bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Host-Dependent Prognostic Model for Elderly Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Miura Katsuhiro , Konishi Jun , Miyake Takaaki , Makita Masanori , Hojo Atsuko , Masaki Yasufumi , Uno Masatoshi , Ozaki Jun , Yoshida Chikamasa , Niiya Daigo , Kitazume Koichi , Maeda Yoshinobu , Takizawa Jun , Sakai Rika , Yano Tomofumi , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Sunami Kazutaka , Hiramatsu Yasushi , Aoyama Kazutoshi , Tsujimura Hideki , Murakami Jun , Hatta Yoshihiro , Kanno Masatoshi
Published: April 2017

Background

Decision-making models for elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) are in great demand.

Patients and Methods

The Society of Lymphoma Treatment in Japan (SoLT-J), in collaboration with the West-Japan Hematology and Oncology Group (West-JHOG), collected and retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of ≥65-year-old patients with DLBCL treated with R-CHOP from 19 sites across Japan to build an algorithm that can stratify adherence to R-CHOP.

Results

A total of 836 patients with a median age of 74 years (range, 65–96 years) were analyzed. In the SoLT-J cohort (n = 555), age >75 years, serum albumin level <3.7 g/dL, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score ≥3 were independent adverse risk factors and were defined as the Age, Comorbidities, and Albumin (ACA) index. Based on their ACA index score, patients were categorized into “excellent” (0 points), “good” (1 point), “moderate” (2 points), and “poor” (3 points) groups. This grouping effectively discriminated the 3-year overall survival rates, mean relative total doses (or relative dose intensity) of anthracycline and cyclophosphamide, unanticipated R-CHOP discontinuance rates, febrile neutropenia rates, and treatment-related death rates. Additionally, the ACA index showed comparable results for these clinical parameters when it was applied to the West-JHOG cohort (n = 281).

Conclusion

The ACA index has the ability to stratify the prognosis, tolerability to cytotoxic drugs, and adherence to treatment of elderly patients with DLBCL treated with R-CHOP.
Oncofertility: Fertile Ground for Conflict Between Patient Autonomy and Medical Values
Authors: Walsh Sarah K. , Ginsburg Elizabeth S. , Lehmann Lisa Soleymani , Partridge Ann H.
Published: April 2017

Oncofertility is a unique, multidisciplinary field that serves to bridge the gap between available fertility resources and the special reproductive needs of cancer patients. Oncofertility is a growing field due to the increasing number of survivors, development of new oncologic therapies, extension of duration of therapies, and development and refinement of reproductive therapies. While the technologies and demand for services expand, clinicians need to be appropriately prepared for dealing with various clinical scenarios that may require ethical deliberation. Three real cases are presented in which the patient wishes to pursue reproductive assistance, but her decision is met with hesitance or uncertainty by her care team. Discussion of these clinical scenarios highlights ethical implications of oncofertility practice and serves to highlight the need for the establishment of multidisciplinary care teams and guidelines to support both clinicians and patients.
Data Linkage to Improve Geriatric Oncology Research: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Lund Jennifer L. , Meyer Anne-Marie , Deal Allison M. , Choi Bong-Jin , Chang YunKyung , Williams Grant R. , Pergolotti Mackenzi , Guerard Emily J. , Muss Hyman B. , Sanoff Hanna K.
Published: April 2017

Older adults (aged 65 years and older) diagnosed with cancer account for most cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the United States but are often underrepresented on clinical trials. Recent attention from a variety of professional, research, regulatory, and patient advocacy groups has centered on data linkage and data sharing as a means to capture patient information and outcomes outside of clinical trials to accelerate progress in the fight against cancer. The development of a more robust observational research data infrastructure would help to address gaps in the evidence base regarding optimal approaches to treating cancer among the growing and complex population of older adults. To demonstrate the feasibility of building such a resource, we linked information from a sample of older adults with cancer in North Carolina using three distinct, but complementary, data sources: (a) the Carolina Senior Registry, (b) the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry, and (c) North Carolina fee-for-service Medicare claims data. A description of the linkage process, metrics, and characteristics of the final cohort is reported. This study highlights the potential for data linkage to improve the characterization of health status among older adults with cancer and the possibility to conduct passive follow-up for outcomes of interest over time. Extensions of these linkage efforts in partnership with other institutions will enhance our ability to generate evidence that can inform the management of older adults with cancer.
Unlawful Occupation of Inner-City Buildings: A Constitutional Analysis of the Rights and Obligations involved
Authors: Strydom Janke , Viljoen Sue
Published: April 2017

