bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects Of Education On Alabama’s Violent Crime Rate
Authors: Fast Richard
Published: July 2021

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of the effect of education on violent crime, specifically in the U.S. state of Alabama. The main purpose of the research is to determine whether more education leads to a decrease in the rate of violent crime. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for reducing the violent crime rate indicate that increasing education, particularly the number of people with at least a high school or associate’s degree, can be one influential tool in cutting crime. The relevance of this scientific problem analysis is that Alabama has one of the highest violent crime rates in the United States according to crime watch sources, and Alabama residents desire safer neighborhoods. Investigation of what effect education has on crime in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: Introduction, literature review, data and analysis, and conclusion. Methodological tools of the research methods include econometric analysis using log-linear, linear-log, and log-log models covering population, educational attainment, violent crime rate, and unemployment rate of each county over five years: 2011-2015. The object of research are all the counties of Alabama, because namely they have some of the highest crime rates in the United States. Coincidentally, Alabama also has one of the lowest educational attainment rates in the country; the average American has more years of formal schooling than the average Alabama resident, and the crime rates of all other U.S. states compared to Alabama reflect this important fact. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis of how more education impacted the violent crime rate in that state, which showed that, with one exception, more years of schooling does indeed result in less violent crime. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that, in the majority of cases, a better educated populace is less likely to commit violent crime.The results of the research can be useful for educators, law enforcement, and criminal justice practitioners.
Functional Coatings for Damage Detection in Aerospace Structures
Authors: Demay Agathe , Hernandez Johnathan , Latorre Perla , Esteves Remelisa , Raghavan Seetha
Published: July 2021

The future of aerospace structures is highly dependent on the advancement of reliable and high-performance materials, such as composite materials and metals. Innovation in high resolution non-invasive evaluation of these materials is needed for their qualification and monitoring for
structural integrity. Aluminum oxide (or α-alumina) nanoparticles present photoluminescent properties that allow stress and damage sensing via photoluminescence piezospectroscopy. This work describes how these nanoparticles are added into a polymer matrix to create functional coatings
that monitor the damage of the underlying composite or metallic substrates. Different volume fractions of α-alumina nanoparticles in the piezospectroscopic coatings were studied for determining the sensitivity of the coatings and successful damage detection was demonstrated for an open-hole
tension composite substrate as well as 2024 aluminum tensile substrates with a subsurface notch.
Is SBIR a Government Venture Fund?
Authors: Swearingen Will , Gaster Robin , Wallner Michael , Peterson Jeff , Friesenhahn Ray
Published: July 2021

The federal government's well-known Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program funds small businesses that are developing and commercializing innovative new technology. It is commonly regarded as a "government venture fund." This label is unfortunate. Within the U.S., it has
caused the SBIR program to be criticized both for competing with private ven- ture capital funds (VCs) and for wasting scarce taxpayer resources on small businesses that, according to some detractors, are not as successful at generating innovation as venture capital (VC)-backed companies.
These criticisms divert attention from SBIR program successes, generate unnecessary drama during congressional SBIR reauthorization debates, and sideline important opportunities to improve the SBIR program. Outside the U.S., the "government venture fund" concept disguises the very real differences
between the SBIR program and VCs, potentially undermining the effectiveness of government initiatives to promote innovation. There are actually few similarities between the SBIR program and VCs—aside from the fact that both provide comparable amounts of seed-stage funding to small technology
firms. As a matter of public policy, it needs to be clearly understood that the SBIR program is not a government venture fund, does not compete with VCs, and has objectives of national economic and soci- etal importance that do not conflict with those of private-sector investors. This paper
begins by comparing the number and size of SBIR and VC seed-stage investments in the U.S. Then it contrasts their very different objectives, company selection criteria, staging of investments, obligations imposed on recipient companies, and metrics used to measure success.
PENGARUH DIVIDEN, HUTANG, RISIKO, LIQUIDITY, TANGIBILITY, COMPANY GROWTH, FIRM SIZE, DAN OVERINVESTMENT TERHADAP KINERJA PERUSAHAAN
Authors: Murtini Umi
Published: July 2021

