bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid fs/ps Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering for Time- and Frequency-Domain Spectroscopy in Flames
Authors: Miller Joseph D. , Slipchenko Mikhail N. , Meyer Terrence R. , Stauffer Hans U. , Gord James R.
Published: April 2013

Hybrid fs/ps CARS is employed for time- and frequency-domain spectroscopy in reacting flows. Advantages include nonresonant background suppression, chemical specificity, detection at high pressures, potential for kHz-rate thermometry, and ability to resolve energy transfer phenomena.
Determining Total Hemoglobin Mass by Means of 13CO Breath Analysis
Authors: Sowa M. , Hering P.
Published: April 2013

Our aim is the development of a method for determining the total hemoglobin mass with a noninvasive method using Cavity Leak-Out Spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region. A possible application would be detection of blood doping.
Quantum Cascade Lasers for the Detection of Hazardous Materials
Authors: Willer Ulrike , Bauer Christoph , Schade Wolfgang
Published: April 2013

The use of quantum cascade lasers for detection of hazardous materials, esp. explosives is discussed. Different schemes for sensitive measurement of trace amounts are described for different classes of materials with substantial different vapor pressure.
Progress in Standoff LIBS Detection and Identification of Residue Materials
Authors: Miziolek Andrzej W. , De Lucia Frank C. , Munson Chase A. , Gottfried Jennifer L.
Published: April 2013

The LIBS group at ARL/APG continues to advance the use of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for standoff detection and identification of various residue materials, both hazardous and benign. Progress will be presented.
An Automated Hybrid Approach to Large Area Land Use Classification and Change Detection
Authors: Padula Francis , MacDonough Julia , Bondy Dan , Cook Monica
Published: April 2013

An automated, supervised Gaussian Maximum Likelihood classifier which leveraged a priori scene knowledge from MODIS was developed to rapidly identify and exploit large area land use change over time using Global Landsat Survey data.
A Comparison of Optical Design Forms of Hyperspectral Instruments for Remote Sensing
Authors: Miller Timothy N. , Bell Raymond M.
Published: April 2013

We describe and compare five popular optical designs for remote-sensing hyperspectral sensors. We discuss the benefits and limitations of each, and consider first-order parameters that may lead a designer towards a particular option.
Coastal features and river plumes as seen with the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO)
Authors: Davis Curtiss O. , Arnone Robert , Gould Richard , Corson Michael R. , Montes Marcos
Published: April 2013

The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) is now operating on the International Space Station. Here we review the processing of HICO data and its application to study coastal features and river plumes.
Flight Model Development of a Compact Imaging Spectrometer for a Microsatellite STSAT3
Authors: Lee Jun Ho , Jang Tae Seong , Kang Kyung In , Rhee Seung-Wu
Published: April 2013

COMIS is a very compact imaging spectrometer for a ~150kg micro-satellite STSAT3. COMIS images the Earth’s surface and atmosphere with ground sampling distances of ~30 m in the 18~62 spectral bands (0.4~1.05 μm) for the nadir looking at an altitude of 700km. COMIS, as its name implies, is very compact in terms of volume, mass, and power. The total mass including the optics, housing, and electronics is approximately 4.3kg, and the average operational power is less than 13 watts. The optics of COMIS consists of two parts; imaging telescope and dispersing relay optics. The imaging telescope, f/4.6 Mangin telescope, forms an image of the Earth’s surface onto an intermediate image plane, i.e. a slit. The dispersion relay optics disperses the image while relaying it onto a CCD plane. The optics of COMIS is designed with all spherical surfaces and utilizes only single glass material (fused silica) and mirrors, for the easiness of manufacture, alignment, assemble and test, and the improved robustness over the space environment. An engineering-qualification model had been developed in order to validate the previous design/analysis. Currently a flight model of COMIS is under development.
Mapping Land Use Patterns in an Urbanizing Landscape using LiDAR Intensity Data
Authors: Singh Kunwar K. , Vogler John B. , Meng Qingmin , Meentemeyer Ross K.
Published: April 2013

This paper demonstrates that LiDAR intensity can be a feasible alternative for accurate mapping and assessment of land use patterns in an urbanized landscape at high accuracy by integrating intensity with other derivatives of LiDAR.
Comparison of Efficiency of Algorithms for Polarization Computation in Turbid Media
Authors: Korkin S.V. , Budak V.P. , Lyapustin A.I.
Published: April 2013

Fast yet accurate algorithm for polarization computation in a highly anisotropic scattering media is offered. The comparison with the traditional approach is produced.
Assessing the Extent of Conservation Tillage Using Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors: Daughtry C. S. T , Serbin Guy , Doraiswamy P. C. , Reeves J. B. , Hunt E. R.
Published: April 2013

Physically-based spectral indices that detect absorption features associated with cellulose and lignin are linearly related to crop residue cover, a key indicator of soil tillage intensity, and are robust across diverse agricultural landscapes.
Non-imagine solar stationary concentrators with using combination of prisms and reflective surfaces
Authors: Kivalov Sergey N. , Perez Richard
Published: April 2013

