bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of “visible in retrospect” to monitor false-negative findings in radiological reports
Authors: Noguchi Tomoyuki , Yamashita Koji , Matsuura Shuji , Kamei Ryotaro , Maehara Junki , Furuya Kiyomi , Harada Shino , Adachi Saki , Okada Yasushi
Published: September 2022

Purpose

False-negative findings in radiological reports can lead to serious adverse patient outcomes. We determined the frequency and tendency of false-negative findings in radiological reports by searching for words related to “visible in retrospect”.

Methods

In the period of 34 months, we extracted radiological reports containing words related to “visible in retrospect”. Of these reports, we extracted false-negative findings that were not described in past reports and were first detected retrospectively. Misinterpretations were excluded. The occurrences of the terms that we identified were analyzed by all examinations, modality, month, and anatomical and lesion classifications were analyzed.

Results

Of the 135,251 examinations, 941 reports (0.71%) with 962 findings were detected, with an average of 1.4 findings per business day. By modality, 713 of 81,899 (0.87%) CT examinations, 208 of 36,174 (0.57%) MR, 34 of 9,585 (0.35%) FDG-PET-CT, 2 of 2,258 (0.09%) digital radiography, and 5 of 5,335 (0.09%) other nuclear medicine examinations were found. By anatomical classification, there were 383 (40%) in chest, 353 (37%) in abdomen, 162 (17%) in head, 42 (4.4%) in face and neck, 9 (0.93%) in extremity, and 13 (1.4%) in others. By lesion classification, we identified 665 (69%) for localized lesion, 170 (18%) for vascular lesion, 83 (8.6%) for inflammatory lesion, 14 (1.5%) for traumatic lesion, 12 (1.2%) for organ dysfunction, 11 (1.1%) for degenerative lesion, and 7 (0.7%) for the others. Notable high-frequency specific site diseases by modality were 210 (22%) of localized lesions in lung on CT.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrated that missed lung localized lesions on CT, which account for about a fifth of false-negative findings, were the most common false-negative finding.
Validation of a convolutional neural network for the automated creation of curved planar reconstruction images along the main pancreatic duct
Authors: Koretsune Yuji , Sone Miyuki , Sugawara Shunsuke , Wakatsuki Yusuke , Ishihara Toshihiro , Hattori Chihiro , Fujisawa Yasuko , Kusumoto Masahiko
Published: September 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the accuracy and time-efficiency of newly developed software in automatically creating curved planar reconstruction (CPR) images along the main pancreatic duct (MPD), which was developed based on a 3-dimensional convolutional neural network, and compare them with those of conventional manually generated CPR ones.

Materials and methods

A total of 100 consecutive patients with MPD dilatation (≥ 3 mm) who underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography between February 2021 and July 2021 were included in the study. Two radiologists independently performed blinded qualitative analysis of automated and manually created CPR images. They rated overall image quality based on a four-point scale and weighted κ analysis was employed to compare between manually created and automated CPR images. A quantitative analysis of the time required to create CPR images and the total length of the MPD measured from CPR images was performed.

Results

The κ value was 0.796, and a good correlation was found between the manually created and automated CPR images. The average time to create automated and manually created CPR images was 61.7 s and 174.6 s, respectively (P < 0.001). The total MPD length of the automated and manually created CPR images was 110.5 and 115.6 mm, respectively (P = 0.059).

Conclusion

The automated CPR software significantly reduced reconstruction time without compromising image quality.
Progress and Challenges in Survivorship After Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Adults
Authors: Granroth Ginna , Khera Nandita , Arana Yi Cecilia
Published: September 2022

Purpose of Review

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) survivors face unique challenges affecting long-term outcomes and quality of life. There is scant literature on the long-term impact of AML treatment in physical and mental health, disease recurrence, and financial burden in survivors.

Recent Findings

Fatigue, mental health concerns, infections, sexual dysfunction, and increase cancer recurrence occur after AML treatment. Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infections are common concerns in AML after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Survivorship guidelines encompass symptoms and complications but fail to provide an individualized care plan for AML survivors. Studies in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are sparse.

Here we discuss the most common aspects pertaining to AML survivorship, late complications, care delivery, prevention of disease recurrence, and potential areas for implementation.
Highly stable β-ketoenamine-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs): synthesis and optoelectrical applications
Authors: Li Yaqin , Liu Maosong , Wu Jinjun , Li Junbo , Yu Xianglin , Zhang Qichun
Published: September 2022

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are one class of porous materials with permanent porosity and regular channels, and have a covalent bond structure. Due to their interesting characteristics, COFs have exhibited diverse potential applications in many fields. However, some applications require the frameworks to possess high structural stability, excellent crystallinity, and suitable pore size. COFs based on β-ketoenamine and imines are prepared through the irreversible enol-to-keto tautomerization. These materials have high crystallinity and exhibit high stability in boiling water, with strong resistance to acids and bases, resulting in various possible applications. In this review, we first summarize the preparation methods for COFs based on β-ketoenamine, in the form of powders, films and foams. Then, the effects of different synthetic methods on the crystallinity and pore structure of COFs based on β-ketoenamine are analyzed and compared. The relationship between structures and different applications including fluorescence sensors, energy storage, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, batteries and proton conduction are carefully summarized. Finally, the potential applications, large-scale industrial preparation and challenges in the future are presented.

