bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thyroidectomy Does Not Affect the Daily or Free-Running Rhythms of Plasma Melatonin in European Starlings
Authors: Dawson A. , King V.
Published: March 2007

Thyroidectomy results in the suppression of reproductive photoperiodic responses in starlings. Could this be a consequence of an effect on perception of daylength or on circadian pacemakers? Daily changes in plasma melatonin concentrations were monitored in intact and thyroidectomized starlings held in long days (LD 16:8) and short days (LD 8:16), and in intact and thyroidectomized starlings allowed to free-run in constant darkness from long days or short days. In long days and short days, melatonin was low during the light period and high during darkness. There was no difference between intact and thyroidectomized birds. In free-running birds, the melatonin profile of the preceding long day or short day was retained during the first day of constant darkness, with peak levels occurring at the same time they did during the light-dark cycles. Again there was no difference between intact and thyroidectomized birds. These data demonstrate that either the photoreceptive and circadian mechanisms driving melatonin secretion are independent of those concerned with reproductive photoperiodic responses, or that thyroidec tomy affects reproduction "downstream" from the photoreceptive-circadian apparatus.
Is a Critical Interval of the Circadian Pacemaker at Dusk Responsive to Light and Melatonin Responsible for the Timing of Estrus in the Romney Marsh Ewe?
Authors: Matthews Colin D. , Guerin Michael V. , Napier Andrew J.
Published: March 2007

Two experiments, using Romney Marsh ewes, tested for the existence and role of a critical interval of the circadian pacemaker located near dusk that may be integrally involved in the precise timing of the breeding season. Groups of Romney Marsh ewes ( n = 6) were provided with exogenous melatonin by injection at dusk (Experiment 1) or by infusion at dawn or subjected to extended darkness at dawn (Experiment 2) from the winter to the summer solstice before being exposed to natural photoperiod at latitude 35° S. Other than the experi mental protocols, all animals were held in natural photoperiod. The onset of the breeding season (defined as cyclic ovarian activity as indicated by plasma progesterone monitoring) was normal in those animals treated with morning melatonin but was delayed in those animals treated with melatonin at dusk or extended darkness at dawn compared to controls in natural photoperiod (p < .01). Exogenous melatonin at dusk was associated with a phase advance of the onset of the circadian pacemaker (as measured by endogenous melatonin in acutely extended darkness); additional darkness at dawn was associated with a phase delay of both the onset and the offset of the circadian pacemaker. Exoge nous morning melatonin did not change the phase of the circadian pacemaker relative to the controls. The results are consistent with an external coincidence model of seasonal breeding in which a critical interval of the circadian pacemaker requires exposure to light during spring/summer to time estrus correctly. The proposed critical interval appears to be located near dusk in this model and is phase locked to the circadian pacemaker. The effect of the exogenous melatonin on the timing of the breeding season is similar to darkness when administered at dusk but is not equivalent to darkness at dawn. The timing of anestrus was not affected by any of the experimental treatments and may reflect a common response to an environmental influence.
S-Antigen Antibody Partially Blocks Entrainment and the Effects of Constant Light on the Circadian Rhythm of Locomotor Activity in the Adult Blow Fly, Calliphora vicina
Authors: Cymborowski B. , Hong S.-F. , McWatters H.G. , Saunders D.S.
Published: March 2007

Injection of S-antigen (arrestin) antibody into the brain of the blow fly Calliphora vicina, appeared to reduce sensitivity to the photic effects of a light:dark cycle (LD; entrainment) or continuous "bright" light (LL; arrhythmicity). In LD, a proportion of the injected flies evaded entrainment or showed delayed entrainment. In bright LL, flies continued with a free-running rhythm, which remained unchanged (as in continuous darkness) or lengthened (as in "dim" LL). These results focus attention on four groups of arrestin-positive neurons in the fly's brain as potential components of the photoreceptive system.
Food as a Circadian Zeitgeber for House Sparrows: The Effect of Different Food Access Durations
Authors: Hau Michaela , Gwinner Eberhard
Published: March 2007

