bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of 3‐stearoyl‐D‐glucose—A bread‐softening agent
Authors: Otey F. H. , Mehltretter C. L.
Published: January 2007

In previous work 3‐stearoyl‐d‐glucose was found to have superior bread softening action. This paper describes its synthesis by reaction of stearoyl chloride with 1,2∶5,6‐diisopropylidene‐d‐glucose and subsequent deacetonation of the intermediate stearoyl diisopropylidene‐d‐glucose. Acetonation of the product, followed by saponification of the acyl group, produced 1,2∶5,6‐diisopropylidene‐d‐glucose and indicated that the substance is 3‐stearoyl‐d‐glucose.
Vapor pressure equilibrium of stearic acid in triglyceride and in high paraffin solutions
Authors: Sarkadi D. Szabo
Published: January 2007

The vapor pressure equilibrium of stearic acid has been determined at 180°C. in peanut oil and highparaffin solutions. Positive deviation from Raoult's law has been observed in both of the systems; it was however essentially stronger in the nonpolar high‐paraffin.

Extrapolation of the vapor pressures obtained in paraffin to infinite dilution indicated that monomer stearic acid in free state would have a vapor pressure of 3.9 mm. Hg. at 180°C. in comparison with 0.80 mm. of the pure stearic acid itself, which is a mixture of monomer and dimer molecules.

Quantitative relationships could be established between degree of association and vapor pressure. For pure dimeric acid at 180°C. a vapor pressure of 0.015 mm. Hg. has been calculated.
The use of human blood cells in the study of lipid metabolism
Authors: Sparkes R. S. , Beutler Ernest
Published: January 2007

Certain aspects of the use of human blood cells in the study of lipid metabolism are reviewed. A discussion of the different cells and their varied functions illustrates the complex nature of the formed elements of the blood, and that studies of these cells must take into account this heterogeneity in planning experiments and in interpreting results. Investigation of blood cell lipids requires either the use of anticoagulants or defibrination for the separation of the cells from the fluid part of the blood. Some of the problems resulting from these procedures are reviewed. Available methods for separating the heterogeneous cell mixture of normal blood into homogeneous cell populations are presented. It is stressed that the large number of methods attests to their limitations and that none is completely satisfactory. The preparation of the separated cells for lipid analysis is discussed, but methods of lipid analysis are not presented. A brief presentation of the lipid synthesis and content of human blood cells in normal and abnormal conditions is given with occasional supplementary data from the study of other species.
Preparative gas‐liquid chromatography of lipids
Authors: Henly R. S.
Published: January 2007

Applications of preparative gas‐liquid chromatography of lipids are presented and discussed. Various designs of preparative units are reviewed, including those commercially available. A general discussion of preparative gas‐liquid chromatography is presented with emphasis on the practical problems involved.
Skin lipids. I. Sampling problems of the skin and its appendages
Authors: Nicolaides N. , Kellum R. E.
Published: January 2007

A review of the problems of sampling various skin tissues for study of lipids is presented following a survey of the anatomy and physiology of skin and its appendages.
Human platelet lipids and their relationship to blood coagulation
Authors: Marcus Aaron J. , Zucker‐Franklin Dorothea
Published: January 2007

There is now reasonable agreement on the sequence of physiological and biochemical events leading to fibrin formation, and phospholipids are an important part of this process. The phosphatides are ordinarily provided by platelets, and it appears that a lipoprotein complex is responsible for this activity. The anatomic site of this complex is not known, but evidence is presented that it may be a property of the platelet membrane. Methods for the study of platelet lipids including fatty acids and aldehydes are described, and include silicic acid column and paper chromatography, as well as thin‐layer and gas‐liquid chromatographic procedures. These are also being utilized in studies of subcellular platelet particles, where only limited amts of biological material are available for study. It is stressed that experimental results obtained from studies on isolated lipids should be interpreted with a certain degree of caution. It is unlikely that they are available as such in in vivo coagulation, and the drastic procedures used for their extraction and isolation may alter their basic physiological properties.
Characterization of unsaturated fatty acids by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Hofstetter H. H. , Sen N. , Holman R. T.
Published: January 2007

The equivalent chain length (ECL) has been determined on 79 methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids and on 7 ethyl esters by gas chromatography. Ethylene glycol succinate (EGS), diethylene glycol succinate, ॆ‐cyclodextrin acetate and Apiezon L were chosen as the liquid phases to be used. For methyl esters of mono‐ and polyenoic acids, the differences between ECL on EGS and ECL on Apiezon L approximate 0.84 per double bond. For positional isomers, the ECL on both EGS and Apiezon L are usually greater for the isomer having the longer proximal end of the molecule (smallest ३ value). In these terms a triple bond is approximately equal to three double bonds. Esters of nonconjugated dienoic and trienoic acids of the same chain length are not separable on Apiezon L if their proximal structures are the same. This also applies to tetraenoic and pentaenoic acids of the same chain length and the same proximal structure. Conjugation of double bonds, either with the ester carbonyl group or with themselves, yields ECL values on Apiezon L greater than the number of carbon atoms in the acid. Monounsaturated and nonconjugated polyunsaturated esters have ECL values on Apiezon L lower than the number of carbon atoms of the acid. The ECL values of ethyl esters of 18 and 20 carbon acids are greater than the corresponding methyl esters on Apiezon L.
Engineering and economic aspects of continuous soapstock acidulation
Authors: Stahle C. W.
Published: January 2007

Recovery of 98舑100% of the total fatty acid content of soapstock may be achieved by continuous acidulation of soapstock with minimum acid consumption. The relatively high reaction pH allows the use of ordinary stainless steel equipment. By use of a two‐stage separation process, quality acid‐oil may be produced from even the most difficult foots, with a by‐product stream high in phosphatides. Acid water from the system is suitable for waste disposal with little or no additional treatment.

