bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Manual Thrombus Aspiration With Rheolytic Thrombectomy in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Parodi Guido , Valenti Renato , Migliorini Angela , Maehara Akiko , Vergara Ruben , Carrabba Nazario , Mintz Gary S. , Antoniucci David
Published: June 2013

Background—

Manual thrombus aspiration (MTA) is completely ineffective in 30% of cases, and the high profiles of the catheters prevent their use in tortuous and calcified vessels. The rheolytic thrombectomy (RT) device has the potential for improved thrombus removal in acute myocardial infarction as compared with MTA. No data exist on the comparison between the 2 techniques.

Methods and Results—

Randomized study, including 80 acute myocardial infarction patients allocated to RT or MTA before infarct artery stenting. Primary end point of this study is residual thrombus burden by optical coherence tomography. Secondary end points are (1) residual thrombolysis in myocardial infarction thrombus grade; (2) postintervention thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow and myocardial blush; (3) early ST-segment resolution; (4) percentage of malapposed stent struts at 6 months; (5) 6-month restenosis; and (6) 6-month major adverse cardiovascular events. All but 1 patient had residual thrombus after manual aspiration thrombectomy or RT. The number of optical coherence tomography quadrants containing thrombus in MTA arm was higher than in the RT arm, but this difference did not reach significance (median value 65 and 53, respectively;
P
=0.083). Large residual thrombus was more frequently revealed in the manual aspiration thrombectomy arm (patients with number of quadrants above the median value 60% in the manual aspiration thrombectomy arm and 37% in the RT arm,
P
=0.039). All markers of reperfusion were better in the RT arm. At 6 months, the percentage of malapposed stent struts in the MTA arm was higher than in the RT arm (2.7±4.5% and 0.8±1.6%, respectively;
P
=0.019).

Conclusions—

MTA or RT allows only incomplete removal of thrombus in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The primary end point of the study was not met. However, RT as compared with MTA seems to be more effective in thrombus removal and myocardial reperfusion.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01281033.
Differential Effect of Ticagrelor Versus Prasugrel on Coronary Blood Flow Velocity in Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Alexopoulos Dimitrios , Moulias Athanasios , Koutsogiannis Nikolaos , Xanthopoulou Ioanna , Kakkavas Apostolos , Mavronasiou Eleni , Davlouros Periklis , Hahalis George
Published: June 2013

Background—

Prasugrel and ticagrelor provide a superior anti-ischemic action than clopidogrel, with some of ticagrelor’s benefits possibly attributed to adenosine-mediated mechanisms. We aimed to compare the effect of maintenance dose of ticagrelor versus prasugrel on coronary blood flow velocity (CBFV) during increasing doses of intravenously administered adenosine.

Methods and Results—

In a prospective, single-center, single-blind, crossover study, 56 patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were randomized to receive either ticagrelor 90 mg BID or prasugrel 10 mg OD with a 15-day treatment period. At the end of each treatment period, CBFV by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was assessed at baseline and under incremental doses (50 μg/kg per minute, 80 μg/kg per minute, 110 μg/kg per minute, and 140 μg/kg per minute) of adenosine infusion. Maximal CBFV area under the curve was higher for ticagrelor-treated than for prasugrel-treated patients, with a least squares mean difference of 7.16 (95% confidence interval, 2.61–11.7;
P
=0.003). Maximal CBFV/baseline CBFV ratio was higher with ticagrelor than prasugrel at 50, 80, and 110 μg/kg per minute but not at 140 μg/kg per minute adenosine infusion rate, with mean difference (95% confidence interval) of 0.17 (0.08–0.26;
P
<0.001), 0.21 (0.02–0.41;
P
=0.03), 0.24 (0.01–0.47;
P
=0.04), and 0.14 (−0.12 to 0.4;
P
=0.3), respectively.

Conclusions—

In patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, ticagrelor augments CBFV to a greater extent than prasugrel when incremental doses of adenosine are administered. Although exploratory, these results may represent a pleiotropic action of ticagrelor, possibly contributing to its beneficial effects in such patients.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01642966
Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study on Volume Management After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Yoneda Hiroshi , Nakamura Takumi , Shirao Satoshi , Tanaka Nobuhiro , Ishihara Hideyuki , Suehiro Eiichi , Koizumi Hiroyasu , Isotani Eiji , Suzuki Michiyasu
Published: June 2013

Background and Purpose—

Systemic circulation management has not been established for patients with poor grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after SAH. The aims of the study were to examine hemodynamic variables in these patients and to establish treatment strategies.

Methods—

A multicenter prospective cohort study of hemodynamic variables from days 1 to 14 was performed using a transpulmonary thermodilution system (PiCCO Plus). Parameters were analyzed by Mann–Whitney test. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify parameters involved in onset of DCI.