The paper presents two designs of combined prismatic-parabola-cylindrical stationary concentrators. They reach 8.4× and 10.4× concentration levels for nonsymmetrical and symmetrical concentrators correspondingly and can be used with solar cells for electricity and heat generation.
The Influence of the 4n2 Light Trapping Factor on Ultimate Solar Cell Efficiency
Authors: Yablonovitch Eli , Miller Owen
Published: April 2013

The standard Shockley-Queisser approach to ideal ultimate solar cell efficiency makes a number of idealistic assumptions. Under even slightly non-ideal conditions, the 4n2 light trapping factor already has a major role controlling the ultimate efficiency.
Optical Enhancement with Plasmonic Nanoparticles in Organic Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Koh W. S. , Akimov Yu. A. , Li Y. , Soh M. S. , Goh W. P. , Chu H. S.
Published: April 2013

This work discusses the enhancement of the optical absorption of the organic bulk-heterojunction solar cell with plasmonic silver nanoparticles.
Comparison of adverse effects between lingual and labial orthodontic treatment: A systematic review
Authors: Long Hu , Zhou Yang , Pyakurel Ujjwal , Liao Lina , Jian Fan , Xue Junjie , Ye Niansong , Yang Xin , Wang Yan , Lai Wenli
Published: April 2013

Objective:

To compare adverse effects between labial and lingual orthodontic treatments through a systematic review of the literature.

Materials and Methods:

The protocol of this systematic review (CRD42012002455) was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL, SIGLE, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, and ClinicalTrial.gov for articles published between January 1980 and December 2012. Primary outcomes included pain and caries; secondary outcomes were eating difficulty, speech difficulty, oral hygiene, and treatment duration. Meta-analyses were conducted in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2.2.064.

Results:

Six studies were included, two randomized controlled trials and four clinical controlled trials; of these, four were medium quality and two were low quality in terms of the risk of bias. Five of the six outcomes were evaluated in the included studies, and treatment duration was not; pain, eating difficulty, speech difficulty were statistically pooled. Meta-analysis revealed that the pooled odds ratios were 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]  =  0.30–4.87) for overall pain, 32.24 (95% CI  =  14.13–73.55) for pain in tongue, 0.08 (95% CI  =  0.04–0.18) for pain in cheek, 0.11 (95% CI  =  0.03–0.42) for pain in lip, 3.59 (95% CI  =  1.85–6.99) for eating difficulty, and 8.61 (95% CI  =  3.55–20.89) for speech difficulty. Sensitivity analysis showed consistent results except for eating difficulty. No publication bias was detected.

Conclusions:

The likelihood of overall pain was similar between the two modalities. Patients who underwent lingual orthodontic treatment were more likely to suffer from pain in the tongue and less likely to suffer from pain in the cheek and lip. Lingual orthodontic treatment increased the likelihood of speech difficulty. Eating difficulty, oral hygiene, caries, and treatment duration could not be compared in this systematic review.
The role of preoperative embolization for intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Shah Ashish H. , Patel Neal , Raper Daniel M. S. , Bregy Amade , Ashour Ramsey , Elhammady Mohamed Samy , Aziz-Sultan Mohammad Ali , Morcos Jacques J. , Heros Roberto C. , Komotar Ricardo J.
Published: April 2013

Object

As endovascular techniques have become more advanced, preoperative embolization has become an increasingly used intervention in the management of meningiomas. To date, however, no consensus has been reached on the use of this technique. To clarify the role of preoperative embolization in the management of meningiomas, the authors conducted a systematic review of case reports, case series, and prospective studies to increase the current understanding of the management options for these common lesions and complications associated with preoperative embolization.

Methods

A PubMed search was performed to include all relevant studies in which the management of intracranial meningiomas with preoperative embolization was reported. Immediate complications of embolization were reported as major (sustained) or minor (transient) deficits, death, or no neurological deficits.

Results

A total of 36 studies comprising 459 patients were included in the review. Among patients receiving preoperative embolization for meningiomas, 4.6% (n = 21) sustained complications as a direct result of embolization. Of the 21 patients with embolization-induced complications, the incidence of major complications was 4.8% (n = 1) and the mortality rate was 9.5% (n = 2).

Conclusions

Preoperative embolization is associated with an added risk for morbidity and mortality. Preoperative embolization may be associated with significant complications, but careful selection of ideal cases for embolization may help reduce any added morbidity with this procedure. Although not analyzed in the authors' study, embolization may still reduce rates of surgical morbidity and mortality and therefore may still have a potential benefit for selected patients. Future prospective studies involving the use of preoperative embolization in certain cases of meningiomas may further elucidate its potential benefit and risks.
L'introduction d'indicateurs de création de valeur actionnariale dans un groupe français : SNCF Participations
Authors: Nabet Agnès , David Gilles
Published: April 2013

La VEA (valeur économique ajoutée), indicateur de création de valeur, est présentée dans l’absolu, au regard de son utilisation financière anglo-saxonne, comme un outil de gestion au service de la gouvernance. Dans le cas du holding SNCF Participations, filiale de l’établissement public SNCF, la mise en place par les contrôleurs de gestion d’un système de gestion fondé sur le modèle VEA apparaît à la fois comme un vecteur d’amélioration de la gestion et comme un instrument de changement et d’apprentissage dans l’organisation.
La educación no formal. Desigualdades en el acceso a la formación de los trabajadores en España
Authors: García Espejo Isabel , Ibáñez Pascual Marta
Published: April 2013

