bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A method for estimating stored sediment volumes by check dam systems at the watershed level: example of an application in a Mediterranean environment
Authors: Bombino Giuseppe , Barbaro Giuseppe , D’Agostino Daniela , Denisi Pietro , Labate Antonino , Zimbone Santo Marcello
Published: March 2022

Purpose

In this paper a quick, easy and accessible methodology to estimate the sediment volume trapped behind a fully filled check dam system is proposed. As it is well known, check dams play an important role in the sediment balance between watershed and coastline. However, on a large scale, especially in those contexts where a great number of structures was installed, detailed surveys and measurements of sediment storage capacity would be extremely time-consuming and costly in terms of both economic efforts and human resources.

Methods

To this aim, the proposed method considers only four easy-to-obtain morphometric parameters to combine with thenumber of check dams. The method was calibrated on a sample of 912 check dams located in seven long-term studied watersheds and, therefore, validated in a sample of three regulated Spanish catchments with an independent dataset.

Results

At watershed level, the comparison between the calculated and estimated values showed a good capability of the method in evaluating the sediment volume trapped by the 912 studied check dams (RMSE≈ 16,900 m3;R2 > 0.9). The validation revealed encouraging results with estimation errors below 25%.

Conclusion

The use of this accessible and easily usable method could represent a supporting tool for planning, monitoring and assessment of the environmental effects of control works. Moreover, these results are useful to carry out actions aimed to mitigate natural hazard and environmental as well as socio-economic problems of the watershed-coast system (e.g. shoreline retreat and morphological instability of the urban and tourist areas).
Robots and Sustainability: Robots as Persuaders to Promote Recycling
Authors: Lo Shih-Yu , Lai Yueh-Yi , Liu Jen-Chi , Yeh Su-Ling
Published: March 2022

Humans tend to interact socially with humanoid devices, such as robots. Therefore, a possible application of robotics technology is the promotion of pro-social behavior, namely recycling. To test the effectiveness of this application, an experimental setting in which participants were required to dispose of waste was created. Two types of electronic instructors, a robot and a tablet computer, were located close to the disposal area to provide instructions on appropriate waste disposal. The comparison of the effectiveness of the two types of electronic instructors found that participants exposed to the robot sorted the waste more accurately than participants exposed to the tablet computer. Scores for perceived anthropomorphism and induced empathy were higher for the robot than the tablet computer. We conclude that robots, because of their anthropomorphic features, are more likely to evoke empathy than tablet computers, and thus robots can be more effective in promoting pro-social behavior.
Geotechnical database building and 3D modeling of the soil in Medina, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Masoud Alaa A. , Saad Ahmed M. , El Shafaey Osama N. H.
Published: March 2022

Sustainable innovative uses of underground space dictate the use of efficient and cost-effective techniques for geo-investigation and planning. This is now affordable with detailed three-dimensional (3D) geotechnical models of the soil properties that provide key source data to tackle the inherent complex nature of the subsurface beneath the densely urbanized cities. These models are vital for the sustainable cities safe urban expansion, tunneling, and optimal design of settlements. In the present research, 3D models were built using 189 samples collected from 92 boreholes distributed in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Models built included the database generated for soil varieties, classes of cohessionless, and cohesive soils based on their standard penetration test (SPT)-N value, along with rock quality designation (RQD) of the sound bedrocks, soil classes according to AASHTO, grain size analysis, Atterberg limits (liquid limits and plasticity index), the shear stress parameters (friction angle, Ø, and cohesion, c), the unconfined compression strength, and the soil water chemistry (pH, SO32−, and Cl−). Five soil varieties that were recognized ranged in size from clays to cobbles overlain by fills and underlain by basalt, rhyolite/granite, or andesite. AASHTO main soil types are A-1-b, A-2–4, and A-1-a. Out of the 189 samples, 174 were non-plastic while 15 samples showed an average liquid limit of 42.57% and plasticity index average of 9.92. Friction angle averaged 30.47° with c values average of 0.11. Unconfined compressive stress averaged 609 kg/cm2. Soil water chemistry clarified alkaline water (8–8.6 pH) with means of 0.1 for Cl− and SO32− contents. Geotechnical properties are spatially rendered in 3D and interpreted to better enable city planners predict and locate risk zones in the urban underground space.
Detection of diagenetic alteration in bones and teeth for migration and dietary studies — a combined FTIR and C-N–O-Sr isotope study on tenth century CE cemeteries in northern and northeastern Hungary
Authors: Gugora Ariana , Demény Attila , Fóthi Erzsébet , Horváth Anikó , Palcsu László , Karlik Máté
Published: March 2022

