bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perioperative Optimization of Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Owers C. E. , Abbas Y. , Ackroyd R. , Barron N. , Khan M.
Published: July 2012

Bariatric surgery is fast becoming an efficient and safe method of weight reduction, especially for patients in whom conservative measures have failed. As the obese population of the world increases, so will the number of patients requesting or requiring surgical weight loss methods. Bariatric patients however have numerous co-morbidities that make their operative course more difficult, and therefore is important to have a good understanding of the important issues surrounding their pre, peri and post operative management. This article aims to educate the reader about optimal management of the bariatric surgical patient.
Preconditioning and Acute Effects of Flavonoids in Protecting Cardiomyocytes from Oxidative Cell Death
Authors: Akhlaghi Masoumeh , Bandy Brian
Published: July 2012

While flavonoids can reportedly protect against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, the relative effectiveness of different flavonoids and the mechanisms involved are unclear. We compared protection by different flavonoids using rat embryonic ventricular H9c2 cells subjected to simulated ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and totert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-buOOH). Characterization of the IR model showed the relative contributions of glucose, serum, and oxygen deprivation to cell death. With long-term (2-3 day) pretreatment before IR the best protection was given by catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, proanthocyanidins, and ascorbate, which protected at all doses. Quercetin protected (34%) at 5 μM but was cytotoxic at higher doses. Cyanidin protected mildly (10–15%) at 5 and 20 μM, while delphinidin had no effect at 5 μM and was cytotoxic at higher doses. Comparing long-term and acute protection by catechin, a higher concentration was needed for benefit with acute (1 hr) pretreatment. With a pure oxidative stress (t-buOOH) only quercetin significantly protected with 3-day pretreatment, while with short-term (1 h) pretreatments protection was best with quercetin and epigallocatechin gallate. The results suggest catechins to be especially useful as IR preconditioning agents, while quercetin and epigallocatechin gallate may be the most protective acutely in situations of oxidative stress.
Clinical Distribution and Molecular Basis of Traditional Chinese MedicineZHENGin Cancer
Authors: Chen Zhen , Wang Peng
Published: July 2012

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinical practice,ZHENG(also known as syndrome) helps to guide design of individualized treatment strategies. In this study, we investigated the clinical use ofZHENGin TCM-treated cancer patients by systematically analyzing data from all relevant reports in the Chinese-language scientific literature. We aimed to determine the clinicalZHENGdistributions in six common cancers (lung, liver, gastric, breast, colorectal, and pancreatic) with the expectation of uncovering a theoretical basis for TCMZHENGas a clinical cancer treatment. In addition, we also reviewed the molecular basis underlyingXue-Yu(blood stasis),Shi-Re(dampness-heat),Yin-Xu(Yin deficiency), andPi-Xu(spleen deficiency)ZHENGthat are commonly found in cancer patients. The results from our summary study provide insights into the potential utility of TCMZHENGand may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular basis of TCMZHENGin cancer.
Depression in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Mastrogiannis Dimos , Giamouzis Gregory , Dardiotis Efthimios , Karayannis George , Chroub-Papavaiou Artemis , Kremeti Dimitra , Spiliopoulos Kyriakos , Georgoulias Panagiotis , Koutsias Stelios , Bonotis Konstantinos , Mantzorou Marianna , Skoularigis John , Hadjigeorgiou Georgios M. , Butler Javed , Triposkiadis Filippos
Published: July 2012

It has been widely suggested that depression negatively affects patients with cardiovascular disease. There are several pathophysiological mechanisms as well as behavioral processes linking depression and cardiac events. Improvements in nursing and medical care have prolonged survival of this patient population; however, this beneficial outcome has led to increased prevalence of depression. Since mortality rates in chronic heart failure patients remain extremely high, it might be as equally important to screen for depression and there are several valid and reliable screening tools that healthcare personnel could easily employ to identify patients at greater risk. Consultation should be provided by a multidisciplinary team, consisting of cardiologists, psychiatrists, and hospital or community nurses so as to carefully plan, execute, and evaluate medical intervention and implement lifestyle changes. We aim to systematically review the existing knowledge regarding current definitions, prognostic implications, pathophysiological mechanisms, and current and future treatment options in patients with depression and cardiovascular disease, specifically those with heart failure.
The Effects of Chronic Ingestion of Mercuric Chloride on Fertility and Testosterone Levels in Male Sprague Dawley Rats
Authors: Heath John C. , Abdelmageed Y. , Braden Tim D. , Goyal Hari O.
Published: July 2012

Although male infertility is well researched, the effects of inorganic mercury on male reproduction and fertility are less well known. Studies pertaining to mercury and male fertility identified reduced concentration of testosterone in the serum of male workers, a toxic influence on fertility of organic mercury compounds within concentrations at the workplace, and increased days to pregnancy. We evaluated the effect of chronic mercuric chloride (HgCl2) exposure in male rats on reproductive endpoints. Thirty-day old male Sprague Dawley rats (n=31) were exposed to 0.0, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg/day of HgCl2via gavage. After 60 days exposure, they were housed with nonexposed females for 21 days. A survivor analysis revealed the exposed animals took longer to impregnate the females and had a lower rate of impregnation. Further statistical analysis revealed a lower correlation between testicular testosterone levels and days to impregnate, and also lower sperm counts in the epididymis head and body of the exposed males. The results indicate that HgCl2exposure had significant adverse effects on male rat reproduction endpoints including fertility at a dose that was not clinically toxic.
Stability of a Bi‐Additive Functional Equation in Banach Modules Over a C⋆‐Algebra
Authors: Park Won-Gil , Bae Jae-Hyeong
Published: July 2012

