bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education, anthropogenic environmental change, and sustainable development: A rudimentary framework and reflections on proposed causal pathways for positive change in low‐ and lower‐middle income countries
Authors: Bangay Colin
Published: December 2021

Motivation

The article seeks to support policy‐makers in considering the role of education in response to the climate–environment emergency. It argues for a holistic framing of education's response, incorporating both climate and environment. While recognizing the imperative of global action, it emphasizes the need for national/local education systems approaches that reflect the distinct and localized challenges and responsibilities pertinent to high‐income countries (HICs) and low‐ and lower‐middle income counties (L&LMICs).

Purpose

After presenting an overview of climate–environmental issues and education the article offers a rudimentary framework categorizing education responses to anthropogenic environmental change (AEC).

Methods and approach

The article brings together findings from education, demography, disaster risk reduction (DRR), and environmental studies.

Findings

The key findings are: (1) that education provision in L&LMICs is already being affected by environmental change; (2) the causal links between education and positive environmental impacts are weakly evidenced; (3) the bulk of literature is preoccupied with global climate change and CO2 emissions to the detriment of localized environmental considerations; and (4) that education should be viewed more as a “force multiplier”—alongside areas such as health, reproductive rights, social justice, and livelihoods.

Policy implications

The article argues that to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4.7—whereby education systems of all nations equip students for sustainable development—there is a need for a more geographically specific understanding of the drivers of both climate change and environmental degradation. Differentiated education reform responses are required which reflect both responsibility for carbon emissions and vulnerability to climate and environmental impacts. In HICs this would suggest a greater focus on mitigation (reduction of carbon emissions) and in L&LMICs on adaptation (responding to AEC).
Utility of contrast‐enhanced echocardiography in the diagnosis and follow‐up of a pseudoaneurysm of the aortic arch
Authors: Wu Yu , Xu Jia , Wang Menghe , Li Yuman , Lv Qing
Published: December 2021

Spontaneous pseudoaneurysm of the aortic arch is an exceptionally rare and potentially life‐threatening condition. In this case, we used contrast‐enhanced echocardiography to demonstrate the diagnosis and recurrence of a 47‐year‐old female of aortic arch pseudoaneurysm. The use of contrast‐enhanced echocardiography is suggested to be an important tool in the rapid diagnosis and postoperative follow‐up of the aortic arch pseudoaneurysms.
Training in radiographic caries detection and staging using an interactive tool
Authors: Anamali Sindhura , Pendleton Chandler , Jin Xie Xian , Smith Anna , Jain Aditi
Published: December 2021

Introduction

The objective of the study was to compare a dental student's practical ability to detect and stage radiographic caries per International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), following a traditional lecture and a lecture containing an interactive session using an audience response system (ARS). Associations between the order of instructions and student performance were also evaluated.

Materials and Methods

Eighty‐three dental students were randomly assigned to groups A and B. On the first day, group A received a traditional lecture and group B received content using the ARS. All students then took an electronic quiz (T1) identifying and staging caries on radiographs per ICDAS. For the second day, group A received the content using the ARS system and group B received a traditional lecture. All students subsequently took a second electronic quiz (T2). Two survey questions about the learning experience were also included.

Results

Wilcoxon rank‐sum analysis of scores from consenting students (81) showed no difference between the quiz 1 scores of two groups (p=.61). Whilst not statistically significant (p = .07), the group that had the ARS initially scored marginally higher on quiz 2. Survey results showed that most participants preferred either the ARS alone (49.38%) or a combination of the ARS and a traditional lecture (40.74%). A majority of them (80%) found the ARS helpful.

Conclusion

When training students in practical skills of detection and staging radiographic presence of dental caries per ICDAS, hands‐on learning tools, such as an ARS, complement traditional lectures.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the self‐reported competencies of dental graduates in a Malaysian setting
Authors: Nik‐Azis Nik‐Madihah , Baharin Badiah , Abdullah Dalia
Published: December 2021

Introduction

COVID‐19 pandemic has disrupted the clinical training of dental programmes worldwide. This study aimed to assess the self‐reported competencies of dental graduates directly affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic, as compared to the cohort before the year 2020.

Materials and Methods

A questionnaire consisting of eight domains with 43 questions was sent to all the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia's (UKM) dental graduates of 2019 and 2020 cohorts. The domains were as follows: (A) gathering information at chairside, (B) diagnosis, (C) treatment planning, (D) treatment and prevention, (E) community‐based, (F) management and administrative, (G) communication and (H) personal management and professional development. Three additional questions were included to assess satisfaction on clinical teaching and supervision, requirements and assessment and cross‐infection control.

Results

A total of 54 (91.5%) and 45 (100%) questionnaires were returned by the 2019 and 2020 cohorts, respectively. The 2019 cohort consistently perceived their competencies to be high across all the eight domains, and these responses were significantly higher than the 2020 cohort for seven out of the eight domains (p < .005). The 2019 cohort also consistently perceived their competencies higher compared to the 2020 cohort for 40 out of 43 skills. Eleven skills were deemed to have “poor ratings,” and seven of these skills were rated significantly lower by the 2020 cohort than the other cohort (p < .005).

