bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The open ocean energy decay of three recent trans‐Pacific tsunamis
Authors: Rabinovich Alexander B. , Candella Rogério N. , Thomson Richard E.
Published: June 2013

The 2009 Samoa (Mw 8.1), 2010 Chile (8.8), and 2011 Tohoku (9.0) earthquakes generated destructive tsunamis recorded by a large number of DART stations in the Pacific Ocean. High‐resolution (15 s) DART records yield mean energy decay times for these events of 17.3, 24.7, and 24.6 h, respectively. We attribute these differences to the frequency content of the tsunamis. Specifically, the Samoa tsunami was a “high‐frequency” event with periods of 2–30 min whereas the Chile and Tohoku tsunamis were “broad‐band” events with periods of 2–180 min. Differences in frequency content are linked to differences in the source parameters: Samoa was a relatively small deep‐water earthquake while Chile and Tohoku were extensive shallow‐water earthquakes. Frequency‐dependent analysis of the Chile and Tohoku tsunamis indicates that shorter period waves attenuate much faster than longer‐period waves (decay times range from 15 h for 2–6 min waves to 29 h for 60–180 min waves).
The solubility of 40Ar and 84Kr in liquid hydrocarbons: Implications for Titan's geological evolution
Authors: Hodyss Robert , Choukroun Mathieu , Sotin Christophe , Beauchamp Patricia
Published: June 2013

The solubility of argon and krypton in methane and ethane has been experimentally determined at Titan‐relevant temperatures. At typical Titan surface temperature (94 K), argon and krypton solubilities are very large (47% in methane and 15% in ethane for Ar, 29% in methane and 43% in ethane for Kr), making liquid alkanes on Titan an important potential reservoir of 40Ar and other noble gases. Large subsurface reservoirs of liquid ethane and methane could be sufficient to trap much of the argon outgassing from Titan's interior, which can help explain the discrepancy between the potential amount of 40Ar produced inside Titan's interior and the amount observed in the atmosphere by Cassini‐Huygens. Consequently, on Titan, liquid hydrocarbons may function as a buffer in the outgassing of volatiles from the interior, and they may strongly influence the evolution of the atmosphere's composition through the release of soluble gases upon evaporation and/or intake upon condensation.
From soil aggregates to riverine flocs: a laboratory experiment assessing the respective effects of soil type and flow shear stress on particles characteristics
Authors: Grangeon T. , Droppo I. G. , Legout C. , Esteves M.
Published: June 2013

Particles eroded from hillslopes and exported to rivers are recognized to be composite particles of high internal complexity. Their architecture and composition are known to influence their transport behaviour within the water column relative to discrete particles. To‐date, hillslope erosion studies consider aggregates to be stable once they are detached from the soil matrix. However, lowland rivers and estuaries studies often suggest that particle structure and dynamics are controlled by flocculation within the water column. In order to improve the understanding of particle dynamics along the continuum from hillslopes to the lowland river environment, soil particle behaviour was tested under controlled laboratory conditions. Seven flume erosion and deposition experiments, designed to simulate a natural erosive event, and five shear cell experiments were performed using three contrasting materials: two of them were poorly developed and as such can not be considered as soils, whilst the third one was a calcareous brown soil. These experiments revealed that soil aggregates were prone to disaggregation within the water column and that flocculation may affect their size distribution during transport. Large differences in effective particle size were found between soil types during the rising limb of the bed shear stress sequence. Indeed, at the maximum applied bed shear stress, the aggregated particles median diameter was found to be three times larger for the well‐developed soil than for the two others. Differences were smaller in the falling limb, suggesting that soil aggregates underwent structural changes. However, characterization of particles strength parameters showed that these changes did not fully turn soil aggregates into flocs, but rather into hybrid soil aggregate–floc particles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observer‐rated pain assessment instruments improve both the detection of pain and the evaluation of pain intensity in people with dementia
Authors: Lukas A. , Barber J.B. , Johnson P. , Gibson S.J
Published: June 2013

Background

Observer‐rated pain assessment instruments for people with dementia have proliferated in recent years and are mainly effective in identifying the presence of pain. The objective of this study was to determine whether these tools can also be used to evaluate intensity of pain.

Method

Quasi‐experimental design. Cognitively intact [Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) ≥ 24, n = 60] and impaired people (MMSE < 20, n = 65) in nursing home facilities took part in the study. Participants were observed at rest and during a movement protocol. Directly afterwards, the observer, blinded to cognitive status, completed three behavioural pain assessment instruments (Abbey Pain Scale, Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD), Non‐communicative Patient's Pain Assessment Instrument (NOPPAIN) ], before interviewing the resident about pain self‐report.

Results

Significant correlations were found between observer‐rated and self‐rated measures of pain and were stronger in persons with dementia than in cognitively intact adults. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) revealed: (1) that the use of observer‐rated instruments improved recognition of the presence or absence of pain by up to 25.4% (in dementia) and 28.3% (in cognitively intact adults) above chance; and (2) the same instruments improved the classification of residents into the correct self‐reported level of pain intensity by up to 42.5% (in dementia) and 34.1% (in cognitively intact adults) above chance. However, DFA also reveals a considerable rate of ‘false alarms’ for pain in cognitively intact and ‘misses’ in cognitively impaired people.