Results—

The subjects were 204 patients, including 138 with poor grade SAH (World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grades IV and V) and 52 who developed DCI. The extravascular lung water index, pulmonary vascular permeability index, and systemic vascular resistance index were significantly greater in patients with poor grade SAH compared with those with good grade SAH (World Federation of Neurological Surgeons I–III) on day 2 (
P
=0.049,
P
=0.039, and
P
=0.038). Cardiac index was significantly lower in patients with poor grade SAH on days 1 and 2 (
P
=0.027 and
P
=0.011). In patients with DCI, the global end-diastolic volume index was significantly lower than in those without DCI on days 3 to 5 (
P
=0.0053;
P
=0.048; and
P
=0.048). In multivariate analysis, median global end-diastolic volume index, cardiac index, and systemic vascular resistance index at an early stage of SAH (days 3–6) were independently related to onset of DCI (
P
=0.023,
P
=0.013, and
P
=0.003).

Conclusions—

Patients with poor grade SAH developed heart failure–like afterload mismatch at an early stage, and those with DCI had decreased global end-diastolic volume index (hypovolemia) in the early stage of SAH.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: UMIN000003794.
How Plotinus’ Soul Animates his Body: The Argument for the Soul-Trace at Ennead 4.4.18.1-9
Authors: Noble Christopher Isaac
Published: June 2013

Abstract

In this paper I offer an analysis of Plotinus’ argument for the existence of a quasi-psychic entity, the so-called ‘trace of soul’, that functions as an immanent cause of life for an organism’s body. I argue that Plotinus posits this entity primarily in order to account for the body’s possession of certain quasi-psychic states that are instrumental in his account of soul-body interaction. Since these quasi-psychic states imply that an organism’s body has vitality of its own (a claim for which Plotinus also finds support in the Phaedo), and Platonic souls are no part or aspect of any body, Plotinus draws the conclusion that the soul must be a cause of the body’s life by imparting a quasi-psychic qualification to it. In so doing, Plotinus introduces elements of hylomorphism into Platonist psychology, and addresses a problem for the animation of the body that Platonic soul-body dualism may plausibly be thought to face.
Jerome’s Understanding of Old Testament Quotations in the New Testament
Authors: Kato Teppei
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Jerome compares Old Testament quotations in the New Testament with the Hebrew text and LXX in seven texts, for example in Ep. 57, written c.395. He adopts different opinions when the LXX disagrees with the Hebrew text and when the quotations disagree with the Hebrew text. In the first case, he demands a strict rendering of words, whereas in the second, he considers the quotations and the Hebrew text to have the same meaning even if their wordings differ. In other words, Jerome attributes more authority to the Evangelists and Paul than to the LXX translators. In this paper, I will explain two reasons—one negative and the other positive—for this dichotomy in Jerome’s approach.
Fundamental Rights Protection for Third Country Nationals and Citizens of the Union: Principles for Enhancing Coherence
Authors: Sánchez Sara Iglesias
Published: June 2013

Abstract

The definition of the legal contours of a citizenship status is intrinsically bound to the determination of a differentiated status for non-citizens. Nonetheless, European citizenship has been designed in a non-exclusionary fashion. This is not so much the result of a conscious exercise of inclusiveness, as the result of the indeterminacy of the EU Treaties. The progressive construction of a common European immigration policy is happening within a constitutional scenario deprived of principles suitable to guide the relationship between the citizenship status and the several newly created status for third-country nationals, who now derive their EU rights not only from their relationships with EU citizens nor from agreements mirroring the fundamental freedoms. For this reason, there is a growing need to make explicit the principles that should govern this relationship. The main purpose of this paper is to discern and analyse the emerging lines of this relationship, which are being unveiled by EU immigration norms, particularly as they are being interpreted in recent judgements of the ECJ. It will be argued that the new EU rules on immigration are helping to uncover the shortcomings and incoherencies of the EU citizenship status since, paradoxically, the structure of EU competences allows for a deeper involvement of EU law in the determination of the rights of third country nationals than of the rights of citizens.
A new species of Roseodiscus (Ascomycota, Fungi) from tropical China
Authors: ZHENG HUAN-DI , ZHUANG WEN-YING
Published: June 2013

A new species, Roseodiscus sinicus is described and illustrated. The fungus, collected on stems of an unknown monocotyledon, is characterized by dirty white apothecia, large and thin-walled ectal excipulum cells, Calycina-type ascus apical ring, and ellipsoid, multiguttulate ascospores. The placement of the new species in Roseodiscus was also supported by ITS rDNA sequence analysis. The distinctions between the new species and related taxa are discussed.
Retypification of the name Eryngium palmatum (Apiaceae)
Authors: KUZMANOVIĆ NEVENA , CLEMENTI MORENO , KABAŠ EVA , VUKOJIČIĆ SNEŽANA
Published: June 2013

Eryngium palmatum was described by Roberto de Visiani and Josif Pančić in Plantae serbicae rariores aut novae (1870: 20). Wörz (2010) stated that, although the original description is from 1870, Pančić recorded E. tricuspidatum Linnaeus (1753: 8) eleven years earlier with the same localities that Visiani and he cited in the protologue for E. palmatum. In fact, Pančić reported E. tricuspidatum already in 1856: 520, for the following localities: “bei Ravanita, Sv. Petka im Cupriaer, Banja im Aleksinacer, Ugljarevo im Kragujevacer“. Describing the new species E. palmatum in 1870, Visiani and Pančić cited all the previously mentioned localities with the addition of mt. Ogradjenik: “Hab. in saxosis calcareis prope Ravanica, Sv. Petka in circ. Cupria, ad Banja circ. Aleksinac, Uljarevo circ. Kragujevac, et mont. Ogradjenak Serbiae meridionalis”.
Zygonemella: the forgotten genus of the family Xyalidae (Nematoda)
Authors: CUNHA BEATRIZ PEREIRA , BRITO SIMONE , FONSECA GUSTAVO
Published: June 2013

