bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free Exercise of Religion
Authors: Guiora Amos N
Published: October 2023

Under the current legal structure in the United States, religious beliefs are absolutely protected, but conduct in furtherance of those beliefs may be regulated. For example, a state may prohibit certain illegal conduct and may require others, including paying taxes, despite a claim generated by the free exercise clause. However, such regulations may not be religiously motivated for the state cannot create a law specifically designed
Briggflatts: Plot and Parables
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

briggflattsis an open poem: Bunting seems to have succeeded in writing a poem that should not need annotation, though it might tolerate it. There are aspects of the poem available to anyone willing to pay attention and to imagine a voice: the ‘wiry texture of sound, utterly new, that comes with the authority of some lost tradition’ (Kenner the words that ‘shine like hoarfrost’ (Connolly3). In particular there is a plot, that readers have found traceable (unlike the plots of some modernist classics) without the aid of mythological skeletons or footnotes. There are other shapes equally accessible: balances or frames of emotion (or outlook), more formal symmetries of season and age (by no means obscure), subtler knittings between movements.
Saints
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

0F religion, or of religious tradition, Briggftatts offers us two things: a naming of names,

Columba, Columbanus

Aidan and Cuthbert

- and an embodiment of existences (things, people, or ways of living) that were. The material looks slight. Yet when Bunting felt himself prodded at last to write an Apologia for his masterpiece now published as A Note on ‘Briggftatts’ - the central point of the poem was made to seem religious.
‘To bathe in the Waters of Life; to wash off the Not Human’
Authors: Otto Peter
Published: October 2023

While the Sons of Albion contend with the Bard, Milton is silent. It is only when the ‘foundations of the Earth’ are shaken by the ‘great murmuring’ of the Sons, and the Bard has taken ‘refuge in Miltons bosom’, that he speaks. ln the course of his response, the grave questions of the Sons are displaced by a radical change of comportment. Milton breaches the confines of heaven—the ultimate reference point and transcendental signifier for the fallen world—with a levitation which treats the highest of the high as its ground. He is, therefore, no longer contained by the triangular structure of Satan’s world of judgement.
Old English weak Genitive Plural-an: Towards Establishing the Evidence
Authors: Hoad Terry
Published: October 2023

Old English morphology and its evolution have been among the most intensively studied aspects of that language, and the progressive simplification of the inflectional system has been recognized as one of the most fundamental structural developments in the history of English.
The Englishness of Old English
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: October 2023

One needn’t get carried away with the similarities between the development of relativization in the post-creole continuum in Hawaii and in Old English and thus conclude on the basis of such parallelisms that Old English (or Middle English) was a creole. It would be futile, in my opinion, to launch a debate about the prospect of uncovering creole origins for Old and Middle English (or for that matter, proto-Germanic). Bailey (1973) and no doubt others would wish to push these similarities farther than I would. When referring to pidginization/creolization (and pidgins/creoles), we must be careful not to confuse the process with the entities which result from them. Hence the term ‘creolization’ should be reserved for a situation in which a creole results. There are however cases where conditions are conducive to simplification, reduction etc. (e.g. second language acquisition), but which do not give rise to a pidgin or creole.
Power and Ideology: An Outline Theory and Sidney’s Arcadia
Authors: Sinfield Alan
Published: October 2023

A theory of power and ideology should enable us to account for Stubbe’s critique of royal policy (we might say his attempt to subvert it), and also for what we might consider his perverse loyalty. Philip Sidney also wrote criticizing the French marriage, taking arguments and phrases from Stubbe.2 In this chapter, I discuss the roles of the Arcadia and of a person such as Sidney in Elizabethan political structures, hoping to arrive at a general theory of intellectual dissidence in early modern England.
Macbeth: History, Ideology, and Intellectuals
Authors: Sinfield Alan
Published: October 2023

Violence is good, in this view, when it is in the service of the prevailing dispositions of power; when it disrupts them, it is evil. A claim to a monopoly of legitimate violence is fundamental in the development of the modern state; when that claim is successful, most citizens learn to regard state violence as qualitatively different from other violence, and perhaps they don’t think of state violence as violence at all (consider the actions of police, army, and judiciary as opposed to those of pickets, protesters, criminals, and terrorists). Macbeth focuses major strategies by which the state asserted its claim at one conjuncture.
Wrong Again
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

I Before turning to Ronald Dworkin’s response to my crmque, I would like to disavow in advance one form of argument to which he has frequent recourse. That argument surfaces as an expression of dis may at what Dworkin takes to be my willful misreading of his original essay. He could not, he complains, be assuming the availability, at some level, of a brute or uninterpreted fact because he nowhere an nounces such an assumption and indeed asserts its contrary in the very pages under discussion. The general line of reasoning behind this com plaint is as follows: “I could not possibly hold that position you attribute to me because I repeatedly say I do not.”
No Bias, No Merit: The Case Against Blind Submission
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

