bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El "género" y la construcción de la realidad
Authors: Lafuente María Isabel
Published: June 2016

El proceso de conocimiento, como puso de relieve Ortega y Gasset, influye decidida y eficazmente en la construcción de la realidad, que es la vida. La circunstancia nos impone aquellos límites en los que es posible nuestra acción,
y ésta exige el conocimiento de esos límites, los de los hechos (objetos, relaciones y operaciones) que en ella se dan, y los que en ella son posibles. Por ello, puede decirse que toda acción presenta dos vertientes o, para decirlo
analógicamente, que como Jano tiene dos caras, pues consiste tanto en un conocimiento hecho (conciencia lógica, que es conciencia inmediata de la acción),
como en una conciencia práctica (inconsciencia lógica), que requiere ser tematizada, es decir, trasformada en conciencia lógica, a la que podemos denominar conocimiento hecho.
Reflexiones acerca del trabajo de las mujeres
Authors: Marcos Santiago Rosario
Published: June 2016

En el siguiente trabajo perseguimos revisar el marco conceptual teórico para estudiar las experiencias de trabajo femeninas. Partimos de la necesidad de que en cualquier estudio sobre el trabajo de las mujeres se ha de tener
en cuenta la presencia de la mujer tanto en la esfera reproductiva como en la productiva, ya que su ubicación en la primera nos ayudará a captar la esencia del trabajo asalariado de las mujeres. Otros objetivos son, por un lado, captar la globalidad del trabajo femenino, entendido éste como una relación social compleja, lo cual a su vez nos lleva a cuestionar las definiciones imperantes sobre el trabajo que han tendido a ignorar aquellas actividades realizadas fuera de la esfera mercantil. Sabemos
que el concepto de trabajo es excesivamente polisémico, y esa polisemia conlleva confusión, pero no vamos a proceder a una revisión de definiciones ni concepciones de trabajo que se pueden encontrar en numerosa bibliografía.
La igualdad en la educación superior: ¿mito o realidad?
Authors: Egea Reche Mónica
Published: June 2016

Las mujeres han roto muchas barreras y han evolucionado hacia una mayor participación en todos los espacios donde se desarrollan actividades públicas: se constata su acceso a los distintos niveles educativos, han conseguido su inserción en el
mercado laboral y participan en los distintos ámbitos de la política. Hay que señalar que siendo notoria esta participación, se pueden resaltar algunas diferencias que todavía impiden la igualdad de derechos y oportunidades, y la universidad es buen ejemplo de esa realidad.
Colombia y la educación del siglo xxi	Â¿una escuela postmoderna?
Authors: Valencia Leguizamón Mariana , Rodríguez León Daniel
Published: June 2016

El presente artículo constituye una reflexión teórica sobre la necesidad de re-pensar la escuela como institución social en virtud del lugar que podría ocupar en ella el maestro Colombiano.Â  Para ello, se proponen cuatro momentos que entretejen, a nuestra manera de ver, el contexto y las razones del problema. La inestabilidad de la relación modernidad-postmodernidad desde Gianni Vattimo constituye el primer estadio como contexto socioculural de la escuela en el siglo XXI. En segundo lugar, recordamos la ruptura entre universidad y sociedad denunciada por Durkheim en el contexto Francés, y relacionada aquí a manera de analogía. En el tercer momento, planteamos la relación problemática entre saber y poder desde Lyotard y, finalmente, intentamos perfilar las responsabilidades del maestro colombiano a la luz de las tres dificultades (sub-temas del texto) anteriores
Estado de las prácticas de lectura en la universidad colombiana. una aproximación estadística
Authors: Zambrano Valencia Juan David , Medina Quintero Rubiel , Muñoz Loaiza Beyddy
Published: June 2016

Este artículo presenta el análisis de los resultados de algunas preguntas de la encuesta aplicada a estudiantes de educación superior desde la investigación Â¿Para qué se lee y se escribe en la universidad colombiana? Un aporte a la consolidación de la cultura académica del país, con el código PREOO439015708, desarrollado por 16 universidades nacionales. Las observaciones expuestas pertenecen a 4 interrogantes relacionados específicamente con las prácticas de lectura académica con las que se enfrentan los estudiantes durante el transcurso de su pregrado.
El razonamiento silogístico como patrón básico del pensamiento moral y científico
Authors: Posada Ramírez Jose Gregorio
Published: June 2016

El siguiente texto describe el razonamiento silogístico. Tiene el propósito de mostrar que su comprensión es fecunda para entender una de las estructuras básicas de la racionalidad de la ciencia y el comportamiento humano. Así, se establece que en tanto la ciencia es explicativa, y para las ciencias la explicación estándar se da a través del modelo nomológico deductivo, comprender el razonamiento silogístico es valioso para entender la explicación científica. De igual forma, en tanto las acciones humanas se explican a través del modelo causal de razones, el silogismo representa adecuadamente la estructura de las razones para la acción, que son valoradas desde la moral. Así, el intento de este texto es mostrar un punto de vista holístico que incluya en una misma perspectiva a la ciencia y la moralidad; se considera que esa perspectiva holística puede hacerse desde el razonamiento silogístico.
La ecología en colombia: relación, impactos y atenuación con los sectores minero, energético y portuario
Authors: Pineda Patiño Jorge Enrique
Published: June 2016