Species descriptions of the family Xyalidae, as well as of most marine nematodes, were in general largely made in the past century (e.g. Allgén, 1927; Cobb, 1920; Gerlach, 1957; Lorenzen, 1977). Many of these descriptions were based on one or two specimens or even on juveniles with relatively few features of taxonomic value. Lack of types and inaccuracy in sampling localities are other problems associated with taxonomy of marine nematodes. These issues, together with the fact that in the past researchers had slower exchange of information and reduced access to some journals, led to the multiplication of synonyms. To propose a new species of nematode, particularly within a genus with a convoluted historical background, requires caution and critical taxonomical review prior to the description (Adams, 2001; Fonseca & Decraemer, 2008).
Collaria columbiensis Carvalho, 1984, a newly recognized synonym of Collaria scenica (Stal, 1859) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: FERREIRA PAULO SERGIO F. , BARRETO-TRIANA NANCY , RAMÍREZ GONZALO ABRIL
Published: June 2013

The authors propose a new synonym between Collaria scenica (senior synonym) and Collaria columbiensis (junior syn-onym) based on external morphology and genitalia characteristics of male and female adults of both species. There was no significant difference found to believe that they are two different species.
First record of Beaded Lacewings (Neuroptera, Berothidae) from Colombia
Authors: ARDILA-CAMACHO ADRIÁN
Published: June 2013

The family Berothidae is recorded for the first time in Colombia, with Spiroberotha sanctarosae Adams, 1989, collect-ed from Tayrona National Park and Zambrano municipality, in Magdalena and Bolívar departments, respectively. The external morphology and male genitalia are illustrated, providing complementary information to the original descrip-tion. A key to separate species of Spiroberotha, as well as a list of species of Central- and South American Berothidae are presented.
Effect of Systemic Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Inflammation on Cytokine Levels in the Murine Cochlea: A Pilot Study
Authors: Quintanilla‐Dieck Lourdes , Larrain Barbara , Trune Dennis , Steyger Peter S.
Published: June 2013

The objective was to detect changes in cytokine expression within cochleae in a murine model of systemic inflammation, with or without aminoglycoside exposure. Four groups of mice received 1 of the following: saline only, systemic bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for 6 hours to induce endotoxemia and inflammatory responses, systemic gentamicin for 3 hours, or both treatments. After exsanguination, pooled cochleae (4/group) were processed for enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 16 cytokines. Gentamicin alone did not change cochlear cytokine levels, while LPS (±gentamicin) substantially elevated cochlear expression of several cytokines, particularly interleukin‐1α, interleukin‐6, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α, and RANTES. Since cytokines increase blood‐brain barrier permeability, we hypothesize that cytokine‐enhanced permeability of the blood‐labyrinth barrier (BLB) could potentiate aminoglycoside‐induced ototoxicity. This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of detecting cytokine expression in murine cochleae using ELISA and facilitates future studies investigating BLB permeability in animal models of systemic inflammation.
Economic Impact of Switching From an Open to a Closed Enteral Nutrition Feeding System in an Acute Care Setting
Authors: Phillips Wendy , Roman Brandis , Glassman Kendra
Published: June 2013

Background: This study compared an open‐system (OS) enteral nutrition (EN) delivery system with a closed system (CS). Factors evaluated included nursing time for administration, patient safety factors, and cost of formula and supplies. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed the cost of formula and supplies in 1 major academic medical center. Data were collected on patients requiring EN in acute care settings. Information collected included formula type and amount of formula ordered and delivered. Results: The average daily cost to feed each adult patient using delivered volume with the OS was $3.84 compared with $4.31 if the patient had been receiving EN from a CS. Considering waste costs, the average cost to feed increased to $4.21 compared with $4.80, respectively. After factoring in increased nursing time with the OS, the cost increased to $9.83. For pediatric patients, formula delivery reached 1 L in only 2% of patient days. The average cost to feed each patient each day using actual delivered volume was $1.89 in the OS and $1.94 in the CS. When factoring in the cost of waste, those costs increased to $2.12 and $3.30, respectively. After factoring in increased nursing time with the OS, the cost increased to $8.92. Conclusion: Due to the higher contract price and increased waste of the CS formulas compared with the OS formulas, a higher daily average cost for formula delivered may be incurred by switching to a CS. However, the CS is more cost‐effective when factoring in nursing time.
Rethinking Red Meat as a Prevention Strategy for Iron Deficiency
Authors: Agarwal Ulka
Published: June 2013