Graphical Abstract
(K)ein „AI Arms Race“? Technologieführerschaft im Verhältnis der Großmächte
Authors: Diehl Carlo , Lambach Daniel
Published: September 2022

Obwohl die Konkurrenz um Künstliche Intelligenz kein klassischer Rüstungswettlauf ist, hält sich das Narrativ einesAI Arms Racein der internationalen Debatte und ein KI-Wettbewerb ist klar erkennbar. Der Essay beleuchtet die Entstehung des Narrativs und rekonstruiert den KI-Wettlauf sowie die strategischen Ausrichtungen der USA, Chinas und der EU.
Nanoindentation and Corrosion Behaviour of 410 Stainless Steel Fabricated Via Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Lesufi Miltia , Akinwamide Samuel Olukayode , Makoana Washington , Tshabalala Lerato , Olubambi Peter Apata
Published: September 2022

This study investigates the microstructural, nanomechanical, and corrosion behaviour of different sections of 410 steel fabricated via directed energy deposition technique. The morphology exhibited by the longitudinal and transverse sections of the specimens was examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), while micro-computed tomography technique (micro-CT) was used for examination of the internal structure of the specimens. Nanomechanical properties were assessed using a nanoindenter, while potentiodynamic polarization technique was adopted to investigate the corrosion resistance of the specimens in a chloride environment. The SEM micrographs revealed minimal pores in the specimens which confirmed the improved density in the layer-by-layer built specimen. Micro-CT images confirmed the presence of tiny pores in the specimens sectioned from the top layer of the 410 stainless steel rod in comparison with the middle- and bottom-sectioned specimens. The corrosion and post-corrosion analyses confirmed that the top specimen exhibits the least corrosion resistance in comparison with the other specimens.
PM2.5 Forecast in Korea using the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Model
Authors: Ho Chang-Hoi , Park Ingyu , Kim Jinwon , Lee Jae-Bum
Published: September 2022

The National Institute of Environmental Research, under the Ministry of Environment of Korea, provides two-day forecasts, through AirKorea, of the concentration of particulate matter with diameters of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in terms of four grades (low, moderate, high, and very high) over 19 districts nationwide. Particulate grades are subjectively designated by human forecasters based on forecast results from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) and artificial intelligence (AI) models in conjunction with weather patterns. This study evaluates forecasts from the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm relative to those from CMAQ-solely and AirKorea using observations from 2019. The skills of the one-day PM2.5 forecasts over the 19 districts were 39–70% for CMAQ, 72﻿–79% for LSTM, and 73﻿–80% for AirKorea; the AI forecasts showed comparable skills to the human forecasters at AirKorea. The one-day forecast skill levels of high and very high PM2.5 pollution grades are 31﻿–98%, 31﻿–74%, and 39﻿–81% for the CMAQ-solely, the LSTM, and the AirKorea forecasts, respectively. Despite good skills for forecasting the high and very high events, CMAQ-solely forecasts also generate substantially higher false alarm rates (up to 86%) than the LSTM and AirKorea forecasts (up to 58%). Hence, applying only the LSTM model to the CMAQ forecasts can yield reasonable forecast skill levels comparable to the operational AirKorea forecasts that elaborately combine the CMAQ model, AI models, and human forecasters. The present results suggest that applications of appropriate AI models can greatly enhance PM2.5 forecast skills for Korea in a more objective way.
Apatite phosphate doped by cobalt as hight efficient catalyst of multi-component synthesis of therapeutic spiropyrimidine compound
Authors: Rhihil Abdallah , Aichi Youness , Zahouily Mohamed , Sebti Saïd , El Guendouzi Mohamed
Published: September 2022

Spiropyrimidines vanquish a significant situation in the field of heterocyclic chemistry, they are broadly utilized as an antibacterial, an inhibitor of multidrug opposition, or an antiplatelet and antithrombotic drug. Phosphate, the principal Moroccan mineral wealth occupies a vital spot in the economic sector and its valuation is a goal continually looked for. Among the conceivable outcomes of valorization, its utilization in heterogeneous catalysis which thought about an exceptionally encouraging new way. In this context, the focus on the reaction of the synthesis of spiropyrimidine, catalyzed by natural phosphate (NP) and by fluoroapatite (Fap), are used alone or doped by cobalt. These phosphate catalysts were characterized by XRD, IR and SEM, while the synthesized spiropyrimidine was identified by IR, GC–MS and NMR. The obtained yield with fluorapatite doped by cobalt (Co/Fap), at room temperature in ethanol is very high and shows a high impact performance induced by a synergistic effect compared to that of NP alone.

