bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DENSITY DETERMINATIONS OF HUMAN PARATHYROID GLANDS BY DENSITY GRADIENTS
Authors: ÅKERSTRÖM GÖRAN , PERTOFT HÅKAN , GRIMELIUS LARS , JOHANSSON HENRY
Published: August 2010

The densities of human parathyroid glands were measured in density gradient columns of various media. Percoll (an aqueous colloidal solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated silica), equilibrated to 300 mOsm with sodium chloride, was found to be the ideal gradient medium for density measurements of tissues with a density > 1.0 g/ml, which includes most parathyroid glands. The densities of the glands varied between 0.96 and 1.06 g/ml. Density measurements in gradients of Percoll were simple and reproducible and were made with an accuracy of approximately 0.001 g/ml. In other gradient media (aqueous solutions of sucrose and Ficoll, and organic solvents) there was a drift in density caused by osmotic or lipid‐solving effects of the media. For measurements of densities <1.0 g/ml no ideal gradient medium was found, but a silicon oil or carbon tetrachloride/kerosene gradient could be used with somewhat reduced accuracy. It is concluded that the density gradient technique with the use of Percoll is potentially useful as a complement to routine histopathological parathyroid diagnosis, as glandular density is a good indicator of the relative proportions of parenchymal and fat tissue.
INFLUENCE OF SURFACE LIPIDS ON SKIN CARCINOGENESIS IN RATS
Authors: ARFFMANN E. , HJØRNE N.
Published: August 2010

Skin tumours were induced in female Wistar SPF‐rats by different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo[α]pyrene (BP), dibenz[α, h]anthracene (DBA), 7,12‐dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA), and 3‐methylcholanthrene (MCA) being applied on the dorsal skin of 20 rats each. DBA was not carcinogenic under the experimental conditions. DMBA proved the most potent carcinogen, and MCA was more potent than BP. Half of the animals in each group underwent skin‐surface lipid extraction (SSLE) before the application of carcinogen. SSLE did not influence the cumulative number of rats with skin tumours during an observation period of 15 months nor the type of tumours induced. The lipid extraction, however, increased the latency period and decreased the rate of tumour development when BP and MCA acted as carcinogens. On the contrary, SSLE enhanced the rate of tumour production by DMBA and reduced the latency period. The role of sebum and its composition in skin carcinogenesis is discussed, and an explanation of the different influence of SSLE on BP and MCA carcinogenesis in contrast to DMBA carcinogenesis is sought in differences in metabolic activation of the carcinogens.
TUMORIGENICITY AND KARYOTYPE OF RAT EMBRYO CELL LINES TRANSFORMED BY BK VIRUS
Authors: KARJALAINEN H. E. , SALMI A. , MÄNTYJÄRVI R. A.
Published: August 2010

A rat embryo cell line transformed by BK virus was used to induce tumors in rats. Cell lines were established from these tumors. Other sublines were obtained by in vitro cloning of the parental line. Growth characteristics and karyotypes were compared to the tumorigenicity of these cell lines. The in vitro cloned sublines had a low tumorigenicity. Tumorigenicity of the tumor cell lines varied from high to undetectable. The tumor cell line with the highest tumorigenicity also had the highest saturation density in vitro, but otherwise there was little correlation between tumorigenicity and the in vitro characteristics of the cells. Karyotype analysis was done for two cell lines with high or low tumorigenicity which both had a near‐diploid complement of chromosomes. The findings were in agreement with the expression‐supression model of Rabinowitz and Sachs (1970). The suppression chromosomes seemed to be confined in group A, the expression chromosomes in group B.
EXTREME DUCT PAPILLOMATOSIS OF THE JUVENILE BREAST
Authors: KIÆR HENRIK W. , KIÆR WILLIAM W. , LINELL FOLKE , JACOBSEN STEN
Published: August 2010

Three cases of peculiar and very severe ductal papillomatosis of the breast are reported. This ductal papillomatosis was unusual, both in its histological architecture and in occurring in juveniles, viz. girls aged 11, 14, and 17 years. In two of the patients breast cancer was diagnosed 27 and 11 years later. In one of them the ductal papillomatosis must be presumed to have been precancerosis, while in the other patient there was possibly from the outset an unusually papilliferous, intraductal carcinoma of low malignancy.
ORCEIN‐POSITIVE GRANULES IN LIVER CELLS
Authors: VYBERG MOGENS , THOMSEN PER
Published: August 2010

