bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Participation of the Armenian Apostolic Church in the educational and administrative activities of Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages
Authors: Avetisyan Vladimir Rudolfovich
Published: December 2020

The Institute of Oriental Languages (Lazarev Institute) throughout its existence (1815-1921) has undergone a number of transformations, namely, having started its activity from a private school, it achieved the status of a state higher educational institution. Understanding a special role of religion in preserving the ethnic characteristics of the Armenian nation in the absence of statehood, prominent Russian public and state figures of Lazarev contributed to strengthening the status of the church within the walls of the institute. Representatives of the Armenian Apostolic Church (AAC) provided all possible assistance to the educational process, first at school, and then at the institute. The apogee in 1841 became the legal consolidation of the rights of the AAC to directly participate in leading the institute and obtaining the status of the honorary member of the institute by the Catholicos. Many Armenian clergies have made a significant contribution to the development of the educational institution, acting as a guarantor of the cultural foundations of the Armenian people. With the assistance of the church, new directions acted at the Lazarev Institute, scholarships were established, and literature was published. The materials obtained during the research can serve as a basis for further studying the role of church organizations in the educational life of secondary and higher educational institutions of the country.
General-criminal prisons of the Russian Empire in the XIX century (on the example of the Orenburg province)
Authors: Kuznetsova Yulia Vladimirovna
Published: December 2020

The paper attempts to provide, on the basis of archival and published materials, a brief description of the state of general prisons in the Russian Empire in the 19th century on the example of the Orenburg province. In the first half of the XIX century, many prison buildings were in a dilapidated state, most of them were wooden. The prisoners suffered from overcrowding, they were not separated by sex and age, the sick were kept together with the healthy ones, they were hungry, they lived in begging. Very often the premises for prisons were private rental houses. There were no medical personnel in prisons, there were epidemics that led to a huge increase in mortality. As for the work, in the first half of the XIX century in prison locks and guards it was introduced in the rarest cases, since there were no special rooms for this. In the post-reform period, many prison premises were repaired, premises began to be rented for hospitals, the prisoners diet improved in the 1980s. The payment for arrest labor was introduced, the educational activity in prisons improved. Despite the measures taken by the government, the state of ordinary prisons in the southern Urals throughout the XIX century was still deplorable due to the fact that there was not enough money, or the local administration was not interested in improving the situation of the prisoners and the state of the prisons themselves.
Orthodox missionary in interfaith interaction in the south of Western Siberia in the second third of XIX - beginning of XX century
Authors: Nasonov Alexandr Alexandrovich
Published: December 2020

The paper considers the problems of the Christian doctrine spread in the context of incorporation into Russia and the cultural development of the Siberian territory. The object of the research is the Orthodox missionary; the subject is the specifics of the missionary activity of Orthodox adepts in interfaith relations and contradictions. The author sets a goal to determine the role of Orthodox missionary in interfaith interaction in the south of Western Siberia in the second third of XIX - beginning of XX century. The paper focuses on the traditional and innovative tactical methods of improving preaching, which was transformed under the influence of changes in the state course with regard to national outskirts, and the intensification of confessional rivals. In the paper on the example of changes in the religious situation at the beginning of the XX century the author characterizes reaction of the Altai spiritual missioners to the public manifestation of the Burkhanist movement, which was a regional syncretic variation of Northern Buddhism. The author concludes that as a result of its purposeful activity, Orthodox missionary actualized the ideas of monotheism and messianism in the traditional religious consciousness of the indigenous people, but they were more successfully interpreted by Buddhist adepts in the dogma of Burkhanism. This fact contributed to the transition of missionary work from predominantly flexible methods of Christianization and to more hard and intensive methods of dogma spreading.
Weeds, diseases and plant pests as factors of famine in 1932-1933
Authors: Nazarenko Nazar Nikolayevich , Bashkin Anatoliy Viktorovich
Published: December 2020

Land tenure system (individual land using and conventional farming) which had been formed in the USSR by the middle 1920th, single-crops and low farming techniques and farming chemicalization led to emergency development of weeds, diseases and plant pests. In spite of agricultural enterprises consolidation and attempts to remove farming techniques backwardness, the grain production in the USSR had been doomed for weeds, diseases and plant pests outbreak that occurred in 1932 in main cereals regions of the USSR. Consequently, catastrophic epizooties of some plant pests and catastrophic epiphytoties of weeds as well as cereal crops mycosis led to catastrophic losses of yield that took place in 1932 in main cereals regions of the USSR. The highest level of pest infestation, dockage of grain was observed in 1932, it was the cause of cereals crops baking value fall. From quarter to half of gross grain yield was off-grade and from 30 to 70% of grains were unapt for food in 1932-1933. The most sufferers were the main cereals regions - Ukraine and Northern Caucasus, where the greatest mortality was observed in 1933. Thus, weeds, diseases and plant pests were one of principal factors of crop failure and bad cereals crops baking value as well as famine in 1932-1933. In spite of high mycosis infection of grains, high mortality from mycosis intoxication wasnt confirmed.
Methods of population study in a biology course at school
Authors: Lamekhov Yury Gennadyevich , Lamekhova Elena Anatolyevna
Published: December 2020

