bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinct colony boundaries and larval discrimination in polygyne red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta)
Authors: Kjeldgaard MacKenzie , Eyer Pierre-André , McMichael Collin , Bockoven Alison , King Joanie , Hyodo Ayumi , Boutton Thomas , Vargo Edward , Eubanks Micky
Published: September 2021

Evaluating the factors that promote invasive ant abundance is critical
to assess their ecological impact and inform their management. Many
invasive ant species show reduced nestmate recognition and an absence of
boundaries between unrelated nests, which allow populations to achieve
greater densities due to reduced intraspecific competition. We examined
nestmate discrimination and colony boundaries in introduced populations
of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta; hereafter, fire
ant). Fire ants occur in two social forms: monogyne (colonies with a
single egg-laying queen) and polygyne (colonies with multiple egg-laying
queens). In contrast with monogyne nests, polygyne nests are thought to
be interconnected due to the reduced antagonism between non-nestmate
polygyne workers, perhaps because polygyne workers habituate the colony
to an odor unique to Gp-9-carrying adults.
However, colony boundaries and nestmate discrimination are poorly
documented, particularly for worker-brood interactions. To delimit
boundaries between field colonies, we correlated the exchange of a
N-glycine tracer dissolved in a sucrose solution
with social form. We also evaluated nestmate discrimination between
polygyne workers and larvae in the laboratory. Counter to our
expectations, polygyne colonies behaved identically to monogyne
colonies, suggesting both social forms maintain strict colony
boundaries. Polygyne workers also preferentially fed larval nestmates
and may have selectively cannibalized non-nestmates. The levels of
relatedness among workers in polygyne colonies was higher than those
previously reported in North America (mean ±SE: 0.269 ± 0.037). Our
study highlights the importance of combining genetic analyses with
direct quantification of resource exchange to better understand the
factors influencing ant invasions.
ultrastrutal investigation on Pseudo Chediak–Higashi abnormality in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A case report
Authors: Liu Jing , Dong Shu-xu , Li Ying , Xu Yi-dan , Ru Yong-xin
Published: September 2021

Pseudo Chediak-Higashi (PCH) granules are mainly common in acute myeloid
leukemia. Here we found a patient diagnosed with common-B acute
lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL) with PCH cytoplasmic granules, which was
rarely seen in daily diagnosis. The morphology of the granules is
different in transmission electron microscope (TEM) from cases reported
before. There is a vesicle with various-sized particles surrounding the
nucleus, in addition to the particles, a multiple-layer membrane
structure was also detected in the vesicle.
Learning from mistakes - Assessing the performance and uncertainty in process-based models
Authors: Feigl Moritz , Roesky Benjamin , Herrnegger Mathew , Schulz Karsten , Hayashi Masaki
Published: September 2021

Typical applications of process- or physically-based models aim to gain
a better process understanding or provide the basis for a
decision-making process. To adequately represent the physical system,
models should include all essential processes. However, model errors can
still occur. Other than large systematic observation errors, simplified,
misrepresented, inadequately parametrized or missing processes are
potential sources of errors. This study presents a set of methods and a
proposed workflow for analyzing errors of process-based models as a
basis for relating them to process representations. The evaluated
approach consists of three steps: (i) training a machine learning (ml)
error-model using the input data of the process-based model and other
available variables, (ii) estimation of local explanations (i.e.,
contributions of each variable to a individual prediction) for each
predicted model error using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) in
combination with principal component analysis, (iii) clustering of SHAP
values of all predicted errors to derive groups with similar error
generation characteristics. By analyzing these groups of different
error-variable association, hypotheses on error generation and
corresponding processes can be formulated. That can ultimately lead to
improvements in process understanding and prediction. The approach is
applied to a process-based stream water temperature model HFLUX in a
case study for modelling an alpine stream in the Canadian Rocky
Mountains. By using available meteorological and hydrological variables
as inputs, the applied ml model is able to predict model residuals.
Clustering of SHAP values results in three distinct error groups that
are mainly related to shading and vegetation emitted longwave radiation.
Model errors are rarely random and often contain valuable information.
Assessing model error associations is ultimately a way of enhancing
trust in implemented processes and of providing information on potential
areas of improvement to the model.
Grateful for the dead: the widespread importance of dead foundation species for biodiversity, ecosystem function, and resilience.
Authors: Saldana Patrick , Alford Scott , Mainella Alexa , Crotty Sinead , Prince Kimberly , Sullivan Cayla , Earl Kamala , Angelini Christine , Altieri Andrew
Published: September 2021

