bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Soldiering By Consent” and Military–Civil Relations: Military Transition Into the Public Space of Policing
Authors: Murray Emma , Taylor Paul
Published: March 2019

Growth in the armed forces undertaking public policing is occurring in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, and as such, a complex security landscape emerges, both practically and conceptually. The aim here is to pose questions of the manifest and latent issues in the assemblage of multiple actors in public policing. It asks the reader to consider the implications of military actors transitioning from defense duties ordinarily associated with military work, to policing activities in public spaces. Taking the London 2012 Olympic Games as our point of reference, this article argues that to understand military presence, their role must be considered in the broader context of military and policing functions, the “war on terror,” accountability, and future priorities for public policing. We must be careful not to assign the presence of the military into preexisting understandings of how megaevents should be secured—the military patrolling the streets of London represents more. Instead, as their presence comes to be legitimate in certain geopolitical contexts, critical questions must be asked especially as public and private arrangements are continually reworked in the domestic fight against terrorism.
Postoperative Drain Use in Cranial Vault Remodeling: A Survey of Craniofacial Surgeon Practices and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Jodeh Diana S. , Khavanin Nima , Cray James J. , Tuite Gerald F. , Steinberg Jordan P. , Rottgers S. Alex
Published: March 2019

Background:

The use of subgaleal drains following primary cranioplasty for craniosynostosis has undergone limited investigation. Proposed benefits include prevention of seroma, detection of postoperative bleeding, and cerebrospinal fluid leak. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and surveyed craniofacial surgeons to ascertain the current evidence pertaining to drain use following primary cranioplasty for craniosynostosis and to determine surgical practice patterns.

Methods:

PubMed and Embase databases were searched to identify relevant articles. Abstracts were reviewed by 2 investigators, and a Cohen κ statistic was calculated. Patient demographic and outcome data were extracted and compared. A 9-question survey was e-mailed to active and associate members of the American Society of Craniofacial Surgeons.

Results:

A total of 7395 unique citations were identified. Only 2 retrospective chart reviews met inclusion criteria. All objective parameters demonstrated no difference between patients with and without drains. A subjective benefit of limiting facial swelling was proposed without objective analysis. Fifty (32.5%) of the 154 craniofacial surgeons responded to the survey. Forty-two percent used postoperative drains. A significant association ( P = .01) was found between the belief that drains limited facial swelling and their use.

Conclusions:

The literature examining postoperative drain use in primary cranioplasty for craniosynostosis is restricted. The current studies show no definite benefit to drain use but are limited in their assessment of key outcomes. There is wide variability among surgeons regarding drain use, and this seems to be motivated by belief and tradition.
Modeling of the coupled dynamics of damping particles filled in the cells of a honeycomb sandwich plate and experimental validation
Authors: Ahmad Nazeer , Ranganath R. , Ghosal Ashitava
Published: March 2019

Equipment panels of a spacecraft are made up of a sandwich composite with aluminum face sheets and a honeycomb (HC) core. The HC sandwich plate responds to the launch vibration loads subjecting the equipment mounted on it to a high level of accelerations at resonances owing to a lower natural damping. Damping particles (DPs) when inserted in the empty cells of a HC core improve the damping characteristics and reduce the resonance responses. In this work, we present a mathematical model governing the motion of the cell walls, DPs and HC plate under dynamic loading. The discrete element method (DEM) has been used to model the dynamics of the DPs wherein the contacts are modeled using modified nonlinear dissipative Hertz contact theory in conjunction with Coulomb friction. The effect of DPs on the responses at resonances, damping, and frequency response function (FRF) of the HC plate is obtained. Numerical and experimental studies were conducted on a HC plate where a selected portion of the plate was filled with DPs. The HC plate was subjected to sine sweep base acceleration at the edges to study the effect of DPs on the dynamic characteristic of the plate. The damping ratios and resonance peaks of the lower four modes of the HC plate, excited up to 1000 Hz, obtained experimentally from the FRF measurements and numerically from the DEM model compare well. The damping ratios, response at resonances and the FRF profiles are also similar. Significant improvement in damping ratios and attenuation of vibration level has been observed.
Home Health Utilization in Assisted Living Settings
Authors: Nazareno Jennifer , Zhang Wenhan , Silver Benjamin , Dosa David , Gozalo Pedro , Thomas Kali
Published: March 2019

Home health agencies (HHAs) are one of the most commonly used third-party providers in the assisted living (AL) setting. One way ALs may be potentially able to meet the needs of their residents despite increased impairment is through supplementing the services offered with those delivered by HHAs. We explore the growth in the delivery of HHA services to Medicare beneficiaries in AL compared with other home settings between 2012 and 2014. We also examine demographic, cognitive, and functional characteristics of beneficiaries; HHA provider characteristics; and the variation in the percentage of home health use in ALs across the country. Our findings suggest that there was a slight growth in the share of HHA services being delivered in AL. HHA recipients in AL were more likely to have cognitive and activities of daily living impairments than those receiving HHA services in other settings. This is among the first studies to examine HHA utilization in AL.
Balancing Frontliners’ Customer- and Coworker-Directed Behaviors When Serving Business Customers
Authors: van der Borgh Michel , de Jong Ad , Nijssen Edwin J.
Published: March 2019

