bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personal Variables Predicting Voluntary Participation in and Attrition from a Meditation Program
Authors: Rivers Stephen M. , Spanos Nicholas P.
Published: September 2011

147 students were assessed on absorption, hypnotic susceptibility, and three measures of “psychological well-being” (self-esteem, depressive affect, psychosomatic symptoms) and were then invited to participate without cost in a program to learn meditation. Those completing the four-session training program were followed for 5 mo. by phone and mail. Analysis indicated that (a) meditating volunteers scored higher on the pretest absorption measure than non-volunteers, (b) 91% of the volunteers had stopped meditating 1 mo. after training, and (c) the pretest self-esteem and psychosomatic symptoms measures predicted attrition from meditation. The implications of these findings for meditation research are discussed.
Aversive Control of Bruxism in a Mentally Retarded Child: A Case Study
Authors: Kramer Jack J.
Published: September 2011

Reduction of audible bruxing by an 8-yr.-old, non-verbal boy was effected from baseline (5 days) in 17 days of treatment at school (a contingent verbal No accompanied by the teacher's finger to the child's jaw). Reduction continued at a 3-wk. follow-up and generalized to the home.
Assessing Weight Conservation Non-Verbally: The Problem of Conceptualization among African Children
Authors: Ezeilo Bernice N.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the criteria used by 138 Zambian children in their responses to Furth's non-verbal weight conservation test via posttest interviews. Thirty seven and seven tenths percent of the children responded by weight, 29% by size, 4.4% by size and weight, and 1.4% by size and shape. Others either did not respond at all or gave other nonrelevant responses. Of the conservers, 46% responded by weight while 53% responded by nonweight criteria. The remaining 1% gave nonrelevant responses. All were expected to respond by weight alone. These results raise some doubt about the validity of evidence for weight conservation among African children, based on Furth's non-verbal technique. To improve communication of the weight concept, it is recommended that this test be modified to include a pretraining in size-weight discrimination.

A major obstacle to the effective use of the clinical method, by the non-indigenous, for the study of cognitive processes in Third World environment is the problem of verbal communication, so attempts are made to use non-verbal methods. One such attempt was made by Heron and Simonsson (3) who used Furth's non-verbal conservation test to study weight conservation by Zambian children. Furth (2) developed this technique for studying weight conservation of deaf children. It involves essentially three stages. The first requires practice with weights of different sizes. Second, there is practice with obviously equal and obviously unequal balls of plasticine. The third stage is the test. The two practice stages were to ensure that the children had fully understood that same weight was indicated by a horizontal movement of both hands simultaneously and that a judgment of heavier must be communicated by allowing the hand to fall sharply on the table.
Professionalization of Police: A Question of Altruism
Authors: Khoury Robert M. , Khoury Deanna C.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between job satisfaction and public altruism within police is investigated. A meaningful, statistically significant correlation ( r = .38, p = .01) was found between these variables, particularly among more recent police department employees ( r = .55, p = .02). The happier the police are with police work, the more helpful they are toward the public, and vice versa. Although no causal relationship is established, the data are interpreted as a serious obstacle to the movement for professionalization of police.
Religiosity and Fear of Death: Strength of Belief System
Authors: McMordie William R.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the hypothesis that the strength of one's belief system is an important determinant in fear of death. Individuals (120 males and 200 females, aged 17 to 44 yr.) who defined themselves as either high or low in self-perceived religiosity exhibited less death anxiety than individuals in the medium range. Increased perceptions of control and predictability are offered as an explanation.
Anxiety and Immune Responsiveness
Authors: Linn Bernard S. , Linn Margaret W. , Jensen Joerg
Published: September 2011

More stress from hospitalization, measured by level of anxiety at time of admission, in 75 males without cancer, infection, or autoimmune disease was associated with depressed immunological response of lymphocytes in vitro but positive reactions to skin tests of more delayed hypersensitivity. Findings suggest that psychological states of perceived stress and anxiety influence functioning of the immune system and could lead to greater vulnerability to infections and disease.
Sex Differences in Relation of Locus of Control and Reported Anxiety
Authors: Richert Alphons J.
Published: September 2011

The present data suggest sex differences (27 men, 19 women; 18.5 and 17.8 yr. old on average) in the relationship between externality of locus of control and reported anxiety. A positive linear relationship was found between these variables in different situations for men and women and between externality and different expressions of anxiety for each sex. The data support an interaction of values and expectancy in anxiety.
Attractiveness and its Effect on Medical Students' Rank Order for Seeing Patients
Authors: Silvestro John R.
Published: September 2011

