bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Fish Habitat and the Effects of an Emergency Drought Barrier on Estuarine Turbidity Using Satellite Remote Sensing
Authors: Ade Christiana , Hestir Erin L. , Lee Christine M.
Published: June 2021

Estuaries worldwide are experiencing stress due to increased droughts, which often prompt intervention by environmental managers and government agencies. Effective management of water resources in estuarine systems can be enhanced by new technologies and methodologies to support decision‐making processes. Here, we evaluate the use of high‐frequency, high‐resolution satellite remote sensing within two management‐relevant case studies in the San Francisco Estuary and the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. We used a remote sensing‐derived time series of turbidity maps to (1) identify favorable turbidity conditions for the endangered fish species, delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), during the height of the great California drought in the dry season of 2015, and (2) evaluate changes in turbidity following the installation of an emergency saltwater intrusion barrier. The mapping results indicate several persistent areas of turbidity refugia throughout the summer in the north and west Delta; however, there was infrequent connectivity. A comparison of images captured during ebb tides before and after barrier installation showed a mean increase of 6.6 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) in the San Joaquin River and 4 NTU in Fisherman’s Cut. Our assessment of the barrier supports previous findings, which used field samples to conclude barrier installation may have resulted in increased turbidity near the barrier and enhances these findings by providing spatial context.
The LungVision navigational platform for peripheral lung nodule biopsy and the added value of cryobiopsy
Authors: Pertzov Barak , Gershman Evgeni , Izhakian Shimon , Heching Moshe , Amor Shai Moshe , Rosengarten Dror , Kramer Mordechai Reuven
Published: June 2021

Background

The LungVision system is a novel augmented‐fluoroscopy‐based real‐time navigation and guidance technology for bronchoscopy that can be integrated with any standard biopsy tool, including the cryoprobe, to enable real‐time visualization and localization of pulmonary nodules.

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic yield and safety among patients undergoing peripheral pulmonary nodule biopsy with the LungVision system.

Methods

This prospective, single‐center study was conducted at Rabin Medical Center in Israel. All patients that underwent peripheral pulmonary nodule biopsy with the LungVision system from January 2016 to August 2020 were included. All procedures were performed under moderate sedation. The primary outcome was tissue diagnosis by either identification of malignant cells or benign diagnosis. Secondary outcomes were safety and the added value of cryobiopsy.

Results

Sixty‐three procedures were performed during the study period. Median lesion size (interquartile range) was 25.0 mm (18–28 mm). The diagnostic yield overall was 27/33 (81.8%) and for lesions smaller than 20 mm was 13/18 (72.2%). In nine cases the transbronchial cryobiopsy showed tissue with malignant cells that were not found in any other biopsy material taken with other sampling tools. One patient was treated with a chest tube for a pneumothorax. No other major complications were reported.

Conclusions

The LungVision system showed good feasibility and safety for peripheral pulmonary nodule biopsy. The system is compatible with all biopsy tools, including the cryoprobe. Randomized controlled trials are needed to accurately ascertain its diagnostic yield.
Quality of recovery in patients under low‐ or standard‐pressure pneumoperitoneum. A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Moro Eduardo T. , Pinto Persio C. C. , Neto Antônio J. M. M. , Hilkner Augusto L. , Salvador Luis F. P. , da Silva Beatriz R. D. , Souto Isabella G. , Boralli Renata , Bloomstone Joshua
Published: June 2021

Background

The use of low‐pressure pneumoperitoneum seems to be capable of reducing complications such as post‐operative pain. However, the quality of evidence supporting this conclusion is low. Both the lack of investigator blinding to both intra‐abdominal pressure and to method of neuromuscular blockade represent key sources of bias. Hence, this prospective, randomised, and double‐blind study aimed to compare the quality of recovery (Questionnaire QoR‐40) of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under low‐pressure and standard‐pressure pneumoperitoneum. We tested the hypothesis that low pneumoperitoneum pressure enhances the quality of recovery following LC.

Methods

Eighty patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly divided into two groups, a low‐pressure (10 mm Hg) pneumoperitoneum group and a standard‐pressure (14 mm Hg) pneumoperitoneum group. For all participants, the value of the insufflation pressure was kept hidden and only the nurse responsible for the operating room was aware of it. Deep neuromuscular blockade was induced for all cases [train‐of‐four (TOF) = 0; post‐tetanic count (PTC) > 0]. The quality of recovery was assessed on the morning of first post‐operative day.

Results

No difference was found in either total score or in its different dimensions according to the QoR‐40 questionnaire. The patients in the low‐pressure pneumoperitoneum group experienced more pain during forced coughing measured at 4 hours (median difference [95% CI], 1 [0‐2]; P = .030), 8 hours (1 [0‐2]; P = .030) and 12 hours (0 [0‐1] P = .025) after discharge from the post‐anaesthesia care unit, when compared with those in the standard‐pressure pneumoperitoneum group.