The possibility that iron-deficiency anemia may lead to neurodevelopmental deficits has led some to recommend red meat as an early complementary food for infants; however, 2 new lines of evidence put this advice in a new light. First, recent studies show an association between consumption of red meat and cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and overall mortality. Second, new research has elucidated the role of plant ferritin as a readily available source of iron. There is an abundance of options for plant-based iron-rich foods that are consistent with long-term healthful eating that can meet infants’ nutritional needs while sidestepping red meat’s potential adverse health effects.
Risk profile and clinical outcome of symptomatic subsegmental acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: den Exter Paul L. , van Es Josien , Klok Frederikus A. , Kroft Lucia J. , Kruip Marieke J. H. A. , Kamphuisen Pieter Willem , Büller Harry R. , Huisman Menno V.
Published: June 2013

Key Points

Patients with subsegmental PE appear to mimic those with more proximally located PE regarding their VTE risk profile and clinical outcome. Patients with subsegmental PE significantly differ from patients without PE in terms of both VTE risk profile and clinical outcome.
Integral analysis of p53 and its value as prognostic factor in sporadic colon cancer
Authors: Fariña Sarasqueta Arantza , Forte Giusi Irma , Corver Wim E , de Miranda Noel F , Ruano Dina , van Eijk Ronald , Oosting Jan , Tollenaar Rob AEM , van Wezel Tom , Morreau Hans
Published: June 2013

Background

p53 (encoded byTP53) is involved in DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, aging and cellular senescence.TP53is mutated in around 50% of human cancers. Nevertheless, the consequences of p53 inactivation in colon cancer outcome remain unclear. Recently, a new role of p53 together with CSNK1A1 in colon cancer invasiveness has been described in mice.

Methods

By combining data on different levels of p53 inactivation, we aimed to predict p53 functionality and to determine its effects on colon cancer outcome. Moreover, survival effects ofCSNK1A1together with p53 were also studied.

Eighty-three formalin fixed paraffin embedded colon tumors were enriched for tumor cells using flow sorting, the extracted DNA was used in a custom SNP array to determine chr17p13-11 allelic state; p53 immunostaining,TP53exons 5, 6, 7 and 8 mutations were determined in combination with mRNA expression analysis on frozen tissue.

Results

Patients with a predicted functional p53 had a better prognosis than patients with non functional p53 (Log Rank p=0.009). Expression ofCSNK1A1modified p53 survival effects. Patients with lowCSNK1A1expression and non-functional p53 had a very poor survival both in the univariate (Log Rank p<0.001) and in the multivariate survival analysis (HR=4.74 95% CI 1.45 – 15.3 p=0.009).

Conclusion

The combination of mutational, genomic, protein and downstream transcriptional activity data predicted p53 functionality which is shown to have a prognostic effect on colon cancer patients. This effect was specifically modified byCSKN1A1expression.
A low-complexity user selection scheme in a multicell MIMO environment
Authors: Kim Doohee , Shin Oh-Soon , Lee Kwang Bok
Published: June 2013

An efficient user selection scheme for the downlink of multiuser MIMO systems is proposed in a multicell environment. In a multicell environment, the intercell interference is one of the most influential factors limiting the performance. Thus, a user selection scheme that considers intercell interference is essential to increase the sum rate. The proposed scheme is based on an interference-aware precoding. It sequentially selects users such that the sum rate is maximized. In particular, we develop a simple incremental metric for the sum rate. The use of the derived metric enables a significant reduction in the computational complexity of the user selection process, as compared to the optimal exhaustive search. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme provides near-optimal performance with substantially reduced complexity.
Conditionally-live attenuated SIV upregulates global T effector memory cell frequency under replication permissive conditions
Authors: Manoussaka Maria S , Berry Neil , Ferguson Deborah , Stebbings Richard , Robinson Mark , Ham Claire , Page Mark , Li Bo , Das Atze T , Berkhout Ben , Almond Neil , Cranage Martin P
Published: June 2013

Background

Live attenuated SIV induces potent protection against superinfection with virulent virus; however the mechanism of this vaccine effect is poorly understood. Such knowledge is important for the development of clinically acceptable vaccine modalities against HIV.

Results

Using a novel, doxycycline dependent, replication-competent live-attenuated SIVmac239Δnef (SIV-rtTAΔnef), we show that under replication-permissive conditions SIV-rtTAΔnef is fully viable. Twelve rhesus macaques were infected with a peak plasma vRNA on average two log10 lower than in 6 macaques infected with unconditionally replication-competent SIVΔnef. Consistent with the attenuated phenotype of the viruses the majority of animals displayed low or undetectable levels of viraemia by 42-84 days after infection. Next, comparison of circulating T cells before and after chronic infection with parental SIVΔnef revealed a profound global polarisation toward CD28-CCR7- T-effector memory 2 (TEM2) cells within CD95+CD4+ and CD95+CD8+ populations. Critically, a similar effect was seen in the CD95+ CD4+ population and to somewhat lesser extent in the CD95+ CD8+ population of SIV-rtTAΔnef chronically infected macaques that were maintained on doxycycline, but was not seen in animals from which doxycycline had been withdrawn. The proportions of gut-homing T-central memory (TCM) and TEM defined by the expression of α4β7 and CD95 and differential expression of CD28 were increased in CD4 and CD8 cells under replication competent conditions and gut-homing CD4 TCM were also significantly increased under non-permissive conditions. TEM2 polarisation was seen in the small intestines of animals under replication permissive conditions but the effect was less pronounced than in the circulation. Intracellular cytokine staining of circulating SIV-specific T cells for IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 showed that the extent of polyfunctionality in CD4 and CD8 T cells was associated with replication permissivity; however, signature patterns of cytokine combinations were not distinguishable between groups of macaques.

