bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One-pot, mouldable, thermoplastic resins from poly(propylene carbonate) and poly(caprolactone triol)
Authors: Spoljaric S. , Seppälä J.
Published: April 2016

Co-polymers of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and poly(caprolactone triol) (PCLT) were synthesised via a simple yet effective one-pot, two-step method, without the need for a catalyst or solvent.
A highly stretchable strain sensor based on a graphene/silver nanoparticle synergic conductive network and a sandwich structure
Authors: Chen Song , Wei Yong , Yuan Xue , Lin Yong , Liu Lan
Published: April 2016

A highly stretchable strain sensor with a graphene/silver nanoparticle synergic conductive network and a sandwich structure was fabricated.
Polypyridyl complexes as electron transporting materials for inverted bulk heterojunction solar cells: the metal center effect
Authors: Balgley Renata , Drees Martin , Bendikov Tatyana , Lahav Michal , Facchetti Antonio , van der Boom Milko E.
Published: April 2016

The fundamental science behind the design of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells lies in the formation of energy level gradients for efficient charge separation and collection.
Object recognition using rotation invariant local binary pattern of significant bit planes
Authors: Shang Jun , Chen Chuanbo , Liang Hu , Tang He
Published: April 2016

The binary feature descriptors such as binary robust independent elementary features (BRIEF), oriented rotated binary robust independent elementary features (ORB), and fast retina keypoint (FREAK) usually perform binarisation on the intensity comparisons, thus they lose some useful information. In this study, the authors propose an effective binary image descriptor which is called significant bit‐planes‐based local binary pattern for visual recognition. First, the authors divide an image into several sub regions according to the intensity orders to incorporate the spatial information. Then the authors extract the higher bit planes for all the sub regions and sort the adjacent neighbour bits based on the corresponding intensity orders, which make the descriptor invariant to rotation. In order to further improve the discriminative ability, the authors sample the multi‐scale neighbours and average the adjacent pixels and extract the feature descriptor from the higher bit planes. Since the authors directly perform operation on the significant bit planes without quantisation, the authors decrease the information loss to some extent. The descriptor has demonstrated a better performance over the state‐of‐the‐art binary descriptors as well as scale invariant feature transform on two recognition benchmarks (i.e. Kentucky and ETHZ) and PASCAL 2007 for image classification.
Receiving‐antenna Kirchhoff‐equivalent circuits and their scattering reciprocity properties
Authors: Štumpf Martin
Published: April 2016

It is shown that a special form of the compensation theorem for a receiving antenna leads to the explicit expressions for the internal electromagnetic power and energy dissipated in the Kirchhoff equivalent circuits thereby illuminating its interpretation. The main ingredient in the analysis is the Lorentz reciprocity theorem of the time‐convolution type. The final results are given in both the time and (real‐) frequency domains. The validity of the presented results is illustrated with the aid of the antenna optical theorem applied to small antennas and a numerical study concerning a planar antenna.
Combatting professional isolation through mutual mentoring
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: April 2016

An online system to be launched soon will help female faculty self-organize into mentoring groups.
Anticancer Evaluation of Tris(triazolyl)triazine Derivatives Generated via Click Chemistry
Authors: El Malah Tamer , Nour Hany F. , Nayl A. A. , Elkhashab R. A. , Abdel-Megeid Farouk M. E. , Ali Mamdouh M.
Published: April 2016

Click chemistry has been utilised for the preparation of new tris(triazolyl)triazines containing aliphatic and polar side chains through coupling of 2,4,6-triethynyl-[1,3,5]triazines, which possess free terminal alkyne moieties with substituted aromatic azides. The cytotoxic activity and in vitro anticancer potential of the newly synthesised compounds have been evaluated against seven human cancer cell lines including liver HepG2, breast MCF-7, lung A549, acute myeloid leukemia HL-60, colon HCT116, and prostate PC3 cancer cell lines in addition to human normal melanocyte, HFB4. The results revealed that all the compounds did not exhibit any activity against A549, HL-60, and PC3. However compound G2 was effective against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines. On the other hand, compound G1a exhibited higher potency against MCF-7 and HepG2 cells with no toxicity on normal cells in comparison with the standard drug doxorubicin.
Platons Darlegung des Sokratischen ‚Umsonst‘ in den Dialogen der ersten Tetralogie (Euthyphron, Apologie, Kriton und Phaidon)
Authors: Quero-Sánchez Andrés
Published: April 2016

The author interprets the dialogues belonging to Plato’s first Tetralogy, i. e. Euthyphro,
Apology, Crito and Phaedo, as a coherent whole, in which the concept of ‘gratuitousness’
plays the leading role. The expression ‘gratuitous’ does not mean here, however,
‘arbitrary’ or ‘as someone likes’ but rather ‘free’, ‘gratis’, ‘for nothing’. Based on
such an interpretation the author discusses then the important similarities existing
between – on the one hand – Plato’s metaphysics of ‘gratuitousness’ and – on
the other hand – Meister Eckhart’s ‘mystics’ (in which the concept of ‘why-less’
being [wesen sunder warumbe] is crucial) and Schelling’s Philosophy of Identity
(in which the concept of ‘absolute’ being plays the fundamental role). These three
thinkers are all interested in the world as it is not merely for us or for something
else – that is not in the world as it merely appears to someone under particular
given conditions –, but in the world as it is in itself. However, this distinction
between ‘appearances’ and ‘things-in-themselves’ is not to be thought as an epistemological
but rather as an ethical or existential one, which is not related to the
way how we ‘can know’ the world but rather to the way how we ‘should live’ in it.
Porphyry’s Definitions of Death and their Interpretation in Georgian and Byzantine Tradition
Authors: Alexidze Lela
Published: April 2016

