bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining Citizen Satisfaction with Local Public Education in Indonesia: The Significance of Actual Service Quality and Governance Conditions
Authors: LEWIS BLANE D. , PATTINASARANY DAAN
Published: February 2009

Indonesians appear content with local public education, despite independent concerns about quality in the international context. Over 85 percent of respondents from the recent Governance and Decentralization Survey claim to be at least somewhat satisfied with primary school education. This study argues that the generally high levels of reported satisfaction are probably exaggerated because of courtesy bias, low expectations, and optimistic predispositions. Survey responses are best thought of as indicative of relative, and not absolute, levels of satisfaction. The empirical examination shows that objective measures of service quality and governance conditions are both significant determinants of the probability that households are satisfied with local public education. The significance of governance holds regardless of whether pertinent variables are assumed to be exogenous or whether they are specified as endogenously determined, although the endogenous specification performs much better, in general. The evidence suggests a cautious approach toward the use and interpretation of score card initiatives, which attempt to employ citizen satisfaction as a close proxy for actual quality of services, in nonrandom samples, and without controlling for other factors. In addition, the results provide a novel rationale for improving the local governance environment.
Education and Household Location in Chicago
Authors: SANDER WILLIAM , TESTA WILLIAM A.
Published: February 2009

This paper examines the choice of residential location in the city of Chicago versus its suburban areas. Data from the 5 percent Public Use Microdata Sample from the 1990 and 2000 Census of Population and Housing are used. Particular attention is given to the effects of educational attainment. Place of work continues to dominate the residential location decision. However, conditioning on place of work, demographics, and income, educational attainment is found to be statistically significant in residential choice of the city versus the suburbs in 2000 for non‐Hispanic whites, especially those with graduate degrees. In contrast, more educated African‐Americans and Hispanics tend to locate in suburban areas.
Imitation Gun Law: an Assessment
Authors: WHEAL HENRIETTA , TILLEY NICK
Published: February 2009

Abstract: Imitation gun‐enabled crime has received extensive political and media coverage in the UK over recent years. The Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 (VCRA) was introduced to control public possession, manufacture, import and sale of imitation guns. The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) has drawn on the Act: publicising it, enforcing it and running a targeted surrender scheme enabling the hand‐in of imitation weapons at police stations. A series of significant loopholes in the Act have emerged. Moreover MPS experience also suggests surrender schemes may not be an effective way of reducing the use of imitation weapons in crimes but can serve as useful awareness tools.
‘Luctor et Emergo’
Authors: Rigano L.
Published: February 2009

IFSCC Magazine, 11 (2008) (1) 5–9

‘Luctor et emergo’ means to struggle, fight or wrestle in order to come up, win or just emerge and survive. It was adopted as a national motto by the Zeeland region in Holland to underline their daily battle with high tides. Indeed, this Latin motto effectively illustrates the struggle to make things work, that is to overcome all difficulties and hurdles and make everything flow smoothly at the end. Therefore, it applies appropriately to our subheading: ‘all battles and bridges between the language of marketing and product formulation’. What are the main causes of misunderstanding or hindrances between marketing and the formulator? Could common objectives overcome such gaps? How can we establish bridges with a view to enhancing creative cooperation? Finally, would it be possible to find solutions which can provide a mutual cross‐fertilization? The following humorous example will make the problem clear. The scene is a kitchen where we see an old and ugly couple. The husband asks his wife, who is holding a tin can: »Would you like some tuna fish?« She answers: »No, I would like to be naked in bed with Kevin Costner in Jamaica«. This is obviously a dialogue of the deaf, where both speak only apparently the same language. In fact, they fail to convey what they really mean. This signifies that they are not on the same wavelength, they do not refer to the same code of speech to communicate and it seems impossible for them to understand each other. How can we make ourselves understood when communication is sometimes so difficult and work out appropriate solutions when we put R&D and Marketing at two poles of a communication scheme?
Therapy makeup improves quality of life of patients with skin diseases – covering foundations created by integration of medical and beauty care for severe skin color problems
Authors: Sagehashi Y. , Ito A. , Ohtake T. , Nakamura M. , Yagi K. , Ogawa K. , Katsuyama T. , Yoshida M. , Oshiro K. , Aoki W.
Published: February 2009

IFSCC Magazine, 11 (2008) (1) 11–18

In collaboration with medical institutions, we have been providing makeup guidance to people with facial skin color problems under the name »therapy makeup«. The aim of therapy makeup is to reduce the anxiety and tension associated with the appearance of people with skin color problems and to provide psychological support, thereby helping them live more normal lives. Ota's nevus (blue birthmarks) and port‐wine stain (red birthmarks) the leading causes of abnormal skin coloration. We have already developed covering foundations for Ota's nevus and port‐wine stain using a light‐filtering technology. Another common cause of abnormal skin coloration is vitiligo (white patches). Vitiligo cannot be adequately covered by conventional cosmetic foundations. Therefore, we developed a new covering foundation for vitiligo based on optical characteristics. Moreover, the effects of makeup on the psychology of patients with vitiligo were objectively evaluated using psychometrically established quality of life indices. It was demonstrated that makeup helped to alleviate the psychological anxiety and tension of patients, resulting in improvement of social relationships and self‐esteem.

