bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Screening Methods: Structured Mental Status Measures
Authors: Mitrushina Maura , Fuld Paula Altman
Published: November 2023

Assessment of mental status has been essential to psychiatric evaluation since the inception of psychiatry as a field of medicine. However, methods used to evaluate the patient’s condition and to record clinical findings have undergone dramatic changes, largely because different approaches to the mental status evaluation have been determined by the theoretical view of human behavior prevailing at different periods. Psychodynamic and humanistic approaches emphasized the subjectivity and uniqueness of an individual’s behavior and therefore relied on narrative and highly subjective methods of clinical evaluation, including the recording of observations without any attempt at organization. With the rapid growth of the natural sciences and advances in biological taxonomy, psychiatrists were prompted to seek structure and organization for their methodology and thus to make the evaluation process more objective, improve the communication of findings between clinicians, and bring the field of psychiatry up to the standards of contemporary science.
Demographic Influences on Neuropsychological Test Performance
Authors: Heaton Robert K , Ryan Lee , Grant Igor , Matthews Charles G
Published: November 2023

A primary goal of clinical neuropsychological assessment is to determine whether a given set of test results suggests brain pathology. This is done by comparing a person’s performance to available normative standards, which for most tests are based on the results of a “typical” North American sample of neurologically normal adults. Unfortunately, most neuropsychological tests have only a single set of norms that do not include adjustment for the demographic characteristics of the individual being considered. This state of affairs is, quite clearly, a major impediment to adequate clinical assessment of many patients. Consider, for example, a 60-yearold woman with a grade school education, whose first language was Spanish and who began learning English at age 15. It would be quite inappropriate to compare this patient’s performances on most neurobehavioral tests with those of the average adult in North America.
Neuropsychological Aspects of Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism
Authors: Mcpherson Susan , Cummings Jeffrey L
Published: November 2023

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurological illnesses among elderly patients, affecting approximately 100 per 100,000 individuals over age 65. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease rises with age from approximately 50 per 100,000 at age 60 to as high as 130 per 100,000 at age 75. Behavioral and neuropsychological disorders are common in PD and other parkinsonian syndromes. Patients with PD may also have dementia, depression, anxiety, apathy, and a variety of drug-induced behavioral alterations.
American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama, 1930-1969
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

This book concludes Gerald Bordman’s survey of American non-musical theatre. It deals with the years 1930 to 1970, a period when the production of new plays was declining, but, at the same time, a period when American drama fully entered the world stage and became a dominant presence. Despite the looming presence of the film industry, this period was a golden age rich in plays, playwrights, and performers. From Eugene O’Neill’s A Long Day’s Journey into Night and Tennessee Williams’s A Streetcar Named Desire to Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman and Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, American theatre finally reached adulthood both dramatically and psychologically. In addition, many brilliant acting careers were launched or climaxed on the American stage, including Henry Fonda and Jessica Tandy, and foreign stars, Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh. Bordman’s study covers every Broadway production, and, increasingly in the 1950s and 1960s, every major off-Broadway show. His discussion moves season by season and show by show in chronological order; he offers plot synopses and details the physical production, directors, players, theaters, and newspaper reviews. Bordman stops at 1970, because, in his view, the decline in quantity and quality had reached an all time low, with British playwrights providing the only memorable dramas on the English-speaking stage. This book and the preceding volumes of The American Theatre stands as the standard history of American drama in all its aspects.
Dynamics Of Oscillating Bubbles
Authors: Brennen Christopher E
Published: November 2023

The focus of the two preceding chapters was on the dynamics of the growth and collapse of a single bubble experiencing one period of tension. In this chapter we review the response of a bubble to a continuous, oscillating pressure field. Much of the material comes within the scope of acoustic cavitation, a subject with an extensive literature that is reviewed in more detail elsewhere (Flynn 1964; Neppiras 1980; Plesset and Prosperetti 1977; Prosperetti 1982, 1984; Crum 1979; Young 1989). We include here a brief summary of the basic phenomena.
Translation Of Bubbles
Authors: Brennen Christopher E
Published: November 2023

This chapter will briefly review the issues and problems involved in constructing the equations of motion for individual bubbles (or drops or solid particles) moving through a fluid and will therefore focus on the dynamics of relative motion rather than the dynamics of growth and collapse. For convenience we shall use the generic name “particle” when any or all of bubbles, drops, and solid particles are being considered. The analyses are implicitly confined to those circumstances in which the interactions between neighboring particles are negligible.
Classical Mercantilism
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla
Published: November 2023

