bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of methods for estimating the contribution of glacial meltwater to total watershed discharge
Authors: Frenierre Jeff La , Mark Bryan G.
Published: January 2014

Glaciers store water over a range of temporal scales with important implications for downstream human and natural systems. Assessment of the contribution of glacial meltwater runoff to total watershed discharge is an essential part of climate change risk assessment and sustainable water management in glacierized watersheds. Over the past decade, a range of techniques for quantifying the proportional contribution of glacial meltwater has been presented in the scientific literature. Here we examine five different methodological approaches: direct discharge measurement, glaciological approaches, hydrological balance equations, hydrochemical tracers, and hydrological modeling. After a brief summary of the role of glaciers in watershed hydrology, we evaluate each approach, with regard to their respective data requirements, assumptions, and associated uncertainties. Next, we discuss factors that researchers must consider in deciding upon a particular methodological approach, then conclude with a discussion of future research needs. We underscore the need for expanded meteorological, hydrological, and glaciological monitoring networks in glacierized watersheds worldwide, for more comprehensive assessment of uncertainty and for better integration of research with the specific needs of watershed stakeholders.
Incidence of Hip Pain in a Prospective Cohort of Asymptomatic Volunteers
Authors: Khanna Vickas , Caragianis Anthony , DiPrimio Gina , Rakhra Kawan , Beaulé Paul E.
Published: January 2014

Background:

Although cam-type femoroacetabular impingement is commonly associated with labral chondral damage and hip pain, a large proportion of asymptomatic individuals will have this deformity.

Purpose:

To determine the incidence of hip pain in a prospective cohort of volunteers who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of their hips.

Study Design:

Case control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 200 asymptomatic volunteers who underwent an MRI of both hips were followed for a mean time of 4.4 years (range, 4.01-4.95 years). Thirty were lost to follow-up, leaving 170 individuals (77 males, 93 females) with a mean age of 29.5 years (range, 25.7-54.5 years). All patients were blinded to the results of their MRI. All completed a follow-up questionnaire inquiring about the presence of hip pain or a history of hip pain lasting longer than 6 weeks since the original MRI. Each patient was asked to draw where the pain was on a body diagram.

Results:

Eleven patients (5 males, 6 females; 6.5% of sample; mean age, 29.9 years; range, 25.7-45.6 years) reported hip pain, of which 3 (1 male, 2 females) had bilateral pain for a total of 14 hips. Seven of the 14 painful hips had a cam-type deformity at the time of the initial MRI versus 37 of the 318 nonpainful hips ( P = .0002). This gave a relative risk of 4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-7.8) of developing hip pain if cam deformity was present. Those 14 painful hips had a significantly greater alpha angle at the radial 1:30 clock position than did those who did not develop pain with a cam deformity: 61.5° (range, 57.3°-65.7°) versus 57.9° (range, 56.9°-59.1°), respectively ( P = .05). A significantly greater proportion of patients (12%) with limited internal rotation ≤20° (versus 2.7% with internal rotation >20°) went on to develop hip pain ( P = .009; relative risk = 3.1 [95% CI, 1.6-6.0]).

Conclusion:

The presence of a cam deformity represents a significant risk factor for the development of hip pain. An elevated alpha angle at the 1:30 clock position and decreased internal rotation are associated with an increased risk of developing hip pain. However, not all patients with a cam deformity develop hip pain, and further research is needed to better define those at greater risk of developing degenerative symptoms.
Gender differences in Norwegian children’s work at home
Authors: Nilsen Ann Christin E , Wærdahl Randi
Published: January 2014

The division of labour between men and women has been thoroughly discussed in Norway over the last decades, in research as well as in political and public debate. In contrast, there has been little recognition of children’s involvement in work, and differences between girls’ and boys’ work is seldom addressed. This article looks at the extent of children’s work at home, how work is distributed among girls and boys, and whether gender variations correlate with parents’ socialization goals, work statuses and level of education. The findings show that there are small but significant differences between girls’ and boys’ involvement in work at home. It is also found that there is a significant gender bias in how children perceive expectations of work and participation at home. There is, however, little evidence to support that gender differences derive from gendered differences in parents’ socialization goals (values) or as gendered role models (work status and educational level). The authors argue that the variations are more likely to derive from a generalized socially constructed image of what mothers and fathers do. This article contributes to the ongoing discussion about the reproduction of gender roles and gendered practices in a society characterized by a strong orientation towards gender equality.
Self-regulation and the state in industrial relations in Southern Europe: Back to the future?
Authors: Molina Oscar
Published: January 2014

