bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A full Stokes ice flow model for the vicinity of Dome Fuji, Antarctica, with induced anisotropy and fabric evolution
Authors: Seddik H. , Greve R. , Zwinger T. , Placidi L.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. A three-dimensional, thermo-mechanically coupled ice flow model with induced anisotropy has been applied to a ~200 × 200 km domain around the Dome Fuji drill site, Antarctica. The model ("Elmer/Ice") is based on the open-source multi-physics package Elmer (http://www.csc.fi/elmer/) and solves the full Stokes equations. Flow-induced anisotropy in ice is accounted for by an implementation of the Continuum-mechanical, Anisotropic Flow model, based on an anisotropic Flow Enhancement factor ("CAFFE model"). Steady-state simulations for present-day climate conditions are conducted. The main findings are: (i) the flow regime at Dome Fuji is a complex superposition of vertical compression, horizontal extension and bed-parallel shear; (ii) for an assumed geothermal heat flux of 60 mW m−2 the basal temperature at Dome Fuji reaches the pressure melting point and the basal melting rate is ~0.35 mm a−1; (iii) in agreement with observational data, the fabric shows a strong single maximum at Dome Fuji, and the age of the ice is decreased compared to an isotropic scenario; (iv) as a consequence of spatially variable basal melting conditions, the basal age tends to be smaller where the ice is thicker and larger where the ice is thinner. The latter result is of great relevance for the consideration of a future drill site in the area.
Government Policy Regarding Agricultural Loans and Its Impact upon Farmers’ Standards of Living in Developing Countries
Authors: Yasmeen Kausar , Hussain Tanveer , Sarwar Shakeel
Published: June 2011

Orientation-This empirical research explores the impact of agricultural loans provided by the Government on the standard of living of the small farmers in developing countries where the Pakistan is taken as a case.Purpose – The aim of the researchers in this endeavor is to identify the role of agricultural loans provided to the small farmers in the developing countries and the outcomes of these loans with respect to the standard of livings of the farmers. Design/ Methodology- Researchers have interviewed the 300 small farmers who are all the clients of an agricultural bank (ADBP) and collect the primary data. Data was analyzed in terms of percentages and researchers investigate the impact of credit facility on the purchasing patterns of these small farmers.Findings- Researchers analyzed the consumption patterns of the farmers in 4 sectors i.e. Structure of households before and after availing the credit facility,Change in consumption of electricity and electronic appliances, Change in education of farmer’s child, Transportation and assets and change in food and health. Research results indicate that there is increased trend in all of these 4 sectors after availing the credit facility by the small farmers.Practical implications- Current research may be use by the other developing countries to investigate the role of agricultural loans on the well being of their farmers. It also elaborates the role of agricultural banks in enhancing the standard of living of the farmers.Keywords: Agricultural loans, economic well being, farmers, developing countries
Tanzanian Nurses Understanding and Practice of Spiritual Care
Authors: Dhamani Khairunnisa Aziz , Paul Pauline , Olson Joanne Kaye
Published: June 2011

