bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual Parental Leave for Fathers: Promoting Gender Equality in Norway
Authors: Kvande Elin
Published: September 2021

This chapter takes as its point of departure the design elements of the Norwegian parental leave system for fathers and examines how it works as a regulatory measure to promote equality in care work. The findings show that the design of the father’s quota as a statutory, earmarked, and non-transferrable right for fathers promotes the fathers’ use of leave and hence equality. The earmarking, and the fact that it cannot be transferred to the mother, renders it unnecessary for fathers to negotiate with the mother about this leave. The father’s quota is also an important bargaining chip in relation to working life for having time off for doing care-work. These findings support other research on fathers’ use of leave which have shown that these design characteristics of father’s quota represents a strong incentive for greater involvement in caregiving on the part of fathers.
FOTV: A Generic Device Offloading Framework for OpenMP
Authors: Vazquez Jose Luis , Sanchez Pablo
Published: September 2021

Since the introduction of the “target” directive in the 4.0 specification, the usage of OpenMP for heterogeneous computing programming has increased significantly. However, the compiler support limits its usage because the code for the accelerated region has to be generated in compile time. This restricts the usage of accelerator-specific design flows (e.g. FPGA hardware synthesis) and the support of new devices that typically requires extending and modifying the compiler itself.

This paper explores a solution to these limitations: a generic device that is supported by the OpenMP compiler but whose functionality is defined at runtime. The generic device framework has been integrated in an OpenMP compiler (LLVM/Clang). It acts as a device type for the compiler and interfaces with the physical devices to execute the accelerated code. The framework has an API that provides support for new devices and accelerated code without additional OpenMP compiler modifications. It also includes a code generator that extracts the source code of OpenMP target regions for external compilation chains.

In order to evaluate the approach, we present a new device implementation that allows executing OpenCL code as an OpenMP target region. We study the overhead that the framework produces and show that it is minimal and comparable to other OpenMP devices.
Foresight in Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Threats
Authors: Nelson Cassidy , Adiguzel Ilker , Florin Marie-Valentine , Lentzos Filippa , Knutsson Rickard , Rhodes Catherine , Rutten Paul , Vergin Annika
Published: September 2021

Rapid developments in the fields of synthetic biology and biotechnology have caused shifts in the biological risk landscape and are key drivers of future threats. From a security perspective, extending our understanding beyond current risks to include emerging threats in these and related fields can play a vital role in informing risk mitigation activities. Insights that are generated can be combined with other efforts to identify vulnerabilities and prevent undesirable outcomes. Emerging risks that may occur at some point in the future are inherently difficult to assess, requiring a systematic approach to examining potential threats. Foresight is a process to consider possible future scenarios. Comprising a range of methods and techniques, foresight processes can offer novel insights into emerging synthetic biology and biotechnology threats.

This chapter offers an introduction to foresight, including definitions of key terms that could support a shared lexicon across NATO partners. An overview of different foresight methodologies, their potential applications, and different strengths and limitations are presented. As a key first step, an approach to selecting appropriate questions to guide foresight activities is suggested. Example questions for synthetic biology and biotechnology are highlighted. At the end of the chapter, the authors offer recommendations for the design of a foresight process, with the intention of providing a useable resource for NATO partners investigating emerging synthetic biology and biotechnology threats.
Promoting Effective Biosecurity Governance: Using Tripwires to Anticipate and Ameliorate Potentially Harmful Development Trends
Authors: Trump Benjamin D. , Galaitsi Stephanie , Pollock Miriam , Volk Kaitlin M. , Linkov Igor
Published: September 2021

Synthetic biology is a new, rapidly growing interdisciplinary field which seeks to use engineering techniques to alter and construct new biological components, devices, and systems. The rate of synthetic biology development and research has increased over the past two decades in both industry and academia (Ahteensuu 2017). Applications include medicine (new vaccines, delivery of therapeutics, and treatments), energy (biofuels), environmental remediation, food production, and general industry (detergents, adhesives, perfumes) (Evans and Selgelid 2015; Gronvall 2015). While synthetic biology heralds advances in these fields, its techniques could also be adapted for malicious purposes and used by terrorist organizations, rogue actors, or hostile nations to create dangerous pathogens, invasive organisms, or other disruptive biological agents (Yeh et al. 2012). Such potential makes synthetic biology a dual-use research area of concern (DURC) as the same techniques can be used to benefit or harm people, animals, environments, technology, or nations (Getz and Dellaire 2018). To cope with threats arising from synthetic biology’s dual-use nature, biosecurity is needed to prevent, detect, and attribute biological attacks.
Emerging Biosecurity Threats and Responses: A Review of Published and Gray Literature
Authors: Cummings Christopher L. , Volk Kaitlin M. , Ulanova Anna A. , Lam Do Thuy Uyen Ha , Ng Pei Rou
Published: September 2021