This paper discusses methods of population study in a Biology course at school based on characteristics of educational process organization at secondary and high school. The concept of population, introduced in biology at the beginning of the XX century, was not immediately included in the school course, although at the moment it is used in the study of both private and general biological sciences. The connection of the concept content with genetics, ecology and synthetic theory of evolution is obvious. On the basis of this, there are different interpretations of the population concept, mutually complementing each other. The paper states that it is necessary to give correct examples of populations that should emphasize the state of isolation, duration of existence and the possibility of crossing between organisms within a population. The importance of using a schematic representation of populations and its examples is also noted. A schematic representation is a reflection of two basic variants of organisms distribution in the population and discussion of the role of these variants in the maintenance of the population existence. However, the considered subordination in the population is also important in ensuring the evolutionary process. The development of the population concept is based on the Hardy-Weinbergs law introduced in a Biology course at school, which until recently was only studied at the University course of Genetics. But full awareness of the population is possible only when considering this law, which characterizes the genetic structure of populations. The proposed approach is based on the ecological-evolutionary approach to the study of basic general biological concepts in school and University courses.
Pedagogical practice as an essential component of methodological training of students majoring in biology
Authors: Razakhanova Venera Pirmagomedovna
Published: December 2020

The paper pays attention to the practical orientation of students professional training at pedagogical universities. The author considers that pedagogical practice is the most effective form of a prospective Biology teacher training, when professional competencies develop on the basis of professional problems solving in a real educational process at school. The paper presents the study results showing that the content of pedagogical (intern) practice, structured as a set of educational and professional tasks corresponding to the professional tasks of a teacher, develops students interest in the professional work of a Biology teacher. When selecting the content of the pedagogical practice, it should be taken into account that students face problems arising in the conditions of the real educational process; actively interact with all participants in the process, learn to think critically, make responsible decisions. It was noted that the lack of willingness of modern students to solve professional tasks of a Biology teacher is explained by the students themselves for several reasons: lack of desire to work at school due to low wages; lack of knowledge and skills in Biology and methods of teaching Biology; indiscipline and gaps in knowledge; health problems. It was revealed that students are not ready for pedagogical practice at school because of a low level of some methodological skills important for the work of a Biology teacher.
Integral cognitive tasks as a means of schoolchildren’s meta-subject competences development and evaluation
Authors: Sagaydachnaya Viktoria Vladimirovna , Sagaydachny Vadim Aleksandrovich
Published: December 2020

The paper is devoted to the urgent problem of schoolchildrens meta-subject competences development, which requires optimal methodological approaches identification and specific teaching tasks development. The authors, on the basis of a categorical-conceptual apparatus analysis of a competence-based approach to learning, identify and analyze characteristic features of didactic means used for these competences development. The paper discusses a possibility of integral cognitive tasks use as a means of schoolchildrens meta-subject competences development for teaching natural science subjects, in particular, Chemistry. The paper also presents principles for integrated cognitive tasks development, contains their characteristics as well as examples of such tasks. An important condition for meta-subject competences evaluation is the choice of tools that allow them to carry out a comprehensive diagnosis. The authors have shown that it is possible to use integral cognitive tasks for assessing the level of schoolchildrens meta-subject competences development. They also provide diagnostic tools and present an example of task assessment. The paper discusses meta-subject results; their achievement is possible when teaching Chemistry at a secondary school, an attempt is made to correlate them with meta-subject competences. The results of an experimental test allow us to speak about the effectiveness of the developed system application at a secondary school if integral cognitive tasks are used as a complex in the educational process.
Determinants of students’ healthy lifestyle development
Authors: Tyumaseva Zoya Ivanovna , Orekhova Irina Leonidovna , Bistray Elena Borisovna , Artemenko Boris Alexandrovich , Chelnokova Elena Alexandrovna
Published: December 2020

