bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controllable Load Management Approaches in Smart Grids
Authors: Shen Jingshuang , Jiang Chuanwen , Li Bosong
Published: October 2015

With rapid smart grid technology development, the customer can actively participate in demand-side management (DSM) with the mutual information communication between the distributor operation company and the smart devices in real-time. Controllable load management not only has the advantage of peak shaving, load balance, frequency regulation, and voltage stability, but is also effective at providing fast balancing services to the renewable energy grid in the distributed power system. The load management faces an enormous challenge as the customer has a large number of both small residential loads and dispersed renewable sources. In this paper, various controllable load management approaches are discussed. The traditional controllable load approaches such as the end users’ controllable appliances, storage battery, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), and heat storage are reviewed. The “broad controllable loads” management, such as the microgrid, Virtual Power Plant (VPP), and the load aggregator are also presented. Furthermore, the load characteristics, control strategies, and control effectiveness are analyzed.
Ag Nanoparticles (Ag NM300K) in the Terrestrial Environment: Effects at Population and Cellular Level in Folsomia candida (Collembola)
Authors: Mendes Luís , Maria Vera , Scott-Fordsmand Janeck , Amorim Mónica
Published: October 2015

The effects of nanomaterials have been primarily assessed based on standard ecotoxicity guidelines. However, by adapting alternative measures the information gained could be enhanced considerably, e.g., studies should focus on more mechanistic approaches. Here, the environmental risk posed by the presence of silver nanoparticles (Ag NM300K) in soil was investigated, anchoring population and cellular level effects, i.e., survival, reproduction (28 days) and oxidative stress markers (0, 2, 4, 6, 10 days). The standard species Folsomia candida was used. Measured markers included catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), total glutathione (TG), metallothionein (MT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Results showed that AgNO3 was more toxic than AgNPs at the population level: reproduction EC20 and EC50 was ca. 2 and 4 times lower, respectively. At the cellular level Correspondence Analysis showed a clear separation between AgNO3 and AgNP throughout time. Results showed differences in the mechanisms, indicating a combined effect of released Ag+ (MT and GST) and of AgNPs (CAT, GR, TG, LPO). Hence, clear advantages from mechanistic approaches are shown, but also that time is of importance when measuring such responses.
Developing a Dissociative Nanocontainer for Peptide Drug Delivery
Authors: Kelly Patrick , Anand Prachi , Uvaydov Alexander , Chakravartula Srinivas , Sherpa Chhime , Pires Elena , O’Neil Alison , Douglas Trevor , Holford Mandë
Published: October 2015

The potency, selectivity, and decreased side effects of bioactive peptides have propelled these agents to the forefront of pharmacological research. Peptides are especially promising for the treatment of neurological disorders and pain. However, delivery of peptide therapeutics often requires invasive techniques, which is a major obstacle to their widespread application. We have developed a tailored peptide drug delivery system in which the viral capsid of P22 bacteriophage is modified to serve as a tunable nanocontainer for the packaging and controlled release of bioactive peptides. Recent efforts have demonstrated that P22 nanocontainers can effectively encapsulate analgesic peptides and translocate them across blood-brain-barrier (BBB) models. However, release of encapsulated peptides at their target site remains a challenge. Here a Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) reaction is applied to trigger P22 nanocontainer disassembly under physiological conditions. Specifically, the ROMP substrate norbornene (5-Norbornene-2-carboxylic acid) is conjugated to the exterior of a loaded P22 nanocontainer and Grubbs II Catalyst is used to trigger the polymerization reaction leading to nanocontainer disassembly. Our results demonstrate initial attempts to characterize the ROMP-triggered release of cargo peptides from P22 nanocontainers. This work provides proof-of-concept for the construction of a triggerable peptide drug delivery system using viral nanocontainers.
Is Economic Development Promoting Monetary Integration in East Asia?
Authors: Kawasaki Kentaro , Wang Zhi-Qian
Published: October 2015

This paper tries to investigate whether there exist international integrated markets among East Asian economies, by employing the Generalized Purchasing Power Parity (G-PPP) model, then, it would help to suggest whether the East Asian region is the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) or not. The empirical results in this paper suggest that holding the G-PPP among nine Asian countries (China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) becomes more applicable in 2000–2013 than of that in 1984–1997. In the period of “globalization,” which is characterized by expansion of world trade, increase of international capital flows, and development of information and communications technologies, Asian economic development has been promoting not only economic integrations but also constructing the stable linkages of real exchange rates. Therefore, it would help to adopt regional coordination for monetary policies to assure the feasibility of a possible monetary union.
Bioactive Compounds Found in Brazilian Cerrado Fruits
Authors: Bailão Elisa , Devilla Ivano , Da Conceição Edemilson , Borges Leonardo
Published: October 2015

