bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal and regional progression of Alzheimer’s disease‐like pathology in 3xTg‐AD mice
Authors: Belfiore Ramona , Rodin Alexis , Ferreira Eric , Velazquez Ramon , Branca Caterina , Caccamo Antonella , Oddo Salvatore
Published: November 2018

Accumulation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) and fibrillary tangles, as well as neuroinflammation and memory loss, are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). After almost 15 years from their generation, 3xTg‐AD mice are still one of the most used transgenic models of AD. Converging evidence indicates that the phenotype of 3xTg‐AD mice has shifted over the years and contradicting reports about onset of pathology or cognitive deficits are apparent in the literature. Here, we assessed Aβ and tau load, neuroinflammation, and cognitive changes in 2‐, 6‐, 12‐, and 20‐month‐old female 3xTg‐AD and nontransgenic (NonTg) mice. We found that ~80% of the mice analyzed had Aβ plaques in the caudal hippocampus at 6 months of age, while 100% of them had Aβ plaques in the hippocampus at 12 months of age. Cortical Aβ plaques were first detected at 12 months of age, including in the entorhinal cortex. Phosphorylated Tau at Ser202/Thr205 and Ser422 was apparent in the hippocampus of 100% of 6‐month‐old mice, while only 50% of mice showed tau phosphorylation at Thr212/Ser214 at this age. Neuroinflammation was first evident in 6‐month‐old mice and increased as a function of age. These neuropathological changes were clearly associated with progressive cognitive decline, which was first apparent at 6 months of age and became significantly worse as the mice aged. These data indicate a consistent and predictable progression of the AD‐like pathology in female 3xTg‐AD mice, and will facilitate the design of future studies using these mice.
Camera trap use in the study of black‐footed cats (Felis nigripes)
Authors: Sliwa Alexander , Wilson Beryl , Lawrenz Arne , Lamberski Nadine , Herrick Jason , Küsters Martina
Published: November 2018

The use of camera traps as research tools for the study of black‐footed cats at refuge entrances is detailed. This provided information on interspecific relationships with aardwolves. When operated with care they served to obtain ecological information on black‐footed cats, including behavioural and reproductive data. Camera traps were also used to monitor the behaviour and welfare of recently anesthetised and recovered study individuals to keep further disturbances to a minimum.
Questionnaire showed that Swedish paediatric clinics complied well with the revised European guidelines for diagnosing coeliac disease
Authors: Myléus Anna , Stenhammar Lars , Högberg Lotta , Browaldh Lars , Daniels Ing‐Marie , Fagerberg Ulrika L. , Gudjónsdóttir Audur H. , Malmquist Marianne , Sandström Olof , Ivarsson Anneli
Published: November 2018

Aim

In 2012, revised criteria for diagnosing childhood coeliac disease were published by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and incorporated into the revised Swedish guidelines the same year. These made it possible, in certain cases, to diagnose coeliac disease without taking small bowel biopsies. This survey assessed the extent to which the new guidelines were implemented by Swedish paediatric clinics two years after their introduction.

Methods

In October 2014, we distributed a paper questionnaire including five questions on diagnostic routines to the 40 paediatric clinics in university or regional hospitals in Sweden that perform small bowel biopsies.

Results

All 36 (90%) clinics that responded used anti‐tissue transglutaminase antibodies as the initial diagnostic test and some also used serological markers. Most clinics (81%) used endoscopy and took multiple duodenal biopsies, whereas only a few (19%) occasionally employed a suction capsule. Almost all clinics (86%) omitted taking small bowel biopsies in symptomatic children with repeatedly high coeliac serology and positive genotyping, thereby avoiding the need for invasive endoscopy under anaesthesia.

Conclusion

The 2012 Swedish Paediatric Coeliac Disease Diagnostic Guidelines had been widely accepted and implemented in routine health care two years after their introduction.
Editorial: treating strictures in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Kamm Michael A.
Published: November 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Morar et al and Rieder et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13388 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15032.
Generalizing Causal Inferences from Individuals in Randomized Trials to All Trial-Eligible Individuals
Authors: Dahabreh Issa J. , Robertson Sarah E. , Tchetgen Eric J. , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Hernán Miguel A.
Published: November 2018

We consider methods for causal inference in randomized trials nested within cohorts of trial-eligible individuals, including those who are not randomized. We show how baseline covariate data from the entire cohort, and treatment and outcome data only from randomized individuals, can be used to identify potential (counterfactual) outcome means and average treatment effects in the target population of all eligible individuals. We review identifiability conditions, propose estimators, and assess the estimators' finite-sample performance in simulation studies. As an illustration, we apply the estimators in a trial nested within a cohort of trial-eligible individuals to compare coronary artery bypass grafting surgery plus medical therapy vs. medical therapy alone for chronic coronary artery disease.
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy and safety of testosterone therapy for female sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women
Authors: Jayasena Channa N. , Alkaabi Fatima M. , Liebers Curtis S. , Handley Thomas , Franks Stephen , Dhillo Waljit S.
Published: November 2018

