bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Short‐Step Synthesis of 1,6‐Methano[10]annulene‐3,4‐dicarboximides and Their Benzene‐, Naphthalene‐, and Thiophene‐Annulated Compounds
Authors: Oda Mitsunori , Nakamura Tomomi , Neha Miyako , Miyawaki Daisuke , Ohta Akira , Kuroda Shigeyasu , Miyatake Ryuta
Published: July 2014

Triphenylphosphorane reagents 8 react with 1,3,5‐cycloheptatriene‐1,6‐dicarbaldehyde (2) under acidic as well as basic conditions to produce 1,6‐methano[10]annulene‐3,4‐dicarboximides 1 in moderate ‐to‐ good yields. The reagents 8 react with 3,4‐arene‐annulated 1,3,5‐cycloheptatriene‐1,6‐dicarbaldehydes 9, 10, and 11 to afford only the Wittig condensation products under acidic conditions but produce the arene‐annulated annulenedicarboximides under basic conditions. The structures of some of the dicarboximides and the intermediate Wittig condensation products were determined by X‐ray structural analysis. The emission properties of the dicarboximides were also studied.
Persistence of endocrine disruption in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after discontinued exposure to the androgen 17β-trenbolone
Authors: Baumann Lisa , Knörr Susanne , Keiter Susanne , Nagel Tina , Rehberger Kristina , Volz Sina , Oberrauch Sophia , Schiller Viktoria , Fenske Martina , Holbech Henrik , Segner Helmut , Braunbeck Thomas
Published: July 2014

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the androgenic endocrine disruptor 17β-trenbolone on the sexual development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) with special emphasis on the question of whether adverse outcomes of developmental exposure are reversible or persistent. An exposure scenario including a recovery phase was chosen to assess the potential reversibility of androgenic effects. Zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of 17β-trenbolone (1 ng/L–30 ng/L) from fertilization until completion of gonad sexual differentiation (60 d posthatch). Thereafter, exposure was either followed by 40 d of recovery in clean water or continued until 100 d posthatch, the age when zebrafish start being able to reproduce. Fish exposed for 100 d to 10 ng/L or 30 ng/L 17β-trenbolone were masculinized at different biological effect levels, as evidenced from a concentration-dependent shift of the sex ratio toward males as well as a significantly increased maturity of testes. Gonad morphological masculinization occurred in parallel with decreased vitellogenin concentrations in both sexes. Changes of brain aromatase (cyp19b) mRNA expression showed no consistent trend with respect to either exposure duration or concentration. Gonad morphological masculinization as well as the decrease of vitellogenin persisted after depuration over 40 d in clean water. This lack of recovery suggests that androgenic effects on sexual development of zebrafish are irreversible. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2488–2496. © 2014 SETAC
Theoretical Study on Novel Mixed Valence, P‐H Functional P‐Ligands, and Their Tautomerization
Authors: Espinosa Arturo , Abdrakhmanova Liliya , Streubel Rainer
Published: July 2014

The synthesis of a novel mixed valence P‐ligand system (II/I) with a PP bond bearing phosphonite and PH phosphanyl subunits was achieved via the reaction of a Li/Cl phosphinidenoid complex with a phosphite‐substituted ketone. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide insight into bonding features of the novel R(H)PP(OR′)2ligand system and its tautomer RP = PH(OR′)2. Wiberg bond index, Mayer bond order, and electron density at bond critical points are reported for both the free and ligated forms, pointing to a high degree of PP double bond character of the free ligand with a significant bond order decrease inend‐on pentacarbonyltungsten complexation.
Measuring the societal burden of cancer: The cost of lost productivity due to premature cancer‐related mortality in Europe
Authors: Hanly Paul , Soerjomataram Isabelle , Sharp Linda
Published: July 2014

Every cancer‐related death in someone of working age represents an economic loss to society. To inform priorities for cancer control, we estimated costs of lost productivity due to premature cancer‐related mortality across Europe, for all cancers and by site, gender, region and country. Cancer deaths in 2008 were obtained from GLOBOCAN for 30 European countries across four regions. Costs were valued using the human capital approach. Years of productive life lost (YPLL) were computed by multiplying deaths between 15 and 64 years by working‐life expectancy, then by country‐, age‐ and gender‐specific annual wages, corrected for workforce participation and unemployment. Lost productivity costs due to premature cancer‐related mortality in Europe in 2008 were €75 billion. Male costs (€49 billion) were almost twice female costs (€26 billion). The most costly sites were lung (€17 billion; 23% of total costs), breast (€7 billion; 9%) and colorectum (€6 billion; 8%). Stomach cancer (in Southern and Central‐Eastern Europe) and pancreatic cancer (in Northern and Western Europe) were also among the most costly sites. The average lost productivity cost per cancer death was €219,241. Melanoma had the highest cost per death (€312,798), followed by Hodgkin disease (€306,628) and brain and CNS cancer (€288,850). Premature mortality costs were 0.58% of 2008 European gross domestic product, highest in Central‐Eastern Europe (0.81%) and lowest in Northern Europe (0.51%). Premature cancer‐related mortality costs in Europe are significant. These results provide a novel perspective on the societal cancer burden and may be used to inform priority setting for cancer control.
OPTIMIZING PARENT–INFANT SLEEP FROM BIRTH TO 6 MONTHS: A NEW PARADIGM
Authors: Whittingham Koa , Douglas Pamela
Published: July 2014

