bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future and Negation
Authors: De Florio Ciro , Frigerio Aldo
Published: August 2022

In this article, we take into consideration two semantics of the future tense: linearism, according to which future-tense sentences are interpreted on a single history, and universalism, according to which they are evaluated by universally quantifying on the plurality of future histories that radiate from the present instant. Specifically, we focus on a objection advanced against universalism: if universalism were correct semantics of will, negated future-tense sentences of natural language should have two readings, depending on the scope of negation with respect to the universal quantifier on histories. However, since natural language does not show this difference, one may conclude that there is no universal quantifier in the interpretation of these sentences. We show that this conclusion is premature. First, will has clear scope interactions with indefinite nouns phrases, contrary to what linearism predicts. Second, it is possible to extend the treatment of vague predicates as partial predicates to will: Since partial predicates have no scope interactions with negation, this can account for the scopelessness of will. The partiality of truth conditions is not restricted to will but also pertains to counterfactuals and generics and probably is part of a general tendency to maximize contraries.
Validation of Affective Sentences: Extending Beyond Basic Emotion Categories
Authors: Zupan Barbra , Eskritt Michelle
Published: August 2022

We use nonverbal and verbal emotion cues to determine how others are feeling. Most studies in vocal emotion perception do not consider the influence of verbal content, using sentences with nonsense words or words that carry no emotional meaning. These online studies aimed to validate 95 sentences with verbal content intended to convey 10 emotions. Participants were asked to select the emotion that best described the emotional meaning of the sentence. Study 1 included 436 participants and Study 2 included 193. The Simpson diversity index was applied as a measure of dispersion of responses. Across the two studies, 38 sentences were labelled as representing 10 emotion categories with a low degree of diversity in participant responses. Expanding current databases beyond basic emotion categories is important for researchers exploring the interaction between tone of voice and verbal content, and/or people’s capacity to make subtle distinctions between their own and others’ emotions.
3-Dimensional mixed BF theory and Hitchin’s integrable system
Authors: Vicedo Benoît , Winstone Jennifer
Published: August 2022

The affine Gaudin model, associated with an untwisted affine Kac–Moody algebra, is known to arise from a certain gauge fixing of 4-dimensional mixed topological–holomorphic Chern–Simons theory in the Hamiltonian framework. We show that the finite Gaudin model, associated with a finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra, or more generally the tamely ramified Hitchin system on an arbitrary Riemann surface, can likewise be obtained from a similar gauge fixing of 3-dimensional mixed BF theory in the Hamiltonian framework.
Designated prescribing practitioners: a theory-based cross-sectional study of stakeholders’ views on implementation of a novel pharmacy regulator mandated preceptorship model
Authors: Jebara Tesnime , McIntosh Trudi , Stewart Fiona , Osprey Adam , Bruce Rachel , Cunningham Scott
Published: August 2022

Background

Scottish Government is increasing independent prescribers (IP) in community pharmacy (CP). A new preceptorship model using IPs as Designated Prescribing Practitioners (DPPs) has been introduced.

Aim

To investigate stakeholder views of implementation of a novel regulator mandated IP course preceptorship model.

Method

A theory-based online pre-piloted survey of stakeholders including e.g. directors of pharmacy, prescribing, education leads, policy & strategy leads and CPs. Questionnaire development used Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and a DPP Competency Framework. Data were analysed descriptively and presented with mapping to CFIR constructs.

Results

Of ninety-nine responses 82.5% (80/97) responded ‘yes’ to ‘..abilities in reporting concerns..’ and 53.1% (51/96) indicating ‘no’ to ‘..anticipated issues with clinical and diagnostic skills’. CFIR related facilitators included agreement that; there was tension for change with 84 (85%) indicating ‘….urgent need to implement role …’, that incentives are likely to help (6566%) and small pilots would help (8588%). Barriers were evident related to ‘unsure’ responses about sufficiency of; DPP capacity (39/97, 40.2%), time (48/96, 50%) and support and resources (4445%) to undertake the role. Concerns were expressed with 81 (83%) in agreement or unsure that leadership commitment may be lacking and 48 (48.9%) were ‘unsure’ about availability of good training for the DPP role.

Conclusion

There was DPP role positivity but expressed barriers and facilitators at policy, organisational and individual practitioner levels needing further consideration. Further research is warranted on uptake and embedding of the role.
Gypsum mining spoil improves plant emergence and growth in soils polluted with potentially harmful elements
Authors: García-Robles Helena , Melloni Eliane G. P. , Navarro Francisco B. , Martín-Peinado Francisco José , Lorite Juan
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Soil pollution is a major problem worldwide. Some anthropogenic activities, such as mining, may exceed soil capacity, causing relevant health and ecosystem hazards. The use of mineral amendments can help reduce soil pollution. Gypsum mining spoil (GS) is a waste material highly produced in gypsum mining industry, which has never been used in soil remediation despite its high potential as amendment of polluted soils. In this study, we carried out an ex-situ experiment to assess for the first time the capacity of GS to both reduce the availability of Potentially Harmful Elements (PHEs) in soils and promote seed emergence.

Methods

Soils affected by residual pollution after the Aznalcóllar mine spill were collected, treated with GS in three different proportions, and sown with seeds of two non-genetically related species. Seed emergence and biomass production were monitored, and PHE content in soils and plants were analysed.

