bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumption of Less Than 10% of Total Energy From Added Sugars is Associated With Increasing HDL in Females During Adolescence: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Lee Alexandra K. , Binongo José Nilo G. , Chowdhury Ritam , Stein Aryeh D. , Gazmararian Julie A. , Vos Miriam B. , Welsh Jean A.
Published: February 2014

Background

Atherosclerotic changes associated with dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular disease risk are believed to begin in childhood. While previous studies have linked added sugars consumption to low high‐density lipoprotein (
HDL)
, little is known about the long‐term impact of this consumption. This study aims to assess the association between added sugars intake and HDL cholesterol levels during adolescence, and whether this association is modified by obesity.

Methods and Results

We used data from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Growth and Health Study, a 10‐year cohort study of non‐Hispanic Caucasian and African‐American girls (N=2379) aged 9 and 10 years at baseline recruited from 3 sites in 1987‐1988 with biennial plasma lipid measurement and annual assessment of diet using a 3‐day food record. Added sugars consumption was dichotomized into low (0% to <10% of total energy) and high (≥10% of total energy). In a mixed model controlling for obesity, race, physical activity, smoking, maturation stage, age, and nutritional factors, low compared with high added sugar consumption was associated with a 0.26 mg/dL greater annual increase in
HDL
levels (95%
CI
0.48 to 0.04;
P
=0.02). Over the 10‐year study period, the model predicted a mean increase of 2.2 mg/dL (95%
CI
0.09 to 4.32;
P
=0.04) among low consumers, and a 0.4 mg/dL decrease (95%
CI
−1.32 to 0.52;
P
=0.4) among high consumers. Weight category did not modify this association (
P
=0.45).

Conclusion

Low added sugars consumption is associated with increasing
HDL
cholesterol levels throughout adolescence.
Autoimmune Basis for Postural Tachycardia Syndrome
Authors: Li Hongliang , Yu Xichun , Liles Campbell , Khan Muneer , Vanderlinde‐Wood Megan , Galloway Allison , Zillner Caitlin , Benbrook Alexandria , Reim Sean , Collier Daniel , Hill Michael A. , Raj Satish R. , Okamoto Luis E. , Cunningham Madeleine W. , Aston Christopher E. , Kem David C.
Published: February 2014

Background

Patients with postural tachycardia syndrome (
POTS
) have exaggerated orthostatic tachycardia often following a viral illness, suggesting autoimmunity may play a pathophysiological role in
POTS
. We tested the hypothesis that they harbor functional autoantibodies to adrenergic receptors (
AR
).

Methods and Results

Fourteen POTS patients (7 each from 2 institutions) and 10 healthy subjects were examined for α1AR autoantibody‐mediated contractility using a perfused rat cremaster arteriole assay. A receptor‐transfected cell‐based assay was used to detect the presence of β1AR and β2AR autoantibodies. Data were normalized and expressed as a percentage of baseline. The sera of all 14 POTS patients demonstrated significant arteriolar contractile activity (69±3% compared to 91±1% of baseline for healthy controls,
P
<0.001) when coexisting β2AR dilative activity was blocked; and this was suppressed by α1AR blockade with prazosin. POTS sera acted as a partial α1AR antagonist significantly shifting phenylephrine contractility curves to the right. All POTS sera increased β1AR activation (130±3% of baseline,
P
<0.01) and a subset had increased β2AR activity versus healthy subjects. POTS sera shifted isoproterenol
cAMP
response curves to the left, consistent with enhanced β1AR and β2AR agonist activity. Autoantibody‐positive POTS sera demonstrated specific binding to β1AR, β2AR, and α1AR in transfected cells.

Conclusions

POTS
patients have elevated α1
AR
autoantibodies exerting a partial peripheral antagonist effect resulting in a compensatory sympathoneural activation of α1
AR
for vasoconstriction and concurrent β
AR
‐mediated tachycardia. Coexisting β1
AR
and β2
AR
agonistic autoantibodies facilitate this tachycardia. These findings may explain the increased standing plasma norepinephrine and excessive tachycardia observed in many
POTS
patients.
New Fragments of Amos
Authors: Tov Emanuel
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This study contains a transcription and analysis of three tiny fragments (named dss F.Amos1) containing remnants of two verses of Amos (Amos 7: 17–8:1).
The Politics of Negotiating EU Readmission Agreements: Insights from Morocco and Turkey
Authors: Wolff Sarah
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The subject of this article is the politics of instrumentation of eu Readmission Agreement (eura) negotiations with Morocco and Turkey. Refusing to sign an eura for more than ten years, they share a similar position of ‘hard bargainers’. Recently though a ‘negotiation turn’ took place, Turkey initialling an eura in June 2012 and Morocco committing to sign an eura within the framework of a Mobility Partnership (mp) in June 2013. Unpacking the role of eu incentives and third countries’ preferences, this article reveals that beyond the function of this instrument to co-opt third countries in eu’s fight against irregular migration, a series of obstacles forced the eu to revise the design of eura and to take into account domestic and regional factors. This article engages with the meanings and representations carried by euras in third countries and implications for the logic of consequences and appropriateness within the framework of EU external migration policy.
The Use of the Expressions ‘Prophetic Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Targum and the Dating of the Targums
Authors: Casanellas Pere
Published: February 2014

