bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Release of High Molecular Weight-Neutrophil Chemotactic Activity from Human Tissues, Cells and Secretion
Authors: Nagakura T. , Onda T. , Akimoto K. , Nagakura H. , Tanaka K. , Ohno K. , Sudo T. , Iikura Y.
Published: August 2009

Release of high molecular weight-neutrophil chemotactic activity from human tissues, cells and secretion was studied in vivo and in vitro. Lung, nasal turbinate, nasal polyps, skin of neurofibromatosis, basophils from chronic myeloid leukemia and cultured basophilic cells from cord blood released this mediator following calcium ionophore, antigen, anti-IgE or homogenization in vitro. Its release was also demonstrated in human nasal secretions from patients with allergic rhinitis following antigen challenge. Regarding mono-nuclear cells no release of this mediator was observed from normal donors or asthmatic patients having no active attack upon challenge with calcium ionophore, phytohemagglutinin or antigen. Homogenized duodenum released high molecular weight-neutrophil chemotactic activity but less activity in comparison with other tissues or cells mentioned above.
Effect of Histamine on Chemotaxis and Phagocytosis of Human Alveolar Macrophages and Blood Monocytes
Authors: Radermecker M. , Bury T. , Saint-Remy P.
Published: August 2009

We studied in vitro the effect of histamine on the chemotactic and phagocytic abilities of human blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. The chemotactic response to activated autologous serum, leukotriene B4 or N-formyl-methionine-L-phenylalanine was similar for macrophages and monocytes. Incubation of monocytes with histamine in picomolar concentrations caused a significant chemotactic inhibition (about 25%). This effect was antagonized by cimetidine but not by promethazine. Histamine did not have an effect on alveolar macrophages chemotaxis or phagocytosis. Thus, histamine, in minute concentrations, exerts, in vitro, a partial inhibitory effect on monocyte chemotaxis through activation of H2-type receptors.
IgE Receptors from Rat Intestinal Mucosal and Peritoneal Mast Cells Show Mast Cell Subtype-Specific Differences
Authors: Swieter M. , Chan B.M.C. , Lee T.D.G. , Rimmer C.J. , Froese A. , Befus D.
Published: August 2009

High- (α chain) and low-affinity IgE receptors from purified populations of rat intestinal mucosal (IMMC) and peritoneal mast cells (PMC) were characterized by SDS-PAGE. Receptor expression and molecular weight were compared. IMMC yielded 59-kilodalton (kDa) α chains of the high-affinity receptors and two forms (58, 50 kDa) of low-affinity receptors, whereas PMC possessed only 51-kDa α chains and 56-kDa low-affinity receptors. These differences extend the evidence for functional diversity between mast cell subtypes.
Effect of Monoclonal Antihuman IgE on Recombinant IgE(301–376) Inhibition of Specific IgE Histamine Release
Authors: Glovsky M.M. , Kebo D. , Helm B.A. , Horvath S. , Richards J.A. , Chretien I. , Bencherau J.B. , Gould H.
Published: August 2009

To explore the binding domains of rCIgE(301–376) necessary for inhibition of passive transfer of rye grass and Chinese elm IgE to human basophils, we employed monoclonal antibodies known to bind to IgE(301-336), M-272, and to IgE(367–376), M-27. By preincubating M-272, but not M-27, with rCIgE(301–376), passive transfer of specific IgE to basophils was partially inhibited. This implies that M-272 recognizes a binding site on rCIgE(301–376) or sterically interferes with the rCIgE(301–376) high-affinity binding domains on human basophils.
Nasal Mast Cell Response to Natural Allergen Exposure
Authors: Enerbäck Lennart , Karlsson Goran , Pipkorn Ulf
Published: August 2009

A redistribution of mast cells into the epithelium and towards the mucosal surface was previously observed during the allergy season in individuals allergic to birch pollen. We have therefore attempted to investigate in greater detail the role of mast cells in mucosal allergy by the study of the morphological and biochemical changes that occur in the nasal mucosa of allergic individuals during natural allergen exposure. An activation of the intraepithelial mast cells was indicated by the observation of ultrastructural signs of a secretory activity. We also found that the normal strong correlation between mast cell numbers and histamine content in the nasal mucosa was absent in specimens taken during allergen exposure, which was interpreted as a result of a release of histamine from the mast cells with the appearance of a transient, non-mast cell pool of tissue histamine. Furthermore, the histamine content of the nasal mucosa during the pollen season was strongly correlated to the severity of symptoms experienced by the patients. These observations provide additional evidence that mucosal mast cells have a pathogenetic role in continuous allergic airway disease.
Modulation by Drugs of Eosinophil Recruitment Induced by Immune Challenge in the Rat
Authors: Etienne A. , Soulard C. , Thonier F. , Braquet P.
Published: August 2009

The factors responsible for eosinophil recruitment are poorly defined, although both platelet-activating factor (PAF) and cytokines appear to be involved in regulating this process. We compared eosinophil mobilization induced by PAF or antigen injection in the peritoneal cavity of hypereosinophilic rats and the effects of the PAF antagonist BN 52021, the somatostatin analog BIM 23014, and ciclosporin A on this process. PAF induced a significant increase of both peritoneal and circulating eosinophil count. Ciclosporin A almost totally abrogated these variations, whereas BN 52021 reduced the peritoneal increase. Similarly to PAF, peritoneal antigen challenge in actively sensitized animals increased peritoneal and circulating eosinophil counts. Ciclosporin A abolished both hypereosinophilia and peritoneal eosinophil infiltration. BIM 23014 reduced the circulating eosinophils and cell infiltration. In contrast, BN 52021 primarily decreased peritoneal eosinophil recruitment, while having little effect on circulating cells. The different mechanisms of action of these drugs and the involvement of interleukin 5 in eosinophil recruitment are discussed.
Effect of the Platelet-Activating Factor Antagonist BN 52021 on Human Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity
Authors: Mandi Yvette , Farkas Gyula , Koltai Matyas , Beladi Ilona , Braquet Pierre
Published: August 2009

