bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Indian Youth in Keeping COVID - 19 at Bay : A Narrative Review
Authors: Kalyani Shraddha , Somani Rushi
Published: December 2020

A pandemic is defined as “an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people”. The classical definition includes nothing about population immunity, virology or disease severity. As World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as pandemic in very beginning of year 2020. In COVID-19 CO stands for corona, 'VI' for virus, and 'D' for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.' The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and some types of common cold. First case in India was detected in the last week of January 2020. As India is second largest country in terms of population with less geographical area and COVID-19 is contagious infection disease it’s going to affect large population in India and affect different sectors such as specially health and financial sector. According to ‘2011 Census of India’ in India by next 10 years from 2011 number of young people will be more, that’s why what youngsters do in such situation will define our country’s future.
Improving Product Sales on E-Commerce Websites Based on Reviewers Opinions
Authors: Kayalvili S. , Priyadharshini. A Muthu
Published: December 2020

Online reviews are the important source of information for users before selecting a product for making a decision. Reviews of product particularly early reviews have impact on the product sales. Study the behavior characteristics of early reviewers through their posted early reviews. At first divide the product lifetime into three stages- Early, majority and laggards. A person who posts reviews in early stage is considered as early reviewers. The Early reviewers are the first one who responds to the product at the beginning stage. Rating behaviors of early reviewers are predicted based on k-means with Page Rank.
Application of Nanoparticles In Ensuring Food Safety
Authors: Kumar T. Ganesh , Reddy P. Mahesh , Reddy C. V. Rajagopala
Published: December 2020

Recent innovations in nanotechnology have transformed a number of scientific and industrial areas including the food industry. Applications of nanotechnology have emerged with increasing need of nanoparticle uses in various fields of food science and food microbiology, including food processing, food packaging, functional food development, food safety, detection of foodborne pathogens, and shelf-life extension of food and/or food products. This review summarizes the potential of nanoparticles for their uses in the food industry in order to provide consumers a safe and contamination free food and to ensure the consumer acceptability of the food with enhanced functional properties.
EMIVR Based Smart Computer
Authors: Mayuri Thombare , Poonam Dhawale , Rohini Amale , Aishwarya Londhe
Published: December 2020

Man has five senses representing natural windows of communication between him and outside world. Talking and Eye Tracking is the best means of communication existing. Speech recognition and eyeball position can be applied in computer devices to control the useful software to facilitate people in their life. Handicapped people suffer the difficulty of using computers themselves and to spend some basic needs and necessities, usually need another person to help them in that. This assistance is achieved through the design of special system for controlling computer using voice commands and eye ball tracking. Voice recognition allows you to rapidly write text just by speaking to your computer. Accuracy varies depending on your accent, how fast you speak, surrounding noise levels and subject nature. Eye tracking is a technique to measure either the point of gaze (where someone is gazing) or the motion of an eye relative to the head. Eye tracking technology has applications in industry and research in visual systems psychology assistive technologies marketing as an input device for human computer interaction and in product and website design.
Speed Control of Peanut Planting System
Authors: Tun Aye Aye , Ngwe Zaw
Published: December 2020

This paper is aimed to control the speed of peanut planting system. The system introduces a control mechanism to drop the seeds at a particular position with specified distance, to achieve desired seed rate within the row, uniform seed spacing and alarm system. The overall system includes motion sensor, proximity induction sensor, two servo motors, three DC motors and alarm system. These parts are controlled by Arduino Mega 2560 which is the heart of the system. The battery 12V, 5AH Lead Acid Battery is used for the whole system. So, the wheel motors of machine are controlled by PWM DC motor speed controller separately. Another DC motor is used to stir the seeds within the seed storage tank. When there is no seed to detect within the seed storage tank, it sends the signal to the Arduino and indicates the alarm. To get equal seed spacing or seed to seed distance, proximity induction sensor is used. Servo motors are used for precise control of seed rating. The paper presents calculation of gear ratio, desired motor RPM, PWM out level are also described completely.
Study of Drug Bottles Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Authors: E. Osman Abeer , Marouf Ali A . S. , M. Ahmed Mubarak
Published: December 2020

There is a great number of packaging materials, such as bottles and boxes, are made of plastics (polymers). Additives such as plasticizers, antioxidants, antistatic agents, and lubricants may be used for the production of packaging materials. The worst effect of plastic production is deterioration of the environment. Recycling solves this problem and the initial step is identification and classification of the polymers and determination of different elements present in it. In this research, spectroscopic analyzes were performed using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for plastic materials samples of drug containers that collected from manufacturing factories located at Khartoum city, Sudan. The samples were collected before and after used, were irradiated by Nd: YAG laser at 266 nm, repetition rate 2Hz, with pulse energy of 80mJ. The recorded spectra of the samples were analyzed using National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST). and Origin Lab Pro 9 data analysis software. All elements present in plastic drug bottles were detected using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. The elements that detected are (Ca, Cd , Ra, Ac, W, V, Na, Pm, Cl, K, , Ce, Ar, Nd, Ac, Tc, Sc, Li, Pa, and Pb).
ICT: Providing Sustainable Economic and Social Development in a Ubiquitous Network Society
Authors: A. B. Ikharo , D. Aliu , C. C. Obasi , C. O Okreghe .
Published: December 2020

The development of the traditional infrastructure of any country would facilitate and enhance information society. However, inadequate infrastructural development, poor economic and social access, slow adoption of new technology and limited technical know-how are some dilemma plaguing ICT application and implementation in the Nigeria context. This paper therefore, is poised toward addressing these issues and proffering recommendations with the aim of supporting government efforts, increasing the efficiency of social service delivery and raising economic efficiency and cost reduction in ICT related mechanism. It is hoped that ICT applications and usage would lead to systemic growth, economic development, and the provision of socio-economic sustainability in Nigeria.
Colour Sensing Using Robotic ARM
Authors: Nazeer A. Mohamed , Sasikala S. , Kamalabharathy A. , Dharshni S. D. Kirubha , Lakshmi M. Nandhini , Dharshini K. SherinPriya
Published: December 2020

