bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outgroup homogeneity effect in perception: An exploration with Ebbinghaus illusion
Authors: Ishii Keiko , Kitayama Shinobu
Published: December 2010

An outgroup homogeneity (OH) effect implies that outgroup members are perceived to be more similar than ingroup members. At present, however, it is not clear whether the OH effect is truly perceptual. Here, we used an Ebbinghaus illusion to demonstrate the OH effect in perception. Participants were presented with one central face that was surrounded by four surrounding faces. The central face was judged to be smaller as the size of the surrounding faces increased, thereby demonstrating an Ebbinghaus illusion. As predicted, however, this illusion was significantly greater when the faces allegedly belonged to an outgroup than when they allegedly belonged to an ingroup. This perceptual OH effect bore no significant relationship with cognitive OH measures. The perceptual versus cognitive OH effects might therefore be mediated by separate mechanisms.
Role of face‐to‐face and computer‐mediated communication time in the cohesion and performance of mixed‐mode groups
Authors: Shin Yuhyung , Song Kyojik
Published: December 2010

Although the rapid development of information technology has led to the increasing use of computer‐mediated communication (CMC), few studies have examined the relational aspect of mixed‐mode groups that use both face‐to‐face (FTF) communication and CMC. A field study comprising 42 student groups was conducted to assess the relationships among communication time, cohesion, and performance in mixed‐mode groups. The findings suggest that time spent in FTF communication significantly predicted group social cohesion, but time spent in CMC did not. In contrast, group task cohesion was predicted by time spent in CMC but not by time spent in FTF communication. Time spent in CMC was also a strong predictor of group task performance. These results suggest that FTF communication contributes to the social aspect of mixed‐mode groups and that CMC is beneficial to their task‐related aspect. The findings of mediation analyses showed a significant indirect effect among time spent in FTF communication, group social cohesion, and group contextual performance. In other words, time spent in FTF communication had a positive effect on group social cohesion, which in turn positively affected group contextual performance. However, no mediating effect was found among time spent in CMC, group task cohesion, and group task performance. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Work, marriage, and health behaviors of African American working couples
Authors: WICKRAMA K. A. S. , SURJADI FLORENSIA F. , BRYANT CHALANDRA M.
Published: December 2010

Using a sample of 379 African American working husbands and wives, this study examined a unique link between work and marital experiences on health‐promoting behaviors. Results of the dyadic model show that husbands' and wives' control over work are directly associated with husbands' and wives' health‐promoting behaviors, respectively, after taking into account the dependencies between husbands and wives. The results of the dyadic model also show that husbands' and wives' control over work are indirectly associated with husbands' and wives' health behaviors through their perceived marital integrations. By understanding how work control and marital integration combine to influence both husbands' and wives' health behaviors, programs that promote healthy behaviors can be better designed and more effectively implemented.
Development of adulthood hostile attitudes: Childhood environment and serotonin receptor gene interactions
Authors: MERJONEN PÄIVI , PULKKI‐RÅBACK LAURA , LIPSANEN JARI , LEHTIMÄKI TERHO , RONTU RIIKKA , VIIKARI JORMA , HINTSANEN MIRKA , KELTIKANGAS‐JÄRVINEN LIISA
Published: December 2010

The effects of the serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) and 1A (HTR1A) polymorphisms and maternal caregiving attitudes on child's later hostile attitudes were examined. The sample consisted of 819 Finnish children and adolescents. Nurturance was reported by the mothers during childhood, while hostile attitudes were reported by the participants in adulthood. Caregiving attitudes predicted hostile attitudes (β = −.069,p= .047), but HTR2A and HTR1A were not related to them. HTR2A rs6313 moderated the effect of caregiving on hostility. Among the carriers of T/T and T/C genotype, caregiving predicted hostility (β = −.26,p= .024 and β = −.18,p= .001, respectively), while no association among C/C carriers was observed. T allele carriers were sensitive to the effects of caregiving on hostility although this association dropped when controlling for depressive symptoms.
Substituent effects on the photofading of disperse azo dyes on poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate
Authors: Okada Yasuyo , Hihara Toshio , Hirose Mie , Morita Zenzo
Published: December 2010

The relationships between the chemical structures and oxidative fading of the disperse azo dyes, p‐nitrophenylazo‐ and benzothiazoleazo‐anilines, on poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate are discussed in terms of the parameters k0,i (rate constants of reaction towards 1O2) and fi (photosensitivity), the molecular parameters of molecular orbital theory and substituents in the diazo and coupling components, on the assumption that the initial rates of oxidative fading are proportional to the product of k0,i and fi. 2‐Methoxy‐5‐acetylamino‐N‐substituted aniline couplers exhibited large fi values. 2‐Chloro and 4‐nitro substituents of aniline diazo components exhibited small fi values or high quantum yields of internal conversion, while 4‐nitro substituent did not. A close correlation between N‐substituents and light fastness, proposed by Müller and supplemented by Dawson, demonstrates the applicability of frontier orbital theory, through the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy of the dyes, to the analysis of oxidative fading. Dyes with N‐2‐cyanoethyl substituents, which gave a lower HOMO energy, also exhibited superior light fastness compared with N‐2‐hydroxyethyl substituents.
Therapeutic applications of near‐infrared dyes
Authors: Wainwright Mark
Published: December 2010

