bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free Boundary Value Problem for the One-Dimensional Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations with a Nonconstant Exterior Pressure
Authors: Lian Ruxu , Hu Liping
Published: July 2014

We consider the free boundary value problem (FBVP) for one-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes (CNS) equations with density-dependent viscosity coefficient in the case that across the free surface stress tensor is balanced by a nonconstant exterior pressure. Under certain assumptions imposed on the initial data and exterior pressure, we prove that there exists a unique global strong solution which is strictly positive from blow for any finite time and decays pointwise to zero at an algebraic time-rate.
Electrical and Dielectric Characterization of Bi12GeO20Prepared by Modified Pechini Method
Authors: Moraes C. G. P. , Jesus F. A. A. , Macedo Z. S.
Published: July 2014

Bismuth germanate (Bi12GeO20) ceramics were produced using modified Pechini route, and the synthesis parameters, crystalline phases, microstructure, and sintering conditions were investigated.Bi12GeO20powders with submicrometric particle sizes were investigated for calcination temperatures from 400 to 600°C, with soaking times of 1 h and 5 h. Controlling the synthesis parameters, dense ceramics with two different grain sizes of 3.4 ± 0.5 µm and 5.7 ± 0.8 µm could be produced after sintering at 750°C/1 h. The electric and dielectric properties of these ceramics were determined by impedance spectroscopy (IS). From the results, it was concluded that the dielectric permittivity measured at high frequencies is insensitive to the grain size, while the AC dark conductivity presents a noticeable dependency on this feature. This behaviour was discussed on the basis of a Maxwell-Wagner interfacial relaxation, whose intensity depends directly on the volume fraction of grain boundaries in the sample.
Bone Marrow Stem Cell Therapy for Liver Disease
Authors: King Andrew , Newsome Philip N.
Published: July 2014

Liver disease is a rising cause of mortality and morbidity, and treatment options remain limited. Liver transplantation is curative but limited by donor organ availability, operative risk and long-term complications. The contribution of bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells to tissue regeneration has been recognised and there is considerable interest in the potential benefits of BM stem cells in patients with liver disease. In chronic liver disease, deposition of fibrous scar tissue inhibits hepatocyte proliferation and leads to portal hypertension. Although initial reports had suggested transdifferentiation of stem cells into hepatocytes, the beneficial effects of BM stem cells are more likely derived from the ability to breakdown scar tissue and stimulate hepatocyte proliferation. Studies in animal models have yielded promising results, although the exact mechanisms and cell type responsible have yet to be determined. Small-scale clinical studies have quickly followed and, although primarily designed to examine safety and feasibility of this approach, have reported improvements in liver function in treated patients. Well-designed, controlled studies are required to fully determine the benefits of BM stem cell therapy.
Antiviral Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: van Bömmel Florian , Berg Thomas
Published: July 2014

Since the licensing of lamivudine in 1999, the treatment of chronic hepatitis B has been revolutionized by the introduction of oral nucleoside and nucleotide analogues (NAs), which act as inhibitors of the HBV polymerase. The effectiveness of the first of these substances was limited by incomplete response and resistance development in many patients, but today, highly potent substances are available that make a reliable and durable suppression of HBV replication, a reduction of necroinflammatory activity in the liver, and even a reversion of liver fibrosis achievable for almost all patients. Beyond that, NA treatment can prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in many patients. HBeAg seroconversion appears in approximately 50% of all HBeAg-positive patients during NA treatment. However, the ideal treatment endpoint, the serologic loss of HBsAg, remains a rare event almost exclusively achievable for HBeAg-positive patients. After cessation of the treatment, HBV replication tends to relapse in most patients, which is why the duration of NA treatment is indefinite. Future treatment strategies should aim at tailoring individual NA treatment regimens to increase HBs loss rates and optimize treatment duration.
Molecular Virology of Hepatitis B Virus and Targets for Antiviral Intervention
Authors: Glebe Dieter , König Alexander
Published: July 2014

The members of the viral family Hepadnaviridae comprise one of the smallest enveloped DNA viruses and cause acute and chronic infections in mammals and birds, leading to large virus and antigen loads in the blood. They have a restricted host range and depend on differentiated hepatocytes for replication. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the prototype of the Hepadnaviridae. HBV can persist in infected hepatocytes and has evolved elaborate strategies to evade the immune system. HBV replicates like HIV (family of Retroviridae) via reverse transcription. Drugs licensed for inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase lower the viral load of chronic HBV patients, but they do not cure the infection. HBV genomes are archived in the nucleus of hepatocytes as episomal DNA before reverse transcription. In contrast, the RNA genome of HIV first needs reverse transcription before proviral integration within the host genome. Wild-type HBV remains relatively stable in chronic HBV patients during the immunotolerant state, but is able to evolve mutants rapidly upon selective pressure due to therapy or immune reactions. Current therapies for chronic hepatitis B are far from optimal. To extend therapeutic options, further studies on HBV and its interaction with the host are urgently needed.
An in vitro Skin Penetration Model for Compromised Skin: Estimating Penetration of Polyethylene Glycol [14C]-PEG-7 Phosphate
Authors: Dey Swatee , Rothe Helga , Page Leanne , O'Connor Robert , Farahmand Sara , Toner Frank , Marsh Randy , Wehmeyer Ken , Zhou Shaoying
Published: July 2014

