bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Strategic Use of Quality Circles in Australian Industrial Relations
Authors: McGraw Peter , Dunford Richard
Published: March 2007

Quality circles represent one of the most interesting employee participation initiatives of the I980s. According to their advocates they improve industrial relations, increase productivity and improve product quality. Quality circles were developed in Japan and embody some fundamental principles of Japanese management. Outside Japan, however, quality circles have had a consistently high failure rate, leading some commentators to suggest that they have a distinct life cycle. This article examines this contention by comparing the operation of quality circles in two divisions of a large manufacturing company in Australia and noting the factors that contributed to success and failure. It concludes that quality circles were used strategically in both cases to help introduce a more participative management style. The impact of quality circles on the existing pattern of industrial relations is assessed, particularly the changes in relations between the major groups in the organization, the response of the unions to the programmes and their effect on the supervisors.
Trade Unions and the Law: The Broken Hill Dispute
Authors: Flynn Barbara
Published: March 2007

The Broken Hill mines dispute erupted in February 1986. It resulted in a two-month lockout of employees and the permanent loss of 860 jobs—almost a third of the local mining industry's workforce. A study of the Broken Hill dispute will be useful to unions, management and students. The experiences of the Broken Hill unions are indicative of problems facing all Australian unions in this period of economic uncertainty. The union and company industrial and legal tactics in the dispute are analysed in this paper. The use of the law by management to thwart the industrial objectives of the unions is an important theme. It is apparent that in future the Australian union movement will need to be aware of the implications at law of their industrial strategies and that they should seek legal advice at an early stage in a dispute. They should also ensure their contract of employment offers adequate protection at law.
Fordism Transformed? Employee Involvement and Workplace Industrial Relations at Ford
Authors: Lever-Tracy Constance
Published: March 2007

Employee involvement circles have become fashionable in Australia in recent years, with Ford playing a leading role. Ford is the market leader and has set a higher priority on improving quality and reducing interruptions than on labour intensification, and it has a militant and united workforce in its major plant. As a result its employee involvement programme has been conducted in the context of a generally conciliatory approach to shop-floor industrial relations, and in a spirit of quid pro quo with the workforce. It has not weakened the shop stewards, transformed Fordism or put an end to class conflict, but it has produced moderate advantages for both sides.
From Consensus to Coercion: the Australian Air Pilots Dispute
Authors: Smith Graham F.
Published: March 2007

The Australian air pilots dispute of 1989-90 revealed, more starkly than any other dispute in recent history, the essential nature of the Australian system of industrial relations. It showed the system's fundamental reliance on legal coercion when consensus crumbles. It epitomized the dialectic between values encapsulated in notions of freedom of association and free collective bargaining, and the highly corporatist and egalitarian values pervading Australian society and politics. Analysis of the dispute shows that the law played a key role in its outcome and that the industrial relations system has become highly corporatist at the expense of fudamental international rights to freedom of association, free collective bargaining and the right to strike.
Australian Maritime Unions and Flag of Convenience Vessels
Authors: Donn Clifford B. , Phelan G.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to update Kingsley Laffer's 1977 Journal of Industrial Relations article on the policies of Australian trade unions with respect to flag of convenience vessels. Australian unions have supported the campaign against such vessels initiated by the International Transport Workers Federation (ITF). After detailing the process by which the maritime unions become aware of whether or not a flag of convenience vessel is operating under the conditions established by the ITF, the paper goes on to examine two disputes involving flag of convenience vessels. The first, in 1977, was a ban by the Seamen's Union of Australia on coal ships operated by Utah Development Company; the second, in 1981, was a ban by several unions on the use of flag of convenience vessels in the coal trade in New South Wales. The paper discusses these disputes and offers an evaluation of the unions' activities in the general ITF campaign.
Restructuring the Public Service—The Integration of Data Entry and Clerical Areas
Authors: Whyte Sue
Published: March 2007

The 1987 second-tier wage agreement between the federal public service and the government provided for the restructuring of employment in the public service, including the integration of job classifications and extensive job redesign. This paper is based on research, conducted within a department of the federal public service, into the process of integrating data entry processors and their functions into the mainstream clerical work area. It also examines the wider process of participative work design, in particular its ability to provide a mechanism for worker participation and to improve the workers' quality of work life. In terms of the integration of data entry and clerical streams the process has been very successful. There is some dissatisfaction and disenchantment on the part of some clerks, but for most workers it has provided positive and worthwhile improvements in job satisfaction. In terms of the participative work design, the process has been less successful, although it seems to have contributed to a shift in organizational culture toward increased participation and consultation with workers.
Surveying the Practice of Joint Consultation in Australia
Authors: Marchington Mick
Published: March 2007