House sparrows ( Passer domesticus) can synchronize their circadian rhythms of locomotion and feeding with times of periodic food availability. In contrast to most mammals, which synchronize only a specific part of their circadian system with feeding cycles and thus express two distinct activity components, house sparrows synchronize their circadian activity rhythms as a whole with the food zeitgeber. Previous results had indicated that feeding cycles act as comparatively weak zeitgebers for house sparrows. In the present study, therefore, we investigate whether feeding schedules are weak zeitgebers in general or whether their impact on the circadian system of the birds depends on the degree of food restriction. A detailed analysis of the synchronization pattern under the different experimental conditions should help to clarify whether house sparrows use a different mechanism for food-synchronization than mammals. House sparrows were kept in continuous dim light and exposed to different feeding schedules with daily food access durations ranging from 8 to 20 h. Many birds lost synchronization and exhibited free-running rhythms in locomotor and feeding activity when the daily food access duration was lengthened but became synchronized when the feeding duration was shortened. The interpretation that short food access durations represent stronger zeitgebers than long food access durations was supported by the occurrence of large negative phase-angle differences during long daily feeding schedules, contrasting with small and sometimes positive phase-angle differences under short food access durations. There were no indications that house sparrows possess a specific food-entrainable circadian oscillator as mammals do. Rather, periodic food availability seems to be a zeitgeber for the whole circadian system, which, hence, can be synchronized both by light and food. An explanation for such different mechanisms of food-synchronization is offered in the feeding ecology of these animals. Birds may evaluate the importance of a specific feeding schedule as a zeitgeber either from temporal information on the duration of the daily food access time or from energetic considerations. The phase-angle differences associated with the different feeding schedules and the maintenance of daily activity times may ensure an appropriate temporal integration of behavior with specific conditions. Non-synchronized birds exhibited masking-induced feeding activity, which might represent an alternative means of adjusting to feeding cycles when synchronization cannot occur.
Public Administration and Planning in Rural Areas
Authors: Seroka Jim
Published: March 2007

Many public planners work in rural jurisdictions or small towns, and these individuals are expected to initiate, formulate, implement, and evaluate community plans. The problems faced by rural-based planners are distinct from the issues faced by urban or metropolitan planning agencies and need considerable special attention and study. This article reviews the literature that has been recently published in the field of U.S. rural public administration as it relates to the planning functions in small towns and rural areas.
The Land-Use Impacts of Urban Rail Transit Systems
Authors: Huang Herman
Published: March 2007

This article reviews research regarding the impacts of urban rail transit systems on real estate development in the United States and Canada. Transit played an instrumental role in urban expansion during the nineteenth century. More recently, rail transit has also often influenced urban development, but in conjunction with favorable zoning, attractive sites, and a strong market for development. Numerous examples of station-area projects can be found in San Francisco, Toronto, and Washington, D.C. In several cities, land near transit stations has realized rent premiums. The effects of rail transit on development, independent of zoning and other factors, are not readily identified. Most research has not examined specific real estate projects from the developer's perspective. It is not clear whether rail transit is the most cost-effective means of directing development, but if rail transit is built, then station-area development should be encouraged to enhance the returns on the investment.
Reinventing the Research University for Public Service
Authors: Checkoway Barry
Published: March 2007

If the research university were reinventedfor public service, what would it be? This article addresses several such ques-tions and some of the intellectual and institutional issues they raise at a time when communities and universities are being challenged to develop capacityfor thefuture. It draws upon research and practice for analysis of the elements in the reinventing process, such as reconceptualizing research, integrating service into the curriculum, modifying the reward structure, changing the academic culture, and providing the leadership. It identifies obstacles to the process and ways to overcome them in higher education.
Planning and the Liberal Paradox: A Democratic Dilemma in Social Choice
Authors: Sager Tore
Published: March 2007

Planning theory and social choice theory are merged to shed light on a liberal paradox. The theorem stating the impossibility of a Paretian liberal says that a cycle-free collective decision procedure cannot be guaranteed with liberalism and preference sovereignty. Liberalism grants each individual some right to decide within his or her personal sphere, and preference sovereignty means that the Pareto principle is respected. It may be impossible to design procedures for planning and decision making simultaneously realizing the values of rationality, individual liberty, and the public interest. In light of social choice theory, the article examines whether the well-known modes of planning prescribe practices serving to alleviate this conflict or causing it to arise lessfrequently. The author concludes that several modes (e.g., disjointed incrementalism, critical pragmatism) hold such properties and shows how communicative planning helps to circumvent Sen's liberal paradox.
Environmental Aesthetics
Authors: Ataov Anli
Published: March 2007

The appearance or aesthetic of cities, towns, neighborhoods, or other sections of the built environment affects our daily activities. The aesthetics of an environment evokefeelings and emotions such as pleasure, relaxation, excitement, and fear. These emotional responses to theaesthetic qualities ofdifferent environments affect spatial behaviors. The field of environmental aesthetics examines how people react to the visual quality of an environment. This bibliography organizes the literature that informs research in environmental aesthetics. It highlights research on common evaluative responses and the visual attributes that are salient to those espon te. Te bibliography also contains references to the conceptual models that are used to explain the relationship between evaluative responses and visual attributes.
Female-Headed Homeless Families: A Comparative Profile
Authors: Johnson Alice K.
Published: March 2007

