bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Approach Towards Broadband Spintronics on Nanoscale Pyrene Films
Authors: Gupta Ritu , Pradhan Jhantu , Haldar Arabinda , Murapaka Chandrasekhar , Chandra Mondal Prakash
Published: June 2023

The injection of pure spin current into the non‐magnetic layer plays a crucial role in transmitting, processing, and storing data information in the realm of spintronics. To understand broadband molecular spintronics, pyrene oligomer film (≈20 nm thickness) was prepared using an electrochemical method forming indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode/pyrene covalent interfaces. Permalloy (Ni80Fe20) films with different nanoscale thicknesses were used as top contact over ITO/pyrene layers to estimate the spin pumping efficiency across the interfaces using broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectra. The spintronic devices are composed of permalloy/pyrene/ITO orthogonal configuration, showing remarkable spin pumping from permalloy to pyrene film. The large spin pumping is evident from the linewidth broadening of 5.4 mT at 9 GHz, which is direct proof of spin angular momentum transfer across the interface. A striking observation is made with the high spin‐mixing conductance of ≈1.02×1018 m−2, a value comparable to the conventional heavy metals. Large spin angular moment transfer was observed at the permalloy‐pyrene interfaces, especially at the lower thickness of permalloy, indicating a strong spinterface effect. Pure spin current injection from ferromagnetic into electrochemically grown pyrene films ensures efficient broadband spin transport, which opens a new area in molecular broadband spintronics.
Kooperative Netzwerkbildung mittels zweifarben Aktivierung von λ‐orthogonalen Chromophoren
Authors: Eren Tugce Nur , Feist Florian , Ehrmann Katharina , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: June 2023

Die unabhängige Aktivierung von lichtreaktiven Funktionalitäten innerhalb eines Moleküls stellt eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Wir nutzen die Kombination von zwei sequenzunabhängigen λ‐orthogonalen Chromophoren innerhalb eines heterotelechelen Quervernetzer‐Moleküls und ihre gegenläufigen Reaktivitäten mit demselben Reaktionspartner, einem Copolymer mit Maleimid‐Seitengruppen, um Netzwerkbildung exklusiv durch die Bestrahlung mit zwei Lichtfarben zu induzieren. Bestrahlunge mit nur einer der beiden Lichtfarben führt zur einseitigen Reaktion des Quervernetzers und somit zur Postfunktionalisierung des Polymers. Die Netzwerkbildung hingegen wird ausschließlich durch sequenzielle oder simultane zweifarben Bestrahlung erzielt. Dieses lichtreaktive System zeigt exemplarisch den Nutzen von Wellenlängen‐orthogonaler Chemie in der makromolekularen Synthese.
A Highly Water‐Soluble Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogen with Anion‐π+ Interactions for Targeted NIR Imaging of Cancer Cells and Type I Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Lingxiu , Li Chunbin , Gong Jianye , Zhang Ying , Ji Weiwei , Feng Lina , Jiang Guoyu , Wang Jianguo , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: June 2023

The low oxygen dependence of type I photosensitizers (PSs) has made them a popular choice for treating solid tumors. However, the drawbacks of poor water solubility, short emission wavelength, poor stability, and inability to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells limit the application of most type I PSs in clinical therapy. Thereby, developing novel type I PSs for overcoming these problems is an urgent but challenging task. Herein, by utilizing the distinctive structural characteristics of anion‐π+ interactions, a highly water‐soluble type I PS (DPBC‐Br) with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristic and near‐infrared (NIR) emission is fabricated for the first time. DPBC‐Br displays remarkable water solubility (7.3 mM) and outstanding photobleaching resistance, enabling efficient and precise differentiation between tumor cells and normal cells in a wash‐free and long‐term tracking manner via NIR‐I imaging. Additionally, the superior type I reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by DPBC‐Br provide both specific killing of cancer cells in vitro and inhibition of tumor growth in vivo, with negligible systemic toxicity. This study rationally constructs a highly water‐soluble type I PS, which has higher reliability and controllability compared with conventional nanoparticle formulating procedures, offering great potential for clinical cancer treatment.
Emodin‐Based Nanoarchitectonics with Giant Two‐Photon Absorption for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Yilin , Zhao Jie , Xu Xia , Xu Yang , Cui Wei , Yang Yang , Li Junbai
Published: June 2023

Two‐photon‐excited photodynamic therapy (TPE‐PDT) has significant advantages over conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, obtaining easily accessible TPE photosensitizers (PSs) with high efficiency remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate that emodin (Emo), a natural anthraquinone (NA) derivative, is a promising TPE PS with a large two‐photon absorption cross‐section (TPAC: 380.9 GM) and high singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yield (31.9 %). When co‐assembled with human serum albumin (HSA), the formed Emo/HSA nanoparticles (E/H NPs) possess a giant TPAC (4.02×107 GM) and desirable 1O2 generation capability, thus showing outstanding TPE‐PDT properties against cancer cells. In vivo experiments reveal that E/H NPs exhibit improved retention time in tumors and can ablate tumors at an ultra‐low dosage (0.2 mg/kg) under an 800 nm femtosecond pulsed laser irradiation. This work is beneficial for the use of natural extracts NAs for high‐efficiency TPE‐PDT.
Photosynthesis‐Mediated Intracellular Biomineralization of Gold Nanoparticles inside Chlorella Cells towards Hydrogen Boosting under Green Light
Authors: Zhu Xueying , Xu Zhijun , Tang Haitao , Nie Lanheng , Nie Rui , Wang Ruifang , Liu Xiaoman , Huang Xin
Published: June 2023