Foundation species such as corals, trees, and bivalves enhance ecosystem
function and biodiversity by creating habitat for associated organisms,
ameliorating stress, and modifying energy flow. However, theory
generally ignores their ecological functions after death. Here we review
the traits and functions of dead foundation species relative to their
living counterparts, and the processes that control their persistence.
We also conduct a meta-analysis to quantify where the effect of dead
foundation species on community functions is unique or redundant to
their living counterparts. We focus on marine ecosystems due to the
greater diversity of foundation species they support and the increasing
prevalence of mass-mortality events in these systems. Our study reveals
how foundation species continue to provide important functions after
death and exhibit new functions that are distinct from when they are
alive. We develop a framework using broad, trait-based functional
differences among types of dead foundation species to predict whether
they will promote stability by enhancing ecosystem resilience or promote
shifts to alternate states. Our synthesis establishes how an
understanding of the ecological importance of dead foundation species
can assist in predicting system trajectories, enhance restoration and
conservation efforts, and contribute to ecological theory on habitat
heterogeneity and ecosystem function.
Solid aortic annuloplasty opening up for new valve sparing options
Authors: Jasinski Marek
Published: September 2021

We have read with great interest the article by Papakonstantinou et al.
providing a single-center analysis of the contemporary approach to
tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) insufficiency with the use of HAART 300
annuloplasty ring [1].We believe that the presented concept of a
robust circumferential aortic annuloplasty with separate sinus
replacement, avoiding coronary re-implantations when allowed, can be
successfully applied to many cases, including BAV.
Changes in Executive Function over time in Pediatric Cancer Survivors
Authors: Peterson Rachel , Jacobson Lisa
Published: September 2021

Objective. Pediatric oncology survivors are at risk for executive
function (EF) and working memory (WM) deficits, which can be measured
via performance-based measures or rating scales. Previous studies have
shown these measurement methods to be weakly correlated. This study
aimed to describe parent rated EF and performance-based working memory
(PBWM) in pediatric cancer survivors; examine change in EF and PBWM
across time; and investigate the relationship between parent rated WM
and PBWM. Method. The sample included 59 patients (50 brain tumor, 9
Leukemia) diagnosed in childhood (Mage=6.92 years; SD=4.12) seen twice
for clinical neuropsychological evaluation. PBWM was examined via the
auditory working memory scale from a Wechsler intelligence measure or
Differential Ability Scales-II. Parents completed the BRIEF/2 as a
measure of global EF (GEC), metacognitive skills (MI/CRI), and
behavioral regulation (BRI). Results. MI/CRI and GEC at Time 1 were
significantly above the mean (p<.01), while PBWM did not
differ from the normative mean. GEC, MI/CRI, and BRI were significantly
higher than the normative mean at Time 2 (p<.05). PBWM was
both clinically and statistically elevated (p<.001). There was
a significant change across time in GEC, MI/CRI, and PBWM
(p<.05), but not BRI. PBWM was only weakly correlated with the
BRIEF WM subscale at Time 1 and Time 2 (all p>.05).
Conclusions. Multiple measures of EF should be considered when providing
diagnoses and recommendations for pediatric cancer survivors.
Furthermore, given declines across time, findings document need for
continued monitoring and re-assessment of pediatric survivors as they
get further out from treatment.
CD8+ T Cells Variably Recognize Native Versus Citrullinated GRP78 Epitopes in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Azoury Marie Eliane , Samassa Fatoumata , Buitinga Mijke , Nigi Laura , Brusco Noemi , Callebaut Aïsha , Giraud Matthieu , Irla Magali , Lalanne Ana Ines , Carré Alexia , Afonso Georgia , Zhou Zhicheng , Brandao Barbara , Colli Maikel L. , Sebastiani Guido , Dotta Francesco , Nakayama Maki , Eizirik Decio L. , You Sylvaine , Pinto Sheena , Mamula Mark J. , Verdier Yann , Vinh Joelle , Buus Soren , Mathieu Chantal , Overbergh Lut , Mallone Roberto
Published: September 2021

In type 1 diabetes, autoimmune β-cell destruction may be favored by neoantigens harboring posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as citrullination. We studied the recognition of native and citrullinated glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78 peptides by CD8+ T cells. Citrullination modulated T-cell recognition and, to a lesser extent, HLA-A2 binding. GRP78-reactive CD8+ T cells circulated at similar frequencies in healthy donors and donors with type 1 diabetes and preferentially recognized either native or citrullinated versions, without cross-reactivity. Rather, the preference for native GRP78 epitopes was associated with CD8+ T cells cross-reactive with bacterial mimotopes. In the pancreas, a dominant GRP78 peptide was instead preferentially recognized when citrullinated. To further clarify these recognition patterns, we considered the possibility of citrullination in the thymus. Citrullinating peptidylarginine deiminase (Padi) enzymes were expressed in murine and human medullary epithelial cells (mTECs), with citrullinated proteins detected in murine mTECs. However, Padi2 and Padi4 expression was diminished in mature mTECs from NOD mice versus C57BL/6 mice. We conclude that, on one hand, the CD8+ T cell preference for native GRP78 peptides may be shaped by cross-reactivity with bacterial mimotopes. On the other hand, PTMs may not invariably favor loss of tolerance because thymic citrullination, although impaired in NOD mice, may drive deletion of citrulline-reactive T cells.
Credit Nation
Authors: Priest Claire
Published: September 2021

