bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiological Imaging of Patients With Suspected Urinary Tract Stones: National Trends, Diagnoses, and Predictors
Authors: Westphalen Antonio C. , Hsia Renee Y. , Maselli Judith H. , Wang Ralph , Gonzales Ralph
Published: July 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:700–707 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Overutilization of computed tomography (CT) is a growing public health concern due to increasing health care costs and exposure to radiation; these must be weighed against the potential benefits of CT for improving diagnoses and treatment plans. The objective of this study was to determine the national trends of CT and ultrasound (US) utilization for assessment of suspected urolithiasis in emergency departments (EDs) and if these trends are accompanied by changes in diagnosis rates for urolithiasis or other significant disorders and hospitalization rates.

Methods:  This was a retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of ED visits from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) between 1996 and 2007. The authors determined the proportion of patient visits for flank or kidney pain receiving CT or US testing and calculated the diagnosis and hospitalization rates for urolithiasis and other significant disorders. Patient‐specific and hospital‐level variables associated with the use of CT were examined.

Results:  Utilization of CT to assess patients with suspected urolithiasis increased from 4.0% to 42.5% over the study period (p < 0.001). In contrast, the use of US remained low, at about 5%, until it decreased beginning in 2005 to 2007 to 2.4% (p = 0.01). The proportion of patients diagnosed with urolithiasis (approximately 18%, p = 0.55), with other significant diagnoses (p > 0.05), and admitted to the hospital (approximately 11%, p = 0.49) did not change significantly. The following characteristics were associated with a higher likelihood of receiving a CT scan: male sex (odd ratio [OR] = 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22 to 2.77), patients presenting with severe pain (OR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.14 to 7.65), and those triaged in 15 minutes or less (OR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.08 to 5.37). CT utilization was lower for patients presenting to rural hospitals (vs. urban areas; OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.61) and those managed by a nonphysician health care provider (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.53).

Conclusions:  From 1996 to 2007, there was a 10‐fold increase in the utilization of CT scan for patients with suspected kidney stone without an associated change in the proportion of diagnosis of kidney stone, diagnosis of significant alternate diagnoses, or admission to the hospital.
Nebulized Budesonide Added to Standard Pediatric Emergency Department Treatment of Acute Asthma: A Randomized, Double‐blind Trial
Authors: Upham Bryan D. , Mollen Cynthia J. , Scarfone Richard J. , Seiden Jeffrey , Chew Amber , Zorc Joseph J.
Published: July 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:665–673 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  The goal was to determine if adding inhaled budesonide to standard asthma therapy improves outcomes of pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute asthma.

Methods:  The authors conducted a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in a tertiary care, urban pediatric ED. Patients 2 to 18 years of age with moderate to severe acute asthma were randomized to receive either a single 2‐mg dose of budesonide inhalation suspension (BUD) or normal sterile saline (NSS) placebo, added to albuterol, ipratropium bromide (IB), and systemic corticosteroids (SCS). The primary outcome was the difference in median asthma scores between treatment groups at 2 hours. Secondary outcomes included differences in vital signs and hospitalization rates.

Results:  A total of 180 patients were enrolled. Treatment groups had similar baseline demographics, asthma scores, and vital signs. A total of 169 patients (88 BUD, 81 NSS) were assessed for the primary outcome. No significant difference was found between groups in the change in median asthma score at 2 hours (BUD –3, NSS –3, p = 0.64). Vital signs at 2 hours were also similar between groups. Fifty‐six children (62%) were admitted to the hospital in the BUD group and 55 (62%) in the NSS group (difference 0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = –14% to 14%). Neither multivariate adjustment nor planned subgroup analysis by inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) use prior to the ED significantly altered the results.

Conclusions:  For children 2 to 18 years of age treated in the ED for acute asthma, a single 2‐mg dose of budesonide added to standard therapy did not improve asthma severity scores or other short‐term ED‐based outcomes.
Paramedic Laryngoscopy in the Simulated Difficult Airway: Comparison of the Venner A.P. Advance and GlideScope Ranger Video Laryngoscopes
Authors: Butchart Angus G. , Tjen Christine , Garg Atul , Young Peter
Published: July 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:692–698 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  This study assesses intubation times and potential trauma with two new portable video laryngoscopes, the GlideScope Ranger (GSR) and the Venner A.P. Advance (APA), in a simulated difficult prehospital airway. The GSR has a hockey stick shape and is inserted by a different (midline) technique compared with direct laryngoscopy and requires the use of a stylet. The APA has a handle similar to a direct laryngoscope, but with an angulated difficult airway blade. The APA is designed to have an intuitive insertion technique somewhat similar to that of direct laryngoscopy (lateral tongue displacement) and has a guiding mechanism that foregoes the need for a stylet.

Methods:  Thirty qualified paramedics received a short demonstration of each device and were asked to intubate a modified Grade III difficult laryngoscopy mannequin in a random order (closed envelope technique). Optimal view and tracheal intubation times were recorded, and potential trauma assessed by the number of additional discrete forward advances and by visual analog scale (VAS). Direct laryngoscopy was used as a comparator. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for intubation times, optimal view times, percentage of glottis opening (POGO) seen, and objective trauma assessment. Student’s paired t‐test was used for subjective trauma assessment and a Bonferroni correction was used for the primary outcome measures.

