bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anxiety-Item Intensity-Specificity Hypothesis in a Relaxed Situation
Authors: Hagtvet Knut A. , Reiersen Odd A. , Svebak Sven
Published: September 2011

A test of the item intensity-specificity hypothesis is reported. The hypothesis was supported and may be extended to anxiety-trait measures as well. Other interpretations of the findings are also inspired.
A Career Locus of Control Scale for Undergraduate Students
Authors: Trice Ashton D. , Haire John R. , Elliott Kimberly A.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the development and initial validation of a measure of locus of control as it relates to the career process among college students. The scale is shown to be related to the construct of locus of control, reliable, uninfluenced by the social-desirability response set, and a valid index of job-search behavior among college seniors and major selection and career service use among college juniors.
Concurrent Validity of the Gardner Test of Visual-Motor Skills
Authors: Goldstein Donald J. , Peterson N. Carroll , Sheaffer Christopher I.
Published: September 2011

Scores on the Test of Visual-motor Skills, Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration, and Bender-Gestalt test were compared for a sample of 44 elementary school children referred for evaluation of learning disorders. While the tests shared common variance, the mean standard score on the Test of Visual-motor Skills was significantly lower than the means of the other two tests, suggesting caution in the clinical use of the new scale.
Effects of Fasting on Visual Flicker Fusion
Authors: Ali M. R. , Amir Taha
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are reported which investigated the effects of fasting on visual flicker fusion (VFF). In Exp. 1 the VFF of 40 undergraduate students, 20 men and 20 women, whose mean age was 22.5 yr., was measured in nonfasting conditions 1 to 2 weeks before and in fasting conditions during the Muslim fasting month of Ramadan. In Exp. 2 the VFF of a comparable group of 15 men and 15 women, whose mean age was 23.2 yr., was measured in a different month in both fasting and nonfasting conditions. Subjects were assigned randomly to these two conditions. Analysis shows that fasting reduced VFF significantly in both experiments. This finding indicates that fasting is likely to reduce perceptual sensitivity. The results were explained in terms of fatigue and physical exhaustion effects produced by fasting.
Participation in Sport: A Nepalese Investigation
Authors: Watkins David , Regmi Murari
Published: September 2011

In this investigation with 398 Nepalese secondary school children, participation in sport was a function not only of sex but also of nonacademic self-esteem and family status as measured by parental education.
Local Contour Characteristics as Determinants of Pattern Discrimination
Authors: Tyer Zita E. , Pasnak Robert
Published: September 2011

Subjects were required to discriminate complex random polygons which had the same global shapes but differed in local contour characteristics. Discrimination was most often successful when local contour features comprised a few long line segments or when they were relatively complex. Local contour features of intermediate sized elements and intermediate complexity played a smaller role in discrimination. Presentation time and interstimulus interval effects, and their interaction were observed. A two-factor explanation was offered for the effect of the contour variable.
Locus of Control, Fatalism, Arousal, and Activation
Authors: De Brabander Bert , Boone Christophe , Gerits Pol
Published: September 2011

Further analysis of previously reported data showed a measure of Fatalism from an interview about midlife crises to be significantly correlated with average delay in reaction time after unexpected preparatory signals only on visuospatial tasks in the performance of which the right hemisphere and then arousal are inferred to play a dominant role. Should this explanation hold, it provides evidence for the putative influence of lateralized cerebral functioning and divided control by subcortical activation systems.
Escape-from-Shock Training following Exposure to Inescapable Shock
Authors: Dinsmoor James A. , Campbell Sam L.
Published: September 2011

In this experiment we have studied the effects of exposing rats to non-terminable shock on their subsequent utilization of bar pressing as a means of terminating the shock. Our main findings were: (a) that a 15-min. period of prior exposure significantly delayed the first press in training and significantly reduced the number of presses within a 35-min. session; and (b) that a 15-min. period of exposure between training and extinction altered the shape rather than the initial slope of the extinction curves, producing a significantly more rapid decline in the rate of pressing. These results indicate that competing behavior is acquired when no authorized escape response is available, and that this behavior interferes with the escape response when this is at a low strength but is itself suppressed when the escape response is at a high strength.
Interruption of Escape Training and its Effect on Lever-Holding
Authors: Campbell Sam L.
Published: September 2011

