bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The gravity approach and coalescence of fluid drops at liquid interfaces
Authors: Mackay G. D. M. , Mason S. G.
Published: February 2011

The rate of thinning of the liquid film trapped between a fluid drop and a liquid interface and the subsequent coalescence of the drop were investigated using an interferometric method. The rate of film thinning for small drops was in good agreement over a narrow range of film thickness with two previously proposed models. The rate was greater than predicted when the film thickness was less than 0.2 μ presumably because of movement of the interfaces. The minimum thickness in the film at rupture was usually less than 500 Å. for drop diameters up to 2500 μ. The seemingly anomalous behavior of drops previously observed in a partial coalescence series resulted from uneven film thinning with larger drops. Partial coalescence between finite drops was investigated briefly; no secondary drop was produced when the drop diameter ratio was less than about 3.5.
The effect of acoustic turbulence on mass transfer at a column wall
Authors: Low D. I. R. , Hodgins J. W.
Published: February 2011

Measurements have been made of the mass transfer of naphthalene into an air stream in the presence of a standing sound wave propagated parallel to the surface. The flowrate range of the air stream was from Re = 100 to Re = 14,000. Concentration of the ablated naphthalene in the effluent air was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.

At the antinode for resonant frequency of 286 cps and a sound intensity of 154 db, mass transfer enhancement occurs at flowrates up to Re = 8,000; this enhancement is as large as 180% at low flows. The enhancement increases with sound intensity, and decreases with increasing frequency.

At the node, the mass transfer was reduced in proportion to the intensity. The sound flux changes both concentration and velocity profiles in the column, probably by alteration of the boundary layer. Mass transfer enhancement appears to be a function of the ratio of oscillating velocity to superficial mean velocity. The significance of oscillation amplitude in the enhancement of mass transfer is established.
Temperature distribution and heat transfer in annular two‐phase (liquid‐liquid) flow
Authors: Bentwicw M. , Sideman S.
Published: February 2011

An analysis of the temperature distribution in a laminar annular two‐phase liquid‐liquid flow inside a semi‐infinite circular pipe is given. Graetz's general approach is adopted here so that the arbitrary temperature distribution at the inlet of the pipe is expressed by a series of eigenfunctions. The discontinuities in the physical properties of the fluids at their interface are accommodated by utilizing Graetz's method in a modified form.

Attention is focused on the case where the less viscous fluid forms a thin annular film adjacent to the wall. It is shown that in order to heat a viscous oil it is more effective to allow the oil to flow inside a thin water annulus. As compared with the usual method of fuel oil heating, the system proposed has the advantages of improved surface conductivity as well as a reduced pressure gradient (due to the reduced viscosity of the water layer).
Heat transfer in spouted beds
Authors: Malek M. A. , Lu B C.‐Y.
Published: February 2011

Bed to wall heat transfer in spouted beds has been investigated in vertical 6‐ and 3‐in. columns using polyethylene, polystyrene, wheat, rice, millet, Timothy seeds or Ottawa sands as the bed material.

Measurements indicate that the heat transfer coefficient, h, increases with increasing mass velocity of the air, G, up to the point of spouting. During spouting, h is independent of G, the column diameter and the orifice diameter, but increases with increasing diameter and heat capacity of the particles, and decreases with increasing bed height. The value of h varies from 10 to 24 Btu./(hr.) (sq.ft.) (°F.). A dimensional analysis has been used to correlate the data.

Under similar conditions, h is from 10 to 66% lower for a spouted bed than for a fluidized bed, but G required for spouting varies from 35 to 55% of that for obtaining the maximum heat transfer in a fluidized bed.
The pipeline flow of capsules part 4 ‐ an experimental investigation of the transport in water of single cylindrical “capsules” with density greater than that of the water
Authors: Ellis H. S.
Published: February 2011

The last paper in this capsule pipelining series described investigations of the flow of equal‐density capsules transported by water in a horizontal pipe. In the present study, attention was directed to the flow of capsules with specific gravities in the range of 1.19 to 8.30. As before, capsules were used with diameter ratios of 0.39 to 0.89, and length to diameter ratios of 2 to 14, both flat and ellipsoidal end shapes being included.

With water velocities greater than about 3 ft./sec., the larger diameter capsules moved at velocities up to 15% greater than the average water velocity, the actual values depending mainly on the capsule diameter and density. The velocity ratio, capsule velocity/‐average water velocity, typically increased with either increase of diameter or decrease of density, other factors being constant.

Longer capsules moved more slowly than shorter ones of the same diameter and density at low water velocities, but the velocity ratio of the longer capsules increased more rapidly than that of the shorter capsules at higher water velocities. An ellipsoidal nose materially increased the velocity of smaller diameter capsules but the effect on the largest diameter capsules was small.

