bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature Tolerances of Wild‐Type and Red Transgenic Zebra Danios
Authors: Cortemeglia Cheryl , Beitinger Thomas L.
Published: October 2005

Seventy‐nine transgenic red zebra danios Danio rerio (also known as zebrafish; transgenics also known as glofish) and 78 wild‐type zebra danios acclimated to 20°C and 30°C had critical thermal maxima (±SD) of 38.8 ± 0.54°C and 41.3 ± 0.50°C (glofish) and 39.2 ± 0.34°C and 41.7 ± 0.35°C (wild‐type), respectively. The critical thermal minima (±SD) were 7.2 ± 0.48°C and 10.0 ± 0.50°C (glofish) and 6.2 ± 0.28°C and 10.6 ± 0.53°C (wild‐type), respectively. At both 20°C and 30°C acclimation temperatures, critical thermal maxima (CTMax) and critical thermal minima (CTMin) were significantly different between transgenic and wild zebrafish; however, differences were 1°C and less. The temperature tolerances would classify both varieties of zebra danios as eurythermal and place this species in the relatively rare category of fishes with a CTMax above 40.0°C. Compared with similar temperature tolerance data reported for other tropical fishes that have successfully been introduced into U.S. waters, the present data suggest both wild‐type zebra danios and red glofish are capable of overwintering in some southern U.S. waters.
Linkages between White Sturgeon Recruitment and Altered Bed Substrates in the Nechako River, Canada
Authors: McAdam Steven O. , Walters Carl J. , Nistor Craig
Published: October 2005

Reconstructed recruitment was compared with the relatively limited set of anthropogenic alterations to the Nechako watercourse to identify and investigate potential causes of recruitment failure of Nechako River white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. Back‐calculation of historic recruitment shows that recruitment was present but variable from 1946 until 1964. Subsequent to 1964 there was a rapid decline, principally in 1967, and recruitment failure has continued since that time. Flow regulation, which began in 1952 with the completion of Kenney Dam, preceded recruitment failure by 15 years and therefore flow regulation does not supply a simple unicausal explanation for recruitment failure.

We propose that sediment input from an upstream channel avulsion in 1961, in combination with elevated flows in 1964 and 1967, led to alterations to riverbed substrates in critical white sturgeon habitat. Using air photos and specific gauge analysis, we identified a “sediment wave” in the upper Nechako River. The timing and location of avulsion sediments indicates that recruitment failure is most likely due to alteration of main channel substrates rather than the loss of off‐channel habitat. Findings are discussed with reference to general hypotheses for recruitment failure in other white sturgeon populations.
Goldenhar Syndrome with Various Clinical Manifestations
Authors: Kokavec Radomír
Published: October 2005

Four case reports of children with clinical features of Goldenhar syndrome are described. Although the syndrome itself is not very rare, the occurrence in dizygotic twins and the presence of heart dextroposition and peripheral facial nerve palsy, which are rare associations, prompted the report of these cases.
Activation of Canonical Wnt Pathway Promotes Proliferation of Retinal Stem Cells Derived from Adult Mouse Ciliary Margin
Authors: Inoue Toshihiro , Kagawa Tetsushi , Fukushima Mikiko , Shimizu Takeshi , Yoshinaga Yutaka , Takada Shinji , Tanihara Hidenobu , Taga Tetsuya
Published: October 2005

Adult retinal stem cells represent a possible cell source for the treatment of retinal degeneration. However, only a small number of stem cells reside in the ciliary margin. The present study aimed to promote the proliferation of adult retinal stem cells via the Wnt signaling pathway. Ciliary margin cells from 8-week-old mice were dissociated and cultured to allow sphere colony formation. Wnt3a, a glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3 inhibitor, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2, and a FGF receptor inhibitor were then applied in the culture media. The primary spheres were dissociated to prepare either monolayer or secondary sphere cultures. Wnt3a increased the size of the primary spheres and the number of Ki-67–positive proliferating cells in monolayer culture. The Wnt3a-treated primary sphere cells were capable of self-renewal and gave rise to fourfold the number of secondary spheres compared with nontreated sphere cells. These cells also retained their multilineage potential to express several retinal markers under differentiating culture conditions. The Wnt3a-treated cells showed nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, and a GSK3 inhibitor, SB216763, mimicked the mitogenic activity of Wnt3a. The proliferative effect of SB216763 was attenuated by an FGF receptor inhibitor but was enhanced by FGF2, with Ki-67–positive cells reaching over 70% of the total cells. Wnt3a and SB216763 promoted the proliferation of retinal stem cells, and this was partly dependent on FGF2 signaling. A combination of Wnt and FGF signaling may provide a therapeutic strategy for in vitro expansion or in vivo activation of adult retinal stem cells.
Preparation of (Triphenylphosphoranylidene)‐Ketene from (Methoxycarbonylmethylene)‐Triphenylphosphorane
Authors: Schobert Rainer
Published: October 2005

(Triphenylphosphoranylidene)ketene

(Methoxycarbonylmethylene)triphenylphosphorane

Hexamethyldisilazane

Sodium amide
Preparation of 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
Authors: Creary Xavier , Willis Elizabeth D.
Published: October 2005

1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride

Tetrafluoroborate, sodium

1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetraborate
Catalytic Asymmetric Acyl Halide‐Aldehyde Cyclocondensation Reaction
Authors: Nelson Scott G. , Mills Paul M.
Published: October 2005