The integration of medical care and beauty care enables therapy makeup to improve quality of life of patients with skin color disorders.
Small proteoglycans in the skin: new targets in the fight against skin aging
Authors: Pauly G. , Contet‐Audonneau J.‐L. , Moussou P. , Danoux L. , Bardey V. , Freis O. , Sabadotto M. , Wegrowski Y. , Maquart F.‐X. , Rathjens A.
Published: February 2009

IFSCC Magazine, 11 (2008) (1) 21–29

Proteoglycans take an important part in tissue homeostasis. In the skin, Proteoglycans are present in the extracellular matrix of dermis, particularly with lumican which plays an important role in dermal homeostasis. In the epidermis, several small proteoglycans such as the syndecans are synthesized and play an important role in keratinocyte activation. There is much data on the alteration during skin aging of the synthesis and structure of glycosaminoglycans and some proteoglycans but little information on small proteoglycans, in particular lumican and syndecan‐1.

We recently observed a decrease in the synthesis of these two small proteoglycans with aging. We confirm in this work the decrease in lumican in dermis and syndecan‐1 in epidermis with aging. These proteoglycans represent original important targets for cosmetology in the fight against skin aging. In different in vitro models, two synthetic acetyl tetrapeptides, AcTP1 and AcTP2, stimulate the synthesis of lumican and syndecan‐1, respectively. The beneficial action of AcTP1 on skin thickness and firmness and of AcTP2 on epidermal cohesion has been confirmed in vivo.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 105–115 (March/April 2008)  Influence of cellulose polymers on the semipermanent dyestuff process for yak hair: An analytical investigation
Authors: Ballarin B. , Galli S. , Morigi M.
Published: February 2009

Synopsis

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of some cellulose polymers mixed in a semipermanent dyestuff on the dye uptake of yak hair fiber and color fading after repeated washing cycles. Two different classes of commercial polymers were tested: non‐ionic and cationic. Formulations based on a mixture of HC and basic dyes, with different molecular sizes, were employed as representative dyestuffs. UV‐Vis spectroscopy and colorimetric measurements were used to analyze the extracted dyes from the yak hair cuticle and cortex. The results obtained indicate that the presence of cationic polymers in the dye bath improves both the quality of the dyeing process and the anti‐fading effect during the first washing cycles.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 151–156 (March/April 2008) Comparison of hair shaft damage after UVA and UVB irradiation
Authors: Jeon S.‐Y. , Pi L. Q. , Lee W.‐S.
Published: February 2009

Synopsis

Sunlight, especially ultraviolet (UV) light‐induced hair damage is difficult to avoid during daily life. Concerns about the effects of ultraviolet light on hair are emerging recently. These photochemical changes mainly come from damage to hair proteins and melanins. In this study, we performed experiments to find the patterns of morphological and biochemical changes in UV‐light‐induced damage to hair by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and hair protein analysis. In our results, morphological damage is significant in UVB‐irradiated hairs, while biochemical changes are greater in UVA‐irradiated hairs.

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
59, 157–158 (March/April 2008)

Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists Japan

Vol. 41, No. 4, 2007*

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
59, 159–161 (March/April 2008)

International Journal of Cosmetic Science

Vol. 29, No 6, 2007*

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
59, 163–164 (March/April 2008)

IFSCC Magazine

Vol. 10, No. 4, 2007*

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
59, 165–166 (March/April 2008)

Journal of the Polish Society of Cosmetic Science

“Wiadomos´ci PTK”

Vol. 10, No. 4, 2007*

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
59, 167–194 (March/April 2008)

Papers Presented at the 2007 Annual Scientific Meeting and Technology Showcase

(Friday's Program)

December 6–7, 2007

New York Hilton

New York, NY
No. 4 Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 102–109, 2008 A novel water‐based sunscreen gel using a polymer – zinc oxide composite
Authors: Takahashi Eiji , Oikawa Tetsuya , Iyanagi Hirokazu , Mohri Kunihiko , Nakamae Katsuhiko
Published: February 2009

