bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FinTech for Digital Financial Services
Authors: Assay Benjamin Enahoro
Published: January 2019

The introduction of FinTech into Africa's digital financial services environment has provoked a controversy as to whether the innovative technology should be assimilated by banks and other financial service providers or not, thus creating uncertainty about the future of FinTech on the continent. This chapter, therefore, examines the issues, controversy, and problems surrounding the debut of FinTech and suggest ways to make the technology acceptable in order to harness its potentials for the overall benefit of the African society.
Blockchain for Islamic Social Responsibility Institutions
Authors: Abojeib Moutaz , Habib Farrukh
Published: January 2019

Blockchain and smart contracts are forming new systems to record and manage businesses with less need for intermediaries. The new systems are expected to offer high level of governance with lower cost as compared to the traditional technologies. While there is a continuous effort to apply this innovative technology in several businesses, Islamic finance in general—and Islamic social finance in particular—are facing few challenges that could be solved by such innovations. Islamic social finance institutions such as waqf are facing some challenges in enhancing its governance structure to ensure Shariah compliance as well as economic efficiency. This chapter explains how blockchain and smart contract technologies can help these institutions for better governance, lower transaction cost, more transparency, and higher trust, hence enhancing the business flexibility and market accessibility. It also presents some related cases that are currently under development as an evidence for the practicality of these technologies in the Islamic social finance arena.
Perfume Consumption in India
Authors: Bamber David James , Gransden Clay Alex
Published: January 2019

Perfumes have been important in India for millennia and so have the stories connected with them. The perfume business in India is worth billions ($). A background from which the Indian perfume industry can be understood in terms of the Berger's STEPP model, the consumers' cognitive schemas, consumers' behaviors, and the story of the product, brand, and their customers' stories. Three sets of themes—product perceptions, concerns, and consumers' lifestyle—are identified, each with their own sub-themes that are antecedents to perfume purchasing behavior. Segments in the Indian perfume market are also identified. Each consumer segment has their own behavioral nuances and they consider different aspects of the perfume product taking into account their own income and aspects of the three themes and 19 sub-themes. It is important for perfume marketing managers to consider each aspect of the STEPPs modeland for the Indian government to locate and develop a “Place of Perfume” within India that will eventually challenge the region of Grasse in France as the global perfume marketplace.
Social Class and Consumer Behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Oniku Ayodele
Published: January 2019

The development around social class evolvement in sub-Saharan African market dated back to pre-colonial era when traditional African institution operated on the basis of royalty, land ownership, subjugation of weak tribe, and superiority of strong and powerful tribes. The advent of slavery and migration of white settlers and traders (slaves and goods) further entrenched social class structure in the system. The advent of colonial rule greatly impacted social class system whereby new strata were created based on the new administrative system that colonial system introduced into sub-Saharan Africa. Largely, acquisition of formal education, salary and wage-collection jobs, business opportunities, Western religion, clothing styles, and new roles to the traditional chiefs opened doors for new social class strata. Social class has witnessed development and improvement that has further improved marketing system and consumer understanding in the society through design of products and services for the market.
Consumerism and Entrepreneurial Opportunity
Authors: Abinusawa Adedayo
Published: January 2019

Despite significant research on consumerism, little is known about its impact on entrepreneurial opportunity production. Where existing literature focuses on describing consumerism, this chapter investigates how consumerism can influence the production of entrepreneurial opportunity for some. The case study of Mavrodi Mundial Movement (MMM) is examined from secondary data sources (such as articles, journals, magazines, etc.) to obtain historical information. The analysis shows that by understanding consumerism, the individuals behind MMM were able to produce and exploit an entrepreneurial opportunity in different markets.
Teacher Insight on RTI Implementation at the Middle and High School Levels
Authors: Epler Pam
Published: January 2019

The response to intervention (RTI) service delivery model has been incorporated at the elementary school level with success but is still lagging behind within the secondary school environment. This chapter demonstrates how two secondary schools, one a middle school and the other a high school, implemented the RTI model efficiently and effectively. The chapter shows that the RTI model can be successfully executed in different ways depending on a school's needs, funding, and personnel. The chapter provides details on the diagnostic practices, data collection methods, intervention strategies, administrative support, and professional development of each implemented model and includes insight from actual teachers and school counselors who participated in the implementations. A reflection on lessons learned from each school site is included.
Institutionalization of Business Intelligence for the Decision-Making Iteration
Authors: Ali Shaheb , Islam Rafiqul , Rahman Ferdausur
Published: January 2019

Business intelligence (BI) institutionalization has become a growing research area within the information systems (IS) discipline because of the decision-making iteration in businesses. Studies on BI application in improving decision support are not new. However, research on BI institutionalization seems sparse. BI institutionalization may positively contribute to a managerial role in using BI application repetitively for the decision-making iteration in businesses. This article aims to carry out an integrative literature review and report consolidated views of the body of knowledge. The study adopted a qualitative content analysis to generate themes about BI routinization in the decision-making iteration. Eighty-eight research articles were selected for the study. However, 57 articles were finally included for review. The findings suggest information management capability as the key necessity for BI application and its alignment with the organizational standard for BI institutionalization.
Software Maintainability Estimation in Agile Software Development
Authors: Jain Parita , Sharma Arun , Ahuja Laxmi
Published: January 2019