Stable isotope-based dietary information on the tenth century CE Hungarian population serves as a valuable comparative tool to other dietary stable isotope studies in the region. This study presents a multiproxy approach involving skeletal samples with the least diagenetic alteration and the best-preserved primary signals. Dental and bone samples collected from three cemeteries in northeastern Hungary were investigated using a combination of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), stable isotope geochemistry, and strontium isotope analysis. FTIR measurements were used to detect the addition of secondary carbonate to the skeletal apatite carbonate component and to differentiate diagenetically altered samples. Our results suggest that all but the bone apatite carbonate stable isotope values and87Sr/86Sr ratios are trustworthy and may be used to interpret the diet and migration of the researched individuals. We also determined that the inhabitants of the three tenth century CE Hungarian settlements relied primarily on C3plants, but that C4plants, most likely broomcorn millet (P. miliaceum), comprised a moderate portion of their plant-based diet and that animal products were generally consumed in moderate-high amounts. Coupled analyses of carbonate oxygen and strontium isotope compositions revealed that most of the bone apatite carbonate was heavily altered, whereas enamel apatite carbonate samples largely preserved their primary compositions. The bones showing the least amount of diagenetic alteration may partially preserve their primary apatite carbonate compositions, as well as show a combination of primary and secondary signals, which should be taken into consideration when bone apatite carbonate data are interpreted.
New acetogenin katsuurallene from Laurencia saitoi collected from Katsuura, Japan
Authors: Minamida Yu , Matsuura Hiroshi , Ishii Takahiro , Miyagi Miyu , Shinjo Yuto , Sato Kosuke , Kamada Takashi , Mihara Yoshihiro , Togashi Iwao , Sugimoto Keisuke , Abe Tsuyoshi , Kikuchi Norio , Suzuki Minoru
Published: March 2022

We examined the chemical constitution of the red alga Laurencia saitoi Perestenko, collected from Katsuura, Boso Peninsula, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. This specimen produced a new polyhalogenated acetogenin, named katsuurallene (1), which structure was determined by the spectral methods, along with known diterpene, deoxyparguerol (2) and triterpene, thyrsiferol (3). In this paper we describe the structural elucidation of katsuurallene together with some biological activities.
Diversity Judgments
Authors: Brooks Roy L.
Published: March 2022

The US Supreme Court's legitimacy-its diminishing integrity and contribution to the good of society-is being questioned today like no other time in recent memory. Criticisms reflect the perspectives of both 'insiders' (straight white males) and 'outsiders' (mainly people of color, women, and the LGBTQ community). Neither perspective digs deep enough to get at the root of the Court's legitimacy problem, which is one of process. The Court's process of decision-making is antiquated and out of sync with a society that looks and thinks nothing like the America of the eighteenth century, when the process was first implemented. The current process marginalizes many Americans who have a right to feel disenfranchised. Leading scholar of jurisprudence Roy L. Brooks demonstrates how the Court can modernize and democratize its deliberative process, to be more inclusive of the values and life experiences of Americans who are not straight white males.
Intimations of Mortality
Authors: Reich Barbara A.
Published: March 2022

In Intimations of Mortality, Barbara Reich offers an empirically-based critique of the failures of end-of-life communication and decision-making in the United States. Using England and Canada as occasional foils, Reich explores why U.S. physicians, patients, and families struggle to have the conversations necessary to provide seriously ill and dying patients with medical care consistent with their preferences. Reich also shows how a number of different factors –including payment mechanisms, liability fears, cultural phenomena, communication avoidance, death denial, and clinical uncertainty –impact physician-patient communication and medical decision-making, leave patients and families without the tools they need to make informed choices, and instead leave the default practices in place. Ultimately, this groundbreaking analysis unveils the interconnectedness of the many obstacles to better communication and decision-making in end-of-life communications and offers much-needed suggestions for improvement.
Higher-Order Logic and Type Theory
Authors: Bell John L.
Published: March 2022

This Element is an exposition of second- and higher-order logic and type theory. It begins with a presentation of the syntax and semantics of classical second-order logic, pointing up the contrasts with first-order logic. This leads to a discussion of higher-order logic based on the concept of a type. The second Section contains an account of the origins and nature of type theory, and its relationship to set theory. Section 3 introduces Local Set Theory (also known as higher-order intuitionistic logic), an important form of type theory based on intuitionistic logic. In Section 4 number of contemporary forms of type theory are described, all of which are based on the so-called 'doctrine of propositions as types'. We conclude with an Appendix in which the semantics for Local Set Theory - based on category theory - is outlined.
Being, Presence, and Implication in Heidegger's Critique of Hegel
Authors: Trisokkas Ioannis
Published: March 2022

For Heidegger, Hegel understands being, ‘the highest actuality’, as the categories which pervade and thereby form all objects and events. Since, Heidegger argues, the categories are, in Hegel, present-at-hand, Hegel conceives of being as presence-at-hand. This is a problem, for Heidegger, because it entails the full transparency and knowability of being, whereas, in his view, being is partially hidden and unknowable. I consider the objection to this Heideggerian critique of Hegel that Hegelian logic understands being not only as the list of categories but also as their derivation and movement from pure being to the absolute idea, which (derivation and movement) establish being not only as presence but also as implication. Since being-as-implication is (a) not presence-at-hand and (b) necessary to being, it cannot be said that Hegel's account of being turns it into full transparency and knowability. Heidegger's critique should, therefore, be rejected. I argue that this objection is unsuccessful because there is strong evidence in the Logic that Hegel ‘subordinates’ being-as-implication to presence-at-hand. Implication's way of being is, in Hegel, only a collapse into presence-at-hand and hence ‘merely a modification of presence’. Consequently, Heidegger's critique of Hegel should not be rejected based on the objection. I conclude the article with a remark on the relation between language and being-as-implication. I argue that Hegel's account of being-as-implication in language disrespects the autonomy of being-as-implication therein and that Haas's argument for such an autonomy based on the phenomenon of the syntactic ellipsis of ‘is’ fails to undermine Hegel's account.
Bergson et la logique
Authors: Dalissier Michel
Published: March 2022

