bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 24‐week study to evaluate the effect of rilapladib on cognition and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Maher‐Edwards Gareth , De'Ath Jeni , Barnett Carly , Lavrov Arseniy , Lockhart Andrew
Published: July 2015

Background

The lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 inhibitor (Lp‐PLA2), rilapladib (SB659032), is being evaluated as a potential treatment to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

One hundred twenty‐four subjects with possible mild AD and with neuroimaging evidence of cerebrovascular disease were randomized to placebo or 250‐mg rilapladib once daily, for 24 weeks, in addition to stable background acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and/or memantine. The study assessed the safety and tolerability of rilapladib and its effects on cognition, mechanistic, and disease‐related biomarkers. Although the overall intent behind the study was to take a broad exploratory view of the data, two primary end points of interest (cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] amyloid beta peptide 1–42 [Aβ1–42] and CogState executive function/working memory [EF/WM] composite score at week 24) were prespecified in the analysis plan for inferential statistical analysis.

Results

Rilapladib was well tolerated with no significant safety concerns. A significant difference from placebo was observed for rilapladib on change from baseline in EF/WM (effect size, 0.45; P = .026). There was no significant difference between groups on the change from baseline in CSF Aβ1–42 (P = .133). Preliminary evidence of effects was detected on other mechanistic (albumin quotient) and disease‐related biomarkers (tau/P‐tau and neurofilament light chain).

Conclusion

These data provide initial evidence supporting Lp‐PLA2 inhibition as a novel treatment for dementia.

Clinical Trial Registration

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01428453.
HOW TO CONDORCET A GOLDMAN
Authors: Palmira Michele
Published: July 2015

In his 2010 paper “Philosophical Naturalism and Intuitional Methodology”, Alvin I. Goldman invokes the Condorcet Jury Theorem in order to defend the reliability of intuitions. The present note argues that the original conditions of the theorem are all unrealistic when analysed in connection to the case of intuitions. Alternative conditions are discussed.
Non-isothermal droplet spreading/dewetting and its reversal
Authors: Sui Yi , Spelt Peter D. M.
Published: July 2015

Axisymmetric non-isothermal spreading/dewetting of droplets on a substrate is studied, wherein the surface tension is a function of temperature, resulting in Marangoni stresses. A lubrication theory is first extended to determine the drop shape for spreading/dewetting limited by slip. It is demonstrated that an apparent angle inferred from a fitted spherical cap shape does not relate to the contact-line speed as it would under isothermal conditions. Also, a power law for the thermocapillary spreading rate versus time is derived. Results obtained with direct numerical simulations (DNS), using a slip length down to $O(10^{-4})$ times the drop diameter, confirm predictions from lubrication theory. The DNS results further show that the behaviour predicted by the lubrication theory – that a cold wall promotes spreading, and a hot wall promotes dewetting – is reversed at sufficiently large contact angles and/or viscosity of the surrounding fluid. This behaviour is summarized in a phase diagram, and a simple model that supports this finding is presented. Although the key results are found to be robust when accounting for heat conduction in the substrate, a critical thickness of the substrate is identified above which wall conduction significantly modifies wetting behaviour.
KILLING TWO BIRDS WITH ONE STONE? THE COURT OF JUSTICE'S OPINION ON THE EU'S ACCESSION TO THE ECHR
Authors: Nanopoulos Eva
Published: July 2015

ACCESSION to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has long been on the EU's political agenda. The EU's membership of the ECHR is not only seen as symbolically significant, but is also aimed at filling an important gap in the enforceability of human rights across Europe. At present, the EU cannot be brought before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and, while all EU Member States are parties to the ECHR, as long as the EU protects fundamental rights to a standard equivalent to that required under the ECHR, Member States cannot be held responsible for alleged violations of the Convention resulting from EU law either (Bosphorus v Ireland (2006) 42 E.H.R.R. 1).
BENEFITS FOR EU CITIZENS: A U-TURN BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE?
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: July 2015

THE recent judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the case of Dano (ECLI:EU:C:2014:2358) clarified some important points as regards access to social welfare benefits by EU citizens who move to another Member State. Furthermore, the judgment could have broad implications for any attempts by the UK Government to renegotiate the UK's membership of the EU, which is likely to focus on benefits for EU citizens coming to the UK. This note is an updated and expanded version of my analysis on the EU Law Analysis blog: http://eulawanalysis.blogspot.co.uk/2014/11/benefit-tourism-by-eu-citizens-cjeu.html.
SUSPECTED TERRORISTS AND THE PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION
Authors: Seet Matthew
Published: July 2015

