bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coefficients for Estimation of Nutrient Adequacy Scores of Diets of a Specific Population Group
Authors: Johnson Nancy E. , Schwinn Suzanne
Published: March 2007

An index number that described the nutrient adequacy of a diet was estimated from a simple regression equation developed from dietary information provided by a group of pregnant women. A small number of foods provided sufficient information to estimate nutrient adequacy of diets with an efficiency of from 79 to 85 percent. The simple index number was generated by multiplying number of servings from either three or four food groups by appropriate regression coefficients. Equations generated for a specific population group were shown to have high reliability since similar index numbers (r = 0.962‐0.992) were obtained when dietary data obtained during this study were inserted into an equation generated during a prior study. Results from this study suggest that simple regression equations can be generated from a specific population group and subse quently be used to assess nutrient adequacy of diets for comparable groups.
Sensory Qualities, Cooking Losses, Shear Values, and B‐Vitamins of Beef Roasts Cooked by Slow‐Heat
Authors: Korschgen B.M. , Baldwin R.E.
Published: March 2007

Top rounds of beef were cooked to internal temperature of 88°C in a portable oven‐broiler with a slow‐heat setting. Control roasts were cooked in a household electric oven (135°C). Total cooking losses were higher for roasts cooked by the slow‐heat oven‐broiler method than for the control roasts. Shear values and mean tenderness scores indicated that the meat cooked by the slow‐heat oven‐ broiler method was more tender than that cooked by the control method. There were no significant differences between mean flavor and juiciness scores, thiamin and riboflavin contents, and thiamin and riboflavin retention for roasts cooked by the two methods.
Education Toward a More Economic Life Style
Authors: Paynton Naomi
Published: March 2007

A community‐based project was carried out in two low‐income, high density areas in the Tel Aviv area, Israel, to help mothers of large families gain more from the existing family budget. The course of 27 weekly 2‐hour meetings covered the areas of clothing, nutrition, household maintenance, savings and insurance, with emphasis on audiovisual techniques and active participation. Profes sional staff was supplemented by indigenous aides who maintained ongoing personal contact with participants. Of the 120 women enrolled, 40 percent completed the course; excluding the first month, 70 percent. Behavioral changes were greatest in the area of clothing where more discrimi nating purchasing skills were taught as well as home repairs and sewing. In the area of nutrition, changes focused on more balanced and economic meat‐eating habits. An active response to savings and banking showed 10 percent of the participants opening a new account as an immediate re sponse to the course. A high level of satisfaction from the course in all its areas related strongly to the feeling of having learned new things that will advance the family in the future, and to an enriched self‐image with regard to self, husband, and the local community. High achievers in this project appear to have innovative characteristics, a finding to be considered in the planning of follow‐up activity.
Relationship Between Individual Variables and Students' Selection and Performance in Competency‐ Based Education
Authors: Cummings Merrilyn N. , Bell Camille G.
Published: March 2007

This study determined if students with varying grade point averages and self‐concept, internal‐ external locus of control, and self‐directedness scores selected and performed differentially under two approaches to competency‐based teacher education. Two hundred and eighty students enrolled in various home economics education classes at Texas Tech University participated in the study. The students elected to study particular competency areas by either a teacher‐directed approach or a student‐directed modular approach. Cognitive criterion tests and Likert‐type attitude scales were used for pre‐ and post‐assessments. Students who selected the student‐directed modular approach scored significantly higher in self‐directedness than did those choosing the teacher‐directed ap proach. The two groups did not vary significantly on the other variables.

Comparison of students selecting teacher‐directed instruction and student‐directed instruction revealed no significant difference with regard to attitudinal gains but there was a significant difference in cognitive gains. Students in the teacher‐directed group gained significantly more in the cognitive area than did those in the student‐directed group.
Marital Satisfaction A s Perceived by Wives
Authors: Jeries Naheel
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to determine the relative importance of specific sociological, economic, and psychological variables in explaining marital satisfaction. Data were collected from 163 two‐ parent families living in small towns in southwestern Iowa. Multivariate regression was used to analyze the data. The results of this study partially supported the general hypothesis that sociability and psychological factors would be more closely associated with marital satisfaction than would socioeconomic factors.

