bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planta versátil
Authors: Folga Bekavac Alejandro Román
Published: June 2024

Cuando se trata de expresar la flexibilidad de usos del espacio doméstico, la planta es la pieza gráfica más adecuada. En este artículo se reflexiona sobre las relaciones que existen entre las ideas proyectuales que sustentan las propuestas y los recursos gráficos utilizados por los proyectistas para comunicarlas. Con ese objetivo, se analiza la modalidad flexible denominada planta versátil, entendida por algunos autores como una flexibilidad inicial, ya que se desarrolla antes de la ocupación del usuario. Para llevar adelante esa reflexión, en primer lugar, se ponen en diálogo las ideas de diferentes autores que han teorizado sobre la flexibilidad de la vivienda. En segundo lugar, a modo de ilustración de los conceptos teóricos estudiados, se aborda el análisis de una serie de proyectos y obras construidas. Dichas propuestas se presentan a través de dibujos de plantas publicados por los propios proyectistas para explicar sus ideas. Del estudio de las plantas se deriva una serie de conclusiones sobre el uso de dicho gráfico como una herramienta discursiva puesta al servicio del proyecto.
IDENTIFYING CHALLENGES AFFECTING SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Authors: Gümüsburun Ayalp Gülden , Metinal Yusuf Berkay
Published: June 2024

The challenges posed by rapid population growth and urbanization, coupled with advancements in technology and industry, have led to increased energy consumption, posing potential threats to the future well-being of all living organisms. In the contemporary discourse on sustainability, the efficient utilization of limited resources, including energy, water, and materials, has become pivotal in the construction sector. Developed nations have responded to these concerns by incorporating various regulations into their legal frameworks to promote sustainable construction projects. Consequently, adopting innovative practices in construction processes is essential for designing and implementing sustainable projects. Meeting these demands necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the challenges inherent in the sustainable construction process. Therefore, this study identifies and ranks the obstacles encountered in the Turkish construction industry concerning sustainable construction. Employing a “Systematic Literature Review,” 49 challenges were identified. A survey was organized using these challenges and conducted among architects, civil engineers, and construction contractors, and 209 participants fully completed the questionnaire. Quantitative methods were used to analyze the collected survey data. The study's results reveal that all identified criteria significantly and moderately influence the sustainable construction process within the Turkish construction industry. Furthermore, the research underscores that the most critical impediments are linked to the transition process toward adopting sustainable building practices.
COURT EXPERTS’ CONTRIBUTION TO AN EFFICIENT DISPUTE RESOLUTION
Authors: Provenzano Paola , Quapp Ulrike
Published: June 2024

Court experts advise judges in technical issues and thus support them in finding a fair verdict. That makes them a key pillar of the legal systems of many European countries. The appointing system varies in the respective EU Member States. Additionally, the appointed experts from the traditional national systems, the number of experts appointed according to EN ISO/IEC_17024 increases. Currently, some courts and law firms evaluate the opportunity to create a unified expert register for some kinds of disputes. Italy and Germany both have a national system in appointing experts for technical advice in court cases which differs in some points, but request, among others, a high level of knowledge and personal integrity. The authors compare the national expert systems and analyze the relevance of the new European expert appointment according to EN ISO/IEC_17024. They consider the pros and cons and discuss the creation of a unified expert register for construction disputes. Furthermore, the authors analyze some educational programs able to ensure a body of professionals of excellence for the best resolution of technical disputes. As a conclusion the authors propose standards for a unified expert register following the EN ISO/IEC_17024 accreditation criteria, in order to guarantee a high level of knowledge, personal integrity and professional behavior.
INVESTIGATION OF STEEL ANGLE AND PLATE CONFINEMENT ON CONCRETE UNDER AXIAL LOAD USING DIFFERENT AGGREGATE
Authors: Islam Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul , Ghone Mohammad Osman , Rahman S M Mushfequr , Emu Ali Imam , Emon Emam Hasan , Mahin Rifat Sultana , Hosen Md Rakib , Sornali Aisha Akter , shikdar Md. Ashik
Published: June 2024

Steel and concrete are frequently used to construct composite structures, making steel-concrete composites the most common choice. This research aims to compare the confinement effects observed in stone aggregate, brick aggregate, and recycled brick concrete. This analysis evaluates the impact of various thicknesses of steel angles (3mm and 4mm) and steel plates (3mm and 4mm) on the confinement effect. Each aggregate is studied using 18 cube specimens: six with 3mm steel angle confinement, six with 4mm steel angle confinement, and six without steel angle and plate confinement. This study employed Portland Composite Cement and coarse sand at 1:2:4 and 0.45 water-cement ratios. The concrete is carefully built to meet specifications and retain the slump value. Compressive strength testing is conducted on the concrete specimens at the 28-day and 60-day intervals. Simultaneously, the composite cubes are assessed for their suitability for confinement and vertical displacement. The findings reveal that stone aggregate with steel plate confinement demonstrates the highest compressive strength. Specifically, the compressive strength in stone aggregate with steel plate confinement is 3.04 and 3.52 times greater after 28 days and 60 days, respectively, compared to specimens without confinement.
RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSPARENT ASPHALT MODIFIED WITH COLORING PIGMENTS
Authors: Alsuwaidi Alya , Zeiada Waleed , Ashour Ayat , Hamdan Saeed , Ezzat Helal , Al-Khateeb Ghazi G.
Published: June 2024

