bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body Image and Day‐to‐Day Social Interaction
Authors: Nezlek John B.
Published: March 2003

Participants maintained a social interaction diary and completed a measure of body image. Body image was found to have three factors, body attractiveness, social attractiveness (how attractive people believed others found them to be), and general attractiveness. For both men and women, self‐perceptions of body attractiveness and of social attractiveness were positively related to the intimacy they found in interaction. Self‐perceptions of social attractiveness were positively related to women’s confidence in social interaction and their perceived influence over interaction, whereas for men, confidence and influence were unrelated to social attractiveness. For both men and women, body image was unrelated to how enjoyable people found interactions to be and was weakly related to how responsive they felt others were to them. For both men and women, body image was also unrelated to how socially active people were and to the relative distribution of same‐ and opposite‐sex interactions.
Love and Anger in Romantic Relationships: A Discrete Systems Model
Authors: Ellis Bruce J. , Malamuth Neil M.
Published: March 2003

In a study of 124 dating couples, we tested a discrete systems model of the functions of two emotion systems in romantic relationships: love and anger/upset. This model posits that the operation of these systems reflects adaptations shaped by natural selection to solve different adaptive problems. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the love and anger/upset emotion systems would be largely independent in the classes of information they track in romantic relationships, in the psychological mechanisms that process that information, and in the resultant behavior generated. Consistent with the discrete systems model, and in contrast to a competing ‘crossover’ model, differences across relationships in feelings of love covaried with differences in strategic facilitation but not in strategic interference by partners. Similarly, differences in feelings of anger/upset during conflict covaried with differences in strategic interference but not strategic facilitation. In turn, feelings of love predicted commitment‐promoting behavior but not partner‐directed aggression, whereas levels of anger/upset predicted aggression but not commitment. As also predicted by our model, the love and anger/upset emotion systems converged to predict relationship satisfaction.
Personality Processes and Problem Behavior
Authors: Hoyle Rick H.
Published: March 2003

This article introduces the special issue of Journal of Personality on personality and problem behavior. There is growing evidence that various dimensions of personality are associated with a broad range of problem behaviors such as drug and alcohol use, sexual risk‐taking, interpersonal violence, and gambling. To date, research on personality and problem behavior has focused almost exclusively on documenting simple, direct associations between personality traits and problem behaviors. This article proposes an expanded research agenda, a second generation of research and theory on the role of personality in problem behavior. The agenda specifies two major classes of second‐generation hypotheses. Moderator hypotheses concern the conditions under which the influence of personality in problem behavior is magnified, weakened, or eliminated. Mediator hypotheses concern the causal processes that underlie the influence of personality on problem behavior. Articles in the special issue, which are summarized in this introduction, exemplify the proposed second generation of research on personality and problem behavior.
Long‐Term Relations of Personality and Health: Dynamisms, Mechanisms, Tropisms
Authors: Friedman Howard S.
Published: March 2003

There is now little doubt that individuals who are well‐adjusted, socially stable, and well‐integrated into their communities are at significantly lower risk for disease and premature mortality than those who are more unstable, impulsive, isolated, and alienated. The reasons for these associations, however, are complex and the pathways insufficiently studied. This article employs a life‐span data set to explore how childhood personality relates to health‐related growth and development (dynamisms), patterns of reactions and health behaviors (mechanisms), and movements toward and away from suitable environments (tropisms). Illustrations from the 7‐decade Terman longitudinal data reveal important areas in which previous, cross‐sectional research has misinterpreted associations between personality and health. In particular, Sociability has been overrated as a life‐span health risk factor, Conscientiousness has been underrated, and Neuroticism has been confused. Without sufficient attention to the processes underlying the associations between personality and health, significant suboptimal allocations of intervention resources result.
Personality and Sexual Risk Taking: A Quantitative Review
Authors: Hoyle Rick H. , Fejfar Michele C. , Miller Joshua D.
Published: March 2003

Findings from a quantitative review of the empirical research literature on normal personality and sexual risk taking are reported. The review focuses on domains identified in major models of normal personality representing the psychobiological and taxonomic perspectives. Focal sexual risk‐taking behaviors were number of partners, unprotected sex, and high‐risk sexual encounters (e.g., sex with a stranger). A comprehensive search produced 53 studies relevant to the review. A striking feature of the results is the paucity of research on domains of normal personality and sexual risk taking for all domains other than sensation seeking, which accounted for 64% of the effect sizes. The preponderance of studies (81%) took the psychobiological perspective and were published since 1990 (75%). Among the substantive findings were effects for sensation seeking, impulsivity, and agreeableness on all sexual risk‐taking behaviors considered. Additionally, there were effects on specific behaviors for neuroticism and conscientiousness. The implications of these findings for future research on normal personality and sexual risk taking are discussed.
Assessing Future Possible Selves by Gender and Socioeconomic Status Using the Anticipated Life History Measure
Authors: Segal Harry G. , DeMeis Debra K. , Wood Geoffrey A. , Smith Heidi L.
Published: March 2003