The findings indicated that going places together as a family and marital decision making (jointly made by husbands and wives) regarding the best place for the family to live were positively related to marital satisfaction. On the other hand, borrowing and exchanging favors frequently with neighbors and frequency of money problems related to savings were negatively related to marital satisfaction.
Attitudes Toward Clothing and Self‐Concept of Physically Handicapped and Able‐Bodied University Men and Women
Authors: Feather Betty L. , Martin Betty B. , Miller Wilbur R.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were to ascertain the extent to which students with physical handicaps have clothing attitudes that differ from able‐bodied students, and to investigate the relationship between self‐concept and clothing attitudes. Data were collected from 35 handicapped and 76 able‐ bodied university students. Handicapped students were defined as those who had orthopedic dis abilities and were confined to wheelchairs. The clothing attitude variables were appearance, fash ion, management, comfort, and durability. There were clothing attitude differences between hand icapped and able‐bodied students for all variables except appearance. Handicapped students had consistently lower clothing attitude scores on all variables studied. There were significant differ ences between men and women students on all clothing attitude variables regardless of physical condition, with women indicating a more positive attitude on each of the variables. There was not a significant difference in self‐concept scores between the handicapped and able‐bodied students, nor was a statistically significant relationship identified between the clothing variables and self‐ concept scores.
Wear Performance of Trousers Manufactured from a 3/1 Cotton Twill Fabric Finished with One of Four Processes for Durable Press
Authors: Broome Esther R. , Calvert Christine
Published: March 2007

All‐cotton work trousers finished with two pad‐vapor‐set processes, a conventional pad‐dry‐cure, and a proprietary pad‐dry‐cure durable press treatment were exposed to wear and/or laundering and evaluated at intervals with regard to different performance characteristics. Thirty men em ployed in maintenance positions at Texas Woman's University served as the wear panel for 20 wear‐laundering periods. The results of the study showed that, generally, the pad‐vapor‐set pro cesses were evaluated as being the most desirable finishes for work trousers. Trousers thus finished were acceptable to the men who wore them as far as appearance and durability were concerned. Although the conventional pad‐dry‐cure and the proprietary finishes excelled in appearance, the short wear‐life of the trousers finished by these methods made them inappropriate for such end use.
Identification of Personality Characteristics of University Women Students Preceding A Weight Control Regimen
Authors: Hoskins Mercedes
Published: March 2007

This research analyzed the data from 347 subjects who completed a personality assessment and enrolled in a weight control regimen. The subjects were grouped by their deviation from normal body weight as determined by Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tables (1969). Three groups were identified: (1) underweight, subjects whose weight deviated more than 10 percent below ideal weight; (2) middleweight, subjects deviating within 10 percent of ideal weight; and (3) overweight, subjects deviating more than 10 percent above their ideal weight. On the basis of scores assigned to their responses on the Taylor‐Johnson Temperament Analysis, nearly a fourth of the subjects were categorized as being in the stress syndrome (formerly identified as suicide proneness).

Underweight subjects had the highest percentage of scores in the stress syndrome, and overweight subjects had the lowest percentage of scores that identified them as being under stress.

A significant relationship was found between the scores of the subjects on the personality trait subjective (emotional, illogical, self‐absorbed) and having fathers whom they perceived to be over weight. Significant relationships were also found between the subjects' scores in the two traits, quiet (socially‐inactive, lethargic, withdrawn) and submissive (passive, compliant, dependent), and the weight of their closest friend, if the weight of the friend was perceived as being either under‐ or overweight rather than normal.
Housing Satisfaction ‐ The Concept and Evidence from Home Purchase Behavior
Authors: Brink Satya , Johnston Kathleen A.
Published: March 2007

The study suggests a clarified concept of housing satisfaction, based on a review of behavioral literature. This concept relates housing satisfaction to aspirations, expectations, and housing im provement. It also indicates that housing satisfaction may change over time. Evidence for this concept was sought from a group of new home purchasers. A survey was taken first within a year of purchase and then 18 months later. Correlation analysis, linear regression, and tests for signif icant differences were used. The evidence indicated that housing satisfaction may be explained by realization of housing aspirations, fulfillment of expectations, and achievement of housing im provement. Cost of the house had a significant positive correlation with housing satisfaction. No significant decline in housing satisfaction over time was found.
Lipid Content and Oxidation in Soy Protein/Ground Beef Mixture
Authors: Dignam Martha M. , Tseng Rose Y. , Smith‐Nury Elveda
Published: March 2007

The effects of varying proportions of textured soy protein (mixed with ground beef) on the evap orative loss, cooking yield, lipid content, lipid oxidation, and overall acceptability were studied in cooked patties containing 0 to 40 percent soy protein.

All analyses were made of patties cooked immediately after thawing. Lipid oxidation determina tions were also made after 48 and 72 hours of refrigeration. The results showed that when com pared to all beef patties the cooking yield was significantly (p<0.05) higher for those containing 30 and 40 percent soy, and the evaporative loss was lower (p<0.05) for the patties containing 40 percent soy. Total lipid content was significantly less (p<0.05) in all samples containing soy protein. Compared to 100 percent ground beef, there was less (p<0.05) fat oxidation in samples containing 30 percent soy which were refrigerated 48 and 72 hours, and in samples containing 40 percent soy refrigerated 48 hours. Overall acceptability was lower for all soy protein/beef patties as compared to those made of 100 percent beef (p<0.05).
Hours of Labor Supplied by Black and White Married Women: Determinants of Variation
Authors: Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed
Published: March 2007

