bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (GPR120) Stimulates Bone Formation and Suppresses Bone Resorption in the Presence of Elevated n-3 Fatty Acid Levels
Authors: Ahn Seong Hee , Park Sook-Young , Baek Ji-Eun , Lee Su-Youn , Baek Wook-Young , Lee Sun-Young , Lee Young-Sun , Yoo Hyun Ju , Kim Hyeonmok , Lee Seung Hun , Im Dong-Soon , Lee Sun-Kyeong , Kim Beom-Jun , Koh Jung-Min
Published: May 2016

Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) has been reported to be a receptor for n-3 fatty acids (FAs). Although n-3 FAs are beneficial for bone health, a role of FFA4 in bone metabolism has been rarely investigated. We noted that FFA4 was more abundantly expressed in both mature osteoclasts and osteoblasts than their respective precursors and that it was activated by docosahexaenoic acid. FFA4 knockout (Ffar4−/−) and wild-type mice exhibited similar bone masses when fed a normal diet. Because fat-1 transgenic (fat-1Tg+) mice endogenously converting n-6 to n-3 FAs contain high n-3 FA levels, we crossed Ffar4−/− and fat-1Tg+ mice over two generations to generate four genotypes of mice littermates: Ffar4+/+;fat-1Tg−, Ffar4+/+;fat-1Tg+, Ffar4−/−;fat-1Tg−, and Ffar4−/−;fat-1Tg+. Female and male littermates were included in ovariectomy- and high-fat diet-induced bone loss models, respectively. Female fat-1Tg+ mice decreased bone loss after ovariectomy both by promoting osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption than their wild-type littermates, only when they had the Ffar4+/+ background, but not the Ffar4−/− background. In a high-fat diet-fed model, male fat-1Tg+ mice had higher bone mass resulting from stimulated bone formation and reduced bone resorption than their wild-type littermates, only when they had the Ffar4+/+ background, but not the Ffar4−/− background. In vitro studies supported the role of FFA4 as n-3 FA receptor in bone metabolism. In conclusion, FFA4 is a dual-acting factor that increases osteoblastic bone formation and decreases osteoclastic bone resorption, suggesting that it may be an ideal target for modulating metabolic bone diseases.
Thermoregulatory and Cardiovascular Consequences of a Transient Thyrotoxicosis and Recovery in Male Mice
Authors: Hoefig Carolin S. , Harder Lisbeth , Oelkrug Rebecca , Meusel Moritz , Vennström Björn , Brabant Georg , Mittag Jens
Published: May 2016

Thyroid hormones play a major role in body homeostasis, regulating energy expenditure and cardiovascular function. Given that obese people or athletes might consider rapid weight loss as beneficial, voluntary intoxication with T4 preparations is a growing cause for thyrotoxicosis. However, the long-lasting effects of transient thyrotoxicosis are poorly understood. Here we examined metabolic, thermoregulatory, and cardiovascular function upon induction and recovery from a 2-week thyrotoxicosis in male C57BL/6J mice. Our results showed that T4 treatment caused tachycardia, decreased hepatic glycogen stores, and higher body temperature as expected; however, we did not observe an increase in brown fat thermogenesis or decreased tail heat loss, suggesting that these tissues do not contribute to the hyperthermia induced by thyroid hormone. Most interestingly, when the T4 treatment was ended, a pronounced bradycardia was observed in the animals, which was likely caused by a rapid decline of T3 even below baseline levels. On the molecular level, this was accompanied by an overexpression of cardiac phospholamban and Serca2a mRNA, supporting the hypothesis that the heart depends more on T3 than T4. Our findings therefore demonstrate that a transient thyrotoxicosis can have pathological effects that even persist beyond the recovery of serum T4 levels, and in particular the observed bradycardia could be of clinical relevance when treating hyperthyroid patients.
A Common CD36 Variant Influences Endothelial Function and Response to Treatment with Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibition
Authors: Shibao Cyndya A. , Celedonio Jorge E. , Ramirez Claudia E. , Love-Gregory Latisha , Arnold Amy C. , Choi Leena , Okamoto Luis E. , Gamboa Alfredo , Biaggioni Italo , Abumrad Naji N. , Abumrad Nada A.
Published: May 2016

Context:

The scavenger receptor CD36 influences the endothelial nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in vitro. Genetic variants that alter CD36 level are common in African Americans (AAs), a population at high risk of endothelial dysfunction.

Objective:

To examine if the minor allele (G) of coding CD36 variant rs3211938 (G/T) which reduces CD36 level by approximately 50% influences endothelial function, insulin sensitivity (IS), and the response to treatment with the nitric oxide-cGMP potentiator sildenafil.

Design:

IS (frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance) and endothelial function (flow mediated dilation [FMD]) were determined in age- and body mass index-matched obese AA women with or without the G allele of rs3211938 (protocol 1). Effect of chronic sildenafil treatment on IS and FMD was tested in AA women with metabolic syndrome and with/without the CD36 variant, using a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (protocol 2).

Setting:

Two-center study.

Participants:

Obese AA women.

Intervention:

A total of 20-mg sildenafil citrate or placebo thrice daily for 4 weeks.