Conclusion

We thus conclude that the use of low‐pressure pneumoperitoneum during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not improve the quality of recovery.
How Descent‐Based Hierarchies and Youth Culture Shape Secondary School Engagement in Senegal
Authors: Newman Anneke
Published: June 2021

Research on the effects of mass schooling on social cleavages in Africa ignores descent‐based hierarchies despite their affecting 218 million people on the continent. In contrast, I show how pursuit of social mobility and honor to overcome descent‐based discrimination underpinned Haalpulaar parents’ and youths’ engagement with secondary school in Senegal. This included youth developing a counter‐culture oppositional to school values through appropriation of popular culture, a rarely documented outcome of EFA in the Global South.
Debt, Corruption, and State Identity: Lessons from Eighteenth‐Century Political Thought
Authors: Sparling Robert
Published: June 2021

The subject of national debt raises serious questions concerning state identity. Should a state that has radically altered its constitution be responsible for decisions taken by the previous state? Much hangs on how we characterize the state as a continuous agent. This article explores debates over national debt, state integrity, and corruption in the eighteenth century, the era in which the modern financial‐bureaucratic state was in its infancy. Many eighteenth‐century writers treated national debt as corrupting; some advocated voluntary default as a manner of laying low the insidious “moneyed interests” usurping political power. But if public debt was attacked by some as the soul of corruption, others saw it as something that had been made possible by—and was a guarantor of—integrity. These controversies reveal a clash of visions of what constitutes state integrity. This same clash is alive in contemporary debates about national debts.
COVID‐19 pandemic and population‐level pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: a living systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yang Jie , D’Souza Rohan , Kharrat Ashraf , Fell Deshayne B. , Snelgrove John W. , Murphy Kellie E. , Shah Prakesh S.
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Conflicting reports of increases and decreases in rates of preterm birth (PTB) and stillbirth in the general population during the COVID‐19 pandemic have surfaced. The objective of our study was to conduct a living systematic review and meta‐analyses of studies reporting pregnancy and neonatal outcomes by comparing the pandemic and pre‐pandemic periods.

Material and methods

We searched PubMed and Embase databases, reference lists of articles published up until 14 May 2021 and included English language studies that compared outcomes between the COVID‐19 pandemic time period and pre‐pandemic time periods. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. We conducted random‐effects meta‐analysis using the inverse variance method.

Results

Thirty‐seven studies with low‐to‐moderate risk of bias, reporting on 1 677 858 pregnancies during the pandemic period and 21 028 650 pregnancies during the pre‐pandemic period, were included. There was a significant reduction in unadjusted estimates of PTB (28 studies, unadjusted odds ratio [uaOR] 0.94, 95% confidence [CI] 0.91–0.98) but not in adjusted estimates (six studies, adjusted OR [aOR] 0.95, 95% CI 0.80–1.13). The reduction was noted in studies from single centers/health areas (uaOR 0.90, 95% CI 0.86–0.94) but not in regional/national studies (uaOR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95–1.03). There was reduction in spontaneous PTB (five studies, uaOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82–0.98) and induced PTB (four studies, uaOR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81–1.00). There was no reduction in PTB when stratified by gestational age <34, <32 or <28 weeks. There was no difference in stillbirths between the pandemic and pre‐pandemic time periods (21 studies, uaOR 1.08, 95% CI 0.94–1.23; four studies, aOR 1.06, 95% CI 0.81–1.38). There was an increase in birthweight (six studies, mean difference 17 g, 95% CI 7–28 g) during the pandemic period. There was an increase in maternal mortality (four studies, uaOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.05–1.26), which was mostly influenced by one study from Mexico. There was significant publication bias for the outcome of PTB.

Conclusions

The COVID‐19 pandemic time period may be associated with a reduction in PTB; however, referral bias cannot be excluded. There was no difference in stillbirth between the pandemic and pre‐pandemic period.
“Time window” effect of Yoda1‐evoked Piezo1 channel activity during mouse skeletal muscle differentiation
Authors: Bosutti Alessandra , Giniatullin Arthur , Odnoshivkina Yulia , Giudice Luca , Malm Tarja , Sciancalepore Marina , Giniatullin Rashid , D'Andrea Paola , Lorenzon Paola , Bernareggi Annalisa
Published: June 2021

Aim

Mechanosensitive Piezo1 ion channels emerged recently as important contributors to various vital functions including modulation of the blood supply to skeletal muscles. The specific Piezo1 channel agonist Yoda1 was shown to regulate the tone of blood vessels similarly to physical exercise. However, the direct role of Piezo1 channels in muscle function has been little studied so far. We therefore investigated the action of Yoda1 on the functional state of skeletal muscle precursors (satellite cells and myotubes) and on adult muscle fibres.

Methods

Immunostaining, electrophysiological intracellular recordings and Ca2+ imaging experiments were performed to localize and assess the effect of the chemical activation of Piezo1 channels with Yoda1, on myogenic precursors, adult myofibres and at the adult neuromuscular junction.

