bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel LDPE/vermiculite/ciclopiroxolamine hybrid nanocomposites: Structure, surface properties, and antifungal activity
Authors: Holešová Sylva , Čech Barabaszová Karla , Hundáková Marianna , Plevová Eva , Kalendová Alena
Published: November 2020

The increasing number of indwelling medical materials and devices are connected with infections caused by yeast, especially Candida albicans. This pathogen produces biofilms on synthetic materials, which facilitates adhesion of the organisms to devices and renders them relatively refractory to medical therapy. Since antimicrobial polymer nanocomposites present one of the promising possibilities, this study explores a new approach to achieving this goal by developing nanocomposite based on low density polyethylene (LDPE) with clay mineral vermiculite as an active carrier for antifungal compound. The set of LDPE/clay nanocomposite with increasing amount of antifungal nanofiller was prepared by melt compounding procedure. As antifungal agent was selected generally used active substance ciclopiroxolamine and this compound was loaded into natural vermiculite through ultrasound technique. The structure of all prepared samples was studied by X‐ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. Further thermal properties of polyethylene/clay nanocomposites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and the surface properties were evaluated by light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. From mentioned characteristics, we conclude that presence of nanofiller in LDPE primarily causes shift of thermal degradation to higher temperatures and increasing of microhardness. All prepared LDPE nanocomposites possess an excellent and prolonged antifungal activity against Candida albicans.
Impact of processing conditions and sizing on the thermomechanical and morphological properties of polypropylene/carbon fiber composites fabricated by material extrusion additive manufacturing
Authors: Savandaiah Chethan , Maurer Julia , Gall Markus , Haider Andreas , Steinbichler Georg , Sapkota Janak
Published: November 2020

For the 3D printed composites, fiber alignment is affected by the direction of melt‐flow during extrusion of filaments and subsequently through the printing nozzle. The resulting fibers orientation and the fiber‐matrix compatibility have a direct correlation with mechanical properties. This study investigates the impact of processing conditions on the state of the carbon fiber types and their orientation on the mechanical properties of 3D‐printed composites. Short and long carbon fibers were used as starting reinforcing materials, and the state of fibers at the beginning and on the printed parts were evaluated. Strong anisotropy in terms of mechanical properties (flexural and impact properties) was observed for the samples printed with different printing orientations. Interestingly, the number of voids in the printed composites was found to be correlated with the fiber types. The present work provides a step towards the optimization of tailored composite properties by additive manufacturing.
Authority and priority signals in automatic summary generation for online reputation management
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vidal Javier , Carrillo‐de‐Albornoz Jorge , Gonzalo Julio , Plaza Laura
Published: November 2020

Online reputation management (ORM) comprises the collection of techniques that help monitoring and improving the public image of an entity (companies, products, institutions) on the Internet. The ORM experts try to minimize the negative impact of the information about an entity while maximizing the positive material for being more trustworthy to the customers. Due to the huge amount of information that is published on the Internet every day, there is a need to summarize the entire flow of information to obtain only those data that are relevant to the entities. Traditionally the automatic summarization task in the ORM scenario takes some in‐domain signals into account such as popularity, polarity for reputation and novelty but exists other feature to be considered, the authority of the people. This authority depends on the ability to convince others and therefore to influence opinions. In this work, we propose the use of authority signals that measures the influence of a user jointly with (a) priority signals related to the ORM domain and (b) information regarding the different topics that influential people is talking about. Our results indicate that the use of authority signals may significantly improve the quality of the summaries that are automatically generated.
Anatase TiO2 with Co‐exposed (001) and (101) Surface‐Based Photocatalytic Materials for Energy Conversion and Environmental Purification
Authors: Sun Jingjing , Sun Jing , Wang Xikui
Published: November 2020

Anatase TiO2 with co‐exposed (001) and (101) surfaces [(001)‐(101)‐TiO2], as a semiconductor photocatalyst in crystal plane control engineering, has become a research hotspot in environmental purification and energy conversion due to its strong physicochemical stability, non‐toxic and harmless, and low production cost. This review briefly introduces the basic principles and influencing factors of [(001)‐(101)‐TiO2]. On this basis, the effect of heterostructures formed by different materials and modification methods on its photocatalytic activity are elaborated in detail. Mainly formed heterostructures mentioned in this review include oxygen vacancy/Ti3+‐[(001)‐(101)‐TiO2] heterostructures, noble metal‐[(001)‐(101)‐TiO2] heterostructures, metal sulfide‐[(001)‐(101)‐TiO2] heterostructures, metal oxide‐[(001)‐(101)‐TiO2] heterostructures and carbon material‐[(001)‐(101)‐TiO2] heterostructures. The light absorption range and charge separation mechanism of (001)‐(101)‐TiO2 after modification are discussed. Moreover, the application of photocatalytic redox reaction in simulating photosynthesis to prepare new energy (hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction), environmental purification and sterilization is introduced in detail. Finally, various measures of designing (001)‐(101)‐TiO2 nanostructures for further applications in energy production and environmental remediation are discussed.
Defect Compensation Weakening Induced Mobility Enhancement in Thermoelectric BiTeI by Iodine Deficiency
Authors: Li Zhou , Zhao Chenxi , Xiao Chong
Published: November 2020