Main outcome:

IS, FMD.

Results:

G allele carriers have lower FMD (P = .03) and cGMP levels (P = .01) than noncarriers. Sildenafil did not improve IS, mean difference 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.33 to 0.58; P = .550). However, there was a significant interaction between FMD response to sildenafil and rs3211938 (P = .018). FMD tended to improve in G carriers, 2.9 (95% CI, −0.9 to 6.8; P = .126), whereas it deteriorated in noncarriers, −2.6 (95% CI, −5.1 to −0.1; P = .04).

Conclusions:

The data document influence of a common genetic variant on susceptibility to endothelial dysfunction and its response to sildenafil treatment.
Activation of PI3K signaling prevents aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death in the murine cochlea
Authors: Jadali Azadeh , Kwan Kelvin Y.
Published: May 2016

Loss of sensory hair cells of the inner ear due to aminoglycoside exposure is a major cause of hearing loss. Using an immortalized multipotent otic progenitor (iMOP) cell line, specific signaling pathways that promote otic cell survival were identified. Of the signaling pathways identified, the PI3K pathway emerged as a strong candidate for promoting hair cell survival. In aging animals, components for active PI3K signaling are present but decrease in hair cells. In this study, we determined whether activated PI3K signaling in hair cells promotes survival. To activate PI3K signaling in hair cells, we used a small molecule inhibitor of PTEN or genetically ablated PTEN using a conditional knockout animal. Hair cell survival was challenged by addition of gentamicin to cochlear cultures. Hair cells with activated PI3K signaling were more resistant to aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death. These results indicate that increased PI3K signaling in hair cells promote survival and the PI3K signaling pathway is a target for preventing aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss.
Impact of nest sanitation on the immune system of parents and nestlings in a passerine bird
Authors: Evans Jessica K. , Griffith Simon C. , Klasing Kirk. C. , Buchanan Katherine L.
Published: May 2016

Bacterial communities are thought to have fundamental effects on the growth and development of nestling birds. The antigen exposure hypothesis suggests that, for both nestlings and adult birds, exposure to a diverse range of bacteria would select for stronger immune defences. However, there are relatively few studies that have tested the immune/bacterial relationships outside of domestic poultry. We therefore sought to examine indices of immunity (microbial killing ability in naïve birds, which is a measure of innate immunity and the antibody response to sheep red blood cells, which measures adaptive immunity) in both adult and nestling zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). We did this throughout breeding and between reproductive attempts in nests that were experimentally manipulated to change the intensity of bacterial exposure. Our results suggest that nest sanitation and bacterial load affected measures of the adaptive immune system, but not the innate immune parameters tested. Adult finches breeding in clean nests had a lower primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), particularly males, and a greater difference between primary and secondary responses. Adult microbial killing of E.coli decreased as parents moved from incubation to nestling rearing for both nest treatments; however, killing of C.albicans remained consistent throughout. In nestlings, both innate microbial killing and the adaptive antibody response did not differ between nest environments. Together, these results suggest that the exposure to microorganisms in the environment affect the adaptive immune system in nesting birds, with exposure upregulating the antibody response in adult birds.
The ability to survive intracellular freezing in nematodes is related to the pattern and distribution of ice formed
Authors: Raymond Méliane R. , Wharton David A.
Published: May 2016

A few species of nematodes can survive extensive intracellular freezing throughout all their tissues, an event that is usually thought to be fatal to cells. How are they able to survive in this remarkable way? The pattern and distribution of ice formed, after freezing at -10°C, can be observed using freeze substitution and transmission electron microscopy, which preserves the former position of ice as white spaces. We compared the pattern and distribution of ice formed in a nematode that survives intracellular freezing well (Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1), one that survives poorly (Panagrellus redivivus) and one with intermediate levels of survival (Plectus murrayi). We also examined Panagrolaimus sp. in which the survival of freezing had been compromised by starvation. Levels of survival were as expected and the use of vital dyes indicated cellular damage in those that survived poorly (starved Panagrolaimus sp. and P. murrayi). In fed Panagrolaimus sp. the intracellular ice spaces were small and uniform, whilst in P. redivivus and starved Panagrolaimus sp. there were some large spaces that may be causing cellular damage. The pattern and distribution of ice formed was different in P. murrayi, with a greater number of individuals having no ice or only small intracellular ice spaces. Control of the size of the ice formed is thus important for the survival of intracellular freezing in nematodes.
Institute of Legitimate Harm (Criminal Defenses) in the Criminal Code of 1903
Authors: Михайлов Валентин , Mikhaylov Valentin
Published: May 2016

This article analyzes necessary defense, extreme necessity and other situations of legitimate harm (criminal defenses) in which, according to the Criminal Code of 1903, it was allowed to cause some harm to the interests, protected by the criminal law. The author provides an overview of the institution of legitimate harm (criminal defenses).
CONSTITUTIONAL LEGAL STATUS OF PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN AND THE USA (COMPARATIVE LAW ANALYSIS)
Authors: Миракулов Миравзал , Mirakulov Miravzal
Published: May 2016

