bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Triassic-Jurassic Fundy Basin, eastern Canada: regional setting, stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential
Authors: Wade John A. , Brown David E. , Traverse Alfred , Fensome Robert A.
Published: September 2014

Fundy Basin, one of a series of half graben that formed along the eastern margin of North America during the Triassic/Jurassic rifting of Pangaea, lies mainly to the south of the Cobequid-Chedabucto Fault System in Nova Scotia and' beneath the Bay of Fundy. Continental red clastic rocks and basalt flows of the Triassic and Early Jurassic Newark Supergroup crop out continuously along the Bay of Fundy and Minas Basin coast of Nova Scotia and at several sites in southern New Brunswick. These units thicken beneath the waters of the bay to a present-day maximum of nearly 10 km. Proximal facies preserved along the faulted New Brunswick margin of the basin consist of upper alluvial fan and fluvial elastics which grade laterally into sheet flood deposits. Along the gently north-dipping Nova Scotia margin, facies consist of distal alluvial fan, sheet flood and playa mud flat deposits.

Facies projections suggest the probability that petroleum-generating lacustrine sequences are widespread along the basin axis. In the Wolfvilte Formation and lower part of the Blomidon Formation these may be overmature but the upper part of the Blomidon Formation and the Scots Bay Formation have the potential for appreciable quantities of hydrocarbons.

RÉSUMÉ

Le bassin dc Fundy, Pun des demi-grabens d'unc s£ric qui s'est formee le long de la marge contincntale de l'Amérique du Nord lors de la séparation triasique-jurassique de la Pangée, est principalement situé au sud du système de failles de Cobequid-Chedabucto, en Nouvelle-Écosse, ainsi qu'au-dessous de la baie de Fundy. Des écoulements de basaltes et de roches clastiques rouges continental du supcrgroupe du Trias et du Jurassiquc intérieur de Newark affleurent de fa÷on continue le long de la baie de Fundy et de la côte du bassin de Minas en Nouvelle-Écosse ainsi qu'en plusieurs endroits dans le sud du Nouveau-Brunswick. Ces unités s'épatssissent au-dessous des eaux de la baie jusqu'à un maximum actuel de près de 10 km. Les faciès proximaux conservés le long de la marge faillée néo-brunswickoise du bassin sont constitués de cônes altuviaux supérieurs et de roches déritiques fluviales qui passent latéralementà des gites d'inondation en nappes. Le long de la marge doucement inclinée vers le nord néo-écossatse, les faciès sont constitutés de cônes alluviaux distaux, de gttes d'inondation en nappes et de playas de sltkkes.

Les projections des facies permettent de supposer qu'il est probable que les séquences lacustres sont répanducs le long de l'axe du bassin. Celles-ci pourraient être immatures dans la Formation de Wolfville et la partie inférieure de la Formation de Blomidon, mats la partie supérieure de la Formation de Blomidon et la Formation de Scots Bay offrent un potentiel de quantités appréciables d'hydrocarbures.

[Traduit par la rédaction]
The holotype of Leaia silurica Matthew, 1910, Pennsylvanian, Lancaster Formation, New Brunswick
Authors: Miller Randall F.
Published: September 2014

The conchostracan Leaia silurica Matthew, 1910 was reviewed by Copeland in 1957 and a hypotype described and deposited in the collections of the Geological Survey of Canada. Matthew's holotype has been recovered during organization of the G.F. Matthew collection at the New Brunswick Museum.

RÉSUMÉ

Le Conchostracé Leaia silurica de Matthew, 1910, a été reéxaminé par Copeland en 1957 et un hypotype a été décrit et déposé dans les collections de la Commission géologique du Canada. L'holotype de Matthew a été récuperé pendant l'organisation de la collection de G. F. Matthew au Musée du Nouveau-Brunswick.

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Thoughts on the evolution of modern oceans
Authors: Gramberg I. S.
Published: September 2014

Explanation of the evolution of the Earth's oceans, particularly the processes involved in the generation of the oceans, are important for understanding the general appearance of our planet, and for the solution of specific problems. A comparative study of the world's oceans shows there is a single genetic series in the evolution of oceans, and that the oceans of the world are at different stages in their evolution. The Arctic Ocean, dated as Cenozoic, is noted for its small size and shallow oceanic floor, extensive but passive continental margins, limited volcanism, significant crustal thickness, and a lack of Benioff zones. The Mesozoic, Indian and Atlantic oceans have much greater dimensions and depths than the Arctic Ocean, the crust is thinner beneath them, volcanism is much more extensive, and active margins, while in the initial phase of evolution, are limited in extent. The area of the most ancient (probably Paleozoic) Pacific Ocean is equal to the sum of the rest of the three oceans; it also has the greatest oceanic depth. Beneath the Pacific, the crust is thinned and is characterized by high permeability, because of which magmatism is particularly widespread. Active continental margins arc also extensive in the Pacific. The concept of evolutionary development of the oceans enables us to predict the comparative potential of oceans with regards to their oil and gas and ore content.