Conclusions

The use of the Abbey Pain Scale, PAINAD or NOPPAIN improves both the recognition of pain presence/absence as well as rating pain severity in older people with impaired cognition.
Ketoprofen in Oral Surgery Pain: A Review
Authors: Cooper Stephen A.
Published: June 2013

Ketoprofen is a new peripherally acting analgesic and the most recently introduced nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug in the United States with indication for management of nonarthritic pain. Three 6‐hour double‐blind, single‐dose, placebo‐controlled studies in which patients who had undergone dental impaction surgery took ketoprofen or a comparator drug are reviewed. In the first study, ketoprofen 25, 50, and 100 mg was compared with aspirin 650 mg and placebo in 153 patients. In comparison with aspirin, significant (P < 0.001) differences favoring ketoprofen at each dose level were found for all measures of analgesic efficacy. For the combined ketoprofen groups, 60% of the patients rated treatment as very good or excellent, compared with 16% in the aspirin group. The second study compared ketoprofen 25, 50, and 100 mg with codeine 90 mg and placebo in 129 patients. Ketoprofen appeared to have a more rapid onset, higher peak effect, and longer duration of pain relief than codeine. At least 70% of patients in each of the ketoprofen groups rated the test medication as very good or excellent, compared with only 7% of the patients in the codeine group. The third study compared ketoprofen 25 and 100 mg with ibuprofen 400 mg and placebo in 161 patients. Ketoprofen 100 mg had a faster onset of effect, the highest peak effect, and the longest duration of action over the 6‐hour evaluation. Ketoprofen treatment was not associated with any unusual or serious side effects in any of the three studies. These data suggest that ketoprofen is a safe and effective analgesic with a rapid onset and at least a 6‐hour duration of action.
SIMPRE: A software package to calculate crystal field parameters, energy levels, and magnetic properties on mononuclear lanthanoid complexes based on charge distributions
Authors: Baldoví José J. , Cardona‐Serra Salvador , Clemente‐Juan Juan M. , Coronado Eugenio , Gaita‐Ariño Alejandro , Palii Andrew
Published: June 2013

This work presents a fortran77 code based on an effective electrostatic model of point charges around a rare earth ion. The program calculates the full set of crystal field parameters, energy levels spectrum, and wave functions, as well as the magnetic properties such as the magnetization, the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility, and the Schottky contribution to the specific heat. It is designed for real systems that need not bear ideal symmetry and it is able to determine the easy axis of magnetization. Its systematic application to different coordination environments allows magneto‐structural studies. The package has already been successfully applied to several mononuclear systems with single‐molecule magnetic behavior. The determination of effective point charge parameters in these studies facilitates its application to new systems. In this article, we illustrate its usage with two example studies: (a) an ideal cubic structure coordinating a lanthanoid ion and (b) a system with slow relaxation of the magnetization, LiHoxY(1‐x)F4. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A synthesis of heat flow determinations and thermal modeling along the Nankai Trough, Japan
Authors: Harris Robert , Yamano Makoto , Kinoshita Masataka , Spinelli Glenn , Hamamoto Hideki , Ashi Juichiro
Published: June 2013

We review marine heat flow data along the Nankai Trough and show that observations >30 km seaward of the deformation front are 20% below conductive predictions (129–94 mW m−2) but consistent with the global heat flow average for oceanic crust of the same age (16–28 Ma). Heat flow values ≤30 km seaward of the deformation front are generally 20% higher than conductive predictions. This heat flow pattern is consistent with the advection of heat by fluid flow in the subducting oceanic crust and explains both the high heat flux in the vicinity of the trench, >200 and >140 mW m−2, and steep landward declines to values of approximately 60 mW m−2 over distances of 65 and 50 km along the Muroto and Kumano transects, respectively. Along the Ashizuri transect, the lack of heat flow data precludes a definitive interpretation. We conclude that fluid flow in the subducting oceanic crust leads to temperatures that are generally 25°C higher near the toe of the margin wedge and 50–100°C lower near the downdip limit of the seismogenic zone than estimated by purely conductive models.
Robust elements of Snowball Earth atmospheric circulation and oases for life
Authors: Abbot Dorian S. , Voigt Aiko , Li Dawei , Hir Guillaume Le , Pierrehumbert Raymond T. , Branson Mark , Pollard David , B. Koll Daniel D.
Published: June 2013

