bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internal ammonium excess induces ROS-mediated reaction and causes carbon scarcity in rice
Authors: Yang Shunying , Hao Dongli , Jin Man , Li Yi , Liu Zengtai , Huang Yanan , Chen Tianxiang , Su Yanhua
Published: November 2019

Background: Overuse of nitrogen fertilizers is often applied to satisfy strong nitrogen demand of high-yielding rice, leading to persistent NH 4 + excess in the plant. However, the mechanisms constraining the effectiveness of elevated plant NH 4 + in plant growth and grain yield of rice are not sufficiently addressed. In the current study, we attempt to real the nature or mode-of-action of such internal NH 4 + excess in rice, and the efficient coordination measure with current high N fertilizer cropping systems is investigated. Results: By mimicking a rapid accumulation of plant NH 4 + and an RNA-Seq analysis, the present work reveals that internal NH 4 + excess in rice plant initiates a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggers probably specifically the activation of glutathione transferase (GST)-mediated glutathione cycling for ROS cleavage. Meanwhile, the suppression of the expression of genes involved in photon caption and the activity of primary CO 2 fixation enzymes (Rubisco), provides implications of a reduction in photosynthetic carbon income. Along the progress of NH 4 + / ROS stresses, enhanced energy-producing processes (carbon breakdown) take place as indicated by strong induction of glycolysis related genes to meet the demand of energy consuming activation of ROS-cleavaging systems. The development of these defensive reactions causes a sugar scarcity in the plant that accumulatively leads to growth inhibition. To the opposite direction, a sucrose feeding treatment to the roots renders the accumulation of free NH 4 + and ROS, partly restores the activities of photosynthetic CO 2 fixation and thus alleviates the scarcity in active carbon source. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the necessity of efficient carbon coordination, aiming at improving the nitrogen performances under current N fertilizer overuse circumstances.
Ischemic stroke with a preceding Trans ischemic attack(TIA) less than 24 hours: Predicting clinical risk factors for thrombolytic therapy
Authors: Poupore Nicolas , Strat Dan , Mackey Tristan , Snell Ashley , Nathaniel Thomas
Published: November 2019

Background Acute ischemic stroke attack with and without a recent TIA within or less than 24 hours may differ in clinical risk factors, and this may affect treatment outcomes following thrombolytic therapy. We examined whether the odds of exclusion or inclusion for thrombolytic therapy are greater in ischemic stroke with TIA less than 24 hours preceding ischemic stroke(TIA-24hr-ischemic stroke patients) as compared to those without recent TIA or non-TIA <24 hours.Methods A retrospective hospital-based analysis was conducted on 6,315 ischemic stroke patients, of whom 846 had proven brain diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) of an antecedent TIA within 24 hours prior to ischemic stroke. The logistic regression model was developed to generate odds ratios (OR) to determine clinical factors that may increase the likelihood of exclusion or inclusion for thrombolytic therapy. The validity of the model was tested using a Hosmer-Lemeshow test, while the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) was used to test the sensitivity of our model.Results In TIA-24hr-ischemic stroke population, patients with a history of alcohol abuse (OR = 5.525, 95% CI, 1.003-30.434, p = 0.05), migraine (OR=4.277, 95% CI, 1.095-16.703, p=0.037), and increasing NIHSS score (OR=1.156, 95% CI, 1.058-1.263, p = 0.001) were associated with the increasing odds of receiving rtPA, while older patients (OR = 0.965, 95% CI, 0.934‐0.997, P = 0.033) were associated with the increasing odds of not receiving rtPA.Conclusion In TIA-24hr-ischemic stroke patients, older patients with higher INR values are associated with increasing odds of exclusion from thrombolytic therapy. Our findings demonstrate clinical risks factors that can be targeted to improve the use and eligibility for rtPA in in TIA-24hr-ischemic stroke patients.
The impact of chronic diseases and primary care access on health status among elderly populations in rural China
Authors: Yang Yixing , zhang Tai , Huang Zhaoquan , Gao Dong , Guo Zhenyou , Shi Wuxiang
Published: November 2019

Objective This study aimed to examine the patterns of chronic conditions and the role of primary care access on health status among rural elderly.Methods 6451 elderly aged ≥ 60 years from 5540 households in 116 villages in western rural areas of China were randomly selected and assessed the their health status using the EQ-5D-3L instrument. EQ-5D descriptive system and visual analogue scale (VAS) score were descriptive analyses by patterns of chronic conditions. We identified the impact of multimorbidity and primary care access on health status using multilevel linear model.Results 55% of the pooled sample reported at least one chronic condition, and 30.2% had more than one. Hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic bronchitis were the most frequently reported conditions. After adjustment for sociodemographic status and patterns of chronic conditions, primary care access significantly associated with health status for the elderly in late life.Conclusion Primary care access and health services should take priority action for rural elderly, especially elderly with multimobidity in lower household income, living in mountainous areas where distance to township hospital is long.
Awareness, Attitudes and Practices of women related to breast cancer in Niamey and Zinder
Authors: Aissami Abdou , Hal Guido Van , Issimouha Dille
Published: November 2019

