bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of contact pressure on wear and friction of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in multidirectional sliding
Authors: Saikko V
Published: October 2006

Computational wear models need input data from valid tribological tests. For the wear model of a total hip prosthesis, the contact pressure dependence of wear and friction of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) against polished CoCr in diluted calf serum lubricant was studied, and useful input data produced. Two test devices were designed and built: a heavy load circularly translating pin-on-disc (HL-CTPOD) wear test device and an HL-CTPOD friction measurement device. Both can be used with a wide range of loads. The wear surface diameter of the test pin was kept constant at 9 mm, whereas the load was varied so that the nominal contact pressure ranged from 0.1 to 20 MPa. The wear factor decreased with increasing contact pressure, whereas the coefficient of friction first increased with increasing contact pressure with low pressure values and then decreased. Up to the pressure of 2.0 MPa, the wear mechanisms and wear factors were in good agreement with clinical findings. In the critical range of 2.0-3.5 MPa, the wear mechanisms and wear factors started to differ from clinical ones, and the decrease of the wear factor steepened. The discrepancy became more and more evident as the pressure was gradually increased beyond 3.5 MPa. It appears that the pressure value of 2.0 MPa should not be exceeded in pin-on-disc wear tests that are to reproduce the clinical wear of UHMWPE acetabular cups.
Buckling of laser-welded sandwich panels. Part 2: Elastic buckling normal to the webs
Authors: Kolsters H , Zenkert D
Published: October 2006

This is the second of three companion papers that examine the elastic buckling and collapse of laser-welded sandwich panels with an adhesively bonded core and uni-directional vertical webs. In the first paper, it has been shown that the critical load in compression parallel to the webs can be accurately predicted by using a Pasternak foundation to model the core and by using a simple clamping factor to describe the boundary conditions at the laser weld. In this paper, the same model is adapted to predict the critical load in compression normal to the webs. As the face plate is now short and wide, rather than long and narrow as before, a ‘constrained wrinkling’ approach is outlined that recognises that the face plate is limited in its ability to wrinkle naturally and can only deform in certain mode shapes. The clamping factor and the effective wave length are derived for different buckling mode shapes and boundary conditions at the laser weld, and the constrained wrinkling load is determined by evaluating the buckling load for successive modes and simply picking the smallest value. It is shown that, for low modulus core materials, the constrained wrinkling load is equal to the bare plate buckling load and, for high modulus materials, the solution converges toward anti-symmetrical wrinkling, as has been found for the case of compression parallel to webs. The constrained wrinkling load agrees well with finite element results but as before the proportional limit of the face plate material is usually reached well before elastic buckling occurs.
Calculation of the performance of resonant wave energy converters in real seas
Authors: Yavuz H , McCabe A , Aggidis G , Widden M B
Published: October 2006

It is well known that the performance of point-absorber wave energy converters (WECs) depends upon resonance with the wave frequency. Indeed, the ideal performance of a resonating point-absorber WEC in a regular sea that can be represented by a simple sinusoid is well known, provided all motions are small and remain in the linear region. However, the performance of such a device in a more realistic, irregular sea that is not represented by a simple sinusoid cannot be so readily calculated. The first difficulty lies in modelling the hydrodynamic behaviour of the device. Recent developments in representing the hydrodynamic diffraction and radiation forces have enabled relatively simple simulation models to be developed, such as those presented and used in this paper. The second difficulty lies in the design of the device itself. In a regular sea with a known wave frequency, the settings of the power take-off system can be defined at well-known optimum values. It is shown in the present paper that, even when the wave frequency is not constant, the local wave frequency can be estimated, and this estimate can be used to adjust the power take-off system settings to maintain quasiresonance and, hence, approach the level of performance in a comparable regular sea. In this manner, for irregular seas it is possible to identify a dominant wave frequency over a relatively short time period and to use this frequency continuously to adjust the power take-off system settings, so as to adapt to the current sea conditions. This is likely, in some sea conditions, to involve the power take-off supplying power over part of the cycle, rather than absorbing it. This will increase the demands placed on the power take-off - particularly on its efficiency when the direction of power flow has to be reversible. The relative performance of such a tuneable point-absorber WEC is assessed in the paper. It is shown that the power converted in irregular seas could be as much as 50 per cent of the rated power, where the latter estimate is equivalent to the power converted in a corresponding regular sea.
z/OS Workload Management – Überblick, Stärken und Ausblick (z/OS Workload Management – Overview, Strength and Outlook)
Authors: Vaupel Robert , Hild Ulrich , Wirag Stefan
Published: October 2006

Eine der besonderen Stärken der z9* Mainframe-Plattform und des z/OS* Betriebssystems ist die Fähigkeit, unterschiedliche Arbeit zum gleichen Zeitpunkt innerhalb eines z/OS Systems und über mehrere Partitionen, welche dieselbe Hardware benutzen, auszuführen. Die Funktion, die wesentlich dazu beiträgt, ist der z/OS Workload Manager (WLM). WLM regelt nicht nur den Zugang zu CPU, I/O, Speicher und Prozessen. Er verwaltet Betriebsmittel auch über mehrere virtuelle Systeme, die sich dieselbe Hardware teilen und mit Betriebssystemen, wie z/OS, Linux und zVM laufen. Ferner hilft es Verteilungskomponenten und Produkten, Arbeit für eine Mehrsystem-Workload in einem {Parallel Sysplex* Cluster} zu verteilen. Als nächster Schritt verlässt das WLM-Konzept die z9 Plattform und beginnt die Rechner, die den Mainframe umgeben, mitzuverwalten, sodass es letztlich zu einer vollständigen Lösung für das Performance Management einer IT-Infrastruktur eines Unternehmens wird. Diese neue Funktion ist der Enterprise Workload Manager (EWLM). Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die fundamentalen Konzepte des z/OS Workload Manager und beschreibt den nächsten Schritt in der Entwicklung hin zum unternehmensweiten Workload Management.
Internet-Integration von fahrzeugbasierten Ad-hoc-Netzen (Internet Integration of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks)
Authors: Bechler Marc
Published: October 2006