Orcein‐positive granules (OPG), assumed to represent a copper storage protein occurring in liver cell lysosomes secondary to copper accumulation, have been demonstrated in 139 out of 1002 specimens of a consecutive liver biopsy material (13.9%). OPG are revealed in a variety of lesions which as a common feature exhibit fibrosis often connected with long‐standing cholestatic liver disease. The highest frequency is found in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) where 16 out of 18 biopsies show OPG, usually in large amounts, and in cirrhosis with alcoholic hepatitis, where 38 out of 51 are orcein‐positive. 37 biopsies, showing features of chronic hepatitis, are all orcein‐negative. The fairly constant presence of large amounts of OPG in PBC, in contrast to the low frequency in chronic hepatitis, seems to be an important diagnostic clue.
MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA IN FIRST‐DEGREE RELATIVES OF PROBANDS WITH HISTOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT TYPES OF GASTRIC CARCINOMA
Authors: IHAMÄKI TIMO , SIPPONEN PENTTI
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of antral and body gastritis, the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia (IM), epithelial atypia (EA) and circulating antibodies, and the maximal acid output (MAO) and fasting serum gastrin level (FSG) were studied in 301 first‐degree relatives of probands with histologically different types of gastric carcinoma: Intestinal (IC), diffuse spreading (DC) and anaplastic (AC). The results were compared with those obtained from a similar study of 358 first‐degree relatives of probands age and sex matched by computer for each cancer proband from a large Finnish population. The mean score of gastritis changes, the prevalence of atrophic gastritis of antrum and body, of IM, and the mean FSG were significantly higher and the mean MAO significantly lower in DC relatives than in their controls. No such differences were found between IC relatives and controls. The results suggest that there is a genetic or familial association of chronic gastritis with DC but not with other gastric cancer types.
A RETROSPECTIVE HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF 669 CASES OF PRIMARY CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT MELANOMA IN CLINICAL STAGE I
Authors: LARSEN TOVE EEG , GRUDE TOVE HELLIESEN
Published: August 2010

A part of the previously published series of primary cutaneous malignant melanomas in clinical stage I, viz. 553 cases registered 1955–67, has been the object of a stepwise multiple regression analysis. The series includes 33 lentigo maligna melanomas, 247 superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 156 nodular malignant melanomas and 117 unclassifiable malignant melanomas. The dependent variable is 5‐year survival, while totally 15 clinical and histological variables (among others excluding tumour type and features related to treatment) have been used as independent variables. The results are presented for the total series as well as for that of superficial spreading malignant melanomas and nodular malignant melanomas, separately. When all the independent variables are considered, 5‐year survival is explained to a degree of 19.8–22% in the 3 series. Level of invasion and to some degree also localization to the trunk have the greatest prognostic importance in all 3 series. Tumour cell type, solar elastosis and atypia are poor indicators of prognosis. Age, sex, mitotic count and to some degree also lymphocyte reaction have a significant prognostic value in one of the 3 series each. Tumour type had no prognostic importance to 1‐year survival in a preliminary regression analysis. We recommend that the pathologist gives the clinician information about at least tumour type and some measure of the tumour mass as a guide of treatment. Information about mitotic count and lymphocyte infiltration may also be of interest.
COEXISTENCE OF A THYMOMA AND HODGKIN'S DISEASE OF THE THYMUS
Authors: RIDELL B. , LARSSON S.
Published: August 2010

A case of simultaneous occurrence of a thymoma and Hodgkin's disease of the thymus is described.
CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN IN FETAL TISSUES AND IN MATERNAL SERUM
Authors: LINDGREN JAN
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of CEA was studied by radioimmunoassay and the triple‐bridge immunoperoxidase technique in tissues of human fetuses and by radioimmunoassay in fetal and maternal serum. The antiserum to CEA was extensively adsorbed to eliminate cross‐reactions with CEA‐related antigens. After the first trimester of pregnancy CEA was found throughout the gastrointestinal tract by both techniques, whereas the other fetal tissues and fetal serum did not contain detectable amounts of CEA. The CEA‐level of all 69 sera of pregnant women was below 2.5 ng/ml. The excretory nature of CEA was suggested by the localization of CEA in the luminal border of the alimentary tract and by the finding that the CEA concentration in the content of fetal gastrointestinal canal was higher than in the surrounding tissue. Gel filtration on Sepharose 4B showed that molecular weight of CEA immunoreactive material of the fetal gut was similar to that of CEA purified from colon cancer, but a minor component with a higher molecular weight was eluted in the void volume. When tested in radioimmunoassay, the CEA immunoreactive material in both peaks gave an inhibition curve parallel to that of purified CEA.
TRABECULAR BONE MINERALIZATION LAG TIME DETERMINED BY TETRACYCLINE DOUBLE‐LABELING IN NORMAL AND CERTAIN PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: MELSEN FLEMMING , MOSEKILDE LEIF
Published: August 2010

Quantitative histomorphometric analyses of iliac crest biopsy specimens were performed after tetracycline double‐labeling in 41 normal individuals, 20 hyper‐ and 10 hypothyroid patients, 18 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, 20 epileptic patients receiving long‐term anticonvulsant therapy, and 17 patients after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. The mineralization lag time in trabecular bone or the period of time between apposition and subsequent mineralization of osteoid was calculated from the bone formation rate at BMU level (Basic Multicellular Unit) and the mean width of osteoid seams. The mineralization lag time was 8–52 days (median 21 days) in normal individuals and showed no variation with sex or age. The mineralization lag time was shortened in hyperthyroidism, normal in anticonvulsant bone disease and in primary hyperparathyroidism, and markedly prolonged in hypothyroidism and following jejunoileal bypass. Among all individuals an inverse hyperbolic relation (r = 0.94, p<0.001) was found between the mineralization lag time and the average cellular activity of the osteoblasts.
OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA OF THE BREAST
Authors: BENEDIKTSDOTTIR KRISTRUN , LAGERBERG FREDRIK , LUNDELL LARS , THULIN ANDERS
Published: August 2010

