bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A molecular phylogeny of the Australian skink genera Eulamprus, Gnypetoscincus and Nangura
Authors: O'Connor D. , Moritz C.
Published: November 2003

Skinks from the genera Eulamprus, Gnypetoscincus and Nangura are a prominent component of the reptile fauna of the mesic forests of the east coast of Australia and have been the subject of numerous ecological studies. Highly conserved morphology and the retention of ancestral traits have limited our understanding of the relationships within and among these genera beyond an initial identification of species groups within Eulamprus. To address this deficit and to explore the relationships between Eulamprus and the monotypic genera Nangura and Gnypetoscincus, sections of two mitochondrial genes (ND4 and 16S rRNA) were sequenced and subjected to Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. This phylogenetic analysis supports recognition of the three species groups proposed for Eulamprus (murrayi, quoyii and tenuis) and indicates that this genus is paraphyletic, with Gnypetoscincus and Nangura being proximal to basal lineages of the tenuis group. To resolve these and broader problems of paraphyly, we suggest that each of the species groups from 'Eulamprus' should be recognised as a distinct genus. The phylogenetically and ecologically distinct water skinks of the quoyii group would be retained within Eulamprus and the diverse species of the tenuis group allocated to Concinnia. We suggest placing the monophyletic murrayi group, endemic to the rainforests of central eastern Australia, in a new genus (yet to be formally described). The sequencing data also revealed the existence of a genetically divergent but morphologically cryptic lineage within E. murrayi and substantial diversity within E. quoyii. There is evidence for two major habitat shifts from rainforest towards drier habitats, one leading to the quoyii group and the second defining a clade of three species within the tenuis complex. These ecological transitions may represent adaptations to general drying across eastern Australia during the late Miocene–Pliocene. Each of the major areas of east coast tropical or subtropical rainforest contains multiple phylogenetically diverse endemic species, reflecting the long-term persistence and high conservation value of wet forest habitats in each area.
Phylogeography of the rare myrmecophagous butterfly Acrodipsas cuprea (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) from pinned museum specimens
Authors: Eastwood Rod , Hughes Jane M.
Published: November 2003

Acrodipsas cuprea is the only polymorphic species in an uncommon myrmecophagous radiation within the Lycaenidae in Australia. A small cryptic butterfly, it is found almost exclusively on hilltop sites in eastern Australia where several geographically localised morphotypes are recognised. This study used mitochondrial DNA sequences extracted from museum specimens to reveal whether A. cuprea morphotypes evolved in isolation, such that intermediate populations resulted from secondary contact, or whether the distribution of morphotypes was maintained solely by selection across a primary contact zone. Genetic data were also used to assess the species' dispersal ability and to explain the historical processes resulting in its extant distribution. Analysis of molecular variance found that 81% of genetic variation was distributed among colour morphs, suggesting that different wing colours had evolved in isolation. Mixed haplotypes and morphotypes in a zone separating the otherwise discrete morphological populations, particularly along the Great Dividing Range in south-east Queensland, suggests a more recent secondary admixture. Isolation by distance detected by nested clade analysis and pairwise comparisons confirmed the limited dispersal ability of A. cuprea, which was more evident in the southern part of its range. Genetic relationships among haplotypes suggest that the species originated in the drier inland areas of central Queensland, before expanding to the coast and south to Victoria.
Facultative sex allocation in the viviparous lizard Eulamprus tympanum, a species with temperature-dependent sex determination
Authors: Robert Kylie A. , Thompson Michael B. , Seebacher Frank
Published: November 2003

Females of the Australian scincid lizard Eulamprus tympanum can manipulate the sex of their offspring in response to gender imbalances in the population using temperature-dependent sex determination. Here we show that when adult males are scarce females produced male-biased litters and when adult males were common females produced female-biased litters. The cues used by a female to assess the adult population are not known but presumably depend upon her experience throughout the breeding season. Maternal manipulation of the sex ratio of the offspring in E. tympanum illustrates a selective advantage of temperature-dependent sex determination in a viviparous species.
The effects of lactation on the feeding behaviour and activity patterns of free-ranging female koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus Goldfuss)
Authors: Logan M. , Sanson G. D.
Published: November 2003

The free-ranging feeding behaviour and activity patterns of three lactating and two non-lactating female koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) were investigated using acoustically sensitive radio-telemetry. Lactating females were found to consume more leaf material, masticate more per leaf and at a greater rate, and perform more ingestive and mercyism mastications per 24 h than non-lactating females. Results suggest than female koalas are 'income breeders' that compensate for the higher energetic demands of lactation by increasing intake and, to a lesser degree, investing more in each mouthful so as to produce a shift in digesta particle size distribution in favour of more finer particles. Compared with non-lactating females, lactating female koalas were also found to spend more time moving within trees, feeding per 24 h and per bout, and less time resting and sleeping per 24 h, although the proportion of active time spent feeding was similar (~80%). This implies that female koalas adopt a 'time minimizing strategy whereby activity budgets respond to current requirements. Lactation-compensation mechanisms are compared with those reported for koalas with high tooth wear, and the capacity of aging female koalas to compensate for lactation are discussed.
Effect on Plasma Insulin and Plasma Glucose of Consuming White Wine Alone After a Meal
Authors: Kokavec Anna , Crowe Simon F.
Published: November 2003

Background: Rodent studies have highlighted the possibility that alcohol may promote a significant decrease in the level of glucose‐stimulated plasma insulin concentration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a similar alcohol‐induced decrease in plasma insulin occurs in humans, by assessing the level of plasma insulin and plasma glucose when a moderate amount of commercially available bottled white wine is consumed alone after a meal.

