bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The voice and laryngeal dysfunction in stroke: A report from the Neurolaryngology Subcommittee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Altman Kenneth W. , Schaefer Steven D. , Yu Gou‐Pei , Hertegard Stellan , Lundy Donna S. , Blumin Joel H. , Maronian Nicole C. , Heman‐Ackah Yolanda D. , Abitbol Jean , Casiano Roy R.
Published: June 2007

Objective

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States, behind heart disease and cancer. It affects as many as 5% of the population over 65 years old, and this number is growing annually due to the aging population. A significant portion of stroke patients that initially survive are faced with the risk of aspiration, as well as quality‐of‐life issues relating to impaired communication. The goal of this paper is to define the scope of practice in otolaryngology for these patients, and to review pertinent background literature.

Study Design

Consensus report and retrospective literature review.

Results

Otolaryngology involvement in these patients is critical to their rehabilitation, which often requires an interdisciplinary team of specialists. This committee presentation explores epidemiological data regarding the impact of stroke and its complications on hospitalizations. A pertinent review of neuroanatomy as it relates to laryngeal function is also discussed. State‐of‐the‐art diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are presented.

Conclusion

There is a well‐defined set of diagnostic and therapeutic options for laryngeal dysfunction in the stroke patient.

Significance

Otolaryngologists play a critical role in the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team.
The implications of regulatory guidelines on allergen vial mixing for the practicing otolaryngologist
Authors: Lin Sandra Y. , Houser Steven M. , Rodriguez Hector P.
Published: June 2007

Objectives

To introduce otolaryngologists to proposed standards regarding allergen vial mixing, to identify clinical implications, and to recommend efforts to address the issue of vial mixing standards.

Study Design and Methods

A policy review.

Results

The Institute of Medicine report on medical errors increased awareness of medication errors, spurring efforts to improve patient safety. One example is the United States Pharmacopoeia's (USP) Chapter 797, a standard for sterile medication compounding. This standard requires the use of a dedicated clean room, ventilation hood, air sampling, surface sampling, and formal testing of mixing personnel. Regulatory agencies may include allergy vial mixing under USP 797. Formal allergy vial mixing guidelines are presented as a standard created by the American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy taskforce on allergen vial mixing.

Conclusion/Significance

Otolaryngologists must be involved the discussion regarding vial mixing standards to ensure that the standards developed are reasonable, safe, preserve patient access, and are based on evidence based medicine.
Parasites as biological tags for stock discrimination in marine fish from South American Atlantic waters
Authors: Timi Juan T.
Published: June 2007

The use of parasites as biological tags in population studies of marine fish in the south-western Atlantic has proved to be a successful tool for discriminating stocks for all species to which it has been applied, namely: Scomber japonicus, Engraulis anchoita, Merluccius hubbsi and Cynoscion guatucupa, the latter studied on a broader geographic scale, including samples from Uruguayan and Brazilian waters. The distribution patterns of marine parasites are determined mainly by temperature–salinity profiles and by their association with specific masses of water. Analyses of distribution patterns of some parasite species in relation to gradients in environmental (oceanographic) conditions showed that latitudinal gradients in parasite distribution are common in the study area, and are probably directly related to water temperature. Indeed, temperature, which is a good predictor of latitudinal gradients of richness and diversity of species, shows a latitudinal pattern in south-western Atlantic coasts, decreasing southwards, due to the influence of subtropical and subantarctic marine currents flowing along the edge of the continental slope. This pattern also determines the distribution of zooplankton, with a characteristic specific composition in different water masses. The gradient in the distribution of parasites determines differential compositions of their communities at different latitudes, which makes possible the identification of different stocks of their fish hosts. Other features of the host–parasite systems contributing to the success of the parasitological method are: (1) parasites identified as good biological tags (i.e. anisakids) are widely distributed in the local fauna; (2) many of these species show low specificity and use paratenic hosts; and (3) the structure of parasite communities are, to a certain degree, predictable in time and space.
Spatial and temporal variations in parasite prevalence and infracommunity structure in herring (Clupea harengusL.) caught to the west of the British Isles and in the North and Baltic Seas: implications for fisheries science
Authors: Campbell Neil , Cross Marcus A. , Chubb James C. , Cunningham Carey O. , Hatfield Emma M. C. , MacKenzie Ken
Published: June 2007

