bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REFRACTION IN ADULT WEST GREENLAND ESKIMOS
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H.
Published: May 2009

Refractive error (RF) was determined, using subjective technique and Snellen chart, in a West Greenland Eskimo population, in the district of Umanaq. Both eyes of 483 and one eye of 25 persons were refracted, in age groups above 15 years. Spherical equivalents of any astigmatic errors were included in RF values.

Emmetropic excess and myopic skewness of RF distributions were found. A significant trend towards hypermetropia with age was found in women, not in men. Myopia was no rarity: 6.3% of male eyes and 4.2% of female eyes showed myopia stronger than ‐2.0 diopters. Moderate myopia, ‐5 to ‐1 d, was found in 13.3% and higher myopia in 0.8% of the persons.

RF and ocular dimensions showed strong correlation for axial and vitrous length (r = ‐0.45) only and weaker correlations for chamber depth and thickness of lens and cornea. No association was found between RF and height.

Family variations of RF were compared with those of ocular dimensions. Judged by child‐parent relationships a much lower heritability was found in RF (h2 = 0.14) than in axial length, corneal curvature and chamber depth (h2 = 0.76, 0.64 and 0.56 respectively). However, sibs showed a higher RF similarity than child‐parent relationships, suggesting an influence of common familial environment upon RF, although theoretically genetic (dominance variance) factors may also be responsible.

Recent epidemiologic and genetic studies strongly emphasize the importance of environmental factors to human refraction. The present family study supports such ideas. Refraction seems to be highly influenced by environment in spite of the mainly genetic determination of relevant ocular dimensions.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NORMAL CONJUNCTIVAL EPITHELIUM OF THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: LATKOVIC STEFAN , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G.
Published: May 2009

The ultrastructure of the superficial cell layer of the perilimbal zone of the guinea pig conjunctival epithelium as seen in transmission and scanning electron micrographs is described. The major interest is focused on the apparatus of vesicles, vacuoles and cysts and their possible significance in connexion with transport functions and autophagocytic processes. The importance of the cell surface components and the role of the microfilaments in phagocytosis are also discussed.
PULSE‐INDUCED INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE VARIATION AND RETROBULBAR ANAESTHESIA WITH AND WITHOUT ADRENALINE
Authors: POHJANPELTO PEKKA
Published: May 2009

The intraocular pressure (IOP) and pulse‐induced IOP variation (IOPV) were registered before and five min after retrobulbar anaesthesia (RBA) in 34 operations. The every second operation the anaesthetic (bupivacaine or lidocaine) was supplemented with adrenaline (epinephrine). Both IOP and IOPV were significantly lowered compared with the unanaesthetised fellow eye. The change in IOP was 16.8% with adrenaline and 15.1% without it. IOPV decreased 50.6% with adrenaline and 36.2% without adrenaline. It is concluded that RBA reduces the intraocular blood supply and this is probably one reason for the IOP lowering influence of RBA. Although to a smaller degree, this vascular effect is also achieved without adrenaline.
ELECTRONIC SUBTRACTION METHOD FOR OPHTHALMIC PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: JAANIO E. , ALANKO H. , AIRAKSINEN P.J. , NIEMINEN H. , LÄHDE S.
Published: May 2009

A commercial electronic subtraction unit orginally intended for the study of roentgenograms was used to produce subtraction pictures of fundus fluorescein angiographies. No modifications were needed to make good quality subtraction pictures. The method is fast and inexpensive in contrast to previously described photographic methods. Certain limitations of the present equipment are discussed as well as some possibilities for further development of the apparatus. The method is especially suitable for studies on dynamic processes in the eye and it should prove valuable in the long‐term follow‐up of chronic diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy.
DEMONSTRATION OF GLAUCOMATOUS OPTIC DISC CHANGES BY ELECTRONIC SUBTRACTION
Authors: ALANKO H. , JAANIO E. , AIRAKSINEN P. J. , NIEMINEN H.
Published: May 2009

We describe a new method, the electronic subtraction, for objective, two‐dimensional detection, demonstration and recording of glaucomatous optic disc changes. Siemens subtraction unit M 707 A, based on a double videochain and originally developed for the study of roentgenograms, was used. The results show that this technique is useful in demonstrating the progressive damage of neural tissue of the disc and associated alterations in the course of the vessels. Further development of the electronic subtraction method for glaucomatous optic disc evaluation is discussed.
CORNEA AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Authors: RINGVOLD AMUND
Published: May 2009

The absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the cornea of rabbit, cat, guinea pig, and rat has been studied. It turned out that about 80% of incident radiation is absorbed at the 290 nm wavelength limit in rabbit and cat, whereas the absorption is considerably lower in guinea pig and rat. In a model experiment based on conditions in the rabbit cornea epithelium, it is shown that the ascorbic acid in these cells is roughly responsible for ultraviolet ray absorption of the same order as proteins and nucleic acids in the 250–290 nm spectral range. This implies that for radiation below 290 nm wavelength also the ascorbic acid should be regarded as a potential target substance which may mediate photophthalmic damage to the tissue. The low absorption of the ascorbic acid compared to the other two components above 290 nm, indicates that the ascorbic acid contributes less in photophthalmic development due to solar radiation.
ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A LOW ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY IN FUCHS‘ ENDOTHELIAL DYSTROPHY. A SPECULAR MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2009

