bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ice fabric in an Antarctic ice stream interpreted from seismic anisotropy
Authors: Smith Emma C. , Baird Alan F. , Kendall J. Michael , Martín Carlos , White Robert S. , Brisbourne Alex M. , Smith Andrew M.
Published: April 2017

Here we present new measurements of an anisotropic ice fabric in a fast moving (377 ma−1) ice stream in West Antarctica. We use ∼6000 measurements of shear wave splitting observed in microseismic signals from the bed of Rutford Ice Stream, to show that in contrast to large‐scale ice flow models, which assume that ice is isotropic, the ice in Rutford Ice Stream is dominated by a previously unobserved type of partial girdle fabric. This fabric has a strong directional contrast in mechanical properties, shearing 9.1 times more easily along the ice flow direction than across flow. This observed fabric is likely to be widespread and representative of fabrics in other ice streams and large glaciers, suggesting it is essential to consider anisotropy in data‐driven models to correctly predict ice loss and future flow in these regions. We show how passive microseismic monitoring can be effectively used to provide these data.
Why does the locally induced temperature response to land cover change differ across scenarios?
Authors: Winckler J. , Reick C. H. , Pongratz J.
Published: April 2017

Land cover change (LCC) affects temperature locally. The underlying biogeophysical effects are influenced not only by land use (location and extent) but also by natural biogeographic shifts and background climate. We examine the contributions of these three factors to surface temperature changes upon LCC and compare them across Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) scenarios. To this end, we perform global deforestation simulations with an Earth system model to deduce locally induced changes in surface temperature for historical and projected forest cover changes. We find that the dominant factors differ between historical and future scenarios: the local temperature response is historically dominated by the factor land use change, but the two other factors become just as important in scenarios of future land use and climate. An additional factor contributing to differences across scenarios is the dependence on the extent of forests before LCC happens: For most locations, the temperature response is strongest when starting deforestation from low forest cover fractions.
Submicroscopic metallic iron in lunar soils estimated from the in situ spectra of the Chang'E‐3 mission
Authors: Wang Zhenchao , Wu Yunzhao , Blewett David T. , Cloutis Edward A. , Zheng Yongchun , Chen Jun
Published: April 2017

Submicroscopic metallic iron (SMFe) created by space weathering has strong effects on the optical properties of the lunar surface. Spectra measured in situ by the visible‐near‐infrared spectrometer (VNIS) on board the Chang'E‐3 Yutu rover were used to investigate optical maturity differences at the CE‐3 landing site caused by lander exhaust. SMFe abundances were estimated using Hapke's radiative transfer model. Analysis of the spectrum for a minimally disturbed soil indicates that it contains 0.368 wt % SMFe, corresponding to an Is/FeO maturity index of ~53 and indicating that the landing site is submature. The soil at a location that was more disturbed contains 0.217 wt % SMFe, suggesting that the material removed by the rocket blast is more weathered than the regolith that remained behind. We conclude that maturity differences related to removal of the finest, highly mature particles play a major role in the observed reflectance changes associated with rocket blast.
Plate coupling and strain in the far western Aleutian arc modeled from GPS data
Authors: Kogan Mikhail G. , Frolov Dmitry I. , Vasilenko Nikolay F. , Freymueller Jeffrey T. , Steblov Grigory M. , Ekström Göran , Titkov Nikolay N. , Prytkov Alexandr S.
Published: April 2017

The Aleutian and Kuril‐Kamchatka arcs meet at a triple junction of the Pacific (PAC), Bering (BER), and North American (NAM) plates. We invert GPS observations from the westernmost Aleutian (Komandorsky) Islands and Kamchatka for the fault locking depth and block motion in the far western Aleutian transform boundary. Three boundary models were considered: (1) only the Aleutian thrust fault without a trench‐normal component, (2) only a strike‐slip fault in the back arc north of the Komandorsky Islands, and (3) a rigid Komandorsky sliver bounded by the Aleutian and back‐arc faults. Observed velocities prefer Model 3, with a secular westward sliver velocity of 51 mm/a relative to NAM (two thirds of the total PAC‐NAM motion). The observed velocities are ~10% slower because of elastic strain from boundary faults. The best fitting locking depth of faults bounding the sliver is 12 km, which is similar to depths observed in diverse tectonic environments.
Time‐evolving seismic tomography: The method and its application to the 1989 Loma Prieta and 2014 South Napa earthquake area, California
Authors: Tong Ping , Yang Dinghui , Li Dongzhuo , Liu Qinya
Published: April 2017

We propose a time‐evolving approach to conduct traveltime seismic tomography in the 1989 Mw 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake and 2014 Mw 6.0 South Napa earthquake area, California. The recording period of the chosen seismic data between 1 January 1967 and the day before the 2014 South Napa earthquake is divided into two time windows, separated by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. In each time window the subsurface velocity structure is iteratively updated. Starting from the final model of the first time window, the velocity model has been successively improved throughout iterations in the second time window, indicating that the traveltime data of later time windows have provided extra information to refine the subsurface images. Strong heterogeneities are observed in the final P wave velocity model. Both of the two large earthquakes occurred at transition zones in between high VP and low VP anomalies. In all, this study shows the effectiveness of the time‐evolving seismic tomography method.
Venus's winds and temperatures during the MESSENGER's flyby: An approximation to a three‐dimensional instantaneous state of the atmosphere
Authors: Peralta J. , Lee Y. J. , Hueso R. , Clancy R. T. , Sandor B. J. , Sánchez‐Lavega A. , Lellouch E. , Rengel M. , Machado P. , Omino M. , Piccialli A. , Imamura T. , Horinouchi T. , Murakami S. , Ogohara K. , Luz D. , Peach D.
Published: April 2017