Homeless families are a rising proportion of the contemporary homeless population. However, no data have heretofore documented a profile of sheltered homeless families over time. Data collected in St. Louis from 1983 to 1988 indicate that homeless families are likely to be young, minimally educated, female-headed minority families with one or two preschool chil dren. The emergence of these women and children as the dominant population of homeless families is discussed in the context of the increasing loss of affordable housing in St. Louis, Missouri, and the inability of mothers who receive Aid to Families with Dependent Children to pay market-rate rents.
Pregnant Chemically Dependent Women: The New Criminals
Authors: Gustavsson Nora S.
Published: March 2007

The latest casualties in the war on drugs are pregnant, chemically dependent women, who are viewed as the perpetrators of fetal abuse. Recent litigation has elevated the rights of the fetus over the rights of the mother. This article examines the medical and legal basis for the punitive policies directed at pregnant, chemically dependent women and suggests an alternative policy.
Feminist Thinking as an Aid to Teaching Social Work Research
Authors: Krane Julia
Published: March 2007

This article explores selected feminist insights and the practice method of consciousness transformation in mainstream education for social work research. It suggests that if social workers are to move from ideologically unchallenged research to ideologically explicit research, courses on social work research education must incorporate feminist theory, methods, and content.
Solitude in Old Age: Effects of Female Headship on Elderly Women's Lives
Authors: Ozawa Martha N.
Published: March 2007

As a result of demographic shifts and because of increasing rates of divorce and nonmarriage among women, it is anticipated that more women will live alone in coming decades. How these women will cope with others' demands for care and with their own need for care will be affected by their life-styles before they reach their old age. This article discusses the projected living arrangements of women in 2030 and the current problems of female heads of families and speculates on the living conditions of women who will reach old age in early decades of the 21st century. Implications for policy are discussed.
The Impact of Economic and Social Changes on the Roles of Women in Botswana and Zimbabwe
Authors: Van Hook Mary P.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the ways in which the colonial heritage and recent economic and social developments have influenced the roles of women in Botswana and Zimbabwe. It describes changes that have improved the lives of women in these countries and the barriers that women still have to overcome in the legal, educational, economic, and family spheres.
Claiming a Lesbian Identity as an Act of Empowerment
Authors: Swigonski Mary E.
Published: March 2007

Claiming a lesbian identity in a heterosexist culture is an act of empowerment in the struggle against oppression. This article dis cusses both the nature of the oppression that lesbians face and the strengths and skills that lesbians demonstrate in constructing the unique components of their lesbian identity.
Stereotypes and Stigma: What's Changed for Welfare Mothers
Authors: Davis Liane V. , Hagen Jan L.
Published: March 2007

In the debate on welfare reform, stereotypes of women on welfare have resurfaced, and most proposals for reform are designed to modify and regulate women's behaviors. This article, based on information obtained in focus groups of recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children, examines how women manage the stigma of being welfare mothers and what they think about "cheating" the system. The most striking difference between recipients of the 1990s and of the 1960s is the belief of current recipients that they are entitled to governmental support as long as they are attempting to better their own lives.
Lesbians' Experiences With Helping Professionals
Authors: Tiemann Kathleen A. , Kennedy Sally A. , Haga Myrna P.
Published: March 2007

In in-depth interviews, eight lesbians talked about their interactions with social workers and other helping professionals and how they felt about their experiences. The themes that emerged included the fear of rejection and the need for feelings of safety and trust and for further education of professionals that affirms lesbians' lives. The participants also suggested what helping professionals can do to make lesbians' experiences with them more helpful, empowering, and respectful.
Intimate Partner Violence, Acculturation, and Alcohol Consumption Among Hispanic Couples in the United States
Authors: CAETANO RAUL , SCHAFER JOHN , CLARK CATHERINE L. , CUNRADI CAROL B. , RASPBERRY KELLY
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to report rates of intimate partner violence, acculturation, and alcohol consumption patterns among U.S. Hispanic couples. A probability sample of Hispanic couples in the U.S. household population (N = 527) was interviewed in 1995. Interviews averaging 1 hour in length were conducted in respondents' homes by trained interviewers. The response rate was 85%. The rates of male-to-female and female-to-male partner violence (MFPV and FMPV, respectively) were highest in the medium acculturation group, followed by the high acculturation group and the low acculturation group. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicate that couples with at least one medium acculturated couple member were 3 times more likely to experience MFPV than couples with two low acculturated partners. Intimate partner violence among medium acculturated individuals may be the result of the difficulties of negotiating between cultures without the support of a strong social network.
Assessing the Risk of Severe Domestic Violence
Authors: WEISZ ARLENE N. , TOLMAN RICHARD M. , SAUNDERS DANIEL G.
Published: March 2007

