bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geschlechtsunterschiede im Auftreten von psychischen und Verhaltensstörungen im Jugendalter
Authors: Alsaker Françoise D. , Bütikofer Andrea
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die wichtigsten Geschlechtsunterschiede im Auftreten von psychischen und Verhaltensstörungen vom Einsetzen der Pubertät bis ins Heranwachsendenalter hinein dargestellt und mögliche Erklärungen für diese Unterschiede diskutiert. Exemplarisch werden zwei Formen von Problemverhalten dargestellt, deren Prävalenz sich in dieser Entwicklungsphase stark verändert: depressive Symptome und Störungsbilder, und externalisierendes Problemverhalten, im Speziellen Aggression und Delinquenz, sowie der Konsum verschiedener psychoaktiver Substanzen. Diese Störungen und die entsprechenden Geschlechtsunterschiede werden in Zusammenhang mit der Lösung von zentralen Entwicklungsaufgaben des Jugendalters gebracht. Abschließend werden Implikationen für die Prävention und die Forschung formuliert.
Elterliche psychische Belastung, konflikthafte Paarbeziehung und Verhaltensregulation dreijähriger Kinder
Authors: Braune-Krickau Katrin , Stadelmann Stephanie , von Wyl Agnes , Perren Sonja , Bürgin Dieter , von Klitzing Kai
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Anhand einer Stichprobe von 69 Familien mit Kindern im Alter von 3 bis 3.5 Jahren wurde die Bedeutung mütterlicher und väterlicher psychischer Belastung und konflikthafter Paarbeziehung der Eltern für die kindliche Verhaltensregulation überprüft. Das elterliche Interaktionsverhalten mit dem Kind wurde als mögliche Vermittlungsvariable einbezogen. Die Verhaltensregulation des Kindes wurde mittels eines Elterninterviews (RABI) und eines Elternfragebogens (CBCL/2 - 3) erhoben. Zur Erfassung der psychischen Belastung der Eltern und der Qualität der Paarbeziehung wurden Fragebogen verwendet (SCL-90-R, PFB). Die Einschätzung des elterlichen Interaktionsverhaltens beruht auf einer Eltern-Kind-Spielsequenz (FEAS). Unsere Resultate erbrachten deutliche Zusammenhänge zwischen der mütterlichen psychischen Belastung sowie der konflikthaften Paarbeziehung und der Verhaltensregulation der dreijährigen Kinder, sowohl bezüglich der sozialen Kompetenz als auch bezüglich der Verhaltensprobleme. Das elterliche Interaktionsverhalten im Spiel mit dem Kind erwies sich als unabhängiger Prädiktor für die kindliche Verhaltensregulation und nicht als Vermittlungsvariable im Zusammenspiel von mütterlicher psychischer Belastung, Paarkonflikten und kindlicher Verhaltensregulation.
Integrative Lerntherapie bei Kindern mit Lese- und Rechtschreibstörungen: Ergebnisse einer katamnestischen Studie
Authors: Bövers Sylvia , Schulz Wolfgang
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Studie wird die Wirksamkeit der Integrativen Lerntherapie bei Kindern mit einer Lese- und Rechtschreibstörung überprüft. Berichtet werden die Ergebnisse von 51 Kindern, die die Therapie regulär beendet haben. Sie wurden zu drei Messzeitpunkten, am Beginn der Therapie, nach einem halben bzw. einem Jahr und nach 2 bzw. 2 ½ Jahren (drei bis vier Monate nach Abschluss der Therapie) untersucht. Im Rechtschreibtest haben sich 86 % der Kinder um mindestens eine Schulnote verbessert; die Veränderungen sind in allen Fehlerkategorien hochsignifikant. Auch das Ausmaß der Verhaltensstörungen hat sich signifikant verringert; nach Abschluss der Therapie sind - aus der Elternperspektive - bei 81 % der Kinder keine Verhaltensstörungen vorhanden. Die kognitive Komponente des Selbstwertgefühls hat sich ebenfalls signifikant verbessert; sie ist nach Abschluss der Therapie aber nur bei 48 % der Kinder unauffällig. Nach Einschätzung der Therapeutinnen war die Therapie bei 72 % der Kinder erfolgreich und weiteren 26 % mäßig erfolgreich.
A model of damage mechanics for the deformation of the continental crust
Authors: Nanjo K. Z. , Turcotte D. L. , Shcherbakov R.
Published: July 2005

We derive a continuum rheology for the deformation of the continental crust using continuum damage mechanics. It is hypothesized that when a constant strain rate is applied to a solid material, the stress σ and damage increase until failure occurs, which is analogous to an earthquake. We further assume that this process is repeated, in analogy to the reoccurrence of earthquakes on a fault. Our model assumes that the continental crust behaves elastically below a yield stress σy. Above this stress the continuum deformations can be modeled as a non‐Newtonian viscous flow with ∝ (σ − σy)n, where n is constant. We derive the modified Omori's law for aftershock decay using a viscoelastic version of our model and get good agreement with observations taking n = 6. Using parameter values appropriate for aftershocks, we obtain a continuum crustal rheology that can explain major orogenies such as the Indian‐Asian collision.
Fluxes of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean during the POMME project in the northeast Atlantic Ocean during 2001
Authors: González Dávila Melchor , Santana‐Casiano J. Magdalena , Merlivat Liliane , Barbero‐Muñoz Leticia , Dafner Evgeny V.
Published: July 2005

