bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Urgency of Regulating the Air Pollution Crime as a Crime Against Humanity
Authors: Sunny Randy Ismail , Muhdar Muhamad , Kurnia Mahendra Putra
Published: June 2024

This article examines two main issues in international environmental law regarding the extensive classification of air pollution crime as a crime against humanity. Firstly, the international law regime's indecision status of air pollution crimes, especially in the form of carbon dioxide pollution, is a crime under international law, specifically under the term crime against humanity. The challenge is to extensively deconstruct the qualification of the related crimes based on their characteristics severity and nature of both crimes qualification. Secondly, there are existing problems to regulate air pollution crime as a crime against humanity including the enforcement and formulation of air pollution crime as a crime against humanity, and political considerations in the formation of international agreements that regulate air pollution crime as a crime against humanity and its enforcement. In this perspective, there’s a contradictory situation where the international community is aware of global warming and carbon emissions but major industrialized countries are not fully committed to reducing carbon emissions.
The Conceptual Framework for the Therapeutic Approach used in Phase 3 Trials of MDMA-AT for PTSD
Authors: O'Donnell Kelley , Alpert Michael , Okano Lauren , Nicholas Christopher , Thomas Chantelle , Poulter Bruce , Mithoefer Ann , Mithoefer Michael , G Marcela Ot'alora
Published: June 2024

Results from multiple recent studies support the use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in conjunction with psychotherapy (i.e., MDMA-Assisted Therapy) in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In two Phase 3 trials, MDMA-Assisted Therapy comprised a short-term, intensive psychotherapy that included three sessions directly facilitated by MDMA (referred to as “experimental sessions”), as well as a number of non-drug psychotherapy sessions. This treatment model harnessed the potential of MDMA to facilitate recall and processing of traumatic memories, and to increase learning in a social context, integrating “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches to trauma-focused care. To date, the conceptual framework for this treatment has not been described in the scientific literature. This omission has contributed to misunderstandings about both the theoretical underpinnings of this modality and the therapeutic approach that emerges from it. This paper delineates the psychotherapeutic concepts, theories, and historical antecedents underlying the inner-directed approach to MDMA-Assisted Therapy for PTSD. Broadly speaking, this therapeutic framework centered the concept of the participant’s inner healing intelligence as the primary agent of change, with the therapeutic relationship being the core facilitative condition fostering the participant’s self-directed movement toward healing and growth. Corollaries to this holistic, self-directed, relational, and trauma-informed framework include a non-pathologizing approach to the participant’s embodied experience (including the possibility of intense emotional and somatic expression, experiences of multiplicity, suicidal ideation, and multigenerational and transpersonal experiences), as well as the therapists’ own psychodynamic, somatic, and transpersonal awareness, empathic attunement, relational skillfulness, and cultural humility. The use of MDMA in conjunction with this psychotherapy platform outperformed the use of placebo with therapy in Phase 2 and 3 trials, as measured by symptom reduction in participants with PTSD. However, within-group comparisons also identified significant symptom reduction in participants who did not receive MDMA, lending empirical support to the psychotherapy model itself. In addition to comparative efficacy trials, future research should investigate which elements of the conceptual framework and therapeutic approach underlie the clinical benefit in individuals with PTSD.
At the speed of a verb. Pseudo-verbs elicit shorter reaction times than pseudo-nouns in rigorous LTD experiments
Authors: Witkowska Marta - , Suitner Caterina , Formanowicz Magdalena , Dołżycka Joanna
Published: June 2024

Verbs, as the conventional linguistic category for expressing action and motion, inherently possess dynamic properties that are not typically found in other categories (e.g., nouns). The central aim of this research was to determine whether the posited association between verbs (vs. nouns) and action is discernible through distinct reaction times in a methodologically robust Lexical Decision Task (LDT). To explore behavioral responses to verbs compared to nouns, we employed a pseudoword paradigm in which we carefully crafted lexical stimuli devoid of semantic meaning, yet distinctly indicating grammatical class through suffixes. In two LDT experiments (N1= 92, N2= 95), we consistently observed shorter reaction times for pseudoverbs than for pseudonouns, indicating that grammar exerts meta-semantic effects on behavior.
Timing patterns in the extended basal ganglia system
Authors: Schwartze Michael , Kotz Sonja A.
Published: June 2024

The human brain is a constructive organ. It generates predictions to modulate its functioning, continuously adapting to a dynamic environment. The temporal dimension of motor and non-motor behaviour is increasingly recognized as a key component of this predictive bias. Nevertheless, the intricate interplay of neural mechanisms that encode, decode, and evaluate temporal information to give rise to a sense of time and control over sensorimotor timing remains largely elusive. Among several brain systems, the basal ganglia have been most consistently linked to interval- and beat-based timing operations. Considering the tight embedding of the basal ganglia into multiple complex neurofunctional networks, it is clear that they have to interact with other proximate and distal brain systems. While the primary target of basal ganglia output is the thalamus, many regions connect to the striatum of the basal ganglia, their main input relay. This establishes widespread connectivity, forming the basis for first- and second-order interactions with other systems implicated in timing such as the cerebellum and supplementary motor areas. However, next to this structural interconnectivity, additional functions need to be considered to better understand their contribution to temporally predictive adaptation. To this end, we develop a common interpretation of basal ganglia function: interval-based patterning in motor and non-motor behaviour.
Not a Team but Learning as One: The Impact of Consistent Attendance on Discourse Diversification in Math Group Modeling
Authors: Abdelshiheed Mark , Jacobs Jennifer , D'Mello Sidney
Published: June 2024