The interaction of dyes with cells and tissue is well understood, and the use of light‐activated compounds in therapy is becoming more established. However, the application of near‐infrared light in these areas, particularly from a therapeutic angle, has received little attention. With greatly improved access to near‐infrared light sources, there is considerable potential for therapeutic advances due to the increased tissue penetration offered by wavelengths in the 700–1000 nm region, particularly regarding blood vessel disorders and larger or deeper‐seated tumours. The design and development of suitably absorbing dyes to take advantage of near‐infraread illumination is discussed for the major structural types.
Use of β‐cyclodextrin in the dyeing of polyester with low environmental impact
Authors: Carpignano Rosarina , Parlati Stefania , Piccinini Paola , Savarino Piero , De Giorgi Maria Rita , Fochi Rita
Published: December 2010

In this paper, the effect of β‐cyclodextrin as an additive in the dyeing of polyester with disperse dyes, as a substitute for a commercial surfactant commonly used, was explored with the aim of reducing the environmental impact of the exhausted baths. Using a chemometric approach, a small group of dyes was selected as a ‘training set’ to be representative of a larger series of dyes with a similar structure. The selected dyes were synthesised and applied to the dyeing of polyester fibres under various conditions. The technological properties of the dyed samples were measured. The results showed that β‐cyclodextrin can satisfactorarily be used as an additive in dyebaths for polyester without the addition of other auxiliaries, with a positive environmental impact. Solubility isotherms evidenced dye–β‐cyclodextrin interactions. The formation of inclusion complexes did not produce negative effects on the dyeing performance. Light fastness values were modelled as a function of the structure by the chemometric partial least squares method and the established model was used to predict the fastness of dyes of analogous structure, not yet explored.
Synthesis of novel 3‐hetaryl‐substituted 6‐ and 8‐hydroxybenzo[f]coumarin derivatives
Authors: Deligeorgiev Todor , Tsvetkova Teodora , Kaloyanova Stefka , Ivanova Diana , Timtcheva Iliana
Published: December 2010

Eight novel 3‐hetaryl‐substituted 6‐ and 8‐hydroxybenzo[f]iminocoumarin compounds were synthesised by the reaction of 2,5‐dihydroxynaphthaldehydes or 2,7‐dihydroxynaphthaldehydes with 2‐cyanomethylbenzo‐thiazole, 2‐cyanomethylbenzoimidazole, 1‐methyl‐2‐cyanomethylbenzoimidazole and 2‐cyanomethyl‐4‐phenylthiazole. The iminocompounds obtained were hydrolysed with hydrochloric acid to the benzo[f]coumarins. Becaue of the high reactivity of the iminocoumarins, only mixtures which also contained the corresponding coumarin compounds were isolated. The absorption and steady‐state fluorescence characteristics of the benzo[f]coumarins (benzo[f]chromen‐2‐ones) synthesised were studied in ethanol and in toluene.
Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of novel phthalimide‐derived monoazo disperse dyes containing ester groups
Authors: Choi Jae‐hong , Kwon Oh‐tak , Lee Hyun‐young , Towns Andrew D , Yoon Chun
Published: December 2010

The synthesis and spectroscopic properties of monoazo dye series, whose members consist of N‐alkylphthalimide diazo components combined with a coupling component containing two ester groups, are reported. Such colourants are potentially alkali‐clearable as a consequence not only of the presence of diester functionality on the coupler, but also through use of the base‐sensitive phthalimide system. Shortening the N‐alkyl group by removing one or two methylene units from a butyl chain made little difference to absorption properties, as would be expected given the relatively minor differences in inductive character produced. Shifts in the absorption maximum of the dyes associated with dibromination of the phthalimidylazo motif and its subsequent cyanodehalogenation were in agreement with theory and literature data for related series. Diester substitution on the coupling component brought about hypsochromism and hypochromism.
Studies on the ultrasonic‐assisted dyeing of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) fabric
Authors: Wang L , Zhao H F , Lin J X
Published: December 2010

Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) fabric was dyed with Disperse Red FB by using ultrasonic power. The effects of ultrasound on the K/S values of the fabric, the fibre structure and the disperse dye were investigated. The results show that the ultrasonic power increases the K/S values of the fabric, disintegrates the large particles of oligomer on the surface of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) fibre into smaller ones and reduces the particle size of the dye in solution. The K/S value of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) fabric dyed using ultrasound is much higher than that without ultrasound, especially when the temperature is over 60 °C. In addition, the adsorption isotherm study shows that the adsorption isotherm can be well fitted by the Langmuir model.
Properties of ink‐jet printed, ultraviolet‐cured pigment prints in comparison with screen‐printed, thermo‐cured pigment prints
Authors: Mikuž Mašenka , Turk Sonja Šostar , Tavčer Petra Forte
Published: December 2010

