bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glenohumeral Dislocation Arthropathy: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Vezeridis Peter S. , Ishmael Chad R. , Jones Kristofer J. , Petrigliano Frank A.
Published: October 2018

Dislocation arthropathy describes the development of progressive degenerative changes of the glenohumeral joint in the setting of instability. Although the specific etiology remains unclear, the trauma of a single dislocation, repetitive injury associated with recurrent dislocations, changes in shoulder biomechanics, and complications associated with instability surgery have all been implicated in its development. Pain and restricted range of motion are the most common patient complaints. Conservative management, consisting of pain control, activity modification, and physical therapy, is the first-line treatment after the development of arthropathy. If conservative management fails, multiple surgical options exist. Arthroscopic débridement can be attempted in young, active patients and in those patients with mild-to-moderate arthropathy. Open subscapularis lengthening and capsular release can be done in patients with prior instability repairs that are overly tight. In young patients with minimal bone loss and glenoid wear, surface replacement arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty are surgical options. In older patients with moderate-to-severe arthropathy, total shoulder or reverse shoulder arthroplasty is the preferred treatment option. Further study is needed to better predict which patients will develop dislocation arthropathy and will thus benefit from early surgical intervention.
The In Vitro Effects of Bupivacaine on Cartilage-forming Tumor Cells
Authors: Chapman Garrett L. , Zuckerman Lee M. , Mirshahidi Saied
Published: October 2018

Introduction:

Bupivacaine is a commonly used local anesthetic that has been shown to be cytotoxic to articular chondrocytes and various tumor cells. This study evaluates the in vitro effects of bupivacaine on cartilaginous tumor cells.

Methods:

Multiple different cartilaginous tumors were evaluated, including enchondromas, chondroblastomas, a low-grade chondrosarcoma, which were harvested from patients during tumor resection, and a grade-II chondrosarcoma SW1535 (ATCC HTB-94). The tumor cells were treated with 0.25% and 0.5% bupivacaine at various times points, and the result was compared with that of untreated tumor cells. Tumor cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and flow cytometry.

Results:

The tumors were analyzed in groups according to their pathologic diagnosis. Increasing periods of exposure to bupivacaine decreased the cell viability in all tumor samples. The cytotoxicity of 0.5% bupivacaine was significantly greater than that of 0.25% bupivacaine in all tumor cells tested.

Discussion:

At clinically relevant concentrations, in vitro exposure to bupivacaine caused a decrease in cellular viability and an increase in the induction of apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner in each of the tumor cells evaluated in this study.
Revisiting the Gender Gap in Orthopaedic Surgery: Investigating the Relationship Between Orthopaedic Surgery Female Faculty and Female Residency Applicants
Authors: Munger Alana M. , Heckmann Nathanael , McKnight Braden , Dusch Marie N. , Hatch George F. , Omid Reza
Published: October 2018

Introduction:

Although women now constitute approximately half of all graduating medical students, orthopaedic surgery continues to lag behind in its ability to recruit female applicants. One hypothesis for this discrepancy is the lack of female faculty mentors at academic institutions. The three objectives of this study were the following: (1) to quantify the proportion of female orthopaedic surgery residency applicants, (2) to quantify the proportion of female orthopaedic surgery faculty, and (3) to investigate the relationship between female orthopaedic surgery faculty at an academic institution and the corresponding number of female orthopaedic surgery residency applicants.

Methods:

Data from the Association of American Medical Colleges from 2005 to 2014 were used to calculate the number of medical school graduates, the number of orthopaedic surgery residency applicants, and the number of orthopaedic full-time faculty in the United States. Institutions were excluded if they had incomplete data. A Spearman rank correlation was used to assess for a correlation between the 9-year total number of female orthopaedic surgery applicants and the average number of female orthopaedic surgery faculty members.

Results:

A total of 101 U.S. medical schools were included in the final analysis. During the period examined, women accounted for 48.7% of medical school graduates, 14.9% of orthopaedic surgery applicants, and 13.2% of full-time orthopaedic surgery faculty. The percentage of female residency applicants increased from 13.91% in 2005 to 2006 to 16.02% in 2013 to 2014 while the percentage of female faculty increased from 12.26% in 2005 to 2006 to 15.79% in 2013 to 2014. No correlation was found between the average number of female orthopaedic surgery faculty at an institution and the total number of female orthopaedic surgery applicants from that institution during the study period examined (Rho, 0.0176; P = 0.5957).

Conclusions:

The data presented in this study failed to demonstrate a relationship between the number of female faculty and the number of women who apply into orthopaedic surgery, which highlights the complex nature of this issue. More research is needed to examine factors influencing the recruitment of female medical students.
Developmental Social Work for Promoting the Socioeconomic Participation of Persons with Disabilities: An Application of the Capability Approach
Authors: Higashida Masateru
Published: October 2018