Even before the United States became a country, laws prioritizing access to credit set colonial America apart from the rest of the world. This book examines how the drive to expand credit shaped property laws and legal institutions in the colonial and founding eras of the republic. The book describes how the British Parliament departed from the customary ways that English law protected land and inheritance, enacting laws for the colonies that privileged creditors by defining land and slaves as commodities available to satisfy debts. Colonial governments, in turn, created local legal institutions that enabled people to further leverage their assets to obtain credit. The book shows how loans backed with slaves as property fueled slavery from the colonial era through the Civil War, and that increased access to credit was key to the explosive growth of capitalism in nineteenth-century America. The book presents a new vision of American economic history, one where credit markets and liquidity were prioritized from the outset, where property rights and slaves became commodities for creditors' claims, and where legal institutions played a critical role in the Stamp Act crisis and other political episodes of the founding period.
Property Exemptions and the Abolition of the Fee Tail in the Founding Era
Authors: Priest Claire
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores founding era property law and institutions. It discusses the aftermath of Parliament's Debt Recovery Act in state law both relating to creditors' claims and in the law of slavery. Although English abolitionists mounted an attack against the commodification of slaves in the Debt Recovery Act, American Southern states moved closer to full chattel slavery, retaining slaves' liquid features with respect to creditors' claims to promote Southern labor and credit markets. The chapter then assesses the diversity of views in the founding era on the question of protections to land from creditors. It also analyzes the abolition of the fee tail estate in land in many states, and the move toward greater transparency of institutions such as title recording.
An Education in Contempt
Authors: Carroll Ross
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the role of ridicule in the work of one of the century's foremost critics of men and women's subordination. In her Vindication of the Rights of Men, Mary Wollstonecraft, referencing Shaftesbury, accused Edmund Burke of using ridicule to humiliate his political opponents, including her own mentor, Richard Price. Yet she herself showed few qualms about returning like with like. Rather than demonstrating inconsistency, the chapter argues, Wollstonecraft's rhetorical strategy reveals her appreciation for the power of ridicule to expose prejudice and undercut illegitimate claims to authority. Particularly in her two Vindications, Wollstonecraft deployed ridicule as a weapon against haughty elites and made a case for teaching young women to laugh contemptuously at the cultural products (mainly sentimental novels) that contributed to their subordination.
Cultural Encounter
Authors: Parker John
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins to set out the landscape of Willem Bosman's cultural encounter as it unfolded on the Gold Coast from the late fifteenth century. It highlights a set of fundamental metaphysical questions that, in the broadest sense, framed understandings of life and death among the Akan and their neighbours: Where did mankind come from? How did death come into the world? Where do people go when they die? By beginning the story with Bosman, the intention is not to recapitulate older ideas of the coast of Guinea as a 'white man's grave'. Rather, the chapter suggests that the reality and representation of the African encounter with mortality became entangled with the encounter with European others.
From House Burial to Cemeteries
Authors: Parker John
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the Legislative Council of the Gold Coast Colony's enactment of a law designed to replace the practice of burying the dead within their houses with that of burying them in modern, Western-style cemeteries. It explains the advantages of cemetery burial, which was a landmark in the bureaucratization of death on the Gold Coast and the beginning of a fundamental shift in the dominion of the dead. The outlawing of intramural burial and the establishment of regulated public cemeteries can be seen to represent the same transition that scholars have identified in the history of death in the West: the moment when the dead's long-established cohabitation with the living in the space of human culture was ended by their forcible relocation to the edge of town. The chapter considers how this development played out on the late nineteenth-century Gold Coast with respect to a crucial element in Philippe Ariès's notion of 'modern' death and Thomas W. Laqueur's of a 'new regime' of the dead: the legally enforced disposal of mortal remains in ordered, purpose-built and communal cemeteries.
Northern Frontiers
Authors: Parker John
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts the early life and death of Gandah, a naa or 'chief', of Birifu, a dispersed settlement of traditional mud-walled compounds located near the bank of the Black Volta River in the northwestern corner of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast. It narrates the final stages of Gandah's life as a renowned healer and accumulator of ritual 'medicines'. The chapter investigates how Gandah's story encapsulated key themes in the history of death and the dead in the Northern Territories in the first half of the twentieth century. This was a region that was in many ways quite distinct from the Akan forest and Gold Coast to the south. Historically, connections between the Akan world and the peoples of the middle Volta savannas did exist. Yet in terms of ecology, culture and political structure, the savanna, as the Akan perceived it, was another realm. The chapter outlines the emergence of a complex of kingdoms forged by horse-riding migrants who from the fifteenth century entered the savannas of the Volta basin straddling present-day Burkina Faso and northern Ghana.
Conclusion
Authors: Parker John
Published: September 2021

