bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical Green's function for the acoustic scattering by a flat plate with a serrated edge
Authors: Lyu B.
Published: April 2023

An analytical Green's function is developed to study the acoustic scattering by a flat plate with a serrated edge. The scattered pressure is solved using the Wiener–Hopf technique in conjunction with the adjoint technique. It is shown that the kernel decomposition proposed in recent literature appears only valid at high frequencies. We focus on this high-frequency regime and obtain the scattered pressure in the form of a contour integral. We show that such an integral, although complicated, can be evaluated exactly for any arbitrary piecewise linear serrations, for which closed-form analytical Green's functions are obtained. The derivation is validated by performing numerical integration of the contour integral showing excellent agreement. The Green's function is shown to agree well with the numerical results obtained using the finite element method at high frequencies. The noise directivity patterns are studied as a function of the frequency, serration amplitude, source position and Mach number. It is found that noise is often enhanced at low observer angles and may be slightly reduced at high observer angles, which may be understood from the perspective of an extended or removed rigid reflection surface. It is found that increasing the mean-flow Mach number leads to increasingly evident noise amplification at side angles, a seemingly strange Doppler behaviour exhibited in source-fixed coordinate frames. The analytical Green's function is applicable to both leading- and trailing-edge scatterings, and is particularly suitable for developing a three-dimensional trailing-edge noise model that is not only highly efficient but also capable of including non-frozen turbulence effects.
Force and torque reactions on a pitching flexible aerofoil
Authors: Sanmiguel-Rojas E. , Perona J.L. , Fernandez-Feria R.
Published: April 2023

Experimental measurements in a wind tunnel of the unsteady force and moment that a fluid exerts on flexible flapping aerofoils are not trivial because the forces and moments caused by the aerofoil's inertia and others structural tensions at the pivot axis have to be obtained separately and subtracted from the direct measurements with a force/torque sensor. Here we derive from the nonlinear beam equation general relations for the force and torque reactions at the leading edge of a pitching aerofoil in terms of the fluid force and moment on the aerofoil and its kinematics, involving geometric and structural parameters of the flexible aerofoil. These relations are validated by comparing high-resolution numerical simulations of the flow–structure interaction of a two-dimensional flexible aerofoil pitching about its leading edge with direct force and torque measurements in a wind tunnel.
Three-dimensional streaming around an obstacle in a Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: Zhang Xirui , Rallabandi Bhargav
Published: April 2023

Driving oscillatory flow around an obstacle generates, due to inertial rectification, a steady ‘streaming’ flow that is useful in a host of microfluidic applications. While theory has focused largely on two-dimensional flows, streaming in many practical microfluidic devices is three-dimensional due to confinement. We develop a three-dimensional streaming theory around an obstacle in a microchannel with a Hele-Shaw-like geometry, where one dimension (depth) is much shorter than the other two dimensions. Utilizing inertial lubrication theory, we demonstrate that the time-averaged streaming flow has a three-dimensional structure. Notably, the flow reverses direction across the depth of the channel, which is a feature not observed in less confined streaming set-ups. This feature is confirmed by our experiments of streaming around a cylinder sandwiched in a microchannel. Our theory also predicts that the streaming velocity decays as the inverse cube of the distance from the cylinder, faster than that expected from previous two-dimensional approaches. We verify this velocity decay quantitatively using particle tracking measurements from experiments of streaming around cylinders with different aspect ratios at different driving frequencies.
Self-normalized Cramér moderate deviations for a supercritical Galton–Watson process
Authors: Fan Xiequan , Shao Qi-Man
Published: April 2023

Let
$(Z_n)_{n\geq0}$
be a supercritical Galton–Watson process. Consider the Lotka–Nagaev estimator for the offspring mean. In this paper we establish self-normalized Cramér-type moderate deviations and Berry–Esseen bounds for the Lotka–Nagaev estimator. The results are believed to be optimal or near-optimal.
Limiting shape for first-passage percolation models on random geometric graphs
Authors: Coletti Cristian F. , de Lima Lucas R. , Hinsen Alexander , Jahnel Benedikt , Valesin Daniel
Published: April 2023

Let a random geometric graph be defined in the supercritical regime for the existence of a unique infinite connected component in Euclidean space. Consider the first-passage percolation model with independent and identically distributed random variables on the random infinite connected component. We provide sufficient conditions for the existence of the asymptotic shape, and we show that the shape is a Euclidean ball. We give some examples exhibiting the result for Bernoulli percolation and the Richardson model. In the latter case we further show that it converges weakly to a nonstandard branching process in the joint limit of large intensities and slow passage times.
KATĚTOV ORDER ON MAD FAMILIES
Authors: GUZMÁN OSVALDO
Published: April 2023

We continue with the study of the Katětov order on MAD families. We prove that Katětov maximal MAD families exist under
$\mathfrak {b=c}$
and that there are no Katětov-top MAD families assuming
$\mathfrak {s\leq b}.$
This improves previously known results from the literature. We also answer a problem form Arciga, Hrušák, and Martínez regarding Katětov maximal MAD families.
Poblamiento litoral de los archipiélagos patagónicos septentrionales: Cronología y estratigrafía de Puente Quilo-1, Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile
Authors: Sierralta Navarro Simón , Delgado Orellana Ayelén , Rebolledo Canales Sandra , Cortés Rodríguez Constanza , Carrión Méndez Hugo , Hernández Castillo Daniel , González Rojas Rolando , Dávila Contreras Cristian , Inostroza Rojas Helga , Roa Solís Constanza
Published: April 2023