Currently, the dominant paradigm for infant sleep from birth to 6 months is behavioral sleep interventions that aim to entrain the infant's biological patterns of sleep using techniques such as delayed response to cues, feed–play–sleep routines, sleep algorithms, and education of parents about “tired cues” and “overstimulation.” A recent systematic literature review has identified that while behavioral sleep interventions may modestly increase the length of time an infant sleeps at night without signaling, they are not associated with improved infant or maternal outcomes and may have unintended negative consequences (Douglas & Hill, 2013). This article reviews the empirical literature on behavioral infant sleep interventions, sleep regulation, and sleep disturbance. Based on the available scientific literature, a new paradigm for infant sleep intervention, from birth to 6 months of age, is proposed. This new approach, the Possums Sleep Intervention, integrates interdisciplinary knowledge from developmental psychology, medical science, lactation science, evolutionary science, and neuroscience with third‐wave contextual behaviorism, acceptance and commitment therapy, to create a unique, new intervention that supports parental flexibility, cued care, and the establishment of healthy biopsychosocial rhythms.
Using Salary as a Measure of Glass Ceiling Effects: Lessons for Institutional Researchers
Authors: Rosser Vicki J. , Mamiseishvili Ketevan
Published: July 2014

This chapter examines glass ceiling effects through the metric of salary equity.
Approximating Glass Ceiling Effects Using Cross‐Sectional Data
Authors: Jackson Jerlando F. L. , O'Callaghan Elizabeth M. , Adserias Ryan P.
Published: July 2014

This chapter reviews methodological issues surrounding the measurement of glass ceiling effects and summarizes findings from one cross‐sectional analysis study.
Using Human Resource Software Technology to Mitigate Glass Ceiling Effects in Higher Education: Interdisciplinary Applications for Managing Diversity
Authors: Charleston LaVar Jovan
Published: July 2014

This chapter describes how software technology may be used as an interdisciplinary approach to managing diversity in higher education to mitigate glass ceiling effects.
Organizational Learning as a Framework for Overcoming Glass Ceiling Effects in Higher Education
Authors: Williams Damon A.
Published: July 2014

This chapter centers on the challenges of translating glass ceiling research findings into meaningful organizational change initiatives, moving from theory or scholarship to practice.
Stellar Programs and Initiatives
Authors: Leon Raul A.
Published: July 2014

This chapter serves as a resource for identifying selected programs and initiatives in higher education that demonstrate great promise in addressing glass ceiling effects in the workplace.
Synthesis of Novel Benzofuran‐Gathered C‐2,4,6‐substituted Pyrimidine Derivatives Conjugated by Sulfonyl Chlorides: Orally Bioavailable, Selective, Effective Antioxidants and Antimicrobials Drug Candidates
Authors: Rangaswamy Javarappa , Kumar Honnaiah Vijay , Harini Salakatte Thammaiah , Naik Nagaraja
Published: July 2014

In the present study, we have made an effort to develop the novel synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobials with improved potency. The novel benzofuran‐gathered C‐2,4,6‐substituted pyrimidine derivatives 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e, 7f, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 8e, 8f, 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 9e, 9f were synthesized by simple and efficient four‐step reaction pathway. Initially, o‐alkyl derivative of salicylaldehyde readily furnish corresponding 2‐acetyl benzofuran 2 in good yield, upon the treatment with potassium tertiary butoxide in the presence of molecular sieves. Further, Claisen–Schmidt condensation with aromatic aldehydes via treatment with thiourea followed by coupling reaction with different sulfonyl chlorides afforded target compounds. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass, and elemental analysis and further screened for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that the synthesized compounds 8b, 8e, 9b, and 9e produced significant antioxidant activity with 50% inhibitory concentration higher than that of reference, whereas compounds 7d and 7c produced dominant antimicrobial activity at concentrations 1.0 and 0.5 mg/mL compared with standard Gentamicin and Nystatin, respectively.
Spreading the word about the unique and valuable role of healthcare risk managers
Authors: Mitchell Jacque L.
Published: July 2014

Here I am three‐quarters through my year as president of ASHRM and I am still pinching myself that I am where I am! How has your year been? It has been a tough year for everyone in healthcare. With the Affordable Care Act demands on healthcare and the public, concerns about funding, quality initiatives, and overall potential loss of revenue, it's a wonder we are still in healthcare. But would you be doing anything different? I don't think so. I love that I can help make a difference by assisting staff with a difficult patient or situation or help a patient with a care concern that they are totally frustrated with or explain to a fellow risk manager what I would do in the situation they are dealing with. Although we feel like we are being pulled into new healthcare territories for our insight and recommendations, it is an indication of the value we bring to our organizations. We will get through this and there will be more challenges, but as risk management professionals, we can help solve problems and create value in the upcoming changes in healthcare.
Accountable care and integration: A challenge for credentialing and risk management
Authors: Barr Stephanie M. , Mattioli Mark L.
Published: July 2014

