bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New members of Cygnus OB2 from Gaia DR2
Authors: Orellana R B , De Biasi M S , Paíz L G
Published: February 2021

Due to the high quality of Gaia DR2 stellar parallaxes and proper motions, we can study the Cygnus OB2 region up to G = 17.5 mag in circular region centred at (l, b) = (79.8°, +0.8°) of radius 1°. We detect four overdensities in the Vector Point Diagram. We apply a parametric model of the proper motion distribution and determine their mean proper motions, identify their members, and estimate their distances by analysing the parallaxes of the most probable members. We confirm that one of these regions is Cygnus OB2, whose mean proper motion is (μαcosδ, μδ) = (−2.71 ± 0.02, −4.24 ± 0.02) $\mathrm{mas\, yr}^{-1}$. We identify 2767 astrometric members at an estimated distance of 1683 ± 5 pc. A detailed comparison of these members with 333 photometric and spectroscopic Cygnus OB2 members shows that 33 stars of the last group are not members, 16 of them are O-B stars. 300 members in common lead to estimate a distance to the association of 1669 ± 6 pc. One of the remaining overdensities is the open cluster UCB585 for which we find eight more members, located at ∼1460 pc. The other two groups count 179 and 188 proper motion members which are distributed throughout the region and situated at a distance of ∼1280 pc. The estimated distances of these four groups suggest the existence of different substructures in the Cygnus OB2 region along the line of sight.
The highly obscured Seyfert 2 nucleus in NGC 1448 observed with MUSE
Authors: Menezes R B , da Silva Patrícia , Steiner J E
Published: February 2021

We present the analysis of an optical data cube of the central region of NGC 1448, obtained with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE). Chandra X-ray data indicate that the active galactic nucleus (AGN) is not located at the apparent stellar nucleus of the galaxy, but at a projected distance of $1.75\, \pm \, 0.22$ arcsec (139 ± 17 pc). This is probably caused by the high interstellar extinction in the surroundings of the AGN, which corresponds to the true nucleus of the galaxy, as also proposed by previous studies. The morphology and classification of the optical line-emitting regions indicate two ionization cones, around an axis with a position angle of PAcones = −50° ± 7°, with emission-line spectra characteristic of Seyfert galaxies. The stellar and gas kinematics are consistent with a stellar and gas rotating disc around the nucleus, with a velocity amplitude of 125 km s−1. Two probable outflows from the AGN were detected along the region of the two ionization cones. The AGN position does not coincide with the brightest line-emitting region at the centre of NGC 1448. That may be a consequence of the high obscuration from the AGN towards the observer (the AGN is actually Compton thick), mostly caused by a nearly edge-on torus. An additional hypothesis is that the AGN reduced its luminosity, during the last 440 yr, to nearly half of the value in the past. In this case, the brightest line-emitting region corresponds to a ‘light echo’ or a ‘fossil’ of the AGN in the past.
A faint companion around CrA-9: protoplanet or obscured binary?
Authors: Christiaens V , Ubeira-Gabellini M-G , Cánovas H , Delorme P , Pairet B , Absil O , Casassus S , Girard J H , Zurlo A , Aoyama Y , Marleau G-D , Spina L , van der Marel N , Cieza L , Lodato G , Pérez S , Pinte C , Price D J , Reggiani M
Published: February 2021

Understanding how giant planets form requires observational input from directly imaged protoplanets. We used VLT/NACO and VLT/SPHERE to search for companions in the transition disc of 2MASS J19005804-3645048 (hereafter CrA-9), an accreting M0.75 dwarf with an estimated age of 1–2 Myr. We found a faint point source at ∼0.7-arcsec separation from CrA-9 (∼108 au projected separation). Our 3-epoch astrometry rejects a fixed background star with a 5σ significance. The near-IR absolute magnitudes of the object point towards a planetary-mass companion. However, our analysis of the 1.0–3.8$\,\mu$m spectrum extracted for the companion suggests it is a young M5.5 dwarf, based on both the 1.13-μm Na index and comparison with templates of the Montreal Spectral Library. The observed spectrum is best reproduced with high effective temperature ($3057^{+119}_{-36}$K) BT-DUSTY and BT-SETTL models, but the corresponding photometric radius required to match the measured flux is only $0.60^{+0.01}_{-0.04}$ Jovian radius. We discuss possible explanations to reconcile our measurements, including an M-dwarf companion obscured by an edge-on circum-secondary disc or the shock-heated part of the photosphere of an accreting protoplanet. Follow-up observations covering a larger wavelength range and/or at finer spectral resolution are required to discriminate these two scenarios.
Self-similar adiabatic strong explosion in a medium gravitationally free falling to a point mass
Authors: Yalinewich Almog
Published: February 2021

