bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends for rotavirus acute gastroenteritis in children under 5 years old before and after vaccine introduction, Morocco, 2006–2014
Authors: Ezzine Hind , Rguig Ahmed , Naciri Mariam , Jroundi I.
Published: June 2021

Background: In Morocco, acute gastroenteritis in children is a public health issue. Since 1987, several strategies have been conducted to reduce its burden by the Moroccan Ministry of Health, including the introduction of the anti-rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization programme in 2010. Aims: To evaluate the impact of the anti-rotavirus vaccine in outpatients and inpatients with acute gastroenteritis under 5 years old. Methods: We conducted descriptive studies and a retrospective cohort study using data from the hospital’s sentinel surveillance system and the national ambulatory surveillance registry for acute gastroenteritis from 2006 to 2014. This include the period before and after the implementation of the rotavirus (RV) vaccine on children under age 5 years. Results: The decrease in acute gastroenteritis cases was about 5.2%, mainly among children aged 0–11 months. The proportion of acute RV gastroenteritis (RVGE) decreased from 37.0% to 31.1% after the vaccine’s introduction; it was statistically significant among the children aged 0–11 months (38.8% to 28.1%; P = 0.009). The proportion of RVGE among inpatients decreased from 97.0% to 91.7% (P = 0.022). Diarrheal disease cases without dehydration increased from 7.8% to 11.1% (P < 0.001); RVGE was 2.3 times more frequent among unvaccinated children. The vaccine effectiveness was estimated at 57%. The proportion of G1P[8] genotype infections decreased after the introduction of the RV vaccine (56% to 40%; P < 0.001), while the G2P[4] genotype became more frequent (13% to 21%; P = 0.015). Conclusions: The introduction of the RV vaccination into the national immunization programme in Morocco has allowed significant reduction in the incidence and severity of RVGE among children under 5 years old
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of functional constipation in children in Turkey: case–control study
Authors: Akbulut Ulas , Isik Ishak , Atalay Atike , Topal Ismail
Published: June 2021

Background: Functional constipation is often seen in children, affecting quality of life and imposing a considerable burden on health care services. The Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between functional constipation and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Turkish children aged 6–18 years. Methods: In this case–control study, 221 children with functional constipation (cases) were selected from a paediatric gastroenterology clinic between May 2018 and September 2019, and 230 children without constipation (controls) were randomly selected from those attending a well-child check-up. Cases and controls were matched on sex, age and socioeconomic characteristics. Compliance with the Mediterranean diet was assessed using the KIDMED index score. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to analyses the data. Results: KIDMED index scores in cases and controls were 4.0 (SD = 2.5) and 6.3 (SD = 2.4), respectively (P < 0.001). Odds ratios for functional constipation were 0.23 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13–0.38) for KIDMED index score 4–7 and 0.05 (95% CI: 0.03–0.11) for score ≥ 8 compared with the lowest category (score ≤ 3; P < 0.001). A negative correlation was observed between age and adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Conclusion: Good adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower risk of functional constipation, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet decreased with age. Education on nutrition and health is warranted to help maintain and improve the health of young people in Turkey.
Presentación
Authors: Gutiérrez Hidalgo Fernando
Published: June 2021

Presentación número 18 (1) 2021
método contable propuesto por Bonifacio González Ladrón de Guevara en contraposición a la Partida Doble (1880-1905)
Authors: Guzmán Raja Isidoro , Guzmán Raja Manuela
Published: June 2021

El presente trabajo está dedicado a Bonifacio González Ladrón de Guevara, figura relevante a finales del siglo XIX por sus aportaciones al método contable, que hasta ahora no ha logrado la atención que probablemente se merece, como lo demuestra los escasos trabajos sobre su obra, que no exenta de propuestas discutibles, cuando no equivocadas, merece la pena estudiar para conocer la perspectiva de su doctrina, basada fundamentalmente en su total rechazo al método de partida doble, que refutaba de forma ostensible.

