bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus Infection in Toronto Children: A Second Look
Authors: Bitnun Ari , Read Stanley , Tellier Raymond , Petric Martin , Richardson Susan E.
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. During the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak of 2003, there was an impetus to provide clinical information to the medical community in a timely manner. Accordingly, a preliminary report of our experience of suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infections in children was published without microbiological findings. This report provides an update on pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infections in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that includes microbiological findings.

METHODS. All of the children admitted to the Hospital for Sick Children between March 14 and June 15, 2003, with suspect severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infection were included. A proven case was defined as one that fulfilled the clinical criteria for suspect severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infection and demonstrated a serologic response to severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus. Serology results, from a neutralizing antibody assay, were considered positive if the sera inhibited the development of a severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus-specific cytopathic effect at a dilution of ≥1:8.

RESULTS. Neutralizing antibody to severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus was demonstrated in 8 of 25 children admitted with suspect severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infection. In 3 of these 8 children, severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus was also detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in the stool. All 8 had documented exposure to ≥1 severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus-infected adults residing in the same household. Exposure that was limited to visiting a Toronto hospital at which severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus-infected patients were admitted or travel from a country in which severe acute respiratory syndrome had been reported did not result in documented infection in any of our cases. On the basis of our clinical case definition, 6 of 8 microbiologically confirmed case had been classified as having probable severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infection. Clinical disease was mild, nonspecific, and self-limited and was indistinguishable from that reported with other common respiratory viruses.

CONCLUSIONS. The factor most strongly associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infection in Toronto children was a history of close contact with an adult severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus case. This serves to reinforce the importance of routinely obtaining a thorough epidemiologic travel and exposure history for all subjects with suspected infectious diseases.
A Single-Blinded, Randomized Comparison of Laparoscopic Versus Open Hernia Repair in Children
Authors: Koivusalo Antti I. , Korpela Reijo , Wirtavuori Kari , Piiparinen Satu , Rintala Risto J. , Pakarinen Mikko P.
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. The role of laparoscopic surgery in pediatric inguinal hernia repair is unclear. We aimed to compare day-case laparoscopic hernia repair with open repair.

METHODS. A prospective, single-blinded randomized study in children aged 4 months to 16 years with unilateral inguinal hernia was performed. The primary outcome measure was the time to normal daily activities after surgery. Secondary outcome measures included postoperative pain, time in the operation room, results, and complications.

RESULTS. Eighty-nine patients were enrolled (laparoscopic hernia repair: 47, open repair: 42). The mean number of days to normal activity after laparoscopic hernia repair and open repair was 2.4 and 2.5, respectively. Thirty-seven (79%) patients with laparoscopic hernia repair and 20 (42%) with open repair required rescue analgesia postoperatively. The median pain score in the second postoperative morning was significantly higher after laparoscopic hernia repair. The median times in the operation room for laparoscopic hernia repair and open repair were 63 and 38 minutes, respectively. Surgical and cosmetic results were similar at up to 2 years' follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS. Recovery and outcome were similar after open repair and laparoscopic hernia repair in children. Laparoscopic hernia repair was associated with increased theater time and postoperative pain.
Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Laronidase in the Treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis I
Authors: Clarke Lorne A. , Wraith J. Edmond , Beck Michael , Kolodny Edwin H. , Pastores Gregory M. , Muenzer Joseph , Rapoport David M. , Berger Kenneth I. , Sidman Marisa , Kakkis Emil D. , Cox Gerald F.
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of recombinant human α-l-iduronidase (laronidase) in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis I.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. All 45 patients who completed a 26-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of laronidase were enrolled in a 3.5-year open-label extension study. Mean patient age at baseline was 16 (range: 6–43) years. All patients had attenuated disease (84% Hurler-Scheie, 16% Scheie phenotypes). Clinical, biochemical, and health outcomes measures were evaluated through the extension phase. Changes are presented as the mean ± SEM.

RESULTS. All 40 patients (89%) who completed the trial received at least 80% of scheduled infusions. As shown in earlier trials, urinary glycosaminoglycan levels decreased within the first 12 weeks and liver volume decreased within the first year. Percent predicted forced vital capacity remained stable, with a linear slope of −0.78 percentage points per year. The 6-minute walk distance increased 31.7 ± 10.2 m in the first 2 years, with a final gain of 17.1 ± 16.8 m. Improvements in the apnea/hypopnea index (decrease of 7.6 ± 4.5 events per hour among the patients with significant baseline sleep apnea) and shoulder flexion (increase of 17.4° ± 3.6°) were most rapid during the first 2 years. Improvements in the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire/Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index (decrease of 0.31 ± 0.11, signifying a clinically meaningful improvement in activities of daily living) were gradual and sustained over the treatment period. Laronidase infusions were generally well tolerated except in 1 patient who experienced an anaphylactic reaction. Infusion-associated reactions, which occurred in 53% of the patients, were mostly mild, easily managed, and decreased markedly after 6 months. One patient died as a result of an upper respiratory infection unrelated to treatment. Antibodies to laronidase developed in 93% of the patients; 29% of the patients were seronegative at their last assessment.