A collection of printed fabrics for men’s shirts was designed and prepared using computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing technology. The colours for designs were ink‐jet printed on cotton fabrics with pigments and ultraviolet‐cured. These prints represented the target colours for subsequent flat‐screen printing, which was performed using pigment printing pastes and thermal curing. For an exact transfer of colours of the ink‐jet‐printed standard into the screen‐printing process, a computer recipe prediction method was used. A comparison of colorimetric parameters of fabrics printed with both printing techniques shows minimal and acceptable differences in the CIELab colour values. A comparison of colour fastness properties proves that very good colour fastness is achieved on the pigment‐printed fabrics produced with both printing techniques. The flat‐screen‐printed fabrics show better colour fastness to washing, perspiration and rubbing, while ink‐jet‐printed fabrics show better colour fastness to dry‐cleaning and light. The fabrics printed with both printing techniques have high rigidity and non‐elastic properties. The mechanical and physical parameters are strongly dependent upon the amount of the dry substance of the printing media applied on the cotton fabric surface, which is higher on screen‐printed fabrics. The ink‐jet‐printed fabrics show better air permeability than flat‐screen‐printed fabrics.
Predicting the crease recovery performance and tear strength of cotton fabric treated with modified N‐methylol dihydroxyethylene urea and polyethylene softener
Authors: Hussain Tanveer , Ali Shaukat , Qaiser Farhan
Published: December 2010

This study aimed at developing a model for predicting the crease recovery performance and tear strength of cotton fabric using modified N‐methylol dihydroxyethylene urea, polyethylene softener, catalyst, curing time and curing temperature as the predictor variables. A quarter factorial design was constructed and, based on the experimental results, regression models were built to predict crease recovery angle and tear strength of the treated fabric. All experimental design and statistical analysis steps were implemented, using Minitab statistical software.
Biotreatability enhancement of aqueous Reactive Black 5 by hydrogen peroxide/ultraviolet advanced oxidation process
Authors: Dokuzoğlu Zekiye , Alkan Ufuk
Published: December 2010

The efficiency of ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide photo‐oxidation processing for enhancing the biodegradability of Reactive Black 5 prior to biological treatment processing of acclimated and non‐acclimated sequencing batch reactors was evaluated. Photo‐oxidation experiments were conducted according to an experimental design method in which aqueous Reactive Black 5 samples with an initial concentration of 200 mg/l were exposed to ultraviolet irradiation for 15, 30 and 60 min in the presence of various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (250, 500 and 1000 mg/l) at pH 7. Pretreated samples were then subjected to respirometric biodegradability tests using the sludge cultures obtained from acclimated and non‐acclimated sequencing batch reactors for the determination of the kinetic constants of qmax and Ks according to the modified Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development 209 method. Calculated values of qmax and Ks showed that the acclimated sludge of the sequencing batch reactor showed a better performance than the non‐acclimated sludge in the degradation of photochemically pretreated aqueous Reactive Black 5. The advantage of acclimated sludge compared with non‐acclimated sludge for the biodegradation of Reactive Black 5 diminished when photochemical pretreatment conditions reached higher levels in terms of oxidation time and hydrogen peroxide concentration.
Colour and fastness of natural dyes: revival of traditional dyeing techniques
Authors: Zarkogianni Maria , Mikropoulou Eleni , Varella Evangelia , Tsatsaroni Eforia
Published: December 2010

Cotton and wool fabrics were dyed with nine natural dyes obtained by aqueous extraction of the original plants/insect in an attempt to reconstruct traditional textile dyeing recipes, to optimise the methodology at all stages, i.e. extraction, mordanting and dyeing, and to standardise it. Cochineal, madder, alkanna, henna, brazilwood, red sandalwood, safflower, indigo and logwood were used for the dyeings, which were carried out directly and after mordanting of the textile material. A variety of mordants, namely, aluminium potassium sulphate, potassium dichromate, copper sulphate, zinc chloride, iron(iii) chloride, iron(ii) sulphate and tin chloride, is anticipated to meet both early and recent requirements and options. The dyeings were evaluated through colour measurements and standard wash, light and rub fastness tests. Generally, the mordanting process known for many centuries and connected with the textile dyeing resulted in an improvement in dye absorption and fastness properties mainly for the cotton samples, as is concluded from the tests and measurement assessments.
Comparison of Post‐mining Rehabilitation with Reference Ecosystems in Monsoonal Eucalypt Woodlands, Northern Australia
Authors: Gould Susan F.
Published: December 2010