The clinical, mammographical, cytological and histological features of a mammary osteogenic sarcoma are reported. The tumor, which was removed by only local excision, had suddenly appeared in the same breast from which previously an intraductal papilloma had been removed. Nearly three years after the operation there is no indication of recurrence.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF A HITHERTO UNDESCRIBED LOCALIZATION OF HEMOGLOBIN A AND F IN ENDODERMAL CELLS OF NORMAL HUMAN YOLK SAC AND ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR
Authors: ALBRECHTSEN R. , WEWER U. , WIMBERLEY P. D.
Published: August 2010

In this study of 4 human yolk sacs, the presence of hemoglobin A and F (HbA and HbF) is demonstrated for the first time in epithelial cells (type 1) and erythroid‐like cells (type 2) in the endodermal layer by immunoperoxidase technique. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis previously proposed that the red blood cells formed in the yolk sac are of endodermal origin. Tumor with yolk sac differentiation (8 endodermal sinus tumors and 1 embryonal carcinoma with vitelline areas) similarly showed HbA and HbF localisation in endodermal cells. None of 59 germ cell tumors of other types contained these hemoglobins in the neoplastic cells
THE DIAGNOSIS OF CARCINOMA IN TRANSURETHRAL RESECTATES OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: RISMYHR BJØRN , EIDE TOR J. , STALSBERG HELGE
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this retrospective study based on the findings in routinely processed material from fifty‐two consecutive cases of prostatic carcinomas is a mathematical calculation of the probability of including a carcinoma in the histological sections from tissue obtained by transurethral resection of the prostate when different embedding practices are followed. The analysis shows that if a material of a composition similar to ours were examined, the calculated probability to include at least one prostatic chip with malignant tissue in the histological sections would be about 91% if one paraffin‐block is made. The probability increases to about 96% when two blocks are used and comes close to 99% with four blocks.
EFFECTS OF A CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR AND BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE ON BONE RESORPTION IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: SVEEN KJELL
Published: August 2010

Release of previously incorporated 45Ca from fetal rat bone in tissue culture was stimulated by preparations of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factor isolated from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory exudate in rabbits as well as by Bacteroides fragilis LPS. High concentrations of released hydroxyproline and lactate seemed to correlate well with a high percentage of 45Ca liberated into the culture medium. An active bone resorption was stimulated by a concentration of 1 μg/ml of the chemotactic factor. The peak in amount of released 45Ca was at a concentration of 5 μg/ml of the chemotactic factor (LPS‐CF) as well as of the LPS preparation, whereas the parathyroid hormone was most active at 1 IU/ml. Their effect was connected with the formation of osteoclasts. Neither LPS‐CF nor LPS stimulated a release of 45Ca or hydroxyproline from heat‐devitalized bones. Heparin added to LPS‐CF did not enhance its resorptive potential, whereas when added to LPS it had a synergistic effect. It is suggested that the bone resorptive effect exerted by LPS may be caused by chemotactic factors elaborated by activation of the complement system, and that these factors may be of importance in the pathophysiology of periodontal disease.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE AORTIC INTIMA IN FOCAL AREAS OF INTRAVITAL EVANS BLUE UPTAKE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: KJELDSEN KNUD , THOMSEN HENRIK KLEM
Published: August 2010

Ultrastructural morphology of the rabbit aortic intima is described for areas demarcated or not demarcated by spontaneous in vivo uptake of the azo dye Evans Blue. Intimal foci taking up Evans Blue are characterized by endothelial and subendothelial cells showing various degrees of degenerative changes, appearance of young cells and subendothelial fibromuscular thickening. It is concluded that dye uptake is a marker for regions subjected to hemodynamic ‘stress’ due to turbulence or increased flow load, and that the morphologic changes in normal animals are part of appropriate regeneration processes which keep the artery functionally intact. Such foci may represent predilection areas for atherogenesis in pathological situations, such as hypertension or hypercholesterolemia.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A MEMBRANOUS STRUCTURE, THE LABYRINTH, PRESENT IN BONE MARROW PLASMA CELLS
Authors: BLOM JENS
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure of a complex membranous structure, the labyrinth, is described. This structure was found in bone marrow plasma cells from patients with multiple myeloma as well as from other groups of patients. It is concluded that the labyrinth may represent a rare route of secretion by which plasma cells are able to excrete waste products and simultaneously secrete intracellularly synthesized material.
CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN TWO CASES OF BROMOCRIPTINE‐TREATED PROLACTINOMAS
Authors: ANNIKO MATTI , WERSÄLL JAN
Published: August 2010

The morphology of two cases of prolactin (PRL) secreting pituitary tumours was analyzed at the light and electron microscopic level. Prior to surgery both patients had been treated with bromocriptine. In both tumours, groups of cells revealed considerable morphological changes but these were not confined to the whole adenoma. In fact, most cells still appeared ultrastructurally intact. Pieces from both adenomas were explanted to an in vitro system. These specimens secreted mainly PRL though smaller amounts of growth hormone (GH) were also produced. The cell morphology of the cultured specimens often showed a large number of preserved cells.
REPAIR IN ARTERIAL TISSUE
Authors: Chemnitz J. , Christensen B. Collatz
Published: August 2010

