bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Dimorphism of a Genetic Risk Score for Obesity and Related Traits among Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kong Xiaomu , Xing Xiaoyan , Zhang Xuelian , Hong Jing , Yang Wenying
Published: June 2019

Background: Obesity is more prevalent in men than in women in China, especially within the middle-aged population. Objectives: The present study aims to determine the contribution of sexual dimorphisms to obesity and related traits in terms of the mechanisms involving the obesity-related genetic variants among patients of Chinese Han ancestry with type 2 diabetes. Method: In the Chinese National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study, 2,555 out of 4,036 patients with type 2 diabetes were treatment naive, including 1,142 men and 1,413 women. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 18 genomic loci previously found to be associated with obesity-related traits were successfully genotyped, and a genetic risk score (GRS) was constructed by summing the risk alleles for obesity. Results: Single SNP analysis showed that genetic variants in SLC30A10, TMEM18, GNPDA2, PRL, TFAP2B, BDNF, MTCH2, FTO, and MC4R were nominally associated with waist circumference (WC), BMI, and risk for abdominal or general obesity in the untreated patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as in the total group of patients with type 2 diabetes (untreated and treated) (p < 0.05). Interactions between sex and SNP in PRL, MTCH2,and FTO were detected (p < 0.05). In the untreated patients with diabetes, the GRS was nominally associated with WC (β = 0.0032, SE = 0.0011; p = 0.003), BMI (β = 0.0030, SE = 0.0013; p = 0.027), and increased risk for abdominal (OR = 1.08; 95% CI 1.02–1.13; p = 0.004) or general obesity (OR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.02–1.13; p = 0.011) in men but not in women. GRS-sex interactions were detected in the determinant of WC (p = 0.019) and abdominal obesity (p = 0.016). Among patients aged 30–60 years, GRS was found to be significantly associated with WC (β = 0.0050, SE = 0.0016; p = 0.002) and abdominal obesity (OR = 1.10; 95% CI 1.04–1.17; p = 0.001) and nominally associated with BMI (β = 0.0057, SE = 0.0020; p = 0.005) and general obesity (OR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.01–1.14; p = 0.027) in men, whereas in women none of the associations were detected. GRS-sex interactions were present in the determinant of WC (p = 0.015), BMI (p = 0.032), and abdominal obesity (p = 0.012). Among patients aged 60 years or older, neither an association of GRS with obesity-related traits nor GRS-sex interactions were detected. Conclusions: Genetic factors contribute to obesity-related traits in a sex-dependent pattern among middle-aged Chinese, and men tend to be more susceptible to the genetic risk of obesity.
Alopecia Induced by Autologous Fat Injection into the Temporal Area: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Khunkhet Saranya , Rattananukrom Teerapong , Thanasarnaksorn Wilai , Suchonwanit Poonkiat
Published: June 2019

Alopecia secondary to facial filler injections is a highly unusual sequela. Only 2 cases of hyaluronic acid-induced alopecia have been reported to date. Accumulating evidence suggests vascular compromise as its etiology, which can be accidental intravascular injection or external compression by overfilled materials. We hereby present, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of localized nonscarring and scarring alopecia secondary to autologous fat grafting and review the literature regarding filler-induced alopecia.
Robotic-Assisted Gait Training Effect on Function and Gait Speed in Subacute and Chronic Stroke Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Tedla Jaya Shanker , Dixit Snehil , Gular Kumar , Abohashrh Mohammed
Published: June 2019

Background: The review is intended to provide the effectiveness of robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) for functional gait recovery in poststroke survivors through a systematic review and to provide evidence for gait speed improvements through the meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Summary: In this systematic review, PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, Science Robotics, Scopus, UpToDate, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ­CINHAL, EMBASE, and EBSCO were reviewed to identify relevant RCTs. Articles included in the study were thoroughly examined by 2 independent reviewers. The included RCTs were having a PEDro score between 6 and 8 points. The initial database review yielded 1,371 studies and, following further screening; 9 studies finally were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis. Out of the 9 studies, 4 were on chronic stroke and 5 were on subacute stroke. The meta-analysis of gait speed showed an effect size value ranging between –0.91 and 0.64, with the total effect size of all the studies being –0.12. During subgroup analysis, the subacute stroke total effect size was identified as –0.48, and the chronic stroke total effect size was noted as 0.04. Meta-analysis revealed no significant differences between RAGT and conventional gait training (CGT). Key Messages: Our systematic review revealed that the RAGT application demonstrated a better or similar effect to that of CGT in a poststroke population. A meta-analysis of gait speed involving all the studies identified here indicated no significant differences between RAGT and CGT. However, the subanalysis of chronic stroke survivors showed a slight positive effect of RAGT on gait speed.
Para vestir a cena contemporânea: traje interior feminino no Brasil do século XIX
Authors:   Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Viana Fausto , Italiano Isabel ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Mello Aglair Nigro ,   Faculdade Paulista de Artes
Published: June 2019