The promotion of the socioeconomic participation of persons with disabilities is an important concept of developmental social work in community-based rehabilitation (CBR). This approach can be used to tackle poverty and inequalities, and to foster inclusion and empowerment. However, since discussions in the literature on common frameworks for developmental social workers in CBR appear inadequate, this review article aims to develop a practical framework that promotes the socioeconomic participation of persons with disabilities by applying the capability approach. First, the concept of socioeconomic participation and some of its dimensions are discussed and analytically framed using the capability approach. Following this, the practical framework for developmental social work is laid out. It is suggested that developmental social workers consider the complex dynamics between capabilities, functionings, resources, conversion factors, and other factors, with an emphasis on the social dimensions of practice. Thereafter, some theoretical and practical challenges and recommendations are identified.
Os textos no ensino de filosofia
Authors: Oliveira Paula Ramos de
Published: October 2018

Quando alguém ensina filosofia, ele ou ela deve ter consciência de que essa experiência é uma combinação de três tipos de experiência: pensar, escrever e ler. Esses três tipos de experiência misturam forma e conteúdo do texto quando pensamos, escrevemos e dizemos. Portanto. essas experiências têm uma face interna que constitui como forma e uma face que inclui pensamento, escrita e fala todas em tensão contínua nesse mesmo contexto, aquele da filosofia.
Retrato atual do ensino de filosofia e do uso do texto clássico de filosofia nas escolas públicas do Paraná
Authors: Vieira Wilson José
Published: October 2018

A compreensão do sentido e lugar do texto clássico de Filosofia nas aulas de Filosofia do Ensino Médio é a questão central de que trata esse artigo. A reinserção da Filosofia como disciplina obrigatória do currículo do Ensino Médio em todo território nacional e, particularmente, a forma como a mesma vem ocorrendo no estado do Paraná, foi determinante para a realização da análise proposta. Apresenta-se um diagnóstico sobre o modo como a Filosofia está inscrita como disciplina curricular nas escolas públicas paranaenses, bem como uma análise da maneira como os professores entendem o uso do texto clássico nas aulas de Filosofia. O levantamento empírico foi realizado entre agosto e dezembro de 2010 a partir de questionários respondidos por 148 (aproximadamente 10%) professores da rede pública de ensino do Estado do Paraná, de um total de 1377 questionários enviados. Em 2010 a Filosofia, em função da Lei 11.684/08, que torna obrigatório o seu ensino no Ensino Médio, a disciplina passa a figurar em todas as 1429 escolas com Ensino Médio e ao menos em duas séries. Em relação à parte referente ao uso do texto, foi possível depreender que de alguma forma os textos de Filosofia estão presentes nas salas de aula, mas que nem sempre a formação possibilita condições efetivas de trabalho com o texto filosófico.
As ruínas de Laranjeiras (SE): arqueologia histórica e educação patrimonial em foco
Authors: Mello Janaina Cardoso , Barroso Cristina Valença
Published: October 2018

As runas enquanto alegorias do fragmento, do incompleto, do edifcio que no existe mais, contm a beleza da durabilidade e da efemeridade do vestigo, com uma fala e um saber incrustrado em suas pedras. So espaos de rememorao, implicando em sua conservao e consolidao. Frente aos esquecimentos das transformaes contemporneas as runas sofrem depredaes pela ao do tempo ou de banalizaes humanas individuais ou institucionais (demolio ou restaurao). Ao estudar a cultura material a arqueologia histrica pretende reconstituir e compreender a relao das pessoas com o ambiente social de Laranjeiras (SE). A educao patrimonial com pesquisas e trabalhos de campo nas runas pauta-se na noo de que para a preservao desse corpus material necessria a conscientizao da populao. Esse artigo busca discutir os princpios da arqueologia histrica, a interveno humano/temporal nas runas e as aes para a preservao, conservao, manuteno e concientizao dos bens patrimoniais urbanos.
O ensino de Filosofia na Educação Básica: em busca de um currículo crítico e emancipatório
Authors: Kay Márcia Regina Quevedo
Published: October 2018

Este artigo tem o objetivo de contribuir para a ampliao e aprofundamento do debate acerca do ensino de Filosofia, propondo discutir o currculo voltado para o ensino mdio, referenciado na perspectiva da educao crtica e emancipatria. Inicialmente, apresenta-se a trajetria do ensino de filosofia nas ltimas dcadas, em uma perspectiva histrica, situando o contexto em que se deram as reformas educacionais que incluram ou excluram a filosofia dos currculos escolares. Em seguida discute-se as principais tendncias presentes na organizao dos contedos do ensino da filosofia, isto , que direcionam a construo do currculo no ensino mdio. Por fim, com a volta da Filosofia como disciplina curricular obrigatria, surge a necessidade de se repensar o que e como ensinar filosofia no atual contexto educacional, isto , construir e consolidar propostas curriculares ativas e crticas que coloquem os jovens em contato com a prpria atividade filosfica.
Escuela, cuerpo y educación: Una narrativa corporal desde la perspectiva de los sujetos
Authors: Ruiz Mariel Alejandra
Published: October 2018

El texto presentado corresponde a una investigación realizada entre continentes sobre un tema motivador para mí desde hace tiempo: nada más y nada menos que las experiencias de cuerpo que transitan los sujetos infantiles en una escuela primaria de la ciudad de Barcelona, acompañados por las experiencias de cuerpo de los docentes y de la propia investigadora. Mi estudio se podría resumir en algunas imágenes o “scenas” e la vida cotidiana en la escuela que muestran lo que ésta dice que hace; en otras palabras, se describe lo que la escuela dice de sí misma, en relación con los procesos de construcción de identidades corporales infantiles.
Um homem presente nas lutas do seu tempo, um personagem da história da educação brasileira – José J. Queiroz
Authors: Bauer Carlos , Lorieri Marcos Antonio
Published: October 2018

