bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cu Immobilization and Lolium perenne Development in an Acid Vineyard Soil Amended with Crushed Mussel Shell
Authors: Fernández‐Calviño David , Cutillas‐Barreiro Laura , Núñez‐Delgado Avelino , Fernández‐Sanjurjo María José , Álvarez‐Rodriguez Esperanza , Nóvoa‐Muñoz Juan Carlos , Arias‐Estévez Manuel
Published: September 2016

Cu pollution and erosion pose an important risk of degradation in vineyard devoted soils. Therefore, minimizing harmful effects of Cu in the soil and avoiding erosion are important challenges in vineyard soil management. The addition of low cost bio‐adsorbents to the soil which decreased Cu bioavailability in soil and/or increased cover crops development may be an important management practice for soil stabilization in vineyards. This study investigated the effect on Lolium perenne performance because of crushed mussel shell (CMS) amendment in an acid Cu‐polluted vineyard soil. Quadruplicate samples of a Cu polluted soil were amended with 4 doses (0, 6, 24 and 48 g kg−1) of CMS by in lab pots, where L. perenne was sowed and incubated for 51 days. The soil pH, as well as Cu bioavailability and exchangeable Cu, was analysed. The effect of CMS on L. perenne response was measured using plant germination, plant growth and Cu uptake. The plant growth was assessed in both roots and shoots by measuring length and biomass. Cu uptake by roots and shoots was also determined. The CMS amendment on the acid vineyard soil increased the pH and reduced the bioavailable Cu concentration. Moreover, shoot and root growth increased for low and intermediate CMS doses, and decreased for higher doses. The increase in plant growth corresponded with increases in soil pH up to 7 · 0, whereas the highest mussel shell dose caused a pH increase over the neutrality (7 · 8). The CMS amendment decreased Cu uptake by both, roots and shoots, and it was highly correlated with changes in Cu bioavailability in the soil. The CMS amendment on a Cu‐polluted acid soil presented positive effects on Cu immobilization and L. perenne growth. However, mussel shell application must be performed carefully, taking into account that high doses can lead to decreases on plant growth. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The preparation of hard and super‐hydrophilic MgB2 coating by spray pyrolysis deposition
Authors: Bülbül F. , Jafarpour S. , Ertuğrul M.
Published: September 2016

In this study, we report spray pyrolysis deposition using an alternative precursor solution for the fabrication of MgB2 films. Polycrystalline MgB2 films were prepared by spray pyrolysis, a precursor solution of magnesium diboride nanoparticles, sodium hypophosphite, sodium succinate, sodium acetate and dimethyl sulfoxide on AZ91 magnesium alloys. The spray was carried out using argon as carrier gas at a temperature of 150 °C and a spray rate of 5 ml/min for 60 min. After spraying, the deposited samples were annealed at 300 °C for 15, 30 and 45 min in order to investigate morphological changes and crystallization behaviour. The microstructure, hardness and wettability properties of approximately 30 μm coatings were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness tester and contact angle meter. Produced coatings showed dense and homogenous structural formation with strong grain connections. As‐deposited MgB2 films showed the most pronounced preferred orientation with the (101) reflection and the highest hardness value compared to other annealed coatings at different times. Besides, all the synthesized coatings had a super‐hydrophilic surface.
Phase diagram calculation and experimental research on Fe–12Cr–B–Al–alloys
Authors: Jiang J. , Yue M. , Fu H. , Yuan Y. , Li‐Long Z. , Liang J.
Published: September 2016

The vertical sections of Fe–12%Cr–B–xAl–C system with different aluminum contents have been calculated by use of Thermo‐Calc software and the influence of aluminum content on the phase regions and the parameters of eutectic point have been analyzed. Fe–12.0%Cr–1.0%B–2.0%Al–0.3%C and Fe–12.0%Cr–1.0%B–4.0%Al–0.3%C alloy were chosen to be studied by experiment. The phase transition temperatures were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and the microstructure and the phase type was detected by scanning electrone microscope‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The results indicate that calculated phase diagrams agree well with the experimental results and further prove the thermodynamics database of Thermo‐Calc software is reliable and it can be used to help design the alloy composition and heat treatment process.
Effect of quenching on microstructure and wear‐resistance of Fe–10Cr–1.5B–2Al Alloy
Authors: Jiang J. , Fu H. , Zheng L. , Shu‐Qi G. , Yue M. , Yong‐ping L.
Published: September 2016

Cast Fe–10Cr–1.5B–2Al alloy was quenched at different temperatures. The effects of quenching temperature on microstructure and hardness and wear‐resistance of Fe–10Cr–1.5B–2.0Al alloy were investigated by means of the optical microscopy, the scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometer, Vickers hardness and Rockwell hardness tester, and the MM‐200 block‐on‐ring wear testing machine under dry friction condition. The results indicate that the as‐cast microstructure of Fe–10Cr–1.5B–2.0Al alloy consists of ferrite, pearlite and netlike eutectics which are distributed in the grain boundary. The eutectics mainly include herringbone M2B and chrysanthemum M7(C, B)3. The matrix gradually turns into single martensite with the increase of the quenching temperature. The type of borocarbides has no obvious change after quenching. The netlike boride almost totally fractures and transforms from the fish‐bone structure to the graininess. There is some retained austenite in the quenched structures when the quenching temperature is more than 1100 °C. When the quenching temperature is in a range of 1000 °C to 1100 °C, the hardness and wear resistance show a sharp increase with an increase of temperature, and show a slight decrease after surpassing 1100 °C.
Rat health status affects bioavailability, target tissue levels, and bioactivity of grape seed flavanols
Authors: Margalef Maria , Pons Zara , Iglesias‐Carres Lisard , Quiñones Mar , Bravo Francisca Isabel , Arola‐Arnal Anna , Muguerza Begoña
Published: September 2016

