bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value of contrast-enhanced sonography in the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux
Authors: Conen Patrick , Thiemann Janine , Stredele Regina , Clevert Dirk Andre
Published: February 2024

Background Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the urinary tract and bladder (ceVUS) is an alternative examination method to micturition cysturethrography (MCU/VCUG) for suspected vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) that is increasing in practice. The purpose of this review is to present the current value of ceVUS in the diagnosis.

Method A systematic literature search was performed using the keywords “vesicoureteral reflux”, “ceVUS”, “VCUG” of the databases MEDLINE and Cochrane Library as well as a review of current German, European, and American guidelines on this topic. In addition, recommendations for action in clinical practice were developed.

Conclusion ceVUS is a quick-to-learn examination method that is equivalent to VCUG for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux and should be used as the diagnostic method of first choice when available given the absence of radiation exposure.

Key Points 

Citation Format
Therapie der Sarkoidose. Ein Positionspapier der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP)
Authors: Skowasch Dirk , Bonella Francesco , Buschulte Katharina , Kneidinger Nikolaus , Korsten Peter , Kreuter Michael , Müller-Quernheim Joachim , Pfeifer Michael , Prasse Antje , Quadder Bernd , Sander Oliver , Schupp Jonas C. , Sitter Helmut , Stachetzki Bernd , Grohé Christian
Published: February 2024

Das vorliegende Positionspapier (AWMF) zur Therapie der Sarkoidose der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP) wurde 2023 als deutschsprachige Ergänzung und Aktualisierung der internationalen Leitlinien der European Respiratory Society (ERS) aus dem Jahre 2021 verfasst. Sie enthält 5 im Konsensusverfahren abgestimmte Empfehlungen in Form von PICO-Fragen (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes), die im Hintergrundtext der 4 Kapitel erläutert werden: Diagnosesicherung und Monitoring der Erkrankung unter Therapie, allgemeine Therapieempfehlungen, Therapie der Hautsarkoidose, Therapie der kardialen Sarkoidose.
Understanding the dilemma of explainable artificial intelligence: a proposal for a ritual dialog framework
Authors: Bao Aorigele , Zeng Yi
Published: February 2024

This paper addresses how people understand Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in three ways: contrastive, functional, and transparent. We discuss the unique aspects and challenges of each and emphasize improving current XAI understanding frameworks. The Ritual Dialog Framework (RDF) is introduced as a solution for better dialog between AI creators and users, blending anthropological insights with current acceptance challenges. RDF focuses on building trust and a user-centered approach in XAI. By undertaking such an initiative, we aim to foster a thorough Understanding of XAI, capable of resolving the current issues of acceptance and recognition.
English language hegemony: retrospect and prospect
Authors: Zeng Jie , Yang Jianbu
Published: February 2024

This paper explores the ascent of English as a global lingua franca within the context of linguistic hegemony, following Phillipson’s 1992 framework. It scrutinizes English’s role in the rapidly globalizing world, emphasizing its dominance across economic, governance, and scientific sectors and its impact on non-native English-speaking countries. Utilizing a sociolinguistic approach, combined with historical and interdisciplinary analysis, the study evaluates the influence of English hegemony in cultural, educational, and technological domains, with a focus on post-colonial and expanding circle nations. Additionally, the paper provides critical insights for developing language policies in these areas, considering the intricate role of English in the global linguistic landscape. It concludes by considering the prospects of English language hegemony.
Advances in vibration analysis and modeling of large rotating mechanical equipment in mining arena: A review
Authors: Wang Haijun , Xiong Daiyu , Duan Yun , Liu Jianbo , Zhao Xulin
Published: February 2024

Large-scale rotating mechanical equipment in the mining arena plays a pivotal role in mining production, where vibration issues directly influence production efficiency and safety. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the latest advancements and methodologies related to the generation mechanisms, identification, and applications of vibrational characteristics in large-scale mining rotating mechanical equipment. Semi-autogenous mills, ball mills, and coal mills are selected as archetype equipment, and the Lagrangian motion equation is employed to unveil the generation mechanisms of vibrations and the embedded physical information in the signals of these machines. Initially, the research delves deeply into the acquisition, extraction, and identification of vibrational signal features, emphasizing that while mechanical vibration signals can reveal the internal operational state and fault information of machinery, there remains a need to enhance their capability to depict complex vibrational signals. Subsequently, this Review discusses in depth the studies focused on predicting the vibrational state of equipment by establishing accurate and reliable soft measurement models, pointing out that current models still have room for improvement in prediction accuracy and generalization capabilities. Conclusively, based on the elucidation of mechanical vibration mechanisms and the collation and outlook of the existing research study, the importance of on-site monitoring, deep learning, Internet of Things technology, and full lifecycle management is accentuated. To better support practical engineering applications, further exploration into the physical properties of vibrational signals and the mechanisms of mechanical vibrations is essential.
Potential root mean square error skill score
Authors: Mayer Martin János , Yang Dazhi
Published: February 2024

