bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 35mm microfilm compilation of collected analog geophysical data for AGC/CHS Cruise No. 82034, Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, Cumberland Sound and Hudson Bay
Authors: Sherin A G , Hardy I A , Merchant S , Beaver D E , Holt D , Cash M
Published: December 2011

The Atlantic Geoscience Centre (AGC) at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) has investigated several methods of releasing to the public sector its massive collection (of over 150,000 lineal metres) of underway geophysical records collected since 1963. The
investigations and testing conducted by the Program Support Subdivision, AGC in collaboration with the Public Archives of Canada indicated that the most cost-effective technique for distribution and for archiving such large volumes of irreplaceable data was to use microfilm. To maintain the
continuous nature of these records which can be up to 30 metres in length, special equipment was required such as the Tameran 6000 continuous flow microfilm camera manufactured by Tameran Ltd. of Chagrin Falls, Ohio. All conversion of AGC's geophysical records using this camera was contracted to
Manas Media Ltd. of Ottawa, in consortium with Precision Microfilming Services of Halifax and Archimed Ltd. of Montreal. Operational filming began at the end of March 1987. A series of AGC cruise data will be released in 35 mm microfilm and distributed as Geological Survey of Canada Open File
reports during 1988. Master microfilm is curated for each AGC cruise at the National Archives, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia with duplicates available for viewing at the Data Management Section (PSS), Atlantic Geoscience Centre and at the Geological Survey of Canada libraries in Ottawa, Calgary and
Vancouver.
A 35 mm Microfilm Compilation of Collected Bathymetric Data From Cruise 79015 (Phase III), Scotian Shelf
Authors: Sherin A G , Hardy I A , Merchant S , Beaver D E , Holt D , Cash M
Published: December 2011

The Atlantic Geoscience Centre (AGC) at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) has investigated several methods of releasing to the public sector its massive collection (of over 150,000 lineal metres) of underway geophysical records collected since 1963. The
investigations and testing conducted by the Program Support Group, AGC in collaboration with the Public Archives of Canada indicated that the most cost-effective technique for distribution and for archiving such large volumes of irreplaceable data was to use microfilm. To maintain the continuous
nature of these records, which can be up to 30 metres in length, special equipment was required sueh as the Tameran 6000 continuous flow microfilm camera manufactured by Tameran Ltd. of Chagrin Falls, Ohio. All conversion of AGC's geophysical records using this camera was contracted to Manas Media
Ltd. of Ottawa, in consortium with Precision Microfilming Services of Halifax and Archimed Ltd. of Montreal. Operational filming began at the end of March 1987. A series of AGC cruise data will be released in 35 mm microfilm and distributed as Geological Survey of Canada Open File reports during
1988. Master microfilm is curated for each AGC cruise at the National Archives, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia with duplicates available for viewing at the Data Management Section (PSS), Atlantic Geoscience Centre and at all Geological Survey of Canada libraries in Ottawa, Calgary and
Vancouver.
A 35 mm Microfilm Compilation of Collected Analog Geophysical Data For AGC Cruise No. 83110, Continental Margin Southwest Grand Banks
Authors: Sherin A G , Hardy I A , Merchant S , Beaver D E , Holt D , Cash M
Published: December 2011

The Atlantic Geoscience Centre (AGC) at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) has investigated several methods ofreleasing to the public sector its massive collection (of over 150,000 lineal metres) of underway geophysical records collected since 1963. The
investigations and testing conducted by the Program Support Group, AGC in collaboration with the Public Archives of Canada indicated that the most cost-effective technique for distribution and for archiving such large volumes of irreplaceable data was to use microfilm. To
maintain the continuous nature of these records which - can be up to 30 metres in length, special equipment was required such as the Tameran 6000 continuous flow microfilm camera manufactured by Tameran Ltd. of Chagrin Falls, Ohio. All conversion of AGC's geophysical records using this camera was
contracted to Manas Media Ltd. of Ottawa, in consortium with Precision Microfilming Services
of Halifax and Archimed Ltd. of Montreal. Operational filming began at the end of March 1987. A series of AGC cruise data will be released in 35 mm microfilm and distributed as Geological Survey of Canada Open File reports during 1988. Master microfilm is curated for each AGC cruise at the National
Archives, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia with duplicates available for viewing at the Data Management Section (PSS), Atlantic Geoscience Centre and at the Geological Survey of Canada libraries in Ottawa, Calgary and Vancouver.
Weak Type (1,1) Estimates of the Maximal Function for the Laguerre Semigroup in Finite Dimensions
Authors: Dinger Ulla
Published: December 2011

We prove that, in arbitrary finite dimensions, the maximal operator for the Laguerre semigroup is of weak type (1,1). This extends Muckenhoupt's one-dimensional result.
Conjecture de Kato sur les ouverts de $\mathbb R$
Authors: Auscher Pascal , Tchamitchian Philippe
Published: December 2011

We prove Kato's conjecture for second order elliptic differential operators on an open set in dimension 1 with arbitrary boundary conditions. The general case reduces to studying the operator