Engineering living microorganisms to enhance green biomanufacturing for the development of sustainable and carbon‐neutral energy strategies has attracted the interest of researchers from a wide range of scientific communities. In this study, we develop a method to achieve photosynthesis‐mediated biomineralization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) inside Chlorella cells, where the photosynthesis‐dominated reduction of Au3+ to Au0 allows the formed AuNPs to locate preferentially around the thylakoid membrane domain. In particular, we reveal that the electrons generated by the localized surface plasmon resonance of AuNPs could greatly augment hypoxic photosynthesis, which then promotes the generation and transferring of photoelectrons throughout the photosynthetic chain for augmented hydrogen production under sunlight. We demonstrate that the electrons from AuNPs could be directly transferred to hydrogenase, giving rise to an 8.3‐fold enhancement of Chlorella cells hydrogen production independent of the cellular photosynthetic process under monochromatic 560 nm light irradiation. Overall, the photosynthesis‐mediated intracellular biomineralization of AuNPs could contribute to a novel paradigm for functionalizing Chlorella cells to augment biomanufacturing.
Molecular Bridge on Buried Interface for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Guo Haodan , Xiang Wanchun , Fang Yanyan , Li Jingrui , Lin Yuan
Published: June 2023

The interface of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is significantly important for charge transfer and device stability, while the buried interface with the impact on perovskite film growth has been paid less attention. Herein, we use a molecular modifier, glycocyamine (GDA) to build a molecular bridge on the buried interface of SnO2/perovskite, resulting in superior interfacial contact. This is achieved through the strongly interaction between GDA and SnO2, which also appreciably modulates the energy level. Moreover, GDA can regulate the perovskite crystal growth, yielding perovskite film with enlarged grain size and absence of pinholes, exhibiting substantially reduced defect density. Consequently, PSCs with GDA modification demonstrate significant improvement of open circuit voltage (close to 1.2 V) and fill factor, leading to an improved power conversion efficiency from 22.60 % to 24.70 %. Additionally, stabilities of GDA devices under maximum power point and 85 °C heat both perform better than the control devices.
Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer Degradation of Vinyl Polymers: Cleavage of a Backbone C−C Bond Triggered by Radical Activation of a C−H Bond in a Pendant
Authors: Kimura Taichi , Ouchi Makoto
Published: June 2023

In this work, we achieved a triggering degradation of polymers composed of carbon‐carbon (C−C) bonded backbone without relying on introduction of labile heteroatom‐based bond. The crucial point for the achievement is using vinyl ether (VE) as a comonomer in radical copolymerization of (meth)acrylate for introduction of the carbon‐hydrogen (C−H) bonds active for photocatalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) as triggers in the pendant. Interestingly, methyl methacrylate (MMA)‐n‐butyl vinyl ether (NBVE) copolymer underwent degradation in acetonitrile in the presence of benzophenone (Ph2CO) under UV irradiation at 80 °C. The degradation did not take place, when any one of UV, Ph2CO, heat, and NBVE unit was removed or HAT‐active solvent such as toluene and 1,4‐dioxane was used. These control experiments strongly supported the HAT‐triggering degradation. Furthermore, the degradation behaviors of the copolymers with other vinyl ethers such as tert‐butyl vinyl ether and methyl isopropenyl ether indicated that the C−H bond neighboring to oxygen on the pendant is mainly responsible for the trigger leading to degradation. The HAT‐triggering degradation was also demonstrated even with the acrylate‐based copolymer.
Controlled Self‐Assembly of Discrete Amphiphilic Oligourethanes with a Cascade Self‐Immolative Motif
Authors: Xu Jie , Lv Changzhu , Shi Qiangqiang , Zhang Jialin , Wang Ning , Zhang Guoying , Hu Jinming , Liu Shiyong
Published: June 2023

Discrete polymers offer an excellent platform for comprehending the interplay between precise chain structures, distinctive self‐assembly behavior, and functional applications, whereas the development of discrete polymers with self‐immolative properties remains scarce. Here, we modularly synthesize a library of discrete self‐immolative oligourethanes containing N‐naphthylcarbamate or N‐(3‐fluorophenyl)carbamate repeating units via iterative stepwise growth. These oligourethanes undergo not only cascade 1,6‐elimination depolymerizations via photo‐mediated removal of o‐nitrobenzyl carbamate triggers but also selective cleavage of benzyl‐O linkages under MS/MS conditions even without UV light irradiation. In aqueous media, these discrete oligourethanes self‐assemble into different morphologies such as flat nanosheets, nanofibers, and nanoribbons, depending on the chain lengths and backbone compositions, and further morphological transitions are observed upon thermal annealing.
Cooperative Lewis Acid‐1,2,3‐Triazolium‐Aryloxide Catalysis: Pyrazolone Addition to Nitroolefins as Entry to Diaminoamides
Authors: Wanner Daniel M. , Becker Patrick M. , Suhr Simon , Wannenmacher Nick , Ziegler Slava , Herrmann Justin , Willig Felix , Gabler Julia , Jangid Khushbu , Schmid Juliane , Hans Andreas C. , Frey Wolfgang , Sarkar Biprajit , Kästner Johannes , Peters René
Published: June 2023

