bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of cytotoxic effect of the bufanolide steroid compound cinobufagin and its related underlying mechanism in brain cell models
Authors: Hsu Shu‐Shong , Lin Yung‐Shang , Liang Wei‐Zhe
Published: July 2021

Cinobufagin, a bufadienolide of toad venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans, is used as a cardiotonic, central nervous system (CNS) respiratory agent, as well as an analgesic and anesthetic. However, several research showed that bufadienolide has a few side effects on the CNS, such as breathlessness or coma. Although cinobufagin was shown to display pharmacological effects in various models, the toxic effect of cinobufagin is elusive in brain cell models. The aim of this study was to explore whether cinobufagin affected viability, Ca2+ homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Gibco® Human Astrocyte (GHA) and HCN‐2 neuronal cell line. In GHA cells but not in HCN‐2 cells, cinobufagin (20–60 μM) induced [Ca2+]i rises. In terms of cell viability, chelation of cytosolic Ca2+ with 1,2‐bis(2‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N'N'‐tetraacetic acid reduced cinobufagin‐induced cytotoxicity in GHA cells. In GHA cells, cinobufagin‐induced Ca2+ entry was inhibited by 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate or SKF96365. In a Ca2+‐free medium, treatment with thapsigargin or U73122 abolished cinobufagin‐evoked [Ca2+]i rises. Furthermore, treatment with N‐acetylcysteine reversed ROS production and cytotoxicity in cinobufagin‐treated GHA cells. Together, in GHA cells but not in HCN‐2 cells cinobufagin caused cytotoxicity that was linked to preceding [Ca2+]i rises by Ca2+ influx via store‐operated Ca2+ entry and phospholipase C‐dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, cinobufagin induced ROS‐associated cytotoxicity.
Precursor effects on the physical, biological, and catalytic properties of Fagonia indica Burm.f. mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Hameed Safia , Khalil Ali Talha , Ali Muhammad , Iqbal Javed , Rahman Lubna , Numan Muhammad , Khamlich Saleh , Maaza Malik , Ullah Ikram , Abbasi Banzeer Ahsan , Alasmari Fawaz , Shinwari Zabta Khan
Published: July 2021

We report a facile, green and precursor‐based comparative study on the biosynthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) using anticancerous Fagonia indica as effective chelating agent. Biosynthesis was carried out using zinc sulfate and zinc acetate as precursor salts to make ZnOS and ZnOA NPs under similar experimental conditions which were characterized extensively for physical and biological properties. Scherrer equation deduced a mean crystallite size of ~23.4 nm for ZnOA NPs and ~41 nm for ZnOS NPs. The nature of the NPs was compared using UV, diffuse reflectance spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis–DTA, selected area electron diffraction, EDS, zeta potential, high resolution (HR)‐SEM, and HR‐TEM. Detailed in vitro pharmacognostic activities revealed a significant therapeutic potential for ZnOA and ZnOS. Potential antimicrobial activities for the NPs and their nanocosmeceutical formulations are reported. ZnOA NPs were more cytotoxic to Leishmania tropica as compared to ZnOS. Significant antioxidant and protein kinase inhibition was obtained. The hemolytic assay indicated a hemocompatible nature of both ZnOA and ZnOS NPs. Catalytic degradation of crystal violet dye (CVD) by NPs was examined under different parameters (light, dark, UV). Furthermore, sonophotocatalytic degradation of CVD was also studied. Our results suggested that precursor can have a significant effect on the physical, biological, and catalytic properties of the NPs. In future, we recommend different other in vitro, in vivo biological activities, and mechanistic studies of these as‐synthesized NPs.
Morphometrical, histological, and scanning electron microscopic investigations on the hard palate of Rahmani sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: Madkour Fatma A. , Mohammed Elsayed S. I. , Radey Rasha , Abdelsabour‐Khalaf Mohammed
Published: July 2021

The present study investigated the hard palate of Rahmani sheep (Ovis aries). Samples from nine healthy adult male sheep were investigated using morphometrical, histological and scanning electron microscopic examination. Morphologically, the hard palate was elongated, narrow rostrally, and wide caudally. The incisive papilla was heart‐shaped, flanked on both sides by a groove on which the nasopalatine duct opened. The palatine raphe was in the form of a groove that contained a ridge caudally. On both sides of the raphe, 13–15 pairs of palatine ridges were present and mainly occupying the narrow part. The wide part had a rough part that contains few ridges rostrally and a smooth part caudally. Histologically, the incisive papilla and palatine ridges were lined by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a dense layer of lamina propria. The incisive papilla characterized by the presence of seromucoid salivary glands and hyaline cartilage fragments in the lamina propria. The salivary glands became abundant and well‐developed in the wide part till the end of hard palate. All palatine salivary glands were Alcian blue‐periodic acid–Schiff positive. By scanning electron microscopy, numerous gland openings were scattered on the surface of the palatine ridges. In conclusion, the hard palate of Rahmani sheep presented characteristic features, which may be related to the species differences, feeding behavior, and possible functional adaptations. This is the first study to report the presence of cartilaginous segments and salivary glands in the incisive papilla and provide detailed descriptions of the Rahmani sheep hard palate.
Triangles in C5‐free graphs and hypergraphs of girth six
Authors: Ergemlidze Beka , Methuku Abhishek
Published: July 2021