In the eastern North Atlantic, carbon dioxide fugacity (fCO2) in the upper mixed layer and discrete pH and total alkalinity measurements in the upper 2000 m were studied during three cruises (winter, spring, and summer 2001) within the framework of the Programme Océan Multidisciplinaire Méso Echelle (POMME) project. This extensive region is located between 39° and 45°N and 16° and 21°W. The mesoscale variability of fCO2 on the sea surface and in the atmosphere during each season was determined to understand the mechanisms of evolution that control the spatial and temporal variability of fCO2 together with an estimation of the fluxes of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean. If we consider the observation to be 22 days per cruise, the region was in‐taking 0.30 Tg C during the winter cruise and 0.36 Tg C during the spring cruise, whereas it was out‐gassing 0.07 Tg C during the summer cruise. These values are clear indications that the area is acting as a sink of CO2 on an annual scale, with an estimated flux value of −1.1 mol m−2 yr−1, which is over twice as much as the mean global flux of −0.5 mol m−2 yr−1 (Takahashi et al., 2002). The changes with time observed in the fCO2 values over the surface layer between the winter and the spring cruises have been described considering thermodynamics, gas exchange, water transport, and biological activity in the area. The estimation of the subduction of inorganic carbon yielded a value of 0.25 Pg C yr−1, which is approximately 10% of the global net oceanic CO2 sink flux.
Middle Atmospheric Water Vapour Radiometer (MIAWARA): Validation and first results of the LAPBIAT Upper Tropospheric Lower Stratospheric Water Vapour Validation Project (LAUTLOS‐WAVVAP) campaign
Authors: Deuber Beat , Haefele Alexander , Feist Dietrich G. , Martin Lorenz , Kämpfer Niklaus , Nedoluha Gerald E. , Yushkov Vladimir , Khaykin Sergey , Kivi Rigel , Vömel Holger
Published: July 2005

We present a validation study for the ground‐based Middle Atmospheric Water Vapour Radiometer (MIAWARA) operating at 22 GHz. MIAWARA measures the water vapor profile in the range of 20–80 km. The validation was conducted in two phases at different geographical locations. During the first operational period the radiometer was operated at middle latitudes in Bern, Switzerland, and the measured water vapor profiles were compared with the HALOE satellite instrument. The agreement between HALOE and MIAWARA was for most altitudes better than 10%. In the second comparison phase, MIAWARA took part in the Lapland Atmosphere‐Biosphere Facility (LAPBIAT) Upper Tropospheric Lower Stratospheric Water Vapour Validation Project (LAUTLOS‐WAVVAP) campaign in early 2004 in the subarctic region of northern Finland. During this campaign, different balloon sondes probed the water vapor content in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The stratospheric water vapor profiles of the fluorescent hygrometer FLASH‐B and the NOAA frost point hygrometer mirror in the range of 20–26 km were compared with the lowermost retrieval points of MIAWARA. The agreement between the balloon instruments and MIAWARA was better than 2% for a total number of 10 comparable flights. This showed the potential of MIAWARA in water vapor retrieval down to 20 km. In addition, the northern Finland MIAWARA profiles were compared with POAM III water vapor profiles. This comparison confirmed the good agreement with the other instruments, and the difference between MIAWARA and POAM was generally less than 8%. Finally, the tipping curve calibration was validated with tipping curve measurements of the All‐Sky Multi Wavelength Radiometer (ASMUWARA) which was operated 10 months side by side with MIAWARA. The agreement of the tropospheric opacity derived from these tipping curves agree within 1%.
Sensitivity of regional hydrology to climate changes, with application to the Illinois River basin
Authors: Niemann Jeffrey D. , Eltahir Elfatih A. B.
Published: July 2005

This paper investigates the sensitivity of regional hydrology to climate change using a physically based model. The model partitions precipitation into surface runoff, groundwater runoff, and evapotranspiration by describing these fluxes first at the local instantaneous scale and then integrating over spatial and temporal distributions of soil saturation, precipitation, and wet environment evapotranspiration to calculate basin‐wide climatic mean fluxes and soil saturation. The sensitivities of the mean fluxes are calculated by changing the mean precipitation and wet environment evapotranspiration. The model is applied to the Illinois River basin, and the impact of the basin's characteristics on the sensitivities is studied. For a relatively broad range of conditions the runoff processes tend to amplify climate change signals in precipitation and wet environment evapotranspiration, while evapotranspiration processes tend to dampen the same signals. These results indicate that it may be easier to detect climate changes in runoff measurements than in precipitation measurements.
Changes in chemical and isotopic signatures of plant materials during degradation: Implication for assessing various organic inputs in estuarine systems
Authors: Dai Jihong , Sun Ming‐Yi , Culp Randolph A. , Noakes John E.
Published: July 2005

To evaluate applicability of the end‐member mixing model in assessment of input and transport of organic carbon in estuarine systems, we incubated marine diatom, land grass, and salt marsh plant in Altamaha estuarine water for two months. Chemical and isotopic parameters (bulk organic carbon/nitrogen contents, lipid compositions, stable C/N isotopes, and lipid stable carbon isotopic ratios) were analyzed for fresh and degraded materials. The results showed that although the C/N and δ15N ratios of three materials varied similarly during degradation, the bulk δ13C, lipid compositions, and lipid stable carbon isotopic compositions varied differently from material to material and from compound to compound, implying that applications of the end‐member model should consider the diagenetic status of organic materials and the potential changes in chemical and isotopic signatures.
Clapeyron slope of the post‐perovskite phase transition in CaIrO3
Authors: Hirose Kei , Fujita Yosuke
Published: July 2005

