bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stronger transferability but lower variability in transcriptomic‐ than in anonymous microsatellites: evidence from Hylid frogs
Authors: Dufresnes Christophe , Brelsford Alan , Béziers Paul , Perrin Nicolas
Published: December 2013

A simple way to quickly optimize microsatellites in nonmodel organisms is to reuse loci available in closely related taxa; however, this approach can be limited by the stochastic and low cross‐amplification success experienced in some groups (e.g. amphibians). An efficient alternative is to develop loci from transcriptome sequences. Transcriptomic microsatellites have been found to vary in their levels of cross‐species amplification and variability, but this has to date never been tested in amphibians. Here, we compare the patterns of cross‐amplification and levels of polymorphism of 18 published anonymous microsatellites isolated from genomic DNA vs. 17 loci derived from a transcriptome, across nine species of tree frogs (Hyla arborea and Hyla cinerea group). We established a clear negative relationship between divergence time and amplification success, which was much steeper for anonymous than transcriptomic markers, with half‐lives (time at which 50% of the markers still amplify) of 1.1 and 37 My, respectively. Transcriptomic markers are significantly less polymorphic than anonymous loci, but remain variable across diverged taxa. We conclude that the exploitation of amphibian transcriptomes for developing microsatellites seems an optimal approach for multispecies surveys (e.g. analyses of hybrid zones, comparative linkage mapping), whereas anonymous microsatellites may be more informative for fine‐scale analyses of intraspecific variation. Moreover, our results confirm the pattern that microsatellite cross‐amplification is greatly variable among amphibians and should be assessed independently within target lineages. Finally, we provide a bank of microsatellites for Palaearctic tree frogs (so far only available for H. arborea), which will be useful for conservation and evolutionary studies in this radiation.
Detection of a key Hg methylation gene, hgcA, in wetland soils
Authors: Schaefer J. K. , Kronberg R.‐M. , Morel F. M. M. , Skyllberg U.
Published: December 2013

The corrinoid protein, HgcA has been shown to be essential for Hg methylation in anaerobic bacteria. We investigated the diversity of hgcA from temperate and tropical wetland soils where Hg methylation is demonstrated. Sequences obtained from both environments clustered with those from the δ‐Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Methanomicrobia with significant overlap in hgcA phylogeny between libraries. Clear differences in hgcA distribution were observed between two highly contrasting sites within a tropical wetland in Everglades National Park, USA. hgcA sequences obtained from the northern site clustered primarily with those of methanogens, while sequences from the estuarine site clustered primarily with sulphate‐reducing bacteria and syntrophs in the δ‐Proteobacteria. Libraries obtained from soils collected from a temperate swamp in Sweden were dominated by hgcA sequences within the δ‐Proteobacteria with hgcA sequences clustering primarily with iron reducers in the upstream portion of the swamp and with sulphate reducers in the downstream portion of the swamp. Interestingly, enrichments prepared from the lower portion of this temperate wetland contained a high abundance of hgcA sequences clustering with methanogens. This first report on hgcA diversity in environmental samples suggests a role in Hg methylation for various phenotypic groups in different portions of wetlands.
Fundamentals or Managerial Discretion? The Relationship between Accrual Variability and Future Stock Return Volatility
Authors: Shan Yaowen , Taylor Stephen , Walter Terry
Published: December 2013

This study extends the theoretical framework ofCallen andSegal (2004) andVuolteenaho (2002) to investigate the association between accrual variability and firm‐level stock return volatility. The empirical evidence supports our prediction that increased uncertainty in current‐period accounting accruals is associated with significantly higher volatility of future stock returns, and the results are valid for measures of both systematic and idiosyncratic volatility. When accrual variability is decomposed into fundamental and discretionary portions, we find that the positive relationship between accrual variability and future stock return volatility is dominated by the fundamental component of accrual variability. Overall, our results suggest that uncertainty reflected in accrual information is subsequently reflected in the fluctuation of future stock returns, and that the predictive content in accruals primarily reflects firms' fundamental uncertainty, rather than any effects of managerial choices and interventions in the accounting process.
Improving the Interpretation of Complex Audit Evidence: The Beneficial Role of Order Effects
Authors: Zhao Yifan , Harding Noel
Published: December 2013

A principal element of business risk (or strategic systems) auditing is the goal of evaluating the degree of concordance between management representations and expectations derived from an understanding of the business environment. Peecher et al. (2007) argue that an effective means by which auditors may achieve this goal is through a process of evidentiary triangulation. In this exploratory study, we investigate whether the order with which auditors evaluate business environment, information systems and financial statement representations evidence has the potential, as suggested by belief function theory, to improve the effectiveness with which they interpret the complex interrelationships between these three sources of evidence. Analyzing judgements made by practicing auditors in an experimental setting, our results reveal that, when faced with negative business environment evidence that is in conflict with positive information systems and financial statement representations evidence, auditors assess the risk of material misstatement to be higher when they are presented with the critically important business environment evidence last, rather than, as is traditionally the case, first. There is, however, some evidence to suggest that the positive order effects may be attenuated by the requirement to document reasons underlying the judgements made. The results raise a number of practical and theoretical issues that give direction to future research in this important area.
Modulation of p25 and inflammatory pathways by fisetin maintains cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice
Authors: Currais Antonio , Prior Marguerite , Dargusch Richard , Armando Aaron , Ehren Jennifer , Schubert David , Quehenberger Oswald , Maher Pamela
Published: December 2013

