bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Studies On Reduction of Nox Emission of Biodiesel Fuelled Engine Using A Novel Natural Additive
Authors: Natesan Kapilan , Reddy Rana Pratap , Ahmed Abu Saleh
Published: June 2021

The world’s energy demand increases because of increase in human population. The conventional fossil energy resources will be depleted and burning of these conventional fuels increases greenhouse gases and causes global warming. These problems can be overcome using renewable alternative energy resources such as biofuels. In recent years biodiesel is considered as a renewable alternative to the fossil diesel. The utilisation of biodiesel as a fuel in compression ignition engine results in lower CO, HC and Smoke emissions as the biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel. The major problem with the biodiesel is its higher NOx emission and different techniques were used to minimise NOx emission. The use of synthetic and nano-metal additives to the biodiesel may affect the environment and hence it is necessary to identify non-toxic, low cost, biodegradable, and sustainable additives to reduce the NOx emission. Hence an attempt was made to use clove oil as a natural additive for the honge oil biodiesel as it has better antioxidant property. The engine tests were conducted with various dosages of clove oil such as 1000 and 2000 ppm and the engine load were increased with an increment of 25% up to full load. The addition of clove oil to the honge oil biodiesel significantly affects the engine NOx and clove oil can be substituted as an additive to reduce the NOx emission of the biodiesel fuelled CI engine and without altering the engine hardware. The clove oil enhances the oxidation stability of the honge oil biodiesel.
Quality of Life After Definitive Linac Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: Longitudinal Study
Authors: Yamashita Hideomi , Ogita Mami , Sawayanagi Subaru , Nozawa Yuki , Abe Osamu
Published: June 2021

Prostate cancer represents the second most common malignancy in the world and majority of patients have diagnosis of localized disease. We examined quality of life after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for prostate cancer. We included patients treated between 2016 and 2020. Inclusion criteria were: adenocarcinoma of the prostate; class risks low, intermediate, and high; WHO performance status 0-2. QoL was measured using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Prostate (FACT-P). 439 patients were included, treated with SBRT. Median age was 73. Median follow-up was 34 months. FACT P-TOI (p < 0.0001), FACT G Total (p = 0.0003), and FACT P-total (p < 0.0001) declined at 1 month after the last SBRT, then recovered, and returned to the same level as before treatment at 3-4 month. The decrease in QoL at the first month was particularly remarkable in patients who received long-term hormone injections (36% patients). One month after the end of SBRT, about 22% patients were "quite a bit” or more in trouble with any side effect. We showed the longitudinal changes of quality of life by FACT-P after SBRT for prostate cancer. Prostate SBRT appears to be overall well tolerated.
Effects of Lead Exposure on Blood Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy of Mice
Authors: Yang Binying , Xu Jia , Hu Shao , You Boning , Ma Qing
Published: June 2021

Background: Lead is a nonessential heavy metal, which can inhibit heme synthesis and has significant cytotoxic effects. Nevertheless, its effect on the electrical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) remains unclear. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the electrical properties and the electrophysiological mechanism of lead exposure in mouse blood using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Methods: AC impedance method was used to measure the electrical impedance of healthy and lead exposure blood of mice in 0.01-100 MHz frequency range. Data characteristic of the impedance spectrum, Bodes plot, Nyquist plot and Nichols plot, and three elements equivalent circuit model were used to explicitly analyze the differences in amplitude-frequency, phase-frequency, and the frequency characteristic of blood in electrical impedance properties. Results: Compared with the healthy blood in control mice, the changes in blood exposed to lead was as follows: (I) the hematocrit decreased; (II) the amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics of electrical impedance decreased; (III) the characteristic frequencies ( f 0 ) were significantly increased; (IV) the electrical impedance of plasma, erythrocyte membrane, and hemoglobin decreased, while the conductivity increased. Conclusion: Therefore, EIS can be used as an effective method to monitor blood and RBCs abnormalities caused by lead-exposure.
Three New Species of Cortinarius From Kashmir Himalayan Coniferous Forests Based On Morphological And Molecular Evidence
Authors: Ahmed Sheikh Sajad , Reshi Zafar A. , Jan Bushra , Andrabi Khurshid I.
Published: June 2021

