bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adverse reaction to Coartem (artemether/lumefantrine) resulting in oculogyric crisis
Authors: Amponsah Emmanuel Kofi , Sodnom-Ish Buyanbileg , Anyetei-Anum Aaron Sowah , Frimpong Paul , Kim Soung Min
Published: May 2021

Background

Artemether/lumefantrine (AL), sold under the brand name Coartem, is the most common artemisinin-based combination therapy for the treatment of malaria. Drug-induced oculogyric crisis is a neurological disorder characterized by frequent upward deviations of the eye. In the literature, no cases of Coartem-induced oculogyric crisis have been reported in Ghana.

Case presentation

A 19-year-old male patient, who presented fever measuring 37.9 °C, general body pains, and weakness was prescribed with antimalarial therapy artemether/lumefantrine, Coartem®, from a local pharmacy. Just after initiation of treatment, the patient complained of double vision, involuntary upward eye deviation, and inability to close both eyes. The patient was diagnosed with Coartem-induced oculogyric crisis and was treated with the cessation of the causing agent and intramuscular injection of promethazine hydrochloride.

Conclusions

When a patient exhibits a neurological disorder, such as oculogyric crisis, with normal conscious state and normal vital signs, special attention should be given to obtaining a history of recently administered medications. Clinicians should recognize adverse reactions to drugs based on a thorough patient history and examination. The goal of this report was to present Coartem-induced oculogyric crisis.
Characteristics and evolution of inertinite abundance and atmospheric pO2 during China’s coal-forming periods
Authors: Wang Dong-Dong , Yin Lu-Sheng , Shao Long-Yi , Lyu Da-Wei , Liu Hai-Yan , Wang Shuai , Dong Guo-Qi
Published: May 2021

Coal, especially the inertinite in it, is highly sensitive to climate changes, showing an obvious response to paleoclimate conditions, in particular, to paleo-oxygen concentration (pO2). In this study, the inertinite abundance data of typical coal-forming periods in China were systematically collected and analyzed. Its characteristics and control factors were studied, and its evolution was established. Based on inertinite abundance data, pO2 evolution curves of various coal-forming periods in China were established, which fluctuated between 15% and 30% during the entire Phanerozoic. The inertinite abundance in coal deposits during Paleozoic in China was basically consistent with that of other areas of the world, while it was quite different globally from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic. The results show that the inertinite abundance in coal deposits is controlled by pO2 and other factors including climatic zones, plant differentiation, sedimentary environments, and tectonic activities. The inertinite abundance in coal deposits in China during the Jurassic was high, suggesting dry paleoclimate of inland China.
Radical Stories in the Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden
Authors: Boehi Melanie
Published: May 2021

When the Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden was established in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1913, it was envisioned as a site that served white citizens. Kirstenbosch was presented as a landscape in which plants functioned as representatives of their wild habitats. The botanical garden’s curatorial practices silenced histories of colonial occupation, frontier violence, colonial agriculture, and slavery that had shaped the land on which it was built. Narratives that celebrated colonial histories were cultivated in monumental gardening. Throughout its existence, Kirstenbosch has centered Western epistemologies. Where Indigenous knowledge systems were featured, they were mediated through ethnobotany. While human stakeholders lacked commitment to transformation, emergent ecologies evolved that interrupted colonial narratives and Western epistemologies. Discussing histories of wild almond trees, hybrid plants, and cycads, the author suggests that the emergent ecologies around them introduced radical stories to Kirstenbosch. The emergent ecologies’ storytelling is radical because it works at the roots of plants and historical genealogies, and it roots different narratives—of ruination and new flourishing, diversity and local becomings, multispecies kinship and love—into Kirstenbosch. In doing so, the emergent ecologies introduce possibilities for reimagining the botanical garden as an institution of environmental governance from within its confines and its disciplines.
Variations in Preschoolers’ Physical Activity Across the School Year
Authors: Tompkins Connie L. , Shoulberg Erin K. , Meyer Lori E. , Martin Caroline P. , Dennis Marissa , Krasner Allison , Cook Hannah , Hoza Betsy
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to examine (seasonal) variations in preschoolers’ physical activity (PA) across the school year when a PA intervention was versus was not in place and whether patterns of change in PA behavior varied between boys and girls. Kiddie Children and Teachers on the Move, a 30-min structured program designed to engage preschoolers in PA during the school day, was implemented 2–4 times per week for 19–22 wk. PA was measured by accelerometry during the school day during five assessment periods (3 with- and 2 w/no intervention). A total of 90 children (M
age = 4.12 ± 0.63, 47 males, 43 females) were included in analyses. A series of 5 (time) × 2 (sex) mixed-model ANOVA was used to examine PA across assessments and whether patterns of change in PA varied by sex. Significant variation in total PA was observed over the school year (F
4, 352 = 16.35, P < 0.001). Total PA during both nonintervention periods was significantly lower than all three intervention periods (all Ps < 0.01). Similar patterns emerged for moderate-to-vigorous PA and compliance with the Institute of Medicine PA guideline for preschoolers. Significant effects of time were not qualified by the time–sex interaction in any model, suggesting that the pattern of change in PA over time did not vary as a function of sex. Follow-up analyses revealed sex differences in PA behavior within assessment periods. Boys’ total and moderate-to-vigorous PA were significantly greater than girls during nonintervention periods; notably, there were no significant sex differences in these PA behaviors during intervention periods. Findings highlight the importance of structured programs to promote preschoolers’ PA, especially during winter months when PA seems to decline.
DESAFIOS E PERSPECTIVAS PARA A PROTEÇÃO JURISDICIONAL DO AMBIENTE URBANO
Authors: Brandelli Ailor Carlos , Lunelli Carlos Alberto , Prieur Julien
Published: May 2021

