bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Synthesized NaA Nanozeolite as a Novel Supported Electrode for the Formaldehyde Electro‐catalytic Oxidation
Authors: Hassaninejad‐Darzi S. K.
Published: February 2018

Nickel hydroxide doped NaA nanozeolite carbon paste electrode (Ni(OH)2‐NaA/CPE) was employed as simple and efficient sensor for electro‐catalytic oxidation and detection of formaldehyde (HCHO). For this goal, organic template free synthesis of NaA nanozeolite under room‐temperature was performed and characterized. Field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FESEM) technique exhibited the presence of spherical NaA nanozeolite morphology with particle size under 100 nm. The BET surface area and average pore diameter of synthesized NaA nanozeolite were obtained to be 3.622 × 102 m2 g−1 and 5.9 nm, respectively. Carbon paste electrode (CPE) was modified by NaA nanozeolite and then Ni2+ ions incorporated to this electrode to obtain Ni‐NaA/CPE. The values of electron transfer coefficient and mean value of catalytic rate constant for HCHO and redox sites of Ni(OH)2‐NaA/CPE were caculated to be 0.58 and 8.42 × 106 cm3 mol−1 s−1, respectively. The results indicate that Ni(OH)2‐NaA/CPE displays good electrocatalytic activity with respects to HCHO oxidation owing to its mesoporous structure and the large surface area of NaA nanozeolite. Moreover, amperometric studies exhibited that the fabricated electrode has a detection limits of 2.0 μM allowing the quantitative analysis of HCHO in the concentration range from 6.0 × 10−3 to 2.31 × 10−1mM with high sensitivity (1.6716 × 103 μA mM−1).
Development of a Self‐supporting Microporous Layer on a Metal Mesh for Carbon Backing‐free Cathodes in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Joo D. , Jin S. M. , Jang J. H. , Park S.
Published: February 2018

A self‐supporting microporous layer (MPL) that is directly applicable to a metal mesh is developed, and its pore characteristics and surface morphology are investigated using scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry. The PEMFC performance is evaluated according to the cathode flow field type and GDL configurations via polarization, AC‐impedance spectroscopy, and 4‐point probe measurements for the bulk resistance. The improvement in the polarization when using the MPL on the metal mesh is discussed in terms of the water management and electrical resistance at the cathode.
The Effect of Oxygen Mass Transfer on Aerobic Biocathode Performance, Biofilm Growth and Distribution in Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Milner E. M. , Yu E. H.
Published: February 2018

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a sustainable technology for the direct conversion of biodegradable organics in wastewater into electricity. In most MFCs, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is used as the cathode reduction reaction. Aerobic biocathodes, which use bacteria as biocatalysts to catalyze the cathode ORR, provide self‐sustained, robust and highly active alternatives to chemical catalysts. However, further study of the effect of oxygen mass transfer to the biofilm and cathode materials design is needed. In the current work, two aerobic biocathodes were enriched in half‐cells, and oxygen mass transfer to the biofilm and the biofilm distribution in the porous electrode structure were investigated. It was found that mass transfer of oxygen to the aerobic biocathode was a significant factor affecting cathode ORR, evidenced by a strong correlation between the air flow rate and current. Additionally, it was found that the biofilm penetrates between 20–30% into the porous carbon electrode structure, which is likely due to oxygen mass transfer limitations. The performance of a MFC with biocatalysts at both anode and cathode (64 µW cm−2 peak power at an air flowrate of 1 L min−1) showed strong correlation with air flowrate, confirming the observation in the half‐cell system.
Radiometric dating of late Quaternary loess in the northern piedmont of South Tianshan Mountains: Implications for reliable dating
Authors: Song Yougui , Luo Dan , Du Jinhua , Kang Shugang , Cheng Peng , Fu Chaofeng , Guo Xiaohua
Published: February 2018

Reliable chronologies are prerequisites when interpreting proxy records in terrestrial archives of Quaternary climate and environmental change. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating (AMS 14C) are commonly used to date late Quaternary loess deposits in the Chinese Loess Plateau, but the range and reliability of the two methods in Central Asia are still debated. In this study, we investigate both fine‐grained quartz OSL and AMS 14C dating of a late Quaternary loess section located at the northern piedmont of the South Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia and discuss the reliability of the two radiometric dating methods. The results show that the OSL and AMS 14C ages are generally consistent with the stratigraphic sequence when the ages are younger than 25 cal ka BP, which means that both can be used to establish a reliable chronology in the Ili Basin. But beyond this age, the OSL dating method seems to be a more reliable approach. The results also supported previous dates based on medium‐grained quartz OSL dating of the Ili loess in the southern piedmont of the North Tianshan Mountains. Radiocarbon ages older than 25 cal ka BP should be treated with caution, and attention must be paid to the influence of pedoturbation on OSL signals in the Central Asian loess. Multiple dating approaches for mutual authentication and exploring new dating materials are suggested in further loess chronological research. These findings will be helpful in establishing a reliable timescale and in reconstructing high‐resolution environmental change in Central Asia.
Late Devonian benthic ostracods from western Junggar, NW China: Implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction
Authors: Song Junjun , Crasquin Sylvie , Gong Yiming
Published: February 2018

