bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Media Addiction and Consequences in Adolescents
Authors: Chen Jiuyu
Published: June 2023

Social media usage has become increasingly prevalent in adolescents, which contributes to proliferation of addictive behaviors around social media. Addiction of social media not only causes negative physical symptoms, it also brings negative psychological problems for adolescents. Excessive use of social media can result in poor sleeping quality, even insomnia, which is positively associated with having general anxiety disorder or depression. Insomnia, anxiety and depression can all be in the way of adolescents development in academic performance and social media functioning. Studying the adverse effects of social media addiction of adolescents is helpful for understanding the significance of scientifically controlling the time spent on social media for adolescents. Previous studies use cross-sectional design. However, longitudinal studies will be helpful in terms of understanding the long term effects of social media addiction. Also, previous studies seldom consider the interply between different consequences. The interaction between different consequences of social media addiction and how it affects the individual requires further investigation.
Comparing STEM Education in the United States and Mainland China
Authors: Wang Yi
Published: June 2023

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education is well-known as one of the most significant issues in both China and the United States. It makes almost no difference whether a school is public or private; both the administration and the curriculum place a high value on the objective of enhancing the efficiency of STEM course delivery methods and ensuring that these approaches are appropriate for the course orientation. However, since China and the United States have distinct educational systems, the sorts of lessons accessible to pupils in each country will be significantly different. Based on the dispute over STEM education in these two countries, this review article compares STEM education in the United States and China in terms of curriculum origin, curriculum development, and the goal of STEM education in both countries. The challenges that currently exist in STEM education delivery are also explored. The main findings of this article are: STEM courses are still in the development stage in the US and China; The aim for STEM teaching is different from the US and China; The Method for Teaching STEM courses is different from the US and Mainland China. Meanwhile, teaching and assessment approaches are being proposed as a response to these ongoing difficulties in academia and the education industry. Therefore, this article can provide contributions to inspiring future STEM Education in both U.S. and mainland China.
Adolescent Online Gaming Disorder, Comorbidity, Neural Mechanism and Psychotherapy of Internet Gaming Disorder
Authors: Gui Yubo
Published: June 2023

Due to the sharp increase in the number of online game addicts, this paper systematically reviewed the neural mechanism, comorbidity, and psychotherapy of adolescent online game addicts. Online gaming disorder (IGD) is a new concept, which has been studied in many aspects in different literature. The analysis of existing research results shows that inhibition control and risk behaviors of adolescents with online gaming addiction are increased, and depression and dissociative experience is a common comorbidity of Internet game disorder. Single psychotherapy cannot effectively treat adolescents with online gaming addiction. Comprehensive psychological intervention based on cognitive behavior therapy is more effective for adolescent participants. This paper aims to analyze the existing literature, systematically review the neural mechanism, comorbidity, and psychotherapy of adolescent online game disorder, and provide guidance for future research in this emerging field. At the end of this paper, these suggestions will help scholars find problems and gaps that have not been fully explored, and these problems and gaps can become the basis for further research.
The Impact of COVID -19 on American Education
Authors: Yu Xinyan
Published: June 2023

The epidemic has had many negative effects on American education. Students quit their studies to look for jobs, the quality of study declines, and their mental and physical health is threatened. All these influences have hindered the development of American education. The impact of the epidemic on education permeates all aspects. Not only their studies, but also students lives are greatly affected. Great changes have taken place in the whole field of education. Students and teachers have to start a new way of education. The results are undoubtedly disappointing, declining grades, interruption of education and low efficiency. But everyone is doing their best to get back to normal.
The Influence of Child and Adolescent Education on Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Zhang Shuwen
Published: June 2023

The educational process plays a vital role in human development, cultivating a better future from childhood. The topic of juvenile delinquency, which is on the rise, is one of the difficult issues attracting the attention of many psychologists and educators. Young criminals are not stereotyped to be bad members of society, and the impact of child and adolescent education may contribute to their misbehavior. Juvenile delinquents' education since childhood, such as family and school education, affects their behavioral changes and individual values as they mature. Varied social changes and surroundings impact the rate of juvenile delinquents. This study explores the influence of child and adolescent education on juvenile delinquency in three aspects: the effect of family education, school education, and social environment. A qualified family education, such as educational levels, familial environment, and neighborhood environment, shapes children's good values from a young age, preventing the occurrence of juvenile delinquency. School education equipped with moral education courses, positive teacher-student relationships in school, and a democratic learning environment creates a better curriculum to educate children and adolescents to step into society, lowering the risk of juvenile delinquency. Children's development and behaviors are also influenced by social surroundings, including social insecurity, historical and cultural context, and child socialization. In addition to corrective measures and evidence-based practices in juvenile detention facilities, additional steps, like mandating more effective transition planning, are necessary and urgent. These include aftercare to give them access to basic education or employment opportunities after release, assisting them in better reintegrating into society and making their contributions. A successful reentry into the community requires an effective transition procedure and high-quality support services.
Exploring the Current Situation and Problems of Changing Teaching Patterns in Rural Compulsory Education Through Double Reduction Policy Practices
Authors: Yang Wenjing
Published: June 2023