Los más de dos lustros en los que González publicó diversas obras sobre materias contables, varias de ellas con reediciones, y su traslado a las ciudades de Barcelona y Madrid, donde a tenor de sus propios libros, regentó un establecimiento de enseñanza de la Contabilidad, hacen presuponer que su método tuvo un cierto éxito entre los profesionales del ramo, lo que apoya si cabe aún más el interés por conocer sus propuestas metodológicas, cuyo fin, en palabras del propio autor, era concluir “para siempre las defraudaciones, las quiebras, la pobreza, y desaparecido hasta las cárceles y  presidios”.
Luca Pacioli, algebra, and double entry
Authors: Stone Derek
Published: June 2021

This paper proposes that Pacioli, an accomplished mathematician, recognised that the Venetian method of bookkeeping had an algebraic underpinning, although, when writing his treatise, he converted this algebra into rules. The algebra that he may have used is deduced from a combination of his own words - derived from the translation by Geijsbeek, checked against that of Von Gebsattel and other translations - with quotations from the literature. Perhaps this is the ‘buried treasure waiting to be rediscovered’ referred to by Macve in ‘Pacioli’s Legacy’(Macve, 1996, 22). Chapter 23 in the treatise is central to this paper. Here Pacioli advises a merchant on how to run a store, using an approach that is now known as ‘the entity theory’. Pacioli also advised the merchants to exclude information about their private possessions from the public domain and this paper describes how this could be achieved.  The paper ends with a presentation in the Appendix of the evolution of double entry expressed algebraically in tabular form, along with an illustration of a matrix method approach to recording transactions.
Revisiting the boundaries of the sacred
Authors: Baños Juan , López-Manjón Jesús D.
Published: June 2021

This work questions whether religious organisations, whose members have common shared beliefs and sacred objectives but different levels of accounting awareness, behaved differently depending on their awareness to accounting techniques.To this aim, we have analysed the content of six rules of brotherhoods founded in the city of Seville (Spain) during the last decade of the 16th century. We have grouped the brotherhoods according to their being (or not) linked to a guild or professional group.We can conclude that their members’ familiarity with accounting, or lack thereof, can explain the dissimilar behaviour of brotherhoods in relation to accounting, but not to accountability.
Evolución de la contabilidad en Cuba
Authors: Rodríguez Fajardo Luisa María
Published: June 2021

La presente investigación centra su objetivo en explicar los cambios en la educación en Cuba y en particular para la ciencia contable en estrecho vínculo con el desarrollo normativo en la Isla a partir del triunfo revolucionario de 1959. Se parte de la utilización de métodos teóricos y el análisis documental de fuentes primarias que permitieron caracterizar la educación contable en Cuba antes y después de 1959, permitiendo concluir que la práctica contable cubana y el continuo perfeccionamiento de los planes de estudio de las cienciascontables, han hecho posible el perfeccionamiento de los planes de la economía cubana en todos sus momentos. Obteniéndose como principal resultado llenar un vacío existente en el análisis del cambio educativo en la Isla con relación a las Ciencias Contables después de 1959.
antiguo método contable reactualizado
Authors: Cañibano Leandro
Published: June 2021

Un antiguo método contable, el Pushdown Accounting, surgido en los años setenta del pasado sigloen los Estados Unidos, resucitado nuevamente en el presente siglo a partir de 2014, consiste, en unacombinación de empresas, en utilizar los criterios de valoración contable de la sociedad adquirente en losestados financieros separados de la entidad adquirida. Tras analizar las prácticas y la regulación surgida alefecto en el contexto americano, y constatar el silencio de la normativa contable internacional sobre esteparticular, se contempla una aplicación de dicho método en España, con ocasión de la creación de los SistemasInstitucionales de Protección (SIP), que propiciaron la constitución de entidades bancarias en las que seintegraron las Cajas de Ahorros, cuyos estados financieros separados en la fecha de su integración, 31 dediciembre de 2010, aplicaron el método Pushdown Accounting, con autorización expresa del Banco de España.
survey of published works in De Computis (2004-2019)
Authors: Güvemli Batuhan , Eskin Ilknur
Published: June 2021

This study explores the publishing patterns of a specialized accounting history journal - De Computis,Revista Espanola de Historia de la Contabilidad. The survey is confined to 172 refereed contributions publishedin 16 years between 2004 and 2019. This article depicts dominant research trends and the decline in research areasby examining authorship patterns, topics, periods, sources, and language. One of our principal findings revealsthat the historical research landscape in De Computis is transforming since its inception to Emerging SourcesCitation Index in 2015. There is an escalation in non-Spanish articles' percentage and a decline in archival sources'usage. The 18th and 19th centuries stand out as the most popular research periods. We conclude with somesuggestions for the journal moving forward.
Reseña del libro de Paula Martínez Hernández, El tesorero vitoriano Ochoa de Landa. Cuentas de la casa de Juana I de Castilla (1506-1531)
Authors: Gamero Igea Germán
Published: June 2021