Both reendothelialized and non‐reendothelialized surfaces of rabbit aortas, subjected to an embolectomy catheter lesion, were sectioned parallel to the neointimal surface. Microfilament bundles within endothelial cells were associated with extracellular anchoring filaments, lying parallel to the long axis in sections from reendothelialized areas. Proteoglycans coated the surface of anchoring filaments and joined together all the elements of connective tissue in the subendothelial space. In non‐reendothelialized areas covered by smooth muscle cells, anchoring filaments were less prominent, almost no proteoglycans were visible, and connective tissue components were randomly mixed. We propose an influence of endothelial cells on the orientation and composition of the subendothelial connective tissue.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A HUMAN EPITHELIAL CELL LINE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS ULTRASTRUCTURE
Authors: REE K. , JOHNSEN A. S. , RUGSTAD H. E. , BAKKA A. , HOVIG T.
Published: August 2010

A commercially available cell line (NCTC 2544) originating from presumably normal human skin was chosen as an in vitro model system for subsequent studies of the effects of different agents on human epithelial cells. The cell line, therefore, was ultrastructurally and otherwise characterized at intervals by techniques which allow standardized controls of the model. The cell line was classified as epithelial both by phase contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The cells were polygonal, fully developed desmosomes were demonstrated and no extracellular filamentous material was observed. Specific epidermal markers like keratohyalin granules or keratinosomes were not demonstrated. Comparison of the nuclear morphology of cells from 1, 3 and 6 days old cultures revealed that only minor changes took place. The same was true for cytoplasmic features. Thus this cell line has a well‐defined ultrastructural morphology. Flow cytometry studies showed the cell line to be tetraploid, with no sub‐populations with other ploidies. Surface antigens were typed by a microcytotoxicity assay using 12 different antisera. The electrophoretic patterns of the isoenzymes lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase were human. The cells did not form colonies in soft agar. Though several parameters indicate that this cell line is not a HeLa cell contaminant, this possibility cannot, however, be totally excluded.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF PHOTOACTIVATED 8‐METHOXY PSORALEN
Authors: REE K. , JOHNSEN A. S. , HOVIG T.
Published: August 2010

An established human epithelial cell line was exposed to photoactivated 8‐methoxy psoralen (PUVA); the cells were fixed and processed for electron microscopy 2 hours, 3 days and 6 days thereafter, and the nuclear morphology compared to controls. In the light microscope the cells fixed 3 and 6 days after PUVA exposure showed an increase in the number of multinucleated cells. At the ultrastructural level an increased number of cells with nuclear indentations, cytoplasmic invaginations, pseudoinclusions, nuclear bodies and multiple nucleoli were seen. An increased number of perichromatin granules per cell section and a decrease in heterochromatin situated marginally were observed. In cells from 6 day‐old cultures 15 out of 50 nuclei were seen divided into 3–12 nuclear elements, compared with none in the controls. The smaller of these elements tended to be heterochromatic and the larger euchromatic. Generally the nuclear elements were smooth in outline, but elements of bizarre shape were also seen. These consisted of nuclear fragments united by heterochromatic extensions of uniform diameter. When comparing the morphology of PUVA exposed cells with the morphology of non‐malignant and malignant cell lines, the PUVA exposed cells appeared to show an increase in morphological markers corresponding to those determined in malignant cells. The possibility that PUVA therapy may cause cancerous transformation is discussed.
EARLY MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING GAMMA IRRADIATION
Authors: ANNIKO MATTI
Published: August 2010

The in vitro system was used to study early ultrastructural effects following gamma irradiation of human pituitary adenomas and neurinomas with 30 and 70 Gy single doses, respectively. The acoustic neurinoma cells showed a large number of intracellular myelin figures and vesiculation of cytoplasm. The pituitary tumour cells showed vacuolization of cytoplasm and cell organelles. Occasionally, electron‐dense cytoplasmic inclusion bodies with a fibrillar substructure occurred. The differences between the two types of tumours in irradiation‐induced morphological changes may indicate differences in their biochemical structure and metabolic activities. The morphological findings after irradiation of specimens from all four neurinomas were rather similar after the same length of time but the structural alterations of pituitary cells differed considerably between individual tumours. The 70 Gy dose caused more rapidly‐occurring morphological alterations than the 30 Gy single dose.
NECROTIZING SIALOMETAPLASIA OF THE BUCCA
Authors: WILLÉN HELENA , WILLÉN ROGER , EKMAN LEIF
Published: August 2010

A case of necrotizing sialometaplasia of the bucca in an 80‐year‐old man is presented. Necrotizing sialometaplasia developed after the operation of a mesenchymal tumour of the bucca. The possible etiological role of decreased blood supply in the gland bearing area of the mucosa is discussed. We believe necrotizing sialometaplasia can occur at any site where salivary gland tissue is present.
SYSTEMIC AMYLOIDOSIS AND NON‐HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY IN A LARGE AUTOPSY SERIES
Authors: DICTOR MICHAEL , HASSERIUS RALF
Published: August 2010

A series of 24,388 consecutive autopsies yielded 148 cases of amyloidosis, for which the associated diseases were tabulated. 13 solid primary malignacies were found in eleven patients, including one mucoepidermoid cancer of the parotid and one thymoma; two out of eleven had evidence of pyelonephritis. Five patients suffered from past or present renal adenocarcinoma, the most common carcinomatous cause of amyloidosis. Systemic amyloid deposits thus occurred in 2.1% of autopsied patients with renal carcinoma, but showed no obvious correlation with tumor stage or histologic type. Details are presented of an unusual case of hypernephroma producing a stable bronchial metastasis cuffed by nodular amyloid and dissociated by a lymphoid infiltrate containing plasma cells. The occurrence of systemic amyloidosis in non‐hematologic malignancy thus appears to be a rare event, which, especially in the case of renal cancer, is assumed to be due to amyloid‐fibril protein AA.
AN EBV‐ASSOCIATED, SWEDISH CASE OF BURKITT‐TYPE MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA
Authors: BIBERFELD P. , CHRISTENSSON B. , ANDERSSON‐ANVRET MARIA , ERNBERG I. , LEWENSOHN R. , EKMAN MARIANNE , JOHANSSON B. , TRIBUKAIT B.
Published: August 2010

