bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem services provision by Mediterranean forests will be compromised above 2℃ warming
Authors: Morán‐Ordóñez Alejandra , Ramsauer Julia , Coll Lluis , Brotons Lluís , Ameztegui Aitor
Published: July 2021

Forests provide a wide range of provisioning, regulating and cultural services of great value to societies across the Mediterranean basin. In this study, we reviewed the scientific literature of the last 30 years to quantify the magnitude of projected changes in ecosystem services provision by Mediterranean forests under IPCC climate change scenarios. We classified the scenarios according to the temperature threshold of 2℃ set by the Paris Agreement (below or above). The review of 78 studies shows that climate change will lead to a general reduction in the provision of regulating services (e.g. carbon storage, regulation of freshwater quantity and quality) and a general increase in the number of fires, burnt areas and generally, an increase in climate‐related forest hazards (median + 62% by 2100). Studies using scenarios above the 2℃ threshold projected significantly more negative changes in regulating services than studies using scenarios below this threshold. Main projected trend changes on material services (e.g. wood products), were less clear and depended on (i) whether or not the studies considered the interaction between the rise in temperatures and other drivers (e.g. forest management, CO2 fertilization) and (ii) differences in productivity responses across the tree species evaluated. Overall, the reviewed studies projected significant reductions in range extent and habitat suitability for the most drought‐sensitive forest species (e.g. −88% Fagus sylvatica), while the amount of habitat available for more drought‐tolerant species will remain stable or increase; however, the magnitude of projected change for these more xeric species was limited when high‐end extreme climatic scenarios were considered (above Paris Agreement). Our review highlights the benefits that climate change mitigation (to keep global mean temperature increase <2℃) can bring in terms of service provision and conservation of Mediterranean forests.
Limited thermal acclimation of photosynthesis in tropical montane tree species
Authors: Dusenge Mirindi Eric , Wittemann Maria , Mujawamariya Myriam , Ntawuhiganayo Elisée B. , Zibera Etienne , Ntirugulirwa Bonaventure , Way Danielle A. , Nsabimana Donat , Uddling Johan , Wallin Göran
Published: July 2021

The temperature sensitivity of physiological processes and growth of tropical trees remains a key uncertainty in predicting how tropical forests will adjust to future climates. In particular, our knowledge regarding warming responses of photosynthesis, and its underlying biochemical mechanisms, is very limited. We grew seedlings of two tropical montane rainforest tree species, the early‐successional species Harungana montana and the late‐successional species Syzygium guineense, at three different sites along an elevation gradient, differing by 6.8℃ in daytime ambient air temperature. Their physiological and growth performance was investigated at each site. The optimum temperature of net photosynthesis (ToptA) did not significantly increase in warm‐grown trees in either species. Similarly, the thermal optima (ToptV and ToptJ) and activation energies (EaV and EaJ) of maximum Rubisco carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) were largely unaffected by warming. However, Vcmax, Jmax and foliar dark respiration (Rd) at 25℃ were significantly reduced by warming in both species, and this decline was partly associated with concomitant reduction in total leaf nitrogen content. The ratio of Jmax/Vcmax decreased with increasing leaf temperature for both species, but the ratio at 25℃ was constant across sites. Furthermore, in H. montana, stomatal conductance at 25℃ remained constant across the different temperature treatments, while in S. guineense it increased with warming. Total dry biomass increased with warming in H. montana but remained constant in S. guineense. The biomass allocated to roots, stem and leaves was not affected by warming in H. montana, whereas the biomass allocated to roots significantly increased in S. guineense. Overall, our findings show that in these two tropical montane rainforest tree species, the capacity to acclimate the thermal optimum of photosynthesis is limited while warming‐induced reductions in respiration and photosynthetic capacity rates are tightly coupled and linked to responses of leaf nitrogen.
Social Reproduction Theory: State of the field and new directions in geography
Authors: Rodríguez‐Rocha Vivian
Published: July 2021

Interest in social reproduction theory (SRT) has been revived in the in the last ten odd years. This paper positions SRT, and its refraction through a geographic lens, as particularly well placed to address emerging issues in the context of ongoing crises—economic, environmental and of care—which have been enhanced by the Covid‐19 pandemic. I present an overview of the Marxist‐feminist traditions that constitute the basis for modern SRT. Through a survey of recent literature, I discuss the potential for extending contemporary SRT through intersectionality theory and suggest the need to draw on theoretical insights originating in the global periphery towards a postcolonial, decolonial SRT. Finally, I contextualize social reproduction theories within geography and suggest three emerging areas of scholarship in which combining a geographic and SRT perspective would yield productive understandings of the current moment and signal towards the construction of alternative, livable futures. These areas are debt and the financialization of social reproduction under neoliberalism; a turn towards a socioecological understanding of reproduction; and resistance, transformation and visions of the future through a “conscious appropriation” of life’s work and life sustaining practices at large.
Emotional and financial health during COVID‐19: The role of housework, employment and childcare in Australia and the United States
Authors: Ruppanner Leah , Tan Xiao , Carson Andrea , Ratcliff Shaun
Published: July 2021

