bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrological Properties of a Clay Loam Soil after Long‐Term Cattle Manure Application
Authors: Miller J. J. , Sweetland N. J. , Chang C.
Published: September 2017

Limited information exists on the effect of long‐term application of beef cattle (Bos taurus) manure on soil hydrological properties in the Great Plains region of North America. A site on a clay loam soil (Typic Haploboroll) was used to examine the effect of manure addition on selected soil hydrological properties in 1997 and 1998. The manure was annually applied in the fall for 24 yr at one, two, and three times the recommended rates (in 1973) under dryland (0, 30, 60, and 90 Mg ha−1 wet basis) and irrigation (0, 60, 120, and 180 Mg ha−1). Manure significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased soil water retention (0–5 and 10–15 cm) by 5 to 48% compared with the control at most potentials between 0 and −1500 kPa. Field soil water content (0–5 and 10–15 cm) was increased by 10 to 22% in the summers of 1997 and 1998. Manure increased ponded infiltration by more than 200% at 90 Mg ha−1 under dryland (1998) and at rates ≥ 120 Mg ha−1 under irrigation (1997). Field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) of surface soil (1‐cm depth) was significantly increased by 76 to 128% under dryland (1998) and irrigation (1997), as were number of pores > 1120 μm in diameter (37–128% increase). In contrast, manure rate had little or no effect on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity [K(ψ)] values (−0.3, −0.5, −0.7, and −1.0 kPa) in 1997 and 1998. Overall, soil hydrological parameters generally had a neutral or positive response to 24 yr of annual manure addition.
A Simple Numerical Model for Predicting Organic Matter Decomposition in a Fed‐Batch Composting Operation
Authors: Nakasaki Kiyohiko , Ohtaki Akihito
Published: September 2017

Using dog food as a model of the organic waste that comprises composting raw material, the degradation pattern of organic materials was examined by continuously measuring the quantity of CO2 evolved during the composting process in both batch and fed‐batch operations. A simple numerical model was made on the basis of three suppositions for describing the organic matter decomposition in the batch operation. First, a certain quantity of carbon in the dog food was assumed to be recalcitrant to degradation in the composting reactor within the retention time allowed. Second, it was assumed that the decomposition rate of carbon is proportional to the quantity of easily degradable carbon, that is, the carbon recalcitrant to degradation was subtracted from the total carbon remaining in the dog food. Third, a certain lag time is assumed to occur before the start of active decomposition of organic matter in the dog food; this lag corresponds to the time required for microorganisms to proliferate and become active. It was then ascertained that the decomposition pattern for the organic matter in the dog food during the fed‐batch operation could be predicted by the numerical model with the parameters obtained from the batch operation. This numerical model was modified so that the change in dry weight of composting materials could be obtained. The modified model was found suitable for describing the organic matter decomposition pattern in an actual fed‐batch composting operation of the garbage obtained from a restaurant, approximately 10 kg d−1 loading for 60 d.
Experimental and finite element vibration analysis of biaxial voided flat slab
Authors: Venglar Michal , Zabakova Vrablova Kristina , Jendzelovsky Norbert , Sokol Milan
Published: September 2017

This paper shows initial dynamic test results to determine the dynamic behavior (natural frequencies and mode-shapes) of a biaxial voided flat slab to verify a FEM model. The field measurements were done at a residential building in Bratislava. The numerical model of slab was made in the FEM code. The natural frequencies and mode-shapes of slabs obtained by experimental and numerical analysis were compared.
Kernel PCA in nonlinear visualization of a healthy and a faulty planetary gearbox data
Authors: Bartkowiak Anna M. , Zimroz Radoslaw
Published: September 2017

PCA (Principal Component Analysis) is a powerful method for investigating the dimensionality and extracting structure from multi-dimensional data, however it extracts only linear projections. More general projections – accounting for possible non-linearities among the observed variables – can be obtained using kPCA (Kernel PCA), that performs the same task, however working with an extended feature set. We consider planetary gearbox data given as two 15-dimensional data sets, one coming from a healthy and the other from a faulty planetary gearbox. For these data both the PCA (with 15 variables) and the kPCA (using indirectly 500 variables) is carried out. It appears that the investigated PC-s are to some extent similar; however, the first three kernel PC-s show the data structure with more details.
Human perception of vibrations according different assessment methods
Authors: Koczwara Alicja Kowalska , Stypuła Krzysztof
Published: September 2017

Human perception of vibration could be the basic parameter in designing new buildings subjected to different type of transport vibrations. Humans are more sensitive for vibrations then building structure. In an increasingly urbanized city centres people are exposed to vibrations from different transport sources such as: tramways, railways, heavy truck traffic or subway especially when considered shallow underground. The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of two different evaluation methods of human perception of vibrations. Methods chosen for evaluation are: the basic root mean squared (RMS) method and the additional method of evaluation vibration dose value (VDV). The building chosen for analysis is subjected to three different vibration sources: tram, heavy truck and subway passages. It is located in Warsaw where is a shallow underground which could have significant influence on human response to vibrations because vibrations from this kind of source is more perceptible on lower floors. That is why measurement points were located in the middle of the floor on the ground floor and on the top floor. The registered signal from the three different sources of vibration was analysed according to RMS and VDV procedure included in ISO standard. RMS and VDV methods were compared with each other.
Experimental verification of the regulated vibration on the subsoil
Authors: Kašpárek Jaroslav , Škopán Miroslav
Published: September 2017