The findings of this study contribute to the discussion about the best method for predicting the recurrence of severe domestic violence. The findings are from a secondary data analysis comparing the accuracy of 177 domestic violence survivors' predictions of reassault to risk factors supported by previous research. The survivors' predictions were associated with recurrence of severe violence in a bivariate analysis. These predictions also added significantly to the accuracy of established risk factors in two multivariate equations predicting severe reassault within a 4-month period. Although not all of the survivors made accurate predictions, this research supports the use of survivors' predictions as an important element that should be included in risk prediction.
Cultural, Human, and Social Capital as Determinants of Corporal Punishment
Authors: XU XIAOHE , TUNG YUK-YING , DUNAWAY R. GREGORY
Published: March 2007

Using the first wave of the National Survey of Families and Households, the authors construct and test an integrated theoretical model to predict the likelihood of parental use of corporal punishment on children in two-parent families. They show that the use of corporal punishment is primarily determined by cultural, human, and social capital that are available to, or have already been acquired by, parents. Moreover, ordered probit regression analyses indicate that the likelihood of corporal punishment can be predicted by additional exogenous factors such as parents' demographic characteristics and the extent of spousal violence. Based on these results, an integrated, resource-based theory is suggested.
Ethical Principles Guiding Research on Child and Adolescent Subjects
Authors: KING NANCY M. P. , CHURCHILL LARRY R.
Published: March 2007

Understanding the ethical principles that should guide research with child and adolescent participants is an essential task for researchers. Principles do not always yield final or uncontroversial answers, but they do serve to clarify and justify decisions, and their use makes individual decisions and research policies more public and open to examination. The principles of scientific importance, scientific soundness, respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, utility, and justice are described herein. The embodiment of these principles in the federal guidelines governing research is discussed, with attention to the differences between wronging and harming subjects and the meaning of informed consent.
Defeated Athletes, Abusive Mates?
Authors: CRAIG KELLINA M.
Published: March 2007

Judgments about athletes and nonathletes who batter were systematically analyzed in a multivariate design. Participants read scenarios about athletes who batter in which the severity of the assault, the type of sport played, the racial status of the athlete, and the relationship of the victim to the athlete were systematically varied. Judgments about males who commit similar assaults but who are not professional athletes were also obtained. Results revealed that males and females differed in blame attributions, and judgments about athletic and nonathletic batterers became increasingly similar as the victim's harm increased. Findings are discussed in terms of participants' perceptions about the role of drugs, alcohol, and the race of the athlete in determining blame attributions and penalty proscriptions.
Rapists' Offense Processes
Authors: POLASCHEK DEVON L. L. , HUDSON STEPHEN M. , WARD TONY , SIEGERT RICHARD J.
Published: March 2007

Models of the offense process set out to provide a description of the cognitive, behavioral, motivational, and contextual factors associated with a particular type of offense. They model the temporal relationships between the variables of interest and focus explicitly on the proximal causes or the how of offending. In this study, qualitative analysis was used to develop a descriptive model of the offense process for 24 adult rapists. Sentenced offenders provided detailed retrospective descriptions of their thoughts, emotions, and behavior prior to and during their most recent rape. These descriptions were analyzed using a grounded-theory approach. The resulting preliminary model contained the following six phases: background factors to the offense, goal formation, approach behavior, offense preparation, the offense, and postoffense behavior. These stages are discussed along with the model's theoretical, research, and clinical implications. The model is consistent with existing multivariate theories of rape and has clear taxonomic potential.
Date Rape
Authors: SHAPIRO BRENDA L. , SCHWARZ J. CONRAD
Published: March 2007

This study extends previous research on date rape by assessing trauma symptoms and sexual self-esteem in a college population of 41 women who had been date raped and 125 women who had not been raped. Measures used included the Trauma Symptom Inventory (Bierce, 1995) and the Sexual Self-Esteem Inventory—Women (Zeanah and Schwartz, 1996). College women who had been date raped indicated significantly more trauma symptoms and lower sexual self-esteem in several areas than did college women who had not been raped. The results suggest that date rape has significant consequences for women, with implications for clinical treatment of women who have been date raped.
Physical Assault Among 21-Year-Olds by Partners
Authors: LANGLEY JOHN , MARTIN JUDY , NADA-RAJA SHYAMALA
Published: March 2007

