bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acehnese Appeals for Ottoman Protection in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Göksoy İsmaİl Hakki
Published: September 2015

During the Aceh War (1873 to 1903) Aceh appealed for Ottoman support and protection against the Dutch. The main purpose of this chapter is to examine these appeals and the Ottoman authorities’ responses to them, based mainly on the Turkish archival sources. Acehnese leaders sent several letters to Sultan Abdülhamid II, asking for help against the Dutch. In 1891, Sharif ῾Ali b. Isma῾il went to Istanbul to bring Aceh under Ottoman sovereignty. The Acehnese tried to establish relations with the Ottomans through the visit of the Turkish frigate Ertuğrul to Singapore in 1890 and the Ottoman representation in Batavia. Although the Ottoman authorities showed a considerable interest in Aceh matters, this did not materialise because of the current political circumstances. Aceh's distance from Ottoman lands and the lack of sufficient information on the region, coupled with problems in communications, also caused the Ottomans to approach the problem of Aceh cautiously.
Multilingualism, the Harley Scribe, and Johannes Jacobi
Authors: Busby Keith
Published: September 2015

After a brief discussion of the ‘miscellany’, this chapter considers the interaction in their manuscript context of some of the texts copied in or around Ludlow by the ‘Harley scribe’. A brief survey of the kinds of literature in the langue d’oïl copied by Italian scribes then precedes the examination of a bilingual Arthurian manuscript in which one of the scribes switches from French to Italian and back again. The chapter concludes by looking at the work of a scribe called Johannes Jacobi from Verona, who copies texts in French, Occitan, Italian, and Latin. Both the Harley scribe and Johannes Jacobi reflect the narrower interests of their time and place, as well as a corpus of literature in the langue d’oïl that has a universal appeal transcending local contexts.
Entertainment Networks, Reading Communities, and the Early Tudor Anthology
Authors: Youngs Deborah
Published: September 2015

This chapter focuses on an eight-quire anthology of secular lyrics, prophecies, and prose satires compiled by Humfrey Welles, a Staffordshire esquire, in the 1520s and 1530s (Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson C. 813). While Welles appears to have written substantial parts of the book and was a continuing presence throughout the anthology’s creation, this chapter argues that we should not attribute the volume to the impulses of just one man. Rather, it was the product of several overlapping communities, and its lyrics preserve the heroic memories of both well-known courtiers and the local Staffordshire community. By placing the manuscript in the context of the entertainment networks that criss-crossed the Midlands and stretched down to the royal court, it points to the group occasions and household locations that likely influenced the lyrical composition of the manuscript.
Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, MS Peniarth 12
Authors: Marx William
Published: September 2015

Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, MS Peniarth 12 is a predominantly Welsh-language miscellany that also contains texts in Middle English and Latin. On folio 79v is the inscription ‘Llyfr Hugh Evans yw hwn Anno 1583’, that is ‘This is Hugh Evans’s book, in the year 1583’. As a miscellany the manuscript is of interest as much for what it suggests about the process of compilation as for its contents, for while it is in one sense of the late 16th century, a number of significant parts are gatherings from medieval manuscripts, both Welsh and English. The evidence of the process of compilation that the manuscript yields has much to suggest about the interplay between Welsh-language and English-language culture over a broad historical perspective, and this raises questions about the linguistic and cultural history of medieval and early modern Wales.
Crimes ambientais: uma visão sobre as práticas do rodeio e da vaquejada
Authors: Brandão Igor Macedo
Published: September 2015

O rodeio e a vaquejada são modalidades esportivas bastante difundidas no Brasil e que utilizam animais em seus eventos. Os animais utilizados são frequentemente submetidos a violência e maus tratos. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro possui instrumentos que coíbem atos cruéis contra animais, porém a liberdade cultural, prevista constitucionalmente, por vezes ampara este tipo de prática. Considerando-se a necessidade de proteger o meio ambiente natural e a integridade física dos animais utilizados em eventos esportivos como a vaquejada e o rodeio, percebe-se a necessidade de haver um maior rigor na elaboração da legislação ambiental voltada para defesa e proteção da fauna, além de se estabelecer um limite para a liberdade cultural, para que esta não se sobreponha ao bem estar dos animais.
Correlação entre precipitação pluviométrica e umidade do solo na produção de serapilheira em Caxiuanã (PA)
Authors: Costa Maurício Castro da , Costa Antonio Carlos Lôla da , Coelho Lana Tais da Silva , Silva Thamna Maíra Lourinho , Azevedo Antônio Ferreira
Published: September 2015