Graphical Abstract
Approximate Solution of Second Order Singular Perturbed and Obstacle Boundary Value Problems Using Meshless Method Based on Radial Basis Functions
Authors: Ali Ihteram , Haq Sirajul , Ullah Rahman , Arifeen Shams Ul
Published: September 2022

In this article, a meshless numerical technique based on radial basis functions (RBFs) is proposed for the solution of singular perturbed, obstacle, and second-order boundary value problems. First, the unknown function and their derivatives are approximated by RBFs which reduces the given problem into a system of algebraic equations which is easy to solve. The shape parameter involved in RBFs is chosen by the hit and trial method. Despite this, the convergence of the scheme is briefly discussed numerically. The nonlinear terms are linearized by quasi-linearization technique. The main objective of this paper is to show that the meshless RBFs-based method is convenient for various classes of boundary value problems. Efficiency and performance of the proposed technique are examined by calculating absolute error norms. Obtained accurate results confirm applicability and efficiency of the method.
Using the National Incident Management System to Prepare Physicians for Rapid Responses: A Pilot Study
Authors: Bar Jonathan , Symonds Scott , Du Pont Daniel , South Eugenia , Conlon Lauren
Published: September 2022

Objective:

The study objective was to determine the feasibility of training physicians in the principles of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) as applied to in-hospital rapid responses and to assess physicians’ attitudes regarding rapid responses.

Methods:

This was an educational pilot study. Resident physicians completed a pre-survey, followed by online training in the principles of NIMS and ICS, a knowledge test, and a post-survey.

Results:

The number of residents who participated was 22. In the pre-survey, most (20/22) did not have a working understanding of NIMS/ICS. Participants (21/22) agreed that residents should have more training in resource organization. On the knowledge test, the median score was 9.5/10. In the post-survey, participants felt more comfortable clearing extra resources from the scene (P < 0.001) and that it would be easier to keep track of resources (P < 0.001). Most indicated that they had a working understanding of NIMS/ICS (P < 0.001) and felt more comfortable establishing command using NIMS/ICS (P < 0.001). All agreed that they would consider using an NIMS/ICS-based structure on their next rapid response.

Conclusions:

Training physicians in the principles of NIMS/ICS as they pertain to rapid responses is feasible and appears to change residents’ attitudes about rapid responses.
Dietary habits are associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes: a study among a middle eastern population
Authors: Mahdi Sajedeh , Mazidi Mohsen , Davies Ian G. , Beigrezaei Sara , Mozaffari-Khosravi Hassan , Mirzaei Masoud , Lane Katie E. , Khayyatzadeh Sayyed Saeid
Published: September 2022

Worldwide type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence is increasing dramatically. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between dietary habits and T2D in an Iranian adult population using a cross-sectional analysis of the Shahedieh cohort study. Participants were adults aged 35–70 years (n 9261) from Zarch and Shahedieh, Yazd, Iran, who attended the baseline phase of the Shahedieh cohort study. Dietary habits including meal frequency, fried-food consumption, adding salt to prepared meals and grilled-food consumption were assessed by a standard questionnaire. T2D was defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥126 mg/dl according to the American Diabetes Association. Multiple logistic regression assessed the association between dietary habits and T2D. Individuals who consumed a meal more than six times per day compared to three times per day had greater odds for T2D (OR 2⋅503, 95 % CI 1⋅651, 3⋅793). These associations remained significant in a fully adjusted model. There was a significant association between greater intakes of fried foods and prevalence of T2D (OR 1⋅294, 95 % CI 1⋅004, 1⋅668) in the adjusted model. No significant associations were observed between other dietary habits (adding salt to prepared meals and grilled-food consumption) and odds of T2D in all crude and adjusted models. In conclusion, we have highlighted the association between meal and fried-food consumption frequencies with risk of T2D. Large longitudinal studies in different ethnicities are needed to confirm these associations.
From reflected Lévy processes to stochastically monotone Markov processes via generalized inverses and supermodularity
Authors: Kella Offer , Mandjes Michel
Published: September 2022

It was recently proven that the correlation function of the stationary version of a reflected Lévy process is nonnegative, nonincreasing, and convex. In another branch of the literature it was established that the mean value of the reflected process starting from zero is nondecreasing and concave. In the present paper it is shown, by putting them in a common framework, that these results extend to substantially more general settings. Indeed, instead of reflected Lévy processes, we consider a class of more general stochastically monotone Markov processes. In this setup we show monotonicity results associated with a supermodular function of two coordinates of our Markov process, from which the above-mentioned monotonicity and convexity/concavity results directly follow, but now for the class of Markov processes considered rather than just reflected Lévy processes. In addition, various results for the transient case (when the Markov process is not in stationarity) are provided. The conditions imposed are natural, in that they are satisfied by various frequently used Markovian models, as illustrated by a series of examples.
Of Extractivist Wounds and Healing in the Americas
Authors: Valdivia Gabriela
Published: September 2022

This essay reviews the following works:

A Future History of Water. By Andrea Ballestero. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019. Pp. 248. $25.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781478003892.

Big Water: The Making of the Borderlands between Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. Edited by Jacob Blanc and Frederico Freitas. Foreword by Zephyr Frank. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2018. Pp. vii + 344. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780816537143. Open access e-book. ISBN: 9780816541737.

The Last Turtlemen of the Caribbean: Waterscapes of Labor, Conservation, and Boundary Making. By Sharika D. Crawford. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. Pp. xii + 216. $27.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469660219.

Cuerpos, territorios y feminismos: Compilación latinoamericana de teorías, metodologías y prácticas políticas. Edited by Delmy Tania Cruz Hernández and Manuel Bayón Jiménez. Quito: Abya Yala, 2020. Pp. 422. ISBN: 9789942096708.

