bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HarvestPlus: Breeding Crops for Better Nutrition
Authors: Pfeiffer Wolfgang H. , McClafferty Bonnie
Published: December 2007

Micronutrient malnutrition, the so‐called hidden hunger, affects more than one‐half of the world's population, especially women and preschool children in developing countries. Despite past progress in controlling micronutrient decencies through supplementation and food fortification, new approaches are needed to expand the reach of food‐based interventions. Biofortification, a new approach that relies on conventional plant breeding and modern biotechnology to increase the micronutrient density of staple crops, holds great promise for improving the nutritional status and health of poor populations in both rural and urban areas of the developing world. HarvestPlus, a research program implemented with the international research institutes of the CGIAR, targets a multitude of crops that are a regular part of the staple‐based diets of the poor and breeds them to be rich in iron, zinc, and provitamin A. This paper emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research and addresses the key research issues and methodological considerations for success. The major activities to be undertaken are broadly grouped into research related to nutrition research and impact analysis, and research considerations for delivering biofortified crops to end‐users effectively. The paper places particular emphasis on the activities of the plant breeding and genetics component of this multidisciplinary program. The authors argue that for biofortification to succeed, product profiles developed by plant breeders must be driven by nutrition research and impact objectives and that nutrition research must understand that the probability of success for biofortified crops increases substantially when product concepts consider farmer adoption and, hence, agronomic superiority.
Live Cell-Based Sensor Devices
Authors: Okuda-Shimazaki Junko , Wada Ken-Ichi , Taniguchi Akiyoshi
Published: December 2007

Living cells maintain life functions by responding quickly and with great sensitivity to changes in the external
environment. Consequently, sensors using cells as active elements are thought to be able to perform analyses faster and
with more sensitivity than previously possible. Cell-based sensors can be roughly divided into two types. The first uses
microorganisms such as Escherichia coli or yeast as active elements (Microbial cells). The second type uses human and
animal cells (Mammalian cells). The first type can be cultivated rather easily and has the advantages of being inexpensive
and portable. The second type is more complex but has the advantage of potentially being used with human subjects. Most
research in this area is concentrated on the first type, microbial sensors, but research on sensors that use mammalian cells
has recently become more widespread.

We are exploring the modification of mammalian cells using genetic engineering techniques and developing nextgeneration
cell sensors that can visually represent specific reactions. Recently, few researchers, including our group, have
successfully produced devices from sensor cells that can process a variety of specimens using MEMS, NEMS, and other
nano/micro processing technologies. In this review, we will introduce our research and describe recent trends in this field.
Fixed Bed Reactors for the Cultivation of Mammalian Cells: Design,
Performance and Scale-Up
Authors: Pörtner R. , Platas O.B. , Fassnacht D. , Nehring D. , Czermak P. , Märkl H.
Published: December 2007

Fixed-bed reactors have gained growing attention for the cultivation of mammalian cells. They allow for a low
shear stress cultivation of adherent and non-adherent cells due to the immobilization of cells within macroporous carriers.
Their potential has been demonstrated for many cell culture purposes. Some of the recent developments are presented in
this review, including improved antibody production by hybridoma cells, high performance cultivation of a hepatoblastoma
cell line and cultivation of cells for the production of retroviral vectors. Furthermore, criteria for the selection of
process strategies and scale-up concepts are addressed.
Expansion and Harvesting of hMSC-TERT
Authors: Weber Christian , Pohl Sebastian , Pörtner Ralf , Wallrapp Christine , Kassem Moustapha , Geigle Peter , Czermak Peter
Published: December 2007

The expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells as suspension culture by means of spinner flasks and microcarriers, compared to the cultivation in tissue culture flasks, offers the advantage of reducing the requirements of large incubator capacities as well as reducing the handling effort during cultivation and harvesting. Nonporous microcarriers are preferable when the cells need to be kept in viable condition for further applications like tissue engineering or cell therapy. In this study, the qualification of Biosilon, Cytodex 1, Cytodex 3, RapidCell and P102-L for expansion of hMSC-TERT with an associated harvesting process using either trypsin, accutase, collagenase or a trypsin-accutase mixture was investigated. A subsequent adipogenic differentiation of harvested hMSC-TERT was performed in order to observe possible negative effects on their (adipogenic) differentiation potential as a result of the cultivation and harvesting method. The cultivated cells showed an average growth rate of 0.52 d-1. The cells cultivated on Biosilon, RapidCell and P102-L were harvested succesfully achieving high cell yield and vitalities near 100%. This was not the case for cells on Cytodex 1 and Cytodex 3. The trypsin-accutase mix was most effective. After spinner expansion and harvesting the cells were successfully differentiated to adipocytes.
Contribution of Direct Heating, Thermal Conduction and Perfusion During Radiofrequency and Microwave Ablation
Authors: Schramm Wolfgang , Yang Deshan , Wood Bradford J , Rattay Frank , Haemmerich Dieter
Published: December 2007

Both radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) ablation devices are clinically used for tumor ablation. Several studies report less dependence on vascular mediated cooling of MW compared to RF ablation. We created computer models of a cooled RF needle electrode, and a dipole MW antenna to determine differences in tissue heat transfer.

