bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tree-scale spatial variability of soil carbon cycling in a mature oil palm plantation
Authors: Goodrick Iain , Nelson Paul N. , Nake Steven , Webb Michael J. , Bird Michael I. , Huth Neil
Published: June 2016

Soil carbon fluxes are highly variable in space and time under tree crops such as oil palm, and attempts to model such fluxes must incorporate an understanding of this variability. In this work, we measured soil CO2 emission, root biomass and pruned frond deposition rates and calculated carbon fluxes into and out of the soil in a mature (20-year-old, second planting cycle) oil palm plantation in Papua New Guinea. Tree-scale spatial variability in CO2 emission and root biomass was quantified by making measurements on a 35-point trapezoid grid covering the 38.5-m2 repeating unit of the plantation (n = 4 grids). In order to obtain an overall mean soil CO2 emission rate within 5% of the most accurate estimate, ≥24 measurement points were required. Soil CO2 emissions were spatially correlated with calculated carbon inputs (r2 = 0.605, slope 1 : 1), but not with soil water content or temperature. However, outputs were higher than inputs at all locations, with a mean overall output of 7.24 µmol m–2 s–1 and input of 3.02 µmol m–2 s–1. Inputs related to fronds, roots and groundcover constituted 60%, 36% and 4% of estimated inputs, respectively. The spatial correlation of carbon inputs and outputs indicates that mineralisation rate is controlled mostly by the amount rather than the nature or input depth of the additions. The spatially uniform net carbon emission from soil may be due to inaccuracies in calculated fluxes (especially root-related inputs) or to non-biological emissions.
VgrG C terminus confers the type VI effector transport specificity and is required for binding with PAAR and adaptor–effector complex
Authors: Bondage Devanand D. , Lin Jer-Sheng , Ma Lay-Sun , Kuo Chih-Horng , Lai Erh-Min
Published: June 2016

Significance

The type VI secretion system involves multiple strategies for effector delivery via fusion or interaction of effectors to structural components of the phage tail-like structure, the tube component Hcp or spike protein VgrG. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying how diverse VgrG proteins govern effector delivery remains unclear. Here, we report that the divergent C-terminus of VgrG protein is the molecular determinant governing specific effector delivery and is required for interacting with a specific adaptor/chaperone protein that stabilizes and binds directly with the cognate effector. The striking conservation of genetic modules encoding homologous VgrG, a distinct set of potential adaptor/chaperone, and a specific effector in various Proteobacteria strongly suggest a conserved mechanism in type VI effector delivery.
Structural rearrangement of the intracellular domains during AMPA receptor activation
Authors: Zachariassen Linda G. , Katchan Ljudmila , Jensen Anna G. , Pickering Darryl S. , Plested Andrew J. R. , Kristensen Anders S.
Published: June 2016

Significance

α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) are the main excitatory receptors in the brain. Although neurotransmitter binding to AMPARs is well understood, knowledge regarding their activation mechanisms remains incomplete. We exploited genetic insertion of fluorescent proteins to create AMPARs displaying fluorescence resonance energy transfer and allow optical monitoring of conformational changes in the receptor. Ligand-driven conformational changes are observed to occur in two intracellular domains of the receptor that are distant from the extracellular site where glutamate binds. The C terminus extends laterally from the receptor and remains relatively close to the plasma membrane. By measuring the activation of receptors electrically and optically at the same time, this study reveals AMPAR conformational changes occurring during receptor state transitions for a region not resolved in structural studies.
A macroscopic H
+
and Cl
−
ions pump via reconstitution of EcClC membrane proteins in lipidic cubic mesophases
Authors: Speziale Chiara , Salvati Manni Livia , Manatschal Cristina , Landau Ehud M. , Mezzenga Raffaele
Published: June 2016

Significance

Membrane protein crystallization from lipidic cubic mesophases has recently revolutionized membrane structural biology, yielding several high-resolution X-ray structures over the past 2 decades. Reconstituted membrane proteins within lipidic cubic mesophases also play a decisive role in other areas of biology, nanotechnology, and drug delivery. Despite the implications in all these fields, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of membrane protein reconstitution within this complex environment is only at its infancy, and many questions remain unanswered. This work sheds a new light on the reconstitution mechanisms of ion transporters in lipidic cubic mesophases and illustrates how controlling the reconstitution at a macroscopic level leads to the design of new functional materials with unprecedented charge separation and transport properties.
Two-dimensional polyaniline (C
3
N) from carbonized organic single crystals in solid state
Authors: Mahmood Javeed , Lee Eun Kwang , Jung Minbok , Shin Dongbin , Choi Hyun-Jung , Seo Jeong-Min , Jung Sun-Min , Kim Dongwook , Li Feng , Lah Myoung Soo , Park Noejung , Shin Hyung-Joon , Oh Joon Hak , Baek Jong-Beom
Published: June 2016