Spirituality, as a basic characteristic of humans and a contributor to human health, is regarded as part of nursing practice. The purpose of this study was to examine how Tanzanian nurses understand spirituality and spiritual care. Using the qualitative method of interpretive description, fifteen registered nurses engaged in clinical practice in a Tanzanian hospital were recruited to participate in this study. In-depth interviews using open-ended questions were carried out, tape-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Data collection and inductive analysis occurred concurrently. In this paper, key findings are grouped under the following headings: meaning of spiritual care, recognition of spiritual needs, and interventions to respond to spiritual needs. Although there were some differences, overall participants’ understanding of spirituality and spiritual care was similar to what is found in the literature about nurses in other countries. The provision of spiritual care also included some unique elements that may reflect the African context.
Rubber, 3. Synthetic Rubbers, Introduction and Overview
Authors: Threadingham Desmond , Obrecht Werner , Wieder Wolfgang , Wachholz Gerhard , Engehausen Rüdiger
Published: May 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Market and Areas of Application1.2.Nomenclature and Classification1.3.Properties1.4.Production1.5.Producers2.Market, Producers, and Capacities2.1.Market2.2.Producers, Capacities and Capacity Utilization3.Market Requirements and Impact on Development of Synthetic Rubber4.Production Processes5.Ecological and Health Aspects5.1.Introduction5.2.Health Aspects5.2.1.Raw Materials5.2.2.Processing5.2.3.Use5.3.Environment5.4.Outlook
Rubber, 4. Emulsion Rubbers
Authors: Obrecht Werner , Lambert Jean‐Pierre , Happ Michael , Oppenheimer‐Stix Christiane , Dunn John , Krüger Ralf
Published: May 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Emulsion Styrene ‐ Butadiene Rubber (E‐SBR)1.1.Properties, Grades, and Application1.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes1.3.Producers and Production Capacities2.Chloroprene Rubber (CR)2.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications2.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes2.3.Producers and Production Capacities3.Nitrile Rubber (NBR)3.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications3.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes3.3.Producers and Production Capacities4.Emulsion Polybutadiene (E‐BR)4.1.Properties and Applications4.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes4.3.Producers and Production Capacities5.Acrylate Rubber (ACM)5.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications5.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes5.3.Producers and Production Capacities6.Fluororubbers6.1.Chemical Composition and Properties6.2.Vulcanization6.3.Production Processes6.4.Producers, Production, Capacities, and Markets
Rubber, 5. Solution Rubbers
Authors: Brandt Heinz‐Dieter , Nentwig Wolfgang , Rooney Nicola , LaFlair Ronald T. , Wolf Ute U. , Duffy John , Puskas Judit E. , Kaszas Gabor , Drewitt Mark , Glander Stephan
Published: May 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Synthesis by Anionic Polymerization1.1.Solution 1,3‐Butadiene ‐ Styrene Rubber (S‐SBR) and Styrene ‐ Isoprene ‐ Butadiene Rubber (S‐SIBR)1.1.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications1.1.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes1.1.3.Producers and Production Capacities1.2.Lithium ‐ Butadiene (Li‐BR) and Lithium ‐ Isoprene (Li‐IR) Rubber1.2.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications1.2.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes1.2.3.Producers and Production Capacities2.Synthesis by Ziegler ‐ Natta Polymerization2.1.Polybutadiene and Polyisoprene Rubber2.1.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications2.1.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes2.1.3.Producers and Production Capacities2.2.Ethylene ‐ Propene Elastomers (EPM, EPDM)2.2.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications2.2.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes2.2.3.Producers and Production Capacities3.Synthesis of Butyl Rubber by Cationic Polymerization3.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications3.1.1.Properties3.1.2.Grades3.1.3.Specialty Rubbers3.1.4.Applications3.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes3.2.1.Basic Chemistry3.2.2.Industrial Production3.3.Producers and Production Capacities3.4.Storage and Transportation3.5.Legal Aspects3.6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Rubber, 8. Synthesis by Polymer Modification
Authors: Happ Michael , Duffy John , Wilson G. J. , Pask Stephen D. , Buding Hartmuth , Ostrowicki Andreas
Published: May 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Halobutyl Rubber1.1.Introduction1.2.Properties, Grades, and Applications1.3.Basic Chemistry and Production Process1.3.1.Basic Chemistry1.3.2.Production1.4.Chemical Analysis1.5.Storage and Transportation1.6.Legal Aspects1.7.Producers and Production Capacities1.8.Toxicology and Occupational Health1.9.New Commercial Development2.Chloropolyethylene and Chlorosulfonyl Polyethylene2.1.Chloropolyethylene2.1.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications2.1.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes2.2.Chlorosulfonyl Polyethylene2.2.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications2.2.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes2.3.Producers and Production Capacities3.Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber3.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications3.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes3.3.Producers and Production Capacities4.Polyphosphazenes4.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications4.1.1.Properties4.1.2.Commercial Grades and Applications4.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes4.3.Producers and Markets
Transport Phenomena, 3. Transport in Multicomponent Systems
Authors: Flumerfelt Raymond W.
Published: May 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Diffusive Mass Transfer in Binary Systems1.1.Species Mass Balances1.2.Species Diffusion Fluxes1.3.Fick's First Law of Diffusion1.4.Special Cases of Diffusion1.5.Diffusivities of Gases and Liquids1.6.Theoretical Foundations of Steady‐State Measurement of Diffusion1.7.Diffusion with Homogeneous Chemical Reaction1.8.Diffusion with Heterogeneous Reaction1.9.Perspective2.Convective Mass Transport2.1.Gas Absorption in a Falling Film with Reaction2.2.Mass Transfer in Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers3.Mass Transfer Across Interfaces3.1.Mass‐Transfer Coefficients3.2.Functional Forms of Mass‐Transfer Coefficient Relations3.3.Relations for Low Mass‐Transfer Rates3.4.Relations for High Mass‐Transfer Rates
Nest membership determines the levels of aggression and cooperation between females of a supposedly communal digger wasp
Authors: Boesi Roberto , Polidori Carlo
Published: May 2011

Females of communal and eusocial Hymenoptera differ greatly in the treatment of conspecifics: communal species lack the nest membership–bias treatment via nestmate (NM) recognition, which is typical of eusocial Hymenoptera. Therefore, an analysis of social interactions can suggest whether a given bee or wasp is communal or eusocial. For this reason, we observed females of the digger wasp Cerceris rubida in experimental dyadic encounters. Because this species had previously been labeled “communal,” we expected to find little evidence of a NM bias with respect to cooperation or aggression when paired with NMs and non‐nestmates (NNM). Contrary to expectation, females were highly cooperative toward NMs and highly aggressive toward NNMs. Variation in the intensity of aggression toward NNMs partially stems from the degree to which the paired females differed in size. From these results and quantitative comparisons with studies on solitary, communal, and eusocial bee species, it appears that C. rubida has a more complex social organization than previously believed and, in particular, that females of this species exhibit NM recognition, a trait associated with eusociality. Aggr. Behav. 37:405–416, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Luminescent Sensing and Catalytic Performances of a Multifunctional Lanthanide‐Organic Framework Comprising a Triphenylamine Moiety
Authors: Wu Pengyan , Wang Jian , Li Yaming , He Cheng , Xie Zhong , Duan Chunying
Published: May 2011