Conclusions

The findings of this study highlight the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the self‐perceived competencies of dental graduates. The 2020 graduates reported lower percentages of competent responses, mainly for community‐based skills and management and administrative skills, even though they were deemed competent and graduated. The loss of clinical time and the suspension of certain face‐to‐face activities significantly affected their perceived competencies.
Applying the Kirkpatrick model to evaluate dental students’ experience of learning about antibiotics use and resistance
Authors: Badran Amira Saad , Keraa Khaled , Farghaly Mahassen Mohamed
Published: December 2021

Introduction

“Antibiotic resistance” is of main concern in global health and that it could hinder the achievement of sustainable development goals. One of the reported contributing factors is the irrational prescribing behaviour of healthcare professionals including dentists. Efforts to design and evaluate effective educational programmes for undergraduate dental students about appropriate prescribing behaviour during their early educational years could mitigate the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Materials and Methods

A total of 322 students participated in the study. Their knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance was assessed. Students received a specially designed, interactive educational programme. The success of the programme was assessed after the educational sessions and 2 years later using Kirkpatrick’s four‐level evaluation model.

Results

This study is the first study to use Kirkpatrick model to evaluate an educational programme for dental students. The results of the first level of evaluation showed an overall satisfaction score of 82.1%. The second level revealed an increase in the percentage of correct answers after the educational sessions from 68.3% to 80%, and significant agreement with responsible antibiotics usage (p‐value = .020, Effect size = 0.121). The third level showed that the percentage of correct answers 2 years later was 87.5%. The fourth level confirmed the success of the programme as 88.9% of participants reported using the knowledge gained from the programme when prescribing antibiotics.

Conclusions

Our study emphasises the success of the used educational programme and highlights the need for educational interventions in the under graduate dental curriculum.
Automatic segmentation of deep grey nuclei using a high‐resolution 7T magnetic resonance imaging atlas—Quantification of T1 values in healthy volunteers
Authors: Brun Gilles , Testud Benoit , Girard Olivier M. , Lehmann Pierre , de Rochefort Ludovic , Besson Pierre , Massire Aurélien , Ridley Ben , Girard Nadine , Guye Maxime , Ranjeva Jean‐Philippe , Le Troter Arnaud
Published: December 2021

We present a new consensus atlas of deep grey nuclei obtained by shape‐based averaging of manual segmentation of two experienced neuroradiologists and optimized from 7T MP2RAGE images acquired at (.6 mm)3 in 60 healthy subjects. A group‐wise normalization method was used to build a high‐contrast and high‐resolution T1‐weighted brain template (.5 mm)3 using data from 30 out of the 60 controls. Delineation of 24 deep grey nuclei per hemisphere, including the claustrum and 12 thalamic nuclei, was then performed by two expert neuroradiologists and reviewed by a third neuroradiologist according to tissue contrast and external references based on the Morel atlas. Corresponding deep grey matter structures were also extracted from the Morel and CIT168 atlases. The data‐derived, Morel and CIT168 atlases were all applied at the individual level using non‐linear registration to fit the subject reference and to extract absolute mean quantitative T1 values derived from the 3D‐MP2RAGE volumes, after correction for residual B1+ biases. Three metrics (the Dice and the volumetric similarity coefficients and a novel Hausdorff distance) were used to estimate the inter‐rater agreement of manual MRI segmentation and inter‐atlas variability, and these metrics were measured to quantify biases due to image registration, and their impact on the measurements of the quantitative T1 values was highlighted. This represents a fully automated segmentation process permitting the extraction of unbiased normative T1 values in a population of young healthy controls as a reference for characterizing subtle structural alterations of deep grey nuclei relevant to a range of neurological diseases.
Moths passing in the night: Phenological and genomic divergences within a forest pest complex
Authors: Nelson Tyler D. , MacDonald Zachary G. , Sperling Felix A. H.
Published: December 2021