HerringClupea harengusL. viscera were examined for endoparasitic infections as part of a multidisciplinary stock identification project (WESTHER, EU Contract no. Q5RS-2002-01 056) which applied a range of stock discrimination techniques to the same individual fishes to obtain comparable results for multivariate analysis. Spawning and non-spawning adults, and juvenile herring were caught, over 3 years, by commercial and research vessels from numerous locations to the west of the UK and Ireland, along with control samples of spawning fish from the eastern Baltic Sea, and juveniles from sites in the eastern and western North Sea, and the north of Norway. The metacercariae of two renicolid digeneans (Cercaria pythionikeandCercaria doricha), one larval nematode (Anisakis simplex s.s.) and one larval cestode (Lacistorhynchus tenuis) were selected as tag species. Results were compared with those from herring collected between 1973 and 1982, which suggested remarkable stability in the parasite fauna of herring in the study area. These species were used to compare the parasite infracommunities of spawning herring. A significant variation in infracommunity structure was observed between different spawning grounds. These results suggest that the parasite fauna of herring are spatially variable but remain temporally stable in both the short and long term. Significant differences in prevalence and abundance of infections and comparisons of parasite infracommunity enabled the separation of putative herring stocks west of the British Isles. Distinctive patterns of parasite infection in two different spawning groups off the north coast of Scotland suggest that this area is occupied by two spawning populations, one recruiting from the west of Scotland, the other from outside this area, and most likely from the eastern North Sea. The distribution patterns ofL. tenuis,C. dorichaandC. pythionikesuggest the potential for fish that spawn in three distinct International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) management units to be present in mixed aggregations found over the Malin Shelf, with significant implications for management in this area.
Pollution-induced heat shock protein expression in the amphipod Gammarus roeseli is affected by larvae of Polymorphus minutus (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Sures B. , Radszuweit H.
Published: June 2007

The relationship between the exposure of organisms to chemicals and subsequent alterations in various biochemical processes (commonly referred to as biomarkers) is of growing importance in environmental and ecotoxicological research. However, parasites which also affect the physiological homeostasis of their hosts, and thus may alter biomarker reactions, are usually ignored in environmental research. To address this deficit, we have used the host–parasite system Gammarus roeseli naturally infected with cystacanths of the acanthocephalan Polymorphus minutus to investigate whether infection of gammarids with parasites alters their heat shock protein response following exposure to palladium (Pd). After 24 days of metal exposure relative levels of heat shock protein hsp70 were analysed in the tissues of parasites and intermediate hosts. Simultaneously, the metal accumulation in gammarids and parasites was determined. As none of the infected gammarids showed hsp70 levels at the end of the Pd exposure (either exposed or not), infected and unparasitized G. roeseli were exposed to heat. Again, only uninfected gammarids showed a temperature-dependent increase in hsp70 levels. Interestingly, although the intermediate hosts showed no hsp70 response, exposure to Pd and heat results in increasing hsp70 in the parasites within in the haemocoel of G. roeseli. Heat experiments with isolated cystacanths also showed increasing hsp70 levels in P. minutus with temperature. Concerning uninfected G. roeseli, exposure to Pd and heat causes a hsp70 response. Pd concentrations were found to be higher in the larval parasites than in the gammarids. This result clearly contradicts previous results, as high metal accumulation was so far only described from adult acanthocephalans. Our findings provide experimental evidence that parasites alter the biomarker responses of their host and that the infection status of test animals is extremely important for ecotoxicological studies.
Stock identification of the sciaenid fishMicropogonias undulatusin the western North Atlantic Ocean using parasites as biological tags
Authors: Baker Tiffany G. , Morand Serge , Wenner Charles A. , Roumillat William A. , Buron Isaure de
Published: June 2007

Proper fisheries management of the Atlantic croakerMicropogonias undulatusis necessary in the United States due to the commercial and recreational importance of this fish species. Croaker stock structure in the western North Atlantic has been investigated in the past by various authors, with inconclusive results. In this study, macroparasites were used as biological tags to identify putative croaker stocks in the area between New Jersey and Florida, which encompasses the Mid Atlantic Bight and the South Atlantic Bight separated at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The macroparasite community of the fish was identified, showing the presence of 30 species in four phyla, of which several were new host records, and one species, a monogenean, was new to science. A canonical correspondence analysis was applied to determine the variables responsible for parasite species composition, to resolve the question of croaker stock structure in the western North Atlantic Ocean. This analysis showed that latitude was the deciding variable delineating the parasite community composition of the Atlantic croaker. Among the 30 parasites, 15 were identified as putative tags according to qualitative criteria, and then 10 out of those 15 were selected as being appropriate tags using quantitative criteria. These parasite tags support the presence of two stocks roughly separated at the known biogeographical barrier at Cape Hatteras.
Distribution of Anisakis larvae, identified by genetic markers, and their use for stock characterization of demersal and pelagic fish from European waters: an update
Authors: Mattiucci S. , Abaunza P. , Damiano S. , Garcia A. , Santos M.N. , Nascetti G.
Published: June 2007

In the present paper, recent results obtained on the use of different distributions observed in larval species of Anisakis, genetically identified by means of allozyme markers, for stock characterization of demersal (Merluccius merluccius), small (Trachurus trachurus) and large pelagic (Xiphias gladius) finfish species in European waters, are reviewed and discussed. Several species of Anisakis were identified in the three fish hosts: A. simplex (s.s.), A. physeteris, A. typica, A. ziphidarum,A. pegreffii, A. brevispiculata and A. paggiae. Canonical discriminant analysis performed on all the samples of the three fish species collected in areas comprising their geographical range, according to the different species of Anisakis identified, showed distinct fish populations in European waters. In all the three fish hosts, the pattern of distribution of Anisakis larvae allowed discrimination of Mediterranean stocks from Atlantic stocks. In the case of swordfish, the possible existence of a southern Atlantic stock separated from a northern one is also suggested. Congruence and discordance with the population genetic data inferred from allozyme markers on the same samples of the three fish species are also discussed.
Physical activity and prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults
Authors: STRÖHLE ANDREAS , HÖFLER MICHAEL , PFISTER HILDEGARD , MÜLLER ANNE-GRIT , HOYER JÜRGEN , WITTCHEN HANS-ULRICH , LIEB ROSELIND
Published: June 2007

Background

Although positive effects of physical activity on mental health indicators have been reported, the relationship between physical activity and the development of specific mental disorders is unclear.

