bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staging of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: past, present and future
Authors: Kolb Martin , Collard Harold R.
Published: June 2014

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is traditionally staged with terms such as “mild”, “severe”, “early” and “advanced” based on pulmonary function tests. This approach allows physicians to monitor disease progression and advise patients and their families. However, it is not known if the stages of this model reflect distinct biological or clinical phenotypes and the therapeutic and prognostic value of this system is limited.

Novel methods of IPF staging have recently been developed. The GAP model includes four baseline variables that were found to be predictive of outcome, as identified by logistic regression. These factors are: gender (G), age (A) and two lung physiology variables (P) (forced vital capacity and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide). The clinical utility and accuracy of staging models may be further improved in the future by the integration of dynamic parameters that can be measured over time, as well as biological data from biomarkers which may be able to directly measure disease activity. The development of an evidence-based, multidimensional IPF staging model that builds on the current staging approaches to IPF is an important objective for improving the management of IPF.
Haemoptysis due to pulmonary venous stenosis
Authors: Braun Silke , Platzek Ivan , Zöphel Klaus , Weise Matthias , Kolditz Martin , Halank Michael , Hoeffken Gert
Published: June 2014

Haemoptysis is a potentially life-threatening condition with the need for prompt diagnosis. In about 10–20% of all cases the bleeding source remains unexplained with the standard diagnostic approach. The aim of this article is to show the necessity of widening the diagnostic approach to haemoptysis with consideration of pulmonary venous stenosis as a possible cause of even severe haemoptysis and haemoptoe.

A review of the literature was performed using the Medline/PubMed database with the terms: “pulmonary venous stenosis”, “pulmonary venous infarction” and “haemoptysis”. Further references from the case reports were considered.

58 case reports and case collections about patients with haemoptysis due to pulmonary venous stenosis were detected. This review gives an overview about the case reports and discusses the underlying pathophysiology and the pros and cons of different imaging techniques for the detection of pulmonary venous stenosis.

Several conditions predispose to the obstruction of the mediastinal pulmonary veins. Clinical findings are unspecific and may be misleading. Pulmonary venous stenosis can be detected using several imaging techniques, yet three-dimensional magnetic resonance-angiography and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced computed tomography are the most appropriate. Pulmonary venous stenosis should be considered in patients with haemoptysis.
Is pesticide exposure a cause of obstructive airways disease?
Authors: Doust Emma , Ayres Jon G. , Devereux Graham , Dick Finlay , Crawford Joanne O. , Cowie Hilary , Dixon Ken
Published: June 2014

A systematic review was performed to identify any associations between pesticide exposure and the occurrence (both prevalence and incidence) of airways disease (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and wheezing symptoms.

PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched between September 2010 and October 2010 for papers with the inclusion criteria of English language, published after 1990, peer-reviewed and nondietary exposure. From a total of 4390 papers identified, 42 were included after initial assessment of content. After evaluating the included studies for quality, those considered to be at high risk of bias were excluded, leaving a total of 23 relevant papers.

Results suggest that exposure to pesticides may be associated with prevalent asthma, but methodological issues, such as cross-sectional/case–control design, measurements of exposure and limited adjustment for confounders, limit the strength of the evidence base in this area. The association between pesticide exposure and asthma appears to be more evident and consistent in children than in adults. Exposure to pesticides may be associated with COPD; however, the strength of evidence for an association with COPD is weaker than for asthma. As the exposure metrics within each health end-point varied across studies, no meta-analyses were carried out.
Optimization of CCGT power plant and performance analysis using MATLAB/Simulink with actual operational data
Authors: Hasan Naimul , Rai Jitendra Nath , Arora Bharat Bhushan
Published: June 2014

In the Modern scenario, the naturally available resources for power generation are being depleted at an alarming rate; firstly due to wastage of power at consumer end, secondly due to inefficiency of various power system components. A Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) integrates two cycles- Brayton cycle (Gas Turbine) and Rankine cycle (Steam Turbine) with the objective of increasing overall plant efficiency. This is accomplished by utilising the exhaust of Gas Turbine through a waste-heat recovery boiler to run a Steam Turbine. The efficiency of a gas turbine which ranges from 28% to 33% can hence be raised to about 60% by recovering some of the low grade thermal energy from the exhaust gas for steam turbine process. This paper is a study for the modelling of CCGT and comparing it with actual operational data. The performance model for CCGT plant was developed in MATLAB/Simulink.
MicroRNA-363 negatively regulates the left ventricular determining transcription factor HAND1 in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
Authors: Wagh Vilas , Pomorski Alexander , Wilschut Karlijn J , Piombo Sebastian , Bernstein Harold S
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Posttranscriptional control of mRNA by microRNA (miRNA) has been implicated in the regulation of diverse biologic processes from directed differentiation of stem cells through organism development. We describe a unique pathway by which miRNA regulates the specialized differentiation of cardiomyocyte (CM) subtypes.

Methods

We differentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to cardiac progenitor cells and functional CMs, and characterized the regulated expression of specific miRNAs that target transcriptional regulators of left/right ventricular-subtype specification.

