bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissecting Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Health and Fibrotic Disease
Authors: Shaw Tanya J , Rognoni Emanuel
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

Fibroblasts, the major cell population in all connective tissues, are best known for their role in depositing and maintaining the extracellular matrix. Recently, numerous specialised functions have been discovered revealing unpredicted fibroblast heterogeneity. We will discuss this heterogeneity, from its origins in development to alterations in fibrotic disease conditions.

Recent Findings

Advances in lineage tracing and single-cell transcriptional profiling techniques have revealed impressive diversity amongst fibroblasts in a range of organ systems including the skin, lung, kidney and heart. However, there are major challenges in assimilating the findings and understanding their functional significance. Certain fibroblast subsets can make specific contributions to healthy tissue functioning and to fibrotic disease processes; thus, therapeutic manipulation of particular subsets could be clinically beneficial.

Here we propose that four key variables determine a fibroblast’s phenotype underpinning their enormous heterogeneity: tissue status, regional features, microenvironment and cell state. We review these in different organ systems, highlighting the importance of understanding the divergent fibroblast properties and underlying mechanisms in tissue fibrosis.
The Role of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in the Rheumatoid Arthritis Continuum
Authors: Di Matteo Andrea , Mankia Kulveer , Azukizawa Masayuki , Wakefield Richard J
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is no longer considered a fixed phenotype but rather a disease continuum. This review outlines the current and potential value of applying ultrasound (US) along this continuum: from the prediction of progression to RA in at-risk individuals, to confirmation of the early diagnosis of RA, as well as the consideration of differential diagnoses, and the use in disease monitoring and defining remission.

Recent Findings

In individuals at-risk of RA (i.e., positive autoantibodies with symptoms but without synovitis), US has shown a promising predictive value for the development of clinical arthritis, providing the opportunity to improve risk stratification (and disease prevention) of these individuals. The detection of inflammation on US in patients with early undifferentiated arthritis, in which a definite diagnosis cannot be reached, could predict evolution to persistent arthritis, mostly RA. This, in addition to the US potential ability to identify disease specific patterns for different rheumatic conditions, might facilitate early diagnosis and, therefore, improve the management of patients with RA, or other types of inflammatory arthritides. US has also demonstrated the capability to predict radiographic progression, and relapse risk after treatment discontinuation, in RA patients in remission according to the clinical instruments, raising implications in the management, including therapy discontinuation, of these patients.

US has an undeniable value in the management of patients at different stages along the RA continuum. Further research is needed to identify which groups of patients benefit the most from US imaging.
Imaging in Vasculitis
Authors: Guggenberger Konstanze Viktoria , Bley Thorsten Alexander
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

Vasculitides are characterized by mostly autoimmunologically induced inflammatory processes of vascular structures. They have various clinical and radiologic appearances. Early diagnosis and reliable monitoring are indispensable for adequate therapy to prevent potentially serious complications. Imaging, in addition to laboratory tests and physical examination, constitutes a key component in assessing disease extent and activity. This review presents current standards and some typical findings in the context of imaging in vasculitis with particular attention to large vessel vasculitides.

Recent Findings

Recently, imaging has gained importance in the management of vasculitis, especially regarding large vessel vasculitides (LVV). Recently, EULAR (European League Against Rheumatism) has launched its recommendations concerning the diagnosis of LVVs. Imaging is recommended as the preferred complement to clinical examination. Color-coded duplex sonography is considered the first choice imaging test in suspected giant cell arteritis, and magnetic resonance imaging is considered the first choice in suspected Takayasu’s arteritis.

Due to diversity of clinical and radiologic presentations, diagnosis and therapy monitoring of vasculitides may constitute a challenge. As a result of ongoing technological progress, a variety of non-invasive imaging modalities now play an elemental role in the interdisciplinary management of vasculitic diseases.
Rationally designed synthesis of bright AgInS2/ZnS quantum dots with emission control
Authors: Soares José X. , Wegner K. David , Ribeiro David S. M. , Melo Armindo , Häusler Ines , Santos João L. M. , Resch-Genger Ute
Published: June 2020

