bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are our curricula still relevant?
Authors: Beenhakker J. C.
Published: August 2019

Very few physiotherapists are concerned with community health and the care of the elderly has a low priority amongst members of our profession. In a recent survey of our universities, it was found that very little time was allocated to preventive health and even less time was spent on gerontology during student training. All member organisations of the WCPT have been requested to place greater emphasis on geriatric care at pre-qualification level as well as in physiotherapy practice. The need to change our attitudes towards the elderly are discussed and ideas on preventive and promotive health are presented for possible inclusion in the undergraduate curriculum.
Report on the 19th National Council Meeting
Authors: Beenhakker J. C.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Lasers: Aspects of effectiveness and safety
Authors: Malherbe C. P.
Published: August 2019

The use of laser therapy by physiotherapists has shown a marked increase in popularity over recent years. Effectiveness and safety of lasers is essential. The results of an investigation by the CSIR of some infrared lasers is reported, highlighting, e.g., that all that SAYS laser may not BE laser. New legislation that will ensure that lasers conform with the minimum requirements to be safe and effective products, is discussed. The risk of laser radiation and product/premises licenses as a means of ensuring safe use of lasers, are explained.
The intervertebral joints I: The intervertebral disc
Authors: Mitchell Jeanette
Published: August 2019

The structure of the intervertebral disc is described in detail, some reference being made to clinically relevant aspects of the anatomy. Some biomechanical terms, such as motion and force, creep and hysteresis, are explained and discussed in relation to the intervertebral disc as a clinically important structure.
Presidential address
Authors: Levy K. M.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
An evaluation of the lung function of eight to twelve year old children living in Table View, Cape Town
Authors: Esterhuyse W. J. , Irwin-Carruthers S. H.
Published: August 2019

Two groups of twenty children between the ages of 8 and 12 years, who lived in areas near the petrochemical complex in Table View, were studied to ascertain the prevalence of respiratory disease. A random sample of 15children from each group was subjected to lung function testing using the ELF. Results showed a higher incidence of respiratory disease in the group living closer to the petrochemical complex, but the sample was too small to show any statistical significance. There was no difference in lung function test results between the two groups, but both groups demonstrated lower values than the predicted norms for their age, weight and height.
A profile of patients attending the physiotherapy department at the Alexandra Health Centre and University Clinic
Authors: Ferrinho Paulo , Cornielje Huib , Reinach S. G.
Published: August 2019

During 1989 the Alexandra Health Centre and University Clinic (AHC) experimented with a health information system to determine a profile of the patients presenting at the AHC physiotherapy department.Data were analysed for 1408 patients. The age distribution was 2% (n=33): 0-4 years of age, 5% (n-74): 5-14 years, 85% (n-1186): 15-59 years and 8% (n=108): over 60 years (no data on 1%, n=7).31% (n=439) had neck and back problems, 30% (n-419) had problems related to the arms, 22% (n-303) had lower limb problems, 13% (n=185) had hand problems, 4% (n=56) had problems associated with burns, 3% (n=48) had chest related problems, 1% (n=8) had osteoarthrosis, 0% (n=2) had rheumatoid arthritis and 2% (n=33) had other unspecified problems. 94% (n=1323) had 1 diagnosis and 6% (n=85) had multiple diagnosis. 12% (n=172) were patients with chronic problems and 86% (n=1213) had acute problems (no data in 2%, n=23). Of the 786 cases with data 1% (n=10) were referred to hospital, 96% (n=754) were not referred anywhere and 3% (n=22) were referred elsewhere. Referrals were more common for bums and osteoarthrosis (p-0,00).The low rate of referral is a credit to the ability to cope with the work at local level.
The construction and evaluation of a low-cost isokinetic knee exerciser
Authors: Greenblatt David
Published: August 2019

An inexpensive knee exerciser which closely approximates the performance of state-of-the-art isokinetic equipment has been constructed and a preliminary evaluation has been carried out. Unlike other exercisers, the lower limb angular velocity cannot be set a priori but, on the basis of patient performance it is possible to restrict limb velocity to within upper and lower bounds. The exerciser makes use of a shock absorber and lever mechanism which allow easy calibration of the system while elementary electronics and computer interfacing allow the measurement angle, velocity and torque in real time. A significant advantage of this exerciser over some isokinetic knee exercisers currently on the market is that limited arc rotation can be enforced. This type of limb restriction is important in many rehabilitation programs.
Post-congress symposium on pain: A report back
Authors: Beenhakker J. C.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Obituary: Professor James Craig
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Letter to the editor
Authors: Ijsselmuiden Carel
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Low back pain in pregnancy: A comparative study of two pain-rating scales
Authors: Mitchell Jeanette , Ness Donnèe , Whitelock Sandra
Published: August 2019