J'analyse la façon dont Bergson caractérise la logique tel un organe de simplification, de dissimulation, d'ordonnance, de limitation, de systématisation, comme habitude de pensée et comme ontologie foncière. Partout, la logique semble la prérogative de l'entendement et inapte à s'appliquer à la durée, voire à la réalité elle-même. Pour sortir d'un tel dualisme, je montre que Bergson conçoit une logique de l'absurde et de l'imagination, avec le rêve, la folie et le comique, laquelle transmute la logique dans le domaine du pathologique et de l'art littéraire, et offre à l'image une seconde gloire.
Anthropologie du pouvoir et généalogie de l’État. Deleuze et Guattari, lecteurs d'Ibn Khaldûn et de Clastres
Authors: Molino-Machetto Cédric
Published: March 2022

Comment concevoir la généalogie de l’État sans réduire les sociétés tribales au statut d'ancêtres des sociétés étatiques ? À travers cette question, c'est la généalogie du pouvoir politique qui est en jeu. Chez Ibn Khaldûn, le pouvoir fait partie intégrante d'une ontologie qui ancre le politique dans le biologique. Lorsque Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari butent sur la séparation radicale entre les sociétés à État et sans État chez Pierre Clastres, ils empruntent à Ibn Khaldûn le concept d'esprit de corps qui leur permet de poser la relation entre les États et leur dehors. Il s'agira pour nous de dégager une anthropologie du pouvoir chez Ibn Khaldûn afin de mieux comprendre le rôle qu'il joue dans Mille Plateaux de Deleuze et Guattari.
Women Labour Models and Socialist Transformation in early 1950s China
Authors: Spakowski Nicola
Published: March 2022

This article investigates Chinese women labour models (or labour heroines) of the early 1950s as actors and symbols of socialist transformation. It centres on the example of Shen Jilan (1929–2020), who was one of the most prominent women labour models of the time. Shen rose to fame through her struggle for equal pay for equal work in her native village, became a delegate to China's National People's Congress, and even participated in the Third World Congress of Women in Copenhagen in 1953. The article critically engages with the concept of “state feminism” and proposes a shift in focus from state–society relations to work as a means to understanding the transformation of women's lives under socialism. Socialist society was a society of producers and work shaped people's daily lives; it was central to identity formation and constituted the regulating mechanism of social relations. Indeed, women labour models, together with related categories of working women, came to typify the new Chinese woman, who was integral to and symbolic of socialist modernity. They epitomized communist theory about women's participation in production being the mechanism of their liberation. The article has three main parts, each of which addresses a different level (local, national, international), different constellations of actors and agency, and different aspects of the relationship between working women and socialist transformation. By tracing Shen Jilan's activities in various contexts, the article reveals the complexity, contradictions, multilayered nature, and also incompleteness of socialist transformation.
International Solidarity as the Cornerstone of the Hungarian Post-War Socialist Women's Rights Agenda in the Magazine Asszonyok
Authors: Lóránd Zsófia
Published: March 2022

This article analyses five years of the magazine Asszonyok (Women) the main forum for discussing women's rights between 1945 and 1949 in Hungary. The magazine was published by the Magyar Nők Demokratikus Szövetsége (the Hungarian Women's Democratic Federation), an umbrella organization created mostly by women from the communist movement. This analysis is centred around the idea of internationalism and how it became a means for socialist women's emancipation, proof of the political power of the new women's organization, and a platform of political education. It also symbolized the new era of peace after the war, peace becoming one of the slogans of the socialist women's movement globally. The broadening international platform of transfers became a terrain where political languages about race, class, and gender were slowly but steadily taking shape. Solidarity with women across the globe became one of the main tenets of communist women in Hungary. However, solidarity had its limits. As is shown here, identification with the right political agenda was even more important than aspects of race and class. This was one of the most important ways in which socialist women's rights and feminism were diverging from each other, despite the broad spectrum of shared elements on their agenda.
Speed and Expertise in Stock Picking: Older, Slower, and Wiser?
Authors: Boulland Romain , Ornthanalai Chayawat , Womack Kent L.
Published: March 2022

There are significant differences among sell-side analysts in how frequently they revise recommendations. We show that much of this variation is an analyst-individual trait. Analysts who change recommendations more slowly make recommendations that are more influential and generate better portfolio returns. Slower-revising analysts tend to change recommendations following corporate news that are harder to interpret by nonstock experts, and our evidence suggests that their investment value derives from their ability to better interpret hard-to-assess information. On average, analysts change recommendations less frequently as their career progresses; however, recommendation speed-style is the dominant predictor of their recommendation value.
Representation and Aggression in Digital Racial Conflict: Analyzing Public Comments during Live-Streamed News of Racial Justice Protests
Authors: Kalmoe Nathan P. , Fuller P. Brooks , Santia Martina , Saha Paromita
Published: March 2022