Objetivo:O objeto deste artigo é analisar o ambiente urbano e as suas facetas, por meio de um recorte histórico do período da Revolução Industrial até o reconhecimento de sua proteção na Carta Constitucional de 1988 e o posterior Estatuto da Cidade. Observam-se os entraves ideológicos da proteção ambiental, sentido tanto nas searas políticas quanto nas jurídicas, impondo a necessidade de fomentar instrumentos para a sua proteção jurisdicional.Metodologia: A pesquisa que se apresenta estrutura-se a partir do método hermenêutico, método da compreensão, próprio e adequado para a investigação científica nas ciências do espírito. O método de procedimento utilizado é o monográfico, pela técnica de pesquisa em fontes bibliográficas e documentais, notadamente, explorando obras e autores que abordam a proteção do bem ambiental e o Direito Urbanístico. As técnicas de pesquisa compreenderam a revisão bibliográfica e a produção de resenhas e fichamentos, a partir da observação da trilogia dos manuais, das obras específicas e dos artigos científicos.Resultados: Ficou demonstrado que a existência de normas constitucionais e as leis ordinárias hábeis à proteção do ambiente urbano carecem de efetividade, já que dependentes de decisões políticas e judiciais, que, por vezes, compreendem de forma diversa a finitude dos recursos e a proteção ambiental almejada pela sociedade, o que reclama uma nova postura, hábil a efetivar os reclames em prol do bem ambiental.Contribuições: A abordagem identifica que a efetividade da proteção ambiental dos ambientes urbanos é, ainda, um dos maiores desafios da humanidade neste século, já que proteger o ambiente é garantir a manutenção da vida e das próprias relações sociais.
Autologous stromal vascular fraction cells combined with platelet-rich plasma for androgenic alopecia treatment: a case series
Authors: Josh Fonny , Soekamto Tomie Hermawan , Faruk Muhammad
Published: May 2021

Background: Stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFs), which can be produced using a mechanical or digestive enzymatic process, are heterogeneous cells with the potential to grow hair in androgenic alopecia patients. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous cell source that is widely used to treat androgenic alopecia. However, the combined use of PRP and SVFs to treat alopecia is rarely reported.

Case presentation: This case series describes three cases of androgenic alopecia, including a32-year-old male, a 43-year-old male, and a 65-year-old male. Androgenic alopecia in these patients was treated by injecting the bald area of the scalp with local autologous PRP combined with SVFs. Follow-up was performed 1–3 months after treatment, which showed good results. The hair grew denser, with increased thickness for each strand. The hair pull test revealed that the hair remained intact.

Conclusion: The combination of PRP and SVFs affected all cycles of the hair growth process. SVFs are multipotent cells with the potential to become antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or anti-fibrotic cells. SVFs can regenerate cells that secrete the growth factors, that are essential for angiogenesis, which can improve therapeutic outcomes. This case series will enrich the existing literature by expanding available treatment options for androgenic alopecia.
Cardiovascular disease risk and pathophysiology in South Asians: can longitudinal multi-omics shed light?
Authors: Sun Yan V. , Liu Chang , Staimez Lisa , Ali Mohammed K. , Chang Howard , Kondal Dimple , Patel Shivani , Jones Dean , Mohan Viswanathan , Tandon Nikhil , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Quyyumi Arshed A. , Narayan K. M. Venkat , Agrawal Anurag
Published: May 2021

