bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating body mass of Florida white-tailed deer from standard age and morphometric measurements
Authors: Bartareau Tad M.
Published: June 2019

Context
Measuring a mammal’s body mass has importance in understanding nutritional condition, reproductive biology and ecology. It can be impractical for a researcher to measure the body mass when equipment needed to weigh individuals is inadequate or unavailable.

Aims
The purpose of this study was to develop a model to accurately estimate the body mass of hunter-harvested Florida white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus osceola, Odocoileus virginianus seminolus) based on the relationship between scale mass, sex and standard age and morphometric measurement predictor variables easily obtainable in the field.

Methods
An information-theoretic approach was used to evaluate simple and multiple linear regression models with 67% of the data, and the best model in the set was validated using the remaining 33%.

Key results
Chest girth was the best single predictor of body mass. A global model including sex, age, age2 and body length variables was better supported than chest girth alone, and subspecies information did not contribute significantly to the body-mass–predictor-variable relationship. The best model explained 98.5% of the variation in body mass as follows: body mass (kg) = –18.41 + 6.53 × sex (0 = female, 1 = male) + 5.04 × age (year) – 0.49 × age2 (year2) + 4.76 × 10−3 × chest girth2 (cm2) + 0.12 × body length (cm). The 95% confidence interval on the bias of the estimated body mass of the best model was –0.50 to 0.59 kg. The difference between estimated and scale body mass was –0.04 kg ± 0.28 (s.e.).

Conclusions
Individuals maintained a similar proportion of body mass to predictor variables, and differences between the observed and estimated body mass of model applied to the validation dataset were not significant.

Implications
The validated body-mass-estimation model presented will enable accurate estimates of the body mass of white-tailed deer in cases where standard age and morphometric measurements are available, but the individuals were not weighed. These results provide a basis to formulate and parameterise body-mass-estimation models for other white-tailed deer subspecies and populations. Without the need for specialised equipment, the body-mass-estimation model can be used by personnel involved in white-tailed deer research, management and sport hunting to assess trends in individual and population health in support of this species’ conservation. Photograph by Carlton Ward Jr.
On intergenerational differences in code-switching among Cantonese people
Authors: Shan Yunming
Published: June 2019

As part of a Chinese government project to document and protect the country’s language resources, this research examines variation in Cantonese spoken in the city of Guangzhou. Over 100 speakers were recorded and the 44 hours of natural discourse were searched for occurrences of code-switching (CS) between Cantonese and Mandarin (C-M) or English (C-E). This paper describes the differences between age-groups in terms of the distribution of different types of CS and its communicative functions. More frequent CS is observed among younger people due to increasing degrees of language contact with Mandarin and English, challenging the maintenance of Cantonese in younger generations.
A Chinese Australian family’s language use and attitudes
Authors: Hu Bo
Published: June 2019

This paper presents a qualitative case study of a Chinese Australian family’s multilingual experiences in
Melbourne. Couched in the framework of family language policy, I examine language shift patterns and mother tongue attitudes and
analyse reasons and consequences. The findings show that the first generation uses Mandarin for general family communication,
while relegating regional Chinese to functions that are, typically, private and familial and for use with older generations. The
second generation uses English the most. While their Mandarin use is enhanced through community-based schooling and can be
activated depending on the communicative environment, regional Chinese does not play an active role. This nested, hierarchical
ecology of language shift with two dominant language constellations causes parental confusion about the children’s mother tongue
and problematises grandparent-grandchild communication with a possible decrease of family intimacy.
Vowel shifts in Cantonese?
Authors: Tse Holman
Published: June 2019

This paper addresses Labov’s principles of vowel chain shifting
in Toronto and Hong Kong Cantonese based on sociolinguistic interviews from the
Heritage Language Variation and Change in Toronto Project. The analysis is based
on normalized F1 and F2 values of 33,179 vowel tokens from 11 monophthongs
produced by 32 speakers (8 from Hong Kong, 24 from Toronto). In Toronto, results
show retraction of [y] by generation but fronting of [i] by age. In Hong Kong,
age is a significant predictor for the lowering of [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɔ], and for the
fronting of [ɔ] and [i]. Overall, there is more vowel shifting in Hong Kong than
in Toronto and the shifting is consistent with Labov’s Principles.
Intergroup dynamics and variation in postcolonial ESL varieties
Authors: Stell Gerald , Fuchs Robert
Published: June 2019

L1 background is often described as the main factor accounting for variation in postcolonial ESL varieties. However, recent studies (e.g.Mesthrie 2009,2017) suggest that variation patterns in ESL varieties can in some cases also be linked to identity factors rooted in local patterns of intergroup relations. This study examines the interrelation between L1 background and such identity factors in the phonetic patterns found in the English varieties spoken in Namibia. The data consist of a corpus of careful style elicited via sociolinguistic interviews from an ethnically stratified sample of L2 English speaking Namibian students with Afrikaans, Bantu languages (Oshiwambo and Otjiherero), and Khoekhoeghowab as L1s. Individual speakers tend to be related in their phonetic behaviors if they share the same L1. However, some features cannot be directly attributed to L1 background, so their distribution is best read against the background of Namibian inter-ethnic relations and ethnolinguistic vitality differentials.
Microstructure modification for 2219 Al alloy through ultrasonic treatment and fast cooling
Authors: Zhang Li , Jiang Ripeng , Li Xiaoqian , Li Ruiqing , Zhang Lihua
Published: June 2019

