bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crusade for Peace
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , McDonald Verlaine Stoner
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 describes how Paul Rusch, in the face of rising militarism in Japan and increasing anti-Japanese sentiment in America, held fast to his belief that war could be averted through prayer and promoting Christianity in Japan. Despite a growing anti-Western movement in Japan, Rusch worked to establish Seisen-Ryo, a Christian training camp near Kiyosato. With the patronage of the heiress Miki Sawada, with whom it is rumored Rusch had a romantic relationship, Rusch managed to complete his task despite formidable obstacles. Rusch ran afoul of the American church mission when he took a propaganda tour of Japanese-occupied areas of China and Manchuria. Rusch was labeled an apologist for Japan’s expansionist policies, drawing criticism and ridicule from the press. U.S. Ambassador to Japan Joseph Grew tried to warn Rusch against being an advocate for Japan, but Rusch publicly maintained the United States did not understand Japan’s intentions. Later, when the Episcopal Church withdrew its entire missionary delegation from Japan, Rusch defiantly stayed in Tokyo. Days after Pearl Harbor was attacked, Rusch and many of his friends were arrested by Japanese police.
Enemy Alien
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , McDonald Verlaine Stoner
Published: May 2019

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Paul Rusch was detained at a makeshift, minimum-security jail in Tokyo. Sharing quarters with other missionaries and clergy, Rusch acted as chief organizer and camp cook, preparing meals with food scrounged from the black market and gleaned from his loyal network of students. Daily life among internees at Sumire camp was amiable, almost pleasant, until the Americans bombed Tokyo and Yokohama. The Doolittle Raid sparked a fierce debate between pacifists and prowar factions in the camp, foreshadowing the heated controversy that would arise while Rusch was repatriated on the ships Asama Maru and Gripsholm. Missionaries aboard ship were divided into opposing factions who debated the morality of the war. On the journey home, Rusch made connections with American intelligence officers aboard the ships, setting him up for his work in military intelligence during World War II. Despite his loyalty to the Japanese, Rusch cooperated with military intelligence, dedicating himself to winning a war against a militarist government he believed was enslaving a great people. Rusch still trusted his Japanese colleagues in Tokyo, believing they would hold fast to their promise to protect Rikkyo’s Christian identity while safeguarding Seisen-Ryo.
Trade, Aid, and the Cold War in the Americas
Authors: Allcock Thomas Tunstall
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores Thomas Mann’s career in the State Department in the period prior to Johnson’s presidency, establishing both Mann’s background and beliefs and the broad pattern of inter-American relations in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Mann’s role as an early champion of increased economic aid and cooperative measures to assist the economies of the hemisphere is vital for understanding the positions he would later advocate in the 1960s, as is his highly successful period serving as Kennedy’s ambassador to Mexico. The chapter also traces the gradual shift from the Eisenhower administration’s “trade-not-aid” position to early efforts at promoting economic modernization, supported by Senate majority leader Lyndon Johnson, as the Cold War came to Latin America via Fidel Castro’s Cuban Revolution. It concludes with the culmination of this process, the creation of John F. Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress.
The Good Neighbor Returns?
Authors: Allcock Thomas Tunstall
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 studies Johnson’s and Mann’s handling of Latin American policy in the first full year of the new administration. Beginning with a major international crisis in the Panama Canal Zone in January, the year 1964 was a challenging one that would also see military coups in Brazil and Bolivia, Mann’s attempts to reshape Alliance bureaucracy, and former Kennedy aides continually challenging the legitimacy of Johnson’s leadership and Mann’s liberal credentials. Particular attention is given to the skillful manner in which the Panamanian crisis was resolved and the improvements in the performance of the Alliance for Progress, challenging standard interpretations of Johnson’s diplomatic abilities. The controversy of the Brazilian coup is not overlooked, with the complex relationship between the Brazilian military, the US ambassador in Brasilia, and State Department and National Security Council officials in Washington representative of the increasingly problematic and intertwined nature of security and development goals.
Foundations
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter details the histories of Gloria Richardson’s maternal and paternal families—the St. Clairs of Cambridge, Maryland, and the Hayeses of Mecklenburg County, Virginia—and reveals how they built financial wealth and used it to improve their lives and those of their fellow black people. These families stressed the importance of higher education and self-help organizations as means of improving their communities. The story of how Richardson’s parents met, and the black social network that made their connection possible, is a focus of this chapter. Richardson’s maternal grandfather, Herbert Maynadier St. Clair, receives special attention because of his important role in improving black people’s lives through his work as a Republican member of Cambridge’s City Council and his mentoring of Richardson.
Shock Therapy, Round One
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