Conventional sunscreen products generally must strike a compromise between efficacy and product feel; the hydrophobic ingredients that provide the sun protection generally impart an unpleasant, greasy feel and the greater the SPF rating, the worse the greasy feel. We tested an idea that a water‐based sunscreen gel formulation containing inorganic UV absorbers would provide an effective way to address these problems. Our goal was to find a way to disperse inorganic sunscreen materials in water and to incorporate them into a water‐based gel which would provide a more pleasant product feel. After extensive research we discovered a polymer‐zinc oxide composite (P‐ZnO) with high UV protective effect and high dispersibility in water. In dried powdered form, P‐ZnO can be easily dispersed in water. P‐ZnO makes it possible to formulate a gel‐type sunscreen, which is not possible using commercially available inorganic powders. The composite size of P‐ZnO is about 500 nm and its structure consists of a dense aggregate of nano‐ZnO having a size distribution in the 5–10 nm range and amorphous layers of poly acrylic acid coating zinc oxide to control the particle growth, block surface activity and prevent aggregation. The water‐based P‐ZnO sunscreen gel offers UV protection comparable to conventional products in a delivery vehicle that is much more pleasant to use.
Self-Report of Headache in Children and Adolescents in Germany: Possibilities and Confines of Questionnaire Data for Headache Classification
Authors: Heinrich M , Morris L , Kröner-Herwig B
Published: February 2009

The aim of this study was to estimate prevalence rates of different types of primary headache in 9- to 14-year-old children in a population-based sample. Case definition was based on International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) criteria. The possibility of implementing these criteria within a questionnaire format, which has been regarded as problematic by some authors, was the main focus of the study. A questionnaire was sent to children and adolescents in 6400 randomly drawn families in southern Lower Saxony. Valid questionnaires were returned by 61.1% of the sample. The overall prevalence rate for tension-type headache (TTH) (criteria C and D) was 17.6% and for migraine (criteria B, C and D) 13.1%. Despite the use of abridged criteria for headache classification, 35.5% of all children reported headache that could not be classified using the ICHD criteria. The response behaviour of these children indicated that they had difficulties reporting symptoms that were defining for migraine or TTH. The classifiability of headache does not seem to be dependent on age or frequency of headache, but rather on the number of ‘I don't know’ answers given regarding headache characteristics. It is likely that studies reporting prevalence rates that are limited to migraine and or TTH diagnoses underestimate the true prevalence of headache in children and adolescents.
Low Spatial Frequency Contrast Sensitivity Deficits in Migraine are not Visual Pathway Selective
Authors: McKendrick AM , Sampson GP
Published: February 2009

Some people who experience migraine demonstrate reduced visual contrast sensitivity that is measurable between migraines. Contrast sensitivity loss to low spatial frequency gratings has been previously attributed to possible impairment of magnocellular pathway function. This study measured contrast sensitivity using low spatial frequency targets (0.25–4 c/deg) where the adaptation aspects of the stimuli were designed to preferentially assess either magnocellular or parvocellular pathway function (steady and pulsed pedestal technique). Twelve people with migraine with measured visual field abnormalities and 17 controls participated. Subjects were tested foveally and at 10° eccentricity. Foveally, there was no significant difference in group mean contrast sensitivity. At 10°, the migraine group demonstrated reduced contrast sensitivity for both the stimuli designed to assess magnocellular and parvocellular function ( P < 0.05). The functional deficits measured in this study infer that abnormalities of the low spatial frequency sensitive channels of both pathways contribute to contrast sensitivity deficits in people with migraine.
A Consecutive Series of 22 Cases of Hypnic Headache in France
Authors: Donnet A , Lantéri-Minet M
Published: February 2009

A series of 22 patients was consecutively diagnosed with hypnic headache (HH) from June 2007 to June 2008 in two headache specialty centres participating in the French Observatory of Migraine and Headaches. Patients and headache characteristics were compared with the 2004 International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edn (ICHD-II) criteria for HH and published series of HH patients. One-third of HH patients reported migraine-like headaches (pulsating/unilateral/stabbing) and > 20% were aged < 50 years at symptom onset. Of note, HH patients displayed typical motor activities during the headache (getting up, eating/drinking especially a cup of coffee, reading/ watching television) that differentiate HH from migraine and suggest relationships between HH and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. The functional and emotional impact of HH appears low and similar to that of migraine in patients consulting in primary care practice. Improvements in ICHD-II criteria are suggested, especially to introduce the typical motor behaviour acted out by HH patients.
Classification and design of teledermatology practice: What dermatoses? Which technology to apply?
Authors: Kanthraj GR
Published: February 2009

Dermatologists are mostly confined to urban regions and rural population is deprived of specialist care. Teledermatology Practice (TDP) is a solution to overcome this global problem. Tools for TDP includes video conference, store and forward, hybrid, mobile, satellite communication, integration model, nurse‐led teledermatology, teledermatology focusing on difficult‐to‐manage cases, teledermoscopy, and teledermatopathology with combined applications. This article reviews the feasibility studies focusing teledermatology tools and analyses the possible options in designing TDP. Categorizing dermatoses for TDP depends on the purpose and types of technology. The dermatoses presenting from a remote geographic regions requires any of the following approaches (i) only TDP, (b) initial TDP followed by face‐to‐face, (iii) initial face‐to‐face followed by TDP and (iv) only face‐to‐face examination. The technology should suit the dermatoses, meet the purpose, be cost‐effective and provide better management with follow‐up care. We recommend store and forward as a basic TDP model as most dermatoses are diagnosed and follow‐up care is delivered. Leprosy, pigmented skin lesions, leg ulcers, HIV and endemic dermatoses require screening and triage services using mobile teledermatology. Counselling and education require videoconference. Rural dermatology's camps require satellite communication mounted on a vehicle. Objective assessment (vitiligo and leg ulcer) after treatment requires integration model at a tertiary centre. Difficult‐to‐manage cases require second opinion using hybrid/store and forward TDP. Lower rural centre are provided with mobile/ store and forward teledermatology services. Selected or major community centre should be equipped with hybrid teledermatology and linked to a tertiary centre. This process helps healthcare administration to plan a TDP to cover all dermatoses, utilizing the available health care professional (HCP) and technology with minimum budget investment.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.
Is androgenetic alopecia a risk for atherosclerosis?
Authors: Dogramaci AC , Balci DD , Balci A. , Karazincir S , Savas N  , Topaloglu C , Yalcin F
Published: February 2009

