bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planning Cultures in Transition: Sustainability Management and Institutional Change in Spatial Planning
Authors: Reimer Mario
Published: November 2013

This paper aims to critically review current discussions on the “reinvention” of spatial planning, postulating an all-encompassing and unproblematic shift towards new rationales, scopes, actors and instruments in planning practice. Buzzwords are, among others, “governance”, “collaborative planning” and the “communicative turn”. To overcome the somehow normative bias of these terms, the term “planning culture” is introduced to define a complex, multi-dimensional and dynamic institutional matrix combining formal and informal institutional patterns. Used in an analytical sense, it can help to better understand institutional change in spatial planning. Referring to recent conceptual debates about institutional transformation, the paper presents a six-stage model for institutional change in spatial planning, supporting it with an example from the Cologne/Bonn metropolitan region in Germany. The latter serves as an example for illustrating the institutional dynamics, but also the rigidities of planning cultural change. The paper concludes that a more thorough, “fine-grained” and empirically-grounded investigation of institutional transformation in spatial planning is necessary.
L’utopie du temps choisi [Les ambivalences des 35 heures dans une caisse régionale d’assurance maladie]
Authors: Jacquot Lionel , Setti Nora
Published: November 2013

Les auteurs reviennent sur l’idée de temps choisi que les lois Aubry du 13 juin 1998 et du 19 janvier 2000 ont ravivée en posant avec plus d’acuité la proposition de l’invention d’une nouvelle articulation des temps sociaux. La dynamique du temps choisi impulsée par les 35 heures est interrogée en examinant deux dimensions du temps de travail : son contenant, à savoir les aspects externes, morphologiques ou géométriques tels que la durée et l’horaire de travail, et son contenu, à savoir les aspects internes ou constitutifs se rapportant à la mise en oeuvre de la force de travail. La recherche dont cet article est issu tente de voir si la réduction du temps de travail (RTT) permet de prendre en compte les désirs des salariés dans l’organisation de leur temps de travail et, le cas échéant, de quelle manière et dans quelle mesure. Le travail monographique réalisé dans une caisse régionale d’assurance maladie montre une construction ambivalente, une révolution en trompe-l’oeil : le temps rendu disponible par la RTT masque un temps professionnel toujours aussi contraint, voire moins maîtrisé par les salariés – l’action sur le contenant du temps de travail ne conduit pas nécessairement à une action sur le contenu. Il relève également, quel que soit le système d’équations temporelles personnelles, que la vie hors travail ne saurait s’enrichir lorsque la vie au travail s’appauvrit. Les 35 heures n’auraient pas créé les possibilités pour la construction d’un temps vraiment choisi.
Consideraciones epistemológicas sobre la historiografía del México prehispánico
Authors: Johansson K. Patrick
Published: November 2013

RÉSUMÉ- L'approche descriptive et analytique de l'historien face à une culture que le passé percevait d'une manière radicalement distincte, représente une véritable rencontre entre deux systèmes cognitifs et pose des problèmes épistémologiques que cet article cherche à discerner. Le caractère diégétique des textes et le contexte oral de leur énonciation, la teneur cyclique de la temporalité indigène, les déterminismes de la compilation des documents par les Espagnols au XVIe siècle, ainsi que le discours historiographique qui met, aujourd'hui, la culture préhispanique à la portée du lecteur, sont les thèmes essentiels ici considérés.
La théomorphose de Huitzilopochtli
Authors: Vabre Marie-José
Published: November 2013

RESUMEN- En el texto de Cristóbal del Castillo, la teomórfosis de Huitzilopochtli hace pensar en el mito de la Creación del Quinto Sol en Teotihuacan y en el mito de Coatepec. En Colhuacan, Huitzilopochtli adquiere el estatuto de dios y se convierte en un dios guerrero y solar. Esta muerte que simboliza un viaje iniciático le autoriza a guiar a los Mexicas en su peregrinación.
Invitation au chant
Authors: Saurin Patrick
Published: November 2013

RESUMEN- En el México antiguo, la poesía desempeñaba un papel esencial en la vida de los señores de las ciudades de Anáhuac. El canto traducido y analizado en este trabajo pertenece a un tipo particular llamado icnocuicatl, «canto de orfandad», «canto de tristeza». El autor anónimo de este poema se regocija evocando el placer de estar con sus amigos y lamenta la fugacidad de la vida y la inestabilidad de cuanto existe.
La muy temprana aportación etnográfica de Paulmier de Gonneville en 1504
Authors: León-Portilla Miguel
Published: November 2013

