bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Factory or the City: Which Model for Online Education?
Authors: Feenberg Andrew
Published: November 2023

Much recent discussion of the Internet emphasizes its promise of epoch¬ making changes in our lives. In no domain are these anticipated changes more radical than in education. We are told that the substantive content of instruction can now be delivered better by computers than by teachers. Are we on the verge of a fundamental transformation of all our assumptions about education as we enter a postindustrial information age, or are we instead witnessing significant but more modest changes in education as we know it? As a participant in the early development of online education, I hope to be able to bring a touch of realism to the debate.
Can Our Values ‘Be Objective? On Ethics, Aesthetics, and Progressive Politics
Authors: Mohanty Satya P
Published: November 2023

Are evaluations always political? Are our efforts to make objective value judgments always thwarted by our own political interests or our cultural and social perspectives? I am interested in this question because I am interested in progressive politics and would like to believe that my values and commitments are not rigidly determined by my social background or my narrow personal interests.
Mumbo Jumbo, Theory and the Aesthetics of wholeness
Authors: Butler Johnnella E
Published: November 2023

Implicit in African-American literature is the search for an articulation of ways of viewing the world that accommodate the humanity of the black body and of black subjectivity. From Olaudah Equiano’s descriptions of his Ibo homeland and Phillis Wheatley’s admonitions to Christians to remember that “Negroes black as Cain, may be refined and join the angelic train,” through the vehemence and urgency of nineteenth-century African-American oratory and fiction, to the devastating optimism of twentieth-century African-American literature, even in the most strident nationalism, there is not only the implicit African-American hope that the United States would live up to its democratic creed, but also, at the least, the implication that there must be another way to view human beings, humanity, and the world.
Fechner’s Psychophysics
Authors: Falmagne Jean-Claude
Published: November 2023

Indeed, we will demonstrate that in principle our psychic measurement will amount to the same as physical measurement, the summation of so-and-so many multiples of an equal unit.
Meaningful Psychophysical Laws
Authors: Falmagne Jean-Claude
Published: November 2023

There is a view of quantitative science which goes roughly as follows. First, data are collected. Next, these data are summarized and organized along the lines of a mathematical theory, which provides a temporary explanation. Such an explanation never fits the data perfectly. The discrepancy between theory and data suggests alternative theories, and further experiments. Science pursues its course toward an increasingly reliable explanation of the world.
The Nature of Extraordinary Human Evil
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

We have, due to the considerable efforts of scholars in Holocaust and genocide studies, an incredibly exhaustive account of the inhumanity we perpetrate on each other. The opening of archives throughout Eastern Europe, the emergence of primary source materials from Cambodia, Rwanda, and the former Yugoslavia, and the cultivation of oral collections from victims and perpetrators of extraordinary evil around the world continue to yield even more documentation to be translated, sorted, and analyzed.
Who Is the “Other”? Social Death of the Victims
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

Lt. col. Dave Grossman, in his On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, examines the killing process at different points along the distance spectrum — from maximum range to hand-to-hand combat. He argues that maximum-range killing— defined as a range at which the killer is unable to perceive his individual victims without using some form of mechanical assistance — carries with it a group absolution, mechanical distance, and physical distance that facilitates killing. In his research, he has “not found one single instance of individuals who have refused to kill the enemy under these circumstances [maximum range], nor . . . a single instance of psychiatric trauma associated with this type of killing.”1 As the range between perpetrator and victim decreases, however, killing becomes increasingly difficult— becoming most difficult in edged-weapons and hand-to-hand combat range.
The Nature and Psychology of Suffering
Authors: Cassell Eric
Published: November 2023

Despite the age-old obligation of physicians to re-lieve human suffering, little attention is explicitly given to the problem of suffering in medical edu-cation, research, or practice. I begin by focusing on a modern paradox: Even in the best settings and with the best physicians, it is not uncommon for suffering to occur not only during the course of a disease, but also as a result of its treatment. The understanding of this paradox and its solu-tion requires an understanding of what suffering is and how it relates to medical care.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adults
Authors: Kondo Douglas G , March John S
Published: November 2023

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric behavioral disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactiv-ity, and impulsivity of varying severity (March, Wells, & Conners, 1995). ADHD by definition begins in childhood and frequently leads to pro-found academic and social impairments across multiple settings (Barkley, 1998). In fact, the dis-order is the most common cause for referral of children to mental health and primary care pro-viders alike (Bird, Gould, & Staghezza, 1993) and is among the most prevalent chronic health con-ditions affecting school-aged children.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Cubic Barbara , Bluestein Daniel
Published: November 2023