We introduce a new approach and prove that the maximum number of triangles in a ‐free graph on vertices is at most

We show a connection to ‐uniform hypergraphs without (Berge) cycles of length less than six, and estimate their maximum possible size. Using our approach, we also (slightly) improve the previous estimate on the maximum size of an induced‐‐free and ‐free graph.
Technoscientific control of nature: The ultimate paradox
Authors: Fichman Martin
Published: July 2021

The current interlinked environmental and socioeconomic global crises constitute the gravest threat to humanity's well‐being, indeed survival, today. Studies of the historical roots and contemporary manifestations of the various elements of these crises—including accelerating environmental degradation, unfettered capitalist technoscientific/industrial expansion, overpopulation, and overconsumption—are plentiful. Also well‐known is the influence of Francis Bacon's writings, particularlyThe Advancement of Learning(1605),NovumOrganon (1620), and the utopianNewAtlantis (1627), on the development of empiricism and the modern scientific method as well as the reform and organization of scientific research. Bacon's significance for the founding of the Royal Society of London (1660) and for the plan and structure of theEncyclopedie(1751–1772), coupled with his oft‐cited aphoristic injunctions to study nature to control/dominate it, are staples in the lore and justification of technoscience. I argue that the enduring appeal of so‐called Baconianism derives, in part, from a fundamentalmisappropriationof certain of Bacon's original ideas. Specifically, the complex ethical and religious framework within which Bacon situated his vision of scientific and technological development was discarded (or ignored) so that, by the early decades of the 18th century, Baconianism had come to be understood almost exclusively for its utilitarian role in society. This deracinated version became the familiar trope of technoscience's unlimited potential to transform nature (including human nature and behavior) in the service of an ideology of industrial/consumerist expansion since then. Linkage between the history of science/technology and addictive consumerism, apparent by the close of the 19th century, has been insufficiently examined. Such addictive consumerist behavior and continued virtually unregulated industrialization and production, were effectively removed from ethical scrutiny and a high degree of material acquisition and personal/societal rapaciousness became the norm rather than the exception in most countries. I suggest that further historical deconstruction of this denuded Baconianism will yield important insights in the search for viable solutions to the present global socioenvironmental crises.
Diagnostic Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Low Back Pain Caused by Vertebral Endplate Degeneration
Authors: Din Rahman Ud , Cheng Xiaoguang , Yang Haisheng
Published: July 2021

Low back pain (LBP) is a common health issue worldwide with a huge economic burden on healthcare systems. In the United States alone, the cost is estimated to be $100 billion each year. Intervertebral disc degeneration is considered one of the primary causes of LBP. Moreover, the critical role of the vertebral endplates in disc degeneration and LBP is becoming apparent. Endplate abnormalities are closely correlated with disc degeneration and pain in the lumbar spine. Imaging modalities such as plain film radiography, computed tomography, and fluoroscopy are helpful but not very effective in detecting the causes behind LBP. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to acquire high‐quality three‐dimensional images of the lumbar spine without using ionizing radiation. Therefore, it is increasingly being used to diagnose spinal disorders. However, according to the American College of Radiology, current referral and justification guidelines for MRI are not sufficiently clear to guide clinical practice. This review aimed to evaluate the role of MRI in diagnosing LBP by considering the correlative contributions of vertebral endplates. The findings of the review indicate that MRI allows for fine evaluations of endplate morphology, endplate defects, diffusion and perfusion properties of the endplate, and Modic changes. Changes in these characteristics of the endplate were found to be closely correlated with disc degeneration and LBP. The collective evidence from the literature suggests that MRI may be the imaging modality of choice for patients suffering from LBP.

Level of Evidence

1

Technical Efficacy Stage

3
Optimization of granular formulations of Metarhizium humberi microsclerotia with humectants
Authors: Catão Alaine M. L. , Rodrigues Juscelino , Marreto Ricardo N. , Mascarin Gabriel M. , Fernandes Éverton K. K. , Humber Richard A. , Luz Christian
Published: July 2021

Granular microsclerotial formulations of entomopathogenic fungi deserve attention because of their post‐application, in situ production of new conidia that enhance and prolong mycoinsecticidal efficacy against a target pest insect. Because high ambient moisture is a crucial condition to induce fungal development and conidiogenesis on granules, we tested the impacts of the additions of three humectants—glycerin, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol 400—on water absorption by pellets incorporating microsclerotia of Metarhizium humberi IP 46 with microcrystalline cellulose or vermiculite carriers, and on the production of infective conidia of IP 46 microsclerotia in ambient humidities suboptimal for routine conidiogenesis. Glycerin facilitated greater and faster absorption of water than the other humectants. Microcrystalline cellulose absorbed low quantities of water without any added humectant whereas vermiculite did not. IP 46 did not grow or sporulate on pellets prepared with or without glycerin at 86% relative humidity (RH) or on control pellets without glycerin at 91% RH; conidial production on pellets prepared with vermiculite or microcrystalline cellulose and 10% glycerin reached 1.1 × 105 conidia/mg and 1 × 105 conidia/mg, respectively, after 20 days of exposure at 91% RH. Hence, these results strongly support glycerin as a suitable humectant for granular microsclerotial formulations of this fungus.
Prevalence of mesothelin expression in peritoneal disease from colorectal and appendiceal cancers
Authors: Yoon Dong H. , Ibrahim Ahmad , Tatishchev Sergei , Duldulao Marjun P. N. , Lee Sang W. , Shin Joongho
Published: July 2021

Background

Mesothelin is a cell surface glycoprotein overexpressed in 28%–58% of colorectal cancer (CRC). We hypothesized that CRC mesothelin expression contributes to peritoneal spread and that it is selectively overexpressed in those with peritoneal metastasis versus distant metastasis.