The black asphalt is high-temperature dependent and viscoelastic in nature, which is prone to experiencing more significant rutting under vehicular loading conditions when exposed to high temperatures. In addition, the pavement temperature contributes towards urban heat island (UHI). Therefore, colored pavement surfaces could play a role in protecting asphalt pavements from excessive rutting. This study investigated the use of transparent asphalt colored with green iron pigment as an alternate asphalt for replacing traditional black asphalt. The paper studied the rheological properties of a transparent asphalt modified with 4% by weight green pigment. The experiment included the determinations of penetration values, softening point temperatures, rotational viscosity, and rutting parameters (G*/sin δ). The AASHTOW Pavement MEPDG Design software was utilized to assess the impact of using transparent and colored asphalt on the simulated rutting performance under Sharjah climate conditions. The study's findings indicated that the transparent and colored asphalt demonstrated superior rheological characteristics compared to black asphalt. The rutting parameter of colored and transparent asphalt was greater than that of the black asphalt. Finally, simulated rutting analysis showed that both transparent and colored asphalt binders exhibited better resistance against long-term rutting performance compared to black asphalt.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE: BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS
Authors: Salim Abdelaziz Mahmoud , Salim Abdalla Mahmoud
Published: June 2024

Fibers are widely used in the concrete industry to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete, especially tensile strength and post-cracking behavior. This study evaluates the mechanical performance of steel, glass, polypropylene fibers, and hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete through a detailed literature review. It was found that fiber addition significantly enhances the tensile strength, flexural strength, and ductility of concrete, with variations attributed to the type and volume of fibers used. The impact on compressive strength was minimal. Fibers with high elastic modulus notably improved concrete strength, whereas fibers with lower modulus enhanced concrete’s ductility and toughness. Each fiber type presents unique benefits and limitations concerning mechanical properties, environmental resistance, and cost. Hybrid fiber reinforcement emerged as particularly effective, offering substantial improvements over single-fiber systems, and mitigating some of their inherent limitations. This research aims to provide comprehensive insights into the effects of fiber reinforcement on concrete's mechanical properties, highlighting the distinct benefits and drawbacks of different fiber types.
A MOBILE-BASED LOCALIZATION SYSTEM FOR INFRASTRUCTURE-INDEPENDENT EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION
Authors: Behrooz Hojat , Ilbeigi Mohammad
Published: June 2024

After natural or human-made disasters, determining the locations of individuals needing urgent assistance is critical and time-sensitive. This paper introduces a novel ad-hoc infrastructure-less communication system for emergency scenarios, relying solely on basic mobile device capabilities. The proposed approach estimates mobile device coordination using multilateration, incorporating path loss theory to transform receiving signal strength into distance. A least square optimization algorithm is also applied to enhance localization accuracy. The system facilitates coordination and communication among citizens and first responders by strategically positioning a few emergency mobile devices as temporary base stations. Mobile devices search for neighboring base stations and transform into temporary base stations upon finding at least four. Those temporary base stations assist farther mobile devices in localization, creating a cascading effect until no more mobile devices are discovered. Simulation demonstrates robustness with a 97% discovery rate, maintaining accuracy even in environmental noise. While promising, real-world validation is essential to assess performance under diverse conditions and practical feasibility.
THE FLEXURAL CAPACITY OF COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH EXTERNAL AND SIDE-MOUNTED PLATES
Authors: Bruwer Carl Pieter
Published: June 2024

In the case of increased loading on an existing reinforced concrete structure, an effective method to strengthen the flexural members is to adhesively bond steel plates to the tension surface of the reinforced concrete flexural member, creating a composite flexural member. These plates can be bonded to various positions on the 2soffit, or side-mounted (SM) vertically to the reinforced concrete flexural members. This research study verified the mathematical model which predicts the flexural capacity of composite beams by comparing it to the results of the experimentally tested specimens. The results are within 1% for the EB and 3% for the SM composite flexural members. The experimental results indicate an increase of 63% in the flexural resistance of the EB and 53% in the SM composite members compared to non-strengthened reinforced concrete members. The experimental results also indicate that the flexural resistance of the EB member is 6% higher than that of the SM member.
ALTERNATIVE LOAD PATH AVOIDING BRIDGE COLLAPSE AFTER DEMOLITION OF A PIER BY COLLISION
Authors: VAN BOGAERT PHILIPPE , De Backer Hans
Published: June 2024

