bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visualizations of Topologic Entropy on SARS-CoV-2 Genomes in Multiple Regions
Authors: Qiao Mu , Liu Renyang , Wang Zhenhui , Li Xinmei , Zheng Jeffrey
Published: January 2021

The outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) developed into a global pandemic in a few months. The latest study found that the virus belongs to the beta coronavirus family. SARS-CoV-2 is highly similar to Pangolin CoV and BatCoV RaTG. Advanced scientific studies help traceability and vaccine development. In addition to the subgenus classification analysis of the virus, it is interesting for further exploration to focus attention on mutations and their transmissions in different regions. New mutations may be likely to affect the symptoms of the disease and the effectiveness of vaccination. This paper is focused on the study to make error bars and scatter graphs with the support of the metagenetic analysis system MAS. Using SARS-CoV-2 genomes in different countries and regions as input datasets, topological entropy values provide global characteristic quantities based on C4 module for visualization. Sample results show that the method is powerful and useful for consistently integrating all genomes on one unique genomic index map. Various countries have confirmed their specific positions and projections under topologic entropies. Further explorations are required.
Cerebral Mechanism of Tuina Analgesia in Management of Knee Osteoarthritis using multimodal MRI: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Guo Guangxin , Kong Yazhuo , Zhu Qingguang , Wu Zhiwei , Zhang Shuaipan , Sun Wuquan , Cheng Yanbin , Fang Min
Published: January 2021

Background: Chronic pain of patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) seriously affects the quality of life and leads to the heavy social and economic burden. As one of the representative non-drug therapies in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Tuina has been generally recognized as safe and effective for reducing the chronic pain of KOA, however the underlying central mechanisms of Tuina for improving the pain of KOA are not fully understood.Methods/design: This study is a randomized controlled trial with parallel-group design. In total, 60 eligible participants will be randomly assigned to a Tuina group and a health care education group (Education group) in a 1:1 ratio with gender and age matched. The interventions of both groups will last for 30 min per session and be conducted twice each week for 12 weeks. This study will focus on detecting the changes of brain gray matter structure (GM), white matter structure (WM), the cerebral functional connectivity (FC) elicited by Tuina treatment, e.g thalamus, hippocampus, anterior cingulate gyrus, S1, insula, the periaqueductal gray subregions (PAG) etc. The two groups of patients will be evaluated by clinical assessments and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the baseline and the end of 6 and 12 weeks’ treatment, and still be evaluated by clinical assessments for 48 weeks of follow-up. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of current pain, Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) will be used to evaluate the pain intensity, pain feeling, pain emotion, clinical symptoms and quality of life respectively. The evaluators and statisticians will be blinded to the group allocation. The repeated measures analysis of variance (2 groups × 6 time points ANOVA) will be employed to analyze numerical variables of the clinical and neuroimaging data obtained in the study. P<0.05 will be the statistical significance level. Discussion: The results of this randomized controlled trial with clinical assessments and multimodal MRI will help to reveal the influence of Tuina treatment on the potential morphological changes of cortical and subcortical brain structures, the white matter integrity and the functional activities and connectivity of brain regions of patients with KOA, which might provide scientific evidence for the clinical application of Tuina in management of KOA.Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000037966. Date of Registration: 8, Sep. 2020. http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=61083&htm=4
Kopula-Prädikativ-Konstruktionen als Syntax/Semantik-Schnittstellen
Authors: Lang Ewald , Geist Ljudmila
Published: January 2021

Anders als man auf den ersten Blick vermuten könnte ist die vorliegende Sammlung von Aufsätzen nicht aus den Beiträgen eines thematisch einschlägigen Workshops kompiliert worden (ein solcher ist erst für Herbst 1999 vorgesehen), sondern sie entstammt den Diskussionsrunden des Lexikonzirkels am ZAS, die - initiiert vom Projekt "Schnittstellen der Semantik: Kopula-Prädikativ-Konstruktionen" - seit 1997 regelmäßig und mit zunehmender Einbindung externer Mitarbeiter stattgefunden haben. Daß das 1998 mit nur anderthalb DFG-Stellen besetzte Projekt am ZAS eine solche Irradiationswirkung ausübt, verdankt sich wohl dem Zusammentreffen zweier günstiger Bedingungen.

Die erste Bedingung liefern die im Konzept des ZAS angelegten Möglichkeiten kooperativer Forschungsförderung, die hier in beherzter Überschreitung administrativer Grenzen erfolgreich umgesetzt werden konnten. Die Beiträge sind eine Zwischenbilanz von Studien, die im ZAS-Projekt selbst betrieben wurden, und von Studien, die - vom Projekt angeregt - nach kurzem so in dessen Forschung verwickelt waren, daß die resultierende Verflechtung zur unverzichtbaren Grundlage der weiteren Arbeit des Projekts geworden ist.