A multifunctional lanthanide‐organic framework Tb−TCA (H3TCA = tricarboxytriphenylamine) comprising a triphenylamine moiety as an efficient luminescence sensitizer is synthesized by a solvothermal method and structurally characterized. Tb−TCA exhibits lanthanide‐based emission (540 nm) and triphenylamine emission (435 nm) after excitation at 350 nm and works as a luminescent chemosensor towards salicylaldehyde with a sensitivity of 10 ppm under optimized conditions. Tb−TCA features a high concentration of Lewis acid Tb3+ sites and Lewis base triphenylamine sites on its internal surfaces; it thus enables both Knoevenagel and cyanosilylation reactions in a size‐selective fashion. The ratiometric fluorescent response towards aldehydes (I540/I435) demonstrates that the absorption of the porous material is size selective, and the interactions between the aldehyde molecules and the Tb3+ ions play a dominant role in the absorption and activation of the aldehyde substrates. In particular, these studies provide opportunities to directly validate the sorption sites and the catalytic mechanism of the multifunctional Ln metal–organic framework material by luminescence.
A Multifuntional Nanoplatform Based on Responsive Fluorescent Plasmonic ZnO‐Au@PEG Hybrid Nanogels
Authors: Wu Weitai , Shen Jing , Banerjee Probal , Zhou Shuiqin
Published: May 2011

Under a rational design, combining multiple constituents into a single nano‐object will not only bridge the unique properties of individual materials to leverage research both fundamentally and practically, but will also improve conventional sensing, imaging, and therapeutic efficacies. Such a nano‐object (<100 nm) can be constructed by covalently bonding ZnO quantum dots (QDs) to nonlinear poly(ethylene glycol)‐based nanogel network chains, followed by appropriate growth of metallic Au. With the polymer gel network serving as a three‐dimensional scaffold, the fluorescence of ZnO QDs can be well protected, while metal Au still retains its surface plasmon resonance property. The ZnO QDs covalently bonded to the thermo‐responsive gel network chains can sensitively respond to temperature change of the surrounding fluids over the physiologically important range of 37–42 °C, converting the disruptions in homeostasis of local temperature into stable, robust and high‐resolution fluorescent signals. The thermoresponsive hybrid nanogels can not only enter into and light up B16F10 cells, but also regulate the release of a model anticancer drug, temozolomide, in response to either local environmental temperature change or external near‐infrared light‐induced localized hyperthermia from metal Au. The combined chemo‐photothermal therapy can significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy due to a synergistic effect.
Materials Surgery – Reactivity Differences of Organic Groups in Hybrids
Authors: Polarz Sebastian , Jeremias Felix , Haunz Ulrich
Published: May 2011

Synergistic properties in hybrid materials can emerge if the inorganic matrix has an electronic influence on the organic constituents and vice versa. This paper describes the drastic effect of SiO2 in periodically ordered mesoporous organosilica materials (PMOs) on ethylene groups. A sophisticated, in situ solid‐state NMR spectroscopy study showed that the ozonolysis of ethylene groups follows an entirely different mechanism than is normal for organic, molecular groups. Ultimately, this leads to the topotactic transformation of the PMO material. Only if silicon is not in the alpha position to the double bond does it became possible to establish a new method to functionalize PMOs materials: the targeted scission of the ethylene group and the creation of functionalized pockets inside the pore walls of the mesoporous solid.
Semiconductor Self‐Assembled Quantum Dots: Present Status and Future Trends
Authors: Petroff Pierre M.
Published: May 2011

Progress in controlling the size, shape, and composition of quantum dots (QDs) as well as their positioning will be crucial to further advances in the fields of quantum information and device applications. The growth of QDs into lattices using controlled positioning of the QD nucleation centers is a possible method. QD positioning is also much needed for further development of QD microcavities and photonic‐crystal based devices that are used for quantum information applications. This article discusses the prospects for progress in these fields that may be realized if a better control over the positioning and self‐positioning of quantum dots is achieved.
Testosterone and romance: The association of testosterone with relationship commitment and satisfaction in heterosexual men and women
Authors: Hooper Ann E. Caldwell , Gangestad Steven W. , Thompson Melissa Emery , Bryan Angela D.
Published: May 2011

Objectives:

The current study extends previous research on testosterone (T) and mating effort by examining whether relationship commitment and satisfaction explain variance in T beyond relationship status alone.

Methods:

Salivary testosterone and self‐reported assessments of relationship commitment and satisfaction were assessed among 90 heterosexual men and women (age M = 23.57) in a cross‐sectional community sample.

Results:

Relationship commitment was significantly related to T among men (P < 0.01), with increasing levels of commitment predicting lower T, even among paired men (P < 0.05). In contrast, relationship commitment was not related to women's T (P > 0.05). Controlling for relationship commitment, satisfaction did not predict T levels in men or women (P's > 0.18).

Conclusions:

The association of increasing relationship commitment with reduced T levels in men confirms and extends prior research linking T with mating effort. Together with previous research, this study suggests that T does not vary with relationship commitment or quality in monogamous, heterosexual women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hand‐washing, subclinical infections, and growth: A longitudinal evaluation of an intervention in Nepali slums
Authors: Langford Rebecca , Lunn Peter , Brick Catherine Panter‐
Published: May 2011

Objective:

We conducted a longitudinal study to assess the impact of a hand‐washing intervention on growth and biomarkers of child health in Nepali slums. This is the first study to evaluate the impact of hand‐washing on markers of subclinical, asymptomatic infections associated with childhood growth faltering.

