bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Indirect Holding System
Authors: Ooi Maisie
Published: November 2023

Shares that were once traded only in a given domestic market may now be traded in several markets. The internationalization of the capital markets has resulted in shareholders located throughout the world being involved in such transfers. Thus X, the investor in Chapter 4, is likely to have in his investment portfolio not just the shares in Widget Co. Ltd, but also shares of US, Italian, French, and other nationalities. If X is an active trader rather than a long-term investor, it is likely that he holds most of those shares through an intermediary to facilitate rapid resale and to ensure that secured margin credit can be extended to him from time to time.
European Legislation
Authors: Ooi Maisie
Published: November 2023

This chapter will consider in turn each of the European measures which have a bearing on the choice of law issue with regard to securities indirectly held. These are Directive 98/26/EC on Settlement Finality in Payment and Securities Settlement Systems (the ‘Finality Directive’), Council Regulation (EC) No. 1346/2000 of 29 May 2000 on Insolvency Proceedings (the ‘Insolvency Regulation’), Directive 2001/24/EC on the Reorganization and Winding up of Credit Institutions (the ‘Winding up Directive’) and Directive 2002/47/EC on Financial Collateral Arrangements (the ‘Collateral Directive’).
Reformulation of Choice of Law Rules
Authors: Ooi Maisie
Published: November 2023

But for continued reverberations in writings of the law of the situs (lex situs) as the established choice of law rule for establishing title and priorities for shares and other intangibles, there is very little on record of its actual pedigree. The Court of Appeal in Macmillan v Bishopsgate Investment Trust plc (No. 3) applied the law of the situs, but as window-dressing for disparate rules. Further, authority for its application was largely derived from cases which were not concerned with inter vivos voluntary dealings in shares at all.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Hand John r. M , lev Baruch
Published: November 2023

Wealth and growth in modern economies are driven primarily by intangible assets, defined as claims to future benefits that do not have a physical or financial form. Patents, bioengineered drugs, brands, strategic alliances, customer lists, a proprietary cost-reducing Internet-based supply chain—these are all examples of intangible assets. The more traditional physical and financial assets are rapidly becoming commodities, since they are equally accessible to competitors, and consequently yield at best a competitive return on investment. Dominant market positions, abnormal profits, and even temporary monopolistic advantages are today most effectively achieved by the sound deployment of intangible assets.
A Trillion Dollars a Year in Intangible Investment and the New Economy
Authors: Nakamura Leonard
Published: November 2023

The US economy is often called a new economy. One reason is that newly developed products are everywhere: Microsoft’s Windows2000, AOL/Time Warner’s movie ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’, Pfizer’s Viagra, and Gillette’s Mach3 razor blades are four prominent examples. Developing each product required its corporate sponsor to invest hundreds of millions of dollars. For example, Gillette invested $700 million to develop the Mach3 razor blade from 1990 to 1998. AOL/Time Warner spent over $150 million to bring J. K. Rowling’s vision of ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’ to the screen.
Why Does Fixation Persist? Experimental Evidence on the Judgement Performance Effects of Expensing Intangibles
Authors: Luft Joan L , Shields Michael D
Published: November 2023

Both managerial and financial accounting research examine whether individuals fixate on accounting or can ‘see through’ or ‘unscramble’ the effects of alternative accounting methods (see reviews by Wilner and Birnberg, 1986; Libby et al., forthcoming; Kothari, forthcoming).
The Boundaries of Financial Reporting and How to Extend Them
Authors: Lev Baruch , Zarowin Paul
Published: November 2023

In this study we investigate the usefulness of financial information to investors in comparison to the total information in the marketplace.1 Our evidence indicates that the usefulness of reported earnings, cash flows, and book (equity) values has been deteriorating over the past twenty years. We document that this deterioration in usefulness, in the face of both increasing investor demand for relevant information and persistent regulator efforts to improve the quality and timeliness of financial information, is due to change. Whether driven by innovation, competition, or deregulation, the current reporting system does not adequately reflect the impact of change on firms’ operations and economic conditions.
The Regulatory Framework
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin , Da Silva Luis Correia
Published: November 2023

This chapter summarizes the regulatory framework in seven European countries and the USA. Extensive descriptions of the regulatory regime in each country are provided in the appendix to the chapter. The topics covered include the following:regulatory authorities;capital requirements;separation of clients’ assets; disclosure; enforcement; audit;compensation;insurance;complaints;authorization; and supervision.
Literature Review
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin , Da Silva Luis Correia
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews the various strands of academic literature that are relevant to a study of capital regulation of asset managers. There are three that are of particular significance. The first is the corporate finance literature on how firms make capital structure decisions in an unregulated environment. The second examines the role of capital adequacy requirements in the banking sector. The third is regulation of quality and the professions.
Work and Welfare: Toward a Capability Approach
Authors: Salais Robert
Published: November 2023