Results

From >900 known human miRNAs in hESC-derived cardiac progenitor cells and functional CMs, a subset of differentially expressed cardiac miRNAs was identified, and in silico analysis predicted highly conserved binding sites in the 3′-untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of Hand-and-neural-crest-derivative-expressed (HAND) genes 1 and 2 that are involved in left and right ventricular development. We studied the temporal and spatial expression patterns of four miRNAs in differentiating hESCs, and found that expression of miRNA (miR)-363, miR-367, miR-181a, and miR-181c was specific for stage and site. Further analysis showed that miR-363 overexpression resulted in downregulation of HAND1 mRNA and protein levels. A dual luciferase reporter assay demonstrated functional interaction of miR-363 with the full-length 3′UTR of HAND1. Expression of anti-miR-363 in-vitro resulted in enrichment for HAND1-expressing CM subtype populations. We also showed that BMP4 treatment induced the expression of HAND2 with less effect on HAND1, whereas miR-363 overexpression selectively inhibited HAND1.

Conclusions

These data show that miR-363 negatively regulates the expression of HAND1 and suggest that suppression of miR-363 could provide a novel strategy for generating functional left-ventricular CMs.
Ultraviolet vision in lacertid lizards: evidence from retinal structure, eye transmittance, SWS1 visual pigment genes, and behaviour
Authors: Pérez i de Lanuza Guillem , Font Enrique
Published: June 2014

Ultraviolet (UV) vision and UV colour patches have been reported in a wide range of taxa and are increasingly appreciated as an integral part of vertebrate visual perception and communication systems. Previous studies with Lacertidae, a lizard family with diverse and complex coloration, have revealed the existence of UV-reflecting patches that may function as social signals. However, confirmation of the signalling role of UV coloration requires demonstrating that the lizards are capable of vision in the UV waveband. Here we use a multidisciplinary approach to characterize the visual sensitivity of a diverse sample of lacertid species. Spectral transmission measurements of the ocular media show that wavelengths down to 300 nm are transmitted in all the species sampled. Four retinal oil droplet types can be identified in the lacertid retina. Two types are pigmented and two are colourless. Fluorescence microscopy reveals that a type of colourless droplet is UV-transmitting and may thus be associated with UV-sensitive cones. DNA sequencing shows that lacertids have a functional SWS1 opsin, very similar at 13 critical sites to that in the presumed ancestral vertebrate (which was UV-sensitive) and other UV-sensitive lizards. Finally, males of Podarcis muralis are capable of discriminating between two views of the same stimulus that differ only in the presence/absence of UV radiance. Taken together, these results provide convergent evidence of UV vision in lacertids, very likely by means of an independent photopigment. Moreover, the presence of four oil droplet types suggests that lacertids have a four-cone colour vision system.
The relative roles of vision and chemosensation in mate recognition of Drosophila.
Authors: Agrawal Sweta , Safarik Steve , Dickinson Michael H.
Published: June 2014

Animals rely on sensory cues to classify objects in their environment and respond appropriately. However, the spatial structure of those sensory cues can greatly impact when, where, and how they are perceived. In this study, we examined the relative roles of visual and chemosensory cues in the mate recognition behavior of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) by using a robotic fly dummy that was programmed to interact with individual males. By pairing male flies with dummies of various shapes, sizes, and speeds, or coated with different pheromones, we determined that visual and chemical cues play specific roles at different points in the courtship sequence. Vision is essential for determining whether to approach a moving object and initiate courtship, and males were more likely to begin chasing objects with the same approximate dimensions as another fly. However, whereas males were less likely to begin chasing larger dummies, once started, they would continue chasing for a similar length of time regardless of the dummy's shape. The presence of female pheromones on the moving dummy did not affect the probability that males would initiate a chase, but it did influence how long they would continue chasing. Male pheromone both inhibits chase initiation and shortens chase duration. Collectively, these results suggest that male Drosophila use different sensory cues to progress through the courtship sequence: visual cues are dominant when deciding whether to approach an object whereas chemosensory cues determine how long the male pursues its target.
Enhanced memory persistence is blocked by a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Lukowiak Ken , Heckler Benjamin , Bennett Thomas E. , Schriner Ellen K. , Wyrick Kathryn , Jewett Cynthia , Todd Ryan P. , Sorg Barbara A.
Published: June 2014