In the blossoming field of Cd-free semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), ternary I-III-VI QDs have received increasing attention due to the ease of the environmentally friendly synthesis of high-quality materials in water, their high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields (QYs) in the red and near infrared (NIR) region, and their inherently low toxicity. Moreover, their oxygen-insensitive long PL lifetimes of up to several hundreds of nanoseconds close a gap for applications exploiting the compound-specific parameter PL lifetime. To overcome the lack of reproducible synthetic methodologies and to enable a design-based control of their PL properties, we assessed and modelled the synthesis of high-quality MPA-capped AgInS2/ZnS (AIS/ZnS) QDs. Systematically refined parameters included reaction time, temperature, Ag:In ratio, S:In ratio, Zn:In ratio, MPA:In ratio, and pH using a design-of-experiment approach. Guidance for the optimization was provided by mathematical models developed for the application-relevant PL parameters, maximum PL wavelength, QY, and PL lifetime as well as the elemental composition in terms of Ag:In:Zn ratio. With these experimental data-based models, MPA:In and Ag:In ratios and pH values were identified as the most important synthesis parameters for PL control and an insight into the connection of these parameters could be gained. Subsequently, the experimental conditions to synthetize QDs with tunable emission and high QY were predicted. The excellent agreement between the predicted and experimentally found PL features confirmed the reliability of our methodology for the rational design of high quality AIS/ZnS QDs with defined PL features. This approach can be straightforwardly extended to other ternary and quaternary QDs and to doped QDs.
Conductive MOFs with Photophysical Properties: Applications and Thin-Film Fabrication
Authors: Zhuang Zeyu , Liu Dingxin
Published: June 2020

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of hybrid materials with many promising applications. In recent years, lots of investigations have been oriented toward applications of MOFs in electronic and photoelectronic devices. While many high-quality reviews have focused on synthesis and mechanisms of electrically conductive MOFs, few of them focus on their photophysical properties. Herein, we provide an in-depth review on photoconductive and photoluminescent properties of conductive MOFs together with their corresponding applications in solar cells, luminescent sensing, light emitting, and so forth. For integration of MOFs with practical devices, recent advances in fabrication of photoactive MOF thin films are also summarized.
A network perspective on intermedia agenda-setting
Authors: Stern Samuel , Livan Giacomo , Smith Robert E.
Published: June 2020

In Communication Theory, intermedia agenda-setting refers to the influence that different news sources may have on each other, and how this subsequently affects the breadth of information that is presented to the public. Several studies have attempted to quantify the impact of intermedia agenda-setting in specific countries or contexts, but a large-scale, data-driven investigation is still lacking. Here, we operationalise intermedia agenda-setting by putting forward a methodology to infer networks of influence between different news sources on a given topic, and apply it on a large dataset of news articles published by globally and locally prominent news organisations in 2016. We find influence to be significantly topic-dependent, with the same news sources acting as agenda-setters (i.e., central nodes) with respect to certain topics and as followers (i.e., peripheral nodes) with respect to others. At the same time, we find that the influence networks associated to most topics exhibit small world properties, which we find to play a significant role towards the overall diversity of sentiment expressed about the topic by the news sources in the network. In particular, we find clustering and density of influence networks to act as competing forces in this respect, with the former increasing and the latter reducing diversity.
Comparing Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes in Virgin Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Implantations and Revisions: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Miller Jake A. , Bennett Nelson E.
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Recent studies place the risk of infection following inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) implantation at 1–2%. This risk may be underestimated due to the exclusion of high-risk patients, such as patients undergoing multiple revisions or revision following IPP infection, from data.

Aim

To calculate the rate of postoperative complications for all patients undergoing IPP implantation and revision, and to determine the risk factors predictive of complications following virgin implantation and revision independently.

Methods

The charts of 280 patients undergoing 331 IPP implantations performed over the last 20 years at a large academic medical center were reviewed for postoperative complications and suspected preoperative and operative risk factors.

Main Outcome Measure

This included the prevalence of adverse operative outcomes including postoperative infection and device malfunction.

Results

63 (20.7%) surgeries resulted in postoperative complications: 38 (12.5%) resulting in device malfunction and 25 (8.20%) resulting in infection. Smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 4.14, P = .00) was associated with overall postoperative complications. Within subgroups, concomitant procedures (OR = 4.77, P = .03) were associated with infection for those undergoing virgin implantation, but not those undergoing revision procedures. Alternatively, diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR = 28.3, P = .02) was associated with postoperative infection for those undergoing revision procedures, but not those undergoing virgin implantation.

Conclusion

The rate of postoperative infection for all patients undergoing IPP was found to be 8.20%, a higher estimate than historically recorded. To varying degrees, smoking, concomitant procedures, and DM were associated with adverse operative outcomes. Subset analyses revealed significant associations between postoperative infections and either concomitant procedures or DM in those undergoing virgin implantations or revision surgeries, respectively.
General recommendations to the colorectal surgeon during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Campos Fábio Guilherme , Fillmann Henrique Sarubbi
Published: June 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown our country in an unfavorable light, as Brazil has reported the second highest number of deaths to date. When the social isolation phase is finished, professional activities (including the medical ones) will resume their routines and the specialist must be updated in order to provide effective and safe care. Although many published recommendations are based on low levels of evidence, disclosing them has become necessary, since the coronavirus infection may affect operative outcomes. Overall, it is suggested that physicians adopt preventive measures, starting with the medical appointment, and extending them to the surgical procedure. Furthermore, it is also necessary to provisionally change criteria for operative indications and conducts. Currently, postponing elective surgeries seems to be a universally agreed decision. Moreover, we need to establish the early diagnosis of the viral infection, before or after the surgery. Several safety measures related to minimally-invasive procedures have been reported, disclosing the risks of aerosol dissemination by the pneumoperitoneum and smoke from energy-powered devices. The present article aimed to bring to the colorectal surgeon the current recommendations and general safety measures in order to prevent infection dissemination, to improve surgical planning in terms of timing and specific technical aspects.
Potential impact of COVID-19 on colorectal disease management
Authors: Campos Fábio Guilherme , Fillmann Henrique Sarubbi
Published: June 2020