We created Finite Element computer models of a RF electrode (Cooled needle, 17 gauge), and a MW antenna (Dipole, 13 gauge). We simulated RF ablation for 12 min with power controlled to keep maximum tissue temperature at 100 ºC, and MW ablation for 6 min with 75 W of power applied. For both models we considered change in electric and thermal tissue properties as well as perfusion depending on tissue temperature. We determined tissue temperature profile at the end of the ablation procedure and calculated effect of perfusion on both RF and MW ablation.

Maximum tissue temperature was 100 ºC for RF ablation, and 177 ºC for MW ablation. Lesion shape was ellipsoid for RF, and tear-drop shaped for MW ablation. MW ablation is less affected by tissue perfusion mainly due to the shorter ablation time and higher tissue temperature, but not due to MW providing deeper heating than RF. Both MW and RF applicators only produce significant direct heating within mm of the applicator, with most of the ablation zone created by thermal conduction.

Both RF and MW applicators only directly heat tissue in close proximity of the applicators. MW ablation allows for higher tissue temperatures than RF since MW propagation is not limited by tissue desiccation and charring. Higher temperatures coupled with lower treatment times result in reduced effects of perfusion on MW ablation.
Kinetics of Iron (II) Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Dolomite
Authors: Walker G.M. , Connor G. , Allen S.J.
Published: December 2007

Experimental investigations were undertaken in batch kinetic systems, for the removal of iron (II) from aqueous
solutions using activated dolomite. The effect of the extent dolomite activation on the dissolution of magnesium and
calcium from the dolomite lattice was determined. Under optimum experimental conditions there was a direct linear relationship
between magnesium dissolution and iron (II) removal from bulk solution. The experimental data were mathematically
described using empirical external mass transfer and pseudo-intra-particle diffusion models. The data show conformity
with a three stage process, with the iron (II) removal rate showing good correlation with external mass transfer (t
< 1 min) and two rates of pseudo-intra-particle diffusion (1 < t < 90mins, and t < 90mins).
The geometry of non-distributive logics
Authors: Restall Greg , Paoli Francesco
Published: December 2007

In this paper we introduce a new natural deduction system for the logic of lattices, and a number of extensions of lattice logic with different negation connectives. We provide the class of natural deduction proofs with both a standard inductive definition and a global graph-theoretical criterion for correctness, and we show how normalisation in this system corresponds to cut elimination in the sequent calculus for lattice logic. This natural deduction system is inspired both by Shoesmith and Smiley's multiple conclusion systems for classical logic and Girard's proofnets for linear logic.
Logical consecutions in discrete linear temporal logic
Authors: Rybakov V. V.
Published: December 2007

We investigate logical consequence in temporal logics in terms of logical consecutions, i.e., inference rules. First, we discuss the question: what does it mean for a logical consecution to be ‘correct’ in a propositional logic. We consider both valid and admissible consecutions in linear temporal logics and discuss the distinction between these two notions. The linear temporal logicLDTL, consisting of all formulas valid in the frame 〈L≤, ≥〉 of all integer numbers, is the prime object of our investigation. We describe consecutions admissible inLDTLin a semantic way—via consecutions valid in special temporal Kripke/Hintikka models. Then we state that any temporal inference rule has a reduced normal form which is given in terms of uniform formulas of temporal degree 1. Using these facts and enhanced semantic techniques we construct an algorithm, which recognizes consecutions admissible inLDTL. Also, we note that using the same technique it follows that the linear temporal logicL(N) of all natural numbers is also decidable w.r.t. inference rules. So, we prove that both logicsLDTLandL(N) are decidable w.r.t. admissible consecutions. In particular, as a consequence, they both are decidable (known fact), and the given deciding algorithms are explicit.
PFA implies ADL(ℝ)
Authors: Steel John R.
Published: December 2007

In this paper we shall prove

Theorem 0.1. Suppose there is a singular strong limit cardinal κ such that □κ fails; then AD holds in L(R).

See [10] for a discussion of the background to this problem. We suspect that more work will produce a proof of the theorem with its hypothesis that κ is a strong limit weakened to ∀α < κ (αω < κ), and significantly more work will enable one to drop the hypothesis that K is a strong limit entirely. At present, we do not see how to carry out even the less ambitious project.

Todorcevic [23] has shown that if the Proper Forcing Axiom (PFA) holds, then □κ fails for all uncountable cardinals κ. Thus we get immediately:

It has been known since the early 90's that PFA implies PD, that PFA plus the existence of a strongly inaccessible cardinal implies ADL(ℝ) and that PFA plus a measurable yields an inner model of ADℝ containing all reals and ordinals. As we do here, these arguments made use of Tororcevic's work, so that logical strength is ultimately coming from a failure of covering for some appropriate core models.

In late 2000, A. S. Zoble and the author showed that (certain consequences of) Todorcevic's Strong Reflection Principle (SRP) imply ADL(ℝ). (See [22].) Since Martin's Maximum implies SRP, this gave the first derivation of ADL(ℝ) from an “unaugmented” forcing axiom.
Properties and consequences of Thorn-independence
Authors: Onshuus Alf
Published: December 2007

We develop a new notion of independence (ϸ-independence, read “thorn”-independence) that arises from a family of ranks suggested by Scanlon (ϸ-ranks). We prove that in a large class of theories (including simple theories and o-minimal theories) this notion has many of the properties needed for an adequate geometric structure.

