bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Recent Increase in Western U.S. Streamflow Variability and Persistence
Authors: Pagano Thomas , Garen David
Published: May 2005

April–September streamflow volume data from 141 unregulated basins in the western United States were analyzed for trends in year-to-year variability and persistence. Decadal time-scale changes in streamflow variability and lag-1-yr autocorrelation (persistence) were observed. The significance of the variability trends was tested using a jackknife procedure involving the random resampling of seasonal flows from the historical record. The 1930s–50s was a period of low variability and high persistence, the 1950s–70s was a period of low variability and antipersistence, and the period after 1980 was highly variable and highly persistent. In particular, regions from California and Nevada to southern Idaho, Utah, and Colorado have recently experienced an unprecedented sequence of consecutive wet years along with multiyear extreme droughts.
Evaluation of 10 Methods for Initializing a Land Surface Model
Authors: Rodell M. , Houser P. R. , Berg A. A. , Famiglietti J. S.
Published: May 2005

Improper initialization of numerical models can cause spurious trends in the output, inviting erroneous interpretations of the earth system processes that one wishes to study. In particular, soil moisture memory is considerable, so that accurate initialization of this variable in land surface models (LSMs) is critical. The most commonly employed method for initializing an LSM is to spin up by looping through a single year repeatedly until a predefined equilibrium is achieved. The downside to this technique, when applied to continental- to global-scale simulations, is that regional annual anomalies in the meteorological forcing accumulate as artificial anomalies in the land surface states, including soil moisture. Nine alternative approaches were tested and compared using the Mosaic LSM and 15 yr of global meteorological forcing. Results indicate that the most efficient way to initialize an LSM, if possible and given that multiple years of preceding forcing are not available, is to use climatological average states from the same model for the precise time of year of initialization. Three other approaches were also determined to be preferable to the single-year spinup method. In addition, low-resolution spinup scenarios were devised and tested, and based on the results, an effective yet computationally economical technique is proposed.
Unfreezing the Future
Authors: Purser Ronald E. , Petranker Jack
Published: May 2005

Episodic attempts at organizational change have proven to be unable to keep pace with continuous change. The challenge of emergent and continuous change calls for newways of understanding time, particularly with regards to knowing the future. This article begins by reviewing classic organizational change theory in terms of its underlying temporal assumptions along with its epistemological stance toward effecting change in time. Drawing on the ideas of Henri Bergson, an alternative view of time as a dynamic flow— or duration—is presented, suggesting that linear, detached, and episodic methods lack knowledge of the future as a temporal dynamic and that popular visioning approaches that rely on future perfect assumptions fail to engage that dynamic directly. The authors propose that the future is unconditioned, what they refer to as the future infinitive. Knowing the future directly through deep improvisation bypasses sense making in favor of cultivating presence and acting in real time.
The When of Knowing
Authors: Petranker Jack
Published: May 2005

A commitment to logico-scientific forms of knowing still dominates organization theory. Recently, narrative knowing and sensemaking have emerged as alternatives, but these approaches still identify the past as the locus for knowledge. Athird alternative, linked to concepts such as tacit knowledge, suggests that knowing can happen directly within the present but largely lacks the theoretical grounding that would make its practical implementation possible. To remedy this lack, this article introduces the future as a temporal locus for knowing. It distinguishes the told stories of narrative theory from the lived stories that shape human experience and invites a focus on the dynamic of the lived story rather than its content. A knowing open to the emerging, unknown future can be an invaluable resource for shaping organizational change, responding to a rapidly changing environment, integrating personal with organizational concerns, and exploring the ends that organizations serve.
Rehabilitation: Headline or footnote in the new penal policy?
Authors: Lewis Sam
Published: May 2005

This article examines the role of ‘rehabilitation’ in contemporary penal policy. Drawing on the work of Cullen and Gilbert (1982), and Rotman (1990), it advances a rights-based approach to rehabilitation. It is suggested that the vision of rehabilitation contained in recent policy documents and legislation does not match up to the theoretical model that is outlined, and that current rehabilitative efforts are window-dressing on an overly punitive ‘managerialist’ system.
Linking Health Concepts in the Assessment and Evaluation of Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Karney Bryan W. , Filion Yves R.
Published: May 2005

The concept of health is not only a specific criterion for evaluation of water quality delivered by a distribution system but also a suitable paradigm for overall functioning of the hydraulic and structural components of the system. This article views health, despite its complexities, as the only criterion with suitable depth and breadth to allow a holistic assessment of system performance. Although many decisions relating to the planning and design of water distribution systems do implicitly consider human health, engineers and planners seldom explicitly adopt a “health mindset” overall and, thus, miss the richness and possibilities of a health framework for a wider range of system evaluations, considerations, and trade-offs. This article argues why a breakdown in a healthy system will so frequently result in stresses experienced by humans and briefly reviews the concepts of human health and system health and provides specific examples of a significant interaction between the two.
One Hundred Years of Humor in American Advertising
Authors: Beard Fred K.
Published: May 2005