The combined effects of ultrasonic treatment and fast cooling on the bulk hydrogen content, the refinement of α-Al grains and θ-Al2Cu precipitated phase in the 2219 Al alloy were investigated in this work. Results showed that under the combined effects of ultrasonic treatment and liquid nitrogen cooling, the bulk hydrogen content was dramatically reduced. Metallography and scanning electron microscopy results indicated that both the α-Al grains and θ-Al2Cu precipitated phase were greatly refined under the combined effects of ultrasonic treatment and liquid nitrogen cooling. Correspondingly, the 2219 Al alloy sample exhibited excellent mechanical properties due to the refinement of α-Al grains and θ-Al2Cu precipitated phase as well as the low bulk hydrogen content.
Large-scale preparation of β-1,2-glucan using quite a small amount of sophorose
Authors: Kobayashi Kaito , Nakajima Masahiro , Aramasa Hiroki , Kimura Satoshi , Iwata Tadahisa , Nakai Hiroyuki , Taguchi Hayao
Published: June 2019

A large amount of β-1,2-glucan was produced enzymatically from quite a small amount of sophorose as an acceptor material through three synthesis steps using a sucrose phosphorylase and a 1,2-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase. The first synthesis step was performed in a 200 μL of a reaction solution containing 5 mM sophorose and 1.0 M sucrose. β-1,2-Glucan in a part of the resultant solution was hydrolyzed to β-1,2-glucooligosaccharides by a β-1,2-glucanase. The second synthesis was performed in 25 times the volume for the first synthesis. The hydrolysate solution (1% volume of the reaction solution) was used as an acceptor. After treatment with the β-1,2-glucanase again, the third synthesis was performed 200 times the volume for the second synthesis (1 L). The reaction yield of β-1,2-glucan at each synthesis was 93%, 76% and 91%. Finally, more than 140 g of β-1,2-glucan was synthesized using approximately 20 μg of sophorose as the starting acceptor material.

Abbreviations: DPs: degrees of polymerization; SOGP: 1,2-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase; Sopns: β-1,2-glucooligosaccharides with DP of n; Glc1P: α-glucose 1-phosphate; SucP: sucrose phosphorylase from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum; SGL: β-1,2-glucanase; CaSGL: Chy400_4174 protein; TLC: thin layer chromatography; GOPOD: glucose oxidase/peroxidase; PGM: phosphoglucomutase; G6PDH: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Recent development of respiratory rate measurement technologies
Authors: Liu Haipeng , Allen John , Zheng Dingchang , Chen Fei
Published: June 2019

Respiratory rate (RR) is an important physiological parameter whose abnormality has been regarded as an important indicator of serious illness. In order to make RR monitoring simple to perform, reliable and accurate, many different methods have been proposed for such automatic monitoring. According to the theory of respiratory rate extraction, methods are categorized into three modalities: extracting RR from other physiological signals, RR measurement based on respiratory movements, and RR measurement based on airflow. The merits and limitations of each method are highlighted and discussed. In addition, current works are summarized to suggest key directions for the development of future RR monitoring methodologies.
Thermal characterization of GaN heteroepitaxies using ultraviolet transient thermoreflectance*
Authors: Liu Kang , Zhao Jiwen , Sun Huarui , Guo Huaixin , Dai Bing , Zhu Jiaqi
Published: June 2019

Thermal transport properties of GaN heteroepitaxial structures are of critical importance for the thermal management of high-power GaN electronic and optoelectronic devices. Ultraviolet (UV) lasers are employed to directly heat and sense the GaN epilayers in the transient thermoreflectance (TTR) measurement, obtaining important thermal transport properties in different GaN heterostructures, which include a diamond thin film heat spreader grown on GaN. The UV TTR technique enables rapid and non-contact thermal characterization for GaN wafers.
New measurement of thick target yield for narrow resonance at

E

x

=
9.17

MeV

in the 13C(

p
,
γ

)14N reaction*
Authors: Dang Yong-Le , Liu Fu-Long , Fu Guang-Yong , Wu Di , He Chuang-Ye , Guo Bing , Wang Nai-Yan
Published: June 2019

High energy γ-rays can be used in many fields, such as nuclear waste transmutation, flash photographics, and astrophysics. The 13C(

p
,
γ

)14N resonance reaction was used to generate high energy and mono-energetic γ-rays in this work. The thick-target yield of the 9.17-MeV γ-ray from the resonance in this reaction was determined to be (4.7±0.4)

×

10

−
9

γ

/proton, which was measured by a HPGe detector. Meanwhile, the angular distribution of 9.17-MeV γ-ray was also determined. The absolute efficiency of HPGe detector was calibrated using 56Co and 152Eu sources with known radioactive activities and calculated by GEANT4 simulation.
Axial magnetic field effect in numerical analysis of high power Cherenkov free electron laser
Authors: Bazouband F , Maraghechi B
Published: June 2019

