bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of anxiety on continuous performance test functioning in an ADHD clinic sample
Authors: Epstein J.N. , Goldberg N.A. , Conners C.K. , March J.S.
Published: March 2007

Several research studies have reported that the performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on continuous performance tests (CPTs) is affected by comorbid anxiety. However, the specific anxiety domains/symptoms that affect CPT performance as well as the particular CPT performance measures have been inconsistent across studies. The present study examines CPT performance in 158 ADHD clinic-referred children using measures derived from signal detection theory. Regression analyses are conducted to examine whether any of the anxiety domains from the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) account for variance on CPT performance measures. The main finding of these analyses is that physiological anxiety appears to increase response inhibition, whereas cognitive anxiety appears to decrease response inhibition. This finding suggests that physiological anxiety alone may be responsible for increased response inhibition/decreased impulsivity in children with comorbid anxiety. These results are interpreted in the context of Gray's model of a behavioral inhibition system
Criminal Profiling
Authors: MULLER DAMON A.
Published: March 2007

Criminal profiling is designed to generate information on a perpetrator of a crime, usually a serial offender, through an analysis of the crime scene left by the perpetrator. The two main approaches to criminal profiling, crime scene analysis and investigative psychology, are examined for the presence of a paradigm and the possibility of falsifiability to determine whether they can be considered as science.
Race, Place, and Risk Revisited
Authors: ROSE HAROLD M. , McCLAIN PAULA D.
Published: March 2007

In 1990, our study of Black homicide in six cities over 25 years, Race, Place and Risk: Black Homicide in Urban America, was published. In the epilogue, the authors identified the emergence of a new phase of violent behavior occurring in low-income Black communities but were not able to identify its etiology. This article extends into the early to mid-1990s our earlier work on Black homicide in urban America. The authors focus on the 8-year interval, 1985 to 1993, after the publication of Race, Place and Risk. The factor that distinguishes homicides of the current period from those of our earlier period is that the age of both victimization and offending has moved downward. In an effort to identify the reasons for this downward shift, the authors examine victimization in 4 previous high-risk urban places (Atlanta, GA; Detroit, MI; St. Louis, MO; and Los Angeles, CA), and 4 newly emerged, high-risk centers (Washington, DC; New Orleans, LA; Milwaukee, WI; and Charlotte, NC). The authors suggest that the development of an oppositional culture among young Black males is an important element in accounting for the most recent upsurge in lethal victimizations in the nation's larger urban centers.
Homicides Related to Intimate Partner Violence in Massachusetts
Authors: LANGFORD LINDA , ISAAC NANCY , KABAT STACEY
Published: March 2007

Multiple data sources were used to construct a database of intimate partner violence-related homicide cases from 1991 through 1995 in Massachusetts using an expanded case definition that includes others killed in the context of intimate partner disputes. Results show that nearly one in four victims who died in intimate partner-related incidents were victims other than the intimate partner. In a comparison of the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) with the study database, the SHR identified only 71.1% of the partner victims and could at best identify only 26.7% of the victims other than partners. Intimate homicides involving multiple victims were underreported in the SHR. Cases involving ex-boyfriend perpetrators were reported as partner homicides less often in the SHR than other intimate relationships. Rates calculated using a methodology designed to compensate for nonreporting and missing data in the SHR overestimated partner homicide rates. Issues of generalizability of these findings are discussed.
Wagner's Law, Public Sector Patterns, and Growth of Public Enterprises in Taiwan
Authors: Pluta Joseph E.
Published: March 2007

Empirical evidence based on public expenditure patterns over a 24-year period casts doubt on the existence of Wagner's Law, the displacement effect, and budgetary recentralization in Taiwan, while supporting the Beck hypothesis of declining real public sector size, the concentration effect, and decentralized centralization. As is true of existing studies on other developing countries, higher profit rates were found in joint public/private enterprises than in wholly owned public firms. However, public enterprises in Taiwan, unlike those in most developing countries, consistently contributed to rather than drained from public revenue. As a result of this and of their relatively large contribution to capital formation, public enterprises played an important role in Taiwan's impressive economic growth record.
Property Tax Reassessment Cycles: Significance for Uniformity and Effective Rates
Authors: Mikesell John L.
Published: March 2007

Assessment cycles establish the points at which assessors are legally presumed to revalue property in their jurisdictions so that property tax burdens may be reallocated The operation, logic, and effects of existing cycles have, however, largely been ignored in analysis, even as attacks on property taxation, including the Jarvis-Gann initiative, drastically revise these cycles and their valuation presumptions. This article identifies cycles found in the United States and, on the basis of empirical analysis, concludes that specific cycles improve assess ment uniformity when compared with a general requrrement of annual assess ment, that reassessment improves tax uniformity, and that increased assess ment ratios with reassessment has mixed impact on effective tax rates.
Subsidies To Child Care: Public Policy and Optimality
Authors: Krashinsky Michael
Published: March 2007

