bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das Fallregister für Zwangsmaßnahmen nach dem baden-württembergischen Psychisch-Kranken-Hilfe-Gesetz: Konzeption und erste Auswertungen
Authors: Flammer Erich , Steinert Tilman
Published: August 2018

Ziel In Baden-Württemberg werden seit 2015 Unterbringungsmaßnahmen und Zwangsmaßnahmen zentral erfasst. Versorgungsepidemiologische Daten zur Häufigkeit von freiheitsbeschränkenden Zwangsmaßnahmen und von Zwangsmedikation sollen damit erstmals in Deutschland auf der Basis einer Vollerhebung untersucht werden.

Methoden Die Daten von 32 Kliniken mit 108 863 Behandlungsfällen wurden ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse In 7321 (6,7 %) Fällen kam es zu freiheitsbeschränkenden Zwangsmaßnahmen und in 674 (0,6 %) Fällen zu einer medikamentösen Zwangsbehandlung.

Schlussfolgerung Freiheitsbeschränkende Zwangsmaßnahmen waren etwas seltener als in früheren Stichproben, Zwangsmedikation wird selten angewendet.
Hazards of Repeat Pregnancy during Adolescence: A Case-control Study
Authors: Galvão Rafael Bessa de Freitas , Figueira Camilla Olivares , Borovac-Pinheiro Anderson , Paulino Daiane Sofia de Morais , Faria-Schützer Debora Bicudo , Surita Fernanda Garanhani
Published: August 2018

Objective To evaluate the social, obstetric and psychological risk factors related to repeat pregnancy in teenagers.

Methods A case control study conducted at Centro de Atenção à Saúde Integral da Mulher (Caism, in the Portuguese acronym), in Campinas, Brazil, from 2015 to 2017. Three groups were selected: a case-group of adolescents who had repeat pregnancy and two control-groups, one consisting of adolescents who had delivered at first time and another one of adult women with more than one deliveries. Participants were asked about habits, socio-demographics characteristics, reproductive and obstetric history and assessed psychological issues.

Results Ninety women were enrolled, 30 in each study group. Adolescents with repeat pregnancy have lower self-esteem scores and more ineffective contraceptive use. When compared with teens at first delivery, they had less schooling level (odds ratio [OR] 4.03 [1.37–11.8]), more school abandon (OR 8.16 [2.36–28.2]) and drugs use (OR 4.97[1.39–17.8]). Non-white skin color (OR 6.2 [1.15–41.0]), drugs use (OR 17.5 [2.62–116.6]) and first sexual intercourse under 15y (OR 18.0[2.82–115.0]) were found as higher risk factors for repeat pregnancy when comparing adolescents and adults. Moreover, adolescents with more than one gestation had lower self-esteem and greater susceptibility to unplanned pregnancy.

Conclusion There was an association between repeat pregnancy among adolescents and lower education, early onset of sexual activity, non-white skin color, low use of contraception and increased use of drugs.
What Constitutes a Multidimensional Treatment Approach for School-Age Children Who Stutter?
Authors: Shields Lynne
Published: August 2018

Research over the past several decades supports the view that stuttering is a complex and multidimensional disorder. Given the multiple factors that contribute to the development and persistence of stuttering, it follows that, for many children who stutter, treatment focused solely on the motor aspects of speech may be insufficient to help them successfully manage their stuttering. A complete assessment includes identifying all of the dimensions of the disorder that are relevant to a particular child. Likewise, treatment is best viewed as multidimensional, with the clinician developing a set of goals that address the relevant aspects of stuttering and communication. Such an approach leads to greater success for children who stutter with the end result being speakers who communicate openly and effectively.
Maternal Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight in Term Neonates: A Case-controlled Study
Authors: Mahecha-Reyes Eduardo , Grillo-Ardila Carlos Fernando
Published: August 2018

Objective To identify maternal factors associated with the presence of low birth weight in term neonates.

Methods Matched hospital-based case-controlled study performed in a high complexity institution located in the city of Neiva, Colombia. The study included women with term gestation and singleton live fetuses. Patients with prior diseases, coming from other regions, with pregnancy resulting from assisted reproduction, or with a diagnosis of fetal abnormality or aneuploidy were excluded. Low birth weight was the dependent variable, and the independent variables that were analyzed were maternal sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Adjusted and non-adjusted odds ratios (aOR and OR) together with the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were reported.

Results The study included 270 participants (90 cases and 180 controls). Controlling for maternal age, educational level, socioeconomic and civil status, social security and the presence of maternal disease during gestation, it was found that weight gain (aOR 0.77, 95% CI 0.70–0.85) and the absence of prenatal care (aOR 8.20, 95% CI 3.22–20.87) were among the factors associated with low birth weight.

Conclusions The absence of weight gain and of prenatal care are factors associated with the presence of low birth weight in term neonates and should be considered in clinical practice.
Frozen Section in the Management of Ovarian and Uterine Tumors: The Past 5 Years in a Tertiary Centre
Authors: Aidos Joana , Veríssimo Renata , Almeida Joana , Carvalho Teresa , Martins Nuno Nogueira , Martins Francisco Nogueira
Published: August 2018

Objective Intraoperative frozen section (IFS) is a valuable resource, and its use in gynecological pathology has not been sufficiently emphasized. The main goal of the present study is to evaluate the reliability and agreement rates between IFS and the final paraffin section (PS) and determine how reliable IFS is.