Lymnaea stagnalis provides an excellent model system for studying memory because these snails have a well-described set of neurons, a single one of which controls expression of long-term memory of operantly-conditioned respiratory behavior. We have shown that several different manipulations, including pre-training exposure to serotonin (5-HT) or methamphetamine (Meth), submersion of snails after training to prevent memory interference, and exposure to effluent from predatory crayfish (CE), enhances memory persistence. Changes in DNA methylation underlie formation of strong memories in mammals and 5-HT-enhanced long-term facilitation in Aplysia. Here we determined the impact of the DNMT inhibitor, 5-aza-2′ deoxycytidine (5-AZA, 87 µM), on enhanced memory persistence by all four manipulations. We found that 5-HT (100 µM) enhanced memory persistence, which was blocked by 5-AZA pretreatment. Snails pre-exposed to 3.3 µM Meth 4 hr prior to training demonstrated memory 72 hr later, which was not present in controls. This memory-enhancing effect was blocked by pretreatment with 87 µM 5-AZA. Similarly, submersion to prevent interference learning as well as training in CE produced memory that was not present in controls, and these effects were blocked by pretreatment with 87 µM 5-AZA. In contrast, 5-AZA injection did not alter expression of normal (non-enhanced) memory, suggesting that these four stimuli enhance memory persistence by increasing DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity, which, in turn, increases expression of memory enhancing genes and/or inhibits memory suppressor genes. These studies lay important groundwork for delineating gene methylation changes that are common to persistent memory produced by different stimuli.
Photophysical Properties of a Copper(I) Complex Bearing 4,4′-Dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine and 1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane
Authors: Nishikawa Michihiro , Tsubomura Taro
Published: June 2014

A luminescent copper(I) complex bearing two bidentate ligands, a 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane and a 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine, was newly synthesized and characterized. The methoxy group substituents at 4- and 4′-position in the bipyridine were found to induce blue shift in the absorption maximum. The substitution allows to fine-tune the photophysics of the complexes.
Epiphyte response to drought and experimental warming in an Andean cloud forest
Authors: Rapp Joshua M. , Silman Miles R.
Published: June 2014

The high diversity and abundance of vascular epiphytes in tropical montane cloud forest is associated with frequent cloud immersion, which is thought to protect plants from drought stress. Increasing temperature and rising cloud bases associated with climate change may increase epiphyte drought stress, leading to species and biomass loss. We tested the hypothesis that warmer and drier conditions associated with a lifting cloud base will lead to increased mortality and/or decreased recruitment of epiphyte ramets, altering species composition in epiphyte mats. By using a reciprocal transplant design, where epiphyte mats were transplanted across an altitudinal gradient of increasing cloud immersion, we differentiated between the effects of warmer and drier conditions from the more general prediction of niche theory that transplanting epiphytes in any direction away from their home elevation should result in reduced performance. Effects differed among species, but effects were generally stronger and more negative for epiphytes in mats transplanted down slope from the highest elevation, into warmer and drier conditions, than for epiphyte mats transplanted from other elevations. In contrast, epiphytes from lower elevations showed greater resistance to drought in all treatments. Epiphyte community composition changed with elevation, but over the timescale of the experiment there were no consistent changes in species composition. Our results suggest some epiphytes may show resistance to climate change depending on the environmental and evolutionary context. In particular, sites where high rainfall makes cloud immersion less important for epiphyte water-balance, or where occasional drought has previously selected for drought-resistant taxa, may be less adversely affected by predicted climate changes.
The Relation of Forms and Kinds of Speech Activity, as well as Semantics of Language Units, to the Types of Mental Civilization
Authors: Оганесян  , Oganesyan Sergey
Published: June 2014

This article shows the decisive impact which civilizational mentality (such as

paganism, monotheism, «scientific self-government»), including religious

outlook, has on functioning of different forms and kinds of speech activity

and verbal communicative situations, as well as on forming of conceptual

framework and on semantics of lexical material and grammar forms used

by a social unit (such as a family, an ethnic group or a nation) on one or

another stage of its historical development, respectively.

The reasons are being revealed – why the fields of use of so-called metalanguages

in different specialties develop and expand so much on the era of

scientific self-government, on a scale which is incomparable to the previous

mental civilizations.

It is also demonstrated, on an example of shift in lexical meaning and

semantics of the word «father», how the sense of this word was changing

and its polysemanticism was developing dependent on people’s civilizational

mentality.
Eurasianism, Oriental and Dialogue of Cultures: the Fate of the Historical-philosophical School
Authors: Ключников  , Klyuchnikov S.
Published: June 2014

The article is devoted to the theme transculture communications between

East and West and explores conception of the thinkers of the Eurasian

school (the first wave of emigration). The article takes the parallel of Eurasia

with domestic and wordwide Oriental studies. In addition sets out the

views of Eurasian for period of Russian history from ancient Russia before

revolution 1917.
Bias in Spatial Risk Assessment
Authors: Mishra Himanshu , Mishra Arul , Moreno Oscar
Published: June 2014

In instances of decision making under uncertainty with a visual component, we propose that individuals show a bias and estimate a higher probability of a threat affecting them if the threat is located in their left visual field compared to their right visual field. Across four studies we demonstrate the bias in naturalistic settings such as pedestrians assessing the risk of crossing the street, individuals estimating the risk posed from an unsavory person, and people assessing the contamination risk of an object. Moreover, we discuss four potential mechanisms that could cause the proposed effect. Finally, we discuss theoretical, managerial, and policy implications.