The reduction of the effects of density and surface roughness at the higher capsule velocities suggests the formation of a thickening film of water under the capsule as its velocity increases.
A resistance probe method for determining local solid particle mixing rates in a batch fluidized bed
Authors: Hayakawa T. , Graham W. , Osberg G. L.
Published: February 2011

A new method of measuring local solid mixing rates utilizing electrical resistance probe measurements is proposed. Apparatus is described briefly and data obtained from a fluidized conducting‐coke bed are given to illustrate its utility.
Direct‐contact heat transfer between a single drop and an immiscible liquid medium
Authors: Sideman S. , Shabtai H.
Published: February 2011

Relations describing heat transfer to a fluid drop moving freely in an immiscible continuous medium are reviewed, with analogous mass transfer information included. Theoretical and experimental equations for determining inside and outside transfer coefficients are presented for the three most common models, i.e. a rigid drop, a completely mixed drop, and a drop with internal circulation. The important equations are tabulated for easy reference. The effect of temperature gradients in the continuous medium, drop size and various end effects are also discussed.
Optimum design of a moving bed grain drier by dynamic programming
Authors: Ahn Y. K. , Chen H. C. , Fan L. T. , Wan C. G.
Published: February 2011

The dynamic programming algorithm has been used to accomplish the optimal choice of the operating conditions of a modified bed drier.
Phase behavior of the n‐butane‐hydrogen sulphide system
Authors: Robinson Donald B. , Hughes R. E. , Sandercock J. A. W.
Published: February 2011

Previous work on binary and multicomponent systems containing hydrogen sulphide or n‐butane is briefly reviewed and the anomolous behavior of the hydrogen sulphide with hydrocarbons and of the n‐butane with non hydrocarbons is noted.

Experimental equipment suitable for studying the phase behavior of simple or complex mixtures is described. The novel features include a new method for obtaining equilibrium between phases, for sampling, and for locating the meniscus between phases.

Experimental data have been obtained for the n‐butane‐hydrogen sulphide system at seven temperatures between 100°F. and 275°F. and pressures up to 1165 p.s.i.a. A tendency toward azeotropic behavior was observed but an azeotrope was never fully developed.

Equilibrium ratios for hydrogen sulphide and n‐butane were calculated at convergence pressures of 1000 p.s.i.a. at 240°F. and 800 p.s.i.a. at 275°F. The results agreed well with those determined from generalized correlations. It is concluded that the presence of hydrogen sulphide does not influence the behavior of n‐butane abnormally at the temperatures and pressures studied.
Some observations on tubular reactor stability
Authors: Raymond Lee R. , Amundson Neal R.
Published: February 2011

Following van Heerden, it has been shown that the adiabatie empty tubular reactor in which an exothermic chemical reaction is carried out may exhibit multiple temperature and concentration profiles along its axis. The existence of these multiple steady states may be predicted from a steady state analysis alone. Whether these steady states are stable in the sense that a given state is restored when slightly perturbed cannot be determined by a rational analysis since the prerequisite mathematical apparatus is not available. A transient analysis of the full non‐linear equations shows that some states may be unstable.
Kinetics of the reduction of ferrous chloride with hydrogen
Authors: Rigg Tyson
Published: February 2011

The reduction of ferrous chloride with hydrogen at atmospheric pressure has been investigated at temperatures up to 583°C. The results show that the reaction rate is limited by the rate of diffusion of hydrogen chloride produced in the reaction. At constant temperature the rate is proportional to the difference between the equilibrium partial pressure and the back pressure of hydrogen chloride. The reaction rate has a strong dependence on temperature, corresponding to an “apparent activation energy” of 19.9 K. cal./mole. A reaction mechanism involving vaporization of ferrous chloride is suggested.
Chemical sampling as a data filter
Authors: Coulman George A.
Published: February 2011

Chemical processes are generally required to use sampled data. By the nature of the sampling method, differences exist between the known sample data theory and that related to chemical processes.

Taking a sample from a chemical process stream really measures the weighted mean. The frequency filtering effect of this sampling is analyzed. The significant parameters and their effects are pointed out. Several weighting functions are evaluated and the relative values discussed.

A continuous stirred tank reactor system is analyzed. The responses to the actual signal and the sampled signal are compared. This points out the validity of this method for use in a predictor model reference control system for example.
Thermal barriers for rocket motors
Authors: Belanger J. Y.
Published: February 2011

The very high temperatures associated with rocket motors have necessitated the development of new materials and techniques for thermally insulating various rocket components. Refractory fibres, in combination with heat resistant resins, have proven to be most promising. Composite materials such as metal‐ceramic combinations have also been used to meet the needs of special applications. Techniques developed at the Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment for using these new materials in a 17‐inch diameter solid propellant rocket motor are described in detail.
Three‐stage multiphase‐switched‐capacitor boost DC‐AC inverter
Authors: Chang Yuen‐Haw , Luo Zih‐Yao
Published: February 2011