This article analyses the role of the state in industrial relations and the development of collective bargaining autonomy in three Southern European countries. The starting point is the impact of contradictory forces on the direction of change. While there are strong pressures towards less state regulation of working conditions and collective bargaining, the macroeconomic framework of monetary union imposed new coordination requirements upon these economies. Social pacts in the 1990s and 2000s provided a mechanism of state-coordinated governance while at the same time helping to enhance negotiated self-regulation. Nonetheless, significant cross-national differences remained in the extent and form of autonomous collective bargaining and in its outcomes. The structural challenges facing social partners in these countries, together with an emphasis on institutional strategies of revitalization, left them in a weak position at both company and national levels to face the challenges brought on by the crisis. Thus recent developments show a clear pattern of increased unilateral state interference, which raises important questions regarding the future of bargaining autonomy and the role of trade unions.
A Review of the Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Sharma Alok , Couture Justin
Published: January 2014

Objective: To review the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Data Sources and Data Extraction: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE using the terms attention deficit hyperactive disorder, ADHD, pathophysiology, etiology, and neurobiology. Limits applied were the following: published in the past 10 years (January 2003 to August 2013), humans, review, meta-analysis, and English language. These yielded 63 articles in PubMed and 74 in EMBASE. After removing duplicate/irrelevant articles, 86 articles and their relevant reference citations were reviewed. Data Synthesis: ADHD is a neurological disorder that affects children, but symptoms may persist into adulthood. Individuals suffering from this disorder exhibit hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity, and problems in social interaction and academic performance. Medications used to treat ADHD such as methylphenidate, amphetamine, and atomoxetine indicate a dopamine/norepinephrine deficit as the neurochemical basis of ADHD, but the etiology is more complex. Moreover, these agents have poor adverse effect profiles and a multitude of drug interactions. Because these drugs are also dispensed to adults who may have concomitant conditions or medications, a pharmacist needs to be aware of these adverse events and drug interactions. This review, therefore, focuses on the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of ADHD and details the adverse effects and drug interaction profiles of the drugs used to treat it. Conclusions: Published research shows the benefit of drug therapy for ADHD in children, but given the poor adverse effect and drug interaction profiles, these must be dispensed with caution.
High-speed diode laser measurements of temperature and water vapor concentration in the intake manifold of a diesel engine
Authors: Jatana Gurneesh S , Naik Sameer V , Shaver Gregory M , Lucht Robert P
Published: January 2014

A diode laser–based sensor system, utilizing absorption spectroscopy, has been developed to provide high-speed (5 kHz) simultaneous measurements of temperature and water vapor concentration in the intake manifold of a diesel engine. A fiber-coupled 1.38 µm diode laser was used to probe absorption transitions of water vapor for the high-speed gas temperature and water vapor concentration measurements. Water vapor readily absorbs in the near-infrared region, and distributed feedback diode lasers as well as optics for near-infrared region are readily available because of their use in telecommunications. Fresh charge and combustion products are the only sources of water vapor in an engine’s gas exchange path; therefore, water vapor concentration at various locations in the intake manifold is a useful measure of the recirculated exhaust gas distribution in the intake manifold. Measurements were performed on a six-cylinder Cummins diesel engine using compact fiber optic–coupled connectors. The chosen water vapor absorption transitions provided good absorption strength even without exhaust gas recirculation and water vapor concentration of as low as 0.7 vol.% could be measured with a signal-to-noise ratio of ∼35 leading to very good spectral fits. The sensor output was within 2% of the thermocouple readings and within 10% of the water vapor concentration derived from mean CO2 analyzer measurements for steady-state engine operation. For transient engine operation, the time response of the diode laser sensor was shown to be vastly superior to that of the installed thermocouple and the gas analyzer system.
Refinements of the Heinz inequalities for matrices
Authors: Yan Yanxiong , Feng Yuming , Chen Guiyun
Published: January 2014

This article aims to discuss Heinz inequalities involving unitarily invariant norms. We use a similar method to (Feng in J. Inequal. Appl. 2012:18, 2012; Wang in J. Inequal. Appl. 2013:424, 2013) and we get different refinements of the Heinz inequalities for matrices. Our results are better than some given in (Kittaneh in Integral Equ. Oper. Theory 68:519-527, 2010) and they are different from (Feng in J. Inequal. Appl. 2012:18, 2012; Wang in J. Inequal. Appl. 2013:424, 2013).
LeMYC2 acts as a negative regulator of blue light mediated photomorphogenic growth, and promotes the growth of adult tomato plants
Authors: Gupta Nisha , Prasad V Babu Rajendra , Chattopadhyay Sudip
Published: January 2014

Background

Arabidopsis ZBF1/MYC2bHLH transcription factor is a repressor of photomorphogenesis, and acts as a point of cross talk in light, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. MYC2 also functions as a positive regulator of lateral root development and flowering time under long day conditions. However, the function of MYC2 in growth and development remains unknown in crop plants.