We develop a generalization to the classical Sedov–Taylor explosion where the medium free falls to a point mass at the centre of the explosion. To verify our analytic results, we compare them to a suite of numerical simulations. We find that there exists a critical energy below which, instead of propagating outward the shock stalls and collapses under gravity. Furthermore, we find that the value of the critical energy threshold decreases when the adiabatic index increases and material is more evenly distributed within the shocked region. We apply this model to the problem of a shock bounce in core collapse supernova, in which the proto-neutron star serves as the point mass. The relation between the threshold energy and the distribution of mass in the shock might help explain how turbulence prevents shock stalling and recession in a core-collapse supernova explosion.
Inhomogeneous dust eclipses in young stars: the case of CQ Tauri
Authors: Dodin A V , Suslina E A
Published: February 2021

We find that dust clouds that eclipse young stars obscure the stellar disc inhomogeneously. In the particular case of CQ Tau, we find isolated optically thick structures with sizes ≲0.6R* and derive the typical AV gradient in the plane of the sky, finding it to be as high as a few magnitudes per stellar radius. The large extinction gradients and complex structure of the obscuring clouds lead not only to a noticeable Rossiter–McLaughlin effect but also to complex and variable shaping of stellar absorption lines.
The delay time distribution of Type-Ia supernovae in galaxy clusters: the impact of extended star-formation histories
Authors: Freundlich Jonathan , Maoz Dan
Published: February 2021

The delay time distribution (DTD) of Type-Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is important for understanding chemical evolution, SN Ia progenitors, and SN Ia physics. Past estimates of the DTD in galaxy clusters have been deduced from SN Ia rates measured in cluster samples observed at various redshifts, corresponding to different time intervals after a presumed initial brief burst of star formation. A recent analysis of a cluster sample at z = 1.13–1.75 confirmed indications from previous studies of lower redshift clusters, that the DTD has a power-law form, DTD(t) = R1(t/Gyr)α, with amplitude R1, at delay $t=1\,\rm Gyr$, several times higher than measured in field-galaxy environments. This implied that SNe Ia are somehow produced in larger numbers by the stellar populations in clusters. This conclusion, however, could have been affected by the implicit assumption that the stars were formed in a single brief starburst at high z. Here, we re-derive the DTD from the cluster SN Ia data, but relax the single-burst assumption. Instead, we allow for a range of star-formation histories and dust extinctions for each cluster. Via MCMC modelling, we simultaneously fit, using stellar population synthesis models and DTD models, the integrated galaxy-light photometry in several bands, and the SN Ia numbers discovered in each cluster. With these more-realistic assumptions, we find a best-fitting DTD with power-law index $\alpha =-1.09_{-0.12}^{+0.15}$, and amplitude $R_1=0.41_{-0.10}^{+0.12}\times 10^{-12}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}\, {\rm M}_\odot ^{-1}$. We confirm a cluster-environment DTD with a larger amplitude than the field-galaxy DTD, by a factor ∼2–3 (at 3.8σ). Cluster and field DTDs have consistent slopes of α ≈ −1.1.
On the possibility of dust acoustic waves over sunlit lunar surface
Authors: Mishra S K
Published: February 2021

The photoelectron sheath and floating fine positively charged dust particles constitute two-component dusty plasma in the sunlit lunar regolith’s vicinity. By including the charge fluctuation into photoelectron–dust dynamics, the lunar exospheric plasma is proposed to support the propagation of long-wavelength dust acoustic (DA) modes. Using the standard approach based on the dynamical equations for continuity, momentum, plasma potential, and dust charging along with Fowler's treatment of photoemission and non-Maxwellian nature of the sheath photoelectrons, the wave dispersion is derived. The dust charge variation modifies the usual DA wave dispersion and excites the ultralow frequency modes that propagate with sufficiently low phase speed. Such ultralow frequency modes are predicted as pronounced for smaller values of dust charge and sheath potential. The DA wave dispersion is also depicted as sensitive to the photoelectrons’ energy distribution within the sheath. The quantitative estimates suggest that the nominal exospheric plasma may exhibit DA waves propagating with frequencies of the order of unity.
ADP-ribosylation of RNA and DNA: fromin vitrocharacterization toin vivofunction
Authors: Weixler Lisa , Schäringer Katja , Momoh Jeffrey , Lüscher Bernhard , Feijs Karla L H , Žaja Roko
Published: February 2021