When members of an institution debate, it may seem that they are arguing about fundamental principles, but it is more often the case that the truly fundamental principle is the one that makes possible the terms of the disagreement and is therefore not in dispute at all. I am thinking in particular of the arguments recently marshaled for and against blind submission to the journal of the Modern Language Association. Blind submission is the practice whereby an author’s name is not revealed to the reviewer who evaluates his or her work. It is an attempt, as William Schaefer explained in the MLA Newsletter, “to ensure that in making their evaluations readers are not influenced by factors other than the intrinsic merits of the article.” In his report to the members Schaefer, then executive director of the association, declared that he himself was opposed to blind submission because the impersonality of the practice would erode the humanistic values that are sup posedly at the heart of our enterprise.
Don’t Know Much About the Middle Ages: Posner on Law and Literature
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

The thesis of Richard Posner’s Law and Literature: A Relation Reargued is that the study of literature and the interpretation of statutes are very different activities and that one “has little to contribute” to the other. Let me say at the outset that Judge Posner is right. Literary and legal interpretation are distinct, and the skills they separately require are not readily convertible. But while Posner’s large point is well taken, the reasons with which he supports it are not, for they take the form of a series of distinctions no one of which can be maintained.
Dennis Martinez and the Uses of Theory
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

I On June 24, 1985, Dennis Martinez, then a pitcher for the Balti more Orioles, was caught by journalist Ira Berkow in the act of talking to his manager, Earl Weaver, shortly before the beginning of a game with the Yankees. Berkow, sensing a story, approached Martinez and asked him “what words of wisdom had been imparted by the astute Weaver.’’ Now Martinez is a pitcher who is unlikely ever to make it into the baseball Hall of Fame, if only because he seems to experience every pitch as a discrete event, unrelated to either its predecessor or its successor, but if his baseball skills are suspect, his philosophical skills would seem to be beyond dispute.
Unger and Milton
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

I propose to take Roberto Unger as seriously as he takes the questions he raises. One mark of his seriousness is his insistence on beginning at the beginning, asking each question as if it had never been asked before. As he puts it, with the combination of modesty and ambition that makes his voice so distinctive, “My purpose will be to think as simply as I can about the problems I discuss. In our age, philosophy has won some triumphs because a few men have managed to think with unusual simplicity.”
Dafydd ap Gwilym
Authors: Edwards Huw M
Published: October 2023

One of the great innovators of medieval literature, Dafydd ap Gwilym's poetic voice is as distinctive and resonant as those of his more celebrated contemporaries Chaucer and Boccaccio. This book - the first major study of the largely submerged popular verse tradition of medieval Wales and its likely enriching effect on the repertoire of the professional poets - examines Dafydd's use both of the native popular verse tradition and of the persuasive convention of northern French verse to forge a new kind of poetry for a new age. Composing in the wake of the Edwardian conquest of Wales, Dafydd (fl. c. 1330-70) and a few kindred spirits sought to adapt and revitalize an already sophisticated bardic culture by expanding its subject matter to include a surprising variety of entertainment as well as formal praise. Huw M. Edwards sets out the first detailed comparison of Dafydd's verse with the highly influential poetry of northern France, in terms of themes, motifs and poetic genres since the publication of the authentic canon in 1952. The poet's bold and often playful handling of borrowed conventions will be of interest to all students of medieval poetry.
External Influences and Analogues: II
Authors: Edwards Huw M
Published: October 2023

The cywydd to the lark discussed in the previous chapter is one of the finest illustrations of Dafydd ap Gwilym’s deep religious reverence for the natural world as God’s creation and a manifestation of God on earth. It is a feeling which pervades his nature poetry, and the view that a poem such as GDG 122 (‘Offeren y Llwyn’) is, as I for Williams suggested long ago, an irreverent parody of the established religion comparable with the outrageous burlesques of the Latin scholars cannot, I think, be justified. The phrase ‘careglnwyf a chariad’ (GDG 122.34), ‘a chalice of passion and love’, is audacious in the extreme, but despite the element of parody the spirit of the holy service is not actually undermined. Dafydd’s celebration of love in terms of the sacrament is a challenge, not to religion as such, but to the kind of extreme asceticism preached by the mendicant friars. His answer to the doom-laden warnings of the Grey Friar-that ‘God is not as cruel as old men claim’ (GDG 137.37-8), is a terse reminder that the religion of self-denial is not for everyone, and that the worship of God in and through his Creation, of which feminine beauty and earthly sensuality are essential parts, is equally valid. The image of the woodland love-mass is, of course, reminiscent of the notion of a ‘religion’ of love which is so dear to the troubadours and trouveres; but while the poems of Dafydd and his contemporaries are, inevitably, filled with the language and imagery of religious experience, unlike French and Provern;:al love-poetry there is no coherent ‘system’ with its God of Love, its earthly paradise, and its recurrent metaphor of repentance, penitence, and salvation. However, Dafydd ap Gwilym’s cywyddau serch do contain a num ber of concepts and images drawn from the world of religion which are analogous with Continental love-poetry.
Nature into Art: Travel Descriptions and Pictorialist Models
Authors: Tooke Adrianne
Published: October 2023

