bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Diagnostic Accuracy of Visible 5‐ALA Fluorescence in Meningioma Surgery According to Histopathological Analysis of Tumor Bulk and Peritumoral Tissue
Authors: Wadiura Lisa I. , Millesi Matthias , Makolli Jessica , Wais Jonathan , Kiesel Barbara , Mischkulnig Mario , Mercea Petra A. , Roetzer Thomas , Knosp Engelbert , Rössler Karl , Widhalm Georg
Published: July 2020

Background and Objectives

Complete neurosurgical resection of intracranial meningiomas is essential to avoid residual tumor tissue and thus minimize the risk of tumor recurrence. However, local recurrence of meningiomas is not uncommon mainly due to insufficient intraoperative detection of residual tumor tissue within the tumor bulk or peritumoral tissue such as bone and satellite lesions. Although 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) induced fluorescence was found to visualize the majority of meningiomas, no comprehensive histopathological assessment of fluorescing samples from the tumor bulk and peritumoral tissue is available. The aim of our study was thus to histopathologically analyze a large series of tissue samples derived from meningioma surgery to assess the positive predictive value (PPV) of visible 5‐ALA fluorescence.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

In this study, we retrospectively investigated a series of tissue samples with visible 5‐ALA fluorescence collected during surgery of intracranial meningiomas from the tumor bulk and peritumoral tissue including the bone flap, dura/dural tail, arachnoidea, adjacent cortex, and satellite lesions. The tumor diagnosis was established according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and all collected fluorescing samples were screened for presence of tumor tissue to calculate the PPV.

Results

Altogether, 191 tissue samples with visible 5‐ALA fluorescence derived during surgery of 85 meningiomas (63 WHO grade I, 17 WHO grade II, and 5 WHO grade III) were included. In detail, 158 samples from the tumor bulk and 33 specimens from the peritumoral tissue were investigated. According to histopathological analysis, the PPV of 5‐ALA fluorescence was significantly higher in samples from the tumor bulk (100%) as compared with peritumoral tissue (73%; P < 0.001). With regard to peritumoral tissue, tumor tissue was present in most fluorescing samples from the satellite lesions (100%), the bone flap (92%), arachnoidea (83%), and dura/dural tail (75%). In contrast, tumor tissue was absent in the majority of samples from fluorescing cortex (six of seven samples; 86%). However, distinct reactive tissue alterations were found in all six tumor‐free fluorescing cortex samples and additional vascular proliferation in two cases.

Conclusion

In this largest series to date, visible 5‐ALA fluorescence is characterized by a high PPV detecting tumor bulk and peritumoral tissue in intracranial meningiomas. Thus, 5‐ALA fluorescence supports the neurosurgeon in identifying residual tumor tissue at relevant surgical sites to optimize meningioma surgery and minimize the risk of local recurrence. © 2020 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
Fabrication of 2D Block Copolymer Brushes via a Polymer‐Single‐Crystal‐Assisted‐Grafting‐to Method
Authors: Mei Shan , Wilk Jeffrey T. , Chancellor Andrew J. , Zhao Bin , Li Christopher Y.
Published: July 2020

Block copolymer brushes are of great interest due to their rich phase behavior and value‐added properties compared to homopolymer brushes. Traditional synthesis involves grafting‐to and grafting‐from methods. In this work, a recently developed “polymer‐single‐crystal‐assisted‐grafting‐to” method is applied for the preparation of block copolymer brushes on flat glass surfaces. Triblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(l‐lactide)‐b‐poly(3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) (PEO‐b‐PLLA‐b‐PTESPMA) is synthesized with PLLA as the brush morphology‐directing component and PTESPMA as the anchoring block. PEO‐b‐PLLA block copolymer brushes are obtained by chemical grafting of the triblock copolymer single crystals onto a glass surface. The tethering point and overall brush pattern are determined by the single crystal morphology. The grafting density is calculated to be ≈0.36 nm−2 from the atomic force microscopy results and is consistent with the theoretic calculation based on the PLLA crystalline lattice. This work provides a new strategy to synthesize well‐defined block copolymer brushes.
Emerging environmental pollutants hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers: From analytical methods to toxicology research
Authors: Wei Juntong , Xiang Li , Cai Zongwei
Published: July 2020

Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH‐PBDEs) are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous distribution and adverse health effects. Significant progress has been made in the characterization of OH‐PBDEs by using mass spectrometry (MS). In this review, we summarize applications of MS‐based techniques in detection, environmental and biota distribution, and potential health risk effects, hoping to unfold an overall picture on account of current knowledge of OH‐PBDEs. The analytical methodologies are discussed from sample pretreatment to MS analysis. The methods including gas chromatography‐MS (GC‐MS), liquid chromatography‐MS (LC‐MS), and ion mobility spectrometry‐MS (IMS‐MS) are discussed. GC‐MS is the most frequently adopted method in the analysis of OH‐PBDEs due to its excellent chromatographic resolution, high sensitivity, and strong ability for unknown identification. LC‐MS has been widely used for its high sensitivity and capability of direct analysis. As a newly developed technique, IMS‐MS provides high specificity, which greatly facilitates the identification of isomers. OH‐PBDEs pervasively existed in both abiotic and biotic samples, including humans, animals, and environmental matrices. Multiple adverse health effects have been reported, such as thyroid hormone disruption, estrogen effects, and neurotoxicity. The reported potential pathological mechanisms are also reviewed. Additionally, MS‐based metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics have been shown as promising tools to unveil the molecular mechanisms of the toxicity of OH‐PBDEs. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev
Unusual Head Movements in Anti‐IgLON5 Disease
Authors: Peeters Ilse , Wiels Wietse , De Raedt Sylvie , Flamez Anja
Published: July 2020

