bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy in a patient with oligometastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Koie Takuya , Hagiwara Noriyasu , Yamada Toru , Kondo Hiromi , Ito Hiroki , Tomioka Masayuki , Kawashima Keisuke , Kato Daiki , Iinuma Koji , Nakane Keita
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The patients with prostate cancer and low‐volume osseous metastases who underwent local definitive therapies had lower risks of cancer‐specific mortality. The usefulness of local definitive therapy for metastatic prostate cancer remains unclear.

Case presentation

A 76‐year‐old man visited a private hospital with a chief complaint of left lower limb pain. His serum prostate‐specific antigen level was 365.156 ng/mL. Histological evaluation led to the initial diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of Gleason score 4 + 4 and clinical stage T3a N1 M1b. Although androgen deprivation therapy was performed, he developed metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer 6 months after the initial treatment. Therefore, he received enzalutamide and attained a serum prostate‐specific antigen level of 0.002 ng/mL 7 months after the second treatment. We performed robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy 1 year after diagnosis. Histopathological examination revealed that prostate cancer cells disappeared into the prostate.

Conclusion

Robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy in selected patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer may improve oncological outcomes.
Introduction to Systems Security Engineering Vocabulary
Authors:   INCOSE Systems Security Engineering Working Group
Published: October 2020

Systems security protects a system from misuse and malicious behavior and makes sure the system can deliver value even under adverse conditions in cyberspace. This article identifies essential systems security vocabulary including systems security engineering, cyberspace, cyber‐attack, cybersecurity, and cyber resiliency. This terminology overview supports effective collaboration with other INCOSE working groups.
Introduction to Product Line Engineering Vocabulary
Authors:   INCOSE Product Line Engineering Working Group
Published: October 2020

Feature‐based product line engineering (PLE) designs a portfolio of products using variation management to maximize value of commonality and manage differences. This article identifies essential product line vocabulary including product line engineering, shared assets, feature catalogue, bill‐of‐features, PLE factory configurator, and product asset instances. This terminology overview supports effective collaboration with other INCOSE working groups and summarizes the INCOSE PLE Primer.
Toxicological alterations induced by subacute exposure of silver nanoparticles in Wistar rats
Authors: Nayek Subhayu , De Silva Imesha W. , Aguilar Roberto , Lund Amie K. , Verbeck Guido F.
Published: October 2020

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become crucial players in the field of medicine and various other industries. AgNPs have a wide array of applications, which includes production of electronic goods, cosmetics, synthesis of dyes, and printing inks, as well as targeted delivery of drugs to specialized cells inside the body. Even though humans readily come in contact with these particles, the organ‐specific accumulation and resulting mechanisms of toxicity induced by inhaled AgNPs are still under investigation. The goal of this study was to determine the organ distribution of inhaled AgNPs and investigate the resulting systemic toxicity. To do this, male Wistar rats were exposed by inhalation to AgNPs for 4 hr/day (200 parts per billion/day) for five consecutive days. The nanoparticles were generated using a laser ablation technique using a soft‐landing ion mobility (SLIM) instrument. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP‐MS) analysis showed organ‐specific accumulation of the nanoparticles, with the highest concentration present in the lungs, followed by the liver and kidneys. Nanoparticle distribution was characterized in the organs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric (MALDI‐MS) imaging. Bone marrow cytotoxicity assay of the cells from the femur of rats showed micronuclei formation and signs of cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, rats displayed increased levels of circulating lactate and glutathione disulphide (GSSG), as determined by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) analysis. Collectively, our observations suggest that inhaled subacute exposure to AgNP results in accumulation of AgNPs in the lungs, liver, and kidneys, preferentially, as well as mediates induced systemic toxicity.
Indigenous and non‐Indigenous parents separated from their children and experiencing homelessness and mental illness in Canada
Authors: Caplan Rachel , Nelson Geoffrey , Distasio Jino , Isaak Corinne , Edel Betty , Piat Myra , Macnaughton Eric , Kirst Maritt , Patterson Michelle , Aubry Tim , Mulligan Susan , Goering Paula
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the parent–child experiences of Indigenous and non‐Indigenous mothers and fathers experiencing homelessness, mental illness, and separation from their children. A qualitative thematic analysis of baseline and 18‐month follow‐up narrative interviews was used to compare 12 mothers (n = 8 Indigenous and n = 4 nonindigenous) with 24 fathers (n = 13 Indigenous and n = 11 non‐Indigenous). First, it was found that children are more central in the lives of mothers than fathers. Second, Indigenous parents' narratives were characterized by interpersonal and systemic violence, racism and trauma, and cultural disconnection, but also more cultural healing resources. Third, an intersectional analysis showed that children were peripheral in the lives of non‐Indigenous fathers, and most central to the identities of Indigenous mothers. Gender identity, Indigenous, and intersectional theories are used to interpret the findings. Implications for future theory, research, and culturally relevant intervention are discussed.
Impact of variant reclassification in the clinical setting of cardiovascular genetics
Authors: VanDyke Rebecca E. , Hashimoto Sayaka , Morales Ana , Pyatt Robert E. , Sturm Amy C.
Published: October 2020