Results:  Participants declared a median of 60 (range 20 to 300) previous intubations. Time to achieve optimal view between APA and GSR was not different (20 seconds vs. 19 seconds; p = 0.19), but tracheal intubation was significantly faster with the APA (25 seconds vs. 46 seconds; p < 0.0001). Intubation success was ultimately 97% in both groups. Participants judged subjective trauma to be less for the APA than GSR on a VAS (1.6 cm vs. 3.3 cm; p < 0.001). More than three additional forward advances were required in 43% of GSR and 0% of APA intubations.

Conclusions:  Following a brief demonstration to paramedics naïve to video laryngoscopy, the APA demonstrated earlier intubation, fewer additional discrete forward advances of the tube, and less participant‐judged subjective trauma when compared to the GSR in this simulation model.
Frequency of Prescription of Inhaled Corticosteroids to Children with Asthma in U.S. Emergency Departments
Authors: Garro Aris C. , Asnis Lisa , Merchant Roland C. , McQuaid Elizabeth L.
Published: July 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:767–770 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  This study examined how frequently inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are prescribed at discharge in U.S. emergency departments (EDs) for children presenting with asthma exacerbations.

Methods:  This was a secondary analysis of the 2005–2007 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) database for ED visits by children 2 to 21 years old with acute respiratory symptoms and a diagnosis of asthma exacerbation. The authors determined the proportion of visits with an ICS prescription at discharge, and the associations between demographic, clinical factors, and ICS prescriptions were analyzed using logistic regression.

Results:  Between 2005 and 2007, there were 2,288,874 estimated visits by children 2 to 21 years old to U.S. EDs with asthma exacerbations, and ICS were prescribed at discharge at 4.0% of these visits (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.4% to 5.5%). In the logistic regression model, ICS were more likely to be prescribed in the fall (adjusted odds ratio [OR] vs. spring 3.3; 95% CI = 1.0 to 11.0). Otherwise, there were no pertinent demographic or clinical factors associated with ICS prescription.

Conclusions:  Inhaled corticosteroids are infrequently prescribed for children with asthma at discharge from U.S. EDs. Other than the fall season, there are no identified demographic or clinical factors associated with the likelihood of ICS prescriptions. ED clinicians should consider interventions to increase ICS prescriptions for children with persistent asthma.
Relaciones de trabajo «con características chinas» y función de los sindicatos en China
Authors: ZHU Ying , WARNER Malcolm , FENG Tongqing
Published: July 2011

Los autores estudian la función de los sindicatos en el marco del empeño acometido por China de promover «una sociedad armoniosa», situando los cambios laborales y sindicales recientes en su perspectiva histórica. La política «de arriba abajo» que lleva a cabo la Federación de Sindicatos de China (ACFTU) es muy criticada y fomenta un clamor cada vez más vigoroso que surge desde la base y se ha plasmado en la proliferación de huelgas registrada en los últimos tiempos. Los autores explican que el nuevo papel de los sindicatos va acompañado de un sistema de relaciones de trabajo «con características chinas» que está arraigado institucionalmente en la República Popular.
Análisis de las relaciones laborales en China con un modelo sextapartito
Authors: MA Zhining
Published: July 2011

Los estudios sobre las relaciones laborales y la situación de los trabajadores en China han estado bastante estancados, debido en parte a que su evolución no se amolda bien al modelo tripartito clásico. Tras hacer unas breves consideraciones teóricas y resumir la historia de las relaciones laborales en el país, el autor propone un nuevo modelo sextapartito. Su propuesta se funda en una taxonomía de seis partes que tienen sus «características chinas» singulares: el Partido/Estado, la Federación de Sindicatos de China, las organizaciones de empresarios, los sindicatos de base, los empleadores y los trabajadores. Este modelo, sostiene el autor, permite entender mejor el vasto panorama de las relaciones laborales de este país y su desenvolvimiento.
Las carencias de los sindicatos de empresa de China afectan a la seguridad de la minería del carbón
Authors: LIU Chaojie
Published: July 2011

Los frecuentes accidentes acaecidos en la minería del carbón de China han revelado las lagunas jurídicas que impiden a los sindicatos de empresa ejercer con eficacia su cometido de defensa de la seguridad en el trabajo. Y esta carencia tiene consecuencias de mucho alcance. El autor defiende una modificación de la Ley Sindical que habilite a los trabajadores para fundar sindicatos verdaderos en las empresas. Hay que aclarar los procedimientos para hacerlo, excluir a los directivos superiores de los sindicatos—y de su dirección—, asegurar la independencia económica de los mismos, establecer salvaguardias para la elección y destitución de los cargos sindicales y reconocer el derecho a la huelga.
Investigation of new co‐factors in 49 patients with pyoderma gangrenosum
Authors: Al Ghazal Philipp , Körber Andreas , Klode Joachim , Dissemond Joachim
Published: July 2011

Background: Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, destructive, ulcerative neutrophilic dermatosis of unknown origin that has been investigated insufficiently in clinical studies. According to current textbooks, it is often associated with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases or other autoimmune disorders.

Patients and methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 49 patients with pyoderma gangrenosum.