The article provides comparative law analysis of constitutional legal statuses of Presidents of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the USA. The analysis is conducted per respective provisions of the constitutions of the countries in question and per such criteria as form of government, form of rule, presidential elections and powers, qualifications, established for candidates for presidency. Thus, special attention is paid to various peculiarities of the legal status of the institute of presidency of the countries in question, in particular, regarding such issues as participation in the formation of the upper chamber of parliament, ministries and other State administrative bodies, interaction with the parliament and the judicial branch, powers in defense and security sectors, international relations, law making etc. Thus, the author identifies such distinctive features of the institute of presidency in Uzbekistan, as the existence of the post of Prime Minister and responsibility of the Government before the parliament and President; that the President possesses arbitration and integrative, coordinating and guaranteeing functions; the right to legislative initiative, dissolution of Parliament, convocation of the referendum, appointing and dismissing heads of local executive authorities; the status of President allows holding office of a Senate member during good behavior upon the expiry of the term. On the basis of an astute comparative analysis the author also reveals a number of similar characteristics in the institutes of presidency in the USA and Uzbekistan, such as age qualifications, the right to the address to parliament, participation of the Senate in appointing, approving and electing functionaries, presented by President, the veto power, as well as the status of the Commander-in-Chief.
THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS AT CONSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
Authors: Шелютто Марина , SHyelyutto Marina
Published: May 2016

The adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 meant the international recognition of children as autonomous right-holders. The Convention includes practically all traditional human rights: civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, to which every child is entitled. The Report on the Protection of Children’s Rights: International Standards and Domestic Constitutions adopted by the Venice Commission in 2014 shows that national constitutions of some Council of Europe Member States have implemented the provisions of the Convention in different manner after its adoption. Some constitutions (the Russian Constitution is among them, too) reflect the traditional paternalistic approach (according to which children need protection) but not the rights-based approach. The inclusion in the Constitution of guarantees of rights for everyone may be insufficient to ensure respect for these rights for every child. The recommendations of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Venice Commission to include in national constitutions the key message that children are holders of human rights and the general principals of the Convention are topical for the Russian Federation.
ON ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS OF LEGAL ENGINEERING OF CPC OF RUSSIA AND SWITZERLAND
Authors: Трефилов Александр , Trefilov Aleksandr
Published: May 2016

The author demonstrates legal engineering of the Criminal Procedural Code of Switzerland and Russia, expresses his own point of view about advantages and disadvantages of these Procedural Codes, and makes recommendations how to improve the legal engineering of the domestic CPC. The article formulates proposals to remedy these disadvantages.
PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW IN GLOBAL WORLD
Authors: Власова Наталия , Vlasova Nataliya , Муратова Ольга , Muratova Olga
Published: May 2016

The article contains the review of the International scientific-practical conference “Private International Law in Global World” devoted to the 90th anniversary of the birth of O. N. Sadikov, classic of the Russian civil law, Doctor of Law, Professor, honoured worker of science of the Russian Federation, which took place on November, 18, 2015 in the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. The members of the working group on amendments to Chapter 3 of the Civil Code of Russian Federation, top scientists, representatives of the academic community and leading higher educational establishments, legal practitioners, arbiters of International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, academics from the former Soviet Union and elsewhere took part in the conference. A wide scope of common and special questions was discussed during the conference: exploration of the development trends in the private international law such as unification and self-governing; the results of the renewal of Section VI “Private International Law” of Chapter 3 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation as well as the amendments to foreign legislative acts on private international law; the problems of legal regulation of several institutes of private international law, concerning, for example, the status of legal entities, proprietary relations, competitive relations under the conditions of globalization of the world economic cooperation, conflict-of-law rules according to pre-contractual relations, ruling of international jurisdiction in international property matters, etc.; settlement of the problem of foreign state’s immunity.
Conflict-of-Law Regulation of Obligations, Arising from Faulty Negotiations of Treaties (culpa in contrahendo) in Russia and the European Union
Authors: Муратова Ольга , Muratova Olga
Published: May 2016

The article covers the questions of comparative analysis of conflict-of-law regulation of obligations, arising from faulty negotiations of treaties in the Russian legislation and the European law. Such regulation is envisaged in article 12221 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and in article 12 of the Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II). The author considers conflict-of-law regulation of pre-contractual relations from the point of view of the following aspects: possibility of applying the agreement about the law chosen by the parties to regulate their pre-contractual relations; applying the contractual connecting factor to determine the law applicable to precontractual relations; exploration of other connecting factors applicable to the precontractual relations in case of impossibility to determine the applicable law on the basis of the contractual connecting factor. The author’s conclusion contains the results of the comparative analysis, such as deduction of common and specific features of the Russian and European conflict-of-law regulation of the above-mentioned group of obligations. Also the author offers some recommendations on the improvement of the Russian legislation.
Hypercholesterolemia: is self-management possible?
Authors: Skelton Corrina , Mayo Paula
Published: May 2016