RÉSUMÉ- Présentation et analyse du premier document français relatif aux Amérindiens du Brésil, et première approche ethnographique. Données sur la descendance française d'un Indien tupi-guarani qui accompagna l'expédition normande de retour à Honfleur.
El problema de la nominación en el teatro de evangelización: un acercamiento ideológico
Authors: López De Mariscal Blanca
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT- This work recalls the problems met by the missionaries in New Spain when they tried to name a series of concepts that they had to introduce into the minds of the natives recently converted to the catholic religion. The evangelists came into collision with a linguistic as well as an ideological problem, when they tried to communicate, through dramatic expression in the local language, the truths of a religion completely alien to the conquered populations. They are the same dilemas which came up when they had to choose the names in náhuatl to be given to god or to concepts like the devil or hell, and the solutions proposed by the construction of characters and the staging.
El humanismo español y la crónica oficial de Indias de Pedro de Valencia
Authors: Paniagua Pérez Jesús
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT- Pedro de Valencia, an official West Indies chronicler, practically unknown till now, moved in the intellectual circles of the late Spanish humanism, leaving us his masterpiece, the Relaciones de Indias ; in them we can notice the practical sense characteristic of this humanist, who was mainly educated by Benito Arias Montano.
La saturación de eclesiásticos en la Lima barroca
Authors: Serrera Ramón María
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT- The excesive and constantly increasing amount of monasteries and covents in the Spanish territories on both sides of the ocean, during the 17th and 18th centuries, was already an evident fact, denounced by many and uselessly attacked by the Crown in Lima, at the beginning of the 17C century. The monasteries and convents were filled by monks with no religious vocation and surrounded by many servants. The main cause was the imposibility for the ruling classes to maintain their social position when they had large families. The arbitristas denounced the danger of depopulation and, with even more clearsightedness, the risk that the Viceroyalty's wealth should fall into the hands of the clergy.
La obra cartográfica de don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora
Authors: Trabulse Elías
Published: November 2013

RESUMEN- Uno de los aspectos menos conocidos de la obra científica de Sigüenza y Góngora es el referente a su obra cartográfica, que es posiblemente la aportación más importante a la cartografía mexicana hecha en el siglo XVII, ya que trazó el perfil completo del virreinato de la Nueva España con una precisión que no había sido lograda antes, además de que realizó -entre otros- un plano del Valle de México que fue utilizado casi sin cambios por más de un siglo.
Des rêveurs d'utopies dans l'Amérique espagnole du XVIe siècle
Authors: Bertrand Michel
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT- « The invention of America » was for Europeans the starting point of a process of interrogations and examinations of certitudes considered until then as intangible because they were based on Faith's Truth. The elaboration of Utopias, after Thomas More's one published in 1516, are some of the expressions of this intellectual swarming. Without trying to present this author as the only source of all these constructions, he nevertheless influenced many of them, specially some of those conceived by the missionaries to go with the evangelisation of Amerindian populations. The comparison of the proyects of B. de Las Casas and Vasco de Quiroga, both elaborated then executed around 1530 in Meso America, enables to determine what they borrowed from their predecessor as far as utopia goes, as well as, in the beginning, the converging points that bring them together.
La résistance indienne au quotidien (El Quinche, Équateur, 1755)
Authors: Lavallé Bernard
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT- The Ande's indigenous world didn't pass directly from the apparent calm of the « long 17th century » to the countless and great outbursts of violence which distinguished the last decades of the 1 8th century. Yet, this evolution hasn't been studied, the more so as it's often difficult to discover it in so far as it's generally only visible through very meagre clues which, at the time, were neglected. This work analizes one of them, which came up in what would become later on the republic of Ecuador.
La Rhetorica Christiana de Diego Valadés
Authors: Venier Martha Elena
Published: November 2013

RESUMEN- La retórica del franciscano Diego Valadés es obra de su tiempo, abonada por la de los clásicos que aprovecha en abundancia para sus propósitos. Como predicador en Nueva España, no sólo estaba inmerso en la práctica del sermón ; también manejaba con destreza todo elemento obtenido de estas tierras que sirviera a su propósito. Como tratado de retórica, su originalidad se encuentra en todo aquello que los europeos no tienen : la exposición de la cosmogonía cristiana, reducida a la comprensión de los pueblos mexicanos y la simbología que les servía como material didáctico.
Pierre-Toussaint-Frédéric Mialhe, un lithographe gascon à Cuba (1838-1854)
Authors: Mégevand Sylvie
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT- The cuban period of the painter and lithographer from Bordeaux Frédéric Mialhe, who published the first album of lithographical views of the island (1839-1842). These « picturesque » plates are the first reproductions of landscapes and « costumbrista » scenes of any importance in Cuba. In the second half of the 19th century, with the disappeareance of the picturesque albums, lithography turns itself towards the tobacco sector.
El Padre Las Casas entre los modernistas
Authors: Vigne Pacheco Ana
Published: November 2013

RESUME- Comparaison de deux récits courts, l'un écrit par le Cubain José Marti et l'autre par le Mexicain Amado Nervo et dont le personnage principal est fray Bartolomé de Las Casas. Les deux contes, écrits durant la période du Modernisme latino-américain, offrent deux approches différentes du prêtre dominicain. Marti le présente dans un récit pour enfants et Nervo dans un conte fantastique. Ces deux textes sont une très bonne illustration de la prose moderniste.
CUBA/ESPAGNE. Une histoire de famille(s)
Authors: Gómez Tomás
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT- In spite of a late independence, obtained after a cruel war, Spain and Cuba have always mantained very close relations even during the worst periods of their history. The present contribution is a brief attempt to explain that the populations' movements and the family ties, among the popular classes of society as well as in the elites, have turned Cuba into the most Spanish land of America, occupying ever since the first place among Spain's foreign concerns.
Sistemas de emergencia del pasado en la literatura del siglo XX
Authors: Rovira José Carlos
Published: November 2013

