bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Canadian Education Students' and Teachers' Estimates of the Prevalence of Learning ‘Disabilities’
Authors: Flynn Mark , Kelly I. W. , Lapointe Karen
Published: August 2011

Canadian College of Education students ( N = 295; M age = 20.9 yr.) and classroom teachers ( n = 84; M age = 41.5 yr.) were asked to give estimates of the prevalence of learning disabilities in the schools. A factorial analysis of variance indicated that education students gave significantly higher estimates than teachers and that the sex of the student was related to size of estimate. Teachers' estimates of the prevalence of learning disabilities were more than twice the size of the highest estimates of researchers in the field.
Multiple Drug Use and Dietary Restraint in a Mr. Universe Competitor: Psychobiological Effects
Authors: Wilson-Fearon C. , Parrott A. C.
Published: August 2011

A male bodybuilder was assessed for 20 weeks before, during, and after an international competition. Preparation included high-doses of three anabolic steroids, several nonsteroid drugs including synthetic growth hormone, prolonged training, and a severely reduced diet. Aggression and many other negative moods peaked precompetition, when these factors were most extreme.
Perceptibility of Body Position in Anteroposterior Direction While Standing with Eyes Closed
Authors: Fujiwara Katsuo , Asai Hitoshi , Toyama Hieoshi , Kunita Kenji
Published: August 2011

The perception of body position in the anteroposterior direction was investigated by evaluating the reproducibility of the position from a quiet standing posture to forward or backward leaning posture with eyes closed. The subjects were 10 healthy male undergraduates, aged 20 to 28 years. The standing position was represented by the pressure center of the foot, which was shown by the relative distance (%) from the heel to the length of the foot. The reference positions of the pressure center of the foot were set at 10% increments from 20 to 80% of the length of the foot. The subjects attempted to reproduce each reference position 10 times, and the absolute and constant errors of the reproduced position were analyzed. The absolute errors at reference positions of 30 to 60% were distinctly larger than those at the other reference positions. This indicated that the perception of standing positions from 30 to 60% was less accurate. The constant errors at the reference positions of 40 to 60% were significantly positive, which meant that the reproduced position was located farther forward than the reference position.
Further Validation of the Economic Subscale of the Sport Fan Motivation Scale
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Ensor Christi L.
Published: August 2011

The current investigation further validated the Economic, i.e., gambling, subscale of the Sport Fan Motivation Scale as subscale scores were highly correlated with both estimates of gambling frequency and estimates of money wagered by 91 college students.
Perception of Dioxin and other Risks in Japan: Replication and Extension
Authors: Yamagishi Kimihiko , Kitano Masaru , Morinaga Eisuke , Iwamura Takuya , Matsubara Takeshi , Nagae Nobuyoshi
Published: August 2011

Previous research has shown that the common understanding of risk may be expressed by factor-analytic models that represent how fatal are risks and how voluntarily one assumes such threats. We investigated whether a similar representation would model Japanese participants' risk perception. Moreover, because Japanese newscasts concentrated their coverage exclusively on dioxin during the period of this research, we expected that those who were exposed to such newscasts would more frequently develop greater environmental awareness. We also examined whether this “news-exposed group's” knowledge about dioxin was consistent with the known facts regarding dioxin. Analysis showed that the two factors adequately modeled the Japanese sample's risk representation ( N = 473) and chat the news-exposed group ( n=188) did exhibit higher environmental awareness. Implications for risk research are discussed.
Effects of Hypnotizability on Performance of a Stroop Task and Event-Related Potentials
Authors: Nordby Helge , Hugdahl Kenneth , Jasiukaitis Paul , Spiegel David
Published: August 2011

The effect of hypnotizability on verbal reaction times and event-related potentials during performance of a Stroop color-naming task was studied. The Stroop stimuli (colored words) were randomly presented to 5 high and 5 low hypnotizable subjects in the right and left peripheral visual fields during both waking state and hypnotic induction conditions. Unlike studies in which the Stroop stimuli were foveally presented to the subjects, the highly hypnotizable subjects did not show prolonged verbal reaction times in either waking or hypnotic conditions. There was a marked deterioration in performance accuracy, however, for highly hypnotizable subjects during hypnosis. Event-related potentials indicated that the highly hypnotizable subjects showed a reduced P3a amplitude and a decreased N2b latency to the visual stimuli in both waking and hypnotic conditions, suggesting a lack of orienting to or disengagement from peripherally occurring stimuli.
Failure to Confirm the Rauscher and Shaw Description of Recovery of the Mozart Effect
Authors: Steele Kenneth M. , Brown Joshua D. , Stoecker Jaimily A.
Published: August 2011