A closed‐loop scheme of a three‐stage multiphase‐switched‐capacitor boost DC‐AC inverter (MPSCI) is proposed by combining the multiphase operation and sinusoidal‐pulse‐width‐modulation (SPWM) control for low‐power step‐up DC‐AC conversion and regulation. In this MPSCI, the power unit contains two parts: MPSC booster (front) and H‐bridge (rear). The MPSC booster is suggested for an inductor‐less step‐up DC‐DC conversion, where three voltage doublers in series are controlled with multiphase operation for boosting voltage gain up to 23= 8 at most. The H‐bridge is employed for DC‐AC inversion, where four solid‐state switches in H‐connection are controlled with SPWM to obtain a sinusoidal AC output. In addition, SPWM is adopted for enhancing output regulation not only to compensate the dynamic error, but also to reinforce robustness to source/loading variation. The relevant theoretical analysis and design include: MPSCI model, steady‐state/dynamic analysis, voltage conversion ratio, power efficiency, stability, capacitance selection, total harmonic distortion (THD), output filter, and closed‐loop control design. Finally, the closed‐loop MPSCI is simulated, and the hardware circuit is implemented and tested. All the results are illustrated to show the efficacy of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of all‐syn Functionalized Triphenylene Ketals
Authors: Boshta Nader M. , Bomkamp Martin , Schnakenburg Gregor , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: February 2011

The stereoselective synthesis of triphenylene ketals offers access to unique scaffolds. For a good performance in supramolecular applications an all‐syn orientation of the functional groups is essential. The oxidative trimerization of catechol ketals by molybdenum pentachloride or mixtures with titanium tetrachloride leads to a template‐directed formation. Several heterocyclic moieties are suitable for this transformation. A template‐directed isomerization of anti,anti,syn isomers to the desired C3‐symmetric derivative was demonstrated in two cases.
Acute toxicity, histopathology, and coagulopathy in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following administration of the rodenticide diphacinone
Authors: Rattner Barnett A , Horak Katherine E , Warner Sarah E , Day Daniel D , Meteyer Carol U , Volker Steven F , Eisemann John D , Johnston John J
Published: February 2011

The acute oral toxicity of the anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone was found to be over 20 times greater in American kestrels (Falco sparverius; median lethal dose 96.8 mg/kg body weight) compared with Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Modest evidence of internal bleeding was observed at necropsy, although histological examination of heart, liver, kidney, lung, intestine, and skeletal muscle revealed hemorrhage over a wide range of doses (35.1–675 mg/kg). Residue analysis suggests that the half-life of diphacinone in the liver of kestrels that survived was relatively short, with the majority of the dose cleared within 7 d of exposure. Several precise and sensitive clotting assays (prothrombin time, Russell's viper venom time, thrombin clotting time) were adapted for use in this species, and oral administration of diphacinone at 50 mg/kg increased prothrombin time and Russell's viper venom time at 48 and 96 h postdose compared with controls. Prolongation of in vitro clotting time reflects impaired coagulation complex activity, and generally corresponded with the onset of overt signs of toxicity and lethality. In view of the toxicity and risk evaluation data derived from American kestrels, the involvement of diphacinone in some raptor mortality events, and the paucity of threshold effects data following short-term dietary exposure for birds of prey, additional feeding trials with captive raptors are warranted to characterize more fully the risk of secondary poisoning. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1213–1222. © 2011 SETAC
A Lagrangian approach to modelling stable isotopes in precipitation over mountainous terrain
Authors: Sinclair K. E. , Marshall S. J. , Moran T. A.
Published: February 2011

A Lagrangian (Rayleigh) distillation model is used to track the evolution of stable isotopes in precipitation over mountainous terrain from the Pacific Coast of Canada to two alpine field sites in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Precipitation δ18O at Vancouver constrains the model and air–mass back trajectories provide the water vapour pathway for 10 winter storm events. Isotopic values along storm pathways are modelled with a classical Rayleigh model that prescribes a linear decrease in temperature and pressure from initial to final conditions, and two models that account directly for orographic precipitation processes by: (i) applying an orographic rainfall model and (ii) using North American Regional Reanalysis data to calculate the change in vapour content along storm pathways. All models are significant predictors of snowpack δ18O, but the orographic model provides the best fit to precipitation‐weighted δ18O for each storm. The improvement in modelled δ18O by accounting for terrain along storm trajectories illustrates the need to account for orographically driven moisture loss when modelling vapour transport to ice core sites with mountainous upwind terrain. This finding is also applicable to isotopic studies of paleoaltimetry and source areas of groundwater recharge. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal variations of precipitation in Haihe River Basin, China: six decades of measurements
Authors: Wang Zhonggen , Luo Yuzhou , Liu Changming , Xia Jun , Zhang Minghua
Published: February 2011

This study aims to determine temporal trends and spatial distribution of the annual and monthly precipitation in the Haihe River Basin, China, during 1951–2008. A significant decreasing trend was observed for the annual precipitation, mainly attributed to the abrupt decrease in the flood‐season precipitation (June–September) around the year of 1979. No significant trend was revealed for precipitation within Period I of 1951–1979 and Period II of 1980–2008. Results of this study indicated that the relative contributions of the flood‐season precipitation decreased temporally with time and spatially with elevation. This study also identified a potential movement of storm centers from east to west portions of the basin. In addition, analysis on the precipitation anomalies also suggested a redistribution of the non‐flood season precipitation over the study area. Compared with the west portion of the basin, generally, the east received relatively more precipitation during the non‐flood season, while similar trend of precipitation redistribution was not observed in the flood season. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical synthesis of allyl‐[13C6]‐glucuronate
Authors: Latli Bachir , Hrapchak Matt , Seetharama Ravikumar , Krishnamurthy Dhileepkumar , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: February 2011

