bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hispanic Mothers' Beliefs and Practices Regarding Selected Children's Health Problems
Authors: Mikhail Blanche I.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the Hispanic mothers' initial sources of advice and help with children's illnesses; beliefs about the etiology and seriousness of certain children's illnesses, namely, fever; cough, diarrhea, vomiting, conjunctivitis, skin rash, minor wounds, and burns; and practices for the management of these children's health problems, including the use of home remedies, if any. Interviews were conducted with 100 women of Hispanic origin who had at least one child age 5 years or less and who were attending a community clinic in a rural area of central California. Mothers 'beliefs about problem etiologies varied widely and revealed several misconceptions, folk beliefs, and lack of knowledge. The findings also revealed that only 32% of the mothers used or would use health professionals as the initial source of advice or help with children ' problems. The majority of the subjects (81%) admitted to using home remedies to manage children 's problems; 17% sought the help of a folk healer (mainly for the treatment of empacho). The various types of home remedies used by mothers were described and included the ingestion or application of certainfoods, fluids, herbal teas, or other materials as well as methods to eliminate the perceived causes of the problems. It is important to note that 11% of the mothers had used azarcon or greta (substances containing lead) for treating empacho and other stomach problems in children. The need for culturally responsive and sensitive health care is discussed.
Using Gilligan's Framework to Analyze Nurses' Stories of Moral Choices
Authors: Millette Brenda E.
Published: March 2007

The manner in which nurses address and eventually solve ethical and moral questions and institutional problems is not yet well explained. This is a qualitative descriptive study examining the moral decision-making processes used by 24 nurses. The work of Carol Gilligan provides the framework for this study. The perspectives of the nurses was explored and a determination was made as to whether the justice or caring orientation prevailed in the situation. The method described by the Gilligan group is explained. Three stories are presented to serve as exemplars of the various orientations and of institutional forces that were active in the nurses'stories. The caring orientation was clearly present, as was the justice orientation to a lesser degree. Other issues such as power and financial security also were apparent.
Using Critical Incident Technique to Inform Aged and Extended Care Nursing
Authors: Cheek Julianne , O'Brien Bart , Ballantyne Alison , Pincombe Jan
Published: March 2007

Flanagan 's critical incident technique was used to explore the beliefs of a cross-section of careers (both nursing and others) and consumers about the value of nursing and the nature of nursing's contribution in aged and extended care. The exploratory study found that nurses'being there, with andfor residents, theirfamilies, and other health professionals, was influenced by two major themes that emerged from the data: personal and structural considerations. In this article, the potential of critical incident technique as a research method in nursing and for generating information about critical aspects of nursing work in aged and extended care is demonstrated.
Model Selection for Covariance Structures Analysis in Nursing Research
Authors: Henly Susan J. , Vermeersch Patricia E. Hadley , Duckett Laura J.
Published: March 2007

Covariance structures analysis is often used in nursing research to appraise statistical models reflecting complex human health processes. The model selection approach in covariance structures analysis is designed to select the "best" model from a specified set of theoretically defensible, competing alternatives, all of which are viewed as approximations. Model selection criteria explicitly incorporate both model misfit in the population and sampling error to evaluate the set of models. The result is that interpretability of modelparameters and goodness-of-fit are enhanced simultaneously. Relative merits of the model selection approach are identified in light of technical concerns, parsimony, and use of scientific theory in nursing.
Nurses' Perceptions of People who are Homeless
Authors: Minick Ptlene , Kee Carolyn C. , Borkat Linda , Cain Trina , Oparah-Lwobi Theresa
Published: March 2007

There are few data-based reports about the perceptions of nurses toward marginalized groups and evenfewerabout the transformation ofperceptions. The purpose of this study was to explore nurses 'perceptions ofpeople who are homeless and to describe transforming experiences. Rich, detailed experiences of the care provided to people who were homeless were elicited through in-depth interviews with 15 nurses and nursing students. Without exception, each participant in this study indicated that listening, connecting, and understanding were important to them in changing previously held negative beliefs. However, when clients did not express appreciation or behave in expected ways, nurses becamefrustrated and voiced negativefeelings aboutpeople who are homeless. Study findings emphasize the importance of listening and connecting with people who are different from ourselves so that our shared humanity is acknowledged and appreciated.
Swedish Nursing Students' Transition Into Nursing During Education
Authors: Fagerberg Ingegerd , Ekman Sirkka-Liisa
Published: March 2007