‭Among different expressions used by the targums to translate the Hebrew word meaning ‘spirit’, the terms ‘prophetic spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ stand out. I will try to demonstrate (contra P. Schäfer, ‘Die Termini “Heiliger Geist” und “Geist der Prophetie” in den Targumim und das Verhältnis der Targumim zueinander’, VT 20 (1970), pp. 304–314) that both terms often have a basis in the Hebrew text (namely, the word ‮‮רוח‬‬), that both can have a similar relationship to prophecy and that the expression ‘Holy Spirit’ is as old as ‘prophetic spirit’ or even older. I will also outline the semantic contexts that underlie the use of one or other expression, which has nothing to do with the antiquity of either term.‬
Governing Quality: Positioning Student Learning as a Core Objective of Institutional and System-Level Governance
Authors: Jones Glen A.
Published: February 2014

How do we govern quality in higher education? “Governance” and “quality” are wicked problems in higher education policy, and there is frequently a disconnect between the formal governance structures and decision-making processes of the university, and the discussion of quality in terms of student learning. Drawing on recent studies of university governance in Canada (and elsewhere), the author argues that institutional governance arrangements often avoid issues of quality in teaching and learning. The author argues that student learning must be positioned as a core objective within institutional and system-level governance arrangements, and that it is only through in-depth institutional and system-level engagement in the discussion of educational quality that sustained and broadly-based quality improvement can take place. Enhancing quality must be a key objective of governance reform.
Assessing Student Engagement and Outcomes: Modelling Insights from Australia and Around the World
Authors: Coates Hamish , Mahat Marian
Published: February 2014

Assessing how students engage and what they know and can do are pressing change frontiers in contemporary higher education. This paper examines large-scale work that has sought to advance the capacity of higher education systems and institutions to engage students through to graduation and ensure they have capabilities required for future study or work. It reviews contexts fuelling the importance of engagement and learning outcomes, reviews two large-scale case studies, and advances a broad model for structuring assessment collaborations that create and deliver new value for higher education. We conclude by discussing implications and opportunities for Chinese higher education and collaborative international partnerships.
Anatomy of the Secondary Phloem in Winteraceae
Authors: Esau Katherine , Cheadle Vernon I.
Published: February 2014

The secondary phloem of nine species in five genera of Winteraceae was examined with regard to features that could serve for taxonomic and phylogenetic evaluation of the family. The species examined were as follows: Bubbia pauciflora, B. semecarpoides, Drimys lanceolata, D. winteri, Exospermum stipitatum, Pseudo wintera axillaris, Zygogynum baillonii, Z. bicolor, and Z. vinkii. The nine species showed the following common characteristics: 1) origin from nonstoried vascular cambium with long fusiform initials; 2) ray system consisting of high multiseriate and high uniseriate rays; 3) occurrence of secondary partitioning in the differentiating phloem so that the sieve elements are much shorter than the tracheids; 4) lack of sharp differentiation between lateral sieve areas and those of the sieve plates; 5) predominance of compound sieve plates; 6) short companion cells, often single in a given sieve element; 7) phloem parenchyma cells in strands; 8) lack of specialised fibres (bast fibres) in the secondary phloem; 9) presence of nondispersing protein body in the sieve element protoplast. Features numbered 1, 2, 4-6 are considered to be indications of low evolutionary level. The significance of the other three features (3, 7-9) requires further evaluation. Among these three is the secondary partitioning the occurrence of which seems to imply that in some taxa the well known sequence of evolutionary shortening of cambial initials and their derivatives may be accelerated on the phloem side.
Perforated Ray Cells in Woods of Indian Myrsinaceae and Loganiaceae
Authors: Dayal R. , Vijendra Rao R. , Sharma Babulal
Published: February 2014

Perforated ray cells have been recorded for the first time in Indian species of Embelia, Myrsine of the Myrsinaceae and in Strychnos of the Loganiaceae.
Radial and Tangential Diameter Variation of Wood Cells Within Trees of Acer Pseudoplatanus
Authors: Dodd Richard S.
Published: February 2014

Variations in wood cell shape within trees of Acer pseudoplatanus are described. Across growth rings the ratio of radial to tangential vessel diameter was greatest at about mid-ring, possibly associated with potential for expansion offered by the width of the cambial zone. Down sterns the ratio of radial to tangential diameter of fibres and vessels was greatest towards the tip and base of the tree. Along branches the ratio of radial to tangential vessel diameter decreased from tip to base. This variation in cell shape down sterns and branches appeared to be due to more rapid changes in tangential than radial cell diameter. It is suggested that variation in tangential fibre diameter resulted from variation in tangential diameter of cambial initials, and tangential expansion of vessels may have arisen from curvature of radial walls. The possible adaptive advantage to trees of reduced vessel diameter at the base of sterns and branches is discussed.
Abnormal Tissue in Swollen Stemwood of Chamaecyparis Obtusa Sieb. ' Zucco
Authors: Yamanaka Katsuji
Published: February 2014