Cortinarius is the largest genus of mushroom forming fungi with several subgenera having ectomycorrhizal associations with coniferous trees and other plants. In view of limited studies on this speciose genus from the Himalayan region, a morpho-molecular phylogenetic approach was employed to study this taxon. Phylogenetic analysis and Bayesian inference of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode) separated these sequences along with the identical sequences from Gene bank into three distinct clads with high bootstrap values suggesting the possibility of new taxa. The new species were found to possess some diagnostic features that separated them from other closely related species in each section. Based on our study in the Kashmir Himalayan forests, we report three new species of Cortinarius from the Indian subcontinent. The identified species, C. cibum, C. neocephalixus, and C. nigricans belong to subgenera Myxacium, Phlegmacium and Telamonia. A taxonomic description of morphological characters is also provided for each new taxon. This study marks the beginning in studying the Cortinarius genus in Kashmir Himalaya using a combination of nuc rDNA ITS barcode approach together with morphological characters and microscopic spore analysis. The current study will help in filling the knowledge gaps in the study of Cortinarius and will further enrich the public DNA database for ease of comparative studies throughout the world.
Effect of Early Return to Work After Laparoscopic Total Extraperitoneal Hernia Repair: a Retrospective Comparative Cohort Study
Authors: Tai Ting-En , Chou An-Chi , Lin Ching-Che , Wu Chih-Kuan , Tsai Yao-Chou
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThis study compares the outcomes of early and late return to work after laparoscopic total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TEP).MethodsBetween March 2008 and December 2019, we reviewed 506 cases who underwent laparoendoscopic total extraperitoneal hernia repair (TEP). Of these, 231 cases, who returned to work within one week after surgery, were classified as the early group, and 275 cases, who had no job or returned to work after longer than one week, were classified as the late group. Primary endpoint is inguinal hernia recurrence. Secondary endpoints were post-operative chronic inguinal pain, which is defined as persistent pain 6 months after operation, seroma formation, and modified medical outcome study (MOS) score. Results The two groups had comparable baseline characteristics, except the early group were younger (51±13.1 vs. 58.2±15.9, p<0.001) and had less constipation risk before operation (10.0% vs. 18.5%, p=0.006). The early return to work group did not increase inguinal hernia recurrence rate (1.7% versus 2.9%, p=0.386). Furthermore, the early group is associated with significant less chronic pain (4.8% versus 11.6%, p=0.006). There is no difference in post-operative seroma formation or MOS scores between early and late group.Conclusion Patients who underwent laparoscopic TEP hernia repair and returned to work within one week did not show increased hernia recurrence rate or complications. Besides, early return to work was associated with significant less chronic pain. Early return to work after TEP repair is safe and feasible. Patients are encouraged to return to work earlier after TEP.
Bacterial Tonsillitis and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles Among Children Within Five Years of Age At Hargeisa Group of Hospital, Somaliland: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Darod Hamda Hussein , Melese Addisu , Kibret Mulugeta , Mulu Wondemagegn
Published: June 2021

Background

Tonsillitis is the third most frequently diagnosed infection in the pediatrics age group around the world. It causes significant morbidity and loss of school attendance in children. The emergence of drug resistance in bacterial tonsillitis is getting higher every year. However, data on the drug resistance profiles of bacterial causes of tonsillitis among children within five years of age is not available in Somaliland.Therefore; this study determined the bacterial causes of tonsillitis and their antimicrobial resistance profiles among children within five years of age at Hargeisa Group of Hospital, Somaliland.
Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to July 2020. A total of 374 children within five years of age were included using convenient sampling method. Throat swabs were collected from children, processed and bacterial species were identified using standard bacteriological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility was done using disc diffusion method. Data on demographic variables and clinical profiles were collected using structured questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was computed to identify factors associated with bacterial tonsillitis. P-values < 0.05 were taken as statistically significant.
Results

The median age of children included in the study was 4 years. Overall, 120(32.1%)(95% CI 27.4–36.8%) of children had culture confirmed bacterial tonsillitis. Of them,23(19.2%) had mixed infections.The most frequent bacterial isolates were Streptococcus pyogenes 78(55%), Staphylococcus aureus 42 (29%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae 10(7%). Isolates revealed 83.3–100 % rate of resistance to ampicillin. S. aureus was resistant to clarithromycin (38%) while 60% of S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to gentamicin. The overall multidrug resistance (MDR) was 50.4% and 52.6% of S.pyogenes and 60% of S.pneumoniae were MDR. History of tonsillitis(AOR = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.06–0.21), difficulty of swallowing(AOR = 6.99; 95% CI = 3.56–13.73), weight loss (AOR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.186–0.597) and attending school (AOR = 2.98; 95% CI = 1.64–5.42) were found to be associated with tonsillitis among children within five years of age.
Conclusions

Bacterial tonsillitis with high degree of ampicillin resistance, mixed infections and MDR isolates are major concerns in children within five years of age at Hargeisa, Somaliland. Therefore, treatment of cases should be guided by regular culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to prevent disease consequences and critical drug resistance.
Comparative Proteomics of Rat Olfactory Bulb Reveal Insights Into Susceptibility and Resilience to Chronic-Stress-Induced Depression or Anxiety
Authors: Liu Dan , Cai Xiao , Wang Lixiang , Yi Faping , Liao Wei , Huang Rongzhong , Fang Chui , Chen Jin , Zhou Jian
Published: June 2021