Results

Piezo1 channels were detected by immunostaining in satellite cells (SCs) and myotubes as well as in adult myofibres. In the skeletal muscle precursors, Yoda1 treatment stimulated the differentiation and cell fusion rather than the proliferation of SCs. Moreover, in myotubes, Yoda1 induced significant [Ca2+]i transients, without detectable [Ca2+]i response in adult myofibres. Furthermore, although expression of Piezo1 channels was detected around the muscle endplate region, Yoda1 application did not alter either the nerve‐evoked or spontaneous synaptic activity or muscle contractions in adult myofibres.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that the chemical activation of Piezo1 channels specifically enhances the differentiation of skeletal muscle precursors, suggesting a possible new strategy to promote muscle regeneration.
Revisiting the Singaporean values to welfare as foundational ideas of Central Provident Fund development
Authors: Yuda Tauchid Komara , Pratiyudha Pinurba Parama , Kafaa Kafa Abdallah
Published: June 2021

This succinct review returns to the debate on political‐culture and Singaporean social policy nexus that has been abandoned since 2000. They put the spotlight on the social policy through the Confucian lens, examining to what extent Confucianism teaching was conditioned in formal welfare provisions. Yet, they are too focused on the common idea of Confucianism while overlooking the original idea of Singaporean value promoted by Lee Kuan Yew. Hence, this article raises the discussion of the links of Singaporean values and the Central Provident Found (CPF) which have barely been highlighted in the literature. Singaporean values are hybrid between Confucianism and Western values. This article argues that although the CPF has expanded in terms of features and benefits, it has not crossed the line that separates Singapore from Western models. Because of its Singaporean values, the country does not follow the typical European model, which is being adopted by other East Asian countries. This article concludes the CPF not only reflects its centrality to Singaporean values but also as a value stabilizer that has long history in contributing to Singaporean nation‐building.
Stakeholder influence on teaming and absorptive capacity in innovation networks
Authors: Hoosbeek Arnold , de Vries Jan
Published: June 2021

Through technological developments, innovation increasingly occurs within a network of organizations such as Industry 4.0 fieldlabs. As a result, collaboration between different companies and institutions with different interests needs to take place. Three Dutch smart industry fieldlabs were analysed to study how these collaborative relationships are being established and what their impact is on the absorptive capacity of the network in question. Contrary to what was expected, we found that stakeholders hardly exercised power. Also, a high level of psychological safety was found in the network, which positively affects collaboration. Furthermore, collaborative elements—such as open conversation, collaborating, experimenting and reflecting—are important factors affecting the absorptive capacity in the fieldlabs examined. The article concludes with several practical implications on how to stimulate innovation capability.
Does sequencing matter? A cross‐over randomized trial to evaluate a bi‐level community‐based intervention to improve oral hygiene among vulnerable adults
Authors: Reisine Susan , Schensul Jean J. , Salvi Apoorva , Grady James , Ha Toan , Li JiangHong
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To evaluate whether the cumulative effect of an individual‐level intervention followed by a building‐level intervention, both based on Fishbein's Integrated Model of Behavior Change, has a better effect on oral hygiene clinical outcomes than the sequence of the building‐level intervention followed by the individual‐level intervention; to determine the added effect of each intervention on the other; to identify the psychosocial mechanisms that might explain the differences.

Methods

Six low‐income senior housing complexes were enrolled in the study, and participants were recruited from these buildings. Buildings were randomly assigned to receive either the individual counselling intervention first followed by the building‐level intervention, or the building‐level intervention first followed by the individual intervention. Participants were assessed for gingival inflammation using the gingival index (GI) and plaque scores (PS) at T0, prior to the interventions, T1, about one month after each intervention and T2, about a month after the interventions switched and were completed. Data were collected on background moderators and cognitive/emotional/behavioural mediators in surveys administered at T0, T1 and T2. General linear mixed models were used to assess changes over time by condition and to analyse the effects of moderators and mediators over time.

Results

Three hundred and thirty‐one people completed T0; 306 completed T1 assessments (92.4% retention rate) and 285 completed T2 assessments (86.1% retention rate). All participants improved on GI and PS at T1 and T2 compared to T0. Those in the individual‐level intervention condition improved more than those in the building‐level condition. Those who were in the building‐level intervention followed by the individual intervention continued to improve on GI from T1 to T2. Those in the individual‐based intervention followed by the building intervention did not improve significantly from T1 to T2 but remained about the same. For PS, neither group improved significantly from T1 to T2. Several cognitive/behavioural variables significantly affected improvements in GI and PS.

Conclusions

Both interventions were successful in improving GI and PS. The building‐level intervention did not provide much additional benefit when it followed the individual intervention although it may have had a sustaining effect. The findings on the cognitive/emotional/behavioural variables support the importance of these factors and should be considered when implementing oral hygiene interventions.
Long‐term quality of life, sexual health and gastrointestinal function following colorectal cancer resection in an Asian cohort
Authors: Seow‐En Isaac , Chok Aik Yong , Matchar David Bruce , Yoon Sungwon , Chong Dawn Qingqing , Tan Emile Kwong‐Wei
Published: June 2021

Aim

As populations age and cancer management improves, long‐term survivorship and quality‐of‐life (QOL) outcomes are becoming equally important as oncological results. Data from Asian populations are scarce. We aimed to evaluate the sexual health, gastrointestinal function and QOL amongst colorectal cancer survivors in a tertiary referral centre in Singapore.