The paper focuses on the importance of a healthy lifestyle development among students, which is reflected in the Concept of Health System Development in the Russian Federation until 2020. The authors identify the determinants of a healthy lifestyle development, which include: spatial-environmental, motivational-reflexive, activity-methodical, tutor-project determinants. These determinants are interrelated; it provides an increase in the efficiency of a healthy lifestyle development among students. In the field of activity-methodical determinant the authors consider problems of practice-oriented training of teachers. The results of a survey among students and teachers show that students are not ready to accept the values of a healthy lifestyle while teachers are not ready to use health-saving technologies. In this regard, the authors have developed and tested a program for improving teachers qualifications in the field of health preservation, contributing to the development of skills to apply health saving technologies. The tutor-project determinant determines a functional field of the tutor in project activities of students aimed at health preservation.
Application of pedagogical theories, concepts and teaching methods for intelligent learning systems design
Authors: Tsybov Nikolay Nikolaevich
Published: December 2020

The analysis of intelligent learning systems efficiency revealed a number of contradictions between the capabilities of software-integrated computer hardware facilities and low didactic efficiency of their use. Therefore, when designing intelligent learning systems, the task of researching and analyzing the existing psycho-pedagogical theories, concepts and training methods is still urgent today. The purpose of the paper is to study existing theories, concepts and learning methods for adapting them to automated software-integrated hardware learning facilities. The paper proposes variants of teacher and students adaptation to intelligent learning systems capabilities. Meanwhile, in the process of users adaptation to intelligent learning system by changing the color presentation of information blocks, its possible to gain a chance to influence students psycho-emotional state favorably. The author considers various fonts (words image) application which influence the efficiency of perception and capture of visual information; the author takes into account psycho physiological capacities of human capture of visual information and considers functionality of informing software-integrated hardware facilities, namely: volume and speed of visual information processed; - increasing the sizes of graphic pictures by which a certain person cannot analyze information presented. The methodological basis of the research is a complex application of mutually supportive approaches and methods based on the principles of general scientific methodology. The main approaches were - Person-oriented, system-working and competence-oriented approaches. The analysis of existing theories and concepts has shown that each of the studied educational concepts has its values. The paper considers shortcomings of basic theories and educational concepts from the position of a complex approach to the solution of educational tasks. Thereunder, any of basic applied theories and concepts can be adopted as a single universal educational basis for educational process structuring. A specific emphasis in the paper is aimed at the advantages and disadvantages of the concept of personal-oriented education, which is the most progressive in learning process structuring in authors opinion and which causes more discords of opponents. Using the results of theories and education concepts analysis the author gives recommendations how to design technical requirements to intelligent learning systems. The conditions of feasibility of intellectual learning systems and their didactic values have been formulated. The results of the research can be used in the design of intelligent learning systems for the purpose of selecting a complex of didactic educational tools.
Ecomorfs analysis of the Samara flora
Authors: Matveeva Tatyana Borisovna , Kazantsev Ivan Victorovich , Molchatsky Sergey Lvovich
Published: December 2020

During the conducted research it is revealed that suburban forests of Samara experience a considerable anthropogenic load. It is connected with the increase of the country site area, unauthorized building of the territory, deforestation, recreational loading. For the allocated associations the analysis of ecomorphs of flora is carried out. All species on coenomorphes, hygromorphes and trophomorphes are distributed. On the basis of the obtained data primary distribution of elements of flora was established. The main consequences of anthropogenic transformation are also revealed. It is possible to conclude that the structure of herbage of Samara suburban forests changes in the process of anthropogenic loading increase. It is reflected in ruderants, xeromesophytes and mesoxerophytes increase. It is not peculiar for forest communities. On the basis of the obtained data it is possible to define a disturbance degree of a vegetable cover under the anthropogenic influence. It is revealed that in suburban forests of Samara, despite high appeal and comfort, the vital condition of forest stands of an oak is weakened. It is necessary to carry out a complex of forestry and landscape actions for optimization of recreational forest exploitation that will improve a condition of forest plants and increase their stability in the conditions of anthropogenic loading. These materials can form a basis for a further study of the flora of the area.
Nutrition of the seven-spotted beetles Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) at different stages of the life cycle
Authors: Miniyarov Farit Talgatovich , Pavlov Sergey Ivanovich , Yaitsky Andrey Stepanovich
Published: December 2020