Morphological, serological, DNA‐homology and immunofluorescence studies of a rapidly fatal malignant lymphoma in a 25‐year‐old Swedish male revealed most of the characteristics of an EBV‐associated Burkitt lymphoma. The various findings are discussed in relation to previously reported observations on endemic (African) and non‐endemic Burkitt lymphomas.
RADIATION‐INDUCED PARATHYROID ADENOMAS AND THYROID TUMORS IN RATS
Authors: FJÄLLING M. , HANSSON G. , HEDMAN I. , RAGNHULT I. , TISELL L.‐E.
Published: August 2010

Parathyroid morphology was studied in 45 irradiated and 37 control rats. The irradiated rats received a single parathyroid dose of about 6.5 gray. The rats were killed and autopsied 14 months later. The radiation resulted in fibrosis and depression in weight of the parathyroids. In irradiated rats eleven parathyroid adenomas and four thyroid tumors were found. In control rats no tumor occurred in either parathyroid or thyroid glands. All irradiated rats, including those with a parathyroid adenoma, were normocalcemic.
CHILDREN, THE UNCRC, AND FAMILY LAW IN ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: James Adrian L.
Published: August 2010

There is no doubt that, overall, there has been a great deal of activity in relation to children's rights under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) since it was ratified by the UK government in 1991. Of particular significance in the context of family law, however, are the provisions of Article 12, which have in many ways proved to be more problematic than other provisions, not least because, in the context of family law, children's participation rights are necessarily juxtaposed with the long‐standing and hitherto unchallenged rights of parents to make important decisions about family life. The reorganisation in 2001 of the family court welfare services in England and Wales with the creation of the Children and Family Courts Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS), generated a new impetus for the consideration of children's participation rights and, at an organizational level, considerable progress has been made in embracing the provisions of the UNCRC. More problematic, however, is the acceptance of children's participation in making decisions about their futures by adults using and working in the family justice system. At the level of the courts, judicial attitudes are slow to change and in England, as court judgments often demonstrate, these are firmly rooted in a view of children as being incompetent in such issues; at the level of parents using the system, it is arguable that new discourses about the best interests of the child serve as a proxy for continuing discourses about parents’ rights that have become evident, most recently, in the context of an increasingly influential fathers’ rights lobby; and at the level of welfare practitioners, recent research also demonstrates that, although the rhetoric of children's rights is widely accepted, the willingness and ability to make these real in the context of family proceedings is, for a variety of reasons, less in evidence.
LISTEN TO ME! EMPOWERING YOUTH AND COURTS THROUGH INCREASED YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN DEPENDENCY HEARINGS
Authors: Jenkins Jaclyn Jean
Published: August 2010

Currently, there are more than half a million youth in foster care. Often, these youth are unaware of when, or if, legal hearings about their lives are taking place. This Note advocates for states to pass laws ensuring that youth receive notice of their hearings and for courts to conduct review hearings when youth are not present. Through the course of this Note, the benefits of youth participation are outlined, as are the reasons most often given for denying youth the opportunity to meaningfully participate. The Note concludes with suggestions to help courts more effectively engage youth and the benefits of doing so.
Review article: the burden of hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: POORDAD F. F.
Published: August 2010

Hepatic encephalopathy, a challenging complication of advanced liver disease, occurs in approximately 30–45% of patients with cirrhosis and 10–50% of patients with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, while minimal hepatic encephalopathy affects approximately 20–60% of patients with liver disease.

Although the total direct and indirect costs of hepatic encephalopathy have not been formally quantified, data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project suggest that hepatic encephalopathy‐related hospitalizations are associated with substantial costs.

In 2003, there were over 40 000 patients hospitalized in the United States for a primary diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy, resulting in total charges of approximately $932 million. Furthermore, trends over the past 10 years suggest that the burden of hepatic encephalopathy is increasing, as indicated by increases in hospital admissions and higher charges per stay.

Because of inconsistencies in coding for hepatic encephalopathy, the prevalence and cost data from this data source are believed to significantly underestimate the true burden of hepatic encephalopathy. In addition, expenditures for physician fees and out‐patient care, as well as indirect costs attributable to lost work days and decreased productivity, have not been quantified.

