bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industrialists
Authors: Bernstein Iver
Published: October 2023

More than any other group of New Yorkers, industrialists made the Republican Party controversial in July 1863. While the Union League Club mer chants helped to give the Republican Party of New York City its aristocratic, nativist, and coercive style, it was the industrialists and their aggressive brand of Republicanism that the draft rioters knew best. Industrialists were often the employers of the midweek rioters. They were the Republicans the rioters encountered six days a week at the shop and perhaps on the Sabbath in the person of a visitor from the charity society. It stands to reason that the industrialists did much to shape the rioters’ image of Republicanism as un-just and intrusive authority. How the industrialists came to be so aggressive-and how they made the Republican Party a magnet for political and social dispute-provide the final ingredients in the history of the origins of the July crisis.
Unionization And Productive Efficiency
Authors: Cavalluzzo Linda , Baldwin Dennis
Published: October 2023

The theoretical definition of a production function expressing the maximum amount of output obtainable from given input bundles with fixed technology has been accepted for many decades. And for almost as long, econometricians have been estimating average production functions. Wage premiums that accrue to unionized workers are well established in the empirical literature [Lewis (1963, 1986)]. By contrast, no clear consensus has emerged on the role played by unions in improving productivity. Freeman and Medoff (1984) report that productivity is generally (though not always) higher in unionized establishments. More recently, Addison and Hirsch (1989), sorted through statistical pitfalls and selected empirical works to conclude that the evidence on union productivity is mixed. Productivity advantages seem to be greatest in competitive settings and in industries where wage differentials are largest. But on average, they conclude, unions do not significantly raise productivity.
Origins of a Social Litigation System
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

When Newton D. Baker ‘s Cleveland law firm became regional counsel for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1934, it immediately took on the defense of several tort suits. Baker, a progressive Democrat who had served as Woodrow Wilson ‘s Secretary of War, informed the railroad that his staff had “worked up a technic which ought to assure the best possible results. “1 The staff tried the cases in federal court.
The Social Structure of Party Inequality and the Informal Legal Process
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

In disputes between individuals and national corporations, inequality between the parties was a paramount fact, and it conditioned the operation of the system of corporate diversity litigation. National corporations were able to take actions and use resources that were beyond the knowledge or means of most individual claimants. A corporation could freely and carefully select the state in which it would hold jurisdictional citizenship, and by virtue of that single incorporation it enjoyed as a matter of course the choice between state and federal courts in every state in the union but one. In most instances, individuals lived where they were born or where they could find work, and when they moved they seldom did so for purposes of litigation planning. Corporations employed permanent legal counsel who could oversee and develop legal strategies, and they retained local counsel who could advise on the best tactics in each district. Individuals rarely went to court more than once in their lives, and rarely did they possess the resources necessary to offset the advantages of their powerful adversaries. Corporations had the longterm incentive to seek out favorable laws or to litigate and lobby to establish new ones. Individuals normally had to settle for whatever rule existed in their particular state when they suddenly found that it was important to them.
The Secularization of Art
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

It is a notorious fact that the English Reformation destroyed more religious art than it produced. Protestant spiritualization of religion reflected the view that there was more danger than possible benefit in giving physical form to the holy. Thus a Puritan iconoclasm would leave England poorer in sacred art, while artists and artisans turned their talents to more secular subjects. A survey of architecture, painting, sculpture, music, and literature and of the venues created for each of these arts will show just how rapid was the change.
All in the Family: American Jewish Attachments to Israel
Authors: Waxman Chaim I
Published: October 2023

In this article, that “totally logical arrangement” will be analyzed by means of an examination of American Jewish support for Israel on the institutional, individual and denominational levels. A second focus is the issue of whether this support has undergone any significant change since the late l 970s, and whether it is likely to erode in the near or long-term future. Finally, attention will be paid to the familial aspect of American Jewish-Israeli relations-that which is symbolized by the “Welcome Home” signs noted by Melvin Urofsky. As will be discussed, the nature of the American Jewish attachment to Israel is, in large measure, a consequence of the group self-definition of American Jews as well as of their status in U.S. society.
The Partners 1700-1750
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

As he died, Richard the Scholar may have feared his male line faced extinction in Virginia. His eldest son Richard lived in England, while Philip, the second in line, had settled in Maryland. Daughter Ann was busy continuing the name of another Virginia family, the Fitzhughs. Son Francis, the physician, gave no promise of male offspring. This left only Thomas and Henry, whom their father must have looked upon as settled bachelors when they cared for him in his last days.
Longing for Arlington: 1829-1846
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Although his birthplace was Stratford, Robert E. Lee was from the Lee sylvania side of the family. Yet neither of these ancestral locations meant to him what Arlington would. This was not surprising since Robert kept only a vague and often confused understanding of his family back ground. He called himself the “reverse” of a genealogist.
Wives and Concubines: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
Authors: Peirce Leslie P
Published: October 2023