The possible role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity was investigated by examining the effect of the PAF antagonist BN 52021 in NK cytotoxicity towards 51Cr-labelled K 562 target cells. When BN 52021 (30–120 μM) was added during the assay, a dose-dependent inhibition of NK activity was observed. The inhibition of cytotoxicity by BN 52021 was not due to an alteration of the binding of lymphocytes to K 562 cells. When lymphocytes were preincubated with BN 52021 (60 μM) for 60 min before the target cells were added, the inhibitory effect of the drug was similar to that observed when it was added at the start of the reaction. Inhibition was more pronounced when the target cells were pretreated for 60 min before the start of the assay. BN 52021 (60 μM) also inhibited gamma interferon induced NK activity. These studies provide indirect evidence that NK cells can generate PAF and that this mediator is involved in cytotoxic processes.
Formation of Oedema and Accumulation of Eosinophils in the Guinea Pig Lung
Authors: Fügner A.
Published: August 2009

The action of the two β-stimulants fenoterol and SOM 1122 (α-[[[3-(1-benzimidazolyl)-1,1-dimethylpropyl]amino]methyl]-2-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol methane sulfonate) against inflammatory correlates of bronchial asthma was investigated by performing the following experiments: Passively sensitized guinea pigs were challenged by antigen aerosol under protection of mepyramine. The animal response was a 5- to 6-fold increase in the number of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after 1 or 2 days. In addition, increased microvascular permeability was elicited in guinea pig lungs after inhalation of a low concentration of histamine for 60 min. Both inflammatory reactions were inhibited by inhalation of remarkably low concentrations (0.004–0.04%) of the two β-stimulants. These concentrations were 5 to 75 times lower than the EC50 values required for inhibition of acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction in the same species. The lung eosinophilia was not modified by inhibitors of lipoxygenase or cyclo-oxygenase.
Antiasthmatic Effects of Onions
Authors: Dorsch W. , Scharff J. , Bayer T. , Wagner H.
Published: August 2009

Thiosulfinates are responsible for antiasthmatic and anti-inflammatory properties of onions. We tested the effect of diphenylthiosulfinate on platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine: According to a randomized crossover protocol, groups of 14 guinea pigs inhaled histamine, were then treated orally with either vehicle or with 10–100 mg/kg diphenylthiosulfinate, inhaled 1 µg PAF, and thereafter the same histamine dose given prior to PAF. In the control group the histamine response increased threefold; in the treated group the histamine response decreased. The effect of 100 mg diphenylthiosulfinate lasted 12 h. Antihistamine effects were not demonstrable in this test system. We conclude that thiosulfinates inhibit PAF-induced hyperreactivity.
Effect of Ricin on the Proliferation of Rat Spleen and Mesenteric Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Kemeny D.M. , Thorpe S.C. , Holt P.G.
Published: August 2009

The effect of the castor bean toxin, ricin, on rat spleen and mesenteric lymph node cell cultures was tested. Rat lymphocytes were cultured for 2 days in the presence of optimal doses of the mitogens phyto-haemagglutinin, conconavalin A, and lipopolysaccharide. At concentrations of 10––3 to 10––5 mg/ml ricin, spontaneous and mitogen-driven proliferation were inhibited. At lower concentrations, spleen but not mesenteric lymph node cells showed enhanced proliferation. Studies are continuing to identify subpopulations of lymphocytes with increased or decreased sensitivity to ricin and their role in the regulation of IgE.
Effect of Neonatal or Later Capsaicin Treatment on Bronchial Reactivity in Sensitized Rats
Authors: Nilsson G. , Alving K.A. , Lundberg J.M. , Ahlstedt S.
Published: August 2009

Treatment of ovalbumin-sensitized rats with capsaicin resulted in altered bronchial reactivity to both ovalbumin and serotonin. The increase in bronchial reactivity to ovalbumin in neonatally capsaicin-treated rats compared to animals only sensitized may be influenced by the changed ratios of IgA, IgE, and IgG antibodies, together with the inflammation in the lung. Thus, capsaicin given neonatally inhibited the formation of antibodies, both specific titers and total levels, in bronchial lavage.
Effect of Nedocromil Sodium on SO2-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Citric Acid-Induced Cough in Dogs
Authors: Eady Roy P. , Jackson Dale M.
Published: August 2009

In anaesthetized dogs exposed to SO2, nedocromil sodium prevented the increase in bronchial responsiveness to histamine challenge and suppressed the cellular changes taking place in the lung. In conscious dogs challenged with citric acid, by inhalation, nedocromil sodium prolonged the time to onset of coughing and had an inhibitory effect on the total number of coughs in each episode. Nedocromil sodium has been observed to stimulate bronchial C fibres, and it is suggested that this activity may relate to the antitussive effect of the compound.
Study of the Antiallergic Component of Inosine Pranobex (Inosiplex, Isoprinosine)
Authors: Schmutzler W. , Neukirch B. , Ziesche R.
Published: August 2009