Methods: Eight nondiabetic men aged 19 to 22 years participated in this investigation. Participants were required to consume some food for 45 min before ingesting three standard units of white wine (30 g of alcohol) over 90 min. Plasma insulin and plasma glucose levels were assessed at regular 45‐min intervals across the experimental period.

Results: The data showed a significant alcohol‐induced decrease in the level of plasma insulin and a nonsignificant trend for a decrease in plasma glucose concentration in all participants after 15 g of alcohol had been consumed alone after a meal.

Conclusions: These findings highlight the possibility that white wine, if consumed alone after a meal, may significantly alter energy utilization and possibly cause an alteration in glucose metabolism.
Decreased Proopiomelanocortin mRNA in Lymphocytes of Chronic Alcoholics After Intravenous Human Corticotropin Releasing Factor Injection
Authors: Rosenberger Peter , Mühlbauer Eckhard , Weissmüller Thomas , Rommelspacher Hans , Sinha Pranav , Wernecke Klaus D. , Finckh Ulrich , Rettig Jordan , Kox Wolfgang J. , Spies Claudia D.
Published: November 2003

Background: Alcohol abuse may involve an altered neuroendocrine response that mediates lymphocyte‐derived proopiomelanocortin (POMC) production and inflammation. We investigated POMC messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in human lymphocytes ex vivo and their relation to plasma ACTH and immunoreactive β‐endorphin (IR‐β‐EP) after intravenous injection of human corticotropin releasing factor (hCRF) in chronic alcoholics (n= 12) and nonalcoholics (n= 12) before surgery. Lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated interleukin (IL)‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1 Ra) as a marker for chronic inflammation was determined.

Methods: Chronic alcohol abuse was diagnosed according to DSM‐IV criteria and alcohol consumption >60 g/day. A reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction method with total RNA and subsequent solid phase minisequencing was used to quantify lymphocytic POMC mRNA after intravenous hCRF injection. Plasma ACTH, cortisol, and lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated IL‐1 Ra of monocytes were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and plasma IR‐β‐EP was measured by using radioimmunoassay.

Results: Baseline values of POMC mRNA content in lymphocytes and IL‐1 Ra of chronic alcoholics were significantly increased compared with nonalcoholics (p < 0.01). Thirty minutes after intravenous hCRF injection, a significant increase of lymphocytic POMC mRNA was measured (p < 0.05) in nonalcoholics, whereas in chronic alcoholics a significant decrease was observed (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Chronic alcoholic patients had an altered neuroendocrine immune axis before intravenous hCRF administration and were not able to adjust to intravenous CRF injection by increasing lymphocytic POMC mRNA expression.
A taxonomy of relationships between images and text
Authors: Marsh Emily E. , Domas White Marilyn
Published: November 2003

The paper establishes a taxonomy of image‐text relationships that reflects the ways that images and text interact. It is applicable to all subject areas and document types. The taxonomy was developed to answer the research question: how does an illustration relate to the text with which it is associated, or, what are the functions of illustration? Developed in a two‐stage process – first, analysis of relevant research in children's literature, dictionary development, education, journalism, and library and information design and, second, subsequent application of the first version of the taxonomy to 954 image‐text pairs in 45 Web pages (pages with educational content for children, online newspapers, and retail business pages) – the taxonomy identifies 49 relationships and groups them in three categories according to the closeness of the conceptual relationship between image and text. The paper uses qualitative content analysis to illustrate use of the taxonomy to analyze four image‐text pairs in government publications and discusses the implications of the research for information retrieval and document design.
Social Bonds of Female Baboons Enhance Infant Survival
Authors: Silk Joan B. , Alberts Susan C. , Altmann Jeanne
Published: November 2003

Among nonhuman primates, females often form strong bonds with kin and other group members. These relationships are thought to have adaptive value for females, but direct effects of sociality on fitness have never been demonstrated. We present 16 years of behavioral data from a well-studied population of wild baboons, which demonstrate that sociality of adult females is positively associated with infant survival, an important component of variation in female lifetime fitness. The effects of sociality on infant survival are independent of the effects of dominance rank, group membership, and environmental conditions. Our results are consistent with the evidence that social support has beneficial effects on human health and well-being across the life span. For humans and other primates, sociality has adaptive value.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Can Lower Amyloidogenic Aß
42
by Inhibiting Rho
Authors: Zhou Yan , Su Yuan , Li Baolin , Liu Feng , Ryder John W. , Wu Xin , Gonzalez-DeWhitt Patricia A. , Gelfanova Valentina , Hale John E. , May Patrick C. , Paul Steven M. , Ni Binhui
Published: November 2003