RESUMEN- A través de una serie de ejemplos de recuperación de motivos prehispánicos y coloniales en la literatura del siglo XX, se apunta a la posibilidad de un sistema que organice la lectura de estos motivos en una amplia tradición de textos que los utilizan. Un apunte metodológico anuncia una perspectiva de método de trabajo que se está utilizando, en el que se destaca la complejidad mestiza y las entradas y algunas variables que se utilizarán para la lectura de las obras que se citan.
Entre kenas et pututus : la représentation de « l'autre » dans la littérature des pays andins
Authors: Borras Gérard
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT- Two indigenous musical instruments — the kena and the pututu — appear regularly in the literature belonging to the countries of the Andes' region. What significance do they have in fiction ? Considering several examples we try to demonstrate that both objects are employed to represent the two opposite poles of the « indian's » personality.
Des mythes au féminin. Don Juan au Costa Rica
Authors: Pailler Claire
Published: November 2013

RÉSUMÉ- Instrument de subversion, les écrits des femmes du Costa Rica revisitent parfois les mythes anciens, comme par exemple le mythe de Don Juan, « machiste » par antonomase. El expediente est le récit d'un transfert de séduction et d'une double dépossession, qui débouchent sur une conclusion ambiguë et un nouveau questionnement.
Los Cuentos negros de Cuba de Lydia Cabrera: desde la tradición hasta la criollización
Authors: Guicharnaud-Tollis Michèle
Published: November 2013

RESUMEN- Los Cuentos negros de Lydia Cabrera fueron recogidos por la antropóloga cubana a partir de cuentos tradicionales africanos transmitidos oralmente en la década del 30. El análisis de estos cuentos permite notar un fuerte grado de transculturación a partir de elementos propiamente africanos transformados luego por el contacto con la tradición occidental.
Discurso por la Lengua Española
Authors: Labastida Jaime
Published: November 2013

RESUMEN- El problema de la lengua española en el contexto americano. Lengua vigorosa y creciente, no es la de los conquistadores ni el lenguaje de la «falta de identidad», pese a la afirmación de Fuentes. Instrumento de apertura al mundo, también lo es de intercomunicación para los indígenas. El afán de diferenciarse de los españoles no impide que los hispanoamericanos hablen la misma lengua, a pesar de los rasgos que son otras tantas pruebas de identidad. La preocupación de Bello no se ha hecho realidad.
Oralidad y escritura: una encrucijada para las lenguas indígenas
Authors: Barriga Villanueva Rebeca
Published: November 2013

RÉSUMÉ- Cette étude explore une des dichotomies les plus discutées au sujet des langues indigènes mexicaines : oralité et écriture ne sont que le reflet des contradictions et des ambivalences qui ont surgi, tout au long de l'histoire mexicaine, à propos des locuteurs de langues indigènes et de leur culture.
In toyolnonotzaliz itechpa in axcan nahuatlahtoltlatlalilli. Algunas reflexiones sobre la literatura náhuatl actual
Authors: Silva Galeana Librado
Published: November 2013

RESUMEN- Panorama de la producción literaria contemporánea en lengua náhuatl. El escritor indígena y el investigador francés presencian un vigoroso renacer de las culturas indígenas en México. El proceso culmina con la creación de la «Asociación de Escritores en Lenguas Indígenas».
Teatro Abierto comme expression de l'identité argentine
Authors: Clerc Isabelle
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT- Argentinian theatre is characterized by an important stream of thought concerning national identity. This questioning is the main line of several Teatro Abierto s plays. This theatrical experience has, in fact, made the choice to bring out the characteristics of argentinian culture and society in order to summon its audience to face the reality of military dictatorship.
Bebidas y ambiente social en la Cuba del siglo XIX
Authors: Sarmiento Ramírez Ismael
Published: November 2013

RESUMEN- Las bebidas no son sólo una importante aportación a la nutrición del hombre sino que satisfacen una parte de sus necesidades biológicas, físicas, síquicas e incluso religiosas. Partiendo de estos parámetros, las relaciones sociales que se establecen en torno a las bebidas son actuaciones inherentes a la formación de la identidad cultural de los pueblos y en el caso de Cuba se reafirma al estudiar el ambiente social del siglo XIX, momento importante en dicha gestación.
Un grand journaliste français au Mexique au XIXe siècle : René Masson et Le Trait d'Union
Authors: Covo-Maurice Jacqueline
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT- In 1849, french immigrant to Mexico, René Masson, a firm republican and liberal, gave the small french community there a newspaper called Le Trait d'Union. For nearly twenty-five years, through the liberal revolution, the civil war, the French intervention and then the Empire, he used his vigourous style and his talents as a polemicist to serve the cause of Mexican men of progress.
Entre rêve pluridisciplinaire et rayonnement culturel : « Les États généraux de la recherche et de l'enseignement sur l'Amérique latine en France », Paris, mai 1983
Authors: Vayssière Pierre
Published: November 2013