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Azomite Application Does Not Positively Influence Water Quality, Phytoplankton Populations, or Zooplankton Populations When Preparing Mississippi Channel Catfish Nursery Ponds for Stocking
Authors: Mischke Charles C , Wise David J , Li Menghe H , Tiwari Ambika
Published: July 2020

Azomite is a hydrated sodium calcium alumina silicate that is mined from a volcanic deposit in Utah. The product contains many micronutrients that may be beneficial in preparing catfish nursery ponds for stocking. In northwest Mississippi, a 5-week study was conducted to compare water quality, phytoplankton populations, and zooplankton populations in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus nursery ponds treated with Azomite at 0, 50, or 100 kg/ha. The study was conducted in 0.04-ha ponds during April, when fry ponds are prepared for stocking. Azomite application did not affect ammonia concentrations. Over time, nitrite concentrations increased more in control ponds compared to Azomite-treated ponds; however, nitrite concentrations were low in all ponds. Chlorophyll-a concentrations were also unaffected by Azomite application. The pH did significantly increase with increasing Azomite application rate. Azomite application had no effects on phytoplankton or zooplankton populations. Overall, there were no beneficial effects of adding Azomite to Channel Catfish nursery ponds in northwest Mississippi.
Bilanzen: von Diagnostika bis Wellpappe
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: July 2020

Mehr Umsatz mit Biotech und Klebstoffen, aber weniger mit Emaille und Kunststoffverarbeitung brachte das Jahr 2019. Bei Exporten aus Deutschland standen Chemieprodukte an dritter Stelle, und das Deutsche Patent‐ und Markenamt sucht Mitarbeiter. Ein Rückblick mit Prognosen.
Schnelle Bewegungen auf Oberflächen messen
Authors: Tamtögl Anton
Published: July 2020

Wie sich Atome und Moleküle auf kristallinen Oberflächen bewegen, bestimmt oft die Kinetik chemischer Reaktionen. Experimentelle Untersuchungen hierzu sind selten, da die verfügbaren Techniken oft auf wenige Systeme beschränkt sind. Eine Ausnahme ist die Helium‐Spin‐Echo‐Spektroskopie.
Feuer, Funken, Farben
Authors: Lederle Felix , Hübner Eike
Published: July 2020

Funken, die nicht klassisch rot oder gelb‐ bis weißgolden gefärbt sind, können pyrotechnische Effekte bereichern. Dafür eignen sich vor allem Seltenerdmetalle, deren Funken sogar ihre Farben wechseln.
Stammzelltherapien – was ist dran?
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: July 2020

Auch wenn Kliniken – vor allem in den USA, aber auch in Europa – Stammzelltherapien anbieten, sind diese noch im experimentellen Stadium. Die Wissenschaft sieht zwar vielversprechende Strategien, hat aber bisher kaum medizinisch erprobte Rezepturen.
Vorspann Trendbericht Biochemie
Authors: Endesfelder Ulrike , Leidel Sebastian Andreas , Möller Arne , Schwalbe Harald , Trowitzsch Simon , Weigand Julia
Published: July 2020

Inzwischen können wir die zellulären Prozesse in lebenden Zellen verfolgen, und zwar mit subzellulärer Fluoreszenzmikroskopie mit Auflösung im Nanometerbereich. Ob Ribosomen die richtigen Proteine herstellen oder eine Leseschwäche haben, lässt sich durch Ribosomenprofiling untersuchen. Und: Bisher haben intrinsische Dynamik und Heterogenität erschwert, die dreidimensionale Struktur von Multiproteinkomplexen zu bestimmen. Kryoelektronenmikroskopie erlaubt es nun, diese schwer greifbaren Maschinerien mit höchster Auflösung abzubilden.
„Die Idee war ziemlich erfolgreich“
Authors: Remenyi Christian
Published: July 2020

Wolfgang Fritsche leitete von 1976 bis 1988 die Föderation Europäischer Chemischer Gesellschaften (FECS) als Generalsekretär. Diese Vorläuferorganisation der heutigen European Chemical Society wurde 1970 gegründet. Dass dort Chemiegesellschaften aus West und Ost unter einem Dach zusammenkamen, war maßgeblich Fritsches Initiative zu verdanken.
Dysfunctional bladder neurophysiology in urofacial syndrome Hpse2 mutant mice
Authors: Manak Imerjit , Gurney Alison M. , McCloskey Karen D. , Woolf Adrian S. , Roberts Neil A.
Published: July 2020

Aims

Urofacial syndrome (UFS) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by detrusor contraction against an incompletely dilated outflow tract. This dyssynergia causes dribbling incontinence and incomplete voiding. Around half of individuals with UFS have biallelic mutations of HPSE2 that encodes heparanase 2, a protein found in pelvic ganglia and bladder nerves. Homozygous Hpse2 mutant mice have abnormal patterns of nerves in the bladder body and outflow tract, and also have dysfunctional urinary voiding. We hypothesized that bladder neurophysiology is abnormal Hpse2 mutant mice.