En primer lugar, etimológicamente ecología significa, el estudio del lugar donde se habita; de acuerdo con Haeckel (1870), ecología, indica el cuerpo de conocimiento relativo a la economía de la naturaleza, con otros términos, la investigación de las relaciones totales del animal con su ambiente tanto orgánico como inorgánico, las cuales incluyen sobre todo su relación amistosa y hostil con aquellos animales y plantas con los cuales entra directa o indirectamente en contacto. Más brevemente, la Ecología es el estudio de todas las interrelaciones complejas, a las que se refería Darwin, así como las condiciones de lucha por la existencia; siendo así, la ciencia de la ecología, a menudo considerada equivocadamente como â€œbiologíaâ€ en un sentido restringido, constituye desde hace tiempo la esencia de lo que generalmente se denomina â€œhistoria naturalâ€.Â El concepto deÂ  ecología en Colombia se aplica a laÂ  relación, losÂ  impactos y la atenuación conÂ  sectores representativos de la economía nacional como lo son: el sector minero, el sector energético y el sector portuario, encontrando ecosistemas intervenidos por el hombre y afectados por el deterior ambiental; pero a su vez la conciencia ambiental de las naciones ha enfilado sus esfuerzos a presentar propuestas gubernamentales que apuntan a laÂ  Sostenibilidad y a armonizar los aspectos ambientales, económicos y sociales, para el caso particular de Colombia se hace referencia a la Ley Ambiental99 de 1993.El objetivo del artículo es mostrar las diferentes relaciones de la ecología en Colombia en relación con los impactos y su atenuación en los sectores minero, energético y portuario; como tal se analizan los impactos positivos y negativos que se muestran alrededor de los tres sectores y las medidas atenuantes y evaluadoras de dichos impactos para presentar un resultado de las condiciones que tienen ellos.
Prospectiva de la agroindustria de producción de flor de corte del departamento del Quindío bajo la metodología de Godet
Authors: Cifuentes Wchima Ximena , Mejía Giraldo Luis Miguel
Published: June 2016

Se llevó a cabo una investigación prospectiva de la Agroindustria de producción de flores de corte del Departamento del Quindío, la cual comprende la zona marginal alta cafetera y se observó que el entorno de mayor influencia es el tecnológico e influyendo principalmente al entorno económico. Además al realizar el análisis de impacto con el uso del criterio prospec- tivo se detectó que las variables críticas son la posibilidad de exportación, los altos márgenes de rentabilidad que podrían ser alcanzados yÂ  la ubicación de zonas agroecológicas para la producción de flores y follajes, y como variables externas influyentes el estimulo al desarrollo de empresas y el apoyo con políticas de explotación por el Gobierno.
MANAJEMEN KONFLIK BERBASIS “MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCES”: SOLUSI ALTERNATIF KONTESTASI PRIBUMI DAN SALAFI DI LOMBOK
Authors: Fitriani Mohamad Iwan
Published: June 2016

The relationship between salafism and indigeneous moslem at Lombok caused several contestations and needed to be studied deeply. In this study, salafism and indigeneous moslem will be classified into rural and urban. This classification based on their unique relations: (1) salafism gets high resistence from rural indigenous moslems, (2) meanwhile, salafism receives tolerance from urban indigenous moslem. This study uses qualitative approach with interpretive paradigm to answer causes of rural indigeneous moslems resistences toward rural salafism, causes of urban indigeneous moslems tolerance toward urban salafism and how to formulate conflict management based on multicultural competences. This study shows that different responses of indigenous moslems toward salafism aren’t only caused by the contestations of Ahlu-al sunnah but also many other elements. Then, multicultural competences needed to be developed by religious elite as an alternative to manage conflict in plural society for the sake of peace built on reciprocal multicultural values.

Relasi antara antara salafi dan pribumi di Lombok telah melahirkan berbagai kontestasi yang perlu diulas secara mendalam. Dalam kajian ini, salafi dan pribumi diklasifikasi menjadi dua yaitu salafi desa dan kota serta pribumi desa dan kota. Klasifikasi ini didasarkan pada keunikan relasinya: (1) salafi desa mendapat resistensi tinggi dari muslim pribumi desa, (2) salafi kota mendapatkan toleransi dari pribumi kota. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan paradigma interpretatif untuk menjawab penyebab resistensi pribumi desa terhadap salafi desa, penyebab toleransi pribumi kota terhadap salafi kota serta bagaimana rumusan model manajemen konflik berbasis kompetensi multikultural. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan respon pribumi terhadap salafi tidak hanya disebabkan oleh kontestasi ahlu al-sunnah tetapi juga banyak unsur-unsur yang lain. Selanjutnya, multicultural competence perlu dikembangkan oleh elit agama sebagai alternatif manajemen konflik dalam realitas sosial yang plural demi kerukunan yang dibangun oleh nilai-nilai resiprokal-multikultural.
Natural Selection Intensity among four Hindu Varna populations of Lucknow Disttict, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Bajpai Vibha Devi , Singh Dr. Udai Pratap
Published: June 2016

The selection intensity indices were calculated based one demographic information pertaining to fertility and mortality among the four Varnas of Lucknow population. The highest value of Crow’s index is observed in Kshartiya (0.494934) where as lowest in Brahmins (0.365809). Johnston and Kensinger index varies from 0.3866 among Brahmins to 0.5294 among Kshtiya. The total index of opportunity (Crow’s) is in the order Brahmin > Vaishya > Shudra > Kshtirya. However the mortality component is more in Kshtirya and Vaishyas reflecting the accessibility of poor medical facilities and socio-economic condition. Another reason may be due to the delay in care seeking practices.
El arte de la traducción en el Humanismo renacentista español
Authors: MONREAL PÉREZ Juan L.
Published: June 2016