This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
Bifurcations of Optimal Vector Fields
Authors: Kiseleva Tatiana , Wagener Florian
Published: June 2014

We study the structure of the solution set of a class of infinite-horizon dynamic programming problems with one-dimensional state spaces, as well as their bifurcations, as problem parameters are varied. The solutions are represented as the integral curves of a multivalued optimal vector field on state space. Generically, there are three types of integral curves: stable points, open intervals that are forward asymptotic to a stable point and backward asymptotic to an unstable point, and half-open intervals that are forward asymptotic to a stable point and backward asymptotic to an indifference point; the latter are initial states to multiple optimal trajectories. We characterize all bifurcations that occur generically in one- and two-parameter families. Most of these are related to global dynamical bifurcations of the state-costate system of the problem.
XAFS Study of Fe-Substituted Allophane and Imogolite
Authors: Baker Leslie L. , Nickerson Ryan D. , Strawn Daniel G.
Published: June 2014

The nano-aluminosilicate mineral allophane is common in soils formed from parent materials containing volcanic ash and often contains Fe. Due to its lack of long-range order, the structure of allophane is still not completely understood. In the present study, Fe K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) was used to examine Fe-containing natural and synthetic allophane and imogolite samples. Results indicated that Fe substitutes for octahedrally coordinated Al in allophane, and that Fe exhibits a clustered distribution within the octahedral sheet. Iron adsorbed on allophane surfaces is characterized by spectral features distinct from those of isomorphically substituted Fe and of ferrihydrite. Fe adsorbed on the allophane surfaces probably exists as small polynuclear complexes exhibiting Fe-Fe edge sharing, similar to poorly crystalline Fe oxyhydroxides. The XAFS spectra of natural allophane and imogolite indicate that the Fe in the minerals is a combination of isomorphically substituted and surface-adsorbed Fe. In the synthetic Fe-substituted allophanes, the Fe XAFS spectra did not vary with the Al:Si ratio. Theoretical fits of the extended XAFS (EXAFS) spectra suggest that local atomic structure around octahedral Fe in allophanes is more similar to Fe in a smectite-like structure than to a published theoretical nanoball structure.
Explicitly Teaching English Through the Air to Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Bennett Jessica G. , Gardner Ralph , Leighner Ross , Clancy Shannon , Garner Joshua
Published: June 2014

The Effects of the Language for Learning curriculum (Engelmann & Osborne, 1999) on through-the-air (i.e., signed and/or spoken) English skills for students who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) were examined by means of a single-subject, concurrent-multiple-probes-acrossparticipants design. Four 11-year-old participants varied in auditory access, IQ, and age at amplification and/or cochlear implantation. All students showed increased accuracy of through-the-air English skills after the intervention (i.e., 15–20 lessons) and maintained these skills when assessed 1 week and 1 month later. The findings yielded some promising results indicating that a Direct Instruction curriculum may be an efficacious way to teach morphology and syntax to DHH students.
First Steps in the Journey from Consumers to Producers of Research in Deaf Education
Authors: Gardiner-Walsh Stephanie , Kemmery Megan , Compton Mary V.
Published: June 2014

Faculty Shortages in the study of low-incidence sensory disabilities (deafness, blindness, deaf-blindness) constitute personnel preparation challenges, as documented by a variety of organizations. To alleviate this deficit in the low-incidence sensory disability professoriat, the National Leadership Consortium for Sensory Disabilities (NLCSD) was created to support the preparation of preservice researchers in these disciplines. This qualitative study documents the emerging perceptions of research by deafness-focused NLCSD first-year doctoral Fellows during their participation in an online enrichment seminar. Thematic analysis of the online interactions of the Fellows reveals their initial steps in their journey from consumers to producers of research. Results of the study offer insight into the preparation process of leadership personnel in deaf education.
Parents’ Perspectives on Transition and Postsecondary Outcomes for Their Children Who Are d/Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Cawthon Stephanie W. , Caemmerer Jacqueline M.
Published: June 2014

Parent Involvement and parent expectations are important factors in successful academic and career outcomes for students who are d/Deaf or hard of hearing. Parental roles are particularly important during the transition planning process for students with disabilities. Results are presented from an exploratory study of 56 parents that measured their involvement, perceptions, and expectations during the transition process. Parents positively rated their experiences with the individualized education program (IEP) process and held high expectations for both their child’s educational attainment and employment. However, differences in expectations and perceptions emerged among parents whose children had co-occurring disabilities. Future directions for research and practice are discussed, including the implications of the demographics of the study sample and the relationship between parental demographics and parents’ expectations for their children.
Validating the Thinking Styles Inventory–Revised II Among Chinese University Students With Hearing Impairment Through Test Accommodations
Authors: Cheng Sanyin , Zhang Li-Fang
Published: June 2014

The Present Study pioneered in adopting test accommodations to validate the Thinking Styles Inventory–Revised II (TSI-R2; Sternberg, Wagner, & Zhang, 2007) among Chinese university students with hearing impairment. A series of three studies were conducted that drew their samples from the same two universities, in which accommodating test directions ( N = 213), combining test directions with language accommodations from students’ perspectives ( N = 366), and integrating test directions with language accommodations from teachers’ perspectives ( N = 129) were used. The accommodated TSI-R2 generally indicated acceptable internal scale reliabilities and factorial validity for Chinese university students with hearing loss. Limitations in relation to the study participants are discussed, as well as test accommodations and the significance and implications of the study.
Biography and the Political Unconscious: Ellison, Toomer, Jameson, and the Politics of Symptomatic Reading
Authors: Foley Barbara
Published: June 2014