This study focuses on the palaeoecology of the Late Devonian ostracods based on more than 4,500 carapaces and valves collected from stratal sections in western Junggar, NW China. According to the ostracod faunas from the Hongguleleng Formation, 3 ecological assemblages are proposed for open oceanic island arc context, that is, Ostracod Assemblage‐1, Ostracod Assemblage‐2, and Ostracod Assemblage‐3. They characterize the foreshore, nearshore, and offshore environments, respectively. The water energy should be the first environmental factor controlling the composition of the ostracod assemblages from the Lower Member of the Hongguleleng Formation, and salinity fluctuations could be also involved.
Frequency‐dependent tACS modulation of BOLD signal during rhythmic visual stimulation
Authors: Chai Yuhui , Sheng Jingwei , Bandettini Peter A. , Gao Jia‐Hong
Published: February 2018

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has emerged as a promising tool for modulating cortical oscillations. In previous electroencephalogram (EEG) studies, tACS has been found to modulate brain oscillatory activity in a frequency‐specific manner. However, the spatial distribution and hemodynamic response for this modulation remains poorly understood. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has the advantage of measuring neuronal activity in regions not only below the tACS electrodes but also across the whole brain with high spatial resolution. Here, we measured fMRI signal while applying tACS to modulate rhythmic visual activity. During fMRI acquisition, tACS at different frequencies (4, 8, 16, and 32 Hz) was applied along with visual flicker stimulation at 8 and 16 Hz. We analyzed the blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signal difference between tACS‐ON vs tACS‐OFF, and different frequency combinations (e.g., 4 Hz tACS, 8 Hz flicker vs 8 Hz tACS, 8 Hz flicker). We observed significant tACS modulation effects on BOLD responses when the tACS frequency matched the visual flicker frequency or the second harmonic frequency. The main effects were predominantly seen in regions that were activated by the visual task and targeted by the tACS current distribution. These findings bridge different scientific domains of tACS research and demonstrate that fMRI could localize the tACS effect on stimulus‐induced brain rhythms, which could lead to a new approach for understanding the high‐level cognitive process shaped by the ongoing oscillatory signal.
Validation of nomograms for overall survival, cancer‐specific survival, and recurrence in carcinoma of the major salivary glands
Authors: Hay Ashley , Migliacci Jocelyn , Zanoni Daniella Karassawa , Patel Snehal , Yu Changhong , Kattan Michael W. , Ganly Ian
Published: February 2018

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center salivary carcinoma nomograms predicting overall survival, cancer‐specific survival, and recurrence with an external validation dataset.

Methods

The validation dataset comprised 123 patients treated between 2010 and 2015 at our institution. They were evaluated by assessing discrimination (concordance index [C‐index]) and calibration (plotting predicted vs actual probabilities for quintiles).

Results

The validation cohort (n = 123) showed some differences to the original cohort (n = 301). The validation cohort had less high‐grade cancers (P = .006), less lymphovascular invasion (LVI; P < .001) and shorter follow‐up of 19 months versus 45.6 months. Validation showed a C‐index of 0.833 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.758‐0.908), 0.807 (95% CI 0.717‐0.898), and 0.844 (95% CI 0.768‐0.920) for overall survival, cancer‐specific survival, and recurrence, respectively.

Conclusion

The 3 salivary gland nomograms performed well using a contemporary validation dataset, despite limitations related to sample size, follow‐up, and differences in clinical and pathology characteristics between the original and validation cohorts.
Postoperative day 1 levels of parathyroid as predictor of occurrence and severity of hypocalcaemia after total thyroidectomy
Authors: Karatzanis Alexander D. , Ierodiakonou Despo P. , Fountakis Emmanuel S. , Velegrakis Stylianos G. , Doulaptsi Maria V. , Prokopakis Emmanuel P. , Daraki Vasiliki N. , Velegrakis George A.
Published: February 2018

Background

Hypocalcaemia is a common and serious complication after thyroidectomy. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of first postoperative day parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement in order to predict the presence and severity of postthyroidectomy hypocalcaemia.

Methods

One hundred consecutive cases undergoing total thyroidectomy in a tertiary referral center were prospectively assessed. Preoperative measurements of PTH were compared with postoperative levels in the first morning after surgery. All cases of hypocalcaemia were recorded and evaluated with regard to preoperative and postoperative levels of PTH.

Results

A decrease of 56% of PTH levels on the first postoperative day could accurately predict postoperative hypocalcaemia with a sensitivity and specificity of 80%.

Conclusion

Serum PTH levels on the first postoperative day may be used as a reliable predictive marker for calcium supplementation need and even prolonged hospitalization in cases undergoing total thyroidectomy.
Tracheal advancement with myomucosal island flap for partial laryngopharyngectomy defect reconstruction
Authors: Joseph Shawn T. , Naveen B. S. , Mohan T. Mihir , Tharayil T. Jose
Published: February 2018

Background

Restoring the anatomy and function of a partial laryngopharyngectomy with hemicricoid defect is an extremely challenging area in head and neck cancer surgery. Procedures such as tracheal autotransplantation described for these defects are complex and attempted in very few centers. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to share our technique of reconstructing such defects with tracheal advancement with myomucosal island flap for laryngopharyngeal defect (TAMMIL), which allows functional reconstruction of the larynx.