Results

We have observed a direct and very positive relation between GS and both the reduction of PHE availability and PHE uptake by plants, and the increase of plant emergence and growth, especially with the addition of the highest doses of the amendment.

Conclusion

This study highlights the promising results of GS as a novel soil amendment to be used in the remediation of polluted soils and vegetation recovery. Moreover, using GS as soil amendment will bring the opportunity to sustainably manage this waste material and reduce its social and environmental impact parallelly to the mitigation of PHE hazards.
Programmatic review of the mosquito control methods used in the highly industrialized rice agroecosystems of Sacramento and Yolo Counties, California
Authors: Wheeler Sarah S. , Reed Marcia , Ramos Steve , Goodman Gary , Elkashef Samer
Published: August 2022

In the Sacramento Valley (California, USA), rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields are an economically important crop and productive habitats for the mosquito species Culex tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni. Since 2010, approximately 150 km2 of conventional and 16 km2 of organic rice have been grown in Sacramento and Yolo Counties. These fields are often within mosquito flight-range of both rural towns and urban centers. Culex tarsalis are highly competent vectors of West Nile virus, and An. freeborni are aggressive, mammalophagic, nuisance biters. The Sacramento–Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District provides mosquito control for the two counties in its jurisdiction. The principles of Integrated Pest Management are used to control mosquitoes in rice growing areas, relying upon a range of surveillance and control interventions. Larvae are controlled by limiting habitats that enable development of immature mosquitoes while balancing agricultural and wildlife needs, applying larvicides, and the use of Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish). Adult mosquitoes are controlled by ultra-low volume pesticide applications. The program was assessed for larval and adult mosquito control efficacy and areas of programmatic improvement identified. Because rice fields are productive habitats for mosquitoes, complete elimination of the habitat is not a feasible goal, thus efforts are aimed at interrupting disease transmission and reducing the number of mosquitoes that traverse into populated areas.
Characteristics of home oxygen therapy for preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in China: results of a multicenter cohort study
Authors: Jiang Wen-Xing , Wang Yan-Chen , Song Hong-Xia , Xiao Mi , He Fan , Jiang Si-Yuan , Gu Xin-Yue , Sun Jian-Hua , Cao Yun , Zhou Wen-Hao , Lee Shoo Kim , Chen Li-Ping , Hu Li-Yuan ,   Chinese Neonatal Network, Lee Shoo K. , Chen Chao , Du Li-Zhong , Zhou Wen-Hao , Cao Yun , Xu Fa-Lin , Tian Xiu-Ying , Zhang Hua-Yan , Ji Yong , Li Zhan-Kui , Shi Jing-Yun , Xue Xin-Dong , Yang Chuan-Zhong , Chen Dong-Mei , Wang San-Nan , Liu Ling , Gao Xi-Rong , Wu Hui , Yang Chang-Yi , Han Shu-Ping , Shan Ruo-Bing , Jiang Hong , Qiu Gang , Wei Qiu-Fen , Cheng Rui , Kang Wen-Qing , Li Ming-Xia , Dai Yi-Heng , Wang Li-Li , Liu Jiang-Qin , Lin Zhen-Lang , Shi Yuan , Cheng Xiu-Yong , Pan Jia-Hua , Zhang Qin , Feng Xing , Zhou Qin , Li Long , Chen Ping-Yang , Li Xiao-Ying , Yang Ling , Zhuang De-Yi , Zhang Yong-Jun , Sun Jian-Hua , Feng Jin-Xing , Li Li , Lin Xin-Zhu , Qiu Yin-Ping , Liang Kun , Ma Li , Chen Li-Ping , Zhang Li-Yan , Song Hong-Xia , Yin Zhao-Qing , Hei Ming-Yan , Huang Hui-Wen , Yang Jie , Li Dong , Ding Guo-Fang , Wang Ji-Mei , Zhang Qian-Shen , Ma Xiao-Lu , Ting Joseph Y.
Published: August 2022

Background

Home oxygen therapy (HOT) is indicated upon discharge in some preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). There is a lack of evidence-based consensus on the indication for HOT among these infants. Because wide variation in the institutional use of HOT exists, little is known about the role of regional social-economic level in the wide variation of HOT.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of Chinese Neonatal Network (CHNN) data from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019. Infants at gestational ages < 32 weeks, with a birth weight < 1500 g, and with moderate or severe BPD who survived to discharge from tertiary hospitals located in 25 provinces were included in this study. Infants with major congenital anomalies and those who were discharged against medical advice were excluded.

Results

Of 1768 preterm infants with BPD, 474 infants (26.8%) were discharged to home with oxygen. The proportion of HOT use in participating member hospitals varied from 0 to 89%, with five of 52 hospitals’ observing proportions of HOT use that were significantly greater than expected, with 14 hospitals with observing proportions significantly less than expected, and with 33 hospitals with appropriate proportions. We noted a negative correlation between different performance groups of HOT and median GDP per capita (P = 0.04).

