bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the effect of different voice prostheses on alaryngeal voice quality
Authors: Coffey Margaret M. , Tolley Neil , Howard David , Hickson Mary
Published: August 2018

Objective

To investigate the difference between voice prostheses in terms of voice quality as experienced by patients and as judged by expert raters.

Methods

Subjects had up to six voice prostheses placed in a random order. A voice sample was elicited for each patient on each prosthesis. Auditory perceptual voice analysis of each voice sample was undertaken by expert raters using the Sunderland Tracheoesophageal Voice Perceptual Scale (SToPS). Raters also identified the best overall prosthesis for voice for each patient. Raters were blinded to patient details, type of laryngectomy surgery, type of voice prosthesis, and scores of other raters. After each prosthesis trial, patients self‐evaluated voice using a questionnaire developed for this purpose.

Results

Expert raters were not able to identify a best overall voice prosthesis using SToPS. Expert raters most frequently chose the Blom‐Singer Classic Indwelling (InHealth Technologies, Carpinteria, CA) as the overall best prosthesis for voice for each patient. Patient self‐evaluation scores indicated a preference for the Blom‐Singer Classic Indwelling Prosthesis (InHealth Technologies) for voice, whereas preference for best overall prosthesis was for the Provox NID (Atos Medical AB, Hörby, Sweden)

Conclusion

Expert raters did not identify a best prosthesis for voice using SToPS, although the Blom‐Singer Classic Indwelling (InHealth Technologies) was most frequently chosen as best for voice. Patient self‐evaluation indicated a difference between preference of prosthesis for voice and preference for best overall voice prosthesis. Individual patients had their own personal preferences, suggesting they should be involved in the choice of their voice prosthesis.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 2460–2466, 2018
Racial disparities in tumor features and outcomes of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil
Authors: Albert Ashley , Giri Shankar , Kanakamedala Madhava , Mangana Sophy , Bhanat Eldrin , Shenoy Veena , Thomas Toms Vengaloor , Joseph Sanjay , Gonzalez Maria , Shalaby Akram , Vijayakumar Srinivasan
Published: August 2018

Objective

To identify differences in 3‐year overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) based on race in patients with tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 80 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil treated between 2006 and 2015. Overall survival and DFS curves comparing white and black patients were generated using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Cox regression was used to determine covariables associated with OS and DFS.

Results

Forty‐one percent of the patients in this cohort were black and 59% were white. Three‐year OS for black patients was 45.5% versus 88.1% for white patients (P = 0.003). Three‐year DFS for black patients was 41.1% versus 66.6% in white patients (P = 0.001). Black race (hazard ratio [HR] 4.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48–15.6, P = 0.009) and lack of insurance (HR 9.50, 95% CI 2.92–13.0, P < 0.009) were independently associated with worse OS on multivariable analysis. Black patients were more likely to have high‐risk tumor features. Black patients with stage IV disease (American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition) had decreased OS as compared to white patients, 41.4% versus 82.1% (P = 0.005). There was a trend toward worse OS in human papillomavirus (HPV)‐negative black patients compared to HPV‐negative white patients. Uninsured black patient experienced worse OS than white patients without insurance, 22.2% versus 68.1%, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Significant racial disparities were found in presentation, tumor, and nodal characteristics, as well as in outcomes in this group of patients with tonsillar cancer. The difference in HPV‐associated tonsillar cancer is likely the primary cause of these disparities, but other factors may also contribute to inferior outcomes in black patients.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 129:643–654, 2019
The effect of inferior turbinate surgery on ciliated epithelium: A randomized, blinded study
Authors: Harju Teemu , Honkanen Mari , Vippola Minnamari , Kivekäs Ilkka , Rautiainen Markus
Published: August 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

The aim of this study was to evaluate statistically the effects of radiofrequency ablation, diode laser, and microdebrider‐assisted inferior turbinoplasty techniques on ciliated epithelium and mucociliary function.

Study Design

Prospective randomized study.

Methods

A total of 66 consecutively randomized adult patients with enlarged inferior turbinates underwent either a radiofrequency ablation, diode laser, or microdebrider‐assisted inferior turbinoplasty procedure. Assessments were conducted prior to surgery and 3 months subsequent to the surgery. The effect on ciliated epithelium was evaluated using a score based on the blinded grading of the preoperative and postoperative scanning electron microscopy images of mucosal samples. The effect on mucociliary function, in turn, was evaluated using saccharin transit time measurement.

Results

The score of the number of cilia increased statistically significantly in the radiofrequency ablation (P = .03) and microdebrider‐assisted inferior turbinoplasty (P = .04) groups, but not in the diode laser group. The score of the squamous metaplasia increased statistically significantly in the diode laser group (P = .002), but not in the other two groups. There were no significant changes found between the preoperative and postoperative saccharin transit time values in any of the treatment groups.

Conclusions

Radiofrequency ablation and microdebrider‐assisted inferior turbinoplasty are more mucosal preserving techniques than the diode laser, which was found to increase the amount of squamous metaplasia at the 3‐month follow‐up. The number of cilia seemed to even increase after radiofrequency ablation and microdebrider‐assisted inferior turbinoplasty procedures, but not after diode laser. Nevertheless, the mucociliary transport was equally preserved in all three groups.