As a main risk factor of both anxiety and depression, chronic stress can cause the abnormality of olfactory bulb (OB). However, the unique and common neurobiological underpinnings underlying the OB dysfunction of these two disorders are still poorly understood. Previously, we have built depression-susceptible (Dep-Sus), anxiety-susceptible (Anx-Sus) and insusceptible (Insus) groups through the use of a valid chronic mild stress (CMS) regime. To continuously explore the protein expression changes in these three groups, comparative quantitative proteomics analysis was conducted on the rat OB as crucial part of the olfactory system. Next, bioinformatics analyses were implemented whereas protein expressions were independently analyzed by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) or Western blot (WB). The OB-proteome analysis identified totally 133 differentially expressed proteins as a CMS response. These deregulated proteins were involved in multiple functions and significant pathways potentially correlated with phenotypes of maladaptive behavior of depression or anxiety as well as adaptive behavior, and hence might act as potential candidate protein targets. The subsequent PRM-based or WB-based analyses showed that changes in Nefl, Mtmr7 and Tk2; Prkaca, Coa3, Cox6c2, Lamc1 and Tubal3; and Pabpn1, Nme3, Sos1 and Lum were uniquely associated with Dep-Sus, Anx-Sus, and Insus groups, respectively. This suggested that the identical CMS differently impacted the olfactory protein regulation system. To sum up, our present data as a useful proteomics underpinning provided the common and distinct molecular insights into the biochemical understanding of OB dysfunction underlying susceptibility and resiliency to chronic-stress-induced anxiety or depression.
Characterization and In Vitro Assessment Of Three-Dimensional Extrusion Mg-Sr Codoped SiO2-Complexed Porous Micro-Hydroxyapatite Whisker Scaffolds For Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Li Chengyong , Yan Tingting , Lou Zhenkai , Jiang Zhimin , Shi Zhi , Chen Qinghua , Gong Zhiqiang , Wang Bing
Published: June 2021

Background Orthopedics has made great progress with the development of medical treatment; however, large bone defects are still great challenges for orthopedic surgeons. A good bone substitute that can be obtained through bone tissue engineering may be an effective treatment method. Artificial hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component of bones, but its applications are limited due to its fragility and lack of bone-active elements. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce its fragility and improve its biological activity. Methods In this study, we developed micro-hydroxyapatite whiskers (mHAws), which were doped with the essential trace active elements Mg2+ and Sr2+ through a low-temperature sintering technique, used silica complexes to improve the mechanical properties, and then manufactured the bionic porous scaffolds by extrusion molding and freeze-drying. Results Four types of scaffolds were obtained: mHAw-SiO2, Mg-doped mHAw-SiO2, Sr-doped mHAw-SiO2 and Mg-Sr-codoped mHAw-SiO2. These composite porous scaffolds have been suggested to have a sufficiently porous morphology with appropriate mechanical strength, are noncytotoxic, are able to support cell proliferation and spreading, and, more importantly, can promote the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. Conclusion Therefore, these doped scaffolds not only have physical and chemical properties suitable for bone tissue engineering, but also have higher osteogenic bioactivity, and can be possibly serve as potential bone repair material.
Unpacking Caesarean in Rural Bangladesh: Who, What, When and Where
Authors: Rahman Ahmed Ehsanur , Perkins Janet , Hossain Aniqa Tasnim , Banik Goutom , Jabeen Sabrina , Wall Steve , Arifeen Shams El
Published: June 2021

Background: Bangladesh has experienced an alarming increase in birth through caesarean. In this article, we unpack women’s interpretation on why they underwent caesarean, with whom they locate the proposition of the caesarean and when the decision was made in rural Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional household survey of 2,299 women in Kushtia district. Of these, 1,233 who gave birth through caesarean completed a supplementary questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to report caesarean rates which were disaggregated by sociodemographic characteristics and contact with the health services. We analysed women’s reported reasons for having caesarean, when the decision was taken and who proposed the intervention. Findings: Over half (54%) of women gave birth through caesarean. The proportion of caesareans was significantly higher among women with higher educational attainment, higher socioeconomic status, and increased antenatal care during pregnancy, particularly if this care was sought in private facilities (p<0.05). Women reported that health service providers primarily proposed the caesarean (73%), followed by family members (21%) and finally, the woman herself (6%). Regarding the reasons for caesarean, 34% of women reported non-medical reasons (convenience and avoidance of labour pain), and 66% mentioned medical reasons. Over half of the women reported that the decision to undergo a caesarean was taken on the day of birth. Conclusion: Women in rural Bangladesh often report avoidable reasons for caesarean. Better regulation of caesarean services in both public and private health services, as well as improved counselling of women regarding caesarean indications and its consequences, is recommended.
The Effect of Pharmacist Services on Patient Health Outcomes in a Low Middle-income Country: a Systematic Review
Authors: Ahmed Ali , Saqlain Muhammad , Tanveer Maria , Blebil Ali Qais , Dujaili Juman , Hasan Syed Shahzad
Published: June 2021