In this digital era, where many product-oriented business-to-business companies are shifting to a product-service systems approach, frontline employees (FLEs) are urged to complement customer-directed behaviors with coworker-directed prosocial behaviors to achieve optimal performance. Surprisingly, little is known about the relationship between FLEs’ coworker-directed and customer-directed behaviors in product-service systems settings. This research addresses this void and serves two purposes. First, drawing on role balance theory, the authors develop and test a model of an FLE’s relative emphasis on serving coworkers (i.e., helping) relative to the emphasis on serving business customers (i.e., proactive selling) as well as the antecedents and consequences of customer-coworker (im)balance. Second, the authors propose that managers can influence antecedents and consequences through an incentive system and access to information sources, respectively. Multivariate time-lagged analyses using survey and secondary performance data reveal that customer-coworker balance is beneficial for an FLE’s performance, especially when leveraging their coworkers as a prime information source. Interestingly, the increasingly damaging impact of an imbalance toward customer-directed behaviors can be countered by using the information technology (IT) system. Also of interest is that managers can correct imbalance—caused by either work group identification or expected customer demand—via individual-based incentives.
Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children
Authors: Isa Tsunenori , Sawa Ryuichi , Torizawa Kohtaroh , Murata Shunsuke , Saito Takashi , Ebina Aoi , Kondo Yuki , Tsuboi Yamato , Fukuta Akimasa , Misu Shogo , Ono Rei
Published: March 2019

Objectives:

This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) in Japanese children aged 9 to 12 years.

Methods:

A total of 210 children aged between 9 and 12 years participated. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were evaluated using Cronbach alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Validity was evaluated using athletic competence (AC), self-efficacy (SE), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%BF), cardiovascular fitness (CVF), and World Health Organization Health Behavior in School-aged Children (WHO HBSC) physical activity questionnaire.

Results:

Internal consistency was acceptable (alpha = 0.80) and test-retest reliability showed excellent agreement (ICC = 0.83). The PAQ-C score was significantly correlated with AC ( r = 0.41), SE ( r = 0.65), %BF ( r = 0.19), and CVF ( r = −0.32). The PAQ-C score of the active group classified by the WHO HBSC physical activity questionnaire (mean score ± standard deviation [SD] = 3.03 ± 0.57) was significantly higher than that of the inactive group (mean score ± SD = 2.27 ± 0.63, P < .01).

Conclusions:

The PAQ-C had acceptable reliability and validity. The PAQ-C is a useful instrument to evaluate physical activity for Japanese children aged 9 to 12 years.
A molecular dynamics study to predict the friction and wear behavior of carbon nanotube reinforced styrene-butadiene rubber
Authors: Chawla Raj , Dhawan Manish , Sharma Sumit
Published: March 2019

A computational method based on molecular dynamics simulation has been used to investigate the tribological behavior of carbon nanotube reinforced styrene-butadiene rubber. A three-layer molecular model in which top and bottom layers with Fe atoms and core with styrene-butadiene rubber matrices have been designed. The effect of sliding velocities from 1 m/s to 11 m/s has been studied at an applied normal loading. The properties predicted are abrasion rate and coefficient of friction. The average values of coefficient of friction and abrasion rate decrease from 0.451 to 0.328 and 21.16 to 16.5%, respectively, under sliding velocities of 1 m/s to 11 m/s. The molecular dynamics results show the decrease in coefficient of friction and abrasion rates with increasing sliding velocity.
Party crashers: Interest groups as a latent threat to party networks in congressional primaries
Authors: Manento Cory
Published: March 2019

Recent research asserts that coalitions of party leaders, interest groups, and activists will cooperate to support the nomination of mutually acceptable candidates in primary elections. In this article, I utilize an original data set containing FEC contributions and expenditures data for 1648 candidates who ran in open seat primary elections for the US House from 2006 to 2016 to measure the extent and effects of coordination among interest groups and party organizations. I find that Democratic-aligned interest groups and party leaders coordinate more often and with a more positive substantive effect than their Republican counterparts. Moreover, I provide evidence that, with the advent of super PACs in the second half of the 2010 primary cycle, a small number of interest groups can act as a latent threat to broader coalitions that unite behind a candidate using independent expenditures to outspend the broader coalitions. This increased resource parity has tangible representational consequences.
Vibration analysis of mistuned damped blades with nonlinear friction and contact
Authors: Zhao Wei , Zhang Di , Xie Yonghui
Published: March 2019