The Double Reduction policy is a hot topic of interest in China and in the year or so since it was put into practice. This essay, therefore, reviews and analyzes the collected literature and data to analyze the current situation of students, teachers, and parents in rural areas after the implementation of the "Double Reduction" policy and to identify changes or problems that exist. The study discovered that teachers were equally committed to their own professional growth and strategy changes, which made teaching in rural areas more suitable to the local conditions and features. The emphasis of education in the classroom was also more on the kids themselves, which significantly quickened the process of catching up to students in metropolitan areas in terms of development. However, the Double Reduction policy also puts instructors under pressure to work more hours, makes it difficult for them to develop their own skills, and gives children inequitable attention in the classroom. In addition, there is a dearth of rich content forms in the after-school services. Rural areas also experience challenges as a result of the Double Reduction policy in terms of inadequate infrastructure, human resources, and barriers to home-school communication, which merits consideration. In order to promote the full implementation of the Double Reduction policy, the transformation of the focus on teachers, individuals of students and their parent's education thinking should be carried out simultaneously, so as to realize the ultimate goal of education reform as soon as possible and return education to education itself.
Temperament, Personality, and Childhood Trauma in the Development of Psychopathy
Authors: Que Jiaxi
Published: June 2023

The relationship between temperament, personality traits, and childhood experience impedes the systematic integration of findings on how both individual and situational factors construct the likelihood of developing psychopathy. Based on individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation, one's temperament is determined by their biological make-up, which has been shaped over time by experience and inheritance. When referring to persistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, personality is a broader concept than temperament and includes abilities, values, beliefs, morals, and social cognitions. Increasing knowledge of temperament highlights a central understanding of personality refined during infancy and childhood. Meanwhile, according to existing studies, exposure to childhood maltreatment can be thought of important risk factor that raises the likelihood of a more severe manifestation of psychopathic tendencies in those who are vulnerable. This paper reviews the significance of all three factors during different stages of life to prompt the constitution of such mental disorders.
Research on Music Make People Happy
Authors: Li Bo
Published: June 2023

Extensive research has determined that music possesses the ability to evoke affective responses within human beings by systematically triggering the parts of the human brain that are controlled and regulated by means of dopamine. The concept of music holds an enigmatic quality, and it has been determined that it has been present throughout ancient human history as well. Hence it can be readily established that music holds a certain modicum of hedonic power that enables it to induce certain feelings of intrinsic satisfaction and happiness that can effectively mitigate the impact of mental stressors and initiate feelings of motivation, encouragement and power. This research article aims to systematically deduce the ability of music to invoke feelings of happiness within the minds of individuals. This research employed a secondary qualitative research design. A substantial body of literature was extracted from extant research publications and subjected to a systematic content analysis. Through this research, it can be readily concluded that music can potentially affect the human brain in profound ways. Listening to music can directly evoke feelings and emotions pertaining to happiness. The general happiness and satisfaction from ones life can be accurately measured through the levels of associated subjective wellbeing of a human at any particular point in time. This particular value averages at a certain level, which is representative of generalized life satisfaction in human beings and is directly proportional to happiness.
Exploring Chinese and Western Audiences Reception Regarding International Communication of Entertainment: Take Squid Game and Hellbound (2022) as Cases
Authors: Ren Jiawen
Published: June 2023

Taking Squid Game and Hellbound as examples, this paper analyzes the extent to which Chinese and Western audiences have received and decoded international media works. Through the evaluations on IMDb and Douban, this paper aims to explore the dimensions of the evaluation of cross-cultural films by Chinese and Western audiences and study the dominant values and aesthetics of movie-watching in different cultures, so as to provide a critical reference for the study of how international film and television works to cater to audiences with different cultural backgrounds. On this basis, this paper also introduces the theory of film analysis and cultural studies to explore the possible cultural, social, and historical reasons behind the different audiences receptions to Squid Game and Hellbound. As mentioned above, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures at different levels are discussed, and some suggestions for future cross-cultural communication strategies are put forward.
From Social Psychological Perspective to the Factors Influencing Suicide Among Minors
Authors: Liu Peilun
Published: June 2023