Rehabilitation of post‐mining lands frequently aims to create “self‐sustaining” systems. Where native vegetation is the designated post‐mining land use, it is generally assumed that rehabilitation that is similar to local native ecosystems is more likely to be sustainable. I compared landscape functionality, plant community composition, and vegetation structure in (1) reference sites representing pre‐mining native forest; (2) reference sites representing potential landscape analogues for the post‐mining landscape; and (3) a 23‐year chronosequence of post‐mining rehabilitation on the Weipa bauxite plateau, Cape York Peninsula, Australia. The trends across the post‐mining chronosequence indicate that vegetation growth is rapid in the first 5–8 years, and then slows with mean height approaching an asymptote after approximately 15 years. Landscape function indices showed a response that coincided with vegetation growth. Vegetation composition was significantly different from reference native forest. Most importantly, from the perspective of creating self‐sustaining ecosystems, the contribution of local framework species to vegetation in rehabilitation was significantly lower than in reference native forest. I discuss the results in relation to theoretical models of succession and conclude that without management intervention, differences between post‐mining rehabilitation and native forest are likely to be persistent.
High Levels of Genetic Contamination in Remnant Populations of Acacia saligna from a Genetically Divergent Planted Stand
Authors: Millar Melissa A. , Byrne Margaret , Nuberg Ian K. , Sedgley Margaret
Published: December 2010

It is essential to understand the patterns of pollen dispersal in remnant vegetation occupying highly disturbed landscapes in order to provide sustainable management options and to inform restoration programs. Direct and indirect methods of paternity analysis were used to detect genetic contamination via inter‐subspecific pollen dispersal from a planted stand of nonlocal Acacia saligna ssp. saligna (ms) into remnant roadside patches of local A. saligna ssp. lindleyi (ms). Genetic contamination was detected in 25.5% (indirect paternity assignment) to 32% (direct paternity assignment) of ssp. lindleyi progeny and occurred over a distance of 1.6 km. The results support studies that suggest genetic continuity is maintained by high levels of pollen dispersal in temperate entomophilous species. The results also indicate that patchily distributed remnant populations may be exposed to substantial amounts of genetic contamination from large‐scale restoration with native taxa in the highly fragmented agricultural landscape of southern Western Australia. Management practices to reduce the risk of genetic contamination are considered.
Benefits to blood banks of a sales and operations planning process
Authors: Keal Donald A. , Hebert Phil
Published: December 2010

A formal sales and operations planning (S&OP) process is a decision making and communication process that balances supply and demand while integrating all business operational components with customer‐focused business plans that links high level strategic plans to day‐to‐day operations. Furthermore, S&OP can assist in managing change across the organization as it provides the opportunity to be proactive in the face of problems and opportunities while establishing a plan for everyone to follow. Some of the key outcomes from a robust S&OP process in blood banking would include: higher customer satisfaction (donors and health care providers), balanced inventory across product lines and customers, more stable production rates and higher productivity, more cooperation across the entire operation, and timely updates to the business plan resulting in better forecasting and fewer surprises that negatively impact the bottom line.
The attitude of Canadian university students toward a behavior‐based blood donor health assessment questionnaire
Authors: Go Stephanie L. , Lam Cindy T.Y. , Lin Yahui T. , Wong Deborah J. , Lazo‐Langner Alejandro , Chin‐Yee Ian
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: In Canada, all men who have sex with men (MSM) are indefinitely deferred from donating blood. The purpose of this study was to determine the acceptability of an alternative behavior‐based donor health questionnaire among Canadian university students. Further we sought to determine the perception of blood safety associated with specific risk behaviors.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Questions found on the Canadian Blood Services' donor health assessment questionnaire as well as from studies assessing high‐risk behavior for human immunodeficiency virus infection were included. For each question participants were asked to rate the acceptability, comfort in answering, perceived effect on blood safety, and whether the question would deter them from donating blood. Data were analyzed using nonparametric tests.

RESULTS: A total of 741 students participated in the study. Questions regarding sexual practices of the donor were rated less important for blood safety compared to those assessing for sexually transmitted infections, sex for money, and injection drug use (30%‐62% vs. 69%‐95% unsafe). A total of 24.4% of students rated both questions on MSM status and a behavior‐based alternative as equally unacceptable. We found an inverse correlation between perception of safety and acceptability of questions.

CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a behavior‐based screening modification is unlikely to change opinions or satisfy those who object to the MSM current policy in place. Acceptability of these questions might be related to a poor understanding of the effect of sexual practices on blood supply safety.
Public Budgeting in 2020: Return to Equilibrium, or Continued Mismatch between Demands and Resources?
Authors: Joyce Philip G. , Pattison Scott
Published: December 2010

Public budgeting in 2010 is dominated, at all levels of government, by continuing high demands for government services and large budget deficits. Looking ahead to 2020, these struggles are likely to continue. The federal government’s 10‐year budget outlook is bleak, and its longer‐term outlook is even more dismal, driven by growth in health care costs. State and local government budgets will slowly recover from the effects of the recent recession, but will continue to have structural problems. Each of the three major revenue sources—income, sales, and property taxes—are candidates for reform. On the spending side, health care and education will dominate at the state and local level, while controlling entitlement spending is the main federal challenge. Government also will face continued pressures to finance and maintain infrastructure, appropriately staff the budget function, and make good on promises of more transparent and accountable government.
The Rise and Fall of Discipline: Economic Globalization, Administrative Reform, and the Financial Crisis
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: December 2010

Throughout the era of economic liberalization (1978–2007), a significant amount of governmental power was transferred to technocrat‐guardians who were carefully buffered from elected officials. Democratic processes, it was said, had to be disciplined through such reforms if nations were to thrive in a globalized economy. This way of thinking about reform was already under assault before the financial crisis, and it was even more widely questioned during the crisis, as critics doubted the quality of technocratic decision making. This mode of reform—characterized as a “logic of discipline”—will survive the crisis, but it is unlikely to have the influence that it enjoyed during the era of liberalization.
Minnowbrook IV in 2028: From American Minnowbrook to Global Minnowbrook
Authors: Bowornwathana Bidhya
Published: December 2010

The first Minnowbrook Conference in 1968 was a big success. The ideas and directions that the field of public administration followed later on were very much influenced by the spirit of Minnowbrook I. Since then, it has become a practice for American scholars in the field of public administration to meet every 20 years to discuss the future direction of the field. Thus, we had Minnowbrook II in 1988 and Minnowbrook III in 2008. When the next 20 year‐cycle arrives in 2028, what will happen to Minnowbrook IV?
Ecological Governance: Organizing Principles for an Emerging Era
Authors: Robertson Peter J. , Choi Taehyon
Published: December 2010

The significant reforms being implemented in governance systems around the world reflect a broader transition of society from the modern to a new emerging era. This transition is framed in terms of a shift from a mechanistic to an ecological worldview, stimulated by a number of developments during the twentieth century and the last decade. In contrast to the mechanistic orientation toward reductionism, prediction and control, and competition, an ecological worldview emphasizes the interconnectedness, self‐organizing capacity, and coevolutionary dynamics of all natural systems. This emergent worldview yields useful insights regarding the purpose, design, process, and relationships characteristic of organizational systems that strive to play an effective role in the future governance of society. The discussion outlines specific organizing principles pertinent to these four areas, identifying some compatible practices that are already being adopted by public and private organizations. The authors address the possibility that the continued transition to ecological governance may not reflect just a long, slow process of incremental change, but also could entail a sudden, systemic reorientation that results in a faster transformation of the extant institutions of public administration.
Toward a Platinum Standard for Evidence‐Based Assessment by 2020
Authors: Khagram Sanjeev , Thomas Craig W.
Published: December 2010

The authors argue for a scientifically rigorous, contextually valid, practically relevant, and stakeholder‐inclusive Platinum Standard for evidence‐based assessment to improve public administration and third‐party governance in the twenty‐first century. The Platinum Standard would encompass two contending gold standards. The first gold standard, based on experimental methods, counterfactuals, and average causal effects, is better known and more institutionalized in practice. The second gold standard, based on case studies, comparative methods, triangulation, and causal mechanisms, is less known. The Platinum Standard incorporates both sets of standards and provides a framework for integrating them in practice. It recognizes the wide array of goals and methodologies that are appropriate for assessing the performance of public administration and third‐party governance initiatives in a dynamic and globalizing world. The two gold standards currently compete for prominence in the field of evidence‐based assessment. By 2020, these gold standards should be part of a more inclusive Platinum Standard.
Form Follows Function?
Authors: Yanow Dvora
Published: December 2010

It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things superhuman, … that form ever follows function. This is the law.

—Louis H. Sullivan, 1896

Form follows failure.

—Henry Petroski, 1993
Strategic Management and Public Service Performance: The Way Ahead
Authors: Boyne George A. , Walker Richard M.
Published: December 2010

Strategic management is now prominent on the agenda of public administration scholars and practitioners. In this review, the authors outline why approaches based on strategy are suited to public agencies, noting the ways in which strategy varies across public organizations, seeks to match internal capacities to organizational environments, and shapes the impact of external and internal constraints on performance. Empirical evidence on the impact of strategy on performance is placed under the microscope, and while there are many positive relationships, the evidence base is limited in terms of its scope, data, methods, measures, and coverage. The authors trace out what needs to be done to move the field forward, noting in particular that theoretical enrichment, empirical variety, and explanations of causal complexity are likely to come from a synthesis of models of strategy and publicness.
The Public Service of the Future
Authors: Perry James L. , Buckwalter Neal D.
Published: December 2010

This article seeks to identify the status and infrastructure of public service in 2020. It first examines Leonard White’s early effort at predicting a future search for public service, written in 1942, but with an eye toward the 1950s and 1960s. The authors assess the subsequent structural and ideological development of public service to lay a framework for their own projection of the public service of the future. They anticipate important foundational shifts that will lead to a revaluing of public service and opportunities to reinvigorate public work. The authors conclude with a list of six specific public service infrastructure changes that they anticipate will become manifest by 2020.