Carrier mobility (weighted mobility more specifically) of thermoelectrics fundamentally determines its power factor, representing a new cut‐in point to optimize the thermoelectric performance. However, researches on enhancing the carrier mobility to improve power factor has been overlooked. In present work, we highlight a significant mobility enhancement in BiTeI by introducing I deficiency, which improves the power factor and final ZT value. A defect compensation weakening mechanism is adopted that the induced I vacancies reduce the concentration of intrinsic
and
antisite defects, which weakens the donor‐acceptor defect compensation and suppresses the defects‐induced carrier scattering. As a result, the carrier mobility is obviously enhanced in I‐deficient samples, which ensures an effectively improved power factor and final ZT. A maximum ZT of 0.57 is achieved at 570 K perpendicular to the pressing direction, which is superior to pristine BiTeI and among the highest values reported for bulk BiTeI‐based thermoelectric materials. Present work opens up a new avenue for thermoelectric optimization mainly by mobility enhancement.
Oxygen Vacancy Engineering in Titanium Dioxide for Sodium Storage
Authors: Wang Qi , Zhang Shan , He Hanna , Xie Chunlin , Tang Yougen , He Chuanxin , Shao Minhua , Wang Haiyan
Published: November 2020

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to its low cost, natural abundance, nontoxicity, and excellent electrochemical stability. Oxygen vacancies, the most common point defects in TiO2, can dramatically influence the physical and chemical properties of TiO2, including band structure, crystal structure and adsorption properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that oxygen‐deficient TiO2 can significantly enhance sodium storage performance. Considering the importance of oxygen vacancies in modifying the properties of TiO2, the structural properties, common synthesis strategies, characterization techniques, as well as the contribution of oxygen‐deficient TiO2 on initial Coulombic efficiency, cyclic stability, rate performance for sodium storage are comprehensively described in this review. Finally, some perspectives on the challenge and future opportunities for the development of oxygen‐deficient TiO2 are proposed.
Observer‐based model reference control of Takagi–Sugeno–Lipschitz systems affected by disturbances using quadratic boundedness
Authors: Yang Ruicong , Rotondo Damiano , Puig Vicenç
Published: November 2020

In this paper, a model reference control strategy is proposed in order to perform trajectory tracking in Takagi–Sugeno–Lipschitz (TSL) systems. Since the state vector is assumed not to be completely available for measurement, a proportional observer is added to the control scheme in order to apply an estimate‐feedback control action instead of a state‐feedback one. The overall design of both the controller and the observer gains are performed using a Lyapunov‐based quadratic boundedness specification, in order to improve the robustness against unknown exogenous disturbances. It is shown that the conditions that ensure convergence within ellipsoidal regions of the tracking and estimation errors can be expressed in the form of a linear matrix inequality (LMI) formulation. The effectiveness of the developed control strategy is demonstrated by means of simulation results.
A Neuroimaging Preparation Protocol Tailored for Autism
Authors: Tziraki Maria , Garg Shruti , Harrison Emma , Wright Neville B. , Hawkes Rob , Akhtar Kapasi , Green Jonathan , Stivaros Stavros
Published: November 2020

This paper describes the key basic elements required for a successful multi‐parametric MRI data acquisition in awake children with autism. The procedure was designed by taking into account methodological challenges arising from the acquisition of Resting State fMRI (RS fMRI) data, and factors such as cost, time, and staff availability. The ultimate aim was to prepare an imaging preparation protocol with high transferability to the whole autism spectrum, adaptable for use in a multi‐site research with multiple time points. As part of a randomized pharmaco‐intervention study, 31 children aged 4–10 years with Neurofibromatosis 1 and autism underwent MR imaging at baseline and end of intervention. The protocol consisted of tailored habituation instructions including gradual exposure to scanner noise, a social stories booklet, positive incentive strategies, and Play Therapy support. Success rate for initial acquisition was 71% for GABA+ MR spectroscopy at either location, 87% for perfusion, and 67% for diffusion assessment, and 71% for RS fMRI. Qualitative data indicated that 84% parents found the habituation protocol helpful.

Lay Summary

Here we describe a protocol for brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) tailored for children with ASD to help reduce stress and avoid sedation during scanning. This procedure can make advanced medical imaging more accessible and promote a better MRI experience for families of children with ASD.
Neue Tabellen zur Brandschutzbemessung von Stahlbetonwänden für EN 1992‐1‐2
Authors: Zehfuß Jochen , Betz Christina , Felix Dominik
Published: November 2020

Die Brandschutzbemessung von tragenden Stahlbetonwänden kann nach DIN EN 1992‐1‐2 [1] mittels Bemessungstabellen, vereinfachten oder allgemeinen Rechenverfahren erfolgen. Die in der aktuellen Version des Eurocodes 2 Teil 1‐2 (DIN EN 1992‐1‐2) [1] enthaltene Bemessungstabelle für tragende Wände wurde in vereinfachter Form aus DIN 4102‐4 von 1994 [2] übernommen. Die Bemessungstabelle enthält jedoch einige Einschränkungen. So sind lediglich zwei Lastausnutzungsgrade tabelliert. Weiterhin wurde bei der Übertragung der Bemessungstabelle aus DIN 4102‐4 eine mögliche Erhöhung der Lastausnutzung durch das semiprobabilistische Sicherheitskonzept im Vergleich zu den auf dem globalen Sicherheitskonzept basierenden Werten der DIN 4102‐4 nicht berücksichtigt. Dies hat zur Folge, dass der Anwendungsbereich der Bemessungstabelle für Betonwände in DIN EN 1992‐1‐2 derzeit begrenzt ist.