Background: In Niger, breast cancer is the first cancer related morbidity and mortality within the female population. While Breast cancer awareness can contribute to early diagnosis and disease mortality reduction, Niger women’s knowledge of breast cancer is not well documented. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of women related to breast cancer and have a look on the factors associated this knowledge. Methods: The study was conducted thought a cross sectional survey in women population in Zinder and Niamey regions. A random sampling was used to select women in households within health districts. We defined a breast cancer knowledge score and used a generalized linear model to assess factors associated with breast cancer knowledge. Results: A total of 675 women were included in the survey. Average age of women was 39.2 years (38.2-40.2) and 48.4% (44.7-52.2) of them were not educated. Overall women’s knowledge of breast cancer is relatively low, only 41.2% (37.5-45.0) were aware of breast cancer. An area where women demonstrated an awareness was breast cancer symptoms knowledge with 65.0% (61.3-68.7). Insufficient level of knowledge was observed on knowledge of risk and protection factors with only 27.4 % (24.0-31.0) level of awareness and breast cancer good practice with 16.9% (14.2-19.7). Younger age OR=0.98 (0.96-0.99) practicing clinical breast examination OR=2.25 (1.31–3.16), breastfeeding 3.34 (2.12-5.26), not having a history of participation to breast cancer 0.53 (0.34-0.82) and living in rural and peri-urban areas 0.34 (0.20–0.44) were factors related to awareness of breast cancer. Conclusion: Niger women had overall low level of breast cancer awareness. While they were not acquainted with breast self-examination and clinical breast examination, their knowledge of breast cancer symptoms was acceptable. Clinical breast examination, area of residence, age, breastfeeding and history of participation to breast cancer screening were found to be associated with breast cancer knowledge. Awareness programs can promote clinical breast examination as mammography is not common and target older women. Focus should be given to awareness of breast cancer risk factors and promoting early detection procedures.
Assessment of a Fusion Polyprotein Based on HspX and Other Eight Antigen Segments for Tuberculosis Serodiagnosis
Authors: Zhou Fangbin , Xu Xindong , Cui Xiaobing , Pan Weiqing
Published: November 2019

Background: The lack of suitable diagnostic tools has paved the cornerstone for controlling and treatment of tuberculosis. Serological tests, based on multiple target antigens, represent an attractive option for its rapidity, convenience, and low-cost. Methods: Measures, including blocking antibodies against common bacteria in serum samples and synthesizing polypeptides covering un-conserved dominant B-cell epitopes of antigens, were attempted to reduce nonspecific reactions and thus improved the specificity. Meanwhile, a fusion polyprotein containing HspX and other eight antigen segments was constructed and expressed to increase the whole sensitivity. Results: The addition of only E. coli lysate partly increased the specificities. Another, peptides containing un-conserved fragments of TB antigens as well as dominant B-cell epitopes were synthesized and used to effectively reduce non-specific reactions without dramatically decreasing their sensitivities. Meanwhile, a polyprotein fusing HspX and other eight antigen segments was constructed and the sensitivity of the polyprotein was 60.2%, which was higher that of HspX and other individual antigen segments. Importantly, the specificity of the polyprotein was 93.6%, which was not significantly decreased. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the roles of fusion polyproteins in the humoral immunity against TB infection and provide a potential novel approach for TB diagnostic development.
Lymphedema Rehabilitation: Provision and Practice Patterns among Service Providers: National Survey
Authors: Omar Mohammed Taher Ahmed , Al-Dhwayan Nouf , FM Rehab , Armer Jane M.
Published: November 2019

Background: Information on the current practices and quantification of lymphedema service may be beneficial to promote and improve health care system. Therefore, this study aimed to describe characteristics of lymphedema practitioners, and lymphedema patients’ profile, and provide a comprehensive picture of lymphedema service provision in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study involved use of an online survey. The survey questionnaires included information about demographic and professional characteristics of lymphedema practitioners, lymphedema profile, questions on the services provided, and perceived barriers in providing a service. Results: Eighteen lymphedema practitioners (37.50%) responded to the survey. They worked in the major cities: Riyadh (78%), Jeddah (17%), and Dammam (5%), and most of them working in public hospitals (67%). Respondents typically had a background in physical or occupational therapy and had completed a basic training course on lymphedema treatment and management. About 75% of patients seen by practitioners had secondary lymphedema, 47% with breast cancer-related lymphedema. On average 72%, practitioners provide a “comprehensive” lymphedema services. The average number of lymphedema practitioners per service is 2.67. The perceived barriers reported included an inadequate number of certified therapists (100%), difficulties with transportation and lack of financial support (each =72%), and limited space for lymphedema practice/management (89%). Conclusion: The results suggest that lymphedema practitioners provide a reasonable, but not the optimal, services for lymphedema patients. The service provision is still limited and inequities. Therefore, more staffing is required to promote awareness of the condition and related services, improve referral and care coordination, and enhancing geographical and multidisciplinary coordination of the service.
Longitudinal observation of OCT imaging is a valuable tool to monitor primary vitreoretinal lymphoma treated with intravitreal injections of methotrexate
Authors: Zhao Huiying , Wang Xiaona , Mao Yu , Peng Xiaoyan
Published: November 2019