Beginning from Plato, there exists a philosophical tradition, which interprets philosophy
as preparation for death. However, for Plato the death of a philosopher
does not necessarily imply death in its ordinary meaning, but rather a spiritual
way of life maximally free from corporeal affections. This kind of relationship between philosophy and death was intensively discussed
in late antique philosophy, Patristics, medieval Byzantine philosophy, and
also in medieval Georgian literature. Based on Plato’s and Plotinus’ philosophy,
Porphyry presented definitions of three kinds of death in his Sententiae (8; 9; 23):
(1) ‘death’ of a philosopher, (2) natural death, (3) ‘death’ of a soul.
The aim of this paper is to provide a philosophical analysis of three concepts
of death in the post-Porphyrian tradition, mainly in Byzantine and Georgian
texts. The paper is based on the analysis of the above mentioned issues in the texts
of Porphyry (also of Plotinus, as of his predecessor), Macrobius, Michael Psellos,
as well as in the old Georgian versions of the works of Ammonios Hermiae, John
of Damascus and John Sinaites. We also take into consideration the views on
the relation between philosophy and death in the thought of the philosophers
of Humanism and Renaissance, such as Georgios Gemistos Plethon, Marsilio
Ficino, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, and Michel de Montaigne, whether or not
and to what extent their views on the relation between philosophy and death are
different from the theories of ancient and medieval Platonists.
“Wondrous Paths”
Authors: Stroumsa Sarah
Published: April 2016

The Commentary on Sefer Yeṣira (Book of Creation), with its pronounced Pythagorean
and Neo-Platonic overtones, written by Saadya Gaon in 931, stands out among the
other writings of this Jewish theologian (mutakallim), and raises the question of
the purpose of its composition. It has been argued that in writing a commentary
on this work of letter-speculation, Saadya responded to mythical and mystical
trends in tenth-century Judaism, endeavoring to recast this foundational mystical
text as a work of rational philosophy. The present article argues that Saadya was
also responding to the intellectual challenge of his broader environment, stretching
beyond the Jewish community. In some circles in the Islamicate world, letterspeculations,
often associated with the sciences of the occult, were presented in
this period as the height of philosophy. In particular, al-Tawḥīdī’s account of the
Pure Brethren and Ibn Masarra’s Book on the Properties of Letters demonstrate
the relevance of these trends in Saadya’s immediate geographic and intellectual
environment.
Pierre d’Ailly e Abramo Savosarda
Authors: Federici Vescovini Graziella
Published: April 2016

Dans cette note il s’agit de la découverte de deux copies manuscriptes inconnues
du chapitre quinze d’une oeuvre d’eschatologie hebraique de la moitié du
XIIe siècle rédigée par Abrahm bar HIija ou Abraham Savosarda (Savosurda), le
Liber revelator. Cette oeuvre est connue seulement en hebraique et dans la traduction
de Marie Josef Millás-Vallicrosa. Le chapitre cinque regarde une conception
astrologique de la philosophie de l’histoire du monde, de la naissance ou de
la chute des gouvernements et des religions avec le titre De redemptione Israel.
L’Autrice a retrouvé une traduction latine inconnue en deux copies manuscriptes
(fin XIVe siècle-commencement XVe siècle), dans deux Bibliotèques allemandes,
une à Lipsie et l’autre à Wolfenbüttel redigées par le frère des Franciscains mineurs
du Couvent de Gottingen Theodoricus de Northem. On demontre en renvoyant
aussi à ses études précédantes à ces propos, que ce chapitre cinq à été la source primaire
de l’oeuvre de Pierre d’Ailly qui partagait la même philosophie astrologique
de l’histoire sacrée, l’ Elucidarium opus concordantiae astronomiae cum theologia
nec non historice veritatis édité en 1490, à commencer du chapitre 24 jusqu’au
chapitre 33.
Drei Humanisten des Renaissancezeitalters über Wert und Unwert der Rhetorik
Authors: Gawlick Günter
Published: April 2016

It is well-known among historians that rhetoric was at the centre of the studia
humaniora in the Italian Renaissance and an important part of education in those
times. In this essay the author draws attention to three short tracts discussing
the merits of rhetoric from various points of view. Ognibene da Lonigo claims
in Oratio de laudibus eloquentiae (1485) that rhetoric is absolutely indispensable
in all fields of human life. In Filippo Beroaldo’s Declamatio philosophi, medici et
oratoris de excellentia disceptantium (1497), the orator gains the victory over his
rivals. Both these writers argue mainly by citing ‘authorities’. In his Dialogus de
eloquentia (set down before 1555), Marcantonio Maioragio tries to argue by rational
argument for the higher value of the studia humaniora over an exclusively
Christian education. None of the three authors achieves more than plausibility
for his claim. The echo of Cicero’s philosophical and rhetorical works is clearly
perceptible in all of them.
Friedrich Creuzers und Johann Theodor Voemels byzantinistische Impulse.
Authors: Jeck Udo Reinhold
Published: April 2016