RÉSUMÉ- En 1983, l'Union de la gauche soutient un projet ambitieux : redonner un certain prestige aux sciences sociales tout en renforçant une collaboration « égalitaire » avec l'Amérique latine. La discipline « histoire » montrait des limites dans sa démarche pluri-disciplinaire. Malgré une relative réussite dans l'accueil des étudiants et des exilés latino-américains, la France avait bien du mal à éliminer un certain colonialisme culturel, d'ailleurs largement inconscient chez les chercheurs.
Nativismo y alter/natividad en los Relatos del viejo Antonio del Subcomandante Marcos
Authors: Vanden Berghe Kristine
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT- The Relatos del Viejo Antonio (1998) by Subcomandante Marcos are based on an antagonism between the Indians and the non-indians. This antagonism is at odds with the EZLN stance in favour of a pluri-ethnic society. At the same time, the language used in the tales is more in conformity with this pluri-ethnic position. This tension in the zapatist discourse can be interpreted as a conflict between utopia and reality, in the sense that the discrimination of the indigenous population is conducive to a rhetorics of idealisation while the future construction of society requires a more hybrid discourse.
LOINC in Prehospital Emergency Medicine in Germany – Experience of the `DIRK´-Project
Authors: Edeler B. , Majeed R. W. , Ahlbrandt J. , Stöhr M. R. , Stommel F. , Brenck F. , Thun S. , Röhrig R.
Published: November 2013

Background: Treatment of patients picked up by emergency services can be improved by data transfer ahead of arrival. Care given to emergency patients can be assessed and improved through data analysis. Both goals require electronic data transfer from the emergency medical services (EMS) to the hospital information system. Therefore a generic semantic standard is needed.

Objectives: Objective of this paper is to test the suitability of the international nomenclature Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) to encode the core data-sets for rescue service protocols (MIND 2 and MIND 3). Encoding diagnosis and medication categories using ICD-10 and ATC were also assessed.

Methods: Protocols were broken down into concepts, assigned to categories, translated and manually mapped to LOINC codes. Each protocol was independently encoded by two healthcare professionals and in case of discrepancies a third expert was consulted to reach a consensus.

Results: Currently 39% of parameters could be mapped to LOINC. Additional use of other coding systems such as International Statis -tical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) for diagnoses and Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC) for medications increases the rate of ‘mappable’ parameters to 56%.

Conclusions: Although the coverage is low, mapping has shown that LOINC is suitable to encode concepts of the rescue services. In order to create a generic semantic model to be applied in the field our next step is to request new LOINC codes for the missing concepts.
Crystal design using multipolar electrostatic interactions: A concept study for organic electronics
Authors: Kirsch Peer , Tong Qiong , Untenecker Harald
Published: November 2013

Using a simple synthetic protocol, heterohexacene analogues with a quadrupolar distribution of partial charges are readily available. In contrast to most other acenes, these compounds crystallize with a slipped-stack, brickwork-like packing which is mainly controlled by electrostatic interactions. This type of packing offers an advantage for organic semiconductors, because it allows more isotropic charge transport compared to the “herring bone” stacking observed for other acenes.
Liver Fibrosis Progression in HIV–HCV-Coinfected Patients Treated with Distinct Antiretroviral Drugs and Impact of Pegylated Interferon/Ribavirin Therapy
Authors: Fernández-Montero José V , Barreiro Pablo , Vispo Eugenia , Labarga Pablo , Sánchez-Parra Clara , de Mendoza Carmen , Treviño Ana , Soriano Vicente
Published: November 2013

Background

Advanced liver fibrosis frequently develops in patients with chronic hepatitis C coinfected with HIV. Non-invasive techniques for staging liver fibrosis, such as transient elastometry, may allow both periodic monitoring and examination of large patient populations.

Methods

A programme of liver fibrosis assessment using transient elastometry has been ongoing at our institution since 2004. All HIV-HCV-coinfected patients having ≥2 examinations separated by >18 months were included. Liver fibrosis progression (LFP) was defined as an increase in liver stiffness from <9.5 kPa (Metavir F0-F2) to >9.5 kPa (Metavir F3-F4), or an increase >30% in patients with baseline Metavir F3-F4.

Results

A total of 545 HIV-HCV-coinfected patients were analysed (mean age 41 years, 71% male, 81% intravenous drug users, mean body mass index 23.3 kg/m2, 4.2% hepatitis B surface antigen-positive, 8.4% alcohol abuse, mean CD4+ T-cell count 519 cells/μl). At baseline, 527 patients were on antiretroviral therapy, with the most frequent third drug being atazanavir (19.7%), efavirenz (15.9%), lopinavir (13.1%) or nevirapine (7.2%). A total of 99 (18%) patients experienced LFP during a mean (sd) follow-up of 70.9 (15.7) months. Use of protease inhibitors (OR 4.93, 95% CI 1.73, 14.0; P=0.03) and male gender (OR 5.12, 95% CI 1.37, 19.1; P=0.01) were associated with LFP. By contrast, the achievement of HCV clearance following pegylated interferon/ribavirin (PEG-IFN/RBV) therapy (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.1, 0.79; P=0.02) was protective. Lopinavir exposure was significantly associated with LFP (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.0, 1.04; P=0.03), whereas nevirapine was protective (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.9, 0.99; P=0.02).