This is a report from the first phase of a longitudinal study of the ways young adults imagine their future lives. The future possible selves of 223 18‐ and 19‐year‐old adults were examined using the Anticipated Life History measure (ALH), a psychological instrument prompting participants to describe their future life course from their 21st birthday until their death. When the ALH narratives were coded for presence/absence of life events, female participants were more likely to predict career choice, marriage, children, divorce, and death of spouse than their male counterparts; when coded for psychological qualities, female participants demonstrated greater psychological complexity and awareness of future life role choices and conflicts. Participants with lower SES wrote ALH narratives with fewer altruistic acts, less awareness of life role complexity, and fewer anticipated conflicts and their resolutions than those with higher SES.
The Relation of Self‐Esteem Variability to Emotion Variability, Mood, Personality Traits, and Depressive Tendencies
Authors: Oosterwegel Annerieke , Field Nigel , Hart Daniel , Anderson Karen
Published: March 2003

The relation of self‐esteem variability to personality, mood, and behavior was investigated. Self‐esteem variability was measured by calculating the standard deviation of self‐ratings made during a week of experience‐sampling. Participants high in self‐esteem variability were self‐conscious, socially anxious, and avoidant of social contexts. Self‐esteem variability was partially independent of the conceptually similar trait of affect‐intensity. The contributions of the study to work on self‐esteem stability are discussed.
Personality Judgments in Adolescents' Families: The Perceiver, the Target, Their Relationship, and the Family
Authors: Branje Susan J. T. , Van Aken Marcel A. G. , Van Lieshout Cornelis F. M. , Mathijssen Jolanda J. J. P.
Published: March 2003

The present study investigated whether personality judgments involve different processes in a family setting than in a nonfamily setting. We used the Social Relations Model to distinguish the effects of perceiver, target, perceiver‐target relationship, and family on personality judgments. Family members of families with adolescents judged their own and the other members' Big Five factors. Judgments were found to depend on the relevance of personality factors within the family setting: Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were judged most consistently. Large relationship variance indicated that parents adjust their judgments to the target family member; large perceiver variance indicated that adolescents judge family members' personalities rather similarly. However, a comparison of self‐ and other‐judgments showed adolescents' judgments to be no more related to their self‐perceptions than parents' judgments. We concluded that the relevance of personality factors may differ on specific tasks within a setting.
Bridge Maintenance Level Assessment
Authors: Testa Rene B. , Yanev Bojidar S.
Published: March 2003

Parameters in assessing the effectiveness of maintenance tasks on the overall cost of a bridge or system of bridges are identified and the linkage among maintenance, condition rating, and cost is made by subdividing the subjective process into smaller parts. Experience with New York City bridges is used to develop a life expectancy model once the maintenance and repair protocol is specified. Results for several sample maintenance allocations are given to show how a rapid spreadsheet calculation can provide a basis for comparing maintenance alternatives and to point in the direction of an optimized allocation of limited budgets.
Models of Executive Politics: A Framework for the Study of Executive Power Relations in Parliamentary and Semi-presidential Regimes
Authors: Elgie Robert
Published: March 2003

The study of executives politics has been characterized by dichotomous country-specific debates about whether there is, for example, prime ministerial or cabinet government. Recent work has established new terms for these debates leading to more pluralistic conceptualizations of executive politics. Nevertheless, this work has not created the conditions for rigorous cross-national comparison. This article establishes a framework to compare executive branch power relations. It identifies six models of executive politics comprising a comprehensive set of ways in which power may be distributed amongst chief executives, cabinets, ministers and bureaucrats. On the basis of this framework it is argued that it is necessary to engage in empirical observation to determine which models of government occur and to identify the reasons why these models emerge.
Funding the Welfare State: Globalization and the Taxation of Business in Advanced Market Economies
Authors: Swank Duane
Published: March 2003

Theorists assert that international capital mobility creates substantial pressure for all democratically elected governments to decrease tax burdens on business. I explicate and critique the general version of this theory and offer an alternative view. Empirically, I explore whether or not the globalization of capital markets has resulted in decreases in business social security, payroll, and profit taxes. I also investigate whether or not capital mobility has intensified government responsiveness to domestic investment and profitability. Evidence suggests that business tax burdens have not been reduced in the face of rises in capital mobility nor is tax responsiveness to profitability and domestic investment intensified by more open capital markets. To the contrary, analyses indicate that business taxation has become subject to new ‘market conforming’ policy rules that developed in tandem with liberalization of markets. These new policy orientations reduce the economic management roles of business taxation while leaving the revenue-generating roles intact. In conclusion, I discuss the implications of the findings for questions concerning the structural power of internationally mobile capital, redistributive policies, and the autonomy of democratically elected governments in a global economy.
Cultural Diversity and Education: The Dilemma of Political Stability
Authors: Baumeister Andrea
Published: March 2003