Present codes require structures to be designed sufficiently robust, either by creating alternative load paths, or by increasing resistance of members. In the case of collision of column piers, alternative load paths seem to be an unworkable solution, since the loss of an essential support cannot be replaced by some other column or bracing. If all the columns of the same pier are destroyed, the adjacent beams of a concrete bridge are no longer in equilibrium, unless they become continuous and thus a corresponding bending moment can arise. The latter can be delivered by a couple of forces. The compressive force on top of the beams is provided by the bridge slab itself. The tensile force can be provided by a steel plate, below the bearings of the adjacent beams. Once the damaged condition comes about, there is a slight further shift of the bearings and the steel plate acts as a tensile element. A small-scale test has allowed us to confirm this principle experimentally. This idea has been tested for two cases of concrete bridges. A standard road bridge of multiple 34 m span of 39 precast prestressed hollow core girders and a 22.5 m span with classical I-section girders. Dummy cables are necessary to compensate the effect that bonded tendons are inactive at the ends of the PC-beams. Other details are still to be worked out, yet the general idea appears to be working and could meet the requirement for robustness.
LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY, BOND BEHAVIOR, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND APPLICATION OF BFRP-REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE
Authors: Lengert Kay , Görtz Stephan
Published: June 2024

Because of its high tensile strength, high durability and comparatively low environmental impact reinforcement made of BFRP should be investigated on its usability as structural reinforcement. Further, there is the ability to increase the life span of concrete members due to the use of BFRP-reinforcement, what can also lower the environmental impact. Due to the fact that reinforcement products made of BFRP are not generally regulated normatively in Germany, there are many characteristics that have to be investigated experimentally At the Kiel UAS experimental and numerical investigations on the flexural and shear capacity and the bond and cracking behavior of BFRP-reinforced concrete members were carried out. Based on this, specific applications where developed. As examples a BFRP-reinforced bridge cap made of RC-concrete and a ground plate with BFRP-reinforcement can be named. In conclusion we can say that the benefit of using BFRP-reinforcement depends on the application. Especially in corrosive milieu BFRP-reinforcement can be a useful alternative to steel-reinforcement.
THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE WALLS UNDER FIRE EXPOSURE: A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: Assad Maha , Hawileh Rami , Karaki Ghada , Abdalla Jamal
Published: June 2024

Climate change is raising the demand for change in the construction industry, particularly in the concrete industry. One of the approaches to increase sustainability in the concrete industry is the use of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Many studies examined the type and composition of RAC used in construction applications. However, fewer studies examined the structural engineering applications of RAC. Thus, this study investigates the use of RAC in bearing walls. It presents a comprehensive thermal and structural performance assessment of RAC walls exposed to fire using finite element analysis (FEA). The FE model incorporates experimental material models in the literature that consider the degradation of the mechanical properties of RAC at high temperatures. The investigation encompasses a range of critical response measures, including the out-of-plane response of RAC walls under standard fire exposure and the overall stability of the walls during fire scenarios. The walls' out-of-plane and axial deflection and damage patterns were presented. The upper and lower bounds of performance were presented to examine the effect of material models’ variability on the response. The findings of this study reveal the complex interaction between fire scenarios, material properties, and their effect on the structural behavior of RAC walls. This study contributes to the growing knowledge on using RAC in structural engineering applications and promoting environmentally friendly materials in the construction industry while ensuring structural safety.
EUROPEAN CLIMATE PROTECTION STRATEGY UNDER CONSIDERATION OF BUILT HERITAGE PRESERVATION
Authors: Quapp Ulrike , Holschemacher Klaus
Published: June 2024

Climate change affects all areas of life. The European Union strives for climate-neutrality of their members until 2050 with the project European Green Deal. By this, the emissions of greenhouse gases should be reduced to zero by 2050 with simultaneous economic development decoupled from resource use. 600 Billion Euros the European Union will spend to lower net greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 by at least 55%, compared to 1990 levels. Climate change affects historical structures, thus by variations in groundwater levels, hydrological cycle, or intense precipitation. However, also climate protection activities such as renewable energy installations may result in negative effects. Solar panels or wind turbines do not emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases but, installed nearby historical buildings, affect the historical appearance of structures. That may result in conflicts between ecological and heritage conservation interests. The authors inform about the European Green Deal and analyze effects of the planned measures on built heritage with a focus on solar and wind energy installations. They also discuss requirements from heritage preservation regulations. The manuscript analyzes how renewable energy installations may affect built heritage in its historical appearance. For that, the authors use available information about the European Green Deal, discuss current research literature and relevant German court cases. It is concluded that renewable energy installations may negatively affect the appearance of built heritage. Interests of climate protection and built preservation need to be balanced to ensure that future generations even can experience and enjoy the cultural heritage.
LOJİSTİK FİRMALARINDA NESNELERİN İNTERNETİ ÜZERİNDE YAPILAN ÇALIŞMANIN BİLİMSEL HARİTALAMA YÖNTEMİ İLE ANALİZİ
Authors: Sivaslıoğlu Filiz , Erdal Nurgül
Published: June 2024

