bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Being a good patient” during times of illness as defined by adolescent patients with cancer
Authors: Weaver Meaghann S. , Baker Justin N. , Gattuso Jami S. , Gibson Deborah V. , Hinds Pamela S.
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Adolescents with cancer cite the opinions of others and expected impact on others as formative for their care preferences and decisions. The current study first explores how the concepts of being a good child and being a good patient may exist for adolescents with cancer and determines how adolescents describe and apply these concepts. The study then investigates parental actions and clinician behaviors perceived by adolescents with cancer as supportive in helping them to achieve their defined good child and good patient roles.

METHODS

In a prospective study conducted at 2 cancer treatment centers over the course of 10 months, 40 adolescents with cancer responded to 10 open‐ended questions. Semantic content analysis was used. An adolescent focus group validated the findings.

RESULTS

Of the 40 participants in the current study, 39 confirmed 1 or both concepts; the good patient responses yielded 112 codes and 5 themes: cooperation, adherence, communication, self‐care, and care for others. The good child responses revealed 88 codes and 7 themes: cooperation and respect, positivity, lightening others' burdens, taking treatment seriously, recognizing mutual impact, communication, and acknowledging mortality. Of 589 interview phrases, 184 (31%) depicted themes of care for others and 58 (10%) spoke of tolerating treatment in the hope of a better future for one's self or others. The benefits and challenges of living up to these definitions were discussed.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinicians may consider asking adolescents about their “good child” and “good patient” descriptions to learn more about the perceived roles carried by adolescents with cancer and how these roles may impact their decision making, medication adherence, and social interactions. Cancer 2016;122:2224–33. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
The role of the gastrointestinal microbiome in infectious complications during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Galloway‐Peña Jessica R. , Smith Daniel P. , Sahasrabhojane Pranoti , Ajami Nadim J. , Wadsworth W. Duncan , Daver Naval G. , Chemaly Roy F. , Marsh Lisa , Ghantoji Shashank S. , Pemmaraju Naveen , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Rezvani Katayoun , Alousi Amin M. , Wargo Jennifer A. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Futreal Phillip A. , Guindani Michele , Petrosino Joseph F. , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Shelburne Samuel A.
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Despite increasing data on the impact of the microbiome on cancer, the dynamics and role of the microbiome in infection during therapy for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) are unknown. Therefore, the authors sought to determine correlations between microbiome composition and infectious outcomes in patients with AML who were receiving induction chemotherapy (IC).

METHODS

Buccal and fecal specimens (478 samples) were collected twice weekly from 34 patients with AML who were undergoing IC. Oral and stool microbiomes were characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA V4 sequencing using an Illumina MiSeq system. Microbial diversity and genera composition were associated with clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

Baseline stool α‐diversity was significantly lower in patients who developed infections during IC compared with those who did not (P = .047). Significant decreases in both oral and stool microbial α‐diversity were observed over the course of IC, with a linear correlation between α‐diversity change at the 2 sites (P = .02). Loss of both oral and stool α‐diversity was associated significantly with the receipt of a carbapenem P < 0.001. Domination events by the majority of genera were transient (median duration, 1 sample), whereas the number of domination events by pathogenic genera increased significantly over the course of IC (P = .002). Moreover, patients who lost microbial diversity over the course of IC were significantly more likely to contract a microbiologically documented infection within the 90 days after IC neutrophil recovery (P = .04).

CONCLUSIONS

The current data present the largest longitudinal analyses to date of oral and stool microbiomes in patients with AML and suggest that microbiome measurements could assist with the mitigation of infectious complications of AML therapy. Cancer 2016;122:2186–96. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Stem cell transplantation compared with melphalan plus dexamethasone in the treatment of immunoglobulin light‐chain amyloidosis
Authors: Gertz Morie A. , Lacy Martha Q. , Dispenzieri Angela , Buadi Francis K. , Dingli David , Hayman Suzanne R. , Kumar Shaji K. , Leung Nelson , Lust John , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Russell Stephen J. , Suman Vera J. , Le‐Rademacher Jennifer G. , Hogan William J.
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) is a common management strategy for select patients with immunoglobulin light‐chain amyloidosis, but no trials have documented improved overall survival.

METHODS

Eighty‐nine patients with biopsy‐proven immunoglobulin light‐chain amyloidosis were allowed to select treatment with melphalan plus dexamethasone (n = 34) or SCT (n = 55); all patients were transplant eligible. Treatment preference resulted in imbalanced study arms. Patients who selected SCT were younger, more frequently had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score less than 2, had lower‐stage amyloidosis, and had a lower incidence of cardiac amyloidosis.

