bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Aging Characteristics of Simulated Asphalt Within Pavement Structures in Natural Environments
Authors: Ma Xiang , Diao Weiyi , Xu Jiachen , Wang Dongjia , Hou Yanming
Published: January 2025

The global asphalt production growth rate exceeded 10% in the past decade, and over 90% of the world’s road surfaces are generated from asphalt materials. Therefore, the issue of asphalt aging has been widely researched. In this study, the aging of asphalt thin films under various natural conditions was studied to prevent the distortion of indoor simulated aging and to prevent the extraction of asphalt samples from road surfaces from impacting the aged asphalt. The aging of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt was simulated at four different locations on an asphalt road surface. The aging characteristics of asphalt binders across various structural layers were revealed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and linear amplitude scanning (LAS). The results indicate that the aging behavior of the asphalt functional group on the road surface differs from other conditions; the asphalt fatigue life of 4 months equates to the 16-month aging life of asphalt within the dense-graded asphalt road surface. After 8 months of aging, the surface smoothness of the asphalt was significantly compromised. Inside of the porous pavement, the asphalt functional group is more likely to interact with water molecules than inside the dense pavement with cracks, and the variations in roughness and the reduction in fatigue life are also more significant.
Sonochemical Functionalization of SiO2 Nanoparticles with Citric Acid and Monoethanolamine and Its Remarkable Effect on Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Toledo-Manuel Iván , Pérez-Alvarez Marissa , Cadenas-Pliego Gregorio , Cabello-Alvarado Christian Javier , Tellez-Barrios Guadalupe , Ávila-Orta Carlos Alberto , Ledezma-Pérez Antonio Serguei , Andrade-Guel Marlene , Bartolo-Pérez Pascual
Published: January 2025

Nanoparticles (NPs) are excellent antibacterial agents due to their ability to interact with microorganisms at the cellular level. However, their antimicrobial capacity can be limited by their tendency to agglomerate. Functionalizing NPs with suitable ligands improves their stability and dispersion in different media and enhances their antibacterial activity. The present work studied the functionalization of SiO2 NPs using the sonochemical method and the Influence of organic ligands on antimicrobial activity (AA). The organic ligands studied were citric acid (CA) and monoethanolamine (MEA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results confirmed the amorphous structure of SiO2 NPs and their functionalization. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that functionalization with MEA (SiO2-MEA NPs) is more favored compared to AC (SiO2-CA NPs), and the organic ligand content was 34.42% and 28.0%, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and RAMAN spectroscopy results confirmed the functionalization of NPs through the presence of carboxyl and amino groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential results showed that functionalization of SiO2 NPs helped to improve their dispersion and prevent their agglomeration. Furthermore, the results of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli showed that the functionalization provided a significant improvement in the antibacterial activity (AA) of the SiO2 NPs, where the SiO2-CA NPs showed the highest activity, with a 99.99% inhibition percentage at concentrations of 200 ppm against both E. coli and S. aureus strains. The AA is maintained at high concentrations of 1200 ppm, which is essential in applications requiring high percentages of biocidal NPs, such as marine coatings.
Study of the Influence of Desert Sand-Mineral Admixture on the Abrasion Resistance of Concrete
Authors: Cao Aoli , Ma Yuwei , Li Zhiqiang , Du Xixian , Li Gang , Wang Aiqin
Published: January 2025

The incorporation of desert sand-mineral admixture improves the abrasion resistance of concrete. To prolong the service life of assembled concrete channels and mitigate the depletion of river sand resources, the effects of fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), desert sand (DS), and basalt fiber (BF) on the mechanical properties and the abrasion resistance of concrete were examined, alongside an analysis of their microstructures to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of influence. The results indicated that the abrasion resistance strength of concrete mixed with 10% FA and 0.05% BF alone increased by 80.19% and 81.59%, respectively, compared with ordinary concrete (OC). When SF was added to the concrete at a dosage of 10%, it improved the mechanical properties and the abrasion resistance of the concrete. Furthermore, adding SF resulted in a 12.50% increase in compressive strength and a 12.27% increase in abrasion resistance strength compared to OC. The addition of DS did not significantly enhance the concrete’s abrasion resistance. The combination of ingredients for desert sand concrete (DSC) that provides excellent abrasion resistance was determined using an orthogonal experiment. The optimal mixture consisted of 10% FA content, 10% SF content, 40% DS content, and 0.05% BF content, which increased the abrasion resistance strength by 112.95% compared to OC. Through microscopic analysis, it is found that the width of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) is an important factor in determining the abrasion resistance of concrete, and a narrower ITZ enhances the concrete’s abrasion resistance. The study’s findings could function as a theoretical reference for the engineering design of DSC.
Mechanical Properties and Durability Performance of Low Liquid Limit Soil Stabilized by Industrial Solid Waste
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Wang Xiancong , Fu Pingfeng , Shi Jinjin
Published: January 2025