In their recent work both John Rawls and Joseph Raz have shown a keen awareness of the need to address the challenges associated with the cultural diversity so characteristic of many liberal democracies. However, a number of the issues raised by non-liberal minorities in Britain in relation to educational policy suggest that these prominent liberal responses ultimately fail to address the complexities of the problems posed by cultural pluralism. Nonetheless, these two approaches identify important considerations which will have to be taken into account by any adequate response to cultural diversity. Viewed together, Rawls' emphasis on political stability and Raz's recognition of the pervasiveness of cultural membership imply that a genuine accommodation of cultural membership can only be achieved within the context of a dynamic political community.
Making Sense of Hell: Three Meditations on the Holocaust
Authors: Bronner Stephen Eric
Published: March 2003

This essay is an inquiry into the epistemology of the holocaust. It contests organic explanations of the event in favour of an interpretative pluralism. Different questions are seen as demanding different forms of inquiry: what made the holocaust possible requires a political analysis, the issue of its uniqueness calls for a sociological perspective, while an anthropological approach is necessary in order to illuminate its enduring symbolic significance. The essay will deal with these matters in an innovative manner. Thus, in concert with one another these three meditations will provide a new constellation for viewing the holocaust even as they confront certain prevailing prejudices and assumptions.
Half a Century of Cross-Pressures: A Thesis Reconsidered
Authors: Nilson Sten Sparre
Published: March 2003

Cross-pressure was introduced as a concept in political analysis half a century ago. While different forms of political cross-pressure have been noted, they are generally considered to have the effect of making citizens withdraw from politics. However, this conclusion is not always supported by data. A modified proposition is suggested in order to account for other reactions to cross-pressure that have been registered from time to time.
Problems in the Theorisation of Global Civil Society
Authors: Baker Gideon
Published: March 2003

Existing theories of global civil society are problematical for two reasons. First, they assume that transnational organisations can assist world-wide democratisation without questioning either the representativeness of such organisations, or their accountability, or the potentially negative ramifications of their actions for international political equality. Second, despite placing new emphasis on political agency outside of the state, many accounts of global civil society ultimately reproduce statist discourse by reducing action in global civil society to a struggle for rights. This misrepresents global civil society since arguments for rights are, inter alia, arguments for the state, whereas the agency of global civil society immanently questions the legitimacy of the state.
The Northern League: The Self-Representation of Industrial Districts in Their Search for Regional Power
Authors: Wild Sarah
Published: March 2003

The 1996 political elections have confirmed the electoral importance and stability of the Northern League in the North-east of Italy. The party's strongholds are located in ‘industrial districts’, specific socio-economic areas where local communities and small and medium businesses merge. This paper argues that the resilience and indeed increasing success of the League in these northern areas since its appearance in the 1980s can be explained largely on the basis of their industrial need to move towards a regional representation and organisation, capable of providing the services required by an increasingly competitive market.
A Committee of No Importance? Assessing the Relevance of the Committee of the Regions
Authors: Warleigh Alexander
Published: March 2003

As a result of its formal weakness, the Committee of the Regions is often presumed to be inconsequential in the development of European Union policy. This article draws on ongoing research to argue against this assumption From an analysis of the Committee's output and an assessment of its impact on both Commission proposals and final legislation, it emerges that the Committee is already playing an important role in decision making. Moreover, the Committee has a strong and devoted protector in the Commission, enabling it further to escape the peripherality of the position it was assigned in the Maastricht Treaty.
An Employment Union for Europe? The Role of the Swedish Government
Authors: Lightfoot Simon
Published: March 2003

The Swedish Government's proposal for an ‘Employment Union’ to offset the potential increases in unemployment caused by moves towards Economic and Monetary Union, has put the problem of unemployment at the top of the agenda of the current Intergovernmental Conference. Domestic political pressures coupled with a belief that the EU offers the potential for a solution to this problem, were key factors behind the decision to table an amendment Forging links with other European social democratic parties to generate support for the proposal, the Swedish Social Democrats need the proposal to succeed for both domestic political ends and to safeguard the future of the European project.
Hegel against Fukuyama: Associations, Markets and Recognition
Authors: O'Neill John
Published: March 2003