A sample of ten pregnant Caucasian women, with an average age of 31,8 ±5,7 years, experiencing low back pain in the third trimester of pregnancy, rated the intensity of their pain on two commonly used pain rating scales: the horizontal visual analogue scale (VAS) and the eight-face pictorial pain scale (PPS). A mean of 3,1 ±2,5 cms was found using the VAS and a mean of 5(E) was obtained on the PPS. A product-moment correlation of the two scales showed a correlation of 0,84 (p = 0,001). This implies that both pain rating scales are able to measure a similar intensity of low back pain in pregnant women.
Winter 2018 major sudden stratospheric warming impact on midlatitude mesosphere from microwave radiometer measurements
Authors: Wang Yuke , Shulga Valerii , Milinevsky Gennadi , Patoka Aleksey , Evtushevsky Oleksandr , Klekociuk Andrew , Han Wei , Grytsai Asen , Shulga Dmitry , Myshenko Valery , Antyufeyev Oleksandr
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The impact of a major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in the
Arctic in February 2018 on the midlatitude mesosphere is investigated by
performing the microwave radiometer measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and
zonal wind above Kharkiv, Ukraine (50.0∘ N, 36.3∘ E).
The mesospheric peculiarities of this SSW event were observed using a
recently designed and installed microwave radiometer in eastern Europe for the
first time. Data from the ERA-Interim and MERRA-2 reanalyses, as well as the
Aura microwave limb sounder measurements, are also used. Microwave
observations of the daily CO profiles in January–March 2018 allowed for the
retrieval of mesospheric zonal wind at 70–85 km (below the winter
mesopause) over the Kharkiv site. Reversal of the mesospheric westerly from
about 10 m s−1 to an easterly wind of about −10 m s−1 around 10
February was observed. The local microwave observations at our Northern Hemisphere (NH)
midlatitude site combined with reanalysis data show wide-ranging daily
variability in CO, zonal wind, and temperature in the mesosphere and
stratosphere during the SSW of 2018. The observed local CO variability can
be explained mainly by horizontal air mass redistribution due to planetary
wave activity. Replacement of the CO-rich polar vortex air by CO-poor air of
the surrounding area led to a significant mesospheric CO decrease over the
station during the SSW and fragmentation of the vortex over the station at
the SSW start caused enhanced stratospheric CO at about 30 km. The results
of microwave measurements of CO and zonal wind in the midlatitude mesosphere
at 70–85 km altitudes, which still are not adequately covered by
ground-based observations, are useful for improving our understanding of the
SSW impacts in this region.
Distinctions in source regions and formation mechanisms of secondary aerosol in Beijing from summer to winter
Authors: Duan Jing , Huang Ru-Jin , Lin Chunshui , Dai Wenting , Wang Meng , Gu Yifang , Wang Ying , Zhong Haobin , Zheng Yan , Ni Haiyan , Dusek Uli , Chen Yang , Li Yongjie , Chen Qi , Worsnop Douglas R. , O'Dowd Colin D. , Cao Junji
Published: August 2019