Pyrazolones represent an important structural motif in active pharmaceutical ingredients. Their asymmetric synthesis is thus widely studied. Still, a generally highly enantio‐ and diastereoselective 1,4‐addition to nitroolefins providing products with adjacent stereocenters is elusive. In this article, a new polyfunctional CuII‐1,2,3‐triazolium‐aryloxide catalyst is presented which enables this reaction type with high stereocontrol. DFT studies revealed that the triazolium stabilizes the transition state by hydrogen bonding between C(5)−H and the nitroolefin and verify a cooperative mode of activation. Moreover, they show that the catalyst adopts a rigid chiral cage/pore structure by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, by which stereocontrol is achieved. Control catalyst systems confirm the crucial role of the triazolium, aryloxide and CuII, requiring a sophisticated structural orchestration for high efficiency. The addition products were used to form pyrazolidinones by chemoselective C=N reduction. These heterocycles are shown to be valuable precursors toward β,γ’‐diaminoamides by chemoselective nitro and N−N bond reductions. Morphological profiling using the Cell painting assay identified biological activities for the pyrazolidinones and suggest modulation of DNA synthesis as a potential mode of action. One product showed biological similarity to Camptothecin, a lead structure for cancer therapy.
Sustainable environment through using porous materials: A review on wastewater treatment
Authors: Al‐Jubouri Sama M. , Al‐Batty Sirhan , Al‐Hamd Rwayda Kh. S. , Sims Rebekah , Hakami Mohammed Wali , SK Manirul Haque
Published: June 2023

Porous materials play an important role in creating a sustainable environment by improving wastewater treatment's efficacy. Porous materials, including adsorbents or ion exchangers, catalysts, metal–organic frameworks, composites, carbon materials, and membranes, have widespread applications in treating wastewater and air pollution. This review examines recent developments in porous materials, focusing on their effectiveness for different wastewater pollutants. Specifically, they can treat a wide range of water contaminants, and many remove over 95% of targeted contaminants. Recent advancements include a wider range of adsorption options, heterogeneous catalysis, a new UV/H2O2procedure, ion exchange, Fenton oxidation, membrane activities, ozonation, membrane bioreactor, electrochemical treatment, wet air oxidation, and a carbon capture methodology utilizing various porous materials. A particular focus for innovative research is on developing technologies to synthesize porous materials and assess their performance in removing various pollutants from wastewater at varying experimental conditions. Porous materials can be essential in designing wastewater treatment systems to address the critical environmental issues of water stress and safe drinking water worldwide.
Population status of the world's largest limpet,Scutellastra mexicana(Mollusca: Patellidae), on María Madre Island, Mexico: Possible last bastion of a species facing global extinction
Authors: Carballo José Luis , Bautista‐Guerrero Eric , Benjamín Yáñez , Carballo Luis Rodrigo , García‐Gómez José Carlos
Published: June 2023

Scutellastra mexicanais the largest patellid in the world, with records of up to 35.5 cm in length, and is one of the most endangered marine invertebrates from tropical Pacific rocky shores.

The decline of this species occurred during the 20thcentury, when fishing cooperatives reported the capture of millions of specimens in less than 2 decades (1970–1980). Since then, the species has continued to be captured illegally to the point that it has practically disappeared.

This paper reports the population status ofS. mexicanain María Madre Island (Mexican Pacific Ocean), which was used as a Federal Prison from 1905 until 2019.

A total of 2,381 limpets were recorded in four main populations: Guayacama, Borbollones, Punta Halcones and Papelillos. The density was very low: from 0.05 to 0.3 individuals m−2, with an ageing population structure, and no recent recruitment. The size‐frequency distribution of the populations showed that most of the individuals were between 9 and 15 cm. Mean and maximum shell length varied between 10.5 and 19 cm at Papelillos, 13.6 and 20.3 cm at Punta Halcones, 13.7 and 17.6 cm at Borbollones, and 12 and 20 cm at Guayacama.

Evidence of illegal extraction was evident in Papelillos since the size of the limpets was significantly the smallest of the four populations studied, and also significantly smaller than those in an adjacent midden.

Now that the prison has been closed it is imperative to establish legal measures, to provide extreme protection of María Madre, and to change the current status ofS. mexicanain the Official Mexican Standard (NOM‐059‐ECOL‐2010) from threatened species to in danger of extinction. This may be the last hope for the species.
Assessment of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts in Transesterification Reaction: A Mini Review
Authors: Kibar Murat Efgan , Hilal Lina , Çapa Begüm Tuna , Bahçıvanlar Buse , Abdeljelil Brahim Ben
Published: June 2023