This chapter concludes by returning to where the book started, to the beginning of time, when Odomankoma fashioned something unspeakable: adee, the 'Thing'. The Thing, as recounted by the ntumpane, was death, and its first victim was Odomankoma himself. The chapter recalls how Odomankoma became the first of countless others to mount the proverbial ladder of death, dead yet somehow not dead, leaving humankind to fend for itself in a threatening and mysterious world. It demonstrates that death and the dead stood at the very heart of those cultures and that they materialized in myriad ways as historical action. Ultimately, the chapter examines the identifiable history of death among the diverse peoples of the Gold Coast and the forest and savanna beyond. It analyzes how mortuary cultures in independent Ghana appear to have been characterized by a considerable degree of continuity over the four centuries.
Bargaining with the Bureaucracy
Authors: Rudalevige Andrew
Published: September 2021

This chapter builds on the brief discussion from the previous chapter to explore the strands of public administration scholarship stressing the organizational complexity of the executive branch and the difficulty of imposing centralized leadership upon it. It considers the transaction costs involved in managing the executive branch — and seeks to situate presidents as they both respond to the administrative products of the agencies and create their own within the Executive Office of the President (EOP). The notion of contingent centralization, used in other research on policy formulation, is adapted here to the president's decision to “make or buy” a given executive order. What characteristics of an order, or an agency, shape presidential decisions about where to formulate an executive order? When will EOP intervention be most required; when will agencies be given freer rein? The vantage is largely presidential here in asking how presidents can lower their managerial transaction costs. But that frame allows for agencies to have influence over the provision of information and thus scope to shape presidents' cost-benefit analysis.
Executive Orders
Authors: Rudalevige Andrew
Published: September 2021

This chapter lays out the data set of executive orders created for this book, drawn from archival sources spanning the Roosevelt to George W. Bush administrations. It provides comprehensive data regarding the making of those orders and a scheme coding their relative centralization. In so doing it answers a basic empirical question: How are executive orders actually formulated? The most frequent answer is, with lots of participation by different agencies.
A Brief History of Time (to Issuance)
Authors: Rudalevige Andrew
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines to another aspect of executive order management. It turns out that the average executive order takes some seventy-five days to move from draft proposal to the Federal Register, with huge variation around that figure. What affects that timing? What makes an executive order take longer to issue? What characteristics of orders and agencies, of interagency interaction and requirements of the management process itself, are associated with delay? Quantitative analysis, elaborated by case studies, helps us explore these questions for the first time as the duration of the formulation process is tested as a proxy for executive collective action problems.
“Dear John”
Authors: Rudalevige Andrew
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents a new data set of more than two hundred executive orders never signed by the president. However that is interpreted — as good management or as gridlock — something that could have been done “with the stroke of a pen” was not. Here, too, quantitative and archival analysis pair to help us understand why. The results highlight the fact that unilateral action has costs, which at some point outweigh the benefits. Those costs may be rung up in Congress, or the courts, or by public opinion. But as the exploration here shows, they may also be imposed by the executive branch.
Cosmic Modernity
Authors: Tharaud Jerome
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about Henry David Thoreau's Walden from 1854, which is a parody of a popular evangelical genre, the missionary memoir. It elaborates how reading Walden recovers a conception of “cosmic modernity” that challenges recent accounts of a secularized global modernity. It also discusses Thoreau's polemical engagement with missionary culture in the context of the transcendentalist project of comparative religion, which dramatizes how the modern encounter with global religious difference catalyzed new conceptions of the local and new spiritual communities. The chapter accepts Thoreau's wry invitation to read Walden through the lens of Protestant missionary discourse. It shows how the evangelical mediascape shaped parts of antebellum literary culture, which could not be further from the concerns of evangelical authors and readers.
The Party-Group Alignment of the NRA and the GOP
Authors: Lacombe Matthew J.
Published: September 2021