Um homem presente nas lutas do seu tempo, um personagem da histria da educao brasileira ENTREVISTA COM O PROF. Dr. JOS J. QUEIROZ
“Uma viagem pelo mundo dos super-heróis”: um projeto pedagógico para a pré-escola
Authors: Coelho dos Santos Gabrielle , Dos Santos Moura Patrícia
Published: October 2018

Este texto tem por intuito relatar algumas situaes didticas desenvolvidas em uma turma de pr-escola de uma escola de educao infantil da rede municipal do municpio de Jaguaro/RS a partir do projeto pedaggico intitulado Uma viagem pelo mundo dos super-heris, realizado atravs do estgio supervisionado obrigatrio do curso de Licenciatura em Pedagogia da Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA).
A Lei 10.639/03 como instrumento político-pedagógico na perspectiva da Interculturalidade
Authors: Nunes Antonio de Assis Cruz , Silva Andréa Luisa Frazão , Rocha Luis Félix De Barros Vieira
Published: October 2018

O presente artigo trata sobre a Lei n 10.639/2003 como instrumento poltico-pedaggico na perspectiva da Interculturalidade. O estudo faz, primeiramente, uma breve trajetria histrica de algumas aes dos movimentos sociais negros no Brasil at a aprovao da Lei 10.639 de 2003. A discusso ancorou-se, basicamente, por meios da referida Lei e seus congneres, como: a Resoluo N 01/2003, O Parecer N 03/2004, O Plano Nacional de Implementao das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para Educao das Relaes tnico-Raciais e para o Ensino de Histria e Cultura Afro-brasileira e Africana e autores que tratam sobre a temtica das relaes tnico-raciais, tais como: Candau (2016; 2012), Fleuri (2005), Santos (2005), Siss (2003), Silva (2005) Rocha (2011), dentre outros. A pesquisa concluiu que a Lei 10.639/03 pode se constituir como um forte instrumento poltico e pedaggico para o combate do preconceito e discriminao racial no contexto do multiculturalismo crtico ou da interculturalidade.
Multiculturalismo e educação intercultural: narrativas de professores sobre preconceito e abordagens culturais na escola
Authors: Siqueira Lamego Caio Roberto , Ferreira dos Santos Maria Cristina
Published: October 2018

Considerando a importncia da compreenso de dinmicas de sujeitos socioculturais na escola, o objetivo desse estudo foi compreender como professores abordam questes culturais e situaes de preconceito e discriminao na escola. A pesquisa teve abordagem qualitativa e foram realizadas entrevistas com cinco docentes que atuavam na educao bsica desenvolvendo projetos relacionados diversidade cultural. A anlise das narrativas apontou experincias de preconceito e discriminao racial, religiosa, de gnero e sexualidade e a utilizao de prticas dialgicas pelos professores ao abordar questes culturais no cotidiano escolar. Destaca-se a importncia do dilogo crtico-reflexivo na formao emancipatria de professores, contribuindo para a problematizao da lgica monocultural estabelecida. Esse estudo contribui com reflexes sobre questes culturais que permeiam a escola e destaca prticas dialgicas como estratgia para uma escola menos excludente.
Defence diplomacy – an important tool for the implementation of foreign policy and security of the state
Authors: Drab Lech
Published: October 2018

“Defence diplomacy” is a relatively new term, created in response to post-Cold War needs
to name new tasks and international functions completed by the armed forces and the
leadership of the Ministries of National Defence. However, it should not be understood as a
kind of traditional “military plus diplomacy”. The lack of a universally recognised definition
of “defence diplomacy” means that states try to adapt its content to the needs of their own
security policy. In Poland, the term “defence diplomacy” appears in journalism, but there is
no precise reference to it in the documents concerning foreign and security policy. The main
goal of defence diplomacy is the co-formation and implementation of the state security
policy, and its task - to create stable, long-term international relations in the field of defence.
Conceptualisation of the concept is a starting point for understanding its role as one of the
most important instruments of foreign policy and the security of contemporary states.
JAPANESE STRATEGIC DOCUMENTS:
CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL
DEFENSE PROGRAM GUIDELINES
Authors: HECZKO Martina , SMOLÍK Josef
Published: October 2018