Bu araştırma, "Nesnelerin İnterneti" kavramını bibliyografik açıdan incelemeyi ve bu konuda yapılan çalışmaları değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Web of Science'ta 1998-2023 yılları arasında yayımlanan yayınlar bibliyografik analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. 261 çalışma VOSviewer ile doküman, kaynak, yazar, kurum, ülke ve anahtar kelime parametrelerine göre analiz edildi. Analiz sonunda en fazla bağlantı sayısına sahip dokümanlar; Lopes de Sousa Jabbour et. al. (2018) Wang (2022a) ve Qiu (2015). Toplam bağlantı gücü en yüksek olan dergi Ieee Access'tir (23)., En çok atıf alan 24 makale ve 865 atıf alan yazar Huang, George Q., En çok ortak atıf alan yazarlar Zhang, YF, (61); Zhong, RY (44) ve Qu T. (29). Hong Kong Üniversitesi 30 eser, 1053 alıntı aldı. IoT araştırmasında ülkeler arasındaki atıflara bakıldığında en çok Asya, Avrupa ve ABD kıtalarının atıf yapıldığı görülüyor. Nesnelerin İnterneti ile ilgili yayınlarda en sık kullanılan anahtar kelimelere bakıldığında 75 tekrarla “Nesnelerin İnterneti” olduğu görülüyor. Nesnelerin İnterneti lojistikte çok önemli ve bu konudaki bibliyometrik araştırmalar öğrencilere, akademisyenlere ve şirketlere ışık tutacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Nesnelerin İnterneti, Lojistik, Web of Science, VOSviewer, loT, Bibliyometri, Yönetim, İşletme
Jel Classification Codes: M10, N70, 014
Znaczenie objawień prywatnych dla moralności chrześcijańskiej
Authors: Plata Łukasz
Published: June 2024

W niniejszym artykule autor podjął reﬂeksję nad problematyką tzw. objawień prywatnych. Wobec licznych nadużyć w interpretacji ich treści, celem autora było ukazanie właściwego miejsca objawień prywatnych w relacji do Objawienia Bożego (publicznego), a także wskazanie ich prawdziwego znaczenia dla moralności chrześcijańskiej. Autor, analizując wierzenia współczesnych chrześcijan, przedstawił aktualność problematyki objawień prywatnych. Następnie, odwołując się do tekstów Magisterium Kościoła oraz opracowań współczesnych badaczy, w sposób syntetyczny przedstawił specyﬁkę moralności chrześcijańskiej oraz podstawowe kryteria pozwalające odróżnić objawienia autentyczne od pozornych i fałszywych. Po czym autor wyszczególnił i opisał kilka aspektów w relacji objawień prywatnych, i  życia moralnego chrześcijan, które wskazują, że ich wpływ na określanie zachowań moralnych jest znaczący.
Młodzież wobec katolickiej moralności małżeńsko-rodzinnej. Analiza ilościowa w kontekście przemian religijności
Authors: Mariański Janusz , Słotwińska Helena , Mąkosa Paweł , Buk-Cegiełka Marta
Published: June 2024

Głównym przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza opinii młodzieży szkolnej na temat katolickich norm moralności małżeńsko-rodzinnej. Podstawą prezentowanych analiz socjologicznych są wyniki ogólnopolskiego sondażu społecznego, zrealizowanego w latach 2022-2023 wśród młodzieży ze szkół ponadpodstawowych z klas pierwszych i czwartych. Analizy dotyczące moralności zostały przeprowadzone w kontekście przemian religijności, która często warunkuje postawy wobec wartości. W świetle przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, że odchylenia od tradycyjnej, katolickiej moralności małżeńsko-rodzinnej są tak znaczne, że w tym wymiarze zachodzi niemal rewolucja. Wielu młodych Polaków czuje się bardziej kreatorami niż adresatami wartości i norm moralnych.
Wyzwania moralne w kierownictwie duchowym oraz sprawowaniu sakramentu pokuty i pojednania osób wysoko wrażliwych (WWO)
Authors: Pierzchała Michał
Published: June 2024

Coraz więcej mówi się dziś nie tylko w psychologii, ale i mediach społecznościowych, czy kampaniach informacyjnych o tzw. osobach wysoko wrażliwych – WWO (ang. the Highly Sensitive Person – HSPs). Osoby te często stawiają sobie ambitne cele, mimo że adaptacja do nowych warunków wiąże się z zalewem neurotycznych przeżyć. Jednym z ich celów jest także rozwój duchowy, dlatego przeżywanie m.in. sakramentu pokuty i pojednania otwiera konﬂikty emocjonalne i staje się przez to trudną materią. Celem naukowym niniejszego artykułu jest wskazanie szczegółowych wyzwań obecnych na omawianych polach wewnętrznych. Dla osiągnięcia celu zostały użyte metody analityczno-syntetyczne oraz komparatystyczne. Wnioski wskazują m.in. na potrzebę empatycznego słuchania, roztropności i personalistycznego podejścia ze strony duchowych przewodników. Zaś po stronie penitentów potrzebę przełamywania siebie w sferze zaufania i wejścia w proces stałego spowiednictwa czy kierownictwa, co może stać się pomocą by zobaczyć w swojej wrażliwości nie tylko trudność ale i zasób.
Constituents, arrays, and trees: two (more) models of grammatical description
Authors: Krivochen Diego Gabriel
Published: June 2024

