bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
تأثير تمارين تأهيلية بمساعدة أجهزة العلاج الطبيعي وتأثيرها في علاج إصابة التمزق الجزئـي للعضلات الضامة للاعبي كرة القدم
Authors: حميدي علي خيون طارش , جاسم احمد حاتم احمد
Published: July 2022

إن للتأهيل دور فعال في علاج الاصابات الرياضية وبالإضافة الى ذلك فأنه يعمل ايضاً على التقليل من فرص وقوع الاصابة، وتبرز مشكلة البحث في ان العضلات الضامة تتكون من خمس عضلات موصولة من عظمة الفخذ الى عظام الحوض قرب العانة وتعمل جميعها على ضم الرجل الى الرجل الأخرى وان أضعف مكان في هذه العضلات يكون قرب موضع اتصالها بعظمة الحوض ويُعد هذا المكان غني بالأعصاب و ولكنه يفتقر للتغذية الدموية الجيدة. وبسبب ان بعض لاعبي كرة القدم ولا سيما في اللاعبين الذين لا يقومون بتمارين لتقوية عضلات الفخذ الضامة وزيادة مرونتها ومداها الحركي حيث تحدث الإصابة ويكون الألم شديدا مع فقدان جزئي لقوة المفصل.
La lectura responsable y su incidencia en la problemática legal de los consumidores en Manta
Authors: Ulloa-Cruz Evelyn del Carmen , Álvarez-Santana Carmita Leonor
Published: July 2022

Este artículo es el resultado del estudio documental de la información contenida en el Sistema de Gestión Defensorial (SIGED). El propósito del estudio es determinar los aspectos cognitivos, intersubjetivos y socioculturales y su incidencia en los juicios, demandas y pérdida de recursos y bienes de los consumidores. Así mismo enuncia reflexiones teóricas transdisciplinarias que apuntan a posicionar a la lectura responsable – reflexionada, para la acción y transformación de la realidad. Todo lo anterior a partir de un enfoque pedagógico liberador.

Palabras Clave: consumidores, lectura, factores cognitivos, factores intersubjetivos, factores sociales.
Mediación para la resolución de conflictos intrafamiliares en pacientes de hospitales del Cantón Guayaquil Año 2020
Authors: Cuenca-Cuenca Alexsandra Marisol , Adriana Cecibel Aragundi-Muñoz
Published: July 2022

El objetivo de este estudio fue evidenciar problemas familiares afectivos, analizar los problemas familiares económicos, e identificar la forma de comunicación entre familiares que influyen en las estrategias, intervención y apoyo social con la mediación en problemáticas intrafamiliares en pacientes de hospitales del Cantón Guayaquil durante el Año 2020, se realizó una metodología investigativa de enfoque mixto tanto cualitativa como cuantitativamente, para la obtención de dato, se aplicó el cuestionario de evaluación a una muestra de 557 pacientes, de los cuales el 55% tienen entre 18 a 40 años, el 49% son personas de género masculino, y el 47% de género femenino, el 84% de personas consideran que la mediación es una estrategia importante para la resolución de conflictos, se entrevistaron a 10 profesionales del área de la salud como médicos, trabajadores sociales, psicólogos, psico-rehabilitadores en la atención de los pacientes del hospital General Monte Sinaí y Hospital del Guasmo. En conclusión, se determinó que las situaciones problemáticas se dan por ciertos factores económicos, pero no con mayor frecuencia como la desintegración, familiar, separación de pareja y falta de comunicación que lograron problemáticas internas en la familia. Las características de las familias son distintas y sus dinámicas por lo que los profesionales deben crear estrategias en función a mejorar las manifestaciones presentadas.

Palabras Clave: Mediación, resolución, conflictos intrafamiliares, pacientes hospitalarios.
Rol del Trabajador Social en movilidad humana situación calle contexto COVID-19 estudio realizado en Cáritas. Período 2020-2021
Authors: Lucas-Vélez Jennifer Katherine , Moreira-Valencia Jazmín Estefanía
Published: July 2022

Con la presencia del COVID-19 la población migrante en situación de calle ha sido uno de los grupos sociales más afectados provocando un desajuste en su desarrollo emocional, físico y social. Ante dicha problemática el Trabajador Social ha intervenido ante las necesidades más urgentes de esta población en estudio. En esta investigación se analizó el rol del Trabajador Social con las personas de movilidad humana en situación de calle contexto COVID-19 en la fundación Cáritas de la ciudad de Manta. Mediante la metodología cualitativa y con la aplicación de entrevistas permitió definir las intervenciones que se han realizado en esta pandemia y a la vez el impacto que ha generado en la vida de estas personas. Con las entrevistas aplicadas se conocieron las principales acciones afirmativas implementadas por los profesionales en Trabajado Social con la población migrante. El COVID-19 complicó aún más la vida de las personas de movilidad humana y situación de calle volviéndolos más vulnerables a contraer el virus y enfrentando una realidad con mayor inseguridad en las calles. Por lo cual la acción del Trabajo Social ha sido esencial para la promoción y protección de sus derechos ante las consecuencias que enfrentan en tiempos de pandemia.