Early Mercantilist political economy boldly asserts the centrality of politics. Economics is not separated from its political context, but instead is considered an important means of enhancing state power. Although the various strands of classical mercantilism do not form a unified theory, a general sense of the primacy of politics was the dominant view of political economy before Adam Smith, especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The selections here, from Alexander Hamilton and Fredrich List, are not representative of the golden age of mercantilism; however, they both defend core mercantilist principles against the emerging liberal critique.
Classic Liberalism
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla
Published: November 2023

Liberal theorists redefined political economy. By focusing on the logic and consequences of economic action, they undermined mercantilist theory. The early liberals did not wholly separate economics from politics, as is often done by contemporary neoclassical economists. They understood that economic policy was infused with particularistic interests. Liberals argued, however, that economic development and transformation could not be attained if entrenched political interests continued to subvert market forces. Moreover, if markets were allowed to function freely, then the broader political interest of the many, if not the entire community, would be better served. Liberalism thus reversed the mercantilist formula and suggested that economic reason could ultimately resolve conflicting political interests.
The Return to Statist Theories of International Political Economy
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla
Published: November 2023

In the 1970s, disillusionment with liberal and Marxist approaches to IPE led some theorists back to mercantilist themes. Their primary concern was how political action, centering on the definition of state interests and the use of state power, influences international economic relations. These state-oriented arguments discard a number of classic mercantilist ideas, such as the importance of specie, and they do not always accept the normative superiority of economic nationalism. A link to the mercantilist past can be found, however, in the definition of politics as potentially autonomous from class interests and market forces.
Free Radicals
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj
Published: November 2023

Free radicals, molecules with unpaired electrons, are highly reactive and play key roles in physiologic regulation and in many degenerative and pathologic processes, making them a fertile area of research. This book focuses on spin trapping, a sophisticated technique for the identification of free radicals in biological systems. The method is complex, and this book offers an in-depth guide to all of the critical aspects needed for its application to free radicals in biology. This includes advice on interpreting results, trouble-shooting, and experimental designs. The book looks at future directions in the field and will prove an invaluable resource for investigators working in the biology of free radicals, regardless of whether they are new or highly experienced in the applications of spin trapping.
An Overview of the Issues
Authors: Mace Georgina M , Smith Thomas B , Bruford Michael W , Wayne Robert K
Published: November 2023

Conservation planning operates at many levels, from whole ecosystems and communities down to individual organisms. At each of these levels, molecular genetic techniques may provide appropriate tools to evaluate processes and to develop management strategies. In this chapter, we present an overview of the questions that may be relevant at each of these hierarchical levels, discuss how molecular genetic analyses may be used to address these questions, and provide examples of the use of molecular techniques in conservation (see Table 1-1). We do not aim to present an exhaustive review but rather to focus on examples from our own research so as to introduce some of the approaches presented in later chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Bruner Jerome
Published: November 2023

The implications are, quite literally, mind-bending. At birth, the human brain weighs a mere 25 percent of its eventual adult weight. This is a curious state of affairs for the brainiest of the primates. A macaque, by contrast, is born with a brain that is 60 percent of its adult weight. Its neural growth has already slowed dramatically while still in utero. Even our closest primate relation, the chimpanzee, is born with about 45 percent of its brain weight already developed, and its brain growth slows down shortly after birth. Chimps mature both physically and socially years ahead of their human cousins.

Among primates, only the human brain continues to grow at fetal rates after birth, and the frantic pace of this postpartum neural building boom continues for the first two years of life before it begins to show any signs of abating. The cortex’s natural insulation, the fatty myelin sheath that grows about the axons and permits efficient conduction of electrical impulses, is not completely formed until about the sixth year of life. Only at puberty is the physical maturation of the human brain complete. After that, neural development continues throughout life. But this is, strictly speaking, more a matter of “mind” than of brain.
Playing with Rules: Sport at the Borderlands of Time and Space
Authors: Bruner Jerome
Published: November 2023

Performances like drama and games have always been useful models for thinking about everyday life. Most of us realize that “playing” at life on the stage or athletic field is inevitably simpler than real-life dramas. Like all models, a game’s power to reveal the character of social life has something to do with its ability to conceal some of the contingencies and complexities of that life. But this simplicity of models also has its advantages, helping us to clarify some of the important features of the more complex dramas that make up everyday life.
Dreamtime Learning, Inside-Out: The Narrative of the Wawilak Sisters
Authors: Bruner Jerome
Published: November 2023

The “illusion” of totemism was not to be found in the mystical “participation” LevyBruhl recognized in the totemic equations between humans and animals. What was illusory were the false dichotomies perpetuated by generations of observers, dichotomies that artificially distinguished the mystical principles of “primitive thought” from those informing Western logic. These principles were used to construct our own classifications, dividing “primitive” from “civilized” forms of humanity.