Este trabalho teve como objetivos analisar a produção de serapilheira fina, bem como observar sua correlação com a precipitação pluviométrica e umidade do solo na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã-PA, no município de Melgaço, Pará, no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. As coletas de serapilheira fina foram obtidas a cada quinze dias através de coletores. A produção de serapilheira fina apresentou uma correlação de nível moderada, negativa com a precipitação e umidade do solo, sendo observados os maiores valores de produção na área de floresta natural (Torre). As folhas mostraram-se como a principal componente de serapilheira fina para as duas áreas de estudo com aproximadamente 77% da produção total, seguidos de galhos com 13%, frutos com 5%, 4% para flores e 1% para miscelâneas. Notou-se uma influência bastante significativa, do tipo de solo na produção de serapilheira, além dos efeitos do fenômeno de escala global EL NIÑO, na produção da mesma.
A fibra da casca do coco verde e a fabricação de briquetes: um estudo de suas potencialidades
Authors: Bitencourt Daniela Venceslau , Pedrotti Alceu , Almeida Ronise Nascimento
Published: September 2015

A desequilibrada relação estabelecida pelo ser humano entre produção, consumo e descarte tem revelado problemas sérios na contemporaneidade, dentre eles o aumento do volume de casca de coco verde na composição do lixo urbano. Por isso, cada vez mais tem se buscado alternativas capazes de dirimir esta questão como o caso do briquete, usado como fonte de energia. Nesta perspectiva este artigo tem por objetivo levantar as potencialidades do emprego da fibra de casca de coco na produção de briquetes, analisando sua contribuição à redução de impactos ambientais, à verificação do tipo e do nível de benefícios econômicos e sociais.
Langrenn
Authors: Thomassen Tor Oskar
Published: September 2015

Kompendium i langrenn
Chapter 0. Introduction: Today’s Exceptions—Yesterday’s Rules
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the book. Read more about how to use the book as efficiently as possible!

 

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">0.2 How to use this book
Appendix 2: Major Differences between Old Church Slavonic and Old Rusian
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

This appendix gives you a brief overview of the major differences between Old Church Slavonic and Old Rusian. This is obviously useful when you are working with Old Church Slavonic texts, but it also enables you to identify slavonicisms (Church Slavic elements) in Old Rusian and Modern Russian texts. For more information and examples, see Galinskaja (1997: 6–8).

 

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Major differences OR OCS
Appendix 3: Chronology of Major Sounds Laws
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

In chapters 10–13, the sound laws were not described in strict chronological order, but this appendix will help you to establish the relative and absolute chronologies of the major changes. For Pre-Slavic and Common Slavic, the overviews in sections 18.1 and 18.2 are based on Shevelov 1964: 633–634. The chronologies for Old Rusian in section 18.3 are based on Kiparsky 1963: 153–154, as well as Gorškova and Xaburgaev 1981 and Ivanov 1983. You are advised to take the chronologies with more than a grain of salt, since data are often sparse and sometimes conflicting. Unsurprisingly, therefore, different handbooks provide different dates.

 

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Chronology of major sound laws
Chapter 8. Conservation planning
Authors: Santos Jorge
Published: September 2015

This chapter of CONΣERV IT deals with the following questions in aquatic conservation:

- How do we express the suitability of habitat for different organisms and communities?
- How to make spatial planning of conservation networks that takes into account multiple ecological and social criteria?
- How to perform an economic analysis of the non-monetized conservation effects?

Conservation Los Cayos Reserve short version
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Authors: Santos Jorge
Published: September 2015

View pdf
Chapter 3 – Basic calculus and statistics
Authors: Santos Jorge
Published: September 2015

QUESTIONS ASKED

Why rates, and why statistics?

How to express such quantities in common speech?

How to present much data in a concise and informative way?

How to make predictions based on historical trends?

 

Statistics 
Chapter 5 – Using simple data: surplus production models
Authors: Santos Jorge
Published: September 2015

QUESTIONS ASKED

How to assess the state of a fishery with a simple series of catch and effort?

How is a fishery model different from a trend analysis?

Do the assumptions of the model affect the management values of interest?

How to word a management advice?

 

Surplus production equilibrium and dynamic models
Chapter 10 – Catching the same fish: fleet interactions
Authors: Santos Jorge
Published: September 2015

QUESTIONS ASKED

How to apply different effort controls in a fishery?

What does risk mean in fluctuating fisheries?

Do we need information from all fleets involved in a fishery?