Background: Developing objective and repeatable indicators to evaluate the efficacy of PVRL treatment is important. The quantification of vitreous cells is a traditional criterion; however slight changes are difficult to ascertain. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is objective, repeatable, and easily explained. The purpose of this study is to provide a longitudinal observation of OCT in PVRL treated with intravitreal injections of methotrexate (MTX) and to evaluate the utility of OCT in monitoring responsiveness of PVRL to treatment. Methods: The medical records of patients with biopsy-positive PVRL attending our hospital between January 2016 and September 2017 who received intravitreal injections of MTX were included in this study. Pre- and post-treatment OCT images were reviewed independently by two researchers. Results: Of the 24 cases reviewed, 10 patients (18 eyes) were included. SD-OCT abnormalities at the initial visit included vitreous cells (18/18), OR (outer retina) fuzzy borders (12/18), PED (pigment epithelium detachments) (9/18), subretinal hyperreflective infiltration (3/18), intraretinal infiltration (8/18), and SRF (subretinal fluid) (4/18). Post induction treatment, SRF in cases with RD (retinal detachment) was absorbed, and subretinal fibrosis appeared. Other lesions were significantly reduced. Post consolidation treatment, OR fuzzy borders, PED and SRF disappeared in 2 eyes, intraretinal infiltration disappeared in 1 eye, and other abnormalities further improved. Additionally, retinal fibrosis was observed in 3 eyes. One month post maintenance treatment, all abnormalities observed at the first visit vanished. At the last visit, OCT showed subretinal fibrosis and in 3 eyes (16.7%), the disruption of outer retina in 9 eyes (50%) and thinning of the whole layer in 4 eyes (22.2%). Conclusions: Our observations reveal that characteristic OCT features in PVRL patients can reduce gradually and finally vanish with therapy. We propose that SD-OCT may be employed to monitor the responsiveness of PVRL to treatment, which may influence decision making in the management of this disease.
Reproducing topological properties with quasi-Majorana states
Authors: Vuik Adriaan , Nijholt Bas , Akhmerov Anton , Wimmer Michael
Published: November 2019

Andreev bound states in hybrid superconductor-semiconductor devices
can have near-zero energy in the topologically trivial regime as long as
the confinement potential is sufficiently smooth. These quasi-Majorana
states show zero-bias conductance features in a topologically trivial
phase, mimicking spatially separated topological Majorana states. We
show that in addition to the suppressed coupling between the
quasi-Majorana states, also the coupling of these states across a tunnel
barrier to the outside is exponentially different for increasing
magnetic field. As a consequence, quasi-Majorana states mimic most of
the proposed Majorana signatures: quantized zero-bias peaks, the
4\pi4π
Josephson effect, and the tunneling spectrum in presence of a normal
quantum dot. We identify a quantized conductance dip instead of a peak
in the open regime as a distinguishing feature of true Majorana states
in addition to having a bulk topological transition. Because braiding
schemes rely only on the ability to couple to individual Majorana
states, the exponential control over coupling strengths allows to also
use quasi-Majorana states for braiding. Therefore, while the appearance
of quasi-Majorana states complicates the observation of topological
Majorana states, it opens an alternative route towards braiding of
non-Abelian anyons and protected quantum computation.
Sacred Architecture in the Neapolitan Baroque Era. Space, Decorations, and Allegories
Authors: Manzo Elena
Published: November 2019

In Naples (Italy), the passage from Renaissance to Baroque architectonic language could be identified between 1580 and 1612. During this era, one of the most significant topics of the architectonic research on the sacred space was the right compromise among the Counter-Reformation patterns, the central space and the oval plan. Giovanni Antonio Dosio and Dionisio di Bartolomeo were the most representative architects of this passage. They provide the access to new experimental varieties. So, when the architect Cosimo Fanzago arrived in Naples in 1612, the city was almost ready to use the emblematic ellipse plan of the Baroque, such as the churches Santa Maria della Sanita` and San Giovanni dei Fiorentini by Fra’ Nuvolo prove. Fanzago’s architectonic research was followed by the studies by Bartolomeo and Francesco Antonio Picchiatti, father and son, up to Domenico Antonio Vaccaro that was the most representative director of the Baroque sacred space scene. Moving from the analysis and comparison of the most representative churches of Neapolitans Baroque era, the paper proposes an unedited studio about the evolution of sacred space’s idea related to decoration, symbology and allegory, with a focus on Domenico Antonio Vaccaro’s works, such as the churches of Santa Maria della Concezione in Montecalvario neighbourhood, San Michele Arcangelo in Naples’ Piazza Dante, San Michele in Anacapri (on Capri Island), the Palazzo Abbaziale di Loreto and Saviour Church in San Guglielmo al Goleto Monastery, both near Avellino.
Application and Analysis of Axial Symmetry in Sacred Architecture
Authors: Junjun ZHANG , Xinyi HU , Hong ZHANG
Published: November 2019