El artículo presenta la visión y perspectiva que sobre la traducción tenía la llamada corriente Humanismo renacentista español, bien representada, entre otros, por Nebrija, Juan Luis Vives, Juan de Valdés y Fray Luis de León, principalmente, así como por Bernardo Pérez de Chinchón y Alonso Ruiz de Virués, por su significativa obra en este campo. La obra traductora de todos ellos tiene en común el haber entendido que el oficio de la traducción no conlleva un servilismo literal sino que requiere una tarea de interpretación del texto a verter. El interés adicional que encontramos al examinar las contribuciones que al arte de la traducción tuvieron lugar en este periodo es ver cómo éstas ayudaron a desarrollar en el tiempo la lengua castellana a través de las diversas obras que fueron objeto de traducción por parte de los humanistas españoles.
¿Existe el Plain Spanish? La modernización del discurso jurídico-administrativo y su influencia en la traducción jurídica
Authors: TOLEDO BÁEZ Cristina
Published: June 2016

En el presente artículo investigamos acerca del discurso jurídico-administrativo y sus transformaciones. Tras determinar las características terminológicas, morfológicas y sintácticas de dicho discurso, analizaremos el impacto que, sobre todo en Reino Unido y en Estados Unidos, ha tenido un movimiento de gran calado denominado Plain English, mediante el cual el ciudadano medio exige un lenguaje claro y comprensible por parte de la Justicia y de la Administración Pública. Mostraremos que este movimiento se ha extendido a nuestro país y estudiaremos las distintas medidas nacionales ofrecidas con el fin de lograr una comunicación eficaz con el público en general. Analizaremos la influencia de este lenguaje claro en la traducción jurídica mediante el análisis de una sentencia en las lenguas española e inglesa en aras a comprobar la viabilidad de un Plain Spanish.
Wald(was)en Thoreau, Heidegger, Celan
Authors: LASTRA Antonio
Published: June 2016

La antigua discordia entre la filosofía y la poesía se puede decir de muchas maneras. Este artículo compara la escritura constitucional de Henry David Thoreau en Walden con la tarea del pensar heideggeriana con el trasfondo de la visita del poeta Paul Celan a la cabaña de Todtnauberg.
Pragmática ecofánica del contradiscurso artístico ‘oportunista’ en política
Authors: BALSERA FERNÁNDEZ Manuel
Published: June 2016

En este artículo nos proponemos estudiar, basándonos en la teoría de la Relevancia (D. Sperber y D.Wilson, 1995, 2004; Carston, 2002), algunos aspectos pragmáticos y traductológicos (E.A.Gutt, 1991, 1998, 2004) del contradiscurso político-electoral sobre Barack Obama fundamentado en obras de arte. El lenguaje pictórico-visual con toda la complejidad de sus estructuras y procesos, posee un enorme potencial comunicativo pero necesita del anclaje verbal, especialmente en los textos multimodales de naturaleza ecoica, si éstos tienen fines persuasivos. Centraremos nuestra atención en dos obras pictóricas consideradas canónicas del arte y de la cultura estadounidense: Washington Crossing the Delaware de Emanuel Leutze (1851) y American Gothic de Grant Wood (1930).
Un círculo filosófico-literario de finales del XVII en Inglaterra: textos representativos
Authors: GARCÍA CALDERÓN Ángeles
Published: June 2016

Trabajo que analiza la actividad del círculo intelectual agrupado en torno a Mary Astell; se trata normalmente de poetas, aunque también las hay que se dedican a la medicina o a la lengua: Lady Mary Chudleigh, Elizabeth Thomas, Judith Drake, Elizabeth Elstob y Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Asimismo, se estudia brevemente como miembro de pleno derecho de este grupo al clérigo y filósofo inglés John Norris, que mantuvo una importante correspondencia con Astell. Un sucinto análisis de la figura de cada miembro da paso a una muestra de su obra, consistente generalmente en un poema, representativo de sus inquietudes como componente del grupo.
Technique of definition of eccentricity of an orbit of the planet
Authors: Kulik Viktor Ivanovich , Kulik Ivan Viktorovich
Published: June 2016

The technique of definition eccentricity orbits only by measurement of angular position of a planet is offered.
Golf Product Advertising Value, Attitude Toward Advertising and Brand, and Purchase Intention
Authors: Lee Yong-Gun , Byon Kevin K. , Ammon Robin , Park Sung-Bae R.
Published: June 2016

We examined the structural relationships among the variables of advertising value, attitude toward advertising, attitude toward the brand, and purchase intention in the context of golf products. The sample (N = 357) comprised members of 6 golf ranges in 2 major provinces in Korea.
Structural equation modeling results supported all hypothesized direct associations except that for the advertising value component of irritation. Further, attitude toward advertising and attitude toward the brand played mediating roles in the relationship between advertising value components
and purchase intention. We have redefined Ducoffe's outcome advertising value model in a golf-product advertising context and shed light on how consumers of these products form purchase intentions through tripartite advertising values.
Effects of Positive Mood and Job Complexity on Employee Creativity and Performance
Authors: Liu Wei
Published: June 2016

