bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth of SnO2 crystalline thin films by mist chemical vapour deposition method
Authors: Okuno Takeya , Oshima Takayoshi , Lee Sam‐Dong , Fujita Shizuo
Published: January 2011

Single crystalline tin oxide (SnO2) thin films, as a candidate for next generation novel and multifunctional transparent devices, have been grown by the mist chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method. Using water solution of tin dichloride as a source precursor, which was ultrasonically atomized to form mist particles being transferred to the reaction area by a carrier gas, the mist CVD allows safe and cost‐effective growth of high‐quality single crystalline films on sapphire substrates. The carrier concentration and mobility were 1.9×1017 cm‐3 and 55 cm2/Vs, respectively, which were comparable to those of SnO2 films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Growth of safe materials such as oxides by environmental‐friendly technology, as we demonstrated in this paper, is one of the targets to which future compound semiconductor technology should be directed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Model for a biexciton in a lateral quantum dot based on exact solutions for the Hookean H2 molecule. I. Theoretical aspects
Authors: Ludeña E. V. , Echevarría L. , Ugalde J. M. , Lopez X. , Corella‐Madueño A.
Published: January 2011

We present here a model for the non‐Born‐Oppenheimer description of the biexcitonic complex X2(eehh) trapped in laterally‐coupled quantum dot system. We define a zeroth‐order Hamiltonian which allows us, under certain conditions on the masses and coupling constants, to decouple the problem. We show that the zeroth‐order wavefunctions and energies can be described using the exact solutions for the Hookean model for the H2 molecule [Ludeña et al., J Chem Phys 2005, 123, 024102]. We also apply this Hookean model to the description of the excitonic complexes X(ehh), X−(eeh), and to the single exciton X(eh) and analyze the dependence of the total non‐Born‐Oppenheimer zeroth‐order energies, and binding energies for these sytems with the mass ratio σ. The general features of the results obtained using this Hookean model agree quite well with those of more elaborate calculations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Negative ions and their behavior in collisions
Authors: De Castro Faria N. V. , Sant'Anna M. M. , Carvalho C. , Jalbert Ginette , Coelho L.F. S. , Magnani B. F. , Zappa F.
Published: January 2011

We present a review of electron detachment cross sections of atomic, molecular, and cluster anionic projectiles colliding with atoms and molecules, the main focus being on reporting systematic experimental studies. These studies use an experimental method developed at our laboratory, which uses the gas cell of standard tandem accelerators as a collision target. The experimental data show that the velocity dependence of electron detachment cross sections can be described modeling negative ions as a quasi‐free electron bound to a neutral core. Using this model, a velocity‐independent contribution to cross sections is associated with the neutral projectile core, while a velocity‐dependent curve is associated to the projectile quasi‐free electron. This latter curve is the convolution of experimental free‐electron cross sections, for the same target, with the momentum distribution of the quasi‐free projectile electron. This model is useful to obtain cross section estimates, as exemplified by its application in several collision systems relevant for inertial fusion and plasma diagnostics. It is also a powerful tool for verifying the accuracy of anion structure calculations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
The Kernel energy method: Application to graphene and extended aromatics
Authors: Huang Lulu , Bohorquez Hugo J. , Matta Chérif F. , Massa Lou
Published: January 2011

The quantum chemistry of finite aperiodic graphene flakes is a matter of considerable interest because of the anticipated technological importance of such objects. Since real aperiodic graphene flakes will in general be composed of many thousands of carbon atoms, theoretical methods appropriate to such large molecules would need to be used for the ab initio quantum calculation of their properties. The Kernel energy method is discussed here, and it is shown to be accurately applicable to graphenes and analogous extended aromatic molecules. It is necessary to define the kernels of a graphene molecule in a new way because of the extensive aromaticity, which defines its electronic structure. The kernels used in the reconstruction of the full graphene sheet preserve the total number of π‐electrons, Clar sextets, and the approximate overall aromaticity. Sivaramakrishnan et al. [J Phys Chem A, 2005, 109, 1621] define similar “ring conserved isodesmic reactions (RCIR).” The principal innovation of this article is the suggestion that kernels may be mathematically extracted from an extended aromatic molecule such as graphene by a fissioning of aromatic bonds. Hartree Fock (HF) and Møller‐Plesset (MP2) chemical models using a Gaussian basis of 3‐21G orbitals are used to calculate the total energy of a graphene flake. This demonstration calculation is performed on a graphene flake in which dangling bonds are saturated with hydrogens (C78H26) composed of a total of 104 atoms arranged in 27 benzenoid rings. The KEM with both types of chemical model are shown to be accurate to nearly 1 kcal/mol, of a total energy, which is nearly 3000 atomic units, that is, with an absolute error within “chemical accuracy” and a relative error of the order of 5 × 105% of the total energy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Robotic resection of duodenal adenoma
Authors: Marzano Ettore , Ntourakis Dimitrios , Addeo Pietro , Oussoultzoglou Elie , Jaeck Daniel , Pessaux Patrick
Published: January 2011

Background

Duodenal sporadic adenomatous polyps are rare findings during upper endoscopy. Resection is indicated due to their malignant potential.