This chapter chronicles the party–group alignment of the National Rifle Association (NRA) and the GOP, detailing the constellation of factors that collectively facilitated this alignment, which began in the 1960s, culminated during the 1980 election, and has deepened in the decades since. It reveals how the NRA's cultivation of a group social identity and gun-centric political ideology made its supporters an attractive demographic group to conservative politicians, and laid the foundation for the group's eventual incorporation into the Republican coalition. The chapter also delves into the NRA's motivations for entering the realm of partisan politics, showing how funding challenges and internal conflicts led to the 1977 “Revolt at Cincinnati,” after which the NRA quickly became an active player in GOP politics. Ultimately, the chapter analyzes public opinion polls to document gun owners' increasing close relationship with the Republican Party — especially following the election of President Donald Trump.
Chasing Martians
Authors: Weintraub David A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the question of whether life could exist on Mars today as certain conditions must hold true in order for chemically based life to develop and take root. It points out that Mars has ancient, dried-up river valleys, deltas, and lake-like formations, and the Sun shines brightly on Mars. It also describes Mars' abundant supply of atmosphere and soil that supply a handful of bio-essential elements: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur. The chapter looks at evidence that was summarized in 2016 by Ray Arvidson and James S. McDonnell, which reveals multiple time periods when Mars was warm enough and wet enough for long enough to support life. It mentions the Opportunity rover that explored the ancient wide Endeavor Crater and found that the crater generated a hydrothermal system that would have produced a relatively habitable subsurface environment.
Why Nationalism
Authors: Tamir Yael
Published: September 2021

Around the world today, nationalism is back—and it's often deeply troubling. Populist politicians exploit nationalism for authoritarian, chauvinistic, racist, and xenophobic purposes, reinforcing the view that it is fundamentally reactionary and antidemocratic. But this book makes a passionate argument for a very different kind of nationalism: one that revives its participatory, creative, and egalitarian virtues, answers many of the problems caused by neoliberalism and hyperglobalism, and is essential to democracy at its best. The book explains why it is more important than ever for the Left to recognize these positive qualities of nationalism, to reclaim it from right-wing extremists, and to redirect its power to progressive ends. Provocative and hopeful, the book is a timely and essential rethinking of a defining feature of our politics.
Nutopia
Authors: Tamir Yael
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the establishment of Nutopia, a borderless state anyone can voluntarily join, founded by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. It argues that a borderless world is far from ideal; it can be neither democratic nor just. The chapter also analyzes how a social contract eroded the rationality of transgenerational commitments, as the children of those who now invest in structuring some institution or another will grow up, be educated, mature, and age in another social context. It asserts that Nutopia is an attractive vision for those who do not depend on the existence of a social network for either their security or their livelihood. The chapter then shifts to examine the concept of borders and the movement across borders. It argues that all solutions presuppose closure and some restricted degree of free movement — hence no society is a voluntary association of people gathering together out of their own free will.
Nation Building
Authors: Tamir Yael
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates what makes nations so powerful and special. It presents two reasons that come to mind: one obvious the other unexpected. The obvious one is institutional and relates to the alliance between the nation and the state. The unexpected, more surprising, reason concerns the fact that the very same features that make nations attractive allies of the modern state — namely, being natural, historical, and continuous entities — are mostly fabricated. The chapter also explores the way nationalism shaped the modern state and provided it with tools necessary to turn from an administrative service into a caring entity that takes on itself not merely the role of a neutral coordinator but also that of a compassionate and attentive mother(land). Ultimately, the chapter examines the social and political outcomes of the lean state and ponders whether some of the advantages of the nation-state could be recovered.
National Creativity
Authors: Tamir Yael
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the significance of a poem or a work of art. It argues that the value of a creative work, very often, can be appreciated only by referencing the works of others, shedding light on a particular narrative, being part of a certain national history or an artistic approach. The chapter also studies contemporary Hebrew literature, its contributions and inspiration. Nationalism, or small context creativity, gave their work meaning and in so doing created a wide space for personal expressions. In this sense, as in many others, the national creative sphere is far more open and all-encompassing than the global one. The chapter also explains how forgetfulness played an important role in the life of nations. It reviews how deliberate forgetfulness and misrepresentation of historical facts constituted an important, and perhaps indispensable, feature of nation building, allowing different groups to develop a sense of brotherhood. Ultimately, the chapter elaborates “history” as one example of the national sciences.
A Short History of the Cross-Class Coalition
Authors: Tamir Yael
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with narrating the creation of a cross-class coalition to offer all citizens a set of valuable goods and opportunities. It notes that nationalism started as a project of the elites, and in order to materialize it, they had to gather the support of the people. The chapter emphasizes that for social cooperation to prevail, participants need not attain identical goods and benefits; it is sufficient that they secure for themselves significant benefits they could not have otherwise acquired. It argues that membership in the nation became the relevant criteria for inclusion (and exclusion). Wealth, education, skills, and social status were still relevant for the distribution of power but could not be used as benchmarks for participation in the political game. The chapter also examines how the nation-state gave members of all classes a reason to participate in a collective effort to form a national political unit that would benefit (albeit in different ways and to a different extent) all its members. Ultimately, the chapter investigates why the emergence of the modern nation-state paved the way for inclusive social policies.
The Elephant in the Room
Authors: Tamir Yael
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the building up of social and economic gaps following the breakdown of social cohesion. It argues that it took over twenty years for the process to be seen not as a coincidence but as a major social and economic change. In this process, globalism turned from an instrument of the state to its rival. The chapter illustrates how the process of globalization led to unexpected consequences. In the West, the new class of the educated poor keeps growing; even when employed, they hold part-time jobs or jobs that do not suit their qualifications. The opposite process is taking place in Asian countries, where the middle classes are growing at a quicker pace than ever. The economy has moved from relying on unskilled cheap labor to focusing on highly skilled professional industries. The chapter presents the “Elephant Chart,” which shows the distribution of global income growth between 1988 and 2008. It also elaborates the social immobility, “gap preserving policies,” and how social alienation turned into anger, resentment, and animosity.
This Is the Time
Authors: Tamir Yael
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that national sentiments should be used to induce a readiness to rebuild a cross-class coalition, giving individuals worthwhile reasons to work together to promote the common good, securing a more just distribution of risks and opportunities. The chapter then presents four reasons why this is the right time to do so. It also describes how state-directed actions must be taken in order to allow millennials to conduct a productive and satisfying life. By narrating the states' new task to reestablish a cross-class coalition that will promote a fairer distribution of risks and opportunities, the chapter acknowledges that some risks and opportunities are unifying — promoting social cohesiveness and undermining class tensions — while others are divisive — pulling the different classes in different directions and exacerbating social conflict. Ultimately, the chapter explicates shifting the social and economic balance in ways that will allow a more even distribution of risks and opportunities. It analyzes how such moves are likely to make a difference in the basic perceptions of public morality.
The Imam of the Christians
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: September 2021