The authors sought to answer the following questions: Are more women than men physically assaulted by a partner? Do a disproportionate number of physical assaults against women involve a partner? Are women subjected to more physical assaults from partners than are men? Are physical assaults on women by partners more severe in terms of physical harm than physical assaults on men by partners? The sample was the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a longitudinal study of a cohort of New Zealanders. Using a semistructured face-to-face interview, information on assault was obtained from study members when they turned 21 years of age. Our results showed that more women than men reported being assaulted by a partner, assaults by men represented a greater percentage of women's assault experiences, the partner assault rate was higher for women, and the assaults against women tended to result in more serious injury.
How Incest Offenders Overcome Internal Inhibitions Through the Use of Cognitions and Cognitive Distortions
Authors: HARTLEY CAROLYN COPPS
Published: March 2007

This study explored the victimization process of incestuous child sexual abuse, focusing specifically on the cognitions incest offenders use to overcome their initial inhibitions against offending and to maintain their offending behavior once begun. The research design was a qualitative, grounded theory approach, involving a series of three intensive, in-person interviews with eight Caucasian, male incest offenders currently in treatment for a sexual offense. All the offenders abused a biological, step-, or adoptive daughter. The cognitions identified are grouped into four separate categories: (1) cognitions related to sociocultural factors; (2) cognitions used to overcome the fear of disclosure; (3) cognitions used to diminish responsibility; and (4) cognitions related to permission seeking. Findings are discussed within the context of new theory on the role of cognitions in sexual offending.
The End of Jobs
Authors: Risher Howard
Published: March 2007

"The end of jobs" has become a euphemism for the dramatic changes in the way work is organized and managed. Students of labor history appreciate that the new model of work management represents an abrupt turnaround in our work philosophy and belief system. We have to go back to the 1890s—the beginning of the Industrial Age-to find a comparable period of change. With the first factories came the problem of how to supervise large groups of workers. The work management paradigm that emerged then prevailed largely unchanged for the next century. In the 1990s, new methods of organizing work and managing and rewarding workers are emerging to meet the business challenges of global competition and technological change. The challenge for human resources professionals is to develop the expertise to know when and how to apply the new methods.
Competency-Based Pay: A Concept in Evolution
Authors: Cira Darrell J. , Benjamin Ellen R.
Published: March 2007

Competency-based pay has become the focus of much heated debate today. While its advocates assert it achieves precisely measurable benefits, its opponents argue that it tends to lead to unfair, invalid, and discriminatory outcomes. Among companies that have implemented competency-based pay, there is evidence that the failure rate is relatively high. Over the next few years however, with the growing need to emphasize employee development, the authors expect to see a major movement toward formal competency-based pay systems and, along with an increase in experience and learnings, a greater rate of success. "It makes sense to put money behind those things the company values-skills, competencies, behavioral change. And, based on our observations to date, it can be a highly effective way to motivate employees and create change," the authors argue.
Creating A Reform Environment: A Case Study In Community Corrections And Coalition Building
Authors: Gilsinan James F.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the environment of a criminal justice reform. Specifically, it examines the creation of an organizational climate. Such a climate precedes the actual implementation of a policy, and results from the coalitions formed during the phase of policy creation. Casper and Brereton (1984) state that original coalition structures must be examined to understand the process of reform implementation. This article therefore presents a descriptive case study of the conceptualization, context, and coalition building that preceded the implementation of a community corrections act. The article describes the odyssey of community corrections in Missouri, from its initial introduction into the state by a group of reformers, through its passage by the state legislature, to the beginning of its implementation. To aid in understanding these processes, a perspective from organizational theory is adopted.
Routine Activity Theory And The Risk Of Rape: Analyzing Ten Years Of National Crime Survey Data
Authors: Belknap Joanne
Published: March 2007

This analysis applies routine activity theory to the risk of rape, using 10 years (1973-82) of NCS data. In addition to univariate analysis describing characteristics of the victimization itself, bivariate and multivariate (discriminant) analyses are employed to assess the risk of rape, comparing 762 rape and attempted rape victims with 2,523 randomly selected non-rape victims. Most characteristics concerning the rape incident itself (e.g., time of day and season) were consistent with routine activity theory. However, the place of occurrence was not. Additionally, discriminant analysis showed that marital status, age, family income, and the number of living units per structure appear to be the strongest predictors of the risk of rape. Unlike most prior research, race was not a factor in the risk of rape, although race was correlated with those factors influencing the risk of rape. Given the fundamental level of these predictor variables, the likelihood of affecting the level of rape through policy appears limited.
Death In The Cellblocks: A Study Of Inmate Mortality In Jail And Lockup Custody
Authors: Zevitz Richard G. , Takata Susan R.
Published: March 2007