Atmospheric circulation in a Snowball Earth is critical for determining cloud behavior, heat export from the tropics, regions of bare ice, and sea glacier flow. These processes strongly affect Snowball Earth deglaciation and the ability of oases to support photosynthetic marine life throughout a Snowball Earth. Here we establish robust aspects of the Snowball Earth atmospheric circulation by running six general circulation models with consistent Snowball Earth boundary conditions. The models produce qualitatively similar patterns of atmospheric circulation and precipitation minus evaporation. The strength of the Snowball Hadley circulation is roughly double modern at low CO2 and greatly increases as CO2 is increased. We force a 1‒D axisymmetric sea glacier model with general circulation model (GCM) output and show that, neglecting zonal asymmetry, sea glaciers would limit ice thickness variations to (10%). Global mean ice thickness in the 1‒D sea glacier model is well‒approximated by a 0‒D ice thickness model with global mean surface temperature as the upper boundary condition. We then show that a thin‒ice Snowball solution is possible in the axysymmetric sea glacier model when forced by output from all the GCMs if we use ice optical properties that favor the thin‒ice solution. Finally, we examine Snowball oases for life using analytical models forced by the GCM output and find that conditions become more favorable for oases as the Snowball warms, so that the most critical time for the survival of life would be near the beginning of a Snowball Earth episode.
Influence of continental outflow and ocean biogeochemistry on the distribution of fine and ultrafine particles in the marine atmospheric boundary layer over Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal
Authors: Nair Vijayakumar S. , Moorthy K. Krishna , Babu S. Suresh
Published: June 2013

Extensive measurements of aerosol number size distributions (in the size range of 10 to 875 nm) carried out over the oceanic regions of the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during two large cruise experiments (one during pre‐monsoon and the other during winter) are used to investigate the spatial distribution of aerosol size distributions, in general, and that of fine particles, in particular, within the marine atmospheric boundary layer. The size distributions over the northwestern Bay of Bengal, lying downwind of the continental outflow from the Indo‐Gangetic Plain, and over the eastern Bay of Bengal, under the influence of the East Asian outflow, showed a bimodal structure with prominent mode (100–125 nm) in the accumulation regime and weak mode (30–40 nm) in the Aitken regime during both pre‐monsoon and winter seasons. While the Aitken mode was found to be relatively quite weak in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain outflow during both seasons, it was prominent in the East Asian outflow regions, especially during the winter season. The distributions over the northern Arabian Sea, a region quite prone to advection of dust during pre‐monsoon and summer seasons, showed a prominent Aitken mode (~45 nm) followed by a weaker accumulation mode during pre‐monsoon season. Analysis of SeaWiFS data revealed a systematic collocation of Aitken mode aerosols and the high chlorophyll concentration in the northern Arabian Sea, implying the role of ocean biogeochemistry in influencing the aerosol size distributions. Such a feature implying biogeochemical influence was not seen over the eastern and northern Bay of Bengal during pre‐monsoon and winter seasons.
Preclinical evaluation of holmium‐166 labeled anti‐VEGF‐A(Bevacizumab)
Authors: Khorami‐Moghadam Alireza , Bolouri Bahram , Jalilian Amir Reza , Bahrami‐Samani Nariman Mosafa, Ali , Mazidi Seyed Mohammad , Alirezapour Behrouz
Published: June 2013

Radiolabeled antiangiogenic monoclonal antibodies are potential agents for targeted therapy in specific types of malignancies. In this study, 166Ho‐DOTA‐Bevacizumab was used in biodistribution studies using single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to acquire dosimetric aspects of the radiolabeled antibody in mice. The liver toxicity of the radiolabeled antibody was also determined using serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase assay 2–7 days post‐injection.

The SPECT biodistribution demonstrated a similar pattern as the other radiolabeled anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A) immunoconjugates.166Ho‐DOTA‐Bevacizumab was revealed as a potential compound for therapy/imaging of VEGF‐A expression in oncology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cation treatment and drying‐temperature effects on nonylphenol and phenanthrene sorption to a sandy soil
Authors: Shchegolikhina Anastasia , Kunhi Mouvenchery Yamuna , Woche Susanne K. , Bachmann Jörg , Schaumann Gabriele E. , Marschner Bernd
Published: June 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mono‐ and polyvalent cations on sorption of the two hydrophobic compounds nonylphenol (NP) and phenanthrene (Phe). To this end, exchange sites of a sandy soil were saturated with either Na+, Ca2+, or Al3+ and excess salts were removed by washing. The samples were then sterilized and either stored moist, dried at room temperature, or at 20°C, 60°C, or 105°C in a vented oven. Saturation with Na+ led to an increase of dissolved organic C (DOC) concentration in the soil water extracts, whereas the polyvalent cations Ca2+ and Al3+ decreased it. The 1H‐NMR relaxometry analyses showed that Al3+ restricted the mobility of water molecules that are confined within the SOM structure to a higher extent than Ca2+ or Na+. According to contact‐angle (CA) analyses, cation treatment did not significantly change the wetting properties of the samples. Batch sorption–desorption experiments showed no clear salt‐treatment effects on the sorption and desorption equilibria or kinetics of NP and Phe. Instead, the sorption coefficients and sorption hysteresis of NP and Phe increased in dry soil. With increasing drying temperature the CA of the soils and the sorption of both xenobiotics increased significantly. We conclude that structural modifications of SOM due to incorporation of polyvalent cations into the interphase structure do not modify the sorption characteristics of the soil for hydrophobic compounds. Instead, increasing hydrophobization of organic soil constituents due to heat treatment significantly increased the accessible sorption sites for nonpolar organic compounds in this soil.
Establishment of modern circulation pattern at c. 6000 cal a BP in Disko Bugt, central West Greenland: opening of the Vaigat Strait
Authors: PERNER KERSTIN , MOROS MATTHIAS , SNOWBALL IAN , LLOYD JEREMY M. , KUIJPERS ANTOON , RICHTER THOMAS
Published: June 2013