Totemic beliefs and practices model in various ways the complex relations and exchanges between human groups and other forms on which humans depend for their continuity and regeneration. Traditionally, those other life forms have been plant and animal species that figured as alimentary and generative images of continuity. In industrial societies, however, the same problems cluster around machine-human relations, producing a distinctive techno-totemism.
Tropic Landscapes: Alternative Spatial Models in Samoan Culture
Authors: Bruner Jerome
Published: November 2023

For the aborigines of Australia, many of their songs, stories, and paintings take the form of maps, abstracted representations of ancestral journeys. The walkabout schema explored in Chapters 9 and 10 exploits the importance and multivocality of spatial models for the aborigines. The aboriginal landscape is understood to quite literally embody sacred history. Features of the landscape are not just symbolic of ancestral creatures and events but are understood to be actual transformations of these Wongar beings and events (Morphy, 1991:111).

Cognitive science has also appropriated the notion of landscape as a metaphor for certain kinds of mental models. Since Tolman’s early work in learning theory, mental schemas have often been likened to maps, though Tolman’s actual model was derived from a rat maze rather than from any kind of human landscape. Because of their importance as basic templates for physical orientation, maps and other spatial models have a unique place among orientational models.
Emotions, the Higher Cerebral Processes, and the SELF Some Are Born to Sweet Delight, Some Are Born to Endless Night
Authors: Panksepp Jaak
Published: November 2023

Although primal emotional feelings arise from the sub-cortical systems of the animal brain, their consequences ramify widely within the unique conscious abilities of the human mind, as well as the social fabric of our cultures. For 15 chapters I have focused on the former, but now I will turn to the latter. The critical issue that I have avoided until now is the nature of consciousness and the self. Emotional feelings cannot be fully understood without understanding these matters. Do animals have a spontaneous sense of themselves as active creatures in the world? Descartes suggested that animals, unlike humans, did not have a sentient self-that they were closer to reflex automatons than feeling creatures. Many scholars have recently chosen to disagree with this cold view of animal nature, but to be scientifically useful such alternative perspectives need to probe the neuroevolutionary roots of consciousness. I have constructed a brain perspective that acknowledges the existence of internal feelings in other animals. The indirect evidence seems overwhelming that other mammals do have basic forms of affective consciousness, not unlike our own (which is not meant to imply that they can have the same cognitive contents in their consciousness as we have in ours). All mammals appear to experience pain, anger, fear, and many other raw feelings, but they do not seem able to cognitively reflect upon such feelings as we do. They do not appear to extend feelings in time, as we can with our rich imaginations. If the existence of such feelings is not an illusion but a substantive part of nature, we cannot understand their brains, or ours for that matter, without fully confronting the neural nature of that undefinable attribute of mind that we commonly call our sense of self, our ego-the feeling of “will” or “1-ness” by which we come to represent ourselves and our self-interests within the world. Here I will develop the idea that a neural principle of self-representation emerged early in brain evolution, and that it became rooted first in brain areas as low as those situated in ancient midbrain regions where primitive neural systems for motor maps (i.e., body schema), sensory maps (world schema), and emotional maps (value schema) first intermixed. Although this neuropsychic function emerged early in brain evolution, it did not remain primitive. It continued to evolve as brains became increasingly encephalized, which allows us more behavioral flexibility and the ability to have complex thoughts and internal images. Thus, with the evolution of higher brain functions in humans (such as the ability to reflect on our own reflections, as commonly occurs in writing and reading, not to mention our penchant for narcissistic gazing into mirrors), a multidimensional conscious sense of self came to be greatly expanded in the human brain/mind.
Game Theory and Communication
Authors: Johnstone Rufus A
Published: November 2023

Communication is said to occur when the acts or cues given by one individual influence the behavior of another (Wiley 1983, Endler 1993). Traits that are specialized for the purpose of communication, which I will refer to as signals or displays, include some of the most striking products of natural selection: Consider the elaborate struc tures erected by male bower-birds to attract mates, the lengthy and complex songs of whales, or the brilliant colors of venomous coral snakes. These traits, and others like them, are the product of signaler/receiver coevolution. Selection favors signalers that elicit favorable responses from receivers; it also favors receivers that react appropri-ately to signalers. Game theory, with its emphasis on strategic interaction, is thus a useful tool with which to analyze the evolution of communicative behavior, and biologists have made extensive use of it.

