bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two New Species of Aphids from Eastern Boreal and Arctic Canada (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

This paper includes descriptions of a new species of Iziphya Nevsky and one of Euschizaphis Hille Ris Lambers. The former genus is well represented in North America, but Euschizaphis, which is best known for its association with the Juncaginaceae, has not been previously recorded from the western hemisphere.

Iziphya punctatella, new species

Apterous Viviparous Female.–Colour when alive: Ground colour of head and body yellow with black spots around the bases of most of the setae (Fig. 4). Antennae dark except for the basal half of segment III which is yellow; apex of rostrum dark; legs black except apical two-thirds of tibiae which are colourless. Colour when macerated: Essentially as when alive, but yellow areas colourless or nearly so.
A New Nearctic Genus of Miridae, with Notes on Diaphnidia Uhler 1895 and Brachynotocoris Reuter 1880 (Hemiptera)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: January 2010

A study of the genus Diaphnidia Uhler showed that D. debilis Uhler, the type of the genus, was markedly different and not congeneric with the five other species hitherto included. A new genus, Diaphnocoris, is described for four of these: pellucida Uhl. (type), capitata Van Duzee, crockeri Van Duzee, and provancheri Burque; the fifth species, heidemanni Knight, is considered to belong to Brachynotocoris Reuter. Following are descriptions of the three genera of this group as now considered.
A Note on Hoplitis producta (Cress.) in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Authors: Medler J. T.
Published: January 2010

The nesting biology of Hoplitis producta has been reported by several authors, as the species is a common and widely distributed bee in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Additional records, which have been obtained in connection with trap-nest research on bees and wasps in Wisconsin, are provided to supplement the previous reports.

The nests were found in the pith at the butt ends of sumac stick trap-nests. A nest could be recognized readily because the 3 mm. plug that closed the burrow had a more solid texture and a darker color than the surrounding pith at the end of the stick. Rau (1928) found nests in tunnels of elder, sumac or rose stems but could not ascertain whether the bee excavated its own burrows or utilized burrows left by other twig-dwellers. Fischer (1955) stated that the female almost invariably excavated its own burrow. In Wisconsin, freshly cut sumac sticks were placed in the field in the spring; therefore, each of the following records represents a nest in a burrow excavated by the foundress bee.
Second Diapause in Spruce Budworm from Eastern Canada
Authors: Harvey George T.
Published: January 2010

In eastern Canada larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), complete their development in one year, undergoing only one period of winter diapause in the second instar, whereas in certain parts of British Columbia, at high altitudes, two years are normally required for development, the larvae spending a second period of winter diapause in the fourth instar (3, 9). Among laboratory-reared eastern budworm there are a few individuals that enter a similar second diapause (7). The low incidence and somewhat irregular occurrence of this second diapause in eastern budworm, even in laboratory rearings, have hitherto made detailed studies almost impossible, but unusual storage times and treatments used recently in rearing experiments had the unexpected effect of increasing the incidence of this tvpe of behaviour to a level where experimental analysis became possible. This paper describes these larvae and their behaviour; an account of the effects of various conditions upon the incidence of second diapause will be presented later.
Suppression of Oviposition Rate of Scambus buolianae (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), in Fluctuating Electrical Fields
Authors: Maw M. G.
Published: January 2010

It was suspected for many years that the electrical environment stimulates insect activity. Schùa (1952) found that alternating potentials caused guard bees to become hostile and foragers to increase their activity and food uptake. Levengood and Shinkle (1960) reported that the progeny yields of cultures of Drosophila melanogaster Meig. in an electric field were, on the average, higher than control groups and the effect of barometric pressure was considerably reduced. The present study was made to determine whether electrostatic fields of low intensity affected the oviposition rate of a hymenopterous parasite.
Metrioptera(Roeseliana)roeseli(Hagenbach, 1822) f.diluta(Charpentier, 1825) in the Montreal Area (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: January 2010

A few years ago, Urquhart and Beaudry (1953) published the first North American records ofMetrioptera(Roeseliana)roeseli(Hagen.) which had been discovered near the Montreal airports in July, 1952 (Ville St. Laurent, 12. VII.-1952, 3 ♂) (Professor Beaudry (in litt., 1960) actually cites 4 ♂); Montreal, 16.VII.1952, 1 ♂; 19.VII.1952, 1 ♂). It was suggested that the species had been introduced by aircraft at some previous date. Subsequently Professor Beaudry (in litt., 1960) has taken the species in suitable grassy localities at several points on Montreal Island (Montreal, 7.VII.1953, 1 ♂; Ste Geneviève, 15.VII.1953; Mount Royal, 9.VII.1959, 1 ♂;) and the neighbouring islands of Ile Perrot (1.VII.1953, 7 ♂, 1 ♀; 3.VII.1953, 1 ♂, 3 ♀) and Ile Jesus (St. Martin, Lava1 Co., 7.VII.1953, 1 ♂). He has also encountered it subsequently all around Montreal; at Bois-des-Filion (just on the mainland north of Ile Jesus) it was “very common” during the summer of 1960.
Insects and Mites Associated with Hot Spots in Farm Stored Grain
Authors: Sinha R. N.
Published: January 2010