Scope

Studying the flavanol metabolism is essential to identify bioactive compounds, as beneficial effects of flavanols have been attributed to their metabolic products. However, host‐related factors, including pathological conditions, may affect flavanol metabolism and, thus, their bioactivity. This study aims to elucidate whether hypertension affects grape seed flavanol metabolism, influencing their bioactivity in relation to hypertension.

Methods and results

Grape seed flavanols' effect on blood pressure (BP) was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and healthy Wistar rats 6 h after grape seed extract administration (375 mg/kg). Animals were then sacrificed, and plasma bioavailability and aorta distribution of flavanol metabolites were studied by HPLC‐MS/MS in both the groups. Grape seed flavanols were only able to decrease BP in SHR. Plasma total flavanol metabolites showed similar levels, being the difference noticed in specific metabolites' concentrations. Specifically, microbial metabolites showed quantitative and qualitative differences between both health states. Moreover, aorta total concentrations were found decreased in SHR. Interestingly, flavanol microbial metabolites were specifically increased SHR aortas, showing qualitative differences in small phenolic forms.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates important differences in bioactivity and target tissue metabolite levels between healthy and diseased rats, indicating potential metabolites responsible of the anti‐hypertensive effect.
NMR‐based urinary profiling of lactulose/mannitol ratio used to assess the altered intestinal permeability in acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Pandey Gaurav , Bansal Deepak , Rawat Atul , Kumar Umesh , Dubey Durgesh , Guleria Anupam , Saraswat Vivek Anand
Published: September 2016

The article presents a simplified NMR‐based protocol for urinary profiling of lactulose/mannitol ratio (LMR) and demonstrates here its utility to assess increased intestinal permeability (IP) in patients with acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF). ACLF is a serious clinical complication associated with chronic liver disease (cirrhosis). The major risk factor in its development is increased IP (‘leaky gut’), which has been linked to disease progression and to infectious complications. However, IP has seldom been investigated in patients with ACLF, even though patients frequently report gastrointestinal disorders and associated complications. To this end, we first optimized the NMR‐based targeted profiling of urinary metabolites (i.e. actulose, mannitol, and creatinine) and subsequently used this resulted protocol (a) first to evaluate the altered IP in ACLF patients and then (b) to explore its utility for monitoring the treatment response in these patients. The normal profiles were obtained for 7 age and sex matched healthy volunteers. The results revealed that the urinary LMR excretion was significantly higher in ACLF patients compared to normal controls (median ~0.7, range (0.12–2.84), vs median ~0.11, range (0.02–0.28), p < 0.001) suggesting that the ACLF patients' exhibit altered IP. However, the LMR excretion in six clinically improved follow‐up ACLF patients was comparable to normal controls indicating restored IP after the treatment. The protocol—as demonstrated here with ACLF—is equally applicable for evaluating IP or mucosal barrier function in other intestinal disorders with reasonable sensitivity and specificity, highlighting its general utility. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution 1H‐MRSI of the brain using SPICE: Data acquisition and image reconstruction
Authors: Lam Fan , Ma Chao , Clifford Bryan , Johnson Curtis L. , Liang Zhi‐Pei
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To develop data acquisition and image reconstruction methods to enable high‐resolution 1H MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the brain, using the recently proposed subspace‐based spectroscopic imaging framework called SPICE (SPectroscopic Imaging by exploiting spatiospectral CorrElation).

Theory and Methods

SPICE is characterized by the use of a subspace model for both data acquisition and image reconstruction. For data acquisition, we propose a novel spatiospectral encoding scheme that provides hybrid data sets for determining the subspace structure and for image reconstruction using the subspace model. More specifically, we use a hybrid chemical shift imaging /echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging sequence for two‐dimensional (2D) MRSI and a dual‐density, dual‐speed echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging sequence for three‐dimensional (3D) MRSI. For image reconstruction, we propose a method that can determine the subspace structure and the high‐resolution spatiospectral reconstruction from the hybrid data sets generated by the proposed sequences, incorporating field inhomogeneity correction and edge‐preserving regularization.

Results

Phantom and in vivo brain experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. For 2D MRSI experiments, SPICE is able to produce high‐SNR spatiospectral distributions with an approximately 3 mm nominal in‐plane resolution from a 10‐min acquisition. For 3D MRSI experiments, SPICE is able to achieve an approximately 3 mm in‐plane and 4 mm through‐plane resolution in about 25 min.