Methods:

We recruited a total sample of infants in the target age‐range (3–12 months) living in the eight largest Kathmandu slums, allocating them to intervention (n = 45) and control (n = 43) groups. In intervention areas, a small‐scale community‐based hand‐washing program was implemented for six months; in control areas, mothers continued their normal practices. Time series linear regression was used to assess the impact of the intervention on levels of morbidity, mucosal damage, immune stimulation and growth.

Results:

As expected, children with higher levels of mucosal damage exhibited worse growth over the period of the intervention (P = 0.01, <0.001 and 0.03 for height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐age, and weight‐for‐height z‐scores, respectively). We observed a 41% reduction in diarrheal morbidity (P = 0.023) for the intervention group relative to control. However, the hand‐washing intervention did not lower levels of mucosal damage or immune stimulation, nor slow growth faltering.

Conclusions:

Reducing exposure to pathogens is an important global health priority. This study confirms the importance of hand‐washing campaigns for reducing childhood morbidity. Yet our data suggest that promoting hand‐washing is necessary but not sufficient to address chronic, subclinical infections. From a human biology standpoint, tackling the root causes of childhood infections is needed to address growth faltering in the context of highly contaminated slum environments. © 2011Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetics of head circumference in infancy: A longitudinal study of Japanese twins
Authors: Silventoinen Karri , Karvonen Marjo , Sugimoto Masako , Kaprio Jaakko , Dunkel Leo , Yokoyama Yoshie
Published: May 2011

Objectives:

Previous studies have shown strong genetic influence to head circumference (HC), but still little is known on the development of genetic etiology of HC in infancy, especially in non‐Caucasian populations. Thus, we decided to analyze the genetics of HC growth in Japanese infants.

Methods:

Longitudinal measures of HC were available from birth to 13 months of age in 206 monozygotic and 156 dizygotic complete twin pairs. Genetic modeling for twin data was used.

Results:

We found only little evidence for sex‐specific differences in the genetics of HC and thus analyzed boys and girls together. After 5 months of age the heritability of HC was high, but before that age also a substantial common environmental component was present. Not only strong genetic persistence for HC was found but also a new genetic variation emerged. New environmental variation shared by co‐twins affecting HC was found until 3 months of age, and this effect was further transmitted until 1 year of age.

Conclusions:

HC and its growth are strongly genetically regulated. Largely, the same genetic factors affect the variation of HC at different ages, and new genetic variation emerged during the first year of life. Knowledge on the genetic component in the variation of HC may help to design tools for defining abnormal growth of HC in population‐based screenings for related disorders. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growing into obesity: Patterns of height growth in those who become normal weight, overweight, or obese as young adults
Authors: Stovitz Steven D. , Demerath Ellen W. , Hannan Peter J. , Lytle Leslie A. , Himes John H.
Published: May 2011

Objectives:

To study whether patterns of height growth differ by adult obesity status, and determine the contribution of subcutaneous fatness as an explanatory variable for any differences.

Study design:

A multicenter, prospective longitudinal cohort assessed in 3rd grade (8.8 years), 5th grade (11.1 years), 8th grade (14.1 years), and 12th grade (18.3 years). Exposures were young adult obesity status classified by CDC adult BMI categories at 12th grade. Skinfolds were measured in third, fifth, and eighth grades. Outcome was mean height (cm) at the four measurements using repeated‐measures ANCOVA for young adult obesity status, and height increments between grades by adult obesity status in sequential models including initial height and, secondarily, initial skinfolds.

Results:

Adjusted for age, and race/ethnicity, young adult obesity status explained a small, but statistically significant amount of height growth among both females and males within each of the three intervals. Compared with normal weight young adults, overweight or obese young adults stood taller in childhood, but had relatively less growth in height throughout the teenage years. There was no association between adult height and weight status. Skinfolds explained only a small amount of the height patterns in the three weight groups.

Conclusion:

Childhood and adolescent height growth patterns differ between those who become young adults who are normal weight and those who become overweight or obese. Since differences in fatness explain only a small amount of these height growth patterns, research is needed to identify other determinants. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex Differences in birth size and intergenerational effects of intrauterine exposure to Ramadan in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alwasel S.H. , Abotalib Z. , Aljarallah J.S. , Osmond C. , Alkharaz S.M. , Alhazza I.M. , Harrath A. , Thornburg K. , Barker D.J.P.
Published: May 2011

Objectives:

In Europe, boys and girls have different body proportions at birth. We examined newborn babies in Saudi Arabia to determine the sex differences and whether fetal growth differed if the mother was in utero during Ramadan.

Methods:

We examined body size at birth among 967 babies (479 boys and 488 girls) born in Unizah, a small city in Saudi Arabia.