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in South Asia, with rapidly increasing prevalence of hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and hyperlipidemia over the last two decades. Atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) affects South Asians earlier in life and at lower body weights, which is not fully explained by differential burden of conventional risk factors. Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome of heterogeneous structural phenotypes including two major clinical subtypes, HF with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The prevalence of HF in South Asians is also rising with other metabolic diseases, and HFpEF develops at younger age and leaner body mass index in South Asians than in Whites. Recent genome-wide association studies, epigenome-wide association studies and metabolomic studies of ASCVD and HF have identified genes, metabolites and pathways associated with CVD traits. However, these findings were mostly driven by samples of European ancestry, which may not accurately represent the CVD risk at the molecular level, and the unique risk profile of CVD in South Asians. Such bias, while formulating hypothesis-driven research studies, risks missing important causal or predictive factors unique to South Asians. Importantly, a longitudinal design of multi-omic markers can capture the life-course risk and natural history related to CVD, and partially disentangle putative causal relationship between risk factors, multi-omic markers and subclinical and clinical ASCVD and HF. In conclusion, combining high-resolution untargeted metabolomics with epigenomics of rigorous, longitudinal design will provide comprehensive unbiased molecular characterization of subclinical and clinical CVD among South Asians. A thorough understanding of CVD-associated metabolomic profiles, together with advances in epigenomics and genomics, will lead to more accurate estimates of CVD progression and stimulate new strategies for improving cardiovascular health.
UN EDIFICIO INVISIBLE. NUEVO AULARIO DE LA FACULTAD DE DERECHO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA (1983-1996)
Authors: Lus-Arana Luis Miguel , Pérez-Moreno Lucía Carmen
Published: May 2021

En 1983, el equipo formado por Saturnino Cisneros Lacruz, Juan Antonio Carmona Mateu, Manuel Fernández Ramí-rez e Isabel García Elorza comenzaba la construcción del proyecto de ampliación de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Zaragoza. La necesidad de construir un nuevo aulario surgía de la mano del progresivo aumento de estudiantes de Derecho que se estaban dando en España desde los años sesenta. La autonomía formal, junto a la contundente geometría circular de este nuevo aulario, es muestra de la intención de sus autores por romper, de manera respetuosa, con la arquitectura racionalista regionalista, que Regino Borobio y José Beltrán Navarro habían construido en los primeros años cuarenta y que había dominado la ordenación de la Ciudad Universitaria de la ciudad de Zaragoza. Con concomitancias formales aaltianas y ecos nacionales a las arquitecturas de Fernando Higueras de los años sesenta, esta ampliación proponía una arquitectura tardomoderna afín al brutalismo de Alison y Peter Smithson donde los espacios de relación e intercambio social se tornaron aspectos esenciales y definitorios del proyecto. Esta ampliación conjuga autonomía con subordinación, tanto física como funcional, con respeto al edificio original, generando una pieza que combina rotundidad volumétrica y amabilidad para con el usuario, y cuya escala percibida desdice su enorme volumen construido.
ARQUITECTURAS AMPLIADAS. EL PABELLÓN DE EXPOSICIONES EN LA CASA DE CAMPO DE MADRID
Authors: de Coca Leicher José
Published: May 2021

La reciente intervención en el pabellón de Exposiciones, antiguo pabellón del Ministerio de la Vivienda realizado en 1959 para la IV Feria Internacional del Campo por Francisco de Asís Cabrero y Jaime Ruiz, es un interesante ejemplo de estrategias para recuperar arquitecturas, en este caso del siglo XX, ampliando su uso y su vida útil mediante la adaptación de sus espacios interiores y exteriores a nuevas necesidades ciudadanas, exigencias de accesibilidad y de acondicionamiento climático. La reha-bilitación, dentro de los “usos compatibles” previstos en el Plan Especial vigente, es parte de la iniciativa Campus Asociativo de Madrid formada por cuatro pabellones: Exposiciones, Valencia, Icona I e Icona II. En ese contexto, analizaremos las estrategias de intervención y las operaciones realizadas, a partir del estudio del edificio original y relacionándolo con otras arquitecturas de referencia, entre otros, los edificios que Mies van der Rohe realizó en el campus del IIT, también restaurados y que inspiraron a Cabrero y Ruiz. Alimentamos el debate de la recuperación de edificios, en el que lo realizado enriquece los criterios al uso. Conclui-remos evidenciando el equilibrio entre la recuperación de la espacialidad, su construcción experimental y la transformación del uso expositivo en el nuevo uso representativo y administrativo de carácter permanente, pero reversible, en lo que consideramos una “arquitectura ampliada”
Análisis del discurso sobre la diversidad funcional en los personajes de las series televisivas españolas
Authors: Palenzuela Zanca Julia , Marcos Ramos María , González de Garay Domínguez Beatriz
Published: May 2021

En el presente artículo se analizan los resultados obtenidos en un estudio previo sobre la representación de la diversidad funcional en las series de producción españolas emitidas en horario de prime time en las seis cadenas generalistas españolas durante la segunda mitad del año 2016, el año 2017 y la primera mitad del año 2018. Este análisis mostraba que exclusivamente el 1,2 % de los personajes poseían algún tipo de diversidad funcional, además de no ocupar en ninguno de los casos papeles protagónicos. Con los datos previos, se procedió al análisis discursivo de las intervenciones de estos personajes, fijando los objetivos en el estudio de la autonomía mostrada, la persecución de objetivos narrativos y la relevancia de estos personajes en la historia, haciendo una crítica desde la perspectiva del modelo de vida independiente. Las conclusiones obtenidas a raíz del análisis de la muestra de quince capítulos de ficción apoyan la postura de que no solamente existe una carencia cuantitativa de personajes con diversidad funcional en la ficción española, sino que también se da una insuficiencia de su relevancia narrativa y una ausencia del modelo de vida independiente en ella.
On the Heavy-Tail Behavior of the Distributionally Robust Newsvendor
Authors: Das Bikramjit , Dhara Anulekha , Natarajan Karthik
Published: May 2021