The unlawful occupation of inner-city buildings in South Africa has led to a number of legal disputes between vulnerable occupiers and individual landowners that highlight the conflict between individuals' constitutional right not to be evicted in an arbitrary manner and property owners' constitutional right not to be deprived of property arbitrarily. The cause of this tension is a shortage of affordable housing options for low-income households in the inner cities, a fact which shows that the state is evidently struggling to give effect to its housing obligation embodied in section 26(1) and (2) of the Constitution. In the majority of cases the courts assume that any interference with private landowners' rights beyond a temporary nature would be unjustifiable, but they do this without undertaking a proper constitutional analysis to determine whether a further limitation of the individual landowner's property rights might be justifiable and non-arbitrary in the circumstances of each case.In general the courts can allow, suspend or refuse the eviction of unlawful occupiers, provided that the order does not amount to an arbitrary deprivation of property. Nevertheless, in some instances the arbitrary deprivation of property is unavoidable, despite the court's best efforts to protect property entitlements. These eviction cases show the limits of the courts' powers both to provide adequate solutions to protect owners' property rights and to give effect to the constitutional housing provision.In the light of three eviction cases, namely Blue Moonlight, Modderklip and Olivia Road, this article explains the role of the court and the local authority, together with the entitlements and social obligations of inner-city landowners within the framework of the property clause, in order to analyse the constitutionality of the courts' decisions and to suggest ways in which the inner-city housing shortage may be addressed more effectively. This article also considers how two foreign jurisdictions, namely England and the Netherlands, have managed the precarious relationship between urban landowners – who often allow buildings to decay and stand vacant – and the homeless. These jurisdictions provide innovative alternatives to the expropriation of the ownership of private inner-city properties for housing purposes. Similar measures, tailored to accommodate the South African constitutional, economic and socio-economic landscape, may be a welcome addition to the existing statutory powers of the local authorities tasked with combatting homelessness in urban areas.
Managing the Trade-Public Health Linkage in Defence of Trade Liberalisation and National Sovereignty: An Appraisal of United States-Measures affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes
Authors: Warikandwa Tapiwa Victor , Osode Patric C
Published: April 2017

Under the legal framework of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), countries have great flexibility to unilaterally adopt environmental regulations that have effect within their territories only. However, the same discretion does not apply to measures that adversely affect imports or exports. An absence of clear guidelines on how to address some of the attendant issues poses challenges to the effectiveness of a trade-environment linkage. Not surprisingly, attempts to link the environment and trade have resulted in a number of jurisprudentially significant cases in which the WTO's Panel and Appellate Body have tried to address critical questions about the Organisation's capacity to address or manage legal or quasi-legal subjects falling outside the scope of its legal framework. In this regard the Panel and Appellate Body reports in the case of United States - Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes  (US-Clove Cigarettes) have re-ignited the debate on the Organisation's existential challenge of balancing the rights of the sovereign to freely regulate matters pertaining to health or the environment within its domestic domain with the need to maintain the sanctity of the multilateral trade order. This article demonstrates that in the US-Clove Cigarettes case the WTO Panel and Appellate Body, whilst managing to successfully defend the integrity of WTO Member States' treaty commitments and the overarching importance of trade liberalisation within the organisation's policy foundations even in the context of public health-related regulations, failed to provide any substantive affirmation of the development-related challenges facing developing countries that are part of the WTO family.
The Potential of Capstone Learning Experiences in addressing perceived Shortcomings in LLB Training in South Africa
Authors: Quinot Geo , Van Tonder SP
Published: April 2017

Current debates about legal education in South Africa have revealed the perception that the LLB curriculum does not adequately integrate various outcomes, in particular outcomes relating to the development of skills in communication, problem solving, ethics, and in general a holistic view of the law in practice. One mechanism that has been mooted as a potential remedy to this situation is capstone courses, which will consolidate and integrate the four years of study in the final year and build a bridge to the world of practice. A literature review on capstone courses and learning experiences (collectively referred to as capstones) indicates that these curriculum devices as modes of instruction offer particular pedagogical advantages. These include inculcating a strong perception of coherence across the curriculum and hence discipline in students, providing the opportunity for students to reflect on their learning during the course of the entire programme, creating an opportunity to engage with the complexity of law and legal practice, and guiding students through the transition from university to professional identity. An empirical analysis of the modes of instruction used in LLB curricula at 13 South African law faculties/schools indicates that there are six categories of existing modules or learning experiences that already exhibit elements of capstone-course design. These are clinics, internships, moots, research projects, topical capstones and capstone assessment. A further comparative study into foreign law curricula in especially Australia and the United States of America reveals four further noteworthy approaches to capstone-course design, namely problem-based learning, the virtual office, conferences and remedies courses. The empirical study suggests that capstones indeed hold the potential as learning experiences to address some of the challenges facing legal education in South Africa but that further development of this curriculum-design element is required.
Reformation from Criminal to Lawyer: Is such Redemption Possible?
Authors: Slabbert Magda , Boome DJ
Published: April 2017

If a person with a criminal record were to apply for admission to the legal profession, the applicant would naturally harbour the hope that his or her application would succeed. However, in the absence of a reformation of his or her moral character, the certainty is that the application will fail, thus leading to disappointment. The aim of this article is to analyse the correctness of the above proposition. It is argued that a criminal record is not an insurmountable obstacle to a successful application for admission, but that such applications may succeed only in exceptional circumstances.
A roadmap framework for solar aided power generation in South Africa
Authors: Musango Josephine K. , Brent Alan C.
Published: April 2017