Los modos de vida marítimos que caracterizaron a los archipiélagos occidentales de Patagonia comenzaron su desarrollo a mediados del Holoceno medio. El registro arqueológico sugiere posibles orígenes tanto en el extremo sur como en el extremo norte del territorio insular. La propuesta de un núcleo ecotonal septentrional de maritización se fundamentó en el hallazgo de sitios con tempranas ocupaciones de especialización litoral, entre los que destacó el conchal de Puente Quilo-1. Este artículo presenta resultados de nuevas excavaciones realizadas con el objeto de precisar su cronología, historia ocupacional y relevancia en la comprensión del proceso de maritización y colonización de los archipiélagos. A través de su integración con investigaciones previas en el sitio, los nuevos datos muestran una secuencia de reocupación estrechamente ligada a cambios en el paisaje producto de la variación en los niveles marinos, y caracterizan un campamento con diversidad funcional y diferenciación de áreas de actividad, inserto en un contexto de expansión regional de grupos cazadores-recolectores marinos. Los atributos culturales y su cronología permiten robustecer la hipótesis de un núcleo de maritización en el norte de la franja archipelágica.
A Jordan–Hölder theorem for skew left braces and their applications to multipermutation solutions of the Yang–Baxter equation
Authors: Ballester-Bolinches A. , Esteban-Romero R. , Pérez-Calabuig V.
Published: April 2023

Skew left braces arise naturally from the study of non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions of the Yang–Baxter equation. To understand the algebraic structure of skew left braces, a study of the decomposition into minimal substructures is relevant. We introduce chief series and prove a strengthened form of the Jordan–Hölder theorem for finite skew left braces. A characterization of right nilpotency and an application to multipermutation solutions are also given.
Conservation tillage and microbially mediated integrated phosphorus management enhance productivity, profitability and energy use efficiency of maize
Authors: Kumar Amit , Behera U. K. , Dhar Shiva , Shukla Livleen , Singh Raghavendra , Babu Subhash , Sharma V. K. , Upadhyay P. K. , Bairwa Rakesh Kumar , Gupta Gaurendra , Kumar Adarsh , Singh Satyapriya , Bhandari Narendra , Qureshi Abdul Aziz , Gudade B. A. , Verma Gaurav , Kumar Ranjeet , Kumar Avneesh
Published: April 2023

Sustainability of maize production systems is threatened by poor economic returns and resource intensiveness. Therefore, an experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2016–17 to 2017–18 to assess the effect of tillage and microbial inoculantsintegrated phosphorus (P) management on productivity, quality, economic outcome and energy dynamics of maize. Three tillage practices viz., CT–R (conventional tillage with no residue), ZT–R (zero tillage with no residue) and ZT + R (zero tillage with wheat crop residue at 2.5 Mg/ha) were assigned in main plots and five P management practices viz., P1 (control–NK as per recommendation, but no P), P2 (17.2 kg P/ha), P3 (17.2 kg P/ha + PSB), P4 (17.2 kg P/ha + compost inoculants) and P5 (34.4 kg P/ha) were allocated in subplots in three times replicated split-plot design. The maximum grain yield (5.96 Mg/ha), protein content (9.13%), protein yield (546 kg/ha) and gross energy returns (209 × 103MJ/ha) were recorded under ZT + R while higher benefit: cost ratio (B: C ratio – the amount of economic gain per unit investment) (1.53) and energy efficiency (12.5) was noticed under ZT–R. Among the P management practices, the application of 34.4 kg P/ha recorded the highest grain yield (6.45 Mg/ha), protein content (9.34%), protein yield (603 kg/ha), B: C ratio (1.65) and energy efficiency (10.1). The results suggested that the application of P at the rate of 34.4 kg/ha under ZT + R is an economically robust approach for the quality maize production in semi-arid region.
An analytical form of the dispersion function for local linear gyrokinetics in a curved magnetic field
Authors: Ivanov P.G. , Adkins T.
Published: April 2023

Starting from the equations of collisionless linear gyrokinetics for magnetised plasmas with an imposed inhomogeneous magnetic field, we present the first known analytical, closed-form solution for the resulting velocity-space integrals in the presence of resonances due to both parallel streaming and constant magnetic drifts. These integrals are written in terms of the well-known plasma dispersion function (Faddeeva & Terent'ev, Tables of Values of the Function