Hot spots may develop quickly in farm stored grain under Canadian winter conditions. Heavy infestations of mites, insects and fungi may accompany such hot spots (Stirrett and Arnott, 1933; Watters, 1955). Once the heating process is initiated, whatever its cause, it brings about a rapid deterioration of grain, tluough charring of kernels, and reduction of their germinability, and by providing optimum conditions for the growth and reproduction of storage fungi, insects and mites.
New Genera and Species of Rose-Infesting Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

The two new genera and species described in this paper can be distinguished from other rose-infesting aphids in North America by means of the key given below. Specimens of Macrosiphum nigromaculosum Macdougall were not available for examination and this species has been worked into the key on the basis of descriptions by Macdougall (1926) and Palmer (1952).
Limited Movement of Individuals in a Population of the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus bilituratus (Walker) (Acrididae) at Kamloops, British Columbia
Authors: Edwards Roy L.
Published: January 2010

Recent papers by Watt (1959) and Holling (1959) have renewed interest in the use of mathematical formulae as tools in the study of population dynamics. But the usefulness of mathematical formulae can be no greater than the accuracy of the data that are fed into them and at present accurate methods of estimating insect populations are generally lacking.

Estimates made by the method of marking release and recapture, described by Lincoln (1930) and improved by later authors, depend for their accuracy on the thorough mixing of marked individuals in the wild population. The method was used by Richards (1953) to measure populations of the red locust in Tanganyika, and the purpose of the present investigation was to determine its suitability in estimating populations of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus bilituratus (Walker).
The Eriophyid Mite Aceria tulipae (K.) (Acarina: Eriophyidae) and Silver Top in Grasses
Authors: Holmes N. D. , Swailes G. E. , Hobbs G. A.
Published: January 2010

Sterility of grasses caused by a constricted brown region, usually in the upper internode, is commonly described as silver top because of the bleached appearance of the inflorescence. Hodgkiss (1908) reported that silver top was caused by the mite, Siteroptes graminum (Reuter), in conjunction with the fungus, Fusarium poae (Pk.) Wr. Brown et al. (1952) found that in the greenhouse several chlorinated hydrocarbons controlled S. graminum. Hardison et al. (1957) reported that S. graminum in combination with F. poae was of little importance in causing silver top of cultivated grasses in western Oregon. They suggested that two thrips of the genus Aptinothrips might be the primary cause. They recommended DDT or heptachlor applied in late April or early May. They also found that post-harvest burning reduced silver top.
A New Species ofGerrisF. from Yukon and Alaska (Hemiptera: Gerridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: January 2010

Two species that formerly were confused in the literature withGerris rufoscutellatusLatreille areG. notabilisDrake and Hottes (1925) from western North America, andG. dissortisDrake and Harris (1930) from eastern North America. Drake and Harris (1934) concluded that Palaearcticrufoscutellatusdid not occur in America.

The species described herewith asGerris nearcticusn. sp. is similar tonotabilis, dissortisandrufoscutellatusin general appearance and coloration. However, the males are readily separated fromnotabilisanddissortisby the prominent median keel on the first genital segment (Figs. 1, 2). Another Nearctic species with a similar median keel isG. conformis(Uhl.), but it has a very long first antennal segment, which is longer than segments two and three together. The first antennal segment ofnearcticusis much shorter than segments two and three together.
Mosquitoes Feeding on a Frog
Authors: Burgess L. , Hammond G. H.
Published: January 2010

In the spring of 1957, Mr. K. J. Crawford, Gananoque, Ontario, took some interesting photographs of some mosquitoes that were feeding on a frog. With Mr. Crawford's kind permission, we reproduce one of these photographs (Fig. 1). This photograph was taken among the reeds of a swampy depression a few miles north of Marnlora, Ontario. As it was taken early in the season, April 26 to be exact, the mosquitoes had probably overwintered as adults. They attacked the frog fiercely, but did not bother the photographer. The mosquitoes can not be identified with certainty from the photograph, but they probably belong either to the genusCulexor the genusCuliseta. The evidence suggests that they areCulex territansWalker. This species probably overwinters in the adult stage in Ontario, is a known amphibian feeder, and is not believed to attack man (Carpenter and LaCasse, 1955).
Variation Between Samples of Fruit, and of Fruit Damages Mainly from Insect Pests, on Apple in Quebec
Authors: LeRoux E. J.
Published: January 2010

In May, 1958, studies on the distribution of fruit, and of fruit damages from all sources; were initiated in permanent apple orchard plots at Rougemont, Que. The object was to develop sound sampling techniques to determine, within error limits, damages to the fruit resulting from the feeding activities of orchard insect pests, and from mechanical causes, during the period apple set in early June to harvest in mid September. This is a report on variation in samples of apples, and of damages to the fruit from all sources, for the years 1958 and 1959, and on sampling recommendations.
The Life History, Parasites, and Economic Status of the Larch Shoot Moth, Argyresthia laricella Kft. (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae), and Comparisons with A. laevigatella H.-S.
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Sippell W. L.
Published: January 2010