Factors that were most important in determining hours of labor supplied by black wives were different from those affecting white wives. Contrary to findings of previous research, the presence of preschool children had a much weaker effect on hours of labor supplied by white wives than of black wives. The results also indicated that when black wives were given white characteristics, the net change in hours of labor supplied to the market was 5.39. This increase arises from the higher education, higher assessment of health, and larger total net assets which the exchange provided to black wives.
Marital Adjustment: Controllin the Tendency to Distort Evaluations
Authors: Chesser Barbara Jo , Parkhurst Anne M. , Schaffer Debra L.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of conventionalization on marital ad justment research and other highly ego‐involved studies relying upon self‐report data. Convention alization is defined as the tendency of human subjects to distort self‐appraisal data in the direction of social desirability. Relationships between marital adjustment, self‐esteem, and other sociodemo graphic variables were examined without adjusting for conventionalization. The same analyses were then performed adjusting for conventionalization via a partial correlation technique. Data were based on responses from 38 randomly selected couples who had been married at least six months but not more than two years. Statistical analyses of marital adjustment, self‐esteem, and other selected sociodemographic variables provided insight into the differential response patterns of husbands and wives.

Results indicated that (1) neither marital adjustment nor self‐esteem is unidimensional; (2) the relationship between marital adjustment and self‐esteem is a complex, multi‐faceted matter, and (3) only when conventionalization is dealt with in research design and analysis can its contaminating effects be negated and can the results of studies using self‐rating instruments be considered valid.
Attitudinal Perceptions of Professionalization in Home Economics Teaching
Authors: Amos Rosalie J. , Nelson Helen Y.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of socialization experiences on the attitudinal perceptions of a sample of home economics teachers regarding their work as a profession.

An instrument was developed to measure attitudinal perceptions relative to the construct profes sion. Reliability on the pretested Professionalization Inventoryfor Home Economics Teaching (PI‐ HET) using Cronbach's formula for coefficient alpha was .96 on Profession and Professional Association sub‐scales, respectively, and .95 on Client and School Organization sub‐scales, respec tively.

Three hundred and thirty‐three home economics teachers from Upper New York State were ran domly selected to participate in the research. Analysis of the 287 returned questionnaires (86 percent) indicated that most of the teachers in the sample believed that home economics teaching is a profession. The highest mean score (73) was on the Client sub‐scale and lowest mean score (54) was on the Professional Association sub‐scale of the PI‐HET (maximum score 81). Six indepen dent variables—Autonomy Training, Support in Choice, First Choice, Work Experience, Member, and Professional Journal Reading—were found to be statistically significant in the multiple regres sion analyses.
Smallest Space Analysis: A Method for Relating Empirical Observation of Use of Space to Housing Design
Authors: Brent Edward , Brent Ruth Stumpe , Franklin Evelyn
Published: March 2007

Smallest space analysis, a statistical technique for creating a spatial representation of data, is examined to assess its usefulness for analyzing use‐of‐space data. The assumptions and the logic of the technique are discussed. This technique is illustrated with an application to use‐of‐space data. Smallest space analysis is found to be a promising technique for analyzing use‐of‐space data, lead ing to direct implications for housing design. In addition, this technique is useful in analyzing a wide variety of data in other fields of home economics.
Rainy Season Food Behavior of Selected East Nicaraguan Miskito Indians
Authors: Dale Terry Rhonda , Bass Mary Ann , Kolasa Kathryn A.
Published: March 2007

The availability, distribution, and consumption of food by a group of Miskito Indians during Nicaragua's rainy season were studied. Field research was conducted in July and August of 1976 in the small, east coast village of Kakabila. Field study methods included observation, participant observation, and key informant interviewing. A week each was spent with four families in home observation.

The family plantation (farm) was the source of the largest percentage of total servings of food for each family observed (mean = 39%). Other frequently served foods were obtained from village grocery stores, fishing, village fruit trees, and loans, gifts, and purchases of food from other vil lagers. Cassava was identified as the core food in the diet of participating families. Other important foods in the diet were fish, green bananas, breadfruit, coconut milk, coconut water, and mangoes.

The Nicaragua rainy season is made up of both rainy and non‐rainy days. Because Kakabila villagers often travelled a great distance from their home to procure food each day, it was hypothe sized that the seasonal rains (rainy days) of Nicaragua's rainy season would alter the core foods consumed by the villagers by interfering with food procurement. However, the villagers adapted to seasonal shortages of food through a food sharing system. Thus, this hypothesis was not confirmed.
Consumer Quality of Beef Chuck Roasts from Two Breed Types, Two Feedin Regimes, and Two Oven Temperatures
Authors: Foster Patricia E. , McCurdy Sandra M. , Martin Everett L. , Hard Margaret M.
Published: March 2007

This research examined the effects of breed type, feeding regime, and roasting temperature on the palatability characteristics of chuck roasts. Beef chuck roasts from Angus and Simmental X Angus steers on low and high concentrate diets were oven roasted at 135°C and 163°C to an internal temperature of 71°C. Palatability factors including flavor (intensity and acceptability), tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability were scored by a six‐member, trained sensory panel. Cooking loss, cooking time, shear, and press juice also were determined.