The utilization and production of biodiesel have seen a significant increase in recent years due to its numerous advantages over other biofuel products. Biodiesel can be produced through various methods, including transesterification, direct mixing, microemulsion, and pyrolysis. Among these, transesterification is the most commonly employed method and utilizes three types of catalysts: enzymatic, homogeneous, and heterogeneous. While enzymatic and homogeneous catalysts are effective, they also present drawbacks, such as costly purification steps and high water and oil consumption. Heterogeneous catalysts, on the other hand, are more favorable as they mitigate these negative aspects. Some challenges still exist with heterogeneous catalysts, but they can be overcome by manipulating their structure. The use of heterogeneous catalysts not only reduces the overall cost of the reaction but also renders the process more environmentally friendly. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of biodiesel, including its characteristics, production methods, and specifically, the use of heterogeneous catalysts and their supports in biodiesel production. In addition, it examines the impact of these catalysts on the production process and the parameters that affect the yield.
Biosynthesis and Genome Mining Potentials of Nucleoside Natural Products
Authors: Du Yanan , Thanapipatsiri Anyarat , Yokoyama Kenichi
Published: June 2023

Nucleoside natural products show diverse biological activities and serve as leads for various application purposes, including human and veterinary medicine and agriculture. Studies in the past decade revealed that these nucleosides are biosynthesized through divergent mechanisms, in which early steps of the pathways can be classified into two types (C5' oxidation and C5' radical extension), while the structural diversity is created by downstream tailoring enzymes. Based on this biosynthetic logic, we investigated the genome mining discovery potentials of these nucleosides using the two enzymes representing the two types of C5' modifications: LipL‐type α‐ketoglutarate (α‐KG) and Fe‐dependent oxygenases and NikJ‐type radical S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAM) enzymes. The results suggest that this approach allows discovery of putative nucleoside biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and the prediction of the core nucleoside structures. The results also revealed the distribution of these pathways in nature and implied the possibility of future genome mining discovery of novel nucleoside natural products.
Easily Accessible Substituted Heterocyclic Hemithioindigos as Bistable Molecular Photoswitches
Authors: Gernet Aurélie , El Rhaz Ahmed , Jean Ludovic
Published: June 2023

Thioaurone chromophores, part of the indigoid family and commonly named hemithioindigos, have recently gained attention due to their interesting photoswitching properties. The study focuses on heterocyclic hemithioindigos (Het‐HTIs) and investigates their synthesis using electron‐rich and electron‐poor heterocycles and modifications to the thioindigo moiety. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate the photoswitching performances of these synthesised compounds, with a particular emphasis on the influence of the heterocycles on the photoisomerization capabilities, which was found to be more prominent than the modifications made to the thioindigo moiety. Among the 44 Het‐HTIs tested, several exhibited highly efficient photoswitchable properties, demonstrating Z‐to‐E photoisomerization in the blue region, and E‐to‐Z photoisomerization in the green or the red regions. Additionally, the metastable E‐isomer displayed an impressive half‐life of up to 54 days in a polar solvent (DMSO). These results suggest that heterocyclic hemithioindigos hold great promise as photoswitches for researchers interested in light‐controlled molecular mechanisms.
Constructing Hierarchical Porous MoO2@Mo2N@C Composite via a Confined Pyrolysis Synthetic Strategy Towards Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Xu Huizhong , Gao Chang , Kong Linghui , Li Dongxv , Lin Jianjian
Published: June 2023

Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) demonstrates a big potential toward lithium‐ion storage due to its high theoretical capacity. The sluggish reaction kinetics and large volume change during cycling process, however, unavoidably lead to inferior electrochemical performance, thus failing to satisfy the requirements of practical applications. Herein, we developed a molybdenum‐based oxyacid salt confined pyrolysis strategy to achieve a novel hierarchical porous MoO2@Mo2N@C composite. A two‐step successive annealing process was proposed to obtain a hybrid phase of MoO2 and Mo2N, which was used to further improve the electrochemical performance of MoO2‐based anode. We demonstrate that the well‐dispersed MoO2 nanoparticles can ensure ample active sites exposure to the electrolyte, while conductive Mo2N quantum dots afford pseudo‐capacitive response, which conduces to the migration of ions and electrons. Additionally, the interior voids could provide buffer spaces to surmount the effect of volume change, thereby avoiding the fracture of MoO2 nanoparticles. Benefiting from the aforesaid synergies, the as‐obtained MoO2@Mo2N@C electrode demonstrates a striking initial discharge capacity (1760.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) and decent long‐term cycling stability (652.5 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1). This work provides a new way for the construction of advanced anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries.
Endometrial cancer risk and trends among distinct African descent populations
Authors: Medina Heidy N. , Penedo Frank J. , Joachim Clarisse , Deloumeaux Jacqueline , Koru‐Sengul Tulay , Macni Jonathan , Bhakkan Bernard , Peruvien Jessica , Schlumbrecht Matthew P. , Pinheiro Paulo S.
Published: June 2023

Background

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the fourth most common cancer among Black women in the United States, a population disproportionately affected by aggressive nonendometrioid subtypes (e.g., serous, carcinosarcoma). To examine EC vulnerability among a wider spectrum of African descent populations, a comparison between Black women residing in different countries, rather than in the United States alone, is needed.

Methods

The authors analyzed 34,789 EC cases from Florida (FL) (2005–2018), Martinique (2005–2018), and Guadeloupe (2008–2018) based on cancer registry data. Age‐adjusted incidence rates, incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and annual percent changes (APC) in trends were estimated for Black populations residing in the United States (non‐Hispanic Blacks [NHB]) and Caribbean. The US non‐Hispanic White (NHW) population was used as a reference.