Commencing in early 1962, the Cambridge movement took shape with the aid of college students from beyond Maryland’s Eastern Shore who belonged to the bourgeoning student movement of the early 1960s. These students subscribed to the political philosophy of participatory democracy, whereby local people organized their own campaigns for black liberation. The most important student organization that assisted local movements was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which worked directly with Gloria Richardson and the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee (CNAC), the organization that led the Cambridge movement. CNAC’s agenda, which was established through a needs assessment survey created by Richardson, identified a lack of access to jobs, poor housing, and segregated schools as the community’s main concerns. CNAC initiated voter education and registration drives to build community support for its freedom campaign, which white residents and white leaders resisted at every turn.
Conclusion
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

The conclusion highlights Gloria Richardson’s increasing public recognition for her human rights activism in Cambridge, Maryland, during the 1960s and her place in civil rights and Black Power histories. Also discussed are her views on some current social issues, including the Cambridge city government’s privatization of the public housing units she and other activists fought to get built. Richardson sees this as an example of government’s abrogation of its responsibility to serve and protect residents and politicians’ use of their power to undermine communities’ quality of life. She also shares her concerns about President Donald J. Trump. Although he presents himself as an authoritarian politician, his supporters either cannot or will not acknowledge this because they believe in the myth of American exceptionalism. Richardson argues that today’s activists must use creative tactics—including the strategic use of the vote—to resist the countless ways governments at all levels try to limit and restrict people’s freedoms and liberties.
Paul Conway and Martha O’Hara Conway. Flood in Florence, 1966: A Fifty-Year Retrospective: Proceedings of Symposium, November 3 and 4, 2016, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Authors: Livingston Tamara E.
Published: May 2019

The year 2016 marked the fifty-year anniversary of the tragic and destructive flood in Florence, Italy. The floodwaters shook the world with their indiscriminate destruction of human life, property, and priceless Florentine cultural heritage. Early in November of 1966, days of heavy rains transformed the Arno River into a raging beast, overflowing its retaining walls and submerging much of the city and the area around it in foul, murky water filled with sediment, vegetation, sewage, motor oil, and the flotsam of human civilization. The floodwaters either destroyed or badly damaged historic collections of art, sculpture, architecture, books, manuscripts, and documents stored in low-level galleries or basements of institutes, libraries, museums, and private residences.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Saunders Richard
Published: May 2019

As editor, I must tell you that this issue of RBM might be more notable for what it fails to contain than for what it presents, worthy readers. You will notice that this issue runs a bit short. That is because—well, there is a story here.
Learning Together or Apart? Ethnic Segregation in Lower Secondary Schools
Authors: Kruse Hanno , Kalter Frank
Published: May 2019

Whether, or to what degree, minority students are able to learn together with majority peers in schools is among the important context factors for their integration paths. In this chapter we investigate the extent of ethnic segregation in lower secondary schools in the four CILS4EU countries. We demonstrate that there are vast differences in majority exposure at school, both across the four countries as well as across ethnic groups within each country. Further analyses suggest that these group differences may be due to at least three reasons: ethnic differences in residential segregation, in the allocation across different ability tracks as well as ethnically specific school choice preferences. Finally, we show that low levels of majority exposure at school may not always come with a disadvantaged learning environment: in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden schools with low majority shares tend to hold fewer learning-related resources; the opposite seems to apply for schools in England.
Social Contact and Inter-Ethnic Attitudes: The Importance of Contact Experiences in Schools
Authors: Wölfer Ralf , Hewstone Miles , Jaspers Eva
Published: May 2019

Despite six decades of research in the field of intergroup contact, the special role of the school setting as a key context for mixing has, after an initial focus on studies of school desegregation in the U.S., received relatively little attention, especially in Europe. In this chapter, we will explain why the school setting can provide particularly effective intergroup contact experiences for improving intergroup attitudes, before we report empirical evidence using the CILS4EU dataset. Our findings demonstrate that the school provides more intergroup contact opportunities than other contexts, and these opportunities are consistently associated with more favorable intergroup attitudes for the majority as well as different minority groups. The present findings highlight the usefulness of early intergroup contact interventions within the school setting due to the specific structure of the school as a setting, as well as the efficacy of outgroup experiences in childhood and adolescence.
Ethnic Differences in Language Skills: How Individual and Family Characteristics Aid and Prohibit the Linguistic Integration of Children of Immigrants
Authors: Dollmann Jörg , Rudolphi Frida , Parameshwaran Meenakshi
Published: May 2019

Proficiency in the language of a new country is perhaps the most important precondition for the successful integration of immigrants in various other integration aspects, like educational and vocational success, interethnic relations and ethnic identify formation. Explaining ethnic disparities in linguistic integration therefore has the potential to aid our understanding of ethnic differences along various other integration dimensions. In the present contribution, we first demonstrate substantial heterogeneity of adolescents’ language proficiency in four European countries depending on their ethnic origin and their migration history. In order to further understanding these differences we examine very different individual and family factors that can be hypothesised to influence language learning processes. Besides an influence of social background on language learning, we show that ethnic specific factors such as language use in the family are at least partly relevant for the language acquisition process.
Property in the Kibbutz: Old and New
Authors: Bell Abraham , Parchomovsky Gideon , Weitz Benjamin
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, we discuss the unique property norms that emerged within the Israeli kibbutz and the challenges to which they gave rise. Originally, the prevailing property regime in kibbutzim reflected a deep commitment to socialist ideology. All property was owned by the collective and individual members only held licences or permits to use kibbutz property. With time, as Israeli society has moved towards a free market economy and following a series of financial crises, most kibbutzim have abandoned the strict ban on private property and have gradually gravitated towards a system of private property rights. This transition has given rise to intricate legal challenges. It forced kibbutzim to adopt a system of allocating private property rights to their members in assets and has required Israeli courts to grapple with unique property arrangements that existed solely within kibbutzim and effectuate them within the formal legal system.
Customary Law and Communal Property in South Africa
Authors: Pienaar Juanita M.
Published: May 2019