Significance

Two-dimensional (2D) polyaniline (PANI) has been realized for the first time, to our knowledge, by direct solid-state reaction of organic single crystals. The 2D PANI framework consists of six nitrogen atoms that periodically surround a phenyl ring. Pristine 2D PANI (undoped) has electrical conductivity of 0.72 S/cm, which is 10
10
times higher than its linear analog (undoped, 6.28 × 10
−11
S/cm). When it is doped by hydrochloric acid (HCl), its conductivity jumps to almost 1,960 times (1.41 × 10
3
S/cm). Due to its highest conductivity among organic materials, we very strongly believe that this well-defined 2D PANI and its heterogeneity with C and N elements will open up a new research field of layered 2D materials beyond linear PANI and other organic/inorganic 2D materials.
The neurofibromin recruitment factor Spred1 binds to the GAP related domain without affecting Ras inactivation
Authors: Dunzendorfer-Matt Theresia , Mercado Ellen L. , Maly Karl , McCormick Frank , Scheffzek Klaus
Published: June 2016

Significance

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Legius syndrome (LS) are disorders characterized by deregulation of the Ras/MAPK pathway, which is central to a variety of cellular processes, including growth and differentiation. Both neurofibromin protein and Sprouty-related, EVH1 domain-containing protein 1 (Spred1) inhibit the Ras/MAPK pathway, and loss-of-function alterations in their encoding genes cause NF1 or LS, respectively. Such alterations are also often found in sporadic tumors unrelated to NF1 or LS. An earlier report described a cellular complex containing neurofibromin and Spred1; the details of these interactions remained unknown. Here we show that the EVH1 domain of Spred1 binds to the GTPase activating protein-related domain of neurofibromin without interfering with its catalytic activity. We further describe how a disease associated mutation in neurofibromin prevents Spred1 binding.
Adverse Effects of Marijuana Use
Authors: Feeney Kathleen E. , Kampman Kyle M.
Published: June 2016

Marijuana has consistently been reported as the most commonly used illicit substance in the United States each year. Currently, the legalization of marijuana is up for debate across the nation. While marijuana use is prevalent among the adolescent population, research has shown that there can be devastating effects on health and well-being. A review of the literature shows that marijuana use can have a negative impact on physical health, psychological well-being, and multiple psychosocial outcomes. Adolescents who used marijuana more frequently and began using marijuana at an earlier age experienced worse outcomes and long-lasting effects.

Lay Summary: This article reviews recent literature regarding adverse effects of marijuana use. Negative effects of marijuana use relating to physical health, psychological well-being, and outcomes such as academic performance are discussed, especially in relation to the adolescent population.
Ethical Aspects of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Transfer
Authors: Blesa José Rafael , Tudela Julio , Aznar Justo
Published: June 2016

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) (cloning), as a reproductive or therapeutic method, and mitochondrial DNA transfer, as a method to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial diseases, are analyzed in this paper from a bioethics perspective. The licit purpose of being able to treat certain diseases, as in the case of SCNT, cannot justify, in any case, resorting to illicit means such as the manipulation, selection, and elimination of human embryos in the blastocyst phase, by using cell lines obtained from them. Crossing this line paves the way (as utilitarian ethics advocates) to assuming any cost in scientific experimentation so long as satisfactory results are obtained. With mitochondrial replacement, either human embryos are directly manipulated (pronuclear transfer) or germline cells are manipulated (maternal spindle transfer); changes in these could be transmitted to the offspring.

Lay Summary: This article analyzes somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) and mitochondrial DNA transfer techniques, in both reproductive and therapeutic applications, and preventive methods in the transmission of mitochondrial diseases, from a bioethical perspective. The manipulation, selection, and elimination of human embryos delimits the ethical acceptability of these promising techniques.
Education for citizenship in South Australian public schools: a pilot study of senior leader and teacher perceptions
Authors: Peterson Andrew , Bentley Brendan
Published: June 2016

Preparing students for informed and active citizenship is a core goal of education and schooling in Australia. The ways schools educate and prepare young Australians for citizenship involves a range of processes and initiatives central to the work of schools, including school ethos, mission, extracurricular activities and community‐based participation. With regard to the formal curriculum, the recent introduction and implementation of the first ever Federal Australian Curriculum includes provision for a new subject – Civics and Citizenship. Research evidence from other nations suggests that schools understand, approach and enact education for citizenship in a multitude of ways, yet how Australian schools construct this aspect of their work is currently under‐researched. In this context, and drawing on data from interviews with school leaders and teachers of Years 6–8 (11–14 year olds) students in a small sample of South Australian primary and secondary schools, we explore perceptions and current approaches to education for citizenship. Our findings suggest (1) that while school leaders and teachers value education for citizenship, they do so for different reasons; (2) that schools place values as central to education for citizenship; and (3) that community involvement is typically understood as occurringwithinrather thanbeyondthe school.
Enacting feedback utilization from a task‐specific perspective
Authors: Lam Ricky
Published: June 2016

