bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An amazing cause of false PET positivity: Diagnosed after a lung cancer surgery
Authors: Ozturk Ayperi , Aktas Zafer , Yilmaz Aydin , Tari Pinar , Demirag Funda
Published: June 2017

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) has an effective role in both diagnosis and management of patients with lung cancer. There are many reasons could cause false positivity on PET/CT.A 60‐year‐old man was admitted a mass on thorax CT and diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. Lobectomy with lymph node dissection was performed after evaluation of distant metastases. There were pathological lymph nodes detected on PET/CT at six month following period. Endobronchial ultrasonography guided transbronchial needle aspiration was performed for differantial diagnosis. The pathologic diagnosis was granuloma which developed in response to suture material. We interpreted this granulomatous reaction as gossypiboma which developed against long‐left or forgotten suture material. In conclusion, based on this case, gossypiboma (or granulomatous inflammation in response to foreign bodies) should be also considered in differential diagnosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes with PET positivity in a previously operated patient.
Rab11 is required for tubulogenesis of Malpighian tubules in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Choubey Praween Kumar , Roy Jagat Kumar
Published: June 2017

Intracellular vesicular trafficking is one of the important tools in maintaining polarity, adhesion, and shape of epithelial cells. Rab11, a subfamily of the Ypt/Rab gene family of ubiquitously expressed GTPases and a molecular marker of recycling endosomes, transports different components of plasma membrane. Here, we report that Rab11 affects tubulogenesis of Malpighian tubules (MTs). MTs are simple polarized epithelial tubular structures, considered as functional analogue of human kidney. Rab11 has pleiotropic effects on MTs development as down‐regulation of Rab11 in principal cells (PCs) of MTs from embryonic stages of development results in reduced endoreplication, clustering of cells, disorganized cytoskeleton, and disruption of polarity leading to shortening of MTs in third instar larvae. Rab11 is also required for proper localization of different transporters in PCs, essential for physiological activity of MTs. Collectively, our data suggest that Rab11 plays a key role in the process of tubulogenesis of MTs in Drosophila.
Fluorinated Boronic Acids: Acidity and Hydrolytic Stability of Fluorinated Phenylboronic Acids
Authors: Zarzeczańska Dorota , Adamczyk‐Woźniak Agnieszka , Kulpa Amanda , Ossowski Tadeusz , Sporzyński Andrzej
Published: June 2017

The acidity constants and hydrolytic stability of all isomers of fluoro‐substituted phenylboronic acids (F1–F5) have been determined by both spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods. The introduction of fluorine into the aromatic ring enhances the Lewis acidity of boronic acids, depending on the position and number of fluorine substituents. Results of both methods show good agreement in most of the cases. To explain the observed discrepancies for several compounds, stability studies have been carried out by spectrophotometry. The observed change of maximum absorption intensity is dependent on pH and temperature, but there is no simple correlation between the pKa and the decomposition rate. The less‐stable compounds are those with two fluorine atoms at the ortho positions. It was found that the pKa values for mono‐ and difluoro‐substituted boronic acids show good linear correlation with the values for the corresponding benzoic acids.
Application of a Metal‐Mediated Base Pair to the Detection of Medicinally Relevant Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Authors: Jash Biswarup , Müller Jens
Published: June 2017

A highly stabilizing metal‐mediated base pair formed from the canonical nucleobase cytosine (C), the transition metal ion AgI, and the artificial nucleobase 1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline (P) was used in the generation of molecular beacons for the detection of medicinally relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on either a C→T or a T→C transition (T: thymine). The beacons exploit the fact that a P–C pair is strongly stabilized in the presence of AgI, whereas a P–T pair is significantly destabilized. A direct correlation of oligonucleotide sequence, duplex stability prior to the addition of AgI, stabilization due to metal‐mediated base pair formation, and performance of the molecular beacon was not observed. Nonetheless, the data show for the first time that metal‐mediated base pairing can be applied in the detection of medicinally relevant SNPs.
Tuning the Fermi Level of TiO2 Electron Transport Layer through Europium Doping for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Zhe , Wu Jihuai , Wu Tongyue , Bao Quanlin , He Xin , Lan Zhang , Lin Jianming , Huang Miaoliang , Huang Yunfang , Fan Leqin
Published: June 2017

The electron‐transport layer (ETL) plays an important role in the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and the energy level match of functional layers can appreciably improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs. Herein, we choose the rare‐earth europium ion Eu3+ to dope a mesoporous TiO2 ETL. X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, time‐resolved photoluminescence, and incident‐photo‐to‐current conversion efficiency experiments were performed to characterize the material. It is found that the Eu doping does not change the morphology, grain size, and crystallinity of TiO2. However, Eu doping upshifts the Fermi level of TiO2 ETL by scavenging oxygen atoms and introducing oxygen vacancies on the surface of the layer, which results in low series resistance and fast charge transport in the ETLs, which in turn increases the power conversion efficiency of the device from 15.85 % (undoped PSC) to 17.90 % (Eu‐doped PSC). This work demonstrates an effective approach for enhancing the performance of PSCs by rare‐earth doping.
Analytical fragility assessment using unscaled ground motion records
Authors: Jalayer Fatemeh , Ebrahimian Hossein , Miano Andrea , Manfredi Gaetano , Sezen Halil
Published: June 2017