Technology roadmaps are critical for decisions pertaining to technology development. They have been utilised in the renewable energy sector to assist in filtering alternative technology options in order to support energy policy formulation, energy security and energy independence, among others. However, solar aided power generation is a recent concept and no roadmap has been developed for the technology as yet. This paper thus reviewed the literature related to roadmapping with the aim of understanding the methods and tools that have been utilised in other settings. Informed by the literature, a conceptual framework was developed, which was further utilised for the initial analysis for developing a roadmap for solar aided power generation in South Africa. Generally, it would be beneficial for South Africa to integrate solar aided power generation within its current Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) or the National Treasury Public-Private Partnership (PPP) programme. However, it should be noted that this is only feasible in the short- and medium-term. In the long-term, there is a need to support stand-alone solar thermal technologies.
Electroporation of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries v1
Authors: Woods April , G. Jason Smith not provided
Published: April 2017

Describes novel low conductivity media and multipulse electroporation protocol using a NEPA21 Type II pulse generator with settings optimized to balance transfection efficiency with cell viability for this marine diatom.
Parallel algorithm for global alignment of long aminoacid and nucleotide sequences
Authors: Тетуев Р.К. , Tetuev R.K.
Published: April 2017

A parallel algorithm is developed for the global alignment of long DNA and protein sequences. The algorithm uses an arbitrary substitution matrix.
An affine internal and end gap penalty systems might be set up separately for each of the two sequences. The possibility to control the choice of
an optimal alignment from the set of alternative ones is implemented. The two parameters of the parallel algorithm which are called grid steps
were introduced. They are used to split the global alignment matrix into blocks of specified size. The analysis of these parameters was performed
in order to obtain optimal values that reduce either time complexity or memory complexity of the algorithm. It is shown that when using the block
sizes that provide lowest memory complexity, the algorithm allows to align two long sequences of length L using the memory
of size O(L4/3). It is shown that the algorithm is well scaled on multi-core systems, reaching
superlinear execution time acceleration. The algorithm is implemented as a high-performance parallel web application in JavaScript and is freely
available at http://sbars.impb.ru/aligner.html.
Deregulation of p53-dependent microRNAs: the results of mathematical modeling
Authors: Воропаева О.Ф. , Voropaeva O.F.
Published: April 2017

The mathematical model of the dynamics of the tumor markers network p53–Mdm2–microRNA for microRNA class with a direct positive connection
with p53 was formulated. Numerical investigation of the microRNA functioning in conditions of the deregulation of p53 and p53–Mdm2-network
was carried out. The deregulation of microRNA in detail was studied. The situations in which p53, its inhibitor Mdm2 and microRNAs exhibit
critical properties for the patient's status and can be identified as diagnostic markers of cancer and neurodegenerative disease were studied.
The results of numerical analysis are in good agreement with the data of clinical and laboratory studies of known microRNAs.
PEMANFAATAN GLISEROL DARI PRODUK SAMPING BIODIESEL UNTUK SINTESIS SENYAWA 2,3-DIBROMO PROPANOL
Authors: Megawati Dewi Sinta , Jumina Jumina , Pranowo Harno Dwi
Published: April 2017

Telah dilakukan sintesis senyawa 2,3-dibromo propanol menggunakan bahan awal gliserol hasil isolasi produk samping pembuatan biodiesel. Peningkatan yang cepat dalam produksi biodiesel diperkirakan akan mengakibatkan surplus gliserol. Penggunaan gliserol sebagai bahan awal bertujuan meningkatkan nilai ekonomis dari gliserol itu sendiri. Gliserol dengan  rendemen 88,7 % telah diisolasi dari produk samping pembuatan biodiesel melalui reaksi transesterifikasi trigliserida dalam minyak sawit menggunakan katalis basa KOH. Selanjutnya, gliserol didehidrasi dengan asam format untuk mendapatkan senyawa alil alkohol melalui metode destilasi pada 195-260 0C. Sintesis senyawa 2,3-dibromo propanol dicapai melalui brominasi alil alkohol pada -2-0 0C menggunakan pelarut khloroform. Karakterisasi struktur dilakukan menggunakan spektrometer IR, 1H-NMR, dan GC-MS. Pada penelitian ini, alil alkohol yang diperoleh melalui metode destilasi memiliki rendemen sebesar 44,78 % dan reaksi brominai alil alkohol menghasilkan senyawa  2,3-dibromo propanol dengan rendemen 80,3 % yield.

 
Keywords : senyawa 2,3-dibromo propanol, gliserol, biodiesel
EVIDENCE BASED KURKUMIN DARI TANAMAN KUNYIT (Curcuma longa) SEBAGAI TERAPI KANKER PADA PENGOBATAN MODERN
Authors: Muti’ah Roihatul
Published: April 2017

Kurkumin (diferuloylmethane (C21H20O6) merupakan komponen berwarna kuning–orange yang terkandung dalam tanaman Curcuma longa.  Secara tradisional masyarakat Indonesia  memanfatkan bagian rimpang  tanaman tersebut sebagai salah satu komponen bumbu masakkan sehari-hari dan sebagai komponen jamu dari berbagai kondisi dan penyakit seperti  panas, hepatitis, jerawat, infekasi bakteri, inflamasi, scabies dll. Studi in vivo dan in vitro menunjukkan bahwa kurkumin mempunyai berbagai aktivitas farmakologis  antara lain antiinflamasi, antiviral, antibakteri, antifungal,antikanker, antioksidan, antidiabetes mellitus, antirheumatoid arthritis. Sedangkan studi klinik juga telah banyak dilakukan diantaranya pada kanker pancreas, kanker kolon, kanker payudara, dan multiple myeloma. Pada makalah ini penulis akan membahas tentang etnomedisin kunyit (Curcuma longa), studi pre-klinik baik secara in vitro maupun in vivo, studi klinik pada pasien dan mekanisme kerja senyawa kurkumin sebagai agen kemopreventif dan kemoterapi penyakit kanker.