This study addresses a gap in the extensive scholarly literature on advertising humor by exploring advertisers’ uses of humor and explanations for its broad appeal as a message tactic throughout the previous century. The study’s sources consist mainly of articles published in the important advertising trade journal Printers’ Ink, supplemented with more recent articles from contemporary marketing and advertising trade journals. An examination of the evolution of professional thought regarding humor indicates that its use during various periods often represented a response to perceptions of changing societal factors and the consequential need to attract greater attention to advertising, the more frequent use of emotional versus rational appeals, the belief that advertising should entertain, changing perceptions of the role of advertising, and the content of the entertainment media.
Operative Stabilization of Posterior Shoulder Instability
Authors: Bottoni Craig R. , Franks Brett R. , Moore Josef H. , DeBerardino Thomas M. , Taylor Dean C. , Arciero Robert A.
Published: May 2005

Background

Symptomatic, traumatic posterior shoulder instability is often the result of a posteriorly directed blow to an adducted, internally rotated, and forward-flexed upper extremity. Operative repair has been shown to provide favorable results. Current arthroscopic techniques with suture anchors and the ability to plicate the capsule using a nonabsorbable suture may provide favorable outcomes with reduced morbidity.

Purpose

To evaluate the results of operative shoulder stabilization in patients with traumatic posterior shoulder instability.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

A consecutive series of patients who underwent arthroscopic or open posterior stabilization for traumatic posterior shoulder instability were evaluated using subjective assessments, physical examinations, the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, Rowe score, Simple Shoulder Test, and the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index.

Results

Between May 1996 and February 2002, 31 shoulders (30 patients) underwent posterior stabilization (19 arthroscopically, 12 open). There were 29 men and 1 woman (mean age, 23 years). Preoperatively, all patients had a distinct traumatic cause for the instability. On physical examination, all patients had posterior apprehension and increased (2+, 3+) posterior load-shift testing. Preoperative radiographs and/or magnetic resonance imaging revealed posterior rim calcification or reverse Bankart lesions in 29 cases (94%). At arthroscopy, posterior labral injuries, reverse Bankart lesions, or humeral head defects were identified. Follow-up averaged 40 months, and the mean duration between injury and surgery was 21 months. The mean Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, Rowe score, Simple Shoulder Test, and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index scores, respectively, for the entire group were 89, 87, 11, and 346; for the open group, they were 81, 80, 10.5, and 594; for the arthroscopic group, they were 92, 92, 11.4, and 190. The Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (P <. 03) and Rowe score (P <. 04) outcomes scores for the arthroscopic group were statistically better than those of the open group. Twenty-nine of 31 shoulders were rated as excellent or good.

Conclusion

In the case of traumatic posterior shoulder subluxation, posterior lesions of the labrum (“reverse Bankart”), articular edge, and capsule are observed. Surgical treatment addressing these lesions led to satisfactory results for both the open and arthroscopic treated groups. In this study, an arthroscopic technique utilizing suture anchor repair with capsular placation provided the most favorable outcomes.
Failure Mode of Suture Anchors as a Function of Insertion Depth
Authors: Bynum C. Kelly , Lee Steven , Mahar Andrew , Tasto James , Pedowitz Robert
Published: May 2005

Background

Surgeons can control not only the angle but also the depth of suture anchor placement during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, although the tendency may be to place suture anchors on the deep side to avoid damage from prominent anchor eyelets. However, little information is available regarding possible effects of suture anchor depth on construct failure mechanisms.

Hypothesis

Anchor depth affects the mode of suture failure with physiologically relevant cyclic loads.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Metallic screw-in suture anchors loaded with No. 2 braided polyester sutures were inserted into the bovine infra-spinatus footprint with the eyelet proud, standard, or deep. Sutures were hand tied to create a closed loop. Constructs were cyclically loaded from 10 to 90 N and, if still intact at 500 cycles, taken to ultimate failure (maximum load).

Results

When clinical failure was defined as greater than 3-mm construct elongation, anchors placed with the eyelet deep experienced statistically earlier clinical failure via cutting of the suture through the bone (P <. 02). However, anchors placed at this level did not experience catastrophic failure during cyclic loading. The standard and proud anchors experienced 3 mm of elongation at a greater number of cycles, but the suture material degraded at the anchor eyelet, and a majority of these constructs broke during cyclic physiologic loading. At failure testing, the deep anchors had a significantly increased failure load (164 N) compared to standard (133 N) (P <. 04) and proud (113 N) anchors (P <. 005).

Conclusion

Varying the depth of suture anchor insertion changes the mechanical properties and mode of failure of suture anchor constructs.