A obra Para vestir a cena contemporânea: traje interior feminino no Brasil do século XIX traz ao leitor um estudo teórico sobre traje interior no século XIX e explica como modelar, costurar e construir estruturas como crinolinas e ancas, fundamentais na elaboração dos trajes no período. O livro supre importante lacuna na investigação dos trajes do século XIX e abre caminhos para novas pesquisas, tão necessárias nas artes e na moda. É parte do projeto apoiado pela FAPESP, Para vestir a cena contemporânea, que já publicou anteriormente Para vestir a cena contemporânea: moldes e moda no Brasil do século XIX e Para vestir a cena contemporânea: moldes e moda no Brasil do século XVIII.
Geoquímica fluvial e balanço de denudação em Tinguaítos de Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais
Authors: Sardinha Diego De Souza , Godoy Letícia Hirata , Conceição Fabiano Tomazini da , Spatti Júnior Eder Paulo , Fernandes Alexandre Martins , Victal Fernando André De Castro Alves , Costa Danilo Augusto Toledo
Published: June 2019

A Bacia do Córrego da Ariranha, Caldeira Vulcânica de Poços de Caldas, é formada por rochas alcalinas tinguaítos (fonólitos intrusivos). Como não há estudos associados à evolução do relevo em regiões com esse tipo de rocha, o presente trabalho visou à avaliação do balanço de denudação nessa bacia hidrográfica. Para isso, foram realizadas coletas e avaliados os seguintes parâmetros durante um ano hidrológico: vazão (m3/s), precipitação (mm), pH, condutividade elétrica (μS/cm), oxigênio dissolvido (mg/L), sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD) e em suspensão (STS) (mg/L). A média para vazão e temperatura foi de 0,12 m3/s e 20,80ºC, respectivamente. Os valores de pH situaram-se próximos à neutralidade (6,4), a condutividade elétrica variou entre 30 e 78 μS/cm e as concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido, entre 5,4 e 7,9 mg/L. Um total de 15,5 t/km2/ano de material dissolvido foi transportado pelas águas superficiais e um aporte atmosférico de 6,0 t/km2/ano, obtendo-se um fluxo anual de material removido pela alteração química das rochas alcalinas tinguaítos de 9,5 t/km2/ano com uma taxa de alteração de 3,6 m/Ma. Quanto ao material suspenso, aproximadamente 9,9 t/km2/ano foram transportadas pelas drenagens, com um aporte pluvial de 1,2 t/km2/ano. Isso indica um fluxo anual de material removido associado à denudação dos solos da bacia de 8,7 t/km2/ano ou aproximadamente 200 mil anos para alterar 1 metro de solo nas condições climáticas atuais.
Cardiac Afferent Denervation Abolishes Ganglionated Plexi and Sympathetic Responses to Apnea
Authors: Tavares Liliana , Rodríguez-Mañero Moisés , Kreidieh Bahij , Ibarra-Cortez Sergio H. , Chen Jiexiao , Wang Sufen , Markovits Judit , Barrios Roberto , Valderrábano Miguel
Published: June 2019

Background:

The autonomic nervous system response to apnea and its mechanistic connection to atrial fibrillation (AF) are unclear. We hypothesize that sensory neurons within the ganglionated plexi (GP) play a role. We aimed to delineate the autonomic response to apnea and to test the effects of ablation of cardiac sensory neurons with resiniferatoxin (RTX), a neurotoxic TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1) agonist.

Methods

Sixteen dogs were anesthetized and ventilated. Apnea was induced by stopping ventilation until oxygen saturations decreased to 80%. Nerve recordings from bilateral vagal nerves, left stellate ganglion, and anterior right GP were obtained before and during apnea, before and after RTX injection in the anterior right GP (protocol 1, n=7). Atrial effective refractory period and AF inducibility on single extrastimulation were assessed before and during apnea, and before and after intrapericardial RTX administration (protocol 2, n=9). GPs underwent immunohistochemical staining for TRPV1.

Results:

Apnea increased anterior right GP activity, followed by clustered crescendo vagal bursts synchronized with heart rate and blood pressure oscillations. On further oxygen desaturation, a tonic increase in stellate ganglion activity and blood pressure ensued. Apnea-induced effective refractory period shortening from 110.20±31.3 ms to 90.6±29.1 ms (
P
<0.001), and AF induction in 9/9 dogs versus 0/9 at baseline. After RTX administration, increases in GP and stellate ganglion activity and blood pressure during apnea were abolished, effective refractory period increased to 126.7±26.9 ms (
P
=0.0001), and AF was not induced. Vagal bursts remained unchanged. GP cells showed cytoplasmic microvacuolization and apoptosis.

Conclusions:

Apnea increases GP activity, followed by vagal bursts and tonic stellate ganglion firing. RTX decreases sympathetic and GP nerve activity, abolishes apnea’s electrophysiological response, and AF inducibility. Sensory neurons play a role in apnea-induced AF.
Renal Effects of Intensive Volume Removal in Heart Failure Patients With Preexisting Worsening Renal Function
Authors: Rao Veena S. , Ahmad Tariq , Brisco-Bacik Meredith A. , Bonventre Joseph V. , Wilson F. Perry , Siew Edward D. , Felker G. Michael , Anstrom Kevin K. , Mahoney Devin D. , Bart Bradley A. , Tang W.H. Wilson , Velazquez Eric J. , Testani Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2019

Background:

The relationship between intensive volume removal in acute decompensated heart failure patients with preexisting worsening renal function (WRF) and renal tubular injury, postdischarge renal function, and clinical outcomes is unknown.