 
Kata Kunci :Kurkumin. Curcuma longa, antikanker, evidence based
A comparative method for protein extraction and proteome analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis from banana fruit
Authors: Surabhi Giridara Kumar
Published: April 2017

Bananas and plantains are a major staple food and export product in many countries. Banana fruit tissues contain large amounts of secondary compounds, polysaccharides and other plant polymers which will interfere with protein extraction for gel-based proteomic analysis. Due to presence of very small amount of proteins (approximately 1%) in a large matrix of fruit tissues, it classified as ‘recalcitrant’.  In this connection, assessment of different protein extraction protocols and extraction of high quality proteins from banana fruit tissues is crucial for successful gel-based proteome analysis.   In this study, two different protein extraction protocols were validated to isolate proteins from banana (cv.Grand Naine) fruit peel and pulp tissues, and proteins were resolved by using SDS-PAGE.  A comparative study showed that phenol based method is effective in extracting proteins over TCA-acetone method. Isolated proteins were further subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis separation and stained with colloidal coomassie blue to visualize protein spots. On average 380 protein spots could be detected on coomassie stained two-dimensional gel and our study clearly demonstrated the differential protein accumulation during pre-climacteric and climacteric stages of banana fruit. 
Heat Engines of Extraordinary Efficiency and the General Principle of their Operation
Authors: Cornwall Remi
Published: April 2017

The intention of this paper is to elucidate new types of heat engines with extraordinary efficiency, more specifically to eventually focus on the author’s research into a temporary magnetic remanence device. First we extend the definition of heat engines through a diagrammatic classification scheme and note a paradoxical non-coincidence between the Carnot, Kelvin-Planck and other forms of the 2nd Law, between sectors of the diagram. It is then seen, between the diagram sectors, how super-efficient heat engines are able to reduce the degrees of freedom resulting from change in chemical potential, over mere generation of heat; until in the right sector of the diagram, the conventional wisdom for the need of two reservoirs is refuted. A brief survey of the Maxwell Demon problem finds no problem with information theoretic constructs. Our ongoing experimental enquiry into a temporary magnetic remanence cycle using standard kinetic theory, thermodynamics and electrodynamics is presented – yet a contradiction results with the 2nd law placing it in the right sector of the classification diagram.
Hydrophobic poly(azomethine-urethane) Film for Detection of Fe3+ Ions in Aqueous Media
Authors: Kamacı Musa , Kaya İsmet
Published: April 2017

A new and easy-to-make polymer film sensor was prepared by dip-coating technique and this film used as fluorescent chemosensor for the detection of metal ions in aqueous solution. The proposed film sensor exhibited dual emissions at 540 and 582 nm under a single excitation wavelength. The fluorescence behavior of this film sensor toward metal ions has been investigated using these two wavelengths. The proposed sensor was found to show selectivity and sensitive to Fe3+ ion when compared the other metal ions in deionized water with excellent photostability. Detection limit of the polymeric film sensor was calculated as 86.15 and 28.90 μM. The results showed that the sensor can be successfully applied to the determination of Fe3+ ions in aqueous media. Contact angle measurement of PAZU film probe was also investigated and the result showed that the proposed film probe has hydrophobic property.
Learning Dual Multi-Scale Manifold Ranking for Semantic Segmentation of High-Resolution Images
Authors: Zhang Mi , Hu Xiangyun , Zhao Like , Lv Ye , Luo Min , Pang Shiyan
Published: April 2017

Semantic image segmentation has recently witnessed considerable progress by training deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The core issue of this technique is the limited capacity of CNNs to depict visual objects. Existing approaches tend to utilize approximate inference in a discrete domain or additional aides and do not have a global optimum guarantee. We propose the use of the multi-label manifold ranking (MR) method in solving the linear objective energy function in a continuous domain to delineate visual objects and solve these problems. We present a novel embedded single stream optimization method based on the manifold ranking (MR) model to avoid approximations without sacrificing expressive power. In addition, we propose a novel network, which we refer to as dual multi-scale manifold ranking (\textbf{DMSMR}) network, that combines the dilated, multi-scale strategies with the single stream MR optimization method in the deep learning architecture to further improve the performance. Experiments on high resolution images, including close-range and remote sensing datasets, demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve competitive accuracy without additional aides in an end-to-end manner.
IRRADIAÇÃO E PASTEURIZAÇÃO DE PIMENTA DEDO-DE-MOÇA IN NATURA E EM POLPA
Authors: Milagres Regina Célia Rodrigues de Miranda , Brazaca Solange Guidolin Canniatti , Pinto Cleide Maria Ferreira , Pinto Claudia Lúcia De Oliveira
Published: April 2017