Variations in the Holocene circulation of the West Greenland Current (WGC) in the Disko Bugt region have been reconstructed from a suite of sediment cores. Palaeoceanographic proxies include magnetic susceptibility (MS) and X‐ray fluorescence titanium counts, which document a major shift in circulation at c. 6000 cal a BP. Before this date, sediments in southern Disko Bugt were characterized by high terrigeneous and basaltic input, suggesting widespread influence of meltwater plumes. Our data show that the WGC re‐circulated in the southern Disko Bugt area because a potential northern pathway, the narrow Vaigat Strait, was blocked by icebergs that calved from marine outlet glaciers in eastern Disko Bugt. Sediments in southern Disko Bugt deposited after c. 6000 cal a BP have significantly lower terrestrial and basaltic sediment input, which coincides with minimum Holocene ice sheet extent. The reduced meltwater and iceberg discharge to the embayment caused the Vaigat Strait to become free of blocking icebergs and terrigenous input was partly diverted to the outer shelf. Thus, the modern circulation pattern of the WGC was established in the Disko Bugt region through the opening of the Vaigat Strait c. 6000 cal a BP.
The effect of the pH on the interaction of L‐arginine with colloidal silver nanoparticles. A Raman and SERS study
Authors: Garrido C. , Aguayo T. , Clavijo E. , Gómez‐Jeria J. S. , Campos‐Vallette M. M.
Published: June 2013

Raman and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopies were used to study the pH effect (7 to 9) on the interaction of arginine (Arg) with colloidal Ag nanoparticles (AgNps). A new methodology was implemented in order to obtain reproducible SERS spectra in solution. The dependence of the Arg concentration on the stability of the AgNps is discussed. A pH increasing of the colloidal solution to the limits of the Arg pKa2 value induces a preferential and stable Arg–metal interaction. ξ potential measurements of the Arg–AgNps system at different pH conditions studied provide information about the Arg–AgNps interaction; the pH increasing favors the interaction. SERS spectra at pH 7 indicate that the molecule interacts with the Ag surface only through the guanidinium fragment. By increasing the pH to 9, the molecule adopts a new conformation on the surface; the metal–analyte interaction is verified through the guanidinium, carboxylate and the aliphatic moieties. In addition, theoretical calculations performed by using the extended Hückel method for a model of Arg interacting with an Ag surface support the observed SERS results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorene‐Based Co‐polymer with High Hole Mobility and Device Performance in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Watters Darren C. , Yi Hunan , Pearson Andrew J. , Kingsley James , Iraqi Ahmed , Lidzey David
Published: June 2013

A new donor–acceptor polymer based on 9,9‐dioctylfluorene is synthesized and tested in organic photovoltaic devices. Results show that the polymer exhibits good solubility in a range of organic solvents and has a high hole mobility. When blended with a PC70BM acceptor and fabricated into a bulk heterojunction, photovoltaic devices having a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.2% and a peak external quantum efficiency of 74% are created. Such efficiencies are realized without any necessity for solvent additives or thermal annealing protocols.

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Antibacterial activity of a lectin‐like Burkholderia cenocepacia protein
Authors: Ghequire Maarten G. K. , De Canck Evelien , Wattiau Pierre , Van Winge Iris , Loris Remy , Coenye Tom , De Mot René
Published: June 2013

Bacteriocins of the LlpA family have previously been characterized in the γ‐proteobacteria Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas. These proteins are composed of two MMBL (monocot mannose‐binding lectin) domains, a module predominantly and abundantly found in lectins from monocot plants. Genes encoding four different types of LlpA‐like proteins were identified in genomes from strains belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and the Burkholderia pseudomallei group. A selected recombinant LlpA‐like protein from the human isolate Burkholderia cenocepacia AU1054 displayed narrow‐spectrum genus‐specific antibacterial activity, thus representing the first functionally characterized bacteriocin within this β‐proteobacterial genus. Strain‐specific killing was confined to other members of the Bcc, with mostly Burkholderia ambifaria strains being susceptible. In addition to killing planktonic cells, this bacteriocin also acted as an antibiofilm agent.
Dystonic opisthotonus: A “red flag” for neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation syndromes?
Authors: Stamelou Maria , Lai Scarlett C. , Aggarwal Annu , Schneider Susanne A. , Houlden Henry , Yeh Tu‐Hsueh , Batla Amit , Lu Chin‐Song , Bhatt Mohit , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: June 2013

Back arching was reported in one of the very first patients with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation syndrome (NBIAs) published in 1936. However, recent reports have mainly focused on the genetic and imaging aspects of these disorders, and the phenotypic characterization of the dystonia has been lost. In evaluating patients with NBIAs in our centers, we have observed that action‐induced dystonic opisthotonus is a common and characteristic feature of NBIAs. Here, we present a case series of patients with NBIAs presenting this feature demonstrated by videos. We suggest that dystonic opisthotonus could be a useful “red flag” for clinicians to suspect NBIAs, and we discuss the differential diagnosis of this feature. This would be particularly useful in identifying patients with NBIAs and no iron accumulation as yet on brain imaging (for example, as in phospholipase A2, group IV (cytosolic, calcium‐independent) [PLA2G6]‐related disorders), and it has management implications. © 2013 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Synthesis and selective recognition property of Ni2+‐imprinted microporous polymer beads
Authors: Jiang Yang , Kim Dukjoon
Published: June 2013