Methods A retrospective study of all IFSs performed on uterine tumors and suspicious adnexal masses between January 2012 and December 2016 (excluding metastases) at the department of obstetrics and gynecology of the Centro Hospitalar Tondela Viseu. Frozen versus permanent section diagnosis were compared regarding the histologic type of the tumor, and the depth of myometrial invasion.

Results A total of 286 cases were eligible for the present study, including 102 (35.7%) IFSs of uterine tumors, and 184 (64.3%) IFSs of ovarian tumors. The overall rate of deferred cases was 5.2% (15/286). The accuracy of the diagnosis in cases of endometrial carcinoma was 96.25% (77/80). Among the ovarian tumors, misdiagnoses occurred in 2 cases (1.1%), corresponding to a borderline tumor (serous type) and a clear cell intracystic adenocarcinoma.

Conclusion The IFS analysis plays an important role in selected situations and is associated to a high sensitivity and specificity in cases of ovarian and endometrial tumors. Its high accuracy is almost universally associated with the possibility of obtaining an optimal surgical treatment at the time of the first surgical approach.
A Simple, Reproducible and Low-cost Simulator for Teaching Surgical Techniques to Repair Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries
Authors: Knobel Roxana , Volpato Lia Karina , Gervasi Liliam Cristini , Viergutz Raquel de Almeida , Trapani Alberto
Published: August 2018

Objective To describe and evaluate the use of a simple, low-cost, and reproducible simulator for teaching the repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS).

Methods Twenty resident doctors in obstetrics and gynecology and four obstetricians participated in the simulation. A fourth-degree tear model was created using low-cost materials (condom simulating the rectal mucosa, cotton tissue simulating the internal anal sphincter, and bovine meat simulating the external anal sphincter). The simulator was initially assembled with the aid of anatomical photos to study the anatomy and meaning of each component of the model. The laceration was created and repaired, using end-to-end or overlapping application techniques.

Results The model cost less than R$ 10.00 and was assembled without difficulty, which improved the knowledge of the participants of anatomy and physiology. The sutures of the layers (rectal mucosa, internal sphincter, and external sphincter) were performed in keeping with the surgical technique. All participants were satisfied with the simulation and felt it improved their knowledge and skills. Between 3 and 6 months after the training, 7 participants witnessed severe lacerations in their practice and reported that the simulation was useful for surgical correction.

Conclusion The use of a simulator for repair training in OASIS is affordable (low-cost and easy to perform). The simulation seems to improve the knowledge and surgical skills necessary to repair severe lacerations. Further systematized studies should be performed for evaluation.
Accurate Assessment of Blood Loss during Cesarean Delivery Improves Estimation of Postoperative Hemoglobin
Authors: Block Michael , Zamudio Stacy , Douglas Claudia , Sledge Sharon , Tully Griffeth , Thurer Robert , Rubenstein Andrew
Published: August 2018

Objective To determine if accurate blood loss determination during cesarean delivery can improve the prediction of postoperative hemoglobin levels.

Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study using visually estimated blood loss (traditional, n = 2,025) versus estimates using a mobile application that photographs sponges and canisters and calculates their hemoglobin content (device, n = 756).

Results The correlation between the actual and predicted postoperative day 1 hemoglobin value (PPO1 Hgb) was better in the device group (R
2 = 0.519, correlation = 0.720) than in the traditional group (R
2 = 0.429, correlation = 0.655) (p = 0.005). For patients in the device group where the estimated blood loss was >1,000 mL (n = 53), the PPO1 Hgb was also better correlated with the actual value (R
2 = 0.319, correlation = 0.565) than the predictions using visually estimated blood loss for those patients in the device group whose visual estimation was >1,000 mL (n = 32) (R
2 = 0.035, correlation = 0.187) (p = 0.027).

Conclusion Implementation of a device that accurately measures blood loss allows for a better prediction of postoperative day 1 hemoglobin concentration than is possible using visual blood loss estimation. This improvement was seen in the entire patient group and was particularly prominent in patients with blood losses of > 1,000 mL.
The efficient market operation for wind energy trading based on the dynamic improved power forecasting
Authors: Yang Shengjie , Xu Xuesong , Xiang Jinwen , Chen Rongyuan , Jiang Weijin
Published: August 2018

Wind energy sources have grown up from distributed units to large-scale bases which bring a considerable negative impact on power systems. They have taken a significant part in the generation and disturbed the balance between the supply and the load. A system operator has to treat wind power as the stochastic negative loads at times. In essence it is the selective ignorance of the problem. There are rarely proposals of market operations to guide, constrain, and evaluate them efficiently. In this paper, wind energy is integrated into the market where the sources are required to submit the offers of energy and compete with other participants. It is partitioned into base and stochastic parts according to the interval power forecasting. The two parts can be traded in day-ahead and real-time market, respectively, with the support of the storage system. According to the design, the wind energy sources can be well rewarded by the market, and other participants including the agent and the battery energy storage system also benefit from the trading. The simulation has confirmed the feasibility and practicability of the operation.
Tuning electronic transport properties of zigzag graphene nanoribbons with silicon doping and phosphorus passivation
Authors: Tien Nguyen Thanh , Phuc Vo Trung , Ahuja Rajeev
Published: August 2018