En un mundo con una fuerte innovación tecnológica y en el que la esperanza de vida y el tiempo de trabajo se alargan, la formación permanente deviene una necesidad productiva y social. A partir de la Encuesta sobre la Participación de la Población Adulta en las Actividades de Aprendizaje —EADA 2007— del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, en el presente artículo se utiliza una tipología de formación elaborada al efecto y poco empleada en nuestro entorno, que va más allá de las actividades de formación de las empresas al integrar las estrategias formativas de los trabajadores. Por medio de esta tipología y haciendo uso de una metodología basada en regresiones logísticas de eventos repetidos se han analizado los perfiles sociodemográficos de los trabajadores y los entornos organizativos que se asocian a cada tipo de formación. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en las variables estudiadas e indican que la formación laboral no reduce las desigualdades de partida de los trabajadores sino que tiende a mantenerlas e incluso a intensificarlas.
Oxidation of SO2 by stabilized Criegee intermediate (sCI) radicals as a crucial source for atmospheric sulfuric acid concentrations
Authors: Boy M. , Mogensen D. , Smolander S. , Zhou L. , Nieminen T. , Paasonen P. , Plass-Dülmer C. , Sipilä M. , Petäjä T. , Mauldin L. , Berresheim H. , Kulmala M.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. The effect of increased reaction rates of stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCIs) with SO2 to produce sulfuric acid is investigated using data from two different locations, SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland, and Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. Results from MALTE, a zero-dimensional model, show that using previous values for the rate coefficients of sCI + SO2, the model underestimates gas phase H2SO4 by up to a factor of two when compared to measurements. Using the rate coefficients recently calculated by Mauldin et al. (2012) increases sulfuric acid by 30–40%. Increasing the rate coefficient for formaldehyde oxide (CH2OO) with SO2 according to the values recommended by Welz et al. (2012) increases the H2SO4 yield by 3–6%. Taken together, these increases lead to the conclusion that, depending on their concentrations, the reaction of stabilized Criegee intermediates with SO2 could contribute as much as 33–46% to atmospheric sulfuric acid gas phase concentrations at ground level. Using the SMEAR II data, results from SOSA, a one-dimensional model, show that the contribution from sCI reactions to sulfuric acid production is most important in the canopy, where the concentrations of organic compounds are the highest, but can have significant effects on sulfuric acid concentrations up to 100 m. The recent findings that the reaction of sCI + SO2 is much faster than previously thought together with these results show that the inclusion of this new oxidation mechanism could be crucial in regional as well as global models.
Modeling upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies
Authors: Schoeberl M. R. , Dessler A. E. , Wang T.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. The domain-filling, forward trajectory calculation model developed by Schoeberl and Dessler (2011) is used to further investigate processes that produce upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies. We examine the pathways parcels take from the base of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) to the lower stratosphere. Most parcels found in the lower stratosphere arise from East Asia, the Tropical West Pacific (TWP) and the Central/South America. The belt of TTL parcel origins is very wide compared to the final dehydration zones near the top of the TTL. This is due to the convergence of rising air as a result of the stronger diabatic heating near the tropopause relative to levels above and below. The observed water vapor anomalies – both wet and dry – correspond to regions where parcels have minimal displacement from their initialization. These minimum displacement regions include the winter TWP and the Asian and American monsoons. To better understand the stratospheric water vapor concentration we introduce the water vapor spectrum and investigate the source of the wettest and driest components of the spectrum. We find that the driest air parcels that originate below the TWP, moving upward to dehydrate in the TWP cold upper troposphere. The wettest air parcels originate at the edges of the TWP as well as the summer American and Asian monsoons. The wet air parcels are important since they skew the mean stratospheric water vapor distribution toward higher values. Both TWP cold temperatures that produce dry parcels as well as extra-TWP processes that control the wet parcels determine stratospheric water vapor.
A feasibility study for the retrieval of the total column precipitable water vapor from satellite observations in the blue spectral range
Authors: Wagner T. , Beirle S. , Sihler H. , Mies K.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. We present a new algorithm for satellite retrievals of the atmospheric water vapor column in the blue spectral range. The water vapor absorption cross section in the blue spectral range is much weaker than in the red spectral range. Thus the detection limit and the uncertainty of individual observations is systematically larger than for retrievals at longer wavelengths. Nevertheless, water vapor retrievals in the blue spectral range have also several advantages: since the surface albedo in the blue spectral range is similar over land and ocean, water vapor retrievals are more consistent than for longer wavelengths. Compared to retrievals at longer wavelengths, over ocean the sensitivity for atmospheric layers close to the surface is higher due to the (typically 2 to 3 times) higher ocean albedo in the blue. Water vapor retrievals in the blue spectral range are also possible for satellite sensors, which do not measure at longer wavelengths of the visible spectral range like the Ozone Monitoring instrument (OMI). We investigated details of the water vapor retrieval in the blue spectral range based on radiative transfer simulations and observations from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2) and OMI. It is demonstrated that it is possible to retrieve the atmospheric water vapor column density in the blue spectral range over most parts of the globe. The findings of our study are of importance also for future satellite missions like e.g. Sentinel 4 and 5.
A data assimilation framework for constraining upscaled cropland carbon flux seasonality and biometry with MODIS
Authors: Sus O. , Heuer M. W. , Meyers T. P. , Williams M.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Agroecosystem models are strongly dependent on information on land management patterns for regional applications. Land management practices play a major role in determining global yield variability, and add an anthropogenic signal to the observed seasonality of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, there is still little knowledge on spatial and temporal variability of important farmland activities such as crop sowing dates, and thus these remain rather crudely approximated within carbon cycle studies. In this study, we present a framework allowing for spatio-temporally resolved simulation of cropland carbon fluxes under observational constraints on land management and canopy greenness. We apply data assimilation methodology in order to explicitly account for information on sowing dates and model leaf area index. MODIS 250 m vegetation index data were assimilated both in batch-calibration for sowing date estimation and sequentially for improved model state estimation, using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), into a crop carbon mass balance model (SPAc). In doing so, we are able to quantify the multiannual (2000–2006) regional carbon flux and biometry seasonality of maize–soybean crop rotations surrounding the Bondville Ameriflux eddy covariance site, averaged over 104 pixel locations within the wider area. (1) Validation at the Bondville site shows that growing season C cycling is simulated accurately with MODIS-derived sowing dates, and we expect that this framework allows for accurate simulations of C cycling at locations for which ground-truth data are not available. Thus, this framework enables modellers to simulate current (i.e. last 10 yr) carbon cycling of major agricultural regions. Averaged over the 104 field patches analysed, relative spatial variability for biometry and net ecosystem exchange ranges from ∼7% to ∼18%. The annual sign of net biome productivity is not significantly different from carbon neutrality. (2) Moreover, observing carbon cycling at one single field with its individual sowing pattern is not sufficient to constrain large-scale agroecosystem carbon flux seasonality. Study area average growing season length is 20 days longer than observed at Bondville, primarily because of an earlier estimated start of season. (3) For carbon budgeting, additional information on cropland soil management and belowground carbon cycling has to be considered, as such constraints are not provided by MODIS.
Climatology and time series of surface meteorology in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
Authors: Maturilli M. , Herber A. , König-Langlo G.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. A consistent meteorological dataset of the Arctic site Ny-Ålesund (11.9° E, 78.9° N) spanning the 18 yr-period 1 August 1993 to 31 July 2011 is presented. Instrumentation and data handling of temperature, humidity, wind and pressure measurements are described in detail. Monthly mean values are shown for all years to illustrate the interannual variability of the different parameters. Climatological mean values are given for temperature, humidity and pressure. From the climatological dataset, we also present the time series of annual mean temperature and humidity, revealing a temperature increase of +1.35 K per decade and an increase in water vapor mixing ratio of +0.22 g kg−1 per decade for the given time period, respectively. With the continuation of the presented measurements, the Ny-Ålesund high resolution time series will provide a reliable source to monitor Arctic change and retrieve trends in the future. The relevant data are provided in high temporal resolution as averages over 5 (1) min before (after) 14 July 1998, respectively, placed on the PANGAEA repository (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.793046). While 6 hourly synoptic observations in Ny-Ålesund by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute reach back to 1974 (Førland et al., 2011), the meteorological data presented here cover a shorter time period, but their high temporal resolution will be of value for atmospheric process studies on shorter time scales.
The Economic Impact of Academic Tourism in Galicia, Spain
Authors: Martínez-Roget Fidel , Pawlowska Ewa , Rodríguez Xosé A.
Published: April 2013