Background: The pharmacist's role is shifting from dispensing to bedside care, resulting in better patient health outcomes. However, pharmacist services on healthcare utilization in low- and middle-income countries such as Pakistan are unclear. As a result, we intend to conduct a systematic review of pharmacists' roles in improving Pakistani patients' health outcomes.Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHIL, and Cochrane Library for relevant articles published from inception to February 2021. Original studies investigating the therapeutic, humanistic, safety, and economic impact of pharmacists in Pakistani patients (hospitalized or outpatients) were selected. Two reviewers independently assessed the bias in studies, and mutual consensus resolved discrepancies. Results: The literature search found 751 articles from which ten studies were included; seven were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and three were observational studies. Three RCTs included were having a low risk of bias (ROB), two RCTs were having an unclear ROB, while two RCTs were having high ROB. Pharmacist interventions comprised one or more components like provision of education about the disease, medication adherence counselling, medication therapy management, and consultation with a physician regarding change of prescription. In most studies, pharmacists provided therapeutic care, followed by humanistic and safety outcomes with significant improvements. Intervention effect on cost-effectiveness and long-term outcomes were unclear.Conclusions: Positive but not always statistically significant pharmacist effects on therapeutic, humanistic, and safety outcomes have been reported. Therefore, the results favour adding on the benefit of pharmacist services but lack evidence of economic feasibility and long-term impact of pharmacist interventions.
Associations Between M235T Polymorphism in the AGT Gene and Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and A Meta-analysis
Authors: Kou Jun-Yan , Huang Jing
Published: June 2021

Background: We assessed the relationship between AGT gene M235T polymorphism and the susceptibility to cancer by performing an updated meta-analysis.Methods: This study retrospectively searched related articles in the electronic databases. Afterwards, we determined combined odds ratios (ORs) and related 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by the fixed- or random-effects model.Results: The present meta-analysis enrolled altogether 9 articles. On the whole, the relationship between AGT M235T polymorphism and the cancer risk was not significant among the entire population(TT vs MM:OR=1.28,95%CI=0.80-2.04;TM vs MM: OR=0.90, 95%CI = 0.53-1.52;Recessive model: OR= 1.13, 95%CI = 0.83-1.52; Dominant model: OR=0.93, 95%CI =0.55-1.57). But the relationship of AGT M235T polymorphism with the digestive cancer risk was significant upon subgroup analysis stratified according to cancer type (TT vs MM:OR=1.68,95%CI=1.11-2.54;TM vs MM: OR=1.34, 95%CI = 0.97-1.85;Recessive model: OR= 1.27, 95%CI = 0.95-1.70; Dominant model: OR=1.45, 95%CI =1.07-1.96).Conclusion: According to findings in the present meta-analysis, AGT M235T polymorphism may be possibly related to digestive cancer susceptibility.
Why are the Refugees Children Better Nourished than the Host? Findings from the Uganda’s Largest Refugee Settlement Bidi Bidi
Authors: Mandre Joseph , Kaindi Dasel Wambua Mulwa , Kogi-Makau Wambui
Published: June 2021

About 25.4 million people worldwide are living as refugees of whom 1.36 million are resident in Uganda. Uganda is the largest refugee host in Africa and third globally. The refugees in this study were from South Sudan. The burden of refugee’s presence on the host is rarely discussed by funding agencies. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional status of children in a refugee settlement and to elucidate the factors that contribute to poor nutritional status of the children in the settlement in order to illuminate strengths or weaknesses in the host population. A total of 340 mother-child dyads participated in this study. The study established an overall prevalence of 14.1% for underweight and a global acute malnutrition of 3.9% for the two groups (refugees 3.6%; host 4.1%) combined. It recorded stunting prevalence of 27.0% and 22.4% in the host and refugee populations, respectively. In ascending order, five factors contributed to poor nutritional status; household size (ORa=1.34, 1.92), episode of illness (wasting, stunting and underweight) (ORa=1.47, 1.49, 1.97), being a host (wasting and stunting) (ORa=1.81, 1.36) and lack of deworming (ORa=3.2, 2.13). Even though the host had relatively better nutrient intake, compared to the refugees, they were nutritionally worse off, as the refugee children had better nutritional status. Therefore, the host should be equally targeted for nutritional interventions. The government of Uganda should thereby formulate and enforce policy that allows the host to benefit equally from food relief during emergencies.
A Study on Health Utility Mapping Model of the Generalized Quality of Life Measurement Scale with Chinese Medicine Characteristics
Authors: peng CiYan , Chen Jing , Li Sini , Li JianHe , Peng LiuBao
Published: June 2021