Robots are used in various industries to save the process flow in terms of time and ease. It also improves the process quality of the processed object by reducing the errors. The cost of manufacturing can also be minimized. The proposed system will identify and sort the colour of the yawn in a particular colouring sequence, which is defined in the program. The robot identifies the colour, based on the input given in the keypad. It also picks the object from a source table and place it in a desired destination and vice versa. This Paper aims to select the particular coloured yawn to use it in the machineries. The robot will do pick and place operation by mechanical devices such as gripper and robotic arm. It is carried out on a low cost robot platform for development of pick and place the things. The robot act under the direct control of human or autonomously under the control of the programmed system.
Image Quality Assessment and Noise Reduction on Distinct Noise Images
Authors: Durai A. R Johnson , S Suganya , M Chandrakala
Published: December 2020

Image quality assessment is a procedure of evaluating the quality of an image and in the past few years, the desire of image-based applications has grown hugely; therefore the significance of methodical and accurate assessment of the quality of the image is necessary. For many image processing applications assessing the quality of the image is elementary, whereas the purpose of image quality assessment (IQA) method are to automate the estimation of the quality of images in simultaneously with human quality perception. In this paper, we have explored a novel image quality algorithm that depicts the quality of an image using Wiener Filter and Shape Adaptive Discrete Cosine Transform.Here, we have applied two different noise levels using two noises, Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise. The input image is taken from public repository and applied Salt and pepper noise and Gaussian noise at two different levels. The applied noise is then reduced by using Wiener Filter and Shape Adaptive – Discrete Cosine Transform (SA-DCT). An experimental result shows the performance of different types of filters to denoise the noised images from different levels of noises in terms of Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
Electric Bicycle
Authors: Nazeer A. Mohamed , Sasikala S. , Jaswanth A. , Pranesh U. , Santhosh T.
Published: December 2020

An Electrical Bicycle is a traditional bicycle propelled by an electrical motor. It has a dynamo and 220V wall charge facility. The voltage generated by the dynamo is used to run the bicycle. The electric bicycle is designed in such a way that the rider can have two modes of operation. The rider can choose the bicycle to be driven by an electric motor or it can be driven manually by pedaling. This can also be used in the recent road condition with existing charging facilities.
Energy Efficiency Analysis in ERA using NFL-BA Algorithm
Authors: Mehta Palky , Sharma H. L.
Published: December 2020

In the current scenario of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), power consumption is the major issue associated with nodes in WSN. LEACH technique plays a vital role of clustering in WSN and reduces the energy usage effectively. But LEACH has its own limitation in order to search cluster head nodes which are randomly distributed over the network. In this paper, ERA-NFL- BA algorithm is being proposed for selects the cluster heads in WSN. This algorithm help in selection of cluster heads can freely transform from global search to local search. At the end, a comparison has been done with earlier researcher using protocol ERA-NFL, which clearly shown that proposed Algorithm is best suited and from comparison results that ERA-NFL-BA has given better performance.
Molecular Docking Studies, Synthesis, Toxicological Evaluation using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina L.) Model and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Some
N-(substituted)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine Derivatives
Authors: V. Bhosale Mayuri , R. Yadav Akshay , S. Magdum Chandrakant , K. Mohite Shrinivas
Published: December 2020

A series of new N-(substituted)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine derivatives were synthesized under microwave irradiation and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity and in-silico (molecular docking studies) to recognize the hypothetical binding motif of the title compounds using VLifeMDS software. The binding mode of the title compounds has been proposed based on the docking studies. They have interesting pharmacophore that display a broad spectrum of biological activity. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffold is an interesting building block that has been used to synthesize a variety of useful bioactive compounds. The present studies widen the scope of the brine shrimp model that may prove quite helpful as a preliminary screen to determine toxic properties. In Brine shrimp lethality bioassay, compounds produced dose dependent cytotoxicity effect to brine shrimp nauplii. Inflammation is a complex process, which is frequently associated with pain and involves occurrences such as the increase of vascular permeability, increase of protein denaturation, and membrane alteration. The pharmacological evaluation of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives revealed that, among all the compounds screened compound code 3c were found to have promising anti-inflammatory activity.
Design and Development of Herbal Delivery System for the Treatment of Lips Hyper-pigmentation
Authors: Namdeo Bhosale Shital , Potnis V. V.
Published: December 2020

Hyperpigmentation of lips that is characterized by darkening of red portion of lips accompanied with dryness and bleeding is common disorder occurring in both men and women. It mostly affects age group of 25-40 years and has unpredictable course. The major causative factors include; smoking, sun exposure, post surgical treatments, medications, excessive caffeine intake. Hyper pigmented dry lips crack and bleed if left untreated. More complex symptoms include pain, swelling that disfigures external appearance and personality. Topical polyherbal medicated oil “Kumkumadi oil” Chapstick is formulated for treatment of lips hyperpigmentation. Formulated Chapstick is evaluated for evaluation tests like organoleptic evaluation physicochemical evaluation, spreadability, washability, stability. At last it was concluded that the Kumkumadi oil Chapstick shows potential depigmentation activity.
Study of Human and Robot Social Interaction Using Artificial Cognition Methods
Authors: Chaudhary Rupal
Published: December 2020