This paper considers the influence of the change of the inclination angle of the directed compaction force on the quality of the vibrated subsoil. To determine the quality and intensity of the compacted soil the absolute and relative methods of measurement are used. During the experimental measurement the quantities, from which the compaction effect of the vibratory roller on the subsoil can be determined, were monitored. The physical properties of the subsoil also influence the quality of the compacted subsoil.
Two-mass linear vibratory conveyor with reduced vibration transmission to the ground
Authors: Sturm Martin
Published: September 2017

Linear vibratory conveyors are common equipment to convey goods. They are used in different industries such as for example the building, mining and food industry. The systems are mainly used for the supply of bulk goods into further processing operations. The goods to be conveyed, typically requesting a heavy-duty design of the conveyor and eccentric excitation drives with relatively high torque. A supply of strong vibrations to the floor is an effect, which often is caused by vibratory conveyors. The target of this article is to determine a dynamic model, based on a two-mass absorber system, helping to avoid the transfer of vibrations to the ground. An optimum supply of goods by the same time should be ensured.
Nonlinear signal processing in systems with random structure for the case of spatial-time-varying colored Gaussian-Markov noise
Authors: Kolosovskaya Tatiana P.
Published: September 2017

The extension of the adaptive estimation theory for nonlinear correlation-extremum systems with random structure to the case when the measurements noise model is a spatial-time-varying Gaussian-Markov colored process is presented and the new signal processing algorithms are derived which provide the system operation in varying and uncertain external conditions.
Application of Teager-Kaiser energy operator to the analysis of the water shaft bearings
Authors: Blaut Jędrzej , Korbiel Tomasz , Batko Wojciech
Published: September 2017

A novel vibration-based monitoring technique for shaft bearings in seagoing vessels is presented in this paper. Described observation of the lubricated wedge stability was carried out using test fixture. The analysis of results is based on an original method which put Energy Operator of Teager Kaiser to use. Analysis results were compared with the method built on trajectory of the centre shaft axle observation.
Scenario analyses for a sustainable transport system development
Authors: Jacyna Gołda Ilona , Gołębiowski Piotr , Izdebski Mariusz , Lewczuk Konrad , Kłodawski Michał , Jachimowski Roland , Szczepański Emil
Published: September 2017

The paper presents selected aspects of developing sustainable transport system and provides the essential elements of scenario analysis procedure. The scenario analyse permits a background for setting approaches for the development of transport system. A major step towards reliable scenario analyses is establishing a system of criteria and indicators for evaluating the quality of analyse results. The appropriate system of criteria was proposed as a support for decision maker examining variants of transport system development. Scenario analyses require a tool for traffic distribution into transport network under different scenarios of its development. The large scale and detailed transport systems can be investigated with EMITRANSYS model – a new tool for multivariate distribution of traffic flow with regard to ecological, economic and technological criteria.
Measurement and mathematical function of the actuation force of the rail switch drive
Authors: Jurczak Mateusz , Młyńczak Jakub , Konieczny Łukasz , Rozmus Jacek
Published: September 2017

The paper presents results of measuring the force of the adjustment of the rail switch drive by spindle. The actuation force is the maximum force with which setting valve of the drive done to change position of the point. The simulation research requires proper mathematical model of the actuation force of the rail switch drive. Thus, the verification of such model requires real data measured on real object. The paper presents results of measurement and method of real data analysis.
Research on the effectiveness of the time shutdown of the damper to improve vibroisolation
Authors: Warczek Jan , Burdzik Rafal , Konieczny Łukasz
Published: September 2017

Ensuring the reliability and durability of machinery and equipment, and above all, protecting people and the environment from the damaging effects of generated vibrations. This requires the use of effective methods and measures to counter their formation or spread. The vibroactivity of a machine (device) treated as an object can be changed in two basic ways. Parametric or structural modifications can be made. This study investigates the effect of on off temporary of shock absorber on vehicle suspension for vibration isolation.
Machine vision methods for estimation of size distribution of aggregate transported on conveyor belts
Authors: Kontny Michał
Published: September 2017

The article describes a set of methods for estimation of volume and size distribution of aggregate transported on conveyor belts. The objective was accomplished by means of machine vision and image processing techniques. Three dimensional shape of the rock pile was acquired using the method of laser triangulation. Image processing algorithm was developed in order to outline separate grains and thus allowing to infer on the size distribution of the bulk material transported. Further calculations performed on the raw data allowed to assess its volume.
The Application of Good Agriculture Practices(GAP) of Shallot in Bantul Regency
Authors: Suharni Suharni , Waluyati Lestari Rahayu , Jamhari Jamhari
Published: September 2017