Methods

A 55 year‐old male patient was diagnosed with a 3 cm duodenal adenomatous polyp with low‐grade dysplasia, which could not be safely resected by endoscopy. A transduodenal submucosal robotic‐assisted polypectomy was performed.

Results

The operative time was 4.5 h, with an estimated blood loss of 200 ml. The patient had a normal bowel transit on postoperative day 3 and he was discharged on postoperative day 7. Three months follow‐up was uneventful. The final histological finding revealed a completely resected duodenal adenomatous polyp without signs of malignancy.

Conclusion

Robotic‐assisted resection of duodenal polyps is a feasible technique that may be indicated for the local excision of duodenal lesions that cannot be endoscopically resected. Compared to the open and laparoscopic approach, it offers many technical advantages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian cluster ensembles
Authors: Wang Hongjun , Shan Hanhuai , Banerjee Arindam
Published: January 2011

Cluster ensembles provide a framework for combining multiple base clusterings of a dataset to generate a stable and robust consensus clustering. There are important variants of the basic cluster ensemble problem, notably including cluster ensembles with missing values, row‐ or column‐distributed cluster ensembles. Existing cluster ensemble algorithms are applicable only to a small subset of these variants. In this paper, we propose Bayesian cluster ensemble (BCE), which is a mixed‐membership model for learning cluster ensembles, and is applicable to all the primary variants of the problem. We propose a variational approximation based algorithm for learning Bayesian cluster ensembles. BCE is further generalized to deal with the case where the features of original data points are available, referred to as generalized BCE (GBCE). We compare BCE extensively with several other cluster ensemble algorithms, and demonstrate that BCE is not only versatile in terms of its applicability but also outperforms other algorithms in terms of stability and accuracy. Moreover, GBCE can have higher accuracy than BCE, especially with only a small number of available base clusterings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 4: 54–70 2011
Improving the performance of the iterative signature algorithm for the identification of relevant patterns
Authors: Freitas A. , Afreixo V. , Pinheiro M. , Oliveira J. L. , Moura G. , Santos M.
Published: January 2011

The iterative signature algorithm (ISA) has become very attractive to detect co‐regulated genes from microarray data matrices and can be a useful tool for the identification of similar patterns in many other kinds of numerical data matrices. Nevertheless, its algorithmic strategy exhibits some limitations since it is based on statistical behavior of the average and considers averages weighted by scores not necessarily positive. Hence, we propose to take the median instead of the average and to use absolutes scores in ISA's structure. Furthermore, a generalized function is also introduced in the algorithm in order to improve its algorithmic strategy for detecting high value or low value biclusters. The effects of these simple modifications on the performance of the biclustering algorithm are evaluated through an experimental comparative study involving synthetic data sets and real data from the organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The experimental results show that the proposed variations of ISA outperform the original version in many situations. Absolute scores in ISA are shown to be essential for the correct interpretation of the biclusters found by the algorithm. The median instead of the average turns the biclustering algorithm more resilient to outliers in the data sets. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 4: 71–83 2011
Clustering large data sets described with discrete distributions and its application on TIMSS data set
Authors: Korenjak‐Černe Simona , Batagelj Vladimir , Japelj Pavešić Barbara
Published: January 2011

Symbolic data analysis is based on special descriptions of data—symbolic objects. Such descriptions preserve more detailed information about the data than the standard representations with mean values. A special kind of symbolic object is also representation with distributions. In the clustering process this representation enables us to consider the variables of all types at the same time.

We present two clustering methods based on the data descriptions with discrete distributions: the adapted leaders method and the adapted agglomerative hierarchical clustering Ward's method. Both methods are compatible—they can be viewed as two approaches for solving the same clustering optimization problem. In the obtained clustering, the leader is assigned to each cluster. The descriptions of the leaders offer simple interpretation of the clusters' characteristics. The leaders method enables us to efficiently solve clustering problems with a large number of units; while the agglomerative method is applied on the obtained leaders and enables us to decide upon the right number of clusters on the basis of the corresponding dendrogram.

