bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatigue and Stiffness Evaluations of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Xiao Feipeng , Amirkhanian Serji N. , Wu Boli
Published: July 2010

The recycling of existing asphalt pavement materials produces new pavements with considerable savings in material, money, and energy. Understanding the ability of an asphalt pavement containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) to resist fracture from repeated loads is essential for the design of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. However, reaching a better understanding of fatigue behaviors of these pavements continues to challenge researchers all over the world, particularly, as recycled materials with more complex properties are being used in HMA pavements. This study explores the utilization of the conventional fatigue analysis approach in investigating the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures containing RAP. The fatigue beams were made with two asphalt binders, two aggregate sources, four RAP contents (0 %, 15 %, 25 %, and 30 %), and tested at 5 and 20°C. A total of eight mixtures was evaluated and 64 fatigue beams were tested in this study. The test results indicated that the addition of RAP, as expected, increased the viscosity, G∗sinδ, and creep stiffness values while reducing the m-values. However, no obvious trends were found for stiffness and fatigue life of mixtures as the RAP content increased. Statistical analysis results indicated that for binders and mixtures containing 30 % RAP, the utilization of softer binder significantly decreased the viscosity, G∗sinδ, and creep stiffness values; however, there were no significant differences in the stiffness and fatigue life values of these mixtures.
Ser cuidada por profissionais da saúde: percepções e sentimentos de mulheres que sofreram abortamento
Authors: Bazotti Kellen Daiane Valandro , Stumm Eniva Miladi Fernandes , Kirchner Rosane Maria
Published: July 2010

A pesquisa objetiva identificar percepções e sentimentos de mulheres que sofreram abortamento, principalmente relacionados ao cuidado de profissionais da saúde em um hospital. É uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória-descritiva. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram entrevista aberta e registro em diário de campo. A coleta de dados se deu em dois momentos: durante a internação e nos domicílios. Integraram a pesquisa cinco mulheres que sofreram abortamento espontâneo. Para a análise dos depoimentos utilizou-se a análise temática, emergindo uma categoria: ser cuidada em um hospital: a ótica de mulheres que sofreram abortamento, subdivididas em nove sub-categorias. Vários sentimentos e percepções foram mencionados incluindo medo, nervosismo, tristeza, constrangimento, dor pela perda do filho, satisfação com o atendimento dos profissionais, apoio, segurança, dentre outros. Essa pesquisa pode contribuir com profissionais e estudantes da área da saúde, no sentido de refletir e qualificar a assistência.
Mensuração racial e campo estatístico nos censos brasileiros (1872-1940): uma abordagem convergente
Authors: Camargo Alexandre de Paiva Rio
Published: July 2010

Este artigo investiga os sentidos assumidos pela classificação racial nos censos brasileiros. Propõe uma análise convergente entre as convenções sociopolíticas estabelecidas para a investigação (1872, 1890, 1940) ou omissão (1920) do quesito racial dos levantamentos, em diferentes momentos históricos, e o processo de emergência da comunidade técnica de estatísticos em meio às mudanças do paradigma censitário. Como método, considera-se a circularidade existente entre o sistema social de classificação racial, as obras intelectuais de interpretação da nacionalidade vinculadas ao suporte censitário - "O povo brasileiro e sua evolução", de Oliveira Vianna (1920), e "A cultura brasileira", de Fernando de Azevedo (1940) - e o papel das exigências técnicas na tomada de posição dos estatísticos. São analisados relatórios de organizadores e comissões censitárias no plano verbal, comparando os argumentos apresentados às formas de execução das categorias e às informações e cruzamentos obtidos no plano matricial. Toma-se o censo de 1940 como ponto de inflexão na organização da atividade por acentuar o conflito estrutural entre a função prioritariamente política, até então reservada às estatísticas, e a consagração da competência técnica de seus produtores. Nesses termos, este trabalho aborda a progressiva liberação da ideologia estatística frente aos mecanismos da propaganda política sobre a cor.
Elos do patrimônio: Luiz de Castro Faria e a preservação dos monumentos arqueológicos no Brasil
Authors: Simão Lucieni de Menezes
Published: July 2010

O artigo discute a contribuição do antropólogo Luiz de Castro Faria (1913-2004) aos debates sobre a Lei nº. 3.924, de 1961, conhecida como lei de arqueologia por dispor sobre os monumentos arqueológicos no Brasil. Foram analisados os contatos do diretor do Serviço do Fatrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (SPHAN), Rodrigo Melo Franco de Andrade (1898-1969), com Castro Faria, que ocupava a direção do Museu Nacional da Quinta da Boa Vista, no Rio de Janeiro, e participava do Conselho Consultivo do Patrimônio. A dimensão do papel articulador de Castro Faria na implementação da lei de arqueologia, principalmente a partir de suas pesquisas científicas nos sambaquis, foi reavaliada com o exame de seu arquivo pessoal. É destacada a sua contribuição na gestão de projetos de inventário, documentação e registro de sítios arqueológicos.
Le Département des Sciences naturelles de l'UNESCO et les scientifiques latino-américains à la fin des années 1940
Authors: Petitjean Patrick
Published: July 2010