The Mozart effect is an increase in spatial reasoning scores detected immediately after listening to the first movement of a Mozart piano sonata. Rauscher and Shaw (1998) suggested that failure to produce a Mozart effect could arise from carryover effects of a spatial reasoning pretest which may interfere with the effect of listening to Mozart. They cited an unpublished study in which a verbal distractor was inserted between the pretest and listening condition, and the manipulation produced the recovery of a Mozart effect. This experiment attempted to confirm the unpublished study. 206 college students were exposed to one of three sequences, pretest–Verbal distractor material–Mozart, pretest–Mozart–Verbal distractor material, and pretest–Verbal distractor material. An immediate posttest indicated no significant difference on solution of paper folding and cutting items among the three groups. The results do not support Rauscher and Shaw (1998). Our negative results are consistent with prior failures in other laboratories to produce a Mozart effect.
Isokinetic Knee Muscle Strength of Individuals with Mental Retardation, a Comparative Study
Authors: Angelopoulou Nickoletta , Tsimaras Vassilis , Christoulas Kosmas , Kokaridas Dimitrios , Mandroukas Konstantinos
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess differences in isokinetic muscle torque in the knee among mentally retarded individuals with Down syndrome, mentally retarded individuals without Down syndrome, and sedentary subjects without mental retardation ( ns of 7, 8, and 12, respectively). Subjects performed strength tests to knee extension and flexion on a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. The measure was peak torque at angular velocities of 60, 120, and 300 degrees/sec. For the Mentally Retarded subjects with and without Down syndrome, the test was performed on two separate days 24 hr. apart. For Sedentary subjects, testing was performed on one day. Their scores indicated significantly higher values of torque than the two other groups. Also, subjects with Down syndrome had inferior muscle torque of lower extremities than peers in the Mentally Retarded Group.
Dependence of Deltoid Muscle Activity upon Initial Angles of Shoulder Abduction Prior to Flexion
Authors: Kawanishi Masayuki , Shimura Kuniyoshi , Yahagi Susumu , Kasai Tatsuya
Published: August 2011

The present study was undertaken to investigate the hypothesis that the direction and selectivity of an appropriately modified version of shoulder flexion is dependent upon initial angles of shoulder abduction. Analysis indicated that initial small angles of shoulder abduction were associated with longer electromyographic (EMG) durations of the agonist (anterior deltoid) muscle. Moreover, as initial angles became smaller, EMG onsets of the antagonist (posterior deltoid muscle) occurred nearer to those of the agonist. Modulations of duration of the agonist EMG activity can be explained by changes in amplitude of movement. Two possible interpretations of the changes of EMG onset of the antagonist in accordance with different initial angles of shoulder abduction are considered. One concerns the effect of the change on the load of the upper limb, dependent on different angles of shoulder abduction. The second concerns the changing role of the antagonist to a synergist, dependent upon decreased initial angles of shoulder abduction prior to the shoulder flexion. Based on the present findings, it is suggested that angles of shoulder abduction are an important determinant of agonist-antagonist muscle activity of the deltoid during flexion of the shoulder.
Functional Equivalence for Response Programming of Actually Performing versus Imagining Movements
Authors: Ito Masanobu
Published: August 2011

The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that response programming occurs when movements are only imagined. 12 subjects were required to react and produce the sequence of same or different force by squeezing a handle as quickly and accurately as possible after the two reaction signals which were separated by the interstimulus interval of 1 sec. The reaction time to initiate the second response was examined when the first response is covertly performed, but the second response is actually performed. The reaction times to initiate the second responses were significantly shorter for imagining and actually performing different movements or the control condition. There was no significant difference in reaction time between the conditions with the same movements. These findings were interpreted as evidence for functional equivalence for response programming of actually performing versus imagining movements.
Use of the School Performance Rating Scale with Children Treated for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Raggio Donald J. , Pierce Jill
Published: August 2011

The School Performance Rating Scale was developed to assess academic performance of children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The most frequent concern of professionals, parents, and teachers is the child's performance and achievement in school; however, assessments are seldom obtained pretest and posttest. The scale has yet to be standardized so its association with academic behavior was estimated with the ADD-H Comprehensive Teachers' Rating Scale. 24 elementary-school children were given both scales after being diagnosed and treated for ADHD, following evaluation by a multidisciplinary team at a medical university's child-development clinic. A positive correlation of .8 was found between scores on the School Performance Rating Scale and .6 with Attention and Social Skills from the ADD-H Comprehensive Teachers' Rating Scale. Standardization of the scale would allow clinicians more specific identifications.
P300 Habituation Patterns: Individual Differences from Ultradian Rhythms
Authors: Lin Eric , Polich John
Published: August 2011