How do local citizens publicly converse online about the protests that follow when police kill Black residents? And do participants reflect local publics? Here we examine racial justice protests in Baton Rouge after police killed Alton Sterling in 2016. Local news streamed the protests on Facebook Live. In comments appearing below the video, locals supported and attacked each other in real-time while watching protests unfold. We assess a representative sample of these comments. First, we find surprising demographic and political representativeness in comments compared to census data and a local survey. We also document extensive hostile rhetoric corresponding with commenter traits and expressed views. Finally, we find more “likes” for comments by women, college-educated people, and locals. Violent and racially derogatory comments by Blacks received fewer likes, but similar comments by whites went unpenalized. The results illuminate social media functions in local politics, racial disparities in contentious digital dialogues, and political communication’s dual roles in strengthening and undermining multiracial democracy.
Specific fear of vomiting (SPOV) in early parenthood: assessment and treatment considerations with two illustrative cases
Authors: Orme Kimberly , Challacombe Fiona L. , Roxborough Alexa
Published: March 2022

Specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV) can be a severe and debilitating anxiety disorder and affects women in the childbearing years. The perinatal period and early parenthood is a time of increased risk for the onset or exacerbation of anxiety problems, which can have an impact on both the woman and the developing child. There are particular issues pertinent to the physical experience of pregnancy and tasks of early caregiving that women with SPOV may find difficult or distressing to confront, but these are not well documented. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) focused on exposure to vomit cues and processing distressing early memories of vomiting is an effective treatment for SPOV. This paper describes the successful CBT treatment of two young mothers with SPOV, outlining the challenges faced by parents at this time and the need to take this into account in treatment, using illustrative case material.

Key learning aims

(1)

To understand how specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV) affects women in early parenthood.

(2)

To know how to target and update traumatic early memories of vomiting with imagery rescripting.

(3)

To know how to design and carry out effective behavioural experiments for perinatal SPOV.

(4)

To understand how to take mother, baby, and the mother–infant relationship into account in SPOV treatment.
First report of ALS inhibitor–resistant green kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia)
Authors: Westbury David P. , McCullough Patrick E. , McElroy J. Scott , Rutland Claudia A. , Patel Jinesh
Published: March 2022

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors provide postemergence control of green kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.) in turfgrass and other cropping systems. A suspected resistant (R) biotype of K. brevifolia was collected from a golf course and evaluated for resistance to ALS inhibitors. In greenhouse experiments, the sulfosulfuron rates required to cause 50% shoot biomass reduction from the nontreated at 4 wk after treatment (WAT) were 10 and 792 g ai ha−1 for the susceptible (S) and R biotypes, respectively. The rates required to cause 50% injury at 4 WAT were 189 and >3,360 g ai ha−1, respectively. In other experiments, shoot mass of the R biotype was not reduced by imazaquin, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, pyrimisulfan, thiencarbazone + foramsulfuron + halosulfuron, florasulam + halauxifen-methyl, and bentazon compared with the nontreated, while sulfentrazone reduced biomass similarly for both R and S biotypes. Gene sequencing of the R biotype revealed a mutation at Asp-376-Glu that has previously conferred resistance to five families of ALS inhibitors. This is the first report of ALS-inhibitor resistance in K. brevifolia.
Planetary Waves Controlling the Effect of Energetic Electron Precipitation on the Northern Polar Vortex
Authors: Salminen Antti , Asikainen Timo , Mursula Kalevi
Published: March 2022

Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) forms ozone‐depleting nitrogen and hydrogen oxides in the high‐latitude middle and upper atmosphere, leading to ozone destruction and temperature enhancement that can strengthen the winter polar vortex. This EEP effect on polar vortex depends on quasi‐biennial oscillation and sudden stratospheric warmings, which earlier studies relate to planetary waves. We study here the possible modulation of the EEP effect by planetary waves. We perform a principal component analysis of the vertical component of Eliassen‐Palm flux (EP flux) to examine the latitudinal pattern of planetary waves. We use a multilinear regression analysis to estimate the responses of zonal wind and EP flux divergence to EEP in the northern winter stratosphere by keeping the two leading principal components of vertical EP flux as controlling factors. We find that the EEP strengthens the polar vortex most systematically when planetary wave propagation is enhanced at mid‐latitudes but reduced at polar latitudes.
Flux Enhancements of Field‐Aligned Low‐Energy O+ Ion (FALEO) in the Inner Magnetosphere: A Possible Source of Warm Plasma Cloak and Oxygen Torus
Authors: Nosé M. , Matsuoka A. , Miyoshi Y. , Asamura K. , Hori T. , Teramoto M. , Shinohara I. , Hirahara M. , Kletzing C. A. , Smith C. W. , MacDowall R. J. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Gjerloev J. W.
Published: March 2022