Methods

This case–controlled study involved mesothelin immunohistochemistry staining of tumor specimens from patients with metastatic CRC/appendiceal cancers between 2017 and 2019. Staining reactivity was graded from trace to 4+ (low ≤1+; high >1+). Staining patterns were characterized on global (focal/patchy/diffuse) and cellular (apical/cytoplasmic) levels. Immunostaining of normal mesothelial cells served as internal control.

Results

Thirty‐one patients were identified: 11 peritoneal (study) and 20 distant metastasis (control). The control group did not include appendiceal cancers. The study group had greater proportion of high staining reactivity (55% vs. 5%; odds ratio [OR] = 20.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.96–211.8). The study group had more diffuse (36% vs. 0%; OR = 22.2, 95% CI 1.1–465.3) and cytoplasmic staining patterns (73% vs. 28%; OR = 6.9, 95% CI 1.3–37.2).

Conclusion

Mesothelin expression is higher in CRC/appendiceal cancers with peritoneal metastasis than those with distant metastasis. Immunohistochemistry staining patterns suggestive of propensity towards peritoneal metastasis include diffuse and cytoplasmic staining. Mesothelin may be a potential target for novel treatments of CRC/appendiceal carcinoma with peritoneal involvement.
Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation is associated with prolonged recurrence‐free survival following surgery for colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhang Lindsey M. , Schuitevoerder Darryl , White Michael G. , Feldt Susan , Krishnan Pranav , Hyman Neil , Shogan Benjamin D.
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives

Recent studies suggest that bacteria influence the pathogenesis of primary colorectal cancer (CRC), yet their role in recurrence after resection is largely unknown. We have discovered that collagenase‐producing bacteria promote cancer recurrence in mice, and that antibiotic bowel decontamination decreases colonization of these same organisms in humans. We hypothesized that preoperative combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation would improve disease‐free survival (DFS) in patients undergoing surgery for CRC.

Methods

We reviewed a cancer registry of patients treated for CRC at a tertiary center. Patients who received bowel preparation were compared to those that did not via a 1:1‐propensity score matched for follow‐up, age, sex, BMI, stage, location, chemoradiation, infection, anastomotic leak, and blood transfusion.

Results

One thousand two hundred and seventy‐nine patients met inclusion criteria. Following propensity score matching, 264 patients receiving bowel prep were matched to 264 patients who did not. Kaplan–Meier estimates showed that patients who received bowel prep had a significantly improved 5‐year DFS compared to those that did not (76.3% vs. 64.2%; p < .01). Cox regression demonstrated that bowel prep was associated with improved DFS (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.37–0.89; p < .01).

Conclusion

Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation is independently associated with improved recurrence‐free survival in patients undergoing surgery for CRC.
Seed germination traits predict seedling emergence rather than survival of Stipa breviflora in populations along a latitude gradient
Authors: Zhang Zuxin , Luo Xinping , Chen Dali , Chen Lijun , Hu Xiaowen
Published: July 2021

Seed germination is a key stage for successful seedling establishment, and thus it should be considered when selecting the seed source for ecological restoration. However, how seed germination traits of wild species in the laboratory contribute to seedling emergence and establishment under natural conditions is not well known. In this study, seeds from 12 populations collected in 2017 and 14 additional populations collected in 2018 of Stipa breviflora were used for laboratory germination tests and field seedling establishment evaluation in the Alxa Desert and at Yuzhong on the Loess Plateau. Depending on germination conditions, seed germination percentage showed a positive, negative, or no correlation with the latitude of seed collection. Seedlings derived from seeds collected in southern populations had a higher establishment percentage in southern growing sites than those from northern populations, and vice versa, suggesting that populations are locally adapted at the seedling survival stage. Germination in laboratory was generally positively correlated with seedling emergence in the field. There was positive relationship between lab germination and field seedling survival at Yuzhong Station, while negative relationship was observed at Alxa Station. These results suggested that high germination percentages could be adaptive or maladaptive depending on offspring growth conditions. Thus, seed source selection based on germination traits should take offspring growing conditions into consideration.
A review in radiomics: Making personalized medicine a reality via routine imaging
Authors: Guiot Julien , Vaidyanathan Akshayaa , Deprez Louis , Zerka Fadila , Danthine Denis , Frix Anne‐Noelle , Lambin Philippe , Bottari Fabio , Tsoutzidis Nathan , Miraglio Benjamin , Walsh Sean , Vos Wim , Hustinx Roland , Ferreira Marta , Lovinfosse Pierre , Leijenaar Ralph T.H.
Published: July 2021

