bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scandalize My Name
Authors: Williamson Terrion L.
Published: May 2017

From sapphire, mammy, and jezebel to the angry black woman, baby mama, and nappy-headed ho, black female iconography has had a long and tortured history in public culture. The telling of this history has long occupied the work of black female theorists—much of which has been foundational in situating black women within the matrix of sociopolitical thought and practice in the United States. Scandalize My Name builds upon the rich tradition of this work while taking a detour from conventional stereotype discourse to argue that black social life defies the limitations of representational thought and practice. By approaching the study of black female representation not as a mechanism of negative or positive valuation but as an opening onto a serious contemplation of the vagaries of black social life, Williamson makes a case for a radical black subject position that structures and is structured by an amorphous social order that ultimately destabilizes the very notion of “civil society.” At turns memoir, sociological inquiry, literary analysis, and cultural critique, Scandalize My Name explores topics as varied as serial murder, reality television, Christian evangelism, and the novels of Toni Morrison, to advance black feminist practice as a modality through which black sociality is both theorized and made material.
Effects of basal area on survival and growth of longleaf pine when practicing selection silviculture
Authors: Kara Ferhat , Loewenstein Edward F. , Brockway Dale G.
Published: May 2017

Aim of study: Uneven-aged (UEA) management systems can achieve multiple-use objectives, however, use of UEA techniques to manage longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests are still open to question, because of the species’ intolerance of competition. It was our aim to examine the influence of different levels (9.2, 13.8 and 18.4 m2 ha-1) of residual basal area (RBA) on longleaf pine seedling survival and growth following three growing seasons.Area of study: This study was conducted at the Escambia Experimental Forest, located on the Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama, in the southeastern United States.Material and Methods: Selection silviculture was implemented with the Proportional-Basal Area (Pro-B) method. Prescribed burning was conducted before seed dispersal and in the second year after germination. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured under the canopy in the study plots. Survival and growth of longleaf pine seedlings were observed for three growing seasons.Main results: An inverse relationship was found between the number of germinants and RBA, but the mortality of germinants and planted seedlings was not affected by RBA. At age three, an inverse relationship was observed between root-collar diameter (RCD) growth of the germinants and RBA, but RCD growth of planted seedlings was not affected by RBA. Most of the study plots contained more than the projected number of seedlings needed to sustain the target diameter structure.Research highlights: Long-term continuous monitoring of seedling development and recruitment into canopy is required to determine the efficacy of UEA management. However, current data suggest that UEA methods may be a viable alternative to the use of even-aged (EA) methods in longleaf ecosystems.
Self-thinning dynamics in cork oak woodlands: providing a baseline for managing density
Authors: Fonseca Teresa , Monteiro Luísa , Enes Teresa , Cerveira Adelaide
Published: May 2017

Aim of study: The study aims to evaluate the maximum potential stocking level in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands, using the ecologically-based size-density relationship of the self-thinning law.Area of study: The study area refers to cork oak forests in mainland Portugal, distributed along its 18 districts from north to south.Material and Methods: A dataset with a total of 2181 observations regarding pure cork oak stands was collected from the Portuguese Forest Inventory (NFI) databases and from research plots. The dataset was subjected to two filtering procedures, one more restrictive than the other, to select the stands presenting the higher stocking values. The two resulting subsets, with 116 and 36 observations, from 16 and 10 districts of mainland Portugal, respectively, were then used to assess and describe the allometric relationship between tree number and their mean diameter.Main results: The allometric relationship was analysed and modelled using the log transformed variables. A slightly curvilinear trend was identified. Thus, a straight line and a curve were both fitted for comparison purposes. Goodness-of-fit statistics point out for a good performance when the data is set to the uppermost observed stocking values. A self-thinning line for cork oak was projected from the estimated relationship.Research highlights: The self-thinning model can be used as an ecological approach to develop density guidelines for oak woodlands in a scenario of increasing cork demands. The results indicate that the recommendations being applied in Portugal are far below the maximal potential stocking values for the species. It is therefore of the utmost importance to review the traditional silvicultural guidelines and endorse new ones.
Acacia melanoxylon in Argentina: heartwood content and its relationship with site, growth and age of the trees
Authors: Igartúa Dora-Virginia , Moreno Karen , Monteoliva Silvia-Estela
Published: May 2017