Abnormal tissue which was laid down in the boundary between the annual rings in 1973 and 1974 in the swollen stem wood of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. ' Zucco has been studied. The abnormal tissue was an aggregation of polyhederal-shaped thick-walled parenchyma cells containing dark-coloured deposits, and shaped like radially elongated spindles in transverse section. The axial length of these tissues was very high, measuring 50 to 80 mm longitudinally. The thin-walled tracheids adjacent to the abnormal tissue were collapsed in a region over 20 cells wide radially. The formation of the abnormal tissue containing the darkcoloured deposits, tracheids with additional wall layer and trabeculae, indicate the structure to be caused by injury. It is suggested that moisture stress induced the collapse of tracheids during secondary wall thickening, and thus forming radial fissures which are in turn filled with callus tissue arising from a proliferation of growth from the ray cells. The subsequent swelling appears to be a secondary effect caused by the proliferation of abnormal cells.
Helical Thickenings in Normal and Compression Wood of Some Softwoods
Authors: Yoshizawa Nobuo , Itoh Takao , Shimaji Ken
Published: February 2014

Compression wood in some softwoods having helical thickenings on the inner surface of normal wood tracheids were examined using a scanning electron microscope. Helical thickenings of Taxus, Torreya and Cephalotaxus have narrow bases, and are loosely attached to the innermost layer of the secondary wall, while those of Pseudotsuga, Picea and Larix have broad bases blended tightly with the microfibrils of the S3 layer in normal wood. The transition from normal to compression wood entails a preservation of the thickenings in Taxus, Torreya and Cephalotaxus, while they are replaced by helical ridges and cavities in Pseudotsuga, Picea and Larix. The direction of helical thickenings gradually changes from an S- to a Z-helix, or a Z- to an S-helix in the course of the transition from normal to compression wood, or vice versa in Taxus, Torreya and Cephalotaxus. Helical checks never occur in these species. In Pseudotsuga, however, helical thickenings can be deposited as an additional layer on the helical ridges. The results obtained in the present investigation revealed that the orientation of the thickenings did not always coincide with that of the innermost microfibrils of the secondary wall layers, indicating that helical thickenings may be considered as a layer independent of the secondary wall.
The Key Factor in Growth Stress Generation in Trees Lignification or Crystallisation?
Authors: Boyd J.D.
Published: February 2014

A theory - that growth stress generation is primarily the result of dimensional changes imposed on fibre walls, as a consequence of swelling associated with the lignification process - has become widely known and well supported. However, a more recently published paper claimed that the theory could not be justified. An alternative theory - that growth stress generation was the result of continuing crystallisation of micro fibrils, after their initial formation within the fibre wall- was then promoted.
An Unusual Vessel Perforation Plate in Cordia Myxa L. (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Bisen S. S. , Sharma Babulal
Published: February 2014

An unusual type of reticulate perforation plate with minute druses, aggregates of minute acicular crystals and very minute cubical crystals is recorded for the first time in Cordia myxa L. Other reticulate and simple perforations which are free from these inclusions also occur. The vessels having reticulate perforation with or without crystals are devoid of tyloses.
Some Effects of Decay and Weathering on the Anatomical Structure of the Stem of Phragmites Australis Trin. Ex Steud.
Authors: Bosman M. T. M.
Published: February 2014

Effects of decay and weathering on the stems of Phragmites australis Trin. ex Steud. were studied on material used for thatching. Decay appeared to be mainly a result of fungal attack and ultra-violet radiation. Biological degradation by soft-rot fungi causes a considerable loss of cell wall constituents towards the exposed basal part of the stems. In sclerenchyma and parenchyma (excl. the subepidermal tissues) this effect is visible as diamond-shaped cavities, spirally arranged in the central part of the secondary cell walls (following the microfibrillar arrangement). A second type of fungal attack is observed in stems obtained from a byre. Here the cell walls are thinned from the lumen side towards the external wall layers, showing in longitudinal section cells with locally enlarged lumina. At the exposed parts of the stem superficial weathering by ultra-violet radiation causes degradation of lignin. Thus the middle lamella region disintegrates and the outer cell layers peel off.
An Ultrastructural Study of the Phloem of Drimys (Winteraceae)
Authors: Thorsch Jennifer , Esau Katherine
Published: February 2014

The ultrastructural features of mainly primary phloem of three species of Drimys (Winteraceae), D. winteri J. R. ' G. Forst., D. lanceolata (Poiret) Baill. and D. granadensis L. f. var. mexicana (DC.) A. C. Smith are similar to those usually observed in dicotyledons. The sieve element is early discernible by its association with a companion cell, the deposition of callose in nascent sieve areas, and the appearance in the cytoplasm of the nondispersing paracrystalline protein body. Plastids with starch (and in D. lanceolata also with paracrystalline protein granules), mitochondria, sparse endoplasmic reticulum cisternae (ER), dictyosomes, and ribosomes are present in the young cell. Stacking of ER was not conspicuous. The nucleus is moderately chromatic before its breakdown. P-protein occurs in more or less dense aggregates that usually become dispersed after the tonoplast disappears. The subunits of the P-pro tein have tubular structure before the dispersal. The plasmalemma is retained. The sieve areas are combined into sieve plates on long radial walls and on some transverse walls originating during secondary partitioning of sieve element precursors. The numerous lateral sieve areas intergrade with those of the sieve plates. The pores develop from plasmodesmatal connections and may involve the formation of median cavities. The connections between sieve elements alld companion cells consist of the usual combination of a pore embedded in callose and one plasmodesma or several branches of one on the companion cell side.
Xylem' Structure and Water Conduction in Conifer Trees, Dicot Trees, and Llanas
Authors: Ewers Frank W.
Published: February 2014