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kinerja perusahaan non keuangan di Indonesia. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling, sedangkan teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi linier berganda. Sampel yang diambil adalah perusahaan non keuangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2015-2019. Perusahaan non keuangan yang diambil adalah perusahaan overinvestment dengan menggunakan metode Hodrick Prescott Fillter untuk menentukan perusahaan overinvestment. Pengukuran kinerja perusahaan menggunakan Basic Earning Power (BEP). Dari hasil penelitian overinvestment berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Risiko, dan Ukuran Perusahaan berpengaruh negatif terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Dividen, Hutang, Likuiditas, Tangibility, dan Pertumbuhan Perusahaan berpengaruh negatif terhadap kinerja perusahaan.Kata Kunci: basic earning power, overinvestment, dividen, hutang, ukuran perusahaan ABSTRACT This research aims to examine the performance of non-financial companies in Indonesia. The technique used for sampling was purposive sampling, while the analysis technique used in the study was multiple linear regression. Samples taken are non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) 2015-2019 period. Non-financial companies that are taken are overinvestment companies  by using the Hodrick Prescott Fillter method to determine overinvestment companies. Measuring company performance using Basic Earning Power (BEP). From the research results, Overinvestment has a positive effect on company performance. Risk, and Firm Size have a negative effect on company performance. Dividend, Debt, Liquidity, Tangibility, and Company Growth have negative effect on company performance.Keywords: basic earning power, overinvestment, dividend, debt, firm size
THREE THIEVES BY L. TOLSTOY
Authors: MARILLAUD Pierre
Published: July 2021

Leo Tolstoy’s tales, short stories, and fables appeal to many of us with their humor, their cold view of the realities of life, and their ignorance of the demands of conformist morality. For a number of reasons, one of the tales, entitled Three Thieves, led the author of this article to thinking about the discrepancy between the tale and the quaint preface that one must read before taking up the book, published by Leo Tolstoy in 1888 in the Plon-Paris publishing house.
In the first part of this article, the author confines to a semi-linguistic approach to the tale in order to determine what might be called its “general meaning”. In the second part, the author studies what Leo Tolstoy really had in mind when he wrote this tale. A discussion whether this tale does not contradict the preface given earlier follows then. The conclusion once again confirms a positive answer to this question.
“REPASTS” OF THE REVOLUTION: PERSONAL ASCETICISM AND COLLECTIVE SACRIFICIAL FEASTS (F. M. DOSTOEVSKY’S DEMONS, J. CONRAD’S THE SECRET AGENT: A SIMPLE TALE)
Authors: GORBUNOVA Natalya V. , USHAKOVA Olga M.
Published: July 2021

This paper presents a comparative analysis of food patterns as the elements of political discourse in the novels by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) and Joseph Conrad (1857-1924). The stereotypes of food behavior and the gastronomic symbols, associated with the revolutionary activities, appeared simultaneously with literary nihilists. In Dostoevsky’s Demons (1871-1872), the issue of accomplishing social harmony (which was discussed in polemics with T. Carlyle and J. S. Mill) is connected to metaphorical images of repast. The “culinary” episodes are quite limited; this “poverty” of gastronomic motives could be explained by the “industrial era” ideology, when a meal ceased to stay among existential foundations. The ”revolutionaries” destroying Russian traditional life are depicted as instruments of suicide or destruction. Heroes are eager for spiritual food but can only “devour each other” or be devoured; the “Idea”, which destroys individual organisms, turns entire social organisms into “porridge”. The abstract characters of feasts and the absence of any specific meal details symbolize “emptiness” of human existence. This rejection of “basic” elements of life can develop into “sacrificial” feasts with human victims. In Conrad’s novel The Secret Agent (1907; a dialogue with Dostoevsky), the revolutionary “sacrificial meal” appears through the “kitchen” metaphors and “slaughterhouse” symbols. The remains of an idiot sacrificed by new “apostles” resemble butcher’s by-products. The “secret agent” (Verloc) having satisfied hunger with meat (like Verkhovenskiy who is constantly hungry) is murdered with a kitchen knife as a sacrificial animal. Another expressive “gastronomic” trail is Conrad’s parody on stereotypical food asceticism of fighters for the Idea: fat anarchist Michaelis eats only raw carrots. Thus, in Dostoevsky’s and Conrad’s novels, important models of individual food behavior and culinary “bloody triune” metaphors are associated with nihilistic behavior and revolutionary activities. Food metaphors help writers to express their negative attitude towards the destructive activities of nihilists. The main ideas of the paper were presented at the BASEES Annual Conference 2018 (Fitzwilliam College — Churchill College, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom).
DISCURSIVE AND POETOLOGICAL ELEMENTS OF RECONSTRUCTING THE VALUE ORDER IN THE NINE VOLUMES OF FABLES BY I. A. KRYLOV
Authors: SHIPOV Sergey O. , KOMAROV Sergey A.
Published: July 2021