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. It is the only one of the top ten causes of death in the USA for which prevention strategies have not been developed. Although AD has traditionally been associated with the deposition of amyloid β plaques and tau tangles, it is becoming increasingly clear that it involves disruptions in multiple cellular systems. Therefore, it is unlikely that hitting a single target will result in significant benefits to patients with AD. An alternative approach is to identify molecules that have multiple biological activities that are relevant to the disease. Fisetin is a small, orally active molecule which can act on many of the target pathways implicated in AD. We show here that oral administration of fisetin to APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic AD mice from 3 to 12 months of age prevents the development of learning and memory deficits. This correlates with an increase in ERK phosphorylation along with a decrease in protein carbonylation, a marker of oxidative stress. Importantly, fisetin also reduces the levels of the cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activator p35 cleavage product, p25, in both control and AD brains. Elevated levels of p25 relative to p35 cause dysregulation of Cdk5 activity leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. These fisetin‐dependent changes correlate with additional anti‐inflammatory effects, including alterations in global eicosanoid synthesis, and the maintenance of markers of synaptic function in the AD mice. Together, these results suggest that fisetin may provide a new approach to the treatment of AD.
The co‐occurrence of mtDNA mutations on different oxidative phosphorylation subunits, not detected by haplogroup analysis, affects human longevity and is population specific
Authors: Raule Nicola , Sevini Federica , Li Shengting , Barbieri Annalaura , Tallaro Federica , Lomartire Laura , Vianello Dario , Montesanto Alberto , Moilanen Jukka S. , Bezrukov Vladyslav , Blanché Hélène , Hervonen Antti , Christensen Kaare , Deiana Luca , Gonos Efstathios S. , Kirkwood Tom B. L. , Kristensen Peter , Leon Alberta , Pelicci Pier Giuseppe , Poulain Michel , Rea Irene M. , Remacle Josè , Robine Jean Marie , Schreiber Stefan , Sikora Ewa , Eline Slagboom Peternella , Spazzafumo Liana , Antonietta Stazi Maria , Toussaint Olivier , Vaupel James W. , Rose Giuseppina , Majamaa Kari , Perola Markus , Johnson Thomas E. , Bolund Lars , Yang Huanming , Passarino Giuseppe , Franceschi Claudio
Published: December 2013

To re‐examine the correlation between mtDNA variability and longevity, we examined mtDNAs from samples obtained from over 2200 ultranonagenarians (and an equal number of controls) collected within the framework of the GEHA EU project. The samples were categorized by high‐resolution classification, while about 1300 mtDNA molecules (650 ultranonagenarians and an equal number of controls) were completely sequenced. Sequences, unlike standard haplogroup analysis, made possible to evaluate for the first time the cumulative effects of specific, concomitant mtDNA mutations, including those that per se have a low, or very low, impact. In particular, the analysis of the mutations occurring in different OXPHOS complex showed a complex scenario with a different mutation burden in 90+ subjects with respect to controls. These findings suggested that mutations in subunits of the OXPHOS complex I had a beneficial effect on longevity, while the simultaneous presence of mutations in complex I and III (which also occurs in J subhaplogroups involved in LHON) and in complex I and V seemed to be detrimental, likely explaining previous contradictory results. On the whole, our study, which goes beyond haplogroup analysis, suggests that mitochondrial DNA variation does affect human longevity, but its effect is heavily influenced by the interaction between mutations concomitantly occurring on different mtDNA genes.
Rapamycin‐mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction
Authors: Miller Richard A. , Harrison David E. , Astle Clinton M. , Fernandez Elizabeth , Flurkey Kevin , Han Melissa , Javors Martin A. , Li Xinna , Nadon Nancy L. , Nelson James F. , Pletcher Scott , Salmon Adam B. , Sharp Zelton Dave , Van Roekel Sabrina , Winkleman Lynn , Strong Randy
Published: December 2013

Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR kinase, increased median lifespan of genetically heterogeneous mice by 23% (males) to 26% (females) when tested at a dose threefold higher than that used in our previous studies; maximal longevity was also increased in both sexes. Rapamycin increased lifespan more in females than in males at each dose evaluated, perhaps reflecting sexual dimorphism in blood levels of this drug. Some of the endocrine and metabolic changes seen in diet‐restricted mice are not seen in mice exposed to rapamycin, and the pattern of expression of hepatic genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism is also quite distinct in rapamycin‐treated and diet‐restricted mice, suggesting that these two interventions for extending mouse lifespan differ in many respects.
Superoxide signaling in perivascular adipose tissue promotes age‐related artery stiffness
Authors: Fleenor Bradley S. , Eng Jason S. , Sindler Amy L. , Pham Bryant T. , Kloor Jackson D. , Seals Douglas R.
Published: December 2013