Method

Adults who had undergone elective curative surgery for non‐metastatic colorectal cancer at least 2 years prior were included. Exclusion criteria were cognitive disease, serious postoperative complications or recurrent cancer. Participants were invited to complete the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaires EORTC‐QLQ‐C30 and QLQ‐CR29. Using multiple bivariate analysis, r scores were used to examine relationship trends between QOL domains and survivor sociodemographic and disease‐specific characteristics.

Results

From February 2017 to July 2019, 400 responses were recorded. Median age and follow‐up duration were 64 years (range 32–90) and 78 months (interquartile range 49–113) respectively. Patients who had Stage III cancer had better overall QOL scores compared to Stage I/II. Rectal (vs. colon) cancer negatively influenced sexual health and gastrointestinal function, but did not appear to affect overall QOL. Amongst our cohort, 57% (n = 129) of men and 43% (n = 75) of women were sexually active. Markers of socioeconomic status, including employment, education and housing type, were found to significantly impact perception of various aspects of QOL.

Conclusion

Knowledge of factors which influence well‐being can identify individuals who may benefit from tailored management strategies. Regular patient–doctor contact may play a role in building and maintaining positive perspectives of cancer survivors. Normative data should be obtained from local populations to facilitate future comparative research.
Telemedicine virtual reality based skin image in children's dermatology medical system
Authors: Gao Juanjuan , Lyu Chong , Qiao Xianhua , Tian Fei
Published: June 2021

At present, with the rapid development of computer and communication technology and people's demand for medical technology services, telemedicine virtual reality technology has become a high‐tech hot spot in the information age and a new trend in the development of the medical industry. However, my country's high‐quality medical resources are mainly concentrated in large and medium‐sized cities, and there is an urgent need to improve the fairness of medical services. Telemedicine virtual reality technology has received more and more attention from people, has been widely used worldwide, and has become an important part of hospital information engineering. This article first introduces the basic concepts of telemedicine virtual reality technology, the latest development of telemedicine virtual reality technology and related technologies, and then introduces the system in detail. The system is functionally divided into two parts: consulting management and system management. Consulting management includes all remote business consulting processes; system management includes management of medical resources and user data, and then detailed description and visualization of the development and use of disease model libraries. Telemedicine completely separates the rehabilitation area of skin patients from the hospital, and patients can complete relief and rehabilitation outdoors or even when they are discharged from the hospital. As a remote access device, telemedicine virtual reality technology has been popularized to a certain extent. The general patient group represented by patients with stable skin conditions has improved their understanding of telemedicine technology, which is beneficial to the development of telemedicine virtual reality technology. The utilization rate, safety, rehabilitation effect and completion rate of telemedicine virtual reality technology are as high as 85%, 92%, and 96%, respectively, saving a lot of time and medical expenses. Therefore, telemedicine virtual reality technology is also the direction of my country's next medical reform, and it can also be used in other aspects of continuing education of telemedicine virtual reality technology.
Phenotypical peculiarities and species‐specific differences of canine and murine satellite glial cells of spinal ganglia
Authors: Huang Bei , Zdora Isabel , de Buhr Nicole , Lehmbecker Annika , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Leitzen Eva
Published: June 2021

Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are located in the spinal ganglia (SG) of the peripheral nervous system and tightly envelop each neuron. They preserve tissue homeostasis, protect neurons and react in response to injury. This study comparatively characterizes the phenotype of murine (mSGCs) and canine SGCs (cSGCs). Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence as well as 2D and 3D imaging techniques were performed to describe a SGC‐specific marker panel, identify potential functional subsets and other phenotypical, species‐specific peculiarities. Glutamine synthetase (GS) and the potassium channel Kir 4.1 are SGC‐specific markers in murine and canine SG. Furthermore, a subset of mSGCs showed CD45 immunoreactivity and the majority of mSGCs were immunopositive for neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2), indicating an immune and a progenitor cell character. The majority of cSGCs were immunopositive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), 2',3'‐cyclic‐nucleotide 3'‐phosphodiesterase (CNPase) and Sox2. Therefore, cSGCs resemble central nervous system glial cells and progenitor cells. SGCs lacked expression of macrophage markers CD107b, Iba1 and CD204. Double labelling with GS/Kir 4.1 highlights the unique anatomy of SGC‐neuron units and emphasizes the indispensability of further staining and imaging techniques for closer insights into the specific distribution of markers and potential colocalizations.
Adaptation and correlated fitness responses over two time scales in Drosophila suzukii populations evolving in different environments
Authors: Olazcuaga Laure , Foucaud Julien , Gautier Mathieu , Deschamps Candice , Loiseau Anne , Leménager Nicolas , Facon Benoit , Ravigné Virginie , Hufbauer Ruth A. , Estoup Arnaud , Rode Nicolas O.
Published: June 2021