Results:

Large head circumference was the strongest single predictor of male sex. In a simultaneous regression, female sex was predicted by small head circumference (P < 0.001), low birth weight (P = 0.002), and large chest circumference (P = 0.008). The mothers of boys were heavier in pregnancy than the mothers of girls and had a higher body mass index, 31.7 kg/m2 compared to 30.2 (P < 0.001). The mothers of girls, however, were taller than the mothers of boys, 158.6 cm compared to 157.4 (P = 0.001). Compared to babies whose mothers were not in utero during Ramadan boys whose mothers were in mid gestation during Ramadan were 1.2 cm longer (P = 0.005) while girls had a 0.4 week shorter gestation period (P = 0.04).

Conclusion:

Our findings are consistent with other evidence that boys are more ready than girls to trade off visceral development in utero to protect somatic and brain growth. They also support the hypothesis that boys are more responsive to their mother's current diet than girls, who respond more to their mother's life time nutrition and metabolism. They provide the first evidence that changes in the life style of pregnant women during Ramadan affect more than one generation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated serum liver enzymes and fatty liver changes associated with long driving among taxi drivers
Authors: Lippmann Steven J. , Richardson David B , Chen Jiu‐Chiuan
Published: May 2011

Background

Previous studies suggested increased morbidities and mortalities of liver diseases in drivers.

Methods

To examine whether driving (monthly driving distance; tenure) is associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), or chronic fatty liver (FL) changes, we performed a cross‐sectional, secondary analysis of the Taxi Drivers' Health Study (n = 1,355), adjusting for clinical, demographic, and lifestyle factors.

Results

Prevalence of elevated ALT, elevated AST, and fatty liver changes were 22.0%, 5.1%, and 9.3%, respectively. Driving distance had a positive association with elevated ALT with a prevalence ratio of 1.35 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.89) comparing the highest versus lowest driving quartile. This association differed by alcohol use, with a corresponding prevalence ratio of 2.08 (95% CI: 1.30, 3.33) among “past/current” drinkers but no association among “never” drinkers. Similar patterns were found for AST, but estimates were less stable. We found a curvilinear response pattern for fatty liver changes; prevalence first increased with years as a taxi driver and then receded in the highest ranges of driving tenure, regardless of the alcohol history.

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence that long driving is associated with both short‐term and chronic liver insults, although alcohol use appears to modify this putative effect. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:618–627, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence of work and non‐work related disability claims in Brazil
Authors: Barbosa‐Branco Anadergh , Souza William R. , Steenstra Ivan A.
Published: May 2011

Background

Sickness benefit claims are an important economic burden to society. This study aims to determine the incidence of sickness benefit claims in Brazil in 2008, exploring the role of economic activity.

Methods

Population‐based study on sickness claims lasting longer than 15 days of sickness absence granted to private sector employees. Data on gender, age, economic activity, diagnosis, and work‐relatedness were collected.

Results

The annual incidence of sickness benefits was 421.8/10,000 jobs, 435.4 for males and 452.0 for females. There were 3.5 times more non‐work‐related than work‐related claims. The main diagnoses were injuries, musculoskeletal disorders, and mental disorders. Rates increased with age up to 59 years. Economic activity 37‐Sewage had the highest incidence of non‐work‐related and work‐related claims.

Conclusion

The incidence of sickness benefits is higher among female and older workers. Economic activities show great variability of sickness benefit rates, work‐relatedness, diagnostic categories, and gender. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:858–871, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across species in Old World Monkeys
Authors: Malhi Ripan S. , Trask Jessica Satkoski , Shattuck Milena , Johnson Jesse , Chakraborty Debrapriyo , Kanthaswamy Sree , Ramakrishnan Uma , Smith David Glenn
Published: May 2011

The development of DNA markers is becoming increasingly useful in the field of primatology for studies on paternity, population history, and biomedical research. In this study, we determine the efficacy of using cross‐species amplification to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in closely related species. The DNA of 93 individuals representing seven Old World Monkey species was analyzed to identify SNPs using cross‐species amplification and genotyping. The loci genotyped were 653 SNPs identified and validated in rhesus macaques. Of the 653 loci analyzed, 27% were estimated to be polymorphic in the samples studied. SNPs identified at the same locus among different species (coincident SNPs) were found in six of the seven species studied with longtail macaques exhibiting the highest number of coincident SNPs (84). The distribution of coincident SNPs among species is not biased based on proximity to genes in the samples studied. In addition, the frequency of coincident SNPs is not consistent with expectations based on their phylogenetic relationships. This study demonstrates that cross‐species amplification and genotyping using the Illumina Golden Gate Array is a useful method to identify a large number of SNPs in closely related species, although issues with ascertainment bias may limit the type of studies where this method can be applied. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1031–1040, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, X‐ray structure, characterization and catalytic activity of a polymeric manganese(II) complex with iminodiacetate
Authors: Bagherzadeh Mojtaba , Amini Mojtaba , Boghaei Davar M. , Najafpour Mohammad Mahdi , McKee Vickie
Published: May 2011