In the last few years, a number of articles have pointed to the groiving relevance of joint consultation within Australian workplaces, a view which is stipported by the data from the 1990 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. The purpose of this paper is to extend the brief analysis contained in Industrial Relations at Work, and analyze the role played by joint consultative committees across employing organizations as a whole. In particular, evidence is examined relating to the growth/ decline of consultation, its links with other mechanisms for developing employee involvement, the rationale for its implementation at work, the shape and character of joint consultative committees, as well as the participants' attitudes towards these schemes. There appears to have been an increase in consultation recently, and—contrary to some observers—the committees themselves seem to be well received by those who are involved in them. The analysis also suggests that at least two rather different models of consultation appear to be operating in Australia, largely dependent upon the degree and strength of unionization at the workplace. It is argued that the links between consultation and collective bargaining should be more closely examined if there is a further move towards devolved negotiations in Australia.
Reflections on Matters of Independence and Industrial Tribunals in Australia
Authors: Kennedy S.A.
Published: March 2007

Industrial tribunals in Australia have an important arbitral role. The integrity in the carriage of the role is founded on the precept of independence from undue pressure from external forces This paper suggests that actions by executive arms of government in Australia in recent years attacked that independence and that this has serious ramifications. Some of these actions have been overt. The attack on the Australian Industrial Relations Commission after its 1991 national wage decision is one example. Other actions, despite being more fundamental to the principle of independence, have gone largely unremarked. The focus in this paper is on some of these and the implications for a democratic society.
Tribunal Policy and Dispute Settlement: The Nurses' Case 1986-87
Authors: Fox Carol
Published: March 2007

Consistency in the implementation of tribunal policy has been advocated by both the federal tribunal and observers as essential to the integrity of the centrally managed policies of labour cost control and of arbitration tribunal operations generally. This paper examines the state tribunal policy operative during the fifty-day nurses' strike in Victoria and its application to the dispute. Policy implementation is distinguished from policy formulation in respect of which flexibility and (possibly frequent) changes of policy in response to conflicting pressures are seen as essential to tribunal effectiveness. In the management and settlement of this major dispute, the tribunal departed from its formal policy (the principles) then in operation and its informal policy (the convention concerning industrial action). Examples of an absence of standards, to enable a test of consistency to be applied, are also identified and illustrated in terms of the settlement decision. The position taken by the principal parties is shown to have created a dilemma for the tribunal and choices made by the Australian Council of Trade Unions are shown to have facilitated a flexible approach by the tribunal, which in turn generated some departure from policy.
Variations in Union Presence and Density in Australia: Evidence from AWIRS, 1989
Authors: Harris Richard
Published: March 2007

There has been much recent work, using the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey data set, on the impact of unions on various economic variables. In contrast, this paper has union presence and density as the dependent variables, since not only are these of interest in their own right, but they also have the advantage of pointing to the potential bias of regression estimates that treat union impact variables as exogenous of the control variables typically used to predict union presence. Since establishment-level data is used, the factors that influence union activity from the employers' perspective are included. Thus, particular attention is paid to the impact of human resources management policies on union presence and density. The latter were found to be important, together with plant and firm size, workforce characteristics, and product market variables. The inclusion of the inverse Mills ratio in the density equation, to control for sample selectivity bias, was found to be necessary.
Women and Enterprise Bargaining: The Legal and Institutional Framework
Authors: Bennett Laura
Published: March 2007

There has been a move to decentralized determination of wages and conditions in Australia. The impact of this on groups such as women depends on a number of actors, including the legal and institutional framework under which such proc esses occur. This paper explores the implications of different regulatory systems or women. It argues that factors such as how the bargaining process is regulated, and the nature of the enforcement regime, will help determine how particular groups of workers, such as women, fare. It concludes that existing regulatory systems will not protect women from the adverse effects of enterprise bargaining. Deficiencies in the legislative schemes regulating the decentralized determination of wages and conditions, moreover, will not be overcome by equity measures such is anti-discrimination legislation or affirmative action.
Ever-Widening Ripples: The Impact of Specialist Industrial Tribunals on Management Practice
Authors: Thornthwaite Louise
Published: March 2007