The paper presents the results of studies of the seven-spotted beetle ( Coccinella septempunctata L.) life cycle, which has 2 generations in the climatic zone of southern Russia. The main stages of the life cycle are the emergence of imago from winter diapause, the first generation from egg to imago, the second generation from egg to imago, the care of adults for wintering. The eating behavior of coccinellid was studied at each stage of the life cycle, which showed the presence of a small herbivorous period (phytophagous beetles), most of the cycle of the beetles had a predatory lifestyle (entomophage beetles). Experiments in the natural and artificial conditions of studying the nutrition of a seven-point beetle showed that adult beetles were more effective in consuming aphids than the larvae. It was also established that in the natural environment, the degree of palatability, both in the larva and in the imago, was directly dependent on the density of the aphids: as the aphid decreased, the feeding intensity of the beetles decreased. To increase the efficiency of aphid consumption, the joint content of two predatory beetles in the imago stage was used: a seven-spotted beetle ( Coccinella septempunctata L.) and ground beetle ( Tomocarabus bessarabicus concretus Fischer von Waldheim). With such simultaneous use (polyculture), a synergistic effect was observed in their consumption of rosan aphid ( Macrosiphum rosae L.).
Arsenic and selenium in shore soils and bottom sediments of Samara city ponds
Authors: Prokhorova Natalya Vladimirovna , Makarova Yuliya Vladimirovna , Bugrov Sergey Vyacheslavovich , Gerasimov Yuriy Leonidovich , Platonov Igor Artemyevich , Goryunov Maksim Glebovich
Published: December 2020

Arsenic and selenium are included in the group of chemical elements of the first hazard class, which confirms the need to analyze their content in natural environments of natural and man-made ecosystems during ecological and biogeochemical monitoring. By their chemical properties, arsenic and selenium are metalloids or semimetals. In very low concentrations, they are necessary for the normal functioning of the organisms, but with increasing concentrations in the habitat or food they show high toxicity. Particularly dangerous is the accumulation of arsenic and selenium in accumulative environments and landscapes, which include soils and confined water bodies. For the urban ecosystems of the Samara Region, earlier monitoring of the content of arsenic and selenium in the components of their accumulative landscapes was not carried out, which confirms the relevance and practical significance of the presented materials. The authors carried out ecological and geochemical studies of the accumulation of arsenic and selenium in coastal soils and bottom sediments of twenty ponds located in the Samara city within the coastal slope of the Saratov reservoir (Volga slope) and on the watershed between the Saratov reservoir and the Samara River. The results analysis showed a relatively low level of arsenic accumulation in the analyzed substrates of the studied ponds. Compared with the level of regional background for the Middle Volga, the studied accumulative aqual landscapes are noticeably enriched in selenium (2-15 times). The technogenic influx of arsenic and selenium into the accumulative landscapes of the Samara city may be associated with the activities of metalworking and machine-building enterprises, as well as thermal power plants. The materials presented in the paper concerning the content of arsenic and selenium in coastal soils and bottom sediments of urban ponds in the Samara city can be considered as pioneering for the region and subsequently used in the ecological and geochemical monitoring of regional urban ecosystems.
Some aspects of Scots pine forests monitoring in extreme conditions of the Kola North
Authors: Yarmishko Vasily Trofimovich , Ignateva Oksana Vasilievna , Evdokimov Alexander Sergeevich
Published: December 2020

Forest ecosystems located at the Northern limit of distribution in the Kola North are chronically affected by a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors, among which industrial atmospheric pollution is currently the main one. The spatio-temporal dynamics of structural and functional parameters of undisturbed middle-aged pine forests ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and forests exposed to chronic industrial emissions, which contain highly aggressive sulfur compounds in combination with heavy metals (Cu, Ni) was studied. Long-term studies have established that the current trends in the state of Scots pine communities in the background conditions are due to natural processes and intra-population relationships. At the beginning of our research (1982) vitalitetnye spectra of the dominant part of the pine populations differed absolute dominance of healthy individuals, pronounced positive asymmetry and peaked. By the end of observations (2014-2017) vitality distribution of individuals of the pine was transformed into full member, assymetrique moderately positive and moderately peaked. Aerotechnogenic pollution in the considered conditions of the Kola North is a significant factor determining the vital state of individual trees and stands in general, and near a large copper-nickel plant, it is the main factor that has an oppressive effect on individual trees and stands, and in some cases leads to the destruction of young communities of Scots pine. A significant reduction in atmospheric emissions by Severonikel in recent years causes a noticeable improvement in the living condition of pine forests, even in the area of heavy pollution.
Personal archive of the archeologist M.E. Foss as a historical source
Authors: Yakushkina Marina Mikhaylovna , Kashina Ekaterina Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2020