Analysis of the process economics as compared to conventional batch acidulation shows that a 2舑4 year system payout may be realized through acid savings, improved oil yield, and reduced labor costs.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of bile acids
Authors: Kuksis Arnis
Published: January 2007

Methods are reviewed for the preparation, gasliquid chromatographic (GLC) separation, identification, and quantitative estimation of the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of bile acid methyl esters. Of the stationary phases tried (SE‐30, QF‐1 and XE‐60) methylfluoroalkyl silicone (QF‐1) was best suited for analysis of the trifluoroacetates. This phase (1舑2% QF‐1 on 100舑120 mesh Gas Chrom P) allowed an orderly resolution of conformational isomers and consistently gave GLC columns (stainless steel tubes, 1/8 in. O.D. ȕ 3 ft) from which the bile acid derivatives could be recovered in high yield. Applications to biological materials are illustrated with bile acid samples from animal biles and from human duodenal drainage and feces. Identifications of the major bile acids made by the GLC of the trifluoroacetates were confirmed by results obtained with bile acid methyl esters and bile acid methyl ester acetates on QF‐1 and the other liquid phases investigated. For most mixtures of bile acids, however, it appears that GLC of methyl esters and methyl ester trifluoroacetates on QF‐1 is sufficient for a reliable recognition of common bile acids. Overall accuracy of the estimates was of the order of ŷ 5%, but it varied with the nature and concn of the component.
Solidification of cocoa butter
Authors: Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O.
Published: January 2007

Cocoa butter and other confectionery fats do not behave alike on molding. Explanations for the behavior of cocoa butter generally are unavailable. The linear contraction of molded cocoa butter on solidification under various conditions was determined. Maximum linear contraction of about 2% was measured when a well‐seeded sample was solidified at 16C. Nearly all of this contraction occurred during the first half hour. A theoretical explanation for this contraction was developed. Linear contraction takes place after the well‐seeded cocoa butter has solidified in the next‐to‐highest melting form and while this solid form is transforming to the most stable polymorph. Addition information was developed on the polymorphic forms of cocoa butter, the permanence of seed crystals at various temps, rates of solidification, and solidification characteristics of unseeded cocoa butter. The data were obtained by dilatometric examination of a small sample using a volumetric dilatometer and direct measurement of linear contraction during solidification in a mold.
Inclusion compounds of urea and thiourea with cationic surfactants
Authors: Cadwallader D. E. , Richards J. B.
Published: January 2007

Quaternary ammonium compounds, having at least one long aliphatic group, readily formed adducts with urea. These cationics also had structural features that allowed adduct formation with thiourea. IR analysis confirmed that these adducts were of the canal complex type of inclusion compound.
Physical and chemical properties of selected metal complexes of gossypol
Authors: Ramaswamy H. N. , O’Connor R. T.
Published: January 2007

In order to understand the chemistry of complexes of gossypol several metal ion‐gossypol complexes have been synthesized. They do not melt below 300 C and turn dark in color after drying in a vacuum oven. The stability constants and stoichiometry of CO++, Ni++ and Cu++ gossypol complexes have been established by several analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The infrared spectra of solid samples show a greatly diminished absorption at 2.8µ and the 6.2µ band is shifted to a lower wavelength indicating binding of the metal through the hydroxyl and aldehyde groups. Electronic absorption spectra also support this conclusion. Bis(o‐carboxyphenylimino) gossypol gives a copper (II) complex, where the carboxylic group, but not the phenolic hydroxyl group, of the gossypol is ionized. In this instance copper ion is bound to the carboxy oxygen and nitrogen of the imine.
Removal of chlorinated pesticides from crude vegetable oils by simulated commercial processing procedures
Authors: Smith Keith J. , Polen Percy B. , de Vries D. M. , Coon Francis B.
Published: January 2007

Crude soybean and cottonseed oil were processed using simulated commercial processing procedures to determine if oil processing would remove chlorinated pesticide contaminants of either natural or spiked origin. Two crude oil lots were spiked with endrin, DDT, DDE, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide before processing. Representative samples of crude oil and products following each processing step were analyzed for pesticide contamination. Results indicated that alkali‐refining or subsequent bleaching did not reduce chlorinated pesticide contamination. Hydrogenation prior to deodorization reduced endrin contamination. Deodorization, with or without hydrogenation, eliminated chlorinated pesticides. The results of this study indicate that normal commercial processing of crude vegetable oils for human consumption effectively removes any chlorinated pesticides which may be present in crude oils. It is hypothesized that chlorinated pesticide removal is achieved by volatilization during deodroization, which is supported by known volatilization characteristics, similarity of behavior in pesticides studied, and absence of the pesticide or its conversion products in the finished oils, or both.
Use of animal fats in rations for beef cattle
Authors: Matsushima J. , Dowe T. W.
Published: January 2007

Choice yearling Hereford steers were fed pellets containing 5.53% edible beef tallow, 68.14% ground corn cobs, 14.73% soybean oil meal, 9.20% blackstrap molasses, 1.31% urea, and 1.08% feeding bonemeal. In addition to the pellets, the steers received ground ear corn, brome hay, vitamin A supplement, and trace minerals. The steers receiving this ration gained 300 pounds in a total feeding period of 150 days for an average daily gain of 2.0 pounds. Comparable steers on a standard ration consisting of ground shelled corn, soybean oil meal, brome hay, vitamin A supplement, and trace minerals gained 317 pounds with an average daily gain of 2.11 pounds. Another group of steers were fed corn oil pellets. These steers gained 261 pounds per head or an average daily gain of 1.74 pounds.