 

Shrimp industrial fishery

Shrimp multi-fleet fishery
Stretchable Conductive Inks with Carbon‐Based Fillers for Conformable Printed Electronics
Authors: Campos‐Arias Lia , Peřinka Nikola , Costa Pedro , Vilas‐Vilela José Luis , Lanceros‐Méndez Senentxu
Published: August 2024

With the constant increase of electronic waste globally, society is demanding and governments are boosting the development of electronics with less pollutant materials and reduced environmental impact. One way to achieve this is to implement materials that are functional and structural at the same time, reducing material use and assembling parts. Further, printing techniques, such as screen printing, reduce considerably costs and time compared with conventional electronics; combined with methods to conform printed electronics to a 3D shape, such as thermoforming, allow to obtain nonplanar surface electronics simply and efficiently. Herein, screen‐printable inks made of styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene and different aspect‐ratio carbon‐based materials for conformable electronics are reported. The inks are prepared with carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and reduced graphene oxide as conductive fillers, printed on a flexible substrate and thermoformed. Carbon black and carbon nanotube samples are functional after the process, with conductivities of 96 and 141 S m−1 for the best performing sample of each filler, respectively. Rheological, morphological, thermal, and electrical properties of the materials are also characterized. This study shows the influence of the filler's type and aspect ratio on the morphology and electrical conductivity of the printed materials before and after thermoforming.
Soft‐Layered Composites with Wrinkling‐Activated Multi‐Linear Elastic Behavior, Stress Mitigation, and Enhanced Strain Energy Storage
Authors: Kaynia Narges , Fang Nicholas Xuanlai , Boyce Mary C.
Published: August 2024

Soft elastomeric composite materials constituting of an elastomeric matrix with dilute concentrations of thin, relatively higher modulus interfacial layers are presented and demonstrated to exhibit enhanced strain energy storage together with a bi‐/multi‐linear elastic behavior and stress mitigation ‐ all with little to no weight penalty. In this study, the governing mechanism for these features is revealed to be the activation of wrinkling of the embedded interfacial layers upon reaching a critical strain, thereby amplifying energy storage in both the matrix and the interfacial layers. Furthermore, the energy storage in the composite is substantially greater than the sum of the energy storage of the isolated material constituents. The new features of the composite material behavior can be tailored by the concentration of the interfacial layers, and the elastic properties of the elastomeric matrix and interfacial layers. The results are demonstrated and validated through analytical derivations, finite‐element analysis, and experiments. The analytical expressions provide the ability to quantitatively design and predict the material performance. These soft‐layered composites point to opportunities for expanding these enhancements to networked interlayers, multifunctional interlayers, and viscoelastic elastomeric matrices for viscous damping together with energy storage.
Fun with electricity: A novel ballistics gelatin model with LED tracking for ultrasound needle guidance
Authors: Wallace Elizabeth R. , Gregoski Mathew J. , Shah Aalap
Published: August 2024

Background

Use of ultrasound (US) for procedural needle guidance can improve success rates, safety, and accuracy. Often, training is performed on task trainers, which can be prohibitively expensive. Determining undesired needle placement is difficult when the needle is poorly visualized with US. Currently available simulation phantoms cannot provide real‐time feedback on the location of needle placement.

Objectives

The primary objective was to develop and determine feasibility of a low‐cost simulation phantom with an internal circuit and LED light system to determine when a needle contacts internal structures. We also aimed to determine whether its use was associated with increased comfort level.

Methods

Emergency medicine (EM) residents (PGY‐1 to PGY‐3) performed in‐plane and out‐of‐plane US needle guidance using homemade phantoms. Comfort levels were assessed by pre‐ and post intervention survey. Outcomes were measured on Likert scale (minimum = 1, maximum = 5). The primary outcome was change in confidence markers before and after the simulation task. Secondary outcomes were survey results of comparisons of these models to prior training experiences on simulators and humans.

Results

All EM residents (30) in our program were invited to participate. Twenty participants enrolled and completed the study. In the primary outcome, median comfort with out‐of‐plane and in‐plane guidance increased after using the model but was more pronounced for out‐of‐plane guidance. On a posttest survey, residents rated the models overall very similar to prior experience on simulators (median 5/5 [IQR 4.0–5.0]) and moderately similar to humans (median 3/5 [IQR 3.0–4.0]).

Conclusions

We created a low‐cost ballistic gelatin phantom with an internal electric needle guidance system. Use of the phantom for training was associated with increased learner comfort with the procedure. Learners rated the characteristics of the phantom as similar to higher‐cost commercial equipment and humans.
Multiscale simulation of plastic transformations: The case of base‐assisted dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Ezendu Sophia , Soyemi Ademola , Szilvási Tibor
Published: August 2024

Plastic transformations are critical to ongoing recycling and upcycling efforts, but the complexity of the reactions makes it difficult to understand the effect of individual factors on reaction rates and product distributions experimentally. In this work, we report on a multiscale simulation framework for studying polymer transformations that incorporates affordable high‐level coupled cluster calculations combined with benchmarked density functional theory calculations, detailed conformer search, and lattice‐based kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to provide the temporal and spatial evolution of the polymer during transformations. Our framework can match experimentally observed reaction times within an order of magnitude without any parameter estimation in base‐assisted dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride. We determine that the E2 reaction mechanism dominates the reaction and demonstrate that different structural defects can inhibit or promote directional polyene growth as well as affect the structure of the dehydrochlorination product.
A novel imprinted porous liquid for lithium extraction
Authors: Qi Dagang , Zheng Shuai , Jin Dongyu , Zhou Zhiyong , Tu Yuming , Du Chencan , Ren Zhongqi
Published: August 2024