Background/Aims: Establishing dermal penetration rates is important to better understand the safety of topically applied materials, especially for premature infant skin with compromised skin barrier function. Skin prematurity involves thinner stratum corneum and underdeveloped epidermis/dermis resulting in decreased barrier function, higher transepidermal water loss and greater chemical penetration, when compared to healthy full-term neonate/adult skin. Methods: We developed an in vitro skin penetration model using human ex vivo skin to estimate penetration for premature/compromised skin barrier conditions by tape stripping. Skin barrier deficiency was characterized by transepidermal water loss. Baby wipe lotion containing 5 mg/cm2 [14C]-PEG-7 phosphate was applied 5 times to human skin samples of intact, moderately or highly compromised skin barrier and once at 25 mg/cm2 over 24 h. Results: Overall penetration of [14C]-PEG-7 phosphate was low (<5%) even for highly compromised skin. The absorption rate was higher (p < 0.001) for compromised skin versus intact skin. No significant difference was seen between moderately and highly compromised skin by repeated dosing. Under single-dose conditions, penetration through highly compromised skin was significantly higher compared to intact skin (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Our model demonstrates that even under highly compromised skin conditions, penetration of [14C]-PEG-7 phosphate is low (<5%) and only 4-6 times higher compared to mature/intact skin and does not approach 100%. Penetration was unaffected by single or multiple dosing conditions.
Chronic Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome Caused by Cow's Milk Proteins Passed through Breast Milk
Authors: Miceli Sopo Stefano , Monaco Serena , Greco Monica , Scala Guglielmo
Published: July 2014

We describe 2 cases of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) caused by cow's milk (CM) passed through breast milk. The onset in both cases was characterized by chronic symptoms (regurgitation, colic, diarrhea, failure to thrive); in one patient, two acute episodes due to the direct consumption of CM formula by the infant were also reported. The diagnosis of FPIES through breast milk can be easily overlooked, especially in milder cases. We also discuss some important issues concerning the general management of the disease. In conclusion, (1) the diagnosis of chronic FPIES should be taken into account even in exclusively breast-fed infants who present suggestive symptoms such as persistent regurgitation, small amounts of vomiting, lethargy, failure to thrive, dehydration, diarrhea (sometimes bloody) and abdominal distention. A 2-week maternal elimination diet should be considered even in apparently mild cases. (2) CM seems to be the most frequently reported culprit food. (3) In those cases in which acute FPIES is elicited by the direct consumption of the culprit food in breast-fed infants, maternal diet may be unrestricted.
Fuel for the Fire: Biofuels and the Problem of Translation at the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity
Authors: Scott Deborah , Hitchner Sarah , Maclin Edward M. , Dammert B. Juan Luis
Published: July 2014

At the 2010 negotiations of the Conference of the Parties (COP10) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) for a decision on biofuels and bio-diversity, biofuels were portrayed as holding many different, conflicting characteristics. Using Callon's (1986) concept of translation, we find that the COP10 biofuel negotiations failed to advance beyond the first moment of translation, problematization, when actors are defined in relation to each other. We trace attempts by various actors to fix the identity of biofuels throughout the negotiations, using strategies such as rendering political issues “technical,” relying on formal text to stabilize contested identities, and restricting the sources of knowledge relied upon. We suggest that the CBD parties experiment with new strategies, taking advantage of the COP's legal flexibility and the CBD's institutional history of engaging with the political nature of scientific knowledge.
What Does Collaborative Event Ethnography Tell Us About Global Environmental Governance?
Authors: Duffy Rosaleen
Published: July 2014

This forum places CEE at COP10 in the context of wider theoretical debates about global environmental governance. This special issue enhances our understanding of governance by examining how ideas travel and develop at meetings before they become the official documents and announcements that are the more common foci of such papers. The articles in this issue of GEP open up the ‘black box’ of decision-making and allow us to gain a better understanding of global environmental governance, in theory and in practice. These articles are firmly in line with International Political Economy approaches, allowing us to reflect on how regulations can mirror and deepen existing global inequalities, revealing the continuing power of epistemic communities, and demonstrating the important role of ideas. The special issue allows us insight into how global conventions work, how alliances are formed, how particular ideas emerge, and crucially, how alternatives are rendered silent and invisible.
An annotated catalog of the Iranian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha)
Authors: GHAHARI HASSAN , MOULET PIERRE , RIDER DAVID A.
Published: July 2014