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were elicited with auditory stimuli from normal subjects every 10 min. for 10 successive trial blocks to assess ultradian influences on the P300 component. Based on a theoretical analysis of the underlying relationship between background EEG activity and P300 variability, subjects were divided into two groups according to whether P300 amplitude increased or decreased initially over trial blocks. P300 amplitude habituated across trial blocks. P300 latency produced systematic cyclical variation with approximately a 90-min period that was opposite in phase for the different subject groups. The findings suggest that ultradian rhythms contribute to P300 latency variability. The implications o the results for P300 in applied settings are discussed.
Performance Stability in Simultaneous Tasks of Pedalling and Reaction Time
Authors: Arcelin René , Brisswalter Jeanick
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to examine the within-subject variability in heart rate, pedal rate, choice reaction time, and error rate during simultaneous tasks of cycling and reaction time. Students in physical education classes exercised a 10-min. submaximal cycloergometer test at a relative power output corresponding to 60% of their own maximal aerobic power, in a replication procedure. Concomitantly, the subjects performed a 2-choice reaction time task from Min. 3 of the exercise bout. No significant differences ( p>.05) were found between the individual means in the tests for the diverse parameters. The total intraindividual variability averaged 1.3% for heart rate, 2.2% for pedal rate, and 13.3% for choice reaction time. Because wide within-subject variability was observed (from 7.7 to 16.7%), the reliability of choice reaction time was low. These data suggest that it is necessary to quantify more accurately the intraindividual differences of reaction time measures for the interpretation of exercise-changes in cognitive functioning.
Mean Score Stability over Time of Programs on the Clinical Psychology Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Couture Judy , Martinez Marilyn S. , Tomeo Marie E.
Published: August 2011

A correlation of .80 was obtained between mean national licensing examination score in 1988–1995 of graduates of clinical programs and mean score of these programs in 1997. It was maintained that this stability over time strengthens the inference that this mean score is a good index of program quality.
Writing Chinese Characters and Success on Mental Rotation Test
Authors: Li Chieh , Nuttall Ronald L. , Zhu Wenbin
Published: August 2011

Our recent study with Chinese and Chinese-American undergraduates indicated that writing Chinese characters was associated with better performance on the Piagetian Water-Level Task for Chinese-American men. The current study investigated whether the same effects would apply to the Vandenberg Mental Rotation Test. Two alternative hypotheses (bilingualism and birth place) were also tested. Participants were two groups of Chinese-American undergraduates: 48 writers of Chinese (21 men, 27 women) and 130 nonwriters of Chinese (58 men, 72 women). Analysis suggested that writing Chinese and birth in the USA contributed significantly to the success on Mental Rotation Test. Students who were born in the USA and able to write Chinese scored the highest on this test. Being bilingual was not associated with performance on the Mental Rotation Test. Men performed significantly better than women.
Use of Signs to Enhance Way-Finding in a University Bookstore
Authors: Cope John , Lutz John , Ironsmith Marsha , Elbert Eric
Published: August 2011

The major goal of this study was to design signs which reduced the time and distance students required to locate textbooks in a college bookstore. Based upon the 1992 research of Arthur and Passini, three new sign conditions were devised-. (a) iconic presentation, (b) new verbal labels, and (c) a combination of icons and new words. It was hypothesized that the changes to the design of the sign system would decrease the time and distance students traveled to locate textbooks. The 328 subjects had no previous experience or knowledge of the university bookstore. During the iconic presentation condition the signs used only drawings to display the message. This change to the sign system resulted in a significant increase in the time and distance students traveled to find their textbooks in comparison to the original signs. Conversely, the redesigned signs using new verbal labels or a combination of icons and new words to display content significantly reduced the time and distance students traveled to locate their textbooks compared to the original signs.
Wars and Increased Solar-Geomagnetic Activity: Aggression or Change in Intraspecies Dominance?
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Human beings are extremely aggressive animals who are emersed within a steady-state geomagnetic field. A small component of this field displays periodic changes in amplitude. Symmetrical lag/lead analysis (−6 years to +6 years) in the present study, involving annual global geomagnetic activity, inferences of solar activity, and the release of the total, global seismic energy indicated that the numbers of armed conflicts (wars) for the first half of the twentieth century were moderately associated ( rs approximately .50; 25% of the variance) only with the global geomagnetic activity of the same year. When the residuals between the predicted annual geomagnetic activity from the solar cycle and the observed geomagnetic activity were allowed to enter the equations, a comparable proportion of the variance in numbers of wars was accommodated. A factor associated with geomagnetic activity might, it is speculated, modulate changes within emergent processes that control the relative dominance of large aggregates of humans. Wars may have been the more obvious manifestations of these changes.
Body Mass Index, Suicide and Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Body mass index scores for adults in 27 nations were not associated with either suicide or homicide rates.
Seasonal Variation in Suicide and the Methods Used
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The size of the Spring peak in suicides in 16 nations was associated with the methods used for suicide in those nations.
Comparison of Apprehension about Communication between Koreans and Americans
Authors: Yook Eunkyong L. , Ahn Bokyong Lee
Published: August 2011