Methods and Results:

We used data from the multicenter CARRESS-HF trial (Cardiorenal Rescue Study in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure) that randomized patients with acute decompensated heart failure and preexisting WRF to intensive volume removal with stepped pharmacological therapy or fixed rate ultrafiltration. Patients in the urinary renal tubular injury biomarker substudy (NAG [N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase], KIM-1 [kidney injury molecule-1], and NGAL [neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin]) were evaluated (N=105). The severity of prerandomization WRF was unrelated to baseline renal tubular injury biomarkers (
r
=0.14;
P
=0.17). During randomized intensive volume removal, creatinine further worsened in 53% of patients. Despite a small to moderate magnitude increase in creatinine in most of these patients, postrandomization WRF was strongly associated with worsening in renal tubular injury biomarkers (odds ratio, 12.6;
P
=0.004). This observation did not differ by mode of volume removal (stepped pharmacological therapy versus ultrafiltration,
P
interaction
=0.46). Increase in renal tubular injury biomarkers was associated with a higher incidence of hemoconcentration (odds ratio, 3.1;
P
=0.015), and paradoxically, better recovery of creatinine at 60 days (
P
=0.01).

Conclusions:

In acute decompensated heart failure patients with preexisting WRF, intensive volume removal resulted in a further worsening of creatinine approximately half of the time, a finding associated with a rise in tubular injury biomarkers. However, decongestion and renal function recovery at 60 days were superior in patients with increased tubular injury markers. These data suggest that the benefits of decongestion may outweigh any modest or transient increases in serum creatinine or tubular injury markers that occur during intensive volume removal.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00608491.
Mortality From Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Nowbar Alexandra N. , Gitto Mauro , Howard James P. , Francis Darrel P. , Al-Lamee Rasha
Published: June 2019

Background:

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been considered the top cause of mortality globally. However, countries differ in their rates and there have been changes over time.

Methods and Results:

We analyzed mortality data submitted to the World Health Organization from 2005 to 2015 by individual countries. We explored patterns in relationships with age, sex, and income and calculated age-standardized mortality rates for each country in addition to crude death rates. In 5 illustrative countries which provided detailed data, we analyzed trends of mortality from IHD and 3 noncommunicable diseases (lung cancer, stroke, and chronic lower respiratory tract diseases) and examined the simultaneous trends in important cardiovascular risk factors. Russia, United States, and Ukraine had the largest absolute numbers of deaths among the countries that provided data. Among 5 illustrative countries (United Kingdom, United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine), IHD was the top cause of death, but mortality from IHD has progressively decreased from 2005 to 2015. Age-standardized IHD mortality rates per 100 000 people per year were much higher in Ukraine (324) and Kazakhstan (97) than in United States (60), Brazil (54), and the United Kingdom (46), with much less difference in other causes of death. All 5 countries showed a progressive decline in IHD mortality, with a decline in smoking and hypertension and in all cases a rise in obesity and type II diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions:

IHD remains the single largest cause of death in countries of all income groups. Rates are different between countries and are falling in most countries, indicating great potential for further gains. On the horizon, future improvements may become curtailed by increasing hypertension in some developing countries and more importantly global growth in obesity.
Electronic Cigarette Use and Myocardial Infarction Among Adults in the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health
Authors: Bhatta Dharma N. , Glantz Stanton A.
Published: June 2019

Background

E‐cigarettes are popular for smoking cessation and as an alternative to combustible cigarettes. We assess the association between e‐cigarette use and having had a myocardial infarction (
MI
) and whether reverse causality can explain the observed cross‐sectional association between e‐cigarette use and
MI
.

Methods and Results

Cross‐sectional analysis of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Wave 1 for association between e‐cigarette use and having had and
MI
. Longitudinal analysis of Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Waves 1 and 2 for reverse causality analysis. Logistic regression was performed to determine the associations between e‐cigarette initiation and
MI
, adjusting for cigarette smoking, demographic and clinical variables. Every‐day (adjusted odds ratio, 2.25, 95%
CI
: 1.23–4.11) and some‐day (1.99, 95%
CI
: 1.11–3.58) e‐cigarette use were independently associated with increased odds of having had an
MI
with a significant dose‐response (
P
<0.0005). Odds ratio for daily dual use of both products was 6.64 compared with a never cigarette smoker who never used e‐cigarettes. Having had a myocardial infarction at Wave 1 did not predict e‐cigarette use at Wave 2 (
P
>0.62), suggesting that reverse causality cannot explain the cross‐sectional association between e‐cigarette use and
MI
observed at Wave 1.

Conclusions

Some‐day and every‐day e‐cigarette use are associated with increased risk of having had a myocardial infarction, adjusted for combustible cigarette smoking. Effect of e‐cigarettes are similar as conventional cigarette and dual use of e‐cigarettes and conventional cigarettes at the same time is risker than using either product alone.
Glycemic Control, Preexisting Cardiovascular Disease, and Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review With Meta‐Analysis of Cardiovascular Outcome Trials and Intensive Glucose Control Trials
Authors: Giugliano Dario , Maiorino Maria Ida , Bellastella Giuseppe , Chiodini Paolo , Esposito Katherine
Published: June 2019

Background

The value of glycemic control and preexisting cardiovascular disease in determining the risk of major cardiovascular events (MACE) in type 2 diabetes mellitus is uncertain. Intensive glucose control trials suggest that the 9% lower risk of MACE associated with intensive glycemic control, as compared with conventional glycemic control, is only driven by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without cardiovascular disease at baseline.