The larva of Argyresthia laricella Kft., the larch shoot moth, bores in the shoots of larch killing the apical portion. It has been collected from tamarack, Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch, European larch, L. decidua Mill., and western larch, L. occidentalis Nutt., but not from Japanese larch, L. leptolepis (Sieb. and Zucc.) Gord., nor alpine larch, L. lyalli Parl., although Japanese larch trees were examined at Fredericton, New Brunswick, and near Burlington, Vermont. This insect has never been considered a serious pest.
Notes on Parasites of the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus pygmaeus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) from Continental Europe
Authors: Smith R. W.
Published: January 2010

Larvae of the European wheat stem sawfly, Cephus pygmaeus (L.), in hibernacula in wheat stubs were obtained from Russia and Sweden in the fall of 1959 by the Entomology Research Institute for Biological Control in a renewed attempt to find parasites for use against the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., in Western Canada. An earlier attempt to colonize the parasite Collyria calcitrator (Grav.) from England failed in spite of early promise of success (Smith, unpublished reports). Though Collyria spp. were expected to predominate in the Continental collections, their different geographical origins opened the prospect of finding different species or strains better suited to Canadian conditions. There was also the possibility of discovering additional parasites suitable for trials in Canada.
The Effect of Weather and the Physical Attributes of White Pine Leaders on the Behaviour and Survival of the White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, in Mixed Stands
Authors: Sullivan C. R.
Published: January 2010

Over a century ago Peck (4) observed that open-growing stands of white pine, Pinus strobus L., were subjected to greater weevil damage than were those growing in mixture with, and shaded by, other tree species. This observation, which was later corroborated by Graham (2) and MacAloney (3), suggested possibilities of silvicultural control of the insect by means of plantation growing of white pine in various kinds of mixtures. The results of this work were recently assessed in a review paper by Belyea and Sullivan (1), who concluded that further silvicultural control measures be curtailed until the physical and biological requirements of the insect were defined in terms of measurable factors of the environment. Investigations were carried out (6, 7) to establish the conditions of temperature, light, and moisture favourable for feeding, copulation, and oviposition of the adults, and development of the larvae. The results indicated that P. strobi is well adjusted to the environmental conditions in open stands of white pine, but that the limitations imposed by weather on weevil oviposition might be a major factor contributing to the inability of the insect. to adapt readily to the climate of many shaded stands. The present paper is an attempt to assess the role of weather and the physical characteristics of white pine leaders, hereafter called leaders, in limiting the successful invasion, by the weevil, of white pine stands growing as partially suppressed, understory trees. Emphasis is placed on providing an understanding of the differences in the climate of weevil habitats, adult feeding and oviposition behaviour, and survival of weevil populations in exposed and shaded stands of white pine. In addition, records were obtained for the purpose of forecasting differences in both the timing and amount of such acts as oviposition and feeding in populations in the two habitats.
A Simple and Inexpensive Apparatus for Photographing Events at Pre-set Intervals
Authors: Green G. W. , Anderson D. C.
Published: January 2010

During studies of the locomotory behaviour of blowfly adults, one of us G.W.G.) developed a simple tilting-type actograph wherein an electrical circuit was opened or closed each time a fly moved from one end of a small cage to the other. Circuits from six such cages were connected to solenoid-activated pens on an event recorder so that movements in each case were recorded as crosslines on the respective pen records. At peak activity, an individual fly may activate a pen up to 4,800 times during a 24-hour period. With six flies active at the same time, abstraction of a day's chart was a formidable and time consuming task. In analysing the data, activity counts over consecutive half-hour periods proved adequate, and some method was sought whereby half-hour activity records could be obtained. Six electrically operated counters were arranged so that they were activated by the closing of contacts attached to their corresponding pens. Thus, each time an actograph circuit was closed, a pen was activated producing a crossline on the chart, and a count of fly activity was registered by a corresponding counter. To simplify the situation further, some method of automatically photographing the counter dials at half-hour intervals was required. The photographic apparatus subsequently developed proved to be simple, inexpensive, and reliable. Because it is adaptable for use in many situations requiring photographic records at pre-set intervals, details of its construction arc reported herein.
Tests of the Nematode DD 136 and an Associated Bacterium for Control of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)
Authors: Welch H. E. , Briand L. J.
Published: January 2010

Extensive trials showed that a nematode of the family Neoaplectanidae and its associated bacterium did not act as a permanent or temporary biological control agent against the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). These trials and the causes of the failure were investigated for a number of years at Belleville; the initial test was reported by Welch (1958). The nematode, commonly known as DD 136, was discovered in codling moth larvae by Dutky and Hough (1955). It is ingested with food by the host, passes through the gut wall into he haemocoele, and releases a bacterium that multiplies rapidly and kills the host. The nematode feelds on the body contents of the dead host, passes through several generations, and eventually leaves the host as an infective larva. Dutky, and we, found that many kinds of insects can be infected by the nematode in the laboratory. It may be reared in large numbers by infecting larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.). The larvae die within 36 hours at room temperature and are then placed on wet filter papers in a trap designed to recover the nematodes that emerge from the dead hosts. Storage of the nematodes in water at 45° F. for a month or more causes no decrease in vitality or infectivity, so that large numbers may be accumulated for field trials. These sturdy animals may be applied with a mechanical sprayer at pressures of 100 psi without injury.
The Construction and Performance of a Portable, Precision Spray Chamber
Authors: Lyon Robert L. , Bushing Richard W.
Published: January 2010