In a capability approach to work and welfare, what matters for public policies is what a person can do and be with the resources over which she has command. In other words, what matters is her achievement as a person (and, as a consequence, the effective freedom she has to do so), compared with what is judged normal (i.e. conventionally agreed) in a given society.
Migration in a Scandinavian Welfare State: The Recent Danish Experience
Authors: Pedersen Peder J
Published: November 2023

The share of people in Denmark who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants is close to the average European level. By 2004 the share of immigrants and refugees and descendants of immigrants and refugees, including people who have become Danish citizens, was 8.2 per cent of the total population. The postwar history of migration in Denmark falls into a number of phases each with specific characteristics. The early postwar period was characterized by net migration of Danish citizens, mainly to Australia and Canada. The background was a fairly high level of unemployment until the late 1950s compared with the full employment experience of most other Western European countries, cf. Pedersen (1996a). From the late 1950s to the first round of oil price shocks in 1974, the Danish labour market was characterized by full employment, close to a situation of excess demand for labour. The net migration of Danish citizens was at a low level. At the same time, guest workers came in mainly from Yugoslavia and Turkey.
Genetic Linguistics
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

This book collects Joseph Greenberg’s most important writings on the genetic classification of the world’s languages. Fifty years ago Joseph Greenberg put forward the now widely accepted classification of African languages. This book charts the progress of his subsequent work on language classification in Oceania, the Americas, and Eurasia,in which he proposed the language families Indo-Pacific, Amerind and Eurasiatic. It shows how he established and deployed three fundamental principles: that the most reliable evidence for genetic classification is the pairing of sound and meaning; that nonlinguistic evidence, such as skin colour or cultural traits, should be excluded from the analysis; and that the vocabulary and inflections of a very large number of languages should be simultaneously compared.The volume includes Joseph Greenberg’s substantive contributions to the debate his work provoked and concludes with his writings on the links between genetic linguistics and human history. William Croft’s introduction focuses on the substance and the development of Professor Greenberg’s thought and research within the context of the discussion they stimulated. He also includes a bibliography of scholarly reactions to and developments of Joseph Greenberg’s work and a comprehensive bibliography of his publications in books and journals.
Genetic Relationship Among Languages*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

The establishment of valid hypotheses concerning genetic relationships among languages is a necessary preliminary to the systematic reconstruction of their historical development. The appropriate techniques cannot be applied to languages chosen at random but only if preliminary investigation has already indicated the likelihood of the success of such an enterprise. Correct hypotheses of relationship are also of very real significance to the archaeologist, the physical anthropologist, the ethnologist, and the culture historian, even in those instances in which systematic linguistic reconstruction has not yet begun and may, indeed, in our present state of descriptive knowledge be of only limited feasibility.
The General Classification of Central and South American Languages*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

The classification of Central and South American languages set forth in the appendix [§4.1-Ed.] to this paper is provisional in some respects. The eight families listed are to be considered branches of a more inclusive stock which probably includes also all the remaining American languages except Na-Dene and Eskimauan. Among the groups listed here only Otomanguean, which has not yet been thoroughly investigated by the writer, is considered at all not likely to belong to this great family.t The problem of the classification of American languages becomes, therefore, for the most part a vast problem in the subgrouping of this single dominant family. It follows that, if this view proves correct, it will not be sufficient merely to show that a certain set of languages are related in order to prove that they form a stock.
The Principles of Genetic Linguistic Classification*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

My purpose in this chapter is to discuss genetic classification; but I hope that the discussion will also help to explain and justify a deviation from what has become virtually a compulsory practice among American Indianists: the use of sound correspondence tables and asterisked reconstructed forms. In proceeding in this manner, this volume will resemble my first published classificational work, namely, that on African languages (Greenberg 1963). In that study I did not use a single asterisk or a single table representing a reconstructed sound system; and although I made occasional reference to particularly striking sound correspondences, these figured in no essential way as part of my method.
On Lumping and Splitting In Linguistics And Biology*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