The synthesis of allyl‐[13C6]‐glucuronate from α‐D‐[13C6]‐glucose in five steps is described. Selective protection of the primary alcohol in the glucose with the bulky trityl group followed by acetylation in the same pot gave the fully protected sugar. Removal of the trityl group followed by oxidation of the primary alcohol to the acid and removal of the acetate groups using catalytic amounts of sodium methoxide gave the glucuronic acid. Reaction with allyl bromide using resin‐bound fluoride gave the title compound. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image‐guided methods for biopsy of suspicious breast lesions
Authors: Vandromme Marianne J. , Umphrey Heidi , Krontiras Helen
Published: February 2011

The widespread use of breast imaging has resulted in the increased detection of clinically occult suspicious breast lesions. Between 1999 and 2004 the number of breast biopsies in the United States has increased steadily. The armamentarium of methods to biopsy suspicious breast lesions has also increased significantly since the early 1990s with technological advancements for both surgical breast biopsy and percutaneous image guided breast biopsies. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:299–305. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New legislation affecting us nonprofits
Authors: Adler Betsy Buchalter
Published: February 2011

In the summer of 1996, Congress passed and the President signed, four pieces of legislation of significance to the nonprofit sector: the Taxpayers Bill of Rights 2 (TBR2), the Small Business Job Protection Bill of 1996 (Small Business Act), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, and the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation (Welfare Reform) Act of 1996. Taken together, these four laws contain what are perhaps the most significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code since the Tax Reform Act of 1986, and what are certainly the most profound changes in the rules affecting tax‐exempt organisations since the enactment of the 1969 legislation governing private foundations. This paper highlights the most significant features of these laws as they affect nonprofits.1
Women as philanthropists: Leading the transformation of fundraising
Authors: Taylor Martha A. , Kaminski Andrea R.
Published: February 2011

This paper provides an overview of women's motivations and potential as philanthropists. It includes demographic information that can help fundraisers approach and communicate with women of different generations and life stages. The conclusions are based on qualitative research conducted by the author and others. It explores some of the barriers to women's giving and offers specific recommendations for involving more women as donors. Finally, it explains how women as donors will help transform the fundraising profession and prepare nonprofit institutions for a changed funding environment in the future.
Response or responsibility? The future for charity direct communications
Authors: Abdy Meg
Published: February 2011

Over the last decade, larger charities have adopted the techniques of direct marketing to considerable effect. However, the perceptions of direct marketing within the charity sector as a whole are not always positive. Fundraising activities are focused increasingly on those segments of the population that are most responsive and likely to commit to regular giving programmes. This has resulted in the concentration on one demographic segment, at the expense of the potential of others.
The fundraiser's software dilemma: Packaged or do‐it‐yourself?
Authors: Rodd John , Flory Peter , Nunn Chris
Published: February 2011

In May 1991 the IT Special Interest Croup of the ICFM met to debate the matter of packaged versus written‐to‐order software for fundraising. The speaker for packages advised: against reinventing the wheel when an 80 per cent degree of fit can be achieved from packages; taking advantage of the specialist supplies in the marketplace; the broad choice on offer and risk‐reduction afforded by a substantial user base; known and containable costs.

The speaker against packages advised: start by deJning simple and basic fundraising database structures; recognise the need to create simple and understandable systems without the unnecessary complexity and sophistication that often characterise packages; see the value in having flexibility to make amendments and changes to the database as circumstances change.

Both speakers emphasised the need for carefid planning whatever system solution was chosen.

In summing up, the chairman outlined how large, medium‐sized and small charities took diyerent routes in acquiring their systems; highlighted the lack of low‐cost shareware in the UK, the general unwillingness of supplies to release obsolete versions of software at low prices, and the difjiculty of adapting cheap ‘sales force‐contact management’ systems efectively to firndraising.

With software for fundraising and marketing there is a common dilemma that nonprofits have to confront — whether to write their own software or to buy a packaged system.
How to make sure your donors read your publications
Authors: Burnett Ken , Fowler Jackie
Published: February 2011

Voluntary organisations pour large chunks of their usually slender resources into producing publications in the hope that these will carry their many promotional messages to a variety of audiences, particularly donors and other supporters. The authors feel that little is known about how donors view and use these publications and whether or not their senders get good value for money.

This paper presents an outline of findings from research recently commissioned by the authors into how donors read and use the publications and other printed communications sent to them by charities they support. The conclusion is that many charities could take simple actions to improve their publications, and some suggestions are made. From the authors' experience they supply guidelines charities can follow if they wish to change the way donors perceive, read, enjoy, remember and respond to the publications they send. Also included is a checklist for basic strategic planning so that any charity can ensure that tomorrow's donors will receive communications based not just on what the charity wants to send, but also on what the intended audience wants to receive.
Campaigning and working with the media
Authors: Grender Olly
Published: February 2011

From dangerous dogs to dangerous firearms, campaigns to change the law often thrive on media coverage. For in the never‐ending quest for ‘public awareness’ the media can be a useful ally. But, as we all know, the media can also be unreliable; that big launch costing thousands can so easily clash with Liam Gallagher and Patsy Kensit cancelling their wedding, however rigorous the planning.