In the geographical areas forming the focus of this contribution, the traditional communal areas in former Bantustan and homeland areas in South Africa, communal ownership flows from the application of customary law, linked to the constitutional right to culture. Living customary law, embedded in communities, entails a dynamic system of land rights which are negotiated in line with particular needs. Recent policy and legislative developments, however, seem to bolster rights of traditional authorities, thereby impacting on land rights and effectively negating spontaneous negotiation. Conceptual clarification in this contribution embodies the complexity linked to communal property, specifically land, in light of the aftermath of apartheid, the commencement of an all-encompassing land reform programme and the operation of a dual legal system comprising customary law and Western-style legal paradigms. The challenges and opportunities for law reform are explored in this context of inter-connectedness of customary law and communal property.
Understanding Collective Property in the Chinese Context through the Lens of Community
Authors: Xu Ting , Gong Wei
Published: May 2019

This chapter deals with the conceptualisation of collective property in the Chinese context. It is argued that this concept can be understood and defined through the lens of community via undertaking three methodological steps. The first step lays out the theoretical framework concerning the interplay between community and property. The second step examines the formation and transformation of the collective from a historical perspective. The final step analyses key cases concerning the relationship between membership of the collective and land rights. It is concluded that collective property in the Chinese context is a hybrid property system with permeable boundaries, and the closing commentary therefore questions the nature of the role that the law plays in sustaining collective property.
Ownership and Belonging in Urban Green Space
Authors: Abram Simone , Blandy Sarah
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines publicly accessible urban green spaces, from both anthropological and socio-legal perspectives. It explores the concept of communal property through a case study of Heeley People’s Park and two other urban parks in Sheffield, UK. It draws on a range of sources, including evidence of individual and collective practices which have changed the land over time. Tensions between the social understandings of ownership and belonging, and the legal definition of property, are highlighted through a bundle of rights analysis. The chapter considers different ownership structures and governance frameworks for urban green spaces, concluding that there is a mismatch between these legal arrangements and experiences of belonging and ownership, in the non-legal sense. The consequent difficulty in articulating a discourse of communal property undermines efforts to secure the funding needed to protect and maintain these important community resources.
Conclusion
Authors: Bonner Ali
Published: May 2019

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
England and Britain in Historical Perspective
Authors: Aughey Arthur
Published: May 2019

In 1973, the Royal Commission on the Constitution understood membership of the United Kingdom to mean representation in the Parliament at Westminster. That approach emphasised political allegiance and institutional legitimacy rather than trying to define national identity. Forty years later the historian Robert Colls proposed that if you want to understand national identity, a good place to start would be the constitution, a living tradition based on historical relationships. Accordingly, this chapter examines the link between institutions and identity from two historical perspectives. The first recognises few institutions to be English as opposed to British. The second views these institutions as English onto which have been grafted British purposes. Historically, the Union has depended on these two views of identity co-existing as a political ‘double vision’. The chapter reconsiders that historical co-existence, identifying those perspectives which also threaten that double vision.
How Do People in England Want to Be Governed?
Authors: Curtice John
Published: May 2019

The advent of devolution in Scotland and Wales might have been expected to stimulate increased public support for devolution for England, not least because of a heightened sense of English identity. However, the various arguments in favour of devolution in England point to different schemes of devolution. There appears to have been an increase in the late 1990s in the proportion prioritising an English rather than a British identity, but there is no consistent evidence that this trend has continued. Although there is seemingly widespread support for the principle of devolution, this is relatively lukewarm and does not necessarily translate into backing for any particular scheme. Only EVEL enjoys widespread support. Meanwhile, there is no consistent evidence that support for devolution has increased or has become increasingly rooted in English identity, raising doubts about claims that the devolution debate has stimulated a distinct English ‘political community’.
Análisis de la creatividad de los estudiantes universitarios. Diferencias por género, edad y elección de estudios
Authors: Caballero García Presentación Ángeles , Sánchez Ruiz Sara , Belmonte Almagro María Luisa
Published: May 2019