$w(z)=\exp (-z^2)(1+2i/\sqrt {\pi }\int _0^z \exp (t^2) \,\mathrm {d} t)$

for Complex Argument, 1954. Gostekhizdat. English translation: Pergamon Press, 1961; Fried & Conte, The Plasma Dispersion Function, 1961. Academic Press), rendering the subsequent expressions simpler to treat analytically and more efficient to compute numerically. We demonstrate that our results converge to the well-known ones in the straight-magnetic-field and two-dimensional limits, and show good agreement with the numerical solver by Gürcan (J. Comput. Phys., vol. 269, 2014, p. 156). By way of example, we calculate the exact dispersion relation for a simple electrostatic, ion-temperature-gradient-driven instability, and compare it with approximate kinetic and fluid models.
Role of fruit and vegetables in sustaining healthy cognitive function: evidence and issues
Authors: Haskell-Ramsay Crystal F. , Docherty Sarah
Published: April 2023

Modifiable lifestyle factors, such as improved nutrition, are crucial in maintaining cognitive health in older age. Fruit and vegetables represent healthy and sustainable sources of nutrients with the potential to prevent age-related cognitive decline. The aim of this review is to synthesise the available evidence, from epidemiological and randomised controlled trials (RCT), regarding the role of fruit and vegetables in sustaining healthy cognitive function. Epidemiological studies of combined fruit and vegetable intake suggest that increased consumption may sustain cognition in later life. The evidence appears to be stronger for an association between vegetables and cognition, particularly for green leafy and cruciferous vegetables. Specific benefits shown for berries, citrus fruits, avocado and nuts suggest fruit is worthy of further investigation in relation to cognition. Data from RCT indicate benefits to differing aspects of cognition following citrus and berry fruits, cocoa and peanuts, but the data are limited and there are a lack of studies exploring effects of vegetables. There is growing evidence for an association between fruit and vegetable intake and cognitive function, but this is not always consistent and the data from RCT are limited. Issues in previous research are highlighted, such as strict exclusion criteria, absence of baseline nutritional status data and lack of consideration of individual differences, which may explain the weaker findings from RCT. Inclusion of those most at risk for cognitive decline is recommended in future nutrition and cognition research.
Functioning, symptom expression and risk along the psychosis continuum
Authors: Butter Sarah , Shevlin Mark , McBride Orla , Bentall Richard P. , Hyland Philip , Leavey Gerard , Murphy Jamie
Published: April 2023

Background

The psychosis continuum implies that subclinical psychotic experiences (PEs) can be differentiated from clinically relevant expressions since they are not accompanied by a ‘need for care’.

Methods

Using data from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; N = 34 653), the current study examined variation in functioning, symptomology and aetiological risk across the psychosis phenotype [i.e. variation from (i) no PEs, ‘No PEs’ to (ii) non-distressing PEs, ‘PE-Experienced Only’ to (iii) distressing PEs, ‘PE-Impaired’ to (iv) clinically defined psychotic disorder, ‘Diagnosed’].

Results

A graded trend was present such that, compared to those with no PEs, the Diagnosed group had the poorest functioning, followed by the PE-Impaired then PE-Experienced Only groups. In relation to symptom expression, the PE-Impaired group were more likely than the PE-Experienced Only and the Diagnosed groups to endorse most PEs. Predictors of group membership tended to vary quantitatively rather than qualitatively. Trauma, current mental health diagnoses (anxiety and depression) and drug use variables differentiated between all levels of the continuum, with the exception of the extreme end (PE-Impaired v. Diagnosed). Only a few variables distinguished groups at the upper end of the continuum: female sex, older age, unemployment, parental mental health hospitalisation and lower likelihood of having experienced physical assault.

Conclusions

The findings highlight the importance of continuum-based interpretations of the psychosis phenotype and afford valuable opportunities to consider if and how impairment, symptom expression and risk change along the continuum.
The Beautiful Public Danube: Water Uses, Water Rights, and the Habsburg Imperial State in the Mid-nineteenth Century
Authors: Gruffat Corentin
Published: April 2023

This article analyzes an 1869 law from Cisleithania that defined all running waters as public goods. Economic and political actors debated the issue of water rights over several decades in the mid-nineteenth century, as is shown in contemporary publications, proceedings of assemblies, and administrative archives. The legal solution that was ultimately adopted established the management of water rights and uses according to a particular form of property which was intentionally preferred over a system of private appropriation. Looking in detail at what “public good” meant for the actors, this article argues that settling the legal status of rivers served to both consolidate the imperial state's power over society and to make water resources available to a productivist economic system. The new relationships to the environment that emerged during this time were inseparable from contemporary political and economic developments, and legislating was one way to bind these aspects together. Moreover, the case of water rights in the Habsburg Empire adds nuance to binary oppositions between private property and commons that dominate the study of property regimes and environment today. It invites us to consider how the establishment of a productivist economic system rested on a combination of different forms of property and strong state intervention.
Positive lower density for prime divisors of generic linear recurrences
Authors: JÄRVINIEMI OLLI
Published: April 2023

Let
$d \ge 3$
be an integer and let
$P \in \mathbb{Z}[x]$
be a polynomial of degree d whose Galois group is
$S_d$
. Let
$(a_n)$
be a non-degenerate linearly recursive sequence of integers which has P as its characteristic polynomial. We prove, under the generalised Riemann hypothesis, that the lower density of the set of primes which divide at least one non-zero element of the sequence
$(a_n)$
is positive.
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and determinants for salivary seropositivity among pupils and school staff: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Merckx Joanna , Callies Milena , Kabouche Ines , Desombere Isabelle , Duysburgh Els , Roelants Mathieu
Published: April 2023