This paper provides one or two thoughts about the use of the media in campaigning. It will never overcome a celebrity scandal dominating the headlines, but what it will do is guarantee a certain level of coverage, thus enhancing the national media campaign.
How can regional, local and national fundraising work together more closely? A case study — The WaterAid Munro Challenge 1995
Authors: Duncan Fiona
Published: February 2011

The WaterAid Munro Challenge 1995 started life as a small, local, hill‐climbing event and after the event's potential was recognised WaterAid decided to execute the event nationally.

This paper examines how the transition was managed, how the nine regional committees were co‐ordinated, and how some of the difficult issues were tackled from one office with one staff member.
A preparative method for isolation of fucoxanthin from Eisenia bicyclis by centrifugal partition chromatography
Authors: Kim Sang Min , Shang Ya Fang , Um Byung‐Hun
Published: February 2011

Introduction – Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell (Laminariaceae) is a common brown alga that inhabits around the coast of Korea, Japan and China. It contains fucoxanthin, a major carotenoid of brown algae which shows a variety of pharmaceutical functions.

Objective – The aim of this investigation was the quantification and preparative isolation of fucoxanthin from fresh E. bicyclis using a new separation scheme, centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC).

Methodology – The fucoxanthin fraction (Fuco fraction) was prepared by solvent partition method from the acetone extract of fresh E. bicyclis. Fuco fraction was used for CPC using a two‐phase solvent system of n‐hexane–ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (5:5:7:3, v/v/v/v). The flow rate of mobile phase was 2 mL/min with descending mode while rotating at 1000 rpm. The eluate was monitored at 410 nm. The content and structure of fucoxanthin in the CPC fraction were confirmed with HPLC, UV, APCI/MS and NMR spectra.

Results – A preparative CPC yielded 20 mg of fucoxanthin (87% recovery from Fuco fraction) in a two‐step separation from 516 mg of Fuco fraction containing 4.59% fucoxanthin. The purity of the isolated fucoxanthin was about 81% in the first CPC step and over 98% in the second CPC step based on the calibration curve. The isolated fucoxanthin was identified as all‐trans‐fucoxanthin with APCI/MS (parent ion at m/z 641 [M + H − H2O]+) and 1H, 13C and 2‐D NMR spectra.

Conclusion – High‐purity fucoxanthin was successfully isolated from fresh E. bicyclis, suggesting further potential applications in the industrial use of this valuable carotenoid. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytochemical fingerprinting to thwart black cohosh adulteration: a 15 Actaea species analysis
Authors: Jiang Bei , Ma Chunhui , Motley Timothy , Kronenberg Fredi , Kennelly Edward J.
Published: February 2011

Introduction – The popular use of black cohosh products (Actaea racemosa L., syn. Cimicifuga racemosa L.) is growing as the demand for alternatives to estrogen therapy has increased. Critical to safe use is the assurance of unadulterated, high‐quality products. Questions have been raised about the safety of black cohosh due to cases of liver toxicity in patients who reported taking it; subsequent evaluation found some products to be adulterated with other related herbal species. Correct plant species identification is a key first step for good manufacturing practices of safe black cohosh products.

Objectives – To develop analytical methods which distinguish black cohosh from other species (American and Asian) of Actaea increasingly found as adulterants in commercially available black cohosh products.

Material and methods – Fifteen species of Actaea were collected from North America and Asia, and the phytochemical fingerprints of these samples were established using HPLC‐PDA and LC‐MS techniques.

Results – The HPLC and LC‐MS fingerprints for polyphenols and triterpene glycosides revealed distinct patterns that make black cohosh clearly distinguishable from most other species of Actaea. Two marker compounds, cimifugin and cimiracemoside F, were found to be important to distinguish black cohosh from most Asian species of Actaea. Formononetin was not found from either Asian or American species of Actaea.

Conclusions – Phytochemical fingerprinting is a practical, reliable method for authenticating black cohosh and distinguishing it from other species of Actaea increasingly found as adulterants in commercially available black cohosh products. This should facilitate the continued development of high‐quality, unadulterated black cohosh products. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validated high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic method for the quantification of thymoquinone in Nigella Sativa extracts and formulations
Authors: Velho‐Pereira Reelma M. , Barhate Chandrashekhar R. , Kulkarni Savita R. , Jagtap Aarti G.
Published: February 2011

Introduction – The surge of interest in naturally occurring phytochemicals with anticancer potential has led to the discovery of many molecules, one of them being thymoquinone (TQ) the bioactive constituent of the volatile oil of black seed, Nigella sativa L. (NS).

Objective – The aim of the present work was to develop and validate an HPTLC method for determination of TQ in NS extracts, commercially available marketed oils, polyherbal formulations and in lipid‐based oral and parenteral formulations prepared in‐house.

