bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NICOLAU DE AUTRECOURT: duas cartas a Bernardo De Arezzo
Authors: De Boni Luis A.
Published: September 2019

Primeira Carta

Prezado Padre Frei Bernardo:

Com todo o respeito que devo demonstrar-vos devido aos méritos dos frades franciscanos, desejo apresentar nesta carta algumas dúvidas e mesmo, como parece a alguns, os absurdos evidentes - que parecem seguir-se de vossas afirmações. Com a solução de tais dúvidas espero que a mim e a outros se demonstre com mais clareza a verdade. Li em alguns textos que apresentastes na escola dos frades menores, e aos quais permitistes acesso a todo o verdadeiramente interessado, as proposições que seguem: A primeira, colocada por vós nos Comentários às Sentenças (dist. 3, q. 4), diz o seguinte: "O conhecimento intuitivo e claro é aquele pelo qual julgamos que uma coisa existe, independente do fato de ela existir ou não." A segunda proposição, colocada no mesmo lugar, afirma: "Na sentença: 'O objeto não existe, logo não é visto', não vale a consequência, como não vale também esta: 'Isto é visto, logo existe'. Ambas aliás são falsas, como o são estas: 'César está na mente, logo César existe; César não existe, logo não está na mente'." A terceira proposição, também no mesmo lugar, diz: "O conhecimento intuitivo não requer necessariamente a existência da coisa." Uma quarta proposição creio poder inferir destas três: "Toda a impressão que temos da existência de objetos exteriores pode ser falsa," pois, segundo vós, ele pode dar-se quer o objeto exista, quer não.
Shellfish exploitation during the Oakhurst at Klipdrift Cave, southern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Ryano Kokeli P. , Van Niekerk Karen L. , Wurz Sarah , Henshilwood Christopher S.
Published: September 2019

Klipdrift Cave in the southern Cape, South Africa, provides new insights into shellfish harvesting during the Later Stone Age (14–9 ka) period associated with the Oakhurst techno-complex. Two shellfish species dominate: Turbo sarmaticus and Dinoplax gigas. An abrupt shift in the relative frequencies of these species occurs in the middle of the sequence with T. sarmaticus almost completely replacing D. gigas. The shift in dominant species is likely due to environmental change caused by fluctuating sea levels rather than change in sea surface temperatures. The shellfish assemblage shows that local coastal habitats at Klipdrift Cave were somewhat different from those of contemporaneous sites in the southern Cape. Although the shellfish specimens are smaller at Klipdrift Cave than those from Middle Stone Age localities such as Blombos Cave, there is no robust indication that larger human populations at Klipdrift Cave during the Oakhurst period might have caused this change in size. Environmental or ecological factors could have restricted shellfish growth rates as some experimental works have suggested, but this possibility also remains to be further explored.

Significance:

The dominance of D. gigas and T. sarmaticus at Klipdrift Cave is surprising, as it indicates a local habitat slightly different from other similar sites during the Oakhurst period.

The shift in dominance from D. gigas to T. sarmaticus indicates changing climatic and environmental conditions during the Oakhurst period, 14–7 ka.
Evaluación del desempeño del egresado de la carrera de Ingeniería Comercial de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana - Ecuador
Authors: Izquierdo Maldonado Carlos , Loarte Ávila Walter
Published: September 2019

El contrato social1 y la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior asignan a la universidad ecuatoriana el rol de formar profesionales con las capacidades y competencias requeridas por los sectores sociales y empresariales del país. La pertinencia de la calidad de la educación superior interpela la gestión académica de la universidad, al preguntarse: ¿si las capacidades y competencias formativas del educando corresponden a los estándares de desempeño requeridos?El diseño del Modelo de Evaluación de Desempeño Profesional del Egresado de Ingeniería Comercial de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) del Ecuador, permite evaluar las competencias genéricas y específicas alcanzadas por el educando en su fase de formación y desempeño laboral. El modelo recoge varias experiencias, particularmente las competencias genéricas y específicas del perfil de egreso del proyecto Tuning Europa/América Latina.
Clarificación de agua con generación de energía eléctrica en una celda galvánica Al-H2O2
Authors: Alfonso Moreno Freddy Leonard , Gómez Cervantes Diego Enrique
Published: September 2019

Electrical energy generation by aluminum oxidation produces Al3+ cation and species like Al(OH)3, responsible for inducing flocculation in water treatment. This paper aims to highlight the fact that an Al-H2O2 galvanic cell can destabilize the suspended solids of a water used as cell’s electrolyte, in order to describe a clarification process with electrical energy generation instead of consumption. Thus, a galvanic cell was made by using an aluminum anode, a graphite cathode, H2O2 as oxidant and a clay suspension in KCl solution as electrolyte that simulated the water to treat; removal of turbidity of suspension, potential difference and the generated electrical current were evaluated. The proposed system removed turbidity from water by flocculation and dissolution, as well as generated an average of 0.613 V and supplied 8.51 C at an average intensity of 157 µA. Aluminum hydrolysis eliminated 88.9±1% of turbidity by flocculation, improving to 96.6±1% by addition of H2O2, that solubilized suspended particles, stimulated electrical current generation and mitigated the voltage fall. This way, it is presented a system of obtaining energy from a primary water treatment induced by sub-products of chemical-electrical direct energy transformation.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and steroids: benefit or harm
Authors: Khan Abdul Hamid , Majeed Mehwish
Published: September 2019

