bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prática fisioterapêutica no tratamento da fibrose cística
Authors: Conto Carolina Lazzarim de , Vieira Cintia Teixeira , Fernandes Kelen Nunes , Jorge Laís Machado , Cândido Gabriela Da Silva , Barbosa Rafael Inácio , Dutra Rafael Cypriano
Published: August 2014

A fibrose cística (FC), denominada também de mucoviscidose, é uma doença genética do tipo autossômica recessiva que acomete principalmente crianças e indivíduos de raça branca. O objetivo deste estudo foi propiciar uma visão sobre a FC, assim como as possíveis formas de tratamento fisioterapêutico. A pesquisa da literatura foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO e PubMed, no período de abril de 2002 a março de 2013, através da seleção de artigos científicos referentes à FC, utilizando como palavras-chave: “fibrose cística”, “fisioterapia em fibrose cística” e “fisioterapia respiratória”. Por meio desta revisão, pôde-se observar que, apesar da complexidade da doença, a prática fisioterapêutica, com o uso das técnicas: tapotagem, vibração, drenagem postural (DP), huffing, oscilação oral de alta frequência (OOAF), drenagem autógena (DA) e o ciclo ativo da respiração (CAR), apresenta eficácia tanto no tratamento como na manutenção da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com FC.
GRAIL gravity constraints on the vertical and lateral density structure of the lunar crust
Authors: Besserer Jonathan , Nimmo Francis , Wieczorek Mark A. , Weber Renee C. , Kiefer Walter S. , McGovern Patrick J. , Andrews‐Hanna Jeffrey C. , Smith David E. , Zuber Maria T.
Published: August 2014

We analyzed data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission using a localized admittance approach to map out spatial variations in the vertical density structure of the lunar crust. Mare regions are characterized by a distinct decrease in density with depth, while the farside is characterized by an increase in density with depth at an average gradient of ∼35 kg m−3 km−1 and typical surface porosities of at least 20%. The Apollo 12 and 14 landing site region has a similar density structure to the farside, permitting a comparison with seismic velocity profiles. The interior of the South Pole‐Aitken (SP‐A) impact basin appears distinct with a near‐surface low‐density (porous) layer 2–3 times thinner than the rest of the farside. This result suggests that redistribution of material during the large SP‐A impact likely played a major role in sculpting the lunar crust.
Large‐scale inflation of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) revealed by Persistent Scatterers SAR interferometry
Authors: Champenois J. , Pinel V. , Baize S. , Audin L. , Jomard H. , Hooper A. , Alvarado A. , Yepes H.
Published: August 2014

The Tungurahua volcano, in Ecuador, has been experiencing a substantial activity period since 1999, with several eruptions, including those of 2006 and 2008. We use a persistent scatterers approach to analyze a time series of Envisat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data over the period 2003–2009, to investigate surface deformation in the region of the volcano. We measure a continuous large‐scale uplift with a maximum line of sight displacement rate of about 8 mm/yr, which is the first evidence of a sustained inflation in the Andes for an active volcano encompassing several eruptions. We model this signal as magma emplacement in a permanent storage zone at 11.5 km below sea level, with a net inflow rate of 7 million m3/yr. The paroxysmal eruptions in 2006 and 2008 did not seem to disrupt this long‐term signal. However, we observe significant deformation during the 2006 eruption consistent with an additional intrusion of 4.5 million m3 of magma.
Nonlinear electric field structures in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Malaspina D. M. , Andersson L. , Ergun R. E. , Wygant J. R. , Bonnell J. W. , Kletzing C. , Reeves G. D. , Skoug R. M. , Larsen B. A.
Published: August 2014

Van Allen Probes observations are presented which demonstrate the presence of nonlinear electric field structures in the inner terrestrial magnetosphere (<6 RE). A range of structures are observed, including phase space holes and double layers. These structures are observed over several Earth radii in radial distance and over a wide range of magnetic local times. They are observed in the dusk, midnight, and dawn sectors, with the highest concentration premidnight. Some nonlinear electric field structures are observed to coincide with dipolarizations of the magnetic field and increases in electron energy flux for energies between 1 keV and 30 keV. Nonlinear electric field structures possess isolated impulsive electric fields, often with a significant component parallel to the ambient magnetic field, providing a mechanism for nonadiabatic wave‐particle interactions in the inner magnetosphere.
The role of land cover change in modulating the soil moisture‐temperature land‐atmosphere coupling strength over Australia
Authors: Hirsch A. L. , Pitman A. J. , Kala J.
Published: August 2014

The severity of recent droughts and heat waves have been linked to land‐atmosphere feedbacks. However, investigations of how these feedbacks are influenced by land use and land cover change (LULCC) are limited. Using the Weather and Research Forecasting model with an ensemble framework of planetary boundary layer and cumulus parameterization schemes, we combine the Global Land Atmosphere Coupling Experiment methodology with LULCC to assess how LULCC affects land‐atmosphere coupling strength for maximum temperature over Australia. We find a statistically significant decrease in soil moisture‐temperature coupling over regions where forest changes to crops, which was consistent across the implemented model physics and background climate. This was associated with a decrease in the ensemble mean variance suggesting that LULCC influences regional climate variability via changes in the regional scale hydrology and surface energy balance. Our results highlight the need to consider land surface changes and coupling strength in combination, rather than in isolation.
High Band Degeneracy Contributes to High Thermoelectric Performance in p‐Type Half‐Heusler Compounds
Authors: Fu Chenguang , Zhu Tiejun , Pei Yanzhong , Xie Hanhui , Wang Heng , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Liu Yong , Liu Yintu , Zhao Xinbing
Published: August 2014