Coniferous trees, dicotyledonous trees, and dicotyledonous lianas (woody vines) form interesting morphological contrasts in their xylem structure and function. Lianas have among the largest (up to 8 metres or more) and widest (up to 500 µm) vessels in the plant kingdom. In conifers the water transport occurs through tracheids, which are relatively inefficient in transport. We can compare disparate growth forms in terms of leaf-specific. conductivity (LSC), which is hydraulic conductivity per surface area of leaves supplied by a stem. LSC is inversely proportional to localised pressure potential gradients. LSC is equal to the Huber value (sapwood area per leaf area supplied) times the specific conductivity (hydraulic conductivity per sapwood area). Lianas are similar to dicot trees and conifers in having hydraulic constrictions (low LSCs) at branch junctions. However, lianas generally have greater LSCs and specific conductivities but lower Huber values than do conifers. Dicot trees are intermediate in these values. The narrow but efficient stems of lianas are possible partly because lianas are not self-supporting; the mechanical requirements are reduced. Secondly, the wide and efficient vessels of lianas remain conductive for much longer than might be expected (two to several years, versus one year for similar wide vessels in dicots). Based upon experiments with glass capillary tubes and with living stem tissue, larger vessels are more susceptible to freezinginduced embolism than are small ones. However, in lianas, root pressures might serve to refill cavitated vessels on a daily or seasonal basis.
A Comparison of the Ecological Wood Anatomy of the Floras of Southern California and Israel
Authors: Baas Pieter , Carlquist Sherwin
Published: February 2014

A comparison is made between ecological trends in wood anatomy found in southern California and Israel and adjacent regions. Trends for type of vessel perforation, vessel member length and the occurrence of helical thickenings show striking parallels. Characters like vessel diameter and frequency and incidence of (fibre-)tracheids show only weakly similar trends. Vessel grouping and ring-porosity do not show any parallel in the data for southern California and Israel. The differences between the two floras can largely be attributed to different floristic composition and the alternative possibilities for safe and efficient xylem sap transport and drought resistance in different taxa.
Cell Wall Morphogenesis and Structure in Tropical Tension Wood
Authors: Satiat-Jeunemaitre Beatrice
Published: February 2014

Differentiating tension wood was observed in order to analyse the changes occurring during cell wall morphogenesis. Specimens were taken from trees in Guyana. Wall texture was analysed by means of ultrastructural cytochemistry. Modifications were encountered in fibre and vessel walls of tension wood when compared to typical wood. The changes were twofold: variation in the layering of polylamellate walls, and the deposition of a gelatinous layer in the fibre cell walls. Results are discussed in terms of variations in the rhythmic nature of cell wall deposition. Data confirm that the morphogenesis of the wall is a modular process allowing the cells to adapt to growth constraints.
Wood Anatomy of Pinus Longaeva (Bristlecone Pine) and the Sustained Length-on-Age Increase of its Tracheids
Authors: Baas Pieter , Schmid Rudolf , van Heuven Bertie Joan
Published: February 2014

Length-on-age curves are presented for tracheids of three stems of bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva). In the oldest stem tracheid length has steadily increased over the last 2200 years, and there are no signs of a levelling off. In the younger stems, which have the innermost rings dated 1484 and 1445 A.D., it appears that the 'juvenile' phase of steep increase in tracheid length of Pinus longaeva lasts several centuries. The methods of measuring tracheid length from narrow increment cores with a high percentage of damaged tracheids in macerations and in tangential sections using Ladell's method are compared. The wood anatomy of P. longaeva is described and found very similar to that of P. aristata. Both species differ in minor details from the related P. balfouriana. All three species share minute crystals in the epithelial and sheath cells of the resin ducts.
Radial Increment in Different Tree Heights in Beech Stands Affected by Air Pollution
Authors: Wahlmann Brigitte , Braun Eckhard , Lewark Siegfried
Published: February 2014

Ring width eurves have been eonstructed from a sample of 12 trees from each of five beech stands in the municipal forest of Wiesbaden. Ring width measurements in six different tree heights from four trees per stand are presented as profiles of inerement.
Acid Fog, Ozone and Low Elevation Spruce Decline
Authors: Jagels Richard
Published: February 2014

A recently discovered decline of red spruce (Picea ntbens Sarg.) is described for coastal Maine, U.S.A. The symptoms include chlorosis of adaxial needle surfaces, progressive loss of needles (from oldest to youngest) and development of latent vegetative shoots on dorsal surfaces of declining branches. Symptoms are most prominent in trees growing in thin organic soils on granite bedrock where ozone levels are highest and fog pH values are lowest. On sites where fog is less acidic spruce decline has not been observed. Stern cores from 30 trees (two cores per tree) were analysed from each of three sites: Head Harbor, Eastern Head and Roque Island. Head Harbor has trees showing severe decline symptoms and receives ozone levels as high as 0.14 ppm and fog acidities as low as pH 2.9. The soil is thin over granite outcropping. At Eastern Head (less than 1 kilometer away) fog pH and ozone levels are the same, but soils are deeper and exposure is different. Decline symptoms are barely noticeable. At Roque Island the soils are similar to those at Head Harbor but ozone levels are somewhat lower and minimum fog pH values are above 3.3. Two different tree ring measures suggest that Eastern Head and Roque Island have similar site indices for red spruce growth while Head Harbor is poorer. Tree ring analysis revealed that the years 1955-75 were ideal for growth on these sites but many Head Harbor trees began declining in radial increment near the beginning of this period. During the past 15 years average radial increment at Head Harbor was 0.86 mm/year while at Roque Island it was 2.48 mm/year. Although very little visible decline can be seen at Eastern Head, average radial increment for the past 15 years at this site has been only 1.61 mm/year.
Some Wood Anatomical, Physiological, and Silvicultural Aspects of Silver Fir Dieback in Slovenia (NW Yugoslavia)
Authors: Torelli N. , Čufar K. , Robič D.
Published: February 2014

