bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communicating with Kids and Getting Them to Talk to You
Authors: Cousins Jon
Published: January 2008

Children see the internet as ‘their’ medium: email is ‘their’ communications channel. As more and more children get their own email address, it becomes an attractive (and relatively economical) means for brands to keep in touch with them. But a lot of damage can be done by using the medium unwisely. This article sets out a system for ensuring content is developed in such a way that children are pleased to receive it.
Never too Late to Throw in that Safety Net for Young Explorers
Authors: Hurst Ray
Published: January 2008

The Internet has been a battleground for all kinds of contentious issues from censorship to personal privacy but nothing seems to have raised more hackles than the issue of marketing to children. This paper looks at how advertisers themselves see and address this issue.
Introducing the Millennium Kid
Authors: Phelps Martin
Published: January 2008

This paper hypothesises that the nature of children early in the next millennium will be formed by the dynamics of a much changed environment on their inherent nature. The stress of the new environment on children is likely to result in largely conflicting desires for immediate gratification and building self esteem, and new opportunities for brands that can satisfy these changing needs.
The Use of Focus Groups in Toy Testing
Authors: Szymanski Marianne
Published: January 2008

Focus 1: Putting Toys to the Test Good research methods can help make the most out of marketing efforts. Testing is a positive step in marketing the best product you can offer a consumer. Research can only mean what you want it to mean with your toy. There are four research methods you can use to gain information to help you make your toy the best it can be.
The Net Generation: Media Consumption is Changing as Kids Have More Choice
Authors: Carter Sharon
Published: January 2008

This article sets out to explore what is influencing children — how they spend their leisure time and how technology plays its part in this. In particular the author explores the impact of the Internet and e‐commerce and draws on experiences from the US. In addition she also looks at the growing importance of licensing and how the entertainment market is a key influencer.
Youth Awareness of Tobacco Sponsorship As A Dimension of Brand Equity
Authors: Sparks Robert
Published: January 2008

Tobacco sponsorship of sports has increasingly been cast as a public issue on the grounds that it supports pediatric smoking by circumventing advertising restrictions and communicating positive brand information to children(28,31,32). Research on tobacco sponsorship effects on children is as yet inconclusive, but growing evidence suggests that sponsorship is an effective medium for building cigarette brand awareness and image among under‐aged youth. Research in this area has been inconclusive in part because it lacks a unified framework in which the various contributions of sponsorship to brand knowledge and use can be analysed holistically. This paper proposes that the brand equity concept(1,2,18) provides such a framework. The paper reviews previous research on tobacco sponsorship and children, and presents findings from a study that assessed the relative contribution of sponsorship to brand awareness among fourteen year‐olds (n=366) in Dunedin, New Zealand. The value of sponsorship‐derived cigarette brand knowledge among youth is expressed in terms of Keller's(18) concept of customer‐based brand equity. The study found that children's awareness of tobacco brands and tobacco sponsorships varied according to their smoking experience, sports interests and gender. Cigarette brands with the strongest event associations were those that sponsored events that had a high appeal for the youth in the study. The brands with the highest unaided recall levels were those that were prominently shown in point of purchase displays in stores frequented by the youth, and included those with the highest sponsorship profiles. The research demonstrates that tobacco companies can achieve significant brand recall among children through sport sponsorship, as well as interest‐based (lifestyle) segmentation and targeting benefits, and brand positioning (personality) benefits. The findings have implications for public policy and industry practice. In policy terms, if the goal of tobacco advertising prohibitions is to denormalise smoking by restricting the positive promotional imagery of cigarettes, then sport sponsorship and point of purchase displays need to be incorporated into advertising legislation. In terms of industry practice, the fact that tobacco sponsorship reaches and influences under‐aged youth stands to be a matter of concern for any entity that does not want this social burden. It is recommended that corporations considering involvement in a tobacco‐sponsored event should evaluate the reach of the event and the potential effects of its promotions on youth. Where a youth‐interest connection has been demonstrated for the event, corporations should weigh the social risks and costs of the sponsorship. For non‐tobacco related entities these costs include the potential negative impacts of tobacco‐linked event cross‐promotions on their own brands and corporate image.
Cartoon Crazy?
Authors: Sancho‐Aldridge Jane , Karet Nicki
Published: January 2008

