bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Crosslinked High-density Polyethylene Foam Using Supercritical CO2 as Blowing Agent
Authors: Zhou Hongfu , Wang Zhanjia , Xu Guozhi , Wang Xiangdong , Wen Bianying , Jin Shanglin
Published: September 2018

Different content of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) acting as a crosslinking agent was mixed with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in a Haake internal mixer to improve the viscoelasticity and foamability of HDPE. The crosslinked HDPE samples were foamed in a high pressure stainless steel autoclave using CO2 as the physical blowing agent. The molecular weight, crystallization behavior and rheological properties of various HDPE samples were examined by gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, rotational rheometer, and torque rheometer, respectively. The foaming properties of various samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope and densimeter. It was found that with the increasing content of DCP, the molecular weight, crystallization temperature, complex viscosity, and storage modulus of HDPE increased and the crystallization degree of HDPE decreased. When 0.2 phr of DCP was introduced into HDPE, the expansion volume ratio of HDPE showed the highest value, which could be more than 7 times.
From Large Villages to Small Towns: A Study of Rural Transformation in New Census Towns, India
Authors: Guin Debarshi
Published: September 2018

Since the release of the census 2011 data, much has been written about the ‘unprecedented’ emergence of new census towns (CTs), their spatial distribution, their role in urban growth and possible reasons for their emergence. However, little has been talked about the process of transformation of the concerned settlements from ‘rural’ to ‘urban’ using field information. The current study is an attempt to bridge this gap. Taking the case of Sehara, a new CT in the state of West Bengal, the article argues that the process of structural transformation of economy in such settlements is not necessarily unidirectional and agriculture plays a strong role in this process. Fluctuation of non-farm employment makes such towns an ‘undecidable category’. The study also reveals that the towns like Sehara have little regional importance when the concerned region is dotted by several big villages.
Resting EEG Measures of Brain Arousal in a Multisite Study of Major Depression
Authors: Ulke Christine , Tenke Craig E. , Kayser Jürgen , Sander Christian , Böttger Daniel , Wong Lidia Y. X. , Alvarenga Jorge E. , Fava Maurizio , McGrath Patrick J. , Deldin Patricia J. , Mcinnis Melvin G. , Trivedi Madhukar H. , Weissman Myrna M. , Pizzagalli Diego A. , Hegerl Ulrich , Bruder Gerard E.
Published: September 2018

Several studies have found upregulated brain arousal during 15-minute EEG recordings at rest in depressed patients. However, studies based on shorter EEG recording intervals are lacking. Here we aimed to compare measures of brain arousal obtained from 2-minute EEGs at rest under eyes-closed condition in depressed patients and healthy controls in a multisite project—Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response for Clinical Care (EMBARC). We expected that depressed patients would show stable and elevated brain arousal relative to controls. Eighty-seven depressed patients and 36 healthy controls from four research sites in the United States were included in the analyses. The Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig (VIGALL) was used for the fully automatic classification of EEG-vigilance stages (indicating arousal states) of 1-second EEG segments; VIGALL-derived measures of brain arousal were calculated. We found that depressed patients scored higher on arousal stability ( Z = −2.163, P = .015) and A stages (dominant alpha activity; P = .027) but lower on B1 stages (low-voltage non-alpha activity, P = .008) compared with healthy controls. No significant group differences were observed in Stage B2/3. In summary, we were able to demonstrate stable and elevated brain arousal during brief 2-minute recordings at rest in depressed patients. Results set the stage for examining the value of these measures for predicting clinical response to antidepressants in the entire EMBARC sample and evaluating whether an upregulated brain arousal is particularly characteristic for responders to antidepressants.
Investigating the Dark Side of Stories of “Good” Leadership: A Discursive Approach to Leadership Gurus’ Storytelling
Authors: Clifton Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Since the quest for locating an agreed upon prediscursive phenomenon behind the word “leadership” has proved fruitless, some researchers have suggested that leadership is an empty signifier to which many meanings can be attached. Taking this ontological shift seriously, rather than trying to locate leadership as a “thing” that is out there somewhere, it is perhaps better to investigate how meanings of leadership are constructed as in situ social practice. Adopting a discursive approach to leadership and using transcripts of a celebrity interview with management gurus Jack and Suzy Welch, this article analyses the stories they tell in which they provide normative accounts of what good leadership should be. Rather than taking these stories at face value, this article investigates both the way in which these stories are told as in situ social practice and the Discourses of leadership that are used as resources for storytelling and which are (re)produced in the storytelling. Findings indicate that while Jack and Suzy Welch do morally accountable identity work that presents leadership as heroic and positive, these stories also hide a darker side of leadership that is revealed in the analyses of wider societal Discourses that are invoked. The article closes with a call for a more critical approach to stories of leadership.
Faculty Beliefs about Intelligence Are Related to the Adoption of Active-Learning Practices
Authors: Aragón Oriana R. , Eddy Sarah L. , Graham Mark J.
Published: September 2018