Porous liquids (PLs) are a novel material that combines the advantages of porous solids and liquid fluidity. In this study, we propose an imprinted porous liquid (IPL) with imprinted polymers as the porous framework and a mixture of TOP + FeCl3 as sterically hindered solvents. Quantum chemical computations and characterization results demonstrate the presence of unoccupied pore structure in IPLs. The prepared IPLs exhibit excellent selective adsorption and extraction performance for lithium extraction, achieving a Li/Mg separation factor of 1540 and a single‐stage Li+ extraction efficiency of 86%. The Li+ extraction efficiency remains above 84% even after eight cycles. Analytical characterization along with quantum chemical computations elucidates the mechanism underlying the coupling between extraction and adsorption in IPLs, enabling efficient lithium extraction. By combining imprinting technology with PLs, IPLs expand upon existing frameworks for PLs materials while providing new insights for designing functional solvents.
Metallische Verunreinigungen in der Elektrolyse: Katalytische Wirkung von Pb‐Spuren in der reduktiven Aminierung und Acetonreduktion
Authors: Kümper Justus , Mürtz Sonja D. , Guan Yani , Kumari Simran , Hausoul Peter J. C. , Kurig Nils , Sautet Philippe , Palkovits Regina
Published: August 2024

Die elektrochemische Hydrierung (e‐Hydrierung) von ungesättigten Verbindungen wie Iminen oder Carbonylen stellt eine umweltfreundliche Reduktionsmethode dar. Die Methode ermöglicht die direkte Verwendung von Elektronen als Reduktionsmittel und Wasser als Protonenquelle, ohne dass hohe Temperaturen und Drücke notwendig sind. In diesem Beitrag diskutieren wir die aktive Spezies in der elektrokatalytischen reduktiven Aminierung anhand der Umwandlung von Aceton und Methylamin als Modellreaktion. Überraschenderweise hat sich herausgestellt, dass Bleiverunreinigungen im ppm‐Bereich einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die e‐Hydrierung haben. Dementsprechend wurde der Einfluss des angelegten Potentials und Kathodenmaterials in Gegenwart von 1 ppm Pb untersucht. Schlussendlich übertrugen wir die Erkenntnisse auf die Reduktion von Aceton, wobei sich vergleichbare Beobachtungen wie bei der Iminreduktion ergaben. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass frühere Studien zur elektrochemischen Reduktion in Gegenwart von Bleielektroden neu bewertet werden sollten.
Anion‐Modulated Construction of Two Novel Tetra‐ and Hepta‐Nuclear Ni(II) Salamo‐Type Clusters: Comparison of the DFT Calculations and Weak Interaction Analyses
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Xia , Zhang Hai‐Wei , Zheng Tao , Tong Li , Pu Lu‐Mei , Xu Wei‐Bing , Long Hai‐Tao , Dong Wen‐Kui , Wang Li
Published: August 2024

Two novel tetra‐ and hepta‐nuclear Ni(II) salamo‐type clusters, [Ni4(L)2(μ2‐Cl)2(μ3‐OH)2(EtOH)2]⋅4CH2Cl2 (1) and [Ni7(L)3(μ3‐OEt)2(μ3‐OH)6(EtOH)2] (2), were constructed by modulating different anions (Cl− and NO3−). X‐ray crystallographic researches revealed that cluster 1 is a tetranuclear cluster consisting of a symmetric binuclear structure in which chloride ions are involved in coordination. Although cluster 2 consists of seven Ni(II) ions, three deprotonated (L)2− parts, two μ3‐ethoxy groups, six μ3‐OH− anions, and two coordinated ethanol molecules, in which it is quite rare for a large number of water molecules to be deprotonated to participate in the bridging of the cluster due to the alkaline environment. TEM electron scanning displayed the distinct shapes. Comparison of DFT calculations revealed that cluster 2 is less chemically reactive and more kinetically stable, which is in accordance with the analytical results of weak interactions, where the stronger weak interaction forces were presented, the more stable the molecule is. Finally, a comparative analysis of UV–Vis, IR, and fluorescence spectra were carried out.
florabr: An R package to explore and spatialize species distribution using Flora e Funga do Brasil
Authors: Trindade Weverton C. F.
Published: August 2024

Premise

The Flora e Funga do Brasil project is the most comprehensive effort to reliably document Brazilian plant and fungal diversity. It involves the collaborative work of hundreds of taxonomists, integrating detailed and standardized morphological descriptions, nomenclatural status, and geographic distribution information of plants, algae, and fungi collected throughout Brazil. Despite the extensive information available, managing the information from the Flora e Funga do Brasil website poses certain challenges.