Conclusion

Special data acquisition and reconstruction methods have been developed for high‐resolution 1H‐MRSI of the brain using SPICE. Using these methods, SPICE is able to produce spatiospectral distributions of 1H metabolites in the brain with high spatial resolution, while maintaining a good SNR. These capabilities should prove useful for practical applications of SPICE. Magn Reson Med 76:1059–1070, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transforming growth factor‐β signaling is upregulated in sporadic inclusion body myositis
Authors: Noda Seiya , Koike Haruki , Maeshima Shinya , Nakanishi Hirotaka , Iijima Masahiro , Matsuo Koji , Kimura Seigo , Katsuno Masahisa , Sobue Gen
Published: September 2016

Introduction

In this study we aimed to determine whether transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling is dysregulated in sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) muscle samples.

Methods

We examined TGF‐β signaling markers in muscle samples from 24 sIBM patients and compared them with those from 10 dermatomyositis (DM) patients using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses.

Results

Compared with the DM muscle fibers, the sIBM muscle fibers exhibited greater TGF‐β, TGF‐β receptor type I (TβRI), and TGF‐β receptor type II (TβRII) immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm, as well as greater phosphorylated Smad2 (pSmad2) immunoreactivity in the myonuclei. The signal intensities of TGF‐β, TβRI, and TβRII immunoreactivity correlated significantly with muscle fiber cross‐sectional areas. Western blot analyses indicated higher expression levels of TGF‐β, TβRI, TβRII, and pSmad2 in the sIBM muscle samples than in the DM muscle samples.

Conclusions

These data indicate that upregulation of TGF‐β signaling may be an important molecular event in sIBM. Muscle Nerve 55: 741–747, 2017
Consolidation in spatially random unsaturated soils based on coupled flow‐deformation simulation
Authors: Cheng Y. , Zhang L.L. , Li J.H. , Zhang L.M. , Wang J.H. , Wang D.Y.
Published: September 2016

This paper integrates random field simulation of soil spatial variability with numerical modeling of coupled flow and deformation to investigate consolidation in spatially random unsaturated soil. The spatial variability of soil properties is simulated using the covariance matrix decomposition method. The random soil properties are imported into an interactive multiphysics software COMSOL to solve the governing partial differential equations. The effects of the spatial variability of Young's modulus and saturated permeability together with unsaturated hydraulic parameters on the dissipation of excess pore water pressure and settlement are investigated using an example of consolidation in a saturated‐unsaturated soil column because of loading. It is found that the surface settlement and the pore water pressure profile during the process of consolidation are significantly affected by the spatially varying Young's modulus. The mean value of the settlement of the spatially random soil is more than 100% greater than that of the deterministic case, and the surface settlement is subject to large uncertainty, which implies that consolidation settlement is difficult to predict accurately based on the conventional deterministic approach. The uncertainty of the settlement increases with the scale of fluctuation because of the averaging effect of spatial variability. The effects of spatial variability of saturated permeability ksat and air entry parameters are much less significant than that of elastic modulus. The spatial variability of air entry value parameters affects the uncertainties of settlement and excess pore pressure mostly in the unsaturated zone. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porous extraction paddle: a solid‐phase extraction technique for studying the urine metabolome
Authors: Shao Gang , MacNeil Michael , Yao Yuanyuan , Giese Roger W.
Published: September 2016

Rationale

A method was needed to accomplish solid‐phase extraction of a large urine volume in a convenient way where resources are limited, towards a goal of metabolome and xenobiotic exposome analysis at another, distant location.

Methods

A porous extraction paddle (PEP) was set up, comprising a porous nylon bag containing extraction particles that is flattened and immobilized between two stainless steel meshes. Stirring the PEP after attachment to a shaft of a motor mounted on the lid of the jar containing the urine accomplishes extraction. The bag contained a mixture of nonpolar and partly nonpolar particles to extract a diversity of corresponding compounds.

Results

Elution of a urine‐exposed, water‐washed PEP with aqueous methanol containing triethylammonium acetate (conditions intended to give a complete elution), followed by MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS, demonstrated that a diversity of compounds had been extracted ranging from uric acid to peptides.

Conclusions

The PEP allows the user to extract a large liquid sample in a jar simply by turning on a motor. The technique will be helpful in conducting metabolomics and xenobiotic exposome studies of urine, encouraging the extraction of large volumes to set up a convenient repository sample (e.g. 2 g of exposed adsorbent in a cryovial) for shipment and re‐analysis in various ways in the future, including scaled‐up isolation of unknown chemicals for identification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designs for phase I trials in ordered groups
Authors: Conaway Mark R. , Wages Nolan A.
Published: September 2016

We propose a new design for dose finding for cytotoxic agents in two ordered groups of patients. By ordered groups, we mean that prior to the study there is clinical information that would indicate that for a given dose one group would be more susceptible to toxicities than patients in the other group. The designs are evaluated relative to two previously proposed designs for ordered groups over a range of scenarios generated randomly from a family of dose‐toxicity curves. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silver Nanowire Embedded Colorless Polyimide Heater for Wearable Chemical Sensors: Improved Reversible Reaction Kinetics of Optically Reduced Graphene Oxide
Authors: Choi Seon‐Jin , Kim Sang‐Joon , Jang Ji‐Soo , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Kim Il‐Doo
Published: September 2016