RÉSUMÉ

Les explications de l'évolution des océans de la terre, particulièrement les processus impliqués dans la formation des océans, sont importants pour compréndre l'aspect général de notre planète et pour la solution de problèmes spécifiques. Une étude comparative des océans du monde montre qu'il y a une suite génétique unique dans l'évolution des océans, et que les océans du monde en sont a différents stades dans leur évolution. l'océan Arctique, datant du cénozoique, est caractérise par sa petite taille et son fond océanique peu profond, des marges continentales étendues mais passives, une petite quantité de volcanisme, une croûte épaisse, et une absence de zones de Benioff. Les océans Indien et Atlantique, mésozoiques, ont des dimensions et des profondeurs beaucoup plus grandes que celles de l'océan Arctique, la croute sous-jacente est plus mince; le volcanisme est beaucoup plus répandu, et les marges actives, dans leur phase initiate d'évolution, sont d'étendue limitée. La surface de l'océan Pacifique, le plus ancien (probablement paléozoique), est égale a la somme des trois autres océans; il a aussi la plus grande profondeur. Sous le Pacifique, la croûte est amincie et caractérisee par une grande perméabilité, en raison de laquelle le magmatisme est particulièrement repandu. Les marges continentales actives sont aussi abondantes dans le Pacifique. Le concept de l'évolution des océans nous permet de prédire le potentiel comparatif des océans en regard de leur contenu en pétrole, gaz naturel et minerai.

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A Lower Palaeozoic 'onychophoran' reinterpreted as a pelmatozoan (stalked echinoderm) column
Authors: Rhebergen Freek , Donovan Stephen K.
Published: September 2014

Onychophorans are rare fossils, but are currently the subject of renewed research activity. However, not all 'onychophorans' have been correctly identified. The specimen described herein is preserved as a natural mould in an Upper Ordovician cobble from a Quaternary glacial deposit. The 'legs' are actually elongate tubercles, arranged in irregular circlets and showing calcite cleavage; the annulations of the body are irregularly spaced. The specimen is reinterpreted as a pelmatozoan, probably crinoid, pluricolumnal.

RÉSUMÉ

Les onychophores sont des fossiles rares, mais font préscntement L'objet d'une activité de recherche renouvelée. Toutefois, ce ne sont pas tous les «onychophores» qui ont été correctement identifiés. Le spécimen décrit ici est préservé com me un moulage naturcl dans un caillou Ordovicien supérieur provenant d'un dépôt glaciaire quaternaire. Les «pattes» sont en fait des tubercules allongés, disposes en cercles irréguliers et montrant des clivages de calcite; les annulations du corps sont irrégulierement espacées. Le specimen est réinterpreté comme un pelmatozoaire, probablement un crinoide à plusieurs tiges.

[Traduit par la rédaction]
Weathering of Devonian monzogranites as recorded in the geochemistry of saprolites from the South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: O'Beirne-Ryan Ann Marie , Zentilli Marcos
Published: September 2014

Parent mineralogy, paleoenvironment, and subsequent diagenetic and erosional history contribute to the nature of the paleoweathering proﬁles (saprolites) developed on the South Mountain Batholith. Saprolites of three different ages (pre-Carboniferous, pre-Triassic, and pre-Pleistocene) developed on Devonian monzogranite and exhibit increases in oxidation and hydration and decreases in rare earth elements with increasing weathering. In addition, changes in Ca, Ba, Rb, Zn, Pb, Co, and other elements in the oldest saprolite indicate element mobility during weathering. Re-exposure of these partially weathered proﬁles at surface in today's acidic and oxygen-rich environment may result in further migration of elements from these saprolites.

RÉSUMÉ

La minéralogie originelle, le paléoenvironnement, et les antécédents diagénétiques et d'érosion subséquents sont autant de facteurs qui déterminent les proﬁls de paléométéorisation (saprolithes) observés dans le batholithe de South Mountain. Des saprolithes de trois époques différentes (antérieures au Carbonifère, à l'ère triasique, et au Pléistocène) se sont formées sur du monzogranite. On observe une oxydation et une hydratation accrues, une diminution de la présence des éléments du groupe des terres rares, et une météorisation plus grande. De plus, des altérations de Ca, Ba, Rb, Zn, Pb, Co et d'autres éléments dans les saprolithes plus anciens indiquent le caractère meuble des éléments pendant la météorisation. Une nouvelle exposition de ces proﬁls en partie météorisés dans le milieu acide et riche en oxygène d'aujourd'hui pourrait entraîner une autre migration des éléments contenus dans ces saprolithes.

[Traduit par la rédaction]
A Mississippian trackway (Pseudobradypus ichnosp.) from the Enragé Formation, New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Wood Nadine J. , Miller Randall F.
Published: September 2014

A tetrapod trackway, identified as Pseudobradypus ichnosp., from the Upper Mississippian Enragé Formation represents one of the few occurrences of fossil vertebrate tracks documented in New Brunswick. It was collected from red mudstone near Green Creek, Upper Rockport, New Brunswick on the Maringouin Peninsula. The Enragé Formation is Namurian age and is the top of the Mabou Group in New Brunswick. As Pseudobradypus is often attributed to a captorhinomorph reptile trackmaker, this specimen may be considered among the early evidence for reptiles (amniotes).