RESULTS

Patients receiving melphalan plus dexamethasone had a 3‐year progression‐free survival rate of 29.1% and an overall survival rate of 58.8%. Patients undergoing SCT had a 3‐year progression‐free survival rate of 51.7% and an overall survival rate of 83.6%. An attempt to match patients between the 2 arms in terms of risk produced 24 matched triplet sets (2 SCT patients for each melphalan‐dexamethasone patient); there was no difference in hematologic response, but there was better survival after autologous SCT. A propensity score–matched analysis of the cohorts (melphalan plus dexamethasone vs SCT) showed an overall mortality hazard ratio of 2.56 (P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

Although the study had limitations, similar hematologic responses and improved survival were observed after SCT versus melphalan plus dexamethasone. Cancer 2016;122:2197–205. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
A new method to evaluate a corresponding colors dataset based on its two derived transforms
Authors: Cai Shengyan , Chen Qianwen , Wang Haifeng
Published: May 2016

Corresponding colors datasets are crucial in the study of chromatic adaptation transformations (CATs). A transform can be derived from a corresponding colors dataset. In this article, a second transform is derived by exchanging the two groups of tristimulus values of a dataset. Based on the two transforms a new method is proposed to evaluate a corresponding colors dataset. The evaluation criteria include the prediction difference between the two transforms and their prediction errors with visual results altogether. By the new method, nine superior datasets and four inferior datasets were picked from the 25 solo existing datasets. The research also included mixing different solo datasets and investigated their effectiveness. The results show that mixed datasets comprised of datasets with same illuminants and media have a certain value to derive CATs. Finally, 10 superior transforms derived in the experiment were compared with the four CATs recommended by the CIE. The results indicate that three of four CATs recommended by the CIE are superior to any sharpening transform derived in this experiment, but CIECAT94 is inferior to any one of them conversely. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 150–155, 2017
Development of a robust immuno‐S‐FISH protocol using imaging flow cytometry
Authors: Fuller Kathryn A. , Bennett Sophia , Hui Henry , Chakera Aron , Erber Wendy N.
Published: May 2016

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a microscopy technique which uses a fluorescent probe to detect DNA sequences and is generally performed on metaphase spreads or interphase nuclei of intact cells on a slide. In a diagnostic laboratory, cells are hybridized with fluorescent probes and up to 200 cells counted for the number of cells with probe “spots.” Recent modifications to standard FISH include immuno‐FISH, where chromosomal abnormalities are detected only in cells by their phenotype, and S‐FISH where probe hybridization is performed on whole cells in suspension. Here we describe the development of an immuno‐S‐FISH method that combines immunophenotyping and FISH analysis of cells in suspension followed by analysis on an imaging flow cytometer. This single platform technique couples microscopy with flow cytometry and “spot” detection of bound FISH probe. Automated immuno‐S‐FISH enables large numbers of analyzed cells to be identified by phenotype and assessed for specific chromosomal determinants by FISH. This novel robust method enables quantitative cell population analysis and “spot” counting for large numbers of cells. We report method optimization of this imaging immuno‐S‐FISH flow cytometry protocol which has capability for many clinical applications. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A rapid method to verify single‐cell deposition setup for cell sorters
Authors: Rodrigues Olivia Roos , Monard Simon
Published: May 2016

Studying single cells reveals biology that cannot be explored using bulk techniques. Cell sorters provide the opportunity of separating single cells either for cell culture or for downstream molecular applications such as qPCR to study specific gene expression and single cell mRNA sequencing. Some of these molecular studies can be expensive so the investigator will often want reassurance that the cell sorter can reliably deposit a single droplet into each well of a 96‐well or 384‐well plate. Such plates may contain very small volumes of fluid as reducing the volume of fluid used can reduce the cost of the assay. To miss some of the wells could leave the data set incomplete requiring costly repetition. To verify this by microscopy is at best very time consuming and at worst impossible. Here, an inexpensive colorimetric method is described for verifying whether a well, in either a 96‐ or 384‐well plate, did receive a single sorted droplet from a cell sorter into the fluid at the bottom of the well. The droplet consists of particles suspended in an enzymatic solution, horseradish peroxidase, which is deposited into microtiter plate wells containing a substrate, 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine. This method requires no special equipment or expertise and is rapid enough to be performed directly prior to the single‐cell sorting experiment. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
CUG‐BP, Elav‐like family member 1 (CELF1) is required for normal myofibrillogenesis, morphogenesis, and contractile function in the embryonic heart
Authors: Blech‐Hermoni Yotam , Sullivan Connor B. , Jenkins Michael W. , Wessely Oliver , Ladd Andrea N.
Published: May 2016