The attitudes of first- and second-year medical students toward reports and photographs of attractive and unattractive patients were examined. Medical students were given 8 hypothetical reports of illness by college students, with accompanying photographic identification cards. The photographs varied in attractiveness, as rated by an independent group of adult judges. Medical students had to rank the eight reports of illness in the order in which they would see the patients in a student health clinic. The results suggested that the patients' attractiveness had no significant effect on medical students' order for seeing patients. Factors contributing to these findings were discussed.
Solving Dilemmas by Computer or Counselor
Authors: Wagman Morton
Published: September 2011

Results of studies in which either a human counselor or a computer was used to solve personal dilemmas are compared. Subjects were 415 undergraduate students. To increase stability of comparisons the counselor groups are aggregated as are the computer groups and the control groups. Comparison tests are then made among the aggregated groups. Two types of comparisons are made, significance tests and comparisons for size of effects. Computer counseling was as effective as standard counseling for dilemma-type problems. Computer counseling was significantly more effective than the control condition as was standard counseling. Comparisons of size of effect indicate that the average person in the computer groups was moved to the 51st percentile of the counselor groups and to the 78th percentile of the control groups. Size of effect for general psychotherapy and counseling indicate movement to the 75th percentile of the control groups. Thus, the effect of computer counseling resembles the over-all effect for general therapy. Future comparison of computer and counselor methods, effectiveness, and reactions is discussed.
Cardiovascular Responding during Anger and Fear Imagery
Authors: Roberts Richard J. , Weerts Theodore C.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine if visualization of anger- and fear-provoking scenes produced differential physiological patterns similar to those produced by in vivo manipulations. Normotensive college students were selected on the basis of their responses to newly developed Anger and Fear/Anxiety questionnaires and for their ability to construct arousing scenes during a screening interview. In a 2 × 2 design (intensity × emotion), four scenes (high and low anger, high and low fear) were constructed individually for each of 16 subjects to imagine. Diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored during visualization of each scene. Change in diastolic blood pressure was significantly greater for high anger than for high fear as predicted. Analysis of change in heart rate and systolic blood pressure showed significant effects for intensity only. These results provide further support for the concept of physiological differentiation in human emotion and suggest the utility of imagery for systematic study of human emotional responding.
Effects of Experience in Cohabitation on Erotic Arousability
Authors: Hoon Peter W. , Hoon Emily Franck
Published: September 2011

A sample of 275 men and 370 women were given the Sexual Arousability Inventory which requests an arousal rating of 28 sexually-related activities. Differences were obtained between those subjects defined as having low experience in cohabitation versus high experience. The role of novelty in sexual experience is discussed in relation to the results of the study.
Job Redesign: A Study of the Role of Context Variables and Growth Needs
Authors: Snyder Sherri , Head Thomas C. , Sørensen Peter F.
Published: September 2011

A contemporary model of increasing employee motivation and satisfaction through job redesign projects is examined through a study of medical technicians. Results indicate that the common use of aggregate measures masks important relationships between the core dimensions and employees' satisfaction and motivation.
Relationship of Social Desirability, Age, and Sex with Task Persistence and Contingent Self-Reinforcement
Authors: Malizio Andrew G. , Tyson David J. , Halpin Gerald
Published: September 2011

The bivariate and multviariate relationships between social desirability, age, and sex with persistence time, task accomplishment, and contingent self-reinforcement were investigated. Subjects were 45 middle-class preschool children, 46 to 77 mo. old. Their socially desirable response tendency was assessed, and measures of their task completion and self-reward were obtained. Social desirability, age, and sex of child were nonsignificantly related to persistence time. Further, no significant relationships were found between persistence time, social desirability, sex, and self-reward. However, age and self-reward were negatively related, while the amount of work completed by each child was positively related to self-reward. In our achievement-oriented society, preschool children may rapidly learn that task completion is more important than time spent working on the task.
Effects of Short-Term Intensive Hospital Psychotherapy on Youthful Drug Abusers: I. Preliminary MMPI Data
Authors: Williams Stephen G. , Baron Jason
Published: September 2011

Pre- and post-hospital treatment MMPI scores of 85 young substance abusers were compared. All patients participated 4 to 6 wk. in psychotherapy consisting of daily individual and group psychotherapy, meetings with drug counselors, psychodrama, supervised physical and academic activities, and some family therapy. Significant posttest reductions of scale scores ≥ 70 occurred on Scales P, D, Hs, Pd, Pa, Pt, and Sc, but not Ma. Number of other clinical scale scores ≥ 70 was quite low. Psychological testing accurately documented observed clinical changes in the patients noted by hospital personnel.
Name Recall as a Function of Introduction Time
Authors: Brant Sandra J.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was designed to test name recall by 25 male and 19 female undergraduates. Early and late introduction via auditory and visual modes of presentation were used. A later introduction resulted in total recall but an early introduction gave low recall. There were no differences between visual and auditory modes.
Biorhythms: Another Look
Authors: Trinkaus John W. , Booke Alvin L.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of 881 motor vehicle accidents suggests their distribution concurs with literature which questions the validity of biorhythmic theory.
Roles of Power, Sex, and Inadequate Attractiveness in Paranoid Women
Authors: Higdon John F.
Published: September 2011