Methods and Results

We did a meta‐analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials dividing patients with or without preexisting cardiovascular disease; we found that the lower risk of MACE is confined to patients with cardiovascular disease at baseline. Compared with placebo, the use of both glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors was associated with a significant 14% lower MACE risk in patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease and with a nonsignificant 2% higher MACE risk in those without preexisting cardiovascular disease (
P
for interaction=0.021). The meta‐regression analysis of all 12 trials demonstrated a significant (
P
=0.002) association between reductions of glycated hemoglobin in glycated hemoglobin A
1C
. Accordingly, the reduction of MACE expected if all cardiovascular outcome trials had achieved a 0.9% glycated hemoglobin reduction would have been 33%. Routine clinical care data complement the results of cardiovascular outcome trials but with some differences: the lower risk of MACE with sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor use is evident in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without preexisting cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions

Sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists should be included in the therapeutic plan of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overt cardiovascular disease, with due attention paid to improvement of glycemic control, which may amplify their benefit on MACE.
Community-Level Knowledge and Perceptions of Stroke in Rural Malawi
Authors: Mvula Hazzie , Chisambo Christina , Nyirenda Vitumbiko , Geis Steffen , Glynn Judith R. , Crampin Amelia C. , Nyirenda Moffat , Smeeth Liam , Walker Richard , Price Alison J.
Published: June 2019

Background and Purpose—

The incidence of stroke in Malawi is unknown but major risk factors, including hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus, are highly prevalent. We sought to understand community-level knowledge about stroke.

Methods—

A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in rural Malawi (2016–2017). Adults aged ≥15 years were randomly selected and interviewed about their knowledge and perceptions of stroke symptoms, risk factors, and prevention. Logistic regression was used to investigate sociodemographic factors associated with stroke knowledge.

Results—

Of 812 selected, 739 (91% response rate) were seen and consented; 57% were female, and the median age was 52.0 years. Knowledge of stroke was poor: 71% knew no (correct) risk factors. Witchcraft (20.6%) was mentioned as frequently as hypertension (19.8%) as a cause. Knowledge of stroke was greatest in the most educated and wealthy and lowest in men, the never married, and the youngest age group. HIV-positive individuals had higher knowledge of prevention (odds ratio, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.21–7.03) than HIV negative individuals.

Conclusions—

Knowledge about stroke is very low in this community, particularly among the least educated and poor. Programs to support prevention, early recognition, and timely hospital presentation after a stroke are needed.
On the Documentation of Electronic Music
Authors: Lemouton Serge , Bonardi Alain , Pottier Laurent , Warnier Jacques
Published: June 2019

In a concert performance of musique mixte (i.e., music combining electronics with acoustic instruments), the documentation accompanying the score is of great importance. But this information is often missing or, at best, incomplete. Moreover, there has never been a systematic study of this subject. For these reasons, we decided to examine the documentation practices of the electroacoustic repertoire, with the goal of proposing a documentation model allowing for a better transmission and conservation of this repertoire.
Mongol, Muslim, Rajput: Mahimāsāhi in Persian Texts and the Sanskrit Hammīra-Mahākāvya
Authors: Bednar Michael Boris
Published: June 2019

The life of a Mongol named Mahimāsāhi underwent a series of transformations in Persian and Sanskrit texts. Mahimāsāhi was born a Mongol, became a New Muslim, and died a Kshatriya Rajput warrior in 1301. With time, he moved from history into historical memory. This historical memory was further transformed by literary conventions in Sanskrit and Persian texts. While Mahimāsāhi represents a Mongol threat in Persian texts, he embodies the warrior’s duty in the Sanskrit Hammīra-Mahākāvya and serves as an example for others on how to become Rajput.
Problematizing Ottoman Sunnism: Appropriation of Islamic History and Ahl al-Baytism in Ottoman Literary and Historical Writing in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Erginbaş Vefa
Published: June 2019

A growing number of studies argue that the Ottomans became militantly Sunni in the sixteenth century as they participated in the age of confessionalization. In defining Ottoman Sunnism, state policy and state-appointed jurists and scholars played a significant role. This paper attempts to define Ottoman Sunnism in the sixteenth century in a manner subtly different from that of the jurists, by looking at the views of Ottoman historians on the issues that divided the original Muslim community, ultimately resulting in the Sunni-Shiʿi schism. Despite the seemingly sectarian conflicts of the sixteenth century, neither rigid Sunnism nor fierce confessionalization was carried over into the intellectual and cultural scene. A moderate inclination towards Shiʿism/ʿAlidism and strong attachment to Ahl al-Bayt continued to be potent forces in Sunni Ottoman intellectual circles.
A Mediterranean Apocalypse: Prophecies of Empire in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
Authors: Fleischer Cornell H.
Published: June 2019