Results

Here, we report the functional analyses of LeMYC2 in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The amino acid sequence of LeMYC2 showed extensive homology with Arabidopsis MYC2, containing the conserved bHLH domain. To study the function of LeMYC2 in tomato, overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi)LeMYC2tomato transgenic plants were generated. Examination of seedling morphology, physiological responses and light regulated gene expression has revealed that LeMYC2 works as a negative regulator of blue light mediated photomorphogenesis. Furthermore, LeMYC2 specifically binds to the G-box ofLeRBCS-3Apromoter. Overexpression of LeMYC2 has led to increased root length with more number of lateral roots. The tomato plants overexpressing LeMYC2 have reduced internode distance with more branches, and display the opposite morphology to RNAi transgenic lines. Furthermore, this study shows that LeMYC2 promotes ABA and JA responsiveness.

Conclusions

Collectively, this study highlights that working in light, ABA and JA signaling pathways LeMYC2 works as an important regulator for growth and development in tomato plants.
Area of ischemia assessed by physicians and software packages from myocardial perfusion scintigrams
Authors: Edenbrandt Lars , Höglund Peter , Frantz Sophia , Hasbak Philip , Johansen Allan , Johansson Lena , Kammeier Annett , Lindner Oliver , Lomsky Milan , Matsuo Shinro , Nakajima Kenichi , Nyström Karin , Olsson Eva , Sjöstrand Karl , Svensson Sven-Eric , Wakabayashi Hiroshi , Trägårdh Elin
Published: January 2014

Background

The European Society of Cardiology recommends that patients with >10% area of ischemia should receive revascularization. We investigated inter-observer variability for the extent of ischemic defects reported by different physicians and by different software tools, and if inter-observer variability was reduced when the physicians were provided with a computerized suggestion of the defects.

Methods

Twenty-five myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) patients who were regarded as ischemic according to the final report were included. Eleven physicians in nuclear medicine delineated the extent of the ischemic defects. After at least two weeks, they delineated the defects again, and were this time provided a suggestion of the defect delineation by EXINI HeartTM (EXINI). Summed difference scores and ischemic extent values were obtained from four software programs.

Results

The median extent values obtained from the 11 physicians varied between 8% and 34%, and between 9% and 16% for the software programs. For all 25 patients, mean extent obtained from EXINI was 17.0% (± standard deviation (SD) 14.6%). Mean extent for physicians was 22.6% (± 15.6%) for the first delineation and 19.1% (± 14.9%) for the evaluation where they were provided computerized suggestion. Intra-class correlation (ICC) increased from 0.56 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41-0.72) to 0.81 (95% CI 0.71-0.90) between the first and the second delineation, and SD between physicians were 7.8 (first) and 5.9 (second delineation).

Conclusions

There was large variability in the estimated ischemic defect size obtained both from different physicians and from different software packages. When the physicians were provided with a suggested delineation, the inter-observer variability decreased significantly.
Expression and function of visfatin (Nampt), an adipokine-enzyme involved in inflammatory pathways of osteoarthritis
Authors: Laiguillon Marie-Charlotte , Houard Xavier , Bougault Carole , Gosset Marjolaine , Nourissat Geoffroy , Sautet Alain , Jacques Claire , Berenbaum Francis , Sellam Jérémie
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Visfatin is an adipokine that may be involved in intertissular joint communication in osteoarthritis (OA). With a homodimeric conformation, it exerts nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) enzymatic activity, essential for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis. We examined the tissular origin and conformation of visfatin/Nampt in human OA joints and investigated the role of visfatin/Nampt in chondrocytes and osteoblasts by studying Nampt enzymatic activity.

Methods

Synovium, cartilage and subchondral bone from human OA joints were used for protein extraction or incubated for 24 hours in serum-free media (conditioned media), and synovial fluid was obtained from OA patients. Visfatin/Nampt expression in tissular extracts and conditioned media was evaluated by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Nampt activity was assessed in OA synovium by colorimetric assay. Primary cultures of murine chondrocytes and osteoblasts were stimulated with visfatin/Nampt and pretreated or not with APO866, a pharmacologic inhibitor of Nampt activity. The effect on cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and hypertrophic markers expression was examined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and/or ELISA.

Results

In tissular explants, conditioned media and synovial fluid, visfatin/Nampt was found as a homodimer, corresponding to the enzymatically active conformation. All human OA joint tissues released visfatin/Nampt (synovium: 628 ± 106 ng/g tissue; subchondral bone: 195 ± 26 ng/g tissue; cartilage: 152 ± 46 ng/g tissue), with significantly higher level for synovium (P <0.0005). Nampt activity was identified ex vivo in synovium. In vitro, visfatin/Nampt significantly induced the expression of interleukin 6, keratinocyte chemoattractant and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in chondrocytes and osteoblasts. APO866 decreased the mRNA and protein levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines in the two cell types (up to 94% and 63% inhibition, respectively). Levels of growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor β) and hypertrophic genes were unchanged with treatment.