Methods

Myography was used to study bladder bodies and outflow tracts isolated from juvenile mice. Myogenic function was analyzed after chemical stimulation or blockade of key receptors. Neurogenic function was assessed by electrical field stimulation (EFS). Muscarinic receptor expression was semi‐quantified by Western blot analysis.

Results

Nitrergic nerve‐mediated relaxation of precontracted mutant outflow tracts was significantly decreased vs littermate controls. The contractile ability of mutant outflow tracts was normal as assessed by KCl and the α1‐adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine. EFS of mutant bladder bodies induced significantly weaker contractions than controls. Conversely, the muscarinic agonist carbachol induced significantly stronger contractions of bladder body than controls.

Conclusions

The Hpse2 model of UFS features aberrant bladder neuromuscular physiology. Further work is required to determine whether similar aberrations occur in patients with UFS.
A guarantee rate optimization model for wastewater treatment system design under uncertainty
Authors: Zhao Kena , Ng Tsan Sheng Adam , Liu Xiao
Published: July 2020

We consider a design problem for wastewater treatment systems that considers uncertainty in pollutant concentration levels at water sources. The goal is to optimize the selection of treatment technologies and pipeline connections, so that treated wastewater can achieve specified effluents discharge limits as well as possible. We propose a new two‐stage model to optimize a set of guarantee levels, that is, the maximum concentration level of source pollutants for which treated wastewater can be compliant with discharge limits. In the first stage, treatment technologies and pipeline connections are selected. In the second stage, when pollutant concentration levels are revealed, wastewater distribution and mixing are determined. A key attractiveness of the proposed guarantee rate optimization model is that it can be simplified into a single‐stage mixed‐integer linear program. In our numerical experiments based on real‐world pollutants data, the guarantee rate model demonstrates its advantages in terms of computational efficiency, scalability and solution quality, compared with the standard probability maximization model. Finally, the methodology proposed in this paper can also be applied to other two‐stage problems under uncertainty with similar uncertainty characteristics.
A surrogate model for computational homogenization of elastostatics at finite strain using high‐dimensional model representation‐based neural network
Authors: Minh Nguyen‐Thanh Vien , Trong Khiem Nguyen Lu , Rabczuk Timon , Zhuang Xiaoying
Published: July 2020

We propose a surrogate model for two‐scale computational homogenization of elastostatics at finite strains. The macroscopic constitutive law is made numerically available via an explicit formulation of the associated macroenergy density. This energy density is constructed by using a neural network architecture that mimics a high‐dimensional model representation. The database for training this network is assembled through solving a set of microscopic boundary value problems with the prescribed macroscopic deformation gradients (input data) and subsequently retrieving the corresponding averaged energies (output data). Therefore, the two‐scale computational procedure for nonlinear elasticity can be broken down into two solvers for microscopic and macroscopic equilibrium equations that work separately in two stages, called the offline and online stages. The finite element method is employed to solve the equilibrium equation at the macroscale. As for microscopic problems, an FFT‐based collocation method is applied in tandem with the Newton‐Raphson iteration and the conjugate‐gradient method. Particularly, we solve the microscopic equilibrium equation in the Lippmann‐Schwinger form without resorting to the reference medium. In this manner, the fixed‐point iteration that might require quite strict numerical stability conditions in the nonlinear regime is avoided. In addition, we derive the projection operator used in the FFT‐based method for homogenization of elasticity at finite strain.
Nursing education, virtual reality and empathy?
Authors: Dean Sue , Halpern Jodi , McAllister Margaret , Lazenby Mark
Published: July 2020

An empathic approach to patient‐centred care is a core of nursing practice. One of the methods to develop empathy, which is gaining currency is the use of virtual reality simulations in education. This paper posits some questions, does it simply reinforce a ‘type’ of patient, neglecting caring for the patient as unique, is empathy what results or is it pity, does it result in a greater distance being created between the patient and the health care provider? Can we ever really know what it is like to walk in a patient's shoes when what we experience through virtual reality provides a small snapshot of the vicissitudes of living with an illness or disability. We suggest that what matters most in simulations using virtual reality is how the student exits the experience and if they leave knowing just what patients ‘like that’ feel, or whether they leave with humility and curiosity.
Monitoring freshwater–saltwater interfaces with SAMOS – installation effects on data and inversion
Authors: Ronczka Mathias , Günther Thomas , Grinat Michael , Wiederhold Helga
Published: July 2020