Agile methodologies have gained wide acceptance for developing high-quality products with a quick and flexible approach. However, until now, the quality of the agile process has not been validated quantitatively. Quality being important for the software system, there is a need for measurement. Estimating different quality factors will lead to a quality product. Also, agile software development does not provide any precise models to evaluate maintainability. Therefore, there is a need for an algorithmic approach that can serve as the basis for estimation of maintainability. The article proposes an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model for estimating agile maintainability. Maintainability is one of the prominent quality factors in the case of agile development. The proposed model has been verified and found to be effective for assessing the maintainability of agile software.
Problem-Based Learning and Authentic Assessment as an Implementation of Outcomes-Based Education in the Computer Engineering Program of Ateneo de Davao University
Authors: Faller Eufemia , Faller Edicio
Published: January 2019

The 21st century education challenges educators to expose students to a wide variety of circumstances and problem situations where they are required to apply the skills they have learned. In engineering education, these are mostly limited to simulated scenarios which are devoid of real and actual interactions with the problems in the community. This article aims to describe how problem-based learning pedagogy and authentic assessment are used in the Computer Engineering program of Ateneo de Davao University as an implementation of the outcomes-based education. This is a descriptive & qualitative research that utilizes focus group discussions as a methodology for achieving its objective. This study uses the frame of experiential learning that is problem-driven, community-based, multi-disciplinary, integrative & collaborative. The computer engineering program uses a multi-disciplinary and integrative approach to problem-based learning through the service-learning program of the institution. This provides the students with an opportunity to interact with a community, identify its problems, analyze and create a concrete solution applying their acquired skills. Since the students are engaged with the community's actual and real problems, they will be assessed using authentic assessment mechanisms. Experiential learning, problem-based pedagogy with authentic assessment open doors of opportunities for a more meaningful and relevant computer engineering program.
Will Single Use Products Lead to Sustainability?
Authors: Vara Saritha , Karnena Manoj Kumar , Dwarapureddi Bhavya Kavitha , Chintalapudi Bhavannarayana
Published: January 2019

There has been intensification regarding environmental consciousness in recent decades with increased attention on generated waste. This might not be one of the most imperative of problems but surely is the one that is most instantaneously manageable. An individual may not be directly influenced by global climate change, the destruction of the rain forests, disasters like Chernobyl and Bhopal; nevertheless, the constant disposal of garbage is happening endlessly, immediate to us and is definitely under our control. One of the prime reasons for the tremendous increase in solid waste is disposable products, that are readily availability and disposed after a single use. Use of disposable products in all areas from food packing, product packing, hospitals, etc., continues to increase despite limited landfill space and dwindling natural resources. This has led to the term “throw-away society.” In the present article, the authors focus on such products which are growing in the market and highlight the environmental effects once they are discarded. In this context, their efforts are to make significant contributions that could be applied to the support of designing and environmental labeling disposable products. This is in an effort to promote production and consumption of product options which can be characterized for lowering environmental impacts.
Epithelial expression of the hormone leptin by bovine skin
Authors: Mercati Francesca , Dall'Aglio Cecilia , Timperi Ludovica , Scocco Paola , De Felice Elena , Maranesi Margherita
Published: January 2019

Leptin (Lep) stimulates keratinocytes to proliferate, intervenes in the wound healing and participates to hair follicle morphogenesis and cycle. While it is secreted by skin structures including epidermis and hair follicles, intradermal adipose tissue also seems to have a role in Lep secretion and accordingly in the control of hair follicle growth in mice and humans. Lep was investigated in the skin of humans and laboratory animals but there are not data regarding bovine species. The aim of this work was to study the expression of Lep and its receptor (LepR) in the skin of bovine and, at the same time, to investigate the presence and extension of intradermal adipose tissue. A morphological evaluation of the skin was performed while the presence and localization of Lep and LepR were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. A high and thick dermis without adipocytes was observed. Hair follicles and sebaceous and sweat glands were located in the proximal part of the skin while a thick layer of connective tissue, lacking adipose cells, separated these structures by subcutis. RT-PCR evidenced the transcripts for both molecules. By immunohistochemistry, Lep and LepR were observed in the epidermis and hair follicles. Based on the absence of intradermal adipose tissue and the presence of both Lep and LepR in the epidermis and in the hair follicle epithelium, it can be posited that in bovine skin Lep participates to the control of epidermis growth and hair follicle cycle through a paracrine and autocrine mechanisms.
A tribute to Dr. Saul Hertz: The discovery of the medical uses of radioiodine
Authors: Hertz Barbara
Published: January 2019

