bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guarding and flow in the movements of people with chronic pain: A qualitative study of physiotherapists’ observations
Authors: Williams Amanda C. de C. , Buono Raffaele , Gold Nicolas , Olugbade Temitayo , Bianchi‐Berthouze Nadia
Published: November 2023

Background

Among the adaptations of movement consistently associated with disability in chronic pain, guarding is common. Based on previous work, we sought to understand better the constituents of guarding; we also used the concept of flow to explore the description of un/naturalness that emerged from physiotherapists' descriptions of movement in chronic pain. The aim was to inform the design of technical systems to support people with chronic pain in everyday activities.

Methods

Sixteen physiotherapists, experts in chronic pain, were interviewed while repeatedly watching short video clips of people with chronic low back pain doing simple movements; physiotherapists described the movements, particularly in relation to guarding and flow. The transcribed interviews were analysed thematically to elaborate these constructs.

Results

Moderate agreement emerged on the extent of guarding in the videos, with good agreement that guarding conveyed caution about movement, distinct from biomechanical variables of stiffness or slow speed. Physiotherapists' comments on flow showed slightly better agreement, and described the overall movement in terms of restriction (where there was no flow or only some flow), of tempo of the entire movement, and as naturalness (distinguished from normality of movement).

Conclusions

These qualities of movement may be useful in designing technical systems to support self‐management of chronic pain.

Significance

Drawing on the descriptions of movements of people with chronic low back pain provided by expert physiotherapists to standard stimuli, two key concepts were elaborated. Guarding was distinguished from stiffness (a physical limitation) or slowness as motivated by fear or worry about movement. Flow served to describe harmonious and continuous movement, even when adapted around restrictions of pain. Movement behaviours associated with pain are better understood in terms of their particular function than aggregated without reference to function.
Comprehensive assessment of 12 commercial DNA‐binding dyes as alternatives to ethidium bromide for agarose gel electrophoresis
Authors: Bawane Hemangi , Kadam Komal , Mahale Vinit , Kulkarni Ram
Published: November 2023

Staining and visualization of the nucleic acid bands on agarose gels using ethidium bromide (EB) has been a widely used technique in molecular biology. Although it is an efficient dye for this purpose, EB is known to be mutagenic and genotoxic in humans. This led to the emergence of various alternative dyes, which were claimed to be safer and more efficient than EB. However, these dyes portray varied sensitivity and interference with the electrophoretic mobility of nucleic acids. This work aimed at assessing ten nucleic acid‐binding dyes and two prestained dyes for these properties by three staining techniques, such as precasting, preloading, and poststaining. Of these, preloading was not suitable for any of the dye while poststaining worked optimal for most of them. Precasting was suitable for only four dyes viz. DNA Stain G, SYBR™ safe, EZ‐Vision® in‐gel, and LabSafe™. Poststaining was, in general, a costlier method than precasting. The work gives a comprehensive understanding of the performance of nucleic acid‐binding dyes for routine molecular biology experiments.
Recent advancements in implantable neural links based on organic synaptic transistors
Authors: Biswas Swarup , Jang Hyo‐won , Lee Yongju , Choi Hyojeong , Kim Yoon , Kim Hyeok , Zhu Yangzhi
Published: November 2023

The progress of brain synaptic devices has witnessed an era of rapid and explosive growth. Because of their integrated storage, excellent plasticity and parallel computing, and system information processing abilities, various field effect transistors have been used to replicate the synapses of a human brain. Organic semiconductors are characterized by simplicity of processing, mechanical flexibility, low cost, biocompatibility, and flexibility, making them the most promising materials for implanted brain synaptic bioelectronics. Despite being used in numerous intelligent integrated circuits and implantable neural linkages with multiple terminals, organic synaptic transistors still face many obstacles that must be overcome to advance their development. A comprehensive review would be an excellent tool in this respect. Therefore, the latest advancements in implantable neural links based on organic synaptic transistors are outlined. First, the distinction between conventional and synaptic transistors are highlighted. Next, the existing implanted organic synaptic transistors and their applicability to the brain as a neural link are summarized. Finally, the potential research directions are discussed.
Growing up without health insurance: Evidence from rural China
Authors: Fang Guanfu , Li Xin , Tang Tianyu
Published: November 2023

This paper examines the long‐term effects of health insurance on children's educational attainment in a developing country. Utilizing the county‐by‐county rollout of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme in rural China, we find that exposure to the health insurance program in early life leads to improved educational attainment in adulthood. Empirical tests suggest that a short‐term increase in health care utilization is unlikely to be a potential channel. We provide some evidence for the channel that health insurance reduces household financial burdens and increases household expenditure on children's nutrition.
Stacked fibula flap for unilateral total maxillectomy reconstruction with orbital preservation
Authors: Chan Tyler G. , Nickel Chris , Solares Clementino , Irizarry Rachel , Pipkorn Patrik , Baddour Harry Michael , Gross Jennifer H.
Published: November 2023