Density-functional theory in combination with the non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism is used to study the effect of silicon doping and phosphorus passivation on the electronic transport properties of zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs). We study the edge structures passivated by H atoms and by P atoms. In this work, Si atoms are used to substitute C atoms located at the edge of the samples. We consider ZGNRs terminated by H and P atoms with four zigzag carbon chains (4-ZGNRs) in case of six various configurations. Our calculated results determine that the Si doping improves significantly the current of samples by the number of dopants. Moreover, there is dramatical difference in the transmission spectrum of P-passivated ZGNRs and H-passivated ZGNRs i.e. P passivation not only destroys an enhanced transmission at the Fermi level, which is typical for graphene nanoribbons, but also increases considerably the intensity of transmission spectrum with ballistic transport properties. Furthermore, the numerical results illustrate that pristine H-terminated samples have a broadening band gap in transmission spectra when the bias voltage increases. The relationship between the outcomes indicates that such silicon doping and phosphorus passivation are effective and providing a promising way to modulate the properties of ZGNRs for nanoelectronic device applications.
Saturated excitation microscopy using differential excitation for efficient detection of nonlinear fluorescence signals
Authors: Nawa Yasunori , Yonemaru Yasuo , Kasai Atsushi , Oketani Ryosuke , Hashimoto Hitoshi , Smith Nicholas I. , Fujita Katsumasa
Published: August 2018

We report a method to increase the efficiency of detecting nonlinear fluorescence signals in saturated excitation (SAX) microscopy. With this method, we compare fluorescence signals obtained under different degrees of saturated excitation to extract the nonlinear fluorescent signal induced by saturated excitation. Compared to conventional SAX microscopy using the harmonic demodulation technique, the detection efficiency of the fluorescence signal can be increased up to 8 and 32 times in imaging using the second-order and the third-order nonlinear fluorescence signals, respectively. We combined this approach with pulsed excitation, which is effective to reduce photobleaching effects, and achieved super-resolution imaging using third-order nonlinear fluorescence signals induced by saturated excitation of an organic dye. The resolution improvement was confirmed in the observations of fluorescent beads, actin-filaments in HeLa cells, and a spine in mouse brain tissue.
A new evolutionary-analytical two-step optimization method for optimal wind turbine allocation considering maximum capacity
Authors: Foroughi Nematollahi A. , Rahiminejad A. , Vahidi B. , Askarian H. , Safaei A.
Published: August 2018

In this paper, a new two-step optimization algorithm is introduced for optimal placement of a Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) in a distribution network. The locations and the maximum capacities of WTGs, as well as their optimum power factor, are determined simultaneously in two different steps. In the first step, the locations and power factors of the WTGs are considered as solutions of a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm and in the next step, the optimal capacities of the WTGs are determined analytically. A recently introduced optimization algorithm known as the Lightning Attachment Procedure Optimization algorithm is employed for the first step, and a fast analytical method is used for the second one. The objective function of the optimization problem is considered for annual energy loss minimization. The proposed approach is applied on 85-bus test system, and the results are discussed. Fast convergence, best global answer finding, and robustness are the characteristics of the proposed method, which are concluded from the results and discussion.
Nanograins of noble metals influence magneto-optical properties of CoPt films
Authors: Fellet Melissae
Published: August 2018

The perpendicular magnetic nanostructures exhibiting enhanced magneto-plasmonic effects could be utilized in stable sensors for observing biochemical reactions.
A linked SNP marker to genotype Fr-B2 in wheat
Authors: Eagles H. A. , Hyles J. , Wilson Jayne , Cane Karen , Forrest K. L. , Hayden M. J. , Ramm K. , Trevaskis Ben
Published: August 2018

Fr-B2 is a complex locus on chromosome 5B that affects frost tolerance, days to heading, grain yield and probably other traits of commercial importance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It interacts epistatically with other major genes, especially VRN1. There are two known alleles of Fr-B2: an intact, wild-type allele, and an allele with a large deletion. Published methods for identifying these alleles are slow and expensive, making the development of a high-throughput, co-dominant SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) marker highly desirable, especially for commercial wheat breeding. A diverse panel of cultivars and breeding lines was characterised for SNPs and alleles of Fr-B2. Four SNP markers co-segregated as a haplotype block with Fr-B2 across unrelated cultivars and related backcrosses differing for alleles of Fr-B2. A robust KASP (Kompetitive allele-specific PCR) assay was developed for one of the SNPs, KASP_IWB26333, which should facilitate the inclusion of Fr-B2 on genotyping platforms for breeding and research.
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 2 (CPEB2) is required for tight-junction assembly for establishment of porcine trophectoderm epithelium
Authors: Kwon Jeongwoo , Park Shuha , Seong Min-Jung , Choi Inchul , Kim Nam-Hyung
Published: August 2018