This article traces the intertwining of contemporaneous Muslim and Christian millenarian beliefs and excitation from the early fifteenth to late sixteenth centuries, specifically as crystalized by the rise of the Ottoman power, the Muslim conquest of “Rome” (Constantinople) in 1453, and the sixteenth century Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry for recognition as legitimate claimants to the world empire of the last age of history. The most influential formulator of the Ottoman eschatological identity was the mystic and lettrist ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Bisṭāmī, whose works underlie the fully articulated royal messianism of Sultan Süleymān (r. 1520-1566). At Süleymān’s court the French orientalist and apocalyptic enthusiast Guillaume Postel, a proponent of French Valois universal end-time monarchy, saw al-Bisṭāmī’s work brandished in 1535. Following the trajectory of the production, consumption, and deployment of these texts in the context of revolutionary changes across the Mediterranean—not least of all in understandings of religions and their relationship to historical empire—makes clear the centrality of apocalyptic to contemporary understandings of history and the significance (and legitimacy) of the new imperial formations, and to new understandings of the interrelationship between cognate, if sometimes hostile, monotheisms.
Condominial Sovereignty and Condominial Messianism in the Timurid Empire: Historiographical and Numismatic Evidence
Authors: Binbaş Evrim
Published: June 2019

This article problematizes the use of messianic discourse in the articulation of political sovereignty in the early fifteenth century Timurid context. It argues that the concept of condominium was among the alternatives that the Timurid authorities considered in order to formulate a novel constitutional framework for the Timurid Empire after the death of Timur, and in specific political circumstances especially in Fars, messianic and condominial principles of sovereignty conflated. To further this argument, the article focuses on one particular case, the Timurid historian Muʿīn al-Dīn Naṭanzī, who formulated the concept of condominial sovereignty, in which both Shāhrukh and Iskandar appear as equal sovereign with messianic prerogatives. Naṭanzī’s concept of condominial messianism was connected to Iskandar’s unique formulation of condominial sovereignty through his coinage. This article further argues that too many religio-political concepts are used interchangeably in secondary literature, even though our sources clearly distinguish them in terms of their specific constitutional associations.
The Mandaean Community and Ottoman-British Rivalry in Late 19th-Century Iraq: The Curious Case of Shaykh Ṣaḥan
Authors: Abdullah Thabit A.J.
Published: June 2019

In 1895, a Mandaean priest was captured near the town of Chabāyish in Iraq and brought to the jailhouse in Basra. Shaykh Ṣaḥan was accused of murdering his nephew and, more significantly, of supporting an Arab tribal rebellion against Ottoman authority. Using archival sources and Mandaean oral history, this article analyzes the case of Shaykh Ṣaḥan within the context of state centralization, Ottoman-British rivalry, and the internal conflicts among the Mandaeans. The case is significant because it sheds light on how large-scale transformations affected vulnerable minorities like the Mandaeans, and the way these communities struggled to survive in turbulent times.
The Promises and Perils of Courtly Poetry: The Case of Mir ʿAbd al-Jalil Bilgrami (1660-1725) in the Late Mughal Empire
Authors: Kaicker Abhishek
Published: June 2019

This article examines the career and writings of the minor poet ʿAbd al-Jalil Bilgrami (1660-1725) in order to explore the relation between the practice of courtly poetry and the work of politics in the Late Mughal empire. Tracing the transformations in ʿAbd al-Jalil’s writings over the first decades of the eighteenth century, this article demonstrates that the poet’s practice, driven as much by literary concerns as by material needs, responded to and was implicated within the politics of the Mughal court. His life thus illuminates both the opportunities and dangers opened by the practice of poetry in an era of the rapid and unprecedented dispersal of political authority in the empire.
Does this Smile Make me Look White? Exploring the Effects of Emotional Expressions on the Categorization of Multiracial Children
Authors: Roberts Steven O. , Leonard Kerrie C. , Ho Arnold K. , Gelman Susan A.
Published: June 2019

Previous research shows that Multiracial adults are categorized as more Black than White (i.e., Black-categorization bias), especially when they have angry facial expressions. The present research examined the extent to which these categorization patterns extended to Multiracial children, with both White and Black participants. Consistent with past research, both White and Black participants categorized Multiracial children as more Black than White. Counter to what was found with Multiracial adults in previous research, emotional expressions (e.g., happy vs. angry) did not moderate how Multiracial children were categorized. Additionally, for Black participants, anti-White bias was correlated with categorizing Multiracial children as more White than Black. The developmental and cultural implications of these data are discussed, as they provide new insight into the important role that age plays in Multiracial person perception.
The Mnemonic of Intuitive Ontology Violation is Not the Distinctiveness Effect: Evidence From a Broad Age Spectrum of Persons in the uk and China During a Free-Recall Task
Authors: Gregory Justin P. , Greenway Tyler S.
Published: June 2019