To improve the mechanical and durability properties of low liquid limit soil, an eco-friendly, all-solid, waste-based stabilizer (GSCFC) was proposed using five different industrial solid wastes: ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), steel slag (SS), coal fly ash (CFA), flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, and carbide slag (CS). The mechanical and durability performance of GSCFC-stabilized soil were evaluated using unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), and freeze–thaw and wet–dry cycles. The Rietveld method was employed to analyze the mineral phases in the GSCFC-stabilized soil. The optimal composition of the GSCFC stabilizer was determined as 15% SS, 12% GGBS, 16% FGD gypsum, 36% CS, and 12% CFA. The GSCFC-stabilized soil exhibited higher CBR values, with results of 31.38%, 77.13%, and 94.58% for 30, 50, and 98 blows, respectively, compared to 27.23%, 68.34%, and 85.03% for OPC. Additionally, GSCFC-stabilized soil demonstrated superior durability under dry–wet and freeze–thaw cycles, maintaining a 50% higher UCS (1.5 MPa) and a 58.6% lower expansion rate (3.16%) after 15 dry–wet cycles and achieving a BDR of 86.86% after 5 freeze–thaw cycles, compared to 65% for OPC. Rietveld analysis showed increased hydration products (ettringite by 2.63 times, C-S-H by 2.51 times), significantly enhancing soil strength. These findings highlight the potential of GSCFC-stabilized soil for durable road sub-base applications. This research provides theoretical and technical support for the development of sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly soil stabilizers as alternatives to traditional cement-based stabilizers while also promoting the synergistic utilization of multiple solid wastes.
Milling-Force Prediction Model for 304 Stainless Steel Considering Tool Wear
Authors: Wang Changxu , Li Yan , Gao Feng , Wu Kejun , Yin Kan , He Peng , Xu Yunjiao
Published: January 2025

The high-performance alloy, 304 stainless steel, is widely used in various industries. However, its material properties lead to severe tool wear during milling processes, significantly increasing milling force and adversely impacting machining quality and efficiency. Consequently, an accurate milling-force model is crucial for guiding the formulation and optimization of machining parameters. This paper presents a milling-force prediction model for 304 stainless steel that incorporates the effect of tool wear, based on the mechanistic modeling approach. Side-milling experiments on 304 stainless steel were conducted to analyze the relationship between milling force and tool wear, identify the model coefficients, and validate the prediction accuracy of the milling-force model. The results demonstrate that the model accurately predicts the milling forces of worn tools while side milling 304 stainless steel under various machining parameters and tool wear conditions.
New Simplification Rules for Databases with Positive and Negative Attributes
Authors: López-Rodríguez Domingo , Ojeda-Hernández Manuel , Bejines Carlos
Published: January 2025

In this paper, new logical equivalences are presented within the simplification logic with mixed attributes paradigm, which allow the obtention of bases of shorter, easier-to-read attribute implications. In addition to the theoretical results which show that the proposed equivalences indeed hold in simplification logic with mixed attributes, experimental results which showcase the effectiveness of this method are also provided. Furthermore, the simplification method presented is iterative and gives sufficiently good results in only one or two iterations, therefore presenting itself as a reasonable procedure in time-sensitive experiments.
Bi-Fuzzy S-Approximation Spaces
Authors: Wang Ronghai , Xie Xiaojie , Zhi Huilai
Published: January 2025

The S-approximation spaces are significant extension of the rough set model and have been widely applied in intelligent decision-making. However, traditional S-approximation spaces are limited to two crisp universes, whereas bi-fuzzy universes (i.e., two distinct fuzzy domains) are more prevalent in practical applications. To bridge this gap, this study introduces the bi-fuzzy S-approximation spaces (BFS approximation spaces) as an advancement of knowledge space theory’s fuzzy extension. Upper and lower approximation operators are formally defined, and the properties of BFS approximation spaces under various operations, such as complement, intersection and union are systematically explored. Special attention is given to a significant form of these operators, under which the monotonicity and complementary compatibility of BFS approximation spaces are rigorously analyzed. These results not only extend the theoretical framework of S-approximation spaces but also pave the way for further exploration of fuzzy extensions within knowledge space theory.
Topology Unveiled: A New Horizon for Economic and Financial Modeling
Authors: Wei Yicheng , Watada Junzo , Wang Zijin
Published: January 2025

Sinceits introduction in the 19th century to address geometric problems, topology as a methodology has undergone a series of evolutions, encompassing branches of geometric topology, point-set topology (analytic topology), algebraic topology, and differential topology, gradually permeating into various interdisciplinary applied fields. Starting from disciplines with typical geometric characteristics such as geography, physics, biology, and computer science, topology has found its way to economic fields in the 20th century. Given that the introduction of topology to economics is relatively new and presents features of being fragmented and non-systematic, this review aimed to provide scholars with a systematic evolution map to refine the characteristics of topology as a methodology applied in economics and finance, thereby aiding future potential interdisciplinary developments in these fields. By collecting abundant literature indexed in SCOPUS/WoS and other famous databases, with a qualitative analysis to classify and summarize it, we found that topological methods were introduced to modern economics when dealing with dynamic optimization, functional analysis, and convex programming problems, including famous applications such as uncovering equilibrium with fixed-point theorems in Walrasian economics. Topology can help uncover and refine the topological properties of these function space transformations, thus finding unchangeable features. Meanwhile, in contemporary economics, topology is being used for high-dimension reduction, complex network construction, and structural data mining, combined with techniques of machine learning, and applied to high-dimensional time series and structure analysis in financial markets. The most famous practical applications include the use of topological data analysis (TDA) and topological machine learning (TML) for different applied problems.
Antimicrobial Activities of Polysaccharide-Rich Extracts from the Irish Seaweed Alaria esculenta, Generated Using Green and Conventional Extraction Technologies, Against Foodborne Pathogens
Authors: McGurrin Ailbhe , Suchintita Das Rahel , Soro Arturo B. , Maguire Julie , Flórez Fernández Noelia , Dominguez Herminia , Torres Maria Dolores , Tiwari Brijesh K. , Garcia-Vaquero Marco
Published: January 2025