Prior research on apprehension about communication has yielded results inconsistent with expectations based upon cultural differences, specifically between Koreans and American samples. The present study reexamined these differences focusing on problems of decentering and translation of the scale. 513 mainstream American college students and 535 Korean college students participated. Analysis indicated that contrary to previous tests administered in English, when translated into Korean there was a significant difference between responses of the subjects from the two cultures, with Koreans reporting higher apprehension than Americans. The significance of translation of survey materials in cross-cultural studies is discussed as well as implications of these cultural differences for various contexts of communication.
Correlates of Suicide Rates Calculated in Different Ways: Denmark 1950–1985
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The associations of divorce, marriage, and birth rates with suicide rates in Denmark from 1950–1985 were similar regardless of whether suicide rates were based on the total population or the population 15 years and older.
Influence of Lateral Motion Transfer on Sleep
Authors: Wellman James J. , Bohannon Michael , Vogel Gerald W.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of motion of an artificial bed partner on the sleep of a real subject on the same mattress. A 240-lb eight-sided cylindrical roller served as the artificial bed partner. The roller was placed on one side of a king-size mattress and a normal adult slept on the other half. On experimental nights, the roller intermittently rocked back and forth for brief periods of time which in aggregate represented approximately 13% of total sleep time. On control nights, the roller was stationary. After an adaptation night in the laboratory, subjects spent two more nights in the sleep laboratory. The order of Roller On and Roller Off nights was random 24 subjects were randomly assigned to sleep on one of the three surfaces. The three mattresses used in the study had different construction designs and in turn variable properties of motion transfer. Sleep variables were measured objectively by nocturnal polysomnography and subjectively by a postsleep questionnaire. Analysis of the data indicated that motion transferred laterally across a mattress was associated with a significant increase in Stage 1 sleep, and a significant decrease in Stage ¾ sleep. Over-all, sleep efficiency, number of awakenings, and wakefulness after sleep onset did not show significant changes from control to experimental nights. The amount of change in sleep architecture, however, was more notable on the mattresses which transferred more motion. An implication of these findings is that motion transferred across the surface of a mattress, by lightening the depth of sleep and thereby decreasing the auditory arousal threshold, can increase the potential for sleep disruption from environmental stimuli such as noise.
Obesity and Suicide in Native Americans
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 16 Pueblo communities in the Rio Grande area, suicide rates were not significantly associated with the prevalence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes.
Motivational-Behavioral Correlates of Goal Orientation and Perceived Motivational Climate in Physical Education Contexts
Authors: Yoo Jin
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate how goal orientation (task and ego) and perceived motivational climate (mastery and performance) related to intrinsic motivation, self-esteem, adherence, and evaluated skill within Korean physical education contexts. 218 men attending physical education classes completed the Korean versions of the Perception of Success Questionnaire and the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, including a battery of motivational and behavioral assessments. Confirmatory factor analyses suggested that over-all fit for the modified versions of the questionnaires were reasonably acceptable. The results of canonical correlation analyses indicated that the task goal orientation was positively associated with intrinsic motivation and self-esteem, while the climate of perceived mastery was positively related to intrinsic motivation, adherence, and evaluated skill. These results were discussed within the frame of goal perspective theory in physical education contexts.
Affective Valence and Arousal in Self-Rated Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Killgore William D. Scott
Published: August 2011

To evaluate the predictive utility of Russell's two-dimensional model of affect to the experience of depression and anxiety, self-report ratings of pleasure and arousal were obtained from 200 undergraduates using the Affect Grid. Ratings of Pleasure and Arousal each accounted for significant variance in predicting depression scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and Profile of Mood States. Only ratings of Pleasure, however, were predictive of Anxiety scores on the Profile of Mood States, whereas the relationship between Arousal ratings and Anxiety scores was more complex, demonstrating possible moderation by variables consistent with a third dimension of Dominance–Submissiveness, as postulated by other investigators.
Preliminary Investigation of the Confidence of Sport Spectators: Importance of Time, Difficulty of the Game, and Team Identification
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Wiggins Matthew S.
Published: August 2011

Three factors believed to play a role in the confidence sport spectators have in their team were examined: time until the competition began, the difficulty of the competition, and the fans' scores on identification with the team. 31 college students were asked to complete the Confidence subscale of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 on five separate occasions: 3 days before, 12 hours before, 3 hours before, immediately prior to, and at half-time of two basketball contests. Subjects also completed the Sport Spectator Identification Scale during the first testing session. Analysis indicated that subjects' confidence changed significantly as the competition approached but only for the more difficult contest. Further, highly and lowly identified subjects exhibited different patterns of confidence as the difficult competition approached.
Development of Sex Differences in Spatial Memory
Authors: Barnfield Anne M. C.
Published: August 2011