El trabajo que presentamos estudia la creatividad en estudiantes universitarios y las posibles diferencias por género, edad y elección de estudios que pudieran surgir, derivadas de una intervención en el aula basada en emociones positivas. Utilizamos un diseño cuasi-experimental con pre-test y post-test. La muestra estuvo formada por 206 estudiantes universitarios de Grado y de Ciclos Formativos de Grado Superior, que fueron evaluados con el test CREA (Corbalán Berná et al., 2003). Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes aumentan su creatividad después del programa de intervención, existiendo, además, diferencias estadísticamente significativas para los test de CREA formas A y B.  Estas diferencias significativas también se hallan en la creatividad por género, mostrándose las mujeres más creativas, tanto en el pre-test como en el post-test, en el CREA forma B. En cuanto a la edad, son los alumnos más jóvenes, menores de 20 años, los que se manifiestan significativamente más creativos tanto en el pre-test como en el post-test, en el CREA forma B. Por último, en cuanto al ámbito educativo, aquellos alumnos pertenecientes al sector de la educación, muestran mayor índice de creatividad que el alumnado que cursa titulaciones de carácter no educativo, tanto antes como después de la intervención, con resultados significativos en el CREA forma B. Los resultados se discuten por su interés para el cambio educativo en la universidad hacia la empleabilidad y la igualdad de oportunidades en el desarrollo de competencias 2020.
Mentoría e integración social en la universidad: El aprendizaje por servicio en un proyecto del grado de periodismo
Authors: Lacalle Zalduendo Charo , Pujol Ozonas Cristina
Published: May 2019

Este artículo resume las percepciones de dos grupos de jóvenes (estudiantes de Periodismo y jóvenes adolescentes en tratamiento por diferentes adicciones y trastornos) sobre su participación en un proyecto de aprendizaje por servicio financiado por la UE (Erasmus+ Key Action 3), durante el curso 2017/2018. Las actividades de los estudiantes, integradas en el currículum de diferentes asignaturas, estaban orientadas a potenciar en los jóvenes mentorados competencias relacionadas con la producción periodística digital, la interpretación crítica y la educación en comunicación e interculturalidad. Las respuestas al cuestionario y los relatos de los focus group revelan el carácter recíproco de un aprendizaje potenciado por la proximidad generacional de ambos colectivos, que no se ha basado únicamente en la transmisión de contenidos, sino que también tiene carácter afectivo. Los estudiantes consideran que la interacción les ha inducido a estructurar y conceptualizar sus conocimientos, pero también a superar ideas preconcebidas y a desarrollar su empatía. Los jóvenes aprecian el contacto con un entorno que percibían como algo lejano e inaccesible y su participación directa en las prácticas colaborativas realizadas. El incremento de la autoestima y la mayor implicación de las mujeres son dos de los efectos más evidentes de las entrevistas grupales realizadas en ambos colectivos. El carácter gratificante de la experiencia podría estimular a los estudiantes más involucrados a realizar actividades de voluntariado en servicios civiles.
Evaluación de las necesidades de orientación y educación para la carrera en seis grados de Educación. Bases para el desarrollo del plan de acción tutorial
Authors: Pereira González Marisa , Martís Flórez Ramiro , Pascual Díez Julián
Published: May 2019

Esta investigación analiza las necesidades de orientación y educación para la carrera de los estudiantes universitarios. Surge del desarrollo de una propuesta innovadora de Plan de Acción Tutorial de la Universidad de Oviedo, elaborada con los mismos principios que fundamentan los programas de educación para la carrera, en niveles anteriores del sistema educativo. Las importantes resistencias de un sector del profesorado a contribuir en la orientación profesional de sus alumnos, llevan a plantear la conveniencia de evaluar, con procedimientos rigurosos, la forma en la que actualmente se atienden estas necesidades de desarrollo de la carrera del alumnado en la Universidad. Por su interés en el proyecto, también participa la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Córdoba.                En este artículo se presentan las principales conclusiones sobre la orientación en relación al trabajo, que se proporciona a los estudiantes que se están formando para ser educadores (maestros de infantil y primaria, pedagogos y educadores sociales), en las Universidades de Oviedo y Córdoba. Se elabora y valida un instrumento específico para evaluar las necesidades de orientación en la Universidad (CENO-PAT), con sólidas cualidades métricas. Se trabaja con todos los estudiantes que asisten a clase, y se cuenta con una muestra de 2.414 personas que, con un nivel de confianza del 99%, representa óptimamente al alumnado de las dos Facultades, los seis Grados, y todos los cursos. Los estudiantes hacen una importante crítica a la orientación para el trabajo que reciben en la Universidad: están convencidos de que su futuro profesional, que es lo prioritario para ellos, no importa a la mayoría de sus profesores. Efectúan numerosas demandas relacionadas con su orientación y el desarrollo de su carrera. También aseguran que en muy pocas asignaturas se trabaja la necesidad de proteger el medioambiente en todos los contextos profesionales y personales.
Promover la indagación en matemáticas y ciencias: desarrollo profesional docente en primaria y secundaria
Authors: García-García Francisco Javier , Quesada-Armenteros Antonio , Romero Ariza Marta , Abril Gallego Ana María
Published: May 2019