This article examines the efficiency of subsidies for extra-family child care. It is shown that if the government is attempting to maximize the household Abstract utility function revealed by the individual family, deductibility of child care expenses will constitute the maximum efficient subsidy. Concern for equity among families will also justify deductibility. Concern for the specific well- being of children can justify higher subsidies, but these should not be directed only through day care centers, and should be available to children whether or not their parents work and use day care. Finally, the effert of subsidies on fertility is shown theoretically to be ambiguous.
Federal Tex Reform and the Taxation of Urban Residents
Authors: Reschovsky Andrew , Chernick Howard
Published: March 2007

This article uses a microsimulation model to demonstrate that suburban residents reap larger benefits from Tax Reform than do urban residents. Tax Reform may also lead many states to reduce their reliance on income taxes. Although the direct incentives to reduce local taxes in central cities are weak, Tax Reform is likely to create stronger incentives for state governments to reduce spending, especially on programs for poor people. By creating differential price effects across different types of jurisdictions, state governments will face pressure to reduce and reallocate state aid away from central cities.
Measuring the Effects of Federal Grants-in-Aid on Total Public Sector Size
Authors: Schwallie Daniel P.
Published: March 2007

Empirical studies of intergovernmental grants have applied a partial-equilibrium framework to investigate the marginal effects of grants on the spending by recipient governments, and generally conclude that all grants do stimulate such spending. Although it is tempting to interpret this to mean that an increase in grants therefore always increases aggregate government spending, such a conclusion gives no consideration to the underlying cause of a change in grant amounts or their financing. A general-equilibrium model that explains the aggregate effect of grants, as well as their existence, is used herein to estimate the aggregate stimulative effect of intergovernmental grants.
Two-Stage Optimization, Tax Rates, and Saving: Some Time Series Evidence
Authors: Roth Timothy P.
Published: March 2007

Orthodox consumption (saving) functions typically regard income (or wealth) as exogenously determined. Yet the "representative agent" may be regarded as a labor supplier, an asset portfolio manager, and a consumer. In this interpretation, "income" is a discretionary variable whose optimal values emerge as a result of a constrained optimization procedure, a process that, inter alia, takes account of the prevailing income-tax structure. Given the optimal income flow, the agent qua consumer then determines his (her) optimal consumption-saving pattern. This stage-two optimization process is also influenced by the prevailing tax structure. This article develops the logic of the two-stage optimization model and provides some time series evidence relating to both stages.
A Note On the Public Choice Approach To the Growth in Government Expenditure
Authors: Diamond Jack
Published: March 2007

This article applies an empirical model, based on the economic theory of public choice, to the Group of Seven countries. It is discovered: (1) that deficit financing does appear to contribute to increased real government spending; (2) that the demand for government services as a whole does not appear to be income elastic; (3) that there is some evidence of a productivity lag in the government sectors of Canada, Japan, and the United States, but not in those of France, Italy, or the United Kingdom; and (4) that in most countries there is some evidence of economies of scale in the provision of government services.
Rational Conjectures Equilibria in the Private Provision of Public Goods
Authors: Scafuri Allenj.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of information acquisition and the interaction between learning and individual choices in a model of voluntary public good provision. It shows that if agents form conjectural variations via a simple econometric learning process, final equilibira are dependent upon initial conditions. There is a significant set of possible equilibria that arise as limit points of this process and they may be given a simple geometric interpretation.
A Note On the Estimation of Capitalization
Authors: Pogodzinski J.M. , Sjoquist David L.
Published: March 2007

Several authors have applied the hedonic model using before-after data to estimate the willingness to pay for a change in public expenditure or amenity This article shows that attempts to interpret the results of such estimation as a measure of willingness to pay for a local amenity or public expenditure in this case are flawed. The implicit basis for such estimation is a single-jurisdiction partial equilibrium model, whereas the underlying Tiebout model is multijurisdictional and general equilibrium. It is argued that the results of such estimations incorporate biases, the direction and magnitude of which cannot be predicted. If service-tax packages are exogenous, then the hedonic model using before-after data will likely provide incorrect estimates of the willingness to pay.
Optimal Taxation of Foreign Source Investment Income With Heterogeneous Households
Authors: Wang Lih-Jau , Pereira Alfredo M.
Published: March 2007