Avaliar os efeitos da irradiação e da pasteurização sobre a vida útil de pimenta Dedo-de-moça Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum in natura e em polpa. Métodos: Realizaram-se três experimentos. Experimento1: pimentas in natura tratadas com radiação gama do 60Co (doses de 1, 2 e 3 kGy), estocadas a 5°C/30 dias, analisados quanto ao teor de carotenoides. Experimentos 2 e 3: pimentas processadas na forma de polpa e adicionadas de ácido cítrico 5%. No experimento 2, as polpas foram expostas a 2 e 3 kGy, estocagem a 25°C/ 60 dias e análises de mesófilos aeróbios, sólidos solúveis (SS), pH e cor. No experimento 3 avaliou-se a dose de 3 kGy, a pasteurização em bancada (85 °C/3min) em polpas conservadas a 25°C. Realizou-se análises depH, SS, cor, umidade, acidez titulável e ratio. Resultados: Houve aumento do teor de carotenoides (x 86 μg.g-1) na pimenta in natura irradiada, entretanto ocorreu degradação mais rápida dos frutos (experimento 1). Polpas de pimenta irradiadas com 2 e 3 kGy não alteraram pH (x 4,8) e SS (x 10,3), mas modificaram a cor. Constatouseinibição de mesófilos na dose de 3 kGy. Pasteurização e irradiação (3 kGy) permitiram aumento de 6 dias na vida útil da polpa (experimentos 2 e 3). Conclusão: Considerando que doses até 3 kGy não conservarama pimenta in natura, mais estudos são necessários para estabelecer doses efetivas. O aumento em seis dias da vida útil da polpa submetida a irradiação (3 kGy) e a pasteurização indicou a viabilidade desses métodos para sua conservação.
Transformational leadership and change readiness and a moderating role of perceived bureaucratic structure: an empirical investigation
Authors: Abbasi Badri
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between transformational leadership and change readiness through perceived bureaucratic structure among government employees in Rasht. As a methodology, descriptive method was applied using questionnaire to collect data. The studied population consisted of 600 employees from three state organizations including Municipality, Gilan Tax Department and Gilan Justice Court. According to Morgan table, the sample size was estimated at 234. This study examined six hypotheses, which were tested using multiple regression method. The results showed that transformational leadership had a positive direct effect on employee change readiness and its dimensions. However, substitution of the bureaucratic structure in the model eliminated the effect. Finally, the hypothesis on the effect of transformational leadership on change readiness through perceived bureaucratic structure was rejected.
Impact on poverty and income inequality in Malaysia’s economic growth
Authors: Islam Rabiul , Bashawir Abdul Ghani Ahmad , Zainal Abidin Irwanshah , Malar Rayaiappan Jeya
Published: April 2017

Poverty and income inequality are extreme issues that still exist in Malaysia. Any rise in poverty and income inequality definitely affect economic growth. There are many great efforts taken by the government of Malaysia to eradicate poverty and to reduce the gap of income inequality which occurs since 1970’s. The incidence of poverty and income inequality is higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. This paper is mainly to study the level of poverty and income inequality in Malaysia together with government intervention to develop Malaysia’s economic growth. The research is focused among the working people at Ipoh, Perak. In this paper, questionnaire forms are being distributed to get information regarding the issue of poverty and income inequality. It also looks into the strategies taken by the government of Malaysia to eradicate poverty and income inequality. Few recommendations are given in terms of education policy, financial aid and assistance from government and non-government organization (NGO) to upgrade the standard and quality of living among the poor and lower-income group of people.
Neo-liberalization: the impact of Chinese exports on South Africa’s sociopolitical economy
Authors: Augustine Umezurike Samuel , Gervase Iwu Chux , Ogechukwu Obokoh Lawrence , Augustine Umezurike Chinelo
Published: April 2017

On gaining independence, one of the first steps it took was to open its doors to various socio-economic dynamics. It is fair to say, therefore, that South Africa’s neo-liberal approach was necessitated by the nation’s desire to diversify its economy in multiple sectors and, therefore, permit foreign direct investment into the country. To most researchers, this has resulted in near deindustrialization leading to gross job losses and reduced standards of living. Essentially, this paper, relying on realist theory, delves into one of the issues, i.e., the demise of the manufacturing sector in South Africa to deliver the poignant explanation pertaining to South Africa’s sociopolitical economy. The authors find that the presence of China’s finished products in South Africa’s market has emboldened and continues to debilitate its manufacturing industry. A major concern is that South Africa’s attempts to soften this effect on its manufacturing sector through its protectionist policy – precisely the application of the quota system on imported goods – will not go too far considering the limitations placed on South Africa by virtue of its membership in organizations such as WTO and BRICS.
Joint occurrence of water quality indexes in relation to river streamflow in the heavily polluted Huai River Basin, China
Authors: Wu Shaofei , Zhang Xiang , She Dunxian
Published: April 2017