Unilateral total maxillectomy is indicated for locally advanced maxillary tumors that require complete removal of the midface bony structure and inferior orbital rim. Reconstruction of this defect is challenging due to aesthetic and functional concerns. A retrospective review of patients at two tertiary‐care institutions undergoing unilateral total maxillectomy reconstruction with a stacked fibula flap from 2018 to 2022 was performed. Each patient's clinical course was reviewed, and attention was focused on the demonstration of surgical steps with photos. Twenty patients underwent stacked fibula flap reconstruction for unilateral total maxillectomy orbital preservation defects. Surgical extirpation was performed for malignancy (80%, 16/20) and for osteoradionecrosis or benign tumor in 20% (4/20). The complication rate was 30% (6/20). Most flaps survived (95%, 19/20). We present a modified, reproducible method of fibula flap reconstruction for unilateral total maxillectomy with orbital preservation that only requires two segments and maintains positive aesthetic and functional results.
Accelerated three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy for early‐stage glottic cancer in reducing dose to the internal carotid artery and pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Authors: Tomizawa Kento , Motegi Atsushi , Oyoshi Hidekazu , Fujisawa Takeshi , Zenda Sadamoto , Zhou Yuzheng , Nakamura Masaki , Hirata Hidenari , Hojo Hidehiro , Kageyama Shun‐ichiro , Hirotaki Kouta , Matsuura Kazuto , Akimoto Tetsuo
Published: November 2023

Background

We evaluated clinical and dosimetric outcomes of radiotherapy using two anterior oblique portals (AOP), to reduce the dose to the bilateral internal carotid arteries (CAs) and pharyngeal constrictor muscle (PCM) during early‐stage glottic cancer (ESGC) treatment.

Methods

We identified patients with ESGC who underwent definitive radiotherapy between June 2014 and May 2020.

Results

Among the 66 patients, 32 (48%) underwent radiotherapy using AOP, and the remaining underwent typical radiotherapy using parallel opposed lateral portals (POLP). The median follow‐up duration was 53 months. No significant differences were observed in the 5‐year local failure (0%/9.4%), progression‐free survival (90.6%/90.8%), and overall survival (90.6%/91.0%) rates between the two groups. The grade ≥2 acute mucositis incidence rate was significantly lower in the AOP group (44%/85%). Radiotherapy using AOP maintained an adequate dose coverage to the target while markedly reducing the CAs and PCM doses.

Conclusion

Radiotherapy with AOP resulted in favorable clinical and dosimetric outcomes.
Understanding and Overcoming Biochemical Diversity in AL Amyloidosis
Authors: Morgan Gareth J.
Published: November 2023

Amyloid fibril deposition causes progressive tissue damage and organ failure in the systemic amyloid diseases, and therapies that suppress aggregation lead to clinical benefit. Small molecules that prevent aggregation by binding to precursor proteins are effective for amyloid transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis. However, in amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis, fibrils are formed by antibody light chains and every patient has a unique protein sequence that aggregates. The highly diverse sequences of these light chains appear to determine whether an individual is at risk of amyloidosis, the distribution of amyloid deposits and the progression of disease. Light chains are therefore challenging drug targets. This review explores the parallels between AL amyloidosis and ATTR amyloidosis to describe the discovery of small molecules that can stabilize light chains. These molecules have potential as therapies for AL amyloidosis, highlighting potential opportunities for drug discovery in other diseases of protein misfolding.
Engineering survivors: Students who persisted through academic failures
Authors: Emberley Amanda C. , Choi Dong San , Williams Taylor , Loui Michael C.
Published: November 2023

Background

In the United States, the current 6‐year completion rate in engineering is a mere 54% among full‐time students who enter a 4‐year course. Researchers have identified many reasons why students leave engineering, including academic difficulties and poor teaching. However, the problems experienced by the departing students are also experienced by students who persist in engineering. Why do some students persist in engineering while others depart?

Purpose

We sought to better understand persisters by investigating their responses to failure experiences. We left the definition of failure up to the students, who described experiences such as failing exams, failing courses, and temporarily abandoning their degree programs.

Design/Method

We interviewed 26 undergraduate engineering students who had persisted in engineering after failing a required technical course. Using thematic analysis, we analyzed the students' responses to their failure experiences and developed themes to describe their responses.

Results

We constructed four themes to describe students' responses to failure experiences: unresponsive, avoidant, floundering, and rebounding.