It has been reported, previously, that as escape-from-shock training progressed, Ss increasingly held the lever down. This was true both when shock termination was contingent upon a lever press (press training) and when it was contingent upon release following a press (release training). Moreover, changes in holding were not primarily reflected by changes in response duration but, rather, by shifts in the relative frequencies of responses which were held until the reintroduction of shock, particularly, in press training, escapes which were held until the reintroduction of shock (punished escapes) and, in release training, extra responses which were held until shock returned (punished extras). Finally, the writer had observed some indications that interruption of release training temporarily reduced holding. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the decremental effect of rest on holding is a reliable phenomenon and whether it is obtained with press as well as with release training. Ss were trained at one of four degrees of inter-session time (0, 1, 5, or 10 days of rest) and under either the press or release training procedure. In press training the over-all effect of inter-session time on holding (change in relative frequency of punished escapes) was not significant. The pattern of effects was comparable to those attributed to fatigue or other inhibitory factors which dissipate rapidly during rest. In release training, the effect of inter-session time on holding (change in relative frequency of punished extras) was predominantly decremental. That is, in release training, rest reduced holding. These results are comparable to those commonly attributed to the establishment of competing or interfering stimulus-response relations during rest. A theoretical analysis of response chaining accounted for the interaction of training procedure and inter-session time and indicated, as did supporting data, that delays in training reduced the strength of extra presses, i.e., their initiation, and did not reduce holding per se.
Effects of Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) on Old Male Rats
Authors: Heckel R. V. , Wiggins S. L. , Crasson J. K.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Methandrostenolone, an androgenic drug marketed under the trade name Dianabol, on old male rats. Results indicate its value in increasing activity level, weight gain, and responsivity to female rats as measured by bar-pressing behavior and the Peacock-Williams device for measuring bodily movement.
Two Measures of Free Association Response and Their Relations to Scores on Selected Personality and Verbal Ability Tests
Authors: Kjeldergaard Paul M. , Carroll John B.
Published: September 2011

The first 50 stimuli from the K-R list, two personality tests (the MCI and the GZTS), and 26 verbal ability paper-and-pencil tests were given to a large number of senior high school students. Two response categories for the K-R, opposites and non-opposite primaries, and the personality tests had low correlations, most of which did not differ significantly from zero. This finding is consistent with that of previous investigators. The correlations between the K-R response classes and the 26 verbal tests, however, yielded different results. The non-opposite primaries tended to exhibit low positive (significant) correlations with the verbal tests, whereas the opposite scores showed essentially zero correlations with these same tests. These findings were interpreted as further supporting the contention that commonality scores do not represent a unitary verbal habit.
The Psychologist's Role in Automated Instruction
Authors: Mager Robert F.
Published: September 2011

In this brief paper I have tried to suggest some of the contributions the psychologist might make to an integrated automated instruction effort in industry. The intent has not been to demonstrate the “indispensabiliry” of the psychologist in such an effort, but rather to suggest which tasks might best be performed by him among the many that are currently required in the development of efficient instructional systems.
Changed Content within a Reinforced Response Class
Authors: Ullmann Leonard P. , Krasner Leonard , Gelfand Donna M.
Published: September 2011

Reinforcement and other experimental manipulations may influence the content as well as the frequency of verbal behavior. Evidence was presented from five studies ( N = 283) in which emotional words, EW, were reinforced in TAT-like situations. EW used during reinforced trials were pleasanter than those used during operant trials; differential experimental manipulations led to differential pleasantness of EW; pleasantness of EW used during operant trials was significantly associated with personality test measures, particularly anxiety and hostility. The results bear on the role of reinforcement in social influencing situations and provide an additional measure of the effect of reinforcement.
Effectiveness of a Social Reinforcement in Isolation and in Conjunction with a Conflicting Task Reinforcement
Authors: Kanareff Vera T. , Lanzetta John T.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to extend the generality of an earlier finding that a model's emotional reactions can function as effective “social” reinforcers. The effects of two partial social reinforcement schedules on the level of imitation were examined both in isolation and in conjunction with a task reinforcement. The two social reinforcement schedules, a constant probability of a negative reinforcement for imitation and an increasing probability of a negative reinforcement for imitation were incongruent with the task reinforcement schedule in which the probability of a positive reinforcement for imitation was .8. Ss predicted whether a red or green light would be illuminated after being informed of the prediction allegedly made by a partner. For half the Ss the event to be predicted was actually seen, along with the presentation of a GSR reading purportedly reflecting the emotional state of the partner, immediately after each prediction. Only the GSR readings were presented at that time for the remaining Ss, the events to be predicted supposedly occurring on a machine in another room. As predicted, a significantly higher level of imitation was obtained under a .8 task reinforcement for imitation than in the absence of task reinforcement. The expected generalization failed to occur, however. Since many of the previous situational conditions had been simultaneously altered for the present study, it was impossible to determine which of the changes was critical. Examination of relevant literature concerning the effects of these variables failed to clarify the situation. Another inexplicable finding was the incongruity between Ss' behavior while performing the experimental task and their subsequent behavior in completing questionnaires. It was suggested that individual differences in social responsiveness, in part determined by personality variables, might account for the difficulties in controlling imitation and opposition with social reinforcers.
Dimensionality, Map Matching, and Anxiety
Authors: Runkel Philip J.
Published: September 2011