Conclusion

Visfatin/Nampt is released by all human OA tissues in a dimeric enzymatically active conformation and mostly by the synovium, which displays Nampt activity. The Nampt activity of visfatin is involved in chondrocyte and osteoblast activation, so targeting this enzymatic activity to disrupt joint tissue interactions may be novel in OA therapy.
RNAmotifs: prediction of multivalent RNA motifs that control alternative splicing
Authors: Cereda Matteo , Pozzoli Uberto , Rot Gregor , Juvan Peter , Schweitzer Anthony , Clark Tyson , Ule Jernej
Published: January 2014

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate splicing according to position-dependent principles, which can be exploited for analysis of regulatory motifs. Here we present RNAmotifs, a method that evaluates the sequence around differentially regulated alternative exons to identify clusters of short and degenerate sequences, referred to as multivalent RNA motifs. We show that diverse RBPs share basic positional principles, but differ in their propensity to enhance or repress exon inclusion. We assess exons differentially spliced between brain and heart, identifying known and new regulatory motifs, and predict the expression pattern of RBPs that bind these motifs. RNAmotifs is available at https://bitbucket.org/rogrro/rna_motifs.
Generative topographic mapping for seismic facies estimation of a carbonate wash, Veracruz Basin, southern Mexico
Authors: Roy Atish , Romero-Peláez Araceli S. , Kwiatkowski Tim J. , Marfurt Kurt J.
Published: January 2014

Seismic facies estimation is a critical component in understanding the stratigraphy and lithology of hydrocarbon reservoirs. With the adoption of 3D technology and increasing survey size, manual techniques of facies classification have become increasingly time consuming. Besides, the numbers of seismic attributes have increased dramatically, providing increasingly accurate measurements of reflector morphology. However, these seismic attributes add multiple “dimensions” to the data greatly expanding the amount of data to be analyzed. Principal component analysis and self-organizing maps (SOMs) are popular techniques to reduce such dimensionality by projecting the data onto a lower order space in which clusters can be more readily identified and interpreted. After dimensional reduction, popular classification algorithms such as neural net, K-means, and Kohonen SOMs are routinely done for general well log prediction or analysis and seismic facies modeling. Although these clustering methods have been successful in many hydrocarbon exploration projects, they have some inherent limitations. We explored one of the recent techniques known as generative topographic mapping (GTM), which takes care of the shortcomings of Kohonen SOMs and helps in data classification. We applied GTM to perform multiattribute seismic facies classification of a carbonate conglomerate oil field in the Veracruz Basin of southern Mexico. The presence of conglomerate carbonates makes the reservoir units laterally and vertically highly heterogeneous, which are observed at well logs, core slabs, and thin section scales. We applied unsupervised GTM classification to determine the “natural” clusters in the data set. Finally, we introduced supervision into GTM and calculated the probability of occurrence of seismic facies seen at the wells over the reservoir units. In this manner, we were able to assign a level of confidence (or risk) to encountering facies that corresponded to good and poor production.
Altered synapses in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mhatre Siddhita D. , Satyasi Vivek , Killen Mark , Paddock Brie E. , Moir Robert D. , Saunders Aleister J. , Marenda Daniel R.
Published: January 2014

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an age related neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and decreased synaptic function. Advances in transgenic animal models of AD have facilitated our understanding of this disorder, and have aided in the development, speed, and efficiency of testing potential therapeutics. Recently, we have described the characterization of a novel model of AD in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, where we expressed the human AD associated proteins APP and BACE in the central nervous system of the fly. Here we describe synaptic defects in the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in this model. Our results indicate that expression of human APP and BACE at the larval NMJ lead to defective larval locomotion behavior, decreased pre-synaptic connections, altered mitochondrial localization in presynaptic motor neurons, and decreased postsynaptic protein levels. Treating larvae expressing APP and BACE with the γ-secretase inhibitor L-685, 458 suppresses the behavioral defects as well as the pre- and postsynaptic defects. We suggest that this model will be useful to assess and model the synaptic dysfunction normally associated with AD, and will also serve as a powerful in vivo tool for rapid testing of potential therapeutics for AD.
Visualisation of Sampling Error Effects in near Infrared Analysis—Comparison between Petri Dish, Roll Bottle and Spiral Sampler
Authors: Sørensen Marie , Larsen Anders , Esbensen Kim H.
Published: January 2014

With spectroscopic methods, e.g. near infrared (NIR) analysis, using a constant beam aperture, the effective scanning footprint will be different for a spinning Petri dish, a rolling bottle and a new spiral sampler configuration. This will significantly influence the analytical accuracy and precision of a NIR analytical determination of heterogeneous materials, for example barley with differing protein contents. Here we present the results from a bench-top experiment that evaluates the total analytical bias and precision characteristics for three alternative sample presentation approaches using a mixture of two plastic polymer pellets as a test material with significant heterogeneity. After removal of all incorrect sampling errors (ICS), there are still significantly varying correct sampling error [Fundamental Sampling Error ( FSE) and Grouping and Segregation Error ( GSE)] uncertainties associated with these standard analytical approaches–but there is a clear winner.
Genetic and environmental determinants of insect herbivore community structure in a Betula pendula population
Authors: Silfver Tarja , Rousi Matti , Oksanen Elina , Roininen Heikki
Published: January 2014