A major problem for the freshwater supply of coastal regions is the intrusion of saltwater into aquifers. Due to extensive extraction of freshwater to suffice increasing drinking water demands and/or in periods of reduced groundwater recharge, the equilibrium state may be disturbed. The result is an upconing or movement of the fresh–saline groundwater interface, which reduces the local drinking water resources at coastal regions or islands. The saltwater monitoring system (SAMOS) is a vertical electrode chain installed in a backfilled borehole. It provides a solution to observe the transition zone in detail, both temporally and spatially. We present monitoring data of the first year from three locations ‐ with different geological conditions that show disturbances in the resistivity distribution that result from the drilling processes. A clayey backfilling, for example, can lead to beam‐like artefacts, and a mixed fluid within the backfilling changes its bulk resistivity, both leading to misinterpretations. We performed data inversion under cylindrically symmetrical conditions in full‐space in order to separate these resistivity artefacts from the undisturbed background. Data inversion reveals that it is possible to separate drilling effects on the resistivity distribution from the undisturbed background. Thus, an interpretation of the natural transition zones can be made immediately after the installation.
The Association of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Hypertension with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Admission Among Mexican Patients
Authors: Denova‐Gutiérrez Edgar , Lopez‐Gatell Hugo , Alomia‐Zegarra Jose L. , López‐Ridaura Ruy , Zaragoza‐Jimenez Christian A. , Dyer‐Leal Dwigth D. , Cortés‐Alcala Ricardo , Villa‐Reyes Tania , Gutiérrez‐Vargas Rosaura , Rodríguez‐González Kathia , Escondrillas‐Maya Carlos , Barrientos‐Gutiérrez Tonatiuh , Rivera Juan A. , Barquera Simón
Published: July 2020

Objective

This study’s aim was to explore the association of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on admission.

Methods

In the present study, a total of 23,593 patient samples were evaluated by a laboratory from the Mexican Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference. Of these, 18,443 were negative for COVID‐19, 3,844 were positive for COVID‐19, and 1,306 were positive for other respiratory viruses. Severe types of respiratory disease were defined by the presence of pneumonia and other organ failure that requires intensive care. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore factors associated with severe COVID‐19 on admission.

Results

Patients who tested positive for COVID‐19 had a higher proportion of obesity (17.4%), diabetes (14.5%), and hypertension (18.9%) compared with those without a confirmed diagnosis. Compared with patients without obesity, those with obesity showed a 1.43‐fold higher odds of developing severe COVID‐19 on admission, whereas subjects with diabetes and hypertension showed a 1.87‐fold and 1.77‐fold higher odds of developing severe COVID‐19 on admission, respectively.

Conclusions

Obesity, diabetes, and hypertension were significantly associated with severe COVID‐19 on admission and the association of obesity was stronger in patients < 50 years of age.
Is BMI Higher in Younger Patients with COVID‐19? Association Between BMI and COVID‐19 Hospitalization by Age
Authors: Bhasin Ajay , Nam Hannah , Yeh Chen , Lee Jungwha , Liebovitz David , Achenbach Chad
Published: July 2020

Objective

Obesity has been found to be a risk factor for hospitalization with coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). This study investigated whether patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 differed in BMI at older versus younger ages and whether trends were independent of diabetes and hypertension.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis of patients hospitalized with moderate to severe COVID‐19 at Northwestern Memorial Hospital from March 19, 2020, until April 4, 2020, was performed. Patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 above and below the age of 50 were compared as well as those hospitalized without COVID‐19.

Results

Patients younger than 50 years of age hospitalized with COVID‐19 without diabetes or hypertension had mean BMI greater than those older than 50 years of age, with BMI 43.1 (95% CI: 34.5‐51.7) versus 30.1 (95% CI: 27.7‐32.5) (P = 0.02). Furthermore, BMI appeared to inversely correlate with increasing age among patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. We did not detect the same difference or trend for patients hospitalized without COVID‐19.

Conclusions

Younger patients (age < 50 years) with COVID‐19 had higher mean BMI than older patients with COVID‐19, with and without diabetes and hypertension. This trend did not exist in patients without COVID‐19 hospitalized during the same time period.
Real‐Time Condition Assessment Enables Strategic Pipeline Renewal
Authors: Simon Steve
Published: July 2020

Real‐time monitoring tools were used to gauge the condition of a prestressed concrete cylinder pipe to help a Colorado utility target high‐risk pipe areas and predict future renewal needs
Data Communication Networks Extend Utility Process Control
Authors: Capano Daniel
Published: July 2020

Communication networks are key to water and wastewater utility process control. Robust process control networks and protocols allow state‐of‐the‐art access to all key process indicators to optimize operational performance.
Do intravenous fluid substitutions influence methotrexate clearance? An unanticipated impact of an intravenous sodium bicarbonate drug shortage
Authors: Mangum Ross , Bernhardt M. Brooke , Cheng W. Susan , Schafer Eric S. , Berg Stacey L. , Foster Jennifer H.
Published: July 2020

Background

National drug shortages of essential medications for childhood cancer have increasingly posed a challenge in the treatment of patients. The efficacy of standardized supportive care practices to avoid treatment‐related toxicities may be limited during these drug shortages. High‐dose methotrexate (HDMTX) plays a critical role in modern treatment protocols for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and requires stringent supportive care measures to mitigate toxicity. As the result of a national intravenous (IV) sodium bicarbonate shortage, institutional standard HDMTX supportive care guidelines had to be modified. We describe the unanticipated consequences on HDMTX clearance.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review assessing the impact of alternative compositions of IV fluids on the mean 24‐h methotrexate levels (Cpss) of 25 patients receiving 76 total HDMTX infusions at Texas Children's Hospital Cancer Center from March to October 2017. During the sodium bicarbonate drug shortage, all patients received IV hydration consisting of either dextrose 5%, 0.45% normal saline (D5 ½ NS—Group A) or dextrose 5%, 0.2% normal saline (D5 ¼ NS—Group B).

Results

Patients receiving a higher total sodium dose demonstrated significantly lower Cpss (25.36 ± 16.6 μMol) compared to patients receiving less sodium (53.9 ± 37.9 μMol; P < .001).