In general, only in tangential direction, friction motion between blade dampers is concerned for vibration analysis of mistuned bladed disk. However, in practical, excitation acting on blades inevitably causes normal movement at friction interface due to the existence of angle between excitation force and contact surface. This fact leads to a variation of normal force or even a result of contact separation, which determine the maximum static friction for tangential frictional vibration. In order to assess the realistic nonlinear forced vibration of mistuned disk assemblies subjected to actual excitation with nonlinear friction and contact, an efficient method is developed by using large-scale finite element model and two-dimensional friction model. In the proposed paper, attentions are paid on the realistic coupled vibration and the impact of variable normal vibration on forced response to a traveling wave excitation. Three types of mistuned parameters, including tangential stiffness of friction surface, initial shroud gap (corresponding to preload normal force), and structural stiffness of blades are taken into account for analyzing the effect of mistuning on the coupling vibration, especially for cases of contact separation. Furthermore, by means of curve fitting of amplitude variation of normal forces, the dependence of friction motion of bladed disk studied at circumferential resonance on variation of axial displacement, even with contact separation involved, is addressed. The results show a complex nonlinear vibration with friction and contact, especially a complex multiple unstable vibration observed with repeated nonlinear snap at circumferential resonance for the cases of contact separation. With regard to a small initial normal force, a large amplitude value of force variation can greatly reduce the maximum response amplitude for mistuned blades, which is worth to pay attentions for the vibration analysis of bladed disk with nonlinear friction and contact.
Propositional attitudes, harm and public hate speech situations: towards a maieutic approach
Authors: Fumagalli Corrado
Published: March 2019

In this article, I provide an argument against the idea that public hate-speech events are harmful because they cause a discrete, traceable and harmful change in one’s propositional attitudes. To do so, I identify the essential conceptual architecture of public hate-speech situations, I assess existing arguments for the direct and indirect harm of public hate speech and I propose a novel way to approach public hate-speech situations: a maieutic approach. On this perspective, public hate-speech events do not cause changes in propositional attitudes, but rather, if successful, either such events bring a person’s latent propositional attitudes into clear consciousness, or they play with propositional attitudes speakers and their audience had prior to the public hate-speech situation.
Variation in Platelet Transfusion Practices in Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Zhou Xun , Fraser Charles D. , Suarez-Pierre Alejandro , Crawford Todd C. , Alejo Diane , Conte John V. , Lawton Jennifer S. , Fonner Clifford E. , Taylor Bradley S. , Whitman Glenn J.R. , Salenger Rawn
Published: March 2019

Objective

Although the morbidity associated with red blood cell transfusion in cardiac surgery has been well described, the impacts of platelet transfusion are less clearly understood. Given the conflicting results of prior studies, we sought to investigate the impact of platelet transfusion on outcomes after cardiac surgery across institutions in Maryland.

Methods

Using a multiinstitutional statewide database created by the Maryland Cardiac Surgery Quality Initiative, we retrospectively analyzed data from 10,478 patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass across 10 centers. Platelet transfusion practices were compared between institutions. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between platelet transfusion and 30-day mortality and postoperative complications.

Results

Rates of platelet transfusion varied between institutions from 4.4% to 24.7% ( P < 0.001), a difference that remained statistically significant in propensity score–matched cohorts. Among patients on preoperative antiplatelet therapy, transfusion rates varied from 8.5% to 46.4% ( P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant relationship between case volume and transfusion rates ( P = 0.815). In multivariate logistic regression, platelet transfusion was associated with increased risk of 30-day mortality (OR 2.43, P = 0.008), postoperative pneumonia (OR 2.21, P = 0.004), prolonged intubation (OR 2.05, P < 0.001), and readmission (OR 1.43, P = 0.039).

Conclusions

Significant variation existed in platelet transfusion rates between institutions, even after controlling for various risk factors. This variation may be associated with increased mortality and length of stay. Further study is warranted to better understand risks associated with platelet transfusion. Standardizing practice may help reduce risk and conserve resources.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention following Placement of Sutureless Aortic Bioprostheses
Authors: Kaur Kiran , Cisneros Miryea , Nathan Sandeep , Blair John E.A. , Balkhy Husam H.
Published: March 2019

Coronary artery disease is often present with aortic stenosis. Although transcatheter aortic valve replacement and minimally invasive surgery provide alternative sternal-sparing options for isolated aortic valve replacement, non-sternotomy treatment of combined coronary artery disease and aortic stenosis has not been well-defined. We report 3 patients who presented with severe aortic stenosis and obstructive coronary artery disease in whom minimally invasive aortic valve replacement using sutureless valve was performed, followed by transradial percutaneous coronary intervention of obstructive coronary lesion. This case series demonstrates a hybrid technique for the treatment of combined severe aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease, which has potential for adequately treating both conditions with minimal risk.
Workspace analysis of the bogie 6-degree-of-freedom dynamic simulation test bench
Authors: Liu Yumei , Zhuang Jiaojiao , Wang Shurong , Cao Xiaoning , Qiao Ningguo
Published: March 2019