Consistency, in a narrow sense, denotes the alignment between the forecast-optimization strategy and the verification directive. The current recommended deterministic solar forecast verification practice is to report the skill score based on root mean square error (RMSE), which would violate the notion of consistency if the forecasts are optimized under another strategy such as minimizing the mean absolute error (MAE). This paper overcomes such difficulty by proposing a so-called “potential RMSE skill score,” which depends only on (1) the cross-correlation between forecasts and observations and (2) the autocorrelation of observations. While greatly simplifying the calculation, the new skill score does not discriminate inconsistent forecasts as much, e.g., even MAE-optimized forecasts can attain a high RMSE skill score.
Cooperative near- and far-field thermal management via diffusive superimposed dipoles
Authors: Zhuang Pengfei , Zhou Xinchen , Xu Liujun , Huang Jiping
Published: February 2024

Active metadevices with external excitations exhibit significant potential for advanced heat regulation. Nonetheless, conventional inputs, like heating/cooling and introducing convection by rotating plate, display inherent limitations. One is the only focus on far-field control to eliminate temperature distortion in the background while neglecting near-field regulation in the functional region. Another is lacking adaptability due to complex devices like thermoelectric modules and stepping motors. To tackle these challenges, the concept of diffusive superimposed dipoles characterized by orthogonal thermal dipole moments is proposed. Cooperative near- and far-field regulation of temperature fields is achieved by designing superimposed dipole moments, enabling transparency, and cloaking functionalities with isotropic and homogeneous materials. Simulation and experiment outcomes affirm the efficacy of this adaptive thermal field control technique, even when interface thermal resistance is taken into account. Adaptivity stems from dipole moment decomposability, allowing metadevices to operate in various heat flux directions (0°–360°) and background thermal conductivity. These findings could pave the way for cooperative and adaptive thermal management and hold potential applications in other Laplace fields, including direct current and hydrodynamics.
Shape optimization using the adjoint solver in computational fluid dynamics for additive manufacturing of a pollen filter
Authors: Jüngling N. , Pospichl J. , Niessner J.
Published: February 2024

Pollen filters play an essential role in protecting people from airborne allergens and ensuring indoor air quality. Allergic reactions to pollen can lead to discomfort, reduced productivity, and increased healthcare costs. A low pressure drop of these pollen filters not only enhances the comfort of individuals using the filters but also contributes to energy savings in ventilation systems, thereby promoting environmental sustainability. This research focuses on the shape optimization of pollen filters using the adjoint solver in computational fluid dynamics, aiming to enhance both human health and environmental sustainability. In a previous study, an approach using the adjoint solver was developed to optimize both the separation efficiency and the pressure drop. In the current work, a methodology is presented that exploits these findings and allows the design of initial structures, subsequent optimization, and detailed experimental and numerical comparisons with a reference filter using the example of a pollen filter. To validate the effectiveness of the optimized filter, the initial geometry and the optimized geometry were fabricated and tested on a test bench. Compared to a reference filter, our filter disk was able to separate 2.9% more particles of size 6 μm and the pressure drop was lower by 34.2%. This research work demonstrates that the developed method can effectively be used to improve the performance of pollen filters. The results obtained from the validation suggest that the optimized geometry of the filter exhibits higher separation efficiency while keeping the pressure drop low compared to state-of-the-art pollen filters.
Comparison of excitation temperature of a laser-produced plasma by combining emission and absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Polek M. P. , Phillips M. C. , Beg F. N. , Harilal S. S.
Published: February 2024

Measurement of the temporal evolution of laser-produced plasma temperature is very important for many of its applications, and several plasma diagnostic tools are routinely used by researchers. However, it is very challenging to measure the properties of the plasma at the early and late times of its evolution using a single diagnostic tool. In this study, we combined emission and laser absorption spectroscopy to compare the excitation temperatures of a laser-produced uranium plasma system. Several U I transitions in the near-infrared spectral range (775–800 nm) were considered, and the Boltzmann plot method was used to measure the excitation temperatures using both emission and absorption spectroscopy. Emission spectroscopy provided early-time temperature measurements of the plasma up to times 2–20 µs, while absorption spectroscopy provided temperature measurements at late times of plasma evolution (for times 5–80 µs). The emission and absorbance of U I transitions were found to follow the Boltzmann distribution, indicating the plasma is likely in the state of local thermodynamic equilibrium even at late times of its lifetime. The emission and absorption-based time-resolved excitation temperatures demonstrated good agreement at earlier times (≤15 µs) in the overlapped temporal region, while a deviation in the measured values was seen at times (≥15 µs), and potential reasons for such a disagreement are discussed.
Atterberg limits of baseball infield soils containing over-size particles, Part II: effects of sand angularity and uniformity
Authors: Mascitti Evan Christopher , McNitt Andrew Scott , Drohan Patrick J.
Published: February 2024