T = –\frac{d}{dx}a(x)\frac{d}{dx}

on an interval, when

a(x)

is a bounded and accretive function. We show for the latter situation that the domain of

T

is spanned by an unconditional basis of wavelets with cancellation properties that compensate the action of the non-regular function

a( x)

.
Analyses multi-résolutions non orthogonales, commutation entre projecteurs et derivation et ondelettes vecteurs à divergence nuIIe
Authors: Lemarié-Rieusset Pierre Gilles
Published: December 2011

The notion of non-orthogonal multi-resolution analysis and its compatibility with differentiation (as expressed by the commutation formula) lead us to the construction of a multi-resolution analysis of

L^2(\mathbb R^n)^n

which is well adapted to the approximation of divergence-free vector functions. Thus, we obtain unconditional bases of compactly supported divergence-free vector wavelets.
Boundary value problems in Lipschitz cylinders for three-dimensional parabolic systems
Authors: Brown Russell M. , Shen Zhongwei
Published: December 2011

We consider initial-boundary value problems for a parabolic system in a Lipschitz cylinder. When the space dimension is three, we obtain estimates for the solutions when the lateral data taken from the best possible range of

L^p

-spaces.
A wavelet characterization for weighted Hardy Spaces
Authors: Wu Sijue
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we give a wavelet area integral characterization for weighted Hardy spaces

H^p(\omega), 0 < p < \infty

, with

\omega \in A_\infty

. Our wavelet characterization establishes the identification between

H^p(\omega)

and

T^p_2(\omega)

, the weighted discrete tent space, for

0 < p < \infty

and

\omega \in A_\infty

. This allows us to use all the results of tent spaces for weighted Hardy spaces. In particular, we obtain the isomorphism between

H^p(\omega)

and the dual space of

H^{p'}(\omega)

where

1 < p < \infty

and

1/p + 1/p' = 1

, and the wavelet and the Carleson measure characterizations of BMO

_\omega

. Moreover, we obtain interpolation between

A_\infty

-weighted Hardy spaces

H^{p_1}(\omega)

and

H^{p_2}(\omega), 1 ≤ p_1 < p_2 < \infty

.
Regularité des bases d'ondelettes et mesures ergodiques
Authors: Cohen Albert , Conze Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2011

Nous reprenons la construction des bases orthonormées d'ondelettes à partir des filtres miroirs en quadrature telle qu'elle apparaît dans [4]. Nous montrons que leur regularité est liée à une mesure invariante pour la transformation

\omega \rightarrow 2\omega

mod-2

\pi

. Cette méthode permet d'obtenir Ie facteur exact qui relie asymptotiquement la régularité des ondelettes construites dans [4] à la taille de leur support.
Sur l'existence des analyses multi-résolutions en théorie des ondelettes
Authors: Lemarié-Rieusset Pierre Gilles
Published: December 2011

On montre qu'une base d'ondelettes (

\psi_{j,k}

) de

L^2(\mathbb R)

avec une fonction mère

\psi

höldérienne à support compact provient nécessairement d'une analyse multi-résolution. La fonction-père

\varphi

a alors la même régularité que la fonction

\psi

et peut être choisie à support compact.
Interpolation between $H^p$ Spaces and non-commutative generalizations, II
Authors: Pisier Gilles
Published: December 2011

We continue an investigation started in a preceding paper. We discuss the classical results of Carleson connecting Carleson measures with the

\bar{\partial}

-equation in a slightly more abstract framework than usual. We also consider a more recent result of Peter Jones which shows the existence of a solution of the

\bar{\partial}

-equation, which satisfies simultaneously a good

L_\infty

estimate and a good

L_1

estimate. This appears as a special case of our main result which can be stated as follows: Let

(\Omega, \mathcal A, \mu)

be any measure space. Consider a bounded operator

u : H^1 \rightarrow L_1(\mu)

. Assume that on one hand

u

admits an extension

u_1 : L^1 \rightarrow L_1(\mu)

bounded with norm

C_1

, and on the other hand that

u

admits an extension

u_\infty : L^\infty \rightarrow L_\infty(\mu)

bounded with norm

C_\infty

. Then

u

admits an extension

\tilde{u}

which is bounded simultaneously from

L^1

into

L_1(\mu)

and from

L^\infty

into

L_\infty(\mu)