The development and direction of Japan’s security policy is a topic of strategic
importance in the region of East Asia, especially in the light of recent
development of reinterpretation of the pacifist Constitution in terms
of collective defense and its exercise. The aim of this article was to reveal
and analyze trends and dissimilarities in Japan’s security policy after
the end of the Cold War through the use of both quantitative and qualitative
content analysis. The objects of the analysis were four subsequent revisions
of National Defense Program Guidelines, a basic strategic document,
from years 1995, 2004, 2010 and 2013. The first quantitative part revealed
significant security concepts, which the strategic documents concentrated
most on and their changes over time. The second qualitative part provided
for a complex relationship model of security policy and influencing categories,
and their gradual development in time.
MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE THROUGH THE APPRECIATIONS OF THE CRIME FRAUDAGE BY THE „GRANDSON” AND „THE POLICE” METHODS
Authors: Różańska Anna , Pastwa-Wojciechowska Beata
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this work is to show the phenomenon of fraud committing
methods “grandson” and “policeman”. The offence of fraud is an act of high
social harm, which victims become elderly, living alone or being alone
in home at the time of committing the offence. In the literature of the subject
for a long time it is shown that the elderly are preferred by offenders
age group, as they show the limitations in the functioning of the physical,
mental and social development. The offender, using a number of mechanisms of social influence and changing the way it operates, lead older people
to huge losses, not only the material but also psychological (a letdown
for help anytime soon or loss of faith in the pure intentions of other people)
and social (loss of confidence in the people and deepening insulation).
Note one more accuracy, namely, if the elderly betting on victims of crime
is a constant element of the activities of the perpetrators, the offender
themselves change their methods of operation, adapting them to the social
changes and knowledge about our operation. Perpetrators have a great
understanding, what needs are most important for potential victims,
and they still improve their knowledge in the area of tools to influence social
development. Changes in the behavior of the perpetrators within these
methods affect crime detection by law enforcement and the implementation
of preventive measures adversely. Practice of criminal in Poland lasts
several years, and the offenders, by modifying the method of operation,
made the crime a steady source of illicit income.
ANNONYMOUS
AND INFORMATION SECURITY
Authors: Rozemberg Peter
Published: October 2018

Anonymous could call movement, activists, community or idea. They have
no leader, no structure, yet have in the past influenced the decisions of thousands
of people around the world. Media is often referred to as hackers,
because the greatest attention they raise is their attacks, which are mainly
fighting for freedom of the Internet or against various social phenomena.
In addition to hackers, the movement itself creates, in addition to hackers,
people who either share ideas of movement or use various programs to attack
and shut down the servers of organizations, institutions, governments,
or websites of various security agencies such as the FBI or the CIA.
THREE PILLARS OF SECURITY CULTURE
Authors: Piwowarski Juliusz
Published: October 2018

The article presents a proposal for multidisciplinary scientific platform,
as a basis for security studies. It includes not only the military but mostly
non-military aspects of security. An emphasis is put on security culture,
the main pivot of the “Security Culture” as a scientific journal, with the three
pillars of the security culture concept: mental and spiritual (individual dimension),
legal and organizational (social dimension), material.
Cochlostoma revised: the subgenus Lovcenia Zallot et al., 2015 (Caenogastropoda, Cochlostomatidae)
Authors: Zallot Enrico , Fehér Zoltán , Bamberger Sonja , Gittenberger Edmund
Published: October 2018

Five species of the subgenus Lovcenia of Cochlostoma (Cochlostomatidae) are recognized, three of which are described as new to science: C. (L.) tropojanum sp. nov., C. (L.) jakschae sp. nov. and C. (L.) lanatum sp. nov. A lectotype is designated for C. (L.) erika (A.J. Wagner, 1906). The shell and the genital tracts are described for all species and the distributional data are summarized.
Bir Nanohibrit Kompozitin Tamirinde Kullanılan Farklı Yüzey İşlemleri Ve Kompozit Rezinlerin Mikrosızıntıya Etkisi
Authors: EREN Diğdem , AYDOĞAN Canan
Published: October 2018

﻿Amaç: Nanohibrit bir kompozit
rezinin tamirinde sekiz farklı yüzey işlemi ve üç farklı kompozit rezinin
etkisini mikrosızıntı açısından değerlendirmektir.

Materyal ve Metot: Nanohibrit
kompozit rezin Filtek Z550 (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, ABD) ile hazırlanan bloklar
yüzey işlemlerine göre Grup 1 (kontrol), Grup 2(frez), Grup 3 (frezz+silan),
Grup 4 (Al2O3), Grup 5 (Al2O3+silan),
Grup 6 (tribokimyasal silika kaplama), Grup 7 (lazer), Grup 8 ( lazer+silan)
olmak üzere ayrıldı. Örneklere yaşlandırma ve yüzey işlemleri yapıldıktan sonra
her grup tamir kompozitleri (Filtek Z550, G-aenial Flo (GC Dental Products
Corp, Kasugai, Aichi 486-0844, Japonya) ve Vertise Flow (Kerr Italia, Salerno,
İtalya)) uygulanmak üzere 3’er alt gruba ayrıldı. Tamir işleminden sonra örnekler
1000 devir termal siklus cihazında bekletildi. Daha sonra mikrosızıntı testi yapılıp
istatistiksel olarak değerlendirildi.

Bulgular:
Mikrosızıntı testinde tüm grupların ortalamaları skor 0 ‘’sızıntı yok’’ olarak
bulunmuştur.

Sonuç:
Yüzey işlemleri ve kompozitler arasında istatistiksel olarak fark yoktur.

Anahtar
kelimeler: Kompozit tamiri, Cojet, Er:YAG lazer, mikrosızıntı, kendinden adezivli akışkan kompozit 

Abstract

Objective:
To evaluate the effect of eight different surface treatments and three
different composite resins in the repair of a nanohybrid composite resin in
terms of microleakage.