Mounting evidence of the efficacy of active learning has prompted educators to consider adoption of these practices in college-level classrooms. One tenet of active learning is that most, if not all, students have the ability to learn. Instructors’ perspectives on learning, however, may or may not be aligned with this. One belief held by some educators is that intelligence is fixed, that is, some students are more intelligent and have a higher ability to learn than others. Instructors with a fixed mindset may not be convinced that their investment in developing active-learning materials will be as fruitful as the education evidence suggests, because these instructors may not believe that most students can grow in their learning. Here, we explored the relationship between fixed mindsets and the adoption of active-learning strategies. We found that instructors with higher fixed mindsets were less persuaded that active-learning strategies were a good idea and less likely to implement the teaching practices. Our research suggests that development initiatives should explicitly address educators’ lay theories of intelligence ( fixed or growth mindset) to support successful implementation of active learning.
Three-dimensional geosteering coherence attributes for deep-formation discontinuity detection
Authors: Wang Shangxu , Yuan Sanyi , Wang Tieyi , Gao Jianhu , Li Shengjun
Published: September 2018

Deep-formation oil/gas exploration is a key objective in the geophysical field, and structural and stratigraphic discontinuities, such as faults and channels, usually contribute to the construction of traps and reservoirs. Coherence has been used successfully to identify these abnormal features in seismic amplitude volumes. However, the current coherence algorithms seldom involve the geologic concept. We propose geosteering coherence attributes by implementing the coherence calculation perpendicular to the direction of the structural trend in a 3D curved plane. We estimate a group of time lags between the original analysis trace and each original neighboring trace along a certain spatial direction by using dip scanning. For each spatial direction, we subsequently construct two new model traces by weighting phase traces derived from the complex seismic traces, in which time lags are eliminated. We then use the new model traces to compute the crosscorrelation coefficients for each spatial direction. We finally obtain the 3D geosteering coherence attributes by taking the minimum values among the modulus of the crosscorrelation coefficients along different spatial directions to approximately characterize the coherence perpendicular to the structural trend in a 3D curved plane. An example of the 3D physical modeling involving fracture groups and faults embedded in the deep formation is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the 3D geosteering coherence attributes. The applications on two real 3D seismic data sets of sand reservoirs from western deep formation illustrate that our method can alleviate the influence of dipping strata and can highlight subtle structures. Compared to the conventional coherence method, our method can highlight subtle geologic structures more and better, suggesting that it may be serve as a future tool for detecting the distribution of geologic abnormalities in deep exploration.
Reducing artifacts of elastic reverse time migration by the deprimary technique
Authors: Zhao Yang , Zhang Houzhu , Yang Jidong , Fei Tong
Published: September 2018

Using the two-way elastic-wave equation, elastic reverse time migration (ERTM) is superior to acoustic RTM because ERTM can handle mode conversions and S-wave propagations in complex realistic subsurface. However, ERTM results may not only contain classical backscattering noises, but they may also suffer from false images associated with primary P- and S-wave reflections along their nonphysical paths. These false images are produced by specific wave paths in migration velocity models in the presence of sharp interfaces or strong velocity contrasts. We have addressed these issues explicitly by introducing a primary noise removal strategy into ERTM, in which the up- and downgoing waves are efficiently separated from the pure-mode vector P- and S-wavefields during source- and receiver-side wavefield extrapolation. Specifically, we investigate a new method of vector wavefield decomposition, which allows us to produce the same phases and amplitudes for the separated P- and S-wavefields as those of the input elastic wavefields. A complex function involved with the Hilbert transform is used in up- and downgoing wavefield decomposition. Our approach is cost effective and avoids the large storage of wavefield snapshots that is required by the conventional wavefield separation technique. A modified dot-product imaging condition is proposed to produce multicomponent PP-, PS-, SP-, and SS-images. We apply our imaging condition to two synthetic models, and we demonstrate the improvement on the image quality of ERTM.
Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement of an American Urological Association/American Society for Radiation Oncology/Society of Urologic Oncology Guideline
Authors: Bekelman Justin E. , Rumble R. Bryan , Chen Ronald C. , Pisansky Thomas M. , Finelli Antonio , Feifer Andrew , Nguyen Paul L. , Loblaw D. Andrew , Tagawa Scott T. , Gillessen Silke , Morgan Todd M. , Liu Glenn , Vapiwala Neha , Haluschak John J. , Stephenson Andrew , Touijer Karim , Kungel Terry , Freedland Stephen J.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

In April 2017, the American Urological Association, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and Society of Urologic Oncology released a joint evidence-based practice guideline on clinically localized prostate cancer. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has a policy and set of procedures for endorsing clinical practice guidelines that have been developed by other professional organizations.

Methods

The Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer guideline was reviewed for developmental rigor by methodologists. An ASCO Expert Panel then reviewed the content and the recommendations.

Results

The ASCO Expert Panel determined that the recommendations from the Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer guideline were clear, thorough, and based upon the most relevant scientific evidence. ASCO endorsed the Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer guideline except for two recommendations on cryosurgery. The two recommendations covering cryosurgery were not endorsed because the panel found that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of cryotherapy in this setting.