Method

A 49‐year‐old man with carcinoma of the right pyriform sinus, postneoadjuvant chemotherapy with progressive disease underwent vertical partial laryngopharyngectomy. The resultant defect was reconstructed with tracheal advancement and islanded facial artery myomucosal (FAMM) flap.

Result

The patient is 1‐year postsurgery, free of disease, decannulated, and taking oral feeds. Video fluoroscopy showed no evidence of aspiration.

Conclusion

This technique is single‐staged, easier compared to existing techniques, aids “like‐for‐like” reconstruction, and allows surgical organ preservation in selected laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers.
Determination of groundwater discharge rates and water residence time of groundwater‐fed lakes by stable isotopes of water (18O, 2H) and radon (222Rn) mass balances
Authors: Petermann Eric , Gibson John J. , Knöller Kay , Pannier Thomas , Weiß Holger , Schubert Michael
Published: February 2018

Lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) and the related water residence time are crucial parameters for quantifying lake matter budgets and assessing its vulnerability to contaminant input. Our approach utilizes the stable isotopes of water (δ18O, δ2H) and the radioisotope radon (222Rn) for determining long‐term average and short‐term snapshots in LGD. We conducted isotope balances for the 0.5‐km2 Lake Ammelshainer See (Germany) based on measurements of lake isotope inventories and groundwater composition accompanied by good quality and comprehensive long‐term meteorological and isotopic data (precipitation) from nearby monitoring stations. The results from the steady‐state annual isotope balances that rely on only two sampling campaigns are consistent for both δ18O and δ2H and suggested an overall long‐term average LGD rate that was used to infer the water residence time of the lake. These findings were supported by the good agreement of the simulated LGD‐driven annual cycles of δ18O and δ2H lake inventories with the observed lake isotope inventories. However, radon mass balances revealed lower values that might be the result of seasonal LGD variability. For obtaining further insights into possible seasonal variability of groundwater–lake interaction, stable water isotope and radon mass balances could be conducted more frequently (e.g., monthly) in order to use the derived groundwater discharge rates as input for time‐variant isotope balances.
Phase I clinical trial of adoptive transfer of expanded natural killer cells in combination with IgG1 antibody in patients with gastric or colorectal cancer
Authors: Ishikawa Takeshi , Okayama Tetsuya , Sakamoto Naoyuki , Ideno Mitsuko , Oka Kaname , Enoki Tatsuji , Mineno Junichi , Yoshida Naohisa , Katada Kazuhiro , Kamada Kazuhiro , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Handa Osamu , Takagi Tomohisa , Konishi Hideyuki , Kokura Satoshi , Uno Kazuko , Naito Yuji , Itoh Yoshito
Published: February 2018

Natural killer (NK) cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity against tumor cells without prior sensitization, and have the potential to exert antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In this clinical trial, we examined the safety and efficacy of the use of NK cells, generated using a novel expansion system, in combination with IgG1 antibodies for the treatment of advanced gastric or colorectal cancers. Treatment consisted of trastuzumab‐ or cetuximab‐based chemotherapy, plus adoptive NK cell therapy. For administration of expanded NK cells, dose escalation with a sequential 3 + 3 design was performed in three steps, at doses of 0.5 × 109, 1.0 × 109, and 2.0 × 109 cells/injection (N = 9). After 3 days of IgG1 antibody administration, patients were infused with expanded NK cells three times at triweekly intervals. NK cell populations expanded with our system were confirmed as being enriched in NK cells (median 92.9%) with high expression of NKG2D (97.6%) and CD16 (69.6%). The combination therapy was very well tolerated with no severe adverse events. Among six evaluable patients, four presented stable disease (SD) and two presented progressive disease. Of the four SD patients, three showed an overall decrease in tumor size after combination therapy. Immune monitoring suggested that combination therapy enhanced whole blood IFN‐γ production and reduced peripheral regulatory T cells (Tregs). In conclusion, this phase I trial provides evidence of good tolerability, induction of Th1 immune responses, and preliminary anti‐tumor activity for this combination therapy, in patients with advanced gastric and colorectal cancer that have received previous therapy.
Association between tubal ligation and endometrial cancer risk: A Swedish population‐based cohort study
Authors: Falconer Henrik , Yin Li , Altman Daniel
Published: February 2018

Tubal ligation results in less advanced stages and lower risk of metastatic spread at diagnosis of endometrial cancer (EC) but the primary preventive effect of the procedure is unclear. In a Swedish nationwide population‐based cohort study, we crosslinked registry data for tubal ligation, EC, and death for Swedish women between 1973 and 2010. All women were followed until EC, emigration, hysterectomy for non‐cancerous reasons, death, or end of follow‐up. Primary outcome was incidence of EC and secondary outcome overall survival. We calculated adjusted incidence rates (IR) per 100,000 person‐years and hazard ratios (HR) using Cox regression models. A total of 35,711 cases of EC were identified among 5,385,186 women. The IR of EC among exposed was 17.7 (95% CI 15.7–19.9) versus 29.0 (95% CI 28.7–29.3) among unexposed (per 100,000 women years). Exposed individuals had significantly reduced risk of EC (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.65–0.83). The mortality rate among women with EC was 72% lower in exposed compared to unexposed (IR 1,441; 95% CI 1,089–1,907 and IR 5,136; 95% CI 5,065–5,209, respectively) which following adjustment corresponded to a HR of 0.71 (95% CI 0.49–1.03). Tubal ligation was associated with lower risk of EC as well as mortality rates in women with EC. Elective tubal ligation may be adopted in future cancer preventive strategies but must be balanced against the irreversibility of the procedure, which preclude further unassisted reproduction.
Information, support, and follow‐up offered to women who experienced severe maternal morbidity
Authors: Furniss Mary , Conroy Molly , Filoche Sara , MacDonald E. Jane , Geller Stacie E. , Lawton Beverley
Published: February 2018