A polymeric manganese(II) complex with the general formula [Mn(O2CCH2NH2CH2CO2)2(H2O)2]n from reaction of iminodiacetatic acid and manganese(II) perchlorate under nitrogen in water, was synthesized and characterized. The structure of the complex was determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR and UV‐vis spectra. This complex exhibited excellent catalytic activity and selectivity for oxidation of various alcohols and sulfides to the corresponding aldehydes/ketone and sulfoxides using urea hydrogen peroxide and oxone (2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4), respectively, as oxidants under air at room temperature. The easy preparation, mild reaction conditions, high yields of the products, short reaction time, no over‐oxidation products, high selectivity and inexpensive system make this catalytic system a useful method for oxidizing various alcohols and sulfides. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cobalt zeolites: Preparation, characterization and catalytic properties for N2O decomposition
Authors: Shen Qun , Li Landong , He Chi , Zhang Xinyan , Hao Zhengping , Xu ZhiPing
Published: May 2011

The current research characterized various Co/zeolite catalysts prepared by wet incipient impregnation approach and investigated their N2O catalytic decomposition activities. The Co/zeolite catalysts were characterized by BET, H2‐TPR, UV–vis, NH3‐TPD and TEM in detail, which reveals that the physicochemical properties of these catalysts are determined by the type of zeolite support, the cobalt species and their location (internal or external surface). In particular, it is found that the loaded cobalt species have great effects on the acidic property of zeolite supports. Co/Beta‐3% shows the highest catalytic activity and the cobalt loading content slightly influences the catalytic activities of Co/Beta catalysts. Moreover, the catalytic performance of Co/Beta‐3% is not disturbed by the presence of NO and O2. As thus, we believed that Beta zeolite is the most suitable support to prepare Co‐loaded catalyst for N2O decomposition in our work. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(ether ether ketone)s and poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s containing cardo decahydronaphthalene groups: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Honkhambe Pandurang N. , Pasale Sharad K. , Bhairamadgi Nagendra S. , Kumbhar Kishor P. , Salunkhe Manikrao M. , Wadgaonkar Prakash P.
Published: May 2011

New poly(ether ether ketone)s and poly (ether ether ketone ketone)s were synthesized by polycondensation of each of the three bisphenols, viz., 4,4′‐(octahydro‐2(1H)‐naphthylidene)bisphenol, 4,4′‐(octahydro‐2(1H)‐naphthylidene)bis‐3‐methylphenol, and 4,4′‐(octahydro‐2(1H)‐naphthylidene)bis‐3,5‐dimethylphenol with 4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone and 1,3‐bis(4‐fluorobenzoyl)benzene in a mixture of N,N‐dimethylacetamide and toluene [1 : 1 (v/v)] in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate. Inherent viscosities of poly(ether ether ketone)s and poly (ether ether ketone ketone)s were in the range 0.32–0.80 dL/g and number‐average molecular weights were in the range 16,100–55,900 g/mol. Poly(ether ether ketone)s and poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s were soluble in organic solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, meta‐cresol, pyridine, and 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone at room temperature and could be cast into tough, transparent, and flexible films from their chloroform solutions. Wide angle x‐ray diffraction measurements revealed the amorphous nature of poly(ether ether ketone)s and poly (ether ether ketone ketone)s. The glass transition temperature poly(ether ether ketone)s and poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s were in the range 185–251°C. The temperature at 10% weight loss, determined from thermogravimetric analysis, of poly(ether ether ketone)s and poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s in nitrogen atmosphere was in the range 462–493°C indicating their good thermal stability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of solvents on cyanoethylation of cotton cellulose and its properties
Authors: Krishnaveni R. , Thambidurai S.
Published: May 2011

The cyanoethylation of cotton fabric was carried out using aqueous sodium hydroxide with acrylonitrile in presence of solvents like acetone and ethanol in different concentrations. The modified cellulose was investigated with vertical wicking test, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry‐differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The wicking height was increased for the modified cellulose. Modified cellulose had increase in crystallinity index with reduction of crystallite size. The thermal stability of the modified cellulose was also increased. The images produced using AFM technique revealed that there is appreciable difference in the surface roughness between scoured, mercerized, cyanoethylated and solvent treated samples. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Properties of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fibers after ion beam treatment
Authors: Yakusheva D. E. , Yakushev R. M. , Oschepkova T. E. , Strelnikov V. N.
Published: May 2011

Ultrahigh molecular weight fibers were treated by low energy ion beam in a pulse regime. Results of infrared and WAXD analyses showed the change of both chemical structure and morphology of the fiber surface. Adhesion of the treated fiber surface to conventional binders appeared to be two times higher than that of untreated fiber. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl 2,4,6‐trinitrophenylacetal) as a new energetic binder
Authors: Jin Bo , Dong Haishan , Peng Rufang , Shen Juan , Tan Bisheng , Chu Shijin
Published: May 2011

Poly(vinyl alcohol) was modified by an aldehyde acetal reaction with 2,4,6‐trinitrophenylacetaldehyde to give a new energetic polymer poly(vinyl 2,4,6‐trinitrophenylacetal) (PVTNP). The structure of PVTNP was characterized by elemental analysis, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The glass‐transition temperature of PVTNP was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the thermal stability of PVTNP was tested by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC traces showed that the PVTNP polymer had one single glass‐transition temperature at 105.3°C. DTA and TGA curves showed that the thermooxidative degradation of PVTNP in air was a three‐step reaction, and the percentage of degraded PVTNP reached nearly 100% at 650°C. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Modeling coupled migration and settling of particulates in curing filled epoxies
Authors: Mondy Lisa , Rao Rekha , Lindgren Eric , Sun Amy , Adolf Doug , Retallack Charles , Thompson Kyle
Published: May 2011