The field of biotechnology has been rigorously researched and applied to many facets of everyday life. Biotechnology is defined as the process of modifying an organism or a biological system for an intended purpose. Biotechnology applications range from agricultural crop selection to pharmaceutical and genetic processes (Bauer and Gaskell 2002). The definition, however, is evolving with recent scientific advancements. Until World War II, biotechnology was primarily siloed in agricultural biology and chemical engineering. The results of this era included disease-resistant crops, pesticides, and other pest-controlling tools (Verma et al. 2011). After WWII, biotechnology began to shift domains when advanced research on human genetics and DNA started. In 1984, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was formerly proposed, which initiated the pursuit to decode the human genome by the private and academic sectors. The legacy of the project gave rise to ancillary advancements in data sharing and open-source software, and solidified the prominence of “big science;” solidifying capital-intensive large-scale private-public research initiatives that were once primarily under the purview of government-funded programs (Hood and Rowen 2013). After the HGP, the biotechnology industry boomed as a result of dramatic cost reduction to DNA sequencing processes. In 2019 the industry was globally estimated to be worth $449.06 billion and is projected to increase in value (Polaris 2020).
Biological Standards and Biosecurity: The Unexplored Link
Authors: Porcar Manuel
Published: September 2021

The issue of standardisation in Synthetic Biology has important implications at both the technical and governance levels. At the former, standardisation in biology (a still-ongoing process) is expected to exponentially increase the potential of synthetic biology by democratising, easing and expanding our ability to engineer life. Indeed, it has to be stressed that Synthetic Biology is -or at least aims at being- a fully engineering discipline. And engineering, from industrial to electronics, largely relies on standards. A standard is a part, piece, device or procedure with well-established properties, and which can reliably be used in a broad range of industrial applications. Standards are often considered as universal components, in such a way that their constant properties allow a world-wide use. A well-known example of standard parts are nuts and bolts. Indeed, the onset of the industrial revolution was associated with a bloom of different designs of nuts and bolts, with different sizes and thread pitch. It soon became obvious that a standardisation of nuts and bolts was required: standard nuts and bolts were born. But what about Synthetic Biology?
Addressing Emerging Synthetic Biology Threats: The Role of Education and Outreach in Fostering Effective Bottom-Up Grassroots Governance
Authors: Novossiolova Tatyana , Kuiken Todd , DeCoste Jared , Henry Luc , Malsch Ineke , Merad Myriam , Newman Carl , Patterson Wallace , Waskow Alexandra
Published: September 2021

This chapter seeks to examine the role of the synthetic biology community in strengthening biosafety and biosecurity and safeguarding synthetic biology against accidental and deliberate misuse. It argues that biosafety and biosecurity education, awareness-raising, and outreach are essential for fostering effective bottom-up (self-governance) approaches for biosafety and biosecurity risk management. The chapter provides an overview of the structure of the synthetic biology community underscoring its complexity in terms of professional interdisciplinarity, stakeholder diversity, and fluidity, i.e. professional and non-professional actors moving from one context to another over time. It then examines the prevalent perceptions and framing of biosafety and biosecurity risks within the synthetic biology community, in order to identify options for enhancing stakeholder engagement and leveraging the diversity of expertise within the synthetic biology community for promoting responsible research and innovation practices. The conclusion outlines a summary of the key findings in this chapter.
Drell-Yan angular lepton distributions at small x from TMD factorization.
Authors: Balitsky Ian
Published: September 2021

Abstract

The Drell-Yan process is studied in the framework of TMD factorization in the Sudakov region s » Q2 » $$ {q}_{\perp}^2 $$

q
⊥
2

corresponding to recent LHC experiments with Q2 of order of mass of Z-boson and transverse momentum of DY pair ∼ few tens GeV. The DY hadronic tensors are expressed in terms of quark and quark-gluon TMDs with $$ \frac{1}{Q^2} $$

1

Q
2

and $$ \frac{1}{N_c^2} $$

1

N
c
2

accuracy. It is demonstrated that in the leading order in Nc the higher-twist quark-quark-gluon TMDs reduce to leading-twist TMDs due to QCD equation of motion. The resulting hadronic tensors depend on two leading-twist TMDs: f1 responsible for total DY cross section, and Boer-Mulders function $$ {h}_1^{\perp } $$

h
1
⊥

. The corresponding qualitative and semi-quantitative predictions seem to agree with LHC data on five angular coefficients A0− A4 of DY pair production. The remaining three coefficients A5− A7 are determined by quark-quark-gluon TMDs multiplied by extra $$ \frac{1}{N_c} $$

1

N
c

so they appear to be relatively small in accordance with LHC results.
Positive effect of colors and art in patient rooms on patient recovery after total hip or knee arthroplasty
Authors: Eminovic Sandra , Vincze Gabor , Fink Andrea , Fischerauer Stefan F. , Sadoghi Patrick , Leithner Andreas , Kamolz Lars-Peter , Tscheliessnigg Karlheinz , Bernhardt Gerwin A.
Published: September 2021

Background

Environmental stimuli and well-being are considered to be significant factors in patients’ rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to describe the effect of colors and art in hospital rooms on patients’ recovery after total hip or knee arthroplasty.

