bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Museum of Russian Cosmosophy:V.N. Muravyov’s Philosophy of Action
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Onosov Alexander A.
Published: January 2021

The article deals with a part of scientific and philosophical heritage of Valerian Nikolaevich Muravyov (1885‒1930), a thinker and a representative of Russian cosmism. The author of the article undertakes an attempt to explicate the major notions of the philosophy of action as the active principle of the common cause project by N.F. Fyodorov. In the theoretical system of Muravyov action is a uni­versal notion which unites various connections and relations among objects of different nature. Basing on philosophy of Parmenides and mathematical set theo­ry of G. Cantor Muravyov believes a possibility of action to be determined by the structure of the system: to possess the action capacity the system has to be a non-homogeneous set. The article reviews the general scheme of interaction of the active system elements which are defined as hypostases in the philosophy of action. The work also reveals the hierarchy of rational action points. Time is in­separably connected with set and action in the philosophical concept of Mu­ravyov. The paper observes Mouraviov’s logical approach to understanding time genesis and structure resting on the ideas of H. Bergson. Defining time as an ac­tion subject, its obligatory output the philosophy of action sets a task of time takeover.
In Search of a Postulate (to the 90th Anniversary of the Birth of F.T. Mikhailov)
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Sorvin Kirill V.
Published: January 2021

Historical and philosophical subjects occupied a prominent place in papers of the famous Russian philosopher F.T. Mikhailov. They played the role of methodo­logical guidelines for solving relevant problems of modern humanities. The first part of the article examines the original and undeservedly forgotten solution to the problem of apodictic knowledge proposed by the philosopher. This decision is connected with the revision several ideas about the nature of the subjectivity of science. It was given by F.T. Mikhailov relying on the Kantian and Marxist traditions. In the late period creativity, F.T. Mikhailov attempted to formulate apodictic postulates to build the foundations of a “general science of man”, while focusing on Spinoza’s methodological tradition. The effectiveness of such ap­proaches has been confirmed by the development of a new theory of personality. However, was the Spinozian orientation uncontested in resolving all aspects of the problem raised? It is shown that in dealing with a number of issues, appeals to the methodological potential of Hegel and late Fichte could be more justified.
Reception of Kantianism in Neo-Scholastic Theory of Knowledge:Jaume Balmes’ Doctrine
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, Savinov Rodion V.
Published: January 2021

The Article is devoted to the Representative of the Early Neo-Scholasticism, Span­ish Thinker Jaume Balmes. The Focus of Attention is the Interpretation of the Kan­tian Doctrine of Knowledge, which Balmes proposed in the Fourth Book of his “Filosofia Fundamental”(1846). It is shown that contrary to the generally negative attitude towards Kant and the Philosophy of Criticism that prevailed by the 1830s in Catholic Intellectual Culture, Balmes not only seriously studies and evaluates the Results of Kantian Criticism, but also he finds many points of contact between Criticism and Scholasticism, for which he undertakes a large-scale rewriting of the Kantian Theory of Knowledge in Terms of Scholasticism. At the same time, he of­fers Criticism of Kantian philosophy based on the Resources of the Scholastic Tra­dition, which allows integrating the Transcendental Analysis of Cognition devel­oped by Kant into the Methods of Scholastic Philosophy. Balmes sought to restore the Possibility of Metaphysical Knowledge, as a Result of which he excluded a number of Important Points of the Kantian Concept, he changed idea of a priori, setting the Boundaries of Sensuality and Reason, to a moving and dynamic “Agent Intellect” (entendimento agente), and Balmes replaced a transcendental subject by a “Universal Reason” (razón universal). In Conclusion, it is shown that Balmes’ Interpretation had a profound Influence on the Development of Understanding of Kantian Philosophy in Neo-Scholasticism and Neo-Thomism.
The Problem of Disagreement and Fields of Sense:Epistemological Implicationsof Markus Gabriel’s Ontological Pluralism
Authors:   Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Maslov Denis К.
Published: January 2021

The paper considers the problem of knowing things starting with pyrrhonical skeptical argumentation that puts the problem of disagreement in accounts of things. The problem is rooted in ontology and metaphysics taken classically as knowledge of being as far as it is being. The first part deals with the pyrrhonical problem of disagreement that rests on ontological picture of “nature of things” which launches epistemological obstacles. The second part sketches Markus Gabriel’s ontological theory, particularly his notion of “existence” and rejection of metaphysics as self-contradictory ontology of totality. His theory states a plu­rality of “fields of sense” that accommodate seemingly contradictory predicates. In the third part, I point out to epistemological implications of Gabriel’s theory that promise to solve the problem by rejecting a concealed assumption that brings the problem into life. This secures knowledge of things depending on dis­tribution of contradictory features of things into different fields of sense. Also it will be shown why Gabriel cannot be labelled as a constructivist and a relativist.
A Systematic Approach and Description of the Sociality of Our TimeAs a Condition for Designing a Postculture
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Rosin Vadim M.
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the conditions for designing sociality in the processes of transition to new cultures, including specifically the process of transition to post­culture. The author shows that, starting with I. Kant, one of such conditions is a systematic approach. In this regard, he analyzes the features of the systematic approach and shows that the latter contains systemic concepts (whole, systemic­ity, connections, conditionality, synthesis and analysis, etc.), as well as a special methodology for constructing reality. Logically, this methodology is close to the logic of modern design, in particular, it is based on the priority of synthesis over analysis, involves the coordination of all constructions, requires distin­guishing between three levels of the object being studied or created – the whole, the middle level and the lower one, usually related to individual activity. Then, the implementation in history of a systematic approach to sociality is discussed: for protosystem social structures of the Middle Ages and system social structures of the New Age. The situation of the transition to post-culture and the features of the sociality of our time are characterized. In the latter, the author distinguishes between two processes – the crisis and the expansion of social structures of modernity and the formation of new forms of sociality (network communities, metacultures, the convergence of socialist and capitalist forms of production and management, the formation of a new ethics, etc.). The last part introduces a scheme for a systematic description of the sociality of postculture. The author concludes that the systematic approach to the project of post-culture sociality should be based on the description of sociality in the language of social sciences and involves the choice of a humanitarian version of the systemic approach.
Women Will Play a Major Role in the Workforce of the Future
Authors: Sprunt Eve
Published: January 2021