Both methods were successfully applied in analyses of different data sets. In this paper, an application on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) data set is presented. The descriptions with distributions enable us to combine two data sets: answers of teachers and answers of their students, into one data set. The descriptions of the obtained clusters enable us to interpret the results in a more understandable way. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 4: 199–215, 2011
On the role of satellite communications for emergency situations with a focus on Europe
Authors: Franck Laurent , Berioli Matteo , Boutry Philippe , Harles Guy , Ronga Luca Simone , Suffritti Rosalba , Thomasson Laurent
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we describe how satellite communications may contribute to disaster management. During emergency situations, satellite communications present many advantages in supporting or replacing a terrestrial infrastructure (if any) subject to destruction or saturation. However, devising the right deployment model deserves close scrutiny in order to fit the responders' needs and sustain financial viability. After reading the paper, we expect that the answers to the following questions will be made clear: what are the roles of telecommunications in emergency situations? How can satellite technologies help? How to mitigate the cost of deploying and using satellite facilities? Who are the actors currently involved in emergency telecommunications and more specifically satellite‐assisted emergency telecommunications? Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A test for the relationship between a time‐varying marker and both recovery and progression with missing data
Authors: Schoenfeld David A. , Rajicic Natasa , Ficociello Linda H. , Finkelstein Dianne M.
Published: January 2011

For clinical studies of chronic diseases, patients are followed to determine whether treatment results in either improvement or decline in their clinical status. During periodic exams, laboratory specimens are collected that are believed to reflect both the progression and improvement in the disease status. Often patients miss visits and return with a changed disease status, resulting in interval‐censored laboratory markers and indicators of disease status. The goal of this paper is to propose a single test that would evaluate the relationship between a longitudinal marker and clinical progression or recovery when missing visits result in interval‐censored covariate and outcome data. We apply our test to evaluate the relationship between treatment compliance and progression and remission of renal disease in diabetic patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural health monitoring of wind turbines: method and application to a HAWT
Authors: Adams Douglas , White Jonathan , Rumsey Mark , Farrar Charles
Published: January 2011

Structural health monitoring in the context of a Micon 65/13 horizontal axis wind turbine was described in this paper as a process in statistical pattern recognition. Simulation data from a calibrated model with less than 8% error in the first 14 natural frequencies of vibration was used to study the operational response under various wind states as well as the effects of three types of damage in the blade, low speed shaft and yaw joint. It was shown that vertical wind shear and turbulent winds lead to different modal contributions in the operational response of the turbine suggesting that the sensitivity of operational data to damage depends on the wind loads. It is also shown that there is less than a 4% change in the wind turbine natural frequencies given a 25% reduction in the stiffness at the root of one blade. The modal assurance criterion was used to analyse the corresponding changes in modal deflections, and this criterion exhibited nearly orthogonal changes because of the three damage scenarios suggesting that the modal deflection determines which damage is observable at a given frequency for a given wind state. The' modal contribution is calculated as a damage feature, which changes as much as 100% for 50% reductions in blade root stiffness, but only the blade damage is detected using this feature. Operational data was used to study variations in the forced blade response to determine the likelihood that small levels of damage can be detected amidst variations in wind speed across the rotor plane. The standard deviation in measured data was shown to be smallest for the span and edge‐wise measurements at 1P due to gravity, which provides the dominant forcing function at this frequency. A 3% change in the response in the span and edge‐wise directions because of damage is required to detect a change of three standard deviations in contrast to the 90% change in flap direction response that is required to detect a similar change because of damage. The dynamic displacement in the span direction is then used to extract a damage feature from the simulation data that provides the ability to both locate and quantify the reduction in stiffness in the blade root. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunohistochemical study of hepatocyte, cholangiocyte and stem cell markers of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Shibuya Makoto , Kondo Fukuo , Sano Keiji , Takada Tadahiro , Asano Takehide
Published: January 2011

Background/purpose

Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) commonly originate from pre‐malignant lesions consisting of mature hepatocytes. However, recent studies have suggested that some HCCs emerge from hepatic stem/progenitor cells because stem/progenitor cell markers and cholangiocyte markers are found in these HCCs. At the same time, the expression of stem/progenitor cell markers and cholangiocyte markers may also indicate de‐differentiation and transdifferentiation of ordinary HCC cells. This study was performed to help clarify the uncertainty surrounding these HCCs.

Methods

Sixty‐eight surgically resected HCC lesions no larger than 5 cm were studied immunohistochemically using a hepatocyte marker (Hepatocyte), 2 cholangiocyte markers (cytokeratins CK7 and CK19), a marker for mucin (Muc1), and a hepatic stem/progenitor cell marker (C‐kit).

Results

Hepatocyte, CK7, CK19, Muc1 and C‐kit were positively stained in 68 cases (100%), 51 cases (75.0%), 15 cases (22.1%), 8 cases (11.8%) and 8 cases (11.8%), respectively. In those cases positive for CK7, CK19, Muc1 and C‐kit, the positively stained cells formed small foci within a large area of negatively stained cells. Small‐sized positive cells suggesting hepatic/stem cell origin were found rarely.

