bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A retrospective review of adenocarcinoma‐in‐situ and glandular atypia of the uterine cervix
Authors: LUESLEY D.M , JORDAN J.A. , WOODMAN C.B.J. , WATSON N. , WILLIAMS D.R. , WADDELL C.
Published: August 2005

Between 1978 and 1985, 19 cases of adenocarcinoma‐in‐situ and 12 cases of glandular atypia have been identified at the Birmingham and Midland Hospital for Women. In 19 cases an associated dysplastic squamous element was identified, 20 of 28 pre‐diagnosis smears correctly predicted a glandular lesion, 5 of 17 colposcopically directed biopsies predicted the findings in a larger biopsy (cone biopsy or hysterectomy). Colposcopy provided no additional information with regard to diagnosis. Twelve of 13 patients managed by cone biopsy and 16 of 17 by abdominal hysterectomy have been treated successfully as defined by subsequent normal cytology.
Doppler assessment of umbilical artery blood flow for the prediction of outcome in fetal cardiac abnormality
Authors: AL‐GAZALI WIDAD , CHAPMAN MICHAEL G. , CHITA SUNDER K. , CRAWFORD DIANE C. , ALLAN LINDSEY D.
Published: August 2005

Summary. In a series of 244 pregnancies referred for fetal echocar‐diography, the umbilical artery waveform was also studied by pulsed Doppler ultrasound. In 152 normal pregnancies diastolic flow in the umbilical artery was always detectable after 20 weeks gestation. In 4 of 58 normal patients examined before 20 weeks, diastolic flow was absent in some part of the recording. In 34 fetuses with congenital heart disease detected at between 18 and 37 weeks gestation, 10 were found consistently to have associated absent diastolic flow. Five of these fetuses died in utero between 5 and 21 days after the recording; three were aborted and the remaining two died in the neonatal period at 4 and 7 days after the examination. Fetal congenital heart disease with normal umbilical blood flow also had a poor prognosis in general, but the adverse outcome was much less immediate than in fetuses with absent diastolic flow. No correlation was found between the type of congenital heart disease and the characteristics of the umbilical artery waveform. Absent diastolic flow in the umbilical artery indicates a poor short‐term prognosis for fetuses with congenital heart disease, particularly after 20 weeks, when fetal death is predictable.
Management of the mature selected breech presentation: an analysis based on the intended method of delivery
Authors: BINGHAM PAUL , HIRD VICTORIA , LILFORD RICHARD J.
Published: August 2005

Summary. The outcome of 313 mature singleton breech deliveries, covering a 3‐year period at the Queen Charlotte's Hospital, is reviewed. Maternal and fetal outcome were analysed by the intention to deliver vaginally compared with planned caesarean section. There was no serious fetal morbidity or mortality in either of these groups despite considerable mechanical difficulty with vaginal delivery of the head in one patient. One woman in this group required hysterectomy for haemorrhage after an emergency caesarean section. Planned caesarean sections were carried out in 125 cases (40%). Trial of vaginal delivery was abandoned in 59 (40%) of the 149 women where this was attempted. Epidural analgesia appears to increase the duration of the second stage of labour in those who were delivered vaginally. Younger women and those with smaller babies were more likely to succeed with a trial of vaginal delivery but there was no relation between birthweight and the radiological obstetric conjugate and success or failure of trial of labour.
Cortisol and loss of malaria immunity in human pregnancy
Authors: VLEUGELS MICHAEL P. H. , ELING WIJNAND M. C. , ROLLAND RUNE , DE GRAAF RUURD
Published: August 2005

Summary. The concentration of both total (bound to corticoid‐binding‐globulin plus free) and free cortisol was determined in sera from two groups of pregnant women in Tanzania. One group consisted of 152 pregnant women (57 nulliparas and 95 multiparas) exhibiting clinical malaria during pregnancy, and the other group comprised 527 pregnant women (105 nulliparas and 422 multiparas), who did not have a record of malaria during pregnancy. The serum concentration of total cortisol was significantly higher in women with clinical malaria than in women without recorded malaria, and this is true for both nulliparae and multiparae. Free cortisol fractions did not differ significantly between these groups. Indications were obtained that higher total cortisol levels cause loss of malaria immunity rather than being concomitant with malaria infection only. The data are compatible with those of a murine malaria model.
The value of artificial insemination with husband's semen in infertility due to failure of postcoital spermmucus penetration—controlled trial of treatment
Authors: GLAZENER C. M. A. , KELLY N. J. , HULL M. G. R. , COULSON C. , LAMBERT P. A. , WATT E. M. , HINTON R. A.
Published: August 2005