Conclusions

Since failure events are common among engineering students—even those who persist—we recommend that the engineering education community work toward removing the stigma traditionally associated with failure by normalizing failure as an opportunity for growth. We also recommend that faculty and administrators revise academic policies to promote student resilience and to enable learning from failure.
RTP801 mediates transneuronal toxicity in culture via extracellular vesicles
Authors: Solana‐Balaguer Júlia , Martín‐Flores Núria , Garcia‐Segura Pol , Campoy‐Campos Genís , Pérez‐Sisqués Leticia , Chicote‐González Almudena , Fernández‐Irigoyen Joaquín , Santamaría Enrique , Pérez‐Navarro Esther , Alberch Jordi , Malagelada Cristina
Published: November 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication, participating in the paracrine trophic support or in the propagation of toxic molecules, including proteins. RTP801 is a stress‐regulated protein, whose levels are elevated during neurodegeneration and induce neuron death. However, whether RTP801 toxicity is transferred trans‐neuronally via EVs remains unknown. Hence, we overexpressed or silenced RTP801 protein in cultured cortical neurons, isolated their derived EVs (RTP801‐EVs or shRTP801‐EVs, respectively), and characterized EVs protein content by mass spectrometry (MS). RTP801‐EVs toxicity was assessed by treating cultured neurons with these EVs and quantifying apoptotic neuron death and branching. We also tested shRTP801‐EVs functionality in the pathologic in vitro model of 6‐Hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA). Expression of RTP801 increased the number of EVs released by neurons. Moreover, RTP801 led to a distinct proteomic signature of neuron‐derived EVs, containing more pro‐apoptotic markers. Hence, we observed that RTP801‐induced toxicity was transferred to neurons via EVs, activating apoptosis and impairing neuron morphology complexity. In contrast, shRTP801‐EVs were able to increase the arborization in recipient neurons. The 6‐OHDA neurotoxin elevated levels of RTP801 in EVs, and 6‐OHDA‐derived EVs lost the mTOR/Akt signalling activation via Akt and RPS6 downstream effectors. Interestingly, EVs derived from neurons where RTP801 was silenced prior to exposing them to 6‐OHDA maintained Akt and RPS6 transactivation in recipient neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that RTP801‐induced toxicity is transferred via EVs, and therefore, it could contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, in which RTP801 is involved.
A Machine Learning‐Based Unenhanced Radiomics Approach to Distinguishing Between Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions Using T2‐Weighted and Diffusion‐Weighted MRI
Authors: Liu Yulu , Jia Xiaoxuan , Zhao Jiaqi , Peng Yuan , Yao Xun , Hu Xuege , Cui Jingjing , Chen Haoquan , Chen Xiufeng , Wu Jing , Hong Nan , Wang Shu , Wang Yi
Published: November 2023

Background

Breast MRI has been recommended as supplemental screening tool to mammography and breast ultrasound of breast cancer by international guidelines, but its long examination time and use of contrast material remains concerning.

Purpose

To develop an unenhanced radiomics model with using non‐gadolinium based sequences for detecting breast cancer based on T2‐weighted (T2W) and diffusion‐weighted (DW) MRI.

Study Type

Retrospective analysis followed by retrospective and prospective cohorts study.

Population

1760 patients: Of these, 1293 for model construction (n = 775 for training and 518 for validation). The remaining patients for model testing in internal retrospective (n = 167), internal prospective (n = 188), and external retrospective (n = 112) cohorts.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0T MR scanners from two institution. T2WI, DWI, and first contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted sequence.

Assessment

AUCs in distinguishing breast cancer were compared between combined model with gadolinium agent sequence and unenhanced model. Subsequently, the AUCs in testing cohorts of unenhanced model was compared with two radiologists' diagnosis for this research. Finally, patient subgroup analysis in testing cohorts was performed based on clinical subgroups and different types of malignancies.

Statistical Tests

Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal‐Wallis H test, chi‐square test, weighted kappa test, and DeLong's test.

Results

The unenhanced radiomics model performed best under Gaussian process (GP) classifiers (AUC: training, 0.893; validation, 0.848) compared to support vector machine (SVM) and logistic, showing favorable prediction in testing cohorts (AUCs, 0.818–0.840). The AUCs for the unenhanced radiomics model were not statistically different in five cohorts from those of the combined radiomics model (P, 0.317–0.816), as well as the two radiologists (P, 0.181–0.918). The unenhanced radiomics model was least successful in identifying ductal carcinoma in situ, whereas did not show statistical significance in other subgroups.

Data Conclusion

An unenhanced radiomics model based on T2WI and DWI has comparable diagnostic accuracy to the combined model using the gadolinium agent.

Level of Evidence

4

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Development of a rapid, sensitive detection method for SARS‐CoV‐2 and influenza virus based on recombinase polymerase amplification combined with CRISPR‐Cas12a assay
Authors: Wang Yuning , Wu Liqiang , Yu Xiaomei , Wang Gang , Pan Ting , Huang Zhao , Cui Ting , Huang Tianxun , Huang Zhentao , Nie Libo , Qian Chungen
Published: November 2023

Respiratory tract infections are associated with the most common diseases transmitted among people and remain a huge threat to global public health. Rapid and sensitive diagnosis of causative agents is critical for timely treatment and disease control. Here, we developed a novel method based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with CRISPR‐Cas12a to detect three viral pathogens, including SARS‐CoV‐2, influenza A, and influenza B, which cause similar symptom complexes of flu cold in the respiratory tract. The detection method can be completed within 1 h, which is faster than other standard detection methods, and the limit of detection is approximately 102 copies/μL. Additionally, this detection system is highly specific and there is no cross‐reactivity with other common respiratory tract pathogens. Based on this assay, we further developed a more simplified RPA/CRISPR‐Cas12a system combined with lateral flow assay on a manual microfluidic chip, which can simultaneously detect these three viruses. This low‐cost detection system is rapid and sensitive, which could be applied in the field and resource‐limited areas without bulky and expensive instruments, providing powerful tools for the point‐of‐care diagnostic.
Binding and occupancy properties of gabapentin in mixed surfactant systems
Authors: Kumar Mukul , Khushi Kavya , Singh Sandeep Kumar , Deb Debojit Kumar , Khan Javed Masood , Ahmad Anis , Singh Oinam Gobin , Singh Nandini , Srivastava Anirudh
Published: November 2023

