bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bauen mit Aluminium‐Profiltafeln – Metalldächer mit besonderen Ansprüchen des Bauherrn
Authors: Fick Karlfriedrich , Dürnberger Dieter
Published: May 2009

Die letzte Veröffentlichung zu diesem Thema an dieser Stelle hat sich mit ungewöhnlichen Formen von Dächern aus Aluminium‐Profiltafeln befasst und den daraus resultierenden Herausforderungen an die Herstellung der Profiltafeln selbst, an ihre Unterkonstruktion und den millimetergenauen Dachaufbau. Es ist ebenfalls über die Entwicklung der Profiltafeln berichtet worden, von geraden “Bahnen” mit parallelen Rändern über gebogene, konische, eingeschnürte und ausgebauchte Formen, bis zu Freiform‐Querschnitten, die um die starke Achse verschwenkt sind, dazu noch eingeschnürt oder ausgebaucht und um die schwache Achse konkav oder konvex gebogen. Dieses Mal soll über drei Bauvorhaben mit besonderen Anforderungen berichtet werden: Im ersten Fall präsentiert sich die Architektenschaft von Amsterdam in einem skulpturartigen Gebäude als Zentrum für Ausstellungen, Veranstaltungen und zur Information. Seine Außenhaut besteht aus Glas und verzinkten Aluminium‐Profiltafeln, an denen die natürliche Bewitterung in Seenähe erkennbar ist. Im zweiten Fall geht es um ein Projekt von hoher politischer Bedeutung, dem Nationalen Gemeinschaftszentrum Hanoi, mit einer spektakulären Form der Dachkonstruktion und seiner Umsetzung. Das dritte Objekt, ein Hangar zur Flugzeugmontage, bezieht seine hohen Forderungen an die Qualität von Planung und Ausführung aus den Ansprüchen des Bauherrn, der in den Kategorien der Flugzeugbau‐Branche denkt.

To construct with aluminium profiled sheetings – metal roofs with special demands of the building owner.

The presentation on this subject made here last year dealt with unusually shaped roofs constructed using aluminium profiled sheeting and the resultant demands imposed on the manufacture of the profiled sheeting itself, its substructure and the high precision needed for the roof construction. The development of different profiled‐sheeting shapes was also covered, from straight lengths with parallel edges via profiled sheeting that is curved, convex, tapered or concave through to freeform sections that are elliptically or hyperbolically curved and sweep about their strong axes as well as being curved in a convex or concave manner about their weak axes. This paper will deal with three particularly demanding building projects. The first is a sculpture‐like building from architects in Amsterdam that serves as a centre for exhibitions, events and information purposes. Its envelope comprises glass and zinc‐coated aluminium profiled sheeting, with the characteristic natural weathering of a coastal location being clearly visible. The second example deals with a project that is of major political importance, the National Convention Centre in Hanoi with its spectacularly shaped roof design, and the project's realisation. The third case is a hangar for the assembly of aircraft; high demands were made on quality at all stages from planning through to implementation as a result of the client's involvement in the aircraft manufacturing business.
Verbindungs‐ und Befestigungstechnik im Metallleichtbau – Anforderung und Herausforderung an mechanische Verbindungselemente
Authors: Ladwein Thomas Maria
Published: May 2009

Bauelemente des Metallleichtbaus sind in der Regel dünnwandige Bauteile aus Stahl oder Aluminium, welche untereinander oder mit Bauteilen aus Holz zu verbinden sind. Den zunehmenden Anforderungen durch bauaufsichtliche Vorgaben, sich verändernde Umweltbedingungen und komplexere Anwendungen entsprechen die Hersteller von Verbindungselementen durch Optimierung bestehender Produkte oder durch Neuentwicklungen. Ohne Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit zeigt der nachfolgende Artikel einen kurzen Überblick über den Stand der Technik auf.

Assembling and fixing systems for light metal constructions – Demand and challenge on connection device.

Lightweight metal components are usually thin‐walled parts made of steel or aluminium, which are to connect among themselves or with components made of wood. The increasing demands by building requirements, changing environmental conditions and more complex applications, the manufacturers of fasteners have to adapt these requirements by optimization of existing products or new developments. Without claiming to be exhaustive, the following article gives a brief overview of the state of the art.
25 Jahre IFBS – Industrieverband für Bausysteme im Metallleichtbau
Authors: Podleschny Ralf
Published: May 2009

Der Metallleichtbau in Deutschland hat sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten zu einem wichtigen Wirtschaftszweig entwickelt. Konstruktionen aus Trapez‐, Kassetten‐ und Wellprofilen sowie Sandwichelementen sind aus der modernen Industrie‐ und Gewerbearchitektur nicht mehr weg zu denken. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Industrie vor nunmehr 25 Jahren einen Interessenverband, den Industrieverband für Bausysteme im Metallleichtbau (IFBS) gegründet, um die Metallleichtbauweise zu fördern und die Qualität der Gebäudehülle aus Metall zu steigern. Der IFBS ist inzwischen Regelsetzer für die Fachregeln des Metallleichtbaus und anerkannter Partner in allen Fragen rund um Dach und Wand aus Metall.