Healthcare reform efforts have resulted in expanded creation of integrated organizations such as accountable care organizations. These ACOs, however, create additional risk management issues for organizations in terms of antitrust compliance, fraud and abuse, and medical liability issues. While much has been written on the formation of such organizations, the postformation risks have not been explored adequately. This article summarizes some of the risk‐management challenges that ACOs and other integrated organizations may face.
Hepatitis E virus infection in farmed rabbits and swine in the Eastern Chinese city Lianyungang: Showing no potential interspecies transmission
Authors: Han Jian , Zeng Hang , Wang Ling , Liu Peng , Liu Lin , Xia Junke , Zhang Yulin , Wang Lin , Zhuang Hui
Published: July 2014

Rabbit HEV isolated recently from farmed rabbits in China has been shown experimentally to be able to infect both cynomolgus macaques and pigs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the extent to which cross‐species transmission of rabbit HEV in farm settings is a significant factor in the spread of this zoonotic infection. Rabbit and swine feces were collected from the same area in Eastern China (Lianyungang City) and analyzed by RT‐PCR. Partial genome sequencing of a 365 bp region of ORF2 from the HEV positive rabbit samples revealed that they had 92–99% sequence identity with rabbit strains (rbIM163‐c1 and rbIM004) isolated from Inner Mongolia. Similarly, sequencing of a 765 bp region of ORF2 of HEV positive swine samples showed 96–98% sequence identity with genotype 4d isolates collected from patients in the Yantai and Nanjing regions of China. By contrast, the sequence identity between the rabbit and swine isolates was only 73–75%, with no molecular biological evidence of interspecies transmission having occurred. It is concluded that whilst interspecies infection with rabbit HEV can be achieved experimentally, in the field it is not a significant factor in zoonotic disease transmission at least in the area of China where this study was undertaken. J. Med. Virol. 86:1898–1904, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Importance of serum adipokine and ghrelin levels in patients with Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever
Authors: Yilmaz Gürdal , Mentese Ahmet , Yilmaz Hülya , Koksal İftihar
Published: July 2014

Crimean‐Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) may present with a mild clinical course or else exhibit a severe profile with potentially fatal hemorrhaging. The pathogenesis of the disease has not yet been well described. Cytokines have recently been investigated in order to explain the pathogenesis. The latest reports show that adipokines are powerful inflammation modulators. This study investigated the effect of adipokines (resistin, leptin, and adiponectin) and ghrelin on disease severity in CCHF patients by testing their serum levels. This retrospective study was conducted with patients with CCHF hospitalized at the Karadeniz Technical University, Medical Faculty in Turkey. Patients were divided into severe and non‐severe groups. Serum adipokine levels of patients with CCHF were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fifty‐three patients with confirmed CCHF were investigated. Twenty‐five (47.2%) of these patients constituted the severe group. Serum resistin levels in the severe and non‐severe groups were 108.9 ± 24.7 ng/ml and 77.5 ± 27.7 ng/ml (P < 0.001), leptin levels 15.5 ± 9.8 and 11.2 ± 5.1 ng/ml (P = 0.074), adiponectin levels 26.8 ± 18.9 and 27.4 ± 16.3 ng/ml (P = 0.903) and ghrelin levels 57.1 ± 48.7 and 200.9 ± 182.7 ng/ml (P = 0.001), all respectively. This study confirms that significant changes in serum levels of resistin and ghrelin take place in severe CCHF. J. Med. Virol. 87:310–314, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of biceps tension and superior humeral head translation on the glenoid labrum
Authors: Hwang Eunjoo , Carpenter James E. , Hughes Richard E. , Palmer Mark L.
Published: July 2014

We sought to understand the effects of superior humeral head translation and load of the long head of biceps on the pathomechanics of the superior glenoid labrum by predicting labral strain. Using micro‐CT cadaver images, a finite element model of the glenohumeral joint was generated, consisting of humerus, glenoid bone, cartilages, labrum, and biceps tendon. A glenohumeral compression of 50 N and biceps tensions of 0, 22, 55, and 88 N were applied. The humeral head was superiorly translated from 0 to 5 mm in 1‐mm increments. The highest labral strain occurred at the interface with the glenoid cartilage and bone beneath the origin of the biceps tendon. The maximum strain was lower than the reported failure strain. The humeral head motion had relatively greater effect than biceps tension on the increasing labral strain. This supports the mechanistic hypothesis that superior labral lesions result mainly from superior migration of the humeral head, but also from biceps tension. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1424–1429, 2014.
Effect of isolated hyperglycemia on native mechanical and biologic shoulder joint properties in a rat model
Authors: Thomas Stephen J. , Sarver Joseph J. , Yannascoli Sarah M. , Tucker Jennica J. , Kelly John D. , Ahima Rexford S. , Barbe Mary F. , Soslowsky Louis J.
Published: July 2014