The Clapeyron slope of the perovskite to post‐perovskite phase transition has not been well determined experimentally. Crystal structure of CaIrO3 is equivalent to the MgSiO3 post‐perovskite phase (space group: Cmcm) at ambient condition. We have found that perovskite phase (Pbnm) of CaIrO3, which is isostructural with MgSiO3 perovskite, is stable at 1–3 GPa and 1400–1550°C. The perovskite to post‐perovskite phase transition in CaIrO3 was determined by using piston‐cylinder apparatus at 0.9–3.0 GPa and 1350–1550°C. Results show that phase transition pressure is strongly temperature‐sensitive with a Clapeyron slope of +17(±3) MPa/°C. These results, obtained for a suitable analogue material, suggest that post‐perovskite phase transition in MgSiO3 also has a large positive value of the Clapeyron slope. Such a pronounced exothermic reaction in the Earth's lowermost mantle will promote the upwelling of high‐temperature plumes from the core‐mantle boundary region.
The equation of state of hard hyperspheres in four and five dimensions
Authors: Bishop Marvin , Whitlock Paula A.
Published: July 2005

The equation of state of hard hyperspheres in four and five dimensions is calculated from the value of the pair correlation function at contact, as determined by Monte Carlo simulations. These results are compared to equations of state obtained by molecular dynamics and theoretical approaches. In all cases the agreement is excellent.
Plasma nonuniformities induced by dissimilar electrode metals
Authors: Barnat E. V. , Hebner G. A.
Published: July 2005

Nonuniformities in both sheath electric field and plasma excitation were observed around dissimilar metals placed on a rf electrode. Spatial maps of the rf sheath electric field obtained by laser-induced fluorescence-dip (LIF-dip) spectroscopy show that the sheath structure was a function of the electrode metal. In addition to the electric-field measurements, LIF, optical emission, and Langmuir probe measurements show nonuniform excitation around the dissimilar metals. The degree and spatial extent of the discharge nonuniformities were dependent on discharge conditions and the history of the metal surfaces.
Si
O
2
deposition approaches using catalytic chemical-vapor deposition method
Authors: Matsumoto Yasuhiro , Reyes Mario A. , Escobosa Arturo
Published: July 2005

Although amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2) thin-film deposition has not been studied due to the possible limited life of a tungsten catalyst in an oxidative atmosphere, approaches to SiO2 film have been made by means of catalytic chemical-vapor deposition process. Pure silane (SiH4), hydrogen (H2), and oxygen (O2) gases were used at deposition pressurs of 0.1–0.5Torr. The tungsten catalyzer temperature was varied from 1750to1950°C, and thin-film silicon oxide was deposited on glass and crystalline-Si (c-Si) substrates at temperatures of 140–400°C. Optical and structural characterizations have been made for the deposited samples with different amounts of oxygen concentration. Sample transmittance measurement shows an optical-band-gap (Egopt) variation from 1.85to2.7eV with the oxygen gas flow increment. For the samples prepared with greater oxygen flow, the Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed typical SiO2-related bonds. The deposited silicon oxide has a refractive index of 1.48 with no Si–H bonds for films deposited at a substrate temperature of 400°C. For the used silicon oxide deposition condition, no strong tungsten filament degradation was observed after a number of sample preparations.
Current-driven domain-wall depinning
Authors: He J. , Li Z. , Zhang S.
Published: July 2005

The characteristics of magnetic domain-wall depinning driven by a spin transfer torque are dramatically different compared to those driven by a conventional magnetic field. By using the recently derived formalism of the spin torque, we describe key features in the dynamics of geometrically confined domain walls. We numerically calculated the pinning-depinning phase boundary in the presence of the external field and the current.
Correlation between Si-related and erbium photoluminescence bands and determination of erbium effective excitation cross section in SiO2 films
Authors: Kao C.-C. , Barthou C. , Gallas B. , Fisson S. , Vuye G. , Rivory J. , Al Choueiry A. , Jurdyc A.-M. , Jacquier B. , Bigot L.
Published: July 2005

Er-doped SiOx (x∼1) films were prepared by electron gun evaporation. After thermal annealing at 1000°C, all samples showed a Si-related photoluminescence (PL) band at 920nm (1.3eV); the samples containing Er showed an Er PL band at 1530nm. The correlation between these two PL bands was studied by time decay measurements of the Si-related PL band. The lifetime of the Si-related PL band was reduced by Er doping. This reduction increased with increasing Er concentration. The Er effective excitation cross section in SiO2 films containing Si nanocrystals was estimated to be in the order of 10−16cm2 and showed a dependence on the Er concentration.
Response from piezoelectric elements appearing immediately after collisions with silver particles
Authors: Miyachi Takashi , Fujii Masayuki , Hasebe Nobuyuki , Kobayashi Masanori , Kuraza Genei , Nagashima Atsushi , Nakamura Yusuke , Okudaira Osamu , Yamashita Naoyuki , Nogami Ken-ichi , Iwai Takeshi , Sasaki Sho , Ohashi Hideo , Hasegawa Sunao , Yano Hajime , Shibata Hiromi , Okada Nagaya , Tou Tonshaku
Published: July 2005

Ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) elements were studied by directly bombarding them with hypervelocity silver particles. The mass and velocity of these hypervelocity silver particles ranged from 1to80pg and 2to6km∕s, respectively. This report examines the pulsed signals observed immediately after collision. The first cycle of the pulse is discussed because the information on impact is presumably recorded on the wave form. The experimental data were analyzed using the wave form that was generated immediately after collision. Consequently, the following conclusions were made: (1) the sensitivity of the element is independent of the thickness of element, (2) the pulse height is proportional to the particle momentum over the measured range, and (3) the wave form is not explicitly related to the velocity of the particles at the time of collision. The potential of a single PZT element acts as a real-time detector for hypervelocity microparticles is discussed.
Effects of interfacial layers in InGaN∕GaN quantum-well structures on their optical and nanostructural properties
Authors: Cheng Yung-Chen , Wu Cheng-Ming , Yang C. C. , Li Gang Alan , Rosenauer Andreas , Ma Kung-Jen , Shi Shih-Chen , Chen L. C.
Published: July 2005