This research highlights the efficacy of mixed micellar systems as an innovative chemical formulation for improving the binding properties of active pharmaceutical drugs. The formulations based on the mole fraction were utilized for preparing mixed micelles with anionic sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). DLS measurements demonstrated the formation of small micelles and mixed micelles in SDS‐AOT combinations. A UV absorbance investigation demonstrated the effectiveness of the SDS‐AOT mixed micelles for determining the binding constant (Kb) and mean ion occupancy (i0) of the anticonvulsant gabapentin (GBP) drug. Kb values increased, but the occupancy (i) of GBP per micelle decreased by decreasing the mole fraction (α) of SDS from αSDS 0.9 to 0.1, predicting a shift in occupancy of drugs from the Palisade to the Stern layer. To get a better comprehension of micellization behavior and preferential interaction of the drugs under study, molecular docking studies were performed. According to the docking studies, the GBP displayed significant binding in the presence of SDS‐AOT when compared to pure SDS and AOT molecules. Ultimately, in pharmaceutical applications, mixed micelle played an important role in enhancing the binding and encapsulation efficiency of drugs.
No long‐term effect of black bear removal on elk calf recruitment in the southern Appalachians
Authors: Yarkovich Joseph , Braunstein Jessica L. , Mullinax Jennifer M. , Clark Joseph D.
Published: November 2023

In 2001 and 2002, 52 elk (Cervus canadensis; 21 males, 31 females), originally obtained from Elk Island National Park, Alberta, Canada, were transported and released into Cataloochee Valley in the northeastern portion of Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM, Park), North Carolina, USA. The annual population growth rate (λ) was negative (0.996, 95% CI = 0.945–1.047) and predation by black bears (Ursus americanus) on elk calves was identified as an important determinant of population growth. From 2006 to 2008, 49 bears from the primary elk calving area (i.e., Cataloochee Valley) were trapped and translocated about 70 km to the southwestern portion of the Park just prior to elk calving. Per capita recruitment (i.e., the number of calves produced per adult female that survive to 1 year of age) increased from 0.306 prior to bear translocation (2001–2005) to 0.544 during years when bears were translocated (2006–2008) and λ increased to 1.118 (95% CI = 1.096–1.140). Our objective was to determine whether per capita calf recruitment rates after bear removal (2009–2019) at Cataloochee were similar to the higher rates estimated during bear removal (i.e., long‐term response) or if they returned to rates before bear removal (i.e., short‐term response), and how those rates compared with recruitment from portions of our study area where bears were not relocated. We documented 419 potential elk calving events and monitored 129 yearling and adult elk from 2001 to 2019. Known‐fate models based on radio‐telemetry and observational data supported calf recruitment returning to pre‐2006 levels at Cataloochee (short‐term response); recruitment of Cataloochee elk before and after bear relocation was lower (0.184) than during bear relocation (0.492). Recruitment rates of elk outside the removal area during the bear relocation period (0.478) were similar to before and after rates (0.420). In the Cataloochee Valley, cause‐specific annual calf mortality rates due to predation by bears were 0.319 before, 0.120 during, and 0.306 after bear relocation. In contrast, the cause‐specific annual mortality rate of calves in areas where bears were not relocated was 0.033 after the bear relocation period, with no bear predation on calves before or during bear relocation. The mean annual population growth rate for all monitored elk was 1.062 (95% CI = 0.979–1.140) after bear relocation based on the recruitment and survival data. Even though the effects of bear removal were temporary, the relocations were effective in achieving a short‐term increase in elk recruitment, which was important for the reintroduction program given that the elk population was small and vulnerable to extirpation.
Kefir Ameliorates Alcohol‐Induced Liver Injury Through Modulating Gut Microbiota and Fecal Bile Acid Profile in Mice
Authors: Cui Yuanyuan , Jing Chun , Yue Yuan , Ning Mengge , Chen Hong , Yuan Yahong , Yue Tianli
Published: November 2023

Scope

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the leading cause of liver‐related deaths worldwide. Kefir has been studied for its properties of anti‐obesity, rebuilding intestinal homeostasis, and alleviating non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the possible role of kefir in the prevention or treatment of ALD has not been carefully considered. Here, it evaluated the protective effects of kefir supplementation on alcohol‐induced liver injury.

Methods and results

C57BL/6J mice are fed to Lieber‐DeCarli liquid diet containing alcohol to build ALD mouse model, followed by oral administration with kefir. Results indicate that kefir treatment improves liver pathological changes, decreases the expression levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and inflammatory markers, and increases antioxidant levels. Kefir supplementation also restores the intestinal barrier and altered microbial composition, indicates as increases of Blautia, Bacteroides, and Parasutterella and decreases in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and populations of Psychrobacter, Bacillus, and Monoglobus. Moreover, kefir supplementation decreases the levels of total bile acids (BAs) and primary BAs and increases the secondary/primary BA ratio. Gut microbes play a key role in the conversion of primary to secondary fecal BAs.