There were no significant differences in the tenderness scores or the shear values of roasts due to the treatments of breed, feeding regime, or oven temperature, or their interactions. Panelists scored flavor (p<0.01) and overall acceptability (p<0.01) higher for roasts from high concentrate fed animals, but no differences in flavor intensity or juiciness were apparent. Flavor intensity (p<0.05) and juiciness (p<0.01) were scored higher in roasts prepared at 163 °C than at 135°C. Press juice values were greater (p<0.01) and total cooking losses less (p<0.01) in roasts cooked at the higher oven temperature. Flavor acceptability was more closely associated with overall acceptability than were either juiciness or tenderness.
Fashion Preference: Drawings versus Photographs
Authors: Whisney Anita J. , Winakor Geitel , Wolins Leroy
Published: March 2007

Are consumer preferences for fashions affected by whether styles are presented in photographs or drawings? Does mode of presentation of stimuli influence responses obtained in research? These were questions addressed in this experiment. Stimuli were photographs of five styles of evening wear and drawings of the same styles. Female university students responded to each stimulus on 19 pairs of polar adjectives; preferences were expressed in full forced‐choice paired comparisons.

Mode of presentation made no difference in preferences for the five styles. Responses to specific styles differed between photographs and drawings for five of the 19 pairs of polar adjectives, but the quantitative effect of mode of presentation was very small. Order of preference for the styles was most closely linked with the word pairs dated‐current and ugly‐beautiful.
Localization of Dopamine in Banana
Authors: Weaver Connie M. , Charley Helen
Published: March 2007

Dopamine was located histochemically in the latex vessels and in a few isolated parenchyma cells of banana ripened to the green‐tip stage. Such fruit averaged 58.1 μg dopamine per gram of pulp compared to 24.5 μg per gram in halves of the same bananas at the fully ripe stage.
Interactive Effects of Achievement Anxiety, Academic Achievement, and Instructional Mode on Performance and Course Attitudes
Authors: Callis Carolyn , Dickey Lois E.
Published: March 2007

The study focused on the interactive effects of achievement anxiety, academic achievement, and instructional mode on performance and course attitudes. A second concern of the study was to ascertain the differential effect of instructional mode on achievement anxiety of subgroups of students enrolled in an undergraduate clothing design course.

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANO VA) was used to assess the interactive effects of achievement anxiety, cumulative point‐hour ratio (CPHR), and instructional mode on (a) two tests designed to measure knowledge and application of course content and (b) a course at titude scale. There were no significant interactions nor main effects. However, there was evidence that for the students with low CPHR and initially high debilitative anxiety, the TV lecture‐supervised laboratory mode provided a learning environment more facilitating in regard to achievement anxiety than the independent study mode.
Optimizing Oven Radiant Energy Use
Authors: Peart M. Virginia , Kern Susan T. , DeWitt David P.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on research efforts to reduce oven energy use while maintaining the quality of foods that are baked or roasted. The baking process and the role of radiant energy in the conventional electric oven were investigated. This led to the development of a more energy efficient oven system that optimizes the use of radiant energy by using two electric elements controlled independently to present more radiant power to the top of prod ucts being baked, utensils that readily absorb radiant energy, and oven walls that reflect infrared radiation to the product being baked. Energy savings of 75 percent or more are possible for baking many foods.
Measuring Visual Response to Clothing
Authors: DeLong Marilyn Revell , Larntz Kinley
Published: March 2007

Two groups of females differing in age, students and nonstudents, were presented with five photographs of clothed bodies. Each subject was asked to respond to each photograph using an instrument made up of 56 semantic scales. The scales were chosen to represent a range of responses encountered in the visual perception of the clothed body. Multivariate analysis methods were used to test for differences among the costumes, the two observer groups, and the observers within the groups. Consistency in response to the costumes was found between the two groups. The residual vectors were analyzed by principal components and word pairs which were rated similarly were grouped and interpreted. The evaluative component which explained the largest variance included words such as like‐dislike and fashionable‐unfash ionable. The next four components included word pairs relating to uncertainty, complexity, and potency.
Analysis of Historic and Contemporary Dress: An African Example1
Authors: Wass Betty , Eicher Joanne
Published: March 2007