The issue of marriage and reproduction is one of the most fundamental concerns of human society. Decisions regarding when to marry, whom to marry, how many children to have and when are weighty ones for ordinary families, but even weightier for royal families. Such decisions were particularly complex in a society that permitted both polygyny and concubinage, as did that of the Muslim Ottomans. Because the means by which the Ottoman dynasty reproduced itself were far from random, we can rightly speak of an Ottoman politics of reproduction. This politics was an integral, indeed fundamental, element in the broad conduct of the dynasty’s and the state’s affairs. Particularly during the first century and a half, it was coordinated with Ottoman strategies for meeting the challenges of rival states. Throughout the life of the empire, it was a principal means enabling the dynasty to maintain control over its own members.
The Age of the Favorite: 1520-1566
Authors: Peirce Leslie P
Published: October 2023

One of the first events of Siileyman’s reign was the insurrection of Janberdi Ghazali. Janberdi had been a member of the Mamluk elite defeated by Selim I, Siileyman’s father. In the words of an Ottoman historian, he was “one of those who escaped the sword” of the Ottoman conquest of the Mamluk Empire. As Selim marched back to Istanbul from Cairo, Janberdi made his sub mission and was rewarded with the governorship of Damascus, Jerusalem, and Ghaza. When the great conqueror died three years later in 1520, Janberdi apparently expected little from his son. “He became insubordinate and re belled, thinking at the time of the royal accession that he had been delivered from the fear of the sword of Sultan Selim, but he was heedless of the might of the saber of Siileyman.”1 Janberdi soon lost his head to the sword of Ferhad Pasha, the commander dispatched by Siileyman to quell the uprising (the pasha was also the husband of Siileyman’s sister, the princess Beyhan).
Introduction: Reflections on Psychiatry and Its Histories
Authors: Porter Roy , Micale Mark S
Published: October 2023

Among the most rapidly growing, controversy-ridden, and attention-attracting areas of history over the past generation has been the history of psychiatry. During the last three decades, debates have raged concerning the rise and fall of the asylum; the history of compulsory institutional confinement and deinstitutionalization; the origins, scientific validity, and therapeutic efficacy of Freudian theory; the merits of biological as opposed to psychodynamic models of the mind; the history of the insanity plea in the courts; the past uses of extreme physicalistic treatments for mental disability, such as frontal lobotomies and electroconvulsive therapy; and, most recently, the role played by psychiatry in the alleged processes of social and sexual control applied to women, workers, ethnic minorities, and gay people. The past thirty years have brought an outpouring of original scholarship—often passionate, partisan, and polemical—in all of these areas with no sign at present of slackening.
Heroes and Non-Heroes: Recurring Themes in the Historiography of Russian-Soviet Psychiatry
Authors: Brown Julie V
Published: October 2023

Even more than in many other countries the history of psychiatry in Russia and the Soviet Union has been written by members of the nation’s psychiatric profession. As a consequence, the historical account not only reflects the medical perspective of its authors but also the concerns of that particular group of medical professionals. The assumption that mental disorders are diseases of the brain, which are at least in principle completely explainable and treatable by medical science, is taken for granted in this view of history, as is the position that psychiatric medicine represents a cognitively and a morally superior approach to the problem of mental disturbances.
Friends, Enemies, and Legal “Children”
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

In his entire life, Black never had difficulty generating fierce opposition to his ideas and his behavior. His work on the Supreme Court did not prove to be an exception. While he was greatly admired by a number of his brethren and by the community outside the Court, Hugo was also hated and despised by some on the Court. Black’s relationship with Justice Robert Jackson had dramatically “deteriorated” over time because he “was appalled by what he viewed as Black’s partisan, nonjudicial approach to cases.”

Again and again, Felix Frankfurter said, with derision, that Black was a damn politician and would always remain one. He was correct, for the Alabaman was someone who interacted successfully with others involved in public policy making, whether in Congress or on the Court. He never apologized for his behavior, for he believed that it was appropriate and necessary in his line of work. Many years later, Associate Justice Harry A. Blackmun had a more benign memory of Black. The Judge, said Blackmun, was a “canny, lovable manipulator, ever the politician, ever the U.S. Senator still, a man who thoroughly enjoyed the manipulation in the old fashioned Southern way.”
The Enduring Legacy
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

As his first law clerk, Buddy Cooper, said, Hugo Black had a brilliant “mind and . . . psyche.” When dealing with him, as his wife said, one experienced “the raw, naked force of Hugo’s intellect and will, usually concealed beneath [a] kind, gentle exterior.”‘ Always intensely focused on the task at hand, whether educating a son or a grandson, attacking a venal corporation owner or a corporate manager in a Senate hearing, or writing the opinion for the Court, Black hardly ever acted incautiously. This was so when he addressed his last problem: his own mortality.