We solve the bi‐additive functional equation f(x + y, z − w) + f(x − y, z + w) = 2f(x, z) − 2f(y, w) and prove that every bi‐additive Borel function is bilinear. And we investigate the stability of a bi‐additive functional equation in Banach modules over a unital C⋆‐algebra.
Modeling and Simulation of MIMO Mobile-to-Mobile Wireless Fading Channels
Authors: Bakhshi Gholamreza , Saadat Reza , Shahtalebi Kamal
Published: July 2012

Analysis and design of multielement antenna systems in mobile fading channels require a model for the space-time cross-correlation among the links of the underlying multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) Mobile-to-Mobile (M-to-M) communication channels. In this paper, we propose the modified geometrical two-ring model, a MIMO channel reference model for M-to-M communication systems. This model is based on the extension of single-bounce two-ring scattering model for flat fading channel under the assumption that the transmitter and the receiver are moving. Assuming single-bounce scattering model in both isotropic and nonisotropic environment, a closed-form expression for the space-time cross-correlation function (CCF) between any two subchannels is derived. The proposed model provides an important framework in M-to-M system design, where includes many existing correlation models as special cases. Also, two realizable statistical simulation models are proposed for simulating both isotropic and nonisotropic reference model. The realizable simulation models are based onSum-of-Sinusoids (SoS)simulation model. Finally, the correctness of the proposed simulation models is shown via different simulation scenarios.
Existence and Strong Convergence Theorems for Generalized Mixed Equilibrium Problems of a Finite Family of Asymptotically Nonexpansive Mappings in Banach Spaces
Authors: Wangkeeree Rabian , Dehghan Hossein , Preechasilp Pakkapon
Published: July 2012

We first prove the existence of solutions for a generalized mixed equilibrium problem under the new conditions imposed on the given bifunction and introduce the algorithm for solving a common element in the solution set of a generalized mixed equilibrium problem and the common fixed point set of finite family of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. Next, the strong convergence theorems are obtained, under some appropriate conditions, in uniformly convex and smooth Banach spaces. The main results extend various results existing in the current literature.
Biomass and Yield of Peanut Grown on Tropical Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge Contaminated with Lead
Authors: Camilotti Fábio , Silva Alysson Roberto Baizi e , Marques Marcos Omir
Published: July 2012

Application of sewage sludge with high lead (Pb) contents may pollute soils and contaminate crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate peanut responses to application of sewage sludge with varying Pb contents in order to supply phosphorus (P) to the plant. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with peanut grown on soil sample from a medium-textured Haplustox. Treatments were arranged in 3 × 2 + 2 factorial scheme, replicated three times, distributed in randomized block design, and consisted of: three Pb rates applied to soil with sewage sludge (3, 21, and 42 mg kg−1) × two times of sewage sludge application (30 days before peanut sowing and at the day of the sowing) + mineral fertilization + control (without sewage sludge and mineral fertilization). Sewage sludge was efficient to supply P to peanut. Sewage sludge containing high rates of Pb, when applied, did not harm biomass and yield of the plant, but increased HCl-extractable Pb in soil and Pb content in shoot, roots, and pod husks. Increase of Pb content in pod husks may represent contamination risk of kernels and their products with fragments from husks detached during manipulation or industrial processing of peanuts.
Circulating Levels of MicroRNA from Children with Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes and Healthy Controls: Evidence That miR-25 Associates to Residual Beta-Cell Function and Glycaemic Control during Disease Progression
Authors: Nielsen Lotte B. , Wang Cheng , Sørensen Kaspar , Bang-Berthelsen Claus H. , Hansen Lars , Andersen Marie-Louise M. , Hougaard Philip , Juul Anders , Zhang Chen-Yu , Pociot Flemming , Mortensen Henrik B.
Published: July 2012

This study aims to identify key miRNAs in circulation, which predict ongoing beta-cell destruction and regeneration in children with newly diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). We compared expression level of sera miRNAs from new onset T1D children and age-matched healthy controls and related the miRNAs expression levels to beta-cell function and glycaemic control. Global miRNA sequencing analyses were performed on sera pools from two T1D cohorts (n= 275 and 129, resp.) and one control group (n= 151). We identified twelve upregulated human miRNAs in T1D patients (miR-152, miR-30a-5p, miR-181a, miR-24, miR-148a, miR-210, miR-27a, miR-29a, miR-26a, miR-27b, miR-25, miR-200a); several of these miRNAs were linked to apoptosis and beta-cell networks. Furthermore, we identified miR-25 as negatively associated with residual beta-cell function (est.: −0.12,P= 0.0037), and positively associated with glycaemic control (HbA1c) (est.: 0.11,P= 0.0035) 3 months after onset. In conclusion this study demonstrates that miR-25 might be a “tissue-specific” miRNA for glycaemic control 3 months after diagnosis in new onset T1D children and therefore supports the role of circulating miRNAs as predictive biomarkers for tissue physiopathology and potential intervention targets.
Renal Development and Blood Pressure in Offspring from Dams Submitted to High-Sodium Intake during Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Coimbra Terezila M. , Francescato Heloísa D. C. , Balbi Ana Paula C. , Marin Evelyn C. S. , Costa Roberto S.
Published: July 2012

