bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HOMOCYSTEINE: A NEWER AND NOVEL INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR AND CARDIAC MARKER FOR ACUTE MI
Authors: KUMAR ANOOP , SHARMA PREETI , KUMAR PRADEEP , KUMAR DR ASHOK
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate homocysteine levels in myocardial infarction (MI) patients (troponin-T positive) and normal healthy individuals (troponin-T negative) subsequently to make comparisons with other cardiac markers.

Methods: A cross-sectional study consisting of 172 subjects involving 100 patients of non-diabetic MI and 72 apparently healthy controls with no history of diabetes and/or MI was done between December 2017 and May 2018. The diagnosis of MI was established with electrocardiogram findings and troponin-T estimation. Blood samples were collected and processed for the estimation of homocysteine, troponin-T, creatine kinase MB fraction (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase.

Results: In the present study, a total of 100 troponin-T positive cases and 72 troponin-T negative as controls were studied. The mean age in the cases was 62.15±7.75 years and in the controls was 61.49±8.35 years (p=0.592). The mean value of homocysteine in the troponin-T positive group was 30.56±19.79 μmol/l and in the troponin-T negative group was 10.28±4.03 μmol/l (p<0.0001). Homocysteine was deranged in 98% troponin-T positive group and in only 18.06% in troponin-T negative group. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.0001). No significant correlation was found between homocysteine and CK-MB and LDH in troponin-T positive and negative patients individually.

Conclusion: This study indicated that homocysteine is sensitive cardiac markers for the diagnosis of MI but shows no specific correlation with other cardiac markers and thus it should be predicted independently.
IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF THE FLOWER EXTRACTS OF OPUNTIA STRICTA
Authors: D PRABHAKARAN , A RAJESHKANNA , MM SENTHAMILSELVI
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the solid powder obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction from the flower Opuntia stricta.

Methods: The flower extract was evaluated for antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay was carried out by ferric-reducing capacity (FRC) assay method. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate nitric oxide (NO) production method.

Results: The solid powder obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction from the flower O. stricta showed a good antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH radical and FRC assay with compared standard sample. This solid powder also showed good anti-inflammatory activity in cell viability (LPS-induced PBMCs) assay and NO assay.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the solid powder obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction from the flower O. stricta has significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON DRUG UTILIZATION PATTERN OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN NON-PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: SEBASTIAN ANCY , PK ANEESHA , AREECKAL JOSHWA , DAVIS SONIYA
Published: October 2019

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the pattern of prescription and utilization of antidepressants (ADs) for various non-psychiatric indications in department of general medicine, cardiology, surgery, gynecology, and orthopaedic of a tertiary care teaching hospital.

Methods: A prospective cross-sectional unicentric drug utilization study of inpatients was carried out in a 450 bedded tertiary care hospital. The study included 200 subjects admitted for both psychiatric and non-psychiatric illness. Pediatric patients and those with a length of stay <48 h were excluded from the study.

Results: Prescriptions of 200 patients were studied in which 55% were males and 45% were females. The most widely prescribed drug is alprazolam comprising 50% of the total drug consumption and is followed by clonazepam (19.5%), amitriptyline (13.5%), diazepam (9.5%), escitalopram (3.5%), lorazepam (3%), and zolpidem (0.5%). About 36% of the drugs were prescribed in the general medicine department, and 27.5% of the prescriptions were from the cardiology department. Prescriptions from surgery, orthopedics, and gynecology were 16%, 11.5%, and 9% of the total, respectively.

Conclusion: ADs were found to be potentially useful for non-psychiatric indications such as peripheral and diabetic neuropathy, gastroenterological conditions, and urological conditions. No benefit was observed in insomnia and musculoskeletal conditions except for fibromyalgia. ADs were also found to improve the treatment outcome and quality of life of patients having comorbid psychiatric conditions being treated for non-psychiatric disorders.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF NEURACANTHUS SPHAEROSTACHYUS DALZ. LEAVES
Authors: DK DANGAR , NJ PATEL
Published: October 2019

Objective: Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus has been traditionally used to treat skin diseases, cough, and asthma. Lack of sufficient scientific evidence indicating the utility of this plant in the treatment of inflammation prompted us to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant in different experimental screening methods.

Methods: In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of N. sphaerostachyus (MENS and AENS) leaves at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg was evaluated with albumin denaturation and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and acetic acid-induced increased vascular permeability in mice.

Results: Methanolic and aqueous extract significantly inhibited protein denaturation as well as edema induced by carrageenan and vascular permeability in mice dose dependently. Aspirin (0.1 mg/ml), indomethacin (10 mg/kg), and dexamethasone (5 mg/kg) were used as a standard control.

Conclusion: It is concluded that MENS and AENS leaves exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity.
PHYTOCHEMICAL EXTRACTIONS, QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS, AND EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN THE LEAF AND STEM BARK OF SOLANUM PUBESCENS WILLD.
Authors: VN SUDHAMA , M RAMAKRISHNAN
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to extract the phytochemicals from leaf and stem bark of Solanum pubescens, perform qualitative analysis, and evaluate antimicrobial activity of the phytochemicals against certain microbial pathogens.