Recommendations

The ASCO Expert Panel endorsed all but two of the original guideline recommendations as written and offered a series of discussion points to guide practice.
Reasons for Reason-Giving: The Obamacare Debates
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: September 2018

The demanding and giving of reasons for their actions are core business for public policy makers in a democracy. But there are many different reasons for asking why questions, and correspondingly many different responses that might count as adequate answers. Seven different reasons for reason-giving are here distinguished and categorized along two dimensions: political moralism versus political realism, and high versus low politics. All of those were in play in the enactment and adjudication of the Affordable Care Act. The attempts at repealing it were characterized by low-politics and political-realist modes of reason-giving more exclusively.
Social Insurance and American Health Care: Principles and Paradoxes
Authors: Marmor Theodore R.
Published: September 2018

Social insurance, like commercial insurance, is about protection against financial risk. In the United States, Medicare and the Social Security Administration's programs for retirement, disability, worker's compensation, and worker's life insurance have become dominant features of American public policy, amounting to more than 41 percent of the federal budget. Yet their fiscal centrality does not rest on anything like an understanding of what makes social insurance social—or why that is so important to American political life. This essay seeks to clarify the crucial differences between social and commercial insurance and elaborates on the conceptual justifications and distinctive operational features of America's social insurance programs.
Chronic starvation induces non-canonical pro-death stress granules
Authors: Reineke Lucas C. , Cheema Shebna A. , Dubrulle Julien , Neilson Joel R.
Published: September 2018

Stress granules (SGs) assemble under stress-induced conditions that inhibit protein synthesis, including phosphorylation of eIF2α, inhibition of the RNA helicase eIF4a, or inactivation of mTORC1. Classically defined stress granules are composed of translation initiation factors, 40S ribosomes, RNA binding proteins, and poly(A)+ mRNAs. As such, they represent an important compartment for storage of mRNAs and regulation of their translation. Emerging work on SGs indicates that these structures may promote cellular survival in diverse disease states. Yet much work on SG formation and function employs acute stress conditions, which may not accurately reflect the chronic stresses that manifest in human disease. We used prolonged nutrient starvation to model and investigate SG formation and function during chronic stress. Surprisingly, SGs that form under chronic nutrient starvation lack 40S ribosomes, do not actively exchange their constituent components with cytoplasmic pools, and promote cell death. We named these stress granules stSG, for starvation-induced stress granules. Our results studying stSG imply that SG assembly and function in the context of prolonged nutrient starvation stress differ significantly from what has been described for acute stress conditions.
O MOODLE COMO SUPORTE PARA O ENSINO DO DESENHO GEOMÉTRICO
Authors: Zanardi Luciene Maria de Souza , Mattos Francisco Roberto Pinto
Published: September 2018

Este artigo apresenta um problema enfrentado pelo ensino da disciplina Desenho no Colégio Pedro II, tendo em vista que muitos alunos que ingressam na 1ª série do Ensino Médio, por meio de concurso, cursaram o Ensino Fundamental em escolas que não tem o Ensino de Desenho em suas grades. Esses alunos apresentam dificuldades na aprendizagem dos conteúdos da disciplina de Desenho durante o Ensino Médio, pois carecem de uma série de conteúdos que deveriam ter aprendido no Ensino Fundamental. Pensando nesse problema foi construído um produto educacional como forma de permitir que esses alunos tenham a possibilidade de acompanhar o desenvolvimento dos conteúdos de Desenho de modo similar aos demais colegas. O produto é composto por dois instrumentos integrados: o Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem – Moddle combinado com uma apostila impressa.
PRODUÇÃO TEXTUAL DOS ALUNOS CONCLUINTES DA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA: UMA ANÁLISE DO ESTABELECIMENTO DA COERÊNCIA EM REDAÇÕES DO ENEM / Textual production of the students from the last year of basic education: an analysis of the establishment of coherence in text production of ENEM
Authors: Striquer Marilúcia Dos Santos Domingos
Published: September 2018

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar qual é a proficiência na produção textual dos alunos concluintes da educação básica. Para tanto, analisamos um conjunto de textos do gênero discursivo/textual redação do ENEM, produzidos, em 2017, por alunos do último ano do ensino médio, de escolas da rede pública de ensino atendidas pelo PIBID/UENP. O foco centrou-se, sobretudo, nos aspectos que formam a coerência textual. Nesse sentido, a investigação norteou-se pelos preceitos da Linguística Textual. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos textos analisados apresenta problemas na construção dos aspectos que formam a continuidade de referente, a progressão temática, a articulação das ideias e a infraestrutura textual. Em decorrência, poucos são os alunos que mostraram estar proficientes na produção textual do gênero em questão.
Avaliação: uma etapa fundamental no processo de escrita
Authors: Da Silva Michele Batista , Simioni Taíse
Published: September 2018