Conclusions

The use of HOT varied across China and was negatively correlated with the levels of provincial economic levels. A local HOT guideline is needed to address the wide variation in HOT use with respect to different regional economic levels in countries like China.
The relations between self-reported perceptions of learning environment, observational learning strategies, and academic outcome
Authors: Han Feifei , Ellis Robert A.
Published: August 2022

This study investigated the relations between students’ self-reported perceptions of the blended learning environment, their observed online learning strategies, and their academic learning outcomes. The participants were 310 undergraduates enrolled in an introductory course on computer systems in an Australian metropolitan university. A Likert-scale questionnaire was used to examine students’ perceptions. The digital traces recorded in a bespoke learning management system were used to detect students’ observed online learning strategies. Using the data mining algorithms, including the Hidden Markov Model and an agglomerative hierarchical sequence clustering, four types of online learning strategies were found. The four strategies not only differed in the number of online learning sessions but also showed differences in the proportional distribution with regard to different online learning behaviors. A one-way ANOVA revealed that students adopting different online learning strategies differed significantly on their final course marks. Students who employed intensive theory application strategy achieved the highest whereas those used weak reading and weak theory application scored the lowest. The results of a cross-tabulation showed that the four types of observed online learning strategies were significantly associated with the better and poorer perceptions of the blended learning environment. Specially, amongst students who adopted the intensive theory application strategy, the proportion of students who self-reported better perceptions was significantly higher than those reporting poorer perceptions. In contrast, amongst students using the weak reading and weak theory application strategy, the proportion of students having poorer perceptions was significantly higher than those holding better perceptions.
Regulation of UHRF1 acetylation by TIP60 is important for colon cancer cell proliferation
Authors: Hong Ye Joo , Park Junyoung , Hahm Ja Young , Kim Song Hyun , Lee Dong Ho , Park Kwon-Sik , Seo Sang-Beom
Published: August 2022

Background

Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1) is upregulated in colon cancer cells and associated with silencing tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) to promote colon cancer cell proliferation.

Objective

To investigate epigenetic modification of UHRF1 by TIP60. Whether UHRF1 acetylation by TIP60 can induce cell proliferation in colon cancer cells.

Methods

Acetylation sites of UHRF1 by TIP60 was predicted by ASEB (Acetylation Set Enrichment Based) method and identified by immunoprecipitation assay using anti-pan-acetyl lysine antibody and in vitro acetylation assay. Based on this method, UHRF1 acetylation-deficient mimic 4KR (K644R, K646R, K648R, K650R) mutant was generated to investigate effects of UHRF1 acetylation by TIP60. shRNA system was used to generate stable knockdown cell line of UHRF1. With transient transfection of UHRF1 WT and 4KR, the effects of UHRF1 4KR mutant on Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) gene expression, cell proliferation and cell cycle were investigated by RT-qPCR and FACS analysis in shUHRF1 colon cancer cell line.

Results

Downregulation of TIP60-mediated UHRF1 acetylation is correlated with suppressed cell cycle progression. Acetylation-deficient mimic of UHRF1 showed poor cell growth through increased expression of JDP2 gene.

Conclusions

Acetylation of UHRF1 4K residues by TIP60 is important for colon cancer cell growth. Furthermore, upregulated JDP2 expression by acetylation-deficient mutant of UHRF1 might be an important epigenetic target for colon cancer cell proliferation.
Food Insecurity and Type 2 Diabetes Among Latinos: Examining Neighborhood Cohesion as a Protective Factor
Authors: Osborn Brandon , Morey Brittany N. , Billimek John , Ro Annie
Published: August 2022

Qualitative work has found that Latino food pantry recipients share food and reciprocally provide social support to their food-insecure neighbors. These findings suggest that neighborhood cohesion (NC) may serve as an important community-level resource that Latinos utilize as a coping mechanism when food-insecure. High levels of NC may be a proxy for instrumental support outside the household and act as a buffer against the adverse health effects of food insecurity including type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is highly sensitive to food insecurity. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively test this theory by examining whether NC moderated the association between T2D and food security (FS) status among Latino adults nationwide. We used data from the 2013–2018 National Health Interview Survey (n = 23,478). We found that FS status was associated with T2D prevalence, with Latino adults having a higher odds of T2D if they had low FS or very low FS compared to their FS counterparts. We also found Latinos adults who reported high NC had a lower odds of T2D compared to those who reported low NC. However, we did not find there was significant interaction between FS status and NC on T2D. NC may instead be a precursor to FS status, rather than a buffer of food insecurity on T2D. Low NC may lead to less instrumental support and tangible benefits that determine FS. Additionally, perceived NC might not align with objective NC and T2D may be too distal of a health outcome to test the protective effect of NC.
Quantification of crack volumes in dynamically damaged soda-lime glass
Authors: Bauer Steffen , Butz Ines , Strassburger Elmar , Sauer Martin , Hiermaier Stefan
Published: August 2022