Fukuyama's influential book The End of History and the Last Man presents an Hegelian picture of history as the story of the struggle for recognition. Modern liberal society is the end of history since it resolves that struggle. However, unlike Hegel, Fukuyama assumes recognition is pursued for its own sake. The assumption lends plausibility to a market model of recognition which sits uneasily with his own defence of associational spheres of existence. Hegel, in contrast, inherits an Aristotelian position according to which recognition is parasitic on other goods. This account of recognition informs Hegel's defence of an associational account of civil society and his rejection of market exchange as satisfactory site for recognition. Hegel's response to market modes of recognition is contrasted with that of Adam Smith.
Congressional Partisanship and Presidential Success: The Case of the Clinton and Bush Presidencies
Authors: Jaenicke Douglas W.
Published: March 2003

Recent scholarship has documented the increased cohesion and influence of the congressional parties. In this new context, the status of the government as either unified or divided should function as an independent variable in determining presidential success rates. Occurring in just such a period, the Bush and Clinton presidencies can be used to test whether presidential success rates vary according to whether the national government is unified or divided. All the relevant data and comparisons confirm the hypothesis. In addition, a comparison of the presidential success rates for Carter and Nixon's first four years indicate that in the preceding period of less cohesive congressional parties there was a much weaker relationship between presidential success and the status of government as either unified or divided.
New Institutionalism: Distilling Some ‘Hard Core’ Propositions in the Works of Williamson and March and Olsen
Authors: Mulé Rosa
Published: March 2003

The efflorescence of work on new institutionalism has encouraged scholars to build bridges between various schools of thought. Such cross-fertilisation enlivens the debate but runs the risk of erecting bridges on shaky foundations. My article seeks to minimise this risk by going back to basics. It narrows the field of inquiry to the economic and the sociological institutionalist tradition represented by Williamson on one side, and the collaborative work of March and Olsen on the other. It explores and assesses their contribution on three interrelated issues fundamental to any analysis of political institutions: the goals attributed to institutions, the theory of action and the commitment to methodological individualism versus methodological holism. I conclude by noting that in the transition from the old to the new institutionalism - as represented in the works of these authors - the role of power conflicts, negotiations and bargaining between individuals seems to have lost its central position.
Do Women Make a Difference?
Authors: Bochel Catherine , Briggs Jacqui
Published: March 2003

Using qualitative interviews the authors analyse how women politicians at local and national level are impacting upon politics and the policy-making process and how this is affecting the nature of the political environment.
Power and Responsibility: Should We Spare the King's Head?
Authors: Schaap Andrew
Published: March 2003

Michel Foucault calls for the head of the king in political theory. In doing so he seems to sever the concept of power from its relation to human responsibility. However, for theoretical ‘monarchists’ such as Stephen Lukes, the whole point of identifying a relationship of power is to fix responsibility for its exercise. Given the contingency of political action, I agree with Foucault that it is not always possible to attribute responsibility for the effects of power to a particular agent. However, Foucault stretches the concept of power too far beyond its ethical association with human responsibility. Consequently, the idea of power becomes practically meaningless.
Britain and the Working Time Regulations
Authors: Blair Alasdair , Karsten Luchien , Leopold John
Published: March 2003

It is now over a year since the Working Time Regulations entered force in Britain on 1 October 1998, during a period when the government also introduced the minimum wage. But whereas that piece of legislation appears to have faded away into the background of British industrial relations, the Working Time Regulations continue to remain a central topic. Based on a survey of British companies and organisations, this article reviews the implementation of the legislation and examines the scope of coverage. It finds that the failure of the Labour government to consult the social partners – employer and employee representatives – resulted in business being unprepared for the Regulations. The article also notes that the manner in which this legislation was introduced has meant that many of the employees who were working excessive hours continue to do so.
The Irish Republic – A ‘Showpiece of Globalisation’?
Authors: Smith Nicola
Published: March 2003

Once the ‘sick man of Europe’, the Irish Republic is now hailed as the ‘Celtic Tiger’. Commentators and politicians, both within and outside Ireland, point to the Republic's supposedly dazzling economic success as evidence of how nations can flourish in a globalised world. I question this notion, suggesting that Ireland's improved economic performance is best explained by a combination of factors, which cannot simply be lumped under the term ‘globalisation’. Indeed, they seem directly to contradict many of the arguments made in the name of globalisation. However, I also contend that ideas about globalisation may play an increasingly important role in Irish economic developments.
Dogma or Dialogue? The Politics of the Downing Street Website
Authors: Wright Scott
Published: March 2003