After an explanation of the term ‘academic tourism’, the authors analyse the positive economic impact of academic tourism in Galicia, distinguishing between direct and indirect impacts. For the empirical application, an expenditure survey was carried out and the input–output technique was used. The results demonstrate that, owing to its characteristics, academic tourism has a greater economic impact than conventional tourism. In light of these results, the policy implications are discussed.
A General Equilibrium Analysis of the Economic Impact of a Devaluation on Tourism: The Case of Fiji
Authors: Pratt Stephen
Published: April 2013

Policymakers often see a currency devaluation as a means of increasing a country's exports, providing a boost to economic activity. In an economy where tourism exports are significant, a devaluation will make tourism more competitive, providing a stimulus to the economy through tourism exports. Imports will be more expensive, which is often seen as an inflationary side-effect of the export stimulus. Results from a computable general equilibrium model of Fiji indicate that, while devaluation will increase tourism consumption, the overall effect on the economy will be contractionary, as household consumption, investment and domestic production will all decrease. Policymakers and central banks need to consider the full economy-wide impacts of a currency devaluation when determining the overall benefit to the economy.
European Tour Operators' Market Power When Renting Hotel Rooms in Northern Norway
Authors: Tveteraas Sigbjørn , Asche Frank , Lien Kristin
Published: April 2013

Market power studies tend to concentrate on seller power, but in several value chains buyer power is an equally important topic. An example is large tour operators' dealings with a fragmented accommodation industry at a tourist destination. The authors present a framework for testing for the degree of oligopsony power exerted by tour operators, where exchange rates play an important role in identifying the model. The empirical framework was applied to demand for hotel accommodation in Northern Norway. The results indicate that European tour operators have oligopsony power in relation to the regional hotel industry, with a markdown of over 24%.
Impact of Different Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility on Tourism Demand: Does the Status Quo Matter?
Authors: León Carmelo J. , Araña Jorge E.
Published: April 2013