Materials
and Methods: Blocks prepared with nanohybrid composite resin Filtek Z550 (3M
ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) were classified into Group 1 (control), Group 2 (frez),
Group 3 (frez + silane), Group 4 ), Group 5 (Al2O3 +
silane), Group 6 (tribochemical silica coating), Group 7 (laser), Group 8
(laser + silane). After the aging and surface treatments of the samples were
performed, each group was divided into three sub-grups for application of
repair composites  (Filtek Z550, G-aenial
Flo (GC Dental Products Corp., Kasugai, Aichi 486-0844, Japan) and Vertise Flow
(Kerr Italia, Salerno, Italy) the lower subgroup was separated. After the
repair, the samples were stored in a thermal cycle of 1000 cycles. Then, a
microleakage test was made and evaluated statistically.

Results:
In microleakage test, the average of all groups was found as 0 '' no leakage
''.

Conclusion:
No statistical difference was found in this regard between surface treatments
and composite groups.

Key
Words: Composite repair, Cojet, Er:YAG laser, microleakage, self-adhesive flowable composit
A manipulative technique of Andrew Taylor Still as reported by Charles Hazzard, DO, in 1905
Authors: Van Buskirk, Robert L.
Published: October 2018

This article presents rediscovered osteopathic manipulative techniques described by Charles Hazzard in 1905 and ascribed by him to Andrew Taylor Still, the founder of osteopathic medicine. Still refrained from writing about his manipulative techniques in any significant detail, apparently intentionally. The techniques published by Hazzard have both internal consistency and similarity to those less well described by Still, suggesting that the attribution is accurate. The techniques are analyzed and presented as a variant of a direct articulatory technique with axial compression. In honor of their originator, they are being termed the Still techniques.
Osteopathic medical education: The introduction of managed care principles into our undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Musser Anne E. , Vinn Norman
Published: October 2018

The authors review the strengths of traditional osteopathic medical education, identify the principles that managed care organizations have identified as being essential in preparing physicians to succeed in the current medical marketplace, and discuss the advantages of incorporating the best principles of managed care into osteopathic medical education. They present a strategy and outline proposed by the Department of Family Medicine at the Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific for the integration of these principles into the undergraduate educational process.
Conserved microbiota among young Heliconius butterfly species
Authors: van Schooten Bas , Godoy-Vitorino Filipa , McMillan W. Owen , Papa Riccardo
Published: October 2018

Background

Insects are the most diverse group of animals which have established intricate evolutionary interactions with bacteria. However, the importance of these interactions is still poorly understood. Few studies have focused on a closely related group of insect species, to test the similarities and differences between their microbiota. Heliconius butterflies are a charismatic recent insect radiation that evolved the unique ability to use pollen as a protein source, which affected life history traits and resulted in an elevated speciation rates. We hypothesize that different Heliconius butterflies sharing a similar trophic pollen niche, harbor a similar gut flora within species, population and sexes.

Methods

To test our hypothesis, we characterized the microbiota of 38 adult male and female butterflies representing six species of Heliconius butterflies and 2 populations of the same species. We sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene with the Roche 454 system and analyzed the data with standard tools for microbiome analysis.

Results

Overall, we found a low microbial diversity with only 10 OTUs dominating across all individuals, mostly Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, which accounted for  99.5% of the bacterial reads. When rare reads were considered, we identified a total of 406 OTUs across our samples. We identified reads within Phyla Chlamydiae, found in 5 butterflies of four species. Interestingly, only three OTUs were shared among all 38 individuals (Bacillus, Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae). Altogether, the high individual variation overshadowed species and sex differences. Thus, bacterial communities were not structured randomly with 13% of beta-diversity explained by species, and 40 rare OTUs being significantly different across species. Finally, 13 OTUs, including the intercellular symbiont Spiroplasma, varied significantly in relative abundance between males and females.

Discussion

The Heliconius microbial communities in these 38 individuals show a low diversity with few differences in the rare microbes between females, males, species or populations. Indeed, Heliconius butterflies, similarly to other insects, are dominated by few OTUs, mainly from Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The overall low microbial diversity observed contrasts with the high intra-species variation in microbiome composition. This could indicate that much of the microbiome maybe acquired from their surroundings. The significant differences between species and sexes were restricted to rare taxa, which could be important for microbial community stability under changing conditions as seen in other host-microbiome systems. The presence of symbionts like Spiroplasma or Chlamydiae, identified in this study for the first time in Heliconius, could play a vital role in their behavior and evolution by vertical transmission. Altogether, our study represents a step forward into the description of the microbial diversity in a charismatic group of closely related butterflies.
Targeting restoration sites to improve connectivity in a tiger conservation landscape in India
Authors: Dutta Trishna , Sharma Sandeep , DeFries Ruth
Published: October 2018

Background

Maintaining and restoring connectivity between source populations is essential for the long term viability of wide-ranging species, many of which occur in landscapes that are under pressure to meet increasing infrastructure needs. Identifying barriers in corridors can help inform conservation and infrastructure development agencies so that development objectives can be achieved without compromising conservation goals. Here, we use the tiger landscape in central India as a case study to identify barriers, associate them with existing infrastructure, and quantify the potential improvement by restoring or mitigating barriers. Additionally, we propose an approach to categorize linkages based on their current status within and between Protected Areas (PAs).