Background: CUG‐BP, Elav‐like family member 1 (CELF1) is a multifunctional RNA binding protein found in a variety of adult and embryonic tissues. In the heart, CELF1 is found exclusively in the myocardium. However, the roles of CELF1 during cardiac development have not been completely elucidated. Results: Myofibrillar organization is disrupted and proliferation is reduced following knockdown of CELF1 in cultured chicken primary embryonic cardiomyocytes. In vivo knockdown of Celf1 in developing Xenopus laevis embryos resulted in myofibrillar disorganization and a trend toward reduced proliferation in heart muscle, indicating conserved roles for CELF1 orthologs in embryonic cardiomyocytes. Loss of Celf1 also resulted in morphogenetic abnormalities in the developing heart and gut. Using optical coherence tomography, we showed that cardiac contraction was impaired following depletion of Celf1, while heart rhythm remained unperturbed. In contrast to cardiac muscle, loss of Celf1 did not disrupt myofibril organization in skeletal muscle cells, although it did lead to fragmentation of skeletal muscle bundles. Conclusions: CELF1 is required for normal myofibril organization, proliferation, morphogenesis, and contractile performance in the developing myocardium. Developmental Dynamics 245:854–873, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tree‐ring isotopes reveal drought sensitivity in trees killed by spruce beetle outbreaks in south‐central Alaska
Authors: Csank Adam Z. , Miller Amy E. , Sherriff Rosemary L. , Berg Edward E. , Welker Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2016

Increasing temperatures have resulted in reduced growth and increased tree mortality across large areas of western North American forests. We use tree‐ring isotope chronologies (δ13C and δ18O) from live and dead trees from four locations in south‐central Alaska, USA, to test whether white spruce trees killed by recent spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) outbreaks showed evidence of drought stress prior to death. Trees that were killed were more sensitive to spring/summer temperature and/or precipitation than trees that survived. At two of our sites, we found greater correlations between the δ13C and δ18O chronologies and spring/summer temperatures in dead trees than in live trees, suggesting that trees that are more sensitive to temperature‐induced drought stress are more likely to be killed. At one site, the difference between δ13C in live and dead trees was related to winter/spring precipitation, with dead trees showing stronger correlations between δ13C and precipitation, again suggesting increased water stress in dead trees. At all sites where δ18O was measured, δ18O chronologies showed the greatest difference in climate response between live and dead groups, with δ18O in live trees correlating more strongly with late winter precipitation than dead trees. Our results indicate that sites where trees are already sensitive to warm or dry early growing‐season conditions experienced the most beetle‐kill, which has important implications for forecasting future mortality events in Alaska.
Biomarkers reveal sea turtles remained in oiled areas following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Authors: Vander Zanden Hannah B. , Bolten Alan B. , Tucker Anton D. , Hart Kristen M. , Lamont Margaret M. , Fujisaki Ikuko , Reich Kimberly J. , Addison David S. , Mansfield Katherine L. , Phillips Katrina F. , Pajuelo Mariela , Bjorndal Karen A.
Published: May 2016

Assessments of large‐scale disasters, such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, are problematic because while measurements of post‐disturbance conditions are common, measurements of pre‐disturbance baselines are only rarely available. Without adequate observations of pre‐disaster organismal and environmental conditions, it is impossible to assess the impact of such catastrophes on animal populations and ecological communities. Here, we use long‐term biological tissue records to provide pre‐disaster data for a vulnerable marine organism. Keratin samples from the carapace of loggerhead sea turtles record the foraging history for up to 18 years, allowing us to evaluate the effect of the oil spill on sea turtle foraging patterns. Samples were collected from 76 satellite‐tracked adult loggerheads in 2011 and 2012, approximately one to two years after the spill. Of the 10 individuals that foraged in areas exposed to surface oil, none demonstrated significant changes in foraging patterns post spill. The observed long‐term fidelity to foraging sites indicates that loggerheads in the northern Gulf of Mexico likely remained in established foraging sites, regardless of the introduction of oil and chemical dispersants. More research is needed to address potential long‐term health consequences to turtles in this region. Mobile marine organisms present challenges for researchers to monitor effects of environmental disasters, both spatially and temporally. We demonstrate that biological tissues can reveal long‐term histories of animal behavior and provide critical pre‐disaster baselines following an anthropogenic disturbance or natural disaster.
Landscape‐scale consequences of differential tree mortality from catastrophic wind disturbance in the Amazon
Authors: Rifai Sami W. , Urquiza Muñoz José D. , Negrón‐Juárez Robinson I. , Ramírez Arévalo Fredy R. , Tello‐Espinoza Rodil , Vanderwel Mark C. , Lichstein Jeremy W. , Chambers Jeffrey Q. , Bohlman Stephanie A.
Published: May 2016