Method

A cross-sectional (12-month) and prospective-longitudinal epidemiological study over 4 years in a community cohort of 2548 individuals, aged 14–24 years at outset of the study. Physical activity and mental disorders were assessed by the DSM-IV Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) with an embedded physical activity module. Multiple logistic regression analyses controlling for age, gender and educational status were used to determine the cross-sectional and prospective associations of mental disorders and physical activity.

Results

Cross-sectionally, regular physical activity was associated with a decreased prevalence of any and co-morbid mental disorder, due to lower rates of substance use disorders, anxiety disorders and dysthymia. Prospectively, subjects with regular physical activity had a substantially lower overall incidence of any and co-morbid mental disorder, and also a lower incidence of anxiety, somatoform and dysthymic disorder. By contrast, the incidence of bipolar disorder was increased among those with regular physical activity at baseline. In terms of the population attributable fraction (PAF), the potential for preventive effects of physical activity was considerably higher for men than for women.

Conclusions

Regular physical activity is associated with a substantially reduced risk for some, but not all, mental disorders and also seems to reduce the degree of co-morbidity. Further examination of the evidently complex mechanisms and pathways underlying these associations might reveal promising new research targets and procedures for targeted prevention.
Recent developments in second and foreign language listening comprehension research
Authors: Vandergrift Larry
Published: June 2007

Listening comprehension lies at the heart of language learning, but it is the least understood and least researched skill. This paper brings together recent research and developments in the field of second and foreign language (L2) listening. It begins with a brief discussion of the different cognitive and social factors that impact listening, followed by a summary of recent research into the development of perception skills and metacognitive knowledge. An integrated model for teaching learners how to listen is then elaborated. In addition, recent research on listening in multimedia environments, academic listening and listening assessment is presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of areas for further research, arguing that the process of listening needs more research attention with in-depth studies that probe deeper into the interaction of the processes and factors that influence successful L2 listening.
The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) and the design of language tests: A matter of effect
Authors: Davidson Fred , Fulcher Glenn
Published: June 2007

Language test development proceeds best when the test's effect is borne in mind, throughout the test development process. The authors discuss the flexible language of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and explore the pragmatic utility of such language to guide language test development. They select service encounters (e.g. airline ticket sales, open-air markets) as a sample language use domain to illustrate demonstrable weaknesses in the Framework. Using the CEFR Level A1 service encounter descriptor, suggested testing materials are shown in a versioned evolution of a proposed test specification. Provided that effect is kept in mind, the authors argue, the CEFR is actually a valuable – even an optimistic – starting point for language test development.
Emerging resistance to newer antimicrobial agents amongShigellaisolated from Finnish foreign travellers
Authors: HAUKKA K. , SIITONEN A.
Published: June 2007

In Finland, most cases of shigellosis are related to travel abroad. Antimicrobial drug resistance of 1814Shigellastrains isolated from Finnish patients during 1990–2005 was studied using discs of 12 antimicrobial agents. Since 2000, the E-test has been performed to determine ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations of nalidixic acid-resistant isolates. The proportion of multi-resistant strains (resistant to ⩾4 antimicrobials) was highest among isolates from China and India, but is increasing significantly in other parts of Asia. Resistance to nalidixic acid has become common among the strains from the Far East, and the first isolates also resistant to ciprofloxacin were detected during 2004–2005. All the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates belonged to theS. flexneri2a serotype. All the nalidixic acid-resistantS. flexneristrains had reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, whereas 23% of the nalidixic acid-resistantS. sonneistrains were still completely susceptible to ciprofloxacin.
Isolation ofMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosisfrom non-ruminant wildlife living in the sheds and on the pastures of Greek sheep and goats
Authors: FLOROU M. , LEONTIDES L. , KOSTOULAS P. , BILLINIS C. , SOFIA M. , KYRIAZAKIS I. , LYKOTRAFITIS F.
Published: June 2007

This study aimed to: (1) investigate whether non-ruminant wildlife interfacing with dairy sheep and goats of four Greek flocks endemically infected withMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis(MAP) harboured MAP and (2) genetically compare the strains isolated from the wildlife to those isolated from the small ruminants of these flocks. We cultured and screened, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), pooled-tissue samples from 327 wild animals of 11 species for the MAP-specific IS900insertion sequence. We also cultured faecal samples from 100 sheep or goats from each of the four flocks. MAP was detected in samples from 11 sheep, 12 goats, two mice, two rats, a hare and a fox. Only one rat had histopathological findings. Genetic typing categorized 21 isolates as cattle-type strains and two, from a house mouse and a goat respectively, as sheep-type strains; this is the first report of a rodent harbouring a sheep-type strain. The MAP types that were most frequently isolated amongst the sheep and goats of each flock were also the ones isolated from sympatric rodents; those isolated from the fox and hare also belonged to the predominant ruminant strains.
‘The incineration of refuse is beautiful’: Torquay and the introduction of municipal refuse destructors
Authors: CLARK J.F.M.
Published: June 2007