The authors, using discrete choice experiments, study the economic valuation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policy measures in sun-and-beach tourist destination demand. They also examine the role of the status quo effect on CSR actions in tourist destinations. The status quo effect occurs because people generally place much more value on avoiding a loss than on acquiring a gain. Visitors to Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) were presented with alternative profiles of CSR measures and were given one of two treatments that varied according to the definition of the status quo alternative and the valuation question. The design of the experiments enabled the authors to compare the respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) a higher price for their holiday in a destination that has in place several CSR measures and willingness to accept (WTA) a lower price for the same destination with a lower CSR profile. The data are modelled using a flexible approach that allows for the consideration of alternative decision rules in the visitor's decision process. The results show that tourists care about CSR attributes and are likely to make their vacation choices on the basis of such attributes. Moreover, in this context the standard economic theory assumption of preferences symmetry is not satisfied. In other words, the cost of not implementing CSR actions is higher than the benefits of implementing them. When a destination increases CSR actions the number of visitors and their WTP for their visit are likely to increase, but at substantially lower rates than the WTP for alternative destinations (WTA) when the destination reduces its CSR actions. These results may explain why conventional studies find ambiguous effects of CSR action on tourist choice.
The Determinants of International Academic Tourism Demand in Europe
Authors: Bento João Paulo Cerdeira
Published: April 2013

More and more students in Europe are willing to travel abroad for their higher education. This student mobility is considered as a type of tourist activity and the term ‘international academic tourism’ is applied to it. This paper presents an empirical analysis, using the system generalized method of moments estimator for dynamic panel data models. The purpose is to analyse the economic and other determinants of tourism demand in the European Region Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students (Erasmus) based on inbound student and work placement mobility data during the exchange period from 2000 to 2010. The econometric results suggest that tourism demand is mainly driven by factors that are not strictly economic, such as relevant aspects of the destination chosen and preferences related to travel, the role of the tertiary education sector and the contribution of the Erasmus student mobility programme in the destination country. These findings have important implications for tourism policymakers.
Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity
Authors: Rodriguez Patricia J. , Goodwin Cartwright Brianna M. , Gratzl Samuel , Brar Rajdeep , Baker Charlotte , Gluckman Ty J. , Stucky Nicholas L.
Published: July 2024

Importance

Although tirzepatide and semaglutide were shown to reduce weight in randomized clinical trials, data from head-to-head comparisons in populations with overweight or obesity are not yet available.

Objective

To compare on-treatment weight loss and rates of gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs) among adults with overweight or obesity receiving tirzepatide or semaglutide labeled for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a clinical setting.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cohort study, adults with overweight or obesity receiving semaglutide or tirzepatide between May 2022 and September 2023 were identified using electronic health record (EHR) data linked to dispensing information from a collective of US health care systems. On-treatment weight outcomes through November 3, 2023, were assessed. Adults with overweight or obesity and regular care in the year before initiation, no prior glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist receptor agonist use, a prescription within 60 days prior to initiation, and an available baseline weight were identified. The analysis was completed on April 3, 2024.

Exposures

Tirzepatide or semaglutide in formulations labeled for T2D, on or off label.

Main Outcomes and Measures

On-treatment weight change in a propensity score–matched population, assessed as hazard of achieving 5% or greater, 10% or greater, and 15% or greater weight loss, and percentage change in weight at 3, 6, and 12 months. Hazards of gastrointestinal AEs were compared.

Results

Among 41 222 adults meeting the study criteria (semaglutide, 32 029; tirzepatide, 9193), 18 386 remained after propensity score matching. The mean (SD) age was 52.0 (12.9) years, 12 970 were female (70.5%), 14 182 were white (77.1%), 2171 Black (11.8%), 354 Asian (1.9%), 1679 were of other or unknown race, and 9563 (52.0%) had T2D. The mean (SD) baseline weight was 110 (25.8) kg. Follow-up was ended by discontinuation for 5140 patients (55.9%) receiving tirzepatide and 4823 (52.5%) receiving semaglutide. Patients receiving tirzepatide were significantly more likely to achieve weight loss (≥5%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.76, 95% CI, 1.68, 1.84; ≥10%; HR, 2.54; 95% CI, 2.37, 2.73; and ≥15%; HR, 3.24; 95% CI, 2.91, 3.61). On-treatment changes in weight were larger for patients receiving tirzepatide at 3 months (difference, −2.4%; 95% CI −2.5% to −2.2%), 6 months (difference, −4.3%; 95% CI, −4.7% to −4.0%), and 12 months (difference, −6.9%; 95% CI, −7.9% to −5.8%). Rates of gastrointestinal AEs were similar between groups.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this population of adults with overweight or obesity, use of tirzepatide was associated with significantly greater weight loss than semaglutide. Future study is needed to understand differences in other important outcomes.
PdZn/CoSA‐NC Nanozymes with Highly Efficient SOD/CAT Activities for Treatment of Osteoarthritis via Regulating Immune Microenvironment
Authors: Yang Xin , Tan Manli , Guo Jianfeng , Xiang Jianhui , Yin Feiying , Deng Jiejia , Luo Ji , Xiao Shihui , Mo Miao , Wang Hanjie , Zhao Jinmin , Zheng Li , Cheng Jianwen , Zhong Jingping
Published: July 2024