Wind disturbance can create large forest blowdowns, which greatly reduces live biomass and adds uncertainty to the strength of the Amazon carbon sink. Observational studies from within the central Amazon have quantified blowdown size and estimated total mortality but have not determined which trees are most likely to die from a catastrophic wind disturbance. Also, the impact of spatial dependence upon tree mortality from wind disturbance has seldom been quantified, which is important because wind disturbance often kills clusters of trees due to large treefalls killing surrounding neighbors. We examine (1) the causes of differential mortality between adult trees from a 300‐ha blowdown event in the Peruvian region of the northwestern Amazon, (2) how accounting for spatial dependence affects mortality predictions, and (3) how incorporating both differential mortality and spatial dependence affect the landscape level estimation of necromass produced from the blowdown. Standard regression and spatial regression models were used to estimate how stem diameter, wood density, elevation, and a satellite‐derived disturbance metric influenced the probability of tree death from the blowdown event. The model parameters regarding tree characteristics, topography, and spatial autocorrelation of the field data were then used to determine the consequences of non‐random mortality for landscape production of necromass through a simulation model. Tree mortality was highly non‐random within the blowdown, where tree mortality rates were highest for trees that were large, had low wood density, and were located at high elevation. Of the differential mortality models, the non‐spatial models overpredicted necromass, whereas the spatial model slightly underpredicted necromass. When parameterized from the same field data, the spatial regression model with differential mortality estimated only 7.5% more dead trees across the entire blowdown than the random mortality model, yet it estimated 51% greater necromass. We suggest that predictions of forest carbon loss from wind disturbance are sensitive to not only the underlying spatial dependence of observations, but also the biological differences between individuals that promote differential levels of mortality.
Spreaders, igniters, and burning shrubs: plant flammability explains novel fire dynamics in grass‐invaded deserts
Authors: Fuentes‐Ramirez Andres , Veldman Joseph W. , Holzapfel Claus , Moloney Kirk A.
Published: May 2016

Novel fire regimes are an important cause and consequence of global environmental change that involve interactions among biotic, climatic, and human components of ecosystems. Plant flammability is key to these interactions, yet few studies directly measure flammability or consider how multiple species with different flammabilities interact to produce novel fire regimes. Deserts of the southwesternUnited Statesare an ideal system for exploring how novel fire regimes can emerge when fire‐promoting species invade ecosystems comprised of species that did not evolve with fire. In these deserts, exotic annual grasses provide fuel continuity across landscapes that did not historically burn. These fires often ignite a keystone desert shrub, the fire‐intolerant creosote bush,Larrea tridentata(DC.) Coville. Ignition ofLarreais likely catalyzed by fuels produced by native plants that grow beneath the shrubs. We hypothesize that invasive and native species exhibit distinct flammability characteristics that in combination determine spatial patterns of fire spread and intensity. We measured flammability metrics ofLarrea, two invasive grasses,Schismus arabicusandBromus madritensis, and two native plants, the sub‐shrubAmbrosia dumosaand the annual herbAmsinckia menziesii. Results of laboratory experiments show that the grasses carry fire quickly (1.32 cm/s), but burn for short duration (0.5 min) at low temperatures. In contrast, native plants spread fire slowly (0.12 cm/s), but burn up to eight times longer (4 min) and produced hotter fires. Additional experiments on the ignition requirements ofLarreasuggest that native plants burn with sufficient temperature and duration to ignite deadLarreabranches (time to ignition, 2 min; temperature at ignition 692°C). Once burning, these dead branches ignite living branches in the upper portions of the shrub. Our study provides support for a conceptual model in which exotic grasses are “spreaders” of fire and native plants growing beneath shrubs are “igniters” of deadLarreabranches. Once burning, flames produced by dead branches engulf the entire shrub, resulting in locally intense fires without historical precedent in this system. We suggest that fire models and conservation‐focused management could be improved by incorporating the distinct flammability characteristics and spatial distributions of spreaders, igniters, and keystone shrubs.
Heavy and frequent thinning promotes drought adaptation inPinus sylvestrisforests
Authors: Sohn Julia A. , Hartig Florian , Kohler Martin , Huss Jürgen , Bauhus Jürgen
Published: May 2016

Droughts and their negative effects on forest ecosystems are projected to increase under climate change for many regions. It has been suggested that intensive thinning could reduce drought impacts on established forests in the short‐term. Most previous studies on the effect of thinning on drought impacts, however, have been confined to single forest sites. It is therefore still unclear how general and persisting the benefits of thinning are. This study assesses the potential of thinning to increase drought tolerance of the wide spread Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in Central Europe. We hypothesized (1) that increasing thinning intensity benefits the maintenance of radial growth of crop trees during drought (resistance) and its recovery following drought, (2) that those benefits to growth decrease with time elapsed since the last thinning and with stand age, and (3) that they may depend on drought severity as well as water limitations in pre‐ and post‐drought periods. To test these hypotheses, we assessed the effects of thinning regime, stand age, and drought severity on radial growth of 129 Scots pine trees during and after drought events in four long‐term thinning experiments in Germany. We found that thinning improved the recovery of radial growth following drought and to a lesser extent the growth resistance during a drought event. Growth recovery following drought was highest after the first thinning intervention and in recently and heavily thinned stands. With time since the last thinning, however, this effect decreased and could even become negative when compared to unthinned stands. Further, thinning helped to avoid an age‐related decline in growth resistance (and recovery) following drought. The recovery following drought, but not the resistance during drought, was related to water limitations in the drought period. This is the first study that analyzed drought‐related radial growth in trees of one species across several stands of different age. The interaction between thinning intensity and time since the last thinning underline the importance to distinguish between short‐ and long‐term effects of thinning. According to our analysis, only thinning regimes, with relatively heavy and frequent thinning interventions would increase drought tolerance in pine stands.
The ethological trap: functional and numerical responses of highly efficient invasive predators driving prey extinctions
Authors: Spencer Ricky‐John , Van Dyke James U. , Thompson Michael B.
Published: May 2016