I proposed and tested a moderated mediation model in which job characteristics moderate the effect of mood states on creativity, which, in turn, facilitates performance of employees. Participants in the study were 220 employees of manufacturing companies in China. The results indicated
that positive mood and job complexity were interactively associated with better employee performance through the mediation mechanism of creativity. In other words, employees who perceive greater job complexity are more likely to be motivated by positive mood to work in a novel and practical
way, and will then strive for better performance. Theoretical and practical implications for manufacturing companies are discussed.
Plasma endothelin-1 levels and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zeravica Radmila , Ilincic Branislava , Cabarkapa Velibor , Sakac Vladimir , Crnobrnja Veljko , Stosic Zoran
Published: June 2016

Introduction. Microalbuminuria is a very important independent risk factor
for the progression of renal diseases as well as diseases of the
cardiovascular system. Pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the
development of microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes are complex and
they are a result of numerous factors. In the past decade, endothelin-1, the
most potent vasoconstrictor peptide, was identified as an important factor
that significantly contributes to the functional and structural renal
changes. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship
between plasma concentration of endothelin-1 and urinary albumin excretion in
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods. There were 76
patients with type 2 diabetes who were divided into those having
normoalbuminuria (n=33), microalbuminuria (n=29), and macroalbuminuria
(n=14), and 30 healthy controls. Plasma levels of endothelin-1 were measured
by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. There were significant
differences in plasma concentration of endothelin-1 among groups (p<0.01).
The correlation between endothelin-1, albuminuria, proteinuria and glomerular
filtration rate was significant. In multiple regression analyses the plasma
concentration of endothelin-1 was independently and significantly associated
with albuminuria (?=0.01, p=0.009), proteinuria (?=0.02, p<0.001) and
glomerular filtration rate (?=-0.01, p=0.0006). Conclusion. Higher plasma
concentrations of endothelin-1 are independently associated with the levels
of urinary excretion of albumin which may corroborate the hypothesis of a
potential role of this peptide in the development of microalbuminuria in
diabetic nephropathy.
Critical review of available treatment options for treatment refractory depression and anxiety - clinical and ethical dilemmas
Authors: Kolar Dusan , Kolar Michael
Published: June 2016

Treatment-resistant mood and anxiety disorders require an intensive
therapeutic approach, and it should balance benefits and adverse effects or
other potential detrimental effects of medications. The goal of treatment is
to provide consistent and lasting improvement in symptoms of depression and
anxiety. Benzodiazepines are effective for anxiety symptoms, but with no
sustained treatment effects. Other medication treatment options for anxiety
disorders are outlined. Ketamine is usually very effective in treating major
depressive disorder but without sustained benefits. Long-term use may pose a
significant risk of developing tolerance and dependence. Stimulant medication
augmentation for treatment-resistant depression is effective for residual
symptoms of depression, but effects are usually short-lasting and it sounds
more as an artificial way of improving energy, alertness and cognitive
functioning. Synthetic cannabinoids and medical marijuana are increasingly
prescribed for various medical conditions, but more recently also for
patients with mood and anxiety disorders. All of these treatments may raise
ethical dilemmas about appropri?ateness of prescribing these medications and
a number of questions regarding the optimal treatment for patients with
treatment-resistant depression and treatment refractory anxiety disorders.
Health effects of sleep deprivation on nurses working shifts
Authors: Stanojevic Cedomirka , Simic Svetlana , Milutinovic Dragana
Published: June 2016

Introduction. Atypical work schedules cause reduced sleep, leading to
drowsiness, fatigue, decline of cognitive performance and health problems
among the members of the nursing staff. The study was aimed at reviewing
current knowledge and attitudes concerning the impact of sleep disorders on
health and cognitive functions among the members of the nursing staff. Sleep
and Interpersonal Relations in Modern Society. The modern 24-hour society
involves more and more employees (health services, police departments, public
transport) in non-standard forms of work. In European Union countries, over
50% of the nursing staff work night shifts, while in the United States of
America 55% of nursing staff work more than 40 hours a week, and 30-70% of
nurses sleep less than six hours before their shift. Cognitive Effects of
Sleep Deprivation. Sleep deprivation impairs the performance of tasks that
require intensive and prolonged attention which increases the number of
errors in patients care, and nurses are subject to increased risk of traffic
accidents. Sleep Deprivation and Health Disorders. Sleep deprived members of
the nursing staff are at risk of obesity, diabetes, gastrointestinal
disorders and cardio?vascular disease. The risk factors for breast cancer are
increased by 1.79 times, and there is a significantly higher risk for
colorectal carcinoma. Conclusion. Too long or repeated shifts reduce the
opportunity for sleep, shorten recovery time in nurses, thus endangering
their safety and health as well as the quality of care and patients? safety.
Bearing in mind the significance of the problem it is necessary to conduct
the surveys of sleep quality and health of nurses in the Republic of Serbia
as well in order to tackle this issue which is insufficiently recognized.
Aortobifemoral reconstruction and renal transplantation in a patient with abdominal aortic aneurysm and occlusion of iliac arteries: A case report
Authors: Tomic Aleksandar , Milovic Novak , Marjanovic Ivan , Lekovic Ivan , Bjelanovic Zoran , Sarac Momir , Vavic Neven , Ignjatovic Ljiljana , Stamenkovic Dusica , Mickovic Sasa
Published: June 2016