and satisfies

\| \tilde{u}: L_\infty \rightarrow L_\infty(\mu) \| ≤ C C_\infty

\| \tilde{u}: L_1 \rightarrow L_1 (\mu) \| ≤ C C_1

where

C

is a numerical constant.
Dietary Factors Related to Physical Fitness among Navy Shipboard Men
Authors: Trent Linda Kelly , Conway Terry L.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the relationship between habitual dietary practices and performance on the physical readiness test required of active duty Navy personnel. Participants were 1,013 men (mean age = 26.2 years) stationed aboard nine Navy ships. The men completed a self-report survey of lifestyle and dietary habits and were evaluated on four tests of physical fitness: 1.5-mile Run, Sit-ups, Sit-reach, and Percent Body Fat. A standardized Overall Fitness score was also computed for each person. Results indicated that the participants tended to skip breakfast, ingest moderate amounts of caffeine, and favor a high-fat, low-fiber diet. Fitness scores were associated with a number of dietary variables, including caffeine intake, between-meal snacking, and overeating (all negatively related to fitness, p< . 01), and having a general “nutrition orientation” (positively related to fitness, p<. 001). The relationships were confounded by the influence of age, exercise, and smoking, but even after controlling for these, diet was a significant predictor of fitness ( p<. 001).
Evaluation of a Worksite Self-Help Smoking Cessation Program for Registered Nurses
Authors: Gritz Ellen R. , Marcus Alfred C. , Berman Barbara A. , Read Laura L. , Kanim Linda E. A. , Reeder Sharon J.
Published: December 2011

Cigarette smoking among nurses remains a public health concern despite a recent decline in current smoking prevalence. We recruited 149 registered nurses into a no-cost, targeted, self-help smoking cessation program supplemented by a supportive worksite environmental module. The study was designed to expand understanding of nurses' smoking and to measure program effectiveness.

Follow-ups were conducted at one, six and 12 months post-intervention to assess self-reported smoking status (92% objectively validated) and predictors of cessation. Point prevalence abstinence at these time points (22.5%, 21.5% and 19.5%), continuous abstinence (12. 7%), and an ever-quit rate of 57% (i.e., quit for at least 48 hours), compare favorably to population quit rates and to rates reported for other self-help programs.

Logistic regression analyses were utilized to identify predictors of short-term cessation [time before needing a cigarette, concern regarding the health hazards of smoking, working in a critical care setting, use of targeted weight manual] and long-term cessation [dosage (inverse relationship), use of standard American Lung Association maintenance manual, working with dying patients, and M. D. s' opposition to upgrading nursing service (inverse relationship)].
Formative Research Conducted in Rural Appalachia to Inform a Community Physical Activity Intervention
Authors: Kruger Tina M. , Swanson Mark , Davis Rian E. , Wright Sherry , Dollarhide Katie , Schoenberg Nancy E.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

Despite the well-established benefits of physical activity (PA), most Americans, especially those in rural, traditionally underserved areas, engage in considerably less PA than recommended. This study examines perceived barriers to and facilitators of PA and promising organized PA programs among rural Appalachians.

Design.

Eight focus groups and seven group key informant interviews were conducted.

Setting.

This study was conducted in eastern Kentucky, in central Appalachia.

Subjects.

One hundred and fourteen rural Appalachian residents (74% female, 91% white) participated.

Measures.

Open-ended, semistructured, and structured questions regarding perceptions of, barriers to/facilitators of, and examples of successful/failed PA programs were asked.

Analysis.

Qualitative data analysis was conducted, including codebook development and steps taken to ensure rigor and transferability. Interrater reliability was over 94%.

Results.

In addition to barriers that are consistent with those found in other populations, rural Appalachian residents indicated that travel time, family commitments, and inadequate community resources undermine PA. Suggested avenues to increase PA include partnership with churches and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Cooperative Extension Service; programs that include families, are well advertised, and focus on health rather than appearance; and, underlying all suggestions, culturally relevant yet nonstereotyping activities.

Conclusions.

When developing PA interventions in rural Appalachia, it is important to employ community-based participatory approaches that leverage unique assets of the population and show potential in overcoming challenges to PA.
Social Influence and Motivation to Change Health Behaviors among Mexican-Origin Adults: Implications for Diet and Physical Activity
Authors: Ashida Sato , Wilkinson Anna V. , Koehly Laura M.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

To evaluate whether influence from social network members is associated with motivation to change dietary and physical activity behaviors.

Design.

Baseline assessment followed by mailing of family health history–based personalized messages (2 weeks) and follow-up assessment (3 months).

Setting.

Families from an ongoing population-based cohort in Houston, Texas.

Subjects.

475 adults from 161 Mexican-origin families. Out of 347 households contacted, 162 (47%) participated.

Measures.

Family health history, social networks, and motivation to change behaviors.

Analysis.

Two-level logistic regression modeling.

Results.

Having at least one network member who encourages one to eat more fruits and vegetables (p = .010) and to engage in regular physical activity (p = .046) was associated with motivation to change the relevant behavior. About 40% of the participants did not have encouragers for these behaviors.

Conclusions.