RÉSUMÉ

Un sillon de tétrapode, identifié à titre de Pseudobradypus ichnosp., de la Formation du Mississippien supérieur d’Enragé, représente l’un des rares cas de présence d’empreintes de vertébré fossile documentés au Nouveau-Brunswick. On a prélevé ces empreintes dans du mudstone rouge près de la crique Green, à Upper Rockport (Nouveau-Brunswick), sur la péninsule de Maringouin. La Formation d’Enragé remonte au Namurien et se trouve au sommet du groupe de Mabou au Nouveau-Brunswick. Comme on rattache souvent le Pseudobradypus à un reptile captorhinomorphe auteur d’empreintes, ce spécimen peut être considéré comme l’un des premiers signes de la présence des reptiles (amniotes).
The impact of climate variation and disturbances on the carbon balance of forests in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Hirata R. , Takagi K. , Ito A. , Hirano T. , Saigusa N.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. We evaluated the long-term (52-year) effect of climate, disturbance, and subsequent recovery on the carbon balance of cool temperate forests by using the process-based ecosystem model VISIT. The study sites were artificial larch forests planted after clear-cutting of mixed forest in Hokkaido, Japan. The model was validated, scenarios were computed, and a sensitivity analysis was performed. First, we performed a baseline simulation of carbon dynamics and compared these values with those observed across a wide range of stand ages (old mixed forest and young and middle-aged larch forests). Second, we ran scenarios to investigate how disturbance and several climate factors affect long-term carbon fluxes. Third, we analyzed the sensitivity of carbon balance to the amount of disturbance-generated tree biomass residues. By taking into account seasonal variation in the understory leaf area index, which played an important role, especially in the initial stage of recovery, the simulated net ecosystem production (NEP), gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and biomass for the three types of forest were consistent with observed values (mean ± SD of R2 of monthly NEP, GPP and RE for the three types of forest were 0.63 ± 0.26, 0.93 ± 0.07, 0.94 ± 0.2, respectively). The effect of disturbances such as clear-cutting, land-use conversion, and thinning on the long-term trend of NEP was larger than that of climate variation, even 50 years after clear-cutting. In contrast, interannual variation in the carbon balance was primarily driven by climate variation. These findings indicate that disturbance controlled the long-term trend of the carbon balance, whereas climate factors controlled yearly variation in the carbon balance. Among the meteorological factors considered, temperature and precipitation were the main ones that affected NEP and its interannual variation. The carbon balance in the initial post-disturbance period, which is strongly affected by the amount of residues, influenced the subsequent long-term carbon budget, implying the importance of residue management. Consequently, carbon release just after disturbance and the length of the recovery period required to balance the carbon budget are controlled by the amount of residues.
An instrumented sample holder for time-lapse microtomography measurements of snow under advective airflow
Authors: Ebner P. P. , Grimm S. A. , Schneebeli M. , Steinfeld A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. An instrumented sample holder was developed for time-lapse microtomography of snow samples to enable in situ nondestructive spatial and temporal measurements under controlled advective airflows, temperature gradients, and air humidities. The design was aided by computational fluid dynamics simulations to evaluate the airflow uniformity across the snow sample. Morphological and mass transport properties were evaluated during a 4-day test run. This instrument allows the experimental characterization of metamorphism of snow undergoing structural changes with time.
Does the simple dynamical systems approach provide useful information about catchment hydrological functioning in a Mediterranean context? Application to the Ardèche catchment (France)
Authors: Adamovic M. , Braud I. , Branger F. , Kirchner J. W.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. This study explores how catchment heterogeneity and variability can be summarized in simplified models, representing the dominant hydrological processes. It focuses on Mediterranean catchments, characterized by heterogeneous geology, pedology, and land use, as well as steep topography and a rainfall regime in which summer droughts contrast with high-rainfall periods in autumn. The Ardèche catchment (south-east France), typical of this environment, is chosen to explore the following questions: (1) can such a Mediterranean catchment be adequately characterized by simple dynamical systems approach and what are the limits of the method under such conditions? (2) What information about dominant predictors of hydrological variability can be retrieved from this analysis in such catchments? In this work we apply the data-driven approach of Kirchner (WRR, 2009) to estimate discharge sensitivity functions that summarize the behavior of four sub-catchments of the Ardèche, using non-vegetation periods (November–March) from 9 years of data (2000–2008) from operational networks. The relevance of the inferred sensitivity function is assessed through hydrograph simulations, and through estimating precipitation rates from discharge fluctuations. We find that the discharge-sensitivity function is downward-curving in double-logarithmic space, thus allowing further simulation of discharge and non-divergence of the model, only during non-vegetation periods. The analysis is complemented by a Monte-Carlo sensitivity analysis showing how the parameters summarizing the discharge sensitivity function impact the simulated hydrographs. The resulting discharge simulation results are good for granite catchments, found to be predominantly characterized by saturation excess runoff and sub-surface flow processes. The simple dynamical system hypothesis works especially well in wet conditions (peaks and recessions are well modeled). On the other hand, poor model performance is associated with summer and dry periods when evapotranspiration is high and low-flow discharge observations are inaccurate. In the Ardèche catchment, inferred precipitation rates agree well in timing and amount with observed gauging stations and SAFRAN climatic data reanalysis during the non-vegetation periods. The model should further be improved to include a more accurate representation of actual evapotranspiration, but provides a satisfying summary of the catchment functioning during wet and winter periods.
Decision-tree analysis of factors influencing rainfall-related building structure and content damage