Conclusions

The positivity of cholangiocyte markers, the stem/progenitor cell marker and mucin production were thought to be due to transdifferentiation of HCC cells rather than malignant transformation of stem/progenitor cells.
Interaction of SET domains with histones and nucleic acid structures in active chromatin
Authors: Krajewski Wladyslaw A. , Vassiliev Oleg L.
Published: January 2011

Changes in the normal program of gene expression are the basis for a number of human diseases. Epigenetic control of gene expression is programmed by chromatin modifications—the inheritable “histone code”—the major component of which is histone methylation. This chromatin methylation code of gene activity is created upon cell differentiation and is further controlled by the “SET” (methyltransferase) domain proteins which maintain this histone methylation pattern and preserve it through rounds of cell division. The molecular principles of epigenetic gene maintenance are essential for proper treatment and prevention of disorders and their complications. However, the principles of epigenetic gene programming are not resolved. Here we discuss some evidence of how the SET proteins determine the required states of target genes and maintain the required levels of their activity. We suggest that, along with other recognition pathways, SET domains can directly recognize the nucleosome and nucleic acids intermediates that are specific for active chromatin regions.
Biosensoren der Zukunft: Patientennahe in vitro-Diagnostik für personalisierte Medizin
Authors: Bier Frank F. , Schumacher Soeren
Published: January 2011

Einleitung

Sowohl demografische Entwicklungen als auch neue Erkenntnisse in der molekularen Medizin stellen an die Biosensorik hohe Anforderungen. in vitro-Diagnostik muss schnell, personalisiert und nah am Ort der Probenentnahme geschehen, um den Therapieerfolg einhergehend mit Kostenersparnis und einer höheren Lebensqualität für den Patienten sicherzustellen. Somit müssen neue Wege beschritten werden, die ein Höchstmaß an transdisziplinärem Denken und Handeln fordern wie etwa bei der Konvergenz etablierter Technologien oder der vollständigen Integration aller (Prozess- und Analytik-) Komponenten.
Milton and the Idea of the Fall
Authors: Poole William
Published: January 2011

In Paradise Lost (1667), Milton produced the most magnificent poetic account ever written of the biblical Fall of man. In this wide-ranging study, William Poole presents a comprehensive analysis of the origin, evolution, and contemporary discussion of the Fall, and the way seventeenth-century authors, particularly Milton, represented it. Poole first examines the range and depth of early modern thought on the subject, then explains and evaluates the basis of the idea and the intellectual and theological controversies it inspired from early Christian times to Milton's own century. The second part of the book delves deeper into the development of Milton's own thought on the Fall, from the earliest of his poems, through his prose, to his mature epic. Poole distinguishes clearly for the first time the range and complexity of contemporary debates on the Fall of man, and offers many insights into the originality and sophistication of Milton's work.
History and Geography in Late Antiquity
Authors: Merrills A. H.
Published: January 2011

The period from the fifth century to the eighth century witnessed massive political, social and religious change in Europe. Geographical and historical thought, long rooted to Roman ideologies, had to adopt the new perspectives of late antiquity. In the light of expanding Christianity and the evolution of successor kingdoms in the West, new historical discourses emerged which were seminal in the development of medieval historiography. Taking their lead from Orosius in the early fifth century, Latin historians turned increasingly to geographical description, as well as historical narrative, to examine the world around them. This book explores the interdependence of geographical and historical modes of expression in four of the most important writers of the period: Orosius, Jordanes, Isidore of Seville and the Venerable Bede. It offers important readings of each by arguing that the long geographical passages with which they were introduced were central to their authors' historical assumptions and arguments.
From Corpus to Classroom
Authors: O'Keeffe Anne , McCarthy Michael , Carter Ronald
Published: January 2011

From Corpus to Classroom summarises and makes accessible recent work in corpus research, focusing particularly on spoken data. It is based on analysis of corpora such as CANCODE and Cambridge International Corpus, and written with particular reference to the development of corpus-informed pedagogy.