Identification of new encouragers within networks and targeting natural encouragers (e.g., children, spouses) may increase the efficacy of interventions to motivate behavioral changes among Mexican-origin adults.
Gamblers, grinders, and mavericks: The use of membership categorisation to manage identity by professional poker players
Authors: Radburn Breigh , Horsley Rachel
Published: December 2011

Historically, gambling has varied considerably regarding its moral and social meanings. Whilst frequent gambling is often constructed as deviant, professional poker playing can be argued to occupy the conflicting position of both deviant and legitimate. This study explored how professional poker players negotiate this potentially troubled aspect of their identities. Semistructured interviews were conducted with four men from the United Kingdom who played casino poker. The data were analysed using membership categorization analysis. The following membership categorisations were in use within participants' accounts: gambler, grinder, maverick, and nongambler, as well as the central categorisation of professional poker player. Participants constructed themselves as stigmatised because they were frequent gamblers and poker players. Thus professional poker players utilised membership categorisation to distance themselves from other membership categories, particularly gamblers, which was achieved primarily through claims warranted by reference to skill and control.
Use of Robotics in Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Report
Authors: Sledziewski Lori , Schaaf Roseann C. , Mount Julie
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE. We examined the use of robotics to treat upper-extremity (UE) dysfunction in tetraplegic patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).

METHOD. A 51-yr-old man with an incomplete SCI participated in an occupational therapy program that combined traditional occupational therapy with Reo Go®, a comprehensive therapy platform that includes a robotic guide featuring a telescopic arm to enable high repetitions of functionally relevant UE exercises.

RESULTS. The participant demonstrated measurable improvements in active range of motion, muscle strength as measured through manual muscle testing, perceived right UE function, and self-care performance as measured by the FIM™.

CONCLUSION. The findings from this case are promising and demonstrate the Reo Go’s utility in combination with traditional occupational therapy. However, more research and specific protocols that are easily reproducible with robots such as the Reo Go are needed to validate this evolving treatment area.
Certified Driver Rehabilitation Specialists’ Preferred Situations for Driving Simulator Scenarios
Authors: Yuen Hon K. , Brooks Johnell O. , Azuero Andres , Burik Jerry K.
Published: December 2011

The use of driving simulators is increasing in clinical settings that provide driving evaluation and rehabilitation. To identify the driving simulator scenarios desired by certified driver rehabilitation specialists (CDRSs), we developed a questionnaire consisting of 22 driving scenario situations. A total of 164 CDRSs rated each situation in terms of its importance for inclusion in simulator-based driving. The four situations they identified as most critical were turning left across oncoming traffic, navigating four-way intersections with traffic lights or signs, driving in multiple lanes with traffic on both sides, and reacting to unexpected events that require emergency braking or aggressive maneuvers to prevent an accident. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to group the 22 driving scenario situations. The model with the best fit included 11 situations forming three factors: (1) Intersections, (2) Roadway and Traffic Conditions, and (3) Environmental Conditions. Future studies should include these factors in driving simulator scenarios and evaluate their clinical efficacy in driving evaluation and rehabilitation.
Genetic regulation of heart valve development: Clinical implications
Authors: Hitz Marc-Phillip , Brand Thomas , Andelfinger Gregor
Published: December 2011

Cardiac malformations, most commonly valve defects, are some of the predominant causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Up to a third of all patients with complex congenital heart defects and numerous syndromic conditions, as well as a significant amount of the general population, exhibit valve defects. These observations have not only major implications in infancy; they also have a major impact on the adult population and the growing number of adults with congenital malformations. Over recent years, a large number of Mendelian inheritance patterns and syndromic causes have been identified, shedding light on the importance of genes encoding components of the extracelluar matrix in valve disease. Nevertheless, we still know little about the genetic origin of sporadic and more complex family traits. It is unclear to what extent genetic variations play a role in disease pathogenesis and influences phenotypes rooted in early development. Such knowledge would be greatly beneficial for counseling and treatment of patients. Therefore, this review summarizes the findings in human non-syndromic and syndromic valve disease with a special focus on extracellular matrix proteins, and discusses them in the context of vertebrate valve development.
Advances in Murrah Buffalo A2 Milk Production Technologies and Dairy Farming in West U.P. State of India
Authors: Singh Om , Tomar A. K. S. , Singh Ayushi
Published: December 2011

The opening balance of Murrah buffaloes as on 01.04.2011 was 223 heads (62 males and 161 females). Additions in the herd were due to birth of 23 female and 31 male calves (54 heads). The closing balance of the buffalo herd as on 31.03.2011 was 150 buffalo heads (118 females and 32 males). The overall mortality was 6.07%. The overall female and male group mortality were 3.38% and 15.87%, respectively. A total of deaths were recorded in buffalo herd during the current year (10 males and 5 females). The overall conception rate was 50.00%. The figures in heifer and adult groups were 43.24% and 53.84%, respectively. The overall calving abnormalities were 18.64%, which included 1.69% abortions, 1.69% unseen abortions, 1.69% dystokia, 5.08% retention of placenta, 1.69% prolapse and 6.77% premature births and still births. The least squares’ means (LSM) for age at first calving, service period, dry period and calving interval were 45.61±3.22 months, 152.91±20.66 days, 207.38±22.22 days and 460.89±17.90 days, respectively. The least squares’ means (LSM) for overall live body weights at birth, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age were 32.75±0.63, 63.40±1.95, 123.73±3.41, 226.53±7.84, 308.13±7.21 and 377.90±6.53 kg, respectively. The weight at first calving during the current year was 498.44±16.72 kg. Means for overall wet and herd averages were 5.82 and 3.39 kg, respectively. On an average, 57.44% of the total adult females were in the milk during this period. The LSM’s for total lactation milk yield, average lactation length, average 305 days yield and peak yield were 2208.41170.08 kg, 308.75107.72 days, 2276.82182.85 kg and 11.54±0.37 kg, respectively. The Fat, SNF and Total Solids were 8.08, 9.67 and 17.76 %, respectively.
Verification of Performance Specifications for a US Food and Drug Administration–Approved Molecular Microbiology Test: Clostridium difficile Cytotoxin B Using the Becton, Dickinson and Company GeneOhm Cdiff Assay
Authors: Schlaberg Robert , Mitchell Michael J , Taggart Edward W , She Rosemary C ,   for the Microbiology Resource Committee of the College of American Pathologists
Published: December 2011

