bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic Diversity of Climbers and the Preferred Support Plant Species at Brackenhurst Botanical Garden, Kiambu County, Central Kenya
Authors: Kerio Sandra Jemutai , Njenga Peter Kariuki
Published: February 2024

Kenya has a flora consisting of seven plant distribution regions designated as (K1-K7). According to the early administrative division of Kenya, seven plant distribution regions (K1–K7) had been divided by "Flora of Tropical East Africa" (hereafter FTEA). Brackenhurst Botanical Garden where the current study was undertaken (Hereafter BBG) is located in Kiambu County, central Kenya, therefore falling under K4 region (the central region) and has 4 forest plots, creating great plant diversity. This study examined the current Liana and vines and their support plants diversity in BBG. This survey therefore aimed at compiling and synthesizing existing and where possible, new information on the climbers and support plants in Brackenhurst plots in Limuru, Kenya. The ultimate purpose was to provide stakeholders with information on the climbers’ diversity and the resources derived from them. Information of the native range and their IUCN red list status was also investigated in the current study. The sampling design comprised of meander and patterned searches because of the terrain at the BBG. This method was set up specifically to facilitate ecological sampling of climbers which are notorious for clumped distribution. All the voucher specimens collected were dried and kept in herbaria at JKUAT and BBG. A total of 31 vascular plant taxa from 17 vascular plant families and 27 genera were recorded. The majority of taxa were recorded in the Passifloraceae, Rhamnaceae, and Asteraceae families. The flora of the entire site was rich in climbers and their support plants. The study recommends more research to be done on the ethnobotanical uses of the climbers since most have medicinal value as seen from this study.
Narratives of the Artistry in the House of Chief Golobdan of Tongo: An Afrocentric Aesthetics Research
Authors: Quarshie Benjamin , Ofori Wisdom Yaw , Ameyaw Henry Ofosu
Published: February 2024

This article critically examines through a purposive qualitative case study the philosophical and conceptually coded symbolism within the indigenous artistry housed in the residence of Golobdan, the chief of Tongo in Ghana's Upper East region. The primary objective is to establish a meaningful correlation between these traditional art forms and contemporary artistic practices. Such scholarly analysis will turn to project the aesthetic underpinnings of the shrine arts within the daily routines of the family of the chief beyond religious relics. Findings of the study reveal that these installations, functioning as personal deities, emanate a profound sense of awe, manifesting expressions of power and authority in absentia upon initial observation. These works serve diverse purposes, acting as conduits for protection and fostering connections between the realms of the living and the spiritual. Employing a contextual content analysis through a visual analytic lens grounded in Afrocentric aesthetic theories, the results demonstrate that these artistic creations possess robust visual and conceptual characteristics, making them suitable candidates for placement within the global contemporary art sphere. The intricate concepts and philosophical foundations embedded in both the architectural designs and installations generate compelling visual statements. This visual eloquence stems from the daily dialogues enacted between the chief, as a mortal being, and his dynamic interactions establishing connections with the spiritual realm. In alignment with previous scholarly perspectives, the paper contend that contemporary conceptual art is not a nascent trend in Africa but rather an ingrained practice seamlessly woven into the spiritual fabric of daily life and cultural traditions. We assert the imperative need for African art scholars to amplify scholarly discourse on the ontological underpinnings of these cultural practices and associated artistry. This advocacy is crucial for bridging the existing education gap in African art history and aesthetics, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of the rich artistic heritage embedded in indigenous practices.
Using Pulse Wide Modulation with Three MQ Sensors to Monitor Synthetic Gas Composition with an Arduino Uno3
Authors: Nzihou Jean Fidele , Zoundi Ousmane , Hamidou Salou , Segda Bila Gerard , Ouattara Frederic
Published: February 2024

Commercial gas analyzers are not suited for long time usage and relatively too costly for institutions in underdeveloped countries. Metal oxide sensors have emerged as simple and reliable sensors for gases concentration measurements at an affordable cost. For gasification, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane concentration must be monitored at the same time. Hence the need for using three different gas sensors at the same time. SnO2 based sensor are of SnO2-based gas sensors have been broadly studied to take advantage of the variation of the resistance of metal-oxides thin films. These sensors exhibit a resistor that depends on the nature of the gas flowing between its pins and its concentration in the flue gas. SnO2-based gas sensors have a special heating requirement that must be correctly addressed to have meaningful results. This paper reports the methods used and the results obtained to fulfil that heating requirements for three SnO2 sensors at the same time while avoiding power consumption peaks. Using the Pulse Wide Modulation Technique, we have simultaneously synchronized the heating cycle requirements of three MQ family SnO2-based sensors to estimate the concentration of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane in synthetic gas produced by a wood-fired co-current downdraft gasifier.
Impacts of Climate Change on Teesta River Basin Char Lands: A Study of Livelihood and Ecosystem Dynamics in Bangladesh
Authors: Parvin Rozina , Bari Md Shafiqul , Muhammad Noor
Published: February 2024