Conclusion

Kefir can ameliorate ALD through regulating the composition of the gut microbiota.
Calf circumference predicts sarcopenia in maintenance hemodialysis
Authors: Özcan Berşan , Güner Merve , Ceylan Serdar , Öztürk Yelda , Girgin Sinem , Okyar Baş Arzu , Koca Meltem , Balcı Cafer , Doğu Burcu Balam , Cankurtaran Mustafa , Yıldırım Tolga , Halil Meltem Gülhan
Published: November 2023

Background

Early recognition of sarcopenia in hemodialysis (HD) patients will be of great importance in preventing adverse outcomes and improving the quality of life in these patients. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of calf circumference (CC) measurement in detecting sarcopenia among CKD patients undergoing maintenance HD.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 52 patients (53 ± 17 years) who were currently in a maintenance HD. Muscle strength was evaluated using handgrip strength, and smooth muscle mass index (SMI) was assessed through bioelectrical impedance analysis, and CC was measured at the widest part of the calf with the foot pressed against a hard surface.

Results

Out of the total patient population, sarcopenia was identified in 32.7% (n = 17). The two groups were comparable in terms of age, weight, and height, but the median body mass index of sarcopenic group was statistically lower than nonsarcopenic group (21.6 kg/m2 [18.9–24.6] vs 24.7 kg/m2 [21.4–27.3]. The sarcopenic group had a substantially smaller CC than the nonsarcopenic group (30.0 cm [26.5–32.0] vs 31.5 cm [30.3–34.8], P = 0.013; respectively). In the regression analysis, CC was found to be independently associated with post‐HD SMI (P < 0.001; odds ratio, 1.938; and 95% CI, 1.020–2.856). CC was positively but weakly correlated with handgrip strength, however strong and significant correlation was found between CC and SMI (r = 0.277, P = 0.047 and r = 0.733, P < 0.001; respectively). A CC of 31 cm or less predicted confirmed sarcopenia in HD patients (area under the curve = 0.709, P = 0.006, specificity = 0.556, sensitivity = 0.765).

Conclusions

Low muscle mass and potentially low muscle strength in HD patients can be accurately identified through the use of CC measurements. Specifically, a CC measurement below 31 cm has found to be a useful indicator to identify individuals on maintenance HD.
Tuning the fraction free volume of hyperbranched 6FDA/TAPA polyimide membrane via DAM for enhanced gas separation performance
Authors: Liu Xiangyun , Wang Yilei , Liu Shan , Luo Jiangzhou , Zong Xueping , Xue Song
Published: November 2023

An effective strategy to optimize the gas separation performance of hyperbranched polyimide (hyper‐PI) membranes by tuning their average cavity sizes is reported. Triphenylamine (TAPA) and 4,4′‐(Hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) were used to prepare the hyper‐PI membrane, and the transformation in free fraction volume (FFV) was realized by the addition of an extra B2‐type monomer, 2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzene‐1,3‐diamine (DAM). In hyperbranched networks, DAM, in conjunction with 6FDA, generates longer linear parts and reduces the density of dendritic architectures formed by TAPA. The conformational freedom of hyperbranched TAPA‐6FDA is restricted, and chain packing is hindered. The ratio of DAM:TAPA predominantly influences both the average cavity sizes and the FFVs of the membranes, leading to the variation in gas permeabilities. DAM5:TAPA1‐6FDA shows the best performance in both O2/N2 and CO2/N2 separations.
Infectious complications of vascular anomalies treated with sirolimus: A systematic review
Authors: Kalbfell Rachel , Cohen‐Cutler Sally , Grisham Eric , Bereitschaft Christine , Borst Alexandra J. , Green Abby M. , Willis Daniel N. , Yaeger Lauren , Blatt Julie , Sisk Bryan A.
Published: November 2023

Background and objectives

Initially developed as immunosuppressive agents, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are currently used widely in the management of vascular malformations and tumors. The incidence of infectious complications in the vascular anomalies (VA) population is not well defined. The goal of this systematic review was to better define the types and severity of reported infectious complications in patients with VAs treated with mTOR inhibition.

Methods

This was a systematic review conducted following PRISMA guidelines evaluating all research articles focused on infectious complications in patients with VAs treated with sirolimus or everolimus. Thirty articles including 1182 total patients and 316 infections (in 291 unique patients) were ultimately included.

Results

The majority of infections were viral upper respiratory (n = 137, 54%), followed by pneumonia (n = 53, 20%), and cutaneous infections (n = 20, 8%). There were six total infection‐related fatalities, which all occurred in patients younger than 2 years. Two cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) were reported. These were infants with kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) who were also treated with steroids and did not receive PJP prophylaxis. Almost one‐third (n = 96, 32%) of infectious complications were graded 3–4 according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) criteria. Details of patient age, subtype of VA, and timing of infection were lacking from many reports.