Abstract. To investigate the sources and evolution of haze pollution in different
seasons, long-term (from 15 August to 4 December 2015) variations in
chemical composition of PM1 were characterized in Beijing, China.
Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis with a multi-linear engine (ME-2)
resolved three primary and two secondary organic aerosol (OA) sources, including
hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking OA (COA), coal combustion OA (CCOA),
local secondary OA (LSOA) and regional SOA (RSOA). The sulfate source
region analysis implies that sulfate was mainly transported at a large
regional scale in late summer, while local and/or nearby sulfate formation
may be more important in winter. Meanwhile, distinctly different
correlations between sulfate and RSOA or LSOA (i.e., better correlation with
RSOA in late summer, similar correlations with RSOA and LSOA in autumn, and
close correlation with LSOA in early winter) confirmed the regional
characteristic of RSOA and local property of LSOA. Secondary aerosol species
including secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA – sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA (LSOA and RSOA)
dominated PM1 during all three seasons. In particular, SOA contributed
46 % to total PM1 (with 31 % as RSOA) in late summer, whereas SIA
contributed 41 % and 45 % to total PM1 in autumn and early winter,
respectively. Enhanced contributions of secondary species (66 %–76 % of
PM1) were also observed in pollution episodes during all three seasons,
further emphasizing the importance of secondary formation processes in haze
pollution in Beijing. Combining chemical composition and meteorological
data, our analyses suggest that both photochemical oxidation and
aqueous-phase processing played important roles in SOA formation during all
three seasons, while for sulfate formation, gas-phase photochemical
oxidation was the major pathway in late summer, aqueous-phase reactions were
more responsible during early winter and both processes had contributions
during autumn.
In-flight calibration and monitoring of the TROPOMI-SWIR module
Authors: van Kempen Tim A. , van Hees Richard M. , Tol Paul J. J. , Aben Ilse , Hoogeveen Ruud W. M.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. During its first year in operation the SWIR module of the TROPOMI instrument was calibrated in-flight and its performance was monitored. In this paper we present the results of the in-flight calibration and the ongoing instrument monitoring. This includes the determination of the background signals, noise performance, ISRF stability and stray-light stability. From these results, the number of incurred dead and bad pixels due to cosmic-ray impacts is determined. The light-path transmission is checked by monitoring internal lamp and diffuser stabilities. Due to its high sensitivity for Earth radiation on the eclips side, the calibration strategy for the background (i.e. dark flux and offset) monitoring was adjusted. Trends over the first full year of nominal operations reveal a very stable SWIR module with little to no degradation. The number of newly incurred dead and bad pixels is negligible since the start of operations. Assuming linear degradation of various component, the SWIR module is expected to keep performing within expected parameters for the full operational lifetime.
Aerosol and cloud top height information of Envisat MIPAS measurements
Authors: Griessbach Sabine , Hoffmann Lars , Spang Reinhold , Achtert Peggy , von Hobe Marc , Mateshvili Nina , Müller Rolf , Riese Martin , Rolf Christian , Seifert Patric , Vernier Jean-Paul
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Infrared limb emission instruments have a long history in measuring clouds and aerosol. In particular the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument aboard ESA's Envisat provides 10 years of altitude resolved global measurements. Previous studies found systematic over- and underestimations of cloud top heights for cirrus and polar stratospheric clouds. To assess the cloud top height information and to characterize its uncertainty for the MIPAS instrument we performed simulations for ice clouds, volcanic ash, and sulfate aerosol. From the simulation results we found that in addition to the known effects of the field-of-view that can lead to a cloud top height overestimation, and broken cloud conditions that can lead to underestimation, also the cloud extinction plays an important role. While for optically thick clouds the possible cloud top height overestimation for MIPAS reaches up to 1.6 km due to the field-of-view, for optically thin clouds and aerosol the systematic underestimation reaches 5.1 km. For the detection sensitivity and the degree of underestimation of the MIPAS measurements also the cloud layer thickness plays a role. 1 km thick clouds are detectable down to extinctions of 5 x 10-4 km-1 and 6 km thick clouds are detectable down to extinctions of 1 x 10-4 km-1, where the largest underestimations of the cloud top height occur for the optically thinnest clouds with a vertical extent of 6 km. The relation between extinction coefficient, cloud top height estimate, and layer thickness is confirmed by a comparison of MIPAS cloud top heights of the volcanic sulfate aerosol from the Nabro eruption in 2011 with space- and ground-based lidar measurements and twilight measurements between June 2011 and February 2012. In the fresh to two months old plume, where the extinction was between 1 x 10-4 and 7 x 10-4 km-1 and the layer thickness mostly below 4 km, we found for MIPAS an average underestimation of 1.1 km. In the aged plume with extinctions down to 5 x 10-5 km-1 and layer thicknesses of up to 9.5 km the underestimation was higher reaching 7.2 km. The dependency of the cloud top height over- or underestimation on the extinction coefficient can explain seemingly contradictory results of previous studies. In spite of the relatively large uncertainty range of the cloud top height, the comparison of the detection sensitivity towards sulfate aerosol between MIPAS and a suite of widely used UV/VIS limb and IR nadir satellite aerosol measurements shows that MIPAS provides complementary information in terms of detection sensitivity.
Ideas and perspectives: is shale gas a major driver of recent increase in global atmospheric methane?
Authors: Howarth Robert W.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Methane has been rising rapidly in the atmosphere over the past
decade, contributing to global climate change. Unlike the late 20th
century when the rise in atmospheric methane was accompanied by an
enrichment in the heavier carbon stable isotope (13C) of methane,
methane in recent years has become more depleted in 13C. This depletion
has been widely interpreted as indicating a primarily biogenic source for the
increased methane. Here we show that part of the change may instead be
associated with emissions from shale-gas and shale-oil development. Previous
studies have not explicitly considered shale gas, even though most of the
increase in natural gas production globally over the past decade is from
shale gas.
The methane in shale gas is somewhat depleted in 13C relative to
conventional natural gas. Correcting earlier analyses for this difference,
we conclude that shale-gas production in North America over the past decade
may have contributed more than half of all of the increased emissions from
fossil fuels globally and approximately one-third of the total increased
emissions from all sources globally over the past decade.
The CMIP6 Data Request (version 01.00.31)
Authors: Juckes Martin , Taylor Karl E. , Durack Paul , Lawrence Bryan , Mizielinski Matthew , Pamment Alison , Peterschmitt Jean-Yves , Rixen Michel , Sénésis Stéphane
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The data request of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) defines all the quantities from CMIP6 simulations that should be archived. This includes both quantities of general interest needed from most of the CMIP6-endorsed Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) and quantities that are more specialised and only of interest to a single endorsed MIP. The complexity of the data request has increased from the early days of model intercomparisons, as has the data volume. In contrast with CMIP5, CMIP6 requires distinct sets of highly tailored variables to be saved from each of the more than 200 experiments. This places new demands on the data request information base and results in a new requirement for development of software that facilitates automated interrogation of the request and retrieval of its technical specifications. The building blocks and structure of the CMIP6 Data Request (DREQ) which has been constructed to meet these challenges is described in this paper.
Characteristics and controlling factors of the drought runoff
coefficient
Authors: Itsukushima Rei