Males typically perform better than females on tests of spatial abilities. However, Silverman and Eals (1992) found that females can surpass males on certain tasks, in particular recall of object location. This study investigated the age at which females begin having greater recall in object location. Recall was tested with object arrays (sets of line drawings of common objects) using samples of 80 adults ( M age = 21 yr.) and 139 children at 3 age groups. Adult data replicated earlier findings, indicating significantly greater recall by women. The samples of children at different ages—4 yr. ( n = 43), 10–11 yr. ( n = 53), and 15–16 yr. ( n = 43)—did not show significant sex differences in this type of recall. The findings suggest that females may surpass males in this spatial ability as adults, apparently due to gradual improvements in spatial memory through childhood and adolescence.
Effects of Phonemic Awareness Training on Delayed Tests of Reading
Authors: Krashen Stephen
Published: August 2011

In 10 studies there was no significant difference between the effects of phonemic awareness for measures of reading administered immediately after training or delayed by up to 2 or 3 years.
“Blue and Seven Phenomena” among Japanese Students
Authors: Saito Miho
Published: August 2011

To investigate color and number preferences in Japan, 586 university undergraduates (239 men and 347 women; M age = 20.9 yr.) were asked to name a color (Question 1), to name their preferred color (Question 2), and to name their preferred number between zero and nine (Question 3). The results showed that Japanese students chose blue (33.5%) or red (26.0%) when asked to name a color but that red was not chosen as frequently as blue as a preferred color (red: 11.1%, blue:37.1%). Sex differences were found on both Questions 1 and 2 by chi-squared test. Black was chosen more by men, while pink was selected more by women. 22.5% subjects also selected the number seven, supporting Simon's observation of the “blue-seven phenomenon.” The reasons given for the choice showed that seven was “a lucky number” and “represented happiness” among Japanese students. Four colors (blue, red, white, and black) accounted for 76.8% and 65.1% of responses to Questions 1 and 2, respectively, and odd numbers 68.4% for Question 3.
Relationship between Exercise Professionals' Behavioral Styles and Clients' Adherence to Exercise
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: August 2011

Exercise professionals ( n=15) were tested to assess whether specific personal traits or behavioral styles were associated with their clients' adherence to exercise. Assessments with the Personal Profile and the Personal Strengths Profile yielded one trait, “Controlling,” that showed a mean difference ( z = 2.99, p< .01) between the high and low adherence groups of professionals. Controlling was also significantly correlated ( rs = .66, p <.0l) with clients' adherence. This trait may be consistent with the interpersonal delivery requirements of interventions known to support adherence to exercise. Limitations and practical implications across exercise venues and types of participants were discussed.
Discrepancies between Standardized Measures of Cognitive Level and Halstead-Reitan Impairment Indices as Inferences of Brain Damage following Head Injuries
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

z scores for measures of intelligence, memory, educational achievement, and neuropsychological impairment were obtained for 193 patients who had sustained impacts of mechanical energy to their skulls. Two sets of normative data, adjusted for age and sex and not adjusted for these variables, were employed to compute indices of neurocognitive proficiency (the inverse of impairment). 80% or 76 of the 96 patients whose Halstead-Reitan Indices were greater than 0.4 displayed scores for neurocognitive proficiency that were two or more standard deviations below the averages of their scores for intelligence, memory, and educational achievement. None of the patents whose Impairment Indices were 0.4 or less displayed this discrepancy. There were no statistically significant differences between these two groups of patients with respect to the presence of unconsciousness following the injury or the duration of posttraumatic memory disruptions. The results indicate that quantitative scores for neuropsychological impairments are still the most accurate criteria to discern brain dysfunction within the mild to moderate range.
Performance of Elderly and Young Normals on the Gollin Incomplete Pictures Test
Authors: Patterson Marian B. , Mack James L. , Schnell Audrey H.
Published: August 2011

Our study compared 26 young and 28 elderly subjects on the Gollin Incomplete Pictures Test. Young and elderly subjects differed, the older group requiring less fragmentation and more time for identification; response accuracy and latency were not correlated with one another.
Pattern of Cortical Activity, Degree of Synchronization, Binocular Fusion, and Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Sohmiya Tamotsu , Sohmiya Seiyu , Sohmiya Kazuko
Published: August 2011

The synchronization hypothesis is the likely idea for the binding problem in the brain. Here we tested whether the theory is applicable for the occurrence of either binocular fusion or binocular rivalry. We first showed patterns of activated patches in V1 with proceeding from fusion to rivalry on the basis of Hubel and Wiesel's 1979 illustration. We then assumed that the strength of synchrony between the patches in the left-eye and right-eye ocular dominance columns is a crucial determinant for the divergence between fusion and rivalry. By using the strength of fusion between the paired images as a measure of degree of synchrony, we confirm the assumption about interocular vision and the synchronization hypothesis as well.
An Exploratory Study of Undergraduates' Attributions of Success or Failure on Spatial Tests
Authors: Dunn Annie , Eliot John
Published: August 2011