Genetic testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has advanced over the past ten years, but these advancements have posed new challenges in variant classification. To address these challenges, ACMG/AMP published guidelines for variant interpretation in 2015. This study aimed to determine what impact these guidelines have on variant classification in clinical cardiovascular genetics. A retrospective chart review identified patients who underwent clinical genetic testing and had a variant identified in a gene associated with CVD. For each variant, systematic evidence review was performed and ACMG guidelines were applied for classification. These classifications were compared to those provided on patients’ genetic test reports. This study identified 223 unique variants in 237 patients. Seventy‐nine (35%) of the variants had classifications that differed from their clinical reports. Twenty‐eight (35%) of these reclassifications would have changed medical management recommendations for 38 patients. Application of these guidelines resulted in reclassification for approximately one‐third of the variants in this study. Clinicians can have a more active role in the process of variant classification. Variant classifications should be updated over time in the clinical CVD setting due to the impact reclassifications can have on clinical screening recommendations.
The impact of prior malignancies on the development of second malignancies and survival in follicular lymphoma: A population‐based study
Authors: Dinnessen Manette A.W. , Visser Otto , Tonino Sanne H. , van der Poel Marjolein W.M. , Blijlevens Nicole M.A. , Kersten Marie José , Lugtenburg Pieternella J. , Dinmohamed Avinash G.
Published: October 2020

We assessed the impact of a prior malignancy diagnosis (PMD) – as a potential proxy for genetic cancer susceptibility – on the development of a second primary malignancy (SPM) and mortality in follicular lymphoma (FL) patients. From the nationwide Netherlands Cancer Registry, we selected all adult FL patients diagnosed in 1994‐2012 (n = 8028) and PMDs and SPMs relative to FL, with follow‐up until 2017. We constructed two Fine and Gray models – with death as a competing risk – to assess the association between a PMD and SPM incidence. A PMD was associated with an increased incidence of SPMs (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03‐1.64) – especially carcinomas of the respiratory tract (SHR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.10‐3.05) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SHR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.01‐2.45) – and a higher risk of mortality in a multivariable model (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.19‐1.71). However, when additionally adjusted for the receipt of systemic therapy and/or radiotherapy before FL diagnosis, only patients who received such therapies had an increased incidence of SPMs (SHR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.93). In conclusion, patients with a PMD had a higher rate of SPMs and mortality than those without a PMD, which might have resulted from therapy‐related carcinogenesis.
The application of analytic hierarchy process to implement collaborative governance process: The allocation of the urban structural funds in the city of Madrid
Authors: Losada Maestre Roberto , Sánchez Medero Rubén , Berlanga de Jesús Antonio , Molina López José Manuel
Published: October 2020

Local governments dispose of powerful tools like development funds that can be distributed among its different constituents to compensate economic disequilibrium originated by a complex array of factors. But it is always one of the hardest decisions to assign handouts to people who could think its own expectations are not being taken properly into account. Each stakeholder has different criteria to evaluate his needs, and to demand a particular investment effort. Since resources are very limited in local levels, city hall governments are pulled apart by those conflicting demands. The challenge of addressing them at the same time can be modelled as a multi‐criteria decision‐making. The aim of this paper is to show that the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) could work out the most acceptable distribution of the funds among the different city districts and neighbourhoods. The application of the model in Madrid shows that AHP: (a) allows to incorporate opposing demands; (b) increases the transparency of the decision‐making process; (c) eases the decentralization of governmental decisions; (d) enhances the legitimation of the final outcome; and (e) it is a scientific approach with great potential to be applied in similar domains where hard political decisions are needed.
Compound heterozygous loss of function variants in MYL9 in a child with megacystis–microcolon–intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome
Authors: Kandler Justin L. , Sklirou Evgenia , Woerner Audrey , Walsh Leslie , Cox Eleina , Xue Yuan
Published: October 2020

Megacystis–microcolon–intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS), or “visceral myopathy,” is a severe early onset disorder characterized by impaired muscle contractility in the bladder and intestines. Five genes are linked to MMIHS: primarily ACTG2, but also LMOD1, MYH11, MYLK, and MYL9. Here we describe a three‐year‐old girl with bilateral hydronephrosis diagnosed at 20 weeks gestation and congenital mydriasis (both of which have been previously observed among individuals with MMIHS). A clinical diagnosis of MMIHS was made based upon the presence of megacystis, lack of urinary bladder peristalsis, and intestinal pseudo‐obstruction. After initial testing of ACTG2 was negative, further sequencing and deletion/duplication testing was performed on the LMOD1, MYH11,MYLK, and MYL9 genes. We identified two heterozygous loss of function variants in MYL9: an exon 4 deletion and a nine base pair deletion that removes the canonical splicing donor site at exon 2 (NM_006097.5:c.184+2_184+10del). Parental testing confirmed these variants to be in trans in our proband. To our knowledge, only one other individual with MMIHS has biallelic mutations in MYL9 (a homozygous deletion encompassing exon 4). We suggest MYL9 be targeted on genetic testing panels for MMIHS, smooth muscle myopathies, and cardiovascular phenotypes.
Voxel carving‐based 3D reconstruction of sorghum identifies genetic determinants of light interception efficiency
Authors: Gaillard Mathieu , Miao Chenyong , Schnable James C. , Benes Bedrich
Published: October 2020