Introduction. Aortoiliac occlusive disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients with renal insufficiency on hemodialysis can significantly influence the success of renal transplantation. In the recent past, advanced atherosclerosis was considered as contraindication for renal transplantation. Complicated creation of vascular anastomoses and progression of occlusive or aneurysmal disease were the main reasons. Case report. We presented a 52-year-old man with a 5-year history of end-stage renal disease on haemodialysis. The patient was previously excluded from renal transplantation program because of severe aortoiliac atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Resection of abdominal aortic aneurysm with occlusion of the iliac arteries and reconstruction with aortobifemoral synthetic grafts was performed and followed by cadaveric renal transplantation. Conclusion. Advanced atherosclerotic disease in aortoiliac segment requires elective vascular surgical reconstruction, as part of preparation for renal transplantation in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in children on chronic hemodialysis - Uremia related (non-traditional) risk factors, part II
Authors: Sulovic Ljiljana
Published: June 2016

nema
Does Charismatic Client Leadership Constrain Auditor Objectivity?
Authors: Svanberg Jan , Öhman Peter
Published: June 2016

This study examines whether charismatic client leadership constrains the objectivity of auditor judgment. Previous accounting research has found that auditors who identify with their clients suffer from objectivity impairment because they agree with their clients more than do other auditors. Related to this, leadership research claims that followers' identification with a collective makes them susceptible to charismatic leader influence. Based on leadership theory, we anticipate that auditor objectivity may be constrained when leadership is perceived as charismatic, even disregarding the fact that the auditor is not a member of the client's organization. A cross-sectional design was used and responses from Swedish auditors were analyzed statistically. The findings indicate that perceived charismatic leadership is associated with constrained auditor objectivity.
Collaborative Performance Management in Interfirm Relationships
Authors: Dekker Henri C. , Ding Rong , Groot Tom
Published: June 2016

In this study, we examine how firms' collaborative objectives influence their use of performance management practices in interfirm relationships. We conceptualize collaborative performance management to include three interrelated practices: measurement of interfirm performance, information sharing, and interaction between boundary spanners of partner firms. Prior research has related firms' interfirm control choices to transaction risk as proxied by “given” transaction characteristics. We hypothesize that transaction characteristics are determined by the strategic importance of the collaboration (manifested by the importance of firms' collaborative objectives) and, in turn, influence the use of firms' performance management practices. Analysis of survey data supports our hypotheses that strategic importance of the collaboration is associated with transaction characteristics (i.e., with asset specificity, transaction scope, task interdependencies, and environmental variability), which, in turn, mediate the influence of collaborative objectives on the use of performance management practices. We also find that performance measurement, information sharing, and boundary spanner interaction are used as complementary practices in the management of interfirm relationships.
NOV/CCN3: A New Adipocytokine Involved in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance
Authors: Martinerie Cécile , Garcia Marie , Do Thi Thu Huong , Antoine Bénédicte , Moldes Marthe , Dorothee Guillaume , Kazazian Chantal , Auclair Martine , Buyse Marion , Ledent Tatiana , Marchal Pierre-Olivier , Fesatidou Maria , Beisseiche Adrien , Koseki Haruhiko , Hiraoka Shuichi , Chadjichristos Christos Evangelos , Blondeau Bertrand , Denis Raphael Georges , Luquet Serge , Fève Bruno
Published: June 2016

Identification of new adipokines that potentially link obesity to insulin resistance represents a major challenge. We recently showed that NOV/CCN3, a multifunctional matricellular protein, is synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue, with plasma levels highly correlated with BMI. NOV involvement in tissue repair, fibrotic and inflammatory diseases, and cancer has been previously reported. However, its role in energy homeostasis remains unknown. We investigated the metabolic phenotype of NOV−/− mice fed a standard or high-fat diet (HFD). Strikingly, the weight of NOV−/− mice was markedly lower than that of wild-type mice but only on an HFD. This was related to a significant decrease in fat mass associated with an increased proportion of smaller adipocytes and to a higher expression of genes involved in energy expenditure. NOV−/− mice fed an HFD displayed improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, the absence of NOV was associated with a change in macrophages profile (M1-like to M2-like), in a marked decrease in adipose tissue expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and in enhanced insulin signaling. Conversely, NOV treatment of adipocytes increased chemokine expression. Altogether, these results show that NOV is a new adipocytokine that could be involved in obesity-associated insulin-resistance.
Hsp20-Mediated Activation of Exosome Biogenesis in Cardiomyocytes Improves Cardiac Function and Angiogenesis in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Wang Xiaohong , Gu Haitao , Huang Wei , Peng Jiangtong , Li Yutian , Yang Liwang , Qin Dongze , Essandoh Kobina , Wang Yigang , Peng Tianqing , Fan Guo-Chang
Published: June 2016