As demonstrated by the workings of the political unconscious in Jean Toomer’s Cane and Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man , investigation of authorial biography is an indispensable component of Marxist literary criticism. Symptomatic reading, while derogated by the advocates of “surface reading,” remains crucial to textual interpretation.
“Your poor boy no father no mother”: ‘Orphans,’ Alienation, and the Perils of Atlantic Child Slave Biography
Authors: Lawrance Benjamin N.
Published: June 2014

This article explores the social and political context embedded in Atlantic child slave biography, such as claims about family, parentage, and orphanhood in narratives of child enslavement. I examine the claims of orphanhood and the fictive kinship relations marshaled by James B. Covey, the interpreter during the trials of La Amistad , during his Atlantic passages as examples of the struggle against alienation to “remake” his political and social being. More than adult slaves, children deployed kinship language and idioms as part of a larger struggle to forge and preserve relationships with benefactors. Although kinship claims are an experience common across slave populations, a focus on the difficulties of writing a biography of child claims draws attention to the extreme vulnerability of child slaves and their pressing need for patron/client relationships.
Juvenal, Satires 3.74 and Suetonius
Authors: Power Tristan
Published: June 2014

The rhetorician Isaeus mentioned by Juvenal in Satires 3 was almost certainly not discussed by Suetonius, despite Giorgio Valla’s note to this passage, due to the temporal endpoint of the Illustrious Men . A similar error can be found in Valla’s use of Suetonius for Passienus Crispus on the authority of the same “Probus.” The Suetonian fragment on Isaeus should no longer be accepted as it stands. Suetonius probably instead discussed the fourth-century orator Isaeus, following Hermippus as his source.
Martial on Ovid on Ovid: Mart. 11.104, The Remedia Amoris , and Saturnalian Poetics
Authors: Lämmle Cédric Scheidegger
Published: June 2014

This article reexamines the interactions of Martial’s epigram 11.104 with Ovidian poetry. While previous interpretations have been primarily concerned with Martial’s manifest allusion to the Ars amatoria in this epigram, its hitherto neglected relations to Ovid’s Remedia amoris are here taken into consideration. The case is made that Martial systematically alludes to motifs from Ars amatoria as well as Amores in order to confront them with their respective reworkings in the Remedia amoris . Thus, Martial’s epigram gives an exemplary reading of the Remedia amoris as an inversion of Ovid’s former works. Ultimately, this engagement with Ovid’s Re-media amoris stands in the service of Martial’s Saturnalian poetics.
Me, Myself, and I: Multiple (Literary) Personalities in Catullus 35
Authors: Kronenberg Leah
Published: June 2014

Traditional interpretations of Catullus 35 read it as a literary commentary on the Magna Mater poem of an unknown writer named Caecilius. This article argues that the poem is instead a metacommentary on Catullus’ own poetry. Caecilius is an alter ego of Catullus and symbolizes the “love poet” part of his poetic identity. Poem 35 initially creates an opposition between Caecilius’ love poetry and his learned Magna Mater poem, but ultimately underscores the common ground between Caecilius’ (and Catullus’) love and learned poetry.
“‘Somewhat Rough Withal’: Hemingway’s Personal Copy of Old English Ballads (English I, Oak Park High School)”
Authors: Justice Hilary Kovar
Published: June 2014

An illustrated description and discussion of Hemingway’s personal copy of his ninth-grade English textbook, Old English Ballads (ed. William Dallan Armes) and what this book reveals about the early teenaged Ernest Hemingway—his relationship with texts, books, and especially his teacher, Oak Park High School English department chair Frank James Platt, whose particular influence has long been supposed and is here established in Hemingway’s own hand.
Intent and Culpability: A Legal Review of the Shooting in “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber”
Authors: Brandt Kenneth K. , Renfroe Alicia Mischa
Published: June 2014

This essay analyzes Margot Macomber’s culpability in the shooting of her husband from a legal perspective. The authors situate the story in the contemporary legal context of Kenya in relation to African customary law, British law, and the American legal system. The authors consider the relevancy of newspaper coverage of several Kenyan homicide cases Hemingway was likely to have heard or read about during his first safari. Margot would likely be charged with manslaughter under British Law in the early 1930s. Significantly, under the manslaughter charge her intent in the shooting would be irrelevant, and her conviction would depend on whether or not the shooting amounted to culpable negligence.
Ernest Hemingway and Paul de Kruif
Authors: Verhave Jan Peter
Published: June 2014