Results: Our results showed that although only 6.1 % of patients had chronic inflammatory bowel disease, 22.4 % patients had a malignancy, 18.4 % had chronic renal insufficiency, and 42.8 % had anemia. A potentially relevant aspect that has received little attention is an association with endocrine diseases in 38.8 % of patients. 28.6 % of patients had diabetes. Given that 32.6 % of patients were obese, a potential association with metabolic syndrome may be considered as a possible new risk factor for pyoderma gangrenosum.

Conclusions: The clinical data from the present study are insufficient for drawing any firm conclusions. We did, however, observe an association between pyoderma gangrenosum and certain as yet unreported co‐factors, in particular metabolic syndrome. This should be considered in further studies.
Testosterone Reference Ranges in Normally Cycling Healthy Premenopausal Women
Authors: Braunstein G. D. , Reitz R. E. , Buch A. , Schnell D. , Caulfield M. P.
Published: July 2011

Introduction

At present, there are no well-accepted reference ranges for serum testosterone concentrations in women.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the reference ranges for serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in premenopausal women with normal menstrual cycles.

Methods

We measured serum total, free, and bioavailable testosterone and SHBG concentrations in 161 healthy, normally cycling women (18–49 years). Morning blood samples were collected during follicular, mid-cycle, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and analyzed using validated methods. Mean, median, and weighted average hormone levels across menstrual cycle phases as well as percentiles for a typical 30-year-old woman were determined.

Main Outcome Measures

Age-related serum levels of total, free, and bioavailable testosterone and SHBG levels in normally cycling premenopausal women.

Results

Serum testosterone concentrations exhibited an age-related decline, whereas SHBG remained relatively stable across studied age ranges. Reference ranges for total, free, and bioavailable testosterone and SHBG were established using 5th and 95th percentiles. The estimated 5th and 95th percentiles for a 30-year-old woman were: testosterone, 15–46 ng/dL (520–1595 pmol/L); free testosterone, 1.2–6.4 pg/mL (4.16–22.2 pmol/L); calculated free testosterone, 1.3–5.6 pg/mL (4.5–19.4 pmol/L); bioavailable testosterone, 1.12–7.62 ng/dL (38.8–264.21 pmol/L); and SHBG 18–86 nmol/L. The variations of hormones and SHBG across menstrual cycle were consistent with previous literature.

Conclusions

Reference ranges for free, total, and bioavailable testosterone and SHBG were established in premenopausal women using validated immunoassays and an adequate number of subjects consistent with recommendations by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The increase in testosterone in the mid-cycle period is relatively small compared with the overall variability, so these reference ranges can be applied irrespective of the day in the menstrual cycle the sample has been taken.
Characterization of a unique dihydropyrimidinone, ethyl 4-(4′-heptanoyloxyphenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-one-5-carboxylate, as an effective antithrombotic agent in a rat experimental model
Authors: Priya Nivedita , Singh Prabhjot , Bhatia Sumati , Medhi Bikash , Prasad Ashok K , Parmar Virinder S , Raj Hanumantharao G
Published: July 2011

Objectives

To evaluate the potential of a novel dihydropyrimidinone, ethyl 4-(4′-heptanoyloxyphenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-one-5-carboxylate (H-DHPM), as a calcium channel blocker, endowed with the ability to inhibit platelet aggregation effectively.

Methods

In-vitro and in-vivo studies were conducted for the determination of antiplatelet activity using adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen or thrombin as inducers. Calcium channel blocking activity and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity were monitored. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated prothrombotic conditions were developed in rats to study the efficacy of H-DHPM to suitably modulate the inflammatory mediators such as inducible NOS (iNOS) and tissue factor. The cGMP level and endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression were checked in aortic homogenate of LPS-challenged rats pretreated with H-DHPM. The effect of H-DHPM on FeCl3-induced thrombus formation in rats was examined.

Key findings

The concentrations of H-DHPM required to give 50% inhibition (IC50) of in-vitro platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen or thrombin were 98.2 ± 2.1, 74.5 ± 2.3 and 180.7 ± 3.4 µm, respectively. H-DHPM at a dose of 52.0 ± 0.02 mg/kg (133 µmol/kg) was found to optimally inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation in-vivo. The level of nitric oxide was found to be up to 9 ± 0.08-fold in H-DHPM-treated platelets in-vitro and 8.2 ± 0.05-fold in H-DHPM-pretreated rat platelets in-vivo compared with control. OH-DHPM, the parent compound was found to be ineffective both in-vitro and in-vivo. H-DHPM-pretreated rats were able to resist significantly the prothrombotic changes caused by LPS by blunting the expression of iNOS, tissue factor and diminishing the increased level of cGMP to normal. H-DHPM enhanced the eNOS expression in aorta of rats treated with LPS. H-DHPM displayed synergy with antiplatelet activity of aspirin even at lower doses. H-DHPM was found to inhibit the LPS-induced platelet aggregation in younger as well as older rats. H-DHPM exhibited the ability to markedly decrease FeCl3-induced thrombus formation in rats.

Conclusions

H-DHPM has the attributes of a promising potent antiplatelet candidate molecule that should attract further study. H-DHPM displayed antiplatelet activity both in vivo and in vitro, which was due partially by lowering the intraplatelet calcium concentration.
Antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds on human and murine melanoma cells in vitro
Authors: Hiwatashi Yoko , Tadokoro Hiroko , Henmi Kayo , Arai Mariko , Kaise Toshikazu , Tanaka Sachiko , Hirano Toshihiko
Published: July 2011

Objectives

For patients with advanced melanoma, no treatment options are available at present that provide either sufficient response rates or a significant prolongation of overall survival. The present study examines the effects of two inorganic and six organic arsenic compounds on cell proliferation and cell invasion of melanoma cells in vitro.