Results

Caribbean Black women had the lowest rates for endometrioid and nonendometrioid subtypes. Nonendometrioid types were most common among US (FL) NHBs (9.2 per 100,000), 2.6 times greater than NHWs (IRR, 2.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.44–2.76). For endometrioid EC, rates increased 1.8% (95% CI, 0.1–3.5) yearly from 2005 to 2018 for US (FL) NHBs and 1.2% (95% CI, 0.9–1.6) for US (FL) NHWs whereas no change was observed for Caribbean Blacks. For nonendometroid carcinomas, rates increased 5.6% (95% CI, 4.0–7.2) among US (FL) NHB, 4.4% (95% CI, 0.3–8.6) for Caribbean Black, and 3.9% for US (FL) NHW women (95% CI, 2.4–5.5).

Conclusions

Lower rates of nonendometrioid EC among Caribbean Black women suggest that vulnerability for these aggressive tumor subtypes may not currently be an overarching African ancestry disparity. Most importantly, there is an alarmingly increasing trend in nonendometrioid across all populations studied, which warrants further surveillance and etiological research for this particular subtype.

Plain Language Summary

We analyze population‐based incidence rates and trends of endometrial cancer (EC) for African descent populations residing in different countries (i.e., United States, Martinique, Guadeloupe) to examine whether EC vulnerability among Black women is socio‐environmental or more ancestry‐specific in nature.

The increased EC risk was not uniform across all Black women since the Caribbean had the lowest rates (for endometrioid and nonendometrioid histology subtypes).

Regardless, from 2005 to 2018, there was an increasing trajectory of nonendometrioid EC for all groups, regardless of race.
Cervicovaginal Papanicolaou tests in transgender men: Cytomorphologic alterations, interpretation considerations, and clinical implications
Authors: Torous Vanda F.
Published: June 2023

Background

The transgender population faces unique psychosocial and physical obstacles to cervical cancer screening. Additionally, most individuals undergo masculinizing testosterone hormone therapy, and the physiologic changes can cause cytomorphologic alterations that may mimic lesions. Although the literature on cervicovaginal cytology is growing in this patient population, it is still limited.

Methods

The pathology information system was queried for all Papanicolaou (Pap) tests from transgender men from January 2013 to February 2023. The original diagnostic categories were catalogued. Cases were reviewed to evaluate the cytomorphologic alterations. Clinical data were also sought, including whether the sample was self‐collected. Two comparison groups were established: one was a postpartum atrophic group and the other was an all‐comer group.

Results

A total of 51 cases from 43 individuals were identified, with a mean age of 31 years. Approximately a third of cases (18 of 51; 35%) were self‐collected. The abnormal rate was low, with 5.9% of cases rendered atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance on original review and no lesions identified. The Pap unsatisfactory rate according to original reports was 3.9%. This increased to 13.7% when the cases were rereviewed, which was significantly higher than the all‐comer comparison group. The unsatisfactory rate did not correlate with self‐collection. Atrophy was a prevalent cytomorphologic alteration, with the vast majority of cases (92%) showing at least mild atrophy. Small blue cells and transitional cell metaplasia were seen in many cases (53% and 43%, respectively).

Conclusions

There are clinical and morphologic considerations that are distinct to the transgender patient population. Laboratory personnel and diagnosticians need to be aware of these in order to optimize patient care.
NLOS node localization for improving warning message distribution in VANETS
Authors: Arunkumar R. S. , Chinnasamy A.
Published: June 2023

Vehicular Ad‐hoc Network (VANET) is a vehicle‐to‐vehicle communication technology, which is highly promising due to its continuous demand, applicability, and suitability for public safety. The vehicular nodes establish communication with each other for exchanging traffic data and road maps, especially when warning messages need to be broadcasted on the network during emergency situations. Therefore, accurate vehicle information is necessary in such circumstances to improve the accuracy of Non‐Line‐of‐Sight (NLOS) node localization. In this paper, a Driving Training‐Based Optimization for NLOS Node Localization (DTO‐NL) Scheme is proposed for facilitating better warning message delivery during emergency situations in vehicular networks through a dynamic increase and decrease in the search based on the position of unknown NLOS nodes from the considered anchor nodes employed for localization. The performance of the suggested technique has been analyzed based on parameters like warning message delivery rate, latency, localization error, channel utilization rate, energy consumption, and packet delivery ratio. The proposed DTO‐NL scheme enhances the warning message delivery rate by 9.81%, 11.28%, 14.38%, and 17.64% compared to WIDVBA , ROA‐APS , ILL‐WOA‐NLOS , and WDHPBDS techniques .
Eutectic Media Open a Synthetic Route to Oligocitrazinic Acid Fluorophores of Purple Hue
Authors: Schneider Helen , Strauss Volker , Vogl Sarah , Antonietti Markus , Filonenko Svitlana
Published: June 2023

