bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Кратномасштабный анализ Рисса на нульмерных группах
Authors: Lukomskii Sergei Feodorovich
Published: January 2015

Построены всплесковые базисы с некомпактным носителем на нульмерных группах. Для групп Виленкина получен алгоритм построения масштабирующей функции в терминах деревьев.
Библиография: 26 наименований.
Infectiousness of the Human Population to Anopheles arabiensis by Direct Skin Feeding in an Area Hypoendemic for Malaria in Senegal
Authors: Gaye Abdoulaye , Bousema Teun , Libasse Gadiaga , Ndiath Mamadou O. , Konaté Lassana , Jawara Musa , Faye Ousmane , Sokhna Cheikh
Published: January 2015

Direct skin feeding experiments are sensitive assays to determine human infectiousness to mosquitoes but are rarely used in malaria epidemiological surveys. We determined the infectiousness of inhabitants of a malaria hypoendemic area in Senegal. Gametocyte prevalence by microscopy was 13.5% (26 of 192). Of all individuals who were gametocyte positive, 44.4% (11 of 25) infected ≥ 1 Anopheles arabiensis mosquito and 10.8% (54 of 500) of mosquitoes became infected. Of all individuals who were gametocyte negative by microscopy, 4.3% (7 of 162) infected ≥ 1 mosquito and 0.4% (12 of 3240) of mosquitoes became infected. The 18.2% (12 of 66) of all mosquito infections was a result of submicroscopic gametocyte carriage and two individuals without asexual parasites or gametocytes by microscopy were infectious to mosquitoes. When infectivity and local demography was taken into account, children 5–14 years of age contributed 50.8% of the human infectious reservoir for malaria. Adults and submicroscopic gametocyte carriers may contribute considerably to onward malaria transmission in our setting.
The Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Bunyavirus (SFTSV) Antibody in a Highly Endemic Region from 2011 to 2013: A Comparative Serological Study
Authors: Hu Chunyan , Guo Chentao , Yang Zhendong , Wang Liyuan , Hu Jiangong , Qin Shuli , Cui Ning , Peng Wei , Liu Kun , Liu Wei , Cao Wuchun
Published: January 2015

A seropositive rate of 6.59% was determined in the highly endemic region for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. A significant correlation was observed between case incidence and seroprevalence on temporal and geographic levels. Seroprevalence was comparable in the last 3 years, indicating a stable and ongoing circulation of the infection.
Comparing the Impact of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies on Malaria Transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ndeffo Mbah Martial L. , Parikh Sunil , Galvani Alison P.
Published: January 2015

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are currently considered the first-line treatments for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Among these, artemether-lumefantrine (AL) has been the most widely prescribed ACT in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent clinical trials conducted in sub-Saharan Africa have shown that dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP), a most recent ACT, may have a longer post-treatment prophylactic period and post-treatment infection period (duration of gametocyte carriage) than AL. Using epidemiological and clinical data on the efficacy of AL and DP, we developed and parameterized a mathematical transmission model that we used to compare the population-level impact of AL and DP for reducing P. falciparum malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Our results showed that DP is likely to more effectively reduce malaria incidence of clinical episodes than AL. However in low P. falciparum transmission areas, DP and AL are likely to be equally effective in reducing malaria prevalence. The predictions of our model were shown to be robust to the empirical uncertainty summarizing the epidemiological parameters. DP should be considered as a replacement for AL as first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria in highly endemic P. falciparum communities. To optimize the effectiveness of ACTs, it is necessary to tailor treatment policies to the transmission intensity in different settings.
Hypothesis: Dynamics of Classical Malaria Epidemics Show Plasmodium falciparum's Survival Strategy
Authors: Shanks G. Dennis
Published: January 2015

Areas of marginal transmission can generate enormous lethal falciparum malaria epidemics when factors favoring the parasite shift only slightly. Although usually described in terms of vectorial capacity, medical scientists working in India in the early 20th century came to the conclusion that “an epidemic of relapses” was the key triggering event of malaria epidemics. This explanation has been largely discarded, because the biology of Plasmodium falciparum recrudescence has since been differentiated from P. vivax relapse. Using data from the Punjab in 1908 and Ceylon in 1934–1935, the genesis of malaria epidemics has been re-examined to inform current control efforts. The epidemics were focused geographically depending on recent rainfall or drought. Epidemics arose very suddenly and simultaneously in several places. Malaria spleen surveys indicated very little recent malaria transmission, and blood smears showed very few gametocytes just before the epidemic. Population stress as indicated by high grain prices because of a poor harvest caused by drought the previous year was a risk factor for malaria epidemics. Although increased female Anopheline survival because of increased humidity played an important part in the magnification of the epidemic, it does not explain its genesis. Human population stress triggering a shift toward gametocytogenesis is hypothesized as the key initiation factor for malaria epidemics. Its evolutionary significance may be that it allows the parasite to match the tropical agricultural cycle.
Epidemiological Study of the Association Between Malaria and Helminth Infections in Nigeria
Authors: Efunshile Akinwale Michael , Olawale Temitope , Stensvold Christen Rune , Kurtzhals Jørgen A. L. , König Brigitte
Published: January 2015

