bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O USO DE VENTILADORES NA PANDEMIA DO COVID-19
Authors: Diehl Barbosa Laura
Published: August 2020

Introdução: A ventilação mecânica é realizada em fases graves do COVID-19, em que há uma deterioração da respiração do paciente e evolução para síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda (SARA). Objetivo: Demonstrar os desafios enfrentados pelos países em relação ao uso dos ventiladores na pandemia. Métodos: Estudo realizado por meio do levantamento bibliográfico em revistas científicas e plataformas de dados online. Resultados: Os desafios do uso da ventilação mecânica são: falha no distanciamento social, testes diagnósticos demorados e ineficazes, quantidade e distribuição assimétrica de leitos de unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e dilemas bioéticos sobre quem deve ter acesso aos ventiladores. Conclusão: Esses obstáculos aumentam o número de infectados e reduzem a disponibilidade de ventiladores, podendo colapsar sistemas de saúde no mundo, especialmente no Brasil. A partir disso, surgem novas alternativas para que a demanda desse recurso seja sanada.
Uma análise bibliométrica das pesquisas globais da COVID-19
Authors: De Melo Márcio Cristiano , Cabral Elizabeth Regina de Melo , Rolim Ana Carine Arruda , De Oliveira Rinaldo Eduardo Machado , Takahashi Fábio , De Araujo Alisson Costa , De Oliveira Gabriela Aparecida , Gomes Samantha Dantas de Holanda , De Macêdo Rebecca Tilie Dantas
Published: August 2020

É imperiosa a necessidade de toda a comunidade epidemiológica e de saúde pública em considerar a COVID-19 como uma ameaça global emergente, em virtude do altíssimo potencial de transmissibilidade do vírus SARS-Cov-2. A fim de conhecer a produção científica global em termos de volume de dados, tempo de publicação e país de origem, foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica com base nas publicações disponíveis nas principais bases de dados de indexação de periódicos nos cem primeiros dias de 2020, com texto completo e usando o termo "COVID-19" como principal operador. Dos 1.841 trabalhos analisados observou-se uma média diária de publicação de 18,4 materiais. Quanto seu país de publicação, 28,4% (n=523) foram publicados nos Estados Unidos, 19,6% (n=360) na Inglaterra e 17,3% (n=319) na China. A maior concentração de publicações está na semana 12 (n=501) seguida da semana 13 (n=418). Houve um crescimento elevado do número de trabalhos a partir da semana cinco (5) com queda na semana 12 . O mês de março concentrou 76,0% das publicações (n=1400). Em conclusão, o volume observado de publicações sobre a infecção pelo SARS-COV-2 nos convida a incorporar o conhecimento científico produzido às práticas pautadas em evidências, com vistas a garantir proteção e recuperação de comunidades e nações e o controle urgente e necessário da pandemia.
Neurological aspects that should not be forgotten during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Fernández-Garza Luis Enrique , Marfil Alejandro
Published: August 2020

COVID-19 disease, in addition to causing the most common respiratory and systemic symptoms, such as cough and fever, has the ability to cause neurological manifestations such as headache, dizziness and altered mental status, which should not be overlooked by physicians when evaluating their patients, because even these manifestations suggest the presence of more severe disease, due to a poor immune response of the body against the virus. SARS-CoV2 infects cells through the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, because it is a receptor that is located in neurons, glial cells, and vascular endothelium, it is believed that the neurological symptoms are due to the direct invasion of the virus into the nervous system. Also, neurological complications to which this disease can lead have been identified, such as acute ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular events and direct infections to the central nervous system, such as meningoencephalitis and acute myelitis. For this reason, all physicians must take into account the neurological aspects involved in SARS-CoV2 infection, from the evaluation of suspected COVID-19 patients to the follow-up of confirmed cases throughout their disease.
As duas faces da vitamina D como terapia adjuvante na covid-19
Authors: Oliveira Erivan de Souza , Matos Marcela Feitosa , Cavalcante Olga Samara Silva , Silvestre João Victor Costa , Souza Dayane Estephne Matos de , Morais Arlandia Cristina Lima Nobre de
Published: August 2020

No final do ano de 2019 em Wuhan, província de Hubei, China, surgiu o primeiro caso de covid-19, causada pelo agente etiológico denominado de síndrome respiratória aguda grave coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), que rapidamente se espalhou por diversos países do mundo. Atualmente, na literatura existem vários estudos que informam que a vitamina D pode reduzir as taxas de replicação viral e a concentração de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, através mecanismos relacionados a estimulação de defensivas e catelicidinas. É possível observar que os resultados obtidos não são unânimes ao definir a dose ideal de vitamina D para a suplementação dos pacientes com covid-19. Sugere-se a realização de estudos clínicos adicionais que possam avaliar a eficácia e as concentrações ideais dessa vitamina para o tratamento (se possível) dos pacientes com SARS-CoV-2, pois a vitamina D não é isenta de efeitos adversos e uso inadequado pode ocasionar problemas gastrintestinais e metabólicos que podem agravar os sintomas da covid-19.
Meta-Analysis and Common Practice Elements of Universal Approaches to Improving Student-Teacher Relationships
Authors: Kincade Laurie , Cook Clayton , Goerdt Annie
Published: August 2020