This article provides a critique of the Downing Street website. First, government guidelines on website design and content are used as a basis to analyse the content of number-10.gov.uk . I conclude that the website fails to meet the guidelines for content, but this is primarily due to their inapplicability. Secondly, I contest the claim that the website ‘is all about communication: helping to create a two-way link between government and people’.
Does Human Facial Attractiveness Honestly Advertise Health? Longitudinal Data on an Evolutionary Question
Authors: Kalick S. Michael , Zebrowitz Leslie A. , Langlois Judith H. , Johnson Robert M.
Published: March 2003

Inspired by the evolutionary conjecture that sexually selected traits function as indicators of pathogen resistance in animals and humans, we examined the notion that human facial attractiveness provides evidence of health. Using photos of 164 males and 169 females in late adolescence and health data on these individuals in adolescence, middle adulthood, and later adulthood, we found that adolescent facial attractiveness was unrelated to adolescent health for either males or females, and was not predictive of health at the later times. We also asked raters to guess the health of each stimulus person from his or her photo. Relatively attractive stimulus persons were mistakenly rated as healthier than their peers. The correlation between perceived health and medically assessed health increased when attractiveness was statistically controlled, which implies that attractiveness suppressed the accurate recognition of health. These findings may have important implications for evolutionary models.
Creating False Memories of Words With or Without Recognition of List Items: Evidence for Nonconscious Processes
Authors: Seamon John G. , Luo Chun R. , Gallo David A.
Published: March 2003

Subjects exposed to lists of semantically related words falsely remember nonstudied words that are associated with the list items (e.g., Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995). To determine if subjects would demonstrate this false memory effect if they were unable to recognize the list items, we presented lists of semantically related words with or without a concurrent memory load at rates of 2 s, 250 ms, or 20 ms per word (Experiment 1, between-subjects design) and 2 s or 20 ms per word (Experiment 2, within-subjects design). We found that the subjects falsely recognized semantically related nonstudied words in all conditions, even when they were unable to discriminate studied words from unrelated nonstudied words. Recognition of list items was unnecessary for the occurrence of the false memory effect. This finding suggests that this memory illusion can be based on the nonconscious activation of semantic concepts during list presentation.
Auditory List Memory in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Wright Anthony A.
Published: March 2003

Auditory memory of 2 rhesus monkeys was tested in a serial probe recognition task. Lists of four environmental or natural sounds were followed by a retention interval and a test. The test matched one of the list items on half of the trials. The retention interval was varied across sessions. Six experiments showed similar results and changes in the serial position function. At short retention intervals, there was good memory for first list items (primacy effect) and poor memory for last list items. At intermediate retention intervals, memory improved for last list items (recency effect). At long retention intervals (20 s and 30 s), the recency effect was strong, and the primacy effect had dissipated. These auditory primacy and recency effects and their changes with retention interval were opposite to those for visual memory. Implications for processes and mechanisms of memory are discussed.
The Role of Ease of Retrieval and Attribution in Memory Judgments: Judging Your Memory as Worse Despite Recalling More Events
Authors: Winkielman Piotr , Schwarz Norbert , Belli Robert F.
Published: March 2003

Participants who had to recall 12 childhood events (a difficult task) were more likely to infer that they could not remember large parts of their childhood than participants who had to recall 4 events (an easy task), although the former recalled three times as many events. This pattern of results suggests that memory judgments are based on the experienced ease or difficulty of recall. Accordingly, the negative impact of recalling 12 events was attenuated when participants were led to attribute the experienced difficulty to the task rather than to the poor quality of their memory. The findings emphasize the role of subjective experiences and attribution in metamemory judgments.
Dissociations Between Categorization and Recognition in Amnesic and Normal Individuals: An Exemplar-Based Interpretation
Authors: Nosofsky Robert M. , Zaki Safa R.
Published: March 2003

In recent work, the finding of dissociations between categorization and recognition in amnesic and normal individuals has been taken as evidence of multiple memory systems mediating these tasks. The present research provides support for the alternative idea that these dissociations can be interpreted in terms of a single-system exemplar-memory model that makes allowance for parameter differences across groups. In one experiment, a parameter change in memory sensitivity was induced by testing classification and recognition at varying delays; the results closely matched the ones observed by Knowlton and Squire (1993) for normal and amnesic participants. The exemplar model also yielded good quantitative predictions of the categorization-recognition dissociation. A second analysis demonstrated that dissociations between early versus late probabilistic classification learning and memory sensitivity were also well predicted by the single-system exemplar model. Limitations of the exemplar interpretation and future research directions are also discussed.
Posthypnotic Responding Away from the Hypnotic Setting
Authors: Barnier Amanda J. , McConkey Kevin M.
Published: March 2003