Reseña del libro de Paula Martínez Hernández, El tesorero vitoriano Ochoa de Landa. Cuentas de la casa de Juana I de Castilla (1506-1531), Vitoria: Universidad del País Vasco, 2020. El trabajo de P. Martínez puede dividirse en tres grandes bloques: el estudio de la persona de Ochoa de Landa, el análisis de su actividad y registros contables, y, en tercer lugar, la transcripción de los dos principales testimonios de su labor como tesorero de la reina Juana I, los volúmenes 294 y 370 del fondo Contaduría Mayor de Cuentas (1ª. época) del Archivo General de Simancas.
EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGEMENT IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Vorobyova O.
Published: June 2021

The article presents the results of empirical research of the main theoretical approaches to the concept of efficiency of management services in the field of higher education. It is determined that the concept of efficiency management is a complex multifaceted indicator that includes certain performance indicators related to efficiency, profitability, effectiveness, etc., in economics and management there is no single general approach to determining the effectiveness of management. It is proved that the effectiveness of management is a complex indicator that determines the use of resource opportunities to achieve a certain goal, and these concepts are complementary and interrelated, this approach from the point of view of economics is integrated with all management functions.Ключові слова: higher education; management efficiency; management effectiveness; management efficiency in higher education; educational services.
Time’s Up for a Change of Political Focus: Katniss Everdeen’s Ecofeminist Leadership in The Hunger Games Film Series
Authors: Martín Mónica
Published: June 2021

This article explores Katniss Everdeen’s ecofeminist political agency in The Hunger Games film series (2012-2015) in the light of global social movements in the late 2010s. As a young destitute woman who defies the oppressive rules of an oligarchic and patriarchal totalitarian order, Katniss (Jennifer Lawrence) represents the utopian potential of intersectional politics forged across class, gender, racial and geopolitical borders. In opposition to ecocidal and patriarchal conceptions of progress, Katniss’s ecofeminist heroism is illustrative of the emergence of cosmopolitan political imaginaries that advocate sustainable, egalitarian collective futures constructed beyond the methodological frameworks of neoliberal globalisation and material dialectics. Contemporary with young activists like Greta Thunberg, one of the founders of the ecological movement Fridays for Future, Katniss can be taken as a cinematic representative of a new generation of utopian political actors for whom individual well-being is tied to ecosocial welfare and cosmopolitan inclusion.
The Development of long in Early Modern English: Impersonal Verbs of Desire in Focus
Authors: Chao-Castro Noelia
Published: June 2021

The class of English verbs of Desire in Present-Day English comprises verbs such as long or thirst, several of which are attested in earlier English in impersonal constructions characterised by the lack of a grammatical subject. In English, the impersonal construction decreased in frequency between 1400 and 1500, and effectively went out of use during the sixteenth century. Previous research has suggested that there is a need for a corpus-based study of not just Middle English, but also Early Modern English, in order to explore the different path(s) of development followed by individual impersonal verbs. The present article, therefore, investigates the development of the impersonal verb long (< OE langian) with the following objectives: a) to determine when long ceases to occur in impersonal constructions; b) to provide a diachronic overview of the personal syntactic patterns that came to replace impersonal constructions in Early Modern English; and c) to identify, within the framework of Construction Grammar, factors that may account for the development of long as a prepositional verb.
Cohesion in the Narrative Writing of Young EFL Learners: Correct and Incorrect Use of Local Cohesive Ties
Authors:   Universidad de Murcia, Férez Mora Pedro Antonio , Coyle Yvette , Solís Becerra Juan Antonio
Published: June 2021

This study examines the correct and incorrect use of local cohesive ties and local cohesion errors in the written narratives of eleven- to twelve-year-old Spanish learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) at different proficiency levels. The study was carried out with pairs who collaboratively wrote a narrative text in response to a picture prompt. The young learners’ written texts were examined to identify their correct and incorrect use of four categories: lexical, referential, conjunctive and temporal cohesion. The results show that higher and lower proficiency learners are significantly different in their use of the causal conjunction because, personal pronouns and noun phrases containing possessive, definite, indefinite and zero determiners. The two groups also differ in their incorrect use of pronouns, simple verb forms and noun phrases containing definite, indefinite and zero determiners. Attention is drawn to the need to explore the diversity in young learners’ use of cohesion and some pedagogical implications are drawn.
Evaluation of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative myometrial invasion in endometrial cancers: comparıson of MRI, frozen and final pathology results
Authors: Kemine Uzel
Published: June 2021