Most interactions between animals involve some kind of communication: For example, offspring may solicit food from their parents, opponents threaten each other during conflict, prey attempt to deter a predator or warn others of its presence, males display to attract females, and so on. Consequently, a large number of different game theoretic models have been developed, each concerned with just one form of communication.
Interactions of the Parasitic Screaming and Shiny Cowbirds (Molothrus rufoaxillaris and M. bonariensis) with a Shared Host, the Bay-Winged Cowbird (M. badius)
Authors: Fraga Rosendo M
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the triangular interactions of three avian species currently classified in the genus Molothrus, a system consisting of two brood parasites sharing a host. The host species is the bay-winged cowbird (Molothrus badius), quite different from the other cowbirds because it is nonparasitic, has extensive parental care, and lives in permanent groups that show cooperative breeding (Fraga 1972, 1991, 1992). The screaming cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxillaris) is one of the most specialized avian brood parasites and has M. badius as its only host over most of its range. Lastly, the shiny cowbird (M. bonariensis) is a generalist avian parasite with hundreds of hosts (Friedmann and Kiff 1985) that regularly parasitizes M. badius. A recent phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA (Lanyon 1992) suggests that M. badius is not closely related to the parasitic cowbirds.
Parallel Optimization
Authors: Censor Yair
Published: November 2023

This book offers a unique pathway to methods of parallel optimization by introducing parallel computing ideas into both optimization theory and into some numerical algorithms for large-scale optimization problems. The three parts of the book bring together relevant theory, careful study of algorithms, and modeling of significant real world problems such as image reconstruction, radiation therapy treatment planning, financial planning, transportation and multi-commodity network flow problems, planning under uncertainty, and matrix balancing problems.
Soils of Mesoamerica
Authors: Vásquez-Morera Alexis
Published: November 2023

During the last four decades, the development of the agricultural sector in Central America has focused on increasing production, resulting in an irrational expansion of the land base that is devoted to agriculture. This irrational expansion has serious consequences for the resources that sustain development, especially on soils, forests, and water. A development strategy focused on expanding production has caused a major misallocation of soil resources in Mesoamerica because current land uses are not based on a consideration of land use capability. Severe erosion is the end result of a soil management strategy focused on increasing production and leading to overuse of the soil resource in many areas.
Conservation and Sustainable Use of Streams and Rivers in Central America
Authors: Rosa Carlos L de la
Published: November 2023

Streams and rivers are among the most endangered eco systems in Central America. Population growth, urbanization, and conversion of natural ecosystems into agricultural land in Latin America advance much more rapidly than our knowledge of the ecosystems or our efforts to conserve them. Even in countries like Costa Rica, which has led conservation efforts in Central America (Boza, 1993; Calvo, 1990; Gamez, 1991), the environmental problems from deforestation, aquatic pollution, air pollution, and general environmental deterioration are serious. Protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife refuges, are under the constant threat of invasion, insularization, habitat deterioration, or other destructive processes.
Traditional Farming Systems: Panacea or Problem?
Authors: Popenoe H L , Swisher M E
Published: November 2023

Smallholder agricultural production in Mesoamerica faces a crisis. The region confronts increasing problems of population growth, impoverishment of rural populations, and environmental deterioration. It is clear that past policies, technologies, and practices have been unable to raise the vast majority of the rural population out of poverty and provide the region’ s millions of smallholders with a sound footing in sustainable, commercially viable agricultural production. In this chapter, we examine the roots of this crisis, review the history of agricultural technology in the region, and suggest some new paradigms for agricultural development to meet the needs of small farmers.
Forest Plantations in the Tropics
Authors: Fisher Richard F
Published: November 2023

Past and continuing destruction of natural forests in the tropics have made forest plantations desirable and often necessary. Tropical forests have long been cleared for other uses or severely damaged by human use. This destruction shows few signs of abating. A Food and Agriculture Organization (PAO) survey of 62 tropical countries in 1990 showed that deforestation amounted to nearly 17 million hectares annually, or 1.2 percent of the total forest cover (Dembner, 1991). This is double the rate of the 1970s, and by all indications this rate has declined very little over the past five years.
Utilitarianism, Institutions, and Justice
Authors: Bailey James Wood
Published: November 2023