Conclusions

The use of protease inhibitors, mainly lopinavir, is associated with increased LFP in HIV–HCV-coinfected patients. By contrast, nevirapine therapy and, particularly, HCV clearance with PEG-IFN/RBV significantly reduce LFP.
Hepatitis E: When to Treat and how to Treat
Authors: Abbas Zaigham , Afzal Rafia
Published: November 2013

HEV generally causes a self-limited acute infection and treatment remains supportive. However, severe hepatitis or fulminant hepatic failure may occur, more so during pregnancy. It is an important cause of acute-on-chronic liver failure in endemic areas. Chronic HEV infection and progressive disease has been reported in recipients of solid organ transplants, haematological malignancies, HIV patients and those on haemodialysis. Clearance of HEV may occur after reducing immunosuppressive therapy, especially those targeting T-cells, in about one third of cases. Antiviral therapy should be considered for patients for whom immunosuppressive therapy cannot be reduced and for those who do not achieve viral clearance after reducing immunosuppression. For the patients with severe infection, fulminant hepatic failure and acute-on-chronic infection, ribavirin monotherapy should be considered to expedite the viral clearance and recovery. Although ribavirin therapy is contraindicated in pregnancy owing to teratogenicity, the risks of untreated HEV to the mother and fetus are high and treatment may be offered. A twelve-week course of pegylated interferon, ribavirin or a combination of the two agents leads to viral clearance in about two-thirds of patients with chronic hepatitis E. Three- to twelve-month treatment with pegylated interferon clears virus in liver transplant recipients and patients on haemodialysis. In kidney and heart transplant patients where interferon may lead to organ rejection, ribavirin may be given.
Preparing Your Digital Legacy
Authors: Braman James , Thomas Ursula , Vincenti Giovanni , Dudley Alfreda , Rodgers Karen
Published: November 2013

With the increasing use of social networking tools and sites available, we must be mindful of the long-term consequences of posting information online. The combination of images, comments, and other personal data shape our online digital persona. Over time and throughout the lifetime of our many online profiles and digital identities, these representations and data become our digital legacy. When we pass away, it is this information that is left behind to represent who we are to other users, family, and friends. Additionally, all of the photos and other content remain online. In this chapter, the authors discuss the construction of one’s digital legacy and focus on the need for additional education about social networking usage for the future. Additionally, they present feedback from a study of college-aged students related to this topic and their views on social network usage.
The Role of Students’ Personality Traits in the Effective Use of Social Networking Sites in the Educational Context
Authors: Burusic Josip , Karabegovic Mia
Published: November 2013

By critically reviewing the theory and previous research in the domains of education, personality psychology, and Social Networking Sites (SNS), this chapter investigates the implications of educational SNS use for students with different personality structures. Conscientiousness is shown to be crucial for academic performance, with indications that neuroticism, agreeableness, and openness are important as well. With regard to SNS use in schools, the authors give a short review of the existing studies, which yielded contradictory findings when it comes to SNS's effect on academic achievement, but are fairly in agreement about students' positive attitudes toward their use in schools. As the main purpose, the authors present personality-related findings and make predictions about the benefits of educational SNS use for introverted and highly neurotic students and those with low self-esteem. They conclude that introducing SNS into the educational context would be valuable for all students, especially with regard to giving them equal chances in realizing their potential.
Does Facebook Provide Educational Value?
Authors: Manca Stefania , Ranieri Maria
Published: November 2013

Facebook has received considerable attention in a number of research areas. However, its educational value has not been fully confirmed and results from the mainstream educational paradigms are contradictory. A number of experiences related to the educational use of Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment are also flourishing. In these, Facebook has been used as a unique, or at least as one, learning management system tool, or as a platform for educational purposes. This chapter focuses on these issues, providing a wide overview of the current literature on the educational value of Facebook considering both theoretical positions and empirical findings. Furthermore, a few preliminary guidelines about Facebook usage are provided, pertaining to pedagogical, institutional, technological, and ethical issues. The chapter finally provides some hints about emerging trends and areas that deserve further research, such as professional development, academic practice, and location-based learning.
MOOCs
Authors: Camilleri Vanessa , Busuttil Leonard , Montebello Matthew
Published: November 2013

MOOCs have become a new trend in education, taking the world by storm in 2012. Is this just a fad or is it because of their nature in opening education to the masses? In this chapter, the authors explore how Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) use networks that connect people across the globe to foster education that cannot be replicated in any walled classroom. They illustrate case studies, emphasizing best practice strategies employed as well as lessons learned, in an attempt to understand what makes these courses the new cry in higher education. The authors ask whether the local, European, and international markets are ready to accept these massive, open learning environments and how the transfer and transformation of information occurs during exploits of massive collective intelligence. They address learning that is manifested inside social networks and this can be augmented through the sharing of knowledge within the global community. In this digital economy, the authors look at capturing and harvesting “open knowledge” using means that are accessible to all. Is academia ready for all of this? The authors propose an outline of a journey from the birth of MOOCs to their indicative future directions. The scope of this chapter is that of discussing the role of social networks and social applications in these massive courses, as the authors describe why they think this lies at the root of the courses’ success.
New Visual Social Media for the Higher Education Classroom
Authors: Delello Julie A. , McWhorter Rochell R.
Published: November 2013