Description is the distinguishing feature of the travel account, according to Flaubert. When he writes to dissuade the young Ernest Feydeau from writing one, he does so on the grounds that Feydeau no longer needed to prove his descriptive talents. Flaubert found travel to be a constant test for his descriptive techniques. His text is haunted by silence, to an extent that goes beyond the conventional rhetorical mode of preterition. Certain landscapes reduce Flaubert to silence, just as we have seen that he is silenced by certain paintings: ‘on ne saurait dire ce qui se passe en vous à de pareils spectacles’ (PC ro: 336).
The Heritage Film and Cultural Politics: Genninal (Berri, I993)
Authors: Cousins Russell
Published: October 2023

ZOLA’S Germinal (1885), an epic novel about a mining community driven by starvation wages to strike action and destructive violence, was inspired by the 1884 pit strike at Anzin which was brought to a brutal and murderous end by troops. The author’s uncompromising fictionalized version of these events shocked and shamed contemporary readers who, perhaps for the first time, came to realize the human price of coal.
Sleepless in Paris: J’ai pas sommeil (Denis, I993)
Authors: Marker Cynthia
Published: October 2023

Claire Denis’s ]’ai pas sommeil rev1s1ts cultural conflicts alluded to in her earlier films: Chaco/at (1988), the much acclaimed and loosely autobiographical story of a young French girl growing up in colonial Africa, and S’en (out la mart (1990), about the struggles of two immigrants, one West Indian, the other African, in Paris. Equally preoccupied with issues of race and iden tity, Denis’s third feature film was inspired by the infamous ‘Paulin Affair’ which exploded in the French press in 1987 when two young Caribbean immigrants, Thierry Paulin (dubbed the ‘granny killer’ by the French tabloids) and his gay lover Jean-Thierry Mathurin, were arrested for robbing, torturing, and murdering more than twenty elderly women over the course of two years in Paris’s peripheral eighteenth arrondissement.
Representation, Masculinity, Nation: The Crises of Les Amants du Pont-Neuf (Carax, I99I)
Authors: Hayes Graeme
Published: October 2023

Three years in the making, dogged by accidents, vastly over budget, and constantly delayed, Les Amants du Pont-Neu( was finally released in 1991. Reviews were mixed. Some, particularly the Cahiers du cinema, championed Carax as ‘the most gifted filmmaker of his generation’ (Taboulay 1991: 15), his view personal, poetic, brilliant; others were less impressed. Many of these contrasted the excess of the film-making —the budget, the reconstructed set of Paris, the casting of Juliette Binoche as a down-and out, the quasi-epic time-span of the shooting —with the raw subject matter; the treatment of homelessness as a spectacular love story produced criticism that the film was nothing more than a hollow, even immoral, self-indulgent lifestyle movie.
Cats in the ‘Hood: The Unspeakable Truth about Chacun cherche son chat (Klapisch, I996)
Authors: Ezra Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

In Cedric Klapisch’s Chacun cherch é son chat, Chloe, a painfully thin, Olive Oyle lookalike, is awkward and lonely. Treated with contempt at the modelling agency where she works as a make-up assistant, she has very few friends, and is alternately ignored and mistreated by men: she is looking for something, and not just her lost cat. Chloe’s search for her beloved Gris-gris mobilizes most of the community; much of the film (which, like the cat, wandered out of its boundaries to become a feature-length work instead of the short subject initially planned) is spent following people as they scour the streets and alleyways of Paris’s rapidly changing faubourg Saint-Antoine in search of the lost pet. However, for all the meandering the characters do, for all the distance they cover, the film is very narrowly confined geographically: it is fundamentally an anatomy of the local, a meditation not only on the concept of change but on changing conceptions of neighbourhood, neigh bourliness, and community.
Nationality, Authenticity, Reflexivity: Kieslowski's Trois couleurs: Bleu (I993), Blanc (I993), and Rouge (I994)
Authors: Dobson Julia
Published: October 2023

Kieslowski'S Three Colours trilogy comprising Bleu (1993), Blanc (1993), Rouge (1994), three films of enormous emotional impact and complex ethical engagement, occupies an important place in the study of contemporary French cinema as locus of engagement with constructions of both French cinema and film itself.
‘Ung Lieu De Si Grand Seureté’: The Body As A Building (II)
Authors: Cowling David
Published: October 2023

In the secular tradition, the castle of the body can be an extremely perilous place, and the consequences of capitulation to the besieging forces can be dire. Contemporary devotional texts that exploit the metaphor of the body as a building start from the same basic premiss but, optimistically, stack the odds in favour of the defenders. Gabrielle de Bourbon, patroness of the rhétoriqueur Jean Bouchet, shares with other writers of devotional allegories a desire to foreground the protective function of the building she describes in her fort Chasteau pour la retraicte de toutes bonnes ames: such an edifice, constructed at the behest of the Holy Spirit, offers the best chance of defence in an imperfect world.
Feminist Discourse and Spanish Cinema
Authors: Martin-Marquez Susan
Published: October 2023