As a preliminary and purposely vague characterization of the opposition between lumping and splitting, a currently popular terminology in a number of fields, we may say that in all instances we have to deal with classification of a set of objects which have some common defining feature, e.g. being a language, being a species, etc. Lumping, then, is a tendency to classify into relatively few groups, each with a relatively large membership, while splitting is a tendency to distinguish many groups each with a relatively small membership. The two major fields in which this terminology is used are biological taxonomy and linguistic ‘genetic’ classification into families, each of which consists of a group of languages whose resemblances are to be explained by differential development from a common original, the heart of Darwinian biological evolution as opposed to varying versions of creationism.
The Inda-Pacific hypothesis*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

The evidence presented here is intended to demonstrate that the bulk of non-Austronesian [non-AN] languages of Oceania from the Andaman Islands on the west in the Bay of Bengal to Tasmania in the southeast forms a single group of genetically related languages for which the name Indo-Pacific is proposed.The major exception to this generalization is constituted by the indigenous languages of Australia nearly all of which are generally accepted as related to each other. This Australian stock does not seem to align genetically with Indo-Pacific and is excluded from it, at least tentatively.
Does Altaic exist?*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

Since the writings of Clauson, and more recently Doerfer, it appears that most specialists in the Altaic languages no longer believe that the three groups of traditional Altaic, namely Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, are related; their resemblances are to be attributed to borrowing, or in some cases to accident or sound symbolism. The term ‘traditional Altaic’ is here used purposely, that is, without reference to Korean, Japanese, or for that matter Uralic. This is not because I believe that the Altaic languages are genetically isolated. In fact, in my view (Greenberg 1987: 332), they belong to a much larger grouping, Eurasiatic, along with other languages besides those just mentioned above.
The Convergence of Eurasiatic and Nostratic*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

In Greenberg (1987: 332) a linguistic stock named Eurasiatic is outlined with the following membership: 1. Inda-European; 2. Uralic-Yukaghir; 3. Altaic (Turkic, Mongolian, Tungusic); 4. Korean; 5. Japanese; 6. Ainu; 7. Gilyak; 8. Chukotian; 9. Eskaleut. Of these, 4-6, i.e. Korean, Japanese, and Ainu are stated as probably forming a subgroup. Since then in Greenberg (1990a, 1990b, and 1991), a series of Eurasiatic grammatical markers has been pro-posed. In addition Greenberg (1992) contains an extensive exposition of sixty-three grammatical items, which is intended as a preliminary version of one of the chapters of Greenberg (to appear) [Greenberg 2000-Ed.], which will present detailed evidence for this family.
Linguistic Typology And History: Review of Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time by Johanna Nichols*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time is a book with a highly complex set of arguments and, to this reader at least, a frequently obscure style which hinders comprehension. Moreover, it is provided with no fewer than ninetysix tables, mostly with numerical entries regarding either the absolute or relative frequency of certain typological properties as distributed over various areas of the globe or the statistical significance of differences among such distributions. In addition there are twelve maps containing worldwide plots of the occurrence of the specific typological features on which Nichols has based her arguments. She deserves credit for being willing to attack such large-scale historical problems in linguistics at a time when neither historical nor broad-scale efforts are the fashion.
The Principle of Equality
Authors: Tridimas Takis
Published: November 2023

The notion of equality is closely linked to the idea of justice and has perhaps greater resonance than any other legal concept. The principle of equality operates at the moral, political and legal level. It was perceived as an attribute of human dignity and played a prominent role in the theories of leading political thinkers, such as Locke and Rousseau. As a legal principle, it is a product of the Enlightenment. It received express reference in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of 4 July 1776 and, subsequently, the Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1789.3 Equality of citizens before the law was the normative illustration of the rise of the bourgeoisie and was understood as the rejection of the inequalities of the ancien regime.4
The Rights of Defence
Authors: Tridimas Takis
Published: November 2023