By supplementing the theory of human communication with the concept of the dimensions of the cognitive field, three stages of communication or three stages in the matching of the cognitive “maps” of the communicators can be distinguished. Different realms of prediction concerning response to a communication are possible (or impossible) at each of these stages. A general hypothesis is that similarity of cognitive structure (“collinearity”) at the second stage permits more pronounced influence effects at the third stage. A related hypothesis (among others discussed) is that the relation between anxiety and susceptibility to attitude-change depends on the cognitive dimensionality required by the communication. This hypothesis is defended by showing that it reconciles some apparently contradictory results in studies of anxiety and attitude change.
An Experimental Hypothesis of Intralist Generalization
Authors: Rotberg Iris C.
Published: September 2011

Gibson (1940) has hypothesized that stimulus generalization during discrimination learning must increase before it can decrease. This hypothesis can be either supported or rejected, depending on the procedures and measures used in testing it. The present paper suggests a different approach to the measurement of the trend of generalization during discrimination learning. The proposed methodology compares similar and dissimilar confusion errors on the first learning trial and the rates of decrease of the exponential functions of the two error types on subsequent trials. The implications of the methodology for transfer and predifferentiation studies are discussed.
Potential Interaction of Bionics with Psychology
Authors: Mayo Samuel T.
Published: September 2011

In the wake of Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics, there has grown up an interdisciplinary field of bionics whose avowed purpose is to understand and physically simulate certain functions of biological systems. Psychology would do well to consider present and future interaction with other disciplines and with interdisciplines through bionics, in view of the apparent overlap of interests.
Effects of Alternating Partial Reinforcement and Alternating Delay of Reinforcement on a Runway Response
Authors: Burt Dorothy H. , Wike Edward L.
Published: September 2011

A replication and extension of the Cogan and Capaldi study was performed, using 60 rats. As in the original study, Ss with alternating reinforcement and nonreinforcement displayed patterned running during runway acquisition; Ss with alternating immediate and delayed reward did not. Additional groups with longer confinement periods exhibited patterned running under both alternating partial and alternating delay of reinforcement. The extinction results were in the opposite direction to those of Cogan and Capaldi; in all comparisons the partially delayed groups ran faster than the corresponding delayed groups.
Further Support for a Placebo Effect in the Rat
Authors: Ross Sherman , Schnitzer S. B.
Published: September 2011

The effects of prior administration of d-Amphetamine sulfate on activity of the rat were studied. The results confirm a placebo effect.
Additional Norms and Scoring Suggestions for the Proverbs Test
Authors: Gorham Donald R.
Published: September 2011

Tables of supplementary norms for use in evaluating performance on the Proverbs Test of schizophrenics, organics, and normals are given and recent research is noted.
Methods for Measuring Adjustment and Social Behavior in the Community: I. Rationale, Description, Discriminative Validity and Scale Development
Authors: Katz Martin M. , Lyerly Samuel B.
Published: September 2011

The development of a set of inventories for objectively assessing the adjustment and social behavior of pre-psychotic and ex-hospital patients in the community is described. The underlying rationale and the operational criteria for the scales are presented, along with the results of several studies having to do with their discriminative validity in a follow-up study, the development of the separate measures of adjustment and social behavior, the internal consistencies, and the stability of the measures across populations. The major characteristics of the scales are their reliance on both the patient and a relative in measuring social behavior, the use of a relative as a direct reporter, and the establishment of his reliability in describing patient behavior. The scales have been designed for application to the problems of describing and classifying patients in accordance with their behavior prior to entrance to the hospital and in the community follow-up evaluation and comparison of psychiatric treatments.
Effect of Response System on Development of Standards for End Categories
Authors: Weiss Walter
Published: September 2011

60 Boston University students judged the relative number of small filled circles on each of 10 cards. One-third used an open-ended scale comprising a designated “average” category and as many above or below average categories as they desired; the remaining two-thirds employed fixed 7-category scales whose intervals ranged from +3 to −3 or from 1 to 7. The open-ended scale increased the frequency of use of the “average” category and produced greater variability of judgment of the end stimuli but not of the middle ones in comparison with the fixed scales. However, the stimulus center of the “average” category was not affected by the nature of the scale.
Effect of Prior Runway Experience on Avoidance Learning
Authors: Henderson Norman D.
Published: September 2011

Mice were given 30 practice trials or 30 arbitrary shocks in a runway at 17, 23, 40, or 55 days of age. Performance was directly related to age, with adult Ss showing the greatest improvement during the 30 trials. At 85 days of age, Ss were run to criterion in the same runway. Results indicated that (1) groups receiving prior shock or practice in the runway were significantly better than controls with no prior runway experience; (2) Ss receiving prior practice were not significantly different from Ss receiving equal amounts of shock without practice; (3) animals receiving prior experience at 23 days of age were superior to other groups on the adult avoidance learning task. Critical periods for learning and implications of a multi-factor theory to account for the effects of early experience on avoidance behavior are discussed.
A Collation of Chi Square Formulae
Authors: Iker Howard P.
Published: September 2011