Flux enhancements of field‐aligned low‐energy O+ ion (FALEO) are simultaneously observed by Arase, Van Allen Probes A and B in the nightside inner magnetosphere during 05–07 UT on September 22, 2018. FALEOs appear after a magnetic dipolarization signature with approximately 6–20 min delay. It has the energy‐dispersion signature from a few keV to ∼100 eV only in the direction parallel to the magnetic field at Arase, while it decreases its energy from a few keV down to 10 eV in both the parallel and antiparallel directions at Probes A and B. We perform a numerical simulation to trace trajectories of test O+ ions in a model magnetosphere, which are launched from above the ionosphere 3–15 min after a substorm. Flying virtual satellites that have the same orbits as the real satellites, we create virtual energy‐time spectrograms of O+ ions to compare with the observed ones. Results show a very good correspondence between them, indicating that FALEOs originate from ionospheric O+ ions that are extracted from the upper ionosphere at substorm onset and flow along the magnetic field toward the geomagnetic equator. It is also revealed that 3–9 hr after their launch, test O+ ions less than 400 eV have a spatial distribution in the inner magnetosphere which is similar to those of the warm plasma cloak and the oxygen torus. We therefore conclude that FALEO is a source of those cold ion populations.
Effects of Fracture Connectivity on Rayleigh Wave Dispersion
Authors: Quiroga Gabriel E. , Rubino J. Germán , Solazzi Santiago G. , Barbosa Nicolás D. , Holliger Klaus
Published: March 2022

Passive seismic characterization is an environmentally friendly method to estimate the seismic properties of the subsurface. Among its applications, we find the monitoring of geothermal reservoirs. One key characteristic to ensure a productive management of these reservoirs is the degree of fracture connectivity and its evolution, as it affects the flow of fluids within the formation. In this work, we explore the effects of fracture connectivity on Rayleigh wave velocity dispersion accounting for wave‐induced fluid pressure diffusion (FPD) effects. To this end, we consider a stratified reservoir model with a fractured water‐bearing formation. For the stochastic fracture network prevailing in this formation, we consider varying levels of fracture density and connectivity. A numerical upscaling procedure that accounts for FPD effects is employed to determine the corresponding body wave velocities. We use a Monte‐Carlo‐type approach to obtain these velocities and incorporate them in the considered fractured reservoir model to assess the sensitivity of Rayleigh wave velocity dispersion to fracture connectivity. Our results show that Rayleigh wave phase and group velocities exhibit a significant sensitivity to the degree of fracture connectivity, which is mainly due to a reduction of the stiffening effect of the fluid residing in connected fractures in response to wave‐induced FPD. These effects cannot be accounted for by classical elastic approaches. This suggests that Rayleigh wave velocity changes, which are commonly associated with changes in fracture density, may also be related to changes in interconnectivity of pre‐existing or newly generated fractures.
Decadal Variation and Regulation Mechanisms of the Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Bohai Sea, China
Authors: Zhao Gaibo , Jiang Wensheng , Wang Tao , Chen Shuguo , Bian Changwei
Published: March 2022

Bohai Sea, with the highest suspended sediment concentration in the world, has experienced a sharp decrease in sea surface suspended sediment concentration (SSSC) in the latest two decades. However, limited by the shortage of long‐term field observations, the spatiotemporal characteristics and mechanisms of the long‐term variation in the SSSC are still unclear. Based on remote sensing data, this study reconstructed the spatiotemporal SSSC distribution from 2003 to 2016, and found significant spatial difference in decadal SSSC variation in the Bohai Sea. The largest decadal SSSC decrease was observed in the southern Bohai Sea with an average annual decrease of 1.3 mg/L (decrease of 4.4% per year), while significant SSSC increase was observed in the central Bohai Sea with largest annual increase of 0.4 mg/L (increase of 5.0% per year). Significant seasonal differences in the SSSC decreasing were also revealed, and the SSSC decrease in winter and spring (0.46 mg/L/a) was 27.8% higher than that in summer and autumn (0.36 mg/L/a). Decadal wind speed data measured at 14 meteorological stations around the Bohai Sea indicated that wind speed reduction played the most important role in the decadal decrease in SSSCs, and significant SSSC decrease can only be found in sea areas with a significantly reduced wind speed. In addition, although the runoff and sediment discharge of the Yellow River also decreased during 2003–2016, they were not related to the spatiotemporal variation of SSSCs and their direct impact was limited to the range of 15 km from the estuary.
Impact of Inter‐Utility Agreements on Cooperative Regional Water Infrastructure Investment and Management Pathways
Authors: Gorelick David E. , Gold David F. , Reed Patrick M. , Characklis Gregory W.
Published: March 2022