Even though many missions have explored the Venus atmospheric circulation, its instantaneous state is poorly characterized. In situ measurements vertically sampling the atmosphere exist for limited locations and dates, while remote sensing observations provide only global averages of winds at altitudes of the clouds: 47, 60, and 70 km. We present a three‐dimensional global view of Venus's atmospheric circulation from data obtained in June 2007 by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) and Venus Express spacecrafts, together with ground‐based observations. Winds and temperatures were measured for heights 47–110 km from multiwavelength images and spectra covering 40°N–80°S and local times 12 h–21 h. Dayside westward winds exhibit day‐to‐day changes, with maximum speeds ranging 97–143 m/s and peaking at variable altitudes within 75–90 km, while on the nightside these peak below cloud tops at ∼60 km. Our results support past reports of strong variability of the westward zonal superrotation in the transition region, and good agreement is found above the clouds with results from the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) Venus general circulation model.
The charge state of electrostatically transported dust on regolith surfaces
Authors: Schwan J. , Wang X. , Hsu H.‐W. , Grün E. , Horányi M.
Published: April 2017

The charge state of dust particles on regolith surfaces exposed to ultraviolet radiation or plasma is investigated for understanding the role of electrostatic dust transport in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies. Our charge measurement shows that the regolith dust that can be electrostatically transported or lofted carries large negative charges. This result is consistent with our “patched charge model,” which predicts that dust particles forming microcavities in the regolith surfaces can attain large negative charges by collecting photoelectrons and/or secondary electrons emitted from neighboring particles and the resulting repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles lead to their mobilization. The observed negative charge polarity is contrary to the generally expected positive charges on the regolith dust emitting photoelectrons. The measured negative charges are orders of magnitude larger than the prediction by classical charging models. Our laboratory measurements provide critical initial charging conditions for regolith dust dynamics studies.
Land loss by pond expansion on the Mississippi River Delta Plain
Authors: Ortiz Alejandra C. , Roy Samapriya , Edmonds Douglas A.
Published: April 2017

The world's river deltas may collapse under the combined effects of rising sea levels, subsidence, and reduced sediment supply. Saving these deltaic environments requires quantifying processes driving collapse. In the Mississippi River Delta, rapid land loss offers an important opportunity to test existing theories for marsh collapse. We use Landsat images to examine how pond expansion by edge retreat contributes to land loss over 34 years in the Atchafalaya‐Vermillion, Terrebonne, and Barataria basins of the Mississippi Delta. Tracking the area changes in ponds on the marsh surface, we find a striking consistency between pond expansion direction and the dominant wind direction and show that wind‐generated waves are capable of causing edge erosion. Expansion rate increases rapidly for ponds wider than 300 m in Terrebonne and Barataria basins. From this, we suggest that ponds in Atchafalaya‐Vermillion basin are stable, whereas ponds in Terrebonne and Barataria are unstable.
One‐pot Synthesis of Oxindoles through C−H Alkylation and Intramolecular Cyclization of Azobenzenes with Internal Olefins
Authors: Han Sang Hoon , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Jo Hyeim , Oh Yongguk , Jeon Mijin , Kim Saegun , Kim Woo Jung , Lee Jong Suk , Kim Hyung Sik , Kim In Su
Published: April 2017

The rhodium(III)‐catalyzed site‐selective C−H alkylation of azobenzenes and internal olefins, such as maleimides, maleates and fumarates, followed by reductive intramolecular cyclization is described. A cationic rhodium catalyst in the presence of acetic acid additive in dichloroethane solvent was found to be the optimal catalytic system for the construction of ortho‐alkylated azobenzenes, which smoothly underwent the intramolecular cyclization leading to the formation of C3‐functionalized oxindoles in the presence of zinc powder and acetic acid. The formed oxindole scaffold could be an important asset towards the development of novel bioactive compounds.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Olefins by Triple Domino Process
Authors: Naveen Kanagaraj , Nikson Savariyappan Albert , Perumal Paramasivan Thirumalai
Published: April 2017

An efficient, highly regio‐ and stereoselective protocol for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted olefins was developed to take place by a palladium(0)‐catalyzed triple domino process. It involves the formation of three new C−C bonds through double carbopalladation and C−H activation across 2‐bromoaryl alkynyl biaryls/heteroaryls with norbornene. This method is practically simple with broad substrate scope and tolerates a wide range of substituents. The products bearing 9H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indole motifs reveal intriguing solid state fluorescence properties and thus form a new class of aggregation induced emission (AIE) fluorophores.