Palabras Clave: Trabajo Social, movilidad humana, COVID-19, situación calle, intervención.
Pengaruh Jarak ke Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan terhadap Kejadian Default pada Penderita TB Paru di RSUD Goeteng Taroenadibrata Purbalingga
Authors: Salam Salam , Wahyono Tri Yunis Miko
Published: July 2022

Terkonsentrasinya rumah sakit di wilayah perkotaan membuat tidak meratanya akses pelayanan kesehatan bagi penduduk yang berada di daerah pedesaan dikarenakan jarak ke rumah sakit menjadi jauh dari tempat tinggal dalam mencari pengobatan. Angka putus berobat pasien TB paru tertinggi di Kabupaten Purbalingga berada di Rumah Sakit Goeteng Taroenadibrata, Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh jarak ke fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan terhadap kejadian default pada penderita TB paru di RSUD Goeteng Taroenadibrata Purbalingga Tahun 2018-2019. Bahan dan metode Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian epidemiologi observasional analitik dengan menggunakan pendekatan case control study. Perbandingan kelompok kasus dan kelompok kontrol (1:1) jumlah seluruh kasus sebanyak 29 kasus dan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi sebanyak 28 kasus sehingga jumlah sampel yang didapat adalah 56 dengan rincian 28 kasus dan 28 kontrol. Hasil penelitian hasil analisis bivariat ada hubungan yang bermakna antara jarak rumah dengan rumah sakit dengan terjadinya default, OR=3,262 p=0,0321. Analisis Multivariat dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara jarak rumah dengan terjadinya default OR=5,21 p=0,012 yang berarti ada hubungan yang bermakna antara jarak rumah dengan rumah sakit setelah dikontrol oleh variabel konfounding jenis kelamin. Kesimpulan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara jarak rumah ke rumah sakit dengan kejadian  default.
Pengaruh Pelatihan Model Praktek Keperawatan Profesional (MPKP) terhadap Penerapan Pilar I Pendekatan Manajemen dan Pilar IV Sistem Pemberian Asuhan Keperawatan Perawat di Rumah Sakit X Kotamobagu
Authors: Amir Heriyana , Chanafie Djuariah , Priyo Hastono Sutanto
Published: July 2022

MPKP merupakan salah satu upaya meningkatkan mutu pelayanan di rumah sakit dalam pelayanan keperawatan untuk meminimkan kesalahan atau kelalaian yang dapat terjadi. MPKP suatu system (struktur, proses dan nilai-nilai professional) yang memungkinkan perawat profesional mengatur asuhan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pelatihan model praktek keperawatan profesional (MPKP) terhadap penerapan pilar I pendekatan manajemen dan pilar IV sistem pemberian asuhan keperawatan perawat di Rumah Sakit X Kotamobagu. Jenis penelitian menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan rancangan yaitu pra-eksperimen one group pre-test post-test design. Sampel dalam penelitian berjumlah 75 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penerapan pilar I pendekatan manajemen (element perencanaan, perorganisasian, pengarahan, pengendalian) dan pilar IV sistem pemberian asuhan keperawatan (element pengkajian, diagnosa keperawatan, perencanaan, tindakan, evaluasi, catatan keperawatan) sebelum dan setelah pelatihan MPKP terdapat perbedaan; Hubungan pilar I antara usia (pvalue: 0,032), pendidikan (pvalue: 0,000), lama kerja (pvalue: 0,042) membuktikan ada hubungan bermakna (P<0,05) sedangkan jenis kelamin (pvalue: 0,195) tidak ada hubungan bermakna (p >0,05); hubungan pilar IV antara usia (pvalue: 0,71), jenis kelamin (pvalue: 0,316), membuktikan bahwa tidak ada hubungan bermakna (p>0,05) sedangkan pendidikan  (pvalue: 0,020), lama kerja (pvalue: 0,032) membuktikan ada hubungan bermakna (P<0,05); penerapan pilar I dan pilar IV sebelum dan setelah pelatihan MPKP terdapat perbedaan di setiap element (pvalue: 0,000). Hasil coefisien regresi diperoleh variabel pre, usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, lama kerja pada pilar I R Square=0,624 dan pilar IV R Square = 0,725 artinya berkontribusi mempengaruhi. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan pelatihan MPKP pada semua kepala ruang, katim dan perawat pelaksanaan sosialisasi atau update terkini penerapan MPKP secara kontinue oleh RS.
Identifikasi Gen ICSA pada Feses Anak Penderita Diare dengan Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Rusdianto Rusdianto , Asfar Akbar , Akbar Hairil
Published: July 2022

Gen IcsA merupakan salah satu gen yang berperan dalam virulensi pada bakteri Shigella sp yang dapat menyebabkan diare pada manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi gen IcsA  pada feses anak penderita diare dengan metode PCR.  Sebanyak 50 sampel klinis yang   diperoleh dari 4 puskesmas di Kota Makassar, yaitu Barabaraya, Pampang, Antang Perumnas dan Tamangapa dari bulan Mei 2016 - Juli  2016. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik rektal swab dan dilanjutkan pemeriksaan dengan  PCR menggunakan primer icsA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 50 sampel yang diuji diperoleh 6 sampel (24%) positif mengandung gen IcsA. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu gen icsA efektif digunakan sebagai target gen (primer) untuk mendeteksi bakteri Shigella sp dengan metode PCR.
Efektivitas Media Permainan Ular Tangga Terhadap Sikap Siswa Dalam Membuang Sampah
Authors: Rahmawati Ade , Fitriyah Sukhriyatun
Published: July 2022