A rise in antimicrobial resistance coupled with consumer preferences towards natural preservatives has resulted in increased research towards investigating antimicrobial compounds from natural sources such as macroalgae (seaweeds), which contain antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer compounds. This study investigates the antimicrobial activity of compounds produced by the Irish seaweed Alaria esculenta against Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua, bacterial species which are relevant for food safety. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), ultrasound–microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE), and conventional extraction technologies (maceration) were applied to generate extracts from A. esculenta, followed by their preliminary chemical composition (total phenolic content, total protein content, total soluble sugars) and antimicrobial activity (with minimum inhibitory concentration determined by broth microdilution methods), examining also the molecular weight distribution (via high performance size exclusion chromatography) and oligosaccharide fraction composition (via high-performance liquid chromatography) of the polysaccharides, as they were the predominant compounds in these extracts, aiming to elucidate structure–function relationships. The chemical composition of the extracts demonstrated that they were high in total soluble sugars, with the highest total sugars being seen from the extract prepared with UAE, having 32.68 mg glucose equivalents/100 mg dried extract. Extracts had antimicrobial activity against E. coli and featured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 6.25 mg/mL (in the case of the extract prepared with UAE) and 12.5 mg/mL (in the case of the extracts prepared with MAE, UMAE, and conventional maceration). No antimicrobial activity was seen by any extracts against L. innocua. An analysis of molar mass distribution of A. esculenta extracts showed high heterogeneity, with high-molecular-weight areas possibly indicating the presence of fucoidan. The FTIR spectra also indicated the presence of fucoidan as well as alginate, both of which are commonly found in brown seaweeds. These results indicate the potential of antimicrobials from seaweeds extracted using green technologies.
Methyl 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzoate Attenuates Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Regulating TLR/NF-κB Pathways
Authors: Huang Jing , Li Lei , Xu Liyan , Feng Lixin , Wang Yuxin , SIK Attila Gabor , Jin Meng , Wang Rongchun , Liu Kechun , Li Xiaobin
Published: January 2025

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by uncontrolled, chronic relapsing inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and has become a global healthcare problem. Here, we aimed to illustrate the anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying mechanism of methyl 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzoate (MBD), a compound derived from marine organisms, especially in IBD, using a zebrafish model. The results indicated that MBD could inhibit the inflammatory responses induced by CuSO4, tail amputation and LPS in zebrafish. Furthermore, MBD notably inhibited the intestinal migration of immune cells, enhanced the integrity of the gut mucosal barrier and improved intestinal peristalsis function in a zebrafish IBD model induced by trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS). In addition, MBD could inhibit ROS elevation induced by TNBS. Network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking, transcriptomics sequencing and RT-PCR were conducted to investigate the potential mechanism. The results showed that MBD could regulate the TLR/NF-κB pathways by inhibiting the mRNA expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1, IL-1β, IL6, AP1, IFNγ, IKKβ, MyD88, STAT3, TRAF1, TRAF6, NLRP3, NOD2, TLR3 and TLR4, and promoting the mRNA expression of IL4, IκBα and Bcl-2. In conclusion, these findings indicate that MBD could be a potential candidate for the treatment of IBD.
Phlorofucofuroeckol-A: A Natural Compound with Potential to Attenuate Inflammatory Diseases Caused by Airborne Fine Dust
Authors: Lee Eun-Gyeong , Yim Sung-Kun , Kang Sang-Min , Ahn Byung Jae , Kim Chang-Kwon , Lee Mina , Tark Dongseob , Lee Gun-Hee
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: Persistent exposure to airborne fine dust (FD) particles contributing to air pollution has been linked to various human health issues, including respiratory inflammation, allergies, and skin diseases. We aimed to identify potential seaweed anti-inflammatory bioactive reagents and determine their effects on systemic inflammatory responses induced by FD particles. Materials and Methods: While exploring anti-inflammatory bioactive reagents, we purified compounds with potential anti-inflammatory effects from the seaweed extracts of Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia stolonifera, and Codium fragile. Structural analyses of the purified compounds siphonaxanthin (Sx), fucoxanthin (Fx), dieckol (Dk), and phlorofucofuroeckol-A (PFF-A) were performed using NMR and LC-MS/MS. Results: Notably, these compounds, especially PFF-A, showed significant protective effects against FD-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. Further investigation of inflammatory-associated signaling demonstrated that PFF-A inhibited IL-1β expression by modulating the NF-κB/MAPK signal pathway in FD-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, gene profiling revealed the early activation of various signature genes involved in the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines using gene profiling. Treatment with PFF-A markedly reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory and apoptosis-related genes and even elevated the Bmp gene families. Conclusions: These results suggested that PFF-A is a potential natural therapeutic candidate for managing FD-induced inflammatory response.
Sandwiched Strut Allografts with Stem Retention to Treat Fragile Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures: A Case Report
Authors: Kim Hyoung Tae , Lee Hyun Jun , Jo Suenghwan
Published: January 2025