The relationship between intestinal helminth infection and susceptibility to malaria remains unclear. We studied the relationship between these infections. Seven schools in Ilero, Nigeria referred all pupils with febrile illness to our study center for free malaria treatment during a 3-month study period. At the end, all pupils submitted a stool sample for microscopic investigation for helminth eggs. We used an unmatched case-control design to calculate the odds ratios for helminth infection in children with at least one attack of malaria (cases) and children with no malaria episodes during the study (controls). We recorded 115 malaria cases in 82 of 354 (23.2%), 16 of 736 (2.2%), and 17 of 348 (4.7%) children ages ≤ 5, 6–10, and 11–15 years old, respectively (P = 0.001). Helminth infection rate in cases was 21 of 115 (18.3%) compared with 456 of 1,327 (34.4%) in controls. Weighted odds ratio stratified by age group for helminth infection in cases versus controls was 0.50 (95% confidence interval = 0.2–0.84, P < 0.01). Ascaris and hookworm were the most common helminths detected, with prevalence rates of 14 (12.2%) and 6 (5.2%) among cases compared with 333 (25.1%) and 132 (10.0%) in controls, respectively (P = 0.001). The negative association between helminth infection and malaria may be of importance in the design of deworming programs.
Efficacy and Safety of Arachidonic Acid for Treatment of School-Age Children in Schistosoma mansoni High-Endemicity Regions
Authors: Barakat Rashida , Abou El-Ela Nadia E. , Sharaf Soraya , El Sagheer Ola , Selim Sahar , Tallima Hatem , Bruins Maaike J. , Hadley Kevin B. , El Ridi Rashika
Published: January 2015

Arachidonic acid (ARA), an omega-6 fatty acid, is a potent schistosomicide that displayed significant and safe therapeutic effects in Schistosoma mansoni-infected schoolchildren in S. mansoni low-prevalence regions. We here report on ARA efficacy and safety in treatment of schoolchildren in S. mansoni high-endemicity areas of Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02144389). In total, 268 schoolchildren with light, moderate, or heavy S. mansoni infection were assigned to three study arms of 87, 91, and 90 children and received a single dose of 40 mg/kg praziquantel (PZQ), ARA (10 mg/kg per day for 15 days), or PZQ combined with ARA, respectively. The children were examined before and after treatment for stool parasite egg counts and blood biochemical, hematological, and immunological parameters. ARA, like PZQ, induced moderate cure rates (50% and 60%, respectively) in schoolchildren with light infection and modest cure rates (21% and 20%, respectively) in schoolchildren with high infection. PZQ and ARA combined elicited 83% and 78% cure rates in children with light and heavy infection, respectively. Biochemical and immunological profiles were either unchanged or ameliorated after ARA therapy. Combination of PZQ and ARA might be useful for treatment of children with schistosomiasis in high-endemicity regions.
A Prospective Study of Melioidosis After Environmental Exposure of Healthy Participants to Burkholderia pseudomallei During a Muddy Endurance Challenge
Authors: Grivas Rebecca , Barklay Sarah , Ruane Amber , Mayo Mark , Theobald Vanessa , Freeman Kevin , Norton Robert , Baird Robert W. , Currie Bart J.
Published: January 2015

In a prospective study of 123 healthy adults competing in a mud-exposing endurance challenge in the melioidosis-endemic tropical north of the Northern Territory of Australia, there were no asymptomatic seroconversions to Burkholderia pseudomallei using indirect hemagglutination assay. However, one competitor developed melioidosis attributable to infection acquired during the event.
The Korean Punctuation Systems
Authors: LEE Jeon Kyung
Published: January 2015

Currently, the concept of punctuation marks organized by the National Institute of Korean Language involves minimum punctuation marks that help communication between a writer and a reader. There are no traditional marks and instead, all of them reflect the Western punctuation marks. The former reflects the writer’s situation and functions in a sentence unit while the latter functions in a text unit which is related to the reading activity. The Korean traditional punctuation marks indicate the result of understanding the text. This means that Korean punctuation marks were developed in connection with learning. The punctuation was developed, at first, from making the punctuation marks in order to understand Chinese when the Koreans accepted Chinese letters. Further, whenever they faced new letters, they developed several kinds of marking. This is why there is a conceptual gap between the traditional punctuation and the current punctuation marks. This research thoroughly examines Korean traditional punctuation marks and discusses how Korean traditional punctuations can be classified in the same category with the current punctuation marks.
Revisiting Manner/Result Complementarity: with evidence from Japanese and Chinese verb compounds
Authors: LI Wenchao
Published: January 2015

This paper brings data of verb compounds (V-Vs) from Japanese and Chinese, in an effort to uncover two issues: (a) whether the lexicalisation constraint (i.e. manner/result complementarity) applies to the languages that contain compound verbs; (b) how complex it can be to build compound verb. The finding reveals that manner and result are well encoded in most Japanese verb compounds, which gives rise to the assumption that the complementary constraint is not applicable to Japanese. In Chinese, the application of manner/result complementarity varies according to the types of V-V. In pair relation V-V, only manner meaning is conveyed. In predicate-complement V-V, both manner and result are lexicalised, with V1 encoding the manner and V2 denoting the result. Modifier-predicate V-V appears to only convey the manner. The conclusion emerging from the differing applications in the languages is that the manner/result complementary constraint does not apply to the languages that extensively employ verb compounds.
A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Stops
Authors: RASHID Haroon Ur , AKHTAR Raja Nasim
Published: January 2015