Clinical Relevance

Surgeons should be aware of the effects of suture anchor depth and abrasive eyelet wear on construct failure during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.
Characteristics of Water Skiing-Related and Wakeboarding-Related Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments in the United States, 2001-2003
Authors: Hostetler Sarah Grim , Hostetler Todd L. , Smith Gary A. , Xiang Huiyun
Published: May 2005

Background

Water skiing and wakeboarding are popular sports with high potential for injury due to rapid boat acceleration, lack of protective gear, and waterway obstacles. However, trends in water skiing- and wakeboarding-related injuries in the United States have not been described using national data.

Hypothesis

The number of injuries, injury diagnoses, and body regions injured vary by sport.

Study Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods

Data regarding water skiing- and wakeboarding-related injuries presenting to 98 hospital emergency departments in the United States between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2003, were extracted from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. Data included demographics, injury diagnosis, and body region injured.

Results

Data were collected for 517 individuals with water skiing-related injuries and 95 individuals with wakeboarding-related injuries. These injuries represent an estimated 23 460 water skiing- and 4810 wakeboarding-related injuries treated in US emergency departments in 2001 to 2003. Head injuries represented the largest percentage of injuries for wakeboarders (28.8% of all injuries) and the smallest percentage for water skiers (4.3%) (P <. 01; relative risk [95% confidence interval], 6.73 [3.89-11.66]). Analysis of injury diagnosis was consistent as wakeboarders had significantly more traumatic brain injuries (12.5% of all injuries) than did water skiers (2.4%) (P <. 05; relative risk [95% confidence interval], 5.27 [2.21-12.60]). Strains or sprains were the leading injury diagnoses for water skiing (36.3% of all injuries), and the majority (55.7%) were to the lower extremity. Lacerations were the most common diagnoses for wakeboarders (31.1% of all injuries), and the majority (59.6%) were to the face.

Conclusion

The analyses of water skiing- and wakeboarding-related injuries treated in US emergency departments in 2001 to 2003 highlight the differences in injury patterns for these 2 sports. The substantial number of head and facial injuries among wakeboarders underscores the need for research on the potential role of helmets or other protective gear to reduce these common injuries.
Chronic Anterior Midtibial Stress Fractures in Athletes Treated with Reamed Intramedullary Nailing
Authors: Varner Kevin E. , Younas Shiraz A. , Lintner David M. , Marymont John V.
Published: May 2005

Background

A chronic anterior midtibial stress fracture is a serious, difficult-to-treat injury that can adversely affect an athlete's career.

Hypothesis

The use of a reamed intramedullary nail for a chronic anterior tibial stress fracture is a safe and effective treatment for an athlete.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Seven collegiate-level athletes with 11 chronic anterior midtibial stress fractures were treated with reamed intramedullary nailing between 1997 and 2000. These patients were followed for a mean duration of 17 months.

Results

The mean age of the patients at the time of stress fracture diagnosis was 17 years. Seven of the fractures occurred in male athletes, whereas 4 occurred in female athletes. All patients had failed nonoperative treatment, including rest, activity modification, use of an orthosis, and low-intensity ultrasound stimulation, for a minimum of 4 months. Patients had experienced symptoms for a mean duration of 12 months. Clinical and radiological union occurred at a mean of 2.7 and 3 months, respectively. The mean duration for return to sports after surgery was 4 months. At last follow-up, all patients had full range of motion at the knee and ankle joints and were satisfied with the results. One patient developed bursitis at the tibial nail insertion site that was resolved with a steroid injection. Another patient sustained a traumatic fracture of the distal tibia 1 year after intramedullary nailing of the tibial stress fracture. This fracture healed with nonoperative treatment. No other complications were observed.

Conclusion

Intramedullary nailing of the tibia for chronic stress fracture has a high union rate, allows for a low complication rate, and allows for an early return to competitive sports. This procedure is an excellent alternative treatment for those fractures that have failed nonsurgical treatment.
Revision Surgery for Exertional Anterior Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Leg
Authors: Schepsis Anthony A. , Fitzgerald Mark , Nicoletta Robert
Published: May 2005

Background

Recurrent symptoms or failure after fasciotomy for exertional anterior compartment syndrome is not uncommon.

Hypothesis

Symptoms from high compartment pressures can be secondary to involvement of the entire compartment or to localized constrictions from postsurgical fibrosis, as well as to entrapment of the superficial peroneal nerve.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Eighteen patients who underwent revision surgery for exertional anterior compartment syndrome were available for follow-up. All were athletes who had either a failure or a recurrence of symptoms at a mean of 23.5 months (range, 8-54 months) after the index fasciotomy. Pressure measurements using a slit catheter at rest, at 1 minute postexercise, and at 5 minutes postexercise were performed in 2 places within the compartment: in the area of the previous incision and in the proximal muscle belly of the tibialis anterior. Surgical technique consisted of a 2-incision approach with partial fasciectomy, exploration and decompression of the superficial peroneal nerve, and excision of all fibrotic tissue. An objective examination and a comprehensive subjective questionnaire previously described were performed at a mean follow-up of 42 months (range, 22-67 months).