The functionality of DNA, RNA and proteins is altered dynamically in response to physiological and pathological cues, partly achieved by their modification. While the modification of proteins with ADP-ribose has been well studied, nucleic acids were only recently identified as substrates for ADP-ribosylation by mammalian enzymes. RNA and DNA can be ADP-ribosylated by specific ADP-ribosyltransferases such as PARP1–3, PARP10 and tRNA 2′-phosphotransferase (TRPT1). Evidence suggests that these enzymes display different preferences towards different oligonucleotides. These reactions are reversed by ADP-ribosylhydrolases of the macrodomain and ARH families, such as MACROD1, TARG1, PARG, ARH1 and ARH3. Most findings derive from in vitro experiments using recombinant components, leaving the relevance of this modification in cells unclear. In this Survey and Summary, we provide an overview of the enzymes that ADP-ribosylate nucleic acids, the reversing hydrolases, and the substrates’ requirements. Drawing on data available for other organisms, such as pierisin1 from cabbage butterflies and the bacterial toxin–antitoxin system DarT–DarG, we discuss possible functions for nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation in mammals. Hypothesized roles for nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation include functions in DNA damage repair, in antiviral immunity or as non-conventional RNA cap. Lastly, we assess various methods potentially suitable for future studies of nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation.
The Shifting South
Authors: Morris Irwin L.
Published: February 2021

Generations ago, “Solid South” stood for the Democratic dominance of southern politics. By the turn of the 21st century, Republicans had taken hold of the South. Today, we are seeing the beginning of another regional political transformation, this time in the progressive direction. As population growth occurs, it has a direct impact on the growth of attachment to the Democratic Party and its candidates. The demographic and political identities of movers—whether they come from outside the South or not—are propelling this political sea change. The migratory patterns of movers that determine local and state population growth are changing the South. When movers flock to an area, they alter the politics of long-term residents, stayers. Movers also alter the politics of the places they leave. This growth is changing state-level politics as well as local politics. Movers and Stayers explains why this is happening and what it means for southern politics.
Academics
Authors: Robin William
Published: February 2021

David Lang, Michael Gordon, and Julia Wolfe’s studies at Yale in the 1980s provided an experience fairly unusual for a graduate program in composition: it prepared them for careers in the musical marketplace, rather than remaining in the academy. The three composers had varied biographies prior to Yale, but had all experienced the vestiges of the Cold War musical avant-garde in their previous academic settings. Under the tutelage of Jacob Druckman and Martin Bresnick at Yale, though, the three composers explored musical minimalism and developed a professionalized mindset. They also flirted with the experimental hijinks of the undergraduate collective Sheep’s Clothing, an important precursor to Bang on a Can’s marathons, while avoiding its leftist politics. Despite Bang on a Can’s renegade tendencies, it is clear that their underlying ethos grew directly out of, rather than against, their Ivy League training.
Festivals
Authors: Robin William
Published: February 2021

When Bang on a Can mounted their first festival in 1987, they charted a familiar path: young avant-gardists who, fed up with the status quo, sought to remold the world in their own image. The organization’s scheme was two-fold: a marketplace-oriented agenda to build a non-specialist audience for new music that they felt was missing from the uptown academic and downtown experimental scenes; and an aesthetic agenda aimed toward dissolving the uptown-downtown binary itself. These two goals had ideological and practical components, ones explored by delving into how the trio shaped what they chose to program and how they staged their early festivals, as well as examining contemporaneous institutions such as the ensemble Speculum Musicae, the venue Experimental Intermedia, and the festival New Music America.
To Believe in Siri
Authors: Natale Simone
Published: February 2021

AI voice assistants are based on software that enters into dialogue with users through speech in order to provide replies to the users’ queries or execute tasks such as sending emails, searching on the web, or turning on a lamp. Every assistant is represented as an individual character or persona (e.g., “Siri” or “Alexa”) that despite being nonhuman can be imagined and interacted with as such. Focusing on the cases of Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant, this chapter argues that voice assistants activate an ambivalent relationship with users, giving them the illusion of control in their interactions with the assistants while at the same time withdrawing them from actual control over the computing systems that lie behind these interfaces. The chapter illustrates how this is made possible at the interface level by mechanisms of projection that expect users to contribute to the construction of the assistant as a persona, and how this construction ultimately conceals the networked computing systems administered by the powerful corporations who developed these tools.
The Prophet of Light and Love
Authors: Irani Ayesha A.
Published: February 2021

The opening chapter begins with analysis of Saiyad Sultān’s invocation to God in the Nabīvaṃśa (Lineage of the Prophet), highlighting the translation strategies he uses to present Islamic cosmogony to Bengalis. Sultān’s Nūr Muhammad, the primordial principle of the light of Muhammad, draws upon a range of medieval Islamic sources. At the same time, it acquires a new brilliance while being reflected in the mirror of Bengali cosmogonical ideas and symbols, including the cosmic syllable om̐, the principles of Sāṃkhya philosophy and of the Dharma cult, and the Vaiṣṇava doctrine of divine descent (avatāravāda). The chapter argues that this approach, which represents the doctrine of Muhammad’s ancient light as being continuous with indigenous cosmologies, is emblematic of the Nabīvaṃśa and one of Sultān’s most effective literary strategies for conversion. This chapter also situates the author in the historical context of seventeenth-century Caṭṭagrāma (Chittagong).
Ascension and Ascendancy
Authors: Irani Ayesha A.
Published: February 2021