Summary. Artificial insemination with husband's semen into the cervical canal and uterine cavity (high AIH) was assessed by a randomized controlled prospective study in 46 couples whose infertility was due to failure of sperm mucus penetration, as defined by negative postcoital tests, after excluding all interfering female factors and men with sperm density <1 × 106/ml. Seminal analysis was abnormal in 18 of the 46 men and sperm antibodies in semen were detected in 19 of the remaining 28 with normal seminal analysis. Overall, the cumulative conception rate after 6 months with AIH was 4·7 (SE 3·8)% and without treatment was 6·6 (SE 3·9)%. The results were unaffected by the findings on seminal analysis or by the presence or absence of sperm antibodies in semen. AIH appeared to be of no benefit.
Achalasia and pregnancy
Authors: MAYBERRY JOHN F. , ATKINSON MICHAEL
Published: August 2005

Summary. Forty‐one women with achalasia diagnosed between the ages of 18 and 45 years were interviewed and 37 of them who had been married at some time were asked to provide details of their fertility and reproductive histories. Thirty‐six agreed to do so and were compared with 36 healthy age‐matched women. The mean age at the time of study was 44 and the women had been married, on average, for 21 years. The disease developed at a mean age of 27 years and was diagnosed and treated at a mean age of 32 years. For a mean period of 5 years the disease was untreated. There were no significant differences in the number of conceptions or live births before or after the onset of symptoms or during the period when the disease was untreated. In only three of the 20 women who became pregnant after the onset of disease did symptoms become worse. Achalasia during pregnancy is probably best managed by endoscopic dilatation and there is no reason to consider termination.
Effect of anaemia on fetal acid‐base status
Authors: SOOTHILL P. W. , NTCOLATDES K. H. , RODECK C. H.
Published: August 2005

Summary. In 79 pregnancies with erythroblastosis fetalis, fetal blood was sampled to assess the level of anaemia. Significant correlations were found between the haemoglobin concentration and umbilical artery pH, bicarbonate concentration and base excess. Compensatory mechanisms help to maintain oxygen supply in anaemia but their failure is associated with hydrops fetalis.
The obstetric and gynaecological implications of pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Authors: VILJOEN D. L. , BEATTY S. , BEIGHTON P.
Published: August 2005

Summary. The obstetric aspects of 54 pregnancies in 20 women with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) have been reviewed. Forty live births were delivered vaginally, three of them were preterm. Twelve pregnancies miscarried at between 6 and 14 weeks gestation and two were terminated in the 8th week for psychiatric reasons. Fetal losses in two instances were attributed to cervical incompetence. One baby died at 4 days of age from a complex congenital cardiac anomaly. No abnormal maternal genital or gastrointestinal bleeding was recorded. Hypertension complicated seven pregnancies. Abdominal striae developed in all patients, the severity of which correlated with weight gain and the number of pregnancies. All the women had normal gynaecological histories, none had excessive menstrual bleeding or increased episodes of menorrhagia. The eye, blood vessels and other organ systems involved in PXE were unaffected by pregnancy. Apart from the increased risk of first trimester miscarriage and the cosmetic deterioration of the abdominal skin, there are few serious complications in pregnancy in patients with PXE.
Localization of anti‐endometrial antibody binding in women with endometriosis using a double‐labelling immunohistochemical method
Authors: KENNEDY S. H. , SARGENT I. L. , STARKEY P. M. , HICKS B. R. , BARLOW D. H.
Published: August 2005

Summary. Anti‐endometrial antibody binding was localized using a double‐labelling immunohistochemical method on frozen sections of endometrium taken from a woman without pelvic disease. Serum from 40 women with endometriosis was tested and, as controls, serum samples from 20 adult males and 20 umbilical cords. The method allowed compensation for endogenous immunoglobulins in endometrium and accurate localization of anti‐endometrial antibody binding in the cytoplasm of the glandular epithelium. Significantly more women with endometriosis (14/40) were found to have anti‐endometrial antibodies than controls (1/40) (P< 0.001; χ2). There was no correlation between disease severity and the presence of anti‐endometrial antibodies or the intensity of staining.
Aortic compression by the uterus: identification with the Finapres digital arterial pressure instrument
Authors: KINSELLA S. M. , WHITWAM J. G. , SPENCER J. A. D.
Published: August 2005

Summary. Aortic compression by the uterus at term was diagnosed when reversible reductions in toe pulse pressure, measured using a Finapres digital blood pressure instrument, were found in the absence of systemic hypotension, monitored by a second instrument with the cuff on a finger. Aortic compression was found in the left or right pelvic tilt positions in 14 of 32 women, sometimes with up to 34° of tilt, and was relieved by increasing the amount of tilt, except in a twin pregnancy where compression became more severe as left pelvic tilt was increased from 13° to 28°. Compression was also found in two women in the semirecumbent position. Factors associated with an increased likelihood of aortic compression were non‐engagement of the fetal head, occipitoposterior position of the fetal head, and cervical dilatation less than 5 cm.
Oestrogen and progesterone receptor content as a prognostic factor in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Authors: SEVELDA PAUL , DENISON URSULA , SCHEMPER MICHAEL , SPONA JÜRGEN , VAVRA NORBERT , SALZER HEINRICH
Published: August 2005