Functional foods include any natural product that presents health-promoting effects, thereby reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Cerrado fruits are considered a source of bioactive substances, mainly phenolic compounds, making them important functional foods. Despite this, the losses of natural vegetation in the Cerrado are progressive. Hence, the knowledge propagation about the importance of the species found in Cerrado could contribute to the preservation of this biome. This review provides information about Cerrado fruits and highlights the structures and pharmacologic potential of functional compounds found in these fruits. Compounds detected in Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (pequi), Dipteryx alata Vog. (baru), Eugenia dysenterica DC. (cagaita), Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga), Genipa americana L. (jenipapo), Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangaba), Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (buriti), Myrciaria cauliflora (DC) Berg (jabuticaba), Psidium guajava L. (goiaba), Psidium spp. (araçá), Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill (lobeira), Spondias mombin L. (cajá), Annona crassiflora Mart. (araticum), among others are reported here.
Homologous Recombination-Independent Large Gene Cassette Knock-in in CHO Cells Using TALEN and MMEJ-Directed Donor Plasmids
Authors: Sakuma Tetsushi , Takenaga Mitsumasa , Kawabe Yoshinori , Nakamura Takahiro , Kamihira Masamichi , Yamamoto Takashi
Published: October 2015

Gene knock-in techniques have rapidly evolved in recent years, along with the development and maturation of genome editing technology using programmable nucleases. We recently reported a novel strategy for microhomology-mediated end-joining-dependent integration of donor DNA by using TALEN or CRISPR/Cas9 and optimized targeting vectors, named PITCh (Precise Integration into Target Chromosome) vectors. Here we describe TALEN and PITCh vector-mediated integration of long gene cassettes, including a single-chain Fv-Fc (scFv-Fc) gene, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, with comparison of targeting and cloning efficiency among several donor design and culture conditions. We achieved 9.6-kb whole plasmid integration and 7.6-kb backbone-free integration into a defined genomic locus in CHO cells. Furthermore, we confirmed the reasonable productivity of recombinant scFv-Fc protein of the knock-in cells. Using our protocol, the knock-in cell clones could be obtained by a single transfection and a single limiting dilution using a 96-well plate, without constructing targeting vectors containing long homology arms. Thus, the study described herein provides a highly practical strategy for gene knock-in of large DNA in CHO cells, which accelerates high-throughput generation of cell lines stably producing any desired biopharmaceuticals, including huge antibody proteins.
Effect of Metals, Metalloids and Metallic Nanoparticles on Microalgae Growth and Industrial Product Biosynthesis: A Review
Authors: Miazek Krystian , Iwanek Waldemar , Remacle Claire , Richel Aurore , Goffin Dorothee
Published: October 2015

Microalgae are a source of numerous compounds that can be used in many branches of industry. Synthesis of such compounds in microalgal cells can be amplified under stress conditions. Exposure to various metals can be one of methods applied to induce cell stress and synthesis of target products in microalgae cultures. In this review, the potential of producing diverse biocompounds (pigments, lipids, exopolymers, peptides, phytohormones, arsenoorganics, nanoparticles) from microalgae cultures upon exposure to various metals, is evaluated. Additionally, different methods to alter microalgae response towards metals and metal stress are described. Finally, possibilities to sustain high growth rates and productivity of microalgal cultures in the presence of metals are discussed.
Effect of Polymer Addition on the Structure and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Property of Nanoflower-Like Molybdenum Disulfide
Authors: Zeng Xianwen , Niu Lijing , Song Laizhou , Wang Xiuli , Shi Xuanming , Yan Jiayun
Published: October 2015

Nano-structured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) catalysts have been extensively developed for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, a novel hydrothermal intercalation approach is employed to fabricate nanoflower-like 2H–MoS2 with the incorporation of three polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyethylenimine (PEI). The as-prepared MoS2 specimens were characterized by techniques of scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), together with Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The HER properties of these lamellar nanoflower-like composites were evaluated using electrochemical tests of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The existent polymer enlarges the interlayer spacing of the lamellar MoS2, and reduces its stacked thickness. The lamellar MoS2 samples exhibit a promoting activity in HER at low additions of these three polymers (0.04 g/g MoS2 for PVA and PEI, and 0.08 g/g MoS2 for PVP). This can be attributed to the fact that the expanded interlayer of MoS2 can offer abundant exposed active sites for HER. Conversely, high additions of the polymers exert an obvious interference in the HER activity of the lamellar MoS2. Compared with the samples of MoS2/PVP–0.08 and MoS2/PEI–0.04, the MoS2/PVA–0.04 composite exhibits excellent activity in HER, in terms of higher current density and lower onset potential.
The Effect of Nb on the Continuous Cooling Transformation Curves of Ultra-Thin Strip CASTRIP© Steels
Authors: Carpenter Kristin , Killmore Chris
Published: October 2015