Feature - In some countries, women are just now being given the chance to work in the oil and gas industry, while in some other countries, the number of women working is approaching the level at which gender is no longer a defining characteristic.
How To Build Competent People
Authors: Brett J. Ford
Published: January 2021

Feature - This article, the second of two, describes how competency-based development could help the oil and gas industry survive the big crew change.
Interview with David Dunlap
Authors: Dunlap David , Donnelly John
Published: January 2021

Talent & Technology Interview - A conversation with David Dunlap, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, BJ Services.
Quantifying the Workforce Crisis in Upstream Oil and Gas
Authors: Resler Christine A.
Published: January 2021

Feature - Demand for oil is rising; the time it takes for a well to reach its peak production levels has decreased from 8 years to 2 years, and the price of oil just keeps rising. All of this means that the number of wells being drilled or worked over is increasing, yet the number of experienced employees in the oil industry keeps decreasing. In fact, the Independent Petroleum Association of America estimates that 40% of the industry's skilled professionals will reach retirement age by 2010. The lack of experienced employees has reached crisis levels.
Can the Petroleum Industry Attract and Engage GenY?
Authors: Bullock Bruce
Published: January 2021

The Long View - The petroleum industry's current shortage of people and the demographic challenges it faces given its older workforce are well known and well documented. The cyclicality, consolidation, and previous downturns in the industry have resulted in an industry with a shortage of people overall and a critical shortage of middle managers in position to succeed aging baby boomers on the senior leadership teams. As Generation Y (or Gen Y) enters the workforce, the industry's challenges have become even more critical. The industry is faced with recruiting a generation of people that is unfamiliar to older baby-boomer managers. Can the industry refresh its talent pool with this up-and-coming generation? It must—the stakes have never been higher.
How Companies Attract and Retain Talented Engineers Whose Spouses Have Careers
Authors: Chadud N. , Tealdi L. , Howe Susan , Sprunt Eve
Published: January 2021

Feature - Dual-career couples are becoming increasingly common in the oil and gas industry. This terminology can refer to either two partners with the same company or couples who have careers with different companies or even different industries. How do companies succeed in attracting and retaining engineers whose spouses also have professional careers?
Interview with Chad Deaton
Authors: Deaton Chad , Donnelly John
Published: January 2021

Talent & Technology Interview - A conversation with Chad Deaton, Chief Executive Officer, Baker Hughes.
The Value of Standardization
Authors: Clark Randy W.
Published: January 2021

Feature

Standardization of data and information exchange is one of the most problematic, yet potentially highest value, issues facing the upstream oil and gas industry. Given the industry's current strong market position, it has never been in a better position to take advantage of open standards adoption and deployment to enhance the industry's key business drivers.
Drawing Some Conclusions From the Work of the World’s First Business Task Force on Climate Change
Authors: Verwaayen Ben
Published: January 2021

Executive Perspective

Running a big company is not as complicated as you might think. There are only a few things you have to do, but high on the list is the ability to identify significant business risks and to decide how they will be mitigated. No doubt scientists will continue to argue for years to come about the scale and intensity of climate change and about the part in this process that human activity is playing. But one thing is certain, climate change presents a significant and immediate risk, not just to business but to the way we conduct our lives, and to the kind of world that we will leave to our children and our grandchildren.
The Emerging Talent Pool in Russia
Authors: Bennett Simon , McMorran Paul
Published: January 2021

Feature

Russia has a long, proud tradition as an oil and gas producing country, with production being won from some of the most inhospitable and remote places on earth. Oil and gas developments of the past, present, and the future in Russia often have and will be achieved against overwhelming odds by a Russian industry rich in resilience, talent, innovation, and capability.
Retaining Women in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Sprunt Eve S.
Published: January 2021

Feature

One can draw several conclusions from the results of this informal survey: Work/life balance is a huge issue for everyone. Flexible working arrangements including part-time work and telecommuting will help retain people of all ages. While childcare benefits are of interest to only a fraction of the workforce, for that fraction, they can be the deciding factor. The same types of flexible work policies and on-site daycare or childcare support that will help to retain young women will also help to retain young men. Often women are the primary breadwinners and/or healthcare benefit providers for their families and do not have the luxury of working less than full time. The key is flexibility to create a win-win situation for worker and employer.
Interview with Lane Sloan
Authors: Sloan Lane , Donnelly John
Published: January 2021