Methods: Leaf and stem bark of S. pubescens was subjected to phytochemical extractions using Soxhlet apparatus with five different solvents, identified the major constituents in different solvent extracts using standard protocols and investigated the potential antimicrobial activities of the extracts against certain selected bacterial and fungal pathogens by agar well diffusion method.

Results: The maximum yield was in methanolic extracts of leaf and stem bark of the study plant such as 18.51 and 12.5%, respectively, followed by the hydroalcohol extracts (14.23 and 10.00%). Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed maximum number of extracted bioactive compounds when compared to other similar studies. Among the five different solvent extracts of S. pubescens, n-hexane extract of stem bark was found to be active against all the bacterial pathogens and stem bark extracts made with methanol and hydroalcohol showed antifungal activity against all the four fungal pathogens tested. Leaf extracts made with solvents such as n-hexane and ethyl acetate showed inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, hydroalcohol extract was active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium while none of the leaf extracts of the study plant showed inhibition zones against fungal pathogens tested.

Conclusion: Multiple solvent extraction approach yielded the phytochemicals which are not yet reported and the antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals acknowledged their medicinal value.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND NEPHROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA) IN RIFAMPICIN AND ISONIAZID-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY AND NEPHROTOXICITY IN RATS
Authors: M THUAWAINI MAHDI , AL-FARHAAN MAWAHIB B GASIM , F ABBAS KARIMA
Published: October 2019

Objectives: The present study was designed to estimate the influences of oral administration of aqueous extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced in rats by isoniazid and rifampicin (RIF) for 4 weeks. Influences were determined through the estimation of liver and kidney functions and histopathological changes.

Materials and Methods: A total of 48 male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups: Normal control, INH+RIF treated rats, Turmeric aqueous extract 100 mg/kg treated rats, Turmeric aqueous extract 100 mg/kg + INH and RIF treated rats, Turmeric aqueous extract 200 mg/kg treated rats, Turmeric aqueous extract 200 mg/kg+ INH and RIF treated rats. Turmeric aqueous extract and INH + RIF (50 mg/kg bwpo, daily) were given for 4 weeks. Liver and kidney function markers (aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine transaminase [ALT], alanine phosphatase [ALP], bilirubin, blood urea, and creatinine) were determined enzymatically. In addition, tissues of liver and kidney were quickly separated and fixed in 10% formalin and subjected to histopathological studies. Statistical analysis was carried out using t-test.

Results: The aqueous extract of turmeric (at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw, p.o. daily ) showed hepato- and reno-protective effects in hepato- and reno- toxicity induced by RIF and INH in rats. Significant elevation of serum ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea, and total protein, due to RIF and INH treatment, were significantly decreased. The histopathological study further confirmed the biochemical results.

Conclusion: Results of the present study indicated that turmeric has hepatoprotective and renoprotective action against RIF- and INH-induced hepatic and renal injury in rats.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF NOVEL BENZOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES CONTAINING INDOLE MOIETIES
Authors: RAJAREDDY ALETI , MURTHY M SRINIVAS
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the anthelmintic activity (AA) of novel benzothiazole derivatives containing indole moieties (BDIM).

Methods: The present works which involve the substituted isatin Schiff bases undergo acetylating and reacting with 2-aminobenzothiazole to give novel BDIM.

Results: All the newly synthesized molecules (5a-5o) were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, H_nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral analysis along with physical data. The biological potentials of the newly synthesized compounds are evaluated for their AA using an Indian earthworm (Pheretima posthuma), and albendazole was used as standard drug.

Conclusion: The synthesized compound 5f, 5n, and 5o showed good AA, whereas others exhibited significant activities.
IMPACT OF HYDROALCOHOLIC CONCENTRATE OF HEMIDESMUS INDICUS AGAINST 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE PROMPTED PARKINSONISM IN MICE
Authors: V CHITRA , K MANASA , SHARON S EVELYN , CHOUDHURY SHATABDI
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Hemidesmus indicus against 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mice model.

Methods: A total of 18 male Swiss Albino mice were divided into three groups (n=6). Hydroalcoholic concentrate of H. indicus (HAHI) at 200 and 400 mg/kg dosages, 30 min before the MPTP (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal organization) treatment, was regulated for 7 days, and behavioral assessment was made by rotarod test, grip strength test, locomotor activity, and catatonia behavioral study. Appraisal of cell reinforcement catalysts, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), superoxide dismutase, catalepsy, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, and GSH, were also assessed to screen the neurotoxicity incited by MPTP.

