bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin of Rapid Delithiation In Secondary Particles Of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and LiNiyMnzCo1−y−zO2 Cathodes
Authors: Wolfman Mark , May Brian M. , Goel Vishwas , Du Sicen , Yu Young‐Sang , Faenza Nicholas V. , Pereira Nathalie , Grenier Antonin , Wiaderek Kamila M. , Xu Ruqing , Wang Jiajun , Chapman Karena W. , Amatucci Glenn G. , Thornton Katsuyo , Cabana Jordi
Published: September 2023

Most research on the electrochemical dynamics in materials for high‐energy Li‐ion batteries has focused on the global behavior of the electrode. This approach is susceptible to misleading analyses resulting from idiosyncratic kinetic conditions, such as surface impurities inducing an apparent two‐phase transformation within LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2. Here, nano‐focused X‐ray probes are used to measure delithiation operando at the scale of secondary particle agglomerates in layered cathode materials during charge. After an initial latent phase, individual secondary particles undergo rapid, stochastic, and largely uniform delithiation, which is in contrast with the gradual increase in cell potential. This behavior reproduces across several layered oxides. Operando X‐ray microdiffraction (‐XRD) leverages the relationship between Li content and lattice parameter to further reveal that rate acceleration occurs between Li‐site fraction (xLi) ≈0.9 and ≈0.5 for LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2. Physics‐based modeling shows that, to reproduce the experimental results, the exchange current density (i0) must depend on xLi, and that i0 should increase rapidly over three orders of magnitude at the transition point. The specifics and implications of this jump in i0 are crucial to understanding the charge‐storage reaction of Li‐ion battery cathodes.
5‐Chloro‐2‐Hydroxypyridine Derivatives with Push‐Pull Electron Structure Enable Durable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zheng Can , Liu Lidan , Li Yong , Gao Ang , Yang Zhou , Zhang Lu , Liu Zhike , Wang Dapeng , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: September 2023

Targeted passivation of defects in perovskite is the primary consideration in the design of additives containing functional groups. However, the precise modulation of electron structure in functional groups and the structure‐activity relationship between electronic configuration and performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) still need to be explored. In this study, 5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypyridine derivatives with –NH2 (HNCLP) and –F (HFCLP) end groups are selected to realize the push‐pull electronic structure configuration. Density functional theory demonstrates that, compared with HFCLP, HNCLP with the electron‐donating terminal of –NH2 has a long dipole moment and immobilize the interstitial I3−, and the N side of pyridine with high‐density electron cloud enables strong passivation with undercoordinated Pb2+ ions. The experimental results confirm that HNCLP with optimized electronic configuration emerges strong passivation ability, greatly suppresses the nonradiative recombination of perovskite absorber, and remarkably improves the film crystal quality along with the extraction and transfer process of photogenerated carriers. The HNCLP‐contained PSC exhibits a remarkable efficiency of 24.47%, and HNCLP helps to enhance the moisture‐proof of perovskite film and device storage stability.
Distinct Self‐Discharge Processes via Manipulating Electrode Pore Size of Carbon‐Based Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Zhang Qing , Wang Yuru , Wei Bingqing
Published: September 2023

Controlling self‐discharge has become imperative for developing advanced electrochemical capacitors for periodic energy storage and integrated circuit design with superior cyclability and long lifespan. Carbons with various pore size distributions exhibit distinct self‐discharge performances where the voltage decay rate evolves differently as self‐discharge proceeds. A “three‐stage” self‐discharge model and the concept of two self‐discharge drags are proposed, depicting the evolution of driving forces in different carbons. The trajectory of ion migrating out of the double‐layer structure can be broken down section‐wise and correlated to specific impedance parameters by analyzing the diffusion kinetics data collected throughout the process, which can be further traced back to the structure‐dependent drags. The findings deepen the understanding of self‐discharge behavior and the effects of pore size on ionic diffusion kinetics, which will inspire exploring the underlying mechanism from a structural characteristics perspective.
Computer‐aided evaluation and exploration of chemical spaces constrained by reaction pathways
Authors: Levin Itai , Fortunato Michael E. , Tan Kian L. , Coley Connor W.
Published: September 2023

The processes of molecular design and synthetic route selection are necessarily intertwined during discovery. Computational tools have been developed to facilitate synthesis planning, but in a discovery setting, finding a single route to a single molecule of interest may be less important than finding a route that enables rapid access to a library of analogs. Here, we demonstrate how we can estimate route “diversifiability” and use it as a criterion during route selection. We illustrate how the chemical space of synthetically accessible analogs is influenced by properties of alternative starting materials or constraints on their cost. Finally, we integrate these analyses with a synthesizability‐constrained hit expansion workflow in a virtual screening pipeline for focused library expansion around putative hits to support molecular optimization. As medicinal chemistry and adjacent fields shift toward more autonomous design and synthesis of new molecules, it will be increasingly important to embed considerations of synthesizability into molecular design to ensure that computational recommendations are actionable.
Molecular phylogeny and evolution of inflorescence types in Eperua
Authors: ter Steege Hans , Fortes Elenice A. , Rozendaal Danaë M. A. , Erkens Roy H. J. , Sabatier Daniel , Aymard Gerardo , Duijm Elza , Eurlings Marcel , Grewe Felix , Pombo Maihyra M. , Gomes Vitor F. , de Mansano Vidal F. , de Oliveira Sylvia M.
Published: September 2023

Premise

The Amazonian hyperdominant genus Eperua (Fabaceae) currently holds 20 described species and has two strongly different inflorescence and flower types, with corresponding different pollination syndrome. The evolution of these vastly different inflorescence types within this genus was unknown and the main topic in this study.