In einem von der Initiative Praxisgerechte Regelwerke im Bauwesen (PRB) geförderten Forschungsvorhaben [3] wurden neue Bemessungstabellen für die Brandschutzbemessung von einseitig und zweiseitig brandbeanspruchten, tragenden Betonwänden für einen baupraktisch relevanten Anwendungsbereich entwickelt. Dabei wurde eine größere Vielfalt hinsichtlich der Lastausnutzungsgrade und unterschiedlicher Lagerungsbedingungen berücksichtigt. Damit soll dem bemessenden Ingenieur ein einfach anzuwendendes Bemessungsverfahren zur Verfügung gestellt werden, mit dem die Brandschutzbemessung von Betonwänden wirtschaftlich optimiert und sicher erfolgen kann. Teile der neu entwickelten Bemessungstabellen fließen direkt in die novellierte Fassung der prEN 1992‐1‐2 [4] ein [5]. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Grundlagen, das Vorgehen bei der Entwicklung sowie der Vorschlag der neuen Bemessungstabellen dargestellt.
A multisensor approach for improved protein A load phase monitoring by conductivity‐based background subtraction of UV spectra
Authors: Rolinger Laura , Rüdt Matthias , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: November 2020

Real‐time monitoring and control of protein A capture steps by process analytical technologies (PATs) promises significant economic benefits due to the improved usage of the column's binding capacity, by eliminating time‐consuming off‐line analytics and costly resin lifetime studies, and enabling continuous production. The PAT method proposed in this study relies on ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy with a dynamic background subtraction based on the leveling out of the conductivity signal. This point in time can be used to collect a reference spectrum for removing the majority of spectral contributions by process‐related contaminants. The removal of the background spectrum facilitates chemometric model building and model accuracy. To demonstrate the benefits of this method, five different feedstocks from our industry partner were used to mix the load material for a case study. To our knowledge, such a large design space, which covers possible variations in upstream condition besides the product concentration, has not been disclosed yet. By applying the conductivity‐based background subtraction, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of the partial least squares (PLS) model improved from 0.2080 to 0.0131 g . Finally, the potential of the background subtraction method was further evaluated for single wavelength‐based predictions to facilitate implementation in production processes. An RMSEP of 0.0890 g with univariate linear regression was achieved, showing that by subtraction of the background better prediction accuracy is achieved then without subtraction and a PLS model. In summary, the developed background subtraction method is versatile, enables accurate prediction results, and is easily implemented into existing chromatography setups with typically already integrated sensors.
Fat compartments in patients with depression: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Cosan Alisa S. , Schweiger Julietta U. , Kahl Kai G. , Hamann Bettina , Deuschle Michael , Schweiger Ulrich , Westermair Anna L.
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Depressive disorders are a common illness worldwide. Major depression is known as a significant predictor of the metabolic syndrome. However, the effects of depression on adipose tissue compartments are controversial. This meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the state of research on the relationship between patients with depression and adipose tissue compartments as compared to nondepressed individuals.

Methods

The PubMed database was searched for human studies that measured adipose tissue compartments such as visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and/or organ‐specific adipose tissue measurements using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan and reported the means and a measure of variance separately for depressed individuals and healthy controls. Twelve articles were identified, including a total of 1,141 depressed and 2,545 nondepressed individuals.

Results

Major depressive disorder and self‐reported depressive symptoms were associated with elevated visceral adipose tissue and elevated subcutaneous adipose tissue. Subanalyses for gender, age, method of adipose tissue measurement, and method of depression assessment showed elevated visceral adipose in depressed individuals. The results could be replicated when focussing on studies controlling for body mass index (BMI). Regarding other adipose tissue compartments, meta‐analysis could not be carried out due to lack of studies.

Conclusions

Depression is associated with enlarged visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Further, especially longitudinal, research is needed to identify the mechanism through which depressive disorders contribute to visceral adiposity.
Close the loop: Evidence on the implementation of the circular economy from the Italian fashion industry
Authors: Colucci Mariachiara , Vecchi Alessandra
Published: November 2020