Mixed messages abound in Western cultures re-garding weight and exercise. Advertisements forfast-food restaurants with “supersized” meals are followed by promotions for weight loss products. Physicians underscore the importance of remain-ing health conscious, and at the same time images of “healthy” people portrayed by the media are often dangerously thin. Vulnerable adolescents who seek peer acceptance engage in destructive eating behaviors and develop aberrant ideas about their own bodies that only serve to further isolate them from others.
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Bradley Laurence A , Alarco´n Graciela S , Cianfrini Leanne R , McKendree-Smith Nancy L
Published: November 2023

Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized as a chronic, non–life-threatening, incurable but manageable condition that causes pain and widespread fatigue. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is described dis-order that causes profound fatigue as well as joint and muscle pain. FM and CFS are characterized by similar symptoms and the absence of biologi-cal, diagnostic markers that might be used to dis-tinguish them from one another and from other medical disorders (Demitrack, 1998). Both of these disorders primarily affect women.
Coronary Heart Disease and Essential Hypertension in Primary Care
Authors: Smith Timothy W , Glazer Kelly M
Published: November 2023

As in most industrialized nations, cardiovascular diseases comprise the leading cause of death in the United States. This has been the case for most of the last century and is likely to continue de-spite recent decreases in cardiovascular death rates. The majority of these deaths and the re-lated burdens in health care expenditures, lost productivity, and human suffering involve coro-nary heart disease (CHD). This disease is the sin-gle leading cause of death among both men and women in America (American Heart Association [AHA], 2001). Despite recent declines in the in-cidence of this disease, over 12 million Americans are currently living with CHD. The AHA has es-timated that 1 million individuals will have a first or recurrent heart attack this year.
Sexual Disorders Affecting Women
Authors: Heard-Davison Amy , Heiman Julia R , Briggs Brittany
Published: November 2023

Although estimates vary regarding the prevalence of sexual dysfunction among women (Simons & Carey, 2001), sexual problems are certainly not rare and often are associated with decreased well-being and relationship satisfaction (Laumann, Paik, & Rosen, 1999). A variety of interventions that relieve sexual symptoms and improve rela-tionship functioning are available (e.g., Heiman, 2002; Rosen & Leiblum, 1995), although spe-cialty training in treating sexual dysfunction is not available in many clinical psychology programs.
Smoking Cessation Treatment
Authors: Pbert Lori , Luckmann Roger , Ockene Judith K
Published: November 2023

Smoking is the leading preventable cause of mor-bidity and mortality in the United States, causing more than 430,000 deaths each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999). The health benefits of quitting smoking are substantial, de-creasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, lung and other cancers, and chronic lung disease (U.S. De-partment of Health and Human Services, 1990). Despite the enormous health consequences of smoking and benefits of stopping, 23% of American adults continue to smoke (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.).
The Tropical Hothouse
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

“In all the Indies, I have always found May-like weather,” said Christopher Columbus of his first voyage to the New World. A quick glance at the travel section of any newspaper reveals the popularity of tropical resorts. We love the Tropics for their dependable, salubrious climates: warm, steady breezes; plentiful sunshine; and rain showers that seldom last more than a few minutes. In places like Tahiti, the minimum temperature in winter is only a few degrees colder than the maximum temperature in summer, and the nights are almost as warm as the days. Why, then, do such peaceful, benign climates engender the most terrible storms on earth? The answer, in short, is the greenhouse effect. By trapping heat energy in the ocean, the greenhouse effect sets the stage for the meteorological explosion that is the hurricane. Almost all the energy that heats the earth and powers the winds comes from the sun. Sunlight is a form of radiation, consisting of waves that travel through space as well as through various kinds of matter, such as air. As Figure 4.1 shows, sunlight contains many different wavelengths, many of which are contained within the narrow range we see as visible light. White light is actually the combination of light with a range of colors, each of which corresponds to a different wavelength. Red light, for example, has a wavelength of about 0.7 microns. (A micron is onemillionth of a meter; there are 25,400 microns in one inch.) Blue light has a shorter wavelength, of about .45 microns.
On Syntax and Complex Words
Authors: Julien Marit
Published: November 2023

The last decades have witnessed the development of two competing lines of thinking about morphology and its relation to syntax. The schism stems from the trivial observation that morphology and syntax are seemingly separate domains of grammar which still to some extent must interact. For example, only words that carry certain morphosyntactic features will be acceptable in any given syntactic position. For a strict lexicalist, this is as far as the interaction goes (see, e.g., Di Sciullo & Williams 1987, Anderson 1992).
Head Movement and Complex Heads
Authors: Julien Marit
Published: November 2023