A number of recent studies have shown that intraspecific genetic variation of plants may have a profound effect on the herbivorous communities which depend on them. However less is known about the relative importance of intraspecific variation compared to other ecological factors, for example environmental variation or the effects of herbivore damage. We randomly selected 22Betula pendulagenotypes from a local population (< 0.9 ha), cloned them and planted cloned seedlings on two study sites separated at a regional scale (distance between sites about 30 km) to examine an insect community of 23-27 species on these genotypes.B. pendulagenotypes did not differ in their species richness, but the total mean abundance and the structure of the insect herbivore community was significantly affected by the genotype, which could account for up to 27% of the total variation in community structure.B. pendulagenotype accounted for two to four times more variation in the arthropod community structure than did environmental (block) variation on a local scale, while on a regional scale, genotypic and environmental (site) variation accounted for 4-14% of the arthropod community structure. The genetic effects were modified by environmental variation on both a local and regional scale over one study year, and locally, the largest part of the variation (38%) could be explained by the genotype × environment (block) interactions. Suppression of insect herbivores during one growing season led to changed arthropod community structure in the following growing season, but this effect was minimal and could explain only 4% of the total variation in insect community structure. Our results suggest that both genetic and environmental factors are important determinants of the community structure of herbivorous insects. Together these mechanisms appear to maintain the high diversity of insects inB. pendulaforest ecosystems.
Nadpisy operowe w Polsce – między teorią a praktyką
Authors: Rędzioch‑Korkuz Anna
Published: January 2014

Opera Surtitling in Poland: Theory and Practice

The article discusses opera surtitling, which has been used in many opera houses around the world for over thirty years. It seems, however, that this particular AVT type has been hardly discussed by both scholars and practitioners. Therefore, it seems almost impossible to indicate any widely accepted standards or surtitling paradigms. Consequently, the dichotomy between theory and practice appears unavoidable. It is partly due to a more traditional understanding of translation, which apparently needs to be revisited in order to make surtitling an example of a translation activity aimed at translating a semiotic complex rather than a libretto.
Pooling and Dependence of Demand and Yield in Multiple-Location Inventory Systems
Authors: Mak Ho-Yin , Shen Zuo-Jun Max
Published: January 2014

The benefits of inventory risk pooling are well known and documented. It has been proven in the literature that the expected costs of a centralized system are increasing in the degree of (positive) dependence of demand in an idealized newsvendor setting. Using the supermodular stochastic order to characterize dependence, we study a general two-tiered supply chain structure, in which both demand and supply yields are random, and prove that the expected costs are increasing in the degrees of positive dependence between demand and supply yield loss factors. Furthermore, using a distributionally robust optimization framework, we prove an analogous result for the case where demand and yield distributions are not precisely known.
The contamination of intravenous fluids by writing on the infusion bag: Fact or fiction?
Authors: Langston James Daniel , Monaghan William Patrick , Bush Mellissa
Published: January 2014

Introduction -Laboratory experiments were conducted to ascertain whether Sharpie® brand black permanent marker ink will permeate through intravenous infusion bags. The practice of writing directly on infusion bags is a frequent yet controversial practice. There are no known written standards that exist which pertain to this practice. Methods – Five types of intravenous bags containing different solutions marked with black ink from a fine point felt tipped Sharpie® marker. Sample extraction occurred after infusion bags had been warmed to 40 C or remained ambient.  Spectrophotometric scans and measurements were conducted at 300 to 600 NM on each solution contained in the experimental bags. Writing with Sharpie® pens on filter paper and surgical tape was also conducted. Results – A total of 17 experiments were conducted with intravenous bags of five different types of manufacture.  There appeared to be no visible or ultraviolet spectrophotometric evidence of leaching of the ink from Sharpie® pens. Four different lot numbers of Sharpie® pens were used. Surgical tape that was written on using Sharpie® markers readily exhibited visible evidence of permeability. Discussion - The experiments conducted would appear to indicate that the infusion containers tested maintained an intact barrier to the application of Sharpie® brand permanent marker ink. Writing on surgical tape does not stop the permeability of Sharpie® pens. This study could serve as a suitable pilot study for others to conduct a much more comprehensive study using a greater number of intravenous containers, solutions and ink markers.   Keywords: Fluid therapy, infusion, ink, intravenous, writing.
Inversionsbasierte optimale Steuerung von Batch-Kristallisationsprozessen zur Enantiomertrennung
Authors: Hofmann Steffen , Raisch Jörg
Published: January 2014

In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst eine inversionsbasierte Steuerung zur Realisierung vorgegebener Kristallgrößenverteilungen beim simultanen Batchbetrieb der bevorzugten Kristallisation in zwei gekoppelten Gefäßen unter symmetrischen Bedingungen behandelt. Anschließend wird ein Verfahren zur Minimierung der Batchdauer bei gegebener Reinheit und Produktmenge vorgestellt, welches auf der orbitellen Flachheit eines idealisierten Modells basiert. Die vorgeschlagene Methode wird anhand eines Beispiels mittels eines rechenintensiveren Verfahrens überprüft.
Performance of Modified WMA Mixtures Prepared Using the Same Class PG Binders of HMA Mixtures
Authors: Kim Sungun , Park Jiyong , Lee Sungjin , Kim Kwang W.
Published: January 2014