Selbstorganisierende Ad-hoc-Netze gelten als Schlüsseltechnologie für zukünftige telematikgestützte Dienste im Fahrzeug. Die Bereitstellung von Internet-Diensten im Fahrzeug erfordert die Integration dieser Netze in das Internet, für die es keine gängigen Protokolle im Internet gibt. In diesem Beitrag wird mit MOCCA ein neuartiger Ansatz für die Internet-Integration von Fahrzeugnetzen vorgestellt. MOCCA verfolgt einen proxybasierten Ansatz, der die Eigenschaften des Fahrzeugnetzes verdeckt und für die effiziente Kommunikation zwischen Fahrzeug und Internet sorgt. MOCCA kümmert sich dabei um die Mobilitätsunterstützung der Fahrzeuge, die Ausnutzung von heterogenen Kommunikationsumgebungen sowie den effizienten Datenaustausch auf der Transportschicht. Eine wichtige Eigenschaft von MOCCA ist die starke Verzahnung der Protokolle, um einen bestmöglichen Wirkungsgrad zu erreichen. Die Evaluierung anhand von typischen fahrzeugbasierten Kommunikationsmodellen zeigt, dass MOCCA ein geeigneter Ansatz für die Internet-Integration von Fahrzeugnetzen ist.
A Salvage Procedure in Cleft Palate Repair: Suturing Nasal Mucosa Directly to Palatine Process
Authors: Tunçbilek Gökhan , Konaş Ersoy , Özgür Figen
Published: October 2006

Objective:

Palatal fistulas are among the complications of cleft palate repair requiring additional surgery. Suturing the nasal mucosa and mucoperiosteal flaps together in a tension-free manner to create a double-layered closure in the hard palate is one of the most important points in prevention of dehiscence and fistula formation. In this report, we describe a salvage procedure to repair nasal mucosa that might be lacerated while being freed from the upper surface of the palatal process.

Method:

To restore the nasal lining, an ipsilateral vomer mucoperiosteal flap or the opposite nasal mucosa flap is advanced to the palatine bone and sutured directly to the palatal process in order to guarantee an intact cleft palate repair.

Results:

This method is an easy, simple, and time-saving procedure. It should be a useful addition to the armamentarium of every plastic surgeon, especially those working as consultants in training units.
Correlates of Sense of Control among Older Korean-American Immigrants: Financial Status, Physical Health Constraints, and Environmental Challenges
Authors: Jang Yuri , Kim Giyeon , Chiriboga David A.
Published: October 2006

Responding to the need for more research on minority older populations, the present study assessed sense of control among older Korean-American immigrants. The association of sense of control with financial status, physical health constraints, and environmental challenges was examined with a sample of 230 older Korean-Americans (Mage = 69.8, range = 60–92) in Florida. In a hierarchical regression analysis, financial limitations (poorer perceived financial status and receipt of financial support from adult children), physical health constraints (greater functional disability), and environmental challenges (lower acculturation and greater difficulty with transportation) were identified as significant risk factors for a diminished sense of control. Findings are discussed in a cultural context, and ways to promote sense of control among immigrant older populations are suggested.
Personality, Aging Self-Perceptions, and Subjective Health: A Mediation Model
Authors: Moor Caroline , Zimprich Daniel , Schmitt Marina , Kliegel Matthias
Published: October 2006

Since the global item of subjective health has emerged as a strong predictor of important health outcomes such as mortality, there have been many attempts to uncover its correlates. In this study, we tested whether personality as assessed via the five-factor model of personality predicted subjective health when physician-rated health and depression were controlled for. We analyzed a cohort of 362 German community-dwelling 60-year-olds from the first wave of the ongoing Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on Aging. We found that neuroticism, but none of the other four personality factors, predicted subjective health. However, the association between neuroticism and subjective health was mediated by aging self-stereotypes (attitudes toward oneself as an aging person), which in recent studies have been shown to influence older individuals' health behaviors and functional health. The results indicate that those high in neuroticism tend to have more negative aging self-stereotypes; these aging self-stereotypes, in turn, seem to affect how those individuals globally perceive their own health. Unlike many predictors of subjective health, such as age, gender, socio-cultural differences, actual health, or personality traits, negative attitudes about one's own aging may be modified through adequate intervention.
Stille Reactions with Tetraalkylstannanes and Phenyltrialkylstannanes in Low Melting Sugar‐Urea‐Salt Mixtures
Authors: Imperato Giovanni , Vasold Rudolf , König Burkhard
Published: October 2006