Methods

We generated a hybrid landuse-landcover map of our study area by merging datasets. We used least-cost methods and circuit theory to map corridors and generate linkage metrics. We mapped barriers and used the improvement score (IS) metric to quantify potential improvement by restoring or mitigating them. Based on criteria that represent the status of corridors between-PAs and populations within-PAs, we ranked linkages into one of four categories: Cat1—linkages that currently have high quality and potential for tiger connectivity and should be maintained, Cat2W—linkages where focus on habitat and tiger populations may improve connectivity, Cat2B—linkages where focus on reducing barriers between PAs may improve connectivity, and Cat3—linkages where effort is needed to both reduce barriers between PAs and improve tiger populations and habitat within PAs. We associated barriers with infrastructure and present maps to show where restoration or mitigation measures can be targeted to have the highest potential impact.

Results

We mapped 567 barriers within 30 linkages in this landscape, of which 265 barriers intersect with infrastructure (694 km of roads, 150 km of railway, 48 reservoirs, 10 mines) and 302 barriers are due to land-use or gaps in forest cover. Eighty-six barriers have both roads and railways. We identified 7 Cat1, 4 Cat2w, 9 Cat2b, and 10 Cat3 linkages. Eighty surface mines and thermal power plants are within 10 km of the least-cost paths, and more coal mines are closer to connectivity areas where linkages are narrow and rank poorly on both axes.

Discussion

We present spatial and quantitative results that can help conservation practitioners target mitigation and restoration efforts. India is on the path to rapid economic growth, with infrastructure development planned in biodiversity-rich areas. The mitigation hierarchy of avoiding, minimizing, and offsetting impacts due to proposed development projects can be applied to corridors in this landscape. Cross-sectoral cooperation at early stages of project life-cycles to site, design, and implement solutions can maintain connectivity while meeting infrastructure needs in this rapidly changing landscape.
Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)
Authors: Lee Derek E. , Cavener Douglas R. , Bond Monica L.
Published: October 2018

Polymorphic phenotypes of mammalian coat coloration have been important to the study of genetics and evolution, but less is known about the inheritance and fitness consequences of individual variation in complex coat pattern traits such as spots and stripes. Giraffe coat markings are highly complex and variable and it has been hypothesized that variation in coat patterns most likely affects fitness by camouflaging neonates against visually hunting predators. We quantified complex coat pattern traits of wild Masai giraffes using image analysis software, determined the similarity of spot pattern traits between mother and offspring, and assessed whether variation in spot pattern traits was related to fitness as measured by juvenile survival. The methods we described could comprise a framework for objective quantification of complex mammal coat pattern traits based on photographic coat pattern data. We demonstrated that some characteristics of giraffe coat spot shape were likely to be heritable, as measured by mother-offspring regression. We found significant variation in juvenile survival among phenotypic groups of neonates defined by multivariate clustering based on spot trait measurement variables. We also found significant variation in neonatal survival associated with spot size and shape covariates. Larger spots (smaller number of spots) and irregularly shaped or rounder spots (smaller aspect ratio) were correlated with increased survival. These findings will inform investigations into developmental and genetic architecture of complex mammal coat patterns and their adaptive value.
What’s for dinner? Diet and potential trophic impact of an invasive anuranHoplobatrachus tigerinuson the Andaman archipelago
Authors: Mohanty Nitya Prakash , Measey John
Published: October 2018

Amphibian invasions have considerable detrimental impacts on recipient ecosystems. However, reliable risk analysis of invasive amphibians still requires research on more non-native amphibian species. An invasive population of the Indian bullfrog,Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, is currently spreading on the Andaman archipelago and may have significant trophic impacts on native anurans through competition and predation. We carried out diet analyses of the invasiveH. tigerinusand native anurans, across four habitat types and two seasons; we hypothesized that (i) small vertebrates constitute a majority of theH. tigerinusdiet, particularly by volume and (ii) the diet ofH. tigerinussignificantly overlaps with the diet of native anurans, thereby, leading to potential competition. We assessed the diet of the invasiveH. tigerinus(n = 358), and individuals of the generaLimnonectes(n = 375) andFejervarya(n = 65) and found a significant dietary overlap ofH.tigerinuswith onlyLimnonectes. Small vertebrates, including several endemic species, constituted the majority ofH. tigerinus, diet by volume, suggesting potential impact by predation. Prey consumption and electivity of the three anurans indicated a positive relationship between predator-prey body sizes. Individuals ofH. tigerinusandFejervaryachose evasive prey, suggesting that these two taxa are mostly ambush predators; individuals of Limnonectes chose a mixture of sedentary and evasive prey indicating that the species employs a combination of ‘active search’ and ‘sit and wait’ foraging strategies. All three species of anurans mostly consumed terrestrial prey. This intensive study on a genus of newly invasive amphibian contributes to knowledge of the impact of amphibian invasions,and elucidates the feeding ecology ofH.tigerinus, and species of the generaLimnonectesandFejervarya. We also stress the necessity to evaluate prey availability and volume in future studies for meaningful insights into diet of amphibians.
Pendressia, nom. nov. (Monimiaceae), a new generic name for Wilkiea wardellii from north-east Queensland.
Authors: Ford Andrew James , Whiffin Trevor
Published: October 2018