The many biographies of Ernest Hemingway are virtually silent about his friendship with the science writer Paul de Kruif (1890–1971). Of Dutch descent, De Kruif grew up in Michigan and studied bacteriology at the University of Michigan. He served in World War I, and afterward quit the laboratory to specialize in popularizing medical history and science. He helped Sinclair Lewis write Arrowsmith (1925), became famous with his own first book, The Microbe Hunters (1926), and would eventually publish a dozen books in three-and-a-half decades. This note demonstrates that De Kruif and Hemingway corresponded and knew one another’s work well.
Language’s Limits and a Doubtful Nature: Ernest Hemingway’s “Big Two-Hearted River” and Friedrich Nietzsche’s Foreign Language
Authors: Balaev Michelle
Published: June 2014

This essay explores the relationship between humans and nature in Ernest Hemingway’s “Big Two-Hearted River” and Friedrich Nietzsche’s “On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense.” The author argues that Hemingway’s text demonstrates the tensions between anthropocentric and ecocentric worldviews through depictions of nature that reflect and rebuff human desire. Due to its inherent anthropomorphism, language is a flawed medium for understanding the external, natural world. Yet, nature is real and best experienced through one’s body as does Nick Adams during his solo fishing trip in Michigan.
The Nasty Mess: Hemingway, Italian Fascism, and the New Review Controversy of 1932
Authors: Cirino Mark
Published: June 2014

Ernest Hemingway was a frequent critic of the Italian Fascism, “from the very beginning... a thorn in the side of the inflated Fascist image” (John P. Diggins). This lingering antipathy reached its apotheosis in what might seem an insignificant controversy involving a short-lived literary journal called the New Review and its editor, Samuel Putnam. In 1932, Hemingway was dismissed from a jury of esteemed writers supposed to conduct the journal’s international survey of the year’s best literature. The details of this rather petty dispute reveal the degree to which Hemingway was viewed as a threat to Italy’s reputation during its Fascist years.
Irene and Ernest: A Love Story?
Authors: Daiker Donald A.
Published: June 2014

Although Hemingway’s fourth wife Mary Welsh Hemingway called Irene Goldstein Ernest’s “true love,” Irene and Ernest were more friends than lovers. They met in Petoskey, Michigan in late 1919 and for two years saw each other during summer vacations and winter holidays, even as Ernest courted Hadley Richardson, whom he married in September 1921. They lost touch until 1947 when Ernest dashed into Irene’s department store in Petoskey, lifted her up, and kissed her. He told her that she was as beautiful as ever. Always drawn to attractive women, Hemingway often found himself in love with more than one woman at the same time. No wonder that, as Michael Reynolds explains, “[A]ll his life he would have troubles with women.”
Hemingway’s Early Education in the Short Story: A Bibliographic Essay on Brander Matthews and Twenty Volumes of Stories at Windemere
Authors: Anderson David L.
Published: June 2014

This article presents an annotated listing of 117 previously uncatalogued short stories that Hemingway may have read at Windemere, the family cottage, during the summers of his formative years. It also presents speculation regarding a now obscure literary figure named Brander Matthews, who may have edited or otherwise exerted influence in the selection of works included in these twenty volumes, thus influencing Hemingway indirectly. Matthews’s ideas about the principles and aesthetics of the short story genre, which square in some ways with Hemingway’s own, may have exerted a more direct influence, as Hemingway owned Matthews’s book on the subject.
An Examination of the Moderating Effects of the High School Socioeconomic Context on College Enrollment
Authors: Engberg Mark E. , Wolniak Gregory C.
Published: June 2014

Drawing on a nationally representative sample of high school seniors from the Educational Longitudinal Survey of 2002 (ELS), this study examines the influence of the high school socioeconomic context on students’ decisions to attend two- and four-year postsecondary institutions. The results provide evidence of resource imbalances based on socioeconomic differences among high schools, and that the high school socioeconomic context moderates the ways in which resources influence college enrollment propensities at both the individual and school level. The study concludes with implications for researchers and policymakers.
Exploring Variation in the Impact of Dual-Credit Coursework on Postsecondary Outcomes: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis of Texas Students
Authors: Giani Matthew , Alexander Celeste , Reyes Pedro
Published: June 2014

Despite the growing popularity of dual-credit courses as a college readiness strategy, numerous reviews of the literature have noted a number of important limitations of the research on the effects of dual-credit on student postsecondary outcomes. This study addressed these gaps in the literature by estimating the impact of dual-credit courses on postsecondary access, first-to-second year persistence, and eventual college attainment, and overcame many of the methodological limitations of previous studies. The study utilized a statewide longitudinal data system (SLDS), allowing us to track an entire cohort of students through their transition into postsecondary statewide. Propensity score matching was used in order to reduce the self-selection bias associated with high achieving students being more likely to take dual-credit courses. We explored how the number of dual-credit courses students complete and the subject of the courses influences their impact. We also compared the effects of dual-credit to alternative advanced courses. Our results suggest that dual-credit is a promising strategy for increasing the likelihood of students accessing, persisting through, and completing a degree in postsecondary, and is possibly even more impactful than advanced coursework. However, significant variation in the benefit of dual-credit exists.
Engagement, Alignment, and Rigor as Vital Signs of High-Quality Instruction: A Classroom Visit Protocol for Instructional Improvement and Research
Authors: Early Diane M. , Rogge Ronald D. , Deci Edward L.
Published: June 2014