Talent & Technology Interview

A conversation with Lane Sloan, Director, Strategic Energy Alliance, University of Houston.
Increasing contribution of climate variables to the explanation of Quercus spp. single-tree biomass variability in Eurasia as related to model deviation from allometry
Authors: Усольцев В.А. , Ковязин В.Ф. , Цепордей И.С.
Published: January 2021

Лесные экосистемы, являясь поглотителями атмосферного углерода, играют важную роль в сокращении выбросов CO2 и предотвращении потепления климата. Авторы попытались смоделировать биомассу модельных деревьев Quercus L.,используя данные 500 деревьев, распределенных вдоль транс-евразийских гидротермических градиентов. На сегодняшний день предложено несколько моделей биомассы деревьев и древостоев, включающих в качестве независимых переменных как их морфолого-структурные характеристики, так и климатические показатели. Существующие модели позволяют прогнозировать изменения биомассы вследствие сдвигов климатических трендов, но не показывают вклада климатических переменных в объяснение изменчивости биомассы, которая зависит как от вида дерева и древостоя, так и от структуры модели. Разработанные модели показывают, в какой степени отклонение от классической аллометрической модели, вызванное включением дополнительных независимых переменных, увеличивает вклад климатических переменных в объяснение изменчивости биомассы. Этот вклад наибольший, когда модель включает возраст, диаметр ствола, высоту дерева и их совокупный эффект. 3D-интерпретация«лучшей» модели показала пропеллеро-образную зависимость компонентов биомассы дуба от температуры и осадков, форма которой является зеркальным отражением аналогичной зависимости для биомассы деревьев двухвойных сосен и лиственниц. Это может быть связано с особенностями функционирования лиственных и хвойных видов.

Forest ecosystems, as sinks of atmospheric carbon, play an important role in reducing CO2 emissions and preventing annual temperatures from rising. We attempted to model Quercus spp. single-tree biomass using the data from 500 sample trees distributed along the trans-Eurasian hydrothermal gradients. Today, several models of the biomass of trees and stands have been proposed, including both morphological-structural characteristics of trees and stands, and climate indicators as independent variables. The models make it possible to predict changes in biomass due to shifts in climate trends, but do not show the contribution of climate variables to the explanation of biomass variability, which depends on both the species of the tree and stand, and the structure of a model. The models designed show to what extent the deviation from the classical allometric model caused by the inclusion of additional independent variables, increases the contribution of climate variables to the explanation of biomass variability. The model shows the greatest contribution when itincludes age, stem diameter, tree height, and their combined effect. The 3D- interpretation of the «best» model showed a propeller-shaped dependence of the components of oak tree biomass on temperatures and precipitation, the shape of which is a mirror image of a similar dependence for the biomass of trees of two-needled pines and larches. This may be due to the functioning traits of leaved and coniferous species.
Propriedades farmacológicas do Sesquiterpeno α - Bisabolol: uma breve revisão
Authors: Souza Elaine Roberta Leite de , Gomes Nílvia Maria Lima , Cruz José Henrique de Araújo , Santos Jéssica Fernanda Delfino dos , Oliveira Filho Abrahão Alves de
Published: January 2021

Introdução: O a-bisabolol é um álcool sesquiterpênico monocíclico amplamente utilizado em formulações cosméticas, o qual foi isolado de flores da camomila Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre as propriedades farmacológicas do α-bisabolol e sua aplicação como alternativa para o tratamento das mais diversas patologias que podem acometer o ser humano. Material e método: Foi realizada uma seleção de artigos científicos recuperados a partir das bases de dados: Lilacs, MEDLINE, BVS e Scielo, além de monografias que atenderam aos requisitos do tema abordado, apresentando informações confiáveis e publicados em bases de dados no período 2008 a 2018 com exceção de artigos clássicos que se apresentaram imprescindíveis ao presente estudo. Do total, 2.072 artigos foram obtidos e destes foram selecionados 28 artigos como amostra, que apresentaram a temática elencada para a pesquisa e que foram discutidos nas seguintes sessões: a) caracterização e estrutura química; b) potencial antimicrobano c) potencial anti-inflamatório; d) potencial gastoprotetor; e) potencial antineoplásico e antimetastático. Resultados: o α-bisabolol demonstra um grande potencial e eficácia como agente antimicrobiano, gastroprotetor, anti-inflamatório, antineoplásico e antimetastático observados em estudos in vitro e in vivo. Tal substância amplamente conhecida e utilizada vem demonstrando resultados positivos e animadores para o tratamento das mais diversas afecções que acometem a saúde da população, tanto em sua forma original quanto seus derivados. Conclusão: Portanto, as reduzidas pesquisas, principalmente in vivo, reforçam a necessidade de se intensificar estudos sobre o assunto.