25 years of IFBS – an association for construction systems for light metal construction.

The light metal construction in Germany has developed into an important branch of industry in the past few decades. Modern industrial and commercial architecture would be unimaginable without structures consisting of trapezoidal, cassette and corrugated profiles, as well as sandwich panels. Against this background the industry founded an association – the IFBS – 25 years ago in order to promote light metal construction methods and improve the quality of the metal shell of the building. Today the IFBS makes the technical rules for light metal construction and is a recognised partner for all questions associated with roofs and walls made of metal.
Rheological Characteristics of Halberd Wheat Starch
Authors: Tako Masakuni , Tamaki Yukihiro , Teruya Takeshi , Konishi Teruko , Shibanuma Kiyoshi , Hanashiro Isao , Takeda Yasuhito
Published: May 2009

The non‐Newtonian behavior and dynamic viscoelasticity of Halberd wheat starch (23.0% amylose content) pastes were determined with a rheogoniometer. The flow curves, at 25°C, of Halberd starch pastes showed plastic behavior at concentrations of more than 4.0%. The shear viscosity of the starch pastes decreased gradually with an increase in temperature at concentrations less than 4.0%, but remained constant at a concentration of 5.0%. The storage modulus of the starch pastes increased with increasing concentration and remained high during increase in temperature up to 80°C. Almost the same storage modulus was observed upon addition of urea (4.0 M) to the paste at low temperature (0°C), and the modulus stayed at a large value with increase in temperature up to 60°C, which was estimated to be a transition temperature; then it decreased rapidly with further temperature increase. A transition temperature of 60°C was also observed in the dynamic viscosity. A very large storage modulus and dynamic viscosity were observed in alkaline solution (0.05 M NaOH) at low temperature (0°C), both quantities decreased slightly with increase in temperature up to 25°C, which was estimated to be a transition temperature, then decreased rapidly with further increase in temperature. A possible intermolecular hydrogen bonding between amylose and amylopectin molecules is proposed.
A Rapid In‐vitro Digestibility Assay Based on Glucometry for Investigating Kinetics of Starch Digestion
Authors: Sopade Peter A. , Gidley Michael J.
Published: May 2009

The potential of glucometry in in‐vitro starch digestion was investigated for developing a rapid procedure to understand kinetics of digestion. A hand‐held glucometer, intended for testing of plasma glucose levels, was used for the assay of glucose released by the combined action of α‐amylase and amyloglucosidase on a range of starch substrates. The glucometer was sensitive to glucose concentrations in water, and its readings were independent of pH (7.7 and 3.9) and temperature (37°C and 25°C) of the glucose solution, but dependent on lactose and maltose concentrations. Neither fructose nor sucrose affected the readings. Digested starch calculated from the glucometer was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from that calculated from spectrophotometry. Particle size of substrate, sample formulation, grain genotype, and processing affected the glucometer readings as expected from how these factors influence starch digestibility. Corrections are required when samples containing lactose and maltose prior to in‐vitro digestion analysis are studied. The developed rapid procedure can be used to collect large numbers of data points per sample per analysis for better understanding the kinetics of starch digestion, and increased confidence level in modelling the digestogram. The glucose detection method is robust and could be adapted for non‐laboratory use. Single‐point data can also be extracted from digestograms for comparative analysis.
Incomplete emptying of the bladder and retention of urine
Authors: Jassim Yassir , Almallah Zaki
Published: May 2009

Retention of urine and the inability to empty or completely empty the bladder is common in both men and women. The authors outline the different causes and describe the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic conditions. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Dextran–doxorubicin/chitosan nanoparticles for solid tumor therapy
Authors: Bisht Savita , Maitra Amarnath
Published: May 2009

Chemotherapy is a major therapeutic approach for the treatment of localized and metastasized cancers. Whereas potent chemotherapeutic agents seem promising in the test tube, clinical trials often fail due to unfavorable pharmacokinetics, poor delivery, low local concentrations, and limited accumulation in the target cell. The pathophysiology of the tumor vasculature and stromal compartment presents a major obstacle to effective delivery of agents to solid tumors. Poor perfusion of the tumor, arterio‐venous shunting, necrotic and hypoxic areas, as well as a high interstitial fluid pressure work against favorable drug uptake. Thus, targeted drug delivery using long‐circulating particulate drug carriers such as hydrogels of controlled size (<100 nm diameter) holds immense potential to improve the treatment of cancer by selectively providing therapeutically effective drug concentrations at the tumor site [through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect] while reducing undesirable side effects. This review focuses on the progress of targeted delivery of nanoparticulated anticancer drug such as doxorubicin chemically conjugated with dextran and encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles to solid tumor with reduced side effect of drug. Regulated particle size and long circulation of these hydrogel nanoparticles in blood help them accumulate in tumor tissue through EPR effect as evident from the significant regression of the tumor volume. The cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin can be minimized by coupling the drug with dextran and encapsulating it in chitosan nanoparticles. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease
Piperazinium, Ethylenediammonium or 4,4′‐Bipyridinium Halocuprates(I) by CuII/Cu0 Comproportionation
Authors: Redel Engelbert , Fiederle Michael , Janiak Christoph
Published: May 2009