The topic of this chapter is head movement and the formation of complex heads. Of the syntactic processes and configurations claimed in section 1.4.3 to give rise to complex words, head movement is far more widely recognized than the others. The syntactic process of head movement, whereby a syntactic head moves and adjoins to the next higher head, obeying the HMC of Travis (1984), is a well-established element of current syntactic analyses. It is also often assumed to feed word formation.
Aesthetic Judgment, Discrepancy, and Inquiry
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: November 2023

We are clearly and profoundly a species that is responsive to wondrous beauty. We marvel at the smallest of objects to the greatest, we are in tune to diverse sounds, we create and admire objects as representations of ourselves, of others, and of our experiences. Information-processing systems pervade aesthetic judgment; our representational capacity, the play and flexibility of cognitive systems, the detection of discrepancy—all are reflective of our aesthetic judgments. I think it is mistaken to suggest that “the main value of art is emotional. More accurately, perhaps, whereas the value of a work of art can be exclusively emotional, it cannot be exclusively cognitive” (Elster, 2000b, p. 205). As I indicated in the previous chapter, this is the very distinction that I believe is misleading. There is no separation, on my view, as should be clear, between the cognitive and the emotional; there are, however, different kinds of information-processing systems that subserve different functions.
How to Define Complexity in Physics, and Why
Authors: Bennett Charles H
Published: November 2023

Various notions of complexity are listed and discussed in this chapter. The advantage of having a definition of complexity that is rigorous and yet in accord with intuitive notions is that it allows certain complexity-related questions in statistical physics and the theory of computation to be posed well enough to be amenable to proof or refutation. Natural irreversible processes are nowadays thought to have a propensity for self-organization-the spontaneous generation of complexity.
The Problem of News Effects
Authors: Gans Herbert J
Published: November 2023

When people read, view, or listen to the news, they may remember some of the stories and forget some—or all of them. However, some news stories impress themselves on people’s minds and emotions strongly enough that they have an effect on their opinions or behavior. For news stories to have such an effect, they must be relevant to people’s lives. The coverage of the events of 9/11 are in this category. That news affected people’s opinions about American domestic and foreign policies, for example, as well as their behavior. If news has no impact, it is ephemeral; only when it has effects can the news help to change society.1 Consequently, even if journalism’s methods and practices were more focused on the profession’s democratic ideal, the resulting changes in the news would still need to affect the audience before journalists could aid any movement toward a citizens’ democracy.
The Beginning of the End
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

The Last Chapter of any book about the death penalty in America must, of course, be about the future. The level of activity and controversy about capital punishment has never been greater in any era of American history, and the issue has never been of greater public importance. Major changes have occurred in the level of executing, the issues in controversy, and the meanings of execution in culture and law over the last fifteen years. The contradictory crusades of the 1990s warn us of both the velocity of change and the difficulty of predicting even tomorrow’s trends in American capital punishment. What happens next? How long will it take for a significant change in capital punishment policies? What are some of the leading indicators of change in American attitude and conduct? How can citizens act to influence the American future? To answer these questions with authority, we need a crystal ball; lacking that, this chapter uses the findings of this study to provide a new framework for thinking about the future of capital punishment in the United States. The tug-of-war between vigilante and due process values and the structural predictions about the impact of such conflict provide a some-what more disciplined way of thinking about the future of the death penalty in the United States than would unmitigated speculation.
Introduction
Authors: Tracy Steven C
Published: November 2023

In the year 1913, Harriet Tubman died. For more than six decades of her more than ninety years, she was so connected to the tribulations of nineteenth-century slavery and freedom that many people today are surprised to learn that she lived into the twentieth century. She may have seemed almost anachronistic to some by that time, this fearless Black Moses so symbolic of the indomitable human will to live unfettered. Tubman, the willful, flesh-and-blood woman of the fields, was a tender of human souls. She helped build and operate a railroad, not of steel and wood, not on the backs of immigrant workers, but of love and compassion and on behalf of the poor and downtrodden.
Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Ihara Emily S , Takeuchi David Takeo
Published: November 2023

The Surgeon General’s report, Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity-A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (2001), finds that racial and ethnic minorities are not only less likely than whites to use services for their mental health problems but are more likely to receive poor quality and inappropriate mental health care (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 2001). While the findings in the Surgeon General’s report are alarming, they are not new. Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care have been identified and documented for more than 30 years. Although some improvements have been made in the service delivery system, barriers to mental health care persist for racial and ethnic minorities. The report is unique because it is the first time that the high office of the Surgeon General has called attention to mental health issues pertinent to racial and ethnic minorities. This chapter reviews current knowledge about the prevalence of mental disorders, use of services by racial and ethnic minorities, factors explaining the gap between need and care, and the implications for service delivery. A public health model that recognizes the complex interaction of biological, psychological, cultural, economic, and social factors in the environment is particularly useful in our search for a delivery system that promotes mental health and well-being for the entire population.
What Is Life? Chemistry
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