Level of Evidence

1b Laryngoscope, 129:18–24, 2019
HPV status in unknown primary head and neck cancer: Prognosis and treatment outcomes
Authors: Cheraghlou Shayan , Torabi Sina J. , Husain Zain A. , Otremba Michael D. , Osborn Heather A. , Mehra Saral , Yarbrough Wendell G. , Burtness Barbara A. , Judson Benjamin L.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

Approximately 3% to 9% of head and neck cancer presents with a metastatic node and no identifiable primary tumor. These cases of head and neck carcinoma of unknown primary (HNCUP) present a therapeutic challenge. Therapy of this disease varies based on factors such as institutional, surgeon, and patient preference. Evidence demonstrating the outcomes associated with these therapies for HNCUP is limited, and among the available series, the tumor human papillomavirus (HPV) status is often ignored. Treatment deintensification has been proposed for a subset of these patients. We aim to evaluate the treatment‐related outcomes for HPV‐associated and HPV‐negative HNCUP.

Methods

A retrospective study of 978 adult HNCUP diagnosed from 2010 to 2013 in the NCDB was conducted. Multivariate Cox survival regressions as well as univariate Kaplan‐Meier analyses were conducted.

Results

Patients with HPV‐associated disease had superior survival, with a 3‐year survival of 94.8% (standard error [SE]: 1.0), compared with 80.3% (SE: 2.9) among those with HPV‐negative disease. Among HPV‐negative patients with clinical nodal classification (cN)2/cN3 disease, treatment with definitive radiotherapy alone compared to definitive chemoradiotherapy was associated with diminished survival (hazard ratio 5.507, P = 0.005). Among patients with HPV‐associated cancer and cN2/cN3 disease, all treatments (surgery alone, surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy, surgery with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, definitive chemoradiotherapy, definitive radiotherapy) resulted in statistically equivalent survival.

Conclusion

Tumor HPV status has a significant prognostic value for HNCUP and should be considered in future studies of treatment deintensification in this group. Treatment deintensification to radiotherapy alone in cN2/cN3 cases may result in poorer patient survival for HPV‐negative patients, whereas it may be a promising option for further investigation in HPV‐positive patients.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 129:684–691, 2019
Roasted Coffee Reduces β‐Amyloid Production by Increasing Proteasomal β‐Secretase Degradation in Human Neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y Cells
Authors: Fukuyama Kazuya , Kakio Shota , Nakazawa Yosuke , Kobata Kenji , Funakoshi‐Tago Megumi , Suzuki Toshiharu , Tamura Hiroomi
Published: August 2018

Scope

Epidemiological studies have shown that coffee consumption may be associated with a lower risk of developing several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Caffeine is a prominent candidate component underlying the preventive effects of coffee; however, the contribution of other constituents is unclear. To clarify this issue, the effect of roasting coffee beans on β‐secretase (BACE1) expression in human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells is investigated.

Methods and results

Coffee (2%) reduces Aβ accumulation in culture medium to 80% of control levels after 24 h. Accordingly, BACE1 expression is decreased to 70% of control levels at 12 h. Experiments using cycloheximide and MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, reveal that coffee enhanced BACE1 degradation through activation of proteasomal activity. Furthermore, coffee activates cAMP‐dependent protein kinase, and consequently, phosphorylation of a serine residue of proteasome 26S subunit, non‐ATPase 11 (PSMD11). Pyrocatechol, a strong antioxidant known as catechol or 1,2‐dihydroxybenzene, produced from chlorogenic acid during roasting, also reduces BACE1 expression by activation of proteasomal activity. Furthermore, pyrocatechol reduces Aβ production in SH‐SY5Y cells.

Conclusion

The data suggest that the roasting process may be crucial for the protective effects of coffee consumption in AD.
A novel 3D printing method for accurate anatomy replication in patient‐specific phantoms
Authors: Okkalidis Nikiforos
Published: August 2018

Purpose

A novel 3D printing method has been developed, which employs human CT images to construct patient specific phantoms by controlling the filament extrusion rate.

Methods

An in‐house software was developed comprising pixel‐by‐pixel (PbP) reading of the Hounsfield Units (HU) values in the original patient DICOM images and their sufficiently accurate 3D printed replication in the phantom produced.

Results

The PbP method was applied to two sets of anonymized patients’ CT chest and skull images. The respective patient specific phantoms were 3D printed and then CT scanned and compared to the actual patient images. The chest phantom images were also compared to those of another phantom created employing the older variable infill density method (VID).