Seven families of Pentatomoidea including Acanthosomatidae, Dinidoridae, Pentatomidae, Plataspididae, Scutelleridae, Thaumastellidae, and Thyreocoridae are discussed in this catalog. The Iranian fauna of Pentatomoidea (excl. Cydnidae) is represented by 99 genera and 271 species and subspecies. Elasmostethus interstinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Acanthosomatidae) and Derula flavoguttata Mulsant & Rey, 1856 (Pentatomidae) are new records for Iran.
Regression Analysis of Zonally Narrow Components of the MJO
Authors: Roundy Paul E.
Published: July 2014

Recent works have demonstrated that eastward-propagating features smaller than zonal wavenumber 3 but with spatial structures similar to those of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) frequently develop over the Indo-Pacific warm pool. These signals are characterized by periods shorter than 4 weeks, but since they occur as part of a spectral peak of the MJO, they might be characterized by similar physics. These zonally narrow features occur at any phase of traditionally defined 30–60-day MJO events, but they occur most frequently in its active convective phase. This work presents a linear regression analysis based on filtering in the wavenumber–frequency domain to compare such signals with traditionally defined MJOs and 15–30 m s−1, convectively coupled Kelvin waves. Results show that the trough collocated with the easterly wind anomaly extends westward into the region of lower-tropospheric westerly wind and deep convection in the zonally narrow slow signals and MJOs. The fast Kelvin waves have a ridge anomaly collocated with the westerly wind anomaly. The zonally narrow slow signals and MJOs include a warm anomaly in the boundary layer west of the deep convection that is absent in fast Kelvin waves. Results suggest that MJO dynamics are not confined to the 30–60-day band and that time scales as short as 2 weeks could be considered in wavenumber–frequency diagnostics for the MJO.
Impact of Variable-Resolution Meshes on Midlatitude Baroclinic Eddies Using CAM-MPAS-A
Authors: Rauscher Sara A. , Ringler Todd D.
Published: July 2014

The effects of a variable-resolution mesh on simulated midlatitude baroclinic eddies in idealized settings are examined. Both aquaplanet and Held–Suarez experiments are performed using the Model for Prediction Across Scales-Atmosphere (MPAS-A) hydrostatic dynamical core implemented within the National Science Foundation–Department of Energy (NSF–DOE) Community Atmosphere Model (CAM-MPAS-A). In the real world, midlatitude eddy activity is organized by orography, land–sea contrasts, and sea surface temperature anomalies. In these zonally symmetric idealized settings, transients should have an equal probability of occurring at any longitude. However, the use of a variable-resolution mesh with a circular high-resolution region centered at 30°N results in a maximum in eddy kinetic energy on the eastern side and downstream of this high-resolution region in both aquaplanet and Held–Suarez CAM-MPAS-A simulations. The presence of a geographically confined maximum in both simulations suggests this response is mainly attributable to CAM-MPAS-A’s ability to resolve eddies via the model dynamics as resolution increases. However, in the aquaplanet simulation, a secondary maximum in eddy kinetic energy is present, which is probably linked to the resolution dependencies of the CAM physics. These mesh responses must be considered when interpreting real-world variable-resolution CAM-MPAS-A simulations, particularly in climate change experiments.
Auricular Reconstruction After Human Bite Amputation Using the Baudet Technique
Authors: Norman Zachary I. , Cracchiolo Jennifer R. , Allen Shannon H. , Soliman Ahmed M.S.
Published: July 2014

Objective:

This study aimed to present a case of a successful re-implantation of an amputated auricle following a human bite using the Baudet technique.

Methods:

Case report and review of the literature.

Results:

The patient had a very satisfactory postoperative result in terms of appearance and function of the reattached auricle. Cartilage loss was minimal.

Conclusion:

Reattachment of an amputated auricle as a composite graft following a traumatic human bite is feasible. The Baudet technique is a simple alternative that avoids the complexity of microsurgical anastomosis while improving upon the high failure rate associated with simple reattachment.
Enacting Critical Pedagogy in an Emerging South African Democracy
Authors: Perumal Juliet
Published: July 2014

“Education Before Liberation” became the mantra of the struggle against apartheid oppression in South Africa. Apartheid policies predestined the Black majority to servitude and dehumanization. The advent of democracy heralded a plethora of transformative curriculum policies with the express intent to counter the destiny that the Apartheid regime had envisioned for the Black majority. The current curriculum canon which is premised on the tenets of critical pedagogy espouses the ideals of social justice and democracy, and embodies the intent to educate for liberation and social transformation. This article addresses the central question: How do the material tensions of enacting critical pedagogical tenets manifest in post-apartheid South African education through the narratives of educators as transformative intellectuals? In responding to this enquiry, in this article I will (a) sketch an analysis of teachers’ identities as enshrined in retrospective and current curriculum policies; and (b) draw on data from a qualitative study conducted at schools in Johannesburg, South Africa, to explore educators’ personal and professional narratives of pleasure and pain as they persevere in being transformative intellectuals within disadvantaged school communities in an emerging democracy. This article argues that if the ideals of democracy is central to the curriculum for students, then the education system needs to ensure that the personal and professional wellbeing of teachers should form an integral part of the human rights discourse.
A Long Way From Home? Race, Community, Educational Opportunity, and Residential Choice
Authors: Johnson Nina A.
Published: July 2014