The NV’s narrative of the Prophet’s ascension is first situated in the context of the Perso-Turkic miʿrāj tradition, showing how it draws closely upon the Ibn ʿAbbās/Bakrī narrative tradition. This chapter studies the portrayal of the Prophet as God’s beloved, as a model phakir, and as intercessor for his community. Such representations serve three interlinked purposes: first, to compose a supersessionist narrative that exalts the Prophet’s holy stature and establishes his spiritual ascendancy over all other prophets; second, to provide an ethical template for individual and communal Islamic practice, and a communal identity aligned around the axis of pīr, Prophet, and God; and third, to invite others to the faith by presenting the Prophet as intercessor, an attractive figure of compassion and power. Additionally, conceptions of Islamic eschatology and cosmology are also examined through the NV’s ascension narrative. The chapter concludes by examining the entwined relationship between the historiographer and sacred subject, and the ways in which they each legitimate the other at various historical junctures.
Geothermal
Authors: Meier Paul F.
Published: February 2021

Geothermal energy is heat taken from below the surface of the earth in the form of either steam or hot water. This energy can be used to generate electricity, but also has use in heating and cooling homes and some direct uses, such as gold mining, food dehydration, and milk pasteurizing. There are four basic types of geothermal power plants including steam, flash, binary, and enhanced geothermal system (EGS). The first three rely on permeable aquifers that have water flowing through them such that hot water or steam can be extracted. EGS, however, extracts heat from deep in the earth by injecting water and creating artificial fractures in the rock. A great deal of the world’s potential for geothermal energy exists in the so-called Ring of Fire, a ring of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean.
Rire as Release and Rapport
Authors: Rogers Jillian C.
Published: February 2021

This chapter demonstrates that Jean Cocteau’s interwar musical-theatrical endeavors with “Les Six” were significant sites for coping with postwar trauma. Letters, diaries, memoirs, and performance reviews illustrate that pieces like Le Bœuf sur le toit et Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel offered traumatized playwrights, musicians, and audience members opportunities for bodily pleasure and laughter. Examination of archival sources—from period texts on laughter to accounts of humor’s importance for front-line soldiers as well as Dada and Surrealist artists—reveals that absurdist interwar musical theater was intertwined with contemporary ideas concerning the importance of laughter as a tool for emotional release, social bonding, and political expression. Analysis of the music, scenario, choreography, and stage design of Le Bœuf and Les Mariés illuminates that Cocteau and his collaborators incited laughter by drawing on common tropes that resonated with broad audiences, and through staging inside jokes based on real-life instances of music making.
Conclusion
Authors: Rogers Jillian C.
Published: February 2021

This short final chapter closes Resonant Recoveries by proposing touch as a useful concept for understanding and summing up the relationships that existed between trauma and music for those living during and after World War I. By underlining the importance of music making in creating opportunities for touching others emotionally in the wake of the war’s traumas, this conclusion asserts that music making offered ways for musicians to care for one another in powerful ways, even within an interwar French context that failed to acknowledge trauma and its effects.
Attitudes, Beliefs, Intentions, and Metaphors Over Time and in Place
Authors: Camasso Michael J. , Jagannathan Radha
Published: February 2021

Chapter 6 provides the results from the descriptive and multivariate analyses of family member responses to attitude and belief questions regarding trust, redistributive justice, human capital investment, centrality of work, intentions to work, risk-taking, cooperative attitudes/intentions, and individual achievement. The importance of metaphorical meaning is also addressed. Employing ordinary least squares, binomial, and multinomial logit regressions, the authors find that trust, risk-taking, cooperative attitudes, and individual achievement are consequential in distinguishing families in Sweden, Italy, the United States, and India. They also find strong generational effects with millennials expressing significantly different attitudes and beliefs than those of their grandparents on redistributive justice, human capital investment, the centrality of work, risk-taking, and individual achievement. They find little evidence to support the utility of cultural metaphors, as defined by Gannon and associates, as an emic device to capture cultural value orientation.
Cultural Preference Nets
Authors: Camasso Michael J. , Jagannathan Radha
Published: February 2021

In this final chapter, the authors summarize the results on the empirical analyses of attitudes, beliefs, metaphors, and preferences. They find evidence to support the contention that cultural value orientations do indeed distinguish labor market responses and the structure of those labor markets. They also note how this stability shows signs of erosion, with millennials often sharing values that transcend country boundaries. The trends in all six nations of an increasing preference for general education among younger generations has the potential of dramatically changing the skill sets of job seekers in an increasingly complex global labor market. The perils of this loss of value-added production skills are explored, as are the risks associated with the neglect of national culture as an economic organizing principle.
Introduction
Authors: Slominski Kristy L.
Published: February 2021