In order to verify whether a low endothelial cell density is a primary event in Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, a specular microscopic examination was attempted in 20 patients with Fuchs' dystrophy. Most of these patients had previously undergone cataract extraction. In five patients only, was it possible in places to observe endothelial cellular outline to such an extent that the cell density could be estimated. The resulting estimates ranged from 715 to 2380 cells/mm2 and were not, as a group, found to be lower than in a control group of aphakic subjects. This finding is evidence against the view that Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy is a low cell density syndrome.
CLINICAL TRIAL OF THE TOPICAL USE OF DISODIUM CROMOGLYCATE IN VERNAL, ALLERGIC AND CHRONIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
Authors: LEINO MARKKU , TUOVINEN ERKKI
Published: May 2009

Thirty‐three patients were treated with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). Of these 5 had vernal conjunctivitis, 18 had allergic conjunctivitis and 10 had mild chronic conjunctivitis in which the exact aetiology could not be determined. 70% of patients with DSCG as the only medication achieved at least some beneficial effect being almost exlusively in the groups of either vernal or allergic conjunctivitis. The basic trend seemed to indicate a reduction in severity during the treatment with DSCG in allergic diseases.—
VISUAL SCREENING OF SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: LAATIKAINEN L. , ERKKILÄ H.
Published: May 2009

A non‐selected group of 411 school children, 7 to 15 years of age, were screened by the school nurses. The screening program included (1) testing of visual acuity by the Snellen chart (with glasses if worn), (2) observing noticeable strabismus, and (3) recording subjective ocular symptoms related to reading. Later the whole series underwent a thorough eye examination performed by the authors including a hyperopia test and the Titmus stereo test.

About 15% of the children failed to pass the screening in schools: 10.0% had visual acuity of less than 0.8 in one or both eyes with glasses, in another 1.0% obvious strabismus was observed, and 4.1% complained of ocular symptoms. The same screening procedure at the final examination revealed another 2% of children with decreased vision, most of them slightly myopic.

By hyperopia test 37.0% of children with cycloplegic refraction of +2.0 D. or more were discovered; more than half of them failed also at the present screening. 2.2% of those with mild hyperopia (<+2.0 D.) showed positive hyperopia test. By the Titmus test all but one with manifest strabismus were discovered, whereas children with mild amblyopia passed. Defective stereopsis without other abnormalities was found in 11% of the children.
A FAMILY WITH VITREO‐TAPETO‐RETINO‐CHOROIDAL DEGENERATION WITH DOMINANT TRANSMISSION
Authors: WILLE HENRIK
Published: May 2009

A family with vitreo‐tapeto‐retino‐choroidal degeneration is presented. Five members of a sibship of nine and their mother are affected. Retinal changes in the form of macular degeneration and peripheral preretinal membranes are the most prominent features. Other manifestations are vitreous degeneration, optic atrophy, equatorial pigmentations, and complicated cataract. The heredity is probably autosomal dominant. Comparisons are made with the well‐known hereditary vitreo‐retinal degenerations, in particular with Wagner's disease. Above all, the extensive macular degeneration in two of the patients, involning the retina, the pigment epithelium, and the choriocapillaris, distinguishes the present disorder from the above‐mentioned.
EFFECT OF TRISODIUM PHOSPHONOFORMATE AND IDOXURIDINE ON EXPERIMENTAL HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS IN IMMUNIZED AND NON‐IMMUNIZED RABBITS
Authors: ALENIUS STEFAN , LAURENT ULLA , ÖBERG BO
Published: May 2009

The effect of trisodium phosphonoformate (PFA) has been compared to that of idoxuridine (IDU) when applied topically in both liquid and ointment preparations on herpetic keratitis in rabbits. Trisodium phosphonoformate had a therapeutic effect but was not as effective as idoxuridine in the vehicles tested. This was seen with both herpes‐immunized and non‐immunized rabbits.

A herpesvirus mutant inducing a PFA resistant DNA polymerase was used to infect rabbit corneas. A comparison of the effect of PFA on the keratitis caused by this resistant mutant and the wild type herpesvirus indicates that the therapeutic effect of PFA on the herpes keratitis was due to an inhibition of herpesvirus DNA polymerase.
PATTERN CONTRAST THRESHOLDS IN LATENT NYSTAGMUS
Authors: ABADI RICHARD V.
Published: May 2009

The evaluation of motor and sensory responses in individuals with latent nystagmus is described. Under monocular, binocular and dichoptic viewing conditions subtle differences in interocular contrast sensitivity were demonstrated. A simple afferent model is proposed to account for the jerky nystagmus.
ANGIOTENSIN‐CONVERTING ENZYME IN UVEITIS AND SARCOIDOSIS
Authors: RØMER FRODE K. , SCHMIDT PETER , GEDAY HANNE
Published: May 2009

Serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme (SACE) was studied in a group of 29 sarcoidosis patients (among whom five had uveitis) and in 22 patients with non‐sarcoid uveitis.

SACE was normal in all non‐sarcoid patients and elevated in 62 per cent of the patients with sarcoidosis.

Thus an elevated SACE is closely linked to sarcoidosis and may be a valuable tool in evaluating patients with uveitis in search of a sarcoid origin.
ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITIES IN DONOR AND RECIPIENT TISSUE AFTER KERATOPLASTY
Authors: RUUSUVAARA PEKKA
Published: May 2009

A specular microscope was used to photograph the cell densities of the central cornea of the graft and the peripheral recipient cornea in a total of 32 human eyes. The follow‐up period varied from 8 months to 13 years, with an average of 4.7 years.