Authors: Spekkers M. H. , Kok M. , Clemens F. H. L. R. , ten Veldhuis J. A. E.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Flood-damage prediction models are essential building blocks in flood risk assessments. So far, little research has been dedicated to damage from small-scale urban floods caused by heavy rainfall, while there is a need for reliable damage models for this flood type among insurers and water authorities. The aim of this paper is to investigate a wide range of damage-influencing factors and their relationships with rainfall-related damage, using decision-tree analysis. For this, district-aggregated claim data from private property insurance companies in the Netherlands were analysed, for the period 1998–2011. The databases include claims of water-related damage (for example, damages related to rainwater intrusion through roofs and pluvial flood water entering buildings at ground floor). Response variables being modelled are average claim size and claim frequency, per district, per day. The set of predictors include rainfall-related variables derived from weather radar images, topographic variables from a digital terrain model, building-related variables and socioeconomic indicators of households. Analyses were made separately for property and content damage claim data. Results of decision-tree analysis show that claim frequency is most strongly associated with maximum hourly rainfall intensity, followed by real estate value, ground floor area, household income, season (property data only), buildings age (property data only), a fraction of homeowners (content data only), a and fraction of low-rise buildings (content data only). It was not possible to develop statistically acceptable trees for average claim size. It is recommended to investigate explanations for the failure to derive models. These require the inclusion of other explanatory factors that were not used in the present study, an investigation of the variability in average claim size at different spatial scales, and the collection of more detailed insurance data that allows one to distinguish between the effects of various damage mechanisms to claim size. Cross-validation results show that decision trees were able to predict 22–26% of variance in claim frequency, which is considerably better compared to results from global multiple regression models (11–18% of variance explained). Still, a large part of the variance in claim frequency is left unexplained, which is likely to be caused by variations in data at subdistrict scale and missing explanatory variables.
Earthquake scenario in West Bengal with emphasis on seismic hazard microzonation of the city of Kolkata, India
Authors: Nath S. K. , Adhikari M. D. , Maiti S. K. , Devaraj N. , Srivastava N. , Mohapatra L. D.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Seismic microzonation is a process of estimating site-specific effects due to an earthquake on urban centers for its disaster mitigation and management. The state of West Bengal, located in the western foreland of the Assam–Arakan Orogenic Belt, the Himalayan foothills and Surma Valley, has been struck by several devastating earthquakes in the past, indicating the need for a seismotectonic review of the province, especially in light of probable seismic threat to its capital city of Kolkata, which is a major industrial and commercial hub in the eastern and northeastern region of India. A synoptic probabilistic seismic hazard model of Kolkata is initially generated at engineering bedrock (Vs30 ~ 760 m s−1) considering 33 polygonal seismogenic sources at two hypocentral depth ranges, 0–25 and 25–70 km; 158 tectonic sources; appropriate seismicity modeling; 14 ground motion prediction equations for three seismotectonic provinces, viz. the east-central Himalaya, the Bengal Basin and Northeast India selected through suitability testing; and appropriate weighting in a logic tree framework. Site classification of Kolkata performed following in-depth geophysical and geotechnical investigations places the city in D1, D2, D3 and E classes. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment at a surface-consistent level – i.e., the local seismic hazard related to site amplification performed by propagating the bedrock ground motion with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years through a 1-D sediment column using an equivalent linear analysis – predicts a peak ground acceleration (PGA) range from 0.176 to 0.253 g in the city. A deterministic liquefaction scenario in terms of spatial distribution of liquefaction potential index corresponding to surface PGA distribution places 50% of the city in the possible liquefiable zone. A multicriteria seismic hazard microzonation framework is proposed for judicious integration of multiple themes, namely PGA at the surface, liquefaction potential index, NEHRP soil site class, sediment class, geomorphology and ground water table in a fuzzy protocol in the geographical information system by adopting an analytical hierarchal process. The resulting high-resolution surface consistent hazard, liquefaction and microzonation maps are expected to play vital roles in earthquake-related disaster mitigation and management of the city of Kolkata.
Numerical simulation of a winter hailstorm event over Delhi, India on 17 January 2013
Authors: Chevuturi A. , Dimri A. P. , Gunturu U. B.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. This study analyzes the cause of rare occurrence of winter hailstorm over New Delhi/NCR (National Capital Region), India. The absence of increased surface temperature or low level of moisture incursion during winter cannot generate the deep convection required for sustaining a hailstorm. Consequently, NCR shows very few cases of hailstorms in the months of December-January-February, making the winter hail formation a question of interest. For this study, recent winter hailstorm event on 17 January 2013 (16:00–18:00 UTC) occurring over NCR is investigated. The storm is simulated using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) microphysics scheme with two different options, hail or graupel. The aim of the study is to understand and describe the cause of hailstorm event during over NCR with comparative analysis of the two options of GCE microphysics. On evaluating the model simulations, it is observed that hail option shows similar precipitation intensity with TRMM observation than the graupel option and is able to simulate hail precipitation. Using the model simulated output with hail option; detailed investigation on understanding the dynamics of hailstorm is performed. The analysis based on numerical simulation suggests that the deep instability in the atmospheric column led to the formation of hailstones as the cloud formation reached upto the glaciated zone promoting ice nucleation. In winters, such instability conditions rarely form due to low level available potential energy and moisture incursion along with upper level baroclinic instability due to the presence of WD. Such rare positioning is found to be lowering the tropopause with increased temperature gradient, leading to winter hailstorm formation.
Desire under the Elms in Dublin, The Corn Exchange production, directed by Annie Ryan
Authors: Dubost Thierry
Published: September 2014