ANY discussion of women film-makers and feminist cinema must inevitably contend with a post-structuralist theoretical dilemma: in an era ushered in by the proclamation of the death of the author and the dispersal of the subject, how is it possible to theorize a female agency within the cinematographic realm? Feminist critics working in both literature and film have responded to questions of authorship and agency in a number of different ways. The demise of the author, as announced first by Roland Barthes and then by Michel Foucault, has in fact been celebrated by some feminists.
Inculcating the Feminine: Socialization within Patriarchy and Matriarchy
Authors: Martin-Marquez Susan
Published: October 2023

IN a provocative article now considered a classic of Spanish cinema studies, Marsha Kinder seeks to account for the plethora of films featuring children which emerged in the early 1970s, as well as for the peculiar ways in which these young characters were portrayed. Kinder relates the phenomenon to the film makers’ own personal trajectories as ‘the children of Franco’, the first generation to have grown up under the dictatorship.
Elusive Song: Flamenco as Field and Passage for the Gitanos in Córdoba Prison
Authors: Nair Parvati
Published: October 2023

Flamenco has long provided the Western imaginary with a location for passion. Popular definitions of the word ‘flamenco’ blur the music with the dance style and the Andalusian with the gypsy, yet intimate that these are separate and interdependent components of a single regional and cultural expression.It would appear that the gitano, with his supposed darkness of skin, eyes, and temperament, exemplifies in extreme the southern Spaniard when viewed as exotic or passionate Other. Consider the following description by William Washabaugh in his Flamenco: Passion, Politics and Popular Culture of the singer El Agujetas, father of one of the protagonists of my pro ject: ‘He was dressed all in black. His billows of curly black hair framed a scarred face that Clint Eastwood would covet [ . . . ] And then Agujetas began to sing, though at the time I would have said that his voice was not singing, so much as ripping and tearing at his soul. .
Ethnic and Racial Configurations in Contemporary Spanish Culture
Authors: Santaolalla Isabel
Published: October 2023

In modern times Spain has seen itself, with due acknowledgement of an endogamous gypsy community, as an ethnically homogeneous country. Even though under Franco lip service was paid to the idea of cultural heterogeneity, the real force of the regime’s propaganda lay in its emphasis on a unifying concept of nationalism, to some degree acknowledging regional difference, but stressing shared historical and cultural legacies, and glossing over the country’s non European ethnic and racial traditions. Yet the denial of that heritage in the self perception of the majority of the population is coming under increasing pressure at a time of changing cultural and social patterns.
Musical Battles: Populism and Hegemony in the Early Francoist Folkloric Film Musical
Authors: Labanyi Jo
Published: October 2023

In this article I should like to analyse the Spanish cinematic genre of the folkloric film musical, which enjoyed massive popularity with lower class and especially female audiences in the early Franco period, in terms of Gramsci’s key concepts of the ‘national popular’ and ‘hegemony’. The genre has generally been dismissed by Span ish film directors and critics, reflecting the unfortunate tendency in Spanish film criticism to scorn popular cinema. The proliferation of folkloric film musicals in the 1940s and early 1950s has encouraged perceptions of it as mindless escapism serving the early Francoist political project. Of the two books on the subject, Pineda Novo (1991) consists in trivializing anecdote about its hugely popular female stars; while Moix (1993) lays the ground for a contestatory reading by reclaiming the genre for gay spectators.
Minsters and Parish Churches
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: October 2023

The spiritual needs of the laity in Anglo-Saxon England were provided for by a system of minsters, (‘minster’ being derived from the Old English form of the Latin monasteriupz), which included houses of secular priests as well as those of monks. In the eleventh century, because of economic growth in the countryside and the demands of the Gregorian reform for ecclesiastical control of church appointments, the areas served by the minsters began to be broken up into parishes based on manors and villages; new churches were built, each in the charge of a resident priest, an argument which was to be standard for the rest of the Middle Ages and which remains so today. It has: been estimated that there were almost 10,000 parish churches in England by the sixteenth century, and that the majority of those which survive have a core datable between 1050 and 1200.1 The buildings of the first seventy years of this span are in many respects a continuation of Anglo-Saxon practice, in plan types, especially two-cell churches, often with a square east end and a western tower, and forms of decoration adapted to new uses and in new combinations.
John Donne: ‘Farewell To Love’
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

Donne’s poems, whether or not they are personal memories, record a dislike of having come. Post-coital sadness and revulsion are grimly seized, but what is more grim is that the poems are so often driven to bend this animus upon their own previous act of creative love. The old criticism of Donne was that he did not create whole poems; for me, this takes shape in the recurrent phenomenon of how unhealthily the poems end. Of the half-dozen essential instances, ‘Farewell to Love’ may be the starting-point, an extremity.
Racine’s Phèdre, Lowell’s Phaedra
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