Distributionally robust optimization is increasingly becoming a popular methodology to deal with uncertainty in optimization problems. Although the methodology optimizes for the worst-case distribution, a better understanding of the prescriptions from the models important from a practical perspective. In the paper “On the heavy-tail behavior of the distributionally robust newsvendor,” B. Das, A. Dhara, and K. Natarajan provide a novel analysis for the problem in the newsvendor setting with moment information. They show that the distributionally robust newsvendor by planning for the worst possible demand distribution with moment information will remains optimal if the true demand distribution is heavy-tailed. The prescribed optimal solution has a heavy-tail optimality’ property for free.
Rumination as a key to understanding anxiety and depression in cardiac patients
Authors: Murphy Barbara , Phillips Lisa , Jackson Alun
Published: May 2021

It is now commonly understood that cardiac health professionals need to attend not only to patients' physical rehabilitation, but also to their emotional and mental health recovery. To ensure that mental health support is directed to those patients most at risk of poor psychological recovery post cardiac event, researchers and clinicians are continually seeking to understand the mechanisms underlying the association between anxiety, depression and heart health. One characteristic that differentiates patients with elevated risk of persistent post-event anxiety and depression is their style of cognitive processing, particularly whether they engage in negative ruminative thinking. In this article, the authors outline the impact of ruminative cognitive styles on anxiety and depression in cardiac event survivors, and highlight the importance of identifying ruminators early on in their recovery in order to appropriately direct and tailor mental health support for those who need it most.
Shadowing a clinical nurse specialist: nurse and student perspectives
Authors: Sica Jo , Mitchell Freya
Published: May 2021

A stoma care nurse and a nursing student give their perspectives on making the most of the educational opportunities offered by shadowing a role
The effect of pre-operative stoma-site marking on peristomal skin health and quality of life
Authors: Cruz Belén Bueno , López Isabel Jiménez , Soto Alejandra Mera , Vazquez María Carmen , Mouriño María José Fabeiro , Teso Alberto Lado , Blázquez Eduardo García
Published: May 2021

Aim:

To determine the effect of pre-operative stoma-site marking (siting) on ostomates' peristomal skin health and quality of life (QoL).

Methods:

The Uses and Attitudes in Ostomy (U&A Ostomy) study was conducted across 148 stoma units in Spain. Specialist stoma care nurses personally assessed each ostomate and collected demographic and clinical data. This included whether the stoma was sited before surgery, the stoma's characteristics, the type of appliance used, any stoma-related complications and frequency of leakage. Participants were also assessed using the Discolouration, Erosion, Tissue overgrowth (DET) Ostomy Skin Tool (0–15), Global Wellbeing scale (0–10) and Stoma-QoL scale (0–100).

Findings:

The study included 871 ostomates. Of these, 64% were male and 36% were female, the mean age was 64±13 years and the mean BMI was 26.5±11; 57.5% had a colostomy, 28.6% had an ileostomy and 13.9% had a urostomy. A stoma site had been pre-operatively marked and respected in 53.1%, marked but not respected in 2.1% and not marked in 44.8% of the cases. The proportion of new ostomates whose stoma had been sited was seen to have increased in recent years. Stoma siting was associated with a permanent ostomy (p=.0001), absence of effluent leakage (p=.008), absence of complications (p<.0001), lower DET score (p.0007), higher Stoma-QoL score (p=.018) and higher global wellbeing score (p=.0018). Multivariate analysis revealed that pre-operative stoma siting (p<.0001) and type of ostomy (p<.0001) were independent predictors of optimal peristomal skin (DET score 0). The Stoma-QoL score was higher in ostomates with pre-operative stoma siting (58.3±10.2 vs 57±10.3; p=.018). Global wellbeing was also higher in those with pre-operative stoma siting (7.6±1.8 vs 7.19±1.9; p=.0018).

Conclusions:

In Spain, pre-operative stoma siting is not yet consistently applied in practice, despite the educative efforts made by health professionals. Stoma siting is a first-line opportunity to reduce the occurrence of peristomal skin complications (PSCs), and thus it is associated with fewer PSCs and greater self-perceived QoL. More effort is needed to extend this practice to the majority of patients undergoing stoma-forming surgery.
Key questions for after the pandemic
Authors: Droste Werner
Published: May 2021

