bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The AMOG/β2 subunit of Na, K‐ATPase is not necessary for long‐term survival of telencephalic grafts
Authors: Isenmann Stefan , Molthagen Martin , Brandner Sebastian , Bartsch Udo , Kühne Guido , Magyar Josef P. , Sure Ulrich , Schachner Melitta , Aguzzi Adriano
Published: May 2005

Adhesion molecule on glia (AMOG) represents the β2‐subunit of murine Na, K‐ATPase. Mice carrying a targeted deletion of the AMOG/β2 gene exhibit tremor and limb paralysis at postnatal day (P) 15 and die 2 days after the onset of symptoms. The brains of these mice show edema and swelling of astrocytic end feet However, the cause of death has remained unclear. To identify long‐term consequences of AMOG/β2 deficiency, we have grafted parts of the embryonic telencephalic anlage of AMOG/β2deficient mice into the caudoputamen of wild‐type mice and analyzed the grafts up to 500 days after transplantation. Histological, immunocytochemical, and in situ hybridization techniques were applied to examine histoarchitecture, proliferation, differentiation, and long‐term survival of grafts.

AMOG/β2‐deficient telencephalic grafts develop normally and form solid neural tissue that cannot be distinguished from control grafts by morphological features or with immunocytochemical stains for neuronal and glial markers. No signs of degeneration can be found. Expression analysis, however, revealed that no AMOG/β2 protein of possible host origin can be detected in AMOG/β2‐deficient grafts. Graft‐borne astrocytes express neither the AMOG/β1 nor the AMOG/β2 subunit of Na, K‐ATPase as examined with immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. These findings indicate that AMOG/β2 is not necessary for loner‐term survival of telenceohalic eraft tissue. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early expression of a novel radial glia antigen in the chick embryo
Authors: Prada Francisco A. , Dorado Manuel E. , Quesada Adela , Prada Carmen , Schwarz Uli , de la Rosa Enrique J.
Published: May 2005

Monoclonal antibody 3CB2 recognizes an antigen expressed in discrete cell types derived from ectoderm and mesoderm. Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies indicate that the antigen recognized by the antibody is a 55 kDa cytoplasmic protein that may be an intermediate filament associated protein (IFAP). Developmental studies show that 3CB2 antigen is intensely expressed very early in the chick embryo, in the neural tube, myotomes, and in mesenchymal cells of visceral arches and the presumptive facial area. As development proceeds, antigen expression becomes restricted to astrocytes and radial glia cells throughout the brain.

A detailed immunohistochemical study of the developing chick retina shows that the expression of 3CB2 antigen at embryonic day 8 (E8) is restricted to Müller cells, with the pattern of expression closely related to their degree of differentiation. We show, by immunocytochemistry labeling of entire Müller cells dissociated from retinas of E16‐E20, that 3CB2 monoclonal is labeling the whole cell. 3CB2 selectively labels Müller cells in the rat and chameleon, but not their retinal horizontal cell axons.

3CB2 monoclonal is a very sensitive marker for early differentiating Müller cells. Our results provide evidence that 3CB2 antigen is a cytoskeletal component which may be involved in the morphogenesis of these cells, and also perhaps in the outgrowth of some axons. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural cells from dogfish embryos express the same subtype‐specific antigens as mammalian neural cells in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Gould Robert M. , Fannon Allison M. , Moorman Stephen J.
Published: May 2005

Neural cells are classically identified in vivo and in vitro by a combination of morphological and immunocytochemical criteria. Here, we demonstrate that antibodies used to identify mammalian oligodendrocytes, neurons, and astrocytes recognize these cell types in the developing spiny dogfish central nervous system and in cultures prepared from this tissue. Oligodendrocyte‐lineage‐specific antibodies O1, O4, and R‐mAb labeled cells in the 9 cm dogfish brain stem's medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) and in areas lateral to it. Process‐bearing cells, cultured from the dogfish brain stem, were also labeled with these antibodies. An anti‐lamprey neurofilament antibody (LCM), which recognized 60 and 150 kDa proteins in dogfish brain stem homogenates, labeled axons and neurons in the brain stem and axons in the cerebellum of the dogfish embryo. It also labeled cell bodies and/or processes of some cultured cerebellar cells. An anti‐bovine glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody, which recognized 42–44 kDa protein(s) in dogfish brain stem homogenates, labeled astrocyte‐like processes in the brain stem and cerebellum of the dogfish embryo and numerous large and small flat cells in the cerebellar cultures. These results demonstrate that dogfish oligodendrocytes, neurons, and astrocytes express antigens that are conserved in mammalian neural cells. The ability to culture and identify neural cell types from cartilaginous fish sets the stage for studies to determine if proliferation, migration, and differentiation of these cell types are regulated in a similar fashion to mammalian cells. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of macrophages, perivascular cells, and microglial cells in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Bauer Jan , Huitinga Inge , Zhao Weiguo , Lassmann Hans , Hickey William F. , Dijkstra Christine D.
Published: May 2005

Clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats can be suppressed by treatment with liposomes containing dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP liposomes). Here we investigated whether besides the blood‐borne macrophages also ED2+ perivascular cells and microglia are affected by this treatment. For this purpose we examined the central nervous system of bone marrow chimeras in which EAE was induced with encephalitogenic T cells. Quantification of cell numbers of various cell types in inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord showed that after treatment with Cl2MDP liposomes more than 95% of the bone marrow derived (I1‐69+) macrophages were eliminated. In addition the number of ED2+ perivascular cells were seen to be decreased by 68% as compared to ED2+ cells in control liposome treated animals. However the number of these perivascular cells in Cl2MDP liposome treated animals did not differ from the number of perivascular cells in naive animals, indicating that only newly recruited, inflammation associated, ED2+ macrophages were eliminated. Moreover, detection of degenerating nuclei by in situ nick translation (ISNT) in combination with staining for ED1 or ED2 showed that in the perivascular space no degenerating cells were present. Cl2MDP liposome treatment furthermore decreased the numbers of T cells infiltrating the parenchyma by more than 50%. Instead T cells were found in large numbers in the perivascular space. Microglia did not seem to be eliminated by Cl2MDP liposome treatment as shown by the absence of ED1+/ISNT+ cells in the CNS parenchyma. However the number of ED1+(I1‐69−) microglial cells decreased by more than 80%, indicating that the activation of this cell type was impaired. It is concluded that bone marrow derived macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of EAE via interactions with lymphocytes and the activation of resident microglia. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide and ATP induce immediate early gene expression in cultured rat microglial cells
Authors: Priller Josef , Haas Carola A. , Reddington Martin , Kreutzberg Georg W.
Published: May 2005

Factors affecting gene expression in microglial cells were investigated using the induction of immediate early genes in cultured microglia as a model. In particular, the actions of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and ATP, both of which have been proposed as signalling molecules in the activation of glial cells, were evaluated using Northern blotting and in situ hybridization methods. In the presence of CGRP, c‐fos and junB mRNAs accumulated in microglial cultures, whereas no significant change in c‐jun and TIS11 mRNAs occurred. A similar pattern of immediate early gene activation was obtained when adenylate cyclase was stimulated with forskolin. CGRP also stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation with a half‐maximal effect in the range 2–5 nM, suggesting a possible role for cyclic AMP as a mediator of the effects of CGRP on gene expression.

In contrast to the selective induction of c‐fos and junB by CGRP and forskolin, ATP led to the accumulation of all four immediate early genes studied, i.e., c‐fos, junB, c‐jun, and TIS11. Similar results were obtained when protein kinase C was stimulated with phorbol ester indicating that the induction of immediate early gene expression by ATP and CGRP involves different intracellular mechanisms. The action of ATP was mimicked by ADP and the poorly hydrolyzable analogues, ADPβS and 2‐methylthio ATP, but not by β,γ‐methylene ATP, AMP, or adenosine, indicating that the receptor mediating the actions of ATP on microglial gene expression is probably of the P2Y‐purinoreceptor type. The results suggest roles for CGRP and ATP as transcriptional activators in microglial cells. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogeny and cellular expression of MHC and leucocyte antigens in human retina
Authors: Diaz‐Araya Claudia M. , Provis Jan M. , Penfold Philip L.
Published: May 2005

We have investigated the ontogeny of MHC class I, class II, CD45, and macrophage antigens in wholemounts of normal human fetal retina at 10–25 weeks gestation (WG) using monoclonal antibodies and immunogold histochemistry. MHC class I antigens were expressed on retinal vascular endothelial cells and provided a useful marker of vessel organization from 14–25 WG. Microglial cells expressed immunoreactivity to MHC class I, class II, and CD45 antigens from 10 WG (pre‐vascularization) and macrophage S22 (Mac S22) antigen from 14 WG (post‐vascularization), although none of the antigens tested were detected on neuronal or macroglial elements. Microglia expressing MHC, CD45, and macrophage antigens occurred in both ramified and rounded forms with no close correlation being observed between morphology and antigenicity. The numbers of immunoreactive cells labeled with each of the four markers increased steadily throughout gestation in all specimens studied. Equivalent numbers of microglia expressed MHC class I, class II, and CD45 antigens in retinae at similar gestational ages; however, our data indicate that microglia expressing Mac S22 antigen comprise approximately 40% or less of the population of MHC and CD45‐immunoreactive cells during development. Topographical analyses suggest that MHC class I, class II, and CD45‐positive microglia enter the retina from both the peripheral retinal margin and the optic disc from at least 10 WG; Mac S22‐positive cells appear in association with the development of the retinal vasculature and enter the retina via the optic disc after 14 WG. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostaglandin E1, E2, and cholera toxin increase transcription of the brain creatine kinase gene in human U87 glioblastoma cells
Authors: Kuzhikandathil Eldo V. , Molloy George R.
Published: May 2005