Thus, there is need for future studies to more accurately define the burden of hepatic encephalopathy, including minimal hepatic encephalopathy.
NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION ACCOMPANIED WITH EXCIMER FORMATION FROM TWO PYRENE‐LABELED PROBES
Authors: Ebata Katsuyoshi , Masuko Masayuki , Ohtani Hiroyuki , Kashiwasake‐Jibu Masaki
Published: August 2010

Abstract— We developed a novel nucleic acid hybridization method based on excimer formation. We used two different 16‐mer oligonucleotide probes that had a combined continuous‐sequence run that was complementary to a target 32‐mer. Prior to hybridization, the adjacent terminal ends (i.e. the 3'‐terminal of one probe and the 5'‐terminal of the other probe) were each labeled with one pyrene residue. When these probes simultaneously hybridized to the target, a 495 nm broad fluorescence band was produced. The intensity of this band increased as the intensity of the pyrene monomer bands decreased, indicating that the 495 nm band was attributed to the pyrene excimer. The excimer fluorescence, easily differentiated from the monomer bands for emission wavelength, opens up a new way to perform homogeneous hybridization assays and in vivo imaging of nucleic acids.
Photo‐CIDNP Study of the Interaction of Tyrosine with Nifedipine. An Attempt to Model the Binding Between Calcium Receptor and Calcium Antagonist Nifedipine¶
Authors: Polyakov Nikolal E. , Taraban Marc B. , Leshina Tatyana V.
Published: August 2010

This article proposes a new approach to the modeling of the molecular‐level mechanism of ligand‐receptor interaction for Ca2+ receptor binding site. Chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) technique has been used to unravel fine details of the reaction in the model system composed of one of the known Ca2+ antagonist drugs, nifedipine (NF), and isolated amino acid residuals (e.g. tyrosine [Tyr]) of Ca2+ receptor binding site. It has been conclusively demonstrated that the reaction between NF and Tyr resulting in the oxidation product—nitroso form of NF—obeys the radical mechanism. CIDNP data in combination with the results of mathematical modeling of the structures of ligandreceptor complexes have allowed to propose the mechanism of the interaction of NF with Ca2+ receptor binding site.
Perfect posterior simulation for mixture and hidden Markov models
Authors: Berthelsen Kasper K. , Breyer Laird A. , Roberts Gareth O.
Published: August 2010

In this paper we present an application of the read-once coupling from the past algorithm to problems in Bayesian inference for latent statistical models. We describe a method for perfect simulation from the posterior distribution of the unknown mixture weights in a mixture model. Our method is extended to a more general mixture problem, where unknown parameters exist for the mixture components, and to a hidden Markov model.
The relevance of central command for the neural cardiovascular control of exercise
Authors: Williamson J. W.
Published: August 2010

This paper briefly reviews the role of central command in the neural control of the circulation during exercise. While defined as a feedfoward component of the cardiovascular control system, central command is also associated with perception of effort or effort sense. The specific factors influencing perception of effort and their effect on autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function during exercise can vary according to condition. Centrally mediated integration of multiple signals occurring during exercise certainly involves feedback mechanisms, but it is unclear whether or how these signals modify central command via their influence on perception of effort. As our understanding of central neural control systems continues to develop, it will be important to examine more closely how multiple sensory signals are prioritized and processed centrally to modulate cardiovascular responses during exercise. The purpose of this article is briefly to review the concepts underlying central command and its assessment via perception of effort, and to identify potential areas for future studies towards determining the role and relevance of central command for neural control of exercise.
Seeing is believing! Imaging Ca2+‐signalling events in living cells
Authors: McGeown J. Graham
Published: August 2010

Ever since it was shown that maintenance of muscle contraction required the presence of extracellular Ca2+, evidence has accumulated that Ca2+ plays a crucial role in excitation–contraction coupling. This culminated in the use of the photoprotein aequorin to demonstrate that [Ca2+]i increased after depolarization but before contraction in barnacle muscle. Green fluorescent protein was extracted from the same jellyfish as aequorin, so this work also has important historical links to the use of fluorescent proteins as markers in living cells. The subsequent development of cell‐permeant Ca2+ indicators resulted in a dramatic increase in related research, revealing Ca2+ to be a ubiquitous cell signal. High‐speed, confocal Ca2+ imaging has now revealed subcellular detail not previously apparent, with the identification of Ca2+ sparks. These act as building blocks for larger transients during excitation–contraction coupling in cardiac muscle, but their function in smooth muscle appears more diverse, with evidence suggesting both ‘excitatory’ and ‘inhibitory’ roles. Sparks can activate Ca2+‐sensitive Cl− and K+ currents, which exert positive and negative feedback, respectively, on global Ca2+ signalling, through changes in membrane potential and activation of voltage‐operated Ca2+ channels. Calcium imaging has also demonstrated that agonists that appear to evoke relatively tonic increases in average [Ca2+]i at the whole tissue level often stimulate much higher frequency phasic Ca2+ oscillations at the cellular level. These findings may require re‐evaluation of some of our models of Ca2+ signalling to account for newly revealed cellular and subcellular detail. Future research in the field is likely to make increasing use of genetically coded Ca2+ indicators expressed in an organelle‐ or tissue‐specific manner.
Experimental Physiology –Research Paper: Modulation of N‐type calcium currents by presynaptic imidazoline receptor activation in rat superior cervical ganglion neurons
Authors: Chung Seungsoo , Ahn Duck‐Sun , Kim Young‐Hwan , Kim Yoon‐Suk , Joeng Ji‐Hyun , Nam Taick‐Sang
Published: August 2010