Summary.Levels of oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) in ovarian cancer tissue were examined with regard to their prognostic importance for survival in 179 patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer stage III or IV in relation to: FIGO‐stage, histological type, histological grade, age, ascites, and postoperative residual tumour. Hormone receptor content was determined with the DCC‐method, receptor values higher than 9 fmol/mg protein were considered positive. Response to postoperative chemotherapy was significantly correlated with PgR content (80% responders in the group with PgR positive tumours and only 61% responders in the group with PgR negative tumours). A Cox proportional hazards regression model identified histological grade, residual tumour, age and PgR content as independent prognostic factors for survival in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. PgR content had particularly significant prognostic relevance for patients with postoperative residual tumour mass ≤2 cm in diameter. Within this group of patients, those who are PgR positive have a 2‐years survival probability of 83% compared with only 51% in the Pg R‐negative group.
Gestrinone in the treatment of menorrhagia
Authors: TURNBULL A. C. , REES MARGARET C. P.
Published: August 2005

Summary. The role of gestrinone, 2.5 mg twice weekly, in treating proven menorrhagia (>80 ml) was examined in 19 women. They were treated for five cycles (2 placebo, 3 active), taking one capsule twice weekly. Placebo had no effect on menstrual blood loss (MBL). On gestrinone 10 women became amenorrhoeic, in five MBL was markedly reduced (5–74 ml) and four did not respond. In three of the non‐responders submucous leiomyomas were found at subsequent hysterectomy. Follow‐up periods showed a persistent reduction in MBL for nine women in the first post‐treatment menstruation.
Uterine and fetal umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in normal first trimester pregnancies
Authors: DEN OUDEN M. , COHEN‐OVERBEEK T. E. , WLADIMIROFF J. W.
Published: August 2005

Summary. In 85 normal singleton pregnancies between 8 and 13 weeks gestation, Doppler flow velocity waveform recordings were attempted from the left and right uterine artery and fetal umbilical artery. Acceptable waveforms were obtained from the uterine arteries in 83 and from the fetal umbilical artery in 61 of the 85 pregnancies. There was virtually no difference between the left and right uterine artery on average. The marked decrease in pulsatility (PI) and resistance (RI) indices from both uterine arteries reflects the ongoing process of secondary trophoblast invasion into the muscular part of the spiral arteries. Absent enddiastolic velocities were observed in 59 of 61 fetal umbilical artery flow velocity waveform recordings. PI values from the fetal umbilical artery suggest unaltered umbilical placental vascular resistance during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Unsatisfactory colposcopy and the response to orally administered oestrogen: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial
Authors: SAUNDERS NIGEL , ANDERSON DAVID , GILBERT LUCY , SHARP FRANK
Published: August 2005

Summary. Thirty‐six women with dyskaryotic cervical smears and unsatisfactory colposcopy were randomly allocated to receive either 30 μg ethinyl oestradiol or placebo daily by mouth for 10 days. Thirty‐four women were available for review (17 women in each of the two groups), full colposcopic inspection of the transformation zone was possible in a significantly greater proportion of the oestrogen treated group (70% versus 23%, P<0.01). As most diagnostic conizations are currently performed on the basis of unsatisfactory colposcopy, the use of oestrogen medication followed by colposcopic reassessment should permit a reduction in the number of patients subject to operation.
Annual fishes of the genus Nothobranchius as a model system for aging research
Authors: Genade Tyrone , Benedetti Mauro , Terzibasi Eva , Roncaglia Paola , Valenzano Dario Riccardo , Cattaneo Antonino , Cellerino Alessandro
Published: August 2005

Aging research in vertebrates is hampered by the lack of short‐lived models. Annual fishes of the genus Nothobranchius live in East African seasonal ponds. Their life expectancy in the wild is limited by the duration of the wet season and their lifespan in captivity is also short. Nothobranchius are popular aquarium fishes and many different species are kept as captive strains, providing rich material for comparative studies. The present paper aims at reviving the interest in these fishes by reporting that: (1) Nothobranchius can be cultured, and their eggs stored dry at room temperature for months or years, offering inexpensive methods of embryo storage; (2) Nothobranchius show accelerated growth and expression of aging biomarkers at the level of histology and behaviour; (3) the species Nothobranchius furzeri has a maximum lifespan of only 3 months and offers the possibility to perform investigations thus far unthinkable in a vertebrate, such as drug screening with life‐long pharmacological treatments and experimental evolution; (4) when the lifespan of different species is compared, a general correlation is found between wet season duration in their natural habitat and longevity in captivity; and (5) vertebrate aging‐related genes, such as p66Shc and MTP, can be easily isolated in Nothobranchius by homology cloning. These fishes can become excellent models for aging studies. They can be employed to test the effects of experimental manipulation on aging at a pace comparable with that of Drosophila and to probe the effects of natural selection on the evolution of aging‐related genes.
Conditions and Challenges in Developing School‐Based SLA Research Programs
Authors: SPADA NINA
Published: August 2005