The mean endothelial cell count in the graft was 997 ± 356 cells/mm2 and 1410 ± 584 cells/mm2 in the recipient's peripheral cornea. The mean difference in cell counts between donor and recipient tissues was 413 ± 718 cells/mm2 (29%).

There were great disparities between graft and recipient cell densities. One patient with keratoconus had a graft/recipient differential in cell density of 3 to 1. In four cases the cell density was higher in the graft than in the recipient. Of these grafts, two had been stored in M‐K medium and two had been cryopreserved. The great difference in cell density observed between the graft and recipient corneas strongly suggests that little, if any, cell migration occurs between graft and recipient. This suggests that the scar tissue forms a barrier to cell migration between graft and recipient.
THE CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF COLOUR DISCRIMINATION IN SENILE MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: BOWMAN K.J.
Published: May 2009

The colour discrimination of 15 subjects manifesting senile macular degeneration was investigated, over a wide range of illuminances, using the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐Hue test and Panel D‐15. Ten subjects of similar ages with normal colour vision were investigated concurrently to provide a control group. Colour discrimination was shown to deteriorate with decreasing illuminance this being more marked for the subjects with senile macular degeneration than for the normal subjects. It is demonstrated that the FM 100 is the preferred test for assessment of colour discrimination loss in senile macular degeneration with early visual acuity loss. The Panel D‐15 is more useful as acuity loss becomes more marked.
A PRESSURE LOWERING EFFECT OF RETINAL XENON PHOTOCOAGULATION IN NORMOTENSIVE DIABETIC EYES
Authors: SCHIØDTE SØREN NICOLAI , SCHERFIG ERIK , NISSEN OLE I.
Published: May 2009

In 10 diabetic patients with normal intraocular pressures, the effect of monocular panretinal xenon photocoagulation was recorded with the applanating suction cup tonograph applied bilaterally. One month after the treatment, the photocoagulated eyes showed an average decrease in pressure of approximately 3 mmHg, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001) when compared to the untreated fellow eye. On a percentage basis the falls were of a similar magnitude (approximately 25%) as those observed by others after photocoagulation in neovascular glaucoma.
BILATERAL RECORDING OF HUMAN INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE WITH AN IMPROVED APPLANATING SUCTION CUP TONOGRAPH
Authors: NISSEN OLE I.
Published: May 2009

An improved applanating suction cup for continuous recording of human intraocular pressure is described. The new cup adheres better, is easier to calibrate, and is simpler to handle, mainly due to a different curvature of the applanating surface. The interspace between the applanating and the applanated surface, in which the pressure is measured, is continuously flushed with saline from a flow system (Intraflo®) connected to the dome of the pressure transducer. The suction that attaches the cup to the cornea is — as in the previous model – provided by a saline filled tube hanging from the cup. In 51 human cadaver eyes the calibration for static pressures and pressures oscillating up to 124 cycles per min was: intraocular pressure = 0.9 × cup pressure –3 (mmHg), r = 0.995. The cup reduced ocular rigidity by 5% only and increased the intraocular pressure transiently by 4 mmHg when applied. Simultaneous bilateral recordings were obtained in 400 normo‐ or hypertensive eyes from 206 subjects. The cup was atraumatic, and the method can be strongly recommended when accurate, bilateral pressure recordings are desired for periods up to one h in supine subjects. At intraocular pressures above 35 mmHg, the tonograph may underestimate the pressure under certain, unfavourable conditions.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ISOENZYME C IN THE HUMAN RETINA
Authors: KUMPULAINEN TIMO
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes C and B in the retina of the human eye was examined with specific antisera against these enzymes. Immunological analyses were carried out by the double diffusion method of Ouchterlony, and the localization of the enzymes was studied by an application of immunoperoxidase (PAP) technique. A large amount of isoenzyme C was detected in tissue sections from the human retina, whereas the isoenzyme B was totally absent. Isoenzyme C was considered to be located primarily in the glial elements of the retina, correlating with the earlier findings obtained by traditional metal salt methods.
A STUDY IN THE MEASUREMENT OF CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY USING THE SPECULAR MICROSCOPE
Authors: AZEN STANLEY P. , BURG KATHRYN A. , SMITH RONALD E. , MAGUEN EZRA
Published: May 2009

Six subjects who never wore contact lenses underwent six determinations of corneal cell density using each of two measurement modes: Mode A: the eye was applanated once and pairs of photographs were taken; Mode B: the eye was applanated and a single photograph was taken. For each measurement mode data were collected on two separate sessions (Test, Retest). Chi‐square analyses revealed a significantly larger proportion of uncountable photographs from the first measurement session, and analysis of variance revealed that Mode A was less reliable than Mode B upon retesting. It was concluded that Mode B was the preferred measurement mode, and that many more than six determinations be made on the initial session in order to obtain six readable photographs. Finally, estimates of inter and intra‐session variation, intra‐pair variation, and inter and intra‐observer variation are given.
VITAL STAINING OF EXTERNAL EYE OF RABBIT. by Fluorescein, Rose bengal, Tetrazolium, and Alcian Blue
Authors: NORN M.S.
Published: May 2009

Fifty normal albino rabbits (Ssc: CPH) had 1% fluorescein and 1% rose bengal instilled into the right eye and 1% tetrazolium and 0.25% alcian blue into the left eye.