THE tension between the competing values of security and human rights in the fight against terrorism was the subject of the ECtHR (Fourth Section) decision of Ibrahim v Others v the United Kingdom (Application nos. 50541/08, 50571/08, 50573/08, and 40351/09), 16 December 2014. Two weeks after the London bombings of 7 July 2005, bombs were detonated on the London transport system but failed to explode. After the first three applicants were arrested on suspicion of detonating the bombs, they underwent “safety interviews” which are conducted urgently for the purpose of protecting life and preventing serious damage to property, without any solicitor present and before the suspect can seek legal advice, as authorized under the Terrorism Act 2000. At the start of the “safety interviews”, instead of the “old-style” caution which reminds the suspect of his right to silence and informs him that anything said may be given in evidence, the police wrongly issued the “new-style” caution, which reminds the suspect of his right to silence and informs him that the court can draw adverse inferences at trial from his silence. This was contrary to s. 34(2A) of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, which states that adverse inferences cannot be drawn at trial if the defendant did not have the opportunity to consult with a solicitor prior to questioning. During the “safety interviews”, the first three applicants denied any involvement in or knowledge of the detonation, but, at trial, they acknowledged their involvement in the detonation yet claimed that the bombs had been a hoax and were never intended to explode. The statements taken at their “safety interviews” were admitted at trial. The fourth applicant, Abdurahman, was initially interviewed by the police as a witness. When he started to incriminate himself by discussing the assistance he provided to one of the suspects, the police did not, at that stage, arrest him and inform him of his rights to silence and to legal inform as required under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Code of Practice C; they only did so after having further questioned him as a witness and having taken a written statement from him. His written statement was admitted at trial.
U–Pb geochronology of the Eocene Kærven intrusive complex, East Greenland: constraints on the Iceland hotspot track during the rift-to-drift transition
Authors: THÓRARINSSON SIGURJÓN B. , HOLM PAUL M. , TAPPE SEBASTIAN , HEAMAN LARRY M. , PRÆGEL NIELS-OLE
Published: July 2015

Several major tholeiitic (e.g. the Skaergaard intrusion) and alkaline (e.g. the Kangerlussuaq Syenite) intrusive complexes of the North Atlantic Large Igneous Province are exposed along the Kangerlussuaq Fjord in East Greenland. The Kærven Complex forms a satellite intrusion to the Kangerlussuaq Syenite and includes early tholeiitic gabbros and a series of cross-cutting alkaline intrusions ranging from monzonite to alkali granite. The alkaline intrusions cut the gabbros, and are cut by the outer nordmarkite zone of the Kangerlussuaq Syenite. This study presents the first U–Pb zircon ages from the alkaline units of the Kærven Complex. Fourteen multi-grain zircon fractions have been analysed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Absolute age differences could not be resolved between the different units, suggesting a relatively rapid succession of intrusions betweenc. 53.5 and 53.3 Ma. Our compilation of precise radiometric age data shows that most of the alkaline magmatism in the Kangerlussuaq Fjord occurred prior to 50 Ma. Moreover, pre-50 Ma alkaline intrusions and lavas show a SSE-younging trend, which is interpreted as the track of the Iceland hotspot during the rift-to-drift transition of the North Atlantic.
Children's Rights and Children's Wellbeing: Equivalent Policy Concepts?
Authors: TISDALL E. KAY M.
Published: July 2015

Children's rights and children's wellbeing are often casually paired together in both academic literature and policy discussions, but they differ conceptually, methodologically and politically. This has become particularly evident in Scotland, where ‘landmark’ children's legislation in 2014 has set up a clash between statutory requirements for children's rights and children's wellbeing. This article utilises the Scottish example to wrestle with the advantages and disadvantages of each concept as a framework for policy and practice. The article concludes that children's wellbeing benefits from being aspirational and maximising, easily incorporating children's relationships and collective needs, and having advanced quantitative methods of measurement. But children's wellbeing also risks being apolitical, utilitarian and professionally led in both measurement and practice. Children's rights, in contrast, emphasise minimum standards, do not easily include important matters for children, such as love and friendship, and have limited quantitative investment to date. Yet they are politically powerful, backed by law, and hold duty bearers accountable. Decisions need to be made about the relationship between children's rights and children's wellbeing – and which is the primary framing for policy and practice – because they are not equivalent concepts.
STICKY INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE SPANISH TRANSITION (1973-1990)
Authors: Torregrosa-Hetland Sara
Published: July 2015

This paper investigates the evolution of income inequality in Spain during its transition to democracy, suggesting a method for the correction of under-reporting of earnings and profits in the Household Budget Surveys’ data. The contribution is twofold: the methodological proposal, based on income-expenditure discrepancy and scaling-up to National Accounts, improves on previous work and can be useful for similar historical sources in other countries. Second, its application results in an alternative history of the distribution of income in this case, changing the levels and also the observed trend. Previous literature asserted a substantial equalisation, related to the democratisation process, while after the adjustment inequality in disposable income is shown to have been quite persistent.
Control distribution of partially decoupled multi-level manipulators with five DOFs
Authors: Loizaga M. , Altuzarra O. , Pinto Ch. , Petuya V.
Published: July 2015