Methods

We performed a prospective randomized, controlled study including 80 patients. The intervention group was randomized to colored patient rooms while the control group received medical care in conventional patient rooms. Data were collected preoperatively and postoperatively (3 and 6 days after operation). We measured mood, anxiety and depression, quality of life (QOL) and pain.

Results

Significantly better QOL summary scores were measured in the intervention group (6 days postoperative) compared to the control group (physical component summary score 37.1 ± 5.0 vs. 34.1 ± 6.7; p = 0.029 and mental component summary score 51.6 ± 6.6 vs. 47.2 ± 8.4; p = 0.015). Postoperatively, we found decreased total mood scores in both groups showing better results for the intervention group without significant differences (p = 0.353; p = 0.711).

Conclusion

The use of colors in hospital rooms is an effective intervention to improve well-being and to enhance faster rehabilitation. We could demonstrate a positive effect of colors on patients’ postoperative QOL.
Pentacene in 1,3,5-Tri(1-naphtyl)benzene: A Novel Standard for Transient EPR Spectroscopy at Room Temperature
Authors: Schröder Mirjam , Rauber Daniel , Matt Clemens , Kay Christopher W. M.
Published: September 2021

Testing and calibrating an experimental setup with standard samples is an essential aspect of scientific research. Single crystals of pentacene in p-terphenyl are widely used for this purpose in transient electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. However, this sample is not without downsides: the crystals need to be grown and the EPR transitions only appear at particular orientations of the crystal with respect to the external magnetic field. An alternative host for pentacene is the glass-forming 1,3,5-tri(1-naphtyl)benzene (TNB). Due to the high glass transition point of TNB, an amorphous glass containing randomly oriented pentacene molecules is obtained at room temperature. Here we demonstrate that pentacene dissolved in TNB gives a typical “powder-like” transient EPR spectrum of the triplet state following pulsed laser excitation. From the two-dimensional data set, it is straightforward to obtain the zero-field splitting parameters and relative populations by spectral simulation as well as the $$B_{1}$$

B
1

field in the microwave resonator. Due to the simplicity of preparation, handling and stability, this system is ideal for adjusting the laser beam with respect to the microwave resonator and for introducing students to transient EPR spectroscopy.
Does the amount of formal care affect informal care? Evidence among over-60s in France
Authors: Perdrix Elsa , Roquebert Quitterie
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates the causal effect of the amount of formal care used on the informal care received by formal care users. We use an original instrument for formal care volume based on local disparities (NUTS 3 level, 96 units) in the price of formal care. Using the French CARE survey, we use a two-part model to assess the effect of formal care on the extensive and the intensive margin of informal care. An increase in the amount of formal care is found to be associated with a small decrease in the probability of using informal care. Heterogeneity tests show that this negative effect is mainly driven by help for daily activities provided by women. At the intensive margin, informal care is not significantly affected by the amount of formal care. Reforms increasing subsidies for formal care can thus be suspected to have a limited effect on informal care arrangements.
The sensitivity of hospital coding to prices: evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Chalkley Martin , Hidayat Budi , Ramadani Royasia Viki , Aragón María José
Published: September 2021

This study examines a newly introduced DRG system in Indonesia. We use secondary data for 2015 and 2017 from Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), a patient level dataset for Indonesia created in 2014 to record public and private hospitals’ claims to the national health insurance system to investigate whether there is an association between changes in tariffs paid and the severity of inpatient activity recorded in hospitals. We find a consistent small, positive and statistically significant correlation between changes in tariffs and changes in concentration of activity, indicating discretionary but limited coding behaviour by hospitals. The results indicate that reducing price differentials may mitigate discretionary coding, but that the benefits of this are limited and need to be compared to the potential risk of having to rebase all prices upwards.
Karpik in the Bottle: Can Judgment Devices Explain the Demand for Fine Wine?
Authors: Schenk Patrick
Published: September 2021

Processes of valuation and evaluation are especially complex and uncertain in markets for unique products. Consider the purchase of a bottle of fine wine. Each wine was produced in a certain region, on a particular soil, by a famous wine producer, employing methods handed down for centuries. How can consumers compare unique products in order to make a choice? How is a market for singular products possible? According to Lucien Karpik’s economics of singularities, such markets necessarily rely on social actors and artifacts providing knowledge on how to compare unique products, called judgment devices. To systematically assess the explanatory contribution of Karpik’s approach, this paper empirically tests fundamental propositions of the economics of singularities in a quantitative framework, examining the case of the demand for fine wine. The analysis provides ample support for Karpik’s theory. First, wine demand is substantially correlated with the use of judgment devices. Second, the effects of judgment devices on product demand cannot be explained by information deficits, in line with the theoretical arguments. However, the analysis also reveals deviations from the theoretical expectations. Certain judgment devices prove more important for the demand for higher priced wines than predicted, whereas others play a more minor role. Furthermore, the use of judgment devices is substantially linked to social distinction, something Karpik’s theory overlooks.
Fish Parasite Community of Three Lakes with Different Trophic Status in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany
Authors: Suthar Jaydipbhai , Unger Patrick , Palm Harry W.
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The present study investigates the fish parasite fauna from Lake Tollense, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.