Conclusions

The results clearly indicated a significant improvement both visually and in the phantom HU values achieved. In contrast to other methods published, its major advantages are: (a) no need for manual contouring and 3D modeling of a patient's organs, (b) wider density range, and (c) significantly better simulation of the organs’ HU.
Stress‐induced alterations in oocyte transcripts are further expressed in the developing blastocyst
Authors: Roth Zvi
Published: August 2018

The oocyte achieves its developmental competence through the lengthy process of folliculogenesis. It can therefore potentially be exposed to various stressors while enclosed in the follicle. Oocyte maturation relies mainly on maternal sources. These include nuclear, cytoplasmic, and molecular maturation, which involve DNA and RNA organization. Maternal transcripts are dominant through the first embryonic cleavages, up until embryonic genome activation. Thus, it is suggested that any perturbations during oocyte storage, in particular of the maternal transcripts, might lead to genetic and/or epigenetic changes, which might be further expressed in the developing embryo. The review discusses the effects of three representative stressors—environmental heat stress, endocrine‐disrupting compounds (phthalates), and inflammatory stress (mastitis)—shown to be involved in reduced fertility. The review highlights the carryover response from the oocyte to the developing embryo; it includes intracellular and molecular disruptive mechanisms with an emphasis on maternal transcripts. The review provides insights into the oocyte’s cellular and molecular responses with an emphasis on the effects of various stressors on the maternal (nuclear and mitochondrial) transcripts and the association with embryonic development. A comparison between stressors might clarify, at least in part, a few open questions. For instance, (a) whether stress‐induced alterations share the same mechanism and if so (b) whether this mechanism involves alterations of maternal transcripts; (c) whether stress‐induced alterations in the maternal transcript are further expressed at the developing blastocyst stage, that is, after embryonic genome activation.
The first documented case of trepanation from Tarija, Bolivia, ca. 650 C.E.
Authors: Juengst Sara L. , Capriles José M. , Velasco Arzabe Daniela , Calla Maldonado Sergio
Published: August 2018

Trepanation has been practised in the Andes since 400–200 B.C.E., with numerous examples documented across Peru and Northern Bolivia (Tello, ; Verano, ). This practice appears to have been widespread across these areas; however, other parts of the Andes, such as Northwest Argentina, Chile, and Southern Bolivia, have not yet produced examples of cranial surgery, with the exception of one possible example from Northwest Argentina (Seldes & Botta, ). We present evidence for trepanation from a ca. 650 cal. C.E. burial from a salvage excavation near Tarija, Bolivia. We found that this probable male, adult individual had two blunt force traumatic lesions on the cranium. In addition, there was a rounded perforation on the right posterior skull that showed external bevelling and rounded edges consistent with a healed trepanation. We suggest that this case implies that trepanation was more widely practised than previously understood. Additionally, the correlation between trepanation and blunt force trauma suggests that this surgery was likely performed as a medical procedure, rather than for strictly ritual purposes. Thus, this is an important contribution to the broadening literature on pre‐Hispanic trepanation.
Modified titanate nanotubes for the production of novel aliphatic polyurethane nanocomposites
Authors: Monteiro Wesley F. , dos Santos Cláudia A.B. , Hoffmann Mauricio S. , Carone Carlos L.P. , Einloft Sandra M.O. , de Souza Michèle O. , Ligabue Rosane A.
Published: August 2018

Aliphatic polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites were prepared using modified titanate nanotubes (TNTs) as filler in order to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the initial polymer. With a view to achieving greater interaction between the polymer chains and TNTs, the latter was functionalized with hexamethylene diisocyanate (H) and/or aminopropyl trimethoxysilane groups (A), producing the modified nanotubes TNTH, TNTA, or TNTHA. The thermogravimetric analyses used to quantify the amount of anchored diisocyanate or/and silanol groups in the nanotubes identified the H function as the best functional group in terms of improving the filler–PU compatibility. Transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy analyses of the PU nanocomposites containing the three different fillers showed good TNT dispersion. The TNTHA nanotubes functionalized with both groups through the reaction between the H function already anchored on the TNTs and the A group, forming a monourea anchored group, significantly improved the mechanical and thermal properties of PU nanocomposites. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2292–2300, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Introducing flexibility in urea–formaldehyde resins: Copolymerization with polyetheramines
Authors: Antunes Ana , Rêgo Maria , Paiva Nádia , Ferra João , Martins Jorge , Carvalho Luísa , Barros‐Timmons Ana , Magalhães Fernão D.
Published: August 2018

Adhesives obtained by copolymerizing urea, formaldehyde, and difunctional polyetheramine with different molecular weights (230, 600, 900, and 2000 g mol−1) are presented as a more resilient alternative to conventional urea–formaldehyde resins. Urea and polyetheramine contents were varied and the resulting resins characterized by FTIR,13C‐NMR, and TGA. These resins were used for production of agglomerated cork panels, an application that demands that the binder system is flexible. Polyetheramine with molecular weight 900 g mol−1yielded the most promising agglomerated cork panel, with remarkable flexibility, good tensile strength, and with the E1 formaldehyde content specification for wood‐based panels used in construction, according to European Standard EN 12460‐5. These new thermoset adhesives have demonstrated to be capable of being used in systems where conventional formaldehyde‐based resins do not perform well due to inherent high rigidity. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem.2018,56, 1834–1843
Phosphorus‐Doped CdS Nanowires Showing n‐Type Behavior
Authors: Zeng Yijie , Li Song , Xie Ruikuan , Huang Yan , Lu Aijiang , Fong Ching Yao , Chen Xiaoshuang , Xing Huaizhong , Yao Dao‐xin
Published: August 2018