The clinical sequelae of oestrogen deficiency during menopause are undoubted. However, the pathophysiological role of testosterone during the menopause is less clear. Several randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trials suggest that testosterone therapy improves sexual function in postmenopausal women. Some studies suggest that testosterone therapy has additional effects, which include increased bone mineral density and decreased serum high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Furthermore, the long‐term safety profile of testosterone therapy in postmenopausal women is not clear. This article will provide a concise and critical summary of the literature, to guide clinicians treating postmenopausal women.
A modified Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) four months after Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Subaiya Saleena , Stillman Joshua , Pumpalova Yoanna
Published: November 2018

This study sought to assess access to utilities, basic needs, financial burden, and perceived safety among households in the Rockaway Peninsula of New York City, United States, four months after Hurricane Sandy struck in 2012. A modified cluster survey design was used to select households for inclusion in the study. Survey content was created using the Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) toolkit, gathering relevant data on access to food and water, basic utilities, financial burden, household demographics, and safety. Four months after Sandy, electricity and heat had been restored to all households. However, around one‐third of them still had difficulty in obtaining food, and about one‐half believed that their neighborhood was unsafe. One‐quarter had problems in acquiring prescription medications, and approximately one‐half reported anxiety. While basic utilities were almost entirely restored, there were ongoing challenges in Rockaway four months after Sandy, relating to financial hardship, food insecurity, healthcare, and psychologic distress.
Transgenerational developmental effects of species‐specific, maternally transmitted microbiota inOnthophagusdung beetles
Authors: Parker Erik S. , Dury Guillaume J. , Moczek Armin P.
Published: November 2018

1. The significance of host–microbe interactions is increasingly appreciated across biological disciplines, yet to what extent these interactions influence developmental outcomes within and across generations remains poorly understood.

2. This study investigated the putative role of host–microbe interactions in the adaptive diversification ofOnthophagusdung beetles, one of the most species‐rich and ecologically successful genera of insects.Onthophagusmothers vertically transmit growth‐ and fitness‐enhancing gut symbionts to their offspring through a faecal secretion known as the pedestal.

3. Pedestals were reciprocally exchanged between two ecologically similar congenericOnthophagusspecies to assess the degree to which pedestal microbiota from one species can substitute for those of another.

4. It was found that the presence of a heterospecific pedestal delays development and increases mortality, and that the fitness costs of non‐host‐specific microbiota are maintained transgenerationally.

5. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis thatOnthophagusbeetles maintain, interact with, and are dependent upon host species‐specific microbial communities to support normal growth and development. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of host microbiota coevolution.
Can antipsychotic dose reduction lead to better functional recovery in first‐episode psychosis? A randomized controlled‐trial of antipsychotic dose reduction. The reduce trial: Study protocol
Authors: Weller Amber , Gleeson John , Alvarez‐Jimenez Mario , McGorry Patrick , Nelson Barnaby , Allott Kelly , Bendall Sarah , Bartholomeusz Cali , Koval Peter , Harrigan Susy , O'Donoghue Brian , Fornito Alex , Pantelis Christos , Paul Amminger G. , Ratheesh Aswin , Polari Andrea , Wood Stephen J. , van der El Kristi , Ellinghaus Carli , Gates Jesse , O'Connell Jessica , Mueller Marianne , Wunderink Lex , Killackey Eóin
Published: November 2018

Antipsychotic medication has been the mainstay of treatment for psychotic illnesses for over 60 years. This has been associated with improvements in positive psychotic symptoms and a reduction in relapse rates. However, there has been little improvement in functional outcomes for people with psychosis. At the same time there is increasing evidence that medications contribute to life shortening metabolic and cardiovascular illnesses. There is also uncertainty as to the role played by antipsychotic medication in brain volume changes.

Aim

The primary aim of the study is, in a population of young people with first‐episode psychosis, to compare functional outcomes between an antipsychotic dose reduction strategy with evidence‐based intensive recovery treatment (EBIRT) group (DRS+) and an antipsychotic maintenance treatment with EBIRT group (AMTx+) at 24‐months follow‐up.

Methods

Our single‐blind randomized controlled trial, within a specialist early psychosis treatment setting, will test the whether the DRS+ group leads to better vocational and social recovery than, the AMTx+ group over a 2‐year period in 180 remitted first‐episode psychosis patients. Additionally, we will examine the effect of DRS+ vs AMTx+ on physical health, brain volume and cognitive functioning. This study will also determine whether the group receiving DRS+ will be no worse off in terms of psychotic relapses over 2 years follow‐up.

Results

This paper presents the protocol, rationale and hypotheses for this study which commenced recruitment in July 2017.