This compelling book advances utilitarianism as the basis for a viable public philosophy, effectively rebutting the common charge that, as moral doctrine, utilitarian thought permits cruel acts, justifies unfair distribution of wealth, and demands too much of moral agents. James Wood Bailey defends utilitarianism through novel use of game theory insights regarding feasible equilibria and evolutionary stability, elaborating a sophisticated account of institutions that real-world utilitarians would want to foster. If utilitarianism seems in principle to dictate that we make each and every choice such that it leads to the best consequences overall, game theory emphasizes that no choice has consequences in isolation, but only in conjunction with many other choices of other agents. Viewing institutions as equilibria in complex games, Bailey negotiates the paradox of individual responsibilities, arguing that if individuals within institutions have specific responsibilities they cannot get from the principle of utility alone, the utility principle nevertheless holds great value in that it allows us to identify morally desirable institutions. Far from recommending cruel acts, utilitarianism, understood this way, actually runs congruent to our basic moral intuitions. A provocative attempt to support the practical use of utilitarian ethics in a world of conflicting interests and competing moral agents, Bailey’s book employs the work of social scientists to tackle problems traditionally given abstract philosophical attention. Vividly illustrating its theory with concrete moral dilemmas and taking seriously our moral common sense, Utilitarianism, Institutions, and Justice is an accessible, groundbreaking work that will richly reward students and scholars of political science, political economy, and philosophy.
Introduction to Utilitarianism
Authors: Bailey James Wood
Published: November 2023

In this book, I propose to make a contribution to the doctrine of utilitarianism. Readers familiar with the history of ethics will know that ever since Jeremy Bentham coined the term in 1781 (or at least since he introduced it to the public in 1802), the doctrine has been subject to any number of understandings or, more typically, misunderstandings. If one were to sample definitions of utilitarianism even from the literate and welleducated part of the public, one would be likely at best to get only some half correct half-definitions. Some think that utilitarianism has something to do with recommending material acquisition over spiritual accomplishments. Others might recall the names of Bentham and Mill. A few might remember the none-too-helpful formula about

bringing about the greatest good for the greatest number.
Basic Distributive Institutions
Authors: Bailey James Wood
Published: November 2023

Introduction

The preceding chapter presents a view of institutions in the abstract; this chapter defends some concrete institutional arrangements. Naturally, even this defense of the kinds of institutions that a utilitarian will find desirable is more of a sketch than anything else. The range of institutions to be considered is limited to those that establish the basic structure of a political economy. It leaves out quite a few rather important parts of civil society. I do not devote much attention to secondary associations nor, except as a passing part of my discussion of redistribution in the next chapter, to the family or educational institutions.
Presynaptic Inhibition and Facilitation of Transmitter Release in the Hippocampus
Authors: Thompson Scott M , Capogna Marco , Scanziani Massimo
Published: November 2023

The amount of neurotransmitter released in response to a presynaptic action potential, or more accurately stated, the probability with which the action potential triggers the fusion of a synaptic vesicle at a given release site, is not constant but rather is determined by the interplay among a number of biologically important regulatory processes. In this chapter, two prominent forms of presynaptic modulatory influences seen in the hippo campus, which very probably occur elsewhere in the CNS, will be described: receptor-mediated inhibition and protein-kinase-mediated facilitation.
Two Types of Inhibition in the Spinal Cord
Authors: Curtis David R
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a brief review of the evidence that GABA is the transmitter of spinal presynaptic inhibition, which is of longer latency and duration than strychnine-sensitive, glycine-mediated inhibition in the cord. It is now widely accepted that GABA hyperpolarizes spinal neurons and depolarizes primary afferent terminals by activating bicuculline-sensitive GABAA receptors, thus increasing chloride conductance. Only recently, however, have bicuculline-insensitive GABAB receptors also been shown to be important.
Presynaptic Inhibition and the Anatomy of Group Ia Afferents
Authors: Burke Robert E
Published: November 2023

In 1957, Frank and Fuortes (1957) described depression of group Ia excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in hindlimb extensor motoneurons in the cat when preceded by stimulation of group I afferents in flexor muscle nerves. This depression occurred without any detectable postsynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) or changes in the motoneuron’s excitability, which seemed to rule out conventional postsynaptic inhibition as it was then understood.
A Contribution of Dorsal Root Reflexes to Peripheral Inflammation
Authors: Willis William D , Rees Jr. Kathleen A Sluka Huw , Westlund Karin N
Published: November 2023

Pain is the most frequent reason for seeking medical attention. There are many kinds of pain, but a very common type is that associated with inflammation. Rarer forms of pain include reflex sympathetic dystrophy following tissue injury, neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury, and central pain following central nervous system injury (Bonica, 1990). Inflammatory pain is thought to result from the effects of a variety of endogenous chemical agents released from damaged cells released from immune cells, or entering the damaged region by way of the circulation.
Primate cognition
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep
Published: November 2023

