bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N‐Point Measures of Polycrystalline Microstructure: Measurement,Representation and Applications
Authors: Adams Brent L. , Onat E. Turan
Published: April 2008

Advanced models for engineering properties of polycrystalline materials require
description of the spatial distribution of lattice phase and orientation. For this purpose
the n‐point statistical measures present a natural extension of the orientation
distribution function, which is equivalent to the one‐point measure of lattice orientation
in single‐phase microstructures. This paper describes the origin of the n‐point measures
in the context of statistical theory, and some aspects of their experimental
determination. Fourier representation of the n‐point measures in terms of tensorial basis
functions is described. It is proposed that tensorial representations have some natural
advantages over the ordinary representation using generalized spherical functions. An
example of the application of occurrence of the n‐point statistics of lattice orientation in
a theory of creep in polycrystals is presented, and some limited comparisons with the
uniform strain‐rate and self‐consistent theories are described.
Textures in Aluminum Forgings
Authors: Hirsch J. R. , Crowley M. D.
Published: April 2008

Texture and microstructure variations in a forged 7050 A1 alloy are analyzed.
The results are compared to known texture effects in extrusion, shearing and plane
strain deformation. Special attention is paid to locations where high local strains
have been dctcted metallographically some of which show structural changes
related to recrystallization and superplasticity effects. The capabilities of textures to
characterize these local structures, to assess local mechanical properties and effects
of unacccptable material flow are demonstrated.
Magnetic Properties Study of Textured Co‐Ni Deposits
Authors: Fenineche N. , El Kedim O. , Coddet C.
Published: April 2008

The effect of the elaboration parameters on the structural
state of Co‐Ni deposits and particularly the texture and its
relationships to the magnetic properties have been studied.
Experimental conditions were selected in a manner that the
chemical composition of the deposits remained almost
unchanged (80‐82 % Co, 18‐20 % Ni). Bright and smooth
deposits characterised by or [110] + [100] texture
axis with interesting magnetic properties were thus obtained.
Minimal Pole Figure Ranges for Quantitative Texture Analysis
Authors: Helming K.
Published: April 2008

The use of only a small number of incomplete pole figures for texture
determinations is of practical interest for reducing the effort of texture
measurement. The determination of minimal pole figure ranges (MPR)is
explained and the use of MPR is demonstrated on an example.
Texture‐Property Relationships in the High TemperatureSuperconductors
Authors: Rollett A. D. , Wenk H.-R. , Heidelbach F. , Schofield T. G. , Muenschausen R. E. , Raistrick I. D. , Arendt P. N. , Korzekwa D. A. , Bennett K. , Kallend J. S.
Published: April 2008

Textures have been measured by means of X‐ray pole figures for high temperature
superconductor materials in both bulk and thin film form. Variations in the epitaxy of the
yttrium‐based thin films are correlated with processing history and properties. Textures are
given for deformation‐processed Bi‐based material, which, when subsequently melt‐proCessed,
exhibits high critical currents. The surface resistance of Tl‐based films on a silver substrate
are correlated with the sharpness of the texture.
Texture Formation in the Surfaces of Ground Tetragonal ZirconiaPolycrystals
Authors: Inoue H. , Taki M. , Inakazu N.
Published: April 2008

Texture development, changes in crystal structure and
residual stress in the surface layers of yttria‐doped tetragonal
zirconia polycrystalline (Y‐TZP) ceramics unidirectionally ground
with SiC abrasive papers were investigated using various X‐ray
diffraction techniques. The formation of the rhombohedral phase
and a little amount of the monoclinic phase by the stress induced
transformation was observed in the ground surfaces. Grinding
brought about not only the transformation but also the alignment
of a c axis along the direction normal to the ground surface in
the tetragonal phase, which was due to ferroelastic domain
switching under stress applied by grinding. For the roughly
ground and subsequently annealed Y‐TZP, the development of a
(001)[110] texture was closely associated with the stress induced
transformation into the rhombohedral phase. A remarkable increase
of flexural strength with grinding may be caused by compressive
residual stress which arises through the transformation in the
surface layer.
Absorption Corrections for X‐Ray Texture Measurement of Any Shape Sample
Authors: Montesin T. , Heizmann J. J. , Vadon A.
Published: April 2008

A pole figure needs generally more than 2000 points of measurement, each point
corresponding to a specific location of the sample in space. For each position, the
detected intensity will depend on:

‐the irradiated volume,

‐the volumic fraction of cristallites in Bragg position in this volume, this one
depending in its turn on the cristallographic texture,

‐the absorption of X‐Rays by the material (1).

For flat and thick samples with an homogeneous texture, corrections are not
required, because there is an exact balance between the increase of intensity due to the
diffracting volume and the decrease of intensity due to the absorption (2). The
corrections are necessary for an any shape sample.

In a first part, we present the absorption correction for X‐ray texture measurement
of any shape sample. In a second part, the intensities corrections are applied to a set of
wires. the presented experiments demonstrate that the intensity corrections should be
used to determine the texture of wires accuratly.
Evolution of the Texture in Steelcord
Authors: Montesin T. , Heizmann J. J.
Published: April 2008

Tyre industry wishes always wires with best mechanical performances. This
continuous improvement of the performances needs the knowledge and the understanding
of the deformation process of the wire. To reach this goal, it is useful to know the
cristallographic texture and its evolution during the drawing process.