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, the English seaside and health resort of Torquay abandoned its old practice of municipal waste tipping and invested in a destructor, or incinerator. Technical, legal and financial considerations lay behind this decision. The ensuing protests against the operation of the destructor highlight the tensions between nascent technocrats and the affected residents. At a time when pollution was most often displaced or dispersed, topography conspired against the residents of Torquay, and challenged the accepted spatial and social relationships of waste.
Suburbs in transition: new approaches to suburban history
Authors: MCMANUS RUTH , ETHINGTON PHILIP J.
Published: June 2007

The history of suburbs has received so much scholarly attention in recent decades that it is time to take stock of what has been established, in order to discern aspects of suburbs that are still unknown. To date, the main lines of inquiry have been dedicated to the origins, growth, diverse typologies, culture and politics of suburbs, as well as to newer topics such as the gendered nature of suburban space. The vast majority of these studies have been about particular times and places. The authors propose a new perspective on the study of suburbs, one which will begin to investigate the transformations of suburbs after they have been established. Taking the entire era from the mid-nineteenth century through to the late twentieth century as a whole, it is argued that suburbs should be subjected to a longitudinal analysis, examining their development in the context of metropolises that usually enveloped them within a generation or two of their founding. It is proposed that investigation of these ‘transitions’ should be undertaken in parallel with the changes that occur in the life-cycles of their residents. It is suggested that an exploration of the interaction of these factors will open a broad new research agenda for suburban history as a subfield of urban history.
Broad views of the urban past in Europe and its extensions
Authors: LEES ANDREW
Published: June 2007

Readers of English can currently refer to only two works that offer synthetic overviews of the history of European cities from the period of classical antiquity into the twentieth century. We have long had the powerfully argued and highly readable book by the architectural critic, Louis Mumford, The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformation, and Its Prospects (1961). Beginning with the earliest settlements in the Near East and continuing through the rise of the suburbs in the United States, Mumford's volume tells a dramatic story in which urbanity at its best (as exemplified by such communities as Athens and Amsterdam) gave way to a succession of assaults, whether in the form of Baroque planning, rampant industrialization, oversized ‘megalopolises’ or automobiles. Continuing in the vein of many earlier critics, Mumford saw the modern big city as a depressing departure from earlier norms of urban beauty and human solidarity, and his view of the future was bleak indeed. Nearly four decades later, Sir Peter Hall offered a similarly large-scale but otherwise very different view of the broad sweep of the urban past, in his Cities in Civilization: Culture, Innovation, and Urban Order (1998). He constructed his book not as a narrative but instead as clusters of case studies, in which sixteen cities appear as scenes and agents of various types of exemplary achievement. Focusing on Europe, but not restricting himself to it, Hall presented not only Athens, Florence, Paris, Vienna, London, Manchester and Berlin but also New York, San Francisco and Tokyo as ‘places that [have] ignited the sacred flame of intelligence and human imagination’ (p. 7). It is primarily for this reason that, in Hall's view, the history of great metropolises is inseparable from the history of civilization itself.
Prokalzitonin als Marker bei Infektionen
Authors: Christ-Crain
Published: June 2007

Prokalzitonin ist das Pro-Hormon von Kalzitonin. Im Gegensatz zu Kalzitonin, welches primär in der Schilddrüse gebildet wird, wird Prokalzitonin bei einer bakteriellen Infektion im ganzen Körper von allen Organen produziert. Prokalzitonin ist anderen Infektionsmarkern bei verschiedenen Infektionen diagnostisch überlegen. So wurde eine bessere diagnostische Zuverlässigkeit in der Unterscheidung viraler und bakterieller Infektionen bei Sepsis, akuter Endokarditis, Meningitis, Pankreatitis und Pyelonephritis gezeigt. Bei Atemwegsinfektionen, dem Hauptgrund für eine Sepsis, konnten aufgrund der diagnostischen Eigenschaften die Antibiotikaverschreibungen signifikant reduziert werden, sowohl im Spital als auch in der Hausarztpraxis. Obwohl Prokalzitonin besser als andere Infektionsmarker zwischen viralen und bakteriellen Infektionen unterscheiden kann, ist Prokalzitonin jedoch kein perfekter Marker für Infektionen. So kann es bei nicht-infektiösen Situationen wie zum Beispiel nach Traumen, bei Malaria oder einem medullären Schilddrüsenkarzinom falsch hoch sein und bleibt bei streng lokalisierten Infektionen oft falsch tief. Wie jeder andere Infektionsmarker sollte Prokalzitonin immer im Kontext einer ausführlichen Anamnese und klinischen Untersuchung interpretiert werden. Dann jedoch kann mittels Prokalzitonin die Diagnose eines bakteriellen Infektes verbessert werden.
Akuter Thoraxschmerz
Authors: Matt  , Kubik-Huch  , Teufelberger  , Knüsel
Published: June 2007