Radiomics is the quantitative analysis of standard‐of‑care medical imaging; the information obtained can be applied within clinical decision support systems to create diagnostic, prognostic, and/or predictive models. Radiomics analysis can be performed by extracting hand‐crafted radiomics features or via deep learning algorithms. Radiomics has evolved tremendously in the last decade, becoming a bridge between imaging and precision medicine. Radiomics exploits sophisticated image analysis tools coupled with statistical elaboration to extract the wealth of information hidden inside medical images, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and/or Positron emission tomography (PET) scans, routinely performed in the everyday clinical practice. Many efforts have been devoted in recent years to the standardization and validation of radiomics approaches, to demonstrate their usefulness and robustness beyond any reasonable doubts. However, the booming of publications and commercial applications of radiomics approaches warrant caution and proper understanding of all the factors involved to avoid “scientific pollution” and overly enthusiastic claims by researchers and clinicians alike. For these reasons the present review aims to be a guidebook of sorts, describing the process of radiomics, its pitfalls, challenges, and opportunities, along with its ability to improve clinical decision‐making, from oncology and respiratory medicine to pharmacological and genotyping studies.
Dual‐beam and dual‐mode circularly polarized antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide technology
Authors: Tian Shuai , Tang Hongyan , Guan Xin , Xu Wenchengzhang , Yu Yiming
Published: July 2021

This article presents a dual‐beam dual‐mode circularly polarized (CP) antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. The antenna is etched with an octagon slot on upper surface of a SIW rectangular cavity, which has size of. Four square patches with the same size and a cross‐shaped patch are placed in the slot. Experiments are conducted both on simulation and measurement, showing the proposed antenna can radiate two beams simultaneously at 10.9 GHz. One beam is left‐handed circular polarization (LHCP) pointing at phi = −45and theta = 30°, the other beam is right‐handed circular polarization (RHCP) pointing at phi = +45° and theta = 40°. The measured axial ratio (AR) bandwidths are 1.46% (10.8–10.96 GHz) and 1.19% (10.82–10.95 GHz) for LHCP and RHCP beams respectively. Both CP beams can achieve 20 beamwidth for 3‐dB AR. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulations.
Spiritual well‐being of patients with chronic renal failure: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: LI Chia‐Yu , Hsieh Chia‐Jung , Shih Ya‐Ling , Lin Ya‐Ting
Published: July 2021

Aims

The study aimed to investigate the relationship among physical symptom distress, sleep quality, depression and spiritual well‐being of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and analyse the predictors of the spiritual well‐being.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

A total of 188 patients were selected. The collection tools were the Physical Symptom Distress Scale, the Chinese version of PSQI, the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Spiritual Well‐Being Scale. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted using SPSS 20.0.

Results

Patients with different treatments exhibited significantly different physical symptom distress. Furthermore, spiritual well‐being was significantly negatively correlated with physical symptom distress, poor sleep disturbances and depression. After controlling for the variables, sleep quality and haemodialysis treatment were the key predictors of spiritual well‐being.

Conclusion

To achieve holistic caregiving for patients’ physiological, psychological and spiritual health, Nurses should evaluate patients’ symptom distress and depression when providing care for these patients to enhance their spiritual well‐being.
Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy Versus Surgery Alone for Stage IIB–III Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ni Wenjie , Yu Shufei , Xiao Zefen , Zhou Zongmei , Chen Dongfu , Feng Qinfu , Liang Jun , Lv Jima , Gao Shugeng , Mao Yousheng , Xue Qi , Sun Kelin , Liu Xiangyang , Fang Dekang , Li Jian , Wang Dali , Zhao Jun , Gao Yushun
Published: July 2021

Background

Retrospective studies have shown that adjuvant treatment improves survival of patients with stage IIB–III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, but there is no evidence from prospective trials so far.

Materials and Methods

Patients with pathological stage IIB–III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were randomly assigned to receive surgery alone (SA), postoperative radiotherapy (PORT), or postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy (POCRT). PORT patients received 54 Gy in 27 fractions; the POCRT group received 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions, plus concurrent chemotherapy with paclitaxel (135–150 mg/m2) and cisplatin or nedaplatin (50–75 mg/m2) every 28 days. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS), and the secondary endpoint was overall survival (OS).

Results

A total of 172 patients were enrolled (SA, n = 54; PORT, n = 54; POCRT, n = 64). The 3-year DFS was significantly better in PORT/POCRT patients than in SA patients (53.8% vs. 36.7%; p = .020); the 3-year OS was also better in PORT/POCRT patients (63.9% vs. 48.0%; p = .025). The 3-year DFS for SA, PORT, and POCRT patients were 36.7%, 50.0%, 57.3%, respectively (p = .048). The 3-year OS for SA, PORT, and POCRT patients were 48.0%, 60.8%, 66.5%, respectively (p = .048).