Optically reduced graphene oxide (ORGO) sheets are successfully integrated on silver nanowire (Ag NW)‐embedded transparent and flexible substrate. As a heating element, Ag NWs are embedded in a colorless polyimide (CPI) film by covering Ag NW networks using polyamic acid and subsequent imidization. Graphene oxide dispersed aqueous solution is drop‐coated on the Ag NW‐embedded CPI (Ag NW‐CPI) film and directly irradiated by intense pulsed light to obtain ORGO sheets. The heat generation property of Ag NW‐CPI film is investigated by applying DC voltage, which demonstrates unprecedentedly reliable and stable characteristics even in dynamic bending condition. To demonstrate the potential application in wearable chemical sensors, NO2 sensing characteristic of ORGO is investigated with respect to the different heating temperature (22.7–71.7 °C) of Ag NW‐CPI film. The result reveals that the ORGO sheets exhibit high sensitivity of 2.69% with reversible response/recovery sensing properties and minimal deviation of baseline resistance of around 1% toward NO2 molecules when the temperature of Ag NW‐CPI film is 71.7 °C. This work first demonstrates the improved reversible NO2 sensing properties of ORGO sheets on flexible and transparent Ag NW‐CPI film assisted by Ag NW heating networks.
Gene–environment interactions in development and disease
Authors: Lovely C. , Rampersad Mindy , Fernandes Yohaan , Eberhart Johann
Published: September 2016

Developmental geneticists continue to make substantial jumps in our understanding of the genetic pathways that regulate development. This understanding stems predominantly from analyses of genetically tractable model organisms developing in laboratory environments. This environment is vastly different from that in which human development occurs. As such, most causes of developmental defects in humans are thought to involve multifactorial gene–gene and gene–environment interactions. In this review, we discuss how gene–environment interactions with environmental teratogens may predispose embryos to structural malformations. We elaborate on the growing number of gene–ethanol interactions that might underlie susceptibility to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e247. doi: 10.1002/wdev.247

This article is categorized under:

Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan

Birth Defects > Associated with Preimplantation and Gastrulation

Birth Defects > Craniofacial and Nervous System Anomalies
Toward universal electrification in Ghana
Authors: Kemausuor Francis , Ackom Emmanuel
Published: September 2016

In 1989, the government of Ghana set in motion an electrification plan that aims to provide universal access to electricity within a 30‐year period, from 1990 to 2020. About 25 years down the line, Ghana seems to be inching closer toward universal electrification. However, a number of challenges remain. As is the case in many other countries, urban communities have greater access to the national electricity grid than rural communities. Also, electricity generation in the country has not matched demand. This has resulted in load shedding/power rationing that has become the bane of the power sector in Ghana, negatively impacting all sectors of the economy and leading to economic losses. The low generation capacity is partly due to poor fuel supply to existing thermal power plants, meaning that installed capacity is often not available for use. This is coupled with low investment in transmission and distribution systems’ infrastructure. Going forward, the government of Ghana would have to explore alternative ways of obtaining fuel, such as regasification, to solve the chronic issue of poor fuel supply for electricity generation. Distributed generation systems, using community mini‐grid and off‐grid systems are other alternatives that could be explored within the framework of the access agenda in order to reach the unserved poor located in remote rural communities. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e225. doi: 10.1002/wene.225

This article is categorized under:

Energy Policy and Planning > Climate and Environment

Energy and Development > Climate and Environment
Reflection’s role in learning: increasing engagement and deepening participation
Authors: Mann Karen V.
Published: September 2016

None
Friends' drinking norms and male adolescents' alcohol consumption: The moderating role of performance‐based peer influence susceptibility
Authors: Teunissen Hanneke A. , Kuntsche Emmanuel , Scholte Ron H.J. , Spijkerman Renske , Prinstein Mitchell J. , Engels Rutger C.M.E.
Published: September 2016

This study examined whether the relationship between friends' drinking norms and male adolescents' alcohol use is moderated by performance‐based peer influence susceptibility. Seventy‐three male adolescents (M = 17 years) from three schools in the Netherlands were exposed to the drinking norms of “peers” (electronic confederates) in a chat room experiment. These peers were either popular or unpopular, and conveyed pro‐ or anti‐alcohol norms. Peer influence susceptibility was defined as the change in adolescents' answers before and after exposure to the peer norms. Multilevel regression analyses indicated that the relationship between friends' drinking norms and adolescents' alcohol use (assessed during eight weekends) was moderated by susceptibility to the pro‐alcohol norms of popular peers. This relationship was stronger for adolescents who were highly susceptible. These findings suggest that a behavioral measure of peer influence susceptibility could be useful in alcohol prevention programs to select adolescents at risk for negative peer socialization.
Classification of spectra of the Neumann–Poincaré operator on planar domains with corners by resonance
Authors: Helsing Johan , Kang Hyeonbae , Lim Mikyoung
Published: September 2016

We study spectral properties of the Neumann–Poincaré operator on planar domains with corners with particular emphasis on existence of continuous spectrum and pure point spectrum. We show that the rate of resonance at continuous spectrum is different from that at eigenvalues, and then derive a method to distinguish continuous spectrum from eigenvalues. We perform computational experiments using the method to see whether continuous spectrum and pure point spectrum appear on domains with corners. For the computations we use a modification of the Nyström method which makes it possible to construct high-order convergent discretizations of the Neumann–Poincaré operator on domains with corners. The results of experiments show that all three possible spectra, absolutely continuous spectrum, singularly continuous spectrum, and pure point spectrum, may appear depending on domains. We also prove rigorously two properties of spectrum which are suggested by numerical experiments: symmetry of spectrum (including continuous spectrum), and existence of eigenvalues on rectangles of high aspect ratio.