Context Atterberg limit tests may be useful for evaluating baseball infield soils because these tests directly link soil behaviour to water content. Prior research has demonstrated that the liquid and plastic limits (LL and PL) of sand-clay mixtures are affected by sand properties. However, these studies have used sand exclusively <425 μm and little attention has been devoted to sand angularity or sand-size uniformity. Aims This research tested the effects of sand angularity and sand-size uniformity on the Atterberg limits of infield mixes containing 0–80% sand with much of the sand 425–2000 μm. Methods Experiment 1 compared the effect of mixing angular or round sand of equivalent size with a kaolinitic clay. Experiment 2 compared the effect of mixing one of two sands having a similar average particle size but varying uniformity with an illitic clay. Key results For mixes having equivalent sand content and sand size, the shape of the sand particles did not affect LL (P = 0.47) or PL (P = 0.80). Mixtures with non-uniform sand yielded higher LL than those with uniform sand (mean difference ~0.6% water content g g−1). The mixtures with non-uniform sand also remained plastic at higher sand content (~72.5%) than mixtures with uniform sand (~67.5%). Calculated threshold sand contents for the two sets of mixtures agreed closely with the experiments. Conclusions Sand angularity was shown to be unimportant in this context. When average particle size was held constant, sand uniformity affected the LL water content and the sand content corresponding to a transition between plastic and non-plastic behaviour. Implications This research suggests that baseball field managers need not consider the angularity of sand in an infield mix but should be aware of the uniformity of the sand used to produce the mix as this may influence the mixture’s plasticity.
Disruption of
Cdh23
exon 68 splicing leads to progressive hearing loss in mice by affecting tip-link stability
Authors: Li Nana , Liu Shuang , Zhao Dange , Du Haibo , Xi Yuehui , Wei Xiaoxi , Liu Qingling , Müller Ulrich , Lu Qing , Xiong Wei , Xu Zhigang
Published: February 2024

Inner ear hair cells are characterized by the F-actin-based stereocilia that are arranged into a staircase-like pattern on the apical surface of each hair cell. The tips of shorter-row stereocilia are connected with the shafts of their neighboring taller-row stereocilia through extracellular links named tip links, which gate mechano-electrical transduction (MET) channels in hair cells. Cadherin 23 (CDH23) forms the upper part of tip links, and its cytoplasmic tail is inserted into the so-called upper tip-link density (UTLD) that contains other proteins such as harmonin. The
Cdh23
gene is composed of 69 exons, and we show here that exon 68 is subjected to hair cell–specific alternative splicing. Tip-link formation is not affected in genetically modified mutant mice lacking
Cdh23
exon 68. Instead, the stability of tip links is compromised in the mutants, which also suffer from progressive and noise-induced hearing loss. Moreover, we show that the cytoplasmic tail of CDH23(+68) but not CDH23(−68) cooperates with harmonin in phase separation–mediated condensate formation. In conclusion, our work provides evidence that inclusion of
Cdh23
exon 68 is critical for the stability of tip links through regulating condensate formation of UTLD components.
A diverse portfolio of marine protected areas can better advance global conservation and equity
Authors: Gill David A. , Lester Sarah E. , Free Christopher M. , Pfaff Alexander , Iversen Edwin , Reich Brian J. , Yang Shu , Ahmadia Gabby , Andradi-Brown Dominic A. , Darling Emily S. , Edgar Graham J. , Fox Helen E. , Geldmann Jonas , Trung Le Duong , Mascia Michael B. , Mesa-Gutiérrez Roosevelt , Mumby Peter J. , Veverka Laura , Warmuth Laura M.
Published: February 2024

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are widely used for ocean conservation, yet the relative impacts of various types of MPAs are poorly understood. We estimated impacts on fish biomass from no-take and multiple-use (fished) MPAs, employing a rigorous matched counterfactual design with a global dataset of >14,000 surveys in and around 216 MPAs. Both no-take and multiple-use MPAs generated positive conservation outcomes relative to no protection (58.2% and 12.6% fish biomass increases, respectively), with smaller estimated differences between the two MPA types when controlling for additional confounding factors (8.3% increase). Relative performance depended on context and management: no-take MPAs performed better in areas of high human pressure but similar to multiple-use in remote locations. Multiple-use MPA performance was low in high-pressure areas but improved significantly with better management, producing similar outcomes to no-take MPAs when adequately staffed and appropriate use regulations were applied. For priority conservation areas where no-take restrictions are not possible or ethical, our findings show that a portfolio of well-designed and well-managed multiple-use MPAs represents a viable and potentially equitable pathway to advance local and global conservation.
Ultrafast sound production mechanism in one of the smallest vertebrates
Authors: Cook Verity A. N. O. , Groneberg Antonia H. , Hoffmann Maximilian , Kadobianskyi Mykola , Veith Johannes , Schulze Lisanne , Henninger Jörg , Britz Ralf , Judkewitz Benjamin
Published: February 2024

