bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Gliserol dalam Susu Skim Kuning Telur untuk Proses Penyimpanan Sperma Beku terhadap Motilitas dan Viabilitas Spermatozoa Ikan Patin (Pangasius pangasius)
[Effect Of Different Glycerol Concentration In Skim Milk And Egg Yolk Diluter For Storage Process Of Frozen Semen On Sperm Motility And Viability Of Catfish (Pangasius pangasius)]
Authors: Sudarno Sudarno , Novianto Bagus Rizki , Masithah Endang Dewi
Published: February 2019

Abstract Needs of catfish seed always increase every years, especially for farming activities. Fulfillment demand of seed in large quntities and continuing are the main obstacle in the production process of catfish. This can be overcome by the process of cryopreservation. This process requires diluents and cryoprotectants to maintain the fertility of spermatozoa. Skim milk and egg yolks diluents has been used on fish because it was applied to carp and showing a good result of sperm motility and fertilization rate. Glycerol as cryoprotectant was reported effective to be used for European Catfish than the other kind cryoprotectant. This study aimed to determine the effect of different concentrations of glycerol in the diluent skim milk and egg yolk on the motility and viability of catfish (Pangasius pangasius) spermatozoa after freezing. This research method is the experiment with completely randomized design (CRD) as the experimental design. The treatment used is different glycerol concentrations, P1 (11%), P2 (13%), P3 (15%), and P4 (17%) and each of the treatment was repeated 5 times. The main parameters measured were motility (%) and viability (%) of spermatozoa. Supporting parameters include odor, color, pH, viscosity, sperm concentration and catfish (Pangasius pangasius). Analysis of the data using Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and to determine the best treatment performed Duncan's Multiple Range Test with 95% confidance interval. The results showed that the effect of the concentration of glycerol in the diluent skim milk and egg yolk was not significantly (P> 0.05) on the motility and viability of catfish (Pangasius pangasius) spermatozoa after freezing. Further testing needs to be done on the level of fertility of frozen sperm, as well as the growth rate of seeds produced from sperm frozen catfish (Pangasius pangasius) products
Perbandingan Morfologi Kerang Darah di Perairan Kenjeran dan Perairan Sedati [ Comparative Morphology of Blood Cockles in Kenjeran and Sedati]
Authors: Pursetyo Kustiawan Tri , Thajaningsih Wahju , Pramono Heru
Published: February 2019

Abstract Blood cockles (Anadara antiquata, Anadara granosa) and Ark clams (Trisidos tortuosa) is one type of clams that is often consumed by people in Surabaya and Sidoarjo. The study was conducted in February-April 2014. The ratio of N/P on water conditions in Sedati of 3.3 / 1 it’s indicates that the sampling process is done in the rainy season which resulted in the case of stirring the sediment. On the condition of the ratio N/P is phytoplankton still able to grow optimally. While the study site in Kenjeran, Surabaya obtained ratio N/P by 5.56 / 1 this indicates the potential of phytoplankton at this location is more optimal than the region in Sedati. In morphology, clams from Kenjeran is relatively larger than the clams from Sedati.
Gambaran Darah dan Histopatologi Insang, Usus Dan Otak Ikan Koi (Cyprinus carpio Koi) yang Diinfeksi Spora Myxobolus koi secara Oral [Haematology and Histopatology of Gills, Intestine And Brain Koi Fish (Cyprinus carpio Koi) Myxobolus koi Orally Infected]
Authors: Mahasri Gunanti , Kusnoto Kusnoto , Insivitawati Era
Published: February 2019

Abstract Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio koi) is one of the ornamental fish are preferred. One of the obstalces in the koi fish is a disease caused by infection myxobollus. This research to determine the effect of the infection myxobollus by oral in blood picture and histopathology. Haematology and histopathology is an indicator of the health of the fish to diagnose disease and to determine changes in the fish tissue. The research was conducted in Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan, dan Balai Karantina Ikan Kelas I, Juanda Surabaya from October to December 2014. This study uses the 5 treatments and 5 replications with different doses of infection (0,60,80,100 and 120 spora/fish). Data were analyzed with Annova haematology, followed by Duncan 5%. While histopathology were analyzed by semiquantitative scoring mothod used to determine the degree of histology Kluschal Wallis. The result showed that the haematology has significant result, white histopathology signify the presence of significant damage.
Dominansi dan Diversitas Lamun dan Makrozoobenthos pada Musim Pancaroba di Pantai Bama, Taman Nasional Baluran, Situbondo
[Dominance and Diversity of Seagrass and Macrozoobenthos on Transition Season in Bama Beach, Baluran National Park, Situbondo]
Authors: Andriyono Sapto , Nindarwi Daruti Dinda , Kenconojatia Hapsari , Nindarwi Daruti Dinda , Budia Darmawan Setia , Azhar Muhammad Hanif , Ulkhaq Mohammad Faizal
Published: February 2019