We prove that ϸ-independence agrees with the usual independence notions in stable, supersimple and o-minimal theories. Furthermore, we give some evidence that the equivalence between forking and ϸ-forking in simple theories might be closely related to one of the main open conjectures in simplicity theory, the stable forking conjecture. In particular, we prove that in any simple theory where the stable forking conjecture holds, ϸ-independence and forking independence agree.
Automorphism groups of arithmetically saturated models
Authors: Nurkhaidarov Ermek S.
Published: December 2007

In this paper we study the automorphism groups of countable arithmetically saturated models of Peano Arithmetic. The automorphism groups of such structures form a rich class of permutation groups. When studying the automorphism group of a model, one is interested to what extent a model is recoverable from its automorphism group. Kossak-Schmerl [12] show that ifMis a countable, arithmetically saturated model of Peano Arithmetic, then Aut(M) codes SSy(M). Using that result they prove:

Let M1. M2be countable arithmetically saturated models of Peano Arithmetic such that Aut(M1)≅ Aut(M2).ThenSSy(M1) = SSy(M2).

We show that ifMis a countable arithmetically saturated of Peano Arithmetic, then Aut(M) can recognize if some maximal open subgroup is a stabilizer of a nonstandard element, which is smaller than any nonstandard definable element. That fact is used to show the main theorem:

Let M1,M2be countable arithmetically saturated models of Peano Arithmetic such thatAut(M1) ≅ Aut(M2).Then for every n<ω

Here RT2nis Infinite Ramsey's Theorem stating that every 2-coloring of [ω]nhas an infinite homogeneous set. Theorem 0.2 shows that for models of a false arithmetic the converse of Kossak-Schmerl Theorem 0.1 is not true. Using the results of Reverse Mathematics we obtain the following corollary:

There exist four countable arithmetically saturated models of Peano Arithmetic such that they have the same standard system but their automorphism groups are pairwise non-isomorphic.
Permutations and wellfoundedness: the true meaning of the bizarre arithmetic of Quine's NF
Authors: Forster Thomas
Published: December 2007

It is shown that, according to NF, many of the assertions of ordinal arithmetic involving theT-function which is peculiar to NF turn out to be equivalent to the truth-in-certain-permutation-models of assertions which have perfectly sensible ZF-style meanings, such as: the existence of wellfounded sets of great size or rank, or the nonexistence of small counterexamples to the wellfoundedness of ∈. Everything here holds also for NFU if the permutations are taken to fix allurelemente.
Orbit equivalence and actions of
Authors: Törnquist Asge
Published: December 2007

In this paper we show that there are “E0many” orbit inequivalent free actions of the free groups, 2 ≤n≤ ∞ by measure preserving transformations on a standard Borel probability space. In particular, there are uncountably many such actions.
Completeness and Herbrand theorems for nominal logic
Authors: Cheney James
Published: December 2007

Nominal logic is a variant of first-order logic in which abstract syntax with names and binding is formalized in terms of two basic operations:name-swapping andfreshness. It relies on two important principles:equivariance(validity is preserved by name-swapping), andfresh name generation(“new” or fresh names can always be chosen). It is inspired by a particular class of models for abstract syntax trees involving names and binding, drawing on ideas from Fraenkel-Mostowski set theory:finite-support modelsin which each value can depend on only finitely many names.

Although nominal logic is sound with respect to such models, it is not complete. In this paper we review nominal logic and show why finite-support models are insufficient both in theory and practice. We then identify (up to isomorphism) the class of models with respect to which nominal logic is complete:ideal-supportedmodels in which the supports of values are elements of a proper ideal on the set of names.

We also investigate an appropriate generalization of Herbrand models to nominal logic. After adjusting the syntax of nominal logic to include constants denoting names, we generalizeuniversaltheories tonominal-universaltheories and prove that each such theory has an Herbrand model.
Geometry of forking in simple theories
Authors: Peretz Assaf
Published: December 2007

We investigate the geometry of forking for SU-rank 2 elements in supersimple ω-categorical theories and prove stable forking and some structural properties for such elements. We extend this analysis to the case of SU-rank 3 elements.
Morley degree in unidimensional compact complex spaces
Authors: Radin Dale
Published: December 2007

Letbe the category of all reduced compact complex spaces, viewed as a multi-sorted first order structure, in the standard way. Letbe a sub-category of. which is closed under the taking of products and analytic subsets, and whose morphisms include the projections. Under the assumption that Th() is unidimensional. we show that Morley rank is equal to Noetherian dimension, in any elementary extension of. As a result, we are able to show that Morley degree is definable in Th(). when Th() is unidimensional.
The fan theorem and unique existence of maxima
Authors: Berger Josef , Bridges Douglas , Schuster Peter
Published: December 2007

The existence and uniqueness of a maximum point for a continuous real–valued function on a metric space are investigated constructively. In particular, it is shown, in the spirit of reverse mathematics, that a natural unique existence theorem is equivalent to the fan theorem.
On theories and models in fuzzy predicate logics
Authors: Hájek Petr , Cintula Petr
Published: December 2007