Fashion is widely considered as one of the most polluting and destructive industries to the environment and is a resource‐intensive industry in which opportunities to reduce environmental impacts abound. By relying on an exploratory approach, this paper features an investigation into the circular economy (CE) practices of four purposefully selected Italian fashion companies. The study endorses the overlooked perspective of the product lifecycle (vis‐à‐vis the business model perspective), consistent with the key principles of the CE, to provide a comprehensive picture of CE practices implemented. This study engages with the current debate on the relationship between the concepts of sustainability and CE, supporting the idea that there is a beneficial relation between the two. The analysis shows the emergence of categories of CE‐related practices as well as CE implementation challenges. The study also provides granular insights into the nature of these challenges that hinder the implementation of CE and demonstrates how they can be turned into sources of competitive advantage. Drawing on this emblematic evidence, we develop a set of theoretical and managerial implications.
The sustainable start‐up paradox: Predicting the business and climate performance of start‐ups
Authors: Leendertse Jip , van Rijnsoever Frank J. , Eveleens Chris P.
Published: November 2020

Sustainable start‐ups introduce new sustainable technologies and business models that facilitate the transition to a carbon neutral economy. To understand how to create viable sustainable start‐ups, we study what factors predict their business performance and climate performance (i.e., the ability of the start‐up to reduce CO2 equivalent [CO2e] emissions) and if these contradict. A critical factor we consider is technology, which is commonly at the root of climate performance, and important for business performance because it influences a start‐up's competitive advantage. Using a sample of 197 sustainable start‐ups, we find a paradox between business and potential climate performance. Start‐ups that exploit hardware technologies have a lower business performance but a higher potential climate performance. Through the use of mediating effects, we show that the sustainable start‐up paradox is context specific. Start‐ups can partly escape this paradox by focusing on novel and hardware technologies. We discuss implications for theory and practice.
Ungual hyalohyphomycosis caused by Fusarium cugenangense
Authors: Hirose Miki , Noguchi Hiromitsu , Matsumoto Tadahiko , Kimura Utako , Hiruma Masataro , Kano Rui , Yaguchi Takashi , Fujimoto Norihiro , Satoh Takahiro , Ihn Hironobu
Published: November 2020

Fusarium onychomycosis is uncommon in the temperate climate zone of Japan. Based on the morphological characteristics and a gene analysis, we diagnosed a patient with ungual hyalohyphomycosis caused by Fusarium cugenangense belonging to the F oxysporum complex. This intractable disease was cured by 6‐month treatment with efinaconazole 10% solution.
NNN Pincer‐functionalized Porous Organic Polymer Supported Ru(III) as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Levulinic Acid Hydrogenation to γ‐Valerolactone
Authors: Park Kwangho , Padmanaban Sudakar , Kim Seong‐Hoon , Jung Kwang‐Deog , Yoon Sungho
Published: November 2020

A novel porous organic polymer that incorporates NNN pincer type of ligand, i. e., 2,6‐Bis(pyrazol‐3‐yl)pyridine, (3‐bpp‐POP) is prepared via solvent‐knitting method. Through the characterizations, 3‐bpp‐POP is demonstrated to possess abundant porous structure, high surface area, and excellent thermal durability. A ruthenium molecular catalyst immobilized on the 3‐bpp‐POP support exhibits substantial catalytic performance for the hydrogenation of LA to GVL with an initial turnover frequency (TOF) of 1680 h−1 and a maximum turnover number (TON) of 14762 over 24 h for LA conversion with selectivities of 91.1 % for GVL and 8.9 % for HPA. The catalyst demonstrated excellent durability during successive recycles without leaching Ru3+, which ascribe to the strong binding of pincer ligand to metal centers.
Palladium/Carboxylic Acid‐catalyzed Alkenylation of Furfural and its Derivatives Using Alkynes
Authors: Minami Yasunori , Miyamoto Hitomi , Nakajima Yumiko
Published: November 2020

Furfural and its derivatives underwent alkenylation with alkynes via α‐C−H activation in the presence of a palladium/carboxylic acid catalyst to give the corresponding single and double alkenylated products. The reactive aldehyde group remained intact during this reaction. This catalytic system allowed selective alkenylation of furan substrates having electron‐withdrawing substituents.
Processes for Future: Erst recht im Digitalformat
Authors: Koester Vera
Published: November 2020

Als interaktive und abwechslungsreiche Online‐Konferenz fanden im Jahr der Corona‐Pandemie vom 21. bis 24. September 2020 die 10. ProcessNet‐Jahrestagung und die 34. Dechema‐Jahrestagung der Biotechnologen statt. Neben Vortragsformaten umfassten die Sessi
Die eine Quelle der Wahrheit
Authors: Kiesel Johanna
Published: November 2020

Engineeringprozesse immer stärker zu parallelisieren, ist längst erzwungene Realität. Die Aucotec AG, Software‐Entwickler seit über 35 Jahren, setzt dafür jetzt neue Maßstäbe. Mit „agilem Engineering” will das Unternehmen Planer befähigen, die simultane K
Mehrwert durch Digitalisierung
Authors: Meißler Sebastian
Published: November 2020

Mit datenbasierten Services eröffnen sich für Betreiber von Prozess‐ und Druckluftaggregaten branchenübergreifend neue Möglichkeiten zur ressourcenschonenden, energieeffizienten Gestaltung von Prozessen. AERZEN engagiert sich für die digitale Transforma
Experimental study on aeration efficiency in a pilot‐scale decelerated oxidation ditch equipped with fine bubble diffusers and impellers
Authors: Xu Xiaofei , Wei Wenze , Liu Fengxia , Wei Wei , Liu Zhijun
Published: November 2020