Objective

To determine what information, support, and follow‐up were offered to women who had experienced severe maternal morbidity (SMM).

Methods

The present retrospective case review included patients who experienced SMM (admission to intensive care during pregnancy or up to 42 days postpartum) who had previously been reviewed for potential preventability as part of a nationwide New Zealand study performed between January 1 and December 31, 2014. Data were audited to ascertain documented evidence of an event debrief or explanation; referral to social support and/or mental health services; a detailed discharge letter; and a follow‐up appointment with a specialist.

Results

Of 257 patients who experienced SMM, 23 (8.9%) were offered all four components of care, 99 (38.5%) an event debrief, 102 (39.7%) a referral to social support and/or mental health services, 148 (57.6%) a detailed discharge letter, and 131 (51.0%) a follow‐up appointment.

Conclusions

Many women who had experienced SMM did not receive explanatory information about their illness, an offer of psychosocial support, or a follow‐up appointment prior to discharge from hospital. It is incumbent on clinicians and the maternity care system to improve these aspects of care for all women experiencing a potentially life‐changing SMM event to minimize the risk and burden of long‐term mental illness.
Imaging molecular signatures for clinical detection of scleroderma in the hand by multispectral photoacoustic elastic tomography
Authors: Liu Yubin , Zhang Lingyan , Li Sushu , Han Xinai , Yuan Zhen
Published: February 2018

Scleroderma (SD) is a rare autoimmune disease, which is divided into 2 categories: the localized SD and systemic SD. The localized SD mainly causes skin thickening of the fingers, whereas the systemic SD can further affect the blood vessels and internal organs. In this pilot study, the multispectral photoacoustic elastic tomography (PAET) imaging technique was used to recover the quantitative physiological and elastic properties of biological tissues for the diagnosis of SD. Three healthy subjects and 3 SD patients were recruited and clinically examined by a rheumatologist, and then their hand/fingers were scanned by both magnetic resonance imaging and our home‐made photoacoustic imaging system. Physiological parameters including oxygen saturation (STO2), deoxy‐hemoglobin (Hb) and oxy‐hemoglobin (HbO2) concentrations and mechanical properties such as bulk elastic modulus images were reconstructed using the developed PAET reconstruction method. Our imaging results demonstrated that the physiological and elastic parameters exhibit striking differences between the SD and normal fingers, indicating that these biomarkers can serve as molecular signatures for early detection of SD. These quantitative physiological properties and bulk modulus may also pave a new path for improved understanding the pathological mechanism of SD.
Multiphoton dynamic imaging of the effect of chronic hepatic diseases on hepatobiliary metabolism in vivo
Authors: Lin Chih‐Ju , Lee Sheng‐Lin , Wang Wei‐Hsiang , Hovhannisyan Vladimir A. , Huang Yao‐De , Lee Hsuan‐Shu , Dong Chen‐Yuan
Published: February 2018

In this study, intravital multiphoton microscopy was used to quantitatively investigate hepatobiliary metabolism in chronic pathologies of the liver. Specifically, through the use of the probe molecule 6‐carboxyfluorescein diacetate, the effects of liver fibrosis, fatty liver, and hepatocellular carcinoma on the metabolic capabilities of mouse liver were investigated. After the acquisition of time‐lapse images, a first order kinetic model was used to calculate rate constant resolved images of various pathologies. It was found that the ability of the liver to metabolically process the probe molecules varies among different pathologies, with liver fibrosis and fatty liver disease negatively impacted the uptake, processing, and excretion of molecules. The approach demonstrated in this work allows the study of the response of hepatic functions to different pathologies in real time and is useful for studying processes such as pharmacokinetics through direct optical imaging.
Activation of PPARδ attenuates neurotoxicity by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide‐triggered glutamate release in BV‐2 microglial cells
Authors: Lee Won Jin , Ham Sun Ah , Yoo Hyunjin , Hwang Jung Seok , Yoo Taesik , Paek Kyung Shin , Lim Dae‐Seog , Han Sung Gu , Lee Chi‐Ho , Hong Kwonho , Seo Han Geuk
Published: February 2018