This chapter examines how next-generation visual social platforms motivate students to capture authentic evidence of their learning and achievements, publish digital artifacts, and share content across visual social media. Educators are facing the immediate task of integrating social media into their current practice to meet the needs of the twenty-first century learner. Using a case study, this chapter highlights through empirical work how nascent visual social media platforms such as Pinterest are being utilized in the college classroom and concludes with projections on ways visual networking platforms will transform traditional models of education.
Staphylococcus aureus Leukotoxin GH Promotes Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Authors: Malachowa Natalia , Kobayashi Scott D. , Freedman Brett , Dorward David W. , DeLeo Frank R.
Published: November 2013

Staphylococcus aureus secretes numerous virulence factors that facilitate evasion of the host immune system. Among these molecules are pore-forming cytolytic toxins, including Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL), leukotoxin GH (LukGH; also known as LukAB), leukotoxin DE, and γ-hemolysin. PVL and LukGH have potent cytolytic activity in vitro, and both toxins are proinflammatory in vivo. Although progress has been made toward elucidating the role of these toxins in S. aureus virulence, our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the proinflammatory capacity of these toxins, as well as the associated host response toward them, is incomplete. To address this deficiency in knowledge, we assessed the ability of LukGH to prime human PMNs for enhanced bactericidal activity and further investigated the impact of the toxin on neutrophil function. We found that, unlike PVL, LukGH did not prime human neutrophils for increased production of reactive oxygen species nor did it enhance binding and/or uptake of S. aureus. Unexpectedly, LukGH promoted the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which, in turn, ensnared but did not kill S. aureus. Furthermore, we found that electropermeabilization of human neutrophils, used as a separate means to create pores in the neutrophil plasma membrane, similarly induced formation of NETs, a finding consistent with the notion that NETs can form during nonspecific cytolysis. We propose that the ability of LukGH to promote formation of NETs contributes to the inflammatory response and host defense against S. aureus infection.
HLA Class I Alleles Are Associated with Peptide-Binding Repertoires of Different Size, Affinity, and Immunogenicity
Authors: Paul Sinu , Weiskopf Daniela , Angelo Michael A. , Sidney John , Peters Bjoern , Sette Alessandro
Published: November 2013

Prediction of HLA binding affinity is widely used to identify candidate T cell epitopes, and an affinity of 500 nM is routinely used as a threshold for peptide selection. However, the fraction (percentage) of peptides predicted to bind with affinities of 500 nM varies by allele. For example, of a large collection of ∼30,000 dengue virus–derived peptides only 0.3% were predicted to bind HLA A*0101, wheras nearly 5% were predicted for A*0201. This striking difference could not be ascribed to variation in accuracy of the algorithms used, as predicted values closely correlated with affinity measured in vitro with purified HLA molecules. These data raised the question whether different alleles would also vary in terms of epitope repertoire size, defined as the number of associated epitopes or, alternatively, whether alleles vary drastically in terms of the affinity threshold associated with immunogenicity. To address this issue, strains of HLA transgenic mice with wide (A*0201), intermediate (B*0702), or narrow (A*0101) repertoires were immunized with peptides of varying binding affinity and relative percentile ranking. The results show that absolute binding capacity is a better predictor of immunogenicity, and analysis of epitopes from the Immune Epitope Database revealed that predictive efficacy is increased using allele-specific affinity thresholds. Finally, we investigated the genetic and structural basis of the phenomenon. Although no stringent correlate was defined, on average HLA B alleles are associated with significantly narrower repertoires than are HLA A alleles.
Recipient Myeloid-Derived Immunomodulatory Cells Induce PD-1 Ligand–Dependent Donor CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell Proliferation and Donor–Recipient Immune Tolerance after Murine Nonmyeloablative Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: van der Merwe Marie , Abdelsamed Hossam A. , Seth Aman , Ong Taren , Vogel Peter , Pillai Asha B.
Published: November 2013