Methods

We constructed a molecular phylogeny, based on the full nuclear ribosomal DNA and partial plastome, using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods, to test whether the genus is monophyletic, whether all species are monophyletic and if the shift from bat to bee pollination (or vice versa) occurred once in this genus.

Results

All but two species are well supported by the nuclear ribosomal phylogeny. The plastome phylogeny, however, shows a strong geographic signal suggesting strong local hybridization or chloroplast capture, rendering chloroplast barcodes meaningless in this genus.

Conclusions

With our data, we cannot fully resolve the backbone of the tree to clarify sister genera relationships and confirm monophyly of the genus Eperua. Within the genus, the shift from bat to bee and bee to bat pollination has occurred several times but, with the bee to bat not always leading to a pendant inflorescence.
Variable expression of cyanide detoxification and tolerance genes in cyanogenic and acyanogenic white clover (Trifolium repens)
Authors: Kuo Wen‐Hsi , Small Linda L. , Olsen Kenneth M.
Published: September 2023

Premise

β‐Cyanoalanine synthase (β‐CAS) and alternative oxidase (AOX) play important roles in the ability of plants to detoxify and tolerate hydrogen cyanide (HCN). These functions are critical for all plants because HCN is produced at low levels during basic metabolic processes, and especially for cyanogenic species, which release high levels of HCN following tissue damage. However, expression of β‐CAS and Aox genes has not been examined in cyanogenic species, nor compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes within a species.

Methods

We used a natural polymorphism for cyanogenesis in white clover to examine β‐CAS and Aox gene expression in relation to cyanogenesis‐associated HCN exposure. We identified all β‐CAS and Aox gene copies present in the genome, including members of the Aox1, Aox2a, and Aox2d subfamilies previously reported in legumes. Expression levels were compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes and between damaged and undamaged leaf tissue.

Results

β‐CAS and Aox2a expression was differentially elevated in cyanogenic genotypes, and tissue damage was not required to induce this increased expression. Aox2d, in contrast, appeared to be upregulated as a generalized wounding response.

Conclusions

These findings suggest a heightened constitutive role for HCN detoxification (via elevated β‐CAS expression) and HCN‐toxicity mitigation (via elevated Aox2a expression) in plants that are capable of cyanogenesis. As such, freezing‐induced cyanide autotoxicity is unlikely to be the primary selective factor in the evolution of climate‐associated cyanogenesis clines.
Spiny but photogenic: Amateur sightings complement herbarium specimens to reveal the bioregions of cacti
Authors: Calvente Alice , da Silva Ana Paula Alves , Edler Daniel , Carvalho Fernanda Antunes , Fantinati Mariana Ramos , Zizka Alexander , Antonelli Alexandre
Published: September 2023

Premise

Cacti are characteristic elements of the Neotropical flora and of major interest for biogeographic, evolutionary, and ecological studies. We tested global biogeographic boundaries for Neotropical Cactaceae using specimen‐based occurrences, coupled with data from visual observations, as a means to tackle the known collection biases in the family.

Methods

Species richness and record density were assessed for preserved specimens and human observations, and a bioregional scheme tailored to Cactaceae was produced using the interactive web application Infomap Bioregions, based on data from 261,272 point records cleaned through automated and manual steps.

Results

We found that areas in Mexico and southwestern USA, in eastern Brazil, and along the Andean region have the greatest density of records and the highest species richness. Human observations complement information from preserved specimens substantially, especially along the Andes. We propose 24 cactus bioregions, among which the most species‐rich are northern Mexico/southwestern USA, central Mexico, southern central Mexico, Central America, Mexican Pacific coast, central and southern Andes, northwestern Mexico/extreme southwestern USA, southwestern Bolivia, northeastern Brazil, and Mexico/Baja California.

Conclusions

The bioregionalization proposed shows biogeographic boundaries specific to cacti and can thereby aid further evolutionary, biogeographic, and ecological studies by providing a validated framework for further analyses. This classification builds upon, and is distinctive from, other expert‐derived regionalization schemes for other taxa. Our results showcase how observation data, including citizen‐science records, can complement traditional specimen‐based data for biogeographic research, particularly for taxa with specific specimen collection and preservation challenges and those that are threatened or internationally protected.
Hydrocytium expands the phylogenetic, morphological, and genomic diversity of the poorly known green algal order Chaetopeltidales
Authors: Barcytė Dovilė , Eliáš Marek
Published: September 2023

Premise

Chaetopeltidales is a small, understudied order of the green algal class Chlorophyceae, that is slowly expanding with the occasional discoveries of novel algae. Here we demonstrate that hitherto unrecognized chaetopeltidaleans also exist among previously described but neglected and misclassified species.