Methods and Results

florabr is an R package developed to facilitate the exploration and geographical analysis of species information derived from the Flora e Funga do Brasil. Unique to florabr is its ability to interact with the latest, or any other version of the dataset, which undergoes weekly updates. I illustrate the practical application of florabr in common tasks in biogeography and conservation studies.

Conclusions

florabr is anticipated to be of significant interest to biogeographers, ecologists, curators of biological collections, and taxonomists actively contributing to the Flora e Funga do Brasil.
Prey size and ecological separation in spinosaurid theropods based on heterodonty and rostrum shape
Authors: D'Amore Domenic C. , Johnson‐Ransom Evan , Snively Eric , Hone David W. E.
Published: August 2024

Members of the dinosaur clade Spinosauridae had numerous traits attributed to feeding in or around water, and their feeding apparatus has often been considered analogous to modern crocodylians. Here we quantify the craniodental morphology of Spinosauridae and compare it to modern Crocodylia. We measured from spinosaurid and crocodylian skeletal material the area of alveoli as a proxy for tooth size to determine size‐heterodonty. Geometric morphometrics were also conducted on tooth crowns and tooth bearing regions of the skull. Spinosaurids overall had relatively large alveoli, and both they, and crocodylians, had isolated regions of enlarged alveoli. Spinosaurines also had enlarged alveoli along the caudal dentary that baryonychines lacked, which instead had numerous additional caudal tooth positions. Size‐heterodonty was positively allometric, and spinosaurids overlapped with generalist/macro‐generalist crocodylians of similar sizes. Spinosaurid crown shape morphologies overlapped with certain slender‐longirostrine crocodylians, yet lacked molariform distal crowns typical of most crocodylians. Spinosaurid rostra and mandibles were relatively deep with undulating margins correlating with local tooth sizes, which may indicate a developmental constraint. Spinosaurines had a particularly long concavity caudal to their rosette of anterior cranial teeth, with a corresponding bulbous rostral dentary. The spinosaurid feeding apparatus was well suited for quickly striking and creating deep punctures, but not cutting flesh or durophagy. The jaws interlocked to secure prey and move it deeper into the mouth. The baryonychines probably did little oral processing, yet spinosaurines could have processed relatively large vertebrates. Overall, there is no indication that spinosaurids were restricted to fish or small aquatic prey.
Clopidogrel Versus Aspirin as Monotherapy Following Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Receiving a Drug‐Eluting Stent: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Sibbing Dirk , Nicolas Johny , Spirito Alessandro , Vogel Birgit , Cao Davide , Stipek Wanda , Kasireddy Ellen , Qian Andi , Khan Irfan , Mehran Roxana
Published: August 2024

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of clopidogrel versus aspirin as monotherapy following adequate dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL were searched from database inception to September 1, 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies evaluating the effectiveness or safety of clopidogrel versus aspirin as monotherapy following DAPT in patients with ACS who received a drug‐eluting stent were included. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were conducted to compare risks of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and clinically relevant bleeding.

Results

Of 6242 abstracts identified, three unique studies were included: one RCT and two retrospective cohort studies. Studies included a total of 7081 post‐percutaneous coronary intervention ACS patients, 4260 of whom received aspirin monotherapy and 2821 received clopidogrel monotherapy. Studies included variable proportions of patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non‐STEMI, and unstable angina. From the meta‐analysis, clopidogrel was associated with a 28% reduction in the risk of MACE compared with aspirin (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54, 0.98), with no significant difference in clinically relevant bleeding (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.68, 1.24).

Conclusion

Despite the paucity of published evidence on the effectiveness and safety of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients with ACS post‐drug‐eluting stent implantation, this meta‐analysis suggests that clopidogrel versus aspirin may result in a lower risk of MACE, with a similar risk of major bleeding. The present results are hypothesis‐generating and further large RCTs comparing antiplatelet monotherapy options in ACS patients are warranted.
Collaboration and care in climate education: Brave responses to an uncertain future
Authors: Chandler Kathy , Aristeidou Maria , Ball Simon , Charitonos Koula , Kent Carmel , Perryman Leigh‐Anne , Rets Irina
Published: August 2024