We examined posthypnotic suggestion away from the laboratory. In Experiment 1, high-hypnotizable subjects were given a post-hypnotic suggestion (of limited or unlimited duration) or a social request (of unlimited duration) to mail one postcard every day to the experimenter. Subjects given a social request rather than a posthypnotic suggestion sent more postcards, and those given a limited-duration suggestion responded differently from those given an unlimited-duration suggestion. In Experiment 2, real, hypnotized and simulating, unhypnotized subjects were given a posthypnotic suggestion, and nonhypnotic control subjects were given a social request, to mail one postcard every day; the suggestion or request was of either limited or unlimited duration. Real, hypnotized subjects sent more postcards than simulators; control subjects sent as many postcards as real, hypnotized subjects; and subjects given a suggestion or request of limited duration sent more than those given one of unlimited duration. The findings highlight the interaction of individual differences and the social context of the suggestion or request. They underscore important aspects of experience and behavior associated with posthypnotic responding away from the hypnotic setting.
Habitual Prospective Memory and Aging: Remembering Intentions and Forgetting Actions
Authors: Einstein Gilles O. , McDaniel Mark A. , Smith Rebekah E. , Shaw Pat
Published: March 2003

Routine or habitual prospective memory tasks (e.g., taking medication) have the potential for creating confusions regarding whether or not an action has already been performed. We developed a laboratory paradigm for examining the kinds of processes thought to be operating in these kinds of tasks. Younger and older participants were asked to perform an action once and only once on each of 11 trials. The results showed that age and divided attention contributed to both omission and repetition errors. This new paradigm reveals memory failures in a habitual prospective memory task, and the results demonstrate that older adults are particularly susceptible to these memory problems.
Memory Processing of a Serial List by Young Infants
Authors: Gulya Michelle , Rovee-Collier Carolyn , Galluccio Lissa , Wilk Amy
Published: March 2003

Serial list learning is thought to be beyond the capabilities of infants before the end of their 1st year. In separate experiments with 3- and 6-month-olds, we studied infants' memory for a serial list using a modified serial probe recognition procedure that was originally developed for monkeys and a precuing procedure that was previously used with human adults. Infants were trained with a three-item list. One day later, they were precued with one list member and tested for recognition of another. When the precue specified valid order information, infants of both ages recognized the test item; when the precue specified invalid order information, infants of neither age did. These findings reveal that even very young infants can learn and remember the order of items on a serial list.
SCADS: A Model of Children's Strategy Choices and Strategy Discoveries
Authors: Shrager Jeff , Siegler Robert S.
Published: March 2003

Preschoolers show surprising competence in choosing adaptively among alternative strategies and in discovering new approaches. The SCADS computer simulation illustrates how simple processes can generate this impressive competence. The model's behavior parallels data on children's addition in at least eight ways: It uses diverse strategies over prolonged periods of time, makes adaptive choices among strategies, discovers the same strategies as children, discovers strategies in the same sequence as children, makes discoveries without trial and error, makes discoveries without having experienced failure, narrowly generalizes new approaches, and generalizes more broadly following challenging problems. SCADS thus indicates plausible sources of young children's surprising competence at strategy choice and strategy discovery.
Toward a Psychology of Loss
Authors: Harvey John H. , Miller Eric D.
Published: March 2003

This article argues for the development of an interdisciplinary psychology of loss that is focused on people's pervading commonsense experience and recognition of loss in their own and others' lives. This field may be defined as broader than related fields such as traumatology, thanatology, and stress and coping. The psychology of loss focuses on the perception of major loss deriving from events such as death and divorce, but also on the perception of major loss in connection with such diverse phenomena as loss of employment, loss of bodily functioning, and being the target of violence or prejudice, including genocide. An important research topic for this field concerns people's stories of how major losses are interrelated in their lives. It is argued that perceived loss is a critical phenomenal state that must be dealt with in adaptation to most significant stressors.
When Things That Were Never Experienced Are Easier To “Remember” Than Things That Were
Authors: Brainerd C.J. , Reyna V.F.
Published: March 2003

Can things that were never experienced be more readily accepted on recognition tests than things that were experienced? A current explanation of false memory predicts that this can happen when things that were never experienced provide superior access to the gist of events. This prediction was tested in three experiments in which the task was to accept all test items that were consistent with the substance of previously studied material, regardless of whether they had been studied. Acceptance rates were consistently higher for some never-studied items (those that provided superior access to gist memories) than for studied items. This effect varied predictably as a function of manipulations of the strength of gist memories and their accessibility. These results have implications for the use of exploratory memory-interrogation procedures in psychotherapy and the law.
Singing in the Brain: Independence of Lyrics and Tunes
Authors: Besson M. , Faïta F. , Peretz I. , Bonnel A.-M. , Requin J.
Published: March 2003