The House of Care model was developed to define what is required for the promotion of self-management of long-term conditions. Encouraging self-management of hypercholesterolemia is important as this long-term condition is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which is the cause of more than a quarter of deaths in the UK and costs the NHS around £15 billion a year. The model highlights the importance of personalised care planning involving shared decision-making between the patient and a health professional for achieving person-centred care in self-management. This article critically discusses the application of the House of Care model for enabling self-management of hypercholesterolemia through lifestyle changes without medication management.
Are current methods of partial weight-bearing instruction accurately translating to crutch-assisted gait?
Authors: Graham Claire S , Stephens Deana M , Dietz Kristina C , Winter Samantha L
Published: May 2016

Background/Aims:

Partial weight-bearing protocols are commonly incorporated into hospital, clinical and field-based rehabilitation to enhance recovery, particularly in patients following cartilage surgeries. Overloading can affect healing time and the stability or integrity of the healing structure, however underloading can also be detrimental, as adequate weight bearing encourages the healing process—for example, osteoblastic stimulation. Therefore, accurate reproducibility of these protocols could be considered essential to the rehabilitation process. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy with which weight-bearing protocols (20%, 50% or 80% of body weight) could be reproduced shortly after being taught.

Methods:

Thirty participants were taught three partial weight-bearing protocols (20%, 50% and 80% of body weight), using bathroom scales. Participants ability to reproduce their target load for each protocol was assessed statically using bathroom scales and dynamically with a force plate using a three-point elbow crutch-assisted gait. Participants were assessed 10 minutes after being taught. Errors between actual and target load during these trials was calculated.

Findings:

Accuracy assessed with scales was comparatively good for all target loads, however dynamic trials using the force plate showed an inverse relationship between all error measures and target loads (i.e. 20% > 50% > 80% body weight; all P<0.01). The peak error was double the intended load at 20% of body weight (95% CI: 11.9% body weight, 24.1% body weight). At 80% of body weight, the peak error was not significantly different from zero.

Conclusions:

The static method of instruction of partial weight-bearing protocols, using bathroom scales, does not seem to translate accurately to dynamic motion, and therefore affects adherence to medical instruction. Practitioners should be aware of the potential errors in reproducing these loads and the potential effect on rehabilitation. These results would suggest that practitioners should be cautious when using bathroom scales to teach partial weight-bearing protocols and not to rely on them to assess reproduction accuracy during gait.
The National Diabetes Prevention Programme: Working with patients
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: May 2016

Type 2 diabetes is the fastest growing health issue in the UK. The National Diabetes Prevention Programme aims to stem this tide, as Anne Phillips explains

It is important that those at risk of type 2 diabetes are identified before the disease develops and medication is required in order to reduce risk—practice nurses are ideally placed to be at the forefront of identification. This article investigates the introduction of the UK National Diabetes Prevention Programme and examines the evidence from previous programmes, all of which have confirmed the need for a concerted effort to prevent type 2 diabetes through timely diagnosis of non-diabetic hyperglycaemia and referral to diabetes prevention interventions that are focused on behavioural changes. The importance of NHS Health Checks and opportunities for primary and secondary intervention measures are also stressed.
Endometriosis: The role practice nurses can play
Authors: Norton Wendy , Holloway Debby
Published: May 2016

Endometriosis is a condition that affects around 1 in 10 women in the UK. Despite this prevalence, diagnosis is often delayed. Wendy Norton and Debby Holloway explain the role of the practice nurse in supporting women with this condition

Endometriosis is a chronic condition where endometrial tissue forms lesions outside the uterus, resulting in internal bleeding, inflammation, fibrosis, and adhesion formation. It is estimated that as many as one in 10 women in the UK have this painful condition. The signs and symptoms of endometriosis vary in their severity and presentation, increasing difficulties with diagnosis. Earlier diagnosis and support may help women to manage the condition and its impact on their day-to-day lives. Endometriosis has physical, psychological and sexual health impacts on women's—and their partners'—lives. Practice nurses are ideally placed to support women with endometriosis.
Post-homophobia comes out: The rise of Mormon polygamy in US popular culture
Authors: Bailey Courtney W. , Zahren Adam James
Published: May 2016

The past decade has witnessed significant gains for gay men and lesbians in the United States, a development lauded as liberal progress and decried as an infringement on religious rights. Meanwhile, a Mormon polygamy cottage industry that addresses cultural anxieties about sexuality and religion has appeared in US media. Although these two trends may seem only slightly related, we argue that they herald the dawn of ‘post-homophobia’ as a discursive framework for incorporating the legacy of LGBTQ+ social movements. This article analyses how both Sister Wives and news coverage of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS) police who can become an intelligible US citizen and on what sexual and religious grounds. Although post-homophobia makes space for alternative familial arrangements, it recentres white, middle-class, Christian heterosexuality as the rightful heirs to sexual minority politics. Under the guise of familial pluralism and religious freedom, such portrayals ultimately shore up mono/heteronormativity and the neo-Orientalism that undergirds the US War on Terrorism.
Interrogating transnational documentary film evidence on Uganda’s homophobia
Authors: Atuhura Dorothy
Published: May 2016