Using a two-country static general equilibrium model with two goods (tradables and nontradables) and heterogeneous households (laborers and capital owners), this article analyzes how real exchange rate and income redistribution affect the optimal taxation of foreign source investment income. It shows that if the home tradable good sector is capital intensive relative to the nontradable good sector and if the weight of capital owners in the social welfare function is sufficiently high, then the optimal tax rate on foreign source investment income is lower than the tax rate on domestic investment income. Numerical simulations suggest that a higher weight of capital owners in the social welfare function and a higher fraction of the multinational's capital exported from the home country are among the factors that lead to a greater (negative) differential between the taxes on foreign source and domestic investment income.
Central Planning, Internal Security, and the Environment
Authors: Hubbell L. Kenneth , Selden Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the economic and political factors that have led to low levels of environmental quality in centrally planned economies. A mathematical model is presented that juxtaposes several of the most plausible explanations: (a) low income levels, (b) highly polluted resource bases, (c) systemic inefficiency in production, (d) the difficulty of incorporating complex environmental considerations into the planning process, (e) the insensitivity of leaders to the welfare of their citizens, (f) high expenditures on internal security as a fraction of gross national product, and (g) the ability of leaders to supress environmental awareness through the control of environmental information. The resulting framework clarifies the distinctions among these explanations, offering insight into this extreme case of government failure.
Tax Neutrality and Social Welfare in a Comptutational General Equilibrium Framework
Authors: Formby John P. , Medema Steven G. , Smith W. James
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the effects of distributionally neutral tax changes on equity and efficiency using computational general equilibrium and stochastic dominance techniques. The authors find, for a tax increase, that the constant-tax-share definition is preferred both in terms of efficiency and equity for a wide range of values of the elasticity of labor supply. For a tax decrease, the constant-after-tax-income definition dominates. For low elasticities of labor supply, no general welfare conclusions can be drawn, but under reasonable assumptions the constant-tax-share definition would be approved by a risk-averse median voter.
Solving the Helmholtz Equation At High-Wave Numbers On a Parallel Computer With a Shared Virtual Memory
Authors: Bristeau Marie-Odile , Erhel Jocelyne , Féat Philippe , Glowinski Roland , Periaux Jacques
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we address the implementation of finite element codes on a parallel computer providing a shared virtual memory. We solve the Helmholtz equa tion at high-wave numbers by a method combining the least-squares formulation and finite-element dis cretization. Numerical experiments concerning the scattering of planar waves by nonconvex obstacles show the efficiency of the new algorithm. Parallelism relies heavily on shared variables and parallel loops; performances are enhanced by considering local ver sus global nodes and by renumbering the mesh. Ex periments are implemented on a KSR computer with up to 20 processors.
The Conceptualization and Analysis of Change Over Time: An Integrative Approach Incorporating Longitudinal Mean and Covariance Structures Analysis (LMACS) and Multiple Indicator Latent Growth Modeling (MLGM)
Authors: Chan David
Published: March 2007

The concept of change over time is fundamental to many phenomena investigated in organizational research. This didactically oriented article proposes an integrative approach incorporating longitudinal mean and covariance structures analysis and multiple indicator latent growth modeling to aid organizational researchers in directly addressing fundamental questions concerning the conceptualization and analysis of change over time. The approach is illustrated using a numerical example involving several organizationally relevant variables. Advantages, limitations, and extensions of the approach are discussed.
The Role of Narratives in the Advertising of Experiential Services
Authors: Mattila Anna S.
Published: March 2007

Service researchers have postulated that for many services, from the customer’s point of view, the service experience is the key perceptual event. For portraying and conveying experiences, narrative forms of communication tend to be uniquely effective. This experimental study examined whether consumer expertise interferes with the relative effectiveness of story-based appeals in print advertisements portraying experiential services. This study also sought insight into consumers’ affective responses to service ads, a nascent area of inquiry. Overall, this study’s results suggest that consumers with relatively low familiarity with a service category might prefer appeals based on stories to appeals based on lists of service attributes. This relative advantage of narrative ads might be magnified when the novice consumer is in a happy rather than sad mood while encoding the information in the ad. Consumers with relatively high familiarity with the focal service category, however, might be unaffected by the format of the information presentation.
An Empirical Investigation of Customer Satisfaction after Service Failure and Recovery
Authors: McCollough Michael A. , Berry Leonard L. , Yadav Manjit S.
Published: March 2007

Relatively little research has addressed the nature and determinants of customer satisfaction following service failure and recovery. Two studies using scenario-based experiments reveal the impact of failure expectations, recovery expectations, recovery performance, and justice on customers’ postrecovery satisfaction. Customer satisfaction was found to be lower after service failure and recovery (even given high-recovery performance) than in the case of error-free service. The research shows that, in general, companies fare better in the eyes of consumers by avoiding service failure than by responding to failure with superior recovery.
The Role of Price Perceptions in an Integrated Model of Behavioral Intentions
Authors: Varki Sajeev , Colgate Mark
Published: March 2007