Exposure to an adverse environment in utero appears to programme physiology and metabolism permanently, with long-term consequences for health of the fetus or offspring. It was observed that the offspring from dams submitted to high-sodium intake during pregnancy present disturbances in renal development and in blood pressure. These alterations were associated with lower plasma levels of angiotensin II (AII) and changes in renal AII receptor I (AT1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expressions during post natal kidney development. Clinical and experimental evidence show that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) participates in renal development. Many effects of AII are mediated through MAPK pathways. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) play a pivotal role in cellular proliferation and differentiation. In conclusion, high-sodium intake during pregnancy and lactation can provoke disturbances in renal development in offspring leading to functional and structural alterations that persist in adult life. These changes can be related at least in part with the decrease in RAS activity considering that this system has an important role in renal development.
Periodic Solutions for a Semi‐Ratio‐Dependent Predator‐Prey System with Delays on Time Scales
Authors: Ding Xiaoquan , Zhao Gaifang
Published: July 2012

This paper is devoted to the existence of periodic solutions for a semi‐ratio‐dependent predator‐prey system with time delays on time scales. With the help of a continuation theorem based on coincidence degree theory, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of periodic solutions. Our results show that for the most monotonic prey growth such as the logistic, the Gilpin, and the Smith growth, and the most celebrated functional responses such as the Holling type, the sigmoidal type, the Ivlev type, the Monod‐Haldane type, and the Beddington‐DeAngelis type, the system always has at least one periodic solution. Some known results are shown to be special cases of the present paper.
A New Fractional Integral Inequality with Singularity and Its Application
Authors: Kong Qiong-Xiang , Ding Xiao-Li
Published: July 2012

We prove an integral inequality with singularity, which complements some known results. This inequality enables us to study the dependence of the solution on the initial condition to a fractional differential equation in the weighted space.
Assessment of Metformin as an Additional Treatment to Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes in Pediatric Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Raub Rebecca M. , Goldberg Stanley J.
Published: July 2012

Objective. To assess the effectiveness of metformin and therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs) in a clinical setting, compared to TLC alone in adolescents with metabolic syndrome (MS). Methodology. This study was a retrospective trial consisting of 60 patients, aged 8–18 years, who were treated for MS at an outpatient clinic. Two groups were formed: the metformin group (M group) and the control group (C group). The M group had been given metformin along with TLC, and the C group had been given TLC alone. Several outcome measures were obtained; the main outcome measure was measuring the change in percentile and z-score of weight and BMI. Results. There were no significant differences between the two groups at the conclusion of the study, except for height percentile (P=0.02) and z-score (P=0.03). Both groups showed promising significant intragroup decreases in weight z-score but BMI percentile and z-score were only significantly decreased in the M group. Conclusion. Metformin at an average dose of 1033 mg, when added to TLC, did not show any clinically important efficacy compared to TLC alone in a pediatric population with MS. However, both groups made significant changes in a positive direction, which may be solely due to TLC.
Structural Studies and Optical and Electrical Properties of Novel Gd3+‐Doped Sb2Se3 Nanorods
Authors: Alemi Abdolali , Hanifehpour Younes , Joo Sang Woo , Min Bong-Ki , Oh Tae Hwan
Published: July 2012

Gd3+‐doped Sb2Se3 nanorods were synthesized by coreduction method at 180°C and pH = 12 for 48 h. Powder XRD patterns indicate that the GdxSb2−xSe3 crystals (x = 0.00–0.04) are isostructural with Sb2Se3. The cell parameters a and b increase for Gd3+ upon increasing the dopant content (x), while c decreases. SEM images show that doping of Gd3+ ions in the lattice of Sb2Se3 results in nanorods. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopic (HRTEM) studies reveal that the Gd0.04Sb1.96Se3 is oriented in the [10‐1] growth direction. UV‐Vis absorption reveals mainly electronic transitions of the Gd3+ ions in doped nanomaterials. Emission spectra of doped materials show sharp emission band originating from f‐f transition  6P7/2→8S7/2 of the Gd3+ ions. The electrical conductance of Gd‐doped Sb2Se3 is higher than undoped Sb2Se3 and increases with temperature.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Effluent Using Fixed Bed of Groundnut Shell Powder
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Gunasekar V. , Ponnusami V.
Published: July 2012

Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using a low‐cost adsorbent groundnut shell powder (GNSP) was studied using fixed bed. Bed service depth model and Thomas model were employed to study the adsorption kinetics and to predict break‐through curves for the system. Both models fit the experimental data very well with very high R2 values. Percentage color removal increased with increase in bed height. It was found that adsorption potential of GNSP was in the range of 0.238 to 0.272 kg/kg of adsorbent. These results show that the GNSP can be effectively used as low‐cost alternate adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from aqueous streams.
Placental Weight and Breast Cancer Risk in Young Women: A Registry-Based Cohort Study from Norway
Authors: Opdahl Signe , Alsaker Mirjam D.K. , Romundstad Pål R. , Eskild Anne , Vatten Lars J.
Published: July 2012

Background: Pregnancy has a short-term risk-increasing effect on breast cancer that may be attributed to growth-promoting effects of pregnancy hormones on prevalent but undetected tumors. Results of two previous studies suggested that placental weight may be positively associated with breast cancer risk.