We tested the hypothesis that superoxide signaling within aortic perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) contributes to large elastic artery stiffening in old mice. Young (4–6 months), old (26–28 months), and old treated with 4‐Hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine 1‐oxyl (TEMPOL), a superoxide scavenger (1 mm in drinking water for 3 weeks), male C57BL6/N mice were studied. Compared with young, old had greater large artery stiffness assessed by aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV, 436 ± 9 vs. 344 ± 5 cm s‐1) and intrinsic mechanical testing (3821 ± 427 vs. 1925 ± 271 kPa) (both P < 0.05). TEMPOL treatment in old reversed both measures of arterial stiffness. Aortic PVAT superoxide production was greater in old (P < 0.05 vs. Y), which was normalized with TEMPOL. Compared with young, old controls had greater pro‐inflammatory proteins in PVAT‐conditioned media (P < 0.05). Young recipient mice transplanted with PVAT from old compared with young donors for 8 weeks had greater aPWV (409 ± 7 vs. 342 ± 8 cm s‐1) and intrinsic mechanical properties (3197 ± 647 vs. 1889 ± 520 kPa) (both P < 0.05), which was abolished with TEMPOL supplementation in old donors. Tissue‐cultured aortic segments from old in the presence of PVAT had greater mechanical stiffening compared with old cultured in the absence of PVAT and old with PVAT and TEMPOL (both, P < 0.05). In addition, PVAT‐derived superoxide was associated with arterial wall hypertrophy and greater adventitial collagen I expression with aging that was attenuated by TEMPOL. Aging or TEMPOL treatment did not affect blood pressure. Our findings provide evidence for greater age‐related superoxide production and pro‐inflammatory proteins in PVAT, and directly link superoxide signaling in PVAT to large elastic artery stiffness.
Increased impulsivity in rats as a result of repeated cycles of alcohol intoxication and abstinence
Authors: Irimia Cristina , Wiskerke Joost , Natividad Luis A. , Polis Ilham Y. , de Vries Taco J. , Pattij Tommy , Parsons Loren H.
Published: December 2013

Impulsivity is a risk factor for alcoholism, and long‐term alcohol exposure may further impair impulse control in a manner that propels problematic alcohol use. The present study employed the rat 5‐choice serial reaction time task (5‐CSRTT) to measure behavioral inhibition and attentional capacity during abstinence from repeated 5‐day cycles of alcohol liquid diet consumption. Task performance was not disrupted following the first cycle of alcohol exposure; however, evidence of impaired behavioral inhibition emerged following the third cycle of alcohol exposure. In comparison with controls, alcoholic rats exhibited deficits in inhibitory control during cognitively challenging 5‐CSRTT tests employing variable intertrial interval (varITI). This behavioral disruption was not present during early abstinence (3 days) but was evident by 7 days of abstinence and persisted for at least 34 days. Interestingly, renewed alcohol consumption ameliorated these disruptions in impulse control, although deficient behavioral inhibition re‐emerged during subsequent abstinence. Indices of increased impulsivity were no longer present in tests conducted after 49 days of abstinence. Alcohol‐related impairments in impulse control were not evident in sessions employing highly familiar task parameters regardless of the abstinence period, and control experiments confirmed that performance deficits during the challenge sessions were unlikely to result from alcohol‐related disruption in the adaptation to repeated varITI testing. Together, the current findings demonstrate that chronic intermittent alcohol consumption results in decreased behavioral inhibition in rats that is temporally similar to clinical observations of disrupted impulsive control in abstinent alcoholics performing tasks of behavioral inhibition.
The Elusive Search for Presidential Power
Authors: Chiou Fang‐Yi , Rothenberg Lawrence S.
Published: December 2013

Unilateral presidential actions, such as executive orders, are widely cited as a key strategic tool for presidential power. However, is unilateral action evidence of unilateralism or might it represent executive acquiescence? We answer this by (1) specifying three competing models, each with a different presidential discretion assumption and generating alternative hypotheses; (2) extending the canonical item‐response model to best measure executive‐order significance; and (3) comparing competing theoretical models to data for 1947–2002. Theoretically, we show that legislative preferences may impact unilateral actions differently than previously thought and indicate how parties may be influential. Empirically, a model where the president is responsive to the chamber's majority‐party median fits the data better than models assuming responsiveness to the chamber median or no presidential acquiescence. Unilateral action appears not tantamount to presidential power, as evidence implies that legislative parties, or the judicial actors enforcing their will, are key conditioning factors.
How Governments Shape the Risk of Civil Violence: India's Federal Reorganization, 1950–56
Authors: Lacina Bethany
Published: December 2013

