bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synchronous scan-projection lithography on overall circumference of fine pipes with a diameter of 2 mm
Authors: Horiuchi Toshiyuki , Furuhata Takahiro , Muro Hideyuki
Published: May 2016

The scan-projection exposure of small-diameter pipe surfaces was investigated using a newly developed prototype exposure system. It is necessary to secure a very large depth of focus for printing thick resist patterns on round pipe surfaces with a roughness larger than that of semiconductor wafers. For this reason, a camera lens with a low numerical aperture of 0.089 was used as a projection lens, and the momentary exposure area was limited by a narrow slit with a width of 800 µm. Thus, patterns on a flat reticle were replicated on a pipe surface by linearly moving the reticle and rotating the pipe synchronously. By using a reticle with inclined line-and-space patterns, helical patterns with a width of 30 µm were successfully replicated on stainless-steel pipes with an outer diameter of 2 mm and coated with a 10-µm-thick negative resist. The patterns replicated at the start and stop edges were smoothly stitched seamlessly.
Optimization of viral resuspension methods for carbon-rich soils along a permafrost thaw gradient
Authors: Trubl Gareth , Solonenko Natalie , Chittick Lauren , Solonenko Sergei A. , Rich Virginia I. , Sullivan Matthew B.
Published: May 2016

Permafrost stores approximately 50% of global soil carbon (C) in a frozen form; it is thawing rapidly under climate change, and little is known about viral communities in these soils or their roles in C cycling. In permafrost soils, microorganisms contribute significantly to C cycling, and characterizing them has recently been shown to improve prediction of ecosystem function. In other ecosystems, viruses have broad ecosystem and community impacts ranging from host cell mortality and organic matter cycling to horizontal gene transfer and reprogramming of core microbial metabolisms. Here we developed an optimized protocol to extract viruses from three types of high organic-matter peatland soils across a permafrost thaw gradient (palsa, moss-dominated bog, and sedge-dominated fen). Three separate experiments were used to evaluate the impact of chemical buffers, physical dispersion, storage conditions, and concentration and purification methods on viral yields. The most successful protocol, amended potassium citrate buffer with bead-beating or vortexing and BSA, yielded on average as much as 2-fold more virus-like particles (VLPs) g−1of soil than other methods tested. All method combinations yielded VLPs g−1of soil on the 108order of magnitude across all three soil types. The different storage and concentration methods did not yield significantly more VLPs g−1of soil among the soil types. This research provides much-needed guidelines for resuspending viruses from soils, specifically carbon-rich soils, paving the way for incorporating viruses into soil ecology studies.
Flower, fruit phenology and flower traits inCordia boissieri(Boraginaceae) from northeastern Mexico
Authors: Martínez-Adriano Cristian Adrian , Jurado Enrique , Flores Joel , González-Rodríguez Humberto , Cuéllar-Rodríguez Gerardo
Published: May 2016

We characterized variations inCordia boissieriflowers and established if these variations occur between plants or between flowering events. Flowering and fruiting was measured for 256 plants. A GLM test was used to determine the relationship between flowering and fruit set processes and rainfall. We performed measurements of floral traits to detect variations within the population and between flowering events. The position of the anthers with respect to the ovary was determined in 1,500 flowers. Three out of four flowering events of >80%C. boissieriplants occurred after rainfall events. Only one flowering event occurred in a drought. Most plants flowered at least twice a year. The overlapping of flowering and fruiting only occurred after rainfall. Anthesis lasted three-to-five days, and there were two flower morphs. Half of the plants had longistylus and half had brevistylus flowers. Anacahuita flower in our study had 1–4 styles; 2–9 stamens; 6.5–41.5 mm long corolla; sepals from 4.5–29.5 mm in length; a total length from 15.5–59 mm; a corolla diameter from 10.5–77 mm. The nectar guide had a diameter from 5–30.5 mm; 4–9 lobes; and 5 distinguishable nectar guide colors. The highest variation of phenotypic expression was observed between plants.
Desigualdad de Información: Una Exploración de los Antecedentes del Conocimiento Político en Chile
Authors: Segovia Carolina
Published: May 2016

Junto a otras predisposiciones básicas, el nivel de conocimiento político que los ciudadanos poseen es un elemento central en el proceso de formación y entrega de opiniones políticas. Pese a la relevancia que el conocimiento tiene, no existía investigación en Chile que permitiera medir y caracterizar los niveles de conocimiento de los chilenos y de los factores asociados a mayor o menor conocimiento. Se utilizaron 2 encuestas nacionales realizadas con muestreo probabilítico por el Centro de Estudios Públicos en 2010 a personas de 18 años y más (N = 1.495) y 2011 (N = 1.554) para medir los niveles de conocimiento y sus determinantes. A través de análisis de correlación y regresión lineal, los resultados muestran que, acorde con resultados obtenidos en la investigación comparada, los niveles de conocimiento político en Chile son en promedio bajos y que existe una gran desigualdad en la distribución de ese conocimiento. Los principales factores que determinan niveles variados de conocimiento en Chile son educación, edad, consumo de medios y frecuencia de conversaciones políticas.
Acinar Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas Successfully Controlled by IRIS: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Takahashi Kazuhiro , Oshiro Yukio , Tsukamoto Shigeki , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro , Hirayama Katsu
Published: May 2016

Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) of the pancreas is a rare pancreatic tumor with poor prognosis. We present the first case of ACC of the pancreas successfully controlled by S-1 combined with a colorectal regimen. A 49-year-old Japanese female was referred to our clinic for right upper quadrant pain. Imaging studies demonstrated 2 solid tumors under the pancreas, and pancreatoduodenectomy with tumor resection was performed. Based on pathologic examination, the diagnosis of ACC of the pancreas was made according to the World Health Organization criteria. Eleven months after surgery, lymph node recurrence with elevations in serum concentrations of carbohydrate antigens (CA) 19–9 and CA125 were recognized. Treatments with carboplatin combined with paclitaxel, docetaxel, and gemcitabine, respectively, were attempted; however, there were no significant responses to these regimens. After starting S–1/irinotecan combination chemotherapy (IRIS), the concentrations of the tumor markers declined, accompanied by a reduction in tumor size. Because S-1 is an oral anticancer agent used on an outpatient basis with a low incidence of side effects, we believe that S–1-based chemotherapy is a strong candidate for the first-line treatment of recurrent or unresectable ACC.
Systematic Injection Patterned-Technique of One-Per-Mil Tumescent Solution for Perforator-Based Skin Flap: Is it Better Than the Random Patterned-Technique?
Authors: Prasetyono Theddeus O. H. , Pribadi Sweety
Published: May 2016

The aim of the study is to compare the systematic injection patterned-technique of 1-per-mil tumescent solution versus the random patterned-technique. Several incidences of perforator flap necrosis have been encountered with tumescent technique. Among the possible causes, the most probable cause is the injury of perforator artery due to the multi-passing needle injections. Thus, an evaluation regarding the needle injection pattern needs to be done in order to avoid necrotic flap incidence. A randomized controlled experimental study was conducted on both groins of 20 healthy Wistar stained-Rattus novergicus weighing 220 to 270 g. A comparison of a systematic injection pattern and a random injection pattern was performed. Three mL of 1-per-mil tumescent solution was injected subcutaneously before elevation of the islanded groin flap. Clarity of the operative field along with the size of the pedicle were recorded. The photos of survival area of the skin flap on postoperative day 7 were analyzed using Analyzing Digital Images. Totally bloodless operative field was observed in all subjects. Three out of 19 flaps in group A (15.78%) and 4 out of 18 flaps in group B (22.22%), were found to be necrotic, either total or partial. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between the injection technique groups, in terms of flap necrosis. Although the 1-per-mil tumescent technique is advantageous in a way that it provides a totally bloodless operative field, the systematic injection patterned-technique was not found to be more superior compared to the custom random patterned-multi-passing needle injection technique.
Aggressive Surgical Resection Combined With Imatinib Therapy for Liver Metastases From a Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Authors: Tsukagoshi Mariko , Suzuki Hideki , Araki Kenichiro , Ishii Norihiro , Watanabe Akira , Kubo Norio , Wada Satoshi , Saito Fumiyoshi , Kuwano Hiroyuki
Published: May 2016

The use of imatinib mesylate has influenced survival in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). However, whether a combination of imatinib and surgical resection can further prolong survival in these patients has not yet been fully elucidated. We report a case of a 59-year-old woman with multiple liver metastases from a jejunal GIST. The patient received imatinib therapy after partial resection of the jejunum, and she subsequently underwent right hepatic trisectionectomy. However, liver metastasis was detected again after surgery. Secondary imatinib therapy was started, and the patient underwent partial hepatectomy at the left lateral segment. Postoperatively, the patient underwent imatinib treatment and has survived without recurrence for 3 years. Imatinib is recommended for the treatment of advanced GIST; however, a complete response is rare, and approximately half of all patients develop resistance to imatinib. Aggressive surgical resection combined with imatinib may be effective for the control of advanced GIST.
Successful Intracorporeal Suturing Following Laparoscopic Resection of a Large Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Located at the Esophagogastric Junction
Authors: Kanaji Shingo , Suzuki Satoshi , Nakamura Tetsu , Tomono Ayako , Urakawa Naoki , Kakeji Yoshihiro
Published: May 2016

Laparoscopic partial resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) ≤5 cm in size is widely performed, whereas that of large GISTs (size >5 cm) is controversial because of oncologic and technical safety. Furthermore, laparoscopic resection of GISTs located at the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is difficult because of the high risk of narrowing or/and deformity of the EGJ. In the current study we report a case of laparoscopic partial resection of a large GIST located at the EGJ. A 74-year-old female patient visited our institution complaining of epigastric discomfort. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy and an abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a 7.5 × 4.0 cm GIST at the EGJ and upper stomach. The patient underwent laparoscopic partial resection with intracorporeal suturing, without any breakage of the pseudocapsule. The defect of the esophagogastric wall after resection was closed by intracorporeal running suture. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of laparoscopic resection of a large GIST located at the EGJ. Our technique of intracorporeal manual suturing following laparoscopic gastric resection can be a valid option for minimally invasive surgery for a large GIST located at the EGJ.
Medical Aid in Dying Laws
Authors: Pope Thaddeus Mason
Published: September 2024

This Viewpoint discusses aspects of medical aid in dying laws in the US, including patient access, clinician authorization, and waiting periods.
Incidence and Prevalence of Morphea
Authors: Keum Heejo , Chen Henry W. , Haley Robert W. , Jacobe Heidi T.
Published: September 2024

This cohort study uses population-based data to estimate the incidence and prevalence of morphea in the US among patients of all ages.
Cord Blood Serum Levels of IL-31 and CCL17, Cutaneous Markers, and Development of Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: D’Erme Angelo Massimiliano , Fidanzi Cristian , Bevilacqua Matteo , Bieber Thomas , Tuoni Cristina , Paolicchi Aldo , Franzini Maria , Morganti Riccardo , Papadia Francesca , Janowska Agata , Dini Valentina , Romanelli Marco
Published: September 2024

Importance

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most prevalent chronic skin condition characterized by inflammation and itching. Currently, there is no reliable method for identifying which newborns might have an increased risk of developing AD.