For several decades, in response to the severe conditions found in low-income urban areas, educational opportunity programs have offered high-achieving students scholarships and placement in predominantly White college preparatory schools in affluent areas. Those who complete their studies most often go to elite colleges and universities, earn advanced degrees, and enjoy the privileged status of educated professionals. Much research has been done on the restricted residential mobility of low-income urban residents and the possibility, or relative lack thereof, of out-migration from neighborhoods with the fewest resources. And while scholars differ on whether out-migration has in fact been achieved by more advantaged residents, they agree that the desire and efforts to do so, particularly among the middle class, are evident. These studies suggest then that given the opportunity, those with the resources and opportunity will choose to live elsewhere. Data presented here offer a more complex picture of residential choice, the way in which the newly middle class born in low-income urban areas conceptualize community, and how and why some of those most poised to permanently out-migrate might make the choice to return to their former neighborhoods or ones that are similarly situated.
Conflict and the evolution of institutions: Unbundling institutions at the local level in Burundi
Authors: Voors Maarten J , Bulte Erwin H
Published: July 2014

The impact of armed conflict may persist long after the end of war, and may include a lasting institutional legacy. We use a novel dataset from rural Burundi to examine the impact of local exposure to conflict on institutional quality, and try to ‘unbundle’ institutions by distinguishing between three dimensions of the institutional framework: property rights security, local political institutions, and social capital. We find that conflict exposure affects institutional quality, and document that the impact of conflict on institutional quality may be positive or negative, depending on the institutional measure. Specifically, exposure to violence strengthens in-group social capital and promotes tenure security. However, the appreciation for state institutions is negatively affected by exposure to violence. We find no evidence consistent with design-based theories of institutional quality, or the idea that institutional quality is enhanced by interventions of (non)state external actors. Instead our findings provide some support for the theory of parochial altruism. Our results emphasize the importance for policymakers to consider autonomous responses to conflict when designing development programs. They further imply some caution for actors seeking to reform local institutions through top-down interventions.
Managing Chaos
Authors: Raisio Harri , Lundström Niklas
Published: July 2014

Could public administration research gain something by analyzing issues, practices, and events in ways “beyond the usual”? Could we learn something by analyzing movies? As public administration researchers, we are curious to see what lessons can be drawn from movies based on chaos theory. In this article, three movies, Chaos Theory, The Butterfly Effect, and Mr. Nobody, are analyzed. Analyzing these movies provides two advantages. First, it illustrates the content of chaos theory in an easy-to-understand format. Second, it links the actions in the movies with those of public officials in the real world, providing ideal models of “chaos management.”
A novel outdoor scene-understanding framework for unmanned ground vehicles with 3D laser scanners
Authors: Zhuang Yan , He Guojian , Hu Huosheng , Wu Zhenwei
Published: July 2014

Outdoor scene understanding plays a key role for unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) to navigate in complex urban environments. This paper presents a novel 3D scene-understanding framework for UGVs to handle uncertain and changing lighting conditions outdoors. A 2D bearing angle (BA) image is deployed to perform scene understanding so that the computational burden in the process of segmentation and classification of the 3D laser point cloud can be reduced. An improved super-pixel algorithm is used for fast 3D scene segmentation, and then the Gentle–Adaboost algorithm is utilized to perform super-pixel patch classification using the texture features of the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix. All false classification results in the uncertain super-pixel patches of BA images are transformed back to raw 3D laser points and a re-classification is conducted to refine the 3D scene understanding for UGVs. The results from a real laser dataset taken from a large-scale campus environment show the validity and robust performance of the proposed approach, in comparison with the results from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology dataset.
Dynamic modeling and control of a novel XY positioning stage for semiconductor packaging
Authors: Wang Fujun , Ma Zhipeng , Gao Weiguo , Zhao Xingyu , Tian Yanling , Zhang Dawei , Liang Cunman
Published: July 2014

This paper presents the dynamic modeling and controller design of an XY positioning stage for semiconductor packaging. The XY stage is directly driven by two linear voice coil motors, and motion decoupling between the X and Y axes is realized through a novel flexible decoupling mechanism based on flexure hinges and preloaded spring. Through bond graph method, the dynamic models of X- and Y-axes servomechanisms are established, respectively, and the state space equations are derived. A control methodology is proposed based on force compensations and the performance of the XY stage is investigated by simulations and experimental tests. The results show that the XY stage has good performance. When the reference displacements are defined as 2 mm, the settling time of the X-axis movement is 64 ms, and the overshoot is 0.7%. Y-axis settling time is 62 ms, and the overshoot is 0.8%. X-axis positioning accuracy is 1.85 μm and the repeatability is 0.95 μm. Y-axis positioning accuracy and repeatability are 1.75 μm and 0.9 μm, respectively. In addition, the stage can track linear, circular and complex trajectories very well.
Structural and Behavioral Antecedents of Change
Authors: Kim Tohyun , Rhee Mooweon
Published: July 2014