Governments are absent from empirical studies of civil violence, except as static sources of grievance. The influence that government policy accommodations and threats of repression have on internal violence is difficult to verify without a means to identify potential militancy that did not happen. I use a within‐country research design to address this problem. During India's reorganization as a linguistic federation, every language group could have sought a state. I show that representation in the ruling party conditioned the likelihood of a violent statehood movement. Prostatehood groups that were politically advantaged over the interests opposed to them were peacefully accommodated. Statehood movements similar in political importance to their opponents used violence. Very politically disadvantaged groups refrained from mobilization, anticipating repression. These results call into question the search for a monotonic relationship between grievances and violence and the omission of domestic politics from prominent theories of civil conflict.
Unlicensed and off‐label drug use in an Irish neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Kieran Emily A , O'Callaghan Noreen , O'Donnell Colm PF
Published: December 2013

Aim

Many drugs are not licensed for use in children and drugs that are licensed may be given to them in an unapproved manner. We wanted to determine the extent of unlicensed and off‐label prescribing in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods

All infants admitted to our tertiary‐level NICU over 2 months were prospectively studied. We recorded demographic data, and all the drugs prescribed and compared the use of each drug to the licensed indications in the Summary of Product Characteristics.

Results

All the 110 infants admitted received a prescribed drug, with 69 different drugs prescribed, a median (IQR) of four (range: 3–11) drugs each. Just less than a fifth (19%) were unlicensed and 39% were off‐label, with 45 infants (44%) receiving both an unlicensed and off‐label drug, three (3%) receiving an unlicensed drug and 35 (32%) receiving just an off‐label drug. Most infants <32 weeks received unlicensed (91%) and off‐label (94%) drugs, and all infants <28 weeks received an unlicensed and an off‐label drug.

Conclusion

Most drugs prescribed to newborns are unlicensed or used for off‐label reasons. Many infants, and the majority of preterm infants, admitted to our NICU received unlicensed and off‐label drugs.
The prevention and management of infections due to multidrug resistant organisms in haematology patients
Authors: Trubiano Jason A. , Worth Leon J. , Thursky Karin A. , Slavin Monica A.
Published: December 2013

Infections due to resistant and multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms in haematology patients and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are an increasingly complex problem of global concern. We outline the burden of illness and epidemiology of resistant organisms such as gram‐negative pathogens, vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), and Clostridium difficile in haematology cohorts. Intervention strategies aimed at reducing the impact of these organisms are reviewed: infection prevention programmes, screening and fluoroquinolone prophylaxis. The role of newer therapies (e.g. linezolid, daptomycin and tigecycline) for treatment of resistant and MDR organisms in haematology populations is evaluated, in addition to the mobilization of older agents (e.g. colistin, pristinamycin and fosfomycin) and the potential benefit of combination regimens.
Institute of Medicine 2009 Gestational Weight Gain Guideline Knowledge: Survey of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Family Medicine Residents of the United States
Authors: Moore Simas Tiffany A , Waring Molly E , Sullivan Gina M T , Liao Xun , Rosal Milagros C , Hardy Janet R , Berry Jr Robert E
Published: December 2013

Background

In 2009, the Institute of Medicine revised gestational weight gain recommendations; revisions included body mass index (BMI) category cut‐point changes and provision of range of gain for obese women. Our objective was to examine resident prenatal caregivers' knowledge of revised guidelines.

Methods

Anonymous electronic survey of obstetrics/gynecology and family medicine residents across the United States from January to April 2010.

Results

Overall, 660 completed the survey; 79 percent female and 69 percent aged between 21 and 30. When permitted to select ≥ 1 response, 87.0 percent reported using BMI to assess weight status at initial visits, 44.4 percent reported using “clinical impression based on patient appearance,” and 1.4 percent reported not using any parameters. When asked the most important baseline parameter for providing recommendations, 35.8 percent correctly identified prepregnancy BMI, 2.1 percent reported “I don't provide guidelines,” and 4.5 percent reported “I do not discuss gestational weight gain.” Among respondents, 57.6 percent reported not being aware of new guidelines. Only 7.6 percent selected correct BMI ranges for each category, and only 5.8 percent selected correct gestational weight gain ranges. Only 2.3 percent correctly identified both BMI cutoffs and recommended gestational weight gain ranges per 2009 guidelines.

Conclusions

Guideline knowledge is the foundation of accurate counseling, yet resident prenatal caregivers were minimally aware of the 2009 Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain guidelines almost a year after their publication.
Sexual Violence and Antenatal Hospitalization
Authors: Henriksen Lena , Vangen Siri , Schei Berit , Lukasse Mirjam
Published: December 2013

Background

Studies have shown the negative impact sexual violence has on pregnancy outcome, yet the impact on antenatal hospitalization has been poorly examined. The aim of this study was to investigate if a history of sexual violence was associated with hospitalization during pregnancy.

Methods

A population‐based national cohort study conducted by the Institute of Public Health, The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study. Women filled out questionnaires at 17 and 30 weeks' gestation. History of sexual violence was reported at three levels: pressured to sexual acts (mild), forced with violence (moderate), and raped (severe). The comparison group did not report sexual violence. Differences were assessed using Pearson's X2 tests and logistic regression analyses.