Aim: Endometrial cancer is a gynecological malignancy that accounts for approximately 7% of new cancer cases and 4% of cancer-related deaths in women. The most important factor determining the prognosis of this ailment isthe depth of myometrial invasion, which has been reported to be associated with the tumor grade, lymph node metastasis, and patient survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and frozen results in determining the depth of myometrial invasion needed to guide the intraoperative decision-making process in endometrial cancer patients by comparing them with paraffin results, to evaluate the accuracy rate and to establish a reliable estimation model by using other data in the study.Methods: In this study, the files of patients who underwent surgery for endometrial cancer between January 01, 2012 and January 31, 2019 in Kocaeli Derince Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, were evaluated retrospectively.Results: The results of the paraffin examination were found to be in good agreement with the frozen results, while the MRI showed a moderate agreement (Kappa coefficient 0.741 and 0.414, respectively). A logistic regression model based on the MRI and frozen results included MRI (less or more 50% invasion), frozen (less or more 50% invasion), age, gravida, parity, and CA 125 (U/ml). The Nagelkerke R square value for this model was 84,0%, and the sensitivity and specificity of the model for predicting paraffin examination results were 90,5% and 97.3%, respectively.Conclusion: Compared to MRI, frozen results are more reliable in determining myometrial invasion when the paraffin result is accepted as the gold standard. Myometrial invasion can be estimated with high sensitivity and specificity using a model including MRI, frozen, CA 125, age, parity.
The Fate of the Epistolary Heritage of the Veliky Ustyug Merchant Family Buldakovs of the Late 18th – the First Quarter of the 19th Century
Authors:   State Archive of the Vologda Oblast, Vologda, Russian Federation, Ovchinnikova Natalia A.
Published: June 2021

The article presents the history of the epistolary heritage of the Buldakov merchant family. The object of the research is letters of M. M. Buldakov, a representative of the Veliky Ustyug merchants, the leading director of the Russian-American company. These documents contain valuable information on the history of Russian merchants in the last quarter of the 18th – first third of the 19th century and the activities of the Russian-American company. Similar to all sources of epistolary genre, their distinctive feature is that they were created without additional edits and censorship and thereby recorded historical reality at first hand, while retaining the style and language characteristic of the period. The main problem faced by historians is patchy location of M. M. Buldakov’s letters. Currently, only a part of them, stored in the Vologda State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, has been published and introduced into scientific use. The documents scattered across other archives are yet to be identified and examined. The purpose of this study is to determine the true volume of the Buldakovs' epistolary heritage, to understand the reasons for its fragmentation, and to trace the movement of documents from one owner to another. This is the first attempt to restore the path of epistolaries from the pre-revolutionary family archive to modern archives, which determines the scientific novelty of the work. The methodological basis of the research is principles of historicism, consistency, and objectivity. This makes it possible to consolidate the scattered information and facts testifying to the movement of M. M. Buldakov’s papers. The analytical and synthetic method of comparing data provides an opportunity to see the general picture of letters location, while concrete-historical method allows us to describe the facts in historical sequence. We managed to identify three large collections of letters: in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire of the Historical and Documentary Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in the Vologda State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The results of this study provide a unified picture of the epistolaries location in different archives, which, in turn, provides an opportunity for historians and archivists to continue their work on identifying and introducing into scientific use of documents necessary for further study of the history of Russian merchants and the Russian-American company activities.
Salutatory Telegrams from Peasants of the Central Black Earth Region to the State Duma in March – April 1917: Source and Its Information Potential
Authors:   G. F. Morozov Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies, Voronezh, Russian Federation, Razinkov Mikhail E.
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to the study of salutatory telegrams from peasants of the Central Black Earth Region to the State Duma in the spring of 1917. This source has significant cognitive capabilities. Being a mass source, it lends itself to quantitative analysis. 274 telegrams sent by peasant gatherings, rallies, and committees have been studied. It is indicated that 16,8 % of telegrams were also signed by representatives of non-peasant population, mostly, clergy and teachers. There is no doubt in the sincerity of most messages: good wishes for the Duma and curses on tsarism came directly from the population, but they were formalized in salutatory formulas by the village administration representatives, teachers, and clergy. However, it is obvious that there were telegram clich?s that circulated in adjacent volosts and uezds, and the "telegram activity" appeared in the territories and specific settlements, which soon came into conflict with the authorities, trying to solve their problems not only peacefully, but also by force. The peasants’ ideas about the bearers of supreme power were inadequate. Having played its outstanding role in the events of February – early March 1917, the Duma did not manage to become a full-fledged authority, and M.V. Rodzianko was not a key figure in the revolutionary politics. Nevertheless, until mid-April, the peasant population perceived him as a leader and the State Duma as a true parliament or even a government, thus expecting from them a radical solution to the accumulated problems. It is indicated that the telegram senders, being agents of modernization in the village, were simultaneously carriers of traditional values, the presence of which is found in the source. Limitations of cognitive capabilities of the studied source are highlighted. Firstly, in order to provide emotional support to the revolutionary power, the telegrams contain few concrete proposals from peasants to the evolutionary power. The peasants rationalized only conditions under which there would be a transition to the "brighter future." Secondly, the movement involved the minority of provincial population, which prompts to raise the question of the wishes of the "silent majority," who undoubtedly reacted warily to the revolution.
Documents of Representative Authority Bodies as a Source on the History of Urbanonyms in Volgograd: A Source Studies Aspect: The 1950s–70s
Authors:   Volgograd State Social and Pedagogical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation, Solovyova Svetlana V. , Bolotova Elena Yu. ,   Volgograd State Social and Pedagogical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to identification and analysis of documents of the executive committee of the Volgograd City Council of Workers’ Deputies containing decisions on naming and renaming of streets and squares of the city. As they reflect the historical process, the urbanonyms have great research potential. A comprehensive study of urbanonyms as a historical source involves disclosure of factors motivating to name and rename urban sites and consideration of decision-making process, which in its turn involves a wide range of documentary material. The source base of the study is minutes of meetings and decisions (with appendices) of the Executive Committee of the Volgograd City Council of Workers’ Deputies. In the course of the study, a representative sample collection has been formed, the object of which is the Battle of Stalingrad. Memory of the heroism of the defenders of Stalingrad is the brightest component of the social environment of modern Volgograd. The organizational and administrative documentation has allowed the authors to reconstruct the process of naming and renaming of streets and squares in Volgograd, to determine the mechanism of names selection, to point out specific features of the City Executive Committee’s work on this issue. Documents of Volgograd representative authority contain diverse historical information about the city toponymy: on causes and initiators of naming and renaming of streets and squares; on persons chosen for perpetuation in street names; on financial and technical issues of decisions implementation; on procedure for informing the executive authority bodies of names chosen for urban objects. The sources reveal the difficulties of this process, which are usually subjective in nature. Urbanonyms reflect substantive aspects of the history of city development (historical and military events), they take note of heroic guard units, role of outstanding personalities of the region and the country, population, administrative units, twin cities. In this regard, the attitude of representative authority bodies to preservation of historical memory in form of urbanonyms is important. Historical memory not only is one of the main channels for transmitting experience and information about the past, but also an important component of a person’s self-identification. The authors note that decision-making procedure for naming of streets and squares has changed under modern conditions; it now involves publicity, comprehensive discussion, and collegiality, thus eliminating errors in preparation of documents and implementation of decisions.
Agrarian Migration of Peasantry from Central Russia Gubernias in the late 19th – early 20th Century in Documents from the State Archive of the Oryol Region
Authors:   I. A. Bunin Yelets State University, Yelets, Russian Federation, Zhirov N. A.
Published: June 2021