Abstract. HRI challenges AI in numerous regards: dynamic, somewhat obscure conditions that were not initially intended for robots; a wide scope of circumstances with rich semantics to comprehend and decipher; physical associations with people that require fine, low-inactivity, yet socially satisfactory control systems; regular and multimodal correspondence. This paper is an endeavor to describe these difficulties and to introduce a lot of key dynamic issues that should be tended to for an intellectual robot to effectively impart space and assignments to a person. To begin with, we distinguish the individual and community oriented intellectual aptitudes required: mathematical thinking and circumstance appraisal dependent on point of view taking and cost-adequacy investigation; securing and the article talks about every one of these capacities, presents work executions and shows how they consolidate in a sound and unique human-robot collaboration deliberative design. Fortified by the aftereffects of the preliminary, we should in the long run exhibit how the board's express information, both symbolic and quantitative, is instrumental to more extravagant and more normal human-robot associations by squeezing for certain, human-level semantics inside the robot framework.
Study of Iron, Inorganic Phosphate, Sodium, Potassium in Serum and its Effects on Reproduction of the Experimental Fish Clarias Batrachus
Authors: Kumar Amit
Published: December 2020

Reproduction is a natural phenomenon governed by both the endocrine (intrinsic) and climatic (extrinsic) factors. The intrinsic factors mediate their effects through the hypothalamo-hypophysial-Gonad sub system operating as an organic axis bridging the ecological influence and Gonadal maturation. Temperature, light, rainfall etc. of the habitat and food supply appear to the predominant external factors influencing breeding periodicity, whereas, the condition of the Gonads and their secretions & the general condition of the body are the internal features which influence the physiology & psychology of the breeders to make the target organs responsible to external influences (Malhotra et.al., 1989). Among the climatic factors, temperature and/or day length (Photoperiod) are generally recognized as the most important cues in the timing of gametogenesis in fish species of temperate zone (Gillet et.al., 1978) but in sub-tropical region, when seasonal variations in the day length & temperature are relatively small both affects Gonadal recrudescence. In this paper we determine the Iron, Inorganic Phosphate, Sodium, Potassium in Serum and its Effects on Reproduction of the Experimental Fish Clarias Batrachus.
Chemo-Therapeutic Management of An Acute Abscess in a Male Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus)
Authors: PL Anitta , U Girish , Seymour Chris
Published: December 2020

A 40-year-old male Asian elephant was presented to the Veterinary Polyclinic, North Paravur with right pelvic limb lameness and a swelling in the right ilial region, which had developed after darting one month previously. The swelling was diagnosed as a unilateral acute abscess, which was lanced, drained and lavaged. Topical treatments, systemic antibiotic therapy and an analgesic were administered, and the animal made an uneventful recovery.
A Case Report on Schistosomus Reflexus in a Goat
Authors: U Arundhathi , C A M Asharaf , K Vishnu , Farhan  , V Veni , Mohan M Ranjith
Published: December 2020

Schistosomus reflexus is a rare cases of foetal anomaly observed in sheep and goat, but commonly seen in cattle. It is characterized by a marked ventral curvature of the spine and the occiput of the head lies near the sacrum. The body and chest walls are bent laterally and the thoracic and abdominal viscera are exposed.the pelvis is deformed.liver is cystic and abnormal in shape.The rumen is occasionally distended with fluid.The limb are usually ankylosed and rigid.in rare cases the limbs and head may be enclosed in a complete sac of skin.(Robert J, 1971).A one year old female goat presented with difficulty in birth since eight hours and delivered the foetus by manual traction.
Szaber Frenzy
Authors: Zaremba Marcin
Published: December 2020

The subject of this article is war, and especially post-war, szaber – a phenomenon of mass looting of unattended property. The text is divided into three parts. In the first part, I attempt to explain theoretically the origin of szaber, indicating (among other things) its links with the culture of poverty and a necessary condition for the szaber to take place – a moment of chaos and a temporary decline of the power structures. In the second part, I formulate a hypothesis that ethnic difference was a necessary condition for szaber to emerge. I illustrate it with examples from September 1939, when first we faced a phenomenon of mass looting of unattended property. The article also deals with the pillage of the ghettos by Poles in 1942. The third part is devoted to the highest wave of looting, which took place mostly in the Regained Western and Northern Territories, immediately after the war. The text is constructed in such a way that at the end I return to the origin of the phenomenon, formulating a thesis that it created a certain szaber culture
Three Colors: Grey Study for a Portrait of Bernard Mark
Authors: Nalewajko-Kulikov Joanna
Published: December 2020

The article presents a profile of Bernard Mark (1908–1966), a Holocaust historian and the director of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw. Mark’s biography is based on various materials, both published and unpublished, from his pre-war involvement in the Communist Party of Poland, through the war years spent in the Soviet Union, to his various activities in post-war Poland: a researcher and socio-cultural activist, including his publications on the Holocaust
On the Abuses in Research of the Holocaust Experience
Authors: Leociak Jacek
Published: December 2020

The abuses in the presentation of the Holocaust in art, film, and literature have been extensively studied in contemporary humanist studies.  The analyses point to the phenomenon of the Holocaust’s McDonaldization, its political instrumentalization, ideological manipulation and commercialization.  The article is an attempt at a critical examination of a different dimension of the phenomenon in question, hitherto overlooked, namely the abuses in Holocaust research.  The author points at a number of dangers which appear in the academic Holocaust discourse – from the “source myth” to narcissistic temptations
“This picture is a little horrific”. The story of a film, or the Polish nation face-to-face with the Jew
Authors: Kurz Iwona
Published: December 2020