Hindko is an Indo-Aryan language that is mainly spoken in Khyber Pukhtoonkhaw province of Pakistan. This work aims to identify the oral stops of Hindko and determine the intrinsic acoustic cues for them. The phonemic analysis is done with the help of minimal pairs and phoneme distribution in contrastive environments which reveals that Hindko has twelve oral stops with three way series. The acoustic analysis of these segments shows that intrinsically voice onset time (VOT), closure duration and burst are reliable and distinguishing cues of stops in Hindko.
Dejavniki vključenosti aktivne populacije v programe formalnega in neformalnega izobraževanja
Authors: Mirčeva Jasmina , Radovan Marko
Published: January 2015

Prispevek obravnava problematiko vključenosti slovenske aktivne populacije v programe formalnega in neformalnega izobraževanja. Proučuje tudi dejavnike, ki na to vključenost vplivajo pozitivno ali negativno, in nakaže statistične modele izobraževalne vključenosti. Pristop izhaja iz zdajšnjega stanja gospodarstva in družbe v evropskih državah, ko sta gospodarska kriza in recesija v državah EU povzročili upad BDP, manjšo gospodarsko rast, rast brezposelnosti, še posebej pri populaciji mladih, upad življenjskega standarda in kakovosti življenja ter dela.
Reteoretizacija priznavanja neformalno in priložnostno pridobljenega znanja
Authors: Mikulec Borut
Published: January 2015

V prispevku izhajamo iz perspektive kritične teorije in postmodernizma v izobraževanju odraslih pri proučevanju ideje o priznavanju neformalnega in priložnostno pridobljenega znanja. Z vidika sodobnejših spoznanj v teoriji izobraževanja odraslih bomo pokazali, da so teoretiki in praktiki priznavanja polagali prevelike upe na filozofijo in metodologije, s katerimi naj bi ocenjevali, vrednotili, potrjevali in priznavali neformalno in priložnostno pridobljeno znanje. Na tej podlagi bomo osvetlili potrebo po reteoretizaciji »samoumevnih« predpostavk in »pozitivnih« učinkov, ki naj bi jih priznavanje neformalnega in priložnostno pridobljenega znanja imelo na posameznika in družbo. V ta namen bomo, (a), opredelili pojem priznavanja neformalno in priložnostno pridobljenega znanja, (b), predstavili različne ideje, modele in metode priznavanja, (c) poudarili izsledke novejših raziskav na tem področju, (d) utemeljili potrebo po reteoretizaciji priznavanja neformalno in priložnostno pridobljenega znanja in pokazali na možnosti nadaljnjega razvoja te ideje v izobraževanju odraslih.
Lifelong learning and employability – the role of non-formal education
Authors: Perin Višnja , Karamatić Brčić Matilda
Published: January 2015

The aim of this paper it to examine the relationship between non-formal education and employability within the context of socio-cultural changes. This paper presents the analysis of the effects of non-formal learning activities that are conducted at the Croatian Employment Service in the form of workshops, with an aim of raising employability among unemployed people. The participants in this research were unemployed persons who attended workshops at the Regional Office of the Croatian Employment Service Zadar during the year 2013. This survey focuses on evaluation of effects of non-formal learning through workshops within groups of unemployed persons, depending on their age, gender and level of education. As the forms of non-formal education indicate organized learning activities with the aim of acquiring and improving knowledge, skills and competences for personal, social and professional needs, the aim of this study is to define the role of non-formal education as a positive aspect of employability or set of knowledge, expertise and ability of a person. The results of attending the workshops can potentially include retaining one’s job, career progress, obtaining a new job and assuring the entrance to the labour market in different periods of the working life cycle.
Učenje najdemo povsod! Revija naj to odslikava! Intervju s prof. dr. Ano Krajnc ob 20-letnici revije Andragoška spoznanja
Authors: Kelava Polona
Published: January 2015

Prof. dr. Ana Kranjc se je na Oddelku za pedagogiko Filozofske fakultete zaposlila po dveh prejšnjih službah, na Zavodu za zaposlovanje in na Inštitutu za sociologijo, kjer je delala kot raziskovalka. Danes se ta oddelek imenuje Oddelek za pedagogiko in andragogiko. V zadnjih 40 letih je bila prehojena dolga pot in mlajši si kar težko predstavljamo, kaj vse je bilo potrebno, da smo danes tu, kjer smo. Nov študij, mnogo knjig, ustanovitev Univerze za tretje življenjsko obdobje, mednarodno sodelovanje ... Med njene uspehe štejemo tudi ustanovitev revije Andragoška spoznanja, ki je temeljna revija za andragogiko in izobraževanje odraslih v Sloveniji.
Employment relationships in the public sector – a balance between the state, local and autonomous regulations
Authors: Vodovnik Zvone -
Published: January 2015