This study anticipates identifying how does climate change affect the livelihood and ecosystem of char land of Teesta River basin char land. Structured questionnaire and related documents were used for both primary and secondary data collection. Survey was conducted in two districts (Rangpur and Nilphamari) and four unions (Lakhitari, Topa Madhupur, Shatibari, Gulmund) of four upazilas (Gangachara, Kaunia, Dimla, Jaldhaka). A total of 50 respondents from each selected char union was selected following a multistage random sampling procedure. Thus, there was altogether 200 respondents selected for this study. Data related to age, education level, occupation, knowledge about climate change of char inhabitants and perception of char dwellers regarding climate change was measured. A total number of 93% of the respondents clearly grasp that climate change refers to changes in long-term typical weather. It was observed that ongoing climate change has 78% impact on agriculture followed by health of peoples and other animals that is 20%. In the rainy season they observed increase in lightning from sun as the highest effect of climate change that has a WAI of 1.77. Teesta river basin people perceived dry spell frequency as the second highest extent of climate change that had a WAI of 1.74 followed by timing of rain offset, uneven distribution of rainfall and timing of rain onset. According to their perception it was found that great extent of loss was found in skills of char peoples (48.35%) followed by knowledge of char peoples (44.27%). It was also observed that a third great extent of loss was found in char peoples good health (41.67%) followed by ability to work (39.06%). Out of all the  respondents  166 (43.2%) observed that soil is becoming dry day by day due to climate change followed by rivers becoming dry (37.8%) (Table 8). They found that growing trees have become difficult (45.1%), due to drought underground water is decreasing (61.7%) and air became dry due to climate change, and these are small extent of loss. Char inhabitants observed that climate change impact on physical capital and great extent impact was perceived on people's migration to another place (41.4%). Teesta River basin char dwellers opined about 24 adaptation strategies to reduce the impact of climate change on livelihood and ecosystem in that area.
Sustainable Farming and Soil Health Enhancement through Millet Cultivation: A Review
Authors: Raj Sumit , Chaudhary Sagar , Ghule Nanasaheb Shahadev , Baral Kirttiranjan , Padhan Smruti Ranjan , Gawande Kunal Nitin , Singh Vikash
Published: February 2024

Historically integral to Indian agriculture, millets are experiencing resurgence, driven by their adaptability to harsh climatic conditions and minimal resource requirements. The article explores the significant benefits of millets in soil nutrient management, demonstrating their ability to thrive in nutrient-poor soils while contributing to soil fertility through organic matter addition and improved soil structure. The integration of millets in crop rotation and intercropping systems is highlighted as a sustainable practice that enhances soil biodiversity and reduces the reliance on chemical inputs. A key environmental benefit of millet cultivation is its low water requirement and drought resistance, crucial in water-scarce regions, making it a strategic crop for adapting to climate change. Also examines the socio-economic impacts of millet cultivation. In rural areas, millets play a vital role in livelihoods by providing a sustainable food source and income generation, particularly in marginal environments. However, challenges in market accessibility and supply chain inefficiencies pose significant hurdles. Increasing consumer awareness and acceptance of millets, once considered traditional or 'poor man’s food', is critical for reviving their cultivation. This is complemented by emerging research and technologies in millet cultivation, focused on developing improved varieties and precision agriculture techniques tailored to the needs of millet farming. The potential for scaling up millet cultivation is immense, particularly in regions facing environmental constraints. The article emphasizes the integration of millets into global sustainable farming strategies, aligning with several Sustainable Development Goals. This integration is supported by international organizations advocating for millets in agricultural policies and programs. In conclusion, the review underscores the importance of millets in the context of global food security and sustainable agriculture. The growing importance of millets backed by research, policy support, and market trends, positions them as a key crop in the quest for a sustainable and resilient agricultural future.
Evaluation of Different Table Grape Varieties in Response to Growth and Physiological Traits during Foundation Bud Pruning
Authors: Thoke Siddanna , Patil S. N. , Gollagi S. G. , Hipparagi Kulapati , Satyanarayana C.  , Hiremath Veeresh , Peerajade Dadapeer , Kore Deepak
Published: February 2024

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) was one of the first fruits cultivated by human since the dawn of civilization, the fermented product of grapes, wine has probably been an important way of consuming grapes. It is one of the commercially important sub-tropical fruit crop of peninsular India. It is the world’s most important fruit in terms of total production and economic stand point. The present research investigates the growth and physiological parameters like pruned biomass, cane length, cane diameter, leaf area, leaf area index, matured canes and chlorophyll content in different table grape varieties over a two year experimentation period (2021-22 and 2022-23) at Horticulture Research and Extension Centre, Tidagundi (Vijayapur), Karnataka. The experiment consisted of 10 treatments (V1 - Red Globe, V2 - Fantasy Seedless, V3 - Crimson Seedless, V 4 - Manjari Shyama (A-18/3), V 5 – Nana saheb Purple Seedless, V 6 - Sharad Seedless (Check), V 7 - Merbein Seedless, V 8 - 2A-Clone, V 9– Manjari Kishmish (Kishmish Rozavis White) V10 - Thompson Seedless (Check)) laid out in randomized block design with 4 replications. The results highlight the highest fresh weight (2.23 kg/vine), dry weight (1.38 kg/vine), maximum number of canes (53.31), mature canes (48.04), fruitful canes (43.52) per vine, highest leaf area (200.11 cm2) and leaf area index (3.91) were noted in Thompson Seedless. The maximum cane length (75.90 cm) was recorded in the variety Crimson Seedless. The maximum cane diameter (9.80 mm) was recorded in Red Globe. Manjari Kishmish recorded the maximum chlorophyll content of the leaf (42.92).
Exploring Fashion Hair Dyeing Behavior through the Stimulus-Response Model: The Mediating Effects of Professional Technology and Transaction Interaction
Authors: Yang Hsiu-Ping , Fan Wei-Shang , Tsai Ming-Chun
Published: February 2024