The Independent Television Commission (ITC) regulates all commercial television in the UK, with the exception of S4C in Wales. Where the younger audience is concerned, it has a special duty to ensure that “material unsuitable for children must not be broadcast at times when large numbers of children may be expected to be watching”.
To Infinity and Beyond: Character Merchandising and Children's Toys
Authors: Marshall David , Flelan Sarah
Published: January 2008

Character merchandising is often seen as a way to woo unsuspecting young consumers but what do children make of all this? This paper reports a small qualitative study looking at the response of children, aged six to eight, to character toys. The preliminary findings show that while children have very clear ideas about what characters they like, this is mediated by social as well as marketing influences and any loyalty may be short lived under peer pressure.
E‐Pester Power Vs. Digital Parent‐Child Negotiation
Authors: Welter Dean
Published: January 2008

The Swedes don't like it, nor do the Greeks, the Germans don't understand it, the French think it's ‘d'accord’ and the British just accept it as an ever increasing part of modern day life. This article looks at what ‘it’ is and who is right… morally or otherwise.
Getting Older Younger: Developmental Differences in Children and the Challenge of Developmental Compression
Authors: Cohen Michael , Cahill Edward
Published: January 2008

Successful marketing to children not only requires an understanding of how kids are different from each other, but also how those differences are changing. This paper examines the developmental differences in children and the phenomenon of developmental compression — the recent contraction of age‐specific psychological stages — as well as their implications for conducting market research with children. It offers evidence of developmental compression and discusses such contributing factors as the media, new parenting styles, complex family life, and the changing nature of children's activities, brand awareness, and purchase power. The paper argues that the core challenge of this phenomenon is that, while children may be manifesting more grown‐up behaviour in certain domains, their cognitive, physical and emotional compression may not be happening in sync with one another. Thus, while children may appear to be sophisticated consumers, they are not always able to understand the marketing messages directed at them or the implications of their purchase decisions.
Digital Kids — Navigating and Making Sense of a World of Choice
Authors: Donnenfeld Shari , Goodhand Andy
Published: January 2008

The following paper highlights the findings from Nickelodeon UK's digital study designed to better understand the changed viewing dynamics in digital homes and how that will impact upon building brand loyalty. The findings have been captured in two models: viewer segmentation in cable and satellite, and digital environments and channel/brand loyalty in cable and satellite and digital environments. These two models show how the various segments of viewing will shift in a world of increased competition and how achieving brand loyalty will be more challenging. This is the first set of findings published on digital kids in the United Kingdom as it pre‐dates all audience measurement systems.
Targeting the Eurokid
Authors: Dobbie Andrew
Published: January 2008

The interests and reactions of children around the world are much more homogeneous than those of adults, because cultural differentiation progresses with age. The highly differentiated national and class reactions to language, food, religion, sports etc which we observe in adults of different cultures, have not yet evolved in small children, so one might conclude that marketing to children in different countries would not have to consider differences other than language. However, the following examples demonstrate that this is not so: the German market segments for construction toys, models, train sets, and wooden toys, are several times larger than the corresponding segments in the UK. The UK market for military toys is very much larger than the German market and in Spain, large dolls are sold in huge oversized packages, whereas in Germany large dolls are usually merchandised in store without any packaging.
The Net Generation: Research Findings from the Fast Lane!
Authors: Woolley Andreà
Published: January 2008

The Youth Research Group (YoRG) is into its second year of running the UK's largest Internet research site. Over 21,000 7–16 year olds participate in the survey annually and the research is conducted in schools nationally. One of the main drawbacks with continuous research is that it takes a long time to complete — results can take months, even more than a year to deliver to the client sector. Internet research provides the exception with reporting conducted at weekly or fortnightly intervals. This means that for the first time, thanks to the power of the Internet, data can be used pro‐actively rather than retrospectively by the client sector.
Kids Culture
Authors: Bowen Mike
Published: January 2008

This paper is taken from a presentation slide show given by the author late last year. It talks about promoting to children and how, as children are growing up younger, new strategies are needed to capture and retain their interest.
Advertising and Marketing to Children: Exploitation or Socialisation?
Authors: Cowell Paul
Published: January 2008

This article discusses some of the views on advertising and marketing to children from both sides of the argument and takes a position that marketers should accommodate the views of those who disagree with them and not be content to just lobby against them. The author believes that rather than just attempting to continue bombarding children with the advertising message they should, in partnership with primary/elementary schools teach children how to understand and deflect the marketing and advertising message, in other words ‘free children's minds’. Marketers should also ‘free their minds’ and examine whether they have fully taken on the marketing concept or are really manipulating the minds of their customers.
Chinese Children's Consumer Behaviour: A Review
Authors: McNeal James U. , Zhang Hongxia
Published: January 2008