This paper investigates engagement (E), alignment (A), and rigor (R) as vital signs of high-quality teacher instruction as measured by the EAR Classroom Visit Protocol, designed by the Institute for Research and Reform in Education (IRRE). Findings indicated that both school leaders and outside raters could learn to score the protocol with adequate reliability. Using observations of 33 English language arts (ELA) teachers and 25 mathematics teachers from four high schools, findings indicated that engagement, alignment, and rigor were all predictive of math and ELA standardized achievement test scores when controlling for the previous year’s scores, although some of the associations were marginal. Students’ self-reports of their engagement in school were also generally predictive of test scores in models that included perceived academic competence and observed engagement, alignment, or rigor. We discuss the importance of classroom engagement, alignment, and rigor as markers of instructional quality and the utility of the EAR Protocol as a means of assessing instructional quality.
Poets, Paragons, and Literary Politics: Sugawara no Michizane in Imperial Japan
Authors: Tuck Robert
Published: June 2014

Robert Tuck examines the Meiji reception of the Heian scholar and poet Sugawara no Michizane (845–903) to outline the development of several influential modern narratives of Sino-Japanese literary relations. Beginning with the views of Michizane held by Edo-period Confucian scholars, he proceeds to cover key debates among Meiji scholars concerning Michizane as an icon of imperial loyalty and as a kanshi poet of “utmost sincerity” ( shisei ). In the 1890s literary scholars attacked all Heian kanshi writing as insincere and formalistic, but from 1902, the one-thousandth anniversary of Michizane’s death, other scholars made Michizane the focus of a new narrative in which Japan overcame the linguistic obstacles of literary Chinese and domesticated kanshi . By analyzing Meiji scholars’ discourse on Michizane, Tuck reveals the cultural and ideological currents that continue to influence narratives of Sino-Japanese literary history to the present day.
Staging a Heroine in George Sand: The Path from Cosima to Claudie
Authors: Cravens Arline
Published: June 2014

Through an examination of Sand's plays Cosima (1840) and Claudie (1851), we can trace the development of Sand's portrayal of the feminine condition through her heroines. In both of these plays, Sand depicts the marginalization of married women in society, elaborating on what Isabelle Naginski has termed a "feminized mal du siècle." After the failure of Cosima in 1840, Sand formulates a new path for her heroines. Claudie may be seen as the representation of the romantic heroine in theatre, where she is not only integrated into society, but also achieves independence. As Sand states in the preface, Cosima exemplifies an attempt to establish a new genre of theater by giving a voice to the “moi intérieur” of the heroine. Cosima brings to the stage the domestic isolation of women and the inability of society to understand her plight, her only avenue of escape is suicide. Claudie continues Sand's endeavor to bring psychological realism, as Gay Manifold identifies it, to the stage and plays an integral role in the transformation of the heroine. Unlike Cosima, Claudie is able to escape the domestic isolation and seclusion of married women. Through a study of the feminine topos, Cravens probes the possibility of Sand not only staging the inner struggle of women in Cosima and Claudie , but that of herself, as well.
Traveling with the Théâtre du Soleil’s Mad Hope : Les Naufragés du Fol Espoir
Authors: Miller Judith G.
Published: June 2014

The Théâtre du Soleil is France’s most innovative and storied independent theater company, recognized as one of the great theatrical operations of contemporary times. Organized since 1964 as a worker’s cooperative, the some 75 members create collectively and rehearse, under the direction of Ariane Mnouchkine, in such a way that the resulting theatrical creation belongs to all. This is even the case when there is a script by company writer, Hélène Cixous, whose latest effort for the Soleil combines a bracing adventure novel by Jules Verne, Magellania , with meditations on political commitment and on making art. Indeed, in the resulting theater-in-the-theater production, Les Naufragés du Fol Espoir (The Shipwrecked of Mad Hope) , the company not only presents a filmmaking crew making a film on the eve of World War I about the utopian hopes of a group of immigrants embarked on a ship to Australia, but also rehearses its own “mad hopes” as a theater devoted to making a difference on the political scene in France. The ship the Mad Hope, represented in the film being made in the fictional cabaret The Mad Hope, both enveloped in the Théâtre du Soleil’s spacious and cavernous playing space, rechristened “The Mad Hope,” thus casts off as a theatrical mise en abîme that can and should be read as an autobiographical pact with the audience, enticing spectators to review the history of the Soleil as well as the history of Europe and particularly the tensions between ideologies of “progress” and utopia. This essay analyzes the unparalleled staging techniques of the Théâtre du Soleil and Ariane Mnouchkine that allow it to reel in its audience while also encouraging it to ask questions about art and politics. It also dissects the three main autobiographical layers of the production, as Les Naufragés du Fol Espoir is structured as an autobiographical quest, as a primer to the esthetic beliefs and working methods of the Théâtre du Soleil, and as an unfinished debate on some of the thorniest questions confronting Western democracies in our times.
Memory as Performance: Fatima Gallaire’s Rimm la Gazelle and Molly des Sables
Authors: Evans Jane E.
Published: June 2014