A spray chamber provides an efficient means for screening promising insecticide compounds, a procedure that oftentimes serves as a useful preliminary to field tests, which are more expensive and less controllable. In research with residual insecticides for controlling bark beetles, we found a need for rapidly reproducing insecticide deposits on sections of fibreboard to test their toxicity. A spray chamber was constructed for this purpose. Its design and operation are described here.
Seasonal History of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Mitchell Russel G. , Johnson Norman E. , Rudinsky Julius A.
Published: January 2010

The balsam woolly aphid, Chermes (Adelges) piceae Ratz., is widely distributed in Europe and North America. It infests many species of Abies (true firs) and may be found attacking its hosts at elevations from near sea level to timberline (5,000 to 6,000 feet). Because of the great range of environments inhabited by the balsam woolly aphid, its biology differs considerably from one region to another. Perhaps the most variable feature in its biology is seasonal history. Karafiat and Franz (1956) reported three generations per year in central Europe, whereas Varty (1956) noted two and sometimes a partial third generation in Scotland. Balch (1952) found only two generations in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, but Amman noted three and sometimes a partial fourth generation in southeastern United States.
Effects of Temperatures of Rearing on Reproduction of Aptesis basizona (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: January 2010

Aptesis basizona (Grav.), a parasite of pine sawflies in Europe, was propagated at Belleville, Ont. (Green, 1938) for release against the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) and other Diprionidae. Development of the insects in the laboratory was allowed to continue until feeding was completed and cocoons were spun, and was then retarded by placing the insects in cold storage pending shipment to release areas. Frequently stock for propagation was incubated after a period of cold storage, and occasionally the schedule was interrupted by decreases in the reproductive capacity of the adults. It seemed that there was some relationship between the fertility of the adults and the temperatures at which the immature stages were held, both while feeding and after they had reached the fully-fed stage. Experiments were initiated to investigate this hypothesis.
New Species and a New Genus of Melolonthinae From the Southeastern United States (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: January 2010

The genus described below appears most closely related to the genus Gronocarus Schaeffer (1927, p. 213). The description is based on a unique female collected in eastern Texas within a few miles of the Louisiana state line.
A Technique for the Extraction of Cocoons from Soil Samples during Population Studies of the Swaine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: McLeod J. M.
Published: January 2010

Since Neodiprion swainei Midd. overwinters within cocoons in the soil, it is necessary for the population ecologist to sample the forest floor. One-footsquare units of soil have been used for sampling cocoons in population studies of N. swainei in the Province of Quebec. After removal from the forest floor the samples were placed individually in cotton bags for shipment to the laboratory. The ordinary method to extract cocoons required that the samples be first broken up by hand, then passed over various-sized screens to eliminate the sand and other small particles. Following this, each sample was carefully manipulated and scrutinized by one worker and the cocoons removed, then similarly re-examined by another worker. Best results were obtained when the samples were dry.
The Seasonal Development of a Species of Conophthorus (Hopkins) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the Shoots of Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana (Lamb.), in Ontario
Authors: Herdy H. , Thomas J. B.
Published: January 2010

Two publications dealing with the seasonal development of species of Conophthorus have appeared in recent years. Lyons (1956) reported on a study of C. resinosae Hopk. in red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., in Ontario, whereas Ruckes (1958) gave the details of his observations on C. radiatae Hopk. in Monterey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don, in California. Both species attack the developing cones of the host tree, although Lyons found that C. resinosae would develop in the shoots of red pine, and occasionally attacked the second-year cones of jack pine as well. The jack pine-inhabiting species, however, has been found almost exclusively in the shoots; only seven second-year cones that had been mined were collectcd during two years of investigation.
Spatial Pattern of the Imported Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), on Cultivated Cruciferae
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: January 2010

It is universally recognized that the spatial distribution or pattern of animals and plants in nature is neither uniform nor truly random. In order to study a biological community quantitatively, or to assess the densities of living organisms in their habitats, ecologists have found it profitable to sample the space in which the organisms occur. The distribution of the number of individuals per sample is of fundamental importance.
Notes on North American Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: January 2010

The name Syneta is usually attributed to Lacordaire, who was the first to publish it with a description (1845, Mém. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liége 3:226). It has also been attributed to Dejean, for it first appeared in the third edition of his Catalogue des Coléoptères (1837, p. 385) where it is ascribed to Eschscholtz. Barber and Bridwell (1940, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 35: 1–12) showed that such names were often validated by publication in the Dejean Catalog and that the chrysomelid names validated there should be attributed to Dejean, except those ascribed there to Chevrolat.
Biology and Taxonomy of Mites of the GenusTarsonemoides(Acarina: Tarsonemidae) Parasitizing Eggs of Bark Beetles of the GenusIps
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. , Bedard William D.
Published: January 2010