Silver fir dieback in Slovenia (NW Yugoslavia) was evaluated, and growth suppression and some physiological and anatomical aspects of growth ring formation were studied. The drastic growth suppression after 1950 was reflected in poor basal area increment, and by discontinuous as weil as missing rings. Only in the most diseased trees the height increment was affected. Generally latewood percentage and tracheid dimensions remained unchanged. The physiological mechanism of wetwood formation in sapwood of fir is discussed and compared with red heart formation in beech. On the basis of preliminary experiments, osmotic transport is suggcsted from sapwood to heartwood through the intermediate dry zone.
Chemical Studies on Tue Wood of Declining Conifers
Authors: Fengel Dietrich , Schulz Horst
Published: February 2014

The soluble components in the wood of conifers (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris) of different damage c1asses from various sites in Bavaria have been studied. Fresh sapwood wassqueezed and the sap analysed for the amounts of carbohydrates as weil as for the pH value. The investigation of the alkali extracts included the determination of carbohydrates and lignin. Changes in the composition related to tree disease can only be observed in strongly damaged or dead trees. In these cases the pH value and the amounts of the main sugars (fructose, glucose) decrease and the amount of the oligosaccharides increases. In some spruce trees of high damage classes the alkali-soluble lignin also increases. The ex ternal appearance of a tree does not reflect its in temal condition in all cases.
Wood Properties of Spruce from Forests Affected by Pollution in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Požgaj A. , Kurjatko S.
Published: February 2014

Density, shrinkage, fibre saturation point, annual ring width, compression strength parallel and perpendicular to the grain, ben ding strength, modulus of el ast i city , toughness, and moisture diffusion coefficient are reported for heavily affected spruce trees (Picea excelsa Link) from a forest area in Czechoslovakia exposed to industrial air pollution. Wood density in strongly diseased and dead trees was lower than in healthy trees. This decrease in density is associated with decreasing strength properties. However, at similar low densities the mechanical wood properties of affected and heaIthy spruce do not differ appreciably.
Effect of Ethrel on Stem Anatomy of Ulmus Americana Seedlings
Authors: Yamamoto F. , Angeles G. , Kozlowski T. T.
Published: February 2014

Ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) applied in lanolin paste at concentrations of 0.4, 1.6, 6.2, or 10.8% to stems of 3-month-old Ulmus americana seedlings greatly altered stem anatomy within 41 days. Application of ethrel at 1.6% or higher concentration was followed by greatly increased bark thickness primarily as a result of an increase in the amount of phloem and intercellular spaces. Xylem increment was increased following treatment with 0.4 or 1.6% ethrel and reduced by 6.2 or 10.8% ethrel. All concentrations of ethrel increased the number of vessels, reduced vessel diameters, and induced an increase in ray width and size of the individual ray cells. Ethrel at 6.2 or 10.8% inhibited differentiation of fibres, many of which were poorly developed and contained protoplasm and nucleL Ethrel also stimulated accumulation of dark-staining organic deposits in the ray parenchyma cells, axial parenchyma cells, and immature fibres. The data indicate a role of ethylene in control of growth and anatorny of stems.
Wood Anatomy of Lithraea Ternifolia (Gill.) Barkley ' Rom. (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: Martijena Nora
Published: February 2014

A description of the wood structure of Lithraea ternifolia (Gill.) Barkley ' Rom. (Anacardiaceae) is given. It is diffuse-porous, with pores solitary, in multiples, clusters and in chains, and small vessels with simple perforation plates. The rays are uni- and multiseriate, heterogeneous. It has paratracheal axial parenchyma and libriform fibres. Disjunctive cells and crystalliferous strands are present. The hydraulic tissue seems weil adapted to prolonged dry periods. One growth ring is generally formed each year. Moreover, other types of growth layers are delineated: intra-annual, lens-, half-Iens-, and arcshaped.
Aggregate Rays in New Zealand Nothofagus Blume (Fagaceae) Stem Wood and their Influence on Vessel Distribution
Authors: Middleton T. M.
Published: February 2014

Aggregate rays occur in the stem wood of Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Poole (mountain beech), N. solandri var. solandri (Hook. f.) Gerst. (black beech), N. truncata (Col.) Ckn. (hard beech), and N. fusca (Hook. f.) Gerst. (red beech), but not in N. menziesii (Hook. f.) Gerst. (silver beech). The composite structures visible in transversely sawn wood consist of groups of narrow xylem rays separated by fibres; vessels are frequently absent. The influence of aggregate rays on vessei distribution was studied using scanning electron microscopy and tested statistically. Indented growth ring boundaries are associated with the presence of aggregate rays. Aggregate rays occur in saplings. In larger trees aggregate rays taper out beyond 6 cm from the stem centre.
Hardwood Identificatlon Using a Microcomputer and Iawa Codes
Authors: Kuroda Keiko
Published: February 2014