The depth of penetration of X Ray not being very important (about some tens of
micrometers or more in metal, depending on he absorption [1]), the X Ray examination
can be considered as a superficial one for large wires (about a millimeter diameter or
more).

On the other hand, if we consider thin wires, it can be said that X‐ray can penetrate
deeply and even reach the core of the wire. In this case the information we get from the
diffracted intensities is a mean orientation factor K(ϕ,ψ) [2] subject to modification
caused by the absorption and the diffracting volume effect. This mean factor will be
closer than that of the surface, especially when the wire becomes larger or the texture
gradient gets lower.

To measure with accuracy the texture of steelcord and its change, we have
developed a X‐ray diffraction procedure to obtain the texture evolution across the wire
radius for each important step of the drawing process [2,3]. This evolution is studied
according to some drawing parameters.
Nucleation During Primary Recrystallization of RGO Electrical Steel Sheet Observed by the EBSP‐Method
Authors: Böttcher A. , Hastenrath M. , Lücke K. , Hjelen J.
Published: April 2008

RGO electrical steel with low power losses and high permeability to be used in
power transformers obtains its superior magnetic properties by a sharp Goss‐texture
developed by secondary recrystallization. RGO is produced by a two stage
cold rolling process with intermediate annealing and subsequent primary recrystallization.
By ODF analysis a high Goss intensity after primary recrystallization was
empirically proved to be advantageous for the development of a sharp final Goss‐texture
in the following secondary recrystallization. This, in turn, requires a better
understanding of how to achieve the beneficial primary Goss‐texture formed by the
basic processes of nucleation and growth. In the present study the early state of
recrystallization was investigated. Only the EBSP‐method (electron back scattering pattern),
recently developed by Dingley, provides a sufficient submicron spatial
resolution to measure the orientations of the early nuclei together with their cold
worked and recovered environment.
Effect of Initial Grain Size and Shape on Textures in Sheet Steel
Authors: Hirsch J. R. , Hutchinson W. B. , Lücke K.
Published: April 2008

Steel samples have been prepared with a range of different equi‐axed grain
structures and with columnar grains having an aspect ratio of ~ 20:1. These
have been cold rolled to different reductions and the textures examined using
ODFs. Computer simulations have been carried out using various models of constraint.
Starting textures were quite weak but these had nevertheless a major
influence on resulting deformation textures. Grain size and shape appear to
play subordinate roles.
Effects of Precipitation on Recrystallization Textures in Al‐Ge Alloy
Authors: Kaneno Y. , Inoue H. , Inakazu N.
Published: April 2008

The recrystallization textures of Al‐4.0wt%Ge alloys with
the different states of precipitation before cold rolling were
determined by means of orientation distribution functions (ODFs).
Additionally, measurements of the hardness and the electrical
resistivity and optical microscopic observation were carried out
to investigate the process of recrystallization and precipitation,
and effects of two kinds of precipitates were revealed. Recrystallization
textures were strongly dependent on annealing temperature.
At higher temperatures, discontinuous recrystallization
occurred, while continuous recrystallization predominated at lower
temperatures. This was due to the precipitation during annealing.
On the other hand, it was found that precipitates which existed
before cold rolling randomized recrystallization textures.
Texture Development in Al–2.3% Li
Authors: Engler O. , Lücke K.
Published: April 2008

The texture development in Al‐2.3%Li during cold rolling, cross
rolling and subsequent recrystallization annealing is investigated
by means of X‐ray pole figures and ODF analysis. The
results are discussed in terms of Taylor‐type deformation models
and of nucleation and growth models for recrystallization.
Influence of Subsurface Layers on Goss‐TextureDevelopment in Secondary Recrystallization of RGO Electrical Steel Sheet
Authors: Börttcher A. , Hastenrath M. , Lücke K.
Published: April 2008

Regular grain oriented (RGO) electrical steel sheet used for power transformer
cores is produced by a two stage cold rolling process with intermediate annealing
and a subsequent decarburizing primary recrystallization. Its beneficial magnetic
properties originate from a sharp Goss‐texture developed by the following secondary
recrystallization. By controlled thinning of the material the sharpness of this
Goss‐texture will be shown to strongly depend on texture and structure of the
subsurface layers of the sheet. A less intense secondary recrystallization with
deteriorated Goss‐texture sharpness and magnetic properties was found if a
critical surface layer was removed from both sides of the sheet at any processing
step, but no such effect occurred after single‐sided surface removal. This result led
to a new interpretation of the model of "texture inheritance".
Effects of Alloying Elements and Hot–Rolling Temperature on Textures and Values of Continuous–Annealed Extra Low Carbon Steel Sheets
Authors: Jeong W. C. , Shin J. C. , Chung J. H.
Published: April 2008