Black had completed his opinion in the Pentagon Papers case in late June 1971. He was happy with what he wrote but he knew it was his swan song. He knew it was time for him to die.

Hugo needed assistance getting around. He was very weak and refused to take nourishment. His weight had plummeted from 145 to 115 pounds in a few months. His eyesight was almost gone. He had temporal arteritis, a very painful inflammation of the arteries in his head; the medication, prednisone, was not working. Black was eighty-five years old, but he was not a healthy old man.
Post/El Cards: A Reply to Jacques Derrida
Authors: Eisenman Peter
Published: October 2023

After many months I find the time and the calm distance to reply to your extraordinary letter. I was pleased that you would take the time to write a letter of such energy and length, but also disturbed by what I perceived as an implied criticism in your words. At the symposium, I was also quite literally left speechless by your questions, questions that I could not answer personally, questions that, indeed, must be directed to architecture for a reply.
User-Oriented Architecture
Authors: Zajfen Paul , Wilford Michael
Published: October 2023

One of the legacies of the social movement is the influence that non architects have on building, especially public building. One of the first major decisions made by public user groups is the selection of the architect, which will clearly have the biggest impact on the form of the building. The IBI Group, my firm, together with James Stirling Michael Wilford & Associates, were selected as architects for the Science Library at the University of California, Irvine. The program had not yet been completed by the university. It is very often the case with university facilities that the university will select different firms to do the program and ultimately design the building. We were fortunate in being selected as both programmers and architects; this allowed us to build on the rapport and the enthusiasm of the user committee, including the campus architect, David Neuman.

The program was extremely important in the design of the facility, as it sets out a budget and square footage for the building.
Prologue: The Mechanisms of Governance
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Institutions. What are they? How do they differ? To what purpose and effect? Where does the action reside? What are the mechanisms? What are the refutable implications? What are the public-policy ramifications? What do the data support? In contrast to both the main tradition in economics, which held that institutions figure negligibly in economic performance,1 and the older institutional economics, which was hostile to orthodoxy and proposed substituting a more sociological approach to economic organization, the New Institutional Economics (1) holds that institutions matter and are susceptible to analysis (Matthews, 1986, p. 903), (2) is different from but not hostile to orthodoxy, and (3) is an interdisciplinary combination of law, economics, and organization in which economics is the first among equals.
The Politics and Economics of Redistribution and Inefficiency
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

It is customary to evaluate efficiency by comparing an actual form of organization with a hypothetical ideal. Albeit instructive, that can be a misleading or defective test in three respects. For one thing, because all feasible forms of organization are flawed, the relevant operational comparison is between alternative feasible forms. Also, if one of the alternatives under comparison is an extant form, then allowance needs to be made for incumbency advantages. Thus, even if mode A is judged to be inefficient in relation to mode B on a simple side-by-side comparison, if mode A is in place and mode B incurs setup costs, then mode A may prevail. Finally, and related to this, it may not be possible to implement mode B for lack of political support.
Tactics of Attack
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

If Jefferson is elected, proclaimed Yale president Rev. Timothy Dwight, the Bible will be burned, the French “Marseillaise” will be sung in Christian churches, and “We may see our wives and daughters the victims of legal prostitution; soberly dishonored; speciously polluted.
Patriotism and Prejudice: Visceral Responses and Stereotypes That Foil Argument
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Identity and enmity are crude but powerful instruments in political campaigning. Among the topics we don’t reason together about are our flag and our fears-patriotism and prejudice invite a visceral, not a rational response. This power is magnified by the emergence of short, visual, symbolically powerful televised ads that convey meaning without speaking it. Is warranted engagement possible in such times and on such terms? Because campaigns thrive on contrasts and more easily reinforce than change attitudes, they naturally traffic in stereotypes. The word stereotype was coined by Walter Lippmann in his influential book Public Opinion, published in 1922. We do not react directly to reality but process it through representations or cognitive structures that help us sort information. Stereotypes are “pictures in our heads,” said Lippmann. They take features by which we differentiate one group from another (e.g., skin color) and link them to ascribed characteristics that have no necessary relationship.
Adbites, Ad Stories, and Newsads
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Black and white images of Senator John Kerry and Massachusetts’ outgoing governor Michael Dukakis meld into each other on the television screen. The sound track blends the sounds and theme music of Poltergeist and jaws. Rhythmically and ominously the announcer’s voice warns, “Tax and Spend. Spend and Tax. Kerry and Dukakis. Dukakis and Kerry. You thought he was gone. But . . . he’s . . . baaaacck.” The woman on the screen wearing the red dress looks earnestly into the camera and in a voice edged with concern says, “Harvey Gantt is asking you and me to approve of some pretty awful things. Aborting a child in the final weeks of pregnancy.
American Political Cultures
Authors: Ellis Richard J
Published: October 2023