Objective

To evaluate the predictive value of serological biomarkers, such as CCL17/thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, CCL18, CCL22, CCL27, IL-31, and thymus stromal lymphopoietin, with transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration rate and the development of AD in infants.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This observational prospective study included 40 consecutive full-term newborns from a single university hospital in Pisa, Italy. The cutaneous markers of infants were assessed at 1, 6, and 12 months of age, while the biomarkers from the 10-mL sample of cord blood taken at birth were measured after delivery. Data were collected from March to December 2018 and analyzed from January to April 2019.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Level of serological biomarkers associated with TEWL and hydration rate, as well as the emergence of AD during the first 12 months of life.

Results

All 40 included infants (27 male [68%]) completed the study. At 6 months, 16 infants presented symptoms and signs of AD (AD group) and 24 did not (non-AD group). Infants with AD signs had statistically significant anterior cubital fossa TEWL values at 1, 6, and 12 months of age compared to those without AD signs. No statistically significant correlations were observed between the TEWL measured at the anterior part of knee and hydration rate at the anterior cubital fossa at first month in the 2 groups. With regard to the blood biomarkers, at birth those in the AD group vs the non-AD group had statistically significant higher levels of CCL17/thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (median [IQR], 716 [509-951] pg/mL vs 419 [24-566] pg/mL; P = .003) and IL-31 (median [IQR], 212 [114-409] pg/mL vs 97 [52-277] pg/mL; P = .04); in contrast, no statistically significant serum level differences were registered for thymus stromal lymphopoietin (median [IQR], 105 [66-295] pg/mL vs 88 [43-187] pg/mL), CCL18 (median [IQR], 1236 [1115-1605] pg/mL vs 1255 [1188-1677] pg/mL), CCL22 (median [IQR], 1032 [936-1454] pg/mL vs 1096 [932-1536] pg/mL), and CCL27 (median [IQR], 172 [122-251] pg/mL vs 120 [90-265] pg/mL).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this observational study, the analysis of TEWL at the anterior cubital fossa area occurred prior to and correlated with the clinical signs of AD. Quantification of cytokines indicated that assessing cord blood serum levels of CCL17 and IL-31 could offer new perspectives in identifying newborns who might be susceptible to AD. Larger studies are needed to validate these findings.
Hospital Capacity Data and Extreme Heat Event Vulnerability
Authors: Mahmoud Hussam , Gadgil Meghana , Hassan Emad M. , Martin Michael , Castillo Enrico G. , Diem Stephanie , Krieger Elena
Published: September 2024

This qualitative study examines how regional health care capacity is associated with extreme heat event vulnerability.
Identifying adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vectors that efficiently target high grade glioma cells, for in vitro monitoring of temporal cell responses
Authors: Sarker Farhana A. , Chen Yuyan , Westhaus Adrian , Lisowski Leszek , O'Neill Geraldine M.
Published: September 2024

To improve the translation of preclinical cancer research data to successful clinical effect, there is an increasing focus on the use of primary patient‐derived cancer cells with limited growth in culture to reduce genetic and phenotype drift. However, these primary lines are less amenable to standardly used methods of exogenous DNA introduction. Adeno‐associated viral (AAV) vectors display tropism for a wide range of human tissues, avidly infect primary cells and have a good safety profile. In the present study, we therefore used a next‐generation sequencing (NGS) barcoded AAV screening method to assess transduction capability of a panel of 36 AAVs in primary cell lines representing high‐grade glioma (HGG) brain tumours including glioblastoma (GBM) and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG)/diffuse midline glioma (DMG). As proof of principle, we created a reporter construct to analyse activity of the transcriptional co‐activators yes‐associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co‐activator with PDZ‐binding motif (TAZ). Transcriptional activation was monitored by promoter‐driven expression of the Timer fluorescent tag, a protein that fluoresces green immediately after transcription and transitions to red fluorescence over time. As expected, attempts to express the reporter in primary HGG cells from plasmid expression vectors were unsuccessful. Using the top candidate from the AAV screen, we demonstrate successful AAV‐mediated transduction of HGG cells with the YAP/TAZ dynamic activity reporter. In summary, the NGS‐screening approach facilitated screening of many potential AAVs, identifying vectors that can be used to study the biology of primary HGG cells.
Biophysical Approach to Understand Life and Cancer
Authors: Aykan Nuri Faruk
Published: September 2024

Background

From the perspective of biology, the characteristics of life can be categorized as cellular organizations, homeostasis, metabolism, growth, reproduction and heredity, response to stimuli and adaptation to the environment. From the perspective of physics, living organisms are highly ordered, complex, thermodynamically open systems; they are in non‐equilibrium phase. According to the second law of thermodynamics, every system in the universe is going to the disorder spontaneously. Maximum entropy signifies a thermodynamic equilibrium which means the death. Today, cancer is a major global health problem and despite the explosive development of our knowledge about the carcinogenesis the “war on cancer” has not yet been won.

Aims

To examine life and cancer together based on current biophysical approach and to shed light on new paradigms.

Materials & Methods

A systematic literature search for publications on a thermodynamic approach to understand life and cancer was conducted in PubMed without language restrictions. The reference lists of identified studies were also used as additional knowledge.