(
S
)‐Valinol

Triethylamine

Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride

(
S
)‐
N
‐Trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐2‐isopropylaziridine

Benzylamine

(2
S
,6
S
)‐4‐Benzyl‐1,7‐bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)‐2,6‐disopropyll‐1,4,7‐triazaheptane

Disiopropylethylamine

Trimethylaluminum

Acetyl bromide

Hydrocinnamaldehyde

(4
S
)‐4‐(2‐Phenethyl)oxetane‐2‐one
Alkyne

via

Solid‐Liquid Phase‐Transfer Catalyzed Dehydrohalogenation: Acetylene Dicarboxaldehyde Tetramethyl Acetal and Acetylene Dicarboxaldehyde Dimethyl Acetal
Authors: Akué‐Gédu Rufine , Rigo Benoît
Published: October 2005

2,5‐Dimethoxy‐2,5‐dihydrofuran

Bromine

Dibromo‐2,5‐dimethoxytetrahydrofuran

Methanol

2,3‐Dibromo‐1,1,4,4,‐tetramethoxybutane

Tris[2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)‐ethyl]amine

Potassium hydroxide

1,1,4,4‐Tetramethoxybut‐2‐yne formic acid

4,4‐Dimethoxybut‐2‐ynal
Catalytic Reduction of Amides to Amines with Hydrosilanes Using a Triruthenium Carbonyl Cluster as the Catalyst
Authors: Motoyama Yukihiro , Itonaga Chikara , Ishida Toshiki , Takasaki Mikihiro , Nagashima Hideo
Published: October 2005

Acenaphthylene

Ruthenium, dodecacarbonyltri‐, triangulo

Phenyldimethylsilane

N
,
N
‐Dimethyl‐3‐phenylpropionamide

N
,
N
‐Dimethyl‐3‐phenylproplyamine
Nomenclature of Polymers
Authors: Schultz J. L. , Wilks E. S.
Published: October 2005

Polymer nomenclature is the naming of polymeric materials. The two principal approaches to nomenclature relate to the two methods used for graphical representation of polymers — source based and structure based. Ideally, a structure‐based name should accompany a structure‐based representation of a polymer, while a source‐based name should accompany a source‐based representation. In practice, deviations from this ideal occur frequently; the scientific community prefers representations accompanied by source‐based names because they latter are easier to generate and use. This article explains the principles of both structure‐based and source‐based nomenclatures, and gives examples for regular linear single‐strand organic, double‐strand (ladder and spiro) organic, irregular single‐strand organic, inorganic, and coordination, and alternating, block, graft, periodic, and modified polymers. Stereochemistry in polymers is also covered. Nomenclature styles recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and used by Chemical Abstracts Service are discussed. A list of abbreviations and acronyms for many common polymers is included.
Ultrasound‐Induced Radical Polymerization
Authors: Kuijpers Martijn W. A. , Kemmere Maartje F. , Keurentjes Jos T. F.
Published: October 2005

Sonochemistry comprises all chemical effects that are induced by ultrasound. Most of these effects are caused by cavitations, ie, the collapse of microscopic bubbles in a liquid. The chemical effects of ultrasound include the formation of radicals and the enhancement of reaction rates at ambient temperatures. For the development of sustainable polymer processes, ultrasound is an interesting technology, as it allows for polymerizations without the use of initiator. The radicals are generatedin situby cavitation events, which enable a clean and intrinsically safe polymerization reaction. As a result of the high strain rates outside the bubble, cavitation can also induce chain scission, which provides an additional means to control the molecular weight of the produced polymer. This contribution discusses the possibilities, mechanisms, and challenges of several types of ultrasound‐induced radical polymerizations.
Durability of hydrophilic and antimicrobial zeolite coatings under water immersion
Authors: O'Neill Cory , Beving Derek E. , Chen Wilfred , Yan Yushan
Published: October 2005

Gravity‐independent water separation within the condensing heat exchangers onboard manned spacecraft is achieved by using hydrophilic fin surfaces that promote the wetting and wicking of the condensate on the fin. It is also important for the fin surfaces to be antimicrobial to prevent the bacteria growth that may thrive in the moist environment of the fin surface. For practical and economical reasons, the coating must also be durable under wet conditions. Ag‐exchanged zeolite A (Ag‐ZA) coatings have been shown to have excellent hydrophilicity and are highly antimicrobial. In this study we show that Ag‐ZA coatings are highly durable under wet conditions, maintaining their hydrophilic and antimicrobial properties even after submersion in water for 8 weeks. The durability of the hydrophilic and antimicrobial properties of Ag‐ZA coating make it a preeminent candidate for use in condensing heat exchangers onboard manned spacecraft. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Depression and suicide attempt as risk factors for incident unprovoked seizures
Authors: Hesdorffer Dale C. , Hauser W. Allen , Olafsson Elias , Ludvigsson Petur , Kjartansson Olafur
Published: October 2005