The current recommendations for management of colorectal diseases are still evolving, due to the limited experience on this issue. As the new coronavirus can be transmitted through breath droplets, by contact and orofecally, there is no consensus of how this fact may affect the investigation and treatment of anorectal diseases. Thus, high-quality multicenter studies are urgently needed to provide better information to both patients and the multiprofessional team, in order to build an effective pandemic response plan in our specialty. As a greater operative risk for infected patients has already been demonstrated, the next step lies on the identification of new therapeutic strategies that could minimize this effect on an individual basis. There is a present understanding that the COVID-19 pandemic should change some traditional practices. Therefore, the surgical treatment of suspected or known COVID-19 case demands specific insights. This article analyses potential influences regarding the treatment of patients with Colorectal Cancer (CRC) and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). At present, elective surgery must be avoided, and the colorectal surgeon must carefully evaluate the risks and benefits of such decision. Within this context, a change toward nonsurgical and less aggressive modalities of CRC treatment may help to postpone definitive treatment. We also discuss the concerns regarding the viral infection among the population, the influence on clinical symptoms and the proposed modifications on therapeutic schemes.
Rethinking “Village” at Mogollon Village (LA 11568): Formal Chronological Modeling of a Persistent Place
Authors: Barkwill Love Lori
Published: June 2020

In the U.S. Southwest, large pithouse sites are often referred to as “villages,” implying a continuous settlement of contemporary households. But determining pithouse contemporaneity at these sites is challenging, even when relying on radiocarbon dates. Using a Bayesian chronological framework, I examine the overall chronology and occupational histories of individual pithouses at Mogollon Village (LA 11568), a large pithouse site in western New Mexico. The results presented here suggest Mogollon Village occupation began at least by cal AD 5–130 and ended around cal AD 895–990. The modeled dates suggest only a few pithouses were inhabited at any given time throughout the site's occupation. Given these findings, Mogollon Village is best understood as a persistent place—a place of repeated, transient occupation—rather than a village. This study demonstrates that Bayesian modeling can be used to reassess an existing chronological framework, shed light on the contemporaneity of structures at a site, and change our understanding of a site's nature.
Ethics Events and Conditions of Possibility: How Sell-Side Financial Analysts Became Involved in Corporate Governance
Authors: Tan Zhiyuan (Simon)
Published: June 2020

Mobilizing Foucault’s genealogy, this article investigates how an “ethics event”—the involvement by some sell-side financial analysts in the United States and United Kingdom across the past two decades in corporate governance—emerged. It is found that the complex relations formed between specific historical precedents, normative discourses, and fields of power rendered certain issues in financial markets morally problematic and constructed analysts’ corporate governance work as a potential solution. Contributing to research in finance ethics, this article develops a novel perspective to conceptualize the rise of ethically relevant practices in financial markets, focusing on how ethical problems and their solutions are outcomes of discursive construction and power relations. This article also revises our understanding of the boundary between technical norms and moral norms in financial markets. When ethical crises occur, it is argued, transforming technical practices and revising the technical norms adopted by financial professionals has the potential to tackle ethical concerns.
CAEP, CCCS, and CNSF Position Statement – Management of devastating brain injuries in the emergency department: Enhancing neuroprognostication and maintaining the opportunity for organ and tissue donation
Authors: Healey Andrew , Leeies Murdoch , Hrymak Carmen , Chochinov Alecs , Grunau Brian , Paunovic Bojan , Teitelbaum Jeanne , Wilson Lindsay C. , Shemie Sam D.
Published: June 2020

The primary purpose of this statement is to improve neuroprognostication after devastating brain injury (DBI), with a secondary benefit of potential organ and tissue donation.
Clearing the air: A study of cannabis-related presentations to urban Alberta emergency departments following legalization
Authors: Yeung Matthew E. M. , Weaver Colin G. , Janz Kevin , Haines-Saah Rebecca , Lang Eddy
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Non-medical cannabis recently became legal for adults in Canada. Legalization provides opportunity to investigate the public health effects of national cannabis legalization on presentations to emergency departments (EDs). Our study aimed to explore association between cannabis-related ED presentations, poison control and telemedicine calls, and cannabis legalization.

Methods

Data were collected from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System from October 1, 2013, to July 31, 2019, for 14 urban Alberta EDs, from Alberta poison control, and from HealthLink, a public telehealth service covering all of Alberta. Visitation data were obtained to compare pre- and post-legalization periods. An interrupted time-series analysis accounting for existing trends was completed, in addition to the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and relative risk calculation (to evaluate changes in co-diagnoses).