Cherenkov free electron laser (CFEL) is simulated numerically by using the single particle method to optimize the electron beam. The electron beam is assumed to be moving near the surface of a flat dielectric slab along a growing radiation. The set of coupled nonlinear differential equations of motion is solved to study the electron dynamics. For three sets of parameters, in high power CFEL, it is found that an axial magnetic field is always necessary to keep the electron beam in the interaction region and its optimal strength is reported for each case. At the injection point, the electron beamʼs distance above the dielectric surface is kept at a minimum value so that the electrons neither hit the dielectric nor move away from it to the weaker radiation fields and out of the interaction region. The optimal electron beam radius and current are thereby calculated. This analysis is in agreement with two previous numerical studies for a cylindrical waveguide but is at odds with analytical treatments of a flat dielectric that does not use an axial magnetic field. This is backed by an interesting physical reasoning.
Characterization of focusing performance of spiral zone plates with fractal structure*
Authors: Zang Hua-Ping , Zheng Cheng-Long , Ji Zi-Wen , Fan Quan-Ping , Wei Lai , Li Yong-Jie , Mu Kai-Jun , Chen Shu , Wang Chuan-Ke , Zhu Xiao-Li , Xie Chang-Qing , Cao Lei-Feng , Liang Er-Jun
Published: June 2019

We propose an efficient method of generating a vortex beam with multi-foci by using a fractal spiral zone plate (FSZP), which is designed by combining fractal structure with a spiral zone plate (SZP) in the squared radial coordinate. The theoretical analysis reveals that the number of foci that embed vortices is significantly increased as compared with that obtained by using a conventional SZP. Furthermore, the influence of topological charge on the intensity distribution in focal plane is also discussed in detail. For experimental investigation, an FSZP with topological charge p = 1 and 6.4 mm diameter is fabricated by using a photo-etching technique. The calibration indicates that the focusing performances of such a kind of zone plane (ZP) accord well with simulations, thereby providing its potential applications in multi-dimensional optical manipulation and optical imaging technology.
High-performance waveguide-integrated Ge/Si avalanche photodetector with small contact angle between selectively epitaxial growth Ge and Si layers*
Authors: Du Xiao-Qian , Li Chong , Li Ben , Wang Nan , Zhao Yue , Yang Fan , Yu Kai , Zhou Lin , Li Xiu-Li , Cheng Bu-Wen , Xue Chun-Lai
Published: June 2019

Step-coupler waveguide-integrated Ge/Si avalanche photodetector (APD) is based on the vertical multimode interference (MMI), enhancing light scattering towards the Ge active region and creating mirror images of optical modes close to the Ge layer. However, there are two ineluctable contact angels between selectively epitaxial growth Ge and Si layers and selectively epitaxial growth Si and Si substrate, which has an effect on the coupling efficiency and the absorption of the photodetector. Therefore, step-coupled Ge/Si avalanche photodetectors with different step lengths are designed and fabricated. It is found that responsivity of APDs with step-coupler-length of

3.0

μ
m

is 0.51 A/W at −6 V, 21% higher than that of

1.5

μ
m

, which matches well with simulation absorption. The multiplication gain factor is as high as 50, and the maximum gain-bandwidth product reaches up to 376 GHz.
Uniformity principle of temperature difference field in heat transfer optimization*
Authors: Cheng Xue-Tao , Liang Xin-Gang
Published: June 2019

The uniformity principle of temperature difference field is very useful in heat exchanger analyses and optimizations. In this paper, we analyze some other heat transfer optimization problems in the thermal management system of spacecrafts, including the cooling of thermal components, the one-stream series-wound heat exchanger network, the volume-to-point heat conduction problem, and the radiative heat transfer optimization problem, and have found that the uniformity principle of temperature difference field also holds. When the design objectives under the given constraints are achieved, the distributions of the temperature difference fields are uniform. The principle reflects the characteristic of the distribution of potential in the heat transfer optimization problems. It is also shown that the principle is consistent with the entransy theory. Therefore, although the principle is intuitive and phenomenological, the entransy theory can be the physical basis of the principle.
Theoretical analysis of cross-plane lattice thermal conduction in graphite*
Authors: Gu Yun-Feng
Published: June 2019

A theoretical analysis of the cross-plane lattice thermal conduction in graphite is performed by using first-principles calculations and in the single-mode relaxation time approximation. The out-of-plane phonon acoustic mode ZA and optical mode

ZO
′

have almost 80% and 20% of contributions to cross-plane heat transfer, respectively. However, these two branches have a small part of total specific heat above 300 K. Phonons in the central 16% of Brillouin zone contribute 80% of cross-plane transport. If the group velocity angle with respect to the graphite layer normal is less than 30°, then the contribution is 50% at 300 K. The ZA phonons with long cross-plane mean free path are focused in the cross-plane direction, and the largest mean free path is on the order of several micrometers at room temperature. The average value of cross-plane mean free path at 300 K is 112 nm for ZA phonons with group velocity angle with respect to the layer normal being less than 15°. The average value is dropped to 15 nm when phonons of all branches in the whole Brillouin zone are taken into account, which happens because most phonons have small or even no contributions.
Fabrication and characterization of one-port surface acoustic wave resonators on semi-insulating GaN substrates*
Authors: Ji Xue , Dong Wen-Xiu , Zhang Yu-Min , Wang Jian-Feng , Xu Ke
Published: June 2019