The great Louis Pasteur was a confirmed vitalist. So was the philosopher Henri Bergson, winner of the 1927 Nobel prize in literature and author of L’evolution creatrice, in which evolution is depicted as propelled by an “elan vital,” a vital surge. It was the case also for the physicist Pierre Lecomte du Nouy, who coined the term “telifinalisme” to designate what he perceived as the innate ability of living organisms to act purposefully, in opposition to the second law of thermodynamics. When I was a student at the Catholic University of Louvain, in Belgium, all my biology teachers were vitalists, with the exception of the physiology professor, Joseph Bouckaert, in whose laboratory I had the good fortune of taking my first steps in science and who was a staunch mechanist.
What Is Life? Information
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

In principle, the simplest way to reproduce proteins would have been to use them as models for their own synthesis. This is not what happens in reality. For reasons that, as we shall see in a later chapter, tell us a great deal about the manner in which life originated, the information that guides the assembly of proteins is not provided by proteins but by nucleic acids. And these are the molecules that are actually copied. Those functions are carried out by the genetic apparatus, which, therefore, stands at the top of the hierarchy in the organization of cells.
The Mysterious Birth of Eukaryotes: The Problem
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

Yet, modern electron microscopy has revealed within all four cells a complex set of inner structures that are the same in all four and are not observed in bacteria. Thanks to advances in biochemistry, the functions of these structures, also the same in all four cells, have been unravelled. Finally, with the progress of molecular biology, many of the genes behind the common structures and functions have been sequenced and found to be related in all four cell types.
The Arrow of Evolution
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

We now know that our origin is lost in the darkness of time. It goes back to such a remote past that our minds fail even to imagine it. Almost four billion years, four million millennia, 40 million centuries! Just to count them, at the rate of one century per second, we would need more than a year. In those immensely distant times, there appeared on our young planet, freshly recovered from the violent impacts and convulsions that heralded its birth, the primitive form of life from which, with all other living beings on Earth, we have descended. The line that links us to this ancestral form is uninterrupted. But it can be recognized only retrospectively.
After Us, What?
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

From time immemorial, prophets announce the imminent end of the world, most often to strengthen their hold on their followers, on the pretext of preparing them for the ultimate ordeal. The prediction is not totally false. According to cosmologists, a time will come when the Sun, its hydrogen stores exhausted, will blow up into a red giant, engulfing Earth in a fiery cloud. But this final blaze is not for tomorrow. Earth has some five billion years left before it goes up in flames. Even though it may not be able to harbor life during all that time, it should be able to do so for at least 1.5 billion years, according to present estimates.1 This is an enormous amount of time, more than twice the known history of animal life, some 250 times the duration it took a chimp-like primate to become a human being. What may happen during such a long time totally exceeds our imagination. But we can, at least, define certain possibilities. We may even, on the strength of what we know of the past, hazard some predictions.
The Key Component tor Anger Management: Your Relotionship with Your Child
Authors: Golden Bernard
Published: November 2023

In recent years it has become all too common to read newspaper headlines describing the latest incidents of child and adolescent violence. These events are immediately followed by cries for gun control, a reduction of violence in the media and in video games, and an increased emphasis on teaching morality in schools and at home. Addressing these contributing factors may help to prevent some violence. However, while the media highlight violence, only a small percentage of children and teens express anger in this most extreme way. Far more children and teens who have ongoing difficulty with anger exhibit bullying, underachievement, substance abuse, social isolation, truancy, prejudice, gang participation, sexual promiscuity, and suicidal behaviors. At the same time, some children and teens who appear fine on the surface experience depression, excessive guilt or shame, or intense anxiety related to mismanaged anger.
How Children and Teens Express Anger
Authors: Golden Bernard
Published: November 2023

Children and teens express anger in many different ways. At times it is very easy to recognize their anger, such as when they are hostile or aggressive toward others or are physically destructive of property. We can readily understand why these children and teens attract attention from their parents, their teachers, mental health professionals, and the justice system.