Feedback is central to successful teaching and learning. Despite extensive research on the relationship between feedback, pedagogy and learning, there remain no conclusive answers as to how feedback can be effectively utilized by learners. Recently, there is emerging research exploring how feedback is conceptualized as dialogic processes to facilitate provision and uptake of feedback; and how feedback utilization is best supported by learner active involvement in the iterative feedback process for future learning. Drawn from this knowledge base, this article aims to review four aspects of feedback scholarship including nature, paradigms, issues and trends which serve as a theoretical basis, together with instructors' interviews, to inform how five common assessment tasks in one social sciences faculty could be strategically revamped to promote feedback utilization. The article concludes with pedagogical insights to suggest three conditions wherein feedback could be made sustainable to support learning through a redesigning of conventional assessment tasks in the higher education contexts.
Quintilian’s Message, Again: His Philosophy of Education
Authors: Enos Richard Leo
Published: June 2016

This essay discusses the philosophical grounding of Quintilian’s Institutio Oratoria in order to appreciate the rationale for his view that rhetoric is central to education. This appreciation for Quintilian’s orientation is intended not only to garner a deeper understanding of the principles behind his view of education but also to offer insights to the issues that we share today with respect to teaching oral and written expression. One of the central topics of this essay is how Quintilian reconceptualized the concept of declamation away from its sophistic forms to a problem-solving system of casuistry that provided a ratio for developing proficiency in adjudicating issues of value and preference.
Quintilian,Progymnasmata, and Rhetorical Education Today
Authors: Fleming David
Published: June 2016

There has been a surge of scholarly interest lately in the progymnasmata, those ordered exercises in composition that played such an important role in rhetorical education from antiquity to the Renaissance. Comprising an integrated program in literary, civic, and moral effectiveness, they offer a compelling alternative to language arts pedagogy today, which seems too often driven by the goal of “college and career readiness.” But to be truly useful as a pedagogical model, the progymnasmata need to be embedded in something like the comprehensive educational philosophy of Quintilian’s Institutio Oratoria.
“A Kind of Eloquence of the Body”: Quintilian’s Advice on Delivery for the Twenty-First-CenturyRhetor
Authors: McClish Glen
Published: June 2016

This essay makes the case that the account of delivery featured in the Institutio Oratoria remains germane to contemporary speech pedagogy. Quintilian emphasizes that (1) powerful delivery is central to eloquent public speaking; (2) delivery functions in concert with the other canons of rhetoric; and (3) delivery is governed by general rhetorical concepts such as decorum and ethos. Furthermore, scrutiny of Quintilian’s perspectives on gender and power can lead to fruitful rethinking of current pedagogy’s traditionalist tendencies.
Student-Driven Imitation as a Means to Strengthening Rhetorical Agency—Or, Propelling Quintilian’s Chapter on Imitation into Today’s Teaching
Authors: Matthiesen Christina
Published: June 2016

Quintilian’s notion of imitation is often acclaimed for its focus on invention and appropriateness and for highlighting attunement to individual talent. Yet these aspects tend to be somewhat neglected in the practice of imitation as shaped by the classical rhetorical tradition, which primarily focuses on imitation exercises for beginners. This essay accentuates Quintilian’s chapter on imitation, which, as stressed by Murphy, is aimed at the mature student, in order to propel these precepts into today’s teaching. Specifically, this article advances a pedagogy of student-driven imitation constituted of five dimensions and characterized by the student’s own choice of text, valuing reflexive process over mirroring, and strengthening rhetorical agency. The exposition of student-driven imitation is supplemented with questions that students might address and excerpts from a student’s work.
An International Physician Survey of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Management
Authors: Preston Ioana R. , Hinzmann Barbara , Heinz Sabina , Gall Henning , Jenkins David , Kim Nick H. , Lang Irene
Published: June 2016

We conducted an international study to evaluate practices in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) globally across different geographic regions. Between July and October 2012, PAH‐treating physicians completed a 15‐minute online questionnaire and provided patient record data for their 3 or 5 most recent patients with PAH. Overall, 560 physicians (Europe: 278; United States: 160; Argentina: 53; Japan: 69) completed the questionnaire and provided data for 2,618 patients. The proportion of physicians who described themselves as working in or affiliated with a specialized pulmonary hypertension center ranged from 13% in Argentina to 74% in the United States. At the time of diagnosis, patients' New York Heart Association functional class differed significantly between regions. At the time of last assessment, functional class had improved overall, and differences between regions had largely disappeared. A large proportion of patients did not undergo right heart catheterization for the diagnosis of PAH (Europe: 7%–21%; United States: 21%; Japan: 19%; Argentina: 51%). Variations in management included greater use of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in the United States than in Europe and Japan and greater use of triple or greater combination therapy in Japan than in other regions. Results from this study, which includes a global aspect of PAH care, demonstrate that there are significant differences in PAH management between regions and low adherence to guidelines recommending right heart catheterization for the diagnosis of PAH.
Cyp2c44 Gene Disruption Exacerbated Pulmonary Hypertension and Heart Failure in Female but Not Male Mice
Authors: Joshi Sachindra Raj , Lakhkar Anand , Dhagia Vidhi , Zias Ariadne L. , Soldatos Vasiliki , Oshima Kaori , Jiang Houli , Gotlinger Katherine , Capdevila Jorge H. , Schwartzman Michal L. , McMurtry Ivan F. , Gupte Sachin A.
Published: June 2016