Methods: In a cohort of 338,051 women followed from 1999 to 2008, on the basis of data linkage between the Medical Birth Registry of Norway and the Cancer Registry of Norway, we assessed whether placental weight in a woman's most recent pregnancy was related to breast cancer risk during the first years following pregnancy.

Results: During follow-up (median, 6.0 years; interquartile range, 3.0–8.3 years), 648 women were diagnosed with breast cancer at a mean age of 38.4 years (standard deviation, 5.3 years). Placental weight in the most recent pregnancy was not associated with breast cancer risk: the hazard ratio per 100-gram increase in placental weight was 1.03 [95% confidence interval, 0.96–1.10]. There was a similar lack of association related to mean placental weight across pregnancies and to placental weight associated with the first birth.

Conclusion: We could not confirm previous reports that women who develop large placentas are at increased risk of breast cancer.

Impact: The epidemiologic support for an association of placental weight with breast cancer risk remains inconclusive. More research is needed to identify factors that influence breast cancer risk in young women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1060–5. ©2012 AACR.
Association of the 15q25 and 5p15 Lung Cancer Susceptibility Regions with Gene Expression in Lung Tumor Tissue
Authors: Fehringer Gord , Liu Geoffrey , Pintilie Melania , Sykes Jenna , Cheng Dangxiao , Liu Ni , Chen Zhuo , Seymour Lesley , Der Sandy D. , Shepherd Frances A. , Tsao Ming-Sound , Hung Rayjean J.
Published: July 2012

Background: Genome-wide association studies have identified two independent lung cancer susceptibility loci at chromosome 15q25 and one locus at 5p15. We examined the association of genetic variants in these regions with gene expression in lung tumor tissue, in an effort to elucidate carcinogenic mechanisms by which these variants influence lung cancer risk.

Methods: We used data from 2 independent studies of non–small cell lung carcinoma patients: the JBR.10 clinical trial (n = 131) and a University Health Network (UHN) patient sample in Toronto (n = 181). We genotyped seven 15q25 and five 5p15 variants and examined their association with expression profiles of genes in the corresponding regions, measured by Affymetrix HG-U133A.

Results: The minor allele (C) of a variant representing one of the two loci at 15q25 (rs2036534) was associated with increased iron-responsive element binding protein 2 (IREB2) expression in both studies (JBR.10 P = 0.042; UHN P = 0.002). A false discovery rate of 0.05 or less in the UHN sample increased our confidence in this association. The association appears to be more prominent among lung adenocarcinoma patients. We did not detect an association between genotype and expression profile for the other 15q25 locus or for 5p15 variants.

Conclusions: In contrast to previous studies that indicate 15q25 variants are associated with lung cancer risk through an effect on smoking behavior, our results suggest these variants may influence risk through a second mechanism, involving modulation of IREB2 expression.

Impact: This finding expands on potential mechanisms through which 15q25 variants influence lung cancer risk and may have implications for future research on chemoprevention strategies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1097–104. ©2012 AACR.
The MTAP-CDKN2A Locus Confers Susceptibility to a Naturally Occurring Canine Cancer
Authors: Shearin Abigail L. , Hedan Benoit , Cadieu Edouard , Erich Suzanne A. , Schmidt Emmett V. , Faden Daniel L. , Cullen John , Abadie Jerome , Kwon Erika M. , Gröne Andrea , Devauchelle Patrick , Rimbault Maud , Karyadi Danielle M. , Lynch Mary , Galibert Francis , Breen Matthew , Rutteman Gerard R. , André Catherine , Parker Heidi G. , Ostrander Elaine A.
Published: July 2012

Background: Advantages offered by canine population substructure, combined with clinical presentations similar to human disorders, makes the dog an attractive system for studies of cancer genetics. Cancers that have been difficult to study in human families or populations are of particular interest. Histiocytic sarcoma is a rare and poorly understood neoplasm in humans that occurs in 15% to 25% of Bernese Mountain Dogs (BMD).

Methods: Genomic DNA was collected from affected and unaffected BMD in North America and Europe. Both independent and combined genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were used to identify cancer-associated loci. Fine mapping and sequencing narrowed the primary locus to a single gene region.

Results: Both populations shared the same primary locus, which features a single haplotype spanning MTAP and part of CDKN2A and is present in 96% of affected BMD. The haplotype is within the region homologous to human chromosome 9p21, which has been implicated in several types of cancer.