The sense of sacredness has an irreplaceable unique meaning for the development of social civilization and personal growth, and the sacred architecture with axisymmetric characteristics is often the catalyst for this experience. Through analysis of architectural cases, from the perspectives of architecture, philosophy, psychology and geometry, using the deductive and contrsasting modes of thinking, this paper analyzes the unique sensed characteristics of the axial symmetry in architecture. The reasons for the sacredness of the buildings and its influencing factors, the in-depth study of the axial symmetry of the scared buildings are carried out with a unique perspective.
Editorial
Authors: Elías-Caro Jorge Enrique
Published: November 2019

Las migraciones como fenómeno social y económico siempre han existido. Han sido consecuentes con el desarrollo de la humanidad. Los grandes avances de nuestras sociedades, ya sea a nivel micro o macro territoriales, en parte han sido fruto de estas movilizaciones de la adaptación a cambios de esquemas ambientales o culturales, aunque las condiciones de trabajo y aspectos laborales han jugado un papel preponderante es las formas en qué estas han entrado en escena. Así las cosas, se requiere de dos espacios diferentes en cuestión. Primero del que migran y segundo el que recibe. Igualmente aparecen dos factores desde el punto de vista humano clave a tener en cuenta. Los que emigran o, en su defecto, los que entran.
Patinar una carpeta: el grupo de trabajo del Auto 004 en la dirección de asuntos indígenas
Authors: Pellegrino Valentina
Published: November 2019

El artículo analiza el rol del grupo de antropólogos que trabajan en el cumplimiento a una orden judicial sobre protección a pueblos indígenas en riesgo de exterminio por cuenta del conflicto armado, al interior de la Dirección de Asuntos Indígenas del Ministerio del Interior en Colombia. A través de un trabajo de campo de diez meses, enfocado sus rutinas laborales y obligaciones contractuales, la investigación encuentra que su quehacer no es el despliegue de su experticia profesional sobre los problemas de los indígenas en tanto insumo para tomadores de decisión, sino el gestionar e intermediar en los procesos administrativos vinculados a la concertación entre los indígenas y las demás instituciones gubernamentales. Asimismo, el artículo destaca que, si bien, su posición tiene un margen de maniobra limitado, es a la vez un rol complejo, por la multiplicidad de posiciones que deben asumir en tanto mediadores y que los ponen en la encrucijada entre lo que aprendieron como antropólogos, lo que deben hacer como representantes del estado y lo que hacen como ciudadanos. Finalmente, propone que esta labor, limitada y a la vez compleja, refleja un cambio en el quehacer de los antropólogos en la interacción entre el estado y los indígenas.
Las huellas del conflicto armado en la salud mental colectiva
Authors: Jojoa Tobar Elisa , Bonilla Muñoz Jesús Andrés , López Guerrero Nory Estefanía , Muñoz Oviedo Aura Milena
Published: November 2019

En el marco del proceso de implementación del Modelo Integral de Atención en Salud – MIAS, es necesario reconocer y comprender el impacto que el conflicto armado ha ejercido sobre la salud mental, especialmente en los territorios más afectados. Este articulo parte de la investigación denominada “Salud mental colectiva: impactos en población afectada por conflicto armado. Caldono, Cauca. 2017” y aporta elementos para el desarrollo de intervenciones de Promoción de la Salud Mental Colectiva, considerando que para ello la paz, la justicia social, las condiciones de vivienda aceptables, la educación y el empleo (OMS, 2004) son requisitos indispensables, de tal manera que la identificación y descripción de las afectaciones que ha generado el conflicto armado sobre la relación familia-comunidad-territorio en el Municipio de Caldono, Cauca, se constituyen en insumos para el desarrollo de intervenciones en un escenario de posconflicto. El objetivo fue reconocer el impacto que el conflicto armado ha generado en la salud mental colectiva de la comunidad indígena y campesina del municipio de Caldono desde la relación familia-comunidad-territorio. Esta investigación cualitativa fenomenológica, utilizó para la recolección de información la observación y entrevistas a profundidad con informantes claves. La información obtenida se organizó de acuerdo a las dimensiones de la estructura social y cultural propuestas en la teoría del Sol Naciente de Madeleine Leininger,  identificando que  la comunidad  de Caldono, por sus experiencias con el conflicto armado presenta una afectación en la salud mental colectiva evidenciada por heridas invisibles de la guerra; logrando en la recolección de información reconocer diferentes problemáticas que afectan la comunidad y el territorio, entre ellas el sufrimiento humano, la estigmatización social y territorial y la desesperanza, entre otros. Así mismo, emergen entorno a los eventos traumáticos otras experiencias que han contribuido a fortalecer sus procesos colectivos de organización, solidaridad y resistencia, como estrategias para la conservación de la vida y del derecho a habitar en sus territorios.