We compared the optical properties and material nanostructures between several InGaN∕GaN multiple quantum-well (QW) samples of different interfacial layers. In some of the samples, InN interfacial layers were inserted between the wells and barriers to improve the QW quality and hence the light-emission efficiency. Compared with a widely used barrier-doped QW structure, the insertions of the InN interfacial layers (silicon doped or undoped) do enhance the photon emission efficiencies. Of the two samples with InN interfacial layers, the one with intrinsic InN interfacial layers had the higher photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) efficiencies. Cluster structures are clearly observed in this sample, resulting in strong carrier localization. In this sample, we also observed a temperature-dependent S-shape variation in the PL spectral peak, a strong photoluminescence excitation (PLE) intensity, and a steep PL decay time variation beyond its peak as a function of temperature. On the other hand, both carrier localization and quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) were relatively weaker in another sample, which includes silicon-doped InN interfacial layers. The broadening of the InGaN well layers, in one sample, by inserting silicon-doped InGaN interfacial layers led to the sharpest cluster structures and the strongest carrier localization among the four samples. Therefore, in this sample we observed quite high PL and EL efficiencies, increasing EL spectral peak energy with temperature, a strong PLE intensity, and a steep PL decay time variation beyond its peak in temperature dependence. Compared with the aforementioned samples, the widely used QW structure (the reference sample) shows the lowest PL and EL emission efficiencies, the smallest PL and EL emission photon energies, and the generally longest PL decay times. This suggests that the QCSE is the strongest in this sample.
Investigation of strontium silicate yellow phosphors for white light emitting diodes from a combinatorial chemistry
Authors: Park Joung Kyu , Choi Kyoung Jae , Kim Kyoung Nam , Kim Chang Hae
Published: July 2005

In order to develop yellow phosphors that emit efficiently under the 450–470 nm excitation range, combinatorial chemistry was used based on silicate materials and investigated in an attempt to develop white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by combining it with an InGaN blue LED chip (460 nm). Quaternary and ternary combinatorial libraries were developed to synthesize, process, and screen for silicate materials. Our combinatorial chemistry system consists of solution-based combinatorial synthesis and characterization, enabling the swift scanning of luminance. As a consequence of the combinatorial approach, several candidates were found to show high luminance under the 450–470 nm excitation range.
Determination of thickness and lattice distortion for the individual layer of strained Al0.14Ga0.86N∕GaN superlattice by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Shiojiri M. , Čeh M. , Šturm S. , Chuo C. C. , Hsu J. T. , Yang J. R. , Saijo H.
Published: July 2005

Al 0.14 Ga 0.86 N ∕ Ga N and GaN layers in the strained-layer superlattice (SLS) in GaN-based laser diodes were distinguished as dark and bright bands, respectively, in a high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) image. From the HAADF-STEM images the thickness of the AlGaN layers was determined to be 2.24±0.09nm and that of GaN layer 2.34±0.15nm, which corresponds to nine atom planes in the [0001] direction. The parameters of the distorted AlGaN and GaN lattices were evaluated to be a=0.32, c=0.50nm and a=0.32, c=0.52nm, respectively. This shows that the resultant good lattice matching on the (0001) AlGaN∕GaN interfaces suppressed the generation of misfit dislocation in the SLS cladding.
Low-temperature ordering of FePt thin films by a thin AuCu underlayer
Authors: Zhu Yun , Cai J. W.
Published: July 2005

We have studied the magnetic and structural properties of AuCu(0–50nm)∕FePt(2–50nm) films after annealing at various temperatures. The results indicate that, by introducing a thin equiatomic AuCu underlayer, the ordering temperature of FePt films with thickness even down to 5 nm can be significantly reduced to 350 °C, at which a large coercivity is developed. In fact, the coercivity is as high as 4.6 kOe for a 5 nm FePt film on a 10 nm AuCu underlayer after annealing at 350 °C and this value is raised up to 7.5 kOe when annealed at 400 °C, while the corresponding sample without a AuCu underlayer has to be annealed at a temperature beyond 600 °C in order to achieve a coercivity of 4 kOe. The ordering of the thin AuCu film at relatively low temperature and thus coherently inducing the ordering of FePt film led to the formation of the ordered FePt phase at a much lowered temperature.
Effects of surface imperfections on deformation and failure of amorphous metals
Authors: Li Qi-Kai , Li Mo
Published: July 2005

A series of notch tests are conducted using molecular dynamics simulation to study the effects of surface imperfections on deformation and failure behaviors in amorphous metals. It is shown that the surface notches of radius as small as 1 nm could trigger rapid failure; and the notch depth is much more effective than the radius in causing brittleness. The intrinsic ductility and brittleness caused by surface imperfections in amorphous metals under external loading are discussed.
Investigation of the electrical activity of partial dislocations in SiC p-i-n diodes
Authors: Maximenko Serguei I. , Pirouz Pirouz , Sudarshan Tangali S.
Published: July 2005

The electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) mode of scanning electron microscopy was employed to investigate the nucleation and development of stacking faults (SFs) during forward high current stress operation of 4H–SiC p-i-n diodes. The EBIC technique is shown to be a valuable tool for the visualization and analysis of mobile and immobile partial dislocations bounding the SFs and their recombination activity. Both Si and C core partial dislocations exhibit similar EBIC contrast. It is shown that threading edge dislocations can be one source of SF generation leading to the degradation of p-i-n diodes.
High-definition vertically aligned liquid crystal microdisplays using a circularly polarized light
Authors: Fan-Chiang Kuan-Hsu , Chen Shu-Hsia , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: July 2005