AbstrakLamun merupakan tanaman berbiji terbuka yang mampu tumbuh dan beradaptasi dengan lingkungan bersalinitas tinggi serta dapat berasosiasi dengan benthos. Keberadaan lamun di perairan merupakan salah satu indikator tingkat kesuburan dan produktivitas perairan. Terdapat perbedaan dominansi antara musim hujan dan musim kemarau, sehingga enelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menghitung dominansi dan keanekaragaman lamun dan makrozoobenthos pada musim pancaroba di Pantai Bama, TN Baluran, Situbondo. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu line transect quadran dengan 5 line transek quadran yang masing-masingnya dipasang 5 plot transek. Ditemukan jenis lamun yang memiliki nilai kelimpahan tertinggi di Pantai Bama, TN Baluran pada musim pancaroba yaitu C. serrulata dengan nilai 48,90% , dan makrozoobenthos dari genus Holothuria dengan nilai 52,06%. Nilai Indeks dominansi (D) mengkategorikan Pantai Bama, TN Baluran dalam perairan dengan dominansi sedang. Sedangkan berdasarkan Indeks keanekaragaman (H’) mengkategorikan Pantai Bama, TN Baluran dalam perairan dengan keanekaragaman rendah. Musim peralihan berpengaruh terhadap jenis, kelimpahan relatif, indeks dominansi dan indeks keanekaragaman lamun dan makrozoobenthos di Pantai Bama, TN Baluran dibandingkan musim kemarau dan hujan. Perlu dilakukan survei secara berkala untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman organisme yang berkaitan dengan produktivitas perairan. AbstractSeagrass is the one of plants that can grow and adaptataion with high salinity environment and associated with benthos. Seagrass presence that indicate the productivity and prosperity in waters environtment. Found a different dominance between rainy season and dry season, so The aims of this study to identify and count dominance and diversity of seagrass and macrozoobenthos on the transition season in Bama Beach, TN Baluran, Situbondo. The method was used is line transect quadran with 5 quadran each of which installed 5 plot transect. Seagrass species was founded that have the highest abundance values in Bama Beach, TN Baluran the transitional season is C. serrulata with a value of 48.90%, and the macrozoobenthos that found from genus Holothuria with a value of 52.06%. Dominance index value (D) categorize Bama Beach, TN Baluran with moderate dominance. While based on the diversity index (H ') categorizes Bama Beach, TN Baluran with low diversity. Transitional seasons affect the type, relative abundance, dominance index and seagrass diversity index and macrozoobenthos in Bama Beach, TN Baluran than the dry and rainy seasons. Needed to investigate the diversity of organism that related to primary produktivity.
APRESENTAÇÃO
Authors: Silva Luiza Helena Oliveira da , Alves Maria da Penha Casado , Campos Sulemi Fabiano
Published: February 2019

Apresentação
Hubungan Antara Locus of Control dan Personal Responsibility dengan Intention to Act Siswa
Authors: Dasi Ahsanul Akhsan , Miarsyah Mieke , Rusdi Rusdi
Published: February 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara locus of control dan personal responsibility dengan intention to act pada siswa XI MIPA di SMAN 8 Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan. Siswa yang berpartisipasi berjumlah 120 orang. Berdasarkan pada analisis data, mengetahui koefisien korelasi antara X1 dan Y, X2 dan Y dan X1 dan X2 dengan Y. Koefisien korelasi antara locus of control dan intention to act adalah 0,309. Koefisien korelasi antara personal responsibility dan intention to act adalah 0,202. Koefisien korelasi antara locus of control dan personal responsibility dan intention to act adalah 0,357
The The Direct Effect of Motivation on Pro Environmental Behavior (PEB) at Senior High School Student
Authors: Fitriana Desi Eka Nur
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT

Proenvironmental behavior is a behavior that seeks to minimize the negative impact on the environment which is influenced by several factors, one of which is motivation. This study aims to analyze the direct effect of motivation on proenvironmental behavior. This research was conducted using a quantitative approach with a causal survey method and analyzed using path analysis. The number of samples used as respondents is 200 students of class XI MIA SMAN 1 Tangerang Regency. Based on the results of testing the hypothesis it can be concluded that there is a positive direct effect of personality on proenvironmental behavior with a path analysis coefficient of 0.159. There is a positive direct effect of motivation on proenvironmental behavior with a path coefficient of 0.486. 

Keywords: Motivation, Pro Environment Behavior, Path Analysis.
Peningkatan Kompetensi Guru PPKN SMP Dalam Melaksanakan Penilaian Autentik Berdasarkan Kurikulum 2013
Authors: Komarudin Komarudin , Sarkadi Sarkadi , Alkhudri Ahmad Tarmiji
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Authentic assessment has a strong relevance to the scientific approach to learning that is in accordance with the demands of the 2013 Curriculum. Its existence is very important for teachers to understand. However, in reality there are still teachers who do not understand authentic assessment as an important part of the implementation of the 2013 curriculum. Therefore, it is very important to do community service activities about authentic assessment, especially for PPKn subject teachers at the Junior High School level in Indramayu Regency. The form of P2M activities in the form of workshops with problem solving methods rests on cooperative inquiry. The target audience is 45 PPKn teachers at the Junior High School level in Indramayu Regency. The results of P2M activities showed an increase (1) participants' understanding of the basic concepts of authentic assessment with a score (84) after the workshop and (93) after online mentoring; (2) Understanding of authentic assessment according to the 2013 curriculum with the value of (87) after the workshop and (90) after online assistance; (3) the ability to identify the types and authentic assessment instruments with a value (84) after the workshop and (90) after online assistance; (4) development of instruments, authentic assessment rubrics (80) after workshops and (86) after online mentoring.