The effect of Nb on the hardenability of ultra-thin cast strip (UCS) steels produced via the unique regime of rapid solidification, large austenite grain size, and inclusion engineering of the CASTRIP© process was investigated. Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams were constructed for 0, 0.014, 0.024, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 wt% Nb containing UCS steels. Phase nomenclature for the identification of lower transformation product in low carbon steels was reviewed. Even a small addition of 0.014 wt% Nb showed a potent effect on hardenability, shifting the ferrite C-curve to the right and expanding the bainitic ferrite and acicular ferrite phase fields. Higher Nb additions increased hardenability further, suppressed the formation of ferrite to even lower cooling rates, progressively lowered the transformation start and finish temperatures and promoted the transformation of bainite instead of acicular ferrite. The latter was due to Nb suppressing the formation of allotriomorphic ferrite and allowing bainite to nucleate at prior austenite grain boundaries, a lower energy site than that for the intragranular nucleation of acicular ferrite at inclusions. Strength and hardness increased with increasing Nb additions, largely due to microstructural strengthening and solid solution hardening, but not from precipitation hardening.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Evaluation of Two Novel Glycosylated Zinc(II)-Phthalocyanines
Authors: Bächle Felix , Hanack Michael , Ziegler Thomas
Published: October 2015

In continuation of our work on glycoconjugated phthalocyanines, two new water soluble, non-ionic zinc(II) phthalocyanines have been prepared and fully characterized by means of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MALDI-TOF, ESI-TOF, UV-Vis spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime measurements. The carbohydrate-containing phthalonitrile precursors were synthesized through a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The 2-methoxyethoxymethyl protecting group (MEM) was used to protect the carbohydrate moieties. It resisted the harsh basic cyclotetramerization conditions and could be easily cleaved under mild acidic conditions. The glycoconjugated zinc(II) phthalocyanines described here have molar extinction coefficents εmax > 105 m−1 cm−1 and absorption maxima λ > 680 nm, which make them attractive photosensitizers for photo-dynamic therapy.
A Promising PET Tracer for Imaging of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Brain: Design, Synthesis, and in Vivo Evaluation of a Dibenzothiophene-Based Radioligand
Authors: Teodoro Rodrigo , Scheunemann Matthias , Deuther-Conrad Winnie , Wenzel Barbara , Fasoli Francesca , Gotti Cecilia , Kranz Mathias , Donat Cornelius , Patt Marianne , Hillmer Ansel , Zheng Ming-Qiang , Peters Dan , Steinbach Jörg , Sabri Osama , Huang Yiyun , Brust Peter
Published: October 2015

Changes in the expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs) in the human brain are widely assumed to be associated with neurological and neurooncological processes. Investigation of these receptors in vivo depends on the availability of imaging agents such as radioactively labelled ligands applicable in positron emission tomography (PET). We report on a series of new ligands for α7 nAChRs designed by the combination of dibenzothiophene dioxide as a novel hydrogen bond acceptor functionality with diazabicyclononane as an established cationic center. To assess the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of this new basic structure, we further modified the cationic center systematically by introduction of three different piperazine-based scaffolds. Based on in vitro binding affinity and selectivity, assessed by radioligand displacement studies at different rat and human nAChR subtypes and at the structurally related human 5-HT3 receptor, we selected the compound 7-(1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonan-4-yl)-2-fluorodibenzo-[b,d]thiophene 5,5-dioxide (10a) for radiolabeling and further evaluation in vivo. Radiosynthesis of [18F]10a was optimized and transferred to an automated module. Dynamic PET imaging studies with [18F]10a in piglets and a monkey demonstrated high uptake of radioactivity in the brain, followed by washout and target-region specific accumulation under baseline conditions. Kinetic analysis of [18F]10a in pig was performed using a two-tissue compartment model with arterial-derived input function. Our initial evaluation revealed that the dibenzothiophene-based PET radioligand [18F]10a ([18F]DBT-10) has high potential to provide clinically relevant information about the expression and availability of α7 nAChR in the brain.
Breeding Vegetables with Increased Content in Bioactive Phenolic Acids
Authors: Kaushik Prashant , Andújar Isabel , Vilanova Santiago , Plazas Mariola , Gramazio Pietro , Herraiz Francisco , Brar Navjot , Prohens Jaime
Published: October 2015

Vegetables represent a major source of phenolic acids, powerful antioxidants characterized by an organic carboxylic acid function and which present multiple properties beneficial for human health. In consequence, developing new varieties with enhanced content in phenolic acids is an increasingly important breeding objective. Major phenolic acids present in vegetables are derivatives of cinnamic acid and to a lesser extent of benzoic acid. A large diversity in phenolic acids content has been found among cultivars and wild relatives of many vegetable crops. Identification of sources of variation for phenolic acids content can be accomplished by screening germplasm collections, but also through morphological characteristics and origin, as well as by evaluating mutations in key genes. Gene action estimates together with relatively high values for heritability indicate that selection for enhanced phenolic acids content will be efficient. Modern genomics and biotechnological strategies, such as QTL detection, candidate genes approaches and genetic transformation, are powerful tools for identification of genomic regions and genes with a key role in accumulation of phenolic acids in vegetables. However, genetically increasing the content in phenolic acids may also affect other traits important for the success of a variety. We anticipate that the combination of conventional and modern strategies will facilitate the development of a new generation of vegetable varieties with enhanced content in phenolic acids.
Studies of Immune Responses in Candida vaginitis
Authors: De Bernardis Flavia , Arancia Silvia , Sandini Silvia , Graziani Sofia , Norelli Sandro
Published: October 2015