Ecological traps are threats to organisms, and exist in a range of biological systems. A subset of ecological trap theory is the “ethological trap,” whereby behaviors canalized by past natural selection become traps when environments change rapidly. Invasive predators are major threats to imperiled species and their ability to exploit canalized behaviors of naive prey is particularly important for the establishment of the predator and the decline of the native prey. Our study uses ecological theory to demonstrate that invasive predator controls require shifts in management priorities. Total predation rate (i.e., total response) is the product of both the functional response and numerical response of predators to prey. Functional responses are the changes in the rate of prey consumption by individual predators, relative to prey abundance. Numerical responses are the aggregative rates of prey consumption by all predators relative to prey density, which change with predator density via reproduction or migration, in response to changes in prey density. Traditional invasive predator management methods focus on reducing predator populations, and thus manage for numerical responses. These management efforts fail to manage for functional responses, and may not eliminate impacts of highly efficient individual predators. We explore this problem by modeling the impacts of functional and numerical responses of invasive foxes depredating imperiled Australian turtle nests. Foxes exhibit exceptionally efficient functional responses. A single fox can destroy >95% of turtle nests in a nesting area, which eliminates juvenile recruitment. In this case, the ethological trap is the “Arribada” nesting strategy, an emergent behavior whereby most turtles in a population nest simultaneously in the same nesting grounds. Our models show that Arribada nesting events do not oversaturate foxes, and small numbers of foxes depredate all of the nests in a given Arribada. Widely scattering nests may reduce fox predation rates, but the long generation times of turtles combined with their rapid recent decline suggests that evolutionary responses in nesting strategy may be unlikely. Our study demonstrates that reducing populations of highly efficient invasive predators is insufficient for preserving native prey species. Instead, management must reduce individual predator efficiency, independent of reducing predator population size.
Characterization of waxes and residual oil recovered from sunflower oil winterization waste
Authors: Chalapud Mayra C. , Baümler Erica R. , Carelli Amalia A.
Published: May 2016

Two filter cakes from the sunflower oil winterization process were used to recover, fractionate and characterize their oil and wax fractions. Both samples presented high lipid content (75.35 and 58.21% dry basis) composed of 88.1 and 89.1% oil and 11.9 and 8.9% waxes. Recovered oils had a very low free fatty acid content, differences in the degree of deterioration consistent with their fatty acid composition, and significant differences in their wax contents, which were in the order of crude sunflower oils (1356–604 mg/kg). Purified waxes were between 40 and 60 carbon atoms with a fatty alcohol and fatty acid distribution in the range of 18–34 and 14–34 carbon atoms, respectively. Significant differences were found between samples in their wax and fatty acid profiles according to differences between the hybrids studied. DSC thermograms presented differences in the onset temperature (71.98 and 75.15°C), melting peak (76.70 and 80.53°C), and melting enthalpies (202.77 and 204.35 J/g), with the lower values being exhibited by the sample with higher fatty acid unsaturation and lower content of waxes with more carbon atoms.

Practical applications: Results revealed the potential use of this waste, reducing oil losses and recovering waxes with an adequate quality for their application in various industries. The characterization of the purified waxes is of extreme importance for their potential use in different industries and technologies. This is also of great environmental relevance, because the waste material generated by the winterization process could be reused, and thus gain added value.

Waste samples consisting of wax, oil, and filter aid are fractionated using n‐hexane to obtain purified waxes and oil. The by‐products are characterized, quantified, and qualified for its potential use.
Pilot‐scale supercritical CO2 extraction of edible insect oil from Tenebrio molitor L. larvae – Influence of extraction conditions on kinetics, defatting performance and compositional properties
Authors: Purschke Benedict , Stegmann Tobias , Schreiner Matthias , Jäger Henry
Published: May 2016