 

Abstrak

Penilaian authentik memiliki relevansi kuat terhadap pendekatan ilmiah dalam pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan tuntutan Kurikulum 2013. Keberadaannya sangat penting dipahami oleh para guru. Namun, dalam kenyataannya masih terdapat guru yang belum memahami penilaian autentik sebagai bagian penting dari implementasi kurikulum 2013. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting dilakukan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat tentang penilaian autentik, khususnya bagi guru mata pelajaran PPKn Tingkat SMP di Kabupaten Indramayu. Bentuk kegiatan P2M berupa workshop dengan metode pemecahan masalah bertumpu pada cooperative inquiry. Khalayak sasaran adalah guru PPKn Tingkat SMP di Kabupaten Indramayu sebanyak 45 orang. Hasil kegiatan P2M menunjukkan peningkatan (1) pemahaman peserta mengenai konsep dasar penilaian autentik dengan nilai (84) sesudah workshop dan (93) sesudah pendampingan online; (2) Pemahaman penilaian autentik menurut kurikulum 2013 dengan nilai (87) sesudah workshop dan (90) sesudah pendampingan online; (3) kemampuan mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis dan instrumen penilaian autentik dengan nilai (84) sesudah workshop dan (90) sesudah pendampingan online; (4) pengembangan instrumen, rubrik penilaian autentik (80) sesudah workshop dan (86) sesudah pendampingan online.
Variables sociodemográficas y uso problemático de videojuegos en adolescentes ecuatorianos
Authors: Andrade Quizhpe Livia Isabel , Carbonell Xavier , López Guerra Víctor Manuel
Published: February 2019

La gran demanda, el fácil acceso y el tiempo de dedicación a los videojuegos por parte de los adolescentes han causado consecuencias no beneficiosas por su uso excesivo, convirtiéndose en un problema social, por esta razón resulta pertinente conocer su prevalencia en el contexto ecuatoriano, además de explorar su relación con algunas variables sociodemográficas. La presente investigación comprende un estudio no experimental, ex-post-facto, comparativo y transversal, realizado en una muestra de 3.178 estudiantes de secundaria de 76 instituciones educativas del Ecuador, de los cuales el 52,8% fueron hombres y el 47,2% mujeres, entre 14 y 17 años (15,62±0,80). Los resultados arrojaron una prevalencia baja de uso problemático de videojuegos (1,13%), los adolescentes hombre y que residían en zonas urbanas tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de presentar un mayor uso problemático de videojuegos. La edad, el tipo de institución educativa y el tipo de familia no se relacionaron con el uso problemático de videojuegos. Estos hallazgos respaldan la necesidad de generar intervenciones eficaces que atienda la demanda de usuarios que presenten una mayor tendencia a usar dispositivos de videojuegos de manera excesiva.
Perfil neuropsicológico y sintomatología psicopatológica de pacientes con trastornos relacionados con sustancias a tratamiento en una unidad de día
Authors: Piñon Blanco Adolfo , Lage López Mayte , Carrera Machado Indalecio , Vázquez González Marta , Cerqueiro Costa Xaqueline , Bobadilla Pérez Victoria , Spuch Calvar Carlos , Otero Lamas Francisco
Published: February 2019

El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas ha sido consistentemente asociado con la presencia de alteraciones en distintos procesos neuropsicológicos: velocidad de procesamiento, memoria, atención o funciones ejecutivas, que han sido relacionadas con deterioro en el funcionamiento diario y menor efectividad de los tratamientos convencionales, y justifican la necesidad de integrar el abordaje neuropsicológico en el tratamiento de las adicciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las alteraciones neuropsicológicas y sintomatológicas en pacientes con trastornos relacionados con sustancias. Se aplicó una batería de evaluación neuropsicológica a una muestra de personas con trastornos relacionados con sustancias a tratamiento en una unidad de día. Los resultados reflejan un rendimiento neuropsicológico indicativo de deterioro cognitivo moderado, reducida velocidad de procesamiento psicomotora, lectora y visuoespacial, déficits en los subprocesos de atención sostenida, selectiva y alternante, y dificultades en los componentes ejecutivos de inhibición y flexibilidad cognitiva. A nivel de sintomatología psicopatológica se han encontrado manifestaciones clínicas de obsesión-compulsión, depresión, ansiedad y psicoticismo. La determinación del perfil neuropsicológico y sintomatológico en estos pacientes contribuye a mejorar el diagnóstico, trabajar la conciencia del déficit y a optimizar la individualización de los programas de tratamiento.
Root and Rhizome Growth of Kentucky Bluegrass Following Application of Pendimethalin
Authors: Cooper R.J. , Bhowmik P.C. , Spokas L.A.
Published: February 2019

Field experiments were conducted to determine the response of five widely used Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars (Adelphi, Baron, Bensun, Merion, and Touchdown) to preemergence applications of the herbicide pendimethalin. Pendimethalin applied during 2 years at 1.7 or 3.4 kg·ha-1 (a.i.) controlled smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig.) Schreb. ex Muhl.] effectively without injury to turf. Pendimethalin at 3.4 kg·ha-1 resulted in a short-term suppression of root growth immediately following application in the first year of the study. The reduction was transitory and subsequent rooting and rhizome growth were unaffected by pendimethalin. Cultivar × pendimethalin level interactions were not significant during the study. Thus, the herbicide appears to be a safe, effective preemergence material for crabgrass control in Kentucky bluegrass turf. Chemical name used: N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin).
Limb Girdling Influences Rooting, Survival, Total Sugar, and Starch of Dormant Hardwood Peach Cuttings
Authors: Evert D.R. , Smittle D.A.
Published: February 2019

Nonterminal cuttings were taken just after leaf fall (November) from nongirdled shoots and from shoots girdled 7 weeks previously on `Flordaking', `Junegold', and `Harvester' peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]. Cuttings from nongirdled shoots rooted (85%) and survived (72%) better than did cuttings from girdled shoots on the same trees (64% rooting, 49% survival). Total sugar averaged across cultivars was 68 mg·g-1 dry weight in cuttings from nongirdled shoots and 82 mg·g-1 dry weight in cuttings from girdled shoots. Starch averaged 26 mg·g-1 dry weight and was independent of shoot girdling. `Flordaking' had the lowest starch concentration and the highest” percentage of cuttings that rooted and survived. Rooting and survival percentages differed by as much as 90% among trees within each cultivar.
SOLAR HEATING REDUCES INSECT INFESTATIONS IN RIPENING AND DRYING FIGS
Authors: Ferguson Louise , Shorey Harry , Wood David L.
Published: February 2019