In this paper we present a novel test methodology for the generation of varying degrees of pre-damage in small soda-lime glass cylinders by dynamic loading in combination with a subsequent contactless damage quantification. In the first step, 13 glass specimens are placed in demountable aluminum confinements. The confinements are then impacted by flyer plates at different impact velocities between about 70 m/s and 400 m/s. Two high-speed cameras are used to investigate the velocities and the planarity of the impacts. Afterwards, three-dimensional visualizations of the recovered specimens are generated using conventional CT-imaging at a micro-CT-device and phase-contrast imaging at a beamline of a synchrotron. A concept is developed to determine the crack volumes by means of a region-growing algorithm. For five selected specimens, the mean total crack volume is determined as a function of the impact velocity. The developed methods are a first step to improve the predictive power of existing numerical simulation models of glasses and ceramics in scenarios with high velocity impact or ballistic penetration. In the specimens, defined, quantifiable damage is generated that can later be characterized, e.g. in triaxial compression tests, to obtain damage-dependent yield curves. This concept turns out to be a significant improvement in comparison to the characterization tests of previous studies, which used loosely poured glass quartz powder or specimens that had been pre-damaged quasi-statically without quantification of the degree of damage.
‘Other-wise’ Organizing. A Levinasian Approach to Agape in Work and Business Organisations
Authors: Hummels Harry , Nullens Patrick
Published: August 2022

Humanistic management emphasises the importance of respecting humanity in and through meaningful work within organisations. In this paper we introduce a Levinasian approach to organising. Levinas argues that the Other appeals to us and allows us to take responsibility towards the Other – i.c. an employee, a customer, a supplier, etcetera. In this article our focus is on employees. By taking the Other as a starting point of his reflections, Levinas helps to transform the organisation and management of work and humans in business organisations. Based on the concept of alterity and becoming susceptible to the appeal that comes to us through what Levinas refers to as the ‘face of the Other’, we argue that the philosopher calls for ‘an agapeic turn’ to management and organisation. This turn means that the focus on the well-being of the employee – and the needs, interests, ideas, and expectations as perceived by him or her – should be at the core of organising. As a result, this paper calls for an increased focus on self-determination and self-organisation to allow the Other both voice and control over her or his behaviour, actions and contributions to the outputs and outcomes of one’s organisational unit. Through our focus on a Levinas approach, we concretize and deepen the traditional understanding of agape, making it more relevant to our functioning in a business setting. As a result, agape is introduced as an analytical concept that guides the structuring and the effectuation of human interaction in and through organisations.
Dust and powder in fusion plasmas: recent developments in theory, modeling, and experiments
Authors: Ratynskaia S. , Bortolon A. , Krasheninnikov S. I.
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we present a brief historic overview of the research on dust in fusion devices with carbon plasma-facing components and then highlight the most recent developments in the post-carbon era of the field. In particular, we consider how the metallic dust form, mobilize, and interact with fusion plasmas and plasma facing components. Achievements in wall conditioning and associated anomalous plasma transport modification, including ELM suppression, with the powder injection technique is another focus of the paper. Capabilities of the state-of-art simulation tools to describe different aspects of dust in fusion devices are exemplified and new directions for future dust studies are brought forward.
Training the eye, virtually: adapting an art in medicine curriculum for on-line learning
Authors: Srivastava Ambike Aarti , Cohen Stephanie , Hailey Dabney , Khoshbin Shahram , Katz Joel T. , Ganske Ingrid M.
Published: August 2022

Training the Eye: Improving the Art of Physical Diagnosis is an elective fine art-based medical humanities course at Harvard Medical School held at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston that aims to improve skills of observation. Due to COVID-19, this curriculum was converted from in-person to a virtual format for the first time in 2020. Students enrolled in the course prior to the pandemic and completed one session in person before transitioning unexpectedly to nine remote sessions through Zoom. Students were surveyed anonymously and TAs and faculty were interviewed regarding their perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses and future preferences of the virtual arts education at the course completion. Strengths identified in the virtual platform were being able to include participants irrespective of their location, incorporating most relevant artwork from any collection, harnessing virtual tools for enhanced art viewing, time-efficiency, and having a private, safe space for engaging in this type of learning. However, the experience in the galleries and the social interactions therein were noted to be impossible to fully recapitulate. Personal connections of the class were felt to be diminished and convenience increased. Both advantages (e.g., increased reach relative to types and locations of art works) and disadvantages (e.g., intimacy and connectivity promoted by in-gallery setting) of teaching arts-based medical humanities virtually were identified. A hybrid model may be able reap the benefits of both formats when it is safe to host such courses in person. Parallel lessons may be applicable to optimizing telemedicine encounters.
Demystifying Emotions
Authors: Moors Agnes
Published: August 2022

Demystifying Emotions provides a comprehensive typology of emotion theories in psychology (evolutionary, network, appraisal, goal-directed, psychological constructionist, and social) and philosophy (feeling, judgmental, quasi-judgmental, perceptual, embodied, and motivational) in a systematic manner with the help of tools from philosophy of science, allowing scholars in both fields to understand the commonalities and differences between these theories. Agnes Moors also proposes her own novel, skeptical theory of emotions, called the goal-directed theory, based on the central idea that all kinds of behaviors and feelings are grounded in goal-striving. Whereas most scholars of emotion do not call the notion of emotion itself into question, this review engages in a critical examination of its scientific legitimacy. This book will appeal to readers in psychology, philosophy, and related disciplines who want to gain a deeper understanding of the controversies at play in the emotion domain.
International Human Rights
Authors: Chen Cher Weixia , Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: August 2022