Past research has shown student-teacher relationships (STRs) are associated with student outcomes, including improvements in academic achievement and engagement and reductions in disruptive behaviors, suspension, and risk of dropping out. Schools can support STRs universally and systematically by implementing universal, school-wide, and class-wide programs and practices that aim to facilitate high-quality STRs. This study applied meta-analytic and common element procedures to determine effect sizes and specific practices of universal approaches to improving STRs. The universal programs with the largest effects were Establish-Maintain-Restore and BRIDGE. Other programs demonstrated moderate effects in one study, with combined effect sizes revealing smaller effects. The common elements procedure identified 44 practices teachers can implement to promote positive STRs, with 14 proactive and direct practices. Programs with the largest effects, in general, contained the most proactive and direct practices for improving STRs. Implications of these findings and future research recommendations are discussed.
ВИРОЩУВАННЯ СОНЯШНИКА ЗА ВИКОРИСТАННЯ МІКРОДОБРИВ ТА БАКТЕРІАЛЬНИХ ПРЕПАРАТІВ
Authors: Коваленко О. А. , Федорчук М. І. , Нерода Р. С. , Донець Я. Л.
Published: August 2020

У статті наведені результати досліджень впливу різних фонів живлення на продуктивність та фенологічні показники гібриду соняшника Тунка фірми Лімагрейн за умов природного зволоження зони Південного Степу України. У дослідженнях, які проводили на полях навчально-науково-практичного центру Миколаївського національного аграрного університету, вивчали питання впливу і поєднання комплексу з висококонцентрованого халатного добрива, моноелементного мікродобрива та функціонального мікродобрива з направленою специфічною дією торгової марки Квантум виробництва НВК «Квадрат» та біопрепарату для живлення і профілактики хвороб Біокомплекс-БТУ-р підприємства Компанії «БТУ-Центр». Робота проводилась з використанням передпосівної обробки насіннєвого матеріалу гібрида соняшника, позакореневого підживлення рослин різними нормами сумішки біопрепарату з комплексом мікродобрив у фазі 5–6 листків, у фазі 9–10 листків та дворазової обробки посівів у фазах 5-6 та 9-10 листків. Тривалість періоду від посіву до збирання в досліджуваного гібриду соняшника залежно від факторів впливу варіювала порівняно з контрольною ділянкою від 2 до 13 днів, а висота рослин у період цвітіння збільшувалась під впливом препаративних форм, які використовувалися від 4,37 % до 13,1 %. Спостерігалася чітка тенденція до збільшення діаметру кошиків рослин гібрида залежно від факторів досліду, за умови максимального поєднання передпосівної обробки насіння з позакореневим підживленням у дві фази розвитку. При цьому максимальний приріст у розмірах складав 28,7 %. Відповідно до зміни умов позакореневого підживлення змінювались і показники урожайності насіння гібриду, найбільш високим він формувався посівами у разі поєднання обробки насіннєвого матеріалу та дворазового підживлення. Ці показники варіювали від 1,81 до 2,54 т/га. Зміна кількісного та якісного складу використаних препаративних форм призводило до зміни вмісту олії в насінні соняшника. Умовний вихід сирої олії у разі максимальної норми застосування комплексу мікродобрив Квантум та біоперарату Біокомплекс-БТУ-р в поєднанні з передпосівною обробкою насіння гібрида, при дворазовому позакореневому підживленні рослин у фазах 5-6 та 9-10 листків, формувався максимальним, та мав приріст порівняно з контролем 0,424 т/га.
СХОЖІСТЬ ТА ЕПІФІТНА МІКОФЛОРА НАСІННЯ ЦУКРОВОЇ КУКУРУДЗИ ЗА УМОВИ ДІЇ БІОЛОГІЧНИХ ТА ХІМІЧНИХ ЗАСОБІВ ЗАХИСТУ
Authors: Теличко Л. П.
Published: August 2020

Показано вплив біологічних та хімічних препаратів на посівні якості насіння кукурудзи цукрової. Значення і роль застосування біологічних препаратів як одного з основних складників сучасних технологій екологічно безпечного вирощування кукурудзи цукрової. Проведення цих досліджень допомо-же дізнатися про вплив факторів на польову схожість, результати якої спрямовано на збільшенняурожайності кукурудзи цукрової. У роботі наведено результати впливу біопрепаратів «БіонормаPseudomonas» та «Агріінсекта Тріомакс. «Біонорма Pseudomonas» – препарат захисної та стиму-люючої дії з підвищеною антибактеріальною та антигрибковою активністю для захисту від фіто-патогенних мікроорганізмів – збудників захворювань культурних рослин. «Агріінсекта Тріомакс –біологічний інсектицид ентомопатогенних бактерій та грибів контактної та шлункової дії. Захи-щає від широкого кола шкідників. Це комплексний біологічний препарат ентомопатогенних бактерійта мікроміцетів. Сорти кукурудзи цукрової, що використовувалися, мають різні групи стиглості тахарактеризуються підвищеною стійкістю до хвороб, саме тому були обрані для досліджень. Визна-чення лабораторної схожості і зараженості насіння здійснювали методом пророщування в чашкахПетрі на фільтрувальному папері та на поживному середовищі, вплив протруйників на його мікобі-оту – розкладанням на поживне тверде середовище, а ступінь інфікованості – в кожному варіантідосліду. Насіння, що вивчалось у лабораторних дослідах, висівали на ділянки, де визначали польовусхожість рослин кукурудзи цукрової. Польові досліди виконували згідно з методикою закладки і про-ведення дослідів з кукурудзою. Наведені результати досліджень, які свідчать про те, що в технологіївирощування цукрової кукурудзи цілком можливо замінити застосування хімічних протруйників дляпередпосівного обробітку насіння на біологічні препарати. Використання біологічних препаратів єперспективним, завдяки використанню природних механізмів маємо змогу отримати вирівняні, дру-жні сходи без спричинення спрямованого добору та ризику появи резистентних мікоміцетів в агро-фітоценозі.
СОРТ ЯК ФАКТОР ФОРМУВАННЯ СТІЙКИХ АГРОЦЕНОЗІВ ЗЕРНОВИХ КУЛЬТУР
Authors: Мостовʼяк І. І. , Дем’янюк О. С. , Парфенюк А. І. , Безноско І. В.
Published: August 2020