This article examines the conjugation of discursive formations in the nine books of fables by I. A. Krylov as structural elements of the final design of the author. This study mainly analyzes the texts related to the vertical or celestial sphere of the fable world. Since spherical segmentation in a fable is constitutive due to a number of reasons: a significant difference in approaches to reconstructing the value order; sacralization of the heavenly sphere; a shift in the logic of events, predetermined by mythological and religious views of a person; as well as the folklore tradition — the analysis of texts through it is justified and productive. The purpose of this article is to identify and describe the discursiveness as one of the meaning-generating elements of Krylov’s nine books of fables, correlated with his axiology and worldview. This allows recording shifts in the architectonics of Krylov’s fables to indicate his connections with the spiritual dynamics of the literary life in Russia and Europe in the first half of the 19th century, as well as to more clearly clarify his place in the transition from the traditionalist phase of literature to the individual-creative phase.
The authors prove their conclusions including more than two dozen fables by I. A. Krylov in this article’s text. The contemporary academic apparatus gives their analysis a new scale and scope of vision regarding the entire creative heritage of the great Russian fabulist. This apparatus helps in reconstructing the complexity and diversity of the so-called broad educational foundations of the experience of the aged poet, who survived three literary generations that followed him and was inspired by their art searches.
Research of Opportunities for the Prospective Development of the Crimean Tourist Destination
Authors: Selivanov V. V.
Published: July 2021

In 2019 6.6 million people rested in the Crimea. Most of them – 45,2%, rested on the southern coast of the Crimea; 26,8% on the West Coast and 16,3% on the East. However, this figure is 3% less than the tourist flow in 2018, and is still quite far from the peak of popularity of the Crimea in 1988, when 8,3 million people arrived in the region for vacation. The current trend cannot be considered effective enough for the Crimean economy, where tourism is considered one of the priorities.in addition, as the study shows, only 12,4% of the local budget was replenished through taxes on tourism activities. This suggests that a significant part of the tourism industry works in the shadows. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the current state of the tourism industry in the Crimea and consider the possibilities of the existing tourist potential for the further effective development of the industry. The article reflects the results of the author’s empirical research, reflecting the factors limiting the implementation of innovative projects strategically significant for the tourism industry of the Republic of the Crimea.
Economic security theory: stages of development and transition to a new reality
Authors: Karavaeva I. V.
Published: July 2021

The process of formation and development of the theory of economic security is objectively related to the cyclical nature of economic development. Economic security as a phenomenon is of little interest to researchers in prosperous periods of economic activities. On the contrary, during periods of economic crises, scientific analysis of the risks and threats to the national economy in foreign markets and the reasons for the decline in the efficiency of domestic production comes to the fore. The article examines the stages of the formation and development of theoretical research in the field of economic security in the works of Western scientists, starting from the 1930s of the twentieth century, and also Russian researchers and practitioners from the 1990s up to the present. Particular attention is paid to changes in the economic security of the trends in today’s pandemic crisis and developing based on its structural and civilizational crisis in the world economy. The article substantiates that today almost all countries perceive the social factor not as a kind of addition to ensuring national economic security, but as its priority component. World political leaders, members of the public, entrepreneurs are clearly aware and widely discussing the existence of a contradiction between social and economic interests within the framework of such a phenomenon as “national economic security.” And now there is an active search for opportunities to remove this contradiction. The current situation inevitably requires clarification of the actual and potential threats to economic security for modern Russia, and the adoption of appropriate measures to prevent and neutralize them. The article also discusses the possibility of including the system of state monitoring, assessment and countering threats to socio-economic development for modern Russia in the existing institutions of state regulation at the federal and subfederal levels.
Les prémisses sociales de la politique économique socialiste
Authors: Secomski Kazimierz
Published: July 2021

The contemporary development of socialist economy is featured not only by high dynamics, but also by essential structural and qualitative changes. The economic policy and the socialist planning in particular tendtowards optimalization of economic growth, then to engage for its proper directions, structure and rythmicality. The every year growing national product ought to be, as it is possible, most suitable and useful for implementation of threefold objective: 1° the better satisfaction with the necessities of population, 2° the quicker modernization of the national economy, and 3° the effective development of the foreign trade as well as the international cooperation.The superiority of a set of social criteria is becoming the general assumption of economic policy. A vision of the future human being and the mature society is determining prospective objectives and aims of the development as well is indicating ways and means for their realization by economic policy.The economic growth is not objective by itself, but has to serve for a comprehensive social advancement. At the same time the factors of social advancement advantageously impact the labour productivity and otherwisethey perform a role of additional stimulatives of the economic growth.The objectives of social advancement should be realized gradually basing on staging patterns of systematic raise of the living standards of the population. A hierarchy and a sequence of satisfaction with the both individual and collective necessities demand a skillful application of the criteria of the economic and social choice. We are using here the principle of social and economic rationality.Hence the factors of social advancement, involving the scientific and technical progress, belang to the fundumatel elements of the present economic and social policy. At the same time objectives and means of modern economic and social advancement are here strictly interlaced.
Encore les cabinets ministériels
Authors: Snoy et d'Oppuers Baron
Published: July 2021

