bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erosion–corrosion behaviour of nano-Al2O3 reinforced Ni based alloying layer in acidic slurry flow
Authors: Zhuo C. Z. , Xu J. , Han D. Z. , Liu L. L.
Published: September 2009

The aim of the present study was to study the effect of nano-Al2O3 particles on erosion–corrosion behaviour of Ni based alloying layer in acidic slurry flow. The nano-Al2O3 reinforced Ni based alloying layer was prepared by double glow plasma alloying on 316L stainless steel surface, where Ni/nano-Al2O3 was firstly predeposited by brush plating. AISI 316L stainless steel and single Ni based alloying layer without Ni/nano-Al2O3 interlayer were used as reference materials. Potentiodynamic polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and mass loss techniques were applied to study the corrosion and erosion–corrosion behaviour of nano-Al2O3 reinforced Ni based alloying layer in acidic solution (10 wt-%HCl), acidic flow (10 wt-%HCl) and acidic slurry flow (10 wt-%HCl z 10 wt-% sand particles). Results of potentiodynamic polarisation indicated that the corrosion potentials Ecorr of investigated materials were decreased and anodic current densities of investigated materials were increased under acidic flow condition when compared with that of obtained in static corrosion. Comparing with that obtained in acidic flow condition, a further decrease in corrosion potential Ecorr and increase in anodic current density was observed under acidic slurry flow condition. Among the investigated materials, the corrosion current densities icorr of nano-Al2O3 reinforced Ni based alloying layer were higher than that of Ni based alloying layer, but obviously lower than that of 316L stainless steel under three different conditions. The impedance measurements revealed that the size of semicircle diameters of investigated materials decreased continuously with rotating the samples in acidic flow and acidic slurry flow, comparing with that of obtained in static corrosion. The corrosion resistance of nano-Al2O3 reinforced Ni based alloying layer was lower than that of single alloying layer under three different conditions. Mass loss studies under acidic slurry flow conditions indicated that there was a threshold of rotational speed vc, above which the mass loss of nano-Al2O3 reinforced Ni based alloying layer was apparently lower than that of single alloying layer. At 3·45 m s–1 ( vc<3·45 m s–1), the percentage of synergism of nano-Al2O3 reinforced Ni based alloying layer decreased by 17·26 and 16·76% as compared to that of AISI 316L stainless steel and single Ni based alloying layer.
Thermodiffused vanadium carbide interface for diamond films on steel and cemented carbides substrates
Authors: Barquete D. M. , Corat E. J. , Campos R. A. , Moura Neto C. , Trava-Airoldi V. J.
Published: September 2009

In this work an interface is studied and proposed for chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond films on sintered carbides and steel substrates, the most relevant tooling materials for mechanical applications. It consists of a thermoreactive deposited and diffused vanadium carbide layer. This interface presents good characteristics for diamond films deposition: high adherence to substrates, favourable thermal expansion coefficient, high hardness and high mechanical strength. Good quality and adherent diamond films are obtained and its characteristics are evaluated by SEM, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and indentation tests. For sintered carbides substrates, typical Raman shift of 4·1 cm−1 is obtained, equivalent to compressive residual stresses of 1·4 GPa applied from the substrate to CVD diamond films through vanadium carbide interlayer. For steel substrates, Raman shift reached 20·1 cm−1, corresponding to 6·93 GPa compressive stress applied from substrate to diamond films through VC interlayer, evidencing the mechanical strength of the VC diamond film coatings.
Effect of ultrasound vibration during electrodeposition of Ni–SiC nanocomposite coatings
Authors: Zanella C. , Lekka M. , Bonora P. L.
Published: September 2009