The article is an analysis of Janusz Nasfeter’s film, Długa noc [A Long Night] (1967), and the discussion during the producer’s screening in June 1967, concerning the film’s merit and approving its distribution. Both the subject matter of the film (helping a Jew hiding in a Polish home during the occupation) and the circumstances of its producer’s screening (several days after the Israeli victory in the Six-Day War) enable it to be seen as a model: the film itself and its reception are largely characteristic of the Polish memory and attitudes to the Jews during the war, its forms of expression in Polish film, and the language of public debate on this issue.
Jak Polacy patrzyli na getto z zewnątrz z Jerzym Tomaszewskim rozmawia Jakub Petelewicz
Authors: Tomaszewski Jerzy , Petelewicz Jakub
Published: December 2020

Jakub Petelewicz: Panie Profesorze, w czasie wojny mieszkał Pan w Warszawie, nie sposób było wówczas nie stykać się z Żydami. Jak Pan, wówczas 9-10 a potem nastoletni chłopiec, ich postrzegał, jak w Pana pamięci zapisały się stosunki polsko-żydowskie w okupowanej Warszawie?

Jerzy Tomaszewski: Przede wszystkim muszę uściślić, że ja nie jestem z Warszawy tylko z małych miasteczek, gdyż przed wojną mieszkałem w kilku. Ojciec mój był inspektorem PZUW i był parę razy przenoszono go służbowo z jednego miasteczka do drugiego. Wobec tego miał dosyć skromne kontakty w środowiskach lokalnych, często raczej oficjalne, zawodowe, a z Żydami stykaliśmy się w sposób marginalny. Siłą rzeczy Żydów spotykałem na ulicy, gdyż w Mińsku Mazowieckim mieszkaliśmy nie tak daleko od synagogi (to jest moja dzisiejsza wiedza), a za murem otaczającym ogród był cmentarz żydowski. Jak się szło w kierunku centrum miasta, na ulicy spotykaliśmy tradycyjnie ubranych Żydów, zwracali uwagę czarnymi strojami, i charakterystycznymi czapkami. Zapamiętałem to jako zjawisko normalne, tradycyjni Żydzi stanowili nieodłączną część społeczności. Pamiętam też ubogie sklepiki żydowskie. Nie miałem kontaktu z antysemityzmem, z wyjątkiem jednego przypadku. Sąsiad, który mieszkał w tym samym domu, pokazywał mi jakieś antysemickie obrazki. Wywołało to oburzenie ojca i w pamięci została mi duża awantura. Zdarzenie to bardziej pamiętam z uwagi na awanturę a nie z powodu karykatur. Ojciec przed pierwszą wojną światową był w PPS, a ów sąsiad najprawdopodobniej – jak dzisiaj sądzę - endekiem. I tak się wyczerpuje moja pamięć z okresu międzywojennego.
Stanisław Śreniowski, z księgi obłędu i ohydy
Authors: Leociak Jacek
Published: December 2020

Tytuł publikowanego tu po raz pierwszy tekstu – „Z księgi obłędu i ohydy” – wskazuje na jego gatunkową i stylistyczną specyfikę. Sygnalizuje fragmentaryczność, ułamkowość, niekompletność. Sugeruje, że objęty nim tekst jest tylko częścią większej całości; całości jeszcze nie ukończonej bądź takiej, której nie sposób ogarnąć. W tym sensie Śreniowski odwołuje się do toposu niewyrażalności doświadczenia Holocaustu. Tekst ma charakter refleksyjny, jest nasycony metaforyką, a jego modernistyczna stylistyka nie stroni od patosu. Mamy więc do czynienia z emanującymi poetycką aurą medytacjami, a nie z reportażem czy relacją o wydarzeniach. Autor kładzie nacisk na rozpaczliwą samotność ginących, ich opuszczenie, na niewspółmierność między doświadczeniem getta i okupacji, na brak wspólnoty losu Żydów i Polaków („Wymarłe Miasto w żywej Stolicy”; „Miasto w Mieście”; „A Stolica? Stolica, w której dogorywa Miasto Śmierci...? No, Stolica żyje normalnie. Pod okupacją wprawdzie...”).
Jak Pawłowski ukrywał Grinera [Sługa Mesjasza. Z ks. Grzegorzem Pawłowskim/Jakubem Herszem Grinerem rozmawia Lucyna Montusiewicz, Lublin, wyd. Gaudium 2005]
Authors: Weksler-Waszkinel Romuald Jakub
Published: December 2020

Gdy wybuchła II wojna światowa, Jakub Hersz Griner, z Zamościa, miał osiem lat. Gdy się kończyła, w Zamościu nie było po nim śladu, ani po jego rodzinie, ani po większości Żydów zamojskich. W tymże czasie, w odległej od Zamościa wsi, Polanówka, tułający się chłopiec, sierota - podawał się za Grzegorza Pawłowskiego - od miesiąca pasł krowy u pewnego gospodarza. Miał trzynaście lat. W roku 1958 ten sam chłopiec otrzymał święcenia kapłańskie w katedrze lubelskiej. Wiosną 1970 r. wyemigrował do Izraela, gdzie dotychczas mieszka i pracuje, jako duszpasterz, głównie przy kościele św. Piotra w Jafie; w każdym razie tam można go najczęściej spotkać.
Goetz Aly, Hitlers Volksstaat. Raub, Rassenkrieg und nationaler Sozialismus
Authors: Żbikowski Andrzej
Published: December 2020