The ministerial cabinets are growing in number and in cost. They constitute a nuisance for the good functioning of the civil service. However, there is a functional necessity for the Minister to dispose of a reduced personal staff.The suppression of ministerial cabinets would hurt the feelings of the political parties who are eager to use them as a source of power and of influence which they consider as an electoral asset. The only practical solution is to keep under strict control the number of the cabinet members and to convince the political parties that they have a fundamental interest to keep a high standard of functioning for the civil service.
Confusions idéologiques et dimensions religieuses
Authors: Hersch Jeanne
Published: July 2021

«Ideology» means here a collective project, immanent to society, «religion», a collective committment towards an absolute, a transcendent source of meaning and value.To day the ideological belief that we could, by destroying present social structures and the use of new technics, enjory happiness, brotherhood and justice at once becomes a substitute for the absolute of religion.Absolutized ideologies destroy the conditions of meaning in life by dissimulating «the perfect imperfection» of human condition.  Ideological eschatology expects «an end of history» located in future time, to be reached under the scientific guidance of political ingenieurs.  For religious eschatology, the end of history is transcendent, «beyond time», in eternity. Christians and marxists in search for understanding and common action are usually confusing the future with eternity, immanence with transcendence.Even in a fight to death, transcendence allows a beyond, a dimension of possible brotherhood or communion. After its destruction by absolutisation of an immanent project, there only remains total war and technical power.
Vote, classe sociale et religion/pratique religieuse
Authors: Frognier André-Paul
Published: July 2021

This article examines the composition and the fragmentation of each belgian party's electorate, regarding the criteria of social class and religion/religious practice.It also uses the «index of relative party preference» ( Lijphart) to show the main implantation of the parties.
Néo-socialism : The belgian case
Authors: Kramer Steven Philip
Published: July 2021

The inability of reformist socialism to cape with the rise of fascism and the Great Depression led to a significant challenge by neo-socialists.In Belgium, this challenge was led by De Man and Spaak. In 1933, the POB accepted De Man's Plan as its program of action; in 1935 it entered into the Van Zeeland government. Although in many ways, theneos showed greater understanding of the nature of advanced capitalist society than the orthodox reformists, they displayed an alarming tendency to try to preempt fascism by emulating certain fascist positions.De Man and Spaak broke with socialist internationalism and collective security. De Man became convinced of the bankruptcy of democratic institutions and of the democratic states. This attitude ultimately led him from neutralism to collaboration, in the belief that fascism was indeed the wave of the future.
La carence de l'exécutif dans l'élaboration des textes d'application des lois votées par Ie parlement
Authors: Quertainmont Philippe
Published: July 2021

Nowadays, in Belgium, a majority of acts of Parliament are no longer automatically applied but have to be completed by orders in council. In fact, a number of laws may remain without effect for a certain time, theexecutive power, in charge of the implementation of laws, having not prepared the drafts in acceptable delay.This phenomenon seems to arise from today's crisis in the relations between Parliament and government, which arrogates to itself the right to keep at bay the legislator's work and opposes a real veto.The suppression of the phenomenon actually appears to be difficult although the members of Parliament have at times been aware of the inertness of the executive power.An award of the Supreme Court, in Belgium, dated 23 April 1971, has nevertheless penalized the failure and accepted the principle of government's responsibility due to the abstention to regulate.
Un modèle institutionnel déficient : la communauté européenne
Authors: Norrenberg Daniel
Published: July 2021

Starting from the seven repulses met with the political union, the author describes the main european institutions and underlines their weaknesses. Awaiting the political union for 1980 he suggests immediate institutional improvements for a better and a more democratie working of the community, actually a rather intergovernmental cooperation : the right for the Parliament to control the use of the own resources since 1975 of the european community and the necessity of a direct election of their members ; the nomination in each state of a full occupied minister for european affairs charged with the different problems and assuming a link between the national and european government; the revalorization of the aims of the economie and social committee ; a larger application of article 235 of the treaty as it was the case recently for the educational cooperation.
Le phénomène Carter et le clivage Centre contre Périphérie aux Etats-Unis : Note de recherche
Authors: Seiler Daniel L.
Published: July 2021

This paper tries to provide a reading of vie american political culture and party-system in the light of Rokkan's center vs periphery perspective. Governor Carter's election as the democratic party nominee is the starting point of an analysis based on a theory of political cleavages and integration of conflicts.
A la veille des fusions : les paradoxes des comportements politiques communaux : Une enquête dans les communes de plus de 18.000 habitants en Wallonie
Authors: Delruelle Nicole , Frognier André-Paul
Published: July 2021