Representative school data on SARS-CoV-2 past-infection are scarce, and differences between pupils and staff remain ambiguous. We performed a nation-wide prospective seroprevalence study among pupils and staff over time and in relation to determinants of infection using Poisson regression and generalised estimating equations. A cluster random sample was selected with allocation by region and sociodemographic (SES) background. Surveys and saliva samples were collected in December 2020, March, and June 2021, and also in October and December 2021 for primary pupils. We recruited 885 primary and 569 secondary pupils and 799 staff in 84 schools. Cumulative seroprevalence (95% CI) among primary pupils increased from 11.0% (7.6; 15.9) at baseline to 60.4% (53.4; 68.3) in December 2021. Group estimates were similar at baseline; however, in June they were significantly higher among primary staff (38.9% (32.5; 46.4)) compared to pupils and secondary staff (24.2% (20.3; 28.8)). Infections were asymptomatic in 48–56% of pupils and 28% of staff. Seropositivity was associated with individual SES in pupils, and with school level, school SES and language network in staff in June. Associations with behavioural characteristics were inconsistent. Seroconversion rates increased two- to four-fold after self-reported high-risk contacts, especially with adults. Seroprevalence studies using non-invasive sampling can inform public health management.
Seasonal shifts in microbial diversity in the lakes of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Maritime Antarctica
Authors: Bertoglio Florencia , Piccini Claudia , Urrutia Roberto , Antoniades Dermot
Published: April 2023

Fildes Peninsula, on King George Island, has been greatly influenced by recent rapid climate warming. Lakes are pervasive features of Fildes Peninsula landscapes, some of which are used as water sources for Antarctic stations. We studied seven Fildes Peninsula lakes to explore differences among lakes and between seasons in phytoplankton and bacterioplankton communities. We measured environmental variables, analysed pigments using high-performance liquid chromatography and examined bacterial DNA through high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The main driver structuring microbial communities was the season (i.e. spring vs autumn). Chlorophyceae were the dominant phytoplankton group in all lakes and both seasons. Indicator bacteria for each season were identified, including Flavobacterium, Polaromonas and Oxalobacteraceae as indicators of spring conditions under thick ice, whereas Frankiales and Verrucomicrobia were indicator species of autumn following the ice-free summer. The indicator species for spring are generally observed in oligotrophic conditions, whereas many of the autumn indicators are commonly found in soils. There were lesser between-lake differences in microbial communities in autumn, at the end of the open-water period, than in spring at the end of the ice-covered period. This study will act as the basis for future assessments of changes in aquatic microbial communities.
Landscape effects on the conservation of rear-edge populations of forest passerines (Passeriformes): current patterns and prospects
Authors: Hernández-Lambraño Ricardo Enrique , Tellería José Luis
Published: April 2023

Landscape changes affect species abundance and drive biodiversity loss. Here we explored if habitat amount and patch aggregation shape the abundance of forest passerines within the south-western Palaearctic (Morocco). As forests in this region are affected by increasing drought and temperature, we also forecasted their trends according to current predictions of climate change and explored how landscape changes could affect bird distribution. We recorded geo-referenced occurrences of seven forest passerines that were modelled with a set of environmental variables with Maxent to predict their distribution. The occurrence probabilities provided by the models were used as surrogates for the current distribution of habitat amount and patch aggregation within the country. In addition, 190 500-m line transects scattered within the country were used to estimate local bird abundance. Results showed that bird abundance recorded in line transects was positively correlated with habitat amount and patch aggregation of landscape around transects. This supports the idea that changes in these landscape metrics affect the abundance of the study species. Climate-change projections suggest that habitat amount and patch aggregation will decline in southern sectors but will be maintained or will increase at higher elevations. Given their relationship to abundance, these landscape changes suggest that forest birds will have to shift to the northernmost and elevated sectors. These results showed that landscape management can play an important role in the conservation of rear-edge populations of forest birds and suggest that any increase in forest amount and connectivity will improve bird resilience under a global change scenario.
Disaster Medicine Education for Israeli Medical Response Teams to the Ukrainian Refugee Crisis
Authors: Ohana Sarna Cahan Lea , Meirson Gila , Kolitz Tamara , Alpert Evan Avraham , Naame Ahmed , Tavor Oren , Hashavya Saar
Published: April 2023

Introduction:

Disaster Medicine (DM) requires skills, knowledge, and prior experience that are rarely put to test by health care providers. Pediatric DM presents unique challenges in terms of both knowledge and practice.

Methods:

An anonymous survey consisting of demographic and five-point Likert scale questions was administered to physicians, nurses, and other medical personnel from Israel’s major medical emergency teams who were deployed to respond to the refugee crisis in Ukraine. This included teams from the Hadassah and Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centers and the Israel Ministry of Health.

Results:

Of the 171 members of the medical teams deployed on the Ukraine border, a total of 105 responses were obtained (61.4%) from 61 physicians, 50 nurses, and 12 other health care providers. The teams were composed of pediatricians (31.6%), internal medicine physicians (21.6%), Emergency Medicine and intensive care physicians (18.0%), and 31.0% other specialties.