This study was originally undertaken so as to provide information on the life history and ecology ofTarsonemoides truncatus(Ewing), to describe for the first time the developmental instars and male, and to redescribe the female of this species. Research soon indicated, however, that a group of closely related species of mites, includingT. truncatus, was involved and that the problems to be investigated were more complex and extensive than anticipated.
Studies in Mosquito Attraction and Repulsion. V. Physical Theory
Authors: Wright R. H.
Published: January 2010

The role of warm wet air currents in guiding Aedes aegypti to a host has been described (Kellogg and Wright, 1962a), and it has been shown that a repellent vapor interferes with this guidance (Kellogg and Wright, 1962b). The purpose of this paper is to apply accepted physical principles to the problems which an insect must solve if it is to derive useful information from warm wet convection currents, and to look for ways that a repellent vapor might interfere with the process. This is justifiable even though the conclusions may not correspond in all respects to the mechanisms actually used by the insect, as long as it shows what is in fact physically possible and suggests fruitful lines of enquiry.
Descriptions of One Known and Four New Species of Aphids from Canada (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Lambers D. Hille Ris
Published: January 2010

Some of my emigrated Dutch friends have with considerable success collected aphids for me in Canada. The following notes are based on some of their catches.

Maculolachnus sijpkensi, new species

Oviparous female.

Body about 3.00-3.60 mm long, rather broadly oval. Head and pronotum brown sclerotic; mesonotum marginally sclerotic, spino-pleurally with small brown scleroites at the bases of the very numerous hairs; such scleroites also present on metanotum and marginally on abd. segment I, and in number at the bases of the hairs of VIIth, rarely also VIth abd. tergite; VIIIth terpite with a sclerotic band, which is narrower and often broken in the middle. No scleroites present at the bases of the spinopleural hairs of abd. tergites I-V or I-VI. Intersegmental sclerites on abdomen small, dark brown to Black. Dorsal hairs very numerous, on IIIrd abd. tergite up to about 0.11 mm long. Antennae darker-brown than the head, about 519 length of body; for interrelation of segments vide measurements; IIIrd segment with 4-11 rhinaria; the tw to seven of them that stand in a row large, elevated and bulging, but if many rhinaria are present often some small ones in the row, or besides some quite large; flat ones outside the row present; base of segment never with rhinaria; IVth segment two to four rhinaria on distal part; Vth without secondarv rhinaria, the primary rhinarium much elevated and bulging; VIth segment rather cylindrical, attenuated towards base, about 6 times as long as its maximum width; accessory rhinaria in two groups of which the basal one stands about halfway the segment, while the other stands beside the primary rhinarium.
Some Nearctic Species of the Chalcid Genus Enaysma Delucchi (Eulophidae: Entedontinae)
Authors: Miller C. D. F.
Published: January 2010

In 1954 Delucchi erected the genera Enaysma and Epilampsis in an attempt to extend and clarify the generic concepts in the Derostenus Westwood-Chrysocharis Förster complex of the subfamily Entedontinae. As the type of Enaysma he designated Enaysma zwolferi Delucchi. Later in rhe same year (Delucchi 1954a) he revised the entire complex as he understood it in the Palaearctic region giving keys to the genera and species he included. Subsequently (Delucchi 1957) he supplemented his original description of the genus Enaysma and expanded his concept of it, adding Enaysma aenea Delucchi, Enaysma parva Delucchi, 1956, and two new species with a revised key to all the Palaearctic species then included by him in the genus. Recently Graham (1959) published a key to the British species in which he erected the new subgenus Pentenaysma, selecting as its type Eulophus latreillii Curtis.
The Life History and Dispersal of the Bruce Spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Brown C. E.
Published: January 2010

The Bruce spanworrn, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst), is most common in the mid latitudes of the North American Continent; in Canada it occurs from Newfoundland to the interior of British Columbia (Prentice, In Press) and has been reported from Vermont and Wisconsin in the United States (Craighead, 1950.) Three outbreaks of this insect have been recorded in Alberta. The first occurred in 1903 (de Gryse, 1925) and was apparently of short duration. The second reported by Wolley Dod (1913) occurred in 1913 and denuded hundreds of acres of aspen poplar. Heavy defoliation in the third outbreak became evident in 1957 (Brown, 1957) but an examination of Forest Insect Survey records revealed that population buildup began about 1951. The outbreak continued to expand until 1958 and began to decline in 1959; by 1961 populations were again low except for one or two isolated areas where moderate to low populations persisted. At the peak of the outbreak in 1958 approximately 50,000 square miies were moderately or heavily infested and many more lightly infested.
A New Genus of Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera) from Northern Canada
Authors: Mackauer M. J. P.
Published: January 2010

This paper includes descriptions of a new genus and a new species of the hymenopterous family Aphidiidae, which are primary parasites of aphids (Homoptera: Aphidoidea). The new genus, Boreogalba, belongs to the subtribe Trioxina and represents a primitive sideline of the Trioxys-Binodoxys group.
Haematophagy by Two Non-biting Muscid Flies and its Relationship to Tabanid Feeding
Authors: Garcia R. , Radovsky F. J.
Published: January 2010