The over conspicuousness of Uganda’s homophobia in international media of the twenty-first century is highly commendable for foregrounding the severe abuse of human rights of homosexuals in Uganda. Although this medium establishes its space as an agent of human rights activism and as a record of what happened to homosexuals in Uganda, it is important to interrogate the process involved in producing it, as well as what this mediated index forecloses as it signifies the severe abuse of human rights of homosexuals in Uganda. Focusing on three filmic documentaries on Uganda’s homophobia, I argue this media hypervisibility is a global phenomenon – a transnational media collective implicated in rebranding and networking historical transnational processes, tropes and ideologies that have not only produced conditions necessary for homophobia to thrive in Uganda, but also established Uganda’s anti-homosexuality violence as the new signature of Africa’s ‘Darkness’.
Book Review
Authors: Alberto Maria
Published: May 2016

ETHEREAL QUEER: TELEVISION, HISTORICITY, DESIRE, AMY VILLAREJO (2014) Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 203 pp., ISBN: 9780822354956, p/bk, $23.95
Una evaluación de las temperaturas medias seculares durante el último milenio a partir de las desviaciones del gradiente geotérmico
Authors: Cuenca Payá Artemio , Walker Michael J.
Published: May 2016

Mediante una ligera modificación de las ecuaciones propuestas por Cermak (1971), con la que se filtra el «ruido de fondo» en las desviaciones de los gradientes, se determinan las temperaturas medias seculares entre los siglos XI y XIX, inclusives, a partir de los registros de Birch (1948) en las minas del Calumet (Illinois). Se detecta el Pequeño Óptimo Climático en el siglo XII y la culminación de la Pequeña Edad del Hielo en el XIV. Algunas diferencias con los resultados obtenidos por Cermak para Kapuskasing (Canadá) pueden interpretarse en función del cambio de latitud y del índice de continentalidad entre las estaciones de registro.
Conversión de la villa de Alicante en ciudad
Authors: Estal Gutiérrez Juan Manuel del
Published: May 2016

Al conmemorarse este año el V Centenario de la elevación de la villa de Alicante a ciudad, por real decreto de Fernando V de Castilla y II de Aragón, despachado en Córdoba a 26 de julio de 1490, deseamos dedicar un recuerdo a aquella venturosa efeméride en las líneas que siguen. Nos parece muy indicado aprovechar esta circunstancia especial para publicar el texto latino original, tomándolo por primera vez del pergamino auténtico, expedido por la propia cancillería real de Córdoba, en la fecha indicada , acompañándolo de un breve comentario histórico, previo, y de su versión castellana, propia, al final.
Jaime II y la nueva concesión de títulos nobiliarios en la España del siglo XIV
Authors: Moxó y Montoliu Francisco de
Published: May 2016

Uno de los fenómenos más característicos de la historia de nuestro siglo XIV es la reanudación por parte de los monarcas peninsulares de la concesión de títulos nobiliarios, en desuso desde hacía largo tiempo respecto a los de marqués, duque o príncipe en los siglos de la reconquista. Nos proponemos en este trabajo recoger, ordenar y precisar algunos datos ya más o menos conocidos referentes a Aragón y Castilla que puedan servir de base para ulteriores reflexiones -aquí solamente apuntadas- sobre los orígenes y evolución de la nueva nobleza titulada de esos reinos bajomedievales en su relación con la monarquía, y en particular para mostrar la posición inicial de Jaime II en este proceso y asentar la prioridad temporal y el influjo que en esa evolución pudo tener la de la Corona Aragonesa.
La situación política de Castilla a fines del siglo XIII
Authors: Ladero Quesada Miguel Ángel
Published: May 2016

La conquista del reino de Murcia por Jaime II en 1296 y la incorporación de una parte del mismo a la Corona de Aragón, integrándolo en el de Valencia, en 1304, es el objeto o motivo principal de este Congreso y, a siete siglos de distancia, podemos considerarla en sí misma, analizando los detalles de la intervención militar y el juego de relaciones políticas entre los reinos de Aragón, Castilla, Portugal, Granada y Francia que la hicieron posible, o bien podemos situar aquellos acontecimientos en contextos temporales y arguméntales mayores, de tipo geohistórico, estructural y coyuntural pero sin perder de vista que los sucesos no fueron consecuencia necesaria o resultado ineluctable de esas tendencias y realidades históricas más amplias sino una posibilidad —la que realmente ocurrió— entre otras que también podrían haber ocurrido. Procuraré combinar ambos procedimientos, estudiando la cuestión desde el punto de vista castellano para permitir su contraste con los que han adoptado otros ponentes.
La estructura castral santiaguista en la Sierra de Segura durante el siglo XIII: aproximación a su tipología
Authors: Varela Agüí Enrique
Published: May 2016

El propósito de este trabajo se centra en el estudio de la tipología de los emplazamientos castrales en la Sierra de Segura, zona de asentamiento inicial de la Orden de Santiago en el reino de Murcia. El estudio de las estructuras de fortificación y habitat tiene por objetivo fundamental el análisis de la red castral que los santiaguistas establecieron en dicha zona, intentando diferenciar los distintos tipos de emplazamientos existentes y su relación con la adecuación al medio geográfico, a las valoraciones estratégicas, poblacionales y productivas de la Sierra de Segura.
La familia Corella: 1457, un caso de bandolerismo nobiliario
Authors: Benítez Bolorinos Manuel
Published: May 2016