Several experimental procedures were used to evaluate the influence of solar radiation on insect infestations in Calimyma and Adriatic variety figs (Ficus carica L.). Direct sunlight eliminated infesting insects and prevented further infestation of ripe figs drying on the ground for at least 10 days. Placement in the shade resulted in 12% insect infestation in figs within 3 days. Figs that fell naturally into sunlit areas contained almost no insects, whereas 31% of figs that fell into dense shade were infested. While ripening figs were still attached to trees, the level of insect infestation was 50% higher on the shady north side than the sunny south south side. The insect pests most frequently encountered in these experiments were nitidulid beetles and their larvae. Disease incidence was not affected by degree of exposure. We propose that cultural techniques to maximize exposure of ripening and drying figs to solar radiation could be developed as important pest management tools.
RELATIONSHIPS OF IRRIGATION AND MEDIUM COMPOSITION TO TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS IN CONTAINER MEDIA
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: February 2019

Thermal properties of pine bark: sand container media as a function of volumetric water content and effectiveness of irrigation as a tool for modulating high temperatures in container media were studied. Volumetric water and sand content interacted to affect container medium thermal diffusivity. Adding sand to a pine bark container medium decreased thermal diffusivity if volumetric water content was less than 10 percent and increased thermal diffusivity if volumetric water content was between 10 and 70 percent. Thermal diffusivity was greatest for a 3 pine bark : 2 sand container medium if volumetric water content was between 30 and 70 percent. Irrigation was used to decrease temperatures in 10-liter container media. Irrigation water at 26°C was more effective if 1) volumes equaled or exceeded 3000 ml, 2) applications were made during mid-day, and 3) sand was present in the container medium compared to pine bark alone. However, due to the volume of water required to lower container media temperatures, nursery operators should first consider reducing incoming irradiance via overhead shade or container spacing.
NITROGEN AND BORON RATES FOR SELECTED BRASSICA GROWN ON EAST TEXAS ACID, SANDY SOIL
Authors: Davis J. V. , Earhart D. R. , Leonard A. T. , Haby V. A.
Published: February 2019

The potential for east Texas to produce Brassica that could compete favorably with the import market exists. This study was conducted to establish optimum nitrogen and boron rates for 4 Brassica spp. grown on highly leachable east Texas soil, a Bowie series (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudult). Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica, var. Green Comet), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis var. White Contessa), Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. Pekinensis var. Monument), and Chinese mustard (Brassica rapa L. Chinensis var. What-A-Joy) were field grown using 5 rates of N (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg·ha-1) interacted with 3 rates of B (0, 1.25 and 2.5 kg·ha-1) in a complete randomized design with 3 reps. Harvested broccoli heads increased average head weight (HW), average head size (HS), and total yield (Y) for each increase of N. Cauliflower HW, HS, and Y increased up to 150 kg N ha-1. B supplementation did not statistically affect HW, HS, and Y of broccoli or cauliflower. Chinese cabbage Y increased up to 150 kg N ha-1 and produced less Y at 200 kg N ha-1 than at 50 kg N ha-1. Chinese mustard Y increased 50% for the 50 (kg·ha-1) N over no added N with additional N producing statistically equal Y. B at 1.25 (kg·ha-1) significantly increased cabbage Y, but had no effect on mustard Y.
ELONGATION OF LILIUM LONGIFLORUM BUDS AND PEDICELS IS LOCALIZED AT THE BUD BASE REGION
Authors: Carbonaro Della , Miller William B.
Published: February 2019

Success in the production of seasonal flowering plants requires adequate knowledge of plant growth patterns and rates. In Easter lilies, pedicel growth is one the components of final plant height. Flower bud growth rates are important from the standpoint of timing of anthesis. To learn more about the localization of growth in Easter lily flower buds and pedicels, we conducted a time course experiment. Buds and pedicels were marked at 1.2 mm intervals using an inked bolt. Distances between ink marks were determined at 3 day intervals. Results indicate that 30 mm flower buds elongate almost exclusively from basal regions of the bud. The basal 1.2 mm segment elongated 16 mm in 20 days, while the apical 1.2 mm segment elongated 0.75 mm in the same period. Larger buds (initially 90 mm) gave similar results, although bud tip growth rate increased to some degree just prior to flowering. Pedicel elongation occurred almost exclusively at the apical end of the pedicel, adjacent to the region of greatest bud growth.
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE MEASURES OF WOODY SHRUBS
Authors: Hild Ann L. , Fish E.B. , Morgan D.L.
Published: February 2019

For multi-stemmed shrubs, especially those with fine foliage, obtaining measures of leaf area or density of foliage and twigs within the crown may be both difficult and time-consuming. However, this measure may be an indication of the ornamental quality of a species. A method of photographic analysis was developed to perform repeated measures within the crown of woody shrubs. Slides of 5 species of arid land woody shrubs were analyzed by use of a Visual Image Processor system. This digital imaging technique may be applied where comparative measures over time for individual plants is useful. Comparisons were made of slides taken in the fall of 1989 and the spring and fall of 1990. The use Of slides limited handling or removal of any portion of the plants. Initial care in slide production and continuity of photographic techniques permits consistent results between measurement dates. This computerized method al lows comparative analysis of the growth and “fullness” of plant crowns.
RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL SPOT IN CUCURBITA SPECIES
Authors: Coyne Dermot P. , Sutton Lisa , Fujimoto Debra
Published: February 2019