In an interview with director Annie Ryan, Thierry Dubost talks about Desire under the Elms, which was staged in Smock Alley Theatre during the 2013 Dublin Theatre Festival. Annie Ryan first retraces how Corn Exchange (her theater company) came to be one of the prominent Irish theater companies. She then alludes to the situation of theater in contemporary Ireland, and provides precious information about the presence of Eugene O'Neill's work in this country, including the public reception of the play. Ryan initially mentions the influence of commedia dell'arte on the aesthetics of Corn Exchange; she then explains why she chose Desire under the Elms and how she approached O'Neill's famous play. Although the financial context forced her to make restrictive choices, her staging proved successful.
Revenants, Resurrection, and Burnt Sacrifice
Authors: Caciola Nancy Mandeville
Published: September 2014

Shortly after the turn of the millennium, Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg incorporated several stories about the undead in his chronicle of the deeds of the Ottonian kings. His accounts feature embodied revenants (not insubstantial specters) at worship. The stories the bishop recounts likely circulated in oral form, as urban legends, for some time before he recorded them in writing. Perhaps because they featured revived bodies, Thietmar presented these stories as evidence for the Christian doctrine of Resurrection. However, the tales do not readily lend themselves to this project, not least because the revenants were presented as frightening, dangerous, and even murderous in nature. This article probes the dissonances of Thietmar's ghost stories, arguing that they represent the hybrid products of a syncretism between Slavic pagan and medieval Christian cultures.
Apresentação Dossie Relações Internacionais e Meio Ambiente
Authors: Culpi Ludmila Andrzejewski
Published: September 2014

Apresentação Dossie Relações Internacionais e Meio Ambiente
Effect of Debarking Water from Norway Spruce (Picea abies) on the Growth of Five Species ofWood-Decaying Fungi
Authors: Edfeldt Amelie Fagerlund , Hedenström Erik , Edman Mattias , Jonsson Bengt Gunnar
Published: September 2014

Norway spruce (Picea abies) debarking water is an aqueous extract obtained as waste from the debarking of logs at paper mills. The debarking water contains a mixture of natural compounds that can exhibit diverse biological activities, potentially including fungicidal activity on some species of wood-decaying fungi. Thus, we investigated the growth rates of such fungi on agar plates to which debarking water extracts had been added. The experiment included five wood-decaying fungi, viz. Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Oligoporus lateritius, Ischnoderma benzoinum, Junghuhnia luteoalba, and Phlebia sp. Growth reduction was observed for all species at the highest tested concentrations of freeze-dried and ethanol-extracted debarking water, the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction and the diethyl ether-soluble fraction. However, the magnitude of the effect varied between different species and strains of individual species. The brown-rot fungi G. sepiarium and O. lateritius were generally the most sensitive species, with the growth of all tested strains being completely inhibited by the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction. These results indicate that development of antifungal wood-protecting agents from debarking water could potentially be a way to make use of a low-value industrial waste.
An analysis of the content of pteridophyta spores in aeroplankton of Lublin (2013–2014)
Authors: Haratym Weronika , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Dmitruk Marta
Published: September 2014

Similarly to fungal spores and pollen grains, pteridophytic spores can cause allergies in humans. Pteridophyta spore concentrations in the air of Lublin, under the conditions of central-eastern Poland, were first studied over the period 2013–2014. The volumetric method was used in this study. The research showed that that spores of ferns belonging to the following genera: Asplenium, Athyrium, Blechnum, Botrychium, Cystopteris, Dryopteris, Matteuccia, Osmunda, Polypodium and Pteridium, occur in aeroplankton. Spores were recorded in low concentrations and they occurred in a dispersed pattern during the season. They were found to be absent on some days. Among the above-mentioned genera, Dryopteris and Athyrium showed the highest content of spores in aerosol. In both years of the study (2013 and 2014), similar annual spore counts were recorded, respectively 69 and 63. The most spores were identified in August.
Alternatives to Classical Curricula: Exploring Engineer Skills of Teaching-Assistance Scholarship Holders in Not-Structured Lab Lessons of Optoelectronic Instrumentation
Authors: Thé George André Pereira
Published: September 2014