In the Community legal order, the rights of defence, and more specifically, the right to a hearing, are judge-made rights. The EC Treaty itself does not provide for a general right to a hearing in administrative proceedings. It was developed by the case law to fill the gaps in Community legislation. As the Community administration began to acquire more powers, specific measures recognized the right in relation to certain areas. Its recognition has been coincidental and piecemeal. It has been provided for expressly, e.g. in competition, anti-dumping, and trademark proceedings, and more recently in proceedings for State aids. Now, the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights views the right to a hearing as an integral part of the right to good administration. Under Article 41,4 it includes ‘the right of every person to be heard before any individual measure which would affect him or her adversely is taken’ and, moreover, the right ‘to have access to his or her file, while respecting the legitimate interests of confidentiality and of professional and business secrecy’. This is the most comprehensive and far-reaching recognition of the right to be heard so far included in Community law.
Direct effect and Community acts
Authors: Arnull Anthony
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the extent to which direct effect may be produced by acts of the Community institutions. The discussion will focus on directives, since their capacity to confer rights on individuals has proved controversial and caused the Court of Justice particular difficulty. The following chapter looks in general terms at the reaction of the national courts to the case law of the Court of Justice on direct effect and primacy and considers the effect of the Constitutional Treaty in this area. Three types of binding act are described in Article 249 (ex 189) EC. The regulation is said to have general application, to be ‘binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States’. It may be contrasted with the directive, which while being binding on the Member States as to the result to be achieved leaves to the national authorities ‘the choice of form and methods’. Thus, both the regulation and the directive are essentially normative in character, but they differ in the mechanism by which they achieve their objectives.
General principles of law and fundamental rights
Authors: Arnull Anthony
Published: November 2023

The way in which the Court of Justice exercises its jurisdiction under the Treaties is profoundly influenced by the general principles of Community law, a body of unwritten principles used by the Court to supplement the Treaties and acts of the institutions. The development of general principles as a source of law represents one of the Court’s most remarkable and inspired initiatives, not only filling in the inevitable gaps which emerged in the Treaty framework but also ensuring that Community law reflects and is firmly rooted in the basic legal values of the Member States. The notion of ‘general principles of Community law’ is now mentioned in Article 6(2) TEU, but the textual justification in the EC Treaty for recourse to such principles was originally limited. There is no equivalent in the Conununity legal order of Article 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which requires that court to apply ‘the general principles of law recognised by civilized nations’. None the less, there was some basis for thinking that the authors of the Treaty envisaged that the Court might sometimes look beyond its four corners in resolving disputes with which it was confronted. An express reference to general principles may be found in the second paragraph of Article 288 EC, according to which the non-contractual liability of the Community is to be determined in accordance with ‘the general principles common to the Jaws of the Member States’.
Towards citizenship
Authors: Arnull Anthony
Published: November 2023

The chapters of the EC Treaty on workers, establishment and services, and the legislation adopted under them, are far-reaching in their implications, conferring a wide range of rights on migrants. However, they are far from comprehensive in their coverage and it gradually became apparent that there were limits to and gaps in the Treaty framework which seemed inconsistent with the logic of free movement. The Court managed to compensate for some of them by a broad and flexible interpretation of the provisions of Part Three, Title III, of the Treaty. An example is the failure of Article 39 to make it clear whether the unemployed have a right to travel in search of work. It would seem odd to exclude such people from the benefit of the article: in a true common market, people should be able to travel to where the jobs are and conferring on individuals a right to do so would help to demonstrate in a concrete way the value to them of the Treaty project. None the less, the wording of Article 39 seems only to envisage movement by workers who have already secured employment in another Member State. However, in Antonisseu, the Court held that the free movement of workers ‘also entails the right for nationals of Member States to move freely within the territory of the other Member States and to stay there for the purposes of seeking employment.’ A Member State was entitled, the Court said, to require an unemployed national of another Member State to leave its territory ‘(subject to appeal) if he has not found employment there after six months, unless the person concerned provides evidence that he is continuing to seek employment and that he has genuine chances of being engaged’. Other limits and gaps have proved less amenable to that type of solution. The task of finding appropriate responses has been undertaken not just by the Court of Justice but also by the political institutions and the Member States themselves.
Judging Europe’s Judges
Authors: Arnull Anthony
Published: November 2023

Several of the preceding chapters have examined the evolution of the Court’s case law over time in particular fields. In this final chapter, that process of evolution takes centre stage and an attempt is made to set it in its wider legal and political context. For the purposes of the discussion, a number of broad phases in the Court’s case law are identified. The first runs from the entry into force of the EEC Treaty until the breakdown of the Luxembourg Compromise in the early 1980s. During this phase, the Council was handicapped by the need to reach a consensus before acting and the Court took a number of bold decisions which had the effect of ‘constitutionalizing’ the Cornrnunity and achieving some at least of the Treaty’s policy objectives not with­ standing the absence of much of the legislation it envisaged. The second phase runs from the transition in the early 1980s to qualified majority voting in the Council until the signature on 7 February 1992 of the TEU. This heralded the start of the third phase. The nature of the TEU and the unprecedented public debate which accompanied its ratification by the Member States produced a fundamental change in the political climate which affected all the institutions of the Community, including the Court of Justice. It will be suggested that the entry into force of the Treaty of Nice in February 2003 might in due course be seen as marking the beginning of a fourth phase.
Indo-European Perspectives
Authors: Penney J H W
Published: November 2023