Lors de la constitution de l'United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) à la fin de 1945, il a été fait appel à Joseph Needham (1900-1995) et à des scientifiques progressistes pour mettre en place le Département des Sciences naturelles. Needham a été appuyé par Julian Huxley (1887-1975), le premier Directeur général, issu comme lui du mouvement pour les relations sociales de la science des années 1930. Lobjectif de Needham était de refonder complètement les relations scientifiques internationales, notamment avec le 'principe de périphérie', qui devait conduire l'UNESCO à intervenir principalement vers les pays qui avaient le plus besoin de développement scientifique. Ce principe ouvrit un espace facilitant la participation de scientifiques latino-américains, comme aussi indiens et chinois, au secrétariat de l'UNESCO, en toute conscience de l'importance politique de cette participation. De même, cela conduit l'UNESCO à tenter d'implanter un institut international de recherche en Amazonie, un bureau régional de coopération scientifique (d'abord à Rio, puis à Montevideo), et à organiser en septembre 1948 à Montevideo la première conférence scientifique latino-américaine.
A USAID e o ensino agronômico brasileiro: o caso da Universidade Rural do Estado de Minas Gerais
Authors: Ribeiro Maria das Graças Martins
Published: July 2010

A Universidade Rural do Estado de Minas Gerais (UREMG) foi criada em 1948, dando origem, mais tarde, à Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). A instituição esteve envolvida em vários convênios de assistência técnica firmados entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos, os quais foram mediados pela United States Agency for International Development (USAID), a partir dos anos 1960. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a atuação desta agência na UREMG, tomando por base o exame de fontes primárias do acervo do Arquivo Central e Histórico da UFV Sob a orientação da USAID, a UREMG desempenhou papel relevante na modernização da agricultura brasileira, assim como serviu à estratégia do governo norte-americano de garantir controle sobre a produção de alimentos no Brasil. Do mesmo modo, contribuiu para aliviar tensões sociais no campo.
Guido Beck e a noite dos bastões largos: algumas observações sobre a relação entre física e política no contexto argentino
Authors: Videira Antonio Augusto Passos
Published: July 2010

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em apresentar, sem que haja pretensão de exaustão do tema, de que modo o físico Guido Beck (1903-1988) reagiu aos eventos políticos envolvendo a Universidade de Buenos Aires (UBA) ao longo do segundo semestre de 1966. Com isso, procuro expor algumas ideias de Guido Beck sobre a relação entre ciência, estado e sociedade no contexto sul-americano. Isso será feito por meio da descrição da sua reação ao episódio conhecido como 'noite dos bastões largos'. Beck sempre foi muito sensível às instabilidades políticas existentes no meio acadêmico argentino, uma vez que disputas político-ideológicas poderiam prejudicar o trabalho em prol da construção de uma comunidade de física naquele país. Como conclusão, defendo a tese de que, para Beck, os físicos da UBA avaliaram equivocadamente o valor que tinham para o governo argentino e para parte da população daquele mesmo país.
Jacques Huber (1867-1914)
Authors: Cunha Osvaldo Rodrigues da
Published: July 2010

Notas biográficas ilustradas do botânico suíço Jacques Huber (1867-1914), que trabalhou no Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, em Belém, entre 1895 e 1914, tendo sido diretor da instituição a partir de 1907. São destacados aspectos relacionados à produção científica, principalmente os estudos sobre as árvores produtoras de látex; às viagens e explorações realizadas pela Amazônia, pelo Nordeste brasileiro e pelo Oriente; aos colegas e discípulos; e ao ambiente político do estado do Pará no início do século XX.
Territórios amazônicos de reforma agrária e de conservação da natureza
Authors: Esterci Neide , Schweickardt Kátia Helena Serafina Cruz
Published: July 2010

O artigo discute a relação entre os pequenos produtores e o Estado, na Amazônia brasileira, por meio de algumas situações que se configuraram desde meados do século XX, em diferentes conjunturas e em função de diferentes políticas governamentais de ordenação territorial. Recupera o fato de que, nos anos 1970 e 1980, o Estado negou sistematicamente as formas tradicionais de apropriação do espaço adotadas pelas comunidades de pequenos produtores e homogeneizou a forma de domínio sobre a terra através do conceito legal de propriedade privada, visando à integração da região à economia nacional por meio das grandes empresas. Reflete sobre os efeitos da democratização do país e da difusão das políticas ambientais, nas décadas seguintes, quando os movimentos sociais de pequenos produtores se aliaram aos ambientalistas e se fortaleceram politicamente, e os projetos de desenvolvimento sustentável passaram a disputar espaço como os projetos desenvolvimentistas. Por meio do processo de criação de duas unidades de proteção ambiental, que envolveu pequenos produtores e agências governamentais de reforma agrária e meio ambiente, no curso médio do rio Juruá, no estado do Amazonas, pergunta-se em que medida foram alteradas, nas últimas décadas, as relações entre o Estado e os pequenos produtores na região.
Objetos, imagens e sons: a etnografia de Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1872-1924)
Authors: Frank Erwin
Published: July 2010