In this article, I explore some of the epistemological, technical, and ethical challenges in doing research on instructed second language (L2) learning in Canadian school settings. I examine these challenges from the viewpoint of classroom research that has been influenced by cognitive‐interactionist theories of learning. This includes my own classroom research program and similar programs developed by other Canadian researchers across a variety of school‐based L2 curricula. I examine epistemological challenges in terms of the ecological validity of doing research in classrooms versus laboratories and the value of sequencing descriptive phases prior to experimental components of a research cycle. I also discuss the extent to which different research contexts and goals can influence epistemological choice. In addition, I consider technical challenges in relation to doing research in intact classrooms and to the conditions necessary for the development of sustained research programs in schools. Lastly, I address ethical challenges: the relevance of research for pedagogical practice and suggestions about how to support researchers and teachers in making these links more meaningful.
Developing Principles for Practitioner Research: The Case of Exploratory Practice
Authors: ALLWRIGHT DICK
Published: August 2005

Exploratory Practice (EP) has been developed over the last 15 or so years as an approach to practitioner research that is devoted to understanding the quality of language classroom life. It started in reaction both to academic classroom research and to Action Research, the practitioner research model most in vogue at that time in our field. At first looking for an alternative to current academic classroom research practices on largely ethical grounds, EP developed over time primarily as a set of principles rather than as a set of classroom practices. The emphasis on principles relates to their potentially global reach, whereas emergent practices seemed to be essentially local in nature. Of course, the principles were coming from the experience of years of local action, endlessly and intensively discussed in global terms. These principles address (more or less implicitly) the issues at the heart of this special issue of The Modern Language Journal: the technical, epistemological, and ethical dimensions of research on second language learning. In this article, I will therefore set out the principles of EP in direct relationship to these 3 dimensions. For EP, the ethical and epistemological dimensions are the most critical, with the emphasis on understanding rather than problem‐solving. I find the common emphases on practical problem‐solving and making measurable improvements in student achievement not only unhelpfully shortsighted but also potentially counterproductive. I argue instead for a return to the traditional research aim of understanding, and for focusing our work for understanding on quality of life (rather than quality of output) as the ultimate value. This focus also prompts us to address the ethical issue of the researcher–researched relationship, and to insist that the learners, as well as the teachers, should be seen as classroom practitioners developing their own understandings of language classroom life.
Bilingualism, Heritage Language Learners, and SLA Research: Opportunities Lost or Seized?
Authors: VALDÉS GUADALUPE
Published: August 2005

In this article I invite a reconceptualization and expansion of the field of second language acquisition (SLA) by examining possible intersections between SLA and the area of language instruction currently referred to as the teaching of heritage languages. I discuss the ways in which the opportunity of broadening SLA‐and‐instruction research can be seized by current researchers so that it can address the most intractable educational problems involving language. Drawing from current research on bilingualism, I first describe the challenges of providing language instruction for heritage speakers and examine the bilingualism of these unique language learners. I then offer an overview of the questions raised by the study of heritage language learners. Finally, I describe communities of professional practice and existing disciplinary boundaries and conclude with a discussion of the ways in which the field of SLA can draw from other areas in order to affect the educational futures of language minority children around the world and, at the same time, contribute to our greater understanding of the human language faculty.
Reform of the Planning, Programming, Budgeting System, and Management Control in the U.S. Department of Defense: Insights from Budget Theory
Authors: Jones L. R. , McCaffery Jerry L.
Published: August 2005

Resource decision making for the Department of Defense (DOD) is one of the most challenging tasks in all of public financial management. DOD coordinates national security threat assessment, long‐ and intermediate‐range planning and programming with annual budget formulation and execution. Between 2001 and 2004, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld changed the system significantly, simplifying, and synchronizing it with presidential terms of office. We assess Planning, Programming, Budgeting System (PPBS) reform through application of applied budget theory. We review system evolution, document recent reforms, explain why change was necessary, and assess implementation feasibility. Only preliminary evaluation is possible because change implementation will require five or more years.
Fiscal Slack and Counter‐Cyclical Expenditure Stabilization: A First Look at the Local Level
Authors: Marlowe Justin
Published: August 2005

There is a rich literature on how state governments use slack fiscal resources—most often in the form of rainy day funds and budget stabilization funds—to minimize the effect of economic downturns. This paper presents the first known examination of whether slack resources have the same counter‐cyclical effects at the local level. It uses a panel data set to determine whether one particular form of local fiscal slack, general fund balance, stabilizes current annual expenditures among a sample of 103 Minnesota cities from 1990 to 2000. The findings suggest different fund balance portions have marginal but nonetheless important effects on expenditures.
Categorical Municipal Expenditures with a Focus on the Flypaper Effect
Authors: Deller Steven C. , Maher Craig S.
Published: August 2005