Multi-level manipulators are those mechanisms in which two or more levels, that define the main chain of the manipulator, are joined in parallel to each other. Besides, each level is linked to the base in parallel by some limbs. Based on the idea of multi-level manipulators and using the concept of plain leg surfaces, the synthesis of partially decoupled manipulators with five degrees of freedom is presented. Among the different possibilities that exist to design the main chain of the manipulator, one is selected and the different manipulators that can be obtained from this option are analyzed. The concept of control distribution per level is presented and compared with the distribution of degrees of freedom per level. Finally, each of the proposed manipulators is studied and those which decouple the rotations are chosen.
Some Remarks on PDOP and TDOP for Multi-GNSS Constellations
Authors: Teng Yunlong , Wang Jinling
Published: July 2015

For single point positioning solutions with multi-Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations, the Position Dilution Of Precision (PDOP) and Time Dilution Of Precision TDOP) are quality measures to specify the additional multiplicative affect of measurement error on positioning accuracy and the timing accuracy, respectively. Considering the dimension of the unknown vector (including the three-dimensional positioning information of the receiver as well as the receiver clock biases related to these single constellations), this paper theoretically derives new formulae to describe the change of PDOP and TDOP. In addition, the detailed expressions of the variable quantity of the PDOP and TDOP are also obtained. The results show that if the dimension of the unknown vector is invariant in case of removing one or more satellites belonging to the existing tracked multi-GNSS constellations, both the PDOP and TDOP increase. On the other hand, if removing satellites reduces the dimension of the unknown vector, the PDOP neither increases nor decreases. However, the change of the TDOP is different, and it becomes smaller.
Many-one reductions and the category of multivalued functions
Authors: PAULY ARNO
Published: July 2015

Multivalued functions are common in computable analysis (built upon the Type 2 Theory of Effectivity), and have made an appearance in complexity theory under the monikersearch problemsleading to complexity classes such as PPAD and PLS being studied. However, a systematic investigation of the resulting degree structures has only been initiated in the former situation so far (the Weihrauch-degrees).

A more general understanding is possible, if the category-theoretic properties of multivalued functions are taken into account. In the present paper, the category-theoretic framework is established, and it is demonstrated that many-one degrees of multivalued functions form a distributive lattice under very general conditions, regardless of the actual reducibility notions used (e.g. Cook, Karp, Weihrauch).

Beyond this, an abundance of open questions arises. Some classic results for reductions between functions carry over to multivalued functions, but others do not. The basic theme here again depends on category-theoretic differences between functions and multivalued functions.
Maxillofacial Gunshot Wounds
Authors: Maurin Olga , de Régloix Stanislas , Dubourdieu Stéphane , Lefort Hugues , Boizat Stéphane , Houze Benoit , Culoma Jennifer , Burlaton Guillaume , Tourtier Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2015

The majority of maxillofacial gunshot wounds are caused by suicide attempts. Young men are affected most often. When the lower one-third of the face is involved, airway patency (1.6% of the cases) and hemorrhage control (1.9% of the cases) are the two most urgent complications to monitor and prevent. Spinal fractures are observed with 10% of maxillary injuries and in 20% of orbital injuries. Actions to treat the facial gunshot victim need to be performed, keeping in mind spine immobilization until radiographic imaging is complete and any required spinal stabilization accomplished. Patients should be transported to a trauma center equipped to deal with maxillofacial and neurosurgery because 40% require emergency surgery. The mortality rate of maxillofacial injuries shortly after arrival at a hospital varies from 2.8% to 11.0%. Complications such as hemiparesis or cranial nerve paralysis occur in 20% of survivors. This case has been reported on a victim of four gunshot injuries. One of the gunshots was to the left mandibular ramus and became lodged in the C4 vertebral bone.

MaurinO,de RégloixS,DubourdieuS,LefortH,BoizatS,HouzeB,CulomaJ,BurlatonG,TourtierJP.Maxillofacial gunshot wounds.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(3):14.
Self-care Decontamination within a Chemical Exposure Mass-casualty Incident
Authors: Monteith Raymond G. , Pearce Laurie D. R.
Published: July 2015

Growing awareness and concern for the increasing frequency of incidents involving hazardous materials (HazMat) across a broad spectrum of contaminants from chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) sources indicates a clear need to refine the capability to respond successfully to mass-casualty contamination incidents. Best results for decontamination from a chemical agent will be achieved if done within minutes following exposure, and delays in decontamination will increase the length of time a casualty is in contact with the contaminate. The findings presented in this report indicate that casualties involved in a HazMat/CBRN mass-casualty incident (MCI) in a typical community would not receive sufficient on-scene care because of operational delays that are integral to a standard HazMat/CBRN first response. This delay in response will mean that casualty care will shift away from the incident scene into already over-tasked health care facilities as casualties seek aid on their own. The self-care decontamination protocols recommended here present a viable option to ensure decontamination is completed in the field, at the incident scene, and that casualties are cared for more quickly and less traumatically than they would be otherwise. Introducing self-care decontamination procedures as a standard first response within the response community will improve the level of care significantly and provide essential, self-care decontamination to casualties. The process involves three distinct stages which should not be delayed; these are summarized by the acronym MADE: Move/Assist, Disrobe/Decontaminate, Evaluate/Evacuate.