Inosine pranobex (INPX) at concentrations > 10––3M inhibits significantly the concanavalin A or antihuman IgE induced histamine release from human mast cells. The inosine moiety of the compound does not contribute to this effect, but rather interferes with it. The other component, the salt of dimethylaminopropanol and acetamidobenzoic acid, produces a small but significant inhibition of the histamine release already at 10––6M. This effect is due to the acetamidobenzoic acid although the base (dimethylaminopropanol) adds to it. With increasing incubation time, the salt of dimethylaminopropanol and acetamidobenzoic acid looses its histamine release inhibiting effect.
How to Prevent Allergic Disease
Authors: Iikura Y. , Akimoto K. , Odajima Y. , Akazawa A. , Nagakura T.
Published: August 2009

We have investigated methods for decreasing the number of allergic patients and have produced the following data. We compared mothers’ total IgE levels and allergen-specific IgG and IgG4 levels in 72 paired cases. In mothers with high total IgE, the cord blood levels of IgG and IgG4 specific for egg, milk, and mite allergins were significantly higher than in mothers with low IgE levels. Mothers who took over 200 ml of milk per day showed a statistically higher level of milk-specific IgG antibody. From our studies of IgE, IgG, and IgG4 antibody levels in atopic dermatitis patients, we conclude that specific IgG and IgG4 levels should be considered when eliminating offending foods. Infants with high egg-specific IgG antibody levels in cord blood were statistically more prone to develop allergic disease.
Inhibition of Histamine and Prostaglandin D2 Release from Human Lung Mast Cells by Ciclosporin A
Authors: Triggiani Massimo , Cirillo Raffaele , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. , Marone Gianni
Published: August 2009

Ciclosporin A (CsA) is now widely used in the prevention/treatment of graft rejection and in the treatment of some human inflammatory diseases. We studied the effect of CsA on the release of chemical mediators from human lung mast cells in vitro. CsA (0.03–3 μg/ml) inhibited the release of histamine and prostaglandin D2 induced by anti-IgE from lung mast cells. CsA-induced inhibition of mediator release was not abolished by washing the cells before stimulation and it was not affected by the degree of purity of mast cell preparations. Our results indicate that CsA, in pharmacological concentrations, is a rapid and irreversible inhibitor of the release of preformed and de novo synthesized mediators from human lung mast cells. These findings might explain, at least in part, some of the therapeutic actions of CsA in vivo.
Release of Allergens from Cladosporium Conidia
Authors: Bouziane H. , Latgé J.P. , Mecheri S. , Fitting C. , Prévost M.C.
Published: August 2009

Sugars and proteins are released from conidia of Cladosporium cladosporioides after incubation in various chemical solutions. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that these exudates contained components from the outer wall layer and from internal compartments (inner wall and cytoplasm). The allergenicity of the extracts was evaluated using a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test and radioallergosorbent test. Spore exudates obtained with Tris, NaOH or NaCl displayed the highest allergenic potency. The amount of allergens released was dependent on the incubation media, on the extraction time and on the spore concentration.
Suppression by Tetrandrine of Human Platelet Aggregation Induced by Platelet-Activating Factor and Other Stimulants
Authors: Teh B.S. , Ioannoni B. , Seow W.K. , McCormack J.G. , Thong Y.H.
Published: August 2009

Tetrandrine was found to have inhibitory effects on platelet-activating factor induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. There was preferential inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by agents such as collagen, thrombin, adrenaline, and adenosine diphosphate. No inhibitory effect of tetrandrine was observed on platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, arachidonic acid, and the calcium ionophore A23187. These results support our previous findings of interference with the phosphatidylinositol second-messenger system as one of the sites of action of tetrandrine. Since platelets may have an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma and other allergic diseases, these findings suggest that tetrandrine may have clinical application as a non-steroidal broad-spectrum anti-allergic drug.
Serum Antibodies to Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes in Metal Workers Exposed to Infected Metal-Working Fluids
Authors: Mattsby-Baltzer I. , Edebo L. , Järvholm B. , Lavenius B.
Published: August 2009

Metal workers exposed to aerosol from metal-working fluid were examined with respect to serum antibody to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. During 1 year of observation this species grew at high concentrations in the fluid (∼ 108 CFU/ml), and the air surrounding the metal-working machines sometimes contained more than 105 CFU/m3. The levels of antibody belonging to the IgG and IgA classes were significantly higher than in blood donors and in workers newly employed. Comparison with employees not working in the machine hall showed a significantly higher IgG, but not IgA, antibody level. For IgM antibody no such difference was found. Among the exposed workers, non-smokers had significantly higher IgG antibody levels than smokers, whereas no such difference was established for IgA and IgM antibodies. In smokers the IgG antibody level seemed to decline in the long-range time, since there was a negative correlation between the time of employment with exposure to metal-working fluids and IgG antibody level. The antibody data indirectly demonstrate that P. pseudoalcaligenes grown in metal-working fluid penetrated the body surface of metal workers to yield an immune response most probably after inhalation of aerosol containing bacteria. In the metal workers this long-term exposure did not lead to any acute or chronic respiratory discomfort.
Epstein-Barr Virus-Transformed Human B Lymphocytes Endocytose Autologous and Heterologous Red Blood Cells
Authors: Garzelli Carlo , Marchetti Antonio , Pacciardi Anna , Puglisi Carla , Basolo Fulvio
Published: August 2009