El presente estudio se ubica en la intersección de dos problemáticas: la renovación metodológica en la enseñanza de las ciencias y de las matemáticas hacia enfoques orientados a la indagación en el aula, y la formación realmente transformativa del profesorado. En el marco de un proyecto europeo, se diseñó un programa de desarrollo profesional sobre aprendizaje por investigación, implementado en 13 países europeos, y se diseñaron y validaron instrumentos para medir la evolución del profesorado que participaba en estos programas. En este artículo nos centramos en el caso español (18 programas de desarrollo profesional con docentes de primaria y secundaria). Se administró un cuestionario antes de la participación en el programa y tras la finalización del mismo, que abordaba diferentes dimensiones del aprendizaje por investigación (creencias, prácticas docentes, barreras y obstáculos percibidos). Además, el segundo cuestionario recogía la percepción del profesorado sobre el proceso de desarrollo profesional vivido y el impacto percibido en su práctica docente. Los resultados muestran ganancias del profesorado en todas las dimensiones analizadas acerca del aprendizaje por investigación, así como una mejora en la percepción de barreras y obstáculos que limitan el uso de esta metodología. Sin embargo, a pesar de la mejora observada, sus prácticas docentes aún no reflejan un uso extendido de esta metodología. Los resultados también muestran una valoración positiva de los procesos de desarrollo profesional vividos, y una percepción positiva del impacto en sus capacidades docentes, a pesar de una moderada transformación de sus prácticas. En conjunto, de los resultados extraemos conclusiones relevantes sobre dimensiones del aprendizaje por investigación que deben tratarse con mayor profundidad en programas de desarrollo profesional, así como sobre procesos de aprendizaje profesional en los que incidir para potenciar el carácter transformativo de los mismos.
Variables of Twitter’s brand activity that influence audience spreading behavior of branded content
Authors: Matosas López Luis
Published: May 2019

This paper investigates spreading behavior of branded content, within an online brand community. A total of 41.392 pieces of content were gathered to analyze the activity of 45 Twitter brands, in the Spanish food industry, during one-year period. The study uses an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to reveal the structure of that spreading behavior, addressing two key constructs: propagation and sharing. In addition, multiple regression analysis is conducted to identity the influence of the independent variables controlled by the company, which predict that spreading action on the proposed structural model. Findings indicate the significant effect of variables such as: mentions made by the brand, posting time or volume of tweets, in predicting audience spreading behavior. Controversially, results suggest that brand use of the retweet function generates a negative influence on audience response. The research also innovates exploring the impact of sentiment expressions used by the brand on audience spreading behavior.
Keywords: Spanish economy; social media; Twitter; brand audience; online community.
Spatialisation des processus d’embâcles dans le bassin versant de la rivière l’Acadie, Montérégie : une approche hydrogéomorphologique
Authors: Plante Lévesque Valérie , Boucher Étienne , Proulx Guillaume
Published: May 2019

La rivière L’Acadie, située en Montérégie (Québec, Canada), est un affluent de la rivière Richelieu et s’écoule vers le nord. Des inondations hivernales ayant de lourds impacts sur les milieux habités des municipalités de Chambly et de Carignan sont fréquentes sur cette rivière. Alors qu’au Québec on privilégie une approche hydrologique basée sur la récurrence des inondations en eau libre pour aménager les rives et la plaine inondable, l’approche hydrogéomorphologique permet de spatialiser les processus fluviaux qui posent un risque pour les communautés à partir d’une étude détaillée et systématique des formes du paysage fluvial. Cette approche permet d’acquérir une meilleure idée de l’impact de certains processus fluviaux tels que les embâcles de glace sur l’environnement humain et naturel. La présente recherche a pour objectif de spatialiser les propriétés et les impacts géomorphologiques du régime d’embâcles de glace au sein du bassin versant de la rivière L’Acadie. Des caractérisations des propriétés du bassin versant, du chenal, puis des berges de la rivière sont effectuées afin de localiser les problèmes d’embâcles de glace et décrire l’intensité de leur empreinte morphologique sur le milieu. De ces résultats découle une typologie des berges à laquelle est jumelée une analyse de la fréquence des évènements par l’étude des cicatrices glacielles sur la végétation riveraine. L’analyse démontre comment la morphométrie du chenal, la présence d’agriculture ainsi que l’héritage de la dernière glaciation quaternaire affectent le dynamisme du régime d’embâcles de glace qui se concentre en aval de la rivière.
Caractérisation géochimique des eaux d’irrigation de la palmeraie d’Oumache (oasis des Ziban, sud-est de l’Algérie)
Authors: Abdelhafid Youcef , Rechachi Miled Zohra , Halitim Amor
Published: May 2019