No digestive disturbances were observed throughout the feeding period in Lot 2 fed the beef tallow pellets. There were no apparent differences in carcass quality when the animals were slaughtered.

The beef tallow pellets were prepared to have approximately 75% as much energy as corn, assuming that one pound of fat contributed 2.25 times more energy than a pound of carbohydrates. In this feeding test the economy of gain was in favor of the group of steers fed the beef tallow pellets.
Determination of petroselinic acid inUmbelliflorae seed oils by combined GC and13C NMR spectroscopy analysis
Authors: Mallet J. F. , Gaydou E. M. , Archavlis A.
Published: January 2007

Synthetic triolein and tripetroselinin mixtures were examined by13C NMR spectroscopy, showing marked chemical shift differences of the olefinic carbon atoms. Peak height ratios were compared to weight values for quantitative determination of oleic and petroselinic acids in seed oils, since these two fatty acids are quantitated together by GC analysis. Values observed for NMR peak height ratios were fairly close and agreed well with weight ratios. From overall compositions of eleic and petroselinic acids obtained by GC and relative compositions given by13C NMR, petroselinic acid has been determined in tenUmbelliflorae seed oils.
Variation in fatty acid content and seed weight in some lauric acid richCuphea species
Authors: Thompson A. E. , Dierig D. A. , Knapp S. J. , Kleiman R.
Published: January 2007

Significant genetic variation for lauric acid (12∶0) and capric acid (10∶0) composition and seed weight was measured within lauric acid‐rich, self‐pollinating germplasm accessions ofCuphea wrightii, C. tolucana, andC. lutea. Means and ranges of individual plant progenies for 12∶0 content ofC. wrightii accessions was 60.5±.63% (49.8±65.8%), 10∶0 content was 23.7±.54% (18.6±33.0%), and 1000‐seed weight was 1.50±.03 g (1.20–2.47 g). Progenies of single plant selections carried to the S2 generation exhibited reduced variability within selections, but significant variation among selections for 12∶0, 10∶0 and 1000‐seed weight. Variation among single plant selections ofC. tolucana was less than that ofC. wrightii and attributed to a restricted germplasm base. Means and ranges for 12∶0 content were 61.6±.47% (59.2–69.9%), 10∶0 was 22.3±.62% (11.7–25.3%), and 1000‐seed weight was 1.40±.05 g (0.90–1.69 g).Cuphea lutea has a significantly different 12∶0−10∶0 profile than the other lauric acid‐rich species. Means and ranges for 12∶0 were 36.8±.14% (33.7–40.8%), 10∶0 was 21.8±.08% (16.4–23.9%), 1000‐seed weight was 2.26±.02 g (1.82–272 g). The 1000‐seed weight was highly positively correlated with 8∶0, 10∶0, 18∶1 and 18∶2 contents and highly negatively correlated with 12∶0, 14∶0 and 16∶0 in bothC. wrightii andC. tolucana. No such relationship was found forC. lutea. A highly significant negative correlation was also measured for 12∶0 and 10∶0 contents inC. wrightii andC. tolucana.
Studies on physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of lipids produced by a strain ofRhodotorula gracilis CFR‐1
Authors: Jacob Z. , Krishnamurthy M. N.
Published: January 2007

Rhodotorula gracilis CFR‐1 has been evaluated for its potential to produce lipids. The yeast lipids closely resembled palmolein, a liquid fraction of palm oil. It contained 2.3–3% free fatty acids, 64.4% tri‐, 23.1% di‐, and 6.1% mono‐acylglycerols, 94.2% neutral and 5.8% polar lipids. Most abundant fatty acids were C18∶1, C16∶0, C18∶2 and C18∶0 (43.8, 28.5, 13.5 and 4.5%). All fatty acids, irrespective of the levels, followed definite patterns of increase or decrease during the advancement of fermentation. A pincers‐shaped curve was obtained when the total saturation and unsaturation were plotted. Use of different glucose and molasses‐based media did not show any significant overall effect on saturation (34.4–39.5%) and unsaturation (60.4–65.3%). Desaturation of fatty acids was found to be a metabolic function occurring in the process of cell maturation.
Inhibition of lipid oxidation by carnosine
Authors: Decker Eric A. , Faraji Habibollah
Published: January 2007

The antioxidant activity of carnosine, a β‐alanine‐histidine dipeptide found in skeletal muscle, was investigated. Carnosine (25 mM) inhibited the catalysis of lipid oxidation by iron, hemoglobin, lipoxidase and singlet oxygen from 35–96% suggesting that the antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is not solely due to metal chelation. Heating the carnosine at 100°C for 15 min had no effect on its ability to inhibit these lipid oxidation catalysts, and the activity of carnosine was not affected over the pH range of 5.1–7.1. Studies using tocopherol‐containing liposomes suggest that carnosine and tocopherol do not act synergistically to inhibit lipid oxidation. These data indicate that carnosine has excellent potential for use as a natural antioxidant in processed foods.
Deamidation studies on selected food proteins
Authors: Shih Frederick F.
Published: January 2007