O texto caracteriza teórica e metodologicamente a etnografia de Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1872-1924), antropólogo alemão que fez quatro visitas ao Brasil entre 1896 e 1924 e que se notabilizou pelos trabalhos escritos sobre os índios dos rios Negro e Branco, pelas coleções etnográficas e pelos registros sonoros, fotográficos e cinematográficos realizados em suas expedições. O autor relaciona esses registros documentais com o projeto etnográfico do antropólogo, vinculado à Völkerkunde alemã.
Colloid Mobilization and Transport in Undisturbed Soil Columns. II. The Role of Colloid Dispersibility and Preferential Flow
Authors: Kjaergaard Charlotte , Moldrup Per , de Jonge Lis W. , Jacobsen Ole H.
Published: July 2010

This study investigated in situ colloid mobilization and leaching from unsaturated, undisturbed soil columns to evaluate the processes controlling colloid mobilization in structured soils. A total of 54 soil columns sampled along a natural clay gradient representing six clay contents (12, 18, 24, 28, 37, and 43% clay) were equilibrated to three different initial matric potentials (IMP) ψ = −2.5 (wet), −100 (moderately wet), and −15500 hPa (dry) followed by 5 d of irrigation at 1 mm h−1 and applying a suction of 5 hPa at the lower boundary. The results revealed that (i) colloid leaching from the initially wet and moderately wet soils decreased with increasing clay content, (ii) colloid leaching from the initially dry soils was low and independent of clay content, and (iii) the leaching of total organic C (TOC) consisted mainly of dissolved organic C (DOC), and drying to −15500 hPa increased the leaching of C. In situ colloid mobilization and leaching was related to measurements of low‐energy water‐dispersible colloids (LE‐WDC). Results indicate that in situ colloid mobilization from the initially wet and moderately wet 12% clay soils subjected to matrix‐dominated flow behavior was controlled mainly by the time‐dependent increase in colloid dispersion, while colloid mobilization from the initially dry soils was limited by the strong and persistent association created during the drying. In the more clayey soils, which were dominated by preferential flow, a lower displacement of high–ionic strength soil water with low–ionic strength rainwater may contribute to the inherently lower dispersibility in controlling colloid mobilization.
Water Flow and Heat Transport in Frozen Soil: Numerical Solution and Freeze–Thaw Applications
Authors: Hansson Klas , Šimůnek Jirka , Mizoguchi Masaru , Lundin Lars‐Christer , van Genuchten Martinus Th.
Published: July 2010

A new method is presented to account for phase changes in a fully implicit numerical model for coupled heat transport and variably saturated water flow involving conditions both above and below zero temperature. The method is based on a mixed formulation for both water flow and heat transport similar to the approach commonly used for the Richards equation. The approach enabled numerically stable, energy‐ and mass‐conservative solutions. The model was evaluated by comparing predictions with data from laboratory column freezing experiments. These experiments involved 20‐cm long soil columns with an internal diameter of 8 cm that were exposed at the top to a circulating fluid with a temperature of −6°C. Water and soil in the columns froze from the top down during the experiment, with the freezing process inducing significant water redistribution within the soil. A new function is proposed to better describe the dependency of the thermal conductivity on the ice and water contents of frozen soils. Predicted values of the total water content compared well with measured values. The model proved to be numerically stable also for a hypothetical road problem involving simultaneous heat transport and water flow. The problem was simulated using measured values of the surface temperature for the duration of almost 1 yr. Since the road was snow‐plowed during winter, surface temperatures varied more rapidly, and reached much lower values, than would have been the case under a natural snow cover. The numerical experiments demonstrate the ability of the code to cope with rapidly changing boundary conditions and very nonlinear water content and pressure head distributions in the soil profile.
The TOUGH Codes—A Family of Simulation Tools for Multiphase Flow and Transport Processes in Permeable Media
Authors: Pruess Karsten
Published: July 2010

Numerical simulation has become a widely practiced and accepted technique for studying flow and transport processes in the vadose zone and other subsurface flow systems. This article discusses a suite of codes, developed primarily at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), with the capability to model multiphase flows with phase change. We summarize history and goals in the development of the TOUGH codes, and present the governing equations for multiphase, multicomponent flow. Special emphasis is given to space discretization by means of integral finite differences (IFD). Issues of code implementation and architecture are addressed, as well as code applications, maintenance, and future developments.
Role of Rock Heterogeneity on Lateral Diversion of Water Flow at the Soil–Rock Interface
Authors: Bockgård Niclas , Niemi Auli
Published: July 2010