Conclusions

Most infectious complications reported in patients with VA on mTOR inhibitors were viral respiratory infections and non‐severe. Bacteremia, infectious fatalities, and PJP are exceedingly rare. Future studies are needed to clarify the spectrum of infectious risks in VA patients and to provide guidance for infection prevention.
Effect of fiber volume fraction on hybrid effects of tensile properties of unidirectional aramid/carbon fiber hybrid composites
Authors: Wang Anni , Yang Yan , Zhang Puxuan , Liu Xiaogang , Xu Guowen
Published: November 2023

Aramid/carbon fiber hybrid reinforced polymer (A/CHFRP) composites were prepared via compression molding to obtain carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with better toughness. Based on the existing theoretical model, the effects of the carbon fiber volume fraction on the properties of the A/CHFRP were studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. According to the TGA results, the hybrid fiber improved the thermal stability of the CFRP. With increasing carbon fiber content, the thermal stability of the A/CHFRP composites also increased. The tensile results showed that the A/CHFRP composite with a carbon fiber volume fraction of 22.7% exhibited “pseudo‐ductility,” with the failure strain 54.09% higher than that of the CFRP composite. With increasing carbon fiber content, the ductility of the A/CHFRP composites decreased. The elastic modulus of the A/CHFRP composites conformed to the prediction model of the rule of mixtures (ROM). The strength was found to fall in the triangular area surrounded by the ROM and the bilinear ROM and exhibited a positive hybrid effect. The SEM results showed that the tensile failure modes of the A/CHFRP composites were mainly fiber and resin matrix debonding and fiber fracture. Brittle fracture of the carbon fibers was observed in the A/CHFRP composites, while aramid fibers appeared to peel off and silk crimp for ductile failure. Thus, this study provides a theoretical basis for toughening CFRPs.

Highlights

The volume ratio of the two fibers affects the hybrid effect of A/CHFRP.

The thermal stability of A/CHFRP increases with increasing carbon fiber content.

The carbon fiber volume ratio of 22.7% in A/CHFRP exhibited pseudo‐ductility.

A/CHFRP exhibiting a failure strain 54.09% higher than that of the CFRP.

The strength prediction of A/CHFRP depends on the failure mode.
Excellent dielectric and actuated strain properties in CCTOx@BT(1−x)@KH560/NR system via a tunable BaTiO3 interfacial buffer layer
Authors: Guo Dandan , Liu Xiaowei , Zhang Aolin , Ruan Mengnan , Liu Zhifeng , Wang Zhe
Published: November 2023

Dielectric elastomers (DEs) require high drive voltages to obtain large actuated strain, which limits their application in the biological field. In this work, we enhanced the dielectric properties of natural rubber (NR) composites by using core–shell structured (CaCu3Ti4O12)x@(BaTiO3)(1−x) (CCTOx@BT(1−x)) high‐dielectric particles with an buffer layer, and adjusted the thickness of the BT buffer layer by adjusting the addition of titanate during the preparation process, and then observed the relationship between the dielectric properties of NR composites and the thickness of the BT buffer layer. In addition, we modified the CCTO0.75@BT0.25 fillers surface with silane coupling agent KH560 to enhance the interfacial interaction between the inorganic fillers and polymeric matrix to obtain better dispersion and greater dielectric properties. As a result of the optimization of the CCTO0.75@BT0.25@KH560 structure, the actuated strain performance is greatly improved. The actuated strain of 5 per hundred rubber (phr) CCTO0.75@BT0.25@KH560/NR is 16.3% at 74.03 kV/mm, which is 6.52 times higher than the actuated strain obtained by NR (2.5%) at 50.28 kV/mm. This work presents a method to optimize the structure of core–shell fillers by modulating the buffer layer, and provides a new idea for further preparation of dielectric elastomer materials with large actuated strain at low voltage.
InGaP Solar Cell with InGaP Multiple Quantum Wells Grown under Optimized V/III Ratio
Authors: Hino Maui , Asami Meita , Watanabe Kentaroh , Nakano Yoshiaki , Sugiyama Masakazu
Published: November 2023

Indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) solar cells are widely used as top subcells in multi‐junction solar cells, however, there are large open‐circuit voltage (VOC) losses in InGaP solar cells. Improving the radiative efficiency by inserting an InGaP multiple quantum well (MQW) into the InGaP solar cell structure is a promising approach to enhancing the VOC of InGaP solar cells, but such InGaP MQW solar cells are not demonstrated. Moreover, the critical parameters, such as the V/III ratio for an InGaP MQW, are not investigated. This study investigates the optimal V/III ratio for enhancing the radiative efficiency of an InGaP MQW. Doublehetero structures are fabricated, comprising a 330 nm core layer with 55 periods of an InGaP MQW grown under varying V/III ratios. The InGaP MQW grown under V/III = 62 gives the highest photoluminescence intensity among all InGaP structures. An InGaP MQW solar cell grown at V/III = 62 exhibits a 2 mV VOC loss suppression compared with an InGaP bulk solar cell. Therefore, an InGaP MQW grown under proper growth conditions contributes to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of InGaP solar cells. This study provides relevant insights into InGaP MQW crystal growth and the performance improvement in InGaP solar cells.
Relation between Temperature and Line‐Scan Profile of a Spherical Nanoparticle under an Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Zhang Peng
Published: November 2023