Neuroinflammation‐associated release of glutamate from activated microglia has been implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying this glutamate release are poorly understood. Here, we show that peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor delta (PPARδ) modulates neurotoxicity by inhibiting glutamate release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated BV‐2 microglial cells. Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific PPARδ agonist, inhibited glutamate release in BV‐2 cells. This effect of GW501516 was significantly blocked by shRNA‐mediated knockdown of PPARδ and by treatment with GSK0660, a specific PPARδ antagonist, indicating that PPARδ is associated with blockade of glutamate release. Additionally, GW501516‐activated PPARδ suppressed generation of reactive oxygen species and expression of gp91phox, a functional subunit of NADPH oxidase 2, in BV‐2 cells stimulated with LPS. The inhibitory effect of GW501516 on gp91phox expression and glutamate release was further potentiated in the presence of AG490, a specific inhibitor of janus kinase 2 (JAK2), leading to the inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). By contrast, GW501516 upregulated the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), an endogenous inhibitor of JAK2. Furthermore, neurotoxicity induced by conditioned media from LPS‐stimulated BV‐2 cells was significantly reduced when conditioned media from BV‐2 cells treated with both LPS and GW501516 were used. These results indicate that PPARδ attenuates LPS‐triggered neuroinflammation by enhancing SOCS1‐mediated inhibition of JAK2/STAT1 signaling, thereby inhibiting neurotoxicity associated with glutamate release.
RBM3 expression is upregulated by NF‐κB p65 activity, protecting cells from apoptosis, during mild hypothermia
Authors: Ushio Ayako , Eto Ko
Published: February 2018

The RNA‐binding protein RBM3, a cold shock protein whose expression is elevated under hypothermic conditions, plays an important role in cell survival; however, little is known about the mechanism underlying the mild hypothermia‐mediated regulation of RBM3 expression and apoptosis. Here we show that the transcription factor NF‐κB p65 is phosphorylated at Ser276 and activates RBM3 gene transcription via binding to a particular element within the promoter region in response to induced hypothermia, elevating the protein expression, and suppressing apoptosis. Treatment with caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a potent and specific inhibitor that suppresses the translocation of NF‐κB p65 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, resulted in decreased levels of RBM3 mRNA and protein and increased incidence of apoptosis despite cells were cultured under hypothermic conditions. Overexpression of RBM3 abolished the induction of apoptosis in cells treated with CAPE, indicating that NF‐κB p65‐upregulated RBM3 expression is necessary for the suppression of apoptosis. In addition, experiments with cells overexpressing RBM3 supported the finding demonstrating that the mild hypothermia‐mediated higher expression of RBM3 suppressed the induction of apoptosis. Conversely, experiments with cells deficient in RBM3 supported the finding demonstrating that the CAPE‐mediated loss of RBM3 induced apoptosis. These results suggest that NF‐κB p65 is a critical mediator of mild hypothermia, to which cells are exposed as an extracellular environment, and a central inducer of RBM3 expression, which is responsible for preventing cells from apoptosis. Moreover, CAPE may have a potential for the application to a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancers.
The interacting effects of psychological empowerment and ethnic identity on indicators of well‐being among youth of color
Authors: Lardier David T. , Garcia‐Reid Pauline , Reid Robert J.
Published: February 2018

Decades of legislative actions and power imbalances have limited African American/Black and Hispanic/Latina(o) urban youth's perceptions of empowerment and ability to rely upon social and institutional resources. Youth who have access to supportive resources and are connected to their ethnic–racial group perceive themselves as empowered and score higher on indicators of well‐being. Among a sample of African American/Black and Hispanic/Latina(o) urban youth (N = 383) and using multivariate analysis of variance, the current study examined the relationship between psychological empowerment (PE) and ethnic identity among conceptually relevant outcome variables: community participation, neighborhood sense of community (SOC), school importance, and perceived substance use risk. Results indicated that PE and ethnic identity profile groups differed significantly on measures of community participation, neighborhood SOC, school importance, and perceived risk of using substances. Results provide preliminary support for the empirical and theoretical relationship between PE and ethnic identity on related empowerment measures, as well as indicators of well‐being. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Utilization of phosphogypsum for the preparation of α‐calcium sulfate hemihydrate in chloride‐free solution under atmospheric pressure
Authors: Mi Yang , Chen Deyu , Wang Shuzhou
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

This work aims to investigate the possibility of recycling by‐product phosphogypsum (PG) as raw material for preparing α‐calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α‐CSH) in chloride‐free salt solution under mild conditions. The dehydration of PG in a concentrated Ca(NO3)2 solution at 97 °C under atmospheric pressure was analyzed. The effect of Al2(SO4)3 on the phase‐transition kinetics as well as succinic acid concentration on the crystal morphology of α‐CSH were investigated in detail.

RESULTS

α‐CSH was successfully prepared from PG in 3.7 mol L‐1 Ca(NO3)2 solution at 97 °C under atmospheric pressure. Addition of Al2(SO4)3 accelerates dehydration rate of PG and decreases crystal size of α‐CSH. Moreover, succinic acid is an effective morphology modifier for α‐CSH. When the reaction is carried out with 5.84 mmol L‐1 Al2(SO4)3 and 0.15 wt% succinic acid, the α‐CSH obtained has aspect ratio of 1.2, and the corresponding paste shows enhanced 3D bending/compressive strengths of 11.3/41.7 MPa, which are comparable with those of commercial α‐CSH.