Managing periprosthetic femoral fractures is challenging, particularly in osteoporotic patients with fragile bones. Revision with a long stem is commonly considered but may fail to provide adequate fixation and stability in fragile bones. A novel approach using sandwiched strut allografts and controlled bone crushing with robust cable fixation can offer mechanical support and provide secondary stability to the loosened femoral stem and can be considered a treatment option for low-demand patients. A 73-year-old female with 23 years of hemodialysis experienced pain and instability in her right thigh following a slip. She had extremely low bone mineral density, and radiographs revealed a periprosthetic femoral fracture with a loosened femoral prosthesis, classified as Vancouver type B3. The patient underwent surgical fixation using a long anatomical plate augmented with dual strut allografts sandwiched anterior and posterior femur. Robust cable fixation was performed to partially crush the native cortical bone against the stem to enhance stability. Postoperative imaging at 18 months confirmed successful bone union and implant stability, and the patient regained preoperative functional capacity without pain. This case demonstrates that partially crushing native bone with dual strut allografts may provide stability to the loosened femoral stem and can be an effective alternative to long-stem revision surgery for patients with highly fragile bones. This approach may provide immediate mechanical stability and can be a potential treatment option for managing fragile periprosthetic femoral fractures.
Metabolics-Based Study on the Therapeutic Mechanism Behind the Effect of Shenhuang Plaster Applied to the Shenque Acupoint on Gastrointestinal Motility in POI Mice
Authors: Shi Yanan , Wu Chenglei , Liu Ting , Wang Rongyun , Ding Bin , Sun Qiuhua
Published: January 2025

Background: Postoperative ileus (POI) is a common postoperative clinical complication that significantly affects postoperative rehabilitation and quality of life in patients and can even produce secondary complications, leading to serious consequences. External treatment using Shenhuang Plaster (SHP) (Shenque acupoint administration) has definite effects and unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of POI, but its mechanism is not completely clear. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic mechanism behind the effect of Shenhuang Plaster applied to the Shenque acupoint on gastrointestinal motility in POI mice based on metabolomics. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: blank control (Ctrl), model (POI), and intervention (POI + SHP) groups. SHP treatment was started 3 days before modeling. We employed several behavioral tests and gastrointestinal transit function measurements and performed qRT-PCR analysis, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metabolomics analysis on serum metabolites. Results: We found that SHP could reduce the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators in the smooth muscle tissue of the small intestine, regulate the structure and function of the intestinal microbiota, and modulate serum phenylalanine, carnitine, and glutamic acid levels. Conclusions: POI mice had obvious intestinal flora disorders and metabolic disorders of amino acids and their derivatives, and there was a significant correlation between differential flora and differential metabolites. SHP could effectively regulate the concentration of intestinal flora and serum metabolites and the metabolic pathway related to amino acids in vivo and, ultimately, achieve a therapeutic purpose in POI. In this study, it was found, for the first time, that applying SHP to the Shenque acupoint could effectively regulate the serum metabolites of phenylalanine, carnitine, and glutamate, and improve postoperative intestinal motile disturbance through association with the intestinal flora.
Effect of Different Harvest Time and Microwave Aging on Aroma Characteristics of Japanese Apricot Wine
Authors: Li Aoting , Song Jiangfeng , Wang Yike , Huang Xiao , Segbo Silas , Gao Zhihong
Published: January 2025

The aroma and nutrition of Japanese apricot fruit change continuously as the fruit ripens. The differences in fruit aroma and nutrition can affect the resulting wine, which is produced by steeping the Japanese apricot fruit. In this study, we used HS-SPME-GC-MS to examine the aromatic compositions of Japanese apricot fruit and wine produced from its macerated fruit at different levels of ripeness. We employed UPLC to examine the nutritional components such as organic acids, amygdalin, and phenolics to support the identification of the optimal ripening time. The microwave aging technology was also used to treat the steeped mume wine in order to explore the optimal conditions for microwave aging. We found that the optimum aroma period for the ‘Nannong Longxia’ fruit was 81 d after flowering. Furthermore, the changes in the aroma of mume wine after steeping in 65%vol base wine were closer to those of the fruit than those of 42%vol base wine, and the optimum period for the aroma of mume wine after steeping was the same as the fruit. Analysis showed that the optimum nutritional period for the fruit coincided with the optimum aromatic period. The best aromatic and nutritional components of the finished wine were obtained when the fruit was picked 81 days after flowering and the steeped mume wine was made with a 65%vol base wine. Microwave aging technology can significantly increase the proportion of esters in the aroma composition and reduce the content of acids. Among them, 500 W treatment at 50 °C for 80 min had the best effect on improving aroma components. These findings represent a theoretical foundation for exploring the aroma optimum period for Japanese apricot fruit and steeped mume wine, and for determining the optimum harvest periods for production.
Luminescent Lanthanide Infinite Coordination Polymers for Ratiometric Sensing Applications
Authors: Song Ziqin , Hao Yuanqiang , Long Yunfei , Zhang Peisheng , Zeng Rongjin , Chen Shu , Chen Wansong
Published: January 2025