Half‐Heusler (HH) compounds are important high temperature thermoelectric (TE) materials and have attracted considerable attention in the recent years. High figure of merit zT values of 0.8 to 1.0 have been obtained in n‐type ZrNiSn‐based HH compounds. However, developing high performance p‐type HH compounds are still a big challenge. Here, it is shown that a new p‐type HH alloy with a high band degeneracy of 8, Ti‐doped FeV0.6Nb0.4Sb, can achieve a high zT of 0.8, which is one of the highest reported values in the p‐type HH compounds. Although the band effective mass of this system is found to be high, which may lead to a low mobility, its low deformation potential and low alloy scattering potential both contribute to a reasonably high mobility. The enhanced phonon scattering by alloying leads to a reduced lattice thermal conductivity. The achieved high zT demonstrates that the p‐type Ti doped FeV0.6Nb0.4Sb HH alloys are promising as TE materials and offer an excellent TE performance match with n‐type ones for high temperature power generation.
Aniline Tetramer‐Graphene Oxide Composites for High Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Yan Jian , Yang Liping , Cui Mengqi , Wang Xu , Chee Kenji Jianzhi , Nguyen Viet Cuong , Kumar Vipin , Sumboja Afriyanti , Wang Ming , Lee Pooi See
Published: August 2014

Polyaniline (PANI), a promising conducting polymer for supercapacitor, exhibits high specific capacitance and good rate capability. However, it suffers from low cycling stability due to the breakage or scission of polymer chains and loss of contact caused by the volume change during the charge–discharge, as well as the irreversible oxidation and reduction. Here, a strategy for using aniline tetramers loaded on graphene oxide (AT‐GO) is developed to prevent chain breaking and increase the tolerance of volume change. The potential window is also controlled to reduce the irreversible reactions. In a three electrode test, AT‐GO exhibits a good cycling stability with specific capacitance remaining more than 93 to 96% after 2000 cycles. In a two electrode test, the specific capacitance remains 97.7% of its initial specific capacitance after 2000 cycles by suppressing the side reactions. AT‐GO also shows a high specific capacitance of more than 769 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and it remains 581 F g−1 at 60 A g−1, suggesting a good rate capability. These results suggest that AT‐GO is a promising electrode material for practical applications.
Efficient and Selective Formation of Unsaturated Carboxylic and Phenylacetic Acids from Diketene
Authors: Mori Takamichi , Akioka Yusuke , Kawahara Hisaho , Ninokata Ryo , Onodera Gen , Kimura Masanari
Published: August 2014

A nickel catalyst promotes the multicomponent coupling reaction of diketene, an alkyne, and Me2Zn to provide 3‐methylene‐4‐hexenoic acids in excellent yields. Under similar conditions, the combination of the nickel catalyst and Et2Al(OEt) promotes a cycloaddition reaction involving dimerization of an alkyne to furnish phenylacetic acids. In the presence of PPh3, a formal [2+2+1+1] cycloaddition reaction proceeds to afford regioisomeric phenylacetic acids via cleavage of the CC bond.
Highly active recyclable heterogeneous nanonickel ferrite catalyst for cyanation of aryl and heteroaryl halides
Authors: Matloubi Moghaddam Firouz , Tavakoli Ghazal , Rezvani Hamid Reza
Published: August 2014

Magnetic nickel ferrite nanoparticles are found to be an efficient catalytic system for cyanation reactions of various types of aryl halides under conventional heating conditions. All the reactions result in very good to excellent yields under optimized reaction conditions. Furthermore, the catalyst is easily removed from the reaction medium and can be reused further in several subsequent runs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure, stability, and IgE binding of the peach allergen Peamaclein (Pru p 7)
Authors: Tuppo Lisa , Spadaccini Roberta , Alessandri Claudia , Wienk Hans , Boelens Rolf , Giangrieco Ivana , Tamburrini Maurizio , Mari Adriano , Picone Delia , Ciardiello Maria Antonietta
Published: August 2014

Knowledge of the structural properties of allergenic proteins is a necessary prerequisite to better understand the molecular bases of their action, and also to design targeted structural/functional modifications. Peamaclein is a recently identified 7 kDa peach allergen that has been associated with severe allergic reactions in sensitive subjects. This protein represents the first component of a new allergen family, which has no 3D structure available yet. Here, we report the first experimental data on the 3D‐structure of Peamaclein. Almost 75% of the backbone resonances, including two helical stretches in the N‐terminal region, and four out of six cysteine pairs have been assigned by 2D‐NMR using a natural protein sample. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion experiments have highlighted that Peamaclein is even more resistant to digestion than the peach major allergen Pru p 3. Only the heat‐denatured protein becomes sensitive to intestinal proteases. Similar to Pru p 3, Peamaclein keeps its native 3D‐structure up to 90°C, but it becomes unfolded at temperatures of 100–120°C. Heat denaturation affects the immunological properties of both peach allergens, which lose at least partially their IgE‐binding epitopes. In conclusion, the data collected in this study provide a first set of information on the molecular properties of Peamaclein. Future studies could lead to the possible use of the denatured form of this protein as a vaccine, and of the inclusion of cooked peach in the diet of subjects allergic to Peamaclein. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 416–425, 2014.
Determination of the elastic properties of short ssDNA molecules by mechanically folding and unfolding DNA hairpins
Authors: Alemany Anna , Ritort Felix
Published: August 2014