6 TAT cards, Leary Interpersonal Check Lists, and questionnaires about sexual attitudes were administered to 10 each of paranoid schizophrenic, nonparanoid schizophrenic, and nonschizophrenic females. The subjects did not differ significantly on preoccupations with power, homosexuality, or sex-role confusion, except that paranoids attributed significantly greater power to themselves and schizophrenics attributed significantly greater power to men. The paranoid phenomenon in females then does not represent a “mirror image” of the paranoid phenomenon involving power conflict in males noted earlier. Rather, in females the paranoid phenomenon may result from some other factor such as a feeling of deficiency in feminine attractiveness, i.e., the hypothesis of sex-role adequacy by Wolowitz.
Alternative Thinking and Classroom Behavior of Learning Impaired Children
Authors: Helper Malcolm M. , Farber Edward D. , Feldgaier Steven
Published: September 2011

The impact of alternative thinking on overt behavior of learning impaired second and third graders (66 boys, 21 girls) was examined. Measures of alternative problem solutions, classroom behavior, and reading proficiency were obtained before and after subjects participated in a therapeutic tutoring program. Some subjects received formal training in interpersonal problem solving as well as tutoring while others received only tutoring. At pretest, number of alternative solutions correlated positively (not negatively as expected) to teachers' ratings of acting-out behavior for boys and positively (as expected) to “good-student” behavior by girls. Training in problem solving had no measurable effect on the number of alternative problem solutions generated or on classroom behavior but did lead to reduced reading gains. Increases in alternative problem solutions from pretest to posttest were associated with increases in acting-out behavior for both boys and girls. It is suggested that numerous alternative solutions may reflect impulsive or uncritical thinking rather than constructive social skills by learning disabled children.
Wild-Albino Hybrids and Albino Rats: Thyroid Weight but Not Muricide Differences
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Lundgren Jane
Published: September 2011

Offspring of 6 wild, male (brown-coated) dump rats ( Rattus norvegicus) and laboratory albino females were compared with the offspring of albino rats on several tissue and muricide measures. At weaning, the 48 hybrid pups (all brown-coated), both vocalized and bit the experimenters' gloves; these behaviors were not apparent in the 40 albino pups. Adult hybrid rats did not kill significantly more mice than albino controls. Although hybrid rats had significantly lighter (ω2 = 55%) wet thyroid weights than albinos, they did not differ in spleen, thymus, adrenal, or body weights.
Validity of the MMPI Narcissistic Personality Disorder Scale
Authors: Solomon Robert S.
Published: September 2011

The MMPI Narcissistic Personality Disorder Scale, the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, and a Profile Questionnaire were administered to 100 undergraduate students in the Los Angeles area. The MMPI scale significantly differentiated between people on the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, involvement in a satisfying love relationship, and frequency of nightmares. These findings are consistent with the theories of Kohut and Kernberg.
Physical Attractiveness and Self-Esteem Ratings of Young Adults with Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Authors: Starr Philip
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between self-ratings of physical attractiveness and self-esteem for young adults with cleft lip and/or palate. 67 patients completed a Physical Attractiveness Scale and a Self-esteem Scale. The physically attractive group rated themselves higher in self-esteem than did the less attractive group of patients. Age and ratings of physical attractiveness were correlated. Younger persons had higher ratings of physical attractiveness. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in relation to sex of patient, educational attainment, or type of cleft, The lack of differences in types of cleft may be explained by improvement in techniques of plastic surgery which have reduced the likelihood of facial disfigurement.
Supervisors' Affect: Attraction and Positive Evaluation as a Function of Enhancement of others
Authors: Pandey Janak , Kakkar Saroj
Published: September 2011

How ingratiation induced positive affective states, attraction and positive responses toward the ingratiator was examined for 32 students. The target person's supervisory status (high/low) was also varied by instructional manipulation. The design of the experiment was 2 × 2 factorial, with two levels of supervisors' status and two levels of ingratiation. Females were subjects. The results indicated that subjects in an ingratiation condition showed significantly higher self-reported positive affect, greater attraction, and positive evaluation of the ingratiator than subjects in a non-ingratiation condition.
Anxiety Response to Psychological Feedback among Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Archer Robert P. , Kutash Krista
Published: September 2011