Methods

Strain SAG 40.91 of Characium acuminatum, shown by previous preliminary evidence to have affinities with the orders Oedogoniales, Chaetophorales, and Chaetopeltidales (together constituting the OCC clade), was investigated with light and electron microscopy to characterize its morphology and ultrastructure. Sequence assemblies of the organellar and nuclear genomes were obtained and utilized in bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses to address the phylogenetic position of the alga and its salient genomic features.

Results

The characterization of strain SAG 40.91 and a critical literature review led us to reinstate the forgotten genus Hydrocytium A.Braun 1855, with SAG 40.91 representing its type species, Hydrocytium acuminatum. Independent molecular markers converged on placing H. acuminatum as a deeply diverged lineage of the order Chaetopeltidales, formalized as the new family Hydrocytiaceae. Both chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes shared characteristics with other members of Chaetopeltidales and were bloated by repetitive sequences. Notably, the mitochondrial cox2a gene was transferred into the nuclear genome in the H. acuminatum lineage, independently of the same event in Volvocales. The nuclear genome data from H. acuminatum and from another chaetopeltidalean that was reported by others revealed endogenized viral sequences corresponding to novel members of the phylum Nucleocytoviricota.

Conclusions

The resurrected genus Hydrocytium expands the known diversity of chaetopeltidalean algae and provides the first glimpse into their virosphere.
Effects of provisioning on the activity budget and foraging strategies of black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China
Authors: Li Hong‐Bo , Sun Jing , Li Lun‐Hong , Zhou Ying , Fang Xue‐Lan , Li Bo‐Yan , Guo Long‐Jie , Geng Ying , Wang Chun‐Ping , Huang Zhi‐Pang , Garber Paul A. , Yang Yin , Cui Liang‐Wei , Xiao Wen
Published: September 2023

Provisioning can significantly affect the ranging patterns, foraging strategies, and time budget of wild primates. In this study, we document for the first time, the effects of provisioning on the activity budget and foraging effort in an Asian colobine. Over 3‐years, we used an instantaneous scanning method at 10‐min intervals to collect data on the activity budget of a semiprovisioned breeding band (SPB) of black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) (42–70 individuals) at Xiangguqing (Tacheng), Yunnan, China. We then compared the effects of provisioning in our study band with published data on a sympatric wild nonprovisioned breeding band (NPB) ofR. bieti(ca. 360 monkeys) at the same field site. The SPB spent 25.6% of their daytime feeding, 17.1% traveling, 46.9% resting, and 10.3% socializing. In comparison, the NPB devoted more time to feeding (34.9%) and socializing (14.1%), less time to resting (31.3%), and was characterized by a greater foraging effort (1.74 versus 0.96, foraging effort = (feeding + traveling)/resting; see Methods). There was no difference between bands in the proportion of their activity budget devoted to traveling (15.7% vs. 17.1%). In addition, the SPB exhibited a more consistent activity budget and foraging effort across all seasons of the year compared to the NPB. These findings suggest that the distribution, availability, and productivity of naturally occurring feeding sites is a major determinant of the behavioral strategies and activity budget ofR. bieti. Finally, a comparison of our results with data on six nonprovisionedR. bietibands indicates that caution must be raised in meta‐analyses or intraspecific comparisons of primate behavioral ecology that contain data generated from both provisioned and nonprovisioned groups.
Comparison of sublingual microcirculatory parameters measured by sidestream darkfield videomicroscopy in anesthetized pigs and adult humans
Authors: Lala Raushan , Homes Ryan , Pratt Shaun , Goodwin Wendy , Midwinter Mark
Published: September 2023

Background

This study aimed to compare sublingual microcirculatory parameters between anesthetized pigs and conscious adult humans using sidestream darkfield videomicroscopy. The overarching aim of the work was to validate the pig as an experimental model of changes in microcirculatory function following traumatic haemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.

Methods

Fourteen large white pigs and 14 humans were recruited for the study. Sublingual sidestream darkfield videomicroscopy clips were captured in anesthetized pigs and conscious humans. Clips underwent manual analysis in Automated Vascular Analysis 3.2 software. The total vessel density (TVD), perfused vessel density (PVD), proportion of perfused vessels (PPVs) and microvascular flow index (MFI) were quantified. An independent samples t test was used for between species comparison of microcirculatory parameters.

Results and Conclusions

Conscious humans had a significantly lower TVD, PVD and MFI than anesthetized pigs. No significant difference in PPVs was observed between the species. Perfusion of the microcirculation is a critical determinant of tissue metabolic function and viability. Whilst it may not be surprising that some interspecies differences in the sublingual microcirculatory anatomy were identified between pig and human subjects, it is interesting to report the insignificant difference in PPVs. This direct microcirculatory measure represents a relative change which should hold translatable value across species. We therefore conclude the pig is a suitable model for microcirculatory research and may be a suitable species to investigate changes in microcirculatory perfusion following perturbations in cardiovascular homeostasis, for example during traumatic haemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.
Injectable Porous Silicon Nanoparticles as a Plasma Cytokine Scavenger for Potentiating Cytokine Storm Syndrome Treatment
Authors: Qi Ruogu , Li Shengliang , Li Feng , Mai Junhua , Wang Yu , Zhu Guixian , Zhang Dechen , Li Zheng , Shen Haifa , Shen Jianliang , Liu Xuewu
Published: September 2023

