bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continental mapping of forest ecosystem functions reveals a high but unrealised potential for forest multifunctionality
Authors: van der Plas Fons , Ratcliffe Sophia , Ruiz‐Benito Paloma , Scherer‐Lorenzen Michael , Verheyen Kris , Wirth Christian , Zavala Miguel A. , Ampoorter Evy , Baeten Lander , Barbaro Luc , Bastias Cristina C. , Bauhus Jürgen , Benavides Raquel , Benneter Adam , Bonal Damien , Bouriaud Olivier , Bruelheide Helge , Bussotti Filippo , Carnol Monique , Castagneyrol Bastien , Charbonnier Yohan , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Dahlgren Jonas , Checko Ewa , Coppi Andrea , Dawud Seid Muhie , Deconchat Marc , De Smedt Pallieter , De Wandeler Hans , Domisch Timo , Finér Leena , Fotelli Mariangela , Gessler Arthur , Granier André , Grossiord Charlotte , Guyot Virginie , Haase Josephine , Hättenschwiler Stephan , Jactel Hervé , Jaroszewicz Bogdan , Joly François‐Xavier , Jucker Tommaso , Kambach Stephan , Kaendler Gerald , Kattge Jens , Koricheva Julia , Kunstler Georges , Lehtonen Aleksi , Liebergesell Mario , Manning Peter , Milligan Harriet , Müller Sandra , Muys Bart , Nguyen Diem , Nock Charles , Ohse Bettina , Paquette Alain , Peñuelas Josep , Pollastrini Martina , Radoglou Kalliopi , Raulund‐Rasmussen Karsten , Roger Fabian , Seidl Rupert , Selvi Federico , Stenlid Jan , Valladares Fernando , van Keer Johan , Vesterdal Lars , Fischer Markus , Gamfeldt Lars , Allan Eric
Published: November 2017

Humans require multiple services from ecosystems, but it is largely unknown whether trade‐offs between ecosystem functions prevent the realisation of high ecosystem multifunctionality across spatial scales. Here, we combined a comprehensive dataset (28 ecosystem functions measured on 209 forest plots) with a forest inventory dataset (105,316 plots) to extrapolate and map relationships between various ecosystem multifunctionality measures across Europe. These multifunctionality measures reflected different management objectives, related to timber production, climate regulation and biodiversity conservation/recreation. We found that trade‐offs among them were rare across Europe, at both local and continental scales. This suggests a high potential for ‘win‐win’ forest management strategies, where overall multifunctionality is maximised. However, across sites, multifunctionality was on average 45.8‐49.8% below maximum levels and not necessarily highest in protected areas. Therefore, using one of the most comprehensive assessments so far, our study suggests a high but largely unrealised potential for management to promote multifunctional forests.
Predicting frequent emergency department use among children with epilepsy: A retrospective cohort study using electronic health data from 2 centers
Authors: Grinspan Zachary M. , Patel Anup D. , Hafeez Baria , Abramson Erika L. , Kern Lisa M.
Published: November 2017

Objective

Among children with epilepsy, to develop and evaluate a model to predict emergency department (ED) use, an indicator of poor disease control and/or poor access to care.

Methods

We used electronic health record data from 2013 to predict ED use in 2014 at 2 centers, benchmarking predictive performance against machine learning algorithms. We evaluated algorithms by calculating the expected yearly ED visits among the 5% highest risk individuals. We estimated the breakeven cost per patient per year for an intervention that reduced ED visits by 10%. We estimated uncertainty via cross‐validation and bootstrapping.

Results

Bivariate analyses showed multiple potential predictors of ED use (demographics, social determinants of health, comorbidities, insurance, disease severity, and prior health care utilization). A 3‐variable model (prior ED use, insurance, number of antiepileptic drugs [AEDs]) performed as well as the best machine learning algorithm at one center (N = 2730; ED visits among top 5% highest risk, 3‐variable model, mean = 2.9, interquartile range [IQR] = 2.7‐3.1 vs Random Forest, mean = 2.9, IQR = 2.7‐3.1), and superior at the second (N = 784; mean = 2.5, IQR = 2.2‐2.9 vs mean = 1.9, IQR = 1.6‐2.5). The per‐patient‐per‐year breakeven point using this model to identify high‐risk individuals was $958 (95% confidence interval [CI] = $568‐$1390) at one center and $1086 (95% CI = $886‐$1320) at the second.

Significance

Prior ED use, insurance status, and number of AEDs, taken together, predict future ED use for children with epilepsy. Our estimates suggest a program targeting high‐risk children with epilepsy that reduced ED visits by 10% could spend approximately $1000 per patient per year and break even. Further work is indicated to develop and evaluate such programs.
Monetary policy uncertainty, positions of traders and changes in commodity futures prices
Authors: Gospodinov Nikolay , Jamali Ibrahim
Published: November 2017

This paper examines the sensitivity of commodity price changes to monetary policy uncertainty. We find evidence that the response of commodity price changes hinges on the sign of the monetary policy shock, the level of monetary policy uncertainty as well as a recession dummy. Uncertainty associated with negative monetary policy shocks leads to a decrease in commodity prices and excess speculative activity. The results from estimating an asset pricing model suggest that monetary policy uncertainty appears not to be a priced risk factor in the cross‐section of commodity price changes.
The payback of mutual fund selectivity in European markets
Authors: Dong Feng , Doukas John A.
Published: November 2017