When the same class performance graded (PG) binders are used, the asphalt mixtures using the same aggregate and gradation are expected to perform similarly whether they are the hot-mix asphalt (HMA) or warm-mix asphalt (WMA). In this study, HMA and WMA mixtures with the same class PG binders were used to compare their performance. Two high-temperature (60°C) rut-related properties were evaluated, the wheel tracking (WT) and the strength against deformation (SD). One ambient-temperature (25°C) property, the indirect tensile strength (St), was also evaluated. The performance grades of normal (unmodified) and modified binders for all WMA and HMA mixtures were 64-22 and 76-22, respectively. According to study results, the modified WMA mixtures, which were short-term aged at 135°C, did not show high enough SD and WT resistance at 60°C than the HMA mixtures prepared using the same class PG binders, 76-22. However, the same WMA mixtures were found to be similar to or better than HMA mixtures in St. Therefore, it was found that tensile strength of WMA mixtures was not inferior to HMA at ambient temperature. However, rut-related properties of modified WMA mixtures were observed to be inferior to the same PG HMA mixtures at high service temperature.
Multilingualism and longitudinal language contact in the German-Danish border region
Authors: Fredsted Elin
Published: January 2014

The topic of this article is the structural similarity of neighboring languages belonging to two different branches of the Germanic languages.The German-Danish border region is characterized by longitudinal language contact between West and North Germanic varieties which have developed common features not to be found in other varieties of these languages spoken outside the contact area. These shared features are results of contact and/or of language shift(s). This paper focuses on convergence in verb phrases. Nine examples of different aspects of verbal convergences are presented covering mainly semantic and syntactical code-copying.
Symmetric and asymmetric alternations in direct object encoding
Authors: Iemmolo Giorgio
Published: January 2014

This paper examines two different strategies found in direct object encoding on the basis of a sample of 159 languages. In particular, this paper deals with the differences between symmetric (i.e. the alternation between two or more overt markers) and asymmetric (i.e. the alternation between a zero and one of more overt markers) alternations. The investigation is aimed at determining whether there are any evident cross-linguistic regularities with respect to the factors involved in these two kinds of alternation. It will be argued that the difference in the formal realization of direct object encoding is related to the distinct functions that these two structures perform cross-linguistically.While asymmetric alternations are regulated by referential properties of the direct object referent, symmetric alternations are governed by parameters related to verbal semantics, such as affectedness and boundedness, polarity, and quantification.
Bricks, Seeds, Culture, and History
Authors: Deverell William
Published: January 2014

Author surveys the work of George W. Hendry and Margaret P. Kelly.
California Indian Historiography from the Nadir to the Present
Authors: Zappia Natale
Published: January 2014

The author surveys the work of Helen Mabry Ballard.
The Origins of Asian American History
Authors: Jenks Hillary
Published: January 2014

The author surveys the work of George Hinkle.
Mid-Century Plea for Historic Preservation
Authors: Hartig Anthea
Published: January 2014

The author, Executive Director of the California Historical Society, surveys the work of Stephen W. Jacobs.
The Road Not Taken in Farm Worker Justice
Authors: Garcia Matt
Published: January 2014

The author surveys the work of Paul Taylor and Ben Yellen
Sca1+ murine pituitary adenoma cells show tumor-growth advantage
Authors: Donangelo Ines , Ren Song-Guang , Eigler Tamar , Svendsen Clive , Melmed Shlomo
Published: January 2014

The role of tumor stem cells in benign tumors such as pituitary adenomas remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the cells within pituitary adenomas that spontaneously develop in Rb+/− mice are hierarchically distributed with a subset being responsible for tumor growth. Cells derived directly from such tumors grew as spheres in serum-free culture medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Some cells within growing pituitary tumor spheres (PTS) expressed common stem cell markers (Sca1, Sox2, Nestin, and CD133), but were devoid of hormone-positive differentiated cells. Under subsequent differentiating conditions (matrigel-coated growth surface), PTS expressed all six pituitary hormones. We next searched for specific markers of the stem cell population and isolated a Sca1+ cell population that showed increased sphere formation potential, lower mRNA hormone expression, higher expression of stem cell markers (Notch1, Sox2, and Nestin), and increased proliferation rates. When transplanted into non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency gamma mice brains, Sca1+ pituitary tumor cells exhibited higher rates of tumor formation (brain tumors observed in 11/11 (100%) vs 7/12 (54%) of mice transplanted with Sca1+ and Sca1− cells respectively). Magnetic resonance imaging and histological analysis of brain tumors showed that tumors derived from Sca1+ pituitary tumor cells were also larger and plurihormonal. Our findings show that Sca1+ cells derived from benign pituitary tumors exhibit an undifferentiated expression profile and tumor-proliferative advantages, and we propose that they could represent putative pituitary tumor stem/progenitor cells.
Communicating About Prognosis: Ethical Responsibilities of Pediatricians and Parents
Authors: Mack Jennifer W. , Joffe Steven
Published: January 2014