Motion is the basis of nearly all animal behavior. Evolution has led to some extraordinary specializations of propulsion mechanisms among invertebrates, including the mandibles of the dracula ant and the claw of the pistol shrimp. In contrast, vertebrate skeletal movement is considered to be limited by the speed of muscle, saturating around 250 Hz. Here, we describe the unique propulsion mechanism by which
Danionella cerebrum
, a miniature cyprinid fish of only 12 mm length, produces high amplitude sounds exceeding 140 dB (re. 1 µPa, at a distance of one body length). Using a combination of high-speed video, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), RNA profiling, and finite difference simulations, we found that
D. cerebrum
employ a unique sound production mechanism that involves a drumming cartilage, a specialized rib, and a dedicated muscle adapted for low fatigue. This apparatus accelerates the drumming cartilage at over 2,000 g, shooting it at the swim bladder to generate a rapid, loud pulse. These pulses are chained together to make calls with either bilaterally alternating or unilateral muscle contractions.
D. cerebrum
use this remarkable mechanism for acoustic communication with conspecifics.
Unveiling ideological shifts in news trans‑editing
Authors: Ping Yuan , Wang Kefei
Published: February 2024

This article expands on previous research on news trans-editing by examining the relationship between ideology and
language. Using a conceptual framework that combines critical discourse analysis with narrative analysis, the study analyses a
corpus of trans-edited news articles on the 2014 Hong Kong protests. These articles were collected from Reference
News, along with their source texts from various English-language international media. Narrative analysis was
conducted using NVivo computer-assisted tools, including cluster analysis, word frequency and matrix coding. The findings reveal
significant shifts in the narratives between the original and trans-edited versions, indicating that the trans-editors
recontextualised the news narratives by determining the narrators, retroversions and frequency of the narrative texts. These
results suggest that news trans-editing is not a neutral process, but is rather influenced by the ideological stance of the news
outlet.
Merger estimates for a disformal Kerr black hole in quadratic degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor theories*
Authors: Jiang 蒋 Hongxin 洪鑫 , Du 杜 Xinyi 欣怡 , Pan 潘 Qiyuan 启沅 , Chen 陈 Songbai 松柏 , Jing 荆 Jiliang 继良
Published: February 2024

We investigate the main features of a disformal Kerr black hole merger in quadratic degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor theories. In the ringdown stage of the black hole merger, for the prograde orbit, the real part of the quasinormal modes decreases with an increase in the disformal parameter, and the imaginary part also decreases, except in the Kerr case for a large spin parameter. However, for the retrograde orbit, the real part increases with an increase in the disformal parameter, and the imaginary part always decreases with it. For the approximate final spin, regardless of an equal spin, unequal spin, or generic spin configuration merger, the final black hole spin always increases with an increase in the disformal parameter. Our results show that the disformal parameter in the disformal Kerr solution and the MOG parameter in the Kerr-MOG case have obviously different effects on the black hole merger, which suggests the differences between these two spacetime structures.
Evaluation of Return Period and Occurrence Probability of the Maximum Magnitude Earthquakes in Iraq and Surroundings
Authors: Al-Heety Emad A. , Rafea Huda F. , Mohammad Osama J.
Published: February 2024

It has long been clear that earthquake prediction is important from both social and economic perspectives; therefore, the practical objective of today’s earthquake seismology researchers is an effective earthquake prediction program. The purpose of this study is to estimate earthquake probabilities and return periods using an updated earthquake catalogue (1900-2019) for Iraq and its surroundings. Weibull’s formula and inverse Weibull’s formula were employed to calculate the period of return and the occurrence probability of the maximum magnitude earthquake. The return period for earthquakes magnitudes 5 and 7Mw was 1.1 and 10.54 years, respectively, while the occurrence probability was 93.79% and 9.5%, respectively. The greatest magnitude is 7.7, with a 121-year return period and likelihood of approximately 0.82%. The probability of exceedance increased as the time period increased. The return duration was greater for earthquakes of higher magnitudes.
Geodiversity in the Iraqi Western Desert. A Critical Discussion
Authors: Sissakian V K , Faiyadh A S
Published: February 2024

The Iraqi Western Desert (IWD) is characterized by enormous geodiversity types in different geological aspects; including geomorphology, lithology, structural geology, mineral deposits, karst forms, and geological hazards. Within each of the mentioned aspects, different forms of different shapes, sizes, and origins can be seen in different parts of the IWD, which we divided into 4 parts, among them 11 main types and 25 sub-types. We have studied geological maps of different scales (1:100000 and 1:250000), interpreted satellite images, and reviewed tens of published articles, books, and scientific reports, besides field visits which lasted for tens of years to conduct the current research. Tens of examples are presented, which confirm geological Geodiversity in the IWD including many field photos and satellite images, as best available. We also presented a satellite image of the IWD and marked 54 locations of different types of geodiversity including ex-situ and in-situ. Locally, detailed explanations are given for some significant forms and/ or features to present their types, origins, and modes of development.
Utilizing soil quality index to assess soil susceptibility to desertification in the eastern Tigris area (al-Fatha-Udaim) /Iraq.
Authors: Zaidan Muthana , al-hadithi Mufid , Amer Waddah
Published: February 2024