The bogie 6-degree-of-freedom dynamic simulation test bench can simulate various operating conditions of the bogie through coordinated movement of the three parallel 6-degree-of-freedom motion platforms; however, the motion of the platforms will be interfered by some space obstacles. In order to obtain the collision-free workspace of the 6-degree-of-freedom motion platforms, a limit boundary–search method based on the collision-detection model is proposed. The structure of three parallel 6-degree-of-freedom motion platforms is analyzed, and its inverse kinematics model is established. Considering its internal constraints, the constraint models of the actuators’ stroke and the spherical hinges angle are established. Based on the collision-detection method between convex polygons, the minimum distance-detection models between platforms and obstacles as well as between actuators and obstacles are established. Then the limit boundary–search method is used to search for all boundary points that satisfy the constraint conditions. Finally, the correctness and feasibility of the proposed method and models are verified by some simulation examples. The proposed research avoids collisions effectively and provides a reference for the optimal design of the test bench.
HER2-positive breast cancer: new therapeutic frontiers and overcoming resistance
Authors: Pernas Sonia , Tolaney Sara M.
Published: March 2019

The introduction of anti-HER2 therapies to the treatment of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer has led to dramatic improvements in survival in both early and advanced settings. Despite this breakthrough, nearly all patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer eventually progress on anti-HER2 therapy due to de novo or acquired resistance. A better understanding not only of the underlying mechanisms of HER2 therapy resistance but of tumor heterogeneity as well as the host and tumor microenvironment is essential for the development of new strategies to further improve patient outcomes. One strategy has focused on inhibiting the HER2 signaling pathway more effectively with dual-blockade approaches and developing improved anti-HER2 therapies like antibody–drug conjugates, new anti-HER2 antibodies, bispecific antibodies, or novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors that might replace or be used in addition to some of the current anti-HER2 treatments. Combinations of anti-HER2 therapy with other agents like immune checkpoint inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors are also being extensively evaluated in clinical trials. These add-on strategies of combining optimized targeted therapies could potentially improve outcomes for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer but may also allow de-escalation of treatment in some patients, potentially sparing some from unnecessary treatments, and their related toxicities and costs.
Perception of Human–Elephant Conflict and Conservation Attitudes of Affected Communities in Myanmar
Authors: Sampson Christie , Leimgruber Peter , Rodriguez Shari , McEvoy John , Sotherden Elaine , Tonkyn David
Published: March 2019

Myanmar is an ideal location for Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus L.) conservation because it still contains large expanses of elephant habitat. However, increasing human–elephant conflict (HEC) threatens to derail ongoing elephant conservation programs. We conducted 303 interviews in rural communities living near elephants to help inform long-term management strategies to conserve this endangered species. We sought to understand the main challenges that people in these communities face in improving their quality of life, as well as the types and levels of HEC they experience and their attitudes toward elephant conservation. Poverty, not conflict with elephants, was the greatest obstacle reported by our participants. However, HEC was deemed a moderate to major problem, with 38% of farmers indicating they lost half or more of their crops to elephants the previous year. Our results showed that communities living in proximity to and often harmed by elephants were nevertheless supportive of elephant conservation and willing to contribute to conservation efforts. This result offers hope in the quest to maintain elephant populations in Myanmar. We conclude that conservation policies that also address societal challenges such as poverty may be more effective in protecting elephants than policies that address HEC alone.
Successful management of acquired left bronchial stenosis caused by massive atelectasis
Authors: Miyahara Jun , Ohhashi Taku , Nakashima Hideyuki , Sugiura Hiroshi , Ohki Shigeru
Published: March 2019

Acquired bronchial stenosis is rare in children, usually caused by infection or traumatic granuloma due to chronic intubation. A case of severe acquired left bronchial stenosis successfully treated by conservative management for gastroesophageal reflux and atelectasis is reported. A male infant born at 24 weeks’ gestation, weighing 461 g, presented with massive atelectasis of the left lower lobe and severe left bronchial stenosis, based on chest computed tomography performed for the evaluation of respiratory failure at the age of 8 months. He responded well to the placement of a duodenal tube for gastroesophageal reflux and chest physiotherapy, reducing the symptoms of atelectasis and successfully managing the left bronchial stenosis. Acquired bronchial stenosis could be caused by bronchial shift due to atelectasis, and it can be cured by conservative management. In cases of acquired bronchial stenosis with massive atelectasis, it is important to consider atelectasis as a potential cause of the acquired bronchial stenosis.
(Re-)presenting the Paralympics: Affective Nationalism and the “Able-Disabled”
Authors: Pullen Emma , Jackson Daniel , Silk Michael
Published: March 2019