Recently, diabetes has been linked to rotator cuff disease and adhesive capsulitis, conditions with increased stiffness and inflammation. Unfortunately, limited research exists examining how hyperglycemia affects the native shoulder (tendon and capsule) properties. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare shoulder joint mechanics, tendon properties (mechanics and immunohistochemistry), and capsule of healthy control and hyperglycemic rats 8 weeks following induction of hyperglycemia with a submaximal dose of streptozotocin (STZ). Eighteen rats were injected with STZ to induce hyperglycemia or citrate buffer (control) and underwent normal cage activity for 8 weeks. Passive joint mechanics demonstrated significantly less external rotation in the hyperglycemic group compared to controls, with no other group differences. Tendon mechanical properties (stiffness and modulus) were not significantly different between groups at both the insertion site and mid‐substance. Immunohistochemistry staining of the tendon and capsule demonstrated significantly increased interleukin 1‐beta (IL1‐β) and advanced glycated end‐products (AGE) staining localized to the insertion and mid‐substance of the tendon but not the capsule. In addition, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) staining was significantly increased in the superior capsule but not the supraspinatus tendon. This study demonstrates that isolated hypergylcemia does not diminish shoulder mechanical properties but does induce a chronic inflammatory response. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1464–1470, 2014.
Exploration of novel rhizospheric yeast isolate as fertilizing soil inoculant for improvement of maize cultivation
Authors: Mukherjee Sayani , Sen Sukanta K
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Chemical input in agriculture is a common practice but makes a serious impact to the environment. In this context, soil isolates having multiple plant growth‐promoting (PGP) attributes have been studied. The isolates were tested for their PO4 and Zn solubilization, indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) production and N2 fixation ability. The selected isolate SSm‐39 was characterized to molecular level. The isolate SSm‐39 was applied to maize cultivation in various combinations with chemical fertilizers. Also, the chemical and microbial status of soil, its effect on maize growth and yield were investigated.

RESULTS

Isolate SSm‐39 found most suitable for its PGP attributes and identified as Candida tropicalis. The inoculant (100%) with reduced dose of chemical fertilizer (T5) application notably increased the growth and yield performance of maize. It has improved grain quality by 85% as indicated by carbohydrate and protein content, in comparison to uninoculated control (T3). Soil nutrient status was found to increase twofold with T5 treatment compared with T3 treatment. Enhanced soil nutrient quality supported microbial growth and diversity, thus accelerating soil enzymatic activities.

CONCLUSION

The results validate the multiple PGP traits of C. tropicalis SSm‐39, advocating reduction of chemical fertilizer for maize cultivation. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Liver regeneration after living donor transplantation: Adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantation cohort study
Authors: Olthoff Kim M. , Emond Jean C. , Shearon Tempie H. , Everson Greg , Baker Talia B. , Fisher Robert A. , Freise Chris E. , Gillespie Brenda W. , Everhart James E.
Published: July 2014

Adult‐to‐adult living donors and recipients were studied to characterize patterns of liver growth and identify associated factors in a multicenter study. Three hundred and fifty donors and 353 recipients in the Adult‐to‐Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study (A2ALL) receiving transplants between March 2003 and February 2010 were included. Potential predictors of 3‐month liver volume included total and standard liver volumes (TLV and SLV), Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score (in recipients), the remnant and graft size, remnant‐to‐donor and graft‐to‐recipient weight ratios (RDWR and GRWR), remnant/TLV, and graft/SLV. Among donors, 3‐month absolute growth was 676 ± 251 g (mean ± SD), and percentage reconstitution was 80% ± 13%. Among recipients, GRWR was 1.3% ± 0.4% (8 < 0.8%). Graft weight was 60% ± 13% of SLV. Three‐month absolute growth was 549 ± 267 g, and percentage reconstitution was 93% ± 18%. Predictors of greater 3‐month liver volume included larger patient size (donors and recipients), larger graft volume (recipients), and larger TLV (donors). Donors with the smallest remnant/TLV ratios had larger than expected growth but also had higher postoperative bilirubin and international normalized ratio at 7 and 30 days. In a combined donor‐recipient analysis, donors had smaller 3‐month liver volumes than recipients adjusted for patient size, remnant or graft volume, and TLV or SLV (P = 0.004). Recipient graft failure in the first 90 days was predicted by poor graft function at day 7 (HR = 4.50, P = 0.001) but not by GRWR or graft fraction (P > 0.90 for each). Both donors and recipients had rapid yet incomplete restoration of tissue mass in the first 3 months, and this confirmed previous reports. Recipients achieved a greater percentage of expected total volume. Patient size and recipient graft volume significantly influenced 3‐month volumes. Importantly, donor liver volume is a critical predictor of the rate of regeneration, and donor remnant fraction affects postresection function. Liver Transpl 21:79‐88, 2015. © 2014 AASLD.
Solvent‐Assisted Orientation of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐Functionalized CdSe Nanorods Under an Electric Field
Authors: Chantarak Sirinya , Liu Feng , Emrick Todd , Russell Thomas P.
Published: July 2014

The synthesis of high‐aspect‐ratio (AR) CdSe (NRs) nanorods and their ordered assembly over large areas are reported. Long‐range ordering of hexagonal arrays of high‐AR NRs is achieved by a combination of controlled solvent evaporation and the use of an applied electric field. Vertically oriented assemblies of CdSe NRs functionalized with oligo‐ and polythiophene are also obtained. Aligned and oriented polythiophene CdSe NRs have potential applications in organic–inorganic hybrid bulk‐heterojunction photovoltaic devices.