This study investigates what determines social actors’ motivations and opportunities to risk changing their current courses of action and the extent to which they are likely to change, by integrating structural and behavioral perspectives on decision making. Behavioral perspectives argue that performance relative to aspirations determines the actors’ risk preference and motivation to change, while structural perspectives suggest that the actors’ choices and actions are enabled and constrained by the opportunities surrounding their structural positions to form exchange relations with the external audiences. We propose a theoretical model of how the actors’ status, distinctiveness, and relative performance interact to influence their motivations and opportunities to change, resulting in differential responsiveness to relative performance in terms of the degree of change. This model is empirically examined and supported in the context of the U.S. feature film industry between 1986 and 2006, where film directors decide the distances of change in the genre repertoires for their next film project. Overall, this study shows the importance of considering the interactions between the structural and behavioral antecedents to understand when and how social actors make decisions to change in an attempt to survive and prosper in dynamic environments.
From number agreement to the subjunctive: Evidence for Processability Theory in L2 Spanish
Authors: Bonilla Carrie L
Published: July 2014

This article contributes to typological plausibility of Processability Theory (PT) (Pienemann, 1998, 2005) by providing empirical data that show that the stages predicted by PT are followed in the second language (L2) acquisition of Spanish syntax and morphology. In the present article, the PT stages for L2 Spanish morphology and syntax are first hypothesized after a brief description of PT theory. The results of a corpus of conversational data by L2 Spanish learners ( n = 21) are then presented. Implicational scaling confirmed the five stages for the syntax and morphology with 100% scalability. Evidence was also found for the existence of discrete stages 1,2, 3 and 5 for the syntax as well as stages 1–4 for the morphology. Syntax was also found to emerge before morphology for all learners.
(Re)appraising place-based economic development strategies
Authors: Pugalis Lee , Bentley Gill
Published: July 2014

The place-based approach to local and regional development is a potentially significant emergent paradigm, which is finding favour across different supranational institutions, national-legal contexts, regional jurisdictions, as well as numerous other socio-spatial formations. With some strong affiliations to European policy discourse, place-based narratives have also permeated, mutated and circulated around other places and policy spaces throughout the globe. Consequently, it has been the subject of academic, policy and even popular debate. It is therefore timely to (re)appraise the thinking and practice of place-based approaches. This editorial introduces and outlines the body of empirical and conceptual work in the 19 contributions from across the world in this special issue of Local Economy. The articles, individually and collectively, indicate some of the potentialities of contextually distinct place-based approaches, although different (supposedly) place-based variants do not escape critique. This provokes a stark warning that the policy appeal of place-based thinking and place-based narratives could inadvertently nullify its emancipatory feature: that context of place matters.
Sleep apnea in patients with cluster headache: A case-control study
Authors: Evers Stefan , Barth Birke , Frese Achim , Husstedt Ingo-W , Happe Svenja
Published: July 2014

Objective

Polysomnographic investigations have shown an unspecific association between cluster headache and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate this association in a cluster episode compared with a symptom free interval, and to further characterize this association.

Methods

We investigated 42 patients with episodic ( n = 26) or chronic ( n = 16) cluster headache by means of polygraphic screening for sleep apnea and compared the data to 28 healthy control subjects matched according to age, sex, and BMI. The patients with episodic cluster headache were screened twice, once in a cluster episode and once in a symptom free interval.

Results

Patients with active cluster headache showed a significantly higher respiratory distress index (8.6 ± 16.0) compared with healthy control subjects (3.4 ± 2.1; p = 0.002). More patients fulfilled the criteria for an obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (29%) than control subjects (7%; p = 0.018). Patients only, but not the control subjects, had central apneas. These differences were only significant when measured during an active cluster episode but not during a symptom free interval.

Conclusion

Cluster headache is associated with a sleep apnea syndrome only in the active cluster episode. The increased rate of central apneas might be a result of involvement of the hypothalamus in the pathophysiology of cluster headache. Out of five anecdotal cases treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure, only one patient showed benefit with respect to cluster headache attack frequency.
Carrying the World With the Grace of a Lady and the Grit of a Warrior
Authors: Abrams Jasmine A. , Maxwell Morgan , Pope Michell , Belgrave Faye Z.
Published: July 2014