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Elastic bending and stress analysis of carbon nanotube‐reinforced composite plate: Experimental, numerical, and simulation
Authors: Mehar Kulmani , Panda Subrata Kumar
Published: April 2017

The deflection behavior of carbon nanotube‐reinforced composite plate is investigated numerically using the finite‐element method and the result accuracy is established via three‐point experimental bending test data. The physical composite panel model is realized with the help of new mathematical model based on the higher order kinematic theory and the responses are computed using the in‐house computer code in the MATLAB environment. Further, the efficacy of the current higher order finite‐element model has been established by comparing the deflection responses with those of the references, simulation values (ANSYS), and the in‐house experimentation including the experimental elastic properties. Finally, the effect of different design parameters, such as aspect ratio, thickness ratio, edge constraints including the types of load on the deflection and stress responses of the composite plate has been studied in detail.
Palladium(II) Bis(oxazoline) Complexes that Catalyze the Hydration of Alkynes
Authors: Kusakabe Taichi , Ito Yoichi , Kamimura Misato , Shirai Tsukasa , Takahashi Keisuke , Mochida Tomoyuki , Kato Keisuke
Published: April 2017

The hydration of alkynes catalyzed by palladium(II) bis(oxazoline) complexes is described. The corresponding ketones were obtained in good yields and no special additives were required.
Dental wear and age grading at Roonka, South Australia
Authors: Littleton Judith
Published: April 2017

Objectives

In many hunter‐gatherer populations, the teeth are used as a third hand or a tool. Much attention has been paid to wear and its relationship to gendered division of labor, but age is also a significant organizing factor in many societies. In this article, I analyze whether the pattern of wear at Roonka, Australia, reflects the age‐graded acquisition of tasks.

Materials and Methods

The remains analyzed come from Roonka and date from c6000 BP to 150 BP. In total 126 adults and juveniles were analyzed. Wear gradients were calculated for each tooth relative to wear on the first molar. Data were compared using nonparametric statistics and cluster analysis to assess the degree of patterning within the sample.

Results

Dental wear proceeded rapidly. There is no evidence of sex differences in the pattern of wear. Age differences do occur. While disproportionate anterior wear occurs among juveniles and young adults, by middle adulthood the pattern is less variable and involves the premolars. Old adults have a much flatter pattern of wear.

Discussion

The pattern of wear is consistent with ethnographic observations, which suggest a degree of latitude in the activities of juveniles and young adults. By middle age variability between individuals declines reflecting shared tasks and more intensive use of the teeth. The pattern of wear amongst old adults, however, is much flatter presumably due to changes in occlusion. While dental wear is informative about the organization of labor there is a need to take into account both patterns of activity and occlusion.
Discovering and “rediscovering” the W boson
Authors: Wüthrich Adrian
Published: April 2017

One of the first publications by the ATLAS collaboration using data from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN dealt with the measurement of the production cross section of the W boson. The collaboration “rediscovered” the W in order to, among other things, check whether the detector and analysis methods were working well. Originally, the discovery of the W had been announced in 1983 by the CERN management, referring mainly to work done by its UA1 collaboration. In both the discovery and the “rediscovery”, the convergence of two distinct sets of criteria of data selection was an important concern of the researchers. In 1983, this concern figured prominently in the published paper whereas in 2010 it was mainly dealt with inside the collaboration.
Stabile Polyoxometallat‐Nickelschaum‐Elektroden für elektrochemische Sauerstoffentwicklung im alkalischen Milieu
Authors: Luo Wenjing , Hu Jun , Diao Hongling , Schwarz Benjamin , Streb Carsten , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: April 2017

Die Entwicklung von technisch relevanten Elektroden für die elektrochemische Sauerstoffentwicklung (OER) ist eine der größten Herausforderungen der chemischen Energiewandlung. Nun gelang die hydrothermale Immobilisierung des Dexter‐Silverton‐Polyoxometallats, [Co6.8Ni1.2W12O42(OH)4(H2O)8], auf einer kommerziellen Nickelschaumelektrode. Im alkalischen Milieu (pH 13) zeigt das Elektrodenmaterial katalytische Sauerstoffentwicklung bei niedriger Überspannung (360 mV bei 10 mA cm−2 gegen RHE, Tafel‐Steigung 126 mV dec−1, Faraday‐Effizienz (96±5) %). Zudem ist keine Zersetzung oder Abtrennung der Polyoxometallat‐Mikrokristalle von der Elektrode nach der Katalyse zu beobachten. Die vorgestellte Immobilisierungsroute kann also einen Zugang zu technisch relevanten Elektrodenmaterialien für die Sauerstoffentwicklung eröffnen.
Characterization of Plasma Membrane Ceramides by Super‐Resolution Microscopy
Authors: Burgert Anne , Schlegel Jan , Bécam Jérôme , Doose Sören , Bieberich Erhard , Schubert‐Unkmeir Alexandra , Sauer Markus
Published: April 2017

The sphingolipid ceramide regulates cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. Ceramide‐rich membrane areas promote structural changes within the plasma membrane that segregate membrane receptors and affect membrane curvature and vesicle formation, fusion, and trafficking. Ceramides were labeled by immunocytochemistry to visualize their distribution on the plasma membrane of different cells with virtually molecular resolution by direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). Super‐resolution images show that independent of labeling conditions and cell type 50–60 % of all membrane ceramides are located in ceramide‐rich platforms (CRPs) with a size of about 75 nm that are composed of at least about 20 ceramides. Treatment of cells withBacillus cereussphingomyelinase (bSMase) increases the overall ceramide concentration in the plasma membrane, the quantity of CRPs, and their size. Simultaneously, the ceramide concentration in CRPs increases approximately twofold.
Four‐Component Synthesis of Phosphonium Salts: Application Toward an Alternative Approach to Cross‐Coupling for the Synthesis of Bis‐Heteroarenes
Authors: Chen Yi‐Ru , Reddy Ganapuram Madhusudhan , Hong Shao‐Hao , Wang Ying‐Zheng , Yu Jhen‐Kuei , Lin Wenwei
Published: April 2017