Even when sharing the same language and symbols, Americans have always divided sharply over the meaning of terms like equality, freedom, and democracy. This book challenges the traditional thesis that America’s political culture is characterized by a consensus on liberal capitalist values. At the same time, Ellis rejects theories that an infinite variety of political cultures exists in the United States. Instead, Ellis uses over three hundred years of history to argue that political conflict in America reveals five specific rival political cultures: egalitarian community, competitive individualism, hierarchical collectivism, atomized fatalism, and autonomous hermitude. The book thus stakes out a middle ground between an unintelligible cultural diversity and an untenable cultural consensus.
An Anti-Authority Consensus?
Authors: Ellis Richard J
Published: October 2023

American political culture, Samuel Huntington argues, is characterized by a pervasive “antipower ethic.” All the basic tenets of the American Creed—equality, liberty, individualism, constitutionalism, democracy—are “basically antigovernment and antiauthority in character.” Each of these values, Huntington maintains, places “limits on power and on the institutions of government.” The American Creed is thus “a much more fruitful source of reasons for questioning and resisting govern-ment than for obedience to government.”
Human Liberty And Freedom Of Speech
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

This is a paperback reprint of an OUP/USA hardcover published in September 1989. To date the predominant rationale for freedom of speech has been the “marketplace of ideas” theory, which holds that the truth will be discovered only through debate free from government interference. In Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech, Baker critiques the assumptions underlying the various versions of this theory and develops a liberty theory which, he argues, has deep roots in Supreme Court decisions and our political history. Baker contends that a liberty theory is more philosophically sound, more interpretatively persuasive and more protective of speech than the judically and intellectual dominant market place of ideas theory.
Crusoe at Home
Authors: Doreski C K
Published: October 2023

Examining Bishop’s various attempts to generate a sufficient and viable language for her poetry raises the question of whether Bishop always required single perspectives (that of the child or provincial, for instance) or whether she wrote poems that attained a coherent, inclusive model of her universe. Is there a poem in the canon that embodies the entire complexity of her experience and vision? Do any of her poems achieve a language powerful and variable enough to reconcile a whole world of regrets and compensations, one that resolves the dichotomies of exterior and interior experience, perception and desire? Can any language adequately conform to experience? Though many of these issues have been addressed in individual poems, the work before Geography III recognizes but does not integrate the mutual otherness of self and situation. Indeed, in spite of the presence of “old correspondences,” metaphors of unity and integration, most of Bishop’s poems before Geography III resist imposing order on “the untidy activity [that] continues, / awful but cheerful.” Bishop requires a language and rhetoric more (or less) inclusive, flexible, earthy, and homey than the romantic sublime, the epiphany, or the picturesque to explore the concerns of her maturity; she has reached a point in her life and writing that demands awareness of the whole. Discrete particulars will not do; her task requires utter coherence.
Contracts: Relationships in Cyberspace
Authors: Katsh M Ethan
Published: October 2023

It is difficult to think of any legal artifact that is more familiar and commonplace than a contract. Tenants and landlords, consumers and merchants, employees and employers, business partners, even some husbands and wives, have rights and responsibilities that are defined by contract. Contracts touch us all and shape many relationships between ourselves, people we know well, and people we may not know at all. They bring the law into our presence in a direct and tangible way and often establish a framework for what we own, how we work, and where we live. It is not surprising that one of the first courses taken by every law student focuses on the law of contracts. Familiarity with general principles of contract law and some work with contracts may be one of the only things that all lawyers, regard less of specialty, have in common.

Contracts not only are a common artifact of modern life and a core area of law but reflect values and expectations of Gutenberg’s revolution. There is, most obviously, the connection that is revealed in the expression fine print. “Fine print” is most commonly found in standardized contracts that are used with large numbers of customers or employees. Print was, as has been noted, the first mass medium, and the standardized contract might be considered to be an example of the law’s use of the mass medium. The party offering a standardized contract is a publisher exploiting the capabilities of print. The power to control the wording and design of the contract in a way that
Fall River
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia
Published: October 2023