The process of local adaptation involves differential changes in fitness over time across different environments. Although experimental evolution studies have extensively tested for patterns of local adaptation at a single time point, there is relatively little research that examines fitness more than once during the time course of adaptation. We allowed replicate populations of the fruit pest Drosophila suzukii to evolve in one of eight different fruit media. After five generations, populations with the highest initial levels of maladaptation had mostly gone extinct, whereas experimental populations evolving on cherry, strawberry and cranberry media had survived. We measured the fitness of each surviving population in each of the three fruit media after five and after 26 generations of evolution. After five generations, adaptation to each medium was associated with increased fitness in the two other media. This was also true after 26 generations, except when populations that evolved on cranberry medium developed on cherry medium. These results suggest that, in the theoretical framework of a fitness landscape, the fitness optima of cherry and cranberry media are the furthest apart. Our results show that studying how fitness changes across several environments and across multiple generations provides insights into the dynamics of local adaptation that would not be evident if fitness were analysed at a single point in time. By allowing a qualitative mapping of an experimental fitness landscape, our approach will improve our understanding of the ecological factors that drive the evolution of local adaptation in D. suzukii.
Minimizing insecticides for control of spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) in soft fruit using bait sprays
Authors: Noble Ralph , Walker Adam , Whitfield Charles , Harris Adrian , Dobrovin‐Pennington Andreja , Fountain Michelle T.
Published: June 2021

Drosophila suzukii is a major pest of soft fruits, laying eggs in fruit before it is harvested. Control remains dependent on routine applications of insecticides. In semi‐field experiments, we tested the possibility of reducing the amount of insecticide needed to control D. suzukii by combining lower rates, volumes and area of application, in combination with phagostimulant baits in comparison with full field rates of the insecticides and an untreated control. The baits were (1) Combi‐protec—a proprietary mixture of plant extract, proteins and sugars, (2) a suspension of the yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum and (3) molasses. Low insecticide rates were 4% of the full rates and were attained by diluting the insecticide concentration in the spray and reducing the sprayed volume. The low rate was applied as a coarse quality spray in a swath across the middle of the strawberry or raspberry crop. The full rate was applied as fine droplets to the entire crop canopy. In strawberry, the Combi‐protec with a low rate of cyantraniliprole resulted in the same level of control of D. suzukii as the full rate. Combi‐protec was a more effective bait than the H. uvarum suspension. In raspberry, the average spray deposit coverage on the crop was approximately eight times higher with the full rate application compared with the low rate application. However, low rates of cyantraniliprole and spinosad with Combi‐protec or molasses baits were equally effective in D. suzukii control compared with the full rates of insecticides. In raspberry, the cost of the four full rate sprays of insecticides was £74 ha‐1 or £314 ha‐1 more than the four low rate insecticide sprays with Combi‐protec or molasses, respectively. The low rates of application resulted in fruit insecticide residues being less than 11% of those from raspberries sprayed with the full rates.
Benign lymphoproliferative disorders in the immunosuppressed patient: an update
Authors: Robinson Liam , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , van Heerden Willie F. P.
Published: June 2021

Immunosuppressed patients may be affected by a wide range of lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) ranging from self‐limiting disorders to malignant lymphoid proliferations. These LPDs may be associated with systemic immune disorders, develop following organ transplantation or occur in the background of other forms of iatrogenic immunosuppression. Lymphotropic viruses, including Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus‐8 (HHV8), have been associated with the pathogenesis of distinct LPDs. The resulting classification of this group of disorders is very complex and inconsistent, with several new and emerging entities. Consequently, the diagnosis of an LPD, especially in an immunosuppressed patient, and its subsequent clinical management usually represent an important pitfall in daily clinical and pathology work. Therefore, the aim of this review was to use the available literature to describe the clinicopathological features of the most important benign LPDs that may be diagnosed in the head and neck region of immunosuppressed patients. Original clinical and microscopic images were used to illustrate some of these entities.
Oral and oropharyngeal lymphomas: A multi‐institutional collaborative study
Authors: de Arruda José Alcides Almeida , Schuch Lauren Frenzel , Conte Neto Nicolau , de Souza Lucas Lacerda , Rodrigues‐Fernandes Carla Isabelly , Abreu Lucas Guimarães , Soares Ciro Dantas , de Carvalho Maria Goretti Freire , Agostini Michelle , de Andrade Bruno Augusto Benevenuto , Romañach Mário José , Zanella Virgilio Gonzales , Barra Marinez Bizarro , Martins Manoela Domingues , Souto Giovanna Ribeiro , Etges Adriana , Pontes Hélder Antônio Rebelo , Pontes Flávia Sirotheau Correa , Vargas Pablo Agustin , de Almeida Oslei Paes , Santos‐Silva Alan Roger , Lopes Marcio Ajudarte , Pires Fábio Ramôa , Gomez Ricardo Santiago , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , Mesquita Ricardo Alves
Published: June 2021

Background

Lymphomas in the oral and oropharyngeal regions are relatively uncommon, and their diagnosis is challenging and complex due to the myriad histopathological subtypes. Herein, we report a large series of oral and oropharyngeal lymphomas and compare our data with the currently available literature.