The characterization of elastic properties of biopolymers is crucial to understand many molecular reactions determined by conformational bending fluctuations of the polymer. Direct measurement of such elastic properties using single‐molecule methods is usually hindered by the intrinsic tendency of such biopolymers to form high‐order molecular structures. For example, single‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acids (ssDNA) tend to form secondary structures such as local double helices that prevent the direct measurement of the ideal elastic response of the ssDNA. In this work, we show how to extract the ideal elastic response in the entropic regime of short ssDNA molecules by mechanically pulling two‐state DNA hairpins of different contour lengths. This is achieved by measuring the force dependence of the molecular extension and stiffness on mechanically folding and unfolding the DNA hairpin. Both quantities are fit to the worm‐like chain elastic model giving values for the persistence length and the interphosphate distance. This method can be used to unravel the elastic properties of short ssDNA and RNA sequences and, more generally, any biopolymer that can exhibit a cooperative two‐state transition between mechanically folded and unfolded states (such as proteins). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 1193–1199, 2014.
Nickel(II) Complexes of Pentadentate N5 Ligands as Catalysts for Alkane Hydroxylation by Using m‐CPBA as Oxidant: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study
Authors: Sankaralingam Muniyandi , Balamurugan Mani , Palaniandavar Mallayan , Vadivelu Prabha , Suresh Cherumuttathu H.
Published: August 2014

A new family of nickel(II) complexes of the type [Ni(L)(CH3CN)](BPh4)2, where L=N‐methyl‐N,N′,N′‐tris(pyrid‐2‐ylmethyl)‐ethylenediamine (L1, 1), N‐benzyl‐N,N′,N′‐tris(pyrid‐2‐yl‐methyl)‐ethylenediamine (L2, 2), N‐methyl‐N,N′‐bis(pyrid‐2‐ylmethyl)‐N′‐(6‐methyl‐pyrid‐2‐yl‐methyl)‐ethylenediamine (L3, 3), N‐methyl‐N,N′‐bis(pyrid‐2‐ylmethyl)‐N′‐(quinolin‐2‐ylmethyl)‐ethylenediamine (L4, 4), and N‐methyl‐N,N′‐bis(pyrid‐2‐ylmethyl)‐N′‐imidazole‐2‐ylmethyl)‐ethylenediamine (L5, 5), has been isolated and characterized by means of elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure of [Ni(L3)(CH3CN)](BPh4)2 reveals that the nickel(II) center is located in a distorted octahedral coordination geometry constituted by all the five nitrogen atoms of the pentadentate ligand and an acetonitrile molecule. In a dichloromethane/acetonitrile solvent mixture, all the complexes show ligand field bands in the visible region characteristic of an octahedral coordination geometry. They exhibit a one‐electron oxidation corresponding to the NiII/NiIII redox couple the potential of which depends upon the ligand donor functionalities. The new complexes catalyze the oxidation of cyclohexane in the presence of m‐CPBA as oxidant up to a turnover number of 530 with good alcohol selectivity (A/K, 7.1–10.6, A=alcohol, K=ketone). Upon replacing the pyridylmethyl arm in [Ni(L1)(CH3CN)](BPh4)2 by the strongly σ‐bonding but weakly π‐bonding imidazolylmethyl arm as in [Ni(L5)(CH3CN)](BPh4)2 or the sterically demanding 6‐methylpyridylmethyl ([Ni(L3)(CH3CN)](BPh4)2 and the quinolylmethyl arms ([Ni(L4)(CH3CN)](BPh4)2, both the catalytic activity and the selectivity decrease. DFT studies performed on cyclohexane oxidation by complexes 1 and 5 demonstrate the two spin‐state reactivity for the high‐spin [(N5)NiIIO.] intermediate (ts1hs, ts2doublet), which has a low‐spin state located closely in energy to the high‐spin state. The lower catalytic activity of complex 5 is mainly due to the formation of thermodynamically less accessible m‐CPBA‐coordinated precursor of [NiII(L5)(OOCOC6H4Cl)]+ (5 a). Adamantane is oxidized to 1‐adamantanol, 2‐adamantanol, and 2‐adamantanone (3°/2°, 10.6–11.5), and cumene is selectively oxidized to 2‐phenyl‐2‐propanol. The incorporation of sterically hindering pyridylmethyl and quinolylmethyl donor ligands around the NiII leads to a high 3°/2° bond selectivity for adamantane oxidation, which is in contrast to the lower cyclohexane oxidation activities of the complexes.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Inert CC and CN Bond Cleavage: A New Strategy for the Synthesis of Tertiary Amides
Authors: Chen Xiuling , Chen Tieqiao , Li Qiang , Zhou Yongbo , Han Li‐Biao , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: August 2014

A copper‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative amidation reaction of inert CC bonds with tertiary amines has been developed for the synthesis of tertiary amides, which are significant units in many natural products, pharmaceuticals, and fine chemicals. This method combines CC bond activation, CN bond cleavage, and CH bond oxygenation in a one‐pot protocol, using molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant without any additional ligands.
Di‐ and Triarylmethylium Ions as Probes for the Ambident Reactivities of Carbanions Derived from 5‐Benzylated Meldrum’s Acid
Authors: Chen Xi , Tan Yue , Berionni Guillaume , Ofial Armin R. , Mayr Herbert
Published: August 2014