Epoxyeicosatrienoicacids (EETs), synthesized from arachidonic acid by epoxygenases of the CYP2C and CYP2J gene subfamilies, contribute to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in mice. Despite their roles in HPV, it is controversial whether EETs mediate or ameliorate pulmonary hypertension (PH). A recent study showed that deficiency of Cyp2j did not protect male and female mice from hypoxia‐induced PH. Since CYP2C44 is a functionally important epoxygenase, we hypothesized that knockout of the Cyp2c44 gene would protect both sexes of mice from hypoxia‐induced PH. We tested this hypothesis in wild‐type (WT) and Cyp2c44 knockout (Cyp2c44−/−) mice exposed to normoxia (room air) and hypoxia (10% O2) for 5 weeks. Exposure of WT and Cyp2c44−/− mice to hypoxia resulted in pulmonary vascular remodeling, increased pulmonary artery resistance, and decreased cardiac function in both sexes. However, in female Cyp2c44−/− mice, compared with WT mice, (1) pulmonary artery resistance and right ventricular hypertrophy were greater, (2) cardiac index was lower, (3) left ventricular and arterial stiffness were higher, and (4) plasma aldosterone levels were higher, but (5) there was no difference in levels of EET in lungs and heart. Paradoxically and unexpectedly, we found that Cyp2c44 disruption exacerbated hypoxia‐induced PH in female but not male mice. We attribute exacerbated PH in female Cyp2c44−/− mice to elevated aldosterone and as‐yet‐unknown systemic factors. Therefore, we suggest a role for the human CYP2C genes in protecting women from severe PH and that this could be one of the underlying causes for a better 5‐year survival rate in women than in men.
Sphere bundles with 1/4-pinched fiberwise metrics
Authors: Farrell Thomas , Gang Zhou , Knopf Dan , Ontaneda Pedro
Published: June 2016

We prove that all smooth sphere bundles that admit fiberwise

1

/

4

1/4

-pinched metrics are induced bundles of vector bundles, so their structure groups reduce from

D
I
F
F

(

S

n

)

\mathrm {DIFF}(\mathbb {S}^n)

to

O

(
n
+
1
)

\mathrm {O}(n+1)

. This result implies the existence of many smooth

S

n

\mathbb {S}^n

-bundles over

S

k

\mathbb {S}^k

that do not support strictly

1

/

4

1/4

-pinched positively curved Riemannian metrics on their fibers.
Defining Clinical Excellence in Adult Infectious Disease Practice
Authors: Chida Natasha M. , Ghanem Khalil G. , Auwaerter Paul G. , Wright Scott M. , Melia Michael T.
Published: June 2016

Clinical excellence should be recognized, particularly in the current climate that appropriately prioritizes relationship-centered care. In order to develop a recognition model, a definition of clinical excellence must be created and agreed upon. A paradigm recently suggested by C. Christmas describes clinical excellence through the following domains: diagnostic acumen, professionalism and humanism, communication and interpersonal skills, skillful negotiation of the healthcare system, knowledge, taking a scholarly approach to clinical practice, and having passion for clinical medicine. This work references examples of infectious disease (ID) clinical excellence across Christmas' domains and, in doing so, both examines how the definition of clinical excellence applies to ID practice and highlights the importance of ID physicians. Emphasizing such aspirational standards may not only inspire trainees and practicing physicians to pursue their own fulfilling clinical ID careers, it may also encourage health systems to fully value outstanding ID physicians who labor tirelessly to provide patients with exceptional care.
Deciphering the Effects of Injectable Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for Combination Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention
Authors: Glaubius Robert L. , Parikh Urvi M. , Hood Greg , Penrose Kerri J. , Bendavid Eran , Mellors John W. , Abbas Ume L.
Published: June 2016

Background.  A long-acting injectable formulation of rilpivirine (RPV), under investigation as antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), may facilitate PrEP adherence. In contrast, cross-resistance between RPV and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors comprising first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) could promote human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance and reduce PrEP's effectiveness.

Methods.  We use novel mathematical modeling of different RPV PrEP scale-up strategies in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, to investigate their effects on HIV prevention and drug resistance, compared with a reference scenario without PrEP.