The People of the River: Nature and Identity in Black Amazonia, 1835–1945. By Oscar de la Torre. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. xii + 242. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469643243.

Landscapes of Freedom: Building a Postemancipation Society in the Rainforests of Western Colombia. By Claudia Leal. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2018. Pp. ix + 352. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780816536740.

Conflictos territoriales y territorialidades en disputa: Re-existencias y horizontes societales frente al capital en América Latina. Edited by Pabel López and Milson Betancourt. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2021. Open access e-book, PDF. ISBN: 9789877229011.

Vital Diplomacy: The Ritual Everyday on a Dammed River in Amazonia. By Chloe Nahum-Claudel. New York: Berghahn, 2017. Pp vi + 302. $140.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781785334061.
REGULARITY OF POWERS OF BIPARTITE GRAPHS
Authors: KUMAR AJAY , KUMAR RAJIV
Published: September 2022

For a simple bipartite graph G, we give an upper bound for the regularity of powers of the edge ideal
$I(G)$
in terms of its vertex domination number. Consequently, we explicitly compute the regularity of powers of the edge ideal of a bipartite Kneser graph. Further, we compute the induced matching number of a bipartite Kneser graph.
THE TWO-STEP METHODOLOGY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW
Authors: de Andrade Mariana
Published: September 2022

The two-step methodology for the identification of general principles of law deriving from domestic legal systems, consisting of a comparative analysis followed by a transposability test, seems accepted as the undisputed methodology in the current work of the International Law Commission on the topic. This article examines whether this two-step approach finds reflection in the practice of and before the PCIJ/ICJ and in international legal scholarship. The analysis finds that judicial practice does not entirely follow these two steps, but the method is widely upheld in doctrinal writing. The article argues that the decision to codify this two-step methodology can be viewed as progressive development by the Commission, and may signify the crystallization of this method of identification of general principles of law.
Is the intra-operative morphology of the cochlear nerve a good predictor of the results of simultaneous ipsilateral cochlear implantation in vestibular schwannoma surgery?
Authors: Marchioni D , Bisi N , Francoli P , Rubini A
Published: September 2022

Objective

There are currently no guidelines for simultaneous vestibular schwannoma surgery and cochlear implantation. This paper therefore provides our experience and our results regarding predictive parameters of good hearing.

Methods

Morphological appearance of the cochlear nerve after tumour resection was used as the main criterion for implantation in the case series. Patients were then divided into responders and non-responders to cochlear implantation, and potential outcome predicting factors were evaluated in the two groups.

Results

Nine of the 16 patients showed a response to cochlear implantation. Pre-surgery serviceable hearing was significantly more common in the responder group, while no difference was found in the two groups for other variables.

Conclusion

This study highlights how the morphological appearance of the cochlear nerve can be useful to predict the hearing outcome and indicates that satisfactory hearing results are closely related to pre-surgery serviceable hearing.
A reinforcement learning fuzzy system for continuous control in robotic odor plume tracking
Authors: Chen Xinxing , Yang Bo , Huang Jian , Leng Yuquan , Fu Chenglong
Published: September 2022

In dynamic outdoor environments characterized by turbulent airflow and intermittent odor plumes, robotic odor plume tracking remains challenging, because existing algorithms heavily rely on manually tuning or learning from expert experience, which are hard to implement in an unknown environment. In this paper, a multi-continuous-output Takagi–Sugeno–Kang fuzzy system was designed and tuned with reinforcement learning to solve the robotic odor source localization problem in dynamic odor plumes. Based on the Lévy Taxis plume tracking controller, the proposed fuzzy system determined the parameters of the controller based on the robot’s observation and guided the robot to turn and move towards the odor source at each searching step. The trained fuzzy system was tested in simulated filament-based odor plumes dispersed by a changing wind field. The results showed that the performance of the proposed fuzzy system-based controller trained with reinforcement learning can achieve a similar success rate and higher efficiency compared with a manually tuned and well-designed fuzzy system-based controller. The fuzzy system-based plume tracking controller was also validated through real robotic experiments.
How hiking reinvented rural areas: social transformation and leisure activities in Brittany during the 1970s
Authors: Attali Michaël , Fortune Yohann , Gomet Doriane , Rech Yohann
Published: September 2022

This study looks at the role of hiking in the development and the identity of a French region. Both rural and agricultural, Brittany saw a reorganisation of its territory during the 1970s, partly due to activities such as hiking. By becoming a political focus, the activity contributed to making paths, only previously used for field labour, a tool for territorial development. It also rejuvenated Brittany’s regional identity as it explored a forgotten heritage. The course of action adopted aimed to bring new populations, particularly urban ones, to rural areas. Behind the attention focused on paths, as an essential requirement for hiking, lay a concern for environmental and social sustainability with effects on lifestyles, tourism, and the shaping of a region in transition.
Quantification of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow in univentricular physiology with 4D flow MRI
Authors: Ridderbos Floris-Jan S. , Chan Frandics P. , van Melle Joost P. , Ebels Tjark , Feinstein Jeffrey A. , Berger Rolf M.F. , Willems Tineke P.
Published: September 2022

Purpose:

Systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow is a well-recognised phenomenon in patients with single ventricle physiology, but remains difficult to quantify. The aim was to compare the reported formula’s that have been used for calculation of systemic-to-pulmonary-collateral flow to assess their consistency and to quantify systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow in patients with a Glenn and/or Fontan circulation using four-dimensional flow MRI (4D flow MR).