Background   Several studies have demonstrated the presence of an association between androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with AGA and healthy controls by the incorporation of carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT) and high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) along with echocardiography (ECHO) and exercise electrocardiography (ExECG).

Methods   We performed a case–control study in 50 male patients with AGA and 31 age‐matched healthy male controls with normal hair status. Both the AGA patients and controls with a history of diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, hypertension, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, and renal failure were excluded. AGA was classified according to the Hamilton–Norwood scale. Serum lipids, serum hs‐CRP, total testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were examined in all study subjects. Carotid ultrasonography was used to measure the IMT of the common carotid arteries (CCA). ECHO and ExECG were performed in all subjects.

Results   IMT of the CCA was found to be significantly higher in patients with severe vertex pattern AGA when compared to patients with other patterns of AGA and healthy controls (P < 0.05). Hs‐CRP in patients with any group of AGA was not significantly different from those healthy controls (P > 0.05). ECHO showed that cardiac structural and functional measures were in normal ranges. ExECG was also normal in all subjects.

Conclusion  Severe vertex pattern AGA should be considered to have an increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis. For this reason, CCA IMT measurement can be recommended as a non‐invasive and early diagnostic method.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.
Mortality in a cohort of flat‐coated retrievers in the UK
Authors: Dobson J. , Hoather T. , McKinley T. J. , Wood J. L. N.
Published: February 2009

A cohort study of 174 flat‐coated retrievers was undertaken to establish the importance of cancer in flat coat mortality in terms of the prevalence of neoplasia in the breed and also the relative effect of cancer on lifespan in relation to other forms of mortality. Dogs aged 2–7 years were recruited in 1996 and followed until 2007. An annual health census was used to collect the data. Two dogs were lost to follow‐up and 72 dogs (42%) died from confirmed neoplasia. Twenty dogs (11.6%) died of unconfirmed tumours and 61 (35%) died from non‐neoplastic conditions. The cause of death was unknown for 19 dogs. Soft tissue sarcoma (especially histiocytic sarcoma) was the predominant cancer type, affecting 32 dogs (44% of neoplasms). Six dogs died with malignant melanoma and three with lymphoma. Median age at death was 9 years for dogs with tumours (eight for sarcoma patients) and 12 years for non‐neoplastic fatalities. The results confirm that soft tissue sarcoma, particularly histiocytic sarcoma, is a major cause of mortality in this breed.
Identifying Reefs of Hope and Hopeful Actions: Contextualizing Environmental, Ecological, and Social Parameters to Respond Effectively to Climate Change
Authors: McCLANAHAN T.R. , CINNER J.E. , GRAHAM N.A.J. , DAW T.M. , MAINA J. , STEAD S.M. , WAMUKOTA A. , BROWN K. , VENUS V. , POLUNIN N.V.C.
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  Priorities for conservation, management, and associated activities will differ based on the interplay between nearness of ecosystems to full recovery from a disturbance (pristineness), susceptibility to climate change (environmental susceptibility [ES]), and capacity of human communities to cope with and adapt to change (social adaptive capacity [AC]). We studied 24 human communities and adjacent coral reef ecosystems in 5 countries of the southwestern Indian Ocean. We used ecological measures of abundance and diversity of fishes and corals, estimated reef pristineness, and conducted socioeconomic household surveys to determine the AC of communities adjacent to selected coral reefs. We also used Web‐based oceanographic and coral mortality data to predict each site's ES to climate warming. Coral reefs of Mauritius and eastern Madagascar had low ES and consequently were not predicted to be affected strongly by warm water, although these sites were differentiated by the AC of the human community. The higher AC in Mauritius may increase the chances for successful self‐initiated recovery and protective management of reefs of this island. In contrast, Madagascar may require donor support to build AC as a prerequisite to preservation efforts. The Seychelles and Kenya had high ES, but their levels of AC and disturbance differed. The high AC in the Seychelles could be used to develop alternatives to dependence on coral reef resources and reduce the effects of climate change. Pristineness weighted toward measures of fish recovery was greatest for Kenya's marine protected areas; however, most protected areas in the region were far from pristine. Conservation priorities and actions with realistic chances for success require knowledge of where socioecological systems lie among the 3 axes of environment, ecology, and society.
Assessing the Threat Status of Ecological Communities
Authors: NICHOLSON EMILY , KEITH DAVID A. , WILCOVE DAVID S.
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  Conservationists are increasingly interested in determining the threat status of ecological communities as a key part of their planning efforts. Such assessments are difficult because of conceptual challenges and a lack of generally accepted criteria. We reviewed 12 protocols for assessing the threat status of communities and identified conceptual and operational issues associated with developing a rigorous, transparent, and universal set of criteria for assessing communities, analogous to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List standards for species. We examined how each protocol defines a community and its extinction and how each applies 3 overarching criteria: decline in geographic distribution, restricted geographic distribution, and changes to ecological function. The protocols vary widely in threshold values used to assess declines and distribution size and the time frames used to assess declines, leading to inconsistent assessments of threat status. Few of the protocols specify a scale for measuring distribution size, although assessment outcomes are highly sensitive to scale. Protocols that apply different thresholds for species versus communities tend to require greater declines and more restricted distributions for communities than species to be listed in equivalent threat categories. Eleven of the protocols include a reduction in ecological function as a criterion, but almost all assess it qualitatively rather than quantitatively. We argue that criteria should be explicit and repeatable in their concepts, parameters, and scale, applicable to a broad range of communities, and address synergies between types of threats. Such criteria should focus on distribution size, declines in distribution, and changes to key ecological functions, with the latter based on workable proxies for assessing the severity, scope, and immediacy of degradation. Threat categories should be delimited by thresholds that are assessed at standard scales and are logically consistent with the viability of component species and important ecological functions.
Declines in Common, Widespread Butterflies in a Landscape under Intense Human Use
Authors: VAN DYCK HANS , VAN STRIEN ARCO J. , MAES DIRK , VAN SWAAY CHRIS A. M.
Published: February 2009