This article analyses the role of the state as well as the roles of the regional and local authorities in the legal regulation of employment relationships with special attention on the public sector. The objective of this article is to identify the principles of international law that may serve as the demarcation line between the authoritative state regulation of employment relationships in the public sector and other kinds of regulation of these relationships. The main goal of the research is to present and evaluate the central international legislative acts with the aim to identify principles that can serve as a tool for evaluating the internal legislative processes. The main finding of the research is that the collective labour law of the public sector may not be proclaimed as being wholly in accordance with the modern labour law principles and standards, namely, that the important value of the freedom of collective bargaining is missing as are mechanisms for the effective prevention and resolution of collective labour disputes. In this regard, this article emphasises the role of decentralised social dialogue in the public sector including local levels, which is not present in Slovenia; however, the article may provide essential information, especially in the area of conflict prevention and resolution between public authorities and civil servants.
The Historical Roots of Local Self-Government in Czech and Slovak Republics
Authors: Bakoš Eduard , Soukopová Jana , Šelešovský Jan
Published: January 2015

The paper deals with the historical development of local self-government in the context of the development of the public administration as a whole during the First Czechoslovak Republic. It presents historical roots of the public administration in the former imperial Austria-Hungary, which was different from other European countries with its complex bureaucratic structures. Certain elements of the complex political and administrative developments during the early 20th century can be seen even one hundred years later. It is becoming apparent that history repeats itself in a number of issues and that it is unforgivable not to learn lessons both from the mistakes and the successful solutions of the past.
The History of the Development of Local (Self) Government in Serbia
Authors: Milovanovic Dobrosav , Simovic Darko , Vukasinovic Radojicic Zorica
Published: January 2015

One of the key dilemmas faced in organizing a state and society concerns the importance afforded to central and local goals and interests. Adaptation to demographic, economic, political, scientific and technological changes in the environment requires changes in the status and role of local self-government. Adding to this mix, the constitutional and administrative traditions of Serbia affect the establishment and development of local self-government. Therefore, the enhancement of the model of local self-government must be studied using the historical method, among others. This paper aims to provide an overview of the historical development of local self-government in Serbia from the period of Developed Feudalism up to the mid-1990s. Historical considerations and traditions are vital to sustaining a certain practice of territorial decentralization of state power and to envisaging future solutions for the effective territorial organization and models of local (self) government in accordance with the realities of the region.
Tribunal of the Teharje Kosezi Community
Authors: Oset Željko
Published: January 2015

Teharje kosezi community enjoyed a particular legal status which it successfully preserved until the abolishment of feudalism in 1848. Thus the community had its own first-instance judiciary for civil cases, performed its obligations, corvee exempt, to the lord and the state collectively, kosezi could sell their land without hindrance, had the right to bear arms, freely elect the sodin and the mayors of their župas. Such legal status, obtained through manorial service under the margraviate of Celje, was founded on the privilege issued by the lord. The oldest privilege preserved, issued by Ferdinand I. of Habsburg, dates to 1537. Tribunal had its sub judicial area that included, aside from Teharje settlement, sixteen kosezi settlements in Savinjska valley. Representatives of all settlements gathered once a year around St. George’s Day (April 23rd) on the day of sodin elections that had to be confirmed by either the vidame in Celje or the leaser of Forhtenek manor. The function of the tribunal itself can be made out from its preserved tribunal register for the period from 1715 to 1849 where most entries date between 1715 and 1718. During this time, the register lists 68 cases, predominantly unsettled debts, whereas handled by the tribunal were verbal injuries (verbal iniuri), corporal injuries, and disputes on inheritance. As a rule, proceedings took place monthly in the center of Teharje settlement or, in case of poor weather, the nearby church of St. Stephen.
The Teritorial Administration of French Cochinchina
Authors: Gojosso Eric
Published: January 2015

While true that there are numerous works on the history of French territorial administration during the contemporary era (19th and 20th centuries), they mainly focus on metropolitan situations, thus leaving aside overseas affairs which, despite the major role played by France throughout colonial expansion, have been largely neglected by the most recent studies. The purpose of this article is to briefly present one of the tropical forms of the French centralized model of administration, in French Cochinchina, a model from which the colonizer had no intention of departing. A model, nonetheless, that couldn’t be further transposed as such. The resulting institutional hybridization was dictated by several factors linked with conquest and its legal framework, the conformation of a subjected society, but also financial considerations. This experience led to the adoption, albeit less through choice than necessity, of a form of direct rule which in turn was not without consequences on deconcentrated levels. This also meant maintaining the Vietnamese commune, although largely impaired by a progressive loss of autonomy destined to serve French domination.
The Istrian Perambulation as an Important Source on History of Autonomous Communes in Slovenian Istria
Authors: Kerestes Tomaz , Holcman Borut
Published: January 2015