Die zweite Bedingung besteht offenkundig in der Problemhaltigkeit des Themas und der daraus resultierenden theoretischen Attraktivität. Was macht Kopula-Prädikativ-Konstruktionen unter dem Blickwinkel ihrer grammatischen Schnittstellen so attraktiv?
Einführung
Authors: Lang Ewald
Published: January 2021

Der vorliegende Band setzt im Anschluss an den Band ZAS Papers in Linguistics 14 (1999) die Vorpublikation von Arbeiten fort, die innerhalb oder im Umkreis des von der DFG geförderten Projekts "Schnittstellen der Semantik: Kopula-Prädikativ-Konstruktionen" am ZAS entstanden sind. Das Rahmenthema, wie es in ZAS PIL 14 einleitend knapp umrissen wurde, wird derzeit im Projekt in drei Untersuchungssträngen bearbeitet.
Towards an explanation of copula effects
Authors: Jäger Gerhard
Published: January 2021

This paper deals with a series of semantic contrasts between the copula "be" and the preposition "as", two functional elements that both head elementary predication structures. It will be argued that the meaning of "as" is a type lowering device shifting the meaning of its complement NP from generalized quantifier type to property type (where properties are conceived as relations between individuals and situations), while the copula "be" induces a type coercion from (partial) situations to (total) possible worlds. Paired with van der Sandt's 1992 theory of presupposition accommodation, these assumptions will account for the observed contrasts between "as" and "be".
Compare the Eﬀects of Dexmedetomidine Infusion versus Normal Saline as Placebo on Haemodynamic Response in Elective Laparoscopic Surgery Under General Anaesthesia
Authors: Sankar V. Ravi , T. Jamuna  , B. Raju
Published: January 2021

Background: Throughout the present medical age, laparoscopic surgery is the most effective diagnostic and therapeutic methods. But it is associated with potentially harmful neuroendocrine response. Subjects and Methods: In our study we used dexmedetomidine infusion in group D and normal saline at a rate of 0.4mcg / kg / hr as placebo in group N beginning from 10 minutes before induction before pneumoperitoneum release. Patients in both groups were alike in age, gender, BMI, grade of ASA and anaesthesia. Results: After 10 min infusion of dexmedetomidine and normal saline in group D and group N respectively, fall in HR, DBP and Mean arterial pressure was significantly increased in group D compared to group N. Difference found in both the groups was statistically significant. Group N showed significant increase in HR, SBP, DBP and MAP during laryngoscopy, intubation and at 2 min , 5 min and 10 min after creation of pneumoperitoneum. Difference found was statistically significant in both groups. Thus attenuation in HR, SBP, DBP and MAP was seen in group D as compared to group N during laryngoscopy, tracheal intubation and pneumoperitoneum which were statistically significant. Group N showed statically significant increase in HR, DBP  and MAP during extubation compared to group D. Difference found in both the groups was statistically significant. Thus attenuation in HR, DBP and MAP was seen in group D as compared to group N during extubation which was statistically significant. Postoperative sedation score was more in group D compared to group N which was statistically significant. Post-extubation, rescue analgesia was required early in group N compared to group D. Adverse effect in form of bradycardia was seen in 2 patients in group D which did not require atropine administration. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine infusion at a rate of 0.4 mcg / kg / hr apparently started 10 minutes before the induction of anesthesia before release of pneumoperitoneum without any bolus dose. Useful adjuvant anesthesia to diminish the response of haemodynamic stress to intubation, Pneumoperitoneum, and extubation in laparoscopic surgical patients.
Abnormal Central Venous Oxygen Saturation as a Predictor of Mortality in Patients with Sepsis and Polytrauma in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: T Vijaya Kumar  , Srinivas  , A. V. Mahesh
Published: January 2021

Background: In postoperative heart surgery patients and patients with sepsis, pathological (low and supranormal) central venous oxygen satura- tion (ScvO2) was shown to be associated with lower mortality. The objective is we want to examine the effect of sepsis and polytrauma infection on our surgical ICU and the incidence of morbidity and death in the population. Subjects and Methods: In such patients who met the qualifying criteria and had a history of scepticism and multi-trauma, a retrospective observational review was conducted. We investigated and evaluated the association between SCV02 and mortality and other variables, such as lactate and baseline excess and period of the ICU stay and inotropic assistance within the first 6 hours, using a multivariate model review. Their entry was measured and 6 hours later. Result: The incidence of deaths in the hyperoxia group was 2.4 times higher in comparison to the general population, and the death rate in the hypoxia category was 1.25 times higher. The risk of death for the hyperoxic population was 2.4 times higher. There was no statistically relevant discrepancy of ICU, inotropic treatment, coagulopathy, dialysis, apache-11 score, baseline excess and lactate between the three levels of Scv02. Conclusion: The base excess and Scv02 were not significant when the lactates were calculated to a mortality point, but the j curve revealed that both the hypoxia group and the hyperoxia mortality had improved in contrast with the normal oxy group. Since the small sample size was sufficient to predict a trend, secondary targets were not
Evaluation of the True View PCD Video Laryngoscope for Oral Endotracheal Intubation
Authors: Agrawal Neha , Shah Alks , Joshi Balraj , Vasani Pinal
Published: January 2021