This study was conducted to explore hair dyeing behaviors among Taiwanese adolescents; analyze future market trends for fashion hair dyes; investigate the effects of social media, fashion trends, and product awareness on behavioral intentions; identify the mediating effects of professional technology and transaction interactions on behavioral intentions; and validate the overall fit of a model outlining the interrelationships between the aforementioned factors.This study was conducted in general and vocational schools across northern, central, and southern Taiwan. Students were surveyed between February 7, 2023, and July 21, 2023.

Drawing inspiration from the Stimulus-Organism-Response theory, we constructed a comprehensive model incorporating six dimensions—social media, fashion trends, product awareness, transaction interaction, professional technology, and behavioral intention. The survey gathered 370 valid responses, primarily from female students in technical senior high schools. Students’ responses on a 32-item questionnaire were rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Reliability analysis, partial least squares structural equation modeling, and validity analysis were performed to assess the study model.Our findings revealed a high reliability and a good fit in structural equation modeling. Validity analysis confirmed convergent and discriminant validity. Bootstrapping revealed substantial differences between ordinary and technical high schools in hair dyeing behaviors. Professional technology mediated the correlation between fashion trends and behavioral intentions and that between product awareness and behavioral intentions.This study advances our theoretical understanding and offers valuable practical insights for businesses in the hair care industry. The application of the Stimulus-Organism-Response theory revealed adolescents’ complex hair dyeing behaviors. The observed model fit indicates the relevance of this framework in explaining the multifaceted dynamics of consumer decision-making. Regarding practical benefits, this study guides businesses toward natural hair dyes aligned with consumers’ health and environmental preferences.
Integrated Pest Management Technology in Cotton in Parbhani District of Maharashtra State: An Economic Analysis
Authors: Ladane R. S. , Kamble S. H. , Shelke R. D. , Dive P. A.
Published: February 2024

The present investigation pertinent to this study was conducted in Manwat and Parbhani tahasil of Parbhani district. For the present study 70 cotton growers who follows IPM technology were selected in consultation with KVK subject matter specialists, Officials of State Agriculture department and Extension Agronomists. Further the sample of 70 farmers were divided into three categories viz., Low adopters, medium adopters, high adopters, based on their levels of adoption. To assess extent of adoption of various IPM technology of cotton the concept of TAI was used According to the study, only 17.14 per cent respondents were high level of IPM technology adopters, 14.28 per cent have adopted IPM at low level while highest i.e. 68.57 per cent farmers had adopted IPM technology at medium level.
Total Quality Management Strategies and their Impact on Digital Transformation Processes in Educational Institutions. An Exploratory, Analytical Study of a Sample of Teachers in Iraqi Universities
Authors: Alsharifi Dr. Ali Kadhim Hussein
Published: February 2024

One of the administrative concepts that has gained widespread traction across all industries, particularly the education sector, is total quality management techniques.Numerous industries have been successful in putting (quality management) into practice and benefiting from its tenets, allowing them to stand out in their applicability, It is one of the driving forces behind enterprises' shift to a knowledge-based economy, and to stay competitive, organizations must disseminate digital culture and focus on organizational transformation, The goal of the research is to present contemporary concepts that are not too far away, but it was not something that could be changed easily because it is an expression of life and one of the fundamental and widely recognized principles.Therefore, the research started from a problem represented by the lack of interest of the research sample in (total quality management) practices in the context of the digital transformation process, the practice of total quality management, how to lead the digital transformation processes, and knowing the relationship between them, conveyed in several different questions? Do our educational institutions have the plans and initiatives necessary to put comprehensive quality procedures into practice? Has TQM created a framework that explains the digital transformation process? The research was based on a sample of (170) respondents, all of whom were subjected to analysis and included a number of members of the bodies. It was conducted at a number of Iraqi universities, including Karbala, Babylon, AL-Furat Al-AwsatTechnical, andAl-Qadisiyah.Using the statistical program (SPSS, V.23), teaching from experts in quality assurance, university performance, and follow-up committees for e-learning, as well as the current study, a set of results have been reached, the most significant of these is that Total Quality Management is an organizational strategy that helped to start the road of digital transformation and is one of the essential elements that it uses to help firms develop their digital capabilities.The research's key conclusionis that the educational environment is experiencing an extreme state of flow.Digital transformation procedures should be used because they are no longer a choice but rather a management system and a perfect proactive action that can be implemented in thepostmodern era and begin to bear fruit.
From ZnO Colloids to Nanocrystalline Colored ZnxTiyOw–zNz Spinel Films
Authors: Grasset F. , Starukh G. , Spanhel L. , Ababou‐Girard S. , Su D.‐S. , Klein A.
Published: February 2005