Decreased heat shock protein (Hsp) expression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes has been implicated as a primary factor contributing to diabetes-induced organ damage. We recently showed that diabetic cardiomyocytes could release detrimental exosomes, which contain lower levels of Hsp20 than normal ones. To investigate whether such detrimental exosomes could be modified in cardiomyocytes by raising Hsp20 levels to become protective, we used a transgenic (TG) mouse model with cardiac-specific overexpression of Hsp20. TG and control wild-type (WT) mice were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. We observed that overexpression of Hsp20 significantly attenuated STZ-caused cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis, and microvascular rarefaction. Moreover, Hsp20-TG cardiomyocytes exhibited an increased generation/secretion of exosomes by direct interaction of Hsp20 with Tsg101. Of importance, exosomes derived from TG cardiomyocytes encased higher levels of Hsp20, p-Akt, survivin, and SOD1 than WT exosomes and protected against in vitro hyperglycemia-triggered cell death, as well as in vivo STZ-induced cardiac adverse remodeling. Last, blockade of exosome generation by GW4869 remarkably offset Hsp20-mediated cardioprotection in diabetic mice. Our results indicate that elevation of Hsp20 in cardiomyocytes can offer protection in diabetic hearts through the release of instrumental exosomes. Thus, Hsp20-engineered exosomes might be a novel therapeutic agent for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Isolated Pancreatic Aplasia Due to a Hypomorphic PTF1A Mutation
Authors: Houghton Jayne A.L. , Swift Galvin H. , Shaw-Smith Charles , Flanagan Sarah E. , de Franco Elisa , Caswell Richard , Hussain Khalid , Mohamed Sarar , Abdulrasoul Majedah , Hattersley Andrew T. , MacDonald Raymond J. , Ellard Sian
Published: June 2016

Homozygous truncating mutations in the helix-loop-helix transcription factor PTF1A are a rare cause of pancreatic and cerebellar agenesis. The correlation of Ptf1a dosage with pancreatic phenotype in a mouse model suggested the possibility of finding hypomorphic PTF1A mutations in patients with pancreatic agenesis or neonatal diabetes but no cerebellar phenotype. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism typing in two siblings with neonatal diabetes from a consanguineous pedigree revealed a large shared homozygous region (31 Mb) spanning PTF1A. Sanger sequencing of PTF1A identified a novel missense mutation, p.P191T. Testing of 259 additional patients using a targeted next-generation sequencing assay for 23 neonatal diabetes genes detected one additional proband and an affected sibling with the same homozygous mutation. All four patients were diagnosed with diabetes at birth and were treated with insulin. Two of the four patients had exocrine pancreatic insufficiency requiring replacement therapy but none of the affected individuals had neurodevelopmental delay. Transient transfection assays of the mutant protein demonstrated a 75% reduction in transactivation activity. This study shows that the functional severity of a homozygous mutation impacts the severity of clinical features found in patients.
High-Density Lipoproteins Rescue Diabetes-Impaired Angiogenesis via Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I
Authors: Tan Joanne T.M. , Prosser Hamish C.G. , Dunn Louise L. , Vanags Laura Z. , Ridiandries Anisyah , Tsatralis Tania , Leece Laura , Clayton Zoë E. , Yuen Sui Ching G. , Robertson Stacy , Lam Yuen Ting , Celermajer David S. , Ng Martin K.C. , Bursill Christina A.
Published: June 2016

Disordered neovascularization and impaired wound healing are important contributors to diabetic vascular complications. We recently showed that high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) enhance ischemia-mediated neovascularization, and mounting evidence suggests HDL have antidiabetic properties. We therefore hypothesized that HDL rescue diabetes-impaired neovascularization. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice had reduced blood flow recovery and neovessel formation in a hindlimb ischemia model compared with nondiabetic mice. Reconstituted HDL (rHDL) infusions in diabetic mice restored blood flow recovery and capillary density to nondiabetic levels. Topical rHDL application rescued diabetes-impaired wound closure, wound angiogenesis, and capillary density. In vitro, rHDL increased key mediators involved in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) stabilization, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway, Siah1, and Siah2, and suppressed the prolyl hydroxylases (PHD) 2 and PHD3. rHDL rescued high glucose–induced impairment of tubulogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A protein production, a finding associated with enhanced phosphorylation of proangiogenic mediators VEGF receptor 2 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Siah1/2 small interfering RNA knockdown confirmed the importance of HIF-1α stability in mediating rHDL action. Lentiviral short hairpin RNA knockdown of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) in vitro and SR-BI−/− diabetic mice in vivo attenuated rHDL rescue of diabetes-impaired angiogenesis, indicating a key role for SR-BI. These findings provide a greater understanding of the vascular biological effects of HDL, with potential therapeutic implications for diabetic vascular complications.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Improves Insulin Resistance With Reduced Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity
Authors: Ham Mira , Choe Sung Sik , Shin Kyung Cheul , Choi Goun , Kim Ji-Won , Noh Jung-Ran , Kim Yong-Hoon , Ryu Je-won , Yoon Kun-Ho , Lee Chul-Ho , Kim Jae Bum
Published: June 2016