Despite the growing clamour for psychosocial knowledge and the measures held by the state to protect the mental health of minors, there are still minors whose negative emotions simply cannot be attended to. In this paper, in order to understand and respond to underage suicide, it is needed to think about the three main causes that influence underage suicide rates in terms of two sociological theories: family conflict, academic pressure and teacher-student conflict. Mead's proposal that human consciousness influences human behaviour can explain the impact of family conflict, academic pressure and teacher-student conflict on underage suicide rates; underage suicide rates are socially social, cultural and historical contexts in which constructivism arose, influenced and shaped by the three main causes of underage suicide. With an understanding of the root causes of the underage suicide rate, it is possible to consider and implement unique responses to combat the rise in the underage suicide rate. The consciousness of Chinese minors is socially generated and influenced by the historical inheritance brought about by social constructivism. It is also believed that the age of 15-18 is the age when minors are desperate to study and that the pressure from studying eventually becomes. The pressure from studying eventually becomes a conflict between parents and teachers and students, and minors develop a negative psychological consciousness that is eventually acted upon.
Binge Eating Disorder: Formation and Impact
Authors: Shan Yiyao
Published: June 2023

This article provides a detailed understanding of binge eating disorder (BED), its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. A serious condition called binge eating disorder can cause both physical and psychological discomfort. A summary of past and current literature describes the symptoms, etiology of binge eating disorder, social influence, treatment, and future research directions. A serious mental disease known as binge eating disorder is characterized by frequent episodes with binge eating. A sense of lack of control over its food is a common factor in binge eating episodes, which are frequently accompanied by emotions of shame, guilt, and anxiety. The disorder is related to several psychological and physical health problems and can significantly negatively impact the quality of life. Binge eating disorder is assumed to be the result of a complex combination of psychological, biological, and societal factors, while the specific origin is unknown. Treatment for binge eating disorder typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. Finally, the paper discusses suggestions for future research directions, exploring whether social norms influence the incidence of binge eating disorders. This article suggests that future research should focus on how social norms can influence the development of binge eating disorders to develop more effective interventions.
Understanding Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Etiology, Mechanisms and Treatment Implications
Authors: Li Xin
Published: June 2023

This paper focuses on exploring treatment implications that target better for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) with enhanced efficacy by (1) discovering attributes that better differentiate GAD from normal high-level worries or other mental disorders with similarities in symptoms and features, (2) grasping GADs mechanism more soundly through gaining and combining insights from extant research and four classical conceptualizing models. A literature review of past and current theories about conceptual framework and treatments of GAD has found leading roles, attributes, and risk factors sharing commonality and connection among different theories. Then, treatment implications for GAD have been illustrated and divided into two primary aspects. In the end, there are recommendations for future research, empirical evidence, and clinical consideration of both the current theoretical models and established improvement in treatments for GAD, which ends with a conclusion of promising new research and treatment direction worth clinical attention and future studies in the field.
Influence of Family Environment on Adolescents Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Huang Shiqing , Feng Xiaoya
Published: June 2023

This paper will discuss how the family environment influences adolescents' anxiety disorder in a specific way, such as parenting style, family relationships, and members' attitudes towards sex and orientation. This research relies on studies and papers on Google Scholar and PubMed under the main keywords. All these reasons will negatively affect adolescents with a mental disorder, specifically anxiety disorder, which is typical for teenagers as it can share features of excessive fear and anxiety. We conducted research according to the adolescent age group suggested by WHO as between 10 to 19 in many ways, such as parenting style, family relationships, and attitudes toward sexual orientation. Parenting style refers to how parents communicate with adolescents. This family relationship is how two or more people feel and behave towards other, family members' attitude towards sexual orientation, which is a persons sexual identity about the gene to which they are attracted. If not treated immediately and continuously, anxiety disorder will negatively affect individuals due to its etiology generation by generation.
Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Prolonged Nightmare of Aftershocks
Authors: Chu Xiaoman
Published: June 2023

This article is an overview of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder incorporating its etiology, treatments, certain controversies, and recommendations for future development. Based on the diagnostic criteria of DSM-5 and ICD-10 and the research and summary of previous literature. This paper summarizes the etiology of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder under the theoretical models of five schools (including the biological, psychodynamic, cognitive/information processing model, behavioral model, and current etiological conceptualization based on anxiety disorders). Their influence and application, the current commonly used treatment methods and their effectiveness, the current controversies regarding the definition and treatment of chronic PTSD, and recommendations for future research. Overall, based on previous theoretical research and practical treatment, this paper discusses chronic posttraumatic stress disorder from different perspectives and puts forward the existing problems in current research, thus not only offering readers a relatively comprehensive understanding of chronic traumatic stress disorder but also having multiple orientations of summarizing historical research and facing the future.
Depressive Disorder: A General Overview
Authors: Ji Baitong
Published: June 2023