This article gives a first account of a survey conducted in Wallonia in May 1976, before the municipal elections.A specific survey was conducted in each town of more than 18.000 citizen.The complete sample is of ± 8000 persons.  Comments are introduced on two type of questions : 1° thoseconcerning the relation of people with the municipality (sense of community, political interest, opinion concerning the environment) and 2° those concerning the electoral motivations.
De nieuwe politieke kaart van België
Authors: Holvoet Luc
Published: July 2021

The present article draws a map of the results that the major Belgian political parties, as well as strictly local candidates have obtained in the local elections of october 10, 1976.These first elections within the newly merged municipal circonscriptions have substantially altered the nature of the lists of candidates. Henceforth, the local-scale politica! image shows a strong similarity with the image, seen in general elections. The two most important political formations, the CVP (Christelijke Volkspartij; Christian Democrats) in the Flemish part of the country, and the PSB (Parti Socialiste Belge; Socialist Party) in the Walloon part, each maintain the dominant position in their respective territory. In the electoral district BrusselsCapital, the PDF (Front Démocratique des Francophones ; french-speaking Brussels federalist party) has strengthened its position in comparison with the former local elections of 1970.The evolution in the local electoral process shows that the partypolitical influence has become decisive in most communes, whereas before, and mainly in the many small size communes, the purely local character was preponderant. In these latest local elections, the average number of lists of candidates has increased ; therefore, one may say that the mergers of communes have had a positive effect on the actual possibilities forelectoral competition.
lnfluences des modifications de la loi électorale communale
Authors: Breny Henri
Published: July 2021

The technical changes in the local-elections law that were recently implemented have only had a negligible effect on the electoral results.  As a matter of fact they did not bring about any change in the two major evils that beset local elections in Belgium. These are indeed dominated by a particular system (Imperiali) of allocation of seats that systematically deviates from proportional representation and is heavily resented as such by a considerable part of the public opinion. The recent modifications allow a voting method (the multiple vote) that wilt - from now on and increasingly so in the future - give a possibility to particular factions that are slightly stronger within a certain party to conquer a far more than proportional share of the party seats andmight well come close to the total number of seats allocated to a certain party. It is indeed the democratic nature of the electoral system in Belgium that is at stake here.
De machtshiërarchie van de staten
Authors: Dewachter Wilfried , Tegenbos Guy , Clijsters Edi
Published: July 2021

Most theorists on International Relations agree on recognizing natural resources, economic strength, technologica! development, political stability and military strength as the five bases of a state's power.This unanimity is in sharp contrast with the divergence in the operationalizations of the power of states. Most operationalizations use only one or two bases of a state's power and thus are very limited in scope.Therefore, the demand for an operationalization sticking as closely as possible to the unanimity among theorists, farces itself on the researcher.  The present study is an attempt to transform the theoretical unanimity into an operational measuring.Such an operationalization was obtained by granting all five power bases an equal share in the index (in this operationalization each power base is represented by 3 subindicators), and by giving an equal weight to the sums of the arithmetical values for fifteen subindicators and thus for the five indicators. The nations'power index thus obtained was applied for 110 nation states (a number of very small states had to be kept out of the present research) as they existed in the beginning of the '70s. On this power scale, ratings diHer from 29,046 IWM (index points of world power) for the USA to 276 IWM for Gambia, and even less for a number of the smaller states that could not be investigated.
La politique de l'emploi dans une période de chömage et d'inquiétude sociale
Authors: Opdenberg Marie-Louise
Published: July 2021

Until 1976, the most important measures to fight unemployment in Belgium consisted of creating an easier situation for the unemployed, of preventing older people to join the number of unemployed, and of some measures to safeguard and facilitate access to the labour marketfor youths. This policy was continued in 1977, but some new dimensions were added, such as the creation of a «third labour circuit» and the humanization of working conditions.
L'année 1977 pour les immigrés
Authors: Taverne Michel , Martens Albert
Published: July 2021

Although immigration of foreign workers had practically ceased since 1974, a series of important facts or developments took place in 1977.1. Unemployment increased and maintained itself on a high level. Immigrants, who make up 10 % of the active population, were affected by 14 % of the total unemployment. This percentage has remained constant since 1967. Nevertheless, these figures do not seem to have been noted by the Members of Parliament. They merely intend to propose either sending back all foreign unemployed workers, or simply expelling all working foreigners.2. In 1977, the Foreign Office replaced the former «Foreign Police».  This does not mean, however, that the situation of the immigrants has improved.3. The granting of voting and eligibility rights to immigrants with respect to local elections is an idea which made progress in 1977.  However, the political parties have very different ideas on this. Also, the issue of whether granting such rights does or does not imply a revisionof the Belgian Constitution has still not been solved.4. Previous to 1977, the immigration policy had fallen under the competency of the Ministers of Employment and Labor and of Justice. The recently concluded policy agreement, the Egmont Pact, calls for the regions and communities to play an important role in this matter. So far, this modification has barely been noted by the legislature.
België en de Europese integratie, 1945-1955 : Een overzicht van de onuitgegeven bronnen
Authors: Van Den Wijngaert Mark , Lamberts E. , Van De Meerssche P.
Published: July 2021