Results

Of 78,660 women, 12.0% were pressured to sexual acts, 2.8% forced with violence, and 3.6% reported rape. A history of sexual violence was associated with significantly more hospitalizations during pregnancy, 6.6 percent for mild, 8.7 percent for moderate and 12.5 percent for severe, compared to 5.8 percent for no sexual violence. Women were significantly more often admitted for hyperemesis, bleeding, threatening preterm birth, other reasons and admitted without giving any reason. Reporting severe sexual violence had an AOR for being hospitalized with hyperemesis or threatening preterm birth of 1.9 (95% CI 1.4–2.5), and 1.9 (1.3–2.7) respectively. Similarly, severe sexual violence was associated with being admitted more than once during pregnancy AOR 1.9 (1.3–2.7).

Conclusion

Women with a history of sexual violence reported significantly more antenatal hospitalizations during pregnancy than women without such a history.
Referral for Management of Emotional Health Issues During the Perinatal Period: Does Mental Health Assessment Make a Difference?
Authors: Reilly Nicole , Harris Sheree , Loxton Deborah , Chojenta Catherine , Forder Peta , Milgrom Jeannette , Austin Marie‐Paule
Published: December 2013

Background

There exists little evidence that routine assessment of current or past mental health in the perinatal period positively impacts on rates of referral for emotional health issues. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of this early intervention approach on reported referrals for emotional health issues during pregnancy and the first postpartum year.

Method

A subsample of women (N = 1,804) drawn from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health participated in the study.

Results

Multivariate analyses showed that predictors of being given a referral for emotional health issues during pregnancy and the postnatal period, respectively, included assessment of past mental health (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 4.40, p < 0.001, and AOR = 5.69, p < 0.001), assessment of current mental health (AOR = 2.47, p < 0.001, and AOR = 2.72, p < 0.001), and reported experience of significant emotional distress (AOR = 2.58, p < 0.001, and AOR = 2.83, p < 0.001). The odds of receiving a referral were up to 16 times greater for women who were asked about both their past and current mental health than for women who did not receive any form of mental health assessment.

Conclusions

This study highlights that enquiry into risk factors such as past history (in addition to current mental health) enhances initiation of referrals. Importantly, results suggest that enquiry about current mental health is associated with appropriate rates of referral rather than a nonspecific inflation of referrals. In line with Australia's Clinical Practice Guidelines for Perinatal Mental Health, the value of a comprehensive approach to mental health assessment to aid decision making around referral for further assessment or care is particularly evident.
“Too Posh to Push”: The Rise and Rise of a Catchphrase
Authors: Weaver Jane , Magill‐Cuerden Julia
Published: December 2013

Background

The phrase “too posh to push” was coined over 14 years ago to describe maternal request for cesarean section in the absence of clinical indications. The phrase was readily taken up and used by the United Kingdom media despite limited evidence that many women request cesarean sections or have an aversion to vaginal birth. The objectives of this study were to explore the way in which the phrase was used; the context and themes associated with it.

Methods

To better understand the part the news media might play in public and health care professionals' perceptions, all articles using the phrase in eight UK national weekday newspapers from 1999 to 2011 (n = 335) were subjected to content analysis.

Results

Key themes have changed over the years but some themes, such as celebrity cesareans, the risks of cesarean section, and the rising cesarean rate, have remained. Four different definitions of the term “too posh to push” were identified. Levels of usage of these terms changed over time. Misinterpretation of the National Sentinel Cesarean Section Audit results and a tendency to confuse elective cesarean section with maternal request for a cesarean have suggested that more “too posh to push” cesareans occurred than is probably the case.

Conclusion

The phrase seems to have become well established. It is likely that press handling of the topic has continued to contribute to the impression that cesarean purely for maternal request is common. The association with celebrity continues to fuel press interest in the topic.
Antenatal Hypnosis Training and Childbirth Experience: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Werner Anette , Uldbjerg Niels , Zachariae Robert , Wu Chun Sen , Nohr Ellen A.
Published: December 2013

Background

Childbirth is a demanding event in a woman's life. The aim of this study was to explore whether a brief intervention in the form of an antenatal course in self‐hypnosis to ease childbirth could improve the childbirth experience.

Method

In a randomized, controlled, single‐blinded trial, 1,222 healthy nulliparous women were allocated to one of three groups during pregnancy: A hypnosis group participating in three 1‐hour sessions teaching self‐hypnosis to ease childbirth, a relaxation group receiving three 1‐hour lessons in various relaxation methods and Mindfulness, and a usual care group receiving ordinary antenatal care only. Wijmas Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W‐DEQ) was used to measure the childbirth experience 6 weeks postpartum.

Results

The intention‐to‐treat analysis indicated that women in the hypnosis group experienced their childbirth as better compared with the other two groups (mean W‐DEQ score of 42.9 in the Hypnosis group, 47.2 in the Relaxation group, and 47.5 in the Care as usual group (p = 0.01)). The tendency toward a better childbirth experience in the hypnosis group was also seen in subgroup analyses for mode of delivery and for levels of fear.