The cornea was stained by fluorescein in no more than 2%, by rose bengal frequently (48%) and intensely, often over the area coverable by the nictitating membrane, and by tetrazolium correspondingly in 28%.

Rosen bengal stained the nictitating membrane, and often follicles along the border.

Marx' line was seen to be regular, festoon‐shaped. Unlike the human Marx' line, that of the rabbit does not continue through the punctum lacrimale found 3 mm behind the lid margin at the nictitating membrane. The passage of tears takes a few minutes.

The alcian‐blue‐stained mucous thread resembled the human one.

Percentage values and mean staining grades have been stated for the individual regions.
VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES TO PATTERN‐REVERSAL STIMULATION IN CHILDHOOD AMBLYOPIA
Authors: WANGER PETER , PERSSON HANS E.
Published: May 2009

Visual evoked responses to monocular and binocular pattern‐reversal stimulation were recorded in ten normal and twentythree amblyopic children. In twenty of the twenty‐three children with amblyopia the responses were found to differ from those in the normal group in one or several of the following parameters: side difference of amplitude, side difference of latency, amplitude increase to binocular stimulation. The described method can be of value as an aid in diagnosis of amblyopia.
THE ALTERATION AND ASYMMETRY OF CUP AND DISC DIAMETERS
Authors: BENGTSSON BO
Published: May 2009

Increases in cupping with time and differences in cup size between the two eyes of one person were studied in a material derived from a general ophthalmic population survey. Cup and disc diameters were measured on fundus photographs. The effect of refraction on the magnification of the eye‐camera system was compensated for by the use of a simple correcting factor.

The disc diameter increased slowly but steadily with advancing years but the rim area remained unaffected and as a consequence the rim breadth diminished. The increase in disc diameter and the decrease in rim breadth combined to cause a marked increase in cup diameter with ageing.

A multiple regression analysis showed cup diameters to be independent of refraction as well as of systemic blood pressure and only weakly associated with intraocular pressure.

Side differences in cup diameter were strongly dependent on side differences in disc diameter.

Some implications of these findings were briefly discussed.
THE INHERITANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CUP AND DISC DIAMETERS
Authors: BENGTSSON BO
Published: May 2009

The familial resemblances in disc diameter (d) and cup diameter residual (e) were studied in 845 individuals forming 297 families and 1040 pairs of spouses and first‐degree relatives. The cup diameter residual was computed as the difference between the observed cup diameter and the cup diameter expected from the disc diameter and the age, according to a multiple regression equation. The results for d and e were similar. Spouses did not resemble each other at all. The resemblance between first‐degree relatives, on the other hand, was quite substantial. There were no major influences of sex‐linkage, dominance or common environment and no obvious maternal effects. It was concluded that the familial resemblance was essentially additively genetic in origin. The heritability was estimated at 2/3. The remaining variance was attributed to errors of development. The results can be applied to other surface dimensions of the optic nerve head.
ON THE OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF CORNEAL THICKNESS
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS , BO NIELSEN CARSTEN , EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

The optical principle for the estimation of corneal thickness with a commonly employed method is considered. The theoretical relationship between the apparent and true corneal thickness is described in a simple manner. Based on the theoretical results it could be confirmed that physiological variations in refractive index and radius of the cornea induce an insignificant error in the corneal thickness estimate. The theoretical relationship between apparent and true corneal thickness was compared to the performance of two commercially available pachometers (Haag‐Streit and Zeiss). The actual reading of the pachometers was found to be lower than the theoretical reading by a non‐linear error amounting to about 0.010 and 0.100 mm at a true corneal thickness of 0.50 and 1.00 mm, respectively.
A CASE OF MESENCHYMAL CHONDROSARCOMA OF THE ORBIT
Authors: SHIMO‐OKU MASASHI , OKAMOTO NOBUKO , OGITA YOJI , SASHIKATA TERUMASA
Published: May 2009

A case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma occurring in the right orbit of a 84‐year‐old Japanese female was reported. The ultrastructural findings of tumour are composed of three cell types: well‐differentiated cartilaginous cells, undifferentiated cells and transitional cells. The well‐differentiated cells showed scalloped cytoplasmic membranes, numerous mitochondria showing dense electron matrix, various size of lipid granules, and abundant amount of extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix were collagen fibres and ground substances and matrix vesicle. The undifferentiated cells showed smooth cytoplasmic membranes, large nuclei resembling primitive mesenchymal cells.
UNUSUAL COURSE OF PAINFUL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: ANDERSSON BO I.
Published: May 2009

A case of Tolosa‐Hunt syndrome with unusual course is described. Pain and ophthalmoplegia were both relatively late manifestations preceded for several weeks by progressive involvement of the optic nerve. The importance of also bearing this condition in mind in atypical cases is stressed, since early diagnosis and corticosteroid treatment distinctly reduce the risk of severe residual symptoms.
‘SNAKE‐LIKE’ APPEARANCE OF NUCLEAR CHROMATIN IN CONJUNCTIVAL EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA
Authors: MARNER KIRSTEN
Published: May 2009

Millipore filter imprints of conjunctiva in patients with conjunctival symptoms revealed a ‘snake‐like’ appearance of the chromatin in nuclei of epithelial cells. A total of 40 patients were investigated. Abnormal cells were found in 8/16 patients with long‐term keratoconjunctivitis sicca and in 6/24 patients suspected for Sjøgrens syndrome. The abnormal cells were typically arranged in clusters among morphologically normal epithelial cells. The finding was significantly correlated to the severity of the disease in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. In all patients the abnormal cells could only be detected in millipore imprints of the upper bulbar conjunctiva and not in scrapings from the same area. The significance of the findings are discussed.
ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND THE FORMATION OF PSEUDO‐EXFOLIATION MATERIAL
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