Background: Truview PCD video laryngoscope is particularly planned to assist in locating the endotracheal tube in addition to observe the admission of the tube into the glottis. The present study was performed to assess the outlook of glottic opening and relief of intubation between the Truview PCD laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope in patients undergoes general anaesthesia. Subjects and Methods: Ninety patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 aged 18-60 years, posted for elective surgery under general anaesthesia needing endotracheal intubation were arbitrarily allocated into group 1 (Truview PCD laryngoscope n=45) and group 2 (Macintosh laryngoscope n=45). The two groups were compared for demographic data, intubation difficulty score, Cormack-Lehane grade, time to intubate, number of intubation attempts and hemodynamic parameters. Conclusion: Truview PCD can be measured as an alternate intubation device, especially in difficult intubation conditions.
Epidural Fentanyl and Fentanyl Plus Magnesium for Post-Operative Analgesia in Lower Extremity Surgery
Authors: Ajay Babu Ramakrishnan  , S. Ankalagowri Sankardevar  , Nischala Reddy G  , Uthkala B Hegde
Published: January 2021

Background: The present study was conducted to assess the efficacy of epidural fentanyl with a combination of epidural fentanyl and magnesium in lower extremity surgery. Subjects and Methods : This study was conducted on 100 ASA I/II patients scheduled to undergo elective lower limb orthopedic surgeries. Group I patients received epidural fentanyl 50 µg (1cc) diluted and made up to 6cc with normal saline. Group II patients received epidural fentanyl 50 µg (1cc)+ Magnesium sulphate 50mg (4 units in insulin syringe of 50% solution) diluted and made up to 6cc with normal saline. Patient data such as indication for surgery, the anesthetic details, intraoperative monitoring, post-operative follow-up, etc was recorded. Results: Each group had 36 males and 14 females. Time is taken for the highest sensory level in group I was 13.92 4.50 minutes and 12.24  3.43 minutes in groups I and II respectively. The mean duration of surgery was 99.00  13.31 minutes in group I and 92.20   15.21   in group II. Time for Regression to L1 was 118.80 13.41 and 119.60 17.85 minutes in group I and II respectively. The duration of analgesia (min) was 107.00 25.82 and 143.40 39.57 minutes in group I and II respectively. Common adverse events were nausea/ vomiting seen 2 in group I and 4 in group II and urinary retention seen 0 in group I and 2 in group II. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that the addition of magnesium sulfate to epidural fentanyl for elective lower limb orthopedic surgeries has prolonged the duration of fentanyl analgesia without any significant side effects.
Eﬃcacy of Intrathecal Neostigmine with Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine in Postoperative Analgesia
Authors: Nischala Reddy G  , Ajay Babu Ramakrishnan  , S. Ankalagowri Sankardevar  , Uthkala B Hegde
Published: January 2021

Background: The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy of intrathecal neostigmine with intrathecal dexmedetomidine in postop- erative analgesia. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of Anesthesia involving 100 patients belonging to ASA grade I and II, posted for elective Sub umbilical surgeries, under spinal anaesthesia. Group I patients received 3.0ml of hyperbaric solution of 0.5% bupivacaine + 50mcg (0.5ml) of Neostigmine. Group II patients received 3.0ml of hyperbaric solution of 0.5% bupivacaine + 10mcg (0.5ml) of dexmedetomidine. Results: The maximum patients were seen in age group 18-30 years ie 10 in group I and 16 in group II and minimum in 41-50 years ie 6 in group I and 4 in group II. The mean time for onset of sensory block in group I was 1.43 0.53 min and in group II was 2.319   0.44 min. The mean time for onset of peak sensory block in group I was 5.48    0.43 min and Group II was 7.31    0.44 min.  Time for two segment regression was significantly higher in dexmedetomidine group as compared to neostigmine group, the mean time for two segment regression in group I was 124.98 21.48 min and group II was 165.24 14.45 min. The mean time for onset of motor block was 3.079 0.44 min in group I and 4.0454  0.38 min in group II. The mean duration of motor block in group I was 191.58  26.81 min and 324   36.8 min in group II. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). The mean sedation score in group I was 1.03 and in group II was 2.07. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Authors recommend the use of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in subarachnoid block
Study of Comparison of Dexmedetomidine Added to Levobupivacaine versus Alone Levobupivacaine in Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Blockade
Authors: Brahmbhatt Nimisha , Mehta Swati
Published: January 2021