This book brings together new and original work by forty two of the world’s leading scholars of Indo-European comparative philology and linguistics from around the world. It shows the breadth and the continuing liveliness of enquiry in an area which over the last century and a half has opened many unique windows on the civilizations of the ancient world. The volume is a tribute to Anna Morpurgo Davies to mark her retirement as the Diebold Professor of Comparative Philology at the University of Oxford. The book’s six parts are concerned with the early history of Indo-European (Part I); language use, variation, and change in ancient Greece and Anatolia (Parts II and III); the Indo-European languages of Western Europe, including Latin, Welsh, and Anglo-Saxon (Part IV); the ancient Indo-Iranian and Tocharian languages (Part V); and the history of Indo-European linguistics (Part VI). Indo-European Perspectives will interest scholars and students of Indo-European philology, historical linguistics, classics, and the history of the ancient world.
Supply Chain Paradigms
Authors: Giannakis Mihalis , Croom Simon , Slack Nigel
Published: November 2023

Organizations do not exist in isolation. Any organization, whether a large corporation, public body, or small business aims to meet the needs of its various customers and stakeholders, will need resources in order to do this, and will acquire many of its materials, equipment, facilities, and supplies from other organizations. The performance of an organization is thus influenced to a greater or lesser degree by the actions of the organizations that make up the supply chain.
Supply Chain Learning
Authors: Bessant John
Published: November 2023

It is a truism to say that organizations need to innovate to survive. Unless they are prepared to change what they offer (product/service) and the ways in which they create and deliver that offering (process innovation) there is a real risk that they will be overtaken by other players in what is clearly a turbulent and uncertain competitive environment.
Knowledge: Questioning the Functional View
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: November 2023

TAKING ambiguity seriously into account encourages a slightly different understanding of knowledge than is promoted by conventional views. In this book this means a new theoretical frame work for thinking about knowledge and knowledge work. Ambiguities are the central consideration when addressing knowledge, the significance of knowledge in relationship to other elements, and results claimed to be contingent upon knowledge work. Knowledge-at least in the context of the business world and management studies-is normally treated as a functional re source, representing a ‘truth’ or at least something instrumentally useful on a particular subject, and/or a set of principles or techniques for dealing with material or social phenomena to produce the desired outcome. This view reflects somewhat dated ideas and calls for critical scrutiny.
Management and Organizational Control
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: November 2023

WHAT is the role and significance of management in KIFs? One could argue that the conventional functions of management (planning, coordination, and control) and the general character is tics of managerial work are also relevant to understanding KIFs. KIFs are far from homogeneous in terms of management and organization; nevertheless, it is typically believed that management issues are different in most KIFs from those of many other firms. I reviewed some of the distinctive features of KIFs in Chapter 2. It can be added here that managers of PSFs inter viewed by L0wendahl (1997) claimed that models for the management of manufacturing companies are of limited, if any, relevance.
On Constitutions
Authors: Tomkins Adam
Published: November 2023

This book is concerned with public law in England, and before we go any further it is as well to say something about what this means and why it is important. The principal unit in which and through which political power is exercised is the State. This is more clearly the case in some parts of the world than it is in others. The State of Australia, for example, currently looks a lot more stable and secure than does the State of Afghanistan. Closer to home, States in Western Europe are changing with remarkable speed. Individual States have internal tensions, with claims for varying degrees of secession, autonomy, or independence (Spain and the Basque country, and the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland are but the most obvious, and bloody, examples). Equally, all States in Europe which are, or which aspire to be, members of the European Union are learning new ways of pooling or sharing aspects of their sovereignty (or power) with each other, and with a complex central European authority based in Brussels.
The Crown
Authors: Tomkins Adam
Published: November 2023

This chapter will consider the public law powers of the Crown. The analysis will be divided into ve sections. First, we shall consider the position of the monarch herself. Secondly, we shall discuss the institutions of central government — Prime Minister, Cabinet, civil service, and so forth. The following two sections then address questions of the nature and exercise of royal prerogative power, and of the compatibility of the prerogative with the constitutional doctrine of the rule of law. In the final section of the chapter we shall step back a little from the more detailed discussion of the preceding sections and consider the broader question of what problems are caused for modern public law by its continuing reliance on the power and authority of the Crown.
Legal Accountability
Authors: Tomkins Adam
Published: November 2023