O presente trabalho visa apresentar um recorte de uma pesquisa realizada por Autora 1 (2016) em sua dissertação de mestrado e tem por foco a avaliação do processo de escrita, mais precisamente da escrita de notícias no Ensino Fundamental. O público da pesquisa realizada foi composto por alunos do 8º ano de uma escola da Rede Municipal de Bagé (RS). Na perspectiva adotada neste trabalho, a avaliação diferencia-se de mera mensuração, pois pode ocorrer de diversas formas, com objetivos e finalidades específicos. Assim, explicitamos o passo a passo das estratégias de avaliação desenvolvidas juntamente com o corpo discente, como é o caso da avaliação horizontal, estratégia apresentada por Antunes (2006). Durante a intervenção pedagógica aqui analisada, tanto a professora-pesquisadora quanto os alunos avaliaram todas as etapas de produção da notícia, desde o título e lead até a escrita do corpo textual, segundo critérios pré-estabelecidos. Concluímos que é de suma importância que o escritor/autor compreenda que um texto não é escrito em apenas uma tentativa e que é necessário haver um distanciamento temporal entre uma versão e outra de cada etapa de produção do texto, para que haja evolução na escrita de forma global, o que inclui a avaliação processual de aspectos de análise linguística (como a observação de elementos coesivos e morfossintáticos, por exemplo), assim como de aspectos estruturais e composicionais.
A Heterojunction Based on Macro-porous Silicon and Zinc Oxide for Solar Cell Application
Authors: Mendoza-Agüero N. , Agarwal V. , Villafán-Vidales H. I. , Campos-Alvarez J. , Sebastian P. J.
Published: September 2018

Transparent and conductive Al doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were reactively sputtered from metallic targets onto macro-porous silicon (MPS) substrate to fabricate a heterojunction interface structure. A tungsten oxide (WO3) thin film was placed between metallic aluminum back contact and bulk silicon to extract photogenerated holes from the absorber. Due to the susceptibility of PS to naturally oxidize over the period of time, a thin film of SiO2 was thermally grown to stabilize the electrical response of the junction. Such thin layer acts as passive film to prevent recombination and is placed between the p-n junction. Photovoltaic properties of this heterojunction were studied by using the current density-voltage (J-V) measurement under AM 1.5 illumination. The experimental results show an increase in photovoltaic performance of AZO/MPS solar cell with a buffer layers of WO3. Such heterostructures are promising for the development of the low-cost, clean, and durable devices with appreciable light-to-electricity conversion efficiency.
Investigation on the Electrochemical Manipulation of Bio-Molecules in Glass Nanofluidic Channels
Authors: Liu Kun , Hao Ming , Meng Donghui , Wan Xujie , Xiao Songwen , Sun Songgang , Wang Dongyang , Ba Dechun
Published: September 2018

As the size of microfluidic channel further shrinks to nanometer, the dimension is approximate to biomolecules as well as Debye length (DL). Great deals of phenomena which do not exist in the usual world will appear. The overlapping of electrical double layers (EDL) in the channel and the increasing of the viscosity are such good examples. All of these phenomena lead to the fundamental research such as colloid science, transport process and micro/nanoscale hydrodynamics. It demands more advanced technique for micro/nanoscale design and fabrication as the channels downing to nanometer scale. In this work, molecular dynamics was adopted to calculate the transport of proteins and water molecules in nanofluidic channels. New methods of nanochannel fabrication were developed based on glass substrate. Glass nanochips were achieved via ultraviolet lithography and wet chemical etching. The channel depth could be adjusted by controlling the etching time. Finally the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and surface profiler were used to characterize the shape and surface morphology of the nanochannel in detail. This study presents the feasibility of such design and fabrication methods, which gives an interesting exploration for the application of nanofluidic technology.
Feasibility of the Redox Sulfur Recovery Process using Heteropoly Molybdophosphate
Authors: Fuentes-Quezada E. , Cuentas-Gallegos A. K. , Rivera J. G. , Castaneda F. , Orozco G.
Published: September 2018

The feasibility of the removal of sulfide species using acid solutions of 12-molybdophosphoric acid was studied. The key factor in this purification process is the formation of a hydrogen-bonded structure between the hydrogen sulfide species and the bridging oxygen atom of the MoO6 octahedrons of the molybdophosphate complexes. The number of bridging oxygen atoms depends of the pH. Consequently, the efficiency of the process is also largely dependent on the pH. Most of the literature focuses on the redox potentials for the purification process. The slope of the redox pair S/H2S and the molybdophosphate complexes is -59 pH/mV. The differences between the redox potentials do not fluctuate with the pH, which indicates that the oxidation of H2S by molybdophosphate complexes is spontaneous in all pH intervals but does not explain why the efficiency decreases at high pH. In summary, the Keggin-type structure contributes to the efficient removal of sulfide because this structure contains the maximum number of bridging oxygen atoms. The solubility of H2S gas is lower in acidic media. This drawback severely restricts the performance of the purification process.
Synthesis of Na2MnFe(CN)6 and its Application as Cathode Material for Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium-ion Battery
Authors: Sun Jianzhi , Dong Yan , Kong Chunyan
Published: September 2018

Prussian Blue type Na2MnFe(CN)6 was prepared by direct precipitation method and a subsequent drying procedure as a cath-ode material for aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. XRD patterns showed that Na2MnFe(CN)6 has a typical Prussian Blue struc-ture with space group Fm3m. Na2MnFe(CN)6 presents good electrochemical behaviors at 10 mAg-1 discharge current density with specific capacity 73.1 mAhg-1 after 30 cycles. The results show that Na2MnFe(CN)6 could be a potential cathode material for aqueous Sodium-ion battery.
High Sensitivity Electrochemical Multisensors based on Graphene-PANI Nanocomposite for Simultaneous Detection of Glucose and Urea
Authors: Karimi Meysam , Rabiee Mohammad , Abdolrahim Mojgan , Tahriri Mohammadreza , Vashayee Daryoosh , Tayebi Lobat
Published: September 2018