Why is vocal music the oldest and still the most popular form of music? Very possibly because vocal music involves an intimate combination of speech and music, two of the most specific, high-level skills of human beings. The issue we address is whether people listening to a song treat the linguistic and musical components separately or integrate them within a single percept. Event-related potentials were recorded while musicians listened to excerpts from operas sung a capella. Excerpts were ended by semantically congruous or incongruous words sung either in or out of key. Results clearly demonstrated the independence of lyrics and tunes, so that an additive model of semantic- and harmonic-violations processing predicted the data extremely well. These results are consistent with a modular organization of the human cognitive system and open new perspectives in the search for the similarities and differences between language and music processing.
Differentiation and Sociality in Terms of Elicited and Provided Constructs
Authors: Adams-Webber J.R.
Published: March 2003

Previously unacquainted undergraduates (15 men, 15 women) interacted briefly in randomly assigned pairs, and subsequently attempted to infer the self-evaluations of their partners in terms of both personal constructs elicited from the latter and a set of supplied constructs. Inferences based on elicited constructs were significantly more accurate (p < .005) than were those based on supplied ones. Also, the self-evaluations of participants with relatively less differentiated personal-construct systems, as assessed by the repertorygrid procedure, were inferred by their partners significantly more accurately (p < .01) in terms of elicited constructs than were those of participants with relatively more differentiated personal-construct systems. These findings are interpreted within the framework of personal-construct theory.
New Directions For a Classical Paradigm: Human Eyeblink Conditioning
Authors: Woodruff-Pak Diana S.
Published: March 2003

The knowledge base on neural substrates and mechanisms involved in classical eyeblink conditioning makes it an ideal paradigm for investigating fundamental issues in learning and memory. New applications for the model system presented here include its use in (a) assessment to evaluate neurocognitive development in infancy, (b) theory building in abnormal psychology to test relationships between obsessive-compulsive behavior and learning rate, (c) evaluation of hypotheses about brain memory systems, and (d) exploration of the role of brain structures such as the cerebellum in learning and timing. Human eyeblink conditioning is a prototype of the utility of a model system that has become well characterized at both the behavioral and the neurobiological levels.
In Search of the Self: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Authors: Craik Fergus I.M. , Moroz Tara M. , Moscovitch Morris , Stuss Donald T. , Winocur Gordon , Tulving Endel , Kapur Shitij
Published: March 2003

Previous work using positron emission tomography (PET) has shown that memory encoding processes are associated with preferential activation of left frontal regions of the brain, whereas retrieval processes are associated predominantly with right frontal activations. One possible reason for the asymmetry is that episodic retrieval necessarily involves reference to the self, and the self-concept may be represented (at least partially) in right frontal regions. Accordingly, the present study investigated the possibility that encoding of self-related material might also activate right frontal areas. Eight right-handed volunteers judged trait adjectives under four separate PET scan conditions: (a) relevance to self, (b) relevance to a well-known public figure, (c) social desirability, and (d) number of syllables. The results showed that self-related encoding yielded left frontal activations similar to those associated with other types of semantic encoding, but also specific activations in the right frontal lobe. It is concluded that the concept of self involves both general schematic structures and further specific components involved in episodic memory retrieval.
The Effect of Inhibition of Return on Lexical Access
Authors: Chasteen Alison L. , Pratt Jay
Published: March 2003

Inhibition of return refers to a bias against returning attention to a location or object that has been recently attended. Recent research has shown that inhibition of return can be found not only in simple detection tasks, but also in tasks requiring relatively simple discrimination judgments. The present experiments examined whether inhibition of return occurs in tasks that require complex discriminations such as lexical decision and categorization tasks. Not only was inhibition of return found in both experiments, but a greater amount of inhibition was found for low-frequency words than for high-frequency words. These findings suggest that inhibition of return not only inhibits returning attention to previously attended locations, but can also affect the processing that is required for lexical access.
The Long-Term Neurocognitive Consequences of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A 14-Year Study
Authors: Streissguth Ann P. , Barr Helen M. , Bookstein Fred L. , Sampson Paul D. , Olson Heather Carmichael
Published: March 2003

Prenatal alcohol exposure, at doses not generally associated with maternal alcohol problems, produces a broad array of neurocognitive deficits in offspring even in the absence of effects on growth and morphology. This report presents a summary of neurobehavioral, growth, and morphology findings from long-term follow-up of a birth cohort of 500 from a population-based study that has revealed attention, memory, and information processing deficits from birth through 14 years. Also observed (from school age through 14 years) have been problems with antisocial and delinquent behaviors, and classroom learning and behaviors; some of these problems may be secondary to earlier neurocognitive disabilities. Continuing research in behavioral and neurobehavioral teratology provides important opportunities for the neurosciences and for improved health of future generations.
Neurocognitive Complications of HIV Disease
Authors: Grant Igor , Marcotte Thomas D. , Heaton Robert K. ,   HNRC Group
Published: March 2003