Methods

A total of 117 perch (Perca fluviatilis), bream (Abramis brama) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) were sampled for parasites during 2018 and 2019 from Lake Tollense and compared with earlier data from Lake Malchin and Lake Hohen Sprenz in 2011 and 2014, respectively. Parasites were identified based on morphological and molecular characters.

Results

A total of 32 parasite species were isolated from fishes of Lake Tollense, predominated by digeneans. Diplostomum baeri was found only in perch while D. spathacaeum was isolated from bream and roach. Parasite comparison of similar hosts between lakes revealed highly abundant Ichthyocotylurus spp. in perch and bream of Lake Malchin while Aspidogaster limacoides was most common in roach from Lake Tollense. Diversity indices of roach showed significant variation between localities. However, NMDS graph revealed separation of the three freshwater habitats based on the parasite fauna of perch, bream and roach.

Conclusion

Based on the multivariate statistical analysis, the three natural inland water bodies could be distinguished based on the parasite communities of perch, bream and roach. The potential to utilise fish parasites as biological indicators in freshwater ecosystem is discussed.
World Child Well-Being Index: A Multidimensional Perspective
Authors: Prada Albino , Sanchez-Fernandez Patricio
Published: September 2021

This work aims to understand the situation of children within a particular territory and assess the different dimensions of this scenario. To this end we develop a multidimensional indicator to synthesize the most relevant dimensions and indicators around the world at a country level. Our results not only identify the aspects exerting the greatest impact on infant well-being, but also provide a full international comparison. The ranking obtained allows us to compare among countries, thus highlighting differences in the transformation of wealth into infant well-being. Moreover, incorporating gender into the analysis provides a new and relevant perspective.
Evolution of the Ladakh Magmatic Arc
Authors: Bhat Irfan Maqbool , Ahmad Talat
Published: September 2021

In this contribution, the evolution of the Ladakh magmatic arc encompassing ca 160 Ma history from subduction initiation to intra-oceanic arc collision to final continent-continent collision is summarized. The observed compositional variation in Ladakh magmatic arc reflects directional maturity from mafic magmatism towards south to more acidic magmatism towards north, and therefore indicating northward dipping subduction. Based on the ca 160 Ma Neo-Tethys geodynamic reconstruction, the evolution of the Ladakh magmatism can be summarized into three distinct time periods; (i) from 160 to 80 Ma, representing intra-oceanic island arc (IOIA) complex dominantly of mafic magmatism, (ii) from 80 to 50 Ma, the magmatism shifts to felsic composition (involving Indian continental margin) in the form of Kohistan-Ladakh batholith and (iii) from 35 to 18 Ma, the magmatism occurred in the form of post-collisional dykes. We also support the double collision model of Ahmad et al. (2008), according to which the first collision occurred between IOIA complex (including Kohistan-Ladakh batholith) with southern margin of Asia during mid-Cretaceous to late-Cretaceous along Shyok Suture Zone (SSZ). Finally, the accreted IOIA and Asian plate margin collided with the northern margin of Indian plate during Late Eocene ~40 Ma along the Indus Suture Zone (ISZ).
Geostatistical Modelling of a High-grade Iron Ore Deposit
Authors: Singh Rahul K. , Sarkar Bhabesh C. , Ray Dipankar
Published: September 2021

Precambrian banded iron formations (BIFs) of Singhbhum-Keonjhar-Bonai iron ore belt in eastern India host several high grade iron ore deposits. The deposits have been formed due to supergene enrichment of parent BIFs by gradual removal of SiO2 and Al2O3 under continuous process of leaching. With intensity of leaching differing spatially, the deposits exhibit variation in Fe-grade both laterally and vertically. The extent of such variation in space is a function of the scale at which observations are made. Modelling of spatial variabilities at observation scale provides an appropriate means to estimate spatially distributed block values. The present study focusses on spatial variability analysis, ordinary kriging (OK) and sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) for Fe-grade modelling using drill-hole exploration data of a high grade iron ore deposit located in the Singhbhum-Keonjhar-Bonai iron ore belt. Classical statistical modelling revealed a three-parameter lognormal fit to the negatively skewed Fe distribution, and a two-parameter lognormal fit to the positively skewed SiO2 and Al2O3 distributions. Spatial variability modelling revealed a spherical model fit in respect of Fe, SiO2 and Al2O3. A moderately high ratio of nugget-to-sill variance reflect intrinsic characteristic of banded nature of Fe mineralization as evident in BIFs with varying proportions of iron, alumina and silica. Blocks of 15m x 15m x 10m size equalling the dimension of a mining unit configured within a 3D volume bounded vertically between 875 mRL and 705 mRL and laterally between 310W to 540E and 260S to 1600N have been evaluated employing OK. Stacking of altogether seventeen horizontal slices vertically down from 870 mRL to 710 mRL led to an estimate of iron ore inventory as 124.48 mt with overall mean kriged estimate as 63.93% and mean kriging variance as 2.83 (%)2. Statistical regression analysis of OK estimates and original sample values provided a regression slope of 1.03, thereby qualifying the conditional unbiasedness of the OK estimates. SGS study provided multiple equi-probable realisations with histogram and spatial variability closely approximating to that of the original sample values.
Copper and Associated Uranium Mineralisation in Mayurbhanj Granite Batholith, Kesharpur-Madansahi-Dudhiasol Sector, Eastern India: A Promising Future Prospect
Authors: Mahanta Haraman , Khan Israil , Samala Sai Kumar , Kumar S. Syam
Published: September 2021