The widespread occurrence of vaginal candidiasis and the development of resistance against anti-fungal agents has stimulated interest in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of our work was to characterize, in an animal model of vaginal candidiasis, the mechanisms that play a role in the induction of mucosal immunity against C. albicans and the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity. Our studies evidenced the elicitation of cell-mediated immunity (CMIs) and antibody (Abs)-mediated immunity with a Th1 protective immunity. An immune response of this magnitude in the vagina was very encouraging to identify the proper targets for new strategies for vaccination or immunotherapy of vaginal candidiasis. Overall, our data provide clear evidence that it is possible to prevent C. albicans vaginal infection by active intravaginal immunization with aspartyl proteinase expressed as recombinant protein. This opens the way to a modality for anti-Candida protection at the mucosa. The recombinant protein Sap2 was assembled with virosomes, and a vaccine PEVION7 (PEV7) was obtained. The results have given evidence that the vaccine, constituted of virosomes and Secretory aspartyl proteinase 2 (Sap2) (PEV7), has an encouraging therapeutic potential for the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Compressive Sensing of Roller Bearing Faults via Harmonic Detection from Under-Sampled Vibration Signals
Authors: Tang Gang , Hou Wei , Wang Huaqing , Luo Ganggang , Ma Jianwei
Published: October 2015

The Shannon sampling principle requires substantial amounts of data to ensure the accuracy of on-line monitoring of roller bearing fault signals. Challenges are often encountered as a result of the cumbersome data monitoring, thus a novel method focused on compressed vibration signals for detecting roller bearing faults is developed in this study. Considering that harmonics often represent the fault characteristic frequencies in vibration signals, a compressive sensing frame of characteristic harmonics is proposed to detect bearing faults. A compressed vibration signal is first acquired from a sensing matrix with information preserved through a well-designed sampling strategy. A reconstruction process of the under-sampled vibration signal is then pursued as attempts are conducted to detect the characteristic harmonics from sparse measurements through a compressive matching pursuit strategy. In the proposed method bearing fault features depend on the existence of characteristic harmonics, as typically detected directly from compressed data far before reconstruction completion. The process of sampling and detection may then be performed simultaneously without complete recovery of the under-sampled signals. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by simulations and experiments.
True Colour Classification of Natural Waters with Medium-Spectral Resolution Satellites: SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS and OLCI
Authors: Woerd Hendrik , Wernand Marcel
Published: October 2015

The colours from natural waters differ markedly over the globe, depending on the water composition and illumination conditions. The space-borne “ocean colour” instruments are operational instruments designed to retrieve important water-quality indicators, based on the measurement of water leaving radiance in a limited number (5 to 10) of narrow (≈10 nm) bands. Surprisingly, the analysis of the satellite data has not yet paid attention to colour as an integral optical property that can also be retrieved from multispectral satellite data. In this paper we re-introduce colour as a valuable parameter that can be expressed mainly by the hue angle (α). Based on a set of 500 synthetic spectra covering a broad range of natural waters a simple algorithm is developed to derive the hue angle from SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS and OLCI data. The algorithm consists of a weighted linear sum of the remote sensing reflectance in all visual bands plus a correction term for the specific band-setting of each instrument. The algorithm is validated by a set of 603 hyperspectral measurements from inland-, coastal- and near-ocean waters. We conclude that the hue angle is a simple objective parameter of natural waters that can be retrieved uniformly for all space-borne ocean colour instruments.
Classical and Quantum Burgers Fluids: A Challenge for Group Analysis
Authors: Broadbridge Philip
Published: October 2015

The most general second order irrotational vector field evolution equation is constructed, that can be transformed to a single equation for the Cole–Hopf potential. The exact solution to the radial Burgers equation, with constant mass influx through a spherical supply surface, is constructed. The complex linear Schrödinger equation is equivalent to an integrable system of two coupled real vector equations of Burgers type. The first velocity field is the particle current divided by particle probability density. The second vector field gives a complex valued correction to the velocity that results in the correct quantum mechanical correction to the kinetic energy density of the Madelung fluid. It is proposed how to use symmetry analysis to systematically search for other constrained potential systems that generate a closed system of vector component evolution equations with constraints other than irrotationality.
Main Ustilaginoidins and Their Distribution in Rice False Smut Balls
Authors: Meng Jiajia , Sun Weibo , Mao Ziling , Xu Dan , Wang Xiaohan , Lu Shiqiong , Lai Daowan , Liu Yang , Zhou Ligang , Zhang Guozhen
Published: October 2015