The Istrian Perambulation is one of the most important sources of knowledge about the autonomous rural communes of Istria in 14th (or perhaps even 13th) century. Even thought the document mostly describes proceedings of perambulation in the interior of Istria, a part that is now in Croatia, it touches the borders of three Istrian communes now located in Slovenia: Piran, Koštabona and Topolovec. The latter two of them were autonomous rural communes represented by two perfects (župan) and inhabited by apparently Slavic population. The Istrian Perambulation paints a picture of Istria as an uniform cultural place as there are no notable differences visible between what is now Slovenia or Croatia. The rural communes have similar economic problems, and the perambulation is one of the ways how to deal with disputes and quarrels emerging among them due to the transformation to more intensive animal husbandry. The Istrian Perambulation also shows us what were the usual legal practices employed in the process of delimitation among rural (as well as urban) communes.
Leitura de imagens fotográficas orientadas para a representação documental
Authors: Agustín Lacruz Maria del Carmen
Published: January 2015

As imagens são uma parte essencial da cultura visual contemporânea. O modo de significado deles é muito diferente do das declarações lingüísticas, por isso é difícil verbalizar o significado deles. O artigo analisa os diferentes referenciais teóricos que consideram as imagens fotográficas como objeto de estudo científico. Ele se concentra especificamente nos processos de leitura de fotografias, que dão origem à análise de conteúdo. Ele propõe um modelo para leitura de imagens fotográficas orientadas para a representação documental e recuperação de informações. As habilidades necessárias, os fatores envolvidos e as operações semânticas que são realizadas durante a leitura das fotografias são determinadas. O modelo estabelecido é aplicado à leitura documental da foto de Robert Doisneau Le Baiser do Hotel de Ville (1950).
Scaling impacts on environmental controls and spatial heterogeneity of soil organic carbon stocks
Authors: Mishra U. , Riley W. J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The spatial heterogeneity of land surfaces affects energy, moisture, and greenhouse gas exchanges with the atmosphere. However, representing heterogeneity of terrestrial hydrological and biogeochemical processes in earth system models (ESMs) remains a critical scientific challenge. We report the impact of spatial scaling on environmental controls, spatial structure, and statistical properties of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks across the US state of Alaska. We used soil profile observations and environmental factors such as topography, climate, land cover types, and surficial geology to predict the SOC stocks at a 50 m spatial scale. These spatially heterogeneous estimates provide a dataset with reasonable fidelity to the observations at a sufficiently high resolution to examine the environmental controls on the spatial structure of SOC stocks. We upscaled both the predicted SOC stocks and environmental variables from finer to coarser spatial scales (s = 100, 200, 500 m, 1, 2, 5, 10 km) and generated various statistical properties of SOC stock estimates. We found different environmental factors to be statistically significant predictors at different spatial scales. Only elevation, temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and scrub land cover types were significant predictors at all scales. The strengths of control (the median value of geographically weighted regression coefficients) of these four environmental variables on SOC stocks decreased with increasing scale and were accurately represented using mathematical functions (R2 = 0.83–0.97). The spatial structure of SOC stocks across Alaska changed with spatial scale. Although the variance (sill) and unstructured variability (nugget) of the calculated variograms of SOC stocks decreased exponentially with scale, the correlation length (range) remained relatively constant across scale. The variance of predicted SOC stocks decreased with spatial scale over the range of 50 to ~ 500 m, and remained constant beyond this scale. The fitted exponential function accounted for 98% of variability in the variance of SOC stocks. We found moderately-accurate linear relationships between mean and higher-order moments of predicted SOC stocks (R2 ~ 0.55–0.63). Current ESMs operate at coarse spatial scales (50–100 km), and are therefore unable to represent environmental controllers and spatial heterogeneity of high-latitude SOC stocks consistent with observations. We conclude that improved understanding of the scaling behavior of environmental controls and statistical properties of SOC stocks can improve ESM land model benchmarking and perhaps allow representation of spatial heterogeneity of biogeochemistry at scales finer than those currently resolved by ESMs.
New specimen of Cacops woehri indicates differences in the ontogenetic trajectories among cacopine dissorophids
Authors: Fröbisch N. B. , Brar A. , Reisz R. R.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The Lower Permian Dolese locality has produced numerous exquisitely preserved tetrapod fossils representing members of a lower Permian upland fauna. Therein, at least nine taxa of the clade Dissorophoidea, ranging in size from the large predaceous trematopid Acheloma to the miniaturized amphibamid Doleserpeton, highlight the great taxic and ecological diversity of this anamniote clade. Here we describe a large specimen of the dissorophid Cacops woehri, which was previously only known from the juvenile or subadult holotype skull. Another member of the genus Cacops present at the Dolese locality, Cacops morrisi, is also represented by specimens spanning juvenile, subadult, and adult stages, allowing for a comparison of morphological changes taking place in the late phases of the ontogenetic trajectory of cacopine dissorophids. The new find shows that, in contrast to C. morrisi and C. aspidephorus, C. woehri only undergoes relatively subtle changes in skull morphology in late ontogeny and retains the overall more gracile morphology into adult stages. This includes retention of the rather shallow skull shape as well as a pattern of sculpturing consisting of elongate ridges and grooves and a large occipital flange. This suggests somewhat different functional demands in C. woehri than in other known species of Cacops, possibly associated with a different ecology paralleling the great taxic diversity of dissorophoids at the Dolese locality.
Evolution of hydrological sciences from dimensions of object, discipline and methodology
Authors: Ren L. L. , Gong L. Y. , Yong B. , Yuan F. , Liu Y. , Jiang S. H. , Chen T.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The evolution routes and development stages in hydrological sciences are summarised from the following three dimensions: research object, discipline and methodology, by means of the descriptive-explanatory-humanistic ideology. Modern technical breakthroughs and socioeconomic developments have promoted hydrology from geographical hydrology, engineering or applied hydrology to water resources hydrology in terms of the focus of research objectives or problems. It has been observed from the point of view of methodology that hydrological sciences go through deterministic hydrology, stochastic hydrology, isotope hydrology, digital hydrology, etc. Hydrological sciences in the context of discipline dimensions can be divided into three main categories: physical hydrology, chemical/environmental hydrology, biological hydrology including eco-hydrology and socio-hydrology, although there are overlaps between these due to the complex and intertwined water-related challenges facing the hydrological community and other geosciences. Humans have played a significant role in changing land uses throughout the world and therefore, socio-hydrology is an increasingly significant branch of the hydrological sciences. It can be seen from analyses that biological hydrology is a new approach to cope with global change issues, and a new frontier direction in the field of hydrological sciences. It can also be seen from dialectical analysis of the different stages in the evolution of hydrology, that new frontiers or directions requiring investigation, scientific recognition and technical innovation will continue to be generated in the field of hydrology. The 3-dimensional diagram of evolution routes of hydrological sciences may provide some ideas for Panta Rhei, the new IAHS Science Initiative 2013–2022 for hydrological research under changing human and environmental systems in the real world.
Presentación No.34 2013
Authors: Editora La
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v34i0.1743
Equidad de Género en el Sistema Educativo Nacional
Authors: Ramos Cesar Agusto
Published: January 2015