Presynaptic imidazoline receptors (Ri‐pre) are found in the sympathetic axon terminals of animal and human cardiovascular systems, and they regulate blood pressure by modulating the release of peripheral noradrenaline (NA). The cellular mechanism of Ri‐pre‐induced inhibition of NA release is unknown. We, therefore, investigated the effect of Ri‐preactivation on voltage‐dependent Ca2+channels in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, using the conventional whole‐cell patch‐clamp method. Cirazoline (30 μm), an Ri‐preagonist as well as an α‐adrenoceptor (Rα) agonist, decreased Ca2+currents (ICa) by about 50% in a voltage‐dependent manner with prepulse facilitation. In the presence of low‐dose rauwolscine (3 μm), which blocks the α2‐adrenoceptor (Rα2), cirazoline still inhibitedICaby about 30%, but prepulse facilitation was significantly attenuated. This inhibitory action of cirazoline was almost completely prevented by high‐dose rauwolscine (30 μm), which blocks Ri‐preas well as Rα2. In addition, pretreatment with LY320135 (10 μm), another Ri‐preantagonist, in combination with low‐dose rauwolscine (3 μm), also blocked the Rα2‐resistant effect of cirazoline. Addition of guanosine‐5′‐O‐(2‐thiodiphosphate) (2 mm) to the internal solutions significantly attenuated the action of cirazoline. However, pertussis toxin (500 ng ml−1) did not significantly influence the inhibitory effect of cirazoline. Moreover, cirazoline (30 μm) suppressed M current in SCG neurons cultured overnight. Finally, ω‐conotoxin (ω‐CgTx) GVIA (1 μm) obstructed cirazoline‐induced current inhibition, and cirazoline (30 μm) significantly decreased the frequency of action potential firing in a partly reversible manner. This cirazoline‐induced inhibition of action potential firing was almost completely occluded in the presence of ω‐CgTx. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of Ri‐prein SCG neurons reduced N‐typeICain a pertussis toxin‐ and voltage‐insensitive pathway, and this inhibition attenuated repetitive action potential firing in SCG neurons.
WISE‐2005: prolongation of left ventricular pre‐ejection period with 56 days head‐down bed rest in women
Authors: Hodges Gary J. , Mattar Louis , Zuj Kathryn A. , Greaves Danielle K. , Arbeille Phillipe M. , Hughson Richard L. , Shoemaker J. Kevin
Published: August 2010

This study tested the hypothesis that prolonged physical deconditioning affects the coupling of left ventricular depolarization to its ejection (the pre‐ejection period, PEPi) and that this effect is minimized by exercise countermeasures. Following assignment to non‐exercise (Control) and exercise groups (Exercise), 14 females performed 56 days of continuous head‐down tilt bed rest. Measurements of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and stroke volume (Doppler ultrasound) during supine rest were obtained at baseline prior to (Pre) and after (Post) the head‐down tilt bed rest (HDBR) period. Compared with Pre, the PEPi was increased following head‐down tilt bed rest (main effect, P < 0.005). This effect was most dominant in the Control group [Pre = 0.038 ± 0.06 s (s.d.) versus Post = 0.054 ± 0.011 s; P < 0.001]. In the Exercise group, PEPi was 0.032 ± 0.005 s Pre and 0.038 ± 0.018 s Post; P= 0.08. Neither the QRS interval nor cardiac afterload was modified by head‐down tilt bed rest in Control or Exercise groups. Low‐dose isoprenaline infusion reversed the head‐down tilt bed rest‐induced delay in the PEPi. These results suggest that head‐down tilt bed rest leads to a delayed onset of systolic ejection following left ventricular depolarization in a manner that is affected little by the exercise countermeasure but is related to β‐adrenergic pathways. The delayed onset of systole following head‐down tilt bed rest appears to be related to mechanism(s) affecting contraction of the left ventricle rather than its depolarization.
Spicy Diet to Reduce Hypertension
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: August 2010

Eating spicy chili peppers may lower blood pressure.
Extended Influence
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: August 2010

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) stimulates metabolic pathways that include glycolysis and lipid biosynthesis.
Fanconi Anemia Protein in DNA Binding
Authors: Riddihough Guy
Published: August 2010

The nuclease FAN1 acts with Fanconi anemia proteins to help repair damaged DNA.
Complete Nucleotide Sequence of KPC-3-Encoding Plasmid pKpQIL in the Epidemic
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Sequence Type 258
Authors: Leavitt Azita , Chmelnitsky Inna , Carmeli Yehuda , Navon-Venezia Shiri
Published: August 2010

We have determined the entire DNA sequence of plasmid pKpQIL, the
bla
KPC-3
-carrying plasmid harbored by the carbapenem-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
clone sequence type 258 (ST 258) in Israel. pKpQIL is a 113,637-bp, self-transmissible plasmid that belongs to the incompatibility group IncFII. It consists of a large backbone of a pKPN4-like plasmid and carries the
bla
KPC-3
-containing Tn
4401
a transposon of a pNYC-like plasmid.
Efficacy of the Combination of Tobramycin and a Macrolide in an
I
n
V
itro
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mature Biofilm Model
Authors: Tré-Hardy Marie , Nagant Carole , El Manssouri Naïma , Vanderbist Francis , Traore Hamidou , Vaneechoutte Mario , Dehaye Jean-Paul
Published: August 2010