The typical formulation of Pascal Boyer’s counterintuitiveness theory asserts that concepts violating intuitive ontological-category structures are more memorable. However, Boyer’s (2001) original claim centered on the transmission advantages of counter-ontological representations that were cultural. Nevertheless, subsequent studies focused on the recall of novel counterintuitive representations, and an “alternative account” of the memorability of counterintuitive concepts has emerged resembling the distinctiveness effect (Upal, 2010). Yet, experimental evidence shows that familiar concepts have memorability advantages over novel ones (Anaki & Bentin, 2009; Ingram, Mickes, & Wixted, 2011). This investigation of these pan-cultural transmission biases used a large age-representative sample (13–86 years; N = 365) in the uk and China. Results were analyzed by hlm, with familiarity, counterintuitiveness, and delay as 2-level fixed factors, and age as a covariate. No support was revealed for the typical formulation of the hypothesis — however, a significant age effect and interaction of familiarity x counterintuitiveness were found.
The Needs of the Many Do Not Outweigh the Needs of the Few: The Limits of Individual Sacrifice across Diverse Cultures
Authors: Sheskin Mark , Chevallier Coralie , Adachi Kuniko , Berniūnas Renatas , Castelain Thomas , Hulín Martin , Lenfesty Hillary , Regnier Denis , Sebestény Anikó , Baumard Nicolas
Published: June 2019

A long tradition of research in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) countries has investigated how people weigh individual welfare versus group welfare in their moral judgments. Relatively less research has investigated the generalizability of results across non-WEIRD populations. In the current study, we ask participants across nine diverse cultures (Bali, Costa Rica, France, Guatemala, Japan, Madagascar, Mongolia, Serbia, and the USA) to make a series of moral judgments regarding both third-party sacrifice for group welfare and first-person sacrifice for group welfare. In addition to finding some amount of cross-cultural variation on most of our questions, we also find two cross-culturally consistent judgments: (1) when individuals are in equivalent situations, overall welfare should be maximized, and (2) harm to individuals should be taken into account, and some types of individual harm can trump overall group welfare. We end by discussing the specific pattern of variable and consistent features in the context of evolutionary theories of the evolution of morality.
Human Simulation as the Lingua Franca for Computational Social Sciences and Humanities: Potential and Pitfalls
Authors: Tolk Andreas , Wildman Wesley J. , Shults F. LeRon , Diallo Saikou Y.
Published: June 2019

The social sciences and humanities are fragmented into specialized areas, each with their own parlance and procedures. This hinders information sharing and the growth of a coherent body of knowledge. Modeling and simulation can be the scientific lingua franca, or shared technical language, that can unite, integrate, and relate relevant parts of these diverse disciplines.

Models are well established in the scientific community as mediators, contributors, and enablers of scientific knowledge. We propose a potentially revolutionary linkage between social sciences, humanities and computer simulation, forging what we call “human simulation.” We explore three facets of human simulation, namely: (1) the simulation of humans, (2) the design of simulations for human use, and (3) simulations that include humans as well as simulated agents among the actors. We describe the potential of human simulation using several illuminating examples. We also discuss computational, epistemological, and hermeneutical challenges constraining the use of human simulation.
The identity of Pinnotheres socius Lanchester, 1902 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Pinnotheridae)
Authors: Ng Peter K. L. , Ahyong Shane T. , Clark Paul F.
Published: June 2019

The holotype of the pinnotherid, Pinnotheres socius Lanchester, 1902, is extant and deposited in the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. The taxonomy of this pea crab is treated in this note and the specimen is illustrated by photographs and line drawings of the third maxilliped and pereiopods. Although the ovigerous type specimen is damaged, it is sufficiently intact to identify the specimen and synonymize the species with Nepinnotheres cardii (Bürger, 1895), described from the Philippines.
Implications of Marxist State Theory and How They Play Out in Venezuela
Authors: Ellner Steve
Published: June 2019

The implications of Marxist state theories developed by Nicos Poulantzas and Ralph Miliband are useful for framing issues related to leftist strategy in twenty-first-century Venezuela. A relationship exists between each of the theories and three issues facing the Chavista movement: whether the bourgeoisie (or sectors of it) displays a sense of ‘class-consciousness’; the viability of tactical and strategic alliances between the left and groups linked to the capitalist structure; and whether socialism is to be achieved through stages, abrupt revolutionary changes, or ongoing state radicalisation over a period of time. During Poulantzas’s lifetime, his concept of the state as a ‘strategic battlefield’ lent itself to the left’s promotion of ‘strategic alliances’ with parties to its right. The same concept is compatible with the ‘process of change’ in Venezuela, in which autonomous movements play a fundamental role in transforming the old state and the construction of new state structures.
Reconstructing the Pre-Meroitic Indigenous Pantheon of Kush
Authors: Almansa-Villatoro M. Victoria
Published: June 2019

This article sets out to address questions concerning local religious traditions in ancient Nubia. Data concerning Egyptian gods in the Sudan are introduced, then the existence of unattested local pre-Meroitic gods is reconstructed using mainly external literary sources and an analysis of divine names. A review of other archaeological evidence from an iconographic point of view is also attempted, concluding with the presentation of Meroitic gods and their relation with earlier traditions. This study proposes that Egyptian religious beliefs were well integrated in both official and popular cults in Nubia. The Egyptian and the Sudanese cultures were constantly in contact in the border area and this nexus eased the transmission of traditions and iconographical elements in a bidirectional way. The Meroitic gods are directly reminiscent of the reconstructed indigenous Kushite pantheon in many aspects, and this fact attests to an attempt by the Meroitic rulers to recover their Nubian cultural identity.
Towards a Narrative Theory of Religious Education: A study of teacher’s aims in Catholic primary schools
Authors: Altena Patrick , Hermans Chris A.M. , van der Yen Johannes
Published: June 2019