Dr. Saul Hertz was Director of The Massachusetts General Hospital's Thyroid Unit, when he heard about the development of artificial radioactivity. He conceived and brought from bench to bedside the successful use of radioiodine (RAI) to diagnose and treat thyroid diseases. Thus was born the science of theragnostics used today for neuroendorine tumors and prostate cancer. Dr. Hertz's work set the foundation of targeted precision medicine.
Can we differentiate malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor from benign neurofibroma without invasive sampling
Authors: Simsek Fikri Selcuk , Akarsu Saadet , Narin Yavuz
Published: January 2019

One of the most important benign tumors in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is plexiform neurofibroma, and there is a risk of developing malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) throughout life approximately 10%. However lesion characterization by anatomical imaging methods are not possible. Because of that most of cases goes to biopsy. Using of fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) for lesion characterization can be helpful in NF1 patients. We aimed to present an example of the efficacy of FDG-PET/CT in distinguishing benign neurofibroma from MPNST. A 6-year-old male patient who had NF1 admitted to emergency service due to high fever. Acute upper respiratory tract infection was diagnosed; antipyretic and abundant fluid intake was suggested. When high fever continued, the patient referred to our hospital on detection of axillary lymphadenopathy. Leukocytosis was detected in patient's blood count. Sedimentation was 54 mm/h, C-reactive protein 166 g/L, and lactate dehydrogenase 276U/L. Blood and throat cultures did not show pathogenic bacteria. In serological tests, VZV-IgG, EBV-VCA-IgG, and CMV-IgG were avidite positive; Hepatitis B Ag, Anti-HIV, Anti-HAV IgG and IgM, Anti-HCV, EBV-VCA IgM, and VZV-IgM were negative. Based on these results, cervical and thoracic contrast-enhanced computed tomography was performed on preliminary diagnosis of MPNST. Solid lesions with rounded margins, large one being 49 mm in size, that extend from superior mediastinum to posterior mediastinum, left axillary region, and left part of neck were detected, and they were surrounding the vascular structures. Since neurofibroma, MPNST, and lymphoma could not be distinguished, patient referred to FDG-PET/CT scanning. In FDG-PET/CT, highest lesion maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was 1.5; SUVmaxlesion/SUVmaxliver 1.0, and SUVmax/ SUV mean liver 1.5. Biopsy from mediastinal and axillary region did not have LN structure and was positive for S-100 immunostaining, and patient was diagnosed as benign neurofibroma. We believe that there is no need for biopsy in lesions considered benign based on FDG-PET/CT parameters.
Sprengel's deformity as congenital scapular asymmetry on bone scintigraphy
Authors: Qutbi Mohsen
Published: January 2019

Bone scintigraphy is a valuable imaging modality for a diverse range of skeletal abnormalities. Incidental findings and congenital skeletal anomalies are not uncommonly encountered. Therefore, having a substantial knowledge of these findings, even rare ones, is essential for interpreting physicians. Here, we present a case of previously diagnosed malignancy referred for a bone scintigraphy for skeletal metastatic survey, in which Sprengel's deformity as congenital scapular asymmetry and cervicothoracic scoliosis was noted.
Ovarian cancer unmasked by technetium-99m bone scintigraphy and single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography
Authors: Verschueren Jolien , Huyghe Ivan , Van den Wyngaert Tim
Published: January 2019

We report a case of a 30-year-old female patient with a painless palpable nodule in the chest wall, evaluated for osseous involvement by technetium-99m (Tc-99m) bone scintigraphy. A whole-body scan revealed numerous sites of increased tracer accumulation throughout the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis. Subsequent single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) of the abdomen and pelvis showed no abnormal uptake in the bone; however, significant nonosseous tracer accumulation in calcified soft tissue metastases was noted. Pathology confirmed a high-grade ovarian papillary serous adenocarcinoma. Extraosseous uptake of bone-seeking agents in the body is often incidental findings and can be explained by various benign and malignant conditions with soft tissue calcification. In our case report, this unusual finding on bone scintigraphy was highly suggestive for malignancy, initially not considered during the clinical evaluation of the patient. It also illustrates the usefulness of additional hybrid SPECT-CT to precisely localize extraosseous uptake of Tc-99m methylene diphoshonate.
MIPS in Residency? A Look at Merit-Based Incentives in an Internal Medicine Residency Outpatient Practice
Authors: Bolyard Jennifer , Viswanathan Vignesh , Fribourg Dani , Narayanan Rama
Published: January 2019

Background 

In January 2017, full implementation of the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) inspired us to introduce a similar incentivized model of value-based care into our internal medicine residency's outpatient practice.

Objective 

To provide real-world experience in a value-based payment practice model, we provided monetary incentives to internal medicine residents for meeting inbox management expectations, timely reporting, and improvement in clinical outcome measures.

Methods 

Thirty-seven residents were divided into 6 teams. Over a 5-month period, clinical goals were to reduce by 5% each teams' average number of patients with diabetes who had HbA1c > 9% and to raise by 10% the number of diabetes patients at target blood pressure. Goals for inbox management were established: all forms, notes, medication refills, and patient requests were expected to be complete at the end of each week. Teams received monetary bonuses based on compliance with reporting, management of inboxes, and progress toward clinical outcome goals.