Major depression has been shown to increase the risk for development of epilepsy, but prior studies have not evaluated whether this is due to specific symptoms of depression. We conducted a population‐based case–control study of all newly diagnosed unprovoked seizures among Icelandic children and adults aged 10 years and older to test the hypothesis that major depression is a risk factor for developing unprovoked seizure and epilepsy, and to address whether specific symptoms of depression account for this increased risk. Cases were matched to the next two same sex births from the population registry. Using standardized interviews, we ascertained symptoms of major depression to make a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) diagnosis. A history of major depression was 1.7‐fold more common among cases than among controls (95% confidence interval, 1.1–2.7). A history of attempted suicide was 5.1‐fold more common among cases than among controls (95% confidence interval, 2.2–11.5). Attempted suicide increased seizure risk even after adjusting for age, sex, cumulative alcohol intake, and major depression or number of symptoms of depression. Major depression and attempted suicide independently increase the risk for unprovoked seizure. These data suggest that depression and suicide attempt may be due to different underlying neurochemical pathways, each of which is important in the development of epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2005
Reactive compatibilization of polystyrene/poly(ethylene–co–vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends
Authors: Soares Bluma G. , Cario Francisco O.
Published: October 2005

A reactive compatibilizer, mercapto‐functionalized EVA (EVASH), in combination with styrene‐butadiene block copolymer (SBS), was used to compatibilize the blends of polystyrene (PS) and ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). The reactive compatibilization was confirmed by the presence of insoluble material and from dynamic‐mechanical analysis. In addition to a more uniform morphology with small phase size, the compatibilization also provided excellent stabilization of the morphology, with an almost complete suppression of coarsening during annealing. As a consequence, a substantial increase on the elongation at break without significant influence on ultimate tensile strength was achieved for compatibilized blends with different compositions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 14–22, 2006
Parameters affecting the free‐radical melt grafting of maleic anhydride onto linear low‐density polyethylene in an internal mixer
Authors: Razavi Aghjeh M. K. , Nazockdast H. , Assempour H.
Published: October 2005

Our main objective of this study was to study the parameters affecting the free‐radical melt grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) onto linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) in an internal mixer. The degree of grafting (DG) was measured with titrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The extent of chain‐branching/crosslinking was evaluated with gel content and melt flow index measurements. The flow behavior and melt viscoelastic properties of the grafted samples were measured by using rheometric mechanical spectrometry. Feeding order, DCP and MA concentration, reaction temperature, rotor speed, and grade of LLDPE were among parameters studied. The results show that the reactant concentration (MA and DCP) played a major role in the determination of the grafting yield and the extent of the chain‐branching/crosslinking as competitive side reactions. The order of feeding also had an appreciable effect on the DG and the side reactions. Increasing the rotor speed increased the grafting yield and reduced side reactions by means of intensification of the mixing of reactants into the polyethylene (PE) melt. Chain‐branching dominated the side reactions for lower molecular weight PE, whereas for higher molecular weight PE, chain‐branching led to crosslinking and gel formation. The results of the melt viscoelastic measurements on the grafted samples provided great insight into the understanding of the role of influential parameters on the extent of side reactions and resulting changes in the molecular structure of the grafted samples. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 141–149, 2006
Isotactic polypropylene microfiber prepared by continuous laser‐thinning method
Authors: Suzuki Akihiro , Narusue Shinichi
Published: October 2005

An isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP) microfiber was continuously produced by using a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser‐thinning apparatus developed in our laboratory. The CO2 laser‐thinning apparatus could wind up the obtained microfiber in the range of 100 m min−1 to 2500 m min−1. The diameter of the microfiber decreased and its birefringence increased with increasing winding speed. When the microfiber obtained by irradiating the CO2 laser operated at a power density of 31.8 W cm−2 to the original fiber supplied at 0.30 m min−1 was wound at 1,387 m min−1, the obtained microfiber had a diameter of 3.5 μm and a birefringence of 25 × 10−3. The draw ratio calculated from the supplying and the winding speeds was 4,623‐fold. The SEM photographs showed that the obtained microfibers had a smooth surface without a surface roughened by a laser‐ablation and were uniform in diameter. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction photographs of the microfibers wound at 848 and 1,387 m min−1 showed the existence of the oriented crystallites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 27–31, 2006
Photomechanical degradation of thermoplastic elastomers
Authors: Bhowmick Anil K. , Ray Sudip , Shanmugharaj A. M. , Heslop J. , Köppen N. , White J. R.
Published: October 2005

The photodegradation of thermoplastic elastomers designed for outdoor applications was studied with laboratory ultraviolet (UV) exposure in the unstrained state and under tensile strain (25 and 50%). Strained exposure caused a reduction of the strain to failure in subsequent tensile tests. For some combinations of material and exposure conditions, some recovery of extensibility occurred between 2 and 4 weeks. Microscopic examination revealed that this was probably due to embrittlement of the surface region that was sufficiently severe that surface cracks did not propagate into the interior and that the observed recovery did not correspond to repair or improvement of the material. Shielding the sample surface from UV irradiation reduced the formation of surface cracking very significantly, and it was deduced that the principal cause of degradation was photooxidation rather than ozone attack. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 150–161, 2006
Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylonitrile
Authors: Hou Chen , Qu Rongjun , Ying Liang , Wang Chengguo
Published: October 2005

FeCl3 coordinated by succinic acid was used as the catalyst for the first time in azobisisobutyronitrile‐initiated reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN). N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as a solvent to improve the solubility of the ligand. A FeCl3 to succinic acid ratio of 0.5 not only gives the best control of molecular weight and its distribution but also provides rather rapid reaction rate. Effects of different solvents on polymerization of AN were also investigated. The rate of the polymerization in DMF is faster than that in propylene carbonate and toluene. The molecular weight of polyacrylonitrile agrees reasonably well with the theoretical molecular weight in DMF. The rate of polymerization increases with increasing the polymerization temperature, and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 64.8 kJ mol−1. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 32–36, 2006
Swelling–deswelling kinetics of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels formed in PEG solutions
Authors: Dogu Yucel , Okay Oguz
Published: October 2005