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Increasing water demand due to population growth and economic development or changes in rainfall pattern as a result of climate change is likely to alter the duration and magnitude of droughts. To establish sustainable water resource management based on changes in future drought risk, understanding the relationship between low-flow conditions and controlling factors relative to drought magnitude is important. This study is the first attempt at revealing the relationship between low-flow and controlling factors at differing drought severities. I calculated the drought runoff coefficient for six types of occurrence probability based on past observation data of minimum flow and precipitation. Furthermore, I investigated the pattern of change in the drought runoff coefficient in accordance with the occurrence probability and relationship between the coefficient and geological, land use, and topographical factors. The drought runoff coefficient for multiple drought magnitudes exhibited three behavior types corresponding to precipitation pattern. The results from a generalized linear model (GLM) revealed that the controlling factors differ depending on drought magnitude. In high-frequency drought, the drought runoff coefficient was influenced by geological and vegetation factors, whereas land use and topographical factors influenced the drought runoff coefficient in low-frequency drought. These differences were caused by differences in the runoff component, which dominates stream discharge according to drought magnitude. Therefore, for effective water resource management, estimation of the drought runoff volume needs to consider precipitation pattern, geology, land use, and topography.
Joint state-parameter estimation of a nonlinear stochastic energy balance model from sparse noisy data
Authors: Lu Fei , Weitzel Nils , Monahan Adam H.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. While nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations arise naturally in spatiotemporal modeling, inference for such systems often faces two major challenges: sparse noisy data and ill-posedness of the inverse problem of parameter estimation. To overcome the challenges, we introduce a strongly regularized posterior by normalizing the likelihood and by imposing physical constraints through priors of the parameters and states. We investigate joint parameter-state estimation by the regularized posterior in a physically motivated nonlinear stochastic energy balance model (SEBM) for paleoclimate reconstruction. The high-dimensional posterior is sampled by a particle Gibbs sampler that combines a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method with an optimal particle filter exploiting the structure of the SEBM. In tests using either Gaussian or uniform priors based on the physical range of parameters, the regularized posteriors overcome the ill-posedness and lead to samples within physical ranges, quantifying the uncertainty in estimation. Due to the ill-posedness and the regularization, the posterior of parameters presents a relatively large uncertainty, and consequently, the maximum of the posterior, which is the minimizer in a variational approach, can have a large variation. In contrast, the posterior of states generally concentrates near the truth, substantially filtering out observation noise and reducing uncertainty in the unconstrained SEBM.
The influence of dissolved organic matter on the marine production of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) in the Peruvian upwelling
Authors: Lennartz Sinikka T. , von Hobe Marc , Booge Dennis , Bittig Henry C. , Fischer Tim , Gonçalves-Araujo Rafael , Ksionzek Kerstin B. , Koch Boris P. , Bracher Astrid , Röttgers Rüdiger , Quack Birgit , Marandino Christa A.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Oceanic emissions of the climate-relevant trace gases
carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) are a major source to
their atmospheric budget. Their current and future emission estimates are
still uncertain due to incomplete process understanding and therefore
inexact quantification across different biogeochemical regimes. Here we
present the first concurrent measurements of both gases together with
related fractions of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool, i.e.,
solid-phase extractable dissolved organic sulfur (DOSSPE, n=24,
0.16±0.04 µmol L−1), chromophoric (CDOM, n=76,
0.152±0.03), and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM, n=35),
from the Peruvian upwelling region (Guayaquil, Ecuador to Antofagasta,
Chile, October 2015). OCS was measured continuously with an equilibrator
connected to an off-axis integrated cavity output spectrometer at the
surface (29.8±19.8 pmol L−1) and at four profiles ranging down
to 136 m. CS2 was measured at the surface (n=143, 17.8±9.0 pmol L−1) and below, ranging down to 1000 m (24 profiles). These
observations were used to estimate in situ production rates and identify their
drivers. We find different limiting factors of marine photoproduction: while
OCS production is limited by the humic-like DOM fraction that can act as a
photosensitizer, high CS2 production coincides with high DOSSPE
concentration. Quantifying OCS photoproduction using a specific humic-like
FDOM component as proxy, together with an updated parameterization for dark
production, improves agreement with observations in a 1-D biogeochemical
model. Our results will help to better predict oceanic concentrations and
emissions of both gases on regional and, potentially, global scales.
Arctic freshwater fluxes: sources, tracer budgets and inconsistencies
Authors: Forryan Alexander , Bacon Sheldon , Tsubouchi Takamasa , Torres-Valdés Sinhué , Naveira Garabato Alberto C.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The net rate of freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean has been calculated in the past by two methods: directly, as the sum of precipitation, evaporation and runoff, an approach hindered by sparsity of measurements, and by the ice and ocean budget method, where the net surface freshwater flux within a defined boundary is calculated from the rate of dilution of salinity, comparing ocean inflows with ice and ocean outflows. Here a third method is introduced, the geochemical method, as a modification of the budget method. A standard approach uses geochemical tracers (salinity, oxygen isotopes, inorganic nutrients) to compute “source fractions” that quantify a water parcel's constituent proportions of seawater, freshwater of meteoric origin, and either sea ice melt or brine (from the freezing-out of sea ice). The geochemical method combines the source fractions with the boundary velocity field of the budget method to quantify the net flux derived from each source. Here it is shown that the geochemical method generates an Arctic Ocean surface freshwater flux, which is also the meteoric source flux, of 200±44 mSv (1 Sv=106 m3 s−1), statistically indistinguishable from the budget method's 187±44 mSv, so that two different approaches to surface freshwater flux calculation are reconciled. The freshwater export rate of sea ice (40±14 mSv) is similar to the brine export flux, due to the “freshwater deficit” left by the freezing-out of sea ice (60±50 mSv). Inorganic nutrients are used to define Atlantic and Pacific seawater categories, and the results show significant non-conservation, whereby Atlantic seawater is effectively “converted” into Pacific seawater. This is hypothesized to be a consequence of denitrification within the Arctic Ocean, a process likely becoming more important with seasonal sea ice retreat. While inorganic nutrients may now be delivering ambiguous results on seawater origins, they may prove useful to quantify the Arctic Ocean's net denitrification rate. End point degeneracy is also discussed: multiple property definitions that lie along the same “mixing line” generate confused results.
The seasonal evolution of albedo across glaciers and the surrounding landscape of the Taylor Valley, Antarctica
Authors: Bergstrom Anna , Gooseff Michael , Myers Madeline , Doran Peter T.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDVs) of Antarctica are a polar desert ecosystem consisting of alpine glaciers, ice-covered lakes, streams, and expanses of vegetation-free rocky soil. Because average summer temperatures are close to 0 °C, glacier melt dynamics in particular, but the Dry Valley ecosystem in general, are closely linked to the energy balance. A slight increase in incoming radiation or change in albedo can have large effects on the timing and volume of melt water. However, we have yet to fully characterize the seasonal evolution or spatial variability of albedo in the valleys. In this study, we aim to understand the drivers of landscape albedo change within and across seasons. To do so, we used a camera, gps, and short wave radiometer from a helicopter-based platform to fly transects 4–5 times a season along Taylor Valley over three seasons. We coupled these data with incoming radiation measured at 6 meteorological stations distributed along the valley to calculate the distribution of albedo across individual glaciers, lakes, and the soil surfaces. We hypothesized that albedo would decrease throughout the austral summer with ablation of snow patches and ice and increasing sediment exposure on the glacier and lake surfaces. However, small snow events (
Environmental Impact Investing: An Overview
Authors: Carè Rosella , De Lisa Riccardo
Published: August 2019