 

Palabras claves: Salud Mental Colectiva, conflicto armado, impacto, familia, comunidad y territorio.
Regulation of Probiotics on Metabolism of Dietary Protein in Intestine
Authors: Peng Xiao-Pei , Nie Cunxi , Guan Wen-Yi , Qiao Li-Dong , Lu Lin , Cao Shou-Jun
Published: November 2019

Proteins are indispensable components of living organisms, which are derived mainly from
diet through metabolism. Dietary proteins are degraded by endogenous digestive enzymes to di- or tripeptides
and free amino acids (AAs) in the small intestine lumen and then absorbed into blood and
lymph through intestinal epithelial cells via diverse transporters. Microorganisms are involved not only
in the proteins’ catabolism, but also the AAs, especially essential AAs, anabolism. Probiotics regulate
these processes by providing exogenous proteases and AAs and peptide transporters, and reducing
hazardous substances in the food and feed. But the core mechanism is modulating of the composition
of intestinal microorganisms through their colonization and exclusion of pathogens. The other effects
of probiotics are associated with normal intestinal morphology, which implies that the enterocytes
secrete more enzymes to decompose dietary proteins and absorb more nutrients.
MiR-22-3p Regulates Amyloid β Deposit in Mice Model of Alzheimer's Disease by Targeting Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase 14
Authors: Ji Qiling , Wang Xuemei , Cai Jianxin , Du Xiangnan , Sun Hui , Zhang Nan
Published: November 2019

Propose:

To investigate whether miR-22-3p is able to regulate AD development and its molecular mechanism.

Methods:

Morris water maze test was performed to test the spatial memory. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to assess the expression level of miR-22-3p. The enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42. Immunoblotting analysis was performed to detect the protein expression levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP), mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14) and beta-site Amyloid precursor protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1). Luciferase assay was used to identify the interaction between miR- 22-3p and MAPK14. The tetrazolium dye (MTT) colorimetric assay was used to test the influence of miR-22-3p overexpression on cell viability. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of miR-22-3p overexpression on cell apoptosis.

Results:

Morris water maze test showed that mice model of AD had impaired spatial memory, which was able to be ameliorated by miR-22-3p overexpression. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the protein expression levels of APP, MAPK14 and BACE1 were enhanced in AD model, which could be prevented by miR-22-3p overexpression. ELISA showed that Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were dramatically increased in AD model, which were inhibited by miR-22-3p overexpression. Luciferase assay and immunoblotting analysis indicated that miR-22-3p targeted and regulated MAPK14 expression.

Conclusion:

MiR-22-3p overexpression reduced Aβ deposit and alleviated AD symptoms by targeting and regulating MAPK14 expression, which ameliorated AD symptoms.
The Effect of Resveratrol dose and Duration of Treatment on Blood Pressure in Patients with Cardiovascular Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mashhadi Fahimeh D. , Salari Roshanak , Ghorbanzadeh HamidReza
Published: November 2019

Objective:

Hypertension is an important risk factor that causes many deaths in the world every year. Researchers continue to undertake studies to find an effective drug for reducing blood pressure. One of the phytochemicals that recently attracted the attention of researchers is resveratrol-polyphenol, found in grapes. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the effect of resveratrol as a cardioprotective agent effective in reducing hypertension in patients with hypertension.

Methods:

Studies and clinical articles from databases Scopus, Pubmed, Ovid and Cochrane have been collected until September 2017; the keywords are Blood Pressure, Hypertension, Hypertensive, Cardiovascular, and Resveratrol.

Results:

Data from five studies with a total of 229 hypertensive and pre-hypertensive patients (men and women) showed that resveratrol plays an important role in reducing blood pressure.

Conclusion:

Resveratrol appears to have anti-hypertensive effects, depending on the dose and duration of treatment. Researchers attribute one of the important blood pressure reducing mechanisms of resveratrol to increasing levels of NO. Based on the results of this systematic review, it is suggested that more clinical studies be conducted to find the appropriate dose and duration of treatment.
Green and Efficient Synthesis of Fluorescent Bis(pyrazolyl)methanes in Choline Chloride/Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Zonouz Adeleh Moshtaghi , Beiranvand Masoumeh , Mohammad-Rezaei Rahim , Naderi Soheila
Published: November 2019

A series of pyrazole-based heteroaromatic compounds were synthesized by the reaction of
3-methyl-5-pyrazolone and aromatic aldehydes in Choline chloride/urea DES as a green solvent. This
simple and green procedure has advantages such as easy operation, short reaction times, efficient
yields, low cost and minimum use of hazardous solvents and catalysts. The structure of compounds
was determined by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, and the crystal structure of 4a was confirmed using
X-ray crystallographic analysis. The optical properties of Pyrazole derivatives 4a-g have also been
studied with UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. All of these pyrazole-containing heteroaromatic
compounds displayed maximum emission peak from 340 to 360 nm.
NMR: From Molecular Mechanism to its Application in Medical Care
Authors: Zhang Zhenhong , Meng Xiaohong , Cui Wei , Ahmad Syed S. , Kamal Mohammad A. , Zhang Jinguo
Published: November 2019

Background:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a systematic science
strategy utilized in pharmaceutical research, development, quality control, and research to decide
the content and purity of a sample as well as its sub-atomic structure. There are several parameters
working for better execution of NMR which can include chemical shifts, spin multiplicity, pH dependence,
heteronuclear and homonuclear covalent network, and the atomic overhauser impact.
NMR imaging offers an extensive scope of potential outcomes for the portrayal of skeletal muscle
structure, function and metabolism. 1H additionally has the most noteworthy NMR affectability of
any nucleus. The principle of NMR depends on the spins of atomic nuclei. The magnetic estimations
rely on an unpaired electron, while NMR estimates attractive impact brought about by the
turn of protons and neutrons. The nucleons have intrinsic angular momenta or spins, which is considered
as basic magnet.