1‐Dimensional halocuprate(I) chains [(Cu2X4)2–]n (= [(CuX2)–]n, X = Cl, Br, I) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions through in‐situ reduction of CuIIX2 with FeIIX2 or as phase pure materials through comproportionation of CuIIX2 or CuIIO with Cu0 metal in the presence of the respective aqueous hydrogen halide HX and a templating amine. Chains of trans edge‐sharing tetrahedra are obtained with piperazinium or ethylenediammonium dications, while the 4,4′‐bipyridinium dication gave chains of cis edge‐sharing tetrahedra. Two monoprotonated piperazinium groups act as cationic ligands (Hpipz+) towards copper atoms in a molecular [Cu4(μ‐Br6)(Hpipz)2] cluster. Electrical crystal conductivities of the halocuprate [(Cu2X4)2–]n (= [(CuX2)–]n) chains (X = Cl, Br, I) are around 10–8 S·cm–1 at room temperature.
A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of Nucleophilic Substitution at a Pentacoordinated Silicon Atom
Authors: Bassindale Alan R. , Parker David J. , Taylor Peter G. , Turtle Robert
Published: May 2009

A model system for the exploration of nucleophilic substitution at a pentacoordinate silicon centre is reported. The degenerate nucleophilic exchange of free N‐methylimidazole (NMI) with coordinated NMI in a chiral pentacoordinate silicon compound, 4, has been studied by dynamic NMR spectroscopy. In 4 the axial ligands are N‐methylimidazole and an intramolecularly‐coordinated and chelating oxygen atom of an amido group. The equatorial ligands are N‐CH2, Ph and Me. Two competing mechanisms for the nucleophilic substitution at silicon have been distinguished from the data. One mechanism takes place with retention of configuration at silicon and is zeroth order in added nucleophile. This is interpreted as involving rate limiting dissociation of the N‐methylimidazole followed by rapid re‐association of another NMI molecule. The other mechanism takes place with both inversion and retention of configuration at silicon but is also of zeroth order in added nucleophile. A mechanism for this reaction in which the O‐Si coordination is lost in the rate‐determining step is consistent with the data. In this particular example there is no evidence for a mechanism in which pentacoordinate silicon is attacked to give a hexacoordinate intermediate or transition state.
Impact of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery on Survival
Authors: Christou Nicolas V.
Published: May 2009

Bariatric surgery is the only reliable treatment that offers sustained, long‐term weight loss. This results in cure or improvement in almost all of the obesity‐associated diseases and translates into reduction in the relative risk of death or increased longevity of the operated morbidly obese population. Since the treatment of obesity‐associated conditions is very costly, bariatric surgery also results in significant reductions in healthcare costs with a return on investment of 3 years. It is not just weight loss, it is health gain.
Cancer Genetics Service Interest in Women with a Limited Family History of Breast Cancer
Authors: Somers Tamara J. , Michael Julie C. , Klein William M. P. , Baum Andrew
Published: May 2009

Women with a limited family history of breast cancer may be interested in cancer genetics information although their objective risk of breast cancer may not indicate routine referral to cancer genetics services. This study examined factors related to interest and use of cancer genetics services in a community sample of women with a limited family history of breast cancer (N = 187) who had no previous contact with cancer genetics services. Participants provided demographic information and ratings of perceived risk, cancer distress, attitudes, and intentions to initiate cancer genetics services. Participants were given information about a cancer genetics clinic that served women having concerns about their breast cancer risk. Women were contacted within 6 weeks and 8 months following their study appointment. Six weeks following their study appointment, 25% of women had initiated cancer genetics services. Eight months following their study appointment, 18% of women reported having completed a cancer genetics service appointment. Baseline intentions independently predicted both initiation at 6 weeks and appointment at 8 months. Cancer distress was positively associated with cancer genetics service initiation and appointment. Results suggest that some women with a limited family history of breast cancer are interested in seeking out cancer genetics information. Women with a limited family history of breast cancer may benefit from the availability of cancer genetics information provided through primary healthcare settings.
Possible causal factors of structural chromosome aberrations in intracytoplasmic sperm injection of the mouse
Authors: Tateno Hiroyuki
Published: May 2009

Incidence of structural chromosome aberrations in mouse one‐cell embryos produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with mature epididymal spermatozoa were influenced by sperm incubation medium and time. When spermatozoa were incubated in bicarbonate‐buffered TYH for ≤0.5 h, the embryo aberration rates were significantly higher than in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos. However, after the incubation of spermatozoa in the same medium for ≥2 h, the aberration rates were close to the IVF embryo level. When spermatozoa were incubated in bicarbonate‐buffered mCZB, hepes‐buffered H‐TYH and H‐mCZB, and phosphate‐buffered PB1, the increased incidences of aberrations were observed at any incubation time. In the case of sperm incubation in H‐TYH, H‐mCZB and PB1, the aberration rates increased in a time‐dependent manner. Chromosome aberrations generated by ICSI were transmissible to offspring. On the other hand, the aberration rate in embryos derived from testicular spermatozoa was independent of the medium type and incubation time. Thus, the incubation media appears to have no effect on sperm chromatin. TYH can effectively induce capacitation and acrosome reaction, while H‐TYH, H‐mCZB and PB1 never induce these spermatozoal events. It is probable that the cholesterol‐rich plasma membrane and intact acrosome injected into the ooplasm affect sperm chromatin remodeling, thus resulting in the generation of chromosome damage in ICSI embryos.
Perinatal audit using the 3‐delays model in western Tanzania
Authors: Mbaruku Godfrey , van Roosmalen Jos , Kimondo Iluminata , Bilango Filigona , Bergström Staffan
Published: May 2009

Objective

To audit intrapartum fetal and early neonatal deaths of infants weighing ≥ 2000 g in a regional hospital in western Tanzania.