One of the earliest documentary novels, Fall River recounts the famous murder of a mill girl and the subsequent trial of a popular minister of the period. Compellingly written, it is not only a record of a sensational story of its times, but also a revealing embodiment of the social and cultural climate of early nineteenth century industrial America. The book is also an important landmark in the history of religion in American popular culture, with detailed descriptions of religious camp meetings in New England. Williams was urged by her readers to compose her account of these events, in order to correct what she called the “indecent manner” in which they had hitherto been reported. (David Kasserman’s recent widely acclaimed sociological study Fall River Outrage is based on the events Williams describes.) This unprecedented new series reintroduces women’s writings of cultural and literary interest, from the Medieval period through the early nineteenth century, often for the first time since their original publication. Derived from the Brown University Women Writers Project, the series unearths a wide range of neglected gems, dispelling the myth that women wrote little of real value before the Victorian period. Each volume includes an introduction putting the work in its historical and literary context and helpful explanatory notes.
Destalinization in the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Smith Kathleen E
Published: October 2023

Where should one begin in describing mass repression in the former Soviet Union—with the Red Terror inflicted on civil war opponents? With forced collectivization of the peasantry? With famine exacerbated by state policies? With executions and imprisonment of millions of “enemies of the people” in the 1930s? With wartime deportations of entire ethnic groups? With postwar incarceration of returned prisoners of war? Or with the exile of inhabitants of newly annexed territories? It is easier to pinpoint the end of widespread terror, which came with Stalin’s death in 1953. Grave human rights violations, however, continued on a lesser scale throughout the Soviet period. Until recently examination of past repressions in the USSR took place during periods of liberalization, but not transformation, of the old repressive regime. Under these circumstances vast state-sponsored repressions were not matched by equally extensive efforts at investigation, prosecution, and compensation.
El Salvador: A Negotiated End to Impunity?
Authors: Popkin Margaret
Published: October 2023

The Salvadoran transition differs from others in Latin America because it is the product of a negotiated agreement between an undefeated military and an undefeated insurgency. During the 1980s El Salvador was ravaged by a genuine civil war. Unlike countries in the Southern Cone in which a debilitated or defeated guerrilla movement served as the pretext for the state terrorism employed by military dictatorships, the Salvadoran military faced the most effective guerrilla movement on the continent. Because the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) had not been defeated and enjoyed substantial support inside El Salvador as well as international recognition, it was able to negotiate a far-reaching peace accord as the price for ending hostilities. Nonetheless, the “transition” government was the same government that had fought the war.
The Human Rights Debacle in the Philippines
Authors: Aquino Belinda A
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the attempts to redress countless human rights violations in the Philippines, which reached their peak during the martial law regime of Ferdinand Marcos between late 1972 and early 1986. It focuses on the administration of Corazon Aquino (1986-92), which replaced the Marcos regime in the dramatic 1986 “people power revolution.” The Aquino government put into place a new constitution guaranteeing “full respect for human rights” and restraining the military from carrying out arbitrary actions. It also established a Commission on Human Rights to investigate the numerous cases of human rights crimes and offenses that came to light following the overthrow of the Marcos dictatorship.
The Civil War
Authors: White G Edward
Published: October 2023

In an address delivered approximately twenty years after he mustered out of service with the Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, Holmes said that the generation that carried on the war has been set apart by its experience. Through our great good fortune, in our youth our hearts were touched with fire. It was given to us to learn at the outset that life is a profound and passionate thing. While we are permitted to scorn nothing but indifference, and do not pretend to undervalue the worldly rewards of ambition, we have seen with our own eyes, beyond and above the gold fields, the snowy heights of honor, and it is for us to bear the report to those who come after us.1
The Cold War and the Early Development of the UNHCR
Authors: Loescher Gil
Published: October 2023

The tense state of East–West relations in the postwar period virtually excluded the possibility of any significant cooperation between the two blocs over the refugee problem. The refugee question centered on the core of ideological opposition between capitalism and socialism. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established at the height of these Cold War ideological tensions. Like its predecessors, it was intended as a temporary body with a three-year life, during which time it was to provide protection and assistance to refugees. But being supplied with financial resources for administrative costs only, it did not have the means to enforce the international legal norms for the world’s refugees.
The Limitations of the International Refugee Regime
Authors: Loescher Gil
Published: October 2023

The international refugee regime is rapidly being overwhelmed by the unprecedented refugee crises that began during the past decade, and it is ill equipped to address either the causes or the consequences of the problems involved. Host and resettlement countries feel that the economic, social, and political costs of dealing with refugee problems have become too high. The traditional hospitality of many Third World countries has been replaced by intolerance and restrictionist policies. Industrialized countries have become increasingly reluctant to finance international refugee aid, to resettle refugees from the Third World, or to admit asylum seekers and to consider their claims fully. Any humanitarian consensus seems to have vanished; the international cooperation that helped resolve the postwar refugee problem in Europe and alleviate refugee crises in Africa, Asia, and Latin America during the 1960s and 1970s is more difficult to obtain. Many observers feel that the international refugee regime, and in particular the UNHCR, is not doing enough to contain a deteriorating situation. Yet in reality the major responsibility for providing protection, assistance, and long-term solutions lies with states. Governments have traditionally sought to preserve their territorial sovereignty by controlling their borders.
“A Fine Taste for Good Sense and Polite Learning”: The Literary Newspaper, 1727-1735
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