During the first few months of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the world witnessed major economic, school, and daycare closures. We sampled respondents in Australia and the US during the height of the first restrictions to understand how the first quarantine structured their emotional strain and financial worry (825 Australians and 835 Americans aged between 18 and 65; May 2–3, 2020; source YouGov). We apply structural equation modeling to demonstrate that the emotional well‐being impacts of COVID‐19 are not only gendered but also vary between childless people and parents. Specifically, we show that compared to Australians, Americans were more impacted by changes in their financial circumstances. Further, while the financial worry and emotional strain impacts were similar between childless people and parents in Australia, significant differences existed between the two groups in the United States. In particular, we identify American mothers as the most disadvantaged group—feeling the most anxious and financially worried about both employment and domestic changes under COVID‐19. Policy wise, we argue that COVID‐19 is exacerbating gender inequality in emotional health. To slow down this trend, more adequate mental health supports are needed, particularly for mothers.
The dietary supplement chitosan lowers serum phosphorus in a hemodialysis patient not tolerating prescription medications
Authors: Quinn Virginia , Graber Jyoti , Sedlacek Martin
Published: July 2021

Chitosan is a widely available, nontoxic, biodegradable biopolymer that binds negatively charged molecules. Its use as a dietary supplement for weight loss derives from its purported ability to bind negatively charged lipids and bile acids and prevent their gastrointestinal absorption. Here, we report the case of a dialysis patient who did not tolerate prescription phosphorus binders and who has been able to control her serum phosphorus levels for a year by taking 3.5 g of chitosan a day with meals. A quantitative analysis shows that chitosan may bind between 16 and 41 mg of phosphorus per gram, comparable to prescription binders. Chitosan may provide an over‐the‐counter alternative as non‐calcium phosphorus binder for patients not tolerating prescription phosphorus binders because of side effects, cost, or efforts to limit their medication burden.
Haemocyte‐mediated immunity in insects: Cells, processes and associated components in the fight against pathogens and parasites
Authors: Eleftherianos Ioannis , Heryanto Christa , Bassal Taha , Zhang Wei , Tettamanti Gianluca , Mohamed Amr
Published: July 2021

The host defence of insects includes a combination of cellular and humoral responses. The cellular arm of the insect innate immune system includes mechanisms that are directly mediated by haemocytes (e.g., phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation). In addition, melanization accompanying coagulation, clot formation and wound healing, nodulation and encapsulation processes leads to the formation of cytotoxic redox‐cycling melanin precursors and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. However, demarcation between cellular and humoral immune reactions as two distinct categories is not straightforward. This is because many humoral factors affect haemocyte functions and haemocytes themselves are an important source of many humoral molecules. There is also a considerable overlap between cellular and humoral immune functions that span from recognition of foreign intruders to clot formation. Here, we review these immune reactions starting with the cellular mechanisms that limit haemolymph loss and participate in wound healing and clot formation and advancing to cellular functions that are critical in restricting pathogen movement and replication. This information is important because it highlights that insect cellular immunity is controlled by a multilayered system, different components of which are activated by different pathogens or during the different stages of the infection.
Nursing students’ attitudes towards alcohol use disorders and related issues: A comparative study in four American countries
Authors: Diaz Heredia Luz Patricia , de Vargas Divane , Ramírez Erika Gisseth León , Naegle Madeline
Published: July 2021

The present study identified and compared the attitudes of nursing students from North and South American countries towards alcohol, alcohol use disorders and persons with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). A cross‐sectional design and survey approach were used. The sample consisted of 327 nursing students recruited from four nursing schools in metropolitan regions of North and South America. The questionnaire contained questions about sex, age, marital status, home country and other questions about training in substance use disorders during nursing education and previous experiences with substance use disorder patients. To identify nursing students’ attitudes, validated English, Spanish and Portuguese versions of the attitudes scale for alcohol, alcoholism and persons with AUDs (EAFAA) were applied. Comparison of the four groups suggested that nursing students in the United States demonstrated more positive attitudes than students from Colombia, Mexico and Brazil. Similar positive attitudes were observed towards individuals with AUDs. Results of the attitudes towards the aetiology of AUDs showed positive attitudes in all samples, suggesting a contemporary understanding of AUDs. Nursing students’ attitudes were associated with home country and training in substance use disorders during nursing education. Nursing students’ attitudes were generally positive across countries. Idiosyncratic cultural and educational aspects in these countries and world regions likely significantly influenced the attitudes of nursing students towards alcohol and associated issues.
Levels versus changes: Information contents of textual information
Authors: Miwa Kotaro
Published: July 2021