A series of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogels was prepared by free‐radical crosslinking copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (BAAm) in aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) of molecular weight 300 g/mol (PEG). The amount of PEG in the polymerization solvent, the crosslinker (BAAm) content, and the gel preparation temperature (Tprep) were varied in the gelation experiments. The hydrogels were characterized by the equilibrium swelling and elasticity tests as well as by the measurements of the deswelling–reswelling kinetics of the hydrogels in response to a temperature change between 25 and 48°C. The rate of deswelling of the swollen gel increases while the rate of reswelling of the collapsed gel decreases as the amount of PEG in the polymerization solvent is increased or as the crosslinker content is decreased. The Tprep effect on the swelling kinetics of the hydrogels was only observed if the PEG content of the polymerization solvent is less than 20%, which is explained with the screening of H‐bonding interactions in concentrated PEG solution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 37–44, 2006
Nano‐carbon black filled Lyocell fiber as a precursor for carbon fiber
Authors: Zhang Huihui , Guo Liwei , Shao Huili , Hu Xuechao
Published: October 2005

In this work, Lyocell fibers filled with various amounts of carbon black were prepared. Wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) results showed that carbon black filled Lyocell fibers still had a cellulose II crystal structure and kept the characteristic peak of carbon black at the same time. The results of mechanical properties showed a slight reduction in the carbon black filled Lyocell fiber. Moreover, the heat stabilities of the carbon black filled Lyocell fibers showed no obvious change. The residue of carbon black filled Lyocell fiber at 1000°C was higher than that of Lyocell fiber, implying higher carbon yield could be obtained for the carbon black filled Lyocell precursor. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments showed that the surface and the cross section of carbon black filled Lyocell fiber were smooth and round, which are consistent with the carbon fiber precursor. The WAXD pattern of carbon black filled Lyocell‐based carbon fiber was different from that of Lyocell‐based carbon fiber. The addition of carbon black transfers the diffraction peak of carbon fiber while keeping the characteristic structure of carbon black. The results of mechanical properties of carbon fibers show that, if an appropriate amount of carbon black was chosen, carbon fiber with better properties than Lyocell‐based carbon fiber could be obtained by using the carbon black filled Lyocell fibers as the precursor. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 65–74, 2006
Modeling of adsorption of anionic surfactants onto cationized lignocellulosic materials
Authors: Zghida Haïfa , Gauthier Robert , Helal Ahmed , Bartegi Aghlab
Published: October 2005

Cationized lignocellulosic materials (cotton fibers, wood sawdust, and maize‐cob flour) are prepared by grafting quaternary ammonium groups for use as scavengers for anionic surfactants. Generally, rapid adsorption occurs and at saturation leads to a stoichiometric ratio of cationic sites and anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, and sodium oleate. Modeling of these adsorptions is tested using Langmuir, Freundlich, or Jossens equations, the latter giving the best fit with experimental data. The results are compared with the adsorption of chromate and dichromate anions on the same sorbents. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 82–87, 2006
Performance evaluation of high‐cis 1,4‐polybutadienes
Authors: Pires Neusa M. T. , Ferreira Antônio A. , de Lira Clóvis H. , Coutinho Paulo L. A. , Nicolini Luiz F. , Soares Bluma G. , Coutinho Fernanda M. B.
Published: October 2005

This article reports the results of a study comparing commercially available high‐cis polybutadiene rubbers (BRs) proceeding from different production technologies and bearing distinct structural characteristics. The microstructure of these polymers was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; molecular weight and polydispersity values were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The degree of branching was characterized by SEC and dynamic mechanical rheological testing (RPA 2000). Glass‐transition temperature was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, and rheological properties were characterized with an oscillating rheometer rubber process analyzer (RPA 2000). Tire tread formulations were prepared with carbon black HAF N‐339 as a reinforcement filler, and we compared the mechanical properties and performance of the different elastomer compositions. The compositions were characterized by their rheological properties, tensile resistance, resistance to abrasion, resistance to tearing, permanent deformation, resilience, and fatigue properties. The tested compositions obtained from BRs with distinct structural characteristics showed different performances. Neodymium‐salt‐based catalysts produced BRs with higher cis‐1,4 levels and higher linearities. These polymer compositions also showed higher performances in abrasion resistance, fatigue resistance, and resilience tests. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 88–99, 2006
Studies on the electronic transport and optical properties of some new chelate modified polysulfones in thin films
Authors: Rusu G. I. , Airinei A. , Baban C. , Rusu G. G. , Mardare Diana , Rusu Mihaela
Published: October 2005

The studied polymers (chelate modified polysulfones) have been prepared by the polycondensation reaction between chloro‐end‐capped polysulfones and bis(2,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde)Cu2+ in the dymethyl sulfoxide/dichlormethane system, in the presence of an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of the respective polymers was investigated using thin‐film samples, deposited from chloroform solutions onto glass substrates. The polymers under study have typical semiconducting properties. The values of some characteristic parameters of the investigated polymers (for example, activation energy of electrical conduction, ratio of carrier mobilities, etc.) have been determined. The nature of the electrical conduction mechanism is discussed. The values of the optical bandgap energy are determined from the absorption spectra. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 100–106, 2006
Dual‐curable unsaturated polyester inorganic/organic hybrid films
Authors: Nebioglu Ahmet , Teng Ganghua , Soucek Mark D.
Published: October 2005