Conclusion

Taken together our results show that the global T memory cell compartment is profoundly skewed towards a mature effector phenotype by attenuated SIV. Results with the replication-conditional mutant suggest that maintenance of this effect, that may be important in vaccine design, might require persistence of replicating virus.
Molecular topography of the MED12-deleted region in smooth muscle tumors: a possible link between non-B DNA structures and hypermutability
Authors: Markowski Dominique Nadine , Nimzyk Rolf , Belge Gazanfer , Löning Thomas , Helmke Burkhard Maria , Bullerdiek Jörn
Published: June 2013

Background

Deletions of the gene encoding mediator subcomplex 12 (MED12) in human smooth muscle tumors rank among the most frequent genomic alterations in human tumors at all. In a minority of these cases, small deletions are found. In an attempt to delineate key features of the deletions aimed at a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of uterine smooth muscle tumors we have analyzed 70 MED12 deletions including 46 cases from the literature and 24 own unpublished cases.

Results

The average length of the deletions was 18.7 bp ranging between 2 bp and 43 bp. While in general multitudes of 3 clearly dominated leaving the transcript in frame, deletions of 21, 24, 30, and 33 nucleotides were clearly underrepresented. Within the DNA segment affected deletion breakpoints were not randomly distributed. Most breakpoints clustered within the center of the segment where two peaks of breakpoint clusters could be distinguished. Interestingly, one of these clusters coincides with the loop of a putative folded non-B DNA structure whereas a much lower number of breaks noted in the 5′ and 3′ stem of the structure forming an intramolecular B-helix. The second cluster mainly consisting of 3′ breaks was located in a region downstream adjacent to the stem.

Conclusion

The present study describes for the first time main characteristics of MED12 deletions occurring in smooth muscle tumors. Interestingly, the non-random distribution of breakpoints within the deletion hotspot region may point to a role of non-canonical DNA structures for the occurrence of these mutations and the molecular pathogenesis of uterine smooth muscle tumors, respectively.
Horizontal transfer of bacterial polyphosphate kinases to eukaryotes: implications for the ice age and land colonisation
Authors: Whitehead Michael P , Hooley Paul , W Brown Michael R
Published: June 2013

Background

Studies of online database(s) showed that convincing examples of eukaryote PPKs derived from bacteria type PPK1 and PPK2 enzymes are rare and currently confined to a few simple eukaryotes. These enzymes probably represent several separate horizontal transfer events. Retention of such sequences may be an advantage for tolerance to stresses such as desiccation or nutrient depletion for simple eukaryotes that lack more sophisticated adaptations available to multicellular organisms. We propose that the acquisition of encoding sequences for these enzymes by horizontal transfer enhanced the ability of early plants to colonise the land. The improved ability to sequester and release inorganic phosphate for carbon fixation by photosynthetic algae in the ocean may have accelerated or even triggered global glaciation events. There is some evidence for DNA sequences encoding PPKs in a wider range of eukaryotes, notably some invertebrates, though it is unclear that these represent functional genes.

Polyphosphate (poly P) is found in all cells, carrying out a wide range of essential roles. Studied mainly in prokaryotes, the enzymes responsible for synthesis of poly P in eukaryotes (polyphosphate kinases PPKs) are not well understood. The best characterised enzyme from bacteria known to catalyse the formation of high molecular weight polyphosphate from ATP is PPK1 which shows some structural similarity to phospholipase D. A second bacterial PPK (PPK2) resembles thymidylate kinase. Recent reports have suggested a widespread distribution of these bacteria type enzymes in eukaryotes.

Results

On – line databases show evidence for the presence of genes encoding PPK1 in only a limited number of eukaryotes. These include the photosynthetic eukaryotes Ostreococcus tauri, O. lucimarinus, Porphyra yezoensis, Cyanidioschyzon merolae and the moss Physcomitrella patens, as well as the amoeboid symbiont Capsaspora owczarzaki and the non-photosynthetic eukaryotes Dictyostelium (3 species), Polysphondylium pallidum and Thecamonas trahens. A second bacterial PPK (PPK2) is found in just two eukaryotes (O. tauri and the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis). There is some evidence for PPK1 and PPK2 encoding sequences in other eukaryotes but some of these may be artefacts of bacterial contamination of gene libraries.