Results

Living organisms exchange entropy and they gain information from the external environment. Information can be stored as memory. Life is a category of emergence like art composed from correct modules. On the contrary, cancer is the emergence of a disease formed by incorrect modules. Cancer is a chaotic disease at least for a limited period and cannot arise from healthy functional tissue units. Chaos of the lower level may be associated with the entropy increase of upper level.

Conclusions

Biologic chaos control is possible.
A novel multi‐channel applicator with a U‐shaped channel for vaginal intracavity brachytherapy
Authors: Lu Yanfei , Chen Jianhong , Wang Fangfang , Zhou Qiong , Zhang Xiang
Published: September 2024

Background

Endometrial cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies in the world. Vaginal brachytherapy is an important postoperative adjuvant treatment for endometrial cancer. However, a common problem with existing applicators is insufficient dose at the vaginal apex.

Purpose

This study describes the Hangzhou (HZ) cylinder, a novel 3D printed vaginal intracavity brachytherapy applicator, detailing its characteristics, dose distribution, and clinical applications.

Methods and Materials

The HZ cylinder is distinguished by its unique structure: a U‐shaped channel with a 2 mm diameter, a straight central axis channel of the same diameter, and 10 parallel straight channels. For comparison, standard plans were employed, designed to ensure that a minimum of 95% of the prescribed dose reached 5 mm beneath the mucosal surface. We conducted comparative analyses of mucosal surface doses and doses at a 5 mm depth below the mucosa between the HZ cylinder and a conventional single‐channel cylinder across various treatment schemes. Additionally, the study examined dose differences in target volume and organs at risk (OARs) between actual HZ cylinder plans and hypothetical single‐channel plans.

Results

In the standard plans, mucosal surface doses at the apex of the vagina were 209.32% and 200.61% of the prescribed dose with the HZ and single‐channel cylinders, respectively. The doses on the left and right wall mucosal surfaces varied from 149.26% to 178.13% and 142.98% to 180.75% of the prescribed dose, and on the anterior and posterior wall mucosal surfaces varied from 128.87% to 138.50% and 142.98% to 180.75% of the prescribed dose. Analysis of 24 actual treatment plans revealed that when the vaginal tissue volume dose covering 98% (vaginal D98%) was comparable between the HZ cylinder and virtual single‐channel plans (6.74 ± 0.07 Gy vs. 6.69 ± 0.10 Gy, p = 0.24), rectum doses of HZ cylinder plans were significantly lower than those of single‐channel plans (D1cc, 5.96 ± 0.56 Gy vs. 6.26 ± 0.71 Gy, p = 0.02 and D2cc, 5.26 ± 0.52 Gy vs. 5.56 ± 0.62 Gy, p = 0.02).

Conclusions

The HZ cylinder demonstrates a reduction in dose to the rectum and bladder while maintaining adequate target volume coverage. Its mucosal surface dose is comparable to that of the traditional single‐channel cylinder. These findings suggest that the HZ cylinder is a viable and potentially safer alternative for vaginal brachytherapy, warranting further investigation with larger sample sizes.
Technical Note: Investigating of dosimetric leaf gap and leaf transmission factor variations across gantry and collimator angles in volumetric modulation arc therapy
Authors: Rostami Aram , Barzegar Mojtaba , Usman Muhammad , Paloor Satheesh Prasad , Mkanna Abbass Yousef , Al‐Sabahi Alla Fuad , Hammoud Rabih Wafiq
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study investigates the influence of gantry and collimator angles on the dosimetric leaf gap (DLG) and leaf transmission factor (LTF) in a Varian LINAC equipped with rounded‐end multi‐leaf collimators (MLCs). While Varian guidelines recommend DLG measurements at zero degrees for both gantry and collimator, this research aims to address the knowledge gap by assessing DLG and LTF variations at different gantry and collimator angles.

Methods

Measurements were conducted using a Varian TrueBeam LINAC with a Millennium 120‐leaf MLC and Eclipse TPS version 16.1. The beams utilized in this study had energies of 6 MV, 10 MV, 6 FFF, and 10 FFF. LTF and DLG were determined using ionization chambers in solid water phantoms at various gantry angles (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, and 315°). For each gantry angle, measurements were also taken at various collimator angles (0°, 45°, 90°, and 315°). Dosimetric impacts were evaluated through VMAT Picket Fence tests and patient‐specific verification using portal dosimetry for 10 clinical VMAT plans.

Results

LTF values showed no significant variation across gantry and collimator angles. However, DLG values exhibited notable differences depending on the gantry angle and were independent of the collimator angle. The highest DLG value was observed at a gantry angle of 270 degrees, while the lowest was at 90 degrees. The AXB DLGAverage (averaging seven measurements of DLGs at different gantry angles) model demonstrated the best agreement between measured and calculated dose distributions, indicating the importance of considering averaged DLG values across multiple gantry angles for accurate dose calculations.