The creatine kinase isoenzymes play an important role in maintaining ATP levels in some cell types during times of high energy demand. We have previously shown in primary cell cultures from rat brain that glial cells express much higher levels of brain creatine kinase (CKB) mRNA than neurons. In a separate earlier study we observed that transcription of CKB mRNA in glial cells can be stimulated by a forskolin‐mediated increase in cAMP via a pathway involving protein kinase A (PKA). In this report, we show that the level of CKB mRNA in human U87 glioblastoma cells can be increased by either prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), or cholera toxin (an activator of GαS proteins). The induction of CKB mRNA occurs rapidly (with maximal induction after 6 h), is at the level of transcription, and is mediated specifically through PKA. In addition, the results indicate that both PGE1 and PGE2 use the same or related signal transduction pathways to increase CKB transcription. These results suggest that in glial cells CKB mRNA can be regulated by extracellular signals acting through G‐protein‐coupled receptors. This study may contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the previously‐reported, early postnatal increase in CKB enzyme activity in rat brain. The results are also discussed with regard to the potential involvement of the expression of prostaglandins and CKB during hypoxia and ischemia. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angiostatic role or astrocytes: Suppression of vascular endothelial cell growth by TGF‐β and other inhibitory factor(s)
Authors: Behzadian M. Ali , Wang Xi‐Liang , Jiang Baoen , Caldwell Ruth B.
Published: May 2005

Our previous in vivo analyses have suggested that astrocytes play a key role in retinal vascularization by inducing endothelial cell differentiation. Here we demonstrate that medium conditioned by cultured rat brain astrocytes (ACM) contains factors, including transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), that inhibit endothelial cell growth. Serum‐free medium conditioned for 1–3 days was tested on exponentially growing bovine retinal microvascular endothelial, aortic endothelial, mink lung epithelial CCL‐64, and Swiss mouse 3T3 fibroblast cells. The growth of all four cell types was inhibited in a dose and time‐dependent manner. CCL cells, which are used as a model for assaying TGF‐β activity, were more sensitive than the endothelial cells, suggesting that ACM contains TGF‐β. Moreover, acid treatment significantly increased the inhibitory activity of ACM, indicating that TGF‐β in ACM is predominantly in the latent form. Mouse fibroblasts, which are not affected by TGF‐β treatment under the same conditions, were also inhibited by ACM. This suggests that other inhibitory factors in addition to TGF‐β may be involved. Adsorption by an anti‐TGF‐β polyclonal antibody column substantially reduced but did not eliminate the inhibitory activity of ACM for CCL and endothelial cells. Western blot analysis of ACM and proteins eluted from the affinity column revealed a 25 kDa band that co‐migrates with TGF‐β. Comparative densitometry of the 25 kDa bands on Western blot indicated that the amount of TGF‐β in ACM is not sufficient to account for the total growth‐inhibitory activity. These experiments demonstrate directly that rat brain astrocytes express TGF‐β. They also indicate that astrocytes may produce other growth‐inhibitory factor(s) yet to be identified. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential regulation by cytokines of human astrocyte nitric oxide production
Authors: Hu Shuxian , Sheng Wen S. , Peterson Phillip K. , Chao Chun C.
Published: May 2005

Reactive nitrogen intermediates, such as nitric oxide (NO), play an important role in host‐defense and injury. Human astrocytes released abundant NO upon stimulation with the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1β, which was potentiated by interferon (IFN)‐γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. IL‐1 receptor antagonist protein markedly attenuated astrocyte NO production. The anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐4 and IL‐10 potently suppressed IL‐1β plus IFN‐γ‐stimulated NO, while transforming growth factor‐β preferentially inhibited IL‐1β plus TNF‐α‐stimulated production of NO. These findings suggest that while IL‐1 plays a key role in inducing astrocyte NO production, anti‐inflammatory cytokines have the capacity to downregulate NO production by IL‐1‐stimulated astrocytes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐level expression of fatty acid synthase in human prostate cancer tissues is linked to activation and nuclear localization of Akt/PKB
Authors: Van de Sande Tine , Roskams Tania , Lerut Evelyne , Joniau Steven , Van Poppel Hein , Verhoeven Guido , Swinnen Johannes V
Published: May 2005

Many human epithelial cancers, particularly those with a poor prognosis, express high levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS), a key metabolic enzyme linked to the synthesis of membrane phospholipids in cancer cells. In view of the recent finding that in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, overexpression of FAS can be largely attributed to constitutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol‐3 (PI3) kinase/Akt kinase pathway, the activation status of the Akt pathway, and whether this activation coincides with increased FAS expression, was examined in clinical prostate cancer tissues. Using well‐preserved frozen prostatic needle biopsies and a sensitive Envision detection technique, S473‐phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) was found in 11/23 low‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions, in all (36/36) high‐grade PINs, and in all (86/86) invasive carcinomas. Non‐neoplastic tissues were negative. Interestingly, in low‐grade PINs and low‐grade carcinomas, pAkt was mainly cytoplasmic or membrane‐bound and was associated with moderate elevation of FAS expression. In 24/36 high‐grade PINs and 82/88 invasive carcinomas, pAkt was found at least partly in the nucleus. Greater nuclear pAkt staining, and higher FAS expression, correlated with a higher Gleason score. In the light of previous findings that pAkt plays a causative role in the overexpression of FAS in cancer cells in culture, these data strongly suggest that high‐level expression of FAS in prostate cancer tissues is linked to phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of Akt. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of the NF‐κB targets BCL2 and BIRC5/Survivin characterizes small B‐cell and aggressive B‐cell lymphomas, respectively
Authors: Tracey Lorraine , Pérez‐Rosado Alberto , Artiga Maria Jesús , Camacho Francisca I , Rodríguez Antonia , Martínez Nerea , Ruiz‐Ballesteros Elena , Mollejo Manuela , Martinez Beatriz , Cuadros Marta , Garcia Juan F , Lawler Mark , Piris Miguel Á
Published: May 2005