Methods:

Retrospective case–control study of Glenn and Fontan patients who had a 4D flow MR study. Flows were measured at the ascending aorta, left and right pulmonary arteries, left and right pulmonary veins, and both caval veins. Systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow was calculated using two formulas: 1) pulmonary veins – pulmonary arteries and 2) ascending aorta – caval veins. Anatomical identification of collaterals was performed using the 4D MR image set.

Results:

Fourteen patients (n = 11 Fontan, n = 3 Glenn) were included (age 26 [22–30] years). Systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow was significantly higher in the patients than the controls (n = 10, age 31.2 [15.1–38.4] years) with both formulas: 0.28 [0.09–0.5] versus 0.04 [−0.66–0.21] l/min/m2 (p = 0.036, formula 1) and 0.67 [0.24–0.88] versus -0.07 [−0.16–0.08] l/min/m2 (p < 0.001, formula 2). In patients, systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow differed significantly between formulas 1 and 2 (13% versus 26% of aortic flow, p = 0.038). In seven patients, veno-venous collaterals were detected and no aortopulmonary collaterals were visualised.

Conclusion:

4D flow MR is able to detect increased systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow and visualise collaterals vessels in Glenn and Fontan patients. However, the amount of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow varies with the formula employed. Therefore, further research is necessary before it could be applied in clinical care.
Narrow-windrow burning to control seeds of Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) in wheat and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in soybean
Authors: Spoth Matthew P. , Haring Steven C. , Everman Wesley , Reberg-Horton Chris , Greene Wykle C. , Flessner Michael L.
Published: September 2022

Narrow-windrow burning (NWB) is a form of harvest weed seed control in which crop residues and weed seeds collected by the combine are concentrated into windrows and subsequently burned. The objectives of this study were to determine how NWB will 1) affect seed survival of Italian ryegrass in wheat and Palmer amaranth in soybean and 2) determine whether a relationship exists between NWB heat index (HI; the sum of temperatures above ambient) or effective burn time (EBT; the cumulative number of seconds temperatures exceed 200 C) and the post-NWB seed survival of both species. Average soybean and wheat windrow HI totaled 140,725 ± 14,370 and 66,196 ± 6224 C, and 259 ± 27 and 116 ± 12 s of EBT, respectively. Pre-NWB versus post-NWB germinability testing revealed an estimated seed kill rate of 79.7% for Italian ryegrass, and 86.3% for Palmer amaranth. Non-linear two-parameter exponential regressions between seed kill and HI or EBT indicated NWB at an HI of 146,000 C and 277 s of EBT potentially kills 99% of Palmer amaranth seed. Seventy-six percent of soybean windrow burning events resulted in estimated Palmer amaranth seed kill rates greater than 85%. Predicted Italian ryegrass seed kill was greater than 97% in all but two wheat NWB events; therefore, relationships were not calculated. These results validate the effectiveness of the ability of NWB to reduce seed survival, thereby improving weed management and combating herbicide resistance.
Economic impact of glyphosate-resistant weeds on major field crops grown in Ontario
Authors: Soltani Nader , Geddes Charles , Laforest Martin , Dille J. Anita , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: September 2022

Limited information exists on the global economic impact of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds. The objective of this manuscript was to estimate the potential yield and economic loss from uncontrolled GR weeds in the major field crops grown in Ontario, Canada. The impact of GR weed interference on field crop yield was determined using an extensive database of field trials completed on commercial farms in southwestern Ontario between 2010 and 2021. Crop yield loss was estimated by expert opinion (weed scientists and Ontario government crop specialists) when research data were unavailable. This manuscript assumes that crop producers adjust their weed management programs to control GR weeds, which increases weed management costs but reduces crop yield loss from GR weed interference by 95%. GR volunteer corn, horseweed, waterhemp, giant ragweed, and common ragweed would cause an annual monetary loss of (in millions of Can$) $172, $104, $11, $3, and $0.3, respectively, for a total annual loss of $290 million if Ontario farmers did not adjust their weed management programs to control GR biotypes. The increased herbicide cost to control GR volunteer corn, horseweed, waterhemp, giant ragweed, and common ragweed in the major field crops in Ontario is estimated to be (in millions of Can$) $17, $9, $2, $0.1, and $0.02, respectively, for a total increase in herbicide expenditures of $28 million annually. Reduced GR weed interference with the adjusted weed management programs would reduce farm-gate monetary crop loss by 95% from $290 million to $15 million. This study estimates that GR weeds would reduce the farm-gate value of the major field crops produced in Ontario by Can$290 million annually if Ontario farmers did not adjust their weed management programs, but with increased herbicide costs of Can$28 million and reduced crop yield loss of 95% the actual annual monetary loss in Ontario is estimated to be Can$43 million annually.
Use of open-source object detection algorithms to detect Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in soybean
Authors: Barnhart Isaac H. , Lancaster Sarah , Goodin Douglas , Spotanski Jess , Dille J. Anita
Published: September 2022