MonteithRG,PearceLDR.Self-care decontamination within a chemical exposure mass-casualty incident.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(3):1–9.
Disastrous Events and Political Failures
Authors: Levett Jeffrey
Published: July 2015

Response to the Ebola crisis (ongoing event) has been less than efficient. It has been monitored less than adequately by the international community and has been coordinated poorly in the USA. The event is used as a platform to examine deficiencies in public health infrastructure, the limits of its political and financial support, and how political outcomes can be affected. The need to tease out the political determinants implicit in policy failure and disaster management is argued in this Editorial. Failures mentioned include in the Balkans and in Greece with ongoing austerity. Comments on the real heroes of Ebola on the ground in Africa and the need for a charismatic role for political leaders in public health are also included.

LevettJ. Disastrous events and political failures. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(3):12.
Survey of UK Health Care First Responders’ Knowledge of Personal Protective Equipment Requirements
Authors: Schumacher Jan , Bond Alexandra R. , Woodham Valentine , Buckingham Anna , Garnham Francesca , Brinker Andrea
Published: July 2015

Introduction

An adequate level of personal protective equipment (PPE) is necessary when treating patients with highly infectious diseases or those contaminated with hazardous substances.

Methods

Following National Institute for Health Research’s Research Centre (London, United Kingdom) approval, the authors of this study conducted a survey of specialist registrars’ knowledge of the respiratory and skin protection requirements needed during a resuscitation scenario with Advanced Life Support. Participant responses were compared to UK national recommendations and to a previous survey in 2009.

Results

A total of 98 specialist registrars (in Anesthesiology, n=51; in Emergency Medicine (EM), n=21; and in Intensive Care Medicine (ICM) n=26) completed hand-delivered surveys. The best knowledge of PPE requirements (76%) was found for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), with less knowledge about PPE requirements for anthrax, plague, Ebola virus disease (EVD), and smallpox (60%). The results show limited knowledge of PPE requirements (20%-30%) for various chemical warfare agents. Personal protective equipment knowledge regarding treatment of sarin-contaminated casualties was over-rated by 80%, and for patients with EVD, it was over-rated by up to 67% of participants.

Conclusion

The results of the tested cohort indicate that current knowledge regarding PPE for chemical warfare agents remains very limited.

SchumacherJ, BondAR, WoodhamV, BuckinghamA, GarnhamF, BrinkerA. Survey of UK health care first responders’ knowledge of personal protective equipment requirements. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(3):15
Electron Backscatter Diffraction and Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction Analysis of an Austenitic Stainless Steel Subjected to Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment and Plasma Nitriding
Authors: Proust Gwénaëlle , Retraint Delphine , Chemkhi Mahdi , Roos Arjen , Demangel Clemence
Published: July 2015

Austenitic 316L stainless steel can be used for orthopedic implants due to its biocompatibility and high corrosion resistance. Its range of applications in this field could be broadened by improving its wear and friction properties. Surface properties can be modified through surface hardening treatments. The effects of such treatments on the microstructure of the alloy were investigated here. Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT) is a surface treatment that enhances mechanical properties of the material surface by creating a thin nanocrystalline layer. After SMAT, some specimens underwent a plasma nitriding process to further enhance their surface properties. Using electron backscatter diffraction, transmission Kikuchi diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, the microstructural evolution of the stainless steel after these different surface treatments was characterized. Microstructural features investigated include thickness of the nanocrystalline layer, size of the grains within the nanocrystalline layer, and depth of diffusion of nitrogen atoms within the material.
Bond Strength of High-Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cements is Affected by Tubular Density and Location in Dentin?
Authors: Tedesco Tamara K. , Calvo Ana Flávia B. , Domingues Gabrielle G. , Mendes Fausto M. , Raggio Daniela P.
Published: July 2015

This study evaluated the influence of tubular density of different dentin depths and location on the bond strength of high-viscosity glass ionomer cements (GIC). A total of 20 molars were selected and assigned into six experimental groups, considering two different high-viscosity GICs—Fuji IX (FIX) or Ketac Molar (KM), and dentin location—proximal, occlusal superficial, or occlusal deep dentin (n=10). Teeth were cut and a topographical analysis of four sections per group was performed to obtain data about the tubular density of each different dentin location and depths by laser scanning confocal microscopy (100×). Polyethylene tubes were placed over the pretreated surfaces and filled with one of the GICs. Microshear bond strength (µSBS) test was performed after storage in distilled water (24 h at 37°C). Failure modes were evaluated using a stereomicroscope (400×). Multilevel regression analysis was performed to compare the results at a significance level set at 5%. The tubule density was inversely proportional to the bond strength for both GICs (p<0.05). Adhesive/mixed failure prevailed in all experimental groups. Proximal (30036.5±3433.3) and occlusal superficial 29665.3±1434.04 dentin shows lower tubule density, resulting in a better GIC bonding performance (proximal: FIX–3.61±1.05; KM–3.40±1.62; occlusal superficial: FIX–4.70±1.85; KM–4.97±1.25). Thus, we can concluded that the lowest tubule density in proximal and occlusal superficial dentin results in a better GIC bond strength performance.
Complex Needs and Wicked Problems: How Social Disadvantage Became Multiple
Authors: valentine kylie
Published: July 2015