This work investigates relationships between consistent attendance —attendance rates in a group that maintains the same tutor and students across the school year— and learning in small group tutoring sessions. We analyzed data from two large urban districts consisting of 206 9th-grade student groups (3 − 6 students per group) for a total of 803 students and 75 tutors. The students attended small group tutorials approximately every other day during the school year and completed a pre and post-assessment of math skills at the start and end of the year, respectively. First, we found that the attendance rates of the group predicted individual assessment scores better than the individual attendance rates of students comprising that group. Second, we found that groups with high consistent attendance had more frequent and diverse tutor and student talk centering around rich mathematical discussions. Whereas we emphasize that changing tutors or groups might be necessary, our findings suggest that consistently attending tutorial sessions as a group with the same tutor might lead the group to implicitly learn as a team despite not being one.
A conceptual review of uses and meanings of reproducibility and replication
Authors: Ulpts Sven , Schneider Jesper W.
Published: June 2024

We review uses and meanings of reproducibility and replication as well as related terms in the literature across the research landscape. Based on the analysis of the review and due to the prevailing conceptual confusion surrounding the reproducibility and replication terminology, we provide a distinction between practices and epistemic functions of reproducibility and replication that allows to navigate through the conceptually confused territory and identify different types of reproducibility and replication. The practices are further distinguished between practices of enabling and redoing.
Predictive modelling of seismic properties in single-foliated slates
Authors: Lopez-Sanchez Marco , Cárdenes Van den Eynde Víctor , Barou Fabrice , Llana-Fúnez Sergio
Published: June 2024

Slates play a key role in understanding the seismic anisotropy of the continental crust, a crucial aspect of geophysical interpretation. Using a comprehensive set of high-quality single-foliated roofing slates, we determined their typical seismic properties via mineral fractions and orientation distribution functions using the VRH averaging method. Our study focused on identifying optimal polar (transverse isotropy) models, assess correlations between elastic constants, and explore the feasibility of predicting intrinsic maximum anisotropy from a single proxy. We demonstrate that axial and polarization anisotropy in single-foliated slates can be accurately estimated with ~10% error using a single proxy, termed the S-norm, which integrates the ODF strength and volumetric fraction of phyllosilicates. Additionally, we found that a polar parameterization combining elastic tensor decomposition and the Anderson equations yields seismic anisotropy predictions similar to the Christoffel equation, with errors below 3% (<0.3% for Vp). Lastly, our findings suggest that it is feasible to estimate the seismic properties of transversely isotropic slates from only two measurements: a diagonal component and the non-diagonal C13 component. These models are applicable for investigating slate belts at various depths, enabling the calculation of the minimum expected seismic anisotropy from intrinsic properties.
Language Outcomes after Narrative Intervention in Preschoolers who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Marrodan Elisa , de Diego-Lazaro Beatriz
Published: June 2024

This project contains data for a word-learning experimental study and a single-case research narrative intervention. The datasets, analytic code, and therapy materials are available below. The sample includes monolingual (English) children, 4-8 years old, with and without hearing loss from the U.S.
Between Two Worlds: The Scientist’s Dilemma in Climate Activism
Authors: Finnerty Samuel , piazza jared , Levine Mark
Published: June 2024

Environmental activism presents an ideological dilemma for environmentally concerned scientists, who must balance traditional scientific values of objectivity and impartiality with the urgency of the climate and ecological crisis. This paper presents a critical discursive analysis of interviews with 27 scientists from 11 countries. It details the linguistic repertoires scientists draw on, and the subject positions adopted, to manage this dilemma. We observed that scientists employ two strategies to reconcile their professional identities with their activism: redefining the scientist identity and reframing the work that scientists do. The subject positions adopted broadly serve to legitimize action, such as arguing that activism as a scientist is objective and rational, or that being a scientist conveys a moral duty to advocate for scientific information. By analyzing how scientists negotiate conflicting identities and values, this research offers valuable insights into fostering informed decision-making and action in addressing urgent environmental challenges.
Calibration Feedback with the Practical Scoring Rule Does Not Improve Calibration of Confidence
Authors: Martin Matthew , Mandel David R.
Published: June 2024