Conclusions: We present the first GWAS for histiocytic sarcoma in any species. The data identify an associated haplotype in the highly cited tumor suppressor locus near CDKN2A. These data show the power of studying distinctive malignancies in highly predisposed dog breeds.

Impact: Here, we establish a naturally occurring model of cancer susceptibility due to CDKN2 dysregulation, thus providing insight about this cancer-associated, complex, and poorly understood genomic region. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1019–27. ©2012 AACR.
Multistage Analysis of Variants in the Inflammation Pathway and Lung Cancer Risk in Smokers
Authors: Spitz Margaret R. , Gorlov Ivan P. , Dong Qiong , Wu Xifeng , Chen Wei , Chang David W. , Etzel Carol J. , Caporaso Neil E. , Zhao Yang , Christiani David C. , Brennan Paul , Albanes Demetrius , Shi Jianxin , Thun Michael , Landi Maria Teresa , Amos Christopher I.
Published: July 2012

Background: Tobacco-induced lung cancer is characterized by a deregulated inflammatory microenvironment. Variants in multiple genes in inflammation pathways may contribute to risk of lung cancer.

Methods: We therefore conducted a three-stage comprehensive pathway analysis (discovery, replication, and meta-analysis) of inflammation gene variants in ever-smoking lung cancer cases and controls. A discovery set (1,096 cases and 727 controls) and an independent and nonoverlapping internal replication set (1,154 cases and 1,137 controls) were derived from an ongoing case–control study. For discovery, we used an iSelect BeadChip to interrogate a comprehensive panel of 11,737 inflammation pathway single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and selected nominally significant (P < 0.05) SNPs for internal replication.

Results: There were six SNPs that achieved statistical significance (P < 0.05) in the internal replication data set with concordant risk estimates for former smokers and five concordant and replicated SNPs in current smokers. Replicated hits were further tested in a subsequent meta-analysis using external data derived from two published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and a case–control study. Two of these variants (a BCL2L14 SNP in former smokers and an SNP in IL2RB in current smokers) were further validated. In risk score analyses, there was a 26% increase in risk with each additional adverse allele when we combined the genotyped SNP and the most significant imputed SNP in IL2RB in current smokers and a 36% similar increase in risk for former smokers associated with genotyped and imputed BCL2L14 SNPs.

Conclusions/Impact: Before they can be applied for risk prediction efforts, these SNPs should be subject to further external replication and more extensive fine mapping studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1213–21. ©2012 AACR.
Serum Vitamin D and Risk of Bladder Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial
Authors: Mondul Alison M. , Weinstein Stephanie J. , Horst Ronald L. , Purdue Mark , Albanes Demetrius
Published: July 2012

Background: The one previous prospective study of vitamin D status and risk of urinary bladder cancer found that male smokers with low serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D] were at a nearly two-fold increased risk. We conducted an analysis of serum 25(OH)D and risk of bladder cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Study and examined whether serum vitamin D binding protein (DBP) concentration confounded or modified the association.

Methods: Three hundred and seventy-five cases of bladder cancer were matched 1:1 with controls based on age (±5 years), race, sex, and date of blood collection (±30 days). Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of bladder cancer by prediagnosis levels of 25(OH)D.

Results: We found no strong or statistically significant association between serum 25(OH)D and bladder cancer risk (Q1 vs. Q4: OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.52–1.36; Ptrend = 0.56). Further adjustment for, or stratification by, serum DBP did not alter the findings, nor was there a main effect association between DBP and risk.

Conclusion: In contrast to an earlier report, we observed no association between vitamin D status and risk of bladder cancer; this difference could be due to the inclusion of women and nonsmokers in the current study population or due to the differences in the distribution of vitamin D concentrations between the two study populations.

Impact: These findings may contribute to future meta-analyses and help elucidate whether the vitamin D–bladder cancer association varies across populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1222–5. ©2012 AACR.
Epilepsy in Sardinia, Insular Italy: A Population-Based Prevalence Study
Authors: Cossu Paola , Deriu Maria Grazia , Casetta Ilaria , Leoni Stefania , Daltveit Anne-Kjersti , Riise Trond , Rosati Giulio , Pugliatti Maura
Published: July 2012

Background: Sardinia, insular Italy, represents a particular epidemiological setting to investigate polyfactorial diseases, by virtue of its phylogeny and geographic isolation over time and of a well-established network of health operators and information systems. We present the first prevalence study of epilepsy conducted on a large Sardinian population by means of multiple source ascertainment. Methods: Cases were ascertained in the province of Sassari (population of 333,576) for the period between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2008 based on records from (a) the District Center for Epilepsy, (b) the District Health Information System Unit, and (c) the neurologists practicing within the National Health System. Results: The total crude prevalence of active epilepsy on December 31, 2007 was 6.62 per 1,000 (95% CI 5.3–7.9), 6.51 in men (95% CI 5.4–7.6), and 6.73 in women (95% CI 5.7–7.7). The highest prevalence (8.78 per 1,000) was estimated in the elderly (≥65 years). 50.5% were symptomatic epilepsies. Of these, over 50% were secondary to cerebrovascular disorders in the elderly. Conclusions: The epidemiological behavior of prevalence of active epilepsy in Sardinia appears to be in line with that of other developed countries, despite the role that population-specific genetic and environmental factors exert in modulating the risk for other neurological diseases. The action of (exogenous) factors commonly distributed in western populations, also influencing, at least partially, the epidemiological patterns of epilepsy in Sardinians, should not be ruled out.
Epidemiology of Meningioma in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cea-Soriano Lucía , Wallander Mari-Ann , García Rodríguez Luis A.
Published: July 2012