Conclusion

This study will provide evidence as to whether an antipsychotic dose‐reduction recovery treatment leads to improved functioning and safer outcomes in first‐episode psychosis patients. In addition, it will be the first‐controlled experiment of the effect of exposure to antipsychotic maintenance treatment on brain volume changes in this population.
International Perspectives on Securing Human and Social Rights and Diversity Gains at Work in the Aftermath of the Global Economic Crisis and in Times of Austerity
Authors: Vassilopoulou Joana , Kyriakidou Olivia , da Rocha Jose Pascal , Georgiadou Andri , Mor Barak Michalle
Published: November 2018

This editorial illuminates the evidence of how human and social rights and diversity gains at work are under attack in the aftermath of the global economic crisis and in times of austerity. We provide a brief overview of the six articles in this issue, which draw upon a wide range of theories and engage with different, but in many ways connected, issues pertinent to human and social right, diversity and equality in the light of the economic crisis and austerity. The editorial concludes discussing a number of dilemmas and problematic issues that remain despite the increased scholarly attention to the threat to human and social rights and diversity gains at work in current times. Lastly, we offer recommendations to how diversity advocates can develop new approaches and strategies in order to resist the current threat to the diversity agenda internationally.
Autonomic dysfunction in hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4
Authors: González‐Salazar C. , Takazaki K. A. G. , Martinez A. R. M. , Pimentel‐Silva L. R. , Jacinto‐Scudeiro L. A. , Nakagawa É. Y. , Fujiwara Murakami C. E. , Saute J. A. M. , Pedroso J. L. , Barsottini O. G. P. , Teive H. A. G. , França Jr M. C.
Published: November 2018

Background and purpose

SPAST mutations are the most common cause of hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG4‐HSP), which is characterized by progressive lower limb weakness, spasticity and hyperreflexia. There are few studies about non‐motor manifestations in this disease and none about autonomic involvement. Therefore, the aim was to determine the frequency and pattern of autonomic complaints in patients with SPG4‐HSP, as well as to determine the clinical relevance and the possible factors associated with these manifestations.

Methods

Thirty‐four molecularly confirmed SPG4 patients were recruited in a multicenter cross‐sectional study, of whom 26 underwent detailed neurophysiological testing (heart rate variability, sympathetic skin response and the Quantitative Sudomotor Axonal Reflex Test). The Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease – Autonomic Questionnaire (SCOPA‐AUT) was applied to quantify the severity of autonomic symptoms. Results were compared with 44 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls using non‐parametric tests. P values <0.05 were considered significant.

Results

In the SPG4‐HSP group, there were 18 men with a mean age of 47.7 ± 12.6 years. SCOPA‐AUT scores were similar between patients and controls (P = 0.238). Only the urinary domain subscore was significantly higher amongst patients (4 vs. 2.5, P = 0.05). Absent sympathetic skin response in the hands and feet was more frequent amongst patients (20% vs. 0%, P < 0.001, and 64% vs. 0%, P = 0.006, respectively). Quantitative Sudomotor Axonal Reflex Test responses were also smaller throughout all recording regions in the SPG4‐HSP group.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that SPG4‐HSP patients have sudomotor dysfunction caused by damaged small post‐ganglionic cholinergic fibers. Damage in SPG4‐HSP extends to the peripheral nervous system.
Delayed plumage maturation in green‐backed flycatchers (Ficedula elisae): An evidence of female mimicry
Authors: Chen Gong , Xia Canwei , Dong Lu , Lyu Nan , Zhang Yanyun
Published: November 2018

Delayed plumage maturation (DPM) is the delayed acquisition of an adult color and pattern of plumage until after the first potential breeding period. Among the hypotheses proposed to explain DPM, the female mimicry hypothesis (FMH) has received considerable attention. FMH predicts that after‐second‐calendar‐year (ASY) males should attack ASY males more than second‐calendar‐year (SY) males and females, while no difference between the two latter. Few studies have been thought as support for FMH, while in fact most of them give no conclusive evidence to the assumption of FMH that ASY males are unable to distinguish SY males from females. Thus, other support besides behavioral experiments, such as it is physiologically impossible to discriminate SY males and females from avian perspective, is important in testing FMH. We studied color differences in six plumage patches between ASY male, SY male and female by analyzing reflectance spectra in the avian visual system, and tested the prediction of FMH by conducting intrusion experiments on territorial males with three kinds of conspecifics (i.e., ASY males, SY males and females) as territory “intruders” in the green‐backed flycatcher (Ficedula elisae). It is physiologically impossible for ASY males to distinguish SY males and females through the plumage color of crown, mantle, rump, and throat patches, moreover difficult to distinguish through breast and belly patches even under reasonable viewing conditions. ASY males were more aggressive toward ASY males than SY males and females with no differences between the two latter. SY males showed a slightly but not significantly higher attack intensity on ASY males than SY males and females. Our results suggest that female mimicry is more likely to be the explanation for DPM in the green‐backed flycatcher. To our knowledge, this is the first study combining avian visual system and behavioral experiments in testing hypotheses of DPM.
A hybrid solution approach for fuzzy multiobjective dual supplier and material selection problem of carton box production systems
Authors: Niroomand Sadegh , Mahmoodirad Ali , Mosallaeipour Sam
Published: November 2018