Context.—US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved diagnostic tests based on molecular genetic technologies are becoming available for an increasing number of microbial pathogens. Advances in technology and lower costs have moved molecular diagnostic tests formerly performed for research purposes only into much wider use in clinical microbiology laboratories.

Objective.—To provide an example of laboratory studies performed to verify the performance of an FDA-approved assay for the detection of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin B compared with the manufacturer's performance standards.

Design.—We describe the process and protocols used by a laboratory for verification of an FDA-approved assay, assess data from the verification studies, and implement the assay after verification.

Results.—Performance data from the verification studies conducted by the laboratory were consistent with the manufacturer's performance standards and the assay was implemented into the laboratory's test menu.

Conclusion.—Verification studies are required for FDA-approved diagnostic assays prior to use in patient care. Laboratories should develop a standardized approach to verification studies that can be adapted and applied to different types of assays. We describe the verification of an FDA-approved real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of a toxin gene in a bacterial pathogen.
Research findings: What utility managers need to know
Authors: Speight Vanessa
Published: December 2011

The committees of the Water Science and Research Division have identified topics in which new research offers key opportunities to improve our knowledge about water quality and increase the efficiency of utility operations. Two areas are highlighted in this article: the genomics revolution, and the control of contaminants associated with distribution systems.
The condition of condition assessment in the water industry
Authors: Livingston Bryon , Packard Alan
Published: December 2011

Best practice for a buried infrastructure condition assessment program is to develop an individualized program that can be completed in four steps.
Literature and poetry, ancient Near East
Authors: Foster Benjamin R.
Published: December 2011

Literature has two meanings when applied to the writings known today from the ancient Near East.
Sea Peoples
Authors: Bachhuber Christoph
Published: December 2011

The primary corpus of evidence for the Sea Peoples includes wall reliefs on the mortuary temple of Rameses III at Medinet Habu inluxor, Egypt. The wall reliefs (normally referred to as the ”Year 8 reliefs”) and associated hieroglyphic inscriptions record an invasion of Egypt by a coalition of six groups during the reign of Rameses III (ca. 1187–1156bce). The Year 8 reliefs and inscriptions record Rameses III repelling the invasion in two battles, one naval and one on land. An associated Year 8 inscription records: ”Their confederation consisting of the Peleset, Tjeker, Shekelesh, Denyen, and Weshesh, lands united.” Another group, the Sherden, is indicated by a caption above a captive invader in the Year 8 reliefs that reads: ”Sherden of the Sea.” Three additional groups, the Ekwesh, Teresh, and Lukka, were allied with Libya in a war against Egypt during the reign of Merneptah (ca. 1224–1214), recorded in the ”Year 5” inscription on a stela commemorating his victories. The Ekwesh, Teresh, and Lukka are generally included in the collective of the Sea Peoples, though they are not recorded in the Year 8 inscriptions of Rameses III.
Imitation (mimesis, imitatio)
Authors: Fronda Michael P.
Published: December 2011

In Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy,mimesisreferred to how written and visual arts mimicked or imitated the world. The term, and its Latin equivalentimitatio(“imitation”), were more widely used in rhetoric and all genres of literature.
Edict, magistrate's
Authors: Peachin Michael
Published: December 2011

During the Roman Republican period, theedictum perpetuumof the urbanpraetorwas crucial to the development of civil law (seeedict, praetor's). Though thepraetor'sedict was by far and away the most influential in this respect, several other officers of state, who functioned in the capital, also possessed theius edicendi: dictators, censors, consuls,aediles, quaestors, tribunes of the plebs, and thepontifex maximus. The edicts of these magistrates (and thepontifex)were issued annually, at the moment when the newly elected officers began their terms, as was the case with thepraetors. The intent of these other annualedictaseems to have been to communicate publicly, and in broad terms, the manner in which these individuals would function while in office (cf. Wieacker 1988: 407).
Burdigala (Bordeaux)
Authors: Esmonde Cleary Simon
Published: December 2011

Burdigala was one of the principal cities of Roman Gaul, a major port, and under the Late Empire a provincial capital, seat of a university, and native city of Ausonius.
Adolescence
Authors: Golden Mark
Published: December 2011