Many people have just one side of the story or an incomplete picture when it comes to depression, despite the fact that it is one of the most frequent mental conditions. Many depressive disorders share symptoms, including persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder, which both have some of the same effects on people's lives. People who are diagnosed with major depressive disorder have a one in five chance of developing a persistent form of the disease that lasts for two years or more. This percentage is equivalent to around twenty percent of the total population. This article offers a general overview of chronic depression, including topics such as its causes, effects, and treatment options. The etiology of depression are genetic and environmental, and the relevant experiments and theories are described in detail in this article. Genetic factors are mainly congenital overproduction or suppression of neurotransmitters in the brain, while environmental factors are mainly reflected in work. Treatment is mainly based on medication and cognitive therapy. This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the state of depression. Previous studies have made it difficult to say which has a greater influence on the cause of the disease, the genes or the environment, and the environment mostly refers to the work environment, with very little on the home environment. Experiments on family research should be carried out in the future.
Social Anxiety Disorder among Teenagers
Authors: Zhang Qiyue
Published: June 2023

This paper aims to present the current understanding of social anxiety disorder among teenagers through reviewing the most relevant research and studies. To show the results and main findings, not only the impact that this disorder could have on individuals but also means of treatment will be illustrated. Social anxiety disorder has a serious impact on an adolescents mental and social wellness, making them too frustrated and afraid to function normally in society. This will also limit their performance in the long run because of the importance of cooperation and communication during study and work time. Treatment options for social anxiety disorder include both medication and non-pharmacological approaches, with each contributing to the recovery process. Drugs mainly work by balancing the chemicals in the brain, while non-drug therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy focus on stopping fear from a psychological perspective. Although studies have been conducted, a clear limitation is shown that not enough attention, by means of special treatment and early detection, is paid to teenagers. Future prevention and improvement should be made as soon as possible, and its essential to understand the importance of knowing the changing times. This paper can provide some references for future research. Everyone needs to try to create a more inclusive environment for patients, encouraging them to attend social events. Overall, its hoped that public awareness is raised about this topic.
Cluster B Personality Disorder, Treatment, Comorbidity and Stigma
Authors: Huang Leyao
Published: June 2023

Schizoid, paranoid, and schizotypal personality disorders are examples of unusual or eccentrictraits shared by Cluster A. Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders all fall under the category of cluster B personality disorders. Cluster B personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and performance personality disorder, will be the focus of this paper. The problems encountered in treating the disorders are investigated by comparing the similarities and co-morbidity of Cluster B personality disorders in parallel. Highlighted how people with personality disorders can be stigmatized in their lives and therapy. Elaborated on the negative impact of stigma on treating Cluster B personality disorder and how to counteract stigma. Through discussing this kind of personality disorders, we can put forward a scientific basis for how to prevent personality disorders in the future.
Study of Influence of Varies Stress Sources on Our Performances in Different Memory Tasks
Authors: Yuan Qingye
Published: June 2023

We focused on the influence of stress on daily tasks like story detail remembering and word remembering based on two types of stress sources: 1. Under stressful music, 2. Experiencing a disappearance of the materials. We separate participants into three groups: 1. control group with no stress, 2. stress group-1 with stressful music, 3. stress group-2 with both stressor present. The results show there is no significant difference under different stress levels for story-remembering tasks, while in word-remembering tasks, our participants' performance dropped a lot when all stress sources were put on our participants.
The Influence of Social Media Addiction on Adolescents Mental States
Authors: Hu Xiuqi
Published: June 2023

Social media addiction is a widespread social phenomena right now, especially when it comes to the impact it has on young people, which has drawn significant attention from all walks of life. This study first outlined the meaning and concept of social media addiction, then sorted out how it affects different people, and then presented how it affects adolescents' sadness and social anxiety. The findings of this study contribute to raising awareness of social media addiction and offer advice on how to keep kids from developing a social media addiction.
Research on the Left-behind Children Mental Health in Rural China
Authors: Feng Liran
Published: June 2023