Descritores: Plantas Medicinais; Terpenos; Farmacologia; Fitoterapia.
Clareamento dental de consultório e sensibilidade: relato de caso
Authors: Costa Edivan Ilton Dantas da , Lopes Thales de Queiroz , Cruz José Henrique de Araújo , Guênes Gymenna Maria Tenório , Medeiros Luanna Abílio Diniz Melquíades de , Penha Elizandra Silva da , Almeida Manuella Santos Carneiro , Figueiredo Camila Helena Machado da Costa
Published: January 2021

Os tratamentos estéticos na odontologia estão sendo bastante procurados na atualidade, entre eles o clareamento dental se destaca. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar um caso clínico de clareamento dental em consultório e discutir os aspectos  relacionados à alteração de cor, bem como à sensibilidade causada pelo agente. Paciente do sexo masculino, 26 anos, leucoderma procurou atendimento odontológico da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG) queixando-se da cor amarelada dos seus dentes. Sistemicamente saudável e com boa condição de saúde bucal, após exame intra-oral foi indicado clareamento dental em consultório com Whiteness HP 35%. O tratamento proposto foi iniciado na sessão seguinte com profilaxia sob uso de pedra pomes, água e escova de robinson, com posterior aplicação de barreira gengival TopDam e aplicação do gel clareador na proporção 3:1 de peróxido de hidrogênio e espessante, respectivamente, sendo realizado uma nova aplicação a cada 15 minutos, totalizando 3 aplicações em cada sessão, uma sessão semanalmente. Repetindo-se o protocolo recomendado, na terceira sessão foi realizada uma quarta aplicação do gel clareador topicamente nos quatro caninos, uma vez que estes se encontravam mais amarelados. Assim, a mudança de cor ocorreu da escala A3 para A1. O paciente foi submetido a responder dois questionários, o teste de sensibilidade pela escala de Wong e Baker, e o de satisfação do indivíduo em relação à estética do próprio sorriso. Ao término do tratamento, o grau de desconforto de sensibilidade após as sessões foi caracterizando como um desconforto que dói muito, mas perdurando apenas nas primeiras 24h, e alto nível de satisfação depois do tratamento. Portanto, o clareamento dentário é um procedimento simples, minimamente invasivo e com excelentes resultados estéticos.
Gorlin-Goltz syndrome: systemic and maxillofacial characteristics
Authors: Matos Jefferson David Melo de , Nakano Leonardo Jiro Nomura , Diamantino Pedro Jacy Santos , Lopes Guilherme da Rocha Scalzer , Bottino Marco Antonio , Vasconcelos John Eversong Lucena de , Ramos Nathália de Carvalho , Andrade Valdir Cabral
Published: January 2021

Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome, also known as Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the presence of multiple keratocysts in the jaw and basal cell carcinomas, at young age, of palmar and/or plantar depressions, of calcification of the sickle cerebral and skeletal malformations. This syndrome is caused by a mutation of the PTCH1 (patched homolog 1 from Drosophila) gene, a tumor suppressor gene. In this work, the systemic and maxillofacial characteristics of the Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, as well as some neurological, dermatological, musculoskeletal and endocrine alterations, are reviewed. In addition, a case report was added for the purpose of support this study.
Deep Capsule Network Handwritten Digit Recognition
Authors: Tan Yuxing , Yao Hongge
Published: January 2021

Aiming at the weakness of CNN that is not sensitive to the changes of relative position and angle, a method of digital handwritten recognition based on deep capsule network is researched. The capsule network represents multiple attributes of an entity through a group of capsules composed of neurons, which effectively preserves the information about the position and posture of the entity. Dynamic routing algorithm makes the information interaction between capsules more clearly, and can determine the pose of the entity more accurately. While solving the shortcomings of convolutional neural networks, it also integrates the advantages of CNN and considers the relative position of it’s lack, so that the recognition effect is improved. The design implements a deep capsule network, reduces the amount of trainable parameters by changing the size of the convolution kernel, expands on the original network structure, adds a convolution after the convolution layer, and a process of dynamic routing on the main dynamic routing is added, and the number of iterations is changed for experimentation, which makes the accuracy of network recognition higher on the MNIST data set.
DESPERATE LOVERS VERSUS TYRANT BELOVEDS: THE MASTER-SLAVE ANALOGY IN THE POEMS OF JOHN KEATS AND FELICIA HEMANS
Authors: ÖZKAN Hediye
Published: January 2021

Although love of nature as a source of inspiration is one of the primary themes in Romantic period, romantic love, which conveys the passion, pleasure, or the pain of love, often appears as a common theme in Romantic poetry. Romantic poetry becomes as a fertile space where some of the poets explore romantic love as a powerful, intense, and irresistible emotion that gives pain and melancholy rather than pleasure and happiness. I argue that the uneasy relationship between the lovers and beloveds in Romantic poetry, particularly in poems of John Keats and Felicia Hemans parallels with a long-lasting theme, the pain of love, depicted through the sultan-servant or master-slave analogy in Ottoman Divan poetry. Discussing the function of master-slave analogy in Ottoman Divan poetry and theorizing love within philosophical and scientific contexts with the ideas of Ficino and Hegel, this paper examines how Keats and Hemans employ this analogy in their poems and explore the pain of love to demonstrate the power dynamics between the lovers and beloveds.
Genus – Species and Whole – Part Relations in Legal Terms
Authors: Batyushkina M. V.
Published: January 2021