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B lymphocytes, either isolated from a patient with EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis or obtained by in vitro infection of B lymphocytes of donors in different clinical conditions, have been tested for the ability to endocytose particulate forms of antigens, such as human, sheep or mouse red blood cells. By light and electron microscopy, it has been found that EBV-transformed B cells are able to bind and internalize human autologous and allogeneic erythrocytes, as well as sheep and mouse erythrocytes, independent of the specificity of the secreted immunoglobulins. The ability of EBV-transformed B lymphocytes to endocytose and process particulate forms of autoantigens during infectious mononucleosis might have a role both in the production of heterophile antibodies and in EBV-induced autoimmunity.
Intra-Epithelial Lymphocytes and Non-Lymphoid Cells in the Human Nasal Mucosa
Authors: Hameleers Dona M.H. , Stoop Anton E. , van der Ven Ineke , Biewenga Jeike , van der Baan S. , Sminia Taede
Published: August 2009

Immunohistochemical staining of biopsy specimens was used to investigate the occurrence of lymphocyte subsets and non-lymphoid cells within the epithelial layer of the human nasal mucosa. The CD 19 (B cell) marker was not expressed on the intra-epithelial lymphocytes, whereas the pan T cell marker CD2 was varyingly detected. The HLA-Dr antigen was abundantly present on epithelial cells, lymphocytes, and non-lymphoid cells. The latter are probably dendritic or Langerhans’ cells. The findings stated above were the same in patient and control samples. In biopsy sections of 9 ear, nose, and throat patients, many CD8-positive (T suppressor/cytotoxic) cells and very few weakly stained CD4-expressing (T helper/inducer) cells were present. Quantification on single-cell preparations showed an average of 67% of the lymphocytes to be CD2 positive, 73% to be CD8 positive, while only 12% of the lymphocytes expressed the CD4 antigen. In control sections CD8 was similarly present as in patient sections, and, in addition, some clearly stained CD4-positive cells were seen.
Biochemical Characterization of an Antigen-Specific Suppressor T Cell Factor
Authors: Matsushita Eiki , Sumida Takayuki , Tagawa Masatoshi , Taniguchi Masaru
Published: August 2009

We describe here the biochemical properties of suppressor T cell factor (TsF2) released from an inducible anti-idiotypic T cell hybridoma (C57BL/6 T cell × BW5147) which mediates antigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) specific and genetically (H-2b) restricted suppression of IgG plaque-forming cell responses. We examined the suppressive activity by in vitro functional assay in fractions of chromatography and in the materials eluted from gels of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide and isoelectric focusing and determined the molecular weight(s) (22–37 kD) and the isoelectric point(s) (pH 6.0–6.1) of this secreted factor. Messenger RNA products of the hybridoma translated in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system were similarly examined, and the functionally active molecule was seen to migrate to almost the similar molecular weight(s) (23–40 kD), and isoelectric point(s) (pH 5.5–6.2) range as those of secreted TsF. Moreover, the TsF activity was recovered from gel slice corresponding to the similar molecular weight range analyzed in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing and nonreducing conditions. Thus, we speculate that this molecule is composed of a single chain, biologically active. Comparison of autoradiograms on in vitro translation products between activated and resting hybridomas by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that the molecular weights and isoelectric points of two spots (28 kD, 5.7; 25 kD, 5.5) newly appearing or markedly enhanced after activation in the area with suppressor activity were concordant with the data on secreted TsF, suggesting that one of these two spots represents the functional molecule which causes antigen-specific and genetically restricted suppression of IgG responses.
Functional Differences of Human Basophils with Different Densities
Authors: Morita Yutaka , Asakawa Mayumi , Hirai Koichi , Takaishi Toshiaki , Miyamoto Terumasa
Published: August 2009

It has been reported that blood basophils comprise two populations of different densities. In this study, we compared the responses of two populations of basophils (band-1 and 2 basophils) to several secretagogues and anti-allergic agens. Twelve patients with bronchial asthma, 3 patients with Japanese ceder pollinosis and 6 healthy subjects were included in this study. Band-2 basophils collected from the interface between Percoll of density 1.078 and 1.068 g/ml released histamine better in response to anti-IgE than band-1 basophils taken from the interface between plasma and Percoll 1.068 (band 1 vs. band 2, 13.2 ± 2.7 vs. 21.4 ± 3.6% at 1:105, p < 0.01; 47.1 ± 5.0 vs. 57.7 ± 6.1% at 1:104, p < 0.01). Band-2 basophils also responded better to formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine than band-1 basophils (34.4 ± 4.9 vs. 43.2 ± 5.6% at 10–6 M, p < 0.01; 35.6 ± 5.0 vs. 45.2 ± 5.7; at 10–5 M, p < 0.01). In contrast, band-1 basophils were much more sensitive to the calcium ionophore A23187 stimulation than band-2 basophils (13.0 ± 3.7 vs. 6.3 ± 1.8% at 0.05 µg/ml, p < 0.05; 52.5 ± 4.3 vs. 33.8 ± 3.9% at 0.1 µg/ml, p < 0.01; 71.3 ± 3.3 vs. 51.5 ± 4.2% at 0.2 µg/ml, p < 0.01). Similarly, band-1 basophils were more responsive to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate than band-2 basophils (67.8 ± 6.3 vs. 53.1 ± 8.4% at 1.0 ng/ml, p < 0.01; 63.9 ± 7.4 vs. 45.2 ± 7.2% at 10 ng/ml, p < 0.01). Band-1 and 2 basophils had similar susceptibility to inhibition by fenoterol, theophylline and disodium cromoglycate of anti-IgE-induced histamine release. These results indicate that human basophils were separated into two subpopulations, low and high density basophils with different sensitivity to secretagogues.
Phenotypic and Cellular Changes Associated with Loss of Antigen-Induced Function in Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific Human T-Cell Hybrids
Authors: Gallagher G.
Published: August 2009