Wir berichten von einer 56-jährigen bisher gesunden Patientin, bei der akute heftigste linksseitige Thoraxschmerzen und Dyspnoe auftraten. In den notfallmässigen Eintrittsuntersuchungen (Labor, EKG und Thorax Röntgenbild) konnten ein akutes koronares Syndrom (ACS) und ein grösserer Pneumothorax ausgeschlossen werden. Die zum Ausschluss einer Aortendissektion bzw. einer Lungenembolie durchgeführte Computertomographie (CT) zeigte einen kleinen linksseitigen Seropneumothorax sowie mediastinale Luft. Es wurde die Diagnose einer spontanen Ösophagusruptur (Boerhaave-Syndrom) gestellt und in der Ösophagographie fluoroskopisch die genaue Lage dokumentiert.
Cholestatische Hepatitis bei Situs inversus abdominalis
Authors: Gundling  , Rohrbach  , Schepp
Published: June 2007

Eine 75 Jahre alte Patientin wurde wegen eines schmerzlosen Ikterus sowie verstärkter Müdigkeit und allgemeiner körperlicher Schwäche stationär aufgenommen. Anamnestisch waren bisher infektiöse, autoimmune, metabolische oder toxische Lebererkrankungen nicht bekannt. Laborchemisch fand sich eine deutliche Erhöhung der Transaminasen und der Cholestaseparameter, in der Autoantikörperdiagnostik zeigte sich ein deutlich pathologischer Titer sowohl der antinukleären (ANA) wie der antimitochondrialen (AMA) Autoantikörper. In der bildgebenden Diagnostik (transabdominelle Sonographie, Abdomen-Computertomographie) zeigte sich ein Situs inversus abdominalis der parenchymatösen Bauchorgane, eine mechanische Cholestase oder ein Tumor wurden ausgeschlossen. Histologisch zeigte sich nach laparoskopischer Leberpunktion eine aktive portale und periportale Hepatitis, gut vereinbar mit einer Autoimmunhepatitis. Auf Grund der deutlich erhöhten Cholestaseparameter sowie des positiven AMA-Titers wurde bei dringendem V.a Overlapsyndrom Autoimmunhepatitis/primär biliäre Zirrhose neben der immunsuppressiven Therapie mit Steroiden und Azathioprin noch Ursodesoxycholsäure verabreicht. Darunter waren Transaminasen wie Cholestasewerte rasch rückläufig, bei klinischer Besserung der Patientin. Im klinischen Alltag ist die exakte Diagnosestellung und korrekte Therapie einer autoimmunen Lebererkrankung nicht immer eindeutig und unproblematisch. Auf Grund des potentiell fatalen prognostischen Verlaufs bei gutem Ansprechen auf Therapie muss die Diagnose einer Autoimmunhepatitis – als Einzeldiagnose oder im Rahmen eines Overlapsyndroms – rasch gestellt und unverzüglich behandelt werden. Bei Patienten mit Situs inversus abdominalis ist wegen der sehr variablen Anatomie die laparoskopische Leberpunktion zur Histologie-Gewinnung die Methode der Wahl.
Deep variability in the Atlantic Western Boundary Current based on altimetric and expendable bathythermograph data
Authors: Montenegro Alvaro , Weatherly Georges L.
Published: June 2007

The deep variability in two areas of the Atlantic Western Boundary is studied. One site is located at 38°N, inshore of the Gulf Stream. The other is at 8°S, off the Brazilian coast. Analyses are centered on current time series estimated by a method that uses expendable bathythermograph derived dynamic heights to remove the near‐surface signal from altimetric sea surface height. Both series are approximately 6 years long. Currents are compared to scatterometer derived alongshore wind stress and basin‐wide wind stress curl. In both areas, current variability is correlated to basin‐averaged wind stress curl and also to alongshore wind stress. The relationship between currents and wind curl is coherent with the western boundary currents response to interior Sverdrup flow. We propose that alongshore wind stress exerts control over the flow by divergence of the Ekman flow at the coast. In the north, the variability is dominated by interannual oscillations of the wind curl. The effects of the alongshore stress are secondary and have annual frequency. In the southern site, the alongshore effect appears to be the dominant forcing. The main observed results are confirmed by data from a numerical model with 1/6° horizontal resolution.
SPADE: A rock‐crushing and sample‐handling system developed for Mars missions
Authors: Hansen Candice J. , Paige David A. , Bearman Gregory , Furstenau Steven , Horn Jennifer , Mahoney Colin , Patrick Steven , Peters Greg , Scherbenski Josh , Shiraishi Lori , Zimmerman Wayne
Published: June 2007

A novel system has been developed to access and analyze the interior of rocks on Mars by crushing rocks. A miniature rock crusher has been prototyped along with a method for distribution of the fines and fragments produced by the rock crusher to inspection and analysis instruments. The science goals and advantages of this approach are substantial with respect to understanding the geologic and climate history of Mars via the investigation of its mineralogy and petrology. The system is described in detail, and results of various performance metrics are reported. Engineering considerations, constraints on functionality, fault tolerance, and its previously‐planned deployment on the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory mission are described.
A 15,800‐year record of atmospheric lead deposition on the Devon Island Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada: Natural and anthropogenic enrichments, isotopic composition, and predominant sources
Authors: Zheng Jiancheng , Shotyk William , Krachler Michael , Fisher David A.
Published: June 2007