A subset of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been shown to preferentially reduce the secretion of the highly amyloidogenic, 42-residue amyloid-β peptide Aβ
42
. We found that Rho and its effector, Rho-associated kinase, preferentially regulated the amount of Aβ
42
produced in vitro and that only those NSAIDs effective as Rho inhibitors lowered Aβ
42
. Administration of Y-27632, a selective Rock inhibitor, also preferentially lowered brain levels of Aβ
42
in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the Rho-Rock pathway may regulate amyloid precursor protein processing, and a subset of NSAIDs can reduce Aβ
42
through inhibition of Rho activity.
Silviculture affects composition, growth, and yield in mixed northern conifers: 40-year results from the Penobscot Experimental Forest
Authors: Sendak Paul E , Brissette John C , Frank Robert M
Published: November 2003

This long-term experiment in Maine, U.S.A., was designed to provide information on the best silvicultural practices for managing stands of mixed northern conifers in northeastern U.S.A. We evaluated growth and yield and changes in species composition, quality, and structure during the first 40 years of the experiment. Replicated treatments include the selection system, uniform shelterwood, unregulated harvesting, and diameter-limit cutting. The new cohort established under three-stage shelterwood was subsequently left untreated or precommercially thinned. Between-treatment differences in net volume growth were not significant (α = 0.10), though gross volume growth differed significantly for managed vs. unmanaged, selection vs. shelterwood, and shelterwood vs. diameter-limit treatments. A three-stage shelterwood method with precommercial thinning 10 years following final overstory removal resulted in good control of hardwoods and hemlock and a dramatic increase in spruce and fir. The selection system on a 5-year cutting cycle resulted in increased hemlock, spruce, and fir, with a decrease in hardwood species. If the primary goal were production, even-aged management would most likely be preferred. We recommend a two-stage shelterwood method as applied in this experiment with some modification to improve species composition and stand quality. Stand quality (proportion of stand volume in cull trees) and species composition was influenced by treatment.
Genetic variation in decay resistance and its correlation to wood density and growth in white spruce
Authors: Yu Qibin , Yang Dian-Qing , Zhang S Y , Beaulieu Jean , Duchesne Isabelle
Published: November 2003

This study investigated the genetic variation of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in decay resistance and its correlation with wood density and growth. Three fungi were examined, a brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum), a white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor), and a standing-tree-decay fungus (Fomitopsis pinicola). The decay resistance was inversely related to the growth rate of the fungi on heartwood blocks. A total of 270 trees of 35 families were harvested from 36-year-old provenanceprogeny trials at two sites through a thinning operation. The narrow-sense heritabilities of white spruce decay resistance to brown rot and white rot were 0.21 and 0.27, respectively. There were no significant differences in resistance to standing-tree-decay fungus among the families. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between the growth rate of brown rot on heartwood blocks and wood density were positive, but the genetic correlation between wood density and the growth rate of white rot on heartwood blocks was negative but not significant. The results indicate that the different species of fungi have different relationships with the annual growth of trees and wood density, and suggest that selection for wood density in white spruce might lead to an increase in resistance to white rot, but a decrease in resistance to brown rot.
Comparative sequence analysis between orthologous regions of theArabidopsisandPopulusgenomes reveals substantial synteny and microcollinearity
Authors: Stirling Brigid , Yang Zamin Koo , Gunter Lee E , Tuskan Gerald A , Bradshaw Jr. H D
Published: November 2003

More than 300 kb of DNA sequence from five Populus bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones was compared with the complete sequence of the Arabidopsis genome to search for collinearity between the genomes of these two plant genera. Approximately 27% of the DNA sequences from the Populus genome were homologous to protein-coding regions in the Arabidopsis genome. BLAST scores and synteny were used to infer orthologous relationships between the Populus and Arabidopsis homologs. The probability that any pair of genes on a single Populus BAC will have orthologs on the same Arabidopsis chromosome is 46%58%, substantially greater than the 20% expectation if there is no conservation of synteny between the Populus and Arabidopsis genomes. Likewise, the probability that any pair of genes on a single Populus BAC will have orthologs on a single Arabidopsis BAC is 19%25%, much higher than the 0.1% expected if the orthologs are randomly distributed. These results provide evidence for substantial "pockets" of conserved microcollinearity between regions of the Populus and Arabidopsis genomes as well as for conservation of synteny even when local gene collinearity is not preserved during genome evolution.
SOCIAL PHASE TRANSITION IN SOLOMON NETWORK
Authors: MALARZ K.
Published: November 2003

In this paper the Solomon network is simulated by means of 1D and 2D Ising model with additional — not only geometrical — neighbors. A "social phase transition" at nonzero Curie-like temperature is observed, also in one dimension. The critical exponent describing the behavior of the magnetization in the vicinity of the transition is also evaluated.
MONTE CARLO INVESTIGATION OF LATTICE MODELS OF POLYMER COLLAPSE IN FIVE DIMENSIONS
Authors: OWCZAREK A. L. , PRELLBERG T.
Published: November 2003