Is European fund management selectivity skill (1 − R2) profitable (alpha)? To examine this question, we use a sample of 2,947 actively managed domestic equity mutual funds from 11 European countries. We find that high fund selectivity generates significant investor gains. The results are robust to investor sentiment and stock‐market dispersion conditions. Moreover, we investigate the moderating effect of country characteristics on the profitability of fund selectivity and find that managers' selectivity ability is more valuable in countries with high economic development, strong legal system, small but highly liquid equity markets, and young mutual fund industries.
Self‐perceived Coparenting of Nonresident Fathers: Scale Development and Validation
Authors: Dyer W. Justin , Fagan Jay , Kaufman Rebecca , Pearson Jessica , Cabrera Natasha
Published: November 2017

This study reports on the development and validation of the Fatherhood Research and Practice Network coparenting perceptions scale for nonresident fathers. Although other measures of coparenting have been developed, this is the first measure developed specifically for low‐income, nonresident fathers. Focus groups were conducted to determine various aspects of coparenting. Based on this, a scale was created and administered to 542 nonresident fathers. Participants also responded to items used to examine convergent and predictive validity (i.e., parental responsibility, contact with the mother, father self‐efficacy and satisfaction, child behavior problems, and contact and engagement with the child). Factor analyses and reliability tests revealed three distinct and reliable perceived coparenting factors: undermining, alliance, and gatekeeping. Validity tests suggest substantial overlap between the undermining and alliance factors, though undermining was uniquely related to child behavior problems. The alliance and gatekeeping factors showed strong convergent validity and evidence for predictive validity. Taken together, results suggest this relatively short measure (11 items) taps into three coparenting dimensions significantly predictive of aspects of individual and family life.
Engineering improved variants of the antifungal peptide histatin 5 with reduced susceptibility to Candida albicans secreted aspartic proteases and enhanced antimicrobial potency
Authors: Ikonomova Svetlana P. , Moghaddam‐Taaheri Parisa , Jabra‐Rizk Mary Ann , Wang Yan , Karlsson Amy J.
Published: November 2017

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and a commensal organism that commonly colonizes mucosal surfaces, including those inside the human mouth. To help control C. albicans, human saliva contains the antifungal peptide histatin 5 (Hst‐5), which has strong antifungal activity against C. albicans. However, the pathogen produces secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) that cleave Hst‐5 at lysine residues and eliminate its antifungal properties. We designed variants of Hst‐5 with its lysine residues substituted with arginine or leucine to evaluate the effect on proteolysis by Saps. We found site‐, residue‐, and Sap‐dependent effects from single amino acid substitutions. The K17R and K17L modifications led to dramatic results, with over 77% and 100% intact peptide remaining after incubation with Sap9 and Sap2, respectively, compared to 47% and 61% of Hst‐5. This decrease in proteolysis was accompanied by a reduction in cleavage on the C‐terminal side of K17, suggesting the Saps prefer lysine at K17 for cleavage. Incubation with C. albicans cells and culture supernatant corroborated the results with purified Saps and highlighted their biological relevance. The modifications to Hst‐5 do not diminish the antifungal activity of Hst‐5, and, in fact, the K17R, K17L, and K11R peptides retained significantly more antifungal activity after treatment with Saps than Hst‐5. Our results indicate that single amino acid modifications drastically impact both proteolysis at the modification sites and the overall level of proteolysis of the peptide, demonstrating the potential of designing peptides for resistance to proteolysis as a means for improving therapeutic efficacy.
Biogeography at the limits of life: Do extremophilic microbial communities show biogeographical regionalization?
Authors: Clark Dave R. , Mathieu Mégane , Mourot Léonie , Dufossé Laurent , Underwood Graham J. C. , Dumbrell Alex J. , McGenity Terry J.
Published: November 2017

Aim

Biogeographical regions are the fundamental geographical units for grouping Earth's biodiversity. Biogeographical regionalization has been demonstrated for many higher taxa, such as terrestrial plants and vertebrates, but not in microbial communities. Therefore, we sought to test empirically whether microbial communities, or taxa, show patterns consistent with biogeographical regionalization.

Location

Within halite (NaCl) crystals from coastal solar salterns of western Europe, the Mediterranean and east Africa.

Time period

Modern (2006–2013).

Major taxa studied

Archaea.

Methods

Using high‐throughput Illumina amplicon sequencing, we generated the most high‐resolution characterization of halite‐associated archaeal communities to date, using samples from 17 locations. We grouped communities into biogeographical clusters based on community turnover to test whether these communities show biogeographical regionalization. To examine whether individual taxa, rather than communities, show biogeographical patterns, we also tested whether the relative abundance of individual genera may be indicative of a community's biogeographical origins using machine learning methods, specifically random forest classification.

Results

We found that the rate of community turnover was greatest over subregional spatial scales (< 500 km), whereas at regional spatial scales the turnover was independent of geographical distance. Biogeographical clusters of communities were either not statistically robust or lacked spatial coherence, inconsistent with biogeographical regionalization. However, we identified several archaeal genera that were good indicators of biogeographical origin, providing classification error rates of < 10%.