In 1825, Johann Theodor Voemel published Nicholas of Methone’s (12th century)
Refutatio institutionis theologicae Procli Platonici. Thus, for the first time an
important document of Byzantine philosophy became accessible to researchers,
which also allowed important insights into the medieval history of the reception
of Proclus’ Institutio theologica in the Byzantine Empire. The essay reconstructs
the genesis of this edition and the history of its early reception. While it focuses
on Creuzer’s contribution to the publication of Refutatio, it also takes the achievements
of Johann Theodor Voemel and Carl Ullmann into consideration. In so
doing, the essay provides new findings concerning the study of Neoplatonism
during the classical period of German philosophy.
What is this, sarcastic syntax?
Authors: Michaelis Laura A. , Feng Hanbing
Published: April 2016

This study considers sarcasm as a linguistic genre, and explores the use of constructions to capture conventions of sarcastic speech. It does so by examining the English Split Interrogative (SI), e.g., What are you, a senior?, What is this, Spain? We argue that lexical, syntactic and semantic idiosyncrasies of SI require us to recognize it as a distinct grammatical construction with two related conversational functions. In its basic, or sincere, function, SI is a collateral-track signal in terms of Clark & Fox Tree 2002: it comments on ongoing performance by (a) indexing the user’s effort to attach the right value to a property variable in a contextually salient open proposition and (b) proposing the result of that effort. In its secondary, or sarcastic, function, SI expresses a dissociative Doppelurteil, or double judgment. Just as topic-comment utterances involve two communicative acts — acknowledging a particular entity as a locus of inquiry and attributing a property to that entity — sarcastic SI makes a judgment about the present situation — it’s the inverse of the expected one — and offers an assessment of what makes it so: the value of the wh-variable (a variable over people, places, things, reasons, etc.) is extreme on some contextually available scale. We postulate that the sarcastic function is a conventionalized (or short-circuited) conversational implicature (in terms of Morgan 1978). Certain divergent syntactic properties support the view that SI is ambiguous with respect to sincere and sarcastic senses. We thus view SI as a case in which what started as a rhetorical gambit has become conventionalized into a rhetorical figure (Kay 1997).
Grammatical constructions and cross-text generalizations
Authors: Nikiforidou Kiki
Published: April 2016

This paper investigates two tense-based constructions in English and Greek and one complementation construction in Greek, whose import is to effect a deictic shift and allow narration to proceed from the point of view of the narrated events and a participant therein. In addition to the individual formal and discourse-pragmatic properties of the patterns at hand, I focus on properties of the embedding context, showing that these unrelated constructions impose similar formal and interpretational requirements. This, in turn, supports the statement of generalizations at the level of genre, in this case empathetic narration as a special kind of narration that departs from the default past narrative which is deictically anchored to the narrator and the conversational coordinates. While the analysis adopts a bottom-up, language-driven approach to genre, it also refutes its exhaustive equation with linguistic conventions, arguing that a Bakhtinian view of genre, which includes both linguistic and socio-cultural dimensions, is more appropriate for the data at hand.
Modal particles in different communicative types
Authors: Diewald Gabriele
Published: April 2016

The distribution and frequency of individual heterosemes of a hyperlemma in basic communicative types, which are distinguished according to their primary expression of dialogicity (i.e. their factual communicative immediacy/distance), is shown to be dependent on the interplay of i) the heteroseme’s basic word class function, ii) its degree of grammaticalization, and iii) the presence of secondary (embedded or simulated) communicative situations (i.e. conceptual immediacy/distance) in the linguistic material. The items investigated aredenn‘then’,ruhig‘quiet’, ‘silent’, ‘peaceful’ andvielleicht‘maybe’ in German, which as hyperlemmas incorporate a number of distinct heterosemes (denn, for example, is used as conjunction, comparative particle, modal particle etc.). The focus of this corpus-based investigation is on the modal particle functions of the three hyperlemmas. The corpora used are distinguished according to primary degree of communicative immediacy/distance.
Modal particles indexing common ground in two different registers
Authors: Alm Maria , Larsen Helena
Published: April 2016

This article examines how the two Swedish modal particlesju(approx. ‘as both you and I think/know’) andväl(approx. ‘this is an appropriate description of the circumstances’) are used to index different aspects of common ground (Diewald & Fischer 1998; Diewald 2006; Fischer 2007). It addresses the question of what aspects of common ground are indexed by these modal particles and how the indexical information about the argumentative situation is stored: Is it encoded in some kind of construction (Goldberg 1995) or is it organized in frames (Fillmore 2006 [1982])? By analyzing the indexical function of modal particles in terms of different aspects of common ground (Clark 1996) in two different registers, namely caregiver–child interaction and teenager interaction, we suggest that these aspects can be thought of as a sub-framecommon groundwithin acommunicative background frame(Fischer 2006); the aspects of common ground to which the speakers appeal to in different situations are organized and stored in the sub-frame.
Frames for clause combining
Authors: Nir Bracha
Published: April 2016