Soon after Charles Darwin formulated his theory of evolution, primate cognition became a major area of research. In this book, Michael Tomasello and Josep Call assess the current state of our knowledge about the cognitive skills of non-human primates. They integrate empirical findings on the topic from the beginning of the century to the present, placing this research in theoretical perspective. They begin with an examination of the way primates adapt to their physical world, mostly for the purpose of foraging. The second part of the book looks at primate social knowledge and focuses on the adaptations of primates to their social world for purposes of competition and cooperation. In the third section, the authors construct a general theory of primate cognition, distinguishing the cognition in primates from that of other mammals (human in particular). Their broad-ranging theory provides a guide for future research. Primate Cognition is an enlightening exploration of the cognitive capacities of our nearest primate relatives and a useful resource for a wide range of researchers and students in psychology, behavioral biology, primatology, and anthropology.
Love is a Story
Authors: Sternberg Robert J
Published: November 2023

In this groundbreaking work, Robert Sternberg opens the book of love and shows you how to discover your own story—and how to read your relationships in a whole new light. What draws us so strongly to some people and repels us from others? What makes some relationships work so smoothly and others burst into flames? Sternberg gives us new answers to these questions by showing that the kind of relationship we create depends on the kind of love stories we carry inside us. Drawing on extensive research and fascinating examples of real couples, Sternberg identifies 26 types of love story—including the fantasy story, the business story, the collector story, the horror story, and many others—each with its distinctive advantages and pitfalls, and many of which are clashingly incompatible. These are the largely unconscious preconceptions that guide our romantic choices, and it is only by becoming aware of the kind of story we have about love that we gain the freedom to create more fulfilling and lasting relationships. As long as we remain oblivious to the role our stories play, we are likely to repeat the same mistakes again and again. But the enlivening good news this book brings us is that though our stories drive us, we can revise them and learn to choose partners whose stories are more compatible with our own. Quizzes in each chapter help you to see which stories you identify with most strongly and which apply to your partner. Are you a traveler, a gardener, a teacher, or something else entirely? Love is a Story shows you how to find out.
Love as a Story
Authors: Sternberg Robert J
Published: November 2023

Zach and Tammy have been Married foe twenty-eightyeacs. Their friends have been predicting divorce for the entire time, and their predictions seem sensible. Tammy constantly threatens to leave Zach; he, in turn, lashes out at her and tells her that nothing would make him happier.
Making Sense of the Molly Maguires
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

Twenty Irish immigrants, suspected of comprising a secret terrorist organization called the Molly Maguires, were executed in Pennsylvania in the 1870s for the murder of sixteen men. Ever since, there has been enormous disagreement over who the Molly Maguires were, what they did, and why they did it, as virtually everything we now know about the Molly Maguires is based on hostile descriptions of their contemporaries. Arguing that such sources are inadequate to serve as the basis for a factual narrative, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires examines the ideology behind the contemporary evidence to explain how and why a particular meaning came to be associated with the Molly Maguires in Ireland and Pennsylvania. At the same time, this book examines new archival evidence from Ireland that establishes that the American Molly Maguires were a rare transatlantic strand of the violent protest endemic in the Irish countryside. Combining social and cultural history, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires offers a new explanation of who the Molly Maguires were, as well as why people wrote and believed such curious things about them. In the process, it vividly retells one of the classic stories of American labour and immigration.
From the Stone Age to Volcano Myths
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur
Published: November 2023

Written records of ideas regarding volcanoes do not reach beyond the fifth century B.c., but legends and art come down to us from ancient times that give insight into earlier thought about volcanic activity. The earliest visual representation of volcanic eruption dates to one of the oldest village cultures on Earth, one that thrived on the Anatolian Plateau in southeastern Turkey more than 8,000 years ago. The site, known as <:atal Hiiyiik, was painstakingly excavated by the British archaeologist James Mellaart and his collaborators from 1961 to 1963.
The Chimneys of Hell
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur
Published: November 2023

Scholarly work on the nature of the Earth ceased with the end of the Classical period and the fall of the Roman Empire in the Dark Ages (ca. A.D. 400 to 1000), and it can be said that with the rise of Christianity, the European continent suffered a scholarly amnesia during the Middle Ages to about A.D. 1300.1 Some learning and knowledge of nature inherited from the writers of antiquity survived in monasteries, but little progress was made in philosophical or scientific inquiry-and studies into the nature and origin of the Earth were virtually nonexistent.
Chemical Reactions as the Source of Heat in the Earth
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur
Published: November 2023