No sources of resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae (X.c.c.) in the Cucurbita species have been reported. Cultivars, breeding lines, landraces, and PI lines of 5 Cucurbita species were screened for resistance to X.c.c. in 3 greenhouse tests (GH). A `florist`s frog' was used to inoculate the first fully expanded leaves using a X.c.c. suspension (107 CFU/ml). The disease reaction was recorded as the percentage of inoculated leaf area with necrotic lesions and/or chlorosis. Butternut (b n) breeding lines were also evaluated for reaction to X.c.c. under uniform natural in feetion in 2 field (F) trials. A randomized complete block design was used in all GH and F experiments. C. moschata Nebr. BN PM1-88-8 and C. martinezii had high resistance to X.c.c. All other entries in all tests were susceptible. BN PM-88-8 is an early maturing small stable (no crookneck fruit) near-round BN type squash. The fruit are resistant to black–rot, but the leaves are susceptible to powdery mildew. BN PM-88-8 is ideal for microwave cooking because of its near-round shape permitting more uniform cooking. Release is expected in 1990.
ROOT GROWTH OF CHINESE JUNIPER DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS AFTER PLANTING
Authors: Gilman Edward F. , Kane Michael E.
Published: February 2019

Shoot and root growth were measured on Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) Var. `Torulosa', `Sylvestris', `Pfitzeriana' and `Hetzii' 1, 2 and 3 years after planting into a simulated landscape from 10-liter black plastic containers. Mean diameter of the root system increased quadratically averaging 1, 2 m/year; whereas, mean branch spread increased at 0, 33 m/year, Three years after planting, root spread was 2, 75 times branch spread and roots covered an area 5.5 times that covered by the branches. Percentage of total root length located within the dripline of the plants remained fairly constant (71-77%) during the first 3 years following planting. Root length density per unit area increased over time but decreased with distance from the trunk. In the first 2 years after planting shoot weight increased faster than root `weight. However, during the third year after planting, the root system increased in mass and size at a faster rate than the shoots. Root length was correlated with root weight within root-diameter classes, Root spread and root area were correlated with trunk area, branch spread and crown area.
GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN MORPHOGENIC POTENTIAL OF CULTURED LEAF EXPLANTS OF LYCOPERSICON HIRSUTUM
Authors: Stommel John R.
Published: February 2019

Cultured leaf explants obtained from 36 accessions of the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum were evaluated for morphogenic capacity in response to 3 cytokinins [zeatin, benzylamino purine (BA) and kinetin] in combination with indoleacetic acid (IAA). Morphogenic responses within this wild species were accession-dependent, Cotyledon tissue, in comparison to true leaf explants, were superior for callus and shoot formation. Optimal callus induction medium varied with accession, but most often contained 13.3 μM BA plus 1.7 μM IAA. Media containing 4.6 or 9.2 μM zeatin plus 0.1 μM iaa were optimal shoot induction media. Explants of L. hirsutum f. typicum accessions 126445, 127826, 128644, and 390663 and L. hirsutum f. glabratum accessions 365904, 365905, and 365906 exhibited the highest levels of shoot formation.
SCREENING FOR ALKALINITY TOLERANCE IN PRUNUS WITH A HIGH CARBONATE SOLUTION
Authors: Byrne David H. , Yan Shi , Bacon Terry A.
Published: February 2019

Peach trees when grown in calcareous soils frequently exhibit lime-induced iron chlorosis. There have been numerous reports of rootstock tolerant to soil alkalinity but given the wide range of field conditions under which the comparison were made, it is difficult to quantify the relative tolerance of the different rootstock. A greenhouse screening procedure using a 0.5g/liter potassium bicarbonate solution (pH 8.0-8.3) was employed to compare the tolerance levels of 50 peach, almond and hybrid lines. Most peach lines tested were very susceptible (Nemaguard) to susceptible (Nemared, Lovell). A few exhibited a low level of tolerance (Montclar, Rutger Red Leaf, Rancho Resistant). High levels of tolerance were found with in almond and almond-peach hybrid families.
EFFECTS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPOST AND FERTILIZER RATES ON BROCCOLI
Authors: Roe N.E. , Kostewicz S.R. , Bryan H.H.
Published: February 2019

Several companies and government agencies are now making municipal solid waste (MSW) composts. This study was undertaken to test effects of a MSW compost with different rates of fertilizer on broccoli. Treatments were compost at 0, 6.7, 13.5 and 26.9 MT/ha and fertilizer at 84 and 168 kg/ha N on a, fine sand soil. Treatments were applied, rototilled, and beds formed and covered with black plastic. Broccoli cv. `Southern Comet' transplants were set on March 2 with 46 cm between plants, 2 rows/bed, and beds centered at 1.8 m. Mature heads 15 cm and larger were harvested on April 25. Numbers of heads and total weight of heads were recorded and average head weights were calculated. Data analysis indicated main effect significance for fertilizer rate but not for compost rate with no interactions. The 168 kg/ha level of N resulted in a yield of 5795 kg/ha while the 84 kg/ha level produced 3849 kg/ha. Average head weights were 264, 262, 257, and 252 g; and marketable yield were 5.0, 4.8, 5.0, and 4.5 MT/ha; at 0, 6.7, 13.5, and 26.9 MT/ha, respectively.
CRYOPRESERVATION OF PAPAYA SHOOT TIPS BY VITRIFICATION
Authors: Towill Leigh E.
Published: February 2019

