bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Meaning and Accuracy of the Improving Functions in the Solution of the CBQR by Krotov’s Method
Authors: Halperin Ido
Published: February 2024

A new solution to the continuous-time bilinear quadratic regulator optimal control problem (CBQR) was recently developed using Krotov’s Method. This paper provides two theoretical results related to the properties of that solution. The first discusses the equivalent representation of the cost-to-go performance index. The second one breaks down this equivalence into smaller identities referencing the components of the performance index. The paper shows how these results can be used to verify the numerical accuracy of the computed solution. Additionally, the meaning of the improving function and the equivalent representation, which are the main elements in the discussed CBQR’s solution, are explained according to the derived notions. A numerical example of structural control application exemplifies the significance of these results and how they can be applied to a specific CBQR problem.
Golden Laplacian Graphs
Authors: Akhter Sadia , Frasca Mattia , Estrada Ernesto
Published: February 2024

Many properties of the structure and dynamics of complex networks derive from the characteristics of the spectrum of the associated Laplacian matrix, specifically from the set of its eigenvalues. In this paper, we show that there exist graphs for which the ratio between the length of the spectrum (that is, the difference between the largest and smallest eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix) and its spread (the difference between the second smallest eigenvalue and the smallest one) is equal to the golden ratio. We call such graphs Golden Laplacian Graphs (GLG). In this paper, we first find all such graphs with a number of nodes n≤10. We then prove several graph-theoretic and algebraic properties that characterize these graphs. These graphs prove to be extremely robust, as they have large vertex and edge connectivity along with a large isoperimetric constant. Finally, we study the synchronization properties of GLGs, showing that they are among the top synchronizable graphs of the same size. Therefore, GLGs represent very good candidates for engineering and communication networks.
Study on Exchange Rate Forecasting with Stacked Optimization Based on a Learning Algorithm
Authors: Xie Weiwei , Wu Haifeng , Liu Boyu , Mu Shengdong , Nadia Nedjah
Published: February 2024

The time series of exchange rate fluctuations are characterized by non-stationary and nonlinear features, and forecasting using traditional linear or single-machine models can cause significant bias. Based on this, the authors propose the combination of the advantages of the EMD and LSTM models to reduce the complexity by analyzing and decomposing the time series and forming a new model, EMD-LSTM-SVR, with a stronger generalization ability. More than 30,000 units of data on the USD/CNY exchange rate opening price from 2 January 2015 to 30 April 2022 were selected for an empirical demonstration of the model’s accuracy. The empirical results showed that the prediction of the exchange rate fluctuation with the EMD-LSTM-SVR model not only had higher accuracy, but also ensured that most of the predicted positions deviated less from the actual positions. The new model had a stronger generalization ability, a concise structure, and a high degree of ability to fit nonlinear features, and it prevented gradient vanishing and overfitting to achieve a higher degree of prediction accuracy.
Image Steganography and Style Transformation Based on Generative Adversarial Network
Authors: Li Li , Zhang Xinpeng , Chen Kejiang , Feng Guorui , Wu Deyang , Zhang Weiming
Published: February 2024

Traditional image steganography conceals secret messages in unprocessed natural images by modifying the pixel value, causing the obtained stego to be different from the original image in terms of the statistical distribution; thereby, it can be detected by a well-trained classifier for steganalysis. To ensure the steganography is imperceptible and in line with the trend of art images produced by Artificial-Intelligence-Generated Content (AIGC) becoming popular on social networks, this paper proposes to embed hidden information throughout the process of the generation of an art-style image by designing an image-style-transformation neural network with a steganography function. The proposed scheme takes a content image, an art-style image, and messages to be embedded as inputs, processing them with an encoder–decoder model, and finally, generates a styled image containing the secret messages at the same time. An adversarial training technique was applied to enhance the imperceptibility of the generated art-style stego image from plain-style-transferred images. The lack of the original cover image makes it difficult for the opponent learning steganalyzer to identify the stego. The proposed approach can successfully withstand existing steganalysis techniques and attain the embedding capacity of three bits per pixel for a color image, according to the experimental results.
Optimization Method of Fog Computing High Offloading Service Based on Frame of Reference
Authors: Li  Deng , Yu Chengqin , Tan Ying , Liu Jiaqi
Published: February 2024

The cost of offloading tasks is a crucial parameter that influences the task selection of fog nodes. Low-cost tasks can be completed quickly, while high-cost tasks are rarely chosen. Therefore, it is essential to design an effective incentive mechanism to encourage fog nodes to actively participate in high-cost offloading tasks. Current incentive mechanisms generally increase remuneration to enhance the probability of participants selecting high-cost tasks, which inevitably leads to increased platform costs. To improve the likelihood of choosing high-cost tasks, we introduce a frame of reference into fog computing offloading and design a Reference Incentive Mechanism (RIM) by incorporating reference objects. Leveraging the characteristics of the frame of reference, we set an appropriate reference task as the reference point that influences the attraction of offloading tasks to fog nodes and motivates them towards choosing high-cost tasks. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that our proposed mechanism outperforms existing algorithms in enhancing the selection probability of high-cost tasks and improving platform utility.
Composite Backbone Small Object Detection Based on Context and Multi-Scale Information with Attention Mechanism
Authors: Jing Xinhan , Liu Xuesong , Liu Baolin
Published: February 2024