Najnowsza książka Goetza Aly’ego Hitlers Volksstaat. Raub, Rassenkrieg und nationaler Sozialismus, tak jak wiele jego poprzednich prac, od samego początku lektury zaskakuje oryginalnością i odwagą postawionych hipotez badawczych. Dla Aly’ego nie ma tematów tabu, nie ma lęku przed możliwą pomyłką, przed urażeniem jakiejś ze sław historycznego areopagu. Słusznie, gdyż mimo ciągłego postępu w badaniach nad dziejami nazizmu w Niemczech, nie potrafimy się uporać z pytaniem, w jaki sposób młodociana, niezbyt wykształcona i wręcz arogancka elita ruchu nazistowskiego potrafiła w niezmiernie krótkim czasie wykrzesać niebywałe rezerwy energii z dopiero co pokonanego w pierwszej wojnie światowej niemieckiego społeczeństwa. Z jednej to strony, fenomen niezwykłego pokolenia, urodzonego między 1905 a 1915 rokiem, pamiętającego raczej nie klęskę i upokorzenie 1918 roku, lecz mizerię i chaos lat 20., z drugiej – splot wyjątkowych okoliczności – światowej rywalizacji „starych” mocarstw demokratycznych z ambitnymi nowymi państwami narodowymi i przede wszystkim z totalitarnym, agresywnym, jednocześnie straszliwie zacofanym i atrakcyjnym ideologicznie reżimem sowieckim. Nieunikniona konfrontacja między przeciwstawnymi systemami społecznymi dokonała się w latach drugiej wojny światowej. Na jej progu nie było wcale jasne, kto będzie górą.
Jan Grabowski, Ja tego Żyda znam! Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie, 1939-1943
Authors: Jedlicki Jerzy
Published: December 2020

Jan Grabowski, polski historyk mieszkający w Kanadzie, przedstawił w swojej książce rzeczowy, setkami przykładów i oszczędnym komentarzem opatrzony rejestr sposobów szantażowania, ograbiania i denuncjowania Żydów przebywających poza gettem. Przedstawiony materiał dowodowy obejmuje miasto Warszawę oraz powiat ciechanowski i dotyczy głównie lat 1940-1941. Ten względnie krótki okres rozpada się jeszcze na dwie części, przedzielone momentem zakończenia przymusowych przesiedleń i zamknięcia dzielnicy żydowskiej w Warszawie 15 listopada 1940 roku. Przed tą datą Żydzi byli szantażowani denuncjacją do gestapo za uchylanie się od obowiązku noszenia opasek z gwiazdą Dawida, za handel walutami lub kosztownościami czy za słuchanie zagranicznego radia.
Marcin Kula, Uparta sprawa
Authors: Leociak Jacek
Published: December 2020

Tytuł książki Marcina Kuli przywodzi mi na myśl tytułową formułę jednej z najważniejszych prac o autorze Biesów. Mam na myśli książkę Ryszarda Przybylskiego Dostojewski i „przeklęte problemy” (Warszawa 1964). Formuła Przybylskiego trafiała w sedno mrocznego splotu anielstwa i zbrodni, piekła i raju, łaski i potępienia, rozumu i obłędu. Wskazywała na ból, rozdarcie, cierpienie jako nieunikniony wymiar ludzkiej egzystencji, od którego nie możemy uciec, którego nie możemy oswoić. Formuła Kuli, a więc: „Uparta sprawa. Żydowska? Polska? Ludzka?”, ma również wymiar uniwersalny. Podkreśla nie tylko trwałość, uporczywość, nieustanne powracanie – a więc fundamentalne znaczenie – problemów, o których traktuje książka, lecz także otwiera najszerszy możliwy horyzont rozważań.
The Jews are Coming Back: The Return of the Jews to their countries of origin after WW II, edited by David Bankier
Authors: Mędykowski Witold
Published: December 2020

Czy Zagłada kończy się z chwilą ucieczki nazistów? Czy wojna kończy się z dniem wyzwolenia? A jeśli tak, to co dalej? Powrót do domu, do rodziny, do ziemi ojczystej. Tak było w przypadku wielu ludzi, których wojna rozrzuciła po różnych zakątkach Europy. Powrót do domu! Pieszo, koleją, na ciężarówkach. W chwili wyzwolenia tereny Europy stały się miejscem masowej wędrówki ludów – wracali jeńcy wojenni, robotnicy przymusowi, więźniowie obozów koncentracyjnych, żołnierze.A jak było w przypadku Żydów? Czy dla nich też kończył się koszmar i zaczynało normalne życie czy raczej ciąg dalaszy cierpień i tragedii? Bo z chwilą wyzwolenia wprawdzie kończył się etap koszmarnej rzeczywistości, morderczej pracy, marszów śmierci, ciągłego ukrywania się w lasach, jak szczute zwierzęta, w piwnicach czy wśród tłumu ludzi pod przybranym nazwiskiem i na fałszywych papierach. Ci, którzy przebyli obozy i marsze śmierci, nie przestawali umierać, inni potrzebowali długiego okresu rehabilitacji aby oddalić niebezpieczeństwo śmierci i odzyskać siły witalne. Ci, którzy mogli, gnani nieodpartą siłą, wracali do miejsc rodzinnych, aby odszukać kogoś z rodziny, bliskich, aby zobaczyć, co pozostało z dawnego świata, oznaczyć i upamiętnić miejsca zbrodni.
Muzeum-Miejsce Pamięci w Bełżcu – w rok po rozpoczęciu działalności
Authors: Kuwałek Robert
Published: December 2020

Przez blisko 60 lat po drugiej wojnie światowej Bełżec był jednym z najbardziej zapomnianych obozów zagłady, nie tylko na świecie, ale, paradoksalnie, również w Polsce, na której terenach się znajdował. Poza nielicznymi publikacjami, dostępnymi dla ograniczonego grona odbiorców, wiedza o Bełżcu prawie w ogóle nie funkcjonowała w świadomości społecznej i w badaniach naukowych. Podobnie było poza granicami Polski, gdzie oprócz wąskiego kręgu specjalistów trudno znaleźć kogoś, kto kojarzyłby nazwę Bełżec z czymkolwiek. Oczywiście, można zawsze powołać się na publikację Y Arada, który pierwszy pokusił się o monografię obozów zagłady akcji „Reinhardt”, jednakże nawet ta praca, bardzo cenna i pionierska, do dzisiaj nie doczekała się tłumaczenia na język polski
Losy pracowników niemieckiej gadzinówki „Nowy Kurier Warszawski” w świetle powojennych procesów z dekretu sierpniowego
Authors: Schnepf-Kołacz Zuzanna
Published: December 2020