The article analyses archival materials from the State Archive of the Oryol Region on agrarian migration of the peasantry in the late 19th – early 20th century. Migration processes are an integral part of demographic behavior of the society. The Oryol peasantry, which preserved some features of traditional society just stepping onto the path of modernization of its socio-economic relations, was drawn into agrarian migration policy of the country in the period under review. It is the insufficient knowledge of causes and process of the peasantry migration outside the boundaries of Central Russia that makes the study significant. Its territorial frameworks coincide with administrative borders of the Oryol gubernia in the late 19th – early 20th century. The study is to review the complex of archival materials as a main source on re-settlement of Russian rural population in the late-imperial period and to introduce it into scientific use. The article presents office documentation in form of reports, reports, circular letters. Of greatest value are reports of the organizers of the resettlement movement, descriptions of natural and geographical conditions in the resettlement regions, of emotional distress of the participants. The study of the regions of departure and those of resettlement allows the author to identify the causes of resettlement and backtracking. The information potential of archival sources permits the conclusion that migration process was not just mechanical movement of the population, but a social-demographic phenomenon that stemmed from on social and economic problems of Central Russia development. Complex study of archival materials has been conducted via traditional scientific methods (systems analysis, structural approach, retrospective approach, etc.) and new ones (civilization approach and theory of agrarian society modernization arising from it). One of the most important results of studying archival documents on migration of the population of the Oryol gubernia in the studied period is the discovery of information potential of metric books concerning resettlement and return migration. This feature of metric books is being described in the scholarship for the first time. Introduction into scientific use of the mass record keeping documents on migration from individual settlements allows us to look at this important historical and demographic process in a new way.
Gubernia Control Commission of the RCP (B) Fighting the Disintegration of Party Organizations in 1921–23: Archival Materials of the Vyatka Gubernia
Authors:   Vyatka State University, Kirov, Russian Federation, Timkin Yuri N.
Published: June 2021