Monte Carlo simulations, using the PERM algorithm, of interacting self-avoiding walks (ISAW) and interacting self-avoiding trails (ISAT) in five dimensions are presented which locate the collapse phase transition in those models. It is argued that the appearance of a transition (at least) as strong as a pseudo-first-order transition occurs in both models. The values of various theoretically-conjectured dimension-dependent exponents are shown to be consistent with the data obtained. Indeed the first-order nature of the transition is even stronger in five dimensions than four. The agreement with the theory is better for ISAW than ISAT and it cannot be ruled out that ISAT have a true first-order transition in dimension five. This latter difference would be intriguing if true. On the other hand, since simulations are more difficult for ISAT than ISAW at this transition in high dimensions, any discrepancy may well be due to the inability of the simulations to reach the true asymptotic regime.
A REDUCTION mKdV METHOD WITH SYMBOLIC COMPUTATION TO CONSTRUCT NEW DOUBLY-PERIODIC SOLUTIONS FOR NONLINEAR WAVE EQUATIONS
Authors: YAN ZHENYA
Published: November 2003

Firstly twenty-four types of doubly-periodic solutions of the reduction mKdV equation are given. Secondly based on the reduction mKdV equation and its solutions, a systemic transformation method (called the reduction mKdV method) is developed to construct new doubly-periodic solutions of nonlinear equations. Thirdly with the aid of symbolic computation, we choose the KdV equation, the coupled variant Boussinesq equation and the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation to illustrate our method. As a result many types of solutions are obtained. These show that this method is simple and powerful to obtain more exact solutions including doubly-periodic solutions, soliton solutions and singly-periodic solutions to a wide class of nonlinear wave equations. Finally we further extended the method to a general form.
Efficacy of Shitei-To, a Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulation, Against Convulsions in Mice
Authors: Minamil Eiko , Shibata Hiroki , Nunoura Yoshiki , Nomoto Masahiro , Fukuda Takeo
Published: November 2003

The anticonvulsant effects of Shitei- To and its components on maximal electroshock seizures and chemical convulsions were examined. Shitei-To significantly prolonged the latency to bicuculline (2.0 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced clonic convulsions. Repeated treatment with Shitei-To also significantly prolonged the latency to strychnine (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.)- and pentylenetetrazol (90 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced clonic convulsions. On the other hand, Shitei-To had no effect on maximal electroshock seizures. Of the components of Shitei-To, Shitei had almost the same effect as Shitei-To against the clonic convulsions induced by the three chemical agents tested. These findings suggest that Shitei-To has anticonvulsant effects.
Studies on the Psychosomatic Functioning of Ill-Health According to Eastern and Western Medicine 2.
Authors: Takeichi Masashi , Sato Takeshi , Takefu Masasuke
Published: November 2003

The objective of this investigation was to identify characteristics of psychosomatic function in medical students (N = 62, mean age, 23.3, SD, 1.7 years) whose ill-health was related to unbalanced qi, blood, and body fluid, and to develop a diagnosis and treatment method for these conditions. Our study revealed complicated characteristics. At the psychological level, these characteristics are stress-related emotional disturbances, including anxiety, insomnia and anergy, and the lowering of social function. At the physiological level, these characteristics are associated with high complexity of fractal dimension of eye (horizontal) and respiratory (thoracic) movements correlated to STAI-trait anxiety. Thus, the three psychosomatic characteristics related to unbalanced qi, blood, and body fluid suggest the concept of an anxiety-affinitive constitution, also described as the equivalent of ill-health. This indicates that diagnosis and treatment of this type of constitution has the potential to be useful for both the prevention of stress-related and life-style disease, and the treatment of current disease.
Orally Administered Panax Ginseng Extract Decreases Platelet Adhesiveness in 66% Hepatectomized Rats
Authors: Cui Xing , Sakaguchi Takeo , Shirai Yoshio , Hatakeyama Katsuyoshi
Published: November 2003

The effect of oral administration of Panax ginseng extract (GE) on platelet adhesiveness was examined in 66% hepatectomized rats. A significant decrease in platelet adhesiveness was obtained when 125 mg/kg/day GE was administered for 6 days before and after hepatectomy. The total cholesterol concentration in the serum was also decreased by GE administration. Food intake was unaffected by GE administration. Serum parameters indicating liver and kidney function were unchanged after GE administration except for lipid metabolic parameters. Because enhanced platelet adhesiveness and hyperlipidemia induces atherosclerosis, these results suggest that orally administered GE is capable of improving the atherosclerotic condition associated with hepatectomy.
Panax Quinquefolium L. Inhibits Thrombin-Induced Endothelin Release In Vitro
Authors: Yuan Chun-Su , Attele Anoja S. , Wu Ji An , Lowell Tasha K. , Gu Zhenlun , Lin Yuan
Published: November 2003