Conclusion

PORT/POCRT (especially POCRT) may significantly improve DFS and OS in stage IIB–III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Implications for Practice

The results of this phase III study indicated that postoperative radiotherapy/postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy (PORT/POCRT) could significantly improve disease-free survival and overall survival in stage IIB–III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma compared with surgery alone with acceptable toxicities. In-field and out-of-field recurrences were comparable between the POCRT and PORT groups, which demonstrates the rationality and safety of the radiation field used in this study. The postoperative regimens in this trial might be accepted as standard treatment options for pathological stage IIB–III esophageal cancer. Larger sample size prospective randomized trials to identify the value are warranted.
Consequences of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis‐like cytokine release syndrome toxicities and concurrent bacteremia
Authors: Masih Katherine E. , Ligon John A. , Yates Bonnie , Shalabi Haneen , Little Lauren , Islam Zahin , Ombrello Amanda K. , Inglefield Jon , Nussenblatt Veronique , Manion Maura , Khan Javed , Shah Nirali N.
Published: July 2021

Serious bacterial infections (SBI) can lead to devastating complications with CD19 CAR T cells and cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Little is known about consequences of and risk factors for SBI with novel CAR T‐cell constructs or with CRS complicated by HLH‐like toxicities. We report on three patients with B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with CD22 CAR T cells who developed SBI and CRS‐associated HLH. Serum cytokine profiling revealed sustained elevations well beyond CRS resolution, suggesting ongoing systemic inflammation. Heightened inflammatory states converging with SBI contribute to poor outcomes, and recognition and prevention of extended inflammation may be needed to improve outcomes.
Study on the modified fiber with nacre layer structure based on bionic coating and molybdenum disulfide co‐construction incorporated asphalt
Authors: Zhu Zhaorong , Liu Yu , Muhammad Yaseen , Lu Wenqin , Zhao Zhenxia , Li Jing
Published: July 2021

A green and efficient two‐step method was used to modify the surface of aramid fiber with a double shell structure by compounding MoS2 with dopamine and tannic acid to develop nacre fiber with enhanced interfacial effect, which was in turn applied to prepare nacre fiber incorporated modified asphalt. The nacre fiber and its incorporated modified asphalt were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy (FM), and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). FTIR results indicated that the nacre fiber was highly dispersed in the matrix asphalt while it was highly thermally stable (THRI of 207.4°C) as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. FM and SEM analyses confirmed that the nacre fiber formed a uniformly dispersed and well‐developed three‐dimensional network structure in the matrix asphalt, which endorsed the nacre fiber modified asphalt with enhanced mechanical and viscoelastic properties as confirmed by DSR tests.
Ten years later: Self‐sufficiency of welfare mothers before the Great Recession
Authors: Vaughan Denton R. , Haley Barbara A. , Dajani Aref N.
Published: July 2021

This paper presents a preliminary evaluation of the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program, that was mandated by the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), showing trends over time in wages for mothers who received welfare benefits in 1996, using the power of a longitudinal data set: a nationally representative sample of 1000 welfare mothers in the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), linked to their IRS wage records from 1996 to 2007. Only one in ten of the 1996 cohort of welfare mothers received wages that were at least 175% of the poverty line by 2007. By 2007, only one in six of those with more than a high school diploma achieved this level of economic self‐sufficiency. For all time periods, the federal Earned Income Tax Credit, had a positive impact for only the lowest wage earners, that is, with earnings below half the poverty line. Our results provide a commentary on the validity of neoliberal assumptions underlying the long‐term implementation of the PRWORA. Analyses of future SIPP panels will determine whether these trends continued.
Life with pediatric home ventilation: Expectations versus experience
Authors: Henderson Carrie M. , Raisanen Jessica C. , Shipman Kelly J. , Jabre Nicholas A. , Wilfond Benjamin S. , Boss Renee D.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

To explore the family experience of home ventilation through a comparison of anticipated home life changes with subsequent experiences.

Study Design

Guided interviews with parents across three states who chose home ventilation for their child within the last 5 years.

Patient‐Subject Selection

Purposive sampling of parents who chose home ventilation for their child within the last 5 years.

Methods

Interviews were transcribed for qualitative analysis and analyzed for thematic saturation and prevalence of codes.

Results

Twenty families were interviewed. Families generally reported not considering potential home life changes when facing the decision about home ventilation; instead, they worried most about medical management. These concerns reversed in importance later. Families learned medical management quickly but felt largely unprepared for the extensive changes to their home life, including isolation, altered relationships with extended family and community, effects on siblings, financial strain, and need for physical changes to their house. Families had not anticipated how much they would be affected by home healthcare as a new part of their life.

Conclusions

The priorities that families consider during decisions about pediatric home ventilation may not be aligned with the actual home experience of this technology. Given that the success of home ventilation largely rests with the family's care, family expectations for home life adaptations must be augmented, as should postdischarge supports for families with complex home care experiences.
Backup ventilation during neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in preterm infants
Authors: Lee Juyoung , Parikka Vilhelmiina , Lehtonen Liisa , Soukka Hanna
Published: July 2021

Objective

To analyze the proportion of backup ventilation during neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) in preterm infants at different postmenstrual ages (PMAs) and to analyze the trends in backup ventilation in relation to clinical deteriorations.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted in 18 preterm infants born at a median (range) 27+4 (23+4–34+4) weeks of gestation with a median (range) birth weight of 1,100 (460–2,820) g, who received respiratory support with either invasive or noninvasive NAVA. Data on ventilator settings and respiratory variables were collected daily; the mean values of each 24‐h recording were computed for each respiratory variable. For clinical deterioration, ventilator data were reviewed at 6‐h intervals for 30 h before the event.