The archive materials of the notable archaeologist, which have both scientific and private character, give us a possibility to reveal the traits of M.E. Fosss personality. Her main features were diligence and self-control, multiplied by the ability to overcome difficulties with optimism. We can follow these dignities by her field notes, for example during the extremely difficult search trip to the White Sea shore in 1926 with her colleagues, during the cold northern summer, surrounded by wild animals, without guns. Some notes and drawings witness her perfect sense of humor. Exchanging letters with colleagues, local historians and museum employees, she frequently demonstrated the ability to give kind advice and friendly support, paying no attention to persons position whether it was a student or an honored academician. She usually tried to stay away from the Soviet ideology restrictions both in her behavior and studies, and loved nature with all her heart, which is evident from her lyric fieldwork footnotes.
Modern concepts of Neolithic cultures in northeastern Europe
Authors: Karmanov Viktor Nikolayevich , Nedomolkina Nadezhda Gennadyevna , Melnichuk Andrey Fyodorovich
Published: December 2020

The authors summarize and systematize data on Neolithic cultures in northeastern Europe. It is a modern territory of the Komi Republic, the northern part of the Perm Territory, the Vologda and Arkhangelsk Regions, and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Based on the critical analysis of evidences, their analysis and interpretation, the authors present their views on the features of the formation, development and fate of the Neolithic cultures of the region. It has been established that the studied region contains northern and northeastern provinces of the famous cultures of the early and middle Neolithic of Eastern Europe: Verkhnevolzhskaya, Kamskaya, Lyalovskaya and Kargopolskaya. In addition, fragments of some cultures were identified. Their initial areas of formation are not yet reliably determined. They are represented by early Neolithic sites such as Dutovo 1, Chernoborskaya III, Enty IА and Chyornaya Vadya. Some types of pottery without a specific context document the presence of population groups in northeastern Europe whose status has not been defined yet. The authors suggest that the formation of Neolithic cultures in the region is associated with the search for undeveloped feeding areas, their development and short-term exploitation by small groups of people commensurate with elementary or unified families. Until the Eneolithic in the greater territory of northeastern Europe the conditions for long-term residence of the Neolithic population were absent as well as the formation of local traditions.
Novoilyinskaya Post-Neolithic culture in the Middle and Upper Kama River region
Authors: Lychagina Evgeniya Leonidovna , Vybornov Alexander Alekseevich , Zhukova Olga Vladimirovna
Published: December 2020

This paper deals with the analysis of the materials from the Novoilyinskaya culture monuments in the Middle Kama River region, traces the issue history and determines how much is known about it. The main sources of the issue are given and their reliability is determined here. The location of the sites and the characteristic parameters of dwellings are recorded. Their similarity with the Neolithic is stated. The ceramic and stone tools are described. The characteristic and special features are distinguished. A comparative analysis of the complexes with the materials of the late Neolithic is carried out, that reveals a certain similarity. The paper considers the issue of the metalwork residues presence at the Novoilyinskaya culture monuments. It is concluded that there is no evidence of the Eneolithic character of the Novoilyinskaya culture sites. The database on radiocarbon chronology of the Novoilyinskaya culture complexes is analyzed. The most valid values are highlighted. Their chronological interval of existence is determined: 5200-4500 BP. The issue of the genesis of the Novoilyinskaya culture in the Middle Kama River region is covered. The proximity with the culture of the local Neolithic is stated, as well as the role of cultures of adjacent territories is assumed. A comparative analysis with materials of the Krasnomostovsky type of the forest Middle Volga region is given. The conclusion about their chronological correlation is made. The authors also come to the conclusion about the Post-Neolithic age of the Novoilyinskaya culture. This culture is included in the range of the forest Middle and Upper Volga region cultures.
Novoilyinskaya culture sites of the Lower Kama region: current state of the research
Authors: Morozov Viktor Vladimirovich
Published: December 2020

The paper deals with the analysis of the Novoilyinskaya culture sites existed in the Lower Kama region between the Kama Neolithic culture collapse and the Copper Age cultures with porous (shell tempered) ceramics appearance. The analysis of the ceramic complex of the Novoilyinskaya culture shows its similarity with the comb ornamented pottery of the Kama Neolithic culture according to a number of indicators. A lack of clear data on stratigraphy and spatial distribution of finds as well as a small series of absolute dates do not give a clear idea of the formation time and the development of the Novoilyinskaya culture. Currently available data show that the Samara collar (Ivanovskaya) traditions disappeared until the last quarter of the 5th Millennium cal BC. Specific ceramics of the Neolithic-type shape is formed in the Lower Kama region. At the same time the Novoilyinskaya culture ceramics of the Ik and Belaya Rivers interfluve has some features which are the reminiscences of the Levshinskaya stage which are not characteristic for the Middle and Upper Kama region. These features are: thickening on the inner side of the rim; rows of pits and bulges (formed by pits imprinted from the inner side) under the rim; closed forms of the pots and an ornamentation - stepping comb impressions. The proximity of the ceramic complexes of the Novoilyinskaya culture sites to the Late Neolithic ceramics of the Kama culture as well as the radiocarbon dates and the absence of the metalworking evidences prove the functioning of the Novoilyinskaya culture sites of the Lower Kama region during the border of the Stone Age and the period of Early Metals. Another important question is - which southern components took part in the formation of the Novoilyinskaya type or influenced it. Researchers of the forest-steppe Copper Age cultures supposed that in the process of forest Copper Age cultures formation - the Garin and Bor cultures as well as the Middle Volga variant of the Volosovo culture - the Tok and even Altata elements took part. In our opinion, the influence of the Tok traditions is already clearly visible on the Novoilyinskaya culture ceramics. This conclusion is supported by the ⁴C dates which established the synchronicity of the Tok and Novoilyinskaya sites.
Early Neolithic of Trans-Urals: the contemporary view on historiographic problems
Authors: Mosin Vadim Sergeevich , Yakovleva Ekaterina Sergeevna
Published: December 2020