People are often overconfident in their probabilistic judgements of future events or the state of their own knowledge. Some training methods have proven effective at reducing bias, but these usually involve intensive training sessions with experienced facilitators. This is not conducive to a scalable and domain-general training program for improving calibration. In two experiments, we examined the effectiveness of a performance feedback calibration training paradigm based on the Practical scoring rule, a modification of the logarithmic scoring rule designed to be more intuitive to facilitate learning. We examined this training regime in comparison to a control group and an outcome feedback group. Participants were tasked with selecting which of two world urban agglomerations had a higher population and to provide their confidence level. The outcome feedback group received information about the correctness of their choice on a trial-by-trial basis as well as a summary of their percent correct after each experimental block. The performance feedback group received this information plus the Practical score on a trial-by-trial basis and information about their overall over- or underconfidence at the end of each block. We also examined whether Actively Open-Minded Thinking (AOMT) was predictive of calibration and its change across blocks. We found no improvement in calibration due to either training regime. Good calibration overall was predicted by AOMT, but not its change across blocks. The results shed light on the generalizability of other findings showing positive effects of performance training using the Practical scoring rule.
The Manager in the Machine: Organizational Priorities Influence AI Programmer’s Ability to Design Fair Models
Authors: Osborne Merrick Robinson , Cratsley Maya J. , Massey MaQueba , Rice Vincent
Published: June 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) models can improve everyday life by informing our decisions. Yet, experts have warned that these useful tools hold consequential biases that can perpetuate inequality in our decision-making. Computer scientists have demonstrated how the data used to train these models hold bias, while psychologists have shown that programmers’ own biases influence how (or if) they address this bias in the data. Yet both bodies of research do not fully account for an important fact: many of the programmers who construct these models are situated in organizations, and thus have to navigate organizational dynamics that influence how they construct AI models. We thus integrate theoretical concepts from computer science, psychology, and management to develop a novel theoretical model to illustrate how a construct developed in computer science – the “fairness vs. accuracy tradeoff” in model construction – impacts programmers’ decision-making when constructing AI models. We contend that programmers ultimately have to prioritize fairness or accuracy in their decision-making, and that they determine which priority to uphold based on their perceptions of their organizational leader’s priorities (a previously undertheorized dynamic in research on bias in machine learning). These perceptions shape their decision to express ethical voice about the model’s outcomes, an important predictor of the amount of bias the model holds. We further draw parallels between this tradeoff for organizations in developing AI and broader organizational contexts. This research contributes to management research by drawing further attention to an important organizational issue (developing fair AI models) using employee voice.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Brief Online Self-Guided Interventions for Loneliness
Authors: Kaveladze Benjamin , Gastelum Sara Faith , Ngo Dong-Anh Cao , Delacruz Paul , Cohen Katherine , Käll Anton , Andersson Gerhard , Schleider Jessica L. , Schueller Stephen
Published: June 2024

Objective: Loneliness is a global health issue, but current loneliness interventions are not scalable enough to reach many who might benefit from them. Brief online interventions could greatly expand access to evidence-based loneliness interventions. Method: We conducted a pre-registered three-armed trial (masked ClinicalTrials.gov and OSF: https://bit.ly/47s2E8c) (N=908, ages 16-78) to compare three self-guided online interventions: a single-session intervention (SSI) for loneliness, a three-week, three-session loneliness intervention, and an active control supportive therapy SSI. Results: Loneliness decreased between baseline and week eight across all conditions (b = -5.80; d = -0.55; 95% CI, -0.62, -0.47; p < 0.01), but did not decrease significantly more in those assigned to either the loneliness SSI (b = -1.27; d = -0.12; 95% CI, -0.30, 0.06; p = 0.20) or the three-week intervention (b = -0.93; d = -0.09; 95% CI, -0.27, 0.09; p = 0.34) than those assigned to the control SSI. Participants found all three interventions acceptable but rated both loneliness interventions as more acceptable than the control (ps < 0.01). Far more participants completed the 10-minute control SSI (86.6%) and 20-minute loneliness SSI (69.4%) than the 60-minute three-week intervention (14.9%). Conclusions: An SSI for loneliness was not significantly less effective than a longer loneliness intervention and had a much higher completion rate. Yet, neither loneliness intervention reduced loneliness more than an active control SSI did, against our primary and secondary hypotheses. Future work should aim to design more effective SSIs for loneliness and identify populations for which SSIs might be most helpful.
Liberal paternalism: Weak-victim narratives are common, especially among liberals, and facilitate the disempowering treatment of groups that face disadvantage
Authors: Bauer Christina , Walton Gregory M
Published: June 2024