Results

A total of 354 patient days were included: 269 and 85 days during invasive and noninvasive NAVA, respectively. The time on backup ventilation (%/min) significantly decreased with increasing PMA during both invasive and noninvasive NAVA. The neural respiratory rate did not change over time. The median time on backup ventilation was less than 15%/min, and the median neural respiratory rate was more than 45 breaths/min for infants above 26+0 weeks PMA during invasive NAVA. The relative backup ventilation significantly increased before the episode of clinical deterioration.

Conclusion

The proportion of backup ventilation during NAVA showed how the control of breathing matured with increasing PMA. Even the most immature infants triggered most of their breaths by their own respiratory effort. An acute increase in the proportion of backup ventilation anticipated clinical deterioration.
Application of Nano‐Sized RDX in CMDB Propellant with High Solid Content
Authors: Yu Haomiao , Sun Sensen , Gao Jianbing , Jin Xiaoxun , Liu Jie , Li Fengsheng
Published: July 2021

Compared to the ordinary RDX, nano‐sized RDX has many more excellent properties. Therefore two kinds of CMDB propellant were prepared for comparison. One is the normal CMDB propellant called M‐CMDB propellant, the other is N‐CMDB propellant which adds nano‐sized RDX to CMDB propellant. The morphology characterization, tensile properties, sensitivity, and combustion performance of the propellants were investigated, the results for N‐CMDB propellant were compared with that for the normal one. It has been found that the interface of N‐CMDB propellant showed no stratification and fewer overall defects than the normal one. The value of σm and ϵm for N‐CMDB propellant are increased by 32.6 % and 25.2 % at 323.15 K, respectively. At 293.15 K, the σm and ϵm values of N‐CMDB propellant also increased by 25.4 % and 46.9 % and increased by 17.5 % and 23.7 %, respectively, at 233.15 K. The friction and impact sensitivities of N‐CMDB propellant are decreased by 51.3 % and 50.4 %, respectively. The TG/DSC study indicated that, compared with M‐CMDB propellant, the thermal decomposition peak temperature of N‐CMDB propellant is advanced, and the apparent activation energy is reduced by about 6.0 % to 144.3 kJ ⋅ mol−1. Combustion performance measurements were carried out. It was observed that nano‐sized RDX is a good burning rate enhancer, because of the burning rate coefficient value of N‐CMDB propellant is relatedly increased by 36.9 %. Besides, the pressure exponent of N‐CMDB propellant is relatively decreased by 21.6 %. All the results indicate that the application of nano‐sized RDX will help to improve the comprehensive performance of CMDB propellant.
Answering questions in a co‐created formative exam question bank improves summative exam performance, while students perceive benefits from answering, authoring, and peer discussion: A mixed methods analysis of PeerWise
Authors: Guilding Clare , Pye Rachel Emma , Butler Stephanie , Atkinson Michael , Field Eimear
Published: July 2021

Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are a common form of assessment in medical schools and students seek opportunities to engage with formative assessment that reflects their summative exams. Formative assessment with feedback and active learning strategies improve student learning outcomes, but a challenge for educators, particularly those with large class sizes, is how to provide students with such opportunities without overburdening faculty. To address this, we enrolled medical students in the online learning platform PeerWise, which enables students to author and answer MCQs, rate the quality of other students’ contributions as well as discuss content. A quasi‐experimental mixed methods research design was used to explore PeerWise use and its impact on the learning experience and exam results of fourth year medical students who were studying courses in clinical sciences and pharmacology. Most students chose to engage with PeerWise following its introduction as a noncompulsory learning opportunity. While students perceived benefits in authoring and peer discussion, students engaged most highly with answering questions, noting that this helped them identify gaps in knowledge, test their learning and improve exam technique. Detailed analysis of the 2015 cohort (n = 444) with hierarchical regression models revealed a significant positive predictive relationship between answering PeerWise questions and exam results, even after controlling for previous academic performance, which was further confirmed with a follow‐up multi‐year analysis (2015–2018, n = 1693). These 4 years of quantitative data corroborated students’ belief in the benefit of answering peer‐authored questions for learning.
Field‐evolved resistance to chlorpyrifos by Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Inheritance mode, cross‐resistance patterns, and synergism
Authors: Garlet Cínthia G , Gubiani Patricia da S , Palharini Ramon B , Moreira Rafaella P , Godoy Daniela N , Farias Juliano R , Bernardi Oderlei
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), is an economically important pest worldwide. In this study, we selected a genotype of FAW resistant to chlorpyrifos from a field‐collected population, characterized the genetic basis of resistance, and evaluated cross‐resistance and mechanisms of resistance using synergists.