The new generic name Pendressia Whiffin is proposed to replace the name Endressia Whiffin which is illegitimate, being a later homonym of Endressia J.Gay. The new combination Pendressia wardellii (F.Muell.) Whiffin is proposed for Wilkiea wardellii. Notes on habitat and distribution are provided
ЦЕРЕБРАЛЬНЫЙ КРОВОТОК ПРИ ИШЕМИЧЕСКОМ ИНСУЛЬТЕ, "Российский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова"
Authors: Сысоев К. А. , Лобов Г. И. , Дворецкий Д. П.
Published: October 2018

В обзоре рассмотрены современные представления о патогенезе ишемического инсульта на примере как клинической практики, так и экспериментальных данных. Представлены исследования, характеризующие важность состояния гематоэнцефалического барьера в патогенезе ишемического инсульта. Рассмотрена значимость состояния глии на последствия острой церебральной ишемии. Освещена значимость воспаления в течение и последствиях ишемического поражения. Обозначены приоритетные подходы к изучению роли нарушений ионных механизмов поддержания мембранного потенциала при острой церебральной ишемии.
МЕХАНИЗМЫ РЕГУЛЯЦИИ ВАЗОПРЕССИНЕРГИЧЕСКИХ НЕЙРОНОВ ГИПОТАЛАМУСА КРЫС, ПРЕДРАСПОЛОЖЕННЫХ К АУДИОГЕННОЙ ЭПИЛЕПСИИ, "Российский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова"
Authors: Горбачёва Е. Л. , Черниговская Е. В. , Глазова М. В. , Лаврова Е.А. , Никитина Л. С.
Published: October 2018

В работе была исследована роль ERK1/2 сигнального каскада в регуляции активности вазопрессинергических нейронов гипоталамуса у интактных крыс линии Крушинского- Молодкиной (КМ), а также в ходе и после судорожного припадка. Не было выявлено различий в содержании фосфо-ERK1/2 киназ и фосфо-CREB в супраоптическом ядре (СОЯ) гипоталамуса у интактных крыс линии КМ и линии Вистар. Показано отсутствие различий в содержании мРНК вазопрессина и снижение содержания вазопрессин-нейрофизина II в нейронах гипоталамуса у крыс линии КМ по сравнению с крысами Вистар. Ранее нами был показан пониженный уровень секреции вазопрессина в кровь у интактных крыс линии КМ [']. Полученные данные указывают на то, что нарушения в активности гипоталамо-гипофизарной системы у крыс линии КМ затрагивают преимущественно механизмы секреции нейрогормона, не влияя на активность ERK1/2- и/или CREB-зависимого пути регуляции экспрессии вазопрессина нейронами СОЯ. Аудиогенный судорожный припадок у крыс КМ привел к снижению количества фосфо-CREB-иммунопозитивных ядер в СОЯ на клонико-тонической стадии. Количество фосфо-ERK1/2-иммунопозитивных клеток не отличалось от контроля. Через 1 ч после судорог количество фосфо-ERK1/2- и фосфо-CREB-иммунопозитивных ядер в СОЯ повышалось по сравнению с таковым на клонико-тонической стадии судорог. Активация ERK1/2/CREB-зависимой внутриклеточной сигнализации и повышение экспрессии белка cFos сопровождалось усилением транскрипции вазопрессина и повышением содержания нейрофизина II в нейронах СОЯ. Через 24 ч после припадка активность ERK1/2 сигнального каскада и белка cFos снижалась до контрольного уровня, что приводило к снижению уровня транскрипции вазопрессина также до контрольных значений. Таким образом, восстановление состояния вазопрессинергической системы (компенсаторный ресинтез) через 1 ч после аудиогенного припадка происходит ERK1/2/СREB-зависимым путем.
ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ МЕЖДУ ТРЕВОЖНОСТЬЮ И ВАРИАБЕЛЬНОСТЬЮ СЕРДЕЧНОГО РИТМА ПРИ КОРРЕКЦИИ ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО НАПРЯЖЕНИЯ, "Российский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова"
Authors: Николаев А. Б. , Джебраилова Т.Д.
Published: October 2018

Исследовали динамику характеристик вариабельности сердечного ритма (ВСР) при тестировании уровня тревожности (по Спилбергеру) до и после коррекции эмоционального напряжения с использованием оригинальной методики достижения психоэмоциональной стабильности [] у 33 человек (16 женщин и 17 мужчин) в возрасте 18-55 лет. После коррекции эмоционального напряжения наблюдалось достоверное снижение не только ситуативной, но и личностной тревожности. До коррекции при тестировании личностной тревожности отмечалось уменьшение длительности RR-интервалов электрокардиограммы, свидетельствующее о преобладании оборонительного компонента в структуре когнитивной деятельности. После коррекции наблюдалось повышение общей мощности и мощности очень низкочастотного (VLF) диапазона спектра ВСР. Высокие значения общей мощности и мощности VLF-диапазона свидетельствуют о большей выраженности ориентировочного компонента в составе когнитивной деятельности.
Characteristics of Usual Physical Therapy Post‐Total Knee Replacement and Their Associations With Functional Outcomes
Authors: Oatis Carol A. , Johnson Joshua K. , DeWan Traci , Donahue Kelly , Li Wenjun , Franklin Patricia D.
Published: October 2018

Objective

Although total knee replacement (TKR) surgery is highly prevalent and generally successful, functional outcomes post‐TKR vary widely. Most patients receive some physical therapy (PT) following TKR, but PT practice is variable and associations between specific content and dose of PT interventions and functional outcomes are unknown. Research has identified exercise interventions associated with better outcomes but studies have not assessed whether such evidence has been translated into clinical practice. We characterized the content, dose, and progression of usual post‐acute PT services following TKR, and examined associations of specific details of post‐acute PT with patients’ 6‐month functional outcomes.