Conclusions

Evidence for the possible origins of these eukaryote PPK1s and PPK2s and potential prokaryote donors via horizontal gene transfer is presented. The selective advantage of acquiring and maintaining a prokaryote PPK in a eukaryote is proposed to enhance stress tolerance in a changing environment related to the capture and metabolism of inorganic phosphate compounds. Bacterial PPKs may also have enhanced the abilities of marine phytoplankton to sequester phosphate, hence accelerating global carbon fixation.
UpSETing chromatin during non-coding RNA production
Authors: Venkatesh Swaminathan , Workman Jerry L , Smolle Michaela
Published: June 2013

The packaging of eukaryotic DNA into nucleosomal arrays permits cells to tightly regulate and fine-tune gene expression. The ordered disassembly and reassembly of these nucleosomes allows RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) conditional access to the underlying DNA sequences. Disruption of nucleosome reassembly following RNAPII passage results in spurious transcription initiation events, leading to the production of non-coding RNA (ncRNA). We review the molecular mechanisms involved in the suppression of these cryptic initiation events and discuss the role played by ncRNAs in regulating gene expression.
Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Is a Potent Stimulator of GnRH and Kisspeptin Cells and May Contribute to Negative Energy Balance-induced Reproductive Inhibition in Females
Authors: True Cadence , Verma Saurabh , Grove Kevin L. , Smith M. Susan
Published: June 2013

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide implicated in both metabolic and reproductive regulation, raising the possibility that CART plays a role in reproductive inhibition during negative metabolic conditions. The current study characterized CART's regulatory influence on GnRH and kisspeptin (Kiss1) cells and determined the sensitivity of different CART populations to negative energy balance. CART fibers made close appositions to 60% of GnRH cells, with the majority of the fibers (>80%) originating from the arcuate nucleus (ARH) CART/pro-opiomelanocortin population. Electrophysiological recordings in GnRH-green fluorescent protein rats demonstrated that CART postsynaptically depolarizes GnRH cells. CART fibers from the ARH were also observed in close contact with Kiss1 cells in the ARH and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV). Recordings in Kiss1-GFP mice demonstrated CART also postsynaptically depolarizes ARH Kiss1 cells, suggesting CART may act directly and indirectly, via Kiss1 populations, to stimulate GnRH neurons. CART protein and mRNA levels were analyzed in 2 models of negative energy balance: caloric restriction (CR) and lactation. Both CART mRNA levels and the number of CART-immunoreactive cells were suppressed in the ARH during CR but not during lactation. AVPV CART mRNA was suppressed during CR, but not during lactation when there was a dramatic increase in CART-immunoreactive cells. These data suggest differing regulatory signals of CART between the models. In conclusion, both morphological and electrophysiological methods identify CART as a novel and potent stimulator of Kiss1 and GnRH neurons and suppression of CART expression during negative metabolic conditions could contribute to inhibition of the reproductive axis.
Hummingbird feather sounds are produced by aeroelastic flutter, not vortex-induced vibration
Authors: Clark Christopher J. , Elias Damian O. , Prum Richard O.
Published: June 2013

Males in the 'bee' hummingbird clade produce distinctive, species-specific sounds with fluttering tail feathers during courtship displays. Flutter may be the result of vortex shedding, or aero-elastic interactions. We investigated the underlying mechanics of flutter and sound production of a series of different feathers in a wind tunnel. All feathers tested were capable of fluttering at frequencies varying from 0.3 to 10 kHz. At low airspeeds (Uair) feather flutter was highly damped, but at a threshold airspeed (U*) the feathers abruptly entered a limit-cycle vibration and produced sound. Loudness increased with airspeed in most but not all feathers. Reduced frequency of flutter varied by an order of magnitude, and declined with increasing Uair in all feathers. This, along with the presence of strong harmonics, multiple modes of flutter, and several other nonlinear effects indicates that flutter is not simply a vortex-induced vibration, and that the accompanying sounds are not vortex whistles. Flutter is instead aeroelastic, in which structural (inertial/elastic) properties of the feather interact variably with aerodynamic forces, producing diverse acoustic results.
Precision of archerfish C-starts is fully temperature-compensated
Authors: Krupczynski Philipp , Schuster Stefan
Published: June 2013

Hunting archerfish precisely adapt their predictive C-starts to the initial movement of dislodged prey so that turn angle and initial speed are matched to the place and time of the later point of catch. The high accuracy and the known target point of the starts allow a sensitive straightforward assay of how temperature affects the underlying circuits. Furthermore, archerfish face rapid temperature fluctuations in their mangrove biotopes which could compromise performance. Here we show that after a brief acclimation period the function of the C-starts is fully maintained over a range of operating temperatures: (i) Full responsiveness was maintained at all temperatures, (ii) at all temperatures the fish selected accurate turns and were able to do so over the full angular range, (iii) at all temperatures speed attained immediately after the end of the C-start was matched - with equal accuracy - to 'virtual speed', i.e. the ratio of remaining distance to the future landing point and remaining time. While precision was fully compensated, C-start latency was not and increased by about 4 ms per 1°C cooling. Also kinematic aspects of the C-start were only partly compensated. Above 26°C the duration of the two major phases of the C-start were temperature-compensated. At lower temperatures, however, durations increased similarly as latency. Given the accessibility of the underlying networks, the archerfish predictive start should be an excellent model to assay the degree of plasticity and functional stability of C-start motor patterns.
Synthesis of Novel C2 and C1 Symmetric CHIRAPHOS Derivatives and Their Application in Palladium-catalyzed Miyaura–Michael Reaction
Authors: Jin Masayoshi , Nakamura Masaharu
Published: June 2013