Human T-cell hybrids were constructed from the HAT-sensitive human T-cell line ‘JMAE’ and an uncloned population of T cells from donor SW (SW-T; partner cell) known to have strong specificity for the autologous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cell, SWEBV. The resulting hybrids, 1A9, 1D12 and 2C8 were shown to have similar specificity and to increase their rate of proliferation in response to SWEBV. Furthermore, the hybrids responded to other suitable EBV-transformed targets, in an major histocompatibility complex-restricted manner. Continued study of these cells revealed that they were functionally, phenotypically and chromosomally unstable. The present report details the loss of specific function and the associated changes in cell-surface markers, chromosome number and basal proliferation rate.
Ability of Alpha (but Not Beta) Form Interleukin-1 to Support DNA Synthesis in Human Tonsillar B Cells
Authors: Gallagher G. , Christie J.F. , Stimson W.H.
Published: August 2009

The ability of the two forms of recombinant human interleukin-1 (alpha and beta) to support DNA synthesis in human tonsillar B cells was assessed. The results suggested that in two out of three cases the alpha form was able to support DNA synthesis when the beta form was not. These results support the hypothesis that each form of human interleukin-1 has a different role in supporting the growth of human B cells.
Mast Cell Heterogeneity in the Small Intestine of Normal, Gnotobiotic and Parasitized Pigs
Authors: Pabst R. , Beil W.
Published: August 2009

A formalin fixative and a formalin-free fixative were used to study mast cells in the small intestine of conventional, gnotobiotic and parasitized pigs. Many more mast cells were identified after basic lead acetate fixation (‘mucosal mast cells’, MMC) than after routine formalin fixation (‘connective tissue mast cells’). The MMC were preferentially localized in the lamina propria. There were no differences between conventional and gnotobiotic pigs. However, in parasitized animals, the number of mast cells was several times higher, mainly because there were more MMC. The heterogeneity of intestinal mast cells in the pig indicates that this might be an interesting model for functional studies on mast cell subsets.
Microfilament-Associated, Local Degranulation of Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Mio Mitsunobu , Tasaka Kenji
Published: August 2009

When compound 48/80 was applied by means of microelectrophoresis to the surface of a rat peritoneal mast cell, localized degranulation was observed in the area close to the microelectrode tip. The extruded granules were connected to the cell surface by filaments. The filaments were elongated radially and, in some occasions, projected to a length of 5 μm. A few minutes later, the length of the protruded filaments became shorter and shorter and, finally, the extruded granules were reincorporated into the cell. When rhodaminephalloidin, an F-actin-specific dye, was perfused the extruded granules and filaments were stained by this dye. This indicates that actin filaments or fragments of them exist on the granule surface and on the cell surface at the site of degranulation. These actin filaments bound to the mast cell granules may play an important role, not only for the extrusion of the granules, but also for the reuptake of extruded granules into the cytoplasm.
Facilitation of cAMP Increments during ADCC Mediated by Monocytes Pretreated with cAMP-Elevating Agents
Authors: Herlin Troels , Kragballe Knud
Published: August 2009

Addition of IgG-sensitized human erythrocytes to peripheral blood monocytes elicit a transient increment in monocyte cAMP levels. This increase in cAMP was facilitated when monocytes were preincubated with the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) and theophylline, and the adenylate cyclase agonists, isoproterenol and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Although these cAMP elevating agents were able to inhibit monocyte ADCC, the degree of inhibition could not be anticipated from the cAMP levels achieved by these drugs since theophylline inhibited monocyte ADCC in doses not elevating cAMP and PGE1, isoproterenol and IBMX were less effective inhibitors of monocyte ADCC than theophylline when comparing their effects on cAMP levels. Both PGE1-induced elevation of cAMP levels and the further increments of cAMP after addition of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes to PGE1-treated monocytes were significantly correlated to the inhibition of beta-glucuronidase release during ADCC. Theophylline in doses of 0.5 m M did not elevate basal levels of monocyte cAMP but facilitated the ADCC-induced cAMP increment concomitant with inhibition of monocyte ADCC and degranulation. Possibly, facilitation of cAMP increments during ADCC by an inhibitory feedback mechanism may be responsible for the inhibition caused by cAMP-elevating agents.
Kinetics of Specific IgE Antibody and Total IgE Responses in Mice: The Effect of Immunosuppressive Treatment
Authors: Wyczółkowska J. , Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E. , Maśliński C.
Published: August 2009

The IgE antibody and total IgE responses were studied in three mouse strains immunized with low doses of ovalbumin. BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice were considered as ‘high’ and ‘intermediate’ IgE antibody responders, respectively; during immunization the peritoneal mast cells of mice from these two strains became sensitized. In identical conditions of immunization, very low IgE antibody response and lack of mast cell sensitization was observed in CFW mice. After exposure of these CFW mice to low-dose X-irradiation (250 R) or a moderate dose of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg), a detectable IgE antibody response appeared and peritoneal mast cells became sensitized. In all three strains the evolution of total serum IgE levels during immunization did not correlate with IgE antibody response; an early transient elevation of total IgE level appeared soon after first immunization, at a time when IgE antibody responses were not detectable or were very low. After X-irradiation or cyclophosphamide pretreatment, this elevation of total IgE was potentiated. The possibility of differences in regulation of specific IgE antibody response and IgE of unknown specificity in the mice is discussed.
Inhibition of Passive Localized Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis by Interferon
Authors: Abreu Sergio L. , Tondreau Joseph , Levine Seymour , Sowinski Richard
Published: August 2009