The deposition of pure Ni and Ni/SiC nanocomposite coatings was carried out using an additive free Watts type bath. In order to avoid porosity and defects induced by the hydrogen evolution ultrasonic vibration was used during the electrodeposition. The effects of the ultrasound treatment on both pure Ni and Ni/SiC nanocomposite codeposition was investigated by means of coatings microstructure and surface morphology study and SiC content measurements. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the ultrasonic vibration reduced the layer porosity. The role of ultrasounds in reducing porosity was shown.
Self-cleaning surface functionalisation of keratins: Effect of heat treatment and formulation preparation time on photocatalysis and fibres mechanical properties
Authors: Tung W. S. , Daoud W. A.
Published: September 2009

Heat treatment is an important process to facilitate the fixation of titanium dioxide particles on the surface of various substances. The interfacial binding of titanium dioxide particles is critical in affecting the photocatalytic activities of the functionalised material. Hence, the effect of heat treatment on the self-cleaning properties was investigated. Moreover, fibres physical and mechanical properties form one of the criteria to determine the usability of the fibres. Therefore, in order to widen the application and enhance the feasibility of the self-cleaning functionalisation process, the effect of titanium dioxide formulation on the low stress mechanical properties of the fibres was studied.
Nucleation of calcium hydroxyapatite thin films from simulated body fluid
Authors: Čolović B. , Todorović-Marković B. , Marković Z. , Marković D. , Plavšić M. , Jokanović V.
Published: September 2009

Calcium hydroxyapatite (CHA) formation was produced by biomimetic deposition on the surfaces of silica layers of the steel bands, using slightly modified simulated body fluid (SBF). The used SBF had a pH value of 7·4 and a similar ionic composition like human plasma. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) method was used to analyse obtained phases on the surfaces of silica films after various times of sample soaking in SBF. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations pointed out the mechanism of CHA nucleation. Mass changes investigations of the CHA thin films showed that the depth of CHA films was dependent on the aging time of silica substrate in SBF.
Actuation in shape memory layer engineered film based architectures
Authors: Craciunescu C. M.
Published: September 2009

The design opportunities of shape memory properties as they are downsized from bulk to thin film architectures are analysed, based on the observation that thin films deposited on substrate offer a wider range for smart engineering design. Films attached to a substrate show a two-way memory effect in bimorph architectures, due to a combined contribution of the film and the substrate. Such an actuation is not only reversible, but more stable in terms of actuation, compared to the one in bulk alloys and free standing films (i.e. removed from the substrate). In fact, bimorph and trimorph architectures relate the film to the substrate and since the phase transformation in the shape memory alloys is governed by stress, temperature and/or magnetic field, it follows that by adjusting the initial stress (for magnetic transition) and the initial as well as the supplementary thermal stress (for thermally controlled transitions), one could shape the actuation behaviour. Thus, the actuation control is based not only on the composition of the films but also on the relative thickness of the film(s) and substrate, the surface architecture of the film or the structural and compositional distributions of the films on the substrate. Experimental results show how the actuation response of bimorph and trimorph architectures with shape memory films deposited on both parts of the substrate can be modelled to respond to specific requirements, based on the combination of the depositions of the sides of the substrate. A larger number of variants can thus be engineered for particular applications in micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems.
Matrix metalloproteinases in subjects with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Gharagozlian Sedegheh , Svennevig Katja , Bangstad Hans-Jacob , Winberg Jan-Olof , Kolset Svein Olav
Published: September 2009

Background

Nephropathy is serious complication of diabetes. We have previously shown that level of the proteoglycan syndecan-1 in blood is associated with ultrastructural kidney changes in young persons with type 1 diabetes. Dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) may contribute to the development of nephropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate if the levels of MMPs in blood samples are potential markers of early nephropathy in type 1 diabetes.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from type 1 diabetes patients after 11 years of diabetes (n = 15) and healthy volunteers (n = 12) and stored at ÷80°C until measurement. Levels and activities of serum MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP- 2 were analyzed and compared to those of control individuals using ELISA, SDS-PAGE gelatin zymography, and Western blot analysis.