Penanaman kesadaran untuk menjaga lingkungan kebersihan dapat ditanamkan sejak dini. Penerapan atau penyampaian promosi kesehatan dapat menggunakan media permainan, karena siswa dapat lebih mudah memahami, tidak mengalami kebosanan dalam penyampaian materi. Media pendidikan kesehatan yang dapat diterapkan di lingkungan anak sekolah seperti  permainan ular tangga.Tujuan dari peneltian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya oengaruh permainan ular tangga terhadap sikapsisiwa dalam mebuang sampah.Metode penelitian adalah dengan quasy experiment untuk mengukur seberapa efektif perlakuan yang sudah diberikan, sedangkan model yang digunakan adalah one grup pretest posttest. Sampel untuk penelitian ini difokuskan di lingkungan Sekolah Dasar Negeri Singaraja, dari populasi 150 orang anak SDN Singaraja diketahui yang menjadi responden sebanyak 132 orang. Teknik yang digunakan untuk menentukan sampel adalah purposive sampling. Uji statistik yang dilakukan menggunakan uji Wilcoxon Sign Rank. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa  terdapat perubahan sikap tentang Stop Trash pada kelompok siswa yang memperoleh pendidikan kesehatan dengan media permainan ular tangga dengan p value 0,000.Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini adalah media permainan ular tangga efektif dalam perubahan sikap siswa terhadap membuang sampah.
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Inobonto
Authors: Darmin Darmin , Akbar Hairil , Rusdianto Rusdianto
Published: July 2022

Tuberkulosis paru merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pada dasarnya kuman penyebab TB paru dapat menyerang organ tubuh lain, akan tetapi sebagian besar menyerang paru-paru. Jumlah kasus TB paru di wilayah Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow sebanyak 522 kasus. Jumlah kasus di Puskesmas Inobonto pada tahun 2018 sebanyak 25 kasus dan tahun 2019 sebanyak 35 kasus. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Inobonto. Jenis penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan Cross sectional study. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan adalah 73 orang dengan cara pengambilan sampel yaitu simple random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pendidikan (ρ = 0,000), riwayat kontak (ρ = 0,003), dan kebiasaan merokok (ρ = 0,006), dengan nilai ρ < 0,05 memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan kejadian TB paru. Perlunya meningkatkan pengetahuan mengenai pencegahan penyakit TB paru secara mendalam.
Efektivitas Buerger Allen exercise dibandingkan dengan Rendam Kaki Air Hangat terhadap Nilai Ankle Brachial Index dan Gula Darah pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Richard Mataputun Donny , Prabawati Dewi , Hapsari Tjandrarini Dwi
Published: July 2022

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) merupakan penyempitan pembuluh darah arteri perifer yang disebabkan karena aterosklerosis akibat komplikasi dari Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Akibatnya terjadi penurunan aliran darah ke ekstremitas yang bila  tidak ditangani akan menyebabkan klaudisio intermiten, luka gangrene hingga berisiko amputasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Efektivitas Buerger Allen exercise (BAE) dibandingkan dengan Rendam Kaki Air Hangat Terhadap Nilai Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) dan Gula Darah Sewaktu(GDS) pada pasien DM tipe 2. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Quassy Eksperimen prepost test and between two groups. Total sampel 54 penderita diabetes melitus di Rumah Sakit Sumber Waras yang diperoleh secara random dengan blok permutasi. Sampel dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok perlakuan yaitu BAEdan Rendam kaki air hangat. Perlakuan diberikan selama 5 hari berturut-turut dengan pelaksanaan 2 kali sehari yaitu pagi dan sore selama 15-20 menit. Alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur nilai ABIadalah Vascular Dopler. Berdasarkan uji paired T test di temukan ada perbedaan yang bermakna nilai ABI sebelum dan sesudah intervensi pada kelompok BAE (p=0.00), dan pada kelompok Rendam kaki air hangat (p=0.00); namun tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada nilai GDS sebelum dan sesudah intervensi pada kedua kelompok perlakuan (p>0.05).Uji statistic Ancova di temukan ada pengaruh BAE terhadap nilai ABI dan Gula Darah Sewaktu yang dikontrol oleh variabel confounding dengan Corrected Model 0,000; namun tidak ada pengaruh rendaman kaki air hangat terhadap nilai ABIdan GDS yang dikontrol oleh variabel confounding dengan Corrected Model 0,065. BAE merupakan intervensi yang efektif dalam meningkatkan nilai ABI dibandingkan rendam kaki air hangat, namun Rendam kaki air hangat  lebih efektif dalam menurunkan nilai GDS.
Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Praktik Pencegahan COVID-19 pada Masyarakat Kota Depok, Jawa Barat
Authors: Rachmani Ayu Shafira , Budiyono Budiyono , Astorina Yunita Dewanti Nikie
Published: July 2022

Protokol kesehatan merupakan bentuk pencegahan COVID-19 yang berkaitan dengan perilaku masyarakat sekaligus menjadi faktor utama keberhasilan dalam memutus rantai penularan khususnya di Kota Depok. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sikap dengan tindakan pencegahan COVID-19 pada masyarakat di Kota Depok. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Teknik sampling menggunakan snowball sampling dengan total responden sebanyak 306 orang dengan kriteria inklusi antara lain penduduk asli Kota Depok, bersedia untuk mengisi kuesioner, dan dapat mengoperasikan form online melalui google form. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat dengan uji nonparametrik chi square. Kasus COVID-19 di Kota Depok hingga bulan November sebanyak 6.309 kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 70,6% responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan yang baik tentang COVID-19 beserta pencegahannya, 54,9% responden memiliki sikap mendukung terhadap pencegahan COVID-19, dan 59,8% responden telah melaksanakan praktik pencegahan penularan COVID-19 dengan baik. Terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan tentang COVID-19 dengan sikap terhadap pencegahan COVID-19, pengetahuan tentang COVID-19 dengan praktik pencegahan COVID-19, dan sikap terhadap pencegahan COVID-19 dengan praktik pencegahan COVID-19 di Kota Depok (masing-masing memiliki nilai p = 0,000; pvalue < 0,05). Semakin baik pengetahuan dan sikap masyarakat terhadap COVID-19 maka semakin baik pelaksanaan praktik pencegahan COVID-19 pada masyarakat di Kota Depok.
Does an Engineer Requires an Art of War?
Authors: Abu Kassim Khairil Anwar
Published: July 2022