We clarify the information value of changes in the textual information of analyst reports. The analyses reveal that stock prices react considerably to changes in the linguistic tone of reports. In addition, prices react asymmetrically to the levels and changes of report tone, overreact to the levels, and underreact to changes. Our evidence suggests that a change in the textual tone provides incremental information that investors overlook, supporting the informational value of changes in textual information.
Intertemporal stability of survey‐based measures of risk and time preferences
Authors: Drichoutis Andreas C. , Vassilopoulos Achilleas
Published: July 2021

Given the importance of risk and time preferences for economics and other disciplines, we seek to examine the intertemporal stability of six related survey‐based measures. Using a panel of subjects over three waves, between 2013 and 2015, we find aggregate and individual stability over the examined period for four of these measures (Patience, Risk, Risk Investment, and the Domain‐Specific Risk‐Taking scale) while only for Impulsiveness we observe significant patterns of instability, both individually and collectively. Our results contribute to the discussion on the wider adoption of survey‐based measures, especially considering the ease with which such measures can be incorporated in large‐scale surveys.
Jiangnan dietary pattern actively prevents muscle mass loss: Based on a cohort study
Authors: Wang Zhengyuan , Dong Xinyi , Song Qi , Cui Xueying , Shi Zehuan , Zang Jiajie , Su Jin , Sun Xiaodong
Published: July 2021

Background

The proportion of sarcopenia in the elderly is very high, although muscle mass loss before sarcopenia covers a wider population. The present study aimed to analyse the effects of different dietary patterns on muscle mass.

Methods

In both 2015 and 2018, using multilayer random sampling, the same participants were selected, and the same questionnaires and machines were used.

Results

In total, 502 participants were selected. The >65‐year‐old group showed maximum muscle mass loss in males and females (−1.53 kg ± 4.42 and −1.14 kg ± 2.6 on average, respectively). The cumulative variance of four dietary patterns reached 52.28%. Logistical regression revealed significant differences between ʻJiangnan Dietaryʼ groups: Q2 vs. Q1 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.356, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.202–0.629]; Q3 vs. Q1 (OR = 0.457, 95% CI = 0.262–0.797). Relative influence factors for muscle mass loss were age (>65 vs. <45, OR = 2.027, 95% CI = 1.117–3.680), physical activity (OR = 0.550, 95% CI = 0.315–0.960), income (high vs. low, OR = 0.413, 95% CI = 0.210 –0.810), sex (female vs. male, OR = 0.379, 95% CI = 0.235–0.519).

Conclusions

After 3 years of follow‐up, participants' muscle mass declined significantly. The ʻJiangnan Dietaryʼ pattern prevented muscle mass loss and is recommended to the wider population.
A review of high‐resolution microscopic ghost imaging with a low‐dose pseudothermal light
Authors: Sun Z. , Tuitje F. , Spielmann C.
Published: July 2021

High‐resolution imaging is an important issue in various fields of scientific researches and engineering applications. Pseudothermal ghost imaging is one of the subfields of quantum imaging, providing new capabilities beyond conventional imaging methods. Also, it can provide a new viewpoint of imaging physical mechanisms. In this review, we explain the major ideas of pseudothermal ghost imaging, restricting the very important case of high‐resolution imaging. We analyse the strategies which can significantly improve the image quality in pseudothermal ghost imaging. It may apply for merging it with common optical imaging methods in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) or X‐ray spectral regime for driving the applications to a wider audience in bioscience and nano‐physics.
Beyond the physical risk: Psychosocial impact and coping in healthcare professionals during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Fteropoulli Theodora , Kalavana Theano V. , Yiallourou Anneza , Karaiskakis Marios , Koliou Mazeri Maria , Vryonides Stavros , Hadjioannou Anna , Nikolopoulos Georgios K.
Published: July 2021

Aims and objectives

This study aimed to examine the psychosocial impact and identify risk factors for poor psychosocial outcomes in healthcare professionals during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic in Cyprus.

Background

Healthcare professionals are in the forefront of the COVID‐19 pandemic facing an unprecedented global health crisis, which can have consequences on their psychosocial health. There is a need to identify risk factors for poor psychosocial outcomes to inform the design of tailored psychological interventions.

Design

Cross‐sectional online study.

Methods

A total of 1071 healthcare professionals completed self‐report questionnaires. Measures included sociodemographic information, COVID‐19‐related characteristics, quality of life (Brief World Health Organization Quality of Life; WHOQOL‐Bref), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7; GAD‐7), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire‐8; PHQ‐8), occupational burnout (Copenhagen Burnout Inventory; CBI), and coping (Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced; Brief COPE). This article follows the STROBE reporting guidelines.