An unsaturated polyester, based on maleic anhydride, 1,6‐hexanediol, and trimethylol propane, was formulated with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) oligomers and a coupling agent to prepare inorganic/organic hybrid films. TEOS oligomers were prepared through the hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS with water, and 3‐(triethoxysilyl)propylisocyanate was used as the coupling agent between the organic and inorganic phases. The hybrid materials were cured by moisture via sol–gel chemistry and by the UV curing of unsaturated polyesters. To compare the properties of the moisture‐cured inorganic/organic hybrid films, a conventional 2K polyurethane system was also prepared. The tensile, adhesion, abrasion, and fracture toughness properties were investigated as functions of the coupling agent and relative amount of UV cure versus thermal cure. Although no difference could be observed in the tensile properties, the abrasion resistance, fracture toughness, and adhesion were enhanced by the incorporation of TEOS oligomers into polyurethane films. Also, the abrasion resistance, fracture toughness, and tensile properties were increased with both moisture and UV exposure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 115–126, 2006
Neurobiological specializations in echolocating bats
Authors: Covey Ellen
Published: October 2005

Although the bat's nervous system follows the general mammalian plan in both its structure and function, it has undergone a number of modifications associated with flight and echolocation. The most obvious neuroanatomical specializations are seen in the cochleas of certain species of bats and in the lower brainstem auditory pathways of all microchiroptera. This article is a review of peripheral and central auditory neuroanatomical specializations in echolocating bats. Findings show that although the structural features of the central nervous system of echolocating microchiropteran bats are basically the same as those of more generalized mammals, certain pathways, mainly those having to do with accurate processing of temporal information and auditory control of motor activity, are hypertrophied and/or organized somewhat differently from those same pathways in nonecholocating species. Through the resulting changes in strengths and timing of synaptic inputs to neurons in these pathways, bats have optimized the mechanisms for analysis of complex sound patterns to derive accurate information about objects in their environment and direct behavior toward those objects. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategy hubs: Domain portals to help find comprehensive information
Authors: Bhavnani Suresh K. , Bichakjian Christopher K. , Johnson Timothy M. , Little Roderick J. , Peck Frederick A. , Schwartz Jennifer L. , Strecher Victor J.
Published: October 2005

Recent studies suggest that the wide variability in type, detail, and reliability of online information motivate expert searchers to develop procedural search knowledge. In contrast to prior research that has focused on finding relevant sources, procedural search knowledge focuses on how to order multiple relevant sources with the goal of retrieving comprehensive information. Because such procedural search knowledge is neither spontaneously inferred from the results of search engines, nor from the categories provided by domain‐specific portals, the lack of such knowledge leads most novice searchers to retrieve incomplete information. In domains like healthcare, such incomplete information can lead to dangerous consequences. To address the above problem, a new kind of domain portal called a Strategy Hub was developed and tested. Strategy Hubs provide critical search procedures and associated high‐quality links to enable users to find comprehensive and accurate information. We begin by describing how we collaborated with physicians to systematically identify generalizable search procedures to find comprehensive information about a disease, and how these search procedures were made available through the Strategy Hub. A controlled experiment suggests that this approach can improve the ability of novice searchers in finding comprehensive and accurate information, when compared to general‐purpose search engines and domain‐specific portals. We conclude with insights on how to refine and automate the Strategy Hub design, with the ultimate goal of helping users find more comprehensive information when searching in unfamiliar domains.
Light‐Induced Transformation of Alkylurea Derivatives in Aqueous TiO2 Dispersion
Authors: Calza Paola , Medana Claudio , Baiocchi Claudio , Hidaka Hisao , Pelizzetti Ezio
Published: October 2005

The light‐induced degradation of alkylurea derivatives under simulated solar irradiation has been investigated in aqueous solutions containing TiO2 as a photocatalyst. Herein, we will focus on how the presence of one or more methyl (or ethyl) groups on urea modifies the kinetics of disappearance and influences both the ratio and the extent of the inorganic nitrogen formation caused by different degradation pathways. In the present work, we have elucidated a mechanism for the formation of transformation products of the alkyl derivatives by combining several analytical and spectroscopic procedures and the theoretical simulation of ab initio calculations. In all cases, N‐demethylation represents only a secondary pathway, while the main transformation proceeds through an unexpected cyclization, involving (m)ethyl‐ and di(m)ethylureas with the formation of (methyl)amino‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐3‐one as the principal intermediate of the reaction (with a yield of 60 %). This behaviour is rather unexpected and in contrast with the typical photocatalyzed transformation pathways, which proceed through the formation of more simple structures.
Chirality Transfer from Silicon to Carbon
Authors: Oestreich Martin
Published: October 2005