The contribution of teaching-assistant students to the planning and realisation of a new laboratory experiment of an automation engineering course is presented and a number of insights into the benefits of this approach for achieving excellence in undergraduate curricula are discussed in this paper. Due to its multidisciplinary characteristics, like the opportunity to integrate the knowledge acquired at different courses and to further develop communication and teamwork skills, this was thought to be a high-level laboratory activity. The experiment carried out consists of a Micrologix programmable logic controller-based system for the data acquisition of a Sharp light-emitting diode distance sensor, supported by a supervising control system, developed by the students in a free version of Elipse software.
Utilizing MATLAB-Simulink Based Technique for Teaching Advantages of Reactive Power Compensation Using Shunt Capacitors to Undergraduate Students
Authors: Mohammadi Mohammad , Firouz M. Hosseini , Alefy B. , Nafar M.
Published: September 2014

Reactive power, generated during connection of lag/lead phase loads to a system, circulates between the generation sector and the load side. This power has undesirable effects, including occupation of transmission capacity, generation capacity, increasing transmission line active losses and finally reduction of power quality and load reliability due to active power deficiency. In this paper, non-electrical description and definition of reactive power and a marked difference with active power is presented. Also the effect of reactive power mitigation using a capacitor bank is investigated. For educational purposes of teaching compensation advantages to undergraduate students the well-known software MATLAB-Simulink was used to simulate and investigate the effects of reactive power mitigation.
Nivelação e desigualdade na inserção profissional de diplomados do ensino superior
Authors: Chaves Miguel , Morais César
Published: September 2014

Tendo por base uma amostra representativa dos licenciados de duas universidades públicas portuguesas, este artigo procura analisar se as tendências de homogeneização promovidas pela titulação académica e pela socialização escolar mitigam, de forma notória, as dinâmicas de reprodução das desigualdades no momento em que os graduados se incorporam na estrutura ocupacional. Constata-se que o efeito nivelador da trajetória académica é evidente, exprimindo-se no facto de diplomados de diferentes origens sociais formados em cursos idênticos alcançarem posições próximas no mercado de trabalho. Ao mesmo tempo, demonstra-se que as dinâmicas de reprodução social não deixam de se manifestar, operando, em larga medida, através da distribuição desigual dos indivíduos provenientes de lugares distintos na estrutura social pelas diferentes áreas de formação.
How the immune system spots tumors
Authors: Okabe Yasutaka , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: September 2014

The receptor protein Dectin-1 recognizes structures found on cancerous cells, and then triggers an anti-tumor immune response.
A Tragicomedy of Communication and Information Dissemination Fails
Authors: Chilton Galadriel , Thomas Joelle
Published: September 2014

In the following tale, we the authors document our experiences attempting to disseminate one conference paper that we hoped would be beneficial to others in librarianship in addition to aiding our promotion portfolios.
Detection of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodent Models Using Shear Wave Elastography
Authors: Xu Zinnia S. , Yao Anning , Chu Stephanie S. , Paun Marla K. , McClintic Abbi M. , Murphy Sean P. , Mourad Pierre D.
Published: September 2014

Objectives

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause adverse physiologic changes in fluid content within the brain, which may lead to changes in tissue elasticity (eg, stiffness). This study evaluated the ability of ultrasonic shear wave elastography to observe these changes in the brain after TBI in vivo.

Methods

Mice and rats received a mild TBI or sham surgery and were imaged acutely or 24 hours after injury using shear wave elastography, and the hemispheric stiffness values were compared.

Results

Stiffness values were consistent across brain hemispheres of sham TBI rodents. By 24 hours after TBI, relative brain tissue stiffness values for mice and rats each decreased ipsilaterally and increased contralaterally, both relative to each other and compared to sham TBI rodents (P < .05). The absolute tissue elasticity value increased for rats (P < .05) but not for mice.

Conclusions

Differences between intrahemispheric stiffness values of rodent brains by 24 hours after mild TBI may reflect the observed edema and hemorrhage ipsilateral to TBI and the known reduction of cerebral blood flow in both brain hemispheres. If these hypotheses hold true, ultrasonic shear wave elastography may offer a method for detecting adverse changes in fluid content within the brain after mild TBI.
Anorthite sputtering by H+ and Arq+ (q = 1–9) at solar wind velocities
Authors: Hijazi H. , Bannister M. E. , Meyer H. M. , Rouleau C. M. , Barghouty A. F. , Rickman D. L. , Meyer F. W.
Published: September 2014