Results

The prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety and clinically significant depression was 27.6% and 26.8%, respectively. Significant risk factors for poor psychological outcomes included being female, being a nurse or doctor (vs non‐medical professional), working in frontline units (inpatient, intensive care), perceptions of inadequate workplace preparation to deal with the pandemic, and using avoidance coping. Depression and occupational burnout were significant risk factors for poor quality of life.

Conclusion

The findings suggest several individual, psychosocial, and organisational risk factors for the adverse psychological outcomes observed in healthcare professionals during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study highlights the urgent need for screening for anxiety and depression and psychological interventions to combat an imminent mental health crisis in healthcare professionals during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Pandemic response protocols and public health initiatives aiming to improve and prevent mental health problems in healthcare professionals during the current and future health crises, need to account for the various factors at play.
A social ontology of “maximal” persons
Authors: Oyowe Oritsegbubemi Anthony
Published: July 2021

In this paper, I address a range of arguments put forward by Kwame Gyekye (1992) and Bernard Matolino (2014) denying Menkiti’s twin propositions that persons differ ontologically from human beings and that human attitudes, behaviours and practices constitute persons in social reality. They argue that his account of “maximal” persons, rooted in African traditional thought‐worlds, conflates issues and ultimately involve him in a category mistake. I argue that their arguments do not succeed, and that Menkiti’s view is not in any predicament because of them. Then, I draw on John Searle’s account of social ontology to clarify the sense in which attitudes, behaviours and practices are constituents of persons. Thus, I characterise persons as social entities belonging in a social ontology. Finally, I argue that realism regarding persons is not undermined by the threat of conventionalism lurking behind the view.
Ease of mastication index—Quantification of mastication effort using quality function deployment
Authors: Ilic Jovan , Tomasevic Igor , Djekic Ilija
Published: July 2021

An effort required to masticate a bite of food seems important for a broad group of consumers considering many foodstuffs. Consumers with specific needs (elderly, people with impaired oral functioning) are also interested in ease of mastication. Besides understanding the relationships between mastication and sensory perception, a better insight into foodstuffs' mastication effort is needed to gain vital information when choosing the food and judging its quality. However, there is not much work describing the quantification of mastication effort as a quality grade. Within this research, we: (a) analyzed consumers' demands toward mastication attributes, (b) examined mastication, mechanical, and sensory parameters for nine foodstuffs (meat and dairy products), and (c) developed a quality function deployment model that connects consumers' demands with a multidimensional technical scale, enabling mastication effort quantification through a novel “ease of mastication index” (EMI). As a single‐value quality score, EMI answers how much effort must be applied to masticate certain foodstuff. It is a left‐sided index (it can have only positive values up to EMI = 1), having the maximal value for creamy cheese (0.96) and minimal (0.40) for fermented sausage in the present study, meaning the latter was the most difficult case study product for mastication. This study's practical application may be seen in the proposed model usage for foodstuffs research and development, bearing in mind ease of mastication. EMI may play an essential role as a novel quality indicator that can be considered crucial for broad and specific consumer groups.
A retrospective study of adverse effects of mycophenolate mofetil administration to dogs with immune‐mediated disease
Authors: Fukushima Kenjiro , Lappin Michael , Legare Marie , Veir Julia
Published: July 2021

Background

Information regarding adverse events (AEs) of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is limited.

Objectives

To evaluate the types and frequency of potential AEs of MMF in dogs with immune‐mediated disease.

Animals

One hundred thirty‐one dogs treated with MMF for management of suspected immune‐mediated disease.

Methods

Retrospective study. Medical records were reviewed to find and group suspect AEs in gastrointestinal (GI), hematologic, and other categories. Age, dosage, body weight, and sex were analyzed between dogs with and without AEs by using the Mann‐Whitney U‐test and chi‐squared test.

Results

The median starting dosage of MMF was 17.5 mg/kg/day (interquartile range [IQR] = 15.1‐20.6 mg/kg/day) and the median treatment duration was 56 days (IQR = 14‐236 days). Mycophenolate mofetil was prescribed for immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (n = 31), immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (n = 31), pemphigus foliaceus (n = 15), immune‐mediated polyarthritis (n = 12), and others (n = 42). Overall, potential AEs of MMF were observed in 34 of 131 dogs (GI 24.4% [31/127], neutropenia 4% [3/76], anemia 4% [1/25], thrombocytopenia 4.0% [1/25], and dermatologic 1.5% [2/131]). There were no significant differences among dogs with (n = 37) or without potential AEs (n = 94) in regards to sex, age, body weight, or dosage of MMF (P = .06, .13, .24, and .26, respectively).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In the dogs administered MMF, GI AEs were most common. Since potential hematologic and dermatologic AEs developed in a few dogs, clinicians should be aware of these when prescribing MMF to dogs with immune‐mediated disease.
A preparation sequence for multi‐analysis of µm‐sized extraterrestrial and geological samples
Authors: Aléon‐Toppani Alice , Brunetto Rosario , Aléon Jérôme , Dionnet Zelia , Rubino Stefano , Levy Dan , Troadec David , Brisset François , Borondics Ferenc , King Andrew
Published: July 2021