The exploitation of the asymmetry at silicon in stereoselective synthesis is an exceptionally challenging task. Initially, silicon‐stereogenic silanes have been utilized to elucidate the stereochemical course of substitution reactions at silicon. Apart from these mechanistic investigations, only a handful of synthetic applications with an asymmetrically substituted silicon as the stereochemical controller have been reported to date. In these transformations the chiral silicon functions as a chiral auxiliary. Conversely, a direct transfer of chirality from silicon to carbon during bond formation and cleavage at silicon has remained open until its recent realization in both inter‐ and intramolecular reactions. In this Concept, the pivotal considerations in relation to the nature of suitable silanes as well as mechanistic prerequisites for an efficient chirality transfer will be discussed.
Infrared Spectrum and Structure of the Gold Dihydroxide Molecule.
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Andrews Lester
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unique Barium Selenostannate—Selenide: Ba7Sn3Se13 (and Its Variants Ba7Sn3Se13‐δTeδ) with SnSe4 Tetrahedra and Isolated Se Anions.
Authors: Assoud Abdeljalil , Kleinke Holger
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of Antifluorite‐Type Phases in the Li—M—N—O (M: Ti, V) Systems.
Authors: Cabana J. , Mercier C. , Gautier D. , Palacin M. R.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Organometallic Chimie Douce Approach to New RexW1‐xO3 Phases.
Authors: Helbig Christian , Herrmann Rudolf , Mayr Franz , Scheidt Ernst‐Wilhelm , Troester Klaus , Hanss Jan , Krug von Nidda Hans‐Albrecht , Heymann Gunter , Huppertz Hubert , Scherer Wolfgang
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Ru(II)‐Supported Heptatungstates [HXW7O28Ru(dmso)3]6‐ (X: P, As).
Authors: Bi Li‐Hua , Dickman Michael H. , Kortz Ulrich , Dix Ina
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pd‐Catalyzed Oxidative Kinetic Resolution of 2‐Azido‐1‐arylethanols.
Authors: Sayyed Iliyas Ali , Kumar N. S. C. Ramesh , Sudalai A.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Multifunctionalized Allylic Building Blocks via Oxazaborolidine‐Catalyzed Borane Reduction.
Authors: Cho Byung Tae , Shin Sung Hye
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ethers as Efficient Organocatalysts for the Asymmetric Michael Reaction of Aldehydes and Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Gotoh Hiroaki , Hayashi Takaaki , Shoji Mitsuru
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
DABCO‐Catalyzed Reactions of Hydrazones with Activated Olefins.
Authors: Zhao Gui‐Ling , Shi Min
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterocyclic Derivative Syntheses by Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization—Alkoxycarbonylation of Substituted γ‐Oxoalkynes.
Authors: Bacchi Alessia , Costa Mirco , Della Ca Nicola , Gabriele Bartolo , Salerno Giuseppe , Cassoni Silvia
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nitrobenzene as Hydrogen Acceptor in Pd/C‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Transfer Reaction.
Authors: Tanaka Takanori , Kawabata Hirotoshi , Hayashi Masahiko
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Reactions of N1‐Alkyl‐N2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethanediamide and Acetylenic Esters in the Presence of tert‐Butyl Isocyanide.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Moradi Loghman , Nasiri Farough , Djahaniani Hoorieh
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Osmium‐Catalyzed Ketamination of Alkenes.
Authors: Villar Amparo , Hoevelmann Claas H. , Nieger Martin , Muniz Kilian
Published: October 2005

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Efficient Route to 4‐Substituted‐2(5H)‐furanones, 2(1H)‐Quinolones, and Pyrones by Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Arenesulfonates with Organozinc Reagents.
Authors: Wu Jie , Sun Xiaoyu , Zhang Liang
Published: October 2005

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Chromium‐Mediated Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐1‐Fluoro‐2‐alkenyl Alkyl and Trialkylsilyl Ethers from Dibromofluoromethylcarbinyl Ethers.
Authors: Nakagawa Muga , Saito Akio , Soga Aiko , Yamamoto Natsuko , Taguchi Takeo
Published: October 2005

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Cationic Rhodium(I)/BINAP Complex‐Catalyzed Isomerization of Secondary Propargylic Alcohols to α,β‐Enones.
Authors: Tanaka Ken , Shoji Takeaki
Published: October 2005

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Effective Reductive Amination of Carbonyl Compounds with Hydrogen Catalyzed by Iridium Complex in Organic Solvent and in Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Imao Daisuke , Fujihara Shoichiro , Yamamoto Takeshi , Ohta Tetsuo , Ito Yoshihiko
Published: October 2005

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Concise Synthesis of Multiply Substituted Stereodefined cis,cis‐2,4‐Diene‐1,6‐dials, cis,cis‐2,4‐Diene‐1,6‐diols and Further Applications.
Authors: Mao Guoliang , Wang Congyang , Chen Jinglong , Muramatsu Ayako , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: October 2005

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A New Method for the Synthesis of 2,5‐Bisheteroaryl‐3,6‐dichloro‐1,4‐benzoquinones.
Authors: Batenko Nelli G. , Karlivans Gatis A. , Valters Raimonds E.
Published: October 2005

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Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Catalytic Mannich‐Type Reaction of a Glycine Schiff Base Using a Chiral Two‐Center Phase‐Transfer Catalyst.
Authors: Okada Akihiro , Shibuguchi Tomoyuki , Ohshima Takashi , Masu Hyuma , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: October 2005

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Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich‐Type Reactions of N‐(2‐Hydroxyacetyl)pyrrole as an Ester‐Equivalent Donor.
Authors: Harada Shinji , Handa Shinya , Matsunaga Shigeki , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: October 2005