The transfer of simple alkyl groups in Stille reactions usually requires special solvents (HMPA) or certain organotin reagents (stannatranes, monoorganotin halides) to be efficient. Using low‐melting mixtures of sugar, urea and inorganic salt as solvent, a fast and efficient palladium‐catalyzed alkyl transfer with tetraalkyltin reagents was observed. The high polarity and nucleophilic character of the solvent melt promotes the reaction. Stille biaryl synthesis using electron‐poor and electron‐rich aryl bromides proceeds with quantitative yields in the sugar‐urea‐salt melt. Catalyst loading may be reduced to 0.001 mol % and the catalyst melt mixture remains active in several reaction cycles. Showing the same or improved performance for Stille reactions than organic solvents and allowing a very simple work up, sugar‐urea‐salt melts are a non‐toxic and cheap alternative reaction medium available in bulk quantities for the catalytic process.
Second‐Generation N,O‐[2.2]Paracyclophane Ketimine Ligands for the Alkenylzinc Addition to Aliphatic and Aromatic Aldehydes: Scope and Limitations
Authors: Lauterwasser Frank , Gall Julia , Höfener Sebastian , Bräse Stefan
Published: October 2006

Second generation N,O‐[2.2]paracyclophane ketimine ligands were investigated for their ability to catalyze the 1,2‐addition of alkenylzinc reagents to aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes with special focus on functionalized substrates. For aliphatic aldehydes, which have always been challenging in this field, remarkably high enantiomeric excesses could be determined (50–95 % ee). However, alkenylzinc reagents bearing heteroatoms proved to be demanding substrates for this system.
Polyethylene Glycol as an Environmentally Friendly and Recyclable Reaction Medium for Enantioselective Hydrogenation
Authors: Zhou Hai‐Feng , Fan Qing‐Hua , Tang Wei‐Jun , Xu Li‐Jin , He Yan‐Mei , Deng Guo‐Jun , Zhao Li‐Wen , Gu Lian‐Quan , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: October 2006

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was found to be an inexpensive, non‐toxic and recyclable reaction medium for ruthenium‐ and rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of 2‐arylacrylic acids (Ru‐catalyzed CC bond reduction), enamides (Rh‐catalyzed CC bond reduction), β‐keto esters and simple aromatic ketones (Ru‐catalyzed CO bond reduction). In all cases, high catalytic activities and enantioselectivities have been achieved, which are comparable to those obtained in conventional organic solvent systems. The Ru and Rh catalysts prepared with commercially available chiral diphosphine ligands could be readily recycled by simple extraction, as in the case of ionic liquids, and reused up to nine times without obvious loss of catalytic activity and enantioselectivity. The reduced products were obtained from the extracts in high isolated yields. These results indicate that PEGs as new reaction media are attractive alternatives to room temperature ionic liquids.
Die Umsetzung von Azlactonen mit CH‐aziden Verbindungen I. Malonitril
Authors: Stachel H.‐D. , Harigel K. K.
Published: October 2006

Azlactone eignen sich recht allgemein zur Acylierung von Malonitril. Die erwarteten Primärprodukte sind isolierbar, cyclisieren aber leicht zu sehr stabilen 2‐Amino‐3‐cyanopyrrolin‐4‐onen.
Untersuchungen über Inhaltsstoffe von Paeonia‐Arten
Authors: Stahl Egon , Cooper S.
Published: October 2006

Außer in den Wurzeln von Paeonia albiflora PALL. (P. lactiflora PALL.) kommt das Terpen‐Glucosid „Paeoniflorin”︁ auch in den Wurzeln anderer Paeonia‐Arten vor. Der Paeonifloringehalt ist bei den verschiedenen Arten sehr verschieden und weist auch im Laufe der Vegetationsperiode starke Unterschiede auf. Die Wurzeln von P. californica haben mit 7,5% den höchsten Gehalt an Paeoniflorin. Nur in zwei japanischen Drogenmustern von P. moutan SIMS. und P. moutan var. konnten Paeonol und Glucopaeonol nachgewiesen werden. Während der Vegetationsperiode ergibt sich ein unmittelbarer Zusammenhang zwischen den Paeoniflorin‐ und den Zuckerwerten. Der Gerbstoffgehalt der Wurzeln bleibt jedoch innerhalb der Vegetationsperiode annähernd gleich. Alkaloide kommen in der Droge nicht vor; das isolierte Benzamid ist keine genuine Verbindung, sondern ein Kunstprodukt, das bei der ammoniakalischen Hydrolyse aus dem Paeoniflorin entsteht.
How can women influence humanities education?
Authors: Averill Lloyd
Published: October 2006

Stereotypically feminine characteristics are of enormous value in relation to humanities education. They have been more often valued by and for women than otherwise.
Survey feedback: An effective OD intervention
Authors: Watts Gordon E.
Published: October 2006

Survey feedback could be one of the most useful and effective OD interventions available to community college personnel.
Prognostic significance of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography in patients with pathologic stage I lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ohtsuka Takashi , Nomori Hiroaki , Watanabe Ken‐ichi , Kaji Masahiro , Naruke Tsuguo , Suemasu Keiichi , Uno Kimiichi
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

[18F]Fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) has been frequently used for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. The prognostic significance of FDG uptake on PET was evaluated in patients with pathologic Stage I lung adenocarcinoma (tumor stages were based on the TNM classification of the International Union Against Cancer).