In recent years, environmental and sustainability issues have experienced great interest. Addressing climate change requires the implementation of initiatives that require meaningful upfront capital investment and the development of alternative financing models for projects or initiatives with an environmental objective. In this sense, impact investments are currently used to fund projects and activities that tackle environmental problems. This work discusses new and emerging approaches towards sustainable development by providing a brief overview of the environmental impact investment movement and by focusing on an analysis of the first environmental impact bond (EIB).
Using evidence-based debriefing to combat moral distress in critical care nurses: A pilot project
Authors: Fontenot Nicole M. , White Krista A.
Published: August 2019

Objective: Moral distress (MD) is a problem for nurses that may cause despair or disempowerment. MD can have consequences like dissatisfaction or resignation from the nursing profession. Techniques such as evidence-based debriefing may help nurses with MD. Creating opportunities for critical care nurses to debrief about their MD might equip them with the tools needed to overcome it. Measuring MD by using the Moral Distress Thermometer (MDT) could provide insight into how debriefings help nurses. The purpose of this pilot project was to examine the impact of evidence-based debriefing sessions on critical care nurses’ sense of MD.Methods: This pilot project used a quasi-experimental, one-group, before-during-after design. Critical care nurses (N = 21) were recruited from one unit at a large academic medical center. Four debriefing sessions were held every 2 weeks. Participants completed the MDT 2 weeks before the first session, at the end of each session they attended, and 1 month after the debriefing sessions.Results: In the pilot project, participants felt that debriefing was helpful by increasing their self-awareness, giving them time to commune with colleagues, and encouraging them to improve self-care habits; however, MDT scores did not change significantly when comparing pre with post intervention scores (t(12) = 0.78, p = .450).Conclusions: The use of debriefing may help nurses gain self-awareness of MD and it may offer nurses strategies to build moral resilience.
2019/12 Dismissal on grounds of sickness – Discrimination on grounds of disability? (AT)
Authors: Schöffmann Peter C.
Published: August 2019