Results

Although only 3 of every 1,000 ED visits within the time period were attributed to cannabis, the number of cannabis-related ED presentations increased post-legalization by 3.1 (range -11.5 to 12.6) visits per ED per month (IRR 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.39, 1.51; absolute level change: 43.5 visits per month, 95% CI; 26.5, 60.4). Cannabis-related calls to poison control also increased (IRR 1.87, 95% CI; 1.55, 2.37; absolute level change: 4.0 calls per month, 95% CI; 0.1, 7.9). Lastly, we observed increases in cannabis-related hyperemesis, unintentional ingestion, and individuals leaving the ED pre-treatment. We also observed a decrease in co-ingestant use.

Conclusion

Overall, Canadian cannabis legalization was associated with small increases in urban Alberta cannabis-related ED visits and calls to a poison control centre.
Macrosystem and Women’s Fear of Crime in Intimate Relations: An Integrated Model
Authors: Iglesias Camila , Cardoso Carla , Sousa Pedro
Published: June 2020

Fear of crime has been the focus of fruitful criminological investigation for the last 50 years. Simultaneously, the literature related to intimate partner violence has also been developing. Empirical studies have neglected the association between fear of crime and violence committed in private spaces, so this research seeks to provide an integrated approach to these concepts. Using the data from the first Brazilian National Victimization Survey, this research aims to explore how fear of violence in intimate relationships is associated with both individual and macro-contextual variables, in an ecological framework as proposed by Heise. Statistical analyses were conducted by aggregating data, and the analytical model integrated both individual- and macro-level variables and took the fear of intimate partner violence as the outcome variable. The results demonstrate a strong association between the fear of intimate partner violence and the individual-level predictors tested, especially previous victimization as well as social inequality (Gini coefficient). This way, results indicate that fear of crime manifests its predictors far beyond what the dyad “victim–aggressor” may suggest.
Sound Speculators: Public Debates about Futures Trading in British India and Germany, 1880–1930
Authors: LUBINSKI CHRISTINA , RISCHBIETER LAURA JULIA
Published: June 2020

Considerations about the legitimacy of futures trading have been ubiquitous in the highly integrated world economy since the late nineteenth century. This article compares two national debates in Germany and British India from the 1880s to the 1930s. Despite significant differences in the cultural and economic contexts of the two countries and in the emergence of futures trading, there are interesting similarities. In both countries, individual futures exchanges were organized and controlled by small privileged groups of traders. These minorities were glued together by social ties, de facto controlling (or profiting from) access to futures markets and facing criticism because of their privileged position. While contemporaries and historians often focus on futures trading as trading without intent to deliver, the historical analysis in this article shows that an equally important issue was the conflict over distribution and power between more and less privileged interest groups and their respective market access.
Salinity decreases transpiration of sorghum plants
Authors: Guimarães Miguel Julio Machado , Simões Welson Lima , Barros Juliane Rafaele Alves , Willadino Lilia Gomes
Published: June 2020

Growing in a saline environment causes changes in important physiological processes that are directly related to plant growth and development. In this study we evaluated the effect of salinity on transpiration of sorghum plants in semi-arid conditions and found that the highest rates of transpiration were observed in the hottest hours of the day, between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., with plants subjected to the saline environment having their transpiration reduced by up to 70% when compared to the non-saline environment. This behavior can be reflected in reductions in plant growth and development due to reduced water absorption by the roots, consequently causing an imbalance of nutrients in the plant due to low absorption rate and competition between nutrients and salts in the preferred routes of absorption in the roots.
Timing of the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Iberian inland (Cardina-Salto do Boi, Côa Valley, Portugal)
Authors: Aubry Thierry , Dimuccio Luca Antonio , Barbosa António Fernando , Luís Luís , Santos André Tomás , Silvestre Marcelo , Thomsen Kristina Jørkov , Rades Eike , Autzen Martin , Murray Andrew Sean
Published: June 2020

The timing of the Neanderthal-associated Middle Palaeolithic demise and a possible overlap with anatomically modern humans (AMH) in some regions of Eurasia continues to be debated. The Iberian Peninsula is considered a possible refuge zone for the last Neanderthals, but the chronology of the later Middle Palaeolithic record has undergone revision and has increased the debate on the timing of Neanderthal extinction. Here we report on a study of the 5-m-thick archaeological stratigraphy of the Cardina-Salto do Boi, an open-air site located in inland Iberia, from which optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages were obtained for Middle and Upper Palaeolithic occupations preserved in overbank alluvial deposits. Geomorphology, archaeostratigraphy, stone-tool evolution, and OSL dating support the persistence of Neanderthals after 41 ka in central Iberia; the transition between the Middle Palaeolithic material culture and the AMH-associated Aurignacian blade and bladelet production is estimated to lie between 34.0 ± 2.0 ka and 38.4 ± 1.9 ka. Our results demonstrate that investigations focusing on different geomorphological situations are necessary to overcome the current limitations of the evidence and to establish more consistent models for Neanderthal disappearance and AMH expansion in the Iberian Peninsula.
THE LATE THIRTEENTH-CENTURY CHAPTER HOUSE OF BLACK FRIARS, LONDON
Authors: Holder Nick , Samuel Mark
Published: June 2020