Feeding by a number of non-biting muscid species on blood made available by biting flies is known to occur in the Old World (Hammer, 1941; West, 1951). Species in several genera are involved, but particularly Musca. In North America, Hydrotaea tuberculata Rondani has been observed feeding in association with horse flies and stable flies (Tashiro and Schwardt, 1953). Often in these feeding associations, flies of the non-biting species not only visit abandoned wounds, but also wait near a feeding fly or attempt to feed simultaneously with it.
New Species and Synonymy in Acoma (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: January 2010

Five new species are described in the present paper. All of these represent extensions of the known range for the genus. All have nine-segmented antennae, two having a three-segmented club, one a four-segmented club, and wo 3 five-segmented club. The latter three, all of which occur in Sonora, are of particular interest, since they are the first species with more than three segments in the antennal club known to occur outside of Baja California.
A Laboratory Test of Three Systemic Insecticides Against the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)
Authors: Randall A. P.
Published: January 2010

The control of bud infesting insects presents a problem to which the systemic insecticides theoretically offer a promise of solution. The systemic action of some organophosphorus insecticides has been well demonstrated on many agricultural crops. An excellent bibliography on these and other systemic insecticides has been compiled bv Giang (1954). Anderson (1955), reported mortality of eastern tent caterpillars, Malacosoma americanum (F.) when fed on leaves from wild cherry seedlings grown in soil treated with parathion. Recently, Norris (1960) and coppel and Norris (1960, 1961), reported that some of the newer organophosphorus insecticides show a high degree of insecticidal action in both elm and white pine. In 1960 Dever and Davis reported success of phosphamidon against gypsy moth larvae feeding on white pine. This gave further indication that a systemic insecticide might be effective to defoliators on other conifers. Other investigators have shown that the absorption characteristics of systemic insecticides vary greatly with the soil type, absorption being greatest in sandy soils (Getzin and Chapman 1959, 1960), Zaki and Reynolds (1961)). These findings may be of practical importance in forest insect control since many forest sites are either rocky, sandy, or submarginal agricultural lands, and hence insecticide spray residues of this type may be reabsorbed into the tree.
Sitophilus sasakii (Tak.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canada: Anatomy and Mycetomal Symbiotes as Valid Taxonomic Characters
Authors: Musgrave A. J. , Homan R.
Published: January 2010

Large and small strains of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryza (L.) (Calandra oryzae (L.) of authors following European usage) have been reported from several localities (Birch, 1944 in Australia; Kiritani, 1956 in Japan; Kono, 1955 in Nepal; Richards 1944 in Britain; and Utida, 1958, in Canada, Japan and U.S.A.). Birch and Richards both seem to have considered it probable that the two strains were separate species: but they did not make the separation. Floyd and Newsom (1960), after careful work on both strains found in the U.S. and reared in the laboratory on a variety of materials, decided that the small strain could be validly made a separate species, thus agreeing with Takahashi who, according to Floyd and Newsom (1960), had elevated this strain to species rank as Calandra sasakii. In conformity with modern North American usage Floyd and Newsom refer to this small species as Sitophilus sasakii (Tak.). In addition to differences in size, they found differences in the male and female genitalia, interstrain sterility and various ecological differences. There were also differences in pronotal markings as had been, according to Kono (1953), noted by Takahashi (1928). Kono states “…the adult of the large strain has pits dotted densely on the central part of the pronotum, the small strain does not, and, furthermore the shape and size of the pits differ distinctly”.
Quantitative Studies of the Food ofLinyphia triangularisClerck (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Authors: Turnbull A. L.
Published: January 2010

This work, designed to provide an estimate of the quantity of food consumed by spiders, was part of a more general study of the ecology of a spider population in a stand of oaks (Quercus roburL.) in Wytham Wood, Berkshire, England (Turnbull, 1960a, 1960b).Linyphia triangularis(Clerck) was selected as a test spider for the following reasons: it is a common, easily recognized, and easily acquired species; its size closely approximates the mode size of spiders in the population under observation; as far as it may be said of any spider,L. triangularispossesses few specialized features or habits; and the species is amenable to laboratory rearing and manipulation.
A New Laspeyresia Species on Red Pine
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: January 2010

During his study of the ecology of red pine plantations, Mr. J. L. Martin, Forest Insect Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, found a species of Laspeyresia feeding as larvae under the bark of living trees. This species is described here to enable him to report on the results of his investigation.