Background: The aim is the current research is the comparison of Dexmedetomidine added to Levobupivacaine versus alone Levobupivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade. Subjects and Methods : The current research was performed in the Department of Aneshtesia, Gov- ernment Medical College and SSG Hospital, Vadodara, from October 2014tooctober to 2015. Subjects were separated into 2 groups: Group LD: receives Inj. Levobupivacaine 0.5 %(35ml)+inj.Dexmedetomidine (0.5 l)+Inj.NS(0.5ml)=total 36 ml. Group L: receives Inj.Levobupivacaine0.5

%( 35ml) + inj. Normal saline(1ml) = 36 ml. Pulse rate, Blood pressure, Respiratory rate and Oxygen saturation (SpO2), Ramsay sedation score

were monitored before giving the block, immediately after giving the block, each 5 minutes till fifteen minutes, every fifteen minutes thereafter for one hour and each thirty minutes afterward until the conclusion of surgery. Results: Total duration of sensory block was significantly extended in group LD as a contrast to group L. Total duration of motor block was significantly longer in group LD as a contrast to group L. Patients receiving Dexmedetomidine had long-lasting postoperative analgesia as compared to the control group. Thus, the total duration of analgesia was considerably extended in group LD patients as a contrast to group L patients and the dissimilarity was statistically highly significant. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine can be utilized as a secure and useful aid to local anesthetics in supraclavicular brachial plexus block to give outstanding perioperative analgesia with negligible consequences.
Variation in Branching Pattern of Dorsalis Pedis Artery- A Cadaveric Study
Authors: T Sadeesh  , G Prabavathy
Published: January 2021

Background: The present study was conducted to assess the variation of the branching pattern of the dorsalis pedis artery. Subjects and Methods: The present cadaveric study was conducted on 46 lower limbs of both genders. Dorsalis pedis artery was identified and tracked down, the origin, branching pattern and the course were noted. Results: Out of 46 limbs, 26 were of males and 20 were of males. Type A was seen in 24, B in 8, C in 3, D in 3, E in 2, F in 1, G in 1, H in 1, I in 1 and J in 2 cases. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that the Dorsalis pedis artery has variations in branching patterns. The most common type identified was typed A.
Variation in Branching Pattern of Splenic Artery- A Cadaveric Study
Authors: T Sadeesh  , G Prabavathy
Published: January 2021

Background: Splenic artery is the largest branch of the celiac trunk in adults and is the second-largest next to the common hepatic artery in fetal life. The present study was conducted to assess variation in the branching pattern of the splenic artery. Subjects and Methods: The present cadaveric study was conducted on 54 cadavers embalmed with 10% formalin. The peritoneal cavity was opened and explored. The celiac trunk, splenic artery and its branches were noted and photographed. Results: out of 54 cadavers, 26 were males and 28 were males. The origin of the splenic artery was from the celiac trunk in 47, a superior mesenteric artery in 4 and abdominal aorta in 3 cases. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that surgeons should have a thorough knowledge regarding the branching pattern of the splenic artery. There was variation in the origin of the splenic artery such as from celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta.
Study on Anatomical Variations of Popliteal Artery and its Branches
Authors: Reema Kanchan Khalkho  , A. K. Dubey  , Prasad Renu , Lal Prabhat Kumar
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Variations in branching of popliteal artery is important for the orthopaedicians, vascular surgeons and radiologists. The present study was conducted to assess the anatomical variations in popliteal artery, its terminal branching pattern. Subjects and Methods: The present cross-sectional study included 72 lower limbs received for cadaveric dissection. Anatomical variations of the popliteal artery were noted. Results: Type IA was the most common pattern seen (87.5%) followed by IB (5.6%) and IC (2.8%). One each of types IIA2, IIB and IIC were also seen. Mean length of 162.1 7.9 mm was observed from adductor magnus to the bifurcation point of popliteal artery. Conclusion: Type IA was the most common branching pattern seen in this area. However, types IB, IC, IIA2, IIB and IIC were also seen.
Morphological and Morphometric Study of Pterion in Adult Dry Human Skulls
Authors: Ananya Priya  , Jain Anjali
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Pterion is significant bony landmark because it commonly lies near the anterior branch of middle meningeal artery as well as Broca’s Area. The aim is to study the types of pterion and measure the distance from various bony landmarks on skull to the midpoint of pterion. Subjects and Methods: This study was performed on 70 adult dry human skulls of unknown age and sex. Types and location of pterion was observed bilaterally. Measurements were taken in millimeter using digital Vernier caliper from midpoint of pterion to i) fronto-zygomatic suture ii) middle of zygomatic arch iii) tip of mastoid process iv) glabella v) antero-superior margin of external acoustic meatus vi) Asterion. Results: We observed five types of pterion: spheno-parietal, fronto-temporal, stellate, epipteric and atypical. Among the skulls studied the most common type was sphenoparietal bilaterally. The mean of distances from midpoint of pterion to fronto-zygomatic suture was, 31.68   5.58 mm and 31.18 5.82 mm; to the middle of zygomatic arch was 38.87 3.63 mm and 37.84  3.99 mm; to asterion was 83.55  7.22 mm and 85.53  6.88 mm; to external acoustic meatus it was 51.70 3.20 mm and 51.37 3.39mm; to glabella it was 77.24 6.93 mm and 76.44 6.83 mm; to tip of mastoid process it was 80.77 6.10mm on the right side and 79.59 5.70 mm on the left side. Conclusion: Pterion is the most commonly used surface landmark. Findings of present study regarding classification of pterion will be helpful for neurosurgeons, radiologists, anthropologists and forensic pathologists.
A Study of Transverse Diameter of The Lumbar Spinal Canal in Plain Radiograph in Population of Telangana, India
Authors: Yousuf Begum  , Syed Rehan Haﬁz Daimib  , Syeda Ayesha Fatima  , Syeda Khadija Fatima
Published: January 2021