Inflammatory infiltration of synovial M1 macrophages, high levels of ROS, and NO exacerbate osteoarthritis (OA) progression. The PdZn/CoSA‐NC nanozymes, which are highly ordered PdZn intermetallic nanoparticles loaded with Co single atom N‐doped carbon‐rich in multi‐level pores, in an attempt to serve as SOD and CAT mimicking nanozymes for OA therapy is designed. The PdZn/CoSA‐NC nanozymes' high electron transfer and dual active site sufficient exposure enhances free radical adsorption and lower reaction energies, accelerating SOD‐like, CAT‐like, and GPx‐like catalyzed reactions, outperforming CoSA‐NC and PdZn/NC alone. Furthermore, PdZn/CoSA‐NC nanozymes exhibit favorable biocompatibility, reduce synovial macrophage oxidative stress in OA, alleviate hypoxia, restore mitochondrial function, regulate energy metabolism, increase antioxidant factors, and reduce inflammatory factors, thus effectively mitigating the progression of OA. Mechanistically, PdZn/CoSA‐NC nanozymes downregulate M1‐type phenotypic markers like IL‐1β by regulating purine metabolism. The PdZn/CoSA‐NC nanozymes offer a novel approach to treating oxidative stress‐related inflammatory diseases.
Matrix Assisted Assembly of Protocells into Multi‐responsive Prototissues for Mechanical and Chemical Communication
Authors: Naz Mehwish , Mukwaya Vincent , Yang Shuo , Xiong Shuhan , Cruz Jackeline Soto , Yu Xiaolei , Tian Zhengtao , Dou Hongjing
Published: July 2024

The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides an integrated 3D environment for living cells to communicate and display collective behaviors. In bottom‐up synthetic biology, several new types of synthetic prototissues (assemblies of synthetic protocells) are developed to mimic various aspects of cellular signaling. However, the spatiotemporal interplay between supporting matrix and protocells, which is critical for mimicking macroscopic responsiveness of multicellular organisms, has remained challenging to control. Herein, a modular strategy is reported to construct macroscopic prototissues with complex structures based on hierarchical assembly of matrix and polymeric protocells prepared by using CaCO3 sacrificial microparticle templates. Mechanical coordination between protocells and matrix allows for the transformation in response to both the presence and history of multiple stimuli. Taking advantage of the multi‐responsiveness, it further demonstrated an artificial form of metabolic behaviors where a digestive prototissue prey on a substrate‐containing prototissue by two‐way communication. Overall, the methodology presents a strategy to achieve mechanical and chemical communication in matrix containing, tissue‐like materials harboring the potential to reconstitute collective behaviors for bottom‐up synthetic biology and bioinspired engineering.
Temperature‐Responsive Polyoxometalates‐Based Materials: From Underlying Mechanism to Promising Applications
Authors: Wang Yuanyu , Yu Zhihao , Xiong Jian , Yan Kai , Lu Xuebin
Published: July 2024

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are multifunctional anionic metal‐oxygen complexes with structural and electronic diversity, as well as tunable acid‐base and redox properties, resulting in their potential as building blocks for constructing temperature‐responsive polyoxometalates‐based materials (TRPMs). TRPMs represent a class of intelligent materials exhibiting property changes in response to temperature fluctuations, offering distinctive applications in various fields such as catalysis, medicine, sensors, imaging, and so on. Though many TRPMs are reported, a systematic review including recent advances is still absent. This review provides insights into recent advancements in temperature‐responsive mechanisms, nanostructure design strategies, and the characterization of TRPMs. Special emphasis is placed on enhancing the temperature‐responsive properties of TRPMs by incorporating POMs into suitable organic ligands, such as ionic liquid cations, deep eutectic solvent cations, cationic surfactants, and polymers. The incorporation of organic ligands with POMs not only enables temperature‐responsive phase transitions but also enhances other properties, such as catalyst selectivity and drug loading capacity, expanding TRPMs applications. Consequently, this review summarizes the applications of TRPMs in catalysis, drug delivery and release, and chemical sensing, as well as discusses future technological challenges. The in‐depth understanding of TRPMs may help in the design of TRPMs from the nanoscale, guiding and inspiring future development.
Room‐Temperature Out‐of‐Plane Ferroelectricity and Resistance Switching Based on 2D Bi2O2Se
Authors: Tang Lei , Dang Le‐Yang , Han Mengjiao , Li Shengnan , Khan Usman , Chen Wenjun , Cai Zhengyang , Kong Lingan , Wu Qinke , Liu Bilu , Zhang Qichong , Xu Runzhang , Ma Xiu‐Liang
Published: July 2024