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Generation and Utilization of P‐Cyclic α‐Methoxycarbonylmethylenephosphoranes.
Authors: Keglevich Gyoergy , Forintos Henrietta , Ujvari Aniko , Ludanyi Krisztina , Bitter Istvan , Toeke Laszlo
Published: October 2005

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Directed ortho‐Metalation Methodology. The N,N‐Dialkyl Aryl O‐Sulfamate as a New Directed Metalation Group and Cross‐Coupling Partner for Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Macklin Todd K. , Snieckus Victor
Published: October 2005

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Highly Efficient Route to o‐Allylbiaryls via Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling of Benzynes, Allylic Halides, and Aryl Organometallic Reagents.
Authors: Jayanth Thiruvellore Thatai , Jeganmohan Masilamani , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: October 2005

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Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryls Through Rhodium‐Catalyzed Complete Intermolecular Cross‐Cyclotrimerization of Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Tanaka Ken , Nishida Goushi , Ogino Masakazu , Hirano Masao , Noguchi Keiichi
Published: October 2005

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Phosphine Oxides as Preligands in Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Arylations via C—H Bond Functionalized Using Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Ackermann Lutz
Published: October 2005

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Pinacol Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones by TiCl4—Mg—THF under Ultrasound Irradiation.
Authors: Li Ji‐Tai , Chen Yan‐Xue , Li Tong‐Shuang
Published: October 2005

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Convenient Phosphorus Tribromide Induced Syntheses of Substituted 1‐Arylmethylnaphthalenes from 1‐Tetralone Derivatives.
Authors: Shagufta Shagufta , Raghunandan Resmi , Maulik Prakas R. , Panda Gautam
Published: October 2005

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Aziridination of Methyl Long‐Chain Alkenoates Using Chloramine‐T.
Authors: Rauf Abdul , Ahmad Shabana
Published: October 2005

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Stereoselective Synthesis, Reactions and Antimicrobial Activity of 3‐Vinyl‐2‐azetidinones.
Authors: Sharma Sain Datt , Anand Rishi Dev , Kaur Gurpreet
Published: October 2005

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Rh(I)‐Catalyzed CO Gas‐Free Cyclohydrocarbonylation of Alkynes with Formaldehyde to α,β‐Butenolides.
Authors: Fuji Koji , Morimoto Tsumoru , Tsutsumi Ken , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: October 2005

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Synthesis and Analgesic Activities of Some 2‐(Benzazolylacetyl)amino‐3‐ethoxycarbonylthiophene Derivatives.
Authors: Demirayak Seref , Karaburun Ahmet C. , Kayagil Ismail , Ucucu Umit , Beis Rana
Published: October 2005

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Catalytic Synthesis of γ‐Lactams via Direct Annulations of Enals and N‐Sulfonylimines.
Authors: He Ming , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: October 2005

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Facile and Inexpensive Entry to Indeno[2,1‐b]indol‐6‐one Nucleus.
Authors: Abbiati Giorgio , Canevari Valentina , Rossi Elisabetta , Ruggeri Alberto
Published: October 2005

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[2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Imines with Cyclic Ketenes: Synthesis of 1,3‐Thiazolidine Derived Spiro‐β‐Lactams and Their Transformations.
Authors: Cremonesi Giuseppe , Dalla Croce Piero , La Rosa Concetta
Published: October 2005

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Synthesis of Pyrazole Imines and Azetidinone Compounds Using Conventional and Microwave Technique and Studies of Their Antibacterial Activity.
Authors: Mistry Ketan , Desai K. R.
Published: October 2005

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Synthetic Routes Towards Tetrazolium and Triazolium Dinitromethylides.
Authors: Katritzky A. R. , Sommen G. L. , Gromova A. V. , Witek R. M. , Steel P. J. , Damavarapu R.
Published: October 2005

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Synthesis and Reactivity of N‐Vinyl‐1,2,3‐dithiazolimines.
Authors: Yarovenko Vladimir N. , Es'kov Andrey A. , Kondrashev Pavel A. , Ignatenko Anatolii V. , Zavarzin Igor V. , Vorontsova Lidia G. , Sedishev Igor P. , Krayushkin Mikhail M. , Starikova Zoya A.
Published: October 2005

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Development of a Stepwise [3 + 3] Annelation to Functionalized Piperidines.
Authors: Goodenough Katharine M. , Raubo Piotr , Harrity Joseph P. A.
Published: October 2005

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A New Approach to Condensed Pyridines.
Authors: Krayushkin Mikhail M. , Yarovenko Vladimir N. , Sedishev Igor P. , Andreiko Anatoly A. , Mochulskaya Nataliya N. , Charushin Valery N.
Published: October 2005

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Synthesis of New Thieno‐ and Pyrazolo‐pyridazine Derivatives.
Authors: Yassin Fathy A.
Published: October 2005

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of 7‐Bromo‐2,3‐diphenylpyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazine.
Authors: Yin Lunxiang , Liebscher Juergen
Published: October 2005

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Reactivity Studies on a Novel 4‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐1,3‐dihydro‐1,5‐benzodiazepine‐2‐thione.
Authors: Gharbi Rafik , Ben‐Youssef Mouna , Martin Marie‐Therese , Mighri Zine
Published: October 2005

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A Simple Synthesis of Dimethylphosphinyl‐Substituted Tetrahydropyrroles.
Authors: Cholakova Tsv. , Zagraniarsky Y. , Simova S. , Varbanov S. , Dobrev A.
Published: October 2005