Background and Objective: The lack of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-related health utility measurement tools has hindered the expansion and research of TCM in China. The Chinese Health Status (CHS) scale, a general health status assessment scale developed in conjunction with the TCM theory, finds wide applications in clinical practice; however, it cannot be directly used to measure the patient’s health state because it lacks a utility score system. Here, we developed a utility mapping model of the CHS Scale, based on the Chinese cultural background as well as the theory and connotation of TCM, to obtain the health utility values. This study provides a methodological basis for future research on the pharmacoeconomics of Chinese medicine using cost-utility analysis. Methods:Based on real data from medical institutions in Hunan, alternative mapping models from the CHS scale to the EQ-5D-3L were constructed using ordinary least squares, Tobit models, generalised linear models and quantile regression methods, and the mapping model with the best explanatory and predictive power was selected for further analysis. Results: The 1200 cases included in this study were randomly divided into the construction set and the validation set based on their size. In the construction set, 24 alternative models were constructed using four econometric methods and six model types. In the validation set, these 24 alternative models were evaluated using the following evaluation indexes: model fit superiority, mean absolute error, and root mean square error. The highest prediction accuracy was found for regression fitting with ordinary least squares and model 6. Spearman rank correlation test showed that the observed and predicted values in the high correlation, with indicators MAE = 0.0590, RMSE = 0.1045, ME = 4.64e-09, AE > 0.05 (37.83%), and AE > 0.1 (17.33%) were within the acceptable range and at a better level. Conclusions: The final mapping model predicted the utility values and were compared them with the observed values. The distributions were found to be similar, and the observed values were highly correlated with the predicted values in the medium. The fit was significantly accurate, acceptable and could be applied to the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of TCM in the future to obtain the health utility values of patients through the CHS mapping scale.
Fra-2 Overexpression Upregulates Pro-metastatic Cell-adhesion Molecules, Promotes Pulmonary Metastasis and Reduces Survival in a Spontaneous Xenograft Model of Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Arnold Sabrina , Kortland Jan , Maltseva Diana V. , Samatov Timur R. , Lezius Susanne , Tonevitsky Alexander G. , Milde-Langosch Karin , Wicklein Daniel , Schumacher Udo , Stürken Christine
Published: June 2021

Purpose:The transcription factor Fra-2 affects the invasive potential of breast cancer cells by dysregulating adhesion molecules in vitro. Previous results suggested that it upregulates the expression of E- and P-selectin ligands. Such selectin ligands are important members of the leukocyte adhesion cascade, which govern the adhesion and transmigration of cancer cells into the stroma of the host organ of metastasis. As so far, no in vivo data are available, this study was designed to elucidate the role of Fra-2 expression in a spontaneous breast cancer metastasis xenograft model. Methods:The effect of Fra-2 overexpression in two stable Fra-2 overexpressing clones of the human breast cancer cell line MDA MB231 on survival and metastatic load was studied after subcutaneous injection into scid and E- and P-selectin deficient scid mice.Results:Fra-2 overexpression lead to a significantly shorter overall survival and a higher amount of spontaneous lung metastases not only in scid mice, but also in E- and P-deficient mice, indicating that it regulates not only selectin ligands, but also selectin-independent adhesion processes. Conclusion:Thus, Fra-2 expression influences the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells by changing the expression of adhesion molecules, resulting in increased adherence to endothelial cells in a breast cancer xenograft model.
Trend Analysis of Hepatitis B and C Among Patients Visiting Health Facility of Tigrai, Ethiopia, 2014-2019
Authors: Legese Haftom , Berhe Brhane , Adhanom Gebre , Kahsay Tsega , Gebrewahd Aderajew , Gebremariam Guesh , Mardu Fitsum , Tesfay Kebede , Gebremedhin Haftay , Negash Hadush
Published: June 2021

Background: Hepatitis B and C viruses are the major public health concerns of the globe. The two hepatotropic viruses share common modes of transmission and their co-infection is common. Despite the provision of an effective prevention mechanism, the infections caused by these viruses’ remains a significant problem worldwide, particularly among the developing countries like Ethiopia.Methods: Institutional based retrospective study design was conducted from January 2014 to December 2019 from documented serology laboratory logbooks and patient charts at the serology laboratory of Adigrat general hospital, Tigrai, Ethiopia. The collected data were checked for completeness on daily based, coded, entered and cleaned using Epinfo version 7.1 and exported and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Binary logistic regression analysis and Chi-square test (X2) were used to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. The corresponding variables with P-value (P <0.05) with a 95% confidence interval were considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of 20935 clinically suspected specimens tested for hepatitis B and C viruses with total completeness of 20622 were included in this study with a total completeness 98.5%. The overall prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus was found to be 3.57 % (689/19,273) and 2.13% (30/1,405) respectively. The positivity rate of hepatitis B virus was 8.0% (106/1317) and 3.24% (583/17,956) among males and females respectively. Additionally, 2.49 %( 12/481) of males and 1.94% (18/924) females were positive for hepatitis C virus infection. The overall prevalence of co-infection for both hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus was 7.4% (4/54). Sex and age were significantly associated with hepatitis B and C virus infection. Conclusions: The overall prevalence of hepatitis B and C is low intermediate according to the WHO criteria. Both hepatitis B and C share similar routes of transmission and affects all age and male sex. Therefore, awareness creation of the community about the methods of transmission, education about prevention, and control of hepatitis B and C virus infection, improving coverage of youth-friendly services in the health facilities should be strengthened.
Don't Let Ultraviolet Hurt Your Eyes During SARS-CoV-2 Disinfection: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Zhong Liuxueying , Liu Rongjiao , Peng Jingyi , Shao Wanwen , Lin Xiaofeng , Lou Bingsheng , Zheng Yongxin
Published: June 2021