An effective educational response to the climate emergency requires disrupting existing ideas about universities' roles, curriculum design and the relationship between educators, students and communities. This study examines an approach to curriculum development taken by academics at The Open University, UK whilst developing the postgraduate short course ‘Teacher development: Addressing the climate emergency’. We sought to challenge hierarchical models of knowledge transfer by working in collaboration with disciplinary experts, grassroots leaders, and young climate activists and foregrounding online and local grassroots practices, students' civic participation, citizen science and intergenerational dialogues. We report on our collaborative autoethnographic study, which we conducted with respect to the course development. This collaborative ethnographic approach has allowed us to externalise and acknowledge the ways in which approaches of collaboration and care have underpinned our course production process, as well as being essential to the ways in which we enable our students to support their own learners. This paper aims to raise awareness of the significance of embracing uncertainty and adopting pedagogies of care and adds to the literature that employs Noddings' Framework of Moral Education to critically examine pedagogical practice. The insights gained will be useful for educators seeking to develop climate‐related curricula and the collaborative approach taken will be of interest to those developing new curricula in teacher education.
The vampyrellid amoeba Strigomyxa ruptor gen. et sp. nov. and its remarkable strategy to acquire algal cell contents
Authors: Suthaus Andreas , Hess Sebastian
Published: August 2024

The vampire amoebae (Vampyrellida, Rhizaria) inhabit freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems and consume a wide range of eukaryotic prey. This includes diverse microalgae, fungi, and microscopic animals. One of the most captivating aspects of the vampyrellids is their ability to extract the cell contents of other eukaryotes after local dissolution of the prey cell wall, a feeding strategy that occurs in several vampyrellid families, but is best studied in Vampyrella species that attack zygnematophyte green algae. Here, we report two new vampyrellid strains from temperate moorlands in Germany with a yet‐undescribed feeding strategy: internal protoplast extraction and cell wall regurgitation. This feeding strategy involves the phagocytosis of whole desmid cells (genus Closterium, Zygnematophyceae), internal cleavage of the algal cell wall, extraction of the cell contents, and subsequent exocytosis of bundled empty cell walls. The large primary food vacuole formed during the process has exceptional functions, as it forms internal feeding pseudopodia, packages algal cell contents into smaller secondary vacuoles, and transforms into a “waste vacuole” with cell wall remnants. The new feeding strategy, which – in the widest sense – is reminiscent of the pellet casting of owls, reveals a stunningly sophisticated behavior of single protist cells. Based on morphological, phylogenetic, and autecological data, both vampyrellid strains are nearly identical and here assigned to a new and quite unique vampyrellid taxon, Strigomyxa ruptor gen. et sp. nov. (Leptophryidae, Vampyrellida).
A Polyoxotungstate Stabilized Copper Catalyst for Green and Efficient Transformation of Alcohols to Ketones
Authors: Wei Zheyu , Yang Guoping , Wei Yongge
Published: August 2024

A water‐soluble copper catalyst (NH4)8[Cu2(H2O)8W12O42] ⋅ 4H2O is prepared by the generated paratunngstate B in situ, which can catalyze the H2O2 oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone with a yield above 98 % in water under much milder conditions of 35 °C and atmospheric pressure, and the substrate can be extend to other secondary alcohols, potentially leading to an economical, green, and efficient ketone production method for industrial use.
Quantitative evaluation of the sealing effect of penetrating gas drilling and in situ repairing technology for smooth holes
Authors: Hu Zuxiang , Yan Yuepeng , Yang Hongqi , Meng Zhancheng , Wen Pengpeng
Published: August 2024

In this study, a new method is proposed to quantitatively determine the extraction of boreholes under the effect of time. The main purpose of this method is to divide the gas drilling holes in the monitoring time into two stages: the early stage of extraction and the middle stage of extraction. The early stage of extraction uses the gas pressure difference to detect the gas tightness of the drilling holes and determine the type of gas leakage of the drilling holes. Moreover, the unqualified drilling holes are repaired immediately to ensure that all the drilling holes in the middle stage of the monitoring are the qualified holes at the early stage of the inspection. In the middle of extraction, the average attenuation rate of the fitting attenuation curve of pure gas extraction in the extraction borehole is calculated by monitoring, the growth rate of the linear fitting of the pure air leakage is calculated, and their ratios are used as the basis for judging the repair value of the gas leak borehole and the gas leak borehole. This quantitative evaluation method is used to monitor the extraction effect of four test holes in a field test conducted at Ping Coal Mine 10. The results indicate that, after adopting in situ downhole repair technology in the early stage of extraction, the average air leakage of Borehole No. 4, which failed due to air leakage in the borehole, decreased from 9.33 to 1.26 L/min (a reduction of 86.5%). Similarly, that of Borehole No. 3, which failed due to penetration of fissures in the surrounding rock, had an air leakage drop from 8.35 to 1.34 L/min (a reduction of 84.0%). These improvements demonstrate the remarkable effectiveness of the method. The quantitative evaluation method established in this study is not only simple to operate but also stable and reliable. Thus, it is feasible to be applied in the field, which provides important technical support for the improvement in gas extraction effect during coal mine safety production.
The unequal impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on young adults' mental health. Predictors of vulnerability and resilience using longitudinal birth cohort data in the UK
Authors: Reed Harriet , Thapar Ajay , Riglin Lucy , Collishaw Stephan , Eaton Christopher B.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Previous studies have demonstrated deteriorations in young adult mental health during the COVID‐19 pandemic, but evidence suggests heterogeneity in the mental health impacts of the pandemic. We sought to identify factors which may predict changes in psychological distress and wellbeing during the COVID‐19 pandemic in UK young adults.