Urban water utilities, facing rising demands and limited supply expansion options, increasingly partner with neighboring utilities to develop and operate shared infrastructure. Inter‐utility agreements can reduce costs via economies of scale and help limit environmental impacts, as substitutes for independent investments in large capital projects. However, unexpected shifts in demand growth or water availability, deviating from projections underpinning cooperative agreements, can introduce both supply and financial risk to utility partners. Risks may also be compounded by asymmetric growth in demand across partners or inflexibility of the agreement structure itself to adapt to changing conditions of supply and demand. This work explores the viability of both fixed and adjustable capacity inter‐utility cooperative agreements to mitigate regional water supply and financial risk for utilities that vary in size, growth expectations, and independent infrastructure expansion options. Agreements formalized for a shared regional water treatment plant are found to significantly improve regional supply reliability and financial outcomes, despite highly correlated weather and climate across neighboring supply systems (e.g., concurrent drought events). Regional improvements in performance, however, mask tradeoffs among individual agreement partners. Adjustable treatment capacity allocations add flexibility to inter‐utility agreements but can compound financial risk to each utility as a function of the decision‐making of the other partners. Often the sensitivity to partners' decision‐making under an adjustable agreement degrades financial performance, relative to agreements with fixed capacities allocated to each partner. Our results demonstrate the significant benefits cooperative agreements offer, providing a template to aid decision‐makers in the development of water supply partnerships.
The Goldilocks Zone May Be Just Right for Migrating Metals
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: March 2022

Researchers identified a gateway that allows metals critical for renewable energy technologies, like copper and gold, to make their way to the surface.
Responses of Horizontally Expanding Oceanic Oxygen Minimum Zones to Climate Change Based on Observations
Authors: Zhou Yuntao , Gong Hongjing , Zhou Feng
Published: March 2022

Due to climate change, global oceanic dissolved oxygen (DO) has been decreasing, and oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) have been expanding. Here, we estimate the annual global and regional OMZ areas using geostatistical regression combined with Monte Carlo. From 1960 to 2019, annual global OMZ20 (DO < 20 μmol/kg) and OMZ60 (DO < 60 μmol/kg) areas cover 5%–14% and 15%–32% of the global ocean, respectively. The global and most regional OMZ areas after the late 2000s were all significantly larger than those in previous years. Most oceanic regions likely experienced significant expansions in OMZ areas, especially the North Pacific. However, the equatorial Pacific with the largest OMZ area showed insignificant horizontal expansion. The expanding OMZ areas of most oceans responded more quickly and effectively to the surrounding sea temperatures than to the sea surface temperatures. Our research highlights the need for marine resource management to account for the challenges from OMZs.
Phanerozoic Evolution of Lithospheric Structures of the North China Craton
Authors: Xu Yixian , Zhang Yi , Yang Bo , Bao Xuewei
Published: March 2022

Modification of the cratonic lithosphere remains no consensus on the mechanisms. We here presented a method to reconstruct the Paleozoic‐lithospheric structures of the North China Craton (NCC) from its current structures. The results show that, after the Paleozoic, massive thinning only occurred in the eastern East Block (EB) but thickening presented in the northern Ordos Basin and the region from the Weibei uplift to South Taihang Mountains uplift. We also calculated the self‐sustaining oscillation periods of three parts in the NCC during the course of feedback between the thermal and mechanical equilibrium. The periods are in good agreement with the periodicity reflected in the sedimentation rate of the Ordos Basin and basaltic underplating events in the Trans‐North China Orogen. Based on the presenting results, we argue that, except the EB, the Phanerozoic lithospheric modification of the NCC is mainly controlled by heat conduction and dissipation through the cratonic lithosphere.
Network analysis of depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents during the later stage of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Cai Hong , Bai Wei , Liu Huanzhong , Chen Xu , Qi Han , Liu Rui , Cheung Teris , Su Zhaohui , Lin Jingxia , Tang Yi-lang , Jackson Todd , Zhang Qinge , Xiang Yu-Tao
Published: March 2022

Network analysis is an effective approach for examining complex relationships between psychiatric symptoms. This study was designed to examine item-level relationships between depressive and anxiety symptoms using network analysis in an adolescent sample and identified the most central symptoms within the depressive-anxiety symptoms network model. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7), respectively. The structure of depressive and anxiety symptoms was characterized using “Strength” and “Bridge Strength” as centrality indices in the symptom network. Network stability was tested using a case-dropping bootstrap procedure. Finally, a Network Comparison Test (NCT) was conducted to examine whether network characteristics differed on the basis of gender, school grade and residence. Network analysis revealed that nodes PHQ2 (“Sad mood”), GAD6 (“Irritability”), GAD3 (“Worry too much”), and PHQ6 (“Guilty”) were central symptoms in the network model of adolescents. Additionally, bridge symptoms linking anxiety and depressive symptoms in this sample were nodes PHQ6 (“Guilty”), PHQ2 (“Sad mood”), and PHQ9 (“Suicide ideation”). Gender, school grade and residence did not significantly affect the network structure. Central symptoms (e.g., Sad mood, Irritability, Worry too much, and Guilty) and key bridge symptoms (e.g., Guilty, Sad mood, and Suicide ideation) in the depressive and anxiety symptoms network may be useful as potential targets for intervention among adolescents who are at risk for or suffer from depressive and anxiety symptoms.
Circulating tumour cells in the -omics era: how far are we from achieving the ‘singularity’?
Authors: Visal Tanvi H. , den Hollander Petra , Cristofanilli Massimo , Mani Sendurai A.
Published: March 2022