Recently it has been reported that interferon (IFN) suppresses experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in actively immunized Lewis rats. In the present study the effect of IFN on a localized form of passively transferred EAE has been investigated. Localization and acceleration of the disease was obtained by injection of EAE lymph node cells into rats which had, 3 days previously, been prepared with a thermal brain injury. Within 24 h of cell transfer perivenular lymphocytic infiltrates (EAE lesions) were observed in the brain. Administration of IFN (40,000 U/kg) right after EAE lymph node cell injection resulted in a significant reduction or elimination of EAE lesions. The possibility that IFN is acting exclusively on the afferent arc is eliminated, and the results suggest that IFN may be acting, although not solely, through modulations of components of the efferent arc. IFN was equally effective in suppressing EAE in adrenalectomized animals. This demonstrates that the immunosuppressive effects observed in this study are not due to endogenously produced corticosteroids.
Effect of Sulfhydryl-Reactive ATPase Inhibitors upon Mast Cell and Basophil Activation
Authors: Magro A.M. , Cragoe, Jr. E.J. , Hurtado I. , Rudofsky U.H.
Published: August 2009

Ethacrynic acid is an inhibitor of Ca2+-Mg2+-activated ATPases which also inhibits histamine release. By testing analogs of ethacrynic acid, the molecular structural requirements for ATPase inhibition and for inhibition of histamine release were compared. The results indicated that effective inhibition involves several structural features of the molecule. Analogs void of chlorine atoms were ineffective as inhibitors of histamine release and ATPase activity. Inhibition of both ATPase and histamine release requires a sulfhydryl-reactive olefinic bond, but sulfhydryl reactivity alone is not sufficient, as certain analogs which have a high capacity to react with sulfhydryl moieties were not active. Replacement of carboxy by highly ionized moieties like sulfo, rendered the molecules ineffective as an inhibitor of histamine release. Compounds which did not inhibit ATPase activity did not inhibit histamine release. The data indicate that mast cells and basophils require an intact ATPase system for histamine release, and raises the question of whether both ecto and endo ATPases are essential.
Enhancement of Granulocyte Oxidative Metabolism in Sera from Patients with C2 Deficiency and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Rhee Myung S. , Rynes Richard I. , Pickering Richard J. , Borkowski Michael A. , Charbonneau Tina T. , Eastlund Ted , Meuwissen Hilaire J.
Published: August 2009

Serum or plasma from 3 patients with C2 deficiency (C2D) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) significantly enhanced chemiluminescence and superoxide anion production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate or latex beads. PMN from patients and normal individuals were supranormally activated when resuspended in plasma from these patients. No such effect was seen with plasma from a patient with C2D but with no evidence of SLE, from patients with SLE but not C2D, from patients with C1q or C8 deficiency, from C4-deficient guinea pigs, or NZB-NZW mice. Because oxygen-derived free radicals may cause joint or tissue damage, C2D patients who have or develop this activity in their plasma may be more prone to SLE or other collagen-vascular diseases.
Depression or Enhancement of Skin Reactivity by Inflammatory Processes in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Bruynzeel Derk P. , von Blomberg-van der Flier Mary , van Ketel Willem G. , Scheper Riekeld J.
Published: August 2009

An animal model for the excited skin syndrome was developed in the guinea pig. Hyperirritability of the skin could be induced by immunization with Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA). This hyperirritability was evident from the enhancement of both patch test reactions to an irritant (sodium lauryl sulfate) and open epicutaneous test reactions to a contact sensitizer (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene). The skin tests were performed at sites other than those pretreated with FCA. Maximum enhancement was observed in a period 3–5 weeks after FCA immunization. A similar but less marked hyperirritability could be induced by eliciting a localized chronic croton oil dermatitis. The period of hyperirritability induced by FCA or croton oil was preceded by a short period (1–14 days) of depressed skin reactivity.
Effects of Novel Lipoxygenase Products on Migration of Eosinophils and Neutrophils in vitro
Authors: Udén Ann-Mari , Palmblad Jan , Lindgren Jan-Åke , Malmsten Curt
Published: August 2009

Since it has been suggested that a lipoxygenase product might be specific chemotactic factor for eosinophils, we assessed the stimulating effects of a variety of lipoxygenase products (LTB4, 20-OH-LTB4, 20-COOH-LTB4 and 5(S)12(S)-DHETE) on both neutrophil and eosinophil migration under agarose. LTB4 was the most potent lipoxygenase cytotaxin for neutrophils as well as eosinophils and its stimulating potential for both cell types was similar. The other leukotrienes stimulated migration of neutrophils less than LTB4, whereas eosinophils did not respond. Thus, the previous suggestion that an eosinophil chemotactic factor could be identical with LTB4 was not verified.
The Atopic Dog Model: Report of an Attempt to Establish a Colony
Authors: Schwartzman Robert M. , Massicot Judith G. , Sogn Dorothy D. , Cohen Sheldon G.
Published: August 2009