Results.  Pre-exposure prophylaxis scale-up modestly increases the proportion of prevalent drug-resistant infections, from 33% to ≤37%. The change in the number of prevalent drug-resistant infections depends on the interplay between PrEP factors (coverage, efficacy, delivery reliability, and scale-up strategy) and the level of cross-resistance between PrEP and ART. An optimistic scenario of 70% effective RPV PrEP (90% efficacious and 80% reliable delivery), among women aged 20–29 years, prevents 17% of cumulative infections over 10 years while decreasing prevalent resistance; however, prevention decreases and resistance increases with more conservative assumptions. Uncertainty analysis assuming 40%–70% cross-resistance prevalence predicts an increase in prevalent resistance unless PrEP's effectiveness exceeds 90%.

Conclusions.  Prioritized scale-up of injectable PrEP among women in KwaZulu-Natal could reduce HIV infections, but suboptimal effectiveness could promote the spread of drug resistance.
Household Clustering of Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131 Clinical and Fecal Isolates According to Whole Genome Sequence Analysis
Authors: Johnson James R. , Davis Gregg , Clabots Connie , Johnston Brian D. , Porter Stephen , DebRoy Chitrita , Pomputius William , Ender Peter T. , Cooperstock Michael , Slater Billie Savvas , Banerjee Ritu , Miller Sybille , Kisiela Dagmara , Sokurenko Evgeni V. , Aziz Maliha , Price Lance B.
Published: June 2016

Background.  Within-household sharing of strains from the resistance-associated H30R1 and H30Rx subclones of Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) has been inferred based on conventional typing data, but it has been assessed minimally using whole genome sequence (WGS) analysis.

Methods.  Thirty-three clinical and fecal isolates of ST131-H30R1 and ST131-H30Rx, from 20 humans and pets in 6 households, underwent WGS analysis for comparison with 52 published ST131 genomes. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using a bootstrapped maximum likelihood tree based on core genome sequence polymorphisms. Accessory traits were compared between phylogenetically similar isolates.

Results.  In the WGS-based phylogeny, isolates clustered strictly by household, in clades that were distributed widely across the phylogeny, interspersed between H30R1 and H30Rx comparison genomes. For only 1 household did the core genome phylogeny place epidemiologically unlinked isolates together with household isolates, but even there multiple differences in accessory genome content clearly differentiated these 2 groups. The core genome phylogeny supported within-household strain sharing, fecal-urethral urinary tract infection pathogenesis (with the entire household potentially providing the fecal reservoir), and instances of host-specific microevolution. In 1 instance, the household's index strain persisted for 6 years before causing a new infection in a different household member.

Conclusions.  Within-household sharing of E coli ST131 strains was confirmed extensively at the genome level, as was long-term colonization and repeated infections due to an ST131-H30Rx strain. Future efforts toward surveillance and decolonization may need to address not just the affected patient but also other human and animal household members.
Using Next-Generation Sequencing to Develop Molecular Diagnostics for Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the Cucurbit Downy Mildew Pathogen
Authors: Withers S. , Gongora-Castillo E. , Gent D. , Thomas A. , Ojiambo P. S. , Quesada-Ocampo L. M.
Published: June 2016

Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) allow for rapid development of genomics resources needed to generate molecular diagnostics assays for infectious agents. NGS approaches are particularly helpful for organisms that cannot be cultured, such as the downy mildew pathogens, a group of biotrophic obligate oomycetes that infect crops of economic importance. Unlike most downy mildew pathogens that are highly host-specific, Pseudoperonospora cubensis causes disease on a broad range of crops belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. In this study, we identified candidate diagnostic markers for P. cubensis by comparing NGS data from a diverse panel of P. cubensis and P. humuli isolates, two very closely related oomycete species. P. cubensis isolates from diverse hosts and geographical regions in the United States were selected for sequencing to ensure that candidates were conserved in P. cubensis isolates infecting different cucurbit hosts. Genomic regions unique to and conserved in P. cubensis isolates were identified through bioinformatics. These candidate regions were then validated using PCR against a larger collection of isolates from P. cubensis, P. humuli, and other oomycetes. Overall seven diagnostic markers were found to be specific to P. cubensis. These markers could be used for pathogen diagnostics on infected tissue, or adapted for monitoring airborne inoculum with real-time PCR and spore traps.
Feasibility Study of Utilization of Action Camera, GoPro Hero 4, Google Glass, and Panasonic HX-A100 in Spine Surgery
Authors: Lee Chang Kyu , Kim Youngjun , Lee Nam , Kim Byeongwoo , Kim Doyoung , Yi Seong
Published: June 2016

Study Design.

Study for feasibility of commercially available action cameras in recording video of spine.

Objective.

Recent innovation of the wearable action camera with high-definition video recording enables surgeons to use camera in the operation at ease without high costs. The purpose of this study is to compare the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of commercially available action cameras in recording video of spine surgery.

Summary of Background Data.

There are early reports of medical professionals using Google Glass throughout the hospital, Panasonic HX-A100 action camera, and GoPro. This study is the first report for spine surgery.

Methods.

Three commercially available cameras were tested: GoPro Hero 4 Silver, Google Glass, and Panasonic HX-A100 action camera. Typical spine surgery was selected for video recording; posterior lumbar laminectomy and fusion. Three cameras were used by one surgeon and video was recorded throughout the operation. The comparison was made on the perspective of human factor, specification, and video quality.