Endothelial cell damage is considered to be the initial step in the genesis of thrombosis and arteriosclerosis, the common precursors of cardiovascular disorders. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of American ginseng or Panax quinquefolium L. extracts on endothelial cell injury, and investigated effects of ginseng extracts on thrombin-induced endothelin release using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We observed that when endothelial cells pretreated with 1, 10, and 100 μg/ml of Panax quinquefolium L. extracts were incubated for 4 and 24 hr with thrombin, the concentration of endothelin was significantly decreased in a concentration dependent, time related manner (at 4 hr, IC50 = 5.1 μg/ml; at 24 hr, IC50 = 6.2 μg/ml). We further evaluated the effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine (NLA), a nitric oxide (NO) synthetase inhibitor, on the activity of Panax quinquefolium L. extracts. Following pretreatment of cultured endothelial cells with NLA, the inhibition of thrombin-induced endothelin release by Panax quinquefolium L. was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). This result suggests that the pharmacological action of Panax quinquefolium L. is, at least partially, due to NO release. Our data demonstrate that American ginseng may play a therapeutic role in facilitating the hemodynamic balance of vascular endothelial cells.
Effect of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus on Endothelium in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Goto Hirozo , Shimada Yutaka , Tanigawa Kiyoaki , Sekiya Nobuyasu , Shintani Takahiro , Terasawa Katsutoshi
Published: November 2003

The protective effect of the extract of Uncariae ramulus et Uncus (URE) against endothelium disorder due to hypertension was investigated. We administered low (150 mg/kg/day) and high (450 mg/kg/day) doses of URE orally to spontaneously hypertensive rats for 8 weeks. Endothelium dependent vasodilatation by acetylcholine increased significantly in the high URE group compared with the control group. Endothelium dependent vasocontraction by xanthine oxidase decreased significantly in the high URE group compared with the control group. Serum NO2-/NO3- were tended to increase in the high URE group. It is suggested that URE may have a protective effect for the endothelium against the influence of hypertension.
A Chinese Traditional Medicine, Sho-Saiko-To (Xiao-Chaihu-Tang), Reduces the Bioavailability of Tolbutamide after Oral Administration in Rats
Authors: Nishimura Nobuhiro , Naora Kohji , Hirano Hidenari , Iwamoto Kikuo
Published: November 2003

The effects of Sho-saiko-to on the pharmacokinetics of tolbutamide were investigated in rats. After intravenous administration of tolbutamide (5 mg/kg), no significant change in the pharma-cokinetics of tolbutamide was observed in both groups of single and multiple (7 days) pre-administration of Sho-saiko-to (50 mg/kg). In the study of single oral administration of tolbutamide (50 mg/kg), co-administration of Sho-saiko-to tended to accelerate the initial absorption rate of tolbutamide. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve of tolbutamide after oral administration was significantly reduced by Sho-saiko-to. Subsequently, a significant decrease was observed in the oral bioavailability of this drug when Sho-saiko-to was given concomitantly. These findings suggest that Sho-saiko-to reduces the bioavailability of tolbutamide after oral dministration in rats, and that this change is not related to hepatic metabolism.
MECHANICS OF NANOTUBES FILLED WITH C60, C36 AND C20
Authors: ZHANG Z. X. , PAN Z. Y. , WEI Q. , LI Z. J. , ZANG L. K. , WANG Y. X.
Published: November 2003

The mechanical properties of single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) filled with small fullerenes (C20, C36 and C60) were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The interaction between carbon atoms was described by a combination of the many-body Brenner potential with a two-body pair potential. We found that below the critical value of the strain, the stress of SWNT increases linearly with the strain and the Young's modulus of certain SWNT with different filling densities is almost the same for small strain. It was also observed that the buckling force, which corresponds to the critical strain, becomes higher as the filling density of SWNT is increased in general. However, in the case of SWNT of larger radius filled with smaller fullerenes, the dependence of the buckling force on the filling density is expected to be different, which was attributive to the long-distance attractive interaction between atoms of fullerene and those of SWNT.
ADSORPTION OF Br2 ON Na-INTERCALATED LAYERED COMPOUNDS: BROMINE-INDUCED DEINTERCALATION
Authors: PAPAGEORGOPOULOS C. A. , KAMARATOS M. , PAPAGEORGOPOULOS D. C. , JAEGERMANN W. , PETTENKOFER C. , HENRION O.
Published: November 2003

This work refers to a study of the behavior of Br2 adsorbed on Na-intercalated 1T-TaSe2(0001) and TiSe2(0001) surfaces at 100 K and during subsequent warming up to 300 K. The investigation was performed in UHV with LEED and photoemission with synchrotron radiation measurements. At 100 K, the bromine forms molecular multilayers on Na/TaSe2 . The Br2 layer, close to the substrate, interacts weakly with Na near the surface, forming [Formula: see text]. At 300 K, part of the Br 2 overlayer desorbs while the remainder on both 1T-TaSe2 and Tise2 surfaces interacts strongly with Na, leading to deintercalation of Na to the surface in the tendency to form NaBr. The formation of NaBr overlayers causes the transition of the incommensurate [Formula: see text] surface structure of 1T-TaSe2 (0001) to 1×1. ESD from the Br/Na/1T-TaSe2 surface causes the restoration of the [Formula: see text].
LOCAL SPECTROSCOPY OF ELECTRONS CONFINED IN LESS THAN TWO DIMENSIONS
Authors: VÁZQUEZ DE PARGA A. L.
Published: November 2003