Lowell set himself to translate Racine in the knowledge that this was a field which had never been won. Extremity was forced upon Lowell. After such knowledge, what forgiveness? Lowell’s critics have proved duly unforgiving: they have refused to admit that here the history of unsuccess had been such as to call for extreme measures. Here is the emergency. First, Racine has always frustrated English hopes, being one of the great writers (European, too) never brought home in English translation. There is no Racine alive in the language as Dryden’s Juvenal is, or even Florio’s Montaigne. More: no translation of Racine into English has ever made anybody’s modest enduring reputation; there is no equivalent of Cary’s staunch dominie Dante.
Austin’s Swink
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

The author of How to do things with Words’ knew how to do things with such wording as constitutes allusion-as is clear from J. L. Austin’s having given the world Sense and Sensibilia. The famous joke, which is not without pride and prejudice, is more than a quip because the displaced word sensibility so much enters, not into the equation, but into the opposite of equation. For a start, the register of ‘sensibilia’ is deliciously registered as coldshouldering the warm thought of ‘sensibility’.
Katherine Colyear (Countess of Dorchester), née Sedley (1657-1717)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Katherine Sedley was The daughter of a minor literary figure, Sir Charles Sedley, poet and playwright, and his wife Katherine, née Savage. Circa 1672, he sent his wife to a nunnery at Ghent, and went through a form of marriage with a gendewoman called Ann Ayscough. When Katherine was only 15, she was already describable (by John Evelyn) as ‘none of The most virtuous but a witt’.
Damaris, Lady Masham (Née Cudworth) (1659-1708)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Lady Masham was born in Cambridge, where her faTher, The Platonist and philosopher Ralph Cudworth, taught for forty-three years, and was brought up in The Master’s Lodge of Christ’s College.
A lady (fl. 1688)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Like The poem of’A Young Lady of Quality’ (no. 271) this may possibly be an early work of Delarivier Manley (nos. 275-7). It is interesting for its attestation of The immense importance of Aphra Behn as example and inspiration to oTher women, and also for its covert declaration of a shared political position—Aphra Behn’s response to The Glorious Revolution was to consider The rule of Queen Mary legitimated by her status as daughter of James II, and to ignore William III entirely: The ‘Lady’ commends her for this delicate balance of exigency and principle.
Cleone (fl. 1688)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

The identity of this woman is unknown, but The poem casts an interesting light on The importance of Aphra Behn to aspirant woman writers.
A Young Lady of Quality (fl. 1689)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

The author of this long and ambitious poem on The death of Aphra Behn, which simultaneously claims that The throne of The Tenth Muse is empty, and makes a tacit bid to occupy it, is most probably a youthful Delarivier Manley: since The poem so unmistakably breaThes an ambition to occupy a place in The public world of literature, it is probable that its writer is someone who subsequently became more visible. Mrs Manley, daughter of Sir Roger Manley of Denbighshire, could very properly describe herself as a ‘young lady of quality’, and might already have been looking for a literary career (see biographical entry on Delarivier Manley).
Bathsheba bowers (1672?-1718)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Bathsheba Bowers was born in Charlestown, Massachussets, to English Quakers, Benanuel Bowers and Elizabeth Dunster, niece of Henry Dunster, The first president of Harvard.
Elizabeth Rowe (née Singer) (1674-1737)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Elizabeth Rowe was The eldest daughter of a dissenting Protestant preacher, who became a clothier, and moved from her birthplace, Ilchester in Somerset, to Frome, her home for most of her life.
Anonymous (‘A Lady of Honour’) (Fl-1699)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

The Scotswoman who wrote The Golden Island was seeking to raise support for a Scottish settlement in Panama (The ‘Darien Scheme’). This was Scotland’s principal attempt to jump on The bandwagon of colonialism, following The model provided by The English East India Company, and was one of The last gestures towards an economically independent Scotland before The Union with England of 1707.
Anne MerryweaTher (d. after 1702)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

This poem is preserved togeTher with a letter from Lord Rochester—neiTher The notorious John Wilmot, Lord Rochester, nor his son Charles, who died in 1682, but The first Lord Rochester of The second creation, Lawrence Hyde, son of The Earl of Clarendon, who took The title after Charles Wilmot’s death had brought it to extinction (Queen Anne, whose mercy is being sought, was Therefore his niece: her moTher was Clarendon’s daughter Anne Hyde), and a covering note to an unnamed Maid of Honour, as follows: Madame, this enclosed is a humble petition to her Majesty which I desire may be presented through your Ladyships hands, & I will not trouble you with more words, than that I shall be glad to owe your obligation to your favour, & to be ever sensibly concerned to show it on all The occasions of gratitude and service a man of honour & truth can pay you.
Claire Clairmont and the Shelleys 1798-1879
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