Complete deamidation (amide bond hydrolysis) of soy protein and some other food protein was achieved by acid hydrolysis. The amide content of the proteins was determined based on the amount of ammonia generated. When soy protein was treated with commercial proteases, deamidation was found to occur to the free glutamine in the hydrolysates. The deamidation was nonenzymatic and was accelerated by anions such as phosphate and bicarbonate. Ammonia was also generated during the proteolysis from sources other than deamidation. The generation of nonamide ammonia was most likely from enzymatic deamination (cleavage of amino groups) because of the reaction of microorganisms.
Effect of equilibrium oil extraction on the chemical composition and sensory quality of soy flour and concentrates
Authors: Clark P. K. , Proctor A.
Published: January 2007

Previous studies have shown that ambient‐temperature equilibrium, hexane extraction of soy flour yielded the same amount of oil as was extracted from soy flakes by conventional high‐temperature processing. The oil obtained at ambient temperatures contained less phospholipid than commercial crude oils obtained by traditional processing. In this study, chemical composition, flavor and odor of soy flour obtained after oil extraction by the equilibrium procedure were evaluated before and after toasting. Results were compared with those obtained for commercial untoasted food‐grade soy flakes. Chemical and sensory analyses were performed on soy protein concentrates (SPC) prepared from defatted flour, defatted toasted flour and commercial defatted white food‐grade flakes. SPC were made by acid and ethanol‐extraction methods. Ethanol extraction of soy flour produced SPC with similar protein, lipid and sensory qualities to those obtained from commercial flakes. Acid extraction produced SPC with more lipid than was obtained by ethanol extraction. Toasted soy flour and flakes had similar sensory properties, as did the SPC prepared from them.
Detoxification of castor seed meal by interaction with sal seed meal
Authors: Gandhi V. M. , Cherian K. M. , Mulky M. J.
Published: January 2007

Castor (Ricinus communis) seed meal was detoxified by a novel method of wet mixing with sal (Shorea robusta) seed meal so that the toxic constituents of castor seed meal were neutralized by tannins, the toxicants present in the sal seed meal. The resulting product was innocuous, as revealed in the feeding studies in rats. The nutritional benefit of the treated material is improved by synergistic action of a protein such as casein. The aqueous extract of castor seed meal produced a smooth‐muscle stimulant effect, whereas this effect was not observed with the extract from treated meal. This is a new concept of neutralization of two toxins by each other in two seed meals. The method can be employed to investigate the suitability of such a processed seed meal as an animal feedstuff ingredient.
Effect of alkali metal ions on gel formation in the 12‐hydroxystearic acid/soybean oil system
Authors: Tamura Takamitsu , Suetake Takashi , Ohkubo Toshinaga , Ohbu Kazuo
Published: January 2007

It has been known that 12‐hydroxystearic acid (12HSA) forms a thermoreversible gel with a fibrous associated network in organic solvents. Mechanically durable gels were induced by the addition of small amounts of alkali metal ions, which can be supplied in the form of alkali metal salts of 12HSA (abbreviated as 12HS‐M), even at a lower concentration range of gelling agent than with 12HSA alone. The structure of the networks was investigated by infrared spectrometry (IR), circular dichroism (CD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experiments were carried out over a total concentration range of 0.1≈4.0 wt/vol% of 12HSA and 12HS‐M in soybean oil. 12HS‐Na showed more effective gel forming power than any other alkali metal ions. The molar ratio of 12HSA/12HS‐Na for obtaining optimal gel forming effect was 100:1. The intensity of the absorption bands of the IR spectra, due to the hydrogen‐bonded hydroxyl groups, remained constant regardless of the amount of added 12HS‐Na. A remarkable molar ellipticity decrease was observed with an increase in the concentration of 12HS‐Na, although the maximum wavelength of the CD spectrum, originating from the chirality of 12HSA, remained constant. By SEM observation, linearly extended fibrils were observed with the addition of 12HS‐Na. These results suggest that the mechanical trengthening of the gel by alkali metal ions is due to alteration of the dispersed state of the helically grown fibrous crystals of 12HSA.
A novel technique for the preparation of secondary fatty amides
Authors: Feairheller S. H. , Bistline R. G. , Bilyk A. , Dudley R. L. , Kozempel M. F. , Haas M. J.
Published: January 2007

A low‐temperature synthesis of fatty alkanolamides, fatty diamides and fatty aralkylamides directly from triglycerides and primary amines provides essentially quantitative yields of the various products. The reactions run to completion in 3–12 h at temperatures of 50–60°C, approximately 100°C lower than employed in present conventional practice. The amines are used in excess and serve as solvent, reagent and, perhaps, as catalyst. The amides were characterized by melting point and spectroscopic (infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance) methods. If the mixed amides produced from the various natural triglyceride mixtures of fats and oils are acceptable products, this synthetic method provides these products in satisfactory quality while conserving energy and avoiding the intermediate production of free fatty acids or their esters.
Analysis of tocopherols in vegetable oils by high‐performance liquid chromatography: Comparison of fluorescence and evaporative light‐scattering detection
Authors: Chase G. William , Akoh Casimir C. , Eitenmiller Ronald R.
Published: January 2007