Although 2D Bi2O2Se plays an important role in the electronics and optoelectronics based on its in‐plane property, its out‐of‐plane electrical transport behavior remains unclear, especially in fabricating vertical devices with high integration density for novel functionality. Here, a solution‐processed method is developed to prepare 2D Bi2O2Se with mass production (e.g., hundreds of milliliter scale). The out‐of‐plane ferroelectric property of 2D Bi2O2Se is observed by piezoresponse force microscopy and the ferroelectric dipole map atom‐by‐atom at the Bi2O2Se surface, which shows an atomically resolved dipolar displacement of Se ions. The out‐of‐plane resistant switching property of 2D Bi2O2Se is revealed by conductive atomic force microscopy. Moreover, the electric field on the local polarization of Bi2O2Se is addressed by using ab initio simulations, which shows a broken inversion symmetry along the z‐axis of Bi2O2Se. The working mechanism of resistant switching behavior in Bi2O2Se is attributed to the diffusion and shuttle of Se ions. Besides, a controllable wet‐assembled method is developed to prepare Bi2O2Se thin film with centimeter scale and explores its application on photodetectors under 808 nm laser light. This work reveals the unique out‐of‐plane transport behavior of 2D Bi2O2Se, providing the basis for fabricating multifunctional devices with high integration based on this 2D material.
A Highly Stable, Multifunctional Janus Dressing for Treating Infected Wounds
Authors: Deng Jixia , Hu Miao , Cai Zhuyun , Yu Wenhua , Zhan Lei , Zhu Xueying , Ke Qinfei , Gao Rui , Zhou Xuhui , Liu Honggang , Li Juan , Huang Chen
Published: July 2024

The limited and unstable absorption of excess exudate is a major challenge during the healing of infected wounds. In this study, a highly stable, multifunctional Janus dressing with unidirectional exudate transfer capacity is fabricated based on a single poly(lactide caprolactone) (PLCL). The success of this method relies on an acid hydrolysis reaction that transforms PLCL fibers from hydrophobic to hydrophilic in situ. The resulting interfacial affinity between the hydrophilic/phobic PLCL fibers endows the Janus structure with excellent unidirectional liquid transfer and high structural stability against repeated stretching, bending, and twisting. Various other functions, including wound status detection, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory properties, are also integrated into the dressing by incorporating phenol red and epigallocatechin gallate. An in vivo methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus‐infected wound model confirms that the Janus dressing, with the capability to remove exudate from the infected site, not only facilitates epithelialization and collagen deposition, but also ensures low inflammation and high angiogenesis, thus reaching an ideal closure rate up to 98.4% on day 14. The simple structure, multiple functions, and easy fabrication of the dressing may offer a promising strategy for treating chronic wounds, rooted in the challenges of bacterial infection, excessive exudate, and persistent inflammation.
Vertically Phase Separated Photomultiplication Organic Photodetectors with p‐n Heterojunction Type Ultrafast Dynamic Characteristics
Authors: Kim Myeong In , Lee Soonyong , Kang Jinhyeon , Kim Jaehyeong , Wu Ziang , Won Jong Ho , Baek Seyeon , Chung Dae Sung , Kim Jin Young , Jung In Hwan , Woo Han Young
Published: July 2024

Photomultiplication (PM)‐type organic photodetectors (OPDs), which typically form a homogeneous distribution (HD) of n‐type dopants in a p‐type polymer host (HD PM‐type OPDs), have achieved a breakthrough in device responsivity by surpassing a theoretical limit of external quantum efficiency (EQE). However, they face limitations in higher dark current and slower dynamic characteristics compared to p‐n heterojunction (p‐n HJ) OPDs due to inherent long lifetime of trapped electrons. To overcome this, a new PM‐type OPD is developed that demonstrates ultrafast dynamic properties through a vertical phase separation (VPS) strategy between the p‐type polymer and n‐type acceptor, referred to as VPS PM‐type OPDs. Notably, VPS PM‐type OPDs show three orders of magnitude increase in −3 dB cut‐off frequency (120 kHz) and over a 200‐fold faster response time (rising time = 4.8 µs, falling time = 8.3 µs) compared to HD PM‐type OPDs, while maintaining high EQE of 1121% and specific detectivity of 2.53 × 1013 Jones at −10 V. The VPS PM‐type OPD represents a groundbreaking advancement by demonstrating the coexistence of p‐n HJ and PM modes within a single photoactive layer for the first time. This innovative approach holds the potential to enhance both static and dynamic properties of OPDs.
Fusing Science with Industry: Perovskite Photovoltaics Moving Rapidly into Industrialization
Authors: Wei Qingyun , Zheng Dexu , Liu Lu , Liu Jishuang , Du Minyong , Peng Lei , Wang Kai , Liu Shengzhong
Published: July 2024

The organic–inorganic lead halide per materials have emerged as highly promising contenders in the field of photovoltaic technology, offering exceptional efficiency and cost‐effectiveness. The commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics hinges on successfully transitioning from lab‐scale perovskite solar cells to large‐scale perovskite solar modules (PSMs). However, the efficiency of PSMs significantly diminishes with increasing device area, impeding commercial viability. Central to achieving high‐efficiency PSMs is fabricating uniform functional films and optimizing interfaces to minimize energy loss. This review sheds light on the path toward large‐scale PSMs, emphasizing the pivotal role of integrating cutting‐edge scientific research with industrial technology. By exploring scalable deposition techniques and optimization strategies, the advancements and challenges in fabricating large‐area perovskite films are revealed. Subsequently, the architecture and contact materials of PSMs are delved while addressing pertinent interface issues. Crucially, efficiency loss during scale‐up and stability risks encountered by PSMs is analyzed. Furthermore, the advancements in industrial efforts toward perovskite commercialization are highlighted, emphasizing the perspective of PSMs in revolutionizing renewable energy. By highlighting the scientific and technical challenges in developing PSMs, the importance of combining science and industry to drive their industrialization and pave the way for future advancements is stressed.
Phase Separation and Aggregation of α‐Synuclein Diverge at Different Salt Conditions
Authors: Sternke‐Hoffmann Rebecca , Sun Xun , Menzel Andreas , Pinto Miriam Dos Santos , Venclovaite Urte , Wördehoff Michael , Hoyer Wolfgang , Zheng Wenwei , Luo Jinghui
Published: July 2024