CONCLUSIONS. This trial demonstrates the long-term clinical benefit and safety of laronidase in attenuated patients with mucopolysaccharidosis I and highlights the magnitude and chronology of treatment effects. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment will maximize treatment outcomes.
Comparison of Computer Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans on the Third Day of Life in Term Newborns With Neonatal Encephalopathy
Authors: Chau Vann , Poskitt Kenneth John , Sargent Michael Andrew , Lupton Brian Alexander , Hill Alan , Roland Elke , Miller Steven Paul
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to compare the patterns of brain injury detected by computed tomography, conventional MRI (T1- and T2-weighted sequences), and diffusion-weighted MRI in a cohort of term newborns with neonatal encephalopathy studied uniformly with all 3 modalities on the third day of life.

METHODS. Term newborns (≥36 weeks' gestation) admitted to our center with neonatal encephalopathy were scanned with computed tomography, MRI, and diffusion-weighted MRI at 72 (±12) hours of life (n = 48). Each modality was scored independently of the other with previously validated scoring systems. The predominant pattern of brain injury was classified as: normal, watershed, basal nuclei, total (maximal basal nuclei and watershed), and focal-multifocal (presence of strokes and/or white matter injury alone).

RESULTS. The agreement for the predominant pattern of injury was excellent between MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI (77% agreement). The agreement for the pattern of injury was also good for computed tomography and diffusion-weighted MRI (67% agreement). The extent of cortical injury and focal-multifocal lesions, such as strokes and white matter injury, were less apparent on computed tomography than diffusion-weighted MRI. In 19 newborns with a repeat MRI in the second week of life, the predominant pattern seen on the day 3 diffusion-weighted MRI was confirmed.

CONCLUSIONS. Diffusion-weighted MRI is the most sensitive technique with which to assess brain injury on day 3 of life in term newborns with neonatal encephalopathy, particularly for cortical injury and focal-multifocal lesions such as stroke and white matter injury. All 3 modalities identify the most serious patterns of brain injury similarly.
Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Meehan William P. , Bachur Richard G.
Published: December 2008

Sport-related concussion is a common injury in children and adolescents. Athletes seldom report concussive symptoms, which makes the diagnosis a challenge. The management of sport-related concussion has changed significantly over the last several years. The previously used grading systems and return-to-play guidelines have been abandoned in favor of more individualized assessment and management. Neuropsychological testing is being used more frequently to assist in management. After recovery, it is recommended that an athlete's return-to-play progress in a gradual, stepwise fashion while being monitored by a health care provider. Proper assessment and management of a sport-related concussion is crucial, because repeat concussions can result in decreased neurocognitive functioning, increased symptomatology, and, at times, catastrophic outcomes.
Advances in the Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Hagerman Randi J. , Berry-Kravis Elizabeth , Kaufmann Walter E. , Ono Michele Y. , Tartaglia Nicole , Lachiewicz Ave , Kronk Rebecca , Delahunty Carol , Hessl David , Visootsak Jeannie , Picker Jonathan , Gane Louise , Tranfaglia Michael
Published: December 2008

The FMR1 mutations can cause a variety of disabilities, including cognitive deficits, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, and other socioemotional problems, in individuals with the full mutation form (fragile X syndrome) and distinct difficulties, including primary ovarian insufficiency, neuropathy and the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, in some older premutation carriers. Therefore, multigenerational family involvement is commonly encountered when a proband is identified with a FMR1 mutation. Studies of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 pathway antagonists in animal models of fragile X syndrome have demonstrated benefits in reducing seizures, improving behavior, and enhancing cognition. Trials of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonists are beginning with individuals with fragile X syndrome. Targeted treatments, medical and behavioral interventions, genetic counseling, and family supports are reviewed here.
Reversal of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Improvements in Cardiovascular Risk Factors After Surgical Weight Loss in Adolescents
Authors: Inge Thomas H. , Miyano Go , Bean Judy , Helmrath Michael , Courcoulas Anita , Harmon Carroll M. , Chen Mike K. , Wilson Kimberly , Daniels Stephen R. , Garcia Victor F. , Brandt Mary L. , Dolan Lawrence M.
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, all well-known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Surgical weight loss has resulted in a marked reduction of these risk factors in adults. We hypothesized that gastric bypass would improve parameters of metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular risk in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. Eleven adolescents who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at 5 centers were included. Anthropometric, hemodynamic, and biochemical measures and surgical complications were analyzed. Similar measures from 67 adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were treated medically for 1 year were also analyzed.

RESULTS. Adolescents who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were extremely obese (mean BMI of 50 ± 5.9 kg/m2) with numerous cardiovascular risk factors. After surgery there was evidence of remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus in all but 1 patient. Significant improvements in BMI (−34%), fasting blood glucose (−41%), fasting insulin concentrations (−81%), hemoglobin A1c levels (7.3%–5.6%), and insulin sensitivity were also seen. There were significant improvements in serum lipid levels and blood pressure. In comparison, adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were followed during 1 year of medical treatment demonstrated stable body weight (baseline BMI: 35 ± 7.3 kg/m2; 1-year BMI: 34.9 ± 7.2 kg/m2) and no significant change in blood pressure or in diabetic medication use. Medically managed patients had significantly improved hemoglobin A1c levels over 1 year (baseline: 7.85% ± 2.3%; 1 year: 7.1% ± 2%).