Experimental work on phosphorus (P)‐doped cadmium sulfur (CdS) nanowires (NWs) shows unusual n‐type electrical character, its physical origin is not well understood. Here this problem has been addressed by considering possible doping sites (interstitial, anion and cation sites), the distance of the doping site to NW surface, and the influence of dangling bond of host atoms. The P atom favors either a surface cation or a surface anion site, depending on the Cd chemical potential which reflects growth condition. At a surface anion site three p‐type levels appear in the gap. On the other hand, at a surface cation site there is only one shallow n‐type level in the gap, due to the s state of the P atom extending along the surface, as verified by both GGA and rough Meta‐GGA calculations. The physical origin of the n‐type behavior for P‐doped CdS NWs is explained by assuming the P atom adopts the surface cation site, neglecting composite structure P atom forming with intrinsic defects.
Evaluation of antioxidant status and oxidative stress markers in follicular fluid for human in vitro fertilization outcome
Authors: Nishihara Takuji , Matsumoto Kazuya , Hosoi Yoshihiko , Morimoto Yoshiharu
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Antioxidant status and oxidative stress markers in human follicular fluid (FF) surrounding oocytes may be related to the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF‐ET). Therefore, we herein examined the relationship between antioxidant status and oxidative stress markers in FF and the outcomes of IVF‐ET.

Methods

One hundred and seventeen infertile women were included in this study. FF was obtained from mature follicles at the time of oocyte retrieval. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, and 8‐ hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) concentrations were measured.

Results

Total GSH levels were lower in patients who had a low fertilization rate after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In addition, 8‐OHdG levels were higher in patients who had a low fertilization rate after ICSI and low rate of good quality blastocysts. Total GSH activity was lower in patients with endometriosis. No significant differences were noted in pregnancy outcomes.

Conclusions

Total GSH and 8‐OHdG in human FF may be potential markers for fertilization in ART. Also, our findings may suggest that oxidative stress in women with infertility is associated with endometriosis.
Building Structures Atom by Atom via Electron Beam Manipulation
Authors: Dyck Ondrej , Kim Songkil , Jimenez‐Izal Elisa , Alexandrova Anastassia N. , Kalinin Sergei V. , Jesse Stephen
Published: August 2018

Building materials from the atom up is the pinnacle of materials fabrication. Until recently the only platform that offered single‐atom manipulation was scanning tunneling microscopy. Here controlled manipulation and assembly of a few atom structures are demonstrated by bringing together single atoms using a scanning transmission electron microscope. An atomically focused electron beam is used to introduce Si substitutional defects and defect clusters in graphene with spatial control of a few nanometers and enable controlled motion of Si atoms. The Si substitutional defects are then further manipulated to form dimers, trimers, and more complex structures. The dynamics of a beam‐induced atomic‐scale chemical process is captured in a time‐series of images at atomic resolution. These studies suggest that control of the e‐beam‐induced local processes offers the next step toward atom‐by‐atom nanofabrication, providing an enabling tool for the study of atomic‐scale chemistry in 2D materials and fabrication of predefined structures and defects with atomic specificity.
Self‐Assembly of Immune Signals Improves Codelivery to Antigen Presenting Cells and Accelerates Signal Internalization, Processing Kinetics, and Immune Activation
Authors: Bookstaver Michelle L. , Hess Krystina L. , Jewell Christopher M.
Published: August 2018

Vaccines and immunotherapies that elicit specific types of immune responses offer transformative potential to tackle disease. The mechanisms governing the processing of immune signals—events that determine the type of response generated—are incredibly complex. Understanding these processes would inform more rational vaccine design by linking carrier properties, processing mechanisms, and relevant timescales to specific impacts on immune response. This goal is pursued using nanostructured materials—termed immune polyelectrolyte multilayers—built entirely from antigens and stimulatory toll‐like receptors agonists (TLRas). This simplicity allows isolation and quantification of the rates and mechanisms of intracellular signal processing, and the link to activation of distinct immune pathways. Each vaccine component is internalized in a colocalized manner through energy‐dependent caveolae‐mediated endocytosis. This process results in trafficking through endosome/lysosome pathways and stimulation of TLRs expressed on endosomes/lysosomes. The maximum rates for these events occur within 4 h, but are detectable in minutes, ultimately driving downstream proimmune functions. Interestingly, these uptake, processing, and activation kinetics are significantly faster for TLRas in particulate form compared with free TLRa. Our findings provide insight into specific mechanisms by which particulate vaccines enhance initiation of immune response, and highlight quantitative strategies to assess other carrier technologies.
Zr‐Metal‐Organic Framework Catalysts for Oxidative Desulfurization and Their Improvement by Postsynthetic Ligand Exchange
Authors: Fu Guangxia , Bueken Bart , De Vos Dirk
Published: August 2018