Does an engineer requires an Art of War? There is no mechanical answer to the question, however the answer very much depends on how people view the "Art of War" none of the ancient Chinese tales has captured more beautifully than the essence of Sun Tzu's The Art of War (Dimovski et al., 2012; Emerson & Peter, 1994). It has been a premier classic of strategists. Who doesn't remember its famous quotes "to overcome others' armies without fighting is the best skills". It is not what engineers look for, the best solution at the most efficient cost?
Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Water-in-Diesel Emulsion
Authors: Watanabe S. , Yahya W.J. , Ithnin A.M. , Abd Kadir H.
Published: July 2022

Power generation using combustion engine cause severe air pollution. Research for a high efficient engine with less harmful emission is highly demanded. Water-in-Diesel (W/D) emulsion has a potential to reduce fuel consumption and harmful exhaust emission, especially nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate matter (PM). Experimental study was conducted by operating single cylinder MR MARK MC-D6500E diesel generator at different loading conditions while using two types of W/D emulsion containing different water contents (10 and 20 vol.%) with 1 (one) vol.% of surfactant (span 80) as additive to stabilize the fuel. The effect of water on fuel consumption, exhaust temperature and emission has been studied and the results have been compared to conventional diesel fuel. The result showed NOx and PM were reduced up to 51% and 14% respectively by using W/D emulsion. Fuel consumption also was up to 10% improved by using W/D emulsion.
ASEAN NCAP's Contribution to Malaysia's Automotive Ecosystem
Authors: Abu Kassim K.A. , Mohd Jawi Z. , Md Isa M.H.
Published: July 2022

After five years of establishment, ASEAN NCAP has assessed 62 distinct car models available in the ASEAN market and produced 96 ratings based on the Adult Occupant Protection (AOP) and Child Occupant Protection (COP) rating system. The program has so far drawn participation from 20 different brands or OEMs, signifying a mutual understanding between ASEAN NCAP and OEMs to create a 'safer car' environment in the region. This review presents a compilation of the results as well as ASEAN NCAP's distinctive contribution to the automotive ecosystem in Malaysia, where the program was initiated. In a broader sense, ASEAN NCAP has achieved meaningful and promising results toward a safer automotive ecosystem for Malaysian road users and provided added-value to car ownership.
Hazard Perception: Does Experience Matter?
Authors: Ab Rashid A.A. , Ibrahim M.K.A.
Published: July 2022

Hazard perception is a critical skill in driving. Without which, drivers have high chances to get involved in crashes. Previous study in literature highlighted that hazard perception test may not be a suitable diagnostic tool in distinguishing novice and experienced drivers. Current study aimed to replicate this finding, but involved drivers with more experience than the one in literature. The results revealed that while both less- and more-experienced drivers are identical in terms of reaction time to hazards, the former group recognised less hazards than the latter.
Aerodynamic Analysis of F1 IN SCHOOLS™ Car
Authors: Lim S.J. , Mansor M.R.A.
Published: July 2022

F1 IN SCHOOLS™ is a worldwide competition that is part of the efforts undertaken by the STEM educational model. In order to increase the performance of the F1 IN SCHOOLS™ car in terms of speed, two important parameters related to aerodynamic analysis are considered - drag coefficient and downforce coefficient. Drag force is a force that acts in the direction that is opposite of the car's motion, thus reducing the car's maximum speed. Meanwhile, sufficient downforce is beneficial to the car model because it allows the car's wheels to remain in contact with the track surface without going off-track. The most important component of a F1 IN SCHOOLS™ car is its front wing since its design has a significant effect on the drag coefficient and downforce coefficient induced by the air flow. Therefore, the objective of this study is to design a front wing that is capable of producing low drag coefficient while maintaining sufficient downforce coefficient. Moreover, this study also aims to examine the method of preventing flow separation at the rear part of the car model. This study will use Autodesk Inventor Professional to create the car mode. The simulation will be run using the STAR CCM+ software. The simulation will also be used to obtain the drag coefficient and downforce coefficient of the car.
Comparing Occupant Injury in Vehicles Equipped with and without Frontal Airbag
Authors: Ahmad Y. , Abu Kassim K.A. , Md Isa M.H. , Mustaffa S.
Published: July 2022

Most vehicle structures have been designed to withstand crash impact during an accident. The front area of the vehicle will crumple to absorb crash energy while the passenger compartment remains intact to protect the occupant inside. In addition, restraint system inclusive of airbag and seatbelts has been integrated in vehicles to further enhance the occupant's protection. However, in certain cases, the airbag is removed due to cost saving by car manufacturers. Although the frontal airbags have been removed, the structure remains the same. This can be observed from the crash tests conducted by ASEAN NCAP on two variants of the same car model which are fitted with and without airbags, where the cars obtained two different rating. This case study compares and presents occupant injuries for both variants.
Development of an Automotive Anti-Roll Bar: A Review
Authors: Mohammad Taha M. , Sapuan S.M. , Mansor M.R. , Abdul Aziz N.
Published: July 2022