We showed previously that nonmyeloablative total lymphoid irradiation/rabbit anti-thymocyte serum (TLI/ATS) conditioning facilitates potent donor–recipient immune tolerance following bone marrow transplantation (BMT) across MHC barriers via recipient invariant NKT (iNKT) cell-derived IL-4–dependent expansion of donor Foxp3+ naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTregs). In this study, we report a more specific mechanism. Wild-type (WT) BALB/c (H-2d) hosts were administered TLI/ATS and BMT from WT or STAT6−/− C57BL/6 (H-2b) donors. Following STAT6−/− BMT, donor nTregs demonstrated no loss of proliferation in vivo, indicating that an IL-4–responsive population in the recipient, rather than the donor, drives donor nTreg proliferation. In graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) target organs, three recipient CD11b+ cell subsets (Gr-1highCD11c−, Gr-1intCD11c−, and Gr-1lowCD11c+) were enriched early after TLI/ATS + BMT versus total body irradiation/ATS + BMT. Gr-1lowCD11c+ cells induced potent H-2Kb+CD4+Foxp3+ nTreg proliferation in vitro in 72-h MLRs. Gr-1lowCD11c+ cells were reduced significantly in STAT6−/− and iNKT cell–deficient Jα18−/− BALB/c recipients after TLI/ATS + BMT. Depletion of CD11b+ cells resulted in severe acute GVHD, and adoptive transfer of WT Gr-1lowCD11c+ cells to Jα18−/− BALB/c recipients of TLI/ATS + BMT restored day-6 donor Foxp3+ nTreg proliferation and protection from CD8 effector T cell–mediated GVHD. Blockade of programmed death ligand 1 and 2, but not CD40, TGF-β signaling, arginase 1, or iNOS, inhibited nTreg proliferation in cocultures of recipient-derived Gr-1lowCD11c+ cells with donor nTregs. Through iNKT-dependent Th2 polarization, myeloid-derived immunomodulatory dendritic cells are expanded after nonmyeloablative TLI/ATS conditioning and allogeneic BMT, induce PD-1 ligand–dependent donor nTreg proliferation, and maintain potent graft-versus-host immune tolerance.
Cosmology in the book of Revelation
Authors: Jordaan Gert J.C.
Published: November 2013

The cosmology of the book of Revelation mainly involves God’s restored reign over the created universe (κόσμος). Throughout the book, the κόσμος is depicted according to its constituent parts, namelyheaven, sea and earth. At first sight, this threefold description seems to stem from the ancient Jewish and mythological three-storied cosmological view of ‘up-above’, ‘here-below’ and ‘down-under’. However, this correspondence proves to be only superficial. Heaven is used by John not as much in spatial sense as in temporal sense: as symbolic reference to a divine point above time and history. Heaven is also a qualitative reference to a situation of complete obedient worship to God. Earth in John’s visions is mostly used as metaphor for sinful mankind under the rule of Satan. Yet, the earth remains part of God’s creation under his divine authority, and even becomes a refuge for the church in this dispensation. The sea in Revelation, when not denoting a physical space, is often equated by scholars to the abyss or the underworld. However, in Revelation the sea is mostly used as metaphor for the basic evil from which the beast originates and of everything immoral and impure. The last chapters of Revelation reveal that in the eschaton heaven, sea and earth will all be part of the new creation − renewed to the point where God’s reign is restored and acknowledged above all doubt throughout the κόσμος.Kosmologie in die boek van Openbaring. Die kosmologie van Openbaring getuig van God se herstelde regering oor die geskape heelal (κόσμος). Regdeur die boek word die κόσμος volgens sy samestellende dele beskryf, naamlik hemel, see en aarde. Oppervlakkig beskou, lyk hierdie beskrywing na die antieke Joodse en mitologiese drie-verdieping-kosmologie van ‘daar bo’, ‘hier onder’ en ‘daar onder’. Hierdie ooreenkoms is egter slegs oppervlakkig. Hemel word deur Johannes nie soseer in ruimtelike sin gebruik nie, maar in temporele sin: as simboliese verwysing dat God bo tyd en geskiedenis verhewe is. Hemel is ook ’n kwalitatiewe verwysing na ’n toestand van volmaakte gehoorsame aanbidding van God. Desgelyks word aarde meestal gebruik as metafoor vir ’n sondige mensdom onder Satan se heerskappy. Tog bly die aarde deel van God se skepping onder sy goddelike heerskappy, en word dit selfs aangetoon as ’n toevlugsoord vir die kerk in hierdie bedeling. Waar die see in Openbaring nie na ’n fisiese verskynsel verwys nie, word dit dikwels deur biblioloë op gelyke vlak met die diep put of die onderwêreld gestel. Johannes gebruik die see egter meestal as metafoor vir die boosheid waaruit die dier sy oorsprong het, asook vir alles wat sondig en onrein is. Openbaring 21 en 22 maak bekend dat hemel, see en aarde in die eschatondeel sal wees van die nuwe skepping − vernuwe tot op die punt waar God se heerskappy herstel is en erken word regdeur die κόσμος.
New Characterizations of the Weighted Composition Operators Between Bloch Type Spaces in the Polydisk
Authors: Fang Zhong-Shan , Zhou Ze-Hua
Published: November 2013

We give some new characterizations for compactness of weighted composition operators uCφ acting on Bloch-type spaces in terms of the power of the components of φ where φ is a holomorphic self-map of the polydisk 𝔻n, thus generalizing the results obtained by Hyvärinen and Lindström in 2012.
Chemokine Profile in the Sera and Urine of Patients with Schistosomal Glomerulopathy
Authors: Otoni Alba , Teixeira Antônio Lúcio , Voieta Izabela , Antunes Carlos Maurício , Costa Melo Vinícius Lins , Drummond Sandra Costa , Rodrigues Valério Ladeira , Lambertucci José Roberto
Published: November 2013