This work is an experimental study on the oxygen transfer capability and efficiency in a pilot‐scale decelerated oxidation ditch equipped with fine bubble diffusers and impellers (inducing horizontal liquid flows). Aqueous solutions of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) exhibiting shear‐thinning rheological properties are selected to simulate activated sludge in the oxidation ditch process. The effect of air flow rate and horizontal liquid velocity along the loop channel on oxygen transfer capability and aeration efficiency is examined in tap water and CMC aqueous solutions. The standard volumetric mass transfer coefficient KLa20, standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE), and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) are introduced to study the oxygen mass transfer performance and energy consumption efficiency in the oxidation ditch. The results show that KLa20, SOTE, and SAE in CMC aqueous solutions follow similar trends observed in tap water. Due to the effect of shear‐thinning rheological properties, KLa20, SOTE, and SAE in CMC aqueous solutions are smaller than those in tap water. Two dimensionless numbers, Froude number and Ohnesorge number are introduced to study the oxygen transfer efficiency through the consideration of the combined influence of aeration, crossflow, gas bubble size, and physical properties of the liquid phase.
Silica‐supported morpholine alkaline ionic liquid catalysts for preparation of biodiesel
Authors: Zeng Xiang‐Rui , Wang Lu‐Lu , Wang Ji‐Lin
Published: November 2020

Biodiesel was synthesized by transesterification of soybean oil and methanol over a silica‐supported morpholine alkaline ionic liquid catalyst (SILC). Characterization of SILC was performed using 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), x‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (XRD), and nitrogen adsorption‐desorption isotherms. Transesterification proceeded satisfactorily over SILC at ambient pressure and without simultaneous water removal. Under optimal reaction conditions, including 60°C, 4 hours, reactant/catalyst molar ratio of 14/1, and 3‐wt% catalyst, a high yield of biodiesel (94.5%) was obtained. SILC's reusability was more than six times, with no obvious decrease in catalytic activity observed.
N‐Phenyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline: An Alternative Scaffold for the Design of 17β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 Inhibitors
Authors: Mottinelli Marco , Sinreih Maša , Rižner Tea L. , Leese Mathew P. , Potter Barry V. L.
Published: November 2020

17β‐Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases catalyse interconversion at the C17 position between oxidized and reduced forms of steroidal nuclear receptor ligands. The type 1 enzyme, expressed in malignant cells, catalyses reduction of the less‐active estrone to estradiol, and inhibitors have therapeutic potential in estrogen‐dependent diseases such as breast and ovarian cancers and in endometriosis. Synthetic decoration of the nonsteroidal N‐phenyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) template was pursued by using Pomeranz‐Fritsch‐Bobbitt, Pictet‐Spengler and Bischler‐Napieralski approaches to explore the viability of this scaffold as a steroid mimic. Derivatives were evaluated biologically in vitro as type 1 enzyme inhibitors in a bacterial cell homogenate as source of recombinant protein. Structure‐activity relationships are discussed. THIQs possessing a 6‐hydroxy group, lipophilic substitutions at the 1‐ or 4‐positions in combination with N‐4′‐chlorophenyl substitution were most favourable for activity. Of these, one compound had an IC50 of ca. 350 nM as a racemate, testifying to the applicability of this novel approach.
Solving the last mile problem in logistics: A mobile edge computing and blockchain‐based unmanned aerial vehicle delivery system
Authors: Li Xuejun , Gong Lina , Liu Xiao , Jiang Frank , Shi Wenyu , Fan Lingmin , Gao Han , Li Rui , Xu Jia
Published: November 2020

The “last mile” problem in logistics is challenging due to its low efficiency and high cost. To address this problem, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) delivery such as drone delivery has been proposed and widely accepted as a promising solution. However, currently most of the existing UAV delivery systems are based on Cloud Computing which cannot efficiently meet the requirements of many real‐time services in UAV delivery systems. Meanwhile, the security issues in UAV delivery systems also raise critical concerns due to the existence of multiple participants (such as the sender, middler, and receiver) who may not maintain a mutual trust relationship among them. How to secure the UAV delivery process in such an untrusted environment is still a challenging issue. In this paper, we propose a Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and blockchain‐based UAV delivery system to resolve the “last mile” problem in logistics. Specifically, based on the MEC architecture, the blockchain nodes are deployed on the edge nodes to facilitate and secure the UAV delivery process. To verify the effectiveness of our proposed solution, a MEC‐based UAV delivery system prototype with a private blockchain on the Ethereum platform is implemented. Through the security analysis and performance evaluation, it is proven that our proposed solution can effectively solve the “last mile” problem and address the security issues in UAV delivery systems.
Emerging Concepts in Carbon Nitride Organic Photocatalysis
Authors: Mazzanti Stefano , Savateev Aleksandr
Published: November 2020