Using appropriate clean methods for handling and preparation, 57 ice samples from the Devon Island Ice Cap, representing the period 134 to 15,800 years before present (BP), were analyzed for Pb, Sc, and Pb isotopes (206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) using ICP‐SMS. The greatest Pb concentrations were found in samples dating from the Younger Dryas. Despite the large range in Pb concentrations (from 2.2 to 181 pg g−1), the Pb concentrations were proportional to those of Sc until 3100 BP when the Pb/Sc ratio exceeded by a factor of 2 the natural “background” value (Pb/Sc = 6.3 ± 1.8) for the first time. The uniform ratio of Pb to Sc until 3100 BP is consistent with the hypothesis that soil dust particles derived from physical and chemical weathering dominate the inputs of Pb to the atmosphere, with the magnitude of these sources climate‐dependent. Isotopic analyses of Pb further support this paradigm, with the average ratio of 206Pb/207Pb (1.230) and 208Pb/206Pb (2.059) well within the range given for the Upper Continental Crust (UCC). The shift to higher Pb/Sc ratios and lower 206Pb/207Pb values starting at 3100 BP is consistent with historical records and other archival evidence of the onset of atmospheric Pb contamination caused by Pb mining and smelting in the Iberian Peninsula. Since that time, the Devon Island ice core records several other episodes of notable atmospheric Pb contamination, including those dating from Roman and medieval times, as well as the industrial period. The Pb, Sc, and Pb isotope data presented here represent the first chemical and isotopic record of the natural, “background” atmospheric inputs to the Canadian Arctic, against which modern values may be compared.
Sedimentary evidence of hurricane strikes in western Long Island, New York
Authors: Scileppi Elyse , Donnelly Jeffrey P.
Published: June 2007

Evidence of historical landfalling hurricanes and prehistoric storms has been recovered from backbarrier environments in the New York City area. Overwash deposits correlate with landfalls of the most intense documented hurricanes in the area, including the hurricanes of 1893, 1821, 1788, and 1693 A.D. There is little evidence of intense hurricane landfalls in the region for several hundred years prior to the late 17th century A.D. The apparent increase in intense hurricane landfalls around 300 years ago occurs during the latter half of the Little Ice Age, a time of lower tropical sea surface temperatures. Multiple washovers laid down between ∼2200 and 900 cal yr B.P. suggest an interval of frequent intense hurricane landfalls in the region. Our results provide preliminary evidence that fluctuations in intense hurricane landfall in the northeastern United States were roughly synchronous with hurricane landfall fluctuations observed for the Caribbean and Gulf Coast, suggesting North Atlantic–wide changes in hurricane activity.
Diatom oxygen isotopes: Evidence of a species effect in the sediment record
Authors: Swann George E. A. , Leng Melanie J. , Sloane Hilary J. , Maslin Mark A. , Onodera Jonaotaro
Published: June 2007

Diatom oxygen isotope measurements are commonly made on bulk mixed species assemblages due to the difficulty in purifying and separating individual taxa. As such, it is essential to understand processes in diatoms which may lead to isotope offsets both between and within individual species. Existing studies have suggested that mechanisms which may lead to isotopes offset in diatoms, such as vital effects, are either nonexistent or negligible. Here, we present a suite of diatom oxygen isotope data from the onset of major Northern Hemisphere Glaciation at ODP site 882 in the northwest Pacific Ocean which display large offsets (mean = 1.23‰, max = 3.51‰, error = 0.84‰) between two different size fractions (75–150 μm and >150 μm) that are dominated by only two species: Coscinodiscus marginatus and Coscinodiscus radiatus. These offsets are most likely size related, although additional interspecies and intraspecies effects may also be important in determining the exact magnitude of the offsets. Consequently, considerable care is needed when interpreting bulk diatom oxygen isotope data in relation to paleoenvironmental change, especially when the amount of stratigraphical change within the isotopes is small.
Variability of solar radiation under cloud‐free skies in China: The role of aerosols
Authors: Qian Yun , Wang Weiguo , Leung L. Ruby , Kaiser Dale P.
Published: June 2007

Analysis of long‐term surface global and diffuse solar radiation, aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA), and relative humidity (RH) data reveals that much of China experienced significant decreases in global solar radiation (GSR) and increases in diffuse solar radiation under cloud‐free skies between the 1960s and 1980s. With RH and aerosol SSA being rather constant during that time period, we suggest that the increasing aerosol loading from emission of pollutants is responsible for the observed reduced GSR and increased diffuse radiation in cloud‐free skies. Although pollutant emissions continue to increase after the 1980s, the increment of aerosol SSA since 1980s can partly explain the transition of GSR from a decreasing trend to no apparent trend around that time. Preliminary analysis is also provided on the potential role of RH in affecting the global and diffuse solar radiation reaching the earth surface.
Observed X‐rays associated with kilometric continuum
Authors: Imhof W. L. , Anderson R. R. , Petrinec S. M. , Datlowe D. W. , Mobilia J. , Matsumoto H. , Hashimoto K.
Published: June 2007