While conciliation and arbitration tribunals have been at the forefront of Austral ian research on industrial relations institutions, numerous specialist tribunals enforcing individual workers' rights in employment have been virtually hidden from view. This paper examines the role of two such tribunals in New South Wales, the Government and Related Employees' Appeal Tribunal and the Equal Opportu nity Tribunal. It argues that although their most direct and public role is to resolve individuals' grievances, equally significant is the contribution of these agencies to the detailed regulation of employment relations and hence the increasing sophisti cation of labour management in public sector organizations since the late 1970s, and the institutionalization of management prerogatives and conflicts over an increasingly wide range of employment decisions.
The Composition of Employment in Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Borland Jeff , Foo Lyn
Published: March 2007

This study presents descriptive information on the composition of employment in manufacturing industry in Australia—primarily for the period 1952 to 1987—and undertakes a preliminary analysis of the sources of changes in the composition of employment. It is shown that the occupational composition of employment in manufacturing industry has shifted steadily towards non-production and white- collar workers. Increases in educational attainment within occupation groups have also occurred. A number of potential explanatory factors for the change in the composition of employment are investigated; however, strong supporting evi dence is not found for any specific explanation.
Industrial Legislation in 1996: The Reform Agenda
Authors: Macdermott Therese
Published: March 2007

Two pieces of legislation have been chosen to highlight the nature of reforms to industrial legislation in 1996. First, the Workplace Relations and Other Legislation Amendment Act 1996 (Cwlth) ('the Workplace Relations Act') will be examined, as it represents the new reform agenda directed at a reconfiguration of industrial relations through a dismantling of the collective apparatus of industrial regula tion.1 Secondly, the Industrial Relations Act 1996 (NSW) ('the Industrial Rela tions Act') will be considered, being part of an established and less controversial trend of legislative reform generally referred to as 'managed decentralism'.2 Each Act will be analysed as a way of exploring the theme of the future of collective labour law in Australia and the emerging new paradigm for the regulation of industrial relations. A further trend that will be examined is that of the integration of labour law and anti-discrimination principles, an important developing theme in industrial relations discourse. The acts are clearly driven by different ideological stances. The federal Act is imbued with notions of choice and freedom of bargain ing that consequently shape the framework for bargaining, the role of industrial tribunals in overseeing bargaining processes and outcomes, and the participation of trade unions within the new industrial relations framework established by the Act. The New South Wales Act appears to approach the regulation of industrial relations from a different perspective, which seeks to redress part of the deregulatory process undertaken in earlier reforms. Hence, the processes and structures established by the New South Wales Act differ considerably from their federal counterparts.
McKay's Harvester Works and the Continuation of Managerial Control
Authors: Cockfield Sandra
Published: March 2007

This paper traces the development of workplace industrial relations at McKay's from 1900 until the onset of the Depression in the late 1920s, highlighting the divergence in regulation between different sections of the workforce. Workers in the manufacturing sector faced an autocratic management, which rationalised the work process to deskill the workforce and introduced piecework and time and motion study, thus rendering the wage-effort bargain firmly in favour of management. While skilled workers employed by the firm on engineering work were not immune to these pressures, their labour market position and stronger union organisation gave them greater scope to resist management unilaterally determining working conditions. This paper assesses the influence of arbitration on the regulation of these developments in the employment relationship. It is argued that industrial tribunals had a limited influence at the works, with product and labour market conditions and management and union behaviour far more important in determining workplace outcomes.
Workplace Health and Safety Deregulation in South Australia
Authors: Purse Kevin
Published: March 2007

In July 1998 the Soutb Australian goverment released a Discussion Paper concern ing the future of occupational bealth and safety regulation in South Australia. In examining the paradigm shift proposed in the Discussion Paper, this paper highlights the importance of workplace health and safety as public polig issues in Australia and seeks to locate the Discussion Paper within the broader context of deregulatory changes in the administration of occupational health and safety legislation that have occurred in South Australia in recent years. It identifies several fundamental flaws in the proposals put forward for change and suggests that the major problem with tbe regulation of occupational health and safety in South Australia is the failure to effectively administer the legislation. The paper also advances a number of proposals designed to achieve greater compliance with the legislation. It concludes that the major proposals contained in the Discussion Paper are unlikely to find widespread practical expression.
Factors Influencing the Flow of News
Authors: Östgaard Einar
Published: March 2007

A list of factors influencing the flow of the news is presented and discussed. References are given to other literature in the field, but the factors which are taken up in this article are mainly those which impair the news flow and distort the news picture as it is finally presented by the news media. It is claimed that this is necessary in order to see how the news media can influence the working of the international community. One set of factors, partly of a political and partly of an economic nature, are defined as being foreign to the news process. Other factors, defined as being inherent in the news process, are presented under four headings: simplification, identification, sensationalism, and the news barrier. On this basis some general hypotheses concerning effects of the news media are suggested, and possibilities for further research so as to be able to mini mize such effects are emphasized.
On the Future of the International System
Authors: Galtung Johan
Published: March 2007