China's population of children is the largest in the world. It is the largest in terms of numbers in spite of its limitation of one child per family. Soon it will be the largest children's market in terms of economic clout. Since marketers tend to use a simple fortnula for determining market potential of a geography, that is, People X Dollars = Markets, these facts are causing China's children to receive increasing attention from Western marketers. Brands such as Lego, Barbie, Nestle, M&M, Pepsi, Kraft, Crayola, Johnson & Johnson, Nike, and McDonald's are in head‐to‐head competition with many of China's major producers and retailers for a share of this market. Consequently, information about the children's market in China is needed.
Up Close and Personal: Questioning the Orthodoxy of Objectivity in Qualitative Research
Authors: Adams Jo , Burrows David
Published: January 2008

This paper was first presented at the ESOMAR Youth Marketing Conference, Beijing, 24–26 October 1999. It discusses approaches to youth research designed to help ensure that our understanding of the youth target is maximised. It acknowledges the complexity of the youth consumer's attitudes and brand relationships, and the consequent need to understand these relationships from a number of different angles. It focuses on an examination of methodologies and techniques which go beyond the classical qualitative remit, challenging traditional notions of researcher objectivity. It will argue that more subjective approaches to the world of the youth consumer will enable a more contextualised vision of their world and their relationship with brands. The paper will outline the belief that such an approach will contribute to the levels of insight researchers are able to offer clients, in turn enabling them to better anticipate change and development in youth attitudes and needs. Project examples where we believe this has been achieved will be detailed.
The Importance of Using the Right Label: For ‘Kids’ Don't Read ‘Children’
Authors: Hawes Gerrie
Published: January 2008

The author believes children are very different ‘creatures’ to kids and that marketers need to understand which one of these distinct groups they are targeting. This article was first published in Kids Marketing Report vol. 1 no.7
Let's Go Euro
Authors: Eden Kate
Published: January 2008

Euro Kid Power. Why ‘go Euro’? Because Euro kid power is immense: this region accounts for 64 million kids under the age of 14; and its annual expenditure on toys and games amounts to 20 billion US dollars. Although the per capita value of this market certainly varies a great deal from country to country (for example, the UK out‐spends Greece by a ratio of nearly 10‐to‐1), each of these markets clearly presents a significant opportunity in its own right. So how can we begin to tap into this potential? That's the key question of this article: do the different kids of Europe share any unifying characteristics that will provide the basis of a ‘common market’ for our brands?
Webkids
Authors: Belt Jantien
Published: January 2008

In the Netherlands school is the second most important place, after television, for passing on addresses of children's websites. Websites should include not only an educational part but also a ‘fun’ section. When children use a particular website in school for classwork, they will visit it again when at home if they know it also contains fun elements such as a chatbox or games.
Licences — A Thought!
Authors: Stevenson Rob
Published: January 2008

It has often surprised and intrigued this author during his career why certain children's licences seem to work better than others but to a casual observer they all seem the same. Using a few well‐ chosen examples which are popular to children he attempts to get under their skin and comprehend what makes them successful.
Using Values‐Based Research to Build a Unified Brand in a Diverse Marketplace
Authors: Kehler Elizabeth
Published: January 2008

This author looks at unlocking the underpinning emotional drivers of choice among youth, developing a unified brand positioning targeted to diverse priorities and building brand loyalty within a life‐stage instead of over a life time.
The Regulation of Children's Advertising in the US
Authors: Curran Catharine M. , Richards Jef I.
Published: January 2008

Over the past 30 years the United States has grappled with the regulation of children's advertising in various media. The same debate that occurred in the 1970's in the US over banning children's advertising is heating up in the EU today. As with other regulatory issues the regulation of children's advertising involves trade‐offs. In the US, the First Amendment rights of the advertisers must be balanced with the government interest in protecting children. The regulation of children's advertising also involves balancing the competing interests of advocacy groups, legislators, broadcasters and advertisers. Advocacy groups have been very effective in focusing public attention on the issues of children's advertising. One of the most vocal and impactful groups was Action for Children's Television (ACT), whose efforts culminated in the passage of the 1990 Children's Television Act. Once that was accomplished, ACT was disbanded. In more recent years, however, the Centre for Media Education (CME) has replaced ACT in calling for regulation of children's advertising. CME was instrumental in pushing the 1996 FTC investigation related to 900 telephone numbers directed at children, and is now behind the Child Online Protection Act (COPA). The same questions raised nearly 30 years ago by ACT are now being cast in the US in terms of the Internet, otherwise little has changed. Each new innovation in media and technology ushers similar questions to the table, and the same balancing act must again be employed to answer the basic question: how far do we go to protect our children? The US's answer to this question offers insights for other countries seeking answers to similar questions.
Some Insights into the Mentality of Nintendo Kids and Generation Search
Authors: Rohde Carl
Published: January 2008