In an attempt to establish a colony of atopic dogs as a research resource, dogs with seasonal dermatitis – a reported manifestation of naturally occurring allergy in that species – were identified, acquired, and inbred. Progeny were studied during their first 2 years of life to determine if the trait could be genetically transmitted and to investigate the hypothesis that this spontaneously occurring dermatitis correlates with positive laboratory measurements for specific IgE to airborne allergens. (Serial immunoglobulin levels, including total IgE, end-point titration of histamine, and results of fecal examinations for identification of parasites were also investigated and are to be the subject of a separate publication.) Only a weak correlation between positive direct skin test results and the appearance of seasonal dermatitis was found in initial studies. Neither the results of testing by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis nor radioallergosorbent procedures correlated with positive clinical findings. Independently conducted clinical examinations and direct skin testing using selected antigens, as well as additional bronchial challenges of representative animals from the colony, also failed to furnish evidence of atopy in the dogs. Therefore, the goal of establishing an inbred line of atopic animals was not accomplished within the allotted 2-year period. Also, the data did not show a positive correlation between the seasonal dermatitis and measurements for specific IgE to airborne allergens.
Inhibitory Effect of Nifedipine and Cromolyn Sodium on Skin Reactions and 45Ca Uptake and Histamine Release in Rat Mast Cells Induced by Various Stimulating Agents
Authors: Tanizaki Yoshiro , Akagi Katsumi , Lee Kyung Nam , Townley Robert G.
Published: August 2009

The effect of nifedipine, one of the calcium channel antagonists, was examined in allergic and nonspecific reactions using rat skin and peritoneal mast cells. Rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis response mediated by IgE antibody was inhibited by nifedipine (100 μg/rat) and also by cromolyn sodium (5 mg/rat). Skin reactions induced by histamine or methacholine were not inhibited, and skin reaction induced by serotonin was slightly inhibited by these drugs. The 45Ca uptake and histamine release in sensitized mast cells stimulated by ovalbumin were suppressed by nifedipine. In actively sensitized cells, nifedipine seems to be more effective on the inhibition of 45Ca uptake, but less effective on histamine release than cromolyn sodium. In mast cells, nonimmunologically stimulated by concanavalin A, compound 48/80, and calcium ionophore A23187, nifedipine exerted considerable inhibitory effects on both 45Ca and histamine release.
Circulating Immune Complexes and Their Possible Relevance to Other Immunological Parameters in Guatemalan Onchocerciasis
Authors: Kawabata Masato , Izui Shozo , Anan Sadao , Kondo Satoru , Fukumoto Shinichiro , Flores Guillermo Zea , Kobayakawa Takatoshi
Published: August 2009

Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were demonstrated in sera of Guatemalan patients with onchocerciasis by Raji cell radioimmunoassay. 44% of patients but none of controls had abnormally high concentrations of CIC in their sera. The increased concentrations of CIC were found more frequently in patients with lower density of microfilariae in their skin biopsies. Patients with higher concentrations of CIC appeared to have increased titers of serum antibodies to Onchocerca volvulus. A depression of both humoral immune response to tetanus toxoid and delayed hypersensitivity reaction to PPD were found in patients with onchocerciasis. CIC may be involved in modulation of the immune response in onchocerciasis.
New Preparative Schedule and Further Characterization of a Thymocyte Specific Growth Factor from Calf Thymus
Authors: Söder O. , Ernström U.
Published: August 2009

Purification of a thymocyte specific growth factor is described. A formic acid extract of calf thymus was acetone precipitated, extracted with acidic methanol and precipitated with ether. With an assay based on the stimulation of DNA synthesis in thymocyte cultures the crude extract was purified by several steps of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The stimulating activity had an apparent Mr of 1,600 and a pI of 5.6–5.9 and was devoid of reactive amino groups. It behaved amphoteric and was sensitive to pronase. We propose that the activity resides in an N-terminal-blocked peptide without biochemical relationship to defined thymic differentiation hormones or established growth factors.
Cytotoxicity of Temporarily Adherent Human Mononuclear Blood Cells in Monocyte Monolayers
Authors: Eggen Bjørn Magne
Published: August 2009

Adherent monolayers of freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells consist mostly (>90%) of monocytes. The initially adherent nonmonocytic cells detach during the first day of in vitro culture. Concomitant with cell detachment the cytotoxicity mediated by adherent monolayers is reduced. This is in part due to medium exchange with removal of initially adherent cells from the monolayers, cells that are potent mediators of cytostasis and cytolysis. The temporarily adherent cells consist of 10% monocytes, 35% T lymphocytes, 10% B lymphocytes, and 45% non-T, non-B lymphocytes. In addition, 45% of these cells stain positively with the monoclonal antibody OKT 10. The reduction in monolayer-mediated cytotoxicity from day 0 to day 1 of in vitro culture is less pronounced if the temporarily adherent cells are kept within the culture during the cytotoxic assay time. When the temporarily adherent cells are returned to adherent monocyte monolayers an additive effect on cytolysis is demonstrated with nonactivated, lymphokine-activated and α-interferon-activated effector cells, and in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The heterogenous population of temporarily adherent cells in freshly isolated monolayers of human mononuclear blood cells seems to be responsible for some of the cytotoxic effects regularly ascribed to freshly isolated human blood monocytes.
T Cell Mediated Polyclonal B Cell Activation Induced by Cell-Bound Fetal Calf Serum
Authors: Cowdery, Jr. John S. , Steinberg Alfred D.
Published: August 2009