2019/12 Dismissal on grounds of sickness – Discrimination on grounds of disability? (AT)

Austrian courts have to deal with an increasing number of cases concerning dismissal on grounds of (alleged) discrimination. The particular challenge is to a draw a conclusive distinction between the concepts of disability and sickness.
2019/18 Consideration of pre-employment as a freelancer in terms of checking fixed-term contracts by courts (GE)
Authors: Traber Othmar , Hilmer Daniel
Published: August 2019

2019/18 Consideration of pre-employment as a freelancer in terms of checking fixed-term contracts by courts (GE)

The German Federal Labour Court (Bundesarbeitsgericht, the ‘BAG’) has held that pre-employment as a freelancer must be taken into account in relation to the number of years having been with a firm as a freelancer when assessing the legality of a fixed-term contract due to the character of the specific deployment.
2019/21 Supreme Court rules on liability distribution between transferor and transferee (FI)
Authors: Nurminen Janne
Published: August 2019

2019/21 Supreme Court rules on liability distribution between transferor and transferee (FI)

A municipal federation took back a nursing home operation it had previously outsourced to a contractor. The Finnish Supreme Court held that a transfer of undertaking had taken place and the municipal federation (transferee) was liable to pay the employee compensation for the unlawful termination of the employment contract. Further, the Supreme Court held that the employee had also without a justifiable reason directed the claim for compensation towards the employer company (transferor/the old contractor) and for that reason was liable to pay the legal costs of the employer company.
2019/24 Court of Appeal rejects Uber’s worker status appeal (UK)
Authors: Thomas Jemma
Published: August 2019

2019/24 Court of Appeal rejects Uber’s worker status appeal (UK)

Following an appeal by Uber against the Employment Appeal Tribunal’s (EAT) finding last year, which was featured in EELC 2018/9, that drivers engaged by Uber are ‘workers’ rather than independent contractors (reported in EELC 2018-1), the Court of Appeal (CA) has now upheld the EAT’s decision. The CA also upheld the finding of the Employment Tribunal (ET), which was featured in EELC 2017/10, that drivers are working when they are signed into the Uber app and ready to work (reported in EECL 2017-1). Uber has approximately 40,000 drivers (and about 3.5 million users of its mobile phone application in London alone) and so this decision has potentially significant financial consequences for the company.
The constitutional position of the Swiss parliament in the context of the principle of separation of powers
Authors: Aleksandrowicz Maciej
Published: August 2019

This article considers the fundamental part of the Swiss constitution relating to the legal position of parliament and its powers. The regulatory provisions give the Federal Assembly significant predominance over other bodies of authority. The clearest example is the provision of the federal constitution that gives parliament oversight over the government, federal administration and federal courts. This provision, particularly given that the constitution makes no direct reference to the principle of separation of powers, may appear to indicate that state authority is unified in just one organ – contravening the model of democracy in which the principle of separation of powers is a fundamental element. It is shown here that it is unreasonable to read the constitutional provisions in a purely literal manner, and that they should be interpreted in the light of the functions that the provisions in question are intended to fulfil, particularly in the context of the rules of a democratic state.
New generation trade agreements as an economic challenge for the European Union and its Member States – the case of CETA
Authors: Śliwińska Magdalena
Published: August 2019

The so-called new-generation trade agreements, such as the CETA agreement signed by the EU and Canada, include not only the liberalization of trade in goods and the creation of a free trade area, but also many other areas, such as liberalization of the services market, including public services, mutual recognition of professional qualifications, deregulation and liberalization of financial markets, enhanced cooperation in the protection of intellectual property, and mutual investment protection. The considerations carried out in this work show that the analysis of the consequences of this type of agreements should be carried out not only at the level of the entire EU but also from the perspective of individual member states whose level of economic development and economic structures differ significantly. This is important for proper preparation for the entry into force of such an agreement, creating conditions for the full use of the opportunities arising from it and for adapting to the new market-specific situation and avoiding the greatest possible threats.
Swimming pools quality risk assessment for heavy metal deposition and intake via oral and dermal exposure
Authors: Nnabugwu Agomuo Emmanuel , Uchenna Amadi Peter
Published: August 2019

The deplorable environmental conditions coupled to poor management practices employed by public swimming pool owners have led to suspicions over the safety of these recreational sites. This study was carried out to determine the physicochemical properties, heavy metal contents and accumulation, and associated risks of six swimming pools in Owerri, Capital of Imo State, Nigeria. Physicochemical analysis was conducted using standard methods while determination of heavy metals was carried out using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results obtained showed that the turbidities and total dissolved solutes exceeded the Nigeria standard for water quality. Iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) exceeded the drinking safety values from United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Standards for Drinking Water Quality, and World Health Organization, while selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) values fell within the permissible limits. From the bioaccumulation models applied, the enrichment factors showed anthropogenic source of deposition of the metals in all swimming pool while the heavy metal index were in a range of 27.30-70.19. For the risk assessment results, the chronic daily intake showed that Hg, and As levels for all the swimming pools, and Cu for some swimming pools exceeded the oral reference doses, while the hazard quotient for Hg (5.65-16.95), As (2.26-3.77), and Cu (1.13-4.11) indicated potentials of causing related toxicities. This study has shown that the aesthetic quality of the swimming pools were compromised, and contained elevated levels of Hg, As, and Cu significant enough to threaten the health safety of users of these swimming pools, which should instigate tough measures from Nigerian water regulatory bodies to ensure compliance from public swimming pool owners.
Die Einführung der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit juristischer Personen in Russland
Authors: Markuntsov Sergey A. , Waßmer Martin Paul
Published: August 2019