RESULTS

The LD50 values of chlorpyrifos for the resistant (Clorp‐R) and susceptible (Sus) FAW genotypes were 24.26 and 0.023 μg per larva, respectively, representing a resistance ratio > 1050‐fold. The LD50 values of chlorpyrifos against heterozygotes were 3.34 and 4.00 μg per larva, suggesting that resistance is autosomally inherited. The chlorpyrifos resistance in FAW was influenced by few genes, with the minimum numbers of segregations being 1.74 and 1.88. On chlorpyrifos‐sprayed plants and leaves, Clorp‐R and heterozygote genotypes showed >95% and >52% survival, respectively, whereas the Sus genotype had no survival, indicating that the resistance is incompletely dominant at the field rate of chlorpyrifos. The Clorp‐R genotype presented some cross‐resistance to acephate, but low cross‐resistance to thiodicarb, methomyl, chlorfenapyr, flubendiamide, methoxyfenozide, spinetoram, and teflubenzuron. The synergists piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate, and S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithiotate did not have relevant effects on the Clorp‐R genotype, suggesting a minor role for metabolic resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

The inheritance of chlorpyrifos resistance in FAW was characterized as autosomal, incompletely dominant, and polygenic, with metabolic resistance playing a small role in the detoxification of chlorpyrifos. Low cross‐resistance between chlorpyrifos and other mode of action (MoA) insecticides occurs in FAW, highlighting the importance of considering the rotation of MoA as a strategy to delay resistance. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Impact of pile‐driving and offshore windfarm operational noise on fish chorusing
Authors: Siddagangaiah Shashidhar , Chen Chi‐Fang , Hu Wei‐Chun , Pieretti Nadia
Published: July 2021

Offshore windfarms have recently emerged as a renewable energy solution. The effects of pile‐driving and long‐term impacts of operational noises on fish chorusing still, however, remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the variations of fish chorusing intensity and duration during the construction (2016) and operational phases (2017–2018) of a windfarm at the Eastern Taiwan Strait (ETS). At the ETS, two types of fish choruses (Types 1 and 2) were found to repeat over a diurnal pattern. In the 2 days after the pile driving, Type 1 chorusing showed lower intensity and longer duration, while Type 2 chorusing exhibited higher intensity and no changes in its duration. During the operational phases in 2017 and 2018, both choruses were longer in duration (2–3 h for Type 1; 0.5–1 h for Type 2). The intensity of Type 1 chorus increased by 5–10 dB, but no significant variation was recorded for Type 2. Our findings document, for the first time, different behavioral responses of two chorusing types exposed to pile‐driving and windfarm noise pressure. Fish choruses have been associated with several behavioral functions. Deviation from a regular pattern might affect fish reproductive success, cause migration, augmented predation, or physiological alterations. Because offshore windfarms installations are growing in magnitude and capacity worldwide, this study provides essential insights for policymakers and constitutes an important reference for assessing the effects of noise from pile driving and windfarms on fishes.
Direct Synthesis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas from Carbon Dioxide Using a Copper/Zinc Oxide/Zirconia/Alumina and HY Zeolite Hybrid Catalyst
Authors: Natakaranakul Jaru , Thongkam Montree , Li Hangjie , Suchamalawong Phorndranrat , Tsubaki Noritatsu , Vitidsant Tharapong
Published: July 2021

Conversion of CO2 to lower hydrocarbons (HCs) is a high potential process that could reduce and sustainably control this greenhouse gas. In accord with The Sustainable Development Goal from The United Nation Development Program, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is viewed as environmentally friendly and is widely used. Small HCs can be directly synthesized from CO2 hydrogenation over a hybrid catalyst. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the direct synthesis of LPG from CO2 hydrogenation using a copper/zinc oxide/zirconium/alumina (CZZA) mixed metal and HY zeolite as a hybrid catalyst. The study was conducted in a fixed bed reactor using hydrogen/CO2/carbon monoxide as the reactant gas and evaluating four types of production condition, method of catalyst combination, reaction temperature, CZZA/HY zeolite mass ratio, and catalyst weight/volume flow rate. The mixing type between the CZZA and HY zeolite catalysts markedly influenced the HC selectivity with strong suppression of reverse water gas shift reaction. At the optimum condition, a 27.39 % CO2 conversion level and a high HC (98.70 %) and LPG (66.56 %) selectivity were obtained.
Syntheses of Combretastatin A‐4 and Related Stilbenes by Using Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Barnes Natalie G. , Ahmed Mal Ullah Amjed A. , Ragazzon Patricia A. , Charafi Nadia , Hadfield John A.
Published: July 2021

Combretastatin A‐4 (CA4) is a potent anti‐mitotic and vascular disrupting agent. Organic chemists have been working to optimize the synthesis of CA4 for the past 3 decades, with methods requiring hazardous solvents and harsh reaction conditions. Here, we report the synthesis of CA4 and a variety of stilbenes in an aqueous Wittig system. Potassium carbonate or lithium hydroxide were used as base in this Wittig reaction to give excellent yields of mixtures of E‐ and Z‐stilbenes. The synthesis of CA4 was achieved using tetrahydropyran (THP) or silyl protected phenolic aldehydes. The THP groups were removed using dilute acid whilst the silyl groups fortuitously fell off during work up.
Micro and Nanoscale Technologies for Diagnosis of Viral Infections
Authors: Nasrollahi Fatemeh , Haghniaz Reihaneh , Hosseini Vahid , Davoodi Elham , Mahmoodi Mahboobeh , Karamikamkar Solmaz , Darabi Mohammad Ali , Zhu Yangzhi , Lee Junmin , Diltemiz Sibel Emir , Montazerian Hossein , Sangabathuni Sivakoti , Tavafoghi Maryam , Jucaud Vadim , Sun Wujin , Kim Han‐Jun , Ahadian Samad , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: July 2021