Changes in canopy architecture traits have been shown to contribute to yield increases. Optimizing both light interception and light interception efficiency of agricultural crop canopies will be essential to meeting the growing food needs. Canopy architecture is inherently three‐dimensional (3D), but many approaches to measuring canopy architecture component traits treat the canopy as a two‐dimensional (2D) structure to make large scale measurement, selective breeding, and gene identification logistically feasible. We develop a high throughput voxel carving strategy to reconstruct 3D representations of sorghum from a small number of RGB photos. Our approach builds on the voxel carving algorithm to allow for fully automatic reconstruction of hundreds of plants. It was employed to generate 3D reconstructions of individual plants within a sorghum association population at the late vegetative stage of development. Light interception parameters estimated from these reconstructions enabled the identification of known and previously unreported loci controlling light interception efficiency in sorghum. The approach is generalizable and scalable, and it enables 3D reconstructions from existing plant high throughput phenotyping datasets. We also propose a set of best practices to increase 3D reconstructions’ accuracy.
Tetraamminecopper Perchlorate (TACP): Explosive Properties
Authors: Vodochodský Ondřej , Künzel Martin , Matyáš Robert , Kučera Jinřich , Pachman Jiri
Published: October 2020

Tetraamminecopper perchlorate (TACP) is one of the most interesting explosive copper perchlorate‐ammonia complexes. Despite the fact that this complex has been known for more than 100 years there is very little information in the literature about its detonation parameters. Impact sensitivity of TACP is slightly higher than that for PETN while friction sensitivity is between those for PETN and RDX. Detonation velocity for infinite diameter is 3230 m s−1 (density 0.9 g cm−3). Critical diameter of TACP is low – less than 2 mm. Based on the heat of combustion measurement the previously published erroneous enthalpy of formation was corrected to −496 kJ mol−1. Detonation heat of TACP is 4322 kJ kg−1 and Gurney velocity is 1536 m s−1. Experimentally measured detonation parameters of TACP were also compared with theoretically calculated values by the EXPLO5 code.
Rotational Dynamics of Fullerenes in the Molecular Crystal of Fullerite
Authors: Bubenchikov Mikhail Alekseevich , Bubenchikov Alexey Mikhailovich , Lun-Fu Aleksandr Viktorovich , Ovchinnikov Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich
Published: October 2020

The work is devoted to the study of gyroscopic phenomena in the interaction of a rotating fullerene molecule and a xenon atom incident on it. The methods of classical molecular physics are used: intermolecular potentials, Newton's equations for describing the motion of particles, and the Runge–Kutta numerical method of high order of accuracy. A mathematical model is constructed and implemented for the rotation frequencies of fullerene up to 1014 Hz and the speed of the incident xenon atom of the order of 103 m s−1. For such parameters of the problem, the de Broglie wavelength of the incident atom and the fullerene molecule become smaller than the diameter of the carbon atomic nucleus. This made it possible to apply the Newtonian approach without involving quantum mechanics. The aim of this work is the consistent application of the apparatus of classical mechanics to reveal the effect of the precession of rotating fullerene inside fullerite.
Acteoside‐improved streptozotocin‐induced learning and memory impairment by upregulating hippocampal insulin, glucose transport, and energy metabolism
Authors: Chen Jiayuan , Gao Li , Zhang Yao , Su Ya , Kong Zheng , Wang Dongqing , Yan Ming
Published: October 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease, has been, by and large, correlated to insulin pathway, glucose level, and energy metabolism in the brain. Intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (ICV‐STZ) leads to glucose and energy metabolism dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and increased oxidative stress in the brain. Acteoside has a myriad of pharmacological effects on the brain, namely, neuroprotection and recuperation of cognitive functions. The primary focus of the current study was to examine the effect of acteoside on insulin, glucose transport, and energy metabolism in the hippocampal area of the brain. The behavioral experiments such as spatial memory, active learning, and passive memory suggested that acetoside ameliorated the ICV‐STZ‐induced learning and cognitive impairment. The acteoside induced increase in the protein expression of glucose transporters (Glu T1, Glu T3, and Glu T4), glucose, and insulin levels in the hippocampus for maintaining normal learning and memory function were demonstrated by Western blot. In addition, acteoside's long‐term oral administration increased the the ratio of ATP content divided by ADP content (ATP/ADP) ratio, which, in turn, reduced the reactiveoxygen species (ROS) level and improved the cellular oxidative stress response. Compared with the model group, the above results show significant differences in different degrees (p < .05 or p < .01). This study suggests that acteoside can ameliorate the ICV‐STZ‐induced learning and memory impairment caused due to insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, Glu T1, Glu T3, and Glu T4 pathways by triggering intracerebral metabolism.
Enhancing island tourism's local benefits: A proposed community‐based tourism‐oriented general model
Authors: Dłużewska Anna , Giampiccoli Andrea
Published: October 2020

This article proposes a general community‐based tourism (CBT)‐oriented framework that could be used as a guideline by policymakers dealing with tourism development in small islands. It investigates fundamental issues related to tourism and advances possible solutions utilizing a specific form of alternative tourism within a sustainable tourism context that considers the well‐being of the local population, especially the disadvantaged sector of society. As such, the article captures recurrent critical issues relating to tourism and proposes a model that represents various elements to consider when drafting policies. It emphasizes ecotourism that has long been considered the most sustainable form of tourism. Some of the findings and characteristics of the model could be useful for remote destinations in general.
A closed form procedure for the design of longitudinal bars in RC sections subjected to axial load and biaxial bending
Authors: Papia Maurizio , Minafò Giovanni
Published: October 2020