Papaya shoot tips, obtained either from seedlings or from in vitro plants, survived liquid nitrogen (-196°C) exposure using a vitrification procedure. Vitrification is a technically simple method but requires large concentrations of cryoprotectants. These were added in two steps, first slow addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and PEG-8000, and subsequent fast addition of ethylene glycol (PG). The final concentration before cooling was 40% EG, 7.8% DMSO, and 10% PEG-8000. Both rapid cooling and rapid warming rates were required. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine that the external solution vitrified upon cooling. It could not be demonstrated by DSC that cells within the shoot-tip vitrified, but since both DMSO and EG rapidly permeate plant cells, vitrification within the cells seems a likely explanation for retention of viability.
REGENERATION AND AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS - MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.).
Authors: Hammar Sue A. , Grumet Rebecca
Published: February 2019

We sought to develop efficient regeneratio nand transformation procedures for cucumber. Factors tested for regeneration included: hormone types and levels, genotype, explant source, and environmental conditions. Optimum regeneration was obtained using cotyledon pieces from 4 day old GY14A seedlings and culturing for 3 weeks under cool white lights (30-40 uE-2s-1) on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/l BA, 0.3 mg/l ABA, 30 g/l sucrose, 1 g/l MES, and 3.07 g/l Scott gelrite. Shoots developed via somatic embryogenesis ca. 2 wk after explants were transferred to MS supplemented with 20 g/l sucrose, 1 g/l MES, and 4.37 g/l gelrite. Ca. 80% of the explants produce shoots, 1/3-1/2 of which produce rooted plantlets; total time from explant to rooted plantlet is ca. 8 wks. Transformation experiments utilized Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains LBA4404 bearing the CIBA-GEIGY pCIB10 vector with a selectable marker gene for kanamycin resistance. Optimal conditions include 45 mg/l kan, 10 min inoculation and 3 day co-cultivation. Preliminary evidence suggests that tobacco nurse cultures increase transformation efficiency. Transgenic plants were confirmed by Southern or dot blot analysis.
POINSETTIA DEVELOPMENTAL AND POST-PRODUCTION RESPONSES TO GROWTH RETARDANTS AND IRRADIANCE
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Miller William B.
Published: February 2019

Plants of Euphorbia pulcherrima Wind. `Glory' were grown under 13.4, 8.5, or 4.0 mol·m-2·day-1 and sprayed with water (control); 2500 mg·liter-1 daminozide + 1500 mg·liter-1 chlormequat chloride (D+C); 62.5 mg·liter-1 paclobutrazol; or 4, 8, 12 or 16 mg·liter-1 uniconazole to ascertain plant developmental and pest-production responses to the treatment combinations. Days to anthesis increased as irradiance was decreased. Anthesis was delayed by the D+C treatment, while other growth retardant (GR) treatments had no effect on anthesis. Irradiance did not affect plant height at anthesis, but all GR treatments decreased height over control plants. Bract display and bract canopy display diameters declined as irradiance was decreased. Growth retardants did not affect individual bract display diameters, but all GR treatments except paclobutrazol reduced bract canopy display diameter. Plants grown under lower irradiance had fewer axillary buds develop, fewer bract displays per plant, and fewer cyathia per bract display. Cyathia abscission during a 30 day post-anthesis evaluation was not affected by treatment; however, plant leaf drop was linearly proportional to irradiance. All GR treatments increased leaf drop over controls, and the D+C treated plants had the highest leaf loss. Results indicate the irradiance and GR treatments during production can affect poinsettia crop timing, plant quality at maturity, and subsequent post-production performance.
EVALUATION OF RAPID CYCLING BRASSICA AS A CANDIDATE OILSEED CROP FOR CONTROLLED ECOLOGICAL LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Authors: Frick Jay , Schonfeld Manette A. , Williams Paul H. , Mitchell Cary A.
Published: February 2019

The short time to flower and rapid production cycle of dwarf Brassica lines make it a promising candidate as an oilseed crop for NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) program. Breeding lines provided by Paul H. Williams are being screened at Purdue University for productivity and yield rate using soilless culture techniques under controlled-environment conditions. The small, irregularly-shaped Brassica seeds did not respond well to conventional methods of germination above the batch hydroponic systems, even when a variety of capillary ticking materials were used. At best, attaining uniformity of seedling stands required transplants, which compromised potential yield rates in terms of mechanical damage and inhibited seedling establishment. Present emphasis is on solid substrate soilless mixtures using passive ticking hydroponics systems. Crop growth rate, harvest index, and overall yield are being compared as a function of planting densities ranging from 117 to 1423 plants/m2 of growing area. Yield parameters are also being evaluated as a function of growth medium and level of ambient CO2 in the growth chamber atmosphere. Research sponsored by NASA Cooperative agreement NCC 2-100.
POTASSIUM NUTRITION OF CABBAGE SEEDLINGS IN PINE BARK SUBSTRATES.
Authors: Wright Graham J. , Smith Irwin E.
Published: February 2019

Composted pine bark is one of the most important substrates used in the seedling industry today. Previous work suggested the availability of inherent Potassium (K) in the bark. This research confirmed the availability of K and indicated that little or no K is needed for seedling production when pine bark is used as a substrate. Pre-enrichment rates ranged from 0 to 460 g.K.m-3, with a supplemental solution application of 0 to 200 mg.K.l-1. No evidence of K deficiencies or toxicities were detected. Three K sources, KCl, KNO3, and K2SO4 were used in the pre-enrichment of the bark. No differences were noted for top fresh mass, seedling height, root dry mass, root to shoot ratio and percentage moisture. Seedlings grown in treatments without and supplementary K showed tissue contents of 162.5 mg.K.kg-1. This research suggests the possibility of reducing the levels of-K applied to seedlings grown in a composted pine bark substrate.
HERITABILITY OF MANGANESE TOLERANCE IN RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY
Authors: Gupton Creighton , Spiers James
Published: February 2019