With the recent and ongoing sample return missions and/or the developments of nano‐ to microscale 3‐D and 2‐D analytical techniques, it is necessary to develop sample preparation and analysis protocols that allow combination of different nanometer‐ to micrometer‐scale resolution techniques and both maximize scientific outcome and minimize sample loss and contamination. Here, we present novel sample preparation and analytical procedures to extract a maximum of submicrometer structural, mineralogical, chemical, molecular, and isotopic information from micrometric heterogeneous samples. The sample protocol goes from a nondestructive infrared (IR) tomography of ~10 to ~70 µm‐sized single grains, which provides the distribution and qualitative abundances of both mineral and organic phases, followed by its cutting in several slices at selected sites of interest for 2‐D mineralogical analysis (e.g., transmission electron microscopy), molecular organic and mineral analysis (e.g., Raman and/or IR microspectroscopy), and isotopic/chemical analysis (e.g., NanoSIMS). We also discuss here the importance of the focused ion beam microscopy in the protocol, the problems of sample loss and contamination, and at last the possibility of combining successive different analyses in various orders on the same micrometric sample. Special care was notably taken to establish a protocol allowing correlated NanoSIMS/TEM/IR analyses with NanoSIMS performed first. Finally, we emphasize the interest of 3‐D and 2‐D IR analyses in studying the organics–minerals relationship in combination with more classical isotopic and mineralogical grain characterizations.
Sociodemographic inequities in nurturing care for early childhood development across Brazilian municipalities
Authors: Buccini Gabriela , Coelho Kubo Stefanie Eugênia dos Anjos , Pedroso Jéssica , Bertoldo Juracy , Sironi Alberto , Barreto Marcos Ennes , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael , Venancio Sonia Isoyama , Gubert Muriel Bauermann
Published: July 2021

Providing an enabling nurturing care environment for early childhood development (ECD) that cuts across the five domains of the Nurturing Care Framework (i.e., good health, adequate nutrition, opportunities for early learning, security and safety and responsive caregiving) has become a global priority. Brazil is home to approximately 18.5 million children under 5 years of age, of which 13% are at risk of poor development due to socio‐economic inequalities. We explored whether the Early Childhood Friendly Municipal Index (IMAPI) can detect inequities in nurturing care ECD environments across the 5570 Brazilian municipalities. We examined the validity of the IMAPI scores and conducted descriptive analyses for assessing sociodemographic inequities by nurturing care domains and between and within regions. The strong correlations between school achievement (positive) and socially vulnerable children (negative) confirmed the IMAPI as a multidimensional nurturing care indicator. Low IMAPI scores were more frequent in the North (72.7%) and Northeast (63.3%) regions and in small (47.7%) and medium (43.3%) size municipalities. Conversely, high IMAPI scores were more frequent in the more prosperous South (52.9%) and Southeast (41.2%) regions and in metropolitan areas (41.2%). The security and safety domain had the lowest mean differences (MDs) among Brazilian regions (MD = 5) and population size (MD = 3). Between‐region analyses confirmed inequities between the North/Northeast and South/Southeast. The biggest within‐region inequity gaps were found in the Northeast (from −22 to 15) and the North (−21 to 19). The IMAPI distinguished the nurturing care ECD environments across Brazilian municipalities and can inform equitable and intersectoral multilevel decision making.
Poor dental health in British Army Infantry recruits reduces their quality of life: A cross‐sectional survey and retrospective analysis of health records
Authors: Edwards David , Ramsey Richard , Breeze Johno , Dermont Mark
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) is a determinant of an individual's wellbeing and can be affected by dental disease. For military recruits, adverse OHRQoL may result in poor performance, and has safety implications. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of dental extractions and dental health of a sample of new Infantry recruits.

Method

Electronic healthcare recordings of tooth extraction incidence were compared to recruits from the general military population. Clinical dental examinations and patient questionnaires were used to determine the prevalence and impact of caries using the PUFA (Pulp exposure, Ulceration, Fistula, Caries) criteria. The association between caries and PUFA lesions with self‐reported oral health behaviours and beliefs was explored.

Results

The incidence of tooth extraction was 2.4 times higher in new Army Infantry recruits than recruits in the general UK military population. 211 recruits were assessed, with a 100% response rate. 135/211 (64%) had caries, and 37/21117.5% had a PUFA lesion at the time of inspection. Sleep loss was significantly more likely in those with PUFA lesions than those without (OR 5.62, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Those military Infantry recruits with caries and PUFA lesions had worse OHRQoL than those that did not. This was evidenced by poorer sleeping patterns and an inability to perform tasks at work. Treatment of dental disease through extractions was higher in Army Infantry recruits and will likely reduce the number of days taken off sick, but its effect on overall OHRQoL cannot yet be substantiated.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome after caudal epidural steroid ınjection: A case report
Authors: Ertilav Esra , Akyol Ali , Aydin Osman Nuri
Published: July 2021

Background

Caudal epidural injections are easy, effective, and safe methods and are good options for patients with low back pain and radicular lower extremity pain. Although various complications related to the technique of the procedure or the drugs used in the procedure have been described, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) has not yet been defined for this intervention.