This study investigated determinants of state-anxiety responses to an ego-threatening event for 79 psychiatric inpatients. Specifically, state-anxiety levels were assessed in high and low trait-anxious internal and external patients immediately prior to the presentation of individualized psychological test feedback. Analysis of variance demonstrated that high trait-anxious patients reported higher levels of state anxiety than low trait-anxious patients. Further, external patients reported significantly higher levels of state anxiety than internal patients. Multiple regression indicated that locus of control and trait anxiety each uniquely contributed to the distribution of state-anxiety scores. Findings were discussed in terms of established correlates of locus of control orientation and in relation to social learning theory and the state-trait anxiety distinction.
Teachers' Self-Monitoring of Praise vs Praise Instructions: Effects on Teachers' and Students' Behavior
Authors: Workman Edward A. , Watson P. J. , Helton George
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relative effects of praise vs teachers' self-monitoring of praise on both teachers' and students' behavior. Although further applied research is needed, the results suggest that teachers' self-monitoring may enhance the effectiveness of teachers' contingent praise on the display of appropriate behavior by students. This enhancement may be dependent upon an optimal level and consistent rate of teachers' praise.
Subsumptive Process in Cognitive Equivalence Transformations with Pictures and Words
Authors: Joseph Christopher A. , Joseph Carolyn R. , Stone David R.
Published: September 2011

Sixth-grade and college-level students grouped two types of stimuli (words or pictures) in increasing or decreasing numbers of categories. A factorial design was used to evaluate this cognitive-developmental aspect of the subsumptive process. The procedure was to ask one group of subjects at each age level to form sets of pictures or words in pairs, then in fours and then in sixes. Comparative groups were asked to reverse this subsumptive process beginning by grouping pictures or words into sixes, then into fours, and then into pairs. Reasons given for the forming of groups were investigated. The college students, as opposed to sixth graders, were more efficient in the subsumptive process, made more efficient cognitive transformations, were more facile with both words and pictures, and used more abstract representational reasons for their groupings. This pattern of results supports Piagetian assumptions of cognitive growth from concrete to formal thought.
Relationship of Machiavellianism and Locus of Control to Preferences for Leisure Activity by College Men and Women
Authors: Zenker Sanford I. , Wolfgang Ann K.
Published: September 2011

Machiavellianism and Rotter's Locus of Control scores for 135 undergraduates were related to subjects' ratings of their participation and enjoyment of 21 activities which differed on a skill, chance dimension. Although there was evidence that under some conditions subjects with an internal locus of control preferred skilled to chance activities, the major differences in response to the Activities Questionnaire were for sex. Pinball machines and electronic games were popular with both sexes; but males preferred gambling games, while females preferred activities which use verbal skills.
Perceptions of Common and Unusual First Names of Therapists
Authors: Gladding Samuel T. , Farrar Merry Kathleen
Published: September 2011

The perception of 18 common and unusual names, in a random sample of 774 marriage and family therapists' names, was evaluated by 97 psychology students. The students rated the therapists' names according to degree of liking and professional appropriateness. Significant differences were found between the males' and females' ratings of these names. Female students, in general, liked the names less; however, they showed greater preference for unusual first names than did the male subjects. Over-all, the students judged certain names more appropriate for professional identity regardless of name popularity.
A Cross-Cultural MMPI Comparison of Alcoholics
Authors: Page Ronald D. , Bozlee Sharman
Published: September 2011

MMPI Profiles of 11 Caucasian, 11 Hispanic American, and 11 American Indian alcoholics were compared. The subjects were chosen randomly from among veterans in treatment for alcoholism at a small VA Medical Center. Subjects represented similar secondary diagnoses and did not differ significantly in age or education. One-way nonrepeated-measures analyses of variance on validity, clinical and the MacAndrews Alcoholism Scales showed significance only for Scale 2 scores, elevated for the Hispanic American group but within the normal range. Examination of dominant highpoint code types in each group indicated primarily 4 or 49 for the Caucasians and 24 for the Hispanic Americans. American Indian subjects were more heterogeneous with 1, 6, or 9 highpoints. Generally, the resultant profiles conform to previously published alcoholic MMPI prototypes, supporting use of the MMPI for the population studied. The results do not support development of separate MMPI norms for psychiatric subjects from these minority groups, but cross-validation on a larger sample is required.
Intentional and Accidental Behavior: A Control Theory Analysis
Authors: Marken Richard
Published: September 2011

A procedure based on control theory was used to determine which of two simultaneous activities was the one performed intentionally by a subject. The procedure provides an objective means of discriminating intended from accidental behaviors.
Degree of Prescribed Punishment as a Function of Subjects' Authoritarianism and Offenders' Race and Social Status
Authors: McAbee Thomas A. , Cafferty Thomas P.
Published: September 2011