Abstract: Analyses of species' population losses typically show a dichotomy between strongly affected, rare, and localized species and apparently unaffected, common, and widespread species. We analyzed 16 years (1992–2007) of butterfly transect count data from The Netherlands in a reevaluation of the trends of common, widespread species. Fifty‐five percent (11 of 20 species) of these species suffered severe declines in distribution and abundance. Overall, cumulative butterfly abundance declined by around 30%. Some of the species in decline used to be omnipresent in gardens and parks, and 2 of the species were previously considered agricultural pests. Based on their declines over the last 16 years, 2 of the 20 species (Lasiommata megeraandGonepteryx rhamni) reached endangered status in The Netherlands under the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) population‐decline criterion, and 2 species (Inachis ioandThymelicus lineola) met vulnerable criterion. Butterflies in farmland, urban, and particularly woodland areas showed the largest decline in species abundance. The abundance of species associated with vegetation types found mainly in nature reserves (dunes, heathland, and, to a lesser extent, seminatural grassland) increased or remained stable. The decline of widespread species requires additional conservation strategies in the wider landscape.
A Comparison of Frailty Indexes for the Prediction of Falls, Disability, Fractures, and Mortality in Older Men
Authors: Ensrud Kristine E. , Ewing Susan K. , Cawthon Peggy M. , Fink Howard A. , Taylor Brent C. , Cauley Jane A. , Dam Thuy‐Tien , Marshall Lynn M. , Orwoll Eric S. , Cummings Steven R. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research Group
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVES: To compare the validity of a parsimonious frailty index (components: weight loss, inability to rise from a chair, and poor energy (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) index)) with that of the more complex Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) index (components: unintentional weight loss, low grip strength, poor energy, slowness, and low physical activity) for prediction of adverse outcomes in older men.

DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.

SETTING: Six U.S. centers.

PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand one hundred thirty‐two men aged 67 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: Frailty status categorized as robust, intermediate stage, or frail using the SOF index and criteria similar to those used in CHS index. Falls were reported three times for 1 year. Disability (≥1 new impairments in performing instrumental activities of daily living) ascertained at 1 year. Fractures and deaths ascertained during 3 years of follow‐up. Analysis of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) statistics compared for models containing the SOF index versus those containing the CHS index.

RESULTS: Greater evidence of frailty as defined by either index was associated with greater risk of adverse outcomes. Frail men had a higher age‐adjusted risk of recurrent falls (odds ratio (OR)=3.0–3.6), disability (OR=5.3–7.5), nonspine fracture (hazard ratio (HR)=2.2–2.3), and death (HR=2.5–3.5) (P<.001 for all models). AUC comparisons revealed no differences between models with the SOF index and models with the CHS index in discriminating falls (AUC=0.63, P=.97), disability (AUC=0.68, P=.86), nonspine fracture (AUC=0.63, P=.90), or death (AUC=0.71 for model with SOF index and 0.72 for model with CHS index, P=.19).