Clinicians are sometimes reluctant to discuss prognosis with parents of children with life-threatening illness, usually because they worry about the emotional impact of this information. However, parents often want this prognostic information because it underpins informed decision-making, especially near the end of life. In addition, despite understandable clinician concerns about its emotional impact, prognostic disclosure can actually support hope and peace of mind among parents struggling to live with a child’s illness. Children, too, may need to understand what is ahead to manage uncertainty and make plans for the ways their remaining life will be lived. In this article, we describe the ethical issues involved in disclosure of prognostic information to parents and children with life-threatening illness and offer practical guidance for these conversations.
Minimising Religious Conflict and the Racial Religious Tolerance Act in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Ezzy Douglas
Published: January 2014

Religious anti-discrimination legislation in Victoria, Australia, constructively facilitates the nonviolent resolution of religious conict through legislation and litigation. The article demonstrates this argument through two detailed case studies of the 2002 complaint by the Islamic Council of Victoria against Catch the Fire Ministries, an evangelical Christian group, and the 2003 complaints by the Pagan Awareness Network and an Australian Witch. This article draws on Judith Butler’s Levinasian analysis of policy responses to conflict to argue that the ethical moment of discourse is inherently violent as the other both threatens me and potentially transforms me. Ethics is how we live in that moment of vulnerability.
Riverine macrosystems ecology: sensitivity, resistance, and resilience of whole river basins with human alterations
Authors: McCluney Kevin E , Poff N LeRoy , Palmer Margaret A , Thorp James H , Poole Geoffrey C , Williams Bradley S , Williams Michael R , Baron Jill S
Published: January 2014

Riverine macrosystems are described here as watershed‐scale networks of connected and interacting riverine and upland habitat patches. Such systems are driven by variable responses of nutrients and organisms to a suite of global and regional factors (eg climate, human social systems) interacting with finer‐scale variations in geology, topography, and human modifications. We hypothesize that spatial heterogeneity, connectivity, and asynchrony among these patches regulate ecological dynamics of whole networks, altering system sensitivity, resistance, and resilience. Long‐distance connections between patches may be particularly important in riverine macrosystems, shaping fundamental system properties. Furthermore, the type, extent, intensity, and spatial configuration of human activities (eg land‐use change, dam construction) influence watershed‐wide ecological properties through effects on habitat heterogeneity and connectivity at multiple scales. Thus, riverine macrosystems are coupled social–ecological systems with feedbacks that influence system responses to environmental change and the sustainable delivery of ecosystem services.
A Journey in Science: Promise, Purpose, Privilege
Authors: Nathan Carl
Published: January 2014

Real innovations in medicine and science are historic and singular; the stories behind each occurrence are precious. At Molecular Medicine we have established the Anthony Cerami Award in Translational Medicine to document and preserve these histories. The monographs recount the seminal events as told in the voice of the original investigators who provided the crucial early insight. These essays capture the essence of discovery, chronicling the birth of ideas that created new fields of research; and launched trajectories that persisted and ultimately influenced how disease is prevented, diagnosed, and treated. In this volume, the first Cerami Award Monograph, by Carl Nathan, MD, chairman of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Weill Cornell Medical College, reflects towering genius and soaring inspiration.
ARA 290 Improves Symptoms in Patients with Sarcoidosis-Associated Small Nerve Fiber Loss and Increases Corneal Nerve Fiber Density
Authors: Dahan Albert , Dunne Ann , Swartjes Maarten , Proto Paolo L. , Heij Lara , Vogels Oscar , van Velzen Monique , Sarton Elise , Niesters Marieke , Tannemaat Martijn R. , Cerami Anthony , Brines Michael
Published: January 2014

Small nerve fiber loss and damage (SNFLD) is a frequent complication of sarcoidosis that is associated with autonomic dysfunction and sensory abnormalities, including pain syndromes that severely degrade the quality of life. SNFLD is hypothesized to arise from the effects of immune dysregulation, an essential feature of sarcoidosis, on the peripheral and central nervous systems. Current therapy of sarcoidosis-associated SNFLD consists primarily of immune suppression and symptomatic treatment; however, this treatment is typically unsatisfactory. ARA 290 is a small peptide engineered to activate the innate repair receptor that antagonizes inflammatory processes and stimulates tissue repair. Here we show in a blinded, placebo-controlled trial that 28 d of daily subcutaneous administration of ARA 290 in a group of patients with documented SNFLD significantly improves neuropathic symptoms. In addition to improved patient-reported symptom-based outcomes, ARA 290 administration was also associated with a significant increase in corneal small nerve fiber density, changes in cutaneous temperature sensitivity, and an increased exercise capacity as assessed by the 6-minute walk test. On the basis of these results and of prior studies, ARA 290 is a potential disease-modifying agent for treatment of sarcoidosis-associated SNFLD.
Spatial organization of the settlement network of the municipality of Cacak and tendencies of its development
Authors: Nikolic Teodora
Published: January 2014