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB) is an RNA-binding protein that promotes elongation of poly(A) tails and regulates mRNA translation. CPEB depletion in mammary epithelium is known to disrupt tight-junction (TJ) assembly via mislocalisation of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), but the role of CPEB in the biological functions associated with TJs has not yet been studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the roles of CPEB2 during porcine parthenote development. CPEB2 was detected in both the nuclei and apical cytoplasm at the 4- and 8-cell stages and was localised to cell–cell contact after the initiation of the morula stage. Its depletion led to retarded blastocyst formation caused by impaired TJ assembly. Moreover, transcription of TJ-associated genes, including TJP1, Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) and occludin (OCLN), was not affected, but the corresponding proteins were not properly localised at the apical cell membrane in morulae, suggesting that CPEB2 confers mRNA stability or determines subcellular localisation for translation. Remarkably reduced relative levels of TJP1 transcripts bearing the 3′-untranslated region were noted, indicating that CPEB2 mediates TJP1 mRNA stability. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that because of its regulation of TJP1, CPEB2 is required for TJ assembly during porcine blastocyst development.
Paternal diet programs offspring health through sperm- and seminal plasma-specific pathways in mice
Authors: Watkins Adam J. , Dias Irundika , Tsuro Heather , Allen Danielle , Emes Richard D. , Moreton Joanna , Wilson Ray , Ingram Richard J. M. , Sinclair Kevin D.
Published: August 2018

Significance

Parental health and diet at the time of conception determine the development and life-long disease risk of their offspring. While the association between poor maternal diet and offspring health is well established, the underlying mechanisms linking paternal diet with offspring health are poorly defined. Possible programming pathways include changes in testicular and sperm epigenetic regulation and status, seminal plasma composition, and maternal reproductive tract responses regulating early embryo development. In this study, we demonstrate that paternal low-protein diet induces sperm-DNA hypomethylation in conjunction with blunted female reproductive tract embryotrophic, immunological, and vascular remodeling responses. Furthermore, we identify sperm- and seminal plasma-specific programming effects of paternal diet with elevated offspring adiposity, metabolic dysfunction, and altered gut microbiota.
Mechanistic insights into plant SUVH family H3K9 methyltransferases and their binding to context-biased non-CG DNA methylation
Authors: Li Xueqin , Harris C. Jake , Zhong Zhenhui , Chen Wei , Liu Rui , Jia Bei , Wang Zonghua , Li Sisi , Jacobsen Steven E. , Du Jiamu
Published: August 2018

Significance

Plant SUVH family H3K9 methyltransferases play a key role in connecting the two epigenetic silencing marks, DNA methylation and H3K9me2. However, the regulation of SUVH protein activities and their precise role in the regulation of DNA methylation remains unclear. In this research, we performed a comprehensive investigation into the structure, biochemistry, and in vivo targeting characteristics of SUVH histone methyltransferases. For binding methylated DNA, we reveal that the SUVH family proteins possess a unique thumb loop-dependent base-flipping mechanism. For methyltransferase function, we reveal that SUVH6 is regulated by a dynamic autoinhibitory domain. Finally, our in vitro DNA-binding assays combined with ChIP-seq data uncover mechanisms to help explain context-biased non-CG DNA methylation in plants.
Talking in asides in Shakespeare’s plays
Authors: Mullini Roberta
Published: August 2018

Only in the first Quarto of The Merry Wives of Windsor (1602) and in that of Pericles (1609) can
the stage direction “aside” be found. Nevertheless it is abundantly present in modern editions of Shakespearean plays, starting
from Shakespeare’s first editors in the eighteenth century. Scholars have defined various categories for this particular
theatrical convention (monological, ad spectatores, and dialogical), among which this article investigates the
dialogical aside and the pragmatic strategies it involves, when dialogue becomes circumspect, so as not to be caught by other
onstage bystanders. Following the results of a preliminary quantitative search, the plays analysed in detail are The
Tempest, Henry VI, Part 3, and Antony and Cleopatra.
La llengua catalana en la documentació administrativa de Fraga a la baixa edat mitjana i moderna: de la pervivència a la substitució
Authors: Moret Hèctor , Sorolla Hugo
Published: August 2018

Aquest treball constata que durant la baixa edat mitjana el català es va emprar
habitualment en la documentació administrativa originada a la vila de Fraga. A
partir del segle xv començà la substitució, que no fou sobtada, d’aquesta llengua en l’escriptura. El desencadenant va ser la incorporació de Fraga al regne d’Aragó en el segle xv i l’arribada de procuradors d’origen aragonès. Coincidint amb aquests fets, els textos adreçats a la Cancelleria canvien de llengua. La documentació municipal és en català fins a mitjan segle xvi, i la lligada a l’Església ho és fins a finals del xvi. Així, Fraga va instaurar abans que la resta de la catalanofonia la substitució selectiva de la llengua en els usos institucionals.
Els textos popularistes valencians dels segles xviii i xix i la lexicografia catalana
Authors: Martí Mestre Joaquim
Published: August 2018