Main conclusions

Overall, our results provide little support for the concept of biogeographical regions in these extremophilic microbial communities, despite the fact that some taxa do show biogeographical patterns. We suggest that variable dispersal ability among the halite‐associated Archaea may disrupt biogeographical patterns at the community level, preventing the formation of biogeographical regions. This means that the processes that lead to the formation of biogeographical regions operate differentially on individual microbial taxa rather than on entire communities.
The latitudinal diversity gradient in New World swallowtail butterflies is caused by contrasting patterns of out‐of‐ and into‐the‐tropics dispersal
Authors: Owens Hannah L. , Lewis Delano S. , Dupuis Julian R. , Clamens Anne‐Laure , Sperling Felix A. H. , Kawahara Akito Y. , Guralnick Robert P. , Condamine Fabien L.
Published: November 2017

Aim

The aim was to determine processes driving the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) in New World swallowtail butterfly diversity. We tested three mechanisms commonly invoked to explain the LDG: ecological opportunity, evolutionary rates and biogeographical history.

Location

New World and Eurasia.

Time period

Oligocene–Present.

Major taxa studied

New World swallowtail butterfly clade (Papilio: Agehana, Alexanoria, Chilasa, Heraclides and Pterourus).

Methods

We integrated data from the most complete current phylogeny of this clade with geographical distributions of each species inferred from ecological niche models (ENMs). We tested for correlation between breadth of available abiotic ecological niche space, latitude and differential rates of diversification between tropical and non‐tropical lineages. The clade's history of climatic and geographical occupancy was also reconstructed using both continuous ancestral character reconstructions and biogeographical history inferred under a dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis model. We considered both latitudinal and climatic definitions of tropicality in our reconstructions.

Results

There was no strong support for ecological opportunity or macroevolutionary processes as latitudinal diversity gradient drivers. Instead, we recovered discordant patterns in phylogenetic reconstructions of latitudinal geographical range and suitable abiotic climate conditions. Heraclides are likely to have originated and diversified in climatically and latitudinally tropical environments before some lineages dispersed to temperate habitats. The Alexanoria + Chilasa + Pterourus clade is likely to have originated in climatically and latitudinally temperate habitat before dispersing and diversifying; some lineages are likely to have dispersed into the latitudinal tropics via highland temperate‐analogue environments.

Main conclusions

The LDG in New World swallowtails results from complex interactions between ecological niche evolution and biogeographical history; both out‐of‐the‐tropics and into‐the‐tropics processes have contributed to the LDG. Our results present an example where temperate zones appear to be a source, instead of a sink, for biodiversity. Our results emphasize the need to consider biogeographical history not only from the perspective of shifts in geographical space, but also in terms of constraints enforced by ecological niche conservatism.
Both rare and common species support ecosystem services in scavenger communities
Authors: Mateo‐Tomás Patricia , Olea Pedro P. , Moleón Marcos , Selva Nuria , Sánchez‐Zapata José A.
Published: November 2017

Aim

Recent works on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships highlight abundance fluctuations of common species as more important for delivering ecosystem services than changes in species richness and composition in real‐world ecosystems. However, evidence on BEF relationships in natural ecosystems is still limited, especially for large vertebrates. Here, we aimed to disentangle the relative roles of species richness, composition and abundance of vertebrate scavenger communities in the ecological process of carcass elimination, a pivotal ecosystem service, in natural ecosystems. We evaluated the variability in the scavenging function across ecosystems, and examined the factors explaining it.

Location

Nine natural ecosystems, seven in Europe and two in Africa.

Major taxa studied

Vertebrates.

Time period

2006–2013.

Methods

We obtained BEF relationships from vertebrate scavengers consuming ungulate carcasses monitored through motion‐triggered remote cameras. We used the Price equation to tease out the relative roles of species richness, composition and abundance in the scavenging efficiency of vertebrates.

Results

We recorded 46 vertebrate scavenging species, 30 in Spain and 16 in South Africa. Two main patterns drove BEF relationships. Species richness and composition drove carcass consumption in ecosystems where functionally dominant scavengers were rare, whilst context dependent effects (including species abundance) did so where functionally dominant species were common. Contrastingly to previous studies, abundance fluctuations in vertebrate scavengers were not exclusively related to common species but to the specialization of obligate scavengers (i.e., Gyps vultures) to rapidly gather at carcasses and to the top‐down control exerted by large predators.

Main conclusions

Rare and threatened species such as vultures and top predators become functionally key species in scavenging processes, highlighting that the delivery of ecosystem services still stands as a general argument for biodiversity conservation in vertebrate communities. Human persecution of vultures and top predators worldwide is expected to alter ecosystem functioning and services such as nutrient recycling or disease control.
Assessing social values for California's efforts to reduce the overuse of unnecessary medical care
Authors: Perez Susan L. , Backman Desiree , Ginsburg Marge
Published: November 2017

Background

A partnership of large health‐care purchasers created a workgroup to reduce the overuse of harmful and wasteful medical care in California.