The article gives a review of inedited sources dealing with the Belgian contribution to European integration in the years 1945-1955. Such sources are kept in the Algemeen Rijksarchief (the Belgian Central Archives), in the Parliament, various ministerial departments, the Navorsings- en Studiecentrum voor de Geschiedenis van de Tweede Wereldoorlog (the Research- and Study Centre for the History of the Second World war), study centres of the major political parties, a number of non-governmental organizations as well as the private archives of a number of politicians.
Maatschappelijk probleem en probleemervaring
Authors: Holvoet Luk
Published: July 2021

This theoretical study starts from the observation that nearly any social problem is hierarchically structured. In order to elucidate the importance of this hierarchical aspect for the eventual solution of the problem, the concepts «problem domain» and «context» are introduced. With respect to each problem the nature of the problem defining instance, the problem definition and the problem experience are considered under a double aspect : the three of them can be individual as well as collective. As for the problem itself a distinction is made between a subjective and an objective component. One also examines the elements that make a problem into a real social problem.Eventually one observes that each problem situation leads to the formation of a «field of power» involving various problem defining instances, each with its particular problem definition and problem experience.  A valuable solution to any problem can hardly be reached without taking into account each of the forces in this field of power.
Referendum in Andenne en Tessenderlo : Statistische interpretatie van de uitslagen
Authors: Laporte Alfons
Published: July 2021

A referendum was held on October 1st, 1978 at Andenne, a municipality in the French-speaking part of Belgium, on the settlement of a nuclear plant. A referendum on the settlement of an ecologically noxiousindustry was held at Tessenderlo, a municipality in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, on March 25th, 1979. These referenda are unique in their kind in Belgium. They show a very large similarity bath in theirset-up and their results. The turn-out can be considered satisfying high, especially since compulsory voting could not be imposed. The votes cast were mainly nays.
Autorité politique et informatique du secteur public : De l'outil de gestion aux glissements de pouvoir
Authors: Dethier Robert
Published: July 2021

The analysis deals with the power shifts (caused by the introduction of data-collecting and processing techniques) that can be observed in various relationships : between data-specialists and other civil servants ; between different departments within the same Ministry; between different Ministries; between centra! and local administrations ; between legislative and executive bodies ; between politicians and civil servants.The theoretical bases for the analysis are drawn from the sociology of organizations. The observation itself draws upon the Belgian administration. It leads to more general questions of political science concerning the evolution of some power relationships. What do slogans like «data power» or «computer revolution» mean in real life? The facts are sometimes surprising, and practice at a great distance from theory.
L'absentéisme parlementaire : Diagnostic et remèdes
Authors: Drion Françoise
Published: July 2021

Various causes are responsible for the important absenteeism which prevails in the public sessions and committees of the legislative assemblies: the various activities to be accomplished by Representatives andSenators outside Parliament (particularly obligations in their district and within the party) are more and more numerous and time-consuming.However, they cannot afford to neglect these since they favour the contacts indispensable for re-election.  Additionally, absenteeism can be explained by the M.P.s' lack of interest for debates which they consider insignificant, either because these are too specialized, or because they concern matters largely aired by the media before being submitted to Parliament, or because they cover political choices already made.Within the parliamentary institution there are means to reduce this absenteeism. It would be appropriate to reduce drastically the number of public sessions of the Assemblies and to multiply the written proceedings. It is important to make use of the existing procedures such as permanent sections, as these are better adapted than the large assemblies to the requirements of contemporary parliamentarism. Finally, it is necessary that group leaders and commission presidents should be more vigilant to absenteeism in the commissions, because it impedes correct and functional parliamentary work and can in no manner be justified.
L'espace idéologique au Parlement belge : Une approche comparative
Authors: Dierickx Guido , Frognier André-Paul
Published: July 2021