A computerised system for wood identification was developed utilising the codes of lAWA's standard list. The programs were written in Pascal for on-line processing by a main frame computer, and later modified for microcomputer. The latter system is convenient for everyday use aIthough the memory capacity is smaller than that of the former system. Several problems were found in the IAWA-list which required modification. These modifications permitted better programming and database design. This computerised wood identification system should be a helpful tool for wood anatomists.
Fixation Improves Image of Fungal Hyphae in Sem
Authors: Wilcox W. Wayne , Brier Allison
Published: February 2014

The unnatural, collapsed appearance of fungal hyphae in most published photomicrographs of wood examined by SEM can be overcome by glutaraldehyde fixation, as if being prepared for TEM, resulting in micrographs of more normal, turgid-appearing hyphae occupying their natural position in the lumen, rather than being flattened against the cell wall.
Latex Tubes in the Rays of Pimelodendron Amboinicum Hassk. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Sudo Syoji , Fujii Tomoyuki
Published: February 2014

Latex tubes in the wood rays of Pimelodendron amboinicum from Papua New Guinea are described in detail for the first time. They seem to constitute a reliable diagnostic feature for this hardwood species.
Effect of Moisture Content on the Morphology of Longitudinal Fracture in Eucalyptus Maculata
Authors: Wilkes John
Published: February 2014

The longitudinal surfaces of Eucalyptus maculata wood sampies fractured either artificially (splitting) or naturally (drying stresses) at a range of moisture contents, were examined under a scanning eleetron microscope. In those sam pies above fibre saturation point, a relativeIy clean surface was produced, since the cells either separated in the outer regions of the wall with minimal fibrillation (fibres, some ray parenchyma), or the fracture path travelled abruptly through the wall exposing the lumen (vertical parenchyma, vessels, so me ray cells). Below fibre saturation, particularly as the air dry condition was approached, a fibrous, splintery surface resulted, due mainly to fibrillation and delamination of the secondary walls in fibres and ray parenchyma.
Phi Thickenings in Fossil Seed Plants from Antarctica
Authors: Millay Michael A. , Taylor Thomas N. , Taylor Edith L.
Published: February 2014

Primary anatomy and secondary development is described for two root types from the Fremouw Peak locality (Transantarctic Mts, Antarctica) of early to middle Triassic age. Roots of Antarcticycas have a bilayered cortex with thick surface cuticle, diarch xylem, and a clearIy defined endodermis surrounded by a single cell layer possessing phi thickenings. Secondary development begins with phellern and phelloderm production from the out er primary phloem position, and is followed bya bifacial vascular cambium next to the primary xylem that pro duces sieve cells and ray parenchyma to the outside. Young roots of Antarcticoxylon are similar to those of Antarcticycas, but may possess 2-3 cell layers with phi thickenings. Secondary development from a bifacial vascular cambium produces alternating bands of sieve cells and phloem parenchyma cells in the secondary phloem and wood with uniseriate rays and scattered axial parenchyma. The presence of phi thickenings and an epidermal cutieie in both roots suggests environmental stress related to water regulation. The occurrence of phi thickenings in the roots of some conifers, angiosperms, a fossil cycad and a probable seed fern suggests this character is of ecological rather than phylogenetic significance.
Effect of CO2 Enrichment on Wood Structure in Pinus Radiata D.Don
Authors: Donaldson L.A. , Hollinger D. , Middleton T.M. , Souter E.D.
Published: February 2014

The wood structure of Pinus radiata trees grown under conditions of elevated atmospheric CO2 was investigated. Tracheid length, tangential and radial lumen diameter, and .tangen tial wall thickness were measured for trees grown at 320 ± 20 ppm CO2 and 640 ± ppm CO2.
Anatomical Comparison Between Compression Wood and Opposite Wood in a Branch of Korean Pine (Pinus Koraiensis)
Authors: Woo Lee Phil , Geun Eom Young
Published: February 2014

Compression wood and opposite wood formed in the branch of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.) is described and compared in qualitative and quantitative anatomical aspects.
Intervessel Pits in the Stem Wood of New Zeal and Nothofagus (Fagaceae)
Authors: Middleton T. M.
Published: February 2014

A scanning electron microscopic study was made of intervessel pits in vessel elements of the stem wood in the four species and two varieties of New Zealand Nothofagus namely N. solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Poole (mountain beech) and var. solandri (Hook. f.) Oerst. (black beech), N. truncata (Col.) Ckn. (hard beech), N. fusca (Hook. f.) Oerst. (red beech), and N. menziesii (Hook. f. ) Oerst. (silver beech).
Xylem Anatomy Of Diegodendron HumbertΠ
Authors: Dickison William C.
Published: February 2014

The first description of the wood of the monotypic Madagascan genus Diegodendron is provided. The xylem of D. humbertii is characterised by short , solitary vessel elements with alternate lateral wall pitting and simple perforation plates, imperforate tracheary elements of the libriform fibre type, nearly all biseriate, imperfectly storied, homogeneous rays composed of procumbent cells only, and diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma. The specialised wood anatomy of Diegodendron supports a close alliance with both Sphaerosepalaceae and Malvales.
The Effect of Chemical Treatments on the Cellular Structure of Cork
Authors: Pereira Helena , Marques A. Velez
Published: February 2014