The transition from student to nurse involves the influence of several different educational aspects. The aim of this study is to elucidate the transition to the role of a nurse, which Swedish nursing students underwent during their 3 years in nursing education, as described from the perspective of their experiences with elderly patients. Interviews were conducted with the students at the end of each academic year, and the students wrote diaries about their clinical education in the second and third years. The narratives were analyzed with a phenomenological-hermeneutic method, and six themes appeared vital for the transition into nursing. The study implies a continuous process during education, involving many aspects of the transition from a student with a genuine and natural interest to carefor others to a registered nurse ready to take up her first position. Cooperation with other team members had a strong influence on the students.
Contrasting Patient and Practitioner Perspectives in Type 2 Diabetes Management
Authors: Hunt Linda M. , Arar Nedal H. , Larme Anne C. , Rankin Sally H. , Anderson Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Studies of self-care behaviors in the management of type 2 diabetes of ten focus on patient knowledge and montivation, without considering the role of practitioner orientations. Using an exploratory descriptive design, we conducted open-ended interviews with 51 type 2 diabetes patients and 35 practitionersfrom clinics in San Antonio and Laredo, Texas. We found critical differences between patient andpractitioner goals, evaluations, and strategies in diabetes management, especially regarding such key concepts as "control" and "taking care of self:" Practitioners' perspectives are rooted in a clinical context, emphasizing technical considerations, whereas patients'perspectives exist within a life-world context andforeground practical and experiential considerations. These result in very different approaches to treatment. Practitioners, presuming failed treatment indicates uncooperativeness, try to inform and motivate patients. The patients we interviewed, however, understood and were committed to type 2 diabetes selfcare, but lackedfull access to behavioral options due to theirpoverty and limited social power.
Studying Representations of U.S. Latino Culture
Authors: Olivarez Adriana
Published: March 2007

The representation of Latinos has been influenced by the definition of Hispanic. This article explores how cultures or identities evolve in isolation and suggests that studies on U.S. Latino cultural representations also include the significance of the limited setting in which the words, ideas, and images appear. One of the first issues to consider is the term of characterization, and a general overview of the political struggles over the government-imposed term of Hispanic is provided. A review of studies that mark the presence of Latinos is included along with a discussion of how presence is only one aspect in the study of U.S. Latino cultural representation.
Whistle While You Work: The Disney Company and the Global Division of Labor
Authors: Tracy James F.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the Walt Disney Company's adaptation of outsourcing and the relationship between the economics of outsourcing, the goods thus produced bearing Disney Company-licensed trademarks, and transnational corporations' use of a global division of labor. Taking Marxist and institutional approaches to capitalist labor practices and globalization, the author details Disney's outsourcing by examining the presence of Disney products in the Tucson market. Unlike most analyses of outsourcing, the author looks first at a local market and the array of Disney goods within that market and contextualizes the local array in terms of global business practices of contracting, subcontracting, and setting the conditions of labor. Results indicate that almost half of the products were produced by countries outside the United States and other industrialized countries, with an annual wage per worker of $3,955. This demonstrates one specific way in which a transnational media conglomerate uses the global division of labor to increase its profits.
The Role of Peer Relations in Adolescent Development in Two Cultures
Authors: Dekovic Maja , Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Shirai Toshiaki , de Kort Gerard , Anker Arjen L.
Published: March 2007

The aims of this study were (a) to compare peer relations, developmental expectations, self-perceived competence, and well-being in Dutch and Japanese adolescents; and (b) to examine whether relationships among these constructs vary as a function of different cultures, that is, whether the same developmental model applies in both countries. The sample included 253 Dutch and 308 Japanese adolescents between 15 to 18 years of age. The same questionnaires assessing peer relations, developmental expectations, competence, and well-being were completed by adolescents individually in both samples. The results show that Dutch adolescents are more satisfied with their relationships with peers, expect to achieve developmental tasks at earlier ages, feel more competent about their abilities, and report a higher level of well-being than Japanese adolescents. Evidence with regard to different developmental processes in the two cultures was also found. Peer relations bear stronger associations with developmental expectations and well-being in Japanese than in Dutch adolescents.
What price the sale of reproductive technology?
Authors: Koval Ramona
Published: March 2007

Drawing on recent developments in Australia, this paper examines the com mercialisation of reproductive technology. The author argues that the entry of reproductive technology into the market place 'corcentrates the power of one group over others in a familiar way. The central concern is the 'organisation of reproduction' rather than the products.
The end of the line for social security: the Thatcherite restructuring of welfare
Authors: Alcock Pete
Published: March 2007