The management of conflicts in society is perhaps the main function of parliamentary systems. lts success, as estimated by the extent of problem-solving and by the limitation of conflict costs, has to be explainedby the mildness of the challenge to the system and/or by the strength of its response. Among the resources available to the system too little credit is given to the factional elements in political culture, especially to the ideology of the decision-makers. The most promising feature appears to be the differentiation of the ideological space in which political conflict-managers have to operate.The ideological space of the membership of parliament is «differentiated» when it is pluridimensional, when none of these ideological dimensions attains dominating salience, and when the most sensitive political issues are located on different dimensions. The data from a comparative research project show that the Italian parliament with its notoriously weak conflict-management record, fails the first and crucial test: its ideological space is strongly unidimensional. The Swiss parliamentary system with its excellent record passes all the tests. Belgium features a pluridimensional space which is impaired by the dominating salience of one of its dimensions. Other aspects of this space can only partially compensate this weakness. This might contribute to explain the mixed record of political conflict-management in our country.
De regeringsvorming Martens I
Authors: Holvoet Luk , Platel Marc
Published: July 2021

The first months of political life in Belgium in 1979 were essentially characterized by the great difficulties encoutered in the formation of a new cabinet. In 1979 Belgium lived its longest cabinet crisis in its history.As usual, the process of cabinet formation started with the nomination of an «informateur», followed by that of a «formateur». However, formateur Wilfried Martens did not succeed in forming a cabinet : oppositions on issues and strategies between the parties proved to a high to be surmounted. The King there upon introduced an innovation: he designated two «mediators». These, however, also failed to find some ground for agreement. Eventually, after elaborate informal contacts, the resigning Prime-Minister, Paul Vanden Boeynants, was nominated as formateur. After a month of laborious negotiations he successfully completed his mission. However, he preferred to leave the post of Prime-Minister of the new five party cabinet to Mr. Martens, till then president of the FlemishChristian-Democrats.
De splitsing van de Belgische Socialistische Partij : Een B te veel
Authors: Ceuleers Jan
Published: July 2021

This article describes the facts and events that led to the linguistic splitting of the former Belgian Socialist Party into two independent and autonomous political parties : the French speaking Parti Socialiste (PS) and the Dutch speaking Socialistische Partij (SP).Reference is made to unpublished documents and interviews with persons concerned.
Le FDF : seize ans d'expérience pluraliste
Authors: Lefevre Pierre
Published: July 2021

With its sixteen years, experience of pluralism, the FDF appears to represent a new type of political party in Belgian politics.  Owing to the multiplicity of its origins the federalist party of Brussels was obliged in an initial stage to reconcile manifold philosophical, ideological and political tendencies; in later years it has succeeding in giving an even more concrete contents to this pluralism. lt now consciously tends to make this pluralism a political advantage in its competition with the traditional parties. Both the evolution and the structure of the party were strongly determined by this specific characteristic.
"Conference Committees" in het Congres van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Authors: Tillekaerts Guy
Published: July 2021

The conference committee is one of the most important joint committees in het American Congress, appointed to reconcile differences between bills adopted in the two houses of Congress in different forms.Each house is authorized to call for a conference. Usually, only the most important bills are submitted to a conference committee, and minor bills wilt be adopted by concessions of one of the houses.Each house commits his conferees, and can give them instructions on how to vote. These instructions however are not imperative. The number of conferees in each delegation is not necessarily equal, but each delegation votes as a unit and in the way determined by the majority in the delegation. The committee only is allowed to examine the matters in disagreement and cannot add any new provisions to the bills.When an agreement is reached a conference report is written and signed by the majority of the conferees in each delegation, after which it is sent back to the houses for approval.The bill as modified by the conference committee can be adopted or rejected, in which case a second conference can be asked for. No amendments are allowed.  The conference committee, sometimes called the «Third House of Congress» not only has become a very powerful institution but also a necessary one. It is responsible for about one third of the legislation including the most important bills.lts necessity is confirmed by its two century-existence, and the fact that it has been copied in other federal states such as the Federal Republic of Germany and Switzerland.
US "Human Rights" Policy : an appraisal
Authors: Lenaerts Koenraad
Published: July 2021

In the wake of the 1980 CSCE follow-up meeting US human rights objectives should be defined contextually so as to include besides the traditional human rights ingredients, i.e. the right to personal integrity, civil and politica! liberties, such values as peace, national security, nuclear non-proliferation, economie growth and redistribution. To this effect, the US should stress more a proper «world order» as its ultimate policy goal. Doing so would provide it at once with the flexibility needed in the international forum and with the credibility needed on the domestic scene, in order to achieve some visible results. A high-pitched declaratory policy in favor of human rights leads to ineffectiveness with Communist nations and to arbitrary pressures on authoritarian countries which somehow rely on US assistance.Thus, the US should proceed contextually on the basis of a more balanced «human rights» concept.
Regionalisme in Spanje : Van perifeer nationalisme tot geïntegreerde autonomie
Authors: Delmartino Frank
Published: July 2021