Generative syntax was built on the foundations of Immediate Constituent (IC) analysis, and IC methods and heuristics were an important tool in the early days of the generative enterprise. However, developments in the theory entailed a departure from some fundamental IC assumptions: we will argue that structural descriptions in contemporary generative grammar (transformational and non-transformational) define not constituents, but strictly ordered sequences closer to arrays. We therefore define and characterise IC approaches to syntax as opposed to what we will call Array-Based (AB) approaches. IC grammars define distributional generalisations, and proper containment and is-a relations between indexed distributionally defined categories. AB grammars, in contrast, define strictly ordered sequences of categories. In this paper we introduce and define the fundamental properties of IC grammar, and the changes in the generative theory that introduced arrays in phrase structure. We argue that it is crucial to distinguish between IC and AB grammars when evaluating the empirical adequacy of structural descriptions used in current syntactic theorising, as structures in AB and IC grammars represent different relations between expressions and may be better suited for different purposes.
Physical and mechanical properties of different beech wood species grown at various climate conditions: a review
Authors: Ghorbanian Far Mohammad , Najafian Ashrafi Mohammad , Shaabani Asrami Hooman , Amiri Moghadam Yaser , Bari Ehsan , Niemz Peter , Hosseinpourpia Reza , Ribera Javier
Published: June 2024

Beech wood, renowned for its diverse applications spanning construction, flooring, furniture, veneer, and plywood, holds a paramount position among industrial wood species. Nevertheless, the myriad of beech species worldwide, coupled with the dynamic impact of climate change, have produced structural variations within beech trees. Extensive research has scrutinized the physical and mechanical attributes of beech wood species across the globe. Findings reveal distinguishable mechanical strength, yet increased density leads to notable rates of shrinkage and swelling, somewhat constraining its utility in select domains. Identifying research gaps can create new efforts aimed at exploiting the potential of these wood resources. This paper outperforms a mere exploration of beech wood properties over the past two decades; it delves into the ramifications of climatic fluctuations, temperature shifts, wind dynamics, and soil composition. Given the lack of a comprehensive compendium documenting the full range of physical, mechanical, and microscopic attributes of the Fagus genus, this paper aims to compile information that integrates this multifaceted information.
The crystal structure of poly[diaqua-bis(μ2 -thiocyanato-κ2
N:O)cobalt(II) monohydrate
Authors: Liu Guo-Zhu , Xie Kai-Ping , Li Zong-Jun , Long Zhu-Jun , Liu Jie-Wei , Mo Zong-Wen
Published: June 2024

C2H6S2N2O3Co, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 12.4340(7) Å, b = 6.0522(4) Å, c = 10.6851(8) Å, β = 90.543(6)°, V = 804.05(9) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0200, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0499, T = 298(2) K.
The War on Tigray: Geopolitics and the Struggle for Self-Determination
Authors: Gebrewahd Meressa Tsehaye
Published: June 2024

Tigray continues to be a unique case among ancient kingdoms, Westphalia nation-states, post-colonial Africa, and post-Cold War national liberation struggles. It is one of the oldest civilizations (Aksumite Kingdom) and the historical, cultural, and political soul of ancient and modern Ethiopia. But it was made to be an ‘oppressed nation struggling for regional autonomy and survival from genocidal aggression’ by the empire state of Ethiopia and the ‘garrison state’ of Eritrea. It also survived Egyptian and Mahdist expansionists, and Italian colonialism, though it lost ‘Bahre-Negash’ (Eritrea) to Italy due to the Wuchale Agreement (or Treaty of Wichale) in 1889. Eritrea was handed over to Italian colonialists by Menelik II of Shewa-Amhara in order to weaken Tigray’s geopolitical power base. Tigray was also the hotbed of the first Woyane rebellion in 1943 which sparked the idea of ‘land to the Tiller, fair taxation, and self-rule,’ and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) led the second Woyane rebellion (1975–91) that restructured the empire state of Ethiopia into a federation with the 1995 constitution. Since 2018, after 27 years of the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)- led federal experiment, Tigray again became a victim of a ‘genocidal war’ led by the Ethiopian federal army, Amhara forces, Ethiopian regional forces, and Eritrean army, supported by UAE and Turkey drones, and the Somalian army. The international community and the African Union supported Abiy Ahmed and Issaias Afewerki’s genocidal war in the name of “maintaining the territorial integrity of Ethiopia” by neglecting the principles of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), people’s self-determination rights, and the prevention of genocide. Tigray, therefore, is a rare case in the vicious cycle of violence. The Tigrayan ‘two-year’ survival war (from November 2020 to November 2022) against those who practice genocide was destined to break Tigray’s historically vicious cycle of violence perpetrated by Ethiopia and Eritrea. The paper aims to investigate the historical, geopolitical, and security reasons that have trapped Tigray into facing the post-2020 genocidal war.
4–6 Repetition Maximum (RM) and 1-RM Prediction in Free-Weight Bench Press and Smith Machine Squat Based on Body Mass in Male Athletes
Authors: Dhahbi Wissem , Padulo Johnny , Russo Luca , Racil Ghazi , Ltifi Mohamed-Amine , Picerno Pietro , Iuliano Enzo , Migliaccio Gian Mario
Published: June 2024