The article draws on archival materials from the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region to analyze the activities of the Vyatka Gubernia Control Commission of the RCP (B) in 1921–23 directed against the collapse of party organizations of the gubernia. The author pursues two tasks: identifying the commission staff and determining its methods. The novelty of the research is determined by the fact that in 1921, following the introduction of the new economic policy, many party members found the abrupt change of course intolerable, which led to a crisis and collapse of entire party organizations. Recently, there have been published a lot of works on various aspects of the control commissions’ activities, but their activities directed against collapse of entire party organizations haven’t yet been investigated. The research is based on archival material and uses principle of historicism and historical institutionalism. The Vyatka Gubernia Control Commission was established in August 1921 in connection with the first general purge. Its first membership did take decisive action, having no relevant experience and busy with Soviet work. But as the situation in the party organizations deteriorated, the 19th Gubernia Party Conference (February 1922) decided to regard the commission staff most seriously. The new commission included Nikolai Agalakov, Ivan Babintsev, Gusev as its members, D. Zobnin as a candidate, and Sitnikov as an investigator. In 1922–23 the meetings of the commission repeatedly discussed the state of the party organizations and Soviet apparatus of the Kotelnich, Nolinsk, Malmyzh, Orlov, Slobodskoi, Soviet, Urzhumsk districts, and of other party organizations. The major shortcomings were identified: collapse of internal party work, failing discipline, abuse and corruption, drunkenness, squabbles, and resignations from the party. The peculiarity of this period was such that these shortcomings became widespread and threatened entire organizations. Members of the Vyatka gubCC got busy; relying on the party committees and organs of the Cheka-OGPU, they were able to stop the process of organizational disintegration by 1924. The analysis of the activities of the Vyatka gubCC has showed that it became an effective tool in overcoming the collapse of party organizations and in strengthening discipline. This happened only after the commission was staffed with experienced, disciplined, and energetic local staff. While reviewing the commission's activities, it has become apparent that the most effective methods of its work were field meetings, purges of the entire organizations, transfer of guilty party members, imposition of various party penalties (up to exclusion from the party).
Personnel of the Penitentiary Courts in the USSR in 1944–56: Problems of Evolution
Authors:   Surgut State University, Surgut, Russian Federation, Shkarevsky Denis N.
Published: June 2021

The problem of existence of the camp (penitentiary) justice in the USSR remains practically unexplored. Neither has not been studied the development of its personnel. The article is to highlight the stages of the personnel potential formation of camp courts and to determine the significance of the elections of 1948–49 to the camp courts. The article is based on an analysis of previously unpublished documents stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Archives of Socio-Political History. The work is based on the use of historical, genetic, and systemic methods. For the first time, the dynamics of the development of personnel in the penitentiary justice has been revealed. There are two main stages. At the first stage, in 1944–48, the increase in formal indicators (legal education, age, work experience) was slow. The judges were selected and appointed by the People's Commissariat (Ministry) of Justice. The turning point was the election of judges of the penitentiary justice held in 1948–49. During the campaign, no more than 30% of staff by was renewed. Therefore, at the second stage, in 1949–54, the formal indicators of judges increased significantly. This, in its turn, influenced the quality of the hearings. In the early 1950s the formal indicators of the quality of the work of these bodies grew. By 1953 camp courts had higher formal cadre rates than people's courts. At the same time, the rates were lower than the indicators of supreme, regional, regional courts and other special courts. The new system for selection of personnel for penitentiary courts created new difficulties. For example, the Ministry of Justice was unable to make prompt appointments of judges on vacant positions. There was no consistent personnel reserve. Therefore, bypassing all existing norms, the practice of appointing trainee judges appeared. The sources of staff renewal in penitentiary courts remained stable during all studied period. These included other bodies of Soviet justice, such as people's courts, prosecution agencies. In penitentiary courts, the percentage of young staff with higher education was practically absent or insignificant. This ensured reception of trained staff, but led to a shortage of staff in donor bodies. Simultaneously with the election of judges of the camp courts in 1948–49, elections of people's assessors for these bodies took place. Among them, guards and camp workers predominated. Therefore, the camp courts were dependent on the penitentiary administration or were loyal to it.
N. I. Levitsky’s Letter to A. I. Lysakovsky about the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Representatives in the Petrograd Military Censorship Commission (1916)
Authors:   Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Bogomolov Igor K.
Published: June 2021