The kinetics of the reactions of carbocations with carbanions1derived from 5‐benzyl‐substituted Meldrum’s acids1‐H(Meldrum’s acid=2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione) were investigated by UV/Vis spectroscopic methods. Benzhydryl cations Ar2CH+added exclusively to C‐5 of the Meldrum’s acid moiety. As the second‐order rate constants (kC) of these reactions in DMSO followed the linear free‐energy relationship lg k=sN(N+E), the nucleophile‐specific reactivity parametersNandsNfor the carbanions1could be determined. In contrast, trityl cations Ar3C+reacted differently. While tritylium ions of low electrophilicity (E<−2) reacted with1through rate‐determining β‐hydride abstraction, more Lewis acidic tritylium ions initially reacted at the carbonyl oxygen of1to form trityl enolates, which subsequently reionized and eventually yielded triarylmethanes and 5‐benzylidene Meldrum’s acids by hydride transfer.
Lanthanide‐to‐Lanthanide Energy‐Transfer Processes Operating in Discrete Polynuclear Complexes: Can Trivalent Europium Be Used as a Local Structural Probe?
Authors: Zaïm Amir , Eliseeva Svetlana V. , Guénée Laure , Nozary Homayoun , Petoud Stéphane , Piguet Claude
Published: August 2014

This work, based on the synthesis and analysis of chemical compounds, describes a kinetic approach for identifying intramolecular intermetallic energy‐transfer processes operating in discrete polynuclear lanthanide complexes, with a special emphasis on europium‐containing entities. When all coordination sites are identical in a (supra)molecular complex, only heterometallic communications are experimentally accessible and a Tb→Eu energy transfer could be evidenced in [TbEu(L5)(hfac)6] (hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate), in which the intermetallic separation amounts to 12.6 Å. In the presence of different coordination sites, as found in the trinuclear complex [Eu3(L2)(hfac)9], homometallic communication can be induced by selective laser excitation and monitored with the help of high‐resolution emission spectroscopy. The narrow and non‐degenerated character of the Eu(5D0↔7F0) transition excludes significant spectral overlap between donor and acceptor europium cations. Intramolecular energy‐transfer processes in discrete polynuclear europium complexes are therefore limited to short distances, in agreement with the Fermi golden rule and with the kinetic data collected for [Eu3(L2)(hfac)9] in the solid state and in solution. Consequently, trivalent europium can be considered as a valuable local structural probe in discrete polynuclear complexes displaying intermetallic separation in the sub‐nanometric domain, a useful property for probing lanthanido‐polymers.
Gallium Trihalide Catalyzed Sequential Addition of Two Different Carbon Nucleophiles to Esters by Using Silyl Cyanide and Ketene Silyl Acetals
Authors: Inamoto Yoshihiro , Kaga Yuta , Nishimoto Yoshihiro , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio
Published: August 2014

A sequential addition of silyl cyanide and ketene silyl acetals to esters was achieved by a gallium trihalide catalyst to produce β‐cyano‐β‐siloxy esters. This is the first example of the sequential addition of two different carbon nucleophiles to esters. The employment of lactones provided α,α‐disubstituted cyclic ethers with a cyano group and an ester moiety. A variety of esters and lactones are applicable to this reaction system.
Silicon Carbide Refractories for Gasification Reactors
Authors: Standke Gisela , Herrmann Mathias , Kunze Steffen , Heymer Heike , Adler Jörg , Höhn Sören
Published: August 2014

Siliciumcarbidwerkstoffe bieten eine mögliche Alternative zur feuerfesten Auskleidung von hocheffektiven Vergasungsreaktoren. Hier wurden rekristallisierte Siliciumcarbid‐Werkstofe (RSiC) untersucht, die aus einem dreidimensionalen SiC‐Gerüst ohne zusätzliche Bindephasen bestehen. Dabei konnte zwar eine Infiltration, jedoch keine Wechselwirkungen mit der entstehenden Asche beobachtet werden. Zudem zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass die hohe Stabilität des RSiC durch Imprägnierung mit Kohlenstoff oder ZrO2 noch verbessert werden konnte.
Die Molekulardynamik
Authors: Bopp Philippe A.
Published: August 2014

Dies ist eine kurze Einführung in die Grundlagen der modernen molekularen Simulationen, insbesondere in die Methode der Molekulardynamik (MD). Dieses Gebiet zählt zur Computerchemie, genauer zur angewandten statistischen Mechanik. Anhand von Beispielen wird die Anwendung der MD‐Methode auf einige Problemstellungen der physikalischen Chemie erläutert. Die Darstellung endet mit einigen epistemologischen Betrachtungen.
Ein Fisch mit pH‐Meter
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: August 2014

Mit ausgeklügelten Experimenten wiesen Forscher nach, dass mindestens eine Fischart ihre Beute aufspüren kann, indem sie die leichte Ansäuerung des Meerwassers durch ausgeschiedenes Kohlendioxid detektiert. Schreitet die von unseren CO2‐Emissionen verursachte Versauerung der Ozeane weiter fort, dann ist diese Art des Beutefangs allerdings zum Untergang verurteilt.
Outcomes and Predictors of Mortality Among Octogenarians and Older With ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: Caretta Giorgio , Passamonti Enrico , Pedroni Paolo Nicola , Fadin Bianca Maria , Galeazzi Gian Luca , Pirelli Salvatore
Published: August 2014

Background

Elderly patients are at high risk of mortality when they present with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, few data exist about prognostic factors in this sub‐group when treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI).