Groups that face systemic disadvantage, such as refugees or people facing poverty, are sometimes viewed as essentially weak, passive victims. We show that weak-victim narratives are common, especially among liberals: they are well-represented in media, especially liberal media (Study 1), and commonly endorsed, especially by liberals (Studies 2a, 2c, 4, & Supplementary Study 1). What leads people and especially liberals to endorse weak-victim narratives? Weak-victim narratives conflate weakness (“weak”) with a sympathetic recognition of disadvantage (“victim”; Study 2b). This ambiguity facilitates their endorsement among liberals and their contribution to paternalistic behavior (Study 2c). Relatedly, mediation analyses (Studies 2a, 2c, & Supplementary Study 1) and experimental data (Study 2d) show that the perception of disadvantage, which is more pronounced among liberals, contributes to narrative’s endorsement. Experimental data also suggest that people sometimes endorse the weak-victim narrative strategically when seeking approval from liberals (Study 3). What are consequences? Correlational and experimental evidence show that the weak-victim narrative, as compared to a strong-agent narrative, leads liberals to see members of disadvantaged groups as less strong and agentic (Studies 4, 5, & 7) and to treat people in ways that are functionally disempowering: donating more money to disempowering rather than empowering aid organizations known to undermine recipients’ confidence in their abilities through paternalistic representations of aid (Studies 5-6), and encouraging students to quit challenging but valuable learning opportunities (Studies 2c & 7). Eleven studies (Ntotal=1,948) point to a novel mechanism, common among liberals, that facilitates the disempowering treatment of disadvantaged groups.
Reducing Inpatient Transport Delays: The Right Patient at the Right Time
Authors: Shih Huan-ju , Rizzo Anne , Shawky Mark
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Transportation of inpatients throughout hospitalization remains a critical aspect of patient care. Transport delays hinder the timely delivery of surgical procedures, radiology, and patient triage, consequently impacting the flow and receipt of treatment. This study reviews transport delays in a quaternary care hospital's inpatient orthopedic unit to the preoperative unit. The goal of the project was to reengineer processes for maximized efficiency and improve on-time starts for all surgical services.

Methods:

Manufacturing methods of an assembly-line–like model and contemporary process-improvement tools in Lean and Six Sigma were used to gauge, reengineer, and monitor processes to ameliorate patient flow. In addition to value streamlining the flow, evaluating communication triggers, eliminating redundant operations, and shifting roles and responsibilities, multiple data sources were used to assess flow for a redesign.

Results:

Changes in process operations led to a 40% decrease in delays. The grace period for 100 cases was decreased by 5 minutes, in addition to a savings of $110,000 in operating room costs in the first week and 3.5 full-time equivalents annually. Physician satisfaction with timely patient arrival increased in addition to a simplified workflow, which improved patient readiness on the inpatient surgical floor and increased safety.

Discussion:

Using data-driven approaches, overnight acuity level was removed as a barrier to the timely care of add-on cases. With a standardized process, prediction model, and simplified evidence-based communication strategies coupled with a “pull” manufacturing model, we implemented a structured, safe, and reliable method of efficient patient transport.
Fatty acid composition of meat snacks with the addition of bee products
Authors: Antoniv Artem
Published: June 2024

Determining the fatty acid composition of meat snacks with the addition of bee products is necessary to assess their nutritional value, as the content of different fatty acids affects the nutritional quality of the final product, which is important for consumer health. Improving the product's quality by reducing saturated fatty acids and increasing unsaturated ones, especially omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids, makes meat snacks healthier for consumers and expands their use. A proper balance of fatty acids can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory processes. Products with a better fatty acid profile may also be more appealing to health-conscious consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the fatty acid composition of meat snacks with the addition of bee products according to various recipes. The determination was carried out using gas chromatography of methyl esters of fatty acids on a Trace Ultra gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector, using a capillary column SP-2560 (Supelco). It was found that the addition of bee products to chicken meat snacks increased the omega-3 content by 2.6–3.3 times compared to the control and polyunsaturated fatty acids from 79.7% to 86%. The obtained results allow us to consider meat snacks with the addition of bee products as having a positive impact on health. The reduction in the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio from 10.2 in the control to 5.15–7.03 in the experimental samples proves the improvement in fatty acid balance, which may contribute to reducing inflammatory processes and improving overall health. A decrease in saturated fatty acids from 28.05% to 31.06% compared to the control has been proven, which is desirable for cardiovascular health. Slight positive changes in the content of monounsaturated fatty acids were observed. Overall, an improvement in the fatty acid composition of meat snacks with the addition of bee products (honey, water extract of propolis, bee pollen) was observed. The obtained research results will be useful when planning the production of meat snacks, considering the regulation of fatty acid composition, safety, and quality of the resulting products.
Antibiotic resistance in medical practice: causes and ways to overcome it in Ukraine
Authors: Viltsaniuk O , Goliuk A , Sidorova I , Babaiev M , Bekharska V
Published: June 2024

In todays world, the use of antibiotics is not limited to the medical field; they are also actively used in many areas of our life, including agriculture. The widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics leads to the growth of antibiotic resistance, which results in the emergence of new resistant strains of microorganisms every day, complicating the course of many infectious diseases. This publication highlights current views on the main causes, mechanisms of microbial resistance, and measures taken in Ukraine to overcome it by implementing the main modern European guidelines and orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine.
An overview of the first human case of Bubonic plague detected in Bugat settlement, Gobi-Altai province in Mongolia
Authors: Toole Rohan , Swamy Kapil , Moa Aye , Quigley Ashley
Published: June 2024