The effects of hot rolling temperature and alloying elements
on the textures and values of cold rolled and annealed extra
low carbon steel sheets have been investigated. The steels
examined were one extra low carbon Al–killed steel and two Ti–IF
(Interstitial Free) steels with or without phosphorus. (200)
pole figures and relative intensities of various reflections from
the rolling plane were determined for hot bands and annealed
sheets. The hot rolled textures are found, when finish‐rolled at
about 900°C, random regardless of the steels tested. when the
finish rolling temperature is lowered to the ferrite region temperature
of 750°C, however, the principal preferred orientation of
(100)[011] is developed. values of annealed sheets are decreased
with decreasing the finish rolling temperature. This could be
related to the presence of the stronger (100)[011] component,
which is originated from the texture inhomogeneity in the through
thickness direction of the hot bands at 750°C. The steel having
the lower value revealed the higher yield point elongation
which is closely related to the solute carbon content in the
steels. The major component of the recrystallization texture was
near {554}<225> irrespective of the steels tested, but the
intensity of (100)[011] component was increased with decreasing
the finish hot rolling temperature.
Formation of Nucleation Sites of Cube Texture Due to Inhomogeneous Deformation During Rollingin Copper Single Crystals
Authors: Kamijo T. , Fujiwara A. , Fukutomi H. , Aernoudt E.
Published: April 2008

Copper single crystals of the orientation were cold–rolled
up to 99% under two series of L/d condition. The fornmtion of
nucleation sites of (001)[100] orientation and the development of cube
texture as well as their correlation were investigated. The slip‐rotation
from a stable orientation towards (001)[100] was discussed in terms of
deformtion inhomogeneity.
Texture Evolution During Processing of a 3004 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Maurice Cl. , Driver J. H. , Raynaud G. M. , Lequeu Ph.
Published: April 2008

Macroscopic texture changes were measured on cold rolled and recrystallized
samples of a 3004 alloy using X‐ray pole figures converted into ODFs by means of the
standard spherical harmonics method. Local textures were also estimated using electron
diffraction techniques: TEM, SACP and EBSP. The initial recrystallized starting
material with a relatively strong cube texture was rolled to strains of 0.6 and 3, reducing
the cube component and increasing the β‐fibre rolling texture components. On annealing
the subsequent recrystallization texture behaviour depends upon the prior strain and the
heating rate. After relatively low strains, particle stimulated nucleation occurred giving
rise to an almost random texture. After high rolling strains nucleation appears to occur
on both particles and in transition bands; the latter favour the creation of new cube
grains. Finally, low heating rates which allow extensive recovery before recrystallization
have been shown to decrease significantly the cube texture component.
Deformation and Recrystallization Textures in Two Dual Phase Steels
Authors: Ray R. K. , Mondal D. K.
Published: April 2008

Dual phase microstructures were produced in a C‐Si‐V
and C‐Mn‐V steel by intercritical annealing of initial martensitic
structures, followed by water quenching. Both the steels
were cold deformed 60% at room temperature and then subjected
to recrystallization anneals at 650°C and 800°C. The
major texture components in the cold deformed alloys are {111}
<112> and {111} <110>. The textures of the recrystallized alloys
also contain basically the same texture components. A reasonably
strong and perfect <111>||ND fibre texture is observed
in the C‐Mn‐V steel, whereas this fibre is weaker and rather imperfect
in the C‐Si‐V steel. These textural differences are reflected
in the ‐values obtained for the two steels.
Rolled textures and Magnetic Properties of Regular Grain Oriented 3% Silicon Steel With Very Low Thickness
Authors: Han C. H. , Shin J. C.
Published: April 2008

Regular grain oriented 3 wt.% silicon steel sheets of 0.30mm thick, having
orientations near (110)[001], were cold rolled to 0.050mm thick and their 0.100 and
0.050mm thick foils were annealed in order to study the changes in rolled textures,
recrystallized texture and magnetic properties with decreasing the sheet thickness.
the results are summarized as follows:

(110)[001] grains of recrystallized sheets are changed to (111)[112] with cold
rolling and (111)[112] grains of cold rolled sheets are restored to (110)[001]
with annealing.The stronger (111)[112] textures are formed in the cold rolled sheets,
the stronger (110)[001] textures are developed in the recrystallized sheets, when the
cold rolled sheets of 0.100 and 0.050m thick were annealed to and above 600°C for
1 hour, recrystallization occurred to show resoring the magnetic properties to those
of the initially secondary recrystallized 0.30mm thick sheets with forming similary
strong (110)[001] textures.
Dislocation Microstructures and Twinning Initiation in Cu‐AlAlpha FCC Single Crystals: Experimental and Numerical Analyses
Authors: Franciosi P. , Tranchant F. , Vergnol J.
Published: April 2008

The dislocation structures at the onset of twinning for <111> tension tests on variously prestrained FCC single crystals are experimentaly and numericaly analyzed to investigate twinning initiation conditions and
discuss the appropriate criterion expression.
Neutron Diffraction Measurement of Texture Variations Near a Weld in a Zr‐2.5% Nb Plate
Authors: Root John H. , Salinas-Rodriguez Armando
Published: April 2008

A welded Zr‐2.5%Nb plate with a texture similar to that of a CANDU* nuclear reactor pressure tube has been studied to determine
the texture variations in the fusion zone and the heat affected zone
(HAZ). The texture of the HAZ is explained by preferential growth of
(001)[110] grains in the high‐temperature bcc phase, with subsequent
variant selection on cooling to enhance the volume fraction of (0002)
normals perpendicular to the line of the weld. The same texture is
observed in the fusion zone along with a (001)[100] texture component
arising from solidification. The textures of the fusion zone and HAZ
are not expected to increase the susceptibility of the welded plate
to delayed hydride cracking.
A New Composite‐Sample Method for Orientation‐Distribution Analysis
Authors: Morris P. R. , Hook R. E. , Whelan G. W.
Published: April 2008