Groundwater recharge is an important, yet often a highly uncertain upper boundary condition in groundwater flow models for fractured rock. The net infiltration at ground surface can often be estimated from water budgets, but the redistribution of water between a soil layer and the underlying bedrock is much more difficult to quantify. To address this question, we studied the role of lateral flow diversion at the soil–rock interface and how it influences the percentage of net infiltration that becomes inflow into the bedrock. Numerical experiments were performed with different net infiltration conditions, soil–rock hydraulic conductivity contrasts, hydraulic gradients, and most notably, rock heterogeneity. The rock was first represented as a deterministic homogeneous continuum, then as a stochastic heterogeneous continuum and analyzed with Monte Carlo simulations. The heterogeneous simulations predicted a large variation in the inflow into the rock between different stochastic realizations (from 50 to 100% of the net infiltration). Furthermore, at high hydraulic gradients in the bedrock, the mean flux into the rock from the heterogeneous simulations was smaller than the corresponding results from the homogeneous medium. The heterogeneous simulations showed formation of local unsaturated zones below the groundwater table. These occurred in cases with large hydraulic gradients at locations with large hydraulic conductivity contrasts, with low‐conductive regions overlying high‐conductive ones. This phenomenon was not captured with the homogenous models, which thereby may overestimate flux into fractured rock in cases where hydraulic gradients are large.
Coupled Vadose Zone and Atmospheric Surface‐Layer Transport of Carbon Dioxide from Geologic Carbon Sequestration Sites
Authors: Oldenburg Curtis M. , Unger André J. A.
Published: July 2010

Geologic CO2 sequestration is being considered as a way to offset fossil fuel–related CO2 emissions to reduce the rate of increase of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The accumulation of vast quantities of injected CO2 in geologic sequestration sites may entail health and environmental risks from potential leakage and seepage of CO2 into the near‐surface environment. We are developing and applying a coupled subsurface and atmospheric surface‐layer modeling capability built within the framework of the integral finite difference reservoir simulator TOUGH2. The overall purpose of the modeling studies is to predict CO2 concentration distributions under a variety of seepage scenarios and geologic, hydrologic, and atmospheric conditions. These concentration distributions will provide the basis for determining aboveground and near‐surface instrumentation needs for CO2 sequestration monitoring and verification, as well as for assessing health, safety, and environmental risks. A key feature of CO2 is its large density (ρ = 1.8 kg m−3) relative to air (ρ = 1.2 kg m−3), a property that may allow small leaks to cause concentrations in air above the occupational exposure limit of 4% in low‐lying and enclosed areas such as valleys and basements where dilution rates are low. The approach we take to coupled modeling involves development of T2CA, a TOUGH2 module for modeling the multicomponent transport of water, brine, CO2, gas tracer, and air in the subsurface. For the atmospheric surface‐layer advection and dispersion, we use a logarithmic vertical velocity profile to specify constant time‐averaged ambient winds, and atmospheric dispersion approaches to model mixing due to eddies and turbulence. Initial simulations with the coupled model suggest that atmospheric dispersion quickly dilutes diffuse CO2 seepage fluxes to negligible concentrations, and that rainfall infiltration can cause CO2 to return to the subsurface as a dissolved component in infiltrating rainwater.
Joint Distributions of the Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Parameters and their Effect on Other Variates
Authors: de Rooij Gerrit H. , Kasteel Roy T. A. , Papritz Andreas , Flühler Hannes
Published: July 2010

Variability in the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties affects the behavior of water and solutes in the subsurface. When these properties are described by parametric functions, subsurface heterogeneity can be quantified by variations in the parameters of these functions. We propose a procedure to characterize systematically the statistical properties of each soil hydraulic parameter and the parameter correlations involved. First, the parameter with the best‐defined probability distribution function (pdf) is identified. Curvilinear regression analysis identifies transformations that linearize the relationships between this reference parameter and the remaining parameters. From this we determine the joint pdf of the transformed parameters, which is then used to calculate the distributions of derived variates (functions of the hydraulic parameters). The procedure is applied to the hydraulic parameters of 140 samples in total taken from two layers of an agricultural soil profile. We developed analytical expressions for the pdfs of the derived variates (hydraulic conductivities and water contents at pressure heads between 0 and −5000 cm) from the multivariate parameter pdf. The numerical integration required to evaluate these expressions proved extremely cumbersome, thus reducing the robustness of the analytical expressions. We therefore performed a Monte Carlo simulation from which we determined the first two moments, as well as the skewness and excess of the derived variates. The estimated mean and standard deviation of the derived variates generally agreed well with values determined directly from the soil samples. Skewness and excess were estimated less accurately. Both the derived analytical pdfs and the Monte Carlo simulation showed markedly nonsymmetrical pdfs, suggesting that it is generally insufficient to limit statistical analyses to the first two moments only.
A Sandbox Experiment of Self‐Potential Signals Associated with a Pumping Test
Authors: Suski B. , Rizzo E. , Revil A.
Published: July 2010

The flow of water in a charged porous material is the source of an electrical field called the streaming potential. The origin of this coupling is associated with the drag of the excess of charge contained in the vicinity of the pore–water interface by the pore fluid flow. In this paper, we present a sandbox experiment to study this “hydroelectric” coupling in the case of a pumping test. A relatively thin Plexiglas tank was filled with homogeneous sand and then infiltrated with tapwater. A pumping test experiment was performed in the middle of the tank with a peristaltic pump. The resulting electrical potential distribution was measured passively at the top of the tank with a network of 27 nonpolarizable electrodes related to a digital multichannel multimeter plus an additional electrode used as a reference. A detectable electrical field was produced at the ground surface and analyzed with analytical solutions of the coupled hydroelectric problem. After the shutdown of the pump, the electrical potential and the piezometric level exhibit similar relaxation times in the vicinity of the pumping well. This means that the electrical potential measured at the ground surface can be used to track the flow of the groundwater and possibly to invert the distribution of the hydraulic transmissivity of the ground.
Geostatistical Reconstruction of Gaps in Near‐Surface Electrical Resistivity Data
Authors: Cornacchiulo Daniel , Bagtzoglou Amvrossios C.
Published: July 2010