Bantul Regency is one of the center of shallots in Indonesia, but its productivity is low. In 2015, the productivity of shallots in Bantul Regency was 7.66 tons/ha. The application of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) is a form of technology adoption aiming to improve the shallot productivity.The purposes of this study are to determine the level of application of shallots GAP in Bantul Regency and to find out the factors influencing the application such as land area, farmers’ age, farmers’ education, farming experience, availability of farm inputs, and extension service frequency. Purposive technique was used to determine the research location. Sanden and Kretek districts were discovered since these areas are the production centers of shallots in Bantul Regency. The study involved the respondents consisting of sixty shallot farmers, thirty people from Kretek District and the other thirty people from Sanden District who were determined by simple random sampling. This research used scoring technique with Likert scale to measure the application level of GAP. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to understand the factors affecting the application of GAP of shallots. Result showed that the application of GAP of shallots in Bantul Regency is low. The factors of land area, farmers’ education, farming experience, and availability of farm inputs means infl uence the application level of GAP of shallots significantly.
The Use of Rainfall Variability in Flood Countermeasure Planning
Authors: Wulan Dhari Iis Catur
Published: September 2017

One of the impacts of climate change is the unpredictable shifting of seasons and rainfall patterns which caused flooding. Rejoso Watershed in Pasuruan Regency is one of the watersheds that suffer from flooding almost every year due to watershed degradation characterized by land conversion and changes in the hydrological behavior including the extreme rainfall pattern. This research was aimed to investigate the effect of rainfall variability on runoff and floodwater level profile along the river channel to provide technical and non-technical recommendation for handling flood problems. The hydrological analysis was performed using HEC-HMS version 4.0 software and the hydraulic analysis was conducted using HEC-RAS version 5.0.3 software. Several variations of extreme rainfall pattern were applied in the rainfall-runoff calculation to determine the representative flood discharges that will be used as input to the hydraulic simulation for evaluating the characteristics of flood water level. The result of the research shows that rainfall with the same depth yet varies in duration and starting time generate different flood hydrographs. Rejoso River could not store flood discharge with return period of 2 years with peak discharge of 201.46 m3/s that causing overflow along the stream. The recommendation to handle flood problems is by normalization, which could reduce the overtopping at several river reaches of 4,927 m, while the combination of normalization and embankment could reduce 7,843 m from the existing river length of 12,396 m.
Penggunaan Citra Satelit untuk Mengetahui Persebaran Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. di Bukit Tapak, Cagar Alam Batukahu Bali
Authors: Iryadi Rajif , Priyadi Arief , Darma I Dewa Putu
Published: September 2017

Citra Pleaides merupakan aset penting untuk memperoleh data dan informasi tentang struktur vegetasi di hutan yang sulit untuk diukur langsung karena wilayah yang tidak dapat diakses dan memiliki cakupan luas. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. merupakan salah satu tanaman khas di Bukit Tapak yang memiliki nilai konservasi dan nilai ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persebaran D. imbricatus menggunakan data citra satelit Pleaides yang memiliki resolusi spasial tinggi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan interpretasi visual pada citra satelit Pleaides tahun 2014 dan data spasial elevasi. Akurasi citra Pleaides dalam identifikasi tutupan D. imbricatus mencapai 96,83% dan ketelitian total pemetaan mencapai 93,38% dengan koefisien kappa 88,64%. Persebaran D. imbricatus di Bukit Tapak memiliki range habitat aktual lebih sempit dibandingkan dengan range potensialnya yakni pada elevasi 1.321-1.800 mdpl dengan persentase tutupan 89,52% dari total tutupannya. Lereng Bukit Tapak dengan kemiringan 25,1-55% memiliki lingkup tutupan D. imbricatus sebesar 79,29% dari total tutupannya dan sisanya pada lereng>25%. Informasi tersebut penting terkait dengan kelestarian dan usaha konservasi salah satu jenis tumbuhan berbiji terbuka ini di Bukit Tapak.Kata kunci: akurasi; interpretasi; kanopi; konservasi; pleaides Usage of Satellite Imagery to Determine Distribution of Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) De Laub. on The Tapak Hill, Batukahu Natural Reserve BaliAbstractPleaides image is an important asset to obtain data and information with regard to the structure of the vegetation in the forest that are difficult to measure directly as the area is inaccessible and has a large coverage. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. is the one of typical plants on the Tapak Hill which has the conservation and economic values. This study aimed to determine the location and distribution of D. imbricatus using Pleaides satellite image that had a high spatial resolution. The determination of site characteristics was conducted by visual interpretation of high resolution satellite imagery Pleiades 2014 and elevation spatial data. Pleaides accuracy in the identification cover of D. imbricatus reached 96.83% and total accuracy mapping reached 93.38% with kappa coefficient of 88.64%. The distribution of D. imbricatus in Tapak Hill showed actual habitat range narrower than of its potential, which was distributed on the elevation of 1,321 – 1,800 m asl with a percentage of 89,52% from its total cover. About 79.29% of the coverage laid on the slope of 25.1 to 55%, whereas the rest on the slope of >25%. This information is important related to sustainability and conservation efforts for this gymnosperm plant in Tapak Hill.
Nephrology Provider Prognostic Perceptions and Care Delivered to Older Adults with Advanced Kidney Disease
Authors: Salat Huzaifah , Javier Andrei , Siew Edward D. , Figueroa Rocio , Lipworth Loren , Kabagambe Edmond , Bian Aihua , Stewart Thomas G. , El-Sourady Maie H. , Karlekar Mohana , Cardona Cesar Y. , Ikizler T. Alp , Abdel-Kader Khaled
Published: September 2017