A high-definition vertically aligned liquid crystal (LC) microdisplay exhibits a excellent contrast ratio, but its fringing field effect splits the bright state unevenly and leads to a very slow response time. By utilizing a circularly polarized light instead of conventional linearly polarized light, we have overcome the long-standing problems of poor sharpness, low brightness, and slow response time. Confirming computer simulations agree with the experimental results well. This approach can be applied to both reflective and transmissive LC microdisplays.
Diameter-depended thermal expansion properties of Bi nanowire arrays
Authors: Li L. , Zhang Y. , Yang Y. W. , Huang X. H. , Li G. H. , Zhang L. D.
Published: July 2005

The lattice parameter of bismuth nanowires has been measured using the in situ high-temperature x-ray diffraction method. Single-crystalline Bi nanowire arrays with the diameters from 10nmto250nm have been fabricated within the porous anodic alumina membranes by a pulsed electrodeposition technique. Different temperature dependencies of lattice parameter and thermal expansion coefficient were found for Bi nanowires with different diameters, and there is a transition from positive thermal expansion coefficient at low temperature to negative one at high temperature, and the transition temperature shifts to high temperature with the increase in the diameter of Bi nanowires.
Intraband absorption in silicon nanocrystals: The combined effect of shape and crystal orientation
Authors: de Sousa J. S. , Leburton J.-P. , Freire V. N. , da Silva E. F.
Published: July 2005

We investigate intraband transitions in Si∕SiO2 quantum dots (QD’s) by using a tridimensional quantum mechanical model that takes into account the six-valley structure of silicon. The interplay between QD orientation and shape strongly affects the infrared absorption spectra of Si QD’s. In particular, we show the orientation of the Si valleys dramatically changes the optical properties of Si QD’s.
Self-alignment of Fe nanoparticles on a tunnel barrier
Authors: Ernult F. , Mitani S. , Takanashi K. , Takahashi Y. K. , Hono K. , Takahashi Y. , Matsubara E.
Published: July 2005

Nanometric metallic particles were prepared on top of a thin epitaxial oxide layer. Samples with the following structure: Fe electrode∕MgO∕Fe particles were fabricated and the arrangement of the Fe particles could be tuned from random to self-aligned by simply varying the thickness of the Fe electrode. Under appropriate deposition conditions, the particles were found to be self-aligned along the ⟨110⟩ directions of the underlying Fe electrode. Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) showed that their mean diameter and size distribution were then significantly reduced compared to randomly organized particles. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images indicated that the self-alignment process originates from the strain relaxation of the Fe electrode which favors faceting of its surface and the formation of pyramidal structures. These self-aligned particles may be straightly used for applications based on a thin oxide tunnel barrier such as single-electron tunneling devices.
Primary charge-recombination in an artificial photosynthetic reaction center
Authors: Kobori Yasuhiro , Yamauchi Seigo , Akiyama Kimio , Tero-Kubota Shozo , Imahori Hiroshi , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Norris James R.
Published: July 2005

Photoinduced primary charge-separation and charge-recombination are characterized by a combination of time-resolved optical and EPR measurements of a fullerene-porphyrin-linked triad that undergoes fast, stepwise charge-separation processes. The electronic coupling for the energy-wasting charge recombination is evaluated from the singlet-triplet electronic energy gap in the short-lived, primary charge-separated state. The electronic coupling is found to be smaller by ≈40% than that for the primary charge-separation. This inhibition of the electronic interaction for the charge-recombination to excited triplet state largely results from a symmetry-broken electronic structure modulated by configuration interaction between
3
(b
1u
,b
3g
) and
3
(a
u
, b
3g
) electronic states of the free-base porphyrin.
Blocking protein farnesyltransferase improves nuclear blebbing in mouse fibroblasts with a targeted Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome mutation
Authors: Yang Shao H. , Bergo Martin O. , Toth Julia I. , Qiao Xin , Hu Yan , Sandoval Salemiz , Meta Margarita , Bendale Pravin , Gelb Michael H. , Young Stephen G. , Fong Loren G.
Published: July 2005

Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), a progeroid syndrome in children, is caused by mutations in
LMNA
(the gene for prelamin A and lamin C) that result in the deletion of 50 aa within prelamin A. In normal cells, prelamin A is a “
CAAX
protein” that is farnesylated and then processed further to generate mature lamin A, which is a structural protein of the nuclear lamina. The mutant prelamin A in HGPS, which is commonly called progerin, retains the
CAAX
motif that triggers farnesylation, but the 50-aa deletion prevents the subsequent processing to mature lamin A. The presence of progerin adversely affects the integrity of the nuclear lamina, resulting in misshapen nuclei and nuclear blebs. We hypothesized that interfering with protein farnesylation would block the targeting of progerin to the nuclear envelope, and we further hypothesized that the mislocalization of progerin away from the nuclear envelope would improve the nuclear blebbing phenotype. To approach this hypothesis, we created a gene-targeted mouse model of HGPS, generated genetically identical primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and we then examined the effect of a farnesyltransferase inhibitor on nuclear blebbing. The farnesyltransferase inhibitor mislocalized progerin away from the nuclear envelope to the nucleoplasm, as determined by immunofluoresence microscopy, and resulted in a striking improvement in nuclear blebbing (
P
< 0.0001 by χ
2
statistic). These studies suggest a possible treatment strategy for HGPS.
Rigidity of some Weyl manifolds with nonpositive sectional curvature
Authors: Wojtkowski Maciej
Published: July 2005