Over the past decade, cancer diagnosis has expanded to include liquid biopsies in addition to tissue biopsies. Liquid biopsies can result in earlier and more accurate diagnosis and more effective monitoring of disease progression than tissue biopsies as samples can be collected frequently. Because of these advantages, liquid biopsies are now used extensively in clinical care. Liquid biopsy samples are analysed for circulating tumour cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA, RNA, proteins and exosomes. CTCs originate from the tumour, play crucial roles in metastasis and carry information on tumour heterogeneity. Multiple single-cell omics approaches allow the characterisation of the molecular makeup of CTCs. It has become evident that CTCs are robust biomarkers for predicting therapy response, clinical development of metastasis and disease progression. This review describes CTC biology, molecular heterogeneity within CTCs and the involvement of EMT in CTC dynamics. In addition, we describe the single-cell multi-omics technologies that have provided insights into the molecular features within therapy-resistant and metastasis-prone CTC populations. Functional studies coupled with integrated multi-omics analyses have the potential to identify therapies that can intervene the functions of CTCs.
Downregulation of TPX2 impairs the antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wang Xiaochen , Wang Jianchu , Shen Haiyuan , Luo Zongjiang , Lu Xiaojie
Published: March 2022

Targeting key genes that play dominant roles in T cell dysfunction is an efficient strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of TPX2 in the antitumor effect of CD8 + T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Flow cytometry was used to assay the level of cell surface markers and cytokines in T cells, through which we found that TPX2 was downregulated in HCC-infiltrating CD8 + T cells. TPX2 depletion restricted the antitumor activity of CD8 + T cells, and TPX2 overexpression increased the antitumor effect of CD8 + T cells in tumor-bearing Cd8−/− mice. TPX2 overexpression improved the antitumor function of human CD8 + T cells and response to anti-PD-1 therapy in an HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model with or without anti-PD-1 therapy. In mechanism, TPX2 promotes the phosphorylation of P65, thus increases the level of p-P65 in nuclear, and p-P65 binds to the promoter of CXCR5, activates its transcription, and increases the level of CXCR5 on CD8 + T cells in a TPX2-dependent way. In conclusion, TPX2 maintains the antitumor effect of CD8 + T cells in HCC by regulating CXCR5 via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Increased TPX2 expression in CD8 + T cells exerts synergistic effects with anti-PD-1 therapy, suggesting a promising immunotherapeutic method in HCC.
Introgressive hybridisation between domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and endemic Corsican wild boars (S. s. meridionalis): effects of human-mediated interventions
Authors: Schleimer Anna , Richart Lorraine , Drygala Frank , Casabianca François , Maestrini Oscar , Weigand Hannah , Schwartz Chantal , Mittelbronn Michel , Frantz Alain C.
Published: March 2022

Owing to the intensified domestication process with artificial trait selection, introgressive hybridisation between domestic and wild species poses a management problem. Traditional free-range livestock husbandry, as practiced in Corsica and Sardinia, is known to facilitate hybridisation between wild boars and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa). Here, we assessed the genetic distinctness and genome-wide domestic pig ancestry levels of the Corsican wild boar subspeciesS. s. meridionalis, with reference to its Sardinian conspecifics, employing a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay and mitochondrial control region (mtCR) haplotypes. We also assessed the reliance of morphological criteria and the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) coat colour gene to identify individuals with domestic introgression. While Corsican wild boars showed closest affinity to Sardinian and Italian wild boars compared to other European populations based on principal component analysis, the observation of previously undescribed mtCR haplotypes and high levels of nuclear divergence (Weir’sθ > 0.14) highlighted the genetic distinctness of CorsicanS. s. meridionalis. Across three complementary analyses of mixed ancestry (i.e., STRUCTURE, PCADMIX, and ELAI), proportions of domestic pig ancestry were estimated at 9.5% in Corsican wild boars, which was significantly higher than in wild boars in Sardinia, where free-range pig keeping was banned in 2012. Comparison of morphologically pure- and hybrid-looking Corsican wild boars suggested a weak correlation between morphological criteria and genome-wide domestic pig ancestry. The study highlights the usefulness of molecular markers to assess the direct impacts of management practices on gene flow between domestic and wild species.
Uptake of N2O5 by aqueous aerosol unveiled using chemically accurate many-body potentials
Authors: Cruzeiro Vinícius Wilian D. , Galib Mirza , Limmer David T. , Götz Andreas W.
Published: March 2022

The reactive uptake of N2O5to aqueous aerosol is a major loss channel for nitrogen oxides in the troposphere. Despite its importance, a quantitative picture of the uptake mechanism is missing. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations with a data-driven many-body model of coupled-cluster accuracy to quantify thermodynamics and kinetics of solvation and adsorption of N2O5in water. The free energy profile highlights that N2O5is selectively adsorbed to the liquid–vapor interface and weakly solvated. Accommodation into bulk water occurs slowly, competing with evaporation upon adsorption from gas phase. Leveraging the quantitative accuracy of the model, we parameterize and solve a reaction–diffusion equation to determine hydrolysis rates consistent with experimental observations. We find a short reaction–diffusion length, indicating that the uptake is dominated by interfacial features. The parameters deduced here, including solubility, accommodation coefficient, and hydrolysis rate, afford a foundation for which to consider the reactive loss of N2O5in more complex solutions.
Atomic structure of the predominant GII.4 human norovirus capsid reveals novel stability and plasticity
Authors: Hu Liya , Salmen Wilhelm , Chen Rong , Zhou Yi , Neill Frederick , Crowe James E. , Atmar Robert L. , Estes Mary K. , Prasad B. V. Venkataram
Published: March 2022