This paper presents an analytical procedure for the design of the longitudinal reinforcement in reinforced concrete rectangular sections subjected to axial load and biaxial bending moment. The integration of the equilibrium equations is performed in analytical form for the case of uniaxial moment, including the effect of the reinforcement placed on the sides of the section and adopting code‐based constitutive laws for steel and concrete. The strength domain of the section is calculated in closed form for the case of only main steel and in simplified form when including the reinforcement disposed on the side. Additionally, a formulation is proposed for the interaction domain of the two components of the bending moment for constant axial load, in which the uniaxial moment capacities are calculated including all the rebars within the section. The proposed method is adopted for setting a design procedure of the steel bars of rectangular sections subjected to biaxial bending. Comparisons with numerical results and code provisions show the reliability of the approach, which reduces computational costs and give useful indications for practitioners and designers.
Sequence analysis of wheat subtelomeres reveals a high polymorphism among homoeologous chromosomes
Authors: Aguilar Miguel , Prieto Pilar
Published: October 2020

Bread wheat,Triticum aestivumL., is one of the most important crops in the world. Understanding its genome organization (allohexaploid; AABBDD; 2n = 6x = 42) is essential for geneticists and plant breeders. Particularly, the knowledge of how homologous chromosomes (equivalent chromosomes from the same genome) specifically recognize each other to pair at the beginning of meiosis, the cellular process to generate gametes in sexually reproducing organisms, is fundamental for plant breeding and has a big influence on the fertility of wheat plants. Initial homologous chromosome interactions contribute to specific recognition and pairing between homologues at the onset of meiosis. Understanding the molecular basis of these critical processes can help to develop genetic tools in a breeding context to promote interspecific chromosome associations in hybrids or interspecific genetic crosses to facilitate the transfer of desirable agronomic traits from related species into a crop like wheat. The terminal regions of chromosomes, which include telomeres and subtelomeres, participate in chromosome recognition and pairing. We present a detailed molecular analysis of subtelomeres of wheat chromosome arms 1AS, 4AS, 7AS, 7BS and 7DS. Results showed a high polymorphism in the subtelomeric region among homoeologues (equivalent chromosomes from related genomes) for all the features analyzed, including genes, transposable elements, repeats, GC content, predicted CpG islands, recombination hotspots and targeted sequence motifs for relevant DNA‐binding proteins. These polymorphisms might be the molecular basis for the specificity of homologous recognition and pairing in initial chromosome interactions at the beginning of meiosis in wheat.
Spectral X‐ray computed micro tomography: 3‐dimensional chemical imaging
Authors: Sittner Jonathan , Godinho Jose R. A. , Renno Axel D. , Cnudde Veerle , Boone Marijn , De Schryver Thomas , Van Loo Denis , Merkulova Margarita , Roine Antti , Liipo Jussi
Published: October 2020

We present a new approach to 3‐dimensional chemical imaging based on X‐ray computed micro tomography (CT), which enables the analysis of the internal elemental chemistry. The method uses a conventional laboratory‐based CT scanner equipped with a semiconductor detector (CdTe). Based on the X‐ray absorption spectra, elements in a sample can be distinguished by their specific K‐edge energy. The capabilities and performance of this new approach are illustrated with different experiments, i.e. single pure element particle measurements, element differentiation in mixtures, and mineral differentiation in a natural rock sample. The results show that the method can distinguish elements with K‐edges in the range of 20 to 160 keV, this corresponds to an element range from Ag to U. Furthermore, the spectral information allows a distinction between materials, which show little variation in contrast in the reconstructed CT image.
Large neutrino magnetic moments in the light of recent experiments
Authors: Babu K. S. , Jana Sudip , Lindner Manfred
Published: October 2020

Abstract

The excess in electron recoil events reported recently by the XENON1T experiment may be interpreted as evidence for a sizable transition magnetic moment $$ {\mu}_{v_e{v}_{\mu }} $$

μ

v
e

v
μ

of Majorana neutrinos. We show the consistency of this scenario when a single component transition magnetic moment takes values $$ {\mu}_{v_e{v}_{\mu }}\in \left(1.65-3.42\right)\times {10}^{-11}{\mu}_B $$

μ

v
e

v
μ

∈

1.65
−
3.42

×

10

−
11

μ
B

. Such a large value typically leads to unacceptably large neutrino masses. In this paper we show that new leptonic symmetries can solve this problem and demonstrate this with several examples. We first revive and then propose a simplified model based on SU(2)H horizontal symmetry. Owing to the difference in their Lorentz structures, in the SU(2)H symmetric limit, mν vanishes while $$ {\mu}_{v_e{v}_{\mu }} $$

μ

v
e

v
μ

is nonzero. Our simplified model is based on an approximate SU(2)H, which we also generalize to a three family SU(3)H-symmetry. Collider and low energy tests of these models are analyzed. We have also analyzed implications of the XENON1T data for the Zee model and its extensions which naturally generate a large $$ {\mu}_{v_e{v}_{\mu }} $$