Under isochoric and solvent‐free conditions, the reaction between ammonium formate and citric acid results in a deeply purple reaction product with fluorescent properties. This brings this reaction in the realm of bio‐based fluorophores and bottom‐up carbon nanodots from citric acid. The reaction conditions are optimized in terms of UV–vis spectroscopic properties and, subsequently, the main reaction product is separated. While the structural analysis does not give any indication for carbon nanodots in a general sense, it points towards the formation of molecular fluorophores that consist of oligomerized citrazinic acid derivatives. Furthermore, EPR spectroscopy reveals the presence of stable free radicals in the product. We hypothesize that such open‐shell structures may play a general role in molecular fluorophores from citric acid and are not yet sufficiently explored. Therefore, we believe that analysis of these newly discovered fluorophores may contribute to a better understanding of the properties of fluorophores and CND from citric acid in general.
Introduction to the Use of Linear and Nonlinear Regression Analysis in Quantitative Biological Assays
Authors: Jarantow Stephen W. , Pisors Eileen D. , Chiu Mark L.
Published: June 2023

Biological assays are essential tools in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. In simplest terms, such an assay is an analytical method used to measure or predict a response in a biological system in the presence of a given stimulus (e.g., drug). The inherent complexity involved in evaluating a biological system requires the use of rigorous and appropriate tools for data analysis. Linear and nonlinear regression models represent critically important statistical analyses used to define the relationships between variables of interest in biological systems. Recent challenges relating to the reproducibility of published data suggest the absence of standardized and routine use of statistics to support experimental results across a wide range of scientific disciplines. The current situation warrants an introductory review of basic regression concepts using current, practical examples, along with references to in‐depth resources. The goal is to provide the necessary information to help standardize the analysis of biological assays in academic research and drug discovery and development, elevating their utility and increasing data transparency and reproducibility. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Co‐Doping of Al3+ and Ti4+ and Electrochemical Properties of LiNiO2 Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Jinmei , Yang Jianwen , Zheng Jiawei , Wang Mengwen , Li Shengxian , Huang Bin , Li Yanwei , Zhu Qing , Chen Quanqi , Xiao Shunhua , Liu Botian
Published: June 2023

LiNiO2 cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries has the advantages of high specific capacity, abundant resources, and low cost, but it suffers from difficulties in preparation, structural instability, and serious capacity decay. In this work, highly pure and layered structural LiNi0.95AlaTi0.05‐aO2 (a=0, 0.025, 0.05) cathode materials were synthesized by a simply sol‐gel method. The cation mixing of Ni2+ and Li+, structural deterioration, irreversible conversion between H2 and H3 phases and unstable surface and CEI (Cathode‐electrolyte interface) film can be effectively suppressed by co‐doping with Al3+ and Ti4+. A preferred LiNi0.95Al0.025Ti0.025O2 sample provides a discharge specific capacity of 223 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 148.32 mAh g−1 at 5 C, a capacity retention of 72.7 % after 300 cycles at 1 C and a Li+ diffusion coefficient of about 2.0×10−9 cm2 s−1.
Design, synthesis, anticancer evaluation, and in silico studies of some thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives as EGFR inhibitors
Authors: Sayed Menna Tallah M. , Halim Peter A. , El‐Ansary Afaf K. , Hassan Rasha A.
Published: June 2023

New series of 20 thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized. The National Cancer Institute evaluated all the newly synthesized compounds for their antiproliferative activity against a panel of 60 cancer cell lines. Compound 7b exhibited a remarkable antineoplastic activity at 10 µM dose and was therefore tested at five dose concentrations. The significant and broad‐spectrum antineoplastic action of compound 7b was observed against 37 of the tested cancer cell lines with a dose that inhibits 50% of the growth compared to control values in the micromolar range of 1.95–9.6 µM. The dose which inhibits the growth completely in the cytostatic range of 3.99–100 µM was also observed. Compound 7b effectively inhibited epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with 50% inhibition concentration value (IC50) = 0.096 ± 0.004 compared to erlotinib with IC50 = 0.037 ± 0.002. Moreover, compound 7b revealed a powerful downregulation effect on total EGFR concentration and its phosphorylation. In addition, compound 7b inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, protein kinase B, and the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway phosphorylation. Furthermore, compound 7b raised total apoptosis by 21.93‐fold in the ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR‐4) and caused an arrest in the cell cycle in the G1/S phase. It also raised the level of caspase‐3 by 4.72‐fold. Furthermore, to determine the binding manner of the most effective derivatives and validate their capacity to comply with the pharmacophoric properties necessary for EGFR inhibition, they were docked into the active site of the EGFR.
Using culturally significant birds to guide the timing of prescribed fires in the Klamath Siskiyou Bioregion
Authors: Long Linda L. , Lake Frank K. , Stephens Jaime L. , Alexander John D. , Ralph C. John , Wolfe Jared D.
Published: June 2023