Background: The present study was conducted to determine Transverse diameter (inter-pedicular distances) of the lumbar spinal canal measured in plain antero-posterior radiograph of 140 subjects (80 males, 60 females) aged between 20 to 60 years in population of Telangana. Subjects and Methods : The present study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, in a teaching medical college and hospital in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It comprised of antero-posterior plain radiographs of lumbar spine of 140 subjects, aged between 20 to 60 years. Transverse diameter of the lumbar spinal canal or inter-pedicular distances (IPD), and transverse diameter of the vertebral body was measured using electronic Digital Vernier calipers, and the ratio between transverse diameter of vertebral canal and transverse diameter of the corresponding vertebral body were analyzed. Results: Out of 140 patients, males were 80 and females were 60. The mean inter-pedicular distance (IPD) at L1 was 24.2 mm in males and 23.4 mm in females, and at L5 was 30.2 mm in males and 29.6 mm in females. Mean transverse diameter of lumbar vertebral canal (I.P.D) is minimum at L1 vertebra in both sexes. The maximum values of I.P.D were recorded for vertebra L5 for both sexes. The values of IPD are higher in male population in comparison to female counterparts. The mean width of the vertebral body is gradually increasing from L1 to L5. Ratio between transverse diameter of vertebral canal and transverse diameter of the corresponding vertebral body is seen to be constant (0.6)   at all lumbar level in both the sexes. Conclusion: Authors found that there is variation in the size of the lumbar vertebral canal between males and females. Even after the revolution of various imaging techniques like CT Scan, MRI, etc., the plain radiography remains the mainstay of investigative procedure particularly in rural setup.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis with Subclinical Infection
Authors: V. A. Kotrashetti  , Vijay Baburao Sonawane  , Kapil Bainade  , Nair Shweta , Amit Vatkar  , Kumar Santosh
Published: January 2021

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a chronic complication of measles. It is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive and memory deterioration, behaviour abnormalities, involuntary movements and repetitive myoclonic jerks and a steady motor decline. We report a case of a 7-year-old girl with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis presenting with myoclonic jerks, regression of motor milestones and speech. The child was not immunised for measles. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple variable-sized ill-defined T2W and FLAIR hyperintense areas are seen involving the white matter of the bilateral fronto-parietal lobes. Electroencephalograph findings and CSF analysis confirmed the diagnosis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
Anatomical Variation in Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus
Authors: Shambhu Nath Jha  , Saif Omar
Published: January 2021