CONCLUSIONS. Extremely obese diabetic adolescents experience significant weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Improvements in insulin resistance, β-cell function, and cardiovascular risk factors support Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as an intervention that improves the health of these adolescents. Although the long-term efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is not known, these findings suggest that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is an effective option for the treatment of extremely obese adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Contribution of Early Weight Gain to Childhood Overweight and Metabolic Health: A Longitudinal Study (EarlyBird 36)
Authors: Gardner Daphne S. L. , Hosking Joanne , Metcalf Brad S. , Jeffery Alison N. , Voss Linda D. , Wilkin Terence J.
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND. Early weight gain (0–5 years) is thought to be an important contributor to childhood obesity and consequently metabolic risk. There is a scarcity of longitudinal studies in contemporary children reporting the impact of early weight gain on metabolic health.

OBJECTIVE. We aimed to assess the impact of early weight gain on metabolic health at 9 years of age.

METHOD. Two hundred thirty-three children (134 boys, 99 girls) with a gestational age of >37 weeks were assessed at birth, 5 years of age, and 9 years of age. Measures included weight SD scores at each time point and excess weight gained (Δ weight SD score) between them. The outcome measure included composite metabolic score (sum of internally derived z scores of insulin resistance, mean blood pressure, triglyceride level, and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio).

RESULTS. Weight SD score increased by 0.29 SD score in girls and 0.26 SD score in boys from 0 to 5 years of age and by 0.03 SD score in girls and 0.11 SD score in boys from 5 to 9 years of age. Weight SD score correlated poorly to moderately before 5 years of age but strongly after 5 years of age. Birth weight SD score predicted (girls/boys) 2.4%/0% of the variability in composite metabolic score at 9 years of age. Adding Δ weight SD score (0–5 years old) contributed (girls/boys) 11.2%/7.0% to the score, and adding Δ weight SD score (5–9 years old) additionally contributed (girls/boys) 26.4%/16.5%. Importantly, once weight SD score at 9 years of age was known, predictive strength was changed little by adding Δ weight SD score.

CONCLUSIONS. Most excess weight before puberty is gained before 5 years of age. Weight at 5 years of age bears little relation to birth weight but closely predicts weight at 9 years of age. Single measures of current weight are predictive of metabolic health, whereas weight gain within a specific period adds little. A single measure of weight at 5 years of age provides a pointer to future health for the individual. If metabolic status at 9 years of age means future risk, diabetes/cardiovascular prevention strategies might better focus on preschool-aged children, because the die seems to be largely cast by 5 years of age, and a healthy weight early in childhood may be maintained at least into puberty.
Psychiatric Morbidity in Adolescents and Young Adults Born Preterm: A Swedish National Cohort Study
Authors: Lindström Karolina , Lindblad Frank , Hjern Anders
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Increasing numbers of infants born preterm survive into adulthood. Previous studies have reported increased levels of neurologic and cognitive disabilities in these children. In this study, we analyzed the effect of having been born preterm on psychiatric morbidity.

METHODS. A Swedish national cohort of 545628 individuals born in 1973–1979 was followed up in the national registers during 1987–2002. Multivariate Cox analysis of proportional hazards was used to estimate the hazard ratios of hospital admissions for psychiatric disorders and alcohol/illicit drug abuse.

RESULTS. There was a stepwise increase in psychiatric hospital admissions with an increasing degree of preterm birth. A total of 5.2% of children born at 24 to 28 weeks’ gestation and 3.5% born at 29 to 32 weeks’ gestation had been hospitalized because of a psychiatric disorder. The hazard ratios for psychiatric disorders were 1.68 in the group of very preterm children (gestational weeks 24–32), 1.21 in the moderately preterm group (gestational weeks 33–36), and 1.08 in the early term group (gestational weeks 37–38) after adjustment for socioeconomic confounders. Moderately preterm and early term birth accounted for 85% of the risk attributed to preterm/early term birth. The effect of preterm birth was greater in households with low socioeconomic status.

CONCLUSION. Preterm birth carries some risk for psychiatric disorders requiring hospitalization in adolescence and young adulthood (ages 8–29 years). Even if this risk increases with degree of preterm birth, most subjects are moderately preterm, a group in need of more attention in research and secondary prevention.
Beliefs About the Health Effects of “Thirdhand” Smoke and Home Smoking Bans
Authors: Winickoff Jonathan P. , Friebely Joan , Tanski Susanne E. , Sherrod Cheryl , Matt Georg E. , Hovell Melbourne F. , McMillen Robert C.
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. There is no safe level of exposure to tobacco smoke. Thirdhand smoke is residual tobacco smoke contamination that remains after the cigarette is extinguished. Children are uniquely susceptible to thirdhand smoke exposure. The objective of this study was to assess health beliefs of adults regarding thirdhand smoke exposure of children and whether smokers and nonsmokers differ in those beliefs. We hypothesized that beliefs about thirdhand smoke would be associated with household smoking bans.

METHODS. Data were collected by a national random-digit-dial telephone survey from September to November 2005. The sample was weighted by race and gender within Census region on the basis of US Census data. The study questions assessed the level of agreement with statements that breathing air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm the health of children.