Scanning tunneling microscopy provides new ways of studying electron confinement and quantum size effects. In this paper we will summarize the results obtained in the study of the interaction between a 2D electron gas and different structures, some of them natural and others artificially constructed using another unique ability of STM: modify and manipulate materials at the atomic and the nanometer scale.
PHOTOELECTRON DIFFRACTION: SPACE, TIME, AND SPIN DEPENDENCE OF SURFACE STRUCTURES
Authors: FADLEY C. S. , VAN HOVE M. A. , HUSSAIN Z. , KADUWELA A. P. , COUCH R. E. , KIM Y. J. , LEN P. M. , PALOMARES J. , RYCE S. , RUEBUSH S. , TOBER E. D. , WANG Z. , YNZUNZA R. X. , DAIMON H. , GALLOWAY H. , SALMERON M. B. , SCHATTKE W.
Published: November 2003

The current status of photoelectron-diffraction studies of surface structures is briefly reviewed, and several recent developments and proposals for future areas of application are then discussed. The application of full-solid-angle diffraction data, together with simultaneous characterization by low-energy electron-diffraction and scanning-tunneling microscopy, to epitaxial growth is considered. Several new avenues that are being opened up by third-generation synchrotron-radiation sources are also considered. These include photoelectron diffraction from surface and interface atoms, the possibility of time-resolved measurements, and circular dichroism in photoelectron angular distributions. The addition of spin to the photoelectron-diffraction measurement is also considered, and can be achieved either through core-level multiplet splittings or by circular-polarized excitation of spin–orbit-split levels. This last development should make it possible to study short-range magnetic order, perhaps even in a holographic fashion.
PERIODIC FULLEROIDS
Authors: DIUDEA MIRCEA V.
Published: November 2003

Construction of periodic fulleroids (including covering polygons other than the classical pentagons and hexagons) is achieved by several coupling procedures. A constitutive typing enumeration for topologically periodic fulleroids is given. π-electronic periodicity of several series of tubulenes is rationalized in terms of some "rules of thumb". The strain energy of these nonplanar molecules was evaluated from the pyramidalization angles of the sp2 carbon atoms by the POAV1 procedure. Semiempirical PM3 calculations support the presented spectral data.
EIGENVALUES AND MAGNETISM OF ELECTRONS ON AN ARTIFICIAL MOLECULE
Authors: MATTIS D. C.
Published: November 2003

We discuss the spontaneous magnetism of electrons constrained to the corners of a square plaquette, with a view to applications in molecular physics and nanotechnology. The special cases of three or five electrons have a ground-state level-crossing in strong-coupling, U > 18t, where the ground-state of maximal spin (S = 3/2) overtakes that of minimum spin (S = 1/2).
Orthant spanning simplexes with minimal volume
Authors: Elia Michele
Published: November 2003

A geometry problem is to find an (n − 1)‐dimensional simplex in
ℝn of minimal volume with vertices on the positive
coordinate axes, and constrained to pass through a given point
A in the first orthant. In this paper, it is shown that the
optimal simplex is identified by the only positive root of a
(2n − 1)‐degree polynomial pn(t). The roots of pn(t) cannot be expressed using radicals when the coordinates of A are
transcendental over ℚ, for 3 ≤ n ≤ 15, and
supposedly for every n. Furthermore, limited to dimension 3,
parametric representations are given to points A to which
correspond triangles of minimal area with integer vertex
coordinates and area.
Approximate solution for Euler equations ofstratified water via numerical solution of coupled KdV system
Authors: Halim A. A. , Kshevetskii S. P. , Leble S. B.
Published: November 2003