A new class of colored heterometallic ZnxTiyOw–zNz waveguides developed using a nanocolloidal sol–gel route combined with thermal treatment under ammonia atmosphere is reported. The resulting mesoporous layers are photostable and degrade the cationic pigment methylene blue under visible light irradiation. Semiconductor photocatalysis is currently being explored in environmental sciences, solar cell technologies, and preparative “green” technology.
Cover Picture: “Double‐Concave” Graphene: Permethoxylated Hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene and Its Cocrystals with Hexafluorobenzene and Fullerene (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 8/2005)
Authors: Wang Zhaohui , Dötz Florian , Enkelmann Volker , Müllen Klaus
Published: February 2005

Highly twisted permethoxylated hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene forms inclusion complexes with hexafluorobenzene and fullerene guest molecules. In addition to the “double‐concave” surface which allows its coordination to suitable guest molecules on both sides, the flexible methoxy groups at the periphery of this host molecule adjust their orientation to the size and shape of the guest molecules. Further details are reported in the Communication by K. Müllen et al. on page 1247 ff.
Inter‐laboratory validation of EPA method 3200 for mercury speciation analysis using prepared soil reference materials
Authors: Mizanur Rahman G. M. , ‘Skip’ Kingston H. M. , Kern John C. , Hartwell Sara W. , Anderson Raymond F. , Yang Shen‐yi
Published: February 2005

Determinations of the concentration of individual mercury species from environmental samples have increased significantly over the past decade. The techniques used for the determination of mercury species in soils or sediments generally involve a series of analytical steps (extraction, separation, detection) that may all be prone to systematic errors. An inter‐laboratory validation study of the EPA draft method 3200 was conducted under the auspices of the United States Environmental Protection Agency on two specifically prepared soil matrices. The study was performed successfully by a limited number of participating laboratories. Evaluation of the data demonstrates that the method is more highly efficient for extracting the highly toxic methylmercury than inorganic mercury. The proposed method does not induce transformation of methylmercury to inorganic mercury. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heteropolyacids enhanced the catalytic activity of Rh6(CO)16 in the hydroformylation of alkenes
Authors: Ali B. El , Tijani J. , Fettouhi M. , Al‐Arfaj A. , El‐Faer M.
Published: February 2005

Active homogeneous catalytic systems based on Rh6(CO)16‐heteropolyacids for the regioselective hydroformylation of styrene and 1‐octene and their derivatives have been developed. The effects of the amount and the type of the heteropolyacid have been studied and showed a significant improvement of the conversion of styrene and the selectivity towards branched aldehydes. Other rhodium complexes were also considered in the study and the results showed the advantages of the rhodium cluster Rh6(CO)16 associated with the heteropolyacid H3PW12O40,25H2O (HPA‐W12). The effects of temperature, type of solvent and CO/H2 pressure have also been considered in order to optimize the reaction conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of exercise adherence on physical function among overweight older adults with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: van Gool Coen H. , Penninx Brenda W. J. H. , Kempen Gertrudis I. J. M. , Rejeski W. Jack , Miller Gary D. , van Eijk Jacques Th. M. , Pahor Marco , Messier Stephen P.
Published: February 2005

Objective

To determine whether high exercise adherence improved physical function among older adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA) who were overweight or obese.

Methods

Associations between exercise adherence, changes in 6‐minute walking distance in meters, and self‐reported disability (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index function subscale) after 6 and 18 months were examined among an Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial subsample (n = 134) using multiple linear regression models.

Results

Higher exercise adherence was associated with greater improvements in 6‐minute walking distance after 6 and 18 months and in disability after 6 months. Pain and body mass index (BMI) contributed, to some extent, to explaining the link between exercise adherence and changes in physical performance and self‐reported disability.

Conclusion

Higher exercise adherence is associated with improved physical function in overweight and obese older adults with knee OA. This indicates that promoting adherence is clinically relevant when prescribing exercise regimens that also focus on decreasing pain and BMI.
A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐masked clinical trial of etanercept for the treatment of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Smith Janine A. , Thompson Darby J. S. , Whitcup Scott M. , Suhler Eric , Clarke Grace , Smith Susan , Robinson Michael , Kim Jonghyeon , Barron Karyl S.
Published: February 2005

Objective

To investigate the safety and efficacy of etanercept in the treatment of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods

Children who met the American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria for JIA with active uveitis, who had anterior chamber cells of ≥1+ or requiring topical corticosteroid ≥3 times daily, and who were on a stable regimen for arthritis treatment were eligible. Study participants received etanercept (0.4 mg/kg) or placebo administered subcutaneously twice weekly for 6 months. All participants received open‐label etanercept for an additional 6 months.