Site-specific weed management using open-source object detection algorithms could accurately detect weeds in cropping systems. We investigated the use of object detection algorithms to detect Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The objectives were to (1) develop an annotated image database of A. palmeri and soybean to fine-tune object detection algorithms, (2) compare effectiveness of multiple open-source algorithms in detecting A. palmeri, and (3) evaluate the relationship between A. palmeri growth features and A. palmeri detection ability. Soybean field sites were established in Manhattan, KS, and Gypsum, KS, with natural populations of A. palmeri. A total of 1,108 and 392 images were taken aerially and at ground level, respectively, between May 27 and July 27, 2021. After image annotation, a total of 4,492 images were selected. Annotated images were used to fine-tune open-source faster regional convolutional (Faster R-CNN) and single-shot detector (SSD) algorithms using a Resnet backbone, as well as the “You Only Look Once” (YOLO) series algorithms. Results demonstrated that YOLO v. 5 achieved the highest mean average precision score of 0.77. For both A. palmeri and soybean detections within this algorithm, the highest F1 score was 0.72 when using a confidence threshold of 0.298. A lower confidence threshold of 0.15 increased the likelihood of species detection, but also increased the likelihood of false-positive detections. The trained YOLOv5 data set was used to identify A. palmeri in a data set paired with measured growth features. Linear regression models predicted that as A. palmeri densities increased and as A. palmeri height increased, precision, recall, and F1 scores of algorithms would decrease. We conclude that open-source algorithms such as YOLOv5 show great potential in detecting A. palmeri in soybean-cropping systems.
Wie ein Blatt im Wind
Authors: Schumacher Barbara
Published: September 2022

Ein Blatt fällt zu Boden. Sein Stiel bricht oben in der Baumkrone und das Blatt fällt sanft zur Erde. Möglicherweise schaukelt es während seines Flugs auch ein wenig hin und her. Oder der Wind bläst es ein Stück weit fort, vielleicht kommt es ins Trudeln. Und es bleibt für eine Weile auf einem der unteren Äste oder auf einem Busch hängen, bevor es irgendwann auf dem Boden zu liegen kommt.
Unsicherheit in der psychiatrischen Pflege
Authors: Kaiser Marvin
Published: September 2022

Was ist bereits zu diesem Thema bekannt?

Unsicherheit ist ein zentrales Thema von Pflegefachpersonen in der Psychiatrie. Pflegefachpersonen können unter Stress geraten, wenn sie mit Unsicherheitsfaktoren konfrontiert werden und vermeiden nicht selten den Kontakt zu ihrer Patient_innengruppe.

Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht?

Mit dieser Arbeit wird versucht, die Interaktion von Patient_innen und Pflegefachpersonen unter Unsicherheitsbedingungen besser zu verstehen. Außerdem sollen neben den Auslösern funktionale und dysfunktionale Strategien für den Umgang mit Unsicherheit beschrieben werden.

Was sind die Auswirkungen für die Praxis?

Diese Arbeit soll auf die besonderen Arbeitsbedingungen von Pflegefachpersonen in der Psychiatrie aufmerksam machen. In Bezug auf die berufliche Lebensqualität ist es wichtig, zu verstehen, was eine Pflegefachperson tut und warum sie es tut.
Community-Based Drug Rehabilitation and Care in Philippine Local Governments
Authors: Hechanova Ma. Regina M. , Teng-Calleja Mendiola , Canoy Nico A. , de Guzman Judith M.
Published: September 2022

Abstract. This research examined the enablers, barriers, and outcomes of community-based drug rehabilitation programs in Philippine local governments. A multicase study research design was used in collecting and analyzing narratives from 38 leaders, program implementers, and participants in five local government units that implemented community-based drug rehabilitation. Using the World Health Organization’s Health Systems framework, the study elicited barriers and enablers in terms of leadership, financing and access to resources, information system, workforce, and service delivery. Beyond these, a unique theme that emerged was the salience of context and culture, specifically, the influence of poverty, community, and stigma. Despite these challenges, clients, providers, and leaders report positive outcomes including improved health and well-being, social/ financial protection for the clients, and access to services. The implications of findings on policy and practice are discussed.
Prefire Vegetation Structure of High Severity Wildfires in Nonherbaceous‐Dominated Rangelands in the Western United States
Authors: Li Zheng , Angerer Jay , Ben Wu X.
Published: September 2022