Необхідність виробництва якісної продукції рослинництва та підвищення екологічної безпеки аг-роценозів потребує розв’язання низки актуальних наукових завдань, зокрема пов’язаних зі взаємодією популяцій фітопатогенних мікроміцетів із сортом культурних рослин. Проаналізовано зразки насін-ня сучасних сортів зернових злакових культур пшениці озимої, ячменю ярого і вівса щодо контаміна-ції фітопатогенними мікроміцетами. Визначено видовий склад мікроміцетів та встановлено, що насіння більшості досліджених сортів зернових злакових культур контаміновано фітопатогенними грибами родів Alternaria, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Bipolaris, Penicillium, Mucor, Epicoccum, Glicocladium, Drechslera з високою інтенсивністю спороутворення, що є екологічно небезпечним для агроценозів і спричиняє розвиток мікозних хвороб рослин. Визначено інтенсивність спороутворення, виділених патогенів із насіння зернових культур. Показано, що спектр та чисельність фітопатогенних грибів значною мірою залежить від сорту, де концентрація спор може коливатись в межах 0,1–10 млн шт./мл. Встановлено, що сорти пшениці озимої Аврора Миронівська, Подолянка, ячменю ярого МІП Шарм і вівса Скарб України характеризуються найменшим видовим різноманіттям фі-топатогенних грибів із невисокою інтенсивністю їх спороутворення і можуть бути рекомендовані до вирощування. Визначено показники якості насіння зернових культур (пшениці озимої, ячменю яро-го і вівса): енергія проростання, лабораторна схожість і інфікованість насіння патогенною мікобі-отою та виявлено зв’язок між цими показниками. Доведено необхідність обов’язкового оцінювання сортів сільськогосподарських культур як чинника формування стійких і екологічно безпечних агроце-нозів, що дасть можливість управління стійкістю агроекосистем у просторі й часі та отримання екологічно безпечної продукції рослинництва.
ВПЛИВ АЛОГЕННИХ СТОВБУРОВИХ КЛІТИН НА ЗМІНИ СИНОВІАЛЬНОЇ РІДИНИ В КОЛІННОМУ СУГЛОБІ КРОЛІВ В УМОВАХ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ОСТЕОАРТРОЗУ
Authors: Дем’янцева Ю. В.
Published: August 2020

У статті представлені результати аналізу синовіальної рідини у кролів за умови модельованого остеоартрозу при використанні алогенних стовбурових клітин та традиційного методу лікування (використання мелоксикаму). Було сформовано три групи тварин: контрольна група – застосовували ізотонічний розчин хлориду натрію; перша дослідна група – застосовували традиційний метод ліку-вання; друга дослідна група – застосовували алогенні мезенхімальні стовбурові клітини. На тваринах трьох груп була відтворена модель остеоартрозу колінного суглоба шляхом дворазового введення в порожнину суглоба ретинол ацетату – 3,44 % в дозі 1 мл з інтервалом у 7 діб. У тварин відбирали синовіальну рідину на 7, 14 і 28 доби після останнього введення препаратів. Встановлено, що за умо-ви традиційного лікування запальний процес виражений більш активно, ніж в інших групах, але кіль-кість пінистих макрофагів, а потім і синовіацитів зменшена, що може свідчити про гальмінівний вплив нестероїдного протизапального засобу (мелоксикаму), який використовували при лікуванні. У разі введення АМСК кількість синовіоцитів у синовіальній рідині значно більша (на 14 добу), що вка-зує на пришвидшену диференціацію синовіацитів. Виявлено збільшену кількість пінистих макрофагів (більш активний процес розсмоктування крапель жиру). На 28 добу спостерігали острівці скупчення синовіальних клітин у синовії та завершення запального процесу. У аспіраті синовіальної рідини у всіх групах кролів було виявлено, що відбувається процес репарації: з початку наявна велика кіль-кість крапель жиру (після введення ретинол ацетату на етапі моделювання остеоартрозу), що ак-тивує макрофаги на поглинання та утилізацію цих жирових крапель; після цього клітинність різко знижується, але підвищується кількість синовіацитів. Отже, як свідчать результати досліджень, місцеве введення алогенних мезенхімальних стовбурових клітин за умови експериментального остео-артрозу колінного суглоба підвищує активність репаративних процесів, що підтверджується збіль-шеною кількістю синовіоцитів у синовіальній рідині та пришвидшене завершення запального процесу.
Determination of Inorganic Ion in Biomaterials Using Capillary Ion Chromatography
Authors: Ningsih Syukrya
Published: August 2020