Conclusion

In this large randomized controlled trial, a brief course in self‐hypnosis improved the women's childbirth experience.
Risk of Episiotomy and Perineal Lacerations Recurring After First Delivery
Authors: Manzanares Sebastian , Cobo Davinia , Moreno‐Martínez Maria Dolores , Sánchez‐Gila Mar , Pineda Alicia
Published: December 2013

Background

To assess whether the presence of an episiotomy or spontaneous perineal trauma at the first delivery increases the risk of perineal trauma at the following one.

Methods

We studied 2,695 women who gave birth twice at Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital of Granada, Spain. All second deliveries were from 2004 to 2011 and prenatal database records were used to obtain information about the first deliveries. All births, first and second, were single, vaginal, unassisted, and in a cephalic presentation. Two groups were made as follows: Intact perineum (no perineal trauma or first‐degree spontaneous tear at the first delivery) and perineal trauma (episiotomy or second‐degree or higher spontaneous tear at the first delivery). Both groups were compared according to the degree of perineal trauma at the second delivery.

Results

Women included in the perineal trauma group were significantly older and a higher proportion was attended by a midwife with an obstetrician present in the delivery room. No differences were observed according to gestational age, epidural analgesia or fetal birth weight. Adjusting for these possible compounding factors and the year of birth, the risk of undergoing a second‐degree or higher spontaneous tear at their next delivery was fivefold (adjusted OR 5.15, 95% CI 3.11–8.54), and the risk of undergoing an episiotomy in the second delivery was threefold (adjusted OR 3.20, 95% CI 2.19–4.69) for the perineal trauma group.

Conclusion

The risk of undergoing a spontaneous perineal tear or an episiotomy in the second delivery is increased by the practice of episiotomy in the first one.
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: Ligand‐Gated Ion Channels
Authors: Alexander Stephen P.H. , Benson Helen E. , Faccenda Elena , Pawson Adam J. , Sharman Joanna L. , Spedding Michael , Peters John A. , Harmar Anthony J. ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: December 2013

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full.

Ligand‐gated ion channels are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein‐coupled receptors, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets.

It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC‐IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR‐DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates.
IDH2 and TP53 mutations are correlated with gliomagenesis in a patient with Maffucci syndrome
Authors: Moriya Kunihiko , Kaneko Mika K. , Liu Xing , Hosaka Masami , Fujishima Fumiyoshi , Sakuma Jun , Ogasawara Satoshi , Watanabe Mika , Sasahara Yoji , Kure Shigeo , Kato Yukinari
Published: December 2013

We report on a 24‐year‐old woman who was diagnosed as having Maffucci syndrome with anaplastic astrocytoma. We analyzed the IDH1 and IDH2 mutations of enchondroma, hemangioma and anaplastic astrocytoma tissues and the same somatic mosaic mutation in IDH2 gene was identified in all these tissues. In addition, we identified additional mutation of the TP53 gene in anaplastic astrocytoma tissue but not in other benign tumors. This is the first report of the detection of an identical IDH2 mutation in multiple tissues and TP53 mutation in anaplastic astrocytoma in a patient with Maffucci syndrome. This case is unique and supports the IDH2‐dependent genetic pathway and second‐hit model for gliomagenesis.
The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide improves prediction of clinical allergic reaction to peanut challenge in children
Authors: Preece K. , Bhatia R. , Belcher J. , Patchett K. , McElduff P. , Collison A. , Mattes J.
Published: December 2013

Background

Retrospective studies of childhood peanut allergy demonstrate serum‐specific IgE (IgE) levels against the peanut allergen Ara h2 may help predict a clinical reaction at food challenge. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a non‐invasive tool correlating to allergic airways inflammation and has been independently associated with increased food‐specific IgE.

Objective

To assess the validity of serum‐specific Ara h2 IgE measured prospectively to diagnose peanut allergy and explore the utility of FeNO as a non‐invasive screening tool for childhood food challenge.

Methods

We recruited 53 participants from a cohort of consecutive children scheduled for an open‐labelled peanut food challenge (OFC) by their paediatric allergist. Participants underwent skin prick test (SPT) measurement for sensitization to whole peanut extract, and serum was collected for Ara h2‐specific IgE. FeNO was also measured in all cooperative children before the challenge. OFC and assessment of reaction were undertaken by clinicians blinded to test results.

Results

Ara h2‐specific IgE and FeNO each showed improved diagnostic accuracy when compared to SPT. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis gave an area under the curve (AUC) for Ara h2 sIgE of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.72–0.96). The AUC for FeNO, 0.83 (95% CI, 0.71–0.95), was equivalent to that of Ara h2. Combined AUC for SPT, sIgE to Ara h2 and FeNO was 0.96 (95% CI 0.90–1.00). There was no correlation between FeNO and serum nitrite levels (rs = −0.13, P = 0.6, n = 18).