Continuant amb el nostre interés per l’estudi lingüístic de la literatura popularista,
al qual hem dedicat altres treballs, en aquest article ens centrem en les dades
lexicogràfiques procedents d’aquestes fonts que proporcionen noves aportacions
respecte als diccionaris històrics i etimològics catalans. Aquestes fonts literàries permeten ampliar l’àrea geogràfica dels mots, com ho veiem en els verbs bellugar, abrusar, agiponar i bavar, de les variants formals, cas de so “son”, i de les locucions (caure de son ase, de franc). D’altra banda, permeten conéixer millor el procés de creació i de canvi lèxic en relació amb l’entorn cultural i antropològic (aguaitacossos, albat, fer cantalets). I, per últim, les fonts literàries popularistes resulten útils per a conéixer millor les etapes dels processos d’interferència lèxica (avi/abuelo, agüelo; bec/pico).
La ironia com a estratègia de subversió: paratextos en Caterina Albert i Mercè Rodoreda
Authors: Francés-Díez M. Àngels
Published: August 2018

Aquest article té l’objectiu de constatar el paper subversiu de la ironia en la reflexió que Caterina Albert / Víctor Català i Mercè Rodoreda efectuen sobre la seua condició d’escriptores i les expectatives que aquesta genera en la recepció crítica de les seues obres. Així, examinarem diversos textos que podríem encabir dins de la literatura del jo (bàsicament, entrevistes i articles de premsa) datats del primer terç del segle XX o que reflexionen sobre aquells anys, i ens centrarem, sobretot, en tres paratextos que precedeixen a les seues primeres obres: concretament, el «Prec» a Drames rurals (1902) i el «Pòrtic» a Caires vius (1907), de Víctor Català, i la «Endreça» a Sóc una dona honrada? (1932), de Mercè Rodoreda.
Un viatge a l'alteritat: Hores angleses, de Ferran Soldevila
Authors: Esteve Anna
Published: August 2018

En aquest article oferim una aproximació al dietari de Ferran Soldevila Hores
angleses amb els instruments que ens aporten els estudis autobiogràfics. Des
d’aquesta perspectiva crítica volem subratllar el seu valor dins la literatura autobiogràfica catalana del segle xx i plantejar una hipòtesi de lectura segons la qual la tria del gènere resulta decisiva per a interpretar el propòsit literari de l’historiador. El viatge permet el descobriment de l’alteritat com a via per a arribar a conèixer la pròpia identitat. Així doncs, ens centrarem en l’estratègia que fa servir l’autor per proposar un diàleg entre la societat anglesa, en què s’emmiralla seguint els postulats de l’època, i la catalana.
Incerta glòria de Joan Sales: viatge entre les edicions i les traduccions
Authors: Rigobon Patrizio
Published: August 2018

La història textual d’Incerta glòria de Joan Sales és força complicada com, d’altra banda, bona part dels textos publicats a Espanya durant la dictadura franquista. A més a més, com la novel·la tracta de la Guerra Civil Espanyola des del punt de vista dels vençuts, fou llegida curosament pels censors i fou censurada. Les edicions de la novel·la després de la primera (1956) van ser continuament cambiades i eixamplades per l’autor que, a la vegada, n’era també l’editor. Quan l’autor va morir (1983), la seva dona es va fer càrrec de les edicions posteriors. Així que seria útil i necessari que una propera edició es pogués fer des d’un punt de vista estrictament filològic.
La reversibilitat lingüística: un estudi de cas a la Valldigna
Authors: Enguix Àngela Lahosa
Published: August 2018

Proposem l’anàlisi de la transmissió lingüística de fills a pares de 10 famílies nouvingudes a Tavernes de la Valldigna (València), duta a terme a partir d’una anàlisi qualitativa que, si bé no aporta dades estadístiques, dóna compte de la realitat sociolingüística. Al País Valencià, a la Valldigna, la transmissió intergeneracional és clau per al manteniment del valencià: malgrat la castellanització, l’ús del valencià augmenta (Montoya & Fabà 2012). La diferència, en aquest cas, rau en la transferència: de fills a pares. S’anomena “reversibilitat lingüística” (Fishman 2001), i es propicia per les particularitats sociolingüístiques. Aquest fenomen també ocorre en l’irlandès, ja que els pares aprenen la llengua per parlar-la amb els fills (Harris 2006).
The influence of L1 frequency in instructed second language learning of L2 idioms
Authors: Türker Ebru
Published: August 2018

This study investigates the influence of L1 frequency on the acquisition of L2 idioms with an experiment employing structured input instruction based on the input processing model. Intermediate L2 Korean learners completed a pretest, computer-assisted instructional treatment session, and posttest. The tests included production, interpretation, and meaning tasks, which manipulated amount of context and idiom type (i.e., Shared L1-L2 idioms, which have linguistic representations in both languages and are subgrouped by high or low L1 frequency, and L2 Only idioms, which have no L1 equivalent). The results show that high L1 frequency had a consistently facilitatory effect on the learning of equivalent L2 idioms, but that context had the strongest effect on the learning of L2 idioms that have no counterpart in the L1.
Medical tourism and its niched impact in Tabriz, Iran
Authors: Mirvahedi Seyed Hadi
Published: August 2018