Using data for Wisconsin cities and villages the effects of grants in aid from state government on 10 categories of municipal expenditures are examined. We build on the traditional grants in aid public finance literature by looking for evidence of the flypaper effect. By focusing on the Wisconsin state shared revenues program, a pure grant of considerable size for many Wisconsin municipalities, we offer a clean test of the flypaper effect. We find a positive flypaper effect on 8 of the 10 categorical expenditures. We also find the impact of unconditional grants on categorical expenditures is stronger on nonessential “luxury” goods (e.g., parks and recreation, culture, and educational services) than on essential “normal” municipal goods (e.g., police and fire protection).
Local Transportation Sales Taxes: California's Experiment in Transportation Finance
Authors: Crabbe Amber E. , Hiatt Rachel , Poliwka Susan D. , Wachs Martin
Published: August 2005

Over the last 25 years, voters in 20 California counties approved “local transportation sales taxes” to pay for transportation projects. A growing source of revenue, they generate roughly $2.5 billion per year. Four features explain their popularity: they require direct voter approval; funds are raised and spent within the counties that enact them, so voters experience benefits directly; most automatically expire; and they usually specify the improvements to be financed. These taxes are an important revenue source, but tend to favor capital investments over operations and maintenance. They have enhanced local governments' decision‐making authority, but may have made regional transportation planning in multicounty regions more difficult to achieve.
A computer-based physics laboratory apparatus: Signal generator software
Authors: Thanakittiviroon Tharest , Liangrocapart Sompong
Published: August 2005

This paper describes a computer-based physics laboratory apparatus to replace expensive instruments such as high-precision signal generators. This apparatus uses a sound card in a common personal computer to give sinusoidal signals with an accurate frequency that can be programmed to give different frequency signals repeatedly. An experiment on standing waves on an oscillating string uses this apparatus. In conjunction with interactive lab manuals, which have been developed using personal computers in our university, we achieve a complete set of low-cost, accurate, and easy-to-use equipment for teaching a physics laboratory.
Differential aging from acceleration: An explicit formula
Authors: Minguzzi E.
Published: August 2005

We consider a clock paradox where an observer leaves an inertial frame, is accelerated, and after an arbitrary trip returns. We discuss a simple equation that gives an explicit relation in 1+1 dimensions between the time elapsed in the inertial frame and the acceleration measured by the accelerating observer during the trip. A non-closed trip with respect to an inertial frame appears closed with respect to another suitable inertial frame. We use this observation to define the differential aging as a function of proper time. The reconstruction problem of special relativity is discussed and it is shown that its solution would allow the construction of an inertial clock.
Spectroscopy versus interferometry: Resolving small changes
Authors: Zadler Brian J. , Grêt Alexandre , Scales John A.
Published: August 2005

Some experiments are conveniently performed in the time domain, some in the frequency domain, and some use a hybrid approach. Does the domain make any difference in the ultimate resolution of the experiment? Or can the details of the experiment always be tweaked so that the different approaches give the same answer? We consider a simple optics experiment and consider both time and frequency measurements and take into account the influence of noise, finite dynamic range, attenuation, and the duration of the measurement.
Some Analogous Problems Involving Variable Mass, Moment of Inertia, Inductance, and Capacitance
Authors: Chapin E. K.
Published: August 2005

Four problems, a, b, c, and d, are proposed which deal with the application of (a) constant force to a mass m, (b) constant torque to a body with rotational inertia I, (c) constant emf to a condenser with capacitance C, and (d) constant emf to a coil with inductance L.

In (a) and (b) the acceleration is prevented by having the mass m in one case and moment I in the other increase at the proper rate. In (c) and (d) the current is kept constant by having the capacitance in one case and the inductance in the other increase at the proper rate. The power required is shown to be constant in each case and the distribution of energy supplied to each element turns out to be equally divided between kinetic energy, in (a) and (b), or field energy, in (c) and (d), and some system of restraints such as friction, springs, etc., which inevitably opposes the required change of the elements, m, I, C, and L.
Teaching by Publication
Authors: McKeehan L. W.
Published: August 2005

Remarks upon the present shortcomings of publications dealing with physics at both scholarly and popular levels of exposition, with suggestions for improvement.
The Old-Time Classroom Recitation: Can It Be Restored?
Authors: Dodd Laurence Ellsworth
Published: August 2005

Large enrollments and relatively restricted teaching staffs have in recent years increased the challenge to teachers. But in addition to this, the diminished emphasis, that was generally adopted earlier in the century, on the recitation as a teaching method, has left limited opportunity, or none at all, for adequate oral self-expression in the classroom. Such training, it is felt, is indispensable to the student's broadest development, whatever other methods, however meritorious, may be used. The problem is serious and requires attention. It is discussed here in some detail.