It is desirable that nonlinear dynamic analyses for structural fragility assessment are performed using unscaled ground motions. The widespread use of a simple dynamic analysis procedure known as Cloud Analysis, which uses unscaled records and linear regression, has been impeded by its alleged inaccuracies. This paper investigates fragility assessment based on Cloud Analysis by adopting, as the performance variable, a scalar demand to capacity ratio that is equal to unity at the onset of limit state. It is shown that the Cloud Analysis, performed based on a careful choice of records, leads to reasonable and efficient fragility estimates. There are 2 main rules to keep in mind for record selection: to make sure that a good portion of the records leads to a demand to capacity ratio greater than unity and that the dispersion in records' seismic intensity is considerable. An inevitable consequence of implementing these rules is that one often needs to deal with the so‐called collapse cases. To formally consider the collapse cases, a 5‐parameter fragility model is proposed that mixes the simple regression in the logarithmic scale with logistic regression. The joint distribution of fragility parameters can be obtained by adopting a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation scheme leading directly to the fragility and its confidence intervals. The resulting fragility curves compare reasonably with those obtained from the Incremental Dynamic Analysis and Multiple Stripe Analysis with (variable) conditional spectrum–compatible suites of records at different intensity levels for 3 older reinforced concrete frames with shear‐, shear‐flexure‐, and flexure‐dominant behavior.
Intrinsic connectivity of hippocampal subfields in normal elderly and mild cognitive impairment patients
Authors: de Flores Robin , Mutlu Justine , Bejanin Alexandre , Gonneaud Julie , Landeau Brigitte , Tomadesso Clémence , Mézenge Florence , de La Sayette Vincent , Eustache Francis , Chételat Gaël
Published: June 2017

Hippocampal connectivity has been widely described but connectivity specificities of hippocampal subfields and their changes in early AD are poorly known. The aim of this study was to highlight hippocampal subfield networks in healthy elderly (HE) and their changes in amnestic patients with mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Thirty‐six HE and 27 aMCI patients underwent resting‐state functional MRI scans. Specific intrinsic connectivity of bilateral CA1, SUB (subiculum), and CA2/3/4/DG was identified in HE (using seeds derived from manually delineation on high‐resolution scans) and compared between HE and aMCI. Compared to the other subfields, CA1 was more strongly connected to the amygdala and occipital regions, CA2/3/4/DG to the left anterior cingulate cortex, temporal, and occipital regions, and SUB to the angular, precuneus, putamen, posterior cingulate, and frontal regions. aMCI patients showed reduced connectivity within the SUB network (with frontal and posterior cingulate regions). Our study highlighted for the first time three specific and distinct hippocampal subfield functional networks in HE, and their alterations in aMCI. These findings are important to understand AD specificities in both cognitive deficits and lesion topography, given the role of functional connectivity in these processes. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4922–4932, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neural correlates underlying the attentional spotlight in human parietal cortex independent of task difficulty
Authors: Zeng Hang , Weidner Ralph , Fink Gereon R. , Chen Qi
Published: June 2017

Changes in the size of the attentional focus and task difficulty often co‐vary. Nevertheless, the neural processes underlying the attentional spotlight process and task difficulty are likely to differ from each other. To differentiate between the two, we parametrically varied the size of the attentional focus in a novel behavioral paradigm while keeping visual processing difficulty either constant or not. A behavioral control experiment proved that the present behavioral paradigm could indeed effectively manipulate the size of the attentional focus per se, rather than affecting purely perceptual processes or surface processing. Imaging results showed that neural activity in a dorsal frontoparietal network, including right superior parietal cortex (SPL), was positively correlated with the size of the attentional spotlight, irrespective of whether task difficulty was constant or varied across different sizes of attentional focus. In contrast, neural activity in the ventral frontoparietal network, including the right inferior parietal cortex (IPL), was positively correlated with increasing task difficulty. Data suggest that sub‐regions in parietal cortex are differentially involved in the attentional spotlight process and task difficulty: while SPL was involved in the attentional spotlight process independent of task difficulty, IPL was involved in the effect of task difficulty independent of the attentional spotlight process. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4996–5018, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transvaginal mesh removal with native‐tissue repair for mesh shrinkage and recurrent uterovaginal prolapse following vaginal mesh‐augmented surgery
Authors: Milani Rodolfo , Frigerio Matteo , Palmieri Stefania , Manodoro Stefano
Published: June 2017

Proper surgical technique and adequate knowledge of native‐tissue repair can facilitate the successful treatment of recurrent prolapse and mesh repair‐related adverse events.
Scaffolding Digital Literacies for Disciplinary Learning: Adolescents Collaboratively Composing Multimodal Science Fictions
Authors: Smith Blaine E. , Shen Ji
Published: June 2017