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is primarily used for imaging observation rather than as a tool for thermometry. This study explores the temperature‐dependent electron emission with a main focus on the line‐scan profile of two systems: one consisting of beryllium (Be) nanospheres (Be‐NS) and another consisting of gold (Au) NS (Au‐NS) on a Be substrate using Monte Carlo simulation. The relations between two types of electron signals with the temperature and the sample size at different primary electron (PE) energies are first recorded. This study concludes that the shape of the secondary‐electron line‐scan profile changes with the temperature for various sizes of a NS both in Au/Be and in Be/Be systems. However, the shape of the backscattering electron line‐scan profile remains almost unchanged with the temperature in the Au/Be system, but exhibits obvious changes in the Be/Be system. This work next investigates the spatial distributions of the deposited electron energy resulting from full electrons, the PEs, and the cascaded electrons at different temperatures. It indicates that the inherent temperature exerts different influences on scatterings of PEs and the cascaded electrons. Utilizing the electron–solid interaction theory, a systematic explanation is provided for these findings. This study potentially offers a possibility for thermometry in nanostructures using SEMs.
Intercomparison of tropospheric and stratospheric mesoscale kinetic energy resolved by the high‐resolution global reanalysis datasets
Authors: Li Ziyi , Wei Junhong , Bao Xinghua , Sun Y. Qiang
Published: November 2023

With the development of advanced data assimilation and computing techniques, many modern global reanalysis datasets aim to resolve the atmospheric mesoscale spectrum. However, large uncertainties remain with respect to the representation of mesoscale motions in these reanalysis datasets, for which a clear understanding is lacking. The aforementioned challenges have served as a strong motivation to reveal and quantify their mesoscale differences. This study presents the first comprehensive global intercomparison of the tropospheric and stratospheric mesoscale kinetic energy and its spectra over two selected periods of summer and winter events among six leading high‐resolution atmospheric reanalysis products: European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5), China Meteorological Administration Reanalysis, Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2, National Centers for Environmental Prediction's Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2), Japanese 55‐year Reanalysis, and ECMWF Reanalysis‐Interim. A state‐of‐the‐art global operational model is adopted as a supplementary reference. Although all reanalysis datasets can reproduce broad distribution characteristics that are grossly consistent with the 9 km model, there are substantial discrepancies among them in magnitudes. The ability to capture mesoscale signals is closely linked to their resolutions, but it is also impacted by other factors, including, but not limited to, the selected types of energy, seasons, altitudes, latitudes, model diffusions, parametrization schemes, moist condition, assimilation methods, and observation inputs. Moreover, all datasets illustrate conclusive behaviors for the prevalence of the rotational component in the troposphere, whereas only very few products fail to exhibit the dominance of the divergent component in the stratosphere. Overall, stratospheric ERA5 and CFSv2 outperform the other reanalysis datasets, and only these two can reproduce the feature of the canonical kinetic energy spectrum with a distinct shift from a steeper slope (approximately −3) at lower wave numbers to a shallower slope (approximately −5/3) at higher wave numbers. In addition, the relative disparities among datasets increase dramatically with height, and they are more pronounced in the divergent component. It is also found that the correlations among these datasets are much weaker in the Tropics.
Evaluating tests for cluster‐randomized trials with few clusters under generalized linear mixed models with covariate adjustment: A simulation study
Authors: Qiu Hongxiang , Cook Andrea J. , Bobb Jennifer F.
Published: November 2023

Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) are commonly used to analyze clustered data, but when the number of clusters is small to moderate, standard statistical tests may produce elevated type I error rates. Small‐sample corrections have been proposed for continuous or binary outcomes without covariate adjustment. However, appropriate tests to use for count outcomes or under covariate‐adjusted models remains unknown. An important setting in which this issue arises is in cluster‐randomized trials (CRTs). Because many CRTs have just a few clusters (eg, clinics or health systems), covariate adjustment is particularly critical to address potential chance imbalance and/or low power (eg, adjustment following stratified randomization or for the baseline value of the outcome). We conducted simulations to evaluate GLMM‐based tests of the treatment effect that account for the small (10) or moderate (20) number of clusters under a parallel‐group CRT setting across scenarios of covariate adjustment (including adjustment for one or more person‐level or cluster‐level covariates) for both binary and count outcomes. We find that when the intraclass correlation is non‐negligible (0.01) and the number of covariates is small (2), likelihood ratio tests with a between‐within denominator degree of freedom have type I error rates close to the nominal level. When the number of covariates is moderate (5), across our simulation scenarios, the relative performance of the tests varied considerably and no method performed uniformly well. Therefore, we recommend adjusting for no more than a few covariates and using likelihood ratio tests with a between‐within denominator degree of freedom.
Mutation‐based data augmentation for software defect prediction
Authors: Mao Rui , Zhang Li , Zhang Xiaofang
Published: November 2023