Results 

Every team improved their patients' blood pressure; however, no one reached the 10% target. Every team improved their patients' average HbA1c, and 2 teams surpassed the 5% goal. All teams met their weekly reporting goal, and half completed the inbox management tasks 100% of the time. Of the 26 participants who completed the survey, 22 (85%) favored continuing the program.

Conclusions 

Providing monetary incentives in a team-based internal medicine residency model improved patient outcome measures and provided real-world exposure to incentivized value-based care.
The UK's proposed foreign direct investment regime: the tide is turning
Authors: Roberts Veronica
Published: January 2019

The UK Government has recently published a White Paper proposing the creation of a new foreign investment regime, under which the Government would have powers to review a very broad range of transactions if they give rise to a national security risk. This article reviews the key provisions of the Government's proposal and also highlights the broader global context, with a number of other countries also expanding their own foreign investment regimes.
Legal privilege in EU competition law and the potential implications of Brexit
Authors: Owen Chris
Published: January 2019

The status of legal advice provided by lawyers being protected by privilege in EU competition investigations has been the subject of much legal scrutiny in the past two decades. This article provides a recap of the current legal position in EU law, analyses how that position might change for UK qualified lawyers post-Brexit and also considers the position of advice provided by EEA qualified lawyers in English proceedings post-Brexit.
Apólogo das amebas
Authors: P. Lima Caruso Juliana , Hyra Rodrigues Tiago , Perrone Moisés Beatriz
Published: January 2019

A versão original do texto a seguir faz parte de uma coletânea de textos dedicados aFrançoise Héritier. Nesse breve apólogo, Lévi-Strauss retoma, em diálogo com grandespensadores das humanidades e o saber da biologia, a grande questão da natureza do social –do lugar da sociabilidade. Trata-se aí de troca, de origens da linguagem, de relações entrehumanos e grandes símios, de células e transmissores químicos. A consideração atenta da vidadas amebas enseja reflexões sobre cooperação e conflito, em conversa com a sociologiadurkheimiana e a tradição filosófica; uma pérola de maturidade, que desafia barreirasdisciplinares e pressupostos instalados, movendo a repensar grandes questões fundadoras.
Museos históricos de Norpatagonia (Argentina): el pasado colonial revisitado
Authors: Enrique Laura Aylen
Published: January 2019

Entendemos que os museus contribuem para gerar, reproduzir, promover, além de distorcer e de silenciar, certos elementos ou dimensões nos processos de construção do passado local. No norte da Patagônia, a proximidade entre as cidades de Carmen de Patagones e Viedma, localizadas em dois estados diferentes, Buenos Aires e Río Negro, respectivamente, nos permite propor uma abordagem comparativa e investigar as narrativas fundacionais que são elaboradas e disseminadas a partir de seus museus históricos. Ambas as cidades evocam como marco fundador o estabelecimento de Fuerte del Carmen no final do período colonial como ponto de avanço e de controle da Espanha. Estamos interessados em investigar as maneiras pelas quais seus museus, como agências estatais que respondem a diferentes jurisdições, mostram o passado colonial para conhecer as estratégias pelas quais as memórias e o esquecimento são construídos em versões oficiais de origens locais.
Estimating nonlinear intergenerational income mobility with correlation curves
Authors: Nilsson William
Published: January 2019

A correlation curve is introduced as a tool to study the degree of intergenerational income mobility, i.e. how income status is related between parents and adult child. The method overcomes the shortcomings of the elasticity of children’s income with respect to parents’ income (i.e. its sensitiveness to different dispersion among the generations) and the correlation coefficient (i.e. its inability to capture nonlinearities). The method is particularly suitable for comparative studies and in this study labour earnings are compared to disposable income. The correlation between the parental income and the child’s adult disposable income becomes stronger for higher percentiles in the income distribution of the parents. Above the median the correlation is found to be stronger than for labour earnings. Interestingly, the elasticity is higher for labour earnings for most part of the distribution and complementing the elasticity with correlation curves provides a much more complete picture of the intergenerational income mobility.
Building a children's health and environment research agenda in Alberta, Canada: A multi-stakeholder engagement process
Authors: Wine Osnat , Buka Irena , Day Alan , Terris Susan , Clarkes Mary-Ann , Brennan Lesley , Osornio Vargas Alvaro , Kovacs Burns Katharina
Published: January 2019