A method for analyzing dress was modeled after methods for analyzing languages. The primary data were 607 photographs of members of an extended family of Yoruba people in Nigeria. The photographs, taken between 1900 and 1974, were divided into three groups cor responding to political periods within the time span. Steps in analyzing the data were: (1) list all items worn; (2) calculate frequency of appearance of each item; (3) identify associations made with items worn most frequently, i.e., male/female, Western/indigenous; (4) within the three time periods, determine modes related to associations found in step 3; (5) identify items which appear as alternates or additions to modal items; (6) develop rules of dress relating social roles and statuses of individuals to use of particular forms of dress. Although the method was applied to studying dress of a non‐ Western population, the techniques have potential for com parative studies of the dress of any culture.
Clothing Preferences of Male Athletes: Actual and Perceived
Authors: Reeder Ernestine N. , Drake Mary Frances
Published: March 2007

Clothing preferences of 74 black and 42 white male university athletes in relation to their self‐concept, athletic ability, race, socioeconomic status, and white student perception were investigated. Instruments used were the Tennessee Self‐Concept Scale, an athletic ability rating scale, a background information sheet, and a clothing preference and perception measure. Data were analyzed with multiple regression and analysis of variance. Race was a significant variable for clothing preferences of male athletes. White students perceived black athletes as wearing clothing that was more attention‐getting than that worn by white athletes. Actual clothing preference differed from perceived clothing preference for black, but not for white athletes.
Care Labels: Will More Information Help Consumers?
Authors: Hatch Kathryn L. , Lane Sue E.
Published: March 2007

Are care labels that give alternative and affirmative information more informative to con sumers than care labels that give only minimal care instructions? Does the consumers' previous experience in caring for fabrics influence their interpretation of care labels? This study shows that many consumers make the correct assumptions about the use of unstated laundry pro cedures when given only brief instructions on a care label. Many consumers, however, are very cautious when directions are lacking on labels. The consumers in the study either excluded the use of the unstated laundry procedure or they tended to use the least vigorous method of care available to them. There was some evidence that previous experience influenced the inter pretation of the brief labels.

A bout one hundred fifty women completed a questionnaire in which they were presented with a label that gave minimal care instructions and also with a label that gave the same minimal instructions but also stated additional directions. Actual fabrics were presented with each care label. Respondents indicated the possible use of 17 different laundry procedures for each care label and fabrac. Chi‐square analysis was used to analyze the data.
Situation and Person Factors in Young Children's Communication
Authors: Hulls M. Johanna , Melson Gail F. , Cohen Allen S.
Published: March 2007

The influence of situation and person factors on children's nonverbal communicative responsivity was investigated during dyadic interaction. Using a person‐situation interaction framework, it was hypothesized that when situations provide clear social or task cues, children will adjust their level of responsiveness to the perceived demands of the situation. When both social and task cues are provided, strength of social orientation will be related to amount of responsivity. Thirty‐four same‐sex and same‐age dyads of three‐ and four‐year‐olds were videotaped in three situations providing orientation to social, task, or both social and task cues. Three nonverbal measures of responsivity were analyzed in an age x sex x situation design. Situation main effects were reported for all nonverbal behaviors with greater respon sivity occurring in the social situation. Field‐dependent and socially‐oriented children ex hibited higher levels of nonverbal responsivity in the situation providing both social and task cues.
Haute Couture: A 25‐Year Perspective of Fashion Influences, 1900 to 1925
Authors: Behling Dorothy U. , Dickey Lois E.
Published: March 2007

This historical study was formulated to explain what influenced fashion between 1900 and 1925; specifically, to examine haute couture in a systematic way, to analyze the changes that occurred, and to determine what influenced the changes. Information for the study came from 17 French periodicals and books of the period. Designs published in the French periodi cals from couture houses and from artist/illustrators were photographed and analyzed. A total of 822 slides was analyzed as representative of the 25‐year period. The change that took place in women's fashions prior to World War I was influenced by the artist/illustrators of the period who were trained in the fine arts. Illustrations by Paul Iribe had a strong influence on haute couture, as did Georges Lepape's illustrations published in 1911. Between 1909 and 1914, Léon Bakst's designs for the theater were important sources of design inspiration for couturiers and Bakst also designed for some of the important couture houses. Between 1914 and the early twenties, the designs by Erté were an important influence on haute couture.
Perceived Fashion Risk and Self‐Esteem of Males and Females
Authors: Winakor Geitel , Canton Bernetta , Wolins Leroy
Published: March 2007

An instrument was developed to examine a person's perception of fashion risk in clothing, relative to his or her self‐esteem. Fashion risk is the uncertainty a consumer perceives when making a choice involving a fashion good, in addition to the uncertainty perceived when a good is not subject to fashion. Items were written or adapted to represent self‐esteem, self‐ esteem related to clothing, perceived fashion risk, and economic, social, psychological, and performance risks related to clothing. Approximately 400 university students, half males and half females, responded to the instrument. Response patterns of males and females differed; therefore data were factor analyzed separately for each sex.