METHODS.

Disease‐free survival of 98 patients with pathologic Stage I lung adenocarcinoma who were treated by curative resection was examined in relation to sex, age, histologic grade of differentiation, surgical procedure, tumor stage, and FDG uptake measured as the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV).

RESULTS.

Sixty‐three patients were had Stage IA disease and 35 patients had Stage IB disease. Six patients each with Stage IA and Stage IB disease developed disease recurrence after a mean postsurgical follow‐up period of 31 months. Ten (23%) of the 43 patients with SUV ≥ 3.3 developed a recurrence compared with 2 (4%) of the 55 patients with SUV < 3.3 (P= .020). Ten (20%) of the 51 patients with moderately or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma developed disease recurrence, compared with 2 (4%) of the 47 patients with well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma (P= .056). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that histologic grade of differentiation was not correlated with the frequency of tumor recurrence (P= .286), whereas SUV was found to be marginally correlated (P= .079).

CONCLUSIONS.

FDG uptake appears to be predictive of disease‐free survival in patients with Stage I lung adenocarcinoma. FDG uptake could yield important information for determining the likely value of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in such patients. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Design and evaluation of a high‐level Grid communication infrastructure
Authors: Messina Fabrizio , Pappalardo Giuseppe , Tramontana Emiliano
Published: October 2006

Developing a distributed application in a Grid context is likely to require considerable effort, whether to evolve existing code or to upgrade programmers' skills, for the sake of adapting to Grid‐specific communication technologies. As a solution, targeted to the Java technology, this paper proposes HiC, a high‐level communication infrastructure, which hides the low‐level data transfer mechanisms and hides concerns about them from applications. HiC adheres to a service‐aware, connection‐oriented, object stream paradigm. It can easily cater for a new data‐transfer technology, without any impact on the application built on top of it and, furthermore, without undergoing much adaptation itself. Architecturally, HiC consists of two layers. The upper layer allows software to obtain remote services through simple but powerful abstractions, while the lower layer provides the upper layer with uniform access to a specific underlying data‐transfer technology, such as GridRPC and XIO. The performance of HiC has been evaluated, and found to be acceptable even for relatively small amounts of data and the faster XIO data transfer. A standard interfacing architecture is also proposed, whereby all dependencies on HiC of user software can be confined within just an ‘intermediary’ pair per service. Furthermore, HiC has proven useful as a communication infrastructure for our ReD reflective framework for transparent distributed object allocation. The combination of HiC and ReD affords an advantageous synergy, which frees developers from the concerns of retargeting ReD to specific transfer technologies, and implementing the intermediaries between an application and HiC. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective Precipitation of Alkaline Earth Metal Cations with Dipicrylamine Anion: Structure–Selectivity Correlation
Authors: Agnihotri Pragati , Patra Subrata , Suresh Eringathodi , Paul Parimal , Ghosh Pushpito K.
Published: October 2006

Salts of dipicrylamine anion and alkaline earth metal ions are highly soluble in water, unlike the salts formed with K+, Rb+, and Cs+. We report here that when DPA– is added to a solution containing Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+, Ba2+ can be precipitated out with high yield and selectivity by optimizing the concentrations. When [DPA–] = 0.17 M and the molar ratio of each metal ion to DPA– is 1:1, Sr2+ and Ba2+ are precipitated out in about 90 % overall yield (with respect to DPA–) and 85 % selectivity of Ba2+. Salts of Mg2+ and Ca2+ are virtually absent. Single‐crystal XRD of the pure Sr2+ and Ba2+ compounds has been performed. Layered structures are observed with clear evidence that the salts exist in the form of complexes with the composition [M(DPA)2(H2O)4]. This is different to the case of alkali metal ions, where the complexes have no coordinated water molecules. The Ba2+ complex has a more compact layered structure than the Sr2+ complex, with reduced exposure of the polar entities. As a result it would be expected to have relatively lower solubility in water, which would account for its selective precipitation over the Sr2+ complex. That it is legitimate to rationalize the precipitation behavior from the structure deduced by single crystal XRD is verified due to the close similarity between the experimental powder XRD data of the precipitate and the simulated powder XRD pattern obtained from the single‐crystal data.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Myeloablative chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell infusion may overcome the adverse prognostic impact of FLT3 (foetal liver tyrosine kinase 3) mutations in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia and normal karyotype
Authors: Palmieri Salvatore , Ferrara Felicetto , Leoni Franco , Ciolli Stefania , Pollio Filiberto , D'Amico Maria Rosaria , Celentano Maria , Viola Assunta , Vicari Laura , Izzo Barbara , Pane Fabrizio
Published: October 2006

In this study, we analysed the prognostic relevance of foetal liver tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations in 73 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with normal karyotype, who survived induction and consolidation and received autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) after successful mobilization of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC). There were 44 males and 29 females with a median age of 54 years (range 20–77). Overall, 16 out of 73 autografted patients (22%) had FLT3 mutations. More in detail, FLT3/ITDs were detected in 10 out of 73 patients (14%), while FLT3 D835 mutations were detected in five cases (7%). One patient (1%) was found as having both abnormalities. White blood cell count (p=0.009), serum concentration of lactate dehydrogenase (p=0.01), and percentages of peripheral blood (p=0.002) and bone marrow blasts (p=0.03) were significantly higher in patients showing the FLT3 mutations. On the contrary, overall survival and disease‐free survival were similar between patients with or without FLT3 mutations (p=0.73 and 0.78, respectively). In conclusion, our data suggest that myeloablative chemotherapy supported by auto‐PBSCT may overcome the adverse prognostic implications of FLT3 mutations in AML. However, it is to consider that autografted patients are highly selected for best response to induction, consolidation and mobilization, as well as for minor non‐haematologic toxicity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stormflow generation involving pipe flow in a zero‐order basin of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Negishi J. N. , Noguchi S. , Sidle R. C. , Ziegler A. D. , Rahim Nik Abdul
Published: October 2006