Compared to the emphasis that service quality research has received in service marketing, much less work has been done on the role of price perceptions and their effect on customer retention. This article seeks to fill this gap in the literature. The authors build propositions of price’s role vis-à-vis customer value, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions and then test these propositions using empirical data from the banking industry in the United States and New Zealand. Their findings indicate that (a) price perceptions have a stronger influence on customer value perceptions than quality, and (b) price perceptions, when measured on a comparative basis, have a significant direct effect on customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions— over and above their mediated effect through the construct of customer value. These results indicate that price perceptions significantly affect customer retention and suggest that managers may benefit from actively managing consumers’ price perceptions, in addition to consumers’ quality perceptions.
Condoms and the Making of “Testosterone Man”
Authors: VITELLONE NICOLE
Published: March 2007

Heterosexual men's apparent aversion to wearing condoms in AIDS culture has lead a range of analysts and researchers to ask why this is the case. Many feminists have suggested that the answer to this question lies in the way the practice of unsafe heterosex—without condoms—is key for the constitution of a hegemonic heterosexual masculine self-identity. Moreover, it is often argued that what is at issue for understanding the practice of unsafe heterosex is the male sex drive discourse. Conversely, it is usually assumed that the cultural phenomena of the male sex drive—as a spontaneous, uninterruptible, powerful, hydraulic force—is radically challenged by the object of the condom, an object which is perceived to disrupt the natural performance of the male sex drive. In this article, the author questions the male sex drive-unsafe heterosex thesis through a reinterpretation of AIDS research findings on the practice of safer heterosex with condoms.
From Mensch to Macho?
Authors: MARTEL ELISE
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research is to explore the construction of a new masculinity by investigating the relationship between the Jewish identity and that of the biker. Using data from participant observation and in-depth interviewing, the author investigates the ways in which identity is constructed and maintained for a group of Jewish Harley-Davidson riders. The author pays particular attention to the role of symbols in legitimizing claims to place and the parts played by ritual and myth in boundary and identity construction. She examines how one symbolic system (American masculinity in general, and Harley-Davidson culture specifically) is understood in relation to a Jewish American symbolic model of world. The themes that emerged in the author's research suggest that what has occurred is not only a reformulation of what it means to be a Jew and Jewish in America but what it means to be a Jewish man.
Feminism, Psychoanalysis, and (Male) Hysteria over John Bobbitt's Missing Manhood
Authors: GRINDSTAFF LAURA , McCAUGHEY MARTHA
Published: March 2007

This article draws on feminist theory and psychoanalysis to analyze the media discourse surrounding the 1993 incident in which Lorena Bobbitt severed her husband's penis after he allegedly raped her. Touted as the ultimate example of “male bashing,” Lorena's literal emasculation of John was described in the media as a specific instance of feminism's more general emasculation of men. This framing, like castration anxiety itself, reveals the intimate connection of heterosexual masculine identity with the phallus as the privileged signifier of sexual difference and naturalized male power. Male hysteria over the Bobbitt case also illustrates a tired double standard in which isolated cases of female aggression are read as evidence of the routine victimization of White men rather than as evidence of men's power to voice their complaints in the media (while silencing women's) or as evidence of White men's privileged entitlement to sexual invulnerability.
Wrestling with Gender
Authors: HASBROOK CYNTHIA A. , HARRIS OTHELLO
Published: March 2007

In this article, it is shown how a group of young schoolchildren rely on physicality in the production of masculinities. The authors draw from participant observational data gathered during two four-month time periods in the children's first- and second-grade years of a predominately Black, lower income, inner-city school. The production of a dominant and subordinate masculinity, as well as the children's struggles to define, to achieve, and to resist the dominant masculinity are described and discussed. Attempts to subordinate femininities and especially girls' physicality are highlighted.
The End of the Line
Authors: WEBB RUSSELL E. , DANILUK JUDITH C.
Published: March 2007

In this qualitative study, in-depth interviews were used to explore the experience of infertility for six men diagnosed with male factor infertility. A thematic analysis of the interview data generated seven phenomenological themes that reflect how being infertile changed and shaped the lives of these men as they attempted to come to terms with their infertility.
Insulating Existing Flat Roofs: Design and Construction Details
Authors: Burn Kenneth N. , Roux Richard
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the design and construc tion of details pertaining to insulated roofs for new construc tion and for thermal upgrading of existing ones. Emphasis is given to built-up roofs (BUR) because of their wide use and the particular problems associated with the tendency of the membrane to shrink.
Predicting Weight Loss From Smoldering Combustion in Cellulosic Insulation
Authors: Levan Susan , Schaffer Erwin L.
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model was developed which predicted the weight loss that would occur under smoldering conditions when the test was conducted according to Federal Specification HH-I-515D. Also a smoldering propagation parameter was identified that was sensitive to various treat ment levels.
"Reporter" News of the Industry
Authors: Matthews Marjorie C.
Published: March 2007