CONCLUSIONS

This chloride‐free system provides an improved alternative for preparing high quality α‐CSH, and helps to promote value‐added utilization of PG. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Propylene‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐methylene‐tethered Isatin‐coumarin Hybrids: Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Anti‐tubercular Evaluation
Authors: Huang Guo‐Cheng , Xu Yan , Xu Zhi , Lv Zao‐Sheng , Zhang Jun , Guo Hui‐Yuan , Hu Yuan‐Qiang , Liu Ming‐Liang , Guan JianGuo , Lu Yu
Published: February 2018

A series of novel propylene‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐methylene‐tethered isatin‐coumarin hybrids 7a–l that were composed of three anti‐tubercular bioactive substances/pharmacophore coumarin, isatin, and I‐A09 were designed, synthesized, and assessed for their in vitro anti‐tubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv. In spite of the hybrids were inactive against the tested MTB H37Rv, the structure–activity relationship was enriched, and these hybrids may act as an ideal starting point for developing new isatin‐coumarin anti‐TB candidates with various linkers.
Modulating inflammation through the negative regulation of NF-κB signaling
Authors: Rothschild Daniel E , McDaniel Dylan K , Ringel-Scaia Veronica M , Allen Irving C
Published: February 2018

Immune system activation is essential to thwart the invasion of pathogens and respond appropriately to tissue damage. However, uncontrolled inflammation can result in extensive collateral damage underlying a diverse range of auto-inflammatory, hyper-inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. The NF-κB signaling pathway lies at the heart of the immune system and functions as a master regulator of gene transcription. Thus, this signaling cascade is heavily targeted by mechanisms designed to attenuate overzealous inflammation and promote resolution. Mechanisms associated with the negative regulation of NF-κB signaling are currently under intense investigation and have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we provide an overview of mechanisms that negatively regulate NF-κB signaling through either attenuation of signal transduction, inhibition of posttranscriptional signaling, or interference with posttranslational modifications of key pathway components. While the regulators discussed for each group are far from comprehensive, they exemplify common mechanistic approaches that inhibit this critical biochemical signaling cascade. Despite their diversity, a commonality among these regulators is their selection of specific targets at key inflection points in the pathway, such as TNF-receptor-associated factor family members or essential kinases. A better understanding of these negative regulatory mechanisms will be essential to gain greater insight related to the maintenance of immune system homeostasis and inflammation resolution. These processes are vital elements of disease pathology and have important implications for targeted therapeutic strategies.
99mTc‐labeled DTPA‐colchicine dimer with improved tumor uptake
Authors: Wang Jianjun , Ma Junping , Zhao Qiuyu , Yang Wenjiang , Xue Jinquan , Zhang Yanhua , Liu Yu
Published: February 2018

This work reports the synthesis, radiolabeling, and biological studies of 99mTc‐diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)‐colchicine dimer in tumor‐bearing mice. The novel colchicine dimer was successfully synthesized by conjugation of DTPA to 2 colchicine biomolecules. The ligand could be labeled by 99mTc in high yield to get 99mTc‐DTPA‐colchicine dimer, which was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature. Biodistribution and imaging studies in tumor‐bearing mice showed that 99mTc‐DTPA‐colchicine dimer accumulated in the tumor with improved uptake and retention. The results indicate the need for synthetic modification of the parent colchicine derivative and the 99mTc‐chelate with a view to improve the tumor‐targeting efficacy and in vivo kinetic profiles.
Evaluating the effectiveness of intensive versus non‐intensive image interpretation education for radiographers: a randomised control trial study protocol
Authors: Neep Michael J. , Steffens Tom , Eastgate Patrick , McPhail Steven M.
Published: February 2018

Radiographer commenting systems have not been successfully implemented in many Australian hospitals, despite evidence of their benefit and adoption elsewhere, such as the United Kingdom. An important contributor to the lack of widespread adoption of radiographer commenting in Australia (and likely elsewhere) is the limited availability of accessible education options for radiographers. The purpose of this randomised controlled trial is to compare the effectiveness of the same image interpretation education program delivered over an intensive 2‐day period (intensive format) versus a series of shorter regular workshops (non‐intensive format). The study design is a multicentre, stratified (by years of experience) two group parallel‐arm single‐blind (assessor blinded) randomised controlled trial. Participants will be allocated to one of the two groups: (1) intensive format of education or (2) non‐intensive format of education in a 1:1 ratio. Participants will undergo assessments before education, at 1 week post‐intervention completion and at 12 weeks post‐intervention completion. Findings from this trial will be of relevance to radiographers seeking image interpretation training as well as organisations providing image interpretation education to prepare clinical staff for participation in a radiographer commenting system. A limitation of the trial is that the sample will be inclusive of radiographers, and findings may not be able to be directly extrapolated to other clinical disciplines (e.g. junior doctors, physiotherapists or nurse practitioners).
Impact of uneven sample morphology on mass resolving power in linear MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry: A comprehensive theoretical investigation
Authors: Cai Yi‐Hong , Wang Yi‐Sheng
Published: February 2018