A new composite‐sample method is suggested for crystallite orientation distribution analysis. The
proposed method entails preparation of composites such that the surface to be examined is
perpendicular to the rolling direction. The suggested reference frame is (—ND, TD, RD) for Roe′s
method. This choice simplifies expression of the results with respect to the conventional (RD, TD,
ND) frame. A novel technique employing laser welding on three surfaces is used to bond adjacent
sheet layers. The proposed composite‐sample can be more easily and accurately constructed. It
requires only about 12 percent of the material needed for Lopata and Kula′s method. Existing
programs for incomplete pole‐figures have been modified to permit application of the new method.
The method is expected to be statistically advantageous where materials develop “pancake”‐ or
acicular‐shaped grains. The method is illustrated for a deep‐drawing aluminum‐killed sheet steel, and
results are compared with those obtained with a conventional sheet‐sample.
Development of Rolling Textures in an Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Singh C. D. , Ramaswamy V. , Suryanarayana C.
Published: April 2008

Three dimensional texture analysis by means of orientation distribution functions (ODF) was used to examine the texture development during rolling at 473 K in an austenitic stainless steel. With the help
of ODFs results, the different stages of texture development could be assigned to the existing theories
of heterogeneous deformation mechanisms of low SFE face‐centred cubic metals. The texture at very
low degree of rolling consists of two limited orientation tubes with their fibre axes 〈110〉//ND and 〈110〉60∘ND and agrees with the predictions made by Taylor model. With further deformation,
twinning causes the reduction of ≈{112}〈111〉 component and leads to the formation of twin {552}〈115〉. Abnormal slip on slip planes parallel to the twin boundaries rotates the twins into the {332}〈113〉 and {111}〈110〉 positions. The shear bands formation in the rotated twin‐matrix lamellae
changes their orientations near to {011}〈100〉 and {011}〈112〉 positions. Finally, normal slip again
continues and sharpens the brass‐type rolling texture.
Tensorial Representation of the Orientation Distribution Functionin Cubic Polycrystals
Authors: Guidi Maurizio , Adams Brent L. , Onat E. Turan
Published: April 2008

A precise definition for the crystallite orientation distribution function (codf) of cubic polycrystals is given in terms of the set of distinct orientations of a cube. Elements of the classical Fourier
representation of the codf, in terms of (symmetrized) generalized spherical harmonics, are reviewed.
An alternative Fourier representation is defined in which the coefficients of the series expansion are
irreducible tensors. Since tensors can be defined without the benefit of a coordinate frame, the
tensorial representation is coordinate free. A geometrical association between irreducible tensors and
a bouquet of lines passing through a common origin is discussed. Algorithms are given for computing
the irreducible tensors and basis functions for cubic polycrystals.
“Normal” Orientation Distributions
Authors: Schaeben H.
Published: April 2008

Analogues of the normal distribution in Euclidean space for orientations represented by Rodrigues
parameters are discussed. It is emphasized that different characterizations of the normal distribution
in Euclidean space lead to different distributions in other spaces, none of which is mathematically
superior to any other one. Particular analogues of the normal distribution are the Bingham
distribution on for the purposes of mathematical statistics, and the Brownian motion distribution
on in terms of probability theory and stochastic processes. It is reminded of the fact that a simple
analogue of the central limit theorem in Euclidean space does not exist for the hyperspheres SP and
projective hyperplanes .
Modelling High Temperature RollingTextures of FCC Metals
Authors: Maurice Cl. , Driver J. H. , Tóth L. S.
Published: April 2008

A partially relaxed constraints grain deformation model is proposed to explain the influence of
temperature on the rolling textures of fcc metals. The effects of the grain plastic shear in the TD/RD
plane and the role of the rate sensitivity of crystallographic slip on the evolution of the texture have
been investigated by numerical simulations for a random initial texture. The rate sensitivity and the
TD/RD shear are assumed to increase with temperature. The progression from the Copper
{112}<111> component towards Brass {110}<112> and S {123}<634> type textures is predicted at
higher values of the rate sensitivity and the TD/RD shear. These model predictions compare well with
published hot rolling textures of aluminium alloys. The concept of grain shear partial relaxation has
been validated by room and high temperature channel die tests on {110}<112> oriented Al crystals
constrained between aluminium polycrystals.
Determination of Fully Positive O.D.F.s in the Frame of theHarmonic Method
Authors: Wagner F.
Published: April 2008

Because of the experimental errors in the pole figures the iterative harmonic method does not succeed
in every case in getting a fully positive solution f(g). In this paper, it is proposed to apply, in such
cases, a final correction in order to ensure the positivity of the ODF.
A Composite Sample Method for Determination of Global TextureWithout Sample Symmetry
Authors: Zhao X. , Zuo L. , Liang Z. , Zhao H.
Published: April 2008