High severity rangeland wildfires have enormous negative impacts on human safety and infrastructure and may have long‐term consequences on ecosystem structure, function, and services, across the vast rangelands in the western United States. We explored prefire vegetation structure of all high severity wildfires, as well as associated areas with low and moderate burn severity, in nonherbaceous‐dominated rangelands in western United States from 1985 to 2018, based on fractional cover of annual forbs and grasses, perennial forbs and grasses, shrubs and trees from the Rangeland Analysis Platform. These wildfires were grouped into nine clusters using Expectation Maximization algorithms and patterns of prefire vegetation structure and the major vegetation types were assessed. High woody cover is a common characteristic of the prefire vegetation structure. Four of the clusters, which accounted for more than 70% of the areas of high severity wildfires, were characterized by high (∼50%) woody cover in prefire vegetation structure. The areas with high severity burns also had significantly higher woody cover than the areas with low or moderate severity burns in eight of the nine clusters. Some of these ecosystems can have abundant fine fuel, structural connectivity such as fuel laddering, and/or highly flammable materials, which can facilitate the ignition of the woody crowns, leading to high severity wildfires. Management strategies (such as prescribed burning) that can decrease woody cover and reduce standing dead vegetation and fuel laddering could be effective in reducing the risk and extent of high severity wildfires on rangelands in the western United States.
Peatland Heterogeneity Impacts on Regional Carbon Flux and Its Radiative Effect Within a Boreal Landscape
Authors: Kou Dan , Virtanen Tarmo , Treat Claire C. , Tuovinen Juha‐Pekka , Räsänen Aleksi , Juutinen Sari , Mikola Juha , Aurela Mika , Heiskanen Lauri , Heikkilä Maija , Weckström Jan , Juselius Teemu , Piilo Sanna R. , Deng Jia , Zhang Yu , Chaudhary Nitin , Huang Conghong , Väliranta Minna , Biasi Christina , Liu Xiangyu , Guo Mingyang , Zhuang Qianlai , Korhola Atte , Shurpali Narasinha J.
Published: September 2022

Peatlands, with high spatial variability in ecotypes and microforms, constitute a significant part of the boreal landscape and play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle. However, the effects of this peatland heterogeneity within the boreal landscape are rarely quantified. Here, we use field‐based measurements, high‐resolution land cover classification, and biogeochemical and atmospheric models to estimate the atmosphere‐ecosystem C fluxes and the corresponding radiative effect (RE) for a boreal landscape (Kaamanen) in northern Finland. Our result shows that the Kaamanen catchment currently functioned as a sink of carbon dioxide (CO2) and a source of methane (CH4). Peatlands (26% of the area) contributed 22% of the total CO2 uptake and 89% of CH4 emissions; forests (61%) accounted for 78% of CO2 uptake and offset 6% of CH4 emissions; water bodies (13%) offset 7% of CO2 uptake and contributed 11% of CH4 emissions. The heterogeneity of peatlands accounted for 11%, 88%, and 75% of the area‐weighted variability (deviation from the area‐weighted mean among different land cover types (LCTs) within the catchment) in CO2 flux, CH4 flux, and the combined RE of CO2 and CH4 exchanges over the 25‐year time horizon, respectively. Aggregating peatland LCTs or misclassifying them as nonpeatland LCTs can significantly (p < 0.05) bias the regional CH4 exchange and RE estimates, while differentiating between drier noninundated and wetter inundated peatlands can effectively reduce the bias. Current land cover products lack such details in peatland heterogeneity, which would be needed to better constrain boreal C budgets and global C‐climate feedbacks.
The Importance of NOx Control for Peak Ozone Mitigation Based on a Sensitivity Study Using CMAQ‐HDDM‐3D Model During a Typical Episode Over the Yangtze River Delta Region, China
Authors: Wang Yangjun , Yaluk Elly Arukulem , Chen Hui , Jiang Sen , Huang Ling , Zhu Ansheng , Xiao Shilin , Xue Jin , Lu Guibin , Bian Jinting , Kasemsan Manomaiphiboon , Zhang Kun , Liu Hanqing , Tong Huanhuan , Ooi Maggie Chel Gee , Chan Andy , Li Li
Published: September 2022

In recent years, ground‐level ozone (O3) has been one of the main pollutants hindering air quality compliance in China's large city‐clusters including the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. In this work, we utilized the process analysis (PA) and the higher‐order decoupled direct method (HDDM‐3D) tools embedded in the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ) to characterize O3 formation and sensitivities to precursors during a typical O3 pollution episode over the YRD region in July 2018. Results indicate that gas‐phase chemistry contributed dominantly to the ground‐level O3 although a significant proportion was chemically produced at the middle and upper boundary layer before reaching the surface via diffusion process. Further analysis of the chemical pathways of O3 and Ox formation provided deep insights into the sensitivities of O3 to its precursors that were consistent with the HDDM results. The first‐order sensitivities of O3 to anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOC) were mainly positive but small, and temporal variations were negligible compared with those to NOx. During the peak O3 time in the afternoon, the first‐ and second‐order sensitivities of O3 to NOx were significantly positive and negative, respectively, suggesting a convex response of O3 to NOx over most areas including Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing and Hefei. These findings further highlighted an accelerated decrease in ground‐level O3 in the afternoon corresponding to continuous decrease of NOx emissions in the afternoon. Therefore, over the YRD region including its metropolises, NOx emission reductions will be more important in reducing the afternoon peak O3 concentration compared with the effect of VOC emission control alone.
The Role of Convective Up‐ and Downdrafts in the Transport of Trace Gases in the Amazon
Authors: Bardakov Roman , Krejci Radovan , Riipinen Ilona , Ekman Annica M. L.
Published: September 2022