Ratiometric lanthanide coordination polymers (Ln-CPs) are advanced materials that combine the unique optical properties of lanthanide ions (e.g., Eu3+, Tb3+, Ce3+) with the structural flexibility and tunability of coordination polymers. These materials are widely used in biological and chemical sensing, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics due to their narrow-band emission, long fluorescence lifetimes, and excellent resistance to photobleaching. This review focuses on the composition, sensing mechanisms, and applications of ratiometric Ln-CPs. The ratiometric fluorescence mechanism relies on two distinct emission bands, which provides a self-calibrating, reliable, and precise method for detection. The relative intensity ratio between these bands varies with the concentration of the target analyte, enabling real-time monitoring and minimizing environmental interference. This ratiometric approach is particularly suitable for detecting trace analytes and for use in complex environments where factors like background noise, temperature fluctuations, and light intensity variations may affect the results. Finally, we outline future research directions for improving the design and synthesis of ratiometric Ln-CPs, such as incorporating long-lifetime reference luminescent molecules, exploring near-infrared emission systems, and developing up-conversion or two-photon luminescent materials. Progress in these areas could significantly broaden the scope of ratiometric Ln-CP applications, especially in biosensing, environmental monitoring, and other advanced fields.
Hierarchically Structured Stimuli-Responsive Liquid Crystalline Terpolymer–Rhodamine Dye Conjugates
Authors: Vaidya Samiksha , Sharma Meenakshi , Brückner Christian , Kasi Rajeswari M.
Published: January 2025

Optically responsive materials are applied in sensing, actuators, and optical devices. One such class of material is dye-doped liquid crystal polymers that self-assemble into cholesteric mesophases that reflect visible light. We report here the synthesis and characterization of a family of linear and mildly crosslinked terpolymers prepared by the ROMP of norbornene-based monomers. The three monomers were composed of (i) rhodamine dye through one or two norbornene end groups utilizing flexible C10-alkane spacers, (ii) a cholesteryl liquid crystal (LC) using C9-alkane spacers, and (iii) PEG side chains. We investigated how these architectural variations in these terpolymers impacted their hierarchically self-assembled mesophase properties. We probed their composition, morphology, thermal, mechanic, photochromic, and mechanochromic properties using, inter alia, 1H NMR spectroscopy, DSC, temperature-dependent SAXS, diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy, and optical polarization microscopy. The new terpolymers exhibited architecture-dependent thermochromic, mechanochromic, and piezochromic properties arising from LC–rhodamine dye interactions. We found that a compromise between the rigidity and flexibility of the terpolymer architectures needed to be stricken to fully express stimuli-responsive properties. These terpolymers also showed distinctly different properties compared to those of a previously reported structurally related liquid crystalline copolymer made from two monomers. These findings help to define the design principles for optimally stimuli-responsive liquid crystalline polymers.
PTR-ToF-MS VOC Profiling of Raw and Cooked Gilthead Sea Bream Fillet (Sparus aurata): Effect of Rearing System, Season, and Geographical Origin
Authors: Khomenko Iuliia , Ting Valentina , Brambilla Fabio , Perbellini Mirco , Cappellin Luca , Biasioli Franco
Published: January 2025

This study explores the impact of geographical origin, harvest time, and cooking on the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of wild and reared seabream from the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas. A Proton Transfer Reaction–Time of Flight–Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) allowed for VOC profiling with high sensitivity and high throughput. A total of 227 mass peaks were identified. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear separation between cooked and raw samples, with cooking causing a significant increase in 64% of VOCs, especially hydrogen sulphide, methanethiol, and butanal. A two-way ANOVA revealed significant effects of origin, time, and their interaction on VOC concentration, with 102 mass peaks varying significantly based on all three factors. Seasonal effects were also notable, particularly in reared fish from the Adriatic Sea, where compounds like monoterpenes and aromatics were higher during non-breeding months, likely due to environmental factors unique to that area. Differences between wild and reared fish were influenced by lipid content and seasonal changes, impacting the VOC profile of seabream. These findings provide valuable insights into how cooking, geographical origin, and seasonality interact to define the flavour profile of seabream, with potential applications in improving quality control and product differentiation in seafood production.
Specialized Metabolite Profiling-Based Variations of Watercress Leaves (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.) from Hydroponic and Aquaponic Systems
Authors: Buitrago-Villanueva Ivon , Barbosa-Cornelio Ricardo , Coy-Barrera Ericsson
Published: January 2025