A new flexible composite sample method is described, which permits the global texture of a sheet
material to be determined from one single composite sample. Its applicability is demonstrated by a
practical example.
Functions Describing Orientation Correlations in PolycrystallineMaterials
Authors: Morawiec A. , Pospiech J.
Published: April 2008

Statistical functions are presented, which can be applied as characteristics of the polycrystalline
microstructure when the parameters are the orientations at separate points of the sample. Basing on
the formal definition of the ODF the corresponding definition of the two‐point coherence function
describing the orientation correlation is given. This immediately gives relations involving this function.
Also a discretized form of such a two‐point function is presented. Moreover, the relations of this
function to other functions describing orientation correlation are considered.
The Effect of Slips on the Anisotropic Behaviour ofPolycrystalline Aluminium at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Dluzewski Pawel H.
Published: April 2008

A transition from the field of micro‐heterogeneous strains through the crystal strain orientation
distribution function to the averaging scheme used in slip theory is presented. The conjugate measures
of stress and strain have been derived for slip theory.

The theory is utilized here to the modelling of the strongly anisotropic, thermally activated, flow
process observed for untextured aluminium in the plastic strain range from 1*10−6 to 0.5%. The
subsequent yield surfaces are obtained by numerical simulation in time, the whole process
corresponding to the definition of yielding used by Phillips and Tang (1972). It is shown that the
observed athermal stress is closely related to residual stresses and depends strongly on the plastic
strain offset applied. In the present considerations a role of orientation distribution of mobile
dislocation densities in the anisotropic flow of polycrystalline metals is discussed.
Transmission Kossel Study of the Structure of Cold‐Rolled Iron and its Nucleation Behaviour
Authors: Inokuti Y. , Doherty R. D.
Published: April 2008

By examining thin sections and by use of
the more strongly absorbed Ti Kα radiation rather
than Fe Kα radiation it was found possible to obtain
useful transmission Kossel patterns from iron
that had been deformed 40% by rolling. Examination
of the as–deformed material showed large misorientations
in all the matrix grains (20–54°) and many
of the grains showed deformation bands where the
orientation changed rapidly (up to 15° over distances
of 50 μm). On annealing the material recrystallized
by strain‐induced boundary migration
with all the invaded grains being those with (111)
parallel to the rolling plane. Only one example
was found of new grain formation by mutual invasion
across a deformation band, the main nucleation mode
previously observed in aluminum deformed 40% by
compression. The difference between the two examples
appears to arise from the smaller misorientations
of the deformation bands in rolled iron.
Deformation Zone Geometry and Texture Gradients in Cold‐Rolled Niobium
Authors: Vandermeer R. A. , Bernal J. B.
Published: April 2008

Several niobium plates were cold‐rolled
at room temperature to a total reduction of 60%
maintaining the geometry of the zone of deformation
constant for each plate. Pole figures were obtained
by means of the Schulz x‐ray reflection technique
from various depths in the thickness direction for
plates rolled with different ∆, the ratio of the mean
height of the deformation zone to its contact length.
Severe texture gradients were noted and characterized
for Δ > 1; a modified texture different from the
normal texture was observed at intermediate through‐the‐thickness locations. Both lateral widening and
microhardness gradients were also in evidence for
this case. No previously proposed theoretical explanation
could account for these results.
The Orientation and Position Accuracy of Electron Diffraction
Authors: Duggan B. J. , Jones I. P.
Published: April 2008

The misorientations existing between subgrains
are of critical importance in understanding the nucleation
and growth of recrystallised grains. In this paper it
is demonstrated that, because of spherical aberration and
focus error in the objective of a conventional 100 kV
electron microscope, the accuracy of beam direction determination
is a function of the size of the area selected,
when this area is small. Various factors are
discussed, and it is shown that for beam direction determination
to within 2° accuracy over the whole unit
triangle using a modern 100 kV microscope, that the minimum
area must be greater than 1.5 μm diameter. The implications
of this on previous conventional SAD deformation
texture studies, where the subgrain size is typically ∼ 2,500 Å, are discussed.
Oriented Nucleation in the Reverse Transformation of Fe‐30 Ni
Authors: Grewen Johanna , Wassermann Günter
Published: April 2008

Reverse transformation of different
martensite textures has been investigated. Starting
with austenite the martensite was produced by
rolling, deep cooling, or by a combined treatment.
In most cases, during the reverse transformation
the reconstitution of the original austenite texture
occurred. This is explained by oriented
nucleation of residual austenite during reverse transformation.
Data Processing in Three‐Dimensional Texture Analysis
Authors: Jura Jerzy , Pospiech Jan
Published: April 2008

To the background of purely computative
problems of three‐dimensional texture analysis, the
characteristics of an extensive system of computer
subroutines, which allow certain standard calculations
to be carried out, are presented. These subroutines
are written in FORTRAN, and are easily
adapted to any computer possessing a FORTRAN compiler.
Quantitative Determination of Preferred Orientation by Energy‐Dispersive X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Gerward L. , Lehn S. , Christiansen G.
Published: April 2008

The use of energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction
for quantitative determination of preferred
orientations in polycrystalline specimens is analysed.
The method is applied to determinations of
rolling texture and fibre texture. The adaptability
of the method to in situ studies is demonstrated by
observations of texture changes simultaneous with
the deformation of a specimen in a tension test.
Application of Microtexture Measurements in the SEM to Grain Boundary Parameters
Authors: Randle Valerie
Published: April 2008