Results

Five patients received placebo and 7 received etanercept. Three of the 7 patients treated with etanercept and 2 of the 5 placebo‐treated patients were considered ophthalmic successes (P = 1.0). One patient in each treatment group was considered a treatment failure. Three of the 7 etanercept‐treated and 2 of the 5 placebo‐treated patients were neither successes nor failures by our definition. There were no serious adverse events for any patient during the entire study period. Reports of minor infections were comparable in each treatment group, 71% for etanercept and 60% for placebo (P = 0.58).

Conclusion

In this small pilot study there was no apparent difference in the anterior segment inflammation between patients treated with etanercept and placebo. The stringent criteria used to measure ophthalmic success of treatment and the small patient population limit the implications of our findings.
Comprehensive assessment of clinical outcome and quality of life after total elbow arthroplasty
Authors: Angst Felix , John Michael , Pap Géza , Mannion Anne F. , Herren Daniel B. , Flury Matthias , Aeschlimann André , Schwyzer Hans‐Kaspar , Simmen Beat R.
Published: February 2005

Objective

To assess quantitatively the outcome and to explore the physiometric and psychometric properties of clinical, generic, and condition‐specific instruments after total elbow arthroplasty.

Methods

Seventy‐nine patients were assessed in a 6–19‐year cross‐sectional catamnesis by means of 6 widely used questionnaires, clinical examinations, and radiographic examinations.

Results

With regard to pain, general physical health, and all the mental health dimensions of the Short Form 36 (SF‐36), the patients showed scores comparable to normative values. Elbow joint stability and satisfaction were both good. Significant functional limitation was evidenced by the low mean scores of the SF‐36 physical functioning measure (48.7, normative 69.9) and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (DASH) function measure (51.1, normative 89.3). The SF‐36 physical component summary and the DASH correlated highly (r = 0.76) and, in factor analysis, loaded on the factor “physical unspecific.” The patient and clinical modified American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons questionnaire (mASES) correlated with the Patient Related Elbow Evaluation form (r = 0.92 with the patient mASES) and loaded on “physical specific.” The SF‐36 mental component summary loaded on “mental quality of life.”

Conclusion

The patients' self‐rated health, quality of life, and clinical outcome were good and were not affected by impairment in some specific functional abilities. A questionnaire set comprising the SF‐36 and the patient and clinical mASES is proposed for the comprehensive and specific assessment of outcome after elbow arthroplasty.
Takayasu's arteritis: A study of 104 Italian patients
Authors: Vanoli M. , Daina E. , Salvarani C. , Sabbadini M. G. , Rossi C. , Bacchiani G. , Schieppati A. , Baldissera E. , Bertolini G. ,   Itaka Study Group
Published: February 2005

Objective

Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a rare vasculitis. The Italian Takayasu's Arteritis study group was established with the aim to describe a large cohort of patients.

Methods

Data were collected by means of an ad hoc form. Demographic information, clinical history, vascular findings, treatment, risk factors, and comorbidities were analyzed.

Results

Data of 104 patients were collected. The median delay in diagnosis was 15.5 months (range 0–325 months). Age at onset <15 years was associated with a higher probability, whereas elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate with a lower probability, of a delay in diagnosis. The majority of patients experienced nonspecific signs and symptoms indicative of an inflammatory disease in the early phase. Among vascular involvement, stenosis was the most frequent lesion, being present in 93% of patients, followed by occlusion (57%), dilatation (16%), and aneurysm (7%). Glucocorticoids were the mainstay of treatment in our series; however, treatment with cytotoxic agents was required in about half of the patients. Fifty‐two patients underwent at least 1 surgical procedure. The main indications for intervention were renal vascular hypertension, cerebral hypoperfusion, and limb claudication.

Conclusion

As with many rare diseases, delay in diagnosis is an important issue for patients with TA. The increasing occurrence of vascular lesions along with the disease progression put to question the long‐term effectiveness of contemporary treatment. These data may be helpful in increasing physicians' awareness to prevent diagnosis delay, update guidelines, and plan future research projects.
Disease activity measurement of rheumatoid arthritis: Comparison of the simplified disease activity index (SDAI) and the disease activity score including 28 joints (DAS28) in daily routine
Authors: Leeb Burkhard F. , Andel Ingrid , Sautner Judith , Bogdan Mirela , Maktari Adil , Nothnagl Thomas , Rintelen Bernhard
Published: February 2005

Objective

To assess the reliability and congruency of the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) compared with the Disease Activity Score including 28 joints (DAS28) in daily practice.

Methods

In 399 consecutive rheumatoid arthritis patients (307 women, 92 men), the SDAI and the DAS28 were calculated. Additionally, 115 of them were observed for 1 year and changes of both values were recorded. Joint assessments were performed by 4 experienced physicians. DAS28 and SDAI values and the respective changes were compared by correlation and regression analyses. Reliability assessment and factor analyses were performed. Disease activity categorizing was compared by the Wilcoxon's rank sum test.