Results: In the present investigation, the neuroprotective impacts of the hydroalcoholic concentrate of H. indicus were assessed, Which is known for its monoamine oxidiase activity, stimulant, anti-convulsant activity and a section of it is used as nerve tonic Frozen at 8 degree C. The cell viability analysis and IC50 determination in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines were performed by MTT assay, and neuronal red uptake assay and HAHI were found to have a significant IC50 value in SH-SY5Y cells.

Conclusion: The outcomes demonstrated that HAHI essentially enhanced the behavioral studies, striatal neurotransmitter content, and antioxidant status in a dose-dependent manner lessened TBARS level.
EVALUATION OF THE PROPHYLACTIC ROLE OF INDIAN SHRIMP IN ALUMINUM CHLORIDE-INDUCED ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE ON EXPERIMENTAL RATS
Authors: S RAMACHANDRAN , M SRI RAMYA , U LIZA , PS LAKSHMI PRASANNA , K SARISHMA
Published: October 2019

Objective: This work was aimed to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic role of Indian shrimp in aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in rats.

Methods: The male Wistar rats were selected and divided into six groups. Group I received distilled water, Group II received AlCl3 ( 100 mg/kg, p.o.), Group III received rivastigmine (1 mg/kg, p.o.), Group IV received AlCl3 + shrimp powder (200 mg/kg, p.o), and Group V received AlCl3 + shrimp powder (400 mg/kg, p.o) for 60 days. At the end of the study, various parameters such as behavioral and biochemical investigations were assessed.

Results: The result of the study shows that the shrimp (400 mg/kg) has better effect on the treatment of aluminum chloride-induced AD in rats. It showed a remarkable improvement in the behavioral and biochemical parameters, and the result of histopathology study shows that the hippocampus region of brain tissue recovered as compared with control.

Conclusion: From this study, it is evident that dietary intake of shrimp can help to inhibit oxidative stress produced due to the accumulation of AlCl3 in the brain and used as a prophylactic for AD.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SEAWEED ULVA LACTUCA L. EXTRACTED CRUDE PROTEIN AGAINST PATHOGENIC FUNGI
Authors: R KRISHNAMOORTHI , SR SIVAKUMAR
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of seaweed extracted protein against the pathogenic fungi.

Methods: Antifungal activity of seaweed Ulva lactuca L. extracted protein was determined against pathogenic fungi such as Alternaria solani, Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum by disk diffusion Method. Then, the potentially active protein was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.

Results: Seaweeds extracted protein checked for the antifungal activity against A. clavatus, A. solani, and A. flavus better activity compared to standard amphotericin-B and CD spectroscopy. Analysis of the extracts divulges the presence of entire protein compounds.

Conclusions: This study extracted seaweed protein sufficient of antifungal activity opposed to antifungal pathogens as compared with the standard. This is first report an activity of seaweed extracted protein against the plant and human pathogenic fungus bearing agricultural important.
EFFICACY OF ORAL GLUTATHIONE ADDITION IN LUTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON CONTRAST SENSITIVITY IMPROVEMENT IN DRY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: AMIN RAMZI , SAPUTRA EDWIN BAYU
Published: October 2019

Objective: Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the macular abnormality causing central vision loss in the elderly. One prevention for ARMD is the provision of antioxidants, such as lutein. Reduced form of glutathione (GSH) is a source of cysteine and sulfhydryl, playing a role in detoxification, transport, and metabolic processes. Both are prospected to have a synergistic effect in the prevention of ARMD. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of GSH addition in lutein supplementation to improve the contrast sensitivity of dry type ARMD patients.

Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at an eye hospital and a tertiary general hospital from April 2016 to June 2016. This study involved 22 dry ARMD patients. Subjects were randomized and divided into treatment groups with 20 mg lutein with the addition of 500 mg GSH and 20 mg lutein only, for 30 days. Contrast sensitivity measurement was performed with Lea Numbers® Low Contrast Flip Chart before and after the treatment. Contrast sensitivity was analyzed comparatively with paired t-test.

Results: Contrast sensitivity improvement was observed in both the groups. Contrast sensitivity improvement of the group with additional GSH (3.62±1.44, p<0.05) was a 3-fold of the lutein group only (1.25±0.44, p>0.05). The result was statistically significant for the group treated with GSH addition.

Conclusion: GSH addition in lutein supplementation provoked better contrast sensitivity improvement in dry ARMD patients.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LUDWIGIA PARVIFLORA L. AGAINST STANDARD BACTERIAL STRAINS AND COMPARISON OF ITS ACTIVITY WITH THAT OF STANDARD ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: GEORGE SHIBU , JOY MEVLIN
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Ludwigia parviflora L. using standard bacterial strains and compare its activity with that of standard antibiotics.

Methods: The antibacterial activity and antibiotic susceptibility tests were done by disk diffusion method using MTCC bacterial strains.