The article publishes a letter from the chairman of the Petrograd Military Censorship Commission, Nikolai Ivanovich Levitsky, to the manager of the Press and Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Alexander Iosifovich Lysakovsky (dated December 22, 1916). In the letter, Levitsky insists on the need to include representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the military censorship commission on a permanent basis. At the time, a different scheme was in effect: Levitsky sent diplomatic materials (newspaper and magazine articles, books, pamphlets, and cartoons) for verification to the Press and Information Department, which made its decision on their further fate. Levitsky pointed out the complexity and slowness of this scheme, which led to delays in printing, dissatisfaction of authors and editors. The main problem, Levitsky acknowledged, was insufficient competence of censors in foreign policy matters. Meanwhile, by the end of 1916, the topic of diplomatic censorship had become quite relevant. As the war drew to a close, more and more material appeared in press about the post-war world order and Russia's future relations with its allies and adversaries. Against this background, Levitsky advocated the inclusion of representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as censors. The idea itself was not new: in the autumn of 1916, the headquarters of the Northern Front had submitted a project to reform the Petrograd military censorship in order to improve its efficiency. The main focus of the project was on expanding its staff and creating new departments in the Petrograd Military Censorship Commission. The representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was also to be included in the commission. Levitsky’s proposals followed the emerging trend: enhanced staffing and centralization of the military censorship, closer interaction of departments in order to increase its effectiveness. Lysakovsky approved the suggestion. Since January 1917, five officials of the ministry had been sent to the Petrograd Military Censorship Commission for daily and round-the-clock viewing of the press. However, this cooperation did not last: after the February Revolution, Foreign Ministry officials were released from the censorship work following the actual cessation of the preliminary censorship of press in Petrograd. Nevertheless, the unrealized project became a harbinger of future organization of press censorship after the Bolshevik’s assumption of power. The published document shows that the February Revolution was only a break in the process of censorship centralization and strengthening control over the press by the Russian state.
The Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King’s Perception of the USSR during World War II: 1939–45
Authors:   Saratov Socio-Economic Institute of the Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, Russian Federation, Uchaev Anton N. , Demidova Elena I. ,   Saratov Socio-Economic Institute of the Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, Russian Federation, Uchaeva Natalia A. ,   Saratov Socio-Economic Institute of the Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, Russian Federation
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes the specificity of the Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King’s attitude to the Soviet Union during the Second World War. The study analyzes the frequency of the Prime Minister referencing the USSR in his diary from September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945, as well as his reaction to a number of the most significant events of the Second World War associated with the Soviet Union: the German attack on the USSR, the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Canada, the battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, the victory over Germany. In the course of work, both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, inductive method, comparative method) and special methods (historical-chronological and content analysis) have been used to study the materials of the diary. The use of the historical-chronological method is due to the need to correlate information from the diary with the overall historical picture of the studied period, and the use of content analysis helps to create a more reliable picture of Canadian Prime Minister’s perception of the Soviet participation in World War II. The article has made allowances for the fact that Mackenzie King sought to create his own positive image in his diaries, planning their posthumous publication. But, since the USSR was not a key topic for the Prime Minister (as evidenced by keywords statistics), it can be stated that the leader of the Canadian liberals was quite frank, at least as frank as a person who, in his lifetime, was known as an extremely cautious politician could be. It is clear, that King was well aware of the significance of the events on the Eastern Front. But throughout the war he retained both a negatively neutral attitude towards the USSR (due to its communist nature) and his perception of the Soviet Union as part of Asia and thus a step below the Anglo-Saxon world, which had a higher level of culture and moral principles. The objective reality, i.e. absence of hostilities in Canada, its maneuvering between Great Britain and the United States, and priority of economic and domestic policy for King, explains that a lesser part of his attention was paid to the events in the USSR in comparison with processes associated with England and the United States.
The Problem of Scientific Approach to Studying Genealogy of the Muralist Sculptor, People's Artist of Russia V. M. Klykov
Authors:   Kursk State University, Kursk, Russian Federation, Dolzhenkova Tatyana I.
Published: June 2021