This descriptive study analyzes 20 years of inmate mortality in municipal and county detention and corrections facilities. It is based primarily on documental research which examines 1) the content of official death records, 2) historical or comparative data on local jails and lockups, and 3) extant government statistics on inmate mortality and morbidity. Additional data were obtained from criminal justice agency files and from records of a community-based agency responsible for providing substance abuse and mental health treatment services for inmates. Although no single variable emerges a reliable predictor of in-custody deaths, certain sociolegal and demographic characteristics appear closely associated with such fatal occurrences. Findings suggest that the high mortality rate which occurs in local facilities could be reduced by improved inmate health care, proper training of custodial staff, and development of sensible operating policies.
Work Conditions and Juvenile Delinquency: Is Youth Employment Criminogenic?
Authors: Cullen Francis T. , Williams Nicolas , Wright John Paul
Published: March 2007

In both public and scholarly circles, it often is assumed that employ ment is beneficial to the development of adolescents. To assess this claim, we explored the relationship of working to delinquency among a sample of youths, drawn from the National Youth Survey, who were in school and between the ages of 12 and 19. The analysis revealed that work conditions, especially the number of hours employed, were posi tively associated with delinquent involvement. We argue that these results are consistent with a critical criminological perspective, which would see juvenile employment within its structural context and be sen sitive to how the needs of youths are not served in the prevailing labor market. Accordingly, we caution against a policy agenda that views employment as a panacea for delinquency.
Electronic House Arrest and Boot Camp in North Carolina: Comparing Recidivism
Authors: Jones Mark , Ross Darrell L.
Published: March 2007

Using official data records, this study examined differences in recidi vism - defined as fingerprinted rearrest - among participants in two wide ly used intermediate sanctions, electronic house arrest (N=331) and boot camp prison (N=309). Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of recidivism. Participation in the boot camp program, as opposed to electronic house arrest was consistently associated with avoiding rearrest, and race (African-American) was associated with being rearrested for several categories of offense. The conclusion was that although techno logical advances may be of significant assistance to correctional practi tioners, such advances alone are not the magic bullet that will insure future compliance with the law.
Determinants of the Breastfeeding Pattern Among Working Women in Sdo Paulo
Authors: Rea Marina Ferreira , Venancio Sonia Isoyama , Batista Luis Eduardo , Greiner Ted
Published: March 2007

The needs of breastfeeding women who work away from home differ from those of other women, particularly those who breastfeed exclusively. Sixty-nine factory workers were interviewed in Sdo Paulo, both during pregnancy and when they returned to work. Median durations of exclusive (EBF), predominant (PBF), and any breastfeeding (BF) were found to be 10 days, 70 days, and 150 days, respectively. Despite having used the 4-month leave to which they were entitled, by 1 month, 86% of the respondents had given tea, 50% water, and 42% artificial baby milk. Only 2 women were still exclusively breastfeeding when they returned to work. Various personal characteristics were associated with longer duration of breastfeeding. Maternity ward routines were generally not supportive, but duration of PBF was longer where better support was received. Duration of EBF was longer among women with support for breastfeeding at work, and shorter for those working on weekends or doing shift work. Thus, women may have adjusted their feeding patterns based on whether or not they anticipated workplace support. Only weekend work and socioeconomic status were linked to shorter duration of breastfeeding. Stronger social and health care support for EBF may be needed before the full impact of workplace support can be usefully studied in Brazil.
Soapsuds, Space, and Sociability
Authors: Kenen Regina
Published: March 2007

Sociability among strangers is investigated in urban laundromats located in middle-class areas and escussed in terms of the pattern of relationships between observed properties of physical settings and observed reactions of individuals in these settings Laundromat behavior identified includes a form of display of the general properties of a subculture Specific rituals act as a form of implicit grammar governing interaction
Social Factors Affecting Landlords in the Determination of Rent
Authors: Gilderbloom John I.
Published: March 2007

The mainstream economist explanation of intercity rent differentials as determined solely by supply and demand is incomplete and sociologically naive. Rents within any particular area are set by landlords, and landlords' decisions in these matters take into account and are shaped by a variety of social as well as economic factors. This article uses open-ended interview data collected from landlords in one city to identify social factors that differentially affect the rent-setting decisions of three categories of landlord-the amateur, the small-scale professional, and the large-scale professional. Contrary to the assumptions of conventional economists, the study suggests that landlords operate in a more cooperative than competitive fashion.
The Least-Adult Role in Studying Children
Authors: Mandell Nancy
Published: March 2007