A comparison of the responses of an evaporative light‐scattering detector (ELSD) and a fluorescence detector for tocopherols in vegetable oils by high‐performance liquid chromatography is presented. The tocopherols were separated from acylglycerols by gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC). The tocopherol fraction was collected off a set of four GPC columns with a mobile phase of methylene chloride before separation on a normal‐phase silica column with a mobile phase of hexane/isopropanol, 99.7∶0.3 (vol/vol). An internal standard of 5,7 dimethyltocol, which was detected by both the ELSD and fluorescence detector, was used to obtain quantitative data. The fluorescence detector was ten times more sensitive than the ELSD. γ‐Tocopherol was the major tocopherol detected in the vegetable oils studied and ranged from 24.1–93.3 mg/100 g. The amounts of tocopherols found in the vegetable oils agreed favorably with the literature values.
Synthesis of civetone from palm oil products
Authors: Choo Yuen‐May , Ooi Kay‐Eng , Ooi Ing‐Hong
Published: January 2007

Metathesis of ethyl oleate, catalyzed by WCl6 and SnMe4, provided diethyl 9‐octadecenedioate (the desired starting material for the synthesis of civetone) in 99% yield. Dieckmann condensation of diethyl 9‐octadecenedioate gave 2‐ethoxycarbonyl‐9‐cycloheptadecenone (63% yield), the hydrolysis‐decarboxylation reaction of which yielded civetone (93%). Identification of all products was by1H nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and mass spectroscopic data. This is the first report of the synthesis of civetone from palm oil‐derived products.
Fatty acid composition in seed oils of some onagraceae
Authors: Zygadlo J. A. , Morero R. E. , Abburra R. E. , Guzman C. A.
Published: January 2007

The seeds ofOenothera picensis, O. indecora, Ludwigia longifolia andL. peruviana (Onagraceae) contained 18.3, 16.4, 13.9 and 10.1% oil, respectively. Chromatographic analyses showed high levels of linoleic acid (>71.5%) in the seed oils.
Status of aqueous surfactant phase science
Authors: Laughlin Robert G.
Published: January 2007

Recent phase studies of several surfactant‐water systems, using new or refined methods, have revealed significant errors in earlier phase diagrams. These diagrams had been determined largely using methods based on the isoplethal phase studies principle. This principle has inherent limitations which do not exist in isothermal methods.

Isothermal nuclear magnetic resonance and refined calorimetric methods have been extensively used in recent surfactant phase studies. Methods based on the new lyotrope gradient (swelling) principle show great promise as a means of improving the efficiency and quality of surfactant phase studies.
Cloud point phenomena in mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants in aqueous solution
Authors: Nakama Y. , Harusawa F. , Murotani I.
Published: January 2007

The interaction between anionic and cationic surfactants was investigated by means of surface tension, conductivity, and nuclear magnetic resonance. It was found that a strong interaction exists between anionic and cationic surfactants and the mixed surfactant has a hydrophobic property. The phase diagram has been determined as a function of temperature for the waterstearyltrimethylammonium chloride (STAC)‐sodium laurate (NaL). The Krafft point rose remarkably in equimolar mixtures for this system. The phase diagram has been determined as a function of temperature for the STAC‐sodium‐N‐lauroyl‐N‐methyl‐β‐alanine (NaLMA) system. The liquid‐liquid phase separation phenomenon was observed around an equimolar mixture. It can be identified with the cloud point, which is shown by nonionic surfactants. This phenomenon seemed to be caused by the decreased solute‐solvent interaction (i.e., dehydration of the amido group contained in NaLMA molecule) as the temperature is raised. The decreasing effect of protein (ovalbumin) denaturation was observed in the high area of the mole fraction of cationic surfactant in the cationic‐anionic system. We believe that this is due to the remarkable lowering of the monomer concentration by the formation of a hydrophobic complex.
Size determination of shriveled and wrinkled soybeans
Authors: Brumm Thomas J. , Hurburgh C. R.
Published: January 2007

Drought stress created shriveled and wrinkled (S/W) soybeans in the 1988 soybean crop. Seven lots of 1988 soybeans were examined to validate the Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) definition of S/W. Lots were subdivided into sized fractions with both slotted and round‐hole screens. Shriveled and wrinkled soybeans were found in all size fractions, whether those fractions were determined by a slotted or a round‐hole screen. None of the size fractions adequately isolated or characterized S/W soybeans. The FGIS definition of shriveled and wrinkled does not sonsider larger wrinkled soybeans, but only shriveled soybeans passing through a 10/64″ by 3/4″ slotted screen. The most accurate determination of S/W soybeans can be made by examining the entire soybean sample, not a sized fraction.
Isolation and characterization of polymers in heated olestra and an olestra/triglyceride blend
Authors: Gardner Dale R. , Sanders Robert A.
Published: January 2007

High molecular weight components in thermally oxidized olestra (formerly called sucrose polyesters) and a mixture of olestra and soybean oil were characterized. The high molecular weight components of these oils were separated by preparative size exclusion chromatography and analyzed intact by mass spectrometry, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The materials isolated from the heated olestra were identified as olestra polymers. Materials isolated from the heated mixed oil (olestra and soybean oil) were identified as polymers of olestra and copolymers of olestra and triglycerides. Polymer linkages identified were identical to those resulting from thermal oxidation of natural vegetable oils of similar fatty acid composition.
Characterization of estolides produced from the acid‐catalyzed condensation of oleic acid
Authors: Isbell Terry A. , Kleiman Robert
Published: January 2007