Appreciable amount of copper mineralisation dominated by chalcopyrite along with incidence of uranium within the Mayurbhanj granite batholith in Kesharpur-Madansahi-Dudhiasol sector has been established through preliminary exploration (UNFC-G3). Chalcopyrite-pyrite-pyrrhotite assemblages along with minor pentlandite seems to be preferably controlled through secondary structural shear fabric and vein selvages along the contact zones of granite and country rocks viz. hornblende biotite schist and metabasics. Hydrothermal alteration is notably marked by potassic, propyllitic and phyllic zones besides wide chloritisation and silicification in close proximity and within mineralised zone. Three potential prospects of significant copper mineralisation in terms of thickness and grade have been brought out at Kesharpur, Madansahi and Dudhiasol. These prospects show a linear lensoidal synformal disposition of the ore body trending NE-SW in eastern part to E-W in central part and NW-SE in the western part with moderate to steep northerly dipping. Out of these three prospects, Madansahi is quite promising where thickness of copper lodes varying from 2.00 m to 18.35 m and grade varies from 0.20% Cu to 1.76% with maximum nickel concentration of up to 0.13%. Occurrence of copper mineralisation along with nickel concentration and anomalous uranium values up to 0.045% U3O8 is a significant achievement in establishing polymetallic mineralisation and augmenting the mineral resources in eastern India.
Source Parameters of Shallow Microtremors Induced by Seasonal Groundwater Recharge in Hyderabad, Southern Peninsular India
Authors: Parvin S. Shaheena , Naresh B. , Raghavan R. Vijaya , Raju P. Solomon , Suresh G. , Srinagesh D. , Surinaidu L.
Published: September 2021

Source parameters were estimated using multiple empirical Green’s functions (meGf) method for 2 clusters of shallow depth and small-magnitude earthquakes induced by the infiltration due to gravity into the groundwater zone after heavy monsoons during October 1998 and October 2017, in Hyderabad, South India. First, four decades of earthquake catalogue data recorded by HYB seismic station at CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) was used to characterize the spatiotemporal variation in seismicity. Enhanced seismicity was noticed because of the strong seasonal fluctuations of the groundwater table during the post-monsoon season. Second, focus was on the estimation of source parameters for two cluster of swarm events whose local magnitude (Ml) are in -0.09<Ml<1.52 range. Stress drops (<1Mpa) was observed in correlation with the seismic moment for both earthquakes sequence. The results indicate that the difference in corner frequency between the two swarm sequences is more than a factor of two, which results in a difference of more than an order of magnitude in the stress drop and seismic moment. The spatial migration of micro-earthquakes is most striking feature observed in both series of microearthquakes because of the diffusion of fluids. Groundwater level response in post monsoon have a significant effect in triggering the earthquakes during the observed time period. The spectrograms are estimated to understand the mechanism of sounds generated by the events with shallow hypocentres during 2017 swarm activity. Spectrogram analysis of the events revealed high energy at frequencies ≥20 Hz. In addition, the particle motion was dominated by retrograde elliptical motion consistent with Rayleigh waves at higher frequencies. This study of source parameter characterization of swarm activity may provide additional information about induced seismicity for seasonal fluctuations.
Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of solid microalgae residues generated on different processes of microalgae-to-biofuel production
Authors: Torres Alica , Padrino Suleima , Brito Andrea , Díaz Laura
Published: September 2021

In this work, the anaerobic digestion of three microalgae (Chlorella sp., Nannochloropsis sp., and Scenedesmus sp.) and their residues, resulting from the oil extraction process and the in situ transesterification reaction for biodiesel production, using two inoculums (sewage sludge and poultry manure) for biogas production was investigated. It was found that the biogas production from digestion of oil-extracted microalgae residue with sewage sludge reached values ​​similar to those obtained with raw microalgae (around 500 NL kg−1 VS). Both the volume of biogas generated from the microalgae residue from the extraction process of its oil and the quality of the biogas produced reflect the value of this residue to be valorized by anaerobic digestion. This approach based on a biorefinery concept and focusing on the anaerobic digestion process could be a key technology for energy production from biomass.
Dairy products and bone health
Authors: Rizzoli René
Published: September 2021