Deep convective clouds can redistribute gaseous species and particulate matter among different layers of the troposphere with important implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate. The large number of atmospheric trace gases of different volatility makes it challenging to predict their partitioning between hydrometeors and gas phase inside highly dynamic deep convective clouds. In this study, we use an ensemble of 51,200 trajectories simulated with a cloud‐resolving model to characterize up‐ and downdrafts within Amazonian deep convective clouds. We also estimate the transport of a set of hypothetical non‐reactive gases of different volatility, within the up‐ and downdrafts. We find that convective air parcels originating from the boundary layer (i.e., originating at 0.5 km altitude), can transport up to 25% of an intermediate volatility gas species (e.g., methyl hydrogen peroxide) and up to 60% of high volatility gas species (e.g., n‐butane) to the cloud outflow above 10 km through the mean convective updraft. At the same time, the same type of gases can be transported to the boundary layer from the middle troposphere (i.e., originating at 5 km) within the mean convective downdraft with an efficiency close to 100%. Low volatility gases (e.g., nitric acid) are not efficiently transported, neither by the updrafts nor downdrafts, if the gas is assumed to be fully retained in a droplet upon freezing. The derived properties of the mean up‐ and downdraft can be used in future studies for investigating convective transport of a larger set of reactive trace gases.
Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity
Authors: Calder Abigail E. , Hasler Gregor
Published: September 2022

Classic psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and the DMT-containing beverage ayahuasca, show some potential to treat depression, anxiety, and addiction. Importantly, clinical improvements can last for months or years after treatment. It has been theorized that these long-term improvements arise because psychedelics rapidly and lastingly stimulate neuroplasticity. The focus of this review is on answering specific questions about the effects of psychedelics on neuroplasticity. Firstly, we review the evidence that psychedelics promote neuroplasticity and examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the effects of different psychedelics on different aspects of neuroplasticity, including dendritogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and expression of plasticity-related genes (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor and immediate early genes). We then examine where in the brain psychedelics promote neuroplasticity, particularly discussing the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. We also examine what doses are required to produce this effect (e.g., hallucinogenic doses vs. “microdoses”), and how long purported changes in neuroplasticity last. Finally, we discuss the likely consequences of psychedelics’ effects on neuroplasticity for both patients and healthy people, and we identify important research questions that would further scientific understanding of psychedelics’ effects on neuroplasticity and its potential clinical applications.
YAP 5-methylcytosine modification increases its mRNA stability and promotes the transcription of exosome secretion-related genes in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yu Wenjun , Zhang Congcong , Wang Yikun , Tian Xiaoting , Miao Yayou , Meng Fanyu , Ma Lifang , Zhang Xiao , Xia Jinjing
Published: September 2022

YAP is a transcriptional co-activator with critical roles in tumorigenesis. However, its upstream regulatory mechanism, especially how its mRNA stability is regulated, remains to be further studied. Here, we validated that YAP expression was higher in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues, and found that YAP m5C modification occurred in its 328–331 3′ UTR region under the promotion NSUN2 and ALYREF, and increased the stability of YAP mRNA. This m5C modification also inhibited miR-582-3p binding and m6A modification in the nearby region. In addition, YAP m5C modification enhanced the exosome secretion effect, which was caused by two YAP-dependent transcription factors, Mycn and SOX10, and then stimulating the transcription of seven downstream exosome-promoting genes. Furthermore, we found that YAP m5C modification and its exosome-secretion-promoting function contributed to the malignant phenotype and AZD9291 (a third-generation EGFR-TKI) resistance of LUAD cells. Collectively, YAP is promoted by its m5C modification, and blocking YAP m5C modification will be helpful for future LUAD treatment.
High field magnetometry with hyperpolarized nuclear spins
Authors: Sahin Ozgur , de Leon Sanchez Erica , Conti Sophie , Akkiraju Amala , Reshetikhin Paul , Druga Emanuel , Aggarwal Aakriti , Gilbert Benjamin , Bhave Sunil , Ajoy Ashok
Published: September 2022

Quantum sensors have attracted broad interest in the quest towards sub-micronscale NMR spectroscopy. Such sensors predominantly operate at low magnetic fields. Instead, however, for high resolution spectroscopy, the high-field regime is naturally advantageous because it allows high absolute chemical shift discrimination. Here we demonstrate a high-field spin magnetometer constructed from an ensemble of hyperpolarized 13C nuclear spins in diamond. They are initialized by Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers and protected along a transverse Bloch sphere axis for minute-long periods. When exposed to a time-varying (AC) magnetic field, they undergo secondary precessions that carry an imprint of its frequency and amplitude. For quantum sensing at 7T, we demonstrate detection bandwidth up to 7 kHz, a spectral resolution < 100mHz, and single-shot sensitivity of 410pT$$/\sqrt{{{{{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}}}}}$$
/

Hz

. This work anticipates opportunities for microscale NMR chemical sensors constructed from hyperpolarized nanodiamonds and suggests applications of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in quantum sensing.
Identification of spatially variable genes with graph cuts
Authors: Zhang Ke , Feng Wanwan , Wang Peng
Published: September 2022

Single-cell gene expression data with positional information is critical to dissect mechanisms and architectures of multicellular organisms, but the potential is limited by the scalability of current data analysis strategies. Here, we present scGCO, a method based on fast optimization of hidden Markov Random Fields with graph cuts to identify spatially variable genes. Comparing to existing methods, scGCO delivers a superior performance with lower false positive rate and improved specificity, while demonstrates a more robust performance in the presence of noises. Critically, scGCO scales near linearly with inputs and demonstrates orders of magnitude better running time and memory requirement than existing methods, and could represent a valuable solution when spatial transcriptomics data grows into millions of data points and beyond.