A novel optimization problem of carton box manufacturing industries is introduced in this paper. A mixed integer linear formulation with multiple objective functions is developed in order to determine the value of some criteria of carton raw sheets such as size, amount, and supplier under simultaneous minimization of multiple goals such as purchasing cost of raw sheets under discount policy, wastage remained from raw sheets, and quantity of surplus of carton boxes. In order to cope with the unstable market of this sector, some parameters of the proposed formulation such as demand value of the products and price given for raw sheets are assumed to be fuzzy numbers. To tackle such fuzzy multiobjective problem, first, the fuzzy problem is converted to a crisp form using the concepts of necessity‐based chance‐constrained modelling approach. Then a new hybrid form of the fuzzy programming approach is proposed to solve the obtained crisp multiobjective problem effectively. Computational experiments on a real case given by a carton box factory show the superior result of the proposed solution approach compared with the well‐known multiobjective solution methods taken from the literature.
The presence of osteocalcin, osteopontin and reactive oxygen species‐positive cells in pulp tissue after dental bleaching
Authors: Benetti F. , Briso A. L. F. , Carminatti M. , de Araújo Lopes J. M. , Barbosa J. G. , Ervolino E. , Gomes‐Filho J. E. , Cintra L. T. A.
Published: November 2018

Aim

To analyse the influence of H2O2 on pulp repair through osteocalcin and osteopontin immunolabelling and in cellular defence by using the antireactive oxygen species (ROS) antibody.

Methodology

The maxillary molars of 50 rats were treated with 35% H2O2 (Ble groups) or placebo gel (control groups). At 0 h and 2, 7, 15 and 30 days (n = 10 hemimaxillae), the rats were killed and pulp tissue was evaluated using inflammation and immunolabelling scores (osteocalcin/osteopontin); ROS‐positive cells were counted. Paired t‐test and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test were used (P < 0.05).

Results

The Ble group had necrosis in the coronal pulp at 0 h and in the occlusal third of the coronal pulp at 2 days; at 7, 15 and 30 days, no inflammation was noted similar to the controls (P > 0.05). Osteocalcin was absent in the Ble at 0 h, moderate at 2 days and increased thereafter, differing from the controls at all two periods (P < 0.05). Osteopontin was higher principally at 7 and 15 days in Ble groups, but differing with control groups from 2 days after bleaching (P < 0.05). The Ble group had more ROS‐positive cells in the pulp at 7 and 15 days (P < 0.05). Tertiary dentine was observed at 7 days, increasing thereafter (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Post‐bleaching pulp repair was associated with increased osteocalcin over time. Osteopontin also participated in this process, and anti‐ROS was involved in cellular defence against H2O2.
Efficiency assessment using a multidirectional DDF approach
Authors: Lozano Sebastián , Soltani Narges
Published: November 2018

This paper proposes a new efficiency measure that aims at capturing the overall distance to the efficient frontier and not the distance corresponding to a specific projection, as most oriented and non‐oriented methods compute. The proposed approach uses a grid‐based method to sample all possible improvement directions from a given operating point and for each direction it computes a directional efficiency score solving a directional distance function model. This provides information about the distribution of the distance to the efficient frontier. Therefore, the proposed multidirectional efficiency measure does not provide a single efficiency score but a distribution of efficiency scores. The minimum, the median, the Q1 and Q3 quartiles and the maximum can be singled out as representatives of that distribution. The latter corresponds to the closest among the computed efficient targets. In addition to the efficiency score distribution, the associated efficient targets are also provided. The proposed approach can take into account integer and nondiscretionary variables and a preference structure. An application of the method to assess the efficiency of material recovery facilities is presented.
The Social Market Economy and Restriction of Free Movement Rights: plus c'est la même chose?
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh
Published: November 2018

Case law restricting free movement rights is criticized for privileging the internal market over social rights, achieved through reductive ‘binary’ reasoning that focuses too narrowly on the ‘free movement versus social rights’ dimension of the conflict. The problem is typically discussed for the economic freedoms but is evident elsewhere in free movement law too. This point is demonstrated through the example of EU citizenship and social assistance, which establishes that protecting national public finances justifies free movement restrictions when citizens are not seen as market participants. For better integration of economic, social and constitutional objectives, judicial assessments have progressed in some respects beyond the binary conflict method, evidencing the beginnings of the more complex accommodation of multiple dimensions that a system of multilevel constitutionalism requires. However, these advances have not yet produced significantly different outcomes in practice. The legacy of binary conflict reasoning proves stubbornly resilient to change.
Application of cognitive screening guidelines by health care providers in diabetes care: A cross‐sectional descriptive study
Authors: Cuevas Heather , Ward Catherine
Published: November 2018

Rationale, aims, and objectives

The risk of cognitive dysfunction is higher in people with diabetes than in the general population, and approximately 50% of those with diabetes will develop cognitive impairments as they age. Screening for cognitive dysfunction in people with diabetes can help identify both pathology and those who are at risk for higher health care utilization, but we do not know how health care providers implement cognitive screening recommendations in this population. In this study, we examined health care providers' knowledge of those recommendations and their application of them, as well as factors associated with guideline use.