The New-England Courant, boisterous and short-lived, gave to the printed discourse of the 1720s a temper and a method that was new to British America. Besides taking on an audacious political role and transforming the public sphere in the process, it introduced its audience to a locally produced periodical literature.
Three Cities: A Richer Tapestry, 1728-1740
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

The brief but fruitful lives of the New-England Weekly Journal and the Weekly Rehearsal, experiments in a distinct genre I have called the “literary newspaper,” were not the only contributions to a decade of rapid development in American newspaper publishing. Between 1728 and 1739 the number of newspapers more than doubled, from five to twelve. If we count the two West Indian newspapers that appeared in the same decade, the number nearly tripled. And even this is to disregard the Maryland Gazette and the first Rhode-Island Gazette, which were founded in this eventful publishing era but did not survive the decade.
The Printer as Publisher
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

By the end of the 1730s, with one scarcely significant exception, the newspaper business in British America as in provincial England was entirely in the hands of printers. In the previous two chapters, we have seen how the evolution in ownership occurred in Boston. Elsewhere outside of London, newspapers were a printer’s business from the beginning. Because of the centrality of the printer’s role not only in developing the shape, design, and content of the newspaper but even in the circulation of information and opinion throughout the provinces, it is time we had a close look at his operation and his product.
The Transition
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

By about 1740, the provincial newspaper in America had concluded its first period of development. Successive experiments in sponsorship and content had eventuated in a product published almost exclusively by their printers and consisting of a standardized mixture of European and domestic news, essays, letters, and advertising. During the three and a half decades following the appearance of John Campbell’s Boston News-Letter, the American newspaper became both “anglicized” and “Americanized,” and in the process served with increasing accuracy and relevance the commercial and political demands of its society as well as the ritual needs of a people moving toward an understanding and expression of its provincial identity. They were still very much a part of the larger British world of print, a branch of the English provincial press on the western Atlantic rim. A glance at that transatlantic context at the end of our period will help to remind us of how very “provincial,” certainly in a quantitative sense, the American newspapers still were.
The Crisis: Illegitimacy and Family Breakdown
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M
Published: October 2023

Much of what happened in the rarefied atmosphere of the salons was played out in different form in Berlin Jewish society as a whole. The sexual freedom and eventual conversions that were common in the salons have often been described in great detail by historians. Such events as the romantic liaison, divorce, and conversion of the saloniere Dorothea Veit, Moses Mendelssohn’s daughter, have been used by many writers as a metaphor for the crisis of Berlin Jewry that took place in the years after Mendelssohn’s death. The fact that four of Mendelssohn’s six children eventually became Christians has also been used by many writers as a way to symbolize the failure of Mendelssohn’s message and the upheaval in Berlin Jewry in the succeeding generation. An analysis of events in the Berlin Jewish community as a whole for the generations after Mendelssohn’s death demonstrates that the well-known affairs and conversions in the Berlin Jewish elite were repeated (if on a somewhat reduced scale) in many segments of Berlin Jewry. The percentages of conversions and extramarital affairs may have been less in the aggregate of Berlin Jewry than they were among the “rich and famous,” but conversion and free sexuality were far more common in Berlin Jewry as a whole in the generations after Mendelssohn than they had ever been before. A description of the personal relationships among the members of the salons does not necessarily tell us what was going on in rnore modest sections of the Berlin Jewish community. The differences between the marriage, divorce, conversion, and extramarital affair patterns of the salonieres and the bulk of Berlin Jewry can be described in detail. Still the differences in degree pale before the profound similarity in the overall ethos of Berlin Jewry-indeed of Berlin society at large-during the last decades of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth.
Classical Realism
Authors: Kennan George F
Published: October 2023

The philosophical roots of Political Realism may be traced as far back as Thucydides and Machiavelli. Nevertheless, the “Classical Realist” approach associated with E. H. Carr, Hans Morgenthau, George Kennan, and other scholars developed primarily during World War II and the succeeding three decades. Classical Realism, which is so labeled to distinguish it from the later “Neorealism,” represented largely a reaction to the perceived failures of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century statecraft. Diplomats and state leaders then, charged the Classical Realists, had wrongly sought to establish an international order based on law, one in which conflicts would be resolved by neutral adjudication rather than by armed force.
Free Will and the Politics of Inheritance
Authors: Semmel Bernard
Published: October 2023