Bone mineral mass, geometry and microstructure, hence determinants of fracture risk, result bone accrual during growth and bone loss later in life. Peak bone mass, which is reached by the end of the second decade of life, is mainly determined by genetic factors. Among other factors influencing bone capital, dietary intakes, particularly calcium and protein, play a significant role in peak bone mass attainment. Both nutrients are provided in dairy products, which accounts for 50–60% and 20–30% of the daily calcium and protein intakes, respectively. Children avoiding dairy products are at higher risk of fracture, as are adults or older individuals following a diet devoid of dairy products, like vegans. Various intervention trials have shown some beneficial effects of dairy products on bone capital accumulation during growth and on bone turnover in adults. In observational studies, dairy products intake, particularly the fermented ones, which also provide probiotics in addition to calcium, phosphorus and protein, appear to be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture.
Process parameter determination for small recycling plants for the production of filament for FFF printing using the Taguchi method
Authors: Hartig Sascha , Hildebrandt Lennart , Fette Marc , Meyer Tobias , Musienko Eugen , Redlich Tobias , Wulfsberg Jens
Published: September 2021

With the increasing use of the filament fabrication process, the in-house production of filament and the recycling of PLA waste is becoming more and more important. Small desktop filament extruders with associated peripherals enable small businesses and private users to carry out these recycling processes. Determing the right process parameters is of crucial importance here. These are usually only issued by the polymer manufacturer and the machine manufacturer. However, the development of own process parameters is important for new polymer compounds, as well as polymers with unknown manufacturers, as is typical in recycling. The common Taguchi method, which is used for process optimisation within the FFF process, was also used in this article to produce improved parameter sets for the production of filament using a single screw extruder (3devo Precision) with four heating zones. In this experimental field, the Taguchi method did not prove promising. Due to the small dimensions and compact design of such desktop filament extrusion machines, it was found that the setting parameters cannot be considered independently. The main parameters influencing the process were identified as the extruder screw speed, the cooling capacity and the temperature of the heating coil at the hopper. Nevertheless, parameter sets for PLA pellets and recycled PLA could be developed which have a better performance in terms of homogeneity of the diameter over time compared to the previously available parameter sets.
Halloysite-Based Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Persano Francesca , Gigli Giuseppe , Leporatti Stefano
Published: September 2021

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are hollow clay nanotubes in the nanometer size range, made up of double-layered aluminum silicate mineral layers. HNTs represent an extremely versatile, safe, and biocompatible nanomaterial, used in a wide range of applications in biomedicine and nanomedicine. For example, they are used as transporters for the controlled release of drugs or genes, in tissue engineering, in the isolation of stem cells and cancer cells, and in bioimaging. Consequently, the assessment of the biocompatibility of HNTs has acquired considerable importance. In recent years, HNT composites have attracted attention due to their improved biocompatibility, compared to HNTs, suggesting potential for applications in tissue engineering or as vehicles for drugs or genes. In this review, recent advances in the application of HNTs and HNT composites in biomedicine are discussed to provide a valuable guide to scientists in the design and development of viable, functional bio-devices for biomedical applications.
Extendible and Efficient Python Framework for Solving Evolution Equations with Stabilized Discontinuous Galerkin Methods
Authors: Dedner Andreas , Klöfkorn Robert
Published: September 2021

This paper discusses a Python interface for the recently published Dune-Fem-DG module which provides highly efficient implementations of the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for solving a wide range of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Although the C++ interfaces of Dune-Fem-DG are highly flexible and customizable, a solid knowledge of C++ is necessary to make use of this powerful tool. With this work, easier user interfaces based on Python and the unified form language are provided to open Dune-Fem-DG for a broader audience. The Python interfaces are demonstrated for both parabolic and first-order hyperbolic PDEs.
Regulator Reputation and Stakeholder Participation: A Case Study of the UK’s Regulatory Sandbox for Fintech
Authors: FAHY Lauren
Published: September 2021

This article contributes to the discussion about managing the risks and uncertainties of emerging technologies through increased stakeholder participation. Authorities have increasingly invited stakeholders from high-technology sectors to participate in assessing the risks of, and designing responses to, new technologies. Yet authorities often struggle to attract stakeholders from such sectors to participate; a critical challenge identified but still undertheorised in the literature. Responding to this gap, this article presents a case study of the UK’s regulatory sandbox for financial technologies, applying a document study, questionnaire and interviews to explore fintech firm motivations and apprehensions about participation. Drawing on the bureaucratic reputation literature, the study finds that fintech firms have a range of practical, reputational and normative motivations to participate, and these motivations are inextricably tied to the regulator’s strong reputation with the sector as procedurally correct, high-performing and morally committed to facilitating innovation. On this basis, recommendations for practitioners and hypotheses for future research into the drivers of stakeholder participation in regulatory decision-making surrounding emerging technologies are proposed.
Investigation of the double-lobed sources of the Cygnus constellation core
Authors: Saponara J. , Benaglia P. , Andruchow I. , Ishwara-Chandra C. H. , Intema H. T.
Published: September 2021