This article traces changes in the descriptions of entrenched social disadvantage, and changes in the way that social description is conceptualised and measured. The article is also an analysis of the importance of categories and categorisation to social policy research; an importance which is recognised relatively rarely. Its focus is on the growing importance of multiplicity as a mode for measuring and conceptualising disadvantage. It argues that multiplicity has become important in social policy, and traces distinct trends in research and policy over the last half-century, and their convergence at particular moments. The rise of multiplicity as a trope for understanding social disadvantage has the effect of rendering social problems as more ‘wicked’ and intractable than they were previously understood to be. The strengths of this are in the sophistication of theoretical, multidisciplinary conceptualisations of disadvantage and the disadvantaged. There may be costs to this, however, in policy responses to addressing people's needs.
Fibre quality of South American camelids in Argentina: a review
Authors: Mueller J.P. , Rigalt F. , Lamas H. , Sacchero D.M. , Cancino A.K. , Wurzinger M.
Published: July 2015

Argentina's annual camelid fibre production is estimated at 60 000 kg for llama (Lama glama), somewhat more than 2 000 kg for guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and about 845 kg for vicuña (Vicugna vicugna). The potential for increasing these amounts is huge considering that barely 30 percent of llamas are shorn and considering the size of the wild camelid population in the country. A compilation of published and unpublished work confirms that almost 50 percent of the llamas are single-coated, about 40 percent have white fleeces and that average fibre diameter is about 22 µm in the main llama production area. In general, there is a wide variation in fleece weights and fibre quality between and within herds. However, a llama fleece classing and pricing system is not yet in place to motivate implementation of breeding programmes. Guanaco and vicuña fleeces are double-coated but the fine undercoat represents more than 80 percent of the fleece weight. The proportion of down fibre remaining after mechanical dehairing is only 50 percent in guanacos and 70 percent in vicuñas. The guanaco undercoat fibre diameter is about 16 µm and vicuña fibre diameter is typically between 13 and 14 µm. Both fibres are relatively short. Research is needed to establish optimum shearing season and shearing frequency that results in fibre quality demanded for handcraft and industry in each of the three species.
Current status and phenotypic characteristics of Bulgarian poultry genetic resources
Authors: Teneva A. , Gerzilov V. , Lalev M. , Lukanov H. , Mincheva N. , Oblakova M. , Petrov P. , Hristakieva P. , Dimitrova I. , Periasamy K.
Published: July 2015

Poultry biodiversity conservation is a great challenge for many countries. Within the last several years, the number of endangered local breeds has increased, leading to a considerable loss of genetic resources. A similar trend was observed among the poultry breeds, including chicken, local turkey and goose breeds/lines established in Bulgaria, part of which is definitely lost. Currently these breeds/lines are at risk and/or threatened with extinction. The information obtained by phenotypic characterization of these breeds is the first step for planning the management of poultry genetic resources through setting up improved selection schemes and conservation strategies. In this paper, we reviewed the current state of knowledge regarding the morphological and phenotypic diversity of local poultry breeds and some old productive poultry lines in Bulgaria.
Caractérisation phénotypique du mouton de Vogan du Togo et relation avec le mouton Djallonké et le mouton sahélien
Authors: Dayo G-K. , Alfa E. , Talaki E. , Soedji K. , Sylla S. , Dao B.
Published: July 2015

Le mouton de Vogan (MV) est une race ovine unique au Togo et serait issu de croisements entre la brebis Djallonké et le bélier sahélien. Il est très apprécié de par ses aptitudes zootechniques, mais son élevage est très localisé au sud-est du Togo. Ce travail vise l'étude des caractères phénotypiques de la race et la comparaison de ces caractères avec ceux des populations parentales (moutons Djallonké (MD) et moutons sahéliens (MS)). A cet effet, des données morphobiométriques ont été collectées en janvier 2013 sur 206 animaux dans les préfectures de Vô, de Kloto et d'Agou au Togo et sur 30 MS en mai 2013 autour de la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso au Burkina Faso. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la couleur de la robe du MV est généralement bicolore (rousse, noire, chocolat), mais très variée. Les cornes, de forme variable, présentes chez tous les béliers, et fines ou en vestige chez les brebis, sont pour la plupart des cas prismatiques et orientées vers l'extérieur. Les caractères quantitatifs tels que la hauteur au garrot, la longueur du corps, la circonférence thoracique, la longueur de la queue, la longueur des oreilles, l'espace intercornes et la profondeur du thorax du MV sont inférieurs à ceux des MS, mais largement supérieurs à ceux des MD. La plupart des caractères du MV ont été influencés par le facteur canton (p<0,05). Cette étude a confirmé la position «intermédiaire» du MV. L'exploitation de cette précieuse ressource ovine passera par sa caractérisation et sa diffusion.
Phenotypic characterization of local Ghanaian chickens: egg-laying performance under improved management conditions
Authors: Osei-Amponsah R. , Kayang B.B. , Naazie A. , Tiexier-Boichard M. , Rognon X.
Published: July 2015