In this study, understanding between the operation and mechanism of an automotive anti-roll bar is reviewed. Design consideration of the automotive anti-roll bar is studied from past researchers with the summarized of current invention of automotive anti- roll bar. In development of the automotive anti-roll bar, interaction between design elements such as material, function analysis, forces analysis, failure analysis and geometry specifications are essentially need to be considered in development of it without affecting its conventional function and achieve the performance target. The potential of the fibre reinforced composite such as natural fibre is likely to be the next future generation of automotive anti-roll bar. Considerations of the aforementioned design elements would help design engineers to outcome the challenges in design of composite materials. The inventions that patented by the past inventors would help as a guide.
Paying Big Bucks for Cool Number Plates
Authors: Mohd Jawi Z. , Md Isa M.H.
Published: July 2022

In Malaysia, vehicle registration number is seen as a symbol of social status, which subsequently becomes an article of trade among vehicle owners due to the high value of certain 'cool' numbers. Although such affection cannot be generalized to the whole community; some parties are willing to pay exorbitant price for certain number plates thus giving easy revenue for the government.
Engine-Compatible Biodiesel from Leucaena leucocephala Seed Oil
Authors: Hakimi M.I. , Khalilullah  , Goembira F. , Ilham Z.
Published: July 2022

Leucaena leucocephala (petai belalang) seed oil has been studied previously as a feedstock for biodiesel but no study describes its fuel properties for use in diesel engine. In this study, hexane was used to extract oil from the seeds of Leucaena leucocephala in a Soxhlet apparatus. Chemical properties of the oil were then analysed which demonstrated a relatively high FFA content of 6.0wt%, requiring the two- step method for biodiesel production through an acid-catalyzed esterification followed by alkali-catalyzed transesterification. Physico- chemical properties of the processed biodiesel such as triglyceride, diglyceride, monoglyceride, free glycerol, methanol content, ester content, carbon residue, acid value, oxidation stability, tocopherol concentration, iodine value, water content, kinematic viscosity, density, pour point, cloud point, cold filter plugging point and flash point were analysed. The obtained biodiesel showed high oxidation stability and most fuel properties complied with two international standards, European Standards (EN14214) and American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM D6751).
An Observational Study on Speeding among Malaysian Express Bus Drivers
Authors: Ahmad M.S. , Zulkipli Z.H. , Ameer Batcha W. , Paiman N.F. , Mohd Faudzi S.A. , Othman I. , Osman M.R.
Published: July 2022

Accidents involving express buses in Malaysia tend to attract a lot of local media attention. Based on statistics from the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), express buses recorded the highest percentage of total bus crashes during the 3-year period from 2007 to 2009. In this study, data were collected from three different festive seasons in Malaysia with express bus drivers' behaviour being the main focus. Express buses and the journey they took were randomly selected regardless of the express bus company. Data collected from observations were analysed with respect to speeding. Findings of this study reveal that drivers were more likely to exceed the posted speed limit during night-time. Smoking and eating while driving were significantly associated with speeding. The study suggests that further efforts aimed at reducing risky bus driver behaviour demand critical consideration and actions from relevant enforcement agencies and stakeholders. In addition, express bus operators are encouraged to monitor the risky driving behaviour of drivers using suitable monitoring system.
A Techno-Economical and Automotive Emissions Impact Study of Global Biodiesel Usage in Diesel Engines
Authors: Ng J.-H. , Teh J.X. , Wong K.Y. , Wu K.H. , Chong C.T.
Published: July 2022

In recent years, biodiesel has arrived at the forefront, as a mainstream alternative energy, due to its advantages properties such as renewability, compatibility with existing automotive infrastructures and diesel engines, cleaner emissions. Many studies have been conducted to improve the maturity of biodiesel production technology, and fuel application. However, the global-scale economical and emissions impacts of first generation biodiesel is still not being adequately addressed. This requires immediate attention as the current economical setback for biodiesel is affected by low crude oil price. In this study, the correlations between the biodiesel production feasibility, crude oil price, and feedstock availability are defined. By using a data-driven predictive model, insights can be drawn for the worldwide profitability, potential level of diesel replacement using biodiesel, and environmental impact. The model allows prediction to be done on potential biodiesel production at a country-region level, at different crude oil prices and fuel blending ratios. It was also predicted that up to 9% of total global diesel consumption could be replaced by profitable biodiesel, if crude oil price rises up to USD 135 per barrel and factoring in refinery cost of USD 0.05 per litre. Countries near the equatorial belt with abundance palm oil feedstock such as Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia could potentially augment their gross domestic products by 10.36%, 7.67% and 5.57%, respectively. If all non- domestic usage feedstock is converted into biodiesel for automotive usage, there will be conclusive reduction of engine-out emissions such as unburnt hydrocarbons and particulate matter. Ultimately, this model proves that there is high potential for mass adoption of biodiesel to supplant fossil diesel globally, allowing the generation of income, improving energy security and produces cleaner automotive emissions.
Comparative Analysis of Motorcycle Braking Performance in Emergency Situation
Authors: Ariffin A.H. , Hamzah A. , Solah M.S. , Paiman N.F. , Mohd Jawi Z. , Md Isa M.H.
Published: July 2022