We report sputtering measurements of anorthite‐like material, taken to be representative of soils found in the lunar highlands, impacted by singly and multicharged ions representative of the solar wind. The ions investigated include protons, as well as singly and multicharged Ar ions (as proxies for the nonreactive heavy solar wind constituents), in the charge state range +1 to +9, at fixed solar wind‐relevant impact velocities of 165 and 310 km/s (0.25 keV/amu and 0.5 keV/amu). A quartz microbalance approach (QCM) for determination of total sputtering yields was used. The goal of the measurements was to determine the sputtering contribution of the heavy, multicharged minority solar wind constituents in comparison to that due to the dominant H+ fraction. The QCM results show a yield increase of a factor of about 80 for Ar+ versus H+ sputtering and an enhancement by a factor of 1.67 between Ar9+ and Ar+, which is a clear indication of a potential sputtering effect.
Electronic Transport via Proteins
Authors: Amdursky Nadav , Marchak Debora , Sepunaru Lior , Pecht Israel , Sheves Mordechai , Cahen David
Published: September 2014

A central vision in molecular electronics is the creation of devices with functional molecular components that may provide unique properties. Proteins are attractive candidates for this purpose, as they have specific physical (optical, electrical) and chemical (selective binding, self‐assembly) functions and offer a myriad of possibilities for (bio‐)chemical modification. This Progress Report focuses on proteins as potential building components for future bioelectronic devices as they are quite efficient electronic conductors, compared with saturated organic molecules. The report addresses several questions: how general is this behavior; how does protein conduction compare with that of saturated and conjugated molecules; and what mechanisms enable efficient conduction across these large molecules? To answer these questions results of nanometer‐scale and macroscopic electronic transport measurements across a range of organic molecules and proteins are compiled and analyzed, from single/few molecules to large molecular ensembles, and the influence of measurement methods on the results is considered. Generalizing, it is found that proteins conduct better than saturated molecules, and somewhat poorer than conjugated molecules. Significantly, the presence of cofactors (redox‐active or conjugated) in the protein enhances their conduction, but without an obvious advantage for natural electron transfer proteins. Most likely, the conduction mechanisms are hopping (at higher temperatures) and tunneling (below ca. 150–200 K).
Occupational rhinitis due to steel welding fumes
Authors: Castano Roberto , Suarthana Eva
Published: September 2014

Exposure to welding fumes is a recognized respiratory hazard. Occupational asthma but not occupational rhinitis has been documented in workers exposed to steel welding fumes. We report a 26‐year‐old male with work‐related rhinitis symptoms as well as lower airways symptoms suggestive of occupational asthma and metal fume fever associated with exposure to steel welding fumes. The diagnosis of occupational rhinitis was confirmed by specific inhalation challenge. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1299–1302, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impaired Identification of Impoverished Animate but not Inanimate Objects in Adults With High‐Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Burnett Hollie G. , Panis Sven , Wagemans Johan , Jellema Tjeerd
Published: September 2014

The ability to identify animate and inanimate objects from impoverished images was investigated in adults with high‐functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFA) and in matched typically developed (TD) adults, using a newly developed task. Consecutive frames were presented containing Gabor elements that slightly changed orientation from one frame to the next. For a subset of elements, the changes were such that these elements gradually formed the outline of an object. Elements enclosed within the object's outline gradually adopted one and the same orientation, outside elements adopted random orientations. The subjective experience was that of an object appearing out of a fog. The HFA group required significantly more frames to identify the impoverished objects than the TD group. Crucially, this difference depended on the nature of the objects: the HFA group required significantly more frames to identify animate objects, but with respect to the identification of inanimate objects the groups did not differ. The groups also did not differ with respect to the number and type of incorrect guesses they made. The results suggest a specific impairment in individuals with HFA in identifying animate objects. A number of possible explanations are discussed. Autism Res 2015, 8: 52–60. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of scutellarin on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel in rats
Authors: Chen Xinmeng , Jin Jing , Chen Yaobin , Peng Lingling , Zhong Guoping , Li Jiali , Bi Huichang , Cai Yefeng , Huang Min
Published: September 2014

Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand‐Mazz, a traditional Chinese medicine, is often co‐prescribed with clopidogrel for the treatment of ischemic vascular diseases. Scutellarin is the representative bioactive flavonoid isolated from this herb. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of scutellarin on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel. The in vitro studies using rat liver microsomes showed that scutellarin significantly inhibited the metabolism of clopidogrel. The IC50 value was 2.1 µm. Ten male rats were employed to investigate the effect of scutellarin on the pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel in vivo. After pretreatment with scutellarin, there were significant increases in the AUC0–∞ (from 0.9 ± 0.4 to 1.7 ± 0.6 ng/ml h; p <0.05) and Cmax (from 0.4 ± 0.1 to 0.9 ± 0.1 ng/ml; p <0.05) of clopidogrel. The pharmacokinetic data for clopidogrel active metabolite showed significant decreases in AUC0–∞ (18.2 ± 5.6 to 11.4 ± 3.7 ng/ml h; p <0.05) and Cmax (from 8.2 ± 1.2 to 4.3 ± 0.3 ng/ml; p <0.05) after pretreatment with scutellarin. Collectively, the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel were significantly affected by scutellarin. This study indicated that potential herb–drug interaction between scutellarin and clopidogrel should be taken into consideration in clinical use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The clinical anatomy of the conal artery
Authors: Loukas Marios , Patel Swetal , Cesmebasi Alper , Muresian Horia , Tubbs R. Shane , Spicer Diane , Dabrowski Marek
Published: September 2014