Objective

Employ a civic engagement process to identify the social values important to the public in considering different strategies to reduce overuse.

Intervention

Use of deliberation techniques for 3 case examples that explore possible strategies: physician oversight, physician compensation, increased patient cost‐sharing or taking no definitive action.

Results

Five themes were identified, including strong support for physicians’ leadership role to reduce overuse; nuanced enthusiasm for increasing patient cost‐sharing to discourage excessive demand; and marked disapproval of physician compensation as a motivator.

Conclusion

Most but not all of the perspectives voiced by participants are congruent with efforts to reduce overuse that is being initiated or discussed at the state, provider and health plan level. As health‐care policymakers and leaders consider more targeted approaches to reducing overuse, these findings will inform decision‐making.
Professional competencies and work‐related support in relation to periodontal therapy and work satisfaction: A questionnaire study among Swedish Dental Hygienists
Authors: Liss A , Alian AY , Wennström JL , Abrahamsson KH
Published: November 2017

Objectives

To analyse dental hygienists’ (DHs) views on professional competencies and behavioural interventions in the treatment of periodontitis patients, perceived work‐related support and work satisfaction.

Methods

A Web‐based questionnaire was distributed to all DHs employed at the public dental service in the county of Västra Götaland, Sweden. 302 (83%) responded to the questionnaire; 291 of these DHs stated that they on regular basis treated periodontitis patients and thus constituted the sample for analyses. Based on initial correlation and bivariate analyses of the questionnaire data, multiple logistic regression models were formulated to estimate perceived competencies to treat patients with periodontitis and work satisfaction.

Results

The multiple analyses revealed that DHs who worked with specific methods for behavioural intervention, like motivational interviewing, were more likely to rate themselves as “definitely possessing the competencies required to treat patients with periodontitis” (OR 4.0). Likewise, this group of DHs did not consider it more difficult to charge their patients the financial costs for such a behavioural intervention than for scaling therapy (OR 3.1). The perception that one's professional competencies were utilized well in daily practice was associated with high work satisfaction (OR 4.1). More years in the profession (OR 1.03) and a good support by colleagues (OR 1.9) had also a positive impact on work satisfaction.

Conclusions

Dental hygienists’ considered that competencies in the treatment of periodontitis patients were related to the practice of behavioural interventions as part of therapy. A stimulating and supportive work environment, with opportunities for professional development, is important for work satisfaction.
Mean platelet diameter measurements to classify inherited thrombocytopenias
Authors: Fixter K. , Rabbolini D. J. , Valecha B. , Morel‐Kopp M.‐C. , Gabrielli S. , Chen Q. , Stevenson W. S. , Ward C. M.
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Mean platelet volume (MPV) assists the differential diagnosis of inherited thrombocytopenia (IT) but lacks standardisation and varies between automated analysers. Classification of IT based on mean platelet diameter (MPD) has been proposed by an international collaborative study but has not been validated.

Methods

To assess the applicability of MPD to classify forms of IT, digital images of blood films from patients with established genetic causes for IT were generated, and the MPD measured (ZEISS Axio‐scanner and Image J software) by a blinded reviewer. Comparison was made to the proposed classification system.

Results

Mean platelet volume was measured in thrombocytopenia with different genetic aetiologies, bilallelic BSS (bBSS) (n = 1), monoallelic BSS (mBSS) (n = 2), MYH9‐related disorders (MYH9‐RD) (n = 11), GFI1B‐related thrombocytopenia (RT) (n = 15), FLI1‐RT (n = 2), TUBB1‐RT (n = 3), ITGA2B/ITGB3‐RT (n = 1), RUNX1‐RT (n = 2) and controls (n = 54). bBSS and 82% of MYH9‐RD samples had MPD >4 μm which correlated with “IT with giant platelets.” Only 55% of samples expected in the “large platelet group” had MPD meeting the classification cut‐off (MPD >3.2 μm). FLI1‐RT MPD were significantly larger than expected whilst ITGA2B/ITGB3‐RT MPD were smaller than proposed. MPD in FPD/AML were “normal.”

Conclusion

Platelet MPD measurements are a useful guide to classify IT, but the time taken to record measurements may limit clinical applicability.
Face Preferences for Infant‐ and Adult‐Directed Speakers in Infants of Depressed and Nondepressed Mothers: Association with Infant Cognitive Development
Authors: Kaplan Peter S. , Asherin Ryan M. , Vogeli Jo M. , Fekri Shiva M. , Scheyer Kathryn E. , Everhart Kevin D.
Published: November 2017

Face preferences for speakers of infant‐directed and adult‐directed speech (IDS and ADS) were investigated in 4‐ to 13.5‐month‐old infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers. Following 1 min of exposure to an ID or AD speaker (order counterbalanced), infants had an immediate paired‐comparison test with a still, silent image of the familiarized versus a novel face. In the test phase, ID face preference ratios were significantly lower in infants of depressed than nondepressed mothers. Infants' ID face preference ratios, but not AD face preference ratios, correlated with their percentile scores on the cognitive (Cog) scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant & Toddler Development (3rd Edition; BSID‐III), assessed concurrently. Regression analyses revealed that infant ID face preferences significantly predicted infantCogpercentiles even after demographic risk factors and maternal depression had been controlled. Infants may use IDS to select social partners who are likely to support and facilitate cognitive development.
Risk factors for seasonal influenza virus detection in stools of patients consulting in general practice for acute respiratory infections in France, 2014‐2016
Authors: Minodier Laëtitia , Masse Shirley , Capai Lisandru , Blanchon Thierry , Ceccaldi Pierre‐Emmanuel , van der Werf Sylvie , Hanslik Thomas , Charrel Remi , Falchi Alessandra
Published: November 2017