Historically, wildfire and tribal burning practices played important roles in shaping ecosystems throughout the Klamath Siskiyou Bioregion of northern California and southern Oregon. Over the past several decades, there has been increased interest in the application of fire for forest management through the implementation of prescribed fires within habitats that are used by a diversity of migrant and resident land birds. While many bird species may benefit from habitat enhancements associated with wildfires, cultural burning, and prescribed fire, individuals may face direct or indirect harm. In this study, we analyzed the timing of breeding and molting in 11 species of culturally significant land birds across five ecologically distinct regions of northern California and southern Oregon to explore the potential timeframes that these bird species may be vulnerable to wildland fires (wildfire, prescribed fire, or cultural burning). We estimated that these selected species adhered to a breeding season from April 21 to August 23 and a molting season from June 30 to October 7 based on bird capture data collected between 1992 and 2014. Within these date ranges, we found that breeding and molting seasons of resident and migratory bird species varied temporally and spatially throughout our study region. Given this variability, spring fires that occur prior to April 21 and fall fires that occur after October 7 may reduce the potential for direct and indirect negative impacts on these culturally significant birds across the region. This timing corresponds with some Indigenous ecocultural burning practices that are aligned with traditionally observed environmental cues relating to patterns of biological phenology, weather, and astronomy. We detail the timing of breeding and molting seasons more specific to regions and species, and estimate 75%, 50%, and 25% quartiles for each season to allow for greater flexibility in planning the timing of prescribed fires and cultural burning, or regarding the potential implications of wildfires. The results of our study may serve as an additional resource for tribal members and cultural practitioners (when examined within the context of Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge) and forest and wildland fire managers to promote stable populations of culturally significant bird species within fire‐dependent forest systems.
Large carnivore conservation and traditional pastoralism: A case study on bear–reindeer predation mitigation measures
Authors: Tallian Aimee , Støen Ole‐Gunnar , Immerzeel Bart , Kindberg Jonas , Ordiz Andrés , Persson Lars Thomas , Segerström Peter , Skarin Anna , Stokke Rune , Tveraa Torkild , Åhman Birgitta , Frank Jens
Published: June 2023

While wildlife and cultural preservation goals can be either complimentary or counteractive, the goals of large carnivore conservation and traditional pastoralist lifestyles are often at odds. Livestock depredation can negatively impact the economies of livestock herders, while subsequent lethal removals contribute to local carnivore population declines. Here, we collaborated with two Sámi reindeer herding communities (2010–2016) situated in Sweden's boreal forest to evaluate the efficacy and economic feasibility of three brown bear predation mitigation measures: corralling pregnant reindeer during parturition, lethal bear management removals, and public bear‐license hunting. Calving corrals increased survival for reindeer calves born to average‐sized females by 7%–15%, and by 14%–30% for calves born to small females. However, the realized cost of implementing calving corrals outweighed the financial gain for both our study areas (net losses ranged between €1111 and €6210 per calf saved from bear predation per year when using the updated 2021 calf value; 1€ [Euro] = US$1.1), as well as for almost every theoretical scenario we explored (net losses €234 and €13,995 per calf saved from bear predation). The exception was the theoretical scenario where small herding communities overlapped large bear populations, which crossed the breakeven efficacy bear/reindeer ratio of 13.5 bears/100 reindeer and had a potential net gain of €36 per saved calf. Similarly, the cost of lethal management removals of bears outweighed the potential financial gain from saved calves, with net losses between €75 and €239 per calf. License hunting, where the hunters voluntarily incur the monetary costs of removing bears, is in most cases the only economically viable mitigation measure where the cost of mitigation did not outweigh the financial gain from increased reindeer survival. While the annual public license hunt was the most cost‐effective mitigation measure, it may be less biologically effective, that is, bear hunting occurs in the fall and reindeer parturition the following spring which leaves time for the empty niche of harvested bears to be filled by survivors. Economically and biologically effective predation mitigation measures are key for promoting coexistence, and we suggest that potential mitigation measures should be studied in collaboration with local people.
Dynamic behaviour and seismic response of structures isolated with low shape factor bearings
Authors: Orfeo Alessandra , Tubaldi Enrico , Muhr Alan H. , Losanno Daniele
Published: June 2023

This study investigates the mechanical behaviour of laminated elastomeric bearings with a low shape factor (LSF) and the dynamic response of structures mounted on them. Axial loads have a significant influence on the mechanical behaviour of the LSF bearings. Most of the existing theories and mechanical models for laminated bearings cannot be employed for LSF bearings because they disregard the important effects of axial shortening and bulging of the rubber layers on the horizontal bearing stiffness.

In this study, a simplified model originally developed for slender rubber blocks is employed for describing the mechanical behaviour of LSF bearings, and validated against the experimental results on low‐damping LSF bearings manufactured and tested at Tun Abdul Razak Research Center (TARRC). The proposed model is then used to simulate the seismic response of a structural prototype mounted on the low‐damping LSF bearings and tested at University of Naples Federico II on a shaking table under horizontal seismic input. Further analyses are carried out to evaluate how the bearing shape factor affects the dynamic and seismic response of the prototype. The study provides some useful insight into the complex mechanical behaviour of LSF bearings and of structures mounted on them.
Development of an automated mobile grain size mapping of a mixed sediment beach
Authors: Matsumoto Hironori , Young Adam P.
Published: June 2023