In view of industrial fractionation processes for edible insects, supercritical CO2 extraction of Tenebrio molitor larval oil was studied. The influence of extraction parameters on defatting of larvae was investigated using a full factorial design. Furthermore, the effect of operating conditions on extraction kinetics, fatty acid composition, and acidity of mealworm oil was evaluated. Pressure, time, and their interaction showed the most significant effects on defatting. Maximal defatting (95%) was achieved at 400/250 bar, 45°C, and 105 min. Extraction kinetics revealed that incrementing pressure increased the solubility of mealworm oil in SC–CO2 enabling faster extraction. Extracted oils contained 72% unsaturated fatty acids, and oleic acid accounted for 42% of total FAME. Oil composition and acidity were found to be affected by extraction parameters showing the highest amount of low molecular and free fatty acids after slow extraction at 250 bar and 65°C. Use of selective extraction conditions enabled simple time‐dependent fractionation and deacidification yielding fractions with tailored fatty acid profiles or facilitating subsequent refining processes, respectively. Defatting performance and oil composition were not substantially different when using hexane as a solvent in comparison to SC–CO2. Mealworm larvae can be effectively defatted using SC–CO2 at high pressure and moderate temperature, yielding two valuable fractions: oil‐ and protein‐rich residue.

Practical applications: Mealworm larvae are promising candidates for the inclusion of edible insects in the western food and feed industry due to modest breeding demands, existing rearing knowledge, and high contents of protein and fat. The development of fractionation processes for the production of standardized insect bulk materials and incorporation in feed or food in analogy to soy and other plant raw materials rich in fat and protein will help gain industrial applicability and enhance consumer acceptance. Depending on the processing approach, a defatting step is crucial prior to protein extraction. The results of this study indicate that SC–CO2 extraction is suitable for achieving a high yield of solvent‐free oil and a protein‐enriched, solvent‐free residue at low extraction temperatures. Both fractions can be further refined and purified in order to achieve valuable intermediates for food and feed applications.

The SC–CO2 extraction of mealworms yielded highly unsaturated oil and a defatted residue containing protein and chitin. The operating parameters clearly affected the defatting performance and the extraction rate.
Rheological behavior of molasses for application in industry
Authors: Cristina dos Santos Bofo Daniele , Alexandre Ferreira Cabral Renato , Andrietta Silvio Roberto , Telis‐Romero Javier
Published: May 2016

Molasses is a by‐product from the raw sugarcane industry with vast applications in the production of ethanol biofuel. A good knowledge of the rheological properties of this raw material is of crucial importance when designing and optimizing unit operations involved in processing it. The present work thus aims to study the rheological behavior of molasses at solid concentrations ranging from 20 to 70 oBrix and temperatures between 21 and 98°C using a concentric‐cylinder rheometer. Experimental results showed Newtonian behavior in concentrations of 20 and 40 oBrix and pseudo‐plastic behavior in concentrations of 50 and 70 oBrix. For these results, the Power Law models presented the best fitting results. In addition, the dependence of the flow behavior index and the flow consistency index of the Power Law model on temperature and solid concentration was also successfully modeled through a polynomial model and an Arrhenius‐type equation, respectively. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1545–1552, 2016
Anxiety Impacts Cognitive Inhibition in Remitted Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Ely Alice V. , Wierenga Christina E. , Kaye Walter H.
Published: May 2016

Objective

Eating disorders are complex psychiatric disorders, associated with alterations in neural and cognitive functioning. Research suggests inhibition and set‐shifting deficits in anorexia nervosa (AN), but less is known about the persistence of these deficits after recovery, or their relationship to comorbid psychiatric symptoms.

Method

Women aged 19–45 remitted from AN (RAN, N = 47) and controls (CW, N = 24) completed the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System Color‐Word Interference Test. It was hypothesized that RAN, and those with higher anxiety or depression, would demonstrate worse Inhibition and Switching task performance than CW.

Results

Differences in performance between groups trended toward significance on Inhibition Ratio (p = 0.08) but were nonsignificant on Inhibition/Switching Ratio (p = 0.93). A model including State Anxiety and diagnosis revealed a significant independent effect of State Anxiety (p = 0.026), but not of diagnosis nor their interaction. Regressing State Anxiety on Color‐Word Interference Test Inhibition among just the RAN group was significant [β = 0.37, t(46) = 2.63, p = 0.012] but among just CW was not (p = 0.54).

Discussion

Interference control for neutral stimuli is influenced by anxiety in women with a history of AN. Anxiety is linked with greater symptom severity among AN individuals, and state anxiety may account for larger deficits seen on tasks using disorder‐specific stimuli. Future research is warranted to elucidate the nature of neuropsychological deficits in eating disorders. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association
Bioaccumulation of hexachlorobenzene in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber
Authors: Kampe Sebastian , Schlechtriem Christian
Published: May 2016