This department column explores digital and disciplinary literacies across learning contexts and disciplines within and outside of school. Digital enhancements will encourage readers to post questions, comments, and connections.
Silence as Indicator of Engagement
Authors: Majors Yolanda
Published: June 2017

Most people have struggled with reading in one situation or another, depending on their appreciation for the content, their prior experiences, and the texts. This department column shares ways for educators to help literacy learners unlock their potential with instruction anchored in their skills, knowledge, ways of learning, interests, and attitudes.
A liquid calcium+vitamin D3 supplement is effective prophylaxis against hypocalcemic toxicity during apheresis platelet donation
Authors: Weinstein Robert , Haynes Stefanie , Zhao Yong , Hickson Elda , Linden Jeanne , St. Pierre Patricia , Ducharme Paula , Sulmasy Paula , Graves Molly , Bailey Jeffrey A. , Welch Linda , Simard Amie , Vauthrin Michelle , Greene Mindy
Published: June 2017

Hypocalcemic toxicity, because of return of citrate anion to the donor, is the major toxicity of apheresis platelet donation. Oral calcium carbonate, given prophylactically at the start of donation, has shown limited ability to alleviate this toxicity. We examined whether repeated prophylactic doses of calcium carbonate, or of a liquid preparation containing calcium citrate, calcium phosphate, and vitamin D3, would be more effective at preventing symptoms of hypocalcemic toxicity. Symptoms were reported by 48% of donors who received no prophylaxis and 60% of donors who received 1000 mg of oral calcium carbonate at the start of, and every 20 minutes during, donation (P = 0.711). Only 19.2% of donors who received the liquid preparation (1000 mg calcium, 1000 IU vitamin D3) reported symptoms (P = 0.040 versus no prophylaxis, P = 0.039 versus calcium carbonate). This difference was not because of gender, weight, age, or blood volume of the donor. Neither calcium preparation prevented a measurable fall in plasma ionized calcium during donation. We conclude that liquid calcium citrate/calcium phosphate/vitamin D3 provides effective prophylaxis against hypocalcemic toxicity during platelet donation, however it does not prevent a fall in plasma ionized calcium.
Animal cognition + optimal choice = behavior: A review of adaptive behavior and learning, 2nd Ed., by J. E. R. Staddon
Authors: McDowell J. J
Published: June 2017

Staddon discusses a vast array of topics in comparative psychology in this book. His view is that adaptive behavior in most cases is the result of optimal choice acting on an animal's knowledge about the world. Staddon refers to this as a functional teleonomic approach inasmuch as it attempts to understand an animal's behavior in terms of goals. He builds mathematical models based on this idea that are designed to reproduce specific sets of empirical observations, usually qualitatively. A natural consequence of Staddon's approach is that many models are developed, each of which applies to a specific set of observations. An alternative to functional teleonomy is a functional approach that builds on prior principles. In most cases, this approach favors a single‐theory account of behavior. Prior principles can be understood as functional stand‐ins for antecedent material causes, which means that these accounts are closer to mechanistic theories than are goal‐based teleonomic accounts. An ontological perspective, referred to as supervenient realism, is a means of understanding the relationship between functional theories and the material world. According to this perspective, the algorithmic operation of a successful functional theory may be understood to supervene on the material operation of the nervous system.
A pertinent approximation of the electrostatic potential in a quantized electron accumulation layer induced at a nonideal surface of a narrow‐gap semiconductor
Authors: Vainer Boris G.
Published: June 2017

Quantitative analysis of the electron accumulation layer formed near nonideal (actual) semiconductor surface causes considerable difficulties. In the present article, for the accumulation layers induced in the subsurface region at the real narrow‐gap semiconductor‐insulator interface, an effective algorithmic approach providing a simplified self‐consistent solution of the Poisson and Schrödinger equations is proposed and discussed. The physical model takes into account the conduction band nonparabolicity, electron gas degeneration, and other dominant features of solids in question; special attention is paid to the existence of semiconductor‐dielectric intermediate layer. A novel approximation for the surface electrostatic potential in the form of a modified Кratzer potential is proposed and substantiated. It allows us to obtain the electron wavefunctions and energy spectrum in the analytical form. It is shown that the modified Кratzer potential is a good approximation function applicable at least to subsurface electron accumulation layers induced at the A3B5 narrow‐gap semiconductor boundary surface allowing for the existence of a semiconductor‐insulator intermediate layer. For the n‐InSb nonideal surface, as an example, spatial distribution of electron potential energy, discrete energy spectrum of electrons in the broad range of surface densities (up to 1013 cm‐2), and some other physical characteristics are calculated using the proposed algorithm.
Gait training for chronic ankle instability improves neuromechanics during walking
Authors: Feger Mark A. , Hart Joseph M. , Saliba Susan , Abel Mark F. , Hertel Jay
Published: June 2017