We present a study of the effect of graphene–PANI nanocomposites on the sensitivity of the urea and glucose multisensory. We used an electroctrochemical multisensor based on two electrodes located in a reservoir with two separate channels. The urease and glu-cose oxidase (GOD) were employed for detecting the urea and glucose, respectively. We characterized the graphene and graphene-PANI samples with X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. We further performed the Cyclic voltammetry and Amperometry tests. The collected experimental results revealed that the intensity of the peak significantly increases with the concentration of the urea and glucose.
A Potential Hydrogen Sources from Milled Silicon Powder Activated by Lithium, and Aluminum Chloride
Authors: Yin Tianchu , ShenTu Hongwei , Xi Chengqiao , Chen Xin , Zou Wenzhen , Fan Meiqiang
Published: September 2018

A potential hydrogen source generated from milled Li-Si-AlCl3 composite was evaluated in this paper. The composite exhibits good hydrogen generation performance in water at 313–343 K, whereas pure silicon powder cannot continuously react with water under similar conditions. The hydrogen yield reaches 1300 mL hydrogen/g within 20 min, and the highest hydrogen generation rate is higher than 1200 mL hydrogen/g min within the first minute of hydrolysis. The hydrogen generation performance increases with increasing concentrations of lithium and aluminum chloride. Microstructure analysis indicates that silicon activity increases due to decreased particle size and distribution of lithium and aluminum chloride into silicon matrix during milling. The hydrolysis of the additives generates heat and alkaline hydrolysis byproducts, thereby stimulating the hydrolysis rate of silicon in the micro area. Therefore, the hydrolysis of silicon in water may act as a potential hydrogen source for portable micro fuel cells.
A Comparison of the Potency of the Oxime HLö-7 and Currently Used Oximes (HI-6, Pralidoxime, Obidoxime) to Reactivate Nerve Agent-Inhibited Rat Brain Acetylcholinesterase by in vitro Methods
Authors: Kuča Kamil , Cabal Jiří , Kassa Jiří , Jun Daniel , Hrabinová Martina
Published: September 2018

1. The efficacy of the oxime HLö-7 and currently used oximes (pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6) to reactivate acetylcholinesterase inhibited by various nerve agents (sarin, tabun, cyclosarin, VX) was tested by in vitro methods. 2. Both H oximes (HLö-7, HI-6) were found to be more efficacious reactivators of sarin and VX-inhibited acetylcholinesterase than pralidoxime and obidoxime. On the other hand, their potency to reactivate tabun-inhibited acetylcholinesterase is very low and does not reach the reactivating efficacy of obidoxime. In the case of cyclosarin, the oxime HI-6 was only found to be able to sufficiently reactivate cyclosarin-inhibited acetylcholinesterase in vitro. 3. Thus, the oxime HLö-7 does not seem to be more efficacious reactivator of nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase than HI-6 according to in vitro evaluation of their reactivation potency and, therefore, it is not more suitable to be introduced for antidotal treatment of nerve agent-exposed people than HI-6.
The Influence of the Time of Antidotal Treatment Administration on the Potency of Newly Developed Oximes to Counteract Acute Toxic Effects of Tabun in Mice
Authors: Kassa Jiří
Published: September 2018

1. The influence of the time of administration of antidotal treatment consisting of anticholinergic drug (atropine) and newly developed oxime (K027 or K048) on its effectiveness to eliminate tabun-induced lethal toxic effects was studied in mice. 2. The therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment of tabun-induced acute poisoning depends on the time of its administration regardless of the choice of the oxime. 3. Our results show that both oximes studied (K027, K048) are able to sufficiently eliminate lethal effects of tabun. Nevertheless, their efficacy significantly decreases when they were administered 5 min after tabun poisoning. 4. The findings support the hypothesis that both newly developed oximes appear to be suitable oximes to counteract acute toxicity of tabun although their ability to eliminate lethal toxic effects of tabun significantly decreases with prolonged time interval between tabun challenge and antidotal treatment administration.
Mobility and inclusion in multilingual Europe: A brief account of the MIME project
Authors: Grin François
Published: September 2018

This paper offers a succinct presentation of the MIME project on “Mobility and Inclusion in Multilingual Europe”, supported by the European Commission through FP7. This short paper concentrates on essential aspects of the project but also provides pointers to sources with more extensive information, accessible through the project website at www.mime-project.org.
John 11 in the Book of Mormon
Authors: Frederick Nicholas J. , Spencer Joseph M.
Published: September 2018