As new environmental exposures are continuously identified, environmental influences on health are of growing concern. Knowledge regarding the impacts of environmental exposures is constantly evolving and is often incomplete. In this paper, we describe a multi-phased, multi-stakeholder engagement initiative involving diverse stakeholders with an interest in building a children's environmental health research agenda which would link with and support local practices and policies. The intent of this initiative was to identify priority research issues, themes and questions by implementing a tested Research Planning Model that encompassed the engagement of diverse stakeholders. Here, we describe the model application, which was specifically focused on children's health and the environment. A key component of the model was the ongoing stakeholder engagement process. This included two stakeholder forums, during which participants identified three main research themes (social determinants of health, environmental exposures and knowledge translation) and a short list of research questions. Other key components of the model included the development of a Global Sounding Board of key stakeholders, an Advisory Board and a Scientific Panel with mandates to review and prioritise the research questions. In our case, the Advisory Board and Scientific Panel prioritised questions that focused on environmental exposures related to children's respiratory outcomes. The stakeholder engagement described here is an evolving process with frequent changes of context, sustained by the commitment and dedication of the Children's Environment and Health Research planning team and the Advisory Board. In this article, we share the engagement process, outcomes, successes, challenges and lessons learned from this ongoing experience.
Keywordsstakeholder engagement, children's health, environmental health, health research
Development and evaluation of a community-engaged research training program: Building capacity of Marshallese stakeholders and academic researchers to conduct health research
Authors: McElfish Pearl A , Rowland Brett , Ayers Britni L , O'Connor Gail E , Purvis Rachel S , Aitaoto Nia , Capelle Lucy , Laelan Melisa , Felix Holly C , Stewart M Kathryn , Yeary Karen HK
Published: January 2019

Pacific Islanders are a growing, yet understudied population who suffer from high rates of chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Given the historical trauma experienced by Pacific Islanders, community-based participatory research (CBPR) is an appropriate way to conduct research focused on reducing the health disparities observed in this population. This paper presents the process of engaging the Marshallese community to design, conduct, and evaluate a community-engaged research training program. The goal of the program was to build the capacity of both academic researchers and community stakeholders to conduct CBPR for the purpose of addressing health disparities identified and prioritized by the Marshallese community. The program included both didactic training and experiential mentored research components delivered over a period of two years. Eleven Marshallese community stakeholders and eleven academic researchers participated in the program. Results indicated that the program successfully increased participants’ knowledge regarding the CBPR process. Groups of participants have completed exploratory research projects based on the topics identified by the community. The evaluation adds important insights to the current CBPR training literature and can inform future CBPR trainings.

Keywordscommunity-based participatory research, community-engaged research, Pacific Islanders, minority health, health disparities, interprofessional training
Nocturnal low-level clouds in the atmospheric boundary layer over southern West Africa: an observation-based analysis of conditions and processes
Authors: Adler Bianca , Babić Karmen , Kalthoff Norbert , Lohou Fabienne , Lothon Marie , Dione Cheikh , Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia Xabier , Andersen Hendrik
Published: January 2019