Conclusion:

The presence of atomic attraction was uncovered in the hyperfine structure of spectral
lines. If the nucleus magnetic moment is put in the magnetic field, the phenomenon of space quantization
can be observed and each allowed direction will have a marginally unique energy level. Invitro,
high-resolution NMR spectroscopy helps to assess tumor metabolism by the investigation of
body liquids like urine, blood and removed tissue specimens. In-cell NMR is a powerful technique
to assess strong compounds in medication improvement to spare exploratory expenses.
Tenofovir Urine Assay to Monitor Adherence to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
Authors: Moorthy Ganesh S. , Lalley-Chareczko Linden , Koenig Helen C. , Zuppa Athena F.
Published: November 2019

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) are prodrugs of
tenofovir and have excellent long-term efficacy and tolerability for the treatment of HIV. An
objective marker of adherence to tenofovir-based therapy could be clinically useful in supporting
adherence to TDF-based HIV pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in populations in whom, self-report
has been shown to be unreliable, and could play a role in resource-limited settings to support HIV
and hepatitis B treatment adherence. A semi-quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographymass
spectrometry method for tenofovir quantification of urine samples was developed. This assay
detects tenofovir concentration in log10 levels between 1 and 10,000 ng/mL, and was shown to
distinguish between recent adherence and low/non-adherence to both TDF and TAF, with a
concentration of >1000 ng/mL, highly predictive of medication ingestion in the last 24-48 hours.
This assay was validated relative to other markers of adherence including dried blood spot and selfreport
in a highly adherent population of PrEP patients, and tenofovir was shown to be stable at
room temperature in urine for at least 14 days. The assay was successfully used in a clinical setting
to maintain high PrEP adherence and retention in care of 50 young men who have sex with men
(MSM) over 48 weeks, to assess PrEP adherence in youth with mental health conditions, and to
monitor drug levels relative to plasma levels in a case study of chewed TDF/FTC
(tenofovir/emtricitabine) for PrEP. Further studies are underway to implement the tenofovir urine
assay to monitor adherence and pre-exposure prophylaxis, nationally and internationally.
Apigenin, A Plant Flavone Playing Noble Roles in Cancer Prevention Via Modulation of Key Cell Signaling Networks
Authors: Singh Deepti , Khan Mohammad A. , Siddique Hifzur R.
Published: November 2019

Background:

Cancer is a global health problem and the continuous rise in incidence and
mortality due to cancer carries a real economic burden to all countries. Accumulation of genetic mutation,
exposure of environmental carcinogens and food habits due to change in lifestyles are the key
reasons for cancer. Targeting cancer cells, we need a multitargeting molecule with low/no toxicity.

Objective :

To review the current update of the research status of chemopreventive/therapeutic molecule,
Apigenin.

Methods:

Compare the results of the published articles and granted patents on this compound. We also
discuss the pros and cons of the present research and future direction.

Results:

Cancer cells have characteristic alterations and dysregulation of various cell signaling pathways
that control cell homeostasis, proliferation, motility, and survival in normal cells. Natural flavonoids
are the compounds well known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancerous
properties. Apigenin, along with several other physiological effects, has a very low intrinsic toxicity
and striking effects on the proliferation of cancer cells. Interestingly, this multitargeting molecule is
getting wide acceptance among researchers. It is evident from the recent patents filed in this compound.
At present, three patents have been granted only on the anticancer properties of apigenin.

Conclusion:

This mini-review will explain the present research status of apigenin and will further
shine some light on how apigenin performs its anti-cancerous actions by interfering with the key cellsignaling
pathways.
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Diagnosis and Treatment in a Kidney Transplant Recipient
Authors: Oakes Victoria , Bahl Dinesh , Antony Suresh
Published: November 2019

Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a rare complication in kidney transplant patients with only
one other reported incidence. A 70-year-old female with a previous history of kidney transplant
began experiencing a decreased vision of her right eye and was diagnosed with CMV retinitis and
started on ganciclovir treatment. After completing the treatment, the patient has had no signs of
recurrence or any other complaints. There is only one other published case report of CMV retinitis
in a kidney transplant patient, therefore appropriate treatment and predictability of recurrence are
unknown.
The Molecular and Enzyme Kinetic Basis for Altered Activity of Three Cytochrome P450 2C19 Variants Found in the Chinese Population
Authors: Dong Amelia Nathania , Ahemad Nafees , Pan Yan , Palanisamy Uma Devi , Yiap Beow Chin , Ong Chin Eng
Published: November 2019

Background:

There is a large inter-individual variation in cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) activity. The variability can be caused by the genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 gene. This study aimed to investigate the molecular and kinetics basis for activity changes in three alleles including CYP2C19*23, CYP2C19*24 and CYP2C19*25found in the Chinese population.