In a 1978 study, Krister Stendahl traced the use of Johannine theology in the Book of Mormon’s most central narrative: the climactic story of the resurrected Jesus visiting the ancient Americas. According to Stendahl, the reproduction of the Sermon on the Mount with occasional slight variations suggests an attempt at deliberately recasting the Matthean text as a Johannine sermon. Building on Stendahl’s work, this essay looks at the use of John earlier in the Book of Mormon, in a narrative presented as having occurred almost a century before the time of Jesus. In an inventive reworking of the narrative of John 11, the story of the raising of Lazarus, the Book of Mormon suggests that it bears a much more complex relationship to the Johannine theology than its unhesitant embrace at the book’s climax indicates. Broad parallels and unmistakable allusions together make clear that the Book of Mormon narrative means to re-present the story from John 11. But the parallels and allusions are woven with alterations to the basic structure of the Johannine narrative. As in John 11, the reworked narrative focuses on the story of two men, one of them apparently dead, and two women, both attached to the (supposedly) dead man. But the figure who serves as the clear parallel to Jesus is unstable in the Book of Mormon narrative: at first a Christian missionary, but then a non-Christian and racially other slave woman, and finally a non-Christian and racially other queen. But still more striking, in many ways, is the fashion in which the Book of Mormon narrative recasts the Lazarus story in a pre-Christian setting, before human beings are asked to confront the Johannine mystery of God in the flesh. Consequently, although the Book of Mormon narrative uses the basic structure and many borrowed phrases from John 11, it recasts the meaning of this structure and these phrases by raising questions about the meaning of belief before the arrival of the Messiah. The Book of Mormon thereby embraces the Johannine theology of a realized eschatology while nonetheless outlining a distinct pre-Christian epistemology focused on trusting prophetic messengers who anticipate eschatology.
Crystal structure of catena-poly[dichlorido-(μ2-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4-((pyridin-4-ylmethylene)amino)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one-κ2
N:O)cobalt(II)] – methanol (1/1), C18H20Cl2CoN4O2
Authors: Pang Haixia , Zou Xiaoqing , Tao Defu , Li Jun , Zhang Jiahui , Zhang Hong
Published: September 2018

C18H20Cl2CoN4O2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 9.4744(18) Å, b = 18.084(3) Å, c = 12.290(2) Å, β = 94.196(3)°, V = 2100.1(7) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0559, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1705, T = 296(2) K.
Translation, Copyright & Authority
Authors: Cunningham Alan
Published: September 2018

The UK copyright law regime presents the right to adapt as the sole, authoritative instrument in matters of legitimising translation; a legal “Big Other” conferring an otherwise unreal objective commodity status on what are instead always only ever individual and subjective acts of translation. Drawing primarily on the work of Theo Hermans, and the experiences of poet Jack Underwood in unsuccessfully attempting to formally translate poems by Mascha Kaléko, this article argues for (a) the development and (at the very least) implicit recognition of deviationist and subversive translative replies within – or at the very least alongside – the traditional UK legal schema and (b) a softening of the UK right to adapt by application of the integrity moral right to translations. In addition, a deeper quasi-Ungerian notion of institutional change that accommodates both principles (e. g. legitimate translations can, of course, be argued to exist, to which copyright accords) and counterprinciples (there are also, however, in the long term only multiple acts of translation, some preferred and commoditized, some existing outside that sphere, less functional and more creative/expressive but no less important and not to be prevented for those reasons) can also be advanced. Finally, a much broader critical point regarding the nature and role (or non-role) of law in the context of creative practices more generally can also be presented.
Law Meets Literature: Raphael Lemkin and Genocide Studies
Authors: Amir Ruth
Published: September 2018

Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959) was a Polish-Jewish jurist who coined the term genocide and worked tirelessly for its codification in the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide as a crime under international law. Most of his writings on genocide were published around fifty years posthumously as the core of the field of genocide studies that emerged in the 1990s.

Bearing the sense of inseparability of Lemkin the author and his writings, this article concerns the death-of-the-author postulate amid the origin myth that surrounds him. It engages in his strategies for resisting his death as an author and with the multiple professional, political, and social languages that probe and transgress their respective genres. While genocide studies now seem to reluctantly critique Lemkin’s ideas, they nevertheless remain captivated by Lemkin the author and seem to be affected by his passion, multiple voices, languages, and genres. In this they tread in his footsteps in both form and content.
Entwicklung der Geschlechterperspektive in Public Health
Authors: Kolip Petra
Published: September 2018

Mit dem Frauengesundheitsbericht wurde 2001 ein Meilenstein geschlechtersensibler Public Health-Forschung gesetzt. Der Bericht zeigte erstmals, welche biologischen und sozialen Faktoren für Gesundheit und Krankheit relevant sind und wie diese miteinander interagieren. Mittlerweile liegen zahlreiche geschlechtervergleichende und geschlechtsspezifische Befunde vor, die eine zielgruppengerechte Prävention und Versorgung möglich machen.
Economic and social zones during the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age in Jæren, Southwest Norway. Reconstructing large-scale land-use patterns
Authors: Prøsch-Danielsen Lisbeth , Prescott Christopher , Holst Mads Kähler
Published: September 2018

Basierend auf einer Untersuchung der ökologischen und archäologischen Hinterlassenschaften für Jæren, Südwest-Norwegen, wird vorgeschlagen, dass der Übergang zu einer agrar-pastoralen Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft am Übergang vom mittleren zum späten Neolithikum (2400–2350 v. Chr.) erfolgte und es in Folge zu einer raschen Strukturierung der besiedelten Kulturlandschaften kam. In den folgenden Jahrzehnten und Jahrhunderten entwickelte sich die Gesellschaft auf dieser Basis fort.