Results

The serum levels of both MMP-9 and MMP-2 were significantly higher in subjects with type 1 diabetes, compared to controls (p = 0.016 and p = 0.008 respectively). Western blotting revealed no differences between the two groups in the levels of TIMP-1 or TIMP-2, respectively.

Conclusion

Our MMP analysis of serum from a limited number of patients with type 1 diabetes suggest that such analysis is potentially useful as markers in studies of people at risk of progression to chronic kidney disease.
Has “Greater” Vanished from the Balkan Vocabulary? Fragmentation and Cohesion in Southeastern Europe
Authors: Binder David
Published: September 2009

Talk of a “greater” this or that Balkan nation-state has subsided in recent years as the region experienced the creation of ever more minirepublics—a total of eight on the territory of former Yugoslavia. This trend toward fragmentation was initiated by petty nationalists and fostered by the United States and European powers that found it convenient and desirable to dominate and exploit a bunch of fiefdoms. The outside powers reinforced the new system of minirepublics by inviting candidacy in their continental economic organization, the European Union, and their now global security organization, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. But is “greater” gone forever from the Balkan vocabulary? It might be prudent not to banish the concept. Think of the phrase of the late Willy Brandt spoken in 1989: “Jetzt wächst zusammen was zusammen gehört”—“Now grows together what belongs together.” Applied to the Balkans in coming decades the ethnic Albanians now living in at least five Balkan states and the ethnic Serbs living in five states, as well, are developing growing kinship with their fellow nationals beyond the current frontiers and local allegiances that currently separate them.
Cyprus: Economic Consequences of Reunification
Authors: Georgiou George C.
Published: September 2009

This essay analyzes the economic consequences of the proposed reunification of Cyprus and concludes that, based on the framework presently being negotiated, the much-publicized economic peace dividend will not materialize for the majority of Cypriots. The economic costs and benefits of such an agreement will inevitably be unequally divided, with the Greek-Cypriot majority bearing the brunt of the economic burden with no political or security offset.
Carrots, Sticks, and Bombs: The End of Libya's WMD Program
Authors: Newnham Randall
Published: September 2009

The question of how to deal with so-called rogue states, especially those trying to obtain weapons of mass destruction (WMD), is currently of central importance to the world. Advocates of military action, who predominated immediately after 9/11, have lost credibility in recent years. Yet they have claimed one clear success: Libya's decision to renounce WMD in late 2003. The Bush administration believed that this decision was based largely on fears of US military action. This essay, in contrast, argues that other factors were crucial, notably the impact of years of economic sanctions and the lure of economic incentives. Thus the Libyan case, far from supporting a military approach to “rogue states,” in fact argues for a patient policy of diplomacy and economic carrots and sticks.
Towards an integrated view of Wnt signaling in development
Authors: van Amerongen Renée , Nusse Roel
Published: September 2009

Wnt signaling is crucial for embryonic development in all animal species studied to date. The interaction between Wnt proteins and cell surface receptors can result in a variety of intracellular responses. A key remaining question is how these specific responses take shape in the context of a complex, multicellular organism. Recent studies suggest that we have to revise some of our most basic ideas about Wnt signal transduction. Rather than thinking about Wnt signaling in terms of distinct, linear, cellular signaling pathways, we propose a novel view that considers the integration of multiple,often simultaneous, inputs at the level of both Wnt-receptor binding and the downstream, intracellular response.
The posteriorizing geneGbx2is a direct target of Wnt signalling and the earliest factor in neural crest induction
Authors: Li Bo , Kuriyama Sei , Moreno Mauricio , Mayor Roberto
Published: September 2009