Results

The median ± SD scores were 3.42 ± 1.45 for the DAS28 and 11.50 ± 11.50 for the SDAI. Spearman's rho was 0.897 (P < 0.0001). Score changes were also significantly correlated. Reliability testing and factor analysis revealed that both scores can be regarded as monocomponent. Categorizing patients according to the European League Against Rheumatism response criteria (EULARC) or the SDAI revealed statistically significant differences between the 2 scales (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

SDAI values are considerably shifted to the left compared with DAS28 levels. Internal consistency and reliability of both scores are comparable. For the differences in disease activity categorizing due to the SDAI compared with the EULARC, a major limitation of the application of this newly developed disease activity score is given, unless these incongruencies can be cleared.
Physical activity, physical fitness, and general health perception among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Eurenius Eva , Stenström Christina H. ,   The Para Study Group
Published: February 2005

Objective

To describe self‐reported physical activity and physical fitness and to identify correlates of physical activity and general health perception.

Methods

Data on self‐reported physical activity, physical fitness, activity performance, and disease activity were collected from a sample of 298 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Results

Forty‐seven percent of our sample reported physical activity behaviors that did not comply with public health recommendations. A majority of the patients had decreased lower‐limb muscle function (72%), grip force (94%), joint motion (94%), and functional balance (68%). Correlations between self‐reported physical activity and other variables were rs = 0.25 or less. Variation in general health perception was explained (total adjusted R2 = 0.65) by pain and activity performance.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that there is a case for recommendations on and support for healthy physical activity behaviors among people with RA.
Recommendations for musculoskeletal ultrasonography by rheumatologists: Setting global standards for best practice by expert consensus
Authors: Brown Andrew K. , O'Connor Philip J. , Roberts Trudie E. , Wakefield Richard J. , Karim Zunaid , Emery Paul
Published: February 2005

Objective

To establish an expert consensus of best practice for rheumatologists performing musculoskeletal ultrasonography (MUS).

Methods

A panel of worldwide experts in MUS was identified by literature review, membership of teaching faculty, and peer recommendation. They were invited to take part in a 4‐stage Delphi process employing 2 iterative rounds to establish a consensus of specific indications, anatomic areas, and knowledge and skills required by rheumatologists performing MUS.

Results

Experts in MUS were identified (n = 57; 37 radiologists, 20 rheumatologists). Successive rounds of this rigorous Delphi exercise enabled group consensus to be achieved in 30 of the proposed 37 categories comprising 8 of 13 indications (inflammatory arthritis, tendon pathology, effusion, bursitis, monitoring disease activity, monitoring disease progression, guided aspiration, and injection), 8 of 10 anatomic areas (hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, knee, ankle and heel, and forefoot), and 14 categories of knowledge and skills (physics, anatomy, pathology, equipment, clinical application and relevance, indications and limitations, artifact, machine function and operation, patient and probe position, planes and system of examination, image optimization, dynamic assessment, color Doppler, and power Doppler).

Conclusion

We have produced the first expert‐derived, interdisciplinary consensus of recommendations for rheumatologists performing MUS. This represents a significant advance that will not only direct future rheumatology MUS practice, but will facilitate informed educational development. This is an important step towards the introduction of a specific training curriculum and assessment process to ensure competent rheumatologist ultrasonographers.
Occurrence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and associated vasculitis in patients with hyperthyroidism treated with antithyroid drugs: A long‐term followup study
Authors: Slot Marjan C. , Links Thera P. , Stegeman Coen A. , Tervaert Jan Willem Cohen
Published: February 2005

Objective

To test whether antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and ANCA‐associated vasculitis (AAV) are not only induced during treatment with antithyroid drugs, but can also become evident when medication has been ceased, possibly after years.

Methods

Patients who visited our hospital for the treatment of hyperthyroidism were included (n = 207). Treatment consisted of antithyroid medications, radioactive iodide, thyroidectomy, or a combination of these treatment options. Patients were retested 3–6 years later to evaluate long‐term effects of antithyroid drugs. Patients were tested for the presence of ANCA and, if positive, evaluated for the presence of AAV.

Results

Of 209 patients with hyperthyroidism, 12 patients (6%) were positive for myeloperoxidase‐ (MPO‐), proteinase 3‐, or human leukocyte elastase‐ANCA. Seventy‐seven of 209 patients were retested; 1 patient who had not been treated with antithyroid drugs had developed MPO‐ANCA. In 3 of 6 patients previously positive, ANCA could still be detected. The presence of ANCA was highly associated with treatment with antithyroid drugs (odds ratio 11.8 [95% confidence interval 1.5–93.3]). Of 13 patients with a positive ANCA result on enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, AAV with glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in 4 (31%).