Results.

The most convenient and lightweight device for wearing and holding throughout the long operation time was Google Glass. The image quality; all devices except Google Glass supported HD format and GoPro has unique 2.7K or 4K resolution. Quality of video resolution was best in GoPro. Field of view, GoPro can adjust point of interest, field of view according to the surgery. Narrow FOV option was the best for recording in GoPro to share the video clip. Google Glass has potentials by using application programs. Connectivity such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth enables video streaming for audience, but only Google Glass has two-way communication feature in device.

Conclusion.

Action cameras have the potential to improve patient safety, operator comfort, and procedure efficiency in the field of spinal surgery and broadcasting a surgery with development of the device and applied program in the future.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Predicting Intracranial Pressure and Brain Tissue Oxygen Crises in Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Myers Risa B. , Lazaridis Christos , Jermaine Christopher M. , Robertson Claudia S. , Rusin Craig G.
Published: June 2016

Objectives:

To develop computer algorithms that can recognize physiologic patterns in traumatic brain injury patients that occur in advance of intracranial pressure and partial brain tissue oxygenation crises. The automated early detection of crisis precursors can provide clinicians with time to intervene in order to prevent or mitigate secondary brain injury.

Design:

A retrospective study was conducted from prospectively collected physiologic data. intracranial pressure, and partial brain tissue oxygenation crisis events were defined as intracranial pressure of greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg lasting at least 15 minutes and partial brain tissue oxygenation value of less than 10 mm Hg for at least 10 minutes, respectively. The physiologic data preceding each crisis event were used to identify precursors associated with crisis onset. Multivariate classification models were applied to recorded data in 30-minute epochs of time to predict crises between 15 and 360 minutes in the future.

Setting:

The neurosurgical unit of Ben Taub Hospital (Houston, TX).

Subjects:

Our cohort consisted of 817 subjects with severe traumatic brain injury.

Measurements and Main Results:

Our algorithm can predict the onset of intracranial pressure crises with 30-minute advance warning with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.86 using only intracranial pressure measurements and time since last crisis. An analogous algorithm can predict the start of partial brain tissue oxygenation crises with 30-minute advanced warning with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.91.

Conclusions:

Our algorithms provide accurate and timely predictions of intracranial hypertension and tissue hypoxia crises in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Almost all of the information needed to predict the onset of these events is contained within the signal of interest and the time since last crisis.
Validity of Different Delirium Assessment Tools for Critically Ill Children: Covariates Matter*
Authors: Luetz Alawi , Gensel Dennis , Müller Judith , Weiss Bjoern , Martiny Viktoria , Heinz Andreas , Wernecke Klaus-Dieter , Spies Claudia
Published: June 2016

Objectives:

To evaluate test validity of the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU, the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale, and the newly developed severity scale for the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU; to prospectively assess covariates and their influence on test validity of the scores.

Design:

Prospective observational cohort study.

Setting:

PICU of a tertiary care medical center.

Patients:

Critically ill patients 5 years old or older ventilated or nonventilated with an ICU length of stay of at least 24 hours.

Interventions:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

Patients were scored with the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU and the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale once daily for a maximum of 21 days. Validity was determined by comparing scoring results with the evaluations of the delirium experts who used the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th Edition, Text Revision, for delirium diagnosis. Sixty-four patients were enrolled and 214 assessments were conducted and included in data analysis. The first assessments within each patient revealed sensitivities of 69.2% for the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale, 76.9% for the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU, and 84.9% for the severity scale for the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU. Specificities were 98% for all scores. Considering repeated measurements, sensitivities decreased to 35.9% for the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and to 52.3% for the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU. The sensitivity of the severity scale for the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU dropped to 71.8%, which was significantly higher compared to the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale (p = 0.0008). Receiver operator characteristic regression unveiled that sedation and mechanical ventilation had a significant negative effect on the validity of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and the severity scale for the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU. Age and gender had a significant impact on the receiver operator characteristic curve of the severity scale for the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU.

Conclusions:

The severity scale for the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU showed the best test validity when used in critically ill children of 5 years old or older. Nevertheless, validity of delirium screening itself depends on patient specific factors. These factors should be taken into consideration when choosing a delirium screening instrument.
An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Healthcare Professionals: A Call for Action*
Authors: Moss Marc , Good Vicki S. , Gozal David , Kleinpell Ruth , Sessler Curtis N.
Published: June 2016