Methods

The effects of arsenic compounds on proliferation of human melanoma A375 cells and murine melanoma B16F10 cells were examined by MTT assay and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay, and the effects of the compounds on cell invasion were examined by the Boyden chamber invasion assay. The amounts of active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and pro-MMP-2 in the culture supernatant of A375 cells were determined by an MMP-2 activity assay system.

Key findings

Arsenate and arsenic trioxide (As2O3) inhibited the proliferation of A375 and B16F10 cells significantly at concentration ranges of 0.1–20 µg/ml (P < 0.001), while the organic compounds arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, dimethylarsinic acid, methylarsonic acid, tetramethylarsonium and trimethylarsine oxide did not show any inhibitory effects even at 20 µg/ml. Cell invasion of A375 and B16F10 cells through a layer of collagen IV was significantly inhibited by 0.1–20 µg/ml of arsenate or As2O3 (P < 0.05), while the organic compounds did not inhibit cell invasion. Arsenate or As2O3 at 0.2–10 µg/ml significantly inhibited the amount of active MMP-2 and pro-MMP-2 secreted into the A375 cell culture supernatant (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our findings show that the inorganic arsenic compounds arsenate and As2O3 inhibit cell proliferation and prevent the invasive properties of melanoma cells, possibly by decreasing MMP-2 production from the cells.
Heat Transfer and Film Cooling of Blade Tips and Endwalls
Authors: Naik S. , Georgakis C. , Hofer T. , Lengani D.
Published: July 2011

This paper investigates the flow, heat transfer, and film cooling effectiveness of advanced high pressure turbine blade tips and endwalls. Two blade tip configurations have been studied, including a full rim squealer and a partial squealer with leading edge and trailing edge cutouts. Both blade tip configurations have pressure side film cooling and cooling air extraction through dust holes, which are positioned along the airfoil camber line on the tip cavity floor. The investigated clearance gap and the blade tip geometry are typical of that commonly found in the high pressure turbine blades of heavy-duty gas turbines. Numerical studies and experimental investigations in a linear cascade have been conducted at a blade exit isentropic Mach number of 0.8 and a Reynolds number of 9×105. The influence of the coolant flow ejected from the tip dust holes and the tip pressure side film holes has also been investigated. Both the numerical and experimental results showed that there is a complex aerothermal interaction within the tip cavity and along the endwall. This was evident for both tip configurations. Although the global heat transfer and film cooling characteristics of both blade tip configurations were similar, there were distinct local differences. The partial squealer exhibited higher local film cooling effectiveness at the trailing edge but also low values at the leading edge. For both tip configurations, the highest heat transfer coefficients were located on the suction side rim within the midchord region. However, on the endwall, the highest heat transfer rates were located close to the pressure side rim and along most of the blade chord. Additionally, the numerical results also showed that the coolant ejected from the blade tip dust holes partially impinges onto the endwall.
Maneuvering and Vibrations Control of a Free-Floating Space Robot with Flexible Arms
Authors: Masoudi Ramin , Mahzoon Mojtaba
Published: July 2011

A free-floating space robot with four linkages, two flexible arms and a rigid end-effector that are mounted on a rigid spacecraft; is studied in this paper. The governing equations are derived using Kane’s method. The powerful tools of Kane’s approach in incorporating motion constraints have been applied in the dynamic model. By including the motion constraints in the kinematic and dynamic equations, a two way coupling between the spacecraft motion and manipulator motion is achieved. The assumed mode method is employed to express elastic displacements, except that the associated admissible functions are supplanted by quasicomparison functions. By a perturbation approach, the resulting nonlinear problem is separated into two sets of equations: one for rigid-body maneuvering of the robot and the other for elastic vibrations suppression and rigid-body perturbation control. The kinematic redundancy of the manipulator system is removed by exploiting the conservation of angular momentum law that makes the rigid manipulator system nonholonimic. Nonholonomic constraints, resulted from the nonintegrability of angular momentum, in association with equations obtained from conservation of linear momentum and direct differential kinematics generate a set of ordinary differential equations that govern the motion tracking of the robot. The digitalized linear quadratic regulator (LQR) with prescribed degree of stability is used as the feedback control scheme to suppress vibrations. A numerical example is presented to show the numerical preferences of using Kane’s method in deriving the equations of motion and also the efficacy of the control scheme. Acquiring a zero magnitude for spacecraft attitude control moment approves the free-floating behavior of the space robot in which considerable amount of energy is saved.
A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests
Authors: Pan Yude , Birdsey Richard A. , Fang Jingyun , Houghton Richard , Kauppi Pekka E. , Kurz Werner A. , Phillips Oliver L. , Shvidenko Anatoly , Lewis Simon L. , Canadell Josep G. , Ciais Philippe , Jackson Robert B. , Pacala Stephen W. , McGuire A. David , Piao Shilong , Rautiainen Aapo , Sitch Stephen , Hayes Daniel
Published: July 2011