Wnt signalling is required for neural crest (NC) induction; however, the direct targets of the Wnt pathway during NC induction remain unknown. We show here that the homeobox gene Gbx2 is essential in this process and is directly activated by Wnt/β-catenin signalling. By ChIP and transgenesis analysis we show that the Gbx2 regulatory elements that drive expression in the NC respond directly to Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Gbx2 has previously been implicated in posteriorization of the neural plate. Here we unveil a new role for this gene in neural fold patterning. Loss-of-function experiments using antisense morpholinos against Gbx2 inhibit NC and expand the preplacodal domain, whereas Gbx2 overexpression leads to transformation of the preplacodal domain into NC cells. We show that the NC specifier activity of Gbx2 is dependent on the interaction with Zic1 and the inhibition of preplacodal genes such as Six1. In addition, we demonstrate that Gbx2 is upstream of the neural fold specifiers Pax3 and Msx1. Our results place Gbx2 as the earliest factor in the NC genetic cascade being directly regulated by the inductive molecules, and support the notion that posteriorization of the neural folds is an essential step in NC specification. We propose a new genetic cascade that operates in the distinction between anterior placodal and NC territories.
Meis2 competes with the Groucho co-repressor Tle4 for binding to Otx2 and specifies tectal fate without induction of a secondary midbrain-hindbrain boundary organizer
Authors: Agoston Zsuzsa , Schulte Dorothea
Published: September 2009

The transcription factor Otx2 is expressed throughout the anterior neuroectoderm and is required for the formation of all forebrain- and midbrain-derived structures. The molecular determinants that cooperate with Otx2 to subdivide its expression domain into distinct functional units are, however, poorly understood at present. We show here that the TALE-homeodomain protein Meis2 is expressed in the chick tectal anlage and is both necessary and sufficient for tectal development. Unlike known tectum-inducing genes, the ability of Meis2 to initiate tectal development does not involve the formation of a secondary midbrain-hindbrain boundary organizer, but instead requires direct interaction with Otx2. Using an Otx2-dependent reporter assay we demonstrate that Meis2 competes with the Groucho co-repressor Tle4 (Grg4) for binding to Otx2 and thereby restores Otx2 transcriptional activator function. Together, our data suggest a model in which the balance between a co-repressor and a co-activator, which compete for binding to Otx2 in the mesencephalic vesicle, provides spatial and temporal control over tectal development. Controlled formation of Meis2-containing higher order protein complexes might thus serve as a general mechanism to achieve subdivision of the anterior neuroectoderm into distinct functional units during embryogenesis.
A directional Wnt/β-catenin-Sox2-proneural pathway regulates the transition from proliferation to differentiation in theXenopusretina
Authors: Agathocleous Michalis , Iordanova Ilina , Willardsen Minde I. , Xue Xiao Yan , Vetter Monica L. , Harris William A. , Moore Kathryn B.
Published: September 2009

Progenitor cells in the central nervous system must leave the cell cycle to become neurons and glia, but the signals that coordinate this transition remain largely unknown. We previously found that Wnt signaling, acting through Sox2, promotes neural competence in the Xenopus retina by activating proneural gene expression. We now report that Wnt and Sox2 inhibit neural differentiation through Notch activation. Independently of Sox2, Wnt stimulates retinal progenitor proliferation and this, when combined with the block on differentiation, maintains retinal progenitor fates. Feedback inhibition by Sox2 on Wnt signaling and by the proneural transcription factors on Sox2 mean that each element of the core pathway activates the next element and inhibits the previous one, providing a directional network that ensures retinal cells make the transition from progenitors to neurons and glia.
Synthesis of β-Maltooligosaccharides of α-Tocopherol Derivatives by Xanthomonas campestris and Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase and Their Anti-allergic Activity
Authors: Shimoda Kei , Sato Daisuke , Hamada Hiroki
Published: September 2009

Synthesis of β-glucosides, β-maltosides, and β-maltotriosides of two α-tocopherol derivatives, i.e., 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4-methylpentyl)-6-chromanol and 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8-dimethylnonyl)-6-chromanol, was achieved by bacterial glucosylation with Xanthomonas campestris followed by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase-catalyzed glucooligosaccharide formation. The β-glucosides and β-maltosides of α-tocopherol derivatives showed inhibitory effects on IgE antibody formation and on histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells.
Magnetic-field-induced Synthesis of Co Filtering Film Consisting of Co Nanowires
Authors: Jin Zhen , Li Hao
Published: September 2009