The effect of chemical treatments on the cellular structure of cork from Quercus suber L. was studied using SEM. Treatments included successive solvent extractions with petroleum ether, ethanol and water; desuberinisation with NaOCH3 in methanol; and delignification with HNO3 in CH3COOH.
Fluorescence Study of 10,610 Woody Species from the Tervuren (Tw) Collection, Belgium
Authors: Avella Thomas , Dechamps Roger , Bastin Michel
Published: February 2014

Studies of fluorescence in wood have been carried out sporadically for more than sixty years. Recently, the attention of anatomists has been focused on this characteristic as a helpful tool in computer-assisted timber identification.
Distribution, Size and Effective Aperture Area of the Inter-Tracheid Pits in the Radial Wall of Pinus Radiata Tracheids
Authors: Jinxing Lin
Published: February 2014

The distribution, size and effective aperture area of inter-tracheid pits were studied in a 29-year-old plantation-grown tree of Pinus radiata by means of light and electron microscopy. It was found that the number of pits per tracheid in the first ten years is related more to tracheid length than to the age of the wood. Beyond the tenth year, the number of pits per tracheid is mainly related to the age of the wood, regardless of tracheid length. In addition, there is a positive linear relationship between tracheid diameter and pit diameter, indicating that the larger tracheids contain larger pits. The percentage of the effective aperture area per mrn length of radial tracheid wall is discussed, in relation to the 'percentage of aspirated pits and total area of pit aperture per tracheid.
Fungal Colonisation of Douglas Fir and Ponderosa Pine by Poria Carbonica, Coriolus Versicolor, and Chaetomium Globosum; Visualisation With Fluorescent-Coupled Wheat-Germ Agglutinin
Authors: Lin L. C. , Morrell J. J. , Krahmer R. L.
Published: February 2014

Fluorescent-coupled wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) was used to examine fungal colonisation of ponderosa pine sapwood and Douglas fir heartwood by two Basidiomycetes and a soft rot fungus. Tracheid lumens were occupied by hyphae within one week of incubation with the three fungi. Three to seven weeks of coloni sation were required before bore holes or other penetrations were evident in the tracheid walls. The WGA technique proved particularly useful at the earliest stages of colonisation when few hyphae were present.
Relationsillp Beiween Broken Fibres in Macerated Eucalypt Wood and the Abundance of Cell Wall Deformations
Authors: Wilkins A.P.
Published: February 2014

The occurrence of brittle heart, the wood of low toughness often found near the centre of tree stems, has been considered to be indicated by the presence of both large numbers of broken fibres in macerated wood and cell wall deformations (slip planes and compression creases).
Micromorphometric Determination of Organelles and of Storage Material in Wood Ray Cells - A Useful Method for Detecting Differentiation Within a Tissue
Authors: Sauter Jörg J. , van Cleve Barbara
Published: February 2014

The size and distribution of individual cell organelles (plastids, mitochondria, oleosomes, protein bodies) and of the three main storage compounds (starch, fat, protein) have been studied micromorphometrically at the electron microscopical level in ray cells of poplar wood during early winter. The three cell types of the rays (contact cells, isolation cells, cells of the contact cell rows) show remarkable differences in size and distribution of organelles and of storage material which manifest an existing physiological specialisation of these cells. The micromorphometric data on storage compounds are compared with the biochemically determined amounts of starch, proteins, fat-bound glycerol, and of various sugars in the wood. At the stage investigated, a prominent protein storage, an extensive starch-sugar transition, but no indications for a starch-fat transition are found. Micromorphometry proved to be a useful tool for the detection of cell-specific differences within a tissue.
Xylem Sap Velocity in Relation to Weather and Air Pollution
Authors: Visser Hans , Noppert Frank , van Wakeren Han , Vaessen Jens
Published: February 2014

Measurements of xylem sap velocities have been used to assess the influence of atmospheric conditions and air pollutants on the transpiration of full-grown trees. For a period of four months sap velocities of oak, beech and Douglas fir were measured on an hourly basis using the heat-pulse technique. Simultaneously, concentrations of S02, NO, N02 and 03 were measured along with air temperature, light intensity, air humidity, precipitation, wind speed and wind direction. To analyse these time series, a technique is introduced which can handle time-dependent relations: the stochastic response model. This statistical model is a submodel of the class of structural models and is estimated by means of the Kalman filter. The influence of weather conditions on heat-pulse velocities (HPV) is prevailing: 80% of the variance is explained by the single variable vapour pressure deficit. No influence of gaseous pollutants on HPV could be assessed. Possible explanations are discussed.
Tree Growth and Cell Dimensions iii. Variations of Traciieid Cross Section Dimensions Across Growth Rings in Sugi (Cryptomeria Japonica)
Authors: Fujiwara Shinji , Iwagami Seiro
Published: February 2014

Variations of tracheid cross section dimensions of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) were studied in trees from three districts in Japan(Kochi, Tokushima and Ehime Pref.).
Bark Structure of Deciduous Broad-Leaved Trees Grown in the San'in Region, Japan
Authors: Furuno Takeshi
Published: February 2014