A series of stable phosphonium salts have been synthesized via a novel four‐component reaction of an arene nucleophile, 2‐heteroatom substituted aryl aldehyde, and phosphine in presence of an acid. The phosphonium salts thus obtained were utilized for the synthesis of a variety of bis‐heteroarenes, providing an efficient alternative method to the classical cross‐coupling strategies.
Synthetic Glycoforms Reveal Carbohydrate‐Dependent Bioactivity of Human Saposin D
Authors: Graf Christopher G. F. , Schulz Christian , Schmälzlein Marina , Heinlein Christian , Mönnich Manuel , Perkams Lukas , Püttner Markus , Boos Irene , Hessefort Markus , Lombana Sanchez Jose Nelson , Weyand Michael , Steegborn Clemens , Breiden Bernadette , Ross Kerstin , Schwarzmann Günter , Sandhoff Konrad , Unverzagt Carlo
Published: April 2017

The main glycoforms of the hydrophobic lysosomal glycoprotein saposin D (SapD) were synthesized by native chemical ligation. An approach for the challenging solid‐phase synthesis of the fragments was developed. Three SapD glycoforms were obtained following a general and robust refolding and purification protocol. A crystal structure of one glycoform confirmed its native structure and disulfide pattern. Functional assays revealed that the lipid‐binding properties of three SapD glycoforms are highly affected by the single sugar moiety of SapD showing a dependency of the size and the type of N‐glycan.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Construction of Vicinal Tertiary and All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Allylation of β‐Ketocarbonyls with Morita–Baylis–Hillman Adducts
Authors: Liu Jiawang , Han Zhaobin , Wang Xiaoming , Meng Fanye , Wang Zheng , Ding Kuiling
Published: April 2017

Palladium‐catalyzed regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective allylic alkylation of β‐ketocarbonyls with Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts has been developed using a spiroketal‐based diphosphine (SKP) as the ligand, thus affording a range of densely functionalized products bearing vicinal tertiary and all‐carbon quaternary stereodyad in high selectivities. The utility of the protocol was demonstrated by the facile synthesis of some complex molecules by simple product transformations.
Spontaneous and Widespread Electricity Generation in Natural Deep‐Sea Hydrothermal Fields
Authors: Yamamoto Masahiro , Nakamura Ryuhei , Kasaya Takafumi , Kumagai Hidenori , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Takai Ken
Published: April 2017

Deep‐sea hydrothermal vents discharge abundant reductive energy into oxidative seawater. Herein, we demonstrated that in situ measurements of redox potentials on the surfaces of active hydrothermal mineral deposits were more negative than the surrounding seawater potential, driving electrical current generation. We also demonstrated that negative potentials in the surface of minerals were widespread in the hydrothermal fields, regardless of the proximity to hydrothermal fluid discharges. Lab experiments verified that the negative potential of the mineral surface was induced by a distant electron transfer from the hydrothermal fluid through the metallic and catalytic properties of minerals. These results indicate that electric current is spontaneously and widely generated in natural mineral deposits in deep‐sea hydrothermal fields. Our discovery provides important insights into the microbial communities that are supported by extracellular electron transfer and the prebiotic chemical and metabolic evolution of the ocean hydrothermal systems.
Effects of biocide treatments on durability of wood and bamboo/high density polyethylene composites against algal and fungal decay
Authors: Feng Jing , Chen Juan , Chen Mingjie , Su Xiulin , Shi Qingshan
Published: April 2017

The main objective of this study was to investigate the algal and fungal resistance of biocide‐treated wood flour (WF)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) and bamboo flour (BF)/HDPE composites. The biocides included 4,5‐dichloro‐2‐octyl‐isothiazolone (DCOIT), zinc pyrithione (ZPT), and carbendazim (MBC). Resistance to algae and fungi was evaluated by artificially accelerated tests. Treated and untreated samples were exposed to algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Ulothrix sp., Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Oscillatoria sp.) and fungi (Coriolus versicolor and Poria placenta) for 21 days and 12 weeks, respectively. The volatile components of WF and BF extractives were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The results indicated that incorporation of DCOIT, ZPT, and MBC effectively enhanced the durability of WF/HDPE and BF/HDPE composites against algal and fungal decay. Accordingly, DCOIT, ZPT, and MBC can be used as potential biocides for both WF/HDPE and BF/HDPE composites. GC‐MS analysis suggested that palmitic acid, oleic acid, stigmasta‐3,5‐dien‐7‐one, and vanillin in WF possibly provided some resistance to fungal attack, whereas di (2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate and linoleic acid in BF were responsible for algal resistance. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45148.
Demography of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) ammocoete populations in relation to potential spawning‐migration obstructions
Authors: Nunn A. D. , Taylor R. J. , Cowx I. G. , Noble R. A. A. , Bolland J. D. , Harvey J. P.
Published: April 2017

Recent advances in the understanding of lamprey migrations have led to concerns over the impacts of obstructions on the demography of many species. This study investigated sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) larvae (ammocoetes) in two adjacent but contrasting rivers, both designated Special Areas of Conservation under the EC Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), one (the River Wye) with a small number of potential migration obstructions in its upper reaches and one (the River Usk) with obstacles along its course. The geographical distributions, densities and age structures of the ammocoete populations were examined in relation to the locations of potential obstructions to the spawning migrations of anadromous adults.