Guest editors’ note:In 1942, the University of Chicago Press published a book edited by Leonard D. White titledThe Future of Government in the United States.Each chapter in the book presents predictions concerning the future of U.S. public administration. In this article, James L. Perry and Neal D. Buckwalter examine White’s predictions for the future of public service published in that book, comment on whether White’s predictions were correct, and look to the future to examine public administration in 2020.
The Future of Public and Nonprofit Strategic Planning in the United States
Authors: Bryson John M.
Published: December 2010

Strategic planning is now a ubiquitous practice in U.S. governments and nonprofit organizations. The practice has become widespread for many reasons, but the chief one is the evidence that strategic planning typically “works,” and often works extremely well. Improvements in strategic planning practice are likely to come as it is seen and researched in its full richness as a practice, or set of practices. Several predictions are offered about the future of strategic planning practice and research.

Guest editors’ note:In 1942, the University of Chicago Press published a book edited by Leonard D. White titled The Future of Government in the United States. Each chapter in the book presents predictions concerning the future of U.S. public administration. In this article, John M. Bryson examines John Vieg’s predictions on the future of government planning published in that book, comments on whether Vieg’s predictions were correct, and then looks to the future to examine public administration in 2020.
Harris's Mirage: The Positive Service State
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: December 2010

In 1942, Joseph Harris anticipated that the United States would develop a highly centralized and rationalized welfare state. The forecast was largely mistaken. The United States did develop an expansive national security apparatus that was relatively centralized and rationalized. By contrast, domestic policies were unevenly developed, and often highly decentralized in design. Harris’s forecast was unduly influenced by his own observations of trends immediately before World War II. He underestimated the powerful underlying forces that have historically checked centralization in the United States, and regained strength in the postwar period.

Guest editors’ note: In 1942, the University of Chicago Press published a book edited by Leonard D. White titled The Future of Government in the United States. Each chapter in the book presents predictions concerning the future of U.S. public administration. In this article, Alasdair Roberts examines Joseph Harris’s predictions on the future of “administrative management” in that book, comments on whether Harris’ predictions were correct, and then looks to the future to examine public administration in 2020.
Learning from the Past, Committing to the Future: A Practitioner’s View of Our Democracy
Authors: Lukensmeyer Carolyn J.
Published: December 2010

American democracy is at a pivotal moment: electoral dysfunction, low levels of participation, divisive politics, and power imbalances dominate governance and impede our ability to resolve critical issues facing the nation. In this environment, the author argues, our ability to be the representative system of government we claim is in question. Using Harold D. Lasswell’s 1942 essay “The Developing Science of Democracy” as a vehicle for reflection, the author reviews progress and challenges in democratic practice today along four dimensions: information delivery and knowledge building; accurate capturing of citizens’ views; conducting democratic conversations; and maintaining balances of power. Among the reforms necessary to address persistent challenges in each of these areas, explored in depth is the institutionalization of citizen voice in governance. Seven elements of an infrastructure to achieve such an institutionalization are reviewed: a mandatory legislative framework; designated physical spaces; specific technological, human, and organizational capacity; a trustworthy media; and a recommitment to civic education.
A Quantitative In Vitro Cultivation Technique to Determine Cell Number and Growth Rates in Strains of Crithidia bombi (Trypanosomatidae), a Parasite of Bumblebees
Authors: POPP MARIO , LATTORFF H. MICHAEL G.
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT. The protozoan parasite Crithidia bombi and its host, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris, are used as a model system for the study of the evolutionary ecology of host–parasite interactions. In order to study these interactions we established a method for in vitro cultivation of single parasite strains. Additionally, a high‐throughput method is developed for the determination of cell numbers in cultures by means of optical density (OD) measurements. The protocol for in vitro cultivation allowed for growing different strains on agar plates as well as in culture medium. A calibration curve for the relationship between cell number and OD has been developed. Subsequently, growth rates for different genotypes of C. bombi have been recorded. Significant differences in the growth rates and generation times between these genotypes were demonstrated. As this might be related to the virulence of the parasite, this relationship may be confirmed by in vivo growth rate determination. In comparison with conventional cell counting, the application of OD measurements allows for high‐throughput experiments as the time taken to record each sample is reduced by a factor of 30. The in vitro cultivation method allows for controlled infection experiments in order to study host–parasite interactions.
Leisure‐time physical activity and artery lumen diameters: A monozygotic co‐twin control study
Authors: Leskinen T. , Usenius J.‐P. , Alen M. , Kainulainen H. , Kaprio J. , Kujala U.M.
Published: December 2010