This study was motivated by the need to reduce the effects of various types of noise observed in geophysical field data. We focused on assessing the impact of noise and data gaps on electrical resistivity data and on evaluating whether geostatistical methods (in this case kriging) can be successfully used for restoring missing data before inversion. We used electrical resistivity forward and inverse modeling with a simple fault earth model to produce and invert synthetic datasets. We examined the effects of random background noise, data density deletion, and data gap and noise structure scenarios to study the influence of these factors on the inversion of resistivity data and the subsequent interpretability of the geologic structure. Our results suggest that geostatistical methods are potentially very useful for restoring data points deleted from noisy resistivity field data. Clearly, the efficacy of kriging depends on the level of noise and the amount of data deleted. The inversion RMSE of the kriged files is less than that of the original random background noise files containing all data. The magnitude of the improvement increases as random background noise increases. Even for cases where 80% of the original data were randomly eliminated and there was 10% random background noise, the kriging procedure resulted in significant improvement in the ability to resolve the basement and overburden structure, correctly place the orientation and location of the fault, and identify the downthrown block. At random background noise levels of 20 and 30%, kriging was effective at recovering the major geological features but to a lesser degree. The efficacy of the kriging procedure performed on the noisiest data appears to be a function of the location and magnitude of data gaps induced by editing or missing strings. Finally, the effect that coherent noise has on the efficacy of our approach was studied and contrasted to random deletion. Our study suggested that the geostatistical restoration approach improved the interpretability of electrical resistivity data that had been degraded by noise or data loss problems.
Estimating Soil Water Retention Curve from Particle‐Size Distribution Data Based on Polydisperse Sphere Systems
Authors: Chan T. P. , Govindaraju R. S.
Published: July 2010

Soil hydraulic properties are necessary for understanding water and solute movement in subsurface vadose zone environments. Previous statistical models of soil hydraulic properties have postulated a pore‐size distribution from the particle‐size distribution by assuming an empirical relationship between pore sizes and particle sizes. This pore‐size distribution has been used to develop the soil water retention curve and/or the relative conductivity curve. In this study, we develop soil water retention models from particle‐size distribution data based on the results obtained by Torquato and coworkers on polydisperse particle systems. We model soils as systems of randomly placed spheres of random sizes and derive expressions for the soil water retention curve based on the statistical description of the systems. Two special cases of homogeneous systems of polydisperse spheres are considered: fully penetrable spheres (FPS) and totally impenetrable spheres (TIS). A lognormal particle‐size distribution is assumed. More than 100 soils are used to corroborate the models. It is found that the TIS model works well for sand and loamy sand soils.
In Situ Freeze‐Capturing of Fracture Water using Cryogenic Coring
Authors: Su Grace W. , Wang Joseph S. Y. , Zacny Kris
Published: July 2010

Current methods do not allow for sampling of in situ water from unsaturated fractures in low‐moisture environments. A novel cryogenic coring technique based on a previously developed method is used to collect in situ water in unsaturated fractures. This method uses liquid nitrogen as the drilling fluid, which can freeze the fracture water in place while coring. Laboratory experiments are conducted to demonstrate that water in an unsaturated fracture can be frozen and collected using cryogenic coring.
Quantifying Minimum Monolith Size and Solute Dilution from Multi‐Compartment Percolation Sampler Data
Authors: de Rooij Gerrit H. , Cirpka Olaf A. , Stagnitti Frank , Vuurens Saskia H. , Boll Jan
Published: July 2010

Preferential flow affects solute transport in natural soils, leading to high spatiotemporal variation of concentration. A multicompartment solute sampler (MCS), yielding multiple breakthrough curves at a given depth, can monitor tracer movement in a heterogeneous soil. We present a technique to estimate from MCS data whether a soil monolith is sufficiently large to capture preferential flow, which is a necessity for tracer breakthrough curves to be representative. For several soils, we estimate that an MCS should be larger than 0.1 to 0.2 m2 We also expand dilution theory to analyze the concentration variations of a tracer passing the control plane monitored by the MCS, in addition to the conventional plume spreading analysis. We characterize the set of locally observed breakthrough curves by the entropy‐based dilution index. For given first and second‐central moment, the spatially uniform log‐normal breakthrough curve maximizes the dilution index. The ratio between observed and maximum dilution index is denoted reactor ratio. For a 300‐compartment solute sampler, covering an area of 0.75 m2, we compute a reactor ratio of 0.665, compared with 0.04 for stochastic‐convective and 1 for convective‐dispersive transport. With a single, large collector the reactor ratio would be 0.958, severely underestimating concentration variations. Large collector areas are clearly inadequate to estimate dilution. Values of the dilution index and the reactor ratio for individual sampling compartments indicate efficient longitudinal mixing in most but not all cases, and considerable spatial variation of the leaching process.
Environmental Citizen Suits with Pigovian Punitive Damages
Authors: Park Sung-Hoon , Shogren Jason F
Published: July 2010