At the end of a decade in which major changeshave been made troughout all aspects of social and economic policy, it is now becoming increasingly clear that the underlying aim of Thatcherism hasbeen to challenge the social democratic or liberal democratic notion of the interventions. welfare state, and to replace the welfare state with the opportunity state. Althugh this has not been ensively consistent strategy, nor one free from contradictions and setbacks, it has nevertheless involved clear shifts in welfare policy. This has led to the introduction of major changes in social seucrity proivions and more importunity in the political and ideo logical rationale which underpins this.
Making temporary accommodation permanent: the cost for homeless families
Authors: Edwards Rosalind
Published: March 2007

This article draws on research into the experiences of London home less families placed in accommodation leased by their local housing authority from the private sector (PSL) while awaiting rehousing. It reveals the financial and social costs to families of government moves towards a blurring of the distinction between temporary and perma nent local authority rehousing duties — costs that are unaccounted for in assessing the public cost of homelessness, and which are more liable to fall on particular social groups of families than others.
Making the market work for people with learning disabilities
Authors: Cambridge Paul , Brown Hilary
Published: March 2007

This article identifies the potential of contracting to secure changes in the management and organization of community services for people with learning disabilities. Practical and theoretical arguments are deployed to identify how contract and related market factors can be used to deliver more effective and higher quality services. Possibilities for enhancing the contracting process are examined from a number of perspectives with suggestions for more proactive contracting and market management: specifying more radical and effective services and promoting quality by enabling user-centred approaches. In so doing, the article challenges many of the assumptions underlying the performance of the market in community and social care and a case is made for establishing better ac countability and more rational service planning and co-ordination based on public control. Considerations for policy, and its implementation by commissioners and devolved purchasers, are also identified.
Identity Implications of Influence Goals
Authors: Wilson Steven R. , Kunkel Adrianne W.
Published: March 2007

This study tests the generalizability of Wilson, Aleman, & Leatham’s revised analysis of face threats and facework during compliance-gaining episodes. According to this revised analysis, threats to face arise from tacit knowledge about (a) specific influence goals (e.g., giving advice, asking favors) and (b) the rules for directives (e.g., requests) that underlie any attempt to seek compliance. Both types of knowledge are shared widely; hence, the distinct face threats of advice versus favors should generalize across sex and close relationships. Message sources give reasons as facework to redress particular face threats in an episode defined by a specific influence goal; hence, patterns of reason giving also should differ in advice versus favor episodes. Participants (N = 231 undergraduates) recalled an actual conversation in which they either gave advice to or asked a favor of a close same-sex friend, opposite-sex friend, or romantic partner and then rated threats to the message target’s face and their own. Results for both perceived face threats and reason giving are consistent with the revised analysis. Comparisons with Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory, as well as implications for future research, are drawn.
Understanding Irony
Authors: Pexman Penny M. , Olineck Kara M.
Published: March 2007

Katz and Pexman reported that certain occupations (e.g., comedian) were associated with ironic speech and that participants rated metaphors as more sarcastic when speakers were members of such occupations. In the present research, the authors investigated whether speaker occupation was a cue to ironic intent when the statements were not metaphors (e.g., literal statements such as “you are a wonderful friend, ” potentially an ironic insult, and “you are a terrible friend, ”potentially an ironic compliment). Results of Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that speaker occupation stereotypes were routinely integrated in the comprehension process but only cued ironic intent when other contextual cues were minimal.Results of Experiment 3 demonstrated that speaker occupation stereotypes involve particular types of information in the context of potentially ironic speech: a speaker’s perceived tendencies to be humorous, to criticize, to be sincere, and also a speaker’s perceived education level.
Painful Self-Disclosures of Older Adults in Relation to Aging Stereotypes and Perceived Motivations
Authors: Bonnesen Jaye L. , Hummert Mary Lee
Published: March 2007

Painful self-disclosures (PSDs) have been described as an elderly phenomenon, yet prior research has not empirically tested possible consequences of PSDs or potential motivations behind them. This study investigated the influence of disclosure type (PSDs vs. nonpainful self-disclosures [NPSDs]) and participant age (young vs. old) on perceptions of disclosure characteristics, discloser traits, and motivations. After watching videotaped interactions, participants completed an impression questionnaire. Participants rated PSDs as more painful, more intimate, and less appropriate than NPSDs, with an interaction effect of age and disclosure type on the PSD ratings. Also, participants rated disclosers of PSDs lower on positive stereotype traits and higher on negative stereotype traits than disclosers of NPSDs, with another interaction effect on the set of positive stereotype traits. Finally, participants rated various motives differently, according to disclosure type and age of participant. These results are discussed within the framework of the communicative predicament of aging model.
Attributional Consequences of Powerful and Powerless Speech Styles in a Crisis-Intervention Context
Authors: Bradac James J. , Mulac Anthony
Published: March 2007