The aim of this study was to determine how vulnerable the land was to desertification along the eastern Tigris River by analyzing eight parameters directly connected to soil health. the study area is a part of the Salah Addin governorate and spans 5592.43 km2. The morphology of the study region was assessed using a soil quality index and maps generated using the ArcGIS v.10.5 software as well as Landsat image OLI from USGS combined with laboratory results and the MEDALUS model for evaluating soil quality indicators. The research concluded two distinct types of locations within the study region. About 43.78 %, with area equal to 2448.64 km2, falls under the first group, which is not particularly vulnerable to desertification. While the second group accounts for 56.22 % of the study area and encompasses 3143.79 km2, they are only somewhat vulnerable to desertification.
Integrated Geophysical Approaches for Assessing Lost Circulation While Drilling in the Shiranish Formation, Saddle Area of the Rumaila Oilfield, Southern Iraq
Authors: Hannina Sany E. , Al-Ali Muslim Mohsin , Al-Muhamed Rafed A. , Jaffar Haider M. , Abdulkareem Safaa M.
Published: February 2024

Loss of circulation while oil well drilling is a major problem and is regarded as the most challenging difficulty during drilling and well construction. A significant circulation loss can result in drilling risks such as sticking, blowout and well collapse. This research focused on Shiranish Formation downhole mud losses while drilling and stuck pipe in the saddle area of the Rumaila super giant oilfield, in southern Iraq. Over 1100 wells were drilled in the Rumaila oilfield and only a few wells within the saddle area experienced downhole formation losses/problems and stuck pipes. Seismic data, petrophysical data and drilling reports were used to investigate Shiranish Formation loss and stuck pipe issues. The seismic interpretation revealed small-scale faults and fractures within the examined area, most likely influenced by the strike-slip deep-seated Al-Hammar fault.

Correlation within three wells was performed to understand the effect of these faults within the Shiranish Formation, which demonstrated that the Shiranish Formation top is roughly 40 m different from the neighboring wells within 1.5 km and other formation tops are not affected within these faults. Identifying the location of faults and fractures will aid in avoiding drilling in these particular areas and choosing locations where there are no faults, or at the very least in mitigating and assisting the risk of drilling in such areas, such as controlling the rate of Penetration (ROP) while drilling and preparing extra mud and lost circulation materials (LCM).
Flood Risk Vulnerability Detection based on the Developing Topographic Wetness Index Tool in Geographic Information System
Authors: Thannoun Rayan Gh. , Ismaeel Omar Abdullah
Published: February 2024

Finding vulnerability to flooding locations is a crucial part of sensible urban development and effective natural disaster management. Globally, there has been a noticeable rise in the frequency of floods in recent years, which affects human habitation and several economic sectors. This calls for the employment of various prevention measures, wherein the assessment of vulnerability to flooding is crucial. The main objective of the present study is to introduce the best procedure for the identification of flood risk vulnerability detection using geographical information systems techniques and decision-making, based on a comparative evaluation of various scenarios. In this context, The current study will develop a Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) tool for the detection of these risks which can deal with the stream orders, calculate the length of the valley, and then show the outputs by thematic maps. The procedure with the developed adaptive tool has been applied to identify Flood Risk Vulnerability in Erbil city and some surrounding areas. The results of this paper indicated the existence of different levels of the TWI, which were classified into five classes. The procedure of this study has an advantage over other traditional methods since it takes into account mainly statistics data that are linked to the TWI which can be easily customized in detecting risk Vulnerability.
Determining of an oceanic anoxic event and paleoenvironmental conditions of the Gulneri Formation Kirkuk Oilfield, Northern Iraq
Authors: Al-Haj Mohammed A. , Al-Taee Noor T. , Sulaiman Mohammed Ali M. , Omar Nagham , Al-Juboury Ali I.
Published: February 2024

Stable isotopic geochemistry in relation to major and trace elements geochemistry of core samples from the Gulneri Formation at Kirkuk Oilfield Northern Iraq has been conducted to determine the occurrence of the oceanic anoxic event (OAE2) and reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions during this event. Positive values of the stable carbon isotopic data have revealed that temperature is high during deposition accompanied with higher organic productivity and a high rate of organic carbon burial with a decrease in dissolved oxygen in marine environments, whereas, negative oxygen isotopic values indicate deposition in hot, dry, semi-arid environments with salty marine waters and high organic productivity. These results were also supported by geochemical evidence of paleoclimate through C-value and ratios of Sr/Cu, Rb/Sr, and Ga/Rb, paleosalinity using proxies from Ca/Ca+Fe and Sr/Ba ratios, and paleoproductivity using P/Ti, P/Al and barium ratios. The paleoredox proxies from V/(V+Ni), V/Ni, and U/Th ratios and Uδ indicate dominant anoxic conditions. The recorded oceanic anoxic event (OAE2) has been determined through significant excursion in carbon and oxygen isotopic values as well as geochemical proxies within the sequences of the upper part of the formation marking the final stage of the OAE event.
Pollution Level and Sources of Heavy Metals in Indoor Dust from College of Science, University of Anbar Campus, Iraq
Authors: Al-Rawi Ahmad S. , Aljumialy Abdulsalam M. , Saod Wahran M. , Al-Heety Emad Abdulrahman
Published: February 2024