We consider Euler equations with stratified background state that
is valid for internal water waves. The solution of the
initial‐boundary problem for Boussinesq approximation in the
waveguide mode is presented in terms of the stream function. The
orthogonal eigenfunctions describe a vertical shape of the
internal wave modes and satisfy a Sturm‐Liouville problem. The
horizontal profile is defined by a coupled KdV system which is
numerically solved via a finite‐difference scheme for which we
prove the convergence and stability. Together with the solution
of the Sturm‐Liouville problem, the stream functions give the
internal waves profile.
Environmental Justice in India
Authors:   Kalas
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Privileges and Immunities of United Nations' Experts: The Cumaraswamy Case
Authors:   Duxbury
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Non-EU Citizens' Experiences of Offending and Victimisation: The Case for Comparative European Research
Authors:   Goodey
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Estonian Criminal Law: Reform as a Path to Independence
Authors:   Pikamäe,   Sootak
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Female Offender, Girls, Women and Crime (Women and the Criminal Justice System), Meda Chesney-Lind (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi 1997, 219 pp.)
Authors:   Pikamäe,   Sootak
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
From Sisyphus to Octopus: Towards a Modern Public Prosecutor's Office in Belgium
Authors:   van Daele,   Parmentier,   Fijnaut
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Criminal Prosecution: Developments, Trends and Open Questions in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors:   Albrecht
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Constitutional Conditions for a Public Prosecutor's Office at the European Level
Authors:   van Gerven
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Bottlenecks in International Police and Judicial Cooperations in the EU
Authors:   Tak
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Place of Criminal Law in Contempory Crime Control Strategies
Authors:   van Zyl Smit
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Stalking Phenomenon: Trends in European and International Stalking and Harrassment Legislation
Authors:   Smartt
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Crime Risk Assessment, Legislation, and the Prevention of Serious Crime – Comparative Perspectives
Authors:   Kilchling,   Albrecht
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
On Criminalization in Iran (Sources and Features)
Authors:   Mahmoudi
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Victimization of Children and Modern Armed Conflicts with a Special Emphasis on the Situation in Macedonia
Authors:   Bachanović
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Jurisdictional Regime of the International Criminal Court (Part II, Articles 11--19)
Authors:   Bergsmo
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
General Principles of Criminal Law in the International Criminal Court Statute (Part III)
Authors:   Schabas
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Decline of Correctional Education, ca. 1900--1920. England and Germany Compared
Authors:   Oberwittler
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Century of the Child revisited
Authors:   dekker
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The draft for child protection and the public attitudes towards the policy for children in Bulgaria
Authors:   Todorova
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Ursula Kilkelly, The Child and the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors:   Fottrell
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The christian right coalition and the UN special session on children: prospects and strategies
Authors:   Butler
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Sharon Detrick, A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
Authors:   Abramson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Poles apart? The best interests of the child and assisted reproduction in the antipodes and Europe
Authors:   Breen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Children's rights in the South African Courts: An overview since ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
Authors:   Sloth-Nielsen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Adoption and the rights of children in the UK
Authors:   Welbourne
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Law Commission of Canada, Restoring Dignity: Responding to Child Abuse in Canadian Institutions
Authors:   Hall
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Book review
Authors:   Horne
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Eliminating the worst forms of child labour – a new international standard
Authors:   Blagbrough
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Book Review
Authors:   Smith
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Naming and re-categorization in the law: Child abuse as slavery
Authors:   Bilsky
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Medecins Sans Frontières, Nutrition Guidelines
Authors:   Cordell
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Editorial introduction
Authors:   Kent
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Realizing international children's rights through implementation of national law
Authors:   Kent
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Chilren's welfare, children's rights and political economy in Finland
Authors:   Bradley
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Output feedback H∞ control for a class of uncertain nonlinear discrete-time delay systems
Authors: Guo L. , Chen W.-H.
Published: November 2003

In this paper, a linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based approach is presented to design robust output feedback H∞ controllers for a class of nonlinear discrete-time systems with delays and parametric uncertainties. Both the time delays and the uncertainties concerned exist not only in the state, but in the input and measurement output. Firstly, some LMI-based criteria in the form of the GBRL (Generalized Bounded Real Lemma) are provided as useful techniques for both stability analysis and controller synthesis. Next an LMI-based approach is proposed to design dynamic output feedback H∞ controllers for delay systems without parametric uncertainties, but with nonlinearity as well as time delays in the state, the input and the output, which generalizes some previous results for control problems of delay systems. Finally, the results are extended to discrete-time delay systems with uncertainties in linear fractional form in all system matrices. Solvability of the robust control problem for uncertain delay systems can also be reduced to the solutions of LMIs. Illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of our approach.
Impact of Providing Audiotapes of Primary Adjuvant Treatment Consultations to Women With Breast Cancer: A Multisite, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Hack Thomas F. , Pickles Tom , Bultz Barry D. , Ruether J. Dean , Weir Lorna M. , Degner Lesley F. , Mackey John R.
Published: November 2003

Purpose: Women with breast cancer were provided with an audiotape of their primary adjuvant treatment consultation, and the following patient outcomes were measured at 12 weeks postconsultation: perceived degree of information provision, audiotape satisfaction and use, communication satisfaction with oncologist, mood state, and cancer-specific quality of life.

Patients and Methods: Participants included 628 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer and 40 oncologists from six cancer centers in Canada. The patients were block randomized to one of four consultation groups: standard care control, not audiotaped; audiotaped, no audiotape given; audiotaped, patient given audiotape; and audiotaped, patient offered choice of receiving audiotape or not.

Results: Patients receiving the consultation audiotape had significantly better recall of having discussed side effects of treatment than patients who did not receive the audiotape. Audiotape benefit was not significantly related to patient satisfaction with communication, mood state, or quality of life at 12 weeks postconsultation, and was not significantly affected by choice of receiving the audiotape. Patients rated the audiotape intervention positively, with an average score of 83.9 of 100.

Conclusion: Audiotape provision benefits patients by facilitating their perception of being informed about treatment side effects, but does not significantly influence patient satisfaction with communication, mood state, or quality of life.
Virtual reality modelling language: freely available cross-platform visualization technique for 3-D visualization of the inner ear
Authors: Hans Paul , Jackson Alan , Gillespie James E. , Ramsden Richard T.
Published: November 2003

This was a study of the use of virtual reality modelling language (VRML) for cross-platform interactive three-dimensional (3-D) visualization of high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of the inner ear in the assessment of cochlear implant candidates.