Effective joint management of water quantity and quality of rivers requires a good understanding of the interrelationships between these variables. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the impact of river streamflow on the joint occurrence of water quality variables in the heavily polluted Huai River Basin (HRB). Using data from three representative stations, joint distributions were set up for two key water quality indexes, CODMn and NH3-N, for three different streamflow scenarios: low, medium and high streamflows, and the joint probabilities of different water quality combinations were calculated. The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between streamflow and the water quality index, while the water quality indexes were significantly positively correlated. In general, the higher the river streamflow, the lower the joint probability of water quality variables under the three scenarios in each station. It is concluded that, in both the main stream and the tributary, high streamflow scenarios do help to improve the joint probability of water quality combination under a higher water quality grade, compared with a decrease under a lower quality grade. This study is expected to provide scientific references for water quality management and implementation of water pollution prevention in the HRB.
Simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification at high concentrations of NaCl and ammonia nitrogen by Halomonas bacteria
Authors: Wang Te , Li Jian , Zhang Ling Hua , Yu Ying , Zhu Yi Min
Published: April 2017

To improve the efficiency of simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (SND) at high concentrations of NaCl and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+—N), we investigated the SND characteristics of Halomonas bacteria with the ability to synthesize the compatible solute ectoine. Halomonas sp. strain B01, which was isolated, screened and identified in this study, could simultaneously remove nitrogen (N) by SND and synthesize ectoine under high NaCl conditions. Gene cloning and sequencing analysis indicated that this bacterial genome contains ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) and nitrate reductase (narH) genes. Optimal conditions for N removal in a solution containing 600 mg/L NH4+–N were as follows: sodium succinate supplied as organic carbon (C) source at a C/N ratio of 5, pH 8 and shaking culture at 90 rpm. The N removal rate was 96.0% under these conditions. The SND by Halomonas sp. strain B01 was performed in N removal medium containing 60 g/L NaCl and 4,000 mg/L NH4+–N; after 180 h the residual total inorganic N concentration was 21.7 mg/L and the N removal rate was 99.2%. Halomonas sp. strain B01, with the ability to synthesize the compatible solute ectoine, could simultaneously tolerate high concentrations of NaCl and NH4+–N and efficiently perform N removal by SND.
Criação de objetos de aprendizagem gamificados para uso em sala de treinamento
Authors: Massi Maria Lúcia Gili
Published: April 2017

As pessoas de todo o mundo passam bilhões de horas por semana jogando nos computadores, smartphones e videogames. Levar os elementos dos jogos, que fascinam e prendem a atenção dos indivíduos, para o contexto da educação profissional ou não, pode ser uma estratégia metodológica que resulte em aumento de motivação e engajamento de aprendizes. Este estudo, com baseado em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, pretende apresentar as etapas para a criação de objetos de aprendizagem gamificados a serem utilizados pelos profissionais das áreas de treinamento, em especial, os instrutores, que desejam aumentar o envolvimento dos treinandos com os conteúdos transmitidos em sala de treinamento. Há resultados empíricos mostrando a eficácia da gamificação em treinamento e na transferência dos aprendizados para o trabalho cotidiano.
Aquém do capital, além do humano
Authors: De Paula Dalvit Greiner
Published: April 2017

Resumo: Partindo do princípio de que a cultura reflete os desejos dos grupos de ocupar um território e de construir um futuro comum como condição de sua sobrevivência material e imaterial, este artigo discute a necessidade de rever a posição do Estado, neste caso entendido como a cidade, diante da distribuição de recursos para produzir cultura no país. Considera-se que a cultura, como um direito humano e um bem social inalienável, não deve ficar à mercê do capital nem do mercado como reguladores da produção e da oferta desses bens à sociedade.
Brand Elements Implanted Study of Time-Honored Thematic Museum Display Design
Authors: Li Gao
Published: April 2017

Time-honored brand as treasures left by the industrial and commercial competition hundreds of years ago, its brand value is obvious. According to statistics, many time-honored brands began to build their own museum since 2010 to keep fresh legend. This article studies brand elements implanted in the museum display design from “shape”, “meaning” and “region” three aspects, and discusses the way
and value of brand elements implanted. The study shows that brand elements implanted plays an important role in the time-honored theme museum display design.
Propuesta de estrategias didácticas para la formación en investigación mediante el uso de herramientas tecnológicas
Authors: Ávalos Dávila Carolina
Published: April 2017