Background: For several years, the pathology of the biliary system has been the focus of prolonged study. Largely due to their surgical relevance and the simplicity with which they can be treated in cholecystectomies. While interest in extrahepatic bile ducts has been intensified, very rare studies have been performed on the Indian subcontinent. The anatomical differences of the extra-hepatic biliary area were defined in this study, as these variations are important throughout surgical techniques such as laparoscopic cholecystectomy, thus minimising post-operative difficulties. The objective is aim of the research was to observe anatomical differences in the extrahepatic biliary system in Indian cadaveric specimen samples. Subjects and Methods : Sample content consisted of 100 human cadavers of any sex that were dissected. Cadaver specimens from the dissection room were examined. Cadaver specimens were obtained from Mata Gujri Memorial Medical College, Kishanganj, Bihar, Department of Anatomy. By the traditional method of dissection, they were studied. Results: In the current study, the smallest gall bladder observed was around 25ml, while the largest gall bladder was around 120ml. On average, our study recorded around 50 ml of the gall bladder. Congenital anomalies of the gall bladder included Intrahepatic, Double, Bilobed and separate mesentery. Further, the pathological findings accounted for 20% of total cases and a solitary pathology involving carcinoma was noted. Conclusion: Anatomical variants of the extrahepatic biliary system are widespread and are important for surgeons to prevent injury as critical structures through surgical operations and increase surgical results by recognising them.
Installation of physical simulation of wind load on crane structures
Authors: Sladkova L. A. , Krylov V. V. , Kuznetsov F. A.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the paper is to reproduce a standard wind flow (laminar, turbulent, pulsating modes) to study the impact on crane structures, with the aim to obtain the load values of crane elements most closely approximate to real conditions. When creating an installation, which is related to the field of experimental aerodynamics, the "principle of simulating the main factors determined by the operating conditions of the research object" is adopted to ensure the r eproducibility of test results to the maximum extent. To confirm the performance efficiency of the proposed installation device, its computer model is developed using the CAD software SolidWorks. The computer model parameters are in full geometric agreement with the dimensions of the developed real installation. The use of the installation makes it possible to study the dynamic effect of the wind on the stability of crane structures in various operation modes (change in wind speed, in the mode of load operation, in operation conditions at the wall, etc.). The proposed installation allows to simulate the loads on crane equipment with the possibility of characteristics expanding, for example, its carrying capacity. The generated computer model of the installation makes it possible to reveal the physical picture of wind flow distribution at the installation outlet. The results of wind flow simulation on the proposed installation are confirmed on a computer model with a high degree of convergence of results at wind speeds of 2.5 m/s and lower The installation proposed by the authors will allow to simulate: the value of the real average statistical wind load of various intensity; pulsating component of the wind load; vortex excitation; increase of the available aerodynamic research capability for a real crane structure. The developed installation is a calibration device for external impacts of the wind force on the crane structure.
Determination features of fuel and energy complex critically important facilities in fuel and energy supply reliability studies
Authors: Beresneva N. M. , Pyatkova N. M.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the study is to identify industrial facilities that are critically important for the fuel and energy complex in the conditions of joint functioning of industries, taking into account the system effect and existing mechanisms of structural redundancy. To identify critically important facilities of the fuel and energy complex based on its operation models derived as a result of stage-by-stage sectoral and general energy studies, a methodology is proposed. It is based on the identification methods of critically important industry facilities on the principles of assessing vulnerability of critically important infrastructure elements. The presented methodology is characterized by the complex and flexible assessment of the critical importance of sectoral facilities, which is carried out on the basis of scenario options of fuel and ener gyomplex operation. The methodology is supplemented with a formalized representation of a typical general energy optimization model, which unifies the relationship between the territorial-production structure of the sectoral systems modeled in it, its information base with the corresponding technical and economic indicators, and the research problems solved with its help. The assessment of the critical importance of gas industry facilities is given for 80 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The approbation results of the proposed methodology are given on the example of the identification of the critically important gas industry facilities using a model of fuel and energy complex operation with a detailed scheme of the Unified Gas Supply System of Russia. The approbation has revealed the differences in the priority of critically important facilities of the gas industry and the fuel and energy complex. It has also shown a significant influence of the system effect of the mutually coordinated functioning of industries on the fuel and energy supply of consumers. The results obtained confirm the efficiency of the methodology, prove the possibility of its use for assessing the critical importance of power industry branch facilities. The research scheme implemented in the methodology allows to obtain an adequate state of matters with the fuel and energy supply to consumers under cut-out critically important sectoral facilities.
On the question of using solid electrodes in the electrolysis of cryolite-alumina melts. Part 1.
Authors: Gorlanov E. S.
Published: January 2021

This article is aimed at identifying issues associated with the use of solid cathodes in the electrolysis of cryolitealumina melts in order to determine conditions for their practical application. The contemporary technology of using solid anodes and cathodes is reviewed from its inception to the present time. The problems of stable electrolysis are discussed, such as effects of the electrode surface on the technological process. It is shown that all attempts undertaken over the recent 100 years to use solid electrodes, both reactive and inert, have been challenged with the emergence of electrolysis instability, formation of precipitates of varying intensity on the electrodes and impossibility of maintaining a prolonged process at current densities of above 0.4–0.5 A/cm2. Information is provided on the attempts to use purified electrolyte components with different ratios, metal-like and ceramic electrodes with a high purity and a smooth surface in order to approach real industrial conditions. However, to the best of our current knowledge, these experiments have not found commercial application. The authors believe that the most probable reason for the decreased current efficiency and passivation of solid electrodes consists in the chemical inhomogeneity and micro-defects of the bulk and surface structure of polycrystalline cathodes and anodes. It was the physical inhomogeneity of carbon electrodes that directed the development of the nascent electrolytic production of aluminium towards the use of electrolytic cells with a horizontal arrangement of electrodes and liquid aluminium as a cathode. This reason is assumed to limit the progress of electrolytic aluminium production based on the use of inert anodes and wettable cathodes in the designs of new generation electrolytic cells implying vertically arranged drained cathodes. The theoretical and experimental examination of this assumption will be presented in the following parts of the article.
Statistical risk management analysis for hazardous oil and gas production facilities
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Nayanov Pavel A. , Khamidullina Elena A. ,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University
Published: January 2021