Methods

The 3‐delays methodology was applied to a cohort of perinatal deaths from July 2002 to July 2004.

Results

The overall perinatal mortality rate in the hospital was 38 per 1000 live births, and in just over half of these cases the birth weight was ≥ 2000 g. The leading clinicopathologic causes of death were birth asphyxia (19.0%), prolonged or obstructed labor (18.5%), antepartum hemorrhage (11.5%), and uterine rupture (9.0%). First delays occurred in 19.0% of the cases, second delays occurred in 21.5%, and third delays occurred in 72.5%.

Conclusion

For women who delivered in this hospital, most of the substandard care occurred after admission to the health facility. The improvement of institutional health care may have a significant impact on the decision to attend health institutions and, thereby, reduce first delays.
The functional neuroanatomy of blood-injection-injury phobia: a comparison with spider phobics and healthy controls
Authors: Caseras X. , Giampietro V. , Lamas A. , Brammer M. , Vilarroya O. , Carmona S. , Rovira M. , Torrubia R. , Mataix-Cols D.
Published: May 2009

Background

Most neuroimaging studies of specific phobia have investigated the animal subtype. The blood-injection-injury (BII) subtype is characterized by a unique biphasic psychophysiological response, which could suggest a distinct neural substrate, but direct comparisons between phobia types are lacking.

Method

This study compared the neural responses during the presentation of phobia-specific stimuli in 12 BII phobics, 14 spider (SP) phobics and 14 healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Results

Subjective ratings showed that the experimental paradigm produced the desired symptom-specific effects. As in many previous studies, when viewing spider-related stimuli, SP phobics showed increased activation in dorsal anterior cingulate and anterior insula, compared to BII phobics and healthy controls. However, when viewing images of blood-injection-injuries, participants with BII phobia mainly showed increased activation in the thalamus and visual/attention areas (occipito-temporo-parietal cortex), compared with the other two groups. The degree of provoked anxiety and disgust by phobia-relevant images was strongly associated with activation in several common regions across the two phobia groups (thalamus, cerebellum, occipito-temporal regions) but only correlated with activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and the anterior insula in the SP phobics.

Conclusions

These results suggest partially distinct neurobiological substrates of animal and BII phobias and support their current classification as two distinct subtypes in the DSM-IV-TR. Further research is needed to better understand the precise neurobiological mechanisms in BII phobia and particularly the fainting response.
Early vocabulary development in Mandarin (Putonghua) and Cantonese
Authors: TARDIF TWILA , FLETCHER PAUL , LIANG WEILAN , KACIROTI NIKO
Published: May 2009

Parent report instruments adapted from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) examined vocabulary development in children aged 0 ; 8 to 2 ; 6 for two Chinese languages, Mandarin (n=1694) and Cantonese (n=1625). Parental reports suggested higher overall scores for Mandarin- than for Cantonese-speaking children from approximately 1 ; 4 onward. Factors relevant to the difference were only-child status, monolingual households and caregiver education. In addition to the comparison of vocabulary scores overall, the development of noun classifiers, grammatical function words common to the two languages, was assessed both in terms of the age and the vocabulary size at which these terms are acquired. Whereas age-based developmental trajectories again showed an advantage for Beijing children, Hong Kong children used classifiers when they had smaller vocabularies, reflecting the higher frequencies and greater precision of classifier use in adult Cantonese. The data speak to the importance of using not just age, but also vocabulary size, as a metric by which the acquisition of particular linguistic elements can be examined across languages.
Distribution and structure of efferent synapses in the chicken retina
Authors: LINDSTROM S. H. , NACSA N. , BLANKENSHIP T. , FITZGERALD P. G. , WELLER C. , VANEY D. I. , WILSON MARTIN
Published: May 2009