This book provides an interdisciplinary overview of international human rights issues, offering truly international coverage including the Global South. Considering the philosophical foundations of human rights, Chen and Renteln explore the interpretive difficulties associated with identifying what constitute human rights abuses, and evaluate various perspectives on human rights. This book goes on to analyze institutions that strive to promote and enforce human rights standards, including the United Nations system, regional human rights bodies, and domestic courts. It also discusses a wide variety of substantive human rights including genocide, torture, capital punishment, and other cruel and unusual punishments. In particular, the book offers an accessible introduction to key understudied topics within human rights, such as socioeconomic rights, cultural rights, and environmental rights. It also focuses on the rights of marginalized groups, including children's rights, rights of persons with disabilities, women's rights, labor rights, indigenous rights, and LGBTQ+ rights, making this an engaging and invaluable resource for the contemporary student.
A multicenter analysis of inpatient antibiotic use during the 2015–2019 influenza seasons in the United States: Untapped opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship
Authors: Yu Kalvin C. , Gupta Vikas , Kabler Heidi , Watts Janet A. , Amiche Amine
Published: August 2022

Outpatient antibiotic use increases during winter months, but information on temporal changes in inpatient antibiotic use in US hospitals is limited. The use of certain inpatient antibiotics, including extended-spectrum cephalosporins, macrolides, and tetracyclines, was strongly associated with influenza activity during the 2015–2019 viral respiratory seasons.
Experience with two antimicrobial prescribing tools in ambulatory care settings
Authors: Kassamali Escobar Zahra , Thomasson Scott , Bouchard Todd , Kvak Staci , Lee Kyung Min , Lansang Jose Mari , Lynch John B. , May Larissa , D’Angeli Marisa , Bryson-Cahn Chloe
Published: August 2022

We compared experiences with The Multifaceted Intervention to Improve Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Infection for Adult and Children in Emergency Department and Urgent Care Settings versus Choosing Wisely to evaluate inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing in ambulatory care. Both identified the same clinics, diagnoses, and antibiotics for high-yield antibiotic stewardship interventions.
Structure of turbulence in the flow around a rectangular cylinder
Authors: Chiarini Alessandro , Gatti Davide , Cimarelli Andrea , Quadrio Maurizio
Published: August 2022

The separating and reattaching turbulent flow past a rectangular cylinder is studied to describe how small and large scales contribute to the sustaining mechanism of the velocity fluctuations. The work is based on the anisotropic generalised Kolmogorov equations, exact budget equations for the second-order structure function tensor in the space of scales and in the physical space. Scale-space energy fluxes show that forward and reverse energy transfers occur simultaneously in the flow, with interesting modelling implications. Over the longitudinal cylinder side, the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability of the leading edge shear layer generates large spanwise rolls, which get stretched into hairpin-like vortices and eventually break down into smaller streamwise vortices. Independent sources of velocity fluctuations act at different scales. The flow dynamics is dominated by pressure–strain: the flow impingement on the cylinder surface in the reattachment zone produces spanwise velocity fluctuations very close to the wall, and at larger wall distances reorients them to feed streamwise-aligned vortices. In the near wake, large von Kármán-like vortices are shed from the trailing edge and coexist with smaller turbulent structures, each with its own independent production mechanism. At the trailing edge, the sudden disappearance of the wall changes the structure of turbulence: streamwise vortices vanish progressively, while spanwise structures close to the wall are suddenly turned into vertical fluctuations by the pressure–strain.
Primary School Principals’ Views on the Required Conditions for a Successful Implementation of Inclusive Education
Authors: Görel Gamze , Hellmich Frank
Published: August 2022

Following the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities, questions concerning the joint education of students with and without special educational needs remain to be answered. Currently, there is a need for knowledge about the necessary conditions for a successful implementation of inclusive education. Thus, the aim of the present study is to identify conditions for the implementation of inclusion that are seen as necessary by primary school principals. Therefore, 32 primary school principals were interviewed. The results of the interview study reveal that factors like personnel, financial and material resources as well as building infrastructure in primary schools are seen as important requirements for the successful realisation of inclusive education. Apart from that, the importance of attitudes towards inclusion and sociopolitical conditions for the realisation of inclusion became apparent. Further conditions, which are mentioned from the interviewed principals’ point of view, are related to teacher training, appropriate class sizes and, for example, opportunities for exchanging information. The results of the study indicate that there are essential obstacles as perceived by primary school principals that can impede the implementation of inclusion in primary schools.
Conservation agriculture effects on yield and profitability of rice-based systems in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain
Authors: Islam Md. Ariful , Bell Richard W. , Johansen Chris , Jahiruddin M. , Haque Md. Enamul , Vance Wendy
Published: August 2022