Purpose: A retrospective observational study was carried on to investigate whether UV lamp will increase the risk of eye damage by comparing the exposure factors leading to ultraviolet keratitis (UVK) during the epidemic of COVID-19 and the control group in 2019.Methods: Data on UVK patients with clear exposure histories and typical symptoms were gathered. The date acquisition refers to the most crucial period in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic (24 January to 29 February in 2020, crucial period for short) in China, while the equivalent control 37- day period in 2019 refers to the period from 4 February to 12 March (control group for short). The detailed information of UVK cases were gathered through questionnaire survey, including injury photosources, ultraviolet applications, onset locations. Results: This retrospective observational study of 81 patients revealed that the number of UVK cases during crucial period 1 was threefold higher (n=61 patients) than control group (n=20 patients). All cases who recorded injury photosources were injury by UV lamps during crucial period, while by UV lamps (61.54%) or welding (38.46%) during control group. There were more than 70% of UVK cases injured at home by household UV lamps during crucial period, while were 15.38% during control group. They are significant differences in UVK photosource and exposure location between 2 groups (P<0.001).Conclusion: Household UV lamp users should be informed about possible UVK risk and of relevant preventive measures. Government and media should guide people use household disinfection items rationally and safely.
Nisin Probiotic Prevents Periodontal Disease and Inflammation while Promoting Periodontal Regeneration and a Shift Toward a Healthy Microbiome/Virome
Authors: Kapila Yvonne , Gao Li , Kuraji Ryutaro , Zhang Martin Jinye , Martinez April , Kamarajan Pachiyappan , Le Charles , Zhan Ling , Ye Changchang , Range Helene , Sailani M. Reza
Published: June 2021

BackgroundDysbiosis of the oral microbiome mediates chronic periodontal disease, including its characteristic bone loss and host inflammatory response. Realignment of this microbial dysbiosis towards health may prevent disease. Treatment with antibiotics and probiotics can modulate the microbial, immunological, and clinical landscape of periodontal disease with some success. Antibacterial peptides or bacteriocins, such as nisin, and nisin-producing probiotics, Lactococcus lactis, have not been examined in this context, yet warrant further examination because of their biomedical benefits in eradicating biofilms and oral pathogenic bacteria, and modulation of immune mechanisms. The goal of this study was to examine the potential for nisin and a nisin-producing probiotic to abrogate periodontal bone loss and related inflammatory landscape while modulating the composition of the oral microbiome. ResultsA polymicrobial mouse model of periodontal disease was employed for this purpose. In a disease context, nisin and the nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis probiotic significantly decreased the levels of periodontal pathogens, alveolar bone loss, oral inflammatory host response, and host-antibody response to these pathogens. Surprisingly, nisin and/or the nisin-producing L. lactis probiotic also enhanced the number of gingival fibroblasts, periodontal ligament cells, and bone lining cells in response to the polymicrobial infection. Nisin and probiotic treatment significantly shifted the oral bacteriome and virome towards the healthy control state. This shift was characterized by a unique signature; health was associated with a Proteobacteria (Marinobacter sp. B9-2), whereas 3 retroviruses (Golden Hamster Intracisternal A-particle H18, Bat gammaretrovirus, and Porcine type C oncovirus) were associated with disease. Specific disease-associated microbial species were highly correlated with IL-6 levels. ConclusionsNisin’s ability to shift the oral microbiome towards health, mitigate oral disease and the host immune response, and promote a novel regenerative periodontal phenotype, addresses key aspects of the pathogenesis of the disease. These benefits may negate the systemic effects associated with periodontal disease and reveal a new biomedical application for nisin in regenerative medicine.
Bioactive Compounds from an Endophytic Fungi Nigrospora Aurantiaca
Authors: Safwan Safwan , Hsiao George , Lee Tzong-Huei , Lee Ching-Kuo
Published: June 2021

Background: Many groups of fungi live as an endophyte in plants . Endophytic fungi could produce the bioactive compounds which was new or know compounds. Various biological activities of bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi had been reported, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer. Chemical investigation and biological activities of bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi from Melaleuca leucadendra Linn. have not yet been reportedResults: One new compound, namely nigaurdiol (1), together with five known compounds, xyloketal K (2), bostrycin (3), deoxybostrycin (4), xylanthraquinone (5), and ergosterol (6), were isolated from the Melaleuca leucadendra Linn. associated fungal strain Nigrospora aurantiaca #TMU062. Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data and compared with literatures. All isolated compounds were evaluated for NO production inhibitory activity in LPS-activated microglial BV-2 cells. Conclusions: Compound 6 exhibited markedly inhibitory activities on NO production with IC50 values of 7.2 ± 1.4 µM and the survival of the cells was 90.8 ± 6.7% at the concentration of 10 µM.
International Adoption of Children with Special Needs in Spain
Authors: Lobo Alicia Hernanz , Berzosa Arantxa , Escolano Lucía , Muñoz Sara Pérez , Gerig Nathalia , Sainz Talía , Peña María José Mellado , Hortelano Milagros García López
Published: June 2021