This is the concluding element of a multi-year program to develop and demonstrate a technique for using aerial infrared thermography for quantitatively assessing heat loss from building roofs. The technique has been reported on earlier. In the current work, aerial and ground surveys were carried out for a set of 90 homes. In both cases, heat losses were calculated and buildings were divided into five categories from very high to very low heat loss. Comparison between the two sets showed building by building agreement 99 percent of the time. The project also included development of a technique for dissemination of quantitative information to homeowners. This technique is discussed.
Progress in Evaluating Long-Term Thermal Resistance of Cellular Plastics
Authors: Edgecombe Fred H.
Published: March 2007

Restrictions in the use of CFC blowing agents and difficulties in esti mating long-term thermal resistance of new gas-filled cellular plastics led to the es tablishment of an expert task group with a mandate to review and improve R-value evaluation techniques

One approach, based on measurement of thermal resistance of thin material layers (scaling factors), was found to be applicable to homogeneous and uniform boards In one case the estimate was confirmed by long-term R-value measurements performed on the actual product Future research to extend application of the technique to non uniform or to faced cellular plastic boards is recommended
Thermal Resistance of Air Ducts with Bubblepack Reflective Insulation
Authors: Yarbrough David W.
Published: March 2007

A series of measurements to determine overall heat-transfer coeffi cients for air-handling ducts was used to obtain the R-value added to the ducts by bubblepack reflective insulation Heat fluxes determined from steady-state energy balances were combined with temperature measurements to determine U-values and R-values. The five configurations tested were no insulation, reflective insulation ap plied directly to the inside or outside wall of the duct, and exterior reflective insula tion installed with two types of spacers to form 0.75 inch air gaps. The R-values added to the initial value of 1.56 ft2·h·°F/Btu varied from 0.82 to 4.09 ft2·h·°F/Btu for the configurations tested.
A New Thermal Insulation System for Vaccine Distribution
Authors: Moshfegh B.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the potential application of a new passive cool ing system for distribution of biological and medical products at a secure temperature for long periods of time. Instead of the existing methods for protection of biological products against unsuitable conditions, a passive cooled container in conjunction with multilayer insulation (MLI) systems is proposed. The super-insulated container developed here, provides an efficient utilization of the latent heat resulting from solid fusion to absorb the major part of the heat leak through the system. The impetus for the present study is, first to investigate the thermal performance of the MLI systems as a function of hot boundary temperature, residual gas pressure, emissivity of the radiation shield and layer density, and secondly, to predict the secure transportation for the transported products under expected internal and external conditions from the standpoint of numerical heat transfer augmentation. The simulated model shows that the super-insulated container can provide several months of storing at a constant temperature, proper for the transported products. The finite element method is employed as the principle computational tool for the heat transfer analysis of the model.
Field Performance of Spray Applied Thermal Insulating Foams
Authors: Alumbaugh Robert
Published: March 2007

The replacement of old blowing agents has raised the question of the long-term thermal performance of such foams. To retain the long-term thermal per formance of new SPUF types, chemical manufacturers (system houses) will have to consider a more fundamental review of the polymers available to create a new gener ation of SPUFs, and the SPUF contractors (field fabricators) will have to acquire the technical knowledge needed for promoting the SPUF in a number of new applica tions.

To place these issues into perspective, this presentation on long-term thermal per formance of SPUFs, together with one from the National Research Council of Canada which addresses some key functions of the building envelope, such as the air barrier performance lead to the conclusion that to enhance the use of SPUFs in con struction systems, a clear focus on the performance controls is required.
Influence of the Chemical Composition of Glass on Heat Transfer through Glass Fibre Insulations in Relation to Their Morphology and Temperature of Use
Authors: Langlais C. , Guilbert G. , Banner D. , Klarsfeld S.
Published: March 2007

This paper represents the synthesis of our investigations towards a better understanding of radiative heat transfer through fiberglass insulating materials from 1985 to 1990.

Both a theoretical and experimental approach are proposed in order to predict the thermal resistance of fibrous insulants, and to determine the influence of the chemical composition of the bulk glass, of the insulant morphology (porosity, specific surface, anisotropy) and of the temperature of use ( T < 600°C).