This paper discusses how microtexture data, i.e. individual orientations which are measured on a grain
and environmentally specific basis, are applied to grain boundary geometrical parameters. Three main
areas are addressed: the “interface‐plane” scheme for specifying the five degress of freedom of a
boundary, comparisons of experimental techniques for data collection, and representation of grain
boundary misorientations in Rodrigues‐Frank space. Particular attention is paid to electron
back‐scatter diffraction as a method of probing grain boundary misorientation and the crystallographic
orientation of the grain boundary plane.
A Quantitative Method to Examine Through Thickness TextureVariation
Authors: Saimoto S. , Kamat R. G. , Clarke P. , van Houte P.
Published: April 2008

Through thickness texture variation is a reality in commercial sheet stock. However, methods to
quantitatively evaluate this variation and its effects are not readily available. In this study, it was
shown that a hot rolled commercial aluminium sheet manifests variation in rolling texture components
which can be detected by traverse scan of the peak intensity across the through thickness using
tapered specimens. Moreover, this asymmetry can be correlated to the intensity asymmetry observed
in pole figures. A quantitative analysis is possible if the ODF is generated using monoclinic symmetry
with the transverse direction as the diad axis instead of the conventional orthorhombic symmetry.
Texture Development in Extruded Al–Cu Composites
Authors: Gertel H. , Brokmeier H. G. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

Extensive neutron texture analysis of extruded Al–Cu composites was conducted in order to investigate the influence of material composition as well as various processing conditions (extrusion temperature, heat treatment) on the texture development in both phases. Texture changes in cold extruded and subsequently heat treated samples were investigated up to 400℃. Moreover, the texture of a series of cold extruded samples was compared with that of warm extruded samples. It was found that the recrystallization behaviour of the two metals differs and that the stacking fault energy has a large influence on the recrystallization texture.
Texture Analysis by Means of Model Functions
Authors: Eschner Th.
Published: April 2008

The conception of texture components is widely used in texture analysis. Mostly it is used to describe the orientation distribution function (ODF) qualitatively, and there are only a few special functions used to provide texture component calculations.

This paper attempts to introduce another model function describing common texture components and giving a compromise between universality and computational efficiency.
Application of Normal Distributions on SO(3) and Sn for Orientation Distribution Function Approximation
Authors: Bucharova T. I. , Savyolova T. I.
Published: April 2008

The orientation distribution function (ODF) in a polycrystalline sample is of special interest in texture
analysis. Its determination from pole figures leads to an ill‐posed problem, the solution of which is
non‐unique.

In the present paper the properties of normal distributions on the rotation group SO(3) proposed by
Parthasarathy (1964), Savyolova (1984) are discussed. A method for ODF determination based on
the superposition of the normal distributions is proposed. The parameters of normal distributions
are determined from the experimental pole figures. The application of this method is demonstrated
for a rolling texture of beryllium.
Representations of PolycrystallineMicrostructure by n‐Point Correlation Tensors
Authors: Etingof Pavel , Adams Brent L.
Published: April 2008

An important class of representations of polycrystalline microstructure consists of the n‐point
correlation tensors. In this paper the representation theory of groups is applied to a consideration of
symmetries in the n‐point correlation tensors. Three sources of symmetry are included in the
development: indicial symmetry in the coefficients of tensors, symmetry associated with the crystal
lattice, and statistical symmetries in the microstructure induced by processing. The central problem
discussed here is the “residence space”, or the space of minimum dimension occupied by correlation
tensors possessing such symmetries. In addition to the general case of correlation tensors possessing
such symmetries, a model microstructure is also considered which embodies an assumption of no
spatial coherence of lattice orientation between neighboring grains or crystallites. It is shown that the
model microstructure generally results in residence spaces of lower dimension.
Comparison of Results of Texture Measurements Obtained by X‐Rayand by Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Engler O. , Palacios J. , Schäfer W. , Jansen E. , Lücke K. , Will G.
Published: April 2008

Texture measurements were carried out on 95% cold rolled and also on recrystallized high purity copper sheets by means of X‐ray and neutron diffraction. The purpose of this study was to compare the results obtained by the two different measuring techniques and also to test the accuracy of the corrections normally used for deriving pole figures from X‐ray data. In sheets containing texture inhomogeneities, X‐ray pole figures were measured at different distances from the surface and two methods of producing averaged pole figures comparable to neutron measurements were applied. From the X‐ray and from the neutron determined pole figures orientation distribution functions (ODF′s) were calculated. The resulting differences which are less than 10% are discussed.
Evolution of Texture and Yield Locus of AISI 409 FerriticStainless Steel
Authors: Mingolo N. , Pochettino A. , Vial-Edwards C.
Published: April 2008

The evolution of texture and yield locus of AISI 409 ferritic stainless steel under different deformation
paths was analyzed.

Texture evolution with plastic deformation was predicted by two models: Taylor (TPG), assuming
pencil glide in {hkl}〈111〉 slip systems and Viscoplastic under the relaxed constraint assumption
(VRC), considering the following slip systems: {110}〈111〉, {112}〈111〉, and {123}〈111〉, selected
according to a strain rate sensitivity law. TPG model tends to predict some stronger developments of
texture than the VRC model.