Three membership roles adopted by researchers in studying young children are considered: a detached observer, a semiparticipatory and a complete involvement role. The complete involvement role, that of least adult, is discussed as a research role emerging from Mead's philosophy of action. Dilemmas of being “least adult,” including role identification, following the children, understanding children's language, screening out noise, role testing, rapport, and acquiring access rituals are explored.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Jorgensen Danny L.
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to David A. Snow, New Ethnographies Editor, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.
CONFRONTING DEADLY DISEASE
Authors: SANDSTROM KENT L.
Published: March 2007

Based on data from an interview study of 19 gay men with AIDS-related diagnoses, this article considers how persons with AIDS (PWAs) construct and negotiate the meaning of their illness. Given the stigma and liminality associated with their condition, PWAs typically experience a variety of problematic emotional and social reactions. In an effort to counteract the dilemmas evoked by these reactions, they engage in various types of identity management, including defensive strategies which allow them to avoid potentially threatening interactions and forms of embracement which enable them to affirm an AIDS-related identity and to integrate it with other valued aspects of self. The interview data suggest that PWAs are increasingly likely to engage in embracement as the illness progresses and as they become more extensively involved in PWA support networks. These networks provide resources, affiliations, and ideologies which facilitate the construction of more vitalizing identities.
PREPROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION AND IDENTITY TRANSFORMATION
Authors: BROWN J. DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article examines how substance abuse treatment provides a preprofessional socialization context that significantly contributes to the reproduction of its counseling professionals. Most of the literature on professional socialization argues that recruitment, professional commitment, and the adoption of a professional identity occur after students are in training. By contrast, this article suggests that preprofessional socialization recruits, generates professional commitment, and aids in the adoption of a professional identity prior to standardized counselor training and education. Preprofessional socialization subsequently affects students' academic experiences by providing an ideological framework which allows them to integrate and censor the information that is imparted by instructors. Building on Merton's notion of “anticipatory socialization,” the author argues that preprofessional socialization resequences, in time, some of the fundamental assumptions of the professional socialization process. Drawing on data gathered through introspection and open-ended interviews with 35 professional “ex”s currently employed in a variety of community, state, and private institutions providing treatment to individuals with drug, alcohol, and/or eating disorder problems, this article explicates the central contours of this preprofessional socialization.
Prosperity or Blight? A Question of Major League Stadia Locations
Authors: Nelson Arthur C.
Published: March 2007

Literature challenges the economic wisdom of major league sports stadia, especially when subsidized, but they continue to be constructed. If officials decide that a new stadium will be built, does it matter where it goes? This article theorizes that when major league stadia locate in the central business district (CBD), the metropolitan statistical area’s share of regional wealth increases and that share rises as more major league teams play there. The reason is that people attending games in the CBD are more likely to spend money before and after games in the CBD than if they attend games at non-CBD locations. By contrast, non-CBD stadia may create opportunity costs. The moat of parking that surrounds many such stadia may discourage development from locating nearby. Investments that could have generated more economic activity are diverted, sometimes outside the metropolitan area. Empirical evaluation supports theoretical expectations.
The Financial Services Sector and Cities: Restructuring, Decentralization, and Declining Urban Employment
Authors: Immergluck Daniel
Published: March 2007

Financial services industries have been an important source of central-city employment, including new jobs. Although decentralization occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, widespread national growth in the sector generally resulted in central-city employment gains. In the 1990s, despite continuing national growth in the sector overall, financial services became a key source of job losses in many cities. From 1991 to 1996, financial services employment declined by 5% in a sample of 40 large cities but increased by 9% in corresponding suburbs. Twenty-five of these cities lost finance jobs, with losses exceeding 10% in 11 cities. Moreover, financial services were often a disproportionate contributor to total employment losses. This article describes these trends and explores the relationship between industrial structure, city size, and region on the suburbanization of financial services employment.
A Practitioner's Classification of Economic Development Policy Instruments, with Some Inspiration from Political Economy
Authors: Sternberg Ernest
Published: March 2007