One-port surface acoustic wave resonators (SAWRs) are fabricated on semi-insulating high-quality bulk GaN and GaN film substrates, respectively. The semi-insulating GaN substrates are grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) and doped with Fe. The anisotropy of Rayleigh propagation and the electromechanical coupling coefficient in Fe-doped GaN are investigated. The difference in resonance frequency between the SAWs between [11

2

¯

0] GaN and [1

1

¯

00] GaN is about 0.25% for the Rayleigh propagation mode, which is smaller than that of non-intentionally doped GaN film (̃1%) reported in the literature. The electromechanical coupling coefficient of Fe-doped GaN is about 3.03%, which is higher than that of non-intentionally doped GaN film. The one-port SAWR fabricated on an 8-

μ
m

Fe-doped GaN/sapphire substrate has a quality factor of 2050, and that fabricated on Fe-doped bulk GaN has a quality factor as high as 3650. All of our results indicate that high-quality bulk GaN is a very promising material for application in SAW devices.
Uncovering offline event similarity of online friends by constructing null models*
Authors: Cui Wenkuo , Xiao Jing , Li Ting , Xu Xiaoke
Published: June 2019

The emergence of Event-based Social Network (EBSN) data that contain both social and event information has cleared the way to study the social interactive relationship between the virtual interactions and physical interactions. In existing studies, it is not really clear which factors affect event similarity between online friends and the influence degree of each factor. In this study, a multi-layer network based on the Plancast service data is constructed. The the user’s events belongingness is shuffled by constructing two null models to detect offline event similarity between online friends. The results indicate that there is a strong correlation between online social proximity and offline event similarity. The micro-scale structures at multi-levels of the Plancast online social network are also maintained by constructing 0k–3k null models to study how the micro-scale characteristics of online networks affect the similarity of offline events. It is found that the assortativity pattern is a significant micro-scale characteristic to maintain offline event similarity. Finally, we study how structural diversity of online friends affects the offline event similarity. We find that the subgraph structure of common friends has no positive impact on event similarity while the number of common friends plays a key role, which is different from other studies. In addition, we discuss the randomness of different null models, which can measure the degree of information availability in privacy protection. Our study not only uncovers the factors that affect offline event similarity between friends but also presents a framework for understanding the pattern of human mobility.
Food flows between counties in the United States
Authors: Lin Xiaowen , Ruess Paul J , Marston Landon , Konar Megan
Published: June 2019

Food consumption and production are separated in space through flows of food along complex supply chains. These food supply chains are critical to our food security, making it important to evaluate them. However, detailed spatial information on food flows within countries is rare. The goal of this paper is to estimate food flows between all county pairs within the United States. To do this, we develop the Food Flow Model, a data-driven methodology to estimate spatially explicit food flows. The Food Flow Model integrates machine learning, network properties, production and consumption statistics, mass balance constraints, and linear programming. Specifically, we downscale empirical information on food flows between 132 Freight Analysis Framework locations (17 292 potential links) to the 3142 counties and county-equivalents of the United States (9869 022 potential links). Subnational food flow estimates can be used in future work to improve our understanding of vulnerabilities within a national food supply chain, determine critical infrastructures, and enable spatially detailed footprint assessments.
Calcination process on chanos chanos forsk (CCF) of milkfish bones to get Hydroxyapatite (HAp) as Composites Application
Authors: Pramono Agus , Sulaiman Fatah , Suryana  , Milandia Anistasia
Published: June 2019