Exercise is thought to increase the diameter of the conduit arteries supplying the muscles involved. We studied the effects of a physically active vs inactive lifestyle on artery diameters in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant over 30 years for leisure‐time physical activity habits. In a population‐based co‐twin control study design, six middle‐aged (50–65 years) same‐sex MZ twin pairs with long‐term discordance for physical activity were comprehensively identified from the Finnish Twin Cohort (TWINACTIVE study). Discordance was initially defined in 1975 and the same co‐twin remained significantly more active during the 32‐year follow‐up. The main outcomes were arterial lumen diameters measured from maximal intensity projections of contrast‐enhanced MR angiography images. Paired differences between active and inactive co‐twins were studied. Compared with inactive members, active members of MZ twin pairs had larger diameters for the distal aorta and iliac and femoral arteries (P<0.05 for all comparisons). The mean intrapair differences in the diameters of the arteries in these locations were 19% or larger. No significant differences between active and inactive co‐twins (P>0.2 for all comparisons) were found in the dimensions of the carotid arteries. Our genetically controlled study confirms that habitual physical activity during adulthood enlarges arteries in a site‐specific manner.
An update: salivary hormones and physical exercise
Authors: Gatti R. , De Palo E. F.
Published: December 2010

Saliva contains cells and compounds, of local and non‐local oral origin, namely inorganic, organic non‐protein, protein/polypeptide, and lipid molecules. Moreover, some hormones, commonly assayed in plasma, such as steroids, are detectable in oral fluid and peptide/protein, and non‐steroid hormones have been investigated. The sports practice environment and athletes' availability, together with hormone molecule characteristics in saliva and physical exercise behavior effects, confirm this body fluid as an alternative to serum. This review focuses on the relation between salivary steroids and psycho‐physiological stress and underlines how the measurement of salivary cortisol provides an approach of self‐report psychological indicator and anxiety change in relation to exercise performance. The correlation between salivary and plasma steroid hormone (cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) levels, observed during exercise, has been considered, underlining how the type, duration, and intensity of the exercise influence the salivary steroid concentrations in the same way as serum‐level variations. Training conditions have been considered in relation to the salivary hormonal response. This review focuses on studies related to salivary hormone measurements, mainly steroids, in physical exercise. Saliva use in physical disciplines, as a real alternative to serum, could be a future perspective.
Surfactant in spontaneous breathing with nCPAP: neurodevelopmental outcome at early school age of infants ≤27 weeks
Authors: Porath M , Korp L , Wendrich D , Dlugay V , Roth B , Kribs A
Published: December 2010

Aim:  In 2001, we implemented the ‘surfactant without intubation’ (SWI) method to administer surfactant during spontaneous breathing with nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants. To determine whether application of the SWI method in infants born at ≤27 weeks gestational age influences early school age outcome.

Methods:  A historical control cohort was compared to an interventional cohort, when the SWI method had become part of primary respiratory support. According to the overall results of psychometric and neurological examinations, children were classified as showing no functional impairment, minor or major impairments.

Results:  Out of 79 surviving children, 54 (68%, two children not completely classifiable) were assessed at a median age of 6 5/12 years [25 (32%) lost to follow‐up]. Thirteen of 31 (42%, interventional cohort) vs. 8 of 21 (38%, control cohort) children had no functional impairment, 16 (52%) vs. 9 (43%) showed minor, and 2 (7%) vs. 4 (19%) major impairments.

Conclusion:  There was no statistically significant difference regarding neurodevelopmental school age outcome in children treated after implementing the SWI procedure, even though surviving infants had been more immature and survival rates had increased.
The relationship between life‐style and cardio‐metabolic risk indicators in children: the importance of screen time
Authors: Danielsen YS , Júlíusson PB , Nordhus IH , Kleiven M , Meltzer HM , Olsson SJG , Pallesen S
Published: December 2010

Aims:  To examine differences between children with obesity and normal weight children (aged 7–13 years) in terms of physical activity, screen time, food intake and blood parameters indicative of cardio‐metabolic risk. Further, to explore the relationship between physical activity, screen time and food intake with cardio‐metabolic parameters.

Methods:  Forty‐three children with obesity were compared with 43 normal weight peers. Physical activity was monitored by accelerometers and screen time and food intake by diaries. Blood parameters indicative of cardio‐metabolic risk were analysed.

Results:  The group of children with obesity had significantly less vigorous activity (p = 0.013), more daily screen time (p = 0.004) and consumed more fat (p = 0.04) than the group of normal weight children. The former group also demonstrated higher values of triglycerides (p = 0.001), HbA1c (p = 0.009), C‐peptide (p = 0.001), had a higher HOMA‐R score (p = 0.001), and lower levels of HDL (p = 0.001). After controlling for weight category, regression analyses revealed that screen time was significantly and positively related to the HOMA‐R score and C‐peptide levels independent of physical activity and intake of fat and sugar.