A novel gait‐training device has been shown to improve gait patterns while patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI) are using the device and our current objective was to analyze the effect of structured gait training with the device on plantar pressure and surface electromyography (sEMG) following repeated gait training sessions. Sixteen CAI patients participated. Plantar pressure and sEMG were collected simultaneously during walking pre‐ and post‐gait training. Plantar pressure (pressure time integral, peak pressure, time to peak pressure, contact area, contact time, and center of pressure trajectory) of the entire foot and nine specific regions of the foot were recorded concurrently with sEMG root mean square amplitudes from the anterior tibialis, peroneus longus, medial gastrocnemius, and gluteus medius. Five gait training sessions were performed with each session lasting approximately 15 min. Pre‐ and post‐gait training self‐reported function, plantar pressure, and sEMG were compared using paired t‐tests with a priori level of significance of p ≤ 0.05. Gait training improved self‐reported function (FAAM‐Sport scale: Pre = 75.1 ± 7.1%, Post = 85.7 ± 12.2%, p < 0.001) and caused a medial shift in the COP from 10% of stance through toe‐off (p < 0.05 for all analyses). The medial shift in COP was driven by concurrent increases in peroneus longus muscle activity from 21% to 60% and 81% to 90% of stance (p < 0.05 for all analyses). There was a corresponding reduction in gluteus medius muscle activity during 71–100% of stance (p < 0.05 for all analyses). Overall, gait training with a device that targets the peroneus longus and gluteus medius throughout the gait cycle improved gait patterns in CAI patients. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:515–524, 2018.
Targeting carbon for crop yield and drought resilience
Authors: Griffiths Cara A , Paul Matthew J
Published: June 2017

Current methods of crop improvement are not keeping pace with projected increases in population growth. Breeding, focused around key traits of stem height and disease resistance, delivered the step‐change yield improvements of the green revolution of the 1960s. However, subsequently, yield increases through conventional breeding have been below the projected requirement of 2.4% per year required by 2050. Genetic modification (GM) mainly for herbicide tolerance and insect resistance has been transformational, akin to a second green revolution, although GM has yet to make major inroads into intrinsic yield processes themselves. Drought imposes the major restriction on crop yields globally but, as yet, has not benefited substantially from genetic improvement and still presents a major challenge to agriculture. Much still has to be learnt about the complex process of how drought limits yield and what should be targeted. Mechanisms of drought adaptation from the natural environment cannot be taken into crops without significant modification for the agricultural environment because mechanisms of drought tolerance are often in contrast with mechanisms of high productivity required in agriculture. However, through convergence of fundamental and translational science, it would appear that a mechanism of sucrose allocation in crops can be modified for both productivity and resilience to drought and other stresses. Recent publications show how this mechanism can be targeted by GM, natural variation and a new chemical approach. Here, with an emphasis on drought, we highlight how understanding fundamental science about how crops grow, develop and what limits their growth and yield can be combined with targeted genetic selection and pioneering chemical intervention technology for transformational yield improvements. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
BVPs on infinite intervals: A test problem, a nonstandard finite difference scheme and a posteriori error estimator
Authors: Fazio Riccardo , Jannelli Alessandra
Published: June 2017

As far as the numerical solution of boundary value problems defined on an infinite interval is concerned, in this paper, we present a test problem for which the exact solution is known. Then we study an a posteriori estimator for the global error of a nonstandard finite difference scheme previously introduced by the authors. In particular, we show how Richardson extrapolation can be used to improve the numerical solution using the order of accuracy and numerical solutions from 2 nested quasi‐uniform grids. We observe that if the grids are sufficiently fine, the Richardson error estimate gives an upper bound of the global error.
Allergic risks of consuming edible insects: A systematic review
Authors: Ribeiro José Carlos , Cunha Luís Miguel , Sousa‐Pinto Bernardo , Fonseca João
Published: June 2017

The expected future demand for food and animal‐derived protein will require environment‐friendly novel food sources with high nutritional value. Insects may be one of such novel food sources. However, there needs to be an assessment of the risks associated with their consumption, including allergic risks. Therefore, we performed a systematic review aiming to analyse current data available regarding the allergic risks of consuming insects. We reviewed all reported cases of food allergy to insects, and studied the possibility of cross‐reactivity and co‐sensitisation between edible insects, crustaceans and house dust mites. We analysed a total of 25 articles – eight assessing the cross‐reactivity/co‐sensitisation between edible insects, crustaceans and house dust mites; three characterizing allergens in edible insects and 14 case reports, describing case series or prevalence studies of food allergy caused by insects. Cross‐reactivity/co‐sensitisation between edible insects and crustaceans seems to be clinically relevant, while it is still unknown if co‐sensitisation between house dust mites and edible insects can lead to a food allergy. Additionally, more information is also needed about the molecular mechanisms underlying food allergy to insects, although current data suggest that an important role is played by arthropod pan‐allergens such as tropomyosin or arginine kinase.
The effect of obesity and repeated exposure on pharmacokinetic response to grape polyphenols in humans
Authors: Novotny Janet A. , Chen Tzu‐Ying , Terekhov Anton I. , Gebauer Sarah K. , Baer David J. , Ho Lap , Pasinetti Giulio M. , Ferruzzi Mario G.
Published: June 2017

Scope

Evidence suggests that dietary pattern may affect polyphenol absorption and/or metabolism. Further, obesity is associated with lower circulating nutrients, though the reason is unclear. We investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) response of polyphenols in obese/overweight versus lean individuals before and after repeated dosing of grape polyphenols.