The material hydroxyapatite (HAp) from fish bone, Ca5(PO4)3(OH)2 used as a material of composite. HAp is an inorganic material that shows good biocompatibility for bone-connection material. It has excellent ability to form direct bonds with hard tissue in bone, when used as bone filler or as a ceramic coating on surgical implants. In this work, investigation focused on the suitability of fish bone material as a hydroxyapatite matrix with two additive elements ie magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti) or copper (Cu) or another kind of coupling agent. Aluminium (Al) powder as a reinforcement in the composite materials. Investigation of morphological and structural properties of HAp samples derived from bone fish-chanos-chanos forsk (CCF) traced by microscope optical (M.O) to show the interconnected relative morphology grains to form complex compact matrix in hybrid composite materials. Analysis of sample elements using XRD to reveal the decomposition occurring at each calcination temperature. As well as a Finite Element Machine, type ANSYS R.18.2 trace simulation to ascertain how much actual temperature is occurring in the sample, it is necessary to trace the heat transformation that occurs within the HAp based composites of material. The test variable is the use of intermediate compositions, between the use of wetting agents between Mg-Cu, Mg-Ti or another combination of coupling agent. By high score software of XRD tracing to show how the hexagonal/monolith structures on HAp powder diffuses well against the wetting and reinforcing elements, so the process of the calcination will be applied for hybrid composite.
Bioactive Compounds of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil from different parts of the plant and distillation methods as natural antioxidant in broiler meat
Authors: Hartatie E S , Prihartini I , Widodo W , Wahyudi A
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate bioactive compounds of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil from different parts of the plant and distillation methods as natural antioxidant in broiler meat. Distillation of lemongrass leaves, stalk and whole plant was done by using steam water distillation and water distillation. Physical analysis conducted to lemongrass EO. Bioactive compounds identification by GC-MS and antioxidant activity was analyzed by DPPH radical scavenging test. The EO composition of lemongrass leaves, stalks and whole plant which been distilled using steam-water distillation and water distillation are very varied and have different inhibition. On steam water distillation, the EO was distilled from lemongrass stalk have the highest antioxidant activity up to 72.724% inhibition. While in water distillation method, the EO was distilled from whole plant of lemongrass have the highest antioxidant activity up to 70.113 % inhibition. Lemongrass oil can use as natural antioxidant in broiler meat.
Production of Reducing Sugar from Coffee Pulp Waste Using Mixture of Microorganisms, Enzymes, and Surfactants
Authors: Widjaja T , Hendrianie N , Ningrum E O , Erliana W H , Iswanto T
Published: June 2019

This study has successfully investigated the effect of microorganisms, enzymes, and surfactants mixture to produce a reducing sugar from Coffee pulp waste. The experiment consisted of microbial pretreatment to reduce lignin content followed by comparing the hydrolysis by enzymes and microorganism using a surfactant and without surfactant to get a higher yield of reducing sugar. Pretreatment was conducted by mixture of Bacillus subtilis (BS) with Trichoderma reesei (TR) in the ratio of 2:1 (v/v) and Aspergillus niger (AN) with TR in the ratio of 1:1 (v/v). BS-TR mixture increased the cellulose content to 10.939 % and decreased the lignin and pectin content to 71.261 % and 55.046 %, respectively. Whereas, AN:TR mixture increased the cellulose content to 12.572 % and decreased the lignin and pectin content to 69.941 % and 52.294 %, respectively. Afterward, the result of enzymatic hydrolysis with 3 g of Tween 80 and biological hydrolysis showed increasing of reducing sugar yield of 0.5831 and 0.0341 %, respectively. Further investigation was described as the crystallinity index and the fructose, glucose, and sucrose contents. The addition of both PEG 4000 and Tween 80 as a surfactant in the enzymatic hydrolysis process could significantly increase the concentration of reducing sugar.
Biodiesel Production Through Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) Esterification Using Sulfated Alumina as Catalyst
Authors: Ulfah M , Firdaus  , Octavia S , Suherman H , Subagjo
Published: June 2019

Biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) with initial free fatty acids (FFA) of 6.67 % through one-stage reaction (transesterification) and two-stage reaction (esterification followed by transesterification) had been studied. The esterification process was catalyzed by solid catalyst of synthesized sulfated alumina and transesterification reaction was catalyzed by NaOH. The objective of this research is to determine the optimum condition of biodiesel production from WCO using sulfated alumina catalysts by esterification reaction and to compare biodiesel yield using homogeneous catalysts of sulfuric acid with a heterogeneous catalyst of sulfated alumina. The results showed that the optimum conditions for esterification reactions using sulfated alumina catalyst is at the volume ratio of methanol/oil of 1.5, the amount catalyst of 1 wt %/v of oil at 1 hour reaction time. With the optimum condition, the maximum conversions of free fatty acid using a sulfuric acid and sulfated alumina catalyst were 90.4 % and 89.97 % respectively. The yield of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by two-stage transesterification process is 86.67 % and one-stage transesterification is 66.67 %.
The Effects of Vacuum Evaporation on Amino Acid Contents in Pureed Aloe Chinensis Baker Gel using HPLC
Authors: Hendrawati T Y , Nugrahani R A , Ramadhan A I , Susanty S , Siswahyu A
Published: June 2019

Aloe Chinensis Baker is an aloe species that is frequently utilized in Asia, including Indonesia. Aloe vera contains various compounds in its leaves, such as vitamins, enzymes, and amino acids. The largest component of Aloe vera leaves is water. Vacuum evaporation is considered to be a potential method in the process to reduce the water content while maintaining the integrity of the nutrients. The objective of this research is to reduce the water content in pureed Aloe vera gel to obtain extracts. Evaporation using a rotary vacuum evaporator is conducted at an pressure of 110 mBar and temperature of 40 °C, and a varied time of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Analyses of amino acid contents are performed with HPLC. The results show that at 120 minutes, the preserved amino acid contents include: L-Isoleucine 29.3 ppm, L-Proline 10.8 ppm, L-Arginine 9.0 ppm, L-Asparagine 243 ppm, L-Threonine 56.9 ppm, L-Leucine 30.9 ppm, L-Methionine 38.4 ppm, L-Histidine 15.4 ppm, Aspartic Acid 24.4 ppm, L-Lysine 108.9 ppm, L-Cysteine 131.0 ppm, L-Alanine 40.2 ppm, and Glycine 230.7 ppm. The resulting Aloe vera extract show the following characteristics, density of 0.99 g/ml and pH of 6.5. Yield of 120 minutes evaporation is 40 %.
The utilization of gadung (dioscorea hispida dennst) starch for edible coating making and its tomato packaging
Authors: Alam P N , Mukhlishien  , Husin H , Asnawi T M , Santia  , Yustira A
Published: June 2019