Background and objectives

Prognostic uncertainty is one barrier that impedes providers in engaging patients with CKD in shared decision making and advance care planning. The surprise question has been shown to identify patients at increased risk of dying.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

In our prospective observational study, 488 patients ≥60 years of age with CKD stage 4 or 5 were enrolled. Binary surprise question (i.e., “Would you be surprised if this patient died in the next 12 months?”) responses were recorded, and dialysis planning preferences, presence of advance care planning documentation, and care preceding death were abstracted.

Results

The median patient age was 71 (65–77) years old. Providers responded no and yes to the surprise question for 171 (35%) and 317 (65%) patients, respectively. Median follow-up was 1.9 (1.5–2.1) years, during which 18% of patients died (33% of surprise question no, 10% of surprise question yes; P<0.001). In patients with a known RRT preference (58%), 13% of surprise question no participants had a preference for conservative management (versus 2% of yes counterparts; P<0.001). A medical order (i.e., physician order for life-sustaining treatment) was documented in 13% of surprise question no patients versus 5% of yes patients (P=0.004). Among surprise question no decedents, 41% died at home or hospice, 38% used hospice services, and 54% were hospitalized in the month before death. In surprise question yes decedents, 39% died at home or hospice (P=0.90 versus no), 26% used hospice services (P=0.50 versus no), and 67% were hospitalized in the month before death (P=0.40 versus surprise question no).

Conclusions

Nephrologists’ prognostic perceptions were associated with modest changes in care, highlighting a critical gap in conservative management discussions, advance care planning, and end of life care among older adults with CKD stages 4 and 5 and high-risk clinical characteristics.

Podcast

This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2017_09_18_CJASNPodcast_17_11.mp3
FORMULATION AND PHARMACOKINETIC DETERMINATION OF GALLIC ACID IN EMBLICA OFFICINALIS
Authors: S. Sangeetha , Samanta Malay K. , R. Kavitha , N. Remya P. , T. Saraswathi
Published: September 2017

Objective: The present work was to formulate oral herbal tablets of Emblica officinalis extract and also with pure gallic acid, further to determine the dosage frequency through pharmacokinetic profiles obtained for the same.Methods: The Emblica officinalis fruits were suitably extracted and the concentration of gallic acid in Emblica officinalis extract was estimated by HPTLC (High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) with a comparison to pure form. Tablets were prepared with extract and synthetic form through direct compression technique by varying the process and formulation parameters. The formulated tablets were administered to rabbit models and their pharmacokinetic profile was studied after withdrawing blood samples through HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography).Results: The concentration of gallic acid in Emblica officinalis was found to be 8.21%. The pre and post compression parameters evaluated for the formulated batches found to be within the pharmacopoeial limits. The in vivo pharmacokinetic studies conducted in rabbit models showed that there were no significant differences with p-value between the pharmacokinetic data obtained for pure and extract gallic acid tablets. The Cmax was found to be 4.59±0.95 µg/ml in the extract form which was little low when compared to the pure form of 6.38±1.08 µg/ml. The t1/2 in the extract form was 6.0±0.33 h, whereas it was 4.92±0.36 h in the pure form of gallic acid.Conclusion: The Emblica officinalis extract tablet showed average t1/2 of 6 h, so about every 6 h one tablet compared to 4 h of t1/2 for pure gallic acid tablet can be the dosing frequency for the rabbit.
OPTIMISATION OF IBUPROFEN FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS EMPLOYING STARCH XANTHATE USING 23 FACTORIAL DESIGN
Authors: Kumar R. Santosh , Yagnesh T. Naga Satya , Kumar V. Goutham
Published: September 2017