Modern production conditions show that labor protection and industrial safety are one of the most important tasks of the government and oil and gas companies. The article aims to analyze the dynamics of accidents and industrial injuries with fatal outcomes that occurred at oil and gas production facilities in 2008-2018. The methods of statistical research were used. These are retro-perspective analysis and Shewhart control charts. The data on fatal industrial injuries in the Russian oil and gas production industry provided by the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision were used. Having analyzed the maps and identified the points beyond the upper and lower boundaries of average values, the conclusions about the random / systemic nature of damage to the health of workers were drawn. The results allowed us to analyze the risk of fatal injuries, their causes and find ways to reduce them. The effective operation and modernization of the industrial safety management system, constant development and an annual increase in the level of safety at hazardous production facilities is one of the main tasks of managers.
Analisis Semantik Kata Dla‘īf dalam Surah An-Nisa Ayat 28 dan Surah Ar-Rum Ayat 54
Authors: Agustin Karunia Kholifah Dini
Published: January 2021

God created human beings along with their diverse traits and characters which have pivotal roles in driving them to do self-reflection to become better human beings blessed by God. In the Qur'an, Allah not only described the good characters and personalities that humans had, but also the bad ones hated by Him. The purpose of this research was to further reveal the meaning of Annisa verse 28 and Ar-rum verse 54 to avoid any mistakes in the interpretation of word dla‘īf located in different surah. This type of research was descriptive qualitative with literature review data collection techniques. Data analysis was conducted by reducing data, presenting it and drawing conclusions. From the results of this study, it was found that in the Qur'an there were many terms or words that were the same but had different meanings as was the case with the word dla‘īf in Annisa verse 28 and Ar-rum verse 54. In Surah Annisa the word dla‘īf was interpreted as a mental sate of faint-hearted person, whereas in surah Ar-rum was interpreted as a human weakness in terms of both physical and non-physical condition. The absence of balance in humans’ life can drive them to behave badly.
Muhammed ben Yusef: From a “Golden Cell” to the First 5-year Plan (Commemorating the 65th Anniversary of Independence of the Kingdom of Morocco)
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Dyakov Nikolay N.
Published: January 2021

Muhammed b. Yusuf (1909–1961) — a key person in political history of Morocco in the middle of the 20th C. With his intronization in the beginning of the French colonial rule Muhammed b. Yusuf started in his biography a long and winding road from a puppet sultanate as an instrument of the French Protectorate, to the leadership in the liberation movement, becoming a symbol of nationalism and a father-founder of the independent Moroccan statehood restored in 1956.
Logone and Dar al-Kuti: Phantom Independence in Central Africa
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Dobronravin Nikolay A.
Published: January 2021

The republics of Logone and Dar al-Kuti are vivid examples of phantom independence in the countries of Central Africa. Unlike the really existing unrecognized states, these pseudo-states first appeared in the political discourse of the ruling regimes, allegedly struggling with the separatists. Subsequently, the myth of Logone and Dar al-Kuti was adopted by the forces advocating autonomy or independence in the south of Chad and the north of the Central African Republic.
Jibal Nuba: traditions of the past and difficulties of the new stage
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Gerasimov Igor V. , Alferov Daniil A. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the tribal groups inhabiting the Jibal Nuba region in Kordofan, the history of the spread of Islam in the region, the evolution of relations between local and Arab tribes and the current state of relations between the political forces of the Nuba and the authorities of the Republic of Sudan.
Writing of the Turkic people in the Ancient and Early Middle ages: main systems
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Telitsin Nikolay N.
Published: January 2021

The article reviews examples of the Old Turkic writings from the 6th until the 15th century, i.e. since the inception of Turkic (Runic) writing until the adoption of Arabic graphics. The impact of ethno-cultural and ethno-confessional factors on the emergence and development of Old Turkic (Old Uyghur) writing is discussed.
Russian-American relations: an as-time-goes-by view
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Shiryaev Boris A.
Published: January 2021

The author examines the evolution of Russian-American relations over the past decades and comes to the conclusion that on many key points the positions of the two countries are incompatible, the relations are potentially conflicting, not partnership.
International problem of climate change in the context of the human right to a favorable environment
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Ermolina Marina A. , Kryukova Anna V. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2021

The subject of this study is the Urgenda Foundation v. The State of the Netherlands case related to climate law. This is the first known example of the use of European Union human rights law in a lawsuit on climate change and the observance of the human right to a healthy environment against the state. Using the comparative legal method, the authors consider similar cases in different countries, which makes it possible to determine the specifics of the relationship between the parties in the Fund’s case.
Economic Geography in Petrograd (Leningrad) in 1918–1925
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Muzalev Anton A.
Published: January 2021

In work events of the first stage (1918–1925) of formation and development of economic geography as scientific direction and subject matter are reflected in our country. The contribution of Vladimir E. Den’s school of sciences to development of economic geography and its teaching at the higher school in Petrograd (Leningrad) and in the country in general is considered. The first stages of formation of geographical “regional” school, Sergey V. Bernstein-Kogan’s contribution are reflected. In an essay the analysis of theoretical provisions and ideological prerequisites of formation of different schools of sciences is carried out. The review of the main scientific and theoretical works, textbooks and manuals of this period is carried out.
SELF-EMPLOYMENT IN THE BEAUTY INDUSTRY AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON
Authors: KICHEROVA Marina N. , Labzova Nadezhda V.
Published: January 2021