Hydrological responses in a zero‐order basin (ZOB), a portion of whose discharge emerged via preferential flow through soil pipes, were examined over a 2‐year period in Peninsular Malaysia to elucidate primary stormflow generation processes. Silicon (Si) and specific conductance (EC) in various runoff components were also measured to identify their sources. ZOB flow response was dependent on antecedent precipitation amount; runoff increased linearly with precipitation during events >20 mm in relatively wet antecedent moisture conditions. Runoff derived from direct precipitation falling onto saturated areas accounted for <0·2% of total ZOB flow volume during the study period, indicating the predominance of subsurface pathways in ZOB flow. ZOB flow (high EC and low Si) was distinct from perennial baseflow via bedrock seepage (low EC and high Si) 5 m downstream of the ZOB outlet. Pipe flow responded quickly to ZOB flow rate and was characterized by a threshold flow capacity unique to each pipe. Piezometric data and pipe flow records demonstrated that pipes located deeper in the soil initiated first, followed by those at shallower depths; initiation of pipe flow corresponded to shallow groundwater rise above the saprolite‐soil interface. Chemical signatures of pipe flow were similar to each other and to the ZOB flow, suggesting that the sources were well‐mixed soil‐derived shallow groundwater. Based upon the volume of pipe flow during storms, the combined contribution of the pipes monitored accounted for 48% of total ZOB flow during the study period. Our results suggest that shallow groundwater, possibly facilitated by preferential flow accreted above the saprolite–soil interface, provides dominant stormflow, and that soil pipes play an important role in the rapid delivery of solute‐rich water to the stream system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A coupled transport and reaction model for long column experiments simulating bank filtration
Authors: Horner Christoph , Holzbecher Ekkehard , Nützmann Gunnar
Published: October 2006

Within the scope of the interdisciplinary Natural and Artificial Systems for Recharge and Infiltration research project dealing with riverbank filtration processes at the Berlin water works, a semi‐technical column experiment has been ongoing since January 2003. Here, a 30 m long soil column is infiltrated with surface water sampled from Lake Tegel (Berlin, Germany) under saturated flow conditions. Changes in pore water hydrochemistry sampled on 21 non‐equidistant distributed points are verified by coupled transport and reaction modelling. The objective of reactive transport modelling was to identify the main biogeochemical processes within the soil column during the flushing experiment as a conceptual model for riverbank filtration. Modelling was done with a combination of MATLAB and PHREEQC. The main processes identified are: (1) biogeochemical degradation due to interaction of natural surface water with the soil matrix; (2) continuous dissolution of refractory air bubbles from the soil column matrix. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of the human/mouse syntenic common fragile site FRA7K/Fra12C1—Relation of FRA7K and other human common fragile sites on chromosome 7 to evolutionary breakpoints
Authors: Helmrich Anne , Stout‐Weider Karen , Matthaei Anja , Hermann Klaus , Heiden Thomas , Schrock Evelin
Published: October 2006

Common fragile sites (CFSs) are expressed as chromosome gaps in cells of different species including human and mouse as a result of the inhibition of DNA replication. They may serve as hot spots for DNA breakage in processes such as tumorigenesis and chromosome evolution. Using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping, the authors describe here human CFS FRA7K on chromosome band 7q31.1 and its murine homolog Fra12C1. Within the syntenic FRA7K/Fra12C1 region lies the IMMP2L/Immp2l gene with a size of 899/983 kb. The authors further mapped 2 amplification breakpoints of the breast cancer cell line SKBR3 to the CFSs FRA7G and FRA7H. The 5 molecularly defined CFSs on chromosome 7 do not preferentially colocalize with synteny breaks between the human and mouse genomes and with intragenomic duplications that have occurred during chromosome evolution. In addition, in contrast to all currently reported data, CFSs in chromosome band 7q31 do not show increased DNA helix flexibility in comparison with control regions without CFS expression. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergistic inhibition of DNA synthesis in ehrlich ascites tumour cells by a combination of unsaturated fatty acids and hyperthermia
Authors: Kageyama Katsuhiro , Onoyama Yasuto , Nakanishi Masako , Matsui‐Yuasa Isao , Otani Shuzo , Morisawa Seiji
Published: October 2006