A minimum of three age classes was recorded as far as 200 km upstream of the mouth of the River Wye (93% of the length of the mainstem), demonstrating that adults regularly migrate to the upper reaches of the catchment (downstream of a natural waterfall). By contrast, sea lamprey ammocoetes appeared to be absent (in suitable habitat) from 20 km (17%) of the River Usk, and there was a reduction in density, prevalence and the number of age classes upstream of two putative spawning‐migration obstructions.

This study highlights some of the potential impacts of habitat fragmentation by obstructions on the spawning migrations of anadromous species, as inferred from ammocoete demography. When used in combination to compare contiguous reaches, ammocoete densities, prevalence and age structure may be a useful indicator of which structures are likely to be important migration obstructions, and where further studies or mitigation efforts should be focused. It is likely that passage past some obstructions is enhanced if high river levels occur during the spawning migration, but there is a need to facilitate passage during all conditions, to improve access to under‐exploited spawning and nursery areas.
The Unique Paired Retinal Vessels of the Gray Short‐Tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and Their Relationship to Astrocytes and Microglial Cells
Authors: McMenamin Paul G. , Golborne Cecilia Naranjo , Chen Xiangting , Wheaton Ben , Dando Samantha
Published: April 2017

In marsupials that possess a retinal vasculature, the arterial and venous segments, down to the smallest calibre capillaries, have been shown to occur in pairs. This pattern is seen in the marsupial central nervous system (CNS) but not in other tissues in this group or in any tissues in eutherian mammals. The present study aimed to determine if the gray short‐tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica), a south American marsupial, possesses double retinal vessels. Secondly, we investigated the relationship between vessels and astrocytes and microglia, which are known to play pivotal roles in the blood retinal barrier and immune surveillance respectively. Eyes from M. domestica between 2 months and 33 months of age were examined by bright field and fluorescein angiography, resin histology, and wholemount immunostaining. Retinal vessels in this marsupial always occur in closely related pairs with the arteriolar limb usually on the vitread aspect. Branches penetrate the retina to form layers of paired capillaries as far as the outer nuclear layer. Dense networks of GFAP+ astrocytes enveloped the vitread aspect of vessels. No particularly strong association with blood vessels and ramified Iba1+ and Ib4+ microglia was noted. M. domestica possessed the unusual paired vasculature and capillary loops arrangement previously described in the marsupial CNS. These observations in a small laboratory‐friendly marsupial open up new frontiers to investigate the factors that regulate paired blood vessel development and the functional significance of this arrangement when compared to the anastomotic pattern observed in the retina of eutherian mammals. Anat Rec, 300:1391–1400, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic Spectroscopy of Protonated 1‐Aminopyrene in a Cold Ion Trap
Authors: Noble Jennifer Anna , Dedonder‐Lardeux Claude , Mascetti Joëlle , Jouvet Christophe
Published: April 2017

In aromatic systems that contain an amino group, there is competition between protonation on a carbon atom of the skeleton and protonation on the amino group. Herein, we studied the photofragmentation of protonated 1‐aminopyrene in a cold ion trap and mainly observed the protonated amino tautomer, which led to fragmentation pathways through the loss of H or NH3 groups. Several excited states were assigned, among which the fourth excited state showed broadened bands, thus indicating a fast decay that was attributed to the presence of a πσ* charge‐transfer state by comparison of the experimental results with ab initio calculations. We deduced the πσ* transition energies in protonated aromatic amino compounds of increasing size directly from the ionization potentials of the neutral aromatic unsubstituted molecules. Tautomers that were protonated on a carbon atom of the pyrene skeleton were also weakly observed, and we showed that two tautomers that were protonated on a carbon atom of the aromatic ring could be distinguished by using electronic spectroscopy.
On partition function in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Authors: Sharma M. K. , Sharma M. , Sharma A. K. , Chandra S.
Published: April 2017

In order to analyze a spectrum from the interstellar medium, the spectrum of the molecule of interest is recorded in a laboratory, and accurate rotational and centrifugal distortion constants are derived. By using these constants, one can calculate accurate partition function as a function of temperature. However, in the same paper, where these constants are derived, the partition function is calculated by using a semi‐empirical expression. We looked into the details of this semi‐empirical expression and compared the values obtained from it with the accurate ones. By considering the case of methanimine, we investigated the impact of the partition function on the total internal energy and the specific heat at constant volume.
Study of the variability of Nova V5668 Sgr, based on high‐resolution spectroscopic monitoring
Authors: Jack D. , Robles Pérez J. de J. , De Gennaro Aquino I. , Schröder K.‐P. , Wolter U. , Eenens P. , Schmitt J. H. M. M. , Mittag M. , Hempelmann A. , González‐Pérez J. N. , Rauw G. , Hauschildt P. H.
Published: April 2017

Background

We present results of our dense spectroscopic monitoring of Nova V5668 Sgr.