Scavenging excessively secreted cytokines from plasma is vital for treating cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). Therefore, appropriate adsorbent materials are highly desired for efficient and selectively capturing the plasma cytokines. For this purpose, injectable porous silicon particles (PSPs) are designed as scavenging adsorbents. The fabricated PSP features high porosity for large pore volume and high specific surface area. Polyethylene glycol is coated on the outer surface of PSP for a longer body circulation time, while antibodies are immobilized on the interior surface of PSP for the specific recognition of targeting biomacromolecules. The resultant injectable scavengers demonstrate satisfactory performance for sequestering tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or TNF receptor (TNFR) in serum and in vivo. The salient biocompatibility of the preparing scavenger is demonstrated through simulative hemoperfusion experiments and in vivo toxicology tests. Importantly, the scavengers are injected into mice like a drug to rapidly remove blood‐circulating endogenous TNFR. These features together with its facile fabrication present the silicon‐based porous particles as candidates in clinical application for relieving the infection‐induced CSS.
Urea‐Functionalized Fe4L6 Cages for Supramolecular Gold Catalyst Encapsulation to Control Substrate Activation Modes
Authors: Xu Meiling , Jing Xu , Sun Bin , He Cheng , Reek Joost N. H. , Duan Chunying
Published: September 2023

The excellent catalytic performances of enzymes in terms of activity and selectivity are an inspiration for synthetic chemists and this has resulted in the development of synthetic containers for supramolecular catalysis. In such containers the local environment and pre‐organization of catalysts and substrates leads to control of the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. Herein we report a supramolecular strategy to encapsulate single catalysts in a urea‐functionalized Fe4L6 cage, which can co‐encapsulate a functionalized urea substrate through hydrogen bonding. Distinguished selectivity is obtained, imposed by the cage as site isolation only allows catalysis through π activation of the substrate and as a result the selectivity is independent of catalyst concentration. The encapsulated catalyst is more active than the free analogue, an effect that can be ascribed to transitionstate stabilization rather than substrate pre‐organization, as revealed by the MM kinetic data. The simple strategy reported here is expected to be of general use in many reactions, for which the catalyst can be functionalized with a sulfonate group required for encapsulation.
Evaluation of the adhesive properties of vanillin‐derived polyhydroxy urethanes
Authors: Ghuge Gorakh Hiraman , Kambikanam Karthika Vayalachery , Nair Kiran Sukumaran
Published: September 2023

Poly(hydroxy urethanes) (PHUs) have been considered attractive and safer variants of conventional polyurethanes (PUs). To improve the prerequisites of green and sustainable chemistry herein, we propose the synthesis and utilization of cyclic carbonate monomers majorly derived from vanillin, a lignin derivative, and CO2 for the development of PHUs. Kinetic evaluation on the polymerization temperature ascertained 80°C as the optimum condition for PHU synthesis. The structural evaluation of PHUs was carried out by various spectroscopic techniques, such as FTIR, 1HNMR, and 13C‐NMR, molar masses were determined by gel permeation chromatography (Mn varied between 2500 and 11,100 g/mol), and thermal properties evaluated by differential scanning calorimeter (Tg in the ranges of 28–42°C), and thermogravimetric analysis (stable above 180°C). Since the PHUs are enriched with pendant hydroxyl groups on their backbone which can promote adhesion, lap shear studies on the aluminum substrate exhibited a maximum shear strength of 1.65 ± 0.37 MPa. This study demonstrates an attractive and environment‐friendly pathway for developing novel PHUs network using renewable biobased resources and further explores its applicability as adhesives.
A comparison of methods for excluding light from stems to evaluate stem photosynthesis
Authors: Valverdi Nadia A. , Acosta Camilla , Dauber Gabriella R. , Goldsmith Gregory R. , Ávila‐Lovera Eleinis
Published: September 2023

Premise

A comparison of methods using different materials to exclude light from stems to prevent stem CO2 exchange (i.e., photosynthesis), without affecting stem conductance to water vapor, surface temperature, and relative humidity, was conducted on stems of avocado trees in California.

Methods and Results

The experiment featured three materials: aluminum foil, paper‐based wrap, and mineral‐based paint. We examined stem CO2 exchange with and without the light exclusion treatments. We also examined stem surface temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) under the cover materials. All materials reduced PAR and stem CO2 exchange. However, aluminum foil reduced stem surface temperature and increased relative humidity.

Conclusions

Methods used to study stem CO2 exchange through light exclusion have historically relied on methods that may induce experimental artifacts. Among the methods tested here, mineral‐based paint effectively reduced PAR without affecting stem surface temperature and relative humidity around the stem.
Electro‐Chemo‐Mechanical Failure Mechanisms of Solid‐State Electrolytes
Authors: Wu Quan , Xiong Shizhao , Li Fujun , Matic Aleksandar
Published: September 2023

Solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries (SSLMBs) are considered as the next‐generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density and safety. However, the practical deployment of SSLMBs has been impeded by the failure of solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) which is indicated by the increased impedance, elevated polarization, and capacity degradation. The failure is commonly a result of lithium (Li) dendrite growth and propagation, inactive Li generation, unstable interface formation, void and pore formation, and crack infiltration. The failure processes can be divided into electric failure, (electro)chemical failure, and mechanical failure based on the different mechanisms. The systematical understanding of SSEs failure is crucial for the development of SSEs. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the details of the three SSEs failure to provide new insights for future studies, shedding light on the design of SSLMBs with high energy density, safety, and cycling stability.
‘I make a lot of the choices myself—I think I've taught myself that through the imbalance of support’: The internal conversations, reflexivity and post‐school educational achievement of care‐experienced young people
Authors: Matchett Elaine , Appleton Peter
Published: September 2023

The percentage of care‐experienced young people in England progressing to university by the age of 19 currently stands at around 12–13% with a further 10% of care‐experienced adults attending university during their 20s and 30s. This figure remains lower than both the general population and other groups of disadvantaged learners. It is well established that the educational attainment of care‐experienced young people can be impacted by a range of barriers to learning. Existing research often focuses on the importance of key adults and their role in supporting young people in care. A small number of studies examine the reflexive capacities of the young people themselves through the lens of sociologist Margaret Archer's model of modes of reflexivity and internal conversations. Archer's theory can be utilised to understand how care‐experienced young people navigate their circumstances. The notion of the internal conversation offers a way to understand how some young people growing up in care develop more stable modes of reflexivity, namely autonomous, communicative or meta‐reflexive. Here we contribute to new knowledge by considering care‐experienced young people who develop communicative and autonomous aspects to their day‐to‐day life functioning. This paper draws on findings and analysis from interviews conducted as part of the first author's PhD (2020) which considered the reflexive capacities of care‐experienced young people who self‐identified as higher achievers. We utilise Archer's modes of reflexivity to explore participants’ internal conversations and to develop our understanding of the relationships, experiences and personal skills that underpin successful educational journeys.
Business sustainability under the influence of female directors toward the risk‐taking in innovation: Evidence from textual analysis
Authors: Korphaibool Veerawin , Chindasombatcharoen Pongsapak , Chatjuthamard Pattanaporn , Jiraporn Pornsit , Treepongkaruna Sirimon
Published: September 2023

Innovation is one of the crucial drivers that stimulates firms toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), but successful innovation comes with high uncertainty since innovation involves large capital expenditures and complex processes. The characteristics of the board of directors (BOD) influence their perceptions, preferences, and interpretation which affect their decision‐making and firm outcomes. This study emphasizes the relationship between female directors and corporate innovation. We use text‐based measures of innovation (TBI) to capture innovation investment. The fixed‐effects regression results suggest that female directors reduce the innovation investment level of the firm. The empirical results are tested for robustness using a two‐stage least square instrumental variables (2SLS‐IV) analysis and a two‐step system generalized method of moment (GMM) panel estimator. The latter supports the initial results and aligns with the Upper Echelons Theory (UET), where the characteristics of the BOD determine the organizational outcomes. The findings conclude that female directors influence the decision outcomes of the BOD toward risk‐neutral, which lowers innovation investments while maintaining the firm profitability.
Review on Porous Ceramic‐Based Form‐Stable Phase Change Materials: Preparation, Enhance Thermal Conductivity, and Application
Authors: Chen Yuhui , Sun Jiaxiang , Jiang Pengyang , Chai Zonghua , Zhang Baiqiang , Li Junhui
Published: September 2023

A phase change material is an ideal energy storage material with huge latent heat and nearly constant phase change temperature, but there are serious problems in application such as leakage and low thermal conductivity. Porous ceramic matrixes are widely used in phase change material packaging because of their controllable porosity, large specific surface area, and high thermal conductivity. This paper introduces the preparation of porous ceramics and encapsulation of form‐stable phase change materials (FSPCMs) based on porous ceramics, thermal conductivity enhancement and other aspects of the comb, in addition, the applications of porous ceramic‐based FSPCMs in industrial waste heat recovery, temperature regulation of buildings, solar energy collection and storage, and battery thermal management system are summarized, in order to provide reference for the performance optimization of porous ceramic‐based FSPCMs and explore new preparation methods, finally, the challenges and future development of the FSPCMS are summarized. Porous ceramic‐based FSPCMs are expected to make major breakthroughs in the future to solve the increasingly serious energy problems.
A super‐geriatric patient with gastrostomy underwent life‐threatening prothrombin time‐international normalized ratio prolongation by warfarin following fasting and antibiotic therapy
Authors: Saeki Misa , Watanabe Ayako , Momo Kenji , Kashiwabara Yuka , Iha Tatsuki , Nagata Takuya , Fujiwara Akiko , Tanaka Katsumi
Published: September 2023

Key Clinical Message

A 97‐year‐old woman with gastrostomy had a drastic enhancement for PT‐INR after starting antibiotic therapy. Possible causes include (1) vitamin K deficiency due to fasting and (2) a combination of warfarin and antibiotics.