Two types of Zr6‐based metal‐organic frameworks (MOF), {Zr6O4(OH)4(C6H3(COO)3)2(HCOO)6} (MOF‐808) and {Zr6O4(OH)4(C24H15(COO)3)2(HCOO)6} (UMCM‐309) are investigated as heterogeneous catalysts in oxidative desulfurization reactions. Postsynthetic approaches targeting the removal of the coordinating formate ligands are applied to further improve the MOFs’ catalytic activity, resulting in the formation of additional ZrIV open sites. Thus, three modified MOFs, namely MOF‐808‐M, UMCM‐309‐M1, and UMCM‐309‐M2, are synthesized with larger numbers of open sites, as shown by CD3CN chemisorption monitored by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), leading to higher catalytic activity. Even at low catalyst loading, MOF‐808‐M exhibits high catalytic activity in the oxidation of sulfur compounds as well as high selectivity and reusability.
Influence of Salt Concentration on the Properties of Sodium‐Based Electrolytes
Authors: Geng Chenxi , Buchholz Daniel , Kim Guk‐Tae , Carvalho Diogo Vieira , Zhang Huang , Chagas Luciana Gomes , Passerini Stefano
Published: August 2018

Electrolytes based on organic carbonates are widely used for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to several advantages such as high ionic conductivity, wide liquidus range, and high electrochemical stability. In this work, this class of electrolyte is investigated focusing on two conductive salts, namely NaPF6 (sodium hexafluorophosphate) and NaTFSI (sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide), using PC (propylene carbonate) as solvent. The investigation of different salt concentrations, from rather diluted to highly concentrated (i.e., 0.1, 1, and 3 m), extends from their glass transition temperature to viscosity, ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability window, and electrochemical stability toward Al. Raman spectroscopy discloses the salt–solvent coordination and its possible modification due to changes in temperature, proving that the viscosity played a major role in influencing ionic conductivity rather than ions and molecules' coordination. Finally, the electrochemical performance of half‐cells employing Na
x
Ni0.22Co0.11Mn0.66O2 as the cathode material with the various electrolytes is also reported, and cells containing electrolyte with 1 m salt concentration outperform the other in terms of delivered capacity and rate performance.
Hyperbolic geometry and amplituhedra in 1+2 dimensions
Authors: Salvatori G. , Cacciatori S. L.
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Recently, the existence of an Amplituhedron for tree level amplitudes in the bi-adjoint scalar field theory has been proved by Arkani-Hamed et al. We argue that hyperbolic geometry constitutes a natural framework to address the study of positive geometries in moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces, and thus to try to extend this achievement beyond tree level. In this paper we begin an exploration of these ideas starting from the simplest example of hyperbolic geometry, the hyperbolic plane. The hyperboloid model naturally guides us to re-discover the moduli space Associahedron, and a new version of its kinematical avatar. As a by-product we obtain a solution to the scattering equations which can be interpreted as a special case of the two well known solutions in terms of spinor-helicity formalism. The construction is done in 1 + 2 dimensions and this makes harder to understand how to extract the amplitude from the dlog of the space time Associahedron. Nevertheless, we continue the investigation accommodating a loop momentum in the picture. By doing this we are led to another polytope called Halohedron, which was already known to mathematicians. We argue that the Halohedron fulfils many criteria that make it plausible to be understood as a 1-loop Amplituhedron for the cubic theory. Furthermore, the hyperboloid model again allows to understand that a kinematical version of the Halohedron exists and is related to the one living in moduli space by a simple generalisation of the tree level map.
Sex differences in the peripheral and central immune responses following lipopolysaccharide treatment in pubertal and adult CD‐1 mice
Authors: Sharma Rupali , Rooke Jasmine , Kolmogorova Daria , Melanson Brett , Mallet Jean‐François , Matar Chantal , Schwarz Jaclyn , Ismail Nafissa
Published: August 2018

Puberty is a critical developmental period that is characterized by significant brain development. Exposure to stress during this time can alter brain functioning setting the stage for long‐lasting behavioural outcomes. The objective of this study was to investigate age and sex differences in the peripheral and central immune responses, along with sickness behaviour, following immune stress. The results showed that LPS treatment increased serum cytokine levels and sickness symptoms in all mice. Pubertal males displayed increased IL‐1β concentrations at 2 h and increased IL‐6 concentrations at 8 h post‐treatment whereas increased concentrations of TNFα, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐1β, IFNγ, and IL‐6 persisted at 8 and 24 h in adult females. Consistent with peripheral cytokines, pubertal males displayed greater IL‐1β, TNFα, and IL‐6 mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex at 2 h, whereas adult males expressed more of the aforementioned cytokines at 8 h compared to saline controls. Adult males also displayed greater IL‐1β mRNA expression compared to their female counterparts, and adult females displayed greater TNFα mRNA expression compared to their male counterparts. These results not only provide a better understanding of the age and sex differences in acute immune response, but also show important region‐ and time‐specific differences in the response to an immune challenge, and that the peripheral immune response differs from the central response. This highlights the need to examine immune markers in both the periphery and the central nervous system for an accurate depiction of acute immune response following an immune challenge.
What factors impact the treatment outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with functioning adrenal gland tumors?
Authors: Jenwitheesuk Kriangsak , Jenwitheesuk Kamonwan , Punchai Suriya , Wittayapairoch Jakrapan , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is currently considered a standard treatment for both functional and non-hormonal benign adrenal tumors. However, further studies are required to evaluate the factors that predict treatment outcomes in cases in which laparoscopic adrenalectomy is performed.