An early rescue excavation in 1900 revealed part of a medieval building of the Dominican friary of Black Friars, London. Further archaeological work in the twentieth century revealed other parts of the building. Here, the authors consider the archaeological and architectural evidence, including a preserved in situ window and two relocated ex situ architectural features. Alfred Clapham suggested in a 1912 article in Archaeologia that the building was the Dominican provincial prior’s house; the present authors instead identify the ground-floor chamber as the late thirteenth-century chapter house. Construction of the friary (the second London Black Friars) began in 1278 or 1279 and the chapter house, funded by a will of 1281, was probably built later in the 1280s. The lower chamber was a well-lit, five-bay undercroft with a quadripartite vault rising from Reigate stone responds and Purbeck marble columns: this was probably the chapter house chamber. The hall-like chamber over was approximately 57ft by 28ft (17.3m × 8.5m) and may have been the library. The building may be the work of Robert of Beverley, the king’s master mason from 1260, perhaps in conjunction with Michael of Canterbury. French royal works of the thirteenth century (such as the lower chapel of the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris) may have served as inspiration.
Insulin-related dietary indices predict 24-h urinary C-peptide in adult men
Authors: Lee Dong Hoon , Giovannucci Edward L. , Tabung Fred K.
Published: June 2020

The dietary insulin index directly estimates the postprandial insulin secretion potential of foods, whereas the empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinaemia (EDIH) assesses the insulinaemic potential of usual diets based on fasting plasma C-peptide, and is primarily reflective of insulin resistance. It is unknown whether these insulin-related indices are predictive of an integrated measure of insulin secretion. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis that included 293 non-diabetic men with 24-h urinary C-peptide data from the Men’s Lifestyle Validation Study. EDIH, dietary insulin index and dietary insulin load were calculated using validated FFQ. We conducted multivariable-adjusted linear regression to estimate relative and absolute concentrations of 24-h urinary C-peptide. In multivariable-adjusted models, we found a significant positive association between all three insulin-related dietary indices and 24-h urinary C-peptide (P < 0·05). Relative concentrations of 24-h urinary C-peptide per 1-sd increase in insulin-related dietary indices were 1·12 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·23) for EDIH, 1·18 (95 % CI 1·07, 1·29) for dietary insulin index and 1·16 (95 % CI 1·06, 1·27) for dietary insulin load. When we further adjusted for BMI, the association was attenuated for EDIH, to 1·07 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·16), and remained unchanged for dietary insulin index and dietary insulin load. In conclusion, EDIH, dietary insulin index and dietary insulin load were predictive of integrated insulin secretion assessed by 24-h urinary C-peptide. Findings after adjustment for BMI appear to confirm the relation of EDIH to insulin resistance and dietary insulin index/load to insulin secretion; the respective constructs of the two dietary indices.
COVID-19, Fiscal Federalism and Provincial Debt: Have We Reached a Critical Juncture?
Authors: Hanniman Kyle
Published: June 2020

In 2019, Canada's gross subnational debt to GDP was well over 40 per cent, easily the highest in the world (see Figure 1). This level will only grow as the provinces grapple with the pandemic and its fiscal effects. Some believe surging provincial debts have brought Canadian federalism to a critical juncture: they have greatly increased the odds of federal measures to stabilize provincial finances. This article assesses this claim. The cleanest and most balanced path to fiscal sustainability is a combination of enhanced federal transfers, which would bolster provincial fiscal capacity, and national fiscal rules, which would constrain provincial borrowing. But the former is unlikely to restore sustainability on its own, and the latter would require a severe provincial debt crisis, which Canada's existing fiscal federal structures can avoid. COVID-19 has increased the odds of certain reforms, and it is difficult to predict their long-run effects. But any obvious paths to fiscal sustainability remain hidden.
Lawgivers, Virtue, and the Mixed Regime: Reflections on Richard Bodéüs’sThe Political Dimensions of Aristotle’s Ethics
Authors: CHERRY KEVIN
Published: June 2020

In this paper, I engage with the works of Richard Bodéüs about Aristotle’s understanding of the relationship between law, virtue, and education. I argue that there is an important difference between the demands of the law and those of reason, especially in the defective, but more common, regimes. This difference is also found in the best regime possible for most cities, the mixed regime Aristotle calls ‘polity’ (or, in Greek,politeia), insofar as it represents a balance between oligarchy and democracy. To educate citizens in this regime requires what Aristotle calls “political philosophy.”
La densité des images
Authors: ANNE-BRAUN ALEXIS
Published: June 2020