This paper is devoted to the critical issues of historiography and source study in the early Neolithic of the Trans-Urals. The authors consider basic dated monuments in the context of radiocarbon chronology; analyze the established criteria for identifying archaeological cultures and ceramic traditions and types of this period. Based on statistical processing of the ceramics of the forest-steppe Tobol region settlements: Tashkovo 1, Dolgovskoe 3, Kochegarovo 1, Ust-Suerka 4, the authors distinguish some stadial features in the evolving of the material culture of the early Neolithic in the first and second halves of 6 thousand BC. Attention is paid, firstly, to the co-existence of Koshkino and Kozlovo ancientries within the settlements, and, secondly, to the coincidence of a number of characteristics of Koshkino and Kozlovo material culture regarding the morphology of potteries, ornamentation techniques and basic decorative motifs. Within the framework of a sociocultural approach, it is proposed to consider the bodies of evidence as complexes of two coexisting and interacting traditions within one sociocultural space, understood in the source sense as an archaeological culture, instead of dividing them into two independent lines of development. Besides it is emphasized that the problem of the Neolithization of Trans-Urals, on the basis of the available data, at this time cannot be solved plausible.
Topical issues in the study of the early Aeneolithic of the Don forest-steppe (chronology, periodization, synchronization)
Authors: Skorobogatov Andrey Mikhailovich
Published: December 2020

For a long time, the Eneolithic of the Don forest-steppe remained one of the least studied epochs in the archaeological scheme of the region. However, since the late 1960s, sites with materials of the Eneolithic have been actively explored on the territory of the Voronezh and Lipetsk Regions. By the 1980s, researchers had a concept for the development of copper-stone age cultures within the system of the Mariupol cultural-historical region of the Dnieper-Don-Ural interfluve, which is still relevant today. The criteria for distinguishing the Eneolithic era in the steppe and forest-steppe spaces of the East European steppe and forest-steppe were substantiated. The idea of their synchronization with complexes of the Tripolye A period was designated. The early Eneolithic in the Don forest-steppe was marked by the appearance of a population with specific ceramics of Nizhnedonskaya culture. Questions of the chronology of the early Eneolithic were solved exclusively by methods of analogies with the materials of neighboring territories and synchronization with the local Neolithic complexes. The paper deals with the problems of chronology, periodization and synchronization of materials from the early Aeneolithic of the territory of the Don forest-steppe. The focus is on the absolute dating of the Nizhnedonskaya culture of the Mariupol cultural-historical region and its synchronization with the early Tripolye Culture. According to all the data available to date, the regions early Eneolithic can be dated from 5300 to 4250 BC.
The role of the Seitov Posad Tatars in the development of the Orenburg Region
Authors: Lyubichankovskiy Sergey Valentinovich
Published: December 2020

The paper analyzes the role of the Seitov Posad Tatars in the development of the Orenburg Region from the moment of its foundation until the beginning of the 19th century. The reasons for the establishment of the Seitov Posad (Tatar Kargaly) near Orenburg even before the official establishment of the Orenburg province are shown. The author reviewed the resettlement process that attracted Tatars from Kazan province to the Orenburg Region. The census data are presented, indicating a consistent increase in the number of Tatars among the population of the Orenburg province. The paper shows some peculiarities of the mentality traditionally inherent to Tatar merchants, contributing to the effective implementation of trade projects. The privileges granted by the state to the residents of the Seitov Posad are noted. An explanation of the reasons that led to the endowment of the Tatar residents of the Orenburg province with a number of benefits is given. Cases of the conscious relocation of merchants from Orenburg to Seitov Posad for the purpose of supporting their own commercial projects are shown. The author notes specific historical examples that indicate the existence within the framework of state policy of integration of suburbs into a single socio-cultural space of the Russian empire of a special Tatar factor, which was important both for stabilizing the economic position of the Russian empire in the south-eastern suburbs and for acculturation of the nomadic Kazakh population.
Samara landowner and liberal Georgy Nikolaevich Kostromitinov
Authors: Barinova Ekaterina Petrovna , Kabytov Pyotr Serafimovich , Kabytova Nadezhda Nikolaevna
Published: December 2020