Geriatric and Asian‐descent patients are more sensitive to the effects of warfarin, a key anticoagulant drug. In this report, we present a 97‐year‐old bedridden woman being treated with warfarin for cardiogenic cerebral infarction and femoral neck replacement as part of in‐home medical care with a gastrostomy and was admitted to our hospital after developing pneumonia. We discontinued warfarin and started antibiotics, and her pneumonia‐related symptoms improved. Eleven days after restarting warfarin, the patient's PT‐INR surpassed the upper limit for measurement (over 10). We considered the mechanism might be triggered by (1) fasting, low nutrition status; and (2) antibiotics secondary to risk factors such as gastrostomy and being a super‐geriatric woman. We recommend careful monitoring of PT‐INR in patients treated with warfarin and antibiotics, especially in the setting of gastrostomy or older persons.
Spin Qubit in a 2D GdIIINaI‐Based Oxamato Supramolecular Coordination Framework
Authors: Wang Jia , Jing Yu , Cui Ming‐Hui , Lu Yi‐Ming , Ouyang Zhongwen , Shao Chongyun , Wang Zhenxing , Song You
Published: September 2023

Qubits are the basic unit of quantum information and computation. To realize quantum computing and information processing, the decoherence times of qubits must be long enough. Among the studies of molecule‐based electron spin qubits, most of the work focused on the ions with the spin S=1/2, where only single‐bit gates can be constructed. However, quantum operations require the qubits to interact with each other, so people gradually carry out relevant research in ions or systems with S>1/2 and multilevel states. In this work, a two‐dimensional (2D) oxygen‐coordinated GdIIINaI‐based oxamato supramolecular coordination framework, Na[Gd(4‐HOpa)4(H2O)] ⋅ 2H2O (1, 4‐HOpa=N‐4‐hydroxyphenyloxamate), was selected as a possible carrier of qubit. The field‐induced slow magnetic relaxation shows this system has phonon bottleneck (PB) effect at low temperatures with a very weak magnetic anisotropy. The pulse electron paramagnetic resonance studies show the spin‐lattice and spin‐spin relaxation times are T1=1.66 ms at 4 K and Tm=4.25 μs at 8 K for its diamagnetically diluted sample (1Gd0.12 %). It suggested that the relatively long decoherence time is mainly ascribed to its near isotropic and the PB effect from resonance phonon trapped for pure sample, while the dilution further improves its qubit performance.
Dual‐Stimuli‐Activatable Hybrid Prodrug for the Self‐Immolative Delivery of an Anticancer Agent and Hydrogen Sulfide with Turn‐On Fluorescence
Authors: Sufian Abu , Badirujjaman Md. , Barman Pallavi , Bhabak Krishna P.
Published: September 2023

Stimuli‐responsive fluorogenic prodrugs are advantageous for the targeted drug delivery enabling real‐time non‐invasive monitoring with turn‐on fluorescence. We report herein the dual‐stimuli (ROS and CA)‐responsive thiocarbamate‐based prodrug (AM‐TCB) for the turn‐on fluorogenic delivery of the naphthalimide‐based anticancer agent amonafide along with the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S). A carbamate‐based prodrug AM‐CB was also designed, capable of releasing the anticancer agent amonafide without any H2S. The prodrugs were synthesized using multi‐step organic synthesis. UV‐Vis and fluorescence spectroscopic studies revealed selective reactivity of the boronate ester group of prodrugs towards ROS (primarily H2O2) with the release of amonafide and COS/CO2 via self‐immolative processes. Hydrolysis of the generated COS by carbonic anhydrase (CA) produces H2S. While the prodrug AM‐TCB retained the anticancer activity of free amonafide in cancer cells (MDA‐MB‐231 and HeLa), unlike amonafide, it enhanced the cellular viability of the non‐malignant cells (HEK‐293). Fluorescence imaging in HeLa cells revealed the simultaneous delivery of the anticancer agent and H2S from AM‐TCB with turn‐on fluorescence. Western blot studies further revealed the cytoprotective effects of the released H2S from AM‐TCB. The present adjuvant strategy therefore would be helpful in future for ameliorating the anticancer drug‐induced side‐effects.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Addition of Organosulfur Compounds to Alkynes and Alkenes: Catalysis and Catalyst Poisons
Authors: Yamamoto Yuki , Ogawa Akiya
Published: September 2023

The addition of heteroatom compounds to alkynes and alkenes is an atom‐efficient method of carbon‐heteroatom bond formation and is widely used as a fundamental synthetic method for the construction of functional molecules. Nevertheless, examples of transition‐metal‐catalyzed addition reactions of group 16 heteroatom compounds to carbon‐carbon unsaturated bonds have been limited due to the widespread belief that organic sulfur and selenium compounds are representative catalyst poisons. In recent decades, however, several seminal catalytic reactions of sulfur compounds have been developed, providing important insights into catalysis and poisons. Therefore, this paper focuses on the transition‐metal‐catalyzed addition of organosulfur compounds to alkynes and alkenes, gains comprehensive insights into the catalysis and catalyst poisons, and proposes concepts for the development of transition‐metal‐catalyzed reactions of group 16 heteroatom compounds.
Evaluation of patient‐reported outcome measures for on‐demand treatment of hereditary angioedema attacks and design of KONFIDENT, a phase 3 trial of sebetralstat
Authors: Cohn Danny M. , Aygören‐Pürsün Emel , Bernstein Jonathan A. , Farkas Henriette , Lumry William R. , Maurer Marcus , Zanichelli Andrea , Iverson Matthew , Hao James , Smith Michael D. , Yea Christopher M. , Audhya Paul K. , Riedl Marc A.
Published: September 2023

Background

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) with C1‐inhibitor deficiency (HAE‐C1‐INH) is characterized by recurrent, debilitating episodes of swelling. Sebetralstat, an investigational oral plasma kallikrein inhibitor, demonstrated promising efficacy for on‐demand treatment of HAE‐C1‐INH in a phase 2 trial. We describe the multipronged approach informing the design of KONFIDENT, a phase 3 randomized, placebo‐controlled, three‐way crossover trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of sebetralstat in patients aged ≥12 years with HAE‐C1‐INH.