Burnout syndrome (BOS) occurs in all types of healthcare professionals and is especially common in individuals who care for critically ill patients. The development of BOS is related to an imbalance of personal characteristics of the employee and work-related issues or other organizational factors. BOS is associated with many deleterious consequences, including increased rates of job turnover, reduced patient satisfaction, and decreased quality of care. BOS also directly affects the mental health and physical well-being of the many critical care physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals who practice worldwide. Until recently, BOS and other psychological disorders in critical care healthcare professionals remained relatively unrecognized. To raise awareness of BOS, the Critical Care Societies Collaborative (CCSC) developed this call to action. The present article reviews the diagnostic criteria, prevalence, causative factors, and consequences of BOS. It also discusses potential interventions that may be used to prevent and treat BOS. Finally, we urge multiple stakeholders to help mitigate the development of BOS in critical care healthcare professionals and diminish the harmful consequences of BOS, both for critical care healthcare professionals and for patients.
Community Reintegration Problems Among Veterans and Active Duty Service Members With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: McGarity Suzanne , Barnett Scott D. , Lamberty Greg , Kretzmer Tracy , Powell-Cope Gail , Patel Nitin , Nakase-Richardson Risa
Published: June 2016

Objectives:

To examine community reintegration problems among Veterans and military service members with mild or moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) at 1 year postinjury and to identify unique predictors that may contribute to these difficulties.

Setting:

VA Polytrauma Rehabilitation Centers.

Participants:

Participants were 154 inpatients enrolled in the VA TBI Model Systems Program with available injury severity data (mild = 28.6%; moderate/severe = 71.4%) and 1-year postinjury outcome data.

Design:

Prospective, longitudinal cohort.

Main Measures:

Community reintegration outcomes included independent driving, employability, and general community participation. Additional measures assessed depression, posttraumatic stress, and cognitive and motor functioning.

Results:

In the mild TBI (mTBI) group, posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms were associated with lower levels of various community reintegration outcomes. In the moderate/severe TBI group, cognition and motor skills were significantly associated with lower levels of community participation, independent driving, and employability.

Conclusion:

Community reintegration is problematic for Veterans and active duty service members with a history of TBI. Unique comorbidities across injury severity groups inhibit full reintegration into the community. These findings highlight the ongoing rehabilitation needs of persons with TBI, specifically evidence-based mental healthcare, in comprehensive rehabilitation programs consistent with a chronic disease management model.
Posttraumatic Headache and Its Impact on Return to Work After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Dumke Heike Andrea
Published: June 2016

Objective:

To examine the value of posttraumatic headaches in predicting return to work (RTW) in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI).

Setting and Participants:

A total of 109 participants recruited from an outpatient head injury rehabilitation center, British Columbia, Canada.

Design:

Logistic regression analyses of secondary data.

Main Measure:

The Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), measure of headache intensity. Nine resulting NPRS scores were used to predict successful versus unsuccessful RTW.

Results:

The largest effect size [odds ratio Exp(B)] value of 0.474] indicated that the odds of returning to work successfully are more than cut in half for each unit increase in NPRS rating.

Conclusion:

To the author's knowledge, this is the first study of the impact of headache intensity on RTW for patients with MTBI. Posttraumatic headache severity after MTBI should be taken into account when developing models to predict RTW for this population. Headache intensity may act as a confounding variable for at least some injury characteristics (eg, cognitive functioning) and may add to the inconsistencies in the TBI and MTBI literature. Results may be utilized to guide rehabilitation efforts in planning RTW for patients with MTBI.
Neurobehavioral Characteristics of Older Veterans With Remote Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Peltz Carrie B. , Gardner Raquel C. , Kenney Kimbra , Diaz-Arrastia Ramon , Kramer Joel H. , Yaffe Kristine
Published: June 2016

Objective:

While traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common across the life span, the detailed neurobehavioral characteristics of older adults with prior TBI remain unclear. Our goal was to compare the clinical profile of older independently living veterans with and without prior TBI.

Setting:

Two veterans' retirement communities.

Participants:

Seventy-five participants with TBI and 71 without (mean age = 78 years).

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Main Measures:

TBI history was determined by the Ohio State University TBI Questionnaire. We assessed psychiatric and medical history via interviews and chart review and conducted measures assessing functional/lifestyle, psychiatric, and cognitive outcomes. Regression analyses (adjusted for demographics, diabetes, prior depression, substance abuse, and site) were performed to compare between TBI and non-TBI participants.

Results:

Compared with veterans without TBI, those with TBI had greater functional impairment (adjusted P = .05), endorsed more current depressive (adjusted P = .04) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (adjusted P = .01), and had higher rates of prior depression and substance abuse (both adjusted Ps < .01). While composite memory and language scores did not differ between groups, participants with TBI performed worse on tests of executive functioning/processing speed (adjusted P = .01).