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), a freshwater aquatic plant in the Brassicaceae family, is characterized by its high content of specialized metabolites, including flavonoids, glucosinolates, and isothiocyanates. Traditionally, commercial cultivation is conducted in submerged beds using river or spring water, often on soil or gravel substrates. However, these methods have significant environmental impacts, such as promoting eutrophication due to excessive fertilizer use and contaminating water sources with pesticides. This study aimed to explore two emerging cultivation strategies, i.e., hydroponics and aquaponics, to grow watercress and evaluate its specialized metabolite content using an untargeted metabolomic approach. The goal was to characterize metabolic profiles, identify component variations, and assess changes in metabolite accumulation at two harvest times. Two culture systems (hydroponic and aquaponic) and two harvest stages (‘baby leaf’ and traditional harvest) were examined. The results revealed 23 key metabolites, predominantly glucosinolates and flavonoids, that significantly influenced the metabolic profile discrimination, with the aquaponic system yielding the highest diversity and relative abundance of metabolites (variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1). Important condition-related compounds were identified via cross-validation (area under the curve (AUC) > 0.7), including isorhamnetin sophoroside–glucoside and gluconasturtiin at the traditional harvest in the hydroponic system and glucoarabin at the ‘baby leaf’ stage in the aquaponic system. These findings highlight the potential of aquaponic and hydroponic systems as sustainable alternatives for watercress cultivation, offering environmental benefits and enhanced metabolite quality.
Evaluation of the Proximate Composition of Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt. Seeds and Glyceride Oil
Authors: Teneva Olga , Petkova Zhana , Dobreva Ana , Dzhurmanski Anatoli , Antova Ginka
Published: January 2025

The genus Amsonia, a member of the Apocynaceae family, comprises plants with notable medicinal benefits. In 2022 and 2023, Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt. seeds introduced to Bulgaria were collected and analyzed. Given the limited information available on the chemical composition of A. tabernaemontana, this study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile of the plant seeds collected over two consecutive years. Although members of the genus Amsonia are not conventional oilseed crops, the glyceride oil content was 7.8% and 11.1% in the respective samples. The chemical composition was meticulously analyzed, revealing carbohydrates in the largest amounts (60.4% and 61.3%), with crude fibers at 18.3% and 24.8%, and protein content at 19.5% and 13.0%. The amounts of ash and moisture content were also quantified. Additionally, the fatty acids, sterols, tocopherols, and phospholipids of the seed oil were examined. β-Sitosterol emerged as the main component in both harvests. The total tocopherol content was relatively low (52.7 mg/kg vs. 20.0 mg/kg), with α-tocopherol being predominant. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine were identified as the principal components of the phospholipid fraction. The fatty acid composition primarily included linoleic (61.0 and 61.2%) and oleic acids (28.7 and 28.6%).
Crude Drugs for Clearing Heat Contain Compounds Exhibiting Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Interleukin-1β-Treated Rat Hepatocytes
Authors: Fujii Airi , Onishi Saki , Watanabe Nodoka , Kajimura Mizuki , Ito Kentaro , Minamisaka Keita , Nishidono Yuto , Shirako Saki , Ikeya Yukinobu , Nishizawa Mikio
Published: January 2025

Traditional Japanese medicines, i.e., Kampo medicines, consist of crude drugs (mostly plants) that have empirical pharmacological functions (‘Yakuno’ in Japanese), such as clearing heat. Crude drugs with cold properties, such as Phellodendron bark, have the empirical function of clearing heat as they cool the body. Because we found that anti-inflammatory compounds were present in several crude drugs for clearing heat, it is speculated that the empirical function of clearing heat may be linked to anti-inflammatory activities. When 10 typical crude drugs were selected from 22 herbal crude drugs for clearing heat, we identified anti-inflammatory compounds in five crude drugs, including Phellodendron bark. In this study, the other crude drugs were extracted and partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol to obtain three crude fractions. All the EtOAc-soluble fractions, except that from Forsythia fruits, inhibited interleukin (IL)-1β-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in primary-cultured rat hepatocytes. Anti-inflammatory compounds were identified from these EtOAc-soluble fractions: baicalein from Scutellaria roots, (−)-nyasol from Anemarrhena rhizomes, and loniflavone from Lonicera leaves and stems. (+)-Phillygenin was purified from Forsythia fruits by removing cytotoxic oleanolic and betulinic acids. These compounds suppressed the production of NO and cytokines in hepatocytes. Anti-inflammatory compounds were not purified from the EtOAc-soluble fraction of Rehmannia roots because of their low abundance. Collectively, these findings indicate that anti-inflammatory compounds are present in all 10 crude drugs for clearing heat, confirming that these anti-inflammatory compounds in crude drugs provide the empirical functions for clearing heat. Other empirical functions of Kampo medicine can also be explained by modern pharmacological activities.
Water-Resistant Poly(ethylene oxide) Electrospun Membranes Enabled by In Situ UV-Cross-Linking for Efficient Daytime Radiative Cooling
Authors: Zhang Haiyan , Wang Qingpeng , Xu Zhiguang , Zhao Yan
Published: January 2025