The balanced and sustainable development of the functional area of Cacak is a
precondition for greater integration of geospace. Based on the fact that
settlements are the most striking elements of the cultural landscape and they
are the holders of the functional organization and spatial transformation of
geospace, there will be a special emphasis placed on the networking of these
settlements and the analysis of its determinants. Both demographic and
socioeconomic indicators were analyzed in order to determine the dominant
spatial and functional processes occurring in the area that relate to the
development of the municipality. Emphasis is placed on the changes in the
type of population movement, functional transformation of the settlements,
and changes in the level of social geographic transformation of settlements.
Analysis of the demographic and socio-economic indicators showed that the
settlement network of Cacak is, to a large extent, incoherent.
Socio-geographic and functional transformation of settlements is articulated
and directed entirely from the municipal center, and consequently the most
affected settlements of periurban zone of Cacak and settlements along major
roads. Adjusting to the modern development processes requires new
spatial-functional relations at the municipality level in order to strengthen
territorial cohesion and equal conditions of life.
The basis and sustainability of the new growth model of the Chinese economy
Authors: Antevski Miroslav
Published: January 2014

The Chinese model of economic growth has produced impressive results in the
past several decades, while the rates of economic growth and exports and
imports growth have been the highest in the world. It has been based on cheap
money, cheap labour and resources, while the investment basis has been high
rates of reinvestment profits. The most dynamic sector of the Chinese
manufacturing exports has been processing trade. For this reason, it is
called export-led growth model. The new model, which was announced in 2011,
should result in some change of the main driving forces of exports growth -
apart from investments and exports, consumption should play a significant
role. In this way, growth would be driven by a combined impact of primary,
secondary and tertiary sectors, by stimulating of domestic consumption,
improvement of investment mix, further industrialisation, urbanisation and
modernisation of agriculture.
Christian zionism as a factor of US politics
Authors: Jevtic Miroljub
Published: January 2014

One of the most important phenomena in US politics is Christian Zionism. The
term Christian Zionism is related to unity of a large part of Protestant
beliefs and the Zionists movement. The religious motives of US Protestants
have coincided with the Jewish intention to go back to Palestine. In this
way, Protestant religious motives could only be achieved by using political
pressure on the US government. The goal of this pressure is to turn the
foreign policy of Washington into a struggle for reconstruction and
maintenance of the state of Israel. That is why many people wrongly believe
that the US policy in Middle East is a product of the Jewish lobby. However,
the US foreign policy in Middle East is a product of religious beliefs of
Christian Zionists and the Jewish lobby is just using this fact for its own
purposes.
Epidemiological features of brain tumors
Authors: Zivkovic Nenad , Mihailovic Goran , Markovic Marko , Berisavac Iva , Spaic Milan
Published: January 2014

Brain tumors account for 1.4% of all cancers and 2.4% of all cancer-related
deaths. The incidence of brain tumors varies and it is higher in developed
countries of Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. In
Serbia, according to data from 2009, malignant brain tumors account for 2. 2
of all tumors, and from all cancer?related deaths, 3.2% is caused by
malignant brain tumors. According to recent statistical reports, an overall
incidence of brain tumors for benign and malignant tumors combined is 18.71
per 100,000 persons/year. The most common benign brain tumor in adults is
meningioma, which is most present in women, and the most common malignant
tumor is glioblastoma, which is most present in adult men. Due to high
mortality, especially in patients diagnosed with glioblastoma and significant
brain tumor morbidity, there is a constant interest in understanding its
etiology in order to possibly prevent tumor occurrence in future and enable
more efficient treatment strategies for this fatal brain disease. Despite the
continuously growing number of epidemiological studies on possible factors of
tumor incidence, the etiology remains unclear. The only established
environmental risk factor of gliomas is ionizing radiation exposure. Exposure
to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields via cell phone use has gained a lot
of attention as a potential risk factor of brain tumor development. However,
studies have been inconsistent and inconclusive, so more definite results are
still expected.
Creating values for stakeholders as a goal of a modern corporate enterprise
Authors: Zakic Vladimir
Published: January 2014

The goal of this paper is to present a comparative analysis of two value
creation concepts applied in most developed countries: Anglo-American concept
of shareholder value creation and the Continental model of stakeholder value
creation. In shareholder systems, also known as Anglo-American model,
shareholders exert dominant influence. In major stakeholder systems, marked
as Continental model, influence is shared between large shareholders,
employees, customers and suppliers. The aim of this paper is to analyze the
impact of globalization and economic crisis on the goals of corporate
enterprises, which have largely led to convergence of two opposing value
creation concepts.