La lectura del presente trabajo, nos llevará a identificar algunas formas exisistentes de desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres, entender sus orígenes, apreciar evoluciones, conocer sus efectos y/o plantear soluciones, para sensibilizar a la población y lograr la comprensión de los problemas de convivencia ciudadana desde la óptica particular de las mujeres, que disminuyan las desigualdades humanas como contribución al desarrollo del país. Este trabajo nos permite conocer instrumentos legales internos y convenciones internacionales aprobadas y suscritas por Honduras que mencionamos, que han beneficiado especialmente a las mujeres, que mandan al Estado a diseñar políticas encaminadas a proteger y reducir las brechas que marcan la desigualdad social, y con ello proteger y a las mujeres, fortaleciendo la equidad de género, especialmente en el sector educación como base fundamental para el desarrollo del país. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v34i0.1747 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 34, Nº 1, Año 2013: 27-53
Análisis de las Contradicciones del Estatuto Constitucional de las Regiones Especiales de Desarrollo con la Constitución
Authors: López Vásquez Alejandra
Published: January 2015

En el 2011, el gobierno conjuntamente con el Congreso Nacional, aprobaron el proyecto de las Regiones Especiales de Desarrollo (RED), conocidas coloquialmente como “Ciudades Modelo” lo que trajo como resultado modificaciones a la Constitución de la República en sus artículos sus artículos 304 y 329 y la creación del Estatuto de la Regiones Especiales de Desarrollo. Ello ha generado protestas de diferentes sectores de la sociedad hondureña que se oponen a la implementación de este modelo de desarrollo considerando que atenta contra la soberanía de la República, y contra los derechos y garantías establecidos en nuestra Constitución. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v34i0.1750 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 34, Nº 1, Año 2013: 77-89
Evolução Recente e Novos Rumos da Literatura sobre Integração Financeira
Authors: Stella Milton André , Hillbrecht Ronald Otto , Alves Porsse Alexandre
Published: January 2015

Este artigo faz uma revisão da literatura identificando as principais mudanças ocorridas no foco das discussões relacionadas aos impactos econômicos da integração financeira dos países. As análises deixam de centrar nos impactos diretos e passam a enfatizar também os impactos colaterais deste processo. Além disso, reconhecem o papel das particularidades de cada país no resultado econômico alcançado. Características como o grau de desenvolvimento do setor financeiro doméstico e a qualidade das instituições parecem influenciar nos resultados da integração financeira. Adicionalmente, o estudo indica um conjunto de variáveis institucionais e ações regulatórias que podem auxiliar na alocação mais eficiente dos recursos financeiros e reduzir os riscos dos impactos negativos deste processo.
Predicting hospital length of stay for geriatric and adult patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Ismail Zahinoor , Arenovich Tamara , Grieve Charlotte , Willett Peggie , Addington Donald , Rajji Tarek K , Mulsant Benoit H.
Published: January 2015