This study examined effects of power of speech style and stylistic reciprocity in a particular interpersonal context. Speakers were an actor and an actress both of whom portrayed a 'client' and a 'counsellor' in a hypothetical 'crisis intervention' episode. The primary concern was with observers' evaluations of the relatively powerful counsellor and powerless client when they matched or mismatched powerful or powerless styles. Respondents were 135 undergraduates who listened to audiotapes of the counsellor-client interchange and subsequently evaluated both persons on a number of dimensions. The basic design was: power of style (high-low) X reciprocity of style (similar-dissimilar styles) X role (counsellor-client). Data were subjected to factor analyses and multivariate analyses of variance. Among others, results indicated that the high-power style produced higher ratings of Socio-Intellectual Status and Attractiveness, especially when this style was non-reciprocal. For female respondents ratings of Dynamism and Internality showed a similar pattern. The results suggest that speech accommodation processes are diminished in evaluative importance in the case of high-and low power speech styles.
Change and Stability in Intergroup Perceptions
Authors: Genesee Fred , Holobow Naomi E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine whether language-based stereotypes of English and French Canadians have changed or remained stable following a period of considerable sociopolitical change in Quebec. Using the matched guise technique, groups of English and French Canadian subjects rated three trilingual males speaking in Canadian English, Quebec French and Euro pean French guises on scales related to status (e.g. educated, ambitious) and sol idarity (e.g. likeable, warm) characteristics. The results were compared to those originally found by Lambert, Hodgson, Gardner and Fillenbaum in 1960. It was found that, relative to 1960, the present subjects expressed more ingroup solidar ity but that both groups continued to downgrade speakers of Quebec French on status traits. The status results for the French Canadian respondents could not be accounted for by actual socio-economic advantages associated with English. Nor were they specific to comparisons between Quebec French and Canadian English since similar effects were found for comparisons with European French. The status results are interpreted in terms of a generalised psychological stereotype of French Canadians that is relatively immune to objective evidence. These results suggest that it is easier to change perceptions of ingroup solidarity than percep tions of intergroup status and that the former can be achieved through actions with high symbolic value, such as language legislation.
Second Language Learning in an Immersion Programme: Factors Influencing Acquisition and Retention
Authors: Gardner R. C. , Moorcroft R. , Metforda J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relations of a series of attitude, motivation and aptitude variables to the acquisition and retention of French language skills. Subjects were drawn from a sample of 105 students registered in an intensive French language summer training programme in Trois-Pistoles, Quebec, who completed a series of tests at the beginning and end of the course. A factor analysis of data from the 89 students with complete data identified four factors, French Achievement, Integrative Motive, Self-confidence with French, and SelfPerception of French Competence. These results suggested that the roles played by language aptitude and attitudinal/motivational variables differed somewhat, and reflected the socio-cultural conditions under which language learning took place. Investigation of language loss suggested that language use and attitudinal/ motivational characteristics were major factors involved in the retention of second language skills in the period following intensive training.
Construct Differentiation and Person-Centred Regulative Messages
Authors: Kline Susan L.
Published: March 2007

This research examined the effect of interpersonal construct differentiation and legitimate authority on several facets of regulative message design: the number of message strategies persuaders use, the way in which persuaders conceive the persuadee's behaviour problem, and the way persuaders defend their proposals to their persuadees. In Study 1 undergraduates responded to two situations requiring them to regulate the behaviour of a subordinate. In Study 2 undergraduates responded to one of three regulative situations that cast them into the role of peer or supervisor. In both studies highly differentiated persuaders conceived the problem and defended their proposal in more symbolicallycoordinated ways than less differentiated persuaders. Study 2 found that the correlational relationships did not differ as a function of the legitimate authority existing between the persuader and persuadee. Study 3 found that the correlational relationships could be substantially accounted for by the number of targetrelevant goals and the message-focused conception of persuasion the persuader possessed.
Conflict Strategies Adolescents Use with Their Parents: Testing the Cognitive Communicator Characteristics Model
Authors: Comstock Jamie , Buller David B.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the determinates of adolescents' confict strategy choice during conflict with their parents. Grounded in Giles & Street's (1985) Cognitive Communicator Characteristics Model, it predicted that during minimally salient conflict with their parents, adolescents' strategy choice would be driven by the behavioural dispositions associated with their self-esteem, while in highly salient conflict, adolescents' strategy use would be induced by parental strategy use, a situational cue. Results did not support the idea that behavioural dispositions associated with self-esteem would emerge in minimally salient conflict; however, adolescents' strategy choice was affected by parental strategy choice in highly salient conflict. Adolescents tend to reciprocate cooperative strategies in all conflict conditions but in highly salient conflict they also reciprocate competitive conflict strategies.
Some Consequences of Deep Interruption in Task-Oriented Communication
Authors: Hawkins Katherine
Published: March 2007