Methods:

The three variants expressed by bacteria were investigated using substrate (omeprazole and 3- cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin[CEC]) and inhibitor (ketoconazole, fluoxetine, sertraline and loratadine) probes in enzyme assays along with molecular docking.

Results:

All alleles exhibited very low enzyme activity and affinity towards omeprazole and CEC (6.1% or less in intrinsic clearance). The inhibition studies with the four inhibitors, however, suggested that mutations in different variants have a tendency to cause enhanced binding (reduced IC50 values). The enhanced binding could partially be explained by the lower polar solvent accessible surface area of the inhibitors relative to the substrates. Molecular docking indicated that G91R, R335Q and F448L, the unique mutations in the alleles, have caused slight alteration in the substrate access channel morphology and a more compact active site cavity hence affecting ligand access and binding. It is likely that these structural alterations in CYP2C19 proteins have caused ligand-specific alteration in catalytic and inhibitory specificities as observed in the in vitro assays.

Conclusion:

This study indicates that CYP2C19 variant selectivity for ligands was not solely governed by mutation-induced modifications in the active site architecture, but the intrinsic properties of the probe compounds also played a vital role.
Punica granatum L. Inhibits the Growth of Microorganisms Associated with Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Freitas Tauana F. , Marques Fernanda M. , Kuster Ricardo M. , Salles João B. , Victório Cristiane P. , de Assis Maria Cristina
Published: November 2019

Background:

The current research aimed to explore secondary metabolites and antibacterial
activity against bacterial agents associated with bovine mastitis from extracts prepared from the
peel of fruits of Punica granatum L.. Mastitis is an inflammation in the mammary gland mainly due
to infection of bacteria and can be presented clinically or subclinically. The infectious bovine mastitis
disease is associated with the reduction and changes in the composition of the milk, as well as in
the early disposal of the animal.

Objective:

We describe the bactericidal activity of ethanolic extracts of the fruit peel of P. granatum,
against etiological agents of bovine mastitis (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
agalactiae).

Method:

The bactericidal activity was evaluated according to the standards of the European Committee
for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and by the broth microdilution methodology according
to the standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The fruit peel extracts of P.
granatum were prepared with ethanol solvent (90%).

Results:

The best results of total inhibition of bacterial growth of the three strains tested were obtained
with the concentrations of 75mg/mL of the extract after 1 and 3 hours of treatment. Cell
membrane integrity analysis by flow cytometry showed that 1 h of contact there was loss of integrity
of the wall and cell membranes.

Conclusion:

We can suggest that the ethanolic extract of the fruit peel of P. granatum can be an important
natural coadjutant compound in the treatment of mastitis as well as being used in the formulation
of sanitizers.
Comparative Study on the Antibacterial Properties of Nanoemulsion of Zataria multiflora Essential Oil Fortified with Cinnamaldehyde Against Common Foodborne Pathogens
Authors: Soufi Shahnaz , Aminzare Majid , Azar Hassan Hassanzad , Kamali Koorosh
Published: November 2019

Background:

Nowadays, the application of several and natural preservatives in small
quantity is a more preferred approach. In this regard, one of the effective methods is the formation of
nanoemulsion of essential oils.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to compare the in vitro antibacterial activities of cinnamaldehyde
(CIN) and Zataria multiflora essential oil in conventional (ZEO), nanoemulsion
(NZEO) and fortified nanoemulsion (NZEOC) forms against common foodborne pathogens.

Methods:

Firstly, the Zataria multiflora essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. The nanoemulsion of
Z. multiflora essential oil was then prepared alone and fortified with cinnamaldehyde. Finally, their
antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis
and Escherichia coli was evaluated.

Results:

Based on the results, carvacrol (36.62%) was found to be the most important compound of
essential oil. In disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods, the addition of CIN to ZEO during
nanoemulsion formation (NZEOC) showed more antibacterial activity when compared to the individual
addition of NZEO and CIN (NZEO+CIN). However, according to the vapor phase diffusion
method, nano-treatments exhibited less inhibitory effects than the other treatments.