Methods and results

A pilot study was conducted in which PK challenges were administered before and after 10 days of repeated dosing with polyphenols. Volunteers (6 lean, 6 overweight/obese) consumed resveratrol, grape seed extract, and grape juice (2125 mg total polyphenols) daily. On days 1 and 11, blood samples were collected for 6 h after the polyphenol dose and analyzed for deconjugated catechin, epicatechin, resveratrol, and quercetin. Area under the plasma polyphenol mass by time curves (AUCs) were greater for catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin on day 11 versus day 1 for low BMI individuals (p = 0.039) but not high BMI individuals. Further, AUCs were greater for epicatechin and resveratrol for low versus high BMI individuals (p = 0.041), with a similar trend for catechin (p = 0.065), on day 11 but not day 1.

Conclusion

These results suggest that that obesity and repeated exposure may modify polyphenol absorption and/or metabolism in humans.
Assignment of the molecular origins of CEST signals at 2 ppm in rat brain
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Yong , Xie Jingping , Wang Feng , Lin Eugene C. , Xu Junzhong , Gochberg Daniel F. , Gore John C. , Zu Zhongliang
Published: June 2017

Purpose

Chemical exchange saturation transfer effects at 2 ppm (CEST@2ppm) in brain have previously been interpreted as originating from creatine. However, protein guanidino amine protons may also contribute to CEST@2ppm. This study aims to investigate the molecular origins and specificity of CEST@2ppm in brain.

Methods

Two experiments were performed: (i) samples containing egg white albumin and creatine were dialyzed using a semipermeable membrane to demonstrate that proteins and creatine can be separated by this method; and (ii) tissue homogenates of rat brain with and without dialysis to remove creatine were studied to measure the relative contributions of proteins and creatine to CEST@2ppm.

Results

The experiments indicate that dialysis can successfully remove creatine from proteins. Measurements on tissue homogenates show that, with the removal of creatine via dialysis, CEST@2ppm decreases to approximately 34% of its value before dialysis, which indicates that proteins and creatine have comparable contribution to the CEST@2ppm in brain. However, considering the contribution from peptides and amino acids to CEST@2ppm, creatine may have much less contribution to CEST@2ppm.

Conclusions

The contribution of proteins, peptides, and amino acids to CEST@2ppm cannot be neglected. The CEST@2ppm measurements of creatine in rat brain should be interpreted with caution. Magn Reson Med 78:881–887, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Quiet echo planar imaging for functional and diffusion MRI
Authors: Hutter Jana , Price Anthony N. , Cordero‐Grande Lucilio , Malik Shaihan , Ferrazzi Giulio , Gaspar Andreia , Hughes Emer J. , Christiaens Daan , McCabe Laura , Schneider Torben , Rutherford Mary A. , Hajnal Joseph V.
Published: June 2017

Purpose

To develop a purpose‐built quiet echo planar imaging capability for fetal functional and diffusion scans, for which acoustic considerations often compromise efficiency and resolution as well as angular/temporal coverage.

Methods

The gradient waveforms in multiband‐accelerated single‐shot echo planar imaging sequences have been redesigned to minimize spectral content. This includes a sinusoidal read‐out with a single fundamental frequency, a constant phase encoding gradient, overlapping smoothed CAIPIRINHA blips, and a novel strategy to merge the crushers in diffusion MRI. These changes are then tuned in conjunction with the gradient system frequency response function.

Results

Maintained image quality, SNR, and quantitative diffusion values while reducing acoustic noise up to 12 dB (A) is illustrated in two adult experiments. Fetal experiments in 10 subjects covering a range of parameters depict the adaptability and increased efficiency of quiet echo planar imaging.