Rice false smut has become an increasingly serious fungal disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production worldwide. Ustilaginoidins are bis-naphtho-γ-pyrone mycotoxins previously isolated from the rice false smut balls (FSBs) infected by the pathogen Villosiclava virens in rice spikelets on panicles. To investigate the main ustilaginoidins and their distribution in rice FSBs, five main bis-naphtho-γ-pyrones, namely ustilaginoidins A (1), G (2), B (3), I (4) and C (5), were isolated and identified by NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as by comparison with the data in the literature. The rice FSBs at early, middle and late maturity stages were divided into their different parts and the contents of five main ustilaginoidins for each part were determined by HPLC analysis. The results revealed that the highest levels of ustilaginoidins were in late stage rice FSBs, followed by those at middle stage. Most ustilaginoidins, 96.4% of the total quantity, were distributed in the middle layer at early stage. However, ustilaginoidins were mainly distributed in the outer and middle layers at middle and late stages. Small amounts of ustilaginoidins A (1) and G (2) were found in the inner part of rice FSBs at each maturity stage. The contents of ustilaginoidins A (1) and G (2) without hydroxymethyl groups at C-2 and C-2’ of the γ-pyrone rings in rice FSBs were relatively high at early stage, while the contents of ustilaginoidins B (3), I (4), and C (5) with hydroxymethyl groups at C-2 or C-2’ were relatively high at late stage.
Empirical Formulas for Calculation of Negative Pressure Difference in Vacuum Pipelines
Authors: Kalenik Marek
Published: October 2015

The paper presents the analysis of results of empirical investigations of a negative pressure difference in vacuum pipelines with internal diameters of 57, 81, 102 mm. The investigations were performed in an experimental installation of a vacuum sewage system, built in a laboratory hall on a scale of 1:1. The paper contains a review of the literature concerning two-phase flows (liquid-gas) in horizontal, vertical and diagonal pipelines. It presents the construction and working principles of the experimental installation of vacuum sewage system in steady and unsteady conditions during a two-phase flow of water and air. It also presents a methodology for determination of formula for calculation of a negative pressure difference in vacuum pipelines. The results obtained from the measurements of the negative pressure difference Δpvr in the vacuum pipelines were analyzed and compared with the results of calculations of the negative pressure difference Δpvr, obtained from the determined formula. The values of the negative pressure difference Δpvr calculated for the vacuum pipelines with internal diameters of 57, 81, and 102 mm with the use of Formula (19) coincide with the values of Δpvr measured in the experimental installation of a vacuum sewage system. The dependence of the negative pressure difference Δpvr along the length of the vacuum pipelines on the set negative pressure in the vacuum container pvzp is linear. The smaller the vacuum pipeline diameter, the greater the negative pressure difference Δpvr is along its length.
Effect of bending direction on the mechanical behaviour of 3.5 mm String-of-Pearls and Limited Contact Dynamic Compression Plate constructs
Authors: Benamou J. , Demianiuk R. M. , Rutherford S. , Beckett C. , Ness M. G. , Haut R. C. , Déjardin L. M.
Published: October 2015

Objective: To compare the bending properties of String-of-Pearls® (SOP) and Limited Contact Dynamic Compression Plate® (LCDCP) constructs in orthogonal bending directions.

Methods: 3.5 mm SOP and LC-DCP plates were fixed to a bone model simulating a comminuted tibial fracture. Specimens were non-destructively tested in both mediolateral and craniocaudal bending for 10 cycles. Bending stiffness and total angular deformation were compared using parametric analyses (p <0.05).

Results: For both constructs, stiffness was significantly less when bending moments were applied against the thickness of the plates (mediolateral bending) than against the width (craniocaudal bending). When compared to the mediolateral plane, bending constructs in the craniocaudal plane resulted in a 49% (SOP group) and 370% (LC-DCP group) increase in stiffness (p <0.001). Mediolateral bending stiffness was significantly greater in the SOP than the LC-DCP constructs. Conversely, in craniocaudal bending, SOP constructs stiffness was significantly less than that of the LC-DCP constructs. The differences between the two constructs in total angular deformation had an identical pattern of significance.

Clinical significance: This study found that SOP showed less variability between the orthogonal bending directions than LC-DCP in a comminuted fracture model, and also described the bi-planar bending behaviour of both constructs. Although not exhibiting identical bending properties in both planes, SOP constructs had a more homogenous bending behaviour in orthogonal loading directions. The difference between the SOP with a circular cross sectional shape compared to the rectangular shape of standard plates is probably responsible for this difference.
Tensions generated in a lateral fabellotibial suture model
Authors: Horstman C. , Mason D. R. , Burton A. F.
Published: October 2015

Objectives: To compare suture tension on a simulated lateral fabellotibial suture model using various methods of application of tension, fixation, and suture materials.

Methods: Veterinarians constructed simulated lateral fabellotibial suture constructs on a tying stand with a force sensor. Participants used combinations of 45 kg test mono-filament nylon, metric 7 braided polyethylene, crimps, crimper, or knots, with their choice of instruments to secure the constructs. The tension in completed constructs was measured and comparisons were made between nylon and polyethylene, the use of crimps compared to knots, and the use of a mechanical distractor compared to hand tightening techniques. A value of p <0.05 was considered significant.

Results: Fifty-eight veterinarians created 72 lateral suture constructs. Final tensions generated ranged from 1.4–171.0N. The median tension of nylon sutures (43.9N ± 44.7N) was significantly greater than polyethylene sutures (9.5 N ± 19.6N). The median tension of constructs secured with crimps (62.8N ± 42.4N) was significantly greater than constructs secured with knots (11.8 N ± 14.8N). The mechanical distractor generated significantly higher median tension (78N ± 50.4N), compared to methods without the device (18.6 N ± 25.1N).