Background: Corticosteroids are being widely used in conditions related to allergy and inflammation. There are great species differences in the responses to glucocorticoids that mean a “steroid resistant” species. Steroids have profound effect on inflammatory response by way of vasoconstriction, decreased chemotaxis and interference with macrophages. There still are enormous gaps in our knowledge of the action of glucocorticosteroids in patients of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD).Methods: This study was done in the department of general medicine at SKIMS, Srinagar from December 2017 to December 2018 on patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A total number of 100 patients were enrolled for the study but 20 patients, 10 from each group lost their follow up. To see the effect of steroids on pulmonary function tests, patients were divided into case and control group. Patients in case group were given prednisolone 30 mg orally for two week (tapering dose). Patients in control group were given placebo for the same duration of two weeks. Steroid response was defined as 15% improvement in baseline forced expiratory volume (FEV).Results: Steroid response was defined as 15% increase in forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) after receiving tapering dose of prednisone 30 mg for 2 weeks, no patients in case group showed increase in FEV1/FVC of 15%. The change in pulmonary function tests was comparable in each group (p>0.5).Conclusions: The change in pulmonary function tests were comparable in each group (p>0.5). So, steroids in stable patients of COPD are best to be avoided.
A study to evaluate the analgesic activity of Origanum vulgare in mice using tail flick method
Authors: Raveendran Siddhi , Rajadnya Vikram , Kothari Revati , Tilak A. V. , Das Sayan , Bhalsinge Rahul
Published: September 2019

Background: Pain is a complex experience consisting of physiological and psychological response to a noxious stimulus. Analgesics like opiates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used for relieving pain but are associated with various unwanted side effects; therefore this study was conducted by using Origanum vulgare for their analgesic efficacy.Methods: In vivo model used was tail flick method. Origanum vulgare (84 mg/kg p.o) was administered in mice. The analgesic activity was studied by recording the reaction time after administration of the drug at frequent intervals up to 3 hours. The results were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test. P-value <0.05 was considered as significant. Pentazocine showed statistically prolongation in the reaction time after 30 min as compared to Origanum vulgare.Results: In tail flick method, pentazocine showed statistically significant increase in the reaction time after 30 min of administration as compared to control group. However, Origanum vulgare in a dose of 84 mg/kg showed significant increase in the reaction time after 30 min of administration as compared to control group. On comparing pentazocine and Origanum vulgare, pentazocine showed highly significant increase in the reaction time after 30 min as compared to Origanum vulgare at 84 mg/kg dose.Conclusions: From the present study, it was concluded that extract of Origanum vulgare exerted analgesic activity in both the models. However, it was less potent than pentazocine. Thus, Origanum vulgare can be used in mild to moderate painful conditions.
A retrospective analysis of acute poisoning cases admitted to a tertiary care hospital in South India
Authors: Anandabaskar Nishanthi , Murugan Reveda , Selvaraj Nitya , Jayaraman Mohanasundaram , Rajamohammad Meher Ali , Kagne Rajendrakumar Nivaratirao
Published: September 2019

Background: Acute poisoning is a medical emergency and a global public health problem. The poisoning pattern varies across countries and even between different regions within a country. The aim of this was to explore the demographic, etiological, and clinical characteristics of acute poisoning cases admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Puducherry, South India.Methods: This was a retrospective hospital record based study of acute poisoning cases admitted to our hospital during the period from January 2015 to December 2017. The patients’ demographic, etiological and clinical characteristics were analyzed.Results: Of the total of 275 cases of acute poisoning, majority of them were in the age group of 21- 30 years (32%) and were females (58.5%). Most of the cases were suicidal in nature (75.3%). Majority of the patients consumed a single poisonous agent (92.7%) and the route of poisoning was oral in all of them. Majority of the patients (56.7%) reached the hospital within 2 hours of exposure to the poison with median duration of hospital stay of 2 days, and mortality of 2.9%. Majority of the suicidal poisonings were associated with abuse of insecticides (39.4%), rodenticides (19.7%) and plant seeds (14.4%); whereas the accidental poisonings were mostly due to household agents (79.1%).Conclusions: Our study shows that the majority of the poisoning cases occurred with a single poisonous agent consumed orally, for suicidal purposes in young age group and women. Pesticides and plant seeds were commonly abused for committing suicides and household agents dominated the list of causes for accidental poisoning.
Antibiotics-related adverse drug reactions at a tertiary care hospital in North India
Authors: Rani Seema , Sharma Bhawna , . Tarun , Kumar Sanjeev , Saini Rahul
Published: September 2019