A new method for the synthesis of C2 and C1 symmetric CHIRAPHOS derivatives and their application in Pd-catalyzed 1,4-addition reaction of an aryl boron compound to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound (Miyaura–Michael reaction) are described. Six CHIRAPHOS congeners are prepared by substitution reactions of (2R,3R)-butane-2,3-diyl ditosylate with metalated phosphine–borane adducts and subsequent deprotection of the resulting borane-protected bisphosphines. In the asymmetric Miyaura–Michael reaction, the CHIRAPHOS derivative containing 4-tolyl groups showed a higher enantioselectivity than the others including parent CHIRAPHOS.
Direct Introduction of Detachable Fluorescent Tag into Oligosaccharides
Authors: Yoshida Naoki , Fujieda Tsukasa , Kobayashi Atsushi , Ishihara Masaki , Noguchi Masato , Shoda Shin-ichiro
Published: June 2013

A novel oligosaccharide-labeling method involving the use of a detachable fluorescent tag has been developed based on the direct introduction of 4-methyl-7-thioumbelliferyl (MUS) group to the anomeric center of unprotected sugars. The resulting MUS-labeled sugars showed high sensitivity for fluorescence detection and could be used for quantification of oligosaccharides mixture. The unprotected sugars could be successfully recovered by a selective oxidative cleavage of the thioglycosidic bond under mild reaction conditions.
Helmholtz Energy Change between Neutral and Zwitterionic Forms of Glycine in Aqueous Solution Using Ab Initio Expanded QM/MM-MC with QM Solvent
Authors: Miyamoto Hidenori , Aida Misako
Published: June 2013

We present an extended methodology of the quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical framework with Metropolis Monte Carlo method (QM/MM-MC), in which close surrounding solvent molecules are included in QM subsystem to evaluate quantitatively the solvation free energy change. The neutral (N) and zwitterionic (Z) structures of glycine in aqueous solution were optimized in the combination procedure of simulated annealing with MC at MM level and QM/MM-vib geometry optimization. Helmholtz energy change between N and Z forms of glycine in aqueous solution was calculated stepwise with expanded QM/MM-MC method, and the computational result was in good agreement with the experimental value.
Behind Innovation Clusters: Individual, Cultural, and Strategic Linkages
Authors: Gomes Jorge , Hurmelinna-Laukkanen Pia
Published: June 2013

As observed by Porter [1] and Enright [2], clusters occupy a key position in the economy of developed countries, most notably because they bring several benefits resulting from economic and social factors. Although these authors alert us to the importance of social capital mechanisms in clustering processes, they fail to fully explore the psychological and social basis that underlay clusters and clustering processes. In the same vein, while Porter and Sölvell [3] mention that a cluster allows a shared language, social ties, and a set of standards and values to develop, they do not fully expand on how such phenomena develops. Addressing these gaps in the literature, the aim of this study is to investigate the dimensions (i.e. individual and social) which sustain and nurture the existence of macro structures (i.e. clusters). In particular, the current research looked at convergence and divergence mechanisms within a cluster. The exploratory nature of the research required a case study strategy; for this reason a cluster in the Portuguese textile sector was chosen. Data from three companies in the same cluster were gathered using several instruments, namely: a questionnaire, interviews, observation and documentary analysis. The results show that although the three companies operate in the same cluster, they are considerably different in terms of commercial orientations as well as cultural and strategic profiles, which is matched by a low presence of isomorphic mechanisms [4]; this result contradicts that of the Pouder and St. John [5] study. It was also observed that informal relations in the heart of the cluster are commonplace and that managers' differences play a role. In this way, they strengthen and motivate the aspects of the business that unite the cluster.
A Component-Based Model for Fin-Plate Connections in Fire
Authors: Taib Mariati , Burgess Ian
Published: June 2013

A component-based model for fin-plate connections has been developed to study the robustness of simple beam-to-column connections at elevated temperatures. The key aspect of this component method is the characterisation of the force-displacement properties of each active component at any temperature, represented by a non-linear "spring". The prescribed temperature-dependent characteristics of any given bolt row are governed by the failure mechanism of the weakest component, based on experimental and analytical findings. A major additional complication involves force reversal in components, which may occur because of temperature change, without any physical reversal of displacement. The Masing Rule has been adapted to incorporate this effect for particular force directions. To account for the bolt slip phases, force transitions between tension and compression take place only when positive contact between a bolt and the edge of its bolt hole is re-established. The results of high-temperature tests on connections have been used to substantiate the developed component model. The component-based connection model has also been used to study joint behaviour in structural sub-frame analyses. This approach will enable more valid performance-based assessment of the overall responses of connections, including their robustness, in design fire scenarios.
Adhesion at High Temperature of FRP Bars Straight or Bent at the end of Concrete Slabs
Authors: Nigro Emidio , Cefarelli Giuseppe , Bilotta Antonio , Manfredi Gaetano , Cosenza Edoardo
Published: June 2013