Materials and methods:

This was a cross-sectional study conducted between 2011 and 2017. The inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of functioning adrenal gland tumors and having undergone transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Important factors affecting the outcomes of treatment were analyzed.

Results:

There were 68 patients enrolled in this study. Participants were divided into two groups based on whether they had cured or uncured hypertension. The median ages in the cured and uncured groups were 41.0 and 54.0 years, respectively (p-value 0.001). The mean tumor size was 20 mm in the cured group and 15 mm in the uncured group. Patients in the cured group experienced a median of 20 ml of blood loss in both groups. Average operating times were 95 and 85 min, respectively. Only two factors were independently associated with uncured hypertension: age and preoperative systolic blood pressure, with adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 1.11 (1.03, 1.17) and 1.03 (1.01, 1.07), respectively.

Conclusion:

Predictors for unsuccessful of treatment in patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy were older age at the time of the operation and preoperative systemic blood pressure.

Highlights:
Obtaining redress for abuse of office in Russia: The Soviet legacy and the long road to administrative justice
Authors: Bogdanova Elena
Published: August 2018

This article examines the options for redressing abuse of office available to citizens in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. I consider the courts, the procuracy, and the complaint mechanism as sites for citizens to lodge claims against abuse of office in late-Soviet and post-Soviet times. After the collapse of the Soviet system there was an attempt to overcome the Soviet legacy, to strengthen legal institutions and establish administrative justice. Analysis of Soviet and post-Soviet normative documents and statistical data allows us to argue that opportunities for Russian citizens to combat service crimes in the courts have improved substantially. However, the system for coping with abuse of office remains imperfect, and retains features of the Soviet legacy despite vague legislation about administrative justice and dual ways of coping with abuse through legal and quasi-legal mechanisms. The re-establishment of the complaint mechanism in the conditions of contemporary Russia exacerbates this imperfection. Overall, the complaint mechanism occupies a significant place in people’s options for making claims against officials, especially claims against high-ranking officials.
Mechanical seal with metal bellows and Plan 66A solve process pump sealing problems
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: August 2018

High demands are placed on the seals that are used in process pumps employed by refineries. When crude oil or crude oil products are transported, these seals are exposed to high temperatures. In addition, solids in the crude oil rub against the sealing surfaces and wear them out. This brief article reveals how one refinery has solved such problems by employing mechanical sealing technology developed by EagleBurgmann Germany GmbH & Co. KG.
Editorial
Authors: Barrett Steve
Published: August 2018

South Korea continues to make headline progress in fuel cell deployments, with several of the world's largest stationary installations, as well as significant plans in terms of fuel cell cars and buses.
The role of fathers in overweight prevention: an analysis of a Caribbean cohort
Authors: Smith J. A. , Rocke K. D. , Charles S. M. , Chang S. M. , Wright A. S. , Walker S. P. , Taveras E. M. , Tulloch-Reid M. K.
Published: August 2018

Background

Family-based strategies to reduce the risk of overweight in childhood are needed in the Caribbean.

Aim

To investigate the associations between parental characteristics and risk of overweight and explore possible mechanisms.

Methods

Data from a parenting intervention were analysed. Parental characteristics were obtained by questionnaire at enrolment. At 18 months, 501 infants (82.9% of cohort) had weight and length measured using standardized methods. The association of parents’ characteristics with risk of infant overweight was assessed using random-effects logistic regression. Four focus groups among mothers in Jamaica were conducted to explore mechanisms.

Results

Overall, 20.6% of infants were ‘at risk of overweight’. Fathers were present in 52% of households. Fathers’ presence [OR (95% CI) 0.60 (0.37–0.96)] was associated with reduced risk of overweight independent of socioeconomic status. Mothers reported that fathers encouraged healthier practices.

Conclusion

Fathers may be important agents of change in intervention strategies to prevent childhood overweight.
Comparison of nylon-flocked swab and cellulose sponge methods for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and gram-negative organism recovery from high-touch surfaces in patient rooms
Authors: Rock Clare , Anderson Michael , Lewis Shawna , Scheeler Verna , Nowakowski Elaine , Hsu Yea-Jen , Milstone Aaron M. , Carroll Karen C. , Maragakis Lisa L. , Simner Patricia J. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: August 2018

The ideal sampling method and benefit of qualitative versus quantitative culture for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) recovery in hospitalized patient rooms and bathrooms is unknown. Although the use of nylon-flocked swabs improved overall gram-negative organism recovery compared with cellulose sponges, they were similar for CRE recovery. Quantitative culture was inferior and unrevealing beyond the qualitative results.
Evidence of the inheritance of firm routines through accounting information: An empirical study of the Taiwanese group firms
Authors: Lei Han-Sheng , Chang Keng-wei , Chen Chih-Chang , Chen Yu-Ju , Chang Ke-Chiun
Published: August 2018