Case

In this case report, we describe a case of PRES, which we supported with MRI findings in our patient who developed convulsions, changes in consciousness, and vision loss after being administered with caudal epidural steroid, and whose imaging findings regressed with the regression of clinical symptoms during the treatment process.

Conclusion

Although PRES is rarely reported, it should be kept in mind that it is a complication that can develop after caudal epidural steroid injection.
Highly Efficient S‐g‐CN/Mo‐368 Catalyst for Synergistically NADH Regeneration Under Solar Light
Authors: Gupta Sarvesh Kumar , Gupta Abhishek Kumar , Yadav Rajesh Kumar , Singh Ajeet , Yadav Bal Chandra
Published: July 2021

Sulfur‐doped graphitic carbon nitride (S‐g‐CN) has gained significant attention in recent years. Sulfur‐doped graphitic carbon nitride (S‐g‐CN) is a promising metal‐free photocatalyst because of its band orientation, natural abundance and groundwork. Improved photocatalytic activity of S‐g‐CN material for solar chemical production persists a hot yet challenging problem. Herein, we provide an adaptable method for the synthesis of S‐g‐CN nanocomposite decorated with the moiety of giant polyoxometalate (S‐g‐CN/Mo‐368) that subsequently showed highly efficient photocatalytic activity. The as‐synthesized S‐g‐CN/Mo‐368 as a recyclable artificial photocatalyst revealed excellent activity for solar chemical production, that is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) regeneration under visible light. The immobilized Mo‐368 on the S‐g‐CN surface increased the visible light adsorption capacity of the S‐g‐CN/Mo‐368 photocatalyst. The visible light absorption activity, morphology, element compositions, particle size and zeta potential of S‐g‐CN powder and S‐g‐CN/Mo‐368 were thoroughly investigated. From the application point of view, S‐g‐CN/Mo‐368 was applied to determine the solar chemical production (i.e. NADH regeneration) under visible light with a higher yield% of about ~ 94.85%.
First report of oospore formation in Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, in highland regions of southern Brazil
Authors: Bitencourt Camila , Pierre Patricia M. O. , Pinto Felipe A. M. F. , Fermino‐Junior Paulo C. P. , Gomes Beatriz R. , de Morais Andriele C. , Dias Jhennifer M. , Welter Leocir J.
Published: July 2021

This work evaluates the formation of oospores of Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grape downy mildew (DM), in highland regions in southern Brazil. Leaves of susceptible and resistant grape genotypes naturally infected with the pathogen were collected in the autumn of 2017, 2018, and 2019 from vineyards located in the highlands of Santa Catarina state. Leaf tissues were evaluated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Oospores of P. viticola were identified in both susceptible and resistant host genotypes. They were concentrated in the central regions of the DM lesions, close to the leaf veins, and exhibited a rounded shape, yellowish colour, thick wall, and a diameter ranging from 16.28 to 49.15 µm. The formation of oospores is strong evidence that sexual reproduction is occurring in P. viticola in the climatic conditions of the highlands of southern Brazil. Sexual reproduction contributes to the maximization of genetic diversity via meiosis. Populations with high genetic variability are more likely to break resistance mechanisms conferred by resistance genes and to develop resistance to fungicides applied for disease control. To our knowledge, this is the first scientific study to prove the formation of P. viticola oospores in Brazil. The results presented provide a solid basis for further studies on sexual recombination in P. viticola. Genetic improvement programmes for grapevines, disease management methods, and disease prediction models need to consider the sexual reproduction of this pathogen, otherwise their effectiveness may be compromised.
Controlled breathing and pain: Respiratory rate and inspiratory loading modulate cardiovascular autonomic responses, but not pain
Authors: Gholamrezaei Ali , Van Diest Ilse , Aziz Qasim , Vlaeyen Johan W. S. , Van Oudenhove Lukas
Published: July 2021