Methods

To determine an optimal endpoint to measure the beginning of symptom relief in KONFIDENT, we engaged patients with HAE on clinical outcome measures and subsequently conducted analyses of phase 2 outcomes. Sample size was determined via a simulation‐based approach using phase 2 data.

Results

Patient interviews revealed a strong preference (71%) for the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGI‐C) over other measures and indicated a rating of “A Little Better” as a clinically meaningful milestone. In phase 2, a rating of “A Little Better” demonstrated agreement with attack severity improvement and resolution on the Patient Global Impression of Severity and had better sensitivity than “Better.” Simulations indicated that 84 patients completing treatment would ensure at least 90% power for assessing the primary endpoint of time to beginning of symptom relief defined as a PGI‐C rating of at least “A Little Better” for two time points in a row.

Conclusions

Patient feedback and phase 2 data support PGI‐C as the primary outcome measure in the phase 3 KONFIDENT trial evaluating sebetralstat, which has the potential to be the first oral on‐demand treatment for HAE‐C1‐INH attacks.
CuO/Cu2O‐Coated Cu2S Nanowire Arrays: Effects of Thermal Annealing on Thermal Stability and Optical Properties
Authors: Li Liqiang , Zhang Wenxing , Li Peng
Published: September 2023

CuO/Cu2O‐coated Cu2S nanowire arrays with an average diameter of 180 and 280 nm are prepared by the solid–gas reaction. The crystallinity of the oxide improves with increasing annealing temperature from 100 to 500 °C, whereas the melting point of the Cu2S nanowire arrays decreases with decreasing nanowire diameter (always less than that of bulk Cu2S, 1100 °C). The annealing temperature should be less than 500 °C for oxide‐coated Cu2S nanowire arrays that have an average diameter less than 180 nm, but can reach 500 °C for nanowire arrays that have an average diameter greater than 280 nm. Thermal annealing can improve the crystallinity of the oxide and optimize the optical properties of oxide‐coated Cu2S nanowire arrays. This research lays a foundation for direct application of CuO/Cu2O‐coated Cu2S nanowire arrays in photovoltaic and lithium‐ion batteries.
MirroredK‐AryN‐Tree and its efficiency of fault tolerance
Authors: Li Yamin , Chu Wanming
Published: September 2023

Fat‐tree is one of the most commonly used topologies in the interconnection networks of modern supercomputers and datacenters. In a traditional fat‐tree,k‐aryn‐tree for instance, the degree of root switches is less than that of other switches. Fat‐tree is a folded version of a Clos network. A Clos network uses the same degree switches in all stages. However, fat‐tree or Clos network has a high switch cost and great packet latency. This paper introduces a MirroredK‐AryN‐Tree (MiKANT) network and presents switch fault‐tolerant routing algorithms for it. Compared withk‐aryn‐trees and Clos networks, MiKANT connects more compute nodes with fewer switches and links so that it can be implemented at a lower hardware cost, it uses switches that have the same number of ports to keep the regularity, and it shortens the average distance to reduce the packet latency for achieving higher communication performance. We give three simple deadlock‐free switch fault‐tolerant routing algorithms for MiKANT and evaluate their performance. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms achieve much higher performance than the shortest path routing algorithm. Although MiKANT uses fewer switches and links than fat‐tree, the simulation result shows that it has an almost the same successful routing ratio as the fat‐tree for the switch fault tolerance.
Mitigating cyclostationary noise using multi‐fold turbo codes on a two‐user narrowband power‐line binary adder channel
Authors: Khalid Abbas , Adebisi Bamidele , Shan Rafi Us , Honary Bahram
Published: September 2023

Power lines present a more challenging communication environment compared to other media. Impedance mismatches and network branches render the channel frequency‐selective, leading to strong inter‐symbol interference (ISI). Moreover, devices connected to the power grid introduce impulsive noise on the network. Such factors may degrade the system performance drastically. Therefore, robust coding and modulation schemes are required to increase the communication reliability. Furthermore, multiple access communication allows many users to share a common medium to enhance the systems' throughput. This paper examines the behaviour of two schemes, turbo codes and multi‐fold turbo codes, against a two‐user adder channel under power‐line conditions operating below 500 kHz. Both schemes employ distinct codes for each user and make use of orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) to cope with the ISI. Three configurations of a low‐voltage (LV) power‐line outdoor network are considered. Results obtained through simulations show that a gain, up to 3 dB, can be obtained for both users using the multi‐fold turbo coding over the conventional turbo coding. The effect of iterative decoding on the performance of both schemes is also reported.
Green fault detection scheme for IoT‐enabled wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chanak Prasenjit , Banerjee Indrajit , Bose Sagar
Published: September 2023