Across varied disciplines, attempts have been made to capture the multidimensionality of Black womanhood under a unifying framework illustrative of Black women’s perceived roles, responsibilities, and experiences of intersectional oppression. The result has been the emergence of a number of divergent but overlapping constructs (e.g., Superwoman Schema, Sojourner Truth Syndrome, Sisterella Complex, and Strong Black Woman [SBW] Schema). The goal of our study is to integrate overlapping attributes of existing constructs beneath a single term while also expounding upon the defining characteristics of the SBW Schema. Thematic analyses were conducted with data gathered from eight focus groups with 44 Black women from the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Women ranged in age from 18 to 91 and were diverse in religious and educational backgrounds. Data analysis involved iterative processes (i.e., continuous development of new codes and constant comparison of themes). Prominent themes identified as characteristics of the SBW Schema were (a) Embodies and Displays Multiple Forms of Strength, (b) Possesses Self/Ethnic Pride in Spite of Intersectional Oppression, (c) Embraces Being Every Woman, and (d) Anchored by Religion/Spirituality. Mental and physical health outcomes (e.g., psychological distress, depressive symptomology, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk) associated with characteristics of the SBW Schema underscore the importance of the construct and its exploration.
Numerical study of distribution and orientation of fibers during the injection of thermoplastic composites
Authors: Benhadou M , Haddout A , Villoutreix G
Published: July 2014

We present in this paper a numerical simulation of the filling stage of injection molding process of thermoplastic composite reinforced with short fibers. We focused on analyzing the distribution of fiber’s orientation given by the variation of values of second-order orientation’s tensor in a rectangular geometry. The originality of our work is the introduction of a thermo-dependent law describing the behavior of material. This law is obtained experimentally using rheological measurements on online rheometer.
Waste reduction and recycling initiatives in Japanese cities: Lessons from Yokohama and Kamakura
Authors: Hotta Yasuhiko , Aoki-Suzuki Chika
Published: July 2014

Waste reduction and recycling at the city level will acquire greater significance in the near future due to rising global volumes of waste. This paper seeks to identify policy-relevant drivers for successful promotion of waste reduction and recycling. Factors influencing the success of waste reduction and recycling campaigns are identified. Two case study cities in Japan which depict the successful use of the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) at the municipal level are presented. In these cases, the existence of incinerators, which are generally considered as disincentives for recycling, was not functioning as a disincentive but rather as an incentive for waste reduction. Owing to the high cost of incineration facilities, the movement to close incinerators has become a strong incentive for waste reduction and recycling in these two cities. The study suggests that careful consideration is necessary when making decisions concerning high-cost waste treatment facilities with high installation, maintenance and renewal outlays. In addition, intensive source separation and other municipal recycling initiatives have a high potential for producing positive results.
A multiresidue screen for the analysis of toxicants in bovine rumen contents
Authors: Vudathala Daljit K. , Cummings Margaret R. , Murphy Lisa A.
Published: July 2014

Analysis of rumen contents is helpful in solving poisoning cases when ingestion of a toxic substance by cattle or other ruminant animals is suspected. The most common technique employs extraction of the sample with organic solvent followed by clean-up method(s) before analysis with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry equipped with a library of mass spectra to help identify unknowns. A rapid method using magnesium sulfate, primary secondary amine, and C18 sorbents following principles of QuEChERS to clean up rumen contents samples is reported herein. The method was validated to analyze fortified bovine rumen contents to detect commonly found organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, and several other compounds such as atropine, 4-aminopyridine, caffeine, scopolamine, 3-chloro-4-methylaniline, strychnine, metaldehyde, and metronidazole. For each compound, the ratio of 2 ions from the mass spectrum was monitored in fortified rumen contents. The ion ratio of fortified sample was compared with the ion ratio of standard sample spectrum and was found to be within 20%, with the exception of aldicarb and 4-aminopyridine with ion ratio of 26% and 29%, respectively. Usefulness of the method was demonstrated by not only analyzing bovine rumen contents but also canine and avian gastrointestinal contents submitted for organic chemical screening.
Brothers’ Experiences Caring for a Sibling With Down Syndrome
Authors: Kuo Yeh-chen
Published: July 2014

I used a phenomenological method to examine the caregiving experiences of Taiwanese men with their siblings with Down syndrome (DS). Four themes emerged after drawing on stories shared by 7 men: taking responsibility for the caregiving, adjusting to an unfamiliar caregiving role, and counting on help from women and reframing. The results of the study show that the Taiwanese brother caregivers were raised according to the cultural norm, because of which they accepted the caregiving responsibility, even though they had rarely been included in the early life of their sibling with DS. These brothers thus encountered chaos in the process of transferring into the role of main caregiver. Greater attention must be paid to the promotion of earlier involvement of brothers in the life of their sibling with DS, and the special challenges surrounding a brother giving care to a sister with DS.
Gaucher Disease and Its Treatment Options
Authors: Bennett Lunawati L. , Mohan Devipriya
Published: July 2014