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, plays important roles in redox regulation and de novo lipogenesis. It was recently demonstrated that aberrant upregulation of G6PD in obese adipose tissue mediates insulin resistance as a result of imbalanced energy metabolism and oxidative stress. It remains elusive, however, whether inhibition of G6PD in vivo may relieve obesity-induced insulin resistance. In this study we showed that a hematopoietic G6PD defect alleviates insulin resistance in obesity, accompanied by reduced adipose tissue inflammation. Compared with wild-type littermates, G6PD-deficient mutant (G6PDmut) mice were glucose tolerant upon high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding. Intriguingly, the expression of NADPH oxidase genes to produce reactive oxygen species was alleviated, whereas that of antioxidant genes was enhanced in the adipose tissue of HFD-fed G6PDmut mice. In diet-induced obesity (DIO), the adipose tissue of G6PDmut mice decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines, accompanied by downregulated proinflammatory macrophages. Accordingly, macrophages from G6PDmut mice greatly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory signaling cascades, leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity in adipocytes and hepatocytes. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of G6PDmut bone marrow to wild-type mice attenuated adipose tissue inflammation and improved glucose tolerance in DIO. Collectively, these data suggest that inhibition of macrophage G6PD would ameliorate insulin resistance in obesity through suppression of proinflammatory responses.
Targeted Expression of Catalase to Mitochondria Protects Against Ischemic Myopathy in High-Fat Diet–Fed Mice
Authors: Ryan Terence E. , Schmidt Cameron A. , Green Thomas D. , Spangenburg Espen E. , Neufer P. Darrell , McClung Joseph M.
Published: June 2016

Patients with type 2 diabetes respond poorly to treatments for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and are more likely to present with the most severe manifestation of the disease, critical limb ischemia. The underlying mechanisms linking type 2 diabetes and the severity of PAD manifestation are not well understood. We sought to test whether diet-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress would increase the susceptibility of the peripheral limb to hindlimb ischemia (HLI). Six weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) in C57BL/6 mice was insufficient to alter skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and respiratory function or the size of ischemic lesion after HLI, despite reducing blood flow. However, 16 weeks of HFD similarly decreased ischemic limb blood flow, but also exacerbated limb tissue necrosis, increased the myopathic lesion size, reduced muscle regeneration, attenuated muscle function, and exacerbated ischemic mitochondrial dysfunction. Mechanistically, mitochondrial-targeted overexpression of catalase prevented the HFD-induced ischemic limb necrosis, myopathy, and mitochondrial dysfunction, despite no improvement in limb blood flow. These findings demonstrate that skeletal muscle mitochondria are a critical pathological link between type 2 diabetes and PAD. Furthermore, therapeutically targeting mitochondria and oxidant burden is an effective strategy to alleviate tissue loss and ischemic myopathy during PAD.
Efficacy and Safety of LixiLan, a Titratable Fixed-Ratio Combination of Lixisenatide and Insulin Glargine, Versus Insulin Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Metformin Monotherapy: The LixiLan Proof-of-Concept Randomized Trial
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Diamant Michaela , Aroda Vanita R. , Silvestre Louise , Souhami Elisabeth , Zhou Tianyue , Perfetti Riccardo , Fonseca Vivian ,   for the LixiLan PoC Study Group
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE

This study assessed the efficacy and safety of LixiLan, a fixed-ratio, titratable, combination of 2 units insulin glargine (Gla-100) and 1 μg lixisenatide administered once daily via a single pen, versus Gla-100 in insulin-naïve type 2 diabetes on metformin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants were randomized to once-daily LixiLan (n = 161) or Gla-100 (n = 162) for 24 weeks, while continuing metformin. LixiLan and Gla-100 were started at 10 units/5 μg and 10 units, respectively, and titrated based on the Gla-100 requirement according to fasting plasma glucose levels. The primary objective was to test noninferiority (upper bound of the 95% CI ≤0.4%) of LixiLan in reducing HbA1c; if met, statistical superiority was tested. Secondary objectives included body weight changes, hypoglycemia, and safety.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics (mean age 57 years, diabetes duration 6–7 years, BMI 32 kg/m2) were similar between groups. At week 24, mean HbA1c was reduced from 8.0% (64 mmol/mol) at baseline to 6.3% (45 mmol/mol) and 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) with LixiLan and Gla-100, respectively, establishing statistical noninferiority and superiority of LixiLan (least-squared mean [95% CI] difference: −0.17% [−0.31, −0.04] {−1.9 mmol/mol [−3.4, −0.4]}; P = 0.01). HbA1c <7.0% (<53 mmol/mol) was achieved in 84% and 78% of participants (nonsignificant), respectively. LixiLan improved 2-h postmeal plasma glucose versus Gla-100 (least-squared mean difference: –3.17 mmol/L [–57 mg/dL]; P < 0.0001). Body weight was reduced with LixiLan (–1 kg) and increased with Gla-100 (+0.5 kg; P < 0.0001), with no increase in hypoglycemic events (∼25% in each group). The incidence of nausea (7.5%) and vomiting (2.5%) was low with LixiLan.

CONCLUSIONS

LixiLan achieved statistically significant reductions to near-normal HbA1c levels with weight loss and no increased hypoglycemic risk, compared with insulin glargine alone, and a low incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin.
Meta-Melodrama: Branden Jacobs-Jenkins Appropriates Dion Boucicault’s The Octoroon
Authors: Foster Verna A.
Published: June 2016

In adapting the nineteenth-century melodrama The Octoroon, Jacobs-Jenkins both satirizes Boucicault’s racial assumptions and emulates his aesthetic principles to produce a meta-melodrama, a play that at once celebrates and critiques its own form while providing a stinging indictment of racial attitudes in the twenty-first century. This essay draws on both the published script and audience responses to Soho Repertory Theatre’s two stagings of the play in 2014 and 2015 gleaned from reviews, blogs, and interviews. The contemporary context and cross-racial casting of An Octoroon ironize and adapt the meaning of Boucicault’s play, making it appropriate for the twenty-first century. Through his use of italicization, Brechtian quotation, the new contemporary dialogue he writes for the slave characters, and his shocking updated sensation scene, Jacobs-Jenkins induces his audience to question their own and each other’s racial reactions even as they are caught up in the play.
Intimidation, reassurance, and invisibility
Authors: Grassiani Erella , Volinz Lior
Published: June 2016