Wide attention has been given to hyperthermia as a new measure for cancer treatment. Clinical trials of hyperthermia, as they possess antitumour activity on some occasions. When cells were incubated with oleic we examine if fatty acids exert a synergistic effect on Ehrlich ascites tumour cells when combined with hyperthermia, as they pssess antitumour activity on some occasions. When cells were incubated with oleic acid and linoleic acid (unsaturated fatty acids) at 37°C, the DNA synthesis of cells was significantly inhibited. Palmitic and stearic acids, which are saturated fatty acids, did not suppress DNA synthesis. Hyperthermic treatment without the presence of fatty acids at 42°C for 1 h decreased DNA synthesis to 62% of the control level of 37°C. The combination of an unsaturated fatty acid and hyperthermia synergistically suppressed DNA synthesis. When the cells were incubated in serum‐free medium containing 0.1 % albumin, unsaturated fatty acids were more effective in inhibiting DNA synthesis. However, saturated fatty acids had little or no effect on DNA synthesis in control or hyperthermia‐treated cells. These results indicate that unsaturated fatty acids are useful for enhancing the inhibitory effect of hyperthermia on DNA synthesis, which may increase the in vitro antitumour effects of hyperthermia.
Halothane‐induced hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation in guinea pigs and rats
Authors: Akita Susumu , Kawahara Michio , Takeshita Takahisa , Morio Michio , Fujii Kohyu
Published: October 2006

Halothane‐induced hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation in guinea pigs and rats was examined with respect to the mixed function oxidase system, anaerobic dehalogenation activity of halothane, and the antioxidant system. The levels of cytochrome P‐450 and NADPH‐cytochrome P‐450 reductase were significantly higher in guinea pigs than in rats. There was no difference between the two animals in anaerobic dehalogenation activity of halothane per cytochrome P‐450 in microsomes. Microsomal α‐tocopherol was significantly lower in guinea pigs than in rats, and was increased by multiple exposure to halothane in guinea pigs but remained lower than in rats. Microsomal α‐tocopherol was decreased in rats by multiple exposure. The concentration of reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid was decreased significantly by multiple exposure to halothane in guinea pigs but not in rats. These results suggest that the higher level of halothane‐induced hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation in guinea pigs is due to the large production of radical metabolites resulting from the large amounts of cytochrome P‐450, the high activity of NADPH‐cytochrome P‐450 reductase, and the low concentration of microsomal α‐tocopherol.
Tritiation of 1,2,3‐benzenetriol (pyrogallol)
Authors: Dulik D. M. , Soine W. H.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of 4,6‐2H2‐1,2,3‐benzenetriol from 1,2,3‐benzenetriol was possible under both acid and base catalyzed conditions. However, under simulated physiological conditions it was observed that the label underwent exchange and was lost. Using a three step synthesis, 5‐2H‐1,2,3‐benzenetriol was synthesized and the label was found to be stable to exchange under the same conditions. Using this synthesis, 5‐3H‐1,2, 3‐benzenetriol was synthesized with a specific activity of 7.6 mCi/mmole and of suitable purity for use in metabolic studies.
Synthese tritiummarkierter Säuren durch Kettenverlängerung nach Arndt‐Eistert
Authors: Birkofer Leonhard , Hempel Klaus , Nouvertné Werner
Published: October 2006

Acids labeled with tritium at the α‐C‐atom were synthesized through the rearrangement of diazo ketones with TOH‐dioxane in the presence of silver oxide. This paper describes the preparation of p‐methoxy‐phenylacetic‐α‐T acid, p‐hydroxy‐phenylacetic‐α‐T acid, β‐alanine‐α‐T, γ‐aminobutyric‐α‐T acid and δ‐aminovaleric‐α‐T acid.
Synthèse du linolènate et de l'arachidonate de cholestéryle doublement marqués
Authors: Bardou L. , De Paulet A. Crastes
Published: October 2006

The transesterification method used by MAHADEVAN and LUNDBERG for cholesterol esters synthesis, following the scheme cholesterol acetate + fatty acid methyl ester → cholesterol ester + methyl acetate, has been adapted to the microscale (1 to 10 μM) imposed by the use of labelled molecules of high specific activity.

This method is particularly suitable for the synthesis of polythylenic fatty acid cholesterol esters: it has unable us to obtain the following esters: 414C and 7α3H cholesteryl linolenate and arachidonate, cholesteryl linolenate U14C and arachidonate (5‐6, 8‐9, 11‐12, 14‐15)3H; the mixture of these two types of esters of high specific activity give rise to series of doubly labelled esters, at the user's convenience.
Zur Synthese 14C‐markierter Terphenyle
Authors: Hafferl W. , Fischer E. , Juppe G.
Published: October 2006

Aryl‐substituted cyclohexanols were obtained by reacting 14C‐labelled phenyllithium with 2‐ and 4‐phenylcyclohexanone, and 2‐and 4‐xenyllithium with 14C‐labelled cyclohexanone. Heated with palladium charcoal, these yielded 14C‐labelled terphenyls. 1, 2‐diphenylcyclohexanol stereo‐isomers were converted into diphenylcyclohexene in order to raise the yield prior to aromatisation. The following 14C‐labelled compounds have so far been prepared by this method: o‐terphenyl‐(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)‐14C, p‐terphenyl‐(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)‐14C, o‐terphenyl‐1‐14C and p‐terphenyl‐1‐14C.
Tritiation of pyrimidines by HTO in the presence of aluminium chloride
Authors: Mantescu C. , Genunche A. , Balaban A. T.
Published: October 2006