Sustaining productivity of the rice-based cropping systems in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (EIGP) requires practices to reverse declining soil fertility resulting from excessive tillage and crop residue removal, while decreasing production costs and increasing farm profits. We hypothesize that the adoption of conservation agriculture (CA), involving minimum tillage, crop residue retention and crop rotation, can address most of these challenges. Therefore, the effects of crop establishment methods – strip planting (SP), bed planting (BP) and conventional tillage (CT); and levels of crop residue retention – high residue (HR) and low residue (LR) on individual crop yield, system yield and profitability were evaluated in a split-plot design over three cropping seasons in two field experiments (Alipur and Digram sites) with contrasting crops and soil types in the EIGP. The SP and BP of non-rice crops were rotated with non-puddled rice establishment; CT of non-rice crops was rotated with puddled transplanted rice. In the legume-dominated system (rice-lentil-mung bean), lentil yields were similar in SP and CT, while lower in BP in crop season 1. A positive effect of high residue over low residue was apparent by crop season 2 and persisted in crop season 3. In crop season 3, the lentil yield increased by 18–23% in SP and BP compared to CT. In the cereal-dominated system (rice-wheat-mung bean), significant yield increases of wheat in SP and BP (7–10%) over CT, and of HR (1–3%) over LR, were detected by crop season 3 but not before. Rice yields under CA practices (non-puddled and HR) were comparable with CT (puddled and LR) in both systems. Improved yield of lentil and wheat with CA was correlated with higher soil water content. The net income of SP increased by 25–28% for dry season crops as compared to CT and was equal with CT for rice cropping systems. Conservation agriculture practices provide opportunities for enhancing crop yield and profitability in intensive rice-based systems of the EIGP of Bangladesh.
What effect might border screening have on preventing importation of COVID-19 compared with other infections?: considering the additional effect of post-arrival isolation
Authors: Bays Declan , Bennett Emma , Finnie Thomas
Published: August 2022

We recently described a simple model through which we assessed what effect subjecting travellers to a single on-arrival test might have on reducing risk of importing disease cases during simulated outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Ebola. We build upon this work to allow for the additional requirement that inbound travellers also undergo a period of self-isolation upon arrival, where upon completion the traveller is again tested for signs of infection prior to admission across the border. Prior results indicated that a single on-arrival test has the potential to detect 9% of travellers infected with COVID-19, compared to 35%, 10% and 3% for travellers infected with influenza, SARS and Ebola, respectively. Our extended model shows that testing administered after a 2-day isolation period could detect up to 41%, 97%, 44% and 15% of COVID-19, influenza, SARS and Ebola infected travellers, respectively. Longer self-isolation periods increase detection rates further, with an 8-day self-isolation period suggesting detection rates of up to 94%, 100%, 98% and 62% for travellers infected with COVID-19, influenza, SARS and Ebola, respectively. These results therefore suggest that testing arrivals after an enforced period of self-isolation may present a reasonable method of protecting against case importation during international outbreaks.
CBT for difficult-to-treat depression: single complex case
Authors: Barton Stephen B. , Armstrong Peter V. , Holland Stephen , Tyson-Adams Hayley
Published: August 2022

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for depression but a significant minority of clients are difficult to treat: they are more likely to have adverse childhood experiences, early-onset depression, co-morbidities, interpersonal problems and heightened risk, and are prone to drop out, non-response or relapse. CBT based on a self-regulation model (SR-CBT) has been developed for this client group which incorporates aspects of first, second and third wave therapies. The model and treatment components are described in a concurrent article (Barton et al., 2022). The aims of this study were: (1) to illustrate the application of high dose SR-CBT in a difficult-to-treat case, including treatment decisions, therapy process and outcomes, and (2) to highlight the similarities and differences between SR-CBT and standard CBT models. A single case quasi-experimental design was used with a depressed client who was an active participant in treatment decisions, data collection and interpretation. The client had highly recurrent depression with atypical features and had received several psychological therapies prior to receiving SR-CBT, including standard CBT. The client responded well to SR-CBT over a 10-month acute phase: compared with baseline, her moods were less severe and less reactive to setbacks and challenges. Over a 15-month maintenance phase, with approximately monthly booster sessions, the client maintained these gains and further stabilized her mood. High dose SR-CBT was effective in treating depression in a client who had not received lasting benefit from standard CBT and other therapies. An extended maintenance phase had a stabilizing effect and the client did not relapse. Further empirical studies are underway to replicate these results.

Key learning aims

(1)

To find out similarities and differences between self-regulation CBT and other CBT models;

(2)

To discover how self-regulation CBT treatment components are delivered in a bespoke way, based on the needs of the individual case;

(3)

To consider the advantages of using single case methods in routine clinical practice, particularly with difficult-to-treat cases.
Associations of bullying victimisation in different frequencies and types with suicidal behaviours among school-going adolescents in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Fei Wenjing , Tian Shun , Xiang Hongshu , Geng Yiran , Yu Jiachun , Pan Chen-Wei , Zhang Tianyang
Published: August 2022

Aims

Adolescent suicide is a severe public health problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and adolescents who are victims of bullying have a higher risk of suicidal behaviours. However, detailed global data concerning the association between bullying victimisation and suicide are lacking; thus, further multicontinental studies exploring the association of bullying victimisation at different frequencies and types with suicidal behaviours are urgent.

Methods

The data were extracted from the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) (2010–2017) conducted in 40 LMICs (n = 151 184, mean age: 14.77 years, s.d.: 1.59, 54.2% females). Data concerning past-30-day bullying victimisation, past 12-month suicidal behaviours (suicidal ideation, suicidal plans and suicidal attempts) and other adverse health behaviours or outcomes were collected. Chi-square tests were used to explore the correlations among the main variables. A multivariable logistic regression and stratified logistic regressions were conducted to assess the associations.