Methods

All cases diagnosed as lymphomas affecting the oral and oropharyngeal regions were retrospectively retrieved from seven Brazilian institutions. Clinicodemographic data and histopathological features were evaluated and described, while a comprehensive literature review was undertaken in order to compare our findings.

Results

A total of 304 cases of oral and oropharyngeal lymphomas were obtained, mostly affecting individuals aged 60–69 years (n = 68) with a mean age at diagnosis of 54.2 ± 20.1 years. Males and females were equally affected. Mature B‐cell neoplasms (87.2%) were the most common group, followed by mature T‐ and NK‐cell neoplasms (11.2%) and precursor lymphoid neoplasms (1.6%). The most frequent subtypes in each group were diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified (n = 99), extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphomas, nasal type (n = 12), and B‐lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphomas, not otherwise specified (n = 4). The most commonly involved sites were the palate (26.3%), mandible (13%), and maxilla (10.5%).

Conclusion

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, remains the most common subtype of lymphomas in the oral and oropharyngeal region. Older patients are the most affected, with no gender predilection and the palate and jaw are usually affected.
The Abraham Accords and Religious Tolerance: Three Tales of Faith‐Based Foreign‐Policy Agenda Setting
Authors: Jeong Hae Won
Published: June 2021

How do religious tolerance and religious freedom affect foreign policy? How are they institutionalized across the signatories of the Abraham Accords? This article examines foreign policy agenda setting of religious tolerance in the United States, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates. In the first section, the article analyzes discursive representations of the common roots of the three monotheistic religions and identifies recurrent tropes that highlight idealistic undertones in the Abraham Accords Declaration. In the following section, it critically examines the nexus between domestic and international politics and assesses the compatibility between social and public policy and foreign‐policy agenda setting centered on interfaith diplomacy and dialogue. While this article acknowledges Donald Trump's and previous US presidents’ contributions to the advancement of international religious freedom, it argues that Trump's conflicting standards and selective approaches to foreign policy and human rights preceding the agreement have failed to promote constructive relations for furthering faith‐based diplomacy. This article suggests that while the United States and the UAE laid the groundwork for promoting religious freedom and tolerance leading up to the Abraham Accords, projecting a coherent foreign‐policy narrative across these contexts is hampered by institutional, legal, and political considerations.
Allies as adversaries: China, the Netherlands and clashing nationalisms in the emergence of the post‐war order, 1942–1945
Authors: Chang Vincent K L
Published: June 2021

Outside of the dominant frame depicting World War II as a showdown between the Allied and Axis powers, the war also represented a critical juncture in the global battle between empire and nation. In Asia, the war allowed a “semi‐colonial” China to successfully reclaim its sovereignty from both its allies and enemies and compelled the Dutch to forfeit colonial rule in Indonesia and its prestige as a regional power. Moving beyond conventional dichotomies and great‐power bias, this paper analyses two portentous wartime controversies between China and the Netherlands, whose common goals as allies did not prevent clashes over diametrically opposed national pursuits. In exposing the conflicting nature of their respective nationalisms, these disputes elucidate the interplay of war, nationalism, and imperialism in East Asia as well as China's changing place in the emergent post‐war regional and global orders. The Dutch refusal to accept these shifting realities and underlying notions of national self‐determination presaged the traumatic trajectory of Indonesia's decolonisation.
Cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw‐5b NLR act both independently and synergistically to confer full host defense against tospovirus infection
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Qian Xin , Chen Xiaojiao , Yang Tongqing , Feng Mingfeng , Chen Jing , Cheng Ruixiang , Hong Hao , Zheng Ying , Mei Yuzhen , Shen Danyu , Xu Yi , Zhu Min , Ding Xin Shun , Tao Xiaorong
Published: June 2021

Plant intracellular nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) receptors play critical roles in mediating host immunity to pathogen attack. We use tomato Sw‐5b::tospovirus as a model system to study the specific role of the compartmentalized plant NLR in dictating host defenses against the virus at different infection steps.

We demonstrated here that tomato NLR Sw‐5b distributes to the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively, to play different roles in inducing host resistances against tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) infection. The cytoplasmic‐enriched Sw‐5b induces a strong cell death response to inhibit TSWV replication. This host response is, however, insufficient to block viral intercellular and long‐distance movement. The nuclear‐enriched Sw‐5b triggers a host defense that weakly inhibits viral replication but strongly impedes virus intercellular and systemic movement. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw‐5b act synergistically to dictate a full host defense of TSWV infection.