RESULTS. Of 2000 eligible respondents contacted, 1510 (87%) completed surveys, 1478 (97.9%) answered all questions pertinent to this analysis, and 273 (18.9%) were smokers. Overall, 95.4% of nonsmokers versus 84.1% of smokers agreed that secondhand smoke harms the health of children, and 65.2% of nonsmokers versus 43.3% of smokers agreed that thirdhand smoke harms children. Strict rules prohibiting smoking in the home were more prevalent among nonsmokers: 88.4% vs 26.7%. In multivariate logistic regression, after controlling for certain variables, belief that thirdhand smoke harms the health of children remained independently associated with rules prohibiting smoking in the home. Belief that secondhand smoke harms the health of children was not independently associated with rules prohibiting smoking in the home and car.

CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrates that beliefs about the health effects of thirdhand smoke are independently associated with home smoking bans. Emphasizing that thirdhand smoke harms the health of children may be an important element in encouraging home smoking bans.
Depression in Patients with Heart Failure: Clinical Implications and Management
Authors: Watson Kristin , Summers Kelly M.
Published: December 2008

Mortality and morbidity rates remain high in patients with heart failure despite advances in medical therapy. Heart failure can also significantly worsen quality of life. Attention has been paid to evaluating the effects of psychological disease in patients with heart failure. Depression rates are higher in patients with heart failure than in the general population. Depression has been associated with worse outcomes in patients with heart failure. Those at highest risk for depression include patients with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators, alcohol abuse, history of depression, and multiple comorbidities. Depression may be underdiagnosed in the heart failure population, as symptoms can often be similar in the two disease states. Evidence is limited on the effects of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapy for depression, specifically in patients with heart failure. Based on the available literature, patients with heart failure should be screened routinely for depression. Treatment is known to improve quality of life, but its effect on outcomes such as mortality and hospital admissions for heart failure remains unknown. If treatment includes pharmacologic strategies, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (especially paroxetine and sertraline), mirtazapine, and nefazodone have the strongest efficacy evidence in this population. Based on safety data of these agents and after consideration of comorbid conditions and the potential for drug interactions, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor should be used as first‐line therapy. Finally, clinicians should not avoid β‐blockers in those with a diagnosis of depression, as recent evidence demonstrates that these agents are not associated with inducing or worsening depressive symptoms.
The Inhibitory Action of Kohamaic Acid A Derivatives on Mammalian DNA Polymerase β
Authors: Mizushina Yoshiyuki , Manita Daisuke , Takeuchi Toshifumi , Sugawara Fumio , Kumamoto-Yonezawa Yuko , Matsui Yuki , Takemura Masaharu , Sasaki Mitsuru , Yoshida Hiromi , Takikawa Hirosato
Published: December 2008

We previously isolated a novel natural product, designated kohamaic acid A (KA-A, compound 1), as an inhibitor of the first cleavage of fertilized sea urchin eggs, and found that this compound could selectively inhibit the activities of mammalian DNA polymerases (pols). In this paper, we investigated the structure and bioactivity of KA-A and its chemically synthesized 11 derivatives (i.e., compounds 2–12), including KA-A - fatty acid conjugates. The pol inhibitory activity of compound 11 [(1S*,4aS*,8aS*)-17-(1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-naphthalen-1-yl)heptadecanoic acid] was the strongest among the synthesized compounds, and the range of IC50 values for mammalian pols was 3.22 to 8.76 µM; therefore, the length of the fatty acid side chain group of KA-A is important for pol inhibition. KA-A derivatives could prevent human cancer cell (promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60) growth with the same tendency as the inhibition of mammalian pols. Since pol β is the smallest molecule, we used it to analyze the biochemical relationship with KA-A derivatives. From computer modeling analysis (i.e., docking simulation analysis), these compounds bound selectively to four amino acid residues (Leu11, Lys35, His51 and Thr79) of the N-terminal 8-kDa domain of pol β, and the binding energy between compound 11 and pol β was largest in the synthesized compounds. The relationship between the three-dimensional molecular structures of KA-A-related compounds and these inhibitory activities is discussed.
Notes sur la signification musicale
Authors: de Lara Philippe
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article vise à clarifier la notion de signification musicale. Il montre que les deux dimensions apparemment opposées de l’expression musicale, la dimension transitive (expression de quelque chose), analogue à l’expression linguistique, et la dimension intransitive (au sens d’une interprétation ou d’une œuvre « expressive ») sont en réalité compatibles. La démonstration s’appuie sur l’analyse de la compréhension de la signification chez Wittgenstein. Quelques conséquences de cette analyse sont ensuite dégagées pour le jugement esthétique et pour une approche politique de la musique, comme pratique de l’articulation entre l’expérience intime et les représentations collectives.
Italie 1945-2003 : une histoire de la musique, mais pas seulement
Authors: Pestalozza Luigi
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article porte sur le rapport entre la politique et la musique dans l’Italie de l’après-guerre et sur la refondation de la vie musicale et culturelle après la chute du fascisme. Issue de l’antifascisme et comme lui mouvement d’alternative sociale et culturelle, la nouvelle musique italienne a proposé de nouveaux modes de communication. Rompant avec le passé, elle est allée à la rencontre de la musique populaire, a participé à des mouvements politiques et sociaux de réorganisation démocratique des rapports culturels et d’opposition aux régimes italiens de Guerre Froide. Dans ce contexte et dans les années 1960-70, marquées par une restauration néo-libérale, l’article présente un compte-rendu varié et documenté de la composition contemporaine, de Maderna à Nono et aux compositeurs actuels. L’auteur souligne également le rôle de la musique électro-acoustique dans le changement musical, du fait notamment d’une écoute renouvelée, marquant au 20 e  siècle, un processus d’émancipation du son de la note.
Néolibéralisme et psychologie behavioriste
Authors: Mengal Paul
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cette étude explore les relations entre le néolibéralisme et la psychologie behavioriste. C’est en remontant aux sources de la pensée libérale, chez Jeremy Bentham et John Stuart Mill, que l’on constate que les philosophes utilitaristes ont posé les fondements de l’économie libérale et d’une psychologie nouvelle qui présente l’individu comme produit de son interaction avec l’environnement. En intégrant progressivement les apports de l’évolutionnisme darwinien, cette psychologie du comportement ou behaviorisme est devenue le modèle dominant de la psychologie américaine. John B. Watson et surtout Burrhus Frederic Skinner ont donné, tour à tour, à cette psychologie une orientation éducative et rééducative. En montrant expérimentalement la supériorité des systèmes de renforcements positifs sur les systèmes punitifs, ils ont développé une technologie de contrôle du comportement. Cette conception de la psychologie partage avec le néolibéralisme contemporain une même idéologie du contrôle social fondée sur la nécessaire rationalité des comportements et sur l’activité de consommation comme principal système de renforcement positif.
Le droit à la vie
Authors: Le Blanc Guillaume
Published: December 2008