Nous étudions les propriétés spectrales de l'opérateur Neumann–Poincaré sur les domaines planaires avec coins. Un accent particulier est mis sur l'existence d'un spectre continu et d'un point isolé du spectre. Nous montrons que le taux de résonance du spectre continu est différent de celui des valeurs propres. Nous dérivons ensuite une méthode pour distinguer spectre continu et valeurs propres. Nous effectuons des expériences numériques afin de voir si le spectre continu et les valeurs propres apparaissent pour des domaines avec coins. Pour les calculs, nous utilisons une modification de la méthode de Nyström. Elle permet la discrétisation convergente de l'opérateur Neumann–Poincaré d'ordre élevé sur des domaines avec coins. Les résultats des expériences montrent que tous les trois spectres possibles, spectre absolument continu, spectre singulier et point isolé du spectre, peuvent apparaître en fonction des domaines. Nous montrons aussi rigoureusement deux propriétés spectrales qui sont suggérées par des expériences numériques : la symétrie du spectre (y compris spectre continu), et de l'existence des valeurs propres sur des rectangles ayant des rapports d'aspect élevés.
An analysis on operational risk in international banking: A Bayesian approach (2007–2011)
Authors: Martínez-Sáncheza José Francisco , Martínez-Palaciosa María Teresa V. , Venegas-Martínez Francisco
Published: September 2016

This study aims to develop a Bayesian methodology to identify, quantify and measure operational risk in several business lines of commercial banking. To do this, a Bayesian network (BN) model is designed with prior and subsequent distributions to estimate the frequency and severity. Regarding the subsequent distributions, an inference procedure for the maximum expected loss, for a period of 20 days, is carried out by using the Monte Carlo simulation method. The business lines analyzed are marketing and sales, retail banking and private banking, which all together accounted for 88.5% of the losses in 2011. Data was obtained for the period 2007–2011 from the Riskdata Operational Exchange Association (ORX), and external data was provided from qualified experts to complete the missing records or to improve its poor quality.
Differential ligand regulation of PlexB signaling in motor neuron axon guidance in Drosophila
Authors: Roh Seyun , Yang Da‐som , Jeong Sangyun
Published: September 2016

Plexins (Plexs) are a large family of phylogenetically conserved guidance receptors that bind specifically to semaphorins (Semas), another large family of guidance molecules. In the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system (CNS), the secreted semaphorins Sema‐2a and Sema‐2b both act as ligands for PlexB, but mediate mutually independent and opposite functions (repulsive and attractive guidance, respectively). PlexB is also known to regulate motor axon guidance in the embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS). However, it is unclear whether the mechanisms of ligand regulation of PlexB seen in the CNS are similar or the same as those that exist in PNS motor axon guidance. Here, we find that two distinct modes of ligand regulation underlie differential roles of PlexB in PNS motor axon pathfinding during embryonic development. Epistasis analyses in the intersegmental nerve b (ISNb) pathway suggest that PlexB serves as a receptor for both Sema‐2a and Sema‐2b and integrates their mutually dependent but opposite guidance functions. Furthermore, we present evidence that PlexB mediates not only Sema‐2a/2b‐dependent guidance functions, but also Sema‐2a/2b‐independent target recognition in establishing the segmental nerve a (SNa) motor axon pathway. These results demonstrate that a single guidance receptor can elicit diverse effects on the establishment of neuronal connectivity via regulation of its ligands themselves.
Communication Bridge: A pilot feasibility study of Internet‐based speech–language therapy for individuals with progressive aphasia
Authors: Rogalski Emily J. , Saxon Marie , McKenna Hannah , Wieneke Christina , Rademaker Alfred , Corden Marya E. , Borio Kathryn , Mesulam M.‐Marsel , Khayum Becky
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Individuals with aphasia symptoms due to neurodegenerative disease are under‐referred for speech–language therapy (SLT) services. We sought to determine the feasibility of utilizing telepractice, via Internet videoconferencing, to connect individuals with progressive aphasia to a speech–language pathologist (SLP) for treatment.

Methods

Participants received an initial evaluation, 8 person‐centered Internet‐based SLT sessions, and 2 post‐therapy evaluations. The feasibility of providing Web‐based SLT, strategies used and their compliance, functional gains, and the duration of benefit were assessed.

Results

Thirty‐four participants from 21 states and Canada were enrolled. Thirty‐one participants completed the 6‐month evaluation. SLP‐assessed and self‐reported functional gains and increased confidence in communication were documented at 2 months and maintained at 6 months postenrollment.