Background: Antibiotics are considered to be commonly used drugs in hospital setting due to higher prevalence of infectious diseases especially in India. So, the present study was conducted to assess the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to antibiotics and analyze for causality of adverse drug events reported.Methods: The present retrospective and observational, study was conducted in BPS GMC for women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana which is a 500 bedded government medical hospital situated in rural area between March 2016 to February 2019 (i.e., 3 years). Patients of either sex or age who developed ADRs by any route were included in the study.Results: 300 (38.65%) cases were reported due to antibiotics out of total 776 ADR cases. 3% cases were serious. Adults (65%) were found to be most commonly affected by ADRs. Among antibiotics, cephalosporins and penicillins (15.98%) were the major culprit to cause adverse events followed by nitroimidazoles (15.2%) and antitubercular drugs and fluoro quinolones (13.16%). The most affected organ system was skin (49.33%) followed by the gastrointestinal system (33%). As per WHO scale of causality assessment, 33.33% and 67.67% reported cases were found to probably and possibly related to adverse events respectively.Conclusions: Antibiotics are most commonly prescribed drugs so its monitoring regarding ADRs may benefit the clinicians in early identification and management of ADRs so that quality of life of patient can be safeguarded at an earliest.
Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir based antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease
Authors: Rasool Shahid , Babar Ahmad N. , Baig Muhammad Wasif , Azhar Salman , Akhtar Muhammad Saeed
Published: September 2019

Background: Screening studies for hepatitis C have proved that it is more prevalent in patients with renal diseases. Chronic hepatitis C infection in patients with kidney disease not only accelerates renal deterioration but also adversely effects morbidity and mortality. Availability of direct acting antiviral drugs has revolutionized treatment of hepatitis C even in difficult patients. In advanced kidney diseases, selection of treatment is difficult. Aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Sofosbuvir based DAAs in patients with advanced CKD.Methods: In this Quasi experimental study, CHC patients with or without cirrhosis having advance CKD (eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2) and/or on dialysis were enrolled. End points of the study were documentation of SVR 12 or discontinuation of therapy. Different regimens of oral DAAs with or without Ribavirin were used.Results: 86 patients with a median age of 53 years were enrolled. 37 patients were on maintenance dialysis and 49 were not on dialysis with eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Virological response was 92.68% at the end of treatment and SVR was achieved by 90.2% twelve weeks after therapy. Insomnia 14%, headache 11% and anemia 7% were main dverse effects. Mean eGFR and creatinine before and after treatment remained the same. Only 2 patients relapsed, both were on dialysis thrice weekly.Conclusions: All Sofosbuvir based regimens used for the treatment of CHC in patients with end stage renal disease are effective and well tolerated. Close follow up is advised to monitor side effects.
Study of oxidative stress and C-Reactive protein in type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Dalvi Shubhangi M. , Hathial Chandrakiran D. , Yeram Neelam , Nalavade Mayuri , Patil Vinayak W.
Published: September 2019

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and insulin action or both. T2DM is associated with chronic low grade inflammation, possibly through a pathway involving a cytokine-mediated acute-phase response to infection and other inflammatory processes. authors aim to study C-reactive protein (CRP) which is an acute-phase reactant produced primarily in the liver hepatocytes. Oxidative stress levels in newly diagnosed T2M patients were analysed with respect to malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO).Methods: Case-control study comprising of aged-sex matched subjects: newly diagnosed T2DM cases (n=30) and controls (n=30). The serum samples of subjects were analysed for levels of MDA by Buege and Aust method, while NO levels by Cortas and Wakid’s kinetic cadmium reduction method using spectrophotometer. CRP levels were analysed by using turbidimetry. Statistical analysis was done using Mini-tab 17 software with 95% confidence interval.Results: Serum levels of MDA, NO and CRP in newly diagnosed T2DM patients were significantly increased as compared to healthy controls.Conclusions:  Authors concluded that the oxidative stress and inflammation plays a pivotal role in the aetiology of hyperglycemia in T2DM. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers might help prognosis of T2DM in hyperglycemic individuals with the help of which precautionary measure can be taken to reduce the rate of disease progression. Treatment involving anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory medications might help to rescue vital organs from damage.
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Vaidya S. A. , Gupta B. B. , Bhandari Mahak , Behl Simran , Kosta Susmit
Published: September 2019