On June 27th, 2023, Mongolia registered its first case of bubonic plague in the Bugat settlement, Gobi-Altai province. Cases in this outbreak are widespread throughout the country with multiple close contacts identified and monitored. Environmental surveillance, including the testing of marmots, picked up the presence of Yersinia Pestis in many samples prior to the beginning of the outbreak. Marmots are seen as a delicacy in Mongolia which presents a challenge when preventing animal to human transmission of bubonic plague via the consumption of raw undercooked marmot meat. Although bubonic plague is endemic in Mongolia, cases are often sporadic and mostly registered in the western provinces of the region however, one case was recorded in the capital city of Ulan Bator on the eastern side of the country. The nature of this outbreak highlights the importance of effective preventive measures such as, PPE, awareness campaigns, health literacy and safe food handling practices.
Koncepcje nauki administracji w polskiej myśli administracyjnej XIX wieku oraz ich wpływ na jej współczesne ujęcie
Authors: Mielczarek-Mikołajów Justyna
Published: June 2024

Polska nauka administracji rozwijała się w XIX w., szczególnie w jego drugiej połowie, co było zasługą inspiracji koncepcjami niemieckich i francuskich uczonych. Przede wszystkim warto wskazać na poglądy A. Okolskiego, J.B. Oczapowskiego oraz F. Kasparka oraz T. Pilata, którzy jako pierwsi w nauce polskiej wyodrębnili zarówno pojęcie nauki prawa administracyjnego, jak i nauki administracji. W ich dorobku można odnaleźć zarówno prawnicze, jak i nieprawnicze ujęcia nauki administracji. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie wpływu  głoszonych wtedy poglądów na koncepcje późniejszych i obecnych uczonych. Należy uznać, że omawiane poglądy wpisują się w klasyczne ujęcie nauki administracji, podzielane również współcześnie przez niektórych uczonych. Warto zauważyć, że samo pojęcie nauki administracji jest obecnie różnie rozumowane, dlatego przypomnienie tego dziewiętnastowiecznego ujęcia wydaje się być niezwykle istotne.
Współczesne znaczenie oraz implementacja polsko-rosyjskiego traktatu o przyjaznej i dobrosąsiedzkiej współpracy – aspekty praktyczne i prawne
Authors: Kazimierczuk Marcin
Published: June 2024

Celem publikacji jest z jednej strony przeanalizowanie miejsca Traktatu o przyjaznej i dobrosąsiedzkiej współpracy między Polską i Rosją w odniesieniu do zmieniających się uwarunkowań relacji polsko-rosyjskich, jak również zbadanie szerszego polityczno-prawnego wpływu regulacji traktatowych na zawarcie bardziej szczegółowych porozumień o charakterze wykonawczym, takich jak umowy: o grobach i miejscach pamięci ofiar wojen i represji oraz małym ruchu granicznym między Polską a Federacja Rosyjską. W pracy zastosowano dogmatyczną metodę analizy aktów prawnych. Ponadto wykorzystano literaturę przedmiotu oraz orzecznictwo. Traktat między Rzecząpospolitą Polską a Federacją Rosyjską o przyjaznej i dobrosąsiedzkiej współpracy, choć ważny z punktu widzenia politycznego, dziś wydaje się przede wszystkim dokumentem o charakterze deklaracji, w dość znacznym zakresie pozbawionym możliwości oceny stopnia realizacji jego postanowień. Wydaje się jednak, że jego, istotny walor polega na tym, że specyfikuje niemal wszystkie możliwe dziedziny stosunków i tworzy podstawę do zawierania bardziej szczegółowych porozumień o charakterze wykonawczym.
Wybrane aspekty dostępu do infrastruktury kolejowej i sądowej kontroli rozstrzygnięć w tych sprawach
Authors: Frey Robert , Małecka Elżbieta
Published: June 2024

Zgodnie z ustawą o transporcie kolejowym Prezes Urzędu Transportu Kolejowego może wydawać decyzje normujące dostęp do infrastruktury kolejowej. Rozwiązanie to stanowi element ochrony przedsiębiorców przed praktykami monopolistycznymi oraz rozwija konkurencję na rynku przewozów kolejowych. Konstrukcja dostępu jest związana z doktryną essentials facilities i została zapoczątkowana w prawie USA.
         Celem opracowania jest ukazanie rozwiązań prawnych związanych z dostępem do infrastruktury kolejowej oraz możliwości kontroli sądowej rozstrzygnięć w tych sprawach.
         Z analizy przepisów prawa UE, prawa polskiego oraz wydanych przez Prezesa UTK decyzji wynika, że pomimo przyjęcia w prawie polskim rozwiązań wypływających z kolejnych pakietów liberalizacyjnych sektora kolejowego przepisy te tylko częściowo spełniają swoją rolę.
Administracyjna kara pieniężna za naruszenie obowiązku rozliczenia wielkości emisji z instalacji w EU ETS – zagadnienia podstawowe
Authors: Łuczak Konrad
Published: June 2024