The book explains how corpora can be designed and used, and focuses on what they tell us about language teaching. It examines the relevance of corpora to materials writers, course designers and language teachers and considers the needs of the learner in relation to authentic data. It shows how the answers to key questions such as 'Is there a basic, everyday vocabulary for English?', 'How should idioms be taught?' and 'What are the most common spoken language chunks?' are best explored by means of a clearer understanding of the workings of language in context.
A Structural Theory of Social Influence
Authors: Friedkin Noah E.
Published: January 2011

This book addresses a phenomenon that has been much studied in anthropology, sociology and administrative science - the social structural foundations of coordinated activity and consensus in complexly differentiated communities and organizations. Such foundations are important because social differentiation makes coordination and agreement especially hard to achieve and maintain. Friedkin focuses on the process of social influence, and on how this process, when it is played out in a network of interpersonal influence, may result in interpersonal agreements among actors who are located in different parts of a complexly differentiated organization. This work builds on structural role analysis which provides a description of the pattern of social differentiation in a population. Interpretation of the revealed social structures has long been a problem. The steps for structural analysis that are proposed in this book are addressed to the above problem. To explain the coordination of social positions, the author pursues the development of a structural social psychology that attends to both social structure and process.
The Politics of Munificence in the Roman Empire
Authors: Zuiderhoek Arjan
Published: January 2011

In the first two centuries AD, the eastern Roman provinces experienced a proliferation of elite public generosity unmatched in their previous or later history. In this study, Arjan Zuiderhoek attempts to answer the question why this should have been so. Focusing on Roman Asia Minor, he argues that the surge in elite public giving was not caused by the weak economic and financial position of the provincial cities, as has often been maintained, but by social and political developments and tensions within the Greek cities created by their integration into the Roman imperial system. As disparities of wealth and power within imperial polis society continued to widen, the exchange of gifts for honours between elite and non-elite citizens proved an excellent political mechanism for deflecting social tensions away from open conflicts towards communal celebrations of shared citizenship and the legitimation of power in the cities.
The Culture of Slander in Early Modern England
Authors: Kaplan M. Lindsay
Published: January 2011

Slander constitutes a central social, legal and literary concern of early modern England. A category of discourse which transgresses the law, it offers a more historically grounded and fluid account of power relations between poets and the state than that offered by the commonly accepted model of official censorship. An investigation of slander reveals it to be an effective, unstable and reversible means of repudiating one's opposition that could be deployed by rulers or poets. Spenser, Jonson and Shakespeare each use the paradigm of slander to challenge official criticism of poetry, while contemporary legal theory associates slander with poetry. However, even as rulers themselves make use of slander in the form of propaganda to demonize those they perceive to be their foes, ultimately they are unable to contain completely the threat posed by slanderous accusations against the state.
Cataclysmic Variable Stars
Authors: Warner Brian
Published: January 2011

The study of cataclysmic variables - interacting binary stars containing a white dwarf accreting from an orbiting companion - is undergoing an exciting renaissance, as it embraces observations at all wavelengths. Cataclysmic variables allow, in particular, the direct and detailed study of equilibrium and non-equilibrium accretion discs; in turn these developments also help in our understanding of X-ray binaries, black holes and active galactic nuclei. This timely volume provides the first comprehensive survey of cataclysmic variable stars, integrating theory and observation into a single, synthesised text. An introductory chapter gives the historical background of studies of cataclysmic variables. The author then goes on to give an up-to-date review of both the observations (at all wavelengths, and over all time-scales), the theories, the models of the structures and accretion processes believed to be involved. A very detailed bibliography is also provided to guide the reader to pertinent primary literature.
Superconductivity and Superfluidity
Authors: Tsuneto T.
Published: January 2011

This 1998 book describes the physics of superconductivity and superfluidity, macroscopic quantum phenomena found in many conductors at low temperatures and in liquid helium 4 and helium 3. In the first part of the book the author presents the mean field theory of generalized pair condensation. This is followed by a description of the properties of ordinary superconductors using BCS theory. The book then proceeds with expositions of strong coupling theory and the Ginzberg-Landau theory. The remarkable properties of superfluid helium 3 are then described, as an example of a superfluid with internal degrees of freedom. The topics covered are dealt with in a coherent manner, with all necessary theoretical background given. Recent topics in the field, such as the copper-oxide high temperature superconductors and exotic superconductivity of heavy fermion systems are discussed in the final chapter. This book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in condensed matter physics, especially those working in superconductivity and superfluidity.
Talking Voices
Authors: Tannen Deborah
Published: January 2011

Written in readable, vivid, non-technical prose, this book, first published in 2007, presents the highly respected scholarly research that forms the foundation for Deborah Tannen's best-selling books about the role of language in human relationships. It provides a clear framework for understanding how ordinary conversation works to create meaning and establish relationships. A significant theoretical and methodological contribution to both linguistic and literary analysis, it uses transcripts of tape-recorded conversation to demonstrate that everyday conversation is made of features that are associated with literary discourse: repetition, dialogue, and details that create imagery. This second edition features a new introduction in which the author shows the relationship between this groundbreaking work and the research that has appeared since its original publication in 1989. In particular, she shows its relevance to the contemporary topic 'intertextuality', and provides a useful summary of research on that topic.
The Anthropology of Texts, Persons and Publics
Authors: Barber Karin
Published: January 2011