Laspeyresia resinosae, new species

Antenna, head, thorax, and abdomen powdery-grey. Basal half of forewing grey; outer half blackish, with cupreous reflections, the tips of the scales ochreous; outer three-fifths of costa with four pairs of silvery-white geminations; the basal pair of geminations fuse into a single, angular, transverse, shiny-leaden fascia, that extends to the trailing margin just beyond the middle; a similar fascia arises from the second costal geminations, and extends only to the fold; a third leaden fascia arises from the apical geminations, extends irregularly to the tornus, and is broken into three almost equal sections; the central portions of the second and third fasciae are narrowly margined with a few black scales, representing a very poorly defined ocelloid patch; outer margin with a very distinct black line basad to the shiny leaden fringe; the black line cut by three white dashes, two opposite the breaks in the outer, transverse fascia, and the third at the tornal end of that fascia. Hind wing powdery-grey; fringe dirty-white with darker basal line. Under-surface and legs silvery-grey. Tarsi black banded. Wingspread: 9.5-10.5 mm. Moth in late June and early July.
Some New Asiatic Species of Exenterini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) with Remarks on Generic Limits
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: January 2010

A few years ago Dr. Henry K. Townes and his family made a large collection of Ichneumonidae in Japan. He has since lent me the Exenterini from that and some other Asiatic collections. In 1960 I travelled to Europe and was able to study most of the types and the large collection of the tribe in the hands of Mr. G. J. Kerrich at the British Museum of Natural History. The examination of all this material, especially the Asiatic species, has proven so illuminating that I feel a further consideration of generic limits is now due.
Anthocoridae of the Pacific Northwest with Notes on Distributions, Life Histories, and Habits (Heteroptera)
Authors: Anderson N. H.
Published: January 2010

This paper is an account of the distributions of the Anthocoridae of the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho), with notes on the life histories of the more common species. It brings together the published and unpublished data on the family in that area. Seven species listed were previously unrecorded there and five others are new species recently described (Kelton and Anderson, 1962). In 1956 and 1957 intensive collecting was done in southern British Columbia and some material was collected in the Willamette Valley and east of the Cascade Range in Oregon. Specimens were examined in the important museum collections of the area and in some private collections.
The Status of Coccinella septempunctata L. and its Varieties divaricata Oliv. and confusa Wied.
Authors: Rao V. Sudha
Published: January 2010

A survey was recently undertaken by the author with Dr. V. P. Rao, Entomologist-in-charge, Indian Station, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Bangalore, India, for natural enemies of Adelges spp. attacking silver fir (Abies spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.) in the North-West and Eastern Himalayas. In the course of this survey it was found that the coccinellids Coccinella septem-punctata L., C. septempunctata L. var. divaricata Oliv. and C. septempunctata L. var. confusa Wied, were three of the most common predators of Adelges spp. in both these areas. With a view to sending laboratory-reared material to Canada for trial against Adelges piceae Ratz., which is a serious pest there, large numbers of these Coccinellids were collected in the fir and spruce forests to provide breeding material.
Life-History and Behaviour of the Predacious Mite Typhlodromus (T.) caudiglans Schuster (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Ontario, with Notes on the Prey of Related Species
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: January 2010

The predators of phytophagous mites are being studied at Vineland Station as part of an investigation of the causes underlying the increase of these mites that foIlows the use of DDT and some orher pesticides in peach orchards (Putman and Herne, 1959). Phytoseiid mites, especially Typhlodromus (T.) caudiglans Schuster, are among the commoner predators.
A Contribution to the Knowledge of Flight Muscle Changes in the Scolytidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Atkins M. D. , Farris S. H.
Published: January 2010

The degeneration of indirect flight muscles in ant and termite queens following rhe loss of their wings has been known for some time (Janet, 1907; Feytaud, 1912). More recently the atrophy of the indirect fight muscles has been reported in flies (Mercier, 1920, 1924, 1928), probably in Dermaptera (Mercier and Poisson, 1923), in aquatic Hemiptera (Fernere, 1914; Poisson, 1924) and in various beetles (Jackson, 1933; Chapman, 1956, 1958; Reid, 1958). Ewer (1954) reported tlmt certain thoracic muscles in some Acritlidae also undergo degeneration in the adult stage.
Population and Mortality Assessment During the Egg and Larval Stages of the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)
Authors: Ives W. G. H.
Published: January 2010

This contribution is the eighth in a series of papers on sampling techniques used in population studies of the larch sawfly (Ives, 1955; Ives and Prentice, 1958; Buckner, 1959; Ives, 1959; Ives and Prentice, 1959; Ives and Turnock, 1959; and Turnock, 1960). Although the greatest proportionate mortality usually occurs in the cocoon stage of this insect, the largest amount of mortality in terms of absolute numbers occurs between oviposition and the completion of larval feeding. This paper presents a method for estimating seasonal increments to the egg and larval populations and alternative methods for estimating mortality during these stages. Examples are also provided of the integration of these methods with previously developed techniques for estimating egg populations and foliage weight.
Resistance of Spring Wheats to the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus ductus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) II. Resistance to the Larva
Authors: Holmes N. D. , Peterson L. K.
Published: January 2010

Wheats that are resistant to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., differ in degree of resistance and in certain environments lose all or part of their resistance. The survival and behaviour of the larvae in different locations in the stems of various spring wheats have been examined with the object of determining some of the factors involved in resistance and in the variability of resistance. In the previous paper in this series (Holmes and Peterson, 1961) it was shown that resistance to hatching of the egg of the sawfly depended on the stem solidness of its host.
Bionomics of Three Closely Related Species of Contarinia Rond. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Douglas-fir Needles
Authors: Condrashoff S. F.
Published: January 2010