Eleven factors were derived for females, eight for males. Factor content was similar, but fac tor structure was different. For females, factors representing fashion interest formed one cluster and factors representing self‐esteem and social approval a separate cluster, the two clusters being completely uncorrelated. For males, factors did not cluster. Fashion risk seems to be a part of other types of risk rather than a distinct type of risk. Also, perception of fashion risk seems not to be linearly related to self‐esteem.
Consumers' Priorities for Flame Retardant Protection
Authors: Kelley Eleanor A. , Gray Joan K. , Blouin David
Published: March 2007

Although home economists and members of the textile industry recognize the needfor con sumer feedback, limited information is available regarding consumer reactions to flame retardant fabrics (FRF). The concept of the tradeoffs of other fabric and garment characteristics necessary to provide FRF has been virtually ignored. In this report, we com pared consumers' priorities for flame retardant protection (FRP) with and without tradeoffs of other fabric and garment characteristics. A mail survey was made of a stratified systematic sample of residents in an urban area in South Louisiana. Data analysis, using summed scores from the 104 usable responses, revealed a highly significant difference in the women's priorities for FRP with and without tradeoffs of other garment and fabric characteristics. More of the women were willing to trade off aesthetic than performance characteristics, and more of them were willing to trade off at least one of the ten listed characteristics to have FRP in personal wear than to have it in outer wear. The exploratory findings were used to suggest ideas for future hypothesis testing. Apparently consumers respond differently when a product charac teristic is presented alone and in combination with other characteristics. Therefore, we believe that the concept of tradeoffs should be included in future investigations.
Cultural Correlates of Parent‐Nonparent Stereotypes: A Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Bigner Jerry J. , Brooke Jacobsen R. , Phelan Gladys K.
Published: March 2007

This study empirically examines the cultural meanings of parental and nonparental roles. A multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the influence of generational group, family size, and place of residence on ratings of personality traits for each role by 57 mother‐ daughter pairs. Respondents perceived the nonparental role very differently from the parental role with generational group emerging as the main driver variable. The findings of this study strongly suggest that parental role stereotyping does not occur in a simple bivariate manner but results from the interplay of several factors.
Parental Child‐Rearing Sex‐Role Attitudes Related to Social Issue Sex‐Role Attitudes and Selected Demographic Variables
Authors: Lee Burge Penny
Published: March 2007

Parents' child‐rearing sex‐role attitudes were investigated to determine their relationship to social issue sex‐role attitudes and selected demographic variables. The sample included 94 parents, 32 couples, and 30 persons who responded individually. Data were gathered by use of a demographic information sheet, the Sex‐Role Attitude Scale, and the Child‐Rearing Sex‐ Role Attitude Scale. Findings indicated a relationship between social issue and child‐rearing sex‐role attitudes. The demographic variables of parents' sex and child caretaker choice were related to both social issue and child‐rearing sex‐role attitudes. On the other hand, the variables of income, employment status, and type of family unit appeared to have little rela tionship to sex‐role attitudes.
The Self‐Cleaning Oven: A Source of Inside Air Contamination
Authors: Annis Patty J. , La Cicero Janet Hecht
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study addressed the question of whether significant amounts of con taminating aerosol pass through the smoke eliminator of the self‐cleaning oven in terms of the impact on normal residential air quality. Data were collected by sampling the emissions of three ovens operating through their design self‐cleaning cycles after being soiled in accordance with an accepted industry standard.

The stain/haze potential of the emissions of two of the three ovens would cause significant increases in the normal level of light‐scattering aerosol in a 1360‐ft.3 room. One range would have created a haze level found objectionable by previous researchers. Reduction of the soil level by one‐half resulted in a lesser reduction in light‐scattering aerosol for one range, but a far greater reduction for the other two ranges. The first few self‐cleaning cycles may produce extremely large quantities of smoke, due to the burning off of insulation oils and binders.
Water Loss Rates and Temperature Profiles in Dry Heated Normal and PSE Porcine Muscle
Authors: Cloke J.D. , Davis E.A. , Gordon J. , Addis P.B. , McGrath C.J.
Published: March 2007

Small cylinders of longissimus porcine muscles from normal and stress susceptible animals and two groups with intermediate characteristics were heated from the frozen state, past sen sory doneness and well into the dehydration period. The water loss rates and temperature pro files of the muscle cylinders were monitored throughout the heating period. Pale, soft, ex udative muscle had a greater maximum moisture emission at an earlier time and lower temperature than the normal samples. When the sample interiors were between 60°C and 100°C, the centerline thermocouple frequently registered higher temperature than those ther mocouples closer to the surface. Implications of these results for interpreting heat and mass transfer mechanisms and for cooking recommendations are discussed.
Cognitive Style, Teaching Mode, and Learning Outcomes
Authors: Njus Helen Pyle , Hughes Ruth P. , Stout Betty Lee
Published: March 2007