Temporal separation of reproductive timing can contribute to species diversification both through allochronic speciation and later reinforcement of species boundaries. Such phenological differences are an enigmatic component of evolutionary divergence between two major forest defoliator species of the spruce budworm complex: Choristoneura fumiferana and C. occidentalis. While these species interbreed freely in laboratory settings, natural hybridization rates have not been reliably quantified due to their indistinguishable morphology. To assess whether temporal isolation is contributing to reproductive isolation, we collected adult individuals throughout their expected zone of sympatry in western Canada at 10‐day intervals over two successive years, assigning taxonomic identities using thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found unexpectedly broad sympatry between C. fumiferana and C. occidentalis biennis and substantial overlap of regional flight periods. However, flight period divergence was much more apparent on a location‐by‐location basis, highlighting the importance of considering spatial scale in these analyses. Phenological comparisons were further complicated by the biennial life cycle of C. o. biennis, the main subspecies of C. occidentalis in the region, and the occasional occurrence of the annually breeding subspecies C. o. occidentalis. Nonetheless, we demonstrate that biennialism is not a likely contributor to reproductive isolation within the species complex. Overall, interspecific F1 hybrids comprised 2.9% of sequenced individuals, confirming the genomic distinctiveness of C. fumiferana and C. occidentalis, while also showing incomplete reproductive isolation of lineages. Finally, we used FST‐based outlier and genotype–environment association analyses to identify several genomic regions under putative divergent selection. These regions were disproportionately located on the Z linkage region of C. fumiferana, and contained genes, particularly antifreeze proteins, that are likely to be associated with overwintering success and diapause. In addition to temporal isolation, we conclude that other mechanisms, including ecologically mediated selection, are contributing to evolutionary divergence within the spruce budworm species complex.
Investigation of mesh dependency issues in the simulation of crack propagation in quasi‐brittle materials by using a diffuse interface modeling approach
Authors: Pascuzzo Arturo , Greco Fabrizio , Leonetti Lorenzo , Lonetti Paolo , Pranno Andrea , Ronchei Camilla
Published: December 2021

This work proposes an efficient cohesive finite element modeling approach based on a diffuse interelement interface strategy to reproduce the fracture behavior of quasi‐brittle materials under general loading conditions. The proposed model involves zero‐thickness interface elements, whose strength and toughness properties are spatially randomized, thus avoiding the well‐known nonuniqueness issues that can affect the stability of the associated numerical computations, which potentially lead to physically meaningless predictions of the fracture behavior. The reliability of the proposed refined fracture approach is assessed by performing several numerical simulations of the direct tensile test on various quasi‐brittle specimens. Results show that a proper calibration of the cohesive properties of the diffuse embedded interfaces is fundamental to ensure the desired numerical accuracy and stability properties. Besides, comparisons with experimental and numerical data found in the literature are used to fully validate the proposed approach.
Optimizing seed‐based Miscanthus plug plant production with supplemental heat and light, compost type and volume
Authors: Wu Pei‐Chen , Ashman Chris , Awty‐Carroll Danny , Robson Paul , Clifton‐Brown John
Published: December 2021

To help meet greenhouse gas mitigation targets perennial biomass crops will need to be planted at large scales and at a much greater pace over the coming decades. Miscanthus is a leading biomass crop but rapid upscaling is technically challenging due to costly and time‐consuming clonal propagation. Seed‐based hybrids are considered a viable route to rapid upscaling, but direct sowing has not been found feasible under temperate climate conditions due to high thermal requirements for germination and slow early plant development compared with larger seeded annuals. Seed‐based plug plants, initially propagated in greenhouses, provide a suitable route to improve field establishment. Here, we describe an input optimization experiment for seeded Miscanthus plugs raised for spring planting in a naturally lit greenhouse with the following treatments: supplemental heat to maintain a minimum of 15°C, supplemental predawn light from modern LEDs at PPFD 300–400 μmol m−2 s−1, two proprietary types of compost (known as 50k and 70k), and two compost volumes (35 and 15 cm3). Our results showed that variations in all four factors had significant effects on above‐ and belowground biomass: (i) supplemental heat increased root‐to‐shoot ratio, (ii) supplemental light increased total biomass and root‐to‐shoot ratio, (iii) compost type affected total biomass and (iv) compost volume was positively correlated with total biomass and stem base diameter. No factor had a significant effect on axillary shoot formation. We recommend nurseries in the United Kingdom use LEDs as predawn supplemental light but no supplemental heat, compost that has both good water‐holding capacity and aeration, and a larger compost volume, which provided optimized cost‐plug resilience for spring‐sown, seed‐based Miscanthus plug production.
‘A lot of small things make a difference’. Mental health and strategies of coping during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Halliday Emma C. , Holt Vivien , Khan Koser , Ward Fiona , Wheeler Paula , Sadler Gill
Published: December 2021

Introduction

The social and economic consequences of COVID‐19 have the potential to affect individuals and populations through different pathways (e.g., bereavement, loss of social interaction).

Objective

This study adopted a solicited diary method to understand how mental health was affected during England's first lockdown. We also considered the experiences of diary keeping during a pandemic from the perspective of public participants.

Methods

Fifteen adults older than 18 years of age were recruited from northwest England. Diarists completed semistructured online diaries for 8 weeks, which was combined with weekly calls. A focus group captured participants' experiences of diary keeping.

Findings

Four key factors influenced mental health, which fluctuated over time and in relation to diarists' situations. These concerned navigating virus risk, loss of social connections and control and constrictions of the domestic space. Diarists also enacted a range of strategies to cope with the pandemic. This included support from social networks, engagement with natural environments, establishing normality, finding meaning and taking affirmative action.