Background

Previous studies reported detection of influenza RNA in stools of patients with seasonal influenza infection. While this detection may have a clinical significance, other factors may influence the stool positivity for influenza viruses.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate demographical, clinical, and microbiological factors which could favor the presence of influenza viral RNA in the stools of patients with laboratory‐confirmed influenza infection.

Methods

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) patients were enrolled by general practitioners (GP) during two winter seasons (2014‐2016). Nasopharyngeal swabs, stool specimens, and clinical data were collected. Samples were tested for 12 respiratory pathogen groups (nasopharyngeal and stool specimens) and for 12 enteric pathogens (stool specimens).

Results

Among the 331 patients with ARI enrolled by GP, 114 (34.4%) presented influenza infection. Influenza RNA was detected in stool samples of 21% (24/114) of the 114 stool specimens analyzed. Hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 7.8 (95% confidence interval (CI)) [1.7‐33.7], P = .02), age between 45 and 64 years (aOR = 4.8 [1.7‐14.5], P = .01), consumption of raw shellfish and/or mollusks (aOR = 16.7 [3.6‐90.9], P = .00), and use of antibiotics (aOR = 6.4 [2.1‐19.8], P = .006) or antiviral treatment (aOR = 7.4 [1.9‐29], P = .01) were significantly associated with an increased odds of the detection of influenza RNA in stools. Among the 24 stool samples subjected to viral isolation, no one showed virus growth.

Conclusions

These findings will be useful to studies investigating the dissemination route of influenza viruses to gastrointestinal tract.
Primary Thromboprophylaxis in Individuals without Cancer Admitted to a Geriatric Palliative Care Unit
Authors: Gurau Adam J. , Berall Anna , Karuza Jurgis , Perri Giulia‐Anna
Published: November 2017

Background/Objectives

The prevalence of individuals with advanced noncancer disease is increasing on palliative care units (PCUs), but there are no current guidelines to direct venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis decisions in these individuals. The aim of this study was to compare primary VTE prophylaxis in elderly adults with advanced noncancer diagnoses with that of those with advanced cancer on a dedicated geriatric PCU.

Design

Single‐center retrospective chart review.

Setting

Baycrest Health Sciences PCU, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Participants

All 317 individuals admitted to and discharged in 2015 were included in the initial analysis.

Results

Three hundred sixteen individuals were included in the final analysis, 56 (17.7%) of whom had a noncancer diagnosis. VTE prophylaxis was administered in 31.8% of participants with cancer and 26.8% of those without (P = .28). Two hundred eleven (66.6%) participants were admitted from the hospital, and 96 (30.3%) were admitted from home. Participants admitted from the hospital were more likely to receive VTE prophylaxis (39.8% vs 13.7%; P < .05). Mean admission PPS score was 31.4 for participants without cancer and 36.0 for those with cancer (P < .05). Length of stay was shorter for participants with a PPS score less than 30 (18.6 vs 33.6 days; P < .05). The rate of VTE prophylaxis in participants who were bedbound was similar to that in those who were ambulatory (29.8% vs 32.2%; P = .36).

Conclusion

VTE prophylaxis rates were similar in participants with and without cancer on a geriatric PCU. The rate was not significantly less for nonambulatory participants. Further research would help to better guide VTE prophylaxis decisions and minimize suffering at the end of life.
Food Insecurity, Financial Shocks, and Financial Coping Strategies among Households with Elementary School Children in Wisconsin
Authors: Bartfeld Judith , Collins J. Michael
Published: November 2017

This article examines the associations among food insecurity, financial shocks, and financial coping strategies among elementary school students' households in Wisconsin using a survey of parents. Volatility in income and expenses are predictive of households' ability to meet food needs, and parents who have experienced large or volatile expenses report more difficulty in shielding child(ren) from food hardships. Food insecurity is characterized by a continuum of financial adaptations—ranging from relying on savings, borrowing from family and friends, and increased work effort in conjunction with marginal food security, and progressing toward use of potentially inferior forms of credit such as payday and pawn loans at the more severe end of the food insecurity spectrum. In addition to income‐focused coping strategies, survey respondents report food‐specific coping strategies. Overall, the results suggest that food security and financial security interventions may work in concert and may benefit from greater coordination.
Collagen: A review on its sources and potential cosmetic applications
Authors: Avila Rodríguez María Isabela , Rodríguez Barroso Laura G , Sánchez Mirna Lorena
Published: November 2017