Like the previous chapter, this one is similarly concerned with questions of executive accountability. Here our concern is with the ways in which the courts may hold the government to account. The principal means by which this may occur is through a claim for judicial review, and the bulk of this chapter is taken up with an analysis of the strengths and limitations of the modern law of judicial review. In a claim for judicial review, the claimant asks the court to review the legality of some particular executive action. As we shall see, there are numerous grounds on which claimants may base such cases: these include arguments of illegality, irrationality, procedural impropriety, proportionality, and breach of human rights.
Honour and Martial Culture
Authors: Manning Roger B
Published: November 2023

The meaning of honour depends upon ‘example, gender, class, occupation, religion and geographical location’. In the martial culture of the early modern British Isles, which did not differ significantly from that of continental Europe, all gentlemen of whatever rank, from princes to lords to plain gentlemen, were presumed to belong to the com munity of honour. The first qualification for membership was ancient lineage and honourable descent, but honour could be retained only by deeds-the most usual and acceptable being to test one’s honour on the field of battle. ‘Honour is that ardent heat, which inflameth the mind of men to glorious enterprises, making him audacious against enemies and to vices timorous.’
The Antinomy of Language Policy
Authors: Weinstock Daniel M
Published: November 2023

Language serves a number of functions in the lives of human beings. First, and perhaps most obviously, language allows people to communicate with one another. It is a tool that allows us to do business, to formulate and express our convictions and beliefs, to fall in love, and so on. Second, language provides people with access to cultures, and cultures perform a variety of functions in their lives. According to one prominent account that has been developed in the work of Will Kymlicka, cultures provide us with the range of options and evaluative grids that we require in order to develop our individual capacity for autonomous choice (Kymlicka 1989; 1995a). Third, languages are important to people’s sense of who they are. They provide them with connections to the past, and thus serve to anchor their identities. The way in which the language they identify with is treated in the public sphere of the society in which they live thus becomes an important index of the recognition that their society affords them as distinct individuals.
A Next Challenge in Organizational Leadership
Authors: Argyris Chris
Published: November 2023

There are two mindsets that appear to dominate the world of action. The first is productive reasoning. The second is defensive reasoning (Argyris, 2003 in preparation). Productive Reasoning is used in the service of producing valid or validatable knowledge, creating informed choices, and emphasizing personal responsibility for the effectiveness of actions. The core of productive reasoning is testing the claims that human beings make to ensure that they are not invalid and the parties involved are not unknowingly kidding themselves. The design and management of most organizations is based on productive reasoning.
The Twenty-First Century Manager Book: Working on (and on and on …)
Authors: Davies Sir Howard
Published: November 2023

When I first became a Chief Executive, in 1987, the most racy telecommunications technology available was the fax. The internet, and the e-mail were distant fantasies. And the principal health hazard from mobile phones, far from cancer-inducing microwaves, was the risk of muscular strain from carrying a hefty brick around London. Yet, even then, fashionable forecasters predicted the end of organizational life as they knew it. Traditional corporate structures, whether in the public or private sector, would quickly become atomized as individuals chose homeworking, or teleworking, or just not working in preference to life as an indentured commuter. We would quickly move to a model in which organizations had a small quorum permanent staff, and bought in other services by the yard to fulfil their corporate mission. Hierarchies would be flattened; indeed the favoured model would soon become a kind of solar system, with moons and planets circling at varying distances from the core.
Managing Performance through People—the Challenge for Tomorrow’s Organization
Authors: Armstrong Geoff
Published: November 2023

To say that the role of management in today’s world is to deliver business performance seems self-evident. And yet, as we progress through the next twenty years and beyond, it is clear that delivering sustainable performance is and will be the only game in town. It is also clear, however, that managing performance will become more complex and not the preserve of a few at the senior levels of the organization simply focused on achieving financial results.
Herding Cats or Luxuriating in Talent? Leadership and Management of Universities
Authors: Rhind David
Published: November 2023

Universities are complex organizations which posequite demanding leadership challenges. In many respects they are prototypes of twenty-first-century enterprises. They create little by way of physical goods, have traditionally (at least in the UK) been substantially self-governing and are populated by clever, creative, and independent individuals, some of whom are antipathetic to traditional line management approaches. Many of their successes arise from the endeavours of individuals or groups deep within the organization, often initially unknown to senior management.
What will Tomorrow’s Organization/ Company look like over the Next Couple of Decades?
Authors: Gooding Val
Published: November 2023