Ion Chromatography is widely used analytical technique for determination of anionic and cationic analytes in various sample matrices. Columns of flexible fused-silica tubing packed with commercially available materials have been prepared. The microcolumns were prepared in the laboratory from fused silica tubing TSKgel IC-Anion-PWXL (100 mm long x 0,320 I.D). The parameters which affect the chromatographic retention behavior have been examined. For investigation of the optimum concentration of the eluent, the NaCl and KCl concentration was varied from 50 to 25 mM and operated at eluent flow rate 3 µL/min. The developed technique was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of inorganic anions in real samples.
HNMT is differentially expressed in monocytes from patients with sepsis.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: August 2020

We probed published and public microarray datasets (1, 2) to discover the most significant gene expression changes in the blood and blood cells of patients with sepsis. We identified significant differential expression of the histamine N-methyltransferase HNMT in monocytes and whole blood from patients with sepsis.
ANALISIS TEOLOGIS MENGENAI TUGAS DAN TANGGUNGJAWAB GEMBALA YANG BAIK MENURUT YOHANES 10 : 1 – 18 DAN PENERAPANNYA BAGI GEMBALA MASA KINI
Authors: Marisi Candra Gunawan
Published: August 2020

The Shepherd is a leadership call that Jesus offers to His followers. A good shepherd is a shepherd who dedicates his life to the lives of his sheep, and not looking for profits from the sheep. When there is danger threatening the lives of his sheep, trying to protect and save their sheep, instead of oppressing or destroying the peace of the flock. The shepherd is not a matter of position or position but is a calling in the duties and responsibilities that are important in the building of the body of Christ. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the theological analysis and will be linked to the current shepherd along with the application. Therefore, this journal will explain several things relating to the good shepherd that fits in John 10: 1-8 and their application to the shepherd of today. Keywords: Analysis, Theological, Task, Responsibility, Shepherd Abstrak Gembala merupakan panggilan kepemimpinan yang Yesus tawarkan bagi pengikut-Nya. Gembala yang baik adalah gembala yang mendedikasikan hidupnya untuk kehidupan domba-dombanya, dan bukan mencari keuntungan dari domba-dombanya. Ketika ada bahaya mengancam kehidupan domba-dombanya, berusaha melindungi dan menyelamatkan dombanya, bukannya malah menindas atau menghancurkan kedamaian kawanan dombanya. Gembala bukanlah persoalan posisi atau jabatan namun merupakan sebuah panggilan dalam tugas dan tanggungjawab yang penting dalam pembangunan tubuh Kristus. Tujuan paper ini adalah untuk membahas analisis teologisnya dan akan dikaitkan dengan gembala masa kini berserta penerapan yang dilakukan. Maka dari itu, dalam jurnal ini akan dijelaskan beberapa hal yang berkaitan dengan gembala yang baik yang sesuai dalam Yohanes 10:1-8 dan penerapannya bagi gembala masa kini. Kata kunci: Analisis, Teologis, Tugas, Tanggungjawab, Gembala
Kepemimpinan Kristen: Leader sebagai Kualifikasi Kepemimpinan Nehemia
Authors: Sanjaya Yudhy
Published: August 2020

Kepemimpinan adalah suatu seni yang usianya setua umur manusia di bumi. Kepemimpinan merupakan sarana pencapaian visi dan kesuksesan suatu organisasi, sehingga diperlukan kualifikasi kepemimpinan yang baik. Penulis melakukan analisis terhadap kehidupan Nehemia karena Nehemia merupakan tokoh pemimpin berhasil membangun kembali tembok Yerusalem yang telah rusak dalam waktu yang relatif cepat. Penulis melakukan analisis pustaka terhadap teks Alkitab dan berbagai literatur yang relevan dengan topik tersebut. Penulis mencoba menemukan kualifikasi yang dimiliki oleh Nehemia sehingga ia dapat menjadi pemimpin yang inspiratif
To Save or Lose? A Cross-National Examination of the Disease Risk Framing Effect and its Cultural Correlates
Authors: Im Hohjin , Chen Chuansheng
Published: August 2020

While the framing effect widely popularized by Tversky and Kahneman (1981) has been replicated numerous times, the robustness of the effect cross-nationally has been limited. Relying on a large dataset spanning 49 countries with ample sample size (N = 102,830), we examine the robustness of the framing effect using a variation of the Asian Disease Scenario across cultures. Results indicate that the framing effect, in which respondents are more likely to take the risk-averse option when framed positively than negatively, replicated in 100% of the countries examined with large effect sizes across countries (MCohen’s h = 0.616). Country-level correlation analyses and multilevel mixed effects logistic modeling also indicated that societal values related to collectivism were associated with taking riskier options in both the positive and negative framing conditions. Collectivism was also significantly related to smaller framing effects. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Health Misinformation
Authors: Nan Xiaoli , Wang Yuan , Thier Kathryn
Published: August 2020