This book examines how Christian leaders adopted and adapted the political practices and ideas of their Muslim rulers between 750 and 850 in the Abbasid caliphate in the Jazira (modern eastern Turkey and northern Syria). Focusing on the writings of Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, the patriarch of the Jacobite church, the book describes how this encounter produced an Islamicate Christianity that differed from the Christianities of Byzantium and western Europe in far more than just theology. In doing so, the book opens a new window on the world of early Islam and Muslims' interactions with other religious communities. The book shows how Dionysius and other Christian clerics, by forging close ties with Muslim elites, were able to command greater power over their coreligionists, such as the right to issue canons regulating the lives of lay people, gather tithes, and use state troops to arrest opponents. In his writings, Dionysius advertises his ease in the courts of ʿAbd Allah ibn Tahir in Raqqa and the caliph al-Ma'mun in Baghdad, presenting himself as an effective advocate for the interests of his fellow Christians because of his knowledge of Arabic and his ability to redeploy Islamic ideas to his own advantage. Strikingly, Dionysius even claims that, like al-Ma'mun, he is an imam since he leads his people in prayer and rules them by popular consent. A wide-ranging examination of Middle Eastern Christian life during a critical period in the development of Islam, the book is also a case study of the surprising workings of cultural and religious adaptation.
Patriarchate and Imamate
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on Dionysius' showpiece, his own account of his encounter with al-Maʾmun. It also recounts Al Maʾmun's threat to reorganize the way in which religious minorities were governed and to allow even very small groups to select their own leaders and representatives to government. It explains that Al Maʾmun's plan was a source of serious concern for a patriarch such as Dionysius, forcing him to make a case to the caliph on why the Christians should not be treated in this manner. The chapter analyzes Dionysius' strategy of arguing that he, like the caliph, was an imam, elected by his people and not chosen by descent like the leaders of the Jews and the Zoroastrians. It reviews Dionysius' claim that the patriarchal leadership was an intrinsic part of Christianity that Muslim rulers were sworn to protect.
Conclusions
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the impressive and creative reworking of Islamic thought for Christian purposes that was dependent on the continued strength and support of the central government. It points out that the centralization of the church under Cyriacus and Dionysius was a product of good relations with the caliphs. It also recounts the war against Byzantium after al-Maʾmun's death and succession by his brother al-Muʿtasim, which meant that the Christians of the caliphate also came under suspicion. The chapter talks about the reign of the new caliph that led to the unravelling of Dionysius' political position, which had sustained his innovative cultural and intellectual stance during the reign of al-Maʾmun. It cites the realities of preindustrial society that meant the elimination of Christian populations' ability to resist the government, limiting their political agency and the esteem in which they were held by their Muslim co-citizens.
Prologue
Authors: Guoqiang Dong , Walder Andrew G.
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides an overview of how the events in Feng County, Jiangsu Province, reveal a world of continuous conflict that goes well beyond anything even hinted at in previous studies of the Cultural Revolution. Despite its remote location, in a poor and marginal region at the intersection of three provincial borders, the county was deeply disrupted by factional divisions that formed in 1967 and continued to shape local politics until shortly after the death of Mao Zedong a decade later. Each shift in national politics emanating from Beijing during the 1970s had a major impact on the balance of factional forces in the county, although the impact was often very much at odds with the intentions of national leaders. The county's history also reveals in remarkable detail the deep involvement of China's armed forces in the definition and perpetuation of county-level factionalism. Military intervention in Feng County did serve to define the lines of factional conflict, but in ways very different from previous understandings.
Forging Order
Authors: Guoqiang Dong , Walder Andrew G.
Published: September 2021