Werner Droste, Vice-President of the European Council of Enterostomal Therapy (ECET), considers what questions nurses specialising in wound, ostomy and continence care should ask when they look back on the COVID-19 pandemic
1918
Authors: O’Halpin Eunan , Ó Corráin Daithí
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the deaths of the people who died in Ireland in 1918. A detachment of the Welsh Regiment in Kilrush adopted an abrasive attitude towards Sinn Féin supporters. On March 24, 1918, soldiers unexpectedly interrupted the weekly meeting of the Carrigaholt Sinn Féin club. National school teacher Thomas Russell was treated for a bayonet wound before being removed to hospital next day, where he died. Meanwhile, in what could arguably be termed the opening clash of the War of Independence, Irish Volunteers under Tom McEllistrim raided the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) Barracks at Gortatlea on April 13, 1918. John Browne was shot in the temple, while Richard Laide was mortally wounded in the stomach. Martial law was then declared in Tralee for three weeks.
1920
Authors: O’Halpin Eunan , Ó Corráin Daithí
Published: May 2021

This chapter details the deaths of the people who died in Ireland in 1920. Some of these people were victims of targeted killings by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). On January 1, 1920, William Charles Forbes Redmond was transferred to the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP) from the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) in Belfast, to rejuvenate the Criminal Investigation Department. The IRA learned that Redmond was staying in the Standard Hotel on Harcourt Street because secure quarters in Dublin Castle were not ready. Redmond was shot on January 21, 1920. Meanwhile, Constable Luke Finnegan of the RIC was believed to be drawing up a list of IRA suspects. Finnegan, unarmed, was shot near his home on January 22, 1920. In reprisal, police wrecked fourteen houses belonging to prominent Sinn Féiners.
‘Martial Music’
Authors: Leopold Mark
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses Idi Amin's seizure of power, which was central both to his life story and to his image and myth. For most, including many Ugandans, the 1971 coup represents the key moment in Uganda's post-independence history, at which the country began to slide downwards economically, socially, and politically, towards a penurious despotism. Unsurprisingly, there are widely differing accounts of the actual events of January 25, 1971, even among those who were there at the time and knew many of the participants. At the time, Amin's seizure of state power was widely welcomed in both Uganda and the West. The chapter considers British archive material from the period and later Ugandan analyses of the coup. The evidence suggests that the British High Commission knew little about what was going on, while the Israelis certainly seem to have had greater involvement, and Burka Bar-Lev may well have advised and assisted Amin before and during the coup. This does not, however, mean that the Israelis were 'behind it', rather than simply trying to steer and take advantage of events that were unfolding anyway.
A Honeymoon and Four Divorces
Authors: Leopold Mark
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the first few days of Idi Amin's rule. The killings that were to characterise his rule started right away, possibly even before Amin himself was aware of the pre-emptive coup. In this phase, most of the deaths were Acholi and Langi soldiers; officers and junior ranks were killed or imprisoned, with the aim of consolidating Amin's power base within the army. While he probably ordered many of the deaths, others occurred as individual soldiers, especially the victorious West Nilers, took the opportunity to settle old scores. Despite these immediate killings, however, the early months of his rule are described by many writers as Amin's 'honeymoon period'. In fact, all the different groups that welcomed the coup — the British and Israelis, the Baganda and other southerners, and the Asians — were to be disappointed at different points over the first two years. By the end of the period, both the Israelis and the Ugandan Asians had been expelled from the country, Amin's relationship with Britain was virtually destroyed, and his fellow Ugandans, especially the southerners, were thoroughly disillusioned. For all four groups, the honeymoon was quickly followed by divorce.
The Centre Cannot Hold
Authors: Leopold Mark
Published: May 2021

This chapter illustrates how most of the killings, 'disappearances', and other human rights abuses people associate with Idi Amin occurred in the central years of his rule. It was then that Amin's eccentric behaviour and statements came to worldwide attention and the first books about him were published; in effect, it was the time in which his myth was created, and he became Africa's icon of evil. However, this period was also one for which there is little primary evidence. Between 1973 and the end of Amin's regime, contemporary sources of information increasingly fade away. Gradually, almost all Uganda's academics, journalists, writers, and other intellectuals left the country. Some joined the exile groups based in Tanzania, Kenya, and Zambia, others went to the UK or North America. The British High Commission, whose records are, despite their bias and prejudices, by far the most important source of contemporary material on Amin's Uganda, was operating under severe limitations from 1973 onwards, with frequent expulsions of key staff, and restrictions on travel outside Kampala. Above all, though, it is important to focus on the severe human rights violations that took place in this period.
Prologue
Authors: Hattem Michael D.
Published: May 2021

Revolutions are often understood as decisive breaks with the past, both in the moment and by subsequent generations. For example, after the establishment of a republic in the late eighteenth century, French revolutionaries sought to erase their monarchical past by radically redefining their calendar and, in the process, their very sense of time. Following the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Stalin employed historians to craft an official version of its history with himself at the center and had historical documents that contradicted his own narrative destroyed. After a number of nineteenth-century colonial revolutions, many Latin American historians simply excluded their colonial pasts from their new national histories. For the United States, too, its revolution is often understood as a rejection of the past represented by the Old World of Europe, which was rendered irrelevant in the wake of the New World’s first modern republic....
Epilogue
Authors: Hattem Michael D.
Published: May 2021