We present a collection of double-lobed sources towards a$20\,\mathrm{deg}^2$area of the Cygnus region at the northern sky, observed at 325 and 610 MHz with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. The 10$^{\prime\prime}$resolution achieved at 325 MHz is 5.5 times better than previous studies, while at 610 MHz, these are the first results ever of such a large area, mapped with 6$^{\prime\prime}$angular resolution. After a thorough visual inspection of the images at the two bands, we found 43 double-lobed source candidates, proposed as such due to the presence of 2 bright peaks, within a few arcminutes apart, joined by a bridge or a central nucleus. All but two are presented here as a double-lobed candidates for the first time. Thirty nine of the candidates were covered at both bands, and we provide the spectral index information for them. We have searched for positional coincidences between the detected sources/components and other objects from the literature, along the electromagnetic spectrum. Twenty-three candidates possess radio counterpart(s), 12 present infrared counterparts, and 1 showed an overlapping X-ray source. We analysed each candidate considering morphology, counterparts, and spectral indices. Out of the 43 candidates, 37 show characteristics compatible with an extragalactic nature, 2 of probably Galactic origin, 3 remain as dubious cases, though with feature(s) compatible with an extragalactic nature, and the remaining one, evidence of physically unrelated components. The median spectral index of the 40 putative extragalactic sources is$-1.0$. Their celestial surface density at 610 MHz resulted in$1.9\,\mathrm{per\ deg}^2$, across a region lying at the Galactic plane.
Mathematics in the archives: deconstructive historiography and the shaping of modern geometry (1837–1852)
Authors: Michel Nicolas , Smadja Ivahn
Published: September 2021

This essay explores the research practice of French geometer Michel Chasles (1793–1880), from his 1837 Aperçu historique up to the preparation of his courses on ‘higher geometry’ between 1846 and 1852. It argues that this scientific pursuit was jointly carried out on a historiographical and a mathematical terrain. Epistemic techniques such as the archival search for and comparison of manuscripts, the deconstructive historiography of past geometrical methods, and the epistemologically motivated periodization of the history of mathematics are shown to have played a crucial role in the shaping of Chasles's own theories. In particular, we present Chasles's approach to the ‘material history’ of algebraic symbolism and argue that it motivated and informed his subsequent invention of a novel notational technology for the writing of geometrical proofs and propositions. In return, this technology allowed Chasles to carry out a programme for the modernization of geometry in keeping with epistemic requirements he had also delineated via a form of historical writing.
Effect of planting dates and recommended insecticides application on Earias insulana (Boisd.) and its associated predators in cotton field in Egypt
Authors: Moustafa Hemat Z.
Published: September 2021

Cotton crops are an important agricultural product in Egypt. However, the bollworm Earias insulana is a significant pest of cotton. Field experiment was carried out during the 2018 and 2019 seasons at Qaha Experimental Station, Qalyoubia governorate to determine the best dates for sowing cotton crops, to minimize E. insulana infestation and maintain high populations of the predators of spiny bollworm. The latest sowing date had a significantly lower infestation of squares, flowers and green bolls than the other two sowing dates. After spraying the three planting date plots with profenofos, lambda-cyhalothrin and methomyl insecticides, infestation of cotton bolls by spiny bollworm was significantly reduced in treated compared with untreated plots. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.829* and 0.827*) was found between the average temperature and E. insulana infestation of squares and flowers, respectively, for the first planting date and (r = 0.819*) in squares for the second planting date of untreated plots of season 2018. The explained variance percentages of multiple regression analysis showed that the effects of mean temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the third sowing date had a significantly lower infestation of squares, flowers and green bolls by spiny bollworm as compared to the first and second sowing dates. The populations of common natural enemies of E. insulana on cotton plants, i.e., Chrysoperla carnea, Coccinella undecimpunctata and spiders were counted during the two seasons. The correlation between the RH percentage and populations of the three predators was insignificantly positive during the 2018 season, while it was negatively or positively insignificant during the 2019 season. The correlation between the mean temperature and the populations of the three predators was insignificantly negative for C. carnea and positive for spiders during the 2018 season, whereas a positive correlation was found between temperature and C. carnea and spiders and a negative correlation between temperature and C. undecimpunctata during the 2019 season.
‘BRIGANDS’ AND ‘TYRANTS’ IN JOSEPHUS’BELLVM JVDAICVM
Authors: Ben-Yishai Steven
Published: September 2021

This article argues against the long-enduring practice of Josephan scholarship to treat the termsτύραννος(‘tyrant’) andλῃστής(‘brigand’) as a collocation, or as undistinguished terms of invective employed by Josephus against various Jewish antagonists in hisBellum Judaicum(=BJ). Towards this aim, the article first examines the frequency in which these two terms appear together throughout the text of theBJ, before turning to a critical examination of particular passages that feature the terms, in order to prove that they are, in fact, not used as undistinguished terms of invective but as terms pertaining to two distinct classes of people: renegade aristocrats vying with their peers for absolute power (the ‘tyrants’) and their gangs of foot soldiers comprising men from the lower classes (the ‘brigands’). The article concludes that Josephus used these terms in this manner in order to convey to his readership, which largely consisted of Roman aristocrats, that the ringleaders of the Judaean revolt which raged betweena.d.66–73 were akin to renegades who periodically wreaked havoc on Rome's own aristocracy, often with devastating consequences for class and country alike.
Model-based joint and task space control strategies for a kinematically redundant parallel manipulator
Authors: Fontes João Vitor de Carvalho , Colombo Fernanda Thaís , da Silva Natássya Barlate Floro , da Silva Maíra Martins
Published: September 2021