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation has been proposed as a cardinal feature of tumourigenesis, although the precise mechanism, frequency, relevance, and extent of NF‐κB activation in lymphomas remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, expression profiling and tissue microarray studies of 209 and 323 non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) respectively, including the most frequent sub‐types of NHL, were employed to generate a hypothesis concerning the most common NF‐κB targets in NHL. These analyses showed that NF‐κB activation is a common phenomenon in NHL, resulting in the expression of distinct sets of NF‐κB target genes, depending on the cell context. BCL2 and BIRC5/Survivin were identified as key NF‐κB targets and their expression distinguished small and aggressive B‐cell lymphomas, respectively. Interestingly, in the vast majority of B‐cell lymphomas, the expression of these markers was mutually exclusive. A set of genes was identified whose expression correlates either with BIRC5/Survivin or with BCL2. BIRC5/Survivin expression, in contrast to BCL2, was associated with a signature of cell proliferation (overexpression of cell cycle control, DNA repair, and polymerase genes), which may contribute to the aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis of these lymphomas. Strikingly, mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia expressed highly elevated levels of BCL2 protein and mRNA, higher than that observed in reactive mantle zone cells or even in follicular lymphomas, where BCL2 expression is deregulated through the t(14;18) translocation. In parallel with this observation, BIRC5/Survivin expression was higher in Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma than in non‐tumoural germinal centre cells. In vitro studies confirmed that NF‐κB activation contributes to the expression of both markers. In cell lines representing aggressive lymphomas, NF‐κB inhibition resulted in a decrease in BIRC5/Survivin expression. Meanwhile, in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)‐derived lymphocytes, NF‐κB inhibition resulted in a marked decrease in BCL2 expression. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lobulitis is a frequent finding in prophylactically removed breast tissue from women at hereditary high risk of breast cancer
Authors: Hermsen Brenda BJ , von Mensdorff‐Pouilly Silvia , Fabry Hans FJ , Winters Hay AH , Kenemans Peter , Verheijen René HM , van Diest Paul J
Published: May 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate closely the nature of premalignant lesions that occur in prophylactically removed breast tissue from patients at hereditary high risk of breast cancer. Breast tissues obtained from 41 patients who underwent prophylactic mastectomy (pM) because of a hereditary high risk of breast cancer and control tissues from 82 age‐matched healthy controls who underwent breast reduction surgery were screened for premalignant lesions. Premalignant and malignant lesions were more frequent (p = 0.0016) in pM samples (5/41) than in controls (1/82). Interestingly, lobulitis, defined as more than 100 lymphocytes and/or plasma cells per lobule in more than one section in morphologically normal lobules, was encountered in 21 of 41 (51%) pM patients, in contrast to only 8 of 82 (10%) controls (p < 0.0001). Preliminary observations indicate a predominance of T‐cells in these infiltrates, in agreement with the already known frequent presence of lymphocytic infiltration in hereditary ductal in situ and infiltrating ductal/medullary carcinomas. This novel finding implies an immune reaction to an as yet unidentified antigen frequently present in women at hereditary high risk of breast cancer, possibly as part of an early carcinogenic event. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validating a web service security abstraction by typing
Authors: Gordon Andrew D. , Pucella Riccardo
Published: May 2005

An XML web service is, to a first approximation, an RPC service in which requests and responses are encoded in XML as SOAP envelopes, and transported over HTTP. We consider the problem of authenticating requests and responses at the SOAP-level, rather than relying on transport-level security. We propose a security abstraction, inspired by earlier work on secure RPC, in which the methods exported by a web service are annotated with one of three security levels: none, authenticated, or both authenticated and encrypted. We model our abstraction as an object calculus with primitives for defining and calling web services. We describe the semantics of our object calculus by translating to a lower level language with primitives for message passing and cryptography. To validate our semantics, we embed correspondence assertions that specify the correct authentication of requests and responses. By appeal to the type theory for cryptographic protocols of Gordon and Jeffrey's Cryptyc, we verify the correspondence assertions simply by typing. Finally, we describe an implementation of our semantics via custom SOAP headers.
Adult Surgical Emergencies in a Developing Country: The Experience of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Chianakwana Gabriel U. , Ihegihu Chima C. , Okafor Pius I.S. , Anyanwu Stanley N.C. , Mbonu Okechukwu O.
Published: May 2005