But there are many expressions of anger that are more subtle and may easily escape even your focused attention. The anger underlying these behaviors may not be as apparent as aggression or violence. In fact, while aggression and violence are expressions of anger, most children and teens express anger in other ways. However, these behaviors can lead to lifelong difficulties in relationships, in self-esteem, in careers, and in achieving goals. This chapter will help you to better recognize the wide range of expressions of anger in everyday life.
Identifying and Confronting Self-talk Based on “Child Logic”
Authors: Golden Bernard
Published: November 2023

Everyone engages in self-talk. Self-talk is the dialogue we have with ourselves at home, at work, in a car, in a store, when interacting with loved ones, or while observing people on a bus. We dialogue with ourselves both when we are with others and when we are alone. Some of us are more aware than others of these ongoing thoughts. And each of us varies in the amount of self-talk we engage in. However, we may be so busy, focused on an activity, or engaged with people that we are not aware of our self-talk. In fact, we live in a time when we are increasingly.
Relaxation: A Primary Task in Managing Anger
Authors: Golden Bernard
Published: November 2023

The strategies presented in this chapter are aimed at helping children and teens reduce the level of physical tension that is a natural part of anger. While these strategies are useful with children and teens facing the anger of everyday life, they are especially useful for those who are quick to become angry. Such children may be considered “thinskinned” and overly sensitive to stimulation. They may be more vulnerable to frustration and thus quick to experience the fight-or-flight response that accompanies anger. Compared to others, these children may actually experience a greater arousal of physical tension that pushes them more rapidly to seek physical release.
Eye Of The Beholder
Authors: Aleshire Joan
Published: November 2023

There is a photograph in a family album of my mother in the late summer of 1938, when she is a few months’ pregnant with me. She’s at the beach, leaning back on her elbows, wearing stylish sunglasses with bottle lenses and thick plastic frames. She’s smiling with an unusual carefree abandon, it seems to me; she and my father, a hard-working intern at Johns Hopkins, must have gotten away for a few days at Ocean City or Cape May, at the end of a long stretch of hot city weather. She has the beauty of the quieter, more genteel movie stars of the period, like Joan Bennett or, even more, Joan Fontaine, and—for all her modesty, and though she’d never admit to an interest in popular culture—may have acknowledged the resemblance by breaking family tradition and giving me “Joan” as a middle name.
A Chair Unseen
Authors: Atkins C G K
Published: November 2023

It is the morning prior to Gretta and Felix’s housewarming party. Within hours, dozens of colleagues from both of their workplaces will be ringing the front doorbell. The festivities are an attempt to christen their new house and to make social connections with a select group of people they know from the office. Framed pictures lean against the walls in all four corners of the living room. Sunlight filters through partially drawn curtains as the couple leafs through photo albums. Gretta holds up three photos. “What about these ones? They are of your graduation—this is a such a good one of you and the kids.
The Perils Of Getting A Driver’s License
Authors: Tollifson Joan
Published: November 2023

I’ve been putting off going to the DMV to exchange my California license for an Illinois one. I grew up in Illinois, and when I got my first license here, they slapped all kinds of restrictions on me because I’m missing one hand. I had to have a spinner knob on the steering wheel and could only drive a car that had an automatic transmission and power steering. I hated that spinner knob, which got in my way. Together with my parents, we finally succeeded in getting the DMV in Illinois to drop that restriction, but the others they kept.
Dispersal Behavior and Evolutionary Metapopulation Dynamics Michael c. Singer and ilkka hanski
Authors: Ehrlich Paul R , Hanski Ilkka
Published: November 2023

“Dispersal is the glue that keeps local populations together in a metapopulation” (Hansson 1991). Seen from the perspective of population biology, dispersal is also another kind of glue, a behavioral trait that couples ecological metapopulation dynamics with evolutionary dynamics. Indeed, we might describe our work on this topic as a study in either behavioral or evolutionary ecology, were it not that “behavioral ecology” is not regarded as proper ecology by ecologists, and “evolutionary ecology” is not really regarded as study of evolution by evolutionary biologists. Sadly, these researchers are usually correct; work that claims to be interdisciplinary at the interfaces between behavior, ecology, and evolution rarely achieves its aim. Yet metapopulation biology absolutely requires a truly behavioral understanding of the decision making that underlies dispersal, a truly ecological understanding of the interplay between dispersal and population dynamics, and a truly evolutionary understanding of the ways that dispersal responds to spatially and temporally varying environmental conditions. Studies of checkerspots have made substantial progress toward achieving this desirable combination of knowledge, and reciprocal interactions between the behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary facets of dispersal are becoming clear. For example, the influence of host plant preference (behavior) on dispersal drives population turnover (ecology) via biased immigration and colonization rates (Hanski and Singer 2001), while biased colonization rate, in turn, contributes to the evolution of host plant preference (Hanski and Heino 2003), bringing us back to the influence of preference on dispersal. Before reaching this level of complexity, however, we begin with a discussion of the classic approaches to the study of insect dispersal and how they have been applied in studies of butterflies in general and checkerspots in particular.
Checkerspots as a Model System in Population Biology
Authors: Hanski Ilkka , Hellmann Jessica J , Boggs carol L , McLaughlin John F
Published: November 2023