Object detection has gained widespread application across various domains; nevertheless, small object detection still presents numerous challenges due to the inherent limitations of small objects, such as their limited resolution and susceptibility to interference from neighboring elements. To improve detection accuracy of small objects, this study presents a novel method that integrates context information, attention mechanism, and multi-scale information. First, to realize feature augmentation, a composite backbone network is employed which can jointly extract object features. On this basis, to efficiently incorporate context information and focus on key features, the composite dilated convolution and attention module (CDAM) is designed, consisting of a composite dilated convolution module (CDM) and convolutional block attention module (CBAM). Then, a feature elimination module (FEM) is introduced to reduce the feature proportion of medium and large objects on feature layers; the impact of neighboring objects on small object detection can thereby be mitigated. Experiments conducted on MS COCO validate the superior performance of the method compared with baseline detectors, while it yields an average enhancement of 0.8% in overall detection accuracy, with a notable enhancement of 2.7% in small object detection.
Fuzzy Testing Method of Process Incapability Index
Authors: Chen Kuen-Suan , Huang Tsun-Hung , Lin Jin-Shyong , Kao Wen-Yang , Lo Wei
Published: February 2024

The process capability index is a tool for quality measurement and analysis widely used in the industry. It is also a good tool for the sales department to communicate with customers. Although the value of the process capability index can be affected by the accuracy and precision of the process, the index itself cannot be differentiated. Therefore, the process incapability index is directly divided into two items, accuracy and precision, based on the expected value of the Taguchi process loss function. In fact, accuracy and precision are two important reference items for improving the manufacturing process. Thus, the process incapability index is good for evaluating process quality. The process incapability index contains two unknown parameters, so it needs to be estimated with sample data. Since point estimates are subject to misjudgment incurred by the inaccuracy of sampling, and since modern businesses are in the era of rapid response, the size of sampling usually tends to be small. A number of studies have suggested that a fuzzy testing method built on the confidence interval be adopted at this time because it integrates experts and the experience accumulated in the past. In addition to a decrease in the possibility of misjudgment resulting from sampling error, this method can improve the test accuracy. Therefore, based on the confidence interval of the process incapability index, we proposed the fuzzy testing method to assess whether the process capability can attain a necessary level of quality. If the quality level fails to meet the requirement, then an improvement must be made. If the quality level exceeds the requirement, then it is equivalent to excess quality, and a resource transfer must be considered to reduce costs.
Designing Ecotourism Routes with Time-Dependent Benefits along Arcs and Waiting Times at Nodes
Authors: Piedra-de-la-Cuadra Ramón , Ortega Francisco A.
Published: February 2024

Ecotourism routes serve as powerful tools for fostering environmental awareness. To achieve this, it is crucial to design itineraries within natural parks that strike a balance between visitor experience and ecological preservation. Limiting the duration of visits prevents undue strain on both visitors and ecosystems. Effective routes should showcase high biodiversity, traversing diverse sites to enhance knowledge acquisition. Considering natural factors such as light conditions and climate, it is prudent to tailor visiting times to optimize the experience. Therefore, it makes sense to incorporate time-dependent benefits at arcs and the possibility of introducing waiting times at nodes in the design models. These two characteristics have enriched the optimization models developed to solve the tourist trip design problem based on maximizing benefit only when points of interest are visited. However, the specific application of these aforementioned characteristics and enriched optimization models to the arc orientation problem remains yet to be reported on and published in the literature. Our contribution addresses this gap, proposing a route design model with scenic value in the arches of the graph where the benefits perceived by travelers are maximized, taking into account a diversity of evaluations depending on the time of starting the trip through each arc.
Optimizing PV Sources and Shunt Capacitors for Energy Efficiency Improvement in Distribution Systems Using Subtraction-Average Algorithm
Authors: Smaili Idris H. , Almalawi Dhaifallah R. , Shaheen Abdullah M. , Mansour Hany S. E.
Published: February 2024

This work presents an optimal methodology based on an augmented, improved, subtraction-average-based technique (ASABT) which is developed to minimize the energy-dissipated losses that occur during electrical power supply. It includes a way of collaborative learning that utilizes the most effective response with the goal of improving the ability to search. Two different scenarios are investigated. First, the suggested ASABT is used considering the shunt capacitors only to minimize the power losses. Second, simultaneous placement and sizing of both PV units and capacitors are handled. Applications of the suggested ASAB methodology are performed on two distribution systems. First, a practical Egyptian distribution system is considered. The results of the simulation show that the suggested ASABT has a significant 56.4% decrease in power losses over the original scenario using the capacitors only. By incorporating PV units in addition to the capacitors, the energy losses are reduced from 26,227.31 to 10,554 kW/day with a high reduction of 59.75% and 4.26% compared to the initial case and the SABT alone, respectively. Also, the emissions produced from the substation are greatly reduced from 110,823.88 kgCO2 to 79,189 kgCO2, with a reduction of 28.54% compared to the initial case. Second, the standard IEEE 69-node system is added to the application. Comparable results indicate that ASABT significantly reduces power losses (5.61%) as compared to SABT and enhances the minimum voltage (2.38%) with a substantial reduction in energy losses (64.07%) compared to the initial case. For both investigated systems, the proposed ASABT outcomes are compared with the Coati optimization algorithm, the Osprey optimization algorithm (OOA), the dragonfly algorithm (DA), and SABT methods; the proposed ASABT shows superior outcomes, especially in the standard deviation of the obtained losses.
Prediction Model of Ammonia Nitrogen Concentration in Aquaculture Based on Improved AdaBoost and LSTM
Authors: Wang Yiyang , Xu Dehao , Li Xianpeng , Wang Wei
Published: February 2024