Slow, deep breathing (SDB) is a common pain self‐management technique. Stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors and vagal modulation are suggested, among others, as potential mechanisms underlying the hypoalgesic effects of SDB. We tested whether adding an inspiratory load to SDB, which results in a stronger baroreceptor stimulation and vagal modulation, enhances its hypoalgesic effects. Healthy volunteers performed SDB (controlled at 0.1 Hz) with and without an inspiratory threshold load. Controlled breathing (CB) at a normal frequency (0.23 Hz) was used as an active control. Each condition lasted 90 s, included an electrical pain stimulation on the hand, and was repeated four times in a randomized order. Pain intensity, self‐reported emotional responses (arousal, valence, dominance), and cardiovascular parameters (including vagally‐mediated heart rate variability) were measured per trial. A cover story was used to limit the potential effect of outcome expectancy. Pain intensity was slightly lower during SDB with load compared with normal‐frequency CB, but the effect was negligible (Cohens d < 0.2), and there was no other difference in pain intensity between the conditions. Heart rate variability was higher during SDB with/without load compared with normal‐frequency CB. Using load during SDB was associated with higher heart rate variability, but less favorable emotional responses. These findings do not support the role of baroreceptor stimulation or vagal modulation in the hypoalgesic effects of SDB. Other mechanisms, such as attentional modulation, warrant further investigation.
Effect of long‐term fertilization on soil microbial activities and metabolism in Paulownia plantations
Authors: Liu Sen , Li Peng , Gan Weixiang , Fu Yujia , Weng Yilin , Tu Jia , Lu Sheng , Wu Lichao
Published: July 2021

Paulownia is a well‐known, fast‐growing tree genus that is widely planted for commercial cultivation in the warm temperate zone of the North China Plain. Fertilization as a standard practice can efficiently increase wood production and tree yield in those Paulownia plantations, but how different fertilization measures might affect soil microbial activity, microbial biomass and metabolic functioning unclear, especially in the subtropics. To fill this knowledge gap, we initiated long‐term different fertilization experiments from afforestation, using a completely randomized block design consisting of a control, inorganic fertilizer, microelement‐inorganic fertilizer and organic–inorganic compound fertilizer (OIF) treatments in South China's subtropical zone. The results revealed fertilization significantly increased soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass, especially that of urease, invertase, acid phosphatase, as well as the microbial biomass in terms of carbon and nitrogen, all of which increased most significantly in soil under the OIF treatment. The carbon source utilization levels of five carbon substrates under the OIF treatment, namely D‐xylose, glucose‐1‐phosphate, D‐cellobiose, α‐ketobutyric acid and glycogen, were significantly higher than those of the others. From these data, we may reasonably infer that the application of organic fertilizer could offer an effective management practice for use in Paulownia plantations. The five carbon matrices may be the most efficient carbon sources for increasing the abundance of efficient soil microorganisms, improving soil fertility and achieving the sustainable development of Paulownia plantations.
Decolonizing pastoral care in the classroom: An invitation to a pedagogy of spirit experience
Authors: Yong Aizaiah G.
Published: July 2021

While recent attention has been given to the need to decolonize the field of pastoral theology and care by starting in the classroom, less attention has been given to consider what pedagogies might be helpful to sustain those who are pursuing that end. In this essay, I attempt to offer a new pedagogy for pastoral theology and care that is rooted in a commitment to pre‐theological spirituality and relational co‐creative care paradigms. This approach to pastoral theology and care is rooted in experiential knowledge and seeks to integrate the fields of spirituality with pastoral theology in hopes of fostering essential capacities needed for all who are seeking compassionate pastoral and spiritual care providers.
Educating clergy as culture‐builders: Can this long tradition be reclaimed?
Authors: Golemon Larry
Published: July 2021

This article draws implications from my recent study of the first 150 years of Clergy Education in America for Protestants, Catholics, Jews, African Americans and working class whites. I focus on the ability of these schools to prepare leaders for various arenas of public life: families, congregations, schools, voluntary associations, and publishing. The implications for today's seminaries include reframing historic pedagogies in the liberal arts, oratory, and debate; the formation of religious charisma and iconic leadership that are socially transmitted; the orientation of interpretive practices of sacred texts and traditions toward symbolic production; the reinvigoration of theologies that enrich faith communities and the public imagination; and reclaiming the missional nature of theological and rabbinical schools through public media, the arts, and populist pedagogies.
Outcomes after transperitoneal laparoscopic ureteronephrectomy for the treatment of primary renal neoplasia in seven dogs
Authors: Hart Edward , Singh Ameet , Thomson Christopher B. , Appleby Ryan , Richardson Danielle , Hocker Samuel , Bernard Sarah , Pinard Christopher
Published: July 2021

Objective

To describe the perioperative characteristics and outcomes in dogs that underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic ureteronephrectomy (TLU) for primary renal neoplasia.

Study design

Short case series.

Animals

Seven client‐owned dogs.

Methods

Medical records were reviewed and data extracted regarding perioperative characteristics and animal outcomes. TLU was performed using a single‐port + 1 or multiple port techniques. Hemostatic clips or a vessel‐sealing device were used for occlusion of renal hilar vessels. The ureter was occluded and transected close to the ureterovesicular junction and the tumor was placed in a specimen retrieval bag for extraction from the abdomen.