Research on health misinformation has grown rapidly as concerns about the potential harmful effects of health misinformation on individuals and society intensify amid a “post-truth” era. In this chapter, we provide a broad overview of current research and evidence concerning the many facets of health misinformation, including its sources, prevalence, characteristics (both content and diffusion features), impact, and mitigation. We conclude that health misinformation originates from many sources, most notably mass and social media, is fairly prevalent, both in interpersonal and mediated settings, and tends to feature negative sentiments, anecdotal evidence, and anti-science narratives. While there is no conclusive evidence that health misinformation spreads more broadly than scientific information, health misinformation reliably leads to misperceptions on health issues. Efforts to mitigate the impact of health misinformation show early promise in correcting misperceptions. We offer several directions for future research, including a call for more investigations on the impact of health misinformation and correcting messages on actual behaviors.
Heterogeneity in Affective Complexity Among Men and Women
Authors: Foster Katherine T. , Beltz Adriene M.
Published: August 2020

Background: Affective phenomena have noteworthy complexity and heterogeneity – shared experiences and emotions evoke distinct responses and affective problem risk across individuals (e.g., higher rates in women than men). Yet, by averaging across individuals, affective science research traditionally treats affect as homogenous. Directly modeling person-specific heterogeneity in affective complexity (AC) – like the granularity and covariation of affective experiences – is paramount for identifying shared (i.e., common; nomothetic) and/or unshared (i.e., personal; idiographic) features of AC. The present study applied a person-specific technique to capture heterogeneity in daily affect and affective problem risk in men and women and leveraged personalized results to improve general understanding of AC. Methods: Young adults (n=56; 25 female) reported affect on each of 75-days of an intensive longitudinal study. AC was modeled using p-technique (i.e., person-specific factor analysis) and its utility over traditional, between-person models of affect (i.e., bivariate positive and negative affect) was compared for prediction of affective problem risk in women compared to men. A community detection network algorithm was then applied to estimate person-specific AC to develop an idiographically-informed nomothetic model of AC. Results: Person-specific analyses detected wide variation in AC across individuals (i.e., range of 2-8 factors). Relative to the traditional bivariate model, idiographic models had incremental utility for differentiating affective problem risk by gender. Nomothetic review of idiographic results (via community detection) revealed distinct dynamics in positive and negative affect networks. Conclusions: Person-specificvariability in AC may contribute to heterogeneity in daily affect and affective problems. Advances in person-specific science hold particular promise for accounting for variable outcomes across individuals and increasing nomothetic model accuracy.
The relationship between mental well-being and dysregulated gaming: A specification curve analysis of core and peripheral criteria in five gaming disorder scales
Authors: Ballou Nick , Van Rooij Antonius J.
Published: August 2020

Gaming disorder (also known as dysregulated gaming) has received significant research and policy attention based on concerns that certain patterns of play are associated with decreased mental well-being and/or functional impairment. In this study, we use specification curve analysis to examine analytical flexibility and the strength of the relationship between dysregulated gaming and well-being in the form of general mental health, depressive mood, and life satisfaction. Dutch and Flemish gamers (n = 424) completed five unique dysregulated gaming measures (covering nine scale variants) and three well-being measures. We find a consistent negative relationship; across 972 justifiable regression models, the median standardized regression coefficient was –0.40 (min: –0.54, max: –0.19). Data show that the majority of dysregulated gaming operationalizations converge upon highly similar estimates of well-being (i.e. have similar concurrent validity). However, variance is introduced by the choice of well-being measure; results indicate that dysregulated gaming is more strongly associated with depressive mood than with life satisfaction. Weekly gametime accounted for little to no unique variance in well-being in the sample. We argue that research on this topic should compare a broad range of functional and well-being outcomes, and work to identify a maximally parsimonious of dysregulated gaming criteria. Given somewhat minute differences between dysregulated gaming scales when used in survey-based studies and largely equivalent relationships with mental health indicators, harmonization of measurement should be a priority.
The Electoral College Exacerbates the Red–Blue Divide and Disenfranchises Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Webster Gregory D.
Published: August 2020

Because of increasingly skewed populations among the 50 United States, the Electoral College is increasingly more likely to produce a winner with a minority of the popular vote. Not only has the Electoral College become a less accurate reflection of the popular vote over time, but it also suppresses the voting power of racial and ethnic minorities in U.S. presidential elections. First, as a consequence of the winner-take-all Electoral College system, states with smaller populations are allotted disproportionately high weights, such that their per-capita voting power per electoral vote is substantially greater than that of states with larger populations. For example, in 2004, residents of the least-populous state, Wyoming (164,594 people per electoral vote), had over 3.74 times the electoral power of residents in the most-populous state, California (615,848 people per electoral vote). Second, states with larger populations have a larger percentage of ethnic minorities (r = .43, p = .002). Third, if one controls for population differences, the Whiter a state is, the more electoral votes it receives. Fourth, the Whiter a state is, the more electoral power it has in terms of a lower population-per-electoral-vote ratio (r = -.37, p = .008; r = -.52, p < .001 if outlier Hawaii, with only 23% non-Hispanic/Latino Whites, is excluded). Thus, the red-versus-blue dichotomy engendered by the winner-take-all Electoral College system not only disenfranchises opinion minorities, but also systemically disenfranchises racial and ethnic minorities seeking to stake a claim on the presidential political landscape. [Abstract written August 4, 2020.]
Towards the unity of pathological and exertional fatigue: A predictive processing model
Authors: Greenhouse-Tucknott Aaron , Butterworth Jake , Wrightson James Graeme , Smeeton Nicholas J , Critchley HUgo , Dekerle Jeanne , Harrison Neil Andrew
Published: August 2020