The concentration of ammonia nitrogen is significant for intensive aquaculture, and if the concentration of ammonia nitrogen is too high, it will seriously affect the survival state of aquaculture. Therefore, prediction and control of the ammonia nitrogen concentration in advance is essential. This paper proposed a combined model based on X Adaptive Boosting (XAdaBoost) and the Long Short-Term Memory neural network (LSTM) to predict ammonia nitrogen concentration in mariculture. Firstly, the weight assignment strategy was improved, and the number of correction iterations was introduced to retard the shortcomings of data error accumulation caused by the AdaBoost basic algorithm. Then, the XAdaBoost algorithm generated and combined several LSTM su-models to predict the ammonia nitrogen concentration. Finally, there were two experiments conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed prediction model. In the ammonia nitrogen concentration prediction experiment, compared with the LSTM and other comparison models, the RMSE of the XAdaBoost–LSTM model was reduced by about 0.89–2.82%, the MAE was reduced by about 0.72–2.47%, and the MAPE was reduced by about 8.69–18.39%. In the model stability experiment, the RMSE, MAE, and MAPE of the XAdaBoost–LSTM model decreased by about 1–1.5%, 0.7–1.7%, and 7–14%. From these two experiments, the evaluation indexes of the XAdaBoost–LSTM model were superior to the comparison models, which proves that the model has good prediction accuracy and stability and lays a foundation for monitoring and regulating the change of ammonia nitrogen concentration in the future.
An Efficient 3D-Printed Gravity Mixer for Lab-on-a-CD Applications
Authors: Wang Yunxia , Zhang Yong , Qiao Zheng , Wang Wanjun
Published: February 2024

We introduced a new, highly efficient, and uncomplicated mixing device for centrifugal microfluidic platforms, called the gravity mixer. The gravity mixer featured a slope channel that can precisely and sequentially control micro-volume liquids using centrifugal, capillary, and gravitational forces to achieve the desired mixing effect. By adjusting the angular velocity, micro-volumes of liquids in the slope channel of the gravity mixer could be precisely controlled across a wide range. We evaluated the change in mixing efficiency by varying the slope geometry, including the slope angle and the number of mixing cycles. Our study of gravity mixers with different slope angles revealed that the 80° angle gravity mixer achieved the best mixing efficiency, with a standard deviation of 2.39. Additionally, the mixing process in the gravity mixer is highly repeatable, achieving the desired mixing efficiency after only three cycles of operation. Our gravity mixer design and implementation can facilitate the development of more complex 3D-printed lab-on-chip devices.
Antibacterial Mechanisms and Antivirulence Activities of Oridonin against Pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila AS 1.1801
Authors: Wang Lunji , Li Huijuan , Chen Jinhao , Wang Yi , Gu Yuqing , Jiu Min
Published: February 2024

Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gram-negative bacterium widely found in freshwater environments, acts as a common conditional pathogen affecting humans, livestock, and aquatic animals. In this study, the impact of oridonin, an ent-kaurane diterpenoid compound derived from Rabdosia rubescens, on the virulence factors of A. hydrophila AS 1.1801 and its antibacterial mechanism was elucidated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oridonin against A. hydrophila AS 1.1801 was 100 μg/mL. Oridonin at inhibitory concentrations could significantly increase the electrical conductivity in the supernatant and escalate nucleic acid leakage (p < 0.01). This effect was concomitant with observed distortions in bacterial cells, the formation of cytoplasmic cavities, cellular damage, and pronounced inhibition of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Additionally, oridonin at inhibitory levels exhibited a noteworthy suppressive impact on A. hydrophila AS 1.1801 across biofilm formation, motility, hemolytic activity, lipase activity, and protease activity (p < 0.05), demonstrating a dose-dependent enhancement. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the gene expression of luxR, qseB and omp were significantly downregulated after oridonin treatment in A. hydrophila AS 1.1801 (p < 0.05). Our results indicated that oridonin possessed significant antibacterial and anti-virulence effects on A. hydrophila AS 1.1801.
Correction: Xu et al. Noise Characteristics and Denoising Methods of Long-Offset Transient Electromagnetic Method. Minerals 2023, 13, 1084
Authors: Xu Yang , Xie Xingbing , Zhou Lei , Xi Biao , Yan Liangjun
Published: February 2024