This research aims to evaluate the level of heavy metal pollution [Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn)] in indoor dust samples taken from the College of Science at the University of Anbar in Iraq and their likely sources. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the dust samples that were taken from 39 locations (classrooms, offices, and laboratories). Zn > Pb > Cr > Co > Cu > Cd was the order in which the heavy metal concentrations were found. The findings showed that all metal concentrations at various times exceeded background values. Using the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and contamination (CF), the pollution level was calculated. The values of Igeo and CF indicate that the indoor dust in the College of Science is heavily polluted with Pb and Cd and is unpolluted to moderate polluted with the other metals. Pb, Cd, and Zn may be released from anthropogenic sources, while Co, Cr, and Cu may come from a combination of sources, according to the coefficient of variation (CV) comparison of the heavy metal concentrations with background values, Pearson’s correlation, cluster analysis (CA), and principle component analysis (PCA).
New Procedure to Reservoir Depth and Islands Mapping for Badush Dam Reservoir Using DEM, Mosul, Northern Iraq
Authors: Badowi Maha Shaher , Saleh Sabbar Abdullah , Abood Mohammad Rashid
Published: February 2024

To determine the depths in water bodies as in the rivers, lakes, and dams reservoirs, it is necessary to use a bathometric survey, which sometimes requires cost and fieldwork, but in this study, the gradient in the depth of the Badush Dam Lake was estimated before the filling and real operation of the reservoir and found using a digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 10*10 meters, where the obtained data was processed, the depth maps will be a data base for future depth monitoring, from the digital elevation (DEM) model using several programs (Global Mapper 18 & Global Mapper Pro.V.24) (Excel software), and after processing, depth maps are drawn using the (Surfer.16) software, it was noticed the increase in depth with increasing level, as the values represent the negative depths of the dam reservoir, where the minimum depth at the level of 228 m(a.s.l) ranges between (0 to -2.1 m), while at the maximum operational level at a level of 250 m(a.s.l), the depth ranges between (0 to -26 m), while at the maximum flood level of 312 m(a.s.l), the depth ranges between (0 to -90 m). As for the positive values, they represent the positive areas that fluctuate with the increase in the level due to the expansion of the reservoir area, the submergence of islands, and the emergence of new islands inside the body of the reservoir, where the lowest height was reach (0.7 m) at a level of 228 m(a.s.l), and the highest height was (35 m) at a level of 270 m(a.s.l).
Diagenetic control on porosity types of carbonate rocks of Late Triassic Baluti Formation in Northern Thrust Zone, Iraqi Kurdistan region, Northern Iraq
Authors: Asaad Irfan Sh. , Omer Muhamed F.
Published: February 2024

The carbonate rocks of Late Triassic Baluti Formation in Sararu outcrop, Northern Thrust Zone, Northern Iraqi Kurdistan region consist of brecciated marly limestone and sandy dolomitic limestone interbedded with shale that characterized by complex heterogeneity. The microscopic description of the porosity types and diagenetic processes controlled it were studied in current work. The petrographic study of 12 thin section of Baluti carbonate displayed that the main skeletal grains are shallow marine derivative fossils and non-skeletal grains are only monocrystalline quartz. The main matrix is micrite which sometimes changed to microspar and sparry calcite. Seven pore types were distinguished in the studied rocks of the formation from both primary and secondary stages. The primary porosity are interparticle and intraparticle pores. While, the secondary types were moldic, intercrystalline, fracture, vuggy and stylolitic porosities. The formation in studied outcrop was undergone in several diagenetic processes, that enhanced or reduced the porosity of the Baluti carbonates. Early micritization protect the primary pores from destroying by compaction. While, solution was assists in creating different secondary pores in different diagenetic stage of the formation particularly the dominant moldic porosity. Calcite cements aid in reducing all pore types in the studied formation. Late dolomitization contribute to formation intercrystalline and dolomoldic porosities. stylolites with dissolution helps to creating stylolitic porosity. Neomorphism, silicification and pyritization generally reduced porosity in the formation.
Clay minerals of Shiranish Formation in, Erbil, Duhok northern Iraq
Authors: Swadi Na’esa Hassan , Al-jaberi Mohanad Hamid , Alsultan Hamid A. A. , Al-Sudani Khaleel J.
Published: February 2024

In the Upper Cretaceous of northern Iraq (upper Campanian-Maastrichtian), the Shiranish Formation is examined for clay minerals using X-ray diffraction in the Duhok (Sandor section) and Erbil cities (Lailuk section). In the marl section of the Shiranish Formation, the layers of chlorite, illite, kaolinite, palygorskite, and a mixed layer of montmorillonite-chlorite strata were discovered to have formed antigenically. The variation in minerals indicates the Cretaceous’ changing climate. Palygorskite is a result of leaching processes that are more successful due to variations in the parent rocks. The transition of palygorskite from montmorillonite and illite can occasionally be impacted by post-depositional diagenetic processes. Because of the warm conditions that supply the eroded clastic materials from earlier successions of Cretaceous in the area, chlorite, mixed-layers, and illite may have predominated over kaolinite. The variation in source rocks and drainage conditions is reflected in the variation of clay minerals in the investigated sequence, which could improve leaching rate processes.
Spatial Distribution of Heterogeneity of the AB Reservoir Unit of Zubair Formation in the South Rumaila Oilfield, Southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Abadi Alaa M , Handhal Amna M , Saleh E Q , Aljasim M K , Hussein A A
Published: February 2024