Jerusalem is a city of extremes, where tourists and pilgrims come to see the sights and pray, but where violence is also a daily affair. In the square kilometer called the Old City, which is part of East Jerusalem and thus considered by the international community as occupied territory, the tensions accumulate as (Jewish) Israeli settlers move into houses in the middle of the Muslim and Christian quarters. In order to secure them, numerous cameras have been installed by the police that show all that happens in the narrow streets of the quarter and private security personnel are stationed on many roofs to watch the area. Furthermore, undercover police officers patrol the streets and at times check IDs of Palestinians. In this article, we focus on policing strategies that Israeli private and public security agents use to control this small and controversial urban space. We argue that the constant presence and movement of police, security personnel, and their surveillance technologies in and through the heart of the Muslim quarter should be analyzed within a colonial context and as a deliberate strategy to control and discipline the local population and to legitimize the larger settler project of the Israeli state. This strategy consists of different performances and thus relationships with policed audiences. First, their (undercover) presence is visible for Palestinians with the effect or intention of intimidating them directly. At the same time they also serve to reassure the Israeli settlers living in the Old City and when in uniform foreign tourists. Both Palestinians and settlers will recognize agents and other security arrangements through experience and internalization of the Israeli security mentality, while tourists see them only when in uniform. However, simultaneously, when undercover, their presence remains largely unseen for this third “audience”; the tourists who are not to be alarmed. By showing their presence to some while remaining invisible to others, security actors and technology “perform” for different audiences, manifesting their power within urban space and legitimizing the Israeli occupation.
Sensing evil
Authors: Maguire Mark , Fussey Pete
Published: June 2016

New counterterrorism systems are spreading throughout the world. Many are based on behavior detection by skilled officers; others deploy techno-scientific theories and soft ware-mediated environments. All of these systems raise critical questions about scientific and legal evidence; profiling, costs, and effectiveness. However, much of the recent scholarship on this topic is based on secondhand information and fails to attend to key transformations in security discourses and in practice. Rather than offering just an overview and theoretical critique, this article draws from our ethnographic data on counterterrorism in the UK (with reference to the broader global securityscape) and examines the phantasmagoria of fears and threats, the experimentations, myriad “expert” theories, and productivity in this realm. In doing so, the article examines how, beyond utilitarian notions of efficiency and security, counterterrorism practices perform multiple cultural roles for those charged with its delivery. We discuss particular examples of counterterrorism deployments and explore the production of theories about the human in security discourses and practices.
Safe long-term repeated disruption of the blood-brain barrier using an implantable ultrasound device: a multiparametric study in a primate model
Authors: Horodyckid Catherine , Canney Michael , Vignot Alexandre , Boisgard Raphael , Drier Aurélie , Huberfeld Gilles , François Chantal , Prigent Annick , Santin Mathieu D. , Adam Clovis , Willer Jean-Claude , Lafon Cyril , Chapelon Jean-Yves , Carpentier Alexandre
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE

The main limitation to the efficacy of chemotherapy for brain tumors is the restricted access to the brain because of the limited permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Previous animal studies have shown that the application of pulsed ultrasound (US), in combination with the intravenous injection of microbubbles, can temporarily disrupt the BBB to deliver drugs that normally cannot reach brain tissue. Although many previous studies have been performed with external focused US transducers, the device described in the current work emits US energy using an unfocused transducer implanted in the skull thickness. This method avoids distortion of the US energy by the skull bone and allows for simple, repetitive, and broad disruption of the BBB without the need for MRI monitoring. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the BBB can be safely and repeatedly disrupted using such an implantable unfocused US device in a primate model.

METHODS

An 11.5-mm-diameter, 1-MHz, planar US device was implanted via a bur hole into the skull of 3 primates (2 Papio anubis [olive] baboons and 1 Macaca fascicularis [macaque]) for 4 months. Pulsed US sonications were applied together with the simultaneous intravenous injection of sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles (SonoVue) every 2 weeks to temporarily disrupt the BBB. In each primate, a total of 7 sonications were performed with a 23.2-msec burst length (25,000 cycles) and a 1-Hz pulse repetition frequency at acoustic pressure levels of 0.6–0.8 MPa. Potential toxicity induced by repeated BBB opening was analyzed using MRI, PET, electroencephalography (EEG), somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring, behavioral scales, and histopathological analysis.

RESULTS

The T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR images acquired after each sonication exhibited a zone of hypersignal underneath the transducer that persisted for more than 4 hours, indicating a broad region of BBB opening in the acoustic field of the implant. Positron emission tomography images with fluorine-18–labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) did not indicate any changes in the cerebral metabolism of glucose. Neither epileptic signs nor pathological central nerve conduction was observed on EEG and SSEP recordings, respectively. Behavior in all animals remained normal. Histological analysis showed no hemorrhagic processes, no petechia, and extravasation of only a few erythrocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

The studies performed confirm that an implantable, 1-MHz US device can be used to repeatedly open the BBB broadly in a large-animal model without inducing any acute, subacute, or chronic lesions.