Objective: To evaluate starch xanthate as a super disintegrant in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets of poorly soluble drugs employing 23 factorial design.Methods: Starch xanthate was synthesized by gelatinization process. The synthesized starch xanthate was subjected to physical and micromeritic evaluation. To establish as starch xanthate as a super disintegrant, fast dissolving tablet of ibuprofen was prepared employing starch xanthate in different proportions in each case by direct compression method employing 23 factorial design. All fast dissolving tablets prepared were evaluated for drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and other dissolution characteristics like percent dissolved in 5 min (PD5), Dissolution efficiency in 5 Min (DE5%) and first order rate constant(K1).Results: The starch xanthate prepared was found to be fine, free flowing slightly crystalline powder. Starch xanthate exhibited good swelling in water. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study indicated the absence of interaction between Ibuprofen and starch xanthate. All the fast dissolving tablets formulated employing starch xanthate were of good quality with regard to drug content(100±5%), hardness (3.6–4 kg/sq. cm), and friability (0.12-0.15%). The disintegration time of all the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 13±0. 02 to 108±0.02s. The optimised formulation FL7 has the least disintegration time i.e., 13±0. 02s. The In vitro wetting time of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 90±0.15 to 369±0.17s. The In–Vitro wetting time was less (i.e., 90s) in optimized formulation FL7. The water absorption ratio of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 94±0.16 to 192±0.15%. The cumulative drug dissolved in the optimized formulation FL7 was found to be 99.63±0.24% in 5 min.Conclusion: Starch xanthate was found to be a super disintegrant which enhanced the dissolution efficiency when combined with sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, with the ibuprofen and hence it could be used in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to provide immediate release of the contained drug within 5 min.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF GEMCITABINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN BULK AND POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Kaur Taranjit , Kaur Sukhjinder , Kaur Parminderjit
Published: September 2017

Objective: The objective of the present work was to develop and validate a novel, specific, precise and reliable method for estimation of gemcitabine hydrochloride in bulk and polymeric nanoparticles using UV-visible spectroscopy method.Methods: The UV-Visible spectrophotometric determination was performed with double beam Systronics UV-visible spectrophotometer; model UV-2201 (India). The proposed methods were validated for various parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, ruggedness, detection, quantification limits, and formulation analysis as per international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines.Results: The method was based on measurement of absorbance at wavelength maxima i.e. 267.2 nm, λmax of the drug in distilled water, phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and 7.4. The method obeyed Beer Lambert’s law in the concentration range of 5-30 µg/ml andR2-value was found to be 0.999. Moreover, the % drug recovered from polymeric nanoparticles was found to be 97.97%.Conclusion: According to results, the currently developed method shows compliance with acceptance criteria with Q2 (R1) and international conference on harmonization (2005) guidelines, because the % RSD was found to be less than 2%. The developed method was simple, accurate and précised.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF TIOCONAZOLE LOADED EMULGEL
Authors: Sah Shailendra Kumar , Badola Ashutosh , Mukhopadhyay Sayantan
Published: September 2017

Objective: The objective of the present work was to develop, characterize and evaluate the tioconazole loaded emulgel and to prove that emulgel can be the best alternative for delivery of hydrophobic drug topically.Methods: for the preparation of stable Emulgel, firstly gels were prepared using different polymers as carbopol 934 and xanthan gum, followed by preparation of emulsions and finally mixed together (table 1). Emulgel was evaluated for physical appearance, pH, spreadability, extrudability, viscosity, swelling index, dilution test, centrifuge test, drug content, in vitro release study, kinetic analysis of release data, antifungal activity and stability study for 3 mo. A comparative study was also performed between prepared emulgels with available marketed antifungal cream.Results: All evaluation parameters were in acceptable range with good physical appearance and the pH in the range of 5.5 to 6.8. The results show that the extrudability was in the range 15.63 to 35.27 g/cm2; with spreadability in range of 6.6 to 8.833 cm. swelling index of F3 was seen a maximum in 3 h of about 75.13%. The viscosity was in the range of 15240 to 56340 cps at 10 RPM. During in vitro release of all formulations, F1 and F5 showed a maximum in vitro drug release of 59.11% and 55.11% respectively in 8 h. The kinetic analysis of fitting the data in different model shows that the best formulation of F1 fits in the Higuchi model with regression coefficient (R2) of 0.998 and show non-fickian diffusion. The formulations were found stable. F1 and F5 provide a similar zone of inhibition like to market cream.Conclusion: Tioconazole emulgel provide the better platform for delivery of hydrophobic drug for topical route and so able to produce better patient compliance.
ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF THE OYSTER MUSHROOM PLEUROTUS FLORIDA (MONT.) SINGER
Authors: M. Prabu , R. Kumuthakalavalli
Published: September 2017