Aims of study: To characterize the wood of Acacia melanoxylon in relation to its potential use in the construction and furniture industry, here we determined the heartwood and sapwood content and distribution within the stem and analyzed their relationship with the growing site, age and growth rate of the trees. Finally, we predicted heartwood content by two easy-to-measure variables.Area of study: Buenos Aires, Argentina.Methods: 20 trees aged between 9 and 32 years were sampled in four sites. Axial sampling was carried out at four heights of the stem (base, breast height, and 30% and 50% of the total height), and the heartwood content (percentage and volume) and sapwood content (cm) determined.Results: The trees analyzed presented conical-shaped heartwood following the outline of the stem along all its commercial height. Within the stem, the highest volume of heartwood was observed at the basal region (53%) and up to 30% of total height, a feature observed in all the sites studied. The sapwood content was constant along the entire stem (2.18 cm). The age of the trees did not influence the heartwood content, whereas the environmental conditions provided by each site (heartwood/volume and heartwood/diameter growth positive ratios) did affect this feature.Research highlights: The absolute amount of heartwood was driven by growth rate, due to the forest structure of non-uniform age. The heartwood volume can be estimated through fitting linear equations (R2 0.78 - 0.89) with two easily measurable variables such as diameter at breast height and tree height.
Wood density and anatomy of three Eucalyptus species: implications for hydraulic conductivity
Authors: Barotto Antonio J. , Monteoliva Silvia , Gyenge Javier , Martínez-Meier Alejandro , Moreno Karen , Tesón Natalia , Fernández María Elena
Published: May 2017

Aim of the study: To characterize wood anatomical traits of three Eucalyptus species that differ in wood density and ecological requirements, and to examine the relationships between some anatomical features, wood density, and theoretical xylem hydraulic conductivity (Ks).Area of study: We analyzed 86 trees from three sites of Argentina (Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires Provinces).Methods: The sampled trees were Eucalyptus globulus, E. grandis and E. viminalis ranging from 11 to 15 years old. One stem disc was cut from each tree to determine wood density and identify quantitative anatomical features of vessels and fibers. Vessel composition (S, size - to-number ratio, a measure of vessel size distribution) and lumen fraction (F, the total sapwood area available for water transport) were estimated. Results: E. grandis, the species with the highest growth rates, presented the highest theoretical Ks. This was associated with anatomical features such as a high density of wide vessels resulting in high F. On the other hand, E. viminalis, the species with the lowest growth rates and highest resistance to environmental stress, showed lower Ks as a result of a low density of wide vessels. These two species differed not only greatly in wood density but also in fiber characteristics. In the case of E. globulus, vessels were relatively narrow, which resulted in the lowest theoretical Ks, fibers were small, and wood density intermediate.Research highlights: F had greater influence on Ks than S. The anatomical characteristics and wood density could only partly explain the differential growth or resistance to stress of the studied species.
Genotype × environment interaction for fertility and milk yield traits in Canadian, Mexican and US Holstein cattle
Authors: Montaldo Hugo H. , Pelcastre-Cruz Alejandra , Castillo-Juárez Héctor , Ruiz-López Felipe J. , Miglior Filippo
Published: May 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate genotype × environment  interaction (G×E) between Canada, the United States and Mexico for fertility and milk yield traits using genetic correlations between countries estimated from genetic evaluations of sires. Genetic correlation between Mexican and Canadian Holsteins for age at first calving was ≤ 0.48 and lower than the simulated value obtained accounting for data structure and selection effects. For calving interval, genetic correlation between Mexico and Canada ranged from 0.48 to 0.69. Genetic correlation between calving interval in Mexico (multiplied by -1) and daughter pregnancy rate in the United States ranged from 0.64 to 0.73, and was lower than simulated and actual Canada-United States values. Genetic correlations between Mexico and Canada and the United States for milk yield traits were ≥ 0.83, similar to simulated genetic correlations, but lower than Canada-United States values (≥ 0.93). Heritability estimates for age at first calving, calving interval, milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat content, and protein content for the Mexican Holstein population were 0.06, 0.03, 0.18, 0.20, 0.19, 0.46, and 0.49, respectively. G×E interaction effects between Canada and Mexico for age at first calving were high, whereas G×E interaction effects between Canada and Mexico for calving interval and between daughter pregnancy rate in the United States and calving interval in Mexico were moderate. G×E interaction effects for milk yield traits between Canada or the United States with Mexico in registered Holsteins were low.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) genetic diversity in Spain: A review
Authors: Diéguez Francisco J. , Cerviño Manuel , Yus Eduardo
Published: May 2017

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a member of the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae, causes significant losses in cattle farming worldwide because of reduced milk production, increased mortality of young animals and reproductive, respiratory and intestinal problems. The virus is characterized by an important genetic, and consequently antigenic and pathogenic diversity. Knowing the variability of viral strains present in a population provides valuable information, particularly relevant for control programs development, vaccination recommendations and even identification of likely infection sources. Such information is therefore important at both local and regional levels. This review focuses on the genetic diversity of BVDV isolates infecting cattle in Spain over the last years. According to the published data, the most prevalent BVDV group in Spain was 1b, and to a lesser extent 1d, 1e and 1f. Besides, BVDV-2 has also been found in Spain with several ratified isolates. The studies carried out in Spain also showed increased genetic heterogeneity of BVDV strains, possibly due to a more intensive use of analytical tools available, presenting studies with increasingly greater sample sizes.
Root and aerial growth in early-maturing peach trees under two crop load treatments
Authors: Abrisqueta Isabel , Conejero Wenceslao , López-Martínez Lidia , Vera Juan , Ruiz Sánchez M. Carmen
Published: May 2017