Results: The study revealed that the methanolic extract of the whole plant of L. parviflora L. was effective to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Among the tested strains, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli were more susceptible to the methanolic extract of L. parviflora than the commonly using antibiotic tetracycline 30 mcg. The activity of methanolic extract was also higher than the activity of gentamicin 10 mcg against the P. aeruginosa.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the crude methanolic extract of the whole plant of L. parviflora L. is a good source for antibacterial agent against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli. Hence, this plant can be used as a natural alternative to the common antibiotics such as gentamicin and tetracycline against common bacterial infections after validating its pharmacological and toxicological activities.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF EXTENDED RELEASE PELLETS OF PIOGLITAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE USING NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS BY FLUIDIZED BED COATING TECHNIQUE
Authors: B GOWTHAMI , S NIHITHA , NAGAM SANTHI PRIYA , NADENDLA RAMA RAO
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of the current work was to develop Pioglitazone hydrochloride (HCl) pellets coated with natural polymer extracted from peas gum and also to compare the drug release profile with coatings containing semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers.

Methods: Fluidized bed coating technique was used to develop pellets. A 22 factorial design was employed to study the effect of independent variables (inlet air temperature and spray rate), on dependent variables (percentage entrapment efficiency, percentage friability, and average particle size). Optimization was done by fitting experimental data to the software program. Obtained pellets were subjected to different evaluation parameters which are critical in the development of the dosage form. An in vitro lag phase study was carried out for all batches in simulated gastric fluid (0.1N HCl) for 5 h and in vitro drug release study was carried out for optimized batch (E-2 and P-3) in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4 phosphate buffer).

Results: The optimized batches E-2 and P-3 showed satisfactory percentage entrapment efficiency of 92.66±1.52, percentage friability of 0.57±0.03, and average particle size of 1424±16 μm. All batches maintained lag phase for 5 h in 0.1N HCl. An optimized batch of two different sizes exhibited a burst release within 30 min in a simulated intestinal fluid with no significant difference in release rate constant (*p>0.05) and followed first-order kinetics.

Conclusion: Thus, Pioglitazone HCl pulsatile pellets were successfully developed for treating diabetes mellitus by fluidized bed coating technique employing factorial design.
DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, MOLECULAR DOCKING, AND EVALUATION OF CHROMONE BASED TETRAZOLE DERIVATIVES
Authors: CHOPRA ANUJA , SINGH LAKHWINDER , VK KAPOOR , DHINGRA RICHA , DHINGRA NEELIMA
Published: October 2019

Objectives: The objective of this research work was to design, synthesize, study the molecular docking, and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some novel substituted 2-(Phenylamino)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one derivatives (12a-h).

Methods: In the present work, 3-Formylchromones were transformed into pharmacologically active substituted 2-(Phenylamino)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5- yl)-4H-chromen-4-one derivatives (12a-h) through a multistep reaction. Initially, synthesis of the substituted 4-Oxo-2-(phenylamino)-4H-chromone-3- carbaldehydes (9a-h) was carried out using substituted acetophenones (6a-h) as starting material and by employing an earlier reported method (1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction). Then, these synthesized compounds were converted into respective oximes (10a-h).The obtained oximes (10a-h) were further converted into nitriles (11a-h) which were finally subjected to concerted cycloaddition through stepwise addition of neutral or anionic azide species to furnish final substituted 2-(Phenylamino)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one derivatives (12a-h). All the newly synthesized compounds (12a-h) and a reference compound (ciprofloxacin) were docked into the active site of TyrRS (PDB: 1JIK) by means of the BioPredicta module of VLife MDS. The synthesized compounds (12a-h) were also evaluated in vitro for their antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli bacterial stains) and antifungal activities (against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans fungal strains) using Zone of Inhibition method.

Results: The formation of substituted 2-(Phenylamino)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one derivatives (12a-h) was confirmed through their spectral analysis, that is, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and Mass spectroscopy. During docking study, the recorded molecular binding interactions revealed that all the newly synthesized compounds (12a-h) interacted well with binding site of the enzyme. The synthesized compounds were also evaluated in vitro for their antibacterial (against S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli bacterial stains) and antifungal activities (against A. niger and C. albicans fungal strains). All the synthesized compounds exhibited moderate-to-potent antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions: All the synthesized compounds exhibited moderate-to-potent antimicrobial activity.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Authors: RANI JYOTI , KAPOOR MANISH
Published: October 2019

Objective: The main objectives of this study were analysis of the phytochemicals produced by two different Catharanthus roseus morphotypes, i.e., pink and white flowered and evaluate it morphologically and phytochemically in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant properties, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.

Methods: Methanolic extracts of both morphotypes were prepared by Soxhlet apparatus. After extraction, the extracts were filtered and solvent removed by rotatory evaporator. TPC was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method and TFC was estimated by aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities were estimated by superoxide dismutase and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay. GC-MS analysis was performed at Central Instrumentation Laboratory/ SAIF, Panjab University, Chandigarh.

 Results: Pink-flowered C. roseus showed highest activities in terms of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity as compared to white-flowered C. roseus. 42 different bioactive compounds were detected in the methanolic extract of pink, while only 7 compounds were identified in white-flowered C. roseus. The identification was performed by GS-MS analysis mainly based on retention time, peak area, molecular formula, and molecular weight.