Methodology – Analysis of TQ was performed on TLC aluminium plates pre‐coated with silica gel 60F‐254. Linear ascending development was carried out in twin trough glass chamber, saturated with mobile phase consisting of toluene–cyclohexane (8 : 2, v/v) at ambient temperature. Camag TLC scanner III was used for the spectrodensitometric scanning and analysis in absorbance mode at 254 nm.

Results – The method was found to give compact spots for TQ (Rf value of 0.28 ± 0.05) and was linear over the range 100–1400 ng/spot (r2 = 0.9921 ± 0.0020). Accuracy, precision and repeatability were all within the required limits. The mean recoveries measured at three concentrations were higher than 95% with RSD ≤ 3%.

Conclusion – The HPTLC method developed was found to be relatively simple, rapid and accurate for the routine analysis of TQ in extracts, marketed oils, polyherbal and in‐house formulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of one D‐Leu residue on right‐handed helical ‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐ peptides in the crystal state
Authors: Demizu Yosuke , Doi Mitsunobu , Sato Yukiko , Tanaka Masakazu , Okuda Haruhiro , Kurihara Masaaki
Published: February 2011

Four diastereomeric‐Leu‐Leu‐Aib‐Leu‐Leu‐Aib‐peptides, Boc‐D‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐OMe (1), Boc‐L‐Leu‐D‐Leu‐Aib‐L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐OMe (2), Boc‐L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐D‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐OMe (3), and Boc‐L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐L‐Leu‐D‐Leu‐Aib‐OMe (4), were synthesized. The crystals of the four hexapeptides were characterized by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Two diastereomeric hexapeptides 1 and 2 having D‐Leu(1) or D‐Leu(2) were folded into right‐handed (P) 310‐helical structures, while peptide 3 having D‐Leu(4) was folded into a turn structure nucleated by type III′ and I$' \bf{\beta}$‐turns, and peptide 4 having D‐Leu(5) was folded into a left‐handed (M) 310‐helical structure. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of an innovative system for improving readability of passive UHF RFID tags attached to reusable plastic containers
Authors: Singh J. , Roy S. , Montero M. , Roesner B.
Published: February 2011

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a contactless identification technology that has proven to work well in conjunction with reusable plastic containers (RPCs). The impact of this technology on returnable containers has been explored by several past studies. This study evaluates an innovative system for improving readability of passive UHF RFID tags in conjunction with RPCs. The system involves an energy transfer device (ETD), which when attached to the RPCs, passively transfers radio frequency signals to interior regions of a unitized load thereby improving the readability of all RFID tags attached to the RPCs. This study included an evaluation of the improvement in readability of tagged RPCs in a unitized load with forklift truck speed, product type and pallet pattern as the variables and with readability as the main control variable. It was observed that ETDs vastly improve the readability rates by nearly 97%. Results are also included in this paper describing the effects of the product type, pallet patterns and forklift truck speeds on the readability of tagged RPCs in a unitized load. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moisture content of polyethylene coated solid fibreboard after industrial lamination
Authors: Paunonen Sara , Lenes Marianne , Gregersen Øyvind
Published: February 2011

Solid fibreboard is used mainly in highly demanding packaging applications. One solid fibreboard quality having six paper and paperboard layers, a thickness of 1.7 mm and polyethylene coating was studied. Several material tests on liquid water and water vapour penetration were done to assess the environmental moisture sources that change the material moisture content after the lamination process. The in‐plane diffusion coefficient of the combined board was determined based on an integrated unsteady state moisture transport equation and moisture sorption measurements. The transverse diffusion coefficient of the polyethylene coated kraft paper and the solid fibreboard medium were based on water vapour transmission rate measurements. The original moisture content of the solid fibreboard sheet was measured gravimetrically 2 days after the lamination at the mill. The results show that high relative humidity (RH) conditions during the transportation (4°C/90% RH) change the moisture content of the transportation box made from a solid fibreboard sheet very little in 8 days. Local moister (or drier) areas are created near the sheet edges due to in‐plane moisture transport through open material edges. The in‐plane diffusivity for the solid fibreboard grade in question was 5.87 × 10−10 m2/s. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attributes of packaging and influences on waste
Authors: Langley J. , Turner N. , Yoxall A.
Published: February 2011

An important area of focus for the reduction of domestic waste is packaging and food packaging specifically. At some point in the life of packaging in the consumers' home, the packaging goes through a transition from something of use, of value and of worth to the consumer to something that is no longer any of these. Being able to indentify attributes of packaging that might have an impact on this transitional point to change the use or value so that the packaging is re‐used, recycled or composted rather than being landfilled is very important in successfully diverting packaging waste from landfill.