Tourism with all its concomitant economic and sociocultural influences across the globe accounts for today’s largest mobilization of people, money, and culture. This study explores how the arrival of medical tourists from the Republic of Azerbaijan in the city of Tabriz in Iran over the last few years has had a niched impact on the linguistic landscape of the city. Drawing upon theoretical developments within the sociolinguistics of globalization and mobility and linguistic landscapes, the research sheds light on how Azerbaijanis in Tabriz mobilize certain semiotic resources to bothconstruct localityandchannel mobilityfor their co-ethnic medical tourists, both establishing a sense of ‘at-homeness’ and attracting more travelers and economic gain. Given the legal prohibition of using foreign languages on public signage, the research also uncovers contesting language ideologies which may contribute to the development of a tension between Azerbaijani, as the largest minority language, and Farsi, the only official language, challenging the semiotic domination of Farsi over Azerbaijani.
The use of tag questions in the oral production of L2 English learners
Authors: Doval-Suárez Susana M. , González Álvarez Elsa M.
Published: August 2018

Although tag questions (TQs) are a conspicuous and frequently discussed phenomenon of spoken English, little is known about their acquisition by L2 learners. Drawing on two spoken comparable corpora, this study discusses differences between Spanish learners’ and native speakers’ (NS) use of canonical tag questions (CTQs). Our results reveal that CTQs are significantly underused by Spanish learners as compared to their native counterparts. The reasons cannot be found in the learners’ L1, since underuse is pervasive in the 11 subcomponents of the Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage and CTQs are known to be more frequent in Spanish than in English. The rather low frequency of English CTQs in the Louvain Corpus of Native English Conversation as compared with a reference corpus (ICE-GB) points to context-related factors.
“Okay … so … nice to meet you? {smiles}”
Authors: Brunner Marie-Louise , Diemer Stefan
Published: August 2018

The chapter examines discourse strategies used in conversation openings in CASE, the Corpus of Academic Spoken English (2018), containing English as a Lingua Franca conversations via Skype. Although there are similarities to telephone conversation openings, openings in CASE show differences in content and structure, accommodating the particular setup of Skype conversations and the computer-mediated discourse environment. The different sequences in Skype conversation openings are organized and negotiated cooperatively by participants. They are signalled by significant overuse of the following transition markers (TMs) between sequences: discourse markers, pauses and hesitation markers, laughter, repetitions, and lengthening. The quantitative analysis confirms that TMs occur significantly more often in transition zones between opening sequences than in both non-transition zones and openings as a whole.
An initial description of syntactic extensions in spoken Czech
Authors: Oloff Florence , Havlík Martin
Published: August 2018

This paper aims to describe different patterns of syntactic extensions of turns-at-talk in mundane conversations in Czech. Within interactional linguistics, same-speaker continuations of possibly complete syntactic structures have been described for typologically diverse languages, but have not yet been investigated for Slavic languages. Based on previously established descriptions of various types of extensions (Vorreiter 2003;Couper-Kuhlen & Ono 2007), our initial description shall therefore contribute to the cross-linguistic exploration of this phenomenon. While all previously described forms for continuing a turn-constructional unit seem to exist in Czech, some grammatical features of this language (especially free word order and strong case morphology) may lead to problems in distinguishing specific types of syntactic extensions. Consequently, this type of language allows for critically evaluating the cross-linguistic validity of the different categories and underlines the necessity of analysing syntactic phenomena within their specific action contexts.
Placing ELF among the varieties of English
Authors: Laitinen Mikko
Published: August 2018

This study investigates how (dis)similar ELF is structurally from the core native varieties of English, indigenized L2 varieties, and learner English. ELF is understood as second language use of English in settings where the interactants do not necessarily share a first language. The empirical part makes use of the method of typological profiling based on aggregate structural features. This method measures three indices (i.e. grammaticity, analyticity, and syntheticity), and it has been used previously to analyze a range of variety types but has not been applied to the assessment of ELF. The results provide quantitative evidence that places ELF on the map and shows that, on purely structural grounds, ELF is a distinct variety type among English varieties. Moreover, the observations show that ELF is structurally different from second language acquisition, and there is a quantitative basis for drawing a distinction between ELF and traditional learner data.
“I’m an Anglophile, but …”
Authors: Edwards Alison
Published: August 2018

This study, at the interface of language ideologies, corpus linguistics and discourse analysis, explores perceptions of English in the Netherlands through recurrent discourse patterns in a corpus of language-attitudinal commentary by 724 Dutch informants. The informants position English as a purely utilitarian tool for international communication. Yet, a key ideological narrative revolves around the perceived “unnecessary” use and “overuse” of English within Dutch society to appear cosmopolitan, clever or “cool”. This suggests many people are (or are believed to be) mobilising the language for local interpersonal relations and identity construction. These functions go beyond mere instrumentalism, suggesting English may be being used as not just a “foreign”/“international” language but rather an additional local language for creative self-expression and identity performance.
Cultivars, anatomy and improvement.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L.
Published: August 2018