The amount of punishment prescribed for an offender by low, middle, or high authoritarians was examined in a sample of 198 subjects (135 undergraduate psychology students and 63 church members). Subjects completed a forced-choice form of the F scale and read a case history of a juvenile offender who was described as either a middle-class white, a middle-class black, a lower-class white, or a lower-class black. Subjects were asked to recommend an amount of punishment for the offender on a punishment scale. Consistent with previous research on authoritarianism, the high authoritarians recommended more punishment for the offender than the low authoritarians. However, high authoritarians prescribed more punishment for the middle-class rather than the lower-class offender, and did so regardless of offenders' race.
Multimethod Examination of Field-Dependence and Impulsivity
Authors: Davidson William B.
Published: September 2011

This study examined in 94 college students the relationship between field-dependence and impulsivity with two measures of each construct. Impulsivity was assessed both as a cognitive style and as a personal lifestyle with the Matching Familiar Figures Test and the Impulsivity Scale of the Personality Research Form. Field-dependence was assessed with the Embedded Figures Test and the Articulation-of-Body-Concept Scale for Human Figure Drawings. Partial correlation coefficients were computed between the measures controlling for the effects of general intellectual ability on some measures. Results indicated that (1) the two measures of field-dependence were significantly related to each other, (2) the two measures of impulsivity were not significantly related to each other, and (3) the measures of field-dependence were, for the most part, unrelated to measures of impulsivity.
The Value of Children for Farm Families
Authors: Bigner Jerry J. , Jacobsen R. Brooke , Miller Judith A. , Turner Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined a sample of 154 farm parents and their stated reasons for having children. Both fathers and mothers hold generally negative attitudes toward children, an unexpected outcome. Even more surprising is the fact that mothers expressed more over-all negative attitudes.
Divergent Perspectives in Abortion Counseling
Authors: Gibb Gerald D. , Millard Richard J.
Published: September 2011

Attribution theory predicts that actors have a tendency to see their own behavior as being caused by external factors, whereas observers may perceive the causes to be internal. This study investigated the accuracy of observers' predictions in abortion counseling clinics. As part of intake procedures, 40 clients from 8 abortion clinics completed the Rotter Internal-External scale. The scale was also completed by 40 professional counselors from the same clinics. Contrary to predictions from attribution theory, clients perceived themselves to have substantial internal control in this situation, whereas the counselors expected clients to feel primarily externally controlled. This disparate perspective is suggested as having a possibly counter-productive effect on the counseling process.
Teachers' Perceptions of Assertive and Aggressive Behavior at School: A Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Roberts Albert , Jenkins Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

To clarify empirically the definitions of aggressive and assertive behavior the investigators obtained samples of aggressive, assertive, and non-assertive-non-aggressive students from 10 public high school teachers who made nominations to the three criterion groups ( ns = 30) and completed individual adjective checklists. For each nominee, data were collected on four variables: impulsivity, dependence, hostility, and grade-point average. A discriminant analysis of the data yielded two significant discriminant functions which differentiated the behavioral groups Further statistical analyses showed that differences existed in the rankings of the variables among the assertive, aggressive, and non-assertive-non-aggressive subjects. A discussion of these findings and the implications of using teachers' perceptions as a research tool follows.
Utility of Sex, Marital Status, Race, and Age in Targeting Populations for Mental Health Services
Authors: Smead Valerie S. , Smithy-Willis Deborrah , Smead Raymond J.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between demographic variables and mental health status is reviewed. Utilization of service and severity of symptom are highlighted when possible. Field data based on sex, marital status, race, and age and collected at a southwestern mental health center are presented. By χ2 these variables are contrasted with system entry and diagnosis at entry. Women, white clients, and young adults utilized services with greater frequency and had less severe diagnoses. Results are discussed in terms of national trends and local utilization of the technique.
Element of Chance and Comparative Reliability of Matching Tests and Multiple-Choice Tests
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W. , Williams Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Simple formulas for the reliability of matching tests and multiple-choice tests, based on the assumption that chance success by guessing is the only source of error variation, are derived. The reliabilities of the two types of tests are compared, and an explicit formula relating their reliability coefficients when relevant test parameters remain fixed is presented. It is found that, in the majority of cases which are likely in practice, matching tests are considerably less fallible than multiple-choice tests.
Methodological Note on Deriving Behavioral Correlates for MMPI Profile Patterns: Case of the Female 4-5-6 Configuration
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Solomon Gary S.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to identify the empirical correlates of an MMPI configuration involving Scales 4 (Pd), 5 (Mf), and 6 (Pa) in a sample of 21 female psychiatric outpatients. Two sets of comparisons were derived. In the first comparison, 21 4-5-6 and control patients were matched on age and contrasted on selected behavioral and self-report measures. Results suggested that 4-5-6 patients displayed greater ambivalence, depression, and lack of social skills than control patients. In the second comparison, 18 4-5-6 and control females were matched on profile similarity (excluding Scales 4, 5, and 6) using the D2 procedure and then compared on various behavioral and self-report measures. This comparison showed fewer and somewhat different (indecision, need for affection) correlates relative to the age-matched group. These findings are discussed in terms of implementing appropriate procedures when defining control groups for the study of MMPI profile patterns.
Male and Female Stewards' Grievance Behavior: Congruity with Sex-Role Stereotypes
Authors: Todor William D. , Dalton Dan R.
Published: September 2011