Grain sizes influence beach morphologies, processes, and states (e.g., dissipative, reflective and intermediate), however previous studies analysing beach grain size are often spatially and temporarily sparse. In this study, an automated mobile grain size estimation method using digital photographs (mobile digital grain size, MDGS) was developed and tested at a mixed sediment beach consisting of sand and gravels. The data collection system consisted of a downward‐looking camera, Real Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System, and a camera‐triggering single‐board computer, attached to an all‐terrain vehicle. Digital photographs were collected monthly from January 2021 to March 2022 over a section spanning ~700 m alongshore and processed automatically using an existing (non‐mobile) DGS estimation method. The MDGS results were generally consistent with manually estimated grain sizes (n = 962, r2 = 0.74, RMSE = 5.9 mm) and UAV orthomosaic imagery, although the MDGS sometimes overestimated manually estimated grain sizes particularly for photographs with relatively small sediments. Modelled nearshore waves and subaerial beach survey data from mobile terrestrial LiDAR were used to explore using MDGS in morphological studies. Seasonal grain size trends, observed relationships between nearshore wave height and spatially averaged beach grain size, and the general increasing trends of grain sizes with both beach elevation and local roughness/slope were consistent with previous studies, highlighting the use of MDGS for morpho‐sedimentary mixed sediment beach research. The MDGS provides a unique method to conduct spatially and temporarily high‐resolution mapping of gravel size sediments over large areas (>102 m alongshore). Potential improvements of the MDGS include additional low elevation cameras for improved fine (e.g., sand) grain size estimates, decreased time between photo triggering, and automated removal of erroneous photographs containing surface irregularities (e.g., tire tracks) and non‐sediment features (e.g., seaweed). Overall, the MDGS provides improved surface grain size mapping and investigations of complex grain size–morphology relationships of mixed sediment beaches.
Miquelianin, a main functional flavonoid of lotus leaf, induces thermogenic signature via p38‐PINK1‐PARKIN‐mediated mitophagy and mimicking NRF2 signaling during brown adipocyte differentiation
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Xue Chaoyi , Yang Tian , Zeng Maomao , Wang Zhaojun , Chen Qiuming , Chen Jie , He Zhiyong
Published: June 2023

Adipocytes thermogenesis is an important mechanism for increasing energy expenditure. Here, screening of thermogenic activators (Sirt1 and Ucp1) investigated in C3H10T1/2 cells revealed ethanol extract of lotus leaf (LLE) may exert higher activity compared with that of the other 11 ingredients. UPLC‐MS/MS analysis showed that miquelianin was identified as the main flavonoid compounds in LLE (12.8%) and therefore deserves further investigation. The results in C3H10T1/2 cells revealed miquelianin promoted lipolysis, enhanced thermogenic programming (Sirt1, Ppargc1a, Prdm16, Cox7a, Nrf1, Cox2, and Ucp1), and induced brown‐like adipocyte formation (Fgf21, Cd137, Tmem26, Tbx1, Cd40, and Cited1). Moreover, miquelianin increased mitochondrial abundance, mitochondrial membrane potential, and NAD+/NADH ratio, suggesting its potential in mitochondria activity. We also observed that miquelianin improved mitochondrial quality by the establishment of mitochondrial dynamics (Mfn1, Mfn2, Opa1, Drp1, and Fis1) and subsequent suppression of autophagy. Chemical inhibition experiment revealed miquelianin may trigger browning via p38‐PINK1‐PARKIN‐mediated mitophagy. Furthermore, in ML385‐treated cells, NRF2, HMOX1, TFAM, and UCP1 were compromised by miquelianin treatment, suggesting that NRF2 signaling is necessary during miquelianin‐induced mitochondria biogenesis. Together, our findings demonstrate that miquelianin may induce browning and mitochondria thermogenic programing by suppressing mitophagy via p38‐PINK1‐PARKIN and mimicking NRF2 signaling.
A two‐way coupling 2D‐3D hybrid finite element numerical model using overlapping method for tsunami simulation
Authors: Ling Guoming , Matsumoto Junichi , Kashiyama Kazuo
Published: June 2023

This paper describes a 2D‐3D hybrid model for tsunami simulations that uses an overlapping method based on an arbitrary grid. A 2D model is used to simulate wave propagation from the source area to the offshore area, and a 3D model is then used to simulate the free surface flow around structures in coastal areas. An overlapping method that satisfies the conservation and compatibility conditions is developed to couple the two models. The shallow water equations are applied for the 2D model, and the Navier‐Stokes equations and continuity equations are applied for the flow field of the 3D model. The Allen‐Cahn equation is applied for the interface‐capturing method of the 3D model. The stabilized finite element method is applied for the spatial discretization and the Crank‐Nicolson method is used for the temporal discretization of the governing equations. The model is verified and validated through several numerical analysis examples.
An implicit interpolation scheme for simulation of 3‐d flow with non‐conforming meshes
Authors: Zhu Hanyue , Zhao Lanhao , Mao Jia , Mu Kailong
Published: June 2023

Non‐conforming meshes, as a common strategy for three‐dimensional (3‐d) flow simulation, necessitate an appropriate interpolation scheme to ensure numerical coherence between subdomains. This paper extends an implicit interpolation scheme in previous research to 3‐d space. The new interpolation scheme accommodates the higher demands for simplicity and efficiency required for the simulation of 3‐d models. The node‐to‐node coupling of non‐conforming subdomains is embedded directly in algebraic equations with a Dirichlet condition for the continuity of unknowns and a Neumann condition for the system matrix and the right‐hand side. The proposed method demonstrates general applicability, simplicity and efficiency. Four different flow problems, including 3‐d lid‐driven cavity flow, flow past a 3‐d circular cylinder, a stationary sphere and a triangular prism, are simulated with the present interpolation scheme. The numerical results exhibit good quantitative and qualitative consistency with previously published data.