Conclusions

Our report shows that in the setting of IV sodium bicarbonate shortage, the composition of hydration IV fluids may affect methotrexate clearance. Patient who received a higher sodium load had a lower 24‐h methotrexate level. This demonstrates the potential for unanticipated outcomes resulting from national drug shortages.
Novel therapies for treatment of resistant and refractory nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Laudone Thomas W. , Garner Lauren , Kam Charissa W. , Esther Charles R. , McKinzie Cameron J.
Published: July 2020

Respiratory infections caused by non‐tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a major cause of morbidity for patients living with cystic fibrosis (CF), as NTM pulmonary disease (NTM‐PD) is challenging to both diagnose and eradicate. Despite the lengthy courses of the established regimens recommended by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) and European Cystic Fibrosis Society (ECFS) consensus guidelines, only about 50% to 60% of patients achieve culture conversion, and treatment regimens are often complicated by antibiotic resistance and toxicities. Since publication of the CFF/ECFS guidelines, several new or alternative antibiotic regimens have been described for patients with CF who have NTM‐PD. These regimens offer new options for patients who do not clear NTM with standard therapies or cannot utilize the usual regimens due to toxicities or drug‐drug interactions.
Leaderless and leader‐following fixed‐time consensus for multiagent systems via impulsive control
Authors: Zhai Xiaoqin , Wen Guoguang , Peng Zhaoxia , Zhang Xianghang
Published: July 2020

This article addresses the leaderless fixed‐time consensus (LLFTC) and leader‐following fixed‐time consensus (LFFTC) problems for multiagent systems (MASs) via impulsive control. First, a novel fixed‐time stability for impulsive dynamical system is developed. Then the novel fixed‐time impulsive control protocols are designed to achieve leaderless and leader‐following consensus for MASs. Based on the impulsive control theory, fixed‐time stability theory and algebraic graph theory, some sufficient conditions are derived for each agent to achieve LLFTC and LFFTC under the proposed control protocols. Finally, numerical simulations are put forward to validate the theoretical results.
Biological response to 5 years of operations of cascade rubber dams in a plateau urban river, China
Authors: Mao Xufeng , Wei Xiaoyan , Engel Bernard , Wang Wenying , Jin Xin , Jin Yanxiang
Published: July 2020

Aquatic ecosystem response to dam construction and operation is an important concern, but systematic assessment of impacts induced by cascade small rubber dams are seriously lacking. In this study, the Huangshui River in Qinghai Province was selected to investigate biological response to small cascade rubber dams. Two years of monitoring data in 2018 and 2019 were utilized to quantify the variation of five kinds of aquatic organisms. Results indicate continuous rubber dams produced significant changes to hydrological regimes of rivers, especially for high flow seasons, and further affect aquatic biological populations and structures of the river. (a) The biodiversity and biomass of plankton increased by 8.0 times and 1.8 times, respectively; the biomass of fish and benthic animals were enhanced by 3.2 and 2.1 times, respectively, but the species richness decreased by 30% on average. Native fish are completely replaced by exotic fish, and benthic animals are changing towards singularity; (b) The surface and bottom food chains of the river gradually become dominant, and the disappearance of native fish in the middle layer caused the exchange flow in the middle layer to decrease rapidly, which leads to a dumbbell‐shaped distribution structure of biomass; (c) The regulation services of rivers have also undergone huge changes. N2O and CH4 emissions from dammed areas have increased by 10.1 times, and the water purification function varied in different dammed areas.
Hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of core level shifts at buried GaP/Si(001) interfaces
Authors: Romanyuk Oleksandr , Supplie Oliver , Paszuk Agnieszka , Stoeckmann Jan Philipp , Wilks Regan George , Bombsch Jakob , Hartmann Claudia , Garcia‐Diez Raul , Ueda Shigenori , Bartoš Igor , Gordeev Ivan , Houdkova Jana , Kleinschmidt Peter , Bär Marcus , Jiříček Petr , Hannappel Thomas
Published: July 2020

We present a study of buried GaP/Si(001) heterointerfaces by hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Well‐defined thin (4–50 nm) GaP films were grown on Si(001) substrates with 2° miscut orientations by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Core level photoelectron intensities and valence band spectra were measured on heterostructures as well as on the corresponding reference (bulk) substrates. Detailed analysis of core level peaks revealed line broadening and energetic shifts. Valence band offsets were derived for the films with different thickness. Based on the observed variation of the valence band offsets with the GaP film thickness and on the experimental evidence of line broadening, the existence of charge displacement at the GaP/Si(001) interface is suggested.
Carbon Dots as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in HCl Solution
Authors: Saraswat Vandana , Yadav Mahendra
Published: July 2020