An edible coating is one method that could be utilized in preserving and coating on fruits. The utilization of gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) starch as a raw material in edible coating making can be used as an alternative renewable raw material due to of high starch content and its potential still not been utilized optimally. This study has been evaluated the influences of hydrocolloids and plasticizers contents of the mixture to produce proper tensile strength and elongation of the coating produced. The quality and characterization of edible coating have been evaluated using weight loss test, thickness test, elongation test, tensile strength test and oxygen permeability test. The gadung starch edible coating was shown to be effective in tomato fruit preserved until 21 days. Mechanical properties of edible coating were obtained the tensile strength ranging from 5.76 to 7.03 kgf.mm-2, elongation ranging from 13.57 - 38.56%, thickness ranging from 0.01 - 0.05 mm and optimum oxygen permeability of 3.739 g.m-2.h-1 by adding of the CMC of 1% and glycerol of 10%.
The Influence of Strong Reduced Water and Fresh Coconut Oil in Viscosity of Liquid Hand Soap
Authors: Sulistiawati E , Astuti E , Santosa I
Published: June 2019

Innovation of liquid hand soap continues to be done, among others, using natural local raw materials. This research used strong reduced water (SRW), an alkali produced from a water ionizer machine (with enhancer Sodium Chloride solution), which is eco-friendly and comfortable on the skin. The study also used fresh coconut oil (FCO), was produced by drying process and zero waste. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of utilization of SRW and FCO in the making process of liquid hand soap, which gave good viscosity. Fresh coconut oil (FCO) was reacted with SRW (pH 11.5) for 30 minutes at room temperature (30 °C), then mixed with sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium sulfate, other additives such as dyes, fragrances, electrolyzed oxydized water (EOW, pH 2.5), Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and distilled water. EOW was produced from the ionizer machine too. After saponification process was completed (about 24 hours), the viscosity and density of the liquid soap was measured. The better composition of FCO-SRW yielding good viscosity of liquid soap was 30 to 50 ml based on 500 ml distilled water production. The viscosities of this product were 982.55 to 1,782.25 centipoises, density of 1.0049-1.1175 g/ml, and pH 7. The using of reaction product of fresh coconut oil (FCO) and strong reduced water (SRW) can increase the viscosity of liquid hand soap.
Comparative Characterization of Chitosan/Gelatin/Geothermal Silica Biocomposites in Two-Dimensional Film and Three-Dimensional Scaffold Forms
Authors: Kusumastuti Y , Larasati F , Gunawan D R , Najmina M , Putri N R E , Petrus H T B M , Kobayashi M
Published: June 2019

Scaffold, a template resemble an extracellular matrix, contributes a necessary part in tissue engineering to accommodate the growth of cells. In the development of scaffold made from organic materials such as chitosan and gelatin, researchers have done various ways to modify its properties and one of them is by incorporate it with inorganic materials. This research explored the potential of silica derived from geothermal power plant waste as a biocomposite material for scaffold. Biocomposites with two-dimensional (2-D) film form were prepared by simple drying process at room temperature and ambient pressure, while three-dimensional (3-D) scaffold form were fabricated by freeze-drying. The obtained biocomposites were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition, swelling and degradation tests were also performed on the films and scaffolds. The results showed that there are interactions between each component in chitosan/gelatin/geothermal silica biocomposites and the addition of geothermal silica decreases the swelling and degradation rates of the biocomposites. These results indicate that geothermal silica has a high potential to be used as an additive for controlling the physical properties of chitosan/gelatin scaffolds.
The Adsorption Behaviors of Thermosensitive poly(DMAAPS) Grafted Onto EVA Porous Support
Authors: Ningrum E O
Published: June 2019

The adsorption ability of poly(DMAAPS) grafted onto ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) porous support prepared using various polymerization times was investigated at a variety of temperatures and permeated sample volumes. The permeability coefficient through Poly(DMAAPS) was also investigated. The poly(DMAAPS) was successfully grafted onto a EVA porous support through graft polymerization in water containing DMAAPS monomer with polymerization time of 4, 6 days, and 7 days. The permeability coefficient of Poly(DMAAPS) onto a EVA porous support decreased with increasing the temperature. Additionally, the adsorption amount of cation increased as permeated volume increased.
Alternative of LNG cold exergy utilization for generating electrical energy at Gresik LNG receiving terminal
Authors: Putra S B A , Sudibandriyo M
Published: June 2019