Materials and Methods

Starting on March 19, 2015, only a few days after its discovery, we have obtained a series of spectra with the Telescopio Internacional en Guanajuato, Robótico y Espectroscópico telescope and its Heidelberg extended range optical spectrograph échelle spectrograph, which offers a resolution of R = 20,000 and covers the optical wavelength range 3,8008,800 Å. We performed a line identification of the discernible features for four spectra, which are representative of the respective phases in the light curve evolution of that nova. We simultaneously analyzed the variations in the visual light curve and the corresponding spectra of Nova V5668 Sgr.

Results

We found that, during the declining phases of the nova, the absorption features in all hydrogen and many other lines had shifted to higher expansion velocities of about ‐2,000 km s−1. Conversely, during the rise toward the following maximum, these observed absorption features had returned to lower expansion velocities. We found that the absorption features of some Fe II lines displayed the same behavior, but in addition disappeared for a few days during some declining phases. Features of several N I lines also disappeared, while new N II lines appeared in the emission for a few days during some of the declining phases of the light curve of Nova V5668 Sgr. The shape of the emission features is changing during the evolution, and shows a clear double‐peak structure after the deep minimum.

Conclusions

Thanks to the dense spectral monitoring we could observe several interesting developments of the Nova V5668 Sgr.
Optimizing coordinated transfer with probabilistic vehicle arrivals and passengers' walking time
Authors: Xiao Mei , Chien Steven , Hu Dawei
Published: April 2017

Supporting efficient connections by synchronizing vehicle arrival time and passengers' walking time at a transfer hub may significantly improve service quality, stimulate demand, and increase productivity. However, vehicle travel times and walking times in urban settings often varies spatially and temporally due to a variety of factors. Nevertheless, the reservation of slack time and/or the justification of vehicle arrival time at the hub may substantially increase the success of transfer coordination. To this end, this paper develops a model that considers probabilistic vehicle arrivals and passengers walking speeds so that the slack time and the scheduled bus arrival time can be optimized by minimizing the total system cost. A case study is conducted in which the developed model is applied to optimize the coordination of multiple bus routes connecting at a transfer station in Xi'an, China. The relationship between decision variables and model parameters, including the mean and the standard deviation of walking time, is explored. It was found that the joint impact of probabilistic vehicle arrivals and passengers' walking time significantly affects the efficiency of coordinated transfer. The established methodology can essentially be applied to any distribution of bus arrival and passenger walking time. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modell zur numerischen Untersuchung der Trocknung in Estrichdämmschichten
Authors: Bianchi‐Janetti Michele , Gebauer Ralf , Ochs Fabian , Feist Wolfgang
Published: April 2017

Estriche in Wohngebäuden werden im deutschsprachigen Raum überwiegend als Estriche auf Dämmschicht ausgeführt. Auf diese Estriche sind nur ausnahmsweise, zum Beispiel bei Nutzung als Feuchtraum, Abdichtungen eingebaut. Wurden die Estrichdämmschichten durch Wasserschäden durchfeuchtet, wird in der Regel durch technische Trocknung versucht, den ursprünglichen, trockenen Zustand wieder herzustellen. Die Trocknungsvorgänge wurden bislang empirisch beschrieben. Eine genaue Kenntnis der Vorgänge führt bislang zu Trocknungszeiten, mit welchen in der Regel eine vollständige Trocknung nicht erreicht wird. Durch Entwicklung eines Modells zur numerischen Simulation der Trocknungsvorgänge können künftig, unter Beachtung der hygrothermischen Ortsverhältnisse und abhängig vom eingebauten Dämmstoff, der Dämmstoffdicke und der gewählten Turbinenleistung, ausreichend lange Trocknungszeiten prognostiziert werden.
Vorhangfassade auf Holzbasis – Untersuchungen zum Schallschutz, Feuchteschutz und Brandschutz
Authors: Tywoniak Jan , Nováček Jiří , Hejtmánek Petr , Bureš Michal , Staněk Kamil , Lupíšek Antonín , Volf Martin
Published: April 2017

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Entwicklung einer Systemlösung für den Ersatz alter nichttragender Außenwände bei Nichtwohngebäuden aus den 1960er‐ und 1970er‐Jahren. Die Hauptidee war es dabei, ein vorfabriziertes Produkt zu entwickeln, das moderne Holzprodukte verwendet, um eine Alternative zu üblichen Metallbausystemen anzubieten. Es hat sich bestätigt, dass ohne detaillierte bauphysikalisch orientierte Analysen und Messungen eine erfolgreiche Entwicklung kaum möglich ist. Im ersten Teil in Bauphysik Heft 1/2017 wurden Konstruktion, Wärmeschutz und eine umweltorientierten Analyse behandelt. Der vorliegende Teil befasst sich mit den wichtigen bauphysikalischen Aspekten Bauakustik, Brandschutz und Feuchteschutz.
Die neue Siemens Konzernzentrale München – eines der nachhaltigsten Bürogebäude Europas
Authors: Berger Tobias , Schade André
Published: April 2017