Collagen is a fibrillar protein that conforms the conjunctive and connective tissues in the human body, essentially skin, joints, and bones. This molecule is one of the most abundant in many of the living organisms due to its connective role in biological structures. Due to its abundance, strength and its directly proportional relation with skin aging, collagen has gained great interest in the cosmetic industry. It has been established that the collagen fibers are damaged with the pass of time, losing thickness and strength which has been strongly related with skin aging phenomena [Colágeno para todo. 60 y más. 2016. http://www.revista60ymas.es/InterPresent1/groups/revistas/documents/binario/ses330informe.pdf.]. As a solution, the cosmetic industry incorporated collagen as an ingredient of different treatments to enhance the user youth and well‐being, and some common presentations are creams, nutritional supplement for bone and cartilage regeneration, vascular and cardiac reconstruction, skin replacement, and augmentation of soft skin among others [J App Pharm Sci. 2015;5:123‐127]. Nowadays, the biomolecule can be obtained by extraction from natural sources such as plants and animals or by recombinant protein production systems including yeast, bacteria, mammalian cells, insects or plants, or artificial fibrils that mimic collagen characteristics like the artificial polymer commercially named as KOD. Because of its increased use, its market size is valued over USD 6.63 billion by 2025 [Collagen Market By Source (Bovine, Porcine, Poultry, Marine), Product (Gelatin, Hydrolyzed Collagen), Application (Food & Beverages, Healthcare, Cosmetics), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2014 – 2025. Grand View Research. http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/collagen-market. Published 2017.]. Nevertheless, there has been little effort on identifying which collagen types are the most suitable for cosmetic purposes, for which the present review will try to enlighten in a general scope this unattended matter.
Short‐term changes in chewing efficiency and subjective evaluation in normal dentate subjects after insertion of oral appliances with an occlusal flat table
Authors: Satokawa Y. , Minami I. , Wakabayashi N.
Published: November 2017

Oral appliances with an occlusal flat table are used as treatment dentures. However, the short‐term effect of insertion of such oral appliances on chewing has not been reported. This study aimed to determine whether experimental and continuous insertion of oral appliances with an occlusal flat table has an effect on chewing efficiency and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) in healthy participants. Ten participants each in the oral‐appliance and control (no oral‐appliance insertion) groups attended six data collection sessions for 5 consecutive days. Participants answered the OHIP questionnaire and underwent the chewing efficiency test. For each parameter, intergroup differences were investigated in terms of change from baseline to immediately after oral‐appliance insertion (0 hour; P < .05) and from 0 hour to 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after oral‐appliance insertion (P < .05). There were significant differences between groups in the degree of change in chewing efficiency and OHIP scores for functional limitation, physical pain, physical disability and handicap from baseline to 0 hour (all, P < .001); among these, only OHIP scores for functional limitation and physical pain demonstrated significant differences in degree of change between the two groups at 96 hours after appliance insertion (P = .477 and .275, respectively). Differences between the two groups in the degree of change in other parameters were not significant. Insertion of oral appliances caused a decrease in chewing efficiency and an increase in OHIP scores. Continuous insertion improved functional limitation and physical pain within 96 hours.
Clinical and Radiologic Outcomes of Submerged and Nonsubmerged Bone‐Level Implants with Internal Hexagonal Connections in Immediate Implantation: A 5‐Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Wu Shiyu , Wu Xiayi , Shrestha Rachana , Lin Jinying , Feng Zhicai , Liu Yudong , Shi Yunlin , Huang Baoxin , Li Zhipeng , Liu Quan , Zhang Xiaocong , Hu Mingxuan , Chen Zhuofan
Published: November 2017

Purpose: To evaluate the 5‐year clinical and radiologic outcome of immediate implantation using submerged and nonsubmerged techniques with bone‐level implants and internal hexagonal connections and the effects of potential influencing factors.

Materials and Methods: A total of 114 bone‐level implants (XiVE S plus) with internal hexagonal connections inserted into 72 patients were included. Patients were followed up for 5 years. A t‐test was used to statistically evaluate the marginal bone loss between the submerged and nonsubmerged groups. The cumulative survival rate (CSR) was calculated according to the life table method and illustrated with Kaplan‐Meier survival curves. Comparisons of the CSR between healing protocols, guided bone regeneration, implants with different sites, lengths, and diameters were performed using log‐rank tests.

Results: The 5‐year cumulative implant survival rates with submerged and nonsubmerged healing were 94% and 96%, respectively. No statistically significant differences in terms of marginal bone loss, healing protocol, application of guided bone regeneration, implant site, or length were observed.

Conclusions: High CSRs and good marginal bone levels were achieved 5 years after immediate implantation of bone‐level implants with internal hexagonal connections using both the submerged and nonsubmerged techniques. Factors such as implant length, site, and application of guided bone regeneration did not have an impact on the long‐term success of the implants.
In Vitro Assessment of Retention and Resistance Failure Loads of Teeth Restored with a Complete Coverage Restoration and Different Core Materials
Authors: Tsiagali Vasileia , Kirmanidou Yvoni , Pissiotis Argirios , Michalakis Konstantinos
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To investigate in vitro the retention and the resistance form, as well as the failure modes of maxillary premolars restored with cast metal crowns and different core materials.