Viral infection is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The growth of globalization significantly increases the risk of virus spreading, making it a global threat to future public health. In particular, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic outbreak emphasizes the importance of devices and methods for rapid, sensitive, and cost‐effective diagnosis of viral infections in the early stages by which their quick and global spread can be controlled. Micro and nanoscale technologies have attracted tremendous attention in recent years for a variety of medical and biological applications, especially in developing diagnostic platforms for rapid and accurate detection of viral diseases. This review addresses advances of microneedles, microchip‐based integrated platforms, and nano‐ and microparticles for sampling, sample processing, enrichment, amplification, and detection of viral particles and antigens related to the diagnosis of viral diseases. Additionally, methods for the fabrication of microchip‐based devices and commercially used devices are described. Finally, challenges and prospects on the development of micro and nanotechnologies for the early diagnosis of viral diseases are highlighted.
Development of Perovskite Oxide‐Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Liu Dong , Zhou Pengfei , Bai Haoyun , Ai Haoqiang , Du Xinyu , Chen Mingpeng , Liu Di , Ip Weng Fai , Lo Kin Ho , Kwok Chi Tat , Chen Shi , Wang Shuangpeng , Xing Guichuan , Wang Xuesen , Pan Hui
Published: July 2021

Perovskite oxides are studied as electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reactions (OER) because of their low cost, tunable structure, high stability, and good catalytic activity. However, there are two main challenges for most perovskite oxides to be efficient in OER, namely less active sites and low electrical conductivity, leading to limited catalytic performance. To overcome these intrinsic obstacles, various strategies are developed to enhance their catalytic activities in OER. In this review, the recent developments of these strategies is comprehensively summarized and systematically discussed, including composition engineering, crystal facet control, morphology modulation, defect engineering, and hybridization. Finally, perspectives on the design of perovskite oxide‐based electrocatalysts for practical applications in OER are given.
SILAR Deposition of Metal Oxide Nanostructured Films
Authors: Ratnayake Samantha Prabath , Ren Jiawen , Colusso Elena , Guglielmi Massimo , Martucci Alessandro , Della Gaspera Enrico
Published: July 2021

Methods for the fabrication of thin films with well controlled structure and properties are of great importance for the development of functional devices for a large range of applications. SILAR, the acronym for Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction, is an evolution and combination of two other deposition methods, the Atomic Layer Deposition and Chemical Bath Deposition. Due to a relative simplicity and low cost, this method has gained increasing interest in the scientific community. There are, however, several aspects related to the influence of the many parameters involved, which deserve further deepening. In this review article, the basis of the method, its application to the fabrication of thin films, the importance of experimental parameters, and some recent advances in the application of oxide films are reviewed. At first the fundamental theoretical bases and experimental concepts of SILAR are discussed. Then, the fabrication of chalcogenides and metal oxides is reviewed, with special emphasis to metal oxides, trying to extract general information on the effect of experimental parameters on structural, morphological and functional properties. Finally, recent advances in the application of oxide films prepared by SILAR are described, focusing on supercapacitors, transparent electrodes, solar cells, and photoelectrochemical devices.
Iodine Immobilized Metal–Organic Framework for NIR‐Triggered Antibacterial Therapy on Orthopedic Implants
Authors: Teng Wangsiyuan , Zhang Zengjie , Wang Yikai , Ye Yuxiao , Yinwang Eloy , Liu An , Zhou Xingzhi , Xu Jianxiang , Zhou Chengwei , Sun Hangxiang , Wang Fangqian , Zhang Lingling , Cheng Chongguang , Lin Peng , Wu Yan , Gou Zhongru , Yu Xiaohua , Ye Zhaoming
Published: July 2021

Iodine has been known as an effective disinfectant with broad‐spectrum antimicrobial potency yet without drug resistance risk when used in clinic. However, the exploration of iodine for antibacterial therapy in orthopedics remains sparse due to its volatile nature and poor solubility. Herein, leveraging the superior absorption capability of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their inherent photocatalytic properties, iodine‐loaded MOF surface is presented to realize responsive iodine release along with intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) oxidation under near‐infrared (NIR) exposure to achieve synergistic antibacterial effect. Iodine is successfully loaded using vapor deposition process onto zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8(ZIF‐8), which is immobilized onto micro arc oxidized titanium via a hydrothermal approach. The combination of NIR‐triggered iodine release and ZIF‐8 mediated ROS oxidative stress substantially augments the antibacterial efficacy of this approach both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, this composite coating also supported osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells, as well as improved osseointegration of coated implants using an intramedullary rat model, suggesting improvement of antibacterial efficacy does not impair osteogenic potential of the implants. Altogether, immobilization of iodine via MOF on orthopedic implants with synergistic antibacterial effect can be a promising strategy to combat bacterial infections.