The research featured the way legal terms express the genus – species relationship (hyperonyms vs. hyponyms) and whole – part relationship (holonyms vs. meronyms / partonyms). The article introduces the basic differences in the relations of these types, as well as terminological variants. The author specified the related research terminology, the specific use of hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms in the formation of a legislative definition, and the intra-text semantic correlation of concepts expressed by these relations. The author also defined the means and ways of expressing hyper-hyponymy and holonymy-meronymy: syntactic, grammatical, punctuation, numbering, graphic, speech markers, etc. The paper describes the main functions of legal hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms: structuring the terminological system of law and the textual space of the law, official legal interpretation, the formation of an interpretation strategy, synonymous correlation, etc. It also mentions nominal (subject-conceptual, attributive) and verbal (procedural, effective) semantics. The research was based on the methods of conceptual, contextual, and comparative analysis of Russian legal texts, their classification and generalization. The research was based on Russian laws, as well as the Dictionary of Legislative Terms and Concepts, compiled by the author from federal laws.
Specific Temporal Localization of Situations in Future Tense in the Khakas Language
Authors: Kicheeva K. V.
Published: January 2021

The present research featured the cases of future tense with specific time localization in the Khakas language. The study was based on functional grammar, which sees time localization as a functional semantic field that includes categorical situations of time localization (specific) or non-localization (non-specific). A functional analysis made it possible to define the following means of expressing specific time localization: a verb form of future tense with -ар (-ar); adverbial modifiers of time and other time markers in local cases in conjunction with postpositives and auxiliaries; temporal adverbs and clauses with transforms -за (-za), -ғанҷа (-gancha), -(ба)ғанда (-(ba)ganda). The author classified the situations based on typical specifiers. The classification contains eight situations with several sub-types. The research can be used to describe types of past and present tense with specific time localization in the Khakas language, as well as in other Turkic and non-Turkic languages. Some of the specifiers proved to be able to express different meanings depending on the combination with the present, past, or future verb tense. The compatibility of specific temporal form of the Khakas language with some specifiers requires further research.
Horses in the Late Tagar Economy: Kosogol I Settlement Materials (Krasnoyarsk Region)
Authors: Onischenko S. S. , German P. V. , Savelieva A. S.
Published: January 2021

The archaeological studies developed two concepts concerning the character of Tagar economy: semi-nomadic and sedentary. They are based on different approaches to burial assemblage materials, accidental findings, and general opinion on stock-raising economy in Eurasian forest-steppes and steppes. The zooarchaeological profile of Tagar settlements can resolve this argument. A high share of horse bones may mean a semi-nomadic or nomadic lifestyle, while low share of equine remains can be a sign of a sedentary economy. The research featured Tagar settlements in the forest-steppe areas of the interfluve area between the Kiya and the Chulym. The paper describes the zooarchaeological collection of the archeological site of Kоsоgol I, the largest Early Iron Age settlement in the area. The collection includes 6,634 samples, of which 687 belong to horses. The authors believe that cattle breeding was the main branch of the Tagar economy. Horses were the third most important group. However, horses were not meat animals, as bones of young horses were quite rare among the kitchen waste. The Tagars killed mature or old work horses (older than 12–13), which could not work anymore. Hunting was a secondary branch of their economy: they hunted does, as well as water and moor fowl near the settlement. The results of Kosogol I zooarchaeological assemblage study proved the theory about the sedentary cattle breeding of the early Tagar people.
Into the Shadows: Tragedies of the Last Monarchs of Russia and Germany (Controversial Issues of Historiography)
Authors: Turygin A. A. , Shigareva A. N.
Published: January 2021

The fates of the last Emperors of Russia and Germany are forever linked by the First World War and the revolutions. History knows the circumstances of their abdication; however, their motives still remain a matter of debate. The present research featured a comparative analysis of various points of view on the roles Nicholas II and Wilhelm II played in the revolutions and the political decisions they made. The biographical research clarified the general characteristics of the revolutionary processes that occurred during their reign and how both revolutions affected the institution of monarchy. The authors analyzed the contemporary historiographical discussions of the monarchy and the revolutions caused in both countries by the consequences of the First World War. The article also focuses on the role of social, class, and political groups in both revolutions, as well as on the attempts of monarchists to save the emperors. Tsar Nicholas II and Kaiser Wilhelm II lived in a very similar political context: complicated family ties, rapid economic development, the Great War, etc. Their abdications occurred in similar circumstances and had similar motives and socio-political consequences. However, their further destinies were very different.
System of Legal Self-regulation in Light of its Application in Various Sphere of Public Relations
Authors:   Irkutsk Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice, Petric A.S.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify areas of public life for which legal self-regulation is relevant as a social regulator and an expression of independent and initiative activity of subjects of modern legal relations, characterized by a high level of organization of their subjects and a wide range of opportunities for solving problems arising in the course of their activities. The article describes the types of relationships developing at the national level and addressed through the rules of legal regulation, as well as in the context of the study the author examines the peculiarities of self-regulation application at the supranational level and defines the scope of the regulation and its peculiarities at this level. In addition, the author considers the relationship between legal self-regulation and state legal rules when considering each of the areas of legal self-regulation application, the degree of their interdependence and the line between freedom and coercion of subjects of such legal relations. The author identifies a variety of areas of legal relations regulated by legal self-regulation rules, particularly of such rules as well as the complexity of the legal self-regulation system, formed on the grounds of its scope. The author concludes on the further expansion of these areas, as well as on supplementing them with normative legal regulation.
Experimental study of local scour around T-shaped spur dike in a meandering channel
Authors: Tripathi Ravi Prakash , Pandey K. K.
Published: January 2021