Methods

This study used a cross‐sectional, descriptive correlational design with a convenience sample. All data were collected with a 20‐question online survey sent to advanced practice nurses (APNs), medical doctors/doctor of osteopathic medicines (MDs/DOs), and physician assistants (PAs) in Central Texas.

Results

One‐hundred eighty‐one health care providers responded. Participants most frequently said they were “moderately familiar” with guidelines for cognitive impairment screening (60.9%). Twenty‐three per cent of physicians, 37.4% of APNs, and 8.3% of PAs indicated that they incorporated routine screening into daily practice. However, 64% did not use standardized tools to assess cognitive function. The most common clinical tasks related to cognitive screening were referral for more in‐depth cognitive screening (44%) and education of families regarding cognitive problems (29%). Lack of time was the most common barrier to screening (57.7%).

Conclusions

Most respondents believed that there was a good rationale for assessing cognitive function in people with diabetes. However, despite some familiarity with guidelines for cognitive function screening, most respondents did not use standardized assessment tools. The results indicate variability in clinical practice regarding assessment and practices, such that there may be some variability in outcomes for patients.
Risk Factors for Injurious Falls in Older Adults: The Role of Sex and Length of Follow‐Up
Authors: Ek Stina , Rizzuto Debora , Fratiglioni Laura , Calderón‐Larrañaga Amaia , Johnell Kristina , Sjöberg Linnea , Xu Weili , Welmer Anna‐Karin
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES

To identify sex‐specific associations between risk factors and injurious falls over the short (<4 years) and long (4–10 years) term.

DESIGN

Longitudinal cohort study between 2001 and 2011.

SETTING

Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, Kungsholmen, Sweden.

PARTICIPANTS

Community‐dwelling adults aged 60 and older (N = 3,112).

MEASUREMENTS

An injurious fall was defined as a fall that required inpatient or outpatient care. Information was collected on participant and exposure characteristics using structured interviews, clinical examinations, and physical function tests at baseline.

RESULTS

The multivariate model showed that, in the short term, living alone (hazard ratio (HR)=1.83, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.13–2.96), dependency in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) (HR=2.59, 95% CI=1.73–3.87), and previous falls (HR=1.71, 95% CI=1.08–2.72) were independently associated with injurious falls in women. Low systolic blood pressure (HR=1.96, 95% CI=1.04–3.71), impaired chair stands (HR=3.00, 95% CI=1.52–5.93), and previous falls (HR=2.81, 95% CI=1.32–5.97) were associated with injurious falls in men. Long‐term risk factors were underweight (HR=2.03, 95% CI=1.40–2.95), cognitive impairment (HR=1.49, 95% CI=1.08–2.06), fall‐risk increasing drugs (HR=1.67, 95% CI=1.27–2.20 for ≥2 drugs), and IADL dependency (HR=1.58, 95% CI=1.32–5.97) for women and smoking (HR=1.71, 95% CI=1.03–2.84), heart disease (HR=2.20, 95% CI=1.5–3.24), impaired balance (HR=1.68, 95% CI=1.08–2.62), and a previous fall (HR=3.61, 95% CI=1.98–6.61) for men.

CONCLUSION

Men and women have different fall risk profiles, and these differences should be considered when developing preventive strategies. Some risk factors were more strongly predictive of injurious falls over shorter than longer periods and vice versa, suggesting that it may be possible to identify older men and women at short‐ and long‐term risk of injurious falls. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:246–253, 2019.
The prevalence and general health status of people with intellectual disabilities and autism co‐occurring together: a total population study
Authors: Dunn K. , Rydzewska E. , MacIntyre C. , Rintoul J. , Cooper S.‐A.
Published: November 2018

Background

Little is known about the population prevalence of co‐occurring intellectual disabilities and autism, and its impact on general health status. The study aimed to investigate this, in comparison with the general population.

Method

Whole country data from Scotland's Census, 2011, were analysed. Descriptive statistics were generated; chi‐squared tests were undertaken; and logistic regressions were undertaken both with the whole general population data, adjusted for age and gender, and within the population with co‐occurring intellectual disabilities and autism.

Results

A total of 5709/5 295 403 (1.08/1000) people had co‐occurring intellectual disabilities and autism; 2.58/1000 children/young people and 0.74/1000 adults. The peak reported prevalence was at age 10 years (3.78/1000); 66.0% were male. Their general health status was substantially poorer than for the rest of the population, more so for children/young people, and they had more limitations in their day‐to‐day activities. Co‐occurring intellectual disabilities and autism had odds ratio = 48.8 (45.0–53.0) in statistically predicting poor health.