Conclusion: The finding indicated that the pink-flowered C. roseus was phytochemically superior then the white one.
SYNTHESIS OF NEW BORON COMPOUNDS WITH AMOXICILLIN AND SOME OF ITS METAL COMPLEXES WITH USE THEM IN ANTIBACTERIAL, ASSESSMENT OF HEPATOPROTICTIVE AND KIDNEYACTIVITY, ANTICANCER AND ANTIOXIDANT APPLICATIONS
Authors: AL-JEBOURI GHANEM SH , NOORIKHALEEL ASMAA MOHAMMED
Published: October 2019

Objective: New ligand ({7-[2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-acetamido-3,3-dimethyl-6-oxo-2-thia-5-aza bicyclo[3,2,0]heptane-4-carboxylic boric anhydride}) with its Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes. And new mixed ligand copper complex was synthesized.

Methods: The ligand was synthesized by the reaction of boric acid with amoxicillin (1:1) and the mixed ligand complex has been synthesized by the reaction of the ligand, 4-aminoantipyrine and Cu (II) ion (1:1:1).

Results: All studied compounds were characterized by the spectral method: Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet-visible, thermal analysis (TG and DTG), flame atomic absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance. Also CHNS, melting point, magnetic susceptibility and molar conductivity.

Conclusion: According to the obtained data, all complexes were non electrolyte and the geometry was octahedral for all complexes. All synthesized compounds were tested as antibacterial agents against Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas auroginosa as Gram-negative bacteria (G-) and Staphylococcus aureus epidermis as Gram-positive bacteria (G+). The results showed that copper complexes were more active in (10-2M) than the other compounds. The medicinal applications (hepatoprotective and kidney in serum of mice, histopathological of liver and kidney, anticancer and antioxidant in human cell were studied of the synthesized compounds and gave a good results in all tested.
ANTICANCER AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING POTENTIAL OF THE MARINE ALGICOLOUS ENDOPHYTIC FUNGUS CLADOSPORIUM UREDINICOLA
Authors: THIRUMALANADHUNI VASAVI , YERRAGURAVAGARI LAVANYA LATHA , MATHAKALA VANI , PALEMPALLI UMA MAHESWARI DEVI
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective was to study the antioxidant and anticancer potential of the endophytic fungus Cladosporium uredinicola, isolated from the marine brown alga Dictyota dichotoma.

Methods: Anticancer effect of the endophytic fungal extract was evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using MDA-MB-231 human mammary adenocarcinoma cells as in vitro cancer models. 3T3-L1 pancreatic adipocytes were used as in vitro models for the evaluation of cytotoxic activity against normal cells using MTT assay. Free radical scavenging activity was assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.

Results: The ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungus showed potent cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-231 human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 373 μg/ml and a very mild cytotoxic effect on 3T3-L1 Cells with an IC50 value of 2403 μg/ml. DPPH free radical scavenging assay of the extract showed an IC50 value of 359 μg/ml indicating its potential free radical scavenging activity.

Conclusion: The results indicated that the endophytic fungus C. uredinicola, isolated from the marine brown alga D. dichotoma, acts as a potential source for anticancer and antioxidant metabolites. Moreover, these anticancer metabolites were observed to be less toxic to the normal cells, which make them prospective therapeutic agents.
EFFECTIVENESS OF GABAPENTIN USAGE TOWARD REDUCING PAIN INTENSITY LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF POST-STROKE NEUROPATHIC PATIENTS IN REGIONAL GENERAL HOSPITAL, WEST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE YEAR 2018
Authors: QIYAAM NURUL , ADIKUSUMA WIRAWAN , NOPITASARI BAIQ LENY , ANDAYANI TRI MURTI , AMINI AULIA
Published: October 2019

Objective: Stroke is defined as a sudden loss of brain function due to blockade/rupture of the brain’s blood vessels. Data collected by the Indonesian Stroke Foundation show that Indonesia ranks first in Asia as the country with the highest number of stroke sufferers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of gabapentin to reduce pain intensity and improve the quality of life of post-stroke neuropathic pain in NTB Province hospital patients.

Methods: This study was carried out in the period of June–July 2018. The targeted population was all post-stroke neuropathic patients who received gabapentin therapy in NTB provincial hospital. Affordable populations are post-stroke neuropathic pain patients who seek outpatient treatment at NTB provincial hospital that meets the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the data will be analyzed using paired sample t-test. Obtained 15 patients were willing to participate in this study.

Results: The results of the study using questionnaire EQ-5D-3L after using gabapentin for 2 weeks. Patients experienced an improvement in the quality of life in each dimension items, namely the ability to walk/move from 6.7%, no problem to 60%, no self-care, 26.7% no problem to be 80% without problems, usual activities carried out from 13.3% had no problems to 46.7% had no problems, feeling of pain/discomfort from 60% having moderate problems to 60% had no problems, and anxiety/depression of 60% had no problem being 100% has no problem. While the measurement of the quality of life using the EQ-VAS questionnaire, there was a significant improvement in the quality of life between before and after using gabapentin at 32.66.