Im Frühjahr 2010 lobte die Siemens AG einen internationalen Wettbewerb für den Neubau ihrer Konzernzentrale am Standort Wittelsbacherplatz in München aus. Das Gebäude sollte 45 000 m2 oberirdische Geschossfläche für 1 200 Mitarbeiter bieten und dabei besonders nachhaltig und technisch innovativ sein. Aufgrund der prominenten Lage war es dem Bauherrn darüber hinaus auch sehr wichtig, ein nachhaltiges Gebäude mit modernen Arbeitswelten zu schaffen, das gleichzeitig öffentlich zugänglich sein sollte. Dabei sollte es sich um ein hochmodernes Gebäude handeln, das sich gleichermaßen in die sensible innenstädtische Lage einfügt. Der nachfolgende Bericht beschreibt die tragende Konstruktion des Gebäudes der Hauptverwaltung, die Integration der unter Denkmalschutz stehenden Gebäude am Wittelsbacher Platz sowie die Gebäudehülle.
CdSe and CdSe/CdS core–shell QDs: New approach for synthesis, investigating optical properties and application in pollutant degradation
Authors: Abbasi S. , Molaei M. , Karimipour M.
Published: April 2017

In this work, CdSe quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized by a simple and rapid microwave activated approach using CdSO4, Na2SeO3 as precursors and thioglycolic acid (TGA) as capping agent molecule. A novel photochemical approach was introduced for the growth of CdS QDs and this approach was used to grow a CdS shell around CdSe cores for the formation of a CdSe/CdS core–shell structure. The core–shells were structurally verified using X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and FTIR (Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR)) spectroscopy. The optical properties of the samples were examined by means of UV–Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. It was found that CdS QDs emit a broad band white luminescence between 400 to 700 nm with a peak located at about 510 nm. CdSe QDs emission contained a broad band resulting from trap states between 450 to 800 nm with a peak located at 600 nm. After CdS shell growth, trap states emission was considerably quenched and a near band edge emission was appeared about 480 nm. Optical studies revealed that the core–shell QDs possess strong ultraviolet (UV) − visible light photocatalytic activity. CdSe/CdS core–shell QDs, showed an enhancement in photodegradation of Methyl orange (MO) compared with CdSe QDs.
Evaluation of the peritoneal carcinomatosis index with CT and MRI
Authors: Dohan A , Hoeffel C , Soyer P , Jannot A S , Valette P-J , Thivolet A , Passot G , Glehen O , Rousset P
Published: April 2017

Background

The aim was to determine the incremental value of MRI compared with CT in the preoperative estimation of the peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI).

Methods

CT and MRI examinations of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis were evaluated. CT images were first analysed by two observers who determined a first PCI (PCICT). Then, the two observers reviewed MRI examinations in combination with CT and determined a second PCI (PCICT+MRI). The sensitivity and negative predictive value of the two imaging sets were determined using surgery as a reference standard (PCIRef).

Results

CT plus MRI was more accurate in predicting the surgical PCI than CT alone. The absolute difference between PCICT+MRI and PCIRef was lower than that between PCICT and PCIRef (mean(s.d.) 3·96(4·10) versus 4·89(4·73); P = 0·010). The number of true-positive findings increased from 106 to 125 for reader 1 and from 117 to 132 for reader 2 with the adjunct of MRI. For both readers, an increased sensitivity was obtained when both MRI and CT were used (from 63 to 81 per cent for reader 1; from 44 to 81 per cent for reader 2). The increase in sensitivity was greater for patients with a moderate volume of disease.

Conclusion

The combination of CT and MRI improved the preoperative estimation of PCI compared with CT alone.
Analytical challenges in quantifying abiraterone with LC–MS/MS in human plasma
Authors: Benoist Guillemette E. , van der Meulen Eric , Lubberman Floor J.E. , Gerritsen Winald R. , Smilde Tineke J. , Schalken Jack A. , Beumer Jan H. , Burger David M. , van Erp Nielka P.
Published: April 2017

A method was developed and validated to quantify abiraterone in human plasma. During assay development, several analytical challenges were encountered: limited stability in patient samples, adsorption to glass, coelution with metabolites and carry‐over issues. Limited stability (2 h) was found for abiraterone in fresh plasma as well as whole blood at ambient temperature. When kept at 2–8°C, abiraterone in plasma was stable for 24 h and in whole blood for 8 h. Adsorption of abiraterone to glass materials was addressed by using polypropylene throughout the method. Carry‐over was reduced to acceptable limits by incorporating a third mobile phase into the gradient. The chromatographic separation of abiraterone with its multiple metabolites was addressed by using a longer analytical column and adjusting the gradient. Abiraterone was extracted by protein precipitation, separated on a C18 column with gradient elution and analyzed with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. A stable deuterated isotope was used as the internal standard. The assay ranges from 1 to 500 ng/mL. Within‐ and‐between‐day precisions and accuracies were below 13.4% and within 95–102%. This bioanalytical method was successfully validated and applied to determine plasma concentrations of abiraterone in clinical studies and in regular patient care for patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer.
A meta‐analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of eye movements and visual word reading
Authors: Zhou Wei , Shu Hua
Published: April 2017

Introduction

The pattern of eye movements during reading is substantially correlated with linguistic factors. While there have been a large number of studies on the neural mechanisms of eye movements and word reading separately, a limited number of studies have compared the activation patterns of these two processes and discussed the associations of their corresponding brain regions within the framework of naturalistic reading.

Methods

This study conducted a meta‐analysis of the existing functional magnetic resonance imaging literature on prosaccades and visual word reading using the activation likelihood estimation algorithm.