One thing that will remain constant is that business starts and ends with the customer, but exceeding customer expectations and keeping customers will become more challenging. The successful companies will be those where strategy is based on change and continuous improvement. They will carry out constant research among their customers and act upon it. They will make change stimulating instead of something to resist. They will also put more trust in their employees to think on their feet and apply individual solutions.
The Blind People and the Elephant
Authors: Case Peter
Published: November 2023

Acommon convention in scholarly writing is, of course, to suppress the voice of the first person the better to convince the reader of the objectivity and impersonality of the knowledge represented. It is still widely accepted (certainly in the field of organizational studies) that the excoriation of the personal or human voice from social scientific accounts produces better, more credible knowledge. Adoption of the third person perspective in narrative thus leaves the object of rational study uncontaminated by the messy irrationality of the subject (Nagel 1986; Gergen 1994; Case 2003).
Divided Neither in Life, Nor in Death: Friendship and Leadership in the Story of David and Jonathan
Authors: French Robert , Moore Patrick
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we offer the story of David and Jonathan’s friendship as a lens through which to view some issues that seem to us to be central to organizational life today. The story challenges some of our assumptions about the separation of public and private, person and role, individual and ‘system’ or organization, and offers a framework for thinking about commitment and authority in role, especially the role of a leader.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Zedner Lucia , Ashworth Andrew
Published: November 2023

This volume brings together an international group of criminologists to celebrate Roger Hood’s immense contribution to the development of criminology. When plans for the volume were taking shape, we discussed them with Sir Leon Radionics-the founding father of British criminology-who was first Roger Hood’s mentor and then a collaborator in various joint projects. Sir Leon was enthusiastic about the plan, and was keen to write an appreciation of Roger Hood which would open the volume.
Useful Knowledge? Debating the Role of Criminology in Post-war Britain
Authors: Zedner Lucia
Published: November 2023

Contemporary British criminology suffers from two salient sources of discontent. Both derive directly from the relationship between the discipline and the world of policy formation. First, it is divided between two irreconcilable conceptions of itself, roughly: criminology as an empirical, pragmatic, and purposive science versus criminology as a branch of critical social theory. Secondly, in the face of the ever-growing prominence given to crime and crime control, criminology appears impotent to have influence beyond the walls of the academy.
Trade Mark Law And Trade Mark Registration Systems
Authors: Phillips Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Its finger was in the largest public pie, and in the smallest public tart. It was equally impossible to do the plainest right and to undo the plainest wrong without the express authority of the Circumlocution Office. If another Gunpowder Plot had been discovered half an hour before the lighting of the match, nobody would have been justified in saving the parliament until there had been half a score of boards, half a bushel of minutes, several sacks of offlcial memoranda, and a family-vault full of ungrammatical correspondence, on the part of the Circumlocution Office.
Registrability: The Basic Principles
Authors: Phillips Jeremy
Published: November 2023

The five of them stood in a neat little row. Handsome, well groomed and articulate, these Scandinavian businessmen were latter-day Vikings.
Registrability Of Speciflc Types Of Trade Mark
Authors: Phillips Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Magnus, the managing director of Acme Footwear, shook his head grimly. ‘It’s no good,’ he groaned. ‘Every time we come up with a new shoe, some damn fool competitor goes and steals it. You’re supposed to be full of bright ideas, Higgins. What can we do?’ Magnus turned to face Higgins, his mask of gloom reflected in the long faces of his product development team.
Well-Known Marks, Famous Marks And Dilution
Authors: Phillips Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Author’s note. This chapter follows the previous chapter, ‘Reputation, Unfair Advantage and Detriment’, which addresses the degree of protection which is given to trade marks which have a reputation. The protection described in that chapter applies also to trade marks which are well known or famous. I have assumed that anyone who is reading this chapter will have read the previous chapter first.
The Killing Fields: Opposition, Cancellation And Revocation
Authors: Phillips Jeremy
Published: November 2023

In the real world there is no Ministry to visit businesses and protect the purity of the trade mark register by rooting out unworthy marks and applications. Keeping the registry clean is the function of traders themselves. They do this (i) through seeking to remove ‘dead wood’ in the form of old, unused marks which perform no commercial function and merely inconvenience later businesses and (ii) by opposing attempts to register as trade marks those signs which have no right to be on the register. This chapter is dedicated to the techniques involved in killing live marks and applications and in removing dead and dying marks from the commercial battlefield.
Trade Marks In Speciflc Sectors
Authors: Phillips Jeremy
Published: November 2023