Conclusion: The use of gabapentin has effectiveness on reduction of pain intensity and the quality of life of post-stroke neuropathic patients in regional general hospital, West Nusa Tenggara Province year 2018.
ETHNOBOTANICAL AND ETHNOVETERINARY IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS OF SCRUB AREAS OF DACHIGAM NATIONAL PARK, JAMMU AND KASHMIR, INDIA
Authors: MALIK ARIF YAQOOB , SINGH D.P
Published: October 2019

Objective: The rich plant diversity of mountains has been used by the indigenous people for thousands of years as health-care remedies. A study on the important plant communities of scrub ecosystems of Dachigam National Park was carried out with the special aim of enlisting the ethnobotanical, and ethnoveterinary uses of plants being used by the people of the area.

Methods: Data were collected by visual appraisal approach, rapid rural approach, and questionnaire methods coupled with group meetings and field discussions.

Results: Data collected from the present investigation indicate that 59 plants belonging to 33 families with Rosaceae, the dominant family, were exclusively used for ethnobotanical purposes and 10 plant species belonging to 8 families were having ethnoveterinary use. These species include 14 medicinal species, 10 vegetable species, 10 with edible species, 6 fodder species, 6 species used as tea substitutes, 3 species for menstrual problems, 3 species used for religious ceremonies, 2 species used for chutney, 2 art and craft species, and 1 species used for ornamental, fuelwood, and agricultural tools each.

Conclusion: The people of the area are exclusively dependent on medicinal plants using traditional knowledge that provides them with the best therapeutic and economic benefits. Such traditional knowledge could be valuable for developing local and regional conservation strategies for these fragile ecosystems. There is an urgent need to thoroughly analyze the secondary metabolite properties of such plants to validate their authenticity in the local health-care systems.
ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT OF VITAMINS COMBINED A, C, AND E DOSE ON TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS
Authors: GOZIF MOHAMMED N OMAR  , FADEL YOUSIF AL-ARABI  , MANSOUR ABDULNABI H MEHDI  , MADHUKAR M FAWADE
Published: October 2019

Objectives: This study is to investigate the effect of oral Vitamins combined (A, C, and E) with metformin on the levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in Type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods: A total of 32 patients with Type 2 diabetes were divided randomly into A and B groups, i.e., 16 per each group. Group A received metformin only twice a day while Group B received one tablet of Antox and metformin twice a day for 3 months. FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL, and HDL were measured before and after the dose, and the results were analyzed statistically.

Results: A significant decreases in FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, TC, TG, and LDL whereas results showed increasing significance in HDL level that seen in the patients of Group B which received Antox and metformin compared to the group which received metformin only. In conclusion, the results indicate that daily consumption of supplementary vitamins with metformin leads to improving blood glucose and lipids in patients with Type 2 diabetes and reducing the risk of complications. Hence, the dose can be used combined Vitamins A, C, and E with metformin in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes by maintaining good glycemic control.
IN VITRO STUDIES ON THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA L. (NONI) AND METHOTREXATE ON CYTOTOXICITY OF HELA CELL LINES
Authors: MHATRE BHAKTI  , MARAR THANKAMANI
Published: October 2019

Objective: Cancer remains to be one of the leading causes of death around the world. Modern targeted therapies have undeniably improved cancer patients’ survival, but search still continues for safer and more effective drugs. This work is an attempt to assess the effectiveness of cotreatment of aqueous fruit extract of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) on methotrexate (MTX)-induced cytotoxicity on HeLa cancer cell line.

Methods: HeLa cells were treated with different concentrations of MTX and Noni alone and in combination for 24 and 48 h and studied for the cytotoxic effects by various approaches.

Results: There was a dose-dependent inhibition of growth when treated with MTX in a dose range of 0.045–45.4 μg/ml and Noni for a dose range of 0.3–30 mg/ml for 48 h. The IC50 for MTX was 4.45 μg/ml (1 μM/ml), and for Noni, it was 8 mg/ml while the combination exhibited a more intensive growth inhibitory effect. Our results were confirmed with phase-contrast microscopy, whereby the number of viable cells decreased with an increase in the concentration of Noni. Cells were found to have rounded up and detached from the flask indicating apoptosis. Apoptosis in HeLa cell lines was further confirmed by DNA fragmentation and flow cytometry.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that Noni may enhance MTX cytotoxicity by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Hence, cotreatment with Noni may reduce the dosage of MTX necessary for inhibiting proliferation of malignant cells and hence decrease the toxic effects of MTX on the system.
OPTIMIZATION OF COMPONENT VARIABLES BY STATISTICAL APPROACH FOR DESIGN OF CHRONOTHERAPEUTIC DOSAGE FORM FOR HYPERTENSION
Authors: SHAILESH SHARMA  , NIMRATA SETH
Published: October 2019

Objective: Blood pressure (BP) pursues circadian rhythms projecting its highest values during early morning and lowest during night. The aim of the present investigation was to design a newer programmable chronotherapy based capsule system containing delayed release microspheres of losartan potassium for effective management of hypertension.