The effect of field‐dependence‐independence (FDI) on subject‐matter achievement and mastery of inquiry skills was explored using a partially balanced design. The field research was carried out using 12 intact classes in high schools in Iowa. No significant F values were found in the analysis of variance for either the main effects or the covariates: past achievement, teaching mode, and minutes of instruction. In addition, the regression of FDI on achievement was not significant for any classroom.
Financial Variables Associated with Successful Debt Liquidation
Authors: Marlowe Julia
Published: March 2007

This study employed discriminant analysis to identify factors which discriminated between families who liquidated their debts and families who did not. Data were obtained from the Consumer Credit Counseling Service of Greater Knoxville. Debt‐to‐income ratio was a strong discriminator, suggesting that if a family is going to be able to liquidate its debts, this ratio must be lowered. Medical debt was the most consistently significant variable, with the suc cessful completions having a higher medical debt than the dropouts. In such cases, the estab lished consumption patterns may be sound and thus enable the family to get out of debt. It follows that there is a need for better health insurance for families in the income category represented here. Total debt‐to‐income ratio was significant for adjusted income, which sug gests that family size and income adequacy have a bearing on the family's capability to liq uidate heavy debt. This analysis provides insights concerning key financial variables which play a part in helping families overcome financial difficulty.
Employment Behavior of Adolescent Family Members
Authors: Helmick Sandra A. , Jurich Anthony P.
Published: March 2007

Employment of adolescents age 16 through 18 in two‐parent families was analyzed in relation to personal and family characteristics, adolescent orientations and expectations, attitudes toward working, and parental attitudes toward working. Data are representative of families in selected metropolitan areas and small towns in six states. Significant differences were found in the factors contributing to employment of males and of females. Males ap peared more likely to emphasize career goals rather than immediate monetary rewards as reasons for working. Daughters were more likely to work if the mother was working, but sons were less likely to do so. Females were more likely to work if they viewed family income as inadequate; males less likely. Working adolescents generally reported that their job had a positive rather than negative effect on their overall quality of life, but they were neither happier nor unhappier with non‐work domains of life (family, school, leisure) than non‐ working youths.
Characteristics of Teachers Implementing Home Economics Programs for Physically Handicapped Students
Authors: Redick Sharon Smith , Hughes Ruth P.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this exploratory study was to ascertain selected attitudes, characteristics, and instructional behaviors of teachers implementing home economics programs for physi cally handicapped students. Twenty‐six teachers employed in fifteen public day or residential schools in six Midwestern states made up the deliberate sample. Data were collected by observation, questionnaires, and selected attitudinal and knowledge devices. On the Analysis of Teaching Instrument, teachers scored highest on items which involved students in the learning process, provided a combination of activities, and exhibited concern for their pupils. Less experienced teachers tended to score higher on the Analysis of Teaching Instrument and the Ambiguity Tolerance Scale, whereas more experienced teachers scored higher on the Attitude Toward Disabled Persons Scale. While teachers considered knowledge of handicap ping conditions and contact with disabled persons important, they did not score high on instruments which measured these characteristics; they did score high on the attitudinal device. Results suggest that teachers of mainstreamed classes need to have a command of the subject matter presented, basic knowledge of handicapping conditions, and training which includes experiences that foster realistic, positive attitudes by working with and teaching handicapped students.
Responsiveness to Internal Cues to Hunger among Young Children
Authors: Parham Ellen Speiden , Nelson Patricia Tanner
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of children to sense and to respond to internal hunger cues and to determine the role certain demographic, physiologic, and environment factors played in their responses. The eating behavior of ninety‐nine children in seven day‐care centers was observed on two occasions. The children consumed morning snacks of low or high caloric density (internal cue variable), followed by standardized lunches at noon. Each child participated twice, serving as his own control. Weights of food consumed at snacks and lunches were determined. A child was considered responsive to internal cues if he modified his lunch consumption to compensate for snack calorie intake; 42 percent failed to meet this criterion.