En junio de 1457, los batles y oficiales de Aspe, Elda, Petrer y Salinas, tierras pertenecientes al Conde de Cocentaina, atacaron la huerta de Crevillente con veinticinco hombres a caballos y quinientos a pie. El resultado fue la captura de seis moros, ganado y ropas valoradas en quinientos florines, matando a un moro e hiriendo a otro. Como consecuencia, las autoridades de Elche que, como Crevillente, pertenecían a la ciudad de Barcelona, protestaron ante este hecho. El suceso era un acto de bandolería nobiliaria que causó a su vez un conflicto jurisdiccional entre dos señores feudales distintos, con la intervención final de Juan II de Navarra, lloctinent general del Reino de Valencia.
Cortes de San Mateo-Valencia de 1369-1370
Authors: Candela Oliver Bibiana
Published: May 2016

En el presente trabajo nos disponemos a analizar la reunión de las Cortes del reino de Valencia, concretamente la celebrada en 1369-1370 en San Mateo-Valencia, y lo presentamos en tres partes claramente diferenciadas: en primer lugar, comentaremos, de forma general, los estudios realizados entorno a las Cortes, desde las recopilaciones del derecho foral resultado de estas reuniones, los llamados Furs, hasta el análisis de la propia institución y otras surgidas en su seno, como la Diputación General. En segundo término, relacionaremos las diferentes convocatorias de Cortes que tuvieron lugar a lo largo del siglo XIV, y más concretamente bajo el reinado de Pedro, el Ceremonioso, bajo el cual se celebraron las Cortes de San Mateo de 1369. Analizamos los motivos que provocaron estas reuniones, sobre todo el económico, siendo estas Cortes un ejemplo claro de la necesidad real de conseguir donativos destinados a las empresas bélicas emprendidas por el Ceremonioso, en este caso la guerra contra Castilla. Pero a la vez, el donativo concedido en San Mateo iría dirigido a otro frente abierto en estos momentos: la isla de Cerdeña. Por último, expondremos todos los detalles de esta convocatoria de Cortes: los asistentes, el donativo, la distribución del mismo, los agravios presentados y todos los aspectos mencionados en las actas referidos a otras reuniones anteriores y que nos proporcionan más datos sobre éstas, todo ello relacionado con el contexto histórico en el que tienen lugar, en este caso, el siglo XIV, conocido por ser un siglo de crisis generalizada, fundamentalmente social y económico.
Intercambio de tierras y otras prácticas agrarias en concejos castellanos (siglo XV)
Authors: Da Graca Laura
Published: May 2016

Se analiza el problema del intercambio de tierras entre campesinos en concejos castellanos durante el siglo XV y sus condiciones de posibilidad, vinculadas a características organizativas de los concejos como señoríos: el sistema de reparto del tributo, que estimula la compra de tierras por parte de los mayores pecheros, y la autonomía relativa de los concejos rurales respecto al núcleo urbano, que favorece la circulación de la tierra y la modificación de los usos comunales. El análisis del intercambio de tierras a nivel aldeano (compraventas, arreglos, trueques) muestra un proceso de ampliación de la tenencia por parte del sector campesino enriquecido, el reagrupamiento de la unidad de explotación y su posterior cercado, lo cual mayormente depende de la capacidad de negociación con las autoridades locales. El intercambio de tierras entre campesinos, aun cuando tenga lugar en un contexto plenamente feudal y mediante mecanismos extraeconómicos, favorece un proceso de acumulación y la gradual desarticulación del sistema de campo abierto.
Licencias reales para ejercer la medicina y cirugía a judíos aragoneses
Authors: Gallent Marco Mercedes
Published: May 2016

La investigación que hemos ido desarrollando en torno a la sanidad valenciana del siglo XV nos ha aportado información relevante referida tanto al reino de Valencia como a otros estados de la Corona de Aragón. En ese contexto, este trabajo estudia unas licencias otorgadas por la autoridad real a judíos del reino de Aragón para el ejercicio de la medicina y la cirugía. Su desarrollo incluye el análisis del marco normativo y el contenido de dichas licencias.
El Tratado contra los judíos de Jaime Pérez de Valencia
Authors: Amran Rica
Published: May 2016

El Tratado contra Judíos de Jaime Pérez de Valencia representa la construcción de un verdadero ensayo ideológico inserto en la literatura de carácter mesiánico que aborda el error y la ceguera en que se encontraba el pueblo judío al no aceptar la doctrina cristiana. La figura y obra de Jaime Pérez, cuyos perfiles sociorreligiosos se analizan, encuadra dentro de la literatura profética o mesiánica precedente, como se describe, y se analiza en detalle.
Los judíos mallorquines en el comercio y en las redes de intercambio valencianas y mediterráneas del medievo
Authors: Maíz Chacón Jorge
Published: May 2016

La comunidad judía de Mallorca tuvo un protagonismo comercial muy destacado en el Mediterráneo Occidental, sobre todo en la ruta económica con el Norte de África durante el siglo XIV. En este trabajo, a través de la rica documentación notarial mallorquina y una revisión historiográfica, se examina la formación y desarrollo de estas redes de intercambio a partir de las estrategias mercantiles de los operadores hebreos.
«Las Neireidas del Norte»: puertos e identidad urbana en la fachada Cantábrica entre los siglos XII-XV
Authors: Solórzano Telechea Jesús Ángel
Published: May 2016