The accounting information of a firm is analogous to the characteristics of an organism that contain biological information that influences decisions; such characteristics result from organizational routines (genes). Organizational routines result from organizational learning, and learning from an associated company is an efficient approach for a new venture to establish routines. The study results revealed that the subsidiaries inherited routines from the parent companies related to financial ratios, so we suggest that people should judge the adequacy of a firm’s financial situation by not only referring to the standard of its industry but also to its parent company.
ON NUMBERS WITH POLYNOMIAL IMAGE COPRIME WITH THE TH TERM OF A LINEAR RECURRENCE
Authors: MASTROSTEFANO DANIELE , SANNA CARLO
Published: August 2018

Let $F$ be an integral linear recurrence, $G$ an integer-valued polynomial splitting over the rationals and $h$ a positive integer. Also, let ${\mathcal{A}}_{F,G,h}$ be the set of all natural numbers $n$ such that $\gcd (F(n),G(n))=h$. We prove that ${\mathcal{A}}_{F,G,h}$ has a natural density. Moreover, assuming that $F$ is nondegenerate and $G$ has no fixed divisors, we show that the density of ${\mathcal{A}}_{F,G,1}$ is 0 if and only if ${\mathcal{A}}_{F,G,1}$ is finite.
Calabi–Yau Double Coverings of Fano–Enriques Threefolds
Authors: Lee Nam-Hoon
Published: August 2018

This note is a report on the observation that the Fano–Enriques threefolds with terminal cyclic quotient singularities admit Calabi–Yau threefolds as their double coverings. We calculate the invariants of those Calabi–Yau threefolds when the Picard number is one. It turns out that all of them are new examples.
CARBON AND NUTRIENT LOSSES THROUGH BIOMASS BURNING, AND LINKS WITH SOIL FERTILITY AND YAM (DIOSCOREA ALATA) PRODUCTION
Authors: N'DRI AYA B. , KONE ARMAND W. , LOUKOU SEBASTIEN K. K. , BAROT SEBASTIEN , GIGNOUX JACQUES
Published: August 2018

Biomass burning has links with a number of global concerns including soil health, food security and climate change. In central Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa), we conducted a field study to compare nutrient losses, soil fertility and yam yield in slash-and-burn versus slash-and-mulch agriculture. Trials involved five sites established in the dominantChromolaena odoratafallows of the region, each consisting of paired plots: slash and burnt biomass (SB) versus slashed and unburnt biomass, but left to serve as mulch (SM). Carbon and five elemental nutrients were assessed in the aboveground biomass prior to burning and in ash after fires; losses were assessed by subtraction. The greatest proportions of loss occurred with C (95%), N (95%) and K (74%), corresponding to losses into the atmosphere of 3532 ± 408, 200 ± 36, 132 ± 36 kg ha−1. Six weeks after the fire, soil properties were assessed: soil organic C, total N and Mg2+were higher in SM than in SB sites. At final harvest, yam tuber yield was twice as large in SM as in SB (18 ± 4 vs. 9 ± 2 Mg ha−1) with soil C, total N and K+as the main influential soil parameters. The key finding was that the elements lost in greatest proportion during burning were those mostly influencing yam yields. Because a clear negative relationship between biomass burning and yam production has been established the promotion of the more productive, alternate slash-and-mulch system compared to slash-and-burn system, is warranted. The findings of our research can be used in support of developing a sustainable yam production system in the region and in West Africa more generally.
Mercury evidence from the Sino-Korean block for Emeishan volcanism during the Capitanian mass extinction
Authors: KWON HYOSANG , KIM MUN GI , LEE YONG IL
Published: August 2018

A prominent large negative δ13Corg excursion and a coeval notable spike in mercury (Hg)/total organic carbon ratio are observed in the middle–upper Permian Gohan Formation in central Korea, located in the eastern Sino-Korean block (SKB), which may represent the Capitanian mass extinction event. The SKB was separated from the South China block by the eastern Palaeo-Tethys Ocean. This finding from the SKB supports the widespread Hg loading to the environment emitted from the Emeishan volcanic eruptions in SW China. This study demonstrates that the Hg cycle was globally perturbed in association with global carbon cycle perturbation that occurred during the Capitanian Extinction.
THE ‘PARRY REPORT’ (1965) AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: PAQUETTE GABRIEL
Published: August 2018

This article examines the origins of the ‘Parry Report’ (1965), the implementation of which led to the massive expansion of Latin American Studies in the United Kingdom. Drawing on material from several archives, the article argues that the Report was the product of a peculiar geopolitical conjuncture – decolonization, the 1959 Cuban Revolution, Britain's rejection from the European Economic Community – that prompted the Foreign Office to convene a group of academics (and selected others) from institutions then in the process of formalizing links with US-based private foundations. It seeks to show how extramural and intramural factors, geopolitics and academic politics, combined to generate an interdisciplinary area study that survived long after the conditions that had given rise to its genesis had disappeared.
Factor Structure in Commodity Futures Return and Volatility
Authors: Christoffersen Peter , Lunde Asger , Olesen Kasper V.
Published: August 2018