This work discusses the correlation between the mass resolving power of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass analyzers and extraction condition with an uneven sample morphology. Previous theoretical calculations show that the optimum extraction condition for flat samples involves an ideal ion source design and extraction delay. A general expression of spectral feature takes into account ion initial velocity, and extraction delay is derived in the current study. The new expression extends the comprehensive calculation to uneven sample surfaces and above 90% Maxell‐Boltzmann initial velocity distribution of ions to account for imperfect ionization condition. Calculation shows that the impact of uneven sample surface or initial spatial spread of ions is negligible when the extraction delay is away from the ideal value. When the extraction delay approaches the optimum value, the flight‐time topology shows a characteristic curve shape, and the time‐domain mass spectral feature broadens with an increase in initial spatial spread of ions. For protonated 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, the mass resolving power obtained from a sample of 3‐μm surface roughness is approximately 3.3 times lower than that of flat samples. For ions of m/z 3000 coexpanded with 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, the mass resolving power in the 3‐μm surface roughness case only reduces roughly 7%. Comprehensive calculations also show that the mass resolving power of lighter ions is more sensitive to the accuracy of the extraction delay than heavier ions.
Power and thermal modeling approach for homogeneously stacked butterfly fat tree architecture in 3D ICs
Authors: Durrani Yaseer Arafat
Published: February 2018

Low‐power consumption and heat dissipation are becoming serious issues in the design process of the 3D integrated circuit (IC). The multiple dies are stacked and communicated through‐silicon vias to work as a single device to achieve high performance with minimum power and heat dissipation. This paper presents the power and thermal modeling approaches for the power/heat estimation of homogenous integration of network‐on‐chip‐based tree architecture in 3D IC design. The preliminary experimental work of power model is divided in 2 major parts of the design. The first part estimates the power of network‐on‐chip tree architecture on each stack/layer separately, and the second estimates the power dissipation of the uniformly distributed through‐silicon vias and input/output pads. The model uses a linear function to estimate the average power dissipation. The thermal model estimates the heat dissipation by using thermal sensors on different sections of the individual layer. For an entire IC design, the average power/thermal is extracted by simple addition of all power/thermal estimation results of the model. The design is operated with multiple frequencies to find the most appropriate frequency to minimize power dissipation. In experiments, the average maximum error is estimated 16.29%.
Development of an efficient host‐vector system of Ruminiclostridium josui
Authors: Wang Yayun , Okugawa Kei , Kunitake Emi , Sakka Makiko , Kimura Tetsuya , Sakka Kazuo
Published: February 2018

Although Ruminiclostridium josui (formerly Clostridium josui), a strictly anaerobic mesophilic cellulolytic bacterium, is a promising candidate for biomass utilization via consolidated bioprocessing, its host‐vector system has not yet been established. The existence of a restriction and modification system is a significant barrier to the transformation of R. josui. Here, we partially purified restriction endonuclease RjoI from R. josui cell extract using column chromatography. Further characterization showed that RjoI is an isoschizomer of DpnI, recognizing the sequence 5′‐GmetATC‐3′, where the A nucleotide is Dam‐methylated. RjoI cleaved the recognition sequence between the A and T nucleotides, producing blunt ends. We then successfully introduced plasmids prepared from Escherichia coli C2925 (dam−/dcm−) into R. josui by electroporation. The highest transformation efficiency of 6.6 × 103 transformants/μg of DNA was obtained using a square‐wave pulse (750 V, 1 ms). When the R. josui cel48A gene, devoid of the dockerin‐encoding region, cloned into newly developed plasmid pKKM801 was introduced into R. josui, a truncated form of RjCel48A, RjCel48AΔdoc, was detected in the culture supernatant but not in the intracellular fraction. This is the first report on the establishment of fundamental technology for molecular breeding of R. josui.
A comprehensive look at the effect of processing on peanut (Arachis spp.) texture
Authors: Lykomitros Dimitrios , Den Boer Lara , Hamoen Remco , Fogliano Vincenzo , Capuano Edoardo
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Relationships between process and peanut texture have only been studied in Hypogaea species, and focused on very limited processing conditions. In this study, 94 samples were prepared from a combination of 12 raw materials (Arachis hypogaea and fastigiata cultivars) and 11 roasting conditions (maceration in water, aqueous glucose and at different pH values followed by frying or baking). Texture was analyzed by a trained sensory panel (spectrum method) and large deformation compression tests (TA/XT2), and the microstructure probed with confocal microscopy and X‐ray tomography.

RESULTS

The impact of maceration on ‘crispy’, ‘crunchy’ and ‘hardness’ sensory attributes was significantly larger when adding glucose in this step, whereas the effect of pH was minor. The relationship held for both fried and baked peanuts as well as for both A. hypogaea and fastigiata subspecies. The degree of alveolation was similar in differently processed peanuts, even though sensory attributes were significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

Maceration in different media can yield large textural changes in both peanut species, for both baking and frying. Maceration in glucose solutions can induce much larger textural changes than maceration in water. Quantitative data on alveolation show that microstructure disruption through steam generation cannot explain all the texture differences among processed peanuts. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Physical and chemical quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of strawberry cultivars (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) in Greece: assessment of their sensory impact
Authors: Zeliou Konstantina , Papasotiropoulos Vassilis , Manoussopoulos Yiannis , Lamari Fotini N
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

There are many factors determining the strawberry organoleptic profile and they are difficult to define. In this study, the sensory, physical, and chemical quality characteristics, the antioxidant properties as examined using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, the lactone concentration, and the FaFAD1 expression of ripe strawberries (cv. Camarosa, Florida Fortuna, and Sabrina) from Greece were evaluated and their interrelationships were investigated.