What can texts - both written and oral - tell us about the societies that produce them? How are texts constituted in different cultures, and how do they shape societies and individuals? How can we understand the people who compose them? Drawing on examples from Africa and other countries, this original study sets out to answer these questions, by exploring textuality from a variety of angles. Topics covered include the importance of genre, the ways in which oral genres transcend the here-and-now, and the complex relationship between texts and the material world. Barber considers the ways in which personhood is evoked, both in oral poetry and in written diaries and letters, discusses the audience's role in creating the meaning of texts, and shows textual creativity to be a universal human capacity expressed in myriad forms. Engaging and thought-provoking, this book will be welcomed by anyone interested in anthropology, literature and cultural studies.
Text Generation
Authors: McKeown Kathleen
Published: January 2011

This book is concerned with the machine-based generation of natural language text and presents a formal analysis of problems, which in the main have previously only been approached descriptively. In the process of producing discourse, speakers and writers must decide what it is that they want to say and how to present it effectively. Kathleen McKeown's main concern is to identify and formalise principles of discourse so that they can be used in a computational process. The text generation theory she describes has been embodied in a computer program, TEXT, which, given a question, can produce a paragraph length response. An Appendix to the book provides examples of the TEXT system in operation.
Introduction to Cambridge
Authors: Roberts Sydney Castle
Published: January 2011

S. C. Roberts, a senior officer of Cambridge University Press as Secretary to the Press Syndicate, wrote several works for Cambridge, including a history of the Press and this handy visitors' guide to the University. After its first publication in 1934, this book went through a number of editions and was thoroughly updated after the Second World War. Roberts introduces the reader to the University from within, covering its history, its finest buildings, the way the University was run and the daily life of the undergraduate. The informal style makes this a highly entertaining introduction to the Cambridge of the 1930s and 40s: the entrance examination, the midnight curfew for undergraduates, the then new University Library, and the systems of governance. For everyone connected with Cambridge, this little book provides fascinating insights into what has and has not changed in the ancient university city since the Second World War.
A Letter to the Queen on Lord Chancellor Cranworth's Marriage and Divorce Bill
Authors: Norton Caroline Sheridan
Published: January 2011

Caroline Norton (1808–1877) was a Victorian author and campaigner for social reform, especially reform of women's legal rights. In this lucidly written account Norton describes how upon marriage in 1855 women became legally 'non-existent': they could not bring cases to court; they could not enter into a contract; they could not instigate a divorce and their possessions, earnings and any bequests made to them automatically became their husband's property. Norton explains how this lack of legal autonomy affected women if they became estranged from their husbands, using her own experiences for illustration and recommending changes which would improve women's legal position. Published in 1855 when Parliament was debating the subject of divorce reform, this volume shows the legal position of women at this time. It provides the opinions of contemporary legislators in support and opposition on the issues of women's legal rights and reform of divorce laws.
The Psychology of Insanity
Authors: Hart Bernard
Published: January 2011

This book is widely known for its lucid account of the modern theory that sanity and insanity are not to be divided in a clear-cut way, but rather shade gradually into one another. Since this book deals mainly with the fundamental general principles of abnormal psychology, and these were already clearly formulated at the time it was first written in 1912, a considerable part of the text needs no amendment. The author has revised the introductory chapter on the historical development of the subject, and his preface explains the scope and purpose of those textual changes which he feels to be necessary. The contents include chapters on the history and psychological conception of mental disorder, the phenomena of mental disorder, dissociation, complexes, conflict, repression, manifestation of repressed complexes, projection, the irrationality of the insane, phantasy, and the significance of conflict.
Positioning Patients for Surgery
Authors: Servant Chris , Purkiss Shaun , Hughes John
Published: January 2011

This volume is a practical, procedure-by-procedure guide to patient positioning for about 50 of the most common surgical procedures, written by a multidisciplinary team of surgeons, nurses, ODAs and anaesthetists. Positioning for each procedure is described in detail and points of interest or potential hazards discussed where appropriate. Each procedure is clearly illustrated using photographs and explanatory line diagrams. Positioning Patients for Surgery is an invaluable guide for all theatre-based healthcare professionals.
Probability and Statistics by Example
Authors: Suhov Yuri , Kelbert Mark
Published: January 2011