The visual system of birds includes an efferent projection from a visual area, the isthmo-optic nucleus in the midbrain, back to the retina. Using a combination of anterograde labeling of efferent fibers, reconstruction of dye-filled neurons, NADPH-diaphorase staining, and transmission electron microscopy, we have examined the distribution of efferent fibers and their synaptic structures in the chicken retina. We show that efferent fibers terminate strictly within the ventral retina. In two completely mapped retinas, only 2 fibers from a total of 15,359 terminated in the dorsal retina. The major synapse made by each efferent fiber is with a single efferent target amacrine cell (TC). This synapse consists of 5–25 boutons of 2μm diameter, each with multiple active zones, pressed into the TC soma or synapsing with a basketwork of rudimentary TC dendrites in the inner nuclear layer (INL). This basketwork, which is sheathed by Muller cell processes, defines a private neuropil in the INL within which TCs were also seen to receive input from retinal neurons. In addition to the major synapse, efferent fibers typically produce several very thin processes that terminate nearby in single small boutons and for which the soma of a local amacrine cell is one of the likely postsynaptic partners. A minority of efferent fibers also give rise to a thicker process, terminating in a strongly diaphorase-positive ball about 5μm in diameter.
Parvalbumin-immunoreactive amacrine cells of macaque retina
Authors: KLUMP KATHRYN E. , ZHANG AI-JUN , WU SAMUEL M. , MARSHAK DAVID W.
Published: May 2009

A number of authors have observed amacrine cells containing high levels of immunoreactive parvalbumin in primate retinas. The experiments described here were designed to identify these cells morphologically, to determine their neurotransmitter, to record their light responses, and to describe the other cells that they contact. Macaque retinas were fixed in paraformaldehyde and labeled with antibodies to parvalbumin and one or two other markers, and this double- and triple-labeled material was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In their morphology and dendritic stratification patterns, the parvalbumin-positive cells closely resembled the knotty type 2 amacrine cells described using the Golgi method in macaques. They contained immunoreactive glycine transporter, but not immunoreactive γ-aminobutyric acid, and therefore, they use glycine as their neurotransmitter. Their spatial density was relatively high, roughly half that of AII amacrine cells. They contacted lobular dendrites of AII cells, and they are expected to be presynaptic to AII cells based on earlier ultrastructural studies. They also made extensive contacts with axon terminals of OFF midget bipolar cells whose polarity cannot be predicted with certainty. A macaque amacrine cell of the same morphological type depolarized at the onset of increments in light intensity, and it was well coupled to other amacrine cells. Previously, we described amacrine cells like these that contacted OFF parasol ganglion cells and OFF starburst amacrine cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that one function of these amacrine cells is to inhibit the transmission of signals from rods to OFF bipolar cells via AII amacrine cells. Another function may be inhibition of the OFF pathway following increments in light intensity.
Expression of calcium-binding proteins in cerebellar- and inferior olivary-projecting neurons in the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali of pigeons
Authors: IWANIUK ANDREW N. , PAKAN JANELLE M.P. , GUTIÉRREZ-IBÁÑEZ CRISTIÁN , WYLIE DOUGLAS R.
Published: May 2009

In the avian brain, the optokinetic response is controlled by two retinal-recipient nuclei: the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) of the accessory optic system and the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (LM). Although considered sister nuclei because of their similar response properties and function, there are both similarities and differences with respect to efferent projections and neurochemistry. Both nBOR and LM project to the cerebellum (Cb) directly as mossy fibers but also indirectly via the inferior olive (IO). In a previous report, we showed that the cerebellar- and inferior olivary-projecting neurons in nBOR of pigeons differentially express the calcium-binding proteins calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV). Both CR and PV are expressed in the somata of LM neurons, although the latter is not as prevalent, and whether expression of CR and PV reflects cerebellar and IO projections is not known. In this report, by combining retrograde neuronal tracing from the Cb and IO with fluorescent immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression of these calcium-binding proteins in the pigeon LM. Half (52%) of the cerebellar-projecting neurons were CR+ve, but only 15% were PV+ve. Almost all (>95%) these PV+ve cells also expressed CR. In contrast, few of the IO-projecting neurons expressed CR or PV (≤5%). This is strikingly similar to what we observed in nBOR and reveals that calcium-binding protein expression is concordant with projection patterns in two nuclei that share similar functions.
A Splendid Predicament: Young Men in Classic Maya Society
Authors: Houston Stephen
Published: May 2009

The Classic Maya, like many peoples in the ancient world, paid keen attention to male youths as a key age/gender grade, and, in the Maya example, to those who would inherit a courtly world of privilege and domination. Detection of glyphic texts and images relevant to male youth reveals them to be a major interest of elite Classic society, participating in tribute, dances and battle. This transient status, marked by infancy and juvenility on one end, adulthood and ancestral status on the other, led to the production of drinking vessels and sundry goods owned by ‘great youths’, presumably those soon to marry or enter adulthood. Homosocial and homoerotic impulses conditioned male youth among the Classic Maya, if in ways that remain only faintly or intermittently visible. The probability nonetheless exists that this evidence represents a thin slice of Classic society, skewed by elite concerns with reproducing elite attributes across generations.
Autism, the Integrations of ‘Difference’ and the Origins of Modern Human Behaviour
Authors: Spikins Penny
Published: May 2009