Abstract. During the West African summer monsoon season, extended nocturnal stratiform
low-level clouds (LLCs) frequently form in the atmospheric boundary layer over southern
West Africa and persist long into the following day affecting the regional climate. A
unique data set was gathered within the framework of the
Dynamics–Aerosol–Chemistry–Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) project, which
allows, for the first time, for an observational analysis of the processes and parameters
crucial for LLC formation. In this study, in situ and remote sensing measurements from
radiosondes, ceilometer, cloud radar and energy balance stations from a measurement site
near Savè in Benin are analyzed amongst others for 11 nights. The aim is to study LLC
characteristics, the intranight variability of boundary layer conditions and physical
processes relevant for LLC formation, as well as to assess the importance of these
processes. Based on the dynamic and thermodynamic conditions in the atmospheric boundary
layer we distinguish typical nocturnal phases and calculate mean profiles for the
individual phases. A stable surface inversion, which forms after sunset, is eroded by
differential horizontal cold air advection with the Gulf of Guinea maritime inflow, a
cool air mass propagating northwards from the coast in the late afternoon and the
evening, and shear-generated turbulence related to a nocturnal low-level jet. The
analysis of the contributions to the relative humidity changes before the LLC formation
reveals that cooling in the atmospheric boundary layer is crucial to reach saturation,
while specific humidity changes play a minor role. We quantify the heat budget terms and
find that about 50 % of the cooling prior to LLC formation is caused by horizontal cold
air advection, roughly 20 % by radiative flux divergence and about 22 % by sensible
heat flux divergence in the presence of a low-level jet. The outcomes of this study
contribute to the development of a conceptual model on LLC formation, maintenance and
dissolution over southern West Africa.
Relationship between erythema effective UV radiant exposure, total ozone, cloud cover and aerosols in southern England, UK
Authors: Hunter Nezahat , Rendell Rebecca J. , Higlett Michael P. , O'Hagan John B. , Haylock Richard G. E.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Evidence of an underlying trend in the dependence of erythema effective ultraviolet
(UV) radiant exposure (Her) on changes in the total ozone, cloud cover and
aerosol optical depth (AOD) has been studied using solar ultraviolet
radiation measurements collected over a 25-year period (1991–2015) at Chilton
in the south of England in the UK. The monthly mean datasets of these measures corrected for underlying
seasonal variation were analysed. When a single linear trend was fitted over
the whole study period between 1991 and 2015, the analyses revealed that the
long-term variability of Her can be best characterised in two
sub-periods (1991–2004 and 2004–2015), where the estimated linear trend was
upward in the first period (1991–2004) but downward in the second period
(2004–2015). Both cloud cover (CC) and total ozone (TO) were found to have a highly
statistically significant influence on Her, but the influence of the
AOD measure was very small. The radiation amplification factor (RAF) for the
erythema action spectrum due to TO was −1.03 at constant levels of CC over
the whole study period; that is, for a 1.0 % increase in TO, Her
decreases by 1.03 %. Over the first period (1991–2004), the RAF related to
CC was slightly higher at 0.97 compared to that for TO at 0.79. The
proportion of the change in Her explained by the change in CC (47 %)
was much greater than the proportion explained by changes in TO (8 %). For
the second period (2004–2015), the pattern reversed, with the observed RAF
related to TO being −1.25, almost double that of CC (−0.65). Furthermore, in
this period the proportion of variation in Her explained by TO
variation was 33 %, double that of CC at 16 %, while AOD changes had a
negligible effect (1 %). When the data were examined separately for each season, for the first period
(1991–2004) the greatest effect of TO and CC on Her (i.e. the largest
RAF value) was found during spring. Spring was also the season during which TO and
CC variation explained the greatest proportion of variability in Her
(82 %). In the later period (2004–2015), the RAF and greatest
influence of TO and CC were observed in winter (67 %) and the AOD effect
explained a further 5 % variability in Her. This study provides evidence that both the increasing trend in Her for
1991–2004 and the decreasing trend in Her for 2004–2015 occur in
response to variation in TO, which exhibits a small increasing tendency over
these periods. CC plays a more important role in the increasing trend in
Her for 1991–2004 than TO, whereas for 2004–2015, the decreasing trend
in Her is less associated with changes in CC and AOD.
Model evaluation and inter-comparison of surface-level
ozone and relevant species in East Asia in the context of
MICS-Asia phase III Part I: overview
Authors: Li Jie , Nagashima Tatsuya , Kong Lei , Ge Baozhu , Yamaji Kazuyo , Fu Joshua S. , Wang Xuemei , Fan Qi , Itahashi Syuichi , Lee Hyo-Jung , Kim Cheol-Hee , Lin Chuan-Yao , Zhang Meigen , Tao Zhining , Kajino Mizuo , Liao Hong , Li Meng , Woo Jung-Hun , Kurokawa Jun-ichi , Wu Qizhong , Akimoto Hajime , Carmichael Gregory R. , Wang Zifa
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Long-term ozone (O3) and nitric oxide (NOx) from fourteen state-of-the-art chemical transport models are evaluated and intercompared to ozone observations in East Asia, within the framework of the Model Inter-Comparison Study for ASIA phase III (MICS-ASIA III), designed to evaluate the capabilities and uncertainties of current chemical transport models (CTMs) simulations in Asia and provide multi-model estimates of pollution distributions. These models were run by fourteen independent groups in China, Japan, Korea, United States of America and other countries/regions. Compared with MICS-ASIAII, the evaluation against observations were extended to be one-full year in China and the western Pacific Rim from four months and the western Pacific Rim. Potential causes of the discrepancies between model results and observation have also been investigated by assessing the PBL heights, emission fluxes, dry deposition, O3-NOx relationships and vertical profiles among models in this study. In general, the model skills for O3 varied largely with region and seasons. Most models captured the key pattern of monthly and diurnal surface O3 and its precursors in North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta and western Pacific rim, but failed in Peral River Delta of China. A significant overestimation