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Controlled Radical Polymerization Using a Novel Symmetrical Selenium RAFT Agent
Authors: Botha Carlo , Weber Wolfgang , Pfukwa Helen , Pasch Harald
Published: July 2014

A novel symmetrical selenium‐based reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent, Se,Se’‐dibenzyl carbonodiselenothioate (Se‐RAFT), is synthesized and used in the RAFT polymerization of styrene. The results obtained show that the Se‐RAFT agent is involved in the polymerization of styrene, as evidenced by narrow molar‐mass distributions (/ < 1.6) and the incorporation of the Se‐RAFT moiety into the resultant polymer. The latter is confirmed by aminolysis, NMR spectroscopy, size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) and UV spectroscopy. This work provides detailed insight into the Se‐RAFT polymerization mechanism. The Se‐RAFT agent is unique in that the stabilizing and leaving groups are identical.

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Congenital Mirror Movements in a New Italian Family
Authors: Fasano Alfonso , Bologna Matteo , Iezzi Ennio , Pavone Luigi , Srour Myriam , Di Biasio Francesca , Grillea Giovanni , Rouleau Guy A. , Levert Annie , Sebastiano Fabio , Colonnese Claudio , Berardelli Alfredo
Published: July 2014

Mirror movements (MMs) occur on the contralateral side of a limb being used intentionally. Because few families with congenital MMs and no other neurological signs have been reported, the underlying mechanisms of MMs are still not entirely clear. We report on the clinical, genetic, neurophysiological and neuroimaging findings of 10 of 26 living members of a novel four‐generation family with congenital MMs. DCC and RAD51 were sequenced in affected members of the family. Five of the ten subjects with MMs underwent neurophysiological and neuroimaging evaluations. The neurophysiological evaluation consisted of electromyographic (EMG) mirror recordings, investigations of corticospinal excitability, and analysis of interhemispheric inhibition using transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques. The neuroimaging evaluation included functional MRI during finger movements. Eight (all females) of the ten members examined presented MMs of varying degrees at the clinical assessment. Transmission of MMs appears to have occurred according to an autosomal‐dominant fashion with variable expression. No mutation in DCC or RAD51 was identified. EMG mirror activity was higher in MM subjects than in healthy controls. Short‐latency interhemispheric inhibition was reduced in MM subjects. Ipsilateral motor‐evoked potentials were detectable in the most severe case. The neuroimaging evaluation did not disclose any significant abnormalities in MM subjects. The variability of the clinical features of this family, and the lack of known genetic abnormalities, suggests that MMs are heterogeneous disorders. The pathophysiological mechanisms of MMs include abnormalities of transcallosal inhibition and corticospinal decussation.
The Journey to Diagnosis in AS/Axial SpA: The Impact of Delay
Authors: Martindale J. , Goodacre L.
Published: July 2014

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to conduct an in‐depth exploration of the ‘journey’ to diagnosis of people with ankylosing spondylitis (AS)/axial spondyloarthritis (Axial SpA) to gain insights into the experience, potential barriers and facilitators in this process.

Methods

The present qualitative study, embedded within a prospective longitudinal cohort study, was located within an interpretive phenomenological paradigm. Ten people newly diagnosed with AS/axial SpA, reporting an average of 10.1 [standard deviation (SD) 7.3] years between experiencing symptoms and diagnosis, participated in semi‐structured interviews. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.

Results

Analysis identified four key themes: ‘What's going on?’ described the process associated with trying to understanding a changing body experience complicated by variability and the severity of back pain experienced. ‘Fighting for a diagnosis’ provided insights into the process of having to ‘fight’ to be believed and feeling dismissed by healthcare professionals. ‘Being adrift’ explored the negative psychological consequences associated with a search for a diagnosis. ‘The start of a journey’ described the relief associated with receiving a diagnosis, juxtaposed against emotions associated with the diagnosis of a long‐term degenerative condition.

Conclusions

The delay in diagnosis experienced may be associated with lack of familiarity and knowledge of AS/axial SpA in the population and in healthcare professionals, and creates a multiplicity of problems, including psychological distress. Clinicians therefore need to consider the potential impact of a person's ‘journey to diagnosis’ on clinical management once a diagnosis has been made. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in reoperation for female stress urinary incontinence: A nationwide study
Authors: Wu Ming‐Ping , Long Cheng‐Yu , Liang Ching‐Chung , Weng Shih‐Feng , Tong Yat‐Ching
Published: July 2014

Aims

Using the National Health Insurance (NHI) database in Taiwan, the study aimed to evaluate the rates and associated factors for reoperation of female stress incontinence.

Methods

Records of female patients who had received a primary surgical treatment for stress incontinence from January 2000 to December 2006 were retrieved. Among these, patients who had reoperations during follow‐up till December 2010 were identified. The data were analyzed for reoperation rates, surgery methods, patient demography, surgeon, and hospital attributes.

Results

Among 14,613 patients with a mean follow‐up of 86.28 ± 26.76 months, 563 (3.85%) had reoperations, an incidence rate of 54.37 per 10,000 person year (PY). Injection procedures had the highest reoperation rate of 893.30/10,000 PY. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of reoperation was higher for mid‐urethral sling when compared to pubovaginal sling (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.16–2.05) or retropubic urethropexy including Burch operation (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.04–1.61). Surgeons with high service volumes tended to have fewer reoperations. No correlations were noted between the reoperation rate with patient age, surgeon age/gender, year of operation and hospital status. However, urologists had higher reoperation rates than gynecologists. For repeat surgery, the majority of patients chose the same specialty but different surgical types. Mid‐urethral sling was used most commonly in 48.85% of reoperations.