Background: Diabetes mellitus, a leading cause of death worldwide, is the most common endocrine disorder. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and Thyroid Dysfunction (TD) often present together and complicate each other at many levels. Recent studies find out the prevalence of TD in T2D in Malwa Region. Objective of the purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of TD in patients with T2D.Methods: A match cross-sectional study design was conducted at Department of Medicine, Sri Aurobindo Medical College, from March 2018 to April 2019. Source populations were all patients who live in Malwa Region, Indore. A total of 150 cases were enrolled in this study, 75 cases (TD in T2D) and 75 controls were taken into study.Results: There was no significant difference in age and body mass index (BMI) between groups. The average duration of diabetes was 7.76±5.57 years and mean Hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c) was 8.17±1.66%. Only 29(38.6%) of patients had HbA1c below 7%. There was significant difference (p=0.001) in HbA1c. Prevalence of TD in T2D was significantly more in females. Out of TD in T2D patients, sub-clinical hypothyroid was present in 14.6% hypothyroidism was present in 8% patients and sub-clinical hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism was present in 1.3% patients.Conclusions: This study reveals about one in four people living with T2D are suffering from TD in Malwa Region. TD is common in T2D patients and can produce significant metabolic disturbances.
Role of propranolol in the management of infantile hemangioma
Authors: Kumar Manwendra , Kumar Sudhir , Chaudhary Pankaj K. , Kumar Amit
Published: September 2019

Background: Infantile hemangiomas are the most common benign soft tissue tumor of infancy and childhood occurring 4-10% of all infants. It is more frequent in premature children (23% of infants <1200g) and females (3:1 to 5:1). For many hemangiomas treatment is not required, however hemangioma in some locations need treatment to prevent complication. The Present study was done with an Aim to assess the efficacy and safety of oral Propranolol in management of infantile heamangioma in our set-up.Methods: This study was conducted from May 2016 to Nov 2017 at Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, M.L.B. Medical College, Jhansi after obtaining Ethical permission. Patients having confirmed were recruited & admitted for initiation of Oral Propranolol therapy for 5 days under the observation of Paediatrician. Oral Propranolol treatment was continued till the age of 11/2 years. A clinical assessment was made at each visit to the Outpatients Clinic every four weeks.Results: The incidences of infantile hemangioma were more in age group (0-7 months) i.e 55% (22 patients) followed by age group of (8-15 days) i.e. 30% (12 patients). As age advances presentation gradually decreases as after 30 days incidence is only 5%. Infantile hemangioma were more common in females’ patients (55% patients) & mostly 90% (36 patients) present as single lesion and only 10% (4 patients) present as multiple lesions. Most of hemangiomas presented as reddish in color 80% (32 patients) which reflected lesions are mostly superficial & only 10% were brownish red and 10% skin color indicated incidence of deeper penetration.Conclusion: Authors found that drug (Propranolol) to be effective even at low dose of 1mg/kg/day. In our study group it was effective and safe in almost all patients.
A case of formic acid poisoning: prompting for a different line of management
Authors: Nayanatara Vasireddy Nayanatara , Ravitheja Jampani
Published: September 2019

Formic acid is an easily available substance and can thus be consumed voluntarily or accidentally. Here is a case who presented to our center 5 days post accidental ingestion of formic acid. He had developed acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Post admission he had altered sensorium probably alcohol withdrawal and later aspiration pneumonia and ARDS. He developed a late onset GI bleed on day 8 of ingestion with significant hemoglobin drop. An emergency endoscopy was done which showed a normal esophagus but extensive corrosive damage and active bleeding from gastric area. He continued to have drop in hemoglobin in-spite of aggressive volume and blood product transfusions. He was taken up for an emergency subtotal gastrectomy and viable tissue was demarcated with intraoperative endoscopy and a subtotal gastrectomy was performed. He stabilized initially but worsened again 2 days later with worsening lactic acidosis and succumbed to his illness. The fact that esophagus was completely spared with extensive involvement of stomach could possibly indicate a need for review of initial management of corrosive/organic acid poisoning.
Exploring Mechanical Alloying to Produce Doped ZnO
Authors: Sotillo Belén , Solana María Esther , Fernández Paloma
Published: September 2019

In this work, a mixture of ZnO and CeO2 powders are subjected to a milling procedure to monitor the mechanical alloying processes. ZnO-CeO2 powders have been milled during 10 to 60 hours, and have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis absorption, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies, in order to study the present phases, the tensional state of material and particle sizes. The evolution of the phases presents with the time of milling, and the possible changes in the lattice parameter will help us to estimate the efficiency of the grinding process for obtaining Ce doped ZnO.
Synthesis and Structural-chemical Studied of Adduct of Coordination Supramolecular Porous Polymer Hexaaquatribenzene-1,2,4,5- Teacarbonato-tetrairon(iii) with Dipyridyl
Authors: Usubaliyev B. T. , Taghiyev D. B. , Munshiyeva M. K. , Aliyeva G. M. , Aliyeva F. B. , Rzayeva A. K. , Hasanova M. M. , Safarova P. S. , Mammadova G. Z.
Published: September 2019