A series of formulae for chi square are presented for use with one- and two-classification tables. The formulae, written with a constant statistical notation, represent an overview of the literature in the area and are designed to provide the investigator with a series of short-cuts in the calculation of chi square. Formulae are presented and discussed within the framework of the tables to which they best apply; a worked example is provided with each major formula.
Measurement of Attitude Change in Nursing Aides
Authors: Heckel R. V. , Kraus R. , Beck Elyse W.
Published: September 2011

The results of a year's group discussion between 12 aides and 3 professional persons suggest the value of group techniques for increasing understanding between nursing aides and other persons and the effectiveness of Employee Supervisor Statement Study and the Patient Attitude Scale as pre-employment selective measures and for reflecting attitude changes following group educational experience.
Cloze Scores of Nominalizations and Their Grammatical Transformations Using Active Verbs
Authors: Coleman E. B. , Blumenfeld J. P.
Published: September 2011

Nominalized sentences were compared by means of cloze tests to their grammatical transformations using active verbs. A mean of 9.63 words per S were filled in correctly for the nominalized sentences and 10.80 for their transformations using active verbs ( p < .01). These results support previous findings that the active-verb version is more comprehensible.
Effects of Name Learning on Serial Learning, Position Learning, and Recognition Learning with Random Shapes
Authors: Ranken Howard B.
Published: September 2011

The effects of learning relevant names for random shapes on subsequent serial, position, and recognition learning were investigated in a series of four experiments. Name learning facilitated all three kinds of subsequent learning. The effect of naming was greater when an ordering of the shapes was learned as a temporal sequence (serial learning) than when it was learned as a spatial arrangement (position learning). Position learning was more rapid than serial learning, and the difference was greater for unnamed than for named shapes. Serial learning was as rapid with named shapes as with the names alone. Naming facilitated position learning even after Named and Unnamed groups had met the same criterion in recognition learning. Implications for various hypotheses concerning the mechanisms underlying the effects of naming are discussed. The results are interpreted as suggesting separate effects of naming on discriminability and on ease of association. The bearing of the findings on the question of the effective stimulus in serial learning is also considered.
Personality Scale for Shallow Affect
Authors: Jackson Douglas N. , Payne I. Reed
Published: September 2011

A dimension of individual differences in shallow affect is proposed on theoretical grounds. One hundred items were prepared and comprised a provisional Shallow Affect Scale. When administered with standard instructions to respond true or false, the resulting Kuder-Richardson formula reliability was .81. When items were paired with personality items irrelevant to shallow affect on the basis of similar endorsement frequencies and again administered in a forced-choice format, reliability increased to .96. Preliminary validity data are reported.
Clustering in Recall as a Function of Associative Overlap
Authors: Houston John P. , Garskof Bertram E.
Published: September 2011

100 Ss were read a list of words which, while possessing minimal inter-item word association strength, varied in terms of the degree of inter-item associative overlap. An examination of immediate recall data revealed that clustering in recall was highly correlated with degree of associative overlap when word association strength was minimal.
A Dimension of Cognitive Motivation: Need to Know the Known vs the Unknown
Authors: Rosen Ephraim , Siegelman Ellen , Teeter Barbara
Published: September 2011

An investigation of preference of college Ss for information widely known vs information unknown to most other persons indicated that the majority of Ss preferred the “unknown” information. The higher an S‘s college aptitude, the stronger this preference. Correlated with preference for the “unknown” information were a desire to be cognitively challenged, an attraction toward cognitive enjoyment and novelty, an interest in broad questions and ideas, a feeling of cognitive self sufficiency and social introversion. Correlated with preference for the widely known items of information were a desire to evaluate oneself in relation to others and a trait of social extraversion.
Internal Structure of Items, Item Difficulty, and Solution Processes: Rejoinder to Silverstein and MC Lain
Authors: Campbell Alison C.
Published: September 2011

An attempt is made to reconcile disparate findings as to the effect on item difficulty of variations in the internal structure of items. The critical factor seems to be whether a given alteration in internal structure entails the utilisation of quantitatively or qualitatively-different solution processes. Instances are cited where variations in internal structure lead to qualitatively different processes being used. In no such instance did there fail to be a concomitant change in item difficulty.
Note on the Effect of Hydroxylamine on Metrazol-Induced Fits in Rats Resistant and Susceptible to Audio-Fits
Authors: Griffiths William J.
Published: September 2011

This report concerned the effect of pre-treatment with hydroxylamine on subsequent susceptibility to metrazol-induced convulsions in laboratory rats susceptible, and those resistant, to sound-induced convulsions. Hydroxylamine failed to consistently protect audio-susceptible animals from doses of metrazol ordinarily effective in eliciting seizures. The reverse was true in the case of animals resistant to sound-induced convulsions.
Plasma 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Levels in the Stump-Tailed Monkey and Two other Macaques
Authors: Kling Arthur , Orbach J.
Published: September 2011