μ

v
e

v
μ

with suppressed mν via a spin symmetry mechanism, but found that the induced $$ {\mu}_{v_e{v}_{\mu }} $$

μ

v
e

v
μ

is not large enough to explain recent data. Finally, we suggest a mechanism to evade stringent astrophysical limits on neutrino magnetic moments arising from stellar evolution by inducing a medium-dependent mass for the neutrino.
On TCS G2 manifolds and 4D emergent strings
Authors: Xu Fengjun
Published: October 2020

Abstract

In this note, we study the Swampland Distance Conjecture in TCS G2 manifold compactifications of M-theory. In particular, we are interested in testing a refined version — the Emergent String Conjecture, in settings with 4d N = 1 supersymmetry. We find that a weakly coupled, tensionless fundamental heterotic string does emerge at the infinite distance limit characterized by shrinking the K3-fiber in a TCS G2 manifold. Such a fundamental tensionless string leads to the parametrically leading infinite tower of asymptotically massless states, which is in line with the Emergent String Conjecture. The tensionless string, however, receives quantum corrections. We check that these quantum corrections do modify the volume of the shrinking K3-fiber via string duality and hence make the string regain a non-vanishing tension at the quantum level, leading to a decompactification. Geometrically, the quantum corrections modify the metric of the classical moduli space and are expected to obstruct the infinite distance limit. We also comment on another possible type of infinite distance limit in TCS G2 compactifications, which might lead to a weakly coupled fundamental type II string theory.
Evaluation of the effects of the metal foams geometrical features on thermal and fluid-dynamical behavior in forced convection
Authors: Almonti D. , Baiocco G. , Mingione Emanuele , Ucciardello N.
Published: October 2020

Metal foams are a material, featuring interesting characteristics for the aeronautical and automotive fields because of their low specific weight, high thermal properties, and mechanical performances. In particular, this paper deals with thermal and fluid dynamic study of 24 open-cell aluminum EN43500 (AlSi10MnMg) metal foams produced by indirect additive manufacturing (I-AM), combining 3D printing and metal casting to obtain a controllable morphology. A study of foam behavior function of the morphological features (pores per inch (PPI), branch thickness (r), and edges morphology (smooth-regular)) was performed. The samples produced were heated by radiation and tested in an open wind circuit gallery to measure the fluid dynamic properties such as pressure drop (Δp), inertial coefficient (f), and permeability (k), in an air forced convection flow. The thermal characterization was performed evaluating both the theoretical (kth) and effective (keff) thermal conductivity of the foams. Also, the global heat transfer coefficient (HTCglobal) was evaluated with different airflow rates. Analysis of variance (ANoVA) was performed to figure out which geometrical parameters are significant during both thermal and fluid dynamic processes. The results obtained show how the controllable foam morphology can affect the involved parameters, leading to an ad hoc design for industrial applications that require high thermo-fluid-dynamical performances.
Student evaluation of teaching, social influence dynamics, and teachers’ choices: An evolutionary model
Authors: Antoci Angelo , Brunetti Irene , Sacco Pierluigi , Sodini Mauro
Published: October 2020

The issue of Student Evaluation of Teaching has been explored by a large literature across many decades. However, the role of social influence factors in determining teachers’ responses to a given incentive and evaluation framework has been left basically unexplored. This paper makes a first attempt in this vein by considering an evolutionary game-theoretic context where teachers face a two-stage process in which their rating depends on both students’ evaluation of their course and on retrospective students’ evaluation of their teaching output in view of students’ performance in a related follow-up course. We find that both high effort (difficult course offered) and low effort (easy course offered) outcomes may emerge, leading either to a socially optimal outcome for teachers or not, according to cases. Moreover, there may be a potential conflict between the optimal outcome for students and for teachers. We also consider possible ways to generalize our model in future research.
T tube sinus tract duodenal fistula: a rare complication of postoperative choledochoscopy for treating retained intrahepatic stones
Authors: Lou Jianying , Zhao Hua , Chen Wei , Wang Ji
Published: October 2020

Backgrounds

Postoperative percutaneous choledochoscopy via T tube sinus tract is a common modality for treating retained intrahepatic stones in China. We report a rare complication of postoperative choledochoscopy for treating retained hepatolithiasis: T tube sinus tract duodenal fistula.

Methods

From January 2003 to December 2018, intrahepatic duct stones with or without common bile duct stones were detected in 1031 patients. Fifteen of the 1031 patients with intrahepatic stones developed a T tube sinus tract duodenal fistula that was diagnosed by cholangiography and choledochoscopy.

Results

The incidence of T tube sinus tract duodenal fistula in patients with retained intrahepatic stones being treated by postoperative choledochoscopy is 1.45% (15/1031) in this series. The chi-squared test showed that hypoalbuminemia (P = 0.003), long duration of T tube (P = 0.002), and high frequency of procedure (P = 0.008) might be associated with the occurrence of T tube sinus tract duodenal fistula. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that hypoalbuminemia might be the independent risk factor for this special fistula (P = 0.037).