For 60% of the participants, this was their first deployment, and 78% had received no training in DM. Members rated the need for DM training at 4/5 (IQR 3-5). Forty-nine (49) members (46.6%) were not briefed on situational awareness and 97 members (89.5%) were not trained in the recognition of acute stress reactions. The responders also rated their concerns about providing medical aid to children at 2/5 (IQR 1-3). A medical clown was part of the teams 42.8% of the time; the presence of clowns was rated at a median of 4/5 (IQR 4-5). The team members underscored the need for more targeted training in DM at 5/5 (IQR 3-5).

Conclusion:

The findings highlight the need for the formulation of a disaster education model that includes pediatric DM.
Weight self-misperception and obesity-related knowledge, attitudes, lifestyle behaviours and cardio-metabolic markers among Chinese school-aged children and adolescents
Authors: Liu Jieyu , Ma Qi , Wang Xinxin , Chen Manman , Ma Tao , Cui Mengjie , Jiang Jun , Li Yanhui , Gao Di , Ma Ying , Yuan Wen , Chen Li , Zhang Yi , Guo Tongjun , Ma Jun , Dong Yanhui
Published: April 2023

Objective:

The relationships between childhood weight self-misperception and obesity-related factors particularly health markers have not been extensively discussed. This study aims to examine the associations between weight self-misperception and obesity-related knowledge, attitudes, lifestyles and cardio-metabolic markers among Chinese paediatric population.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Data sourced from a national survey in Chinese seven provinces in 2013.

Participants:

Children and adolescents aged 5–19 years.

Results:

Of the total 14 079 participants, there were 14·5 % and 2·2 % participants over-estimated and under-perceived their weight, respectively. Multi-variable logistic regression was applied to calculate OR and 95 % CI (95 % Cl) of obesity-related behaviours and cardio-metabolic markers by actual and perceived weight status. Individuals who perceived themselves as overweight/obese were more likely to have prolonged screen time, insufficient dairy intake and over sugar-sweetened beverages consumption (allP< 0·05), regardless of their weight. Furthermore, actual overweight/obese individuals had higher odds of abnormal cardio-metabolic markers, but a smaller magnitude of association was found among weight under-estimators. Among non-overweight/obese individuals, weight over-estimation was positively associated with abdominal obesity (OR: 10·49, 95 % CI: 7·45, 14·76), elevated blood pressure (OR: 1·30, 95 % CI: 1·12, 1·51) and dyslipidemia (OR: 1·43, 95 % CI: 1·29, 1·58).

Conclusions:

Weight over-perception was more prevalent than under-estimation, particularly in girls. Weight over-estimators tended to master better knowledge but behave more unhealthily; both weight over-perception and actual overweight/obesity status were associated with poorer cardio-metabolic markers. Future obesity intervention programmes should additionally pay attention to the population with inaccurate estimation of weight who were easily overlooked.
Consumption of highly processed foods in relation to overall diet quality among Japanese adults: a nationwide study
Authors: Shinozaki Nana , Murakami Kentaro , Asakura Keiko , Masayasu Shizuko , Sasaki Satoshi
Published: April 2023

Objective:

To (i) examine the consumption of highly processed foods (HPF) in relation to diet quality among Japanese adults and (ii) compare the results when dishes prepared away home are disaggregated into food ingredients before classification by processing levels and the results when they are not.

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis using 4-day dietary record data. Foods were categorised by level of processing using the framework developed by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Specifically, dishes prepared away from home were classified at both the food level (classified after disaggregation into ingredients) and dish level (classified without disaggregation). Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9·3.

Setting:

Twenty areas in Japan.

Participants:

Adults aged 20–69 years (n 388).

Results:

Energy contribution of HPF was higher when dishes prepared away from home were classified at dish level than food level (48·3 % v. 32·9 %, P < 0·0001). Regardless of the classification method, cereals and starchy foods were the top food groups contributing to total energy intake from HPF. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in higher tertiles of the energy contribution of HPF had lower total scores for Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9·3 (P for trend ≤ 0·007 for all), irrespective of the food- or dish-level classification.

Conclusions:

HPF accounted for at least one-third of energy intake of Japanese adults. Regardless of the classification methods for dishes prepared away from home, higher consumption of HPF was associated with lower diet quality.
Differentiation of religiosity and its effects on biopolitical orientations among Catholics: evidence from Poland
Authors: Borowik Irena , Grygiel Paweł
Published: April 2023

Existing research proves the connection between religion and social attitudes toward biopolitical topics. The purpose of our analyses was to deepen reflection on these connections. We explored the internal pluralization of religiosity and ideological self-placement and their significance for orientations toward abortion, in vitro fertilization, and homosexuality, subjects of intensive political debate engaging the Catholic Church. Our analysis, based on a nationally representative sample of Catholics in Poland, leads to the conclusion that, despite high indicators of religiosity, the capacity of the Roman Catholic Church to form a consistent cognitive perspective among its followers is limited. Even among Catholics who present fully institutionalized religiosity (~25%), only half agree with the Church's teaching on biopolitical themes. These findings are discussed in the context of the importance of intra-religious pluralism for understanding the ideological role of religion in countries with high levels of belonging to one, dominant form of it.
‘Human Rights…But for the Majority’: The Appropriation and Subversion of the Human Rights Agenda by Right-Wing NGOs in Malaysia
Authors: Chan Nicholas
Published: April 2023