This paper looks at the phenomenon of Nintendo Kids and presents findings from academic studies, Europe‐wide research projects and academic market and trend researchers. Mental characteristics are analysed and essential marketing and communication conclusions are drawn.
International Differences Among Kids and Age Compression
Authors: Hastings Raymond
Published: January 2008

This paper aims to summarise a series of observations from many different research projects and propose two frameworks of understanding for those who are marketing to children; international cultural differences among children and age compression.
The Child's Understanding of Promotional Communication
Authors: Young Brian
Published: January 2008

Although there is an extensive literature on the child's understanding of the intent behind advertising, children's understanding of the promotional nature of advertising and marketing has been neglected. Promotional is defined as making positive claims about the product. Children aged from 4 to 9 years of age were presented with television commercials with different endings and asked which ending should be used when the ad is shown on TV. Results show that 4–5‐year‐olds chose the fun option that shows the product in a bad light but by 5–6 years of age children are rejecting this option in favour of the promotional ending and by 7–8 years less than 10% chose the fun option. These findings should inform the debate about regulating advertising to children as such regulation is based on children being able to distinguish advertising from programming.
The Interactive Games Sector — At the Heart of the Entertainment Industry?
Authors: Jobling Simon
Published: January 2008

Five years ago, if the general public had been presented with a picture of a spotty youth, locked in his bedroom, a lot of people might have said “he is probably playing video games,” and might have said it with a note of disdain in their voice. And they might have been right. Today, they still might give the same answer but they are more likely to be wrong. So, why might they be wrong? Well, in the last five years, the interactive games industry has seen massive changes in terms of its size, its' consumers and the role of video games in consumers' lifestyle.
The Parental Perspective on Commercial Support for Schools
Authors: Mernagh Mick
Published: January 2008

MediaCom were asked to speak at the Marketing Through Schools 2000 Conference in November 2000. The paper that follows details the main discussion points that were introduced in the presentation. The work is based around MediaCom's own bespoke research over a number of years into the youth and parental market place. This includes focus groups, e‐mail panels and a quantitative schools study carried out three times a year since 1996.
A Board Decision?
Authors: Reed Carolyn
Published: January 2008

The sales of traditional board games are in decline thanks to the popularity of computer and console games and an overall change in the way we live. The time that most families have available to them to share common pursuits is, to say the least, limited and the tableau of the family playing a board game on a weekend afternoon has long been consigned to the history books together with the traditional Sunday lunch. And yet the commercial potential of such games marketed from a new platform is a huge and currently untapped source. For the manufacturer that gets the balance right between appealing to both parents and children there's good news in store.
Trend Forecasting — Kids Marketing
Authors: Pillot de Chenecey Sean
Published: January 2008

Up to the moment consumer intelligence on kids and young people seems to be an increasing obsession these days for brand owners and advertising agencies. They're seemingly desperate for insider information and intelligence on the life of the latest generation — referred to as everything from N‐Geners to Millenials — who rather than challenge society like their forbears seem to define it, in these youthful times. Nowadays everyone from the President (be he Gore or Bush), to Hip‐Hop artists wears Levis and Gap. The last decade saw the commercialization of youth culture (how alternative is a bank sponsored dance lent at an MTV festival?), the alternative and underground became mainstream and the social construct, which stated that you were only young between the ages of 16–24, has been disproved. Teenagers, whilst being in the spotlight as never before, have increasingly had their culture stolen from under their noses by older (and younger) people, whilst ten year olds are demonstrating brand adoption and rejection attitudes that we'd have associated with a fifteen year old, only a short time ago. To clarify the current Life of Kids it is therefore necessary to gain the latest real‐life case histories and learning's, as opposed to mere statistics that give us huge amounts of cold data re: population demographics, growth rates, income levels, behaviour patterns and the like. Therefore, the first global kids marketing conference was held in Lisbon in October, where leading industry figures from the brand owner and agency sides came together to share information. Speakers included those from MTV, Leo Burnett, BMRB International, Cartoon Network, Polaroid, Informer, Chupa Chups, Applied Research & Consulting, B2B, Pokemon and the author.
Pester Power is a Destructive Concept
Authors: Pilgrim Liz
Published: January 2008