Fatigue is a common experience in both health and disease. Pathological (i.e. prolonged or chronic) and transient (i.e. exertional) fatigue symptoms are traditionally considered distinct, compounding a separation in research fields interested in the study of fatigue. Within the clinical neurosciences, nascent frameworks position pathological fatigue as a product of inference derived through hierarchical predictive processing. The metacognitive theory of dyshomeostasis (Stephan et al., 2016) states that pathological fatigue emerges from the detection of a persistent mismatch between prior interoceptive predictions and ascending sensory evidence (i.e. prediction error). Evaluation of allostatic control during the experience of dyshomeostasis signals low evidence for internal generative models, which undermine an agent’s feeling of mastery over the body and is experienced phenomenologically as fatigue. The same metacognitive mechanisms have been excluded as a theoretical account for the acute, transient experience of exertional fatigue. Here, we contest this proposition and offer a more parsimonious account of fatigue in which a common mechanism (i.e. the loss of certainty or confidence in allostatic predictions) is at the core of both pathological and non-pathological, exertional symptoms of fatigue.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between flow states and performance
Authors: Harris David , Allen Kate , Vine Samuel James , Wilson Mark
Published: August 2020

Background: Flow is a peak experiential state, during which athletes report focused concentration, effortless performance and enhanced enjoyment. Flow, or ‘the zone’, has received particular interest within sporting circles because flow experiences appear to be associated with peak athletic performances. Yet, the nature of the flow-performance relationship is not straightforward and is yet to be critically reviewed. Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to examine the empirical evidence for a flow-performance relationship, examine potential mechanisms, and assess the quality of current evidence. Methods: A PRISMA guided systematic review was conducted in May 2020. Peer-reviewed articles, published in English language journals, which examined the relationship between flow and performance were searched for, using five online databases. The results of the studies were collated into a narrative synthesis as well as a meta-analysis. Results: Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria, featuring 22 studies that were appropriate for meta-analysis. The pooled effect size (r = 0.31, 95% CI [0.24; 0.38]) indicated that across a range of sporting and gaming tasks there was a consistent medium-sized relationship between flow experience and task performance. A number of mechanisms were proposed to explain this relationship, but none were supported by convincing empirical evidence. Conclusions: Performance enhancing effects appear highly likely given the functional mental state that arises during flow. Yet, current evidence is unable to determine the exact nature of the flow-performance relationship, or the mechanisms which mediate this effect. A number of conceptual and methodological challenges
Metascience as a scientific social movement
Authors: Peterson David , Panofsky Aaron
Published: August 2020

Emerging out of the “reproducibility crisis” in science, metascientists have become central players in debates about research integrity, scholarly communication, and science policy. The goal of this article is to introduce metascience to STS scholars, detail the scientific ideology that is apparent in its articles, strategy statements, and research projects, and discuss its institutional and intellectual future. Put simply, metascience is a scientific social movement that seeks to use the tools of science- especially, quantification and experimentation- to diagnose problems in research practice and improve efficiency. It draws together data scientists, experimental and statistical methodologists, and open science activists into a project with both intellectual and policy dimensions. Metascientists have been remarkably successful at winning grants, motivating news coverage, and changing policies at science agencies, journals, and universities. Moreover, metascience represents the apotheosis of several trends in research practice, scientific communication, and science governance including increased attention to methodological and statistical criticism of scientific practice, the promotion of “open science” by science funders and journals, the growing importance of both preprint and data repositories for scientific communication, and the new prominence of data scientists as research makes a turn toward Big Science.
Bolstering the Board: Trustees are Academia's Best Hope for Reform
Authors: Schalin Jay
Published: August 2020

Two conditions are needed to effect large-scale reforms in academia: a hierarchical, top-down system of governance that can enact sweeping changes, and for that system to be controlled or heavily influenced by those outside the system. Strong board governance provides both of those conditions. Most university boards, especially the public ones, were created by charters or statutes that placed the board fully in charge, and, remarkably, the boards legally retain much of their power. And yet, because of a variety of pressures and distortion, most boards have relinquished their rightful positions atop college and university governance.This report is intended to operate on two levels. One is to make the case for stronger board control. Such a hierarchical system, rather than the distributed shared governance system that exists now, is necessary to effect large-scale reform. Shared governance is a sacred cow that needs to be gored.The report also works on a more immediate, pragmatic level, providing many solutions that can be implemented individually to begin the process of reforming governance. In most situations, boards still have extensive legal authority. They merely need to exercise their existing authority to put the brakes on many of academia’s excesses.Trustees
MOBILISE Data report: online surveys. Wave 1
Authors: Ersanilli Evelyn , van der Gaag Marieke
Published: August 2020