Model systems such as Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Mus, Caenorhabditis, and the squid giant axon are familiar to geneticists, developmental biologists, neurobiologists, and other laboratory biologists. A chief characteristic of these systems is that numerous researchers have used them over a long period of time to study a range of research questions, often greatly benefiting from the diverse knowledge accumulated by previous investigators. Successful model systems possess some definite advantages for research. For example, it is critical for laboratory model systems that the organisms can be cultured in large numbers under controlled conditions and have short generation times.
Why Are Frogs in Trouble? Complementary Observations and Experiments to Test Hypotheses in Ecology
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H
Published: November 2023

In August 1995, a group of students visited a pond in southern Minnesota on a class field trip. Tadpoles in the pond had just undergone metamorphosis to become juvenile northern leopard frogs, which were dispersing away from the pond to begin the terrestrial phase of their normal life cycle. However, a large percentage of the frogs had missing or deformed hind legs. This discovery by sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-graders and their new teacher was not the first report of deformed frogs in North America, but it sparked a great deal of public attention and led to large-scale research efforts to understand what was happening.
What Causes Cancer? The Complexities of Causation
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H
Published: November 2023

On 13 July 2000, the Washington Post described a new study of cancer incidence in twins in a front-page story with the headline “Cancer Study Down- plays Role of Genes.” On the same day, the New York Times’s headline was “Genes May Cause 25% of 3 Major Cancers.” Surprisingly, these two stories were based on the same technical report by a group of Scandinavian scientists that appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine on that day. What can we make of these different interpretations of the same scientific study? A careful reader of the Washington Post might conclude that environmental factors have broader scope in causing cancer than suggested by well-established examples such as smoking and lung cancer.
How Does Coffee Affect Health? Combining Results of Multiple Studies
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H
Published: November 2023

We are bombarded with information and advice about health and nutrition. Here is a sample of recent headlines: “Something Special in That Glass of Wine” (New York Times, 26 September 2000); “Warding off Parkinson’s with Caffeine” (New York Times, 24 October 2000); “Conflicting Views on Caffeine in Pregnancy” (New York Times, 17 July 2001); “Coffee in the Afternoon a Memory Boost for Elders” (Health & Medicine Week, 7 January 2002); “A Dose of Red Pepper to Sooth Gastric Distress”(New York Times, 2 April 2002). Stories like these usually report the conclusions of some new scientific study, but these conclusions often contradict previous research, which is partly what makes them newsworthy.
How Will Climate Change Affect the Spread of Human Diseases? Models and the Perils of Prediction
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H
Published: November 2023

The Los Angeles Times reported in May 2002 that owners of ski resorts in Australia were buying new equipment to make snow worth $20 million in anticipation that global warming would cause reduced snowfall. This story indicates that a wide range of people has come to accept the fact that contemporary human activities affect global climate patterns. These people include not only virtually all scientists but also an increasing number of astute business leaders. Humans influence global climate in many ways, but the most familiar is the greenhouse effect. Earth is heated by solar radiation.
1793–1796 “A Colossus to the Antirepublican Party”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Dressed in a black silk suit, his usual attire for state occasions, President Washington climbed into his hand-some carriage just before noon on March 4, 1793, Inauguration Day, for the short ride to Congress Hall. The cabinet, which at Washington’s behest had planned the day, closed the ceremonies to the public. Thus, unescorted by floats or militia companies, Washington rode to the Senate chamber through Philadelphia’s quiet streets. Upon alighting at his destination, however, he was greeted by a small but friendly crowd. The president hurried inside, where he delivered a three-paragraph Inaugural Address, the shortest ever given, took the oath of office, and departed. He was at home again within an hour of his departure.
Narrative Insurrections: HIV, Circulating Knowledges, and Local Resistances
Authors: Stewart Eric , Rappaport Julian
Published: November 2023

In the United States, the number of new cases of AIDS, as of 2004, is on the rise. The rate of new HIV infection has been on the rise—even in those communities that had previously shown remarkable declines— for a decade or more (Odets, 1995; Treichler, 1999; Wohlfeiler, 2002). Despite the success of earlier community-based and focused prevention efforts, in urban gay communities, for instance, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has ofcially declared that prevention efforts have “stalled.” Furthermore, the CDC now recommends (and funds) an emphasis on counseling or case-management for those already infected (Wohlfeiler, 2002). In this chapter, we suggest that the narrative framework is a useful conceptual and methodological tool for examining why prevention has “stalled,” and how its engine could be restarted.
Toward the Next Generation of AIDS Interventions With Community Impact
Authors: Pequegnat Willo
Published: November 2023