Respiratory disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In particular, patients suffer from chronic infection due to biofilm formation by opportunistic
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(32). Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative ways to treat biofilm-associated clinical infections. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effects
in vitro
of the combinations tobramycin-clarithromycin and tobramycin-azithromycin against five
P. aeruginosa
biofilms and to establish the most effective combination. We performed a kinetic study over a period of 28 days of a twice-daily coadministration of the combinations tobramycin-clarithromycin and tobramycin-azithromycin on 12-day-old, mature
P. aeruginosa
biofilms formed on microplate pegs for 4 clinical isolates and one laboratory strain (PAO1) to simulate the treatment of CF patients with tobramycin inhalation solution (TOBI) through aerosolization. A synergy between tobramycin and clarithromycin was recorded for 3/5 biofilms, with a bacterial decrease of more than 5 log. Conversely, we found an antagonistic activity when 4 μg/ml tobramycin was administered with azithromycin at 2 μg/ml for
P. aeruginosa
PAO1 and with azithromycin at 2, 20, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml for
P. aeruginosa
PYO1. Treatment with tobramycin at 4 μg/ml combined with clarithromycin at 200 μg/ml eradicated all five biofilms, while tobramycin-azithromycin at the same concentrations eradicated only three biofilms. Results of this study suggest that local administration of tobramycin and clarithromycin into the respiratory tract represents a better strategy than the combination tobramycin-azithromycin for the treatment of
P. aeruginosa
-associated pulmonary infections.
Affinity of Ceftobiprole for Penicillin-Binding Protein 2b in
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Strains with Various Susceptibilities to Penicillin
Authors: Davies Todd A. , He Wenping , Bush Karen , Flamm Robert K.
Published: August 2010

Wild-type penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2b from penicillin-susceptible
Streptococcus pneumoniae
had high affinity for ceftobiprole and penicillin (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC
50
s] of ≤0.15 μg/ml) but not ceftriaxone (IC
50
of >8 μg/ml). In clinical isolates, ceftobiprole and PBP 2b affinities were reduced 15- to 30-fold with a Thr-446-Ala substitution and further still with an additional Ala-619-Gly PBP 2b substitution. Ceftobiprole remained active (MICs of ≤1 μg/ml) against all strains tested and behaved more like penicillin than ceftriaxone with respect to PBP 2b binding.
Allele Specificity of Gamma Interferon Responses to the Carboxyl-Terminal Region ofPlasmodium falciparumMerozoite Surface Protein 1 by Kenyan Adults with Naturally Acquired Immunity to Malaria
Authors: Spring Michele D. , Chelimo Kiprotich , Tisch Daniel J. , Sumba Peter Odada , Rochford Rosemary , Long Carole A. , Kazura James W. , Moormann Ann M.
Published: August 2010

Cross-sectional seroepidemiological studies of populations naturally exposed toPlasmodium falciparumsuggest an association between protection from malaria and circulating antibodies to the carboxyl terminus of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1). Questions remain regarding the significance of cell-mediated immunity to MSP1 in conferring protection and inducing immunologic memory. Vaccine constructs have been based on the 42-kDa recombinant MSP1 protein (MSP142), which includes the 19-kDa (MSP119) and 33-kDa (MSP133) fragments containing the major B- and T-cell epitopes, respectively. To evaluate T-cell responses to the MSP133fragment, two libraries of overlapping 18-mer peptides from the 3D7 and FVO MSP133regions were used to screen a cohort of asymptomatic Kenyan adults. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) at multiple time points assessed the magnitude and stability of these responses. The percentage of individuals with IFN-γ responses to single MSP133peptides ranged from nil to 24%, were clustered among a subset of peptides, and were not consistently recalled over time. In comparison to peptide responses, IFN-γ ELISPOT responses to recombinant MSP142were more prevalent, more frequently elicited by the 3D7 as opposed to the FVO allele, and more stable over time. The prevailing MSP133genotype infection was 3D7, with few mixed infections and no sole FVO infections. This study demonstrates that immunity against MSP133after cumulative natural infections consists of low-magnitude and difficult-to-detect IFN-γ responses. Although immunity against MSP1 alone will not confer protection against malaria, demonstrating a relative and sustained increase in T-cell immunity to MSP1 after vaccination would be a reasonable measurement of vaccine responsiveness.
Pic, an Autotransporter Protein Secreted by Different Pathogens in theEnterobacteriaceaeFamily, Is a Potent Mucus Secretagogue
Authors: Navarro-Garcia Fernando , Gutierrez-Jimenez Javier , Garcia-Tovar Carlos , Castro Luis A. , Salazar-Gonzalez Hector , Cordova Vanessa
Published: August 2010

A hallmark of enteroaggregativeEscherichia coli(EAEC) infection is a formation of biofilm, which comprises a mucus layer with immersed bacteria in the intestines of patients. While studying the mucinolytic activity of Pic in anin vivosystem, rat ileal loops, we surprisingly found that EAEC induced hypersecretion of mucus, which was accompanied by an increase in the number of mucus-containing goblet cells. Interestingly, an isogenicpicmutant (EAEC Δpic) was unable to cause this mucus hypersecretion. Furthermore, purified Pic was also able to induce intestinal mucus hypersecretion, and this effect was abolished when Pic was heat denatured. Site-directed mutagenesis of the serine protease catalytic residue of Pic showed that, unlike the mucinolytic activity, secretagogue activity did not depend on this catalytic serine protease motif. Other pathogens harboring thepicgene, such asShigella flexneriand uropathogenicE. coli(UPEC), also showed results similar to those for EAEC, and construction of isogenicpicmutants ofS. flexneriand UPEC confirmed this secretagogue activity. Thus, Pic mucinase is responsible for one of the pathophysiologic features of the diarrhea mediated by EAEC and the mucoid diarrhea induced byS. flexneri.