The relationship between media, sport, nations, and nationalism is well established; yet, there is an absence of these discussions at the intersection of communication, Paralympics, and disability studies. This omission is particularly significant considering the rapid commodification of the Paralympic spectacle, exacerbated by the entry of Channel 4 (C4) as the UK Paralympic rights holders, that has seen the games become an important site of disability (re-)presentation. In this article, we focus on the construction of national, normative, disabled bodies in Paralympic representation drawn from an analysis of three integrated data sets from C4’s broadcasting of the Rio 2016 Paralympics: interviews with C4 production and editorial staff, quantitative content analysis, and qualitative moving image analysis. We highlight the strategic approach taken by C4 to focus on successful medal-winning athletes, the implications this has on the sports and disability classifications given media coverage, and the role of affective high-value production practices. We also reveal the commercial tensions and editorial decisions that broadcasters face with respect to which disabilities/bodies are made hypervisible—and thereby those which are marginalized—as national disability sport icons that inculcate preferred notions of disability and the (re-)imagined nation.
Computed Tomography Assessment of Anatomic Graft Placement After ACL Reconstruction: A Comparative Study of Grid and Angle Measurements
Authors: Parkar Anagha P. , Adriaensen Miraude E.A.P.M. , Giil Lasse M. , Solheim Eirik
Published: March 2019

Background:

The anatomic placement of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts is often assessed with postoperative imaging. In clinical practice, graft angles are measured to indicate anatomic placement on magnetic resonance imaging, whereas grid measurements are performed on computed tomography (CT). Recently, a study indicated that graft angle measurements could also be assessed on CT. No consensus has yet been reached on which measurement method is best suited to assess anatomic graft placement.

Purpose:

To compare the ability of grid measurements and angle measurements to identify anatomic versus nonanatomic tunnel placement on CT performed in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A total of 100 knees undergoing primary reconstruction with a hamstring graft (HAM group), 91 undergoing reconstruction with a bone–patellar tendon–bone graft (BPTB group), and 117 undergoing revision ACL reconstruction (REV group) were assessed with CT. Grid measurements of the femoral and tibial tunnels and angle measurements of grafts were performed. Graft placement, rated as anatomic or nonanatomic, was assessed with both methods. Pearson chi-square, analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, and weighted kappa tests were performed as appropriate.

Results:

The grid assessment classified 10% of the HAM group, 4% of the BPTB group, and 17% of the REV group as nonanatomic ( P < .001). The angle assessment classified 37% of the HAM group, 54% of the BPTB group, and 47% of the REV group as nonanatomic. The weighted kappa between angle measurements and grid measurements was low in all groups (HAM: 0.009; BPTB: 0.065; REV: 0.041).

Conclusion:

The agreement between grid measurements and angle measurements was very low. The angle measurements seemed to overestimate nonanatomic tunnel placement. Grid measurements were better in identifying malpositioned grafts.
Planning of stroke care and urgent prehospital care across Europe: Results of the ESO/ESMINT/EAN/SAFE Survey
Authors: Abilleira Sònia , de Sousa Diana Aguiar , Gattringer Thomas , Kobayashi Adam , Fazekas Franz , Szikora Istvan , Feigin Valery , Caso Valeria , Gallofré Miquel , Fischer Urs ,   on Behalf of The ESO/ESMINT/EAN/SAFE Survey on Stroke Care Collaborators†
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Adequate planning and implementation of stroke systems of care is key to guarantee a rapid healthcare response and delivery of specific reperfusion therapies among candidates. We assessed the availability of stroke care plans in Europe, and evaluated their impact on rates of reperfusion therapies for stroke.

Patients

Based on the European Stroke Organisation (ESO), the European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT), the European Academy of Neurology (EAN), and the Stroke Alliance for Europe (SAFE) survey, we analysed specific prespecified items in the questionnaire regarding availability and adequacy of stroke care plans, organised prehospital care and their potential impact on rates of delivery of reperfusion therapies for stroke at the country level.

Results

Of 44 participating European countries, 37 have stroke care plans that operate at national and/or regional levels. Most stroke care plans take responsibility for the organisation/implementation of stroke systems of care (86%), quality of care assessment (77%), and act as a liaison between emergency medical systems and stroke physicians (79%). As for stroke systems of care, the focus is mainly on prehospital and in-hospital acute stroke care (Code Stroke systems available in 37/44 countries). Preferred urgent transport is via non-medicalised ambulances (70%). Presence of stroke care plans, stroke registry data, transport of urgent stroke patients via non-medicalised ambulances, and drip-and-ship routing of acute patients showed higher reperfusion treatment rates.

Discussion

Availability of stroke care plans, still absent in some European countries, as well as some features of the stroke systems of care are associated with higher reperfusion treatment rates.