Pseudo‐exfoliation (PE) excrescences on the anterior lens surface were studied by electron microscopy. In some cases the superficial layer of the excrescences consisted of a meshwork of fibrils and filamentous subfibrillar units. It could be clearly seen that the fibrils were formed by lateral aggregation of filamentous units. Both the filaments and the fibrils had crossbands regularly spaced at 17 nm. In some fibrils, every third crossband was fainter than their neighbouring crossbands. Thereby a secondary periodicity appeared, the new period consisting of three crossbands in the order dense‐faint‐dense. The length of this period was 17×3=51 nm, i.e. the same as the distance between the crossbands of conventional PE fibrils. All transitional forms between the fibrils with 17 nm periodicity and the conventional PE fibrils were found, and there was a gradual transition between the material described and conventional PE material. It is suggested that the material on the surface of the PE excrescences represent newly formed PE material. This may be formed by condensation and linear polymerization of two kinds of units, corresponding to the dense and the faint crossbands.
ELECTRORETINOGRAM (ERG) AND VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSE (VER) STUDIES IN PATIENTS WITH OPTIC DISC DRUSEN
Authors: MUSTONEN EILA , SULG ILMAR , KALLANRANTA TAPANI
Published: May 2009

Non‐corneal ERGs, recorded from infraorbital skin electrodes to flash stimulation and mid‐occipital and parasagittal VERs to both flash stimulation and pattern reversal were performed in 26 patients with optic disc drusen. ERGs were normal in all patients. The mean VER amplitude was lower in the eyes with optic disc drusen than the mean amplitude of VERs in the normals but the interindividual variation was also so great in normals that the difference was not significant. The waveform of the major positive peak was quite often broad or split. VER latencies were usually in normal range although the visual field defects could be rather severe. Some other cause was present when the major positive peak was delayed.
CLINICAL TEAR ANALYSIS USING LASER DIFFRACTION
Authors: MILLER DAVID , PLAUS WILLIAM J. , ZELT ROGER P.
Published: May 2009

A diagnostic method has been developed to analyze tear specimens from patients with red eyes, using the technique of laser diffraction. After proper tear sample preparation, presence of a diffraction halo produced by the tear specimen indicates presence of an external ocular inflammation and helps rule out such conditions as glaucoma, iritis and episcleritis. Measurement of the size of the halo pattern may also be used to give information as to the concentration of cells in the tear sample.
THE OCULAR RESPONSES OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PENBUTOLOL IN THE GLAUCOMATOUS PATIENT
Authors: KRIEGLSTEIN G. K. , GRAMER E. , LEYDHECKER W.
Published: May 2009

A single oral dose of 20 mg or 40 mg Penbutolol was given to two groups often untreated glaucoma patients. The drug significantly decreased intraocular pressure and was dose‐related. The IOP response was paralleled with a decrease in pulse rate without significant effect on blood pressure. In another group 27 glaucoma patients, which were under sufficient IOP control following topical treatment with different antiglaucomatous agents, the daily peroral treatment with 40 mg Penbutolol did not result in a further decrease of IOP. However, a significant drop in pulse rate could be noted over the four weeks period of treatment in this series of patients. Blood pressure was, similar to the single dose study, not significantly affected. Penbutolol treatment did not significantly change pupillary diameter, quantitative tear flow or corneal sensitivity. The potential usefulness of the drug in glaucomas with systemic hypertension or as additive treatment when topical treatment is insufficient is outlined.
EVIDENCE THAT HYPOTONY IN RETINAL DETACHMENT IS DUE TO SUBRETINAL JUXTAPAPILLARY FLUID DRAINAGE
Authors: RINGVOLD AMUND
Published: May 2009

One case of aphakic retinal detachment with increased intraocular pressure is described. Overnight the intraocular pressure fell abruptly to non‐measurable values, and simultaneously the detachment had advanced to the optic disc border. The hypothesis is formulated that decreased intraocular pressure in eyes with retinal detachment is brought about because intraocular fluid is leaking out of the eye through a subretinal route to the perioptic connective tissue. Additional support for this posterior aqueous outflow is obtained from clinical studies showing that maximum hypotony is reached when the detachment has advanced to the optic disc border.
STATIC PERIMETRIC AND AMSLER CHART CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC CENTRAL SEROUS RETINOPATHY
Authors: NATSIKOS V. E. , HART J. C. DEAN
Published: May 2009

Macular disturbances in patients with active idiopathic central serous retinopathy can be readily documented by performing Amsler charting or static perimetry, but, as uncertainty exists as to which examination technique is superior for detecting disturbances after a detachment has settled, a study was performed in which patients were investigated by the two methods during the acute, resolving and resolved stages of the disease.