En este artículo se presentan parte de los resultados de un proceso de investigación realizado en el Posgrado de Innovación e Investigación Educativa de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia de España, por medio de la cual se analizó las estrategias didácticas empleadas en la asignatura de Métodos Mixtos de Investigación de la Cátedra de Investigación Educativa de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia, entre el tercer cuatrimestre del año 2014 y el primer cuatrimestre del año 2015, para reconocer si tales estrategias didácticas promovían en el estudiantado, habilidades y destrezas para la formación en investigación, según el criterio del profesorado, de los productores académicos y de los discentes.A partir de los resultados y con base en los postulados de la tutoría cognoscitivista de López (2013), así como las habilidades y destrezas en investigación de Sánchez, (2004; citado en Cuevas, Guillén, y Rocha, 2011), se sugirió el rediseño de las estrategias didácticas para ser aplicadas en el primer cuatrimestre del año 2016 en dicha asignatura y validar los cambios sugeridos en la metodología de enseñanza.A partir de los principales hallazgos de la investigación se destaca que las actividades de aprendizaje desarrolladas sí coadyuvaron en la generación de habilidades y destrezas en investigación, y favorecieron metodologías de enseñanza-aprendizaje contextualizadas y la resolución de problemas educativos. Sin embargo, se concluyó que es necesario reforzar las estrategias didácticas con el fin de emplear los recursos tecnológicos de una forma más didáctica y menos instrumental, para beneficio del estudiantado que se forma en investigación.
Insulin Degludec 200 Units/mL Is Associated With Lower Injection Frequency and Improved Patient-Reported Outcomes Compared With Insulin Glargine 100 Units/mL in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Requiring High-Dose Insulin
Authors: Warren Mark L. , Chaykin Louis B. , Jabbour Serge , Sheikh-Ali Mae , Hansen Charlotte T. , Nielsen Thor S.S. , Norwood Paul
Published: April 2017

IN BRIEF Many patients with type 2 diabetes require high basal insulin doses, necessitating multiple injections, increasing patient burden, and resulting in reduced treatment adherence. This randomized, controlled, crossover trial compared the efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes for a concentrated formulation of insulin degludec (200 units/mL) to those of insulin glargine in patients requiring high doses of basal insulin. By offering equivalent glycemic control while reducing the rate of confirmed hypoglycemia and the number of injections required for administration, insulin degludec 200 units/mL may be preferred by patients with type 2 diabetes who require high basal insulin doses.
What is a Complete Autopsy?
Authors: Matshes Evan W. , Milroy Christopher M. , Parai Jacqueline L. , Sampson Barbara , Reichard R. Ross , Lew Emma O.
Published: April 2017

Postmortem examinations have taken place over the past several thousand years. Despite this, the definition of a “complete” autopsy remains nebulus and the subject of controversy. Although ‘minimal autopsy practice standards’ have been published by professional bodies globally, recognition of, and adherence to those standards remains sporadic. An underlying refutation that ‘autopsies can never be complete’ – the reductio ad absurdum fallacy – has influenced many forensic pathologists’ opinions about autopsy. More pragmatic pathologists attempt to balance the financial and workload burdens of autopsies with the principles of adequacy and accuracy. Some medical examiners cite “statutory duty” as the force guiding the nature and completeness of their work, and as such, external examinations, partial autopsies and other limited variants are substituted for complete autopsies. Although it is impossible to perform every conceivable test in any one autopsy, an evidence-based approach guided by three forensic autopsy goals – statutory duty, the creation of a minimal dataset for societal and governmental inquiry, and maintenance of practitioner competency – ensure the completeness of any one postmortem examination.
Postmortem X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) and Forensic Autopsy: A Review of the Utility, the Challenges and the Future implications
Authors: Nolte Kurt B. , Mlady Gary , Zumwalt Ross E. , Cushnyr Brad , Paul Ian D. , Wiest Philip W.
Published: April 2017

The utility of computed tomography (CT) for forensic autopsy is being defined. Small studies have indicated potential areas of use. Systematic studies are few. Evidence of the utility of CT as an autopsy substitute in fatal trauma cases has been inconsistent. Some studies show that there are injuries seen by CT that aren't detected by autopsy indicating that CT, at least, is likely useful as an autopsy adjunct. Research has been limited by small study populations, variation in postmortem interval, differences in protocols including CT slice thickness, who interpreted the scans (radiologists vs. pathologists), and how injuries were scored. Challenges exist to implement and use advanced imaging technology for the forensic autopsy. It is important to determine how to arrange these technologies into a coherent approach to postmortem diagnosis while not encumbering forensic pathologists. Forensic pathologists and radiologists require training in interpreting the unique aspects of postmortem CT scans. Some forensic pathologists might perceive imaging technology as a threat and express concern that it will make the autopsy obsolete.

If CT is found to supplant or supplement autopsy in valuable ways, more comprehensive diagnostic information can be provided. If CT can supplant the use of autopsy in certain situations and significantly decrease autopsy numbers it will allow offices to achieve an annual cost savings and divert these resources to other needs. If CT becomes widely available and can supplant autopsy, it could make up some of the gap between the numbers of forensic pathologists available and the numbers needed nationally.
Considerations for Gross Autopsy Photography
Authors: Oliver William R.
Published: April 2017

Photography has been a mainstay of autopsy documentation for many years. Recent advances in digital photography have increased its prominence. Good photographic practice requires an understanding of how a camera works, basic optics, and basic digital processes, as well as traditional compositional issues. The quality of autopsy photography is a function both of the skill of the photographer and how the imaging process fits into the autopsy workflow. Numerous technical issues affect image quality, including the type of sensor, the type of camera back, the lens, the aperture, the shutter speed, and lighting. The choice of output format and procedures for archival of images is important. A number of special processes may be part of autopsy pathology including epiluminescence, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ultraviolet and infrared photography. Postprocessing of images is common, but must be documented.
Homicide by Asthma
Authors: Gill James R. , McCubbin Kathleen R. , Landi Kristen K.
Published: April 2017