Gresik LNG receiving terminal will be built to meet the needs of combined-cycle power plant (PLTGU) with natural gas regasification rate of 60.95 MMSCFD. In conventional regasification process using open rack vaporizer (ORV), the potential of LNG cold exergy will be wasted to seawater which is used as a heat source from the environment. The commercially proven scheme of the regasification process with the utilization of LNG cold exergy to generate electrical energy such as Direct Expansion, Rankine Cycle and combined Direct Expansion+Rankine Cycle is simulated with Unisim computer software. The purpose of this study is to assess technically and economically three scheme mention above. The results show that the combined scheme has the ability to produce the largest electricity surplus of 39.80 kWh per ton LNG regasified with potential revenue from electrical energy sales of USD 1,140,935 per year. The energy and exergy analysis shows that this scheme also has highest thermal efficiency of 14.48% and highest exergy efficiency of 60.71%. However, based on the results of economic analysis found that Direct Expansion scheme has the highest NPV among the three schemes with a value of USD 695,032.
Thermal Pyrolysis of Polypropylene Plastic Waste into Liquid Fuel: Reactor Performance Evaluation
Authors: Martynis M , Mulyazmi  , Winanda E , Harahap A N
Published: June 2019

The amount of plastic waste is growing over years due to the vast applications of plastics in many sectors. Of the various processes that can be used to convert solid waste into fuels, the pyrolysis process has been identified as having significant potential. Pyrolysis thermally degrading long chain polymer molecules into smaller, less complex molecules, through heat and pressure with little or in absence of oxygen. In this study, a 125 dm3pyrolysis reactor was designed and its performance was evaluated. The feedstock for the reactor was 1 kg polypropylene type of plastic waste and conducted at temperature of 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C and 400 °C, each process was carried out at 30 minutes and 60 minutes of operating time. The results showed that at a temperature of 400 °C, for a period of 60 minutes, a maximum yield of 88.86% liquid fuel was achieved. Obtained pyrolysis liquid fuel is comparable with the commercial fuel set by Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Furthermore, the viscosity and calorific value of liquid fuel produced are close to those of kerosene, meanwhile the density is close to the density of gasoline.
Techno-economic analysis of Dimethyl Ether production using Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches as feedstock – a case study for Riau
Authors: Parbowo H S , Ardy A , Susanto H
Published: June 2019

The increase of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) import in Indonesia made the government promote Dimethyl Ether (DME) as partial substitution of LPG as written in the General Planning of National Energy (RUEN) 2017. DME can be produced from biomass which abundantly exists in Indonesia. Such biomass is especially oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) that consist of 49.07% C, 6.48% H, 0.70% N, 38.29% O, and 5.36% Ash. Techno-economic analysis of this bio-DME production plant was conducted based on literature data. The direct synthesis of DME was applied in this study, instead of using methanol as an intermediate product. Result calculated from mass and energy balance simulation was 4.1 EFB/DME. Thus, 1,090 ton per day of DME can be produced from EFB with a collecting radius of 100 km in Riau Province. Assuming 20 years plant operation with DME selling price of IDR 145,000/12-kg-LPG-equivalent and EFB price of 300 IDR/kg, economic evaluation showed that this business was economically feasible with 10.08% IRR generated. The CAPEX of this plant was 990.4 million USD and the OPEX was IDR 7,143 IDR/kg-LPG-equivalent. DME production from EFB will give the positive economics and environmental effects. Therefore, support and synergy from government, industries, and academics are needed to realize this business.
Utilization of Emission Carbon Dioxide Gas into High Economic Value Chemicals: Diethyl Carbonate
Authors: Aslya D , Febriani S , Adian F , Tetrisyanda R , Wiguno A , Gunawan S , Kurniawansyah F , Wibawa G
Published: June 2019

Utilizing fossil fuel is always has a deficiency in the environmental aspect. The processing of fossil fuel produce high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. It is required an effort to utilize CO2 emissions into feed of a high-economic value product of such as diethyl carbonate (DEC). The objective of this study was to develop the process of DEC synthesis from CO2 using ethanol and ethylene oxide as reactant and potassium iodide – based catalyst. The catalyst used in the experiment were binary catalyst potassium iodide (KI) – cerium oxide (CeO2) and KI – sodium ethoxide (EtoNa). The experiment conducted in cylindrical reactor equipped with stirrer and heating jacket. Reactant and catalyst were added into reactor and setting operation condition at initial pressure of 35 bar and temperature of 170 °C within 3 hours. The ratio of ethylene oxide to ethanol was investigated as well. Subsequently, the products of this synthesis were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to determine the reaction products and DEC yield. From the experiment, DEC was successfully obtained and the highest DEC yield was found to be 7.1 % by using KI-EtoNa as catalyst at mole ratio of ethylene oxide to ethanol of 1:15 within 3 hours of reaction time.
Production of Liquid Smoke From the Process of Carbonization of Durian Skin Biomass, Coconut Shell and Palm Shell for Preservation of Tilapia Fish
Authors: Sari E , Khatab U , Burmawi  , Rahman E D , Afriza F , Maulidita A , Desti V
Published: June 2019