Based on the analysis of archival documents, periodicals, memoirs the paper reconstructs the biography of an outstanding political figure - a member of the constitutional democratic party, one of the organizers of the provincial branch of the cadet party in the Samara province, deputy of the 1st State Duma G.N. Kostromitinov. The authors have defined stages of his life and work as well as the main directions of his economic activity. The authors also emphasize the importance of G.N. Kostromitinovs participation in the work of Zemstvo institutions. It contributed to the development of his political views and had a significant impact on development of the Samara nobleman as a prominent regional public figure. During the revolutionary events of 1905, he became one of the leaders of the Samara cadets, which led to the election of G.N. Kostromitinov to the 1st State Duma. The authors have recreated the process of the constitutional democratic party branch establishment in the Samara province, G.N. Kostromitinovs place and role in the leadership and activities of the Samara branch of the party of the cadets. The authors have also established his relationships with the provincial leaders A.A. Chemodurov and A.N. Naumov. The paper presents biographical data about G.N. Kostromitinovs son - M.G. Kostromitinov before and after the Great Russian revolution and Civil war, it also considers his tragic death during Stalins repressions. The results can serve as a basis for further reconstruction of the socio-political portrait of the Russian nobility.
The position of women in the Far East villages in the period of «late» socialism
Authors: Grinko Andrey Aleksandrovich
Published: December 2020

The paper analyzes the transformation of the female rural population position of the Far East in the USSR in 1970 - the first half of 1980 under the influence of a set of factors. The peculiarities of the geographical location of the region, its level of development, acceleration of life processes in rural areas, rapid dissemination of information and other factors had a significant impact on rural women. This influence was controversial and ambiguous. On the one hand, the role of a woman in the family changed, her activity as an employee increased, her well-being, cultural and educational level increased. On the other hand, becoming more independent, the woman aspired to better working and living conditions, career growth, free time increase, but in rural areas it was difficult. Despite the special attention of the state to the Far East and the activities aimed at the development of rural areas, life in the villages did not meet the urban views of local residents. The result of this transformation was a focus on childlessness for a large part of young people and moving to urban areas. Against the background of the village it was perceived as an incomparably better place of residence.
Legal state and «state of the truth» in the works of M.V. Shakhmatov
Authors: Bystryukov Vladimir Yuryevich
Published: December 2020

In the early 1920s, the Eurasian movement emerged in the Russian emigration. Its representatives tried to explain the causes of the Russian revolution, re-evaluating the historical path of the country and its cultural characteristics development. In the first half of the 1920s, the movement loudly declared itself and quickly gained popularity among the Russian intelligentsia. Its leaders began to attract new authors for publication in Eurasian publications, including Mstislav Vyacheslavovich Shakhmatov, a graduate of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. He published only two articles in Eurasian publications. However, its role and importance in the Eurasian movement in modern historiography is estimated differently: from being ranked among the founders of Eurasianism to denying any significant role in its history. M.V. Shakhmatov considered the features of the ideal state doctrine of the old Russian principalities and the Moscow Kingdom based on Chronicles and other works of ancient Russian script in his works published in the Eurasian Periodicals. M.V. Shakhmatov thought that the right to the content was super-conscious and followed from religious premises, from the truth of God. Ancient people spread these ideals to the area of state-legal phenomena. In his opinion, the state set three main tasks: the protection of Orthodoxy, the establishment of the truth on earth and protection of the physical existence of the people. The idea of podvigopolozhnichestvo of the Supreme power of the early history of Christianity came from Byzantium. M.V. Shakhmatov noted that the political reality of the life of the old Russian principalities and council cities was very different from the ideals laid down in the chronicles and other works of ancient Russian script. However, the ideal of the state of the truth is remained in the works of Slavophiles, F.M. Dostoevsky, P.I. Novgorodtsev, and individual manifestations in the practice of the Russian Empire.
Asymmetric conflicts in the British Empire in the writings of W. Churchill
Authors: Golosova Anna Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2020