Conclusions

Substantial number of patients need reoperation for stress incontinence. The choice of primary surgery type and surgeon specialty may affect the reoperation rates. Mid‐urethral sling is the most common reoperation choice. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:???–???, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A level set enhanced natural kernel contact algorithm for impact and penetration modeling
Authors: Chi Sheng‐Wei , Lee Chung‐Hao , Chen Jiun‐Shyan , Guan Pai‐Chen
Published: July 2014

A natural kernel contact (NKC) algorithm under the framework of the semi‐Lagrangian reproducing kernel particle method (semi‐Lagrangian RKPM) is proposed to model multi‐body contact with specific consideration for impact and penetration modeling. The NKC algorithm utilizes the interaction of the semi‐Lagrangian kernel functions associated with contacting bodies to serve as the non‐penetration condition. The effects of friction are represented by introducing a layer of the friction‐like elasto‐plasticity material between contacting bodies. This approach allows the frictional contact conditions and the associated kinematics to be naturally embedded in the semi‐Lagrangian RKPM inter‐particle force calculation. The equivalence in the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions between the proposed NKC algorithm and the conventional contact kinematic constraints as well as the associated state variable relationships are identified. A level set method is further introduced in the NKC algorithm to represent the contact surfaces without pre‐defined potential contact surfaces. The stability analysis performed in this work shows that temporal stability in the semi‐Lagrangian RKPM with NKC algorithms is related to the velocity gradient between contacting bodies. The proposed methods have been verified by several benchmark problems and applied to the simulation of impact and penetration processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast frequency sweeps with many forcing vectors through adaptive interpolatory model order reduction
Authors: Wixom Andrew S. , McDaniel J. Gregory
Published: July 2014

The goal of this work is to examine the efficacy of interpolatory model order reduction on frequency sweep problems with many forcing vectors. The adaptive method proposed relies on the implicit interpolatory properties of subspace projection with basis vectors spanning the forced response of the system and its derivatives. The algorithm is similar to a recently proposed adaptive scheme in that it determines both interpolation location and order within the frequency domain of interest. The bounds of efficiency of the approach as the number of forcing vectors grows are explored through the use of rough floating operation counts. This, in turn, guides choices made in the adaptive algorithm, including a new technique that prevents excessive subspace growth by capitalizing on subspace direction coupling. In order to demonstrate the algorithm's utility, a series of frequency sweep problems drawn from the field of structural acoustics is analyzed. It is demonstrated that increased order of interpolation can actually degrade the efficiency of the algorithm as the number of forcing vectors grows but that this can be limited by the subspace size throttling procedure developed here. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ancient DNA Analysis of Anatolian Goat Remains Excavated from a Urartian Castle in Eastern Turkey
Authors: Akis I. , Onar V. , Toker N. , Belli O. , Pazvant G. , Oztabak K.
Published: July 2014

In recent years, mitochondrial diversity of goats has been extensively studied, in order to shed light on domestication processes. There are limited studies on genetic diversity and demographic history of Anatolian goat breeds, and these studies have focused only on modern goats. Until today, no research has been conducted on DNA analysis of ancient Anatolian goats. In the present study, seven ancient DNA samples of goat remains from Van‐Yoncatepe archaeological site in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey, dating 1000 BC, were successfully extracted and amplified for the first time. A 230‐bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA Hypervariable Region 1 of the samples was analyzed. All of the ancient sequences belonged to haplogroup A, which is the most widely distributed and frequently encountered haplogroup in modern goats. The results also pointed out that Anatolian ancient goats might have contributed to the genetic structure of modern goats in the Near East, the Mediterranean Region and South‐Southeastern Asia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crosslinking of gelatin by ring opening metathesis under aqueous conditions—an exploratory study
Authors: Neffe Axel T. , Chua Krystle , Luetzow Karola , Pierce Benjamin F. , Lendlein Andreas , Abell Andrew D.
Published: July 2014

Ring‐opening metathesis catalysis has received little attention as a means to functionalize or crosslink biopolymers in water since the required catalysts are usually not stable under these conditions. However, biopolymer solubility suggests such a procedure. We show that Grubbs first and second generation catalysts (in emulsion) as well as a water‐soluble Hoveyda‐Grubbs catalyst can be applied to crosslink glycidyl methacrylated gelatin with norbornene dicarboxylic acid in water by a cross metathesis‐ring opening metathesis approach. A mechanistic study suggests that cross metathesis between the functionalized polymer and the cyclic olefin acts as an initiating step for the crosslinking reaction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mach Wave Control in Explosively Formed Projectile Warhead
Authors: Zhu Chuan‐Sheng , Huang Zheng‐Xiang , Zu Xu‐Dong , Xiao Qiang‐Qiang
Published: July 2014