This chapter introduces the ways religion contributed to the major agendas that defined the five historical phases of sex education. The phases include (1) the formation of the early sex education movement out of purity and hygiene movements between 1876 and 1913; (2) the institutionalization of moral education as part of venereal disease prevention programs in schools, YMCAs (Young Men’s Christian Associations), and the military between 1913 and 1925; (3) the shift to family life education between 1925 and 1964; (4) the development of comprehensive sexuality education between 1964 and 1981; and (5) the growth of abstinence-only programs from 1981 to the present. These phases were dominated by organizations like the American Social Hygiene Association (ASHA) and the Sex Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS). Religion was prominent in the motivations of the organizations’ founders, the participation of religious sex educators, cooperation with churches and synagogues, and discussions within publications and conferences.
Moral Education about Sex in the YMCA and Military
Authors: Slominski Kristy L.
Published: February 2021

After ASHA’s incorporation in 1914, it turned its attention to programs to carry out its vision. Chapter 2 examines the emergence of the Young Men’s Christian Association and chaplains as ASHA’s partners in providing sex education to young men within colleges, YMCAs, and the military. This chapter demonstrates how Christian sex educators used the framework of moral education to justify national sex education programs and to bridge religious and scientific interests. Their positioning of sex education as an integral part of moral education was further influenced by two trends within Protestantism: the social gospel and muscular Christianity. Through these interactions, sex education became a liberal Protestant version of muscular Christianity that sought to reform society. For sex educators within the YMCA and chaplaincy, restoration of moral and social order required instruction that could channel uncontrolled male sexual energy into recreational activities, service to the country, and monogamous, heterosexual marriages.
Church, Sex, and “Judeo-Christian” Family Life Education
Authors: Slominski Kristy L.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 3 argues that liberal Protestants and their engagements with social science transformed sex education into family life education beginning in the mid-1920s. Three liberal religious influences interconnected to bring about this transformation: (1) the leadership of Anna Garlin Spencer; (2) the alliance Spencer forged between ASHA and the Federal Council of Churches; and (3) the careful balance struck by Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish family life educators for encouraging the interfaith ideal of “Judeo-Christian” family values while rejecting marriage across religious lines. The shift to family life education activated churches and some synagogues in sex education work, effectively making the FCC a practical arm of the sex education movement. Shared interest in social scientific concerns about family life and methods of counseling grounded the partnership, with both ASHA and the FCC convinced that strengthening marital sexuality would improve society.
H. P. Blavatsky’s Early Reception of Hindu Philosophy
Authors: Rudbøg Tim , Sand Erik Reenberg
Published: February 2021

Helena Petrovna Blavatsky is generally recognized as one of the major popularizers of Eastern philosophy in the West, yet not much detailed work on her specific use and knowledge of Hindu philosophy exists. This chapter explores the way the notion of the “six schools of Hindu philosophy” was used and received in Blavatsky’s early work, such as Isis Unveiled (1877) and during her time in India before the publication of The Secret Doctrine (1888). It shows how Blavatsky’s work was a part of the Oriental Renaissance in the sense that the East, here the notion of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, clearly became a part of her esoteric tradition, but also that Hindu philosophy ultimately became just one aspect to be integrated into the syncretistic project of Theosophy, which in many respects framed the continued Oriental Renaissance in the West.
The Unsteady Economic Basis of Russian Power
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter looks at the Russian economy as a means of international power projection. It refutes the idea that it is a clear brake on Russia under Putin’s global ambitions. Although the Russian economy is still far too dependent on oil and gas revenues, there has been some modest diversification, and it has grown slowly even under sanctions imposed since 2014 by the United States and Europe. Still, there has been too little investment in the development of new technologies and in Russian higher education, and too often state enterprises are used as instruments in Russian foreign policy under Putin’s autocracy.
The Domestic Determinants of Russia’s Resurrection
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the purposes of Russian power projection abroad under the regime of Vladimir Putin. The chapter reviews the various dimensions of Russian power in international politics, including its geographic domain in its immediate neighborhood and globally, as well as areas where Russian policy influence is particularly weighty. The chapter then looks briefly at different means of Russian power, like economy, conventional and nuclear defense capabilities, and human capital. It concludes that Russia is never as weak as it seems. Although it is not necessarily “the strongest” in all areas of international politics, Putin’s Russia has considerable usable power resources for the purposes of its leadership. The chapter then looks at the purposes of Russian power projection abroad. It looks first at realist arguments that insist Russia has national interests that any Russian regime would defend. These interests, according to this argument, are historically and geographically determined. Any Russian leader would seek to defend what is described as a “traditional sphere of influence.” In contrast, the author argues that Putin’s patronal autocracy has come to behave more aggressively in building and using Russia’s formidable power resources in order to maintain social stability for the sake of the regime’s survival. In this way, the chapter links Russian domestic politics to its foreign policies under Putin.
Defense of the Scientific Hypothesis
Authors: Alger Bradley E.
Published: February 2021