Ograniczanie emisji gazów cieplarnianych jest głównym celem funkcjonowania EU ETS, którego realizacja zależy m.in. od prawidłowego i terminowego wypełniania obowiązku rozliczenia emisji z instalacji przez ich operatorów. Celem tego opracowania jest scharakteryzowanie administracyjnej kary pieniężnej, która zabezpiecza wykonanie obowiązku rozliczenia emisji. Przeanalizowano więc zagadnienia dotyczące: naruszenia prawa i podmiotu podlegającego karze, wykonania obowiązku po terminie oraz wielokrotnego naruszenia obowiązku. Kara pieniężna za nierozliczenie emisji jest karą sztywną, nie można jej miarkować, nie można też odstąpić od jej nałożenia, nie dopuszcza się od niej wyjątków poza działaniem siły wyższej, a pomimo jej zapłaty i tak należy rozliczyć emisję z instalacji. Warunki oraz sposób jej nałożenia zostały precyzyjnie uregulowane w ustawie, są obiektywnie weryfikowalne i jednoznaczne, dzięki czemu jej nakładanie powinno odbywać się niemalże automatycznie. Cechy tytułowej kary pieniężnej uzasadniają stanowisko, że pełni ona głównie funkcje represyjną i prewencyjną.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Mg, Cu-HAp USING CALCIUM FROM LOKAN SHELL (Geloina expansa) AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Jamarun Novesar , Mayasari Dian , Septiani Upita , Tricahyani Nabilla Ayyu , Wulandari  , Prasejati Arika , Amirullah Tri Yupi
Published: June 2024

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the primary inorganic constituent found in bones and teeth. It possesses biocompatibility and bioactivity within the human body, while its mechanical qualities are somewhat inferior. Magnesium is a viable alternative to calcium in the composition of bone minerals. Copper is both an antibacterial agent and a vital metal within our bodies. This study aims to produce Mg, and Cu-HAp by employing the sol-gel process in situ utilising Lokan shell (Geloina. Expansa) as the source material. Additionally, the antibacterial properties of Mg and Cu-HAp will be evaluated. The lokan shell is utilized as a calcium source, containing 94.626% calcium oxide (CaO), for synthesizing hydroxyapatite (HAp) with a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of 1.67. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a distinct pattern at a specific angle of 2θ, following the ICDD (No.96-101-1243) standard. The FT-IR spectra suggest that the bending vibration of the PO4 3- functional group occurs at a wave number of 610 cm-1, whereas the asymmetrical stretching occurs at wave numbers between 1010-1036 cm-1. These observations suggest the presence of HAp content. The antibacterial test results demonstrated that Mg, Cu-HAp3, and Mg, Cu-HAp4 exhibited good antibacterial activity, as evidenced by inhibition zone diameters of 0.9 mm for Escherichia coli and 0.8 mm for Staphylococcus aureus. These findings indicate that Mg and Cu-HAp effectively possess antibacterial properties.
Etnomatematika pada Pembuatan Alame dan Lemang Sebagai Makanan Khas Padang Lawas
Authors: Evi Nurjannah Siregar  , Asrul Asrul
Published: June 2024

Matematika adalah ilmu penting dalam perkembangan sains dan teknologi, serta kehidupan sehari-hari. Meski dianggap sulit dan menakutkan karena pengajaran monoton, mengaitkan matematika dengan budaya lokal melalui etnomatematika dapat mempermudah pemahaman siswa. Penelitian pada makanan tradisional seperti Alame dan Lemang di Padang Lawas menunjukkan bahwa konsep matematika bisa diintegrasikan dalam pembelajaran, membuatnya lebih menarik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi untuk memahami dan menganalisis unsur kebudayaan dalam pembuatan alame dan lemang di desa Simarancar, Padang Lawas. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, serta studi literatur. Analisis data meliputi reduksi data, penyajian, dan penarikan kesimpulan, dengan uji keabsahan menggunakan triangulasi sumber, teknik, dan waktu. Alame adalah makanan khas Padang Lawas yang melambangkan kebersamaan dan sering disajikan saat lebaran. Proses memasak melibatkan konsep matematika seperti pengukuran, perbandingan, bangun ruang, dan aritmatika sosial. Lemang, makanan dari beras ketan dan santan, juga melibatkan konsep matematika dalam pembuatannya. Penelitian ini menemukan banyak konsep matematika dalam pembuatan alame dan lemang, termasuk pengukuran, perbandingan, berhitung, unsur satuan, bangun ruang, bangun datar, sudut siku-siku, tabung, transformasi geometri, dan aritmatika sosial. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi sumber belajar berharga, meningkatkan referensi tentang etnomatematika, dan mewariskan budaya ke generasi berikutnya.
The EU Public Diplomacy in Latin America: State of Affairs, Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Kutyrev G. I , Marchukov A. N
Published: June 2024

The article addresses the public diplomacy of the EU in Latin America in the context of the geopolitical confrontation between Brussels and Moscow, as well as the growing influence of China in the region. The EU's efforts to reduce Russia’s political influence in Latin America through public diplomacy tools increases the need for a comprehensive study of interaction of EU diplomats with the Latin American public. Using social constructivism and normative power theory as a methodological basis, the authors identify the features of the EU public diplomacy in the region and the challenges faced by European officials in their practice. The specifics of public diplomacy of the EU in Latin America are outlined: emphasis on advocacy, cultural diplomacy and academic exchanges as key instruments of interaction with the local community; functioning in conditions of a positive attitude of the majority of the population of the region to the EU; focus on the monologue communication in digital diplomacy. The key challenges for Brussel’s public diplomacy in Latin American include a shortage of financial and human resources, effective media policy of Russia and China differentiation of Latin American countries in the eyes of the EU in terms of democratic development that reduces the ability of Brussels to promote its value-normative agenda. The authors forecast the development of the EU public diplomacy in the region, assuming that it is unlikely to improve in the coming years.
Features of Intergovernmental Consultations.The case of Germany
Authors: Trunov Ph. O
Published: June 2024