A Mach wave emerges at the top of the liner when a wave shaper is embedded in charge, and thus seriously breaks the explosively formed projectile (EFP) nose. Thus, to avoid breakage at the EFP nose, the pressure behind the Mach wave should be controlled. An analytical model for calculating Mach wave parameters is presented based on three‐shock theory. The parameters of Mach waves, such as their growth angles and radii, their velocity along the plane of symmetry, and the pressure behind them, can be determined. Calculation results show that when the diameter of the wave shaper is reduced or the distance between the wave shaper and liner increases, the incident angle of the detonation wave at the top of the liner increases and thereby lowers the pressure behind the Mach wave. Avoiding the occurrence of Mach waves by reducing the incident angle fails to avoid breakage at the nose of the EFP, but lowering the pressure behind the Mach wave by increasing the incident angle avoids breakage at the nose of the EFP. Calculation and simulation results are validated through X‐ray imaging experimentation.
Presence and Persistence of White Phosphorus On Military Training Ranges
Authors: Walsh Michael R. , Walsh Marianne E. , Voie Øyvind A.
Published: July 2014

The use of obscurants is a common practice by militaries worldwide. One of the most effective of these is white phosphorus (WP). WP is the elemental form of phosphorus that does not occur in nature and is highly toxic. The use of WP rounds on training ranges has led to a number of die‐offs of grazing land animals and dabbling waterfowl, the first recorded in 1930. In the 1980s, thousands of waterfowl were dying annually at an impact range in Alaska, leading to the first large‐scale investigation of WP as a lethal range contaminant. Tests were conducted at an upland impact range in New York to determine the quantity and persistence of WP in a typical environment. At all sites cited in this paper, WP was persistent for months to years following the detonation of WP munitions. At the Eagle River Flats range in AK, WP was identified from rounds fired in the 1950s, persisting over 45 years in a non‐saturated environment. In New York, dispersal of gram quantities of WP occurred at detonation, and high concentrations of WP were found in the detonation craters a year after firing. Caution needs to be exercised when using white phosphorus munitions on ranges.
Transgenic cry1C or cry2A rice has no adverse impacts on the life‐table parameters and population dynamics of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Lu Zeng‐Bin , Liu Yu‐E , Han Nai‐Shun , Tian Jun‐Ce , Peng Yu‐Fa , Hu Cui , Guo Yu‐Yuan , Ye Gong‐Yin
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Transgenic rice producing the insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) is protected from damage by lepidopteran insect pests. However, one of the main concerns about Bt rice is the potential impact on non‐target herbivores. In the present study, the ecological impacts of two Bt rice lines, T1C‐19 expressing Cry1C protein and T2A‐1 expressing Cry2A protein, on the non‐target herbivore brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. The purpose was to verify whether these Bt rice lines could affect the performance of BPH at individual and population scales.

RESULTS

Laboratory results showed that most of the fitness parameters (development duration, survival rate, fecundity, fertility, amount of honeydew excreted) of BPH were not significantly affected by the two tested Bt rice lines, although the development duration of fourth‐instar nymphs fed on T1C‐19 was distinctly longer compared with that on T2A‐1 and non‐Bt rice plants. Five life‐table parameters did not significantly differ among rice types. Two‐year field trials also revealed no significant difference in population dynamics of BPH among rice types.

CONCLUSION

It is inferred that the tested Bt rice lines are unlikely to affect the population growth of BPH. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of an antidepressant on mouse hippocampus protein turnover analyzed by MIMS
Authors: Filiou M. D. , Moy J. , Wang M. , Guillermier C. , Poczatek J. C. , Turck C. W. , Lechene C.
Published: July 2014

Although antidepressants have been used in the treatment of affective disorders for over 50 years, the precise mechanism of their action remains unknown. Treatment regimens are based by and large on empirical parameters and characterized by a trial and error scheme. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in antidepressant drug response is of fundamental importance for the development of new compounds that have a higher success rate and specificity. In order to elucidate the molecular pathways involved in the action of antidepressants, we wish to identify brain areas, cell types and organelles that are targeted by antidepressant treatment in mice. Multi‐isotope imaging mass spectrometry allows a quantitative approach to this analysis, enabling us to delineate antidepressant effect on protein synthesis in the brain at single cell and organelle resolution. In these experiments, we obtained a global analysis of protein turnover in the hippocampus dentate gyrus and in the Cornu Ammonis regions, together with a subcellular analysis in the granular cells and others. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental aspects of Arn+ SIMS profiling of common organic semiconductors
Authors: Fleischmann C. , Conard T. , Havelund R. , Franquet A. , Poleunis C. , Voroshazi E. , Delcorte A. , Vandervorst W.
Published: July 2014

We investigate the capabilities and limitations of performing (quantitative) in‐depth composition analysis of polymer:fullerene blends, using time‐of‐flight SIMS with large Arn+ clusters. These blends constitute an important class of organic solar cell materials, whose performance and reliability critically depend on the blend's physicochemical properties at the nanoscale. We investigate the effect of Ar cluster size n, kinetic energy E and E/n on the secondary ion and sputter yields and evaluate the Ar beam‐induced damage in these layers. On the basis of this, the ideal experimental conditions are derived that allow us to investigate matrix effects and variations in sputter yields as function of polymer:fullerene compositions. We demonstrate that time‐of‐flight SIMS is capable to retrieve quantitative in‐depth information in common polythiophene, polycarbazole, and fullerene blends. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical second harmonic generation of V‐shaped chromium nanoholes—dependence on the structure parameters of the nanoholes
Authors: Quang Ngo Khoa , Miyauchi Yoshihiro , Mizutani Goro , Charlton Martin D. , Chen Ruiqi , Boden Stuart , Rutt Harvey
Published: July 2014