Conclusion

Purpose‐built for highly efficient multiband fetal echo planar imaging studies, the presented framework reduces acoustic noise for all echo planar imaging‐based sequences. Full optimization by tuning to the gradient frequency response functions allows for a maximally time‐efficient scan within safe limits. This allows ambitious in‐utero studies such as functional brain imaging with high spatial/temporal resolution and diffusion scans with high angular/spatial resolution to be run in a highly efficient manner at acceptable sound levels. Magn Reson Med 79:1447–1459, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
T1 nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion of hyperpolarized sodium and cesium hydrogencarbonate‐13C
Authors: Martínez‐Santiesteban Francisco M. , Dang Thien Phuoc , Lim Heeseung , Chen Albert P. , Scholl Timothy J.
Published: June 2017

In vivo pH mapping in tissue using hyperpolarized hydrogencarbonate‐13C has been proposed as a method to study tumor growth and treatment and other pathological conditions related to pH changes. The finite spin–lattice relaxation times (T1) of hyperpolarized media are a significant limiting factor for in vivo imaging. Relaxation times can be measured at standard magnetic fields (1.5 T, 3.0 T etc.), but no such data are available at low fields, where T1 values can be significantly shorter. This information is required to determine the potential loss of polarization as the agent is dispensed and transported from the polarizer to the MRI scanner.

The purpose of this study is to measure T1 dispersion from low to clinical magnetic fields (0.4 mT to 3.0 T) of different hyperpolarized hydrogencarbonate formulations previously proposed in the literature for in vivo pH measurements. 13C–enriched cesium and sodium hydrogencarbonate preparations were hyperpolarized using dynamic nuclear polarization, and the T1 values of different samples were measured at different magnetic field strengths using a fast field‐cycling relaxometer and a 3.0 T clinical MRI system. The effects of deuterium oxide as a dissolution medium for sodium hydrogencarbonate were also analyzed. This study finds that the cesium formulation has slightly shorter T1 values compared with the sodium preparation. However, the higher solubility of cesium hydrogencarbonate‐13C means it can be polarized at greater concentration, using less trityl radical than sodium hydrogencarbonate‐13C. This study also establishes that the preparation and handling of sodium hydrogencarbonate formulations in relation to cesium hydrogencarbonate is more difficult, due to the higher viscosity and lower achievable concentrations, and that deuterium oxide significantly increases the T1 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solutions. Finally, this work also investigates the influence of pH on the spin–lattice relaxation of cesium hydrogencarbonate‐13C measured over a pH range of 7 to 9 at 0.47 T.
Building connectomes using diffusion MRI: why, how and but
Authors: Sotiropoulos Stamatios N. , Zalesky Andrew
Published: June 2017

Why has diffusion MRI become a principal modality for mapping connectomes in vivo? How do different image acquisition parameters, fiber tracking algorithms and other methodological choices affect connectome estimation? What are the main factors that dictate the success and failure of connectome reconstruction? These are some of the key questions that we aim to address in this review. We provide an overview of the key methods that can be used to estimate the nodes and edges of macroscale connectomes, and we discuss open problems and inherent limitations. We argue that diffusion MRI‐based connectome mapping methods are still in their infancy and caution against blind application of deep white matter tractography due to the challenges inherent to connectome reconstruction. We review a number of studies that provide evidence of useful microstructural and network properties that can be extracted in various independent and biologically relevant contexts. Finally, we highlight some of the key deficiencies of current macroscale connectome mapping methodologies and motivate future developments.
Childhood obesity prevention in the Women, Infants, and Children Program: Outcomes of the MA‐CORD study
Authors: Woo Baidal Jennifer A. , Nelson Candace C. , Perkins Meghan , Colchamiro Rachel , Leung‐Strle Peggy , Kwass Jo‐Ann , Gortmaker Steve L. , Davison Kirsten K. , Taveras Elsie M.
Published: June 2017

Objective

To examine the extent to which a Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) intervention improved BMI z scores and obesity‐related behaviors among children age 2 to 4 years.

Methods

In two Massachusetts communities, practice changes in WIC were implemented as part of the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA‐CORD) initiative to prevent obesity among low‐income children. One WIC program was the comparison. Changes in BMI z scores pre and post intervention and prevalence of obesity‐related behaviors of WIC participants were assessed. Linear mixed models were used to examine BMI z score change, and logistic regression models were used to examine changes in obesity‐related behaviors in each intervention site versus comparison over 2 years.

Results

WIC‐enrolled children in both intervention sites (vs. comparison) had improved sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption and sleep duration. Compared to the comparison WIC program (n = 626), no differences were observed in BMI z score among children in Intervention Site #1 (n = 198) or #2 (n = 637). In sensitivity analyses excluding Asian children, a small decline was observed in BMI z score (−0.08 units/y [95% confidence interval: −0.14 to −0.02], P = 0.01) in Intervention Site #2 versus comparison.