Carbon nitrides encompass a class of transition‐metal‐free materials possessing numerous advantages such as low cost (few Euros per gram), high chemical stability, broad tunability of redox potentials and optical bandgap, recyclability, and a high absorption coefficient (>105 cm−1), which make them highly attractive for application in photoredox catalysis. In this Review, we classify carbon nitrides based on their unique properties, structure, and redox potentials. We summarize recently emerging concepts in heterogeneous carbon nitride photocatalysis, with an emphasis on the synthesis of organic compounds: 1) Illumination‐Driven Electron Accumulation in Semiconductors and Exploitation (IDEASE); 2) singlet‐triplet intersystem crossing in carbon nitride excited states and related energy transfer; 3) architectures of flow photoreactors; and 4) dual metal/carbon nitride photocatalysis. The objective of this Review is to provide a detailed overview regarding innovative research in carbon nitride photocatalysis focusing on these topics.
Proton Conductive BaZr0.8‐xCexY0.2O3‐δ: Influence of NiO Sintering Additive on Crystal Structure, Hydration Behavior, and Conduction Properties
Authors: Han Donglin , Goto Kazuhiro , Majima Masatoshi , Uda Tetsuya
Published: November 2020

Y‐doped BaZrO3, BaCeO3 and BaZr1‐xCexO3 show high proton conductivity at intermediate temperature and are promising electrolyte candidates in electrochemical devices. However, in most cases, the present cell fabrication process seems to be unavailable to avoid the addition of NiO, which is either added to improve the sinterability of these electrolyte or diffuses from the electrode substrate during co‐sintering. In this work, a systematic investigation was performed to study the effect of NiO on BaZr0.8‐xCexY0.2O3‐δ (BZCY20) covering the full Ce range from 0 to 0.8. The results revealed that regardless of the composition of BZCY20, both the dehydration temperature and proton concentration decreased by adding NiO, which further greatly decreased the ionic conductivity and the transport number. And it is found that the redox cycles in Ce‐rich samples containing Ni makes the grain boundary conductivity worse and the electrolyte brittle. The conclusion is that NiO is detrimental to the performance of the electrochemical cells using these materials as the electrolyte, although compromise might be achieved in certain degree by tuning the Ce content. However, it should be noted that to further improve the cell performance, a new sintering additive or new processing for cell fabrication is essential.
Lightweight network and parallel computing for fast pedestrian detection
Authors: Wu Jianpeng , Men Yao , Chen DeSheng
Published: November 2020

In recent years, researchers have made great efforts in computer vision task (e.g., object detection) with the widely use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, object detection algorithms based on CNNs suffer from high computation cost even on the high‐performance computers. In addition, with the development of high‐resolution videos, the deployment of object detection algorithms becomes more and more difficult because of the large amount of data, let alone the portable platforms, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In this paper, we research a lightweight network on portable platform for outdoor tiny pedestrian detection. Concretely, we first set up a training dataset manually for lack of tiny pedestrian samples in common datasets. We provide a lightweight network, and then, parallel computing is introduced to make the most of the advantage of GPU. Finally, our method can achieve real‐time performance on Jetson TX2. Experimental results verify that the proposed model has promising performance in tiny pedestrian detection designed for portable GPU platforms.
The value of ultrasonography for the indication of fine‐needle aspiration in autonomous thyroid nodules
Authors: Rosario Pedro Weslley , de Castro Nicolau Theara
Published: November 2020

Background

The risk of malignancy in autonomous thyroid nodules is considered to be very low in adults and fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is not recommended in these cases; however, some studies contest this. Just as ultrasonography (US) has been used to select nonautonomous nodules with initial benign cytology that deserve FNA repetition, this method may also be useful to select autonomous nodules that are candidates for FNA.

Methods

In this prospective study, FNA was obtained in 48 adults patients with autonomous solitary nodules >1 cm with suspicious US features (at least two of the following findings: hypoechogenicity, microcalcification, irregular margins, taller than wider shape, predominantly or exclusively central vascularization).

Results

Cytology was benign in 28 patients (58.3%). Six patients (12.5%) had nondiagnostic cytology and histology revealed benign nodules in these cases. Cytology was indeterminate in nine other patients (18.5%). Of these, seven were adenomas and two were follicular carcinomas on histology. Finally, cytology suspicious for malignancy or malignant cytology was detected in five patients (10.4%), all of them confirmed histologically to be papillary carcinomas (the follicular variant in three). Thus, the frequency of malignancy was 14.6% (two follicular carcinomas and five papillary carcinomas), 8.3% in nodules with two suspicious findings vs 33.3% in nodules with ≥3 suspicious findings (P = .055).

Conclusion

The results suggest that the presence of ultrasonographic findings suspicious for malignancy in autonomous thyroid nodules >1 cm is a criterion for the indication of FNA.
Priority effects and competition by a native species inhibit an invasive species and may assist restoration
Authors: Yu Hanxia , Yue Maofeng , Wang Cui , Le Roux Johannes J. , Peng Changlian , Li Weihua
Published: November 2020