Egg production performance of 571 local Ghanaian chickens and 107 SASSO T44 chickens kept under improved management conditions were analysed. Average egg weight, hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined for the three experimental chicken ecotypes. Hen-day production was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in the savannah local chicken ecotype than the forest ecotype and SASSO T44 chickens. Egg weights of local Ghanaian chickens compared favourably with values reported for local chickens in Africa. On the average, SASSO T44 had significantly (P< 0.05) higher egg weights and feed intake compared with the local chicken ecotypes. The local chicken ecotypes on the other hand, had significantly (P< 0.05) better feed conversion ratios than SASSO T44 chicken. Local Ghanaian chicken ecotypes have a more efficient FCR per every unit of egg produced compared with the control population. Low feed intake, good feed conversion ratios and adaptation to the environment are traits local chicken harbour which can be exploited in future breeding programmes to improve on chicken meat and egg production in Ghana. Ghanaian local chickens could thus be a valuable genetic resource for the development of an efficient egg production chicken breed adaptable to the humid tropical climates.
Options for enhancing efficiency and effectiveness of research capacity for livestock genetics in, and for, sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Chagunda M.G.G. , Gibson J.P. , Dzama K. , Rege J.E.O
Published: July 2015

Animal breeding for increased productivity over the past 50 to 60 years has been very successful in terms of increasing growth rate, milk yield and egg production in most livestock producing regions of the world (Rauwet al., 1998). However, this success has not registered that well in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Ironically, just like most developing regions, SSA is faced with the challenge to increase rapidly the agricultural productivity to help feed their growing human populations without depleting the natural resource base (Rege, 2005). Genetic improvement of livestock depends on access to genetic variation and effective methods for exploiting this variation (Rege, 2005). This is where human capacity and infrastructure for decision-support systems in animal breeding are required. This paper provides a synthesis of views from a cross-section of livestock production experts working in SSA. These views were collated through an e-conference which was held from 8th March to 20th April 2011. The e-conference discussed future research and development (R&D) needs for animal breeding and genetics in SSA and how they can be met. The e-conference attracted 43 participants from 17 countries. Results from the e-conference demonstrated that the R&D institutions and infrastructure in SSA vary widely in terms of both the physical and human capacity. Equally varied is the level of utilization of these institutions. In terms of training in Animal Breeding and Genetics, although most universities/colleges have programmes in Animal Science and teach animal breeding and genetics, there are very few practicing animal breeders. Lack of mentorship programmes and collaboration, and in some cases lack of appropriate jobs, continue to contribute to this ‘leaking pipeline’ phenomenon. The following is a summary of the consensus stemming from the conference on how the efficiency and effectiveness of livestock genetic improvement in SSA could be enhanced. First, the need to augment the approach that promotes animal breeding and genetics as part of a wider agriculture and rural development system, second, collaboration both within Africa and with those in the Diaspora should be further tapped into and utilized as a source of capacity for R&D and third, initiative of sharing resources and research platforms such as pooling data for genetic analysis from across institutions, and even across countries, should be encouraged in case where this is advantageous to do so.
Electronic Voting and Perceptions of Election Fraud and Fairness
Authors: Beaulieu Emily
Published: July 2015

This paper contributes to a growing body of research on voting technology and voter confidence, which generally concludes that voters are less confident in technology—particularly in developed democracies. Using a unique survey experiment, this paper demonstrates that far fewer individuals are concerned about election fraud involving electronic voting, compared with other potential forms of election fraud such as registering ineligible voters or voter suppression. Other interesting findings emerge from the data: Older individuals are more concerned about fraud with electronic voting but the effects of age appear to be conditioned on political polarization. This paper advances our understanding of the impact of voting technology on electoral confidence, and raises important substantive and methodological questions about priming.
Stimulus-Response Bindings in the Go/NoGo Task
Authors: Ramos Tânia , Garcia-Marques Leonel , Sofia Santos Ana , Carneiro Paula
Published: July 2015

Abstract. In the present paper, we explore the notion that judgments of typicality are dependent on the goal-relevancy of exemplars. However, we propose that relevancy can be derived from the response provided to stimulus, through the operation of stimulus-response bindings. Specifically, items associated with selection responses are tagged as “relevant” and will be subsequently judged as more typical of their categories, while stimuli associated with avoidance responses are tagged as “irrelevant” will be judged as less typical of their categories. We test this prediction with a Go-NoGo task with male and female faces. Results showed that (a) faces associated with a selection (Go) response were judged more typical of their gender category than faces associated with an avoidance (NoGo) response, and (b) these effects were more likely to be observed when the context is reactivated. Our results are consistent with the notion that representation of typicality is goal-oriented and contextually dependent.
Biased Processing of Ambiguous Symptoms Favors the Initially Leading Hypothesis in Sequential Diagnostic Reasoning
Authors: Rebitschek Felix G. , Bocklisch Franziska , Scholz Agnes , Krems Josef F. , Jahn Georg
Published: July 2015