All of the patients assessed in the acute phase showed abnormal responses to both forms of examination, but after the oedema fluid absorbed 63% of cases retained abnormal static profiles whereas 81% recorded defects on Amsler charting. Disturbances of retinal function were most apparent on static perimetry testing if the meridian studied corresponded to that intersecting the site at which the focal breakdown of the choroidoretinal barrier had developed and the fovea. The incidence of retinal changes was found to be greater in patients where the oedema resolved slowly.
COMPUTERIZED VISUAL FIELD SCREENING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH OCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: DYSTER‐AAS KJELL , HEIJL ANDERS , LUNDQVIST LEIF
Published: May 2009

Visual field testing with the Competer fully automatic computerized perimeter (Heijl & Krakau 1975) employing a supra‐liminal screening test procedure was used in a material of 1013 eyes with ocular hypertension in which earlier routine perimetry (kinetic and static) on the Goldmann perimeter had yielded a normal result. The automatic screening was repeated if positive, and manual control perimetry was used in order to confirm or reject identified field defects. This procedure revealed field defects that could be confirmed at both automatic and manual perimetry in 3.6% of the eyes. In a control group the incidence of field defects found at manual perimetry during the same time interval was calculated at 0.4%. Thus automatic screening revealed several times more field defects than manual routine perimetry. Eyes in which repeated automatic screening had indicated defects which manual control perimetry failed to confirm, showed a high percentage of field loss at later follow‐up. The results are discussed, and the conclusion is drawn that automatic screening is clearly superior to manual routine perimetry used at present. The most practical solution in many eye departments would be to use a computerized perimeter for the visual field screening of glaucoma suspects.
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF OCUSERT®‐PILOCARPINE DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: SIHVOLA PENTTI , PUUSTJÄRVI TUOMO
Published: May 2009

The effects of the long‐acting pilocarpine preparation, Ocusert®, were studied by its application for one week into a total of 52 eyes of 42 earlier untreated glaucoma patients. From the diurnal pressure curves it was found to be equivalent to three daily administrations of 2 or 4% pilocarpine topically, the experiences were as follow: 8 of the preparations had to be removed before the end of the experiment due to insufficient effect and two were removed for other reasons; 19 fell out accidentally, 3 were displaced so as to be visible occasionally under the eyelid, but did not fall out; 2 patients succeeded in replacing the preparation after it had fallen out. In the 19 eyes (37%) of all patients still in the trial after the first day, the preparations stayed in place without any difficulty for the whole week. All patients experienced minor side‐effects, but only one of them terminated the treatment due to these side‐effects. Serious side‐effects did not occur.
TIMOLOL‐MAINTENANCE TREATMENT
Authors: CALISSENDORFF B. M. , MARÉN N.
Published: May 2009

Thirty‐eight patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma were treated with topical timolol for 12–30 months (mean 20). A long lasting hypotensive effect of timolol eyedrops was found. However a need to increase therapy during the follow‐up period was noted especially in the glaucoma group. Eyes with pseudoexfoliations often required concomitant therapy from the beginning. Ocular side effects were relatively few but four cases of punctate keratitis and another two with decreased corneal sensitivity were observed.
FILTRATION BLEBS IN CORNEOSCLERAL WOUNDS SUTURED WITH DEXON 7–0 AND DEXON 8–0
Authors: KLEENER JØRGEN
Published: May 2009

In a retrospective investigation the incidence of post‐operative subconjunctival filtration with bleb formation were studied in 112 eyes which had undergone cataract surgery with a corneoscleral incision sutured with braided polyglycolic acid sutures (Dexon®). In 61 consecutive cataract operations sutured with Dexon 8–0 there were filtration blebs in 24 (39,3%) eyes, and in 51 consecutive cataract operations sutured with Dexon 7–0 there were filtration blebs in 11 (21,6%), eyes. Although there is a difference between the two materials, this is not statistically significant with the normal security level P < 0.05.
ON THE OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF CORNEAL THICKNESS
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS , NIELSEN CARSTEN BO , EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

The optical measurement of corneal thickness based on oblique viewing of the optical section of the cornea is complicated by the finite width of the incident slit beam. In this report the theoretical and practical aspects of the effect of the slit width on the thickness reading are analysed. In practice, it was not possible to make slit‐width independent thickness readings which were reproducible from one observer to another. In addition, the observed slit‐width error was found to vary from one patient to another. The lack of a reproducible estimate of the corneal thickness is attributed to difficulties associated with an exact definition of the edges of the visible bands of the optical section, which are determined by biological properties of the cornea as well as perceptive properties of the observer.

Although inter‐observer errors up to 0.02 mm were found, the intra‐observer error amounted to only 0.005–0.006 mm (sd) between consecutive readings. Presumably this high intra‐observer reproducibility is the result of the auxiliary pin‐lights used. Changes in corneal thickness, measured by the same observer, can therefore be determined with great accuracy.
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY AND CENTRAL VISION IN REATTACHED MACULA
Authors: ANDERSON C. , SJÖSTRAND J.
Published: May 2009

Macular functions were studied in patients recovering after surgery for retinal detachment involving the macula. Central vision was assessed by visual acuity, grating acuity, metamorphopsia, and contrast sensitivity tests from 5 months up to 3 years post‐operatively. Impairment of contrast sensitivity was generally observed at high and intermediate spatial frequencies as compared to agematched controls. In 2 cases, both with low visual acuity, an attenuation was also found at low spatial frequencies. Reductions of visual and grating acuity were closely related indicating that the test target for acuity determination is of minor importance in evaluating recovery in retinal detachments. The majority of the patients studied had different degrees of metamorphopsia. The reduction of the contrast sensitivity at intermediate spatial frequencies corresponded to the reduction in acuity. Our study thus presents no evidence for a selective vulnerability of specific contrast channels unrelated to acuity loss.
REVERSIBLE COLOUR VISION DEFECTS IN OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
Authors: VARNEK LISBETH , RING‐LARSEN HELMER , CHRISTIANSEN LEIF , KROGH ERIK
Published: May 2009