Conclusions

Hypoalbuminemia, long time placement of T tube in situ and high frequency of procedure are probably the main causes of the T tube sinus tract duodenal fistula. Placement of T tube in correct way and improving nutritional status may be the key points to prevent the formation of T tube sinus tract duodenal fistula.
Kritische Orientierungen in der Geographie: Anmerkungen zur Studienmotivation und Berufswahl
Authors: Runkel Simon
Published: October 2020

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ausgehend von der Frage nach der Studienmotivation in der Geographie erörtert, inwieweit das Hochschulfach Geographie ein Orientierungsfach darstellt und damit auch Möglichkeit zur Kritik in gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhängen gibt. Geographie zu studieren, bedeutet im beruflichen und persönlichen Lebensvollzug eine Antwort darauf zu finden, was die Geographie ist. Im Studium wird eine berufliche Sinngebung ermöglicht und erprobt, weswegen im vorliegenden Beitrag argumentiert wird, dass diesen Sinngebungsprozessen eine dezidiert kritische Orientierung zuträglich ist. Mit Rückgriff auf Anne Buttimer wird aufgezeigt, in welchen Haltungen berufliche Sinngebungen einerseits bereits im Studium der Geographie eingeübt bzw. durch die Hochschullehre befördert werden können und wie dies disziplingeschichtlich mit Denkstilen im Fach zusammenhängt. Ferner wird erläutert, was Orientierung bedeutet und wie dies mit Kritik zusammenhängt. Es wird abschließend mit dem Vorschlag, Kritik als Mediation zu verstehen, für die Notwendigkeit einer kritisch angewandten Geographie plädiert.
Behandlung von seltenen Erkrankungen in der Kinder- und Jugendchirurgie: Status und Perspektiven aus der Sicht der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendchirurgie
Authors: Schalamon J. , Petnehazy T.
Published: October 2020

Die Behandlung von seltenen Erkrankungen im Bereich der Kinder- und Jugendchirurgie ist in Österreich auf 7 Zentren verteilt. Obwohl es durchaus sinnvoll erscheint, weitere Schwerpunkte zu definieren, stehen zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt keine Informationen über aktuelle Fallzahlen und keine Outcome-Analysen der jeweiligen Abteilungen zur Verfügung. Daher empfiehlt sich als erster Schritt eine transparente Aufarbeitung der aktuellen Datenlage unter Einbeziehung der Sozialversicherungsträger. Nur dann können eine messbare Situationsanalyse und eine nachvollziehbare Verbesserung in der Betreuung von Patientinnen und Patienten mit seltenen Erkrankungen in Österreich erreicht werden.
Kinderherzchirurgie: am Beispiel des Kinderherzzentrums Linz
Authors: Mair R. , Tulzer G.
Published: October 2020

Die Entstehung und Weiterentwicklung des Kinderherzzentrums Linz entsprang unserer eigenen Initiative und der Erkenntnis, dass enge interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit von größter Bedeutung ist. Sie wurde uns nicht verordnet, sie wurde uns aber durch weitblickende Abteilungsvorstände und Politiker ermöglicht. Voraussetzungen waren hohe fachliche Kompetenz aller Beteiligten, ausgeprägte Teamfähigkeit und Kommunikationsfähigkeit sowie der Wille zu Veränderung.

Die sehr positive Weiterentwicklung unseres Zentrums sowie die schrittweise Zentralisierung sind primär das Resultat außerordentlich guter klinischer Ergebnisse, aber auch eines einigermaßen leistungsfreundlichen Umfelds aus Spitalsmanagement und lokaler Gesundheitspolitik. Das österreichische Spitalswesen ist trotz seiner Verdienste aufgrund seines administrativen Systems (Finanzierung, Personalzuteilung etc.), das sich im Wesentlichen an Belagstagen, Bettenanzahl, Postleitzahlen und ähnlichem orientiert, für Innovationen, Leistungssteigerung, Qualitätsverbesserung und Effizienzsteigerung sehr schwerfällig. Eine leistungs- und kompetenzgerechte Honorierung sowohl des Zentrums als auch seiner Mitarbeiter ist dringend erforderlich.
Limited antimicrobial efficacy of oral care antiseptics in microcosm biofilms and phenotypic adaptation of bacteria upon repeated exposure
Authors: Schwarz Sophia R. , Hirsch Stefanie , Hiergeist Andreas , Kirschneck Christian , Muehler Denise , Hiller Karl-Anton , Maisch Tim , Al-Ahmad Ali , Gessner André , Buchalla Wolfgang , Cieplik Fabian
Published: October 2020

Objectives

The aims of this study were to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of antiseptics in saliva-derived microcosm biofilms, and to examine phenotypic adaption of bacteria upon repeated exposure to sub-inhibitory antiseptic concentrations.

Methods

Saliva-derived biofilms were formed mimicking caries- or gingivitis-associated conditions, respectively. Microbial compositions were analyzed by semiconductor-based 16S rRNA sequencing. Biofilms were treated with CHX, CPC, BAC, ALX, and DQC for 1 or 10 min, and colony forming units (CFU) were evaluated. Phenotypic adaptation of six selected bacterial reference strains toward CHX, CPC, and BAC was assessed by measuring minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) over 10 passages of sub-inhibitory exposure. Protein expression profiles were investigated by SDS-PAGE.