This research aimed to conduct a variety of tests to indentify attributes of packaging that have an influence on the eventual waste route and to determine what that influence was. The research included an extensive literature study looking at consumer test methods, current waste and packaging waste studies, and packaging design literature. This was followed by a series of four tests: ‘bin raids’, ‘digital diary’, ‘visual survey’ and ‘ethnography’. These tests were designed to determine how consumers would treat specific examples of packaging in an end‐of‐life scenario and what influences those decisions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical characterization of acceleration levels of random vibrations during transport
Authors: Otari S. , Odof S. , Nolot J. B. , Vasseur P. , Pellot J. , Krajka N. , Erre D.
Published: February 2011

Random vibration tests are an efficient way to simulate the mechanical vibratory effects caused by transportation. The usual method is only concerned with the frequency distribution pattern of the signal using the average power spectral density. This work offers an additional method based on detailed analysis of instantaneous acceleration levels of a real road transport, which enables modelling of the statistical distribution of these levels. Continuous recording of acceleration signal all along the journey permits confirmation that this statistical distribution is not a Gaussian distribution but a modified Gaussian distribution, for which parameters are estimated and discussed. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the transport severity by working out the appearance probability of acceleration levels greater than a fixed threshold and also the statistical moments, i.e. second order moment which gives the root mean square value together with fourth order moment (kurtosis) which evaluates the difference between the experimental distribution and the Gaussian distribution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐tissue analysis of oxygen isotopes in wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Chenery Carolyn A. , Lamb Angela L. , O'Regan Hannah J. , Elton Sarah
Published: February 2011

Oxygen isotopes in animal tissues are directly related to body water composition and thus the environment. Accurate measurement of animal tissue δ18O provides information about local climate, an animal's geographical origin and subsequent movements, with wide applications in palaeobiology and forensic science. The genesis and evolution of tissue‐based oxygen isotopes within species and within individuals are complex. We present the first data, for non‐human primates, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), on the relationship between oxygen isotope sources in bio‐apatite (PO4 and PCO3) and hair taken from six sample sites in Asia, ranging from western India to northern Vietnam. The range of values is similar within each tissue type, with good correlation between tissues (r = 0.791 to 0.908), allowing cross‐tissue extrapolations. This is important when the availability of suitable tissues is limited. Biological interpretation of the small data set is difficult: macaque diets are eclectic, and the samples are from various locations. However, factors such as overall climate, precipitation quantity and source, and altitude are clearly influencing the results for each discrete geographical grouping. Future work could be aimed at assessing δ18O tissue associations for other species as the relationships appear to be species‐specific. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verbreiterung und Sanierung der Kennedybrücke in Bonn
Authors: Dieckmann Christof , Heiland Uwe , Thauern Bernd , Weyer Ulrich
Published: February 2011

Die Kennedybrücke liegt im Zentrum der Stadt Bonn und überspannt den Rhein im Zuge der Bundesstraße B 56. Von Anfang 2007 bis Herbst 2010 wurde die Rheinbrücke von 18 m auf 26,80 m verbreitert und umfassend saniert. Hierzu erfolgte eine Erweiterung der Nietkonstruktion aus dem Jahr 1949 durch beidseitigen formgleichen Anbau von jeweils einem zusätzlichen geschweißten Brückenträger mit Stützweiten von 99,22 m – 195,86 m – 99,22 m. Die Bauhöhe beträgt 11,50 m über den beiden Strompfeilern und 3,40 m in der Hauptöffnung. Die vorhandene Fahrbahn aus Tonnenblechen und Aufbeton wurde durch Längsrippen und Querträger ausgesteift und durch Anbau einer orthotropen Platte verbreitert. Es erfolgte eine aufwändige Verstärkung der Altkonstruktion mit dem Ziel, die Anforderungen der gültigen Normen zu erfüllen. Die Kennedybrücke ist die einzige innerstädtische Rheinbrücke in Bonn, so dass der Stadtbahn‐ und Straßenverkehr während der Bauzeit aufrecht erhalten werden mussten.

Widening and reconstruction of the Kennedy‐Bridge in Bonn, Germany. The Kennedy‐Bridge is situated in the centre of the city of Bonn and spans the river Rhine in the course of the federal road B 56. The Rhine‐Bridge has been made wider from 18 m to 26.80 m and has been completely reconstructed from the beginning of the year 2007 till autumn 2010. For this a broadening of the rivet‐construction of the year 1949 resulted in two identical extensions of an extra welded girder with a length of span of 99.22 m – 195.86 m – 99.22 m. The hight of the construction comes to 11.50 m over the two current piers and 3.40 m over the main opening. The existing roadway made of barrel‐metal sheets and topping slabs has been reinforced by longitudinal ribs and cross girders and widened by the extension of an orthotropical plate. The old construction has been stiffened by big expenses with the aim of fulfilling the demands of the current standardizations. The Kennedy‐Bridge is the only Rhine‐Bridge in the City of Bonn; therefore the traffic and the tramways have had to be maintained during the construction period.
Zwischen Genie und Utopie – Johann Wilhelm Schwedlers vergessener Alternativentwurf für die erste Kölner Rheinbrücke
Authors: Kierdorf Alexander
Published: February 2011