The main sources used in this article are investigation and court files of post-war trials of 15 former journalists of Nowy Kurier Warszawski, so-called “reptile newspaper” (gadzinówka), a newspaper published by German authorities in General Government throughout the entire occupation. They were charged and convicted of collaboration on the basis of the so-called “August decree” of the Polish Committee of National Liberation. The sentences in this trial were surprisingly low as compared with those of others tired for collaboration with the Germans, including many Home Army soldiers. Such trials were used by the communist government to eliminate political opponents in post-war Poland. In this article, the author considers whether the journalists' trials should also be treated as a political issue, and formulates a definition of collaboration, delineating its boundaries in the light of court rulings. The defendants' and witnesses' testimonies are used to present work conditions in Nowy Kurier Warszawski and methods of recruitment among the Poles. A reconstruction of the newspaper's employees' line of defence made it possible to determine the structure of this type of narration and confront it with the witnesses' testimonies, recollections of other journalists and documents of the Home Army, the Delegatura Rządu RP na Kraj (Government Delegate's Office at Home), as well as personal files of the Security Service (Służba Bezpieczeństwa, SB). Available materials made it possible to get acquainted with the post-war fate of the defendants and analyse what influence on their future lives had their work for the “reptile newspaper” (gadzinówka).
Od agenta do kolaboranta? Współpraca żydowskiego publicysty Fritza Seiftera z Bielska z władzami niemieckimi w latach trzydziestych i czterdziestych
Authors: Jockheck Lars
Published: December 2020

Fritz Seifter, a Jewish-German journalist and Polish citizen, collaborated with the German authorities on two occasions: first during 1933–1934 in Bielsko, where, supported by the Reich Ministry of National Education and Propaganda, he launched his newspaper Jüdische Wochenpost; second, in July 1940, when the General Governor's Department of National Education and Propaganda in Cracow appointed him editor-in-chief and managing director of Gazeta Żydowska. But in either case the circumstances and motives for collaboration differed significantly.

            In the case of Jüdische Wochenpost, Seifter completed a project he had been planning to carry out since the late 1920s. His newspaper was to consolidate the bonds of German-speaking Polish Jews with Germany. The Reich Ministry of National Education and Propaganda supported the establishment of this newspaper in order to tone down the opinions of Polish Jews regarding the Nazi regime in Berlin. During 1933–1934 Seifter saw himself as an agent of the German Ministry of Propaganda.

In 1940, German occupation authorities in Krakow searched for and found Fritz Seifter, who was to be appointed editor-in-chief and managing director for the German-planned Gazeta Żydowska, completely controlled by the Germans. Its principal aims were to isolate the Jews even further from their Polish environment, herd them to work and give illusions of hope for emigration after the war.

Thus there was no continuity in Seifter's co-operation with the German authorities, and collaboration was not the case. During 1933–1934, Seifter's main reason to launch his newspaper was German nationalism, which ostensibly linked him to the Germans. In 1940, however, Fritz Seifter no longer acted of his own accord, and any illusions as to the genocidal character of the Nazi regime was out of the question: Seifter alongside the rest of Polish Jews wanted only to survive.
Świadectwo milczenia…Rozmowa z Jerzym Lewińskim, byłym funkcjonariuszem Służby Porządkowej getta warszawskiego
Authors: Koźmińska-Frejlak Ewa
Published: December 2020

Jerzy Lewiński urodził się na początku ubiegłego stulecia (w 1911 roku) w rodzinie zasymilowanych Żydów. Był nie tylko świadkiem najważniejszych wydarzeń minionego wieku, ale również uczestnikiem wielu z nich2. Najmłodszy z piątki rodzeństwa, miał dwie siostry i brata – z pierwszego małżeństwa swego ojca (Kopela – Kacpra) – i rodzonego brata Adolfa (z matki Frajndli – Franciszki). Mieszkał początkowo w mieście Turek, skąd w 1922 roku, po tragicznej śmierci ojca (zamordowanego w 1920 roku przez swojego wspólnika) przeniósł się do Warszawy. Tu, w 1933 roku ukończył Wydział Prawa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. W trakcie studiów wyjechał na kilkumiesięczne stypendium do École Superieure Politique w Paryżu. Po ukończeniu studiów (we wrześniu 1934 roku) został skierowany do Szkoły Podchorążych w Częstochowie, ukończył ją po roku, uzyskując stopień podchorążego rezerwy. Egzamin dyplomowy składał przed komisją, której przewodniczył – wówczas pułkownik dyplomowany – Stanisław Władysław Maczek. Po zakończeniu służby wojskowej zamieszkał w Łodzi i w tamtejszym Sądzie Okręgowym odbył aplikację sądową, tam także w 1937 roku rozpoczął aplikację adwokacką.
Józef Górski, Na przełomie dziejów
Authors: Grabowski Jan
Published: December 2020