The present study joins recent endeavors within Construction Grammar to recognize constructions that are beyond clauses and sentences and function as schematic frames for the organization of discourse. Specifically, it deals with two particular instances of what is termed adiscourse pattern, the conventionalized combination of genre and text-type: a personal experience narrative and an expository discussion of a personal opinion on an abstract topic. The paper discusses findings from various studies that characterize usage of lexical and clause-level constructions in the course of producing texts based on the two discourse patterns, and contrasts these findings with quantitative and qualitative analyses of clause combining in the same texts. The study relies on a corpus of 40 texts collected from Hebrew speaker-writers, who each produced a narrative and an expository text following a semi-structured elicitation controlling for the components offield,tenor, andmode. The distributional and functional findings of the study suggest that discourse patterns, like other constructions, occupy a cline of idiomacity/schematicity. In its conclusion, the study considers the tangential and intersecting points between Construction Grammar, on the one hand, and discourse analysis, on the other.
A quantifier used onmanyoccasions
Authors: Dichtel Frédéric
Published: April 2016

Prescriptive grammarians advise against the use of the quantifiermanyin informal positive sentences, unless it is modified bytoo,so, oras. However, because these grammarians may not have conducted a thorough corpus-based analysis, such advice may be unsound. This is why this article attempts to identify the actual constraints on the use ofmany, by searching corpora for data formanyand its competitora lot of, with plural count nouns in positive sentences. Conducted within the conceptual framework of cognitive linguistics, the analysis suggests that quantities denoted bymanyare construed as heterogeneous and discrete, hence the relative affinity ofmanyfor nouns of place and time, as part of adverbial phrases. This core meaning may also account formany’s relative affinity for personal nouns in subject position. Unlikea lot of,manyseems to associate awkwardly with homogeneous substances, which may be why it is rarely found in object noun phrases.
Arguing with oneself
Authors: Zampa Marta , Perrin Daniel
Published: April 2016

Argumentation is generally conceived of as a dialogic activity between two or more participants. Nonetheless, it operates also at an intrapersonal level (Rocci 2005), in a soliloquy where protagonist and antagonist of the critical discussion are embodied in the same person. We argue this case by analyzing journalists’ argumentation about linguistic choices in newswriting processes. Empirically, we draw on data generated with progression analysis (Perrin 2003), in particular with cue-based retrospective verbal protocols. The data was produced by the journalists under investigation when they, while watching video recordings of their text production processes, reconstructed and verbalized their decisions (Perrin 2011: 60). In the detail analysis, we focus on one editorial by an experienced journalist ofCorriere del Ticino,the main Italian-language newspaper in Switzerland.
Delimiting the burden of proof in political interviews
Authors: Andone Corina
Published: April 2016

This paper aims to contribute to an understanding of the politicians’ burden of proof in political interviews by explaining how politicians attempt to delimit the burden of proof which they acquire for their standpoints in response to criticism. As politicians always want to give a positive evaluation of their activities, they respond to the critics by delimiting their burden of proof in such a way that their standpoints are easy to defend. The research question to be answered is: How do politicians expediently delimit their burden of proof in political interviews in response to criticism? First, the author characterizes political interviews as accountability practices which by virtue of their institutional traits impose limits on the politicians’ burden of proof. Second, the author explains some of the possibilities for delimiting the burden of proof in the communicative practices at issue by analyzing in detail several fragments from a political interview.
Economic-financial journalists as argumentative intermediaries
Authors: Rocci Andrea , Luciani Margherita
Published: April 2016

The paper offers a single-case analysis of newsmaking discourse, considering the source, the writing process and the news product from the vantage point of argumentation. The case study examines how a journalist of the business-finance desk of a generalist newspaper copes with the argumentative and persuasive nature of the corporate press releases on financial results on which he depends for his reporting. The paper contributes to the understanding of journalistic practices in the economy-finance desk showing that even within the constrained genre of hard news reporting and despite the epistemic and practical limitations of newsmaking practices the journalist does not renounce to a critical stance towards the argumentation in the source. This is done without fully and explicitly assuming the argumentative roles of antagonist and protagonist of alternative standpoints but rather by rhetorically framing the reader in these roles. Methodologically, the paper showcases a two-way cross-fertilization between argumentation theory and the ethnography of newsmaking. The newsmaking process joining the press release and the newspaper article is analyzed in vivo thanks to the ethnographic methodology of Progression Analysis (PA). Progression Analysis provides a new kind of evidence for argumentative reconstruction, while argumentative reconstruction provides an explicit framework for comparing source and product texts and for laying down the reasoning behind the journalist’s decision making as elicited by (PA).
Perpetuating Britishness
Authors: Crawford Ewan
Published: April 2016