The question is raised whether now, in too many institutions, the lecture method is over-stressed, encouraging too much in students an habitual dependence on the lecturer, with a resulting lack of development of dependence upon themselves
Collisions of High Energy Nuclear Particles with Nuclei
Authors: Moyer B. J. , Chew G. F.
Published: August 2005

The experimental results for n-p and p-p scattering at high energies are described, and a review of the present status of theoretical interpretation is given. For the scattering of 90-Mev neutrons by protons the angular distribution indicates that only even states of angular momentum are strongly effective. Evidence of the operation of exchange forces is mentioned. In the scattering of 32-Mev protons by protons the angular distribution is appropriate to s-state interaction alone. The 340-Mev p-p results indicate the existence of noncentral (tensor) forces in states of odd orbital angular momentum.
On the Application of the Generalized Area-Moment Propositions
Authors: Simon A. W.
Published: August 2005

The advantages in application of the generalized area-moment propositions developed by the author over the restricted forms of the same originally developed by Mohr are illustrated by detailed application to two standard cases in beam theory, in particular to the case of a simple beam with a concentrated load placed off center, and of an overhanging beam with a concentrated load placed at the free end.
The Capture of Orbital Electrons by Nuclei (K-Capture)
Authors: Cook C. Sharp
Published: August 2005

The paper presents a review of recent work on it-capture of orbital electrons by nuclei, including a simple outline of the underlying theory and a discussion of the conditions under which the phenomenon occurs. A brief description is given of the instruments and methods used to observe K-capture.
Motion Relative to the Surface of the Rotating Earth
Authors: Bacon Ralph Hoyt
Published: August 2005

When an observer moves over the face of the earth, there is a change in both the magnitude and the direction of the apparent acceleration due to gravity. At speeds now becoming attainable, the change is just about observable with modern aircraft navigating instruments. The change consists of two terms—a Coriolis term and a centripetal term. If a particle could be dropped through a vacuum from an aircraft flying a great circle course, the Coriolis deflection of the falling particle, as seen by the airman, would be independent of the aircraft's velocity.
On an Application of Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Borg S. F.
Published: August 2005

Based upon dimensional reasoning and utilizing the known invariants of physical tensors, it is shown that the complete forms (except for multiplying constants) of certain differential and integral equations of applied mechanics can be obtained. The procedure equates physical and tensor invariants in a basic postulated form of equation. Just as in ordinary dimensional analysis, the physical terms which enter into any given problem must be known beforehand. In this case, these terms are tensors in addition to the usual physical invariants such as pressure, volume, energy, modulus of elasticity, etc.
World Trends in the Publication of Physical Research, 1938–1948
Authors: McCarthy John J.
Published: August 2005

This study is based on the abstracts published in Physics Abstracts (Science Abstracts, Section A) in 1938 and 1948. In 1938 the twelve countries credited with the most abstracts ranked as follows: United States, Germany, France, Great Britain, Soviet Union, Japan, Netherlands, Italy, India, Poland, Switzerland, and Canada. In 1948 the standings of the leading twelve were: United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Soviet Union, India, Italy, Sweden, Canada, Austria, and Switzerland.

India and Japan in 1938, and India alone in 1948, were the only countries outside of Europe and North America with an appreciable number of abstracts. Less than half of the countries in the world publish the results of physical research.

The emigration of physicists and economic conditions may account for the decline of published articles in many countries.
Lines of Force in Electric and Magnetic Fields
Authors: Slepian Joseph
Published: August 2005

Assemblages of lines of force are widely used to represent electric and magnetic fields, the density of lines in the neighborhood of a point being proportional to the intensity of the vector at that point. It is not generally recognized, however, that the properties of continuity and individuality of such lines are irrelevant so far as observable electromagnetic phenomenon are concerned.

Contrary to widely held views, it is not possible generally to represent the magnetic field of a linear circuit carrying a steady current by such an assemblage of lines of force which are everywhere continuous. This is because the continuous magnetic lines of force do not generally form simple closed curves, which each link the circuit just once. The interlinkage which is significant is that between the circuit and arbitrarily chosen closed paths of integration of the magnetic vector.
Microwave Reflection from Water Spheres
Authors: Aden A. L.
Published: August 2005

When any material object is placed in the field of an electromagnetic wave, the object removes energy from the field. In general, some of the energy is dissipated internally as heat, and some of the energy is reradiated to produce a secondary or scattered field. The back-scattering cross section is a lumped measure of the ability of the scattering object to reradiate energy in the direction of the source.