This research discusses previous research focused on left-behind childrens mental health in rural China, including the potential causes, consequences, and intervention. China rapidly developed in the 1980s, which resulted in a trend where people from rural areas migrate to urban areas for employment. This phenomenon made millions of children in rural areas have to separate from their parents, which is called "left-behind children." With observation in recent years of left-behind children, it turns out that left-behind children experienced poor academic performance, issues with mental health, and low life satisfaction in adulthood. However, there is limited research demonstrating left-behind children mental health causes and results in a macro-perspective. This research is aimed to illustrate this question in a comprehensive view. While this research article mainly focuses on left-behind children mental health problems caused by various reasons, we compared and analyzed previous studies which are relevant to this topic. Left-behind children's dilemmas are not caused by a single reason but more complicated. Left-behind children due to inadequate parental care could experience school bullying, poor living conditions, and so on. Those multiple factors contribute to the left-behind children experiencing depression and anxiety symptoms. In order to improve this condition, it is necessary for society and parents to cooperate to eliminate negative effects on left-behind children.
The Difference of the Appearance Anxiety Process between Adolescent Boys and Girls
Authors: Yang Bolin , Tan Ailingyi , Zhang Chenyang , Jiang Xiaoying
Published: June 2023

Appearance anxiety is an important factor that perplexes young people at present. Based on previous studies and literature review, this paper finds that there are still few studies on external anxiety in the current academic circles, and the depth of research is only on theoretical research. Starting from the actual situation, this work takes questionnaire survey and mathematical test as research methods, designs questionnaires, distributes questionnaires, recycles questionnaires, and makes statistical analysis on the contents of questionnaires, and draws the following conclusions:1. Although the incidence of external anxiety is not as high as that of depression, social anxiety and other psychological problems, senior high school students are the high incidence group of external anxiety. If they are not given enough attention and correct guidance, they may still lead to extremely negative development results.2. The development of economy and social media in online celebrity has aggravated the psychological anxiety of "body image disorder" and played a catalytic role.
Educational Inequality: The Role of Digital Learning Resources
Authors: Zhao Bo Xin
Published: June 2023

The digital technologies employed in education have skyrocketed due to widespread online learning during the pandemic. Subsequently, the recent development has brought into question whether new digital learning resources online tools that students can use to supplement their learning challenge the century-old class inequality in education. As we return to face-to-face learning, it is critical to evaluate whether digital resources can be combined with conventional school resources to uplift students' academic achievement in low-income households. The methods of literature review of past papers and theoretical investigation are applied in this paper to discuss empirical observations and offer explanations. Sources of materials include the United States Census Bureau and the National Center for Education Statistics. By synthesizing classical Bourdieus theory of capital and a nascent digital pedagogical framework, the author finds that, contrary to popular clamor, digital learning resources are not benefiting the lower class significantly. In fact, digital inequality is emerging from three compounding factors: access, surroundings, and the self. By discussing the learning environment, parents' background, self-regulation, and motivation, this paper not only underscores the interacting components that amount to the corruption of meritocratic education but also advances the inquiry into online resources and possible future pathways for the empowerment of low-income students.
Exam Anxiety and Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Authors: Lin Yixi
Published: June 2023

Exam anxiety is a type of performance anxiety that appears when people experience stress during the preparation before the exams or during the tests. This paper investigates whether Cognitive Behavior Individual Therapy (CBIT) works better than Cognitive Behavior Group Therapy (CBGT) for treating exam anxiety. The report will first introduce the motivations behind this research paper, then discuss test anxiety symptoms and common ways to deal with exam anxiety by ourselves. Then, this paper will present two standard therapies -- CBIT and CBGT, and also show their similarities and differences. Subsequently, the form will briefly introduce the benefits and drawbacks of both treatments and finally will go back to discuss whether the CBIT works better than the CBGT for treating test anxiety. I argue that both CBIT and CBGT work well for exam anxiety. Also, both therapies should depend on several factors, including affordability and comfort levels with discussing issues with the public.
Students' Online Learning Satisfaction, Self-efficacy and Academic Performance
Authors: Sang Siyuan
Published: June 2023

This study aims to find out whether there is a correlation between any two of the three factors including the academic performance, online learning self-efficacy, and online learning satisfaction of younger students and explores what factors students think would hinder them from learning online and how are they going to deal with it. In this study, 100 students who were in their fifth, sixth, and seventh grades from the Zhaiyingdajie Elementary School and the Affiliated Middle School of Beijing Normal University in Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province were recruited to complete the designed questionnaire. The data were analyzed through the software SPSS 26. The results of the correlational analysis show that students' online learning self-efficacy has a positive correlation with both academic performance and online learning satisfaction. Also, two factors including "bad network connection" and "poor self-discipline" are considered to be of great influence on students online study, both of which are difficult for students to overcome on their own. Overall, the study reveals that students who have a higher level of confidence in their online learning capacities tend to perform better academically and be more satisfied with the overall online courses, while students with higher satisfaction rates may not necessarily receive better academic outcomes.
Työpaja: Innovatiivinen kasvinsuojelu peltokasveilla – Kasvinsuojeluaineiden kestävä käyttö
Authors: Ahlberg Juho
Published: June 2023