The MOBILISE project examines why some people respond to discontent by protesting, others by migrating while yet others stay immobile. It focuses on four countries that have seen outmigration and protest in recent year (Ukraine, Poland, Morocco and Argentina) and migrants from these countries who live in Germany, the United Kingdom and Spain. Migrants were surveyed online and recruited into the sample through Facebook advertising. MOBILISE also conducted online surveys of the national populations of Argentina and Ukraine. This report explains why MOBILISE choose to recruit the sample through Facebook advertisements and provides detailed information on the set-up of the sampling. It also present an overview of the effectiveness of this method, in terms of costs, reach and bias, and of issues encountered. We find that sampling through Facebook advertisements is a cost-effective way to obtaining a large sample. The method seems particularly effective in reaching recent migrants and reaching migrants from small communities. There is some indication of a bias in gender, education and political interest. The papers ends with recommendations on the use of this approach for future surveys.
Dynamics of Digital Diffusion and Disadoption
Authors: Hunter Boyd H , Radoll Peter J
Published: August 2020

The digital divide between Indigenous and other Australians describes the unequal access to information and communications technology (ICT) between these groups. Historically, researchers have focused on acquiring new technology, but we argue that it is important to understand all the dynamics of digital usage, including the loss of access to ICT within a household. For long-lived technology such as internet access, it is particularly important to consider that retention of access to the technology. This paper conducts a longitudinal analysis of changes in internet usage for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian households using the Australian Census Longitudinal Dataset, 2006–2016. While earlier work analyses the digital divide in terms of ‘diffusion’ or adoption of ICT, this paper shows that the failure to retain internet access is also important in driving the digital divide. The dynamics of the digital divide have important and ongoing implications for addressing broader socioeconomic disadvantages experienced by Indigenous Australians. The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the urgency of policy addressing the digital divide, given the renewed momentum for remote learning and telecommuting.
The Effects of Nanosilica and Nanoclay Particles Inclusions on Mode II Delamination, Thermal and Water Absorption of Intraply Woven Carbon/Aramid Hybrid Composites
Authors: Bulut M. , Alsaadi M. , Erkliğ A.
Published: August 2020

The effects of nanosilica (NS) and nanoclay (NC) particle inclusions on mode II delamination and thermal properties as well as water absorption capability of carbon/aramid fiber reinforced hybrid composites (CAFRE) were experimentally investigated at different nanoparticle contents. NS and NC particles modified CAFRE samples were reinforced with intraply woven and twill weave of carbon and aramid fibers, and were manufactured by using hot mold press assisted with hand-layup method. Various thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat capacity were experimentally measured with respect to NS and NC particle weight contents according to ISO-22007 standard. In addition, the water absorption test was performed according to ASTM D570-98 standard. Results from this study showed that addition of NS and NC particles improved mode II delamination toughness of CAFRE composites at 1.5 wt% and 2 wt% of NS and NC particle contents, respectively. Water absorption capacity of the CAFRE samples was increased as increasing NS and NC weigh contents while thermal tests showed that thermal diffusivity values increased, and specific heat decreased with increasing both NC and NS particle weight contents.
Interdependence of Hygroscopic Polymer Characteristics and Drying Kinetics during Desiccant Drying and Microwave Supported Drying
Authors: Kast O. , Schaible T. , Bonten C.
Published: August 2020

Hygroscopic polymers absorb and bind water. If not dried properly, the residual moisture can cause major problems for converting and affect the product quality significantly. Therefore, an effective drying down to an acceptable moisture level is essential for a successful production. Though data sheets give recommendations for drying parameters, these do not consider the actual current moisture up-take of the plastic pellets or the current ambient conditions. This paper investigates the interdependencies of polymer characteristics, like thermal properties and molecular structure, and the drying kinetics of the respective polymers. Tests are carried out with five different polymers on a State-of-the-Art desiccant dryer. The results show that distinctive drying behaviors can be attributed to the molecular structure of the respective plastic. This is reflected by the activation energy according to Arrhenius, the diffusion coefficient and the Flory-Huggins-Parameter, all showing a positive correlation with drying speed and therefore can be used as indicators to estimate drying times. Also, an industrial scale prototype of a microwave enhanced drying system was used to investigate the effect of microwave application on the drying kinetics. Experimental results show potential for reducing the drying times needed, especially for lower temperatures of the drying air and highly hydrophilic plastics. For higher temperatures, however, the prototype could not compete with the state-of-the-art desiccant dryer, due to heat losses and inefficient tubing of the prototype. Considering this, the benefits of microwave application could be shown representatively for polyamide 6 also at higher temperatures.
TRANSDISCIPLINARY PARADIGM OF STEM- KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF ADAPTIVE APPROACH
Authors: Rostoka Maryna Lvovna  , Cherevychnyi Gennadii Semenovich
Published: August 2020

The authors suggest an analysis of the main innovative transformations in modern education, presenting an agreed construct: transdisciplinarity ↔ STEM ↔ adaptive management. Thus, the emergence of a completely new structure is revealed, which requires scientific awareness, confirmation, justification and development of new solutions to gain knowledge. In that sense, the emergence of such a “scientific anomaly” – a transdisciplinary paradigm that generates a new vision on knowledge management in the period of the formation of a STEM education – STEM management is evidenced. In addition, an adaptive approach will play a key role in the course of this process. Since any process in the educational space cannot be carried out without the impact of its system management, it makes sense to consider the phenomenon of STEM education in the vector of appropriate STEM knowledge management. It is also important that the emerging innovations in the context of the adaptive approach represent a definite vision of the paradigm – transdisciplinary, which has been gradually introduced into the existing education system for many years, having the basis of interdisciplinary, integration relationships and models. The article raises the problem of the need to develop new scientific concepts and theories that will provide a description of this paradigm in all its extraordinary outpouring and practical directions of scientific knowledge.
A regional Stokes-Helmert geoid determination for Costa Rica (GCR-RSH-2020): computation and evaluation
Authors: GARBANZO-LEÓN Jaime , VEGA FERNÁNDEZ Alonso , VARELA SÁNCHEZ Mauricio , SALVATIERRA Juan Picado , KINGDON Robert W. , LÜCKE Oscar H.
Published: August 2020