The union steward, a critical actor in the grievance process, has been virtually overlooked in empirical research. Specifically, while effects of sex in the workplace have been documented, these effects in union stewards remain unexplored. This research indicates significant differences in the number of grievances filed, frequency of informally resolving grievances with supervision, and frequency of counseling potential grievants not to file between 35 male and 21 female union stewards. Implications are offered for theorists and practitioners alike.
Lever Pressing in Expanding or Collapsing Intervals of Nonresponse-Contingent Reward: Sensitivity to Pretraining
Authors: Nowak G. P. , Persinger M. A. , Dewson M. R.
Published: September 2011

16 rats that had been given either one or two training days of 50, response-contingent rewards per day were placed upon one of two schedules in which the daily interval between nonresponse-contingent rewards was either increased or decreased. In the expanding time condition, the fixed interval of nonresponse-contingent reward delivery changed from 10 sec. to 14 min. over 9 consecutive days while in the collapsing-time condition, the intervals were reduced from 14 min. to 10 sec. over the same duration. Whereas both one-day and two-day training groups in the collapsing-time condition and the two-day group in the expanding-time condition demonstrated typical extinction profiles, the one-day expanding-time group maintained significantly higher total responses over the entire period.
Personality Correlates of Multiple Choice Answer-Changing Patterns
Authors: Range Lillian M. , Anderson Howard N. , Wesley Andrea L.
Published: September 2011

On multiple-choice tests, 52 anxious college students changed answers significantly more often than nonanxious students. Nondepressed students, and those who held a positive view of the nature of man, were more successful in changing answers. Student's who made B's were more successful than C students in changing answers.
Comparison of the PPVT and PPVT-R as Possible Instruments for Screening Gifted Children
Authors: Karnes Frances , McCallum R. Steve , Bracken Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

The PPVT has been used as a screening instrument for evaluating potentially gifted students. It was recently replaced by the PPVT-R. The present study investigated the comparability of the two tests and of Forms L and M of the PPVT-R for 36 gifted students. All validity and reliability indices were statistically significant and ranged from .57 to .75. When means of various forms were compared the F ratio was significant, but the Newman-Keuls post hoc procedure identified only one statistically significant contrast, namely, the mean PPVT IQ was significantly higher than the mean PPVT-R, Form L, standard score.
Reinforcement Contingencies and Role Relationships in Assertiveness within a General Population
Authors: Sundel Martin , Lobb Michael L.
Published: September 2011

A 20-item General Population Assertiveness Contingency Schedule was developed for the measurement of assertive and non-assertive behaviors within a defined role relationship having implied positive, negative, or loss of reinforcement outcomes. The four role areas were: family, work, general interpersonal, and non-specific situation. From a sample of 1200 adults, 1078 were interviewed in the Louisville Metropolitan Health and Family Life Survey. Results indicated assertiveness to be independent of reinforcement contingencies and dependent on role relationships within situations. Situational effects were significant. Correlations between assertiveness and mood states, as well as anxiety, were inverse and supported criterion validity. Cronbach's alpha indicated the schedule was internally consistent. The rank order of situations according to level of assertiveness was work, non-specific situation, general interpersonal, and family. These findings extend the proposed relationship between assertiveness and reinforcement and are consistent with the previously reported inverse relationships between assertiveness and depression. Furthermore, the present paper demonstrates these effects in a large, non-homogeneous sample of the general population.
Effectiveness of WISC-R Short-Forms in Screening Gifted Children
Authors: Fell Larry , Fell Susan Schmidt
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to determine which of 11 short-form combinations of only two subtests each was the most effective predictor of high WISC-R Full Scale IQ. WISC-R protocols of 92 children, aged 6–0 to 11–7, with Full Scale IQs ⩾ 130 ( M = 135.9) were reviewed. Using the subtest scores from these protocols, short-form combinations of Similarities-Vocabulary and Similarities-Object Assembly were the best predictors of Full Scale IQ ⩾ 130, perhaps useful for screening gifted children.
Psychology of the Scientist: XLVIII. Recent Trends in Multiple Authorship in Psychology
Authors: Mendenhall Mark , Higbee Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

Research in the late 1950s showed a trend toward increased multiple authorship, as opposed to single authorship, of research papers in psychology. This study investigated whether the trend has continued to the 1980s. Convention papers presented at the meetings of seven psychological associations, and articles published in nine APA journals, during 1980–81 were categorized by number of authors. Results indicated that the trend towards more multiple-author papers has continued, with 70% of the convention papers and 76% of the journal articles having more than one author.
Trait Frustration and Aggression in Adult Humans
Authors: Bergandi Thomas A. , Williams Jeral R. , Lamb Douglas H.
Published: September 2011