Co filtering film consisting of numerous compact Co nanowires with a diameter of ca. 10 nm was prepared by a magnetic-field-induced synthetic route. Room-temperature coercivity (Hc) of the Co filtering film measured with the applied magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the film plane was 210 and 481 Oe, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of bulk Co film.
Stereocontolled Synthesis of (−)-Afzelechin: General Route to Catechin-class Polyphenols by Solving an SN2 vs. SN1 Problem
Authors: Ohmori Ken , Takeda Megumi , Higuchi Takashi , Shono Tomohiro , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: September 2009

Stereocontrolled synthesis of (−)-afzelechin was achieved via the Mitsunobu reaction, where complete stereospecificity was observed when an electron-withdrawing group was introduced to the para-position of the B-ring fragment.
Facile Synthesis of 2,3-Diacetoxyflavanones from 3-Aminoflavones
Authors: Miyake Hideyoshi , Nishino Shouko , Sasaki Mitsuru
Published: September 2009

3-Aminoflavone reacts with isopentyl nitrite in acetic acid to give 2,3-diacetoxyflavanone in good yield. 3-Aminoflavone, the starting material, is readily available, and this method is a powerful tool for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroxyflavanone derivatives.
Improvement of Pd(II) Adsorption Performance of Condensed-tannin Gel by Amine Modification
Authors: Kim Yeon-Ho , Alam Md Nazmul , Marutani Yoshie , Ogata Takeshi , Morisada Shintaro , Nakano Yoshio
Published: September 2009

Condensed-tannin gel adsorbent has been modified through the ammonia treatment to introduce amino groups, which have higher affinity for soft metal ions than hydroxy groups, within the gel structure. This modification resulted in the drastic enhancement of Pd(II) adsorbability in chloride media.
Preparation of Core–Shell Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposite Particles Based on Phase Separation of a Polymer Blend
Authors: Yabu Hiroshi , Koike Kazutaka , Motoyoshi Kiwamu , Higuchi Takeshi , Shimomura Masatsugu
Published: September 2009

Polymer nanoparticles with phase-separation structures can be prepared by simple solvent evaporation process from block copolymer or polymer blend solution (self-organized precipitation (SORP)). In this report, core–shell organic–inorganic nanocomposite particles were prepared by combination of block copolymer stabilizing Au nanoparticles and polymer blend. Block copolymer stabilizing Au NPs were prepared by reduction of Au ion in their micelles. Nanocomposite particles of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and block copolymer stabilizing Au NPs are successfully prepared by using the SORP method.
Cholesterol Analogs Labeled with Novel Silylated Fluorescent Compounds
Authors: Moriguchi Tomohisa , Hosaka Masahiro , Yoshinari Akihito , Ozaki Akiko , Takeuchi Toshiyuki , Shinozuka Kazuo
Published: September 2009

Novel fluorescent cholesterol derivatives bearing dimethylsilylated fluorescent molecules were prepared. The derivatives exhibit markedly enhanced fluorescence compared to that of an analogous derivative bearing unmodified pyrene in living cells.
An exploration of the moderating effect of trait emotional intelligence on memory and attention in neutral and stressful conditions
Authors: Mikolajczak Moïra , Roy Emmanuel , Verstrynge Valéry , Luminet Olivier
Published: September 2009

Trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) refers to individual differences in the experience, perception, regulation, and utilization of emotions. Research has shown that trait EI moderated subjective and endocrine responses to both natural and laboratory stressors. This study explores, the cognitive processes underlying this effect, under the hypothesis that trait EI moderates the impact of stress on memory and/or attention. Results supported the hypothesis, but solely for the ‘regulation’ EI‐dimension (named self‐control or SC). In neutral conditions, high SC was characterized by an attentional focus to neutral material and a facilitated memory for positive events, whereas low SC was characterized by an attentional focus to emotional material (regardless of valence) and a facilitated memory for negative events. In stressful conditions, high SC individuals engaged attention to emotional material (regardless of valence) and recalled more negative events, while low SC individuals disengaged attention from emotional material and recalled more positive events.
Perceived responsibility to act: An investigation with respect to registering willingness to become a posthumous organ donor
Authors: Farsides Tom
Published: September 2009