The author attempts to present an image of a likely development of the international system in the rest of this century. This is not a prediction in the same sense as in the natural sciences since trends existing today obviously may be counteracted. But the effort is made to see where the trends in the world today are most likely, according to the author, to lead the world. Some possible political initiatives that may arise to reinforce or stop some of these trends are also indicated. For this purpose a distinction is made between a society, which is held to be a self-sufficient unit that would remain essentially the same if the rest of the world were removed, and a nation-state which is a political unit based on geographical continuity. Four types of societies are distinguished: the primitive, traditional, modern, and neo-modern societies, differing in level of agricultural productivity and percentage of population working in the tertiary sector. The world is then divided into nation-states too small for the societies, and nation-states too big for the societies within them: a distinction similar to the distinction between developed and developing countries. The author predicts that the first type of nation will penetrate so deeply into each other that the nation-states will wither away and that national loyalty will be more and more superseded with sub-, cross-, trans- and supra-national identities. A tightly integrated region from Alaska to Japan is envisaged. For the second type of societies growing nationalism is predicted as the primitive and social segments become increasingly modern and coincide in size with the nation-state.

For the relation between the two types of societies it is predicted that the neomodern nations will try to take them one at a time, and that this will be so much resented that the poorer nations will unite to form increasingly effective trade-unions of poor nations. Further, they will bargain with the rich nations for better prices for their commodities treatening with delivery strikes, and also bargain for welfare world policies with taxation of nations and redistribution. If this does not succeed, the possibility of major wars is seen as very likely.
On the Structure of Foreign News
Authors: Smith Raymond F.
Published: March 2007

A set of hypotheses on the structure of foreign news, which had been presented by Johan Galtung and Mari Holmboe Ruge, is tested empirically by comparing New York Times' coverage of Sino-Indian relations in 1962 with the 'actual' relations of the two countries as reflected in their official correspondence, published by the Indian government in a series of White Papers. Four of the six hypotheses tested are confirmed. It is found that international relations, according to the newspaper, is comprised as predicted of a series of simple, discrete. and dramatic events, whose nature is such as to tend to confirm our expectations of what will happen. On the other hand, predictions that the newspaper would over-select events which are rare or unexpected, and overemphasize events which are more negative in their consequences, were not confirmed.

Since the New York Times is generally considered one of the world's most complete and factual newspapers, these findings probably apply with even greater force to most other news papers in the world. Therefore, in reporting international news, newspapers should place more emphasis on background material, on complex and ambiguous events, and on dissonant events.

Although Galtung and Ruge had only hypothesized, rather than demonstrated, the existence of the twelve factors influencing news selection discussed in their paper, this study seems to confirm that most, it not all, of the factors do exist and do exert a distorting effect on the news selection process.
The Contribution of International Law to Peace Research
Authors: Kewenig Wilhelm
Published: March 2007

Successful interdisciplinary cooperation in the area of peace research requires the reduction of prejudices and the joint recognition and analysis of the specific problems of each of the disciplines involved. An attempt has been made here to touch on some of the most important problems of inter national law and the study of international law.

The scope of these problems reaches, as far as international law as such is concerned, from the question of its basis, which is more and more dif ficult to answer, to the many and varied concep tions of an ideal, desirable world order. In the science of international law, the range is from an antitheoretical pragmatism to the real and con ceptual difficulties in developing rules and pro cedures for peaceful change.

Only when these and other difficulties are recognized, and when it is accepted that the study of international law is and must remain a normative science, and that the maintenance of the 'negative' peace is a valid objective, even an indispensable requirement for all further endeavors to improve the condition of international rela tions, will fruitful cooperation with other disciplines be possible in the area of future peace research.
The Counterforce Potential of American SLBM Systems
Authors: Ball Desmond J.
Published: March 2007

SLBM systems have traditionally been seen as counter-value weapons systems, ideally suited to the support of mutual assured destruction and hence of greater international stability.

It is the primary contention of this paper that several quite discrete developments are pro viding SLBM systems with a potential, at least under some circumstances, for significant counterforce strategic operations. These developments are partly technical (a combination of improved ballistic missile inertial guidance systems, MIRVing, and increases in the naviga tional accuracy of the FBM submarines), partly strategic, and partly bureaucratic-political.