The objectives of the paper were to study the pattern of root growth (measured by minirhizotrons) in relation to trunk, fruit and shoot growth and the effects of crop load on tree growth and yield in peach trees. Two crop load (commercial and low) treatments were applied in a mature early-maturing peach tree orchard growing in Mediterranean conditions. Root growth dynamics were measured using minirhizotrons during one growing season. Shoot, trunk and fruit growth were also measured. At harvest, all fruits were weighed, counted and sized. Roots grew throughout the year but at lower rates during the active fruit growth phase. Root growth was asynchronous with shoot growth, while root and trunk growth rates were highest after harvest, when the canopy was big enough to allocate the photo-assimilates to organs that would ensure the following season’s yield. Shoot and fruit growth was greater in the low crop load treatment and was accompanied by a non-significant increase in root growth. High level of fruit thinning decreased the current yield but the fruits were more marketable because of their greater size.
Is the increase of scale in the tropics a pathway to smallholders? Dimension and ecological zone effect on the mixed crop-livestock farms
Authors: Rangel Jaime , Espinosa José A. , De Pablos-Heredero Carmen , Rivas José , Perea José , Angón Elena , García-Martínez Antón
Published: May 2017

Mixed crop-livestock farms are widely spread in different tropical regions in the world; they contribute to food security, rural development, sustainability and poverty alleviation. The effect of scale on performance of dual purpose (DP) cattle farms was evaluated in two Mexican ecological zones: dry (DT) and wet tropics (WT). In 2011, a questionnaire of 184 items distributed into technical and social characteristics was applied to a representative sample of 3,285 farms with 50 or less cows (0.97%). The farms were classified into three groups according to their dimension: very small (1-9 cows), small (10-19 cows) and medium (20-50 cows). A general linear model (GLM) with two factors and their interactions was applied. Significant effects in dimension and ecological zone were found as well as seven interactions between both factors (p<0.05). Native pastures were used in all farms for grazing. However, small farms’ herds frequently grazed on cultivated pastures and on crop residues (p<0.05). Medium farms showed the highest grazing surface, but in the WT silage and green fodder were used while in the DT dry fodders were used (p<0.001). The interactions between factors showed a bigger specialization in milk production in DT farms, whereas WT farms were more specialized in meat production. The mixed crop-livestock system in tropic region requires an increase in herd size according to farm’s own productive structure, which is strongly influenced by the ecological zone. The systems would improve with the active participation of smallholders to identify and achieve best practices, higher technological adoption level and with an effective support from public and private Institutions.
The Impact of the 2014-16 Global Commodity Price Declines on Sub-Saharan African Financial Economy
Authors: Chea Ashford C.
Published: May 2017

The aim of the article has been to ascertain the impact of the global commodity price declines on SSA’s financial economy. Analysis showed that the global commodity price deterioration impacted SSA financial systems in many areas including increased borrowing costs, financial sector strains, and tighter private sector funding conditions. The article analyzes the traditional role of the financial sector in channeling capital to support the real economy in SSA. Also discussed are the linkages of the price shock on the continent’s financial economy. Finally, the paper outlined the outlook and growth prospects for SSA financial sector stability and long-term development.
Non-participatie in de doe-democratie
Authors: Broekhuizen Gideon , Michels Ank
Published: May 2017

Non-participation in the ‘do-democracy’

