming for hydrogen production. The flexibility of SESR processes resides in the diversity of feedstocks, which can be gases (e.g. biogas, syngas from biomass gasification), liquids (e.g. bioethanol, glycerol, sugars or liquid wastes from biomass processing) and solids (e.g. lignocellulosic biomass). SESR can be developed to realize a simple biomass conversion process but with high energy efficiency.

APPLICATIONS: Hydrogen production by SESR of biomass‐derived compounds can be integrated into existing oil refineries and bio‐refineries for hydrotreating processing, making the production of gasoline and diesel greener. Moreover, hydrogen from SESR can be directly fed to fuel cells for power generation. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
A Note on Even Cycles and Quasirandom Tournaments
Authors: Kalyanasundaram Subrahmanyam , Shapira Asaf
Published: June 2012

A cycle in a tournament T is said to be even, if when walking along C, an even number of edges point in the wrong direction, that is, they are directed from to . In this short article, we show that for every fixed even integer , if close to half of the k‐cycles in a tournament T are even, then T must be quasirandom.This resolves an open question raised in 1991 by Chung and Graham 1991.
Synthesis of S‐thiomethyl DMSA and S‐thiomethyl ECD, radiolabelling with technetium‐99m and biological evaluation
Authors: Sanyal Kasturi , Debnath Mita Chatterjee
Published: June 2012

Protection of the thiolate function of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and ethylenedi‐l‐cysteine diethyl ester (ECD) by S‐thiomethylation allowed automatic deprotection during technetium‐99m (99mTc) radiolabelling by direct reduction with stannous chloride dihydrate. Protection of the free thiolate group increased the stability of the ligands as well as deprotection during complexation, which resulted in the desired radiopharmaceuticals. The complexes obtained from the protected ligands were chromatographically (HPLC) and biologically compared with the corresponding 99mTc complexes of the unprotected ligands. The results suggest that the aforementioned method of protection by S‐thiomethylation could be utilized for the development of single‐vial DMSA and ECD kit. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Handsearching did not yield additional unique FDG‐PET diagnostic test accuracy studies compared with electronic searches: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Glanville Julie , Cikalo Maria , Crawford Fay , Dozier Marshall , McIntosh Heather
Published: June 2012

We explored the value of handsearching to identify diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) studies to inform systematic reviews of DTA. Handsearching was conducted alongside a systematic review of the DTA of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography‐computed tomography (FDG PET‐CT) for colorectal cancer. Ten journals, identified by frequency analysis of studies from six imaging reviews, were handsearched for reports of DTA studies. The numbers of studies identified by handsearching and by database searching were compared. A total of 573 journal issues from ten journals were handsearched in 185 h. A total of 936 potential reports of DTA studies were identified: 25 were relevant to the FDG PET‐CT review. 7/25 FDG PET‐CT papers had not been identified by database searches. No papers met the systematic review inclusion criteria. The FDG‐PET systematic review included 30 papers, from 24 different journals. Handsearching two of those journals identified 211 potential reports of DTA studies for all topics and 18 for FDG PET‐CT. Handsearching identified previously unseen papers but did not yield unique relevant DTA studies for the specific review. DTA imaging studies are widely distributed, and it may be more efficient to choose journals to handsearch after the identification of some relevant studies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of viscosity‐pressure dependency on the non‐Newtonian squeeze film of parallel circular plates
Authors: Lin Jaw‐Ren , Chu Li‐Ming , Liang Long‐Jin
Published: June 2012

On the basis of the Barus experimental research, the viscosity of an incompressible lubricant grows exponentially with its pressure. Therefore, the squeeze film issues between parallel circular plates lubricated with a non‐Newtonian couple‐stress fluid are reexamined in the present study by considering the effects of viscosity‐pressure dependency. According to the results, the influences of viscosity‐pressure dependency raise the load capacity and lengthen the approaching time of the plates. Numerical results under different values of the viscosity parameter and the non‐Newtonian parameter are also provided in tables for engineering applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The second regularized trace of differential operator equation with the semi‐periodic boundary conditions
Authors: Bayramov Azad , C̣aliṣkan Seda Kızılbudak , Akgün Fatma A.
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we have obtained the second regularized trace formula for the differential operator equation with the semi‐periodic boundary conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linagliptin: new DPP‐4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Htike Zin , Lawrence Ian
Published: June 2012

Linagliptin is a new DPP‐4 inhibitor licensed for use as monotherapy or in combination in type 2 diabetes. Our New products review presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse events and considers its place in treatment, particularly in patients with renal impairment
Recommended antibiotics for uncomplicated UTI in women
Authors: Thompson Sarah , Townsend Robert
Published: June 2012

Short courses of oral anti‐biotics in uncomplicated UTI remain highly effective, improve adherence, reduce costs and cause fewer adverse reactions. Our Drug review describes the properties and side‐effects of the recommended antibiotics, followed by sources of further information.
Realization of population inversion under nonadiabatic conditions induced by the coupling between vibrational modes via Raman fields
Authors: Patel Vishesha , Malinovskaya Svetlana A.
Published: June 2012

We study the effects of coupling between molecular vibrational modes attendant the excitation of Raman transitions. Raman active vibrational modes are described by two two‐level systems (TLSs) with nondegenerate ground states. The population inversion is investigated under the condition of zero relative phase between initially populated states. We use two ultrafast laser pulses for the pump and the Stokes fields that have chirps the same in the magnitude and opposite in the sign. Within this model, the coupling induces nonadiabatic effects leading to a diverse population distribution. By introducing the time delay between the Stokes and the pump pulse, we realized a complete population transfer in both coupled TLSs. We demonstrated the population inversion in a more generic case of the averaged initial relative phase. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Peak picking as a pre‐processing technique for imaging time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Moore Jimmy D. , Henderson Alex , Fletcher John S. , Lockyer Nicholas P. , Vickerman John C.
Published: June 2012