Coronary arteries have been extensively described and recognized by gross anatomic studies. However, in the clinical setting, the recognition of the conal artery is essential during coronary angiography, as well as certain congenital heart conditions such as tetralogy of Fallot. In order to provide a complete anatomic and physiologic correlation of the actual incidence and distribution of the conal artery we examined 300 formalin fixed hearts with gross dissections and 300 coronary angiograms. The conal artery was identified in all hearts examined and five main patterns were recognized. In Type A (193, 32.1%), the conal artery arose as a branch of the right coronary artery (RCA); in Type B (96, 16%), the conal artery arose from the common coronary ostium with the RCA; in Type C (242, 40.3%), the conal artery took origin from the right aortic sinus as an independent artery; in Type D (48, 8%), multiple conal arteries were present and arose from the RCA as separate branches (32, 66.6%), from a common ostium with the RCA (8, 16.6%) or from the aortic sinus (8, 16.6%); in Type E (22, 3.6%), the conal artery arose as a branch of the right ventricular branch (17, 2.8%) or acute marginal artery (5, 0.8%). The relative prevalence of the five patterns as well as the morphology and the topography of the conal artery varied significantly with the degree of coronary luminal stenosis (as observed during angiography) and also with the degree of hypertrophied ventricular wall (as observed during gross dissections). Clin. Anat. 29:371–379, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐year clinical outcome after infrapopliteal angioplasty for critical limb ischemia in hemodialysis patients with minor or major tissue loss
Authors: Nakano Masatsugu , Hirano Keisuke , Yamauchi Yasutaka , Iida Osamu , Soga Yoshimitsu , Kawasaki Daizo , Yamaoka Terutosh , Suematsu Nobuhiro , Suzuki Kenji
Published: September 2014

Objectives and Background

Among hemodialysis (HD)‐dependent patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI), Endovascular therapy (EVT) of isolated infrapopliteal lesions improves limb salvage. Accordingly, we sought to determine the outcomes of this group of patients based on the extent of tissue loss at baseline.

Methods

From 2004 to 2011, 449 consecutive HD patients with CLI had ischemic wounds and underwent EVT for isolated infrapopliteal lesions. The “minor tissue loss” (MI) group was confirmed by 340 HD patients with wounds located distal to the metatarsophalangeal joints, and the “major tissue loss” (MA) group included 109 HD patients with wounds that extended beyond this point. The two groups were compared for limb salvage and amputation free survival (AFS) rates by Kaplan‐Meier analysis.

Results

There was no significant difference in the percentage of diabetic patients (MI: 76.5 vs. MA: 75.2%). The percentage with direct flow to the wound site was lower in the MA group than in the MI group (MI: 63.5 vs. MA: 45.9%, P < 0.01). After EVT the MI group had a significantly better limb salvage rate (MI: 83.7 vs. MA: 71.2% at 3 years, P < 0.01), and AFS rate (MI: 44.1 vs. MA: 29.1% at 3 years, P < 0.01) compared to the MA group.

Conclusions

EVT is an efficient treatment for HD patients with minor tissue loss, achieving >80% limb salvage rates at 3 years. However, AFS rates in all HD patients with tissue loss are <50% at 3 years, making their prognosis poor. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Anomalous Band Gap Behavior in Mixed Sn and Pb Perovskites Enables Broadening of Absorption Spectrum in Solar Cells.
Authors: Hao Feng , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Chang Robert P. H. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: September 2014

MeNH3Sn1‐xPbxI3 perovskite solid solutions are prepared by mixing stoichiometric amounts of MeNH3I and MX2 (M: Sn, Pb) in aqueous HI/H3PO2 (4:1) at 100 °C.
Mechanisms of otoconia and otolith development
Authors: Lundberg Yunxia Wang , Xu Yinfang , Thiessen Kevin D. , Kramer Kenneth L.
Published: September 2014

Background: Otoconia are bio‐crystals that couple mechanic forces to the sensory hair cells in the utricle and saccule, a process essential for us to sense linear acceleration and gravity for the purpose of maintaining bodily balance. In fish, structurally similar bio‐crystals called otoliths mediate both balance and hearing. Otoconia abnormalities are common and can cause vertigo and imbalance in humans. However, the molecular etiology of these illnesses is unknown, as investigators have only begun to identify genes important for otoconia formation in recent years. Results: To date, in‐depth studies of selected mouse otoconial proteins have been performed, and about 75 zebrafish genes have been identified to be important for otolith development. Conclusions: This review will summarize recent findings as well as compare otoconia and otolith development. It will provide an updated brief review of otoconial proteins along with an overview of the cells and cellular processes involved. While continued efforts are needed to thoroughly understand the molecular mechanisms underlying otoconia and otolith development, it is clear that the process involves a series of temporally and spatially specific events that are tightly coordinated by numerous proteins. Such knowledge will serve as the foundation to uncover the molecular causes of human otoconia‐related disorders. Developmental Dynamics 244:239–253, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.