These developments necessitate a re-thinking of much of the conventional wisdom on the role of SLBM systems in the American strategic nuclear posture, and of the implications of these systems for arms control.
Towards a Multilateral Aviation Treaty
Authors: Gleditsch Nils Petter
Published: March 2007

How does one organize international interaction patterns which will serve to strengthen a peaceful and just international order? This is the central question of this paper which focuses on one particular type of interaction: international aviation. Starting from the five 'global values' of welfare, peace, justice, pluralism, and ecological balance, some consequences for interaction patterns are derived. The history and present state of aviation are discussed briefly in terms of network parameters (integration, centralization, polarization), network utilization (multiple users or a unitary user), allocation of services (laissez-faire vs. 'public utility'), distribution of income (traffic originator takes all or carrier takes all or some kind of sharing), and finally decision-making (single-country, bilateral, multilateral).

Aviation is characterized by increasing integration, high (but somewhat decreasing) centraliza tion and periodic local polarization of the network, duplicating services allocated on the basis of regulated competition, very limited income sharing, and largely bilateral decisionmaking. Aviation services are very unequally distributed (within and between countries) and no 'limit to growth' has been formulated by the industry. A movement towards less centralization and higher international equality in network definition, industry participation etc., is seen as desirable. A multilateral aviation system is seen as the system most suited to steering aviation in the direction of the postulated values. While there was considerable interest in multi lateralism during and just after WW II, interest has waned since then. As a preliminary step, it is suggested that ICAO sets up a computer model for a simulated aviation system, based on a multilateral treaty. This 'simulated network' could be used as a standard for reporting on current trends in aviation.
A Counterforce/Countervalue Scenario- or How Much Destructive Capability is Enough?
Authors: Lutz Dieter S.
Published: March 2007

Military forces and weapon systems - unless they are determined only for political reasons or internally di rected - must be capable of being reduced to a military relationship between on the one hand alternative tar get options and on the other hand the capability they have to threaten or destroy. This applies to the Theatre Nuclear Forces as well as to the NATO decision of December 1979.

Consequently, the question of the necessity for reactive armament - in German language the so-called "Nachrüstung" - can also be investigated by a comparison between (already) existing potential, enemy first strike and/or defence capabilities and alternative target options. To make the question more real by ap plying it to NATO's decision concerning reactive armament in the area of Long Range Theatre Nuclear For ces (LRTNF), we should ask: Without the planned increase in Euro-strategic systems, is NATO faced with the situation of an "atomic deterrent deficit", and conversely does the prospect exist for WTO of a nuclear offensive war with a calculable risk and acceptable consequences?
Regional Conflict Formations: An Intractable Problem of International Relations
Authors: Väyrynen Raimo
Published: March 2007

Shifts in the international distribution of economic and military power have created new centres of growth and conflict in the world's peripheries. The rise of different forms of regionalism is an indication of the fragmentation of international order. That is why there are substantive reasons to focus on political, economic and military discontinuities in international relations. There is a rich research tradition in the study of international relations and peace research which can be utilized in the analysis of regional subsystems and of their bearing on international conflict and integration. Unruliness in the world's peripheries cannot be accounted for primarily by the structure of the international system or by the policies of major powers. Conflict formations are naturally shaped by the impact of the capitalist world economy and by the economic and strategic penetration by major powers into the Third World, but ultimately these conflicts have their roots in domestic and regional circumstances. The most comprehensive picture of the causes and processes of peripheral conflict formations can be obtained by investigating the interaction of specific regional conditions with the constraining or instigating role of global forces. This interaction is a two-way street in that the relations between major powers are also affected by peripheral regional conflicts in which they have become entangled in a competitive fashion. In fact the failure of detente can be partly explained by the assertiveness of the Third World which has resulted in a new situation which major powers cannot manage efficiently enough in their foreign policies or mutual relations.
Secessionist Self-Determination: Some Lessons from Katanga, Biafra and Bangladesh
Authors: Rafiqul Islam M.
Published: March 2007

The existing world order is frequently interrupted by secessionist claims. The present state-oriented solidarity for 'territorial integrity under all circumstances at any cost' has not succeeded in solving the problem. It has now become imperative for the international community to formulate principles and guidelines to cope with this problem. This paper examines three of the major separatist attempts since the Second World War and the way the rest of the world community reacted to them. The failure of Katanga and Biafra secessions and the success of the Bangladesh one were not isolated incidents. Rather these are probably normative for future claims in the sense that some lessons worthy of imitation may be derived from these experiences. Whilst the right to secession was denied in case of Katanga and Biafra, the Bangladesh situation indicates that the world community is willing to recognise a limited and orderly right to secession as the ultimate remedy under certain circumstances, particularly in extreme cases of the abuse and misuse of territorial integrity. Several factors distinguish the Bangladesh situation from the other two cases. In addition to a comparative study of these factors the paper develops certain common and influential criteria which the world community may increasingly recognise in responding to a future secessionist claim. This would in turn assist the international community in its concern for the establishment of a legal order to deal with post-colonial self-determination claims.
The Role of Process in Arms Control Negotiations
Authors: Steinberg Gerald M.
Published: March 2007