In the original publication [...]
Genesis and Prospecting Potential of the Da’anhe Skarn Au Deposit in the Central of the Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China: Evidence from Skarn Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusions and H-O Isotopes
Authors: Zhao Chuntao , Sun Fanting , Sun Jinggui , Wang Jianping , Han Jilong , Chu Xiaolei , Bai Chenglin , Yu Dongmei , Xu Zhikai , Yi Lei , Hua Shan
Published: February 2024

Skarn Au deposits exist in the circum-pacific metallogenic belt. Interestingly, the Da’anhe Au deposit is the only independent skarn gold deposit in the Lesser Xing’an Range. To determine the metallogenic mechanism and prospecting potential of the Da’anhe deposit, we performed skarn mineralogy, fluid inclusion (FI) and H-O isotope analyses. The results show the following: (1) The Da’anhe deposit is a calcareous reduced skarn Au deposit that formed between an Early Jurassic gabbroic diorite and the Permian Tumenling Formation marble. Its metallogenic process includes five stages: the early skarn stage (Stage I1), late skarn stage (Stage I2), early quartz-sulfide stage (Stage II1), late quartz-sulfide stage (Stage II2) and quartz-carbonate stage (Stage II3). Gold precipitated in Stage II1 and Stage II2. (2) The initial ore-forming fluid was derived from magmatic water and featured a high temperature and intermediate to high salinity. After boiling and mixing, the fluid eventually changed to a low-temperature and low-salinity reducing fluid dominated by meteoric water. (3) The formation depth of the Au orebodies was 2.27–3.11 km, and the orebodies were later lifted to the surface (<500 m). The potential for finding skarn Au deposits in the study area is limited. (4) The distinctive nature of the ore-related magma (i.e., source, reducing conditions and high water content) was key to the formation of the Da’anhe skarn gold deposit.
Discussion of the W-Sn-REE Metallogenic Background in the Nanling Region of South China: Evidence from Satellite Gravity and Magnetic Data
Authors: Luo Fan , Yan Jiayong , Zhang Sheng , Liang Jian , Fu Guangming , Wu Dehai , Reng Guogang
Published: February 2024

The Nanling region is located at the intersection of the Yangtze Block and Cathaysia Block and is characterized by complex geological and tectonic processes, as well as distinct W-Sn-REE mineralization. Despite extensive research on the mineralization of W-Sn and REE deposits in the Nanling region, the factors impacting the distribution pattern of eastern tungsten and western tin deposits, as well as the mechanism of REE enrichment in the parent rocks, remain uncertain. Deep structural and tectonic variability plays a crucial role in the formation of mineral deposits in the upper crust. Information on deep structural and tectonic variability is contained in the Moho depth, Curie depth, effective elastic thickness, lithospheric density, and thermal structure derived from the processing and inversion of satellite gravity and magnetic data. In this paper, we comprehensively analyse satellite gravity and magnetic data from the Nanling region, integrating the processing and inversion results with the tectonic evolution of this region and relevant geological information. It is hypothesized that the Chenzhou–Linwu fault serves as a channel for mineral and thermal transfer in the Sn ore aggregation zone, facilitating the material transport from the deep mantle to the surface and ultimately leading to the formation of Sn-enriched granite. The collection area of tungsten ore is more weakly associated with the Chenzhou–Linwu fault, and through deep heat transfer, tungsten components are primarily concentrated in the Earth’s crust to produce W-enriched granite. The primary source of REE enrichment in the parent rocks associated with REE mineralization is predominantly derived from the felsic crust, and the rapid intrusion of deep magma resulting from the subduction and retraction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate is a contributing factor to the contrasting enrichment of light and heavy rare-earth elements. Mineral crystalline differentiation is relatively high, leading to the formation of ore-forming parent rocks with high heavy rare-earth element contents.
Unveiling the MIL-53(Al) MOF: Tuning Photoluminescence and Structural Properties via Volatile Organic Compounds Interactions
Authors: Rehman Tanzeel Ul , Agnello Simonpietro , Gelardi Franco Mario , Calvino Martina Maria , Lazzara Giuseppe , Buscarino Gianpiero , Cannas Marco
Published: February 2024

MIL-53(Al) is a metal-organic framework (MOF) with unique properties, including structural flexibility, thermal stability, and luminescence. Its ability to adsorb volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and water vapor makes it a promising platform for sensing applications. This study investigated the adsorption mechanism of MIL-53(Al) with different VOCs, including ketones, alcohols, aromatics, and water molecules, focusing on structural transformations due to pore size variation and photoluminescence properties. The reported results assess MIL-53(Al) selectivity towards different VOCs and provide insights into their fundamental properties and potential applications in sensing.
Zirconia Hybrid Dental Implants Influence the Biological Properties of Neural Crest-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Tagliaferri Nadia , Pisciotta Alessandra , Orlandi Giulia , Bertani Giulia , Di Tinco Rosanna , Bertoni Laura , Sena Paola , Lunghi Alice , Bianchi Michele , Veneri Federica , Bellini Pierantonio , Bertacchini Jessika , Conserva Enrico , Consolo Ugo , Carnevale Gianluca
Published: February 2024