>Eines der charakteristischen Merkmale der damaligen Landschaften ist, dass diese umfassend in das soziale und rituelle Leben integriert wurden, was auf lokaler Ebene zu einer Zonierung der Landschaft mit jeweils deutlichen Unterschieden in den wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und kulturellen Ausdrucksformen führte. In den offenen, gras- und heidedominierten Küstenzonen manifestiert sich der Befund auf monumentaler und ritueller Ebene, während geeignete quartäre Lagerstätten als Zonen unterschiedlich intensiven Getreideanbaus genutzt wurden. Die beschriebenen Landschaften entwickelten sich als Reaktion auf eine nachhaltige Wirtschaftspraxis, die eine kontinuierliche Ausweitung der Beweidung, eine Intensivierung der Getreideproduktion und den Zugang zu Kommunikationswegen umfasste. Unterschiede im Nutzungsdruck, in der Produktion und in der Wirtschaftsstrategie spiegeln eine Reihe von Umweltparametern wider.

Somit korrelieren die Aktivitätszonen weitgehend mit physikalischen Eigenschaften der Landschaft, was offensichtlich sowohl einen adaptiven Aspekt in der Wirtschaft als auch Muster einer umfassenden Ressourcenausnutzung der Zonen widerspiegelt, etwa in der Kombination von Getreideproduktion, Wanderweidewirtschaft, Jagd und Zugang zu maritimen Engstellen.

Zur Interpretation schlagen die Autoren ein Modell sozialer und wirtschaftlicher Organisationen und Interaktionen in der Region Jæren vor, basierend auf den Verteilungen mehrerer Kategorien archäologischer Funde. Das Modell präsentiert eine Reihe voneinander abhängiger Zonen innerhalb einer einheitlichen, aber diversifizierten Wirtschaft mit Querschnittsaktivitäten und Mobilitätsmustern. Der präsentierte Ansatz stellt eine Alternative zu bestehenden Hierarchiemodellen innerhalb begrenzter Gebiete dar. Die Landschaftszonierung in Jæren ähnelt jener in Westskandinavien, einschließlich Jütlands, Dänemark. Aus diesem Grund war die Einführung einer subsistenzorientierten, Feldbau und Weidewirtschaft kombinierenden Landwirtschaft in Jæren von externen Impulsen abhängig.
A comprehensive review on physical activation of biochar for energy and environmental applications
Authors: Sajjadi Baharak , Chen Wei-Yin , Egiebor Nosa O.
Published: September 2018

Biochar is a solid by-product of thermochemical conversion of biomass to bio-oil and syngas. It has a carbonaceous skeleton, a small amount of heteroatom functional groups, mineral matter, and water. Biochar’s unique physicochemical structures lead to many valuable properties of important technological applications, including its sorption capacity. Indeed, biochar’s wide range of applications include carbon sequestration, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, waste management, renewable energy generation, soil amendment, and environmental remediation. Aside from these applications, new scientific insights and technological concepts have continued to emerge in the last decade. Consequently, a systematic update of current knowledge regarding the complex nature of biochar, the scientific and technological impacts, and operational costs of different activation strategies are highly desirable for transforming biochar applications into industrial scales. This communication presents a comprehensive review of physical activation/modification strategies and their effects on the physicochemical properties of biochar and its applications in environment-related fields. Physical activation applied to the activation of biochar is discussed under three different categories: I) gaseous modification by steam, carbon dioxide, air, or ozone; II) thermal modification by conventional heating and microwave irradiation; and III) recently developed modification methods using ultrasound waves, plasma, and electrochemical methods. The activation results are discussed in terms of different physicochemical properties of biochar, such as surface area; micropore, mesopore, and total pore volume; surface functionality; burn-off; ash content; organic compound content; polarity; and aromaticity index. Due to the rapid increase in the application of biochar as adsorbents, the synergistic and antagonistic effects of activation processes on the desired application are also covered.
First-Principles Investigation of Structural Stability, Mechanical, Anisotropic, and Thermodynamic Properties of CeT2Al20 Intermetallics
Authors: Ma He , Li Xiaoyou , Jiang Wei , Zhang Xudong
Published: September 2018

First-principles calculations were carried out to explore the structural stability, elastic moduli, ductile or brittle behaviour, anisotropy, dynamical stability, and thermodynamic properties of pure Al and CeT2Al20 (T = Ti, V, Cr, Nb, and Ta) intermetallics. The calculated formation enthalpy and phonon frequencies confirm that these intermetallics satisfy the conditions for structural stability. The elastic constants Cij
, elastic moduli B, G, and E, and the hardness Hv
indicate these intermetallics have higher hardness and the better resistance against deformation than pure Al. The values of Poisson’s ratio (v) and B/G indicate that CeT2Al20 intermetallics are all brittle materials. The anisotropic constants and acoustic velocities confirm that CeT2Al20 intermetallics are all anisotropic, but CeV2Al20, CeNb2Al20, and CeTa2Al20 are nearly isotropic. Importantly, the calculated thermodynamic parameters show that CeT2Al20 intermetallics exhibit better thermodynamic properties than pure Al at high temperature.
On the Universal Scattering Time of Neutrons
Authors: Nimtz Guenter , Bruney Paul
Published: September 2018