Discussion

Internet‐based SLT using person‐centered interventions provides a feasible model for delivering care to individuals with dementia and mild and/or moderate aphasia symptoms who have an engaged care‐partner and prior familiarity with a computer.
A combined morphometric and phylogenetic revision of the Late Ordovician brachiopod generaEochonetesandThaerodonta
Authors: Bauer Jennifer E. , Stigall Alycia L.
Published: September 2016

Systematic revision of the Late Ordovician brachiopod generaEochonetesReed, 1917 andThaerodontaWang, 1949 was conducted utilizing specimen-based morphometric and species-level phylogenetic analyses. Previous studies had recognizedThaerodontaandEochonetesas either distinct taxonomic entities or synonyms. New multivariate and phylogenetic analyses confirm the synonymy ofThaerodontawithEochonetesand provide a framework to assess evolutionary and ecological patterns within the clade. Multivariate analyses were employed to delineate species in morphospace and provided information on potential species relationships. Phylogenetic analysis was used to produce an evolutionary framework for taxonomic revision and identify character evolution within the clade. Most species previously assigned toThaerodontaare transferred toEochonetes, and three others are excluded fromEochonetesand provisionally referred to other sowerbyellid genera. Three new species (Eochonetes maearumnew species,E. voldemortusnew species,E. minervanew species) are described, one species (Leptaena saxeaSardeson, 1892) is synonymized withE. recedensSardeson, 1892, and one subspecies (Thaerodonta mucronata scabraHowe, 1965) is rejected. This study demonstrates that a combination of complementary approaches and data types has the potential to advance interpretations beyond analyses confined to single analytical tools. Specifically, multivariate analyses provide constraints on species boundaries, whereas species-level phylogenetic analyses provide frameworks to examine morphological, ecological, and biogeographic evolution within a clade.
First Cretaceous (Albian) invertebrate fossil assemblage from Batavia Knoll, Perth Abyssal Plain, eastern Indian Ocean: taxonomy and paleoecological significance
Authors: Wild Toban J. , Stilwell Jeffrey D.
Published: September 2016

The first sedimentary rocks from Batavia Knoll, on the western edge of the Perth Abyssal Plain, eastern Indian Ocean, have been recovered, yielding an assemblage of invertebrate fossils hitherto undocumented from this part of the world. The fauna consists of 22 species of Mollusca, including new gastropods, a calliotropidPlanolateralus acanthanodusn. sp.; a margaritidIgonoia levimargaritan. sp.; a procerithiidProcerithium arenacollicolan. sp.; and aporrhaidsDrepanocheilus bataviensisn. sp. andAnchura pelsaertin. sp. In addition, pleurotomariid, ringiculid, and architectonicid gastropod taxa were recovered. Bivalves are represented by members of the Nuculanidae, Inoceramidae, Pinnidae, Buchiidae, Lucinidae, Veneridae, and Hiatellidae. Scaphopods (Dentaliidae) and ammonites (two taxa, of Desmoceratidae and Hamitidae) are also present. Further recovered were one species of Serpulidae (Polychaeta), two of Trachyleberididae (Ostracoda), and a probable echinoid fragment. The fossil assemblage was dominated by shallow marine suspension-feeding taxa (39% of the suite). Detritivorous and herbivorous taxa comprised 22% and 9%, respectively, with nektic and epifaunal carnivores amounting to 30%. Taphonomic analyses of these fossils and their host sedimentary facies revealed the Batavia Knoll sandstone was deposited in a shallow marine environment during a mass-flow event. Biostratigraphic range data of the preserved macro- and microfossil assemblages imply an age of latest Albian, contemporaneous with the rifting of Batavia Knoll from Greater India during the broader India–Australia–Antarctica breakup in the mid-Cretaceous.
NFSI IS NOT INCLUDED IN NF3
Authors: CRABBÉ MARCEL
Published: September 2016

We prove that the system of strong impredicative NF is not a part of a consistent 3-stratified extension of NF3.
CONSTRUCTING MANY ATOMIC MODELS IN ℵ1
Authors: BALDWIN JOHN T. , LASKOWSKI MICHAEL C. , SHELAH SAHARON
Published: September 2016

We introduce the notion of pseudoalgebraicity to study atomic models of first order theories (equivalently models of a complete sentence of ${L_{{\omega _1},\omega }}$). Theorem: Let T be any complete first-order theory in a countable language with an atomic model. If the pseudominimal types are not dense, then there are 2ℵ0 pairwise nonisomorphic atomic models of T, each of size ℵ1.
GENERALISED IMAGINARIES AND GALOIS COHOMOLOGY
Authors: SUSTRETOV DMITRY
Published: September 2016

The objective of this article is to characterise elimination of finite generalised imaginaries as defined in [9] in terms of group cohomology. As an application, I consider series of Zariski geometries constructed [10, 23, 24] by Hrushovski and Zilber and indicate how their nondefinability in algebraically closed fields is connected to eliminability of certain generalised imaginaries.
Tooth occlusal morphology in the durophagous marine reptiles, Placodontia (Reptilia: Sauropterygia)
Authors: Crofts Stephanie B. , Neenan James M. , Scheyer Torsten M. , Summers Adam P.
Published: September 2016