Estolides produced from an acid‐catalyzed condensation of oleic acid were characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), GC‐mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). C‐8 reverse‐phase HPLC provided a clean resolution of the estolide oligomers present in the reaction mixtures, allowing an average oligomier distribution to be calculated. Corroboration of HPLC results were obtained either through hydrolysis of the estolide mixture and quantitation of the hydroxy fatty acid content by GC, through the integration of the α‐methylene protons adjacent to the carbonyl of the acids vs. the esterns in the1H NMR spectrum, or by titration of the carboxylic acid with standardized base. GC and GC‐MS analysis of the hydrolyzed estolide mixture indicated that the ester position were centered around the original double‐bond position, with linkages ranging from positions 5–13. Likewise, the unsaturation was distributed along the fatty acid backbone.
Ethanol extraction of oil, gossypol and aflatoxin from cottonseed
Authors: Hron R. J. , Kuk M. S. , Abraham G. , Wan P. J.
Published: January 2007

Commercial processing of cottonseed requires hexane to extract and recover edible oil. Gossypol and aflatoxin are not removed from extracted meals. A bench‐top extraction process with 95% (vol/vol) aqueous ethanol (EtOH) solvent has been developed that extracts all three of the above materials with a much less volatile solvent. In this process, cottonseed is pretreated and extracted with ambient 95% EtOH to remove gossypol and then extracted with hot 95% EtOH to extract oil and aflatoxin. Membranes and adsorption columns are used to purify the various extract streams, so that they can be recycled directly. A representative extracted meal contained a total gossypol content of 0.47% (a 70% reduction) and 3 ppb aflatoxin (a 95% reduction). Residual oil content was approximately 2%. Although the process is technically feasible, it is presently not economical unless a mill has a continual, serious aflatoxin contamination problem. However, if a plant cannot meet the hexane emission standards under the Clean Air Act of 1990, this process could provide a safer solvent that may expand the use and increase the value of cottonseed meal as a feed for nonruminants.
Recovery of carotenoids from palm oil
Authors: Ooi C. K. , Choo Y. M. , Yap S. C. , Basiron Y. , Ong A. S. H.
Published: January 2007

The carotenoids from palm oil were recovered through a two‐stage process involving transesterification of palm oil followed by molecular distillation of the ester. The carotenoid fraction contained more than 80,000 ppm carotenoids. α‐ and β‐Carotenes were the major components. Vitamin E and sterols were also present.
Evaporative light scattering mass detection for high‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis of sucrose polyester blends in cooking oils
Authors: William Chase G. , Akoh Casimir C. , Eitenmiller Ronald R.
Published: January 2007

A high‐performance liquid chromatographic method is described to determine the sucrose polyester (SPE) content in seven blends of cooking oils. Four gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) columns were used in series with an evaporative light scattering mass detector to separate the SPE from the acylglycerols in the final chromatogram. The SPE fraction was collected off the GPC column and injected onto a reverse‐phase C‐18 column for quantitation with sucrose octaacetate as an internal standard and a gradient of nonaqueous solvents as mobile phase. The chromatograms were interference‐free, with only two sharp peaks appearing. The standards were linear from 500 to 5000 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of r=0.999. The mean percent recovery (n=9) and standard deviation were 102±6.7. The detector could detect amounts as low as 5 μg SPE.
Fractionation procedures for obtaining cocoa butter‐like fat from enzymatically interesterified palm olein
Authors: Chong C. N. , Hoh Y. M. , Wang C. W.
Published: January 2007

Solvent‐free lipase‐catalyzed incorporation of stearic acid in palm olein by the 1,3‐regiospecific Novo Lipase Lipozyme IM20 resulted in the formation of a complex mixture of fatty acid glycerides and free fatty acids. The stearoyl incorporation in palm olein gave rise to the formation of 39.3% of the desired cocoa butter‐like triglycerides in the fatty acid glyceride portion, namely distearoyl‐oleoyl‐glycerol (SOS), palmitoyl‐oleoyl‐stearoyl‐glycerol (POS) and dipalmitoyl‐oleoyl‐glycerol (POP). A combination of fractionation steps involving initially the removal of free fatty acids (FFA) from the product mixture by steam distillation under vacuum, followed by fractional crystallization of the fatty acid‐free glycerides in hexane and/or acetone, gave a fat, whose triglyceride composition and melting profile were comparable to that of cocoa butter as adduced by reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The yield of the cocoa butter‐like fat was approximately 25% of the weight of the original palm olein.
The peroxidic species generated by ozonolysis of oleic acid or methyl oleate in a carboxylic acid medium
Authors: Rebrovic Louis
Published: January 2007

The ozonolysis of oleic acid or methyl oleate in a carboxylic acid medium produces three major peroxidic species as well as aldehyde. These peroxidic compounds have been identified as 1‐acyloxyalkyl‐1‐hydroperoxides, 1,2,4‐trioxolanes, and bis(1‐acyloxy‐1‐alkyl) peroxides. The bis(1‐acyloxy‐1‐alkyl) peroxides have not been reported previously as oleic acid or methyl oleate ozonolysis products. A1H nuclear magnetic resonance examination of the ozonization products of oleic acid or methyl oleate in carboxylic acids, as well as methanol and iso‐octane, led to the identification of the peroxidic compounds and aldehyde.
Simultaneous extraction of oil and antinutritional compounds from flaxseed
Authors: Varga T. K. , Diosady L. L.
Published: January 2007