Objective: To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatments of Gaucher disease (GD), focusing on the role of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), andsubstrate reduction therapy (SRT). Data Sources: A literature search through PubMed (1984-May 2013) of English language articles was performed with terms: Gaucher’s disease, lysosomal storage disease. Secondary and tertiary references were obtained by reviewing related articles. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles in English identified from the data sources, clinical studies using ERT, SRT and articles containing other interesting aspects were included. Data Synthesis: GD is the most common inherited LSD, characterized by a deficiency in the activity of the enzyme acid β-glucosidase, which leads to accumulation of glucocerebroside within lysosomes of macrophages, leading to hepatosplenomegaly, bone marrow suppression, and bone lesions. GD is classified into 3 types: type 1 GD (GD1) is chronic and non-neuronopathic, accounting for 95% of GDs, and types 2 and 3 (GD2, GD3) cause nerve cell destruction. Regular monitoring of enzyme chitotriosidase and pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokines are useful to confirm the diagnosis and effectiveness of GD treatment. Conclusions: There are 4 treatments available for GD1: 3 ERTs and 1 SRT. Miglustat, an SRT, is approved for mild to moderate GD1. ERTs are available for moderate to severe GD1 and can improve quality of life within the first year of treatment. The newest ERT, taliglucerase alfa, is plant-cell derived that can be produced on a large scale at lower cost. Eliglustat tartrate, another SRT, is under phase 3 clinical trials. No drugs have been approved for GD2 or GD3.
Ponatinib
Authors: Shamroe Caitlin L. , Comeau Jill M.
Published: July 2014

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, adverse effects, and formulary considerations of ponatinib, a pan-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Data Sources: A literature search of articles published between January 1966 and June 2013 was performed using PubMed with the following search terms: ponatinib, AP24534, and Iclusig. ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc, was contacted for unpublished information. Other sources included American Society of Hematology abstracts, the Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Web site, and clinicaltrials.gov . Study Selection/Data Extraction: Included articles and abstracts were published in English and contain information about ponatinib, particularly in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome–positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Data Synthesis: Following the phase II PACE trial, ponatinib was approved for the treatment of patients with chronic-phase (CP), accelerated-phase (AP), or blast-phase (BP) CML or Ph+ ALL who have become intolerant or resistant to previous therapy. Unlike other BCR-ABL TKIs, ponatinib was designed to overcome the T315I mutation. At 15.3 months, 46% of patients with CP-CML achieved a complete cytogenetic response, and 34% achieved a major molecular response. Complete hematologic responses occurred in 47% of patients with AP-CML, 21% with BP-CML, and 34% with Ph+ ALL after 1 year. Severe toxicities included myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, and arterial thrombosis. Conclusions: Ponatinib is a potent TKI that can overcome several resistance mechanisms in previously treated patients with CML and Ph+ ALL. Ponatinib should be reserved for patients who have failed first-line therapy, have the T315I mutation, or have progressed.
Clinical Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Community Hospitals
Authors: Lee Grace C. , Lawson Kenneth A. , Burgess David S.
Published: July 2014

Background: The occurrence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has been increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Despite that increase, there are limited data identifying risk factors. Objective: To evaluate risk factors associated with the acquisition of CRE among hospitalized patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective case-case-control study in 4 community hospitals from June 2007 through June 2012. Case group 1 (CG1) consisted of patients with CRE. Case group 2 (CG2) consisted of patients with carbapenem susceptible Enterobacteriaceae (CSE). CG2 patients were matched to CG1 patients by site of infection and species of Enterobacteriaceae. Hospitalized controls were matched 2:1 by date of admission and hospital location to patients in CG1. Two sets of analyses were conducted comparing demographics, comorbidities, and antibiotic exposures of CG1 and CG2 to controls and then contrasted to identify unique risk factors associated with CRE. Results: Overall, 104 patients (CG1, 25 patients; CG2, 29 patients, control, 50 patients) were evaluated. CRE and CSE consisted mostly of Klebsiella spp. (63%) from a urinary source (28%). In multivariable analyses, intensive care unit (ICU) stay (OR 12.48; 95% CI 1.14-136.62; p = 0.04) and cumulative number of antibiotic days (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.02-2.16; p = 0.04) were distinct independent predictors of CRE isolation; whereas, cumulative health care exposures (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.20-3.41; p < 0.01) and vancomycin exposure (OR 6.70; 95% CI 1.15- 38.91; p = 0.03) were predictors for CSE. Conclusions: CRE should be considered in patients requiring ICU admission, particularly those who have received multiple antibiotics. Antibiotic stewardship efforts should be directed at reducing all antibiotic exposures as opposed to any specific antibiotic class to reduce the risk of CRE.
Use of Sedation and Neuromuscular Blockers in Critically Ill Adults Receiving High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation
Authors: Burry Lisa D. , Seto Katherine , Rose Louise , Lapinsky Stephanie C. , Mehta Sangeeta
Published: July 2014