Research into citizens’ initiatives usually focuses on those who already participate. In this article the central question is how those who do not participate yet can be motivated to take part in citizens’ initiatives. To investigate this the authors used vignettes in which four key motives for participation in citizens’ initiatives are linked to three types of citizens’ initiatives. The results of this research show that people are more likely to take part in an initiative if a call is made to altruism. Usually it is also in general easier for small-scale, more applied citizens’ initiatives to motivate people. Non-participants will be more inclined, certainly in the presence of a specific local problem and if they are asked, to respond in a positive manner to an invitation to take part. For more abstract citizens’ initiatives, like a citizens summit in which not one single specific problem is addressed, it is much more difficult to motivate people to take part. Participation in citizens’ initiatives indeed increases the quality of local democracy, but only if the (local) government doesn’t take over these initiatives. Also those who do not yet take part in citizens’ initiatives have a positive and constructive attitude towards them.
Ancient Society in Nasca
Authors: Conlee Christina A.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter presents background information on the Nasca region and discusses the Nasca Lines, which are geoglyphs (ground drawings) and the feature for which the area is best known. The geoglyphs were created by the people of the Nasca culture, which was just one of many societies in the long prehistory of the region. A short summary of the historical trajectory of the region is given, and the development of the project at La Tiza is detailed. An outline of the book is presented along with a summary of each chapter.
Life in the Nasca Desert
Authors: Conlee Christina A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter covers the geography, natural resources (water, soil, plant, and animal), and environment of the Nasca region. The natural and climatic phenomena that impact the area are described and include earthquakes, El Niño, and drought. In addition, evidence for long-term patterns of environmental change in the region is presented. The sacred geography of the region is discussed, including the identification of sacred mountain peaks and their associated mythology. There is a detailed description of the site of La Tiza, and the field and laboratory research methods of the project are detailed.
Earliest Inhabitants
Authors: Conlee Christina A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter covers the initial inhabitants and the foundations of local society in Nasca and at La Tiza. What is known about the Preceramic in the region is discussed, followed by a description of the units excavated at La Tiza and the conclusions generated from their analysis. The site was first occupied in the Middle Preceramic around 3600 B.C., when hunters and gatherers lived in the area subsisting on wild resources and some domesticated plants. Connections between the highlands and the coast are documented through the presence of goods such as obsidian and marine shell. It is proposed that people living at La Tiza may have been semisedentary, occupying the settlement for part of the year and moving to the coast, lomas (fog oasis), and highlands during other times.
Farmers in the Desert
Authors: Conlee Christina A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter documents the first permanent settlement at La Tiza, which began in the later part of the Early Horizon (300 B.C.) when farmers established a village at the location. There is a discussion of the region as a whole, followed by a description of the units excavated from this time period. The chapter investigates various aspects of domestic life at the site as well as evidence for social differentiation and new religious practices. This was a period of dramatic population growth, and there is evidence for migration into Nasca at this time. The foundations were laid for the development of the civilization that was established in the subsequent period.
The Nasca Culture
Authors: Conlee Christina A.
Published: May 2017

The Nasca culture of the Early Intermediate Period was the first large, complex, regional integrated society centered in the region. This chapter explores the nature of complexity during the Nasca culture and presents new data from La Tiza that challenges previous interpretations. Issues of subsistence practices, irrigation, trade, economic organization, and craft production are covered along with an in-depth discussion of religion and the practices surrounding the geoglyphs and trophy head taking. The data from La Tiza are presented and, based on this evidence, it is argued that population was larger, settlements were more varied, and the civilization was more hierarchical and politically integrated than some scholars have suggested. Religion and ritual practices played a key role in the formation and expansion of this culture, with ceremonial centers and religious leaders at the center of the power structure for much of the period.
Local Resurgence
Authors: Conlee Christina A.
Published: May 2017

The reestablishment of complex societies after a period of abandonment in Nasca is the focus of this chapter. This time period called the Late Intermediate Period is explored in several areas that may have interacted with Nasca. Archaeological evidence is presented for the Nasca region and La Tiza. In addition, there is a brief discussion of the Late Horizon when the Inca conquered the region. Society was dramatically different in the Late Intermediate Period, with new types of political, economic, and religious organization. Power and leadership appear to have been more diffused and segmented. The absence of large ceremonial centers or other public gathering spaces, as well as lack of distinct and elaborate iconography, suggest religion was not the integrating factor that it was in previous times. These changes are documented in detail in this chapter, as is the hypothesis that most people who settled the region in this period were not related to those who lived here before.
Feasting and Burials on the Peruvian Central Coast at the Onset of the Middle Horizon
Authors: Marcone Giancarlo
Published: May 2017

Drawing from ethnohistorical sources, many Andean scholars have modeled Inca expansion as a highly ritualized political process, with feasting and ritual performance as its principal components. This model was long projected onto all Andean societies on the assumption that feasting activities were similarly important and played similar political roles across societies over time. Other voices have proposed that burial practices and ancestor veneration were also of central political importance in the Andean states’ expansionist projects. Ancestor veneration was thought to be the ideological base that upheld these entire systems. Increasingly, however, new voices are proposing that ancestor veneration and burial practices need to be understood in relation to feasting practices. It is only in this relational way that we can fully understand their political and social meanings. In chapter 5, Flores proposes that this is particularly true in cases where local communities interact with expansionist polities. He argues, based on evidence from Lote B, a small rural settlement in the Lurín Valley, that the increase of feasting activities is related to the suppression of funerary practices or vice-versa. This inverse correlation not only informs us about the nature of an expansionist project but also about the compromise that takes place between local communities and expansionist polities in turn.
Religious Ritual and Wari State Expansion
Authors: Williams Patrick Ryan , Nash Donna J.
Published: May 2017