We further demonstrated that the extended N‐terminal Solanaceae domain (SD) of Sw‐5b plays critical roles in cytoplasm/nucleus partitioning. Sw‐5b NLR controls its cytoplasm localization. Strikingly, the SD but not coil‐coil domain is crucial for Sw‐5b receptor to import into the nucleus to trigger the immunity. The SD was found to interact with importins. Silencing both importin α and β expression disrupted Sw‐5b nucleus import and host immunity against TSWV systemic infection.

Collectively, our findings suggest that Sw‐5b bifurcates disease resistances by cytoplasm/nucleus partitioning to block different infection steps of TSWV. The findings also identified a new regulatory role of extra domain of a plant NLR in mediating host innate immunity.
Genotypic variation in maize (Zea mays) influences rates of soil organic matter mineralization and gross nitrification
Authors: Mwafulirwa Lumbani , Paterson Eric , Cairns Jill E. , Daniell Tim J. , Thierfelder Christian , Baggs Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2021

Agricultural management practices that increase soil organic matter (SOM), such as no‐tillage (NT) with crop residue retention, together with crop varieties best able to source nutrients from SOM, may help reverse soil degradation and improve soil nutrient supply and uptake by plants in low‐input environments of tropical and subtropical areas.

Here, we screened germplasm representing genetic diversity within tropical maize breeding programmes in relation to shaping SOM mineralization. Then we assessed effects of contrasting genotypes on nitrification rates, and genotype‐by‐management history interactions on these rates.

SOM‐C mineralization and gross nitrification rates varied under different maize genotypes. Cumulative SOM‐C mineralization increased with root diameter but decreased with increasing root length. Strong influences of management history and interaction of maize genotype‐by‐management history on nitrification were observed. Overall, nitrification rates were higher in NT soil with residue retention.

We propose that there is potential to exploit genotypic variation in traits associated with SOM mineralization and nitrification within breeding programmes. Root diameter and length could be used as proxies for root–soil interactions driving these processes. Development of maize varieties with enhanced ability to mineralize SOM combined with NT and residue retention to build/replenish SOM could be key to sustainable production.
Wood ash and water: Cause of superficial alkaline burns in a toddler
Authors: Jackson Abigail , Odom Carolyn
Published: June 2021

Though seemingly innocuous, the combination of wood ash and water can result in an alkaline solution with a pH up to 12, making it a burn risk. A 2‐year‐old boy developed a significant irritant reaction to his arms and legs while playing outdoors in wood ashes with a water gun. This case is novel because an unintentional, trivial exposure resulted in ulcerative irritant dermatitis. It is necessary to raise awareness of the corrosive risk from wood ash and water in the medical community, especially in primary and emergency care settings, to improve recognition of ash‐water burns and irritant contact dermatitis and to ensure appropriate treatment.
An automatic workflow for orientation of historical images with large radiometric and geometric differences
Authors: Maiwald Ferdinand , Maas Hans‐Gerd
Published: June 2021

This contribution proposes a workflow for a completely automatic orientation of historical terrestrial urban images. Automatic structure from motion (SfM) software packages often fail when applied to historical image pairs due to large radiometric and geometric differences causing challenges with feature extraction and reliable matching. As an innovative initialising step, the proposed method uses the neural network D2‐Net for feature extraction and Lowe’s mutual nearest neighbour matcher. The principal distance for every camera is estimated using vanishing point detection. The results were compared to three state‐of‐the‐art SfM workflows (Agisoft Metashape, Meshroom and COLMAP) with the proposed workflow outperforming the other SfM tools. The resulting camera orientation data are planned to be imported into a web and virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) application for the purpose of knowledge transfer in cultural heritage.
Molecular Mechanisms of UVR8‐Mediated Photomorphogenesis Derived from Revaluation of Action Spectra
Authors: Takeda Junko
Published: June 2021

Considering previously reported action spectra and molecular evidence, I propose a hypothetical model for UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8)‐mediated photomorphogenesis. Upon UV‐B irradiation, a UVR8 dimer dissociates and accumulates in the nucleus and photomorphogenesis begins following two pathways: one in which the UVR8 monomer binds to transcription factor(s) of gene(s) supporting hypocotyl growth to stop gene expression resulting in hypocotyl growth inhibition and the other in which the UVR8 monomer binds both with CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1‐SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA (COP1‐SPA) to release HY5 (referred to as “stabilized”) and WRKY DNA‐BINDING PROTEIN 36 (WRKY36) on the ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) gene to release HY5 transcription, and both HY5 and another UV‐B‐activated UV‐B sensor (denoted the Hyp sensor in this article) through a self‐interacting factor (HIF) associates with the HY5 promoter to initiate HY5 transcription, leading to anthocyanin synthesis. These two pathways can be distinguished by action spectra in the UV‐B region, with a single peak at 280 nm and two peaks (or a broad peak near 280–300 nm) for the former and the latter, respectively. Expanding the concept to cyanobacteria and other algae, I discuss the evolution of a UV‐B sensor in green plants.
Group‐level physiological synchrony and individual‐level anxiety predict positive affective behaviors during a group decision‐making task
Authors: Gordon Ilanit , Wallot Sebastian , Berson Yair
Published: June 2021