Two carbon dots namely, S, N co‐doped (CD1) and N doped (CD2) were synthesized by solvothermal treatment of pyromelletic acid in presence of thiourea, urea and DETA at 180 °C. The synthesized carbon dots were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The dimension of synthesized carbon dots were found in the range of 1.63 nm to 2 nm with significant graphitic carbons. These carbon dots (CD1 and CD2) were used as green corrosion inhibitor to mitigate corrosion of mild steel (MS) in 15 % HCl solution using gravimetric and electrochemical methods. Studied carbon dots, CD1 and CD2 exhibited inhibition efficiency of 96.40 and 90.00 %, respectively, at 100 ppm concentration and 303 K temperature. The observed corrosion inhibition occurs due to adsorption of the carbon dots to the MS surface. Both the carbon dots follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and show physisorption on the MS surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to study the morphology of the uninhibited and inhibited surface of the sample. The interaction of the carbon dots and composition of adsorbed layer on the MS surface was confirmed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS analysis revealed that heteroatoms present in the structural moiety of the carbon dots efficiently binds on the MS surface.
Colorimetric Detection of Copper(II) Ions Using Schiff‐Base Derivatives
Authors: Aydin Ziya , Keles Mustafa
Published: July 2020

Two new Schiff base derivatives N,N‐dimethyl‐4‐((2‐(phenylthio) phenyl)imino)propenyl)aniline (CSP) and 2‐(4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl) allylidene) amino)benzenethiol (CSH) were synthesized. Sensing mechanism of the sensors was investigated using UV‐Vis spectroscopy in the presence of various metal ions. The sensor CSP shows high sensitivity and selectivity to Cu2+ over a wide range of other metal ions in acetonitrile (ACN)/water (H2O) (v/v 2 : 1). The sensor CSP can detect Cu2+ ions by color change from yellow to pink. The complex stoichiometry between the sensor, CSP, and Cu2+ was found to be 2 : 1 and the binding constant was calculated to be 2.40 × 1010 M−2. The absorbance detection limit of CSP for Cu2+ was determined as 2.85 × 10−6 M. The sensor, CSP, was also applied to real samples successfully.
Salivary cortisol and alpha‐amylase daily profiles and stress responses to an academic performance test and a moral cognition task in children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Anesiadou Sophia , Makris Gerasimos , Michou Maria , Bali Paraskevi , Papassotiriou Ioannis , Apostolakou Filia , Korkoliakou Panagiota , Papageorgiou Charalampos , Chrousos George , Pervanidou Panagiota
Published: July 2020

There is evidence that children with neurodevelopmental disorders may exhibit atypical responses to stress and alterations in concentrations and diurnal secretion of stress hormones. We assessed diurnal profiles and stress responses of salivary cortisol and alpha‐amylase (sAA) in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and specific learning disorder (SLD) compared to typically developing children (TD). A total of 157 children of both sexes, aged between 6 and 12 years old, took part in the study distributed into four groups: ADHD (N = 34), ASD (N = 56), SLD (N = 43) and TD (N = 24). Salivary samples were collected at three time points during a day, as well as before and 5 min after an academic performance test and a moral cognition task. ADHD children had lower evening and diurnal sAA levels, adjusted for age. Also, ASD children showed lower diurnal sAA secretion, adjusted for age. The mean percentage change for salivary cortisol and sAA after both tests did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, we demonstrated alterations in diurnal autonomic functioning in children with ADHD and ASD, while hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis functioning did not differ between the clinical and the comparison groups.
Charge Reversion Simultaneously Enhances Tumor Accumulation and Cell Uptake of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanohybrids for Effective Imaging and Therapy
Authors: Liu Jianping , Wu Yilun , Fu Changkui , Li Bei , Li Li , Zhang Run , Xu Tiefeng , Xu Zhi Ping
Published: July 2020

Nanotheranostics have been actively sought in precision nanomedicine in recent years. However, insufficient tumor accumulation and limited cell uptake often impede the nanotheranostic efficacy. Herein, pH‐sensitive charge‐reversible polymer‐coated layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanohybrids are devised to possess long circulation in blood but reserve surface charges in the weakly acidic tumor tissue to re‐expose therapeutic LDH nanoparticles for enhanced tumor accumulation and cell uptake. In vitro experimental data demonstrate that charge‐reversible nanohybrids mitigate the cell uptake in physiological conditions (pH 7.4), but remarkably facilitate internalization by tumor cells after charge reversion in the weakly acidic environment (pH 6.8). More significantly, about 6.0% of injected charge‐reversible nanohybrids accumulate in the tumor tissue at 24 h post injection, far higher than the average accumulation (0.7%) reported elsewhere for nanoparticles. This high tumor accumulation clearly shows the tumor tissues in T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging. As a consequence, >95% inhibition of tumor growth in the B16F0‐bearing mouse model is achieved via only one treatment combining RNAi and photothermal therapy under very mild irradiation (808 nm laser, 0.3 W cm−2 for 180 s). The current research thus demonstrates a new strategy to functionalize nanoparticles and simultaneously enhance their tumor accumulation and cell internalization for effective cancer theranostics.
Nanospace‐Confinement Synthesis: Designing High‐Energy Anode Materials toward Ultrastable Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jiang Hao , Zhang Haoxuan , Chen Ling , Hu Yanjie , Li Chunzhong
Published: July 2020