The famous Soviet and Russian sculptor V. M. Klykov (1939-2006), winner of state prizes of the RSFSR and the USSR, People's Artist of Russia, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, was an ambiguous figure in the eyes of his contemporaries. His caught the attention not only of professional critics, but also of ordinary people. Many publications and memoirs dedicated to the sculptor had been published during his lifetime. However, V. M. Klykov himself gave contradictory information on the history of his family in his interviews. At the same time, a complete and objective assessment of his life and work and his role in art is impossible without studying his social origin and family history, which determined the relevance of this work. Until now, the history of the Klykov family has been reconstructed from stories and memoirs of those who knew him personally. The study has also been hampered by the fact that there are misconceptions about V. M. Klykov’s ancestors that often spring from desire to create a certain image that fits the worldview of the famous sculptor. The purpose of the study has been to identify and analyze the documentary sources on the subject: archival materials, documents from the museum collection and periodicals. The fonds of the State Archive of the Kursk Region (GAKO) have provided most sources. However, destruction of the archives during the Civil War and the Nazi occupation resulted in a lack of documents and photographs from the early 20th century. Some information has been found in databases available on the Internet. A number of documents are being introduced into scientific use for the first time. The study is based on the key principles of historicism, consistency, and objectivity, which allows the author to avoid mythologization of the sculptor. Comparative analysis of the identified sources has allowed the author to trace V. M. Klykov’s genealogy up to the mid-19th century, to identify the names of his ancestors, to note the family’s difficult fate through the pivots of Russian history, to determine V. M. Klykov’s ancestors and to explore their biographies, achievements, and social status. Several representatives of the Klykov family have been identified, who showed themselves worthily in the military service of the Fatherland. In addition, the author has refuted the tale of the sculptor's grandfather ‘s de-kulakization and persecution by the Soviet power. The author concludes that peasant origin and environment in which the sculptor grew up left an imprint on his worldview, and therefore, on the theme of his monumental creativity and ideas that he defended in public life.
Buryatia in the Days of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45: Documentary Evidence
Authors:   Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation, Ivanov Alexander A.
Published: June 2021

The review is dedicated to the collection “Buryatia in the days of the Great Patriotic War: 1941–45,” compiled from documents stored in the fonds of the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia (GARB). The publication includes over 400 documents revealing various aspects of the republic inhabitants’ activities in the wartime. Documents are grouped into two sections. The first section mostly contains previously unpublished record keeping materials: decisions of local bodies of Soviet power at various levels, extracts from meetings of party committees, resolutions of rallies, reports on fulfillment and overfulfillment of state plan for supplying industrial and agricultural products, as well as appeals of workers and collective farmers to the Central Committee of the CPSU (B) and to J. V. Stalin personally. Some documents reveal the scale of uncompensated assistance provided by the residents of Buryatia, who gave money, livestock, and personal belongings to the state Defense Fund. Of interest is published correspondence with the command of partisan detachments, formed in part from residents of the republic, reports on trips to the front with labour gifts, and other documents. The second section contains sources of personal provenance: diaries and correspondence of military personnel called to the front from the republic and letters from the inhabitants of Buryatia to the army. Among the documents in this section there are excerpts from the diary of the Hero of the Soviet Union V. B. Borsoev, which is being published for the first time in this volume. The author describes the first period of World War II, the difficulties in supplying the warring army, the inability of the Red Army to fight and that of the commanders to control the troops. Front-line letters from soldiers and officers to their relatives and friends tell of the exploits and everyday life of the warring army, of the desire to defeat the enemy as quickly as possible and to return to peaceful life in the republic. The letters of the Kozulin brothers – Ivan, Alexei and Alexander, tankers who died in 1941–42, will undoubtedly attract the readers’ attention. The documents of the collection create a holistic picture of life and production activities of the population of Buryatia in the days of the war, reflect the complex and dramatic process of the regional economy restructuring for the needs of the country's defense, convey the labour heroism of industrial and agricultural workers and creative intelligentsia of the republic. The materials of the book recreate a true picture of those events, greatly enrich our knowledge on the life of the population of Buryatia in 1941–45, and, undoubtedly, serve as a valuable source for historians and for those interested in the topic.
Changing Trends of Shopping Habits and Tourism During the Second Wave of COVID-19 – International Comparison
Authors: Machová Renáta , Korcsmáros Enikő , Esseová Monika , Marča Roland
Published: June 2021

Over the last year, many things have changed in every field as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the rapid spread of the coronavirus, the heads of states and governments had to respond to the virus forthwith. As government restrictions have been introduced, people started to reconsider their decisions in terms of consumption and saving. The closures affected many areas that changed people's daily lives. As a result, new trends have appeared, for instance, in the tourism field and people's shopping habits. The data were collected among Slovak and Hungarian citizens through surveys as a quantitative method. Nonparametric Pearson's chi-square test, Spearman's rho correlation test, and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to analyze six formulated hypotheses. For the latter, it was necessary to carry out normality tests. The main purpose of this article is to give an international comparison in questions whether people will prefer domestic tourism over foreign one if people prefer domestic traders' products or foreign traders' products, whether the respondents buy online more frequently due to the pandemic, if they spend less on leisure travel and whether they think that the interest in e-commerce continues to grow. As a result of the research, it can be declared that both Slovak and Hungarian people traders prefer buying domestic traders' products instead of foreign traders' ones, while the Hungarian respondents shop online more frequently. The results pointed out that Slovak respondents will prefer domestic tourism over foreign tourism.