Incidence of damage to needles of Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, by larvae of gall midges has been noted in British Columbia since 1935. In 1953 severe midge damage to Douglas fir occurred in sections of British Columbia, Washington, Idaho and Montana. Outside of brief and general reference to these gall midges in literature and in unpublished notes, almost nothing was known of their biology, and the species remained undescribed. Relatively little interest has been shown these insects until recent years, when severe infestations in southeastern British Columbia affected the sale of Douglas fir for use as Christmas trees.
Laboratory Study on the Contact Toxicity of DDT to Ectropis crepuscularia Schiff.
Authors: Randall A. P.
Published: January 2010

An aerial spray program was conducted by the District of Kitimat, B.C. on August 1, 1960 for the control of the saddle-backed looper, Ectropis crepuscularia Schiff. An oil formulated DDT spray (1/2 pound technical DDT per U.S. gallon), was applied by aircraft at a rate of 1 gallon per acre. The results were inconclusive and raised the questions as to whether the low insect mortality counts were due to inadequate spray coverage or to the relative low susceptibility of the larvae to the DDT formulation. (Silver, 1961).
Some Effects of DDT on Pulvinaria vitis (L.) (Homoptera: Coccidae) Infesting Peach in Ontario
Authors: Phillips J. H. H. , Putman Wm. L. , Herne D. C.
Published: January 2010

A cottony scale of the genus Pulvinaria has been present in the peach orchards of the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario for many years. It has usually been referred to Pulainaria amygdali Ckll., but Phillips (1955) showed that it is almost undoubtedly P. vitis (L.). Ross and Caesar (1928) reported that it was generally distributed in the area as early as 1926, but only a few orchards were heavily infested. Subsequently only minor infestations were reported until about 1945. From 1946 to 1954 numerous orchards were heavily infested, but since 1954 the scale has been less important although it is widely distributed and sporadic infestations still occur.
The Fungus Empusa aphidis Hoffman Parasitic on the Woolly Pine Needle Aphid, Schizolachnus pini-radiatae (Davidson)
Authors: Grobler J. H. , MacLeod D. M. , Delyzer A. J.
Published: January 2010

During a study on the life history and ecology of the woolly pine needle aphid, Schizolachnus pini-radiatae (Davidson), in a seven-year-old pine stand in Kirkwood township, Ontario, during the summer of 1960 (Grobler, 1962), a number of dead aphids were found the first week in September. These aphids, mummified in appearance, were shown to be infected by the fungus Empusa (= Entomophthora) aphidis Hoffman.
Experiments on the Interrelationship Between Oleoresin Exudation Pressure in Pinus ponderosa and Attack by Ips confusus (Lec.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Wood David L.
Published: January 2010

It has been observed (4) that when the first attacks of Dendroctonus monticolae Hopkins and D. brevicomis LeConte were successfully established on ponderosa pines, the trees were subsequently invaded by a large number of beetles. This abrupt rise in the attack intensity has been termed the “mass attack”. In the absence of successful initial or “pioneer” attacks the mass invasion did not occur. The successful establishment of initial attacks and the occurrence of the subsequent mass attack were found to be correlated with low oleoresin exudation pressure (o.e.p.) of the trees observed.
The American Species of Chrysolina Mots. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: January 2010

This paper offers a taxonomic arrangement of the North American species of Chrysolina Motschulsky. Sixteen species and one subspecies are recognized. The species of the region were reviewed last by Van Dyke (1938, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 33: 43-58), who recognized eight species and one subspecies. The arrangement offered below differs from the previous arrangement as follows. (1) Three species, caurina, finitima, and extorris, are described as new. (2) Two Siberian species, cavigera (J. Sahlb.) and magniceps (J. Sahlb.), are recorded from arctic Alaska; these have not been reported previously from North America, for American authors confused them with subsulcata (Mann.). (3) Included is one introduced European species, staphylaea (L.), that Van Dyke omitted. Also included are three European species recently introduced for control of the weed Hypericum perforatum L.; these are hyperici (Forst.), quadrigemina (Suffr.), and varians (Schall.). (4) C. blaisdelli Van Dyke and the subsequently described C. engelhardti Hatch (1939, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 34: 49) are omitted, for they were transferred to Chrysomela by Brown (1956, Canadian Ent. 88: suppl. 3, p. 17). (5) One form, schaefferi new name (for auripennis cyanea Schaeffer, not Linnaeus), is elevated to specific rank. (6) One form, vidua (Rog.), is reduced to subspecific status under flavomarginata (Say).
Prolonged Larval Development inBuprestis aurulentaL. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). A Review with New Cases
Authors: Smith D. N.
Published: January 2010

Buprestis aurulentaL. has become well known as an emergent adult from old or established structures, and many authorities have accepted the implication that development has been progressing since the materials were installed. Because of the length of time involved in some records. an alternative explanation of infestation hy later direct attack has been suggested. The latter unsupported view has caused confusion.