Nickel ion‐imprinted polymer (IIP) was synthesized from dimethylglyoxime and 4‐vinyl pyridine monomers. These functional monomers were self assembled with the Ni2+ template and then copolymerized with divinylbenzene and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate crosslinkers in toluene porogen via suspension polymerization. Imprinting was achieved by removing the template ion from the copolymers by extensive washing. The IIP particles produced were 300–700 µm in diameter and were spherical. The chemical and physical structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The adsorption capacity and kinetics, and separation selectivity were investigated using atomic adsorption spectroscopy in batch adsorption operation mode. The Ni2+‐imprinted polymers showed excellent adsorption ability and selective separation property. The adsorption capacity for Ni2+ was 320 µmol/g, and the selectivity factors (α) for Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cd2+ were 6, 11, 12, and 27, respectively. The adsorption capacity and separation selectivity were affected by the environmental pH, as the protonation easily took place in acidic condition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Placental three‐dimensional power Doppler indices in mid‐pregnancy and late pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Surányi A. , Kozinszky Z. , Molnár A. , Nyári T. , Bitó T. , Pál A.
Published: June 2013

Objectives

The aim of our study was to evaluate placental three‐dimensional power Doppler indices in diabetic pregnancies in the second and third trimesters and to compare them with those of the normal controls.

Methods

Placental vascularization of pregnant women was determined by three‐dimensional power Doppler ultrasound technique. The calculated indices included vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI). Uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 113) were compared with pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 56) and diabetes mellitus (n = 43).

Results

The three‐dimensional power Doppler indices were not significantly different between the two diabetic subgroups. All the indices in diabetic patients were significantly reduced compared with those in non‐diabetic individuals (p < 0.001). Placental three‐dimensional power Doppler indices are slightly diminished throughout diabetic pregnancy [regression coefficients: −0.23 (FI), −0.06 (VI), and −0.04 (VFI)] and normal pregnancy [regression coefficients: −0.13 (FI), −0.20 (VI), and −0.11 (VFI)]. The uteroplacental circulation (umbilical and uterine artery) was not correlated significantly to the three‐dimensional power Doppler indices. If all placental indices are low during late pregnancy, then the odds of the diabetes are significantly high (adjusted odds ratio: 1.10).

Conclusions

A decreased placental vascularization could be an adjunct sonographic marker in the diagnosis of diabetic pregnancy in mid‐gestation and late gestation. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis, clinical outcomes, and associated pathology in pregnancies complicated by massive subchorionic thrombohematoma (Breus' mole)
Authors: Alanjari Abdulmohsen , Wright Emily , Keating Sarah , Ryan Greg , Kingdom John
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To review the association between ultrasound findings, placental pathology, and prognosis in pregnancies complicated by massive subchorionic thrombohematoma (MTH)/Breus' mole.

Method

We identified 14 cases of MTH from January 2004 to December 2012. MTH was defined by >1 cm thickness hematoma and extensive (≥50%) involvement of the fetal surface of the placenta. Patient information, details of initial presentation, and perinatal outcome were obtained from the manual and electronic chart records. Ultrasound findings were related to pregnancy outcomes and associated placental pathology. Participants were stratified on the basis of birth outcome into survivors (live births, n = 7) and nonsurvivors (neonatal deaths or intrauterine fetal deaths/termination of pregnancy, n = 7).

Results

All 14 cases of MTH were suspected on ultrasound and confirmed by pathology assessment. All cases in the nonsurvivor group had abnormal umbilical artery (UA) Doppler waveforms compared with none in the survivors (p = 0.02). All cases in the nonsurvivor group had extreme preterm deliveries (p = 0.02). Birth weight was significantly reduced in the nonsurvivor group (p = 0.001), and 5/7 cases were diagnosed with severe intrauterine growth restriction, compared with none in the survivor group (p = 0.02).

Conclusion

Massive subchorionic thrombohematoma/Breus' mole may be diagnosed in the second trimester by ultrasound assessment of the placenta. Normal fetal growth and UA Doppler waveforms are associated with perinatal survival. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational design of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane fillers for simultaneous improvements of thermomechanical properties and lowering refractive indices of polymer films
Authors: Jeon Jong‐Hwan , Tanaka Kazuo , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: June 2013

We describe here the design and synthesis of the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)‐based dual‐functional molecular fillers for simultaneously lowering refractive indices and improving thermomechanical properties of conventional polymers. We prepared the composite films with poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene containing the series of the POSS derivatives with the single functional unit for interacting with polymer chains and heptacyclopentyl substituents for creating exclusive volumes around the POSS core. From the measurements of refractive indices of polymer composites, it was revealed that all POSS fillers can lower the refractive index of the films. In addition, thermal stabilities and mechanical properties were enhanced by adding POSS fillers. The filler effect on the thermal properties can be explained by the structural features of POSS: The highly symmetrical structure of the silica cube should suppress thermal motions, resulting in the large enhancement of thermomechanical properties of polymer matrices. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3583–3589
Synthesis of O‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl) cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution: As a precursor for introducing “necklace‐like” structure
Authors: Chang Chunyu , Teramoto Yoshikuni , Nishio Yoshiyuki
Published: June 2013

O‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl) cellulose (DHPC) samples were synthesized by etherification of cellulose with glycidol (GLY) in a NaOH/urea aqueous solution system under different reaction conditions, so that they had different degrees of ether substitution (DS) in both the overall and regional distributions. The characterization was made by NMR spectroscopy in order to clarify the effects of the molar ratio of in‐fed GLY to anhydroglucose unit and of the reaction temperature not only on the total and regional DSs but also on the molar substitution (MSdhp) for the multireactive dihydroxypropyl group. The evaluation of MSdhp was performed after complete propionylation of each DHPC sample. Determination of molecular weights was also conducted on the propionylated DHPCs by GPC analysis. As a preliminary extension, butyralization of DHPC was undertaken in aqueous solution by using p‐toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst together with butyraldehyde (BuA). Two‐dimensional NMR (1H–13C gHSQC) spectra measurements revealed that the products contained butyral groups, owing to dehydration‐cyclization between the BuA‐carbonyl and the duplicate hydroxyls in the side chain of DHPC. Such butyral derivatives of cellulose are expected to be a promising functional material parallel or superior to poly(vinyl butyral) available for safety glass interlayers, etc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3590–3597
Gas barrier behavior of polyimide films filled with synthetic chrysotile nanotubes
Authors: Wu Yingji , Yudin Vladimir E. , Otaigbe Joshua U. , Korytkova Elena N. , Nazarenko Sergei
Published: June 2013

Chrysotile nanotubes (ChNTs) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. These synthetic nanotubes crystallographically and morphologically mimic the nanofibrils of natural white asbestos but they are considerably shorter. ChNTs containing polyimide nanocomposites were prepared by a solution mixing/casting method. Oxygen and water vapor barrier of the nanocomposite films were tested and related to the amount, dispersion, and orientation of the nanotubes. The dispersion and orientation of the nanotubes were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanotubes were nanodispersed and oriented in the plane of the film in the nanocomposites with up to 4.5% (vol/vol) of ChNTs leading to a gradual increase of the gas barrier. The lowest gas permeability was 60% smaller than that for the pristine polyimide film. However, with the onset of nanotube micro aggregation at larger ChNTs loadings the nanotube dispersion and orientation were compromised and oxygen barrier was reduced. The efficacy of nanotubes to enhance polymer gas barrier was discussed and compared with that by nanoplatelets. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1184–1193
Structure of Plasma‐Deposited Copolymer Films Prepared from Acrylic Acid and Styrene: Part II Variation of the Comonomer Ratio
Authors: Fahmy Alaa , Mix Renate , Schönhals Andreas , Friedrich Jörg
Published: June 2013

Copolymers of acrylic acid and styrene (AA/S) were prepared by pulsed plasma deposition technique. Their structure–property relationships were studied in dependence on the comonomer ratio. Both, the regularity of the structure and the composition of the thin copolymer films were investigated by bulk‐sensitive (dielectric spectroscopy, FTIR, and differential scanning calorimetry) as well as surface‐sensitive methods such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For an unambiguous identification of the functionality of the deposited films the COOH groups were estimated by derivatization with trifluoroethanol and subsequent XPS measurement as well as by the quantitative analysis of the FTIR data. As a result, the concentration of COOH groups on the surface and in the bulk is increasing with the fraction of AA in precursor mixture in a non‐monotonous way but similar to the dependence obtained by conventional free radical polymerization.
Solution‐Based Phototransformation of C60 Nanorods: Towards Improved Electronic Devices
Authors: Barzegar Hamid Reza , Larsen Christian , Edman Ludvig , Wågberg Thomas
Published: June 2013

A modified liquid–liquid interface precipitation synthesis of C60 nanorods, effects and opportunities following an in situ photochemical transformation in the liquid state, and an electronic characterization using a field‐effect transistor (FET) geometry are reported. The nanorods feature a high aspect ratio of ≈103 and a notably small average diameter of 172 nm. Interestingly, it is found that a decreased nanorod diameter appears to correlate with distinctly improved electronic properties, and an average electron mobility of 0.30 cm2 V−1 s−1, as measured in a FET geometry, is reported for as‐grown nanorods, with the peak value being an impressive 1.0 cm2 V−1 s−1. A photoexposure using green laser light (λ = 532 nm) is demonstrated to result in the formation of a polymer‐C60 shell encapsulating a monomer‐C60 bulk; such photo‐transformed nanorods exhibit an electron mobility of 4.7 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1. It is notable that the utilized FET geometry only probes the polymer‐C60 nanorod surface shell, and that the monomer‐C60 bulk is anticipated to exhibit a higher mobility. Importantly, photoexposed nanorods can be conveniently processed as a stabile dispersion in common hydrophobic solvents, and this finding is attributed to the insoluble character of the polymer‐C60 shell.
High‐throughput instant quantification of protein expression and purity based on photoactive yellow protein turn off/on label
Authors: Kim Youngmin , Ganesan Prabhakar , Ihee Hyotcherl
Published: June 2013