Cet article est une défense de la position exposée par Nelson Goodman dans Langages de l'art. Goodman affirme que les images fonctionnent dans des systèmes symboliques denses. La différence entre texte et image ne se situe pas là où nous l'aurions spontanément cherchée : dans l'expérience perceptuelle que nous avons des images. Une telle théorie de la dépiction peut sembler iconoclaste, voire complètement fausse, et ce, parce que nous y voyons à tort une explication de la représentation picturale. Elle offre cependant, rapportée à d'autres intuitions philosophiques qui essaiment ailleurs dans l’œuvre de Goodman, une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement des images.
The Impact of Stronger Shareholder Control on Bondholders
Authors: Amiri-Moghadam Sadra , Javadi Siamak , Rastad Mahdi
Published: June 2020

We study the impact of stronger shareholder control on bondholders. We find that the passage of shareholder-sponsored governance proposals causes a decline in credit default swap spreads, indicating a net positive effect on bondholders. Evidence suggests that the direct benefit of stronger shareholder control, through the “management disciplining” channel, is larger than the combined adverse effects of directly escalating shareholder-bondholder conflict and indirectly exacerbating exposure to shareholder opportunism. Results are stronger for firms with existing high levels of shareholder-bondholder conflict and for proposals that mitigate managerial entrenchment without exacerbating risk-shifting. Finally, stronger shareholder control improves credit ratings and operating performance in the long-term.
Does Local Capital Supply Matter for Public Firms’ Capital Structures?
Authors: Adhikari Binay K. , Cicero David C. , Sulaeman Johan
Published: June 2020

Publicly listed firms respond to capital supply conditions shaped by local investing preferences. Public firms headquartered in areas with higher proportions of senior citizens and women use more debt financing. These demographics are associated with conservative investing, leading to a higher and more stable local supply of debt capital. The demographics–leverage relation is more pronounced for firms that cannot easily tap public bond markets, which is the majority of public firms. Changes in firms’ financing activities around exogenous shocks to credit supplies, including interstate banking deregulation and the 2008–2009 financial crisis, support the local capital supply hypothesis.
‘Our Grandmother Used to Sing Whilst Weeding’: Oral histories, millet food culture, and farming rituals among women smallholders in Ramanagara district, Karnataka
Authors: HAZAREESINGH SANDIP
Published: June 2020

The cultural and historical dimensions of rural lives matter. However, development practitioners and writings tend to play down these aspects. This article demonstrates the significance of oral history in revealing the meanings of women smallholders’ millet-based foodways in southern India. It argues that women farmers’ cultural practices around food constitute fundamental ‘capabilities’ nurtured over a long historical duration, and are essential to any meaningful articulation of ‘development’. Drawing on age-old spiritual beliefs and practices involving non-human entities, the women demonstrate fine-tuned skills in nurturing seeds and growing crops, in preparing and cooking food, and in discerning food tastes, particularly in relation to the local stapleragi, or finger millet. They also express their creativity in the joys of performing songs and farming rituals linked to the agricultural cycle. In this way, cultural capabilities express significant dimensions of women's agency exercised in the intimately related spheres of food and farming. Oral history thus emerges as a research method capable of generating insights into concrete manifestations of culture over a significant historical duration, one that is particularly conducive to reclaiming the voices and life experiences of subaltern groups such as women smallholders who are either not heard or are marginalized in written contemporary and historical documentary records.
Representation and agency
Authors: Friston Karl
Published: June 2020

Gilead et al. raise some fascinating issues about representational substrates and structures in the predictive brain. This commentary drills down on a core theme in their arguments; namely, the structure of models that generate predictions. In particular, it highlights their factorial nature – both in terms of deep hierarchies over levels of abstraction and, crucially, time – and how this underwrites agency.
Catching the intangible: a role for emotion?
Authors: Montefinese Maria , Ambrosini Ettore , Visalli Antonino , Vinson David
Published: June 2020

A crucial aspect of Gilead and colleagues’ ontology is the dichotomy between tangible and intangible representations, but the latter remains rather ill-defined. We propose a fundamental role for interoceptive experience and the statistical distribution of entities in language, especially for intangible representations, that we believe Gilead and colleagues’ ontology needs to incorporate.
Are all distances created equal? Insights from developmental psychology
Authors: O'Brien Bronwyn , Rutt Joshua L. , Atance Cristina M.
Published: June 2020

Gilead et al.'s theory presupposes that traversing temporal, spatial, social, and hypothetical distances are largely interchangeable acts of mental travel that co-occur in human ontogeny. Yet, this claim is at odds with recent developmental data suggesting that children's reasoning is differentially affected by the dimension which they must traverse, and that different representational abilities underlie travel across different dimensions.
Experiences of liking versus ideas about liking
Authors: Ledgerwood Alison , Eastwick Paul W. , Gawronski Bertram
Published: June 2020