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that TBI may have adverse long-term neurobehavioral consequences and that TBI-exposed adults may require careful screening and follow-up.
Electrical high-frequency stimulation of the human thoracolumbar fascia evokes long-term potentiation-like pain amplification
Authors: Schilder Andreas , Magerl Walter , Hoheisel Ulrich , Klein Thomas , Treede Rolf-Detlef
Published: June 2016

Nociceptive long-term potentiation, a use dependent increase in synaptic efficacy in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is thought to contribute to the development of persistent pain states. So far, no study has analyzed the effects of high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of afferents from deep tissues (muscle and fascia) on pain perception in the back in humans. In 16 healthy volunteers, the multifidus muscle and the overlying thoracolumbar fascia were stimulated with electrical high-frequency pulses (5 × 100 pulses at 100 Hz) through bipolar concentric needle electrodes placed at lumbar level (L3/L4). Electrical pain thresholds were lower (P < 0.001) and pain ratings were higher for fascia compared with muscle stimulation (P < 0.05). For both tissues, pain ratings increased significantly across the five 100 Hz trains (from 15 to 22 numerical rating scale for fascia, from 8 to 12 numerical rating scale for muscle; both P < 0.01). Fascia HFS increased fascia pain ratings 2.17 times compared with the unconditioned control site (P < 0.001), but had no significant effect on pain sensitivity of the muscle. The HFS in muscle had no significant effect on muscle pain, but decreased pain sensitivity of the overlying fascia by 20% (P < 0.05). In additional experiments using the same electrodes and followed over >60 minutes post-HFS, potentiation by fascia HFS was similar to that of skin HFS. These findings show that the spinal input from the fascia can induce long-term changes in pain sensitivity for at least 60 minutes making it a candidate potentially contributing to nonspecific low back pain.
Recent trends in the treatment of benign odontogenic tumors
Authors: Covello Paul , Buchbinder Daniel
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review

The management of benign, locally aggressive odontogenic tumors, namely, keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KOTs) and ameloblastomas, can be challenging. The purpose of this article is to briefly summarize important features of these lesions and review recent trends in the literature regarding their treatment.

Recent findings

Currently, KOTs are frequently treated with a conservative approach consisting of enucleation and adjuvant decompression or local microablation with peripheral ostectomies, Carnoy's solution, or cryotherapy. Conversely, ameloblastomas generally require marginal or segmental resection followed by reconstruction using local bone regeneration techniques or vascularized osteocutaneous free flaps, respectively. Bone regeneration techniques have improved with the use of autogenous progenitor cells held in place by autogenous or alloplastic scaffolding. Esthetic results for free flap reconstruction have improved with the use of inconspicuous surgical approaches utilizing intraoral or rhytidectomy incisions. Molecular markers for both neoplasms are being investigated as potential targets for chemotherapeutic agents.

Excluding hamartomas (i.e., odontomas), KOTs and ameloblastomas are the most common benign odontogenic lesions. Their management is often complicated by their locally infiltrative behavior, responsible for high rates of recurrence. Simple enucleation or excision of these lesions has proven insufficient. When left untreated, these lesions are capable of causing severe disfigurement and loss of function. Knowledge regarding current best practices and potential future therapeutics is imperative to well treated and effective disease management.
Celiac Disease and Wheat Intolerance Syndrome
Authors: Jericho Hilary , Assiri Asaad , Guandalini Stefano
Published: June 2016

Since the first description of celiac disease (CeD) by Samuel Gee in 1888 and the later “miraculous discovery” that bread was responsible for this condition following World War II in Europe, there has been an exponential growth of knowledge regarding CeD. Just when we thought that we knew everything there was to know about it, the disease is, however, offering new challenges, with its presentation having significantly morphed over the years from cases of overt gastrointestinal symptoms, malnutrition, and atrophic villi on duodenal biopsies to that of largely extraintestinal, subtle, or mild symptoms. Along with these changes, unexpectedly a new parallel entity appeared a few years ago and is gaining ground: the so‐called nonceliac gluten sensitivity, an improper name because it should actually be referred to as wheat intolerance syndrome given that the role of gluten in all such cases is far from demonstrated and the implication of an immune involvement suggested by the term “sensitivity” is still unfounded. Lastly, wheat can be an offender also through an immunoglobulin E‐mediated allergy, whose presence must also be evaluated and ruled out in selected cases.

The practicing physician is therefore now challenged with the task of discerning which patients need to be assessed for one or the other of these disorders, and how.

This review aims at providing an updated, critical reassessment of these 2 entities.
Metal-organic frameworks as biosensors for luminescence-based detection and imaging
Authors: Miller Sophie E. , Teplensky Michelle H. , Moghadam Peyman Z. , Fairen-Jimenez David
Published: June 2016

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), formed by the self-assembly of metal centres or clusters and organic linkers, possess many key structural and chemical features that have enabled them to be used in sensing platforms for a variety of environmentally, chemically and biomedically relevant compounds. In particular, their high porosity, large surface area, tuneable chemical composition, high degree of crystallinity, and potential for post-synthetic modification for molecular recognition make MOFs promising candidates for biosensing applications. In this review, we separate our discussion of MOF biosensors into two categories: quantitative sensing, focusing specifically on luminescence-based sensors for the direct measurement of a specific analyte, and qualitative sensing, where we describe MOFs used for fluorescence microscopy and as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. We highlight several key publications in each of these areas, concluding that MOFs present an exciting, versatile new platform for biosensing applications and imaging, and we expect to see their usage grow as the field progresses.