Methods: First, the microspheres were prepared with Eudragit RS100 by optimization technique through the application of Design Expert® software. The optimized microsphere formulation was filled in a capsule shell, and these shells were coated with 10% w/v Eudragit L100:Eudragit S100 (in ratio 1:2), in isopropyl alcohol: water as solvent system, to provide the necessary delay in emptying of capsule content. The whole capsular system was evaluated by various characteristic formulation parameters. Validation of optimization model and statistical interpretation of results was done using analysis of variance.

Results: The results indicated that the optimized triple coated capsule shells showed an extended release of drug from microspheres after a lag time of 4 h.

Conclusion: Conclusively, the chronotherapeutic system of losartan potassium was successfully developed to be dosed at bedtime that could benefit from the known circadian rhythms of the disease to control the BP for once a day therapy
STABILITY-INDICATING REVERSE-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATION OF APIGENIN AND LUTEOLIN FROM ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM LINN
Authors: GOMATHY SUBRAMANIAN  , S.N.MEYYANATHAN  , GOWRAMMA BYRAN
Published: October 2019

Objective: A stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the analysis of apigenin and luteolin. The degradation behavior of apigenin and luteolin was investigated under different stress conditions as recommended by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH).

Methods: In the present study, a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and the resolution of the plant constituents was successfully achieved using Hibar Lichrospher C8 column with ultraviolet detector at a wavelength of 269 nm. The mobile phase consisted of methanol and 0.5% trifluoroacetic acid (80:20 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Both apigenin and luteolin were subjected to various stress degradation studies such as oxidation, acid and alkaline hydrolysis, and photolytic degradation.

Results: The proposed method was found to be linear (1–5 μg/ml) with the linear correlation coefficient of R2=0.99. Although the degradation products of stressed conditions were not identified, the methods were able to detect the changes due to stress condition.

Conclusion: The method provides good sensitivity and excellent precision and reproducibility. Forced degradation studies on apigenin and luteolin give information about their storage and intrinsic stability conditions considering the advanced pharmaceutical aspects of formulations.
BIOAVAILABILITY AND DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT OF GLYBURIDE NANOSUSPENSION
Authors: PRADEEP KUMAR M
Published: October 2019

Objective: The main objective was to develop nanosuspension of glyburide (GLY) by quasi emulsification solvent diffusion method and to enhance dissolution and bioavailability characteristics of the drug GLY, an antidiabetic drug which belongs to Biopharmaceutical Classification System-II category.

Materials and Methods: In this work, nanoparticles were prepared using polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and Eudragit RL100. Twelve formulations of GLY (GLY-1–GLY-12) were formulated using the excipients at various compositions. Drug and excipient compatibility studies were conducted using Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimeter. The prepared nanosuspension was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy for surface of the particle analysis, melting point, solubility, particle charge zeta (mv), percentage drug entrapment efficiency (%), and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulations of nanosuspension were further studied for in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed, validated, and used for the study of these formulations in rat plasma.

Results: From these studies, it was confirmed that drugs and excipients chosen were compatible with each other. GLY-8 was the best formulation with a particle size of 85–96 nm with 168.7°C melting point, freely soluble in phosphate buffer pH 7.4, 93.53% drug entrapment, and 90.26±1 mV of zeta potential. This formulation shows percentage drug release of 99.85% in 24 h. In vivo pharmacokinetic study for optimized formulation (GLY -8) suggested that there was no reaction with the rat plasma. From the results, it was shown that Cmax and Tmax were found to be 0.604±0.03 μg/ml and 2±1.01 h, respectively. The values of t1/2 (h), area under the curve (AUC) (0-t), and AUC (0-∞) were found to be 10.04 h, 2.562±0.41 μg.h/ml, and 2.147±0.45 μg.h/ml, respectively.

Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, oral administration of nanosuspension could not only provide the better absorption of poorly water soluble drugs but may also reduce toxicity and provide a new tool in drug delivery system.
BLOOD PRESSURE LOWERING EFFECT OF POLYHERBAL PREPARATION CONTAINING ALLIUM SATIVUM, BELERICAE FRUCTUS, CURCUMA AERUGINOSA, AND AMOMI FRUCTUS ON RAT MODEL OF HYPERTENSION
Authors: DWI ARIS AGUNG NUGRAHANINGSIH  , SHOLIKHAH EN  , MUSTOFA M  , YULIANI FS  , PURWONO S  , NGATIDJAN N
Published: October 2019

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the blood pressure lowering effect of the polyherbal preparation contains Allium sativum, Belericae fructus, Curcuma aeruginosa, and Amomi fructus in the animal model of hypertension.