Reservoir heterogeneity, a critical factor in fluid flow and recovery processes, manifests at various scales and is influenced by depositional facies, diagenesis, and structural features. This study aims to quantify and map the spatial heterogeneity within Unit AB of Zubair Formation, south Rumaila oilfield, utilizing the Lorenz coefficient (Lk
) for vertical heterogeneity and ordinary kriging for spatial interpolation. Analyzing porosity and permeability data from 44 boreholes using the Lk
coefficient revealed that the AB reservoir unit is primarily homogeneous, with 65% of boreholes exhibiting homogeneity. However, heterogeneity is present in the central and southeastern portions of the oilfield. Without considering the reservoir’s heterogeneity, placing injection wells along the eastern flank could lead to increased water production and reduced volumetric sweep efficiency.
Well Logs Analysis and Petrophysical Properties of Shiranish Formation in the East Baghdad Oil Field, Central Iraq
Authors: Hussien Ali Samer , Sahaab Abdalratha Mohammed
Published: February 2024

The objective of this study is to characterize of the petrophysical properties of Shiransih Formation in East Baghdad oilfield. The analysis involves both of examination of Well Log data obtained from specific wells, namely EB-86, EB-84, EBSK-10-4, EBSK8-2, and EBSK-5-4. The Gamma Ray Log is utilized to quantify volume of shale within the formation, while Porosity Logs, including Density Log, Neutron Log, and Sonic Log, are employed to determine effective porosity and index secondary porosity. Water saturation, movable hydrocarbon, and residual hydrocarbon are calculated using Resistivity logs (LLd, MSFL, and ILD). Additionally, a cross-plot analysis is performed utilizing Density Log and Neutron Log to determine the lithology of the Shiransih Formation.
Geochemical investigation and hydrocarbon generation–potential of the Chia Gara (Tithonian–Berriasian) source rocks at Hamrin and Kirkuk fields, Northwestern Zagros Basin, Iraq
Authors: Gharib Abbas F. , Haseeb Mustafa T. , Ahmed Mustafa S.
Published: February 2024

This study investigates the geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon generation potential of the Chia Gara Formation (Tithonian–Berriasian) in the Northwestern (NW) Zagros Basin, Iraq. A comprehensive analysis of forty–seven extract samples and seven crude oil samples was conducted to evaluate the formation’s petroleum potential. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the analyzed samples ranged from 0.68% to 3.95%, indicating fair to excellent source rock quality. Rock–Eval parameters revealed thermal maturity, suggesting an environment favorable for both oil and gas generation.

Integrated analysis of TOC/Rock–Eval data, stable carbon isotope data, and biomarker parameters confirmed the existence of kerogen Type–II and mixed–II/III constituents, along with carbonate–rich deposits. These findings suggest deposition within an algal–dominant anoxic-marine environment.

Characterization of crude oils from these fields revealed paraffinic types, further supporting the interpretation of the Chia Gara interval as the primary source rock in the NW Zagros Basin. The oil–source correlation strengthens the evidence, consolidating the formation’s significance in the region’s petroleum system.
A Comparative Analysis and Environmental Interpretation of the First Cycle of Nfayil Formation in Two Distinct Southern Desert Locations, Iraq
Authors: Ajar Dhyaaldain K. , Mahdi Maher M.
Published: February 2024

Nfayil Formation (Middle Miocene) is considered the equivalent of Fatha Formation; it is exposed in the western and southern Desert of Iraq with two members: a carbonate Lower Member that is composed of three cycles of limestone and marlstone intercalation and an Upper clastic Member of sandstone and claystone with thin layers of limestone. It extends from the western to the southern desert with a systematic succession of two or three cycles of lower members each one consisting of an interbedding of soft olive-green marl with medium tough shelly limestone rich with oyster shells. The upper member disappears in many localities due to erosion activity. From the field observation this succession was normally exposed in the southern Desert at the western parts of Al-Muthanna Governorate to the south of Dewaniyah Governorate, while in the eastern part of Al-Muthanna Governorate to the south of Al-Nasiriya Governorate, the beds showed a different lithology and fossil content. The olive-green marl turned to be rusty red with a higher content of fossils, the shelly limestone bed rich with oyster shells became red in colour, rusty and the oyster shells were substituted by pelecypods shells with the same concentration. A microfacies analysis study supported by chemical and X-ray analysis was carried out to predict the depositional environment and deposition circumstances in both sections. The thin section, chemical analysis and X-ray analysis were accomplished at the laboratories of the Iraq Geological Survey. Chemical analyses showed a high ratio of MgO oxide in Nasiriya section compare with Samawa section, that result was supported by X-ray analyses which refer to calcite mineral as the only mineral exists in Samawa beds wile in Nasiriya minerals of dolomite, quartz, feldspar and clay minerals were appeared.