Background: Data on the epidemiology and aetiology of meningioma are limited. Methods: The Health Improvement Network UK primary care database was used to ascertain incident cases of meningioma between January 1996 and June 2008. Ten thousand controls analysis were frequency-matched by age, sex and year. A nested case control analysis was performed to determine risk factors for meningioma. Results: The incidence of meningioma was 5.30 per 100,000 person-years over the study period. The incidence was higher in women than in men (7.19 vs. 3.05 per 100,000 person-years). Cerebrovascular disease (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.46–2.36) and a history of cancer, thyroid disease, epilepsy, migraine and headache and exposure to antiepileptics were significantly associated with an increased risk of meningioma. Ischemic heart disease and exposure to antiepileptics were associated with a decreased risk of meningioma. Conclusions: The incidence of meningioma in the UK remained stable over the 12-year study period and was twofold higher in women than men. Although the prevalence and incidence of meningioma remained stable during the study, further research into risk factors and predisposing conditions for the onset of meningioma and early symptoms of tumor development is warranted to improve prevention and early diagnosis of this disease.
Effect of the Intake of Resveratrol, Resveratrol Phosphate, and Catechin-Rich Grape Seed Extract on Markers of Oxidative Stress and Gene Expression in Adult Obese Subjects
Authors: De Groote Donat , Van Belleghem Kristof , Devière Jacques , Van Brussel Willy , Mukaneza Anne , Amininejad Leila
Published: July 2012

Background: The preventive effect of resveratrol (RES) on the development of human diseases has been verified by numerous epidemiological studies. Resveratrol triphosphate (RTP) is a stable derivative of RES in which phosphate groups protect the phenolic groups. Aims: This study compared the effect of RTP on biochemical and molecular markers of oxidative stress to equimolar doses (0.66 mmol) of RES and catechin-rich grape seed extract (CGSE) in a model of oxidative and metabolic stress associated with obesity in humans. Methods: Thirty-two obese subjects (BMI between 30 and 40) were enrolled. They all received 1 capsule of placebo/day for 28 days before being randomly devised into three arms receiving 1 capsule/day of RES, CGSE, or RTP during the following consecutive 28 days. Blood samples were collected at baseline, after the end of placebo intake, and after the end of the investigational product intake. Biochemical parameters of oxidative stress and blood expression of 200 redox-related genes were determined at each time point. Results: RTP and CGSE showed better antioxidant activities compared to RES and induced important modulations of gene expression. Conclusion: The results suggest that RTP and CGSE could contribute to a significant reduction of oxidative stress in obese subjects.
Multiple Sclerosis: A Disease of Affluence?
Authors: Buchter Bernhard , Dunkel Margrit , Li Jianghong
Published: July 2012

Background: Multiple sclerosis is rare in tropical areas, but quite common in developed countries. Hence, latitude has been accepted as a causal factor for prevalence of multiple sclerosis. However, developed countries have also strong economic power, which may be measured by real gross domestic product per capita. Methods: Bivariate and multivariate regression models were used to assess the association of the prevalence of multiple sclerosis of 62 countries with real gross domestic product per capita and latitude. Results: Real gross domestic product per capita and latitude are positively associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis. Real gross domestic product per capita is a much stronger predictor of prevalence of multiple sclerosis than latitude. Conclusion: The strong correlation between the real gross domestic product per capita and the prevalence rates of multiple sclerosis is pointing to a new direction in research on the causes of multiple sclerosis. It is plausible that certain lifestyles and consumption behaviors that require high purchasing power might be associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis.
Asymptomatic Synchronous Quintuple Primary Cancers
Authors: Komiyama Shinichi , Nishio Eiji , Ichikawa Ryoko , Miyamura Hironori , Kawamura Kyoko , Komiyama Mizuka , Nishio Yoshimori , Udagawa Yasuhiro
Published: July 2012

We encountered a 46-year-old woman with synchronous quintuple primary cancers. She did not present with any symptoms, and her tumors were discovered at a gynecological screening. She had clear cell adenocarcinoma of the right ovary, moderately differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon, well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum, and poorly differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma of the left lung. A fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography and other imaging techniques were extremely useful for the diagnosis of multiple primary cancers. Moreover, MSH2 protein expression was absent in the tumors of the ovary, endometrium, ascending colon, and rectum, while the rectal cancer also lacked MLH1 protein. These findings suggested that an abnormality of DNA mismatch repair genes was responsible for carcinogenesis.
Erythrocyte n–3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Seafood Intake Decrease the Risk of Depression: Case-Control Study in Korea
Authors: Park Yongsoon , Kim Malgeunsinae , Baek Dawon , Kim Seok-Hyeon
Published: July 2012