The role of ritual and religion in the expansion of archaic states is often overlooked in favor of militaristic or economic explanations. In chapter 6, Williams and Nash explore religious ritual practice in the reproduction of social order at the Wari (600–1000 CE) colony in Moquegua, Peru, focusing on ritually important activities in three architecturally distinctive ceremonial structures around Cerro Baúl: Wari D-shaped temples; huaca shrines; and Titicaca Basin–inspired platform-sunken court complexes. Activities in all these structures take place contemporaneously on and around the Wari citadel situated on the 600-meter-tall mesa on the southern Wari frontier. According to the authors, the diverse rites in these complexes promoted the promulgation of distinct elite identities within the cosmopolitan sphere of what constituted Wari provincialism. However, it is the inclusiveness of ritual practice in the Wari centers that is most distinctive of Wari doctrine. It is through this incorporation of elite diversity in particular places on the landscape that Wari was able to weave together the foundations for pluralism that constituted Wari religious hegemony.
The Role of Ideology in Emerging Hierarchies at Late Archaic and Early Horizon Sites along the Central Coast of Peru
Authors: Christie Jessica Joyce , Piscitelli Matthew
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how stone monuments at selected Late Archaic (3000–1800 B.C.) and Early Horizon (1200–200 B.C.) sites on the north central coast of Peru provide insights into social transformation processes across collective and autocratic societies. The monuments under analysis are upright stone slabs (huancas) found at a number of Late Archaic sites in the Norte Chico region, as well as the row of towers at Chankillo dated to the late Early Horizon in the Casma Valley. Christie and Piscitelli argue that these upright stone monuments demarcated places and spaces in which people coordinated collective actions representing varying trajectories of social change. The political and ritual landscapes constructed at the Norte Chico and Chankillo sites were decidedly inward-oriented, concerned with establishing community centers and creating order. The sheer scale of the settings and the related coordination of ritual use there suggest emerging elites and corporate hierarchies. Following the trajectory of an expansionist state on the other hand, the Inca political landscape looks outward from long-existing centers. Comparative study of stone monuments and their associated ideologies, along with the study of place-making, can help illuminate social changes in the Andes over time.
The Architecture of Ritual and Polity at Chaco Canyon
Authors: Lekson Stephen H.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8 examines the one state-like polity the U.S. Southwest produced: Chaco, named for the central capital at Chaco Canyon in New Mexico. Chaco was a secondary or derivative state reflecting the form of Mesoamerican city-states. Public ritual almost certainly served and shaped the state, justifying political decisions and developments. Ritual, thus understood, shaped the architecture of Chaco’s urban core and the form of its region. Chaco’s polity continued for almost six centuries (the tenth through the fifteenth) in successor capitals, first at Aztec Ruins and last at Casas Grandes in Chihuahua, Mexico. Southwestern archaeology’s current obsession with ritual obscures this political history.
Sitting on the Dock of the Bay
Authors: Howie Linda , Powis Terry G. , Graham Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

In this chapter the authors examine change in interregional exchange networks across time. They focus on the movement of pottery across short distances between Chetumal Bay and the study site, Lamanai. The large urban center is 80 kilometers inland on the New River Lagoon. Rather than exotic goods, the authors isolate the movement of “redundant” material goods, presumed to have had less intrinsic value since they were produced locally in abundance. Using geological sourcing and petrographic analysis, they compare the origins of samples of Lamanai pottery in three transitional eras, the Terminal Preclassic, Terminal Classic, and Late Postclassic periods, to measure the connectedness of the trading communities. In terms of redundant ceramics, it appears the bay area influenced Lamanai at the Preclassic-Classic transition, while Lamanai provided a stronger influence on the bay area at the Terminal Classic–Postclassic boundary. At the time of European contact, Lamanai was again aligned with the bay area, particularly in terms of effigy censer distribution.
Regional Expressions of the Postclassic Effigy Censer System in the Chetumal Bay Area
Authors: Milbrath Susan , Walker Debra S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the remains of Late Postclassic to Contact period pottery censers from Cerro Maya, Belize. Trace element studies reveal that these vessels were made nearby at the Late Postclassic political capital of Santa Rita Corozal and deposited at the site during pilgrimage ritual. The Cerro Maya material is compared to the Chen Mul Modeled effigy censers from Mayapán in northern Yucatan and elsewhere. Various deities were depicted on these censers, and these are compared to documentary evidence, such as in the Madrid Codex and the Dresden Codex, for their use in calendared public events linked to specific celebrations in the annual cycle. Iconographic detail on the Cerro Maya materials documents a distinct set of deities not present at Mayapán, especially the bee deity and the god of deer hunting.
Shell Materials from Oxtankah, Quintana Roo
Authors: Tísoc Emiliano Ricardo Melgar
Published: May 2017