Joint performance can lead to the synchronization of physiological processes among group members during a shared task. Recently, it has been shown that synchronization is indicative of subjective ratings of group processes and task performance. However, different methods have been used to quantify synchronization, and little is known about the effects of the choice of method and level of analysis (individuals, dyads, or triads) on the results. In this study, participants performed a decision‐making task in groups of three while physiological signals (heart rate and electrodermal activity), positive affective behavior, and personality traits were measured. First, we investigated the effects of different levels of analysis of physiological synchrony on affective behavior. We computed synchrony measures as (a) individual contributions to group synchrony, (b) the average dyadic synchrony within a group, and (c) group‐level synchrony. Second, we assessed the association between physiological synchrony and positive affective behavior. Third, we investigated the moderating effects of trait anxiety and social phobia on behavior. We discovered that the effects of physiological synchrony on positive affective behavior were particularly strong at the group level but nonsignificant at the individual and dyadic levels. Moreover, we found that heart rate and electrodermal synchronization showed opposite effects on group members' display of affective behavior. Finally, trait anxiety moderated the relationship between physiological synchrony and affective behavior, perhaps due to social uncertainty, while social phobia did not have a moderating effect. We discuss these results regarding the role of different physiological signals and task demands during joint action.
Individual differences in attentional lapses are associated with fiber‐specific white matter microstructure in healthy adults
Authors: Clemente Adam , Domínguez D Juan F. , Imms Phoebe , Burmester Alex , Dhollander Thijs , Wilson Peter H. , Poudel Govinda , Caeyenberghs Karen
Published: June 2021

Attentional lapses interfere with goal‐directed behaviors, which may result in harmless (e.g., not hearing instructions) or severe (e.g., fatal car accident) consequences. Task‐related functional MRI (fMRI) studies have shown a link between attentional lapses and activity in the frontoparietal network. Activity in this network is likely to be mediated by the organization of the white matter fiber pathways that connect the regions implicated in the network, such as the superior longitudinal fasciculus I (SLF‐I). In the present study, we investigate the relationship between susceptibility to attentional lapses and relevant white matter pathways in 36 healthy adults (23 females, Mage = 31.56 years). Participants underwent a diffusion MRI (dMRI) scan and completed the global–local task to measure attentional lapses, similar to previous fMRI studies. Applying the fixel‐based analysis framework for fiber‐specific analysis of dMRI data, we investigated the association between attentional lapses and variability in microstructural fiber density (FD) and macrostructural (morphological) fiber‐bundle cross section (FC) in the SLF‐I. Our results revealed a significant negative association between higher total number of attentional lapses and lower FD in the left SLF‐I. This finding indicates that the variation in the microstructure of a key frontoparietal white matter tract is associated with attentional lapses and may provide a trait‐like biomarker in the general population. However, SLF‐I microstructure alone does not explain propensity for attentional lapses, as other factors such as sleep deprivation or underlying psychological conditions (e.g., sleep disorders) may also lead to higher susceptibility in both healthy people and those with neurological disorders.
Exclusion, subset realization, and part‐whole relations
Authors: Zhang Wenjun
Published: June 2021

The subset realization view proposes to solve the causal exclusion problem of non‐reductive mental instances by taking the mental instance as a part of its physical realizer. Many philosophers have argued that such a part‐whole relation will undermine physicalist realization because parts are ontologically prior to their wholes and the subset view is thus flawed. I argue that the relation that the subset view should propose is different from the ordinary part‐whole relation. What they should propose is another kind of part‐whole relation under which parts are posterior to wholes. So, the subset view is not flawed in the aforementioned aspect. But discussion of the new part‐whole relation reveals that the subset view is in lack of a crucial argument against the exclusion reasoning, thus cannot solve the exclusion problem. Adopting the principle of causal proportionality (a route subset realizationists sometimes take) will not help the subset view either. So, my conclusion is, the subset view is yet to find a way to solve the exclusion problem.
Dual roles of granzyme B
Authors: Wang Huiling , Huang Yong , He Jian , Zhong Liping , Zhao Yongxiang
Published: June 2021

Granzyme B (GZMB) was first identified as a factor that could eliminate cells such as tumour cells and bacteria/virus‐infected cells. However, comprehensive studies conducted on GZMB have gradually revealed the negative extracellular functions of GZMB; for example, it is an aetiology and a factor responsible for the aggravation of several diseases. This review focuses on the positive role of GZMB (in the elimination of tumour cells, bacteria, parasites and viruses, and in the identification, diagnosis and treatment of diseases) and the negative effects of GZMB (with regard to extracellular function and other characteristics). The current research on GZMB inhibitors has been briefly introduced, and few studies on GZMB fusion proteins and several GZMB material delivery systems have been discussed.