Probability and Statistics are as much about intuition and problem solving, as they are about theorem proving. Because of this, students can find it very difficult to make a successful transition from lectures to examinations to practice, since the problems involved can vary so much in nature. Since the subject is critical in many modern applications such as mathematical finance, quantitative management, telecommunications, signal processing, bioinformatics, as well as traditional ones such as insurance, social science and engineering, the authors have rectified deficiencies in traditional lecture-based methods by collecting together a wealth of exercises for which they have supplied complete solutions. These solutions are adapted to needs and skills of students. To make it of broad value, the authors supply basic mathematical facts as and when they are needed, and have sprinkled some historical information throughout the text.
Analysis of fertilizer subsidy programs and ecosystem services in Malawi
Authors: Mhango Jarret , Dick Jan
Published: January 2011

This paper evaluates the delivery of ecosystem services under different regimes of agricultural input subsidy in post-independent Malawi using (1) the protocol of the Millennium Ecosystem Service to characterize the services; and (2) the panarchy framework to describe the relationships among the political regimes, economic growth [gross domestic product (GDP)] and food security. Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems that support, directly or indirectly, human survival and quality of life. Panarchy is a nested set of adaptive cycles that provides a tool to explore the conductivity of ecological and social-cultural systems. The Malawian temporal political landscape has experienced several reorganizations since independence, in which the governments of Malawi have initiated socio-economic growth of the economy through implementation of different farmer input subsidy programs with variable success. The most recent agricultural subsidy program (2005–2009) appears to have shown an improvement in food security for the people of Malawi. However, this may be at the expense of an increased rate of decline in other ecosystem services, especially arable land resources and forestry. If agricultural subsidies continue to be implemented without a holistic understanding of all ecosystem services delivered to the whole country, then the system will be unsustainable. We recommend the ecosystem service approach and the panarchy framework as potentially useful tools for policy makers.
The Effects of Vitamin C Administration, Acute Food Deprivation, and Acute Food Intake on Vitamin C Levels in Different Brain Areas of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Kaplan Birsen , Çetin Ferihan , Elbeg Sehri
Published: January 2011

Vitamin C is crucial for the brain. We aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin C administration following 24 hours of acute food deprivation and 24 hours of acute food intake on changes in vitamin C levels in different brain areas of guinea pigs. Vitamin C was administered as a single intraperitoneal dose (500 mg kg-1 body weight) both before acute food deprivation and before acute food intake. At the end of our study, we measured the vitamin C levels in cerebral cortex lobes, brain stem structures, hypophysis, hypothalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus, and amygdala. Vitamin C levels in the frontal and parietal lobes were found to be significantly higher in animals pretreated with vitamin C prior to 24 hours of food deprivation (p < 0.05). Temporal lobe vitamin C level was significantly lower in animals that were subjected to 24 hours of acute food intake following 24 hours of food deprivation (p < 0.05). Increased vitamin C levels were observed in the occipital lobe of all animals that received vitamin C administration (p < 0.05). Vitamin C levels in the brain stem structures such as mesencephalon and pons were significantly decreased in animals pretreated with vitamin C before normal feeding (p < 0.05). Vitamin C level in the hypothalamus was significantly increased after 24 hours of food deprivation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, different areas of the brain may differ in terms of vitamin C content during nutritional changes with or without vitamin C pretreatment, such as 24 hours of food deprivation or 24 hours of food intake following 24 hours of food deprivation. These differences may be attributed to several functions of vitamin C which may occur under these circumstances.
History of Early Loss Among a Group of Suicide Survivors
Authors: Séguin Monique , Lesage Alain , Kiely Margaret
Published: January 2011

Suicide-bereaved families have been described as more depression-prone and their bereavement process as more complicated and difficult. Few studies have aimed specifically to investigate the history of transgenerational childhood loss in suicide survivor families as an indicator of greater vulnerability. Childhood separation experiences are associated with difficulties in forming and maintaining attachments. Bonding difficulties are also associated with greater vulnerability to depression and may constitute a suicide risk factor. This exploratory study (n = 32) focused on two groups, each of 16 mothers who had lost a son to suicide and car accidents, respectively. History of loss and early separation experiences were investigated through a clinical interview of the bereaved mothers and through a psychological autopsy of the deceased sons. Results indicate significant transgenerational indices of loss, separation, and inadequate child-rearing. Pre-death life events and adversities in the family may be as important to bereavement outcome as post-death happenings. The cycle of these events, the role of fathers and the role of protective factors must be further studied using detailed life-course reconstructions.
Suicidal Behavior in Swiss Students: An 18-Month Follow-up Survey
Authors: Buddeberg Claus , Buddeberg-Fischer Barbara , Gnam Gabriela , Schmid Jürg , Christen Stephan
Published: January 2011