of surface ozone was found in May–September/October and January–May over North China Plain, western Pacific rim and Peral River Delta of China, respectively. A large intermodel variability of O3 existed in all subregions over East Asia in this study, which was caused by the internal parameterizations of chemistry, dry deposition and vertical mixing of models, even though the native schemes in models are similar. Ensemble average of 13 models on O3 did not always exhibit a superior performance compared to certain individual model, in contrast to its superiority in Europe. This suggested that the spread of ensemble-model values hadn't represented all uncertainties of ozone or most models in MICS-ASIAIII missed key processes. Compared with the previous phase of MICS-ASIA（MICS-ASIAII, this study improved the performance of ozone in March at Japan sites. But it predicted too enhanced surface O3 concentrations at western Japan in July, which has not been found in MICS-ASIAII. Major challenges still remain with regards to recognizing the sources of bias in surface O3 over East Asia in CTMs.
HOx and NOx production in oxidation flow reactors via photolysis of isopropyl nitrite, isopropyl nitrite-d7, and 1,3-propyl dinitrite at λ = 254, 350, and 369 nm
Authors: Lambe Andrew T. , Krechmer Jordan E. , Peng Zhe , Casar Jason R. , Carrasquillo Anthony J. , Raff Jonathan D. , Jimenez Jose L. , Worsnop Douglas R.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) are an emerging technique for studying the
formation and oxidative aging of organic aerosols and other applications. In
these flow reactors, hydroxyl radicals (OH), hydroperoxyl radicals
(HO2), and nitric oxide (NO) are typically produced in the following
ways: photolysis of ozone (O3) at λ=254 nm, photolysis of
H2O at λ=185 nm, and via reactions of O(1D) with
H2O and nitrous oxide (N2O); O(1D) is formed via
photolysis of O3 at λ=254 nm and/or N2O at
λ=185 nm. Here, we adapt a complementary method that uses alkyl
nitrite photolysis as a source of OH via its production of HO2 and NO
followed by the reaction NO + HO2 → NO2 + OH. We
present experimental and model characterization of the OH exposure and
NOx levels generated via photolysis of C3 alkyl nitrites
(isopropyl nitrite, perdeuterated isopropyl nitrite, 1,3-propyl dinitrite) in
the Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) OFR as a function of photolysis wavelength
(λ=254 to 369 nm) and organic nitrite concentration (0.5 to 20 ppm). We also apply this technique in conjunction with chemical ionization
mass spectrometer measurements of multifunctional oxidation products
generated following the exposure of α-Pinene to HOx and
NOx obtained using both isopropyl nitrite and O3 + H2O + N2O as the radical precursors.
Warming effect on nitrogen fixation in Mediterranean macrophyte sediments
Authors: Garcias-Bonet Neus , Vaquer-Sunyer Raquel , Duarte Carlos M. , Marbà Núria
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The Mediterranean Sea is warming faster than the global ocean, with important
consequences for organisms and biogeochemical cycles. Warming is a major
stressor for key marine benthic macrophytes. However, the effect of warming
on marine N2 fixation remains unknown, despite the fact that the high
productivity of macrophytes in oligotrophic waters is partially sustained by
the input of new nitrogen (N) into the system by N2 fixation. Here,
we assess the impact of warming on the N2 fixation rates of three key
marine macrophytes: Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa,
and Caulerpa prolifera. We experimentally measured N2
fixation rates in vegetated and bare sediments at temperatures encompassing
current summer mean (25 and 27 ∘C), projected summer mean (29 and
31 ∘C), and projected summer maximum (33 ∘C) seawater
surface temperatures (SSTs) by the end of the century under a scenario of
moderate greenhouse gas emissions. We found that N2 fixation rates
in vegetated sediments were 2.8-fold higher than in bare sediments at current
summer mean SST, with no differences among macrophytes. Currently, the
contribution of N2 fixation to macrophyte productivity could
account for up to 7 %, 13.8 %, and 1.8 % of N requirements for
P. oceanica, C. nodosa, and C. prolifera,
respectively. We show the temperature dependence of sediment N2
fixation rates. However, the thermal response differed for vegetated
sediments, in which rates showed an optimum at 31 ∘C followed by a
sharp decrease at 33 ∘C, and bare sediments, in which rates increased
along the range of the experimental temperatures. The activation energy and
Q10 were lower in vegetated than bare sediments, indicating the lower
thermal sensitivity of vegetated sediments. The projected warming is expected
to increase the contribution of N2 fixation to Mediterranean
macrophyte productivity. Therefore, the thermal dependence of N2
fixation might have important consequences for primary production in coastal
ecosystems in the context of warming.
Diurnal regulation of photosynthetic light absorption, electron
transport and carbon fixation in two contrasting oceanic
environments
Authors: Schuback Nina , Tortell Phillipe D.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Understanding the dynamics of marine phytoplankton productivity requires mechanistic insight into the non-linear coupling of light absorption, photosynthetic electron transport and carbon fixation in response to environmental variability. In the present study, we examined the variability of phytoplankton light absorption characteristics, light-dependent electron transport and 14C-uptake rates over a 48 hour period in the coastal Subarctic NE Pacific. We observed an intricately coordinated response of the different components of the photosynthetic process to diurnal irradiance cycles, which acted to maximise carbon fixation while simultaneously preventing damage by excess absorbed light energy. In particular, we found diurnal adjustments in pigment ratios, excitation energy transfer to reaction center II (RCII), the capacity for non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and the light efficiency (α) and maximum rates (Pmax) of RCII electron transport (ETRRCII) and 14C-uptake. Comparison of these results from coastal waters to previous observations in offshore waters of the Subarctic NE Pacific provided insight into the effects of iron limitation on the optimization of photosynthesis. Under iron-limiting conditions, there was a significant reduction of iron-rich photosynthetic units per chlorophyll a, which was partly offset by higher light absorption and electron transport per photosystem II. Iron deficiency limited the capacity of phytoplankton to utilize peak mid-day irradiance for carbon fixation, and caused an upregulation of photo-protective mechanisms, including NPQ, and the decoupling of light absorption, electron transport and carbon fixation. Such decoupling resulted in an increased electron requirement (Φe,C) and decreased quantum efficiency (ΦC) of carbon fixation at the iron-limited station. In both coastal and off-shore waters, Φe,C and ΦC correlated strongly to NPQ. We discuss the implications of our results for the interpretation of bio-optical data, and the parameterization of numerical productivity models, both of which are vital tools in monitoring marine photosynthesis over large temporal and spatial scales.