We investigated the serum and urine chemokine levels of patients with schistosomal mansoni glomerulonephritis. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Southeast of Brazil. Overall, 160 subjects were enrolled and divided into five groups: 1) hepatosplenic schistosomiasis with renal disease (N = 12); 2) hepatosplenic schistosomiasis without renal disease (N = 68); 3) hepatointestinal schistosomiasis (N = 27); 4) glomerulopathy caused by other diseases (N = 22); and 5) healthy controls (N = 31). The patients with microalbuminuria > 30 mg in 24 hours were considered to have renal disease. The sera and urine chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL11, and CXCL8 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. A similar profile was observed between the patients with schistosomal glomerulopathy and the patients with glomerulopathy caused by other diseases, with the exception of serum CCL2 ≤ 634.3 pg/mL. In cases with sera CCL2 > 634.3 pg/mL, the diagnosis of schistosomal glomerulopathy should be considered.
Uncertainty in modeling dust mass balance and radiative forcing from size parameterization
Authors: Zhao C. , Chen S. , Leung L. R. , Qian Y. , Kok J. F. , Zaveri R. A. , Huang J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. This study examines the uncertainties in simulating mass balance and radiative forcing of mineral dust due to biases in the dust size parameterization. Simulations are conducted quasi-globally (180° W–180° E and 60° S–70° N) using the WRF-Chem model with three different approaches to represent dust size distribution (8-bin, 4-bin, and 3-mode). The biases in the 3-mode or 4-bin approaches against a relatively more accurate 8-bin approach in simulating dust mass balance and radiative forcing are identified. Compared to the 8-bin approach, the 4-bin approach simulates similar but coarser size distributions of dust particles in the atmosphere, while the 3-mode approach retains more fine dust particles but fewer coarse dust particles due to its prescribed σg of each mode. Although the 3-mode approach yields up to 10 days of longer dust mass lifetime over the remote oceanic regions than the 8-bin approach, the three size approaches produce a similar dust mass lifetime (3.2 days to 3.5 days) on quasi-global average, reflecting that the global dust mass lifetime is mainly determined by the dust mass lifetime near the dust source regions. With the same global dust emission (~4600 Tg yr−1), the 8-bin approach produces a dust mass loading of 39 Tg, while the 4-bin and 3-mode approaches produce 3% (40.2 Tg) and 25% (49.1 Tg) higher dust mass loading, respectively. The difference in dust mass loading between the 8-bin approach and the 4-bin or 3-mode approaches has large spatial variations, with generally smaller relative difference (<10%) near the surface over the dust source regions. The three size approaches also result in significantly different dry and wet deposition fluxes and number concentrations of dust. The difference in dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) (a factor of 3) among the three size approaches is much larger than their difference (25%) in dust mass loading. Compared to the 8-bin approach, the 4-bin approach yields stronger dust absorptivity, while the 3-mode approach yields weaker dust absorptivity. Overall, on quasi-global average, the three size parameterizations result in a significant difference of a factor of 2~3 in dust surface cooling (−1.02~−2.87 W m−2) and atmospheric warming (0.39~0.96 W m−2) and in a tremendous difference of a factor of ~10 in dust TOA (top of atmosphere) cooling (−0.24~−2.20 W m−2). The impact of different size representations on dust radiative forcing efficiency is smaller. An uncertainty of a factor of 2 is quantified in dust emission estimation due to the different size parameterizations. This study also highlights the uncertainties in modeling dust mass and number loading, deposition fluxes, and radiative forcing resulting from different size parameterizations, and motivates further investigation of the impact of size parameterizations on modeling dust impacts on air quality, climate, and ecosystems.
The Pagami Creek smoke plume after long-range transport to the upper troposphere over Europe – aerosol properties and black carbon mixing state
Authors: Dahlkötter F. , Gysel M. , Sauer D. , Minikin A. , Baumann R. , Seifert P. , Ansmann A. , Fromm M. , Voigt C. , Weinzierl B.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. During the CONCERT 2011 field experiment with the DLR research aircraft Falcon an enhanced aerosol layer with particle linear depolarization ratios of 6–8% at 532 nm has been observed at altitudes above 10 km over northeast Germany on 16 September 2011. Dispersion simulations with HYSPLIT suggest that the elevated aerosol layer originated from the pyro-convective Pagami Creek forest fire in Minnesota, USA. The 3–4 days old smoke plume has high total refractory black carbon (rBC) mass concentrations of 0.03–0.35 μg m−3 at standard temperature and pressure (stp) with rBC mass equivalent diameters predominantly smaller than 130 nm. Assuming a core-shell particle structure, the BC cores exhibit very thick (median: 105–136 nm) BC-free coatings, which modify the radiative transfer through this layer. A large fraction of the BC-containing particles disintegrate while passing the laser beam of the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). This is shown for the first time for high-altitude aerosol layers in this study, giving evidence for heterogeneous mixing structures and possibly modified light-scattering and light-absorbing properties of the particles. This case study estimates the rBC mass import from the Pagami Creek forest fire into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) region (best estimate: 25 Mg BC). A comparison to black carbon emission rates from aviation underlines the relevance of the import of forest fire aerosol on the BC load in the UTLS region. Our detailed information on the microphysics and the mixing state of the BC forest fire aerosol layer will help to better understand and investigate its radiative impact.