Results

Our main finding was that, although prosaccades and word reading mainly activated dorsal and ventral brain areas, respectively, they both activated the left precentral gyrus (PreCG), left superior parietal lobe, right PreCG, right lingual gyrus, and bilateral medial frontal gyrus.

Conclusion

These findings provide new insights into cognitive processes involved with naturalistic reading, which requires both eye movements and word reading.
Eco‐efficiency: GHG reduction related environmental and economic performance. The case of the companies participating in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme
Authors: Czerny Albert , Letmathe Peter
Published: April 2017

Empirical findings on eco‐efficiency are still inconsistent. Using survey data based on a sample of 283 European carbon‐intensive companies participating in the EU ETS between 2005 and 2012, this article investigates the causal relationships between the corporate environmental strategy focus, proactive GHG reductions and related environmental and economic performance, while taking into account an important contingent factor: the initial state of technology. The study's findings show that eco‐efficiency was generally not obvious among the companies during the first two trading periods. It furthermore indicates that GHG emissions were generally not reduced cost‐effectively, as companies' intrinsic values were more likely to have influenced carbon reduction related decisions to a greater degree than the economic incentives resulting from the market mechanisms of the ETS. The results not only shed light on firm behavior with regard to technology management but also provide insights for policy makers into how to stimulate more cost‐effective environmental investments. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Selection of best conditions of inoculum preparation for optimum performance of the pigment production process by Talaromyces spp. using the Taguchi method
Authors: Morales‐Oyervides Lourdes , Oliveira Jorge C. , Sousa‐Gallagher Maria J. , Méndez‐Zavala Alejandro , Montañez Julio C.
Published: April 2017

Process optimisation techniques increasingly need to be used early on in research and development of processes for new ingredients. There are different approaches and this article illustrates the main issues at stake with a method that is an industry best practice, the Taguchi method, suggesting a procedure to assess the potential impact of its drawbacks. The Taguchi method has been widely used in various industrial sectors because it minimises the experimental requirements to define an optimum region of operation, which is particularly relevant when minimising variability is a target. However, it also has drawbacks, especially the intricate confoundings generated by the experimental designs used. This work reports a process optimisation of the synthesis of red pigments by a fungal strain, Talaromyces spp. using the Taguchi methodology and proposes an approach to assess from validation trials whether the conclusions can be accepted with confidence. The work focused on optimising the inoculum characteristics, and the studied factors were spore age and concentration, agitation speed and incubation time. It was concluded that spore age was the most important factor for both responses, with optimum results at 5 days old, with the best other conditions being spores concentration, 100,000 (spores/mL); agitation, 200 rpm; and incubation time, 84 h. The interactive effects can be considered negligible and therefore this is an example where a simple experimental design approach was successful in speedily indicating conditions able to increase pigment production by 63% compared to an average choice of settings. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:621–632, 2017
Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation of Cyclic Ketones by Using Tin–Silica Pillared Catalysts
Authors: Přech Jan , Carretero Marta Arroyo , Čejka Jiří
Published: April 2017

The Baeyer–Villiger oxidation is an important transformation of ketones into esters and particularly for cyclic ketones to lactones. We report here preparation and catalytic activity of layered Sn–silicate catalysts and mesoporous ordered silica catalysts in this reaction. Sn was introduced by using so‐called tin–silica pillaring or by impregnation with a mixture of tetraethylorthosilicate and tin(IV) alkoxide. The prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, SEM, UV/Vis, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES) techniques and the catalysts were studied in the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cyclopentanone, norcamphor, and 2‐adamantanone with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Norcamphor and 2‐adamantanone were oxidized easily with selectivity up to 99 %. Sn‐MS and IPC‐1‐SnPI materials exhibited the highest conversions (e.g., norcamphor: Sn‐MS 37 %, IPC‐1‐SnPI 36 % after 8 h vs. Sn‐MCM‐41 22 %). On the other hand, oxidation of cyclopentanone suffered from product hydrolysis to the corresponding 4‐hydroxybutanoic acid.
Enhanced Activity for Methanol Oxidation of Platinum Particles Supported on Iridium Oxide Modified Boron‐Doped Diamond Powder
Authors: Preda Loredana , Kondo Takeshi , Spataru Tanta , Marin Mariana , Radu Mihai , Osiceanu Petre , Fujishima Akira , Spataru Nicolae
Published: April 2017

Electrocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation in alkaline media of platinum nanoparticles supported on iridium oxide modified boron‐doped diamond powder (Pt/IrO2/BDDP) was assessed, and was compared with that of Pt deposited on bare diamond particles (Pt/BDDP). Cyclic voltammetry attests that the presence of the iridium oxide intermediary layer promotes methanol oxidation and provides a more efficient reactivation of Pt particles. Linear sweep voltammetric experiments performed in methanol‐free solution indicated that, at Pt/IrO2/BDDP, oxygen evolution is preceded by the formation, within the potential range of CH3OH oxidation, of adsorbed oxygenated species. As expected, the presence in close proximity of Pt particles of such species and of an important amount of IrOx(OH)y(evidenced by XPS) assists in the oxidative desorption of CO species adsorbed on Pt active sites. Steady‐state polarization measurements carried out in a floating configuration with Pt/IrO2/BDDP gas‐diffusion‐type electrodes yielded for methanol oxidation overall process Tafel slope values of ca. 120 mV decade−1, which compare well with those reported for traditional electrocatalysts.