The ocular function of 14 non‐alcoholic, highly icteric patients with recent occlusion of the common bile duct and 3 patients with viral hepatitis with a cholestatic pattern was studied. By means of a colour vision test panel including the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐hue test, 12 patients were initially classified as colour defective with a pattern of acquired colour vision deficiency (ACVD), predominantly of a tritan type. Visual acuity, visual field, slit lamp microscopy, intraocular pressure, ophthalmoscopy and tear secretion tests were normal, and all patients had normal levels of serum vitamin A. Retesting of 4 initially colour defective patients after disappearance of the obstructive jaundice showed a complete normalisation of the ACVD's. It is concluded, that the colour perception in patients with obstructive jaundice is related to the serum bilirubin level, and not to a deficiency of vitamin A.
ARGON LASER TREATMENT OF THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER ANGLE FOR INCREASED INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: POHJANPELTO PEKKA
Published: May 2009

Sixty‐five eyes of 63 patients with increased intraocular pressure which was resistant to medical therapy were treated with argon laser and were then followed up for 3–12 months. From 70 to 110 burns were directed for 360° around the chamber angle into or immediately posterior to the pigmented trabecular band. The power settings used were 1200–2200 mW, exposure time 0.1 seconds and beam diameter 50μ. There was exfoliation syndrome in 35 eyes. Post‐laser control of the intraocular pressure was achieved in 31 of these eyes. The average decrease in intraocular pressure was about 40%. Thirty eyes were without exfoliation syndrome. Twenty‐six were controlled post‐laser. The average intraocular pressure decreased by about 35%. The outflow measured tonographically improved in both groups. The final pressure drop did not emerge in some of the patients until several weeks after the laser therapy. The treatment caused no essential complications.
STICKLER'S SYNDROME
Authors: NIELSEN CLAUS EGE
Published: May 2009

During recent years a new syndrome involving degenerations of the corpus vitreum and retina, and dysplastic abnormities of the bones, Sticklers Syndrome, has been evaluated. The patients have a bad visual prognosis because of a tendency to often uncureable retinal detachment. Several patients have glaucoma simplex, but only few descriptions of the angles of the anterior chamber have been published. Two patients with typical malformations and abnormal angles of the anterior chamber are described. Goniodysgenesis is assumed to be part of the syndrome, which seems to be more common than earlier assumed.
HERPETIC ENDOTHELIAL KERATITIS
Authors: VANNAS ANTTI , AHONEN REIJO
Published: May 2009

Corneal endothelial reaction in a 60–year‐old male with acute anterior uveitis following typical dendritic keratitis was studied by bio‐ and specular microscopes. The epithelial dendritic ulcer of the left cornea healed within 10 days with topical trifluorothymidin treatment. Six weeks later the same eye became red and painful and anterior uveitis was diagnosed. Changes in the endothelium suggested that endothelitis was also present. The non‐reflecting black endothelial areas were documented as a new sign, by specular microscopy. The black areas disappeared in 3 days with topical trifluorothymidin and corticosteroid treatment. The pathomechanism of these transient black areas is discussed.
TRAUMATIC BITEMPORAL HEMIANOPIA and FRACTURE OF THE DORSUM SELLA
Authors: TUNÇBAY ERDEM , KOÇANOGULLARI OSMAN
Published: May 2009

Fracture of the dorsum sella is uncommon. A case of traumatic bitemporal hemianopia with a fronto‐basal fracture and a fracture of the dorsum sella is reported.
MANIFEST GLAUCOMA IN THE AGED II: CASES DETECTED BY OPHTHALMOSCOPY
Authors: BENGTSSON BO
Published: May 2009

Ten consecutive cases of manifest glaucoma detected by optic disc assessment in ophthalmic patients born before 1907 were followed. Visual disability and subjective symptoms were common but usually caused by a combination of the glaucoma with other eye diseases. Disc haemorrhages were noted in all cases but two. The highest intraocular pressure recorded was below 23.5 mmHg in all cases but one with disc haemorrhage and one without.
TIMOLOL AND METOPROLOL IN GLAUCOMA
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI , ERIKSEN JENS SINDBERG
Published: May 2009

A double‐masked cross‐over comparison of the ocular hypotensive effect in 19 glaucoma patients between timolol 0.5% ‐ a non‐selective beta‐blocking agent ‐ and metoprolol 3% ‐ a betar‐selective blocking agent ‐ disclosed a greater pressure lowering effect (mean 9%, median 7% more) with timolol in a treatment period of 1 month. In patients on timolol treatment 47%‐60% of the eyes could be controlled on an IOP level < 20 mmHg compared to 34%‐47% of the eyes treated with metoprolol. Metoprolol induced a transitory burning sensation in the eyes of 58% patients compared to 26% treated with timolol. Possible signs of dry eyes manifestations as measured by break‐up time, rose bengal and fluorescein 1% staining, tear osmolality and Schirmer test I developed in both the timolol (4 patients) and metoprolol (3 patients) treated group. No significant influence on blood pressure and heart rate was observed. In none had the visual field or visual acuity deteriorated at the end of the study.
CORNEAL ANAESTHESIA AFTER TOPICAL TREATMENT WITH TIMOLOL MALEATE
Authors: CALISSENDORFF BERIT
Published: May 2009