Euroopan komission järjestämä työpaja kestävästä kasvinsuojelusta järjestettiin Alankomaissa huhtikuussa. Ohjelmaan sisältyi mielenkiintoisia vierailuja koekentillä ja useita esityksiä kasvinsuojeluaineiden käytön vähentämiseen liittyvistä projekteista ympäri Eurooppaa. Koekentillä korostui viljelykierron ja ennustemallien merkitys kestävässä kasvinsuojelussa.
The Cost We Bear: Financial Implications for Hip Fracture Care Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Konda Sanjit R. , Esper Garrett W. , Meltzer-Bruhn Ariana T. , Ganta Abhishek , Egol Kenneth A.
Published: June 2023

Introduction:

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the cost of hip fracture care in the geriatric/middle-aged cohort, hypothesizing the cost of care increased during the pandemic, especially in COVID+ patients.

Methods:

Between October 2014 and January 2022, 2,526 hip fracture patients older than 55 years were analyzed for demographics, injury details, COVID status on admission, hospital quality measures, and inpatient healthcare costs from the inpatient admission. Comparative analyses were conducted between: (1) All comers and high-risk patients in the prepandemic (October 2014 to January 2020) and pandemic (February 2020 to January 2022) cohorts and (2) COVID+ and COVID− patients during the pandemic. Subanalysis assessed the difference in cost breakdown for patients in the overall cohorts, the high-risk quartiles, and between the prevaccine and postvaccine pandemic cohorts.

Results:

Although the total costs of admission for all patients, and specifically high-risk patients, were not notably higher during the pandemic, further breakdown showed higher costs for the emergency department, laboratory/pathology, radiology, and allied health services during the pandemic, which was offset by lower procedural costs. High-risk COVID+ patients had higher total costs than high-risk COVID− patients (P < 0.001), most notably in room-and-board (P = 0.032) and allied health (P = 0.023) costs. Once the pandemic started, subgroup analysis demonstrated no change in the total cost in the prevaccine and postvaccine cohort.

Conclusion:

The overall inpatient cost of hip fracture care did not increase during the pandemic. Although individual subdivisions of cost signified increased resource utilization during the pandemic, this was offset by lower procedural costs. COVID+ patients, however, had notably higher total costs compared with COVID− patients driven primarily by increased room-and-board costs. The overall cost of care for high-risk patients did not decrease after the widespread administration of the COVID-19 vaccine.

Level of Evidence:

III
Challenges and Opportunities for the Use of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Orthopaedic Pediatric and Sports Medicine Surgery
Authors: Kunze Kyle N. , Madjarova Sophia , Jaykumar Prakash , Nwachukwu Benedict U.
Published: June 2023

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are essential tools in assessing treatment response, informing clinical decision making, driving healthcare policy, and providing important prognostic data regarding patient health status change. These tools become essential in orthopaedic disciplines, such as pediatrics and sports medicine, given the diversity of patient populations and procedures. However, the creation and routine administration of standard PROMs alone do not suffice to appropriately facilitate the aforementioned functions. Indeed, both the interpretation and optimal application of PROMs are essential to provide to achieve greatest clinical benefit. Contemporary developments and technologies surrounding PROMs may help augment this benefit, including the application of artificial intelligence, novel PROM structure with improved interpretability and validity, and PROM delivery methods that provide increased access to patients resulting in greater compliance and data acquisition yields. Despite these exciting innovations, several challenges remain in this realm that must be addressed to continue to advance the clinical usefulness and subsequent benefit of PROMs. This review will highlight the opportunities and challenges surrounding contemporary PROM use in the orthopaedic subspecialties of pediatrics and sports medicine.
Effect of Vitamin D Supplement on Axial Length of Myopes
Authors: Jabbar Maryam , Kiran Ayesha , Fatima Naseer , Bodla Abdul Mateen , Qureshi Faryal , Parveen Sehresh
Published: June 2023