This study was conducted to assess motorcycle braking performance in simulated emergency situation. Braking distances and G- force values (peak) during the braking test of 6 distinct underbone motorcycles of 100-150cc were measured and compared based on different test conditions namely type of brake system (disc and drum), method of braking operation (front and rear brakes) and test load (rider only and rider with pillion). The results indicate that type of braking system and method of braking operation significantly influenced braking distance and G-force value. However, test load was found insignificant. The shortest braking distance and highest deceleration rate were 12.48 meters and 8.52 m/s2, respectively. The lowest G-force value (peak) was recorded 0.39 throughout the test. It is to be noted that this study is unique on its own due to certain limitations although some of the methods were adopted from the established international braking test standards. Even though this study is considered fundamental, the findings could provide vital information on the braking performance of underbone motorcycles especially to the motorcycle manufacturers and OEMs, as well as to the relevant authorities (driving institutes and Road Transport Department).
Automotive Consumerism in Malaysia with Regard to Car Maintenance
Authors: Abdul Wahab M.A.F. , Mohd Jawi Z. , Abdul Hamid I. , Solah M.S. , Mohd Latif M.H. , Md Isa M.H. , Abdul Khalid M.S. , Ariffin A.H. , Hamzah A.
Published: July 2022

This paper aims to review relevant legal framework, statistics, news reports and findings from the 'automotive ecosystem' study by MIROS relating to car maintenance issues in Malaysia. The automotive consumerism data mainly comes from the Road Transport Department (RTD), Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (MD'TCC) and National Consumer Complaints Centre (NCCC), in addition to news articles via web search. In summary, there are several laws and legislations involving various authorities which can be utilised to safeguard automotive consumers ranging from before car registration, during car ownership up to de-registration of the car. Based on the statistics and news reports, car maintenance complaints mostly involved motor vehicle workshop and parts, accessories as well as vehicles. With respect to motor vehicle workshop, quality of repair received the highest number of complaints in NCCC report in 2015 (51.1%), while sales service and manufacturing defects were the main issues in the parts, accessories and vehicles category (22.5% and 21.4% respectively). In regard to car users' behaviour in Klang Valley (500 respondents) and Kuching (300 respondents), a majority of them chose to bring their cars for maintenance either to authorised service centre or general car workshops, instead of performing the maintenance themselves or alternating between the available options. Most car users' agreed on the importance of scheduled maintenance according to manufacturer recommendation and performing maintenance at general car workshops. However, they are unsure of the quality, in addition to maintenance and retrofitting behaviour.
Crash Investigation on Automobile vs. Crash Barrier: Assessment of W-Beam Guardrail with respect to REAM Standard
Authors: I. Abdul Hamid  , S.T.M. Syed Tajul Arif  , N.S. Mohd Zulkiffli  , R. Sarani  , M.S. Solah  , M.R. Osman
Published: July 2022

Road traffic crashes involving longitudinal traffic safety barriers, especially W-beam guardrails, are not uncommon. This shows the importance of the guardrails in performing its functions. In Malaysia, installation of the guardrails are according to a guideline published by REAM in 2006. However, the compliance of the barriers installation to the standards can be further verified to ensure its quality and integrity. Site survey on the barriers shows that compliance to the standards are high if it is installed and maintained under the concession, e.g. by PLUS Expressways Berhad. However, there are some issues concerning installation of barriers if it is under custodian of local authorities. The parameters used to measure the compliance, among others, are installation ground condition, overlapping, post height, post spacing, clear zone, guardrail conditions and sub-standards installation. It is suggested to the local authorities to give more emphasis on the inspection of existing barriers, as well as maintenance and replacement of barriers. This is because the barriers will not perform according to its function as it is intended under non-reliable conditions. The outcomes of this study will provide the road transport related agencies on the real conditions of W- beam guardrails installed on roads in Malaysia.
Modelling and PID Value Search for Antilock Braking System (ABS) of a Passenger Vehicle
Authors: Abdul Majid M.M. , Abu Bakar S.A. , Mansor S. , Abdul Hamid M.K. , Ismail N.H.
Published: July 2022

This paper presents the methodologies use in determining the PID value of an Antilock Brake System (ABS) of a Malaysian made passenger vehicle. The research work involves experimental work for data acquisitions, development of braking model, parameter tuning for both simulation model parameter and PID values search. A Malaysian made car is equipped with instrumentation used to collect vehicle behaviour during normal and hard braking manoeuvres. The data collected are the vehicle’s stopping distance and longitudinal speed. The data during the normal braking are used to validate a two degree of freedom (2 DOF) of vehicle’s braking model, while the data collected during the hard braking are used to search for the PID value used to control the operation of the ABS system. The developed simulation model of a braking system correlates well with the experimental data and the tuning done on the PID algorithm indicates that the ABS is controlled by the PI system.
Assessing Elements of Walkability in Women's Mobility
Authors: Harumain Y.A.S. , Azmi N.F. , Yusoff S.M.
Published: July 2022

Inclusivity and equality in the context of women's mobility has recently gained attention. This is due to the increased demands of women travelling with either private vehicles or public transportation. Inclusivity and equality planning is more than just providing women's coaches, special pregnant women seats, and women-only lines in public transportation. Walkability, as one of the most important keywords for mobility, must be enhanced by excellent walking conditions and facilities that are inclusive and equal. In this context, walking for women often relates to the issue of safety and security in addition to accessibility and connectivity. This paper describes different groups of women with divergent perceptions of safety reasons and security. Through the questionnaire survey we have establish a significant relationship between distance and the nature of activity regarding reasons for women walking to the LRT stations.
Transmission of Vibration from Motorcycle Handlebar to the Hand
Authors: Noh J.M. , Rezali K.A.M. , As'arry A. , Jalil N.A.A.
Published: July 2022