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Pallado‐Catalyzed P‐Arylations and P‐Vinylation of 2‐Hydrogeno‐2‐oxo‐1,4,2‐oxazaphosphinanes.
Authors: Pirat Jean‐Luc , Monbrun Jerome , Virieux David , Cristau Henri‐Jean
Published: October 2005

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Practical and Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Alkynyl‐β‐amino Esters Through Ag‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Mannich Reactions of Silylketene Acetals and Alkynyl Imines.
Authors: Josephsohn Nathan S. , Carswell Emma L. , Snapper Marc L. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: October 2005

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Stainless‐Steel‐Net‐Supported Zeolite NaA Membrane with High Permeance and High Permselectivity for Oxygen over Nitrogen.
Authors: Yin Xiaoju , Zhu Guangshan , Yang Weishen , Li Yanshuo , Zhu Guangqi , Xu Rui , Sun Jinyu , Qiu Shilun , Xu Ruren
Published: October 2005

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A Composite Surfactant Route for the Synthesis of Thermally Stable and Hierarchically Porous Zirconia with a Nanocrystallized Framework.
Authors: Chen Hangrong , Gu Jinlou , Shi Jianlin , Liu Zhicheng , Gao Jianhua , Ruan Meiling , Yan Dongsheng
Published: October 2005

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CdTe@Co(OH)2 (Core—Shell) Nanoparticles: Aqueous Synthesis and Characterization.
Authors: Li Liang , Qian Huifeng , Ren Jicun
Published: October 2005

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Optimization of High‐Yield Biological Synthesis of Single‐Crystalline Gold Nanoplates.
Authors: Liu B. , Xie J. , Lee J. Y. , Ting Y. P. , Chen J. Paul
Published: October 2005

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Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of 2/3‐Arylthio‐ and 2,3‐Bis(arylthio)‐5‐hydroxy‐/5‐methoxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinones.
Authors: Ryu Chung‐Kyu , Shim Ju‐Yeon , Chae Mi Jin , Choi Ik Hwa , Han Ja‐Young , Jung Ok‐Jai , Lee Jung Yoon , Jeong Seong Hee
Published: October 2005

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Research Progress in Synthesis and Catalysis of Polyoxometalates
Authors: Gong Yun , Hu Changwen , Liang Hong
Published: October 2005

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Gas‐Phase Ion‐Molecule Reactions of Divalent Metal Complex Ions: Toward Coordination Structure Analysis by Mass Spectrometry and Some Intrinsic Coordination Chemistry Along the Way
Authors: Combariza M. Yajaira , Fahey Angela M. , Milshteyn Aleksandr , Vachet Richard W.
Published: October 2005

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The Main Aspects of the Modern Theory of the Passive State of Metals
Authors: Popov Yu. A.
Published: October 2005

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Ru‐Decorated Pt Surfaces as Model Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts for CO Eletrooxidation
Authors: Maillard F. , Lu G.‐Q. , Wieckowski A. , Stimming U.
Published: October 2005

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Catalytic, Enantioselective, Vinylogous Aldol Reactions
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Heemstra John R. Jr. , Beutner Gregory L.
Published: October 2005

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Amine Oxidation
Authors: Murahashi Shun‐Ichi , Imada Yasushi
Published: October 2005

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Asymmetric Aminohydroxylation
Authors: Kolb Hartmuth C. , Sharpless K. Barry
Published: October 2005

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Asymmetric Dihydroxylation: Recent Developments
Authors: Muniz‐Fernandez Kilian
Published: October 2005

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Asymmetric Dihydroxylation
Authors: Kolb Hartmuth C. , Sharpless K. Barry
Published: October 2005

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Polyketide Stereotetrads in Natural Products
Authors: Koskinen Ari M. P. , Karisalmi Kaisa
Published: October 2005

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The Cucurbit[n]uril Family
Authors: Lagona Jason , Mukhopadhyay Pritam , Chakrabarti Sriparna , Isaacs Lyle
Published: October 2005

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The Fulvalenes
Authors: Halton Brian
Published: October 2005

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Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides. Part 2. Oxidation by Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Kaczorowska Katarzyna , Kolarska Zofia , Mitka Katarzyna , Kowalski Piotr
Published: October 2005

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Organic Reactions in Aqueous Media with a Focus on Carbon—Carbon Bond Formations: A Decade Update
Authors: Li Chao‐Jun
Published: October 2005

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Synthesis, Structure, and Physicochemical Characteristics of Thiols
Authors: Koval' I. V.
Published: October 2005

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Chemical and Biochemical Degradation of Polymers
Authors: Coury Arthur J.
Published: October 2005

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Sweetening Cyclic Peptide Libraries
Authors: Boddy Christopher N.
Published: October 2005

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The Chemical Synthesis of Proteins
Authors: Cotton Graham
Published: October 2005

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The Role of Hinges in Carbohydrates
Authors: Ruck Heinz
Published: October 2005

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Towards the Syntheses of Natural Protoilludanes and Linear Triquinanes from Cycloundecadienynes
Authors: Dhimane Anne‐Lise , Malacria Max
Published: October 2005

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Assembled Columnar Structures from Bis‐Urea Macrocycles
Authors: Shimizu Linda S. , Hughes Andrew D. , Smith Mark D. , Samuel Stevan A. , Ciurtin‐Smith Delia
Published: October 2005

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