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the major components for the Internet of Things (IoT)‐based smart systems that accumulate meaningful information and send them to the end‐user. In IoT‐enabled WSNs, large numbers of sensor nodes are deployed in an on‐site environment to collect and transmit different physical parameters from the monitoring environments to a central repository. However, low‐cost sensing devices in IoT‐enabled WSNs are prone to fail due to energy depletion, software failures, and hardware failures. The existing fault detection approaches consume notable additional energy to detect and overcome the failures. As a result, the whole network is subject to premature death. This article proposes a green fault detection scheme for IoT‐enabled WSNs to detect faulty nodes and solve the premature death problem of the network. Furthermore, a faulty node reuse mechanism is proposed that significantly prolongs the network lifetime. We analyze the properties of the proposed algorithm mathematically and validate its performance through extensive simulation and real‐life experiments. The simulation and experimental results show improved performance of the proposed scheme in terms of fault detection accuracy, false alarm rate, and network lifetime.
A novel multiple access diamond channel model
Authors: Al‐qudah Zouhair , Al Bataineh Mohammad , Musa Ahmed
Published: September 2023

This paper introduces a new multiuser communication model, which we call multiple access diamond channel. In this channel model, many sources transmit their signals to a destination in the case of no direct links between the end terminals. Therefore, we employ two parallel relays to extend transmission to the destination. Further, we specifically characterize two different transmission schemes along with their respective achievable rate regions. Then, we develop an outer bound to the transmission in each scheme. Moreover, we present many numerical examples to mainly compare between the two different transmission schemes and to distinguish the case for which we attain the capacity region.
An optimized clustering using hybrid meta‐heuristic approach for wireless sensor networks
Authors: V Rajaram , N Kumaratharan
Published: September 2023

Power efficiency is one of the major attributes that has to be concentrated in wireless sensor network (WSN). Efficiency in the consumption of power is achieved by clustering, routing, and balancing the load in the network. The proposed work focuses on clustering to balance the load in the network, which in turn improves the power consumption by the sensor nodes. Clustering is one of the prominent techniques in WSN where research is still going on to improve efficiency. In the proposed work, the sensor nodes are collected together for the formation of multiple groups called as clusters. Cluster heads are selected using efficient satin bower bird optimization algorithm where the weight of the node is taken as a parameter. Among all these multiple cluster heads, the highly powered cluster heads are named as chief cluster head utilizing crow search optimization. In a multihop manner, the sensor nodes sense the collected data to the cluster heads, which in turn send the aggregated data to the chief cluster heads. All the selected chief cluster heads send the collected data to the central server node. Simulation is carried out in MATLAB R2020a and the performance of the proposed heuristic‐based clustering is compared with other clustering protocols in terms of energy efficiency, throughput, and delivery ratio, and it is verified that the proposed protocol gives better results.
A novel discrete cuckoo search algorithm‐based selective mapping technique to minimize the peak‐to‐average power ratio of universal filtered multicarrier signal
Authors: Şimşir Şakir , Taşpınar Necmi
Published: September 2023

The universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC), which has emerged as a product of the intensive studies carried out for developing alternative waveforms compatible with the oncoming fifth generation (5G) technology, has rapidly become one of the few waveforms considered seriously to be utilized in the next generation telecommunication systems due to its exclusive features. However, high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) problem specific to the multicarrier waveforms is waiting for researchers as the primary issue to be tackled in the UFMC waveform. To address this issue, an efficient PAPR reduction scheme called discrete cuckoo search algorithm‐based selective mapping (DCS‐SLM) is suggested in this paper. While creating the proposed DCS‐SLM scheme, in order to make the original CS algorithm suitable to be integrated into the conventional SLM method, a novel DCS algorithm was developed. Thanks to the related DCS algorithm, it becomes possible in the SLM technique to perform phase sequence optimization, which is a combinatorial optimization process that can be carried out in discrete space. It is clearly observed from the simulation results that the integration of our novel DCS algorithm to create a new PAPR reduction technique called DCS‐SLM leads to a remarkable performance improvement in the conventional SLM method due to the DCS‐based phase optimization through which the PAPR of UFMC signals are reduced to minimum levels.
Localizing non‐line‐of‐sight nodes in Vehicluar Adhoc Networks using gray wolf methodology
Authors: Kaviarasan Ramu , Harikrishna Pillutla
Published: September 2023

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) evolved by adopting the principles of mobile ad hoc networks. This network has been designed to deploy safety related application in vehicular node in the less chaotic environment in road scenarios. Vehicles exchange emergency messages through direct communication. In a practical situation, a direct communication between the vehicles is not possible, and it is prohibited by either static or dynamic obstacles. These obstacles prevent the direct communication between the vehicles and can craft a situation like non‐line of sight (NLOS). This NLOS becomes a perennial problem to the researchers as it creates localization and integrity issues which are considered to be important for road safety applications. Handling the moving obstacles is found to be a challenging one in the VANET environment as obstacles like truck are found to have similar characteristics of the vehicular nodes. This paper utilizes the merits of the meta‐heuristic approach and makes use of the improved gray wolf optimization algorithm for improving the localization and integrity services of the VANET by overcoming the NLOS conditions. The proposed methodology is found to have improved neighborhood awareness, reduced latency, improved emergency message delivery rate, and reduced mean square error rate.