Vibration transmitted to the hand from motorcycle handlebar can cause discomfort and health issues to the motorcycle rider. The objective of this paper was to investigate the severity of vibration transmitted to the hand from motorcycle handlebar. The engine capacity of the motorcycle was 100cc. Vibration was recorded at the motorcycle handlebar at two engine speeds representing the speed of 10km/h and 20km/h. The total magnitudes of vibrations (weighted Wh) transmitted to the hand from motorcycle handlebar were between 2 and 6.42m/s2. Increasing the speed of the motorcycle engine decreased the vibration magnitude transmitted to the hand. The level of vibration exposure can be greater than the Daily Action Limit Value set by the European Directive 2002/44/EC if the motorcycle is used for more than 4.15 hours per day at the speed of 10km/h.
The Opportunities and Challenges Overview: Implementing Performance Based Standards Regulation for High Capacity Passenger Vehicle in Malaysia
Authors: Osmin M.S. , Diah J.M. , Sharif S.M.
Published: July 2022

Road accidents involving heavy commercial passenger vehicle (HCPV) in Malaysia have always been in the spotlight and various efforts have been taken with much attention given on operational issues. At present, the weight and dimensions of HCPV in Malaysia generally regulated under prescriptive standards regulations which do not provide clear safety outcomes and often limits the flexibility about how to achieve it. This paper provides an overview of opportunities and challenges of implementing Performance Based Standards (PBS) regulation for HCPV vehicle in Malaysia based on the Australian PBS regulation implementation for heavy vehicle. It was found that Tail Swing, Braking Efficiency and Maximum Stable Inclination Angle under the existing regulation have or partly met the PBS approach. The opportunities for implementing PBS regulation were explained in terms of the possibility adopting PBS approaches in the existing regulation and second, the institutional readiness to develop and implement it. However, challenges were expected, for example increase in cost of vehicle’s assessment. Implementing PBS regulation for HCPV in Malaysia will provide various benefits such as increase productivity, efficiency and most importantly safety.
Evaluation of Charge-Discharge Characteristic of Lithium Cobalt Nickel Manganese Oxide for High-Energy Density Lithium-Ion Batte
Authors: Salehen P.M.W. , Razali H. , Sopian K. , Lee T.K. , Su'ait M.S.
Published: July 2022

The development of suitable cathode materials of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage towards improving the performance of LIBs in order to meet the increasing demand globally is one of the challenges. This paper investigates the charge-discharge characteristic for lithium ion batteries developed focusing on cathode materials of LiNiCoMnO2 (NCM) – layered structured material with lithium anode. It also discusses the characteristic features of charge-discharge profile, optimized charge-end voltage as well as discharged limit voltage with a constant current C-rate with 0.1C, 0.3C and 0.5C. The coin cells were fabricated in a glove box full of argon gas using those cathode and anode with separator and organic electrolyte (1M LiPF6, EC: DEC 1:1). The performance of charge-discharge test was conducted with NEWARE tester equipment BTS 3000. This includes obtaining experimental data charge- discharge and power capacity to improve the performance of battery. Thus it is reported that charge-discharge characteristic of LNCM material is important to be analysed for LIBs. The parameter attained is vital and necessary enhancement work for the resolution of optimization BMS simulation.
Private Vehicle Roadworthiness in Malaysia from the Vehicle Inspection Perspective
Authors: Solah M.S. , Hamzah A. , Ariffin A.H. , Paiman N.F. , Abdul Hamid I. , Abdul Wahab M.A.F. , Mohd Jawi Z. , Osman M.R.
Published: July 2022

Vehicle defect is one of the contributing factors of road mishaps, although the magnitude of the problem is less prominent compared to human behaviour or road environment factors. What is more important is that this technical problem may find a more direct solution as opposed to human behavioural issues. This study aims to discuss common vehicle defects that probably contribute to road crashes by using Periodical Technical Inspection (PTI) database as the basis. Data was analysed to determine common failures of private passenger vehicles based on selected inspections and vehicle types. At this stage, only voluntary and routine inspections were scrutinized. In addition, this study is able to predict the probability of a vehicle failure by using information from the database. From such an analysis, it was found that the two most common private passenger vehicle defects were worn out tire (or lack of tread) and structural integrity. It was also found that vehicles sent for voluntary inspection have a higher probability of failure compared to those sent for routine inspection.
System Integration in a Through-the-Road, In-Wheel Motor Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using FPGA-Based CompactRIO and LabVIEW
Authors: Zulkifli S.A.M. , Hamdan M.H. , Saad N. , Aziz A.R.A.
Published: July 2022

A through-the-road (TTR) hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a sub-type of the parallel hybrid, in which the internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motor provide propulsion power to different axles. TTR architecture allows for hybrid conversion of an existing vehicle using in- wheel motors (IWM), as alternative to on-board motor. Operation requires different types of signals to be acquired and processed: hardwire low- voltage analog signals, digital pulse-train and CAN-bus signals. This work discusses system integration in a TTR hybrid: motor controller, engine control unit (ECU) and energy management system (EMS), using FPGA- based CompactRIO controller. The EMS needs to generate an enhanced throttle signal to the ECU - bypassing the original signal from the throttle position sensor - to gain control of the internal combustion engine for proper hybrid operation.
Driving Green Economy for Malaysia through Green Technology and Green Culture
Authors: Zainul Abidin M.A.
Published: July 2022