Dental implants are regularly employed in tooth replacement, the good clinical outcome of which is strictly correlated to the choice of an appropriate implant biomaterial. Titanium-based implants are considered the gold standard for rehabilitation of edentulous spaces. However, the insurgence of allergic reactions, cellular sensitization and low integration with dental and gingival tissues lead to poor osseointegration, affecting the implant stability in the bone and favoring infections and inflammatory processes in the peri-implant space. These failures pave the way to develop and improve new biocompatible implant materials. CERID dental implants are made of a titanium core embedded in a zirconium dioxide ceramic layer, ensuring absence of corrosion, a higher biological compatibility and a better bone deposition compared to titanium ones. We investigated hDPSCs’ biological behavior, i.e., cell adhesion, proliferation, morphology and osteogenic potential, when seeded on both CERID and titanium implants, before and after cleansing with two different procedures. SEM and AFM analysis of the surfaces showed that while CERID disks were not significantly affected by the cleansing system, titanium ones exhibited well-visible modifications after brush treatment, altering cell morphology. The proliferation rate of DPSCs was increased for titanium, while it remained unaltered for CERID. Both materials hold an intrinsic potential to promote osteogenic commitment of neuro-ectomesenchymal stromal cells. Interestingly, the CERID surface mitigated the immune response by inducing an upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 on activated PBMCs when a pro-inflammatory microenvironment was established. Our in vitro results pave the way to further investigations aiming to corroborate the potential of CERID implants as suitable biomaterials for dental implant applications.
The Impact of Glucomannan, Inulin, and Psyllium Supplementation (SolowaysTM) on Weight Loss in Adults with FTO, LEP, LEPR, and MC4R Polymorphisms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Pokushalov Evgeny , Ponomarenko Andrey , Garcia Claire , Pak Inessa , Shrainer Evgenya , Seryakova Mariya , Johnson Michael , Miller Richard
Published: February 2024

This study aimed to determine the impact of a fiber supplement on body weight and composition in individuals with obesity with specific genetic polymorphisms. It involved 112 adults with obesity, each with at least one minor allele in the FTO, LEP, LEPR, or MC4R polymorphism. Participants were randomized to receive either a fiber supplement (glucomannan, inulin, and psyllium) or a placebo for 180 days. The experimental group showed significant reductions in body weight (treatment difference: −4.9%; 95% CI: −6.9% to −2.9%; p < 0.01) and BMI (treatment difference: −1.4 kg/m2; 95% CI: −1.7 to −1.2; p < 0.01) compared to placebo. Further significant decreases in fat mass (treatment difference: −13.0%; 95% CI: −14.4 to −11.7; p < 0.01) and visceral fat rating (treatment difference: −1.3; 95% CI: −1.6 to −1.0; p < 0.01) were noted. Homozygous minor allele carriers experienced greater decreases in body weight (treatment difference: −3.2%; 95% CI: −4.9% to −1.6%; p < 0.01) and BMI (treatment difference: −1.2 kg/m2; 95% CI: −2.0 to −0.4; p < 0.01) compared to heterozygous allele carriers. These carriers also had a more significant reduction in fat mass (treatment difference: −9.8%; 95% CI: −10.6 to −9.1; p < 0.01) and visceral fat rating (treatment difference: −0.9; 95% CI: −1.3 to −0.5; p < 0.01). A high incidence of gastrointestinal events was reported in the experimental group (74.6%), unlike the placebo group, which reported no side effects. Dietary supplementation with glucomannan, inulin, and psyllium effectively promotes weight loss and improves body composition in individuals with obesity, particularly those with specific genetic polymorphisms.
Effects of a Novel Applet-Based Personalized Dietary Intervention on Dietary Intakes: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Real-World Scenario
Authors: Liu Hongwei , Feng Jingyuan , Shi Zehuan , Su Jin , Sun Jing , Wu Fan , Zhu Zhenni
Published: February 2024

The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a novel WeChat applet-based personalized dietary intervention aimed at promoting healthier dietary intakes. A two-arm parallel, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in a real-world scenario and involved a total of 153 participants (the intervention group, n = 76; the control group, n = 77), lasting for 4 months in Shanghai, China. The intervention group had access to visualized nutrition evaluations through the applet during workday lunch time, while the control group received no interventions. A total of 3413 lunch dietary intake records were captured through the applet. Linear mixed models were utilized to assess the intervention effects over time. At baseline, the participants’ lunchtime dietary intakes were characterized by insufficient consumption of plant foods (86.9% of the participants) and excessive intake of animal foods (79.7% of the participants). Following the commencement of the intervention, the intervention group showed a significant decrease in the animal/plant food ratio (β = −0.03/week, p = 0.024) and the consumption of livestock and poultry meat (β = −1.80 g/week, p = 0.035), as well as a borderline significant increase in the consumption of vegetables and fruits (β = 3.22 g/week, p = 0.055) and plant foods (β = 3.26 g/week, p = 0.057) over time at lunch compared to the control group. The applet-based personalized dietary intervention was feasible and effective in improving dietary intakes and, consequently, possibly may manage body weight issues in real-world scenarios.
The Digestive Vacuole of the Malaria Parasite: A Specialized Lysosome
Authors: Wiser Mark F.
Published: February 2024