Claire Clairmont, the stepsister of Mary Shelley, has usually been presented as a minor, though damaging figure in the great dramas of Shelley and Byron. This first continuous account of her long and adventurous life describes her upbringing in Godwin's progressive household, her close but ambiguous relationship with Percy and Mary Shelley, and her role as the mother of Allegra, her illegitimate daughter by Byron, who died in childhood. It continues with the struggle to maintain herself independently after Shelley's death, refusing offers of marriage and working as governess among a variegated series of families in Florence, Vienna, Petersburg, Moscow, Paris, and London. Drawing on her vivid letters and journals, the authors portray a woman of talent and resilience making her way in nineteenth-century Europe. They show her sharp judgement, her powers of observation, her flair for languages, and the lovely singing voice which drew poems from Shelley and Byron. Robert Gittings and Jo Manton bring into focus a lesser-known life of much drama and pathos, at the same time enhancing our knowledge of the main characters of the Romantic movement, and their world.
Deaths by Land and Sea ( 1822)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

Byron’s movements, always important to Claire, were now entirely ruled by his liaison with Teresa Guiccioli. Her separation from her elderly husband was by Pope Pius VII so long as she lived with her father. As Byron wrote to his half-sister on 5 October 182 r, when the father was exiled from Ravenna on suspicion of anti government plots, they had to go to Pisa,’& there I go to join them’. He set out on this expedition with large wagons full of personal possessions, including his menagerie.
Democratizing Sir Thomas Browne
Authors: Havenstein Daniela
Published: October 2023

Criticism on Sir Thomas Browne is at present in a state of limbo. Little or no attention is paid to his once famous style, while his political attitudes have increasingly jarred with current trends in literary criticism. Democratizing Sir Thomas Browne offers a reconsideration both of Religio Medici's style and of its early reception history, especially as witnessed by a group of late-seventeenth and early eighteenth-century texts that can loosely be described as 'imitations'. The first part of the book focuses on this hitherto neglected aspect of the reception of Religio Medici, establishing and then analysing examples of imitation, plagiarism, and animadversion, with particular reference to three books which are outstanding in this respect: Sir George Mackenzie's Religio Stoici(1663), John Dunton and Benjamin Bridgwater's Religio Bibliopolae (1691), and Richard Burridge's Religio Libertini (1712). The many and complex responses to Browne's Religio Medici bear witness to the book's centrality in the period: examination of these responses permits a more differentiated assessment of the work itself, and a deeper understanding of seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century mentalities. The second part of the book attempts to create a new context for the study of seventeenth-century prose by re-examining Morris W. Croll's analysis of Browne's idiom in Religio Medici employing quantitative techniques, the use of which is itself subjected to analysis. Particular attention is paid to word-classes, word-patterns, and lexis. The results of this quantitative investigation are then used as the parameters for comparing the work's three major 'imitations'. To embed this study into a broader seventeenth-century framework, a group of control writers is also examined: John Donne, Jeremy Taylor, and Richard Baker. Freeing Browne from the corset of previous stylistic criticism, will, it is hoped, pave the way for a reconsideration of his style and that of seventeenth-century prose more generally.
Religio Writing in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Havenstein Daniela
Published: October 2023

The frequency of editions and reprints of Religio Medici between 1642 and 1685 leaves no doubt as to its popularity in the seventeenth century. Romantic claims that Browne was ‘not concerned with the hopes and fears, the loves and hates and follies of the man of his day’ stand in sharp contrast to the historical evidence. ‘Greater familiarity with the literature of the seventeenth century’, Keynes emphasizes, ‘has led to the detection of many more interesting references to Browne’ (171). It has also sharpened our awareness of the centrality of his thought in his time.
Religio Medici and the Restoration Virtuoso
Authors: Havenstein Daniela
Published: October 2023

Uncritical historiography has tarnished the reputation of both Browne and Mackenzie. Conolly Norman takes exception to the erection of Browne’s statue on Hay Hill in Norwich because of his role in the witch trial of Rose Cullender and Amy Drury at Bury St Edmunds (1664). Agnes Taylor Innes documents the portrayal of Mackenzie as the persecutor of Scotland’s ‘defenceless saints’, the Covenanters.
Anatomizing Croll and Religio Medici
Authors: Havenstein Daniela
Published: October 2023

We are now uniquely equipped for the task of scrutinizing Croll’s theories. Quantitative techniques, if employed carefully, open avenues to examine most of his generalizations, as these are based on central, quanitifiable features of prose style-conjunctions. Having transferred the text of Browne’s Religio Medici, that of the three main imitators, and 4,000-word text samples from a control group of contemporary authors (Donne’s Essays in Divinity and his Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, Baker’s Meditations and Disquistions on the Lords Prayer, and Taylor’s A Discourse of the Liberty of Prophesying) onto disk, I have been able to make use of electronic text-analysis tools. I
The Lancastrian Affinity and Local Society: Norfolk and the North Midlands
Authors: Walker Simon
Published: October 2023