The debate on the ethics of advertising and marketing to kids regularly throws up new information and industry opinions. Logistix Kids Worldwide discusses the two key issues involved in this circular political arena — Sweden's proposals to ban TV advertising to kids when they come into presidency, and the myths surrounding ‘pester power’. The Swedes' reasoning and foundation for their proposals were recently quashed during a conference held by the Advertising Association in London, and Logistix's own recent research study, carried out in conjunction with Hauck Research International, has demonstrated that pester power is not all it seems. This paper discusses how the two subjects have been turned on their heads, and provides a true insight into the background knowledge and information necessary to move forward towards a sensible conclusion. The authors also explore the many other considerations essential when building a rounded picture of this emotive subject, such as the dramatic infiltration of technology; and then asks what will happen to today's younger generation if they are cut off from technological advancements in an effort to ‘protect’ them.
Now Hear This: How to Get a Tween's Attention
Authors: Bergstrom Alan , Blumenthal Dannielle
Published: January 2008

With a growing number of ‘Tween’ (children ages 7–14) consumers, getting and keeping the attention of this critical constituent group is increasingly important to marketers. Tweens' buying behaviour and brand loyalty are driven by unique factors, so developing “tweenspeak” to address this group's distinct needs and attention style can be challenging. This article provides concrete examples and methods to help marketers successfully reach tweens through branding and advertising.
From Innocence to Irreverence — Marketing a Contradictory Brand
Authors: Piaster Caroline , Arn Sven
Published: January 2008

What is it about Chupa Chups which makes it so fascinating to kids and teenagers around the world? This paper will look at how Chupa Chups has developed itself as a ‘discovery brand’, always offering something new about itself to be discovered. Like people, brands live and mature in real time, and their communication with their public must also feel real and not appear to be trying too hard to attract attention to themselves. One way of achieving this is by allowing the brand to have contradictions. Chupa Chups is a brand which will not commit to a clear and uniform brand strategy — and this is what makes it so interesting to consumers (and researchers). But even a contradictory brand needs a strategy — and one of the challenges of understanding the brand is identifying where the tensions within it lie — in order that they can be developed and built upon in the future. The methods of researching the contradictory components of Chupa Chups will be discussed.
Free Books for Schools
Authors: Agar Andy
Published: January 2008

Newspapers face a huge challenge over the next ten years as the pressure on our ability to reach younger readers increases. Our youth segments have less need to pick up a newspaper and as a category we must address the issue of youth readership very quickly if this position is to be turned around. The Sun and The News of the World remain best placed in the category, with the youngest age profiles of any tabloids, but measures have still been taken to talk to this younger audience.
Talking to Kids
Authors: Smith Christina
Published: January 2008

This paper provides a look at children today using the latest Youth TGI data. The Youth TGI survey covers many aspects of kids' lives, which add insight into effective communications planning. The focus of the paper is the importance of understanding children in order to target them effectively. It looks at how kids are spending their time, their media consumption, their adoption of new technology and their attitudes.
Packaging You Can Trust
Authors: Blyth Angela
Published: January 2008

As Kids Brand Manager for Asda the author was responsible for reviewing brand criteria and working with traders and the supply base to deliver approximately 150 new Asda Brand lines across the business to achieve critical mass for brand launch in October 1998. This paper looks at how product opportunities and gaps were identified and developed to fulfill the brand criteria and packaged in the new Kids Corporate Design Route.
Legal Aspects of Bullock
Authors: Alderson D.
Published: January 2008

This report sets out neither to bury nor praise Bullock. The intention is simply to consider the legal implications of the proposals, not to consider the proposals on merit.
The Connection Between Strikes and Inflation
Authors: Sweet Tim
Published: January 2008

The main finding reported in this paper is that, during the recent wave of strikes in industrial countries, the upsurge in strikes preceded, rather than followed, the increase in price inflation.
Price Discrimination by Non‐uniform Pricing
Authors: Batchford Brian T.
Published: January 2008