Methods

A total of 2607 young adults from the Millennium Cohort Study were included. Psychological distress and mental wellbeing were measured using the Kessler‐6 and Short Warwick‐Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, respectively. Assessment occurred at three timepoints between the ages of 17–19: 2018/19 (pre‐COVID Baseline), May 2020 (COVID Wave 1) and September/October 2020 (COVID Wave 2). Latent change score models were used to study change in distress and wellbeing across the study period, as well as the impact of sex, relative family poverty, parental education, preexisting mental health difficulties and perceived social support on these changes.

Results

The latent change score models suggested both distress and wellbeing tended to increase across the study period. Being female and in relative poverty predicted greater increases in distress and/or poorer wellbeing. Higher levels of parental education and greater perceived social support were protective against increased distress and associated with improved wellbeing.

Conclusions

The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on UK young adult mental health is complex. We provide further evidence for a distinction between symptoms of poor mental health and wellbeing. Research is urgently needed to assess the long‐term impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the mental health and wellbeing of young people, particularly in more vulnerable groups.
Infected urachal cyst in an adult patient
Authors: Schurmans Renée C. P. , Olij Bram , Kool Melissa , Weinans Carmen R. G. J. , Visschers Ruben G. J. , Zijta Frank M.
Published: August 2024

Urachal cyst is a clinical malformation caused by failure of the allantois to obliterate during embryological development. Because of its rare presentation in adults, urachal cysts are often incorrectly diagnosed. Delay in diagnosis can cause complications such as peritonitis, fistula, sepsis, or even malignant manifestation. We report the case of a 19‐year‐old adult male, who presented with clinical features mimicking appendicitis. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed diagnosis of an infected urachal cyst, which was treated surgically.
Interferon‐responsive neutrophils and macrophages extricate SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron critical patients from the nasty fate of sepsis
Authors: Wang Mu , Zhang Dingji , Lei Ting , Zhou Ye , Qin Hao , Wu Yanfeng , Liu Shuxun , Zhang Liyuan , Jia Kaiwei , Dong Yue , Wang Suyuan , Li Yunhui , Fan Yiwen , Gui Liangchen , Dong Yuchao , Zhang Wei , Li Zhixuan , Hou Jin
Published: August 2024

The SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variant is characterized by its high transmissibility, which has caused a worldwide epidemiological event. Yet, it turns ominous once the disease progression degenerates into severe pneumonia and sepsis, presenting a horrendous lethality. To elucidate the alveolar immune or inflammatory landscapes of Omicron critical‐ill patients, we performed single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐seq) of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from the patients with critical pneumonia caused by Omicron infection, and analyzed the correlation between the clinical severity scores and different immune cell subpopulations. In the BALF of Omicron critical patients, the alveolar violent myeloid inflammatory environment was determined. ISG15+ neutrophils and CXCL10+ macrophages, both expressed the interferon‐stimulated genes (ISGs), were negatively correlated with clinical pulmonary infection score, while septic CST7+ neutrophils and inflammatory VCAN+ macrophages were positively correlated with sequential organ failure assessment. The percentages of ISG15+ neutrophils were associated with more protective alveolar epithelial cells, and may reshape CD4+ T cells to the exhaustive phenotype, thus preventing immune injuries. The CXCL10+ macrophages may promote plasmablast/plasma cell survival and activation as well as the production of specific antibodies. As compared to the previous BALF scRNA‐seq data from SARS‐CoV‐2 wild‐type/Alpha critical patients, the subsets of neutrophils and macrophages with pro‐inflammatory and immunoregulatory features presented obvious distinctions, suggesting an immune disparity in Omicron variants. Overall, this study provides a BALF single‐cell atlas of Omicron critical patients, and suggests that alveolar interferon‐responsive neutrophils and macrophages may extricate SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron critical patients from the nasty fate of sepsis.
New Aspects of the Effects of Climate Change on Interactions Between Plants and Microbiomes: A Review
Authors: Chakraborty Nilanjan , Halder Sunanda , Keswani Chetan , Vaca Jessica , Ortiz Aurelio , Sansinenea Estibaliz
Published: August 2024