L’ancienne palmeraie d’Oumache située à l’aval de Zab el Gharbi (ouest de Ziban-Biskra, sud-est de l’Algérie) connait aujourd'hui un déclin dû essentiellement à l’insuffisance de l’eau d’irrigation et à la remontée des eaux trop chargées de la nappe phréatique. De plus, le milieu endoréique très évaporant a accéléré le phénomène de salinisation du sol. Ce travail traite de la caractérisation géochimique des eaux (forage et nappe) utilisées pour l’irrigation en vue d’une meilleure gestion de l’irrigation. Les résultats montrent que l’eau de forage présente un risque élevé de salinisation des sols. La salinité est de type neutre, sulfaté calcique et magnésique. En revanche, les eaux de la nappe sont impropres à l’irrigation avec des risques très élevés de salinisation et d’alcalinisation des sol. Elles évoluent vers une voie saline neutre du type chloruré et sulfaté sodique (57 % des échantillons) à sulfaté et chloruré sodique. La calcite et le gypse ont tendance à précipiter, alors que l’halite et thenardite sont dissous par évaporation. La nappe s’écoule depuis la zone d’alimentation vers la sebkha de Chemoura qui constitue la zone d’accumulation. Pour remédier au problème, il est préconisé de mettre en place un plan de gestion durable de l’eau et de la salinité, comprenant notamment la réhabilitation du système de drainage de cette palmeraie afin d’évacuer les eaux salées. Enfin, l’extension de l’oasis devra prendre en considération cet aspect de gestion préventive en optant pour l’oued Djedi comme autre exutoire naturel.
A vocation for independence: Guinean nationalism in the 1950s
Authors: MacDonald Mairi
Published: May 2019

Mairi MacDonald addresses one of the most spectacular cases of a post-independence break with the Franco-African links and networks. In Guinea-Conakry, territorial leader Sékou Touré refused, already in 1958, to participate in Charles de Gaulle’s French Community project, and accepted French economic ‘punishment’ instead of entering into the forms of collaboration chosen by many of Guinea’s neighbours. However, the author shows the ambivalence behind a façade of an apparently clear case. MacDonald analyses the expectations that Sékou Touré and other Guinean nationalist leaders had of France in the 1950s, and sets them in contrast with the experiences of the postcolonial years. This discussion includes an interpretation of the shifting attitudes taken by Sékou Touré towards the French after 1960, between attempts at reconciliation and accusations of conspiracy and espionage.
A criminal touch
Authors: Johnson Dominic
Published: May 2019

In 1976, Ulay undertook an exemplary performance of extremity by stealing ‘Germany’s favourite painting’, namely Carl Spitzweg’s The Poor Poet (1839). This chapter discusses the action at length in the context of Ulay’s earlier works as well as examples of performance art that seek to make interventions into institutional spaces of art as a means of aesthetic and political critique, highlighting the way such actions shed light on the border between art/life and art/crime. The chapter argues that in Ulay’s theft, the transgressing of the perceived limits of art was not simply art crime or vandalism, part of a sustained project of questioning and deconditioning his own gendered and national identity, here, specifically, by taking aim at his own German-ness in the postwar period.
The existential drinker
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

Drinking to excess has been a striking problem for industrial and post-industrial societies – who is responsible when a ‘free’ individual opts for a slow suicide? The causes of such drinking have often been blamed on heredity, moral weakness, ‘disease’ (addiction), hedonism, and Romantic illusion. Yet there is another reason which may be more fundamental and which has been overlooked or dismissed, and it is that the drinker may act with sincere philosophical intent. The Existential drinker looks at the convergence of a new kind of excessive, habitual drinking, beginning in the nineteenth century, and a new way of thinking about the self which in the twentieth century comes to be labelled ‘Existential’. A substantial introduction covers questions of self, will, consciousness, authenticity and ethics in relation to drinking, while introducing aspects of Existential thought pertinent to the discussion. The Existential-drinker canon is anchored in Jack London’s ‘alcoholic memoir’ John Barleycorn (1913) where London claims he can get at the truth of existence only through the insights afforded by excessive and repeated alcohol use. The book then covers drinker-texts such as Jean Rhys’s interwar novels, Malcolm Lowry’s Under the volcano, Charles Jackson’s The lost weekend and John O’Brien’s Leaving Las Vegas, along with less well-known works such as Frederick Exley’s A fan’s notes, Venedikt Yerofeev’s Moscow-Petushki, and A. L. Kennedy’s Paradise. The book will appeal to anybody with an interest in drinking and literature, as well as those with more specialised concerns in drinking studies, Existentialism, twentieth-century literature, and medical humanities.
Charles Jackson, The Lost Weekend (1944): life projects
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

Charles Jackson’s novel The Lost Weekend is usually seen as an indictment of alcoholics, an accurate depiction of their self-deceptions and lying to others, with an accusation that drinking is no more than an escape, a failure to face up to personal and social responsibility. As with other books with protagonists who commit to drinking, possible reasons are given for the failing self (suppressed homosexuality; relationship with the parents; unsuccessful career), but such interpretations miss the significance of repetition in this novel: the drinker continually faces his demons in a manner that London’s John Barleycorn argues is more truthful than the evasions of everyday sobriety. Unlike the Hollywood film version of the novel (which brought ‘alcoholism’ as a serious issue into the cultural mainstream), Jackson’s narrative is unusual in that rather than offering an ending which sees the death of the drinker or his reformation, it shows the character wondering what all the fuss is about and preparing himself for another binge. The chapter analyses the novel’s various conceptualisations of self and alcohol, its knowing engagement with psychiatry and psychology, the figure of the writer-drinker, and also covers its treatment of temporality.
India: Counterterrorism in India: An ad hoc response to an enduring and variable threat
Authors: Singh Rashmi
Published: May 2019