The article examines the aims of education as they relate to the construction of religious-narrative identities of children. The concept of religion is taken from Claire Disbrey’s institutional theory of religion, which is examined in association with Paul Ricoeur’s concept of narrative identity. The construction of the religious-narrative identity is characterized by an interaction between individual and culture. On the basis of this conceptual framework the authors formulate six aims for the construction of religious-narrative identity in children. The teachers reported five of these six aims in an empirical study of teachers in Catholic primary schools in the Netherlands. The article concludes with a reflection on the results of the study.
How Different is Religious Education in Catholic Schools?: A study of teacher aims in England
Authors: Astley Jeff , Francis Leslie J. , Wilcox Carolyn , Burton Linda
Published: June 2019

A sample of 285 teachers concerned with teaching religious education in state maintained secondary schools completed a questionnaire concerned with five different aims in religious education. The data demonstrate that teachers in Roman Catholic schools give the same emphasis as teachers in non-denominational schools to four of these aims: to understand the influence of religion, to think critically about religion, to reflect on ultimate questions, and to develop a positive attitude toward religion. At the same time teachers in Roman Catholic schools give greater emphasis than teachers in non-denominational schools to the confessional aim of promoting a religious way of life.
The Aims for Religiously Inspired Urban Schools: Dialogue, Solidarity and Personal Identity Formation
Authors: Miedema Siebren
Published: June 2019

Christian schools with open admission policies, especially in urban areas, are challenged in respect to the question of how particularism and pluralism can be combined. I will present and evaluate solutions to this question for Catholic schools in the United States and Christian schools in the Netherlands in a comparative way. Against the background of societal, cultural, and religious plurality, the diversity of religions already present in most of these urban Christian schools, and with regard to the aims of religiously inspired schools I make a plea in support of interreligious schools.
The Challenge of Pluralism: Articulating a Rationale for Religiously Diverse Urban Roman Catholic Schools in the United States
Authors: O’Keefe Joseph M.
Published: June 2019

This essay explores the challenge of pluralism through an examination of religiously diverse urban Roman Catholic schools in the United States. Changes in student demographics have forced members of the sponsoring religious body to ask: Why should schools with a large number of non-Catholics be sponsored, often at great cost, by a church community with limited resources and expanding needs in other domains? Based on the belief that religious institutions must be seen in their particular historical, sociological and political context, the essay begins with a discussion of these issues. In that light, the author presents three rationales for continued support that emanate from the heart of contemporary Catholic thought: ecumenism, racial justice and solidarity. Finally, he offers reflections for a multi faith, international audience about the legitimation of religiously affiliated educational institutions.
A Stronger Case for Religion: Perspectives on Multicultural Education and on Religiously Affiliated Schools
Authors: Schweitzer Friedrich
Published: June 2019

Against all possible objections, religiously affiliated schools clearly have a place within multicultural education. Yet they may only play their future role if they really are, or become, agents of educational reform, for example, with a clear emphasis on interreligious learning and on supporting a new synthesis between religious tradition and critical reflexivity of the self. Churches and religious communities must come to understand themselves as well as their educational institutions as part of the strong civil society on which the future of democratic education may well depend.
Limitations of “Jewish” as a Label in Roman North Africa
Authors: Stern Karen
Published: June 2019

Selective attentions to “normative” Jewish archaeological materials and exclusions of ambiguous or complex evidence from Jewish archaeological compendia have diverted attention from those artifacts that might otherwise have yielded more productive observations about the cultural ranges of ancient Jewish populations. Application of more critical approaches to the classification of archaeological evidence, contextual approaches for the analysis of archaeological materials, and the replacement of essentialistic or syncretistic cultural models with more realistic ones, yield vastly improved understandings of ancient Jewish archaeological materials, and, by extension, better articulated pictures of the continua between early Jewish and Christian cultural identities.
Iudaea Capta vs. Mother Zion: The Flavian Discourse on Judaeans and Its Delegitimation in 4 Ezra
Authors: Keddie G. Anthony
Published: June 2019

This study proposes that the empire-wide Iudaea capta discourse should be viewed as a motivating pressure on the author of 4 Ezra. The discourse focused on Iudaea capta, Judaea captured, was pervasive across the Roman empire following the First Revolt. Though initiated by the Flavians, it became misrecognized across the Mediterranean and was expressed in a range of media. In this article, I examine the diverse evidence for this discourse and demonstrate that it not only cast Judaeans as barbaric enemies of Rome using a common set of symbols, but also attributed responsibility for a minor provincial revolt to a transregional ethnos/gens. One of the most distinctive symbols of this discourse was a personification of Judaea as a mourning woman. I argue that 4 Ezra delegitimates this Iudaea capta discourse, with its mourning woman, through the counter-image of a Mother Zion figure who transforms into the eschatological city.
From Spain to Sicily after the Expulsion: Conversos between Economic Networks and the Aristocratic Elite
Authors: D’Avenia Fabrizio
Published: June 2019