Two‐part pricing and block pricing are two extensively used techniques for price discrimination which seem to have received little attention in the marketing literature. Also, it does not seem to be generally appreciated that quantity discounts can be employed as a vehicle for price discrimination. This paper describes these techniques and discusses from a managerial perspective why they can be profitable and how they might be implemented. A comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques versus conventional methods of price discrimination based on a priori segmentation of the market is also presented.
The French Approach to the Humanisation of Work
Authors: Delamotte Yves
Published: January 2008

Since 1968 France has seen the subject of ‘working conditions’ appear in newspapers and political speeches. In 1971, certain disputes drew attention to the position of workers in industry, in particular those working on assembly lines; once again, attention has been given to the lot of the semi‐skilled workers (ouvriers specialises) who have received no vocational training and who are tied down to repetitive and fragmented tasks.
Group Production Methods and Humanisation of Work: The Evidence in Industrialised Countries
Authors: Burbidge John L.
Published: January 2008

A paper has been published by the International Institute for Labour Studies which considers the relationship between the new methods of group production now being introduced in industry and the concept of the humanisation of work. It is based on a study which was undertaken by the Turin International Centre for the International Labour Office into the effects of group production methods on the humanisation of work.
Tenure of Trade Union Office
Authors: Gernigon Bernard
Published: January 2008

This study is confined to problems relating to trade union leaders in the strict sense of the term, i.e. persons performing management functions at any level within the trade union, usually as members of the executive. The study is not concerned with questions of election and removal of workers' representatives within an undertaking, such as shop stewards, staff delegates, members of works committees and other outside representatives of trade unions. It is, moreover, primarily with workers' organisations that the study is concerned, since the legislation of many countries on trade unions does not apply to employers' organisations.
Advertising Education
Authors: Hart N.A.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between advertising qualifications and career success in that industry. An initial consideration of methodological alternatives is followed by a study of the advertising industry, its historical development and position in society today.
Extending the ‘ISLAM’ Concept
Authors: Kirkman John
Published: January 2008

The Communication Studies Unit of the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology is to help the L, M. Ericsson Company, Stockholm to develop a ‘control‐led’ form of English, using a limited vocabulary and a limited range of sentence structures, for use in Ericsson's international documentation. The new language will be an adaptation of ISLAM—the international language for service and maintenance originated by the Caterpillar Tractor Company.
Prerequisites for Effective Participation—Information and Training
Authors: Jain Hem C.
Published: January 2008

Management decisions can be influenced through worker participation in different ways, which Professor Roger Blanplain listed on a progressive scale: (1) information; (2) advice and consultation; (3) co‐decision; and (4) self‐management.
Alternative Forms of Work Organisation: Cost of Improvements in Labour Conditions and Productivity in Western Europe
Authors: Weil Reinhold
Published: January 2008

In the highly developed industrial societies of the West, several major social aspirations advanced by workers, which still appeared unattainable at the beginning of this century, have been fulfilled; foremost among these are adequate incomes, and a high degree of leisure and social security. Demands now appear to be turning towards new goals. What goals? But more important still is to know what vision of a better working world is apparent behind the new desires. In any event, interest is being concentrated even more clearly on one particular demand, namely for the adaptation of work and forms of work to changing human requirements. This demand is furthered by public discussion and dominates all others. This has led to reflection on the new design of work and its content, in order to arrest and counteract the seemingly implacable process of division and fragmentation of work. Alternative forms of work organisation seem capable of meeting this desire for qualitative improvement of working conditions, for greater quality of life at the workplace. Will it prove possible to make work more meaningful and thereby to open up greater prospects for self‐fulfilment in work? Does this also produce a greater degree of job satisfaction? Is job satisfaction perhaps even the fourth great social aim of our century? Is the current which impels these ideas finally leading to a new industrial revolution, based on social principles?
Lack of Clarity in the Foreman's Role with Regard to Delegated Authority
Authors: Scholefield J. , Smith J.R.C.
Published: January 2008

How effectively do we communicate to people what we expect of them when we work with them every day? Is there quite often a serious disparity between what we think someone expects of us and what they really expect? This was the focus of the investigation reported here. We were concerned to discover whether there are commonly significant differences between the role expectations that managers have concerning the work of their subordinates and their subordinates' perceptions of those expectations.
Adapting Working Hours to Modern Needs
Authors: Maric D.
Published: January 2008

Over the past two decades standard hours of work have been progressively reduced in industrialised countries. At the same time, improved education and living standards have led to more widespread concern with the quality of life among those working in big cities, and more recently there have been new developments in the distribution of working hours over the week and year. This had led to discussion of the wider question of flexibility in the lifetime distribution of working time. This report is intended only as an outline of new trends in the pattern of working time that have emerged in industrialised market‐economy countries, for readers with a general interest in present‐day labour problems.
Technological Change in the National Press
Authors: Martin Roderick
Published: January 2008