Two questionnaire studies (Ns=238 and 497) were guided by the original theoretical specification of the triangle model of responsibility. These investigated the relationship between perceived responsibility to register willingness to posthumously donate one's organs and people's self‐reported actual and intended registration behaviour. Exploratory factor analyses suggested that various responsibility‐related constructs could be differentiated, several of which explained unique variance in participants' registration status. Although predominantly derived from it, these constructs provided little support for the specific manner in which the triangle model has previously been conceptualized and operationalized. Implications for theoretical development, future empirical research, and organ procurement are discussed.
The efficacy of SMS text messages to compensate for the effects of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia
Authors: Pijnenborg G. H. M. , Withaar F. K. , Brouwer W. H. , Timmerman M. E. , van den Bosch R. J. , Evans J. J.
Published: September 2009

Background and aims.Many people with schizophrenia have severe cognitive impairments that hamper their activities. The effect of pharmacological and behavioural interventions on cognitive functioning has been demonstrated, but even after successful intervention considerable impairments can remain. Therefore, we sought for alternative ways to help patients cope with the effects of their cognitive impairments. In the present study, we have evaluated the efficacy of short message service (SMS) text messages to compensate for the effects of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia in daily life.

Design.A waiting list controlled trial was conducted: patients were quasi‐randomly assigned to an A‐B‐A (baseline–intervention–follow‐up) condition or an A‐A‐B‐A condition that included an additional 7‐week waiting list. The waiting list was included to control for the effect of time on relevant outcome.

Method.Sixty‐two people with schizophrenia or related psychotic disorders were included in the study. All patients showed impaired goal‐directed behaviour in daily life‐situations. Patients were prompted with SMS text messages to improve their everyday functioning. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of goals achieved.

Results.The overall percentage of goals achieved increased with prompting, while performance dropped to baseline level after withdrawing the prompts. Keeping appointments with mental health workers and carrying out leisure activities increased with prompting, while medication adherence and attendance at training sessions remained unchanged. A majority of the patients enjoyed receiving the SMS text messages.

Discussion.Prompting can significantly improve achievement of a number of relevant goals. For other goals, combining prompting with interventions that enhance motivation seems indicated.
Muslim views on mental health and psychotherapy
Authors: Weatherhead Stephen. , Daiches Anna.
Published: September 2009

Objectives. The aim of this research was to explore with a heterogeneous Muslim population their understanding of the concept of mental health and how any mental distress experienced by an individual can best be addressed.

Design. A qualitative approach was taken. Participants were interviewed, and data analysed thematically.

Methods. A sample of 14 Muslims was interviewed according to a semi‐structured interview schedule. Participants were recruited via electronic mailing lists, and communications with local Muslim organizations. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results. Thematic analysis identified seven operationalizing themes that were given the labels ‘causes’, ‘problem management’, ‘relevance of services’, ‘barriers’, ‘service delivery’, ‘therapy content’, and ‘therapist characteristics’.

Conclusions. The results highlight the interweaving of religious and secular perspectives on mental distress and responses to it. Potential barriers are discussed, as are the important characteristics of therapy, therapists, and service provision. Clinical implications are presented along with the limitations of this study and suggestions for future research.
Study of the Mechanisms Controlling the Oxide Growth Under Irradiation: Characterization of Irradiated Zircaloy-4 and Zr-1Nb-O Oxide Scales
Authors: Bossis P , Thomazet J , Lefebvre F
Published: September 2009