Norfolk provides a strong contrast to Lancashire in geographical, tenurial, and economic terms, and the position of the Lancastrian affinity in the county is predictably very different. Unlike Lancashire, Norfolk was a prosperous and comparatively open society, remaining one of the richest counties in England throughout the later middle ages. A fragmented manorial structure and a long tradition of freehold tenure gave the East Anglian peasantry an exceptional independence whilst, at a higher tenurial level, many magnates held land in the county but none held enough to establish an unquestioned landed pre-eminence.2 In consequence, the comparative freedom of the peasantry was matched by the independence of the gentry, who had the choice of many lords to serve and the wealth to maintain their independence if they wished. In 1366 the sheriff of Norfolk returned the names of 32 gentlemen in the county with an annual income over.
The First World War
Authors: Offer Avner
Published: October 2023

This is a completely new interpretation of the First World War. Dr Offer weaves together the economic and social history of the English-speaking world, the Pacific Basin, and Germany, with the development of food production and consumption. He argues that the roots of Germany ‘s defeat went back to the late-Victorian decline of British agriculture and the development of Canada, Australia, and the United States as agrarian exporters, while the agrarian interests of America and Australia were crucial in shaping the peace. The book examines the relation between economic and military power, and legal and moral questions of selecting civilians as a strategic target.
Hanging People
Authors: Gatrell V A C
Published: October 2023

The Ways In Which People Were Killed On Public Scaf folds have always been shrouded in euphemism. Home secretaries would keep an emotional distance from their own orders as they pen cilled on the appeal dossiers of those they left to die a phrase sanitized by repetition: ‘The law to take its course.’ Newspapers likewise would tersely report that felons were ‘launched into eternity’. It was as if when justice was done, thought and feeling had to be muffled. We are still ret icent on the subject. Now that sexual taboos have fallen, what was and is entailed in death by execution may be one of the last agreed obsceni ties. Anxiety and distaste accompany a journey into a subject like this. Writing a book about it feels dangerous and contaminating.
Death And The Scaffold Crowd
Authors: Gatrell V A C
Published: October 2023

Wassemblies, elections, and the occasional heady excitement of riot, Hanoverian Londoners were used to crowds of themselves. Their rowdy gatherings have always interested historians. One kind of metro politan gathering has been all but excluded from historical study, how ever. It is the biggest, most frequent, and most sensational of them all-assembling eight times a year to watch others hang. Until the very end of public execution this insubordinate scaffold crowd touched the deepest anxieties of the polite classes; it takes us to the heart of popular mentalities as well.
The English Gentleman in Trade
Authors: Grassby Richard
Published: October 2023

In a pre-industrial economy dominated by small family firms, economic growth could not have occurred without the skill, persistence, and initiative of individual businessmen like Sir Dudley North. North was not only a celebrated merchant and economist, but an important and controversial servant of Charles II and James II. Richard Grassby exploits the extraordinary wealth of documentation available to establish how North made a fortune in the Levant commodity trade and through usury. He explores his character, beliefs, and intentions, and the diverse technical and personal reasons for his success. As the younger son of a peer, his domestic life and his relationships with his family and the world of business demonstrate both the mobility of English society and the close integration of town and country. His works, which are here published in full for the first time, reveal the breadth of his intellectual interests. Although a man of exceptional personality, North confronted the same obstacles and opportunities as other merchants of his day, and this study of his life offers us unique and valuable insights into the seventeenth-century business world.
Introduction
Authors: Vale Malcolm
Published: October 2023

This book departs from conventional approaches to its subject-matter on at least two counts: first, it includes, rather than isolates, England; secondly, it attempts to treat both the material and non-material aspects of later medieval princely courts within the framework of a single study. It has been a common practice of historians to treat the unambiguously concrete and tangible aspects of the subject quite separately from the manifestations of court culture which they perceive in the visual, plastic and applied arts, and in music and literature. The court at this time was intimately and inextricably enmeshed with the ruler’s household, but studies of the household, its structure, organization, and personnel, tend—necessarily—to confine themselves to matter rather than mind. My aim has been to adopt a much broader definition of culture, which takes into account the material infrastructures upon which the arts rested and which, in part, could determine their nature and function. The memorable definition of culture formulated in 1871 by the anthropologist E. B.
The Individual and the Medieval State
Authors: Coleman Janet
Published: October 2023

The medieval individual emerges in a variety of guises when one examines the wide range of texts produced during the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. He is sometimes treated as a political subject when viewed from above by governing bureaucracies and institutions. He is sometimes discussed in terms of his capacities prior to, as well as subsequent to, civic recognition and definition. He is sometimes defined in terms of his allegiances and obligations and is situated in a changing society in terms of his functional contribution to the whole. He is sometimes spoken of as a bearer of rights, some of which are considered inalienable and which he may claim either universally or in a discrete territory. But in all cases he is defined by an intellectual and social matrix that is not ours.
The Secular State of the Reformation Period and the Beginnings of the Debate on Religious Toleration
Authors: Guggisberg Hans R
Published: October 2023