The malaria parasite resides within erythrocytes during one stage of its life cycle. During this intraerythrocytic period, the parasite ingests the erythrocyte cytoplasm and digests approximately two-thirds of the host cell hemoglobin. This digestion occurs within a lysosome-like organelle called the digestive vacuole. Several proteases are localized to the digestive vacuole and these proteases sequentially breakdown hemoglobin into small peptides, dipeptides, and amino acids. The peptides are exported into the host cytoplasm via the chloroquine-resistance transporter and an amino acid transporter has also been identified on the digestive vacuole membrane. The environment of the digestive vacuole also provides appropriate conditions for the biocrystallization of toxic heme into non-toxic hemozoin by a poorly understood process. Hemozoin formation is an attribute of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus and is not exhibited by other intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites. The efficient degradation of hemoglobin and detoxification of heme likely plays a major role in the high level of replication exhibited by malaria parasites within erythrocytes. Unique features of the digestive vacuole and the critical importance of nutrient acquisition provide therapeutic targets for the treatment of malaria.
An Unusual Case of Serologically Confirmed Post-Partum Lyme Disease Following an Asymptomatic Borrelia burgdorferi Infection Acquired during Pregnancy and Lacking Vertical Transmission in Utero
Authors: Pavia Charles S. , Plummer Maria M. , Varantsova Alena
Published: February 2024

In this report, we describe a 23-year-old female who, while pregnant, was exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi but did not develop significant signs or symptoms (joint pain, arthritis) of Lyme disease until shortly after delivering a healthy child at term. Serologic testing confirmed infection with B. burgdorferi. A 3-week course of treatment with doxycycline was completely curative. There was no evidence for congenital or perinatal transmission of this pathogen at any point pre-term or postnatally. The key reasons that could account for this unique clinical scenario are discussed in the context of previously published related reports.
Gellan-Based Hydrogel as a Drug Delivery System for Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester in the Treatment of Oral Candida albicans Infections
Authors: Garcia Maíra Terra , Carmo Paulo Henrique Fonseca do , Figueiredo-Godoi Lívia Mara Alves , Gonçalves Natália Inês , Lima Patrícia Michelle Nagai de , Ramos Lucas de Paula , Oliveira Luciane Dias de , Borges Alexandre Luiz Souto , Shukla Anita , Junqueira Juliana Campos
Published: February 2024

Candida albicans can cause various types of oral infections, mainly associated with denture stomatitis. Conventional therapy has been linked to high recurrence, toxicity, and fungal resistance, necessitating the search for new drugs and delivery systems. In this study, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and gellan gum (GG) were studied as an antifungal agent and carrier system, respectively. First, we observed that different GG formulations (0.6 to 1.0% wt/vol) were able to incorporate and release CAPE, reaching a controlled and prolonged release over 180 min at 1.0% of GG. CAPE-GG formulations exhibited antifungal activity at CAPE concentrations ranging from 128 to >512 µg/mL. Furthermore, CAPE-GG formulations significantly decreased the fungal viability of C. albicans biofilms at short times (12 h), mainly at 1.0% of GG (p < 0.001). C. albicans protease activity was also reduced after 12 h of treatment with CAPE-GG formulations (p < 0.001). Importantly, CAPE was not cytotoxic to human keratinocytes, and CAPE-GG formulations at 1.0% decreased the fungal burden (p = 0.0087) and suppressed inflammation in a rat model of denture stomatitis. Altogether, these results indicate that GG is a promising delivery system for CAPE, showing effective activity against C. albicans and potential to be used in the treatment of denture stomatitis.
Effects of Florivory on Floral Visitors and Reproductive Success of Sagittaria lancifolia (Alismataceae) in a Mexican Wetland
Authors: Rodríguez-Morales Dulce , Aguirre-Jaimes Armando , García-Franco José G.
Published: February 2024

Florivores consume floral structures with negative effects on plant fitness and pollinator attraction. Several studies have evaluated these consequences in hermaphroditic plants, but little is known about the effects on monoecious and dioecious species. We characterize the florivory and its effects on floral visitors and reproductive success in a monoecious population of Sagittaria lancifolia. Five categories of florivory were established according to the petal area consumed. Visits were recorded in male and female flowers within the different damage categories. Reproductive success was evaluated through fruit number and weight, as well as the number of seeds per fruit. Our results show that the weevil Tanysphyrus lemnae is the main florivore, and it mainly damages the female flowers. Hymenoptera were recorded as the most frequent visitors of both male and female flowers. Male and female flowers showed differences in visit frequency, which decreases as flower damage increases. Reproductive success was negatively related to the level of damage. We found that florivory is common in the population of S. lancifolia, which can exert a strong selective pressure by making the flowers less attractive and reducing the number of seeds per fruit. Future studies are needed to know how florivores affect plant male fitness.
The Estimation of Grassland Aboveground Biomass and Analysis of Its Response to Climatic Factors Using a Random Forest Algorithm in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Dong Ping , Jing Changqing , Wang Gongxin , Shao Yuqing , Gao Yingzhi
Published: February 2024