To understand how Eliot perceived both the idea and the metaphor of inheritance, and how her use of the inheritance metaphor was related to her views on religion, philosophy, and politics, we must place Eliot in the context of others who wrote about these questions. We know from Eliot’s correspondence that she read the writings of the foremost contributors to the British discussion of the politics of inheritance: Burke, Coleridge, and Disraeli. She studied (and wrote about) the works of the French Positivist Comte and the German volkisch historian W. H. Riehl, both of whom had pursued their own inquiries regarding national inheritance. But the politics of inheritance, particularly as Eliot conceived them, were also connected with certain theological and philosophical matters, notably, the conflict between free will and necessity. Therefore we must first examine Eliot’s views on this issue and compare them with the opinions of those thinkers, on both sides of the controversy, whom she most admired among them her religious (and philosophical) mentors Saint Paul and Calvin, the German nineteenth-century writers D. F. Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach, and both Comte and Charles Bray, her friend and a member of the Coventry circle of freethinkers with whom she was associated as a young woman.
The Positivist Novel
Authors: Semmel Bernard
Published: October 2023

In the early 1820s the financial speculator and social theorist Henri de Saint-Simon attracted a group of talented young followers, among them Auguste Comte, by virtue of his personality and his docttines. In his final years Saint-Simon preached a “nouveau Christianisme,” a religion with a stern morality but no deity. After his death in 1825, his successors, pre sided over by a Pere Supreme, governed the disciples, proclaiming a vaguely socialistic ethic that aimed at raising the condition of the proletariat, and, preaching free love, at liberating women from marital servitude. By the time the French government brought their leaders to trial in the early 1830s, for attacks on the family and property, many writers and intellectuals in Europe had come to sympathize with parts of Saint-Simon’s doctrine: among these writers were George Sand, Heinrich Heine, J. S. Mill, and Thomas Carlyle.1 In the 1840s both Mill and G. H. Lewes became admirers of Saint-Simon’s former secretary Auguste Comte, who claimed authorship of the more “scientific” aspects of Saint-Simonian belief.
Positivism and the Politics of Compromise in Middlemarch
Authors: Semmel Bernard
Published: October 2023

George Eliot’sMiddlemarch, which was published in 1872, is not generally regarded as a political novel, as is Felix Holt, nor was it designed to be one, but its politics are clear-sometimes explicitly so, sometimes immediately below the surface of the narrative. In Middlemarch Eliot promotes the politics of compromise, the traditional politics of the nation (the politics, in the Hegelian phrase, of the English Volksgeist), which form an essential part of Eliot’s politics of inheritance. In this work, as we shall see, Eliot also added to the shades of meaning in her philosophy of inheritance.
On Treatment of Myopia: Feminist Standpoint Theory and Bioethics
Authors: Mahowald Mary B
Published: October 2023

The insights of feminist standpoint theory provide a corrective to the nearsightedness, unselfconsciousness, and arrogance that arise in health care and in bioethics, as in other areas of life and work. A feminist standpoint is one that reflects the perspectives of women while challenging the social dominance of men’s perspectives. Feminist standpoint theory refers to the rationale that supports that standpoint and strategies for implementing it. Although my account focuses on sexism, similar arguments apply to racism and classism, and there is obvious overlap in these applications. The common element is that the diffeences between groups are the grounds by which one group obtains or maintains advantages or power over another. In defense of inequality or injustice, irrelevant differences may be invoked or relevant differences overlooked. From a feminist standpoint, the ethical criterion for determining the relevance of differences between women and men is gender justice or equality.
Colerkdge And Textual Instability
Authors: Stillinger Jack
Published: October 2023

Stillinger establishes and documents the existence of numerous different authoritative versions of Coleridge's best-known poems: sixteen or more of The Eolian Harp, for example, eighteen of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and comparable numbers for This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison, Frost at Midnight, Kubla Khan, Christabel, and Dejection: an Ode. Such multiplicity of versions raises a number of theoretical and practical questions about the constitution of the Coleridge canon, the ontological identity of any specific work in the canon, the editorial treatment of Coleridge's works, and the ways in which multiple versions complicate interpretation of the poems as a unified (or, as the case may be, disunified) body of work. Providing much new information about the texts and production of Coleridge's major poems, Stillinger's study offers intriguing new theories about the nature of authorship and the constitution of literary works.
Mr. Justice Holmes and Three Generations of Imbeciles
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E
Published: October 2023