The fibrous material is treated as a semi-transparent medium that absorbs, scatters and emits radiation; the radiative heat transfer equation is solved by the Shuster- Schwartzchild approximation. The radiative coefficients of the fiberized glass that ap pear in the equations (scattering, absorption and backscattering coefficients) are derived from spectral reflection and transmission measurements performed on the bulk glass as a function of temperature (determination of the complex index and use of Kerker Mie theory).

Theoretical predictions of the total heat transfer through different types of fiberglass insulants are presented and validated by experimental results.

The emphasis is put on the effect of the chemical composition of glass. Special at tention is given to boron oxide (B2O 3). A close look at the infrared spectra (on both bulk and fiberized glass) allows us to understand the influence of this oxide on the thermal resistance of fiberglass insulating materials.

The effects of the insulant morphology and temperature are also discussed.
Thermal Performance Patterns on Solid Masonry Exterior Walls of Historic Buildings
Authors: Colantonio Antonio
Published: March 2007

The Parliamentary Precinct in Ottawa, Canada, is comprised of a number of historic buildings that include the House of Commons, the Senate Chamber, the Parliamentary Library, the Peace Tower, and other buildings that pro vide offices for parliamentarians and their staff. The majority of these buildings have exterior walls that are made of solid masonry with thicknesses ranging between 400 mm and 800 mm. In some cases, special wall areas are more than 1200 mm thick and are comprised of various types of masonry materials. With winter design tempera tures of-25°C, more than 170 cm of snowfall, and numerous thaws during the five month heating season, the exterior environmental conditions acting on the exterior wall assemblies of these historic buildings are severe enough to cause masonry and mortar deterioration wherever moisture accumulates during winter months.

Infrared thermographic inspections were carried out to locate and identify the causal mechanisms of moisture accumulation within masonry wall assemblies. This paper will discuss the types of thermal patterns produced by various mechanisms of heat loss and identify some of the typical areas where possible masonry deterioration occurs. Knowledge gained from these extensive investigations will be used to de velop a nondestructive test methodology to locate areas of freeze-thaw damage as part of a predictive and preventive maintenance program to reduce preservation costs of these historical structures.
Water Vapour Transfer Properties of Spunbonded Plastic Films
Authors: Janssens A. , Hens H.
Published: March 2007

The water vapour permeances of two types of spunbonded plastic roofunderlay films are measured using different methods. Experiments with isother mal permeance cup procedures are discussed. Because of the high permeance of the tested films, the analysis of these measurements is not as simple as described in most standards. To obtain reliable results of the cup tests, the influence of the water vapour diffusion resistance of the air films is separately investigated. A non-isothermal per meance test was developed to measure the effect of surface condensation on the va pour permeance of the films. The paper describes the apparatus and discusses the re liability of the method. The properties measured by the non-isothermal test method are compared to those obtained with the isothermal method.
An Invitation to Methodological Pluralism
Authors: Sechrest Lee , Babcock Judith , Smith Bradley
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP.Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previous Forum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ... " and "Rejoinder to ... " will not be pubished inForum— such responses are welcome and encouraged in theIn Response section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Design and Measurement Considerations in Evaluating Integrated Human Service Delivery Systems
Authors: Shea Michael P. , Lewko John J. , Flynn Robert J. , Boschen Kathryn A. , Volpe Richard
Published: March 2007

This article calls attention to the fact that evaluators are increasingly being called upon to evaluate integrated human service delivery systems. This is a complex policy and program context which creates a number of potential difficulties for evaluators. This article draws upon the experiences of a group of evaluators who have recently completed a four-year implementation evaluation of a multi-site integrated human service delivery system. The following "pre-implementation" Shea issues are discussed: assisting program implementors in the specification of program parameters and negotiables; assessing the "preimplementation environment" of multiple sites; choice of research design; and, separating service delivery from program management. In addition, this article also discusses a number of "implementation phase" evaluation activities including: measuring the extent of implementation of key features of service integration; identifying transfers of authority and the locus of decision making; the use of both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis; and, reporting considerations.
Book Reviews : Developing Quality Schools, edited by Colin Bayne-Jardin and Peter Holley, London: Falmer Press, 1994, 153 pp
Authors: Brown Dan
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broad field of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviewed singly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be reviewed, or those who wish to submit a review, should contact Perry Sailor (Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-2810; phone: 801-797-0090 or e-mail: perrys@cpd2.usu.edu). In general, a review of an individual book should not exceed four double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional lengths.