The Liquid smoke can be use for food preservation, be obtained from pyrolysis of materials containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The form of liquid smoke that has the ability to preserve,for their phenolic compounds,acids and carbonyl. The purpose of this research is to know the quality of liquid smoke from process of charcoal the biomass obtained from rotary pyrolysis carbonisator as fish preservative, the effect of liquid smoke on the chemical and organoleptic properties of fish, and the resilience of fish after being given smoke liquid. The metode of experiments with skin biomass of durian, coconut shell, and palm shell. Biomass is dried, then is burned in rotary carbonisator pyrolysis. The results ofthe process are namely liquid, tar and charcoal smoke. Next, Liquid smoke is precipitated and then it is distilled twice, namely ordinary distillation and vacuum distillation. Results combustion produces liquid smoke with a yield of 19% on the skin of durian, 23.6% on coconut shell, and 20.8% on palm shells. Organoleptic test results on the fish with the addition of liquid smoke from the skin of durian with a concentration of 5 % is most preferred by the panellists in terms of color, aroma, flavor, and texture.
The Role of Calcium Compound on Fluorine Leaching Concentration
Authors: Hanum F F , Desfitri E R , Hayakawa Y , Kambara S
Published: June 2019

The performance of calcium compound in leaching mechanisms has been known through the addition of high calcium compound material. The addition of those materials was proven that the additives could simultaneously inhibit the leaching of several trace elements such as arsenic, selenium, boron and fluorine. This study will be focused on the role of calcium compound onto fluorine leaching concentration. Fluorine is one of trace elements consisting in most of coals that has effect in environmental pollution. The application of mixture additives in leaching process was given a promising effect in inhibit the leaching of fluorine until less the environmental limit (0.8 mg/L). This researched will present the information about calcium compound related with fluorine leaching mechanism after the addition of mixture additives (Ca(OH)2, PS ash 8, and BF cement) into 14 different coal fly ashes (FA A, B, C, B, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, and N). This information will be important in the coal fly ash utilization to minimize the effect of fluorine leaching concentration into the environment.
Electrically controlled spin-switch and evolution of Hanle spin precession in graphene
Authors: Zhao Bing , Khokhriakov Dmitrii , Karpiak Bogdan , Hoque Anamul Md , Xu Lei , Shen Lei , Feng Yuan Ping , Xu Xiaoguang , Jiang Yong , Dash Saroj P
Published: June 2019

Next generation of spintronic devices aims to utilize the spin-polarized current injection and transport to control the magnetization dynamics in the spin logic and memory technology. However, the detailed evolution process of the frequently observed bias current-induced sign change phenomenon of the spin polarization has not been examined in details and the underlying microscopic mechanism is not well understood. Here, we report the observation of a systematic evolution of the sign change process of Hanle spin precession signal in the graphene nonlocal spintronic devices at room temperature. By tuning the interface tunnel resistances of the ferromagnetic contacts to graphene, different transformation processes of Hanle spin precession signal are probed in a controlled manner by tuning the injection bias current/voltage. Detailed analysis and first-principles calculations indicate a possible magnetic proximity and the energy dependent electronic structure of the ferromagnet-graphene interface can be responsible for the sign change process of the spin signal and open a new perspective to realize a spin-switch at very low bias-current or voltage.
Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) quasiparticle energies and optical response
Authors: Neufeld S , Bocchini A , Gerstmann U , Schindlmayr Arno , Schmidt W G
Published: June 2019

The KTiOPO4 (KTP) band structure and dielectric function are calculated on various levels of theory starting from density-functional calculations. Within the independent-particle approximation an electronic transport gap of 2.97 eV is obtained that widens to about 5.23 eV when quasiparticle effects are included using the GW approximation. The optical response is shown to be strongly anisotropic due to (i) the slight asymmetry of the TiO6 octahedra in the (001) plane and (ii) their anisotropic distribution along the [001] and [100] directions. In addition, excitonic effects are very important: The solution of the Bethe–Salpeter equation indicates exciton binding energies of the order of 1.5 eV. Calculations that include both quasiparticle and excitonic effects are in good agreement with the measured reflectivity.
The Development of a Weather‐based Crop Disaster Program
Authors: Belasco Eric J , Cooper Joseph , Smith Vincent H
Published: June 2019

Panel regressions are used to relate standardized county weather variables to yield outcomes in order to develop a crop disaster program for the top producing states of corn, soybeans, wheat, and cotton. Farm‐level simulations are used to draw yield realizations and provide realistic consistency between county, district, and state yields and national prices. The proposed crop disaster program is estimated to save between $3 and $4 billion per year relative to the current crop insurance program, a reduction of approximately 30% compared to the $10.06 billion in federal expenditures on the crop insurance program in 2016. The savings are realized though two main mechanisms: (1) Focusing agricultural support on systemic weather risk and excluding idiosyncratic risk; and (2) Reducing the administrative cost of the program by eliminating underwriting gains accruing to private companies currently participating in the delivery of crop insurance. The disadvantage of the crop disaster product from the producers’ perspective is the basis risk associated with the program being tied to a simulated and aggregate index rather than field‐level yields, with a decrease in downside revenue risk protection relative to the current Revenue Protection (RP) policies available for crops with well‐functioning futures markets.