Arms control efforts tend to proceed through highly formalized and very visible direct negotiations between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. There is evidence, however, that even when political and technological conditions might otherwise produce agreements, this formal process itself tends to impede the flexibility necessary for compromise and successful negotiations. The examination of the role of process in negotiation is based on the analysis of the particular structures of decision making adopted by the participants, and of the modes of communication they use to convey information, offers, and responses. Given the number of bureaucratic actors generally involved in arms control, full participation by all in a decentralized decision-making process can be expected to lead to slow and inflexible negotiating positions. Similarly, direct communication is likely to highlight concerns for status and bargaining reputation which impede concessions and agreement. In analyzing the Test Ban and Salt I negotiations from this perspective, centrally controlled decision- making, combined with informal and closely held communication, is shown to have contributed to the eventual success of the negotiations. While the formal negotiations of the Test Ban and SALT process frequently became blocked, the informal back-channels, from which most bureaucratic actors were excluded, led to concessions and progress. Centralized decision making and the informal 'off the record' communica tion of proposals and responses, in these cases, facilitated agreements. While these procedures are not cost free, particularly for pluralistic and open societies, they suggest that formal processes of negotiation should not automatically be sought in the context of arms control efforts.
Review Essay : The USSR — Evil, Strong, and Dangerous?
Authors: Oldberg Ingmar
Published: March 2007

The essay contrasts two books whose authors are clear exponents of opposite views of the Soviet military sector. The Soviet emigré Suvorov warns of the Soviet threat, proceeding from the conception of the USSR as totalitarian, unique, and evil. This makes him see a threat not only in Soviet strengths but also in Soviet weaknesses and problems. His book is often contradictory, descriptive rather than analytical. A major weakness is that the author does not reveal his sources. The main value of the book is that it is an example of the Soviet way of thinking turned against the USSR. The American Cockburn builds extensively on Soviet as well as Western sources. Him aim is to show the irrationality of the arms race. But his preoccupation with the American debate tends sometimes to make him overemphasize the similarities between the super powers and to disregard the role of Europe. He gives a good analysis of the problems of the Soviet military machine, implying that the USSR is less menacing to the West than Western militarists believe. However, the assumption is that the Soviet leaders know the problems and act rationally. This is not certain, since — a situation Cockburn is aware of — the leadership is involved in fractional struggles and the system hinders the flow of information and criticism from below.
Richardson Processes and Arms Transfers, 1971-1980: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Chadwick Richard W.
Published: March 2007

Arms transfers to Asian countries seem to effect an increase in military expenditures of their neighbors. An examination of Australia, US and USSR military expenditure patterns for 1971-80 in an Asian con text indicates sensitivity to arms transfers and US 'containment policy' in Asian countries. Analyses of other Asian countries (from Afghanistan to Japan) lead to similar conclusions. Lewis Fry Richardson's theory is employed in a manner which allows alternative hypotheses to be tested, supplementing his ori ginal 'arms race' formulation. Burden sharing, cooperation, and compliance among allies, and asym metric responses to perceived threat, are among the alternatives studied. Economic burden does not ap pear to affect significantly many Asian countries' ability to increase military expenditures, at least in the manner Richardson proposed, but this result may be due to the relatively low burden currently placed on the economies of most countries studied. It is concluded that Richardson's theory and general methodology may still be useful not only for the policy purposes he originally intended, but also for ob taining quantitative implications of military spending for long term problems such as environmental de gradation, economic and political development, and social change. This can be accomplished by em bedding equations similar to his into global macroeconomic and political models.
Books, Professors, and Student Teachers
Authors: Story M.L.
Published: March 2007

The translation of example into prac tice, the adaptation of the impact of most recent experiences to a new set of condi tions, the change from the college to the high school or even the elementary school environment—these are among the tasks confronting the teacher in his first job. Mr. Story, Professor of Education, Win throp College, Rock Hill, South Carolina, asks the teacher-educator to consider these problems.
Real Wages and Unemployment in the 1930s: A Reply
Authors: Beenstock Michael
Published: March 2007