According to tradition, when Charles Darwin landed in the Galápagos Islands in 1835, he gathered samples of thirteen species of flnch.1These finches formed a closely knit genealogical group, although they enjoyed widely different lifestyles. Deducing from these observations that the differences between the thirteen species of finch were somehow derived from their divergent lifestyles, Darwin and his colleagues theorized that the format of the basic finch had evolved in response to the immediate environment in which it lived.
Trade Marks On The Internet
Authors: Phillips Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Trade mark owners have occupied themselves for much of the past few years chasing cybersquatters. Like elephants trying to swat gnats, they expend an amount of time and effort which is disproportionate to the benefits attained and often hit themselves harder than they hit their intended foe.
Using Innovation Technology: Procter & Gamble and Arup
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon
Published: November 2023

Introduction This chapter presents in-depth case studies of two companies that have benefited from the use of IvT as part of their strategies. The cases describe the evolving innovation strategies of the consumer products company, Procter & Gamble (P&G), and the professional services company, Arup.26 The chapter is designed to show the importance of IvT in a number of areas and how it P&G is a company that has recently embraced a distributed innovation approach.
The Strategic Management of Innovation
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon
Published: November 2023

Introduction The changes in the innovation process associated with the use of IvT in thinking, playing, and doing have considerable consequences for managers. Innovation is a core business process and its outcomes are of critical importance for competitiveness. Managing innovation cannot be left to chance; it is too important, expensive, and risky. Managers need to use every means available to produce results quickly and efficiently.
A New Innovation Process
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon
Published: November 2023

Introduction Schumpeter’ stark reminder that innovation offers the carrot of spectacular reward or the stick of destitution remains topical today. In the knowledge-based economy, firms become bankrupt unless they innovate. Without the income generated and taxes paid by companies and wage-earners in innovative firms, economies stagnate. Innovative new products and services have quickly created incredible industries in mobile telephony, financial securitization, and Internetbased auctions and bookstores. But innovation is not only about products, profits, and wealth creation; it is also about producing better homes, cleaner environments, and healthier lives.
Public Management Reform
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

Since its publication in 2000, Public Management Reform has established itself as the standard text in the field, presenting a comparative analysis of recent changes in Public Management and Public Administration in a range of countries in Europe, North America and Australasia. This completely rewritten second edition radically expands, develops and updates the original. Two countries have been added to the comparison (making twelve countries in all) and a much fuller treatment has been provided of the European Commission (including a commentary on the recent reforms led by Vice-President Kinnock). Empirical data has been brought up to date, so as to cover many key developments of the last few years. The theoretical framework of the book has been further developed, including a challenging new interpretation of the trends in continental Europe, which are seen here as markedly different from the Anglo-American style ‘New Public Management”. This second edition provides an unparalleled synthesis of developments in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, the UK, the USA and the European Commission. It is organized in an integrated format, within an overall theoretical framework that identifies the main pressures for and trajectories of, change. It includes a multi-dimensional analysis of the results of reform, and a chapter reflecting on the dynamic relationship between management reform and politics. Extensive appendices provide an in valuable information resource for students.
Introduction
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

The first edition of this book was-we acknowledged in its introduction-ambitious. The positive reception of that original has encouraged us to be bolder yet. We have extended the geographical coverage from ten countries to twelve, much expanded our treatment of the European Commission, further developed both our theoretical framework and our interpretation of trends, updated the empirical data, and revised the text throughout. The original aims of the work still stand and its broad structure is retained, but much else has changed. This is halfway to being a new book.
Problems and responses: a model of public management reform
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

Over the last two decades there appears to have been a huge amount of public management reform. It is difficult to be certain-there are no readily available, common and commensurable units in which we can count and compare what has been happening.
Many houses: types of politico-administrative regime
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

The model of public management reform developed in Chapter 2 laid considerable stress on the characteristics of the existing political and administrative systems as shaping influences over processes of management change (boxes E and Kin Figure 2.1).
Trade-offs, balances, limits, dilemmas, contradictions, and paradoxes
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

A prominent, but frequently unremarked feature of the public sector reforms of the last twenty years has been a large optimism about the potential of management itself (Pollitt 1993, pp. 1-5).
Legal Theory: Contemporary Contract Law Perspectives and Insights for Employment Relationship Theory
Authors: Roehling Mark V
Published: November 2023

Across disciplines, researchers have found it useful to view the employment relationship through a contract lens (e.g. implicit contracts, Williamson 1993; psychological con tracts, Rousseau 1989). Despite the fact that all uses of the contract perspective to study the employment relationship can be traced to the field of law and the legal conceptualization of contracts, the richness of legal theories of contract is not adequately reflected in the employment relationship literature.