When Melvin I. Urofsky of Virginia Commonwealth University invited me to give a paper at a conference that he and A E. Dick Howard of the University of Virginia Law School were organizing on Virginia and the Constitution, I saw the occasion as an opportunity to explore a case that had long fascinated me but that I knew little about. Buck v. &II, I sensed, would provide an unusual perspective on the Supreme Court in the 1920s, a decade in which the Court had a decidedly conserVative tilt under Chief Justice William Howard Taft, Edward T. Sanford, and especially “the Four Horsemen”-Pierce Butler, James McReynolds, George Sutherland, and Willis Van Devanter-but was hearing dissenting views from an emerging liberal trio: Louis D. Brandeis, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and Harlan Fiske Stone. Writing about this case would also, I anticipated, give me a chance to integrate political and social history, which! I had recommended in my presidential address to the Organization of American Historians in 1986 (“The Pertinence of Political History: Reflections on the Significance of the State in America,” Journal of America” History, 73 (December 1986): 585-600). The paper was delivered in Richmond in the fall of 1989 at a conference co-sponsored by the Virginia Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, Virginia Commonwealth University, and the Virginia Department of Education, and published in a limited edition in A. E. Dick Howard and Melvin I. Urofsky, eds., Virginia and the, Constitution (Charlottesville, Va.: Virginia Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, Center for Public Service, University of Virginia, 1992). I have reworked the paper for The, Supreme Court in the Age, of Roosevelt. As this essay was going to press, I benefited from reading two papers on eugenics presented at the 1994 meeting of the Organization of American Historians by Edward J. Larson and Steven Noll.
The Birth of America’s Second Bill of Rights
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E
Published: October 2023

When, as a consequence of the genius of Edouard Laboulaye and the generosity of the French nation, the majestic Statue of Liberty was unveiled in New York harbor in the autumn of 1886, the American people were properly appreciative-but nonetheless regarded the gift as only their due. Had not the citizenry of “the land of the free, 11 they asked, enshrined in their Constitution a Bill of Rights that made their country’s charter the model for those who treasured liberty throughout the civilized world? In truth, however exaggerated their view of the uniqueness of their situation, they did have more than a little reason for pride. Yet not only were there a great many Americans in t 886 who did not enjoy all the blessings of liberty, but the constitutional order was, far more than was recognized then or is fully recognized even today, in one critical respect seriously deficient.
Indigenous Peoples in International Law
Authors: Anaya S James
Published: October 2023

In this book, Anaya presents an integrated overview of the historical, contemporary, and emerging international law related to indigenous peoples. This book will provide policy-makers with a theoretically based practical overview of the international law in the field.
Arguing with Enemies: Interpretation as Invective
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: October 2023

The Bible-quoting football coach described in the last chapter might have had enough authoritarian instincts of his own to sympathize, at least a little, with the university president’s censorship of his antigay opinions. But he must have been stunned to hear her depictions of his behavior. The president claimed that he had made ‘a mockery of freedom of expression’ and that he had threatened ‘the value and dignity of other human beings.’ Thus, for having made a brief and literal reference to a revered book, the coach was cast as a dangerous, evil man. He no doubt believed that his statement had been an exercise of free speech, not an attack on that principle, and that his Christian concepts of sinfulness are compatible with human dignity. Even on the assumption that there was some truth in the charges, they represent a commonly observed contemporary phenomenon-the degeneration of public debate into exaggeration and invective. Name-calling, obviously, serves many of the same functions as outright censorship. As a threat, it frightens some people into silence. Moreover, it discredits what the brave (or foolhardy) do say. As the coach’s experience demonstrates, it defines moral disputes as settled when in fact they are still underway. In these ways, it protects the beneficiary class the people who are thought to be in need of improvement-from having to consider opinions that the leadership thinks they are not able to handle for themselves.
Censoring Ourselves
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: October 2023

The words censorship and vilification conjure up ominous historical associations. We think, for instance, of the wholesale effort to keep abolitionist materials out of the antebellum South or the ugly name-calling by Senator Joseph McCarthy. Efforts to prevent change by the suppression of destabilizing messages have often had a grave and systematic character. It is odd, then, that a prevalent reaction when these tactics are used to induce change is humor. The attempts of progressive censors to sanitize the minutiae of our public vocabulary are so targeted and detailed as to verge on the frivolous.1 Even the ever-lengthening list of words of opprobrium (ageist, Eurocentrist, logocentrist) seems to be too mechanical to convey real condemnation. Political correctness verges on self-parody. Its practitioners, although resolutely humorless while going about the endless task of improving the rest of us, are the source of considerable amounts of somewhat nervous comedy. There are some solid reasons for the nervousness in our laughter. I suggested in the last two chapters that both suppression and name-calling are much more common than is often assumed. These are not devices used only by right-wing authoritarians and hypersensitive campus reformers. These tactics are built into contemporary life; they are practiced where we do not notice-by highly trained administrators, elite scholars, and moderate judges.