Ss, 13 Macaca speciosa, 7 Macaca mulatta and 10 Macaca ira monkeys were restrained for 24 hr. Before and after restraint blood samples were drawn from 18 but only once from 12 monkeys. Plasma 17-OHCS levels of all species increased after restraint. Findings are related to genetic and stress factors.
Learning Factor in Anagram Solving
Authors: Nance R. Dale , Sinnott William
Published: September 2011

The role of immediate learning to solve anagrams in lists of items of varying difficulty was studied. Observed learning was small ( N = 30); men scored somewhat higher than women. Correlations among difficulty levels were lower than expected. The study only partially replicates one by Sargent.
Generalization Effects of Verbal Conditioning: An Evaluation
Authors: Stollak Gary E.
Published: September 2011

It was suggested that response meaning provides an operational definition of “similarity” which is applicable in explaining some divergent results in the literature. It was noted that the similarity between the conditioning and transfer tasks is important to the degree that the latter situation provides an opportunity for specified, strengthened rms to be elicited and affect behavior.
Experimental Study of Maze Learning in Young Opossums
Authors: James W. T. , Turner William W.
Published: September 2011

Maze learning by 7 young opossums showed fewer errors throughout learning than did learning by mature rats.
Effect of the Desirability of Outcomes on Decision Making
Authors: Morlock Henry C. , Hertz Kenneth J.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed as a direct test of the descriptiveness of an axiom first stated by Rubin. The axiom implies that adding a constant to any column of a payoff matrix will not alter S's choice of action. An auxiliary aim was to determine whether the effect of desirability of outcomes of events on frequency of prediction of the events would be observed when S was motivated by a small monetary incentive to make accurate predictions. S drew one card from each of a number of 10-card decks. On half the trials he won 50¢ if a marked card was drawn; on the other half he lost 50¢. In one condition S bet 10¢ on the type of card he would draw. In the other condition S predicted what he would draw after inspecting a payoff matrix in which the value of drawing a marked card and the value of the 10¢ bet were combined. The same pattern of results appeared in each condition: more predictions were made for drawing a marked card when S stood to win 50¢ than when he stood to lose 50¢ with objective probability constant. Thus, unless it can be shown that the utility function for these Ss was concave upward in an arithmetical plot and the Ss considered only the total outcome for each contingency, Rubin's axiom does not appear to be descriptive of decision making under these conditions.
Effectiveness of Remotivation Technique with Chronic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Eliseo Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

The efficacy of remotivation—a method of group interaction for use by psychiatric aides with psychotics—was evaluated with a group of 42 experimental and 42 control patients. Twenty-four patients met in remotivation groups of 6 each with 4 aides in charge; 18 other, more regressed, patients met in groups of 6 each with 3 aides in charge, but in addition, had daily group work in occupational therapy. All remotivation groups met for 1 hr. weekly for 24 wk. There were no other changes in the hospital routine. Comparison of the experimental and control groups on socialization, self-maintenance, and work potential showed that there were no differences between groups before remotivation started and after 6 mo.
A Note on the Development of the Psycho-Epistemological Profile (PEP)
Authors: Royce Joseph R. , Smith W. A. S.
Published: September 2011

Progress on the development of a profile measuring one's approach to reality is described and research applications are noted.
Effect of Anxiety and Stress on Reaction Time and Temporal Generalization
Authors: Desiderato Otello
Published: September 2011

Fifty-four college students of both sexes, selected from the high, middle, and lower portions of the Taylor MAS distribution, were given 16 simple RT trials. The stimulus, consisting of either strong or weak shock, or a vibratory stimulus applied to the palm of the hand, was presented at uniform 12-sec. intervals. Four 7-trial generalization test blocks, separated by 4 training trials, followed. Testing consisted of presenting the appropriate stimulus at 5.5-, 7.0-, 9.0-, 12.0-, 15.5-, 20.0-, and 26-sec intervals, the order varying randomly from S to S and across test blocks. High anxiety Ss responded faster than other Ss only under shock conditions, supporting a “reactive” interpretation of MA scores. Smooth bi-directional temporal generalization gradients were obtained, but their slopes were unaffected by differences in anxiety or by the interaction of anxiety and stimulus intensity. Stimulus intensity had little effect on slope of gradient.
Dogmatism and Problem Solving: An Examination of the Denny Doodlebug Problem
Authors: Lyda Larry , Fillenbaum Samuel
Published: September 2011