Résumé Nous assistons de plus en plus à l’expression d’un droit à la vie. Celui-ci, désormais requis dans une série de revendications qui vont du vital au social, a pris historiquement deux formes. La première se manifeste au 19 e siècle dans une ontologie de la vie sociale par la création du droit social à l’occasion des lois sur les accidents de travail et sur les retraites, et se traduit sur le plan théorique et pratique par une sociologie de la solidarité. La seconde, qui apparaît dans le cadre d’une ontologie de la vie individuelle, se manifeste dans l’extension du pouvoir médical et se traduit sur le plan théorique et pratique par la référence à une nouvelle valeur qui n’est plus la solidarité mais la santé. C’est ce déplacement d’une forme à une autre forme qui est interrogé dans cet article.
La psychanalyse dans son temps
Authors: Plon Michel
Published: December 2008

Résumé Les temps forts de l’histoire et de la politique se déposent, déformés, condensés et déplacés dans l’inconscient. L’analyste peut en entendre quelque chose pour peu qu’il soit lui-même et simultanément à l’écoute de son temps. Mais qu’est-ce qu’être « à l’écoute de son temps » ? Freud, de par ses interventions (de Considérations actuelles sur la guerre et la mort (1915) à L’Homme Moïse et le monothéisme (1939) en passant par L’avenir d’une illusion , le Malaise dans la culture et Pourquoi la guerre ? ) a fait en sorte que la psychanalyse se préoccupe de la politique. Mais la politique de nos jours plus encore que du temps de Freud, s’occupe de la psychanalyse, pas nécessairement pour assurer son avenir, il peut être urgent d’y réfléchir.
Immigration rationnée
Authors: Chauvier Stéphane
Published: December 2008

Résumé Nous montrons que le contrôle de l'immigration doit être vu comme un rationnement de l'accès à un bien rare auquel une pluralité ont également droit. Nous en déduisons deux règles possibles de sélection des candidats à l'immigration, dont aucune ne permet à la communauté politique d'accueil de sélectionner systématiquement les immigrés en fonction de ses propres intérêts.
Libéralisme, immigration et culture
Authors: Rüegger Marc
Published: December 2008

Résumé Un Etat libéral peut-il légitimement apporter des restrictions à l'immigration ­ c'est-à-dire à la liberté de mouvement des individus ­ par le souci de préservation de sa propre culture nationale ? De manière plus spécifique encore, peut-il sélectionner les candidats à l'immigration en fonction de leur origine culturelle en privilégiant ou décourageant l'immigration de certaines personnes au motif de leur proximité ou de leur éloignement supposé avec la culture dominante au sein de l'Etat ? Afin de répondre À ces questions, l'article identifie tout d'abord les valeurs de l'appartenance culturelle et de l'autodétermination démocratique comme les deux fondements possibles de l'affirmation d'un droit de restreindre l'immigration sur une base culturelle. Il examine ensuite dans quelle mesure la morale politique libérale peut reconnaître ces valeurs et en déduire des restrictions à la liberté de mouvement des individus. Sa conclusion est que le type d'appartenance culturelle auquel le libéralisme peut reconnaître une valeur ne peut pas servir de base À la justification d'une restriction à l'immigration.
De Gaulle et le jeu divin du héros. Une théorie de l'action
Authors: Decherf Jean-Baptiste
Published: December 2008