In vitro exposure of spleen cells to fetal calf serum prior to extensive washing and injection into syngeneic recipients was found to markedly increase in vitro responses to both trinitrophenyl-Ficoll and sheep erythrocytes, increase in vitro spontaneous (background) direct plaque-forming cell responses, and cause a tenfold increase in spontaneous IgM production in vitro. This study demonstrates T cell mediated polyclonal B cell activation which was manifested both in vitro and in vivo.
Stimulating Effect of Mercuric Chloride and Nickel Sulfate on DNA Synthesis of Thymocytes and Peripheral Lymphoid Cells from Newborn Guinea Pigs
Authors: Nordlind K.
Published: August 2009

The metal allergens mercuric chloride and nickel sulfate were found to stimulate DNA synthesis of different in vitro cultured lymphoid cells from newborn guinea pigs. In contrast to earlier findings in adult animals (where spleen cells were most consistently stimulated), in newborn animals thymocytes were the most clearly stimulated lymphoid cells. When separating thymocytes by peanut agglutinin agglutination, both agglutinated and nonagglutinated cells were stimulated, indicating that both functionally immature and mature thymocytes are the target cells for this effect of metal allergens.
Reverse Enzyme Immunoassay for the Determination of Lolium perenne IgE Antibodies
Authors: Cuevas M. , Moneo I. , Ureña V. , Dominguez J. , Bootello A.
Published: August 2009

A microplate enzyme-immunoassay technique for the detection of specific anti-Loliumperenne IgE antibodies is described. This method consists of coating polystyrene wells with goat antihuman IgE (epsilon chain specific) and later selecting the IgE from the patients serum in order to finally reveal the bound specific IgE by means of a crude L. perenne extract conjugated with peroxidase. The optimal conditions necessary to achieve maximum sensitivity and specificity using this system have been studied. After testing 98 sera, the results showed a 97.9% correlation between our technique and the RAST.
Human Tonsillar Mast Cells
Authors: Church M.K. , Mageed R.A.K. , Holgate S.T.
Published: August 2009

Mast cells can be dispersed from human tonsils by a mechanical procedure or by the use of proteolytic enzymes. The latter procedure does not always increase cell yield and may adversely affect the mast cell response to secretory stimuli. Mechanically dispersed tonsillar mast cells secrete histamine in response to stimulation with anti-IgE and calcium ionophore A23187 by a calcium-dependent and energy-dependent mechanism. With compound 48/80 and basic polyamines, histamine release only occurs at cytotoxic concentrations. Functionally, human tonsillar mast cells are similar to adenoidal and lung mast cells.
Homocytotropic and Heterocytotropic Activity of Mouse IgG1 Antibodies
Authors: Mota I. , Perini A.
Published: August 2009

Mouse anti-ovalbumin antibodies were isolated by affinity chromatography and fractionated in a column of protein A-Sepharose. Three peaks were obtained: peak I that did not bind to protein A, peak II eluted with 0.5 M NaSCN and peak III eluted with 2.0 M NaSCN. Peak I and peak II contained IgG1 but no detectable IgG2 or IgG3, whereas peak II contained IgG2 and IgG3 but no detectable IgG1. Peak I, but not peak II, showed heat-resistant passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) activity in rats, which was absorbed by anti-IgG1 serum but not by anti-IgE. Both peak I and peak II showed heat-resistant PCA activity in mice, that was absorbed by anti-IgG1. Peak III showed PCA activity in guinea pigs but not in mice or rats. These findings suggest that mouse IgG1 can be divided into 2 populations that differ in physicochemical and biological properties.
Allergens of Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Pierce Raymond J. , Verwaerde Claudie , Damonneville Martine , LePresle Thérèse , Capron André
Published: August 2009

The reaction of adult worm products of Schistosoma mansoni with IgE antibodies in infected human and Fischer rat sera has been studied using the Prausnitz-Küstner test and the radioallergosorbent test. Incubation of worms in water released most of the soluble material reacting with both rat and human sera in the radioallergosorbent test. Sera from infected Fischer rats recognized a fraction with pI 4.9–5.2 separated by preparative isoelectric focusing throughout the time course of infection, whereas human sera reacted with material focusing between pI 4.4 and 6.0. A peak of allergenic activity with an apparent molecular weight between 70,000 and 150J000 was obtained by gel filtration. Human bilharzian sera also reacted with material in the molecular weight range 12,000–25,000. Allergenic material bound specifically to concanavalin A-Sepharose, Lens culinaris agglutinin-Ultrogel, and wheat germ agglutinin-Ultrogel, but substantial allergenic activity was also present in unbound fractions.
Immunomodulating Effects of 13-cis Retinoic Acid on the IgG and IgM Response of BALB/c Mice
Authors: Barnett John B.
Published: August 2009

The results reported here provide information on the effects of 13-cis retinoic acid (13-cRA) on the IgG and IgM responses in BALB/c mice. For these studies, a suboptimum immunizing concentration of ovalbumin (1 μg) was used. BALB/c mice were given either 13-cRA or control beadlets (gel) as either 1 dose (at day ––1) or 4 doses (at week ––3, ––2, ––1, and day ––1) prior to primary immunization, or 4 doses prior to, and 4 doses after, primary immunization (week ––3, ––2, ––1, day ––1, week 1, 2, 3, and day 27). The results consistently showed no primary antibody response and excellent secondary antibody levels in all 13-cRA-treated groups. Attempts to determine whether the 13-cRA affected the afferent or efferent phase of antibody induction by varying the time of the administration of a single 13-cRA dose, relative to immunization, showed no difference in the results in animals treated on day ––2 to day 3.