Dhahbi, W, Padulo, J, Russo, L, Racil, G, Ltifi, M-A, Picerno, P, Iuliano, E, and Migliaccio, GM. Four- to 6-repetition maximum and 1-repetition maximum estimation in free-weight bench press and smith machine squat based on body mass in male athletes. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1366–1371, 2024—This study aimed to explore the feasibility and face validity of predicting maximum strength 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) and 4–6 RM in athletes across different sports specialties, based on the relationship between muscle strength and BM. One hundred fifteen male athletes, aged 23.63 ± 6.77 years and participating in diverse sports specialties, were included in this study. Muscle strength was assessed using the 4–6 RM and 1-RM tests in free-weight bench press (BP) and Smith machine squat (SQ) exercises, whereas BM was measured using a portable digital scale. A linear regression equation based on muscle strength and BM was performed. The 4–6 RM and 1-RM scores showed excellent intersession relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient(2,1): 0.946–0.989) and absolute reliability (CV: 3.4–4.7%) in both BP and SQ exercises. In addition, the magnitude of the relationship and the coefficients used to estimate the 4–6 RM and 1RM, based on BM, differed among the subjects when they are grouped according to their sports specialties (R
2 ranged from non-significant to 0.998). Overall, the 4–6 RM test showed a stronger correlation with BM (R: 0.655 for SQ and R: 0.683 for BP) than the 1RM (R: 0.552 for SQ and R: 0.629 for BP), and the general (i.e., not sport-specific) 4 to 6-RM prediction equations should be preferred over sport-specific ones because they are statistically more robust due to the larger sample size. In conclusion, the 4–6 RM can be predicted from BM with high reliability, a moderate association, and a prediction error that, when considering the 4–6 RM as a starting point for estimating of the 1RM, can be considered entirely acceptable in practical settings.
ACQUAINTANCE WITH MUSEUM AND GALLERY BUSINESS AND ORGANISATION OF EXHIBITION ACTIVITIES AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF PRE-SERVICE ARTISTS PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
Authors: KUZENKO Petro
Published: June 2024

The article highlights the main aspects of the museum and gallery business and organisation of exhibition activities as an important component of pre-service artists professional training. It is emphasized that due to the study of the discipline "Museum and Gallery Business and Exhibition Activities" students majoring in "Fine Arts, Decorative Arts, Restoration" of the first (bachelor's) level of higher education get acquainted with the history of museum work in Ukraine and in the world context; the content and the main directions of museum work; the history of gallery business in the context of the development of the art market; the structure and activities of modern art galleries, the methods of organisation of exhibitions, art management and curation of exhibitions. As a result, important educational tasks, which provide professional training of creative and knowledgeable in art management, competitive in the modern labor market artists, are realized.
HIGHER EDUCATION OF UKRAINIAN YOUTH IN THE CONTENT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF EASTERN GALICIA IN THE AUSTRIAN PARLIAMENT LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES
Authors: NAHACHEVSKA Zinovia
Published: June 2024

The article reveals the reasons for clarifying the issue of higher education of Ukrainian youth, peculiarities and ways of its realisation at the regional (Eastern Galicia) and state (Austrian) levels in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The views of Ukrainian teachers, cultural, educational, public and political figures elected to the Austrian State Council in 1880–1900 on the ways of solving the problem of higher education in Eastern Galicia are analysed. The author focuses on the content, methods and forms of activities of Ukrainian parliamentarians and prominent representatives of the national socio-cultural progress of the region in the field of defending the idea of a nativeuniversity.
Programa de Alimentación Escolar y los derechos fundamentales de los niños
Authors: Téllez Navarro Román Francisco , Jiménez Rodríguez Nayibe Paola , Amaya Navas Carlos Horacio
Published: June 2024

El presente artículo pretende mostrar cómo el Programa de Alimentación Escolar (PAE), que en sus inicios fue creado con la finalidad de evitar la deserción escolar, se convirtió en una de las maneras en que el Estado colombiano puede garantizar derechos fundamentales a los niños, tales como el derecho fundamental a la alimentación equilibrada y el derecho a la educación. Sin embargo, el escrito también evidencia cómo a través de la celebración de contratos estatales para el suministro de este programa, las entidades territoriales y los contratistas, a partir de procesos contractuales, cuestionables en algunos casos, han vulnerado estos derechos fundamentales de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Para tal fin, el escrito está integrado por dos partes: la primera corresponde al análisis de las características y finalidades del PAE; y la segunda a la observación de los procesos judiciales que se han iniciado hasta la fecha, en contra de los servidores públicos y contratistas que celebraron y ejecutaron el PAE.
UV nitrogen laser pumped by a pulsed longitudinal inductive-electric discharge
Authors: РАЖЕВ А.М. , ЧУРКИН Д.С. , ТКАЧЕНКО Р.А. , ТРУНОВ И.А.
Published: June 2024