In the last few decades many formal systems of fuzzy logics have been developed. Since the main differences between fuzzy and classical logics lie at the propositional level, the fuzzy predicate logics have developed more slowly (compared to the propositional ones). In this text we aim to promote interest in fuzzy predicate logics by contributing to the model theory of fuzzy predicate logics. First, we generalize the completeness theorem, then we use it to get results on conservative extensions of theories and on witnessed models.
Properly enumeration degrees and the high/low hierarchy
Authors: Giorgi Matthew , Sorbi Andrea , Yang Yue
Published: December 2007

We show that there exist downwards properly(in fact noncuppable) e-degrees that are not high. We also show that every high e-degree bounds a noncuppable e-degree.
Truth In V for ∃*∀∀-Sentences is Decidable
Authors: Bellé D. , Parlamento F.
Published: December 2007

Let V be the cumulative set theoretic hierarchy, generated from the empty set by taking powers at successor stages and unions at limit stages and. following [2], let the primitive language of set theory be the first order language which contains binary symbols for equality and membership only. Despite the existence of ∀∀-formulae in the primitive language, with two free variables, which are satisfiable in ∀ but not by finite sets ([5]). and therefore of ∃∃∀∀ sentences of the same language, which are undecidable in ZFC without the Axiom of Infinity, truth in V for ∃*∀∀-sentences of the primitive language, is decidable ([1]). Completeness of ZF with respect to such sentences follows.
The Π3-theory of the -enumeration degrees is undecidable
Authors: Kent Thomas F.
Published: December 2007

We show that in the language of { ≤ }. the Π3-fragment of the first order theory of the -enumeration degrees is undecidable. We then extend this result to show that the Π3-theory of any substructure of the enumeration degrees which contains the -degrees is undecidable.
Bounds for covering numbers
Authors: Liu Andreas
Published: December 2007

Letλbe a singular cardinal of uncountable cofinalityν. Under various assumptions about the sizes of covering families for cardinals belowλ, we prove upper bounds for the covering number COV(λ. λ. ν+. 2). This covering number is closely related to the cofinality of the partial order ([λ]ν. ⊆).
Theories very close to PA where Kreisel's Conjecture is false
Authors: Hrubeš Pavel
Published: December 2007

We give four examples of theories in which Kreisel's Conjecture is false: (1) the theory PA(-) obtained by adding a function symbol minus, ‘—’, to the language of PA, and the axiom ∀x∀y∀z (x − y = z) ≡ (x = y + z ∨ (x < y ∧ z = 0)); (2) the theory L of integers; (3) the theory PA(q) obtained by adding a function symbol q (of arity ≥ 1) to PA, assuming nothing about q; (4) the theory PA(N) containing a unary predicate N(x) meaning ‘x is a natural number’. In Section 6 we suggest a counterexample to the so called Sharpened Kreisel's Conjecture.
The nonstationary ideal in the ℙmax extension
Authors: Larson Paul B.
Published: December 2007

The forcing construction ℙmax, invented by W. Hugh Woodin, produces a model whose collection of subsets of ω1 is in some sense maximal. In this paper we study the Boolean algebra induced by the nonstationary ideal on ω1 in this model. Among other things we show that the induced quotient does not have a simply definable form. We also prove several results about saturation properties of the ideal in this extension.
Elementary differences between the (2p)-C. E. and the (2p +1)-c. e. enumeration degrees
Authors: Kalimullin I. S.
Published: December 2007

It is proved that the (2p)-c. e. e-degrees are not elementarily equivalent to the (2p + 1)-c. e. e-degrees for each nonzero p ∈ ω. It follows that m-c. e. e-degrees are not elementarily equivalent to the n-c e. e-degrees if 1 <m < n.
A Reduction of the NF consistency Problem
Authors: Tzouvaras Athanassios
Published: December 2007

We give a necessary and sufficient condition in order that a type-shifting automorphism be constructed on a model of the Theory of Simple Types (TST) by forcing. Namely it is proved that, if for every n ≥ 1 there is a model of TST in the ground model M of ZFC that contains an n-extendible coherent pair, then there is a generic extension M[G] of M that contains a model of TST with a type-shifting automorphism, and hence M[G] contains a model of NF. The converse holds trivially. It is also proved that there exist models of TST containing 1-extendible coherent pairs.
Spectra of structures and relations
Authors: Harizanov Valentina S. , Miller Russell G.
Published: December 2007

We consider embeddings of structures which preserve spectra: if g : ℳ → with computable, then ℳ should have the same Turing degree spectrum (as a structure) that g(ℳ) has (as a relation on ). We show that the computable dense linear order ℒ is universal for all countable linear orders under this notion of embedding, and we establish a similar result for the computable random graph Such structures are said to be spectrally universal. We use our results to answer a question of Goncharov, and also to characterize the possible spectra of structures as precisely the spectra of unary relations on . Finally, we consider the extent to which all spectra of unary relations on the structure ℒ may be realized by such embeddings, offering partial results and building the first known example of a structure whose spectrum contains precisely those degrees c with c′ ≥ τ 0″.
Forcing indestructibility of set-theoretic axioms
Authors: KÖnig Bernhard
Published: December 2007