In the past, EP policy has been to commission a single review for each book. That will continue to be the practice for most books, but in the future, two reviews will be commissioned for books judged by the Editor and/or Book Review Editor to be major works in evaluation. Such major evaluation books would include evaluation texts, edited books of evaluation readings, or other books dedicated solely to extending evaluation theory or practice. Conversely, books that focus on methods or techniques shared by evaluation and other disciplines or professions (e.g., statistics; measurement; observation methods) will receive a single review.
Does Community Policing Generate Greater Numbers and Different Types of Citizen Complaints than Traditional Policing?
Authors: Hickman Matthew J. , Piquero Alex R. , Greene Jack R.
Published: March 2007

Recent policing literature suggests that community policing and problem solving will generate additional ethical dilemmas at the officer and organizational levels. As a result, several scholars have argued that police agencies might see an increase in the generation of citizen complaints. Using official departmental complaints data collected for all graduates of a recent Philadelphia Police Academy class, the authors examine the effects of role assignment (i.e., community vs. traditional policing) and other individual-level variables on complaint generation for a period of 3.5 years after graduation. The authors test the hypotheses that the proportion of officers assigned to community policing roles and traditional policing roles who have generated (a) citizen complaints, (b) different types of complaints, and (c) multiple complaints is equal. The results suggest that both groups generate complaints in equivalent proportions. The authors then shift to individual-level predictors of complaint generation in the same cohort of officers. Logistic regression results indicate that several individual-level variables are significantly related to complaint generation, whereas role assignment is not. Implications for police policy and future research directions are discussed.
Extent of Citizen Contact With Police
Authors: Hoover Larry T. , Dowling Jerry L. , Fenske John W.
Published: March 2007

At the core of community policing approaches is expanded citizen interac tion. Yet, little data exists regarding the extent and nature of citizen con tact with the police. This research examines the experiences of a random sample of Texas citizens and the effect the nature of their contact has on satisfaction with police response.
From Ipa To Ilea
Authors: Marenin Otwin
Published: March 2007

The political contexts, goals and activities of two international police acad emies operated by the United States are described and evaluated. Conti nuities and changes between the International Police Academy (which operated in Washington, D.C., from 1963 to 1975) and the International Law Enforcement Academy (which opened in Budapest, Hungary, in 1995) are linked to four global developments: the changing global security agenda after the collapse of the Cold War, a lack of consistently advocated ideo logical alternatives to the rhetoric of democracy, the legitimation of inter national police work as the protection of national security and changes in the priorities and interests that guide U.S. foreign policy. In consequence, U.S. international police training has shifted from an emphasis on "politi cal policing" (which dominated thinking at IPA) to "functional policing" (which is the model underlying ILEA training), and has become part of the ongoing globalization of policing norms, strategies, tactics and opera tional rules.
Intergovernmental Relations and the Crime Task Force: a Case Study of the East Texas Violent Crime Task Force and Its Implications
Authors: Phillips Peter W. , Orvis Gregory P.
Published: March 2007

Using the East Texas Violent Crime Task Force as an exemplar, this article examines the taskforce conceptas an exercise in intergovernmental cooperation. After defining the task force concept and examining its history, the authors identify problems of task force organization and operation, and they propose strategies for overcoming these problems through the application of the intergovernmental relations conceptual framework. The future of crime task forces is then examined.
Negative Life Experiences Negative Life Experiences, Depression, and Immune Function in Abused and Nonabused Women
Authors: Constantino Rose E. , Sekula L. Kathleen , Rabin Bruce , Stone Clement
Published: March 2007

Abuse of women by their intimate partner is a staggering national problem. Abused women have a higher number of medically unexplained somatic symptoms, more functional disability, a lower selfrating of general health, and higher health care utilization when compared to nonabused women. The authors’ purpose in this study was to examine differences in occurrences of negative life experiences, level of depression, and T-cell function between abused and nonabused women. The sample consisted of abused women ( n = 12) and nonabused women ( n = 12). Hypotheses tested were (1) abused women will have more negative life experiences than nonabused women, (2) abused women will have higher levels of depression than nonabused women, and (3) abused women will have reduced T-cell function compared to nonabused women. A cross-sectional cohort design was used to compare differences in negative life experiences, levels of depression, and T-cell function. Independent samplet -tests were performed comparing the abused versus nonabused women on the dependent measures. Significant differences were found between the groups for negative life experiences (LES;t = 2.29,p < 0.05), level of depression (BDI;t = 3.48,p < 0.01), and T-cell function (TMR;t = –5.62,p < 0.01). These findings are descriptive and do not establish causal links. However, this is an inquiry into the psychological and biobehavioral responses of women experiencing abuse and their potential health problems. The study shows that abused women reported more negative life experiences, experienced higher levels of depression, and experienced lower T-cell function when compared with nonabused women.
Defining and Measuring Balance in Adults
Authors: Yim-Chiplis Paula K. , Talbot Laura A.
Published: March 2007