Confidence in the use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) for Reinforced Concrete (RC) members in multi-story buildings, parking garages, and industrial structures is poor due to lack of provisions and calculation models taking account of fire condition. In the past, to contribute to refining existing codes for the design of FRP-RC structures, authors tested six concrete slabs reinforced with Glass FRP (GFRP) bars characterized by different values of concrete cover and anchoring length in fire condition. Recently, further three fire tests were carried out on concrete slabs reinforced with GFRP bars bent at the ends. The anchoring of the FRP bars in the zone of slab not directly exposed to fire at the end of the members revealed essential to ensures slab resistance, once in the fire exposed zone of slab the glass transition temperature was attained and the resin softening reduced the adhesion at the FRP-concrete interface.
High-resolution InGaAs sensor pushing biomedical infrared optical coherence tomography
Authors: Vandersmissen Raf , Merken Patrick
Published: June 2013

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), a spectroscopy technique, has been used in biomedical applications for about 20 years. It has evolved to a standard non-invasive examination procedure yielding detail-rich cross-sectional images of living tissue. With longer wavelengths in the IR spectrum and the availability of InGaAs detectors and cameras, OCT scanners now penetrate even deeper into the human tissue. This article presents technical improvements on an IR line-scan camera, which specifically benefits OCT applications.
Sequences of Mn-sod gene from Pyropia haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) and its expression under heat shock
Authors: Yang Rui , Liu Wei , Zhang Xiao-Long , Shen Mei-Li , Sun Xue , Chen Hai-Min
Published: June 2013

Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) is an essential enzyme involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen by dismutation of the superoxide radical anion. In this study, full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) and genomic DNA of Mn-sod genes were cloned from Pyropia haitanensis (phsod), and its expression was monitored using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Scavenging of reactive oxygen species under heat shock was analyzed as well. The full-length cDNA of the phsod gene consists of 935 bp (GenBank accession number: EU715988) with an open reading frame of 675 bp, which encodes 224 amino acids. The length of the genomic sequence is 1416 bp and includes four exons and three introns. A highly conserved Mn-SOD signature (DVWEHAYY) was found. The transit peptide in the N-terminal helps protein targeting to the mitochondria. Results showed that the expression levels of phsod increased 3.4 times compared to controls and then suddenly decreased under a heat shock of 35°C for 30 min. After heat shock exposure and return to normal cultivation temperature, the expression levels of phsod decreased within 1 h of release from the heat shock and then increased within 3 h. SOD activity correlated with the expression of the phsod gene and, as expected, the concentration of ·O2- showed negative correlations with SOD activity.
Folic acid supplementation does not reduce intracellular homocysteine, and may disturb intracellular one-carbon metabolism
Authors: Smith Desirée E.C. , Hornstra Jacqueline M. , Kok Robert M. , Blom Henk J. , Smulders Yvo M.
Published: June 2013

Background: In randomized trails, folic acid (FA) lowered plasma homocysteine, but failed to reduce cardiovascular risk. We hypothesize this is due to a discrepancy between plasma and intracellular effects of FA.

Methods: In a double-blind trial, 50 volunteers were randomized to received 500 µg FA daily for 8 weeks, or placebo. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) concentrations of homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine, methionine, cystathionine and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (bioactive folate) were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). PBMCs were used as a cellular model since they display the full spectrum of one-carbon (1C) enzymes and reactions.

Results: At baseline, plasma concentrations were a poor reflection of intracellular concentrations for most 1C metabolites, except 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (R=0.33, p=0.02), homocysteine (Hcy) (R=0.35, p=0.01), and cystathionine (R=0.45, p=0.001). FA significantly lowered plasma homocysteine (p=0.00), but failed to lower intracellular homocysteine or change the concentrations of any of the other PBMC 1C metabolites. At baseline, PBMC homocysteine concentrations correlated to PBMC SAM. After FA supplementation, PBMC homocysteine no longer correlated with PBMC SAM, suggesting a loss of SAM’s regulatory function. In vitro experiments in lymphoblasts confirmed that at higher folate substrate concentrations, physiological concentrations of SAM no longer effectively inhibit the key regulatory enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR).

Conclusions: FA supplementation does not reduce intracellular concentrations of Hcy or any of its closely related substances. Rather, FA may disturb physiological regulation of intracellular 1C metabolism by interfering with SAM’s inhibitory effect on MTHFR activity.
Current and future use of “dried blood spot” analyses in clinical chemistry
Authors: Lehmann Sylvain , Delaby Constance , Vialaret Jérôme , Ducos Jacques , Hirtz Christophe
Published: June 2013

The analysis of blood spotted and dried on a matrix (i.e., “dried blood spot” or DBS) has been used since the 1960s in clinical chemistry; mostly for neonatal screening. Since then, many clinical analytes, including nucleic acids, small molecules and lipids, have been successfully measured using DBS. Although this pre-analytical approach represents an interesting alternative to classical venous blood sampling, its routine use is limited. Here, we review the application of DBS technology in clinical chemistry, and evaluate its future role supported by new analytical methods such as mass spectrometry.
Finite Weyl groupoids
Authors: Cuntz Michael , Heckenberger István
Published: June 2013

Using previous results concerning the rank two and rank three cases, all
connected simply connected Cartan schemes for which the real roots form a
finite irreducible root system of arbitrary rank are determined. As a consequence one obtains the list of all crystallographic arrangements,
a large subclass of the class of simplicial hyperplane arrangements. Supposing that the rank is at least three, the classification yields Cartan
schemes of type A and B, an infinite family of series involving the types C and D,
and 74 sporadic examples.