Hypothesis

To assess outcome and predictors of mortality among patients aged >80 years treated with pPCI.

Methods

We evaluated 139 consecutive patients (age 85.1 ± 3.9 years, 43.2% males) who underwent pPCI for STEMI.

Results

Male patients were younger and were more likely to have a history of coronary artery disease. Overall 30‐day and 1‐year mortality rates were 20.9% and 28.1%, respectively. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow 3 was achieved in 82% of patients. There was a pPCI success rate in male patients. At univariable analysis, older age, diabetes mellitus, Killip class >III, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <40%, no use of stent, failure of pPCI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) <100 mm Hg, and infarct‐related artery (left anterior descending vs others) were associated with higher 1‐year mortality. Multivariate analysis identified LVEF <40% (hazard ratio: [HR] = 3.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30‐7.87; P = 0.0001), age (1‐year step, HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.04‐1.23; P = 0.007), failure of pPCI (HR: 2.93; 95% CI: 1.44‐5.98; P = 0.0001), Killip class ≥III (HR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.03‐5.4; P = 0.04) and SBP <100 mm Hg (HR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.22‐5.19; P = 0.01) to be independently associated with increased 1‐year mortality.

Conclusions

Our data show that elderly patients with STEMI have a high risk of mortality, which is particularly high in the first 30 days. Older age, LVEF <40% at admission, hemodynamic instability (higher Killip class or low SBP), and postinterventional TIMI flow <3 were independent predictors of mortality in our population.
When performance management works: A study of theNationalBreast andCervicalCancerEarlyDetectionProgram
Authors: DeGroff Amy , Royalty Janet E. , Howe Will , Buckman Dennis W. , Gardner James , Poister Theodore , Hayes Nikki
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND: Little empirical evidence exists about the effectiveness of performance management systems in government. This study assessed the effectiveness of the performance management system of the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) and explored why it works.METHODS:Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess change in program performance after the implementation of a performance management system. In addition, qualitative case study data including observations, interviews, and document review were analyzed using inductive methods.RESULTS:Five of the 7 indicators tested had statistically significant increases in performance postimplementation. Case study results suggest that the system is characterized by high‐quality data, measures viewed by grantees as meaningful and fair, and institutionalized data use.CONCLUSIONS:Several factors help to explain the system's effectiveness including characteristics of the NBCCEDP program (eg, service delivery program), qualities of the indicators (eg, process level), financial investment in the system, and a culture of data use.Cancer2014;120(16 suppl):2566‐74.©2014 American Cancer Society.
Evaluation of a 4‐protein serum biomarker panel—biglycan, annexin‐A6, myeloperoxidase, and protein S100‐A9 (B‐AMP)—for the detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zaidi Ali H. , Gopalakrishnan Vanathi , Kasi Pashtoon M. , Zeng Xuemei , Malhotra Usha , Balasubramanian Jeya , Visweswaran Shyam , Sun Mai , Flint Melanie S. , Davison Jon M. , Hood Brian L. , Conrads Thomas P. , Bergman Jacques J. , Bigbee William L. , Jobe Blair A.
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is associated with a dismal prognosis. The identification of cancer biomarkers can advance the possibility for early detection and better monitoring of tumor progression and/or response to therapy. The authors present results from the development of a serum‐based, 4‐protein (biglycan, myeloperoxidase, annexin‐A6, and protein S100‐A9) biomarker panel for EAC.

METHODS

A vertically integrated, proteomics‐based biomarker discovery approach was used to identify candidate serum biomarkers for the detection of EAC. Liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue samples that were collected from across the Barrett esophagus (BE)‐EAC disease spectrum. The mass spectrometry‐based spectral count data were used to guide the selection of candidate serum biomarkers. Then, the serum enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay data were validated in an independent cohort and were used to develop a multiparametric risk‐assessment model to predict the presence of disease.

RESULTS

With a minimum threshold of 10 spectral counts, 351 proteins were identified as differentially abundant along the spectrum of Barrett esophagus, high‐grade dysplasia, and EAC (P<.05). Eleven proteins from this data set were then tested using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays in serum samples, of which 5 proteins were significantly elevated in abundance among patients who had EAC compared with normal controls, which mirrored trends across the disease spectrum present in the tissue data. By using serum data, a Bayesian rule‐learning predictive model with 4 biomarkers was developed to accurately classify disease class; the cross‐validation results for the merged data set yielded accuracy of 87% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 93%.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum biomarkers hold significant promise for the early, noninvasive detection of EAC. Cancer 2014;120:3902–3913. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Inbreeding alters intersexual fitness correlations in Drosophila simulans.
Authors: Duffy Eoin , Joag Richa , Radwan Jacek , Wedell Nina , Hosken David J.
Published: August 2014