In 1999 a devolved Scottish Parliament was established within the United Kingdom following a referendum two years earlier. The current governing party in that Parliament – the SNP – held a referendum on Scottish independence in September 2014, which resulted in a decision to stay within the UK. However, during the referendum campaign promises were made by the main UK parties to transfer further power away from the British Parliament at Westminster to the Scottish Parliament in the hope this would satisfy demands for greater self-government in Scotland. This paper analyses the rhetoric of the leaders of Britain’s two main political parties in an effort to detect strategies used to construct and perpetuate Britishness in the context of devolution and a threat to the British state. It finds a number of discursive strategies deployed to promote unity and difference to (non-British) others. It also suggests the apparent need by British political leaders to deploy such British-constructivist strategies involves avoiding even acknowledging the reality of a major constitutional reform such as devolution and therefore political difference between the nations of the UK.
Analyzing Variations and Stability in Discourse
Authors: Yılmaz Ferruh
Published: April 2016

This article offers a theoretical solution to the problem of analyzing stable constructions of social structures in discourse. In this article, I first discuss epistemological and methodological issues with Critical Discourse Analysis and Discursive Psychology and combine insights from these two approaches with insight from Discourse Theory as formulated by Laclau and Mouffe (2001). Despite the fact that language use is full of inconsistencies and contradictions and thus does not provide an inventory of stable ideological patterns, it is possible to analyze stable constructions of the social world without assuming the existence of macro-structures (i.e. ideologies or mental representations) as stabilizing background for discursive practices. I demonstrate that stability is not so much a function of ideologies or representations but depends on how the ontological structure of society is imagined. The new hegemonic articulation of the social division along cultural lines limits the positions that can be taken in relation to identity categories regardless of the values one attributes to the categories.
Explicit and implicit training methods for improving native English speakers’ comprehension of nonnative speech
Authors: Lindemann Stephanie , Campbell Maxi-Ann , Litzenberg Jason , Close Subtirelu Nicolas
Published: April 2016

Research on communication difficulties between native and nonnative speakers (NNSs) has generally focused on NNSs. However, native speakers’ (NSs) level of familiarity with nonnative accents can also affect communication. This study investigates whether implicit training (exposure to Korean-accented English through sentence transcription) and explicit training (learning about linguistic differences with a focus on Korean-accented English) can improve NSs’ comprehension of Korean-accented English. Participants in both training conditions showed greater improvement than the control group on sentence transcription tasks but not on multiple choice questions that assessed comprehension of a brief lecture. The results replicate past findings showing the effectiveness of implicit training and provide novel evidence of the effectiveness of explicit training. This suggests that explicit training can be effective in improving NSs’ understanding of short utterances when the training ensures participants have learned the material.
“Why did I sell my best years for somebody else’s words?”
Authors: Khotimsky Maria
Published: April 2016

Scholars and philosophers often turn to metaphors when discussing translation. While metaphors serve as tools to define the complex nature of this process, they can also offer unexpected insights into a specific cultural epoch, revealing implicit ideological biases and covert assumptions. In this article, I explore the use of metaphors in the programmatic statements of the Soviet Literary Translation School, as well as in several poems from the 1930s–1960s devoted to translation. The article outlines the dominant thematic groups of metaphors in connection with the ideological context, and compares them with more personal responses by several poet-translators, including Arsenii Tarkovskii, Boris Slutskii, and Vera Zviagintseva. The analysis suggests that while Soviet critical discourse on translation reflected the underlying ideological assumptions (such as the reception of the cultural “other,” or the views on creativity and artistic norms), the use of metaphors allowed poets and scholars to express conflicting opinions and voice artistic dissent.
Byron’s Don Juan in Russian and the ‘Soviet school of translation’
Authors: Witt Susanna
Published: April 2016

Acknowledging the significance of context and of translators as agents, this article is concerned with the establishment of ‘translational facts’ (Toury 1995) and its relation to canon formation in Russian culture of the Soviet period. The translational facts examined are the two complete renditions of Byron’s Don Juan to appear during the Soviet era: Georgii Shengeli’s version from 1947 and Tatiana Gnedich’s from 1959. The context in which they are considered is the development of the so-called Soviet school of translation as a concept, a process which roughly coincided with the intervening period. Drawing on Russian archival sources, the study offers a reconsideration of the ‘Soviet school of translation’ from perspectives beyond its own self-understanding and official status and looks at it as a construct with a complex history of its own. The analysis shows how translational facts may become signs in the target culture and how this, in the case of Byron, affected the formation of the Soviet translational canon.
Shakespeare’s ‘Will sonnets’ in Russian
Authors: Rassokhina Elena
Published: April 2016

This article examines strategies implemented by Russian translators of Shakespeare’s sonnets 135 and 136 when dealing with puns on the word “will” in various senses. Seven translations spanning the period from 1880 to 2011 have been selected for analysis. These renderings of Shakespearian puns exhibit a wide range of translation strategies and various effects within the target texts. The analysis demonstrates that the majority of the selected translations reflect social taboos and censorship with regard to sexuality in Russian translated literature. However, two recent translations containing sexual allusions indicate changing norms in the post-Soviet period. Thus, translations of sexual puns may also be illustrative of the ways in which the target language’s norms influence the translators’ choices.
Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita
Authors: Ambrosiani Per
Published: April 2016