Federal environmental laws encourage private citizens to act like "private attorney generals" and to sue a firm. This citizen group competes over the rewards of levels of regulation and enforcement. The firm can reduce its output to curtail the likelihood of losing the contest. This paper explores whether one can combine citizen suits with Pigovian punitive damages to equate private and social incentives. We show: (i) without punitive damages, the level of output of the firm is only optimal in a special case; (ii) with punitive damages given to the citizen group, Pigovian punitive damages can be found, but it could be negativethe citizen group might have to compensate the firm; (iii) the ideal level of punitive damages can be achieved if a government takes it; and (iv) punitive damages which are taken by the citizen group induces more effort expended in the conflict relative to when the government receives the punitive damages.
Imaginary Risk, Public Health Regulation, and WTO Trade Dispute: A Rational Choice Perspective
Authors: Ju Jinyul
Published: July 2010

In this essay I seek answers to the following questions: why is it extremely difficult to resolve international trade disputes caused by domestic health risk regulation against a foreign food; why does the WTO legal system not work very well in solving the disputes; and what might be done to resolve the disputes properly, from a perspective of the rational choice model. I argue that it is irrational public fear which gave rise to decades-long, complex, and serious trade disputes. If the public are free from irrational fear, then there might be no pressure to impose an import ban and, consequently, no trade dispute and no non-compliance. Therefore an ultimate solution to trade conflict due to irrational fear should be sought in addressing imaginary risk directly. I suggest that the disputing parties provide consumers with information about their own welfare loss caused by the misguided import ban so that the public can make a rational decision on the imaginary risk problem.
Urine Proteome Analysis May Allow Noninvasive Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Papale Massimo , Di Paolo Salvatore , Magistroni Riccardo , Lamacchia Olga , Di Palma Anna Maria , De Mattia Angela , Teresa Rocchetti Maria , Furci Luciana , Pasquali Sonia , De Cosmo Salvatore , Cignarelli Mauro , Gesualdo Loreto
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE

Chronic renal insufficiency and/or proteinuria in type 2 diabetes may stem from chronic renal diseases (CKD) other than classic diabetic nephropathy in more than one-third of patients. We interrogated urine proteomic profiles generated by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry with the aim of isolating a set of biomarkers able to reliably identify biopsy-proven diabetic nephropathy and to establish a stringent correlation with the different patterns of renal injury.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Ten micrograms of urine proteins from 190 subjects (20 healthy subjects, 20 normoalbuminuric, and 18 microalbuminuric diabetic patients and 132 patients with biopsy-proven nephropathy: 65 diabetic nephropathy, 10 diabetic with nondiabetic CKD [nd-CKD], and 57 nondiabetic with CKD) were run using a CM10 ProteinChip array and analyzed by supervised learning methods (Classification and Regression Tree analysis).

RESULTS

The classification model correctly identified 75% of patients with normoalbuminuria, 87.5% of those with microalbuminuria, and 87.5% of those with diabetic nephropathy when applied to a blinded testing set. Most importantly, it was able to reliably differentiate diabetic nephropathy from nd-CKD in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Among the best predictors of the classification model, we identified and validated two proteins, ubiquitin and β2-microglobulin.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest the presence of a specific urine proteomic signature able to reliably identify type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic glomerulosclerosis.
How does one conceive time? Measurement by means of Time Metaphors Questionnaire
Authors: Sobol-Kwapinska Malgorzata , Nosal Czeslaw
Published: July 2010

How does one conceive time? Measurement by means of Time Metaphors Questionnaire

Attitude towards time are usually expressed by means of metaphors. This paper presents phases of construction and validation of the Time Metaphors Questionnaire. This is a method for testing conceiving of time. An exploratory factor analyses yielded seven factor scales: Friendly Time, Hostile Time, Rapid Passage of Time, Significance of the Moment, Subtle Time, Wild Time and Empty Time. Results of correlations between scales of the Time Metaphors Questionnaire and with selected methods (Temporal Orientation Scale AION-2000, NEO-Five Factor Inventory) indicate, among other things, an ambivalence of psychological time and an importance of positive evaluation of current moment.
Assessment of geographical patterns of chronic respiratory diseases in children of Koper municipality
Authors: Erlih Saša , ErzKen Ivan
Published: July 2010

Geografski Vzorci Pojavljanja Bolezni Dihalnih Poti Otrok V Občini Koper

Izhodišče: Kronične bolezni dihal so naraščajoč zdravstveni problem, s katerim se srečujemo v razvitih okoljih, torej tudi v Sloveniji. Pri tem se bolezni, kot so astma, kronični bronhitis ali različne alergijske bolezni, ki se kazKejo s prizadetostjo dihalnih poti, neredko pokazKejo zKe zelo zgodaj v otroštvu. Cilj študije je bil raziskati geografske vzorce bolezni dihal med učenci 1. do 4. razreda v mestni občini (MO) Koper, ki lezKi v jugozahodni Sloveniji.