Pyrimidine derivatives (pyrimidine, 4, 6‐dichloropyrimidine, uracil, cytosine and 4‐chloro‐6‐hydroxypyrimidine) were tritiated at the ring by tritiated water in the presence of aluminium chloride in carbon disulphide or in ethylene dichloride (which is also tritiated in these conditions).
Préparation et purification d'actinomycine‐D‐3H par une méthode spécifique
Authors: Grosse N. , Cardinaud R. , Fromageot P.
Published: October 2006

Actinomycine‐D has been tritiated by exposure to tritium gas. Among the various conditions tested the use of a catalyst made of palladium deposited on alumina, and of an amount of tritium gas corresponding to a gas pressure of 20 torrs and to a radioactivity of 2 Ci for 5 mg of actinomycine results in the highest specific radioactivity of about 200 mCi/mM. The activation of the tritium gas by a high frequency electric discharge increases the specific radioactivity only in the absence of the catalyst. The purification of the labelled actinomycine is achieved by formation of a complex with D N A. This complex carries a labelled by‐product which is subsequently separated by thin layer chromatography.
EEG‐fMRI using z‐shimming in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Bagshaw Andrew P. , Torab Leili , Kobayashi Eliane , Hawco Colin , Dubeau François , Pike G. Bruce , Gotman Jean
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To use z‐shimming, a technique that reduces signal loss due to susceptibility artifacts that can result in reduced or absent activation in electroencephalography (EEG) functional MRI (fMRI) sessions in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), to determine whether it would result in an increased ability to detect significant regions of blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal change.

Materials and Methods

Eight patients with TL EEG spikes underwent an EEG‐fMRI scanning session using z‐shimming. The signal intensities in the z‐shimmed images were compared with those in the standard images. BOLD activation maps were created from the two sets of images using the timings of the spikes observed on the EEG.

Results

The mean signal increase in the TLs as a result of z‐shimming was 45.9% ± 4.5%. The percentage of TL voxels above a brain intensity threshold rose from 66.1% ± 7.6% to 77.6% ± 5.7%. This appreciable increase in signal did not lead to any significant differences in the statistical maps created with the two sets of functional images.

Conclusion

The results suggest that loss of signal is not the limiting factor for the detection of spike‐related BOLD signal changes in patients with TLE activity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of different comprehensive two dimensional systems for the separation of phenolic antioxidants
Authors: Cacciola Francesco , Jandera Pavel , Blahová Eva , Mondello Luigi
Published: October 2006

Three different comprehensive 2‐D HPLC systems for the separation of phenolic antioxidants have been developed on the basis of different selectivities of a PEG‐silica column in the first dimension and a packed or monolithic C18 or a ZR‐CARBON column, respectively, in the second dimension. Two‐dimensional comprehensive liquid chromatography using a serially connected short PEG‐silica column and a conventional C18‐silica or a ZR‐CARBON column in the second dimension was tested to improve the resolution of the earlier eluting compounds in the first dimension. Various types of interface were used to connect the columns in the first and in the second dimension: i) two injection sampling loops of 100 μL in conventional arrangement; ii) a 10‐port 2‐position valve equipped with two trapping X‐Terra columns instead of loops; and iii) two analytical D2 columns in parallel. The mobile phase in the first dimension has a lower elution strength than in the second dimension, allowing band compression of the solutes transferred from the first to the second dimension. This effect was enhanced using trapping columns instead of sampling loops as the interface between the two dimensions, thus allowing a decrease in the time of analysis. These systems were used for the analysis of beer samples. The relative location of the components in the 2‐D retention plane varied in relation to their chemical structure in each instrumental set‐up and allowed positive peak identification.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Theory Simul. 8/2006
Authors: Napolitano Roberto
Published: October 2006

Cover: The picture on the cover shows a projection along the c direction of the content of the unit cell of isotactic cis‐1,4‐poly(1,3‐pentadiene) in the crystal structure obtained by molecular mechanics calculations, and the simulated X‐ray powder diffraction profile and fiber spectrum. The results of calculations have been compared with the experimental data. Further details can be found in the article by R. Napolitano on page 614.
Recent development of small molecular specific inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
Authors: Lee Seokjoon , Wang Qian
Published: October 2006

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), a large family of signaling enzymes, play essential roles in intracellular signal transduction by regulating the cellular level of tyrosine phosphorylation to control cell growth and differentiation, metabolism, cell migration, gene transcription, ion‐channel activity, immune response, cell apoptosis, and bone development. Among all PTPs, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) plays a seminal role in cellular signaling and in many human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Therefore, small molecular inhibitors of PTP1B can be promising drug candidates. Because of the structural homologies in many families of PTPs, it is a challenging task to find inhibitors specific to each PTP. Recent studies suggested that secondary binding pockets or peripheral binding sites around the conserved active site should be exploited to design novel potent and selective PTP1B inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the structural and biological features of small molecular PTP1B‐specific inhibitors, with particular emphasis on small molecular inhibitors targeting PTP1B over the other PTPs that have been synthesized in the past 4 years. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 4, 553–573, 2007
Provisioning virtual private networks under traffic uncertainty
Authors: Altın A. , Amaldi E. , Belotti P. , Pınar M. Ç.
Published: October 2006