The goal of this study was to examine the adult surgical emergencies seen at the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, with a view to proffering preventive solutions where appropriate and improving outcome. From the register of patients seen at the Casualty department and from the operations register in the main operation room of NAUTH, names and hospital numbers of adult patients treated as emergencies over a 5‐year period, from 7 September 1998 to 6 September 2003, were obtained. The hospital folders were then retrieved from the Records Department. From each folder, the following details about each patient were extracted: age, sex, diagnosis at presentation, causative factors, treatment given, and outcome. A total of 902 adult patients were treated during the period. The commonest emergency operation was appendectomy for acute appendicitis in 139 patients (97 women and 42 men), followed closely by road traffic accidents (RTAs) involving 137 patients (103 men and 34 women). Gunshot injuries, which resulted mainly from armed robbery attacks, accounted for 127 cases. More men (113) sustained gunshot injuries than women (14). Of the 92 cases of acute intestinal obstruction seen, 62 occurred in women and 30 in men. Some 126 men presented with acute urinary retention, and two others presented with priapism. Governments at various levels should provide modern diagnostic tools for the accurate preoperative diagnosis of surgical emergencies in hospitals. Governments should also inculcate strict discipline into drivers using the highways, particularly in relation to abuse of alcohol and drugs. Good roads and adequate security should be provided for the people. The need for Pre‐Hospital Care for the efficient evacuation of accident victims is emphasized. These measures will help to improve the management and outcome of surgical emergencies, and decrease the number of surgical emergencies resulting from RTAs and gunshot wounds.
Preoperative Albendazole and Scolices Viability in Patients with Hepatic Echinococcosis
Authors: Manterola Carlos , Mansilla Juan A. , Fonseca Flery
Published: May 2005

To determine the plasmatic and intracystal concentrations of albendazole sulfoxide (AS) and correlate them with the viability of the scolices in patients surgically treated for hepatic hydatid cysts (HHC) that received albendazole preoperatively, as an indirect way of evaluating the scolicide efficacy of the drug. A non‐consecutive series of patients with uncomplicated HHC, underwent operation at the Department of Surgery, Regional Hospital of Temuco, Chile, between 2001 and 2002. The patients were given 10 mg/kg/day of albendazole for 4 days prior to the surgery. Intraoperative samples of venous blood and hydatid fluid were taken, in which the plasmatic concentration (PIC) and intracystal concentration (ICC) of AS were measured by means of high‐performance liquid chromatography. With the remaining hydatid fluid, the viability of the scolices was examined. The following variables were taken into consideration: diameter, type of cyst, number of cysts, and development of cyst–biliary communications. Descriptive statistics were used in the calculation of medians, averages, and standard deviations, and analytical statistics were used for the comparison of continuous variables applying the t‐test and the Mann‐Whitney U‐test. A total of 26 patients with HHC, with a median age of 39.5 years (range: 16–80 years); 16 were women (61.5%). Nineteen patients presented only one cyst (73.1%), and the diametric median of the cysts was 14.5 cm (range: 7–30). Fourteen patients presented univesicular cysts (53.9%), and the remaining 12 had multivesicular cysts (46.1%). The average PIC of AS in the whole series was 1.88 ± 0.5 μg/ml and the ICC was 0.26 ± 0.2 μg/ml. The ICC in viable hydatid cysts was 0.25 μg/ml versus 0.28 μg/ml in non‐viable cysts (p = 0.7556). The absence of association between intracystal levels of AS and the viability of the scolices allows one to posit indirectly that albendazole is ineffective as a scolicidal agent administered preoperatively for 4 days.
Effect of Radiofrequency Ablation of the Liver on Cell‐Mediated Immunity in Rats
Authors: Yu Hee Chul , Il Moon Jang , Jin Zhe‐Wu , Lee Dae Yung , Kim Chan Young , Song Chang Ho , Cho Baik Hwan
Published: May 2005

We investigated the effect of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the liver on cell‐mediated immunity in rats. Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control group that did not have any procedure, a sham‐operation group that underwent laparotomy, a lobectomy group that had left lateral lobectomy of the liver, a one‐lobe RFA group that had RFA on the left lateral lobe of the liver, and a two‐lobe RFA group that had RFA on the left lateral and left median lobe of the liver. Delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) was induced by challenging the ears of previously sensitized rats with 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐fluorobenzene. Cell‐mediated immunity was evaluated by direct measurement of the ear thickness and quantitative analysis of leukocytic infiltration of the tissue. The increased ear thickness was 42.0%, 69.2%, 61.8%, 46.7%, and 39.8% from the baseline one day after each procedure, and the mean leukocytic infiltration into the ear tissue was 3136.7, 3895.0, 3913.3, 2803.3, and 2316.7/mm2 seven days after each procedure in the control, sham‐operation, lobectomy, one‐lobe RFA, and two‐lobe RFA groups, respectively. In conclusion, RFA of the liver tissue can partially abolish the augmentation of DTH and leukocytic infiltration those were seen in the hepatic lobectomy and sham‐operation groups. The procedure had a negative effect on cell‐mediated immunity in rats, and the intensity of RFA showed a reverse correlation with cell‐mediated immunity.
Number of Lymph Node Metastases Is a Significant Prognostic Factor in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Nakagawa Takahito , Kamiyama Toshiya , Kurauchi Nobuaki , Matsushita Michiaki , Nakanishi Kazuaki , Kamachi Hirofumi , Kudo Takeaki , Todo Satoru
Published: May 2005