Grapes are one of the world's most-planted horticultural crops, and there is a wide range of cultivars in use, many of them well suited to a particular area or end use. In addition to listing the most used cultivars, this chapter discusses clones, or selections within a cultivar, which are another important variable in the growing of quality grapes. After a review of the parts of the vine, a brief discussion is given about vine breeding and improvement.
Climatic requirements.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L.
Published: August 2018

This chapter reviews some of the physiological requirements of grapevines with regard to their environment, with an eye to commercial production. The grape production in cold climates, tropical areas, low light situations, heat, water availability, different soil properties, terroir, and under climate change are discussed.
Vineyard establishment.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L.
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the process of putting in a vineyard is followed from first thoughts to making sure that the vines get off to a healthy start, ready to produce as much high-quality crop as possible for the life of the vineyard. The site selection (considering climatic factors, soil types, slope and aspect of land and other factors), site planning, choice of rootstocks, propagation (including layering, cuttings and grafting), planting and the vine establishment are discussed.
Mechanization.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L.
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides additional detail around mechanization of a variety of vineyard operations, focusing on weed management, canopy management, crop management and harvesting, pruning, and environmental monitoring. With increased mechanization comes the opportunity to gather more information. Clearly, the problem in the future will not be getting information, but developing methods to be able to collate and analyse it all, culminating with useful recommendations for management.
Life-threatening influenza pneumonitis in a child with inherited IRF9 deficiency
Authors: Hernandez Nicholas , Melki Isabelle , Jing Huie , Habib Tanwir , Huang Susie S.Y. , Danielson Jeffrey , Kula Tomasz , Drutman Scott , Belkaya Serkan , Rattina Vimel , Lorenzo-Diaz Lazaro , Boulai Anais , Rose Yoann , Kitabayashi Naoki , Rodero Mathieu P. , Dumaine Cecile , Blanche Stéphane , Lebras Marie-Noëlle , Leung Man Chun , Mathew Lisa Sara , Boisson Bertrand , Zhang Shen-Ying , Boisson-Dupuis Stephanie , Giliani Silvia , Chaussabel Damien , Notarangelo Luigi D. , Elledge Stephen J. , Ciancanelli Michael J. , Abel Laurent , Zhang Qian , Marr Nico , Crow Yanick J. , Su Helen C. , Casanova Jean-Laurent
Published: August 2018

Life-threatening pulmonary influenza can be caused by inborn errors of type I and III IFN immunity. We report a 5-yr-old child with severe pulmonary influenza at 2 yr. She is homozygous for a loss-of-function IRF9 allele. Her cells activate gamma-activated factor (GAF) STAT1 homodimers but not IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) trimers (STAT1/STAT2/IRF9) in response to IFN-α2b. The transcriptome induced by IFN-α2b in the patient’s cells is much narrower than that of control cells; however, induction of a subset of IFN-stimulated gene transcripts remains detectable. In vitro, the patient’s cells do not control three respiratory viruses, influenza A virus (IAV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). These phenotypes are rescued by wild-type IRF9, whereas silencing IRF9 expression in control cells increases viral replication. However, the child has controlled various common viruses in vivo, including respiratory viruses other than IAV. Our findings show that human IRF9- and ISGF3-dependent type I and III IFN responsive pathways are essential for controlling IAV.
The Combined Auricular Graft: A New Technique for Mestizo Nasal Tip Surgery
Authors: Escobar Paulo A , Zimmermann Simon , Lunger Lukas
Published: August 2018

Background

Current literature lacks a single cartilage graft to address problems in projection, rotation, and/or definition in mestizo patients that considers the alar cartilage structure, length, and shape characteristics of this population.

Objectives

The authors sought to describe a novel technique and evaluate the aesthetic outcomes of the combined auricular graft in mestizo patients undergoing primary rhinoplasty.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients who underwent primary rhinoplasty using the combined auricular graft between January 2015 and June 2017 was performed. The minimum duration of follow-up was 6 months. Main outcomes were nasal tip projection and tip rotation angle.

Results

Among the 61 patients (38 women [62.2%] and 23 men [37.8%]; mean age, 29.3 ± 10.8 years), the mean differences in projection were statistically significant between T0 and T1, T0 and T2, and T0 and T3 (1.63, 1.39, and 1.32 mm, respectively). Thus, 80.9% of the increase in projection that had been achieved at T1 was maintained at T3 (P < 0.001). The relapse ratio measured 19.1% (mean difference T1-T3, 0.31 ± 0.10 mm). The mean tip rotation angle at T0 (111.69 ± 3.59°) significantly increased by 2.37 ± 3.13° (T3, 114.06 ± 2.50°, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

One single auricular cartilage graft can significantly improve projection and/or rotation by simultaneously addressing structure, length, and shape of lower lateral cartilages. Misbalance between the medial and lateral crura is avoided and retraction risks are prevented. Consequently, a more natural, precise, and accurate tip position is obtained.