We provide a list of all locally metric Weyl connections with nonpositive sectional curvatures on two types of manifolds,

n
n

-dimensional tori

T

n

\mathbb {T}^{n}

and

M

n

=

S

1

×

S

n
−
1

\mathbb {M}^{n} =\mathbb {S}^{1}\times \mathbb {S}^{n-1}

with the standard conformal structures. For

M

n

\mathbb {M}^{n}

we prove that it carries no other Weyl connections with nonpositive sectional curvatures, locally metric or not. In the case of

T

n

\mathbb {T}^{n}

we prove the same in the more narrow class of integrable connections.
On commuting operators solving Gleason’s problem
Authors: Alpay D. , Dubi C.
Published: July 2005

We prove the uniqueness of commuting operators solving Gleason’s problem for certain spaces of functions analytic in the unit ball.
Porosity and hypercyclic operators
Authors: Bayart Frédéric
Published: July 2005

We study if the set of hypercyclic vectors of a hypercyclic operator is the complement of a

σ
\sigma

-porous set. This leads to interesting results for both points of view: a limitation of the size of hypercyclic vectors, and new examples of first category sets which are not

σ
\sigma

-porous.
Parametric Borwein-Preiss variational principle and applications
Authors: Georgiev Pando
Published: July 2005

A parametric version of the Borwein-Preiss smooth variational principle is presented, which states that under suitable assumptions on a given convex function depending on a parameter, the minimum point of a smooth convex perturbation of it depends continuously on the parameter. Some applications are given: existence of a Nash equilibrium and a solution of a variational inequality for a system of partially convex functions, perturbed by arbitrarily small smooth convex perturbations when one of the functions has a non-compact domain; a parametric version of the Kuhn-Tucker theorem which contains a parametric smooth variational principle with constraints; existence of a continuous selection of a subdifferential mapping depending on a parameter. The tool for proving this parametric smooth variational principle is a useful lemma about continuous

ε
\varepsilon

-minimizers of quasi-convex functions depending on a parameter, which has independent interest since it allows direct proofs of Ky Fan’s minimax inequality, minimax equalities for quasi-convex functions, Sion’s minimax theorem, etc.
Irreducible polynomials which are locally reducible everywhere
Authors: Guralnick Robert , Schacher Murray , Sonn Jack
Published: July 2005

For any positive integer

n
n

, there exist polynomials

f
(
x
)
∈

Z

[
x
]

f(x)\in \mathbb {Z}[x]

of degree

n
n

which are irreducible over

Q

\mathbb {Q}

and reducible over

Q

p

\mathbb {Q}_{p}

for all primes

p
p

if and only if

n
n

is composite. In fact, this result holds over arbitrary global fields.
Countable dense homogeneity of definable spaces
Authors: Hrušák Michael , Avilés Beatriz
Published: July 2005

We investigate which definable separable metric spaces are countable dense homogeneous (CDH). We prove that a Borel CDH space is completely metrizable and give a complete list of zero-dimensional Borel CDH spaces. We also show that for a Borel

X
⊆

2

ω

X\subseteq 2^{\omega }

the following are equivalent: (1)

X
X

is

G

δ

G_{\delta }

in

2

ω

2^{\omega }

, (2)

X

ω

X^{\omega }

is CDH and (3)

X

ω

X^{\omega }

is homeomorphic to

2

ω

2^{\omega }

or to

ω

ω

\omega ^{\omega }

. Assuming the Axiom of Projective Determinacy the results extend to all projective sets and under the Axiom of Determinacy to all separable metric spaces. In particular, modulo a large cardinal assumption it is relatively consistent with ZF that all CDH separable metric spaces are completely metrizable. We also answer a question of Stepr

a
¯

\bar {\text {a}}

ns and Zhou, by showing that

p

=
min
{
κ
:

2

κ

\mathfrak {p}= \min \{\kappa : 2^{\kappa }

is not CDH

}
\}

.
On wandering vector multipliers for unitary groups
Authors: Ji Guoxing , Saito Kichi-Suke
Published: July 2005

A wandering vector multiplier is a unitary operator which maps the set of wandering vectors for a unitary system acting on a separable Hilbert space

H

\mathcal H

into itself. It is proved that the wandering vector multipliers for a unitary group form a group, which gives a positive answer for a problem of Han and Larson. Furthermore, non-abelian unitary groups of order 6 are considered. We prove that the wandering vector multipliers of such a unitary group can not generate

B

(

H

)

\mathcal B(\mathcal H)

. This negatively answers another of their problems.
The essential ideal is a Cohen–Macaulay module
Authors: Green David
Published: July 2005

LetGGbe a finitepp-group which does not contain a rank two elementary abelianpp-group as a direct factor. Then the ideal of essential classes in the mod-ppcohomology ring of GGis a Cohen–Macaulay module whose Krull dimension is thepp-rank of the centre of GG. This basically answers in the affirmative a question posed by J. F. Carlson (Question 5.4 inProblems in the calculation of group cohomology, 1999).
Poisson kernels and sparse wavelet expansions
Authors: Brandolese Lorenzo
Published: July 2005

We give a new characterization of a family of homogeneous Besov spaces by means of atomic decompositions involving poorly localized building blocks. Our main tool is an algorithm for expanding a wavelet into a series of dilated and translated Poisson kernels.
Singular perturbation problems for time-reversible systems
Authors: Buzzi Claudio , Ricardo da Silva Paulo , Teixeira Marco
Published: July 2005