Results

The overall prevalence of bullying victimisation, suicidal ideation, suicidal plans and suicidal attempts were 28.72, 12.64, 11.84 and 10.79%, respectively. The results showed a positive association of different frequencies and types of bullying victimisation with suicidal behaviours: suicidal ideation (odds ratio (OR) = 2.43, 2.06–2.87), suicidal plans (OR = 2.69, 2.28–3.17) and suicidal attempts (OR = 3.23, 2.73–3.82). Adolescents also reported the effects of being made fun of because of their religion: suicidal ideation (OR = 1.63, 1.41–1.88), suicidal plans (OR = 1.44, 1.24–1.66) and suicidal attempts (OR = 1.73, 1.50–1.98). Moreover, these associations varied among teenagers of different gender and body mass indexes (BMIs) and were stronger among males and adolescents who were underweight, overweight or obese.

Conclusions

Different types of bullying victimisation were positively related to suicidal behaviours; these associations varied among adolescents by gender and BMI. This study offers a theoretical basis for the identification of adolescents at a high risk of suicide and is beneficial for informing effective psychological interventions for constructing sound school environments, improving adolescents’ mental health and reducing the risk of suicide to promote health in LMICs and globally.
Generation of Vorticity Near Topography: Anticyclones in the Caribbean Sea
Authors: van der Boog C. G. , Molemaker M. J. , Dijkstra H. A. , Pietrzak J. D. , Katsman C. A.
Published: August 2022

Mesoscale anticyclonic eddies dominate the sea‐surface height variability in the Caribbean Sea. Although it is well established that these anticyclones are formed near the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Sea, which is demarcated by the Lesser Antilles, the source of their anticyclonic vorticity remains unclear. To gain insight into this source, we analyze the fluxes of vorticity into the Caribbean at its eastern boundary using a high‐resolution numerical model. We find that the anticyclonic vorticity in the eastern Caribbean Sea predominantly originates from regions where intense ocean currents flow close to the Lesser Antilles. More specifically, St. Lucia and Grenada are hotspots for vorticity generation. The local generation rate scales with the amplitude of the volume transport through the passages between these islands. This finding is in contrast with the view that anticyclonic North Brazil Current (NBC) rings in the Atlantic Ocean are the main source of anticyclonic vorticity in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Our analyses reveal that the direct contribution of the vorticity of the NBC rings is of lesser importance than the local generation. However, the collision of upstream NBC rings with the Lesser Antilles increases the volume transport through the passages into the Caribbean Sea, so that their presence indirectly leads to enhanced local production of anticyclonic vorticity. This process is an example of the importance of vorticity generation near topography, which is ubiquitous in the oceans, and expected to be important whenever currents and steep topography meet.
Airborne Lidar Measurements of XCO2 in Synoptically Active Environment and Associated Comparisons With Numerical Simulations
Authors: Walley Samantha , Pal Sandip , Campbell Joel F. , Dobler Jeremy , Bell Emily , Weir Brad , Feng Sha , Lauvaux Thomas , Baker David , Blume Nathan , Erxleben Wayne , Fan Tai‐Fang , Lin Bing , McGregor Doug , Obland Michael D. , O'Dell Chris , Davis Kenneth J.
Published: August 2022

Frontal boundaries have been shown to cause large changes in CO2 mole‐fractions, but clouds and the complex vertical structure of fronts make these gradients difficult to observe. It remains unclear how the column average CO2 dry air mole‐fraction (XCO2) changes spatially across fronts, and how well airborne lidar observations, data assimilation systems, and numerical models without assimilation capture XCO2 frontal contrasts (ΔXCO2, i.e., warm minus cold sector average of XCO2). We demonstrated the potential of airborne Multifunctional Fiber Laser Lidar (MFLL) measurements in heterogeneous weather conditions (i.e., frontal environment) to investigate the ΔXCO2 during four seasonal field campaigns of the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport‐America (ACT‐America) mission. Most frontal cases in summer (winter) reveal higher (lower) XCO2 in the warm (cold) sector than in the cold (warm) sector. During the transitional seasons (spring and fall), no clear signal in ΔXCO2 was observed. Intercomparison among the MFLL, assimilated fields from NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), and simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting‐—Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) showed that (a) all products had a similar sign of ΔXCO2 though with different levels of agreement in ΔXCO2 magnitudes among seasons; (b) ΔXCO2 in summer decreases with altitude; and (c) significant challenges remain in observing and simulating XCO2 frontal contrasts. A linear regression analyses between ΔXCO2 for MFLL versus GMAO, and MFLL versus WRF‐Chem for summer‐2016 cases yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.95 and 0.88, respectively. The reported ΔXCO2 variability among four seasons provide guidance to the spatial structures of XCO2 transport errors in models and satellite measurements of XCO2 in synoptically‐active weather systems.
Abundances of Uranium and Thorium Elements in Earth Estimated by Geoneutrino Spectroscopy
Authors: Abe S. , Asami S. , Eizuka M. , Futagi S. , Gando A. , Gando Y. , Gima T. , Goto A. , Hachiya T. , Hata K. , Hosokawa K. , Ichimura K. , Ieki S. , Ikeda H. , Inoue K. , Ishidoshiro K. , Kamei Y. , Kawada N. , Kishimoto Y. , Koga M. , Kurasawa M. , Maemura N. , Mitsui T. , Miyake H. , Nakahata T. , Nakamura K. , Nakamura K. , Nakamura R. , Ozaki H. , Sakai T. , Sambonsugi H. , Shimizu I. , Shirahata Y. , Shirai J. , Shiraishi K. , Suzuki A. , Suzuki Y. , Takeuchi A. , Tamae K. , Watanabe H. , Yoshida Y. , Obara S. , Ichikawa A. K. , Yoshida S. , Umehara S. , Fushimi K. , Kotera K. , Urano Y. , Berger B. E. , Fujikawa B. K. , Learned J. G. , Maricic J. , Axani S. N. , Fu Z. , Smolsky J. , Winslow L. A. , Efremenko Y. , Karwowski H. J. , Markoff D. M. , Tornow W. , Li A. , Detwiler J. A. , Enomoto S. , Decowski M. P. , Grant C. , Song H. , O’Donnell T. , Dell’Oro S. ,   (The KamLAND Collaboration)
Published: August 2022