Objective: To determine predictors of psychiatric hospital length of stay (LOS) for geriatric and adult patients with schizophrenia admitted to inpatient beds, that could be determined within 72 hours of hospitalization. Methods: General linear models were used to identify and compare predictors of LOS for 187 geriatric patients and 881 general adult patients with schizophrenia admitted to a large urban mental health centre between 2005 and 2010. Demographic and clinical information were obtained from the Resident Assessment Inventory – Mental Health (RAI). Results: Increased dependence score on the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale predicted longer LOS in general adult but not in geriatric schizophrenia patients. Predictors of longer LOS irrespective of age group included recent psychiatric admissions, living alone and incapacity to make treatment decisions. Conclusions: Specific clinical characteristics are associated with longer hospitalization in patients with schizophrenia. Addressing these factors early on in the admission may result in shorter LOS and better use of resources.
Toxicity of Sanguinaria canadensis L. as Compared to Aloe vera L. against Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Using the Probit Methodology
Authors: Mahwish Ahmed Karim  , Ghazala H. Rizwani  ,  Afaq Ahmed Sidddiqui  , Muhammad Farhanullah Khan  , Mansoor Ahmed
Published: January 2015

Toxicity study of Sanguinaria canadensis L. was determined as compared to Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. against brine shrimp (Artemia salina). Upon statistical analysis of obtained toxicity bioassay data through the method of probits, LC50 of Sanguinaria canadensis was estimated as 0.021 mg/ml, with (95% C.I : 0.0091-0.0485) whereas Aloe vera was found to be almost non-toxic showing relatively higher LC50 that is, 180783.7 mg/ml.
These results show that Aloe vera that is being used widely as an herbal medicine throughout the world, could be used safely for other various expected purposes for instance IPM etc. where the excessive amount is anticipated to drain into the sea ecosystem ultimately.
Cost Savings of Reduced Constipation Rates Attributed to Increased Dietary Fibre Intakes in Europe: A Decision-Analytic Model
Authors: Jordana K. Schmier  , Vanessa Perez  , Susan Cloran  , Carolyn Hulme-Lowe  , Kathryn O’Sullivan
Published: January 2015

Mounting evidence shows that functional constipation contributes to increased healthcare utilization, impairment in quality of life, and lost work productivity. Among those with functional constipation, relatively small dietary changes may alleviate symptoms and result in considerable constipation-related healthcare cost savings. The study objective was to estimate the economic impact of increased dietary fibre consumption on direct medical costs associated with constipation from a payer perspective. A decision-analytic spreadsheet model was created to perform the analysis. Literature searches identified sources for input parameters, including prevalence of functional constipation, dietary fibre intakes, proportion of the population meeting recommended intakes, and the percentage that would be expected to benefit from increased dietary fibre consumption. The model assumes that 25% of adults make no change in fibre intake, 25% increase intake by 3 g/day, 15% increase intake by 4 g/day, 25% increase intake by 5 g/day, and 10% increase intake by 11 g/day. A dose-response analysis of published data was conducted to estimate the percent reduction in constipation prevalence per 1 g/day increase in dietary fibre intake. Annual direct medical costs for constipation were derived from the literature and updated to 2014. Sensitivity analyses explored robustness of the model. Under base case assumptions, annual cost savings were estimated at ?127,037,383 in the United Kingdom, €8,791,992 / ?7,244,513 in Ireland, and €121,699,804 in Spain. Increasing dietary fibre consumption is associated with considerable cost savings, with these estimates being conservative given the exclusion of lost productivity costs in the model.
Migration adolescente et autonomie féminine en matière de divorce en Afrique : réflexions à partir d’un suivi de population au Mali
Authors: Hertrich Véronique
Published: January 2015

Les migrations de travail des adolescentes se sont imposées comme un phénomène de masse et un déterminant des évolutions de l’entrée en union dans de nombreuses populations rurales ouest-africaines. Ont-elles aussi des retombées à plus long terme dans la gestion de la vie conjugale des femmes, notamment en matière de divorce ? La question est abordée à partir des données quantitatives et qualitatives recueillies depuis 25 ans au sud-est du Mali par le projet Slam-Suivi longitudinal au Mali. Les migrations adolescentes, en décloisonnant l’espace de vie des femmes, ont effectivement élargi leur marge de manoeuvre et contribué à redéfinir leur place dans l’espace familial et conjugal. Cependant, elles n’ont pas conduit à une augmentation, mais à un recul des ruptures d’union. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’autonomie portée par l’expérience migratoire se décline dans l’espace familial par une capacité à développer des alternatives au divorce et à éviter les coûts personnels d’une rupture d’union (éloignement des enfants, abandon du réseau relationnel…).
De Montréal vers la banlieue : déterminants du choix du lieu de résidence
Authors: Marois Guillaume , Bélanger Alain
Published: January 2015