Conclusion and clinical relevance

Prospectively measured Ara h2‐specific IgE improves diagnostic accuracy and reduces unsuccessful challenge to peanut. FeNO levels may provide improved diagnostic accuracy in a paediatric population undergoing OFC. The proposed FeNO‐based diagnostic algorithm requires further validation studies.
The nature of relationships between orphans and their kinship carers in Botswana
Authors: Malinga‐Musamba Tumani
Published: December 2013

Generations of parents lost to AIDS and other causes have created a vacuum of care for the orphaned children they leave behind. This crisis has resulted in rapid changes in caregiving and family life, with extended family members, having to care for orphaned children. As a result of high numbers of vulnerable orphaned children residing with kinship carers, and the fundamental importance of the relationship between carers and orphaned children, we need to understand more about these relationships. This paper explores the nature of orphaned children–kinship carer relationships in Botswana. Interview guides were used to collect data from 15 caregivers and 15 orphaned children. The results indicate that the nature of relationships between orphaned children and caregivers is influenced by the way the parties communicate, how adolescents behave and the competing responsibilities of caregivers. Lastly, the paper recommends how positive relationships can be developed and nurtured between orphaned children and their caregivers in an African setting.
The Effect of Keratinized Mucosa Width on Peri‐Implant Outcome under Supportive Postimplant Therapy
Authors: Frisch Eberhard , Ziebolz Dirk , Vach Kirstin , Ratka‐Krüger Petra
Published: December 2013

Background

Long‐ranging data on the influence of keratinized mucosa (KM) on peri‐implant tissue status have been scarce.

Purpose

Retrospective evaluation of peri‐implant diseases and KM width in patients with versus without mucogingival surgery.

Materials and Methods

Under supportive postimplant therapy (SIT) in a private practice, 68 patients with peri‐implant KM widths <1 mm were identified between 1992 and 2011 (eight dropouts). Thirty patients rejected surgery (control [C] group), and 30 patients agreed (intervention [I] group). After at least 1 year, KM width, mucositis, and peri‐implant conditions were assessed.

Results

Sixty nonsmoking patients (n = 105 implants) were available for assessment after 12.10 ± 4.93 years. No implants were lost (survival rate: 100%). An average of 10.69 years after surgery, the I group implants showed a mean KM gain of 3.10 ± 1.43 mm (C group: 0 mm).

The mucositis rates were as follows: I group: 38.98%; C group: 31.91%. Peri‐implantitis was detected in two implants (1.87%) and two individuals (6.67%) in the I group.

No significant differences between groups were found, except that the KM width values were significantly greater in the I group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Low incidences of peri‐implant diseases over long periods can be expected in patients attending SIT programs, independent of the absence or presence of KM.
Accuracy of Dental Implant Placement Using CBCT‐Derived Mucosa‐Supported Stereolithographic Template
Authors: Sun Yi , Luebbers Heinz‐Theo , Agbaje Jimoh Olubanwo , Schepers Serge , Politis Constantinus , Van Slycke Sarah , Vrielinck Luc
Published: December 2013

Purpose

The aim of the present in vivo study was to evaluate whether a difference exists between the maxilla and the mandible regarding the precision of implant placement utilizing a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)‐derived mucosa‐supported stereolithographic (SLA) template.

Materials and Methods

Eighty implants (44 maxilla, 36 mandible) were placed in 18 fully edentulous jaws (10 maxillas, eight mandibles) using a mucosa‐supported SLA surgical template. A voxel‐based registration technique was applied to match the postoperative and preoperative CBCT scans.

Results

Vertical deviation (p = .026) at the implant hex and angular deviation (p = .0188) were significantly lower in the maxilla than in the mandible. The global linear deviation and lateral deviation at the implant hex were not significantly different. At the implant apex, the average maximum vertical deviation was within 1 mm (0.1–4.6 mm). The average maximum lateral deviation was 1.8 mm (0.9–5.5 mm) in the maxilla and 2.3 mm (0.5–5.5 mm) in the mandible when a 15‐mm‐long implant was placed.

Conclusions

When using CBCT‐derived mucosa‐supported SLA templates, clinicians should be aware of differences in the angular deviation of the implants in the mandible and maxilla. The average maximum linear deviation should be considered as a safety margin at the implant apex.
Granulomatous syringotropic mycosis fungoides with two lesions having reactive B‐cell proliferation
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Gang , Gao Tianwen
Published: December 2013

Mycosis fungoides (MF) represents the most common type of cutaneous lymphoma. The diagnosis of MF may occasionally be challenging, particularly for variants of MF such as folliculotropic MF, syringotropic MF and granulomatous MF. Herein, we describe a case of MF in which syringotropism and a prominent granulomatous reaction were noted around the affected eccrine gland. This case represents a rare example of MF with multiple unusual histopathological features, including syringotropism, a granulomatous reaction and a reactive B‐cell proliferation.
768. MELLIODENDRON XYLOCARPUM
Authors: Grimshaw John , Rix Martyn
Published: December 2013

The rare Chinese tree, Melliodendron xylocarpum Hand.‐Mazz. is illustrated and the circumstances of its discovery and introduction to cultivation are discussed.
769. DIPTERONIA SINENSIS
Authors: Clennett Chris
Published: December 2013

The taxonomy, distribution and cultural requirements of the Chinese Dipteronia sinensis Oliver are discussed; an illustration is provided, together with a full description.
770. ACER DAVIDII
Authors: Rix Martyn
Published: December 2013