Two sets of factors stimulated widespread interest in new technology in the national newspaper industry in 1975: the worsening economic situation of the press, discussed fully in the Interim Report of the Royal Commission on the Press, published in March 1976, and the expanding use of computerised photo‐composition systems abroad, especially in the United States. The overall economic situation of national newspapers, both quality and popular, in 1975 was weak, and was expected to worsen; between 1970 and 1975 the quality dailies made a total profit of £380,000 on an annual turnover of £50 millions, the heaviest losses occurring in 1975. At the same time, increasing awareness of American experience suggested that the use of computerised photo‐composition techniques could lead to major savings in production costs.
Multinational Corporations and Host Government Relationships: A Comparative study of U.S., European, and Japanese Multinationals
Authors: Negandhi Anant R. , Baliga B.R.
Published: January 2008

The main purpose of this study was to examine analytically the conflicting issues and causes of conflict between MNCs and host governments and MNCs and other publics in the six countries studied, Brazil, India, Malaysia, Peru, Singapore, and Thailand.
Ethics in an International Business Context
Authors: Schöllhammer Hans
Published: January 2008

This study focuses on the ethical conduct of multinational enterprises. Based on investigations and revelations by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) involving about two hundred multinational firms, the study summarises some of the factual material on unethical conduct, and stresses the necessity to differentiate between multinational firms that initiate unethical practices, and those that simply become victims of extortive demands. The largest part of the study deals with specific proposals which have been advocated as means to correct unethical practices by multi‐national firms: (a) international agreements on corrupt practices; (b) unilateral restrictive legislation; (c) regulatory measures by administrative agencies; (d) inter‐governmental agreements on codes of conduct; and (e) corporate codes of conduct as affirmation of company policies on ethical issues.
Identification, Evaluation and Prediction of Political Risks from an International Business Perspective
Authors: Schöllhammer Hans
Published: January 2008

Multinational firms account at present (1976) for almost 15% of the aggregate gross national products of the western world; their total foreign investments are in excess of 320 billion dollars and the aggregate market value of the foreign assets under their control is very likely about four to five times as large. The value of these assets is affected by various risks, i.e. the probability of a loss, that can be broadly classified as economic and political risks. This separation is certainly open to question since there can exist a close interdependency between the factors that constitute economic and political risks. A distinction is, nevertheless, appropriate since political risks stem from changes in (assumed) policy positions whereas economic risks are associated with changes concerning market, competitive, and technological factors that diminish the firm's effectiveness and profit potential. In addition, the factors responsible for political risks becoming an actuality are more easily identified than those forces which are responsible for the economic risks becoming an actuality.
Marketing to Non‐Managers
Authors: Guillet de Monthoux Pierre , Patzak Melitta
Published: January 2008

Through a case‐study, this paper discusses how ‘non‐managers’ take part in the purchasing of new equipment This influence on the diffusions of innovation is demanding a reorientation of marketing strategy for the selling of technology. It is concluded that the new strategies must adapt to both unions and individuals on the ‘shop floor’ of the customer firm. Some evidence from democratisation research is presented, which could help marketers in predicting when unions and employees take an active interest in purchasing decisions.
A New Strategy for Practical Management Education
Authors: Joynt Pat
Published: January 2008

One of the most dynamic areas in management is management education. The most interesting aspect of this is that no particular school of thought has won the battle on what is the best education strategy. This article attempts to look at management education from the viewpoint of the practising manager. He brings with him not only his past learning habits which often require a difficult ‘return to the books’, but also his work situation which in many respects is unique. Disappointment can be caused by a poor exam result, irrelevant book material, the teacher not being acquainted with real life, or the night course taking too much time from a growing family.
The Implementation of Management Science: The Gap and its Closure
Authors: Dunbar Roger L.M. , Vertinsky Ilan
Published: January 2008

Operations researchers and management scientists develop many techniques which could improve management practice. Few of these promising innovations are implemented. In this paper, a model is developed to explain this ‘implementation gap’ based on (1) attitudinal differences (a motivation gap) between change agents (operations researchers and management scientists) and managers, and (2) the differences between desired and available resources for implementation (a feasibility gap). Strategies for closing this gap are also discussed.
Research Survey on Managers' and Teachers' Attitudes to Management Research
Authors: Gill H.S.
Published: January 2008