The unprecedented overlap between terrorism and insurgency in India represents a key challenge to formulating an understanding of terrorism and counter-terrorism (CT) in this region. This chapter discusses the emergence and evolution of key terrorist threats in the country to illustrate how terrorism in the subcontinent falls into two distinct categories, i.e. ‘pure terrorism’ as practiced by what are best described as ‘incorrigible terrorist groups’ and ‘hybrid threats’, a complex amalgamation of insurgency and terrorism utilised by what are essentially ‘corrigible’ groups. I then discuss how India’s inability to distinguish between these two very different threats results in what tends towards a lethal, kinetic response characteristic of counter-terrorism even as its language remains within a population-centric ‘hearts and minds’ framework more obviously associated with traditional counter-insurgency (COIN). This tendency to ‘act CT but speak COIN’ is a key reason both India’s CT and COIN strategies remain short-sighted, muddled and under-developed. However, newly emergent threats make it imperative that India urgently recalibrate and reconsider these responses.
Kenya: Counterterrorism in Kenya: Security aid, impunity and Muslim alienation
Authors: Prestholdt Jeremy
Published: May 2019

Since the 1998 bombing of the US Embassy in Nairobi, the Government of Kenya’s response to terrorism has been multifaceted. Government efforts have primarily relied on civil authorities and the military, thus privileging the use of force over subtler means. The Kenyan Police have employed measures such as profiling, detention, and prosecution. The Kenyan military has conducted operations in Kenya and Somalia. These strategies have contributed to the apprehension of some terrorist suspects and checked Shabaab’s advance in Somalia. Yet, Kenya’s counterterrorism efforts have been hampered by limited coordination among agencies, the use of heavy-handed tactics, and insufficient engagement with civil society organizations. Two defining features of Kenyan counterterrorism efforts have emerged. First, counterterrorism in Kenya has clear sociocultural dimensions. Security forces have responded to the threat of terrorism by focusing intently on Kenya’s alienated Muslim communities both in the Somali-majority north and at the Swahili-speaking coast. As a result, the Government of Kenya’s response to terrorism reflects communal divisions and animosity within Kenyan society that precede contemporary counterterrorism. Second, Kenya’s invasion of neighboring Somalia created and blurred two fronts: one within Kenya and the other in southern Somalia. The actions of Kenyan policy-makers and al Shabaab therefore contributed to a more complete integration of the conflict in Somalia and internal tensions in Kenya..
Conclusion
Authors: Boyle Michael J.
Published: May 2019

This conclusion draws out the chief findings from a comparative analysis of the preceding chapters. It also offers policy implications, specifically highlighting how policymakers in Western countries can be culturally sensitive to the different conceptualizations of terrorism present elsewhere and tailor their requests for cooperation accordingly.
‘I, Catherine’: biography, documentary culture, and public presence
Authors: Crowder Susannah
Published: May 2019

Catherine Baudoche’s versatile patronage illustrates that, in Metz, female performance fed broader currents of cultural patronage and financial agency. This chapter develops a multifaceted portrait through the biographies of Catherine and her stepmother, Catherine Gronnaix, revealing a family history that positioned these women at a nexus of social and economic power. Through ceremonial practice and entertainments, these two Catherines forged connections with local and trans-regional elites that reinforced those created by the Saint Catherine jeu. Moreover, at multiple points in their lives – early childhood, youth, marriage, widowhood, old age – the Catherines took part in financial transactions that put them at the center of performative legal acts. Catherine Gronnaix, for example, enacted her vassalage to the dukes of Lorraine through a combination of spoken oath and physical sealing. Such performances served as a sign and representation of identity that was affirmed through public rite. Personal wealth enabled the financial power that supported acts of dramatic and liturgical patronage. Yet economic ownership and agency also positioned the Catherines to represent themselves in seals, legal language, ceremonies, and household performances that established them as full participants in the Messine legal and political spheres.
Performance and the parish: space, memory, and material devotion
Authors: Crowder Susannah
Published: May 2019