Scholarly treatments of the human rights agenda tend to posit civil society organisations (CSOs) as its defender and the state and mainstream political actors as its violators. Even when raising the problem of an ‘uncivil society’, the literature labels these CSOs as reactive and hostile to the human rights agenda they perceive as ‘Western’ and ‘foreign’. I argue that these treatments of the issue overlook another phenomenon: the emergence of CSOs that adopted the language of human rights and participated in its formal processes yet subtly redefined, subverted, and undermined the core commitments of the human rights agenda. This paper discusses such developments by referencing right-wing non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Malaysia that redefined the parameters of the human rights agenda to undercut state commitments to protect religious freedom, sexuality rights, and gender minorities. Through actor and discourse tracing, this paper illustrates how right-wing Islamist NGOs employed a novel two-pronged strategy that no longer openly repudiated the human rights agenda but continued to erode, eviscerate, and reformulate its contents and principles. The first prong involved institutional measures of ‘getting in’ to gain legitimacy by participating as a stakeholder within local and international human rights processes. The second prong encompassed social strategies of ‘pushing out’, whereby actors and their networks mobilised populist pressure to expose, ostracise, and subvert established human rights norms, institutions, and actors.
Higher‐Resolution Tropopause Folding Accounts for More Stratospheric Ozone Intrusions
Authors: Bartusek Samuel , Wu Yutian , Ting Mingfang , Zheng Cheng , Fiore Arlene , Sprenger Michael , Flemming Johannes
Published: April 2023

Ozone in the troposphere is a pollutant and greenhouse gas, and it is crucial to better understand its transport from the ozone‐rich stratosphere. Tropopause folding, wherein stratospheric air intrudes downward into the troposphere, enables stratosphere‐to‐troposphere ozone transport (STT). However, systematic analysis of the relationship between folding and tropospheric ozone, using data that can both capture folding's spatial scales and accurately represent tropospheric chemistry, is limited. Here, we compare folding in high‐resolution reanalysis ERA5 (0.25° horizontal, <21 hPa vertical) and low‐resolution chemical reanalysis CAMSRA (0.75°, <40 hPa), against CAMSRA ozone, over 1 year. Folding becomes dramatically more frequent at high resolution, with vertical resolution overwhelmingly responsible. Deeper, more filamentary folding is almost entirely unrepresented at low resolution. Higher‐resolution folding is better‐correlated with tropospheric ozone (especially along midlatitude storm tracks, where deep folding is most common); STT is therefore likely more attributable to tropopause folding than coarsely‐resolved folding can capture.
Transient Foreshock Structures Upstream of Mars: Implications of the Small Martian Bow Shock
Authors: Madanian H. , Omidi N. , Sibeck D. G. , Andersson L. , Ramstad R. , Xu S. , Gruesbeck J. R. , Schwartz S. J. , Frahm R. A. , Brain D. A. , Kajdic P. , Eparvier F. G. , Mitchell D. L. , Curry S. M.
Published: April 2023

The typical subsolar stand‐off distance of Mars' bow shock is of the order of a solar wind ion convective gyroradius, making it highly non‐planar to incident ions. Using spacecraft observations and a test particle model, we illustrate the impact of the bow shock curvature on transient structures which form near the upstream edge of moving foreshocks caused by slow rotations in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The structures exhibit noticeable decrease in the solar wind plasma density and the IMF strength within their core, are accompanied by a compressional shock layer, and are consistent with foreshock bubbles (FBs). Ion populations responsible for these structures include backstreaming ions that only appear within the moving foreshock and reflected ions with hybrid trajectories that straddle between the quasi‐perpendicular and quasi‐parallel bow shocks during slow IMF rotations. Both ion populations accumulate near the upstream edge of the moving foreshock which facilitates FB formation.
Compensatory Effects Between CO2, Nitrogen Deposition, and Nitrogen Fertilization in Terrestrial Biosphere Models Without Nitrogen Compromise Projections of the Future Terrestrial Carbon Sink
Authors: Kou‐Giesbrecht S. , Arora V. K.
Published: April 2023

Although terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) with and without nitrogen cycling successfully reproduce the historical terrestrial carbon sink, the influence of nitrogen cycling under interacting and intensifying global change drivers in the future is unclear. Here, we compare TBM projections with and without nitrogen cycling over alternative future scenarios (the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) to examine how representing nitrogen cycling influences CO2 fertilization as well as the effects of a comprehensive group of physical and socioeconomic global change drivers. Because elevated nitrogen deposition and nitrogen fertilization have stimulated terrestrial carbon sequestration over the historical period, a model without nitrogen cycling must exaggerate the strength of CO2 fertilization to compensate for these unrepresented nitrogen processes and to reproduce the historical terrestrial carbon sink. As a result, it cannot realistically project the future terrestrial carbon sink, overestimating CO2 fertilization as the trajectories of CO2, nitrogen deposition and nitrogen fertilization diverge in future scenarios.
Reduced Accessible Air–Water Interfacial Area Accelerates PFAS Leaching in Heterogeneous Vadose Zones
Authors: Zeng Jicai , Guo Bo
Published: April 2023