Materials and Methods

Sixty human extracted maxillary premolars were selected according to their size and were embedded in PMMA resin blocks. After removing a part of their clinical crowns, the teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups of 20 teeth and were either left unrestored, or they were restored with amalgam or composite resin. All teeth were prepared for a cast metal complete coverage restoration. The restorations were cemented on the prepared teeth with a resin‐modified glass ionomer luting agent (GC Fuji Plus). All specimens were subjected to static loading at 1 mm/min by a universal testing machine, until failure. Half the specimens of each group were subjected to tensile loading along the long axis of the teeth. The other half were subjected to compressive loading at a 30° angle. Failure loads and failure modes for each tooth were recorded. The statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, one‐way ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD test.

Results

One‐way ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences among the 3 tested groups (p < 0.05) for both tests. The group of teeth with no core material presented the highest failure loads for both the tensile and the compressive loading tests, with mean loads of 381.02 Ν and 741.21 Ν, respectively. Mean tensile and compressive failure loads for the amalgam group were 277.34 Ν and 584.75 Ν, while the composite resin group presented the lowest tensile and compressive failure values, which were 250.77 Ν and 465.78 Ν, respectively. The compression loading test resulted in the same failure mode for all specimens, which included unfavorable fracture of the teeth in combination with detachment of the cast metal complete coverage restorations. The tensile loading test resulted in different failure modes between the groups that used a core material and the group with no core material.

Conclusions

Teeth that lost more than half of their coronal structure presented better retention and resistance form if no core material was used, provided that a minimum of 2‐mm axial wall height was present at the missing part. Teeth that have lost more than half of their coronal structure and were restored with amalgam core presented better retention and resistance form than those restored with composite resin. Catastrophic fractures, extending to the root, were associated with compression forces but not with tensile forces.
Marginal Fit Comparison of CAD/CAM Crowns Milled from Two Different Materials
Authors: Azarbal Atousa , Azarbal Mohsen , Engelmeier Robert L. , Kunkel Thomas C.
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the marginal fit of CAD/CAM copings milled from hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic) blocks and lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD) blocks, and to evaluate the effect of crystallization firing on the marginal fit of lithium disilicate copings.

Materials and Methods

A standardized metal die with a 1‐mm‐wide shoulder finish line was imaged using the CEREC AC Bluecam. The coping was designed using CEREC 3 software. The design was used to fabricate 15 lithium disilicate and 15 hybrid ceramic copings. Design and milling were accomplished by one operator. The copings were seated on the metal die using a pressure clamp with a uniform pressure of 5.5 lbs. A Macroview Microscope (14×) was used for direct viewing of the marginal gap. Four areas were imaged on each coping (buccal, distal, lingual, mesial). Image analysis software was used to measure the marginal gaps in μm at 15 randomly selected points on each of the four surfaces. A total of 60 measurements were made per specimen. For lithium disilicate copings the measurements for marginal gap were made before and after crystallization firing. Data were analyzed using paired t‐test and Kruskal‐Wallis test.

Results

The overall mean difference in marginal gap between the hybrid ceramic and crystallized lithium disilicate copings was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Greater mean marginal gaps were measured for crystallized lithium disilicate copings. The overall mean difference in marginal gap before and after firing (precrystallized and crystallized lithium disilicate copings) showed an average of 62 μm increase in marginal gap after firing. This difference was also significant (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

A significant difference exists in the marginal gap discrepancy when comparing hybrid ceramic and lithium disilicate CAD/CAM crowns. Also crystallization firing can result in a significant increase in the marginal gap of lithium disilicate CAD/CAM crowns.
Using Intraoral Scanning Technology for Three‐Dimensional Printing of Kennedy Class I Removable Partial Denture Metal Framework: A Clinical Report
Authors: Hu Feng , Pei Zhenhua , Wen Ying
Published: November 2017

Removable partial dentures (RPDs) are used to restore missing teeth and are traditionally fabricated using the lost‐wax casting technique. The casting process is arduous, time‐consuming, and requires a skilled technician. The development of intraoral scanning and 3D printing technology has made rapid prototyping of the RPD more achievable. This article reports a completed case of direct fabrication of a maxillary RPD metal framework (Kennedy Class I) using intraoral scanning and 3D printing techniques. Acceptable fit and satisfactory clinical outcome were demonstrated. Intraoral scanning and 3D printing for fabrication of the RPD metal framework is a useful alternative to conventional impression and casting techniques, especially for patients suffering from nasal obstruction or intolerance.
Who Performs Colonoscopy? Workforce Trends Over Space and Time
Authors: Eberth Jan M. , Josey Michele J. , Mobley Lee R. , Nicholas Davidson O. , Jeffe Donna B. , Odahowski Cassie , Probst Janice C. , Schootman Mario
Published: November 2017

Purpose

With the increased availability of colonoscopy to average risk persons due to insurance coverage benefit changes, we sought to identify changes in the colonoscopy workforce. We used outpatient discharge records from South Carolina between 2001 and 2010 to examine shifts over time and in urban versus rural areas in the types of medical providers who perform colonoscopy, and the practice settings in which they occur, and to explore variation in colonoscopy volume across facility and provider types.