Epoxy resins filled to a high solids loading (40–60% by volume) with noncolloidal particles are used to mitigate stress and vibration in electronic components. We perform continuum‐level finite element method (Schunk et al., A Full‐Newton Finite Element Program for Free and Moving Boundary Problems with Coupled Fluid/Solid Momentum, Energy, Mass, and Chemical Species Transport: User's Guide, Sandia National Laboratories) simulations of filler particle redistribution during the nonisothermal cure of the epoxy under both quiescent and bulk flow conditions. An extent of reaction is used to track the degree of cure. To determine the particle migration, we couple a diffusive flux suspension model (Zhang and Acrivos, Int J Multiphase Flow 1994, 20, 579.) with the curing model. The heat transfer, including the exothermic polymerization reaction, is also modeled. The result is a generalized Newtonian model that has viscosity as a function of temperature, cure and particle volume fraction. With x‐ray computed tomography, we examine settling of the particulate phase in both flowing and quiescent curing systems and compare the experimental results to the model predictions. The model is also validated with temperature measurements. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Incorporation of antigens from Mannheimia haemolytica culture supernatant, and recombinant bovine C3d into ISCOM matrix using neutravidin–biotin interaction
Authors: Moore D. P. , Hodgins D. C. , Firth M. A. , McBey B. A. , Shewen P. E.
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to incorporate antigens from Mannheimia haemolytica culture supernatant, and an immune modulatory molecule, recombinant bovine C3d (rBoC3d), into immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) using neutravidin–biotin interaction. Biotinylated ISCOM matrix was generated using a commercial kit. The biotinylated ISCOM matrix was incubated with neutravidin and then centrifuged in a sucrose density gradient. The rBoC3d was expressed as an in vivo biotinylated protein and with a c‐Myc tag (EQKLISEEDL) engineered to facilitate detection. The neutravidin‐coated ISCOM matrix was incubated with biotinylated antigens from M. haemolytica culture supernatants and rBoC3d. To test the association among the neutravidin‐coated ISCOM matrix, biotinylated antigens and rBoC3d, an analytical sucrose density gradient (10–40%, w/w) was performed. The experimental formulations were run in SDS‐PAGE gels under reducing conditions. For Western immunoblot analysis, polyclonal bovine antiavidin, monoclonal anti‐c‐Myc, monoclonal antileukotoxin, and anti‐GS60 antibodies were used to detect the presence of neutravidin, rBoC3d, leukotoxin, and GS60 antigens, respectively. By taking advantage of the biotin–neutravidin interaction, not only leukotoxin but also the recombinant immunomodulatory molecule, rBoC3d, was incorporated into ISCOM particles.
Cellular DNA methylation program during neurulation and its alteration by alcohol exposure
Authors: Zhou Feng C. , Chen Yuanyuan , Love Ada
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND: Epigenetic changes are believed to be among the earliest key regulators for cell fate and embryonic development. To support this premise, it is important to understand whether or not systemic epigenetic changes coordinate with the progression of development. We have demonstrated that DNA methylation is programmed when neural stem cells differentiate (Zhou et al.,2011). Here, we analyzed the DNA methylation events that occur during early neural tube development. METHODS AND RESULTS Using immunocytochemistry, we demonstrated that the DNA methylation marks – 5‐methylcytosine (5‐MeC), DNA methylation binding domain 1 (MBD1), and DNA methytransferases 1 (DNMT1) were highly coordinated in temporal and spatial patterns that paralleled the progress of embryonic development. The above ontogenic program of DNA methylation was, however, subjected to environmental modification. Alcohol exposure during fetal development, which is known to cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, altered the density and distribution of the DNA methylation marks. The alcohol exposure (88 mM) over 6 or 44 hours at gestation day 8 (GD‐8) to GD‐10 altered timely DNA methylation and retarded embryonic growth. We further demonstrated that the direct inhibiting of DNA methylation with 5‐aza‐cytidine (5‐AZA) resulted in similar growth retardation. CONCLUSIONS We identified a temporal and spatial cellular DNA methylation program after initial erasure, which parallels embryonic maturation. Alcohol delayed the cellular DNA methylation program and also retarded embryonic growth. Since direct inhibiting of DNA methylation resulted in similar retardation, alcohol thus can affect embryonic development through a epigenetic pathway. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin and development of the atrioventricular myocardial lineage: Insight into the development of accessory pathways
Authors: Aanhaanen Wim T. J. , Moorman Antoon F. M. , Christoffels Vincent M.
Published: May 2011

Defects originating from the atrioventricular canal region are part of a wide spectrum of congenital cardiovascular malformations that frequently affect newborns. These defects include partial or complete atrioventricular septal defects, atrioventricular valve defects, and arrhythmias, such as atrioventricular re‐entry tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal block, and ventricular preexcitation. Insight into the cellular origin of the atrioventricular canal myocardium and the molecular mechanisms that control its development will aid in the understanding of the etiology of the atrioventricular defects. This review discusses current knowledge concerning the origin and fate of the atrioventricular canal myocardium, the molecular mechanisms that determine its specification and differentiation, and its role in the development of certain malformations such as those that underlie ventricular preexcitation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eye‐of‐the‐Tiger sign is not Pathognomonic of Pantothenate Kinase‐Associated Neurodegeneration in Adult Cases
Authors: Chang Chaw‐Liang , Lin Chih‐Ming
Published: May 2011