Conclusion

Our study highlights the variability of DLG with gantry angle alterations, contrary to Varian guidelines recommending DLG measurements at zero gantry angle only. We advocate for utilizing an averaged DLG value from measurements across multiple gantry angles, as outlined in our methodology.
Unraveling P‐Type and N‐Type Interfaces in Superconducting Infinite‐Layer Nickelate Thin Films
Authors: Raji Aravind , Gutiérrez‐Llorente Araceli , Zhang Dongxin , Li Xiaoyan , Bibes Manuel , Iglesias Lucia , Rueff Jean‐Pascal , Gloter Alexandre
Published: September 2024

After decades of research, superconductivity is finally found in nickel‐based analogs of superconducting cuprates, with infinite‐layer (IL) structure. These results are so far restricted to thin films in the case of IL‐nickelates. Therefore, the nature of the interface with the substrate, and how it couples with the thin film properties is still an open question. Here, using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)‐ electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), a novel p‐type interface defined by SrO termination with the SrTiO3 substrate is observed in superconducting (SC) IL‐praseodymium nickelate samples. Its interfacial charge and polarity are compared with the previously reported n‐type interface characterized by TiO2 termination. In combination with ab‐initio calculations, it is found that the influence of the interface on the electronic structure is local and does not extend beyond 2–3 unit cells into the thin film. This decouples the direct influence of the interface in driving the superconductivity, and indicates that the IL‐nickelate thin films do not have a universal interface model. Insights into the spatial hole‐distribution in SC samples, provided by monochromated EELS and total reflection‐hard X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy, suggest that this particular distribution might be directly influencing superconductivity.
Controlling Bicontinuous Polyelectrolyte Complexation for Membrane Selectivity: Redox‐Mediated Electrochemical Separation of Volatile Fatty Acids
Authors: Oh Wangsuk , Kim Nayeong , Kim Hyewon , Mackie Roderick Ian , Su Xiao
Published: September 2024

Fermentative volatile fatty acid (VFA) production is a sustainable approach for waste valorization. However, selective product recovery remains challenging due to the range of VFAs produced and their dilute concentrations, requiring energy‐intensive purification. Membrane‐based electrochemical separations comprise an energy‐efficient and continuous platform for small molecule separations. At the same time, there is a lack of suitable ion‐exchange membranes for separating between structurally similar organic acids. Here, bicontinuous polyelectrolyte complex (PEC)‐layered nanofiltration membranes are designed for the selective recovery of VFAs using redox‐mediated electrodialysis. Hydrophobic modification of polyelectrolytes via aza‐Michael addition precisely tunes the complexation‐induced phase separation behaviors and the assembled nanostructures. Surface‐confined layer‐by‐layer complexation generates a nanoscale bicontinuous PEC active layer with tailored surface properties that is inaccessible through bulk complexation. Redox‐mediated electrodialysis using the nanostructured membrane exhibits enhancement of both ion permeability and selectivity toward VFAs, with notable reduction of energy consumption by up to 80% compared to conventional electrodialysis. Treatment of synthetic and cow manure fermentation effluents showcases 2 to 4‐fold enrichment of VFAs and simultaneous removal of co‐existing organic acids, with an energy consumption as low as 1.5 kWh kg−1. These findings advance the understanding of interfacial complexation‐induced phase separation of polyelectrolytes and the development of next‐generation nanostructured membranes for multicomponent separations.
Random Number Generators and Spiking Neurons from Metal Oxide/Small Molecules Heterojunction N‐Shape Switching Transistors
Authors: Seo Juhyung , Kang Seungme , Kumar Divake , Shin Wonjun , Cho Jinill , Kim Taesung , Kim Yeongkwon , Jang Byung Chul , Trivedi Amit R. , Yoo Hocheon
Published: September 2024

In this study, a hybrid organic‐inorganic field‐effect transistor (FET) is proposed with n‐type zinc‐tin oxide (ZTO) and p‐type dinaphtho[2,3‐b:2′,3′‐f] thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (DNTT), presenting two applications: (1) random number generator (RNG) and (2) spiking neuron. Interface challenges lead to operational instabilities such as bias stress and hysteresis due to trap site formation from oxide surface hydroxyl groups. However, these trap sites are utilized to produce unstable noise for RNG. Also, the impact of an internal interlayer is explored to mitigate instability in the negative transconductance (NTC) effect. This interlayer enhances material compatibility, improving turn‐on voltage, on‐off current ratio, and reducing hysteresis in the FET. These improvements highlight and maximize the robustness of NTC characteristics. Utilizing this behavior, a spiking neuron is demonstrated that emulates neuronal spiking and generates neuronal spike signals.
PEI‐Engineered Lipid@PLGA Hybrid Nanoparticles for Multimodal Delivery of Antigens and Immune Adjuvants to the Respiratory Mucosa
Authors: Brusco Susy , Conte Gemma , Corteggio Annunziata , Silvestri Teresa , Spitaleri Andrea , Brocca Paola , Miro Agnese , Quaglia Fabiana , d'Angelo Ivana , D'Apice Luciana , Italiani Paola , Costabile Gabriella , Ungaro Francesca
Published: September 2024

Antigen delivery via respiratory mucosal surfaces is an interesting needle‐free option for vaccination. Nonetheless, it demands for the design of especially tailored formulations. Here, lipid/poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid (PLGA) hybrid nanoparticles (hNPs) for the combined delivery of an antigen, ovalbumin (Ova), and an adjuvant, synthetic unmethylated cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) motifs, is developed. A panel of Ova/CpG‐loaded lipid@PLGA hNPs with tunable size and surface is attained by exploiting two lipid moieties, 1,2 distearoil‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine‐poly(ethylene glycol) (DSPE‐PEG) and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), with or without polyethyleneimine (PEI). It is gained insights on the lipid@PLGA hNPs through a combination of techniques to analytically determine the specific moiety on the surface, the spatial distribution of the components and the internal structure of the nanoplatforms. The collected results suggest that PEI plays a role of paramount importance not only in promoting in vitro antigen escape from lysosomes and enhancing antigen cross‐presentation, but also in determining the arrangement of the moieties in the final architecture of the hNPs. Though multicomponent PEI‐engineered lipid@PLGA hNPs turn out as a viable strategy for delivery of antigens and adjuvant to the respiratory mucosa, tunable nanoparticle features are achievable only through the optimal selection of the components and their relative amounts.
Bioinks from All‐Natural Pickering Emulgels Co‐Stabilized by Cationic CNC and Inclusion Complexes Formed by α‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Jaekel Esther E. , Ajdary Rubina , Holwell Nathan , Mathew Sean , Amsden Brian G. , De France Kevin J. , Rojas Orlando J. , Antonietti Markus , Filonenko Svitlana
Published: September 2024