Conclusions

Among children enrolled in WIC, the MA‐CORD intervention was associated with reduced prevalence of obesity risk factors in both intervention communities and a small improvement in BMI z scores in one of two intervention communities in non‐Asian children.
Dispersion Interactions and the Stability of Amine Dimers
Authors: Guttmann Robin , Sax Alexander F.
Published: June 2017

Weak, intermolecular interactions in amine dimers were studied by using the combination of a dispersionless density functional and a function that describes the dispersion contribution to the interaction energy. The validity of this method was shown by comparison of structural and energetic properties with data obtained with a conventional density functional and the coupled cluster method. The stability of amine dimers was shown to depend on the size, the shape, and the relative orientation of the alkyl substituents, and it was shown that the stabilization energy for large substituents is dominated by dispersion interactions. In contrast to traditional chemical explanations that attribute stability and condensed matter properties solely to hydrogen bonding and, thus, to the properties of the atoms forming the hydrogen bridge, we show that without dispersion interactions not even the stability and structure of the ammonia dimer can be correctly described. The stability of amine dimers depends crucially on the interaction between the non‐polar alkyl groups, which is dominated by dispersion interactions. This interaction is also responsible for the energetic part of the free energy interaction used to describe hydrophobic interactions in liquid alkanes. The entropic part has its origin in the high degeneracy of the interaction energy for complexes of alkane molecules, which exist in a great variety of conformers, having their origin in internal rotations of the alkane chains.
From Service Contracting to Collaborative Governance: Evolution of Government–Nonprofit Relations
Authors: Jing Yijia , Hu Yefei
Published: June 2017

Social service contracting between governments and nonprofit organizations has received increasing popularity in China and has aroused enthusiasm in engaging nonprofit organizations in governance issues. This study argues that service contracting, driven by New Public Management tenets, may unexpectedly evolve toward collaborative governance (CG) by creating and consolidating necessary conditions of CG. Practices in Shanghai present evidence that governments and contracting nonprofits jointly make decisions, enforce regulatory functions, set rules, and improve community governance. The analysis shows that over time contracting may lead to generation of mutual trust, acquisition of governing resources, and consolidation of collaborative accountability. The evolutionary perspective provides not only a contingent way to develop CG in a context of heavy social control but also a theoretical link between New Public Management and New Public Governance. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Driving Toward Precision Medicine for Acute Leukemias: Are We There Yet?
Authors: Chung Clement , Ma Hilary
Published: June 2017

Despite recent progress in the understanding of the molecular basis of acute leukemias, treatment options for these diseases have not changed significantly over the last few decades. We present a nonexhaustive summary of the current cytogenetic and molecular changes associated with acute leukemias in disease prognostication and potential targeted therapies. An emerging paradigm is that many genetic or molecular alterations target similar signal transduction, transcriptional, and epigenetic pathways. Some of these targets may be used as predictive biomarkers for the development of novel targeted therapies that depart significantly from conventional chemotherapy, the current mainstay for the treatment of acute leukemias. Established leukemia‐specific predictive biomarkers for precision medicine include those genetic lesions such as BCR‐ABL1 for Philadelphia‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia and PML‐RARα for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Evidence indicates that targeted therapy for FLT‐ITD gene mutations with small‐molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors can extend its use from relapsed disease to up‐front induction therapy. Core‐binding factor acute myeloid leukemia in adults predicts benefit with high‐dose cytarabine in the absence of KIT mutation. Although risk‐adapted therapy based on genetic abnormalities in acute leukemias has allowed the beginning of personalized treatment and selective use of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the prognostic and/or predictive value of many novel mutations of the acute leukemic genome is yet to be elucidated. Many challenges lie ahead in targeted therapies due to overlapping of chromosomal and molecular lesions as well as other limiting factors. Future work should focus on the understanding of pathogenetic changes that lead to leukemogenesis, which may guide the rational design of new targeted therapies and make the drive toward precision medicine for acute leukemias one step closer.
Literacy and Imagination: Finding Space in a Crowded Curriculum
Authors: Comber Barbara , Woods Annette , Grant Helen
Published: June 2017

Digital literacies abound in playing a foundational role in the rhythm and pattern of our lives, yet debates continue about how to harness them to teach and learn literacy. In an effort to humanize digital literacies, this department column offers a vast array of topics, from participatory work that pushes educators and researchers to communicate in local and global spaces to ways of redefining core reading and literacy skills through a screen‐based, multimodal logic. This column also provides a venue for research and practical applications that depict technology use as a part of the fabric of being human. The column helps educators reconceptualize the ways that children learn with technology, media, and new communication systems; honors educator success stories and burning questions and issues; and reimagines literacy futures.
Nocturnal behavior of orphaned Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) calves in Sri Lanka
Authors: Stokes Helena , Perera Vijitha , Jayasena Nilmini , Silva‐Fletcher Ayona
Published: June 2017