We leverage the notion that abstraction enables prediction to generate novel insights and hypotheses for the literatures on attitudes and mate preferences. We suggest that ideas about liking (e.g., evaluations of categories or overall traits) are more abstract than experiences of liking (e.g., evaluations of particular exemplars), and that ideas about liking may facilitate mental travel beyond the here-and-now.
Language as a mental travel guide
Authors: Davis Charles P. , Altmann Gerry T. M. , Yee Eiling
Published: June 2020

Gilead et al.'s approach to human cognition places abstraction and prediction at the heart of “mental travel” under a “representational diversity” perspective that embraces foundational concepts in cognitive science. But, it gives insufficient credit to the possibility that the process of abstraction produces a gradient, and underestimates the importance of a highly influential domain in predictive cognition: language, and related, the emergence of experientially based structure through time.
Relationships and material culture in a residential home for older people
Authors: Lovatt Melanie
Published: June 2020

Residents of older people's homes furnish their rooms with belongings that are associated with meaningful relationships. Previous research shows how material culture symbolises residents’ past and existing relationships, helping residents to remain embedded within familial and social networks. Less attention has been paid to how relationships are actively (re)constituted through socio-material interactions, and to the potential for objects to facilitate new relationships. This article presents findings from an ethnographic study into the everyday experiences of residents of an older people's home in northern England. Using observations of daily life and in-depth interviews with residents, it demonstrates how residents used material culture in gift-giving, divestment practices and in mundane social interactions. In this way, residents used objects to not only maintain relationships with family members outside the home, but form new relationships inside the home with other residents and members of staff. Combining theories of materiality, relationality and social practice, I argue that residents’ interactions with material culture helped to facilitate new social interaction and meaningful relationships. This is important in a social context where loneliness has been identified as a significant threat to residents’ mental and physical health. Residential homes for older people can develop guidance on practical activities and strategies that can use material culture to increase social interaction and enhance quality of life for residents.
Influence of Plural Scattering on the Image Quality of Thick Amorphous Objects in Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Rose H.
Published: June 2020

The ultimate goal of electron microscopy is to elucidate the three-dimensional atomic structure of arbitrary objects. Objects are generally classified with respect to their inherent structural symmetries. The extreme cases of total order and total disorder are perfect crystals and entirely amorphous objects. In the former case the atoms are arranged in a periodic order; in the latter they are distributed at random. Neither perfect crystals nor completely amorphous solid objects exist in reality. The finite size of the atoms gives rise in every solid amorphous object to a certain shortrange order that rules out complete disorder. The amorphous carbon foils commonly used as supporting films are an example of this behavior.
On Chemical Analysis of Thin Films by Energy Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Jouffrey B. , Kihn Y. , Perez J. , Sevely J. , Zanchi G.
Published: June 2020

In many respects it is valuable to know the distribution of elements in
many kinds of materials. One of the goal has been, for the past thirty years
about, to improve the spatial resolution as far as it can be possible and to
extend the number of elements which can be localized. Since the pioneering
work by Castaing (Castaing, 1951), many techniques have been developed. They
use all kinds of signals obtained from an excited sample by use of different
incident particles or also by increasing the temperature. The collected
signals concern transmitted, secondary, backscattered or Auger electrons,
electromagnetic radiations (from infrared to X rays) and deflected or
secondary ions...
Possibility to Detect Reproducibly some 5-10 Å Conformational Differences
by Conventional Techniques: Physiologically Defined Lattice Transformations
in Bacteriophage T4
Authors: Kellenberger E.
Published: June 2020

It was demonstrated that during maturation the proteins of the surface
lattice of a virus shell undergo conformational changes on the level of
quarternary structure. The conventional methods of negative stain and
information processing allow for detecting differences between two
conformational states of some 5 Å, although the information on the absolute
structure and its changes are estimated not to be better than 20-30 Å.
Attempts for refining the methods in view of demonstrating tertiary
structure changes of the subunits involved are discussed. The general
biological relevance of these studies are emphasized, particularly in view
of studying control mechanisms operating at the level of gene
products.
‘You gotta have something to chew on’: perceptions of stress-induced eating and weight gain among office workers in South Korea
Authors: Park Sohyun , Sung Eunju
Published: June 2020

Objective:

Job-related chronic stress has been discussed as a risk factor for weight change and metabolic disorders. The current study was conducted to understand the situations in which stress-induced eating occurs among office workers and how workers perceive stress to influence their daily eating practices and weight change.

Design:

In-depth, one-on-one interviews were conducted with office workers.

Setting:

Metropolitan areas in South Korea.

Participants:

Twenty-two office workers from thirteen companies participated in the study.