The article explores interstate dialogue focusing on the contacts of highest state bureaucrats and to diplomatic missions. The author analyzed the format of intergovernmental (interstate) consultations and presents the key features of its functioning. The case study is Germany, which has developed a rather comprehensive system of the interstate formats. The difficulties of the creation of Germany’s interstate dialogue with the US, the UK, Anglo-Saxon states as a whole are presented. The article explains the reduction (2019‒2023) in the frequency of German-French interministerial meetings and the ability of the format to overcome the crisis of trust in tandem. The securitization of the negotiation agenda in 2013‒2023 of Germany-Netherlands (as the closest ally of Germany) dialogue is highlighted. The paper determined the causes of the long-term interruption of intergovernmental consultations with NATO member-states and Israel as an increasingly common phenomenon in German foreign policy. Rather illustrative is Germany’s approach to the formats with Russia and China as the key objects for containment by the West. “Bottle necks of the formats used by Germany in Euro-Atlantic community and in the world is underlined.
Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian Crisis on the Approaches of German Parties towards Energy Transition
Authors: Vakarchuk D. O , Ivoninskaia A. A
Published: June 2024

Since the 1990s, Germany has been following the concept of the energy transition. A long political debate on the necessity of its implementation ended after the Fukushima Daiichi accident in 2011, when a consensus emerged among the leading German parties on the main problems of the energy transition. However, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict of 2022 has actualized the use of fossil fuels, NPPs and has led to a change in the established positions of the German parties on achieving carbon neutrality. The authors of the article used discourse-analytical approach to study the issue and examined the changes in Germany's energy policy in the context of the crisis through the perspective of the transformation of the discourse of German parties. The aim of the study was to identify discursive shifts as well as dominant narratives in the rhetoric of German parties on the energy transition problem after the February 2022 events. It was assumed that the energy transition discourse would remain dominant in the rhetoric of the German parties in light of the onset of the crisis. As an alternative hypothesis, it was assumed that a number of German parties would shift towards the energy mix discourse, making it dominant and most influential, leading to a revision of the German energy policy. The content analysis of the FRG parties' tweets confirmed the alternative hypothesis. The authors conclude that after the beginning of the energy crisis, under the influence of public sentiment, the CDU/CSU, FDP and Left shifted towards the energy mix discourse, making it dominant and more influential than the energy transition discourse. This contributed to the adjustment of the German government's policy in the energy sector.
Effectiveness of Regional Insurance Networks and the European Stability Mechanism
Authors: Navoy A. V
Published: June 2024

The article is dedicated to approaches to assessing the effectiveness of re- gional insurance networks in comparison with classic financial institutions established under the auspices of the UN – International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group. On the basis of the evolution of the anti-crisis tools of international financial organisations, the place of regional financial mechanisms (regional insurance networks) is analysed as a new form of debasement of financial imbalances of the region, mitigating certain shortcomings of the IMF anti-crisis regulation model. Close attention is paid to the taxonomy of the Regional Financial Arrangements (RFA) in terms of forming a resource base and directions of the use of funds, their integration into global safety networks. The European Stability Mechanism is understood as a specified form of the RFA, which has the largest resources, the possibility of attracting them on a market basis and an extended range of areas of use. The author used specially tailored criteria to assess the effectiveness of the RFA in terms of lock of crisis events at the regional level. It is concluded that the RFA can only partially be considered as a lender of last resort for a group of major states, while a special model of the functioning of the European Stability Mechanism allowed to solve the tasks of anti-crisis regulation in the EU.
A.A. Gromyko and Security Policy: Сonceptual Tactics of Diplomacy (to the 115th Anniversary of A.A. Gromyko)
Authors: Sindeev A. A
Published: June 2024

The article deals with the role of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. A.A. Gromyko in the formation, development and maintenance of security policy, its principles and structural elements. The author explores the conceptual approaches of diplomatic tactics in the context of strategic thinking. This research is carried out on the basis of the detente project of A.A. Gromyko in 1974. Firstly, the author provides evidence that the ideas and approaches of A.A. Gromyko (the so-called Gromyko system) were approved by the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the state leadership of the USSR. Therefore, A.A. Gromyko took personal responsibility for the success of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Secondly, tactical objectives that Gromyko had to solve in 1974 are analyzed. The author highlights differences between these tasks in the first and second half of the year of negotiations. Thirdly, it is argued that Gromyko’s conditions were presented for the first time in historiography for making the conceptual compromises. Gromyko assumed that the conceptual compromises would remain for 20-30 years. Finally, the article deals with the difficulties faced by the Western partners. These difficulties (the so-called West’s trap) did not allow them to pursue a balanced policy. These difficulties also did not allow the USSR to fully implement the Gromyko system. The article is based on published documents of the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany. The author’s conclusions should be considered in the context of his earlier article in the journal.
Anglo-American Relations under Biden
Authors: Mamedova A. O
Published: June 2024