A test system to investigate the biomagnification of organic chemicals in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber was developed and validated. Adult isopods were fed on alder leaf powder (Alnus glutinosa) spiked with [14C]hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Test animals, sampled regularly during the uptake (16 d) and depuration phases (16 d), were analyzed, and the kinetics of tissue concentrations were determined. Uptake (k1) and depuration rates (k2) were calculated to estimate kinetic biomagnification factors (BMFs). In addition, the effect of coprophagy on the uptake and accumulation of HCB as well as the tissue distribution of HCB in P. scaber was investigated. The test system was shown to be suitable for investigations into the terrestrial bioaccumulation of chemicals. Coprophagy had no effect on the bioaccumulation of HCB in P. scaber. The hepatopancreas was identified as the main target tissue for HCB accumulation. The low BMF of 0.057 resulted from an assimilation efficiency (α) of 31.42%, a low uptake rate k1 (0.009 d−1), and a high depuration rate k2 (0.164 d−1). The results indicate that the terrestrial bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in P. scaber might not represent a worst-case scenario for biomagnification, limiting the value of the test system for the regulatory assessment of organic chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2867–2873. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
The inhibitory input to mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells is reciprocally modulated by Bergmann glial P2Y1 and AMPA receptor signaling
Authors: Rudolph Ramona , Jahn Hannah M. , Courjaret Raphael , Messemer Nanette , Kirchhoff Frank , Deitmer Joachim W.
Published: May 2016

Synaptic transmission has been shown to be modulated by glial functions, but the modes of specific glial action may vary in different neural circuits. We have tested the hypothesis, if Bergmann GLIA (BG) are involved in shaping neuronal communication in the mouse cerebellar cortex, using acutely isolated cerebellar slices of wild‐type (WT) and of glia‐specific receptor knockout mice. Activation of P2Y1 receptors by ADP (100 µM) or glutamatergic receptors by AMPA (0.3 µM) resulted in a robust, reversible and repeatable rise of evoked inhibitory input in Purkinje cells by 80% and 150%, respectively. The ADP‐induced response was suppressed by prior application of AMPA, and the AMPA‐induced response was suppressed by prior application of ADP. Genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of either receptor restored the response to the other receptor agonist. Both ADP and AMPA responses were sensitive to Rose Bengal, which blocks vesicular glutamate uptake, and to the NMDA receptor antagonist D‐AP5. Our results provide strong evidence that activation of both ADP and AMPA receptors, located on BGs, results in the release of glutamate, which in turn activates inhibitory interneurons via NMDA‐type glutamate receptors. This infers that BG cells, by means of metabotropic signaling via their AMPA and P2Y1 receptors, which mutually suppress each other, would interdependently contribute to the fine‐tuning of Purkinje cell activity in the cerebellar cortex. GLIA 2016. GLIA 2016;64:1265–1280
The Effects of Home Country Political and Legal Institutions on Firms' Geographic Diversification Performance
Authors: Tan Brian Roy , Chintakananda Asda
Published: May 2016

Plain language summary

Managers of multinational firms often view the political and legal environment as an important driver of international performance. However, this view is normally directed toward the host country rather than the political and legal environment within the home country. This study focuses on the home country environment and finds that a stable political environment increases the effectiveness of a firm's overseas expansion efforts, even as it reduces overall firm performance. Meanwhile, an effective legal environment at home strengthens the effectiveness of a firm's overseas expansion efforts and overall firm performance. As such, the origin of a firm matters, as it influences a firm's ability to be successful. This has broad implications for managers and policy makers.

Technical summary

This study proposes that we need to examine jointly the direct and indirect effects of home country political and legal institutions on the performance of geographically diversified firms. We contend that home country political stability and regulatory effectiveness work through different mechanisms in influencing firms' performance directly and indirectly through their geographical diversification strategies. Specifically, we hypothesize that home country political stability directly reduces firm performance, but positively moderates the relationship between geographic diversification and performance. Meanwhile, we hypothesize that home country regulatory effectiveness directly enhances firm performance and positively moderates the relationship between geographic diversification and performance. The findings, based on more than 33,000 firm‐year observations from 33 home countries, support our hypotheses on home country political stability and regulatory effectiveness.Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
Reduced global functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder
Authors: Murrough James W. , Abdallah Chadi G. , Anticevic Alan , Collins Katherine A. , Geha Paul , Averill Lynnette A. , Schwartz Jaclyn , DeWilde Kaitlin E. , Averill Christopher , Jia‐Wei Yang Genevieve , Wong Edmund , Tang Cheuk Y. , Krystal John H. , Iosifescu Dan V. , Charney Dennis S.
Published: May 2016