Conclusion

Use of diary methods provided insights into the lived experiences of the early months of a global pandemic. As well as contributing evidence on its mental health effects, diarists' accounts illuminated considerable resourcefulness and strategies of coping with positive effects for well‐being. While diary keeping can also have therapeutic benefits during adversity, ethical and practical issues need to be considered, which include the emotional nature of diary keeping.

Public Contribution

Members of the public were involved in interpretation of data as well as critiquing the overall diary method used in the study.
Mosaic landscapes provide conservation pockets for an endangered species: Colias myrmidone in Romania
Authors: Loos Jacqueline , Schröer Cindy , Becker Thomas , Kastal Agnes , Kortmann Elena , Dolek Matthias
Published: December 2021

Biodiversity in European agricultural landscapes is at stake, with many once widespread species now being endangered, extinct or confined to few areas.

So is the Danube Clouded Yellow butterfly, Colias myrmidone, with few populations left in three Eastern European countries, namely Poland, Slovakia and Romania. However, ecological understanding of its relationship to environmental conditions and land‐use practises is piecemeal.

Here, we quantify the environmental conditions determining the distribution of C. myrmidone for some of its last known strongholds in Romania.

We performed random stratified searches for the butterfly and its hostplant Chamaecytisus sp. in and around three Natura 2000 sites in Transylvania, which we have subdivided into 100 × 100 m grid cells. During 2016–2019, we observed C. myrmidone in 1765 grid cells. Logistic regression modelling related the presence of C. myrmidone and its hostplant to temperature, precipitation, slope, distance to forest, land cover and aspect.

The butterfly was more likely to occur with higher temperatures and higher precipitation and was associated with flat and slightly inclined slopes near forests. Furthermore, the probability was higher on grasslands, pastures and in agricultural mosaic landscapes compared to arable land and forests, with a preference for an Eastern and north‐western aspect. We extrapolated these findings to predict potential other areas of occurrences with a precision of 91%.

Our resulting map may be useful for conservationists to prioritise assessments and area‐based conservation strategies for safeguarding this highly endangered species also outside the designated Natura 2000 sites.
Associations between socioeconomic status and place of residence with survival after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Nichols Linda , Gall Seana , Stankovich Jim , Stirling Christine
Published: December 2021

Background/Aim

This study aims to understand early (<24 h post ictus) and late (up to 12 months) survival post aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH), with a focus on rurality and socioeconomic status.

Methods

A statewide population‐based cohort of aSAH cases in Tasmania, Australia, was established from 2010 to 2014 using multiple overlapping sources. Clinical data were collected from medical records and the Tasmanian Death Registry, with area‐level rurality and socioeconomic status geocoded to participants’ residential address.

Results

From a cohort of 237 (70% women, 36% disadvantaged, 38% rural) individuals over a 5‐year period, 12‐month mortality was 52.3% with 54.0% of these deaths occurring within 24 h post ictus. In univariable analysis of 12‐month survival, outcome was not influenced by socioeconomic status, but rural geographical location was associated with a non‐significant increase in death (hazard ratio (HR) 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85–1.75) along with hypertension (HR 1.78; 95% CI 1.07–2.98) and hypercholesterolaemia (HR 1.70; 95% CI 0.99–2.91). Multivariable analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in death to 12 months after aSAH for both hypertension (HR 1.81; 95% CI 1.08–3.03) and hypercholesterolaemia (HR 1.71; 95% CI 1.00–2.94) but not socioeconomic status or geographic location.

Conclusion

We found high early death in this population‐based aSAH Australian population. Survival to 12 months after aSAH was not related to either geographical location or socioeconomic status but modifiable risk factors increased the risk of death.
When Knowing What Is Just and Being Committed to Achieving it Is Not Enough
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: December 2021

In this article, I argue that overly‐optimistic beliefs about how much progress toward justice has been made and overly‐pessimistic beliefs about what progress toward justice can be made can both help perpetuate injustices. Further, such beliefs can help perpetuate injustices even if those who hold them have a firm grasp of the correct principles of justice, a robust commitment to realize them, and the political influence to make their commitment effective. I also argue that when mistaken beliefs about justice of either sort are embedded in ideologies, they are an especially serious obstacle to moral progress. Finally, I conclude that ideologies can help perpetuate injustices even if they do not ‘mask’ them, if they include either overly‐optimistic or overly‐pessimistic beliefs about progress toward justice.
If You Are Committed to Justice, Why Aren't You an Activist? Comments on Allen Buchanan
Authors: Haslanger Sally
Published: December 2021

In response to Buchanan's argument that ideologies function as doxastic immune systems, I invite him to expand on three issues. (1) What does it mean to have a perfect grasp of the principles of justice, and why should we think that someone with such a grasp should be in a position (even if unable) to act justly? (2) What is required to be fully epistemically responsible when in the grip of an ideology? (3) Might we learn more from contemporary Critical Theory about the workings of ‘doxastic immune systems’?
A microanalysis of learner questions and tutor guidance in simulation‐assisted inquiry learning
Authors: Liu Arita L. , Hajian Shiva , Jain Misha , Fukuda Mari , Obaid Teeba , Nesbit John C. , Winne Philip H.
Published: December 2021

Background

Guidance during inquiry learning plays an important role in developing conceptual understanding and inquiry skills. This study analysed learner‐tutor interactions in a simulation‐assisted learning environment to investigate how tutor guidance enabled knowledge construction and fostered epistemic practice.