This article examines considerations in the context of the introduction of criminal liability for legal entities - which is currently being discussed in Russia. It provides an historical overview of the discussions in this respect, and further sheds light on the contemporary practice of liability for legal entities in the Russian Federation, outlining the pros and cons of the institution of criminal liability for legal entities. Despite the fact that respective legislative draft laws were intiated in Russia, the country still remains one of the few countries in Europe where criminal liability for legal entities is currently not stipulated by law.
Kronzeugeninformationen im kartellrechtlichen Schadensersatzprozess
Authors: Helmdach Katharina
Published: August 2019

The disclosure of information that is provided to antitrust authorities by cartel members applying for leniency programmes may be relevant for plaintiffs in order to substantiate their cartel damage claims. In this context, however, the plaintiffs' need for information collides with the interest in maintaining effective leniency programmes. This thesis examines solutions for this conflict of interest with regard to German law before and after the 9th amendment to the Act against Restraints of Competition (ARC), European law (including the Damages Directive and the right of access to documents) and aspects of US law. In particular, it discusses whether the provisions of the Damages Directive and the 9th Amendment to the ARC conflict with the primary law of the European Union. In accordance with US law, consideration is given to the introduction of a liability reduction for leniency applicants who cooperate in court proceedings.
Raum und Unternehmen
Authors: Brandt Martina , Dahlbeck Elke , Flögel Franz , Gärtner Stefan , Schlieter Dajana , Schilcher Christian
Published: August 2019

The involvement of companies and people in the provision of services of general interest in structurally weak, demographically shrinking regions is becoming increasingly important. In addition to examining the social responsibility of companies under the term ‘corporate social responsibility’, this study also focuses on regional corporate engagement. Against the background of the known dilemmas in the area of civil societal engagement, in which fewer people are involved in structurally weak regions than in prospering regions, this book raises the question of whether this also applies to corporate engagement by focusing on whether companies are able to break through regional crisis cycles successfully while also fostering a positive influence on the development of the region. Using three case studies, the authors identify certain factors and obstacles in regional corporate engagement and evaluate the results of a company survey.
Enunciações docentes sobre a brincadeira na educação infantil: concepções e interações
Authors: Soares Leticia Cavassana , Côco Valdete
Published: August 2019

No contexto da Educação Infantil (EI), este artigo focaliza a temática da brincadeira na interface com a formação continuada docente. Partindo de uma pesquisa que buscou compreender as enunciações sobre a brincadeira nos processos formativos em uma instituição de EI, perspectiva-se explorar os sentidos produzidos a partir das concepções sobre o brincar e identificar as interações enunciadas no que se refere às situações de brincadeira. Integrando uma pesquisa ampliada sobre as iniciativas de formação continuada, este estudo, que tematizou o brincar, foi realizado em uma perspectiva qualitativa com ancoragem em referenciais teórico-metodológicos bakhtinianos. Em uma abordagem exploratória, acompanharam-se encontros formativos em um Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil, com procedimentos de observações das atividades de formação continuada, entrevistas, aplicação de questionário e realização de rodas de conversa. Os resultados apontam para a importância atribuída à brincadeira no que se refere à colaboração do brincar no desenvolvimento das crianças (em especial, na aquisição de habilidades), no incentivo a aprendizagens diversas, no encaminhamento de avaliação, assim como para fomentar situações de interação e socialização. Nesse quadro, os enunciados evocam a produção de sentidos sobre as formas de efetivação das brincadeiras na EI, tanto no que concerne às atividades com orientação de um adulto, como nas ações lúdicas desenvolvidas pelas e entre as crianças, visibilizando as potencialidades da diversidade de situações brincantes que emergem no contexto educativo.
Educação e tecnologia: a crise da inteligência
Authors: Martins Maurício Rebelo
Published: August 2019