A two‐phase solvent extraction process, developed in our laboratory for rapeseed, was used to simultaneously extract oil and toxic, antinutritional components from flaxseed to produce a meal suitable for animal feed. The most effective solvent systems consisted of hexane in combination with a solution of methanol that contained 10% (vol/vol) water and 2.5–5% (w/w) ammonia, or methanol that contained 10% water (vol/vol) and 0.08% (w/w) NaOH. The treatments were carried out both at laboratory and semipilot‐plant scales. The success of the test with a pilot‐scale Karr liquid‐liquid extraction column suggested that this process could be readily carried out on an industrial scale. The resulting flax meal had a high protein content (40–47%) and low levels of cyanogenic glycosides (reduced by 90–100% from the starting material). The methanol‐ammonia extraction reduced the total polyphenol content by ≈20%. The oil extraction efficiency of the Karr column was high, resulting in meal residual oil contents of ≈1%.
A new short‐path distillation system applied to the reduction of cholesterol in butter and lard
Authors: Lanzani Armando , Bondioli Paolo , Mariani Carlo , Folegatti Liliana , Venturini Stefania , Fedeli Enzo , Barreteau Pierre
Published: January 2007

A molecular distillation plant, built particularly to increase the separation efficiency and to obtain safer working conditions, was tested to remove cholesterol from anhydrous butter and lard. A preliminary experiment was carried out with butter to evaluate the fractionation obtained at temperatures between 190 and 250°C and residual pressures between 10−3 and 10−4 torr. A second experiment was carried out at 185°C and at the maximum operational vacuum, evaluating the fractionation achieved within a time scale between 30 and 180 min. Cholesterol was almost completely removed during the second hour with minimal loss of low‐molecular weight triglycerides. An experiment was carried out with lard at 250°C and maximum achievable operational vacuum (10−4 Torr), lasting approximately 6 h, and cholesterol was removed almost completely during the second hour without significant modifications in the triglyceride composition. This situation remained constant throughout the duration of the test.
Convenient preparation of methyl 10‐(1,3,2‐Oxazaphospholidin‐2‐one)undecanoate and methyl 10‐(1,3,2‐diazaphospholidin‐2‐one)undecanoate
Authors: Saeed M. T. , Mustafa J. , Rauf A. , Osman S. M.
Published: January 2007

Synthesis and spectral studies of methyl 10‐(1,3,2‐oxazaphospholidin‐2‐one)undecanoate and methyl 10‐(1,3,2‐diazaphospholidin‐2‐one)undecanoate are reported. These fatty products were obtained in excellent yields when methyl 10‐hydroxyundecanoate was reacted with phosphorus oxychloride, and the resultant intermediate was treated with aminoethanol and ethylenediamine in two different reactions.
Methods for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids: VIII. The HBr titration method applied to small samples
Authors: Brown L. E.
Published: January 2007

A method is described for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in small samples of refined and crude glyceride oils and methyl esters. Approximately 0.5 g of cottonseed oil is titrated with HBr‐HOAc by a stepwise procedure at 3 C and 55 C after removal of interfering substances by adsorption on activated alumina. Side reactions occurring to the extent of 15% during the titration were uniform and highly reproducible, permitting application of a correction factor. A procedure is given for preparing methyl esters on a small scale to determine the cyclopropenoid content of highly oxidized oils.
A study of the variability associated with sampling peanuts for aflatoxin
Authors: Tiemstra Peter J.
Published: January 2007

One lot of peanuts known to contain aflatoxin was extensively sampled to study the sources of variability. A nested design was used where sections (50 bag units), subsamples and analytical variation were the variables studied. Sample size was the most critical factor in characterizing this lot. Variability from section to section was not significant indicating random distribution of the contaminant. Three 20 lb samples were taken on a number of lots from the 1968 crop, each of which was subdivided into two equivalent subsamples. The aflatoxin was determined on each of these subsamples. The results indicated that all the significant variation came from the subsamples, further enforcing the thesis that sample size is the critical factor in variability, and not lot inhomogeneity. Analysis of 550 lots from the 1967 crop where triples and analysis were available indicates that the magnitude of the variability is a little greater than was found on the experimental lot. Using the pooled standard deviation of the 1967 crop data, operating characteristic curves were plotted to demonstrate the improvement that can be expected by increasing the sample size.
Sample preparation for aflatoxin assay: The nature of the problem and approaches to a solution
Authors: Stoloff L. , Campbell A. D. , Beckwith A. C. , Nesheim S. , Winbush J. S. , Fordham O. M.
Published: January 2007