This paper deals with the experimental determination of the back-scattering cross section for water spheres with sizes comparable with the wavelength. The determination of this parameter is fundamental in the investigation of the microwave reflection from rain.
The Chronology of Modern Physics
Authors: Tobey A. R.
Published: August 2005

The present day student of physics will be called upon to interpret his field to the world at large as a force in the contemporary social, political, and economic scene. The insight required to do this cannot be gained without a knowledge and understanding of the history of physics. Standard treatments, even when they include separate “History of Physics” courses, fail to provide the necessary integration. It is suggested that the area of modern physics offers an opportunity for organization along modified chronological lines such as to include along with rigor the bulk of the history of physics. Several advantages from the standpoint of logic and pedagogy are pointed out.
A Graphical Solution for the Series Impedance Equivalent to Two Impedances in Parallel
Authors: Wang Shou Chin
Published: August 2005

The paper points out a simple, but exact, graphical solution for the series impedance as a vector in the complex impedance plane, obtained geometrically from the two given impedance vectors in parallel.
High Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering Experiments at Berkeley
Authors: Chew Geoffrey F. , Moyer Burton J.
Published: August 2005

The experimental results for n-p and p-p scattering at high energies are described, and a review of the present status of theoretical interpretation is given. For the scattering of 90-Mev neutrons by protons the angular distribution indicates that only even states of angular momentum are strongly effective. Evidence of the operation of exchange forces is mentioned. In the scattering of 32-Mev protons by protons the angular distribution is appropriate to s-state interaction alone. The 340-Mev p-p results indicate the existence of noncentral (tensor) forces in states of odd orbital angular momentum.
Cosmic-Ray Neutrons
Authors: Korff Serge A.
Published: August 2005

The discovery of neutrons produced by the cosmic radiation is reviewed, and the evidence today available is summarized. The life history of a neutron in the atmosphere is discussed, as is its eventual capture to form radiocarbon. The latitude effect and altitude dependence are presented. Some of the possible production-processes are discussed.
Demonstration Experiments in Electromagnetic Induction
Authors: Ainslie D. S.
Published: August 2005

Several standard demonstration experiments in electromagnetic induction, as performed with newly designed or modified apparatus are described. One of these, Arago's disk, employs a rotating magnetic field so that torque measurements can be made on the (almost stationary) disk. A series of auxiliary measurements shows that the torque T can be represented in terms of the flux φ by the relation T = 1.55φ2, when T is in g wt×cm, and φ is in kilogauss.
Compressible Flows
Authors: Kelley James B.
Published: August 2005

A brief exposition (descriptive rather than quantative) is given of some of the common phenomena of compressible flow. The aim of the paper is to supply background material to the physicist who may wish to know a little more about the problems and techniques involved in the mechanics of compressible fluids.

A graphical representation of a point source moving through a fluid at various velocities from subsonic to supersonic is given and described. There is also a description with sketches of the principal optical methods of wind-tunnel testing for compressible flows. A number of actual test photographs is included which show the type of picture obtained by the various test methods and which also show the formation of shock and Mach waves.
The Orientation of Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Rods in Magnetic Fields
Authors: Laufer Arthur R.
Published: August 2005

It is commonly believed that a paramagnetic rod will align itself with an impressed magnetic field and that a diamagnetic rod will set its long dimension across the field. The present paper shows that this conception is not generally valid. In a strictly uniform field both paramagnetic and diamagnetic rods will set themselves parallel to the field. In a nonuniform field the orientation of each of these rods will depend upon the particular configuration of the field.
On the Use of Curve Differentials in Thermodynamics
Authors: Crawford F. H.
Published: August 2005

The question of an appropriate and precise statement of the first law of thermodynamics suitable for infinitesimal reversible changes is approached through a suitable integral form. This latter expresses the work done on and the heat added to the system in terms of “curve” (line) integrals along a specified curve of change, C. As a result, heat functions Qc and work functions Wc are defined in such a way as to be, on specifically restricted types of curves, single-valued continuous functions of a single variable. The first law is then written as dU  = dQc+dWc, where dU is expressible in terms of two independent increments, while the “curve” differentials, dQc and dWc, need but one. Applications are made to the heat capacities Cp, Cv, etc., the calculation of second derivatives, etc. In systems with more than two independent variables the concept of “curve” differentials leads at once to “surface” differentials with immediate applications.
Electric and Magnetic Forces: A Direct Calculation. II
Authors: Brown William Fuller
Published: August 2005

In Part 3, the principles developed in the preceding parts are illustrated by applying them to the problem of a sphere, with arbitrary material properties, immersed in a fluid with linear dielectric properties, in an applied electric field that is symmetric about an axis but is otherwise arbitrary. The long-range electric force and the short-range force due to fluid pressure are calculated separately; the sum of these is what is usually calculated by the maxwell stress method, and the resolution into two terms is admittedly not unique. In Part 4, some general work and energy relations are developed; these are put into a form such that elementary thermodynamic principles can be applied directly, without resort to physical interpretations of the macroscopic field vectors. The application to magnetoelastic and piezoelectric phenomena is indicated. The standard formulas of piezoelectricity, as developed by Voigt, are shown to be correct only if the “stresses” occurring in them are given a particular one of several possible interpretations.
Comments on Several Friction Phenomena
Authors: Brewington G. P.
Published: August 2005

It is suggested that the term dry friction be limited to phenomena observed under highly outgassed conditions. Two theorems are suggested, one on the distribution of heat energy between two friction surfaces and the other on the independence of the heat loss in certain clutches, on the coefficient of friction.