Direct ink writing is especially relevant to the biomedical field due to the customizable extrusion and the possibility of creating pre‐designed architectures. Abundant natural polymers are sustainable and biocompatible alternatives to synthetic and persistent polymers. The printing of pure nanocellulose suspensions proves difficult due to low solid loadings, high shrinkage, as well as non‐fitting rheology. Emulsion gels (emulgel) alternatives gain attention in the field owing to their favorable viscoelastic properties and the possibility of creating multiphase systems. The authors’ sulfur‐free cationic cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) of low degree of substitution enable straightforward deployment in Pickering emulsions. An emulgel ink co‐stabilized by cationic CNC and α‐cyclodextrin is introduced as an interfacial inclusion complex. All ink components are natural and biodegradable compounds. The produced emulgel inks allow for high fidelity printing and minimum shrinkage upon drying that relaxes the need for supports, even in complex overhanging structures. A low yield stress (230–270 Pa) facilitates the inclusion of cells for biomedical applications into the formulation. The emulgel can be tuned to the desired rheological properties and be equipped with both polar and apolar compounds due to the biphasic system, making it a promising platform for biocompatible additive manufacturing.
The WFS1‐ZnT3‐Zn2+ Axis Regulates the Vicious Cycle of Obesity and Depression
Authors: Gong Mengting , Fang Yulin , Yang Kaijiang , Yuan Fei , Hu Rui , Su Yajuan , Yang Yiling , Xu Wenjun , Ma Qing , Cha Jiaxue , Zhang Ru , Zhang Zhen‐Ning , Li Weida
Published: September 2024

Obesity, a growing global health concern, is closely linked to depression. However, the neural mechanism of association between obesity and depression remains poorly understood. In this study, neural‐specific WFS1 deficiency exacerbates the vicious cycle of obesity and depression in mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD), positioning WFS1 as a crucial factor in this cycle. Through human pluripotent stem cells (hESCs) neural differentiation, it is demonstrated that WFS1 regulates Zn2+ homeostasis and the apoptosis of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and cerebral organoids by inhibiting the zinc transporter ZnT3 under the situation of dysregulated lipid metabolism. Notably, riluzole regulates ZnT3 expression to maintain zinc homeostasis and protect NPCs from lipotoxicity‐induced cell death. Importantly, riluzole, a therapeutic molecule targeting the nervous system, in vivo administration prevents HFD‐induced obesity and associated depression. Thus, a WFS1‐ZnT3‐Zn2+ axis critical is demonstrated for the vicious cycle of obesity and depression and that riluzole may have the potential to reverse this process against obesity and depression.
Transcriptional Regulation of De Novo Lipogenesis by SIX1 in Liver Cancer Cells
Authors: Li Ling , Zhang Xiujuan , Xu Guang , Xue Rui , Li Shuo , Wu Shumeng , Yang Yuanjun , Lin Yanni , Lin Jing , Liu Guoxiao , Gao Shan , Zhang Youzhi , Ye Qinong
Published: September 2024

De novo lipogenesis (DNL), a hallmark of cancer, facilitates tumor growth and metastasis. Therapeutic drugs targeting DNL are being developed. However, how DNL is directly regulated in cancer remains largely unknown. Here, transcription factor sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1) is shown to directly increase the expression of DNL‐related genes, including ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), via histone acetyltransferases amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1) and lysine acetyltransferase 7 （HBO1/KAT7）, thus promoting lipogenesis. SIX1 expression is regulated by insulin/lncRNA DGUOK‐AS1/microRNA‐145‐5p axis, which also modulates DNL‐related gene expression as well as DNL. The DGUOK‐AS1/microRNA‐145‐5p/SIX1 axis regulates liver cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. In patients with liver cancer, SIX1 expression is positively correlated with DGUOK‐AS1 and SCD1 expression and is negatively correlated with microRNA‐145‐5p expression. DGUOK‐AS1 is a good predictor of prognosis. Thus, the DGUOK‐AS1/microRNA‐145‐5p/SIX1 axis strongly links DNL to tumor growth and metastasis and may become an avenue for liver cancer therapeutic intervention.
A Novel Engineering Cell Therapy Platform Mimicking the Immune Thrombocytopenia‐Derived Platelets to Inhibit Cytokine Storm in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Liu Zhenyu , Du Ying , Zhou Tong , Qin Ting , Yuan Yining , Xu Weilu , Fang MengKun , Wang Xuemei , Chen Bing , Xu Peipei
Published: September 2024