Cases have been reported of individual peanuts, cottonseeds or Brazil nuts so highly contaminated with aflatoxin that, for a 50 g portion to be representative of the whole, the sample preparation procedures should grind each unit to a large number of particles and distribute them uniformly throughout the sample. Assuming uniform contamination of the individual kernel, each 50 g sample should contain 1/100 of that kernel. Even though these extreme cases may be encountered only infrequently, the more usual situation still presents difficulties because of great variability in individual kernel contamination. However, if the extreme can be handled, one can expect to handle the more usual situation. Equipment and procedures to achieve this distribution goal are described. The equipment studied includes a food chopper (Hobart), a nut mill (Thomas Mills), a disc mill (Bauer), a hammer mill (Fitzpatrick Model D comminuting machine), a hammer mill designed specifically for peanut samples (Dicken’s subsampling mill), a Polytron homogenizer (Bronwill Scientific), a vertical cutter‐mixer (Hobart), and a sample splitter (Jones riffle). Commodities examined were shelled peanuts and in‐shell Brazil nuts, walnuts, pecans and almonds. Comminution and mixing effectiveness were determined by particle size analysis, by distribution of kernels made radioactive by neutron activation and by aflatoxin analysis of naturally contaminated products. From the results we conclude that the ultimate in sample uniformity can be achieved with a disc mill, solvent addition to obtain a fluid system and mixing and grinding of the fluid with a dispersion mixer‐grinder. A practical uniformity can be achieved in a vertical cutter‐mixer with less expenditure of time and effort for the commodities studied.
Sulfonation studies of monoisomeric di‐ and trialkylbenzenes
Authors: Grey Roger A. , Chan Albert F.
Published: January 2007

Sulfonation studies were conducted on a series of monoisomerically pure di‐ and trialkylbenzenes in order to determine the regioselectivity of sulfonation and how the selectivity varies with structural changes. Sulfur trioxide, because of its commerical significance, was investigated as the primary sulfonating agent. Lewis base adducts of sulfur trioxide and other sulfonating agents were also investigated for comparison. The studies demonstrated, in a quantitative manner, the tendency of the sulfonation to occur para to alkyl substituents. In one class of the alkylbenzenes investigated, 1,3,4‐alkyl dimethylbenzene, the sulfonation which occurred at the position para to the 3‐methyl group ranged in selectivity from 87–99%, even though this position, which is ortho to the larger alkyl group, was much less favorable from steric considerations than the position ortho to the 4‐methyl group. The determination of the position of sulfonation by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance and high pressure liquid chromatographic techniques is discussed.
Intrinsic selectivities and yields in the catalytic hydrogenation of polyenoic fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Grau Ricardo J. , Cassano Alberto E. , Balfanás Miguel A.
Published: January 2007

Precise values of the intrinsic selectivities and yields for the hydrogenation products of methyl linolenate (Ln) and methyl linoleate (L) obtained under carefully controlled conditions using a commercial Ni catalyst are presented and analyzed in detail. The existence of a preferential adsorption of Ln and a significant co‐hydrogenation of its double bonds are confirmed as being the dominant features under typical vegetable oil processing conditions.

It is shown that the values of the selectivities that are obtained from the classical consecutive reactions network account for the intrinsic selectivity of the catalyst only while hydrogenating feedstocks with moderate to low (<10%) contents of Ln.
Characterization of palm acid oil
Authors: Kuntom Ainie , Siew Wai‐Lin , Tan Yew‐Ai
Published: January 2007

Palm acid oil (PAO) is a by‐product obtained from the alka‐line refining of palm oil. It is used for making laundry soaps and for producing calcium soaps for animal feed formulations. The properties and composition of PAO may differ according to variations in the palm oil feedstock and the alkaline refining process. Because information on the characteristics of PAO is limited, this investigation aims to establish the properties of this product. Quality and oxidative parameters of 27 samples of PAO were determined. The six parameters analyzed were moisture and free fatty acid content, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter. Headspace‐gas‐chromatographic (HSGC) analysis and gas‐chromatographic analysis of the extract from Likens‐Nickerson steam distillation of the samples were also carried out. Mean moisture content was 0.98%, free fatty acids 62.6% (palmitic acid), peroxide value 4.1 meq/kg, iodine value 50.2, saponification value 186 and unsaponifiable matter 0.53 HSGC profiles of a few samples showed the presence of one to three peaks, while the steam distillation extract showed the presence of aldehydes, ketones, furans and acids.
Reversed‐Phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis of triacylglycerol autoxidation products with ultraviolet and evaporative light‐scattering detectors
Authors: Viinanen Eija , Hopia Anu
Published: January 2007

The oxidation products of triacylgycerol standards (trilinolenin, trilinolein and triolein) and a natural mixture of rapeseed oil triacylglycerols were analyzed with a reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. The oxidation products were detected with ultraviolet (UV) and evaporative light‐scattering detectors (ELSD). The chromatographic profiles obtained with these two detectors were similar for all samples except triolein. ELSD is a mass detector and can detect the oxidation products of triolein and other compounds that do not have conjugated dienes in their structure. The two detectors can be used in series. The sensitivity of ELSD approached that of the UV detector used. ELSD seems to be a good universal detector type for monitoring autoxidation products of edible oils.
Heat capacity of the triglycerides: Tricaproin, tricaprylin and tricaprin
Authors: Eiteman Mark A. , Goodrum John W.
Published: January 2007

Heat capacities of tricaproin, tricaprylin, tricaprin and their binary mixtures were determined between 325 and 423°K. In this temperature range, the heat capacity of tricaproin increased from 174 to 206 cal/mol‐K, of tricaprylin from 221 to 281 cal/mol‐K and of tricaprin from 276 to 309 cal/mol‐K. Mixtures of tricaproin/tricaprin and tricaprylin/tricaprin behave as ideal solutions, while a mixture of tricaproin/tricaprylin did not behave as an ideal solution for this temperature range.