Daytime radiative cooling, based on selective infrared emissions through atmospheric transparency windows to outer space and the reflection of solar irradiance, is a zero-energy and environmentally friendly cooling technology. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrospun membranes have both selective mid-infrared emissions and effective sunlight reflection, inducing excellent daytime radiative cooling performance. However, PEO is highly water soluble, which makes electrospun PEO membranes unable to cope with rainy conditions when used for outdoor daytime radiative cooling. Herein, we report an in situ UV-crosslinking strategy for preparing PEO electrospun membranes with water resistance for the application of daytime radiative cooling. Acrylate-terminated PEO was synthesized and mixed together with cross-linking agents and photoinitiators to prepare the electrospinning solution. During electrospinning, the nanofibers were irradiated with UV light to initiate the cross-linking. For a membrane with a thickness of 200 μm, the average solar reflectance was 89.6%, and the infrared emissivity (8–13 μm) was 96.3%. Although slight swelling happens to the cross-linked membrane once it comes into contact with water, the fibrous morphology shows no obvious change when prolonging the water soaking time, indicating excellent water resistance. The outdoor cooling performance test results showed that compared to the average temperature of the air in the test box, the average temperature drop in the membrane before and after water soaking was 13.8 °C and 11.5 °C, respectively. Crosslinked PEO-based electrospun membranes with both water resistance and radiative cooling performance may have real applications for outdoor daytime radiative cooling.
Colorimetric Detection of Dopamine Based on Peroxidase-like Activity of β-CD Functionalized AuNPs
Authors: Anderson Sara , Shepherd Hamish , Boggavarapu Kiran , Paudyal Janak
Published: January 2025

Catalytically active nanomaterials, or nanozymes, have gained significant attention as alternatives to natural enzymes due to their low cost, ease of preparation, and enhanced stability. Because of easy preparation, excellent biocompatibility, and unique optoelectronic properties, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted increasing attention in many fields, including nanozymes. In this work, we demonstrated the applicability of beta-cyclodextrin functionalized gold nanoparticles (β-CD-AuNPs) as enzyme mimics for different substances, including TMB and DA. We found that β-CD-AuNPs can catalyze the H2O2-mediated oxidation of DA. The dopamine signal-off sensor was developed by taking advantage of the peroxidase-like activity of β-CD-AuNPs towards TMB and DA, where both 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and dopamine (DA) may compete for the binding sites with β-CD-AuNPs. As a result, the presence of dopamine can be detected even through the naked eye (up to the concentration of 3.75 µM) and using a spectrophotometer (up to the concentration of 1.0 µM) by monitoring the disappearance of the blue color of the oxidized form of TMB in the presence of dopamine. Furthermore, no obvious disappearance of color was observed at lower concentrations of interferences including ascorbic and uric acid. Given the versatility of cyclodextrin to host large numbers of analyte molecules, we envision that a similar principle can be applied for the detection of other analyte molecules of biological, medical, and environmental significance.
The Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Modification, and Cytotoxic Activity of α-Hydroxy-Alkylphosphonates
Authors: Szalai Zsuzsanna , Kis Anna Sára , Takács Angéla , Kőhidai László , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Czugler Mátyás , Drahos László , Keglevich György
Published: January 2025

A series of α-hydroxy-alkylphosphonates and α-hydroxy-alkylphosphine oxides were synthesized by the Pudovik reaction of acetaldehyde and acetone with dialkyl phosphites or diarylphosphine oxides. The additions were performed in three different ways: in liquid phase using triethylamine as the catalyst (1), on the surface of Al2O3/KF solid catalyst (2), or by a MW-assisted Na2CO3-catalyzed procedure (3). In most of the cases, our methods were more efficient and more robust than those applied in the literature. Two of the α-hydroxy-alkylphosphonates were subjected to single-crystal X-ray analysis, suggesting a dimeric and a chain supramolecular buildup in their respective crystals. Four α-hydroxy-alkylphosphonates and one α-hydroxy-ethylphosphine oxide were reacted with different acid chlorides to afford ten α-acyloxyphosphonates. Diethyl α-hydroxy-ethylphosphonate was transformed to the methanesulfonyloxy derivative that was useful in the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction with triethyl phosphite and ethyl diphenylphosphinite to afford tetraethyl ethylidenebisphosphonate and diethyl α-(diphenylphosphinoyl)-ethylphosphonate, respectively. The α-hydroxyphosphonates and α-hydroxyphosphine oxides prepared were subjected to bioactivity studies, and the compounds tested exhibited limited cytotoxic effects on U266 cells with modest reductions in viability at a concentration of 100 μM.
Early Polytherapy for Probably Benzodiazepine Refractory Naïve Status Epilepticus (Stage 1 Plus)
Authors: Magro Giuseppe
Published: January 2025