The bark anatomy of 55 deciduous broadleaved tree species from the San'in Region is described. Anatomical features of ray and axial parenchyma cells, phloem fibres, and sclereids are tabulated. Individual species have their own characteristic bark structure. The diversity in tissue arrangement in the secondary phloem could be classified according to the following types: 1a. Phloem fibres in concentric bands alternating with bands ofaxial parenchyma devoid of crystals and sieve elements; 1b. Fibre-sclereids (sclerotic fibres) in concentric bands; 2. As 1a, but fibre bands f1anked by chambered crystalliferous parenchyma; 3a. Broad rays sclerified and extending fanwise or with a very large clump of sclereids; 3b. In species with only narrow wood rays, part of the rays dilated to produce fanwise extensions; 4. Aggregate rays with fanwise extensions; 5. Phloem fibres in round or spindle-shaped clusters or irregular, short bands; 6. Phloem sclereids in round or spindle-shaped clusters or irregular, short bands; 7. Diffuse distribution of all phloem elements; 8. Convergence ofrays towards the cortex.
Vacuole Proteins in Secondary Phloem Parenchyma Cells of Three Meliaceae Species
Authors: Wu Ji-lin , Hao Bing-zhong
Published: February 2014

The secondary phloem in the trunk and branchlet of three species in Meliaceae, Swietenia macrophylla L., Chukrasia talularis A. Juss. and Melia azedarach L., was examined using light microscopy and electron microscopy. The vacuole protein bodies are found in most of the phloem parenchyma cells except companion cells. The protein nature of the bodies was demonstrated by the mercury - bromophenol blue reaction and enzymatic digestion with pepsin. Electronmicroscopical observations show that the protein bodies are electron-dense granules in central vacuoles. In the terminal branchlet, the protein bodies are extremely abundant before flushing in spring and most of them disappear in the inner phloem after flushing. This suggests that the vacuole protein bodies have a storage function.
Naturally Occurring Periderm Tubes Around Secondary Phloem Fibres in the Bark of Vitis Vinifera L.
Authors: Aloni Roni , Peterson Carol A.
Published: February 2014

The three-dimensional structure of periderm tubes, which normally occur in the bark of intact Vitis vinifera L. stems, is described. Each tube, which possesses several layers of mature phellem cells, differentiated around an individual strand of secondary phloem fibres within the bark. Following these peridermenclosed strands for their full length revealed that at one or two points the strand passed through a sheet of periderm and was exposed to the surrounding atmosphere. The tubes of suberised phellern within the bark isolated these strands of air-dried fibres from the living parenchyma cells around them and thus protected the bark from desiccation and pathogen attack.
Variation of Wood Structure and Properties of Cupressus Sempervirens Var. Horizontalis in Natural Populations in Greece
Authors: Paraskevopoulou A.H.
Published: February 2014

The variation of specific gravity, ring width, tracheid length and tracheid crosssectional dimensions was studied among the remote natural forests of Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis Gord. of the Greek islands Crete, Rhodes and Samos.
Wood Growth Determined from Growth Ring Analysis in Red Pine (Pinus Resinosa) Trees Forced to Lean by a Hurricane
Authors: Akachuku A. E.
Published: February 2014

Leaning red pine (Pinus resinosa) trees at Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, U.S.A., were sampled for wood growth studies 50 years after they were displaced by a hurricane. Before the hurricane incursion, ring width varied among trees and from year to year but not among radiL After the hurricane, between-tree variation in ring width was again significant but it was not appreciably due to angle of displacement (AOD) of the bole. Wood growth distribution along the bole in the leaning trees was complex. Between- radius variation in ring width was significant in the leaning boles; ring width was largest on the lower side. On the average ring width decreased as tree age increased but the variation was much less on the upper than on the lower side. Ring area tended to decrease with increase in age but the relationship was strongest in the least displaced bole and vice versa. Asymmetrie growth ratio increased with AOD of a bole and varied with year of wood formation but was not related to cambium age. Graphs of height above the ground on percentage pith eccentricity exhibited a sinuous shape like that of the trees. Cumulative growth and mean annual increment of height and volume increased with tree age. Current annual increment of height and volurne decreased for 9 and 5 years after the hurricane and after the 64th and 69th year of the tree, respectively. Form factor increased after pruning but decreased later with age. Precipitation was not closely related to ring width in the leaning boles.
A Survey of the Fossil Record for Dicotiledonous Wood and its Significance for Evolutionary and Ecological Wood Anatomy
Authors: Wheeler Elisabeth A. , Baas Pieter
Published: February 2014

Data on fossil dicotyledonous wood were assembled in order to 1) test the Baileyan model for trends of specialisation in dicotyledonous wood anatomy by addressing the question - were 'primitive' wood anatomieal features (as defined by the Baileyan model) more common in the geologie past than at present?, 2) infer, on a broad geographie scale, past climatie regimes, and long term climatic change, and 3) assess the extent of knowledge of fossil dicotyledonous woods. The resulting database has information on 91 anatomieal features for over 1200 fossil dicotyledonous woods. The incidence of selected anatomical features was plotted through time (by geologie epoch) for the world and for two regional groupings (roughly corresponding to the Laurasian and Gondwanan supercontinents). For comparison to the fossil wood record, the incidence of wood anatomie al features in the Recent flora was obtained from the 5260 record OPCN database for extant dicotyledonous woods.