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are surface‐active contaminants experiencing strong retention in vadose zones due to adsorption at air–water and solid–water interfaces. Leaching of PFAS through vadose zones poses great risks of groundwater contamination. Prior PFAS transport studies have focused on homogenous or layered vadose zones that significantly underrepresented the impact of preferential flow caused by soil heterogeneities—a primary factor known to dominantly control the subsurface transport of many contaminants. We conduct numerical simulations to investigate the impact of preferential flow on PFAS leaching in stochastically generated heterogeneous vadose zones. The simulations show that while shorter‐chain PFAS experience accelerated leaching similar to non‐surfactant solutes, the accelerated leaching of more surface‐active longer‐chain PFAS is uniquely amplified by 1.1–4.5 times due to reduced accessible air–water interfacial areas along preferential flow pathways. Our study highlights the criticality of characterizing soil heterogeneities for accurately predicting the leaching of long‐chain PFAS in vadose zones.
Strength Recovery in Quartzite Is Controlled by Changes in Friction in Experiments at Hydrothermal Conditions up to 200°C
Authors: Jeppson Tamara , Lockner David , Beeler Nicholas , Hickman Stephen
Published: April 2023

The rate of fault zone restrengthening between earthquakes can be influenced by both frictional and cohesive healing processes. Friction is dependent on effective normal stress while cohesion is independent of normal stress, potentially explaining—in part—the lack of depth dependence of earthquake stress drops. Although amenable to laboratory testing, few studies have systematically addressed the normal stress dependence of restrengthening rate. This is partially due to difficulty in separating relative contributions of friction and cohesion in recovery of fault strength. We present results from a series of slide‐hold‐slide tests on thin layers (≤10 𝜇m) of ultrafine quartz gouge that develop during shearing of initially bare‐surface quartzite. Tests were conducted at 10 MPa constant pore pressure, 20–200 MPa constant effective normal stress, and temperatures of 22°–200°C. Restrengthening, defined as the difference between peak shear stress measured after resumption of sliding and steady‐state sliding shear stress, increases with the log of hold duration. The 200°C healing rate, 0.014 per e‐fold increase in time, is comparable to that determined from seismological observations along the Calaveras Fault, California. Construction of Mohr‐Coulomb failure envelopes shows that changes in cohesion are small (<1 MPa) and independent of hold durations to 105 s, indicating that the increased strength is due to changes in the friction coefficient. These experimental results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that cohesive healing explains the depth independence of earthquake stress drop, but higher temperatures, longer time‐scales, and more complex mineralogy could facilitate cohesive healing in natural fault systems.
Variation of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Over the Northern, Central, and Southern Parts of the Tibetan Plateau During Three Monsoon Seasons
Authors: Lai Yue , Chen Xuelong , Ma Yaoming , Sun Fanglin , Zhou Degang , Xie Zhipeng
Published: April 2023

The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is important to the study of the interactions between the underlying surface and the atmosphere. Radiosondes were released during three intensive ABL experimental periods (monsoon‐onset, monsoon, and post‐monsoon) in 2014 and 2019. Using these observational data, this study explored the features of the ABL height (ABLH) in the northern, central, and southern parts of the TP during the three periods and their possible association with the westerlies. Measurements showed that the ABLH over the northern part of the TP in the monsoon season was the highest (average 3 km above ground level [AGL]) among the three intensive observation periods. Meanwhile, the southern part of the TP had the highest ABLH (almost 3.5 km AGL) in post‐monsoon. Using ERA5, we discovered that the ABLH over the TP was not only affected by the surface sensible heat flux but also was influenced by the seasonal north‐south movement of the westerlies. The westerlies correspond to an upper‐level high potential vorticity (PV) center that is associated with the weak atmospheric stability below the westerlies and is conducive to the development of the ABL. When the westerlies are located above the southern TP in winter, they provide conditions that favor ABL increase. Westerlies are above the north TP in summer, and this provides favorable conditions for ABL increase in the northern TP. The role of westerlies in the ABLH explains why the northern and southern parts of the TP have different seasonal variation patterns.
Phenomenology of Avalanche Recordings From Distributed Acoustic Sensing
Authors: Paitz Patrick , Lindner Nadja , Edme Pascal , Huguenin Pierre , Hohl Michael , Sovilla Betty , Walter Fabian , Fichtner Andreas
Published: April 2023