CONCLUSION: The simple SOF index predicts risk of falls, disability, fracture, and mortality in men as well as the more‐complex CHS index.
Difference and Desire— a Queer Reading
Authors: Edgardh Ninna
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  The 2008 Lambeth Conference of the Anglican Communion illustrated the difficulties presently facing all mainline Western churches in dealing with their internal divergencies in matters of gender, family and sexuality. Drawing on recent articles on queer theology the author argues that the Christian traditions—contrary to common assumption—have unique resources for solving not only their internal controversies in these matters, but also for contributing to the wider challenges facing the human family on how to live differently together.
Comparison of the Systemic Levels of Inflammatory Markers after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Bare Metal versus Sirolimus‐Eluting Stents
Authors: REBEIZ ABDALLAH G. , ZOGHBI ELIE , HARB RAMI , YOUHANNA SONIA , SKOURI HADI N. , DIMASSI ADEL , ABOU‐NADER GILBERT , NASRALLAH ANTOINE , SAWAYA JABER , GHARZUDDINE WALID , ALAM SAMIR
Published: February 2009

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with bare metal stent (BMS) deployment causes plaque disruption and a rise in systemic levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)‐6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1. Our aim is to study whether PCI with sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES) use attenuates this response.

Methods: Patients with stable angina undergoing single‐vessel PCI were enrolled in a randomized, open‐label fashion into a BMS group or an SES group. Blood samples were drawn pre‐PCI, 24 hours post‐PCI, and 30 days post‐PCI. Systemic concentrations of CRP, IL‐6, and MCP‐1 were measured at all time points.

Results: In total, 41 patients were enrolled (21 in the BMS group and 20 in the SES group). The baseline plasma concentrations of all markers were comparable between groups. At 24 hours, the mean plasma CRP concentration in the SES group was 20.21 mg/dL versus 8.95 mg/dL in the BMS group (P = 0.15). The mean plasma IL‐6 concentration at 24 hours was 25.41 pg/mL in the SES group versus 17.44 pg/mL in the BMS group (P = 0.17). The mean plasma MCP‐1 concentration at 24 hours was 382.38 pg/mL in the SES group versus 329.04 pg/mL in the BMS group (P = 0.2). At 30 days, plasma concentrations of all three markers decreased to similar values between groups.

Conclusions: The use of SES did not inhibit the rise in systemic concentrations of CRP, IL‐6, and MCP‐1 at 24 hours or 30 days post‐PCI, compared with BMS. Moreover, at 24 hours, there was a trend for higher systemic levels of all proinflammatory markers in the SES group compared with the BMS cohort.
Martyr bodies in the media: Human rights, aesthetics, and the politics of immediation in the Palestinian intifada
Authors: ALLEN LORI A.
Published: February 2009

The growth of the human rights regime in the Palestinian occupied territories during the last two decades and the spread of visual media have had an extreme effect on the nature of Palestinian politics and society. They have transformed the way Palestinians represent themselves to each other and to the international community, whereby appeals to human rights help to constitute a human subject with certain kinds of rights that are seen to arise not from a political status but from the state of (human) nature. In this article, I explore the “politics of immediation” at work during the second Palestinian intifada, which began in 2000, to explain why social actors mobilize representations of people in states of acute physical and emotional distress as part of their political projects. [human rights, Palestine, aesthetics, intifada, media, affect]
“But the winds will turn against you”: An analysis of wealth forms and the discursive space of development in northeast Brazil
Authors: ANSELL AARON
Published: February 2009

In this article, I explain the unfolding of a participatory development project in northeast Brazil by exploring how local genres of public speech articulate with categories of wealth. Although development resources cannot be easily categorized into local classes of wealth, they nonetheless evoke some of the anxieties cultivators feel when dealing with wealth forms susceptible to the evil eye. Beliefs surrounding the evil eye shape cultivators' relations to material objects, and they also define the contours of safe and acceptable speech within the village development association. As a result, during association meetings, the villagers speak in ways that frustrate development agents seeking to generate “open” and “transparent” managerial discourse felicitous to project success—at least, external notions of project success. Appreciating the link between wealth and speech forms sheds light on both the local implementation challenges that participants in such projects face and the reason development agents frequently blame ostensive project failures on beneficiary backwardness. [wealth, Brazil, development, evil eye, peasant society]
Differentiating indigenous citizenship: Seeking multiplicity in rights, identity, and sovereignty in Canada
Authors: BLACKBURN CAROLE
Published: February 2009

In this article, I examine how citizenship has been legally differentiated and conceptually reconfigured in recent treaty negotiations between the Nisga’a First Nation, the provincial government of British Columbia, and the Canadian federal government. The Nisga’a have sought a form of differentiated citizenship in Canada on the basis of rights that flow from their relationship to their lands and their identity as a political community. They have challenged the state as the sole source of rights and achieved a realignment in the relationship between their rights as aboriginal people, Canadian citizenship, and the Canadian state. [citizenship, aboriginal rights, sovereignty, nation‐state, Nisga’a, Canada]
What's Burmese about Burmese rap? Why some expressive forms go global
Authors: KEELER WARD
Published: February 2009