This research investigates the consequences of deep interruption in task-oriented communication in terms of subsequent turn-taking and listeners' evaluations of deep interrupters. In the first part of the investigation, 116 incidents of deep interruption in small group communication were studied. Although the majority of deep interruptions were unsuccessful in the first attempt, interruptors eventually succeeded in securing the next turn-at-talk significantly more often than not. In the second part of the investigation, 369 respondents from undergraduate speech communication courses watched videotaped interactions between either mixed-or same-sex dyads. A sample of the interactions included two deep interruptions by one speaker of another; the balance did not. Results indicated that interrupters were perceived to be more dynamic, yet less generally attractive, and less appropriate in their communication behaviour, than those they interrupted. Implications of these findings, as well as directions for further research of deep interruption in communication, are discussed.
Race Talk and Common Sense: Patterns in Pakeha Discourse on Maori/Pakeha Relations in New Zealand
Authors: Nairn Raymond G. , McCreanor Timothy N.
Published: March 2007

Discourse analysis of public submissions arising from an overt racial conflict in New Zealand in 1979 has yielded a number of patterns in the talk of Pakeha New Zealanders. An outline of two such patterns is presented and these are then drawn upon in the deconstruction of a piece of contemporary Pakeha discourse. This analysis is designed to shed some light on the significance of the patterns presented; their durability, their function, and their contribution to the apparent success of the sample discourse and their role in a broader Pakeha ideology of Maori/Pakeha relations in Aotearoa (New Zealand).
Interpersonal Expectations, Expectancy Violations, and Emotional Communication
Authors: Burgoon Judee K.
Published: March 2007

In this article, key concepts and propositions of expectancy violations theory are explicated and then applied to emotional communication. It is proposed that emotional experience and expression can profitably be understood according to what experiences and expressions are expected in interpersonal relationships, the extent to which enacted expressions deviate positively or negatively from expectancies, the degree to which other types of expectancy violations engender emotional expressions, and the effects of deviating from entrenched patterns of emotional expression.
Gender and Emotional Communication in Marriage
Authors: Noller Patricia
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the issue of whether gender differences in responses to emotional situations involving high levels of marital conflict can best be explained in terms of a deficit in either male or female functioning, males and females being socialized into different cultures, or the differential social power assigned to males and females. These different conceptualizations of gender differences are examined, and relevant research findings are presented. The issue is then discussed with particular reference to the demand-withdraw pattern in marriage, and the question is raised whether males withdraw from marital conflict primarily because they have difficulty dealing with conflict and the accompanying physiological arousal, because they have been socialized to resist pressure from others and to maintain independence, or because withdrawing is the best way of exerting power. The article concludes that the withdrawal behavior adopted by men during high levels of marital conflict does appear to enable them to maintain power in the relationship but that more work is needed before the different ways that men and women deal with conflict are fully understood.
Equivocation Theory and News Interviews
Authors: Bull Peter
Published: March 2007

According to a theory devised by Bavelas and colleagues, equivocation occurs in response to avoidance-avoidance conflicts. This article argues that this theory provides a valuable conceptual framework for the analysis of news interviews; in addition, some modifications are discussed. It proposes that the concept of threats to face can be used to provide a theoretical underpinning for why avoidance-avoidance conflicts occur in the context of political interviews. It is further argued that different forms of equivocation have different interactional consequences, which is not adequately represented in Bavelas and colleagues' theory: For example, implicit replies can be shown to have significant interactional advantages over nonreplies. Finally, whereas Bavelas and colleagues conduct their analysis at the level of each individual question, in some circumstances, avoidance-avoidance conflicts may also operate at the level of the interview as a whole; both levels of analysis must be considered for fuller understanding ofpressures toward equivocation.
Managing Equivocality and Relational Paradox in the Oslo Peace Negotiations
Authors: Donohue William A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to more clearly understand the role of equivocality in the conflict and negotiation setting. 7b accomplish this goal, Relational Order Theory was described and used to plot communication strategies of intermediaries in the 1992-1993 Oslo peace negotiations between the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Israelis. The analysis discovered that parties, including the intermediaries, constructed their relational parameters slowly to move them away from a position of isolationist peace to a position of unconditional peace in which they were able to forge an agreement. Several lessons about Relational Order Theory, equivocality, and managing disputes are also discussed in concluding this article.
Truth, Equivocation Concealment, and Lies in Job Applications and Doctor-Patient Communication
Authors: Robinson W. P. , Shepherd A. , Heywood J.
Published: March 2007