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) is a rare primary hepatic tumor. Outcomes after resection and the use of lymph node dissection have not been well described. From a prospective database, we identified 53 patients with IHCC who underwent exploration between April 1983 and March 2004. Hepatic resection was performed in 44 patients, 30 of whom underwent lymph node dissection. Clinicopathological features and outcomes were analyzed. The actuarial 1‐year survival was 66.2% in resected patients, compared to 0% in unresectable patients (p < 0.0001), with a 50% overall survival of 21.5 months and 3.1 months, respectively. The actuarial 3‐year and 5‐year overall survival rates in resected patients were 38.3% and 26.3%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that factors associated with poor overall survival included multiple tumors, extrahepatic bile duct involvement, noncurative resection, and involvement of lymph nodes. Multivariate analysis in resected patients revealed that multiple tumors (p < 0.0074) and non‐curative resection (p = 0.0068) were significant risk factors for poor overall survival. The survival rate in patients with three or more positive nodes was significantly lower than in those with fewer than three (p < 0.0001). Three patients with solitary tumors and one or two involved lymph nodes have survived beyond 4 years after extended lobectomy with systemic lymphadenectomy. Curative resection, single tumor, and fewer than two lymph node metastases were prognostic factors for good outcome. Curative resection with lymph node dissection improved survival in patients with no more than two positive lymph nodes.
Unpacking commitment and exploration: Preliminary validation of an integrative model of late adolescent identity formation
Authors: Luyckx Koen , Goossens Luc , Soenens Bart , Beyers Wim
Published: May 2005

A model of identity formation comprising four structural dimensions (Commitment Making, Identification with Commitment, Exploration in Depth, and Exploration in Breadth) was developed through confirmatory factor analysis. In a sample of 565 emerging adults, this model provided a better fit than did alternative two‐ and three‐dimensional models, thereby validating the unpacking of both exploration and commitment. Regression analyses indicated that Commitment Making was significantly related to family context in accordance with hypotheses. Identification with Commitment and both exploration dimensions were significantly related to adjustment and family context, again in accordance with hypotheses. Identification with Commitment was positively related to positive adjustment indicators and negatively to depressive symptoms, whereas Exploration in Breadth was positively related to depressive symptoms and substance use. Exploration in Depth, on the other hand, was positively related to academic adjustment and negatively to substance use. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
A comparison of the effects of preferred music, arithmetic and humour on cold pressor pain
Authors: Mitchell Laura A. , MacDonald Raymond A.R. , Brodie Eric E.
Published: May 2005

Research studies of ‘audioanalgesia', the ability of music to affect pain perception, have significantly increased in number during the past two decades. Listening to preferred music in particular may provide an emotionally engaging distraction capable of reducing both the sensation of pain itself and the accompanying negative affective experience. The current study uses experimentally induced cold pressor pain to compare the effects of preferred music to two types of distracting stimuli found effective within the previous studies; mental arithmetic, a cognitive distraction, and humour, which may emotionally engage us in a similar manner to music. Forty‐four participants (24 females, 20 males) underwent three cold pressor trials in counterbalanced order. The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task provided the cognitive distraction and a choice was given from three types of audiotaped stand‐up comedy. Participants provided their own preferred music. A circulating and cooling water bath administered cold pressor stimulation. Tolerance time, pain intensity on visual analogue scale and the pain rating index and perceived control were measured. Preferred music listening was found to significantly increase tolerance in comparison to the cognitive task, and significantly increase perceived control in comparison to humour. Ratings of pain intensity did not significantly differ. The results suggest preferred music listening to offer effective distraction and enhancement of control as a pain intervention under controlled laboratory conditions.
Fear‐avoidance beliefs and pain coping strategies in relation to lower back problems in a South African steel industry
Authors: van Vuuren Bernard J. , van Heerden Hendrik J. , Becker Piet J. , Zinzen Evert , Meeusen Romain
Published: May 2005

The objective was to determine the association between the prevalence of lower back problems (LBP), fear‐avoidance beliefs and pain coping strategies using an analytical cross‐sectional epidemiological study among a group of 366 workers in a South African stainless steel industry. Outcome (LBP) was defined using a questionnaire and a functional rating index. Exposure to psychosocial risk was determined using the Fear‐Avoidance Beliefs (FABQ) and Coping Strategies (CSQ) questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression analyses for LBP indicated the following significant risk factors: work‐related fear‐avoidance beliefs (OR 3.40; 95% CI 2.20‐5.25), catastrophizing (1.31; 1.01‐1.7) and pain coping self statements (1.47; 1.16‐1.87). Significant protective associations were found for increased activity levels (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.42‐0.78). These findings have utility in preventative screening procedures to identify workers with such beliefs and coping strategies who are at risk for prolonged work restrictions.
The course of bone healing is influenced by the initial shear fixation stability
Authors: Schell H. , Epari D. R. , Kassi J. P. , Bragulla H. , Bail H. J. , Duda G. N.
Published: May 2005

Fracture healing is influenced by fixation stability and experimental evidence suggests that the initial mechanical conditions may determine the healing outcome.