La identificación de los habitantes de los puertos del Norte de la Península en la Edad Media se asentó, en primer lugar, sobre la pertenencia a un espacio de la Corona privilegiado por los fueros y privilegios económicos dados por los reyes. En segundo lugar, sobre la red de relaciones personales e institucionales que fueron capaces de tejer sus habitantes gracias a las rutas marítimas y, por último, en una identidad política de los grupos sociales, asentada en valores contrapuestos, según se trate de la oligarquía o del Común, que les confería un determinado papel social.
Poder patricio e identidad política en Burgos
Authors: Guerrero Navarrete Yolanda
Published: May 2016

El poder urbano es, por definición, un poder proteico en donde conviven diferentes instancias de poder que no necesariamente deben componer una nítida pirámide jerárquica. Es indudable un reconocimiento de una cierta jerarquía de poderes, en donde la cúspide pertenece al rey, pero en Burgos, concretamente, el monarca se ve obligado a pactar, sobre todo en los difíciles y críticos reinados de Juan II y Enrique IV. Patriciado, vecindades, clero, nobleza e incluso oficiales regios constituyen no tanto un «apilamiento institucional», como un «alineamiento», que implica una permanente y constante dialéctica de tensión y distensión, con la identidad e integridad del poder concejil y los privilegios y libertades que lo preservan y afianzan, como telón de fondo y principal argumento político. De todos estos poderes, el único que es intrínsecamente urbano, que se define como tal, es el concejil, o lo que es igual en la Baja Edad Media, el poder patricio. Si existe un rasgo que defina a la ciudad bajomedieval ese es la génesis de un sistema de poder eminentemente urbano, cuya producción y reproducción requiere del marco y de la lógica urbana y que, en definitiva, es el que permite a las ciudades singularizarse frente al resto de los poderes feudales.
La Andalucía de las ciudades
Authors: Collantes de Terán Sánchez Antonio
Published: May 2016

Históricamente, se ha venido considerando a Andalucía como un país de ciudades y así continuó siendo a lo largo de los siglos medievales. Partiendo del desigual nivel de información y de trabajos para el conjunto del territorio, esta aproximación a su evolución en el citado período se efectúa a través de cuatro apartados. En el primero, dedicado al sistema jurídico, se incide, por una parte, en el hecho de que los monarcas bajomedievales quisieron hacer de Sevilla un modelo de concejo, que extender a otros centros urbanos castellanos; por otra, en la función normativa de los citados concejos como cabeza de sus respectivos alfoces. Esto lleva al segundo apartado, cuyo eje es la organización territorial de Andalucía basada en el sistema de villa y tierra, con un grado de dependencia de esta con relación a aquella prácticamente total. También se analiza su papel como centros a distintas escalas y por tanto su jerarquización. El tercero trata de ofrecer una visión de conjunto de la estructura social, con especial incidencia en la paulatina configuración y diversificación de sus élites, a través de la diversidad de sus bases económicas y del ejercicio del poder local. El último apartado plantea la posibilidad de que existiesen ciertos rasgos identificativos de las ciudades andaluzas desde la perspectiva del urbanismo.
«Que·als dits ordenaments e capítols sien meses en memòria de scriptura»: modelos de identidad urbana en el reino de Valencia, siglos XIII-XV
Authors: Barrio Barrio Juan Antonio
Published: May 2016

La conquista de la ciudad de Valencia en 1238 y la culminación de la ocupación del resto del reino en 1245 con la toma de Biar, ponían fin, a la fase militar de la campaña levantina del rey conquistador y daban paso a la etapa de la construcción política, institucional, territorial e identitaria de las tierras conquistadas para la Corona de Aragón e incorporadas a la cristiandad occidental, tras cerca de seis siglos bajo dominio islámico. Este proceso dirigido por la monarquía en colaboración con las elites urbanas del reino, se realizo de forma gradual y progresiva, fraguando en el Cuatrocientos unos modelos de identidad urbana incardinados en los principales centros urbanos del reino de Valencia. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los principales elementos constitutivos de dichos modelos de identidad urbana en el reino de Valencia. Nos hemos centrado en los que consideramos los cimientos y pilares de los modelos de identidad urbana en el reino de Valencia, la codificación normativa, el espíritu religioso y cívico y la articulación político-institucional del reino.
Formas de violencia en las relaciones entre la Corona de Aragón y el Sultanato Mameluco (mediados del siglo XIII-mediados del siglo XV)
Authors: Coulon Damien
Published: May 2016

Este artículo analiza las formas de violencia que se desarrollaron en las relaciones entre la Corona de Aragón y el sultanato mameluco de Egipto y Siria en la baja Edad Media. A pesar de bastante buenas relaciones para proteger el gran comercio de especias, se pueden observar expediciones de piratería. Pero esta forma de violencia privada nunca amenazo realmente dichas actividades de negocio. Sin embargo, a partir del reinado de Alfonso el Magnánimo, empezó una nueva fase de relaciones, donde la violencia de estado, gracias al corso sobre todo, fue desarrollada como instrumento de presión. Aquel fenómeno era finalmente representativo de la creciente afirmación del estado en la baja Edad Media.
«Lo quatorzen capitol» Intervención regia y fraude electoral en el patriciado urbano de una ciudad valenciana: Orihuela, 1458-1479
Authors: González Hernández Miguel Ángel
Published: May 2016