An eye‐of‐the‐tiger sign is previously known to have one‐to‐one correlation with pantothenate kinase‐associated neurodegeneration (PKAN). Reviewing the literature on this subject, the correlation between eye‐of‐the‐tiger sign and PKAN seems to show an interesting hypothesis that differs from conventional conclusion. We analyze the published papers in an attempt to reflect this trend and illustrate our points with findings in a 39‐year‐old man. His brain magnetic resonance imaging study shows typical eye‐of‐the‐tiger sign suggestive of PKAN. Genetic analyses revealed no mutations in pantothenate kinase 2.
Use of Pistachio Shells as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Zinc(II) Ion
Authors: Turan Nurdan Gamze , Mesci Başak
Published: May 2011

In this study, the removal of zinc(II) ion from an aqueous solution by pistachio shells (PS) is investigated. The dynamic behavior of the adsorption is examined on the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The adsorption rates are determined quantitatively and simulated by the Lagergren first order, pseudo‐second order, Elovich, and intra‐particle diffusion kinetic models. The adsorption kinetic models are also tested for validity. The thermodynamic parameters, which are also deduced from adsorption experiments, are very useful in elucidating the nature of adsorption. The experimental results reveal that the optimum pH value and the contact time for the adsorption of Zn2+ onto PS are found as 6 and 10 min, respectively. According to these parameters, adsorption process follows the pseudo‐second order kinetic model with high correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.999). The obtained results demonstrate that PS is a reasonably effective adsorbent for the removal of Zn2+ from aqueous leachate of hazardous waste.
Relaxation of Collisional Magnetically Confined Plasmas to Mechanical Equilibria
Authors: Sonnino G.
Published: May 2011

The relaxation of magnetically confined plasmas in a toroidal geometry is analyzed. From the equations for the Hermitian moments, we show how the system relaxes towards the mechanical equilibrium. In the space of the parallel generalized frictions, after fast transients, the evolution of collisional magnetically confined plasmas is such that the projections of the evolution equations for the parallel generalized frictions and the shortest path on the Hermitian moments coincide. For spatially‐extended systems, a similar result is valid for the evolution of the thermodynamic mode (i.e., the mode with wave‐number k = 0). The expression for the affine connection of the space covered by the generalized frictions, close to mechanical equilibria, is also obtained. The knowledge of the components of the affine connection is a fundamental prerequisite for the construction of the (nonlinear) closure theory on transport processes (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Screening for cervical neoplasia: A community‐based trial comparing Pap staining, human papilloma virus testing, and the new bi‐functional celldetect® stain
Authors: Idelevich Pavel , Kristt Don , Schechter Eduardo , Lew Sylvia , Elkeles Adi , Terkieltaub Dov , Rivkin Ilia , Bruchim Ilan , Fishman Ami
Published: May 2011

Although cytological screening for cervical neoplasia has lowered mortality rates, current screening methods are plagued by sub‐optimal sensitivity and/or specificity. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of the new CellDetect® staining technology as a potential screening tool. This initial, non‐blinded study, utilized samples are taken at a community‐based clinic. The diagnostic results using CellDetect® were compared with the performance of Pap staining and human papilloma virus (HPV) testing on the same material, as well as the follow‐up biopsies. These data were statistically analyzed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, predictive value (N.P.V and P.P.V), and inter‐observer agreement. Bi‐functional CellDetect® staining revealed morphological details and tinctorial properties that permitted recognition of neoplasia even at low magnification. Performance‐wise, CellDetect® demonstrated non‐inferiority for all statistical parameters to both Pap and HPV tests. Importantly, superior sensitivity compared with Pap staining was observed, as well as higher specificity than HPV testing with near equivalent sensitivity. We conclude that CellDetect® is a promising approach to early detection of cervical cancer because of its bi‐functional capabilities that afford high sensitivity and specificity. The data suggest that this new methodology warrants further and more extensive clinical evaluation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prenatal exposure to lps leads to long‐lasting physiological consequences in male offspring
Authors: Asiaei Masoud , Solati Jalal , Salari Ali‐Akbar
Published: May 2011

Growing evidence suggests that early life events are critical determinants for disorders later in life. According to a comprehensive number of epidemiological/animal studies, exposure to lipopolysaccharide, causes alteration in pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal functioning and the hormonal system which may contribute to behavioral and neurological injuries. In this study we investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharide administration on physiological parameters in pregnant dams and their male offspring aged 9 weeks. In gestational Day 10, pregnant mice were injected intrapritoneally with Salmonella enterica lipopolysaccharide to model prenatal exposure to infection. The following results were obtained for offspring from dams stressed during pregnancy: (a) reduced anxiety‐related behavior in the elevated plus maze; (b) reduced food and water intake; (c) reduced body weight from birth up to postnatal Day 40. The observed data provide experimental evidence showing that prenatal stress can have complex and long‐lasting physiological/behavioral consequences in offspring. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:828–838, 2011.