Methods

Using an all‐payer outpatient discharge records database from South Carolina, we conducted a retrospective analysis of all colonoscopy procedures performed between 2001 and 2010.

Findings

We identified a major shift in the type of facilities performing colonoscopy in South Carolina since 2001, with substantial gains in ambulatory surgery settings (2001: 15, 2010: 34, +127%) versus hospitals (2001: 58, 2010: 59, +2%), particularly in urban areas (2001: 12, 2010: 27, +125%). The number of internists (2001: 46, 2010: 76) and family physicians (2001: 34, 2010: 106) performing colonoscopies also increased (+65% and +212%, respectively), while their annual procedures volumes stayed fairly constant. Significant variation in annual colonoscopy volume was observed across medical specialties (P < .001), with nongastroenterologists having lower volumes versus gastroenterologists and colon and rectal surgeons.

Conclusions

There have been substantial changes over time in the number of facilities and physicians performing colonoscopy in South Carolina since 2001, particularly in urban counties. Findings suggest nongastroenterologists are meeting a need for colonoscopies in rural areas.
Discovery‐to‐Recall in the Automotive Industry: A Problem‐Solving Perspective on Investigation of Quality Failures
Authors: Ni John , Huang Xiaowen
Published: November 2017

Several recent high‐profile product recalls raise the question of why companies take so long to recall defective products from the market. The recall timing decision is not a simple task, as companies constantly face multiple, often competing goals during the recall process. In this research, we examine variations in large automakers’ recall timing decisions after an initial report of a suspected quality failures. Drawing upon problem‐solving theory, we theorize about how five recall attributes impact discovery‐to‐recall, defined as the time between a defective product's initial discovery and its officially announced recall. To test our hypotheses, we assembled a vehicle recall investigation dataset from recall reports filed by the six largest automakers that sold passenger cars in the United States from 2000 to 2012. Results from event history analysis reveal that discovery‐to‐recall is longer for: (1) recalls that are triggered by external initial reports, rather than internal initial reports; (2) recalls that are attributed to suppliers, rather than automakers; (3) recalls that are associated with design flaws, as opposed to manufacturing flaws; and (4) recalls with more models involved. We also find that cumulative recall experience, measured as the total number of previous recalls, shortens discovery‐to‐recall. These findings improve our understanding of why the timing of vehicle recalls varies considerably at the individual recall level. They also highlight the value of problem‐solving theory in vehicle recall research, as well as quality management research.
Nurses' implementation of ventilator‐associated pneumonia prevention guidelines: an observational study in Jordan
Authors: Aloush Sami M.
Published: November 2017

Background

Ventilator‐associated pneumonia prevention guidelines from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Thoracic Society, and the Institute for Health Care and Improvement have been published to reduce the rate of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in the clinical settings; however, nurses' compliance with these guidelines is still questionable.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to assess nurses' compliance with ventilator‐associated pneumonia prevention guidelines and the factors that influence their compliance.

Design

A structured observational design with a non‐participant approach.

Method

One hundred nurses were observed during their care for patients on mechanical ventilator. The observers documented nurses' implementation of ventilator‐associated pneumonia prevention guidelines using a structured observational sheet.

Results

Compliance of nurses was found to be unsatisfactory. Of the participants, 63% showed ‘insufficient compliance’. Nurses working in units with a 1:1 nurse:patient ratio and lower beds' capacity demonstrated higher compliance and their intensive care units had a lower rate of ventilator‐associated pneumonia and shorter intensive care unit stay in comparison with their counterparts working with a 1:2 nurse:patient ratio and higher beds' capacity.

Conclusion

Nurses' compliance with ventilator‐associated pneumonia prevention guidelines was insufficient. Low nurse–patient ratio and large intensive care unit beds capacity were found to affect nurses' compliance and patients' outcomes. This study expanded knowledge about important aspects of nursing care; nurses' compliance with ventilator‐associated pneumonia prevention guidelines and the factors that affect their compliance. This knowledge can be used by health professional to guide the clinical practice and to improve the quality of care.
Trautvetteria fonticalcarea (Ranunculaceae: Ranunculeae), a new tassel rue species endemic to calcareous seepage habitats in Tennessee, USA
Authors: Floden Aaron J. , Schilling Edward E.
Published: November 2017

This paper describes a novel species of Trautvetteria as well as provide information on the newly characterized habitat in which it occurs. The discovery of morphologically distinct populations of Trautvetteria in a novel habitat has prompted an investigation of the habitat and resulted in the description and illustration of this novel species, T. fonticalcarea sp. nov. from the Powell River valley of northeast Tennessee, USA, North America. The morphology of T. fonticalcarea is discussed in comparison to the allopatric T. caroliniensis which occurs in physiographic provinces east and west of the new species. In addition, the floristic components of the habitat of T. fonticalcarea are discussed with six species reported as new to the state of Tennessee: Carex interior, C. tetanica, C. woodii, Nabalus albus, Patis racemosa and Triantha glutinosa, and another species, Rhynchospora capillacea, rediscovered in the state. Several other species present in the habitat reach their southernmost geographic distribution here and are also rare for the state. Not only the novel species, T. fonticalcarea, but also the habitat are sufficiently rare and distinctive that they should be a focus for conservation efforts.