The self-employed, as a social and professional group, are distinguished by instability, uncertainty of social positions, and precarization, which determines the relevance of this topic. The purpose of this article lies in identifying the characteristics of the self-employed in the beauty industry, to draw up their social portrait. The paper presents an analysis of theoretical approaches to the study of self-employment, cross-country comparative analysis of the regulation of self-employment of the population, discloses social and legal aspects, identifies the industry specificity of self-employment in the beauty industry.
In the course of empirical research, which was implemented using quantitative (questionnaire survey, N = 112) and qualitative methods (in-depth semi-structured interview, 12 informants), the authors have identified the labor values of self-employed in the beauty industry, the range of services provided, characteristics and conditions of work, and the strategies for promoting the labor market.
The study has shown that self-employed work alone, without involving any help from other people; they receive income from personal labor activity and are relatively free in choosing a place of work. Most of the self-employed in the beauty industry work in the informal sector, without registration, which carries risks and social costs for its participants. Based on the results, a social portrait of self-employed in the beauty industry was compiled: these are mainly women aged 18 to 36 years, who provide nail service, hairdressing, eyelash extension, massage, and tattooing. The authors have identified the methods of registration of their activities, the main mechanisms for the formation of a client base, platforms for finding clients, the intensity of work, channels for obtaining professional skills, and features of the organization of the working space.
The results show that the regional program “Self-Employment”, aimed at lowering the tax rate and providing material assistance, is not popular among the self-employed in the beauty industry working in Tyumen.
In the conclusion, the authors have identified advantages and limitations of self-employment, as well as the main risks. In addition, this article proposes recommendations for regional authorities that contribute to the development of self-employment in the beauty industry and the legitimation of labor relations of this social and professional group.
PUBLIC-PRIVATE LEGAL RELATIONS IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN AND RUSSIA: COOPERATION AND INTERACTION OF THEIR AUTOMOBILE FACTORIES IN THE SPHERE OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY DURING THE RECOVERY PERIOD
Authors: Sarsembayev Marat А.
Published: January 2021

This article analyzes the legal forms of public-private relations in the automotive industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. The automotive industry is a part of the transport engineering industry, which consists of a number of sub-sectors in the form of railway, aviation, sea, river, and pipeline transport. The author distinguishes the content and principles of public-private legal relations that form the basis of the Russian and Kazakh laws on public-private relations. The public-private partnership, laid down in the law, usually implies a social project, which must be implemented at the expense of financial investments of a private company and the relevant state body. The state body may otherwise determine its participation in the implementation of this project.
The specificity and difference between public-private relations and public-private partnership, in which the relations between the automotive engineering industry and the state are formed, is that there are no separate projects. Public-private relations are formed between the entire transport engineering industry (its factories and enterprises) and the state represented by the relevant ministry of industry of Russia and Kazakhstan. The Russian and Kazakh states subsidize this industry, which consists of private-joint-stock automobile plants, credit them, provide them with tax and customs privileges and preferences, assist in the creation and operation of Kazakh-Russian joint ventures in the automotive industry, and in return they receive significant taxes.
Analyzing the legal aspects of foreign economic activity of automobile industry enterprises, as well as actions to restore the economy of Kazakhstan and Russia, and their auto industry in connection with the coronavirus pandemic has required using the following methods: the comparative legal method, systemic analysis, dialectic method, and the method of legal projection.
ON THE NEW DIMENSIONS IN THE CONTENT AND TEACHING OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AID IN THE CHANGING WORLD
Authors: LITS Marina O.
Published: January 2021

The traditional concept of international legal aid among the judicial authorities of different states in civil and criminal matters has, in a sense, limited the capacity and possibilities to its study. In addition, the need to use information and communication technologies in education during the pandemic is not fully matched by available materials and techniques.
This study aims to identify new dimensions in the content and teaching of international legal aid. The subject under consideration may be supplemented by the issues of inter-state legal assistance in administrative matters, interaction between a particular state and the relevant international organization (or inter-state body) in the various forms of international legal assistance. This article focuses on a number of educational technologies aimed at forming the necessary competences of the students of legal master’s programs. One of them is to follow a definite algorithm when writing a comment for a judgment with the possibility to monitor and control the results of work through information platforms. Another technology is to adapt the pedagogical method of researching a media text (in this case, a feature film) in a project research seminar on a given topic. Finally, the fresh insight into the possibilities of examining the procedure for the fulfilling of requests for international legal aid by means of videoconferencing is given, since these means are in particular demand under the current circumstances.
The results of the study include proposals to change the structure of the discipline and to develop training technologies. New dimensions in the content and teaching of international legal aid are aimed at improving the results of master’s studies in the changing world and will undoubtedly contribute to the development of quality legal education.