Quantifying the concentration and purity of a target protein is essential for high‐throughput protein expression test and rapid screening of highly soluble proteins. However, conventional methods such as PAGE and dot blot assay generally involve multiple time‐consuming tasks requiring hours or do not allow instant quantification. Here, we demonstrate a new method based on the Photoactive yellow protein turn Off/On Label (POOL) system that can instantly quantify the concentration and purity of a target protein. The main idea of POOL is to use Photoactive Yellow Protein (PYP), or its miniaturized version, as a fusion partner of the target protein. The characteristic blue light absorption and the consequent yellow color of PYP is absent when initially expressed without its chromophore, but can be turned on by binding its chromophore, p‐coumaric acid. The appearance of yellow color upon adding a precursor of chromophore to the co‐expressed PYP can be used to check the expression amount of the target protein via visual inspection within a few seconds as well as to quantify its concentration and purity with the aid of a spectrometer within a few minutes. The concentrations measured by the POOL method, which usually takes a few minutes, show excellent agreement with those by the BCA Kit, which usually takes ∼1 h. We demonstrate the applicability of POOL in E. coli, insect, and mammalian cells, and for high‐throughput protein expression screening.
Joseph Rudinger memorial lecture: Discovery and applications of cyclotides
Authors: Craik David J
Published: June 2013

Cyclotides are plant‐derived peptides of approximately 30 amino acids that have the characteristic structural features of a head‐to‐tail cyclized backbone and a cystine knot arrangement of their three conserved disulfide bonds. This article gives a personal account of the discovery of cyclotides, their characterization and their applications, based on work carried out in my laboratory over the last 20 years. It describes some of the background to their discovery and focuses on how their unique structural features lead to exceptional stability. This stability and their amenability to chemical synthesis have made it possible to use cyclotides as templates in protein engineering and drug design applications. These applications complement the interest in cyclotides deriving from their unique structures and natural function as host defense molecules. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rossby wave‐breaking analysis of explosive cyclones in the Euro‐Atlantic sector
Authors: Gómara Iñigo , Pinto Joaquim G. , Woollings Tim , Masato Giacomo , Zurita‐Gotor Pablo , Rodríguez‐Fonseca Belén
Published: June 2013

The two‐way relationship between Rossby wave‐breaking (RWB) and intensification of extratropical cyclones is analysed over the Euro‐Atlantic sector. In particular, the timing, intensity and location of cyclone development are related to RWB occurrences. For this purpose, two indices based on potential temperature are used to detect and classify anticyclonic and cyclonic RWB episodes from ERA‐40 reanalysis data. Results show that explosive cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic (NA) is fostered by enhanced occurrence of RWB on days prior to the cyclone's maximum intensification. Under such conditions, the eddy‐driven jet stream is accelerated over the NA, thus enhancing conditions for cyclogenesis. For explosive cyclogenesis over the eastern NA, enhanced cyclonic RWB over eastern Greenland and anticyclonic RWB over the subtropical NA are observed. Typically only one of these is present in any given case, with the RWB over eastern Greenland being more frequent than its southern counterpart. This leads to an intensification of the jet over the eastern NA and enhanced probability of windstorms reaching western Europe. Explosive cyclones evolving under simultaneous RWB on both sides of the jet feature a higher mean intensity and deepening rates than cyclones preceded by a single RWB event. Explosive developments over the western NA are typically linked to a single area of enhanced cyclonic RWB over western Greenland. Here, the eddy‐driven jet is accelerated over the western NA. Enhanced occurrence of cyclonic RWB over southern Greenland and anticyclonic RWB over Europe is also observed after explosive cyclogenesis, potentially leading to the onset of Scandinavian blocking. However, only very intense developments have a considerable influence on the large‐scale atmospheric flow. Non‐explosive cyclones depict no sign of enhanced RWB over the whole NA area. We conclude that the links between RWB and cyclogenesis over the Euro‐Atlantic sector are sensitive to the cyclone's maximum intensity, deepening rate and location.
A self‐consistent scattering model for cirrus. II: The high and low frequencies
Authors: Baran Anthony J. , Cotton Richard , Furtado Kalli , Havemann Stephan , Labonnote Laurent‐C. , Marenco Franco , Smith Andrew , Thelen Jean‐Claude
Published: June 2013