One alternative to overcome the presence of singularities within Parallel Manipulators’ workspace is kinematic redundancy. This design alternative can be realized by adding an extra active joint to a kinematic chain. Due to this addition, the IKM presents an infinite number of solutions requiring a redundancy resolution scheme. Moreover, Parallel Manipulators’ control may require complex strategies due to their coupled and complex dynamic and kinematic relations. In this work, a model-free, a joint space computed torque, and a hybrid joint-task-space computed torque control strategies are experimentally compared for a kinematically redundant parallel manipulator. The latter is a novel strategy that requires the measurement of the end-effector’s pose, which is performed by an eye-to-hand limited frame rate camera. The impact of up to three kinematic redundancy levels is also experimentally evaluated using prepositioning and ongoing positioning redundancy resolution schemes. The data are assessed by evaluating a prescribed trajectory executed using a planar kinematically redundant parallel manipulator. These results indicate that kinematic redundancy can not only be used as an alternative design for reducing the presence of singular regions, as claimed in the literature, but also be used along with model-based control strategies for improving dynamic performance and accuracy of parallel manipulators.
Algebraic cycles and intersections of three quadrics
Authors: LATERVEER ROBERT
Published: September 2021

LetYbe a smooth complete intersection of three quadrics, and assume the dimension ofYis even. We show thatYhas a multiplicative Chow–Künneth decomposition, in the sense of Shen–Vial. As a consequence, the Chow ring of (powers of)Ydisplays K3-like behaviour. As a by-product of the argument, we also establish a multiplicative Chow–Künneth decomposition for double planes.
À nouveauandde nouveauin spoken and written French
Authors: Rosemeyer Malte
Published: September 2021

This paper analyzes the alternation between the near-synonymous French adverbialsà nouveauandde nouveau‘again’, which has received scarce attention in the literature. While previous descriptions assume that both adverbials are used to express that an eventuality is repeated, it is shown thatde nouveauandà nouveaudiffer systematically with respect to their preferred usage contexts. On the basis of combined results from a questionnaire that tests speakers’ intuitions and a probabilistic analysis of the alternation between the two adverbials in corpus data,à nouveauis shown to be more likely to express a repetitive meaning, whereasde nouveauis more likely to express a restitutive meaning, i.e. the return to a previous state of affairs. The analysis also suggests that due to its status of an innovative variant that is gradually displacingde nouveau,à nouveauis less restricted regarding its usage contexts. Finally, a significant difference between the two variants is found regarding modality, in that the use ofà nouveauis more likely in written language, whereas the use ofde nouveauis more likely in spoken language.
Ahead of the (ROC) Curve: A Statistical Approach to Utilizing Ex-Gaussian Parameters of Reaction Time in Diagnosing ADHD Across Three Developmental Periods
Authors: Galloway-Long Hilary , Huang-Pollock Cynthia , Neely Kristina
Published: September 2021

Introduction:

Performance on executive function (EF) tasks is only modestly predictive of a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), despite the common assumption that EF deficits are ubiquitous to the disorder. The current study sought to determine whether ex-Gaussian parameters of simple reaction time are better able to discriminate between children and adults with and without ADHD, compared with traditional measures of inhibitory control.

Methods:

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to examine the ability of performance on two commonly used tasks of inhibitory control (i.e. stop signal reaction time (SSRT) and go-no-go tasks) to predict ADHD status in preschool (N = 108), middle childhood (N = 309), and young adulthood (N = 133).

Results:

Across all samples, SSRT, go-no-go percentage of failed inhibits, and standard deviation of reaction (SDRT) time to “go” trials, all successfully discriminated between individuals with and without ADHD. Ex-Gaussian decomposition of the RT distribution indicated that both larger tau and larger sigma drove findings for SDRT. Contrary to predictions, traditional measures of inhibitory control were equal if not better predictors of ADHD status than ex-Gaussian parameters.

Conclusions:

Findings support ongoing work to quantify the separate contributions of cognitive subprocesses that drive task performance, which in turn is critical to developing and improving process-based approaches in clinical assessment.
Impacts of Sea Ice Mushy Thermodynamics in the Antarctic on the Coupled Earth System
Authors: DuVivier A. K. , Holland M. M. , Landrum L. , Singh H. A. , Bailey D. A. , Maroon E. A.
Published: September 2021

We analyze two preindustrial experiments from the Community Earth System Model version 2 to characterize the impact of sea ice physics on differences in coastal sea ice production around Antarctica and the resulting impact on the ocean and atmosphere. The experiment in which sea ice is a more realistic “mushy” mixture of solid ice and brine has a substantial increase in coastal sea ice frazil and snow ice production that is accompanied by decreasing bottom ice growth and increasing bottom melt. The more realistic “mushy” physics leads to an increase in water mass formation at denser water classes due primarily to surface ice processes. As a result, the subsurface ocean is denser, saltier, and there is an increase in Antarctic Bottom Water formation of 0.5 Sv. For the atmosphere, “mushy” ice physics leads to decreased turbulent heat flux and low level cloud cover near the Antarctic coast.