America’s pre-revolutionary past did not pass into obscurity after the Revolution. Rather, it became even more important, developing a significant salience and resonance in American culture long after independence and the war. As unique as their situation was in the decades after the war, Americans understood there were things to be learned from their shared colonial past. More importantly, they understood that their colonial past could actually aid in helping to shape their republican present. Not only did the colonial past matter but they went even further by creating a deep national past that was instructive as well as entertaining, running through the very first examples of American fiction, poetry, drama, and cultural institutions. As the beginnings of American nationalism developed in these decades, the collective memory of Americans was shaped by their construction of the colonial past. Long after the Revolution there remained deep, abiding cultural continuities between the colonial period and the early republic, of which the past was one. Close study of history culture and these historical memories of the pre-revolutionary past in particular reveal those continuities and show some of the ways in which they were negotiated. Such study offers new insights into how early national America ...
Political Slavery and Oriental Despotism from Haiti to Bengal
Authors: Cohen Ashley L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter builds on the critique of the Atlantic world paradigm initiated in the previous chapters. It begins in Haiti, where revolutionary leaders like Jean-Jacques Dessalines opposed not only chattel slavery but also “political slavery,” or subjection to the absolute rule of a foreign conqueror — namely, colonialism. From classical antiquity through the Age of Revolutions, political slavery was associated with Asia and Oriental despotism. This helps explain why eighteenth-century writers ubiquitously associated slavery with India even while they denied that actual chattel slavery was practiced there. The chapter traces the circuit of political slavery and Oriental despotism's global travels, around the world and in the “world” of metropolitan print.
A Sociable and Aristocratic Empire
Authors: Cohen Ashley L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines one way in which the Indies mentality was reproduced at an institutional level: through the practice of rotating officials between postings in India and the Americas. It is a case study in colonial lives, which have become a crucial hermeneutic for imperial history in recent years. The chapter focuses on Maria Nugent, whose diaries and letters record her time in Jamaica and India, where her husband was governor and commander in chief, respectively. Though a woman's diaries might seem to offer only a limited perspective on imperial institutions, it argues that what Lady Nugent calls “the business of society” actually represents a crucial — but largely overlooked — arena of colonial governance. By painting a portrait of empire whose backdrop is a ballroom instead of a boardroom, the chapter restores British women to the stories about imperial rule.
Drugs and Thugs
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