Environments extracted from thin section study showed more local fluctuations in sea level in Samawa section.
Chromotherapy Method in Rehabilitation Center for Drug Addict
Authors: Fang H , Ardiani Y M , Sakina B
Published: February 2024

This study explains about color as a therapy in rehabilitation center for narcotics. Nowadays, color in architecture is not only aesthetically pleasing but also affects people emotionally and psychologically because it can stimulate the nervous system. Using color as a therapy or Chromotherapy has been used from ancient times until now and the effect of its application in health facilities can provide psychological well-being and create therapeutic environment for patients healing process. Narcotics patients get negative impact physically and psychologically from the drug itself, they usually have high stress levels. The factors that can increase stress in a drug addict patient are negative emotions, people, and environment. By paying attention to the quality of color in the drug healing environment, it can reduce or eliminate stressors that come from the environment. This can have positive effects such as a calming effect, reduce stress and make the patient feel better. In other words, architectural designs that tend towards quiet space will be a good design for building a rehabilitation center.
Memorialization at Conflict Heritage Sites in Aceh based on Major Events
Authors: Sabila F , Arafat P , Agustina S , Yusuf M A
Published: February 2024

Aceh’s conflict heritage is a category of dark heritage that has been taking shape since the start of the political conflict between the Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement in 1976 and the post-tsunami peace agreement in 2005. These events have left a contested tangible and intangible legacy. There is the need to learn from past events with the aim of truth-telling, restoration of victims’ rights, maintaining and nurturing peace. This research aims to identify conflict heritage sites in Aceh and see how the process of memorializing sites is starting to take place. The identification process was conducted through literature review, interviews, focused group discussions, and field verification. Preliminary findings show that 20 significant heritage sites have been mapped, concentrated in the main conflict zones. The heritage objects are identified based on main events timeline and collective narratives of conflict. It also examines the typology of the physical memorials built across the main conflict heritage location and analyzes the process and the results of these memorialization efforts. The results show memorialization efforts face challenges in both the process and form of memorialization. Also, in realizing inclusive and empathic memorialization, it does not only rely on the multi-parties involved but more on the local environmental and cultural context.
Renal proximal tubule-on-a-chip in PDMS: fabrication, functionalization, and RPTEC:HUVEC co-culture evaluation
Authors: Guimaraes Ana Paula Pereira , Calori Italo Rodrigo , Stilhano Roberta Sessa , Tedesco Antonio Claudio
Published: February 2024

‘On-a-chip’ technology advances the development of physiologically relevant organ-mimicking architecture by integrating human cells into three-dimensional microfluidic devices. This method also establishes discrete functional units, faciliting focused research on specific organ components. In this study, we detail the development and assessment of a convoluted renal proximal tubule-on-a-chip (PT-on-a-chip). This platform involves co-culturing Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells (RPTEC) and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) within a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic device, crafted through a combination of 3D printing and molding techniques. Our PT-on-a-chip significantly reduced high glucose level, exhibited albumin uptake, and simulated tubulopathy induced by amphotericin B. Remarkably, the RPTEC:HUVEC co-culture exhibited efficient cell adhesion within 30 min on microchannels functionalized with plasma, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and type-I collagen. This approach significantly reduced the required incubation time for medium perfusion. In comparison, alternative methods such as plasma and plasma plus polyvinyl alcohol were only effective in promoting cell attachment to flat surfaces. The PT-on-a-chip holds great promise as a valuable tool for assessing the nephrotoxic potential of new drug candidates, enhancing our understanding of drug interactions with co-cultured renal cells, and reducing the need for animal experimentation, promoting the safe and ethical development of new pharmaceuticals.
Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of Al–7.5Cu–1Si alloy
Authors: Zhang Chaoyang , Deng Zhenghua , Shou Derong , Gong Xiaoxiang , Yang Qingfeng , Li Bo , Yuan Chenglong
Published: February 2024

With increasing requirements for environmental protection and energy conservation, Al–Cu powder alloys play an important role in machine weight reduction. During the preparation of the Al–Cu powder alloy, an appropriate sintering temperature helps improve the comprehensive performance of the alloys. In this study, powder metallurgy was used to prepare Al–7.5Cu–1Si alloys, and the effects of different sintering temperatures on their relative sintering density, hardness, and tensile strength were studied. The microstructure and phase composition of the alloy were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, and the mechanical properties of the alloy were studied using a Brinell hardness tester and a universal material testing machine. By analyzing the microstructural changes of the alloys at different sintering temperatures, the optimal sintering temperature of the alloy was determined to obtain the best properties. The results demonstrated that the sintering temperature significantly affected the diffusion and migration of the metal particles inside the alloy. When the temperature was low, numerous pores were present in the alloy, and the degree of bonding between the metal particles was poor. As the temperature increased, the number of pores in the alloy decreased, and good metallurgical bonding occurred between the particles. The relative densities and mechanical properties of the alloys were significantly affected by the sintering temperature. When the temperature was below 570 °C, the relative density and mechanical properties were low. At 590 °C, the alloy underwent deformation and was in an over-sintered state. The best sintering temperature was 570 °C. This is because at this temperature, the relative sintering density, hardness, and tensile strength of the alloy all reached maximum values, which were 98.6%, 71 HB, and 153 MPa, respectively.