Asthma may be the cause of death in some homicides. Bronchial asthma is a common disease, and the National Institutes of Health have estimated that 10.5% (30.2 million) of the United States population have been diagnosed with asthma. Acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma may be rapidly fatal, and medical examiner/coroner offices commonly encounter such deaths. Though asthma is a natural disease, acute exacerbations may be triggered by outside stressors, including harmful or criminal activities such as assaults. In these instances, the manner of death is appropriately certified as homicide. We describe three homicides in which asthma was deemed to be the proximate cause of death. In each of these fatalities, the decedent was subjected to physical and/or emotional stress of a harmful or criminal nature that resulted in an acute exacerbation of asthma that resulted in their death. Medical examiners/coroners must consider the decedent's history of disease; the circumstances surrounding the death; and the autopsy, histologic, and toxicologic findings in order to properly certify the cause and manner of death. A fatality with a natural proximate cause of death still may be certified as a homicide.
Cause and Manner of Death in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries: A 20 year Retrospective Review at a Statewide Medical Examiner Office
Authors: Wu Cecilia , Lathrop Sarah , Reichard R. Ross
Published: April 2017

In the United States approximately 250,000 persons have a traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and most will die from complications related to their injury. Interpretation of TSCI deaths by medical examiners is evolving as understanding of SCI pathophysiology increases. We queried our electronic database for deaths meeting inclusion criteria from 1989 to 2008 and identified 305 cases, of which 81% were males and 19% were females. A full autopsy was performed in 38.7% of cases and an external exam was performed in the remaining cases (61.3%). The manner of death distribution was accident (80%), homicide (7%), natural (7%), suicide (4%) or undetermined (2%). The most common mechanisms of spinal cord injury were motor vehicle accidents (42.6%), fall from a standing height (12.8%), fall from above a standing height (9.2%) and gunshot wounds (8.8%). The mechanism of spinal cord injury significantly impacted survival (p=0.0001) with decedents injured from motor vehicle accidents having a mean survival time of 14.4 years compared to 0.7 year from falling from a standing height. Analyzing patterns of deaths due to TSCI in a medical examiner office provides excellent epidemiological data for injury tracking and prevention as well as a context for medical examiners evaluating TSCI.
Adult Heart Dissection Technique
Authors: Duncanson Emily R. , Mackey-Bojack Shannon M.
Published: April 2017

This paper presents a recommended dissection technique for adult hearts. This method allows for complete examination and sampling of the myocardium, cardiac valves and coronary arteries, while preserving the heart and conduction system for potential further study.
Infant Heart Dissection in a Forensic Context: Babies are Not Just Small Adults
Authors: Matshes Evan W. , Trevenen Cynthia
Published: April 2017

Medical examiners who investigate infant deaths are required to consider a large number of natural and non-natural causes due to the broad differential diagnosis of unexpected infant death. Among the myriad of causes are those related to disorders in structure and function of the cardiovascular system. Adult hearts are routinely and efficiently evaluated by medical examiners because of the large anatomic structures and limited spectrum of commonly encountered diseases. Infant deaths are comparatively rare. Although infant hearts may be evaluated with similar efficiency, the pathologist must first have a detailed knowledge of developmental cardiovascular anatomy and of the subtleties of a broad spectrum of infantile cardiovascular pathology. Furthermore, the pathologist must be aware of additional details to be observed and documented in infant cardiac studies, and of the dissection techniques that facilitate acquisition of that data. Rote dissection of an infant heart as if it were an adult heart may lead to overlooked malformations and diseases that may have been the underlying cause of death. This brief review paper covers the fundamentals of pediatric cardiovascular anatomy and dissection techniques as they apply to the practice of pediatric forensic pathology.
Sudden Death Due to Ruptured Three-Vessel Giant Coronary Artery Aneurysm in a 28 Year Old Woman with Trisomy 21
Authors: Boeding Enid D. , Benson Paul V. , LeGallo Robin D.
Published: April 2017

We report a case of sudden death due to rupture of a giant right coronary artery aneurysm, likely a sequela of remote Kawasaki disease, in a young woman with Down syndrome. The decedent was a 28 year old female with trisomy 21 who was found deceased in the backyard pool. An autopsy disclosed an enlarged heart with 400 ml of clotted blood in the pericardial sac and undiagnosed giant coronary artery aneurysms involving the left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right coronary artery, with rupture of the latter artery. The histologic findings were consistent with remote Kawasaki disease. Giant coronary artery aneurysms are a rare complication of Kawasaki disease, infectious vasculitis, and atherosclerosis, among other causes. While Kawasaki disease is typically considered a disease of children, late-onset complications should be considered in the differential diagnosis of young adults with myocardial infarction, coronary aneurysm, or sudden death.
An Overview of Statistics for Forensic Pathologists
Authors: Parai Jacqueline L.
Published: April 2017

The production of good quality research is now one of the expectations for those working in forensic science and forensic pathology. Although potentially daunting, this necessary and important goal can be realized with the appropriate selection and utilization of statistical tools in the analysis of research projects in the forensic sciences. As detailed textbooks on statistics are available, this article provides an overview of how to organize data commonly seen in forensic pathology and which statistical procedures should be performed.