Intralocus sexual conflict results from sexually antagonistic selection on traits shared by the sexes. This can displace males and females from their respective fitness optima, and negative intersexual correlations (rmf) for fitness are the unequivocal indicator of this evolutionary conflict. It has recently been suggested that intersexual fitness correlations can vary depending on the segregating genetic variation present in a population, and one way to alter genetic variation and test this idea is via inbreeding. Here, we test whether intersexual correlations for fitness vary with inbreeding in Drosophila simulans isolines reared under homogenous conditions. We measured male and female fitness at different times following the establishment of isofemale lines and found that the sign of the association between the two measures varied with time after initial inbreeding. Our results are consistent with suggestions that the type of genetic variation segregating within a population can determine the extent of intralocus sexual conflict and also support the idea that sexually antagonistic alleles segregate for longer in populations than alleles with sexually concordant effects.
Sila‐α‐galbanone and Analogues: Synthesis and Olfactory Characterization of Silicon‐Containing Derivatives of the Galbanum Odorant α‐Galbanone
Authors: Dörrich Steffen , Ulmer Anna , Mahler Christoph , Burschka Christian , Baus Johannes A. , Tacke Reinhold , Chai An , Ding Changming , Zou Yue , Brunner Gerhard , Goeke Andreas , Kraft Philip
Published: August 2014

Silicon compounds 1b–3b are sila‐analogues of the galbanum odorants α‐galbanone (1a), α‐spirogalbanone (2a), and nor‐α‐galbanone (3a), respectively. Sila‐α‐galbanone (1b), sila‐α‐spirogalbanone (2b), and sila‐nor‐α‐galbanone (3b) were synthesized in multistep syntheses in isomerically pure form, starting from Me2SiCl2, (CH2=CH)2SiCl2, and Me2(CH2=CH)SiCl, respectively. Hydroformylation of vinylsilanes, followed by either ring‐closing aldol condensation or ring‐closing alkene metathesis, were the key steps in these syntheses. The C/Si pairs 1a/1b, 2a/2b, and 3a/3b were studied for their olfactory properties. All compounds possess green‐fruity galbanum‐type odors with pineapple aspects and thus are olfactorily related. However, sila‐analogues 1b–3b were found to be weaker than the corresponding parent carbon compounds 1a–3a. This effect is most pronounced for the C/Si pair 2a/2b as indicated by the odor thresholds of 0.023 ng L–1 air (2a) and 3.8 ng L–1 air (2b). However, due to their higher molecular mass, the silicon compounds are less volatile and thus more substantive in functional applications. In contrast to the stable 5‐silacyclohex‐1‐enes 1b and 2b, the 4‐silacyclopent‐1‐ene 3b shows a limited chemical stability. For compound 3a an extremely low odor threshold of 0.0087 ng L–1 air was measured, and the silicon analogue 3b with an odor threshold of 0.085 ng L–1 air is the sila‐odorant with the lowest odor threshold measured so far.
Development of frankfurter‐type sausages with healthy lipid formulation and their nutritional, sensory and stability properties
Authors: Ospina‐E Juan Camilo , Rojano Benjamín , Ochoa Oscar , Pérez‐Álvarez José Angel , Fernández‐López Juana
Published: August 2014

Chemically modified vegetable oils (CMVO) with a specific solid fat content were used at different substitution levels (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) to replace pork backfat (20% of total formula) in vacuum packaged frankfurter‐type sausage. Color, pH and lipid oxidation were evaluated throughout shelf life. The proximal composition, weight loss, and sensory profile were also evaluated. Significant color changes were identified between treatments at instrumental level, in some of the color parameters, during storage. However, this does not imply that the products were visually different, and it is unlikely that consumers would notice any differences without specific training. All the other variables analyzed behaved similarly to the control. It was concluded that up to 100% of pork backfat can be replaced by CMVO, without affecting the variables studied in this research.

Practical applications: The importance of this study lies in the finding that 100% pork backfat in frankfurters‐type sausages can be replaced by a mix of chemically modified vegetable oils (rich in unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol free), providing advantages in the following three aspects: (i) Consumers: no significant changes in overall sensory quality, (ii) Health: reduced saturated fat content, higher unsaturated fatty acid content, and cholesterol‐free, (iii) Industry: The mix of oils can be directly added during the manufacturing process with no intermediate steps.

Healthier frankfurtes with 100% pork backfat substituted with chemically modified vegetable oils.
An algebraic variational multiscale‐multigrid‐multifractal method (AVM4) for large‐eddy simulation of turbulent variable–density flow at low Mach number
Authors: Rasthofer U. , Burton G. C. , Wall W. A. , Gravemeier V.
Published: August 2014

An algebraic variational multiscale‐multigrid‐multifractal method is proposed for large‐eddy simulation of turbulent variable‐density flow at low Mach number. In the multifractal subgrid‐scale modeling approach, the subgrid‐scale quantities are explicitly evaluated from a multifractal description of associated gradient fields. The multifractal subgrid‐scale modeling approach is embedded into a residual‐based form of the variational multiscale method. A particular feature of the proposed form of the multifractal subgrid‐scale modeling approach is scale separation by level‐transfer operators from plain aggregation algebraic multigrid methods to identify the required smaller resolved scales. In this study, we introduce a novel development of the multifractal subgrid‐scale modeling approach for application to turbulent variable–density flow at low Mach number. Based on the physical background, we derive a variable‐density extension of the multifractal subgrid‐scale modeling approach to recover the subgrid‐scale velocity and temperature field. The proposed method is validated via two numerical test cases. First, turbulent flow in a channel with a heated and a cooled wall is considered for two different temperature ratios. Second, turbulent flow over a backward‐facing step with heating is investigated. The results obtained with the algebraic variational multiscale‐multigrid‐multifractal method are compared with results obtained with the widely‐used dynamic Smagorinsky model and a residual‐based variational multiscale method. Particularly, the results obtained for turbulent flow in a channel with a heated and a cooled wall indicate the excellent prediction quality achievable by the proposed method for turbulent variable‐density flow at low Mach number. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A voxel‐based morphometry comparison of the 3.0T ADNI‐1 and ADNI‐2 volumetric MRI protocols
Authors: Brunton Simon , Gunasinghe Cerisse , Jones Nigel , Kempton Matthew J , Westman Eric , Simmons Andrew
Published: August 2014

Objectives

The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 3.0T MRI image acquisition scheme changed between the original ADNI‐1 grant and the two subsequent grants (ADNI‐GO and ADNI‐2). The aim of the current study was to investigate the compatibility of the 3.0T ADNI‐1 and ADNI‐2 T1‐weighted volumes using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM).