Fatima Gallaire’s plays from the 1990s belong to the category of testimonial literature: her female protagonists reveal aspects of Algerian women’s restricted lives under shari’a and the negotiations made in the interests of self-autonomy and increased agency. For example, in Princesses , the main character returns to her Algerian homeland after living for an extended period in France. The play describes her seemingly peaceful reception by the townspeople, who later become violent because Princesse has not observed Muslim values in her life abroad. Les Co-épouses illustrates the practice of polygamy and the interactions between a man’s co-wives for mutual protection. As in Princesses , the female characters rely on one another for emotional and even material support as they divulge the difficulties of their daily lives. Besides her plays containing multiple female characters, Fatima Gallaire has written one-act plays in which a single woman performs all the roles: in Rimm la Gazelle , an Algerian-born French woman reminisces as she tells her mother why she will be returning to her birthplace; in Molly des Sables , an Algerian Jewish woman plays 14 different roles as she reveals her psychological maladjustment to her marriage and new country. Relying on Lévinas’s theory of “the face,” Lacan’s concepts of le corps morcelé , and Vygotsky’s ideas on the “external monologue”, Evans analyzes the performance element as a means of revealing trauma and acquiring greater mental health. Cathy Caruth’s work on trauma and research on drama therapy also inform this study. The latter has been shown to be an effective means of beginning the recovery process from catastrophic events: by re-enacting scenes from one’s past, one is able to move the instances “recorded” in the brain from iconic to semantic memory, thereby adding to one’s life story. It is this very process that is healing for the actor in question.
Staging the Impossible Femme Forte in Madame de Maintenon’s Dramatic Conversations
Authors: Kennedy Theresa Varney
Published: June 2014

Madame de Maintenon, King Louis XIV’s secret wife is an historic figure who remains shrouded in mystery even today largely due to the fact that much of her correspondence with the king was burned after 1713. However, what further distorted her image were the unflattering accounts written by Saint-Simon. As a result of this negative backlash, Maintenon’s contribution to female education has been forgotten. As the director of Saint-Cyr, the boarding school she founded for daughters of impoverished noble families, Maintenon placed a unique emphasis on the art of conversation, a skill that was neglected in traditional female education. Maintenon’s original conversations, morality plays loosely based on Mademoiselle de Scudéry’s conversations, were intended to teach good judgment to the older female pupils as they prepared to leave Saint-Cyr. This study of Maintenon’s conversations seeks to highlight the complexity and irony of this mysterious morganatic queen whose search for unattainable fulfillment is seen in the model woman she expects her pupils to emulate. Maintenon bases her féminin idéal on the femme forte described in the Biblical proverbs. The latter is described in the conversations as one who should take pride in her domestic duties, reject polite society, and use her knowledge only to better serve her family. Maintenon, however, cannot be seen as the perfect example of domestic bliss. Having led a very public life, her insistence on domesticity and avoidance of society life does not align itself with her own lifestyle. Ironically, she depicts marriage as slavery and men as tyrants, all the while encouraging her pupils to choose marriage as opposed to celibacy or the veil. These inconsistencies suggest that the femme forte modeled in the conversations is the woman Maintenon believed she ought to have been. Thus, through her own regret Maintenon teaches her pupils how to become a femme forte , and yet at the same time, she is as inaccessible as Maintenon herself.
Maud Robart—Au-delà du théâtre
Authors: Adamowicz-Hariasz Maria
Published: June 2014

La voix féminine, rare et longtemps exclue de l’histoire du théâtre français, l’est encore plus dans les pays francophones. Pourtant, Maud Robart continue à marquer sa présence sur la scène du théâtre international. Née en Haïti, Robart était co-fondatrice avec Jean Claude Garoute (Tiga) du groupe artistique Saint-Soleil (1972-82) rendu célèbre grâce aux écrits d’André Malraux (1976) et collaboratrice proche de Grotowski (1977-1993). Depuis 1993 elle travaille indépendamment (stages, conférences, démonstrations). Inspirée par ses expériences personnelles et la tradition orale de son pays, ainsi qui le travail de plus de 10 ans avec Grotowski, Robart a développé une pédagogie et une technique pour les gens du théâtre. En tant qu’artiste créateur-transmetteur, elle pose des questions sur le rapport entre création, tradition et modernité. Sa recherche pratique et théorique explore la voix, le chant afro-haïtien et le rythme (mouvement) afin de revaloriser l’archaïcité des cultures. Dans cet essai, Adamowicz-Hariasz analyse le rôle de la femme en tant que « keeper and transmitter » (Minh-ha) de la tradition orale et du savoir qu’elle véhicule. Elle étudie la période peu connue de l’expérience personnelle et collective de Robart dans la commune Saint-Soleil en Haïti, surtout la façon dont Robart, dans sa vision de la fonction du théâtre, négocie les tensions entre le caractère populaire de ses sources (vaudou, rites, chants et traditions afrohaïtiens) et l’entraînement de l’acteur/actrice qu’elle préconise et qui s’avère hautement élitaire.