This study examined the Denny Doodlebug (DD) problem (a task requiring that S reject a number of the standard operating procedures of daily life and that he organize a new set of assumptions into a working system) by changing the order of presentation of clues. The effects of such change on task performance were considered with reference to Rokeach's formulation on the nature of dogmatism. Reversing the order of clues had some clear, striking effects on performance in the DD task. The movement belief was found to be of critical importance, and it was suggested that what had previously been attributed to individual differences in the ability to organize a new set of beliefs into a working system might better be interpreted as due to individual differences in the ability to utilize clue 3. Finally, it was pointed out that this clue was so richly informative that the ability to make use of it might involve just that ability to make use of a new body of information with which Rokeach is concerned in his general formulation.
The M/I Frequencies: A Quick and Computation-Free Non-Parametric Method of Test Item Evaluation
Authors: Morgan Robert F.
Published: September 2011

The Medians per Item (M/I) frequency distribution technique suggests a new perspective in test item evaluation, dealing with an individual at a time and yielding a graphic distribution to show how effectively each item predicted the central score of each S. It may be used to detect heterogeneous items (to improve test efficiency) or to detect excessively representative items (to use in lieu of the rest or as a format for new items). Only significant M/I results are interpretable; for more complete item analysis the traditional correlation methods are recommended as a supplement.
Adaptation to Cyclic Food Deprivation in the Acquisition of an Instrumental Running Response
Authors: McMahon Richard R. , Games Paul A.
Published: September 2011

Groups of 16 rats were placed on a 23-hr. deprivation schedule either 2, 4, 8, or 20 days prior to 10 days of acquisition training in a straight alley. Analyses of daily median latencies and running times, or a log transformation of these, yielded only one significant difference between group means; the 8- and 20-day deprivation groups were faster than the 2- or 4-day groups on log running times over Days 6 to 10. The 8- and 20-day groups had consistently lower variances (within groups) than did the 2- and 4-day groups. A minimum of eight days deprivation is recommended.
Role of Creative Thinking and Intelligence in High School Achievement
Authors: Yamamoto Kaoru
Published: September 2011

A total of 272 Ss of the ninth through twelfth grades of the University of Minnesota High School were administered a battery of tests of creative thinking, Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test, and Iowa Tests of Educational Development. Three groups of “gifted” students were identified in each grade: (1) High Intelligence Group—a group in the upper 20% on IQ but not in the upper 20% on creativity, (2) High Creativity Group—a group in the upper 20% on the test of creativity but not in the upper 20% on IQ, and (3) High Intelligence-Creativity Group—a group high on both IQ and creativity. Twenty-six Ss each were placed in the first two groups and 28 in the third group. if IQ alone had been used as the basis for identifying “giftedness,” about 48% of those in the upper 20% on creativity would have been excluded. When rs between IQ and creativity were computed for each grade, it was found that, except in the tenth grade, coefficients were less than .20 and statistically nonsignificant. In the tenth grade, r = .56 and statistically significant. For all 272 Ss, an r of .30 was significant ( p = .01). rs between IQ and creativity in the three “gifted” groups ranged from -.29 to .12 and all were statistically nonsignificant. Although the High Intelligence Group averaged 20 points higher on IQ than the High Creativity Group and 7 points higher on IQ than the High Intelligence-Creativity Group, there was no difference among these three groups on the various achievement measures. No sex difference was found. The findings supported the results of previous studies of Getzels and Jackson (1962) and Torrance (1959).
Effects of Variation in Visual and Auditory Stimulation on Gastrointestinal Motility
Authors: Stern Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of three different stimulus conditions on gastrointestinal motility as measured by electrodes on the surface of the abdomen. The 16 Ss were each run for two 40-min. sessions, during which they were instructed to lie quietly on a cot. Amplitude differentiated between a group that received diffuse stimulation and groups that received normal stimulation and no stimulation, with the former showing greater activity throughout the session. The increase in gastrointestinal activity for Ss in the diffuse stimulus group is attributed to the novelty and ambiguity of the stimulus situation.
Stimulus Vividness and Anxiety Level in Intentional—Incidental Learning
Authors: Miller Marilyn E. , Dost Joyce A.
Published: September 2011

High (Ha) and low (La) scorers on the MAS were instructed to alphabetize a deck of 30 words, 10 each of which were high, medium, or low vivid. Group I had 3 trials with incidental instructions (told only to sort), a recognition test of the words, three more trials with instructions to learn the words, and a second recognition test. Group II had 6 incidental sorting trials followed by a recognition test. It was hypothesized that Ha Ss would sort more efficiently and recognize fewer words because of a greater tendency to focus on fewer available cues. Findings in support of the hypothesis were that Ha Ss sorted more rapidly and more accurately, recognized fewer words, and showed greater disruption in the sorting task when instructed to learn the words. In addition, Ha Ss evidenced a “sensitized” reaction to medium vivid words.
Exploratory Behavior and Curiosity in Two Age and Ability Groups of Children
Authors: Pielstick N. L. , Woodruff A. Bond
Published: September 2011