This article addresses the relationship between text and paratext in the publication history of Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Lolita. Such paratexts include Nabokov’s own afterword to the 1958 American edition and his postscript (published in 1967) to his own translation of Lolita into Russian, as well as various introductions and afterwords, both in English-language editions and in translations of Lolita into Russian and other languages. A particularly interesting type of paratext is constituted by annotations to the main text, and the analysis focuses on parallel examples published in annotated editions of Lolita in English, Russian, Polish, German, Ukrainian, and French. The analysis shows that the most detailed annotations concerning the totality of the English and Russian Lolita text and paratexts can be found in editions published in languages other than English and Russian, whereas most English or Russian editions seem to focus on the respective language version. There is still no complete, annotated edition of the bilingual text containing all the authorial paratexts.
Epitope mapping and identification of amino acids critical for mouse IgG-binding to linear epitopes on Gly m Bd 28K
Authors: Xi Jun , Yan Huili
Published: April 2016

Gly m Bd 28K is one of the major allergens in soybeans, but there is limited information on its IgG-binding epitopes. Thirty-four overlapping peptides that covered the entire sequence of Gly m Bd 28K were synthesized, and 3 monoclonal antibodies against Gly m Bd 28K were utilized to identify the IgG-binding regions of Gly m Bd 28K. Three dominant peptides corresponding to 28GDKKSPKSLFLMSNS42(G28-S42), 56LKSHGGRIFYRHMHI70(L56-I70), and 154ETFQSFYIGGGANSH168(E154-H168) were recognized. L56-I70 is the most important epitope, and a competitive ELISA indicated that it could inhibit the binding of monoclonal antibody to Gly m Bd 28K protein. Alanine scanning of L56-I70 documented that F64, Y65, and R66 were the critical amino acids of this epitope. Two bioinformatics tools, ABCpred and BepiPred, were used to predict the epitopes of Gly m Bd 28K, and the predictions were compared with the epitopes that we had located by monoclonal antibodies.
Classifying Filicide
Authors: Putkonen Hanna , Amon Sabine , Weizmann-Henelius Ghitta , Pankakoski Maiju , Eronen Markku , Almiron Maria P. , Klier Claudia M.
Published: April 2016

Filicide is the act of killing one's own child. We propose a new classification of subtypes of filicide and make suggestions for helping its prevention. This binational, register-based study covers all cases of filicide and their perpetrators in Austria and Finland in the years 1995–2005. The following variables emerged as differentiating factors: gender, age of victim and offender, circumstances before and during the offence, the offender's socioeconomic and criminal background, and childhood conduct disorder. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify profiles. We found five: (1) Homicidal–Suicidal Fathers; (2) Violent Impulsive Parents; (3) Single Sober Parents; (4) Prosocial, Psychotic Parents; and (5) Infanticidal Mothers. We present suggestions for focused strategies of prevention for each group.
Demographic trends and age structural change in Arab countries: selected indicators
Authors: El-Khoury Gabi
Published: April 2016

This statistical file is based on the Population and Development Report 6: Development Policy Implications of Age–Structural Transitions in Arab countries, issued by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (Beirut, ESCWA, 2014) in the light of the growing demographic challenges facing the Arab countries, resulting from age–structural transitions that affect the process of development, in both the short- and long-terms. The report assumes that the Arab countries are undergoing a shift from high to low rates of mortality and fertility; as a result, some countries have entered a demographic ‘window of opportunity’, and several others will soon enter this stage. The ‘window of opportunity’ is a period when the working-age population (aged 15–64 years) grows faster than either the population of children (aged 0–14 years) or older persons (aged 65+ years), shifting the balance of the population from high levels of dependency to high levels of potential workers. This shift in age structure in turn creates the potential for Arab countries to benefit from a ‘demographic dividend’, namely ‘increased economic productivity, savings, and human capital development’ (ESCWA 2014, 3). The report, however, affirms that the ‘demographic dividend’ is not an automatic benefit. It necessitates the adoption of reforms that enable Arab governments to make use of the time-limited demographic opportunity. Otherwise, challenges such as ‘youth unemployment and alienation will persist, while new problems of old-age poverty will be exacerbated in the future’ (viii). In view of the above, this statistical file presents selected demographic figures that might be useful for following up on the age–structural changes in Arab countries and to assess government policies that would serve the needs of different age groups.
Role of explosive instabilities in high-β disruptions in tokamaks
Authors: Aydemir A.Y. , Lee H.H. , Lee S.G. , Seol J. , Park B.H. , In Y.K.
Published: April 2016

Intrinsically explosive growth of a ballooning finger is demonstrated in nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic calculations of high-β disruptions in tokamaks. The explosive finger is formed by an ideally unstable n  =  1 mode, dominated by an m/n  =  2/1 component. The quadrupole geometry of the 2/1 perturbed pressure field provides a generic mechanism for the formation of the initial ballooning finger and its subsequent transition from exponential to explosive growth, without relying on secondary processes. The explosive ejection of the hot plasma from the core and stochastization of the magnetic field occur on Alfvénic time scales, accounting for the extremely fast growth of the precursor oscillations and the rapidity of the thermal quench in some high-β disruptions.
Aeschines (1), c. 390–c. 322 BCE
Authors: Harris Edward
Published: April 2016