In January 1984 the Bank of England Panel of Academic Consultants held a meeting to discuss the economic recovery in Britain in the early 1930s. The proceedings were published in Panel Paper no. 23. There were two main papers, one by David Worswick and the other by myself, Forrest Capie and Brian Griffiths (BCG). Our main contribution was to argue that the recession was largely triggered on the supply side rather than the demand side.
Chapter II. The World Economy
Authors: Barrell R.J. , Gurney Andrew
Published: March 2007

The upturn in economic activity that has been clearly visible for the last year in both Japan and the US now appears to be spreading to Europe. The factors affecting the upturn are diverse, but it appears to be investment led, at least in the US and Japan, and to a lesser extent in Germany and the UK. Chart 1 plots the investment to income ratio for the major four economies over the past, along with our forecast for the medium term. The investment-income ratio has fallen in France and Germany over the past ten years, but it has reached relatively high levels in Japan in the last four years.
Economic And Monetary Union in A Multi-Tier Europe
Authors: Arrowsmith John
Published: March 2007

It is now looking increasingly plausible that, at some point between the middle of 1997 and the beginning of 1999, a number of EC Member States (perhaps even a majority) will move to the final stage of Economic and Monetary Union. The macro economic consequences of EMU and the costs and benefits ofparticipating are already the subject ofactive and extensive academic analysis. Very little attention has so far been given to the question of how a two-tier EMU, with only some EC countries prticipating in Stage 3, would function and what implications there might be for those remaining in Stage 2.

The purpose of this Note is to highlight some of these issues, which will need to be studied and understood in much greater depth before a decision is taken. It looks at the legal and institutional framework set out in the Maastricht Treaty, the relevant experience of nearly-fixed European exchange rates from 1987 to 1992 and the economic and political implications of particular country configurations in a two-tier EMU, concluding that mutually satisfactory management of such a relationhip will require greater political will and co-operative spirit than has been in evidence so far.
Evaluation of a Classification Algorithm by Simulation
Authors: Borden Andrew , Van Den Hooff Johan
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a method for evaluating the efficiency of an on-time classification algorithm used by a Radar Warning Receiver in a combat aircraft. The evaluation is done in a hybrid simulator which was designed for total systems test. The embedded algorithm is compared with one which has been generated automatically and is known to be nearly optimal.
Real-Time Simulation-Based Planning for Computer Generated Force Simulation
Authors: Jin Joo Lee  , Fishwick Paul A.
Published: March 2007

Automated Planning has been an active research topic for more than thirty years, but only recently has it started to move in the direction of combining planning and execution to achieve what is sometimes called Intelligent Reactive Planning. We propose Simutation-Based planning as a new way to perform intelligent reactive planning. Simulation-Based planning—unlike most other planning systems—integrates simulation into the planning process. Once a set of plans is generated, simulations are used to test and evaluate the plans to choose the most applicable plan for that current situation. In most planning systems, plan evaluation depends on rules alone, and because rules must be designed general enough to cover all possible cases, the evaluation is not specific enough for some individual cases. However, when the plan evaluation is done through simulations, the evaluation can be more fine-tuned to individual cases and can allow better plans to be chosen for that individual case. From the military planning perspective, the simulation-based planner is also quite useful due to its ability to perform adversarial and multi-agent planning. This is a natural consequence of using simulation in the planning process. By allowing other entities such as the enemy to simulate in parallel with the planner's forces, the planner is able to observe, prior to the actual execution, the effects of adversarial and multi-agent actions against its own plans.
Parallel Independent Replicated Simulation on a Network of Workstations
Authors: Lin Yi-Bing
Published: March 2007

Parallel independent replicated simulation (PIRS) is an effective approach to speed up the simulation processes. In a PIRS, amultiple simulation runs are executed independently computers in parallel. The statistical properties for a PIRS may be affected by the scheduling policies. For an unbiased PIRS scheduling policy, a reliable distributed computing environment is required. We consider an unbiased PIRS scheduling policy on a distributed platform such as a network of workstations. We observe that including more computing resources may degrade the performance of PIRS. Simple rules are proposed to select processors for PIRS.
A Simulation Model of Drum-Buffer-Rope for Production Planning and Control at a Naval Aviation Depot
Authors: Guide V. Daniel R.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a SLAM II- FORTRAN simulation model of Drum- buffer-rope (DBR) as a production planning and control methodology at the engine component division of a Naval Aviation Depot. The model represents all of the functional areas of remanufacturing facility (a total of 27 shops) required for the repair/overhaul of an aviation component, as well as DBR for production planning and control. The model allows for experimentation in a variety of areas, including setting buffer sizes, buffer management techniques, input/output control, and capacity management. The model experiments indicate that DBR is an extremely robust method of production planning and control and that DBR leads to better performance to schedule, lower work-in- process inventory and improved use of present resources.
Taxonomy of Aircraft Ground Modal Behaviour: A Brief Report
Authors: Kapadoukas Georgios G.
Published: March 2007