Acer davidii Franch., a snakebark maple from China, is illustrated. Its history in cultivation is discussed, and some of the variation of this widespread species is considered.
772. EUONYMUS TINGENS
Authors: Rix Martyn
Published: December 2013

Euonymus tingens Wall., an evergreen shrub or small tree from the eastern Himalaya and western China, is illustrated. Its relationship with other species is discussed. Suggestions for its successful cultivation are given.
THE REMARKABLE P. F. B. VON SIEBOLD, HIS LIFE IN EUROPE AND JAPAN
Authors: Compton James A. , Thijsse Gerard
Published: December 2013

We present a synopsis of the major trends of Siebold's life, his youth in the Rhineland and his lengthy employment as a physician and natural scientist in the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies. We follow his career on the cramped Japanese island of Dejima where he was based for 6 years. We reveal how, during two visits to Japan, Siebold became a renowned ethnographer, natural historian, author and entrepreneur and an unsuccessful diplomat. In this paper we attempt to provide an insight into Siebold's varied life in Bavaria, The Netherlands and Japan.
Association of fasting glucose with subclinical cerebrovascular disease in older adults without Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sims R. C. , Katzel L. I. , Lefkowitz D. M. , Siegel E. L. , Rosenberger W. F. , Manukyan Z. , Whitfield K. E. , Waldstein S. R.
Published: December 2013

Aims

To examine how fasting glucose and glucose tolerance are related to magnetic resonance imaging‐assessed indicators of subclinical cerebrovascular disease and brain atrophy and their variation according to age, sex and education.

Methods

Participants in the present study were 172 healthy, community‐dwelling older adults. An oral glucose tolerance test was administered and magnetic resonance imaging performed. Fasting, 2‐h, and 2‐h area‐under‐the‐curve glucose levels, their associations with subclinical cerebrovascular disease and brain atrophy, and their respective interactions with age, sex and education were examined.

Results

A positive association between fasting glucose and subclinical cerebrovascular disease (but not brain atrophy) emerged; this association was more pronounced for participants with < 12 years of education; however, glucose tolerance was not related to subclinical cerebrovascular disease or brain atrophy.

Conclusions

Findings revealed a potential link between fasting glucose levels and the presence of subclinical cerebrovascular disease indicators — white matter hyperintensities and silent brain infarction — in older adults without diabetes and with an education level below high school. Additional research is needed to confirm these associations and to determine the need for interventions aimed at closely monitoring and preventing elevated glucose levels in this population to reduce the prevalence of subclinical cerebrovascular disease.
Feasibility and Prognostic Value of Stress Echocardiography in Obese, Morbidly Obese, and Super Obese Patients Referred for Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Supariwala Azhar , Makani Harikrishna , Kahan Jonathan , Pierce Matthew , Bajwa Farhan , Dukkipati Sai Sreenija , Teixeira Julio , Chaudhry Farooq A.
Published: December 2013

Background

Stress echocardiography (SE) is clinically used in the risk stratification and prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease. Due to multiple comorbidities, obese patients have increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events perioperatively in noncardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of SE in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

Methods

Consecutive patients referred for SE for preoperative evaluation prior to bariatric surgery from January 2002 to July 2011 formed the study cohort. Contrast was used to define the endocardial border in patients with poor acoustic windows. All‐cause mortality data were obtained from Social Security Death Index.

Results

Six hundred fifty‐two patients (47 ± 10 years, 84% females) with the mean follow‐up of 3.0 ± 2.7 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 47 ± 9 kg/m² were included in this analysis. Dobutamine SE was performed in 65% of patients compared to exercise SE in 35%. Patients with higher BMI were more likely to undergo dobutamine SE (P < 0.0001). Similarly, incidence of poor acoustic windows and contrast use was higher in those with increased BMI (P < 0.001). Contrast use was higher in patients undergoing dobutamine SE (39%) versus exercise (25%), (P = 0.002). 19 patients (3%) had an abnormal SE and 8 patients (1.2%) died during the follow‐up period.

Conclusion

Stress echocardiography is feasible in the morbidly obese patients. Patients with higher BMI were more likely to undergo dobutamine SE and have higher incidence of poor acoustic windows and contrast use.
Echocardiography in Patients with Complications Related to Pacemakers and Cardiac Defibrillators
Authors: Almomani Ahmed , Siddiqui Khadija , Ahmad Masood
Published: December 2013

The evolving indications and uses for implantable cardiac devices have led to a significant increase in the number of implanted devices each year. Implantation of endocardial leads for permanent pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators can cause many delayed complications. Complications may be mechanical and related to the interaction of the device leads with the valves and endomyocardium, e.g., perforation, infection, and thrombosis, or due to the electrical pacing of the myocardium and conduction abnormalities, e.g., left ventricular dyssynchrony. Tricuspid regurgitation, another delayed complication in these patients, may be secondary to both mechanical and pacing effects of the device leads. Echocardiography plays an important role in the diagnosis of these device‐related complications. Both two‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography provide useful diagnostic information. Real time three‐dimensional echocardiography is a novel technique that can further enhance the detection of lead‐related complications.