Conclusion

This is the first study to report the population prevalence of coexisting intellectual disabilities and autism, and the substantial influence this double disadvantage has on general health status, apparent across the entire life course. This highlights a group in need of wider recognition for whom resources should be focused on and planned for, informed by evidence. Staff in services for people with either of these conditions need to be trained, equipped, resourced and prepared to address the challenge of working for people with this duality. This is essential, to address these substantial health inequalities.
Early Neonatal, Neonatal, and Infantile Mortality Risk by Birth Weight and Gestational Age
Authors: Sato Akira , Suzuki Masakuni , Endo Chikara , Sato Masumi , Yamaguchi Yu , Yokaichiya Takashi , Kawazoe Yoshiyuki
Published: November 2018

We analysed 61,662 live‐born infants in Miyagi prefecture, Japan, during the period of July 1979 to June 1981 in order to draw the contour lines of early neonatal, neonatal, and infantile mortality rates. The total live‐births were classified by birth weight and gestational age, dividing birth weight into 200 gm groups for each week of gestation. The number of live‐births was largest in the block of 40 weeks and 3,200–3,399 gm (3,793 cases; 6.2%). First, we investigated the number of early neonatal deaths classified according to birth weight and gestational age. Early neonatal mortality risk was estimated in each block classified by birth weight and gestational age and contour lines of early neonatal death rates were drawn using the ACOS 1000 computer system of the Tohoku University. By this analysis the lowest mortality rate is expected for the infants born at 39.93 weeks of gestation with 3,567 gm of birth weight. The same method has also been applied to the neonatal and infantile mortality risks, and similar contour lines have been determined for these cases. Using these charts, we can estimate the prognosis of an infant at its birth.
Open Direct Ultrasonography: A New Useful Diagnostic Method During Gynecologic Surgery
Authors: Igarashi Masao , Utsugi Toshio , Ibuki Yoshito , Ohwada Nobuo , Nako Jun-ichi , Nomura Shu-ichi
Published: November 2018

This study was undertaken to investigate whether direct ultrasonography upon the pelvic organs during gynecologic laparotomy can offer more detailed information than routine transabdominal ultrasonography. Open Direct Ultrasonography (ODU) used in 145 gynecologic operations, gave excellent or better images in endometrial cancer, uterine sarcoma, invasive mole, submucous and intramural myoma, bicornuate uterus, interstitial ectopic pregnancy and cervical cancer. In these diseases, ODU gave very useful information for determining the appropriate surgical modality. The scan image in ODU was also often better for ovarian tumors than routine transabdominal ultrasonography.
Ectopic Pregnancy and Fertility Control Measures
Authors: Palaniappan B. , Dhanalakshmi E. , Vadivu P.
Published: November 2018

In a retrospective study of 125 documented cases of ectopic pregnancies 20 were following some form of fertility control measures, the incidence being 16%. The incidence following tubal sterilisation surgery was about 12% (15 cases). The rest were following other measures like I.U.D., etc. There were no cases of ectopic pregnancy following laparoscopic sterilisation in this series. It is well known that ectopic pregnancy often occurs in women who have been infertile for several years. Fertility control measures seem to have some influence in increasing incidence of ectopic pregnancies in parous women. This new iatrogenic etiology should be kept in mind in the diagnosis in future.
Minimally invasive tissue access as a tool for delivering personalized medicine – with focus on oncology
Authors: Matikas A. , Foukakis T. , Bergh J.
Published: November 2018

Click here to view the Original article by Dr. Grankvist et al.
Molecular study of two distinct phytoplasma species associated with streak yellows of date palm in Iran
Authors: Ghayeb Zamharir Maryam , Eslahi Mohammad R.
Published: November 2018

A disease with symptoms similar to palm lethal yellowing was noticed in the early 2013 in Khuzestan Province (Iran) in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). Infected trees displaying symptoms of streak yellows and varied in the incidence and severity of yellowing. A study was initiated to determine whether phytoplasma was the causal agent. Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) methods using universal phytoplasma primers pairs R16mF1/mR1 and M1/M2 were employed to detect putative phytoplasma(s) associated with date palm trees. Nested PCR using universal primers revealed that 40 out of 53 trees were positive for phytoplasma while asymptomatic date palms from another location (controls) tested negative. RFLP analyses and DNA sequencing of 16S rDNA indicated that the presence of two different phytoplasmas most closely related to clover proliferation (CP) phytoplasma (group 16SrVI) and ash yellows (AY) phytoplasma (group 16SrVII). Sequence analysis confirmed that palm streak yellows phytoplasmas in each group were uniform and to be phylogenetically closest to “CandidatusP. fraxini” (MF374755) and “Ca. P. trifolii” isolate Rus‐CP361Fc1 (KX773529). Result of RFLP analysis of secA gene of positive samples using TruI and TaqI endonuclease is in agreement with rDNA analysis. On this basis, both strains were classified as members of subgroups 16SrVI‐A and 16SrVII‐A. This is the first report of a phytoplasma related to CP and AY phytoplasma causing date palm yellows disease symptoms.
Nasal planum reconstruction after tumour resection using a lip‐to‐nose flap in a dog
Authors: Zhang G. , Langova V. , Havlicek M.
Published: November 2018