Seven spatial tests from the CTY Spatial Test Battery and four subscales of an attribution scale were administered to 23 female and 28 male undergraduates. Three hypotheses were tested. The seven spatial tests and three of the attribution subscales were found reliable; sex differences were found for the spatial tests but not the attribution scales; and subjects' attributions did not predict spatial performance.
Is American Pga Tour More Competitive Than European Tour? Reply to Jiménez and Fierro-Hernández
Authors: Engelhardt George M.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of the 1998 European PGA tour yielded four statistically significant differences between the shot-making skills of the top 10 and bottom 10 money winners. Analysis of the 1995 American PGA tour indicated only two skills significantly higher among the 10 top-ranked money winners. The results suggest the American PGA tour may be more competitive.
Differences in Recognition and Preference among Four- and Five-Year-Olds on a Tactile Learning and Visual Test
Authors: Uehara Izumi
Published: August 2011

Infants' preferential looking at novel objects and adults' preference for the familiar indicate that preference may be influenced by whether the objects have been experienced previously. Infants and adults may have opposite preferential tendencies; however, infants' preference for a familiar object which they have experienced orally casts doubt on this as a developmental process. To examine both the influences of experienced modalities and age on the relationship between preference and memory, tactile-visual preference and memory tests were employed in 4- and 5-yr.-olds. The results indicated the dissociation of preference by recognition only in 4-yr.-olds: those who recognized the objects preferred the familiar and the 4-yr.-olds who could not recognize them preferred the novel. The 5-yr.-olds tended to prefer the familiar objects regardless of recognition. The results may suggest an age effect on the relationship between preference and recognition.
College Students' Perception of Facial Expressions
Authors: Hall Cathy W. , Gaul Lisa , Kent Mark
Published: August 2011

95 college students were administered the Facial Expressions subtest of the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy to measure perception of nonverbal cues. Participants also completed the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale and responded to a short questionnaire regarding their beliefs about their own ability to perceive nonverbal cues as well as how effective they felt others were in perceiving nonverbal cues. A significant correlation between locus of control and perception of adult facial expressions indicated those students with a more internal locus of control had higher scores on correct perception of adult facial expression. There was no significant correlation between locus of control and facial expressions of children. Sex differences were also found in perception of nonverbal cues. Female students scored higher in correctly perceiving facial expressions than the men. Participants also scored higher in correctly perceiving facial expressions of children than of adults.
Emotional Stability and Facial Activity as Predictors for Pain Tolerance
Authors: Hentschel Uwe
Published: August 2011

40 subjects were given the Cold Pressor Test. There were large individual differences in the time subjects were willing to keep their hands immersed in the cold water. Predictors indicated for these differences were sex, emotional stability, and facial activity during the test. Emotional stability was measured by means of questionnaire scales and facial activity by ratings on the basis of videotapes.
Perceptual Learning by Preschool Children Using Stimuli with Varying Proportions of Common Elements
Authors: Espinet Alfredo , Almaraz Julian , Torres Pedro M.
Published: August 2011

The effect of preexposure to visual stimuli on subsequent discrimination was studied in 17 girls and 23 boys, ages 53 to 61 mo., using a test in which a sample stimulus had to be identified from a set of comparison stimuli. Preexposure significantly facilitated discrimination. This facilitation was more noticeable between stimuli which shared a large proportion of common elements. The results were consistent with an associative theory of the representation of stimuli suggested by McLaren, Kaye, and Mackintosh in 1989, and implications are considered for teaching.
A Structural Model of Achievement Motives, Performance Approach and Avoidance Goals, and Performance among Norwegian Olympic Athletes
Authors: Halvari Hallgeir , Kjørmo Odd
Published: August 2011

A structural model of achievement motives, performance approach and avoidance goals, and performance was applied and tested among 136 Norwegian Olympic level athletes. Achievement motives, competitive behavior over time, performance approach goal-clarity, and performance-avoidance goals were assessed, and elite performance observed. Analysis indicated that the motive to achieve success is positively correlated with competitive behavior over time (a long-term goal), whereas the motive to avoid failure is positively associated with performance avoidance goals. Both long-term competitive behavior goals and performance approach goal-clarity were positively correlated with elite performance whereas the performance-avoidance goal was negatively correlated with performance. When the proximal influences of goals are controlled, the achievement motives are not significantly related to performance. In this structural model, motives and goals shared 32% of the variance with the performance measure, whereas a more complicated model including goals, sex, and a triple interaction of sex and motives shared 42% of the variance with the performance measure.
Comparisons of Magnitude Estimation Scaling of Rock Music by Children, Young Adults, and Older People
Authors: Fucci Donald , Kabler Heather , Webster Deborah , McColl Doug
Published: August 2011