Exploiting high‐capacity and durable electrode materials is pivotal to developing lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and their applications. Multiscaled nanomaterials have been demonstrated to efficiently couple the advantages of each component on different scales in energy storage fields. However, the precise control of the microstructure remains a great challenge for maximizing their contributions. Nanospace‐confined synthesis provides a proactive strategy to build novel multiscaled nanomaterials with controllable internal void space for circumventing the intrinsic volume effects in the charge/discharge process. Herein, the rational design and synthesis of multiscaled high‐capacity anode materials are mainly summarized according to their electrochemical mechanisms by choosing 1D channel, 2D interlayer, and 3D space as representative confinement reaction environments. The structure–performance relationships are clarified with the assistance of quantitative calculations, molecular simulations, and so forth. Finally, future potentials and challenges of such a synthesis tactic in designing high‐performance electrode materials for next‐generation secondary batteries are outlooked.
Tunable Dual‐Emission in Monodispersed Sb3+/Mn2+ Codoped Cs2NaInCl6 Perovskite Nanocrystals through an Energy Transfer Process
Authors: Liu Xingyi , Xu Xi , Li Ben , Yang Lanlan , Li Qi , Jiang Hong , Xu Dongsheng
Published: July 2020

Double halide perovskites are a class of promising semiconductors applied in photocatalysis, photovoltaic devices, and emitters to replace lead halide perovskites, owing to their nontoxicity and chemical stability. However, most double perovskites always exhibit low photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) due to the indirect bandgap structure or parity‐forbidden transition problem, limiting their further applications. Herein, the self‐trapped excitons emission of Cs2NaInCl6 by Sb‐doping, showing a blue emission with high PLQE of 84%, is improved. Further, Sb/Mn codoped Cs2NaInCl6 nanocrystals are successfully synthesized by the hot‐injection method, showing a tunable dual‐emission covering the white‐light spectrum. The studies of PL properties and dynamics reveal that an energy transfer process can occur between the self‐trapped excitons and dopants (Mn2+). The work provides a new perspective to design novel lead‐free double perovskites for realizing a unique white‐light emission.
A robust framework for cloud‐based software development outsourcing factors using analytical hierarchy process
Authors: Akbar Muhammad Azeem , Khan Arif Ali , Mahmood Sajjad , Alsanad Ahmed , Gumaei Abdu
Published: July 2020

Managing the cloud‐based software development outsourcing (CSDO) activities across the geographically distributed development sites are much challenging. This study aims to identify the success factors (SFs) for CSDO and prioritize them based on their significance. To achieve this objective, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) and survey study with industrial and academic experts. Finally, we applied the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to develop the framework based on the prioritization of the identified SFs. We believe that the findings of this study will assist the industry practitioners and researchers in developing effective strategies for the successful implementation of CSDO activities.
Razorback Sucker Movement Strategies across a River–Reservoir Habitat Complex
Authors: Pennock Casey A. , McKinstry Mark C. , Gido Keith B.
Published: July 2020

Razorback SuckerXyrauchen texanusoccur in reservoir and riverine habitats in the Colorado River basin, with some individuals aggregating at river–reservoir inflows. To assess use of inflow areas and potential environmental correlates with fish movement among reservoir and river habitats, we used a passive receiver array to monitor location and movements (n = 69) and depth (n = 19) of acoustic‐ and PIT‐tagged fish in Lake Powell from April 2018 to March 2019. Acoustic receivers were deployed along 18 km of the San Juan River–Lake Powell inflow area, and a PIT tag antenna was deployed below a waterfall that impedes all upstream movement approximately 30 km upstream of the inflow area. Fish were detected moving between the inflow area and the river in all seasons except winter. Fifty‐eight percent of fish moved from the reservoir and were detected upstream at the waterfall, while 42% of fish appeared to remain within the reservoir. These reservoir‐resident fish moved long distances (hundreds of kilometers) but had relatively small linear home ranges (<18 km). On average, fish moved farthest and home range size was largest from April to September, and seasonal differences corresponded with differences in the number of fish detected. River discharge was relatively constant, and monthly distance moved was positively correlated with monthly river temperature, suggesting temperature alone might cue movements. Fish were detected at depths of 5.7 m but generally remained in shallow water (<2 m). Causal mechanisms that drive habitat use by adult fish are unclear but likely involve intraspecific differences in response to resource needs. We hypothesize that reservoirs provide warmer temperatures for longer periods of the year relative to regulated rivers, which might benefit warmwater fishes. Understanding the importance of movement among river and reservoir habitats might further conservation efforts by encouraging inclusion of reservoir habitats in management plans.
Optimal gestational age at delivery in isolated left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Bouchghoul H. , Dumery G. , Russo F. M. , Cordier A. G. , Le Sache N. , Debeer A. , Decaluwe H. , Fouquet V. , Senat M. V. , Deprest J. , Benachi A.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To evaluate the morbidity and mortality of neonates with left‐sided isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) according to gestational age at delivery.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of fetuses diagnosed prenatally with isolated left‐sided CDH that were delivered in the University Hospitals of Antoine Béclère‐Bicêtre and Leuven between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2018. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate cumulative survival at 28 days after birth according to gestational age at delivery. The association between gestational age at delivery, as a continuous variable, and survival at 28 days was modeled using a fractional polynomial. Adjustment for position of the liver, management center and mode of delivery was performed. The association was also evaluated according to the severity of CDH, as defined by the observed‐to‐expected lung‐to‐head ratio (o/e‐LHR), which was classified as severe (o/e‐LHR < 25%), moderate (o/e‐LHR between 25% and 45%) or mild (o/e‐LHR > 45%).