Here we describe the use of a novel lip‐to‐nose flap technique for nasal planum reconstruction after tumour removal in a dog. A mast cell tumour involving the nasal planum was first resected by removing the roof and the wing of the left nasal vestibule. An interpolation subdermal plexus flap was derived from the left caudal lip with vascular contribution from the lateral nasal artery. This lip‐to‐nose flap was rotated into the defect via a bridging incision. The mucocutaneous junction of the lip was used to emulate the keratinised nasal planum and the buccal mucosa was sutured to be congruent with the mucosa of the vestibule. This resulted in the lip‐to‐nose flap successfully closing the surgical defect and giving an aesthetic appearance similar to the original nasal planum.
Comparison of florfenicol pharmacokinetics in Exopalaemon carinicauda at different temperatures and administration routes
Authors: Feng Yanyan , Zhai Qianqian , Wang Jiajia , Li Jitao , Li Jian
Published: November 2018

Florfenicol is a broad‐spectrum antibacterial drug. Exopalaemon carinicauda is important in the prawn aquaculture industry in China. Florfenicol pharmacokinetics in E. carinicauda were studied at different temperatures and via different routes of administration to provide a scientific basis for the rational use of drugs for E. carinicauda production. At water temperatures of 22 ± 0.4°C and 28 ± 0.3°C, after intramuscular (IM) injection and oral (per ora (PO)) administration of florfenicol at 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 30 mg/kg BW, respectively, the florfenicol concentration in the plasma, hepatopancreas, gills, muscles, and carapace of E. carinicauda was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. After IM injection at different temperatures, the metabolism of florfenicol in E. carinicauda conformed to a two‐compartment open model with zero‐order absorption. After PO administration, the metabolism of florfenicol in E. carinicauda was consistent with a two‐compartment open model with first‐order absorption. Using an identical administration route but different water temperatures, the metabolism of florfenicol in E. carinicauda was quite different. Overall, florfenicol was absorbed rapidly and distributed widely in E. carinicauda, but elimination was slow and the bioavailability was not high. A low temperature and PO administration resulted in a low elimination rate.
The Four Types of Priesthood in the New Testament: On Avoiding Confusions about What ‘Priesthood’ Means
Authors: Turner Geoffrey
Published: November 2018

Christian discourse tends to treat the concept of ‘priesthood’ univocally, so that ordained priests are seen to share the priesthood of Christ. But a careful reading of Hebrews shows clearly that the priesthood of Christ is unique to him. There are four (even five) types of priest in the New Testament and each of them is distinct and not to be confused.
Ministry in a Post-Religious Society: Can we do it at All?
Authors: McDade John
Published: November 2018

This paper considers some of the issues relating to Christian ministry in a cultural world that thinks of itself as post-religious. It builds upon some ideas of Simone Weil on forms of the implicit love of God (with particular attention to beauty and music), Karl Rahner's anthropology and the Christian doctrine of the creational relationship. It discusses the way Rousseau's bifurcation of religion into personal religiosity and a public civil religion is a template that the modern world seems to favour, making it difficult for Christian religion to find a place in liberal cultures of rights and tolerance. It ends by exploring Marilynne Robinson's suggestion that ‘people live profound lives’ and suggests that the virtues of hope and love might be signs of serious living in the absence of explicit religious belief.
Polyploidy as a mechanism for surviving global change
Authors: Sessa Emily B.
Published: November 2018

This article is a Commentary on Cai et al., 221: 565–576.
Between progress and obstacles in urban climate interdisciplinary studies and knowledge transfer to society
Authors: Hidalgo Julia , Lemonsu Aude , Masson Valéry
Published: November 2018

Cities modify their local climate, and at the same time they suffer from the local impacts of climate change. Our paper discusses the progress and obstacles in three active research topics that contribute to increasing the capability within the urban climate research community for transferring local climate knowledge to society. The first is linked to the production of urban surface descriptions useful for urban climate studies. The concept of local climate zones is now widely used to represent urban climate variability at the neighborhood scale. Land‐use, morphological, architectural, and social data are also needed, and those are being gathered using different approaches. The second is linked to the necessity for producing information directly connected to their effects on society. This requires a strong multidisciplinary approach, and nowadays impact studies are not limited to one dimension but instead cover multiple dimensions. The third is to transfer all this information to city practitioners, so that urban climate features are considered, among many other aspects, in city management. For urban planning, cartographic tools have been introduced to include urban climate diagnosis as well as recommendations for future urbanization.
Risks of excess iodine intake in Ghana: current situation, challenges, and lessons for the future
Authors: Abu Brenda A.Z. , Oldewage‐Theron Wilna , Aryeetey Richmond N.O.
Published: November 2018