To determine whether manganese tolerance in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) is heritable, a 10-parent diallel cross was produced. A 250 ppm Mn solution (200 ml/plant) was applied to a sand culture, of the progeny daily. Visual ratings (1 - dead plant - 13 - no Mn toxicity symptom) were made after 6 weeks. Shoot weight and Mn content of leaves were determined. Narrow-sense heritability estimates (h2) were 0.45±0.28 for Mn content, 0.49±0.27 for visual ratings, and 0.37± 0.21 for shoot weight. The genetic correlation between neither shoot weight nor visual rating and Mn content (0.11 and -0.15, respectively) was very high; however, the correlation between shoot weight and visual ratings (1.00) was extremely high. This suggests that visual ratings provide an estimate of Mn effects on plans equal to objective measurements of shoot weight. Though h2 estimates for Mn content and visual ratings were similar, the lack of genetic correlation between the traits indicates that tolerance to Mn toxicity is independent of Mn content. The high h2 for visual ratings suggests mass selection as the method of choice for improving Mn tolerance in a rabbiteye blueberry population.
INVERTASES OF LILIUM LONGIFLORUM FLOWER BUDS
Authors: Miller William B. , Niu Shi
Published: February 2019

Sucrose is the major form of translocated carbohydrate in most plants. While enzymes of sucrose degradation have been well studied in many agronomic crop sinks, little is known about the physiology of sucrose breakdown in most floral tissues. Invertase and sucrose synthase are accepted as the key enzymes responsible for sucrose breakdown. As the first step in studying sucrose breakdown in Lilium longiflorum, we characterized floral bud invertase enzymes. Three soluble invertases were present in developing buds, and were resolved by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography (Invertases I, II, and III, in order of elution). After further purification, each enzyme was characterized. Each was an acid invertase (pH optima of 4.0 to 5.0). each had Km values for sucrose of 5.0 to 7.0 mM. To determine if the enzymes had tissue-specific localization, anthers were dissected from tepal, pistil, and filament tissues. Invertase I was localized primarily in anthers, with invertases II and III being present in much smaller amounts. Invertases II and III were the major forms in the other floral tissues with essentially no invertase I detectable.
VARIATIONS IN COLD HARDINESS CHARACTERISTICS AMONG PRUNUS SPECIES
Authors: Kadir S. , Proebsting E. L.
Published: February 2019

Flower buds of 20 Prunus species representing 4 subgenera were collected during winter and spring of 1989-90. Buds were preconditioned at +3° or 7°C to test their minimum hardiness level (MHL) or the rate of hardiness increase. DTA revealed that most of the prunus species have flower primordia that supercool. The subgenus Padus have racemose inflorescences and do not deep supercool during dormancy. P. besseyi, P. nigra and P. americana had small exotherms between -22° and -27°C while P. davidiana and P. subhirtella had larger exotherms at higher temperatures. Exposure of flower buds to -7°C shifted LTES to lower temperatures and/or reduced the size of LTE, which became undetectable for many species including P. nigra and P. americana. P. davidiana and P. subhirtella increased hardiness by 6°/day at -7° while dormant. Deacclimation coincided with an increase in LTE50 and the development of xylem vessel elements in the bud axis, calyx and filaments as indicated by dye movenent. P. davidiana was the least hardy species and required only 700 chill units to satisfy the chilling requirement, while P. nigra and P. americana had LTE average of -26°C at MHL and required over 1000 chill unit accumulation.
MEFLUIDIDE IMPROVED THE DEVELOPMENT OF TERMINAL FLOWER BUDS OF CHILLED PEPPER PLANTS
Authors: Chen Jing-fen , Li Paul H. , Davis David W.
Published: February 2019

Exposure of young pepper plants to chilling temperatures delays the development of terminal flower buds to flowering during post-stress growth. Degree of adverse influence depends on chilling intensity, exposure duration and varietal sensitivity. `Ma Belle' pepper plants were grown in a greenhouse (GH) during winter months on the St. Paul campus, No supplemental lighting was provided. When plants were at the 2- to 3-leaf stage, they were foliar sprayed with mefluidide (Technical grade) at 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm. One day after treatment, some plants were transferred from GH to a cold room (3° ∼4°C day/night) with 12-h photoperiod. Treatad plants remaining in the GH served as the control. Plants were chilled for 1, 2, 4 and 6 days and then brought back to the GH for post-stress growth and development observation. Treated and untreated plants grown in the GH showed no difference in days to flowering, and reached 50% flowering at about 62 days after treatment. When untreated plants were chilled for 1,2,4 and 6 days, they showed a delay of 8, 18, 30 and 34 days, respectively, to flowering, If not killed, as compared to the control The long delay to flowering was due to the injury of the terminal flower buds. After 4 and 6 days of chilling, most terminal flower buds were killed. However, when plants were treated with mefluidide and subsequently chilled days to flowering were significantly shortened. A difference of 10-12 days was observed between chilled untreated plants and chilled treated plants. Concentrations of 5 to 15 ppm were equally effective in protection against chilling.
GERMINATION OF PENSTEMON SEED USING SEED SCARIFICATION AND SEED STRATIFICATION
Authors: Lindgren Dale T.
Published: February 2019

Penstemon, a U.S. native plant/wildflower, is increasing in use as a landscape plant. Penstemon species are commonly propagated by seeds. However, species vary greatly in percent seed germination,

Seeds from eight sources of Penstemon germplasm were given cold moist stratification periods of either 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 weeks. One-half of the seed for each treatment was scarified with sandpaper. The study was repeated twice, once in 1989 and once in 1990.