L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier les facteurs de localisation résidentielle à l’échelle municipale. Notre analyse porte sur Montréal, qui se distingue des autres métropoles nord-américaines par une dynamique linguistique qui lui est propre, où l’on observe un déclin de la majorité francophone du fait de l’augmentation du nombre de locuteurs d’une langue tierce, due à une forte immigration. Dans un cadre théorique basé sur l’utilité aléatoire (random utility model), un modèle de régression logit conditionnelle stratifiée selon la structure familiale a été développé pour tester l’importance des facteurs linguistiques et ethnoculturels sur le choix d’une municipalité de destination. Les résultats montrent que la composition linguistique est un facteur beaucoup plus important que la présence de minorités visibles pour expliquer le choix de la municipalité de résidence. L’accessibilité aux services et l’offre de logements ressortent également comme des facteurs déterminants de ce choix. Finalement, nos analyses révèlent que les personnes vivant au sein d’une nouvelle famille ou d’un couple en âge d’avoir des enfants sont plus attirées par une municipalité comportant un grand nombre de ménages avec enfant(s) de 5 ans ou moins.
Protecting Possession, a Question of Values? A Comparative Inquiry into the Moralization of Possession in Brazil and Canada
Authors: Debruche Anne-Françoise , Tepedino Gustavo , Renteria Pablo
Published: January 2015

This paper focuses on possessory protection of immovables (or real property) in Brazilian civil law and Canadian common law. In both jurisdictions, possession enjoys a specific protection or status, which in turn relates to the rest of property law, particularly the law of acquisitive prescription, in a specific way. But in and by itself, despite these conceptual differences, possessory protection in Canada or Brazil works in an objective fashion: it is not denied to possessors in bad faith as a principle. Nonetheless, in both systems, the institutions designed to protect possession have been “moralized” by judges to echo concerns similar to those voiced in relation to acquisitive prescription, but also to emphasize human rights, constitutional values and good faith. In Brazil, this moralization process is the consequence of the emergence of a constitutionalized civil law and of the social function of the right of ownership. In several cases, it has allowed illicit buildings to remain where they are despite the owner’s claim, for instance when a favela has appeared on a land neglected by its owner for years. In England, the possessor’s good faith has been scrutinized through his intent to possess, and under the lenses of the future enjoyment criteria, later rejected by the Court of Appeal. In Canada, the test of the inconsistent use of the land has played the same moralizing role and continues to do so, to deny the benefit of adverse possession to squatters and to prevent them from enjoying possessory protection.
A recurrent regulatory change underlying altered expression and Wnt response of the stickleback armor plates gene EDA
Authors: O'Brown Natasha M , Summers Brian R , Jones Felicity C , Brady Shannon D , Kingsley David M
Published: January 2015

Armor plate changes in sticklebacks are a classic example of repeated adaptive evolution. Previous studies identified ectodysplasin (EDA) gene as the major locus controlling recurrent plate loss in freshwater fish, though the causative DNA alterations were not known. Here we show that freshwater EDA alleles have cis-acting regulatory changes that reduce expression in developing plates and spines. An identical T → G base pair change is found in EDA enhancers of divergent low-plated fish. Recreation of the T → G change in a marine enhancer strongly reduces expression in posterior armor plates. Bead implantation and cell culture experiments show that Wnt signaling strongly activates the marine EDA enhancer, and the freshwater T → G change reduces Wnt responsiveness. Thus parallel evolution of low-plated sticklebacks has occurred through a shared DNA regulatory change, which reduces the sensitivity of an EDA enhancer to Wnt signaling, and alters expression in developing armor plates while preserving expression in other tissues.
A cortical disinhibitory circuit for enhancing adult plasticity
Authors: Fu Yu , Kaneko Megumi , Tang Yunshuo , Alvarez-Buylla Arturo , Stryker Michael P
Published: January 2015

The adult brain continues to learn and can recover from injury, but the elements and operation of the neural circuits responsible for this plasticity are not known. In previous work, we have shown that locomotion dramatically enhances neural activity in the visual cortex (V1) of the mouse (Niell and Stryker, 2010), identified the cortical circuit responsible for this enhancement (Fu et al., 2014), and shown that locomotion also dramatically enhances adult plasticity (Kaneko and Stryker, 2014). The circuit that is responsible for enhancing neural activity in the visual cortex contains both vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SST) neurons (Fu et al., 2014). Here, we ask whether this VIP-SST circuit enhances plasticity directly, independent of locomotion and aerobic activity. Optogenetic activation or genetic blockade of this circuit reveals that it is both necessary and sufficient for rapidly increasing V1 cortical responses following manipulation of visual experience in adult mice. These findings reveal a disinhibitory circuit that regulates adult cortical plasticity.
Improving medication-related outcomes for patients with psychiatric and neurologic disorders: Value of psychiatric pharmacists as part of the health care team
Authors: Goldstone Lisa W. , DiPaula Bethany A. , Caballero Joshua , Park Susie H. , Price Cristofer , Slater Magdalena Zasadzki
Published: January 2015

Psychiatric pharmacists have specialized knowledge, skills, and training or substantial experience working with patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders. As part of the collaborative team with a physician, psychiatric pharmacists can provide comprehensive medication management (CMM), a direct patient care service, to patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders. CMM is a standard of care in which all medications for an individual patient are assessed to determine appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and adherence. Studies have shown that when psychiatric pharmacists are included as part of the collaborative team with a physician, medication-related outcomes for patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders improve. Despite the evidence supporting the value of psychiatric pharmacists as part of the health care team, the very limited mechanisms for compensation for CMM limit the numbers of patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders who have access to services provided by a psychiatric pharmacist. We believe that all patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders should have access to CMM provided by a psychiatric pharmacist.