In Ghana, iodine deficiency was first reported in 1994 among 33% of the population. A nationwide Universal Salt Iodization (USI) program plus other complementary interventions were subsequently implemented as a response. Our paper reviews the current risks of excess iodine status in Ghana and identifies policy and research gaps. A mixed methods review of 12 policies and institutional reports and 13 peer‐reviewed articles was complemented with consultations with 23 key informants (salt producers and distributors, food processors, regulatory agency officials, and healthcare providers) purposively sampled between May and August 2017. The findings show a strong policy environment indicated by regulations on food and salt fortification (Act 851), including the USI regulation. However, currently, only a third of Ghanaian households use adequately iodized salt. Recent evidence shows that voluntarily fortified processed foods (including condiments) supply a considerable amount of iodine to the food system. Limited biological impact data suggest possible household exposure to excessive dietary iodine (>15 parts per million). Currently, there is no systematic tracking of iodine content from fortified foods and other sources. Cross‐sectoral actions are needed to understand this situation better. Key research gap is the lack of comprehensive data on iodine content and intake from other sources in Ghana.
Role of cyclic and pseudo‐cyclic electron transport in response to dynamic light changes in Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Storti Mattia , Alboresi Alessandro , Gerotto Caterina , Aro Eva‐Mari , Finazzi Giovanni , Morosinotto Tomas
Published: November 2018

Photosynthetic organisms support cell metabolism by harvesting sunlight and driving the electron transport chain at the level of thylakoid membranes. Excitation energy and electron flow in the photosynthetic apparatus is continuously modulated in response to dynamic environmental conditions. Alternative electron flow around photosystem I plays a seminal role in this regulation contributing to photoprotection by mitigating overreduction of the electron carriers.

Different pathways of alternative electron flow coexist in the moss Physcomitrella patens, including cyclic electron flow mediated by the PGRL1/PGR5 complex and pseudo‐cyclic electron flow mediated by the flavodiiron proteins FLV. In this work, we generated P. patens plants carrying both pgrl1 and flva knock‐out mutations. A comparative analysis of the WT, pgrl1, flva, and pgrl1 flva lines suggests that cyclic and pseudo‐cyclic processes have a synergic role in the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport. However, although both contribute to photosystem I protection from overreduction by modulating electron flow following changes in environmental conditions, FLV activity is particularly relevant in the first seconds after a light change whereas PGRL1 has a major role upon sustained strong illumination.
Poor Quality of Data in Africa: What Are the Issues?
Authors: Kinyondo Abel , Pelizzo Riccardo
Published: November 2018

One of the problems that scholars encounter when conducting research is that data from Africa are poor. Indeed, they either do not exist in a complete sense or they are not of good quality in the sense of lacking validity and reliability. Using various sources of available data on corruption and tourism, we show that lack of quality data in Africa not only limits the continent’s ability to generate a pertinent body of knowledge but also prevents analysts from generating the evidence that policy makers need to make proper decisions in influencing the development of the continent. We go on to argue that the problem of data quality in Africa is due to the lack of research culture rather than just scarcity of resources, as argued in the literature. It is in this context that we advocate for inculcation of research culture in Africa for development of the continent.

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Workplace and Non‐workplace Pro‐environmental Behaviors: Empirical Evidence from Florida City Governments
Authors: Azhar Aisha , Yang Kaifeng
Published: November 2018

Public employees are expected to be good stewards of public resources and engage in pro‐environmental behaviors (PEBs). Using different categorizations of PEBs, this article examines whether public employees perform these PEBs in workplace and non‐workplace settings. The article further investigates how PEBs are influenced by salient characteristics of public organizations—that is, public service motivation (PSM) and civic participation categorized as civic engagement and cognitive engagement. Data were collected through a survey of public employees in two city governments in Florida. A structural equation model was employed to test the proposed model. Findings indicate that PSM has a positive influence on workplace PEBs and similar PEBs in the non‐workplace settings. Civic engagement has a positive influence on both workplace and non‐workplace PEBs. Barriers significantly moderate the effects of PSM and cognitive engagement on workplace and non‐workplace PEBs.
Policing alienated minorities in divided cities
Authors: Mentovich Avital , Ben‐Porat Guy , Levy Natalie , Goff Phillip A. , Tyler Tom
Published: November 2018

Minority groups frequently challenge the legitimacy of legal authorities, particularly the police. Without trust and legitimacy, the police encounter constant conflict and cannot function effectively. While past research has examined minorities’ perceptions of the police, national minorities provide an interesting and under‐investigated test case because of their inherent identity conflict with the state. The current research examines three factors to explain minority–majority disparities in views of the police: (i) police effectiveness and fairness; (ii) intergroup discrimination (termed relative deprivation in policing); and (iii) identification with the state. Findings from a survey of Jewish and Arab residents of nationally mixed neighborhoods in Israel (n = 394) suggest that while all of these factors account for minority–majority discrepancies in views of the police, perceptions of police fairness are particularly important. Furthermore, feelings of discrimination and low levels of identification with the state are less important than evaluations of fairness in explaining minorities’ negative perceptions of the police.