Conclusion:

It can be concluded that the fortification of essential oils with their derived pure compounds
during nanoemulsion formation, can be used as a suitable alternative to chemical antibacterial
compounds in the food industry.
Dual Opposed Survival-supporting and Death-promoting Roles of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: A Concise Review
Authors: El-Shafey Eman S. , Elsherbiny Eslam S.
Published: November 2019

Autophagy is a well-maintained process by which the cells recycle intracellular
materials to maintain homeostasis in various cellular functions. However, autophagy is a defensive
mechanism that maintains cell survival under antagonistic conditions, the induction
of the autophagic process may substantially lead to cell death. The conflicting roles of autophagy
including allowing cell survival or promoting cell death could have a troublesome impact
on the efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents. Accordingly, understanding the role of
autophagy in cancer is a vital need for its optimal manipulation in therapy.
New species and new records of Lygistorrhina Skuse from Mexico (Diptera: Lygistorrhinidae)
Authors: Huerta Herón , Dzul-Manzanilla Felipe , Manrique-Saide Pablo
Published: November 2019

Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) acahuizotla sp. nov., es descrita e ilustrada basada en adultos procedentes de la localidad de Acahuizotla, en el estado de Guerrero, México. Esta especie está relacionada a Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) alexi Huerta & Ibáñez-Bernal. El macho se distingue principalmente de otras especies congenéres por la presencia de un par de sedas preapicales en el mediotergito, coxa anterior pálida amarilla con pigmentación parda medialmente y tegmen en forma de “U”. Nuevos registros de Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) alexi Huerta & Ibáñez-Bernal de Tecpan de Galeana, para el estado de Guerrero y para la Estación Biológica de Chamela, en el estado de Jalisco, ambos registros son incluidos al occidente de México. Se proporciona una clave para las especies de Lygistorrhina de México.
Usability of the Turkish Translation of the Dutch Talking Touch Screen Questionnaire for Physical Therapy Patients With a Turkish Background: Qualitative Study
Authors: Welbie Marlies , Wittink Harriet , Bozkurt Sahin , Coban Tugba , Devillé Walter LJM
Published: November 2019

Background

The Turkish translation of the Dutch Talking Touch Screen Questionnaire (TTSQ) has been developed to help physical therapy patients with a Turkish background in the Netherlands to autonomously elucidate their health problems and impairments and set treatment goals, regardless of their level of health literacy.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of the Turkish TTSQ for physical therapy patients with a Turkish background with diverse levels of health literacy and experience in using mobile technology.

Methods

The qualitative Three-Step Test-Interview method was carried out to gain insight into the usability of the Turkish TTSQ. A total of 10 physical therapy patients participated. The interview data were analyzed using a thematic content analysis approach aimed at determining the accuracy and completeness with which participants completed the questionnaire (effectiveness), the time it took participants to complete the questionnaire (efficiency), and the extent to which the participants were satisfied with the ease of use of the questionnaire (satisfaction). The problems encountered by the participants in this study were given a severity rating, which was used to provide a rough estimate of the need for additional usability improvements.

Results

No participant in this study was able to complete the questionnaire without encountering at least one usability problem. A total of 17 different kinds of problems were found. On the basis of their severity score, 3 problems that should be addressed during future development of the tool were “Not using the navigation function of the photo gallery in Question 4 causing the participant to not see all presented response items;” “Touching the text underneath a photo in Question 4 to select an activity instead of touching the photo itself, causing the activity not to be selected;” and “Pushing too hard or tapping too softly on the touch screen causing the touch screen to not respond.” The data on efficiency within this study were not valid and are, therefore, not reported in this study. No participant was completely satisfied or dissatisfied with the overall ease of use of the Turkish TTSQ. Two participants with no prior experience of using tablet computers felt that, regardless of what kinds of improvement might be made, it would just be too difficult for them to learn to work with the device.

Conclusions

As with the Dutch TTSQ, the Turkish TTSQ needs improvement before it can be released. The results of this study confirm the conclusion of the Dutch TTSQ study that participants with low levels of education and little experience in using mobile technology are less able to operate the TTSQ effectively. Using a Dutch speaking interviewer and Turkish interpreter has had a negative effect on data collection in this study.
Awareness and Opinions of Research Professionals on India's New Drug and Clinical Trials Regulations: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey Study
Authors: Vennu Vishal , Dahiya Saurabh
Published: November 2019

Background

Although several studies have been conducted and several articles have been published on India's new clinical trial regulations, very few have examined the views of investigators and ethics board members regarding modifications to the previous regulations. Overall, they have neglected to find out the opinions of other relevant professionals, such as research assistants, coordinators, associates, and managers. To our knowledge, no study has yet investigated the awareness and opinions of Indian research professionals on the new 2019 regulations.

Objective

This study aims to describe the awareness and opinions of Indian research professionals on the new drug and clinical trial regulations.

Methods

In this cross-sectional, Web-based study, we will conduct an open survey for various Indian research professionals. These professionals will be selected randomly using multiple sources. The survey questionnaires, which have already been validated, were developed using the form function in Google docs. A Web link was generated for participants to take the survey. Descriptive statistics will be shown as means and standard deviations for constant variables, whereas certain variables will instead be shown as numbers and percentages.

Results

The survey was opened in July 2019. Enrollment has already started and will be completed in three months. The results calculations are expected to begin in October 2019.

Conclusions

The results of the survey are expected to represent the views of research professionals on the new regulations that will support the development of clinical research and the pharmaceutical industry in India. These regulations are expected to help advance clinical trials, help with the approval of new drugs, and enhance ethical norms in the country.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

PRR1-10.2196/14744