Aeschines was an Athenian politician and orator. He came from a respectable family but was not a member of the wealthy elite. He worked as a secretary for the Council and Assembly, then as an actor. He participated in the embassies that negotiated the Peace of Philocrates with Philip II and argued for its ratification. After the Second Embassy to Philip, Demosthenes and Timarchus accused Aeschines of treason. Aeschines convicted Timarchus of being a homosexual prostitute, which discouraged Demosthenes from bringing his accusation to court until 343/342. Aeschines was acquitted by a narrow margin, but lost influence. He defended the Athenians against the charges of the Locrians at a meeting of the Amphictyons in 339. He accused Ctesiphon of proposing an illegal decree of honours for Demosthenes in 336, but he lost the case by a wide margin at Ctesiphon’s trial in 330.
Catullus (1), Gaius Valerius, Roman poet
Authors: Gaisser Julia Haig , Trimble Gail
Published: April 2016

Gaius Valerius Catullus (c. 84–54 bce) was a Roman poet. A major figure in the group known as the neoteric poets, he is the only one of them for whom a substantial body of work remains extant. This corpus, whose present order may or may not preserve an arrangement by Catullus himself, is unparalleled in its variety. Catullus’s collection includes tender love poetry, obscene invective, humorous anecdote, and learned mythological narrative; lyric, iambic, and dactylic metres; epigrams, hymns, and a miniature epic. His poems respond to literary influences from archaic Greece, Hellenistic Alexandria, and earlier Rome, and reflect the social and political world of the late Roman Republic. Their common quality is an intensity and apparent sincerity of feeling combined with artful technique. Catullus’s presentation of his love for the woman he calls Lesbia was particularly influential on Latin love elegy and on his own later reception, but the role played by sexuality and gender in his work is a wide-ranging and complex one. Catullus’s poetry greatly influenced the Augustan poets, but (except for one anthologized poem) survived the Middle Ages in a single manuscript. Modern reception has often focused at least as much on Catullus the person or biographical subject as on his poetry.
Cleopatra VII, 69–30 BCE
Authors: Fischer-Bovet Christelle
Published: April 2016

Cleopatra VII (69–30 bce), “Thea Philopator” (“father-loving goddess”), “Thea Neotera” (“the younger goddess”), and Philopatris (“loving her country”), ruler of Egypt (52–30 bce), as well as of Cyprus (47–30 bce), Libya, and Coele-Syria (37–30 bce), the last ruler of the Macedonian dynasty of the Ptolemies and the best known of all the Cleopatras, was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (“the new Dionysos”), nicknamed Auletes (“flute-player”), and of his sister Cleopatra VI Tryphaina, or possibly of an Egyptian noblewoman. She ruled first as co-regent with her father (52–51 bce), then jointly with her younger brother Ptolemy XIII, with the Roman people as guardian as requested in Ptolemy XII’s will. She ruled alone in 51/50 bce until she was exiled by her brother (50/49–48 bce) and re-established by Julius Caesar as joint ruler with Ptolemy XIII, then with her younger brother Ptolemy XIV (48–44 bce). After his death, she ruled jointly with Ptolemy XV Caesar, her son by Caesar.

Cleopatra expanded the Ptolemaic empire through her political alliance and relationship with the triumvir Mark Antony, with whom she had twins, Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene (born 40 bce), and Ptolemy Philadelphus (born 36 bce). The territories Mark Antony bestowed upon her led the triumvir Octavian to declare war against Cleopatra. He defeated the army Mark Antony and the queen had mobilized at Actium in 31 bce and annexed Egypt after they committed suicide in 30 bce. The life and legacy of Cleopatra have inspired authors and artists across time, from Egyptian representations to Roman authors, the latter generally constructing a negative image of the queen, and from Boccaccio and Shakespeare to paintings, sculptures, and 20th- and 21st-century movies.
coinage, Roman
Authors: Hellings Benjamin D. R. , Soto Marín Irene , Crawford Michael
Published: April 2016

Rome was late to adopt coinage compared to the rest of the Mediterranean. The history of Roman coinage is conventionally divided into three main periods: the early Republican phase, with elements of struck and cast coinage of aes, silver, and Italian and Hellenistic traditions intertwined; the phase of the silver denarius, from c. 212 bce through to its collapse in the 3rd century ce, supplemented with an array of metals and denominations; followed by the Late Roman coinage system, primarily of gold and aes with very little silver. Important iconographic developments occurred throughout the seven centuries of Roman coinage, accompanied by many metallurgical and metrological changes to the physicality of coins, impacting and being impacted by economic, monetary, and non-monetary use and function.
colonization, Greek
Authors: Marconi Clemente
Published: April 2016