Although different individuals appear to respond differently to similar frustrating situations, there may be a tendency for a single individual to maintain a certain trait level of frustration. A preliminary trait-frustration scale was developed for examining how individuals designated as subjects high and low in frustration would differ in their aggressive responses to a frustrating situation. The scale contained eight frustrating situations and 162 subjects responded to each situation on a Likert-type scale. The scale was used to identify subjects high and low on frustration. In the frustrating situation, 20 subjects high on trait frustration gave greater responses than 20 subjects low on frustration. Subjects who reported themselves to be highly frustrated not only showed greater aggression following frustrating experiences but also greater relief following successful experiences.
Fathers' Absence and Cognitive Development of 12- to 17-Year-Olds
Authors: Goldstein Harris S.
Published: September 2011

A national probability sample of 12- to 17-yr.-old children provided an opportunity to examine the effect of the fathers' absence on cognitive development while controlling for the major confounding factors of parental education and income. Significant differences in the outcomes measures—WISC Vocabulary and Block Design and WRAT Reading and Arithmetic—of the two groups were almost entirely due to the control variables and not the fathers' absence.
Effect of Crowding and Litter Size on Retention and Reversal Learning by Rats
Authors: Girden Ellen Robinson
Published: September 2011

A total of 211 male and female rats from litters of 4, 7, or 11 were placed 1, 2, 3, or 4/cage until they were about 84 days old. At this time they were trained to make a position response while, food-deprived and 24 hr. later were tested for retention followed by reversal learning. No significant main effects were found for any stage of training. A positive correlation between trials to criterion and retention suggests that retention may have been facilitated by learning to learn or transfer.
Achievement Attributions of Learning-Disabled Boys
Authors: Hill Carol L. , Hill Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

28 learning-disabled and 28 non-learning-disabled boys in Grades 3 and 6 were administered the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire, a measure of children's locus-of-control. Consistent with previous research, learning-disabled boys of both grades reported expectations for external locus-of-control for their successes, but did not differ in control orientation from non-disabled boys regarding failures. Analysis showed that the internal attributions learning-disabled boys made for successes were likely to involve achievements based on ability rather than effort. However, these boys did not differ from non-learning-disabled boys in the perception of effort or ability as a means of controlling experiences of failure. Results do not appear to support the hypothesis that learned helplessness may be an appropriate explanatory model for learning disabilities.
Life Events and Obstetrical Complications: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Rizzardo R. , Magni G. , Andreoli C. , Merlin G. , Andreoli F. , Cosentino M. , Ziglio R.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between life events and some obstetrical complications was studied in a consecutive unselected series of 103 pregnant women. The Paykel interview for Recent Life Events was used. Only complications which occurred after the interview were considered to permit a prospective study. 36 women were disqualified from the study because they presented clear organic disorders or suffered from disorders in the period preceding the interview or during previous pregnancies. Women with complications reported significantly more life events than women without complications and had significantly more uncontrolled events and events occurring in the last trimester preceding the interview. These findings are consistent with the view that certain recent life events play an important role in the onset of some complications of pregnancy and delivery.
Development and Construct Validation of Psychological Involvement
Authors: Richardson Virginia
Published: September 2011

A thematic apperception procedure and an accompanying questionnaire are utilized to develop and validate the construct of psychological involvement. A significant relationship appears between involvement and over-all worrying, marital worries and problems, work problems, and power motivation; rs range from .18 to .37. The index effectively distinguishes individuals who are highly invested in life from those who are less involved.
Interrelationships between Rorschach and MMPI Scores for Female College Students
Authors: Dana Richard H. , Bolton Brian
Published: September 2011

26 Klopfer scores and 6 Rorschach ratio scores were correlated with 12 MMPI standard scores for 95 female college students. Few statistically significant relationships between the Rorschach and MMPI were obtained. It was concluded that the Rorschach and the MMPI measure different variables in a normal population of female college students.
Learning as a Function of Personality Characteristics: I. Predictors of Serial List Acquisition
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: September 2011

The results of learning studies are often unclear because the effects of subjects' personality characteristics on performance are ignored. In the present research, serial list acquisition was predicted by four of Cattell's temperament factors: Premsia (tender-mindedness), Protension (suspiciousness), High Ergic Tension (tenseness), and General Intelligence. These variables accounted for one-third of the variance in serial learning which would otherwise have been unexplained.
Community Adjustment of Patients Who Threaten and Attempt Suicide
Authors: Evenson Richard C.
Published: September 2011