This book explains and defends the scientific hypothesis. Explanation is needed to counteract the misinformation and misunderstanding about the hypothesis that even scientists have concerning its nature and place in the tapestry of modern science. A survey revealed that most biological scientists receive little or no formal training in scientific thinking. Defense is needed because the hypothesis is under attack by critics who claim it is irrelevant to science. Defense is important, too, because the hypothesis is perhaps the major element in scientific thinking, and familiarity with it is necessary for an understanding of modern science and scientific thinking. The public needs to understand the hypothesis in order to appreciate and evaluate scientific controversies (e.g., global climate change, vaccine safety, etc.). The first chapters thoroughly describe and analyze in elementary terms the scientific hypothesis and examine various kinds of science. Following chapters that review the hypothesis in the context of the Reproducibility Crisis and present survey data, two chapters assess cognitive matters that affect the hypothesis. In a series of chapters, the book makes practical and policy recommendations for teaching and learning about the hypothesis. The final chapter considers two possible futures for the hypothesis in science as the Big Data revolution looms: in one scenario, the hypothesis is displaced by the Big Data Mindset that forgoes understanding in favor of correlation and prediction. In the other, robotic science incorporates the hypothesis into mechanized laboratories guided by artificial intelligence. An epilogue envisions a third way—the Centaur Scientist, a symbiotic relationship of human scientists and computers.
Expenses of Sovereignty
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory
Published: February 2021

When criminal law and command failed, federal officials came to rely on federal finance to try to secure peace between Natives and U.S. citizens, as this chapter depicts. Both Native and white claimants demanded that the federal government compensate them for the violence they suffered at each others’ hands. Increasingly, the federal government did so, paying both Natives and whites for the constant murders, horse thefts, and abduction of enslaved human property that plagued both federal territories. Still more money went to the territories to satisfy Native leaders’ expectations for what federal officials called “presents” and to fund the expensive military “protection” that territorial citizens demanded. Federal officials reluctantly spent these increasingly large sums of money to secure the doubtful allegiances of these borderlands residents; their goal was to foster dependence on the federal government. Arguably, they failed. Native leaders espoused a gendered rhetoric of poverty and weakness, but they successfully extracted federal funds precisely because of their considerable power. Constitutionally, the territories were dependencies of the United States, but territorial citizens rejected any suggestion of subordination, demanding vast sums for militia actions—even when at odds with federal law—as part of the federal government’s obligation to protect its citizens. In the process, both sets of claimants relied on the federal government as the venue to make claims and redress grievances. But only Natives were tagged with the dependent label even as their white neighbors proved far more effective at extracting federal largesse, prefiguring later dynamics in the rise of the national welfare state.
Quantized Rotational Motion in a Plane
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: February 2021

The angular momentum for the simplified case of a particle rotating in a fixed plane is treated. The ‘perimeter model’ is the analogue of the one-dimensional particle in a box (PiaB), with the particle moving on a circle with fixed radius. This requires cyclic – or periodic – boundary conditions. It is shown that the quantum perimeter model results can be obtained by re-interpreting the coordinate of the linear PiaB and by considering the periodic boundary conditions. The eigenvalue pattern leads to a 4n+2 Huckel rule. Next, the chapter discusses hindered rotations, such as the rotation of a methyl group around a C-C bond. The solutions to the hindered rotation problem combine features of the harmonic oscillator at low energies, with features of the perimeter model at high energies.
Hydrogen-like Atoms
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: February 2021

This chapter shows how the electronic Schrodinger equation (SE) is solved for a hydrogen-like atom, i.e. an electron moving in the field of a fixed point-like nucleus with charge number Z. The hydrogen atom corresponds to Z = 1. The potential in atomic units is –Z/r, with r being the distance of the electron from the nucleus. The SE is not separable in Cartesian coordinates, but in spherical polar coordinates it separates into a radial equation and an angular momentum equation. The bound states have a total energy of –Z2/(2n2), with n = nr + ℓ being the principal quantum number (q.n.), ℓ = 0,1,2,… the angular momentum q.n., and nr = 1,2,3,… being a radial q.n. Each state for a given ℓ is 2ℓ+1-fold degenerate, with the components labelled by the projection q.n. mℓ. The wavefunctions for mℓ ≠ 0 are complex, but real linear combinations can be formed. This gives the atomic orbitals known from general and organic chemistry. Different ways of visualizing the real wavefunctions are discussed, e.g. as iso-surfaces.
Paradise Paradox: Constructing a Digital Nomad Community
Authors: Woldoff Rachael A. , Litchfield Robert C.
Published: February 2021

This chapter addresses the paradox of self-initiated “location-independent” nomads in search of a face-to-face community but also a community with minimal obligations. Research has examined how technology has transformed work and social relationships in physical and virtual communities. The chapter reviews this literature and adds to it by explaining how digital nomads construct place-based communities. Though specialized online networks can provide access to like-minded individuals, it is lonely to work on a laptop in physical isolation. Digital nomads respond to the shortcomings of both traditional and online communities by living in digital nomad hubs characterized by both fluidity and intimacy. These two characteristics of nomad hubs make this a new type of place-based community that violates many traditional views found in the sociological literature, which tend to emphasize kin networks, permanent residency, and social contracts and obligations tied to various institutions.
Drop that Beat! Digital Sampling with Ableton Live in Higher Education (Intermediate)
Authors: Kladder Jonathan
Published: February 2021