An α, α′-dipyridyl adduct of a complex compound hexaaquatribenzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarbonatotetra iron (III) with porous structure was synthesized for the first time. According to the results of elemental, X-ray, IR-spectroscopic and differential-thermal analyses the individuality, chemical formula, thermal destruction, and form of coordination of acid-ic anion and dipyridyl were established. During interaction of a complex compound with dipyridyl, it completely loses all crystallization molecule of water resulting in a compound with a chemical formula of Fe4(C6H2(COO)4)3(dpy)2 (dipyridyl). Using the identification of diffraction pattern the parameters of lattice cell of the complex compound were determined.
Role of Oxygen Pressure on the Surface Properties of Polycrystalline Cu2O Films Deposited By Thermal Evaporator
Authors: Khan I. A. , Hussain S. A. , Nadeem A. S. , Saleem M. , Hassnain A. , Ahmad R.
Published: September 2019

Polycrystalline cuprous oxide (P-Cu2O) films are deposited on Cu substrates for various (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mbar) oxygen pressures (OP) by thermal evaporator. The XRD pattern shows the development of Cu (200), Cu2O (200) and Cu2O (311) diffraction planes which confirms the deposition of P-Cu2O films. The intensity of Cu2O (200) and Cu2O (311) planes is associated with the increase of OP. The crystallite size and microstrains developed in (200) and (311) planes are found to be 19.31, 21.18, 11.32 nm; 22.04, 23.11, 12.08 nm and 0.113, 0.103, 0.193; 0.099, 0.096, 0.181 with increasing OP respectively. The d-spacing and lattice constant are found to be 0.210, 0.128 nm and 0.421, 0.425 nm respectively. The bond length of P-Cu2O film is found to be 0.255 nm. The crystallites/unit area of these planes is found to be 12.21, 7.46, 45.16 nm-2 and 8.21, 5.75, 37.16 nm-2 respectively. The texture coefficients of these planes are found to be 1.22, 1.26, 1.11 and 0.78, 0.74 and 0.56 with increasing OP respectively. The O and Cu contents are found to be 5.31, 5.92, 6.94 wt % and 83.01, 82.44, 80.65 wt % respectively. The thickness and growth rate of P-Cu2O films are found to be 87.9, 71.9, 65.5 nm and 17.6, 14.2, 13.1 (nm/min) with increasing OP respectively. The SEM micro-structures reveal the formations of patches of irregular shapes, rounded nano-particles, clouds of nano-particles and their distribution depend on the increasing OP. The refractive index and energy band gap of P-Cu2O films are found to be 1.96, 1.89, 1.92 and 2.47, 2.44 and 2.25 eV with increasing OP respectively.
MISTRYUGOV P.A. LOCAL «EXTREME STRUCTURES OF THE SOVIET POWER IN THE YEARS OF THE CIVIL WAR»
Authors: Barinova E. P. , Leonov M. M.
Published: September 2019

Review of the monograph by young author P.A. Mistryugova, devoted to the problem of the formation of local emergency bodies during the years of the Civil War, which was insufficiently studied at the regional level, offers a critical look at the presented research, which involves a comprehensive analysis of the book and the material used.Highly and positively assessing the work done by P.A. Mistrugov work, we note that, unfortunately, outside the author’s attention remained such an important issue as the form of public perception of the activities of emergency authorities. The protest movement is also represented in the monograph quite schematically. It would be interesting to trace the reaction of the inhabitants of the Samara province to the activities of emergency structures, especially since, characterizing the source base, the author declares the use of ego-documents, and positions as a task the recreation of the appearance of participants in revolutionary events.
ON THE QUESTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM
Authors: Melnikova M. V.
Published: September 2019

The article analyzes the controversial legal question of the possibility of allocation of international law in an independent legal system. The legal system is a complex phenomenon that makes up one of the subsystems of society, along with the political system, economic, spiritual and cultural, etc.and includes the system of law, the system of legislation, sources of law, lawmaking and the application of law, as well as other factors in the field of law, on the basis of which it is possible to characterize the national legal system. There is a point of view that the above concepts of the content of the national legal system are applicable to the definition of the international legal system, as the above elements are quite correlated with it. However, it should be noted that the international legal system is an independent legal system that does not replace the concept of the national legal system. The question of expediency of consideration of not supranationality, but mutual influence of the international and national legal systems is proved.
WHAT COULD BE A SUPRANATIONAL (GLOBAL) TREATY IN THE FIELD OF SPORTS
Authors: Vasilev I. A. , Vasilyev A. D.
Published: September 2019

The article concerns the prospects for the formation of the treaty for the field of sports, it is proposed to study and systematize certain law aspects: what influences on the status of the treaty and its main functions in the system of international sports law today. To do this, the authors turn to unexplored concepts, terms of an international treaty in the modern theory of law, considered the principles and norms of international law regulation in the field of sports. Characteristic features of international sports regulation through Lex Sportiva are highlighted and described. The debatable issue of the law framework for international regulation in the field of sports and the influence on it of the institutional framework for organizing international sports activities will remain the subject of international sports law. In this article, the authors address the content of such concepts as the Treaty of Lisbon, international treaty for the field of sports, international sports law, sports activities, autonomy of norms, selfregulation. The presented view and concern will be of interest to specialists in the field of international sports law.
FAIRNESS AND ABUSE OF INTEREST IN VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
Authors: Zamriy O. N.
Published: September 2019