The coacervation of alpha‐synuclein (αSyn) into cytotoxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils are considered pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. While aggregation is central to amyloid diseases, liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) and its interplay with aggregation have gained increasing interest. Previous work shows that factors promoting or inhibiting aggregation have similar effects on LLPS. This study provides a detailed scanning of a wide range of parameters, including protein, salt and crowding concentrations at multiple pH values, revealing different salt dependencies of aggregation and LLPS. The influence of salt on aggregation under crowding conditions follows a non‐monotonic pattern, showing increased effects at medium salt concentrations. This behavior can be elucidated through a combination of electrostatic screening and salting‐out effects on the intramolecular interactions between the N‐terminal and C‐terminal regions of αSyn. By contrast, this study finds a monotonic salt dependence of LLPS due to intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, it observes time evolution of the two distinct assembly states, with macroscopic fibrillar‐like bundles initially forming at medium salt concentration but subsequently converting into droplets after prolonged incubation. The droplet state is therefore capable of inhibiting aggregation or even dissolving aggregates through heterotypic interactions, thus preventing αSyn from its dynamically arrested state.
EGR3 Inhibits Tumor Progression by Inducing Schwann Cell‐Like Differentiation
Authors: Chen Cai‐hong , Chen Yang , Li Yi‐nan , Zhang Heng , Huang Xiu , Li Ying‐ying , Li Zhi‐yang , Han Jing‐xia , Wu Xin‐ying , Liu Hui‐juan , Sun Tao
Published: July 2024

The mechanism and function of the expression of Schwann characteristics by nevus cells in the mature zone of the dermis are unknown. Early growth response 3 (EGR3) induces Schwann cell‐like differentiation of melanoma cells by simulating the process of nevus maturation, which leads to a strong phenotypic transformation of the cells, including the formation of long protrusions and a decrease in cell motility, proliferation, and melanin production. Meanwhile, EGR3 regulates the levels of myelin protein zero (MPZ) and collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) through SRY‐box transcription factor 10 (SOX10)‐dependent and independent mechanisms, by binding to non‐strictly conserved motifs, respectively. Schwann cell‐like differentiation demonstrates significant benefits in both in vivo and clinical studies. Finally, a CD86‐P2A‐EGR3 recombinant mRNA vaccine is developed which leads to tumor control through forced cell differentiation and enhanced immune infiltration. Together, these data support further development of the recombinant mRNA as a treatment for cancer.
Ti3C2Tx MXene‐Decorated 3D‐Printed Ceramic Scaffolds for Enhancing Osteogenesis by Spatiotemporally Orchestrating Inflammatory and Bone Repair Responses
Authors: Huang Benzhao , Li Shishuo , Dai Shimin , Lu Xiaoqing , Wang Peng , Li Xiao , Zhao Zhibo , Wang Qian , Li Ningbo , Wen Jie , Liu Yifang , Wang Xin , Man Zhentao , Li Wei , Liu Bing
Published: July 2024

Inflammatory responses play a central role in coordinating biomaterial‐mediated tissue regeneration. However, precise modulation of dynamic variations in microenvironmental inflammation post‐implantation remains challenging. In this study, the traditional β‐tricalcium phosphate‐based scaffold is remodeled via ultrathin MXene‐Ti3C2 decoration and Zn2+/Sr2+ ion‐substitution, endowing the scaffold with excellent reactive oxygen species‐scavenging ability, near‐infrared responsivity, and enhanced mechanical properties. The induction of mild hyperthermia around the implant via periodic near‐infrared irradiation facilitates spatiotemporal regulation of inflammatory cytokines secreted by a spectrum of macrophage phenotypes. The process initially amplifies the pro‐inflammatory response, then accelerates M1‐to‐M2 macrophage polarization transition, yielding a satisfactory pattern of osteo‐immunomodulation during the natural bone healing process. Later, sustained release of Zn2+/Sr2+ ions with gradual degradation of the 3D scaffold maintains the favorable reparative M2‐dominated immunological microenvironment that supports new bone mineralization. Precise temporal immunoregulation of the bone healing process by the intelligent 3D scaffold enhances bone regeneration in a rat cranial defect model. This strategy paves the way for the application of β‐tricalcium phosphate‐based materials to guide the dynamic inflammatory and bone tissue responses toward a favorable outcome, making clinical treatment more predictable and durable. The findings also demonstrate that near‐infrared irradiation‐derived mild hyperthermia is a promising method of immunomodulation.