The questionnaire was completed by 42 managers and 40 Polytechnic management teachers in the Yorkshire and Humberside Region. With no follow up of the postal questionnaires there was approximately a 40% response from both groups. This response is slightly higher than the norm.
Tying Marketing Science with Marketing Practice
Authors: Pessemier Edgar A.
Published: January 2008

The problems of achieving a successful interface between marketing science and marketing practice are numerous. Furthermore, they vary from subject to subject and from environment to environment. To avoid getting lost in this hall of mirrors, attention has been paid in this piece of research to four important subjects. First, a philosophical and organisational point of view is proposed about the proper role and funding structure for marketing research and marketing science activities. Next, some marketing science contributions to design issues are examined. In marketing, these are the ‘what kind’ questions about products, product lines, and associated market communications. Third, the ‘how much’ issue is discussed as it relates to total marketing expenditures and their allocations across the marketing mix. Having discussed some approaches to these ‘gut’ issues, the last section reviews in general terms the current state‐of‐the‐art in marketing science and some factors which may shape future developments. This synopsis deals mainly with the organisational problems of using marketing science.
Technological Innovation: Capital and Labour
Authors: Lowndes Richard
Published: January 2008

Two case histories are provided as accounts of technological innovation in a particular industry, i.e. bulk cargo handling and containerisation in the Port Industry. The geographical setting is the Pacific Coast of Northern California, more precisely at Sacramento and at San Francisco. The information was gathered during October and November 1975, from local sources through personal interviews, with key people and literature relating directly to the two ports. An additional source was the unpublished Masters Degree thesis of Andrea Mohn, ‘Economic Impact of the Port of Sacramento: Its Sources and Results’, of California State University, Sacramento. The report as a whole identifies certain key motifs:
Technological Entrepreneurship: The Allocation of Time and Money in Technology‐Based Firms
Authors: Braden Patricia L.
Published: January 2008

This synopsis reports on original research which was designed and supervised by the author and sponsored jointly by two units of the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)—the Division of Research of the Graduate School of Business Administration and the Industrial Development Division of the Institute of Science and Technology. The research focused on the amount of time and effort allocated to eight functional areas of management in new technical spin‐off firms in Michigan and on the variation of effort associated with higher levels of success. Although the most substantive elements of the study concern Michigan enterprises, the intention of the undertaking—to assist with development of existing technological entrepreneurships, to prevent failure due to common pitfalls among new technical firms, and to encourage the growth of this potentially important sector of industry—permits translation of its findings to different economies.
The Classification and Interpretation of Strike Statistics
Authors: Sweet T.G. , Jackson Dudley
Published: January 2008

During the recent strike wave, Britain and other industrial market economies experienced a marked increase in the annual total number of working days lost through stoppages. A question arises, however, as to the validity of these comparisons, and the true meaning of strike statistics. There has been substantial controversy in recent years on the validity of making international comparisons of strike behaviour. All the conceptual and practical problems involved in strike statistics come to the surface when these comparisons are made. It is likely that statistics from different countries will be subject to differing national minimum definitions, and will be based on different answers to the question: What is a strike?
Responses to New Productivity Incentives
Authors: Bowey Angela M.
Published: January 2008

Productivity has concerned managers, administrators and governments for many years, and understandably so when one considers the wide differences in rates of working and effectiveness of working which can be found between people.
Newspapers from An Organisational Point of View
Authors: Engwall Lars
Published: January 2008

This paper summarises the results from a study of the organisational aspects of newspaper production, which has been undertaken by using a multi‐method approach. The analysis is based on an organisational model which focuses on newspaper technology, newspaper environment and newspaper personnel. It shows how the characteristics of newspaper technology and newspaper environment put certain restrictions on the work of newspaper employees. These restrictions, in turn, create certain issues, i.e. issues concerning flow, technology, allocation and publication. These four issues as well as the various integrative mechanisms used to handle them are discussed in the paper.
The Pressure for Growth as an Organisational Problem
Authors: Engwall Lars
Published: January 2008

A basic argument of this study is that organisations are under pressure to increase their revenues because of rising aspirations of those who provide goods and services to the organisation. The study then presents an analytical tool which can be used to identify different strategic alternatives for handling the described situation. These alternatives can be classified into three main categories: customer oriented, technology oriented and provider oriented strategies. The application of the method is illustrated by an application to the situation of the newspaper industry.