The article demonstrates the interconnection and interdependence of the good faith of persons entering into marriage, and the recognition by the state of the reality of a marriage union. A new look at the status of a bona fide spouse is presented, the ratio of spouses good faith behavior and misuse of interest in marriage is established. Parallels were made between the principle of good faith in civil matters and the presumption of good faith of spouses as subjects of family relations, the validity of which is challenged in court.
TERMINATION / RESTRICTION OF WATER DISPOSAL (“PLUGS”) AND PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF CITIZENS IN HOUSING RELATIONS
Authors: Dolinskaya V. V. , Dolinskaya L. M.
Published: September 2019

In the article, based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts of various levels and law enforcement practice, there are revealed defects in the law and violations of the rights of citizens during termination / restriction of wastewater disposal. It is noted that legal acts provide for both regulatory and restrictive conditions for the termination / restriction of the provision of services in this area, which are procedurally different in terms of sources of law. It is emphasized that the procedure for the implementation of regulatory condition, consisting in the preliminary notification of interested persons, is regulated differently in sources at various levels. The authors give and analyze concrete examples of the actual consequences of the installation of plugs, and state that even in court decisions that are not in the interests of citizens, it is noted that the installation of plugs should not lead to damage to the defaulters personal property. The authors argue that in most cases there is no formal basis for stopping / limiting wastewater, since the law provides for a drainage contract, and not a contractual relationship. It is concluded that the installation of plugs in the drainage system of apartment buildings is a violation of sanitary legislation and creates the threat of the emergence and spread of infectious diseases and mass non-communicable diseases (poisoning) and formulated the basic possible requirements for the protection of violated rights.
PLACE AND MEANING OF MORAL CATEGORIES «JUSTICE» AND «CONSCIENCE» IN THE NORMS OF THE CURRENT CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW
Authors: Kornakova S. V.
Published: September 2019

The article shows the importance of using such moral categories as justice and conscience in the norms of the current criminal procedure law. It is shown that the category of justice is used by the legislator only as one of the requirements for the verdict of the court, and the category of conscience as a criterion of internal conviction of the subject in the legality and validity of any decisions in the course of criminal proceedings. The authors' judgments are critically evaluated, considering that all decisions made in criminal proceedings and procedural actions made on their basis must meet not only the requirements of legality, validity and motivation, but also the requirement of justice. The reasons for limiting the scope of the requirement of justice in criminalproceedings are revealed, in connection with which the illegality of the reproach against the legislator in respect of the lack of the requirement of justice in part 4 of Article 7 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is shown. The author demonstrates the validity of the position of the legislator who used the categories of justice and conscience in the norms where they are contained, and the impossibility of their other position.
Breastfeeding in Disasters: A reminder for policymakers
Authors: Khajehaminian Mohammadreza , Hosseini Boroujeni Sayed Mohsen , Ghanbari Vahid , Delkhosh Marjan
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Considering the unexpected events that may occur in disasters, breastfeeding and risks of the artificial feeding need more investigations in such severe conditions. To review the literature regarding to the status of breastfeeding practices during and after disasters.We conducted a narrative review to support and investigate breastfeeding in austere conditions of disasters. Furthermore, the consequences of depriving infants from breast milk were studied.
 Methods: The electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct were explored and English articles published in 2000-2014 over breastfeeding in disasters were extracted and reviewed.
Results: According to the findings, despite the frequent emphasizes on breastfeeding, natural and manmade disasters are strong contributors to its disruption. Uncontrolled distribution of the artificial milk should be avoided, since it is associated with lower rate of breastfeeding. Artificially-fed infants are more prone to diarrheal diseases and malnutrition, particularly in disaster situations, which healthy water is not available for preparing the artificial milk.
Conclusion: Healthcare workers should encourage mothers to continue lactation in austere conditions of disasters and monitor distribution of the artificial formula strictly.
Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Sarang Lebah Hutan (Apis dorsata) terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Prestianti Ika , Baharuddin Maswati , Sappewali Sappewali
Published: September 2019

Penyakit infeksi akibat bakteri merupakan masalah serius dalam kesehatan. Antibakteri alami yang dapat digunakan untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri yaitu sarang lebah hutan (Apis dorsata) terdiri propolis, kantong madu, kantong telur dan kantong pollen yang mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti flavonoid, tanin dan asam fenolat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah megetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak sarang lebah hutan dari setiap pelarut yang digunakan dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak sarang lebah hutan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pengujian antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi kertas cakram dengan lama perendaman 1 jam kemudian diinkubasi selama 3 x 24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak metanol sarang lebah memiliki aktivitas tertinggi pada bakteri  E. coli yaitu 3,8 mm pada konsentrasi 8%, ekstrak etil asetat sarang lebah pada bakteri S. aureus yaitu 3,72 mm pada konsentrasi 8% dan ekstrak n-heksan sarang lebah pada bakteri E. coli yaitu 16,1 mm pada konsentrasi 8%. Pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak yaitu semakin tinggi konsentrasi maka semakin besar pula daya hambat ekstrak terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus, E. coli dan P. aeruginosa.