A 58‐year‐old woman treated with 0.5% timolol for an unilateral open angle glaucoma developed decreased corneal sensitivity in her treated eye. The hyposensitivity disappeared within 4 weeks after removal of timolol but reappeared after renewal of timolol treatment. Corneal sensitivity in the untreated eye was normal all the time.
EARLY EFFECTS OF SODIUM IODATE ON THE DIRECTLY RECORDED STANDING POTENTIAL OF THE EYE AND ON THE c‐WAVE OF THE DC REGISTERED ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN ALBINO RABBITS
Authors: TEXTORIUS OLA , WELINDER EVA
Published: May 2009

The early effects of intravenously administered sodium iodate (NaIO3) on the directly recorded standing potential (SP) of the eye and on the c‐ and b‐waves of the DC registered ERG were studied in 8 anaesthetized albino rabbits. In 5 of 6 animals obtaining 40 mg NaIO3/kg bwt. the SP decreased immediately following the injection, and had attained a level 3.5–4 mV below the original one after 1 h. The c‐wave declined rapidly and 6 min after the injection it was replaced by a large cornea‐negative potential. The b‐wave was relatively unchanged except in one animal. In 2 rabbits treated with 30 mg NaIO3/kg bwt. and in the 6th animal obtaining 40 mg NaIO3/kg bwt. an SP increase instead of a decrease was seen, and the c‐wave was more slowly (about 22 min after the injection) replaced by the cornea‐negative potential. The b‐wave was somewhat increased. These results demonstrate the dose‐related and interindividual variability in the SP reaction to NaIO3 and are in good agreement with the well‐known ultrastructural pigment epithelial injury and c‐wave changes produced by this substance.
A DYNAMIC VIEW OF THE RETINAL GANGLION CELL AND ITS TRANSPORT
Authors: SJÖSTRAND JOHAN
Published: May 2009

Material, such as proteins and organelles are supplied continuously from the cell body of the retinal ganglion cell to its axon and nerve terminals under normal conditions. During the last decade a picture of the dynamic transport of proteins and organelles within the retinal ganglion cell has evolved. Due to the dependence of the axon and its terminals on the integrity of these transport systems a complete prolonged transport blockade leads to axon degeneration. The role of axonal transport disturbances in the pathophysiology of axon dysfunction and degeneration in the retina and optic nerve has therefore been studied experimentally in a variety of pathological conditions. This short review discusses recent data and theories concerning the implications of axonal transport studies in ophthalmology. The pattern of axonal transport block at the optic nerve head in experimental intraocular hypertension support the view that mechanical compression at this site is a probable mechanism of optic nerve damage. Transport obstruction within the axons of primarily the slow phase seems to be a major factor in the production of the swollen axon in optic nerve head swelling. Although studies of axonal transport are virtually impossible in man, signs of dysfunction of axonal transport can be observed in the fundus of the human eye by ophthalmoscopy in various diseases.
COMPUTERIZED PERIMETRY IN FOLLOW‐UP STUDIES
Authors: BYNKE H. , HOLMIN CATHARINA , KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

The automatic computerized perimeter ‘Competer’ has been used in several clinical studies for detection and follow‐up in glaucomatous cases and also for the control of field defects in neuro‐ophthalmological cases. The procedure is static and the central visual field is tested at 64 fixed test points.

By replacing the assistant by a computer the test conditions are kept under strict control. Time factors such as stimulus exposure time and maximal reaction time are fixed. The test result is given as the threshold sensitivity at each test point.

The numerical presentation makes the results suitable for statistical analysis. By adding all 64 threshold sensitivity values the information of a test session is condensed into a single number: the performance value (P).

The development of the performance value in a series of 5 consecutive perimetry sessions during more than one year (13—17 months) has been studied in a group of 55 eyes with glaucomatous field defects. The interval between 2 test sessions was 3—5 months. In 45 cases there was a tendency towards decay. The negative trend in the whole group was significantly more pronounced than that to be expected in normals where a slight tendency towards decay with increasing age is also found (Fig. 1). The tendency towards decay was similar in 2 subgroups separated with respect to the intraocular pressure (mean levels of < 22 and ≥ 22 mmHg, respectively).

Similar measures have turned out to be of value in the follow‐up of field defects in neuro‐ophthalmological cases. The difference between the left and right half of the field defines the value (D) which is well suited for detection of slight hemianopias.
CHANGES IN SIZE OF PTERYGIA AND CHANGES IN CORNEAL SURFACE PHENOMENA IN PTERYGIUM AFFECTED EYES
Authors: JENSEN O. LUND
Published: May 2009

Reexamination of 29 eyes with pterygium and 14 contralateral eyes without this affection revealed a significant regression in horisontal width (average: 0.3 mm) and a significant progression in vertical height (average: 0.7 mm) over a period of 2 years. Intensified vital staining with rose bengale over the pterygium was confirmed. No change in the fluorescein staining pattern was discovered, the staining showing values equal to the values found at the first examination, not differing from the corneal staining of eyes not affected by pterygium. Break up time showed normal values. The figures concerning Hudson‐Stahli's suggest some relation between disappearance of this line and regression of the pterygium. Similar figures were not seen concerning Stocker's line. The central corneal thickness did not disclose any change which could be related to the pterygium growth pattern. Visual acuity and degree of astigmatism were found to be unchanged compared to the first examination.