A spur dike is mainly constructed as a river-training structure and is primarily used to prevent bank erosion. The restriction to flow caused by the construction of a spur dike promotes local scour around the structure. In the case of a dike placed in a channel bend, the scour becomes more aggressive. The literature review found that the research work related to local scour around a spur dike located in a meandering channel is very limited or minimal. Therefore, an experimental investigation was conducted to study the local scour process around a T-shaped spur dike placed at different locations along the outer bank (or concave) of a reverse-meandering channel. Non-dimensionalized empirical equations for temporal and maximum local scour depth were developed as the function of the Froude number of approach flow and spur dike location. It is observed that local scour around the dike increases with the increase in Froude number and location in the meander (measured from the entry to meander). The formulation for the maximum scour depth was further evaluated with the experimental data related to the 180° bend, from literature, and it was found that the proposed equation's application is very much limited.
Spatiotemporal variations of multi-scale drought in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2017
Authors: Yao Tian , Zhao Qiang , Li Xin-ying , Shen Zhen-tao , Ran Peng-yu , Wu Wei
Published: January 2021

Drought has caused serious damage to the water resource system and agricultural production in Shandong Province, China. This study calculated the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) based on the monthly precipitation and average temperature data of 25 meteorological stations in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2017. The trend analysis method and ArcGIS software were utilized to analyze the multi-scale (SPEI-1, SPEI-3, and SPEI-12) spatiotemporal changes of drought. The results revealed that (1) The intensity of drought showed an increasing trend in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2017; (2) The main periods of the drought on the seasonal scale (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) and annual scale were 8 years, 4 years, 15 years, 4 years, and 4 years, respectively; (3) Of the four seasons, the frequency of drought in autumn and winter were the highest. At the annual scale, the high-frequency drought areas were mainly concentrated in the southern mountainous regions; (4) In terms of the spatial change trend of drought, Shandong Province as a whole displayed a trend of becoming wet in the central and southwest regions and dry in the eastern region; and (5) Droughts were discovered to be simultaneously influenced by multiple atmospheric circulation indices in Shandong Province.
Huldezang der vigileurs aan den tramway.
Authors: GT gt
Published: January 2021

Uit den weg ! de tramway rijdtVoor vreemdemans profijt !
Vraag en Antwoord 12_2.
Authors: GT gt
Published: January 2021

evenals over de herdruk van Pr. Dr. Hans van Werveke's ]acob van Artevelde, Gent in woord en beeld en Het Gent van toen (A. Verbeke)
Even memoreren: 600 jaar geleden stierf Lodewijk van Male.
Authors: GT gt
Published: January 2021

Loclewijk van Male, 25e Graaf van Vlaanderen, stierf op 53-jarige leeftijd in de Abdij van St-Bertin, nabij St-Omer. Hij was geboren in het Slot van Male in november 1330 als zoon van Loclewijk van Nevers.
even memoreren: 175 jaar geleden werd Louis Van Houtte geboren.
Authors: GT gt
Published: January 2021

Op 1 juli 1985 was het precies 175 jaar geleden dat Louis Van Houtte geborenwerd.
Bibliografie GT09_1
Authors: GT gt
Published: January 2021

oa beul Boitquin.
Одноэлектронный эмиссионно-инжекционный транспорт в микроструктуре с коллоидными квантовыми точками узкозонных полупроводников
Authors: Жуков Н.Д. , Гавриков М.В. , Кабанов В.Ф. , Ягудин И.Т.
Published: January 2021

By approximating the tunneling current-voltage characteristics (CVCs) of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) of narrow-gap semiconductors InSb and PbS, it is shown that in the one-electron mode, electron transport is determined by competing processes – emission from a quantum dot, injection into it and transport through it with current limitation by space charge. At voltages above 0.5 V, for single QD on the CVCs, regions of instability and current dip similar to the Coulomb gap were observed. Qualitative and numerical comparative estimates suggest that one-electron transport and current limitation similar to the Coulomb blockade are observed in the structure of a segregated set of quantum dots. Illumination of the sample with white light when measuring the CVCs breaks the Coulomb blockade, greatly increasing or decreasing the current, depending on the spectrum of the exciting light.
Образование полуполярных III-нитридных слоев на поверхности Si(100), структурированной с помощью самоформирующейся наномаски
Authors: Бессолов В.Н. , Коненкова Е.В. , Родин С.Н. , Кибалов Д.С. , Смирнов В.К.
Published: January 2021