Although older Burmese associate contemporary Burmese rap with an indigenous call‐and‐response genre, younger Burmese rap fans link it only to international models. The content of Burmese raps strikes an outsider as tame, but rap in Burma resembles foreign prototypes closely in its preoccupation with youthful masculine power. In Burma and elsewhere, rap's lyrical contents reflect a libertarian ideology in keeping with its emphasis on the autonomy of individuals and widespread anxieties of and about young males, in particular—this despite many commentators’ wish to see in rap an empowering political voice. [rap music, Burma, masculinity, globalization, resistance]
Histories in red: Ways of seeing lynching in Ecuador
Authors: KRUPA CHRISTOPHER
Published: February 2009

In this article, I examine the ways that ongoing “spectacle” lynchings in highland Ecuador have come to generate public opposition to the country's indigenous movement and the political transformations it advocates. Focusing my analysis on the recent lynching of an Afro‐Ecuadorian migrant in a small Andean town, I argue for an approach to public violence that directs attention back to the body of the victim and the significations attached to it. I draw influence from studies of U.S. lynchings to ask about the relationship between visual representations of violence and constructions of political illegitimacy in rapidly transforming social formations. [violence, lynching, media, visuality, indigenous peoples, Ecuador, Latin America]
Complexities of indigeneity and autochthony: An African example
Authors: Pelican Michaela
Published: February 2009

In this article, I deal with the complexities of “indigeneity” and “autochthony,” two distinct yet closely interrelated concepts used by various actors in local, national, and international arenas in Africa and elsewhere. With the adoption of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2007, hopes were high among activists and organizations that the precarious situation of many minority groups might be gradually improved. However, sharing the concerns of other scholars, I argue that discourses of indigeneity and autochthony are highly politicized, are subject to local and national particularities, and produce ambivalent, sometimes paradoxical, outcomes. My elaborations are based on in‐depth knowledge of the case of the Mbororo in Cameroon, a pastoralist group and national minority recognized by the United Nations as an “indigenous people” although locally perceived as “strangers” and “migrants.” For comparative purposes, and drawing on related studies, I integrate the Bagyeli and Baka (also known as Pygmies) of southern and southeastern Cameroon into my analysis, as they share the designation of indigenous people with the Mbororo and face similar predicaments. [indigeneity, autochthony, identity, United Nations, Cameroon]
National Trends in Emergency Department Antibiotic Prescribing for Elders with Urinary Tract Infection, 1996–2005
Authors: Caterino Jeffrey M. , Weed Sarah Grace , Espinola Janice A. , Camargo, Jr Carlos A.
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  Given reported increases in antibiotic resistance among elders with urinary tract infection (UTI) and pyelonephritis, the authors identified national rates and trends in emergency department (ED) trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMX) and fluoroquinolone prescribing for older adults from 1996 to 2005.

Methods:  This was a retrospective analysis utilizing the ED component of the 1996–2005 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). The authors included NHAMCS ED entries aged ≥18 years with a diagnosis of UTI or pyelonephritis; pregnancy was excluded. Records were divided into 18–64 years (“adults”) and ≥65 years (“elders”). Primary outcome measures were prescription of TMP‐SMX monotherapy, fluoroquinolone monotherapy, and combination therapy with two or more antibiotics. Estimated visit totals and rates were calculated and trends analyzed.

Results:  From 1996 to 2005, there were 5 million elder ED visits for UTI or pyelonephritis. Approximately 9.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.9% to 11%) of elders received TMP‐SMX monotherapy with rates decreasing over time (p‐value for trend = 0.031). Overall, 35% (95% CI = 32% to 38%) of elders received fluoroquinolone monotherapy, which increased from 21% (95% CI = 14% to 27%) in 1996 to 45% (95% CI = 39% to 50%) in 2005 (p‐value for trend < 0.001). Therapy with a fluoroquinolone plus a second antibiotic was used in only 4.2% (95% CI = 3.1% to 5.3%) of older patients.

Conclusions:  From 1996 to 2005, TMP‐SMX monotherapy in elder ED patients decreased while fluoroquinolone therapy increased. The majority of older patients receiving fluoroquinolone therapy received a single agent. Given the continued prevalence of monotherapy for elder ED patients with UTI or pyelonephritis, antibiotic resistance patterns in these patients should be better characterized to ensure institution of appropriate empiric therapy.
Joint Effects of Corporate Positions and Prospects on Perceptions of Business Ethics Among Japanese Students: A Reflection of Collectivistic Cultures1
Authors: Matsui Tamao , Kakuyama Takashi , Tsuzuki Yukie , You Hyung Sook
Published: February 2009