This paper analyzes the materials of Winston Churchill of the first third of the XX century, dedicated to his participation in asymmetric military conflicts on the periphery of the British colonial empire. First, it allows us to consider the concept of asymmetric conflict in relation to the British army at the turn of the century and after the First World War. Secondly it allows us to analyze methods, forms and ways of waging war in the conditions of unequal power capabilities, which help to get to know the way of the colonial margins, which was formed by the British in the context of ongoing conflicts. The paper traces a clear chronology in accordance with the works of Winston Churchill: the Cuban War of Independence, the uprising of the Pashtun tribes in Malakand, the Mahdist uprising in Sudan, the second Anglo-Boer War, and the Irish War of Independence. Winston Churchill served in the British Army personally, at the same time he served as a war correspondent covering military events from the front line. Only the Irish War of Independence is knocked out of the chain of events. It was an asymmetric military conflict, perceived by W. Churchill from a completely different perspective: through the prism of political experience and from the height of his position of a Minister of Colonies. In the paper we conclude that the colonial era is the basis for the formation of the theoretical component of the asymmetric conflict concept.
Legacy of empires: academic expertise and USA policy in Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001-2014
Authors: Malkin Stanislav Gennadyevich
Published: December 2020

The heritage of the European colonial empires should be perceived as missing dimension while studying the history of the USA foreign policy at the beginning of the XXI century. The comparative-historical analysis as well as transfers of colonial experience of the European powers should be discussed. It promotes making a fuller picture of imperialism as a phenomenon in the history of international relations as well as a certain style of thinking during a decolonization era. At the same time the American case became the most striking example of reception of the European powers colonial experience in political practice of the 2000th. The main characteristic feature of the USA foreign policy decisions examination was its realization in the form of historical modeling of the asymmetric conflicts - the analysis of Washington policy prospects in Afghanistan and Iraq in a wide context of experience of global colonial empires. While working with such researches a constant methodological reflection caused by their political involvement as well as restrictions of disciplinary character is necessary. At the same time a special role in this case belonged to the academic world representatives who professionally studied colonial experience of the European. It is them who were the most serious competitors to the Pentagon representatives with academic degrees as well as to think tanks analysts who cooperated with the military in fight for their own expert opinion domination about historical modeling of the asymmetric conflicts in the Middle East. It is this aspect of the academic examination of the USA policy in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2001-2014 that the following paper deals with.
Transformations of historical events and facts assessments in the context of socio-cultural influence of modernity
Authors: Ippolitova Anastasiya Georgievna
Published: December 2020

The paper shows the transformation of attitudes towards historical events, facts and personalities due to the influence of the thinking paradigms of the modern socio-cultural environment. Objectivity of historical science is a moving thing, because history itself is an organic part of culture, reflecting in its interpretations its mentality and value orientations important for society at a certain period of time. The historical process is a lively cultural stream, filled with unique signs and symbols, ways of demonstration in culture. Modernity determines the attitude of society to the historical process, the importance of personalities and their popularity. Here the historical assessment becomes a reflection of modern realities. We cannot fully feel the influence of the historical character, we can just imagine. We try on the images of the past, fantasize a bit, we give emotions and feelings, including the subjectivity of perception of historical events in modern times. The society draws historical parallels, evaluates the past from the standpoint of the paradigm of thinking that it understands, which leads to the transformation of historical assessments in different historical periods. All of the above, of course, is characteristic of the transformational process of national history, as shown in a number of examples. They reflect the interpretation characteristic of modern society rather than the position of the author. Particular attention is paid to the assessment of the Great Patriotic War, which is necessary to remember to strengthen the unity of the society and to broadcast patriotic values.
The study of senior preschoolers’ readiness for social orientation in the organizations of additional education
Authors: Barcaeva Elena Vasilievna
Published: December 2020

The paper presents a technique of defining the level of development of senior preschoolers readiness for social orientation in the organizations of additional education. It contains diagnostic tools that determine the level of development of senior preschoolers readiness for social orientation in these organizations. The paper presents the level characteristics of the main structural components of readiness for social orientation in relation to the senior preschool age (personal, cognitive and activity): high, medium, low and unformed. To identify the level of each component development, criteria and evaluation indicators are identified, as well as methods of study, including a method of problem situations, a survey, practice-oriented tasks. With the help of the developed method the author carried out an experiment (ascertaining experiment), its results are presented in the paper. The paper describes in detail one of the components of senior preschoolers readiness for social orientation - a personal one, including value orientations; motivational orientation; emotional well-being; integrative qualities of the individual. This component was found to be at a low level that testifies that it is necessary to develop senior preschoolers readiness for social orientation in the organizations of additional education.