GNSS observations are a common solution for outdoor positioning around the world for coarse and precise applications. However, GNSS produces geodetic heights, which are not physically meaningful, limiting their functionality in many engineering applications. In Costa Rica, there is no regional model of the geoid, so geodetic heights (h) cannot be converted to physically meaningful orthometric heights (H). This paper describes the computation of a geoid model using the Stokes-Helmert approach developed by the University of New Brunswick. We combined available land, marine and satellite gravity data to accurately represent Earth's high frequency gravity field over Costa Rica. We chose the GOCO05s satellite-only global geopotential model as a reference field for our computation. With this combination of input data, we computed the 2020 Regional Stokes-Helmert Costa Rican Geoid (GCR-RSH-2020). To validate this model, we compared it with 4 global combined geopotential models (GCGM): EGM2008, Eigen6C-4, GECO and SGG-UM-1 finding an average difference of 5 cm. GECO and SGG-UM-1 are more similar to the GCR-RSH-2020 based on the statistics of the difference between models and the shape of the histogram of differences. The computed geoid also showed a shift of 7 cm when compared to the old Costa Rican height system but presented a slightly better fit with that system than the other models when looking at the residuals. In conclusion, GCR-RSH-2020 presents a consistent behaviour with the global models and the Costa Rican height systems. Also, the lowest variance suggests a more accurate determination when the bias is removed.
Highlighting the Correlation Between Telomere Shortening and the Susceptibility to the Novel SARS-CoV-2 Virus (COVID-19)
Authors: Ghanem Aml
Published: August 2020

COVID-19 is a global crisis that requires a deep understanding of infection pathways to facilitate the development of effective treatments and vaccines. Telomere, which is regarded as a biomarker for other respiratory viral infections, might influence the demographic distribution of COVID-19 infection and fatality rates. Viral infection can induce many cellular remodeling events and stress responses, including telomere specific alterations, just as telomere shortening. In brief, this letter aims to highlight the connection between telomere shortening and susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, in addition to changes in telomeric length according to the variation of age and gender of confirmed cases with COVID-19 infection. To sum up, the correlation is revealed from the available data that connect telomere length and COVID-19 infection, demonstrated in the fact that the elderly patients and males are more susceptible to COVID-19 due to shortening in their telomere length.
Russian epic geography as a semantically marked space
Authors: Mironov A.S.
Published: August 2020

Researching the connection between place-names and their meanings as the latter
are rendered in bylinas, the author tries to disprove the widespread conceptions according to which the geography presented in Russian epic songs is treated as isolated from the reality, as based on epic singers’ erroneous associations of these or those place-names and climatic zones with the four cardinal points, etc. The author concludes that many place-names rendered in bylinas may be treated as presupposing real prototypes – if it is assumed that the bylina universe is marked similarly to the artistic world of Russian spiritual verses. The fact that many bylina plots are connected with the Latyr stone enables one to consider the Holy Land – along with Constantinople, Mount Athos (known in bylinas as “the Holy Mount”), “the Caucasian Mountains”, “the Ararat Mountains”, “the Greek Land”, and “the orochinsk Mountains” – as nearly the main setting of bylina conflicts. In the author’s opinion, so as to render bylina “metahistorical”
events, it was necessary to use not certain but “universal” place-names – the ones that indicated not a historicаl event, but different events brought together by the epic consciousness on the principle of spiritual analogy (for example, the image of Kalin Tsar’s invasion may reflect either the Mongol massacre of the 13th century or the Grande Armйe’s encroachment into Russia). Thus, the place-names used in Russian folk epics were of fixed value coordinates, which, in their turn, were well-known to the traditional audience – and so could be used by the epic singer in order to influence his listeners’ value centers.
Game Methods of Teaching Chinese Language to University Students
Authors: Kralina E.D.
Published: August 2020

Game-based learning methods or gamification is an important direction in the study of foreign languages. The article considers the reasons for the emergence of such approach as a response to the peculiarities of behavioral patterns in modern society, its advantages for both, teachers and students, as well as ways to implement the game-learning method in existing Chinese language programs. The article also gives examples of various promising game mechanics that can be integrated into the learning process. These examples include the use of ready-made free solutions, basic tools of social interaction, as well as the creation of own mechanics using available Internet resources. From the materials of foreign textbooks the most relevant ways of learning in a game form were selected. Options are offered to combine several tools in an integrated approach for greater involvement of students in the learning process, stimulating independent language learning, creating a competitive environment within the group of students learning the language. The ways to encourage students are also considered to implement a closed cyclic system of gamification. The purpose of this article is to find new ways to improve the efficiency of learning Chinese.