Lunch calorie consumption was significantly affected by the order of treatments and by day‐care centers, but not by age, sex, weightlheight ratio, social status, race, or number of siblings. The immediate environment was concluded to have a greater effect on eating be havior than internal cues. Children tended to eat more at lunch on the first day of the experiment, regardless of the type of snack, apparently responding to a Hawthorne effect created by the novelty of the situation. This effect is itself interpreted as an external stimulus to eat. Children exhibiting insensitivity to their internal cues and overresponsiveness to their external cues were considered at risk of developing food habits contributing to problems of control of energy balance.
Attitudes of Selected Secondary Students toward Family Planning Education
Authors: McDonough Mercier Joyce , Hughes Ruth P.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to examine possible relationships of attitudes of secondary students toward family planning education and selected variables of sex, age, religion, occu pation of mother, and occupation of father. Subjects included 735 secondary students, 490 female and 245 male, from Family Living classes in nine Midwestern rural and urban high schools. The instrument used in this study, Attitudes Toward Family Planning Education Scale, had reliabilities of .56 to .87 on the dimensions within the total scale. Data were analyzed using t‐tests, one‐way analysis of variance, and Scheffe range test. Findings indi cated that students were supportive of family planning education although females generally favored such education more than the males. As students matured and made normal progress through school, they had more favorable attitudes toward the concepts of family planning education. The students perceived their religion as providing a base of support for family planning education, and the higher the parents' occupational level, the more favorable were the students toward these concepts. Findings concerning relationships of variables to the dimensions will enable educators to develop more effective curricula for family planning education.
The Contribution of Children's Snacks to Total Dietary Intakes
Authors: Cala Rosemary F. , Morgan Karen J. , Zabik Mary E.
Published: March 2007

The role of snacking in children's diets was assessed using diaries of food intake for seven days. The sample consisted of 657 U.S. children ages 5 to 12 years, coming from middle‐ and upper‐middle‐income families. Of 12 groups of foods assessed, beverages other than milk were consumed most frequently, followed by fruits and vegetables and milk. The snacks contrib uted positively to the children's diets by providing greater than 20 percent of National Research Council ‐Recommended Dietary Allowances (NRC ‐RDA) for 8 of the 15 nutrients assessed for which there is an established NRC ‐RDA. The nutrients for which snacks made this significant contribution were protein, riboflavin, vitamins B12, C, and A, calcium, phos phorus, and magnesium. However, average nutrient intake without consumption of food between meals met 100 percent NRC ‐RDA for all nutrients except for calories, magnesium, and zinc. As the number of snacks consumed per day increased, the amount of all nutrients, except vitamins B12 and A, increased in consumption. This increased snacking made needed contribution to the children's caloric, magnesium, and zinc intakes. However, on days when no snacks were consumed, a decreased intake of fat, sugars, and sodium was evidenced. On days when children did not consume snacks they did consume a greater quantity of calories during main meals; however, these meals were not necessarily more nutritious than those meals which were accompanied by snacks.
Thinking about Nutrition: Assessing and Enhancing the Reasoning Skills of College Non‐Major Nutrition Students
Authors: Contento Isobel
Published: March 2007

Producing nutritionally literate consumers who can make prudent judgments in today's marketplace is a major goal of nutrition courses for non‐majors and interested citizens. It is suggested here that providing information alone is not sufficient and that Piagetian research may provide a useful framework for understanding the reasoning skills that are also needed. Research on adolescent and adult reasoning is at an exploratory stage, and although Piaget's notion of “formal thought” may not account for all adult reasoning, it does seem to involve some skills of importance to consumers. In this study, the reasoning skills of non‐major nutrition students were assessed on the basis of their performance on tests derived from the work of Piaget. Only about 25 percent of the subjects used formal reasoning consistently. There was no difference between those who used formal reasoning and those who did not in terms of their ability to comprehend and apply elementary nutrition information. Both types of subjects were also able to carry out, to some degree, tasks in nutrition which were more complex. However, those who used formal reasoning scored significantly better (p < 0.001) than those who did not on tasks which involved analyzing books and ads for their misleading logic, using nutrient labels, and evaluating nutrition issues. Teaching strategies suggested by Piagetian theory resulted in significant gains (p= 0.004) in the use of formal reasoning, whereas the lecture‐discussion method did not. Those who teach non‐majors are urged not only to provide food and nutrition information but also to encourage the development of the reasoning skills of these student‐consumers.
Factors Underlying Consumer Difficulties with the Homebuying Process
Authors: White Betty Jo , Barclay Nancy A.
Published: March 2007

Data from a study identifying consumer difficulties with the homebuying process were analyzed. The instrument listing 66 potential difficulties was mailed to a random sample of 250 homebuyers to indicate those encountered during search, purchase, and first year of occupancy. They were also asked to identify the two problems considered most important and their perceived causes. The response rate was 80.4 percent. Of the 201 households who responded, 153 were eligible buyers. The mean total number of difficulties reported by the sample was 7.16.

Problems most frequently reported were higher utility costs, foregone activities, mechani cal system problems, necessary repairs or adjustments, delayed closings, and overlapping payments. Frequency distribution comparisons between sample subgroups showed sim ilarities on the most frequent difficulties, but variation in both content and rank order for the most important problems. Mean comparison tests revealed significant differences in total number of difficulties on the variables purchaser experience, income level, and age of struc ture.

The 30 items reported most frequently by respondents were factor analyzed to identify underlying constructs. Upon extraction and rotation, 27 variables loaded upon four factors which were named: surprise difficulties, new‐construction problems, financiallpersonal con sequences, and chain transaction constraints. Implications for further research and consumer education are drawn from the findings.