The aim of this chapter is to get students comfortable with the basics of Ableton live. The lessons described in this chapter were designed for a combined undergraduate and graduate Digital Music Production course. Students engage with Ableton Live and a MIDI keyboard to create original beats and sample audio using online databases. Students identify, sample, edit, and manipulate a kick drum, snare drum, hi-hat, and additional percussive sounds using waveform mediums. These lessons use a project-based and teacher-facilitated approach, which allows for scaffolding, modification, and adaptation as needed. Each sequential step outlined can be time-modified based on student needs. This also allows for flexibility of student progress, questions, or challenges that may arise, and individual adaptations for learning.
Mixing a DJ Set (Intermediate)
Authors: Perry Mark E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes an activity that takes place over a semester, where students learn to mix a DJ set of electronic dance music (EDM). No previous musical experience is necessary, only the ability to recognize the beat in dance music. DJs utilize multiple sound sources in conjunction with a mixer to create continuous dance music. Students create a DJ set by mixing previously recorded music, which is not simply playback. By adjusting track selection in the course of performance, aspiring DJs learn how to make musical decisions and manipulate pre-recorded sound to construct continuous dance music, crafting a musical set.
Using Maschine Jam to Set the Groove for Classroom Improvisation (Advanced)
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: February 2021

The lesson described in this chapter is useful for all ages. Based on grooves the teacher prepares beforehand, students improvise on the initial groove by adding their own themes when cued by the instructor. Pathways to engaging musical improvisation are essential to music teachers who value encouraging the musical creativity of their students. A Maschine Jam device, used in conjunction with a number of different nonlinear composition software platforms, allows for the use of a wealth of creativity-igniting timbres and grooves. In the hands of artist-teachers, Maschine Jam provides an invaluable starting place for time-misplacing, mind-transforming, and life-reinvigorating improvisation.
Equalizer Elements (Intermediate)
Authors: Ceylan Melike
Published: February 2021

From commercial music production to audio-visual art practices, any sonic creation needs to present a balanced output for an immersive and captivating listening experience. This activity focuses on the frequency domain with equalizer (EQ) to achieve timbres that are precise and balanced. Using a DAW to EQ gives leaners an important tool for creating music, especially in the area of music production. It also encourages the user to experiment with some of the fundamental concepts of EQ for unique results. By engaging in this lesson, students gain experience listening to music not just in terms of pitch and rhythm, but as timbres that are malleable with EQ.
Coding “Hip Hot Cross Buns” with Sonic Pi (Beginner)
Authors: O’Leary Jared
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this lesson is to learn how to code the song “Hot Cross Buns” with the software Sonic Pi. Learning outcomes of this activity include: 1) how to create and call functions to trigger sequences (algorithms) of notes or samples, 2) how to use “sleep” to create timing separation between notes or samples, 3) how to use repeats to loop a musical phrase, and 4) how to use parameters and effects to shape or change the sonic characteristics of the notes and samples. Because the song being coded will be recognizable to many students, learners can hear if they are on the right track, which can be a fun way for them to receive feedback while engaging in the music programming process.
Conclusion
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J.
Published: February 2021

The chapter reviews the findings of the preceding theoretical and empirical chapters before moving to a broader assessment of what insights a focus on vicarious identity might provide in a context of significant change and uncertainty in international politics. The chapter argues that the proliferation of practices of vicarious identification and vicarious identity promotion are likely to be connected to the relative prevalence of competing fantasies of world order, fantasies variously characterizing the nature of international politics in terms of autonomous units, a bloc-based system, or a normative world order.
The Many Meanings of the Secular
Authors: Baker Joseph O.
Published: February 2021

The increase in the percentage of Americans who claim no religious affiliation has sparked renewed debates about processes of secularization. Too often, however, these discussions overlook nonreligious diversity, and all religious “nones” are assumed to be homogeneous. Using the 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Survey, this chapter details the many different ways theistic nonbelief and religious non-affiliation can overlap and diverge. It then uses cluster analysis to condense this diversity into the categories that are the most similar in socio-demographic, political, and religious characteristics. When possible, atheists, agnostics, and non-affiliated thesis should be treated as distinct categories in social surveys. The chapter also provides basic guidelines for researchers about how best to measure, categorize, and analyze nonreligion. Overall, it is imperative for scholars, journalists, and the public more broadly to account for the diversity of secularities when analyzing and discussing patterns and trends in religious non-affiliation.
Developmental Perspectives on Youth Religious Non-Affiliation
Authors: Hardy Sam A. , Longo Gregory S.
Published: February 2021