Suicidal behavior and its relationship with other mental disturbances was assessed in an epidemiological study of 1937 Swiss adolescents aged 14 to 19 years. During the most recent 12 months, 27.5% of the females and 16.1%of the males reported suicidal ideation, while 3.3% of the girls and 1.0% of the boys reported suicidal ideation. Suicidality was significantly correlated with physical and mental impairment, alcohol and drug abuse. Of the total epidemiological sample, 475 students (24.5%) were reassessed 12 and 18 months later. Of this follow-up sample, 37 females (12.4%) and 10 males (5.6%) described suicidal ideation as a continuing problem. They revealed significantly more psychiatric symptoms than nonpersistent ideators. Three girls (1.0%) and one boy (0.6%) reported suicide attempts during the follow-up period of 18 months. Only one out of six of the ideators of both sexes received psychiatric treatment. The findings indicate that transient suicidal ideation is common in adolescents. Persistent suicidal behavior appears to be a sign of severe social and psychological disturbances and is associated with serious physical and mental impairment. There is a high risk of completed suicide for youths who demonstrate persistent suicidal ideation, and far more substantial prevention efforts should be designed and implemented to address the circumstances of these youths.
Youth Suicide in New Zealand
Authors: Disley Barbara , Coggan Carolyn
Published: January 2011

It is increasingly acknowledged that suicidal behavior has a considerable impact on both individuals and society in terms of acute physical and mental health problems, long-term disability, and death, as well as quality of life and resource provision. In recent years there has been increasing concern about youth suicide rates. The escalation in suicide rates among individuals in the 15-24-year age group began around 1980 and has continued to rise. While this trend is evident in most OECD countries, the increase in New Zealand has been more substantial and sustained than in other countries. This article examines the occurrence of youth suicide in New Zealand. Next, an outline of New Zealand government and nongovernmental responses to youth suicide are presented. Finally, a variety of intervention options which take into account New Zealand societal conditions are outlined.
Suicide in the Ukraine: Epidemiology, Knowledge, and Attitudes of the Population
Authors: Mokhovikov Alexander , Donets Olga
Published: January 2011

For several decades suicidology could not be discussed in the Ukraine, and so this is one of the first papers on suicide in this country. After a brief discussion of the epidemiology of suicide in the Ukraine, the authors present the results of research investigations on caregivers' knowledge about suicide, as well as an investigation of attitudes towards suicide. The principal conclusions are: 1. The frequency of suicide in the Ukraine is relatively high (24 per 100,000). The rate of suicide is much higher in rural areas than in the cities. The frequency of completed suicide is not the same in different regions of the country. 2. Sociopsychological processes in the post-totalitarian society have resulted in the development of the “Soviet syndrome” in the population. 3. Suicidal behavior in the post-totalitarian society exists in a special social, psychological, and cultural context that creates obstacles for its effective prevention. 4. Research on the level of suicide knowledge revealed a high prevalence of mythical ideas, even in those groups of the population or professional groups that should be directly involved in education and participate in suicide prevention. 5. An assessment of the attitude of the respondents toward suicide revealed an ambivalence of their feelings and attitudes that could have a negative influence on their practical involvement in helping to deal with suicidal clients.
Quantitative proteomic analyses of the response of acidophilic microbial communities to different pH conditions
Authors: Belnap Christopher P , Pan Chongle , Denef Vincent J , Samatova Nagiza F , Hettich Robert L , Banfield Jillian F
Published: January 2011

Extensive genomic characterization of multi-species acid mine drainage microbial consortia combined with laboratory cultivation has enabled the application of quantitative proteomic analyses at the community level. In this study, quantitative proteomic comparisons were used to functionally characterize laboratory-cultivated acidophilic communities sustained in pH 1.45 or 0.85 conditions. The distributions of all proteins identified for individual organisms indicated biases for either high or low pH, and suggests pH-specific niche partitioning for low abundance bacteria and archaea. Although the proteome of the dominant bacterium, Leptospirillum group II, was largely unaffected by pH treatments, analysis of functional categories indicated proteins involved in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, as well as cell membrane/envelope biogenesis were overrepresented at high pH. Comparison of specific protein abundances indicates higher pH conditions favor Leptospirillum group III, whereas low pH conditions promote the growth of certain archaea. Thus, quantitative proteomic comparisons revealed distinct differences in community composition and metabolic function of individual organisms during different pH treatments. Proteomic analysis revealed other aspects of community function. Different numbers of phage proteins were identified across biological replicates, indicating stochastic spatial heterogeneity of phage outbreaks. Additionally, proteomic data were used to identify a previously unknown genotypic variant of Leptospirillum group II, an indication of selection for a specific Leptospirillum group II population in laboratory communities. Our results confirm the importance of pH and related geochemical factors in fine-tuning acidophilic microbial community structure and function at the species and strain level, and demonstrate the broad utility of proteomics in laboratory community studies.