We investigated optical second harmonic generation (SHG) from the arrays of V‐shaped chromium nanoholes with the arm width of 50 nm. We systematically investigated the dependence of the SHG intensity on the designed parameters of Cr nanoholes, i.e. the arm length and apex angle. Several combinations of structural parameters of apex angles (A) and arm lengths (L) were examined. The SHG intensity in Pin/Pout configuration was enhanced when L was enlarged. We suggest that the nonlinear optical behavior was dictated by the bulk contribution of metallic electrons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of mixing effects of silicon isotopes under shave‐off condition using atom probe tomography
Authors: Karasawa Masanobu , Fujii Makiko , Morita Masato , Ishimura Satoshi , Mayama Norihito , Uchida Hiroshi , Kawamura Yoko , Itoh Kohei M. , Owari Masanori
Published: July 2014

Shave‐off depth profiling uses a Ga focused ion beam micro‐machining process to provide highly precise depth profiles with nanometer‐scale resolution. This method is a very unique process for acquiring a depth profile using the shave‐off scan mode, in which the primary ion beam perpendicular to the direction of depth irradiates the sample. In our previous study, we confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation that the shave‐off scan mode has a low mixing effect compared with the conventional scan mode, which uses the normal incident angle. However, the current understanding of measurement using the shave‐off scan mode is insufficient. In this study, in order to estimate the sample damage in the shave‐off scan mode, we investigated the degree of mixing effects after the primary ion bombardment under shave‐off conditions using atom probe tomography. To evaluate the mixing effects, the intermixing of silicon isotope multilayers induced by ion beam irradiation was investigated. The depth of the damage from the sample surface caused by Ga focused ion beams was analyzed for both the shave‐off scan mode and the conventional scan mode using the normal incident angle. Results showed that the shave‐off scan mode has a significantly smaller mixing effect than the conventional scan mode. In addition, results showed that the attenuations of the damage and the Ga concentration exhibited almost the same tendency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inkjet Printed Bilayer Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells for Display and Lighting Applications
Authors: Lindh E. Mattias , Sandström Andreas , Edman Ludvig
Published: July 2014

A new bilayer light‐emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) device, which allows well‐defined patterned light emission through an easily adjustable, mask‐free, and additive fabrication process, is reported. The bilayer stack comprises an inkjet‐printed lattice of micrometer‐sized electrolyte droplets, in a “filled” or “patterned” lattice configuration. On top of this, a thin layer of light‐emitting compound is deposited from solution. The light emission is demonstrated to originate from regions proximate to the interfaces between the inkjetted electrolyte, the light‐emitting compound, and one electrode, where bipolar electron/hole injection and electrochemical doping are facilitated by ion motion. By employing KCF3SO3 in poly(ethylene glycol) as the electrolyte, Super Yellow as the light‐emitting compound, and two air‐stabile electrodes, it is possible to realize filled lattice devices that feature uniform yellow–green light emission to the naked eye, and patterned lattice devices that deliver well‐defined and high‐contrast static messages with a pixel density of 170 PPI.
High Mobility Group Nucleosome-Binding Family Proteins Promote Astrocyte Differentiation of Neural Precursor Cells
Authors: Nagao Motoshi , Lanjakornsiripan Darin , Itoh Yasuhiro , Kishi Yusuke , Ogata Toru , Gotoh Yukiko
Published: July 2014

Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian brain and are important for the functions of the central nervous system. Although previous studies have shown that the STAT signaling pathway or its regulators promote the generation of astrocytes from multipotent neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the developing mammalian brain, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the astrocytic fate decision have still remained largely unclear. Here, we show that the high mobility group nucleosome-binding (HMGN) family proteins, HMGN1, 2, and 3, promote astrocyte differentiation of NPCs during brain development. HMGN proteins were expressed in NPCs, Sox9+ glial progenitors, and GFAP+ astrocytes in perinatal and adult brains. Forced expression of either HMGN1, 2, or 3 in NPCs in cultures or in the late embryonic neocortex increased the generation of astrocytes at the expense of neurons. Conversely, knockdown of either HMGN1, 2, or 3 in NPCs suppressed astrocyte differentiation and promoted neuronal differentiation. Importantly, overexpression of HMGN proteins did not induce the phosphorylation of STAT3 or activate STAT reporter genes. In addition, HMGN family proteins did not enhance DNA demethylation and acetylation of histone H3 around the STAT-binding site of the gfap promoter. Moreover, knockdown of HMGN family proteins significantly reduced astrocyte differentiation induced by gliogenic signal ciliary neurotrophic factor, which activates the JAK-STAT pathway. Therefore, we propose that HMGN family proteins are novel chromatin regulatory factors that control astrocyte fate decision/differentiation in parallel with or downstream of the JAK-STAT pathway through modulation of the responsiveness to gliogenic signals. Stem Cells  2014;32:2983–2997