Net average global annual uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide by forests was 1.1 petagrams of carbon, roughly one-sixth of fossil fuel emissions.
The Plant Cell Wall–Decomposing Machinery Underlies the Functional Diversity of Forest Fungi
Authors: Eastwood Daniel C. , Floudas Dimitrios , Binder Manfred , Majcherczyk Andrzej , Schneider Patrick , Aerts Andrea , Asiegbu Fred O. , Baker Scott E. , Barry Kerrie , Bendiksby Mika , Blumentritt Melanie , Coutinho Pedro M. , Cullen Dan , de Vries Ronald P. , Gathman Allen , Goodell Barry , Henrissat Bernard , Ihrmark Katarina , Kauserud Hävard , Kohler Annegret , LaButti Kurt , Lapidus Alla , Lavin José L. , Lee Yong-Hwan , Lindquist Erika , Lilly Walt , Lucas Susan , Morin Emmanuelle , Murat Claude , Oguiza José A. , Park Jongsun , Pisabarro Antonio G. , Riley Robert , Rosling Anna , Salamov Asaf , Schmidt Olaf , Schmutz Jeremy , Skrede Inger , Stenlid Jan , Wiebenga Ad , Xie Xinfeng , Kües Ursula , Hibbett David S. , Hoffmeister Dirk , Högberg Nils , Martin Francis , Grigoriev Igor V. , Watkinson Sarah C.
Published: July 2011

Comparative genomic analysis of “dry rot” fungus shows both convergent evolution and divergence among fungal decomposers.
Reduced Immune Response to Borrelia burgdorferi in the Absence of γδ T Cells
Authors: Shi Cuixia , Sahay Bikash , Russell Jennifer Q. , Fortner Karen A. , Hardin Nicholas , Sellati Timothy J. , Budd Ralph C.
Published: July 2011

Little is known regarding the function of γδ T cells, although they accumulate at sites of inflammation in infections and autoimmune disorders. We previously observed that γδ T cellsin vitroare activated byBorrelia burgdorferiin a TLR2-dependent manner. We now observe that the activated γδ T cells can in turn stimulate dendritic cellsin vitroto produce cytokines and chemokines that are important for the adaptive immune response. This suggested thatin vivoγδ T cells may assist in activating the adaptive immune response. We examined this possibilityin vivoand observed that γδ T cells are activated and expand in number duringBorreliainfection, and this was reduced in the absence of TLR2. Furthermore, in the absence of γδ T cells, there was a significantly blunted response of adaptive immunity, as reflected in reduced expansion of T and B cells and reduced serum levels of anti-Borreliaantibodies, cytokines, and chemokines. This paralleled a greaterBorreliaburden in γδ-deficient mice as well as more cardiac inflammation. These findings are consistent with a model of γδ T cells functioning to promote the adaptive immune response during infection.
Data weighting in statistical fisheries stock assessment models
Authors: Francis R.I.C. Chris
Published: July 2011

The conclusions drawn from fisheries stock assessment models can depend strongly on the relative weights assigned to different data sets. However, there is no consensus amongst practitioners as to the best approach to data weighting. From a discussion of some key questions concerning data weighting in stock assessment models, I draw three guiding principles: (i) do not let other data stop the model from fitting abundance data well; (ii) when weighting age or length composition data, allow for correlations; and (iii) do not down-weight abundance data because they may be unrepresentative. I propose an approach to data weighting based on these principles. Two factors that complicate this approach are that some decisions are inevitably subjective (which underlines the need for expert knowledge in stock assessment), and some technical problems are unresolved.
Spatial dimension and exploitation dynamics of local fishing grounds by fishers targeting several flatfish species
Authors: Rijnsdorp Adriaan D. , Poos Jan Jaap , Quirijns Floor J.
Published: July 2011

Patch exploitation dynamics, based on individual tow data, provided new insights into the fishing behavior of mixed fisheries. Fishing grounds were determined and their geometry quantified based on the proximity of tow positions. Tows were classified as being part of either searching, sampling, or exploitation behavior based on the intertow distance. Fishers can detect patches of flatfish on a scale of ∼25 nautical miles2. Catch rate during exploitation was 24%–36% above the catch rate while searching, and decreased at a rate of 20%·day–1. Once a patch was found, exploitation occurred until the catch rate dropped below a threshold level. The optimal giving-up catch rate was estimated based on the observed search time, catch rate decline, and range of fishing ground quality. The observed giving-up catch rate was 6%–11% higher than predicted by the marginal value theorem. The discrepancy between the observed and predicted patch leaving decision was consistent with the bias expected in an individual transferable quota (ITQ) management system. Our results provide a basis for interpreting vessel monitoring system (VMS) data and studying the interaction among fishers and between fishers and their resources at the appropriate time and spatial scale.
Effects of landscape variables and season on reference water chemistry of coastal marshes in eastern Georgian Bay
Authors: deCatanzaro Rachel , Chow-Fraser Patricia
Published: July 2011