This article focuses on a group of conversos families from Spain, who established themselves in Palermo after the Expulsion of the Jews in 1492. There they supported financial activities of the Nazione Catalana and established strong relationships with the local aristocracy. Thanks to this alliance, they managed to avoid persecution by the Spanish Inquisition, “cleanse” their “impure” blood and reach high positions within politics and society: feudal titles, political and financial offices, habits of military orders, ecclesiastical appointments and sometimes even sainthood. Firstly, the paper will give a brief sketch of the phenomenon of conversos in Sicily as well as the activities of the Spanish Inquisition before and after the expulsion of 1492. A significant case study will then be presented, focusing on the Torongi family (New Christians from Majorca settled in Palermo) and its network of relationships in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Introduction: Making Worlds: Art, Materiality, and Early Modern Globalization
Authors: Wilson Bronwen , Vanhaelen Angela
Published: June 2019

Willem Janszoon Blaeu’s engraved wall map of America is used to introduce some of the potential for imaginative forms that resulted from the confrontation between early modern global forces and the mobility of materials and artisanal practices. Cartographic lines, pictorial forms, and texts comingle on the printed page, sometimes working together towards a totalizing document of lands and peoples, but also giving rise, through calligraphic inventions and ornamentation, to detours and unpredictable movements. These tensions, and concomitant social and political implications, are considered in relation to terms, notably globalization and mondialisation, and evolving historiographic questions and arguments. Through the concept of cosmopolitan spaces, we highlight the volume’s focus on connectivity. Together, the Introduction and the essays make a case for the global as an approach as much as an archive, an approach that is attentive to the migrations and heuristic value of visual and material evidence.
Mapping Angels in Early Modern Amsterdam
Authors: Vanhaelen Angela
Published: June 2019

The angel was a recurrent marginal embellishment on hundreds of maps made in seventeenth-century Amsterdam, whose innovative commercial mapmaking dominated the international market. This essay explores how the mapmakers adapted pervasive conventions of cartographic angelology as a means to explore the expanding possibilities as well as the limitations of their own practice. The peculiar pictorial partnership between cartographers and their guardian spirits was a means to delineate cartography as inspired work. However, an interrogation of the implications of this spiritual service tracks the angels’ descent as downfall. The migrations of this ubiquitous visual device across numerous maps and representations of Amsterdam reveal the various ways that spirits were enlisted into their earthly ministry to the global mapping enterprises of the Dutch trading empire.
Points on a Field: Gentile da Fabriano and Gold Ground
Authors: Kim David Young
Published: June 2019

This essay considers gold grounds in early Renaissance panel painting as sites of the possible, here understood in the word’s double meaning as artistic power and mimetic potential. After examining how gold ground in art historiography is depicted as a zone oscillating between worldliness and otherworldliness, the discussion focuses on the process and meaning of gold ground in Cennino Cennini’s Libro dell’arte (c. 1390) and Gentile da Fabriano’s Virgin and Child (c. 1405, Perugia, Galleria Nazionale dell’umbria), with focus placed on the technique of granulation (opus punctorium). Also explored is how gold money and gold pictures exist in a relationship of exchange and mutual reinforcement, both depending on the faculty of sight to recognize them as bearers of value. Gold ground unfolds a spectrum of material, medial, perceptual, and devotional possibilities, which facilitates continuous passage between worlds, artisanal and climatic, pictorial and metallurgical, physical and ethereal.
Crowd, Sensationalism, and Power: The Yearly Ansar Dine ‘Pilgrimage’ of Maouloud in Bamako
Authors: Chappatte André
Published: June 2019

This article offers a twofold analysis of the popularity of Cherif Ousmane Madani Häidara and the Muslim association Ansar Dine (founded by Haïdara in 1983) in the contemporary Malian Islamic sphere. The author initially observed signs in southwest Mali supporting the view that Häidara was more popular than neo-Hanbali reformist tendencies. In order to frame the debate in a self-critical way, however, the author later argues and elaborates that his perception of the unmatched popularity of Häidara and Ansar Dine in Mali possibly emanates from the persuasive arousal that he experienced as a crowd-fellow during the yearly Ansar Dine ‘pilgrimage’ of Maouloud in Bamako. Through this self-ethnography based on the phenomenology of a religious movement’s gathering, the article states that experiencing popularity is about persuasion. In this sociohistoric context of rivalry measuring popularity is above all speculative due to politics, media, and sensationalism.
Work-Related Psychological Health among Catholic Religious in Italy: Testing the Balanced Affect Model
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Crea Giuseppe , Laycock Patrick
Published: June 2019

Drawing on the classic model of balanced affect, the Francis Burnout Inventory (fbi) conceptualised good work-related psychological health among religious leaders in terms of negative affect being balanced by positive affect. In the fbi negative affect is assessed by the Scale of Emotional Exhaustion in Ministry (seem) and positive affect is assessed by the Satisfaction in Ministry Scale (sims). A sample of 156 religious leaders (95 men and 61 women) serving with the Roman Catholic Church in Italy completed seem and sims together with an independent measure of wellbeing. The results confirm the hypothesis that high sims scores reduced the negative effects of high seem scores on the independent measure of wellbeing.