Clinical significance: There was a large variability in the tension generated in simulated lateral fabellotibial constructs. Veterinarians who used nylon, crimps, and the mechanical tensioner generated constructs with greater tensions.
Paraphyly changes understanding of timing and tempo of diversification in subtribe Hakeinae (Proteaceae), a giant Australian plant radiation
Authors: Mast Austin R. , Olde Peter M. , Makinson Robert O. , Jones Eric , Kubes Amanda , Miller Eliot T. , Weston Peter H.
Published: October 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Subtribe Hakeinae (526 spp.) represents a large Australian plant radiation central to our understanding of that flora's evolution and ecology. It contains Grevillea—the third largest plant genus in Australia and a group inferred to have among the highest diversification rates in the angiosperms. However, we lack a robust phylogenetic framework for understanding subtribe Hakeinae and recognize that Grevillea lacks an unambiguous synapomorphy supporting its monophyly.

METHODS:

We used four plastid and one nuclear DNA region from a taxonomically even sampling of a third of the species to infer a time‐calibrated phylogeny of Hakeinae and absolute diversification rates of major clades. We developed the R package addTaxa to add unsampled taxa to the tree for diversification rate inference.

KEY RESULTS:

Grevillea is paraphyletic with respect to Hakea and Finschia. Under most parameter combinations, Hakea contains the major clade with the highest diversification rate in Hakeinae, rather than Grevillea. The crown age of the Grevillea+Hakea+Finschia crown group is about double that of prior estimates.

CONCLUSIONS:

We demonstrate that the paraphyly of Grevillea considerably enlarges the number of Australian descendants from its most recent common ancestor but has also misled investigators who considered a single operational taxonomic unit as adequate to represent the genus for inferences of diversification rate and timing. Our time‐calibrated phylogeny can form the basis of future evolutionary, comparative ecology, and biogeography studies involving this large Australian plant radiation, as well as nomenclatural changes.
New insights into evolutionary relationships within the subfamily Lamioideae (Lamiaceae) based on pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) nuclear DNA sequences
Authors: Roy Tilottama , Lindqvist Charlotte
Published: October 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Lamioideae, one of the most species‐rich subfamilies within Lamiaceae, exhibits a remarkable diversity in morphology and habit and is found in many temperate to subtropical regions across the globe. Previous studies based on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence data produced a tribal classification of Lamioideae, but so far this has not been confirmed with nuclear DNA loci.

METHODS:

We investigated sequence variation in a low‐copy nuclear pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) region and compared the phylogenetic results with previously published sequence data from a concatenated data set comprising four cpDNA loci. We incorporated representatives of all 10 lamioid tribes and some unclassified taxa, analyzed the data using phylogenetic inference, and estimated divergence times and ancestral areas for major nodes.

KEY RESULTS:

Our results showed overall topological similarities between the cpDNA and PPR phylogenies with strong support for most tribes. However, we also observed incongruence in the circumscription of some tribes, including Gomphostemmateae and Pogostemoneae and in the relationships among tribes. Our results suggest an Oligocene‐Miocene origin of the Lamioideae crown group. Asia and the Mediterranean region appear to have been centers of diversity and place of origin for many lamioid tribes.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study represents the first phylogeny of subfamily Lamioideae inferred from low‐copy nuclear DNA data. We show that most lamioid tribes are corroborated, although the exact circumscription of two tribes is questioned. We have shed further light on the evolutionary relationships within Lamioideae, and this study demonstrates the utility of the PPR region for such subfamilial‐level phylogenetic studies.
Are dislocated direct objects clause-external? Evidence from differential object marking
Authors: Iemmolo Giorgio
Published: October 2015

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, I examine the frequent cross-linguistic connection between Differential Object Marking (henceforth, DOM) and dislocated position, as well as the co-occurrence of DOM and Differential Object Indexation (henceforth, DOI) on the verb. Second, I discuss some severe problems these data pose for the fundamental assumption, shared by linguists of different theoretical persuasions, that i) verbal arguments can be expressed only once within the clause, and ii) that dislocated constituents have to be clause-external.
Logical Complexity in Morphological Learning: effects of structure and null/overt affixation on learning paradigms
Authors: Pertsova Katya
Published: October 2015

This paper considers a morphological analogue of a psychological experiment on learning categories with the structure of Boolean connectives AND, OR, and XOR (exclusive OR). This experiment will test the effects of logical structure and the presence of null/overt affixes on paradigm complexity. The results are partially consistent with the previous psychological studies, however, they also differ in several ways from analogous non-linguistic experiments. At this point, it is unclear exactly what factors are responsible for these differences.
La terre et ses manufacturiers. L’introduction d’une raison gestionnaire dans les domaines agricoles (1800-1850)
Authors: Depecker Thomas , Joly Nathalie
Published: October 2015