The political agreements concluded in the summer of 1981 between the main majority and opposition parties (the centrist UCD and the socialist PSOE) constitute a turning point in the development of Spanish regionalism. Whereas previously autonomy statutes were awarded to historic regions with strong social and cultural identities, we have now a situation where a considerable degree of self-government is also made possible for all other regions. This decision shifted the focus more to socio-economic development, thereby stimulating expectations of improvement based on regional political efforts as well as on national solidarity and state assistance. The recently adopted statute of Andalucia illustrates excellently this new orientation. In this contribution an analysis is made of the institutional instruments available for regional self-government. The conclusions are quite positive with regard to the devolution of powers provided in the constitution and the different statutes. Nevertheless Spain is not evolving into a federal state system. As a more appropriate description we prefer Perez Moreno's characterisation of the existing intergovernmental relations as «autonomias integradas».
De rationaliteit van het overheidsmanagement in het Belgisch politiek systeem
Authors: Van Haegendoren Mieke
Published: July 2021

Rational public decision-making is nearly impossible for two reasons : the organisational complexity of public services and the existence of two circuits, a political one (parties, parliament...), and an administrativeone (bureaucracy).Moreover, public decisions are made by different pressure groups, and from different decision centres.  In Belgium the impact of political parties is steadily increasing, up to the point where they function as master-organisations that have set up their own institutions to carry out public tasks (e.g. education). In thesocio-economie field the government acts more often as an arbitrator and money-supplier than as a decision-maker.In the welfare state the government's position in the whole field of decision-making amounts to delegating decisions to private organisations and pressure groups, which in due course leads to corporatism andirrationality.  Finally, the organisation structure of the civil service itself stimulates irrationality because it was set up as a pyramid hierarchy in a time when the government did not have many tasks.
Development administration : Toward an approach mode
Authors: Heper Metin , Berkman Ümit
Published: July 2021

The institutional model as delineated by classical Public Administration has limited utility for public administration in the developing countries. There are unlikely to be any uniform structural remedies foradministrative defects in those countries. Similar relationships do not have similar consequences in different contexts. An increased awareness along these lines led to the emergence of Development Administration- an effort to relate structures to goals - and Comparative Public Administration - analysis of administrative structures in their own societal contexts. The basic argument of the present articles is that despite our increased sophistication on these matters the relevance in Development Administration cannot be obtained if one relies only on theoretical knowledge. It is noted that in Development Administration thinking must descend from the heights of systematic theory to the open country of praxis.
De politieke macht en de sociaal-economische status van de buurten binnen de Brusselse agglomeratie
Authors: Holvoet Luc
Published: July 2021

Political power in Brussels is not distributed randomly over its area.  There is hardly any political power situated in districts with a very low socio-economic status ( SES), white there is an overconcentration of political power in districts with a high SES in relation to their population.  The residents of very low SES districts are deprived in two ways : almost no power is situated in their districts and the office bolders who do live in them are generally among the least powerful.It is noted that the power of the Dutch-language parties is distributed over the Brussels agglomeration in another way than the French-language parties. The power of the Dutch-language parties is situated primarily in low SES districts, while French-language parties have their power mainly in districts with a high SES.The lack of political power of very low SES districts is not new. Since World War II, there has never been much power located in the zones where the part of the population that occupies the base of the production process lives. Democracy is still not able to prevent the formation of areas within the Brussels agglomeration in which the residents have a very small share in the power of the political parties.
Essai de visualisation des attitudes des principaux partis politiques belges
Authors: Capron Henri , Kruseman Jean-Louis
Published: July 2021

The main point developed in this paper is the demonstration of the attitudes characterizing the major Belgian political parties. This is achieved through a factorial analysis applied to a set of data resulting from the answers given by the major parties leaders to various specific questions regarding bath the prevailing economie as well as institutional issues at the eve of the election of December 17th, 1978. From that point it has been possible to compare those results with the one obtained from the data concerning the 1974 programmes.The results of the statistical analysis show that white in 1974 the strongest positive associations between parties corresponded to tht traditional ethical and socioeconomic cleavages, four years later the linguistic dimension was predominant with a stronger homogeneity characterizing the Dutchspeaking group than what could be observed for the Frenchspeaking one.The factorial analysis allows for a graphical representation of the respective positioning of the parties along the statistically significant factorial axes. Applied to two sets of data, the first one on purely institutional matters, the second one on both institutional and economic policies, the analysis reveals clearly through the various graphs presented the linguistic cleavage as well as the divergences about the extent of regional competences and minorities protection, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the degrees of regional economic autonomy and of public intervention in the business life.