The present study concerned the perceptual processing of complex auditory stimuli in 10 children ( M age = 8.1) as compared to 10 young adults (M age =19.3) and 10 older adult subjects ( M age = 54.2). The auditory stimulus used was 10 sec. of rock music (Led Zeppelin, 1969). All three groups provided numerical responses to nine intensities of the rock music stimulus (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 dB above threshold). Analysis showed that the children reported a wider range of numerical responses than both adult groups. The mean numerical responses for the children ranged from .54 to 54.24. For the young adults the range was .76 to 11.37, and for the older subjects it was 1.6 to 23.31. Results suggest that the children were not bound by the same set of rules as the adults with regard to magnitude estimation scaling of the loudness of the rock music stimulus. Their internal scaling mechanisms appeared to be more flexible and broader based than those of the adults who participated in this study.
More Practice Does Not Necessarily Enhance Transfer of Learning: Evidence and Interpretations
Authors: Travlos Antonios K.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate what was learned and transferred of a criterion task using a transfer task and a self-paced procedure. Based on the results of two previous studies, five durations of practice were specifically selected to examine what can be transferred to a new task after different amounts of practice (40, 75, 100, 125, and 150 acquisition trials) on a criterion task. The criterion task required subjects to practice finding an 8-in. line with no fixed starting and ending points from left to right. The transfer task was different from the criterion task in two dimensions, distance (10-in. line) and direction (right to left). 50 volunteers were randomly assigned into 5 groups. Appropriate 5×2 (groups by blocks of practice) analyses of variance and a priori contrasts were conducted for all dependent variables (absolute error, variable error, movement time, KR-delay, post-KR interval, intertrial interval, interstimulus interval, and KR-delay by post-KR interval ratio) to examine the effects of terminal acquisition of the criterion task on the initial performance of the transfer task. Analysis indicated that, during practice, participants developed a functional interaction between performance characteristics and chronological profile of KR-delivery of the criterion task that was transferable to the transfer task. Also, practice beyond a certain point was detrimental to the ability to transfer what was learned.
Psychosocial Stressors and the Short Life Spans of Legendary Jazz Musicians
Authors: Patalano Frank
Published: August 2011

Mean age at death of 168 legendary jazz musicians and 100 renowned classical musicians were compared to examine whether psychosocial stressors such as severe substance abuse, haphazard working conditions, lack of acceptance of jazz as an art form in the United States, marital and family discord, and a vagabond life style may have contributed to shortened life spans for the jazz musicians. Analysis indicated that the jazz musicians died at an earlier age (57.2 yr.) than the classical musicians (73.3 yr.).
Weather and Homicide in Hong Kong
Authors: Yan Yuk Yee
Published: August 2011

No seasonality was discovered in homicide in Hong Kong. Weather variables were not associated with homicide rates.
Dynamic Visual Acuity and Coincidence-Anticipation Timing by Experienced and Inexperienced Women Players of Fast Pitch Softball
Authors: Millslagle Duane G.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between dynamic visual acuity and coincidence-anticipation timing in 16 inexperienced and 16 experienced women's fast pitch Softball players. Pearson-product correlations indicated a low relationship between dynamic visual acuity and coincidence-anticipation timing. The correlations for dynamic visual acuity and coincidence anticipation between experienced and inexperienced dynamic visual acuity were not significant. A significant difference was found between the mean dynamic visual acuity of the two groups, i.e., experienced players had better dynamic visual acuity than inexperienced players. Analysis of variance of constant errors, variable errors, and absolute errors of coincidence anticipation indicated no significant differences between groups or across the three accuracy scores. The interaction between experience and accuracy was not significant.
The Biological Week and Broader Time Structures (Chronomes): In Memory of Gunther Hildebrandt
Authors: Cornélissen Germaine , Halberg Franz
Published: August 2011

Data illustrating the biological week and chronomes are presented in recognition of extensive work of G. Hildebrandt.
Petter's Effect in Patterns Formed by Outlined Surfaces
Authors: Masin Sergio C.
Published: August 2011

In patterns formed by two equally colored or by two transparent overlapping surfaces of different size that alternately appear in front of one another, the larger surface has a greater probability of appearing in front of the smaller surface. This effect is known as Petter's effect. The present study found that Petter's effect also occurred in patterns formed by colorless outlined surfaces. In these patterns Petter's effect was smaller than in chromatically homogeneous patterns. The results agree with the possibility that Petter's effect occurred in patterns formed by outlined surfaces because relative size was a cue to visually perceived distance.
Aggression: Destructive and Constructive Aspects
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W. , Lilja Åsa
Published: August 2011