Our concern was to explore two institutional contexts in which telling the truth, equivocating, and lying could each carry costs: applicants not getting a job and doctors coping with distressed patients. For the job interviews, applicants could be truthful, lie, or equivocate about personal qualities specified as necessary in the job description. The chances of detection were varied. The bias was toward truth telling, but in one condition, its incidence dropped to 52%. Lying and equivocation/concealment were preferred equally. For the medical scenarios, stories were varied to match Bok's suggestions about conditions that could encourage doctors not to be truthful. Truth telling was preferred universally. Lying was seen as wrong, as was equivocation. Within these constraints, however, the variances across kinds of patient and outcome were associated with Bok's expectations.
Teachers' Intention to Change Practice as a Result of Ofsted School Inspections
Authors: Brimblecombe Nicola , Shaw Marian , Ormston Michael
Published: March 2007

The issue of whether schools immersed in a market culture will be more consumer responsive has been much debated in the UK and elsewhere. This paper examines the extent and ways in which school managers seek to identify parental viewpoints, so that these can influence school decision-making. It suggests schools vary in openness towards the receipt of parental viewpoints, managers placing a great deal of reliance upon informal and ad hoc means of feedback as opposed to-though not necessarily more valid-systematic and planned approaches.
Making Managers Accountable or Making Managers?
Authors: Prichard Craig
Published: March 2007

One of the central changes which has been taking place across the public sector over the last decade has been the attempt to reorientate groups of professionals as individual managers. For example, in UK higher education individuals in heads of department posts have been under pressure to develop private-sector-manager-like identities and relations between themselves and their colleagues. Resistance to this has been considerable in the pre-1992 universities, but the paper suggests that it can also be found in post-1992 universities. This claim is illustrated with reference to a particular case within such a university.
Accountability
Authors: Macpherson R.J.S. Mac
Published: March 2007

Accountability, it is claimed, has become a `politically incorrect' issue because: governments have encountered the limitations of simplistic market thinking just as the economic and political pressure for intervention in education has waned; parental desire to participate in governance has been largely satiated; and teachers are reasserting their view of professionalism. Despite all this, is it argued that accepting responsibility in education implies public accountability; accountability in education implies formative evaluation, educative reporting relationships and politically sensitive planning; and that educational leaders need to help legitimate stakeholders produce educative accountability policies that will help to improve the quality of learning, teaching and leadership.
Contested Values in Further Education
Authors: Elliott Geoffrey , Crossley Michael
Published: March 2007

The trend in recent years towards the development of a radical, market-oriented policy in education with its seemingly contradictory pressures for centralization and decentralization has been well documented. However, the implications which all this has for Further Education has received much less attention. This paper attempts to contribute to filling this gap. In doing so it suggests that contemporary policy thrusts have, inter alia, led towards the widespread introduction of performance management in Further Education. This and related developments are explored in the context of a detailed case study of one large urban college.
Changes in Local Governance—Collaboration through Networks
Authors: Riley Kathryn
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to explore the extent, scope and nature of emerging networks in education and examine their implications for local governance. It draws on two sources: a case study of post-16 education, and an analysis of a wider examination of changes in public service management which includes three parallel network studies. From this it is proposed that the impact of recent legislative change has been to create a move away from control by single hierarchical organizations (local authorities) to a more dispersed governance operated through a complex range of organization markets and networks, creating costs, as well as benefits. Networks have emerged in an attempt to create integration and coherence in a system which has become fragmented, and in which accountability to the public has become dispersed.
Cross-Cultural Understandings of Leadership
Authors: Bryant Miles T.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study of cross-cultural leadership. Tentative Native American leadership values are derived from interviews and field experiences with a number of tribes from the Great Plains. Six themes were identified which characterize Native American leadership values within the tribal cultures explored: decentralized leadership; the immanent value of all things; a value of non-interference; a self-deflecting image projection; Indian time or the reduced sense of the importance of time; and a collectivist decision-making approach.
The Role Perceptions of Government and Non-Government Headteachers in Pakistan
Authors: Simkins Tim , Garrett Viv , Memon Muhammad , Ali Rana Nazir
Published: March 2007