Selecting native species for restoration is often done without proper ecological background, particularly with regard to how native and invasive species interact. Here, we provide insights suggesting that such information may greatly enhance restoration success. The performance of the native vine, Pueraria lobata, and that of the invasive bitter vine, Mikania micrantha, were investigated in South China to test how priority effects (timing and rate of germination and seedling growth) and competition (phytochemical effects and competitive ability) impact invasive plant performance. We found that, in the absence of competition, the germination rate of M. micrantha, but not of P. lobata, was significantly affected by light availability. P. lobata seedlings also performed better than those of M. micrantha during early growth phases. Under competition, negative phytochemical effects of P. lobata on M. micrantha were strong and we found M. micrantha to have lower performance when grown with P. lobata compared to when grown by itself. Relative interaction indexes indicated that, under interspecific competition, P. lobata negatively affected (i.e., inhibited) M. micrantha, whereas M. micrantha positively affected (i.e., facilitated) P. lobata. Higher photosynthetic efficiency and soil nutrient utilization put P. lobata at a further advantage over M. micrantha. Field trails corroborated these experimental findings, showing little recruitment of M. micrantha in previously invaded and cleared field plots that were sown with P. lobata. Thus, P. lobata is a promising candidate for ecological restoration and for reducing impacts of M. micrantha in China. This research illustrates that careful species selection may improve restoration outcomes, a finding that may also apply to other invaded ecosystems and species.
Ejection fraction and mortality: a nationwide register‐based cohort study of 499 153 women and men
Authors: Stewart Simon , Playford David , Scalia Gregory M. , Currie Philip , Celermajer David S , Prior David , Codde Jim , Strange Geoff ,   on behalf of the NEDA Investigators
Published: November 2020

Aims

We investigated the sex‐based risk of mortality across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in a large cohort of patients in Australia.

Methods and results

Quantified levels of LVEF from 237 046 women (48.1%) and 256 109 men undergoing first‐time, routine echocardiography (2000–2019) were linked to 119 232 deaths (median 5.6 years of follow‐up). Overall, 17.6% of men vs. 8.3% of women had an LVEF <50%. An LVEF <40% was associated with the highest crude cardiovascular‐related and all‐cause mortality at 5 years (∼20–30% and ∼ 40–50%, respectively). Thereafter, actual cardiovascular‐related and all‐cause mortality at 5 years in both sexes steeply improved to a nadir LVEF of 65.0–69.9% (reference group). Below this LVEF level, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for cardiovascular‐related mortality for a LVEF of 55.0–59.9% was 1.36 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–1.59; P < 0.001] in women and 1.21 (95% CI 1.05–1.39; P = 0.008) in men. In women, an LVEF of 60.0–64.9% was also associated with a HR 1.33 (95% CI 1.16–1.52; P < 0.001) for cardiovascular‐related mortality. These associations were most striking in women and men aged <65 years and were replicated in those with suspected heart failure (32 403 cases aged 65.2 ± 16.1 years, 57.0% women). For pre‐existing heart failure (33 738 cases aged 67.6 ± 16.9 years, 46.5% women), the specific threshold of increased mortality was at and below 50.0–54.9%.

Conclusions

Among patients investigated for suspected or established cardiovascular disease, we found clinically relevant sex‐based differences in the distribution and mortality associated with an LVEF <65.0–69.9%. Specifically, they suggest a greater risk of mortality at higher LVEF levels among women.
Online monitoring applying the anaerobic respiratory monitoring system reveals iron(II) limitation in YTF medium for Clostridium ljungdahlii
Authors: Mann Marcel , Wittke Darina , Büchs Jochen
Published: November 2020

Online monitoring of microbial cultures is an effective approach for studying both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Especially in small‐scale cultivations, several parallel online monitored experiments can generate a detailed understanding of the cultivation, compared to a situation where a few data points are generated from time course sampling and offline analysis. However, the availability of small‐scale online monitoring devices for acetogenic organisms is limited. In this study, the previously reported anaerobic Respiration Activity MOnitoring System (anaRAMOS) device was adapted for online monitoring of Clostridium ljungdahlii (C. ljungdahlii) cultures with fructose as the carbon source. The anaRAMOS was applied to identify conversion of different carbon sources present in commonly used YTF medium. An iron(II) deficiency was discovered in this medium for C. ljungdahlii. Addition of iron(II) to the YTF medium reduced the cultivation time and increased biomass yield of C. ljungdahlii cultures by 50% and 40%, respectively. The measurement of the carbon dioxide transfer rate was used to calculated the iron(II) contained in complex components. By demonstrating the application of the anaRAMOS device for medium optimization, it is proven that the described online monitoring device has potential for use in process development.
Hydrogen effects on ignition delay time of methyl butanoate in a rapid compression machine
Authors: Lee Seunghyeon , Song Soonho
Published: November 2020