The concept of aggression was long relegated to the shadow of the libido in psychoanalytic theory, placed among the negative affects by some theoreticians, denied the role of a primary drive among leading writers in clinical psychology, brought to the fore as an adaptive force in ethology, and proved to be a decisive factor in the development of psychosomatic ailments. The second part of the paper reviews experiments using projective techniques, showing that highly creative subjects as opposed to ones low in creativity seem inclined to accept their aggressive impulses. A total denial of these impulses has been typical of women with breast cancer.
Professional Cricketers' Perceptions of the Importance of Antecedents Influencing Repeatable Good Performance
Authors: Thelwell Richard C. , Maynard Ian W.
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether there is overall agreement amongst professional cricketers on the factors which are most important for the occurrence of repeatable good performances in the sport. Also, the consistency of the rank-order of such variables was investigated across individuals and roles within the same sport. A total of 198 cricketers (100 batters and 98 bowlers) who play or have played first class cricket in the English County Championship completed a rank-order task, which enabled them to use their experiences to judge the importance of 15 selected performance-influencing variables. Cultural consensus analysis indicated that no one factor for either batters or bowlers was significantly more important, despite many batters and bowlers ranking the need for ‘total self-confidence’ highest. Whilst no over-all agreement was found for batters and bowlers in their ranking of variables, a group of similar ‘core elements’, e.g., total self-confidence, following a set prematch routine, set performance plans, optima) arousal, and using mental rehearsal, were highly ranked by both groups, which may be an important consideration for practitioners endeavoring to produce strategies that encourage more consistent and higher performance for cricketers.
Relationship between Emotional State and Performance during International Field Hockey Matches
Authors: Jones Marc V. , Mace Roger D. , Williams Simon
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the relationship between the emotions experienced by 15 international hockey players, both immediately before and during competition, and their performance levels. Data were collected on the players' emotional states using a revised version of the Feelings Scale of Butler, which was completed retrospectively after the match was played. Players reported more annoyance and less tension during the match than before. A logistic regression correctly classified 70.2% of players from the emotional ratings immediately before the match and 85.1% of the players from the ratings during the match as either a good or poor performer. Those individuals who performed well retrospectively reported feeling Nervous and ‘Quick/Alert/Active’ before the game and Confident and Relaxed during the game. The results indicate that emotions fluctuate over the competition period, and in long duration sports assessment of emotion during competition predicts variation in performance better than assessment prior to competition.
Are Pain Tolerance of Female Runners and Use of Pain Coping Strategies Related to the Experience of Childbirth?
Authors: Crawford H. , Gijsbers K.
Published: August 2011

Experimental ischaemic pain tolerances were compared for 10 female runners who had given birth and 10 female runners who had not given birth. In both groups pain tolerances were positively correlated with the spontaneous use of pain-coping strategies. No differences were found between the groups in pain tolerances, use of coping strategies, or estimates of pain intensity at tolerance; however, athletes who had experienced childbirth reported tolerating greater pain during their normal training sessions.
Feedback regarding Goal Achievement and Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Goudas Marios , Minardou Kalliopi , Kotis Ioannis
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of feedback for achievement of a goal on intrinsic motivation. Analysis showed that positive feedback enhanced perceptions of competence while negative feedback lowered these. Neither condition, however, influenced intrinsic motivation.
Goal Orientation and Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Graded Exercise Testing of Adolescents
Authors: Stephens Dawn E. , Janz Kathleen F. , Mahoney Larry T.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between adolescents' goal orientation in sport and their ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during a graded exercise test. Subjects ( N = 114; 56 boys) were randomly selected adolescents (ages 11 to 15 years) who were part of a 5-year longitudinal study of cardiac growth. RPE was measured during each of three submaximal stages throughout the graded exercise test and again during the maximal stage. A series of regression analyses showed that RPE for female subjects was significantly predicted by Task Orientation, Perceived Ability, and Intensity of Leisure Activity at Stage 1, Task Orientation and Perceived Ability at Stage 2, and by Intensity of Leisure Activity at Stage 3. Examination of the beta weights indicated that lower RPE for the girls was related to higher Task Orientation and lower Perceived Ability and more experience with higher Intensity of Leisure Activity. Results are discussed in light of the literature pertaining to goal orientation and ratings of perceived exertion.
Judgments of Emotion by Nurses and Students Given Double-Bind Information on a Patient's Tone of Voice and Message Content
Authors: Yogo Yumi , Tsutsui Sachiko , Ando Mitsuko , Hashi Akie , Yamada Naoto
Published: August 2011

We examined the communication process in a situation typical of the nursing setting by use of a double-bind communication. Our objective was to examine which of two cues in communications from a patient, tone of voice or verbal content, was more important in judging the speaker's emotional status and personality traits and in arousing the listening nurse's emotions. Subjects were 82 nurses who worked at the university hospital and 100 students who were studying at the Faculty of Nursing of the university. They were assigned into four groups at random, presented professionally tape-recorded scripts representing a patient's verbal report, and then completed a questionnaire concerning the speaker's emotional status as well as the listener's own emotional status. When the listeners judged the speaker's emotional status, they gave more attention to a negative emotional expression, and when the listeners formed an impression of the speaker's personality traits, they were influenced by the speaker's tone of voice rather than by the content of the speech.