International adoption has declined in recent years, although international adoption of children with special needs arises. We aim to describe our experience in international adoption of children with special needs and to analyze the concordance between the pathologies included in pre-adoption reports and the diagnosis made upon arrival. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study including internationally adopted children with special needs evaluated at the reference unit of La Paz University Hospital (Madrid) between 2016-2019. Epidemiological and clinical variables were collected from medical records, and pre-adoption reports were compared to established diagnoses following their evaluation and complementary tests. Fifty-seven children were included: 36.8% females, median of age: 27 months [IQR: 17-39], mostly coming from China (63.2%) and Vietnam (31.6%). The main pathologies described in the pre-adoption reports were hematological (22.6%) and neurological (24.6%). The initial diagnosis that motivated the international adoption via special needs was confirmed in 79.0% of the children. After evaluation, 17.5% were diagnosed with weight and growth delay and 27.4% with microcephaly, not previously reported. Infectious diseases were also prevalent (29.8%). Only 7% provided a complete immunization schedule. Conclusion: According to this series, the pre-adoption reports appear accurate, with a very low rate of new diagnosis. Pre-existing conditions were confirmed in over 75% of cases. Complete evaluation upon arrival, including infectious diseases screening and close follow-up, ideally by experienced multidisciplinary teams in specialized units, is recommended to provide comprehensive care.
Effect of BMP- 2, -4, and -7 on Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation in Cultured Human PDLSCs
Authors: Li Juedan , Wang Min , Cui Min , Chen Cheng , Cheng Zheng
Published: June 2021

Aim To investigate the effects of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 2, 4, and 7 on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Methods PDLSCs were isolated by an immunomagnetic method. Expression of cell surface antigens CD146, CD44, and CD34, and pluripotency (osteogenic and adipogenic) were measured. Cultured PDLSCs were treated, in dose- and time-dependent experiments, with single BMPs, with 1:1 combinations, and with a mix of all three BMPs (1:3 each). For dose-dependent experiments, PDLSCs were incubated for 12 d with media containing BMPs at 0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ng/ml. For time-dependent experiments, PDLSCs were treated with media containing 50 ng/ml BMPs for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 d. Cell growth and alkaline phosphatase activities were measured by MTT and an enzyme kit. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to detect osteogenic differentiation-related proteins, i.e., osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, collagen type I, and collagen type III. Results PDLSCs displayed CD146 (93%) and CD44 (91.2%) positive expression; CD34 (1.8%) showed negative expression. All cells exhibited osteogenic and adipogenic potential. The proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activities of PDLSCs treated with the aforesaid single and combined BMPs increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner; proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity were greater with the BMP combinations. Compared with the control group, the levels of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins increased markedly in PDLSCs treated with 50 ng/ml BMPs for 12 d, whereas no significant differences were observed between the different BMP treatments. Conclusion BMP-2, -4, and -7, singly and in combination, promoted development and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, and both cellular outcomes were more pronounced with BMP combinations.
Tidal Calibration of Multicomponent Borehole Strainmeters and Validation of the Method Using Surface Waves
Authors: Matsumoto Norio , Kamigaichi Osamu
Published: June 2021

We conducted in-situ calibration of fifteen multicomponent borehole strainmeters deployed in and around the expected focal zones of the Nankai megathrust earthquake. The in-situ calibration method compares tidal strain observed by the borehole strainmeters with predicted tidal strains from the solid Earth’s tide and oceanic tidal loading. Then we obtained a calibration matrix to transfer observed strain data to the regional strain field. We estimated the oceanic tidal loading accurately using a Green’s function, which takes the depth of deployment into consideration. We calculated four sets of calibration matrices using combinations of any three of a group of four gauges as well as a calibration matrix using all four gauges. The estimated calibration matrix was validated by comparing observed seismic strain waves after applying the calibration matrix with theoretical seismic strain waves excited by the 2010 Chile earthquake (Mw 8.8). The in-situ calibration was found to be appropriate for all eleven Ishii-type borehole strainmeters and for one of the four Gladwin Tensor Strainmeters (GTSMs). It was also effective with respect to two shear strains for two of the other three GTSMs.
Clinical, Financial and Social Impacts of COVID-19 and Their Associations with Mental Health for Mothers and Children Experiencing Adversity in Australia
Authors: Bryson Hannah , Mensah Fiona , Price Anna , Gold Lisa , Mudiyanselage Shalika Bohingamu , Kenny Bridget , Dakin Penelope , Bruce Tracey , Noble Kristy , Kemp Lynn , Goldfeld Sharon
Published: June 2021