Conclusion

The presence of ANCA with or without vasculitis is associated with previous treatment with antithyroid drugs, possibly after years.
Effects of immobilization by entrapment in alginate and scale‐up on paclitaxel and baccatin III production in cell suspension cultures of Taxus baccata
Authors: Bentebibel Salima , Moyano Elisabet , Palazón Javier , Cusidó Rosa M. , Bonfill Mercedes , Eibl Regine , Piñol M. Teresa
Published: February 2005

Paclitaxel and baccatin III‐producing cells of Taxus baccata were immobilized within Ca2+‐alginate beads. Under established optimum conditions for the biosynthesis of both taxanes, the yields of paclitaxel and baccatin III in shake‐flask cultures of free cells increased by factors of up to 3 and 2, respectively, in the corresponding cultures of immobilized cells. Although the scale‐up from shake‐flask to bioreactor culture usually results in reduced productivities when both free and immobilized cells were grown in the same optimum conditions in three different bioreactor types (Stirred, Airlift, and Wave) running for 24 days in a batch mode and with the system optimized in each case, there was a considerable increase in the yields of paclitaxel and baccatin III. Among the reactors, the Stirred bioreactor was the most efficient in promoting immobilized cell production of paclitaxel, giving a content of 43.43 mg.L−1 at 16 days of culture, equivalent to a rate of 2.71 mg.L−1.day−1. To our knowledge, the paclitaxel productivity obtained in this study is one of the highest reported so far by academic laboratories for Taxus species cultures in bioreactors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Group‐specific primer and probe sets to detect methanogenic communities using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Yu Youngseob , Lee Changsoo , Kim Jaai , Hwang Seokhwan
Published: February 2005

Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a highly sensitive method that can be used for the detection and quantification of microbial populations without cultivating them in anaerobic processes and environmental samples. This work was conducted to design primer and probe sets for the detection of methanogens using a real‐time PCR with the TaqMan system. Six group‐specific methanogenic primer and probe sets were designed. These sets separately detect four orders (Methanococcales, Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales, and Methanosarcinales) along with two families (Methanosarcinaceae and Methanosaetaceae) of the order Methanosarcinales. We also designed the universal primer and probe sets that specifically detect the 16S rDNA of prokaryotes and of the domain Bacteria and Archaea, and which are fully compatible with the TaqMan real‐time PCR system. Target‐group specificity of each primer and probe set was empirically verified by testing DNA isolated from 28 archaeal cultures and by analyzing potential false results. In general, each primer and probe set was very specific to the target group. The primer and probe sets designed in this study can be used to detect and quantify the order‐level (family‐level in the case of Methanosarcinales) methanogenic groups in anaerobic biological processes and various environments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of anatomy in a problem‐based medical curriculum
Authors: Chakravarty Manoj , Latif Nasir A. , Abu‐Hijleh Marwan F. , Osman Mirghani , Dharap Amol S. , Ganguly Pallab K.
Published: February 2005

In the problem‐based learning (PBL) approach to medical education, students are expected to be trained more by applying processes of reasoning than by memorization of facts. In a PBL curriculum, as with others, it is necessary to match the assessment to the learning process. A detailed description of the testing of anatomical teaching‐learning outcomes at the Arabian Gulf University (AGU) is presented. In addition to describing the general principles and guidelines as well as the process of continuous assessment, we have given examples of the multiple‐choice questions, patient management problems, and objective‐structured practical examinations, which compose our end‐of‐unit examination and test both vertical and horizontal integration of themes. Students have the opportunity to review the examination after publication of the results. We believe that our approach to the assessment of anatomy tests effective integration of factual knowledge with the principles of problem‐solving through the different formats of the components of our examinations. Clin. Anat. 18:131–136, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple formula for the surface area of the body and a simple model for anthropometry
Authors: Reading Bruce D. , Freeman Brian
Published: February 2005

The body surface area (BSA) of any adult, when derived from the arithmetic mean of the different values calculated from four independent accepted formulae, can be expressed accurately in Système International d'Unités (SI) units by the simple equation BSA = 1/6(WH)0.5, where W is body weight in kg, H is body height in m, and BSA is in m2. This formula, which is derived in part by modeling the body as a simple solid of revolution or a prolate spheroid (i.e., a stretched ellipsoid of revolution) gives students, teachers, and clinicians a simple rule for the rapid estimation of surface area using rational units. The formula was tested independently for human subjects by using it to predict body volume and then comparing this prediction against the actual volume measured by Archimedes' principle. Clin. Anat. 18:126–130, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical consideration of vascularized bone graft transfer from the medial calcaneus to the talus
Authors: Tanaka Y. , Omokawa S. , Ryu J. , Clovis N. , Takakura Y.
Published: February 2005

To investigate the possibility of use of the calcaneal branches of the posterior tibial artery as the pedicle for the vascularized bone graft to the talus, a detailed anatomical study was carried out on 30 fresh cadaver feet. Although there are several branches from the posterior tibial artery to the calcaneus, the largest posterior branch was defined as the main calcaneal branch. We recognized frequently a large branch nourishing the superior part of the calcaneus and named it the superior calcaneal branch. Twenty feet had the superior calcaneal branches. Pedicled bone grafts using the superior calcaneal branch to the postero‐medial portion of the talar body were possible in 18 of 20 feet. Pedicled bone grafts using the main calcaneal branches were possible in 9 of 12 feet in which the superior calcaneal branches were not available. Finally, vascularized bone grafts were judged to be feasible in 27 feet (90%). Clin. Anat. 18:115–120, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethics, transplantation, and the changing role of anatomists
Authors: Satyapal K.S.
Published: February 2005