Various theorems for the preservation of set-theoretic axioms under forcing are proved, regarding both forcing axioms and axioms true in the Lévy collapse. These show in particular that certain applications of forcing axioms require to add generic countable sequences high up in the set-theoretic hierarchy even before collapsing everything down to ℵ1. Later we give applications, among them the consistency of MM with ℵω not being Jónsson which answers a question raised in the set theory meeting at Oberwolfach in 2005.
The basic intuitionistic logic of proofs
Authors: Artemov Sergei , Iemhoff Rosalie
Published: December 2007

The language of the basic logic of proofs extends the usual propositional language by forming sentences of the sort x is a proof of F for any sentence F. In this paper a complete axiomatization for the basic logic of proofs in Heyting Arithmetic HA was found.
Ideal convergence of bounded sequences
Authors: Filipów Rafał , Mrożek Nikodem , Recław Ireneusz , Szuca Piotr
Published: December 2007

We generalize the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem (that every bounded sequence of reals admits a convergent subsequence) on ideal convergence. We show examples of ideals with and without the Bolzano-Weierstrass property, and give characterizations of BW property in terms of submeasures and extendability to a maximal P-ideal. We show applications to Rudin-Keisler and Rudin-Blass orderings of ideals and quotient Boolean algebras. In particular we show that an ideal does not have BW property if and only if its quotient Boolean algebra has a countably splitting family.
An analysis of the W*-hierarchy
Authors: Chen Yijia , Flum Jörg , Grohe Martin
Published: December 2007

We observe that the W*-hierarchy, a variant (introduced by Downey, Fellows, and Taylor [7]) of the better known W-hierarchy, coincides with the W-hierarchy, though not level wise, but just as a whole hierarchy. More precisely, we prove that W[t] ⊆ W* [t] ⊆ W[2t − 2] for each t ≥ 2. It was known before that W[1] = W*[1] and W[2] = W*[2].

Our second main result is a new logical characterization of the W*-hierarchy in terms of “Fagin-definable problems.” As a by-product, we also obtain an improvement of our earlier characterization of the hierarchy in terms of model-checking problems. Furthermore, we obtain new complete problems for the classes W[3] and W*[3].
Connecting many-sorted theories
Authors: Baader Franz , Ghilardi Silvio
Published: December 2007

Basically, the connection of two many-sorted theories is obtained by taking their disjoint union, and then connecting the two parts through connection functions that must behave like homomorphisms on the shared signature. We determine conditions under which decidability of the validity of universal formulae in the component theories transfers to their connection. In addition, we consider variants of the basic connection scheme. Our results can be seen as a generalization of the so-called -connection approach for combining modal logics to an algebraic setting.
Transfer principle in quantum set theory
Authors: Ozawa Masanao
Published: December 2007

In 1981, Takeuti introduced quantum set theory as the quantum counterpart of Boolean valued models of set theory by constructing a model of set theory based on quantum logic represented by the lattice of closed subspaces in a Hilbert space and showed that appropriate quantum counterparts of ZFC axioms hold in the model. Here, Takeuti's formulation is extended to construct a model of set theory based on the logic represented by the lattice of projections in an arbitrary von Neumann algebra. A transfer principle is established that enables us to transfer theorems of ZFC to their quantum counterparts holding in the model. The set of real numbers in the model is shown to be in one-to-one correspondence with the set of self-adjoint operators affiliated with the von Neumann algebra generated by the logic. Despite the difficulty pointed out by Takeuti that equality axioms do not generally hold in quantum set theory, it is shown that equality axioms hold for any real numbers in the model. It is also shown that any observational proposition in quantum mechanics can be represented by a corresponding statement for real numbers in the model with the truth value consistent with the standard formulation of quantum mechanics, and that the equality relation between two real numbers in the model is equivalent with the notion of perfect correlation between corresponding observables (self-adjoint operators) in quantum mechanics. The paper is concluded with some remarks on the relevance to quantum set theory of the choice of the implication connective in quantum logic.
Assignment of ordinals to patterns of resemblance
Authors: Wilken Gunnar
Published: December 2007

In [2] T. J. Carlson introduces an approach to ordinal notation systems which is based on the notion of Σ1-elementary substructure. We gave a detailed ordinal arithmetical analysis (see [7]) of the ordinal structure based on Σ1-elementarily as defined in [2]. This involved the development of an appropriate ordinal arithmetic that is based on a system of classical ordinal notations derived from Skolem hull operators, see [6]. In the present paper we establish an effective order isomorphism between the classical and the new system of ordinal notations using the results from [6] and [7]. Moreover, on the basis of a concept of relativization we develop mutual (relatively) elementary recursive assignments which are uniform with respect to the underlying relativization.
Local Kc constructions
Authors: Steel J. R.
Published: December 2007

The full-background-extender Kc -construction of [2] has the property that, if it does not break down and produces a final model , then

Ή is Woodin in V ⇒ Ή is Woodin in ,

for all Ή. It is natural to ask whether

κ is strong in V ⇒ κ is λ-strong in ,

for all κ, or even better,

κ is λ-strong in V ⇒ κ is λ-strong in .

As one might suspect, the more useful answer would be “yes”.

For the Kc-construction of [2], this question is open. The problem is that the construction of [2] is not local: because of the full-background-extender demand, it may produce mice projecting to ρ at stages much greater than ρ. Because of this, there is no reason to believe that if E is a λ-strong extender of V, then The natural proof only gives that if κ is Σ2-strong, then Σ, is strong in .