Objectives

This research aimed to illuminate challenges learners encounter in the inquiry process and forms of guidance that support learning in both conceptual and epistemic aspects.

Methods

This study uses a mixed methods approach. We analysed video recordings in which nine participants asked 72 questions and the microsequences of interactions immediately surrounding and including each question. We coded properties of each question and whether the tutors' utterances were intended to increase (upregulate) or decrease (downregulate) the complexity of the inquiry processes, and used a two‐step cluster analysis to explore groupings emerged from tutors' regulation guidance and learners' questions.

Results and Conclusions

The regulatory intent of tutors' utterances depended on various characteristics of student questions. The microsequences clustered in five categories: 1) upregulated investigation and inference, 2) upregulated evidence‐based justification, 3) downregulated cognitive load, 4) downregulated procedural uncertainties, and 5) downregulated perceptual dissonance. Our findings suggest tutors offering guiding prompts should consider dual processes in the inquiry and, by strategically prompting them, strike a balance between the goals of guiding learners to discover scientific knowledge and grounding their conceptual understanding in concepts, data, and procedures.

Implications

We emphasize conceptual and epistemic learning should be concurrently guided in scientific inquiry. We propose a bidirectional guidance model as a pedagogical approach to guide instructional practice.
Euro Area: Towards a European Common Bond? – Empirical Evidence from the Sovereign Debt Markets
Authors: Stoupos Nikolaos , Kiohos Apostolos
Published: December 2021

Despite the debt crisis of the period 2010–15, the Eurozone did not manage to adopt an efficient policy for reinforcing the creation of a common bond among the members‐states of the union. Under these circumstances, the research aim of this manuscript is to further explore the integration level of bond markets in the EMU after the end of the 2010 debt crisis and the potential creation of a Euro Area common bond. The empirical evidence we gathered is suggestive of a significant integration degree of bond markets in the Euro Area, whereas plenty of asymmetries exist among the member‐states notwithstanding. The dominant role of France, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Ireland and Spain on the EA bond markets were unveiled. As a matter of fact, we propose that the EMU be conditionally prepared to issue a common Eurozone bond which will safeguard the financial stability in the monetary union.
Determining factors affecting job strain for nurse practitioners in acute care practice
Authors: Yang Yi‐Jane , Tung Heng‐Hsin , Kau Kevin , Shiu Shu‐Ying , Huang Sheng‐Shiung , Tsai Li‐Yun , Tsay Shiow‐Luan
Published: December 2021

Purpose

To investigate nurse practitioners’ (NPs) experience of job strain in acute care settings, and to examine the factors that may affect job strain in that context.

Design

Descriptive design using a national survey was employed.

Methods

A total of 1396 NPs completed online surveys that recorded demographic characteristics and included a Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), a Condition for Work Effectiveness Questionnaire (CWEQ), and the Dempster Practice Behavior Scale (DPBS). Multiple logistic regressions were conducted to explore the factors associated with job strain types.

Findings

NPs were classified into job strain categories of passive (24.4%), active (31.4%), low (19.2%), or high (24.9%). The passive job strain type was associated with overtime hours, organizational empowerment, and autonomy. The active job type was associated with higher organizational empowerment and autonomy. The high‐strain and low‐strain job types were both associated with overtime hours and autonomy.

Conclusion

Nearly 25% of acute care NPs are in a high job strain type. Organizational empowerment and autonomy were two major factors associated with the passive and active job strain types. Overtime hours and autonomy were both associated with the high‐strain and low‐strain job types.

Clinical relevance

Supportive hospital/nursing leadership should acknowledge the impact of NP practice as they can contribute to the operational efficacy of their organization. Hospital administrators should provide a supportive practice environment by empowering NPs, enhancing autonomy, and addressing working conditions for NPs to decrease the odds of having a passive or high‐strain job type in practice.
First report of Truncatella angustata causing leaf spot on oregano (Origanum vulgare) in Latvia
Authors: Sokolova Olga , Sivicka Irina , Krivmane Baiba , Kārkliņa Katrīna
Published: December 2021