We surveyed 34 marshes in relatively pristine Precambrian Shield catchments in Georgian Bay and related water chemistry to a suite of landscape-level variables, including characteristics of the marsh and its drainage basin. The first landscape principal component (explained 48% of variation) ordered marshes along a gradient with high values corresponding to marshes with large watersheds that contain extensive upstream wetland and that receive relatively high precipitation inputs. This axis was negatively related to specific conductivity, pH, nitrate nitrogen, and SO42– concentrations and positively related to total phosphorus, colour, suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen, and summer dissolved organic carbon. Stepwise regression models built using catchment- and marsh-level variables explained up to 64% of the variation in water chemistry variables. Average precipitation and snowmelt inputs to the catchments were first to enter the majority of models, alone explaining up to 43% of the variation (in the case of water colour), while drainage area alone explained 44% of the variation in pH. Concentrations of catchment-derived constituents in marshes were highest in spring, reflecting greater loadings from the watersheds, while ionic strength was highest during summer, reflecting increased contributions form other sources (i.e., lake water).
Coupling genetic and otolith trace element analyses to identify river-born fish with hatchery pedigrees in stocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations
Authors: Perrier Charles , Daverat Françoise , Evanno Guillaume , Pécheyran Christophe , Bagliniere Jean-Luc , Roussel Jean-Marc
Published: July 2011

This study combines otolith trace element and genetic analyses to explore the origin of individuals when hatchery-reared fish are released into wild populations. We sampled 90 juvenile Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in four rivers in Normandy (France) and in the hatchery stock. Individuals were analyzed at six microsatellite markers and their otolith elemental concentrations (14 elements) were measured using femto-second laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Wild populations were genetically differentiated from the hatchery strain (FST≈ 0.06). Significant differences in elemental concentrations were found among otoliths of juveniles from the four rivers and the hatchery, allowing the identification of their geographic origin (83%–100% correct assignment). Coupling genetic and trace element analyses on the same individuals provided formal evidence that hatchery-born juveniles released into the wild can migrate to the sea and return as adults to breed on natural spawning grounds. Their progeny have pure hatchery pedigrees but have otoliths typical of river-born juveniles, meaning that they can be mistaken for hatchery-raised juveniles if only genetic data are considered. The presence of hybrids also confirmed that individuals with hatchery pedigrees can breed with wild conspecifics.
A spatial model for fishery age-selection at the population level
Authors: Sampson David B. , Scott Robert D.
Published: July 2011

Different age classes do not generally experience the same rates of fishing mortality. The processes resulting in age- (or length-) selection operate at several scales. At the broadest scale, population-selection measures the age-specific probability of capture, while at the finest scale contact-selection describes the vulnerability of fish that encounter the fishing gear. Population-selectivity is the process most relevant to fish population dynamics and stock assessment, but it has received far less attention than processes operating at gear-specific scales. Despite wide recognition of the diverse shapes possible for population-selectivity, the processes determining these shapes are poorly understood. This paper develops a reasonably simple model of population-selectivity from a set of survival equations, coupled to allow movement between subpopulations, and explores the conditions necessary to produce different shaped population-selection curves. Important factors influencing the population-selectivity model are the gear-specific selection characteristics of the fleets, their effort levels relative to one another, the spatial distribution of fishing mortality, and the movement of fish between subpopulations. The model can generate quite complicated curves and has surprising properties. For example, under a wide variety of conditions, even though the same asymptotic gear-selectivity applies in all subpopulations, the overall population-selectivity will be dome-shaped unless fishing mortality is uniform across all subpopulations.
W-PAIR PRODUCTION IN MODIFIED PERTURBATION THEORY
Authors: NEKRASOV M. L.
Published: July 2011

We examine capabilities of the modified perturbation theory (MPT) for description of the processes with productions and decays of fundamental unstable particles. We calculate total cross-section for e+e- → γ, Z → W+W- → 4f in a model with the Dyson-resummed and with the MPT-expanded up to the NNLO Breit–Wigner factors, and compare the outcomes. At the ILC energies a coincidence of the outcomes is detected with precision better than one per-mille.
PAIR PRODUCTION OF TAU SNEUTRINOS AT LINEAR COLLIDERS
Authors: ARI V. , ÇAKIR O.
Published: July 2011

The pair production of tau sneutrinos in e+e- collisions and their subsequent decays are studied in a framework of the supersymmetric extension of the standard model. We present an analysis for the parameter space (branching versus mass) with the beam polarization capability. The tau sneutrino can be observed up to a mass of 1 TeV if the branching is around 0.35 at the linear collider with [Formula: see text] and integrated luminosity of 1 ab-1.
COMPACT SYSTEMS WITH DC3 PAIRS
Authors: FAN QINJIE , LIAO GONGFU , WANG HUI
Published: July 2011

By introducing the concept of distributively nonwandering set, we gave a necessary condition for a compact system to have DC3 pairs. As an application of the result, it was proved that any nonprimitive constant-length substitution subshift on two symbols contains no DC3 pairs.
THE GROWTH OF MATTER PERTURBATIONS IN f(T) GRAVITY
Authors: FU XIANGYUN , WU PUXUN , YU HONGWEI
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we study the growth index of matter density perturbations for the power law model in f(T) gravity. Using the parametrization γ(z) = γ0+ γ1(z/1 + z) for the growth index, which approximates the real evolution of γ(z) very well, and the observational data of the growth factor, we find that, at the 1σ confidence level, the power law model in f(T) gravity is consistent with the observations, since the obtained theoretical values of γ0and γ1are in the allowed region.
MODELING H1N1 FLU EPIDEMIC WITH CONTACT TRACING AND QUARANTINE
Authors: AGARWAL MANJU , BHADAURIA ARCHANA S.
Published: July 2011

A nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to study the dynamics of 2009 H1N1 flu epidemic in a homogeneous population with constant immigration of susceptibles. The effect of contact tracing and quarantine (isolation) strategies in reducing the spread of H1N1 flu is incorporated. The model monitors the dynamics of five sub-populations (classes), namely susceptible with high infection risk, susceptible with reduction of infection risk, infective, quarantined and recovered individuals. The model analysis includes the determination of equilibrium points and carrying out their stability analysis in terms of the threshold parameter R0. Moreover, the numerical simulation of the proposed model is also performed by using fourth order Runge–Kutta method along with the sensitivity analysis of the endemic equilibrium point. The analysis and numerical simulation results demonstrate that the maximum implementation of contact tracing and quarantine strategies help in reducing endemic infective class size and hence act as effective intervention strategy to control the disease. This gives a theoretical interpretation to the practical experiences that the early contact tracing and quarantine strategies are critically important to control the outbreak of epidemics.
Inhibitory effects of desvenlafaxine on gastric slow waves, antral contractions, and gastric accommodation mediated via the sympathetic mechanism in dogs
Authors: Dai Fei , Lei Yong , Chen Jiande D. Z.
Published: July 2011

Desvenlafaxine succinate (DVS; Pristiq) is a new antidepressant, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Antidepressants have been widely used for the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Possible roles of DVS on gastrointestinal motility have not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DVS on gastric slow waves (GSW), antral contractions, and gastric accommodation in dogs. Fifteen healthy dogs implanted with gastric serosal electrodes and a gastric cannula were studied in four separate sessions: control, DVS (50 mg), propranolol (1 mg·kg−1·h−1), and propranolol + DVS. GSW were measured via the gastric serosal electrodes. Antral contractions were assessed via an intraluminal manometric catheter inserted via the gastric cannula. The sympathovagal activity was assessed from the spectral analysis of the heart rate variability signal. Gastric tone was measured by barostat via an intragastric balloon inserted into the fundus via the gastric cannula. In the postprandial period, in comparison with the control, DVS reduced the percentage of normal GSW ( P=0.001) and increased the percentage of tachygastria ( P=0.005) and bradygastria ( P=0.002). Simultaneously, DVS increased the sympathetic activity ( P=0.006) and the sympathovagal ratio (low frequency/high frequency; P=0.044). These effects were blocked by propranolol. DVS attenuated postprandial antral contractions and gastric accommodation. The postprandial antral contractile index (area under the curve) was decreased by 26% with DVS ( P=0.013), and gastric accommodation was decreased by about 50% with DVS ( P < 0.001). The inhibitory effect of DVS on gastric accommodation was blocked by propranolol. DVS inhibits gastric contractions, slow waves, and accommodation in the fed state. These inhibitory effects are associated with an increased sympathetic modulation in the gastrointestinal system. Cautions should be made when DVS is used for treating patients with depression and gastric motility disorders.
Melatonin inhibits cholangiocyte hyperplasia in cholestatic rats by interaction with MT1 but not MT2 melatonin receptors
Authors: Renzi Anastasia , Glaser Shannon , DeMorrow Sharon , Mancinelli Romina , Meng Fanyin , Franchitto Antonio , Venter Julie , White Mellanie , Francis Heather , Han Yuyan , Alvaro Domenico , Gaudio Eugenio , Carpino Guido , Ueno Yoshiyuki , Onori Paolo , Alpini Gianfranco
Published: July 2011

In bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats, large cholangiocytes proliferate by activation of cAMP-dependent signaling. Melatonin, which is secreted from pineal gland as well as extrapineal tissues, regulates cell mitosis by interacting with melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) modulating cAMP and clock genes. In the liver, melatonin suppresses oxidative damage and ameliorates fibrosis. No information exists regarding the role of melatonin in the regulation of biliary hyperplasia. We evaluated the mechanisms of action by which melatonin regulates the growth of cholangiocytes. In normal and BDL rats, we determined the hepatic distribution of MT1, MT2, and the clock genes, CLOCK, BMAL1, CRY1, and PER1. Normal and BDL (immediately after BDL) rats were treated in vivo with melatonin before evaluating 1) serum levels of melatonin, bilirubin, and transaminases; 2) intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM) in liver sections; and 3) the expression of MT1 and MT2, clock genes, and PKA phosphorylation. In vitro, large cholangiocytes were stimulated with melatonin in the absence/presence of luzindole (MT1/MT2 antagonist) and 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin (MT2 antagonist) before evaluating cell proliferation, cAMP levels, and PKA phosphorylation. Cholangiocytes express MT1 and MT2, CLOCK, BMAL1, CRY1, and PER1 that were all upregulated following BDL. Administration of melatonin to BDL rats decreased IBDM, serum bilirubin and transaminases levels, the expression of all clock genes, cAMP levels, and PKA phosphorylation in cholangiocytes. In vitro, melatonin decreased the proliferation, cAMP levels, and PKA phosphorylation, decreases that were blocked by luzindole. Melatonin may be important in the management of biliary hyperplasia in human cholangiopathies.
Aging alters the contribution of nitric oxide to regional muscle hemodynamic control at rest and during exercise in rats
Authors: Hirai Daniel M. , Copp Steven W. , Hageman K. Sue , Poole David C. , Musch Timothy I.
Published: July 2011