Zamieszczony poniżej fragment pamiętników Józefa Górskiego dotyczy sytuacji na Podlasiu w pierwszych latach okupacji niemieckiej oraz ilustruje poglądy autora na temat „ostatecznego rozwiązania kwestii żydowskiej”. Górski, jak sam stwierdza, na Zagładę Żydów patrzył jako chrześcijanin, który współczuje ofiarom kaźni, a zarazem jako Polak wierny ideom Romana Dmowskiego. Z tej drugiej perspektywy Zagłada Żydów napawała go wyraźną satysfakcją. Pamiętnik Józefa Górskiego z całą pewnością zaliczyć można do działu „kurioza”, ale jego lektura nasuwa wiele bolesnych pytań, przede wszystkim o skalę (milczącego) przyzwolenia na mord. Innymi słowy, do jakiego stopnia jasne (choć przerażające) poglądy Górskiego mieściły się w ramach„zwyczajności” okupacyjnego Podlasia?
Tekst zwany 'Dziennikiem Szmula Rozensztajna'
Authors: Polit Monika
Published: December 2020

Tekst zwany Dziennikiem Szmula Rozensztajna oznaczony sygnaturą 302/115  znajduje się w zbiorze Pamiętników Archiwum Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego. Jest to maszynopis w języku żydowskim, liczący 161 stron, sporządzony na podstawie rękopisu powstałego w getcie łódzkim. Zapisy dzienne obejmują okres od 20 lutego 1941 do 27 listopada 1941 roku. To niewątpliwie tylko część większej całości. Zarówno tuż powojenni badacze żydowskiego piśmiennictwa z getta łódzkiego – Ber Mark i Iszaja Trunk – jak i współcześni edytorzy tłumaczonych na angielski fragmentów Dziennika Szmula Rozensztajna – Alan Adelson i Robert Lapides, wspominają, że oryginał Dziennika znajduje się Żydowskim Instytucie Historycznym w Warszawie, a maszynopis w Archiwum Instytutu Yad Vashem w Jerozolimie. Tymczasem w wydanym w 1994 roku inwentarzu zbioru Pamiętników Żydów przechowywanych w ŻIH odnotowano jedynie maszynowy odpis. Gdzie znajduje się dziś oryginał – nie wiadomo. Nie wiadomo też, jaką częścią zapisu dysponujemy.
Obraz Żyda jako wroga: mordy rytualne
Authors: Czajkowski Michał
Published: December 2020

Żyd to wróg. Po wrogu można się wszystkiego najgorszego spodziewać. Albo to, co najgorsze, bezkarnie mu przypisać. Na przykład bezczeszczenie hostii, zatruwanie studzien i rzek, powodowanie dżumy i innych nieszczęść, a nawet wytaczanie krwi niewinnych dziatek chrześcijańskich. Ich bowiem krew potrzebna jest do celów kultowych, przede wszystkim do wyrobu macy – nie zakwaszonego chleba - na święto Pesach, a także do celów  terapeutycznych (np. do leczenia ran po obrzezaniu) czy wręcz celów magicznych. Na przykład Żydzi potrzebowali krwi dla usunięcia  rogów, z którymi przychodziły na świat wszystkie ich dzieci, dla złagodzenia właściwego Żydom odoru oraz jako medykamentu w wypadku niebezpiecznego porodu. Według ks. Gaudentego Pikulskiego (rok 1758) na samej Litwie Żydzi potrzebowali na jeden rok 30 garnców tej krwi, a cóż powiedzieć o całej Polsce tudzież innych królestwach i państwach?
„Dużo trudu i dużo piękna w życiu internatu”. Z Domu Sierot Janusza Korczaka
Authors: Ciesielska Maria
Published: December 2020

Dom Sierot stanowił w latach 1912–1942 podstawowy warsztat praktyki wychowawczej Henryka Goldszmita/Janusza Korczaka (1878–1942, lekarz, pedagog, pisarz), który kierował nim nieprzerwanie od założenia do zagłady Domu w czasie akcji likwidacyjnej getta warszawskiego latem 1942 r. w Treblince. Oprócz ludzkich straty wojenne objęły również dokumentację własną placówki, dlatego do badania jej losów ważne są wszelkie dostępne zachowane źródła, nawet te o niepewnych pochodzeniu. Jednym z nich jest niedatowany odpis 20 listów (lub zapisków dziennikowych, część w języku niemieckim) nowej, młodej pracownicy, piszącej o wojennym dniu codziennym Domu Sierot w latach 1940–1941 (oryginał znajduje się w Beit Lohamei Hagetaot w Izraelu).
The Text Called Szmul Rozensztajn’s Diary
Authors: Polit Monika
Published: December 2020

The text called Szmul Rozensztajn’s Diary, catalogue number 302/115, can be found in the Memoirs collection of the Archives of the Jewish Historical Institute. This is a typewritten text in Yiddish, 161 pages long, compiled on the basis of a manuscript written in the Łódź Ghetto. Daily entries cover the period from 20 February 1941 to 21 November 1941. This is no doubt part of a larger whole. Both the immediate post-war scholars of Jewish literature from the Łódź Ghetto – Ber Mark and Iszaja Trunk – and the contemporary editors of fragments of Szmul Rozensztajn’s Diary translated into English – Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides – say that the original of the Diary is kept at the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, while the typewritten text is in Yad Vashem Archives in Jerusalem. But the inventory of the Jewish Memoirs collection of the Jewish Historical Institute published in 1994 mentions only a typewritten copy. The whereabouts of the original are unknown. We do not know which part of the copy is available to us.
Stanislaw Sreniowski, From a Book of Madness And Atrocity
Authors: Leociak Jacek
Published: December 2020