Résumé La conception gaullienne de l'héroïsme a quelque chose d'un ovni intellectuel. Combinant dans un même culte de l'individu d'exception l'influence des théories romantiques du grand homme, des thématiques venues de la psychologie des foules et de récurrentes tonalités nietzschéennes, elle peut donner l'impression d'accumuler sans soucis de cohérence les vulgates en vogue dans les années 1920-1930, moment où de Gaulle écrit le Fil de l'Epée. La présente recherche vise à montrer la profonde unité qui unit les apparences paradoxales de la représentation gaullienne du héros et de son autorité, une pensée qui n'a cessé de le guider dans son action politique. A la source de cette célébration de l'homme d'exception et de son combat se trouve l'idée, inexplicite mais omniprésente, que le moment de crise où celui-ci prend en main les destinées de son peuple est le temps de toutes les révélations : celui où se découvre la vraie nature des choses, celle des hommes, celle de la nation, autant de vérités profondes qui selon de Gaulle sont masquées dans le quotidien.
Mais qui est Richard H. Weisberg ?
Authors: Simonin Anne
Published: December 2008

Mais qui est Richard Weisberg ? Droit et Littérature : nouvelles réflexions sur la question juive L’apport de Richard Weisberg au mouvement « Droit et Littérature » est double : il a réorganisé un champ de savoir traditionnellement séparé entre « Law as », l’approche littéraire des textes juridiques, et « Law in », les récits romancés d’intrigues judiciaires, en « Law as and in Literature » grâce à l’invention d’un nouveau genre « le roman de procédure » qui place le lecteur dans la position d’un juré et attire son attention non pas tant sur le dénouement du procès que sur l’instruction, et les narrations contradictoires qu’elle produit. Par sa réflexion sur l’acceptation par les juristes français du droit antisémite de Vichy, Richard Weisberg a placé au centre des interrogations du mouvement « Droit et Littérature » une question politique – l’engagement des juristes en faveur d’un ordre public injuste et meurtrier – et a contribué à la définition d’une éthique « post-Holocauste », une « poéthique », en rupture avec le relativisme post-moderne.
Richard Weisberg : démarches et cheminements
Authors: Freedman Eric
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article constitue un point de vue personnel sur l’oeuvre de Richard Weisberg dans le domaine du droit et littérature. Il souligne ses démarches et ses cheminements, en analysant brièvement quelques-unes de ses grilles de lecture. Weisberg suggère que seule une lecture éveillée mène à l’appréhension du droit juste et à la compréhension de ce qu’est la droiture.
Le processus générateur de normes chez Robert Cover et son utilisation par Frank I. Michelman : de la description à la fiction
Authors: Michaut Françoise
Published: December 2008

Résumé Frank I. Michelman s’est inspiré de la théorie du processus générateur de normes défendue par Robert Cover pour construire une conception nouvelle du républicanisme. Ce faisant, il a fabriqué une fiction qui ne tient pas compte de l’insistance de Robert M. Cover sur la pluralité des narrations et sur le rapport du droit à la violence.
Vérité démocratique et spécificité romanesque.
Authors: Weisberg Richard
Published: December 2008

Résumé Richard Weisberg fait remonter les origines du mouvement américain Droit et Littérature à l’impulsion démocratique propre à deux auteurs du début du 20e siècle, Dean John Henry Wigmore et le juge Benjamin N. Cardozo ; il décrit ensuite les variantes qui émergent aujourd’hui sur le continent européen. Le point central de compréhension du droit par ses praticiens, mais aussi par les non-initiés, est le texte littéraire lui-même. Les histoires de juges, de règles de droit, d’avocats et d’autorités politiques habituent le lecteur professionnel à la « comédie humaine » avec laquelle il ou elle doit composer quotidiennement et poussent le lecteur lambda à être plus attentif aux discours de l’autorité. Une lecture scrupuleuse de deux oeuvres classiques de Droit et Littérature (L’Étranger de Camus, et Billy Budd, marin de Melville) permet de démontrer l’étendue, la théorie et la méthodologie de ce nouveau champs interdisciplinaire.
L'extension sociale du marché dans le néolibéralisme
Authors: Legrand Stéphane
Published: December 2008

Cet article se propose de reprendre les analyses consacrées par Foucault à l’extension sociale du modèle théorique du marché concurrentiel libre en les rattachant à l’évolution de la catégorie (juridique, morale, psychologique) de responsabilité, et ce autour de deux types de processus : les transformations du concept de responsabilité pénale depuis le début du 19 e  siècle, notamment sous l’influence de l’expertise psychiatrique ; la responsabilisation infinie des sujets vis-à-vis d’euxmêmes qu’induisent les dispositifs de gouvernementalité néolibéraux. L’auteur croit pouvoir dégager de cette analyse un chiasme structurant, situé au coeur des régimes normatifs propres aux politiques de la criminalité contemporaines.
Responsabilité morale et théorie sociale dans l'école de Francfort. D'Adorno à Honneth
Authors: Genel Katia
Published: December 2008