Sixty-four second and sixth grade children with IQs in the average and gifted ranges (1) were observed in a semi-structured situation with six selected objects and (2) were allowed to expose as frequently as they wished each of a series of slides varying in complexity. Exposure time was set at 0.20 sec. Analysis of variance applied to exploratory time during the observation period yielded significant results across objects, but not for the ability and age (school grade) variables. However, tachistoscopic exposure frequencies were influenced by ability and age variables as well as by stimulus complexity. The results are discussed in terms of the stimulus properties of novelty, manipulability, and complexity and in terms of developmental trends.
Note on Using Conditional Probabilities to Assess Association between Recall of Individual Items
Authors: Dalrymple-Alford E. C.
Published: September 2011

The restrictions unconditional probabilities place on conditional and joint probabilities are stated. A partial solution to the difficulties these give rise to is outlined.
Note on “Some Connotations of Cognitive Dissonance Theory”
Authors: Margoshes Adam
Published: September 2011

Myers asked 16 psychologists to predict the results of an experiment and what they thought cognitive dissonance theory would predict. The prediction of the majority was borne out, but the majority felt dissonance theory would have made the contrary prediction. Myers concluded that dissonance theory generated unwarranted connotations and also that the gulf between dissonance and reinforcement theories was artificial. It is argued here that unwarranted connotations can be drawn from all theories and also that the difference between cognitive and reinforcement theories is real and heuristically valuable. An experiment based on the difference is suggested.
Identification of Relevant Intra-Maze Cues in Latent Learning
Authors: Clifton Charles , Smith Kirk H. , Carlson Clifford
Published: September 2011

A modification of Seward's (1949) procedure was used to demonstrate latent learning in a diamond maze, in which extra-maze cues are made irrelevant by having the positive and negative goal boxes adjacent. In a series of experiments, 55 of 60 rats made correct test trial choices. When the cues from visually distinctive areas halfway down the paths to the goal boxes were eliminated, only 15 of 30 Ss chose correctly. It was concluded that these visual cues controlled Ss' behavior.
Effects of Problem Uncertainty and Prior Arousal on Pre-Decisional Information Search
Authors: Driscoll James M. , Lanzetta John T.
Published: September 2011

Fifty-four undergraduate Ss at the University of Delaware were presented sequentially 10 decision problems. Prior to making a decision on a problem, S had the option of receiving up to five additional information items. Independent variables were the initial uncertainty of the decision problem and prior “emotional” arousal. Dependent measures were the number of information items taken, the utilization of time resources, and S's arousal level (GSR). Neither independent variable affected the amount of information acquisition prior to decision, but differences in problem uncertainty within the high uncertainty conditions were negatively related to information search ( r = -.706). Decision time increased linearly with problem uncertainty and decreased across sequential problems. In general, decision-making became more facile with increasing experience.
Use of Heat as a Reinforcing Agent
Authors: Leeming Frank C. , Crowder William F.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was carried out in which rats confined in a cold environment were reinforced by a brief burst of radiant heat for raising the lid of their cage. The experiment was designed to determine whether Ss would learn to make this response, and if so, whether clipping the animal's hair would increase the effectiveness of the heat. Learning in both clipped and non-clipped groups was demonstrated by a higher response rate during training than during a non-reinforced period. The effects of clipping failed to reach significance.
Interest, Set, and Incidental Learning
Authors: Hughes Heidi B. , Doleys Ernest J.
Published: September 2011

The effects of level of interest in music as measured by the Kuder (Form CH, scale 7), and pre-experimental set on amount of incidental learning as factual material about composers of music, inferred from the performance of a multiple-choice test especially constructed for this purpose, were investigated. A significant relationship was found between interest and amount of incidental learning. General academic performance (GPA) was also found to influence scores on the test of incidental learning, and a regression equation for the two variables was calculated.
Empirical Evaluations of Scaling Method and Scale Transformation in Multidimensional Scaling Analysis
Authors: Schultz Douglas G. , Siegel Arthur I.
Published: September 2011

Successive intervals scaling and equal intervals scaling as a preliminary step to multidimensional scaling analysis were compared. The effects of an exponential transformation on the resultant structure were also investigated. For judgments involving similarity of electronics job tasks, neither scaling method nor exponential transformation seemed to affect the emergent structure to any great extent.
Predictive Strategies and the Need to Confirm Them: Some Notes on Pathological Types of Decisions
Authors: Pervin Lawrence A.
Published: September 2011