Conclusion

Stroke is not yet a priority everywhere in Europe, which is a barrier to the spread of reperfusion therapies for stroke.
From conservation to offsetting and neoliberalization: Institutional change, risks and opportunities in the French context
Authors: Prévost Benoît , Rivaud Audrey
Published: March 2019

Following the institutionalist framework, this paper analyses the way institutional changes affect the representations and strategies of the actors involved in biodiversity conservation. We conducted a survey within the network of the French Conservatoires d'Espaces Naturels after the adoption of the French Biodiversity Law in 2016. The latter introduced several critical changes in the legal framework, especially the enforcement of Avoid–Reduce–Offset principles and the potential development of an offset supply. Our survey shows that these changes in the institutional framework both reduce and increase uncertainties, and raise debates and controversies concerning the way such changes may be interpreted as steps towards a neoliberalization of biodiversity's conservation in France. These results contribute to the debates concerning the processes of environmental policies changes and their consequences.
Embedded deep learning in ophthalmology: making ophthalmic imaging smarter
Authors: Teikari Petteri , Najjar Raymond P. , Schmetterer Leopold , Milea Dan
Published: March 2019

Deep learning has recently gained high interest in ophthalmology due to its ability to detect clinically significant features for diagnosis and prognosis. Despite these significant advances, little is known about the ability of various deep learning systems to be embedded within ophthalmic imaging devices, allowing automated image acquisition. In this work, we will review the existing and future directions for ‘active acquisition’–embedded deep learning, leading to as high-quality images with little intervention by the human operator. In clinical practice, the improved image quality should translate into more robust deep learning–based clinical diagnostics. Embedded deep learning will be enabled by the constantly improving hardware performance with low cost. We will briefly review possible computation methods in larger clinical systems. Briefly, they can be included in a three-layer framework composed of edge, fog, and cloud layers, the former being performed at a device level. Improved egde-layer performance via ‘active acquisition’ serves as an automatic data curation operator translating to better quality data in electronic health records, as well as on the cloud layer, for improved deep learning–based clinical data mining.
Automatic channel detection using deep learning
Authors: Pham Nam , Fomel Sergey , Dunlap Dallas
Published: March 2019

We have developed a method based on an encoder-decoder convolutional neural network for automatic channel detection in 3D seismic volumes. We use two architectures borrowed from computer vision: SegNet for image segmentation together with Bayesian SegNet for uncertainty measurement. We train the network on 3D synthetic volumes and then apply it to field data. We test the proposed approach on a 3D field data set from the Browse Basin, offshore Australia, and a 3D Parihaka seismic data in New Zealand. Applying the weights estimated from training on 3D synthetic volumes to a 3D field data set accurately identifies channel geobodies without the need for any human interpretation on seismic attributes. Our proposed method also produces uncertainty volumes to quantify the trustworthiness of the detection model.
Knowledge Gaps in the Perioperative Management of Adults With Narcolepsy: A Call for Further Research
Authors: Hershner Shelley , Dauvilliers Yves , Chung Frances , Singh Mandeep , Wong Jean , Gali Bhargavi , Kakkar Rahul , Mignot Emmanuel , Thorpy Michael , Auckley Dennis
Published: March 2019

There is increasing awareness that sleep disorders may be associated with increased perioperative risk. The Society of Anesthesia and Sleep Medicine created the Narcolepsy Perioperative Task Force: (1) to investigate the current state of knowledge of the perioperative risk for patients with narcolepsy, (2) to determine the viability of developing perioperative guidelines for the management of patients with narcolepsy, and (3) to delineate future research goals and clinically relevant outcomes. The Narcolepsy Perioperative Task Force established that there is evidence for increased perioperative risk in patients with narcolepsy; however, this evidence is sparse and based on case reviews, case series, and retrospective reviews. Mechanistically, there are a number of potential mechanisms by which patients with narcolepsy could be at increased risk for perioperative complications. These include aggravation of the disease itself, dysautonomia, narcolepsy-related medications, anesthesia interactions, and withdrawal of narcolepsy-related medications. At this time, there is inadequate research to develop an expert consensus or guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with narcolepsy. The paucity of available literature highlights the critical need to determine if patients with narcolepsy are at an increased perioperative risk and to establish appropriate research protocols and clearly delineated patient-centered outcomes. There is a real need for collaborative research among sleep medicine specialists, surgeons, anesthesiologists, and perioperative providers. This future research will become the foundation for the development of guidelines, or at a minimum, a better understanding how to optimize the perioperative care of patients with narcolepsy.
Jagged1 protein processing in the developing mammalian lens
Authors: Azimi Mina , Brown Nadean L.
Published: March 2019

Notch signaling regulates a multitude of cellular processes. During ocular lens development this pathway is required for lens progenitor growth, differentiation, and maintenance of the transition zone. After ligand-receptor binding, the receptor proteins are processed, first by ADAM proteases, then by γ-secretase cleavage. This results in the release of a Notch intracellular domain (N-ICD), which is recruited into a nuclear transcription factor complex that activates Notch target genes. Previous in vitro studies showed that the Delta-like and Jagged ligand proteins can also be cleaved by the γ-secretase complex, but it remains unknown whether such processing occurs during in vivo vertebrate development. Here we show that mouse and human lens progenitor cells endogenously express multiple Jagged1 protein isoforms, including a Jagged1 intracellular domain. We also found that pharmacologic blockage of γ-secretase activity in vitro resulted in an accumulation of Jagged1 polypeptide intermediates. Finally, overexpression of an epitope-tagged Jagged1 intracellular domain displayed nuclear localization and induced the upregulation of endogenous JAG1 mRNA expression. These findings support the idea that along with its classical role as a Notch pathway ligand, Jagged1 is regulated post-translationally, to produce multiple active protein isoforms.
Establishment of a zebrafish hematological disease model induced by 1,4-benzoquinone
Authors: Zhang Ao , Wu Mei , Tan Junliang , Yu Ning , Xu Mengchang , Yu Xutong , Liu Wei , Zhang Yiyue
Published: March 2019