Results

Sixty percent of patients had abnormal pressures only in a localized area, whereas 40% had high pressures throughout the compartment. Eight of 18 (44%) patients had symptoms, signs, and surgical findings of entrapment of the superficial peroneal nerve. At follow-up, 72% of patients had a satisfactory outcome (5 excellent, 8 good), and 28% had an unsatisfactory outcome for intense running sports (4 fair, 1 poor), although 3 patients with the fair results reported improvement with low-level activity. All 8 patients with documented peroneal nerve entrapment had a satisfactory outcome.

Conclusion

Symptoms from high pressures can be secondary to involvement of the entire compartment or localized to a certain area from postsurgical fibrosis. Pressure measurements should be performed in at least 2 separate areas.
Effectiveness of a Neuromuscular and Proprioceptive Training Program in Preventing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes
Authors: Mandelbaum Bert R. , Silvers Holly J. , Watanabe Diane S. , Knarr John F. , Thomas Stephen D. , Griffin Letha Y. , Kirkendall Donald T. , Garrett William
Published: May 2005

Background

Among female athletes it has not been established whether a neuromuscular and proprioceptive sports-specific training program will consistently reduce the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries.

Purpose

To determine whether a neuromuscular and proprioceptive performance program was effective in decreasing the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury within a select population of competitive female youth soccer players.

Study Design

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods

In 2000, 1041 female subjects from 52 teams received a sports-specific training intervention in a prospective non-randomized trial. The control group consisted of the remaining 1905 female soccer players from 95 teams participating in the same league who were age and skill matched. In the 2001 season, 844 female athletes from 45 teams were enrolled in the study, with 1913 female athletes (from 112 teams) serving as the age- and skill-matched controls. All subjects were female soccer players between the ages of 14 and 18 and participated in either their traditional warm-up or a sports-specific training intervention before athletic activity over a 2-year period. The intervention consisted of education, stretching, strengthening, plyometrics, and sports-specific agility drills designed to replace the traditional warm-up.

Results

During the 2000 season, there was an 88% decrease in anterior cruciate ligament injury in the enrolled subjects compared to the control group. In year 2, during the 2001 season, there was a 74% reduction in anterior cruciate ligament tears in the intervention group compared to the age- and skill-matched controls.

Conclusion

Using a neuromuscular training program may have a direct benefit in decreasing the number of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female soccer players.
Biomechanical Comparison of the Bioabsorbable RetroScrew System, BioScrew XtraLok with Stress Equalization Tensioner, and 35-mm Delta Screws for Tibialis Anterior Graft-Tibial Tunnel Fixation in Porcine Tibiae
Authors: Chang Haw Chong , Nyland John , Nawab Akbar , Burden Robert , Caborn David N. M.
Published: May 2005

Background

Achieving effective soft tissue graft-tibial tunnel fixation remains problematic.

Hypothesis

No differences would exist for tibialis anterior graft-tibial tunnel fixation when comparing the RetroScrew System (20-mm retrograde screw, 17-mm antegrade screw), the 35-mm tapered Delta Screw (manual tensioning), and the 35-mm BioScrew XtraLok (applied using an instrumented tensioner).

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Porcine tibiae (apparent bone mineral density, 1.3 g/cm2) and human tendon allografts were divided into 3 matched groups of 6 specimens each before cyclic (500 cycles, 50-250 N, 1 Hz) and load-to-failure (20 mm/min) tests.

Results

The BioScrew XtraLok (210.9 ± 54.9 N/mm) and the 35-mm Delta Screw (224.3 ± 43.7 N/mm) displayed superior stiffness to the RetroScrew System (114.1 ± 23.3 N/mm) (P =. 0004) during cyclic testing. The BioScrew XtraLok (1.0 ± 0.2 mm) and the Delta Screw (0.9 ± 0.2 mm) also displayed less displacement during cyclic testing than the RetroScrew System (1.8 ± 0.5 mm) (P =. 001). During load-to-failure testing, the BioScrew XtraLok withstood greater loads (1436.3 ± 331.3 N) (P =. 001) and displayed greater stiffness (323.6 ± 56.8 N/mm) (P =. 002) than the 35-mm Delta Screw (load, 1042.2 ± 214.4 N; stiffness, 257.2 ± 22.2 N/mm) and the RetroScrew System (load, 778.7 ± 177.5 N; stiffness, 204.4 ± 52.9 N/mm).

Conclusion

The BioScrew XtraLok with instrumented tensioning displayed superior fixation to the RetroScrew System and the 35-mm Delta Screw applied with manual tensioning.

Clinical Relevance

The BioScrew XtraLok may provide superior soft tissue graft-tibial tunnel fixation. Further in vitro studies using human tissue and in vivo clinical studies are needed.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions Using Single- and Double-Bundle Tibial Inlay Techniques
Authors: Bergfeld John A. , Graham Scott M. , Parker Richard D. , Valdevit Antonio D. C. , Kambic Helen E.
Published: May 2005

Background

The efficacy of using a double-bundle versus single-bundle graft for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has not been demonstrated.