Aboveground biomass (AGB) is a key indicator of the physiological status and productivity of grasslands, and its accurate estimation is essential for understanding regional carbon cycles. In this study, we developed a suitable AGB model for grasslands in Xinjiang based on the random forest algorithm, using AGB observation data, remote sensing vegetation indices, and meteorological data. We estimated the grassland AGB from 2000 to 2022, analyzed its spatiotemporal changes, and explored its response to climatic factors. The results showed that (1) the model was reliable (R2 = 0.55, RMSE = 64.33 g·m−2) and accurately estimated the AGB of grassland in Xinjiang; (2) the spatial distribution of grassland AGB in Xinjiang showed high levels in the northwest and low values in the southeast. AGB showed a growing trend in most areas, with a share of 61.19%. Among these areas, lowland meadows showed the fastest growth, with an average annual increment of 0.65 g·m−2·a−1; and (3) Xinjiang’s climate exhibited characteristics of warm humidification, and grassland AGB showed a higher correlation with precipitation than temperature. Developing remote sensing models based on random forest algorithms proves an effective approach for estimating AGB, providing fundamental data for maintaining the balance between grass and livestock and for the sustainable use and conservation of grassland resources in Xinjiang, China.
Unlocking Nature’s Secrets: Molecular Insights into Postharvest Pathogens Impacting Moroccan Apples and Innovations in the Assessment of Storage Conditions
Authors: Khadiri Mohammed , Boubaker Hassan , Laasli Salah-Eddine , Farhaoui Abdelaaziz , Ezrari Said , Radouane Nabil , Radi Mohammed , Askarne Latifa , Barka Essaid Ait , Lahlali Rachid
Published: February 2024

Apple production holds a prominent position in Morocco’s Rosaceae family. However, annual production can fluctuate due to substantial losses caused by fungal diseases affecting stored apples. Our findings emphasize that the pre-storage treatment of apples, disinfection of storage facilities, box type, and fruit sorting are pivotal factors affecting apple losses during storage. Additionally, the adopted preservation technique was significantly correlated with the percentage of damage caused by fungal infections. Blue mold accounts for nearly three-quarters of the diseases detected, followed by gray rot with a relatively significant incidence. This study has revealed several fungal diseases affecting stored apples caused by pathogens such as Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, Trichothecium roseum, Fusarium avenaceum, Cadophora malorum, and Neofabraea vagabunda. Notably, these last two fungal species have been reported for the first time in Morocco as pathogens of stored apples. These data affirm that the high losses of apples in Morocco, attributed primarily to P. expansum and B. cinerea, pose a significant threat in terms of reduced production and diminished fruit quality. Hence, adopting controlled atmosphere storage chambers and implementing good practices before apple storage is crucial.
Purification Effect of Water Eutrophication Using the Mosaic System of Submerged–Emerged Plants and Growth Response
Authors: Chang Baoliang , Xu Yingchun , Zhang Ze , Wang Xiaowen , Jin Qijiang , Wang Yanjie
Published: February 2024

Aquatic plants play a crucial role in the sustainable management of eutrophic water bodies, serving as a valuable tool for water purification. However, the effectiveness of using aquatic plants for improving water quality is influenced by landscape considerations. In practical applications, challenges arise concerning low purification efficiency and compromised aesthetic appeal when utilizing plants for water purification. To address these issues, this study aimed to examine the impact of aquatic plants on the purification of simulated landscape water bodies, specifically focusing on the effectiveness of the mosaic system of submerged–emerged plants in remediating eutrophic water bodies. Our findings indicated that individual aquatic plants exhibited limited efficacy in pollutant (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand) removal. However, when combined in appropriate proportions, submerged plants could enhance species growth and improve the purification efficiency of polluted water bodies. Notably, the mosaic system of submerged–emerged plants neither significantly promoted nor inhibited the growth of each other, but it effectively removed pollutants from the simulated water bodies and inhibited turbidity increase. The comprehensive evaluation ranked the purification capacity as Canna indica-submerged plants combination (C + S) > Thalia dealbata-submerged plants combination (T + S) > Iris pseudacorus-submerged plants combination (I + S) > Lythrum salicaria-submerged plants combination (L + S). Both C + S and T + S configurations effectively mitigated the rise of water turbidity and offered appealing landscape benefits, making them viable options for practical applications in urban landscape water bodies. Our study highlights that a submerged–emerged mosaic combination is a means of water purification that combines landscape aesthetics and purification efficiency.
Iron Nutrition and Its Biochemical Interactions in Plants: Iron Uptake, Biofortification, Bacteria, and Fungi in Focus
Authors: Fodor Ferenc
Published: February 2024

Microelements are vital for plant growth and development [...]
An Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation System for Gene Editing in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)
Authors: Akter Fatema , Wu Suting , Islam Md Shariful , Kyaw Htin , Yang Jinwen , Li Mingyue , Fu Yuxin , Wu Jinxia
Published: February 2024