Idéal caractéristique du xix e siècle, l’éthos productiviste et son déploiement au sein de l’univers industriel ont donné lieu à une littérature très fournie, s’attachant aux techniques d’usage des corps au travail et aux disciplines propres à la « grande entreprise fermée ». Mais force est de constater que le domaine agricole est rarement pris comme objet d’étude par les historiens du travail et de la gestion. Pourtant, à l’orée du capitalisme agraire, des agents du « progrès agricole » sont eux aussi convaincus, voire fascinés, par la perspective d’optimiser l’usage des forces de travail animale et humaine au sein des grands domaines. Dans la lignée des ingénieurs du xviii e siècle, ils développent des méthodologies d’approche de l’exploitation des terres, des hommes et des animaux avec un enthousiasme et une rigueur qui n’ont rien à envier aux réalisations menées plus systématiquement dans le secteur industriel et qui même possèdent leurs spécificités. Cet article entend contribuer à l’analyse des mouvements de réforme de la quantification et de l’emploi du chiffre dans les exploitations agricoles au premier xix e siècle.
Quelques aspects inexplorés de l’histoire managériale des chemins de fer en France : les méthodes de calcul du prix de revient (1842-1883)
Authors: Dakkam Mohamed Ali
Published: October 2015

Cette étude porte sur les pratiques managériales des compagnies ferroviaires en matière de calcul de coûts. L’analyse de la littérature comptable d’une part et des comptabilités réelles des compagnies d’autre part fait ressortir un certain décalage entre deux types de savoirs : des savoirs théoriques très avancés développés dans les écrits des ingénieurs et des savoirs pratiques qui sont loin de refléter cette richesse théorique. Cet écart entre théories et pratiques s’explique par les spécificités des compagnies ferroviaires comme grandes entreprises de réseau chargées d’un service public mais également par des conflits entre différentes parties prenantes qui cherchent à s’approprier l’information comptable et à légitimer leur pouvoir en matière de gestion ferroviaire.
Le chiffre : de l’absence à l’obsession. L’exemple du discours de Paribas à ses actionnaires de 1872 à nos jours
Authors: Vuillermot Catherine
Published: October 2015

A partir des rapports aux assemblées générales de Paribas, il s’agit d’analyser l’évolution de l’usage du chiffre dans le discours aux actionnaires. Pendant un siècle, Paribas utilise le chiffre (majoritairement comptable) avec parcimonie, accessoire d’une communication réduite par l’idée de secret des affaires. Depuis 50 ans, le chiffre financier et comptable produit par l’entreprise se démultiplie et permet la comparaison et le jugement. Devenu argument et langage, il fonde les décisions stratégiques, car son usage passe d’ a posteriori à a priori . Obsessionnel, il illustre le passé, le présent et le futur. De secondaire et accessoire, il est désormais norme, croyance et plus encore religion.
Gérer l’erreur : le quotidien décisionnel d’un institut de sondages
Authors: Lamendour Eve
Published: October 2015

Centrée sur une entreprise de sondages figurant parmi les leaders français en matière d’études politiques, publicitaires et marketing, cette recherche est fondée sur une séquence d’observations participantes réalisées entre 1989 et 1991. En réinterrogeant ce terrain ancien, apparaît un quotidien des chargés d’études, des responsables et des directeurs intermédiaires qui s’apparente à un grand écart : produire des études reconnues qui font l’image de l’entreprise d’une part et gérer au quotidien le lot important d’erreurs figurant dans ces études d’autre part.
Bovine mastitis may be associated with the deprivation of gut Lactobacillus
Authors: Ma C. , Zhao J. , Xi X. , Ding J. , Wang H. , Zhang H. , Kwok L.Y.
Published: October 2015

Bovine mastitis is an economical important microbial disease in dairy industry. Some recent human clinical trials have shown that oral probiotics supplementation could effectively control clinical mastitis, suggesting that the mechanism of mastitis protection might be achieved via the host gut microbiota. We aimed to test our hypothesis that bovine mastitis was related to changes in both the mammary and gut microbial profiles. By quantitative PCR, the milk and faecal microbial profiles of cows with low (<3×105 cells/ml) and high (>1×106 cells/ml) somatic cell count (SCC) were compared. Firstly, we observed drastic differences in both the milk and faecal microbial compositions at genus and Lactobacillus-species levels between the two groups. Secondly, the pattern of faecal microbial community changes of mastitis cows was similar to that of the milk, characterised by a general increase in the mastitis pathogens (Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus) and deprivation of Lactobacillus and its members (L. salivarius, L. sakei, L. ruminis, L. delbrueckii, L. buchneri, and L. acidophilus). Thirdly, only the faecal lactobacilli, but not bifidobacteria correlated with the milk microbial communities and SCC. Our data together hint to a close association between bovine mastitis, the host gut and milk microbiota.
Concerns Management, E-Government and E-Participation
Authors: Vaerst Tobias , Steffens Theresa , Lokaiczyk Robert
Published: October 2015