Abstract. In sequential diagnostic reasoning, observed pieces of evidence activate hypotheses in memory and are integrated to reach a final diagnosis. The order of evidence can influence diagnostic reasoning. This article examines the processing of ambiguous evidence underlying order effects if multiple hypotheses are activated. In five experiments with a quasi-medical scenario, participants dealt with symptom sequences supporting multiple diagnoses. The symptom order, the response mode (end-of-sequence, step-by-step), and the consistency of evidence were manipulated. A primacy order effect occurred with both response modes suggesting that ambiguous pieces of evidence were distorted toward the hypothesis that strongly corresponded with the first piece. The primacy effect was partially counteracted by stepwise belief ratings, which strengthened the weight of recent evidence and promoted switching to an alternative diagnosis. We conclude that once hypotheses are generated, the interplay of coherence-oriented information distortion and memory-dependent analytic processes propagates into distinct order effects in diagnoses.
Ecophysiology of an uncultivated lineage of Aigarchaeota from an oxic, hot spring filamentous ‘streamer’ community
Authors: Beam Jacob P , Jay Zackary J , Schmid Markus C , Rusch Douglas B , Romine Margaret F , Jennings Ryan de M , Kozubal Mark A , Tringe Susannah G , Wagner Michael , Inskeep William P
Published: July 2015

The candidate archaeal phylum ‘Aigarchaeota’ contains microorganisms from terrestrial and subsurface geothermal ecosystems. The phylogeny and metabolic potential of Aigarchaeota has been deduced from several recent single-cell amplified genomes; however, a detailed description of their metabolic potential and in situ transcriptional activity is absent. Here, we report a comprehensive metatranscriptome-based reconstruction of the in situ metabolism of Aigarchaeota in an oxic, hot spring filamentous ‘streamer’ community. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that these newly discovered Aigarchaeota are filamentous, which is consistent with the presence and transcription of an actin-encoding gene. Aigarchaeota filaments are intricately associated with other community members, which include both bacteria (for example, filamentous Thermocrinis spp.) and archaea. Metabolic reconstruction of genomic and metatranscriptomic data suggests that this aigarchaeon is an aerobic, chemoorganoheterotroph with autotrophic potential. A heme copper oxidase complex was identified in the environmental genome assembly and highly transcribed in situ. Potential electron donors include acetate, fatty acids, amino acids, sugars and aromatic compounds, which may originate from extracellular polymeric substances produced by other microorganisms shown to exist in close proximity and/or autochthonous dissolved organic carbon (OC). Transcripts related to genes specific to each of these potential electron donors were identified, indicating that this aigarchaeon likely utilizes several OC substrates. Characterized members of this lineage cannot synthesize heme, and other cofactors and vitamins de novo, which suggests auxotrophy. We propose the name Candidatus ‘Calditenuis aerorheumensis’ for this aigarchaeon, which describes its filamentous morphology and its primary electron acceptor, oxygen.
Wavevector Selective Metasurfaces and Tunnel Vision Filters
Authors: Fedotov Vassili A , Wallauer Jan , Walther Markus , Perino Mauro , Papasimakis Nikitas , Zheludev Nikolay I
Published: July 2015

Metasurfaces offer unprecedented flexibility in the design and control of light propagation, replacing bulk optical components and exhibiting exotic optical effects. One of the basic properties of the metasurfaces, which renders them as frequency selective surfaces, is the ability to transmit or reflect radiation within a narrow frequency band that can be engineered on demand. Here we introduce and demonstrate experimentally in the THz domain the concept of wavevector selective surfaces – metasurfaces transparent only within a narrow range of light propagation directions operating effectively as tunnel vision filters. Practical implementations of the new concept include applications in wavefront manipulation, observational instruments, vision and free-space communication in light-scattering environments.
Increased reservoir ages and poorly ventilated deep waters inferred in the glacial Eastern Equatorial Pacific
Authors: de la Fuente Maria , Skinner Luke , Calvo Eva , Pelejero Carles , Cacho Isabel
Published: July 2015

Consistent evidence for a poorly ventilated deep Pacific Ocean that could have released its radiocarbon-depleted carbon stock to the atmosphere during the last deglaciation has long been sought. Such evidence remains lacking, in part due to a paucity of surface reservoir age reconstructions required for accurate deep-ocean ventilation age estimates. Here we combine new radiocarbon data from the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP) with chronostratigraphic calendar age constraints to estimate shallow sub-surface reservoir age variability, and thus provide estimates of deep-ocean ventilation ages. Both shallow- and deep-water ventilation ages drop across the last deglaciation, consistent with similar reconstructions from the South Pacific and Southern Ocean. The observed regional fingerprint linking the Southern Ocean and the EEP is consistent with a dominant southern source for EEP thermocline waters and suggests relatively invariant ocean interior transport pathways but significantly reduced air–sea gas exchange in the glacial southern high latitudes.
NF-κB-induced microRNA-31 promotes epidermal hyperplasia by repressing protein phosphatase 6 in psoriasis
Authors: Yan Sha , Xu Zhenyao , Lou Fangzhou , Zhang Lingyun , Ke Fang , Bai Jing , Liu Zhaoyuan , Liu Jinlin , Wang Hong , Zhu Huiyuan , Sun Yang , Cai Wei , Gao Yuanyuan , Su Bing , Li Qun , Yang Xiao , Yu Jianxiu , Lai Yuping , Yu Xue-Zhong , Zheng Yan , Shen Nan , Chin Y. Eugene , Wang Honglin
Published: July 2015