One of the most talked about issues of the 21st century is climate change, as it affects not just our health but also forestry, agriculture, biodiversity, the ecosystem, and the energy supply. Greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate change, having dramatic effects on the environment. Climate change has an impact on the function and composition of the terrestrial microbial community both directly and indirectly. Changes in the prevailing climatic conditions brought about by climate change will lead to modifications in plant physiology, root exudation, signal alteration, and the quantity, makeup, and diversity of soil microbial communities. Microbiological activity is very crucial in organic production systems due to the organic origin of microorganisms. Microbes that benefit crop plants are known as plant growth‐promoting microorganisms. Thus, the effects of climate change on the environment also have an impact on the abilities of beneficial bacteria to support plant growth, health, and root colonization. In this review, we have covered the effects of temperature, precipitation, drought, and CO2 on plant–microbe interactions, as well as some physiological implications of these changes. Additionally, this paper highlights the ways in which bacteria in plants' rhizosphere react to the dominant climatic conditions in the soil environment. The goal of this study is to analyze the effects of climate change on plant–microbe interactions.
A Systematic Study on Biobased Epoxy‐Alcohol Networks: Highlighting the Advantage of Step‐Growth Polyaddition over Chain‐Growth Cationic Photopolymerization
Authors: Fantoni Antonella , Koch Thomas , Liska Robert , Baudis Stefan
Published: August 2024

Vanillyl alcohol has emerged as a widely used building block for the development of biobased monomers. More specifically, the cationic (photo‐)polymerization of the respective diglycidyl ether (DGEVA) is known to produce materials of outstanding thermomechanical performance. Generally, chain transfer agents (CTAs) are of interest in cationic resins not only because they lead to more homogeneous polymer networks but also because they strikingly improve the polymerization speed. Herein, the aim is to compare the cationic chain‐growth photopolymerization with the thermally initiated anionic step‐growth polymerization, with and without the addition of CTAs. Indeed, CTAs lead to faster polymerization reactions as well as the formation of more homogeneous networks, especially in the case of the thermal anionic step‐growth polymerization. Resulting from curing above the TG of the respective anionic step‐growth polymer, materials with outstanding tensile toughness (>5 MJ cm−3) are obtained that result in the manufacture of potential shape‐memory polymers.
A Study on the Effectiveness of Musculoskeletal Corticosteroid Injections for Reducing Patient Symptom Scores in Primary Care Practice
Authors: Harmer Abigail , Ribchester John , Malhi Inderpal , Robinson Brad , Eguakun Nosa
Published: August 2024

Objectives

To present data on the effectiveness of corticosteroid injections (CSI) in reducing symptom scores for musculoskeletal conditions in patients treated in an NHS primary care CSI service. The data will also examine whether adding local anaesthetic to the corticosteroid preparation affects the overall patient outcomes in symptom scores.

Methods

A Patient‐reported outcomes (PRO) questionnaire was used to collect data. Patients were asked to complete the questionnaire post‐CSI. Patients were asked to rate their symptoms on a score of 0–6 before and after their injection. Data were calculated using standard deviation and paired t‐test to assess the effectiveness of CSI in reducing symptom scores.

Results

Overall, 172 patients (79.6%) reported an improvement in symptomatology post CSI. Improvements were seen across all injection sites. Of those taking medication for their symptoms, 73 patients (55.7%) reported that they were able to reduce their medication. Data did not suggest that adding local anaesthetic to the injectate resulted in better patient outcomes. Post‐injection symptom scores were statistically similar across all clinicians.

Conclusion

83.7% of patients experienced a reduction in symptom scores post injection. Adding lidocaine to the injectate preparation did not result in any statistically significant improvement in patient outcome. Over half of the participants were able to reduce their medication post injection, which demonstrates this is a highly effective primary care service for treatment/management of some MSK conditions.
Die Arbeitsatmosphäre im Vergleich
Authors: Julmi Christian , Eifert Anna , Dammert Jakob E. , Wittwer Sebastian
Published: August 2024

Wir zeigen, dass die Wahl des Arbeitgebers maßgeblich vom Gehalt, der Arbeitsatmosphäre und dem Verhalten der Führungskräfte beeinflusst wird. Zudem heben die Ergebnisse der Studie die Bedeutung der Arbeitsatmosphäre auch im Vergleich zu anderen Merkmalen weiter hervor. Arbeitgeber sollten verstärkt Maßnahmen ergreifen, um die Arbeitsatmosphäre zu verbessern, denn diese kann die Mitarbeiterzufriedenheit und -bindung steigern. Hierbei muss das Management insbesondere an situativen Faktoren anknüpfen, die die Atmosphäre stark beeinflussen. Außerdem wird deutlich, dass die Arbeitsatmosphäre und die Unternehmenskultur eng verwandte Phänomene sind, sich aber hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung wesentlich unterscheiden. Schließlich wird die Relevanz der Arbeitsatmosphäre über alle Gehaltsstufen hinweg betont.