Greeks and Romans recognized adolescence, a stage of life between childhood and full maturity.
Activation Energy Spectra: Insights into Transport Limitations of Organic Semiconductors and Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Liang Ziqi , Nardes Alexandre M. , van de Lagemaat Jao , Gregg Brian A.
Published: December 2011

Some mechanisms of charge transport in organic semiconductors and organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells can be distinguished by their predicted change in activation energy for the current, Ea, versus applied field, F. Ea versus F is measured first in pure films of commercially available regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and in the same P3HT treated to reduce its charged defect density. The former shows a Poole–Frenkel (PF)‐like decrease in Ea at low F, which then plateaus at higher F. The low defect material does not exhibit PF behavior and Ea remains approximately constant. Upon addition of [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), however, both materials show a large increase in Ea and exhibit PF‐like behavior over the entire field range. These results are explained with a previously proposed model of transport that considers both the localized random disorder in the energy levels and the long‐range electrostatic fluctuations resulting from charged defects. Activation energy spectra in working OPV cells show that the current is injection‐limited over most of the voltage range but becomes transport‐limited, with a large peak in Ea, near the open circuit photovoltage. This causes a decrease in fill factor, which may be a general limitation in such solar cells.
Stability of Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Jørgensen Mikkel , Norrman Kion , Gevorgyan Suren A. , Tromholt Thomas , Andreasen Birgitta , Krebs Frederik C.
Published: December 2011

Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) evolve in an exponential manner in the two key areas of efficiency and stability. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) has in the last decade been increased by almost a factor of ten approaching 10%. A main concern has been the stability that was previously measured in minutes, but can now, in favorable circumstances, exceed many thousands of hours. This astonishing achievement is the subject of this article, which reviews the developments in stability/degradation of OPVs in the last five years. This progress has been gained by several developments, such as inverted device structures of the bulk heterojunction geometry device, which allows for more stable metal electrodes, the choice of more photostable active materials, the introduction of interfacial layers, and roll‐to‐roll fabrication, which promises fast and cheap production methods while creating its own challenges in terms of stability.
Determination of human platelet antigen typing by molecular methods: Importance in diagnosis and early treatment of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Arinsburg Suzanne A. , Shaz Beth H. , Westhoff Connie , Cushing Melissa M.
Published: December 2011

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is the most common cause of severe thrombocytopenia and intracranial hemorrhage in the perinatal period. While the gold standard for making a diagnosis of NAIT is detection of a human platelet antigen (HPA)‐specific antibody in maternal serum, together with identifying an incompatibility between the parents for the cognate HPA antigen, platelet genotyping is the gold standard method for HPA typing. Platelet genotyping is critical in screening at‐risk fetuses for the presence ofthe HPA corresponding to the maternal antibody. In addition, platelet genotyping may play a role in population screening to identify women at risk for sensitization, and thus, fetuses at risk for NAIT. The most commonly used methods of platelet genotyping are sequence‐specific primer‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR‐SSP), restriction fragment length polymorphism‐PCR (PCR‐RFLP), and TaqMan real‐time PCR. PCR‐SSP and PCR‐RFLP are relatively inexpensive and technically simple methods, but they are not easily automated and require expertise for reliable interpretation of results. Newer methods that allow for multiplexing, automation, and easily interpretable results, such as bead arrays, are currently in development and available for research purposes. Am. J. Hematol. 87:525–528, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional expression of epithelial MDR1/P‐glycoprotein in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyposis
Authors: Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: December 2011

Background:

P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is a 170‐kDa transmembrane glycoprotein encoded by the MDR1 (ABCB1) gene and is constitutively expressed on lower airway epithelium. P‐gp has been shown to function as an immunomodulator regulating efflux of T‐helper 1/T‐helper 2 (Th1/Th2) cytokines from its host cell; however, its association with sinonasal inflammation has not been described. The purpose of this study is to determine the pattern and degree of epithelial P‐gp expression in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) or CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP).

Methods:

Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved study utilizing sinus, septal, and inferior turbinate mucosa in patients with no disease, CRS, and CRSwNP (n = 4 each). Quantitative fluorescent immunohistochemistry (Q‐FIHC) was performed using an anti‐P‐gp antibody and a secondary fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐conjugated Fc specific fragment. Protein expression was quantified by calculating the epithelial to nonspecific background intensity ratio (4 images/subsite). Scores less than 1 suggested negligible expression. Staining ratios between patient groups and subsites were compared using a 2‐tailed Student t test.

Results:

Among the sinus mucosa, P‐gp expression in CRSwNP (1.570 ± 0.354) was significantly greater than both CRS (1.224 ± 0.248) and control (0.762 ± 0.128) (p < 0.001, p = 0.002; respectively). CRS scores were significantly greater than control (p = 0.002). Among the septal mucosa, there was no significant difference between CRSwNP (0.914 ± 0.264), CRS (1.126 ± 0.476), or control (0.966 ± 0.327). Among the inferior turbinate mucosa, there was no significant difference between CRSwNP (1.047 ± 0.157), CRS (1.099 ± 0.362), or control (0.824 ± 0.181).