Results

Both biofilms showed outgrowth of streptococci and Veillonella spp., while gingivitis biofilms also showed increased relative abundances of Actinomyces, Granulicatella, and Gemella spp. Antiseptic treatment for 1 min led to no relevant CFU-reductions despite for CPC. When treated for 10 min, CPC was most effective followed by BAC, ALX, CHX, and DQC. Stable adaptations with up to fourfold MIC increases were found in E. coli toward all tested antiseptics, in E. faecalis toward CHX and BAC, and in S. aureus toward CPC. Adapted E. coli strains showed different protein expression as compared with the wildtype strain.

Conclusion

Antiseptics showed limited antimicrobial efficacy toward mature biofilms when applied for clinically relevant treatment periods. Bacteria showed phenotypic adaptation upon repeated sub-inhibitory exposure.

Clinical relevance

Clinicians should be aware that wide-spread use of antiseptics may pose the risk of inducing resistances in oral bacteria.
Tissue remodeling macrophages morphologically dominate at the interface of polypropylene surgical meshes in the human abdomen
Authors: Dievernich A. , Achenbach P. , Davies L. , Klinge U.
Published: October 2020

Background

Mesh implants are widely used to reinforce the abdominal wall, although the inevitable inflammatory foreign body reaction (FBR) at the interface leads to complications. Macrophages are suspected to regulate the subsequent scar formation, but it is still unclear whether adequate fibrous scar formation with collagen deposition depends mainly on the presence of M1 or M2 macrophages.

Methods

This study investigated the FBR to seven human polypropylene meshes, which were removed after a median incorporation time of 1 year due to the primary complaint of recurrence. Using immunofluorescence, the FBR was examined in six regional zones with increasing distance from the mesh fibers up to 350 µm, based on the cell densities, macrophage M1 (CD86) and M2 (CD163, CD206) phenotypes, deposition of collagen-I and -III, and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -8 as indicator of collagen degradation.

Results

All mesh–tissue complexes demonstrated a decrease in cell density and macrophages with distance to the mesh fibers. Overall, about 60% of the macrophages presented an M2 phenotype, whereas only 6% an M1 phenotype. Over 70% of macrophages showed co-expression with collagen-I or -III and over 50% with MMP-2.

Conclusions

The chronic FBR to polypropylene meshes is associated with an M2 macrophage response, which is accompanied by collagen deposition and MMP-2 expression. These findings challenge the idea that mainly M1 macrophages are related to inflammation and highlights that iatrogenic attempts to polarize these cells towards the M2 phenotype may not be a solution to ameliorate the long-term foreign body reaction.
The nCOVID-19 and financial stress in the USA: health is wealth
Authors: Alola Andrew Adewale , Alola Uju Violet , Sarkodie Samuel Asumadu
Published: October 2020

Since its first report in the USA on 13 January 2020, the novel coronavirus (nCOVID-19) pandemic like in other previous epicentres in India, Brazil, China, Italy, Spain, UK, and France has until now hampered economic activities and financial markets. To offer one of the first empirical insights into the economic/financial effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in the USA, this study utilized the daily frequency data for the period 25 February 2020–30 March 2020. By employing the empirical Markov switching regression approach and the compliments of cointegration techniques, the study establishes a two-state (stable and distressing) financial stress situation resulting from the effects of COVID-19 daily deaths, COVID-19 daily recovery, and the USA’ economic policy uncertainty. From the result, it is assertive that daily recovery from COVID-19 eases financial stress, while the reported daily deaths from COVID-19 further hamper financial stress in the country. Moreover, the uncertainty of the USA’ economic policy has also cost the Americans more financial stress and other socio-economic challenges. While the cure for COVID-19 remains elusive, as a policy instrument, the USA and similar countries with high severity of COVID-19 causalities may intensify and sustain the concerted efforts targeted at attaining a landmark recovery rate.
How well can we estimate immigration trends using Google data?
Authors: Wanner Philippe
Published: October 2020

For a country to efficiently monitor international migration, quick access to information on migration flows is helpful. However, traditional data sources fail to provide immediate information on migration flows and do not facilitate the correct anticipation of these flows in the short term. To tackle this issue, this paper evaluates the predictive capacity of big data to estimate the current level or to predict short-term flows. The results show that Google Trends can provide information that reflects the attractiveness of Switzerland for to immigrants from different countries and predict, to some extent, current and future (short-term) migration flows of adults arriving from Spain or Italy. However, the predictions appear not to be satisfactory for other flows (from France and Germany). Additional studies based on alternative approaches are needed to validate or overturn our study results.
Three novel species and a new record of Daldinia (Hypoxylaceae) from Thailand
Authors: Wongkanoun Sarunyou , Becker Kevin , Boonmee Kanthawut , Srikitikulchai Prasert , Boonyuen Nattawut , Chainuwong Boonchuai , Luangsa-ard Jennifer , Stadler Marc
Published: October 2020