Subnational economic development in the United States is characterized by a multiplicity of policy instruments. Economic development professionals typically work with only a few of the many possible kinds of instruments. To engage more effectively in economic policymaking, practitioners should have an overview that arranges potential policy instruments in a logical order. Drawing upon a tradition of political economy, this article makes such a classification. The classification uses the principle that, to affect the economy, government exercises power through generic policies. When the policies are directed at individual businesses, the policies can be cross-classified against a typology of business functions. When not directed at individual businesses, the policies shape market structure, define and limit forms of enterprise, and engage government itself in enterprise. These distinctions yield a scheme that classifies a complete tabulation of policy instruments.
An Examination of State Foreign Exports and Manufacturing Employment
Authors: Coughlin Cletus C. , Cartwright Phillip A.
Published: March 2007

Exports assist economic development via the creation of jobs. The present study specifies and estimates a time-series model in order to quantify relationships between state exports and employment. The export elasticities of employment in both the short run and the long run are estimated on a state basis. The results suggest that state government policies that affect state exports will ultimately affect state employment. Further, the results indicate there is much diversity among states for the relationships estimated.
"New" Economic Development
Authors: Annison Michael H.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on changes in the social, economic, and political structure of the United States and the implications of those changes for economic development over the next decade. It suggests the primary focus for economic development will be at the local level and successful communities will develop partnerships between the public and private sectors to accomplish locally determined community objectives.
Linkages between the Farm Sector and the Local Nonfarm Economy: Another Look at Rural Development
Authors: Beck Roger J.
Published: March 2007

Typically, rural development and agricultural policy specialists have viewed the problems of the rural economy and the farm sector in virtual isolation. Given the importance of nonfarm income to farm families, there is some evidence that a strengthening of the nonfarm economy can affect agriculture. It is suggested here that rural labor models are necessary if these linkages are to be understood.
Business Incubator Life Cycles
Authors: Allen David N.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the development process of business incubators. Nearly 60 stakeholders working with 12 incubators were interviewed. A three-stage life cycle model is posed to describe the development process. The start-up stage is characterized as real estate driven; emphasis is placed on preparing the space and locating initial tenants. The business development stage occurs when the facility is on sound financial footings and attention shifts to managing up tenant firms. Incubator maturation is characterized by a sophisticated enterprise support network and demand for additional user space. Five interdependent forces are posited as influencing the incubator development process. Policy implications focus on realistic development expectations, management philosophy, and performance criteria.
The Evaluation of State Programs for International Business Development
Authors: Kudrie Robert Thomas , Kite Cynthia Marie
Published: March 2007

In recent years virtually all of the states have begun efforts to promote international business. They engage in a wide range of activities at home and abroad to increase state exports and to lure foreign direct investors to their states. It is somewhat surprising that only a modest amount of evaluation of these substantial efforts has taken place, and most of it sheds little light on the effects of the programs. Much activity has gone completely unrecorded, output measures abound where outcome monitoring appears possible, and little attention has been paid to causality. The article discusses the reasons that nearly all states have failed so far to produce effective evaluation and offers a series of suggestions aimed at both a more comprehensive tracking of outcomes and a more satisfactory causal linkage between outcomes and program efforts.
Local Partnership for Economic Development: Business Links and the Restructuring of SME Support Networks in the United Kingdom
Authors: Üztel Hülya , Martin Steve
Published: March 2007

A key feature of British enterprise development policies is the launch in 1992 of a network of business link partnerships to rationalize the local provision of business support services for small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) across England. This article examines the ways in which business links are expected to add value to the existing infrastructure and evaluates the effectiveness of the initiative 3 years after its announcement. Despite very significant differences in operations, size of catchment area, and legal structures between business link partnerships, similar problems have emerged. The common set of potentially damaging issues identified can be tackled locally by establishing collaborative-competitive partnerships and by increasing the role of local authorities. Nationally, central government consistently and continuously should use its leverage, resulting from its control over resources, to support the objectives it has set for business links.
THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF SEXUALITY AND GENDER IN ALTERNATIVE HARD ROCK
Authors: SCHIPPERS MIMI
Published: March 2007

This article provides an empirical example and an analytic argument for how queer theory can be useful for sociological inquiries of gender relations. Using data collected through participant observation of a rock music subculture, the author addresses the importance of conceptualizing sexuality and gender as analytically distinct. There are five major findings drawn from this analysis. First, members of this subculture queered sexuality despite identifying as heterosexual. Second, there is a dissonance between how members talked about sexuality and how they enacted sexuality. Third, queering sexuality opened space for subverting hegemonic gender relations. Fourth, some forms of gender resistance relied on and reinscribed hegemonic sexual relations. Fifth, only by analyzing sexuality at multiple levels of analysis was this play of resistance and hegemony revealed. Both empirical and theoretical implications are suggested.