Individual women employed performance in parish settings, as well; in Metz, such practices permitted female performers to “write” fresh meanings upon the histories of existing bodies, objects, and spaces. Catherine Gronnaix made sizable foundations at her parish church of St-Martin and at a nearby Celestine monastery; together, these formed an integrated program of liturgy that represented Catherine in the context of personal, family, and public memory. The resulting performances mapped social and spatial geographies onto the buildings and streets of Metz in ways that connected the various family identities that Catherine could claim. Confraternal devotion and material culture also played equally vibrant roles in the parish performances of women, however. Catherine participated in two religious associations at St-Martin and founded masses to be celebrated in their chapels. This chapter brings together these collective practices with the surviving late-medieval elements of the church: sculpture, murals, and windows. Building on recent work that positions devotional images as active objects within performance, it traces the impact of female “matter” and personal practice upon a shared sphere. At St-Martin, bodily performance situated women within privileged places and integrated them into a larger environment of memory, while distinguishing individuals through social and devotional hierarchies.
Negotiated devotions and performed histories: laywomen in monastic spaces
Authors: Crowder Susannah
Published: May 2019

Two male monasteries – and their roles in the religious observances of laywomen – illuminate another facet of the relationship among gender, devotion, and performance in Metz. This chapter first revisits the Celestine community, deepening the findings of the third chapter by examining the institution that housed the family chapel of the Gronnaix and the burial place of Catherine Baudoche. Its spaces reveal a culture of performance that was grounded in women’s material contributions and spiritual needs; contemporary institutional histories construct a performance “edifice” that depicts the partnership of laywomen and the Celestine brothers. A second Messine religious community documents an alternative perspective on the role of women in long-term history-making and performance practice. Through liturgical performance, the monastery of St-Arnoul had claimed a past that tied Carolingian-era imperial identity to female sanctity and patronage. Catherine Gronnaix’s foundation of masses at St-Arnoul took place during the decline of this institutional narrative, however, when the preservation and appropriation of older traditions of female performance had lost appeal. In distinct eras, the cloistered spaces of St-Martin and St-Arnoul – both permeated by the presence and remains of laywomen and their devotions – sheltered collaborative performances that intertwined monastic and familial aspirations.
‘Call me Claude’: female actors, impersonation, and cultural transmission
Authors: Crowder Susannah
Published: May 2019

The final chapter returns to the figure of the female actor, examining the performances of a young woman who claimed to be Joan of Arc and the implications of her role. In the spring of 1436, just five years after Joan’s execution in Rouen, an enigmatic young woman appeared to the citizens of Metz. Representing herself as the Pucelle, this actor asked the gathering audience to call her Claude; in the following days and weeks, Claude publicly assumed the Pucelle role through a series of ceremonies that formally recognised her as “Joan”. Interpretations of Claude’s playing of Joan have been dominated by histories – both medieval and modern – that read her actions as being the “false” gestures of an impostor. This chapter approaches the role afresh, however, by considering embodied performance methods and contemporary reception to investigate how and why Claude persuaded her audiences to embrace a new iteration of Joan. Multiple women took part in the Pucelle scenario, using impersonation-based performance techniques to store and communicate Joan’s identity and an associated body of knowledge. Like the Saint Catherine actor, Claude’s example reframes “exceptional” female actors as instead being exemplary: performing women represent the visible face of poorly documented, yet widespread performance strategies.
The homeless fight back: the politics of homeless resistance
Authors: Parson Sean
Published: May 2019

Chapter 5 turns to the activism and politics of anarchist homeless activists in resisting the city’s attempts to exclude the homeless. I turn to two important political theorists to make sense of the resistance of Food Not Bombs: Jacques Rancière and Eduardo Glissant. Rancière’s short piece “Ten theses on politics” provides a powerful understanding of the way that disruptive actions and resistance expand political space, while Glissant’s idea of right to opacity examines the complex relationship of violence, power, and visibility. The chapter argue that the homeless have a right to opacity from the state, and state surveillance, and that the homeless should only be as visible as they want to be. This means that public occupations, political protests, and public meals are legitimate forms of visibility, which respect the right of the homeless to be opaque, while programs such as San Francisco’s Matrix plan are a coercive form of violence.
Bolt cutters and the politics of expropriation: Homes Not Jails, urban squatting, and gentrification
Authors: Parson Sean
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 looks at the response from the Jordan administration on Food Not Bombs’ sister organization, Homes Not Jails, which illegally housed the homeless in abandoned buildings. In interviews with people involved in both Food Not Bombs and Homes Not Jails, I was often told stories of police leniency with the squatters, something that was unheard of for Food Not Bombs’ actions. This differential treatment concerns the political nature of space and the city’s desire to hide the homeless from public view. Because the city wanted to push the homeless into private space, Homes Not Jails, by illegally housing the homeless in abandoned houses, ended up unintentionally working to help the Jordan administration achieve part of his public space goal. This chapter argues that city agencies react to autonomous political projects differently depending on whether they erupt in what the state defines as public or private space.
Europeanisation as a past and present narrative
Authors: Mannin Michael
Published: May 2019

Michael Mannin explores the origins of the term ‘Europeanisation’ and the way in which its contemporary iteration - EU-isation - has become associated with the normative power of the EU. He argues that alternative interpretations and traditions of Europeanisation contest the EU-dominated version. This is a key factor in shaping reaction to the EU’s influence in the neighbourhood countries such as Russia