How can the United States chart a path forward in the war on drugs? This book uncovers the full history of this war that has lasted more than a century. The book provides an essential view of the economic, political, and human impacts of U.S. drug policies. It takes readers from Afghanistan to Colombia, to Peru and Mexico, to Miami International Airport and the border crossing between El Paso and Juarez to trace the complex social networks that make up the drug trade and drug consumption. Through historically driven stories, the book reveals how the war on drugs has evolved to address mass incarceration, the opioid epidemic, the legalization and medical use of marijuana, and America's shifting foreign policy.
Tobacco
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes tobacco as one of the most fascinating cases in America's centuries-long love affair with drugs. It deems tobacco almost unmatched in its risks to personal and public health and yet has remained licit since the colonial era. It also points out how tobacco, like alcohol, poses a provocative counterpoint to the understanding of illicit recreational drugs in the United States as tobacco is known as one of the nation's most enduringly popular legal psychoactives. The chapter considers tobacco as being as physically gratifying as smoking or absorbing nicotine through the mouth. It stimulates the production of epinephrine and floods the brain's pleasure centers with dopamine, yielding the well-known and endlessly sought-after nicotine buzz. It explores a lab study that rated nicotine's euphoric qualities on a par with cocaine, morphine, and amphetamines.
Crackdown
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how the United States in the nineteenth century permitted considerable personal freedom of choice regarding drugs, citing the idiosyncrasies of the U.S. Constitution that helped ensure potent forms of opium, cocaine, and cannabis remained widely available nationwide. It talks about how the American legal system made states responsible for regulating drugs, particularly opium and cannabis, on their own turf. It also discusses how most states and several major cities by 1910 had anti-drug laws wherein ritual police raids were a hallmark of the states' haphazard enforcement schemes. The chapter recounts the first efforts at drug control at the federal level, which were designed not to break up underground dealer networks but to regulate the runaway pharmaceutical market. It refers to the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, which simply mandated that certain active ingredients meet standardized purity requirements and forced drug makers to label in a clear way any of ten ingredients considered unsafe.
Amphetamines
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about how the American pharmaceutical industry was enjoying a period of “hothouse growth,” while Harry Anslinger was escalating the war on street drugs. It discusses the first generations of synthetic and semisynthetic drugs that had been developed in Germany, the pharmaceutical capital during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also mentions Friedrich, Bayer & Company, a German firm that sold or licensed sedatives and hypnotics, including Luminal, Sulfonal, Trional, and Veronal in addition to its two “best-known products,” heroin and aspirin. The chapter recounts how amphetamine was first synthesized in Germany in 1887 but remained on the shelf, its psychoactive properties unknown, until 1927. It describes methamphetamine, amphetamine's close cousin, which was synthesized from ephedrine, an alkaloid isolated from the shrub genus Ephedra, by the Japanese organic chemist Nagai Nagayoshi.
Nixon’s War
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how drug use became commonplace among the American middle-class once again over the course of the second half of the twentieth century. It discusses the federal crackdown in the Progressive era and Harry Anslinger's ensuing anti-drug crusade that made it easy to forget that Americans had ever before flirted with mind-altering substances. It also cites President Richard Nixon's announcement of his national attack on narcotics abuse on July 14, 1969 as a campaign promise he had to uphold after speaking in southern California's conservative Orange County in September 1968. The chapter elaborates how Nixon's announcement decried the explosion in drug use as a growing menace to the welfare of the United States, causing the surge juvenile arrests for drug possession between 1960 and 1967. It talks about how Nixon was convinced that illegal drug abuse in America had reached epidemic levels and blamed the surge on several sources, such as the sympathetic media coverage.
Reagan’s War
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how the U.S. nation witnessed a second heroin epidemic in the second half of the 1970s that terrified politicians and tore open the social fabric of inner cities across America. It mentions the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse that began using a new metric in the early 1970s that included a question about drug use in the “last month.” It also recounts how cocaine that was supplied by enterprising and ruthless Colombian traffickers came to grip America like no other drug before it, referencing magazines like Newsweek that characterized cocaine as the status symbol of the American middle-class pothead. The chapter talks about how Ronald Reagan, who took the further step of establishing a new agency, the Drug Abuse Policy Office, which became the White House's Office of National Drug Control Policy. It explains Operation Pipeline, which escalated “pretextual traffic stops” and “consent searches” to leverage consent to search for drugs.
Catastrophic Success
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts the kidnapping of presidential hopeful Ingrid Betancourt, a half-French senator from Bogotá, after a meeting with other presidential candidates in the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia's (FARC) territory to urge the guerrillas to terminate the conflict. It details how the FARC became the de facto state in most coca-growing regions in southern Colombia at the time of Betancourt's kidnapping, with drug revenues of $100 million a year. It also refers to prize-winning reporter Dana Priest, who wrote a Washington Post investigation of the secret U.S. assistance to Colombia in the early 2000s. The chapter explains how Colombian and Ecuadoran security operatives in Quito seized a FARC commander known universally by his guerrilla handle, Simón Trinidad on January 2, 2004. It discusses Alvaro Uribe's unexpected move of bringing several “paramilitary heavyweights” that were imprisoned in various parts of Colombia to the United States to face drug charges.
Our Man in Lima
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter notes a sizable cocaine seizure in Lima, Peru's capital, that was nestled in the arid hills next to the Pacific Ocean on May 11, 1996. It recounts how Peruvian authorities happened upon 174 kilograms of cocaine hidden inside the fuselage of a Douglas DC-8 jet belonging to the Peruvian Air Force that was slated to fly to Russia. It also cites how Peruvian president, Alberto Fujimori, used the DC-8 as an executive plane several months before the drug raid. The chapter talks about how the National Intelligence Service, Peru's military intelligence arm, acted with alacrity to pressure military brass to reveal which officials had been scheduled to be on the DC-8 to fly to Russia. It refers to notorious drug traffickers Demetrio Chávez Peñaherrera and Abelardo Cachique Rivera, who named three generals involved in their trafficking network and testified that Peruvian military officials accepted bribes on multiple occasions so that the drug ring could operate uninhibited.
El Narco Mexicano
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter elaborates on how Mexico's decades of living dangerously were in part fueled by the U.S. war on drugs. It talks about the cultural shifts that normalized drugs, such as cocaine and heroin, in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s that had ripple effects from the opium fields of the Sierra Madre to the government agencies of Mexico City. It also explains how the colossal demand for drugs across the border prompted Mexican entrepreneurs to get into the drug business, as it had throughout Latin America. The chapter examines the struggles for control of the drug trade that led to the concentration of power in the hands of a small number of gangs and cartels on the Pacific and Gulf coasts, in border states such as Chihuahua, and in sparsely populated and lightly policed Sinaloa. It details how Mexican gangs smuggled homegrown marijuana and heroin to their northern neighbors for decades leading up to the 1980s.
Psychedelics 2.0
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on psychedelics as another emerging front in the war over the war on drugs in the mid 2010s, with most psychedelic substances, such as LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin, being Schedule I listed since 1970. It explains how the scheduling imposed significant barriers to scientific research on hallucinogenic substances and their effects, through stringent security requirements, FDA approval, and expensive DEA licensing fees for institutions working with the drugs. It also recounts the creation of the Pilot Drug Evaluation Staff by the FDA in 1989, which made it easier for the scientific community to liaise with the administration. The chapter refers to Dr. Richard Strassman, who managed to get a research protocol involving DMT and psilocybin off the ground. It details how Strassman defended his work by arguing that hallucinogens elicit a multifaceted clinical syndrome.
Atlantic Rogues
Authors: Nicolazzo Sal
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that in the late seventeenth century, vagrancy statutes are in formal conversation with the picaresque novel as both genres begin to circulate transatlantically. It contextualizes Richard Head's 1665 novel The English Rogue — widely regarded to be the first picaresque novel written in English — in the rapid expansion of the Atlantic trade in bound servants. The chapter then proposes a new way of understanding the genre of the picaresque and its relation to the law. Scholars of early modern picaresque and its affiliated genres have long noted that the literary figure of the “rogue and vagabond” circulated in popular print before it became a legal category. However, in the late seventeenth century, as vagrancy law became an increasingly important tool for the management of impoverished populations and the distribution of these populations' labor across empire, the chapter reads picaresque not for the singular figure of the rogue, but for the way the genre's narrative structure allows for the conceptualization of populations and geographies.
The Great British Reboot
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