The article analyses the key trends in the Anglo-American Special Relationship during Joseph Biden’s presidency. The U.K. and the U.S. re-launched the ideological component of the relationship by signing the New Atlantic Charter. The military-political pillar was further strengthened, as Congress authorised funding for the W93 SLBM warhead for the U.K.’s Trident II D5, the U.K. and the U.S. sent a carrier strike group to the South China Sea, and the U.S., the U.K. and Australia signed the AUKUS pact. London relied on the alliance with the U.S. in the implementation of its Global Britain strategy; it had to seek the balance between its activity in the Euro - Atlantic region and the need to show its presence in the Indo - Pacific. Nevertheless, the countries’ interests do not always coincide: Washington’s unilateral decision to withdraw troops from Afghanistan without consultations with its allies, including the U.K., was a tough challenge. Moreover, brexitiers’ hopes for a trade agreement with the U.S. failed to materialise; Trump’s punitive tariffs on steel and aluminium were rolled back only to be replaced by tariff rate quotas. Besides, a weak pound resulted in a number of takeovers of UK defence companies by American firms. The U.S. sided with the EU when Britain attempted to review the Northern Ireland Protocol. Still, disagreements on political issues between the leaders did not impede the strengthening of the institutional basis of the Anglo-American Special Relationship.
Howland Island: From the History of US Expansion in the Pacific
Authors: Terebov O. V
Published: June 2024

The article describes the capture of Howland and Baker islands on the Equator in the central part of the Pacific by the United States of America, they have remained US possessions up to the present time. The role of US government bodies and companies extracting guano as fertilizer; the Guano Islands Act (1856); the project for colonization of several islands of Oceania in the 1930s; certain developments in the pre-war international politics and the Second World War related to Oceania islands, are explained. It is argued that no serious changes in the situation of those two islands should be anticipated in the nearest decade, however, much depends on further relations between the US and the states of Oceania as well as on activities of China in this region.
Washington's Foreign Policy towards Georgia: Influences of Domestic Policy
Authors: Gegelashvili N. A
Published: June 2024

The article examines the policies of the United States and the EU regarding Georgian domestic policies. It identifies reasons for Georgia's deviations from its democratic path, a country whose regional importance to the United States has significantly increased amidst severe confrontations with Russia. The article analyzes the current situation in Georgia before its parliamentary elections, scheduled for the fall of 2024. It discusses the assertive and proactive policies of both Washington and the European Union acting together within the Transatlantic Partnership format. However, we can see a consistency of Washington’s policy in the region, particularly evident in its approach toward Georgia in the context of the United States' growing interest in the region, underscored by the strategic importance of Black Sea coastal countries amidst the current tensions between the Russian Federation and the West.
Intercivilizational Interaction between the United States and the Non-Western World (The Civilizational Identity of Russia in the Context of S. Huntington’s Concept of the Clash of Civilizations)
Authors: Surguladze V. Sh
Published: June 2024

The article offers a retrospective analysis of S. Huntington’s concept of the clash of civilizations, examining the scholar’s predictions concerning the development scenarios of Russian-Ukrainian relations of the post-Soviet period in the context of wars along the fault lines between civilizations. It characterizes the structure of civilizations, patterns of intercivilizational interaction, and specifics of the identity crisis manifestations in cleft and torn countries. The paper concludes that the predicted conflicting scenario of Russian-Ukrainian relations caused by the confrontation between Western and Orthodox (in S. Huntington's terminology) civilizations is coming true. In the civilizational context, the article explores approaches to deterring Russia, reflected in the documents of RAND Corporation analysts and a lecture by CIA Director W. Burns, delivered at the Ditchley Foundation. Considering Huntington’s provisions about the core role of the Russian state for the Orthodox civilization, as well as the centuries-old tear of identity and public consciousness of Russia, the author believes that the most important task of the state identity politics is nationalizing the Russian elite, overcoming the ideological gap between the nationally-oriented "deep people" and the Western-centric elite groups.
Distinctive Features of the Mexican Automobile Industry and its Industrial Integration in North America
Authors: Feist A. A
Published: June 2024

The article analyzes the economic state of the Mexican automotive industry at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century, with a special emphasis on the obstacles preventing the further successful development of the industry. Due to the significant changes in the structure of the global automotive market that have occurred in the last decade, the Mexican automotive industry, which is one of the key manufacturing sectors in the country's GDP, requires deep technological transformation, as well as access to new promising markets in developing countries. Based on the results of an analysis of modern economic indicators and factors that significantly influence the situation in the country's automotive industry, the article proposes various opportunities for solving existing problems, which in the future will reveal the potential of the industry and bring the existing business processes within it into line with the goals of achieving a zero-emission balance CO2 and sustainable development of the world economy.