Neurocognitive complications are the most common sequelae of HIV infection if the full spectrum of HIV disease—from initial seroconversion to death from advanced AIDS—is considered. Though resembling subcortical neurological disorders from a neuropsychological standpoint, the presentation is variable, and almost any pattern can be seen. Although neuropsychological impairment is often subtle, it can affect day-to-day life and is associated with earlier mortality. It is not clear if milder forms of neurocognitive disturbance necessarily presage advanced dementia, and current data suggest a two-factor model: a subacute relapsing-remitting condition that can occur at any stage of HIV disease and a progressive, more fulminant dementia. The pathological substrates of these conditions are not well characterized, although recent data support the notion that synaptodendritic damage underlies the neuropsychological impairment, and may precede the neuronal loss and other pathological features more characteristic of HIV encephalitis. Some reversibility of neurocognitive disturbance has been reported with zidovudine therapy, though the data are not consistent. New regimens involving protease inhibitors need to be evaluated in terms of benefit to the central nervous system because many drugs of this class do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier efficiently. Finally, studies utilizing experimental treatments that may affect the putative mechanisms of neural injury are in progress.
Interaction of the Dopaminergic System With Mechanisms of Associative Learning and Cognition: Implications for Drug Abuse
Authors: Robbins T.W. , Everitt B.J.
Published: March 2003

The possible role of mechanisms of associative learning in drug abuse and addiction is considered with respect to psychomotor stimulant drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine. Although the initial sites of the reinforcing effects of these drugs are associated with the mesolimbic dopamine projection to the nucleus accumbens, other important neuromodulatory influences are identified. These include the amygdala, which appears to mediate the associative processes by which environmental stimuli come to control drug-seeking behavior. Possible parallel mechanisms by which stimulant drugs enhance effects of aversive as well as rewarding stimuli are discussed. The importance of attribution and context in determining relative rewarding and aversive effects is pointed out. These attributional and contextual factors may be a function of cortical regions that may themselves be impaired by chronic drug abuse, leading to further dysexecutive control over cognition and behavior.
The Process of Moralization
Authors: Rozin Paul
Published: March 2003

Moralization is the process through which preferences are converted into values, both in individual lives and at the level of culture. Moralization is often linked to health concerns, including addiction. It is significant because moralized entities are more likely to receive attention from governments and institutions, to encourage supportive scientific research, to license censure, to become internalized, to show enhanced parent-to-child transmission of attitudes, to motivate the search by individuals for supporting reasons, and, in at least some cases, to recruit the emotion of disgust. Moralization seems to be promoted in predominantly Protestant cultures and if the entity is associated with stigmatized groups or harmful to children. The recent history and current status of cigarette smoking in the United States are used to illustrate moralization.
On the Functional Equivalence of Monolinguals and Bilinguals in “Monolingual Mode”: The Bilingual Anticipation Effect in Picture-Word Processing
Authors: Amrhein Paul C.
Published: March 2003

Previous evidence indicates that bilinguals are slowed when an unexpected language switch occurs when they are reading aloud. This anticipation effect was investigated using a picture-word translation task to compare English monolinguals and Spanish-English bilinguals functioning in “monolingual mode.” Monolinguals and half of the bilinguals drew pictures or wrote English words for picture or English word stimuli; the remaining bilinguals drew pictures or wrote Spanish words for picture or Spanish word stimuli. Production onset latency was longer in cross-modality translation than within-modality copying, and the increments were equivalent between groups across stimulus and production modalities. Assessed within participants, bilinguals were slower than monolinguals under intermixed but not under blocked trial conditions. Results indicate that the bilingual anticipation effect is not specific to language-mixing tasks. More generally, stimulus-processing uncertainty prevents establishment of a “base” symbolic-system procedure (concerning recognition, production, and intervening translation) and the inhibition of others. When this uncertainty is removed, bilinguals exhibit functional equivalence to monolinguals.
A Few Can Catch a Liar
Authors: Ekman Paul , O'Sullivan Maureen , Frank Mark G.
Published: March 2003

Research suggests that most people cannot tell from demeanor when others are lying. Such poor performance is typical not only of laypeople but also of most professionals concerned with lying. In this study, three professional groups with special interest or skill in deception, two law-enforcement groups and a select group of clinical psychologists, obtained high accuracy in judging videotapes of people who were lying or telling the truth about their opinions. These findings strengthen earlier evidence that some professional lie catchers are highly accurate, and that behavioral clues to lying are detectable in real time. This study also provides the first evidence that some psychologists can achieve high accuracy in catching lies.