Taking a refreshingly realistic approach, this book outlines how our current moment can be reshaped into an unprecedented opportunity for economic prosperity. With a new long-term approach, Britain can capitalize on the ever-changing global market, its brilliant research universities, and new technological developments. The book creates an inspiring investigation into how careful planning and innovative reform can lead to a flourishing economy after Brexit. It begins with an examination of the contributions made by the activities that make the UK economy, such as the progress in research, pharmaceuticals, technology, software, and innovation, which can be traced back to the intellectual powerhouses of UK's institutions of higher learning. It cites finance as the highest UK earner of overseas income and a magnet for international institutions. The book describes London as the biggest financial centre outside New York, which has attracted even greater numbers of skilled financial traders since the EU referendum result of 2016. It also explains how the UK financial sector accommodated trading, provided credit, and raised new capital for troubled firms and those seeking post-Covid-19 opportunities. The book emphasizes the profound impact that Brexit has had on British and global trade and production associated with the coronavirus pandemic. It explores the little recognition given to the part that immigration has played in the advancement of the UK economy, and points out the latest long-term projections cite migration as one of the reasons why the UK economy will outpace that of France and other EU members in the 2020s. The book recounts that when Britain voted to leave the EU in June 2016, very few people envisaged the long timescale involved in navigating its departure. It analyses the Brexit disarray on all sides of the political and economic divide, and highlights interventions made by the UK government to put the economy on hold, so that when the pandemic has passed the economy can be brought back to life.
Brave New World
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

This chapter mentions Aldous Huxley, who wrote the Brave New World after the upheaval of the First World War and before the terrors of the Second World War. It highlights Huxley's contemplation of revolutionary change that captured what he sensed as deep-seated changes in the national feeling, along with the questioning of long-held social and moral assumptions. It also discusses the economic shockwave delivered by the coronavirus, which caused an unprecedented loss of output from the month before lockdown to April 2020 when most of the economy was shut and threatened the highest level of unemployment in a century. The chapter explores the EU and the seventeen members of the eurozone that were considered not in the best of shape long before the coronavirus added to the dislocation. It talks about the membership of the euro that had delivered economic chaos, hardship and political turmoil in Greece.
Governance
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the noise and parliamentary divisions that were not silenced until the general election held on 12 December 2019, which swept Prime Minister Boris Johnson back into office. It cites the dissonance that remained suppressed as the nation confronted coronavirus, lockdown, and the economic slump from 23 March 2020. It also mentions new Labour leader, Sir Keir Starmer, who was keen to make his mark by bringing lawyerly, forensic questioning to politics. The chapter points out the rate of Britain in international league tables as one of the best-run, most-respected, and least-corrupt countries among the advanced nations, which is a verdict of almost every independent assessment. It notes the conduct of the Brexit debate, the mercurial behaviour of the nation's elected politicians and the condemnation by leading policymakers that suggest a nation that had lost faith in its institutional structures.
Practical Form
Authors: Zitin Abigail
Published: May 2021

In early eighteenth-century Britain, writers asked after the nature and causes of the pleasure we feel when we encounter beauty. It took a painter, however, to steer the nascent field of philosophical aesthetics toward questions of spatial form. Drawing inspiration from William Hogarth’s 1753 treatise on beauty, this book traces the development of form as a concept in and for aesthetics. Hogarth’s experience as a draftsman and printmaker guided his dissent from the developing consensus on aesthetic pleasure and standards of taste. The immediate cause of aesthetic pleasure, he argues, is beautiful form, which is detected through the activity of formal abstraction. The insight that formal abstraction has heuristic value in judging beauty emerges from the way practitioners think about skill across the domains of art and craft. Zitin’s account of the history of form in eighteenth-century thought substitutes women and artisans, as virtuosos of aesthetic judgment, for the proverbial man of taste, a substitution with the power to reshape our understanding of canonical statements on aesthetics from the writings of Shaftesbury to Kant’s Third Critique.