Background/Aims: Low intake or tissue levels of n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been associated with an increased risk of depression, but some studies do not support the association. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the hypothesis that erythrocyte levels of n–3 PUFA and intake of seafood are negatively associated with the risk of depression in Koreans. Methods: We investigated 80 patients diagnosed with a score ≥25 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Korean version, and confirmed by a psychiatrist. Eighty-eight controls without a chronic disease were matched to the cases for age and sex. Results: Multivariate-adjusted regression analysis showed that the risk of depression was significantly and negatively associated with erythrocyte levels of 20:5 n–3, 22:6 n–3, 16:0 and 18:0, but positively associated with erythrocyte levels of 18:2t and 16:1 after adjusting for confounding factors. In addition, the risk of depression was negatively associated with the intake of energy, carbohydrate, seafood and grains, but positively with the intake of fat and meat after adjustment for confounding factors. Conclusions: The risk of depression could be decreased with increased erythrocyte levels of n–3 PUFA and saturated fatty acids, as well as seafood intake, but decreased erythrocyte levels of trans fatty acids in Koreans.
Skin Autofluorescence: A Pronounced Marker of Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Gerrits Esther G. , Lutgers Helen L. , Smeets Gertie H.W. , Groenier Klaas H. , Smit Andries J. , Gans Reinold O.B. , Bilo Henk J.G.
Published: July 2012

Background: Accelerated formation and tissue accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), reflecting cumulative glycemic and oxidative stress, occur in age-related and chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus (DM) and renal failure, and contribute to vascular damage. Skin autofluorescence (AF), a noninvasive measurement method, reflects tissue accumulation of AGEs. The aim of our study was to determine the predictive value of skin AF on overall and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Methods: Baseline skin AF was measured in 105 patients on hemodialysis, 23 had DM. Survival status was assessed after a mean follow-up period of 4.9 years (interquartile range 2.3–6.9 years). Results: Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed skin AF (hazard ratio (HR) 1.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–2.54), preexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD) (HR 2.77; 95% CI 1.48–5.18), renal replacement therapy duration (HR 1.10; 95% CI 1.01–1.19), age (HR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01–1.06), serum albumin (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.85–0.95), hematocrit (HR 0.92; 95% CI 0.86–0.98), phosphorus (HR 2.01; 95% CI 1.15–3.49), and parathyroid hormone (HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98–0.996) to be predictors of mortality, whereas DM was not. Preexisting CVD and serum phosphorus were the only predictors of cardiovascular mortality. Conclusion: Skin AF showed to be an independent predictor of overall mortality in hemodialysis patients, but it had no predictive value for cardiovascular mortality.
Notable Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptors in Neuromyelitis Optica
Authors: Wang Honghao , Wang Kai , Zhong Xiaonan , Dai Yongqiang , Qiu Wei , Wu Aimin , Hu Xueqiang
Published: July 2012

Background: IL-6 is a proinflammatory cytokine which is involved in the maintenance of the humoral response in various autoimmune disorders. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-6 has shown to be increased in neuromyelitis optica (NMO). The soluble form of IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), which links to IL-6, can activate biological responses in cells. Whether or not sIL-6R is altered in NMO has not been clarified. Objective: To measure CSF IL-6 and sIL-6R in NMO and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and investigate whether IL-6 and sIL-6R have possible uses as sensitive biomarkers for diseases activity. Methods: CSF concentrations of IL-6 and sIL-6R were measured by an ELISA in NMO (n = 22) and MS (n = 18) patients, as well as control subjects (n = 14). Results: The concentration of IL-6 levels were higher in NMO compared to MS (p = 0.032) and the controls (p = 0.023). The levels of sIL-6R were also higher in NMO compared to MS (p = 0.002) and the controls (p < 0.001). CSF sIL-6R was associated with an Expanded Disability Status Scale score in NMO (p = 0.005) but not in MS (p = 0.891). In the MS subgroup, sIL-6R concentrations were associated with CSF white blood cells (p = 0.034). Conclusions: Our study revealed that CSF sIL-6R was increased in NMO patients, and correlated with clinical presentations.
Brain Growth of the Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa) from 2 to 24 Weeks of Age: A Longitudinal MRI Study
Authors: Conrad Matthew S. , Dilger Ryan N. , Johnson Rodney W.
Published: July 2012

An animal model with brain growth similar to humans, that can be used in MRI studies to investigate brain development, would be valuable. Our laboratory has developed and validated MRI methods for regional brain volume quantification in the neonatal piglet. The aim of this study was to utilize the MRI-based volume quantification technique in a longitudinal study to determine brain growth in domestic pigs from 2 to 24 weeks of age. MRI data were acquired from pigs 2–24 weeks of age using a 3-dimensional magnetization-prepared gradient echo sequence on a Magnetom Trio 3-tesla imager. Manual segmentation was performed for volume estimates of total brain, cortical, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellar and hippocampal regions. Logistic modeling procedures were used to characterize brain growth. Total brain volume increased 130% (±12%) and 121% (±7%) from 2 to 24 weeks in males and females, respectively. The maximum increase in total brain volume occurred about the age of 4 weeks and 95% of whole brain growth occurred by the age of 21–23 weeks. Logistical modeling suggests there are sexually dimorphic effects on brain growth. For example, in females, the cortex was smaller (p = 0.04). Furthermore, the maximum growth of the hippocampus occurred about 5 weeks earlier in females than males, and the window for hippocampal growth was significantly shorter in females than males (p = 0.02, p = 0.002 respectively). These sexual dimorphisms are similar to what is seen in humans. In addition to providing important data on brain growth for pigs, this study shows pigs can be used to obtain longitudinal MRI data. The large increase in brain volume in the postnatal period is similar to that of human neonates and suggests pigs can be used to investigate brain development.
Changes in Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression in the Rat Bladder by Bladder Outlet Obstruction
Authors: Tobu Shohei , Noguchi Mitsuru , Hatada Teppei , Mori Ken-ichi , Matsuo Manabu , Sakai Hideki
Published: July 2012