Sulfur, called apyron by the Greeks, was one of the first true chemical elements recognized by our ancestors, along with carbon in the form of charcoal and the metals of gold, silver, and copper. This bright yellow and stony substance, which was readily available around the craters of volcanoes, was found to burn with a strange, sputtering blue flame, giving off evil-smelling and choking vapors like those that belched from volcanoes. It was no wonder that early philosophers attributed volcanic heat to the combustion of sulfur in the Earth, and the idea that this heat was generated by chemical reactions within the Earth had gained strong support by the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The Source of Magmas
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur
Published: November 2023

Once it had been established that magmas were generated by the melting of solid rock within the Earth, the nature and chemical composition of the source rock became the focus of much research. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, two principal hypotheses were debated on the nature of the source. Because the principal type of magma erupted was basalt, it appeared logical to some that the source region was basaltic in composition, possibly the high-pressure form of basalt known as eclogite. The basaltic magma would then be derived by wholesale melting of the source.
Introduction
Authors: Cota-Robles Eugene
Published: November 2023

Almost ten years ago I met with a number of individuals at the National Academy of Sciences to discuss many of the concerns that underlie the call to this NACME gathering. At that time, I expressed concern for the limited presence of minority scientists and engineers on the faculties ofAmerica’s top research universities. In a burst of hyperbole, I maintained that unless we pressed for the appointment of talented African American, Latino, and American Indian scholars to these faculties, by the year 2000 we would face the reality of Academic Apartheid. Today one finds that the proportion of African Americans receiving new research project grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is less than 1 percent. Specific data show that in 1991, only 25 out of 5,217 investigators funded by the National Institutes of Health were African American. Recognizing that the success rate at NIH is approximately 25 percent, one can assume that no more than 100 African American scientists submitted research grant proposals. This indicates that we still have a significant absence of minorities on the faculties of American colleges and universities; thus the extreme view I expressed in 1986 may not have been so extreme after all. The data for the National Science Foundation are not much different: in 1993, minorities (American Indians, African Americans, Hispanics, and Pacific Islanders) received 287 out of the 7,800 research grants awarded.
Obstacles to Policy Formation
Authors: Ward Antony
Published: November 2023

As Malcom and Anderson (in this volume) have noted, Starting Points, the report of the Carnegie Task Force on Learning and the Primary Grades (1994), caused quite a stir by alerting the American public to the importance of good nutrition and environment for proper brain development in the period after birth. I think people now realize that th is not a period when the child is a kind of small vegetahie that can be carried around. The lifelong process of learning is well underway and at a crucial stage during th is early period. What we a re striving for is the alignment of all of the elements in a child’s development: the prenatal and postnatal care the child receives, family conditions, the kind of preschool and elementary school the child will attend, and the role of community institutions, ranging from educational museums and libraries to social and recreation groups, and religious organizations. Television, too, can be a major force in stimulating a child’s learning process. All of these elements together form what Malcom and Anderson call a coherent learning community for children during the early years.
Advancing Middle Grade Refom1: Research
Authors: Baker Anita M
Published: November 2023

The work of the Urban Schools Science and Mathematics Program (USSAMPJ helped to identity factors influencing the teaching and learning of mathematics and science and to develop strategies to change and improve these factors. USSAMP was a program jointly sponsored by the Ford Motor Company and the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and coordinated by the Academy for Educational Development. The program was initiated in response to growing concern about the underrepresentation of African Americans, Latinos, and females in precollege mathematics and science courses and in careers in science and technology, particularly in the automotive industry and specifically at Ford.
It Takes a Village to Raise a Scientist
Authors: Beane Deanna
Published: November 2023

In “Influences on IV minority Participation in Mathematics, Science and Engineering,” Clewell and Braddock quite appropriately introduce their review of the research with a brief overview of the psychological development of adolescents. For the practitioner, as well as the reseacher, the academic achievement of adolescents should not be explored in total isolation from the findings of behavioral scientists. There is a considerable body of knowledge on the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of children as they make the transition to young adulthood. To facilitate the cognitive development so important to success in mathematics and science, it is imperative that we become more consistent in designing educational environments and experiences based on what we are learning from cognitive science and what we now know about the physical, social, and emotional developmental needs of young adolescents.
Pol icy Matters
Authors: Vickers R Guy
Published: November 2023