We hypothesised that mechanical conditions influence not only the healing outcome, but also the early phase of fracture healing. Additionally, it was hypothesised that decreased fixation stability characterised by an increased shear interfragmentary movement results in a delay in healing. Sixty‐four sheep underwent a mid‐shaft tibial osteotomy which was treated with either a rigid or a semirigid external fixator. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 3, 6 and 9 weeks postoperatively and the fracture callus was analysed using radiological, biomechanical and histological techniques.

The tibia treated with semi‐rigid fixation showed inferior callus stiffness and quality after 6 weeks. At 9 weeks, the calluses were no longer distinguishable in their mechanical competence. The calluses at 9 weeks produced under rigid fixation were smaller and consisted of a reduced fibrous tissue component. These results demonstrate that the callus formation over the course of healing differed both morphologically and in the rate of development.

In this study, we provide evidence that the course of healing is influenced by the initial fixation stability. The semi‐rigid fixator did not result in delayed healing, but a less optimal healing path was taken. An upper limit of stability required for successful healing remains unknown, however a limit by which healing is less optimal has been determined. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
No best world: moral luck
Authors: LEFTOW BRIAN
Published: May 2005

William Rowe and others argue that if ours is a possible world than which there is a better, it follows that God does not exist. If this is correct, then if there is no best possible world, it is not so much as possible that God exist. I reject the key premise of Rowe's argument. The key to seeing that it is false, I suggest, is seeing that God is subject to something fairly called moral luck. In this first part of the article, I set up Rowe's argument, indicate my strategy, introduce the notion of moral luck and show how it bears on Rowe's claims.
Compositional science and religious philosophy
Authors: ANGEL LEONARD
Published: May 2005

Religious thought often assumes that the principle of physical causal completeness (PCC) is false. But those who explicitly deny or doubt PCC, including William Alston, W. D. Hart, Tim Crane, Paul Moser and David Yandell, Charles Taliaferro, Keith Yandell, Dallas Willard, William Vallicella, Frank Dilley, and, recently, David Chalmers, have ignored not only the explicit but also the implicit grounds for acceptance of PCC. I review the explicit grounds, and extend the hitherto implicit grounds, which together constitute a greater challenge to contemporary religious philosophy than has been realized. Religious philosophers need to find a better way around PCC than has been found, or, if PCC is unavoidable, religious philosophers need to work toward a worldview that both accepts PCC and defends strong forms of religious experience.
Can an atheist believe in God?
Authors: ESHLEMAN ANDREW S.
Published: May 2005

Some have proposed that it is reasonable for an atheist to pursue a form of life shaped by engagement with theistic religious language and practice, once language and belief in God are interpreted in the appropriate non-realist manner. My aim is to defend this proposal in the face of several objections that have been raised against it. First, I engage in some conceptual spadework to distinguish more clearly some varieties of religious non-realism. Then, in response to two central objections, I seek to articulate the most promising version of the view. I conclude by discussing some practical and moral objections to a non-realist form of religious life.
Rejoinder to Scott
Authors: ZAMULINSKI BRIAN
Published: May 2005

Michael Scott attacks my use of likelihood in assessing two explanations for human religion. He assumes that I rely on likelihood alone. He is attacking a straw man. We have no alternative but to rely on likelihood when the probabilities of two competing hypotheses are identical, as I charitably assumed with respect to the hypotheses I discussed. His other criticisms likewise miss the mark.
Not a “Sack of Potatoes”: Why Labor Historians Need to Take Agriculture Seriously
Authors: Hahamovitch Cindy , Halpern Rick
Published: May 2005

Labor and working class historians, whether explicitly Marxist or not, have tended to use models of class and class formation that privilege urban industrial workers, depicting their lived experience as, somehow, hermetically sealed off from the countryside. Despite an awareness of the intertwined and overlapping nature of rural and urban economies, most historians have treated rural workers as either peasants or slaves, and therefore fitting subjects for separate fields of historical inquiry, or as individuals on the cusp of proletarianization, would-be or about-to-be industrial workers. Indeed, even studies focused on recent history have viewed the rural sector as a “backward” one and constructed the industrial setting as “modern.” Thus, even if few labor historians have dismissed agricultural workers with the condescension of Marx's “sack of potatoes,” as a collectivity we have paid them insufficient attention and our field is weaker as a result.
Promiscuous Method: The Historiographical Effects of the Search for the Rural Origins of the Urban Working Class in South Africa
Authors: Breckenridge Keith
Published: May 2005