If anything characterizes the modem state, it is its hatred and concern which emerge as soon as it has to tolerate a religion which is tied to other countries and to a general whole that the state in question does not dominate. Until the eighteenth century the state nevertheless pretended to adhere at least to that religion whose church it had integrated into its administrative system. Since then, however, the situation has changed ... The enormous power of the state over the church suddenly became obvious in the sixteenth century. Nobody was able to set limits to it ... Protestantism came into existence on the state-church principle, and when the state becomes indifferent, it [that is, Protestantism] is in a precarious position.’ This statement is to be found in Jacob Burckhardt’s lectures on the history of early modem Europe which he gave at the University of Basle several times after 1859. I have not prefaced my chapter with his words out of local pride or because I felt the need to provide a historiographical ‘identification tag’ for my own remarks.
Rulers and Subjects: The Absolutist Making of the Individual
Authors: Weber Wolfgang
Published: October 2023

The importance of Absolutism for individualization has, until now, rarely been the direct subject of historical, political, or literary research. When related problems have been addressed, the effort has usually lacked clear analytical conceptions and has analysed only one of the two dimensions that constitute the total process of individualization. Nevertheless, a view is shared, at least implicitly, by a majority of scholars: Absolutism is regarded as ‘the most anti individualistic principle of all’, because it sought to make individuals into inter¬ changeable role-players and because its norm for political and social organization was authoritarian holism. Accordingly, to the Enlightenment and the triumph of capitalism goes the credit for founding modem individualistic society; so-called enlightened absolutism may have contributed, at most, only slightly to this process.
Inheritance: Customs And Laws
Authors: Sawyer Birgit
Published: October 2023

A widely held interpretation of early Scandinavian society has been that it was based on clans (Sw. iitter), in the sense of descent groups that were responsible for many of the functions that were later taken over by kings and the Church. Belief in their existence largely depends on interpreting the medieval laws as reflecting such a clan society in the last stages of dissolution, and some provisions of these laws have been taken to be relics of a time when the clan was supposed to have owned land collectively. For such a society to function each clan would have to be a well-defined, distinct group, which in turn requires that descent was traced from fathers only—or from mothers only. It has been supposed that Scan-dinavian clans were patrilineal and that upon marriage a woman left her own clan to join that of her husband. As a consequence, women are supposed to have had no right to inherit land; otherwise clans could not have had permanent rights over their own land.
The Conceptual Prologue
Authors: Finer S E
Published: October 2023

The intention of this work is to provide a history of successive forms of government throughout the world &om the earliest times to the present day. Not every form will be described. This would be quite unnecessary.
The Formation of the Chinese State
Authors: Finer S E
Published: October 2023

11 this while, since and before the second millennium, 3,500 miles, eastward of the furthest confines of Iran, in the basin of the Yellow River, a wholly self-sufficient civilization and polity had been evolving in total independence of the Mediterranean world.1 China was a comparative late-comer to organized political life: the Shang dynasty (and they them selves are as shadowy as their empire was primitive) began their career when the political systems of Sumeria and Egypt were already some 1,500 years old. But this was only the precursor of a polity that was to march ahead of all others in the world in terms of its art and crafts, its grandeur, wealth, extent, and populousness, and its duration and self-sufficient completeness until the era of the French Revolution.
Introduction
Authors: Aylmer G E
Published: October 2023

Historians Should Start by telling their readers what they are trying to do, and why this might be of interest to anyone besides themselves. This book is primarily a study of the men (and the very few women) who staffed the central government and the royal court from the restoration of the monarchy at the end of May 1660 to the death of King Charles II at the beginning of February 1685. But before attempting to present any kind of group portrait of Charles’s servants, they must be set in their proper historical context. For this purpose we shall look first at the institutions of government, together with its methods and procedures, next at the terms and conditions of service in it; then at its members both collectively and as individuals. Finally we shall consider the policies, tasks, successes and failures of the regime, relating this to the process of state formation, and the impact of state on society. As in my earlier studies of Charles l’s servants (1625-42) and those of the English Republic (1649-60),1 this book therefore has two main aims: to provide a fuller understanding of English history over a limited span of time, namely during the reign of Charles II, and to relate this to longer-run continuities and changes in the English state.
European Imperialism and the Nile
Authors: Collins Robert O
Published: October 2023

Until the third quarter of the nineteenth century the importance of the Nile had been confined to continental Africa, and specifically to the people living by its banks, particularly the Sudanese of Nubia and the Egyptians inhabiting the barren deserts of its northern reaches. To be sure, men had pondered over the sources of the life-giving Nile waters, but these speculations were those of geographers, poets, and kings, whose curiosity may be the foundation of civilization but was the ethereal fascination with the unknown, devoid of the reality of daily life and death by the Nile. Within twenty years, between 1862 and 1876, three events expanded the crucial significance of the Nile valley beyond its banks in north-east Africa to the world-the discovery of the Nile source flowing from Lake Victoria in 1862, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, and the financial collapse of Egypt in1876.