Metode: Podatke o razporeditvi obolelih smo dobili z obdelavo vprašalnikov raziskave «Proučevanje vpliva okolja na pojav določenih bolezni in povečano stopnjo umrljivosti prebivalcev na območju dela Mestne občine Koper» iz leta 2003. Za iskanje geografskih vzorcev pojavljanja primerov smo uporabili metode prostorske statistične analize, metodo glajenja, analizo kopičenja (globalne indekse prostorske avtokorelacije) in analizo gruč (lokalne indekse prostorske avtokorelacije).

Rezultati: Globalni test Moran I je nakazal statistično značilno kopičenje primerov (Globalni Moran p=0.0211). Lokalni test prostorske avtokorelacije Moran I, prilagojen za variabilnost stopenj zbolevnosti, je pokazal statistično značilne rezultate (p <0,05) za območje krajevnih skupnosti (KS) "Sveti Anton" (lokalni Moran p = 0,0454), ki s statistično značilnostjo in pozitivno prostorsko avtokorelacijo opredeljuje jedro gruče, ki sega v okoliške KS "Marezige", "Dekani", "Pobegi-ČezKarji" in "Vanganel".

Zaključki: Študija je vizualno prikazala in statistično potrdila prostorsko kopičenje z višjo stopnjo zbolevnosti dihalnih poti na območju MO Koper. Ugotovili smo, da je prostorska analiza primeren postopek, ker na tak način lazKje opredelimo in določimo geografske vzorce porazdelitve bolezni.
The effects of different saddle pads on forces and pressure distribution beneath a fitting saddle
Authors: KOTSCHWAR A. B. , BALTACIS A. , PEHAM C.
Published: July 2010

Reason for performing study:Saddle pads are widely used in riding sports but their influence on saddle pressures is poorly understood.

Objective:To evaluate the forces acting on the horse's back, and the eventual pressure distribution by using different saddle pads underneath a fitting saddle.

Methods:Sixteen sound horses of different breeds and ages were ridden on a treadmill at walk and sitting trot. The horses were wearing a dressage saddle with a fitting saddle tree and 4 different saddle pads (gel, leather, foam and reindeer fur) successively. For comparison, measurements were made without any saddle pad. Right forelimb motion was used to synchronise the pressure data with the stride cycles. A pressure mat was used under the saddle pad to collect the kinetic data. Maximum overall force (MOF) and the pressure distribution in longitudinal and transversal direction were calculated to identify differences between the measurements with and without saddle pads.

Results:A significant decrease in MOF was interpreted as improved saddle fit, and a significant increase as worsened saddle fit. Only the reindeer fur pad significantly decreased the MOF from 1005 N to 796 N at walk and from 1650 N to 1437 N at trot compared to without pad measurements. None of the saddle pads increased the MOF significantly when compared to the data without saddle pad. The pressure distribution in longitudinal and transversal direction was also improved significantly only by the reindeer fur pad at trot compared to no pad.

Conclusion:This study demonstrated that a well chosen saddle pad can reduce the load on the horse's back and therefore improve the suitability of a fitting saddle.
Real‐time RT‐PCR for the detection and quantitative analysis of equine rhinitis viruses
Authors: QUINLIVAN M. , MAXWELL G. , LYONS P. , ARKINS S. , CULLINANE A.
Published: July 2010

Reasons for performing study: Equine rhinitis viruses (ERV) cause respiratory disease and loss of performance in horses. It has been suggested that the economic significance of these viruses may have been underestimated due to insensitive methods of detection.

Objectives: To develop a sensitive, rapid, real‐time RT‐PCR (rRT‐PCR) assay suitable for the routine diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of the A and B variants of ERV.

Methods: TaqMan primer probe sets for ERAV and ERBV were designed from conserved regions of the 5′ UTR of the ERV genome. Over 400 samples from both clinically affected and asymptomatic horses were employed for validation of the assays. ERAV samples positive by rRT‐PCR were verified by virus isolation and ERBV positive samples were verified by rRT‐PCR using a different set of primers.

Results: The detection limit of the rRT‐PCR for both viruses was 10–100 genome copies. Of 250 archival nasal swabs submitted for diagnostic testing over a 7 year period, 29 were ERAV positive and 3 were ERBV positive with an average incidence rate per year of 10 and 1.5%, respectively. There was evidence of co‐circulation of ERAV and ERBV with equine influenza virus (EIV). Of 100 post race urine samples tested, 29 were ERAV positive by rRT‐PCR. Partial sequencing of 2 ERBV positive samples demonstrated that one was 100% identical to ERBV1 from a 270 bp sequence and the other was more closely related to ERBV2 than ERBV1 (95% compared to 90% nucleotide identity in 178 bp).

Conclusions: The rRT‐PCR assays described here are specific and more sensitive than virus isolation. They have good reproducibility and are suitable for the routine diagnosis of ERAV and ERBV.