Conclusion:

MDR1/P‐gp is overexpressed in the epithelial layer of sinus mucosa in patients with both CRSwNP and CRS relative to other sinonasal subsites. Expression in healthy mucosa is negligible. Given its known immunomodulatory function this suggests that P‐gp may play a role in the pathogenesis or maintenance of chronic sinonasal inflammation. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Endoscopic endonasal approach for resection of ventral skull base keratinaceous cysts
Authors: McCoul Edward D. , Chow Samuel , Lee Dennis L.Y. , Anand Vijay K. , Schwartz Theodore H.
Published: December 2011

Background:

Epidermoid and dermoid cysts are uncommon entities that belong in the differential diagnosis of ventral skull base lesions. The endoscopic endonasal approach is an attractive option for management of these lesions with limited morbidity. The clinical characteristics and management course from our experience is reviewed along with the relevant literature.

Methods:

A prospective database of endoscopic endonasal skull base cases performed since 2003 at a tertiary referral center was reviewed for cases involving keratinaceous lesions. Data on the pathology, radiology and management of the disease was reviewed. A search of pertinent literature using Medline was performed to complement the discussion.

Results:

Three cases of intracranial keratinaceous cysts successfully managed with the endoscopic endonasal approach. All cases presented with headache, and 1 case presented with bitemporal hemianopsia. Characteristic appearance on magnetic resonance imaging was seen in each case. All lesions were intradural with variable involvement of the suprasellar, prepontine, and premedullary cisterns. Total resection was achieved in 2 cases and near total resection in 1 case. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred in one case, which was controlled after revision surgery using the “gasket‐seal” technique. There were no cranial nerve palsies or vascular events.

Conclusion:

The endoscopic endonasal approach allows the rhinologic surgeon to access the ventral midline skull base for the successful management of keratinaceous cysts without major complications. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Correlation of morphological, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties in compatibilized polypropylene/ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Goodarzi Vahabodin , Jafari Seyed Hassan , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Hässler R. , Reuter Uta
Published: December 2011

Compatibilized and noncompatibilized nanocomposites based on polypropylene (PP)/ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) blends, having 75/25 (wt %/wt %) PP/EVA ratio, with different contents of organoclay (OMMT) and maleated polypropylene as compatibilizer were made through a melt‐mixing process with a twin‐screw microcompounder, and their properties were investigated. X‐ray analysis revealed mainly intercalated/partially exfoliated structures for the blend‐based nanocomposites. Through a thermodynamic theoretical approach and transmission electron microscopy investigation, it was shown that the OMMT nanoparticles were mainly placed at the EVA phase of the nanocomposites. Also, scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that OMMT acted like a compatibilizer and reduced the average size of the EVA dispersed phase by preventing coalescence. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the addition of OMMT in the presence of the compatibilizer increased both the storage modulus and damping factor of the corresponding blends. The critical interparticle distance of the EVA domains for achieving supertoughening behavior was obtained at about 100 nm. The addition of OMMT led to a significant improvement in the thermal stability of the blends, especially in the presence of the compatibilizer. A correlation between the morphological, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties was established to determine the best performing composition, in which desirable damping and stiffness and good thermal stability could be achieved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Mechanical and thermal properties of eucalyptus fiber composites bonding by blocked polyurethane adhesive
Authors: Shen Tengfei , Lu Mangeng , Liang Liyan , Zhou Dewen
Published: December 2011

In this work, composites from eucalyptus fiber (EF) and polyurethane emulsion (PU) were prepared. Ethyl cellosolve‐blocked polyisocyanate (EC‐bp) was used as a novel adhesive and the mechanical and water absorption properties of the prepared composites were analyzed. The results showed that the tensile, flexural, and water resistance properties of the composites modified by such adhesive were enhanced compared with those of unmodified ones. Effects of EC‐bp on the thermal degradation and the morphology of the composites were also investigated and compared. The presence of modification on the surface of EC‐bp treated EF/PU composites was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) from the appearance of CO bands absorbance and the reducing of relative intensity of OH. Thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA) resulted that the thermal stability of the modified composites was improved. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was used to observe the morphology and evaluate the interfacial adhesion of the composites. The results showed that much better homogeneity morphology of the modified composites was achieved, which indicated that the prepared EC‐bp as an adhesive could improve the interfacial adhesion. These findings appeared that the occurrence of strong bonds between the composite components in the presence of EC‐bp, rather than the unique existence of Van der Waals interactions among the nonpolar structures or the hydrogen bonding interaction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Scalable process for the spinning of PVA–carbon nanotube composite fibers
Authors: Mercader Célia , Denis‐Lutard Valérie , Jestin Simon , Maugey Maryse , Derré Alain , Zakri Cécile , Poulin Philippe
Published: December 2011