This study was designed to account for inconsistencies between past research indicating that executives in general are more ethically oriented than employees. The reality in Japan's society is that it has been mostly top executives who violate business ethics. Japanese students (N = 201) assumed that they were “executives” or “employees” in a manufacturing company, and their company had “high” or “low” financial prospects. The high‐prospect executives were most ethically oriented, while the low‐prospect executives were least ethically oriented. Ethical orientation did not change across the two prospect conditions for the employees. The findings are interpreted in terms of ethical dissonance created by dual pressures from acceptance of Western global ethical standards and strength of indigenous collectivistic ethical standards.
Predictors of Protest Among Anti‐Globalization Demonstrators1
Authors: Cameron James E. , Nickerson Shannon L.
Published: February 2009

Anti‐globalization protest is analyzed as a function of ideological opposition to social hierarchy and identification with the social movement. Demonstrators (N = 145) at the Summit of the Americas in Québec City in April 2001 completed measures of social dominance orientation (SDO), social identification with the anti‐globalization movement, and the likelihood of engaging in various protest behaviors. Results supported the hypothesis that social identification mediates the link between SDO and inclinations toward 2 forms of collective action (anti‐globalization protest and indirect protest), whereas non‐normative protest tended to be endorsed most strongly by male demonstrators. These relationships inform theoretical perspectives on politicized collective identity and the social psychology of social movement participation.
Is off‐farm income reforming the farm? Evidence from Mexico
Authors: Pfeiffer Lisa , López‐Feldman Alejandro , Taylor J. Edward
Published: February 2009

Does access to off‐farm income complement or compete with agricultural production? This article explores the effect of off‐farm income on agricultural production activities, using data from the 2003 Mexico National Rural Household Survey. We first discuss the theoretical conditions under which access to off‐farm income may influence production in an agricultural household model. Instrumental‐variable (IV) estimation methods are then used to test whether agricultural production activities, technologies, and input use differ between households with and without access to off‐farm income. We find that off‐farm income has a negative effect on agricultural output and the use of family labor on the farm, but a positive impact on the demand for purchased inputs. There is also a slight efficiency gain in households with access to off‐farm income. Findings offer insights into how household production evolves as rural households increasingly engage in off‐farm income activities.
Does nonagricultural labor relax farmers’ credit constraints? Evidence from longitudinal data for Vietnam
Authors: Stampini Marco , Davis Benjamin
Published: February 2009

We examine the relationship between participation in nonagricultural labor activities and farming production decisions, focusing on the use of inputs. Using longitudinal data for Vietnam from 1993 to 1998, we find that households engaged in nonagricultural labor spend significantly more on seeds, services, hired labor, and livestock inputs. This is consistent with the hypothesis that nonagricultural labor income relaxes credit constraints to farming.
Poverty decline, agricultural wages, and nonfarm employment in rural India: 1983–2004
Authors: Lanjouw Peter , Murgai Rinku
Published: February 2009

We analyze five rounds of National Sample Survey data covering 1983, 1987/1988, 1993/1994, 1999/2000, and 2004/2005 to explore the relationship between rural diversification and poverty. Poverty in rural India has declined at a modest rate during this time period. We provide region‐level estimates that illustrate considerable geographic heterogeneity in this progress. Poverty estimates correlate well with region‐level NSS data on changes in agricultural wage rates. Agricultural labor remains the preserve of the uneducated and also to a large extent of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. We show that while agricultural labor grew as a share of total economic activity over the first four rounds, it had fallen back to the levels observed at the beginning of our survey period by 2004. This all‐India trajectory also masks widely varying trends across states. During this period, the rural nonfarm sector has grown modestly, mainly between the last two survey rounds. Regular nonfarm employment remains largely associated with education levels and social status that are rare among the poor. However, casual labor and self‐employment in the nonfarm sector reveals greater involvement by disadvantaged groups in 2004 than in the preceding rounds. The implication of this for poverty is not immediately clear—the poor may be pushed into low‐return casual nonfarm activities due to lack of opportunities in the agricultural sector rather than being pulled by high returns offered by the nonfarm sector. Econometric estimates reveal that expansion of the nonfarm sector is associated with falling poverty via two routes: a direct impact on poverty that is likely due to a pro‐poor marginal incidence of nonfarm employment expansion; and an indirect impact attributable to the positive effect of nonfarm employment growth on agricultural wages. The analysis also confirms the important contribution to rural poverty reduction from agricultural productivity, availability of land, and consumption levels in proximate urban areas.
Rural nonfarm employment and farming: household‐level linkages
Authors: Davis Benjamin , Winters Paul , Reardon Thomas , Stamoulis Kostas
Published: February 2009

This article introduces the articles in Agricultural Economics, vol. 40 no. 2 (March 2009). First, we introduce their objectives in a brief review of existing literature on developing country trends in rural income diversification, in particular rural nonfarm employment (RNFE) and its impact on farm technology choice in crops and livestock, and thus on agricultural modernization and diversification. Then we preview the key points of the articles, which use distinctive primary datasets from Albania, Bulgaria, China, India, Mexico, Nigeria, the Philippines, Senegal, and Vietnam to document the impacts of RNFE and their implications for farm technology and farm activity.