Газовые электроразрядные азотные лазеры до сих пор остаются востребованными источниками УФ-излучения и находят множество научных и практических применений. В настоящее время одними из требований, предъявляемых к коммерческим азотным лазерам, являются малые габаритные размеры, высокая стабильность от импульса к импульсу и увеличенное время службы. В настоящей работе в качестве источника, удовлетворяющего подобным критериям, предлагается азотный лазер, возбуждаемый импульсным продольным индукционно-электрическим разрядом. В результате проведенных экспериментальных исследований получено лазерное излучение с длинами волн l1 = 337,1 нм и l2 = 357,7 нм. Энергия импульсов генерации достигала 0,67 мДж при длительности 20 нс на полувысоте и давлении азота 7…8 торр. Накачка азота только продольным разрядом в экспериментальной установке с аналогичными параметрами приводила к уменьшению энергии генерации до 0,4 мДж (с такой же длительностью 20 нс на полувысоте) при давлении азота не выше 5 торр. Азотные лазеры с данными параметрами излучения могут быть использованы для лечения офтальмологических заболеваний и туберкулеза.

Electric discharge nitrogen lasers remain popular sources of UV radiation and find many scientific and practical applications. Currently, some of the requirements for commercial nitrogen lasers are small overall dimensions, high pulse-to-pulse stability, and extended service life. In this paper, a nitrogen laser excited by a pulsed longitudinal inductive-electric discharge is suggested as a source which satisfies such criteria. As a result of the experimental studies, lasing at wavelengths l1 = 337.1 and l2 = 357.7 nm was obtained. The generation energy reached 0.67 mJ with a pulse duration of 20 ns (FWHM) and a nitrogen pressure of 7...8 Torr. Pumping nitrogen only with a longitudinal discharge in an experimental setup with similar parameters led to a decrease in the lasing energy to 0.4 mJ (with the same pulse duration of 20 ns) at a nitrogen pressure of no higher than 5 Torr. Nitrogen lasers with these radiation parameters can be used to treat ophthalmic diseases and tuberculosis.
Processes limiting the energy characteristics of a copper vapor laser
Authors: ЮДИН Н.А. , БААЛБАКИ Х.А. , МАЛИКОВ А.В. , ЯРКОВА Я.А.
Published: June 2024

Расположение электродов газоразрядной трубки (ГРТ) лазера на парах меди (ЛПМ) в холодных буферных зонах, где отсутствуют пары металла, обусловливает формирование фантомного тока до момента «пробоя», в связи с чем необходимо оценить, является ли фантомный ток дополнительным фактором ограничения энергетических характеристик и каков механизм данного ограничения. Показано, что на начальном этапе накачки осуществляется зарядка собственной емкости ГРТ до момента «пробоя», что определяет два процесса в этот период времени: заселение метастабильных состояний меди и формирование фантомного тока, который возникает в результате шунтирования собственной емкости ГРТ холодной буферной зоной со стороны анода ГРТ. Рассмотрены механизм формирования фантомного тока и его роль в ограничении энергетических характеристик ЛПМ. Проведенные исследования указывают на две проблемы связанные с повышением энергетических характеристик ЛПМ: высокая предымпульсная концентрация электронов в активной среде и формирование фантомного тока, вызванное процессами в холодных буферных зонах. Результаты работы могут быть полезны специалистам в области лазеров на парах металлов.

The location of the electrodes of a copper vapor laser (CVL) discharge tube in cold buffer zones, where there are no metal vapors, leads to the formation of a phantom current before the “breakdown”. This necessitates the evaluation of whether the phantom current is an additional factor limiting the energy characteristics and what is the mechanism of this limitation? It is shown that at the initial stage of pumping, the intrinsic capacitance of the discharge tube is charged up to the “breakdown”, which determines two processes during this period of time – the population of metastable states of copper and the generation of a phantom current, which occurs as a result of shunting of the intrinsic capacitance of the discharge tube by the cold buffer zone from the anode side of the discharge tube. The mechanism of phantom current generation and its role in limiting the energy characteristics of CVL are considered. The studies indicate two problems on the way to improve the energy characteristics of CVL and the direction of search for their solution: the first is high pre-pulse concentration of electrons in the active medium and the second is the generation of a phantom current caused by processes in the cold buffer zones.
Nueva herramienta semiológica para el diagnóstico de la tendinitis de De Quervain: prueba de sinergia del primer compartimento
Authors: Wagner Edgar Gustavo , Montenegro Puigdengolas Noelia B. , García Bensi Alejo E. , Gómez Rodríguez Gustavo L. , Irigoitia Nicolás A.
Published: June 2024