Hypothesis

A double-bundle graft restores knee kinematics better than a single-bundle graft does in tibial inlay PCL reconstructions.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Eight cadaveric knees were subjected to 6 cycles from a 40-N anterior reference point to a 100-N posterior translational force at 10°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. Testing was performed for the intact and posterior cruciate deficient knee as well as for both reconstructed conditions. Achilles tendons, divided into 2 equal sections, were prepared as both single-bundle and double-bundle grafts. Both grafts were employed in the same knee, and the order of graft reconstruction was randomized.

Results

There were no statistical differences in translation between the intact state and either of the reconstructions (P >. 05) or between either of the reconstructions at any flexion angle (P >. 05).

Conclusion

No differences in translation between the 2 graft options were identified.

Clinical Relevance

The use of a double-bundle graft may not offer any advantages over a single-bundle graft for tibial inlay posterior cruciate reconstructions.
Stress Analysis of Curvilinearly Orthotropic Rotating Discs under Mechanical and Thermal Loading
Authors: Çallioğlu Hasan , Topcu Muzaffer , Altan Gurkan
Published: May 2005

This study deals with the thermal stress analysis of a curvilinearly orthotropic rotating annular disc under internal and external pressures. The temperature distribution is chosen to vary parabolically from the inner surface to the outer surface along the radial section. With an increasing temperature, the tangential stress component decreases at the inner surface whereas it increases at the outer surface, and the radial stress component goes down gradually. The magnitude of the tangential stress component is higher than that of the radial stress component. The radial displacement is calculated analytically and has higher values at the inner surface than that of the outer surface, for all the temperature distributions. The stresses and the radial displacement obtained are also compared with the stresses and displacement in a rectilinearly hollow rotating disc of [Çallioğlu, H., Stress Analysis of an Orthotropic Rotating Disc under Thermal Loading, J. Reinforced Plastics and Composites, (in press)].
Filament Winding of Revolution Structures
Authors: Abdel-Hady Faissal
Published: May 2005

This paper presents the filament winding of revolution structures on a four-axis machine. A theoretical analysis is done in order to find the stable paths (geodesic) of the fiber on mandrel surface. In order to place the fiber along the stable path, the feed-eye trajectory, linear motion in two directions X and Z, and the corresponding rotation of the mandrel are calculated using a developed closed-form solution. The fourth axis, fourth degree of freedom, which is the feed-eye rotation about the X-axis takes an attention and it is determined in a closed form as well. The feed-eye displacements and speeds are optimized to overcome some undesirable machine actions such as jerky motion and/or lack of fiber tension that results from a sudden change of feed-eye movements. A software package is developed in order to generate the optimized machine movements and postprocessing these data into machine code (G-code) for a different machine controller. An example of the feed-eye motion for winding revolution shapes is presented.
Biopolymer Composites - Its Thermokinetic Studies
Authors: Das S. C. , Jena S. N. , Rout R. K.
Published: May 2005

Attention has been drawn by researchers to offer potential opportunities for the economic utilization of agro-industrial residues. Sugarcane bagasse, which is also called as canechaff is a byproduct of sugarcane industry, has been used as a lignocellulosic material to prepare composites by polymerizing with either phenols or substituted phenols and formaldehyde in acid medium. The formation of the composites have been successfully reported from its structural information by their various spectral techniques like UV-Vis, FTIR, and NMR. Thermogravimetric analysis of the composites have been taken in a nitrogen atmosphere with a heating rate of 10 C/min. The analysis of the thermograms have been done by a novel computerized Lotus package method. Various kinetic models have been used to know the thermal strength as well as the degradation mechanism of the composites at different temperatures. The report reveals that the composites with higher weight percentage of biomass show less percentage of decomposition, hence more stable.
Primary and Secondary Mediators’ Influence on Milk Output in Lactating Mothers of Preterm and Term Infants
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Aldag Jean C. , Chatterton Robert T. , Zinaman Michael
Published: May 2005

This study examined potential primary mediators, such as intended length to breastfeed, maternal education, income, and infant gestation, and secondary mediators, such as early frequency of breast stimulation, early milk output, and supplementation with artificial milks that may influence milk output in mothers of preterm and term infants the first 6 weeks postpartum. Analysis suggested that for mothers of a preterm infant (n = 95), the primary mediators, income and infant gestation, and the secondary mediators, early milk output/d and early frequency/d, accounted for 53.5% of the variance in milk output/d at week 6. For mothers of a term infant (n = 98), the primary mediator, income, and secondary mediators, early milk output/d and supplementation, accounted for 48.4% of the variance in milk output/d at week 6. Further research is needed to determine what early interventions may improve milk output in mothers at risk for lactation failure. Journal of Human Lactation. 21(2):138-150.
Menopause is the “Good Old”
Authors: Dillaway Heather E.
Published: May 2005