We uncover stylized facts of commodity futures’ price and volatility dynamics in the post-financialization period and find a factor structure in daily commodity volatility that is much stronger than the factor structure in returns. The common factor in commodity volatility relates to stock market volatility as well as to the business cycle. Model-free realized commodity betas with the stock market were high during 2008–2010 but have since returned to the pre-crisis level, close to 0. While commodity markets appear segmented from the equity market when considering only returns, commodity volatility indicates a nontrivial degree of market integration.
Anticipatory Traders and Trading Speed
Authors: Fishe Raymond P. H. , Haynes Richard , Onur Esen
Published: August 2018

We examine whether speed is an important characteristic of traders who anticipate local price trends. These anticipatory participants correctly trade prior to the overall market and systematically act before other participants. They use manual and algorithmic order entry methods, but most are not fast enough to be high frequency traders (HFTs). Those anticipating price trends have impacts as if they are informed traders, while the case for anticipatory participants affecting the volume of other traders is rejected. A follow-up sample shows significant attrition in accounts and difficulty maintaining the anticipatory strategies. To identify anticipatory traders, we devise novel methods to isolate local price trends using order book data from the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil futures market.
Variation of parasite and fungi infection between farmed and wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) from the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Kovačić Ines , Pustijanac Emina , Ramšak Andreja , Šebešćen Dora , Lipić Sanja
Published: August 2018

Investigation of parasites and diseases affecting molluscs of ecological and economic interest is critical for the management of native stocks and aquaculture. In recent years, much attention has been devoted to investigating the World Organisation for Animal Health listed infectious diseases, so that communities can be prepared to attend public health emergencies and avoid severe income losses. In this context, the health status of Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 was analysed in two aquaculture sites (Strunjan Bay and Piran Bay, Slovenia), and in four natural mussel beds (Adriatic Croatia International Marinas Pula and Rovinj and St Catherine, Croatia; Marina Koper, Slovenia) along the coast of the northern Adriatic Sea. The mussels were sampled in February and April 2014, and processed for histological examination of several endosymbionts and pathogens that frequently occur in mytilid mussels. Endosymbionts and pathogens were not detected in farmed mussels. Prokaryotic inclusion bodies, the protozoan Nematopsis, Ancistrocoma-like ciliates, haplosporidian-like plasmodia, turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae, and basophilic inclusion bodies were observed in digestive gland cryosections of wild mussels from the coastal region of the northern Adriatic. Fungal spores of Psilocybe sp., Ulocladium sp. and Alternaria sp. were detected between the digestive tubules based on their morphology. Diagnostic PCR did not reveal infection with Marteilia refringens during the studied period, neither in wild nor farmed mussels. We confirmed the site effects on prevalence of infected mussels. Thus, we can conclude that wild areas are more exposed to endobionts and parasites than aquaculture sites.
Virtue and Asceticism
Authors: Besong Brian
Published: August 2018

Although one can find a robust philosophical tradition supporting asceticism in the West, from ancient Greece to at least early modernity, very little attention has been paid to what motivated this broad support. Instead, following criticism from figures such as Hume, Voltaire, Bentham, and Nietzsche, asceticism has been largely disregarded as either eccentric or uniquely religious. In this paper, I provide what I take to be the core moral argument that motivated many philosophical ascetics. In brief, acts of deliberate self-denial are practice in an important part of acting ethically and are thus practically rational as a means to acquiring virtue. And if this argument has been a core motivation for asceticism in the West then arguably philosophical ascetics have been on to something, especially given contemporary empirical research on self-control.
Understanding the educational and support needs of informal care-givers of people with dementia attending an outpatient geriatric assessment clinic
Authors: Ringer Thom J. , Wong-Pack Matthew , Miller Patricia , Patterson Christopher , Marr Sharon , Misiaszek Brian , Woo Tricia , Sztramko Richard , Vastis Peter George , Papaioannou Alexandra
Published: August 2018

Informal (unpaid) care-givers of older people with dementia experience stress and isolation, causing physical and psychiatric morbidity. Comprehensive geriatric assessment clinics represent an important geriatrician-led model of dementia care. Our qualitative study examined the educational and support needs of care-givers of people diagnosed with dementia at a geriatric assessment clinic, resources used to address those needs and challenges experienced in doing so. We conducted structured thematic analysis of interviews with 18 informal care-givers. Participants’ narratives reflected four themes. First, care-givers sought information from varied sources, including the Alzheimer Society, the internet and clinic staff. Responsive behaviours, the expected progression of dementia and system navigation were topics of particular interest. Second, care-givers obtained assistance from public, for-profit and voluntary sources. Third, care-givers received little assistance. Two-thirds received fewer than four hours of help weekly from all sources combined, and none more than 15. Several received no assistance whatsoever. Publicly funded support workers’ tasks, and their timing, were often unhelpful. Finally, while numerous care-givers felt physical and emotional strain, and worried about how poor health impaired their care-giving, many hesitated to seek help. The needs of this unique population of informal care-givers can be met by improved home-care service flexibility, and access to trustworthy information about the expected progression of dementia and skills for managing behavioural and psychological symptoms.