This is a presentation of early Greek “colonization” across the Mediterranean and Black Seas between c. 750 and 580 bce. The article opens with historiography, discussing the problems implicit in the use of terms such as “colonies” and “colonization” and the tendency of modern scholarship to view early Greek settlement abroad through the lens of modern colonization. Next comes an account, based on the textual and archaeological record, of the foundation of apoikiai (the Greek term for “colonies”) in South Italy and Sicily, the Black Sea region, North Africa, southern France, and northern Spain. After this presentation of the main apoikiai established in the period under consideration, the article mentions other forms of early Greek settlement abroad, including trading stations (emporia) and forms of cohabitation between Greeks and non-Greeks in settlements that were neither apoikiai nor emporia. Finally, the article addresses three critical problems traditionally associated with discussions of early Greek settlement abroad: the various explanations provided by ancient and modern literature for this large migration, which is now generally attributed to social crises within the context of growing populations at home; the relations between the new, politically independent foundations and their metropoleis, which are often emphasized by ancient authors and modern scholars but may have varied considerably over time; and the encounters and entanglements between the Greeks and numerous other ethnic groups inhabiting the Mediterranean and Black Seas, which ultimately gave rise to new historical realities that shaped Mediterranean history at large.
Cyril of Alexandria
Authors: Crawford Matthew R.
Published: April 2016

Serving as bishop of Alexandria from 412 until his death in 444, Cyril was one of the two most influential episcopal leaders of the city during Late Antiquity, second only to Athanasius in terms of his involvement in ecclesiastical politics and his significance as an authority for later Christian traditions. His career was marked by attempts to oppose Jews, pagans, and Christians whose theology he regarded as contrary to the Nicene faith. In pursuit of this goal he proved to be a politically savvy tactician, as well as a rhetorically and intellectually powerful polemicist in pamphlets, letters, florilegia, and treatises. He was also an effective bishop who exhibited pastoral concern for the organization and vitality of the Egyptian church as well as its unity with other churches throughout the empire.
Damasus I, Bishop of Rome, 366–384 CE
Authors: Sághy Marianne
Published: April 2016

Bishop Damasus of Rome was the builder of Christian Rome and papal power in the 4th century. Following a double election, Damasus succesfully fought the schism instigated by his rival Ursinus. Damasus established the cult of the martyrs in the Roman catacombs and commissioned Jerome to revise the Latin translation of the Bible. A great promoter of the preeminence of Rome (“primacy of Peter”) among the churches, Damasus enjoyed the support of Emperor Theodosius I, but his relations with the East were strained.
Epic Cycle
Authors: Burgess Jonathan
Published: April 2016

Epic Cycle refers to an ancient gathering of thematically linked epics of the Archaic Age on the origins of the gods, the Theban Wars, and the Trojan War. The poems are lost, with few fragments remaining; testimony for their contents and authors. The 9th-century ce Photius provides a general overview. Summaries of the Trojan War epics by Proclus, a 5th-century ce scholar (the date is disputed in modern scholarship), have survived in the manuscript tradition of the Iliad. The contents of the epics were popular throughout Greco-Roman antiquity.
geocentricity
Authors: Feke Jacqueline
Published: April 2016

Geocentricity is the theory that the Earth is located at the center of the cosmos. The theory was espoused first by Parmenides in the fifth century BCE and then became the standard view from the fourth century BCE onward. Eudoxus and his student Callippus devised geometrical models based on the geocentric hypothesis. In these models, the heavens consist of a series of homocentric spheres, centred on the Earth, that account for the movements of the Sun, Moon, stars, and five planets visible with the naked eye: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Aristotle modified this cosmological system and developed an element theory consistent with geocentricity. Some ancient Greek intellectuals offered alternative cosmologies—notably Philolaus, Heraclides of Pontus, and Aristarchus of Samos—but the geocentric conception of the cosmos remained the standard view. Cleomedes and Claudius Ptolemy offer proofs of the geocentric hypothesis in their astronomical texts. In addition, Ptolemy puts forward complex astronomical models that incorporate the eccentric and epicyclic hypotheses as well as the equant, a feature of his own invention. Ptolemy’s geocentric astronomy was authoritative until the seventeenth century, when mathematicians came to espouse a Copernican conception of a heliocentric cosmos, where the Sun is situated at the centre of the cosmos and the Earth orbits the Sun. Isaac Newton developed a physics consistent with heliocentricity and thus prepared the way for the demise of the geocentric theory and the widespread acceptance of heliocentricity.
Hades
Authors: Henrichs A. , Mackin Roberts Ellie
Published: April 2016

Hades is the Lord of the Underworld—the realm to which he gives his name—alternatively named Aidoneus, and from the mid-fifth century bce associated with Plouton and Theos (at Eleusis). He is the husband of Persephone and brother of Zeus. He rules over the Underworld but takes no direct control of the dead themselves. He has very minimal cult activity associated with him. His name was thought to mean “invisible” or “unseen one,” perhaps related to his mythic “cap of invisibility,” though there is contention over the linguistic accuracy of this.
Ishtar
Authors: Frazer Mary
Published: April 2016

Ishtar/Inanna is the most important Mesopotamian goddess, attested in southern Babylonia from the late 4th millennium bce until the end of cuneiform culture, and in the wider Near East from the end of the 3rd millennium on. Depending on time, place and context she was associated with sexual love, violence, legitimate kingship, fertility, the underworld, prophecy, and medicine. The cults of Ishtar-like goddesses in the Levant influenced cults of Aphrodite.