Background

Major depressive disorder is a disabling neuropsychiatric condition that is associated with disrupted functional connectivity across brain networks. The precise nature of altered connectivity, however, remains incompletely understood. The current study was designed to examine the coherence of large‐scale connectivity in depression using a recently developed technique termed global brain connectivity. Methods: A total of 82 subjects, including medication‐free patients with major depression (n = 57) and healthy volunteers (n = 25) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging with resting data acquisition for functional connectivity analysis. Global brain connectivity was computed as the mean of each voxel's time series correlation with every other voxel and compared between study groups. Relationships between global connectivity and depressive symptom severity measured using the Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Rating Scale were examined by means of linear correlation. Results: Relative to the healthy group, patients with depression evidenced reduced global connectivity bilaterally within multiple regions of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex. The largest between‐group difference was observed within the right subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, extending into ventromedial prefrontal cortex bilaterally (Hedges' g = −1.48, P < 0.000001). Within the depressed group, patients with the lowest connectivity evidenced the highest symptom severity within ventromedial prefrontal cortex (r = −0.47, P = 0.0005). Conclusions: Patients with major depressive evidenced abnormal large‐scale functional coherence in the brain that was centered within the subgenual cingulate cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex more broadly. These data extend prior studies of connectivity in depression and demonstrate that functional disconnection of the medial prefrontal cortex is a key pathological feature of the disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3214–3223, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐order resting‐state functional connectivity network for MCI classification
Authors: Chen Xiaobo , Zhang Han , Gao Yue , Wee Chong‐Yaw , Li Gang , Shen Dinggang ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2016

Brain functional connectivity (FC) network, estimated with resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS‐fMRI) technique, has emerged as a promising approach for accurate diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the conventional FC network is essentially low‐order in the sense that only the correlations among brain regions (in terms of RS‐fMRI time series) are taken into account. The features derived from this type of brain network may fail to serve as an effective disease biomarker. To overcome this drawback, we propose extraction of novel high‐order FC correlations that characterize how the low‐order correlations between different pairs of brain regions interact with each other. Specifically, for each brain region, a sliding window approach is first performed over the entire RS‐fMRI time series to generate multiple short overlapping segments. For each segment, a low‐order FC network is constructed, measuring the short‐term correlation between brain regions. These low‐order networks (obtained from all segments) describe the dynamics of short‐term FC along the time, thus also forming the correlation time series for every pair of brain regions. To overcome the curse of dimensionality, we further group the correlation time series into a small number of different clusters according to their intrinsic common patterns. Then, the correlation between the respective mean correlation time series of different clusters is calculated to represent the high‐order correlation among different pairs of brain regions. Finally, we design a pattern classifier, by combining features of both low‐order and high‐order FC networks. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the high‐order FC network on disease diagnosis.Hum Brain Mapp 37:3282–3296, 2016. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brain GABA levels across psychiatric disorders: A systematic literature review and meta‐analysis of 1H‐MRS studies
Authors: Schür Remmelt R. , Draisma Luc W.R. , Wijnen Jannie P. , Boks Marco P. , Koevoets Martijn G.J.C. , Joëls Marian , Klomp Dennis W. , Kahn René S. , Vinkers Christiaan H.
Published: May 2016

The inhibitory gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) system is involved in the etiology of most psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). It is therefore not surprising that proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) is increasingly used to investigate in vivo brain GABA levels. However, integration of the evidence for altered in vivo GABA levels across psychiatric disorders is lacking. We therefore systematically searched the clinical 1H‐MRS literature and performed a meta‐analysis. A total of 40 studies (N = 1,591) in seven different psychiatric disorders were included in the meta‐analysis: MDD (N = 437), schizophrenia (N = 517), ASD (N = 150), bipolar disorder (N = 129), panic disorder (N = 81), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (N = 104), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (N = 173). Brain GABA levels were lower in ASD (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.74, P = 0.001) and in depressed MDD patients (SMD = −0.52, P = 0.005), but not in remitted MDD patients (SMD = −0.24, P = 0.310) compared with controls. In schizophrenia this finding did not reach statistical significance (SMD = −0.23, P = 0.089). No significant differences in GABA levels were found in bipolar disorder, panic disorder, PTSD, and ADHD compared with controls. In conclusion, this meta‐analysis provided evidence for lower brain GABA levels in ASD and in depressed (but not remitted) MDD patients compared with healthy controls. Findings in schizophrenia were more equivocal. Even though future 1H‐MRS studies could greatly benefit from a longitudinal design and consensus on the preferred analytical approach, it is apparent that 1H‐MRS studies have great potential in advancing our understanding of the role of the GABA system in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3337–3352, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficiency of Health Investment: Education or Intelligence?
Authors: Bijwaard Govert e. , Van Kippersluis Hans
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we hypothesize that education is associated with a higher efficiency of health investment, yet that this efficiency advantage is solely driven by intelligence. We operationalize efficiency of health investment as the probability of dying conditional on a certain hospital diagnosis and estimate a multistate structural equation model with three states: (i) healthy, (ii) hospitalized, and (iii) death. We use data from a Dutch cohort born around 1940 that links intelligence tests at age 12 years to later‐life hospitalization and mortality records. The results indicate that intelligent individuals have a clear survival advantage for most hospital diagnoses, while the remaining disparities across education groups are small and not statistically significant. © 2016 The Authors. Health Economics Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.