A retrospective case review was made of cochlear implant candidates undergoing pre-operative high-resolution MR studies to determine their suitability for implantation. 3-D visualizations of MR scans of the inner ear structures were created using surface rendering and exported as portable VRML files.

Case studies are presented to illustrate different points of interest. VRML reconstructions aided the interpretation of two-dimensional (2-D) source images in a variety of inner ear abnormalities.

VRML is an internationally recognized standard for cross-platform 3-D visualization that creates a means of providing the implanting surgeon with a portable 3-D representation of the inner ear, aiding interpretation of the complex cross-sectional anatomy of these structures, and guiding selection of patients for implantation as well as implantation technique. The elucidation of the mechanisms behind inner ear malformations can also be aided by detailed imaging studies of the temporal bone, with VRML reconstructions providing an easily interpreted representation of deformities.
Synchronous cystic teratomas of the craniofacial region
Authors: Chaudhary Neena , Malik Krishna Pal Singh , Gupta Alok , Rai Anil Kumar , Gupta Pankaj , Khanna Geetika
Published: November 2003

A case of synchronous cystic teratomas presented with the complaints of a slow-growing facial mass and forward protrusion of the right eye since birth. The patient was examined thoroughly and subjected to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. The MRI scan revealed the presence of two separate cysts in the right orbit and right temporal fossa. The patient was operated by a combined effort of ophthalmologists and otorhinolaryngologists. The cysts were excised and subjected to pathological examination. The histopathological survey revealed both the cysts to be mature cystic teratomas similar to each other. This coexistence of a primary temporal fossa teratoma with an orbital teratoma is the first of its kind and to the best of our knowledge has not been reported before.
Interpersonal profiles in eating disorders: Ratings of SASB self‐image
Authors: Björck Caroline , Clinton David , Sohlberg Staffan , Hällström Tore , Norring Claes
Published: November 2003

Introduction: Although evidence suggests that interpersonal psychotherapy may be an efficacious treatment for eating disorders, there is surprisingly little systematic knowledge about the interpersonal world of these patients.

Method: SASB self‐image ratings were used to explore interpersonal profiles in a large heterogeneous sample of eating disorders (N = 830), matched normal controls (N = 105) and a small group of controls with subclinical depression (N = 26).

Results: Eating disorder patients clearly presented with significantly more negative interpersonal profiles compared to controls. Within the eating disorder group, anorexics were characterized by high self‐control, self‐blame and self‐attack. Patients with binge eating disorder expressed the least negative self‐image, and were significantly more self‐affirming than bulimics and less self‐controlling than patients with atypical eating disorders.

Conclusions: Eating disorder patients may have distinct interpersonal profiles that increase the risk of negative therapeutic reaction. Better knowledge of interpersonal processes in eating disorders may help to improve both diagnostic assessment and treatment.
The relationship between attachment strategies and psychopathology in adolescence
Authors: Brown Lucy Scott , Wright John
Published: November 2003

Aim: The majority of research investigating attachment and psychopathology has focused largely on children, and more recently adults. By comparison, few studies have considered the role of attachment on the development of psychopathology during adolescence. The scarcity of studies in this area is surprising given that adolescence is a critical period of psychological adjustment. This study investigates attachment patterns in adolescence and their relationship to symptomatology and interpersonal difficulties.

Method: A two‐sample comparative design was employed so that a clinical group of adolescents were compared with a matched non‐clinical group, on attachment classifications (using a modified Separation Anxiety Test), reported interpersonal difficulties and clinical symptoms.

Results: Significant differences were found between the clinical and non‐clinical groups on attachment classifications. Adolescents with ambivalent attachment patterns reported significantly more interpersonal difficulties and symptoms compared to young people classified as having secure and avoidant attachment classifications. The results are suggestive of specific differences in the way difficulties are reported.

Conclusion: The findings are consistent with two strategies of affect regulation. It is proposed that a ‘hyperactivating’ strategy and a ‘deactivating’ strategy may be operating among those adolescents with ambivalent and avoidant attachment classifications, respectively. The implications of using self‐report measures in clinical work and for evidence‐based practice are discussed.
Interpersonal relating and voice hearing: To what extent does relating to the voice reflect social relating?
Authors: Hayward Mark
Published: November 2003

The experience of hearing voices (auditory hallucinations) has been construed as that of relating to an interpersonal ‘other’. This preliminary study utilized Birtchnell's (1996, 2002) theory of relating to investigate the hypothesis that people who hear voices relate to the voices and to people within their social environment in similar ways. A correlational design was adopted and 27 people provided information about the characteristics of their voice‐hearing experience, relating to the voice and relating socially. Significant correlations were found between relating to the voice and relating socially in terms of the ‘dominant’ and ‘submissive’ forms of power and the ‘clinging’ form of proximity: these associations were independent of beliefs about the voices and mood‐linked appraisals. However, relating from a position of ‘withdrawal’ was found to be unique to the experience of voice hearing, and was most extreme when relating to voices that were perceived to have no identity. This study offers further evidence in support of the hypothesis that people who hear voices relateto them in ways that reflect more pervasive patterns of social relating. The clinical implications of these findings for assessment and intervention are discussed.