Predictions of stress–strain curves along different loading paths with TPG and VRC models were
very close to experimental results. Texture evolution did not have a significant effect to modify the
rate and the isotropy of the strain hardening process of AISI 409 ferritic stainless steel.
A Microtexture Investigation of Side‐Branched Fatigue Cracks in8090 Al‐Li Sheet
Authors: Randle Valerie
Published: April 2008

Electron back‐scatter diffraction has been used to assess the microtexture of regions of 8090 Al‐Li sheet both where side‐branched fatigue cracking has occurred and in control areas unaffected by cracking. The microtextures did not reflect the macrotexture as measured by X‐rays, indicating inhomogeneous distributions of orientations. The microtexture of the “cracked” grains was complex and was deconvoluted to reveal several components dominated by the S‐texture. The principal difference between “cracked” and “control” grains was that for the former the four crystallographically related S variants were intimately mixed on an individual grain scale whereas in the latter was mainly a single variant in a particular area. The results are discussed in terms of both recovery and recrystallisation mechanisms.
The Mechanism of Influence of Non‐Octahedral Slip on RollingTexture Development in FCC Metals. Computer Simulation
Authors: Divinskii S. V. , Dnieprenko V. N.
Published: April 2008

Simulation of the copper‐type rolling texture development in FCC metals based on homogeneous slip under conditions of no constrains (Sachs‐type model) is presented. Detailed analysis shows that, in fact, effective activation of a few (two or three, sometimes greater) independent slip systems occurs after reaching of some strain. These slip systems act by turns and may be essentially considered as acting simultaneously. Therefore, such extended description may be considered as a model which is intermediate between Taylor and Sachs ones. Taking these results into account, the characteristic features of main texture component development in copper under rolling have been studied by a computer simulation. Both octahedral, {111}, and cubic, {100}, slip planes are shown to act simultaneously in the process of the {112} component formation, but the action of only {111} slip systems is characteristic for the {110} component formation. The important role of the non‐octahedral sip systems in plastic deformation processes in FCC metals of high staking‐fault
energy are also confirmed by the coincidence of model shear textures and experimental surface
textures.
Determination of the Elastic Tensor of a Textured Low‐Carbon Steel
Authors: Spalthoff P. , Wunnike W. , Nauer-Gerhard C. , Bunge H. J. , Schneider E.
Published: April 2008

The components of the elastic stiffness tensor of hot rolled low‐carbon steel were determined using an
ultrasonic pulse‐echo‐method. They were also calculated on the basis of X‐ray texture measurements
using the Hill approximation. The maximum deviation between experimental and calculated values is
3.5%. An influence of the slightly anisotropic grain structure on the elastic anisotropy could not be
seen.
Deformation and Recrystallization Textures in a C–Si–Mn–V Dual Phase Steel
Authors: Mondal D. K. , Ray R. K.
Published: April 2008

Dual phase structures were produced in a C–Si–Mn–V steel from both ferrite‐pearlite and martensitic
structures by intercritical annealing at 750℃ and 810℃. Samples with different distributions of ferrite
and martensite were cold rolled 60% and then recrystallized at 650℃ and 800℃ for different lengths
of time. Texture measurements were carried out on the cold rolled as well as recrystallized materials
using both the conventional pole‐figure and ODF (Orientation Distribution Function) methods. The
results indicated the presence of a reasonably strong 〈111〉 ∥ ND fibre in the cold deformed alloy. The
textures in the recrystallized condition were found to be basically similar to the ones for the
corresponding cold deformed materials, with the difference that the pole densities were somewhat
weaker in the former. A weak {11, 11, 4} fibre and a weak and incomplete {337} fibre have also been
observed in both the cold deformed and recrystallized materials. Samples recrystallized at the lower
temperature of 650℃ exhibited a sharper {111} texture as compared to the 800℃ annealed materials
and this difference in texture intensities were perceptibly reflected in the corresponding r‐values.
Numerical Determination of the Variation Width of Feasible ODFs
Authors: Schaeben H.
Published: April 2008

Within all known methods of calculating a model orientation density (odf) from a given set of pole densities (pdfs) the set of all feasible odfs and in particular its associated variation width remained unaccessible up to now.

Here, the variation width is mathematically well defined for the continuous and the discrete setting of the fundamental projection equation of texture goniometry. For the discrete case it is shown that it can be numerically determined by a sequence of optimization problems with extremely simple objective functions.