Oregano is one of the most commonly cultivated aromatic and medicinal plants in Europe. There is a lack of information about fungi infecting oregano during the vegetation period. In autumn 2020, the diversity of fungi colonizing and damaging oregano leaves was surveyed in the ex‐situ collection held at the Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. A fungus with appendage‐bearing conidia was isolated from oregano leaf tissue, causing brown lesions at the tip or edge of the leaf. The causal agent of the disease was identified as Truncatella angustata after the evaluation of morphology and culture characteristics. The identity of the species was confirmed based on multi‐locus phylogenetic analyses, using ITS, LSU, tef‐1α, tub2 and rpb2 loci, in combination with morphological data. The homologous regions from relevant T. angustata available in the GenBank were compared with T. angustata sequences obtained from oregano in this study. Pathogenicity tests performed on oregano leaves resulted in the same symptoms as observed in naturally‐infected plants. This is first report of T. angustata as a pathogen of oregano, as well as the first report on the occurrence of T. angustata on oregano in Latvia.
‘Is there any point in me doing this?’ Views and experiences of women in the Diabetes and Antenatal Milk Expressing (DAME) trial
Authors: Moorhead Anita M. , Amir Lisa H. , Forster Della A. , Crawford Sharinne B.
Published: December 2021

The Diabetes and Antenatal Milk Expressing (DAME) randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted in 2011–2015, at six sites in Melbourne, Australia to explore the effect of advising women with diabetes in pregnancy to express breast milk from 36 weeks gestation. Infants whose mothers were randomised to express in pregnancy were more likely to be exclusively breast milk fed during their hospital stay, and there was no evidence of harm. This paper explores women's views and experiences of antenatal expressing. In this two‐arm RCT, 635 women with diabetes in pregnancy who were otherwise of low medical risk were randomised at 36–37 weeks gestation to usual care (not expressing, n = 316), or the intervention, where women were advised to hand express for 10 min twice daily until birth (n = 319). Semistructured face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 10 women who expressed antenatally. They were asked about their experiences of antenatal expressing, including how they felt about the overall experience, the amount of breast milk they expressed, making time to express, and their experience of breastfeeding. Thematic analysis of the in‐depth interviews identified six themes: (1) learning and adapting expressing, (2) feelings and sensations associated with expressing, (3) support, (4) dis/empowerment, (5) health, and (6) the value of breast milk. Women had both positive and negative experiences of antenatal expressing. If health professionals are advising antenatal expressing to women, it is important they understand the range of outcomes and experiences.
Hospitals as total institutions
Authors: Jenkins Danisha , Burton Candace , Holmes Dave
Published: December 2021

The image of the hospital is presented to the public as a place of healing. Though the oft‐criticized total institutions of the past have been notably dismantled, the totalizing practices therein are now operationalized in the health care system. Through the lens of Erving Goffman, this article offers ways in which health care institutions operationalize totalizing practices, contributing to the mortification of patients and nurses alike in service to the bureaucratic machine. This article examines the ways in which totalizing practices may disrupt the agency of both patients and nurses alike.
The individual‐based network structure of palm‐seed dispersers is explained by a rainforest gradient
Authors: Friedemann Pâmela , Côrtes Marina Corrêa , de Castro Everaldo Rodrigo , Galetti Mauro , Jordano Pedro , Guimarães Jr Paulo R.
Published: December 2021

How species interactions change in space and time is a major question in ecology. In tropical forests, plant individuals share mutualistic partners (pollinators or seed dispersers), yet we have little understanding of the factors affecting these individual interaction patterns. We used a seed dispersal individual‐based network describing interactions between individuals of a palm species and bird species to investigate how intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of individual plants influence the network structure. We evaluated if average canopy height, number of fruits, distance to forest gap and habitat type influence the role of palm individuals in the network. From 102 palms, 62 individuals had their seeds dispersed at least once: 17 individual palms in the restinga, 15 in the lowland and 30 in the pre‐montane habitat. Twelve bird species were recorded dispersing Euterpe edulis seeds. No palm characteristics influenced interaction patterns in the network, characterized by the level of centrality of each palm. At the network level, modularity with qualitative data was reproduced by the null models which consider the variation in the number and distribution across interactions. Three of the seven identified modules were associated with a particular habitat. Indeed, habitat type explained 50% of network modularity. Habitat association with modularity was driven by differences in species composition across habitats. Palm individuals did not differ greatly in central positions, indicating that bird species are not selecting palm individuals by their characteristics. When using the weighted network, modularity level was higher than expected by the number of interactions, and frequency of interactions was positively correlated with canopy height. Our results suggest that the organization of this individual‐based network is mostly driven by habitat type. We hypothesize that extrinsic characteristics, such as habitat type, may affect the network organization of populations of sessile organisms with potentially unanticipated consequences to ecological and evolutionary dynamics.
Virginia Woolf and the emotion work of reading George Eliot: A case study in reader–author relationships
Authors: Bigongiari Giulia
Published: December 2021

Virginia Woolf has written extensively about her own strategies of reading. In her essays and her letters, she often describes the methods she employs to reconstruct the real author’s personality and retrace authorial voices in the books she was experiencing as a reader. This article will compare Woolf’s methods to contemporary discussions about immersion in fictional texts and emotional engagement with characters, eventually arguing that the concept of emotion work, developed by sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild, is a fruitful one for understanding the process Woolf engages in. Thanks to this theoretical approach, it will also offer an original analysis of the relationship between Woolf and Eliot, arguing that the study of Woolf’s engagement with this writer can offer a point of access for the study of Woolf’s relationship with the legacy of Victorian women writers, an emotionally charged one.
The Potential Value of Monocyte to Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet to Mean Platelet Volume Ratio in the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infections
Authors: Maimaiti Zulipikaer , Xu Chi , Fu Jun , Chai Wei , Zhou Yonggang , Chen Jiying
Published: December 2021

Objective

To explore the possibility of obtaining more accurate information from routine blood tests for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI).