This chapter reports recent malacological research on Chetumal Bay, and particularly on the data from Oxtankah, Quintana Roo. The author collected species present in Chetumal Bay and compared these with archaeological collections from a series of excavations around Oxtankah. He notes that relatively few species are found in the muddy bay bottom itself and, while these were exploited for food, most of the broad range of species identified from archaeological remains stemmed from the Caribbean. A few Pacific species, obvious imports at Oxtankah, are also represented in the collections. Technological use wear studies of tool scars on worked shell objects and replication analysis of worked shells documents shell manufacturing techniques used at the site.
Economic Implications of Mano and Metate Use at Cerro Maya, Belize
Authors: Duffy Lisa G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines use wear on the Cerro Maya collection of manos and metates to investigate what materials were processed on them. Maize processing is generally presumed to be the primary function of ancient Maya manos and metates; however, analysis suggests that these implements were also used to prepare a variety of other products. Use wear analysis documents that a reciprocal, back-and-forth grinding motion is the most efficient way to process maize. However, nonreciprocal rotary movements are also associated with some types of ground stone tools used for nonmaize products. Results of the analysis indicate that a broader range of foods were processed in the Late Preclassic era while maize grinding was the use for manos and metates in Terminal Classic and Postclassic times.
Edith Wharton
Authors: Goldsmith Meredith L. , Orlando Emily J.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter explores Wharton’s cosmopolitan engagements, beginning with a reading of The Age of Innocence. Distinguishing between the immersive cosmopolitanism of Ellen Olenska and the liberal, yet dilettantish cosmopolitanism of Newland Archer, the chapter argues that Wharton would balance disparate cosmopolitanisms throughout her career. Positioning Wharton’s career in relation to cosmopolitan theory, in particular the work of Kwame Anthony Appiah and Bruce Robbins, the chapter argues that viewing Wharton’s global and transnational engagements offers new insights into her work. In addition, it argues for reading Wharton’s work more actively across genre, demonstrating how critics have made a false division between Wharton’s fiction, political writings, and non-fiction prose.
Motifs of Anarchism in Edith Wharton’s The Children
Authors: Asya Ferdâ
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores Edith Wharton’s enactment of the removal of her childhood repressions in The Children—a novel of expatriate children banding together in anarchist solidarity against their ineffectual parents—by implementing a unique theory of transatlantic anarchism that allows the coexistence of the two irreconcilable veins of anarchism, the collectivist Darwinian-Kropotkinian and the individualist Nietzschean-Stirneresque, and Ernst Bloch’s definition of utopia based on his notion of Not-Yet-Conscious, derived from Sigmund Freud’s theories of the unconscious and dreams.
Possessing Italy
Authors: Montgomery Maureen E.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 places Edith Wharton as an aesthetic cosmopolitan, someone who, in John Urry’s terms, had a curiosity about other places and cultures, had the ability to “map” them historically, ventured beyond “the tourist environmental bubble”—epitomized in the Baedeker guides that Wharton wrote against--and who had the extensive knowledge of European literature, art, and languages necessary for comparative aesthetic judgments. Wharton’s first work of travel writing, Italian Backgrounds, was aimed at fellow cosmopolitans who had the time and means to immerse themselves in Italian culture. She had no time either for Italians or Americans who were ignorant of the cultural treasures of Italy. Her visual consumption of everyday scenes, which leaned toward mythologizing, stands in contrast to the debasement of the Italian poor commonly found in the travelogues of her contemporary compatriots, revealing both a lack of openness to difference and the national and racialized sentiments at the heart of anti-immigration discourse at the turn of the twentieth century.
“Eyes Filled with Splendor”
Authors: Kim Sharon
Published: May 2017

During a sunset in Italy, Ralph Marvell’s aesthetic pleasure in the landscape crosses into a visionary experience, one distinguished by the unusual perceptual means by which he sees it. His vision resembles the “saturated phenomenon” theorized by Jean-Luc Marion, in which the presence of being becomes so concentrated in a physical manifestation that it results in a bedazzlement of vision. Because such perception does not operate in Cartesian or Subject-centered terms, it does not reduce or objectify what is seen. The saturated gaze thus presents a rare alternative to the predatory modes of vision seen in The Custom of the Country (1913) and criticized in contemporary theory. It also forms the basis of an equally rare form of cosmopolitanism, one that is not a disguised version of narcissism, provincialism, or imperialism. Ralph’s vision, however, is short-lived, disintegrating in the destructive ways of seeing that empower his wife Undine.
Gender and the Rhetoric of Modernity in Spanish America, 1850-1910
Authors: Skinner Lee
Published: May 2017