The general solution is exemplified for the SANTA FE model data.
Quantitative Texture Analysis of an Anorthosite— Application to Thermal Expansion, Young′s Modulus and Thermal Stresses
Authors: Mainprice David , Munch Philippe
Published: April 2008

Quantitative texture analysis of an anorthite (polycrystalline plagioclase feldspar) has been under taken using an optical microscope equipped with a universal stage. The microstructure was studied on three orthogonal sections. The microstructural shape analysis suggests an axial fabric which is confirmed by texture analysis. The texture has two major components, group I with ⊥(001) parallel to the axis of revolution and group II with ⊥(010). Group I has a much stronger axial character than group II. Using the orientation distribution function (ODF) defined by the individual orientations the thermal expansion, Young′s Modulus and thermal stresses have been calculated for the plagioclase polycrystal. It is suggested that the distribution of thermal stresses could be used to estimate the orientation distribution of the poles to thermal cracks in the case of tensile (mode I) failure.
Textures in Multiphase Materials: A Review
Authors: Lazik S. , Esling C.
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this paper is to survey the investigation of textures in multiphase materials. As there is
an increasing interest in multiphase materials in such fields as metals, ceramics, polymers and
geological materials, efforts were made to overcome the experimental difficulties of texture
measurement specific to these materials. Up to now the determination of texture was mostly restricted
to two phase materials. Further investigation is necessary to obtain a systematic knowledge about the
influence and relationship of the phases involved and to design materials with controlled properties.
Preferred Orientation of MnS Inclusions in Rolled Steel
Authors: Mardinly A. John , van Vlack Lawrence H. , Hosford William F.
Published: April 2008

The preferred orientation of MnS inclusions in hot‐rolled steel was studied by electron diffraction.
Specimens of resulfurized steel were examined after casting and after hot rolling to true strains of
0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. After rolling, the orientations of the inclusions tended toward an ideal 〈100〉 {001}.
Only a moderate correlation between the final inclusion shape and orientation was found.
A New Approach to Describing Three‐Dimensional OrientationDistribution Functions in Textured Materials—Part II: Model ODF for Rolling Textures
Authors: Dnieprenko V. N. , Divinskii S. V.
Published: April 2008

Sections of a three‐dimensional Orientation Distribution Function (ODF) for the α‐Fe rolling texture
typical for most b.c.c. metals have been constructed on the basis of the proposed new method for ODF
simulation through the representation of a crystallite orientation by nine rotations, only three of which
are varied for a given component. The description of texture by superposition of partial fibre components
in used. A comparison of such a model ODF with an ODF reconstructed from experimental pole figures
by series expansion is presented. As a result all really encountered textures can be simulated by variation
of the crystallite spread parameters, texture axis positions, and predominant preferred orientations in
terms of a common approach.
Approximation of the Pole Figures and the Orientation ofDistribution of Grains in Polycrystalline Samples by Means ofCanonical Normal Distributions
Authors: Savyolova T. I.
Published: April 2008

The orientation distribution function (ODF) as determined from experimental pole figures (PF) in a polycrystalline sample by classical spherical harmonics analysis can have ghost effects and regions of negative values. The regions of negative values and the ghosts are a consequence of the loss of information on the “odd” part of ODF.

In the present paper the canonical normal distributions (CND) on the rotation group SO(3) and on the sphere S2 in R3 used in texture analysis are discussed.

The examples of CND on SO(3), S2 and their PF calculated for hexagonal lattice symmetry and for a rolling texture of beryllium are demonstrated.
A Method for Measuring Strain by Analyzing Sharpness of ECP WithImage Analysis
Authors: Yoshitomi Y. , Ohta K. , Harase J. , Suga Y.
Published: April 2008

A method for measuring strain by analyzing sharpness of Electron Channeling Pattern (ECP) with Image
analysis has been newly developed. The relative value of sharpness of first‐order pseudo‐Kikuchi line
in ECP is used as a parameter of strain. Strain change of Fe‐3.25%Si alloy single crystal and polycrystal
during deformation and recrystallization was analyzed by this method. This method was compared with
the conventional methods; hardness and line broadening of X‐ray. This method can be used for
measuring strain in material with any crystal orientation.
On the Development of the Brass‐Type Texture
Authors: Leffers Torben
Published: April 2008

It is demonstrated that a number of the conclusions drawn by Singh, Ramaswamy and Suryanaryana
(1992) in an investigation of the texture development in rolled austenitic steel are in direct
contravention of various recent observations on the texture development in brass by the present
author and coworkers. And it is demonstrated that these conclusions are without specific justification
in the results quoted.
On the Development of the Brass‐Type Texture in AusteniticStainless Steel
Authors: Singh C. D.
Published: April 2008

It has been clarified and demonstrated that the conclusions drawn by Singh, Ramaswamy and
Suryanarayana (1992) in an investigation of development of rolling textures in an austenitic stainless
steel are correct. The observations and reinterpretations drawn by Leffers (1993) are without any proper
scientific basis and do not hold good at least in austenitic stainless steel.
A Note on a Generalized Standard Orientation Distribution in PDF‐Component Fit Methods
Authors: Schaeben H.
Published: April 2008

A generalized model orientation distribution which was recently introduced into texture analysis is
identified as von Mises‐Fisher matrix distribution on SO(3) or, equivalently, as Bingham distribution
on . The one‐one correspondence of the distributions is explicitly given.
Cracking in Zinc Layers on Continuous Galvanized Sheets: A Review
Authors: Lazik S. , Esling C. , Wegria J.
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this paper is to survey the different investigations about cracking behaviour in zinc
coatings, due to deformation. Different forming tests have been carried out on electrodeposited and hot‐dipped
zinc coatings. Generally, agreement in the results has been found. The texture gives a good
indication about the cracking behaviour of zinc coatings. Thus, texture determination should be
performed systematically in examinations relating to the cracking behaviour.