Potential relevance: These assays should be useful for investigating the temporal association between clinical signs and rhinitis virus shedding.
Stent placement for the treatment of a symptomatic intracranial arterial dissection in an adolescent
Authors: Binning Mandy J. , Khalessi Alexander A. , Siddiqui Adnan H. , Hopkins L. Nelson , Levy Elad I.
Published: July 2010

Intracranial arterial dissection is an important cause of stroke in young patients. Treatment options include observation, antiplatelet or anticoagulation regimens, and endovascular stent placement. The authors describe the case of a 14-year-old boy who presented with a symptomatic, posttraumatic dissection extending from the intracranial internal carotid artery to the middle cerebral artery. Images obtained approximately 48 hours after this incident revealed a subacute right frontal lobe infarct, and a CT stroke study (CT angiography and CT perfusion) confirmed the vascular injury and associated decreased perfusion, prompting revascularization with a self-expanding stent. The patient did well clinically after stent placement and showed no evidence of restenosis on follow-up angiography 3 and 6 months later. This report is, to the authors' knowledge, the first description of the use of a stent for a symptomatic intracranial dissection in an adolescent.
Biportal thoracoscopic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis in adolescents
Authors: Wait Scott D. , Killory Brendan D. , Lekovic Gregory P. , Dickman Curtis A.
Published: July 2010

Object

Palmar, axillary, and plantar hyperhidrosis is often socially, emotionally, and physically disabling for adolescents. The authors report surgical outcomes in all adolescents treated for palmar hyperhidrosis via bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy at the Barrow Neurological Institute by the senior author.

Methods

A prospectively maintained database of all adolescent patients undergoing bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy between 1998 and 2006 (inclusive) was reviewed. Additional follow-up was obtained as needed in clinic or by phone or written questionnaire.

Results

Fifty-four patients (40 females) undergoing bilateral procedures were identified. Their mean age was 15.4 years (range 10–17 years). Average follow-up was 42 weeks (range 0.2–143 weeks). Hyperhidrosis involved the palms alone in 10 patients; the palms and axilla in 6 patients; the palms and plantar surfaces in 17 patients; and the palms, axilla, and plantar surfaces in 21 patients. Palmar hyperhidrosis resolved completely in 98.1% of the patients. Resolution or improvement of symptoms was seen in 96.3% of patients with axillary and 71.1% of those with plantar hyperhidrosis. Hospital stay averaged 0.37 days with 68.5% of patients discharged the day of surgery. One patient experienced brief intraoperative asystole that resolved with medications and had no long-term sequelae. Otherwise, no serious intraoperative complications occurred. No patient required chest tube drainage. The percentage of patients who reported satisfaction and willingness to undergo the procedure again was 98.1%.

Conclusions

Biportal, bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy is an effective and low-morbidity treatment for severe palmar, axillary, and plantar hyperhidrosis.
Craniosynostosis in Kabuki syndrome
Authors: Martínez-Lage Juan F. , Felipe-Murcia Matías , Navarro Encarna Guillén , Almagro María-José , López-Guerrero Antonio López , Pérez-Espejo Miguel A.
Published: July 2010

Niikawa-Kuroki, or Kabuki syndrome (KS), is characterized by distinctive facial features, skeletal anomalies, persisting fingertip pads with dermatoglyphic abnormalities, short stature, and mental retardation. Neurological manifestations and CNS anomalies have been described in some patients with this condition. However, craniosynostosis has been documented in only 4 patients with KS who did not undergo operations. The authors report a case of KS with unicoronal synostosis that constitutes the first documented instance of a patient with this syndrome submitted to surgery. Previous reported instances of craniosynostosis occurring in KS are briefly reviewed. Although rarely documented, craniosynostosis might represent a relatively frequent feature of this syndrome. Kabuki syndrome should be considered at the time of evaluating children with craniosynostosis. The diagnosis of KS can be suspected from the patients' characteristic facial features. Kabuki syndrome appears to be an underdiagnosed condition in the craniosynostosis population. Given that most patients with this syndrome suffer from only mild to moderate mental retardation, surgical correction can be considered in instances of KS with craniosynostosis.
Long-term outcomes in children with glioblastoma
Authors: Song Kyung Sun , Phi Ji Hoon , Cho Byung-Kyu , Wang Kyu-Chang , Lee Ji Yeoun , Kim Dong Gyu , Kim Il Han , Ahn Hyo Seop , Park Sung-Hye , Kim Seung-Ki
Published: July 2010

Object

Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor; however, glioblastoma in children is less common than in adults, and little is known about its clinical outcome in children. The authors evaluated the long-term outcome of glioblastoma in children.

Methods

Twenty-seven children were confirmed to have harbored a glioblastoma between 1985 and 2007. The clinical features and treatment outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. All patients underwent resection; complete resection was performed in 12 patients (44%), subtotal resection in 12 patients (44%), and biopsy in 3 patients (11%). Twenty-four patients (89%) had radiation therapy, and 14 (52%) patients received chemotherapy plus radiation therapy. Among the latter, 5 patients had radiation therapy concurrent with temozolomide chemotherapy. Four patients with small-size recurrent glioblastoma received stereotactic radiosurgery.

Results

The median overall survival (OS) was 43 months, and the median progression-free survival was 12 months. The OS rate was 67% at 1 year, 52% at 2 years, and 40% at 5 years. The median OS was significantly associated with tumor location (52 months for superficially located tumors vs 7 months for deeply located tumors; p = 0.017) and extent of removal (106 months for completely resected tumors vs 11 months for incompletely resected tumors; p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The prognosis of glioblastoma is better in children than in adults. Radical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy may be the initial treatment of choice.