Este trabajo aborda una primera cuestión dedicada a la legislación contenida en los privilegios dados a Orihuela por Juan II de Aragón en abril de 1459 para la reimplantación del sistema de insaculación y las variadas reinterpretaciones que hacía el patriciado local de esa legislación durante el período de los años 1458 y 1479. Esta legislación política y administrativa debía de servir como mediación de la monarquía frente a las luchas de poder de las distintas facciones del patriciado urbano. Y la segunda cuestión presenta el fraude electoral en sus diversas formas, ya sea en las recusaciones contra candidatos electos, las modalidades utilizadas y especialmente, durante la selección y aceptación previa de candidatos en el sistema de graduación para formar las bolsas de caballeros y ciudadanos. Este sistema estaba diseñado en el privilegio de abril de 1459 y aún así, los fraudes electorales se siguieron produciendo. Esta situación reflejaba la tensión política vivida en una ciudad valenciana meridional en la segunda mitad del siglo XV y se enmarcaba en un contexto mayor que reflejaba ese mismo proceso de enfrentamiento urbano de otras ciudades medievales del ámbito del reino de Valencia dentro de la Corona de Aragón.
Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) pre-treated rats and protective effect of Vernonia amygdalina post-treatment on liver function
Authors: Usunobun Usunomena , Anyanwu Gabriel
Published: May 2016

Background: Liver disease and toxicity is common, especially with many drug treatments. The effect of Vernonia amygdalina ethanolic leaf extract post-treatment on rats pre-treated with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was evaluated.Methods: Male wistar rats were orally administered DMN (single dose of 25 mg/kg) on first day and thereafter post-treated with 100 and 200mg/kg ethanolic leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina for seven days. Analysis of serum concentrations of albumin, total protein, total bilirubin and glucose were carried out.Results: Administration of DMN alone to rats significantly increased glucose and total bilirubin concentration (P < 0.05) in the serum while it significantly reduced (P<0.05) serum total protein and albumin concentrations when compared with controls. However, post-treatment of DMN administered rats with 100 and 200 mg/kg ethanolic extract leaf of Vernonia amygdalina significantly (P<0.05) reversed these changes in a concentration dependent manner.Conclusion: In conclusion ethanolic leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina have a potent hypoglycaemic and hepatoprotective action against dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver damage in rats may be due to its antioxidant properties.
Numerical simulations of airflow in the human pharynx of OSAHS patients
Authors: Kluck C. , Buzug T.M.
Published: May 2016

Abstract: Computational Fluid Dynamic simulations are performed in real patient individual pharynx geometries of an Obstructive Sleep Apnea patient. The Navier-Stokes equations as well as the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and k − ∊ and k −ω turbulence models are used. The velocity profile and pressure distribution of the patient without any treatment and the patient wearing a mandibular advancement appliance are compared to each other. The simulation results for the different model conditions all lead to similar results showing the robustness of the numerical solutions. The pressure loss along the pharynx is lower in the presence of a mandibular appliance, which can indicate the reduction of OSAHS severity.
Green chemistry preparation of MgO grit like nanostructures: efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 4H-pyrans and α,α′-bis(substituted-benzylidene) cycloalkanone derivatives
Authors: Mobinikhaledi Akbar , Yazdanipour Atisa , Ghashang Majid
Published: May 2016

A grit like nanostructure of MgO was prepared in a medium of mulberry leaves extract and characterized on the basis of field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. It was found to be an efficient catalyst for one-pot synthesis of 4H-pyrans from the reaction of malononitrile and α,α′-bis(substituted-benzylidene) cycloalkanones in good to high yields.
Role of reverse transendothelial migration of neutrophils in inflammation
Authors: Hirano Yohei , Aziz Monowar , Wang Ping
Published: May 2016

Transmigration of neutrophils through vascular endothelial walls into the inflamed tissues is a critical defense mechanism of innate immune system against infection and injury caused by sepsis, trauma, ischemia-reperfusion, and other acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. However, their excessive infiltration and uncontrolled activation may lead to the destruction of normal tissue architecture and unrestrained inflammation. Transendothelial migration (TEM) in a luminal-to-abluminal direction is widely known as the final step of neutrophil migration cascade into the inflamed tissues. Recent studies have shown that neutrophils not necessarily move from the vascular lumen to the extravascular tissues in a one way direction; they also proceed in an opposite direction, known as reverse transendothelial migration (rTEM) to get back into the vascular lumen again. This novel paradigm of neutrophil round trip is currently on the spotlight due to its possible interaction with immune system. Current review highlighting the growing demand of this newly identified neutrophil migratory event will not only rewrite the disease pathophysiology, but also help scientists design novel therapeutic strategy leading to the remission of inflammatory diseases in which controlling exaggerated neutrophil infiltration is a major challenge.