This chapter addresses how the authority of Shao Wen and the People's Armed Department (PAD) was consolidated by the end of 1971. Paolian members, and their supporters among the Feng County's cadres, became targets for further persecution. During this period of extreme political disruption, a series of political suppression campaigns were waged across China in order to consolidate political order. These began shortly after the establishment of city and county revolutionary committees. The first such campaign was known in almost all regions as the “Cleansing of the Class Ranks.” Two campaigns followed in subsequent years: the “One Strike, Three Anti” campaign in February of 1970, and the “Investigation of May 16 Elements” in April of 1971. These campaigns were instruments in a prolonged effort to re-create stable social and political order in localities that were deeply disrupted by factional conflict. The chapter then considers Zhang Liansheng's notebooks, which illustrate the way that these suppression campaigns were turned against Paolian.
EKSPLORASI DAN PERBANYAKAN JAMUR TRICHODERMA SP. SEBAGAI BAHAN PEMBUATAN FUNGISIDA HAYATI DI DESA WATAS
Authors: Saleh Ahmad , Novia Nisa Salsabila
Published: September 2021

The high intensity of plant disease due to pathogenic fungi in Watas Village makes the use of synthetic fungicides a common way to overcome this problem. Improper use of synthetic fungicides can be a long-term hazard, especially if used continuously. The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program initiated by the government calls for the use of synthetic fungicides as a last resort and is recommended to use other types of fungicides such as biological fungicides. The fungus Trichoderma sp. is one of the microorganisms that can be used as a biological fungicide by the people of Watas Village. Community education and training programs on how to explore, propagate and manufacture biological fungicides from the fungus Trichoderma sp. then carried out in Watas Village with the farmer groups. The work program carried out by the University of Lampung Community Service Period I students in 2021 aims to provide insights to farmers in Watas Village about how to independently produce biological fungicides as a safe and appropriate solution to controlling plant diseases towards a sustainable agricultural system. Watas Village Farmers are very enthusiastic about participating in this program and hope to apply it in the cultivation process.

 

Keywords: Biological Fungicide, Trichoderma sp., Integrated Pest Management
PELATIHAN CARA PENULISAN BUKU DAN ARTIKEL ILMIAH BAGI GURU SDN 31 TEGINENENG KABUPATEN PESAWARAN
Authors: Susanto Henry , Pratama Rinaldo Adi , Perdana Yusuf , Rachmedita Valensy
Published: September 2021

A professional teacher must have four competencies, namely pedagogical competence, personality competence, social competence and professional competence. Professional competence, namely the ability of teachers to master knowledge in the field of science, technology or cultural arts that they teach. Mastery of these abilities should be expressed by the teacher, one of which is by making or writing scientific articles. There are many things that educators need to pay attention to in writing scientific books and articles in order to achieve proper scientific books and articles and become references for other educators. However, it cannot be denied that there are still many school teachers who do not know how to make textbooks and scientific articles. This unfavorable reality occurs not only as an error as educators who do not know or understand but because of limited knowledge, limited resources that make it difficult for them to make textbooks or scientific articles. In addition, the lack of training provided at whole level on how to make scientific books and articles makes it more difficult for educators to gain knowledge about these matters. Therefore, the team conducts training for elementary school teachers on how to write scientific books and articles whose material includes explanations of textbooks and scientific articles, ways of making, the structure of each compilation, the language used, how to find references and how to publish an article. scientific papers and examples of journals that can serve as a forum for publication of scientific articles. After community service was carried out regarding training on how to write books and scientific articles, there was an increase in the teacher's understanding of textbooks and articles, namely the average before service was 47.14% after training there was a significant increase in an average of 63.57%.
MEMBANGKITKAN EKONOMI KELOMPOK WANITA TANI (KWT) OKRA DESA SUKANEGERI DENGAN PEMBUATAN SABUN CUCI PIRING
Authors: Wahyu rahmatulloh et al.  , Dian Risma Puteri  , Fika Yunita Sari  , Vega Nurmalita Sari  , Wahyu Dwi Amansyah
Published: September 2021

Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) OKRA adalah sebuah organisasi masyarakat yang ada didesa Sukanegeri Kecamatan Bangunrejo Kabupaten Lampung Tengah. Dimana para anggotanya adalah masyarakat sekitar yang memiliki keinginan untuk mewujudkan tujuan bersama. Tujuan didirikannya KWT OKRA adalah untuk mengembangkan keterampilan terutama pada sektor pertanian dan sektor ekonomi kreatif masyarakat. Pada salah satu pelaksanaan Program Kerja  Kuliah Kerja Nyata(KKN) Universitas Lampung Periode 1 Tahun 2021 di Desa Sukanegeri Kecamatan Bangunrejo Kabupaten Lampung Tengah adalah sosialisasi sekaligus pembuatan Sabun cuci piring guna meningkatkan keterampilan warga dan juga meningkatkan aksesibilitas warga terhadap sabun cuci piring. Sabun  cuci piring merupakan kebutuhan skunder dimana sabun cuci piring selalu dibutuhkan setiap saat untuk semua kalangan masyarakat. Maka dari itu Pembuatan sabun cuci piring adalah satu produksi yang dapat membangkitkan ekonomi KWT OKRA Desa Sukanegeri.

 

Kata kunci: kwt okra, sabun cuci piring, ekonomi
A POLÍTICA EDUCACIONAL NA DÉCADA 2010 A 2020: análise de publicações
Authors: Mainardes Jefferson , Stremel Silvana
Published: September 2021

Este artigo analisa as principais temáticas abordadas em dossiês e seções temáticas de periódicos brasileiros, no período de 2010 a 2020. Foram selecionados 11 periódicos especializados de Política Educacional e outros 5 não especializados. Concluiu-se que foram publicados 112 dossiês ou seções temáticas sobre temas relacionados à Política Educacional. O artigo indica as temáticas presentes e ausentes e apresenta algumas comparações com temáticas abordadas em periódicos de língua inglesa. Argumenta-se que os periódicos brasileiros deram relevância a temáticas cruciais da Política Educacional da década de 2010 a 2020 cumprindo, desse modo, o papel das revistas acadêmico-científicas que é o de trazer à tona questões de várias ordens, incluindo questões e problemas da conjuntura atual.
UM NOVO ETHOS EDUCACIONAL NO ENSINO MÉDIO: DA FORMAÇÃO INTEGRAL AO EMPREENDEDORISMO
Authors: Costa Marilda de Oliveira , Caetano Maria Raquel
Published: September 2021

O presente estudo procurou analisar a emergência do empreendedorismo como um eixo central na formação das juventudes, adotado em reformas educacionais para o ensino médio em dois estados da federação – Mato Grosso e Rio Grande do Sul, orientadas pela Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) e Novo Ensino Médio. Tais reformas alteram as possibilidades de educação integral e omnilateral no Ensino Médio e como educação básica. As recentes legislações relativas a políticas de empreendedorismo estaduais alteram projeto de educação pública ao acenarem para um novo ethos educacional voltado para atender a lógica do desemprego, da precarização, da robotização e uberização do trabalho na era do capital improdutivo. No desenvolvimento metodológico utilizamos a pesquisa bibliográfica e a análise documental.
Opinions of the Teachers on the Compensation of Learning Loss Caused by Covid-19 Outbreak
Authors: AKKAŞ BAYSAL Emine , OCAK Gürbüz
Published: September 2021

Purpose: With the Covid-19 pandemic that has affected the whole world, face-to-face education has been suspended at all levels in many countries for a long time. During this period, education and training continued with various distance education activities. However, learning losses faced by the students could not be prevented. In this study, it is aimed to reveal teachers' opinions about learning losses and the measures that can be taken regarding this.Design/Methodology/Approach: In the research, a case study from qualitative research designs was used. The sample of the study was determined with the maximum diversity sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods, and 50 teachers from different branches working at various levels participated in the study. The semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was used as a data collection tool. Content analysis method was used to analyze the data.Findings: The findings show that the teachers participating in the study stated that they experienced learning loss after the emicdemic. According to teachers' opinions, the courses with the most learning loss were Turkish, mathematics, science, physics, chemistry and English, while the courses with less learning loss were listed as social studies, biology, geography, history, music and art. Finally, teachers stated that learning losses could be compensated with various suggestions such as increasing reading activities, increasing parents' opinions, repeating the current year. This situation shows that teachers are aware of learning losses and they have various solution suggestions for them.