Methods

This is a retrospective study. Between 2017 and 2018, a total of 246 patients who underwent total hip or knee revision surgery were included in this study. There were 146 females and 100 males, and the mean age of the patients was 62.1 ± 12.75 years. Laboratory parameters erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C‐reactive protein (CRP), D‐dimer, plasma fibrinogen, serum white blood cell (WBC), and calculable ratio markers were collected. Based on leukocytes (monocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count), platelet count, and mean platelet volume Inflammation‐related ratio markers were calculated, which including monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and platelet to mean platelet volume ratio (PMR). Follow‐up of all studied cases for at least 1 year. The diagnostic value of the markers based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The most optimal combinations of blood markers were selected by the prediction models. Statistical analyses and prediction models were performed using R software.

Results

Of the 246 patients, 125 were diagnosed with PJI and 121 with aseptic loosening. A higher rate of patients underwent revision surgery due to hip prosthesis loosening in the aseptic loosening group (74.4%) compared to the PJI group (45.6%, P < 0.001). ROC curves showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for classical markers, fibrinogen was 0.853 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.805–0.901), ESR was 0.836 (95% CI, 0.785–0.887) and CRP was 0.825 (95% CI, 0.773–0.878). Followed by the PMR, PLR, NLR and MLR, which showed promising diagnostic performance with AUCs of 0.791, 0.785, 0.736, and 0.733. The AUCs of the ratio markers were higher than those of D‐dimer (0.691;95% CI, 0.6243–0.7584) and serum WBC (0.622; 95% CI, 0.552–0.691). After the predictive model calculation, AUC was up to 0.923 (95% CI, 0.891–0.951) when plasma fibrinogen combined with MLR and PMR and interpreted excellent discriminatory capacity with a sensitivity of 86.40% and a specificity of 84.17%. The new combination significantly increases the accuracy and reliability of the diagnosis of PJI (P < 0.001). The AUC increased to 0.899 (95% CI, 0.861–0.931; P = 0.007) and 0.916 (95% CI, 0.880–0.946; P < 0.001), followed by CRP and ESR, respectively. All plasma fibrinogen, ESR, and CRP combined with both PMR and MLR achieved the highest specificity (89.17%) and PPV (85.34%).

Conclusion

The diagnostic performance greatly improved when plasma fibrinogen, ESR, and CRP combined with ratio markers.
Evaluation of the efficacy of wrist arthroscopic surgery for aseptic necrosis of lunate bone
Authors: Teng Xiao‐Feng , Yuan Hui‐Zong , Chen Hong
Published: December 2021

Objective

To explore the use of wrist arthroscopy for treatment of aseptic necrosis of lunate bone and its curative effect.

Methods

From March 2012 to January 2016, 12 patients with aseptic necrosis of lunate bone underwent necrotic lunate bone extirpation assisted by wrist arthroscopy, and the scaphocapitate joint treated with fusion‐stabilization were selected. Among these patients, 10 patients were male and two patients were female. The age of these patients ranged from 25 to 42 years old, with an average age of 32 years old. These lesions were located in the right hand in eight patients, and in the left hand in four patients. Lichtman stage: stage IIIA in two patients, and stage IIIB in 10 patients. All patients were diagnosed by anterior lateral radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). From the second day after the surgery, patients underwent active motion for the metacarpophalangeal joint and interphalangeal joints. When the X‐ray film indicated that the fracture had healed, patients began to resume their daily activities and work. After surgery, the plain films of all planes, including the axial plane of the scaphoid, were taken every month, until fracture healing. All patients were followed up for a mean duration of 8 months, and the Mayo wrist score was used to assess the range of motion of the wrist joint and grip force during the follow‐ups for objective function evaluation.

Results

Fracture healing was obtained in all patients within 9–12 weeks after the operation, and average healing time was 10 weeks. The duration of follow‐up ranged between 6–14 months, and the mean duration was 8 months. According to the modified Mayo wrist score, the objective function of the wrist joint was evaluated as follows: flexion and extension range of the wrist joint was 40°–110°, with an average of 105°, which was 80% of that of the unaffected side. Radioulnar deviation was 45°‐80°, with an average of 55°, which was 82% of that of the unaffected side. Grip force was 25–48 kg, with an average of 40 kg, which was 84% of that of the unaffected side. The modified Mayo wrist score was good in eight patients, acceptable in three patients, and poor in one patient.