Several suggestions using concepts of the physics of the solid state are made to give a better picture of the ultimate cause of friction.
The Electron Theory of Solids
Authors: Slater J. C.
Published: August 2005

This article is a brief review of the way in which the original ideas of Lorentz and Drude on the electron theory of solids have been expanded to cover the quantum theory of the electron gas, the energy band theory, with applications to the distinction between conductors, semiconductors, and insulators, and to treat not only electrical conductivity, but mechanical, thermal, and magnetic properties of solids, and a wide range of phenomena.
Suggestions for the Improvement of Physics Teaching in Colleges and Universities
Authors: Hazzard George W.
Published: August 2005

Possible defects of current physical science and physics courses for nonscience students are discussed. A solution based on the desirability of common intellectual experience for all first-year college students is proposed. Emphasis is laid on the necessity for creative laboratory experience, informal discussion in small classes, and intensive rather than extensive coverage of material for student enjoyment and appreciation of science.
Some Reflections on the Teaching of Physics
Authors: Hornbeck John W.
Published: August 2005

Response of the recipient of the Oersted Medal of the American Association of Physics Teachers at the ceremony of presentation. The teaching of physics in a small liberal arts college is discussed, and the values of a liberal education are stressed.
Demonstrating Harmonics and Beats
Authors: Hitchcock Richard C.
Published: August 2005

A group of ten fixed-frequency audio oscillators having frequencies related by 110(N), where N is an integer, are used. Details of construction of oscillators, audio amplifier, and associated power supply are given. With the oscillators it is possible to demonstrate production of synthetic first and second harmonics by playing two or more tones simultaneously. Five characteristic tones may be played simultaneously to simulate a bell-like tone.
One- and Two-Dimensional X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Cullity B. D.
Published: August 2005

A description is given of the diffraction phenomena from crystals so small in some directions that they may be considered essentially as one- or two-dimensional crystals. The basic theory of x-ray diffraction, in terms of the Ewald construction in the reciprocal lattice, is first presented for the case of a three-dimensional crystal and then extended to crystals consisting only of a plane of atoms one layer thick or of a linear chain of atoms. Intermediate cases are then considered and experimental methods of observing these phenomena are discussed. Finally, examples are given of one- and two-dimensional crystals which have been found in layer lattices, fibrous materials, supersaturated metallic solid solutions, and metal crystals having stacking errors.
An Early Experimental Determination of Snell's Law
Authors: Shirley John W.
Published: August 2005

The law of refraction known by the name of Snell's law was circulated in manuscript by him as early as 1621. This paper shows that the law of sines was experimentally discovered independently in England by Thomas Hariot and his friends, and was used by them several years before 1621.
An Improved Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Experiment
Authors: Kretschmar George G.
Published: August 2005

An interesting variation of Joule's classical experiment on the mechanical equivalent of heat is described. It makes use of a rotary stirring mechanism for adding energy to water in a calorimeter, the energy being measured by a bifilar suspension of the driving motor. The motor is operated at synchronous speed. Temperature measurements are by means of a thermocouple and potentiometer. With reasonable care results can be obtained which are consistent to about 3 percent.
On the Analysis of Transfer of Training
Authors: Dexter Lewis A. , Thornton Robert A.
Published: August 2005

If what is learned is to be transferable, it must be done in terms of generalized intellectual processes. These processes must be explicitly identified and taught in such a way as to permit students to generalize what is particular and to apply what is general. The selection of curricular material must be done in terms of these processes rather than in terms of a traditional body of facts. Physics, because of its postulational-deductive character, offers an excellent opportunity for this conception of education. Illustrations from physics and social science are given. They indicate the possibility of transfer in terms of common rational processes within and across customary subject-matter areas. If any significant transfer is to be achieved, the following are necessary: less emphasis on memorization of unconnected textbook propositions and formulations which permit emphasis on conceptual features. This cannot be done unless teachers of physics give scholarly attention to the methodology of physics and to the methodology of certain educational problems. This approach not only has educational advantages, but entails advantages for a greater mastery and understanding of physics itself.
Meson Masses and Energetics of Meson Decay
Authors: Barkas Walter H.
Published: August 2005

A series of measurements of the π- and μ-meson masses and their decay energies is reviewed. Recent mass measurements made at the University of California Radiation Laboratory have employed an improved method in which the ratio of the π-meson mass to that of the proton and the ratio of the μ-meson mass to that of the π-meson were determined by measuring the ratios of ranges and ratios of momenta for particles of equal velocities. The absolute decay momentum of the μ-meson was also determined in the same series of experiments. Other experiments at the Radiation Laboratory in which quite different methods were used to obtain the π-meson mass and the decay energy of the μ-meson are also discussed. The measurements are consistent with a π-meson mass of 276 electron masses and a μ-meson mass of 210 electron masses. In addition, no contradiction is found for the assumptions that the π − μ decay is accompanied by a neutrino and the μ − e decay is accompanied by two neutrinos.