Stage 1 Plus is defined here as a naïve, previously untreated, status epilepticus (SE) that is probably refractory to Benzodiazepines (BDZ). These cases include not only prolonged SE as previously proposed by the author (SE lasting > 10 min) but also other cases notoriously associated with BDZ refractoriness such as the absence of prominent motor phenomena and acute etiology (especially primary central nervous system etiology). Interestingly, the absence of prominent motor phenomena as is the case of non convulsive SE might implicitly fall in the category of prolonged SE due to the delay in recognition and treatment. Future studies should help identify other factors associated with BDZ refractoriness, therefore widening the definition of Stage 1 Plus. The appropriate timing for defining prolonged SE may also differ depending on different etiology. Consequently, in future tailored models of SE, the definition of prolonged SE could be enhanced by defining it for a longer duration than Tx, a time point that changes based on different etiologies (x), Tx being much shorter than 10 min in acute etiologies. These cases of naïve probably BDZ refractory SE (Stage 1 Plus) might require a different approach: combined polytherapy from the start. The objective of this review is to provide pathophysiological and pre-clinical evidence, mostly from animal studies, for the different approach of combined polytherapy from the start for those cases of SE falling in the definition of Stage 1 Plus.
Optical Coherence Tomography in Huntington's Disease—A Potential Future Biomarker for Neurodegeneration?
Authors: Cerejo Clancy , De Cleene Nicolas , Mandler Elias , Schwarzová Katarina , Labrecque Samuel , Mahlknecht Philipp , Krismer Florian , Djamshidian Atbin , Seppi Klaus , Heim Beatrice
Published: January 2025

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which, until now, only symptomatic treatment has been available. Lately, there have been multiple ongoing clinical trials targeting therapeutic agents for preventing disease onset or slowing disease progression in HD. These studies are in constant need of reliable biomarkers for neurodegeneration in HD. In recent years, retinal biomarkers have attracted significant attention in neurodegenerative disorders. Likewise, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is being evaluated as a potential biomarker in HD. In this article, we review the existing literature on OCT as a biomarker for neurodegeneration in HD.
Electroencephalographic and Epilepsy Findings in ZNF711 Variants: A Case Series of Two Siblings
Authors: Minerva Michele , Perilli Lorenzo , Carbone Samanta , Rossi Margherita Maria , Lotti Federica , Lonoce Luisa , Curcio Maria Rosaria , Grosso Salvatore
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: ZNF711(Zinc finger protein 711) encodes a zinc finger protein of currently undefined function, located on the X chromosome. Current knowledge includes a limited number of case reports where this gene has been exclusively associated with X-linked intellectual disability (XLID). As far as we are aware, we report the first cases of epilepsy associated with this particular variant. Our aim is to further delineate the phenotypic spectrum of ZNF711 gene pathogenic variants, adding clinical features to this rare condition, following a genotype-first approach. Case presentation: We describe the familiar case of two male siblings presenting with moderate intellectual disability (ID), language delay, and motor stereotypies. Additionally, they experienced generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCSs) and myoclonic seizures with interictal electroencephalographic abnormalities. Both children underwent various genetic testing and counselling, including an extended next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel, revealing a hemizygous c.657C > G pathogenic variant in the ZNF711 gene from maternal inheritance. Conclusions: This case expands the clinical range of ZNF711 variants by highlighting epilepsy as a potential comorbidity and suggesting other possible causal candidates for generalized epilepsy. Moreover, it emphasizes the need for further research into the phenotypic spectrum associated with this variant.
Curcumin and Vitamin D Supplement Attenuates Knee Osteoarthritis Progression in ACLT + MMx Rat Model: Effect on Cartilage Protection and Pain Reduction
Authors: Mende Lokesh Kumar , Kuthati Yaswanth , Wong Chih-Shung
Published: January 2025

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and debilitating disorder marked by joint degradation, inflammation, and persistent pain. This study examined the possible therapeutic effects of curcumin and vitamin D on OA progression and pain in a rat knee OA model by anterior cruciate ligament transection and meniscectomy (ACLT + MMx). Methods: Male Wistar rats were categorized into five groups: control, curcumin-treated (100 mg/kg/day), vitamin D-treated (25 µg/kg/day), a combination of vitamin D and curcumin, and sham-operated. All supplements were administered orally on a daily basis for 12 weeks. Pain behaviors were assessed, serum biomarkers were measured, and knee histology was examined. Results: Both curcumin and vitamin D independently reduced pain, while the combined group exhibited better analgesic effects. Serum inflammatory cytokines demonstrated a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and an elevation in anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the supplement groups. The antioxidative markers were partially recovered by curcumin and vitamin D supplement. However, the oxidative stress marker Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) was significantly reduced. Histology analysis revealed a preservation of joint architecture and cartilage integrity and decreased synovium inflammation in the groups treated with curcumin and vitamin D. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a dual mechanism that encompasses the role of anti-inflammation and antioxidation on knee OA progression and pain reduction, underscoring the potential of these natural chemicals as therapeutic agents for knee OA; curcumin and vitamin D supplement may be added in delaying knee OA progression and associated pain management in clinical patient care.