Avalanches and other hazardous mass movements pose a danger to the population and critical infrastructure in alpine areas. Hence, understanding and continuously monitoring mass movements are crucial to mitigate their risk. We propose to use Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) to measure strain rate along a fiber‐optic cable to characterize ground deformation induced by avalanches. We recorded 12 snow avalanches of various dimensions at the Vallée de la Sionne test site in Switzerland, utilizing existing fiber‐optic infrastructure and a DAS interrogation unit during the winter 2020/2021. By training a Bayesian Gaussian Mixture Model, we automatically characterize and classify avalanche‐induced ground deformations using physical properties extracted from the frequency‐wavenumber and frequency‐velocity domain of the DAS recordings. The resulting model can estimate the probability of avalanches in the DAS data and is able to differentiate between the avalanche‐generated seismic near‐field, the seismo‐acoustic far‐field, and the mass movement propagating on top of the fiber. By analyzing the mass‐movement propagation signals, we are able to identify group velocity packages within an avalanche that propagate faster than the phase velocity of the avalanche front, indicating complex internal structures. Importantly, we show that the seismo‐acoustic far‐field can be detected before the avalanche reaches the fiber‐optic array, highlighting DAS as a potential research and early warning tool for hazardous mass movements.
Measurements and Modeling of the Responses of VLF Transmitter Signals to X‐Class Solar Flares at the Great Wall Station in Antarctica
Authors: Xu Wei , Gu Xudong , Ni Binbin , Wang Shiwei , Yang Zhe , Cheng Wen , Hu Ze‐Jun , He Fang , Li Bin , Chen Xiang‐Cai , Liu Jian‐Jun , Hu Hong‐Qiao
Published: April 2023

Solar flares can severely disturb the Earth's ionosphere, leading to changes of atmospheric chemistry and degradation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. The key to better assess these effects is to more accurately quantify the electron density enhancements induced by solar flares, which is still uncertain. Thanks to the good coverage and quiet electromagnetic environment provided by the Great Wall Station (GWS, 62.22°S, 58.96°W) in Antarctica, our Very‐Low‐Frequency (VLF) receiver has recorded clean VLF signatures produced by three X‐class solar flares from March to May in 2022. These measurements motivate us to revisit the uncertain question related to the ionospheric effects induced by solar flares. Different from previous studies, we model solar flare events from satellite measurements of X‐ray fluxes to ground‐based measurements of VLF transmitter signals by combining a flare irradiance model, an X‐ray propagation model, a D‐region chemistry model, and a VLF propagation model. For eight transmitting frequencies and propagation paths, modeling results can satisfactorily explain our VLF measurements at GWS during the three X‐class flares, especially so for the X1.3 event occurring on 30 March 2022. Moreover, the electron density results that reconcile space‐ and ground‐based measurements suggest that the VLF reflection height can be lowered to ∼66 km by an X1.1 flare, in line with previous studies. The present set of numerical models can be thus utilized in future studies to improve the nowcasting capability of VLF sensing technique for monitoring solar flares, as well as the accuracy of GNSS navigation/positioning during solar flares.
More Intense and Longer Torrential Rain and Flood Events During the Recent Past Decade in Eurasia
Authors: Wang Shuxia , Zhang Liping , Wang Gangsheng , She Dunxian , Zhang Qin , Xia Jun , Zhang Yanjun
Published: April 2023

Global and regional flood risk is increasing, especially in Eurasia, threatening public security and socioeconomic development. However, the duration, intensity and spatial extent of floods in the past few decades have not been robustly explored, largely because previous identification methods ignored the dual nature of floods in space and time. Here we presented a first comprehensive diagnosis of flood events in Eurasia by developing a novel three‐dimensional Image‐CONnectivity based FLOOD identification (ICON‐FLOOD) approach. By the ICON‐FLOOD approach, we revealed a four‐phase quasi‐interdecadal pattern and significant intensification of flood events in the last 12 years of the study period (1979–2012), contrary to the declining trend derived from two well‐known global data sets. Further analysis indicated that the flood characteristics had switched from “large impacted area but short duration, low intensity” to “high intensity, long duration but small impacted area.” Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution of flood events by ICON‐FLOOD will provide a basis for flood risk management and flood adaptation strategy development.
Mesoscale Modeling of Distributed Water Systems Enables Policy Search
Authors: Zhou Xiangnan , Duenas‐Osorio Leonardo , Doss‐Gollin James , Liu Lu , Stadler Lauren , Li Qilin
Published: April 2023

It is widely acknowledged that distributed water systems (DWSs), which integrate distributed water supply and treatment with existing centralized infrastructure, can mitigate challenges to water security from extreme events, climate change, and aged infrastructure. However, it is unclear which are beneficial DWS configurations, i.e., where and at what scale to implement distributed water supply. We develop a mesoscale representation model that approximates DWSs with reduced backbone networks to enable efficient system emulation while preserving key physical realism. Moreover, system emulation allows us to build a multiobjective optimization model for computational policy search that addresses energy utilization and economic impacts. We demonstrate our models on a hypothetical DWS with distributed direct potable reuse (DPR) based on the City of Houston's water and wastewater infrastructure. The backbone DWS with greater than link and node reductions achieves satisfactory approximation of global flows and water pressures, to enable configuration optimization analysis. Results from the optimization model reveal case‐specific as well as general opportunities, constraints, and their interactions for DPR allocation. Implementing DPR can be beneficial in areas with high energy intensities of water distribution, considerable local water demands, and commensurate wastewater reuse capacities. The mesoscale modeling approach and the multiobjective optimization model developed in this study can serve as practical decision‐support tools for stakeholders to search for alternative DWS options in urban settings.