Gender and the Rhetoric of Modernity in Spanish America, 1850–1910, proposes that in the nineteenth century, discourses of modernity shaped ideas about gender and especially about the status of women in private and public life at the same time as those concepts of the modern were themselves formed in the Spanish American context by both received and newly-emerging notions of gender roles held by Spanish American intellectuals. Men and women took advantage of the rhetoric of modernity in order to attach their own agendas to those discourses about modernity. The book asserts that the rhetorical nature itself of modernity in Spanish America allowed intellectuals to connect these differing, even contradictory, interpretations to it. Writers used the rhetoric of modernity as they advanced their own agendas and shaped the rhetoric of modernity as a utopian projection of the national future, further allowing them to imagine a nation that included women at all levels of social and even political life. In so doing, they established discursive modalities that competed with other nation-building discourses and that placed gender as a central, ongoing concern at all levels of society. The book looks at public and private space; domesticity; education; and technology and work in nineteenth-century Spanish America and conveys a full understanding of the ways that gender roles were conjoined with the processes of modernization and national consolidation and includes texts by men and women that range from novels and essays to newspaper articles and advertisements, selected from multiple countries, and placed into their socio-cultural contexts.
Dwelling in Tsenacomacoh
Authors: Gallivan Martin D. , Thompson Victor D.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 outlines an archaeological history of the Algonquian Chesapeake which examines the culturally specific ways that Virginia Algonquians dwelled within the estuary. The study is influenced by scholarly conversations about space, place, and landscape on the one hand and, on the other, by contemporary Native communities’ demands for research which challenges triumphalist colonial narratives hinging on Native defeat, fragmentation, and abandonment. Primary evidence comes from a reassessment of colonial-era documents and from three archaeological studies, the Werowocomoco Project, the Chickahominy River Survey, and excavations at the Powhatan town of Kiskiak. Previous research in the region, summarized in this chapter, sets the stage for a deep historical anthropology of landscape that crosses the historic / precolonial divide. Chapter 1 closes by summarizing the remainder of the book, organized around sociologist Henri Lefebvre’s model of space that includes three axes: spatial representations, spatial practices, and the spatial imaginary.
The Maritime Landscape of the Isthmus of Panamá
Authors: Delgado James , Hanselmann Frederick , Mendizabal Tomas , Rissolo Dominque
Published: May 2017

The Maritime Landscape of the Isthmus of Panamá provides a detailed overview of Panamá’s unique role as a land mass dominated by its relationship to the sea and how that relationship has defined the culture and history of Panamá for thousands of years. Ranging from prehistory to the modern era, with the well-known Panamá Canal as but one element in this story, the book discusses indigenous maritime culture over time, including the modern era, colonial and post-colonial maritime endeavors, the industrial age, and the creation of the canal.
Setting and Context
Authors: Delgado James P. , Mendizábal Tomás , Hanselmann Frederick H. , Rissolo Dominique
Published: May 2017

The introduction explains the concept and theory of maritime cultural landscapes, the progression of maritime developments in Panamá, and the types of sites discussed.
The Isthmus Encountered and Conquered, 1501–1540
Authors: Delgado James P. , Mendizábal Tomás , Hanselmann Frederick H. , Rissolo Dominique
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 provides an overview of the era of Spanish exploration, conquest, and colonization and traces the rise of colonial settlements and patterns of global maritime trade linked to the isthmus.
The Isthmus in “Decline,” 1739–1848
Authors: Delgado James P. , Mendizábal Tomás , Hanselmann Frederick H. , Rissolo Dominique
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 explains the late colonial period, the end of the transisthmian treasure route, the end of Spanish control, and the postcolonial period through the early nineteenth century.
Canal Dreams and Realities, 1861–1902
Authors: Delgado James P. , Mendizábal Tomás , Hanselmann Frederick H. , Rissolo Dominique
Published: May 2017

Chapter 7 discusses the post–Gold Rush period, the French canal, and Panamá’s maritime activities up to the end of the nineteenth century, with a look at the shipwrecks along the Panamá Route.
Fortification and Control, 1903–2015
Authors: Delgado James P. , Mendizábal Tomás , Hanselmann Frederick H. , Rissolo Dominique
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8 examines the era of U.S. control of the isthmus, the construction of the Panamá Canal, its impacts and fortification, the end of the American era, and the rise of modern Panamá and its maritime activities.
Southeast Inka Frontiers
Authors: Alconini Sonia
Published: May 2017

Southeast Inka Frontiers explores how the Inka empire exercised control over vast expanses of land and peoples in the Southeastern frontier, a territory located over hundreds of kilometers away from the capital city of Cuzco. This frontier region was the setting for the fascinating encounter between the Inka, the largest empire in the pre-Columbian world, and the fierce Guaraní tribes from the tropical mountains and beyond. This singular encounter also occasioned radical shifts in the political economy of many indigenous frontier populations like the Yampara. Based on extensive field research, this manuscript explores these changes by using different scales of analysis and lines of evidence. Only through a deeper, cross-regional understanding of the multifaceted socioeconomic processes that transpired in the different Inka frontier regions can we elucidate the mechanics of this remarkable empire, and the associated effects on the lives of the indigenous populations.
Inka Andean Imperialism
Authors: Alconini Sonia
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 focuses on the Inka, and offers a discussion of the relevant state institutions and practices that made possible the Inka imperial expansion. It also addresses the goals and main components of the research design. The two regions selected for this study encompassed the valley of Oroncota within the frontier zone, and the Khosko Toro mountain at the margin.
Conclusion
Authors: Alconini Sonia
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8 draws conclusions about the dynamics of the Southeastern Inka frontier in light of existing imperial frontier models. In this section, the similarities and differences of both regions are compared with regard to architectural investment, site function and scale of activities. This information is useful to assess the configuration of the Southeastern Inka frontier, and the role of native populations in the frontier dynamics. This chapter also offers a comparative section with other frontier segments of the Inka empire.
Voice and Motion
Authors: Lounsberry Barbara
Published: May 2017