Relatively little systematic research has been undertaken on the role of the principal/headteacher in developing countries. In this study six headteachers of government and non-government secondary schools in Karachi were interviewed in depth and five completed diaries of their activities for one week. The study drew upon Rosemary Stewart's analysis of management roles in terms of the demands and constraints which are placed upon managers and the ways in which available choices are exercised by them. Significant differences were found both between and within government and non-government sectors. This paper describes these findings and explores their implications for educational change.
World Dis/Order
Authors: Venn Couze
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the fundamental issues about sovereignty and an ethical polity that the event of September 11th has brought to a crisis. It examines the geography of power that has become more visible as the USA sets about ensuring that the new world order that has been emerging with neo-liberalism and corporate capitalism is protected from challenges of any kind. It argues that the state of emergency has become chronic, making possible the enactment of exceptional measures that threaten the basic principles underlying democracy and liberty. Terror is becoming a universal tool to compel compliance with a global form of neo-feudalism. It questions the way in which Islamic fundamentalism is being used as ideological cover to legitimate another fundamentalism, namely neo-liberalism. The article opens up aspects of fundamentalism to an analysis that explores the interconnections between onto-logical lack, violence, surplus terror and the un(re)presentable in the discourse constitutive of authority. It also examines the exceptional status and character of the USA in the history of modernity, particularly with regard to its militarism. It calls for a critique of the present that recognizes that the current forms of totalitarianism eliminate the possibility of just forms of sociality emerging.
September 11, Social Theory and Democratic Politics
Authors: Kellner Douglas
Published: March 2007

In an analysis of the September 11 terror attacks on the US, I want first to suggest how certain dominant social theories were put in question during the momentous and world-shaking events of fall 2001. I take up the claim that `everything has changed' in the wake of September 11 and attempt to indicate both changes and continuities to avoid one-sided exaggerations and ideological simplicities. I conclude with reflections on the implications of September 11 and the subsequent Afghanistan Terror War for critical social theory and democratic politics, envisaging a new global movement against terrorism and militarism and for democracy, peace, environmentalism and social justice.
The Sexual Citizen
Authors: Weeks Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

The `sexual citizen' is a new phenomenon in the erotic world, and a new player in the political and cultural arena, a product of the new primacy of sexual subjectivity in contemporary societies. Living at the fateful juncture of private claims to space, self-determination and pleasure, and public claims to rights, justice and recognition, the sexual citizen is a hybrid being, who tells us a great deal about the pace and scale of cultural transformation and new possibilities of the self and identity. Consideration of the sexual citizen also offers a new angle on recent debates about citizenship in all its complex dimensions, bringing to the fore issues that have often been occluded in these debates. The article explores these issues through the prism of three significant social developments: the democratization of relationships; the emergence of new subjectivities; and the proliferation of new `stories' about the body, the erotic and intimate life which both signal and encourage the growth of social and cultural capital, and in turn lead to new demands on the institutions of political life.
Emotion and False Consciousness: The Analysis of an Incident from Werther
Authors: Scheff Thomas J. , Mahlendorf Ursula
Published: March 2007

This article describes the way in which emotion can lead to false consciousness by analysing a single incident in Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther. We trace a sequence of events which occur after the hero is humiliated in public, utilizing Helen Lewis's theory of shame dynamics. We argue that such an analysis may led towards models of causality in social science. Our interpretation of class idealization in the mass media, myths and legends, and class shaming in humour suggests that social differentiation between sacred and profane persons may have an emotional basis.
Probation Officers and the 'Intelligent' Client
Authors: Crolley Terry , Paley John
Published: March 2007

Drawing on their recent research, the authors identify the threat posed by intelligent, articulate, assertive or middle class clients, who can challenge the usual power imbalance and are frequently labelled as deviant or unco-operative.
On the Clapper: Comments on the Past Year
Authors: Walker Nigel
Published: March 2007

Instead of proposing a reforming innovation, Prof. Walker on this occasion reviews recent events in Criminal Justice with customary logic and fairness, and identifies the dangers in stressing 'the demonstration rather than the point'.
Contradictions in Community
Authors: Chapman Tim , Pinkerton John
Published: March 2007

By describing and analysing how the work of a probation officer with adolescent 'joyriders' in West Belfast moved from traditional casework to an innovative community-based project, the authors try to show that the concepts of 'contradiction', 'practice ideology' and 'space' are useful in grasping the shift to community-based practice, as we struggle to develop a personal position in relationship with collective NAPO policy.
Drug Abuse, Probation Practice and the Specialist Worker
Authors: Buchanan Julian , Wyke Geoff
Published: March 2007