Placodontia were a group of marine reptiles that lived in shallow nearshore environments during the Triassic. Based on tooth morphology it has been inferred that they were durophagous, but tooth morphology differs among species: placodontoid placodonts have teeth described as hemispherical, and the teeth of more highly nested taxa within the cyamodontoid placodonts have been described as flat. In contrast, the sister taxon to the placodonts, Palatodonta bleekeri, like many other marine reptiles, has tall pointed teeth for eating soft-bodied prey. The goals of this paper are to quantify these different tooth morphologies and compare tooth shape among taxa and with a functionally “optimal” tooth. To quantify tooth morphology we measured the radius of curvature (RoC) of the occlusal surface by fitting spheres to 3D surface scans or computed microtomographic scans. Large RoCs correspond to flatter teeth, while teeth with smaller RoCs are pointier; positive RoCs have convex occlusal surfaces, and a negative RoC indicates that the occlusal surface of the tooth is concave. We found the placodontoid taxa have teeth with smaller RoCs than more highly nested taxa, and palatine teeth tend to be flatter and closer to the optimal morphology than maxillary teeth. Within one well-nested clade, the placochelyids, the rearmost palatine teeth have a more complex morphology than the predicted optimal tooth, with an overall concave occlusal surface with a small, medial cusp. These findings are in keeping with the hypothesis that placodonts were specialized durophagous predators with teeth modified to break hard prey items while resisting tooth failure.
Neutestamentlicher Kanon, christliche Apokryphen und antik-christliche „Erinnerungskulturen”
Authors: Nicklas Tobias
Published: September 2016

Is Christianity a ‘religion of (canonical) books or a ‘religion of memories’? What role did the books that would eventually become canonical play in various early Christian contexts? This article explores the history of the canon, especially in relation to early Christian ‘landscapes’ and ‘places of memory’. The role of ‘canonical’ and so-called ‘apocryphal’ writings in the construction and development of these ‘places of memory’ is discussed. It is argued that instead of labelling the latter works ‘apocryphal’, it would be better to call them ‘useful for the church’.
Reactivity to uncertain threat as a familial vulnerability factor for alcohol use disorder
Authors: Gorka S. M. , Hee D. , Lieberman L. , Mittal V. A. , Phan K. L. , Shankman S. A.
Published: September 2016

Background

When sober, problematic drinkers display exaggerated reactivity to threats that are uncertain (U-threat). Since this aversive affective state can be alleviated via acute alcohol intoxication, it has been posited that individuals who exhibit heightened reactivity to U-threat at baseline are motivated to use alcohol as a means of avoidance-based coping, setting the stage for excessive drinking. To date, however, no study has attempted to characterize the dispositional nature of exaggerated reactivity to U-threat and test whether it is a vulnerability factor or exclusively a disease marker of problematic alcohol use.

Method

The current investigation utilized a family study design to address these gaps by examining whether (1) reactivity to U-threat is associated with risk for problematic alcohol use, defined by family history of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and (2) reactivity to U-threat is correlated amongst adult biological siblings. A total of 157 families, and 458 individuals, participated in the study and two biological siblings completed a threat-of-shock task designed to probe reactivity to U-threat and predictable threat (P-threat). Startle potentiation was collected as an index of aversive responding.

Results

Within biological siblings, startle potentiation to U-threat [intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.35] and P-threat (ICC = 0.63) was significantly correlated. In addition, independent of an individuals’ own AUD status, startle potentiation to U-threat, but not P-threat, was positively associated with risk for AUD (i.e. AUD family history).

Conclusion

This suggests that heightened reactivity to U-threat may be a familial vulnerability factor for problematic drinking and a novel prevention target for AUD.
Who is Beck? Sonic markers as a compositional tool in pop production
Authors: Askeroi Eirik
Published: September 2016

Throughout the history of music recording, the use of certain technologies and instruments has left distinctive marks on recordings – marks that imply an intrinsic relationship between an era and a sound. At the same time, producers and artists have taken advantage of this relationship, constructing and otherwise exploiting what I have elsewhere conceptualised as sonic markers. This study explores how Beck's use of sound as a compositional tool constructs sonic markers that have in turn contributed profoundly to the formation of his musical identity. First, I take into account Beck's use of various pop aesthetics to explore how sonic markers are constructed through appropriation. Second, I offer an assessment of the ways in which Beck's musical identity has been formed from his play with the sonic markers of other eras. Third, I provide an analytical account of ‘Sexx Laws’ (1999) to illustrate how Beck's play with sonic markers of time also informs individual song structure and composition.
Live mediation: performing concerts using studio technology
Authors: Kjus Yngvar , Danielsen Anne
Published: September 2016

The use of computers is continuously changing the sound of records but also increasingly challenging established forms of live concert aesthetics. So what becomes of creativity and expressivity in the live performance? In this study, we present an artist-oriented approach to this question through interviews with artists invested in performing studio works on stage, as well as improvising musicians using studio technology in their concerts. We find that challenges to creative authorship and expressive agency are constantly negotiated through evolving practices of up- and down-scaling particular aspects of studio works on stage, as well as designing technological setups tailored to individual forms of improvisation. While these practices challenge deep-rooted notions of the ‘right’ or appropriate bond between musician and music, the appropriation of studio technology in live performance has clearly become an integral part of many artists’ continual exploration of their musical agency.
RETHINKING STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY ACCESS IN HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: REACTIONS TO POLICY FORUM DISCUSSIONS
Authors: Sampietro-Colom Laura , Thomas Sarah
Published: September 2016