Seed germination varied with species, and with the length of stratification. Greatest germination occurred at the 6, 8 and 10 week periods and the lowest germination occurred with no stratification. There were also differences between species in percent germination, Average percent germination was highest for P. gracilis and lowest for P. haydenii There was a significant species × stratification interaction, Seed scarification did not influence germination as much as seed stratification in these studies
REDUCING CHILLING INJURY AND DECAY Of GRAPEFRUIT BY FUNGICIDES APPLIED AT HIGH TEMPERATURE
Authors: McDonald Roy E. , Miller William R. , McCollum T. G.
Published: February 2019

The fungicides thiabendazole (TBZ) or imazalil were applied at 1 g·liter-1 at 24 or 53C to `Marsh' and `Redblush' grapefruit (Citrus paradis i Macf.) to reduce fruit susceptibility to chilling injury (CI) and decay. There was more CI and decay on `Marsh' grapefruit than on `Redblush'. CI was found to be lower in grapefruit that had been dipped at 53C than at 24C. CI was higher after water dips without fungicide. Imazalil was found to be more effective in reducing CI than TBZ. Fungicides reduced decay at both temperatures, and imazalil was better than TBZ. Results of this study confirm the benefits of high-temperature fungicide treatments for maintaining grapefruit quality and indicate some benefits of high-temperature fungicide treatments for reducing CI.
ARTICHOKE SEED GERMINATION RESPONSES TO CHILLING AND GROWTH REGULATOR TREATMENTS
Authors: Schrader Wayne L.
Published: February 2019

Three trials were conducted in 1989 to evaluate the effects of chilling, freezing, growth regulator, and acid scarification treatments on the seed germination of two artichoke varieties. Soaking seed in a 500, 1000, or 2000 ppm ethephon solution for 5 minutes significantly increased the rate and uniformity of germination. Chilling, freezing, gibberellin, and cytokinin treatments did not affect germination rate. Freezing moistened seed and acid scarification significantly delayed germination. Ethephon treatments did not affect subsequent seedling development.
USE OF GROWTH REGULATORS TO ENHANCE LATERAL BRANCHING OF ALGERIAN IVY (HEDERA CANARIENSIS L.)
Authors: Al-Juboory Karim H. , Williams David J.
Published: February 2019

Three node stem cuttings of Algerian Ivy Hedera canariensis were sprayed with growth regulators to incipient runoff under greenhouse conditions. The results demonstrated that the combination of BA + GA4+7, (Promalin) promoted branching of Algerian Ivy better than applications of BA or GA4+7 alone. Plants treated with Atrinal developed more shoots per node than those treated with GA4+7, BA, or Promalin. Increasing concentration of Atrinal from 0 to 3000 ppm, also reduced branch length and leaf number for both pinched and unpinched plants. 2,3,5—triodobenzoic acid (TIBA) significantly increased the branching of Algerian Ivy, although plant shape was not commercially acceptable due to epinasity of the foliage.
IN VITRO EMBRYOGENESIS DERIVED FROM LEAF CALLUS OF `TIFFANY' ROSE
Authors: Arif Mahmoud B. , Khatamian Houchang
Published: February 2019

Friable callus from leaf disks of Rosa hybrida `Tiffany' was initiated within two weeks under dark conditions and 25°C on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4 mg.liter-1 2,4-D. Callus was then transferred into MS medium containing 3 mg.liter-1 2,4-D. Within four weeks, rhizogenesis occurred on the callus surface.

The rhizogenic calllus was subculture on MS medium plus 3 mg.liter-1 2,4-D every 4-6 weeks. Within six months from initial culture, somatic embryos were developed on the aging callus in darkness.

Transfer of the aging callus with somatic embryos into 1/2 MS medium containing 1 mg.liter-1 kinetin and maintaining it under 46 μE m-2s-1 light for 16 hrs. resulted in greening of the somatic embryos.
THE USE OF CHITOSAN COATING TO EXTEND THE STORAGE-LIFE OF TOMATO FRUITS.
Authors: El Ghaouth Ahmed , Ponnampalam Rathy , Arul Joseph
Published: February 2019

The effect of chitosan coating on the respiration rate, ethylene production and quality attributes of tomatoes stored at 20°C under high humidity-regular atmosphere was investigated. Chitosan coating reduced significantly the respiration rate and ethylene production of tomatoes, with a greater effect at higher concentration. In addition coating modified the internal microatmoaphere of fruits. Furthermore, coated fruits were firmer, higher in titratable acidity, less decayed and their change in color proceeded at a slower rate than the control.

In conclusion chitosan coating delayed senescence and prolonged storage life of tomatoes, without affecting their market quality by acting as diffusion barrier for gases.
POINSETTIA CULTIVARS RESPOND DIFFERENTLY TO MOLYBDENUM DEFICIENCY
Authors: Cox Douglas A.
Published: February 2019

Nine cultivars were grown in a 1:1 sphagnum peat and perlite medium with no limestone or trace element fertilizer. Fertilizer solutions of 300 ppm N and K (calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate) and 24 ppm Mg were applied at every watering. Solutions supplied all trace elements and either 0 or 1 ppm Mo. Moderate to severe foliar symptoms of Mo deficiency developed on `Annette Hegg Brilliant Diamond' and `Eckespoint Lilo' with 0 ppm Mo. Symptoms did not occur with 1 ppm Mo. No Mo deficiency symptoms developed on the other 7 cultivars which included `Supjibi', `Gutbier V-17 Angelika', `Peace Regal Velvet', and `Cheers!'. With 0 ppm Mo these cultivars generally maintained higher levels of nitrate reductase enzyme activity and lower tissue nitrate levels than the 2 showing symptoms.