The Service has been slow to respond to problems of drug misuse and practitioners can feel deskilled, uninformed or in need of 'easy' solutions through referral to treatment units. Two of the new wave of specialist post holders report on their initial findings, the limitations for change and the contribution they can offer.
Poverty, The Underclass and Probation Practice
Authors: Jordan Bill , Jones Martyn
Published: March 2007

The connection between poverty and crime must be set in a broader context than the rather simple idea that people who are poor are more likely to meet their needs by criminal activity. High rates of crime are related to a fundamental division in our society between the majority and a significant minority, which can be described as an underclass. Poverty itself does not necessarily lead to high rates of crime. Rather, the link between poverty and crime is strengthened by factors which are political, social and moral, not purely economic. A better understanding of the predicament of the underclass can help us reconsider our expectations of our clients.
The use of the NARA for assessing the reading ability of children with low vision
Authors: Douglas Graeme , Grimley Michael , Hill Eileen , Long Rachel , Tobin Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper summarises the reading ability data collected from 476 children with low vision using the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability (NARA). The project aimed to generate standard reading ages for pupils with low vision using the NARA reading test. This would enable children's reading to be assessed against their partially sighted peers as well as their fully sighted peers. Standardised reading ages were generated using a linear regression technique to smooth the data. The data shows that the average reading ages for accuracy, comprehension and speed for the sample are generally below their chronological age when the comparison is made with their fully sighted peers. Guidelines for using the NARA with low vision students are presented.
An investigation into the mobility and independence needs of children with visual impairment. Part 1: The development of a mobility and independence curriculum framework
Authors: Pavey Susan , Douglas Graeme , McLinden Mike , McCall Steve
Published: March 2007

This paper, the first of two, describes a recent research project that investigated the mobility and independence (M&I) needs of children with visual impairment who are educated in mainstream schools. It describes the background to the project, the chosen research methods and approach, and then presents the findings relating to the first aim of the project, the investigation of the key mobility and independence skills required by children with visual impairment. From the research, a mobility and independence curriculum framework was developed, and recommended to be the basis underpinning mobility and independence education provided by education services in the UK.
Defining sight difficulties for education and employment research
Authors: Praat Angelique , Keil Sue
Published: March 2007

This paper summarises the key conceptual themes raised by a broad review addressing the question: How do we define 'visual difficulty' for education and employment research? The review involved discussions with key informants from the Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB) and a critical survey of definitional and assessment practices in the literature. Key themes from the review are organised around a discussion of 1) diversity of definitional and assessment practice; 2) models of disability; 3) vision and function; 4) multiple disabilities; and 5) severity of disability. The paper concludes that currently there is no standard definition and related assessment tool that could be used across research contexts; although developments based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health would be welcome.
Inclusion
Authors: Brickell Diana
Published: March 2007

A school governor examines the concept and practice of educational and social inclusion, and reflects upon her own experiences of the inclusion of children with visual and hearing.
New Moon
Authors: Gill J.M.
Published: March 2007

The very low readership figures for Moon have encouraged the belief that this form of embossed printing will be phased out. The following article outlines new approaches and technological develop ments which challenge this belief.
Queen Alexandra College: a new perspective
Authors: Gould Terry
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the changes in philosophy and curriculum which have taken place at Queen Alexandra College over the past three years.
How can the Voluntary Sector get its act together?
Authors: Jenkin Lord
Published: March 2007

The following article is an edited version o f the SRAB Annual Lecutre given at the National Westminster Hall, London, 22 November 1990. The author discusses the need to ensure further collaboration between the various voluntary associations involved with visually impaired people and describes some of the ways in which this might be achieved, within the framework of the group of which he is the Chairman.
The psychology of rehabilitation
Authors: Dodds Allan G.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a talk given at the University of Nottingham on 19 January 1991, at the launch of ARROW (Association for the Representation of Rehabilitation Officers and Workers). Rehabilitation workers now acquire basic counselling skills during their training, but there is a danger that they may be tempted to apply gnef therapies to clients whose real needs are simply to acquire Independence skills. In this connection, the development of a short questionnaire to pick up clinical depression and other psychological factors is descnbed, together with a tentative but testable model of the psychologi cal dynamics of sight loss.
An evaluation of the Look and Think Checklist of Visual Perception
Authors: Dunnett Jenefer
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the assessment procedures based on the Look and Think Checklist. The theoretical justification for the inclusion of some of the tasks is questioned on the grounds that they rely on age, intelligence and level of experience, rather than on vision. The results of two pieces of small-scale research are given in support of the conclusions reached.