Results:

Most participants mentioned that they often felt work-related stress and reported various levels of perceived stress, as measured with open-ended questions. The main sources of work stress were (i) the nature of job characteristics, (ii) performance evaluations and (iii) relationships within the organisation. Participants linked stress with increased food consumption and cravings for sweet, savoury and greasy foods. Many participants emphasised the links between multiple health behaviours and stress. Not only dietary choices but also alcohol consumption, sleeping difficulty and insufficient physical activity were related to coping with work stress and demands. Finally, most participants who perceived work stress believed that their weight gain in adulthood was triggered by work stress.

Conclusions:

It is necessary to consider promoting behavioural modifications to support weight management and providing a means for stress management and the minimisation of stress-inducing working environments for workers to maintain or achieve a healthy weight and to prevent chronic disease incidence.
Applications of Chemical Microanalysis to the Study of Ferromagnetic and
Ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Mishra Raja K.
Published: June 2020

With the development and perfection of Analytical Electron Microscopy in
the last decade, AEM has found increasing application in the study of
materials problems (1,2). Its application to the study of local chemistry in
alloy systems has grown both in width as well as depth (3,4). Application of
chemical microanalysis to structural ceramic materials has yielded much
useful information on hitherto unresolved problems (5). In this paper,
application of chemical microanalysis to the study of common materials
science problems such as microsegregation, grain boundary precipitation,
decomposition reaction, etc., in ceramic ferrites, garnets, and
ferroelectric materials will be outlined with representative examples from
the work done at Berkeley. In addition, the significance of these results
with respect to the physical properties and processing of these materials
shall be briefly discussed. The limitations and the difficulties involved in
studying these materials will also be pointed out.
Lorentz Electron Microscopy Study of Co/Fe/Si/B Amorphous Alloys
Authors: Rabenberg L.
Published: June 2020

The excellent soft magnetic properties of most ferromagnetic amorphous
alloys establish them as potential candidates for many soft magnetic
applications. However, thermal instability is a major factor limiting actual
use of these alloys. Magnetic properties, such as μ and
Hc, of amorphous alloys change irreversibly when
heated to temperatures well below this crystallization temperature
(Tx). This annealing behavior must be understood
and controlled for successful applications.
Preparation of Ceramic Particulates for Transmission Electron
Microscopy
Authors: Lauf R. J. , Keating H.
Published: June 2020

The preparation of fragmented or particulate ceramic materials for
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination has traditionally been
difficult, particularly if a durable, permanent specimen is desired.
Furthermore, most established methods for dealing with micron- and
submicron-sized samples (e.g., dispersion in plastic films) do not permit
selection of orientations or ion thinning. A technique has been developed
that is useful for a variety of materials, permits the selection of specimen
orientation, is compatible with ion milling requirements, and produces a
durable specimen that can be reexamined later if necessary.
A High Resolution Study of Alumina Supported Iridium Catalysts
Authors: Stoeckert C. , Etherton B. , Beer M. , Gryder J.
Published: June 2020

The interpretation of the activity of catalysts requires information
about the sizes of the metal particles, since this has implications for the
number of surface atoms available for reaction. To determine the particle
dimensions we used a high resolution STEM1. Such an
instrument with its simple optical transfer function is far more suitable
than a conventional transmission electron microscope for the establishment
of particle sizes. We report here our study on the size and number
distribution of Ir particles supported on
Al2O3 and also examine simple
geometric models for the shape of Ir particles.
Modulation Transfer Functions of Photographic Emulsions
Authors: Grano David A. , Downing Kenneth H.
Published: June 2020

All photographic emulsions suffer, to varying degrees, from two flaws -
they have a limited ability to record accurately minute details and they add
noise to whatever they record. To the electron microscopist attempting to do
high resolution work on biological material using low electron exposures,
these flaws can be of critical importance. The choice of exposure,
magnification and emulsion used will determine the amount of detail recorded
and the relative influence of the added noise. These choices thus dictate
the transfer of information from the image to the emulsion and limit its
retrieval by optical and/or computer processing techniques. How does one
make a sensible choice?
Signal to Noise Ratio in Stem and Low-Loss Images
Authors: Broers A. N.
Published: June 2020

The number of pixels or resolution elements in STEM images has
frequently been relatively low (< 105) and in many
images only a few gray levels can be distinguished. This is surprising
considering the high brightness of the electron sources used in most cases,
and the high contrast typically present in STEM images. While it is
technologically expensive to match the several million resolution elements
resolved in high quality TEM images, it is shown here that it is relatively
straightforward to produce STEM images containing at least a million
resolution elements.
Electron Microscopy of Amphibole Asbestos Fibres
Authors: Fisher R. M. , Szirmae A. , Lee R. J. , Hutchinson J. L.
Published: June 2020

The high aspect ratios and small dimensions affect how asbestos fibers
enter or are engulfed by cells, and are retained in the lungs. The resulting
biological activity presumably is initiated by surface reactions between
mineral particles and molecular constituents in the cell. Our attempts to
characterize the surfaces of amphibole asbestos particles have followed
several avenues.