The effect of hydrogen addition on the ignition delay time of methyl butanoate was studied using a rapid compression machine experiment and ANSYS CHEMKIN‐PRO 19.0 numerical analysis. The ignition delay was measured under engine‐relevant conditions by varying equivalence ratios (0.5 and 1.0), compression pressures (15 and 30 bar), compression temperatures (860‐1060 K), and hydrogen mole fractions in the methyl butanoate/hydrogen mixture (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%). The kinetic mechanism was modified by adding the methyl butanoate mechanism to the NUIG Aramco 3.0 mechanism and modifying the rate parameters of the H‐atom abstraction reactions of methyl butanoate. The numerical results obtained using the modified mechanism were in good agreement with the experimental results. The methyl butanoate/hydrogen mixture did not show a negative temperature coefficient characteristic. With hydrogen addition, the ignition delay increased at low temperatures but decreased at high temperatures. The results of the chemical and dilution effect analysis using the imaginary inert H2 showed that the chemical effects differ depending on the temperature. Most added hydrogen molecules participate in the chain propagation reactions to produce H radicals and consume OH by the reaction H2 + OH → H + H2O. This, in turn, changes the reactions of other species, such as HO2 and H2O2. The results of the reaction path analysis for the related species showed that the addition of hydrogen reduced radical reactions at low temperatures, while increasing them at high temperatures.
Bempegaldesleukin (BEMPEG; NKTR‐214) efficacy as a single agent and in combination with checkpoint‐inhibitor therapy in mouse models of osteosarcoma
Authors: Hennessy Marlene , Wahba Andrew , Felix Kumar , Cabrera Mariella , Segura Maria Gabriela , Kundra Vikas , Ravoori Murali K. , Stewart John , Kleinerman Eugenie S. , Jensen Vanessa Behrana , Gopalakrishnan Vidya , Pena Rhoneil , Quach Phi , Kim Grace , Kivimäe Saul , Madakamutil Loui , Overwijk Willem W. , Zalevsky Jonathan , Gordon Nancy
Published: November 2020

Survival of patients with relapsed/refractory osteosarcoma has not improved in the last 30 years. Several immunotherapeutic approaches have shown benefit in murine osteosarcoma models, including the anti‐programmed death‐1 (anti‐PD‐1) and anti‐cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 (anti‐CTLA‐4) immune checkpoint inhibitors. Treatment with the T‐cell growth factor interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) has shown some clinical benefit but has limitations due to poor tolerability. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of bempegaldesleukin (BEMPEG; NKTR‐214), a first‐in‐class CD122‐preferential IL‐2 pathway agonist, alone and in combination with anti‐PD‐1 or anti‐CTLA‐4 immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic and orthotopic murine models of osteosarcoma. Treatment with BEMPEG delayed tumor growth and increased overall survival of mice with K7M2‐WT osteosarcoma pulmonary metastases. BEMPEG also inhibited primary tumor growth and metastatic relapse in lungs and bone in the K7M3 orthotopic osteosarcoma mouse model. In addition, it enhanced therapeutic activity of anti‐CTLA‐4 and anti‐PD‐1 checkpoint blockade in the DLM8 subcutaneous murine osteosarcoma model. Finally, BEMPEG strongly increased accumulation of intratumoral effector T cells and natural killer cells, but not T‐regulatory cells, resulting in improved effector:inhibitory cell ratios. Collectively, these data in multiple murine models of osteosarcoma provide a path toward clinical evaluation of BEMPEG‐based regimens in human osteosarcoma.
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine in cancer care: A global analysis of national cancer control plans
Authors: Parra‐Herran Carlos , Romero Yannick , Milner Danny
Published: November 2020

In order to understand the structure and effectiveness of national cancer control systems, the International Cancer Control Partnership, the World Health Organization, the National Cancer Institute and the Union for International Cancer Control underwent a review of available national cancer health plans (NCCPs) and noncommunicable diseases plans (NCDPs) worldwide. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (PALM) plays a major role in cancer management, from prevention and screening to patient care (diagnosis and treatment) and population‐level cancer surveillance. This review concentrates on the analysis of elements in national cancer care plans pertaining to PALM. Of 157 countries surveyed, 90 (57%) had a NCCP and 123 (78%) had a NCDP. While 54% of plans included guidelines on cancer diagnosis or plans to develop standards protocols for diagnosis, only 14% included PALM as a component of the plan. PALM‐related variables such as synoptic pathology reporting, cancer staging guidelines and cancer genetics programs were similarly underrepresented (being mentioned in only 6%, 17% and 16% of plans, respectively). Absence of PALM‐related variables tended to be more frequent in lower‐income countries. Our analysis highlights an important gap in national cancer control initiatives worldwide represented by the overall lack of inclusion of PALM resources. Cancer control will only be effective if laboratory sciences are placed as a priority. Based on the data presented herein, there is a need to increase awareness about the importance of PALM in cancer care, and to incorporate this discipline in the design and implementation of multilevel cancer control strategies.
Nanomechanics of Biomaterials – from Cells to Shells
Authors: Rosenhek‐Goldian Irit , Cohen Sidney R.
Published: November 2020

Biological organisms are inherently complex. Although investigations of the function and design of living organisms have existed since the dawn of science, only in recent years have the tools existed to extend such studies to the nanoscale. Progress in nanomechanics of biological systems has enabled our understanding of intricate mechanical designs which nature has optimized for specific functions. This review provides an overview of the field of bionanomechanics, emphasizing the manner in which fundamental mechanical concepts are expressed in the design of a wide spectrum of biological specimens. We show that diverse species exploit common concepts to achieve desired function; a principle that extends over large scales of size and mechanical properties. The powerful techniques that enable such studies, particularly atomic force microscopy and instrumented nanoindentation, as well as common analytical approaches are given special attention.