NF-κB is constitutively activated in psoriatic epidermis. However, how activated NF-κB promotes keratinocyte hyperproliferation in psoriasis is largely unknown. Here we report that the NF-κB activation triggered by inflammatory cytokines induces the transcription of microRNA (miRNA) miR-31, one of the most dynamic miRNAs identified in the skin of psoriatic patients and mouse models. The genetic deficiency of miR-31 in keratinocytes inhibits their hyperproliferation, decreases acanthosis and reduces the disease severity in psoriasis mouse models. Furthermore, protein phosphatase 6 (ppp6c), a negative regulator that restricts the G1 to S phase progression, is diminished in human psoriatic epidermis and is directly targeted by miR-31. The inhibition of ppp6c is functionally important for miR-31-mediated biological effects. Moreover, NF-κB activation inhibits ppp6c expression directly through the induction of miR-31, and enhances keratinocyte proliferation. Thus, our data identify NF-κB-induced miR-31 and its target, ppp6c, as critical factors for the hyperproliferation of epidermis in psoriasis.
Towards experimental quantum-field tomography with ultracold atoms
Authors: Steffens A. , Friesdorf M. , Langen T. , Rauer B. , Schweigler T. , Hübener R. , Schmiedmayer J. , Riofrío C.A. , Eisert J.
Published: July 2015

The experimental realization of large-scale many-body systems in atomic-optical architectures has seen immense progress in recent years, rendering full tomography tools for state identification inefficient, especially for continuous systems. To work with these emerging physical platforms, new technologies for state identification are required. Here we present first steps towards efficient experimental quantum-field tomography. Our procedure is based on the continuous analogues of matrix-product states, ubiquitous in condensed-matter theory. These states naturally incorporate the locality present in realistic physical settings and are thus prime candidates for describing the physics of locally interacting quantum fields. To experimentally demonstrate the power of our procedure, we quench a one-dimensional Bose gas by a transversal split and use our method for a partial quantum-field reconstruction of the far-from-equilibrium states of this system. We expect our technique to play an important role in future studies of continuous quantum many-body systems.
Ultrathin inorganic molecular nanowire based on polyoxometalates
Authors: Zhang Zhenxin , Murayama Toru , Sadakane Masahiro , Ariga Hiroko , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Sakaguchi Norihito , Asakura Kiyotaka , Ueda Wataru
Published: July 2015

The development of metal oxide-based molecular wires is important for fundamental research and potential practical applications. However, examples of these materials are rare. Here we report an all-inorganic transition metal oxide molecular wire prepared by disassembly of larger crystals. The wires are comprised of molybdenum(VI) with either tellurium(IV) or selenium(IV): {(NH4)2[XMo6O21]}n (X=tellurium(IV) or selenium(IV)). The ultrathin molecular nanowires with widths of 1.2 nm grow to micrometre-scale crystals and are characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis, Rietveld analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, thermal analysis and elemental analysis. The crystals can be disassembled into individual molecular wires through cation exchange and subsequent ultrasound treatment, as visualized by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The ultrathin molecular wire-based material exhibits high activity as an acid catalyst, and the band gap of the molecular wire-based crystal is tunable by heat treatment.
Low-molecular-mass secretome profiling identifies HMGA2 and MIF as prognostic biomarkers for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chang Kai-Ping , Lin Shih-Jie , Liu Shiau-Chin , Yi Jui-Shan , Chien Kun-Yi , Chi Lang-Ming , Kao Huang-Kai , Liang Ying , Lin Yu-Tsun , Chang Yu-Sun , Yu Jau-Song
Published: July 2015

The profiling of cancer cell secretomes is considered to be a good strategy for identifying cancer-related biomarkers, but few studies have focused on identifying low-molecular-mass (LMr) proteins (<15 kDa) in cancer cell secretomes. Here, we used tricine–SDS-gel-assisted fractionation and LC–MS/MS to systemically identify LMr proteins in the secretomes of five oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines. Cross-matching of these results with nine OSCC tissue transcriptome datasets allowed us to identify 33 LMr genes/proteins that were highly upregulated in OSCC tissues and secreted/released from OSCC cells. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR were used to verify the overexpression of two candidates, HMGA2 and MIF, in OSCC tissues. The overexpressions of both proteins were associated with cervical metastasis, perineural invasion, deeper tumor invasion, higher overall stage and a poorer prognosis for post-treatment survival. Functional assays further revealed that both proteins promoted the migration and invasion of OSCC cell lines in vitro. Collectively, our data indicate that the tricine–SDS-gel/LC–MS/MS approach can be used to efficiently identify LMr proteins from OSCC cell secretomes and suggest that HMGA2 and MIF could be potential tissue biomarkers for OSCC.