Conclusions

Wrist arthroscopy is an effective and feasible tool for the treatment of aseptic necrosis of the lunate bone, and the right kind of surgical procedure should be selected for different stages of the disease, and wrist arthroscopy is applied timely, in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
Expression profile, transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation of genes involved in hydrogen sulphide metabolism connecting the balance between development and stress adaptation in plants: a data‐mining bioinformatics approach
Authors: Mondal R. , Madhurya K. , Saha P. , Chattopadhyay S. K. , Antony S. , Kumar A. , Roy S. , Roy D.
Published: December 2021

Recent research focused on novel aspects of sulphur and sulphur‐containing molecules in fundamental plant processes has highlighted the importance of these compounds. Currently, the focus has shifted to the efficacy of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) as signalling compounds that regulate different development and stress mitigation in plants.

Accordingly, we used an in silico approach to study the differential expression patterns of H2S metabolic genes at different growth/development stages and their tissue‐specific expression patterns under a range of abiotic stresses. Moreover, to understand the multilevel regulation of genes involved in H2S metabolism, we performed computation‐based promoter analysis, alternative splice variant analysis, prediction of putative miRNA targets and co‐expression network analysis.

Gene expression analysis suggests that H2S biosynthesis is highly influenced by developmental and stress stimuli. The functional annotation of promoter structures reveales a wide range of plant hormone and stress responsive cis‐regulatory elements (CREs) that regulate H2S metabolism. Co‐expression analysis suggested that genes involved in H2S metabolism are also associated with different metabolic processes.

In this data‐mining study, the primary focus was to understand the genetic architecture governing pathways of H2S metabolism in different cell compartments under various developmental and stress signalling cascades. The present study will help to understand the genetic architecture of H2S metabolism via cysteine metabolism and the functional roles of these genes in development and stress tolerance mechanisms.
Did the 2018 megadrought change the partitioning of growth between tree sizes and species? A Swiss case‐study
Authors: Bose A. K. , Rohner B. , Bottero A. , Ferretti M. , Forrester D. I.
Published: December 2021

By killing or weakening trees, drought could change the partitioning of growth between tree sizes or species, thereby altering stand structure. Growth partitioning, often quantified using the growth dominance coefficient (DC) or the shape of tree size versus growth relationships (SGR), indicates the relative contribution of differently sized trees to the total stand growth. Changes in growth partitioning due to droughts are rarely examined but provide valuable information that links tree‐ and stand‐level responses to droughts.

The objective of this study was to test whether the 2018 European megadrought altered the growth partitioning among tree sizes and species. For this purpose, we first evaluated whether DC or SGR can be calculated from small sample sizes of trees typical of individual forest inventory plots.

DC, and particularly SGR, were sensitive to sample size, forest type (even‐aged and uneven‐aged), target variable (tree diameter, basal area or stem mass) and range of tree sizes within the sample. SGR could therefore not be used for our analyses. We found no differences in DC prior to and during the 2018 drought. However, when considering only beech (Fagus sylvatica)‐dominated stands, DC was lower during post‐drought years than during the 2018 drought.

The growth of larger trees, especially beech, was more negatively affected during post‐drought years. Therefore, an extreme drought event can indeed alter the growth partitioning within forest stands. The DC indicates such changes in partitioning and, hence, which trees can be selected for commercial thinning, or released from competition, to minimize potential impacts of droughts.
Increasing radiant heat flux affects leaf flammability patterns in plant species of eastern Australian fire‐prone woodlands
Authors: Krix D. W. , Murray M. L. , Murray B. R.
Published: December 2021

Leaf flammability is a functional trait that can vary widely among plant species. At present, however, the effects that increasing radiant heat flux have on variation in leaf flammability among species are not well understood. Yet, such effects could have important implications for wildfire models that take into account species’ differences in flammability.

We examined how five leaf flammability attributes spanning ignitibility (times to incandescence and flaming), sustainability (incandescence and flame durations) and combustibility (proportion of leaves entering flaming combustion) responded to increasing radiant heat fluxes (29.6 to 96.6 kWm−2) in 10 species of fire‐prone woodlands.

As radiant heat flux increased, times to incandescence and flaming became significantly faster and proportions of leaves entering flaming combustion became significantly higher. In contrast, incandescence duration became significantly shorter at high radiant heat flux. Differences among species in these flammability attributes decreased with increasing radiant heat flux, with species becoming significantly more similar to each other. Differences among species in flame duration, however, were not significantly affected by increasing radiant heat flux, with leaf flaming durations in each species remaining relatively fixed across the radiant heat flux gradient.

Our findings show that leaf flammability is significantly affected by increasing radiant heat flux. We suggest that of the flammability attributes assessed in our study, flame duration is the most informative to include in wildfire models which explicitly consider species’ flammability, given that differences among species in flame duration are maintained across a radiant heat flux gradient.