Purpose: To demonstrate the change in the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) in the rat bladder with partial bladder outlet obstruction (P-BOO). Materials and Methods: Bladder specimens were obtained from 12-week-old Wistar female rats that were divided into two groups, a P-BOO group and a control group. The rats of the P-BOO group were divided into six groups: a sham-operated control group, 1 day postoperatively, 2 days postoperatively, 4 days postoperatively, 7 days postoperatively and 14 days postoperatively. The cystometric findings and immunohistochemical staining of the detrusor muscle with the AT1 antibody were compared in each group. Results: AT1 localized on the cell membrane of the detrusor smooth muscle and in cytoplasm of suburothelial myofibroblasts in the control rats. The expression of AT1 disappeared in the detrusor muscle and suburothelial myofibroblasts in P-BOO, but AT1 was highly expressed in urothelial cells 1 day after surgery. The expression of AT1 in urothelial cells gradually decreased with time after surgery. AT1 completely disappeared in urothelial cells 14 days after surgery. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that the site of AT1 expression changes in response to the mechanical stress caused by P-BOO, and finally there was no expression of AT1 in rat bladder tissue following P-BOO. These data suggest the change in AT1 expression may play a role in bladder function.
A High-Resolution 15,000Rad Radiation Hybrid Panel for the Domestic Cat
Authors: Bach L.H. , Gandolfi B. , Grahn J.C. , Millon L.V. , Kent M.S. , Narfstrom K. , Cole S.A. , Mullikin J.C. , Grahn R.A. , Lyons L.A.
Published: July 2012

The current genetic and recombination maps of the cat have fewer than 3,000 markers and a resolution limit greater than 1 Mb. To complement the first-generation domestic cat maps, support higher resolution mapping studies, and aid genome assembly in specific areas as well as in the whole genome, a 15,000Rad radiation hybrid (RH) panel for the domestic cat was generated. Fibroblasts from the female Abyssinian cat that was used to generate the cat genomic sequence were fused to a Chinese hamster cell line (A23), producing 150 hybrid lines. The clones were initially characterized using 39 short tandem repeats (STRs) and 1,536 SNP markers. The utility of whole-genome amplification in preserving and extending RH panel DNA was also tested using 10 STR markers; no significant difference in retention was observed. The resolution of the 15,000Rad RH panel was established by constructing framework maps across 10 different 1-Mb regions on different feline chromosomes. In these regions, 2-point analysis was used to estimate RH distances, which compared favorably with the estimation of physical distances. The study demonstrates that the 15,000Rad RH panel constitutes a powerful tool for constructing high-resolution maps, having an average resolution of 40.1 kb per marker across the ten 1-Mb regions. In addition, the RH panel will complement existing genomic resources for the domestic cat, aid in the accurate re-assemblies of the forthcoming cat genomic sequence, and support cross-species genomic comparisons.
An Overview on Mixed Action Drugs for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder and Detrusor Overactivity
Authors: Asimakopoulos A.D. , Cerruto M.A. , Del Popolo G. , La Martina M. , Artibani W. , Carone R. , Finazzi-Agrò E.
Published: July 2012

Objectives: To provide an overview on the efficacy, tolerability, safety and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of drugs with a mixed action used in the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). Evidence Acquisition: MEDLINE database and abstract books of the major conferences were searched for relevant publications from 1966 to 2011 and using the key words ‘overactive bladder’, ‘detrusor overactivity’, ‘oxybutynin’, ‘propiverine’, and ‘flavoxate’. Two independent reviewers considered publications for inclusion and extracted relevant data, without performing a meta-analysis. Evidence Synthesis: Old and conflicting data do not support the use of flavoxate, while both propiverine and oxybutynin were found to be more effective than placebo in the treatment of OAB. Propiverine was at least as effective as oxybutynin but with a better tolerability profile even in the pediatric setting. Overall, no serious adverse event for any product was statistically significant compared to placebo. Improvements were seen in HRQoL with treatment by the oxybutynin transdermal delivery system and propiverine extended release. Conclusions: While there is no evidence to suggest the use of flavoxate in the treatment of OAB, both oxybutynin and propiverine appear efficacious and safe. Propiverine shows a better tolerability profile than oxybutynin. Both drugs improve HRQoL of patients affected by OAB. Profiles of each drug and dosage differ and should be considered in making treatment choices.