Introducción: Existen dos maniobras de provocación principales que pueden ayudar a identificar una tenosinovitis de De Quervain, más reconocidas como prueba de Finkelstein y prueba de Eichhoff. Ambas maniobras son pasivas buscando la elongación de los tendones comprometidos. Siguiendo el principio de sinergia muscular, decidimos describir una nueva maniobra activa que permita diagnosticar la tendinitis de De Quervain y así incorporar una nueva herramienta semiológica para llegar a un diagnóstico más preciso.
Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo que evaluó a todos los pacientes esqueléticamente maduros que acudieron con dolor mecánico en el borde radial de la muñeca entre abril y julio de 2023. Se les realizaron las maniobras para tendinitis de De Quervain, así como para otros cuadros del borde radial, y se solicitaron estudios diagnósticos por imágenes para confirmar la enfermedad. Se determinó la especificidad y sensibilidad de las pruebas semiológicas.
Resultados: Se incluyó a 38 pacientes (43 muñecas), 29 mujeres y 9 hombres. El promedio de edad era de 47 años. La sensibilidad y especificidad de la prueba de sinergia fueron del 94,87% y 100%, respectivamente, con un valor predictivo positivo del 100%.
Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las maniobras activas son superiores a las pasivas para llegar al diagnóstico correcto; en este caso, la prueba de sinergia propuesta fue la más específica. Esta maniobra no debería reemplazar a las existentes.
Analytical framework for industry-oriented leading cyclical indicators: Empirical investigation of EU economic cycles
Authors: Skare Marinko , Gavurova Beata , Tkacova Andrea
Published: June 2024

This research developed an analytical framework for industry-oriented leading cyclical indicators (CII), focusing on monitoring and forecasting economic cycles within the European Union (EU). Various methodologies for constructing these indicators were examined through an exhaustive sector analysis. A salient conclusion drawn is the non-feasibility of a one-size-fits-all composite leading indicator for all EU members. It underscores the imperative to tailor these indicators in congruence with the unique industrial characteristics of each country. The study provides empirical evidence that countries like Denmark, Germany, Austria, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland and Sweden can benefit from high-caliber composite leading indicators tailored to their economies. Our analysis suggests that GDP is a more robust metric than the Industrial Production Index for predicting economic cycles for the EU countries.
The innovation – Financial development – Economic growth nexus in Latin America
Authors: Bobek Vito , Weitgasser Lara , Horvat Tatjana
Published: June 2024

This research investigates the causal relationship between innovation, financial development and economic growth in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru between 2000 and 2019. Based on quantitative analysis, including vector autoregressive (VAR) models, it can be concluded that bidirectional Granger-causalities are present in the trivariate nexus in the five Latin American countries over the investigated times. Consequently, the three variables support forecasting and policy implications focusing on one of the three sectors that impacts the other two in the future. The paper concludes that imitation and innovation policies focusing on intellectual property rights protection, education, knowledge, institutional change and technological catch-up are necessary to foster economic growth and financial development.
Dividend puzzle of state-owned enterprises – The case of Bulgaria
Authors: Keremidchiev Spartak
Published: June 2024

The dividend puzzle for private corporations has a long-lasting history. Six theories provide explanations to this puzzle. However, the dividend puzzle has not yet been discussed as an economic problem for state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The article addresses this issue based mainly on the experience of the Bulgarian SOEs.

In the paper all well-known six theoretical concepts of the dividend puzzle are presented and their strengths and weaknesses are analysed. Furthermore, the specific features of SOEs are brought out and the dividend puzzle for them is formulated. Presenting the experience of the dividend policy of SOEs, a confrontation with the theories is made. It is proved that only the theory of dividend payment preference is relevant to SOEs.
Unpaid work, paid work and gender inequality: An analysis of time transfer accounts for Turkey
Authors: Şahanoğulları Nazlı , Seçkin Aylin , Georges Patrick
Published: June 2024

This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the total (market and non-market) gender-based production and consumption activities of Turkish men and women at different stages of their life-cycle. Turkey, one of the few emerging economies within the OECD, offers an interesting case-study as its female labour force participation rate is one of the lowest among OECD countries. Our results show that time spent by Turkish women on household activities is, on average, 30 h a week, basically three times as much as men. In fact, the women-to-men time use ratio for unpaid work is roughly twice as much as the OECD average. We estimate that the monetary value of women unpaid household production exceeds 29% of GDP, while the corresponding estimate for men is around 8%. Using the concept of life-cycle deficit, we also show that Turkish men are dependent on housework undertaken by women over their entire lifetime, which is an almost unique feature in comparison to the European and OECD countries. Finally, unlike other OECD countries that have introduced disincentives to early retirement, Turkish men continue to retire early but retain their acquired habits of not sharing the burden of household work.
Deepening the understanding of redundancy procedures in a COVID-19 context: The Spanish case
Authors: Clemente-Almendros José Antonio , Boldeanu Florin Teodor , Drumea Cristina , Ajour El Zein Samer
Published: June 2024

This paper investigates the use of redundancy procedures (RPs) by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. The novelty of this study is that it goes beyond the direct influence of the determinants of RPs on RP use, and analyses how the interactions among them moderate the direct effect. In contexts of rising uncertainty, businesses need to adapt their operations and fixed costs, including staffing. While teleworking is an alternative to RPs, our results show that it was not enough to deal with the negative impact of a worsening crisis. Moreover, when the survival of the business is at stake, the use of RPs increases further when the company is simultaneously affected by changes in demand and liquidity issues. We argue that our results reveal the need for flexible tools along with the policies that take into account the fact that businesses' reactions are contingent on their exposure to risk.