As a mature ex-jock, I am amazed that we can identify athletes in grades four and five and track them for success. not knocking athletics or organized sports; I’m from that community. But I look at what happens across college campuses when we bring in blue-chip athletes. provide the best services and facilities for them; nurture, encourage, and pamper them; and do everything necessary to help them achieve success. Then I look at what we do with the bright students we attract to our college campuses. We make them jump through hoops, over hurdles, and tell them that one out of three will fail. We really need to take a hard look at what we are doing to these students, for it is a major factor in driving kids away, particularly from the math and science majors.
Financing Opportunity for Postsecondary Education
Authors: Mortenson Thomas G
Published: November 2023

Reginald Wilson has effectively identified a broad range of influences affecting opportunities for minorities in science, math, and engineering programs. I would like to more fully develop one of these areas, name]y, financial aid for college students. Financial aid is by no means a guarantee of academic success in college, but I can assure you that it is a necessary condition for success. By any measure, the financial aid system in the United States today is in serious trouble, with no apparent prospects for improvement. The consequences for the distribution of opportunities for postsecondary education and training across all segments of the population are absolutely devastating to the futures of young people and the country as a whole.
The Preparation of Minorities for Acaden1ic Careers in Science and Engineering How ’ell Are We Doing?
Authors: Brown Shirley Vining
Published: November 2023

As we approach the end of the final decade of th is century and enter the next, diversifying America’s faculty is part of a larger discussion about how to meet the needs of institutions and a society with expanded missions. One mission in higher education is to increase the number of non-Asian minority and women faculty in scientific careers. In order to assess the status and advancement of minorities in the science and engineering (S/E) academy, this chapter will address two related educational policy questions: why are there so few minority faculty in S/E departments? what can be done to alleviate minority shortages on S/E faculties? Scanning current research, we find only partial answers to these questions. Thus, the thesis of this chapter is twofold. First, the position of minorities in the S/E academic work force is complex and the problems they encounter call for different solutions. Second, although the answers are not simple, they do exist. By reviewing the literature, what is known and still remains to be discovered will inform new questions and policy directions raised later in the discussion.
Figure
Authors: Turner Mark
Published: November 2023

The classical Greek word (schema) had a range of commonplace meanings that cluster around a central prototype: a schema is a pairing of two patterns at unequal levels. The steps of a dance are a schema of the dance. A stately bearing is a schema of a dignified character. Human dress is a schema of the human body, and a fashion of dress is a schema of an aspect of the body. Posture is a schema of attitude. The imperative mode of the verb is a schema of command. Plato called the concrete circle traced in the sand a schema of the single, transcendent, and metaphysically prior ideal circle. Aristotle reversed the direction of abstraction, preferring to see abstract mental forms as epistemological schemata of concrete realities they represent.
Judgment Misguided
Authors: Baron Jonathan
Published: November 2023

People often follow intuitive principles of decision making, ranging from group loyalty to the belief that nature is benign. But instead of using these principles as rules of thumb, we often treat them as absolutes and ignore the consequences of following them blindly. In Judgment Misguided, Jonathan Baron explores our well-meant and deeply felt personal intuitions about what is right and wrong, and how they affect the public domain. Baron argues that when these intuitions are valued in their own right, rather than as a means to another end, they often prevent us from achieving the results we want. Focusing on cases where our intuitive principles take over public decision making, the book examines some of our most common intuitions and the ways they can be misused. According to Baron, we can avoid these problems by paying more attention to the effects of our decisions. Written in a accessible style, the book is filled with compelling case studies, such as abortion, nuclear power, immigration, and the decline of the Atlantic fishery, among others, which illustrate a range of intuitions and how they impede the public's best interests. Judgment Misguided will be important reading for those involved in public decision making, and researchers and students in psychology and the social sciences, as well as everyone looking for insight into the decisions that affect us all.
Maternal Control of Fly Diapause
Authors: Denlinger David L
Published: November 2023

Very few insects, even in the tropics, sustain continuous development throughout the year. Seasonal changes in temperature, rainfall, and food availability are powerful driving forces promoting seasonal development. For most insects the solution to this periodic, but predictable, environmental challenge is to enter diapause, a stage-specific developmental arrest characterized by suppressed metabolism. Seasonal changes in day length, supplemented by temperature cues, are the signals most widely exploited by insects for determining the correct time for diapause entry (reviewed by Saunders 1982; Tauber et al. 1986; Danks 1987; Zaslavski 1988). Depending on the species, diapause may be expressed in the embryo, larva, pupa, or adult. The environmental cues used to program diapause are perceived by the brain, which in turn controls the hormonal milieu that directs the insect’s developmental fate (reviewed by Denlinger 1985).