In an investigation of stromatic Xylariales in Thailand, several specimens ofDaldiniawere discovered. Three novel species (D. flavogranulata,D. phadaengensis, andD. chiangdaoensis) were recognized from a molecular phylogeny based on concatenated ITS, LSU,RPB2, andTUB2sequence data, combined with morphological characters and secondary metabolite profiles based on high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The major components detected were cytochalasins (inD. flavogranulataandD. chiangdaoensis) and daldinin type azaphilones (inD.phadaengensis). In addition,D. brachysperma, which had hitherto only been reported from America, was found for the first time in Asia. Its phylogenetic affinities were studied, confirming previous suspicions from morphological comparisons that the species is closely related toD. eschscholtziiandD. bambusicola, both common in Thailand.Daldinia flavogranulata,one of the new taxa,was found to be closely related to the same taxa. The other two novel species,D. phadaengensisandD. chiangdaoensis, share characters withD. korfiiandD. kretzschmarioides, respectively.
Klassikerdämmerung. 100 Jahre Max Weber im Kontext der Soziologiegeschichte und des aktuellen Zustandes unserer Disziplin
Authors: Schwinn Thomas
Published: October 2020

Wo steht die Max-Weber-Forschung 100 Jahre nach seinem Tod? Es werden verschiedene Phasen der Rezeption nachgezeichnet. Die Geschichte der Rezeption Webers spiegelt zugleich die Soziologiegeschichte. Zunächst lassen sich verschiedene Arten unterscheiden, wie man sich zu einem Klassiker verhalten kann, die alle im Umgang mit Weber identifizierbar sind (1). In den Jahrzehnten unmittelbar nach seinem Tod zeichnete sich nicht ab, dass er zu einem der bedeutendsten Autoren unserer Disziplin werden sollte. Schlüsselpersonen und Schlüsselereignisse waren entscheidend (2). In der zweiten Phase ab den späten 1960er-Jahren kommt es international zu einer Institutionalisierung der Weber-Forschung (3). Wie lässt sich die aktuelle Phase, beginnend mit den 1990er-Jahren, charakterisieren? Der Artikel unterbreitet hierzu einen Vorschlag, der die Rezeption Webers in den aktuellen Zustand der Soziologie einbettet (4). Befinden wir uns heute in einer Phase der Klassikerdämmerung?
Recent Industrial Developments of Marine Composites Limit States and Design Approaches on Strength
Authors: Barsotti Beatrice , Gaiotti Marco , Rizzo Cesare Mario
Published: October 2020

To further exploit the potential of marine composites applications in building ship hulls, offshore structures, and marine equipment and components, design approaches should be improved, facing the challenge of a more comprehensive and explicit assessment of appropriately defined limit states. The structure ultimate/limit conditions shall be verified in principle within the whole structural domain and throughout the ship service life. What above calls for extended and reliable materials characterization on the one hand and for accurate and wide-ranging procedures in structural analyses. This paper presents an overview of recent industrial developments of marine composites limit states assessments and design approaches, as available in open literature, focusing on pleasure crafts and yachts as well as navy ships and thus showing a starting point to fill the gap in this respect. After a general introduction about composites characterization techniques, current design practice and rule requirements are briefly summarized. Both inter-ply and intra-ply failure modes and corresponding limit states are then presented along with recently proposed assessment approaches. Three-dimensional aspects in failure modes and manufacturing methods have been identified as the main factors influencing marine composite robustness. Literature review highlighted also fire resistance and hybrid joining techniques as significant issues in the use of marine composites.
Integrating Genetics and the Plasma Proteome to Predict the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zanini Julia Carrasco , Pietzner Maik , Langenberg Claudia
Published: October 2020

Purpose of the Review

Proteins are the central layer of information transfer from genome to phenome and represent the largest class of drug targets. We review recent advances in high-throughput technologies that provide comprehensive, scalable profiling of the plasma proteome with the potential to improve prediction and mechanistic understanding of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Recent Findings

Technological and analytical advancements have enabled identification of novel protein biomarkers and signatures that help to address challenges of existing approaches to predict and screen for T2D. Genetic studies have so far revealed putative causal roles for only few of the proteins that have been linked to T2D, but ongoing large-scale genetic studies of the plasma proteome will help to address this and increase our understanding of aetiological pathways and mechanisms leading to diabetes.

Studies of the human plasma proteome have started to elucidate its potential for T2D prediction and biomarker discovery. Future studies integrating genomic and proteomic data will provide opportunities to prioritise drug targets and identify pathways linking genetic predisposition to T2D development.
The microRNA-17 ~ 92 Family as a Key Regulator of Neurogenesis and Potential Regenerative Therapeutics of Neurological Disorders
Authors: Xia Xiaohuan , Wang Yi , Zheng Jialin C.
Published: October 2020

miR-17 ~ 92, an miRNA family containing three paralogous polycistronic clusters, was initially considered as an oncogene and was later demonstrated to trigger various physiological and pathological processes. Emerging evidence has implicated miR-17 ~ 92 family as a master regulator of neurogenesis. Through targeting numerous genes that affect cell cycle arrest, stemness deprivation, and lineage commitment, miR-17 ~ 92 family controls the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells in both developmental and adult brains. Due to the essential roles of miR-17 ~ 92 family, its misexpression is widely associated with acute and chronic neurological disorders by attenuating neurogenesis and facilitating neuronal apoptosis. The promising neurogenic potential of miR-17 ~ 92 family also makes it a promising “medicine” to activate the endogenous and exogenous regenerative machinery, thus enhance tissue repair and function recovery after brain injury. In this review, we focus on the recent progress made toward understanding the involvement of miR-17 ~ 92 family in regulating both developmental and adult neurogenesis, and discuss the regenerative potential of miR-17 ~ 92 family in treating neurological disorders.