This paper summarises the work undertaken in the developmerrt of a new computer-aided facility for flight simulator modelling and validation. Flight simulators may look like the real aeroplane but they fail to fly like the real aeroplane [Booth 1993]. Simulator systems management, procedures and instruments training are effective and transferable but they do not prepare the pilot for the dangerous on or near-the-ground scenarios. There is a belief that better results can be obtained by subjectively checking each flying mode and manoeuvre individually. When one manoeuvre is adjusted to satisfaction all the others are checked and retuned. Iteratively checking each training manoeuvre or flying mode is time-consuming and error-prone. What is needed is a conclusive one shot method of simulator flying quality validation that ensures accuracy without resort to trial and error methods. The landing or on-the-ground situation is much worse. This is due to the paucity of low level data and the difficulty of accurately deriving the root equations that describe the landing and bounce transition from 'soft' aerodynamics to 'stiff' undercarriage dynamics. The computer model is written in ACSL/ FORTRAN and can provide both time histories and eigen patterns.
Simulation of Plasmatic Enzyme Reactions During Thrombolytic Therapy With Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator: from In Vitro Knowledge To New Assumptions In Vivo
Authors: Thomaseth Karl , Boniollo Barbara
Published: March 2007

Therapy of occlusive pathologies of blood vessels, like acute myocardial infarction, is commonly based on administration of thrombolytic enzymes that accelerate the dissolution of thrombi, but that increase also the risk of bleeding through their activity on specific plasma substances. In order to gain insight regarding the relative importance of various processes on the dynamics of these plasma substances we developed a math ematical model of biochemical reactions occurring in plasma during therapy with the thrombolytic agent rt-PA ( recombinant tissue-type Plasminogen Activator). On the basis of in vitro knowledge a preliminary model was formulated and simulation studies were performed to analyze in detail the various processes. During the validation of the model some novel hypotheses emerged regarding the importance of specific biochemical reactions in vivo. A revised model was then formulated which well describes experimental observations reported in literature.
Determining the Number of Kanbans: A Simulation Metamodeling Approach
Authors: Aytug Haldun , Dogan Can A. , Bezmez Gokce
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a method to determine the number of kanbans in a pull production system by using simulation metamodeling is described. The method is demonstrated on a two-card kanban- controlled manufacturing system. Through meta modeling, a relationship between the number of kanbans and the average time to fill a customer order is determined. Later this relationship is used in a model to determine the number of kanbans while minimizing costs.
Visual Interactive Modelling with Sim View for Organizational Improvement
Authors: van Dijk Johannes N. , Jobing Marcel J. , Warren James R. , Seeley Douglas , Macri Riccardo
Published: March 2007

We describe the use of the Visual Interactive Modelling (VIM) tool SimView. SimView emphasizes graphical model specification, animation. and hierarchical decomposition to support a Whole Systems Perspective in organizational modelling. The aim is to help modellers gain a sound understanding of the dynamic behavior of an organization as a whole, including interactions with its environment, to make effective decisions regarding organizational change. Application of SimView is illustrated by a capacity study carried out for Queensland Rail that led to a saving of several million dollars. A survey of Sim View users reveals that they make extensive use of animation to validate models and to support participation in the modelling process. Deficiencies pointed out by the surveyed users form an agenda for further research in the development of VIM environments.
Simulation Modeling of a Fleet of Remote- Controlled/Automatic Load-Haul-Dump Vehicles in Underground Mines
Authors: Vagenas Nick
Published: March 2007

In the last few years, a concept for automating Load-Haul-Dump (LHD) vehicles has stimulated considerable interest in the world mining industry. In this concept, the tramming and dumping operations of an LHD should be automatic. During loading, an operator from a control room fills the bucket of a vehicle via remote- control aided by a television system. The application of such a Remote-controlled/ Automatic LHD (RAL) system in underground hard rock mines exhibits some operational and traffic control characteristics that have not been studied previously in mining (e.g., vehicle motion in bidirectional lane segments). This paper presents a discrete-event simulation model developed for studying and evaluating the operation of a fleet of RALs. This model integrates graphical modeling and presentation of RAL transport layouts with animation of the motion of vehicles during simulation. The model is used to evaluate the capacity of a future fleet of RALs which can operate in a typical transport layout at the LKAB Swedish iron ore mine in Kiruna.