Results

We included 213 fetuses with isolated left‐sided CDH, with a median gestational age at delivery of 38 + 2 weeks (interquartile range, 37 + 0 to 39 + 1 weeks). The survival rates at 28 days and at 6 months were 66.7% (142/213) and 64.3% (137/213), respectively. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a higher survival rate at 28 days for babies delivered between 37 + 0 and 38 + 6 weeks than for those delivered at or after 39 + 0 weeks (log‐rank test, P < 0.001). In the subgroup of moderate CDH, the 28‐day survival rate was significantly higher in newborns delivered between 37 + 0 and 38 + 6 weeks than in those delivered at or after 39 + 0 weeks (81.5% vs 61.5%; P = 0.03), and this was also the case for survival rate at 6 months. In the subgroup with moderate CDH, 28‐day survival significantly increased with advancing gestational age at birth up to about 38–39 weeks (P = 0.005), and significantly decreased from 39 weeks onwards.

Conclusion

Delivery between 37 + 0 and 38 + 6 weeks’ gestation is associated with a higher survival rate at 28 days in neonates with isolated left‐sided CDH and moderate lung hypoplasia, independently of intrathoracic liver, management center and mode of delivery. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Effects of hydrodynamics on the cross‐sectional distribution and transport of plastic in an urban coastal river
Authors: Haberstroh Charlotte J. , Arias Mauricio E. , Yin Zhewen , Wang Michael Cai
Published: July 2020

The mechanisms of plastic transport in rivers remain an important knowledge gap in global plastic pollution research and management. We investigated how river flows and plastics' properties affect transport with a five‐point cross‐sectional field study in the Hillsborough River in Tampa (Florida, USA) using a 500‐µm Neuston net and an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler. We conducted in‐depth analysis of water velocity profiles as well as plastics' concentrations and properties, determining advective, vertical, and lateral transport fluxes. Under calm flow conditions, advective fluxes were two orders of magnitude higher than lateral and vertical fluxes. Under turbulent conditions, enhanced particle exchange in the cross‐section resulted in a three to tenfold increase in lateral and vertical plastic fluxes. The impact of turbulence on plastic particles depended on properties such as size, shape, and composition. This study presents a unique assessment of flow conditions driving plastic pollution in an urban coastal river setting.

Practitioners points

Multipoint, cross‐sectional sampling and onsite flow profile collection should be adopted as a common practice for plastic field data collection to reduce uncertainty.

Varying flow conditions affect the drivers of plastic transport in rivers.

Advective surface fluxes govern plastic transport under calm flow conditions, while turbulent flow conditions enhance cross‐sectional mixing and particle exchange.

Larger and more irregular‐shaped plastics are more affected by turbulence.
Daily lettuce supplements promote foraging behavior and modify the gut microbiota in captive frugivores
Authors: Greene Lydia K. , Clarke Tara A. , Southworth Chelsea A. , Bornbusch Sally L. , Ehmke Erin E.
Published: July 2020

For captive primates, greater provisioning of leafy greens or foliage can promote natural foraging behavior while boosting fiber intake. Recalcitrant fiber, although minimally available to endogenous metabolism, is readily fermented into nutrients by gut microbes. Whereas most primates in captivity consume fiber‐limited diets and harbor imbalanced gut microbiota compared to their wild conspecifics, the importance of fiber provisioning to primate gut microbiota has predominately been studied in folivores. We, therefore, determined if commercial lettuce could be used to encourage foraging behavior and modify the gut microbiota of captive frugivores. We provisioned ruffed lemurs (Varecia rubraandV. variegata) with romaine lettuce, on top of the standard dietary fare, for 10 consecutive days. Before and across the period of lettuce supplementation, we collected observational data of animal feeding and fecal samples for microbiome analysis, determined via amplicon sequencing. The ruffed lemurs and their gut microbes responded to lettuce provisioning. In particular, younger animals readily ate lettuce and showed no decline in consumption across study days. When controlling for the effects of host species and social‐group membership, lettuce consumption shifted the composition of the gut microbiome away from each lemur's own baseline, an effect that became stronger as the study progressed. In the final study days,Ruminococcaceae UCG‐008andAkkermansia, microbes typically and respectively associated with fiber metabolism and host health, were significantly enriched in the consortia of lettuce‐provisioned subjects. Ultimately, the routine offering of lettuce, leafy greens, or foliage to captive frugivores may benefit animal wellbeing.
Dynamics of Nambu monopole in two Higgs doublet models. Cosmological Monopole Collider
Authors: Eto Minoru , Hamada Yu , Kurachi Masafumi , Nitta Muneto
Published: July 2020

Abstract

We study the dynamics of the Nambu monopole in two Higgs doublet models, which is a magnetic monopole attached by two topological Z strings (Z flux tubes) from two opposite sides. The monopole is a topologically stable solution of the equation of motions when the Higgs potential has global U (1) and ℤ2 symmetries. In this paper, we consider more general cases without the ℤ2 symmetry, and find that it is no longer a static solution but moves along the Z string being pulled by the heavier string. After analytically constructing an asymptotic form of the monopole, we confirm such a motion using the numerical relaxation method. In addition, we analyze the real time dynamics of the monopole based on a point-like approximation. Consequently, if there were long string networks with the monopoles in the early universe, the monopole accelerates nearly to the speed of light emitting electromagnetic radiations as a synchrotron accelerator, and collides to an anti-monopole on the string. This collision event, which we call the cosmological monopole collider, can produce much heavier particles than those we can see today, e.g., at the Large Hadron Collider.