Advanced age is associated with altered skeletal muscle hemodynamic control during the transition from rest to exercise. This study investigated the effects of aging on the functional role of nitric oxide (NO) in regulating total, inter-, and intramuscular hindlimb hemodynamic control at rest and during submaximal whole body exercise. We tested the hypothesis that NO synthase inhibition ( NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, l-NAME; 10 mg/kg) would result in attenuated reductions in vascular conductance (VC) primarily in oxidative muscles in old compared with young rats. Total and regional hindlimb muscle VCs were determined via radiolabeled microspheres at rest and during treadmill running (20 m/min, 5% grade) in nine young (6–8 mo) and seven old (27–29 mo) male Fisher 344 × Brown Norway rats. At rest, l-NAME increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) significantly by ∼17% and 21% in young and old rats, respectively. During exercise, l-NAME increased MAP significantly by ∼13% and 19% in young and old rats, respectively. Compared with young rats, l-NAME administration in old rats evoked attenuated reductions in 1) total hindlimb VC during exercise (i.e., down by ∼23% in old vs. 43% in young rats; P < 0.05), and 2) VC in predominantly oxidative muscles both at rest and during exercise ( P < 0.05). Our results indicate that the dependency of highly oxidative muscles on NO-mediated vasodilation is markedly diminished, and therefore mechanisms other than NO-mediated vasodilation control the bulk of the increase in skeletal muscle VC during the transition from rest to exercise in old rats. Reduced NO contribution to vasomotor control with advanced age is associated with blood flow redistribution from highly oxidative to glycolytic muscles during exercise.
Type 2 Diabetes and Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Cheng D. , Noble J. , Tang M.X. , Schupf N. , Mayeux R. , Luchsinger J.A.
Published: July 2011

Background/Aims: To confirm in a cohort recruited in 1999–2001 our finding in a cohort recruited in 1992–1994 relating type 2 diabetes (T2D) to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). Methods: Participants were 1,488 persons aged 65 years and older without dementia at baseline from New York City. T2D was ascertained by self-report. Dementia and LOAD were ascertained by standard research procedures. Proportional hazard regression was used for analyses relating T2D and LOAD. Results: The prevalence of T2D was 17%. There were 161 cases of dementia and 149 cases of LOAD. T2D was related to dementia (hazard ratio = 1.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.4–2.9) and LOAD (1.6; 1.0–2.6) after adjustment for age, sex, education, ethnic group and apolipoprotein E Ε4. This association was weaker when only AD – excluding cases of mixed dementia – was considered (hazard ratio = 1.3; 95% confidence interval = 0.8–2.2). Conclusion: T2D is associated with LOAD. Cerebrovascular disease may be an important mediator.
Population Differences and Acoustic Stability in Male Songs of Wild Western Black Crested Gibbons (Nomascus concolor) in Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan
Authors: Fan Peng-Fei , Xiao Wen , Feng Jun-Juan , Scott Matthew B.
Published: July 2011

Population differences and acoustic stability in male songs of the western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, were investigated using data collected over 4 years. Detectable vocal differences were found between the western and eastern populations within Mt. Wuliang. Discriminant functions calculated using the phrases recorded in 2007–2008 correctly classified phrases recorded in 2009, and discriminant functions produced from phrases recorded in 2007–2009 could correctly classify phrases recorded in 2010 for 4 of 5 males. Results showed that the male songs of western black crested gibbons remain relatively stable over years. In light of the acoustic individuality in male songs of this gibbon species, which has recently been proved, and the acoustic stability shown in this research, we suggest that the song of male individuals may be useful in monitoring individuals or family groups of this species.
Advanced Malignant Lung Disease: What the Specialist Can Offer
Authors: Gompelmann D. , Eberhardt R. , Herth F.J.F.
Published: July 2011

Lung cancer is not only the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, but it is still the leading cause for cancer-related death. The 5-year survival for lung cancer in Europe and in the USA is totally 16%. Therefore, a palliative therapy regimen is required to control the disease and reduce symptoms with the objective of enhancing quality of life of lung cancer patients. In addition to chemotherapy that is still one of the most important pillars in the treatment of advanced lung cancer, further interventional strategies can be offered to improve a patient’s quality of life. A locoregional tumour progression is frequently associated with malignant pleural effusion or pericardial effusion, central airway obstruction, tracheo-oesophageal fistula, severe haemoptysis or superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome threatening life and necessitating urgent palliation. Recurrent pleural effusion causing dyspnoea can be managed by pleurodesis, serial thoracocentesis or insertion of an indwelling catheter. Symptomatic malignant pericardial effusion often requires an urgent pericardiocentesis. Furthermore, surgical procedures, instillation of sclerosing agents or local chemotherapy should be considered in refractory pericardial effusion. The therapy regimen of central airway stenosis includes mechanical and thermic endoscopic procedures providing rapid relief of symptoms. To prevent recurrence of airway obstruction, the insertion of a stent or palliative brachytherapy provide re-establishment of the patency of obstructed airways. Haemoptysis can be managed by bronchoscopic interventions as well as by arterial embolization or palliative thoracic radiotherapy. The therapy of SVC syndrome is dependent of histology. In small-cell lung cancer, chemotherapy is recommended. In non-small-cell lung cancer, stent insertion and/or radiotherapy are the therapeutic pillars.