Level of Evidence: 4
Control principles for complex biological networks
Authors: Li Min , Gao Hao , Wang Jianxin , Wu Fang-Xiang
Published: August 2018

Networks have been widely used to model the structure of various biological systems. Currently, a series of approaches have been developed to construct reliable biological networks. However, the ultimate understanding of a biological system is to steer its states to the desired ones by imposing signals. The control process is dominated by the intrinsic structure and the dynamic propagation. To understand the underlying mechanisms behind the life process, the control theory can be applied to biological networks with specific target requirements. In this article, we first introduce the structural controllability of complex networks and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. Then, we review the effective control to meet the specific requirements for complex biological networks. Moreover, we summarize the existing methods for finding the unique minimum set of driver nodes via the optimal control for complex networks. Finally, we discuss the relationships between biological networks and structural controllability, effective control and optimal control. Moreover, potential applications of general control principles are pointed out.
A potential central role of Thaumarchaeota in N-Cycling in a semi-arid environment, Fort Stanton Cave, Snowy River passage, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Kimble Jason C , Winter Ara S , Spilde Michael N , Sinsabaugh Robert L , Northup Diana E
Published: August 2018

Low biomass and productivity of arid-land caves with limited availability of nitrogen (N) raises the question of how microbes acquire and cycle this essential element. Caves are ideal environments for investigating microbial functional capabilities, as they lack phototrophic activity and have near constant temperatures and high relative humidity. From the walls of Fort Stanton Cave (FSC), multicolored secondary mineral deposits of soil-like material low in fixed N, known as ferromanganese deposits (FMD), were collected. We hypothesized that within FMD samples we would find the presence of microbial N cycling genes and taxonomy related to N cycling microorganisms. Community DNA were sequenced using Illumina shotgun metagenomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results suggest a diverse N cycle encompassing several energetic pathways including nitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction and denitrification. N cycling genes associated with assimilatory nitrate reduction were also identified. Functional gene sequences and taxonomic findings suggest several bacterial and archaeal phyla potentially play a role in nitrification pathways in FSC and FMD. Thaumarchaeota, a deep-branching archaeal division, likely play an essential and possibly dominant role in the oxidation of ammonia. Our results provide genomic evidence for understanding how microbes are potentially able to acquire and cycle N in a low-nutrient subterranean environment.
Progressive Resistance Training Improves Torque Capacity and Strength in Mobility-Limited Older Adults
Authors: Englund Davis A , Price Lori Lyn , Grosicki Gregory J , Iwai Megumi , Kashiwa Makoto , Liu Christine , Reid Kieran F , Fielding Roger A
Published: August 2018

Background

Progressive resistance training (PRT) is consistently shown to improve muscle strength in older adults. The efficacy of PRT to improve muscle fatigue in older adults with demonstrated mobility limitations remains unclear.

Methods

Mobility-limited (Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB] ≤ 9) older adults (age 70–92 years) were recruited for this study and randomized to either PRT or home-based flexibility (FLEX) 3 d/wk for 12 weeks. Muscle fatigue and strength outcomes were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. The primary outcome was torque capacity, a composite measure of strength and fatigue, defined as the sum of peak torques from an isokinetic fatigue test.

Results

Seventy participants were randomized (mean [SD] age 78.9 [5.4] years; 60% female; mean [SD] SPPB 7.5 [1.6]). At follow-up, the PRT group improved significantly in torque capacity, mean between-group difference (95% confidence interval) 466.19 (138.4, 793.97) Nm (p = .006), and maximal strength 127.3 (60.96, 193.61) Nm (p = .0003), when compared with FLEX group. Neither group demonstrated significant changes in muscle fatigue or torque variability.

Conclusion

Twelve weeks of PRT improved torque capacity, as well as strength in mobility-limited older adults. These results demonstrate PRT improves multiple age-related muscular impairments.
Early-Life Adversity and Dysregulation of Adult Diurnal Cortisol Rhythm
Authors: Karlamangla Arun S , Merkin Sharon Stein , Almeida David M , Friedman Esther M , Mogle Jacqueline A , Seeman Teresa E
Published: August 2018

Objectives

Exposure to life stresses can lead to diminution in the capacity of stress response systems to mount a robust response to new challenges, with blunting of dynamic range—the spread between maximal attainable and minimal resting levels. We investigate the association between early-life adversity and the dynamic range of adult diurnal cortisol secretion.

Method

In 35- to 86-year-old adults, cortisol assayed from 16 saliva samples over 4 consecutive days was used to compute diurnal dynamic range and area under the curve (AUC). Economic adversity in childhood was indexed by recalled parental education, family welfare dependence, and perceived financial status; and childhood social adversity by parental separation, death, and abuse.

Results

Adjusted for age, gender, and race/ethnicity, both childhood adversities were strongly associated with smaller adult cortisol diurnal dynamic range, but not with AUC. The association with cortisol dynamic range was explained by adult social and economic variables.

Discussion

Early-life adversity appears to leave a long-term imprint on cortisol secretion dynamics, reducing diurnal dynamic range without increasing total secretion. This points to the importance of examining the adaptation capacity of physiological systems when studying the impact of early-life and chronic stresses on adult health.