The decay of the primordial isotopes 238U, 235U, 232Th, and 40K has contributed to the terrestrial heat budget throughout the Earth's history. Hence, the individual abundance of those isotopes are key parameters in reconstructing contemporary Earth models. The geoneutrinos produced by the radioactive decays of uranium and thorium have been observed with the Kamioka Liquid‐Scintillator Antineutrino Detector (KamLAND). Those measurements have been improved with more than 18‐year observation time, and improvement in detector background levels mainly with an 8‐year nearly reactor‐free period, which now permit spectroscopy with geoneutrinos. Our results yield the first constraint on both uranium and thorium heat contributions. The KamLAND result is consistent with geochemical estimations based on elemental abundances of chondritic meteorites and mantle peridotites. The High‐Q model is disfavored at 99.76% C.L. and a fully radiogenic model is excluded at 5.2σ assuming a homogeneous heat producing element distribution in the mantle.
Small‐Scale Magnetic Holes in the Solar Wind Observed by Parker Solar Probe
Authors: Yu L. , Huang S. Y. , Yuan Z. G. , Jiang K. , Wei Y. Y. , Zhang J. , Xu S. B. , Xiong Q. Y. , Wang Z. , Lin R. T. , Li Y. J. , Wang C. M. , Song G. J.
Published: August 2022

The small‐scale magnetic hole (SSMH), characterized by magnetic field depression, is a structure with the size in the order of proton gyro‐radius. SSMHs near the Earth or other planets have been widely observed in recent years. However, SSMHs in the solar wind near the Sun are rarely investigated due to mission constraints. In the present study, SSMHs in the pristine solar wind within a wide heliocentric distance range are analyzed based on the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) Mission measurements. A total of 2,416 SSMHs are successfully identified during the orbits of PSP from 2nd October, 2018, to 31st December, 2020, with an average occurrence rate of ∼5.8 events/day. The occurrence rate of SSMHs decreases from ∼29.5 to ∼0.6 events/day as the heliocentric distance R increases. The spatial scale of these SSMHs obeys a bi‐log‐normal distribution, with the median scale L ∼ 137 km (∼6 ρp, proton gyro‐radius). As interplanetary magnetic field Bave increases or R decreases, the upper limit of the spatial scale L corresponding to each bin extends to a larger value. The L corresponding to the maximum occurrence rate also increases when Bave increases and R decreases. Besides, the SSMHs tend to occur more frequently in the solar wind environment with weak Bave and high thermal pressure Pt. Our results shed light on the characteristics and the origin of SSMHs in the pristine solar wind.
Measurements of Turbulence Generated by Wake Eddies Near a Steep Headland
Authors: Wynne‐Cattanach Bethan L. , Alford Matthew H. , MacKinnon Jennifer A. , Voet Gunnar
Published: August 2022

Tidal and low‐frequency flows interact with abrupt topographic features, giving rise to a variety of small‐scale phenomena including lee waves, vortical motions and turbulence. With the goal of identifying the processes that transfer momentum and energy between the larger‐scale and smaller‐scale flows, detailed tidally‐resolving shipboard surveys were conducted near a sharp and steep headland north of Velasco Reef, Palau, in the Western Pacific. We present velocity, microstructure and rapid‐cycling conductivity and temperature measurements, contextualized with a nearby 10‐month moored record, to examine wake and vortex structures. Observed flow near Velasco Reef was layered and multi‐directional in depth such that the “downstream” side of the headland depended on depth. Downstream of the headland, during a period where mean flow dominated over the tide in the top 100 m of the water column, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates were enhanced by up to three orders of magnitude relative to those upstream. During a period dominated by tides, the flow reversed periodically and wake eddies were associated with turbulent dissipation rates up to . Turbulent dissipation rates in the wake increased with inverse Richardson number for both tidal and mean flows past the headland, and were larger for stronger vorticity flows. Our analysis suggests that the eddies themselves lead to shear instabilities and subsequent turbulence, either through tilting or their limited vertical extent. We associate the enhanced downstream dissipation with a combination of breaking internal tides and either these eddy processes or a multi‐scaled turbulent wake.