In this paper singularly perturbed reversible vector fields defined in

R
n

R^n

without normal hyperbolicity conditions are discussed. The main results give conditions for the existence of infinitely many periodic orbits and heteroclinic cycles converging to singular orbits with respect to the Hausdorff distance.
A new result for hypergeometric polynomials
Authors: Chen Kung-Yu , Srivastava H.
Published: July 2005

In some recent investigations involving differential operators for generalized Laguerre polynomials, Herman Bavinck (1996) encountered and proved a certain summation formula for the classical Laguerre polynomials. The main object of this sequel to Bavinck’s work is to prove a generalization of this summation formula for a class of hypergeometric polynomials. The demonstration, which is presented here in the general case, differs markedly from the earlier proof given for the known special case. The general summation formula is also applied to derive the corresponding result for the classical Jacobi polynomials.
A covering lemma for rectangles in ℝⁿ
Authors: Fefferman Robert , Pipher Jill
Published: July 2005

We prove a covering lemma for rectangles in

R

n

{\mathbb {R}}^n

which has connections to a problem of Zygmund and its solution in three dimensions by Cordoba.
Discrete spectra of 𝐶*-algebras and orthogonally closed submodules in Hilbert 𝐶*-modules
Authors: Kusuda Masaharu
Published: July 2005

Let

A
A

and

B
B

be

C

∗

C^{*}

-algebras and let

X
X

be an

A
A

-

B
B

-imprimitivity bimodule. Then it is shown that if the spectrum

A
^

\widehat A

of

A
A

(resp.

B
^

\widehat B

of

B
B

) is discrete, then every closed

A
A

-

B
B

-submodule of

X
X

is orthogonally closed in

X
X

, and conversely that if

A
^

\widehat A

(resp.

B
^

\widehat B

) is a

T

1

T_{1}

-space and if every closed

A
A

-

B
B

-submodule of

X
X

is orthogonally closed in

X
X

, then

A
^

\widehat A

(resp.

B
^

\widehat B

) is discrete.
An extension of Warnaar’s matrix inversion
Authors: Ma X.
Published: July 2005

We present a necessary and sufficient condition for two matrices given by two bivariate functions to be inverse to each other with certainty in the cases of Krattenthaler formula and Warnaar’s elliptic matrix inversion. Immediate consequences of our result are some known functions and a constructive approach to derive new matrix inversions from known ones.
Cauchy transforms of characteristic functions and algebras generated by inner functions
Authors: Matheson Alec , Stessin Michael
Published: July 2005

We prove that Cauchy transforms of characteristic functions of subsets of positive measure of the unit circle are equidistributed in the unit disk in the sense that the

L
p

L^p

-closure of the polynomial algebra in these Cauchy transforms coincides with the

L
p

L^p

-closure of the polynomial algebra in a canonical inner function. As a corollary to this result we find conditions describing when the polynomial algebra in two singular inner functions determined by point masses is dense in the Hardy spaces

H
p

H^p

.
Sums of squares in octonion algebras
Authors: Pumplün S.
Published: July 2005

Sums of squares in composition algebras are investigated using methods from the theory of quadratic forms. For any integerm≥1m\geq 1octonion algebras of level2m2^mand of level2m+12^m+1are constructed.
A generalized Kakutani-Kodaira theorem
Authors: Hu Zhiguo
Published: July 2005

In this note, we present a generalized Kakutani-Kodaira theorem for all locally compact groups.
Grüss type inequalities in inner product modules
Authors: Ilišević Dijana , Varošanec Sanja
Published: July 2005

In this paper we give some properties of a generalized inner product in modules over H*-algebras and C*-algebras and we obtain inequalities of Grüss type.
Set-theoretic complete intersections in characteristic 𝑝
Authors: Barile Margherita , Lyubeznik Gennady
Published: July 2005

We describe a class of toric varieties which are set-theoretic complete intersections only over fields of one positive characteristic

p
p

.
Codimension theorems for complete toric varieties
Authors: Cox David , Dickenstein Alicia
Published: July 2005

Let

X
X

be a complete toric variety with homogeneous coordinate ring

S
S

. In this article, we compute upper and lower bounds for the codimension in the critical degree of ideals of

S
S

generated by

dim
⁡
(
X
)
+
1

\dim (X)+1

homogeneous polynomials that do not vanish simultaneously on

X
X

.
Jordan isomorphisms of triangular rings
Authors: Wong Tsai-Lien
Published: July 2005

We investigate Jordan isomorphisms of triangular rings and give a sufficient condition under which they are necessarily isomorphisms or anti-isomorphisms. As corollaries we obtain generalizations of two recent results: the one concerning Jordan isomorphisms of triangular matrix algebras by Beidar, Brešar and Chebotar, and the one concerning Jordan isomorphisms of nest algebras by Lu.
Algebras of operators and closed range
Authors: Wogen Warren
Published: July 2005

We consider operators

T
T

such that every operator in the norm closed algebra generated by

T
T

has closed range. Examples in a triangular AF algebra are constructed.
Extension of a generalized Pexider equation
Authors: Aczél János
Published: July 2005

The equations

k
(
s
+
t
)
=
ℓ
(
s
)
+
n
(
t
)

k(s+t)=\ell (s)+n(t)

and

k
(
s
+
t
)
=
m
(
s
)
n
(
t
)

k(s+t)=m(s)n(t)

, called Pexider equations, have been completely solved on

R

2

.

\mathbb {R}^2.