The ability to maintain balance is often taken for granted, yet it is the foundation for mobility and overall functional independence throughout the life span. The purpose of this article is to define balance, review the components of balance, and describe common instruments used to measure balance. Clinical screening instruments, functional performance tests, and technological measures of balance are reviewed addressing their uses, strengths, and limitations.
Heart Rate Variability and Hemodynamic Alterations in Canines with Normal Cardiac Function during Exposure to Pressure Support, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, and a Combination of Pressure Support and Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Authors: Frazier Susan K. , Moser Debra K. , Stone Kathleen S.
Published: March 2007

Variations in intrathoracic pressure generated by different ventilator weaning modes may significantly affect intrathoracic hemodynamics and cardiovascular stability. Although several investigators have attributed cardiovascular alterations during ventilator weaning to augmented sympathetic tone, there is limited investigation of changes in autonomic tone during ventilator weaning. Heart rate variability (HRV), the analysis of beat-to-beat changes in heart rate, is a noninvasive indicator of autonomic tone that might be useful in the identification of patients who are at risk for weaning difficulty due to underlying cardiac dysfunction. The authors describe HRV and hemodynamics in response to 3 ventilatory conditions: pressure support (PS) 10 cmH2O, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 10 cmH2O, and a combination of PS 10 cmH2O and CPAP 10 cmH2O (PS+CPAP) in a group of canines with normal ventricular function. Six canines were studied in the laboratory. Continuous 3-lead electrocardiographic data were collected during baseline (controlled mechanical ventilation) and following transition to each of the ventilatory conditions (PS, CPAP, PS+CPAP) for analysis of HRV. HRV was evaluated using power spectral analysis to define the power under the curve in a very low frequency range (0.0033 to < 0.04 Hz, sympathetic tone), a low frequency range (0.04 to < 0.15 Hz, primarily sympathetic tone), and a high frequency range (0.15 to < 0.40 Hz, parasympathetic tone). A thermodilution pulmonary artery catheter measured cardiac output and right ventricular end-diastolic volume to describe global hemodynamics. There were significant increases in very low frequency power (sympathetic tone) with a concomitant significant reduction in high-frequency power (parasympathetic tone) with exposure to PS+CPAP. These alterations in HRV were associated with significantly increased heart rate and reduced right ventricular end-diastolic volume. Although there was a small but significant increase in cardiac output with exposure to PS, HRV was unchanged. These data indicate that there was a relative shift in autonomic balance to increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic tone with exposure to PS+CPAP. The increase in intrathoracic pressure reduced right ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload). This hemodynamic alteration generated a change in autonomic tone, so that cardiac output could be maintained. Individuals with autonomic and/or cardiovascular dysfunction may not be capable of this type of response and may fail to successfully wean from mechanical ventilation.
Contemplating the Emotional Component of Learning
Authors: Brown Reva Berman
Published: March 2007

This article provides a discursive exploration of emotion and learning, each dependent on the other and intertwined. No firm conclusions are reached, but light is shed on the view that learning is an emotional experience as well as an intellectual one, and that learning can be enhanced and hampered by the learner's emotional health. The emotion-laden examples come from students studying for an MBA at a university in south-east England. As part of their assessed work, students are required to submit an appendix which discusses the learning attained during the process of doing the research and writing the piece of work. The learning itself connects new knowledge about the material subject matter of the programme with knowledge about themselves as students, managers and human beings. What emerges are the emotions and feelings involved when undertaking an MBA.
Head Games: Introducing Tomorrow's Business Elites to Institutionalized Inequality
Authors: Cavanaugh J. Michael
Published: March 2007

The author, who teaches in a business school where much emphasis is placed on managing the imperatives of the `global economy' and committing the 4 P's of marketing to memory, argues that, important as these technical concerns may be, the most pressing strategic business issues remain the enduring ones of human dignity and engaged citizenship. Accordingly, this article describes an empirical exercise that revisits an annual campus event in an attempt to alert students to the local gender, racial, and class hierarchies that they collectively, and `mindlessly', reproduce. Originally conceived as an early exposure to the workings of institutionalized dominance, this exercise evolved into a reflective account of just how difficult a `rethinking through' of this kind can be: testament to the perversely obdurate nature of lived theory.
Public Reflection as the Basis of Learning
Authors: Raelin Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

It is through public reflection that we may create a collective identity as a community of inquiry. But how does public reflection differ from introspection, and how does it contribute to self and organizational learning? In this article, the author uncovers the many traditions which constitute the process of critical reflective practice, as may be practiced as part of a project-based learning experience. After defining the concept, the article illustrates why reflection is fundamental to learning and how it can be brought out in the company of trusted others through dialogue. The article goes on to illuminate the relationships between public reflection and the common good, experience, and time, as well as to characterize the skills associated with reflective practice.