The epitaxial growth of AlN and GaN layers was studied by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy, on a Si(100) substrate, on the surface of which a V-shaped nanostructure with sub-100 nm element size (NP-Si(100)) was formed.
It is shown that a corrugated surface is formed from semipolar AlN(10-11) planes with opposite "c"axes during the formation of a semipolar AlN layer at the initial stage of epitaxy. Then, during the growth of the GaN layer, the transition from the symmetric state of two semipolar AlN planes to an asymmetric state with a single orientation of the "c"-axis of the semipolar GaN(10-11) layer occurs, and the "c" direction in the growing semipolar layer coincides with the direction of the flow of N2+ ions to the silicon surface during the formation of a nanomask.
Исследование влияния особенностей конструкции установки магнетронного распыления на электрические и оптические свойства пленок оксида индия-олова
Authors: Кудряшов Д.А. , Максимова А.А. , Вячеславова Е.А. , Уваров А.В. , Морозов И.А. , Баранов А.И. , Монастыренко А.О. , Гудовских А.С.
Published: January 2021

The influence of the relative position of the magnetron and the substrate on the electrical and optical properties of the forming indium tin oxide (ITO) layers is demonstrated. The reasons for this behavior are considered and the role of oxygen in the onset of inhomogeneity of the properties of ITO films is shown. It is shown that, in the growth mode without additional oxygen addition, the resistivity of ITO films differs by an order of magnitude ((2−14)·10^−2 Ohm·cm) for different positions of the substrate on the substrate holder along the radius in the range of 0−14cm. In this case, absorption spectra are observed differences in the shape of the short-wavelength region of the spectrum. The addition of an insignificant (0.1sccm) amount of oxygen to the working chamber during the growth of the oxide leads to a significant increase in the homogeneity of the electrical and optical properties of ITO
Применение метода атомно-слоевого осаждения для получения наноструктурированных покрытий ITO/Al-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-
Authors: Марков Л.К. , Павлюченко А.С. , Смирнова И.П. , Меш М.В. , Колоколов Д.С.
Published: January 2021

На полученные методом электронно-лучевого испарения наноструктурированные оптически прозрачные и проводящие покрытия из оксида индия + олова методом атомно-слоевого осаждения наносились дополнительные слои Al2O3 нанометровой толщины. Использовались покрытия из оксида индия + олова, содержащие нитевидные кристаллы преимущественно вертикальной ориентации и обладающие эффективным показателем преломления, монотонно убывающим в направлении, перпендикулярном плоскости подложки. Изучалось влияние толщины наносимого слоя Al2O3 на оптические характеристики получаемых образцов. Показано, что применение метода атомно-слоевого осаждения позволяет равномерно покрывать защитными оболочками нитевидные кристаллы наноструктурированных пленок из оксида индия + олова большой толщины, в которых верхние нити затеняют нижележащие, что позволит получать более стойкие к воздействию внешней среды просветляющие проводящие покрытия с требуемыми параметрами. При нанесении защитного слоя Al2O3 сохраняется градиентный характер показателя преломления, присущий исходной пленке ITO. Ключевые слова: метод атомно-слоевого осаждения, наноструктурированные пленки ITO.
Aspectos tecnológicos de la microencapsulación de compuestos bioactivos en alimentos mediante secado por aspersión
Authors: Cardona Tangarife Diana Paola , Patiño Arias Lina Paola , Ormaza Zapata Angela María
Published: January 2021

El secado por aspersión es una técnica de amplio uso en la industria de alimentos para la obtención de productos en polvo a partir de la formación de gotas pequeñas dentro de una cámara de secado a temperatura elevada. Esta técnica de secado se ha aplicado a la formación de microcápsulas que albergan compuestos funcionales con el objetivo de suplementar un alimento mediante la adición de uno o varios ingredientes esenciales que pueden proporcionar beneficios para la salud humana. En esta revisión, se recopiló información sobre el proceso de microencapsulación de secado por aspersión: el principio y las condiciones de operación, los materiales pared utilizados, su influencia sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales de las microcápsulas obtenidas, los problemas de calidad en las microcápsulas, los aspectos de liberación de los compuestos bioactivos y los estudios relacionados con la microencapsulación de vitaminas, minerales, sustancias oleosas, antioxidantes y microorganismos probióticos. En total, se consultaron 78 estudios publicados entre los años 2010 y 2020 en bases de datos de alto impacto en la comunidad científica. Se observó que algunas combinaciones de compuestos bioactivos, con propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales definidas, dan origen a nuevos alimentos funcionales que mejoran en alto grado la salud de quienes los consumen con frecuencia. Los adelantos en el área de la microencapsulación mediante secado por aspersión son numerosos y coinciden con las nuevas tendencias de desarrollo e innovación en el ámbito alimentario.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERISATION OF FAST DISSOLVING FILM OF POORLY WATERSOLUBLE DRUG LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE
Authors: PRABHU ANAGHA , Arondeka ASMITA ARONDEKAR , BHIDE PRASHANT , SHWETA BORKAR
Published: January 2021

Objective: The objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate a fast-dissolving oral film of lurasidone hydrochlorideused as an atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia capable of providing faster onset of action.