We do not know how to get started on this question, and suspect that in fact strong cardinals in V may fail to be strong in , if is the output of the construction of [2]. Therefore, we shall look for a modification of the construction of [2]. One might ask for a construction with output such that

(1) iteration trees on can be lifted to iteration trees on V,

(2) ∀δ(δ is Woodin ⇒ δ is Woodin in ), and

(3) (a) ↾κ(κ is a strong cardinal ⇒ κ is strong in ), and (b) ↾κ↾λ(Lim(λ) Λ κ is λ-strong ⇒ κ is λ-strong in ).
An algebraic characterization of equivalent preferential models
Authors: Zhu Zhaohui , Zhang Rong
Published: December 2007

Preferential models is one of the important semantical structures in nonmonotonic logic. This paper aims to establish an isomorphism theorem for preferential models, which gives us a purely algebraic characterization of the equivalence of preferential models. To this end, we present the notions of local similarity and local simulation. Based on these notions, two operators Δ(•) and μ(•) over preferential models are introduced and explored respectively. Together with other two existent operators ρ(•) and ΠD(•), we introduce an operator ∂D(•). Then the isomorphism theorem is obtained in terms of ∂D(•), which asserts that for any two preferential modelsM1andM2, they generate the same preferential inference if and only if ∂D(M1) and ∂D(M2) are isomorphic. Based on ∂D(•), we also get an alternative model-theoretical characterization of the well-known postulateWeaken Disjunctive Rationality. Moreover, in the finite language framework, we show that Δ(μ(•)) is competent for the task of eliminating redundancy, and provide a representation result fork-relations.
Substructural fuzzy logics
Authors: Metcalfe George , Montagna Franco
Published: December 2007

Substructural fuzzy logics are substructural logics that are complete with respect to algebras whose lattice reduct is the real unit interval [0, 1]. In this paper, we introduce Uninorm logicULas Multiplicative additive intuitionistic linear logicMAILLextended with the prelinearity axiom((A → B) ∧ t) V ((B → A)∧ t). Axiomatic extensions ofULinclude known fuzzy logics such as Monoidalt-norm logicMIXand Gödel logicG, and new weakening-free logics. Algebraic semantics for these logics are provided by subvarieties of (representable) pointed bounded commutative residuated lattices. Gentzen systems admitting cut-elimination are given in the framework of hypersequents. Completeness with respect to algebras with lattice reduct [0, 1] is established forULand several extensions using a two-part strategy. First, completeness is proved for the logic extended with Takeuti and Titani's density rule. A syntactic elimination of the rule is then given using a hypersequent calculus. As an algebraic corollary, it follows that certain varieties of residuated lattices are generated by their members with lattice reduct [0, 1].
Approximate counting in bounded arithmetic
Authors: Jeřábek Emil
Published: December 2007

We develop approximate counting of sets definable by Boolean circuits in bounded arithmetic using the dual weak pigeonhole principle (dWPHP(PV)), as a generalization of results from [15]. We discuss applications to formalization of randomized complexity classes (such as BPP, APP, MA, AM) in PV1 + dWPHP(PV).
A note on Σ1-maximal models
Authors: Cordón-Franco A. , Fernández-Margarit A. , Lara-Martín F.F.
Published: December 2007

LetTbe a recursive theory in the language of first order Arithmetic. We prove that ifTextends: (a) the scheme of parameter free Δ1-minimization (plusexp). or (b) the scheme of parameter free Π1-induction, then there are no Σ1-maximal models with respect toT. As a consequence, we obtain a new proof of an unpublished theorem of Jeff Paris stating that Σ1-maximal models with respect toIΔ0+expdo not satisfy the scheme of Σ1-collectionBΣ1.
Minimum Income Protection and European Integration: Trends and Levels of Minimum Benefits in Comparative Perspective, 1990–2005
Authors: Nelson Kenneth
Published: December 2007

This article draws attention to the Europeanization of social policy and the development of minimum income protection in a large number of welfare democracies. The empirical analyses are based on unique institutional and comparative data on benefit levels from the Social Assistance and Minimum Income Protection Interim Dataset. There is some evidence of convergence in benefit levels among the European countries in the new millennium, but there is no clear proof of universal ambitions to fight poverty or of the existence of a single European social model. There are still welfare front-runners and those who lag behind in this regard, not only among industrial welfare democracies in general but also in Europe.
Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms, Dysfunctional Attitudes and Social Aspects in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Kovács Zoltán , Kovács Ferenc
Published: December 2007

Objective:

Biopsychosocial models for both organic and functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders have been described in the recent literature. The objective of this study was to give further data to this model by assessing stressful life events, social support, psychopathological symptoms, and dysfunctional attitudes in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and healthy subjects.

Method:

Age- and gender-matched IBS and IBD patients presenting at a tertiary care gastroenterological center completed self-reported questionnaires on stressful life events, social support, depressive and anxiety symptoms and dysfunctional attitudes. For comparative purposes, data from an age- and gender-matched healthy control group were obtained.

Results:

No significant differences were found between the groups regarding stressful life events and social support. Both patient groups had higher depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to healthy subjects, and IBS patients had higher depressive scores compared to IBD patients. IBS patients had more dysfunctional attitudes compared to both IBD and healthy subjects, while IBD and healthy subjects did not differ on dysfunctional attitudes.