Background

Australia has maintained low rates of SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) infection, due to geographic location and strict public health restrictions. However, the financial and social impacts of these restrictions can negatively affect parents’ and children’s mental health. Families who were already experiencing adversity before the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to be disproportionately affected. In an existing cohort of mothers recruited for their experience of adversity, this study examined: 1) families’ experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic and public health restrictions in terms of clinical exposure, changes to financial circumstances, financial hardship, family stress, and family resilience (termed ‘COVID-19 impacts’); and 2) associations between these COVID-19 impacts and maternal and child mental health.
Methods

Participants were mothers recruited during pregnancy (2013-14) across two Australian states (Victoria and Tasmania) for the ‘right@home’ trial. A COVID-19 survey was opportunistically conducted from May-December 2020, when children were 5.9–7.2 years old. Mothers reported COVID-19 impacts (drawn from the Coronavirus Health and Impact Survey (CRISIS), Australian Temperament Project, and Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey); their own mental health (Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales short-form) and their child’s mental health (CRISIS subscale). Associations between COVID-19 impacts and mental health were examined using regression models controlling for pre-COVID-19 characteristics.
Results

319/406 (79%) mothers completed the COVID-19 survey. Only one reported having had COVID-19. In contrast, self-quarantine (20%), financial changes (job/income loss (27%)) and family stress (e.g., difficulty managing children’s at-home learning (40%)) were high. Many mothers also reported family resilience (e.g., family found good ways of coping (49%)). COVID-19 impacts associated with poorer mental health (all standardised coefficients) included self-quarantine (mother: β = 0.48, child: β = 0.47), financial hardship or change (mother: β = 0.27, child: β = 0.37) and family stress (mother: β = 0.49, child: β = 0.73). Family resilience was associated with better mental health (mother: β=-0.39, child: β=-0.47).
Conclusions

The financial and social impacts of Australia’s public health restrictions have substantially affected families experiencing adversity, and their mental health. Unless these impacts are addressed, the inequities arising from adversity are likely to be exacerbated. To recover from COVID-19, policy investment should include income support and universal access to family health services.
Intestinal Mucosal Characteristic Flora in Diarrhea with Intestinal Dampness-Heat Syndrome
Authors: Li Xiaoya , Long Chengxing , Tan Zhoujin
Published: June 2021

Background

With the change of lifestyle and diet structure in our daily life, diarrhea with intestinal dampness-heat syndrome (IDHS) has become a multiple disease. Emerging evidence indicates that intestinal flora contributes to the occurrence and development of diarrhea. However, little is known about the effects of the intestinal mucosal characteristic flora and specific mechanism on diarrhea with IDHS. To evaluate the characteristic biomarkers role of intestinal mucosal flora in diarrhea with IDHS.
Results

Our study manifested that diarrhea with IDHS had the modulated effect on the diversity of intestinal mucosal flora, presented by the increasing Chao 1 and Observed species indexes and decreasing Simpson and Shannon indexes in the model group. The apparent dispersion between the control and model group indicated that diarrhea with IDHS altered the overall structure of the intestinal mucosal flora. The composition of the dominant bacteria was basically similar both at the phylum level and genus level before and after modelling, while the modeling led to change in the relative abundance of dominant bacteria at the species level, specially reflected in a significant decrease in the abundance of Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus salivarius in the model group.
Conclusions

To sum up, Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus salivarius could serve as potential biomarkers for diarrhea with IDHS of the intestinal mucosal flora in mice and the mechanism of diarrhea with IDHS might be attributed to the inhibition of the growth of Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus salivarius.
Differentiating T1a-T1b from T2 in Gastric Cancer Lesions with Three Different Measurement Approaches Based on Contrast-enhanced T1W Imaging at 3.0 Tesla
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Ren Shengnan , Wang Tiegong , Shen Fu , Hao Qiang , Lu Jianping
Published: June 2021

Background

To explore the diagnostic value of three different measurement approaches in differentiating T1a-T1b from T2 gastric cancer (GC) lesions.
Methods

A total of 95 consecutive patients who performed preoperative MRI with T1a-T2 stage were retrospectively enrolled between January 2017 and November 2020. The parameters MRI T stage (subjective evaluation), thickness, maximum area and volume of the lesions were evaluated by two radiologists. Specific indices including AUC, optimal cutoff (if required), sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of MRI T stage, thickness, maximum area and volume for differentiating T1a-T1b from T2 staged lesions were calculated. The ROC curves were compared by the Delong test. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the clinical benefit.
Results

The ROC curves for thickness (AUC = 0.926), maximum area (AUC = 0.902) and volume (AUC = 0.897) were all significantly better than those of the MRI T stage (AUC = 0.807) in differentiating T1a-T1b from T2 lesions, with p values of 0.004, 0.034 and 0.041, respectively. The values corresponding to the thickness (including AUC, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, NPV, PLR and NLR) were all higher than those corresponding to the MRI T stage, maximum area and volume. The DCA curves indicated that the parameter thickness could provide the highest clinical benefit if the threshold probability was above 35%.
Conclusions

Thickness may provide an efficient approach to rapidly distinguish T1a-T1b from T2 staged GC lesions.