High surface sensitivity and lateral resolution imaging make time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) a unique and powerful tool for biological analysis. However, with the leaps forward made in the capabilities of the ToF‐SIMS instrumentation, the data being recorded from these instruments has dramatically increased. Unfortunately, with these large, often complex, datasets, a bottleneck appears in their processing and interpretation. Here, an application of peak picking is described and applied to ToF‐SIMS images allowing for large compression of data, noise removal and improved contrast, while retaining a high percentage of the original signal. Peak picking is performed to locate peaks within ToF‐SIMS data. By using this information, signal arising from the same distribution can be summed and overlapping signals separated. As a result, the data size and complexity can be dramatically reduced. This method also acts as an effective noise filter, discarding unwanted noise from the data set. Peak picking and separation are evaluated against the conventional methods of mass binning and manually selecting regions of a peak to image on a model data set. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cellular metabolic profiling using ToF‐SIMS
Authors: Vaidyanathan Seetharaman
Published: June 2012

Proteomic and metabolomic changes associated with cellular metabolism are important metabolic indicators that can give insight into cellular function. Metabolites are small molecular weight cellular components of mass typically <1500 Da and well suited for detection using ToF‐SIMS. The advent of cluster ion beams, such as bismuth (Bin) and C60, as primary ion sources, has improved the sputtering efficiencies, with higher secondary ion yields and lower damage cross sections, enabling better detection of these components. However, the spectral information is dominated by fragment peaks, matrix interference and preferential ionizations making it challenging to apply time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry for non‐targeted analyses. In this investigation, the challenges in detecting metabolic changes in cells and tissues are discussed, and areas that need further development are highlighted. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monodisperse, Submicrometer Droplets via Condensation of Microfluidic‐Generated Gas Bubbles
Authors: Seo Minseok , Matsuura Naomi
Published: June 2012

Microfluidics (MFs) can produce monodisperse droplets with precise size control. However, the synthesis of monodisperse droplets much smaller than the minimum feature size of the microfluidic device (MFD) remains challenging, thus limiting the production of submicrometer droplets. To overcome the minimum micrometer‐scale droplet sizes that can be generated using typical MFDs, the droplet material is heated above its boiling point (bp), and then MFs is used to produce monodisperse micrometer‐scale bubbles (MBs) that are easily formed in the size regime where standard MFDs have excellent size control. After MBs are formed, they are cooled, condensing into dramatically smaller droplets that are beyond the size limit achievable using the original MFD, with a size decrease corresponding to the density difference between the gas and liquid phases of the droplet material. Herein, it is shown experimentally that monodisperse, submicrometer droplets of predictable sizes can be condensed from a monodisperse population of MBs as generated by MFs. Using perfluoropentane (PFP) as a representative solvent due to its low bp (29.2 °C), it is demonstrated that monodisperse PFP MBs can be produced at MFD temperatures >3.6 °C above the bp of PFP over a wide range of sizes (i.e., diameters from 2 to 200 μm). Independent of initial size, the generated MBs shrink rapidly in size from about 3 to 0 °C above the bp of PFP, corresponding to a phase change from gas to liquid, after which they shrink more slowly to form fully condensed droplets with diameters 5.0 ± 0.1 times smaller than the initial size of the MBs, even in the submicrometer size regime. This new method is versatile and flexible, and may be applied to any type of low‐bp solvent for the manufacture of different submicrometer droplets for which precisely controlled dimensions are required.
Ancient Egypt
Authors: Trigger B. G. , Kemp B. J. , O'Connor D. , Lloyd A. B.
Published: June 2012

The rich and extensive floodplain of the River Nile can claim to be the cradle of one of the earliest and most spectacular civilizations of antiquity. Ancient Egypt: A Social History, first published in 1983, presents an innovative perspective on the ancient societies which flourished in the Nile Valley from the Predynastic period to the conquest by Alexander the Great. From the introduction of a subsistence economy through the establishment of the first agricultural communities to the development of urban centres and the political state, this volume traces the process of political, social and economic change. The emphasis on the social and economic aspects of Egyptian society and the integration of archaeological and historical data mark a new departure in Egyptian studies.
After Gorbachev
Authors: White Stephen
Published: June 2012

Dramatic and confusing changes in what used to be the Soviet Union have transformed the world in which we live. Communist rule has given way to multiparty politics; a command economy is being painfully privatised; almost every social and cultural value has been overturned; and perestroika has now been swept away by the reforming policies of Boris Yeltsin. In turn, these policies are now challenged by a variety of conservative and nationalist forces. This fourth edition of Stephen White's best-selling introductory text has been revised throughout. A new final chapter charts the first turbulent years of Yeltsin's troubled presidency and the background to his radical policies. Clearly written but detailed and authoritative, After Gorbachev, like its predecessors, will continue to provide an unrivalled guide to the processes of transition, upheaval, and collapse which now characterise Russia and the post-Soviet republics.
Domesday England
Authors: Darby H. C.
Published: June 2012

Domesday Book is the most famous English public record, and it is probably the most remarkable statistical document in the history of Europe. It calls itself merely a descriptio and it acquired its name in the following century because its authority seemed comparable to that of the Book by which one day all will be judged (Revelation 20:12). It is not surprising that so many scholars have felt its fascination, and have discussed again and again what it says about economic, social and legal matters. But it also tells us much about the countryside of the eleventh century, and the present volume is the seventh of a series concerned with this geographical information. As the final volume, it seeks to sum up the main features of the Domesday geography of England as a whole, and to reconstruct, as far as the materials allow, the scene which King William's clerks saw as they made their great inquest.