Kilometric continuum (KC) is a recently identified nonthermal magnetospheric radio/plasma wave phenomenon that consists of many narrowband emission lines of nearly constant frequency. The temporal structures of the KC wave intensities measured from the Geotail satellite in near equatorial positions at geocentric distances of 9–30 Earth radii were, on several occasions, similar to the temporal structures of X‐rays simultaneously emitted from the atmosphere and mapped in position from the Polar satellite at lower altitudes and at high latitudes. The similarity in behavior of KC waves and X‐rays might result from the fact that bremsstrahlung X‐rays can be generated in the atmosphere by precipitating electrons produced at high altitudes by incident KC waves. KC waves at low latitudes appear correlated with X‐rays at high latitudes. Our study supports the premise that KC waves interacting with high‐altitude energetic electrons can lead to the production of X‐rays at low altitudes from the resultant precipitation of the electrons. Thus the Polar and Geotail satellites may be used to map the spatial spread of KC, a feat that cannot be currently accomplished with waves observed from a single satellite. In this investigation, it is found that the X‐ray emissions extend over a wide range of latitudes and may span a broad longitudinal interval. The energy spectra of X‐rays emitted from the Earth at the times of KC events have been examined and found to display a wide variety of intensities and spectral shapes as do the spectra of X‐rays associated with auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) events. For most of the high‐latitude satellite passes when KC but no AKR was present, the X‐ray energy spectra were harder than at times associated with AKR.
Crustal deformation in Kyushu derived from GEONET data
Authors: Takayama Hiromi , Yoshida Akio
Published: June 2007

An investigation was conducted on the horizontal crustal deformation in Kyushu using the coordinate data from GPS Earth Observation Network (GEONET) for the 4 years from 1998 to 2002, for which the annual variations are corrected. We examined the spatial differences in the displacement rate relative to the Amurian plate by subtracting the velocity of the Amurian plate at each of the Global Positioning System (GPS) stations. Models for interplate coupling in Hyuganada and the dilatational source beneath Sakurajima are obtained. The crustal deformation in eastern Kyushu is well explained by the model of interplate coupling in Hyuganada, which is strong in the north and weak in the south. When the effects of the interplate coupling and the dilatational source are removed, a southward extensional field is recognized in and to the south of the Beppu‐Shimabara graben in western Kyushu. In southern Kyushu, to the south of around latitude 32°N, a southeastward movement is conspicuous. It must be noted that the displacement field is extensional, indicating that southern Kyushu is being dragged at the base by a flow in the mantle, not moving like a raft on the flow. It is probable that the flow in the mantle is driven by the rising of hot materials in the Okinawa Trough and a retreat of the trench where the Philippine Sea plate is subducting. A gap in the magnitude of the eastward displacement rate around latitude 32°N implies that the velocity of the flow in the mantle decreases substantially to the north of the line. The Beppu‐Shimabara graben may be a continuation of the Okinawa Trough, but the significant southwestward displacement rate observed in the eastern part suggests that the deformation in the graben, at least to the east of Aso volcano, is affected by the westward movement of the forearc sliver produced by the oblique subduction of the Philippine Sea plate on the Nankai Trough off Shikoku Island. We think that the strong coupling in the Bungo Channel in our model is probably not real, but might be a result of our assumption that all the westward displacements in northeastern Kyushu, a part of which are actually due to the movement of the forearc sliver, are produced by interplate coupling.
Source distribution of Earth's background free oscillations
Authors: Nishida K. , Fukao Y.
Published: June 2007

Recently a few groups reported existence of Earth's background free oscillations even on seismically quiet days. Observed features suggest that they are persistently excited on or just above the Earth's surface owing most likely to atmospheric and/or oceanic disturbances. To constrain their excitation mechanisms we developed a new method for estimation of spatial distribution of their excitation sources by modeling cross spectra between pairs of stations. The method is to calculate synthetic cross spectra for spatially homogeneous distribution of random sources and invert with them the observed cross spectra to the heterogeneous source distribution. We applied this method to the IRIS records at 54 stations during 1988–2000. The result showed clear temporal variations of spatial patterns. From November to April the spatial distribution shows a degree 1 pattern with the maximum in the North Pacific Ocean. From May to October strong excitation sources are located along the eastern and western Pacific rims through the Indian Ocean. In all the time periods, excitation sources on continents are weaker than in oceanic areas. This temporal variation of the spatial pattern is qualitatively consistent with that reported by Rhie and Romanowicz (2004). However, the excitation sources are not localized in shallow seas, as might be expected from the hypothesis of excitation by ocean infragravity waves, but must be distributed on the whole sea surface.
Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent and associated cold tongue variability
Authors: Hormann Verena , Brandt Peter
Published: June 2007

The Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) is studied using a simulation for the period 1990–2002 with a high‐resolution ocean general circulation model. Simulated transports of the EUC that supplies the annual mean upwelling in the central and eastern equatorial Atlantic are in good agreement with new transport estimates derived from ship observations, i.e., 19.9 and 14.0 Sv at 35°W and 23°W, respectively. Although the observations are not conclusive concerning the seasonal cycle of EUC transports, the simulated seasonal cycles fit largely in the observed range. The analysis of the EUC variability associated with interannual boreal summer variability of the equatorial cold tongue showed that cold tongue indices, defined either by near‐surface temperature or steric height anomalies, are anticorrelated with thermocline EUC transport anomalies: A strong EUC corresponds to low near‐surface temperatures and steric heights. The importance of equatorial waves for the cold tongue region is shown: Surface layer transport anomalies at 23°W and 10°W are significantly correlated with both near‐surface temperature and steric height anomalies in the equatorial and coastal upwelling regions, indicating an associated eastward phase propagation along the equator toward the African coast where the signal bifurcates into two poleward branches along the coast and is reflected into a westward propagating wave.
What causes partial cloudiness to form in multilayered midlevel clouds? A simulated case study
Authors: Falk Michael J. , Larson Vincent E.
Published: June 2007

This paper seeks to gain understanding of what processes influence the cloud fraction of altocumulus and altostratocumulus clouds. Our starting point is a midlevel cloud system observed on 25 June 1996 during the first Complex Layered Cloud Experiment. The two‐layered system comprised a partly cloudy cumuliform layer located several hundred meters below an overcast stratiform layer. The cloud system was documented with aircraft data and was simulated in three dimensions with high resolution using large‐eddy simulation (LES). Given observed initial atmospheric profiles, the model successfully simulates the qualitative structure of the layered system, although the modeled cumuliform layer has less cloud fraction, liquid water, and turbulence than the observations. Sensitivity studies were performed using an LES model. These give evidence that partial cloudiness in our simulations is caused primarily by conditional instability and the consequent vertical motions of air parcels within the layer. This mechanism is complicated by the presence of radiative heating and cooling. When the lower cloud layer is radiatively heated throughout its entire depth, it becomes conditionally unstable and partly cloudy. This is true even if the layer is initially overcast and absolutely stable, and even if the radiative heating rates are moderate. However, the entire lower layer heats only if there is a cloud layer above it. If the upper layer is removed, then the lower layer cloud top cools strongly to space in the longwave, and the lower layer remains overcast. Through this radiative effect, the presence or absence of an upper layer influences the cloud fraction of a lower layer, even though the two layers are spatially separated and have little microphysical interaction or turbulent exchange of heat and moisture.
Aircraft profiles of aerosol microphysics and optical properties over North America: Aerosol optical depth and its association with PM2.5 and water uptake
Authors: Shinozuka Yohei , Clarke Antony D. , Howell Steven G. , Kapustin Vladimir N. , McNaughton Cameron S. , Zhou Jingchuan , Anderson Bruce E.
Published: June 2007

Aerosol column optical depth (AOD) is related to the aerosol direct radiative effect and readily available as a satellite product. The mass of dry aerosol up to 2.5 μm aerodynamic, or PM2.5, is a common measure of surface aerosol pollution at selected regional sites. A link between these two parameters would provide a way to infer PM2.5 and its change over extensive regions observed by satellites. This requires determination of the response of aerosol dry mass to the widely variable influence of ambient humidity and its optical contribution to column AOD. During the INTEX‐North America aircraft campaign, we obtained 72 profiles of visible aerosol light scattering up to 10 km and its response to water uptake. The ambient AODs determined from these measurements, and confirmed for three profiles near surface AERONET, were generally below 0.4 except in the presence of a humid boundary layer with high aerosol loading. The fraction of ambient AOD due to water uptake, Wf, was found to be 37 ± 15% (average and standard deviation). Boundary layer PM2.5 was estimated (PM2.5proxy) from low‐altitude size distributions measured from the aircraft. Despite the large variety of vertical aerosol structure, the ambient AOD was found correlated with the PM2.5proxy with R2 = 0.77, after 4% of data with AOD > 0.8 for >90% RH were removed. Our results support the application of remote sensing to retrievals of surface PM2.5 mass. The wavelength dependence of ambient AOD was found to be less effective in stratifying the mass versus extinction relationship on the column integral basis than on a layer by layer basis.
Response of Martian ground ice to orbit‐induced climate change
Authors: Chamberlain Matthew A. , Boynton William V.
Published: June 2007

Variations in the orbit and spin axis of Mars drive climate changes that affect both surface temperatures and atmospheric water content, both of which affect the distribution of ground ice. A simple technique is presented to determine the atmospheric water content for different epochs, on the basis of the water carrying capacity of the atmosphere over surface ice. Also presented is a technique to correct the water vapor density just above the surface for depletion due to nighttime frost, reducing the effective water vapor density in contact with ground ice. Distributions of stable ground ice are generated for the present epoch with varying amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere; water vapor depletion restricts the extent of stable ground ice and ice never becomes stable at low latitudes. As the position of perihelion varies, the extent of ground ice changes several degrees in latitudinal extent. The extent of ground ice is more sensitive to obliquity; however, high obliquities are still not able to make ground ice stable at low latitudes. The finding that ice is never stable at low latitudes is consistent with the absence of ice‐related landforms, like terrain softening, at low latitudes. Correlations exist between the extents of stable ground ice and the distribution of various styles of mantle deposits.