It is proposed here that the archaeological evidence for the emergence of ‘modern behaviour’ (160,000–40,000 bp) can best be explained as the rise of cognitive variation within populations through social mechanisms for integrating ‘different minds’, rather than by the development of a single ‘modern human mind’. Autism and the autistic spectrum within human populations are used as an example of ‘different minds’ which when integrated within society can confer various selective benefits. It is proposed that social mechanisms for incorporating autistic difference are visible in the archaeological record and that these develop sporadically from 160,000 years bp in association with evidence for their consequences in terms of technological innovations, improved efficiency in technological and natural spheres and innovative thinking. Whilst other explanations for the emergence of modern human behaviour may also contribute to observed changes, it is argued that the incorporation of cognitive differences played a significant role in the technological, social and symbolic expression of ‘modern’ behaviour.
Colonial Engagements in the Global Mediterranean Iron Age
Authors: Hodos Tamar
Published: May 2009

The application of globalization theory to colonial contexts in recent years has emphasized articulations of the colonized and the colonizers. For the Mediterranean Iron Age, focus has been upon expressions of local (colonized) identities, and of regional variabilities of the overseas Greeks and Phoenicians; any attention to the engagements that the Greeks and Phoenicians had with one another during this time has been solely contrapositive in the framing of arguments. The present study examines the background to this circumstance before addressing specifically the engagement between these global cultures on a Mediterranean-wide scale during the period of their overseas foundations. Regarded from the perspective of a globalization framework, the common sets of practices and shared bodies of knowledge reveal a deep complexity of intercultural contact during the Iron Age, reminding us that cultures should never be considered in isolation.
Ritual Behaviour and the Origins of Modern Cognition
Authors: Rossano Matt J.
Published: May 2009

This article argues that ritual behaviour was a critical selective force in the emergence of modern cognition. The argument is based on the following observations: (1) Upper Palaeolithic Cro-Magnons exhibited unprecedented levels of social complexity and there is evidence to suggest that this complexity may have begun even earlier in Africa, possibly connected with the Toba eruption. (2) Creating larger, more complex social arrangements, especially those that cut across traditional within-group boundaries, would have required more elaborate and demanding social rituals. (3) Ritual behaviour requiring focused attention and the inhibition of pre-potent responses places demands on areas of the brain known to be associated with working memory. (4) An enhancement of working-memory capacity was very likely necessary for the emergence of modern cognition. (5) The social rituals of traditional societies, which provide the best window on the social rituals of our ancestors, are highly demanding in terms of maintaining focused attention and inhibiting pre-potent responses. (6) Those of our ancestors best able to successfully engage in ritual behaviour would have accrued fitness advantages from increased access to resources, status enhancements and psychophysical health effects. (7) Larger working-memory capacity was very likely a characteristic of these more ritually-capable hominins.
Characteristics of ion upflow and downflow observed with the European Incoherent Scatter Svalbard radar
Authors: Ogawa Y. , Buchert S. C. , Fujii R. , Nozawa S. , van Eyken A. P.
Published: May 2009

We have investigated how geomagnetic activity, the solar wind (SW), and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) influence the occurrence of the F‐region/topside ionospheric ion upflow and downflow. Occurrence of dayside ion upflow observed with the European Incoherent Scatter Svalbard radar (ESR) at 75.2° magnetic latitude is highly correlated with the SW density, as well as with the strength of the IMF By component. We suggest that this correlation exists because the region where ion upflow occurs is enlarged owing to SW density and IMF By magnitude, but it does not move significantly in geomagnetic latitude. The occurrence frequency of dayside ion upflow displays peaks versus the geomagnetic activity index (Kp), SW velocity, and negative IMF Bz component; that is, ion upflow is less frequently seen at the highest values of these parameters. Dayside ion downflow in the F‐region/topside ionosphere occurs only when the Kp index and/or SW velocity are high or when IMF Bz is largely negative. The ion downflow is likely due to ballistic return of the ion upflow. We suggest that the region of ion upflow not only becomes larger but also moves equatorward with increasing Kp, SW velocity, and negative IMF Bz. The ESR can so be poleward of the upflow region and observe ions convecting poleward and returning ballistically downward.
An early Eocene carbon cycle perturbation at ∼52.5 Ma in the Southern Alps: Chronology and biotic response
Authors: Agnini Claudia , Macrì Patrizia , Backman Jan , Brinkhuis Henk , Fornaciari Eliana , Giusberti Luca , Luciani Valeria , Rio Domenico , Sluijs Appy , Speranza Fabio
Published: May 2009

At least two transient events of extreme global warming occurred superimposed on the long‐term latest Paleocene and early Eocene warming trend in the Paleocene‐Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) (or ETM1 ∼55.5 Ma) and the Elmo (or ETM2 ∼53.6 Ma). Other than warmth, the best known PETM is characterized by (1) significant injection of 13C‐depleted carbon into the ocean‐atmosphere system, (2) deep‐sea carbonate dissolution, (3) strong biotic responses, and (4) perturbations of the hydrological cycle. Documentation of the other documented and suspected “hyperthermals” is, as yet, insufficient to assess whether they are similar in nature to the PETM. Here we present and discuss biomagnetostratigraphic data and geochemical records across two lower Eocene successions deposited on a continental margin of the western Tethys: the Farra and Possagno sections in the Venetian pre‐Alps. We recognize four negative carbon isotope excursions within chron C24. Three of these shifts correlate to known or suspected hyperthermals: the PETM, the Eocene thermal maximum 2 (∼53.6 Ma), and the informally named “X event” (∼52.5 Ma). The fourth excursion lies within a reverse subchron and occurred between the latter two. In the Farra section, the X event is marked by a ∼0.6‰ negative carbon isotope excursion and carbonate dissolution. Furthermore, the event exhibits responses among calcareous nannofossils, planktic foraminifera, and dinoflagellates that are similar to, though less intense than, those observed across the PETM. Sedimentological and quantitative micropaleontological data from the Farra section also suggest increased weathering and runoff as well as sea surface eutrophication during this event.
Studying geoeffective interplanetary coronal mass ejections between the Sun and Earth: Space weather implications of Solar Mass Ejection Imager observations
Authors: Webb D. F. , Howard T. A. , Fry C. D. , Kuchar T. A. , Mizuno D. R. , Johnston J. C. , Jackson B. V.
Published: May 2009

Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are the primary cause of severe space weather at Earth because they drive shocks and trigger geomagnetic storms that can damage spacecraft and ground‐based systems. The Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) is a U. S. Air Force experiment with the ability to track ICMEs in white light from near the Sun to Earth and beyond, thus providing an extended observational range for forecasting storms. We summarize several studies of SMEI's detection and tracking capability, especially of the ICMEs associated with the intense (peak Dst ≤ −100 nT) geomagnetic storms that were the focus of the NASA Living With a Star Geostorm Coordinated Data Analysis Workshop. We describe the SMEI observations and analyses for the 18 intense storms observed from May 2003–2007 with adequate SMEI coverage and identified solar and interplanetary source regions. SMEI observed the associated ICMEs for 89% of these intense storms. For each event we extracted the time differences between these sets of times at 1 AU for shock arrival time, predicted ICME arrival time, onset of high‐altitude aurora observed by SMEI, and storm onset. The mean intervals between successive pairs of these data were found to each be ∼4 hours. On average, SMEI first detected the geoeffective ICME about 1 day in advance, yielding a prediction lead time of ∼18 hours. Finally, the RMS values for the ICME‐shock and storm‐ICME time differences were determined, and provide at least a 1‐hour improvement compared to similar observational and model‐dependent studies.
Exploring solute transport and streamline connectivity using lidar‐based outcrop images and geostatistical representations of heterogeneity
Authors: Klise Katherine A. , Weissmann Gary S. , McKenna Sean A. , Nichols Elizabeth M. , Frechette Jedediah D. , Wawrzyniec Tim F. , Tidwell Vince C.
Published: May 2009

Using high‐resolution lidar scans of a braided stream deposit, we investigate solute transport characteristics and streamline‐based connectivity that are lost when simulating the outcrop heterogeneity using geostatistical methods based on two‐point covariance functions. Attributes of the lidar scans were used to segment the outcrop into sand‐ and gravel‐dominated lithofacies. Simulated fields were created using sequential indicator methods based on the two‐point covariance of the binary segmented lidar field. Sand and gravel lithofacies are then assigned reasonable hydraulic conductivity values. Two‐dimensional advective‐diffusive solute transport simulations in the segmented lidar field show strong solute focusing through gravel‐dominated strata, resulting in a heavy‐tailed (e.g., non‐Fickian) breakthrough. The sequential indicator fields do not replicate the early and late time arrival characteristics. Streamline‐based analysis shows that the sequential indicator fields do not reproduce connectivity of the segmented lidar field. Even when the sequential indicator fields are highly conditioned, streamlines migrate between sands and gravel beds nearly twice as often as streamlines in the segmented lidar field.
Post‐deformational growth of late diagenetic greigite in lacustrine sediments from southern Italy
Authors: Porreca M. , Mattei M. , Di Vincenzo G.
Published: May 2009

Paleomagnetic, rock magnetic and micro‐textural analyses from a Middle Pleistocene lacustrine sequence in the southern Apennines (Italy) indicate the presence of greigite and magnetite as the main magnetic minerals at different stratigraphic levels. In all cases a normal polarity characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) was observed, in agreement with an 40Ar–39Ar age of 0.712 ± 0.018 Ma from volcaniclastic sanidine. After correction for bedding tilt, ChRM directions carried by greigite do not coincide with the expected geocentric axial dipole field direction at the site latitude, whereas the magnetite ChRMs directions do. The data indicate that the greigite magnetization was acquired after tilting and after lock‐in of the magnetite ChRM. The estimated delay for the remanence carried by greigite with respect to deposition is ∼300 ka. Scanning electron microscope analyses indicate that alteration of detrital volcanic minerals has occurred and that authigenic greigite is generally present in agglomerates and around volcanic grains. This observation is consistent with a late diagenetic origin of greigite due to anoxic conditions and availability of dissolved sulfide associated with decomposition of organic matter in the paleolake. Documentation of a late diagenetic magnetization confirms that care should be taken when using greigite‐bearing sediments for magnetostratigraphic and tectonic studies.
Patterns and Dynamics of Subventricular Zone Neuroblast Migration in the Ischemic Striatum of the Adult Mouse
Authors: Zhang Rui L , Chopp Michael , Gregg Sara R , Toh Yier , Roberts Cindi , LeTourneau Yvonne , Buller Benjamin , Jia Longfei , Davarani Siamak P Nejad , Zhang Zheng G
Published: May 2009