The octoploid-cultivated strawberry variety Benihope (Fragaria × ananassa Duch cv. Benihope) is an important commercial plant. It is highly susceptible to different diseases, which ultimately leads to a reduction in yield. Gene-editing methods, such as CRISPR/Cas9, demonstrate potential for improving disease resistance in the strawberry cv. Benihope. Establishing a plant regeneration system suitable for CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing is crucial for obtaining transgenic plants on a large scale. This research established a callus induction and plant regeneration system for Agrobacterium-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in strawberry cv. Benihope by evaluating multiple types of explants and various plant growth regulators throughout the entire tissue culture process. The results showed that the efficiency of callus induction is strongly influenced by the type of explant and is highly sensitive to the combination of plant growth regulators. Among the different plant growth regulators employed, thidiazuron (TDZ), in combination with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), effectively induced callus formation and plant regeneration from explants derived from nutrient tissues such as runner tips and crowns. In addition, the regeneration experiment demonstrated that the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP) to the shoot regeneration medium could inhibit tissue browning. The gene-edited plants in which some or all of the Fvb7-1, Fvb7-2, Fvb7-3, and Fvb7-4 genes in the MLO (Mildew resistance Locus O) gene family were knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9 system were obtained by applying the plant regeneration system developed in this study.
Global Transcriptome Analysis of the Peach (Prunus persica) in the Interaction System of Fruit–Chitosan–Monilinia fructicola
Authors: Tsalgatidou Polina C. , Boutsika Anastasia , Papageorgiou Anastasia G. , Dalianis Andreas , Michaliou Maria , Chatzidimopoulos Michael , Delis Costas , Tsitsigiannis Dimitrios I. , Paplomatas Epaminondas , Zambounis Antonios
Published: February 2024

The peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most important stone-fruit crops worldwide. Nevertheless, successful peach fruit production is seriously reduced by losses due to Monilinia fructicola the causal agent of brown rot. Chitosan has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties and may also act as an elicitor that activate defense responses in plants. As little is known about the elicitation potential of chitosan in peach fruits and its impact at their transcriptional-level profiles, the aim of this study was to uncover using RNA-seq the induced responses regulated by the action of chitosan in fruit–chitosan–M. fructicola interaction. Samples were obtained from fruits treated with chitosan or inoculated with M. fructicola, as well from fruits pre-treated with chitosan and thereafter inoculated with the fungus. Chitosan was found to delay the postharvest decay of fruits, and expression profiles showed that its defense-priming effects were mainly evident after the pathogen challenge, driven particularly by modulations of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cell-wall modifications, pathogen perception, and signal transduction, preventing the spread of fungus. In contrast, as the compatible interaction of fruits with M. fructicola was challenged, a shift towards defense responses was triggered with a delay, which was insufficient to limit fungal expansion, whereas DEGs involved in particular processes have facilitated early pathogen colonization. Physiological indicators of peach fruits were also measured. Additionally, expression profiles of particular M. fructicola genes highlight the direct antimicrobial activity of chitosan against the fungus. Overall, the results clarify the possible mechanisms of chitosan-mediated tolerance to M. fructicola and set new foundations for the potential employment of chitosan in the control of brown rot in peaches.
The Multifaceted Responses of Plants to Visible and Ultraviolet Radiation
Authors: Santin Marco , Castagna Antonella
Published: February 2024

Plant organisms rely on light energy to drive the photosynthetic processes needed for their growth and development, inducing modifications at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels [...]
Isolation and Identification of Allelopathic Substances from Forsythia suspensa Leaves, and Their Metabolism and Activity
Authors: Kato-Noguchi Hisashi , Takahashi Yuga , Tojo Shunya , Teruya Toshiaki
Published: February 2024

The fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as “Forsythiae fructus”. The species is also grown in parks and gardens, and on streets and building lots, as an ornamental plant, but it requires pruning. In this study, the allelopathic activity and allelopathic substances in the leaves of pruned branches of F. suspensa were investigated to determine any potential application. The leaf extracts of F. suspensa showed growth inhibitory activity against three weed species; Echinochloa crus-galli, Lolium multiflorum, and Vulpia myuros. Two allelopathic substances in the extracts were isolated through the bioassay-guided purification process, and identified as (-)-matairesinol and (-)-arctigenin. (-)-Matairesinol and (-)-arctigenin, which showed significant growth inhibitory activity at concentrations greater than 0.3 mM in vitro. The inhibitory activity of (-)-arctigenin was greater than that of (-)-matairesinol. However, both compounds were more active than (+)-pinolesinol which is their precursor in the biosynthetic pathway. The investigation suggests that F. suspensa leaves are allelopathic, and (-)-matairesinol and (-)-arctigenin may contribute to the growth inhibitory activities. Therefore, the leaves of the pruned branches can be applied as a weed management strategy in some agricultural practices such as using the leaf extracts in a foliar spray and the leaves in a soil mixture, thereby reducing the dependency on synthetic herbicides in the crop cultivation and contributing to developing eco-friendly agriculture.