We investigate a network design problem under traffic uncertainty that arises when provisioning Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): given a set of terminals that must communicate with one another, and a set of possible traffic matrices, sufficient capacity has to be reserved on the links of the large underlying public network to support all possible traffic matrices while minimizing the total reservation cost. The problem admits several versions depending on the desired topology of the reserved links, and the nature of the traffic data uncertainty. We present compact linear mixed‐integer programming formulations for the problem with the classical hose traffic model and for a less conservative robust variant relying on the traffic statistics that are often available. These flow‐based formulations allow us to solve optimally medium‐to‐large instances with commercial MIP solvers. We also propose a combined branch‐and‐price and cutting‐plane algorithm to tackle larger instances. Computational results obtained for several classes of instances are reported and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(1), 100–115 2007
Incidence of bacteremias and invasive mycoses in children with high risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Castagnola Elio , Conte Massimo , Parodi Stefano , Papio Filippo , Caviglia Ilaria , Haupt Riccardo
Published: October 2006

Background

Information on the incidence of infectious complications during for treatment for high risk neuroblastoma (HR‐NB) is limited. Bacteremias and invasive mycoses may be considered surrogate markers of the infection burden.

Patients and Methods

Data on bacteremias and invasive mycoses occurring during 3 consecutive protocols for front line (NB‐89; NB‐92; NB‐97) or salvage therapy (TVD) for HR‐NB were reviewed. The cumulative risk of developing a first episode and the rate of infections during the entire length of each protocol were evaluated.

Results

Front line protocols were given to 80 patients for a total of 22,070 days at risk; salvage treatment was given to 24 children for 2,909 days at risk. During front line therapy 41 infectious episodes were diagnosed in 29 (36%) patients, for a 45% cumulative risk and an infection rate (IR) of 0.19/100 patient‐days‐at risk. Salvage therapy determined five infectious episodes in four (17%) patients, with a 39% cumulative risk, and an IR of 0.17. The IR during the phase of high dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell rescue (megatherapy) included in the three front line protocols decreased over time (1.54 in NB‐89; 0.52 in NB‐92 and 0.0 in NB 97; P = 0.001), possibly because of the use of less aggressive conditioning regimens, without radiotherapy.

Conclusions

The IRs of protocols for HR‐NB did not change over time. The megatherapy‐related phases are those at highest risk. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:672–677. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developing effective teams: Why and how?
Authors: Bentley Joseph C.
Published: October 2006

In a society that rewards those who achieve success working alone and in competition with others, working effectively as part of a team is a constant challenge.
Job analysis, job descriptions, and performance appraisal systems
Authors: Sims Johnnie M. , Foxley Cecelia H.
Published: October 2006

Job analysis, job descriptions, and performance evaluations benefit both student services staff and administrators.
Principles of design
Authors: Fried Jane
Published: October 2006

Effective developmental courses require careful planning, stimulating classroom activities, and clear evaluation procedures.
Facts, feelings, and academic credit
Authors: Barr Margaret , Fried Jane
Published: October 2006

Student development staff and academic faculty must develop a common language and mutual respect if they are to function together effectively.
Prologue to the future
Authors: Obourn Ellsworth S.
Published: October 2006

The Journal is pleased to publish on this and the following pages statements by a number of the most respected members of NARST. These men—long with a few others—were the founding fathers of the Association, and it is a great honor for the Journal to be able to publish their recollections of the history of NARST and their views of the evolution of science education research in this country. The Journal is grateful for these messages, written especially for this occasion.
Enlightened opportunism: An informal account of the elementary science summer study of 1962
Authors: Morrison Phillip , Walcott Charles
Published: October 2006

This paper is based on discussions held at the close of the Elementary Science Summer Study at Newton, Massachusetts, in the summer of 1962. The Elementary Science Study is a part of the total effort of Educational Services Incorporated and Drs. Morrison and Walcott have been and presumably will continue to be active in the ESS program. The present statement, while based on the Summer 1962 Study, should give the reader some insight into the work of the ESS group which has been more active in the production of elementary science curriculum materials than any other organization. Further information fan be obtained by writing the authors at 108 Water Street, Watertown 75, Massachusetts.
Ninth vs. tenth grade biology—a comparison of achievement
Authors: Walters Louis L.
Published: October 2006

This article is based on a paper presented at the Thirty‐fifth Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, Washington, D. C., February, 1962, and describes one phase of the author's dissertation study for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Minnesota.
Children and their science teachers
Authors: Keanzer Herman C.
Published: October 2006

This article is based on a paper which Dr. Kramer delivered at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Section Q, in Philadelphia in December, 1962.
The evolution of school mathematics
Authors: Davis Robert B.
Published: October 2006

The Madison Project has received a good deal of attention in the popular press as well as in professional publications. In this article, its Director describes the Project's “thrusts and probes” in mathematics education and reports on other current activities.
The Minnesota mathematics and science teaching project
Authors: Rosenbloom P. C.
Published: October 2006

Reports on recent activities of the MINNEMAST Project—the only major effort at the present time whose primary goal is the production of a coordinated science and mathematics curriculum for K‐9.
The direct teaching of critical thinking in grades four through six
Authors: Mason John M.
Published: October 2006

A report of a two‐part study involving an in‐service instructional program designed to develop lesson plans for the teaching of critical thinking and the experimental evaluation of the teaching units produced.
Empiricism as a function of training in the scientific method
Authors: Kaplan Eugene H.
Published: October 2006

If science is based on empiricism, the teachers of science should understand the relationship between training in science and objective perception as a source of information. The study reported here attempts to determine what effect emphasizing the scientific method has on the student's appraisal of his environment.