Methods: The fastdissolving films of lurasidone hydrochloride were prepared by the solvent casting technique using different compositions and combinations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E-3, E-5, E-15, and K4M as fast-dissolving polymer bases. A set of seven formulations were prepared and evaluated for parameters like physical characterization, thickness, weight uniformity, mechanical characteristics (folding endurance,tensile strength), surface pH, in vitro disintegration time, drug content, and an in vitro drug release.

Results: The prepared films exhibited uniform and a smooth surface with uniform weight, thicknessand 89-90% mg drug content. The formulation F7 Showed excellent elasticity and disintegration within seconds. Lurasidone hydrochloride was rapidly released in vitro from all formulations. The release was found to be rapid and maximum of 41.5% in Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and 58.6% in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid over a period of 30 min. The further optimized formulation F7Adepicted a faster and maximum release of 78% as compared to the marketed tablet 74%.

Conclusion: The developed formulation is a better alternative to tablets by its ability to produce good drug release.
HYDROGEL: RESPONSIVE STRUCTURES FOR DRUG DELIVERY
Authors: P. N. MALLIKARJUN , S. ANUSHA , V. SAI NANDINI , B. RAMA RAO , P. V. KAMALA KUMARI , Y. SRINIVASA RAO
Published: January 2021

Hydrogels are water-swollen 3D networks made of polymers, proteins, small molecules, or colloids. They are porous in structure and entrap/encapsulate large amounts of therapeutic agents and biopharmaceuticals. Their unique properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, sensitivity to various stimuli, and the ability to be easily conjugated with hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs with a controlled-release profile make hydrogels a smart drug delivery system. Smart hydrogel systems with various chemically and structurally responsive moieties exhibit responsiveness to external stimuli including temperature, pH, ionic concentration, light, magnetic fields, electrical fields, and chemical and biological stimuli with selected triggers includes polymers with multiple responsive properties have also been developed elegantly combining two or more stimuli-responsive mechanisms. This article emphasized the types, features, and various stimuli systems that produce responsive delivery of drugs.
A VALIDATED RP-HPLC METHOD FOR IMPURITY PROFILING OF SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE IN INJECTION DOSAGE FORM
Authors: P. MURALI KRISHNAM RAJU , B. VENKATA NARAYANA , P. SHYAMALA , KONDRA SRINIVASU , DANTULURI HSN RAJU
Published: January 2021

Objective: The main objective of this research work is to develop and validate a single reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. This method should becapable of quantifying all the known, as well as other possible degradation impurities of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in its injection formulation.

Methods: Of allmethod development trails, we have observed better separations between known and degradation impuritiesin Inert sustain C18, (250 x 4.6) mm, 5 µm column at 30 °C temperature. Isocratic elution was carried out by using pH 8.6 phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 65:35 %v/v with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. The detection was carried out at 220 nm, with an injection volume of 10 µl.

Results: In the proposed method, SNP was eluted at 22.5 min. Nitrite, nitrate, and ferrocyanide were linear from 0.25 to 37 μg/ml, ferricyanide was linear from 1.0 to 37 μg/ml, and SNP was linear from 0.75 to 37 μg/ml. The % RSD for six spiked samples (precision)was found to be less than 0.5 %. Accuracy was performed for known impurities from LOQ to 150 % for a 0.5 % specification level. The resultswere found to be in the acceptance range of 90-110 %. The LOQ concentration of nitrite, nitrate, and ferrocyanide was 0.25 μg/ml each,LOQ offerricyanide and SNP was found to be 1.0 μg/ml and 0.75 μg/ml, respectively. The SNP injection samples were exposed to different degradation conditions, and the results were found specific in the proposed methodology.

Conclusion: The proposed RP-HPLC method is specific, precise, accurate, linear, stable, and robust for quantification of known and other possible degradation impurities in SNP injection formulation.
RP-HPLC (STABILITY-INDICATING) BASED ASSAY METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF DORAVIRINE, TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE AND LAMIVUDINE
Authors: TIRUVEEDHI V. L. N. BALAJI GUPTA , BATTULA VENKATESWARA RAO , BONIGE KISHORE BABU
Published: January 2021

Objective: In this study, a RP-HPLC (stability-indicating) based assay method for the estimation of doravirine (DRV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TFF) and lamivudine (LMV) simultaneously in the tablets was described.

Methods: The simultaneous analysis of DRV, TFF and LMV was done with HPLC system (Agilent 1100 series) and Luna Phenomenex C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μ) column with isocratic mobile phase (35% volume ratio of methanol and 65% volume ratio of 20 mmol ammonium formate, pH 5). Validation of assay method was done on sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, selectivity, precision, robustness and specificity.

Results: The calibration curves were linear through the range of 25-200 µg/ml for DRV and 75-600 µg/ml for TFF and LMV. The percent relative standard deviation for intraday variation/precision, interday variation/precision, intermediate precision/ruggedness and robustness were lower than 2%. The recovery of LMV (99.09-99.76%), TFF (99.10-99.41%) and DRV (98.65-99.28%) confirmed the good accuracy. The stability of LMV, TFF and DRV in 0.1N NaOH, 3% peroxide, 0.1 N HCl, UV light and dry heat of 60 °C was determined.

Conclusion: The results have allowed the method to be implemented in the tablets to quantify DRV, TFF, and LMV.