In PWRs, the Zr-1Nb-O alloy shows a marked enhancement in corrosion resistance in comparison with Zircaloy-4. The aim of this work is to analyze the reasons for these different behaviors and to determine the respective nature of the oxide growth controlling mechanisms under irradiation. Samples taken from Zircaloy-4 irradiated 1, 2, and 4 cycles and Zr-1Nb-O irradiated 1 and 3 cycles have been systematically characterized by optical microscopy, SEM coupled with image analysis, hydride distribution, and XRD. Specific TEM characterizations have been performed on the Zr-1Nb-O samples. A XPS analysis of a nonirradiated sample is also reported. It has been shown that under irradiation the slow oxidation kinetics of the Zr-1Nb-O alloy is associated with very regular metal-oxide interface and oxide layer. On the contrary, the accelerated oxidation kinetics of Zircaloy-4 is associated with highly perturbed metal-oxide interface and oxide layer. On both irradiated alloys, cracks are observed to initiate preferentially above the delayed parts of the oxidation front. Hydrogen intake during water oxidation in PWR environment is found to be much lower on the Zr-1Nb-O alloy than on Zircaloy-4. More β-ZrO2 is found on the oxide layer formed on Zircaloy-4 than on Zr-1Nb-O after oxidation in PWR. Classical irradiation-induced microstructural evolution is observed in the Zr-1Nb-O metallic alloy after 3 cycles, i.e., a fine β-Nb precipitation. β-Nb precipitates are observed to undergo a delayed oxidation associated with a crystalline to amorphous transformation. After water oxidation in autoclave, a pronounced Nb segregation is detected on the oxide surface of a Zr-1Nb-O sample.

These results suggest that the oxidation kinetics of Zircaloy-4 is controlled essentially by oxygen diffusion through the inner barrier layer, which is significantly accelerated under irradiation. The oxidation kinetics of Zr-1Nb-O is controlled by both oxygen diffusion through the inner barrier and by water reduction at the oxide-environment interface; these two mechanisms are less affected by irradiation on this alloy.
The Influence of In-Situ Clad Straining on the Corrosion of Zircaloy in a PWR Water Environment
Authors: Kammenzind BF , Eklund KL , Bajaj R
Published: September 2009

Zircaloy fuel element cladding changes dimensions during service in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) as a result of stress-free irradiation-induced growth, creep-driven by fuel pellet expansion and hydriding. The application of a tensile load in a high-temperature autoclave environments has previously been reported to increase the corrosion rate of Zircaloy, and heat treatments (beta quenching) that reduce the irradiation-induced stress-free growth of Zircaloy have previously been reported to reduce Zircaloy corrosion in-reactor. However, the effect of in-situ straining on Zircaloy corrosion in a PWR environment has not been systematically studied and reported in the literature. This paper presents experimental results regarding the effect of in-situ straining on Zircaloy corrosion in a PWR environment, both in-reactor and in an autoclave. In-situ electrochemical data and post-test metallographic data are presented. In-situ straining is seen to increase the corrosion rate of the Zircaloy, likely by breaking the passivating layer that is forming on the surface. However, the effect is a function of the applied strain rate.
Influence of Composition and Condition on In-PWR Behavior of Zr-Sn-Nb-FeCrV Alloys
Authors: Seibold A , Garzarolli F
Published: September 2009

Corrosion and dimensional behavior of Zr-Sn-Nb-FeCrV alloys with varying conditions and compositions having been tested out-of-pile and after irradiation in “hot” PWRs for long exposure times (up to 9 annual cycles) and very high burnups (98 MWd/kgU). The exploratory program for alternative zirconium-based alloys performed on fuel rod cladding and corrosion coupons allowed an understanding of the separate effects of composition and fabrication and yielded Zr alloys appropriate for high-burnup, high-fuel-duty application.