We report a water‐based spinning process to produce polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–carbon nanotube composite fibers that contain a large fraction of nanotubes. The process differs from previous methods to achieve related materials because the spinning solution is injected in a static coagulation bath instead of being circulated in coflowing streams. The resultant wet spinning process is reminiscent of processes industrially developed for neat PVA fibers. Considering its robustness, the process is therefore expected to be easily scalable for greater production. The present method is based on the stabilization of nanotubes by appropriate surfactant molecules that allow the nanotubes to remain homogeneously dispersed in aqueous solutions of PVA. The obtained fibers are homogeneous, uniform in diameter, and can be spun indefinitely. They are electrically conductive and potentially useful for conducting textile applications. The present process being based on the colloidal stability of the particles in PVA solutions, it is believed that it could be extended to several other types of composite PVA fibers provided that the particles are stabilized by similar surfactants. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation and characterization of aluminum oxide–poly(ethylene‐co‐butyl acrylate) nanocomposites
Authors: Nordell P. , Nawaz S. , Azhdar B. , Hillborg H. , Gedde U. W.
Published: December 2011

This article describes the preparation and characterization of composites containing poly(ethylene‐co‐butyl acrylate) (EBA–13 and EBA–28 with 13 and 28 wt % butyl acrylate, respectively) and 2–12 wt % (0.5–3 vol %) of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (two types differing in specific surface area and hydroxyl‐group concentration; uncoated and coated with, respectively, octyltriethoxysilane and aminopropyltriethoxysilane). A greater surface coverage was obtained with aminopropyltriethoxysilane than with octyltriethoxysilane. An overall good dispersion was obtained in the EBA‐13 composites prepared by extrusion compounding. Composites with octyltriethoxysilane‐coated nanoparticles showed the best dispersion. The addition of the nanoparticles to EBA–28 resulted in poor dispersion, probably due to insufficiently high shear forces acting during extrusion mixing which were unable to break down nanoparticle agglomerates. The nanoparticles had no effect on the crystallization kinetics in the EBA–13 composites, but in the EBA–28 composites the presence of the nanoparticles led to an increase in the crystallization peak temperature, suggesting that the nanoparticles had a nucleating effect in this particular polymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Novel calix[4]arene‐based polymeric catalysts as acyltransferase enzyme mimics
Authors: Tabakci Begum , Yilmaz Mustafa , Beduk A. Dincer
Published: December 2011

Monomeric and polymeric calix[4]arenes containing imidazole or triazole functionalities were synthesized. The enzymatic performance of these calix[4]arenes was evaluated by comparing the Michaelis–Menten kinetics for the hydrolysis reaction of p‐nitrophenyl acetate. The results indicate that the newly synthesized both monomeric and polymeric calix[4]arenes could be used as acyltransferase mimics. The results of monomeric mimics showed that the calix[4]arenes containing imidazole groups are more efficient acyltransferase mimics than triazole‐bonded ones. In the case of carboxylic acid‐bonded mimic, it was also observed that H‐bond contributed to increasing of catalytic yield. The catalytic studies of polymeric mimics demonstrated that the calixarene contents of polymers were very important for their hydrolytic activities. Moreover, the recyclability studies of some polymeric calix[4]arenes revealed that Merrifield resin was the best supporting material for the polymeric catalysts. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Host‐specificity of the endangered thick‐shelled river mussel (Unio crassus, Philipsson 1788) and implications for conservation
Authors: Taeubert Jens‐Eike , Gum Bernhard , Geist Juergen
Published: December 2011

The complex life cycle of the endangered thick‐shelled river mussel (Unio crassus, Philipsson 1788) includes an obligatory parasitic phase on a host fish. Consequently, knowledge of the interaction of U. crassus with its host species is crucial for the development of effective conservation strategies.

The objective of this study was to assess systematically the host suitability of eight different fish species, including six native species which naturally co‐occur with U. crassus, as well as two non‐native species. All tested fish species were successfully infected with glochidia of U. crassus, which were present on their gills 2 days after exposure.

Phoxinus phoxinus and Squalius cephalus were the most suitable hosts as indicated by both the highest total glochidial load and the highest fish‐weight‐normalized glochidial load after 16 days and 48 days. Salmo trutta, Alburnoides bipunctatus and Cottus gobio were less suitable, losing ~90% of glochidia within 16 days. Alburnus alburnus, invasive Neogobius melanostomus and introduced Oncorhynchus mykiss lost more than 98% of glochidia within 16 days, indicating they are unsuitable hosts.

U. crassus larvae did not grow significantly (<15%) during their metamorphosis on suitable hosts, suggesting that the most obvious advantage of the host‐dependent phase in the U. crassus life cycle is the dispersal by fish vectors. The observed differences in the developmental speed and the timing of excystment on different suitable host species are likely to increase the chances of successful dispersal and survival in adverse environmental conditions.

The sustainable conservation management of U. crassus populations is closely linked to the effective management of their host fish populations. In particular, the currently underestimated ecological functions of low‐valued fish species such as S. cephalus and P. phoxinus clearly deserve better consideration in the conservation management of U. crassus habitats and stream ecosystems.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.