Benzene exposure is associated with various hematological disorders, especially leukemia. The reactive metabolite of benzene, 1,4-Benzoquinone (BQ), generated in bone marrow (BM), is suggested to be a key molecule in mediating benzene-induced hematotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Yet, its pathogenic role remains largely unknown due to lack of suitable vertebrate whole-organism models. Here, we present an in vivo study to reveal the effect of BQ exposure on hematotoxicity in zebrafish. From embryonic stages to adulthood, BQ exposure suppressed erythroid and lymphoid hematopoiesis but abnormally accumulated myeloid cells and precursors, which resembles benzene-induced cytopenia and myeloid dysplasia in humans. This myeloid expansion is caused by granulocyte but not macrophage lineage, emphasizing the significant role of lineage specificity in BQ-mediated hematopoietic toxicity. Analysis of the c-myb-deficient mutant cmybhkz3 revealed that BQ induced neutrophilia in a c-myb-dependent manner, demonstrating that c-myb is a key intrinsic mediator of BQ hematotoxicity. Our study reveals that BQ causes lineage-specific hematotoxicity in zebrafish from embryonic stages to adulthood. Since c-myb is indispensable for BQ to induce neutrophilia, c-myb may serve as a potential drug target for reversing BQ hematotoxicity.
Context-dependent scaling of kinematics and energetics during contests and feeding in mantis shrimp
Authors: Green P. A. , McHenry M. J. , Patek S. N.
Published: March 2019

Measurements of energy use, and its scaling with size, are critical to understanding how organisms accomplish myriad tasks. For example, energy budgets are central to game theory models of assessment during contests and underlie patterns of feeding behavior. Clear tests connecting energy to behavioral theory require measurements of the energy use of single individuals for particular behaviors. Many species of mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda: Crustacea) use elastic energy storage to power high-speed strikes that they deliver to opponents during territorial contests and to hard-shelled prey while feeding. We compared the scaling of strike kinematics and energetics between feeding and contests in the mantis shrimp Neogonodactylus bredini. We filmed strikes with high-speed video, measured strike velocity, and used a mathematical model to calculate strike energy. During contests, strike velocity did not scale with body size but strike energy scaled positively with size. Conversely, while feeding, strike velocity decreased with increasing size and strike energy did not vary according to body size. Individuals most likely achieved this strike variation through differential compression of their exoskeletal spring prior to the strike. Post-hoc analyses found that N. bredini used greater velocity and energy when striking larger opponents, yet variation in prey size was not accompanied by varying strike velocity or energetics. Our estimates of energetics inform prior tests of contest and feeding behavior in this species. More broadly, our findings elucidate the role behavioral context plays in measurements of animal performance.
Prediction of Planetary Mission Task Performance for Long-Duration Spaceflight
Authors: SUTTERFIELD SHELBI L. , ALEXANDER ANDREW M. , HAMMER SHANE M. , DIDIER KAYLIN D. , CALDWELL JACOB T. , BARSTOW THOMAS J. , ADE CARL J.
Published: March 2019

Introduction

This study aimed to determine values and ranges for key aerobic fitness variables that can individually map the level of success for planetary mission tasks performance for long-duration spaceflight, with the goal to develop a predictor-testing model that can be performed with in-flight equipment.

Methods

We studied a group of 45 men and women who completed a series of mission-critical tasks: a surface traverse task and a hill climb task. Participants performed each mission task at a low and moderate intensity designed to elicit specific metabolic responses similar to what is expected for ambulation in lunar and Martian gravities, respectively. Aerobic fitness was characterized via cycling and rowing V˙O2peak, ventilatory threshold (VT), and critical power. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were used to determine the cutoff thresholds for each aerobic fitness parameter that accurately predicted task performance.

Results

The participants of this study were characterized by a range of cycling V˙O2peak from 15.5 to 54.1 mL·kg−1·min−1. A V˙O2peak optimal cutoff values of X and Y mL·kg−1·min−1 were identified for the low- and moderate-intensity surface traverse tasks, respectively. For the low- and moderate-intensity hill climb test, the optimal V˙O2peak cutoff values were X and Y mL·kg−1·min−1, respectively. VT and critical power also showed high sensitivity and specificity for identifying individuals who could not complete the mission tasks.