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) cause sporadic and epidemic viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The GII.4 variants are responsible for most HuNoV infections, and GII.4 virus-like particles (VLPs) are being used in vaccine development. The atomic structure of the GII.4 capsid in the native T = 3 state has not been determined. Here we present the GII.4 VLP structure with T = 3 symmetry determined using X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM at 3.0 Å and 3.8 Å resolution, respectively, which reveals unanticipated novel features. A novel aspect in the crystal structure determined without imposing icosahedral symmetry is the remarkable adaptability of the capsid protein VP1 driven by the flexible hinge between the shell and the protruding domains. In both crystal and cryo-EM structures, VP1 adopts a stable conformation with the protruding domain resting on the shell domain, in contrast to the ‘rising’ conformation observed in recent cryo-EM structures of other GII.4 VLPs. Our studies further revealed that the resting state of VP1 dimer is stabilized by a divalent ion, and chelation using EDTA increases capsid diameter, exposing new hydrophobic and antigenic sites and suggesting a transition to the rising conformation. These novel insights into GII.4 capsid structure, stability, and antigen presentation may be useful for ongoing vaccine development.
Attosecond photoionisation time delays reveal the anisotropy of the molecular potential in the recoil frame
Authors: Ahmadi H. , Plésiat E. , Moioli M. , Frassetto F. , Poletto L. , Decleva P. , Schröter C. D. , Pfeifer T. , Moshammer R. , Palacios A. , Martin F. , Sansone G.
Published: March 2022

Photoionisation time delays carry structural and dynamical information on the target system, including electronic correlation effects in atoms and molecules and electron transport properties at interfaces. In molecules, the electrostatic potential experienced by an outgoing electron depends on the emission direction, which should thus lead to anisotropic time delays. To isolate this effect, information on the orientation of the molecule at the photoionisation instant is required. Here we show how attosecond time delays reflect the anisotropic molecular potential landscape in CF4 molecules. The variations in the measured delays can be directly related to the different heights of the potential barriers that the outgoing electrons see in the vicinity of shape resonances. Our results indicate the possibility to investigate the spatial characteristics of the molecular potential by mapping attosecond photoionisation time delays in the recoil-frame.
Fully-automated and ultra-fast cell-type identification using specific marker combinations from single-cell transcriptomic data
Authors: Ianevski Aleksandr , Giri Anil K. , Aittokallio Tero
Published: March 2022

Identification of cell populations often relies on manual annotation of cell clusters using established marker genes. However, the selection of marker genes is a time-consuming process that may lead to sub-optimal annotations as the markers must be informative of both the individual cell clusters and various cell types present in the sample. Here, we developed a computational platform, ScType, which enables a fully-automated and ultra-fast cell-type identification based solely on a given scRNA-seq data, along with a comprehensive cell marker database as background information. Using six scRNA-seq datasets from various human and mouse tissues, we show how ScType provides unbiased and accurate cell type annotations by guaranteeing the specificity of positive and negative marker genes across cell clusters and cell types. We also demonstrate how ScType distinguishes between healthy and malignant cell populations, based on single-cell calling of single-nucleotide variants, making it a versatile tool for anticancer applications. The widely applicable method is deployed both as an interactive web-tool (https://sctype.app), and as an open-source R-package.
Engineered assembly of water-dispersible nanocatalysts enables low-cost and green CO2 capture
Authors: Alivand Masood S. , Mazaheri Omid , Wu Yue , Zavabeti Ali , Christofferson Andrew J. , Meftahi Nastaran , Russo Salvy P. , Stevens Geoffrey W. , Scholes Colin A. , Mumford Kathryn A.
Published: March 2022

Catalytic solvent regeneration has attracted broad interest owing to its potential to reduce energy consumption in CO2 separation, enabling industry to achieve emission reduction targets of the Paris Climate Accord. Despite recent advances, the development of engineered acidic nanocatalysts with unique characteristics remains a challenge. Herein, we establish a strategy to tailor the physicochemical properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the synthesis of water-dispersible core-shell nanocatalysts with ease of use. We demonstrate that functionalized nanoclusters (Fe3O4-COOH) effectively induce missing-linker deficiencies and fabricate mesoporosity during the self-assembly of MOFs. Superacid sites are created by introducing chelating sulfates on the uncoordinated metal clusters, providing high proton donation capability. The obtained nanomaterials drastically reduce the energy consumption of CO2 capture by 44.7% using only 0.1 wt.% nanocatalyst, which is a ∽10-fold improvement in efficiency compared to heterogeneous catalysts. This research represents a new avenue for the next generation of advanced nanomaterials in catalytic solvent regeneration.