Class in contemporary South Africa is undergoing an identity crisis. The demographic decline of the industrial working class, and the terrible predicament of the unemployed, especially in the countryside, lends support to the argument that we should, as Geoff Eley and Keith Neald have recently suggested in the pages of this journal, reconsider the class-centered theory that has dominated social history since the early 1970s. This paper examines the recent labor history of the coastal center of Durban, the urban epicenter of the contemporary disease and subsistence crisis in South Africa. Three distinct, ethnically defined, working-class groups have made the journey to this city from Zululand, Mozambique and India. And the histories of each of these groups suggest that class-centered histories in South Africa have been methodologically promiscuous, considering themes, problems and narratives that have no obvious connection to the industrial lives of the working class. The wide-ranging scope of South African labor history and its tremendous explanatory power in fields far from the industrial workplace follow directly from the effort to explore the rural roots of the working class. In following the paths that migrant workers have used to come to the city, historians have strayed into fields of social life—sex, marriage, identity, desire, witchcraft, nationalism—that have much greater significance today than the old working-class politics. Yet these studies never lose sight of the real powers of local, regional and imperial states and the capitalist institutions that harnessed them. The study of class has been recast in South Africa by the search for rural culture. Class may not be the most useful tool for understanding South Africa today, but it has proved extremely powerful as a means of understanding how we got here.
The State Versus the Trades Guilds: Parliament's Soldier-Apprentices in the English Civil War Period, 1642–1655
Authors: Shedd John A.
Published: May 2005

During the English Civil War period, parliament freed apprentices who had left their masters to serve in parliament's armed forces, thereby nullifying the postwar efforts of companies to force disbanded soldiers to return and finish their seven years of training. In effect, legislation favoring apprentices undid the traditional cooperative relationship between the English state and the guilds. By freeing apprentices who had yet to complete labor contracts, parliament made more common the practice of renegade apprentices abandoning their masters to set up shop, a problem that had plagued the guild system since its inception. The many Civil War apprentices who took advantage of these innovative state benefits can remind us that we have been too inclined to associate the unraveling of the guild system and the rise of capitalism with the bourgeoisie rather than with the laboring classes.
The “Globalization” of Labor and Working-Class History and its Consequences
Authors: van der Linden Marcel
Published: May 2005

Labor historians from Europe and North America frequently assert that their discipline is not in a healthy state. Such a picture is a distortion, however, for the world does not stop at the equator: in various regions of Latin America, Africa and Asia the historiography of workers and labor movements has made great strides in the last twenty to thirty years. Labor history's “globalization” calls for a new type of historiography, which transcends old-style labor history from North America and Europe by incorporating its findings in a new globally-orientated approach. This article discusses some of the main issues involved: problems of a general theoretical nature, of conceptualization, multidisciplinarity, and sources. The article also identifies a few research desiderata.
Capitalism and Its Culture: Rethinking Twentieth-Century American Social Thought
Authors: Hendrickson Mark
Published: May 2005

Between February 28 and March 1, 2003, an interdisciplinary group of scholars gathered at the University of California, Santa Barbara to consider the evolution of Americans' thinking about capitalism in the last half of the twentieth century. The conference, organized by Nelson Lichtenstein (University of California, Santa Barbara) and entitled “Capitalism and Its Culture: Rethinking Twentieth-Century American Social Thought,” focused on the years between 1938 and 1973, when capitalism as an idea and a system moved from a term of some contestation to an almost naturalized phenomenon that equated the market with progress, democracy, and civil society. In these mid-century decades, intellectuals increasingly substituted a discourse involving bureaucracy, modernization, and mass culture for earlier concerns over class conflict, social inequality, and the place of the large corporation in the democratic polity. The conference provided an opportunity for scholars of the family, academia, radicalism, feminism, and conservatism to explore the development of and challenges to capitalism and its culture.
UK-Australian Labour History Conference
Authors: Kirk Neville
Published: May 2005

This international conference, the first of its kind to be organized in the UK, was held at the Manchester Metropolitan University and the International Centre for Labour Studies, the University of Manchester, on July 16–18, 2003. The conference organizers were Neville Kirk, MMU, on behalf of the Society for the Study of Labour History, Anne Morrow, on behalf of the International Centre for Labour Studies, and Greg Patmore, University of Sydney, for the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. The aim was to bring together invited speakers in order to advance our knowledge and understanding of the labor history of Britain and Australia. Feedback received by the organizers suggests that this aim was successfully realized. However, attendance on the part of British colleagues was somewhat disappointing, perhaps a reflection of the minority interest among British labor historians in comparative history.
Jan Kok, ed., Rebel Families: Household Strategies and Collective Action in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New York: Berghahn Books, 2002. viii + 248 pp. $69.95 cloth; $25.00 paper.
Authors: Hanagan Michael
Published: May 2005

Except for historians of gender, mainstream labor history has neglected reproduction, the cluster of processes by which workers are born, recruited, raised, and educated. The central goal of this landmark collection is to restore the balance between production and reproduction in the study of class formation and collective action. Opening and concluding essays by Marcel van der Linden provide a focus for an outstanding collection of essays.