Conclusions:  The results indicate that screen time is an important behavioural factor related to obesity and cardio‐metabolic risk indicators in children.
An Alternative Approach to the Transitional Rehabilitation of Infra‐Occluded Primary Second Molars
Authors: SABATINI CAMILA
Published: December 2010

Different approaches have been proposed for the treatment of retained infra‐occluded primary molars with agenesis of permanent successors including extraction with orthodontic space closure, prosthetic replacement, or retention of the primary tooth in situ for space maintenance. The retention of primary second molars in situ represents a conservative treatment option to preserve alveolar bone at the future implant site, and it is especially indicated for young patients who have not completed skeletal growth until later reassessment can determine definitive treatment. The orthodontist and the restorative dentist must work together in the comprehensive treatment planning of these patients for optimal results. The present report describes the transitional rehabilitation of infra‐occluded primary second molars for a 13‐year‐old patient with direct resin composite restorations. Furthermore, the report illustrates the use of an alternative technique with a clear vinyl‐(poly‐siloxane) matrix to facilitate the direct restorative procedures and minimize the finishing procedures involved in the placement of large composite restorations.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

A conservative approach for the transitional rehabilitation of infra‐occluded primary molars is possible with direct composite restorations. Alternative techniques such as the use of a clear vinyl‐(poly‐siloxane) matrix that can be cured‐through allow considerable simplification of the direct restorative techniques.

(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:354–362, 2010)
Effect of Saliva Contamination and Cleansing Solutions on the Bond Strengths of Self‐Etch Adhesives to Dentin
Authors: SHEIKH HUMA , HEYMANN HARALD O. , SWIFT, Jr. EDWARD J. , ZIEMIECKI THOMAS L. , RITTER ANDRÉ V.
Published: December 2010

Purpose:  This study determined the effect of saliva contamination and cleansing solutions on microtensile bond strengths of self‐etch adhesives to dentin.

Materials and Methods:  Seventy‐five human molars were ground flat to expose mid‐coronal dentin and randomly assigned to five groups (N = 15): no contamination, saliva contamination without cleansing, saliva and cleansing with water, saliva and cleansing with 2% chlorhexidine, and saliva and cleansing with 5% sodium hypochlorite. One‐third of the specimens in each group of 15 were bonded with Adper Prompt L‐Pop (all‐in‐one self‐etch adhesive; 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), one‐third with Adper Easy Bond (all‐in‐one self‐etch adhesive; 3M ESPE), and one‐third with Clearfil SE Bond (self‐etch primer system; Kuraray America, New York, NY, USA). Specimens were restored with composite and processed for microtensile bond strength testing (5–6 rods/tooth).

Results:  Mean bond strengths ranged from 17.3 MPa for Adper Prompt L‐Pop after water cleansing to 69.3 MPa for Clearfil SE Bond after water cleansing. For all three adhesives, there was no statistically significant difference in bond strengths between the saliva contaminated group, the cleansing groups, and the no contamination groups.

Conclusions:  Neither saliva nor the cleansing solutions adversely affected bond strengths of the self‐etch adhesive systems.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Saliva contamination of dentin does not seem to adversely affect bonding with self‐etch adhesive systems. These results should be considered preliminary and need confirmatory studies before conclusive recommendations can be made for clinical practice.

(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:402–411, 2010)
Non-convergence of the critical cooling time-scale for fragmentation of self-gravitating discs
Authors: Meru Farzana , Bate Matthew R.
Published: December 2010

We carry out a resolution study on the fragmentation boundary of self-gravitating discs. We perform three-dimensional Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics simulations of discs to determine whether the critical value of the cooling time-scale in units of the orbital time-scale, βcrit, converges with increasing resolution. Using particle numbers ranging from 31 250 to 16 million (the highest resolution simulations to date) we do not find convergence. Instead, fragmentation occurs for longer cooling time-scales as the resolution is increased. These results suggest that at the very least, the critical value of the cooling time-scale is longer than previously thought. However, the absence of convergence also raises the question of whether or not a critical value exists. In light of these results, we caution against using cooling time-scale or gravitational stress arguments to deduce whether gravitational instability may or may not have been the formation mechanism for observed planetary systems.
Gone FISHing: Clinical Lessons Learned in Brain Tumor Molecular Diagnostics over the Last Decade
Authors: Horbinski Craig , Miller C Ryan , Perry Arie
Published: December 2010

Fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) is a powerful, morphology‐based technique to assess targeted copy number alterations or gene rearrangements in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues. It has a wide range of applications in routine clinical contexts to identify cytogenetic biomarkers for more accurate diagnosis and prognostic stratification. This review and update addresses practical uses of FISH as a molecular diagnostic tool in the setting of brain tumors, including gliomas, embryonal neoplasms, ependymomas and meningiomas, focusing on key genetic biomarkers, such as 1p19q codeletion, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification,BRAFrearrangement and many others. Also discussed are lessons learned over the past decade, including common technical issues to consider when implementing and interpreting FISH results in a clinical setting.