In the world we live in today, issues of climate change and the need for sustainable solutions have become more prominent. During the agreement reached in Paris in December 2015, the world was unanimous on what needed to be done while the clock was ticking. Under such an agreement, every country shall implement its own five-year climate action plan in a bid to ratchet up ambition levels. Developed countries vowed to provide significant amount of money as well as technical support to help under-developed countries cut down on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and adapt to climate change.
A Study on Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Pump System Performance using Model-Based Simulation
Authors: Mahmoudzadeh Andwari A. , Muhamad Said M.F. , Abdul Aziz A. , Esfahanian V. , Ahmad Baker M.R. , Mohd Perang M.R. , Mohd Jamil H.
Published: July 2022

This paper focuses on a simulation study of a newly developed high-pressure fuel pump system for small engine. When an engine is operated at high speed in a typical Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) system, its pump will perform extra pumping requiring continuous engine work. Because it is driven by the engine’s camshaft, the extra pumping action is both unavoidable and parasitic. In this study, a new GDI pump has been designed and built to only operate at a constant speed, regardless of engine load and speed. The pump is driven by an electric motor via a camshaft and is intended for a four-stroke, 0.2 litre, single-cylinder, spark ignition engine. The electric motor is governed by a control unit called the Engine Control Unit (ECU). The GDI pump will supply fuel to a rail up to its maximum pressure capacity. The pump is developed in accordance with a physical model-based design approach and is simulated using Matlab- SimscapeTM. Based on the calculation and simulation performed, the designed pump pressure is capable of producing discharge exceeding 4.5 MPa. Theoretical calculation also shows that the pressure developed by the pump reaches 10.54 MPa when a two lobe cam is used. In addition, the pressure developed by the pump is recorded to be 11.15 MPa, with an error of 5.8 % when a similar condition is applied to the physical modelling.
Determining Characteristics and Engine Emission of Steam Generated Water-in-Diesel Emulsion Fuel
Authors: Mohd Zahari M.F.H. , Sugeng D.A. , Yahya W.J. , Ithnin A.M.
Published: July 2022

Water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (W/D) is an effective method for reducing emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from a diesel engine. However, the current approach of producing W/D has its disadvantages in terms of cost and complexity. Therefore, a new approach to produce W/D is developed where water is introduced in vapour state, instead of as liquid, into the fuel. This new method may simplify the emulsion production process as it requires less mechanical parts than any previous non- surfactant emulsion forming methods. The objective of this study is to determine the physical characteristics of steam generated W/D and its engine emission. The characteristics to be determined include the size distribution of water droplets as well as water content. Engine emission will be measured from a 5 kW single cylinder, direct injected, air cooled diesel engine.
A Study on the Use and Misuse of Child Restraint System (CRS) in Malaysia
Authors: Paiman N.F. , Md Deros B. , Hamzah A. , Kak D.W. , Solah M.S. , Ahmad Y.
Published: July 2022

In car crashes, children are more likely to suffer more severe injuries than adults. For prevention, Child Restraint System (CRS) is normally used. However, inappropriate use of CRS may exacerbate injury risks. This research aims to determine the prevalence of CRS use and misuse among car owners, especially those travelling with children aged 11 years and below. A total of 178 parents were interviewed and 267 children were observed. Overall, only 12.7% children were properly restrained in CRS for their size, with the correct installation and appropriate seating position. Prior to CRS law implementation, initiatives such as awareness campaigns, community based programs and CRS clinics should be introduced.
Evaluating Risk Factors in Motorcycle-Passenger Car Crashes through Real-World Investigation
Authors: Zainal Abidin A.N.S. , Abdul Jalil N.A. , Wong S.V. , Tan C.Y.
Published: July 2022

The study analyses 55 real world crashes involving motorcycles with passenger cars through on-the-spot crash investigation. Analysis was performed based on input gathered during vehicle damage assessment, crash site inspection and injury information provided by the treating hospital. Through the analysis performed, the data revealed that weekday crashes mostly occurred during morning period while weekend crashes were more prevalent at night. Crashes occurring during weekends were less likely to occur between 06:00 until 11:59 and 6.125 times more likely to occur during the night period (18:00 – 23:59). Most of the motorcycle – passenger vehicle crashes investigated involved situations whereby both the vehicles were travelling in the same direction, with one of the vehicle in turning manoeuvre. Moreover, 61.8% of the investigated crashes occurred when the passenger vehicles were at fault. The data revealed 28.7% of the involved riders suffered injuries to lower extremities, followed by head and neck injuries at 25%. In terms of injury severity of the involved riders, odds ratio value reveals that side impact, compared to other types of crash configuration were 3.750 times more likely to result in MAIS 3 and above. The result also proved that impact speed has a significant effect on the injury severity of the riders. MAIS level 2 and below injury severities were over presented for the lower range impact speeds while an adverse trend was observed for the higher range impact speeds.
Preparation of Biodiesel from Hibiscus sabdariffa Seeds Oil using Calcium Oxide Catalyst from Waste Egg Shells
Authors: Hasni K. , Nabi A. , Varman M. , Ilham Z.
Published: July 2022

The aim of this study is to optimize the transesterification process for conversion of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed oils (HSO) into biodiesel. Conversion of HSO into biodiesel were obtained at optimum parameters of methanol to oil ratio 6:1, temperature 67.5oC, 1% calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst derived from waste egg shells and agitation speed of 750 rpm. The yield achieved was 95.01%. The results showed that all of the fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity 4.55 mm2/s acid value 0.027 mg KOH/g, cloud point 3oC, pour point 1oC, flash point 161oC, cetane index 49 min and density 856 kg/m3 of the Hibiscus sabdariffa methyl esters (HSME), are in compliance within the range of ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standard specifications except for oxidation stability which was at 3.48 hours. The results suggested that Hibiscus sabdariffa seed oil could be a potential feedstock for biodiesel.