Tunnelling and barrier interaction times of neutrons were previously measured. Here we show that the neutron interaction time with barriers corresponds to the universal tunnelling time of wave mechanics which was formerly observed with elastic, electromagnetic and electron waves. The universal tunnelling time seems to hold for neutrons also. Such an adequate general wave mechanical behaviour was conjectured by Brillouin. Remarkably, wave mechanical effects, and even virtual particles, hold from the microcosm to the macrocosm.
Exploring the Influence and Practical Development of Coaches' Psychosocial Behaviors in Strength and Conditioning
Authors: Szedlak Christoph , Callary Bettina , Smith Matthew J.
Published: September 2018

RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SOCIAL BEHAVIORS (E.G., COGNITIVE, PERSONAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND ETHICAL COMPETENCIES) CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF COACHING EFFECTIVENESS AND AS SUCH SHOULD NOT BE NEGLECTED BY STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING (S&C) COACHES. THIS REVIEW EXAMINES THE CURRENT LITERATURE ON THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIORS OF THE S&C COACH ON ELITE ATHLETE DEVELOPMENT. IN ADDITION, THIS REVIEW PROVIDES PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS AND GUIDELINES TO COACH DEVELOPERS AND COACH PRACTITIONERS TO DEVELOP SUCH PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORS USING CONSTRUCTIVIST LEARNING THEORIES IN RELATION TO REFLECTION, STORIES, MENTORSHIPS, AND INTERNSHIPS.
Effect of Volume Change in Undrained Direct Simple Shear Tests
Authors: Dyvik R. , Suzuki Y.
Published: September 2018

In order to perform constant-volume (equivalent to undrained) Direct Simple Shear (DSS) tests using either a wire-reinforced membrane or stacked rings as the zero lateral strain confinement system, the height (and thereby volume) of the test specimen must be maintained at a constant during shear. The change in vertical stress while maintaining constant specimen height during shear is equivalent to the excess pore pressure that would have developed in a truly undrained DSS test. Depending on the control capabilities of active height-control DSS devices and the stiffness of locked (passive) height-control DSS devices, the specimen height may not be perfectly constant throughout shear in some cases. This technical note presents the results of monotonic constant-volume DSS tests where the specimen height was intentionally varied during shear to demonstrate the effect on measured shear stress and vertical effective stress. Changing the test specimen height by 0.05 % (the maximum specified by ASTM D6528, Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Direct Simple Shear Testing of Fine Grain Soils) affected the test results. The percentage deviations in the measured test results are greater for stiffer soil specimens, about 2 % for soft normally consolidated clay and more than 20 % for dense sand at failure.
Control of Sleep Onset by Shal/Kv4 Channels inDrosophilaCircadian Neurons
Authors: Feng Ge , Zhang Jiaxing , Li Minzhe , Shao Lingzhan , Yang Luna , Song Qian , Ping Yong
Published: September 2018

Sleep is highly conserved across animal species. Both wake- and sleep-promoting neurons are implicated in the regulation of wake–sleep transition at dusk inDrosophila. However, little is known about how they cooperate and whether they act via different mechanisms. Here, we demonstrated that in femaleDrosophila, sleep onset was specifically delayed by blocking the Shaker cognate L channels [Shal; also known as voltage-gated K+channel 4 (Kv4)] in wake-promoting cells, including large ventral lateral neurons (l-LNvs) and pars intercerebralis (PI), but not in sleep-promoting dorsal neurons (DN1s). Delayed sleep onset was also observed in males by blocking Kv4 activity in wake-promoting neurons. Electrophysiological recordings show that Kv4 channels contribute A-type currents in LNvs and PI cells, but are much less conspicuous in DN1s. Interestingly, blocking Kv4 in wake-promoting neurons preferentially increased firing rates at dusk ∼ZT13, when the resting membrane potentials and firing rates were at lower levels. Furthermore, pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is essential for the regulation of sleep onset by Kv4 in l-LNvs, and downregulation of PDF receptor (PDFR) in PI neurons advanced sleep onset, indicating Kv4 controls sleep onset via regulating PDF/PDFR signaling in wake-promoting neurons. We propose that Kv4 acts as a sleep onset controller by suppressing membrane excitability in a clock-dependent manner to balance the wake–sleep transition at dusk. Our results have important implications for the understanding and treatment of sleep disorders such as insomnia.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mechanisms by which our brains reversibly switch from waking to sleep state remain an unanswered and intriguing question in biological research. In this study, we identified that Shal/Kv4, a well known voltage-gated K+channel, acts as a controller of wake–sleep transition at dusk inDrosophilacircadian neurons. We find that interference of Kv4 function with a dominant-negative form (DNKv4) in subsets of circadian neurons specifically disrupts sleep onset at dusk, although Kv4 itself does not exhibit circadian oscillation. Kv4 preferentially downregulates neuronal firings at ZT9–ZT17, supporting that it plays an essential role in wake–sleep transition at dusk. Our findings may help understand and eventually treat sleep disorders such as insomnia.