Antibacterial Evaluation of Extract Beehive (Apis dorsata) against Growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial infectious diseases are serious health problems. A natural antibacterial that can be used to inhibit bacterial growth of honeycomb (propolis, honey bag, egg bag and pollen bag) containing secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and phenolic acids. The purpose of this research is to know the antibacterial activity of honeycomb extract from each solvent used and to know the effect of honeycomb extract concentration against the bacteria growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibacterial testing was performed by the method of paper disc diffusion with soaking time 1 hour followed by incubation for 3 x 24 hours. The results show that antibacterial activity of methanol honeycomb extract had the highest activity in E. coli bacteria of 3.8 mm at 8% concentration, followed by those of ethyl acetate honeycomb extract and n-hexan honeycomb extract which have antibacterial activity of 3.72 mm and 16,1 mm at 8% concentration against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The effect of extract concentration is the higher the concentration the greater the inhibitory power of extract against the bacteria growth of S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa.
Association Between Sagittal Spinal Alignment and Physical Function in the Japanese General Elderly Population
Authors: Tokida Ryosuke , Uehara Masashi , Ikegami Shota , Takahashi Jun , Nishimura Hikaru , Sakai Noriko , Kato Hiroyuki
Published: September 2019

Background:

The extension of healthy life expectancy has become increasingly important because of rising health-care costs and decreases in the quality of life in the elderly population. Although reports have surfaced on an association between sagittal spinal alignment and physical performance, such studies on the healthy population are limited. This study investigated the relationship between sagittal spinal alignment and physical function in the general elderly population.

Methods:

Registered citizens who were 50 to 89 years of age were targeted for this survey. We established 8 groups based on age (50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years, 70 to 79 years, and 80 to 89 years) and sex (male and female) after random sampling from the resident registry of the town of Obuse in 2014. A total of 412 people (203 male and 209 female) were enrolled for the measurement and analysis of radiographic parameters of sagittal spinal alignment and physical performance tests.

Results:

Physical function score values decreased with age, with moderate to strong correlations. Within age subgroups, worsened spinal alignment in standing whole-spinal radiographs indicated diminished physical performance results. The impact of the sagittal vertical axis was especially prominent; as the sagittal vertical axis was shifted forward by 1 standard deviation, 1-leg standing time became shortened by 3.8 seconds. Two-step scores were significantly associated with sagittal vertical axis, global tilt, cervical sagittal vertical axis, and pelvic tilt.

Conclusions:

Our investigation of sagittal spinal alignment on physical function in a Japanese elderly cohort revealed significant negative correlations between spinal alignment and physical performance after excluding the influence of age and sex. Posture change in the community-dwelling elderly population is an important sign of physical function impairment.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The association between sedentary behaviour and indicators of stress: A systematic review
Authors: Teychenne Megan , Stephens Lena D , Costigan Sarah A , Olstad Dana Lee , Stubbs Brendon , Turner Anne I
Published: September 2019

Background: Emerging evidence shows sedentary behaviour may be associated with mental health outcomes. Yet, the strength of the evidence linking sedentary behaviour and stress is still unclear. This study aimed to synthesise evidence regarding associations between time spent in sedentary behaviour and stress in adults.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted (January 1990 – September 2019). Following PRISMA guidelines, an evaluation of methodological quality, and best-evidence synthesis of associations between time in sedentary behaviour (including sitting time, TV viewing, computer use) and stress were presented. Twenty-six studies reporting on data from n=72,795 people (age 18-98y, 62.7% women) were included.
Results: Across the studies (n=2 strong-, n=10 moderate- and n=14 weak-quality), there was insufficient evidence that overall time spent in sedentary behaviour and sitting time were associated with stress, particularly when using self-report measures of sedentary behaviour or stress. There was strong evidence of no association between TV viewing, or computer use and stress. Amongst studies using objective measures of sedentary behaviour and/or stress there was also strong evidence of no association.
Conclusion: Although previous research suggested sedentary behaviour may be linked to mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety, the evidence for an association between various types of sedentary behaviour and stress is limited in quality, and associations are either inconsistent or null. High-quality longitudinal/interventional research is required to confirm findings and determine the direction of associations between different contexts (i.e. purpose) and domains (i.e. leisure, occupational, transport) of sedentary behaviour and stress.