The point of view presented in this paper is that some forms of psychopathological behavior can be understood in terms of the ways in which people anticipate their environment and the behavioral decisions they make in relation to such anticipations. Through effective predictive strategies the individual may take advantage of rewards in the environment, prepare for unpleasantness, and keep conflict at a minimum. A need to confirm predictive strategies is hypothesized, even where such confirmation involves pain to the individual. Some forms of psychopathological behavior are viewed as representing attempts on the part of the individual to confirm a predictive strategy. Other forms of pathology are interpreted in terms of the predictive strategies themselves. It is felt that the conceptualization presented may be useful both in research and in therapy.
Generalization to Stimuli of Different Brightness in Three Straight-Alley Studies
Authors: McCain Garvin , Garrett B. L.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments involving a total of 145 rats are reported; in each case the generalization gradient was approximately flat. The results pose some of the same questions as do Jensen and Cotton (1963) and other studies.
Relation of Differential Reinforcement Histories to Selective Learning and Differential Consummatory Activity
Authors: McNamara H. J. , Long J. B.
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to study the relation of past history of reinforcement to selective learning and rate of reinforcement. Prior research suggested that there is a preference for a slow rare of reinforcement when amount is held constant; however, rate of reinforcement has been confounded with consummatory activity. In this study, amount of consummatory activity and amount of reward were held constant while varying the rate of reinforcement. The results suggest that a preference for a slow rate results from increased consummatory activity rather than from differences in rate of reinforcement.
Group Effects on Deviant Behavior
Authors: Rule Brendan Gail
Published: September 2011

Two determinants of conformity were examined: distance of a deviant individual from the mean of a group's judgments and homogeneity of the judgments about the group mean. The consequences of knowing four others' judgments of weights were assessed. After initial estimates of each weight were obtained, Ss were given fictitious estimates representing others' judgments. Ss farther from the group norm were more influenced; movement toward the group was enhanced by homogeneity of group judgments.
Opinions of Psychiatric Hospital Personnel and College Students toward Alcoholism, Mental Illness, and Physical Disability: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Freed Earl X.
Published: September 2011

This exploratory study investigated the attitudes of 303 college students and 521 psychiatric hospital staff members toward alcoholism, mental illness, and physical disability. The Attitude Toward Disabled Persons Scale was adapted to yield two additional scales probing alcoholism and mental illness. Statistically significant differences were not found between the mean scores of the college students and the hospital personnel on the scales. Both groups were significantly more accepting of physical disability than of the other two illnesses. The students were slightly, and the hospital personnel were significantly, more accepting of alcoholics than of mentally ill people but the mean scores of both groups on both scales were still within the non-accepting range.
Factor Analysis of the Need for Cognition
Authors: Rosen Ephraim
Published: September 2011

A large group of students in the liberal arts and sciences responded to a questionnaire consisting of 293 true-false items. The majority of the items dealt with various aspects of cognition and a minority were buffer items. A factor analysis yielded 12 factors which were used to construct scales to measure sub-needs of cognitive motivation. Seven of the 12 scales discriminated significantly between more and less intellectual students. These seven were: Vigorous Carhexis for Theories and Relationships; a “Cognitive Bookworm” dimension; Social Anti-intellectualism; Religious Anti-intellectualism; Incurious Dependence; Shortcut, Observant, Hardheaded Approach to Knowledge; and Practical Minded (Non-cognitive) Acceptance of Others.
Investigations into the Self-Concept: III. Instructions for the W-A-Y Method
Authors: Bugental J. F. T.
Published: September 2011

An experimental procedure for studying the self-perceptions reported by persons of varied backgrounds is described, and the directions for administration are spelled out. A bibliography of studies using this procedure or others related to it is presented.
Single-Trial Avoidance Conditioning in Rats
Authors: Essman Walter B. , Sudak Frederick N.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were designed to investigate shock intensity (current level), and shock duration as variables in the conditioning of an avoidance response in rats with a single training trial. In Exp. 3, a fixed current and duration were used and the resistance of the established conditioned response to extinction was determined. A grid scrambled 3-ma., 1-sec. shock applied to the four paws as a reinforcement was found to be most efficient in producing a high incidence and magnitude of conditioned avoidance. Training-testing intervals of 1 and 24 hr. yielded comparable results. Increasing the duration of a 3-ma. shock reinforcement increased the resistance of the CR to extinction.
An Intercountry Comparison of Textbooks Used for Introductory Psychology Courses
Authors: Rivoire Jeanne L. , Bose S. K. , Botha Eliza , Erke Heiner , Iwahara S. , Pasternak F. , Pichot P. , Sankar A. K.
Published: September 2011

The preliminary results seem to indicate that the content areas emphasized by different countries in their textbooks or lectures reflect their interests and development in the field of psychology. It seems that Japan, South Africa, Germany, and to some extent the United States, place high emphasis on areas of experimental such as learning, perception, motivation, emotion, and thinking. Probably the United States is the leader in teaching abnormal, guidance and therapy, and personality areas in the introductory course. France stands unique with her philosophical orientation while Russia stands out with her emphasis on conditioning. Germany, of course, places high emphasis on theoretical, however, this emphasis is not as high at it was at one time.