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a common and highly fatal hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized by the aberrant activation of macrophages. To date, there is a lack of targeted therapies for HLH. It is validated that macrophages in HLH efficiently phagocytose anti‐CD41‐platelets (anti‐CD41‐PLTs) from immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients in previous research. Hence, the pathological mechanisms of ITP are mimicked and anti‐CD41‐PLTs are utilized to load the macrophage‐toxic drug VP16 to construct macrophage‐targetable engineered platelets anti‐CD41‐PLT‐VP16, which is a novel targeted therapy against HLH. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that anti‐CD41‐PLT‐VP16 has excellent targeting and pro‐macrophage apoptotic effects. In HLH model mice, anti‐CD41‐PLT‐VP16 prevents hemophagocytosis and inhibits the cytokine storm. Mechanistic studies reveal that anti‐CD41‐PLT‐VP16 increases the cytotoxicity of VP16, facilitating precise intervention in macrophages. Furthermore, it operates as a strategic “besieger” in diminishing hyperinflammation syndrome, which can indirectly prevent the abnormal activation of T cells and NK cells and reduce the Ab‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity effect. The first platelet‐based clinical trial is ongoing. The results show that after treatment with anti‐CD41‐PLT‐VP16, HLH patients have a threefold increase in the overall response rate compared to patients receiving conventional chemotherapy. In conclusion, anti‐CD41‐PLT‐VP16 provides a general insight into hyperinflammation syndrome and offers a novel clinical therapeutic strategy for HLH.
Ge Enrichment of Ge–Sb–Te Alloys as Keystone of Flexible Edge Electronics
Authors: Calvi Sabrina , Bertelli Marco , De Simone Sara , Maita Francesco , Prili Simone , Diaz Fattorini Adriano , De Matteis Fabio , Mussi Valentina , Righi Riva Flavia , Longo Massimo , Arciprete Fabrizio , Calarco Raffaella
Published: September 2024

Edge computing architectures are intended to store and process data nearby the sensor, while ensuring fast and safe data processing, low power consumption and cost minimization. The stability, mechanical flexibility, huge computational and storage requirements needed for these applications are beyond the capability of current embedded devices. Memories based on phase‐change materials have the potential to overcome these issues. However, their behavior on flexible substrates is yet to be understood and alloys owning the required key features still need to be proposed. With this work, it is demonstrated that Ge–Sb–Te (GST) alloys are large‐area scalable and directly processable on flexible substrates, while their large resistance contrast enables the prospect of multilevel data encoding. Remarkably, the Ge enrichment acts as both thermal and mechanical stabilizer within the alloy. The highlighted features of Ge‐enriched GST alloys show their potential as new active materials for the most demanding flexible edge electronics applications.
Tuning the Resistance of a VO2 Junction by Focused Laser Beam and Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Fang Zhuoqun , Alzate‐Banguero Melissa , Rajapurohita Amit R. , Simmons Forrest , Carlson Erica W. , Chen Zhuoying , Aigouy Lionel , Zimmers Alexandre
Published: September 2024

Vanadium Dioxide (VO2) is a material that exhibits a phase transition from an insulating state to a metallic state at ≈68 °C. During a temperature cycle consisting of warming followed by cooling, the resistivity of VO2 changes by several orders of magnitude over the course of the hysteresis loop. Using a focused laser beam (λ = 532 nm), it is shown that it is possible to optically generate micron‐sized metallic patterns within the insulating phase of a VO2 planar junction which can be used to tune, on demand, the resistance of the VO2 junction. A resistor network simulation is used to characterize the resulting resistance drops in the devices. These patterns persist while the base temperature is held constant within the hysteretic region while being easily removed totally by simply lowering the base temperature. Surprisingly, it is also observed that the pattern can be partially erased using an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip on the submicron scale. This erasing process can be qualitatively explained by the temperature difference between the VO2 surface and the tip which acts as a local cooler. This optical and AFM resistive fine‐tuning offers the possibility of creating controllable synaptic weights between room‐temperature VO2 neuristors.
Coupled Photochemical Storage Materials in Solar Rechargeable Batteries: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects
Authors: Liu Hongmin , Gao Xinran , Lou Yitao , Liu Hua Kun , Dou Shi Xue , Bai Zhongchao , Wang Nana
Published: September 2024

Solar rechargeable batteries (SRBs), as an emerging technology for harnessing solar energy, integrate the advantages of photochemical devices and redox batteries to synergistically couple dual‐functional materials capable of both light harvesting and redox activity. This enables direct solar‐to‐electrochemical energy storage within a single system. However, the mismatch in energy levels between coupled photochemical storage materials (PSMs) and the occurrence of side reactions with liquid electrolytes during charge‐discharge cycles lead to a decrease in solar energy conversion efficiency. This impedes the advancement of SRBs. This review comprehensively discusses of the latest advancements in PSMs, which are crucial for designing advanced SRBs. It delves into an extensive discussion of the design criteria for dual‐functional photochemical storage cathodes (PSCs) and elucidates the operational mechanism of SRBs. Additionally, it further discusses the performance, efficiency, and long‐term cycle stability of SRBs in relation to photoelectronic and photothermal mechanisms. Finally, an outlook on primary challenges and prospects that SRBs will encounter is provided to offer novel insights for their technological advancement.
Activating Lattice Oxygen Oxidation Mechanism in Asymmetric [IrO6] Octahedra of Ir‐Based Oxides Toward Superior Acidic Electrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Liu Yuying , Liu Ziyi , Li Na , Wang Chao , Wang Huijuan , Ji Qianqian , Hu Fengchun , Tan Hao , Liu Chaocheng , Liu Chenglong , Li Zhi , Feng Sihua , Tang Bing , Liu Ruiqi , Lv Liyang , Cheng Weiren , Yan Wensheng
Published: September 2024