Keywords: sedentary behaviour; sitting time; television viewing; stress; mental health; adults
Frequency of non-single canals in mandibular premolars and correlations with other anatomical variants: an in vivo cone beam computed tomography study
Authors: Jang Young-Eun , Kim Yemi , Kim Bom Sahn , Kim Sin-Young , Kim Hyung-Jong
Published: September 2019

Background: A knowledge regarding anatomical variants is important to achieve success in endodontic treatment. Root canal treatment of mandibular first premolars (PM1s) is challenging due to the existence of numerous variations in canal configurations, including a C-shaped variant. We aim to determine the frequency and morphologic characteristics of non-single canals of mandibular first (PM1s) and second (PM2s) premolars in a Korean population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to evaluate correlations between non-single canals of PM1s and other anatomical variants, such as distolingual roots (DLRs) in mandibular first molars (M1s) and C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars (M2s). Methods: A total of 971 PM1s and 997 PM2s from 500 patients were examined in vivo by CBCT. Root canal configurations and C-shaped canals were determined in accordance with the Vertucci classification and Fan classification, respectively. The correlation between non-single canals in PM1s and DLRs in M1s was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results: PM2s typically had one root (99.89%) with one canal (98.4%). Among PM1s with non-single canals (21.2%), Vertucci type V (10.9%) and C-shaped (3.7%) canals were prevalent. Among C-shaped PM1 canals, the majority were Vertucci type V (77.8%); a C-shaped configuration (C2) was predominant mostly at the middle and/or apical third of the root. After adjusting for other variables (i.e., sex, age, and side), C-shaped canals in PM1s was significantly correlated with the presence of DLRs in M1s (odds ratio = 2.616; 95% confidence interval, 1.257–5.443; p = 0.010). Conclusions: The presence of C-shaped PM1 canals was positively related to the presence of DLRs in M1s. Although C-shaped canals in PM1s are difficult to distinguish, this finding could aid clinicians in predicting C-shaped canal configurations in PM1s of patients who exhibit DLRs in M1s.
Efficacy and safety of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in patients with baseline serum potassium level ≥5.5 mmol/L: pooled analysis from two phase 3 trials
Authors: Amin Alpesh N. , Menoyo Jose , Singh Bhupinder , Kim Christopher S.
Published: September 2019

Background: Reliable, timely-onset, oral treatments with an acceptable safety profile for patients with hyperkalemia are needed. We examined the efficacy and safety of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC; formerly ZS-9) treatment for ≤48 hours in patients with baseline serum potassium level ≥5.5 mmol/L.
Methods: Data were pooled from two phase 3 studies (ZS-003 and HARMONIZE) among patients receiving SZC 10 g three times daily. Outcomes included mean and absolute change from baseline, median time to potassium level ≤5.5 and ≤5.0 mmol/L, and proportion achieving potassium level ≤5.5 and ≤5.0 mmol/L at 4, 24, and 48 hours. Outcomes were stratified by baseline potassium. Safety outcomes were evaluated.
Results: At baseline, 125 of 170 patients (73.5%) had potassium level 5.5–<6.0, 39 (22.9%) had potassium level 6.0–6.5, and 6 (3.5%) had potassium level >6.5 mmol/L. Regardless of baseline potassium, mean potassium decreased at 1-hour post-initial dose. By 4 and 48 hours, 37.5% and 85.0% of patients achieved potassium level ≤5.0 mmol/L, respectively. Median (95% confidence interval) times to potassium level ≤5.5 and ≤5.0 mmol/L were 2.0 (1.1–2.0) and 21.6 (4.1–22.4) hours, respectively. Fifteen patients (8.8%) experienced adverse events; none were serious.
Conclusions: SZC 10 g three times daily achieved serum potassium reduction and normokalemia, with a favorable safety profile.
ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01737697 and NCT02088073
Evaluation of the secondary use of electronic health records to detect seasonal, holiday-related, and rare events related to traumatic injury and poisoning
Authors: Bergquist Timothy , Pejaver Vikas , Hammarlund Noah , Mooney Sean D. , Mooney Stephen J.
Published: September 2019

Background The increasing adoption of electronic health record (EHR) systems enables automated, large scale, and meaningful analysis of regional population health. We explored how EHR systems could inform surveillance of trauma-related emergency department visits arising from seasonal, holiday-related, and rare environmental events. Methods We analyzed temporal variation in diagnosis codes over 24 years of trauma visit data at the three hospitals in the University of Washington Medicine system in Seattle, Washington, USA. We identified seasons and days in which specific codes and categories of codes were statistically enriched, meaning that a significantly greater than average proportion of trauma visits included a given diagnosis code during that time period. Results We confirmed known seasonal patterns in emergency department visits for trauma. As expected, cold weather-related incidents (e.g. frostbite, snowboarding injury) were enriched in the winter, whereas fair weather-related incidents (e.g. bug bites, boating accidents, bicycle accidents) were enriched in the spring and summer. Our analysis of specific days of the year found that holidays were enriched for alcohol poisoning, assaults, and firework accidents. We also detected one time regional events such as the 2001 Nisqually earthquake and the 2006 Hanukkah Eve Windstorm. Conclusions Though EHR systems were developed to prioritize operational rather than analytic priorities and have consequent limitations for surveillance, our EHR enrichment analysis nonetheless re-identified expected temporal population health patterns. EHRs are potentially a valuable source of information to inform public health policy, both in retrospective analysis and in a surveillance capacity.