Software defect prediction (SDP) aims to distinguish between defective and nondefective instances, but the imbalance between these two classes often leads to reduced prediction performance. Conventional SDP approaches use oversampling techniques, such as synthetic oversampling, to tackle the problem of imbalanced data. However, these methods merely synthesize new instances based on traditional code features without considering actual defects at the code level. To address the issue of data imbalance while preserving semantic features of code samples, a mutation‐based data augmentation approach in SDP is proposed. The method utilizes the mutation operator to generate mutants that mutate nondefective instances and create new defective instances. Six projects from the PROMISE dataset are used to evaluate the approach, employing four traditional and two deep classifiers. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in improving defect prediction performance for both traditional and deep classifiers compared with other data augmentation methods.
Determination of formaldehyde in cosmetic creams using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis and solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Aziz Mozhgan Khoshsokhan , Nematollahi Fereshteh , Givianrad Mohammad Hadi
Published: November 2023

Formaldehyde (FA) is commonly used in detergents and cosmetics as an antimicrobial and preservative. This substance is toxic to humans and dangerous to health as it causes eye and skin irritation. FA determination is, therefore, a very important quality control parameter. This study developed gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) with on‐fiber derivatization to determine FA in cosmetic cream skin. FA was derivated using 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine in an aqueous solution. FA in cosmetic cream samples was extracted through SPME fibers in the headspace and rapidly derivated with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine on SPME fibers. The average detection and quantification limits were at least 0.036 and 0.12, respectively. The results showed that GC/MS and SPME with on‐fiber derivatization are simple, fast, sensitive, and solvent‐free methods for aldehydes determination in cosmetic cream.
Automated machine learning techniques for estimating of elastic modulus of recycled aggregate concrete
Authors: Chien‐Ta Chen , Shing‐Wen Tsai , Liang‐Hao Hsiao
Published: November 2023

The utilization of recycled aggregates (RA) in producing novel concrete can contribute to the resilience of the building sector. However, it is important to thoroughly evaluate the mechanical properties of this variety of aggregate before incorporating it into various applications. This study used Gaussian process regression (GPR) and Decision Tree (RT) to estimate the because the current equations for the modulus of elasticity of concrete may not apply to recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) concrete. On the other hand, the Dwarf mongoose optimizer (DMO) and Phasor particle swarm optimizer (PPSO) were combined with related models. They formed hybrid models to improve the accuracy of developed models. In this study, the hybrid models were evaluated and compared in three phases, which 70% of the samples for training, 15% for validation, and the remaining 15% for testing phase. In addition, several statistical evaluation metrics were employed to assess the precision and effectiveness of the established models. The performance of the models was compared with error metrics and coefficient correlation to obtain a suitable model. The results generally indicate that the PPSO algorithm showed a more acceptable performance than other algorithms coupled with models. In general, GPR‐PPSO can obtain and with 0.62% and 32% difference than RT‐PPSO.
Advancements in Perovskite‐Based Cathode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Samreen Ayesha , Ali Muhammad Sudais , Huzaifa Muhammad , Ali Nasir , Hassan Bilal , Ullah Fazl , Ali Shahid , Arifin Nor Anisa
Published: November 2023

The high‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are the most efficient and green conversion technology for electricity generation from hydrogen‐based fuel as compared to conventional thermal power plants. Many efforts have been made to reduce the high operating temperature (>800 °C) to intermediate/low operating temperature (400 °C<T<800 °C) in SOFCs in order to extend their life span, thermal compatibility, cost‐effectiveness, and ease of fabrication. However, the major challenges in developing cathode materials for low/intermediate temperature SOFCs include structural stability, catalytic activity for oxygen adsorption and reduction, and tolerance against contaminants such as chromium, boron, and sulfur. This research aims to provide an updated review of the perovskite‐based state‐of‐the‐art cathode materials LaSrMnO3(LSM) and LaSrCOFeO3(LSCF), as well as the recent trending Ruddlesden‐Popper phase (RP) and double perovskite‐structured materials SOFCs technology. Our review highlights various strategies such as surface modification, codoping, infiltration/impregnation, and composites with fluorite phases to address the challenges related to LSM/LSCF‐based electrode materials and improve their electrocatalytic activity. Moreover, this study also offers insight into the electrochemical performance of the double perovskite oxides and Ruddlesden‐Popper phase materials as cathodes for SOFCs.
Understanding Gender Stereotypes in the Context of Foreign Language Learning through the Lens of Social Cognitive Theory
Authors: Kutuk Gulsah
Published: November 2023

Using Bandura’s (1986) social cognitive theory as a theoretical framework, this study explores the relationships between gender stereotypes and language learning experiences, particularly in the context of learning English as a foreign language (EFL). It aims to provide a better understanding of the role of gender stereotypes in the language learning process focusing on how they both influence and are influenced by various behavioral, personal, and environmental processes. To achieve this, a qualitative study based on in‐depth semi‐structured interviews was conducted with a total of 32 participants, including 17 teachers and 15 learners from six different universities in Turkey. Results revealed that both EFL teacher and learner participants were aware of certain gender stereotypes in language learning. These stereotypes were found to create diverse and distinct learning experiences for female and male learners, influenced by behavioral (i.e., perseverance, sense of responsibility), personal (i.e., attributions, emotions), and environmental (i.e., significant others’ expectations) processes. The study further highlighted the deep‐rooted and differential influence of societal norms and cultural expectations on female and male learners’ experiences. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding and addressing gender stereotypes in language education to promote an inclusive and equitable learning environment and support learners’ engagement and success, regardless of their gender.