Conclusions:

GI patient status is associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms, in addition IBS patients have more severe depressive symptoms and depressogenic dysfunctional attitudes. The fact that functional GI patients are characterized by more severe psychological, but not social parameters, supports the hypothesis that IBS might be related to the range of depressive disorders.
A Psychotic Disorder Related to Use of Herbal Preparation: Case Report
Authors: Saatcioglu Omer , Ugur Zeynep , Kamberyan Kirkor , Yanik Medaim
Published: December 2007

This article deals with the increasing frequency with which herbal preparations are being used in Turkey. The ingredients of herbal preparations are multiple and include a variety of herbal seed and leaf-related components. Thus, it is not possible to pinpoint a specific chemical culprit without careful analysis of each. In this article, we present a case of psychotic manic state due to the herbal preparations.
Submerged objects - a nice place to live and develop. Succession of fouling communities in the Gulf of Gdańsk, Southern Baltic
Authors: Dziubińska Anna , Janas Urszula
Published: December 2007

The process of ecological succession in marine fouling communities was investigated at two study sites in the Gulf of Gdańsk, Gdynia and Gdańsk. Settlement panels were used as substrata for sessile organisms, and the study lasted 150 days between May and October 2005. Communities were dominated by two species, Balanus improvisus and Mytilus trossulus. The process of succession differed at these two study sites, particularly in the final part of the experiment. Four stages of succession were distinguished at both study sites; at Gdańsk: (1) Biofilm - phase, (2) Green algae - phase, (3) Balanus - phase, (4) Ectocarpaceae - phase; at Gdynia: (1) Biofilm - phase, (2) Balanus - phase, (3) Green algae - phase, (4) Mytilus - phase.
Qualitative and quantitative changes of diatoms with relation to physiochemical water parameters in the littoral zone of the urban Lake Jeziorak Mały
Authors: Zębek Elżbieta
Published: December 2007

Phytoplankton in the littoral zone of the urban Lake Jeziorak Mały (Mazurian Lakeland) were studied between April and October of 2002 and 2003. Five diatom species (Fragilaria delicatissima, Aulacoseira granulata, Fragilaria capucina, Diatoma vulgaris, Fragilaria crotonensis) and one genus (Rhizosolenia sp.), comprising the major proportion of total abundance and biomass of diatoms, were chosen for the study. The relationships between the biomass of these diatoms and water temperature, oxygen content, electrolytic conductivity, orthophosphates, silicon and calcium concentrations were analyzed. The biomass of species F. delicatissima, A. granulata and F. capucina tended to be the highest of the six, which were also associated with the widest temperature range, 10.0°C to 18.7°C. These three species exhibited maximum biomass at the highest orthophosphate concentrations. By contrast, F. crotonensis developed in the narrowest water temperature range, 10.0°C to 13.7°C. The maximum biomass of this species was noted at high silicon and calcium concentrations. The diatoms (except F. capucina and Rhizosolenia sp.) contributed to statistically significant observed reductions in nutrient concentrations during their growth. These results indicate that a range of factors is involved in the productivity and limitation of the studied diatoms, with water temperature being of particular importance.
The Microtox® biological test: Application in toxicity evaluation of surface waters and sediments in Poland
Authors: Niemirycz Elżbieta , Nichthauser Joanna , Staniszewska Marta , Nałęcz-Jawecki Grzegorz , Bolałek Jerzy
Published: December 2007

Research into the suitability of Microtox® for the evaluation of toxicity of surface waters and bottom sediments in Poland was conducted. Water bodies of various pollution levels were tested, including the Odra River and its tributaries, the Lower Vistula River, the Kashubian Lake District and the Gulf of Gdańsk, using a Microtox® Model 500 analyser (Microbics Corporation, USA). The majority of tested surface water samples were found to be apparently non-toxic. However, 75% of the bottom sediment samples were found to be highly toxic (EC50>2%). These results indicate that the Microtox® test is suitable for evaluating the toxicity of bottom sediments, in which pollutants tend to accumulate. It seems, however, that Microtox® lacks the sensitivity to be of use in analyzing water quality. The relationship between the toxicity of analysed sediments and their organic content was examined.
Automatic detection of avalanches and debris flows by seismic methods
Authors: Bessason Bjarni , Eiríksson Gísli , Thorarinsson Óðinn , Thórarinsson Andrés , Einarsson Sigurður
Published: December 2007

The road along the Óshlíð hillside in the West Fjords region of Iceland is one of the most hazardous roads in Iceland due to avalanches, rockfalls and debris flows. The road has little traffic, but nevertheless traffic accidents caused by the severe conditions at the site are common. A number of avalanche tracks are found on the hillside. In some of these tracks, avalanches occur more frequently than in others. When there is an avalanche threat, avalanches generally flow over many tracks in a short time. Monitoring vibrations in the tracks with the highest avalanche frequency can indicate when avalanches start flowing down the hillside in a snowstorm, and avalanche hazard can then be declared with the specific site indicated. The same methodology can be used for rockfalls and debris flows, which are strongly affected by weather conditions and typically occur in clusters. Based on this knowledge, a research project was initiated in February 1996 with the objective of developing an automatic system based on seismic measurements to detect and analyze avalanches on the Óshlíð hillside and to instantly send a warning to a control station.
Preliminary results from measurements of selected trace metals in the snow–firn pack on Ürümqi glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China
Authors: Zhongqin Li , Chuanjin Li , Yuefang Li , Feiteng Wang , Huilin Li
Published: December 2007