The title of this text, From the Book of Madness and Atrocity, published here for the first time, indicates its generic and stylistic specificity, its fragmentary, incomplete character. It suggests that this text is part of a greater whole, still incomplete, or one that cannot be grasped. In this sense Śreniowski refers to the topos of inexpressibility of the Holocaust experience. The text is reflective in character, full of metaphor, and its modernist style does not shun pathos. Thus we have here meditations emanating a poetic aura, not a report or an account of events. The author emphasises the desperate loneliness of the dying, their solitude, the incommensurability of the ghetto experience and that of the occupation, and the lack of a common fate of the Jews and the Poles (“A Deserted Town in a Living Capital”; “A Town within a Town”; “And the Capital? A Capital, in which the town of a death is dying . . . ? Well, the Capital is living a normal life. Under the occupation, indeed . . . .”).
Anafilaxia periparto recorrente como manifestação de mastocitose sistémica
Authors:   Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Moura Ana , Regateiro Frederico ,   Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra,   Instituto de Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra,   Instituto de Investigação Clínica e Biomédica de Coimbra (iCBR), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coutinho Iolanda ,   Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Mota Diana ,   Serviço de Hematologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Paiva Artur ,   Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Todo Bom Ana ,   Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra,   Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Faria Emília ,   Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra
Published: December 2020

A mastocitose é uma doença rara com elevado risco para reações anafiláticas graves. Descrição do caso: Mulher que, aos 27 anos, desenvolveu choque anafilático durante um parto por cesariana. No perioperatório foram administrados lidocaína, ropivacaína, ocitocina, cefazolina e fentanilo. Os testes cutâneos foram positivos apenas à ocitocina (leitura imediata). Um ano mais tarde surgiram lesões cutâneas maculopapulares, vermelho -acastanhadas, pruriginosas, no tronco e membros inferiores, com sinal de Darier. A biópsia cutânea foi sugestiva de mastocitose. Em cesariana subsequente, ocorreu novo episódio de anafilaxia com paragem cardiorrespiratória e convulsões tónico -clónicas generalizadas. A presença de 3 critérios minor (OMS 2016) permitiu o diagnóstico de mastocitose sistémica: (1) triptase basal 40,1 mg/L; (2) mastócitos com morfologia atípica na medula óssea; e (3) expressão aberrante de CD25 nos mastócitos. Conclusão: O diagnóstico de mastocitose exige frequentemente um alto índice de suspeição clínica, nomeadamente em casos de anafilaxia no perioperatório.
PANDEMİLERLE MÜCADELE İÇİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUKTA “CEBRİ YARDIM”
Authors: KIRDIM Şahin Eray
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışma, Güvenlik Konseyi’nin uluslararası barış ve güvenliğe tehdit oluşturma riski bulunan bir pandemiyi BM Şartı VII. Bölüm kapsamında ele alıp, uluslararası toplumu salgının ortaya çıktığı devletin rızası hilafına kuvvet kullanmak suretiyle yardımda bulunma konusunda yetkilendirip yetkilendiremeyeceğini incelemektedir. Çalışma ilk olarak devletlerin neden ülkelerindeki salgınları gizleme ve dahası uluslararası yardımları reddetme eğiliminde olabileceklerini tarihsel örneklerle incelenmekte ve araştırma sorusunun uzak bir varsayım olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Güvenlik Konseyi, bir salgın hastalığın en muhtemel sonuçları itibariyle salgın hastalıklarla benzerlik gösteren en az üç krizde, insani krizleri VII. Bölümün yetki alanına dahil etmiştir. Bu krizlerin sonunda alınan 814, 841 ve 940 sayılı Güvenlik Konseyi kararları inceleyen çalışma, daha sonra Güvenlik Konseyi’nin VI. Bölüm yetkileri dahilinde ve doğrudan pandemilerle alakalı olarak aldığı 1308, 1983 ve 2177 sayılı kararları incelemektedir. Bu incelemeler sonucunda çalışma iki temel iddiayı ileri sürmektedir. Birincisi, uluslararası toplumun genelinde salgın hastalıkları uluslararası barış ve güvenliğe yönelik doğrudan bir tehdit olarak görme eğilimi tam olarak yerleşmiş değildir. İkincisi, salgın hastalıklar Güvenlik Konseyi’nin bazı daimî üyelerinin de içinde bulunduğu bir devletler grubu tarafından uluslararası barış ve güvenlik için doğrudan bir tehdit olarak kabul edilmiş olsa da pandemilerin önlenmesi için VII. Bölüme başvurmak konusunda bir uluslararası teamül hukuku oluştuğunu söylemek henüz mümkün değildir.
Status and Priorities of Financial Inclusion in Ukraine
Authors:   Polissia National University, Abramova I. V.
Published: December 2020

The article is aimed at theoretical and methodological substantiation of the status and priorities of financial inclusion in Ukraine. The theoretical analysis of the issues raised in the research was carried out in accordance with the general methodological scheme of the system approach. In solving certain problems, the statistic and economic method was used – to assess the current status and tendencies of financial inclusion in Ukraine, as well as methods of comparative analysis and analogy – to determine the prospects for inclusive development of the financial system of Ukraine. It is substantiated that the status of implementation of financial inclusion in Ukraine during 2015-2019 is characterized by an increase in the number of non-cash transactions using payment cards, dynamic development of payment infrastructure in both the trade and the service networks. The author advances arguments that the important tasks of development and inclusiveness of the financial sector of Ukraine are the development of the National payment system «Ukrainian payment space», expansion of payment infrastructure and improvement of conditions for settlement transactions using payment cards, including in the Internet. It is proved that low incomes of the population, limited access to financial services, underdevelopment of payment infrastructure, low level of financial education and financial literacy of Ukrainians are the key reasons for the slow development of financial inclusion in Ukraine. It is determined that the prospects for the development of financial inclusion are connected with the creation of effective mechanisms for protecting the rights of consumers of financial services, conditions for increasing financial literacy of the population and its awareness of the services of both the banking and the non-bank financial and credit institutions, the development of payment infrastructure and digital technologies in the financial sphere.