Recent feminist research suggests that individual women find menopause an inconsequential or positive experience overall. While recent aging scholarship also documents that contemporary individuals often define aging neutrally or positively, menopause may not resemble other aging processes in meaning and experience. The author argues that menopause, or reproductive aging, may be unique because of its reproductive and aging contexts. Data in this article are based on interviews with 45 middle-class, heterosexual, menopausal women in a midwestern state in 2001. Interviewees propose that, upon menopause, they do not feel old. They explain these feelings by describing their widespread use of contraceptive technologies, greater enjoyment of sexual activity upon menopause, and parallels between menopause and menarche. As women in this sample place menopause within the context of previous reproductive experiences and compare it to other aging processes, they suggest that reproductive aging represents a “good old.”
Transitions to Parenthood
Authors: Singley Susan G. , Hynes Kathryn
Published: May 2005

Can work-family policies promote greater gender equity in family roles? Using interviews with couples from upstate New York, we examine the role of work-family policies in the decisions dual-earner married couples make about paid work during the transition to parenthood. During the period immediately around a birth, differences in mothers’ and fathers’ access to paid time off from work interacted with their parenting role ideologies to influence gender differences in paid work arrangements. After the initial transition, employed women used and created more flexibility in their work arrangements than their husbands, often reducing their husbands’ need to use available work-family policies.
A Self of One’s Own
Authors: Chen Carolyn
Published: May 2005

Although recent scholarship focuses on the importance of religion to immigrants in the United States, relatively little attention has been given to how religion shapes the everyday lives of immigrant women. This article examines how Taiwanese immigrant women as religious converts use Buddhism and Christianity to construct a distinct sense of self from the family. Buddhism and Christianity challenge traditional gender roles by offering alternative conceptions of a genderless self. Women’s new religious commitments may compete with their traditional commitments to their families. Through religious conversion, women carve out spaces of independence and authority for themselves, albeit never at the cost of threatening the nuclear family.
Transsexuals’ Embodiment of Womanhood
Authors: Schrock Douglas , Reid Lori , Boyd Emily M.
Published: May 2005

This article draws on in-depth interviews with nine white, middle-class, male-to-female transsexuals to examine how they produce and experience bodily transformation. Interviewees’ bodywork entailed retraining, redecorating, and reshaping the physical body, which shaped their feelings, role-taking, and self-monitoring. These analyses make three contributions: They offer support for a perspective that embodies gender, further transsexual scholarship, and contribute to feminist debate over the sex/gender distinction. The authors conclude by exploring how viewing gender as embodied could influence medical discourse on transsexualism and have personal and political consequences for transsexuals.
Does Feminism Need a Metaphysic? Toward a Feminist Process Paradigm
Authors: Christ Carol P.
Published: May 2005

This paper lays out the case for a new metaphysics to underpin feminist work in religion, one that is experientially-based, relational and inherently open. The author suggests that the work of process philosophers, Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne can provide a starting point for this venture. The author is mindful of the justified criticism that neither of these men paid attention to issues related to women and that philosophy in general has been an elitist male bastion. Nevertheless she is insistent that metaphysical clarity is needed or feminist thealogies and theologies run the risk of becoming easily ignored or refuted assertions.
Unconventional Wisdom—Theologizing the Margins
Authors: Boyce-Tillman June
Published: May 2005

This paper examines how the prevailing knowledge systems of the West reduce and divide us within and between ourselves. It also highlights how these are paralleled by the Wisdom tradition in theology which allows for a more inclusive model of relationality and becoming. The author sets out before us how western systems create and dictate the underlying binary oppositions by which we, almost unconsciously, live out our lives. New ways are suggested and new horizons plotted.
Diversity, Harmony and in the End, Justice: Remembering Dorothee Soelle
Authors: Grey Mary
Published: May 2005

In her tribute to the late Dorothee Soelle the author takes us through some of the historic moments of feminist theology. We are reminded how many of the ‘truths’ we now take for granted were hardly conceived some 30 years ago. Soelle wanted all to choose life in a concrete and political way not simply in an easy and abstract form of metaphysics. For her mysticism was politics and the struggle goes on. Soelle and others highlighted how the theology of the suffering God can mean an unhealthy worship of the executioner and hers was a call for love and work for justice. This article highlights how far we have come and how far we have yet to go—it is a call for solidarity and daring.
Women and Globalization: Victims, Sites of Resistance and New World Views
Authors: Ruether Rosemary Radford
Published: May 2005

This article examines the consequences of globalization in the lives of women. The author explains the ways in which women, particularly poor women, are victims of globalization and shows how this process has its roots in more than 500 years of Western colonization. The article demonstrates how women’s groups have become important sites of resistance to globalization and how they have also developed different worldviews and ideas of the sacred.
Quasi-static Transduction Characterization of Galfenol
Authors: Kellogg Rick A. , Flatau Alison , Clark Arthur E. , Wun-Fogle Marilyn , Lograsso Thomas
Published: May 2005