The need to progress and innovate in health technology assessment (HTA) is a must in a continuously changing environment. The HTAi Policy Forum reflected on two specific areas for development where it was thought there was need for careful consideration and deliberation during the main annual meeting in February 2016. The study by Husereau et al. (1) in this journal presents the discussions resulting from this Forum. To further share the deliberations of the Forum and with a view to opening this debate to the wider HTA community, a panel session during the HTAi Annual Meeting in Tokyo was organized. Presentations at the panel included a summary of the HTAi Policy Forum discussions and perspectives from a patient, a representative of healthcare system provider, and a representative from an HTA organization and industry. This letter presents the issues raised in the panel session.
Error Correction of Infrared Earth Radiance for Autonomous Navigation
Authors: Li Jianqing , Gao Changsheng , Feng Tianming , Jing Wuxing
Published: September 2016

A strapdown inertial navigation system and celestial navigation system integrated autonomous navigation scheme is proposed in this paper, using the navigation information obtained from Earth sensors and star sensors. To eliminate the adverse effect caused by the asymmetry of Earth infrared radiance, the relationship between Earth infrared radiance brightness and effective horizon height is found. According to the relationship as well as the measuring principle of the Earth sensor, this paper derives a function to correct the measurement of the Earth sensor. Then, the angle-distance of stars can be calculated, and using this information, we can estimate the navigation information of a ballistic missile by least square estimation. The simulation results show that the error of Earth infrared radiance has a great effect on the navigation precision, and by using the correction scheme, this adverse effect can be greatly mitigated. This correction scheme is available and effective.
‘Distilling More than 2,000 Years of History into 161,000 Square Feet of Display Space’: Limiting Britishness and the Failure to Create a Museum of British History
Authors: CARTER TOM , ROBERTSON IAIN
Published: September 2016

National museums both mediate and inculcate official and formal versions of national culture and by this means make and maintain national identity. Three times in the course of the twentieth century, various groups have attempted, and failed, to establish a national museum, identified variously as British or English. This paper explores just one of those attempts: the Museum of British History Project, first proposed in 1996 and finally killed off in 2008. The focus here is, therefore, on failure and on the role of the conflation of Britishness and Englishness in that failure as well as the nature of British identity construction more generally.

All three attempts to create a national museum placed the rural idyll at the heart of the project. In the course of a detailed investigation of the Museum of British History project, this paper will pay particular attention to the proposed designs for a ‘British Landscape Gallery’ and the project's hegemonic, ruralised and Anglocentric perspectives. The gallery was the principal way in which established constructs of England and Englishness became conflated in the museum with Britain and Britishness and served to perpetuate the dominance of the ‘rural idyll’ in hegemonic manifestations of the nation. But the project remained stillborn in the face of the new museology: a failure which undoubtedly demonstrates the limits to the cultural power of the rural idyll.
A NOTE ON THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION: MORE DOUBLE PARETO THAN LOGNORMAL
Authors: Toda Alexis Akira
Published: September 2016

The cross-sectional distribution of consumption is commonly approximated by the lognormal distribution. This note shows that consumption is better described by the double Pareto-lognormal distribution (dPlN), which has a lognormal body with two Pareto tails and arises as the stationary distribution in recently proposed dynamic general equilibrium models. dPlN outperforms other parametric distributions and is often not rejected by goodness-of-fit tests. The analytical tractability and parsimony of dPlN may be convenient for various economic applications.
A systematic review of methods to assess intake of fruits and vegetables among healthy European adults and children: a DEDIPAC (DEterminants of DIet and Physical Activity) study
Authors: Riordan Fiona , Ryan Kathleen , Perry Ivan J , Schulze Matthias B , Andersen Lene Frost , Geelen Anouk , van’t Veer Pieter , Eussen Simone , Dagnelie Pieter , Wijckmans-Duysens Nicole , Harrington Janas M
Published: September 2016

Objective

Evidence suggests that health benefits are associated with consuming recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables (F&V), yet standardised assessment methods to measure F&V intake are lacking. The current review aims to identify methods to assess F&V intake among children and adults in pan-European studies and inform the development of the DEDIPAC (DEterminants of DIet and Physical Activity) toolbox of methods suitable for use in future European studies.

Design

A literature search was conducted using three electronic databases and by hand-searching reference lists. English-language studies of any design which assessed F&V intake were included in the review.

Setting

Studies involving two or more European countries were included in the review.

Subjects

Healthy, free-living children or adults.

Results

The review identified fifty-one pan-European studies which assessed F&V intake. The FFQ was the most commonly used (n42), followed by 24 h recall (n11) and diet records/diet history (n7). Differences existed between the identified methods; for example, the number of F&V items on the FFQ and whether potatoes/legumes were classified as vegetables. In total, eight validated instruments were identified which assessed F&V intake among adults, adolescents or children.

Conclusions

The current review indicates that an agreed classification of F&V is needed in order to standardise intake data more effectively between European countries. Validated methods used in pan-European populations encompassing a range of European regions were identified. These methods should be considered for use by future studies focused on evaluating intake of F&V.