Conclusion

In summary, we identified aerobic fitness thresholds below which task performance was impaired for both low- and moderate-intensity mission-critical tasks. In particular, cycling V˙O2peak, VT, and rowing CP could each be used to predict task failure.
Third-Party Reviews and Quality Provision
Authors: Kim Keehyung , Chung Kevin , Lim Noah
Published: March 2019

This paper seeks to understand the relational factors that may affect the decisions of both third-party raters and service providers in a setting where service providers compete with one another. We employ laboratory economics experiments to examine how removing anonymity and allowing for repeated interactions between the rater and the service provider impact both the ratings assigned by the rater and the quality levels expended by the service provider. Our methodology enables us to observe the true quality level chosen by a service provider, which allows us to accurately detect any bias in the assessment of the third-party rater. The experimental results show that the decisions of both the rater and the service provider are very sensitive to the relational factors that govern their interaction. When the rater and the service provider know each other’s identities, we observe a high proportion of overrating even though raters earn less monetary rewards for doing so, and the propensity to overrate is even stronger with repeated interactions. Furthermore, the service provider chooses low quality levels. We develop and estimate a model that captures the rater’s psychological trade-off between remaining objective and helping the service provider compete in the marketplace, and the evolution of the service provider’s beliefs about the rater’s preferences.

Data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3082 .

This paper was accepted by Juanjuan Zhang, marketing.
Creative arts therapy in stoma care: workshops exploring grief, body image and sexual intimacy
Authors: Grant Madeleine
Published: March 2019

Stoma formation can lead to serious psychological difficulties, including anxiety, depression and social isolation. Visceral emotions linked to disgust can harm body image and sexual intimacy. Ostomates can go through feelings of loss and grief, with a period of mourning, and successful adaption can require psychological support. Creative arts therapy is an experiential way to process these emotions, which research suggests can help express inner experiences that are beyond words. A series of creative arts workshops were established in Ireland for ostomates to explore issues of grief, body image and sexual intimacy in a safe, non-judgemental environment. Participant feedback was positive and highlighted how working with a creative medium made it possible to express difficult emotions. Further research on creative arts therapy is encouraged.
Thiamine deficiency is significant across gastroenterology and sepsis, not just alcohol care
Authors: Jugdoyal Adrian
Published: March 2019

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Wernicke's encephalopathy are both progressive illnesses that result from thiamine deficiency. To assess and screen for thiamine levels, clinical staff have traditionally relied on the triad of ophthalmoplegia, cerebellar dysfunction and either an altered mental state or mild memory impairment. However, these symptoms are late signs of illness, and treatment efficacy may be limited due to permanent thalamus damage. This is costly in terms of both healthcare resources and the patient's health. The signs of thiamine deficiency are similar to those of early sepsis, and they can only be identified after prolonged assessment and testing. Patients who have significant illness that results in gastrointestinal imbalance or periods of malnutrition, malabsorption or protracted vomiting may present to hospital many days after the symptoms have commenced. This can result in patients missing life-improving treatment due to diagnostic overshadowing or treatment only being offered to those identified as having a history of alcohol misuse.
Retaining our new and experienced teachers
Authors: Lepkowska Dorothy
Published: March 2019

With more teachers leaving the profession than joining, improving retention rates is crucial to tackling the on-going supply challenges. The government has recently announced new plans to boost teacher retention, particularly with additional support for new teachers. Dorothy Lepkowska reports
Creating a culture of high expectations
Authors: Burnage Steve
Published: March 2019

Developing a culture where everyone in the school has high expectations and takes responsibility for learning should be the goal of all school leaders. Steve Burnage looks at the key elements that such schools are built on
The traits of super teachers
Authors: Dabell John
Published: March 2019

There is no such thing as a super teacher. But if one did exist, what abilities would they exhibit? John Dabell looks at some of the traits of great teachers and urges all teachers to reject imposter syndrome and recognise their many talents…
Manipulation under anaesthesia for frozen shoulders: outdated technique or well-established quick fix?
Authors: Kraal Tim , Beimers Lijkele , The Bertram , Sierevelt Inger , van den Bekerom Michel , Eygendaal Denise
Published: March 2019

Manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA) for frozen shoulder (FS) leads to a considerable increase in range of motion and Oxford shoulder score, a significant reduction in pain and around 85% satisfaction. A clearly defined indication for MUA in FS patients cannot be extracted from this review or the available literature. The associating criteria before proceeding to MUA vary widely. All but one study in this review lacked a control group without intervention. Therefore, firm conclusions about the role of MUA in the treatment of FS cannot be drawn from the current literature. An overall complication rate of 0.4% was found and a re-intervention rate of 14%, although most of the included papers were not designed to monitor complications. The following criteria before proceeding to MUA are proposed: a patient unable to cope with a stiff and painful shoulder; clinical signs of a stage 2 idiopathic FS; lessening pain in relation to stage 1; external rotation < 50% compared to contralateral shoulder joint; a minimal duration of symptoms of three months; and failure to respond to an intra-articular corticosteroid infiltration.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2019;4:98-109. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.180044