Investiguei a relação entre a educação e tecnologia, argumentando acerca dos limites, desafios e possibilidades de enfrentamento do que chamamos de crise da inteligência. Meu objetivo é mostrar como as novas tecnologias vem transformando a forma como pensamos e agimos. Não são poucas as pesquisas e reflexões que mostram as influências negativas das novas tecnologias. Contudo, no campo educacional, são raros os trabalhos que procuram destacar essas dificuldades. Dessa forma, entendo a necessidade de refletir, investigar e argumentar sobre as consequências das novas tecnologias para a educação, amparando-se numa bibliografia específica a esse respeito. As novas tecnologias, a internet, por exemplo, são meios e não os fins da educação. Como meios, servem aos fins educacionais e não o contrário. Portanto, não se trata de proibir o acesso das novas gerações as novas tecnologias, mas de criar um espaço educacional onde elas possam desenvolver todas suas capacidades. O uso dessas tecnologias tem comprometido o desenvolvimento de importantes capacidades cognitivas como a memória, a imaginação e, também, a faculdade do pensar e cooperar. Para enfrentar esses desafios, revelando os resultados da pesquisa realizada, sugiro, no final do artigo, três medidas que podem ser implementadas imediatamente em nossas instituições educativas.
Live cell imaging of nuclear actin filaments and heterochromatic repair foci in Drosophila and mouse cells
Authors: See Colby , Arya Deepak , Lin Emily , Chiolo Irene
Published: August 2019

Pericentromeric heterochromatin largely comprises repeated DNA sequences prone to aberrant recombination during double-strand break (DSB) repair. Studies in Drosophila and mouse cells revealed that ‘safe’ homologous recombination (HR) repair of these sequences relies on the relocalization of repair sites to outside the heterochromatin domain before Rad51 recruitment. Relocalization requires a striking network of nuclear actin filaments (F-actin) and myosins generating directed motions. Understanding this pathway requires the ability to detect nuclear actin filaments that are significantly less abundant than cytoplasmic filaments, and to image and track repair sites for long time periods. Here we describe an optimized protocol for live cell imaging of nuclear F-actin in response to IR in Drosophila cells, and for repair focus tracking in mouse cells, including imaging setup, image processing approaches, and analytical methods. We emphasize approaches that can be applied to identify the most effective fluorescent markers for live cell imaging, strategies to minimize photobleaching and phototoxicity with a DeltaVision deconvolution microscope, and image processing and analysis methods using SoftWoRx and Imaris software. These approaches enable a deeper understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of heterochromatin repair and have broad applicability in the fields of nuclear architecture, nuclear dynamics, and DNA repair.
Can electro- and magnetoencephalography detect signals from the human cerebellum?
Authors: Andersen Lau M , Jerbi Karim , Dalal Sarang S
Published: August 2019

The cerebellum plays a key role in the regulation of motor learning, coordination and timing, and has been implicated in sensory and cognitive processes as well. However, our current knowledge of its electrophysiological mechanisms comes primarily from direct recordings in animals, as investigations into cerebellar function in humans have instead predominantly relied on lesion, haemodynamic and metabolic imaging studies. While the latter provide fundamental insights into the contribution of the cerebellum to various cerebellar-cortical pathways mediating behaviour, they remain limited in terms of temporal and spectral resolution. In principle, this shortcoming could be overcome by monitoring the cerebellum’s electrophysiological signals. Non-invasive assessment of cerebellar electrophysiology in humans, however, is hampered by the limited spatial resolution of electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) in subcortical structures, i.e., deep sources. Furthermore, it has been argued that the anatomical configuration of the cerebellum leads to signal cancellation in MEG and EEG. Yet, claims that MEG and EEG are unable to detect cerebellar activity have been challenged by an increasing number of studies over the last decade. Here we address this controversy and survey reports in which neuromagnetic signals were successfully recorded from the human cerebellum. We argue that the detection of cerebellum activity non-invasively with MEG and EEG is indeed possible and can be enhanced with appropriate methods, in particular using connectivity analysis in source space. We provide illustrative examples of cerebellar activity detected with MEG and EEG. Furthermore, we propose practical guidelines to optimize the detection of cerebellar activity with MEG and EEG. Finally, we discuss MEG and EEG signal contamination that may lead to localizing spurious sources in the cerebellum and suggest ways of handling such artefacts. This review is to be read as a perspective review that highlights that it is indeed possible to measure cerebellum with MEG and EEG and encourages MEG and EEG researchers to do so. Its added value beyond highlighting and encouraging is that it offers useful advice for researchers aspiring to investigate the cerebellum with MEG and EEG.
Putting a Face to Institutions: Professionals and Generalized Trust
Authors: Alecu Andreea Ioana
Published: August 2019

The central role institutions play in the development of generalized trust is well established by previous research. Yet, the role of the professionals employed in these institutions has received considerably less attention. This paper explores whether confidence in welfare state professionals is important in maintaining a high level of generalized trust in the Norwegian context. It is hypothesized that professionals may influence people’s generalized trust both via their formal role as gatekeepers and in informal settings as part of social networks. The results are based on novel cross-sectional data, and indicate that confidence in welfare professionals is correlated with generalized trust, while the presence of welfare professionals in a social network is not significantly associated with generalized trust. The relationship between confidence in professionals and generalized trust indicates that alongside good institutions, good service provision is important in maintaining a high level of generalized trust.