Im Wettbewerb um den Bau der ersten Kölner Rheinbrücke erhielt der junge Berliner Ingenieur Johann Wilhelm Schwedler den Ersten Preis für einen Hängebrücken‐Entwurf, der auf einer Planung seines Bruders aufbaut und sich eng an die Vorgaben der Ausschreibung hielt. Da aber schnell klar wurde, dass die verlangte Hängebrücke mit Schifffahrtsöffnung den stetig wachsenden Anforderungen an eine Eisenbahnbrücke nicht genügen konnte, schuf Schwedler kurz darauf einen Alternativentwurf, bei dem er die Fahrbahn an abgestumpft linsenförmigen Trägern aufhing. Dieser Entwurf, der bisher unbekannt war und erst im Jahre 1900 publiziert wurde, steht in engstem Zusammenhang mit Schwedlers bahnbrechender, ebenfalls zunächst kaum wahrgenommenen Publikation der “Theorie der Brückenbalkensysteme” von 1851. In Köln entschied man sich 1853/54 für den Bau einer Gitterträgerbrücke nach dem Vorbild der Dirschauer Weichselbrücke. Als Schwedler Jahrzehnte später genau dort seinen letzten Großbau ausführen konnte, nahm er die Kölner Entwürfe auf; in statisch aktualisierter Form bildeten sie ein Dokument des Fortschritts im Brückenbau und ein gebautes Manifest zugunsten der theoretisch‐wissenschaftlich fundierten Ingenieurbaukunst, an deren Durchsetzung Schwedler maßgeblich beteiligt war.

Of vision and genius – The forgotten alternative design by Johann Wilhelm Schwedler for the first Rhine Bridge at Cologne, Germany. The competition on the first Rhine crossing was won, with a suspension bridge construction, based on his brother's preparatory designs and closely following the rules, by young engineer Johann Wilhelm Schwedler from Berlin. But it soon became clear that the bridge, including an opening section, could not cope with the constantly rising demands of railway traffic, and Schwedler created an alternative design, consisting of lenticular trusses with a suspended track. This design, hidden for al long time and published only once in 1900, is closely linked with Schwedler's groundbreaking, but also first neglected publication on the “Theory of Bridge Truss Systems” in 1851. Some years later, a lattice truss bridge was built at Cologne, following the Weichsel bridge at Dirschau (1850–55). Decades later when Schwedler got the chance to build another large size bridge right there, he returned to the Cologne design of 1850. Structurally modernized, he made it a document to progress in bridge building and a manifesto for an Art of Engineering based on science and theory, the success of which was not to a small extent the work of Schwedler.
Zum Tragverhalten von Verbunddübeln – Teil 1: Tragverhalten unter statischer Belastung
Authors: Berthellemy Jacques , Lorenc Wojciech , Mensinger Martin , Rauscher Sabine , Seidl Günter
Published: February 2011

Verbunddübel stellen eine sehr tragfähige und robuste Verbindung auch bei hochfesten Betonen zwischen Stahlbauteilen und Betonquerschnitten dar. Die Herstellung des Stahldübels ist dabei einfach und wirtschaftlich. Mittels Verbunddübelleisten lassen sich neue Querschnitte für den konstruktiven Ingenieurbau entwickeln. Halbierte Walzprofile, die mit der speziellen Geometrie der Verbunddübel geschnitten wurden, werden als außenliegende Bewehrung im Verbundbau eingesetzt. In zwei Teilaufsätzen wird die Bemessung der Verbunddübel für unterschiedliche Randbedingungen und Belastungsarten erläutert. Der erste Beitrag befasst sich mit der Technologie der Verbunddübel, deren Tragverhalten und der Bemessung der Verbindung unter ruhender Belastung. Das Ermüdungsverhalten ist Schwerpunkt in einem zweiten Aufsatz. Die Problemstellung wird ausführlich erläutert und ein Bemessungsvorschlag auf Grundlage des Strukturspannungskonzeptes vorgestellt.

Load bearing behaviour of composite dowels – Static loads (part I). Composite dowels realise a high load bearing capacity for connections between concrete and steel. The technology establishes a short time and cost‐effective production process. Using composite dowels for shear transmission new and innovative cross‐sections can be designed. Halved rolled sections which have been cut along with a specific dowel geometry are applied as external reinforcement. The publication is divided into two parts describing design of composite dowels for different boundary conditions and load cases. Foremost the technology, their load bearing behaviour, the design concepts for composite dowels for static loads are highlighted. The behaviour under cyclic load, will be introduced in a second part. The fatigue behaviour will be explained in detail and design concepts based upon the hot spot stress will be given.
High‐throughput structural biology of metabolic enzymes and its impact on human diseases
Authors: Yue Wyatt W. , Oppermann Udo
Published: February 2011

The Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC) is a public‐private partnership that aims to determine the three‐dimensional structures of human proteins of medical relevance and place them into the public domain without restriction. To date, the Oxford Metabolic Enzyme Group at SGC has deposited the structures of more than 140 human metabolic enzymes from diverse protein families such as oxidoreductases, hydrolases, oxygenases and fatty acid transferases. A subset of our target proteins are involved in the inherited disorders of carbohydrate, fatty acid, amino acid and vitamin metabolism. This article will provide an overview of the structural data gathered from our high‐throughput efforts and the lessons learnt in the structure‐function relationship of these enzymes, small molecule development and the molecular basis of disease mutations.