Methods

T1‐weighted images of 30 subjects were acquired using a 3T GE Signa HDx using the ADNI‐1 and ADNI‐2 T1‐weighted volume sequences. Images were pre‐processed and analysed using SPM8. Global grey matter (GM), white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes were compared, as well as voxel‐by‐voxel differences in GM and WM.

Results

Correlation coefficients and percentage differences for each tissue type between ADNI‐1 and ADNI‐2 were as follows: ((GM: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.86, ADNI‐1 3.09% < ADNI‐2) (WM: ICC = 0.91, ADNI‐1 2.92% > ADNI‐2) (CSF: ICC = 0.90, ADNI‐1 1.94% > ADNI‐2)). For ADNI‐2, widespread increases in GM were found relative to ADNI‐1 (cerebellum and pre‐central gyrus), with localised decreases along the midline and temporal lobes. For ADNI‐1, widespread increases in WM were found relative to ADNI‐2 (cerebellum and pre‐central gyrus), together with localised decreases in the temporal gyrus.

Conclusions

The widespread increase in GM and localised decrease in WM in ADNI‐2 compared to ADNI‐1 images suggests that the image acquisition protocols are not directly comparable using SPM‐8. Total volumes of GM, WM and CSF also differed between the protocols in the following order of magnitude: GM > WM > CSF. This has implications for studies aiming to analyse images acquired using the ADNI‐1 and ADNI‐2 protocols under VBM. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Neurotensin, a novel target of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, promotes growth of neuroendocrine tumor cells
Authors: Kim Ji Tae , Liu Chunming , Zaytseva Yekaterina Y. , Weiss Heidi L. , Townsend Courtney M. , Evers B. Mark
Published: August 2014

Wnt/β‐catenin signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating cell growth and differentiation by activation of the β‐catenin/T‐cell factor (TCF) complex and subsequent regulation of a set of target genes that have one or more TCF‐binding elements (TBEs). Hyperactivation of this pathway has been implicated in numerous malignancies including human neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Neurotensin (NT), an intestinal hormone, induces proliferation of several gastrointestinal (GI) cancers including cancers of the pancreas and colon. Here, we analyzed the human NT promoter in silico and found at least four consensus TBEs within the proximal promoter region. Using a combination of ChIP and luciferase reporter assays, we identified one TBE (located ∼900 bp proximal from the transcription start site) that was immunoprecipitated efficiently by TCF4‐targeting antibody; mutation of this site attenuated the responsiveness to β‐catenin. We also confirmed that the promoter activity and the mRNA and protein expression levels of NT were increased by various Wnt pathway activators and decreased by Wnt inhibitors in NET cell lines BON and QGP‐1, which express and secrete NT. Similarly, the intracellular content and secretion of NT were induced by Wnt3a in these cells. Finally, inhibition of NT signaling suppressed cell proliferation and anchorage‐independent growth and decreased expression levels of growth‐related proteins in NET cells. Our results indicate that NT is a direct target of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and may be a mediator for NET cell growth.
Zinc exposure has differential effects on uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen in Chinese cabbage
Authors: Stuiver C. Elisabeth E. , Posthumus Freek S. , Parmar Saroj , Shahbaz Muhammad , Hawkesford Malcolm J. , Kok Luit J. De
Published: August 2014

Zinc (Zn) is a plant nutrient; however, at elevated levels it rapidly becomes phytotoxic. In order to obtain insight into the physiological background of its toxicity, the impact of elevated Zn2+ concentrations (1 to 10 μM) in the root environment on physiological functioning of Chinese cabbage was studied. Exposure of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) to elevated Zn2+ concentrations (≥ 5 μM) in the root environment resulted in leaf chlorosis and decreased biomass production. The Zn concentrations of the root and shoot increased with the Zn2+ concentration up to 68‐fold and 14‐fold, respectively, at 10 μM compared to the control. The concentrations of the other mineral nutrients of the shoot were hardly affected by elevated Zn2+ exposure, although in the root both the Cu and Fe concentrations were increased at ≥ 5 µM, whereas the Mn concentration was decreased and the Ca concentration strongly decreased at 10 µM Zn2+. The uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen were differentially affected at ≥ 5 µM Zn2+. Zn2+ exposure resulted in an increase of sulfate uptake and the activity of the sulfate transporters in the root, and in enhanced total sulfur concentration of the shoot, which could be ascribed partially to an accumulation of sulfate. Moreover, Zn2+ exposure resulted in an up to 6.5‐fold increase in water‐soluble non‐protein thiol (and cysteine) concentration of the root. However, nitrate uptake by the root and the nitrate and total nitrogen concentrations of the shoot were decreased upon Zn2+ exposure, demonstrating the absence of a mutual regulation of the uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen at toxic Zn levels. Evidently, elevated Zn2+ concentrations in the root environment did not only disturb the uptake, distribution and assimilation of sulfate, it also affected the uptake and metabolism of nitrate in Chinese cabbage.
A study to improve night time fog detection in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin using satellite data and to investigate the connection to aerosols
Authors: Ahmed Rizwan , Dey Sagnik , Mohan Manju
Published: August 2014