Methods: Deoxycorticosterone acetate uninephrectomy salt rat model was used to develop hypertension model. Hypertensive rats were divided into five groups that were no treatment (negative control group [NEG]), hydrochlorothiazide treatment, polyherbal preparation 63 mg/kg treatment (DOSE 1), polyherbal preparation 126 mg/kg treatment (DOSE 2), and polyherbal preparation 252 mg/kg treatment (DOSE 3). The treatment was started after hypertension developed and given for 3 weeks.

Results: The result showed that the mean of systolic blood pressure in DOSE 2 group was significantly lower compared with those on NEG group (145.86 mmHg vs. 174.71 mmHg, p<0.05).

Conclusion: Our study provides evidence to support the use of the polyherbal preparation containing A. sativum, B. fructus, C. aeruginosa, and A. fructus for lowering blood pressure.
EFFECTS OF DRIED LEAF POWDER OF OCIMUM SANCTUM IN HEXAMITA-INFECTED FISH ANABAS TESTUDINEUS
Authors: PRADIP MONDAL  , NIMAI CHANDRA SAHA
Published: October 2019

Objective: The prophylactic and antioxidative role of the dried powdered of Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi) was measured in Hexamita-infected fish Anabas testudineus.

Method: Four groups of infected fish were kept in four separate aquariums and the following doses of leaf powder applied (25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg/L) for 10 days, and the first group is considered as control and no such treatment is given there.

Results: Histopathology showed a remarkable alteration in the structure of liver tissue. Progressive changes observe along with the treatment schedule in hepatic histology and differential count of blood. Results showed that Hexamita infections significantly increased (p<0.05) the oxidative stress in the liver of infected fish. Whereas the treated fish exposed to different doses of powdered leaf of O. sanctum show significantly higher levels of antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase) and lower levels of stress marker (Malondialdehyde) than control fish. This treatment caused a rapid skin formation in the scar region. The highest recovery found in 100 mg/L doses of leaf powder, whereas the least recovery found in 25 mg/L group.

Conclusion: The findings of the present study may play a key role in aquaculture industry for controlling the death of fish from Hexamita infection.
METOPROLOL-INDUCED LIVER INJURY AND THE HEPATOPROTECTIVE ROLE OF VITAMIN E IN RABBITS
Authors: MAYSAA BANAY ZUBAIRI
Published: October 2019

Objective: This study aims to investigate the hepatotoxicity of metoprolol and find a prophylactic way to protect the liver through the use of Vitamin E.

Methods: A total of 18 male rabbits were divided randomly into three groups, with six in each group. Group I (control) received corn oil, Group II was treated with metoprolol (20 mg/kg), and Group III was treated with Vitamin E (175 mg/kg) 30 min before metoprolol treatment. All treatments were given orally and daily for 14 days; animals were sacrificed at day 15. Biochemical parameters were estimated, and the liver was used for histopathological examinations.

Results: Histopathological changes of liver injury were found in all metoprolol-treated rabbits, while these changes were minimized in all rabbits who were given Vitamin E. Serum liver function tests and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly elevated after metoprolol treatment and returned close to the control value on prior treatment with Vitamin E. Serum MDA, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were significantly decreased following treatment with Vitamin E.

Conclusion: Vitamin E may have a hepatoprotective effect against metoprolol-induced liver injury in rabbits.
HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS AGAINST ROUNDUP-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN FROGS
Authors: AWADALLA EA  , MOHAMED AAA  , ABDELSADIK A
Published: October 2019

Objective: Roundup (RUP) is a prominent utilized worldwide herbicide. Possible toxicity of RUP is a considerable debate. We studied the possible mode of RUP cytotoxicity and the antitoxic effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EUC) in male of Bufo regularis.

Methods: We were analyzed EUC extract scavenging activity and determined the bioactive compounds. In addition, we measured the lipid peroxidation (LPO), histopathological changes, and gene expression in the liver. Frogs were divided into negative control, EUC, RUP, and combined RUP and EUC treated (RUP+EUC) groups. Data were represented as mean±SD and considered statistically significant when p<0.05.

Results: Treatment of animals with RUP increased LPO and numerous pathological changes with an increased number of melanomacrophages (MMCs). In addition, RUP-treated group revealed downregulation of different genes associated with immunity and mitochondrial activity. On the other side, RUP+EUC-treated group showed restoration of the normal hepatic structure and ultrastructural integrity for a considerable extent. The current study evidenced immune system dysregulation through recombinant activating gene 1 downregulation and overexpression of CX chemokine receptor type-4 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I.

Conclusion: The current data represent a direct evidence for the toxicity of RUP that experimentally verified by the histopathological changes, elevated LPO, and imbalanced gene expression. Moreover, aggregation of MMCs pointed to the faced immunological challenges due to RUP toxicity. We are emphasizing that uncontrolled use of RUP is potentially hazardous to the living organisms and man. The application of natural antagonists such a plant extract (e.g., EUC) can reduce biological toxicity.