This chapter presents a developmental perspective on historical increases in youth non-affiliation. First, it describes changes that happen in religiousness across adolescence, focusing on quantitative and qualitative changes. In terms of quantitative changes, generally, religiousness declines across adolescence. In terms of qualitative changes, a sizable minority of youth leave religion during adolescence. Second, the chapter explains these changes, focusing on individual and contextual predictors of quantitative and qualitative changes. In terms of individual predictors, it focuses on gender, ethnicity, personality, behavior, and various dimensions of religiousness. In terms of contextual predictors, it focuses on the family, the religious community, and peers. Third, the chapter identifies ways parents and religious leaders might be able to optimize adolescent religious development. Its suggestions are grounded in self-determination theory, which articulates characteristics of developmental contexts that may help or hinder internalization of religiousness. Finally, the chapter connects individual religious development to historical trends.
Russia
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J. C.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines how Russia’s pursuit of territorial expansion and gray zone tactics in Georgia and Ukraine can be seen as part of its overall strategy to preserve and expand its market power in the natural gas market. As the predominant gas supplier to many European countries, Russia’s state-owned gas company, Gazprom, has price-setting capabilities that the Russian state can exploit to extract rents and exert political leverage internationally. As part of its overall strategy to block potential competitors and secure its control over the transit of gas to European consumers, Russia has perpetuated territorial disputes with neighboring Georgia and Ukraine. Given its high level of economic interdependence with the European Union, Russia has largely refrained from escalating these disputes militarily and has instead relied upon strategic delay to achieve its market power goals.
Hegel's Value
Authors: Moyar Dean
Published: February 2021

It has long been recognized that Hegel’s Philosophy of Right offers the only systematic alternative to the dominant social contract tradition in modern political philosophy. The difficulty has been to characterize Hegel’s view of justice as having the same kind of intuitive appeal that has made social contract theory, with its voluntary consent and assignment of rights and privileges, such an attractive model. Hegel’s Value argues that Hegelian justice depends on a proper understanding of Hegel’s theory of value and on the model of life through which the overall conception of value, the Good, is operationalized. Through an examination of key episodes in Phenomenology of Spirit and a detailed reading of the entire Philosophy of Right, Hegel’s Value shows how Hegel develops his account of justice through an inferentialist method whereby the content of right unfolds into increasingly thick normative structures. The theory of value that Hegel develops in tandem with the account of right relies on a productive unity of self-consciousness and life, of pure thinking and the natural drives. The book argues that Hegel’s expressive account of the free will enables him to theorize rights not simply as abstract claims, but rather as realizations of value in social contexts of mutual recognition. Hegel’s account of justice is a living system of institutions centered on a close relation of the economic and political spheres and on an understanding of the law as developing through practices of public reason.
Backing the Bio-Digital Energy Paradigm?
Authors: Drahos Peter
Published: February 2021

The transition that China and the rest of world needs this century is to a postcircular economy in which service to ecosystems becomes a primary value, much as it has been in the cultures of indigenous people. This primary value has to be tied to the construction of a bio-digital energy innovation paradigm. China has taken steps toward the circular economy. Much more will be needed to construct the bio-digital energy paradigm. From the history of the coal innovation paradigm, the chapter extracts four lessons. First, energy transformations take longer than you think. Second, constructing the energy innovation paradigm involves more than putting a price on carbon. Third, incremental innovation can kill you. Fourth, don’t delay disruptive innovation by giving it to the market alone.
Commerce
Authors: Bittner Stephen V.
Published: February 2021

Russia’s ‘passage through Armageddon’—seven years of war, revolution, and civil war—destroyed almost entirely the empire’s vinicultural economy. Wartime prohibition, territorial losses, vineyard neglect, and the priorities of the new Bolshevik government harkened a crisis worse than phylloxera. Yet many prominent persons in the wine industry, who cut their professional teeth during the tsarist years, and who were often so-called ‘former people’, aristocrats or members of the bourgeoisie, found common cause with the new Soviet government during the 1920s. Because they thought the wine industry was too important to be ignored, these persons welcomed the regulatory gaze of newly activist Soviet state, even as that state sought the destruction of so many of them.
Northern perspectives on language and society in India
Authors: Kulkarni-Joshi Sonal , Hasnain S. Imtiaz
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes Northern attempts to fathom the relation between language and society in India / south Asia and Northern representations of it. We examine the nature of two such interventions: British colonial scholarship and American scholarship in the early years of Indian independence. We demonstrate that the methods and tools (including philology and ethnology) used by both these institutions to approach language and society relied on assumptions of homogeneity and unitarianism. We critique conceptual categories such as language, language family, dialect, vernacular, mother tongue, and speech community, which emerged from these interventions, and suggest that these were at variance with the indigenous social and language practices in India. In conclusion, we gauge the long-lasting impact of northern scholarship on present-day sociolinguistic research and practice in India.