Anatomists are regarded as custodians of cadaveric material donated to science. Almost every facet of medical science has experienced explosive advances. This has impacted directly on anatomists and their role. Increasingly, anatomists are raising concerns with regard to the treatment of human tissue (Jones,2002, Clin. Anat. 15:436–440). The Körperwelten (Bodyworlds) of Günther von Hagens et al. (1987, Anat. Embryol. 175:411–421) has evoked considerable debate about the treatment of human cadavers. Thus far clinical anatomists have had little role to play in policy formulation, legislation, and ethical imperatives as applied to cadaveric donation for organ transplantation. Anatomists play an even more negligible role in the raging ethical controversy around live related/unrelated organ transplantation. Due to the critical international shortage of cadaveric donors, boundaries are being pushed to meet the needs of potential recipients (Ohler,2001, Prog. Transplant. 11:160–161). Constant reappraisal of these ethical and moral issues is therefore appropriate. Issues that relate to cultural and economic imperialism and pronouncements of international transplant societies may also require re‐evaluation. The legislature governing the donation of human tissue in various countries is usually governed by a Human Tissue Act or its equivalent. In general, such acts are congruent with the Human Tissue Act (South Africa: Government Gazette 9, November 2001; No. 22824) that states “It is an offense to charge a fee in relation to the donation of human organs.” In many countries, however, various lay press report that “the sale of body parts is now coming of age.” Terms such as “rewarded gifting” and “donors” being transformed into “vendors” are opening a Pandora's Box (Nelson et al.,1993, “Financial incentives for organ donation: a report on the UNOS ethics committee payment subcommittee”). Cameron and Hoffenberg (1999, Kidney Int. 55:724–732) feel strongly that arguments in favour of the sale of organs are sufficiently cogent to warrant further discussion. Equally disturbing is the use of executed prisoners as organ donors. In the developing world there are additional socio‐economic, indigenous and cultural, religious, and ethical issues to consider. In addition, strategies that are ethically sound and morally acceptable to expand the pool of living donors must keep pace with recent advances in medicine. A paradigm shift is required for anatomists to contribute to the international ethical debate, not only as custodians of the dead but also as protectors of the living. Their voices should be heard in transplantation and other forums, and contribute to the ethical debate as well as relevant evolving legislature. Clin. Anat. 18:150–153, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevator muscle of the tendon of latissimus dorsi muscle
Authors: Del Sol Mariano , Olave Enrique
Published: February 2005

Muscular dispositions in the axilla acquire importance under certain surgical procedures that involve the axillary artery ligature. These supernumerary muscles make the approach to the axillary fossa and their content difficult. We dissected 108 formalized corpses from adult male individuals. The specimens belong to the topographic Anatomy Unit of the Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Chile. In all dissections, a rare and infrequent muscular variation attributed to the presence of a elevator muscle at the dorsal part of the latissimus muscle on the right upper limb from an adult individual was found. This muscle was fusiform and originated at the coracoid process by a short tendon of cylindrical form inserted in the dorsal superior part of the tendon of the latissimus dorsi muscle. Muscular belly and tendons of origin and insertion were closely related to the brachial plexus and the axillar vessels that they crossed. Clin. Anat. 18:112–114, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Duplication of the occipital condyles
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Salter E. George , Oakes W. Jerry
Published: February 2005

This article describes an extremely rare case, encountered in the anatomy laboratory, of a skull base found to have duplication of both occipital condyles. In addition, this specimen was noted to have a large bony excrescence near the basion, a small third occipital condyle, a left paracondylar process, elongation of the right styloid process, and a bony septation of both hypoglossal canals. The embryology and clinical implications are discussed. Clin. Anat. 18:92–95, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hieronymus Fabricius Ab Acquapendente (1533–1619)
Authors: Smith Sean B. , Macchi Veronica , Parenti Anna , De Caro Raffaele
Published: February 2005

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Clinical Anatomy 17:540–543Clinical Anatomy(2004) 17(7) 540–543
Structure‐Aided Optimization of Kinase Inhibitors Derived from Alsterpaullone
Authors: Kunick Conrad , Zeng Zhihong , Gussio Rick , Zaharevitz Daniel , Leost Maryse , Totzke Frank , Schächtele Christoph , Kubbutat Michael H. G. , Meijer Laurent , Lemcke Thomas
Published: February 2005

In order to perform computer‐aided design of novel alsterpaullone derivatives, the vicinity of the entrance to the ATP‐binding site was scanned for areas that could be useful as anchoring points for additional protein–ligand interactions. Based on the alignment of alsterpaullone in a CDK1/cyclin B homology model, substituents were attached to the 2‐position of the parent scaffold to enable contacts within the identified areas. Synthesis of the designed structures revealed three derivatives (3–5) with kinase‐inhibitory activity similar to alsterpaullone. The novel 2‐cyanoethylalsterpaullone (7) proved to be the most potent paullone described so far, exhibiting inhibitory concentrations for CDK1/ cyclin B and GSK‐3β in the picomolar range.