The activation of lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism (LOM) will endow iridium‐based electrocatalysts with desired acid‐available water oxidation activity, compared to the conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM). However, the inherent symmetric [IrO6] octahedra of commercial Ir‐based catalysts generally thermodynamically favor the AEM pathway contributing to the moderate water oxidation performance. Here, based on typical layered Ca2IrO4 (CIO) modeled materials, the d‐orbitals electron repulsion strategy is demonstrated, via constructing asymmetrically polarized Ir‒O‒Ru configuration in Ru‐CIO, to effectively activate the lattice oxygen participating in water oxidation process for decent oxygen‐related electrocatalytic activity. Specifically, a great increase of ≈700‐fold and ≈170‐fold in mass activity and turnover frequency, respectively, has been realized for the optimal Ru‐CIO electrocatalyst in an acid medium relative to the commercial IrO2 electrocatalysts, where a small overpotential of only 175 mV is required for achieving 10 mA cmgeo‒2. In situ X‐ray fine structure spectroscopies combined with in situ 18O‐ isotope‐labeled differential electrochemical mass spectrometry analyses reveal that desirable LOM has been boosted by the activated lattice oxygen and the flexible Ir(3+δ)+ active sites of asymmetric [IrO6] octahedra, which results in superior OER kinetics for Ir‐based oxide catalysts.
Further Delineation of the Proximal 16p11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome: Novel Findings Among 22 New Individuals
Authors: McRae Anne M. , Duncan Jaime , Drackley Andy , Ing Alexander , Allegretti Valerie , Raski Carolyn R. , Mercier Angelique , Prada Carlos E. , Jurgensmeyer Sarah
Published: September 2024

The recurrent chromosome 16p11.2 BP4‐BP5 microdeletion (MIM #611913) predisposes to a neurodevelopmental disorder with variable associated congenital anomalies and susceptibility to early‐onset obesity. We identified 22 new individuals with proximal 16p11.2 deletions through retrospective data analysis at our institution and performed phenotyping through in‐depth chart review. Our cohort exhibited a spectrum of neurodevelopmental abnormalities largely consistent with other publications, however they also were found to have a higher rate than expected of congenital anomalies, some of which have not yet been reported in association with 16p11.2 microdeletions to our knowledge. This series contributes to the body of data on this population, which we anticipate will continue to evolve along with increased uptake of genetic testing.
Associations of Polygenic Risk for Depression, Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution, and Depression: A Population‐Based Study in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Yu‐Cheng , Su Mei‐Hsin , Chen Chia‐Yen , Lin Yen‐Feng , Wang Shi‐Heng
Published: September 2024

To comprehensively investigate the risk factors associated with depression, traditional Chinese medicine constitution (TCMC) has been found to be related to depression. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study examined the association between the concept of unbalanced TCMCs and major depressive disorder (MDD), investigated the overlapping polygenic risks between unbalanced TCMC and MDD, and performed a mediation test to establish potential pathways. In total, 11,030 individuals were recruited from the Taiwan Biobank, and the polygenic risk score (PRS) for MDD for each participant was calculated using the data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Unbalanced TCMC were classified as yang‐deficiency, yin‐deficiency, and stasis. The MDD PRS was associated with yang‐deficiency odds ratio [OR] per standard deviation increase in standardized (PRS = 1.07, p = 0.0080), yin‐deficiency (OR = 1.07, p = 0.0030), and stasis constitution (OR = 1.06, p = 0.0331). Yang‐deficiency (OR = 2.07, p < 0.0001) and stasis constitutions (OR = 1.65, p = 0.0015) were associated with an increased risk of MDD. A higher number of unbalanced constitutions was associated with MDD (p < 0.0001). The effect of MDD PRS on MDD was partly mediated by yang‐deficiency (10.21%) and stasis (8.41%) constitutions. This study provides evidence for the shared polygenic risk mechanism underlying depression and TCMC and the potential mediating role of TCMC in the polygenic liability for MDD.
Synthesis of Naphthalenones Via Photo‐Induced Radical Cascade Fluoroalkylation/Cyclization of Alkenes
Authors: Yang Xiaohu , Yang Chunmei , Wan Xiaoqing , Yang Wenchao , Fang Hegui
Published: September 2024

Herein, we report a photoredox‐catalyzed fluoroalkylation of activated alkenes via fluorinated alkyl‐centered radical induced radical addition/annulation/SET/deprotonation in a domino fashion using 4CzIPN as photocatalyst. The protocol features room temperature, transition metal free, high yields and simple operation, affording a facile and efficient strategy to access fluorine‐containing naphthalenone.
Before, during, and after: An Argument for Safety and Improved Outcome of Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke with Direct Oral Anticoagulant Treatment
Authors: Monjazeb Sanaz , Chang Heather V. , Lyden Patrick D.
Published: September 2024

Direct oral anticoagulants are the primary stroke prevention option in patients with atrial fibrillation. Anticoagulant use before stroke, however, might inhibit clinician comfort with thrombolysis if a stroke does occur. Resuming anticoagulants after ischemic stroke is also problematic for fear of hemorrhage. We describe extensive literature showing that thrombolysis is safe after stroke with direct anticoagulant use. Early reinstitution of direct anticoagulant treatment is associated with lower risk of embolic recurrence and lower hemorrhage risk. The use of direct anticoagulants before, during, and after thrombolysis appears to be safe and is likely to promote improved outcomes after ischemic stroke. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:871–886