Les analyses d’Horkheimer et Adorno offrent des outils conceptuels permettant de critiquer le néolibéralisme et la manière dont la gouvernementalité néolibérale instrumentalise la morale, et notamment la responsabilité morale. Adorno en particulier trace un difficile chemin, critiquant à la fois la responsabilisation morale qui dénie les conditions sociales et la responsabilité qui, en prenant en compte les conditions existantes, risque d’en être l’apologie ou la validation cynique, pour dégager un rapport entre morale et théorie sociale : une morale soucieuse d’être responsable du monde social et une société qui rende possible la morale. La théorie sociale d’Honneth, fondée sur les attentes morales, rencontre les mêmes problèmes qu’Adorno. À partir de l’exemple de la responsabilité, il s’agit de se demander comment penser la morale, si elle est à la fois prise dans les processus néolibéraux de légitimation, et à la fois ce qui permet d’élaborer une critique sociale.
L'inflation bioéthique dans la perspective de l'ectogenèse
Authors: Descamps Philippe
Published: December 2008

La maîtrise technologique de la reproduction humaine soulève depuis quelques décennies un grand nombre d’interrogations éthiques et suscite fréquemment une réaction de repli sur la notion de Nature comme en témoigne l’introduction dans le droit français d’une notion aussi problématique que celle d’espèce humaine. Contrevenant aux fondements naturalistes que la réflexion bioéthique insuffle ainsi au droit depuis 1994 et contrariant les visées différentialistes de certains courants féministes, la seule perspective de l’ectogenèse ( i.e. la création d’utérus artificiels permettant la réalisation d’une gestation entièrement en dehors du ventre maternel) se trouve ainsi, avant tout examen rationnel et serein, par avance condamnée et dénoncée comme déshumanisante. Cet article s’attache à mettre au jour la pensée essentialiste et naturaliste du droit qui s’exprime à l’occasion de ces débats avortés.
Voix discordantes, actions concordantes
Authors: Bronowski Samuel
Published: December 2008

Résumé Social-démocratie et trotskisme sont généralement présentés comme deux idéologies contraires, l'une prônant le réformisme tandis que l'autre se fonde sur une exigence révolutionnaire. Pourtant, si l'on s'intéresse aux pratiques engendrées par ces idéologies dans les organisations qui s'en réclament, l'opposition ne paraît pas aussi évidente. Cet article s'appuie sur des entretiens réalisés auprès de responsables d'une organisation proche du courant social-démocrate du Parti socialiste, l'association Ré-So, et vise à montrer qu'il existe une réelle convergence entre les deux idéologies sur le plan des techniques de mobilisation, de l'entrisme trotskiste jusqu'à la pratique de construction de réseaux propre aux organisations social-démocrates. Il ne s'agit pas pour autant d'une convergence simplement technique ou pragmatique. Elle se fonde d'un point de vue théorique sur une exigence commune d'ouverture des organisations, et de primat donné à l'individu militant plutôt qu'à l'unité de l'organisation.
Pouvoir, sexualité et politique dans les médias biélorusses
Authors: Ousmanova Almira
Published: December 2008

Résumé En s'appuyant sur une approche constructiviste des médias, et revisitant L'histoire de la sexualité de Michel Foucault, Almira Ousmanova analyse l'articulation de la question sexuelle et du discours politique post-soviétique dans les médias biélorusses. Elle montre qu'en assimilant tous ceux qui s'opposent au pouvoir en place à des minorités sexuelles elles-mêmes représentées comme dotées d'une sexualité « méprisable », les médias officiels biélorusses contribuent à un double objectif : discréditer toute différence de genre et de sexualité (et ainsi maintenir un statu quo entre le pouvoir actuel et le système de valeurs traditionnel) et délégitimer toute différence politique : l'image de l'opposition « pédérastique » condition de la « masculinité » du pouvoir en place doit jouer son rôle historique à la veille des élections présidentielles.
Peut-on désutopiser le cosmopolitisme ?
Authors: Cusset Yves
Published: December 2008

Résumé Par-delà la multiplicité des discours sur l'internationalisation des règles juridiques et la globalisation culturelle, la question politique du cosmopolitisme reste encore entièrement ouverte. Le problème qu'elle pose peut aujourd'hui être ramené à l'antinomie entre une thèse habermasienne et une antithèse qu'on peut dire arendtienne. La première stipulerait qu'une politique effective des droits de l'homme est susceptible de donner à une société politique mondiale son fondement normatif quasi-constitutionnel, même s'il demeure éthiquement et culturellement faible. La seconde insisterait au contraire sur le caractère indépassable, même dans la perspective de droits universels, du lien entre citoyenneté et nationalité. La solution à cette antinomie passe par une réflexion à la fois ontologique et politique : ontologique sur la possibilité de repenser le commun hors des limites de l'identique, et historico-politique sur la possibilitÃ© d'une culture politique commune au-delà d'un ethnos commun et d'un espace public national. Cette double réflexion, ainsi que son apport pour penser l'antinomie politique du cosmopolitisme, est le principal objet de cet article.
siRNA‐targeted COL8A1 inhibits proliferation, reduces invasion and enhances sensitivity to D‐limonence treatment in hepatocarcinoma cells
Authors: Zhao Yongfu , Jia Li , Mao Xiaoyan , Xu Henggui , Wang Bo , Liu Yongji
Published: December 2008