Fog is a socio‐economically important weather hazard in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin, Northern India, disrupting public life and incurring massive economic loss because of delays in road, rail and air traffic every winter (December–January). Accurate detection of the spatial extent of fog and forecasting of its persistence and dispersion are critical in minimizing this economic loss. In the present study, a satellite based bi‐spectral brightness temperature difference (BTD) technique has been applied to detect night time fog over this region during the fog episodes of 2010–2011. The method, validated against ground‐based observations from four urban centres (Amritsar, New Delhi, Lucknow and Varanasi), yields 83.9% accuracy in detecting fog for a total 393 satellite overpasses using the operational 2.5 °C BTD threshold. The accuracy further increases to 88.3% with a reduction in the BTD threshold to 1.5 °C. A minimum fog droplet number concentration of 3.23 cm−3 is required to degrade visibility below 1 km in the presence of aerosols at 95% RH in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin. The results emphasize the need to improve treatment of aerosols in order to improve forecasting of fog occurrence in this region.
Generalized fractional operators for nonstandard Lagrangians
Authors: Taverna Giorgio S. , Torres Delfim F.M.
Published: August 2014

In this note, we study the application of generalized fractional operators to a particular class of nonstandard Lagrangians. These are typical of dissipative systems, and the corresponding Euler–Lagrange and Hamilton equations are analyzed. The dependence of the equation of motion on the generalized kernel permits to obtain a wide range of different configurations of motion. Some examples are discussed and analyzed.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiplicity results for elliptic problems with variable exponent and nonhomogeneous Neumann conditions
Authors: Heidarkhani Shapour , Afrouzi Ghasem A. , Hadjian Armin
Published: August 2014

Applying three critical point theorems, we prove the existence of at least three weak solutions for a class of differential equations with p(x)‐Laplacian and subject to small perturbations of nonhomogeneous Neumann conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brief Report: Complement C5a Promotes Human Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency in the Absence of FGF2
Authors: Hawksworth Owen A. , Coulthard Liam G. , Taylor Stephen M. , Wolvetang Ernst J. , Woodruff Trent M.
Published: August 2014

The complement activation product, C5a, is a pivotal member of the innate immune response; however, a diverse number of nonimmune functions are now being ascribed to C5a signaling, including roles during embryonic development. Here, we identify the expression of the C5a precursor protein, C5, as well as the C5a receptors, C5aR and C5L2, in both human embryonic stem cells and human-induced pluripotent stem cells. We show that administration of a physiologically relevant dose of purified human C5a (1 nM) stimulates activation of ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways, and is able to promote maintenance of the pluripotent state in the absence of FGF2. C5a also reduced cell loss following dissociation of human pluripotent stem cells. Our results reveal that complement C5a signaling supports human stem cell pluripotency and survival, and thus may play a key role in shaping early human embryonic development. Stem Cells  2014;32:3278—3284
Agreement of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional transvaginal ultrasound with magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of parametrial infiltration in cervical cancer
Authors: Chiappa V. , Di Legge A. , Valentini A. L. , Gui B. , Miccò M. , Ludovisi M. , Giansiracusa C. , Testa A. C. , Valentin L.
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To compare two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) transvaginal ultrasound with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the gold standard in assessment of parametrial infiltration of cervical cancer and to determine if all parts of the cervix are equally assessable with ultrasound.

Methods

Patients with macroscopically evident and histologically confirmed cervical cancer were staged using International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) criteria and underwent MRI and 2D and 3D ultrasound examination before treatment. When assessing parametrial infiltration with 3D ultrasound and MRI, the cervix was (virtually) divided into three cylinders (cranial, middle and caudal) of equal size and each cylinder was then divided into six sectors in a clockwise manner following a consensus between radiologists and ultrasound examiners. The presence and the extent of parametrial invasion were recorded for each sector. Results of 2D ultrasound, 3D ultrasound and MRI were compared and reported in terms of percentage agreement and kappa value.

Results

A total of 29 consecutive patients were included in the study. The percentage agreement between 2D ultrasound and MRI in assessing parametrial infiltration (yes or no) was 76% (kappa, 0.459) and that between 3D ultrasound and MRI was 79% (kappa, 0.508). The results of 2D ultrasound showed the following agreement with those of MRI: 90% for the ventral parametrium (kappa, 0.720), 72% for the right lateral parametrium (kappa, 0.494), 69% for the left lateral parametrium (kappa, 0.412) and 58.5% for the dorsal parametrium (kappa, 0.017). The results of 3D ultrasound showed the following agreement with those of MRI: 62.5% for the ventral parametrium (kappa, 0.176), 81% for the right lateral parametrium (kappa, 0.595), 70% for the left lateral parametrium (kappa, 0.326) and 52% for the dorsal parametrium (kappa, 0.132). The best agreement between 3D ultrasound and MRI was for the middle cervical cylinder (76%; kappa, 0.438) and the poorest agreement was for the caudal cylinder (42%; kappa, 0.125).

Conclusion

The results of 2D and 3D ultrasound showed similar moderate agreement with MRI; 2D and 3D ultrasound examinations are less costly and more readily available than MRI and should be considered in the preoperative work‐up for cervical cancer. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.