Many animals exhibit circadian variation in behavior; thus, studying nocturnal behavior is important to fully understand species activity patterns. The nocturnal behavior of Asian elephants, and specifically calves, has received little previous study. We carried out observational study of the nocturnal behavior of orphaned Asian elephant calves at three age groups: “infant” (0–24 months), “young juvenile” (25–36 months) and “old juveniles” (over 36 months). Project aims were to build a nocturnal activity budget, to investigate key age differences, and whether calves exhibited synchronous behavior patterns. We carried out focal animal sampling and instantaneous group scan sampling on 34 calves for 18 nights using an infra‐red camera. Focal results indicated that calves spent the highest percentage of scans in lying rest (46.2%) and feeding (28.4%). There was no significant difference between lying rest in the three age groups. Calves spent the majority of time within 5 m of their nearest neighbor, with infants remaining in closest proximity to conspecifics compared to older calves. Synchronous behavior could not be proved statistically but two distinct lying rest periods between 2300 and 0100, and 0330 and 0530, were noted. We found that calves spent more time in lying rest than previously observed in adult elephants. Activity patterns observed suggest that the orphaned group behavior is similar to that reported in the wild and captive zoological collections, and appears to be in concordance with “natural” behavior patterns, a defining feature of animal welfare. This research provides valuable data as a preliminary study.
Within‐ and between‐person and group variance in behavior and beliefs in cross‐cultural longitudinal data☆
Authors: Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Godwin Jennifer , Lansford Jennifer E. , Bacchini Dario , Bombi Anna Silvia , Bornstein Marc H. , Chang Lei , Di Giunta Laura , Dodge Kenneth A. , Malone Patrick S. , Oburu Paul , Pastorelli Concetta , Skinner Ann T. , Sorbring Emma , Steinberg Laurence , Tapanya Sombat , Alampay Liane Peña , Uribe Tirado Liliana Maria , Zelli Arnaldo , Al‐Hassan Suha M.
Published: June 2017

This study grapples with what it means to be part of a cultural group, from a statistical modeling perspective. The method we present compares within‐ and between‐cultural group variability, in behaviors in families. We demonstrate the method using a cross‐cultural study of adolescent development and parenting, involving three biennial waves of longitudinal data from 1296 eight‐year‐olds and their parents (multiple cultures in nine countries). Family members completed surveys about parental negativity and positivity, child academic and social‐emotional adjustment, and attitudes about parenting and adolescent behavior. Variance estimates were computed at the cultural group, person, and within‐person level using multilevel models. Of the longitudinally consistent variance, most was within and not between cultural groups—although there was a wide range of between‐group differences. This approach to quantifying cultural group variability may prove valuable when applied to quantitative studies of acculturation.
Expert insights in Europe's booming composites market
Authors: Effing Michael
Published: June 2017

Composites are a dynamic, high-volume growth industry in Europe.
Pediatric Head and Neck Pathology
Authors: Greer Robert O. , Marx Robert E. , Said Sherif , Prok Lori D.
Published: June 2017

This unique reference provides a comprehensive guide to pediatric head and neck pathology in patients up to the age of 21. Chapters take a clinicopathologic approach, offering insight into the pathobiology, diagnosis and treatment of both common and rare disorders. Imaging studies and immunohistochemical techniques are discussed alongside accepted and emerging molecular tools. The authors' holistic approach ensures coverage of the surgical management principles that pathologists must understand, particularly when called upon to diagnose odontogenic tumors and cysts, as well as benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms. The book is richly illustrated in color throughout. Each copy of the printed book is packaged with a password, providing online access to the book's text and image library. Written by leaders in head and neck pathology and surgery, this is an essential guide to solving the diagnostic dilemmas that pathologists and clinicians encounter in the assessment of pediatric head and neck disease.
Hybrid high-order sliding mode-based control for multivariable cross-coupling systems: Scale-laboratory helicopter system application
Authors: Kada B. , Juhany K.A.T. , Balamesh A.S.A.
Published: June 2017

This paper presents a high-order sliding mode approach to design variable structure controllers for nonlinear multivariable cross-coupling systems whereby a change in either control input affects the control loops of all the subsystems dynamics. A hybrid-sliding mode control (hybrid-SMC) scheme is constructed combining a new equivalent control algorithm with a high-order discontinuous control algorithm to benefit from the advantages of both control strategies. The hybrid-SMC scheme uses weighting coefficients to weight and combine controllers. The equivalent control algorithm uses a relative degree concept through dynamic constraints imposed on the sliding variables to overcome the limitations of the conventional approaches and to provide an optimum tracking performance. A scale-laboratory helicopter model is used to sum up the main features and demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed control scheme. The proposed hybrid-SMC strategy is compared to existing sliding mode-based control approaches in terms of tracking performance, stability and control efforts. The obtained results demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed hybrid-SMC scheme.
Hegel and Honneth’s Theoretical Deficit: Education, Social Freedom and the Institutions of Modern Life
Authors: Dum Jenn , Guay Robert
Published: June 2017

The accounts of social freedom offered by G. W. F. Hegel and Axel Honneth identify the normative demands on social institutions and explain how individual freedom is realized through rational participation in such institutions. While both offer normative reconstructions of the market economy, public sphere and family, they both derive the norms of educational institutions from education’s role in preparing people for participation in other institutions. We argue that this represents a significant defect in their accounts of social freedom because they both fail to account for the distinctive aims and norms of education. Only educational institutions bring individuals into a both shared and autonomous standpoint necessary for participation in social life. We thus argue both that Hegel’s and Honneth’s accounts are empirically inadequate and that they neglect the normative demands on schools to contribute to individual moral and intellectual development.