Objective: The present investigation comprises, in vitro antidiabetic activity such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and in vivo antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Pleurotus florida.Methods: The fruiting bodies of Pleurotus florida were obtained from Mushroom Unit, Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India. Sample preparation, qualitative phytochemical analysis, in vitro antidiabetic activities namely α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and in vivo antidiabetic activity namely evaluation of alloxan induced diabetic rats were carried out following the methods reported previously.Results: In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity of P. florida exhibited significant results for its α-amylase (94.93±1.75 % at 1000 µg/ml) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (84.90±0.42 % at 1000 µg/ml) in a dose-dependent manner. The extract also showed significant antidiabetic activity on in vivo (p<0.05) at the tested dose level (200 mg/kg b. w) this was comparable to Glibenclamide, a standard antidiabetic drug.Conclusion: The presence of phytochemicals namely phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids may be responsible for such antidiabetic activity. These results reveal that P. florida can be used as a potential antidiabetic agent.
FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF POLY-HERBAL ANTI-AGEING FACE CREAM OF CORIANDRUM SATIVUM AND ROSE HIP OIL
Authors: Ahmed Arshad Ayub , Nath Bipul
Published: September 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop anti-ageing poly-herbal face cream by mixing the ethanol extract of C. sativum and rose hip oil in order to produce multipurpose effects on the skin such as fairness, softening and antiseptic effects.Methods: Ageing of the skin is the result of continuous "wear and tear" processes. Chronological skin aging is a universal and inevitable process, while in contrast, photoaging results from the UV rays of sunlight, and the damage becomes apparent in sun-exposed skin. Cream is defined as semisolid emulsions which may be oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o) type and these semisolid emulsions are meant for external applications. In this study creams (o/w type) were formulated based on the anti-oxidant potential of herbal extracts and its evaluation. Coriandrum sativum plant extracted by using soxhlet method with water as solvent. The creams were formulated with coriander oil, rose hip oil with different concentrations namely F1 to F6.Results: The creams were to be stable during stability studies accordingly ICH guideline for 2 mo. Coriandrum sativum extract showed significant anti-oxidant activity with an IC50 value is 34.25 μg/ml, while for ascorbic acid the IC50 value was 46.68μg/ml.Conclusion: It can be concluded that herbal creams without side effects having antioxidant property can be used as provision of a barrier to protect the skin and avoid aging of the skin.
A RECENT REVIEW ON NASAL MICROEMULSION FOR TREATMENT OF CNS DISORDER
Authors: L. Jaiswal P. , B. Darekar A. , B. Saudagar R.
Published: September 2017

Nasal route is found to be valuable for targeting drugs to CNS via a different mechanism. The advantages, disadvantages, various aspects of nasal anatomy and physiology, mechanism of drug transport from nose brain, drug selection criteria to cross BBB/Blood-CSF barrier are discussed briefly. Nowadays many drugs have better systemic bioavailability through nasal route as compared to oral administration. In addition, intranasal drug delivery enables dose reduction, rapid attainment of therapeutic blood levels, quicker onset of pharmacological activity, and fewer side effects. There are various approaches in delivering a therapeutic substance to the target site. One such approach is using microemulsion as a carrier for the drug. The main purpose of this study is the use of microemulsion technology in drug targeting to the brain along with mechanism of the nose to brain transport, formulation and formation of the microemulsion and its characterization.
ISOLATION AND CHARECTERIZATION OF TAMARIND SEED POLYSACCHARIDES–A NATURAL RELEASE RETARDANT
Authors: Saikia Trideep , Ali Jonab , Das Biswajit
Published: September 2017

Objective: The main objective was to isolate and characterise a naturally obtain polysaccharides which have the property to formulate sustain release product.Methods: Tamarind Seed Polysaccharides (TSP) was isolated from seed of Tamarindus indica by crushed the seed into powder and boiled with water at 45 °C to extract the polysaccharides. After boiling for 12 h the supernatant liquids were collected and stored in cool place. After the liquids become cooled acetone was added and freeze at-40 °C. Freeze materials then lyophilized to extract out the Tamarind seed polysaccharides. After that polysaccharide was evaluated for organoleptic, micromeritic and other characterization parameter along with microbial contaminationResults: Yield of polysaccharides was found to be 16.85%. As per the micromeritic property flow of polysaccharides, tapped and bulk density was found in acceptable range. Microbial studies confirmed that TSP doesn’t support microbial growth.Conclusion: The polysaccharides were isolated, extracted and characterized. The characterization was carried out for different physiochemical properties and powder properties.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF MANILKARA ZAPOTA LEAF EXTRACT
Authors: Konuku Kamalakararao , Karri Krishna Chaithanya , Gopalakrishnan Velliyur Kanniappan , Hagos Zenebe , Kebede Haftom , Naidu Tentu Kasi , Noyola Patricia Ponce , Palleti John Dogulas , Rao Duddukuri Govinda Rao Duddukuri
Published: September 2017

Objective: Manilkara zapota is a medicinal plant which is native to Mexico and Central America, and widely distributed in India. Various parts of this plant are traditionally used for treatment of several diseases, including inflammation-associated ailments. The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of M. zapota leaf.Methods: In vitro secretary phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) assays and In vivo studies using carrageenan induced rat paw edema model were performed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of M. zapota leaf extracts.Results: In vitro studies suggest that M. zapota leaf extracts exhibited significant SPLA2 and 5-LOX inhibitory activities. In in vivo studies M. zapota leaf extracts showed dose dependent inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate leaf extract was superior to methanolic extract.Conclusion: This study concluded that ethyl acetate leaf extract of M. zapotaexhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity and warranted further investigation to isolate and identify the components.
POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES IN INDIA: A SURVEY OF SELECT PHARMACY PROFESSIONALS
Authors: Palsokar Gouri , Tajne Madhukar
Published: September 2017