Risk for HIV transmission and other public-health problems with a behavioral component have multiple causes that are embedded in the social organization of society. The effort to prevent further HIV infections is often compared to the smoking campaign that has resulted in a change in the social norms and rules about smoking. Entrenched norms about smoking that are supported by the culture, reinforced by personal addiction, and strongly sustained by commercial interests nally gave way to public health interests. It has taken time for the evidence from research and community-level interventions to lead to these changes in social policy and personal habits. In the 1950s, it would have been unthinkable to envision a smoke-free environment.
QTL Mapping: A First Step Toward an Understanding of Molecular Genetic Mechanisms Behind Phenotypic Complexity/ Integration
Authors: Kover Courtney J Murren Paula X
Published: November 2023

The challenge of the study of phenotypic integration is to comprehend both how a single trait evolves, and how combinations of traits evolve together to produce and maintain a functional phenotype. Olson and Miller (1958), in their now classic work, define morphological integration as the interdependence of morphological traits that produces an organized functional organism. Empirical studies demonstrate that selection on multiple traits throughout ontogeny and across environments can result in character correlations (Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998). Ecological genetic approaches suggest that gene regulation, pleiotropy, and linkage may provide the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic correlations (Cheverud 1988; Schlichting 1989; Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998). However, further progress in unraveling the genetic basis of phenotypic integration will require moving a step closer to the genes that are involved in determining the traits and their interactions.
Body Image
Authors: Smolak Linda
Published: November 2023

Cellulite-reducing cream, milkshakes that lead to weight loss, and bathing suits that make you look thinner—all of these products capitalize on women’s concerns about how their bodies look. Body dissatisfaction is a problem because it may lead to buying products that don’t work and may even be harmful rather than using the money on things like education, political clout, or health care. More important, though, body dissatisfaction may result in dangerous weight-loss techniques, sometimes culminating in eating disorders (e.g., McKnight Investigators, 2003; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 2001). Body dissatisfaction may also contribute to the development of depression, including the emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence (Stice & Bearman, 2001; Wichstrom, 1999).
Trauma in the Lives of Girls and Women
Authors: Sanchez-Hucles Janis , Gamble Kimberly
Published: November 2023

Traumatic events are commonplace and can occur in the lives of any of us. Between 70–90% of all individuals in the United States experience at least one traumatic event in their lives and a third to a half must contend with a second trauma (Breslau & Kessler, 2001; Solomon & Davidson, 1997). An individual’s history, experience, temperament, and resiliency all shape the potential impact of trauma. Although reactions can be unique and subjective, gender mediates exposure to trauma in the lives of women and girls. Women face trauma imposed by the vulnerability of inhabiting a female body. In addition, they are exposed to unique traumas in patriarchal societies that implicitly or explicitly support the subordination of women. Unequal status makes women and girls vulnerable to trauma. Each year, 20 million women have unsafe abortions, resulting in 78,000 mortalities; one in four women are abused in pregnancy; one in three are beaten or sexually coerced; 60 million girls are reported as missing due to infanticide or neglect; and 5,000 women and girls are killed by their own families due to perceived violations to the family’s honor (Solomon, 2003).
Substance Use and Abuse by Girls and Women
Authors: Beatty Lula A , Wetherington Cora Lee , Jones, Dionne J , Roman Adele B
Published: November 2023

The overall prevalence of drug use by females and males from the late 1970s until the mid-1990s has generally decreased for all drugs with some yearly fluctuations (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2002). Although males report using both licit (e.g., alcohol and nicotine) and illicit substances (e.g., marijuana, cocaine, heroin) more than females, the gender gap in drug use has been shrinking over time (SAMHSA, 1997; Weiss, Kung, & Pearson, 2003). Starting in the early 1990s, girls and boys began increasing their use of cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs, particularly marijuana, with boys still using more than girls (SAMHSA, 1997). Recent research suggests that males have more opportunity to use drugs, and if given the same opportunity, males and females are equally likely to use (Van Etten & Anthony, 1999), which may account for the rising rates in female use of drugs.
Coping in Adolescent Girls and Women
Authors: Bennett Patricia A , daniel Susan H M C
Published: November 2023

There’s no question that ample opportunities for coping exist in the 21st century. Stress and anxiety are the norm, with terrorism and economic uncertainty at the social level, as well as developmental, personal, and interpersonal challenges at the individual level. For girls and women who are socialized today to care for others and to achieve, coping can have particular challenges. Being female brings with it special privileges and burdens related to social role conflicts, sexist behavior, and gendered belief systems. In this chapter, we explore the many ways girls and women cope, the common challenges they face, and the need to balance what Bakan (1969) called agency (selfefficacy) and communion (connection) in order to promote optimal growth. We review the developmental stages of women’s lives, beginning in adolescence, and underline the need to enhance both agency and communion for healthy coping at each stage.
The Sense of Entitlement: Implications for Gender Equality and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Gann Vanessa L M C , Steil Janice M
Published: November 2023