The objective of this work is to characterize the magnetoelastic transduction properties of single-crystal and textured polycrystalline Fe-Ga alloys (Galfenol) under controlled mechanical, magnetic, and thermal conditions. Polycrystalline samples of interest include a directionally solidified specimen, which possesses a favorable saturation magnetostriction output, and an extruded specimen, whose magnetostriction properties are significantly reduced by annealing. A brief discussion of the thermally controlled transducer used for the magnetic testing is presented first. Thereafter, the single-crystal response to major-loop cyclic magnetic fields under different temperature and stress conditions, as well as its response to minor-loop cyclic magnetic fields and major-loop cyclic stress are examined. Next, the magnetic and magnetostrictive responses to major-loop cyclic magnetic field conditions are compared for the directionally solidified, extruded, and single-crystal specimens. The paper concludes with a magnetic characterization summary of the different Fe-Ga alloys examined.
Investigation of the Dynamic Characteristics of a Piezohydraulic Actuator
Authors: Sirohi Jayant , Cadou Christopher , Chopra Inderjit
Published: May 2005

A piezohydraulic actuator is a hybrid device consisting of a hydraulic pump driven by piezo stacks, that is coupled to a conventional hydraulic cylinder via a set of fast-acting valves. Because the performance of the actuator is strongly related to the pumping frequency, a good understanding of the dynamics of the system is essential for designing a high-efficiency actuator. This article describes the development of a frequency domain model to quantify the dynamics of a piezohydraulic hybrid actuator. The analysis treats the hydraulic circuit as a series of fluid transmission lines, each represented by a transfer matrix that determines the relationship between the pressure and velocity at the inlet and at the outlet. The model includes the effects of fluid compressibility, inertia and viscosity. An experimental procedure to measure the frequency response of the device is described, and is used to validate the analysis. The effect of tubing length and fluid viscosity on the dynamic characteristics of the system is investigated. Longer tubing lengths result in lower resonant frequencies of the system, while increasing fluid viscosity results in a decrease in the magnitude of the resonant peak.
Hydrodynamic Characteristics of ER Journal Bearings with External Electric Field Imposed on the Contractive Part
Authors: Peng Jie , Zhu Ke-Qin
Published: May 2005

The hydrodynamic characteristics of journal bearings with electrorheological (ER) fluid lubrication are studied in this article. The external applied electric field is partially imposed on the contractive part (arcwise) of the journal bearings. The bearing has a finite length and operates under incompressible laminar flow with steady conditions. The full three-dimensional Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations are solved numerically. The modified Bingham plastic model is used to describe the behavior of the ER fluid. In this study, the cavitation effects are also considered using viscosity modeling. The effects of electric field and eccentricity on the performance of journal bearings are investigated comprehensively.
Active Vibration Suppression of Sandwich Beams using Piezoelectric Shear Actuators: Experiments and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Baillargeon Brian P. , Vel Senthil S.
Published: May 2005

This article deals with the experimental and numerical assessment of the vibration suppression of smart structures using piezoelectric shear actuators. Experimental results are presented for an adaptive sandwich cantilever beam that consists of aluminum facings and a core composed of two piezoelectric shear actuators and foam. The electric field is applied perpendicular to the poling direction of the piezoelectric actuators to cause transverse shear deformation of the sandwich beam. Active vibration suppression is achieved using either positive position feedback or strain rate feedback. The control system is implemented in real-time using Matlab/Simulink and a dSPACE digital controller. First, the frequency response of the adaptive beam is investigated by using one shear actuator to excite the beam and the other to control its vibration. Parametric studies are conducted to assess the influence of controller parameters on the frequency response of the system. The experimental frequency response function compares well with numerical simulations using the finite element method. Next, the effectiveness of the active vibration suppression system in the time domain is analyzed using a proof-mass actuator that is attached to the tip of the cantilever beam to provide a repeatable vibration input. Experiments and numerical simulations show that the shear actuators can provide significant reduction in tip acceleration and settling time.
Vibration Reduction of a Fluid-loaded Plate by Modal Control
Authors: Fein Oliver M. , Gaul Lothar , Stobener Uwe
Published: May 2005

This work considers active vibration control of a fluid-loaded structure by means of a modal concept. The resulting ‘adaptive structure’ comprises actuators and sensors, thus, they become an integral part of the structure. A real-time controller is designed to reduce structural vibrations in the adaptive structure. The controller is based on a modal state-space formulation of the equation of motion for the test panel, where the effect of fluid-structure interaction has been considered in the mathematical model. The modal parameters for the fluid-loaded test structure are identified from experimental modal analysis. In order to fulfill the observability and controllability conditions, a design methodology for sensor and actuator placement is presented. Finally, experiments are conducted to verify the proposed concept.
Dreaming in Tongues
Authors: Cho Grace M. , Kim Hosu
Published: May 2005