Methods

Post‐acute PT data were collected from patients who were undergoing primary unilateral TKR and participating in a clinical trial of a phone‐based coaching intervention. PT records from the terminal episode of care were reviewed and utilization and exercise content data were extracted. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models characterized PT treatment factors and identified associations with 6‐month outcomes.

Results

We analyzed 112 records from 30 PT sites. Content and dose of specific exercises and incidence of progression varied widely. Open chain exercises were utilized more frequently than closed chain (median 21 [interquartile range (IQR) 4–49] versus median 13 [IQR 4–28.5]). Median (IQR) occurrence of progression of closed and open chain exercise was 0 (0–2) and 1 (0–3), respectively. Shorter timed stair climb was associated with greater total number of PT interventions and use and progression of closed chain exercises.

Discussion

Data suggest that evidence‐based interventions are underutilized and dose may be insufficient to obtain optimal outcomes.
Saddle‐Point Excitons and Their Extraordinary Light Absorption in 2D β‐Phase Group‐IV Monochalcogenides
Authors: Luo Nannan , Wang Chong , Jiang Zeyu , Xu Yong , Zou Xiaolong , Duan Wenhui
Published: October 2018

In 2D materials, saddle‐points in the electronic structure give rise to diverging density of states, which leads to intriguing physical phenomena useful for applications, including magnetism, superconductivity, charge density wave, as well as enhanced optical absorption. Using first‐principles calculations, monolayer β‐phase group‐IV monochalcogenides (MX, M = Ge or Sn; X = S or Se) are shown to be a new class of 2D materials that possess saddle‐points in both the lowest conduction band and the highest valence band as well as in the joint density of states. Due to the existence of saddle‐points, a remarkable absorption peak within the fundamental gap is found in these materials when the light polarization is along the armchair (y) direction. The properties of saddle‐point excitons can be effectively tuned by both the strain and thickness of these materials. Importantly, the strong optical absorbance induced by saddle‐point exciton absorptions and the appropriate bandgap give ideal power conversion efficiencies as large as 1.11% for monolayer β‐SnSe, significantly higher than reported high‐performance ultrathin solar cells using transition metal dichalcogenides. These results not only open new avenues for exploring novel many‐body physics, but also suggest β‐phase MXs could be promising candidates for future optoelectronic devices.
Ultrasmall Metal Nanoparticles Confined within Crystalline Nanoporous Materials: A Fascinating Class of Nanocatalysts
Authors: Wang Ning , Sun Qiming , Yu Jihong
Published: October 2018

Crystalline nanoporous materials with uniform porous structures, such as zeolites and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), have proven to be ideal supports to encapsulate ultrasmall metal nanoparticles (MNPs) inside their void nanospaces to generate high‐efficiency nanocatalysts. The nanopore‐encaged metal catalysts exhibit superior catalytic performance as well as high stability and catalytic shape selectivity endowed by the nanoporous matrix. In addition, the synergistic effect of confined MNPs and nanoporous frameworks with active sites can further promote the catalytic activities of the composite catalysts. Herein, recent progress in nanopore‐encaged metal nanocatalysts is reviewed, with a special focus on advances in synthetic strategies for ultrasmall MNPs (<5 nm), clusters, and even single atoms confined within zeolites and MOFs for various heterogeneous catalytic reactions. In addition, some advanced characterization methods to elucidate the atomic‐scale structures of the nanocatalysts are presented, and the current limitations of and future opportunities for these fantastic nanocatalysts are also highlighted and discussed. The aim is to provide some guidance for the rational synthesis of nanopore‐encaged metal catalysts and to inspire their further applications to meet the emerging demands in catalytic fields.
Enhancing Quantum Dot Solar Cells Stability with a Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Interlayer Below the Top Anode
Authors: Salazar‐Rios Jorge Mario , Sukharevska Nataliia , Speirs Mark Jonathan , Jung Stefan , Dirin Dmitry , Dragoman Ryan M. , Allard Sybille , Kovalenko Maksym V. , Scherf Ullrich , Loi Maria Antonietta
Published: October 2018

Semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (s‐SWNTs) are used as a protective interlayer between the lead sulfide colloidal quantum dot (PbS CQD) active layer and the anode of the solar cells (SCs). The introduction of the carbon nanotubes leads to increased device stability, with 85% of the initial performance retained after 100 h exposure to simulated solar light in ambient condition. This is in sharp contrast with the behavior of the device without s‐SWNTs, for which the photoconversion efficiency, the open circuit voltage, the short‐circuit current, and the fill factor all experiencing a sharp decrease. Therefore, the inclusion of s‐SWNT as interlayer in CQD SCs, give rise to SCs of identical efficiency (above 8.5%) and prevents their performance degradation.