Community adjustment data were analyzed for 871 persons entering two Missouri state hospitals. Patients were identified as having made suicidal threats or attempts (or neither) as part of their presenting problems. Multivariate relationships between suicide behaviors and community adjustment variables were studied. Those who made suicide threats showed more pathology on 9 adjustment variables than those who did not and they could be identified as threateners by their adjustment patterns with 77% accuracy. Those who attempted suicide showed greater depression and drug abuse but less impairment of household responsibilities than those who did not attempt suicide. Specific prediction was less successful. Those who made suicide attempts without accompanying threats were unpredictable.
Impact of Osha on State and Local Public Employment
Authors: Harris Philip , Sabban Yitzchak
Published: September 2011

A mail and telephone survey indicated that the states which did not enact OSHA legislation had almost nonexistent record keeping on occupational injury or illness. States having legislation showed major gaps in their effectiveness. The downplaying of OSHA by the current Federal policymakers portends little significant change at the state level.
Alcohol and Multiple Drug Abuse in Accused Murderers
Authors: Holcomb William R. , Anderson Wayne P.
Published: September 2011

The effects of alcohol and multiple drug abuse on violent behavior were studied with a sample of 110 men charged with first degree or capital murder. Subjects were divided into four groups based upon whether they were sober, drinking alcohol, using alcohol and other drugs in combination, or whether they were abusing only non-alcoholic drugs at the time of the murder. These four groups were compared on 15 sociological, behavioral, and demographic variables. Nine of these variables significantly differentiated the groups. Recommendations for intervention and future research are made.
Psychological Processes Associated with Premature Death in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Carlson Kenneth M. , Brumback Roger A.
Published: September 2011

Intrafamilial and professional-family relationships are adversely affected by the progressive deterioration and inevitable death of a child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Professionals dealing with these families need to (1) develop an integrated, family systems approach to the dystrophic child's situation, (2) give the dystrophic child permission to “experiment” with life, and (3) provide straightforward information regarding the disease process to the dystrophic child and the family. More studies of the psychological disturbances in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and of possible intervention techniques are necessary.
Contrasts in Social Behavior and Personality of Children
Authors: Gabrys John B.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated the possible association between two types of social behavior and personality as measured by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Junior. Children's ages ranged from 9 to 16 yr. The first study confirmed the test's validity and reliability for 109 boys and girls and approximated the data reported for normative samples. The second study, involving a total of 232 youngsters, concerned the presumed relationship between “prosocial” and “antisocial” behavior, as reported by the referring agency, and children's self-reports (Group 1) or ratings provided by both parents (Group 2). Concordance of judges was in the .7 and .8 range. The main findings were that there might be a relationship between prosocial and between antisocial behavior of youths and the personality sphere. Prosocial subjects were rated low on Psychoticism, low on Neuroticism, and high on the Lie scale. By contrast, antisocial children scored high on Psychoticism, high on Neuroticism, and low on the Lie scale. The contrasting groups did not differ on the measure of Extraversion. The present findings are interpreted as supporting the claims for reliability and discriminant validity of the test. The findings, in part, clarify the meaning of the Psychoticism scale and also suggest a new role for the Lie scale. Possibilities for further research are discussed.
Perceived Sources of Stress and Happiness in Married and Single College Students
Authors: Staats Sara
Published: September 2011

Individual interviews were conducted with 34 married and 34 single college students concerning their perceived sources of stress and happiness as university students. While no significant mean differences in marital status or sex were observed in data from the interview or four inventories, significantly more sources of school happiness than of school stress were perceived by both married and single students. Perceived sources of school stress were not correlated with perceived sources of school happiness. Separate item analyses for the four groups are presented for the school stress and school happiness inventories.
Correlates of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity among Secondary School Counselors
Authors: Thompson Douglas , Powers Stephen
Published: September 2011

The relationships of role conflict and role ambiguity to job satisfaction, job-related tension, and propensity to leave were investigated among 402 Arizona secondary school counselors by means of a 47-item questionnaire. Role conflict was correlated .51 with role ambiguity and negatively correlated (-.37) with job satisfaction. A positive correlation (.59) between measures of role conflict and job-related tension were found. Role conflict was positively correlated .35 with propensity to leave the job. These findings suggest that on-the-job difficulties reported for counselors can be conceptualized in terms of well-substantiated constructs from organizational psychology.
Effects of Sentence Context on Memory Attributes in Children
Authors: Toyota Hiroshi
Published: September 2011

Effects of sentence contexts on dominance in memory attributes were investigated. 40 second and 40 sixth graders learned a word list in the word or the sentence presentation followed by a recognition test to infer the dominance in memory attributes. For second graders the semantic attribute was dominant in the sentence presentation but there was no difference in dominance between the semantic and the acoustic attributes in the word presentation. For sixth graders the semantic attribute was dominant both in the word and the sentence presentations.