Results

Preoperative contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) was performed in 6/7 dogs. Median estimated tumor volume measured from abdominal CECT removed by TLU was 32.42 cm3 (interquartile range [IQR] 14.76–94.85). Median surgery time for TLU was 90 minutes (IQR 85–105). In one dog, elective conversion to open laparotomy was performed due to large tumor size. Median time to discharge was 31 hours (IQR 24–48). No major perioperative complications occurred and all dogs survived to discharge. Progression free survival in four dogs was 422 days (IQR 119–784).

Conclusion

TLU was performed for the extirpation of modest sized primary renal tumors with acceptable perioperative outcomes and a low complication rate.

Clinical relevance

TLU may be considered for the treatment of selected cases of primary renal neoplasia in dogs.
Bromelain‐based enzymatic debridement of chronic wounds: Results of a multicentre randomized controlled trial
Authors: Shoham Yaron , Shapira Eyal , Haik Josef , Harats Moti , Egozi Dana , Robinson Dror , Kogan Leonid , Elkhatib Rania , Telek Geza , Shalom Avshalom
Published: July 2021

Chronic wounds are estimated to affect over 6 million people annually in the United States with an estimated annual cost of $25 billion. Debridement represents a key step in their management and is considered a basic necessity to induce the functional process of tissue repair. However, there is an unmet need for an efficient rapid acting non‐surgical debridement agent. Bromelain‐based enzymatic debridement has been proven to provide an effective, selective and safe non‐surgical debridement in deep burns. EscharEx (MediWound Ltd, Yavne, Israel), is a bromelain‐based enzymatic debridement agent currently in development for chronic wounds. The aim of this study was to assess its safety and efficacy in chronic wounds. Seventy‐three patients suffering from a lower extremity ulcer of diabetic/venous insufficiency/post‐surgical/traumatic aetiology were enrolled in a multicentre, assessor blinded, randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomized to topical treatment by either EscharEx or its gel vehicle for up to 10 daily 4 hour applications, and then continued follow‐up for up to 6 months. The EscharEx arm achieved a significantly higher incidence of complete debridement compared to the gel vehicle arm; 55 versus 29% (p = .047), thus meeting the primary endpoint of this study. The EscharEx and gel vehicle arms achieved similar reductions in wound area, non‐viable tissue area and wound healing scores during the debridement period. There were no significant differences between the arms in the incidence of complete wound closure (41% in the EsxcharEx arm vs. 53% in the gel vehicle arm) and in the mean time to complete wound closure (70.0 ± 32.8 days in the EsxcharEx arm vs. 65.7 ± 38.4 days in gel vehicle arm). There were no significant safety issues and EscharEx demonstrated a favourable benefit to risk profile.
Diagrams in the mod p cohomology of Shimura curves
Authors: Dotto Andrea , Le Daniel
Published: July 2021

We prove a local–global compatibility result in the mod $p$ Langlands program for $\mathrm {GL}_2(\mathbf {Q}_{p^f})$. Namely, given a global residual representation $\bar {r}$ appearing in the mod $p$ cohomology of a Shimura curve that is sufficiently generic at $p$ and satisfies a Taylor–Wiles hypothesis, we prove that the diagram occurring in the corresponding Hecke eigenspace of mod $p$ completed cohomology is determined by the restrictions of $\bar {r}$ to decomposition groups at $p$. If these restrictions are moreover semisimple, we show that the $(\varphi ,\Gamma )$-modules attached to this diagram by Breuil give, under Fontaine's equivalence, the tensor inductions of the duals of the restrictions of $\bar {r}$ to decomposition groups at $p$.
Association between use of cardiovascular medicines and risk of mild cognitive function impairment and dementia amongst people living with cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Dai Yunyun , Huang Chongmei , Ding Jinfeng , Qin Xiwen
Published: July 2021

Objective:

The objective of this review is to investigate the association between the use of cardiovascular medicines and the risk of mild cognitive function impairment and dementia in people with cardiovascular disease.

Introduction:

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most important modifiable factors for mild cognitive function impairment and dementia. The current evidence about the effectiveness of cardiovascular disease medicine on the risk of dementia is inconclusive; hence, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive investigation on the effect of cardiovascular disease medicine on the risk of mild cognitive function impairment and dementia.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will include studies involving participants (age ≥18 years) who were using cardiovascular medicine for hypertension, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, stroke, or heart failure. The eligible studies will include observational studies and randomized controlled trials.

Methods:

MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and PsycINFO (Ovid) will be searched from 2000 to the present. We will only include studies published in English. Titles, abstracts, and full texts will be screened by authors independently. The methodological quality of included studies will be assessed using the JBI critical appraisal checklist for observational studies and randomized controlled trials. The data to be extracted will include the basic study characteristics, populations, drug groups, clinical indicators, and outcomes. Studies will be pooled using statistical meta-analysis, where possible. Alternatively, the findings will be presented in narrative form where statistical pooling is not possible.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020175386