Myopia is triggered on by excessive axial elongation. Vitamin D deficiency somehow relevant to myopia genic visual cues. Objectives: To compare the level of vitamin D 25(OH)D in myopes and emmetropes and to access the effect of vitamin D 25(OH)D supplements in different degrees of myopia and compare the axial length. Methods: A Randomize Controlled Trail Study was conducted in Madina Teaching Hospital, Faisalabad on 60 subjects from September 2022 to April 2023 with age ranges 15-25 years. All were subjected to following examinations; BCVA, slit-lamp examination, A-scan and vitamin D level. The sample was randomly divided into two groups through Non-probability Purposive Sampling Technique. Group 1 was emmetropic, whereas group 2 exhibits various degrees of myopia. Group 2 takes up supplemental vitamin D followed by 1 month. Results: Mean age was 20.82 years ± 2.32. Out of the total 60 subjects, 24 (40%) were male while 36 (60%) were female.47 subjects (78.3%) reported having less than 4 hours of outdoor exposure while 13 subjects (21%) reported having more than 4 hours. Mean axial length 21.97 ± .80 and 22.66 ± 1.29 of emmetropes (p=0.008) while myopes 24.30 ± .91 and 24.13 ± 1.04 at baseline and after one month respectively (p=0.023).  Mean vitamin D level was 18.36 ± 1.37and 17.13 ± 1.35 of emmetropes (p=0.00) while 15.63 ± 1.54and 16.90 ± 2.75 at baseline and after one month respectively (p=0.00). Conclusions: There was a significant association between low levels of vitamin D and the development of myopia in emmetropes and vitamin D supplementation can help to prevent the axial length elongation of myopes
Is Translation Always Transfer? Challenging the Dominant Conceptual Metaphor in African Bible Translation Training
Authors: Wabara Uloma
Published: June 2023

This paper considers the conceptualization of translation in Katharine Barnwell’s Bible Translation: An Introductory Course in Translation Principles, a popular textbook for Bible translation training programs in Africa. The recurring conceptual metaphors in this text are identified, and the metaphor TRANSLATION IS TRANSFER is analyzed. This research stems from the need to develop African Bible translators who conceptualize translation using concepts (metaphors) in their languages that are indicative of what activity they embark on in translation work. Reading through some of the training materials in use on the continent (specifically Anglophone), there seem to be relatively few that have explored the conceptual tools used by indigenous Africans to think and talk about translation. There is thus a need to investigate the conceptual metaphors used by Africans in their various cultures to conceptualize translation. The implications of this research appeal to trainers of translators to rethink not just the methodological approach to Bible translation programs in Africa but also the contents of course materials.
Complex Conditional Sentences and the Verb אָשַׁם ʼāšam in Leviticus 4–5
Authors: Schmidt Peter
Published: June 2023

Conditional sentences with multiple conditions or alternative cases can be confusing and are challenging to translate. Those in Leviticus 4–5 are prime examples. Another challenge is that a “consistent” translation of the verb אָשַׁם ʼāšam can produce unclear or even nonsensical texts. Following an overview of conditional constructions in Biblical Hebrew, this paper presents an analysis of the if-clauses in Lev. 4–5 with a view to determining whether וְאָשֵׁם wəʼāšēm is part of the protasis or the apodosis. I conclude that וְאָשֵׁם wəʼāšēm belongs to the protasis, but the translation may express an interim result. Additionally, the meaning of אָשַׁם ʼāšam is discussed. Trying to decide between the debated renderings “be guilty”, “feel guilty”, “realize guilt”, etc., did not prove fruitful, none being viable in all contexts. I suggest that the verb should be defined more broadly as “to find oneself guilty”, and that different contexts will require adaptation. This article is written to help translators recognize the above-mentioned problems, understand the options in dealing with them, and make informed choices.
THE EFFECT OF PAD, SILPA, AND DBH ON CAPITAL EXPENDITURE WITH PDRB AS MODERATING VARIABLES IN PROVINCE GOVERNMENTS IN INDONESIA 2017-2020
Authors: Syafnur Ariza , Erlina Erlina , Khaddafi Muammar
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the effect of Regional Original Income (PAD), SiLPA, and DBH on Capital Expenditures with PDRB as a moderating variable in the Provincial Government in Indonesia. The population of this study is the Provincial Government in Indonesia as many as 34 provinces in the 2017-2020 observation year. The type of sample in this study uses a saturated sample where the entire population is sampled. The data was processed by using panel data regression statistical test with the help of SPSS software.The results of this study prove that PAD, SiLPA, and DBH have a simultaneous effect on capital expenditures. Partially PAD and SiLPA have a significant positive effect on Capital Expenditures, while DBH has no effect on Capital Expenditures. PDRB is not able to moderate the relationship between PAD, SiLPA, and DBH on Capital Expenditures.
A STUDY OF LITERATURE: CRYPTOCURRENCY OF SYARIAH PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Shabri Abd. Majid M. , Marliyah Marliyah , Handayani Rita , Fuadi Fuadi , Afrizal Afrizal
Published: June 2023

Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency, which does not have a physical form like fiat money. This crypto currency can only be used through devices such as PCs, laptops, smartphones and other devices that are connected to the internet. There are several advantages in a crypto system that uses blockchain system, such as transaction security, convenience, speed and can be used across countries and continents, however cryptocurrency which is currently circulating also still have weaknesses, including there is no supervisory authority, even many countries have disagreements over the legality of this cryptocurrency. The debate about the pros and cons regarding to the use of cryptocurrency becomes dynamics among the experts including the scholars who have study from Islamic point of view. This research aims to examine the dynamics of using cryptocurrency from ushul fiqh point of view, where the methods which used in this research are al-qur'an, al-Hadith, Qiyas and Sad-Adzariyah. Basically the use of cryptocurrency is allowed to meet cetain conditions that is by removing batil elements as in Quran surah An-Nisa verse 29, those batil elements are gharar and mayshir. Moreover, cryptocurrency must also have clear legality in a country for security in their use.
THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLE, WORK ETHIC, ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND JOB SATISFACTION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES PT. LAMAN MINING
Authors: Friska Sihombing Elisabet , Satriawan Bambang , Indrayani Indrayani , Khaddafi Muammar , Ngaliman Ngaliman
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this research is to find out the influence of Leadership Style, Work Ethic, Organizational Culture and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance of PT. Laman Mining. The subject of this study was an employee of PT. Laman mining of the sample to be taken is determined by the Slovin formula. The number of Employees of Laman Mining is 50 people. By using slovin formula with a margin of error of 5% obtained results with a presentation rate of 95%. The data was obtained by questionnaire system using likert scale. The results of this study show that leadership style, work ethic, organizational culture and job satisfaction have a positive effect on the performance of employees PT. Laman Mining. (4) The direct influence of Leadership Style (X1) on Employee Performance (Y) has a parameter coefficient of -0.165 (negative), so there is a negative influence where the more Authoritarian The Leadership Style (X1) the lower the Employee Performance (Y) and the Value P Award (X1)) on Employee Performance (Y) is -0.196> 0.05 so that it can be said that the influence of Awards on Employee Performance is insignificant. (4) The magnitude of the influence of Leadership Style (X1), Work Ethic (X2), Organizational Culture (X3) and Job Satisfaction (X4) on Employee Performance (Y) is determined by r² value, r² value on job satisfaction (Y) is 0.984 which means the influence of Leadership Style (X1)), Work Ethic (X2), Organizational Culture (X3) and Job Satisfaction (X4) on Employee Performance (Y) is 98.4%. then there is a negative influence where the more Authoritarian Leadership Style (X1) the lower the Employee Performance (Y) and P value Reward (X1) on Employee Performance (Y) is -0.196 > 0.05 so that it can be stated that the influence of Awards on Employee Performance is insignificant (4) The magnitude of the influence of Leadership Style (X1), Work Ethic (X2, Organizational Culture (X3) and Job Satisfaction (X4) on Employee Performance (Y) is determined by r² value, r² value to job satisfaction (Y) is 0.984 which means the influence of Work Motivation (X1)), Work Ethic (X2), Organizational Culture (X3)and Job Satisfaction (X4) on Employee Performance (Y) is 98.4%.
THE EFFECT OF MARKET ORIENTATION AND SERVICE INNOVATION ON MARKETING PERFORMANCE MEDIATED BY COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
Authors: Hendra Hendra , Winoto Tj Hery , Tecoalu Melitina
Published: June 2023

This study discusses market orientation and service innovation on marketing performance mediated by competitive advantage variables. The results of the research on the first hypothesis are an effect of market orientation on competitive advantage variables with a t-statistic of 6.767> 1.99 and a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. The second hypothesis in this study is that there is an effect of service innovation on the competitive advantage variable with t-statistic 2,227 > t-table 1.99 and a significance value of 0.026 <0.05. The third hypothesis in this study is that there is an effect of competitive advantage on the marketing performance variable with a t-statistic of 2.357 > 1.96 and a significance value of 0.010 < 0.05. The fourth hypothesis in this study is that there is an effect of market orientation on the marketing performance variable with t-statistic 3.126 > t-table 1.99 and a significance value of 0.002 <0.05. The fifth hypothesis in this study is that there is an effect of service innovation on the marketing performance variable with t-statistic 2,470 > t-table 1.99 and a significance value of 0.014 <0.05. The sixth hypothesis is that the competitive advantage variable can mediate the relationship between market orientation and marketing performance with t-statistic 2,209 > t-table 1.99 or p 0.028 <0.05. The seventh hypothesis is that the service innovation variable cannot mediate the relationship between market orientation and marketing performance with t-statistic 1.504 < t-table 1.99 or p 0.133>0.05.