The migratory behavior of neuroblasts after a stroke is poorly understood. Using time-lapse microscopy, we imaged migration of neuroblasts and cerebral vessels in living brain slices of adult doublecortin (DCX, a marker of neuroblasts) enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgenic mice that were subjected to 7 days of stroke. Our results show that neuroblasts originating in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult mouse brain laterally migrated in chains or individually to reach the ischemic striatum. The chains were initially formed at the border between the SVZ and the striatum by neuroblasts in the SVZ and then extended to the striatum. The average speed of DCX-eGFP-expressing cells within chains was 28.67 ± 1.04 μm/h, which was significantly faster ( P < 0.01) than the speed of the cells in the SVZ (17.98 ± 0.57 μm/h). Within the ischemic striatum, individual neuroblasts actively extended or retracted their processes, suggestive of probing the immediate microenvironment. The neuroblasts close to cerebral blood vessels exhibited multiple processes. Our data suggest that neuroblasts actively interact with the microenvironment to reach the ischemic striatum by multiple migratory routes.
Dynamic Changes in Brain Bioenergetics during Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Rae Caroline , Bartlett Delwyn J , Yang Qiao , Walton David , Denotti Angela , Sachinwalla Toos , Grunstein Ronald R
Published: May 2009

Repetitive collapse of the upper airway during obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea (OSA) exposes the brain of sufferers to frequent, transient, hypoxic episodes. The loss of cerebrovascular reactivity in sleep, and particularly in OSA, means that physiologic compensatory mechanisms may not ensure adequate brain oxygen levels. This 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study, of 13 males with severe, untreated OSA undertaken after overnight sleep deprivation, represents the first, seconds time-scale analysis of human brain bioenergetics during transient hypoxia and demonstrates that a moderate degree of oxygen desaturation during sleep has significant effects on brain bioenergetic status. Oxygen desaturation >10% of sleeping baseline resulted in decreases in brain adenosine triphosphate levels ( P < 0.01), and increases in inorganic phosphate ( P < 0.0001) with no concomitant changes in phosphocreatine or brain pH. This indicates that the mechanism of adenosine triphosphate depletion in these patients is different to that observed in normoxic, awake working brain. These data show that the buffering capacity of phosphocreatine and the creatine kinase system is not active in mild transient hypoxia and that cerebrovascular compensatory mechanisms are not adequate to prevent decrements in brain high-energy phosphates in OSA. Transient hypoxia experienced during sleep may impair brain function more than previously thought.
Fatty acids composition of some freshwater fish
Authors: Ugoala Chukwuemeka , Ndukwe George , Audu Tokunbo
Published: May 2009

The aims of this paper were to investigate the component fatty acids of some freshwater fish species by comparing the levels of essential fatty acids present. The FAME were determined by GC-MS and were identified using retention time locked methods and retention time databases. The fatty acids profiles include minor amounts of odd-number, branched-chain, and even-number fatty acids as well as saturated components, the MUFA and PUFA. The major SFA were C14:0 and C16:0. The C18:1 was the prominent MUFA. The dominant PUFA are of the omega-6 series and are found chiefly in C18:2 fatty acids. The essential fatty acids compositions showed prominence in C18:3n-3 and C18:2n-6. The branched chain fatty acids identified C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:2 and C20:0. The overall significance of this study is the revelation that freshwater fishes have irregular pattern of FA which are good sources of omega-6 EFA. The high percent of branched and saturated FA in freshwater fish gives them an advantage in curing processing.
Use of the design‐of‐experiments approach for the development of a refolding technology for progenipoietin‐1, a recombinant human cytokine fusion protein from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies
Authors: Boyle Denis M. , Buckley John J. , Johnson Gary V. , Rathore Anurag , Gustafson Mark E.
Published: May 2009

Optimization of refolding conditions for progenipoietin was performed. The molecule has five disulfide bonds and, hence, is a challenge to refold. Variables studied included pH, DTT (dithiothreitol) concentration, cystine concentration, urea concentration, protein concentration, dissolution hold time and oxygen availability. In view of the complexity of the reaction with respect to the number of parameters that can impact the refold efficiency, some variables were examined via single‐parameter studies, whereas others were looked at via a DOE (design of experiments) approach. The DOE approach allowed us to look at the effect of these variables over wide ranges, as well as their interactions, in a very efficient manner. We were able to obtain a maximal refolding efficiency of 57%, defined as a percentage of correctly folded, bioactive dimer protein from inclusion‐body slurries produced from Escherichia coli. The final method involved dissolution of IBs for 30 min at 2 mg/ml protein, 6 M urea, 2 mM DTT and 50 mM Tris (pH 10.2) for approx. 30 min, followed by the addition of 4 mM cystine just prior to a 10‐fold dilution with 50 mM Tris (pH 10.2) buffer and reaction for 72 h at 2–10 °C. The use of the DOE approach allowed us to understand the interactions between the various parameters, in particular those between cystine and urea concentrations. The results were used to create a process model that demonstrated satisfactory accuracy and that could be used during commercialization of the product.