Since the 1970s, the opportunities and achievements of women and girls have expanded dramatically. Unlike 30 years ago, women now receive the majority of associate’s, bachelor’s, and master’s degrees, constitute almost half (47%) of the paid labor force, and are increasingly visible across all spheres of economic and public life. Equally dramatic are the shifts in women’s relationships at home. Women’s increased labor force participation, including the participation of those who are married and mothers of young children, has made the dual-earner family the modal family in America. As well, dual-earner families now have the highest median incomes, and this is increasingly due to the economic contributions of employed wives. Indeed, almost 30% of these women now earn more than their spouses, and this has brought increasing expectations of greater work sharing at home.
Well-Being of Girls and Women
Authors: Glied Sherry , Kofman Sharon
Published: November 2023

Public policy is a general term that describes all government actions, whether federal, state, or local. Public policy includes distributive, regulatory, and redistributive policies (Lowi, 1972). The latter two forms will be our focus. Distributive policies are those that provide goods available to all, such as parks or national defense. Regulatory policies are government-established limits on private actions. Redistributive policies are those that use the government’s taxation and spending among people. The process of translating policy problems— including problems of importance to women’s psychological health—into policy proposals of any of these types is inevitably complicated. Public policy occurs through politics.
A Closer Look at Caretaker Resource Accounts
Authors: Alstott Anne L
Published: November 2023

Five thousand dollars for child care or education or retirement every year. Some readers will think that’s a nice chunk of cash, which might make a real difference in a parent’s life. But others may worry that $5,000 is too little, or too late. In this chapter, I want to evaluate the impact of caretaker resource accounts from two perspectives. I first ask how individuals are likely to respond to the program. Will mothers change their work habits? Might the program alter family dynamics? Consulting economic studies, we can make some educated predictions.
English Translations of and Translator’s Notes on Maria Göppert-Mayer’s Theory of Two-Quantum Processes∗
Authors: Masters Barry R
Published: November 2023

Already from the systematic development of quantum mechanics have Kramers and Heisenberg2 so completely deduced the quantum theoretical dispersion equation that today the famous Raman Effect (“Smekal jumps”) can be quantitatively calculated. In addition, they mentioned another effect that until now has not yet been observed. In the light-quantum language it allows the following simple description:
Classical and Quantum Theory of One-Photon and Multiphoton Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Masters Barry R , Peter T C So
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we introduce the basics of fluorescence spectroscopy. The fundamentals of experimental spectroscopy are presented. Then we develop the classical and the quantum mechanical theory of molecular spectroscopy. These sections provide an introduction to the subsequent chapters on the theory and applications of nonlinear spectroscopic techniques that are used in nonlinear microscopies to study biological processes.
Ultrashort Optical Pulse Delivery for Nonlinear Optical Microscopy
Authors: Kim Daekeun
Published: November 2023

After John Tyndall’s demonstration of guiding light with a jet of water in the 19th century, it was shown that light can travel along arbitrary paths through high-refractive index materials (Goff & Hansen, 2002). An optical fiber is generally defined as a cylindrical waveguide where wave can propagate along its axis based on total internal reflection. A fiber has a high index material forming its core at the center and is surrounded by a cladding material, which has a slightly lower refractive index. This refractive index difference enables total internal reflection to occur at the boundary between the core and the cladding when the light is incident within at a given angle, the critical angle. Since the introduction of the fiberscope in 1950s, flexible optical fibers have been widely used in the imaging and telecommunication fields, given its versatility to conduct light into tight spaces where free space delivery is difficult.
T4 and Related Phages: Structure and Development
Authors: Eiserling Gisela Mosig Fred
Published: November 2023

Bacteriophages T2,T4, and T6 were among seven Escherichia coli phages selected by Max Delbruack to study fundamentals of viral replication in a limited number of model viruses. These studies led to the first formulation of many concepts that are now accepted foundations of molecular biology: the fundamental differences between growth of viruses and cells (figure 18-1) (109); the demonstration that nucleic acids of virus particles suffice to establish infection and to direct synthesis of complete virions (163); the concept of the gene, including distinctions between units of recombination, mutation, and function (30); genetic recombination as exchange between DNA molecules involving ‘‘heterozygous’’ overlaps (91, 164, 165); the demonstration of messenger RNA (mRNA) (55, 414) and the non-overlapping triplet code (83, 390) with nonsense triplets as termination signals (31); the repair of DNA damage in the light (103) and in the dark (149); restriction and modification of DNA (247); the presence of spliced and nonspliced introns in prokaryotes (25, 171); the definition of pathways leading to the assembly of complex macromolecular structures (105); and the importance of protein complexes (machines), which change composition during various DNA transactions (9, 275).