The COL8A1 (collagen type VIII, alpha‐1) gene, which encodes the alpha 1 chain of collagen, type VIII, may modulate migration, proliferation and adherence of various cells. Only very sparse information exists on COL8A1 expression in hepatocarcinoma. To investigate the possible role of COL8A1 in the mouse hepatocarcinoma cell line Hca‐F with highly metastatic potential in the lymph nodes, we used an RNA interference (RNAi) approach to silence COL8A1 expression. The results showed that a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted against COL8A1 significantly impeded Hca‐F cells proliferation and colony formation in soft agar. This reduction of COL8A1 expression also led to the decreased invasion of Hca‐F cells dramatically in vitro. Furthermore, the downregulation of COL8A1 expression also sensitized cells to the action of D‐limonene. These data together provide insights into the function of COL8A1 and suggest that COL8A1 might represent a new potential target for gene therapy in hepatocarcinoma. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(1): 74–79, 2009
Isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(phenylene sulfide)/TLCP composites
Authors: Kalkar A.K. , Deshpande V.D. , Kulkarni M.J.
Published: December 2008

The isothermal crystallization kinetics, the morphology, and the melting behavior of melt‐processed composites of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) with a thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester, Vectra A950, (TLCP) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy. The crystallization behavior of PPS in PPS/TLCP composites is observed to be highly sensitive to Tc and immiscible TLCP content in the composites. The spherulite growth rate, the overall crystallization rate, and the activation energy of PPS in PPS/TLCP composites are markedly depressed by the presence of TLCP. The analysis of the Avrami kinetic parameters (n and k) indicates that blending of TLCP with PPS causes heterogeneous growth process and nucleation mechanisms. At low Tcs, the PPS crystallization rate is faster than that neat PPS with ≤30 wt% TLCP loading whereas at high Tcs it remains almost unchanged. The analysis of the melting behavior of these composites indicates that the stability of PPS crystals and their reorganization is influenced both by the Tcs and the composite compositions. The sizes and the number of spherulites change a great extent with composite composition with a drop of spherulite rapid growth rate, at constant Tc, with increasing content of TLCP in composites. The analysis based on the Lauritzen‐Hoffmann secondary nucleation theory, using present DSC data, indicates that present data predominantly follow a linear growth trend over a present range of Tcs and PPS crystallization in composites still occurs according to regime II kinetics, whereby multiple surface nuclei form on the substrate with multiple nucleation acts commencing before initially formed growth layer is completed. The fold surface free energy of PPS chains in composites is found higher than that of neat PPS, leading to an average higher work of chain folding and is ascribed to a general development of the PPS chain mobility in the composite melt. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Searching questions: The Center on Organizational Innovation at Columbia University
Authors: Stark David
Published: December 2008

Abstract This essay gives an account of the Center on Organizational Innovation at Columbia University. Established in 2000, the center promotes research on the social bases of reflexivity in organizations. Heterarchy is one such form, involving lateral accountability and the productive friction of competing criteria of worth. The dissonance of diverse organizational principles can lead to discovery.
Explicit Runge–Kutta integrator with Hamiltonian correction for long-time simulations of guiding-center orbit in tokamak configurations
Authors: Xiao Xiaotao , Wang Shaojie
Published: December 2008

Hamiltonian correction method is proposed to improve the variable time-step fourth-order Runge–Kutta methods in computing guiding-center orbits in a tokamak. It is found that the new method can significantly improve the computation efficiency of the conventional Runge–Kutta method in simulation of the long-time behavior of the guiding-center orbits.
Schrödinger solitons in left-handed SiO2–Ag–SiO2 and Ag–SiO2–Ag plasmonic waveguides calculated with a nonlinear transmission line approach
Authors: Shahvarpour Attieh , Gupta Shulabh , Caloz Christophe
Published: December 2008

The existence of solitons in SiO2–Ag–SiO2 and Ag–SiO2–Ag plasmonic waveguides (PWGs) is investigated using a nonlinear transmission line approach. Both the SiO2–Ag–SiO2 and the Ag–SiO2–Ag, the former in its TM even mode and the latter in its odd mode, are shown to support bright solitons as solutions to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The SiO2–Ag–SiO2 even mode has low left-handed (LH) loss but is undesirably mixed with a right-handed mode, while the Ag–SiO2–Ag odd mode exhibits low-loss pure LH characteristics and is therefore the most suited mode for soliton propagation. Soliton PWGs may find applications in compact switching, pulse shaping, and pulse compressing devices.
Relativistic modulational instability of electron-acoustic waves in an electron-pair ion plasma
Authors: Misra A. P. , Shukla P. K.
Published: December 2008

The modulational instability of finite amplitude electron-acoustic waves (EAWs) along the external magnetic field is studied in an electron-pair ion plasma. Accounting for the relativistic electron mass variation nonlinearity and the Boltzmann distribution of both positive and negative ions, new regimes for the relativistic modulational instability (MI) for the low frequency (below the electron gyrofrequency) short-wavelength (in comparison with the ion gyroradius) modes are obtained numerically. It is found that the presence of a significant fraction of negative ions suppresses the MI growth/decay rate for the modulated EAW packets. The results could be of important for understanding the origin of amplitude modulated EAW packets in space (e.g., Earth’s magnetotail) as well as in laboratory plasmas.