Ecological ReGional Ocean Model with vertically resolved sediments (ERGOM SED 1.0): coupling benthic and pelagic biogeochemistry of the south-western Baltic Sea
Authors: Radtke Hagen , Lipka Marko , Bunke Dennis , Morys Claudia , Woelfel Jana , Cahill Bronwyn , Böttcher Michael E. , Forster Stefan , Leipe Thomas , Rehder Gregor , Neumann Thomas
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Sediments play an important role in organic matter mineralisation
and nutrient recycling, especially in shallow marine systems. Marine
ecosystem models, however, often only include a coarse representation of
processes beneath the sea floor. While these parameterisations may give a
reasonable description of the present ecosystem state, they lack predictive
capacity for possible future changes, which can only be obtained from
mechanistic modelling. This paper describes an integrated benthic–pelagic ecosystem model developed
for the German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the western Baltic Sea. The
model is a hybrid of two existing models: the pelagic part of the marine
ecosystem model ERGOM and an early diagenetic model by Reed et al. (2011).
The latter one was extended to include the carbon cycle, a determination of
precipitation and dissolution reactions which accounts for salinity
differences, an explicit description of the adsorption of clay minerals, and an
alternative pyrite formation pathway. We present a one-dimensional
application of the model to seven sites with different sediment types. The
model was calibrated with observed pore water profiles and validated with
results of sediment composition, bioturbation rates and bentho-pelagic fluxes
gathered by in situ incubations of sediments (benthic chambers). The model
results generally give a reasonable fit to the observations, even if some
deviations are observed, e.g. an overestimation of sulfide concentrations in
the sandy sediments. We therefore consider it a good first step towards a
three-dimensional representation of sedimentary processes in coupled
pelagic–benthic ecosystem models of the Baltic Sea.
initMIP-Antarctica: An ice sheet model initialization experiment of ISMIP6
Authors: Seroussi Hélène , Nowicki Sophie , Simon Erika , Abe Ouchi Ayako , Albrecht Torsten , Brondex Julien , Cornford Stephen , Dumas Christophe , Gillet-Chaulet Fabien , Goelzer Heiko , Golledge Nicholas R. , Gregory Jonathan M. , Greve Ralf , Hoffman Matthew J. , Humbert Angelika , Huybrechts Philippe , Kleiner Thomas , Larour Eric , Leguy Gunter , Lipscomb William H. , Lowry Daniel , Mengel Matthias , Morlighem Mathieu , Pattyn Frank , Payne Anthony J. , Pollard David , Price Stephen , Quiquet Aurélien , Reerink Thomas , Reese Ronja , Rodehacke Christian B. , Schlegel Nicole-Jeanne , Shepherd Andrew , Sun Sainan , Sutter Johannes , Van Breedam Jonas , van de Wal Roderik S. W. , Winkelmann Ricarda , Zhang Tong
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Ice sheet numerical modeling is the best approach to estimate the dynamic contribution of Antarctica to sea level rise over the coming centuries. The influence of initial conditions on ice sheet model simulations, however, is still unclear. To better understand this influence, an initial state intercomparison exercise (initMIP) has been developed to compare, evaluate, and improve initialization procedures and estimate their impact on century-scale simulations. initMIP is the first set of experiments of the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6), which is the primary Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) activity focusing on the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets. Following initMIP-Greenland, initMIP-Antarctica has been designed to explore uncertainties associated with model initialization and spin-up and to evaluate the impact of changes in external forcings. Starting from the state of the Antarctic ice sheet at the end of the initialization procedure, three forward experiments are each run for 100 years: a control run, a run with a surface mass balance (SMB) anomaly, and a run with a basal melting anomaly beneath floating ice. This study presents the results of initMIP-Antarctica from 25 simulations performed by 16 international modeling groups. The submitted results use different initial conditions and initialization methods, as well as ice flow model parameters and reference external forcings. We find a good agreement among model responses to the SMB anomaly, but large variations in responses to the basal melting anomaly. These variations can be attributed to differences in the extent of ice shelves and their upstream tributaries, the numerical treatment of grounding line, as well as the initial ocean conditions applied, suggesting that ongoing efforts to better represent ice shelves in continental-scale models should continue.
Evaluation of Hypertriglyceridemia as a Mediator Between Endocrine Diseases and Pancreatitis in Dogs
Authors: Kim Hakhyun , Kang Ji-Houn , Heo Tae-Young , Kang Byeong-Teck , Kim Gonhyung , Chang Dongwoo , Na Ki-Jeong , Yang Mhan-Pyo
Published: January 2019

The role of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) secondary to endocrine diseases in the occurrence of pancreatitis in dogs has not been fully investigated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate HTG as a mediator between endocrine diseases and pancreatitis in dogs. The study design was a retrospective case-control study. Medical records of dogs newly diagnosed with acutely presenting pancreatitis between 2012 and 2014 were reviewed for the presence or absence of hyperadrenocorticism (HAC), diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypothyroidism. A matched case-control analysis was performed, and the association between endocrine diseases and pancreatitis was evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis. In dogs with pancreatitis, the odds of HAC (P < .001) and DM (P < .001) were 4.5 and 12.4 times that of dogs without pancreatitis, respectively. HTG significantly mediated the association between DM and pancreatitis but not between HAC and pancreatitis. Additional studies will be necessary to confirm these findings and to further elucidate the associations between endocrine diseases and pancreatitis.