RESULTS

‘Camarosa’ had the highest antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content, although significant intra‐cultivar variations of sugars, solid soluble content/titratable acidity (SSC/TA), red color intensity, sweetness, and hardness were recorded. In ‘Sabrina’ there was a constant lactone presence and FaFAD1 expression; it also had the lowest ascorbic acid content, the highest pH, SSC/TA index, firmness, and sweetness. ‘Fortuna’ showed the lowest sweetness and aroma indices, whereas ‘Camarosa’ had intermediate ones. Overall, firmness was correlated with hardness, while pH and SSC/TA index correlated with juiciness and sweetness. Both γ‐decalactone and γ‐dodecalactone concentrations were correlated with FaFAD1 expression and pH, but they did not solely determine the aroma sensory perception. In total, FRAP values were positively correlated with ascorbic acid and polyphenol content, and negatively with pH.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant inter‐ and intra‐cultivar variation was recorded, revealing the impact of the genotype and underlining the effect of microenvironmental and cultivation conditions on quality and sensory perception. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of genetic background on the stability of sunflower fatty acid composition in different high oleic mutations
Authors: Alberio Constanza , Aguirrezábal Luis AN , Izquierdo Natalia G , Reid Roberto , Zuil Sebastián , Zambelli Andrés
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

The effect of genetic background on the stability of fatty acid composition in sunflower near isogenic lines (NILs) carrying high‐oleic Pervenets (P) or high‐oleic NM1 mutations was studied. The materials were field‐tested in different locations and at different sowing dates to evaluate a wide range of environmental conditions. Relationships were established between the fatty acids and the minimum night temperature (MNT) and the response was characterized.

RESULTS

A genetic background effect for the fatty acid composition was found in both groups of NILs. The NM1‐NILs showed an oleic level higher than 910 g kg−1 and they were more stable across environments with a zero or low dependence on the genetic background; on the other hand, high oleic materials bearing the P mutation showed lower levels of oleic acid, with a higher variation in fatty acid composition and a highly significant dependence on the genetic background.

CONCLUSION

The NM1 mutation is the best option to develop ultra‐high oleic sunflower oil that is stable across environments and genetic backgrounds, making its agronomical production more efficient and predictable. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of liver pâté enrichment with flaxseed oil and flaxseed extract on lipid composition and stability
Authors: Bilska Agnieszka , Waszkowiak Katarzyna , Błaszyk Martyna , Rudzińska Magdalena , Kowalski Ryszard
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

There is an increase interest from food technologists in the improvement of the nutritional value of meat products, especially their lipid profile and shelf life. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of animal fat replacement with flaxseed oil (20%) and flaxseed extract addition (0.05%–0.25%) on changes in composition and stability of liver pâté lipid fractions.

RESULTS

Replacement of animal fat with flaxseed oil was observed to lower the saturated and monoenoic fatty acid in the product's fatty acid profile by around 12% and to raise the polyene fatty acid contribution by more than 70% when compared to the control. The replacement also resulted in enriching the pâté with phytosterols (β‐sitosterol, campesterol, and cycloartenol). The addition of 0.05% and 0.10% ethanol flaxseed extract significantly slowed down lipid oxidation changes during storage of the pâté.

CONCLUSIONS

The study showed that a storage‐stable meat product – liver pâté – characterized by a high nutritional value can be designed through the addition of flax oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids and flaxseed extract. The addition of 0.05% of the extract was found to be sufficient to improve the liver pâté's oxidative stability; it can thus be recommended for this type of product. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Psychobiological Responses to Aerobic Exercise in Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Crombie Kevin M. , Brellenthin Angelique G. , Hillard Cecilia J. , Koltyn Kelli F.
Published: February 2018

Previous reports have shown improvements in mood and increases in endocannabinoids in healthy adults following a session of aerobic exercise, but it is unclear whether adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience similar responses. The purpose of this study was to examine psychobiological responses (plasma endocannabinoids [eCBs], mood, and pain) to aerobic exercise in a sample of adults with a diagnosis of PTSD (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 12). Participants engaged in an aerobic exercise session in which they ran on a treadmill for 30 min at a moderate intensity (70 to 75% maximum heart rate [MHR]). Results indicated improvements in mood states and reductions in pain for both groups following exercise, ds = 0.19 to 1.53. Circulating concentrations of N‐arachidonylethanolamine (AEA), 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) significantly increased (ps = .000 to .050) following the aerobic exercise session for both groups. There were no significant time, group, or interaction effects (ps = .062 to .846) for palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and 2‐oleoylglycerol (2‐OG). Although eCBs increased significantly for both groups, within‐group effect size calculations indicated the healthy controls experienced a greater magnitude of change for AEA when compared with adults with PTSD, d = 1.21 and d = 0.45, respectively; as well as for 2‐AG, d = 0.43 and d = 0.21, respectively. The findings from this study indicated that adults with and without PTSD reported significant mood improvements following 30 min of moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise. In addition, the endocannabinoid system was activated in adults with and without PTSD, although effect sizes suggest that adults with PTSD may have a blunted endocannabinoid response to exercise.