We present preliminary results on the occurrence of Pb, Cd, Zn, Al and Fe in dated samples collected from snow–firn packs at an altitude of 4130 m on Ürűmqi glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan. Extreme precautions for avoiding contamination were taken throughout the sampling, processing, transportation and analysis procedures. The concentrations of trace metals were determined by a double-focusing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer in an ultra-clean room. The average concentrations for these metals in surface snow are (in ng g–1): Pb, 2.4; Cd, 0.05; Zn, 10.0; Al, 100.0; and Fe, 130.0. These are higher concentrations (especially for Pb and Zn) than those in the polar and/or low-latitude remote areas. The data show that the input of trace metals to the snow has a clear seasonal change. Lower concentrations in surface snow can be found in July through September and higher concentrations from October to March, with an exception for January. The mean concentrations of the elements in the snow–firn pack also indicate seasonal variations and show a marked inverse relationship with temperature, possibly a result of meltwater percolation in the snow–firn pack.
Surface topography and ice flow in the vicinity of the EDML deep-drilling site, Antarctica
Authors: Wesche Christine , Eisen Olaf , Oerter Hans , Schulte Daniel , Steinhage Daniel
Published: December 2007

Interpretation of ice-core records requires accurate knowledge of the past and present surface topography and stress–strain fields. The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) drilling site (75.0025° S, 0.0684° E; 2891.7 m) in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, is located in the immediate vicinity of a transient and forking ice divide. A digital elevation model is determined from the combination of kinematic GPS measurements with the GLAS12 datasets from the ICESat. Based on a network of stakes, surveyed with static GPS, the velocity field around the drilling site is calculated. The annual mean velocity magnitude of 12 survey points amounts to 0.74 m a–1. Flow directions mainly vary according to their distance from the ice divide. Surface strain rates are determined from a pentagonshaped stake network with one center point close to the drilling site. The strain field is characterized by along-flow compression, lateral dilatation and vertical layer thinning.
Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of new triorganotin(IV) complexes with the bis(1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐ylthio)acetate ligand: effects on trout erythrocyte components
Authors: Alidori Simone , Cocchioni Filippo , Falcioni Giancarlo , Fedeli Donatella , Gioia Lobbia Gaia Emanuela , Mancini Marilena , Pellei Maura , Santini Carlo
Published: December 2007

Triorganotin(IV) derivatives containing the anionic ligand bis(1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐ylthio)acetate [(S‐tim)2CHCO2]− were synthesized from the reaction between R3SnCl acceptors (R = Me and Ph) and the sodium salt of the ligand. Mono‐nuclear complexes of the type [(S‐tim)2CHCO2]SnR3 were obtained, which were fully characterized by elemental analyses and FT‐IR in the solid state, and by NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass in solution. The toxic effects shown by these compounds on trout erythrocyte components showed that the toxicity of the organotin(IV) complexes depends on the nature and on the lipophilicity of the substituents on the metal centre. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type 4 OFF cone bipolar cells of the mouse retina express calsenilin and contact cones as well as rods
Authors: Haverkamp Silke , Specht Dana , Majumdar Sriparna , Zaidi Nikhat F. , Brandstätter Johann Helmut , Wasco Wilma , Wässle Heinz , tom Dieck Susanne
Published: December 2007

Immunocytochemical discrimination of distinct bipolar cell types in the mouse retina is a prerequisite for analyzing retinal circuitry in wild‐type and transgenic mice. Here we demonstrate that among the more than 10 anatomically defined mouse bipolar cell types, type 4 bipolar cells are specifically recognized by anti‐calsenilin antibodies. Axon terminals in the inner plexiform layer are not readily identifiable because calsenilin is also expressed in a subset of amacrine and ganglion cells. In contrast, in the outer plexiform layer calsenilin immunoreactivity allows the analysis of photoreceptor to type 4 bipolar cell contacts. A dense plexus of calsenilin‐positive dendrites makes several basal contacts at cone pedicles. An individual calsenilin‐positive bipolar cell contacts five to seven cones. In addition, some calsenilin‐positive dendrites contact rod photoreceptors. On average we counted 10 rod spherule contacts per type 4 bipolar cell, and approximately 10% of rods contacted type 4 bipolar cells. We suggest that type 4 bipolar cells, together with the recently described type 3a and b cells, provide an alternative and direct route from rods to OFF cone bipolar cells. In the Bassoon ΔEx4/5 mouse, a mouse mutant that shows extensive remodeling of the rod system including sprouting of horizontal and rod bipolar cells into the outer nuclear layer due to impaired synaptic transmission, we found that in addition mixed‐input (type 3 and 4) OFF bipolar cells sprout to ectopic sites. In contrast, true cone‐selective type 1 and 2 OFF cone bipolar cells did not show sprouting in the Bassoon mouse mutant. J. Comp. Neurol. 507: 1087–1101, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.