If they are assumed to hold only on an open region, they can be extended to

R

2

\mathbb {R}^2

(the second when

k
k

is nowhere 0) and solved that way. In this paper their common generalization

k
(
s
+
t
)
=
ℓ
(
s
)
+
m
(
s
)
n
(
t
)

k(s+t)=\ell (s)+m(s)n(t)

is extended from an open region to

R

2

\mathbb {R}^2

and then completely solved if

k
k

is not constant on any proper interval. This equation has further interesting particular cases, such as

k
(
s
+
t
)
=
ℓ
(
s
)
+
m
(
s
)
k
(
t
)

k(s+t)=\ell (s)+m(s)k(t)

and

k
(
s
+
t
)
=
k
(
s
)
+
m
(
s
)
n
(
t
)
,

k(s+t)=k(s)+m(s)n(t),

that arose in characterization of geometric and power means and in a problem of equivalence of certain utility representations, respectively, where the equations may hold only on an open region in

R

2

.

\mathbb {R}^2.

Thus these problems are solved too.
Local automorphisms and derivations on certain 𝐶*-algebras
Authors: Kim Sang , Kim Ju
Published: July 2005

It is shown that continuous

2
2

-local derivations on

AF
\operatorname {AF}

C
∗

C^*

-algebras are derivations and surjective

2
2

-local *-automorphisms on prime

C
∗

C^*

-algebras or on

C
∗

C^*

-algebras such that the identity element is properly infinite are *-automorphisms.
The sharp Hausdorff measure condition for length of projections
Authors: Peres Yuval , Solomyak Boris
Published: July 2005

In a recent paper, Pertti Mattila asked which gauge functions

φ
\varphi

have the property that for any Borel set

A
⊂

R

2

A\subset \mathbb {R}^2

with Hausdorff measure

H

φ

(
A
)
>
0

\mathcal {H}^\varphi (A)>0

, the projection of

A
A

to almost every line has positive length. We show that finiteness of

∫
0
1

φ
(
r
)

r
2

d
r

\int _0^1\frac {\varphi (r)}{r^2} dr

, which is known to be sufficient for this property, is also necessary for regularly varying

φ
\varphi

. Our proof is based on a random construction adapted to the gauge function.
Cesàro summability in a linear autonomous difference equation
Authors: Pituk Mihály
Published: July 2005

For a linear autonomous difference equation with a unique real eigenvalue 

λ

0

\lambda _{0}

, it is shown that for every solution 

x
x

the ratio of

x
x

and the eigensolution corresponding to 

λ

0

\lambda _{0}

is Cesàro summable to a limit which can be expressed in terms of the initial data. As a consequence, for most solutions the Lyapunov characteristic exponent is equal to 

λ

0

\lambda _{0}

. The proof is based on a Tauberian theorem for the Laplace transform.
Definite regular quadratic forms over 𝔽_{𝕢}[𝕋]
Authors: Chan Wai Kiu , Daniels Joshua
Published: July 2005

Let

q
q

be a power of an odd prime, and

F

q

[
T
]

\mathbb {F}_q[T]

be the ring of polynomials over a finite field

F

q

\mathbb {F}_q

of

q
q

elements. A quadratic form

f
f

over

F

q

[
T
]

\mathbb {F}_q[T]

is said to be regular if

f
f

globally represents all polynomials that are represented by the genus of

f
f

. In this paper, we study definite regular quadratic forms over

F

q

[
T
]

\mathbb {F}_q[T]

. It is shown that for a fixed

q
q

, there are only finitely many equivalence classes of regular definite primitive quadratic forms over

F

q

[
T
]

\mathbb {F}_q[T]

, regardless of the number of variables. Characterizations of those which are universal are also given.
Continuous selections and fixed points of multi-valued mappings on noncompact or nonmetrizable spaces
Authors: Lin Lai-Jiu , Wong Ngai-Ching , Yu Zenn-Tsuen
Published: July 2005

In this paper, we obtain several new continuous selection theorems for multi-valued mappings on completely regular spaces and fixed point theorems for multi-valued maps on nonmetrizable spaces. They, in particular, provide a partial solution of a conjecture of X. Wu.
Asymptotic Dirichlet problem for the Schrödinger operator via rough isometry
Authors: Lee Yong
Published: July 2005

We pose and solve the asymptotic Dirichlet problem for the Schrödinger operator via rough isometries on a certain class of Riemannian manifolds. With suitable potentials, we give the solvability of the problem for a naturally defined class of data functions.
PAK5 Kinase Is an Inhibitor of MARK/Par-1, Which Leads to Stable Microtubules and Dynamic Actin
Authors: Matenia Dorthe , Griesshaber Bettina , Li Xiao-yu , Thiessen Anja , Johne Cindy , Jiao Jian , Mandelkow Eckhard , Mandelkow Eva-Maria
Published: July 2005

MARK/Par-1 is a kinase involved in development of embryonic polarity. In neurons, MARK phosphorylates tau protein and causes its detachment from microtubules, the tracks of axonal transport. Because the target sites of MARK on tau occur at an early stage of Alzheimer neurodegeneration, we searched for interaction partners of MARK. Here we report that MARK2 is negatively regulated by PAK5, a neuronal member of the p21-activated kinase family. PAK5 suppresses the activity of MARK2 toward its target, tau protein. The inhibition requires the binding between the PAK5 and MARK2 catalytic domains, but does not require phosphorylation. In transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells both kinases show a vesicular distribution with partial colocalization on endosomes containing AP-1/2. Although MARK2 transfected alone destabilizes microtubules and stabilizes actin stress fibers, PAK5 keeps microtubules stable through the down-regulation of MARK2 but destabilizes the F-actin network so that stress fibers and focal adhesions disappear and cells develop filopodia. The results point to an inverse relationship between actin- and microtubule-related signaling by the PAK5 and MARK2 pathways that affect both cytoskeletal networks.