The predictive quality of an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals to model passive and active measurements of ice cloud, from the ultraviolet (UV) to the microwave, is tested. The ensemble model predicts m ∝ D2, where D is the maximum dimension of the ice crystal, and m is its mass. This predicted m‐D relationship is applied to a moment estimation parametrization of the particle size distribution (PSD), to estimate the PSD shape, given ice water content (IWC) and in‐cloud temperature. The same microphysics is applied across the electromagnetic spectrum to model UV, infrared, microwave and radar observations. The short‐wave measurements consist of airborne UV backscatter lidar (light detection and ranging) estimates of the volume extinction coefficient, total solar optical depth, and space‐based multi‐directional spherical albedo retrievals, at 0.865 µm, between the scattering angles 85° and 125°. The airborne long‐wave measurements consist of high‐resolution interferometer upwelling brightness temperatures, obtained between the wavelengths of about 3.45 µm and 4.1 µm, and 8.0 µm to 12.0 µm. The low‐frequency measurements consist of ground‐based Chilbolton 35 GHz radar reflectivity measurements and space‐based upwelling 190 GHz brightness temperature measurements. The predictive quality of the ensemble model is demonstrated to be generally within the experimental uncertainty of the lidar backscatter estimates of the volume extinction coefficient and total solar optical depth. The ensemble model prediction of the high‐resolution brightness temperature measurements is generally within ±2 K and ±1 K at solar and infrared wavelengths, respectively. The 35 GHz radar reflectivity and 190 GHz brightness temperatures are generally simulated to within ±2 dBZe, and ±2 K, respectively. The directional spherical albedo observations suggest that the scattering phase function of the most randomized ensemble model gives the best fit to the measurements (generally within ±3%). This article demonstrates that the ensemble model, assuming the same microphysics, is physically consistent across the electromagnetic spectrum.
The US Navy's RELO ensemble prediction system and its performance in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Wei Mozheng , Rowley Clark , Martin Paul , Barron Charlie N. , Jacobs Gregg
Published: June 2013

The US Navy's relocatable (RELO) ensemble prediction system is fully described and is examined in the Gulf of Mexico for 2010. After briefly describing the ensemble transfer (ET) method for the initial perturbation generation, we introduce a new time‐deformation technique to generate the surface forcing perturbations from the atmospheric model fields. The extended forecast time (EFT) is introduced to quantify the advantages of the ensemble mean forecasts over a single deterministic forecast. The ensemble spread and its growth are investigated together with their relations with the ensemble forecast accuracy, reliability and skill.

Similar to many other operational ensemble forecast systems at numerical weather prediction (NWP) centres, the initial analysis error is underestimated by the technique used in the data assimilation (DA) system. Growth of the ocean ensemble spread is also found to lag the growth of the ensemble mean error, a tendency attributed to insufficiently accounting for model‐related uncertainties. As an initial step, we randomly perturb the two most important parameters in the ocean model mixing parametrizations, namely the Smagorinsky horizontal and Mellor–Yamada vertical mixing schemes. We examine three different parameter perturbation schemes based on both uniform and Gaussian distributions. It is found that all three schemes improve the ensemble spread to a certain extent, particularly the scheme with Gaussian distribution of perturbations imposed on both the horizontal and vertical mixing parameters.

The findings in this article indicate that the RELO ensemble forecast demonstrates superior accuracy and skill relative to a single deterministic forecast for all the variables and over all the domains considered here. The ensemble spread provides a valuable estimate of forecast uncertainty. However, the RELO uncertainty forecast capability could be further improved by accounting for more model‐related uncertainties, for example, by the development of an error parametrization that imposes stochastic forcing at each model grid point.
Ensemble‐based analysis and sensitivity of mesoscale forecasts of a vortex over southwest China
Authors: Li Jun , Du Jun , Zhang Da‐Lin , Cui Chunguang , Liao Yishan
Published: June 2013

In this study, an ensemble analysis and sensitivity experiment of a mesovortex over southwest China (Southwest Vortex, SWV) are performed with a regional ensemble prediction system in order to demonstrate: (i) the usefulness of an ensemble prediction system for diagnosing the dynamical and thermodynamical characteristics leading to the SWV's eastward movement and growth; and (ii) the potential importance of adopting targeted observations in improving short‐range weather forecasts by applying a simple technique. Results show significant variations in forecast performance, ranging from good to poor, among 11 ensemble members. By examining two distinct clusters (‘moving’ and ‘staggering’) of the ensemble members it is found that a strong upper‐level trough with positive vorticity advection near the vortex centre, its westward vertical tilt and lower‐level downstream wet and upstream dry moisture configuration favour the eastward movement and growth of the SWV. Ensemble sensitivity analysis shows that: (i) a simple correlation‐based ensemble sensitivity method works well in identifying sensitive areas of mesoscale forecasts of the SWV; (ii) the forecast of the SWV movement and intensity is especially sensitive to initial conditions of horizontal wind and moisture fields; and (iii) unlike the medium‐range forecast in which a sensitive region is often traced back to an area far upstream in association with a Rossby‐wave packet, sensitive regions in short‐range forecasts appear to be directly related to the meteorological system of interest located not far upstream. Based on the results, we suggest that field experiments of targeted observations potentially can be designed using this simple ensemble sensitivity approach to improve short‐range weather forecasts associated with SWVs.
The relationship between knowledge sourcing and fear of imitation
Authors: Giarratana Marco S. , Mariani Myriam
Published: June 2013

When firms tap external knowledge sources, they risk spillovers of their own internal knowledge. If the value of this potential loss and the imitation capabilities of neighboring organizations are high, fear of imitation might overshadow the benefits of openness. In such situations, firms might voluntarily reduce their use of external sources, relative to knowledge available internally. Data pertaining to 4,623 European inventions and direct information about the use of knowledge sources confirm that firms reduce their use of external, relative to internal, knowledge when they conduct costly research projects in locations characterized by high levels of absorptive capacity in a specific technology. This study also reveals fear of imitation as a mediating factor of this behavior. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.