This piece is a performance text that explores trauma and Korean diaspora through the voices of various Korean women—the international student in an American university, the birth mother who has put her baby into international adoption, the military sex worker, and the comfort woman. The authors move among these different voices to express the notion that memory does not just belong to the speaking subject but can be unconsciously transmitted across the time-space of diaspora to other bodies. In their critique of the American dream, the authors reveal the dream's traumatic effects—both the trauma of speaking and the agency of trauma to be spoken.
A Youth Work Inquiry
Authors: Krueger Mark , Evans Amy , Korsmo John , Stanley Joseph , Wilder Quinn
Published: May 2005

The authors describe an inquiry in which they write and interpret stories about their experiences in youth work. Several stories, interpretations, and themes from the study are also presented.
Policing, crime and public health
Authors: Dixon David , Maher Lisa
Published: May 2005

This article examines the influence on policing in Sydney, Australia of the crime control strategies developed in New York City in the 1990s, which are popularly credited with having significantly reduced crime rates. The ‘New York miracle’ is considered as an ‘enthusiasm’, a positive relation of the moral panic. Claims that the NYPD reduced crime with a strategy based on ‘zero tolerance’ or ‘broken windows’ are critically examined. The second half of the article presents a case study of how international developments in policing impacted on a heroin market in Cabramatta, a suburb of Sydney which, in the 1990s, became known as Australia’s ‘heroin capital’. The study shows how transferred policies are implemented, how elements of them may conflict, and how the crucial transfer may be not so much of particular policies, but rather of less specific perceptions and attitudes, in this case a confidence in the ability of police to reduce crime. It concludes by focusing on the collateral damage (particularly to public health) caused by police crackdowns on drug markets. Research is reported which found an alarming increase in the incidence of hepatitis C among intravenous drug users as a result of policing activity in Cabramatta.
Dangers lurking in the deep
Authors: Gilling Daniel , Barton Adrian
Published: May 2005

The crime audit has become a major technology of local crime prevention and community safety. While most interest has been shown in its technical capacity and merits, this article focuses upon the impact of the crime audit as a governmental practice and political strategy. Like other forms of audit, the crime audit constitutes its subject and in so doing affords opportunities for its transformation, by colonizing the values and operating procedures of local practice. A case study of such colonization is explored in the encounters of local drug outreach agencies with the crime auditing process; the pressure exerted upon them to ‘make practice auditable’, and the implications that this holds for their future engagement with drug misusers.
The effectiveness of the juvenile justice system
Authors: Smith David J.
Published: May 2005

Systematic assessment of the substantial research evidence on ‘what works’ has shown that flagship programmes have a modest effect, on average, in changing the future behaviour of young offenders. Yet actual juvenile justice systems do not typically deliver the modest benefits provided by programmes selected for evaluation, and probably they never will. Comparative research shows that a passive and lenient juvenile justice system may produce the same level of youth offending as an active and punitive one. Evidence that some programmes work should not be used as a platform for expanding the scope and activity of the juvenile justice system. Instead, the influence of juvenile justice on the future behaviour of young offenders should be seen as just one element in the evaluation of a system that will always struggle to meet a complex range of partly conflicting objectives.
Prediction of the Permeability of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Xu Guangbiao , Wang Fumei
Published: May 2005

In this study, the Hagen-Poiseuille formula has been used to establish the equation expressing the relationship between permeability of interyarn interstices and fabric structures. Validation with experimental data shows that interyarn porosity has a very strong influence on fabric permeability. The stepwise regression methodhasbeenusedtoexplorethepermeability of interfiber interstices. The prediction equation has been developed focusing on the permeability of inter-yarn pores and the overall fabric cover factor. One set of worsted fabrics is used to validate the equation. It shows that except for fabrics with z/z twist yarns or twistless filaments, the predicted equation gives a good accuracy with an average error of 13%.
Effect of Estrogen-Serotonin Interactions on Mood and Cognition
Authors: Amin Zenab , Canli Turhan , Epperson C. Neill
Published: May 2005

Both the neurotransmitter serotonin and the ovarian steroid estrogen have been implicated in the modulation of mood and cognition. Although significant functional interactions between estrogen and serotonin are acknowledged, the nature of their relationship has not been fully elucidated. Research using ovariectomized animals has identified estrogen-induced changes in serotonin transmission, binding, and metabolism in brain regions implicated in the regulation of affect and cognition. Studies in humans, particularly of menopausal women undergoing estrogen treatment, have provided some support for these findings and identified instances in which change in mood or cognition is accompanied by alterations in serotonin function and hormonal status. However, it is apparent that further research is required to understand the neural processes involved in the interplay between estrogen and serotonin. By reviewing animal and human data regarding estrogen and serotonin's effects on mood and cognition, the authors aim to better define their relationship and highlight areas for further research.