Virginia Woolf moves toward her distinctive voice and finds her rhythmic movement in her 1922 and 1923 diary books. Her 1922 diary stands out as one of her most resilient diaries. Across the year, she turns from male voices repeatedly—and with assurance. In fact, she replaces “unsympathetic” male voices, male sites, and male works with female. She feels she is striking now closer to her own voice. She also activates the “quick change” movement envisioned in her 1921 diary. In her 1923 diary she moves on many levels. She writes six (surface) play scenes in her diary while also pursuing her soul and the rush of “extraordinary emotions” she begins to feel. She seeks greater freedom and movement and sets her eyes on London once more. In 1922, Woolf reads Alie Badenhorst’s Boer War Diary, a powerful anti-war document and important addition to her understanding of women and war. In July 1923, she receives James Boswell’s Journal of a Tour to Corsica. She finds there a journal bold in experiment; rich in portraits, voice, and movement; and baring of the soul.
Human Mobility and Dietary Patterns in Precolonial Puerto Rico
Authors: Laffoon Jason E.
Published: May 2017

The study presented in chapter 9 focuses on inferring patterns of human mobility and diet in ancient Puerto Rico from multiple isotope evidence. Strontium isotope results from a recent long-term, inter-disciplinary research project investigating human paleomobility from a Circum-Caribbean perspective indicate that human migrations occurred at varying scales: intra-island, inter-island, and mainland-island over time. These data are combined with published bone carbon and nitrogen isotope data from various precolonial sites in the Antilles and newly generated enamel carbon isotope data to explore the possible relationships between geographic origins and dietary practices amongst indigenous populations of the Caribbean. The increased interpretative power of such an integrated, multiple isotope approach will be highlighted by focusing on a well-researched burial population from the multiple component, Ceramic Age site of Maisabel, Puerto Rico. The explicit combination of isotope results with archaeological and bioarchaeological evidence permits comparative analysis of local and migrant groups within this population, and a more nuanced exploration of individual geographic origins than would be possible based on a single isotope system alone. In combination, the inferred mobility and dietary patterns have important implications for various archaeological hypotheses, assumptions, and models concerning Caribbean prehistory at multiple spatial and social scales.
Indians in Cuba
Authors: Rojas Roberto Valcárcel
Published: May 2017

Traditional Cuban historiography has developed a model of the island’s past which tends to minimize the indigenous presence and interpret it as an exclusively pre-Columbian matter. It made claims of the complete disappearance of the native populations, using the indigenous demographic catastrophe as a resource to question colonialism or to sustain a historical vision that includes only the world built after 1492. However, the indios (Indians), understood as an ethnic entity and a colonial category represented by the descendants of the indigenous populations, survived and adapted to the colonial lifestyle while keeping the cultural legacy of their ancestors. Using historical and archaeological data, this chapter discusses the presence of Indians in Cuba from the end of the encomienda system in the mid-fourteenth century to the present. It demonstrates the persistence of this social component, as well as the importance of Indian towns for preservation of Indians and their identity. The author understands the Indians as active social agents, with a strong capacity for adjustment and adaptation. In many cases this adjustment contributed to their historical invisibility, which contributed to their survival. Their importance in the process of the formation of the Cuban nation has not yet been truly recognized.
Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Greater Antilles
Authors: Ramos Reniel Rodríguez
Published: May 2017

This chapter synthesizes the different lines of information on pan-regional interactions in the Caribbean discussed in the previous twelve sections of the book. The author highlights the fact that Caribbean archaeology has experienced an important shift in perspective, from its original emphasis on culture history to an “interaction paradigm” This shifting trend has underlined the limitations that previous normalized notions about the lifeways and identities of the ancient inhabitants of the Antilles have presented for understanding what was a highly diverse and complex social and cultural seascape where multi-vectorial and multi-scalar interactions took place through time between the inhabitants of the islands and with those that occupied the surrounding Caribbean mainlands. These interactions resulted in the “cultural mosaic” that has existed in the islands since their initial occupations up to the present. The final chapter thus offers a broader meaning and contextualization to the new data in order to firmly embed them into current dialogues within Caribbean archaeology, focusing on the issues of origins, lifeways, and identities. The author provides a wide regional perspective as the framework for understanding the importance and implications of new evidence and conceptual models presented in the preceding chapters.