Advancements in internet technology have profoundly changed communication between citizens and government authorities. Concerns management systems and smartphone applications offer new and convenient channels of interaction. In Germany, the “Mängelmelder” platform offers a nationwide service channel for local citizens' concerns. Citizens generally use this communication channel for reporting public infrastructure defects. This paper examines whether the “Mängelmelder” platform – with customized systems can facilitate further citizen participation at the local level in Germany. Analysing different customized systems shows that possibilities for further use depend on the way in which local authorities handle the citizens' input. It could not be proven that offering an open category for citizens' recommendations (in a customized concerns management system) has an impact on further citizen participation. But using digital citizen services, such as concerns management platforms, can indeed facilitate increased citizen participation.
Study into the Use of Signage on Exit Choice Behaviour in a Virtual Environment
Authors: McDaid Aaron
Published: October 2015

The effectiveness of egress paths from a building could be attributed to good signage or intuitive Architecture but we know it is also influenced by human behaviour in fire. The extent to which human behaviour plays a role in the effectiveness of egress routes is not yet fully understood.The aim of this paper is to investigate human behaviour in a relatively simple study of exit choice. The study is conducted in a virtual environment by examining the effectiveness of additional floor-based chevron arrows when compared with conventional exit signage on the same escape routes.Fifty nine participants were asked to interact with the software to escape from a fire in the created virtual environment. Thirty two of the participants used a model with conventional exit signs only. Twenty seven of the participants used the model with exit signs and chevrons on the floor. After completing the virtual egress exercise the participants were given a questionnaire to help understand their behaviour during the task. This allowed the authors to compare results of the post experiment questionnaire with the video output of the test.This research is novel in that involves the use of already existing technologies for new purposes; in this case, commercial computer games engines, generally used for entertainment purposes. As technology reaches new levels it is inevitable that there will be overlap in functionality.This paper describes the experiments, analyses the information gleaned from the research and provides some conclusions for consideration by others in this field. By assessing exit choice behaviour and evacuation time it is possible to compare the effectiveness of the additional floor based signage as a fire protection measure provided above and beyond normal code requirements.
Ecological Requirements for Concrete Construction
Authors: Kurth Helmut , Winter Karl Heinz , Pospíchal Vaclav
Published: October 2015

The population explosion has lead to a markedly increased exploitation of our natural environment, hence the expression „sustainable development“ has become a catch phrase. In a historical perspective ecological problems recently became acute and this is why it is necessary to act quickly. It is obvious that we have to pay extreme attention to how we treat our environment and our sources. This necessarily will be reflected in the actions of the lawmakers in the future, and for the building industry the results will be that the authorities will enforce new law and regulations with direct consequences for the choice of materials and building techniques. There will be developed a set of standards dealing with environmental matters, putting limitations especially on the consumption of natural resources. Some countries already has standards dealing with various ecological aspects, like recirculation, down cycling, etc. The customers will prefer building products and systems that can document compliance with environmental attitudes. For all activities the environmental burden will be evaluated and limited by laws and regulations. Consequently the industry’s accountability for the environment will be a prerequisite for remaining in business.
Non-Destructive Examination of Cement Based Materials before and after Explosion Tests
Authors: Štoller Jiří , Zezulová Eva , Foglar Marek
Published: October 2015

The article describes the use of ultrasonic testing methods for examining slabs made from cement based materials. For the detection of cracks, in full-scale slabs before and after the explosion, ultrasonic pulse method was used. Data obtained before the explosion confirm the high quality of the cement based material. Another set of data taken after the explosion shows the scale of cracks in the slabs. The article compares material characteristics of the unreinforced concrete, steel fibre concrete and high performance fibre reinforced concrete on the basis of materials tested by using the passage ultrasonic method after the explosion.
3D Analysis of Bridges Changing Structural Systems – An Easy Design Tool
Authors: Křístek Vladimír , Kadlec Lukáš
Published: October 2015

Due to increase of requirements on accuracy of structural analyses, practically applicable computational tools for reliable determination of the real structural performance of bridges are needed. A method is proposed for the true full 3D analysis which can be applied to achieve the real spatial behaviour of concrete bridge structures taking into account rheological phenomena and changes of structural systems. Particularly, the effects of shear lag, shear performance of webs of box girders, warping torsion, warping of cross-sections, distortional effects, state of stresses in the singular regions, the real prestress loss, etc., can be correctly determined. The method combines conventional approaches (based on the elementary beamtype assumptions) for calculating the time development of the internal forces due to rheological phenomena and changes in the structural system during construction and routine commercial FEM software intended for calculating spatial shell structures. The method is capable to give the true 3D prediction of structure behaviour by using only commercially available software. The primary advantage of the proposed method is its ease of application which allows the true 3D performance to be determined from simple calculations. The method offers the designers of concrete bridge girders an ideal design tool. The correct 3D simulation can lead to more efficient and economical designs.
The Impact of Changing Trends in Material Selection on Embodied Energy of Buildings in the Context of Kerala, India
Authors: Rakesh K.S. , Jayasree T.K.
Published: October 2015

The construction industry is a major energy consuming sector. Seen in the global context of increasing resource efficiency, this necessitates a comprehensive review of the embodied energy of the materials used in construction It has been a commonly observed phenomenon that the energy demand in earlier days was comparatively lesser compared to the present scenario. This paper attempts a comparative analysis of embodied energy of single family residences in Kerala, constructed using traditional methods as well as modern techniques by choosing one specific example for study from both the categories.