Background: Nearly all patients receive sedation and neuromuscular blockers (NMBs) during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Objective: To describe analgo-sedation and NMB use prior to and during HFOV in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Methods: Retrospective single-center study of 131 consecutive adults whose care was managed with HFOV from 2002 to 2011. Results: During the first 4 days of HFOV, 89% and 95% of patients received sedation and opioids, respectively. Upon HFOV initiation, 119 (90.8%) patients received fentanyl doses higher than 200 µg/h; of these, 48 also received more than 20 mg/h of midazolam. Analgo-sedation doses increased significantly over time such that doses were double by day 3. Factors independently associated with fentanyl doses higher than 200 µg/h were NMB ever used (OR 4.43; 95% CI 1.26-15.65, p = 0.02), pH less than 7.15 (OR 2.08; 95% CI 1.22-3.5, p = 0.007), worsening partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.00-1.10, p = 0.04), and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.79-0.97, p = 0.009). Deep sedation was commonly administered when NMBs were not being used, with 99.2% of sedation-agitation scores of 1 or 2. Eighty-six patients (65.6%) received NMBs and use was greatest on day 1 (59.5%). Train-of-Four was measured every hour for 53.4% of patients; 29.2% of the measurements were 0 of 4. NMB use declined over the 10-year study period. Conclusions: High analgo-sedation doses were associated with APACHE II scores, worsening gas exchange, and NMB use. Two thirds of patients received NMBs; use was highest on day 1 and subsequently declined. The percentage of patients who received NMB during HFOV in our study was lower than that previously reported. Future research should evaluate patient outcomes with and without use of NMBs, as well as the potential to manage patients with less sedation.
Effective Anticoagulation for a Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device Using a Heparin-Based Purge Solution
Authors: Jennings Douglas L. , Nemerovski Carrie W. , Kalus James S.
Published: July 2014

Objective: To report on a series of patients who were successfully anticoagulated with a novel protocol including a heparin-based purge solution. Case Summary: Four patients were supported for a total of 300 hours on the new Impella anticoagulation protocol, which was based on our current nurse-driven cardiology heparin protocol. Three patients were in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction, and 1 patient was in shock from severe aortic valvular disease. Despite prolonged cardiogenic shock, none of the patients developed significant renal or liver dysfunction while on device support. All 4 patients survived to hospital discharge, and there were no significant bleeding or thromboembolic events. Furthermore, there were no device malfunctions or clotting events within with pump motors. Despite frequent changes to the purge solution flow rate by the Automated Impella Controller, the patients in our cohort had relatively stable activated partial thromboplastin time values. Discussion: Our novel anticoagulation protocol, which incorporates the heparin included in the purge solution into the total hourly heparin dosage, was successful in the first cohort of patients receiving extended Impella support for cardiogenic shock. Our case series also highlights that the Automated Impella Controller makes frequent adjustments to the purge solution, which depending on the heparin concentration, can result in significant fluctuations in the patient’s total hourly heparin dosage. Furthermore, balancing the heparin in the purge solution with the intravenous heparin is important to ensuring adequate anticoagulation in patients supported by the Impella devices in the intensive care unit. Conclusions: Development of a standardized anticoagulation protocol for the Impella device that factors the heparin-based purge into the total heparin dosage and makes appropriate adjustments based on the fluctuating rate of the purge solution can provide effective anticoagulation to patients receiving extended circulatory support from this device.
Initial Antihyperglycemic Drug Therapy Among 241 327 Adults With Newly Identified Diabetes From 2005 Through 2010
Authors: Raebel Marsha A. , Xu Stanley , Goodrich Glenn K. , Schroeder Emily B. , Schmittdiel Julie A. , Segal Jodi B. , O’Connor Patrick J. , Nichols Gregory A. , Lawrence Jean M. , Kirchner H. Lester , Elston Lafata Jennifer , Butler Melissa , Newton Katherine M. , Steiner John F.
Published: July 2014

Background: Among adults with incident diabetes, data are lacking about first antihyperglycemic initiation and whether medication choice aligns with recommendations. Objective: To identify predictors of initiating any antihyperglycemic, and specifically sulfonylurea versus metformin. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 241 327 patients from 11 US health systems, 2005 through 2010. Assessments included antihyperglycemic initiation within 6 months of diabetes identification, first medication initiated, and initiation predictors. Results: Only 40.3% (n = 97 350) started any antihyperglycemic; 75.2% (n = 73 221) started metformin. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) predicted initiating any antihyperglycemic (HbA1c >9%, relative risk [RR] = 3.94, 95% CI = 3.82, 4.07, vs HbA1c >6.5%-7%). Age modified the HbA1c effect: at higher HbA1c, likelihood of starting antihyperglycemics differed little across ages; at lower HbA1c, older patients were less likely to start antihyperglycemics ( P < .001). Individuals with elevated serum creatinine (SCr) were more likely to started on sulfonylurea (SCr = 1.4-2, RR = 2.21 [2.05, 2.39]; SCr >2, RR = 2.75 [2.30, 3.29] vs normal SCr), particularly as HbA1c increased: patients with HbA1c 8%-9% and SCr >2 were 5.59 times (2.94, 10.65) more likely to start sulfonylurea versus those with HbA1c >6.5%-7% and normal SCr. Age predicted sulfonylurea initiation (20-39 years, RR = 0.87 [0.79, 0.95]; ≥80 years, RR = 2.41 [2.20, 2.65] vs 50-59 years). Conclusions: Among adults with incident diabetes, metformin was generally the first antihyperglycemic initiated. However, 59.7% did not start any antihyperglycemic at diabetes identification. HbA1c and age predict antihyperglycemic initiation; SCr and age predict sulfonylurea initiation.