Objective: Research is a systematic investigation that involves the study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Post-graduate pharmaceutical education develops the necessary skills among students which help them build their professional carriers and contribute towards the betterment of the healthcare industry and society in general. Hence, it is essential and mandatory to carry out some appropriate research work as a requirement of post-graduate courses in Pharmaceutical Sciences in India and abroad. In an era, where technology is changing rapidly, the research carried out by students must always be relevant to the present day, so that it can act as a bridge between innovation and utility with regard to patient care and compliance. The present work aims to investigate, as to how, the research at postgraduate level in pharmacy, could be carried out in a way so that it benefits the students and make their research relevant to the current industry needs.Methods: The opinions of academicians from select academic institutions, professionals from pharmaceutical industries and postgraduates and Ph. D. students across India, were collected through questionnaires and by taking personal interviews. Data thus obtained was subjected to standard mathematical interpretations.Results: About 48% (65) of faculty members and 46% (156) of Postgraduate and Ph. D. students from various parts of the country opined that projects in postgraduate courses should be executed partly in academic institutions and partly in industries. However, about 61% (180) respondents from the pharmaceutical industry were of the view that the postgraduate students should undertake industrial projects. At the same time, some professionals were of the view that, students carrying out research work fully in the industry are many times left on their own as their industrial supervisors are unable to spare time to guide them.Conclusion: The execution of research work carried out by post-graduate students should be evenly distributed in academic institutions as well as pharmaceutical industries, under the supervision of faculty and with active inputs from the industry.
EFFECT OF SELECTED POLYMERS ON DISSOLUTION AND STABILIZATION OF AMORPHOUS FORM OF MELOXICAM
Authors: Obaidat Rana , Al-taani Bashar , Al-quraan Hanan
Published: September 2017

Objective: Meloxicam is classified as class II corresponding to its high permeability and low solubility (12μg/ml). This study aims to compare the effect of selected polymers on stabilization of amorphous form, and dissolution of meloxicam by preparation of different solid dispersions using selected polymers (chitosan oligomers, polyvinylpyrrolidone K30, and polyethylene glycols).Methods: These solid dispersions were prepared using two different methods; solvent evaporation method for the two molecular weights chitosan carriers (16 and 11KDa) and polyvinylpyrrolidone-K30 and melting method for the two different molecular weights polyethylene glycol (4000 and 6000). The physicochemical properties of solid dispersions were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infra-red analysis, Powder X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Selected dispersions were then compared to two selected marketed drugs (Mobic® and Moven®).Results: Best dissolution rates were obtained for both polyvinylpyrrolidone-K30 and polyethylene glycol 6000, followed by chitosan 16 kDa, chitosan 11 kDa, and polyethylene glycol 4000. Increasing polymeric ratio increased dissolution rate except for chitosan. Precipitation of the drug as amorphous form occurred in chitosan and polyvinylpyrrolidone-K30 dispersions, while no change in crystallinity obtained for polyethylene glycol dispersions. Failure of polyvinylpyrrolidone-K30 in the maintenance of stability during storage time was observed while re-crystallization occurred in chitosan-based dispersions, which ends with preferences to polyethylene glycol dispersions. After comparing the release of selected dispersions with the two selected polymers; all dispersions got a higher release than that of the two marketed drugs release.Conclusion: The dissolution profile of meloxicam has been increased successfully in a reproducible manner.
GANODERMA LUCIDUM-ORIENTAL MUSHROOM MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES CONJUGATED WITH DOXORUBICIN AND EVALUATION OF ITS ANTICANCER POTENTIAL ON HUMAN BREAST CANCER MCF-7/DOX CELLS
Authors: Santhosh Kumar D. S. Ranjith , Senthilkumar P. , Surendran L. , Sudhagar B.
Published: September 2017

Objective: The present investigations are to mycosynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles conjugated with doxorubicin and evaluated anticancer activity.Methods: The characterization of the gold nanoparticles using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. FTIR investigations were carried out to find and read the functional group responsible designed at the bioconversion of gold ions and crystalline arrangement of gold nanoparticles was detected in the XRD study. The gold nanoparticles conjugated with doxorubicin were treated against MCF-7-dox resisted breast cancer cells and observed the in vitro cytotoxicity by MTT assay, SCGE (Comet), Apoptosis and Mito-potential assay. Further more we determinate the mRNA expression of ABCB1 gene and cDNA was synthesized from the mRNA for amplification of the ABCB1 gene corresponding to the specific primer.Results: Surface Plasmon resonance showed the development of gold nanoparticles in UV–Visible spectra at 537 nm. The synthesized gold nanoparticles were polydisperse spherical and it was determined by EDAX and stabilized in the solution to the spherical shapes further confirmed by High-resolution transmission electron microscope analysis designate in the reading of 2–100 nm. The anticancer assays were given significant results and the mRNA expression of ABCB1 gene and cDNA was amplified as directly proportional to the expression of ABCB1 gene.Conclusion: We propose that gold nanoparticles synthesized and conjugated with doxorubicin from G. lucidum might be a significant resource of drug delivery for anti-cancer preparation that may advantage breast cancer treatment.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND TLC PROFILING OF CLERODENDRUM PHLOMIDIS LINN. F LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT CLINICAL PATHOGENS
Authors: Hepsibah A. Hannah , Mala M. , Jothi G. Jeya
Published: September 2017

Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of different solvent extracts of leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis against multi-drug resistant clinical pathogens and to perform Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) profiling of the extracts.Methods: The leaf powder was sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol. The extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity against 20 bacterial strains and 15 fungal strains which were multiple drugs resistant by disc diffusion method. TLC profiling of all four extracts was performed.Results: The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts showed antimicrobial activity against four bacteria and seven fungal strains. The highest zone of inhibition (18±0.50 mm) for bacteria was recorded against Staphylococcus epidermis by ethyl acetate extract and for fungi, the petroleum ether extract showed 13±0.00 mm against Trichophyton rubrum. TLC profiles showed that ethyl acetate extract possessed more compounds.Conclusion: From the results of the present study it is concluded that the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of C. phlomidis leaves are good sources of antimicrobial compounds which can inhibit multiple drug resistant pathogens.
PROTEASE INHIBITOR FROM WHITE CRANBERRY BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS): ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Puntambekar Ashwini , Dake Manjusha
Published: September 2017

Objective: The main objective of the study was isolation, purification and characterization of protein protease inhibitor from the seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris and analysis of its antimicrobial potential.Methods: The protease inhibitor was extracted by homogenizing seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH-7.0). The crude extract of the inhibitor was purified by using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by DEAE Cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The protease inhibitor was characterized to determine its optimum pH and pH stability, optimum temperature and temperature stability, stability in the presence of chemical modifiers, thermal stabilizers, metal ions, detergents, oxidising and reducing agents. The antimicrobial potential of the inhibitor against various bacterial species was confirmed using agar well diffusion method.Results: The extracted protease inhibitor was purified to homogeneity with a 1.4 fold increase in the specific activity and 56 % purification yield. Inhibitor was optimally active at pH 7.0 and a temperature of 50 °C as well as showed considerable stability over pH ranging from 4.0-11.0 and up to a temperature of 70 °C for 4 h duration. The inhibitor was substantially active and stable in the presence of surfactants 1 % (v/v) Tween 20, 4 % (v/v) of oxidizing agents such as dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 0.8 % (v/v) of reducing agents β-mercaptoethanol and Sodium thioglycolate. Metal ions Mg++, Ca++and Zn++enhanced the activity of inhibitor while CaCl2, glycine and glycerol promoted thermal stability of the inhibitor. Chemical modification of amino acids at the active site by diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) and phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) led to decrease in the inhibitory activity. The stoichiometry of trysin-protease inhibitor interaction was 1:2 while 216 μg of the inhibitor effected 50 % inhibition. The inhibitor displayed antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophilla, Citrobacter freundii and Acinetobacter baumanii.Conclusion: The experimental results confirmed the anti proteolytic action of protease inhibitor extracted from P. vulgaris as well as its promising antimicrobial properties. Thus isolated protease inhibitor has significant industrial and therapeutic potential.
IN SILICO DOCKING STUDIES ON KAEMPFERITRIN WITH DIVERSE INFLAMMATORY AND APOPTOTIC PROTEINS FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TOWARDS THE COLON CANCER
Authors: Govindarasu Mydhili , Palani Mariyappan , Vaiyapuri Manju
Published: September 2017

Objective: The objective of this research was to formulate the binding energies and interaction of amino acid residues in kaempferitrin with different types of apoptotic and inflammatory proteins of colon cancer.Methods: AutoDock Vina and MGL tool were used for docking calculations. Both programs require the pdbqt input files and allow for flexibility of all the torsional bonds of small molecules. Discovery Studio Visualizer v3.5 was used for removal of water molecules and ligands and the pymol program was used to do analysis of the docking with various apoptotic proteins BAX, Bcl-2, COX-2, Protein kinase B.Results: In our study was developed binding energy scoring function of kaempferitrin docked with different types of inflammatory proteins and apoptotic proteins. Binding score values for-6.9 (BAX),-7.2 (Bcl-2),-7.3 (caspase-3),-8.8 (Cox-2),-7.4 (Cytochrome P450),-6.7 (Proteinase kinase B),-8.0 (TNF-α) and-7.2 (VEGF) kcal/mol, respectively. Amino acid interaction of kaempferitrin with proteins for ARG-25, LEU-52, ASN-54, PHE-55, GLU-17, LYS-14, TRP-22, THR-21 GLY-16 (Protein Kinase B), ASP-102, ASN-48, GLN-52, ASP-104 (BAX), GLU-176, TRP-173, GLU-132, PHE-135 (Bcl-2), SER-249, ASP-2, ASN-208, GLN-217, LEU-242 (Caspase 3), TYR-55, HIS-39, SER-49, GLU-322, GLY-326 (COX-2), SER-95, LEU-94, ARG-82, VAL-123, ALA-96 (TNF-α), ASP-414, LYS-322, GLU-326, GLU-416, GLU-438, ALA-439, GLU-437 (Cytochrome P450) and LEU-47, GLN-46, CYS-61, CYS-60, ASP-63, GLU-67, GLY-65, LEU-66 (VEGF) respectively.Conclusion: The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated the docking scores of apoptotic and Inflammatory proteins imply that kaempferitrin is an effective inhibitory compound for colon cancer.