In the alloy system Zr-Sn-FeCrV, the corrosion rate decreases with decreasing Sn and increasing Fe+Cr+V content, much more pronounced in-PWR than out-of-pile. The addition of Nb exhibits a similar effect as Fe+Cr+V, but increases corrosion in general if Sn > 0.4%. Zr-Sn-FeCr alloys are sensitive to the thermal treatment during fabrication and therefore have to be fabricated according to a well-defined A-parameter to achieve high corrosion resistance. Nb and V containing Zr-Sn-Fe alloys allow fabrication in a larger A-parameter range. The beneficial effect of high cold work and a low degree of recrystallization on corrosion is significantly reduced if the Sn content is low.

At high fluences, some alloys exhibit an increase in the corrosion rate. With decreasing Sn content, the onset of the acceleration is shifted towards higher fluences and its extent is reduced. Alloys containing Sn < 0.2% do not exhibit increased corrosion induced by high fluences, at least up to 1.6E22 cm-2, E > 1 MeV.

Irradiation induced and thermal creep depend on the content of Sn, Nb, and O in solid solution, on the grain size, and on the degree of recrystallization.

Growth of stress-relieved and partially recrystallized fuel rod claddings strongly depends on the Sn content: it is low if Sn < 0.5%. In addition, the C content and the grain size affect growth of fuel rods.
Fluoroscopy and Radiography with Iridium 192
Authors: Garrett C , Morrison A , Rick G
Published: September 2009

Interest in the use of iridium 192 for radiography and fluoroscopy has been growing steadily during the past year on this continent and in Europe (1, 2, 3, 4). The gamma ray spectrum of iridium 192, with energies between 200 and 600 kv, makes it a more useful source for the radiography of thin sections of steel than either radium or cobalt 60. The most intense components are at about 305 and 467 kv, and the relatively low energies of the gamma rays simplify the protection problems and make possible the safe and convenient use of multicurie sources. In addition, the high absorption of thermal neutrons by iridium facilitates the rapid preparation of sources of high specific activity, high total activity, and small physical size. With such small, intense sources, radiographs can be made very rapidly, and a fiuoroscopic screen can be illuminated adequately through considerable thicknesses of material, since short source-to-film and source-to-screen distances can be used without sacrificing definition. The relatively short half-life of iridium 192, 74.4 days (5), while a disadvantage, can be overcome by arranging for replacement of the source at 70- to 90-day intervals, with re-irradiation of the source, if feasible, after a suitable decay period.
Weld Radiography: A Tentative Method for The Quantitative Evaluation of Defects
Authors: Masi O
Published: September 2009

A logical development in industrial radiography is to be found, in the author's opinion, in those papers where some relations are tentatively established between the radiograph and the mechanical properties of the specimen under examination. L. R. Carr, for instance, has developed an extensive work on castings following this basic idea.
Comparison of Non-Destructive Tests on A Damaged Sternpost
Authors: De Sterke A , Den Hartog H
Published: September 2009

Comparative non-destructive and destructive tests on a damaged sternpost indicate how magnetic and ultrasonic inspection can be used to obtain a full picture of the location of surface and internal cracks. X-ray and gamma-ray inspection will provide additional information on the nature of the defects, especially in the thinner sections.
The Practical Application of Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing
Authors: Felix WA
Published: September 2009

Since its first introduction into Europe in 1945, ultrasonic testing has come into ever wider use. Today a number of ultrasonic testing units of British, French, Belgian, and German make are available on the market.
Non-Destructive Electronic Sorting of Metals for Physical Properties
Authors: Förster F
Published: September 2009

Numerous magnetic and electronic sorting instruments are in use in industry today. The paper by McMaster and Wenk presents an excellent list of such sorting methods. This paper essentially is a summary of the usual methods. In the following a non-destructive sorting of various materials with electronic and magnetic methods will be briefly discussed. By the use of a rigorous mathematical treatment of the sorting problem, it has been possible to develop several types of sorting instruments with novel properties. For instance, it has been possible to eliminate the effect of dimensional fluctuations almost completely.
An Electron Metallographic Study of the Precipitation-Hardening Process in Commercial Nickel-Base Alloys
Authors: Bigelow WC , Amy JA , Corey CL , Freeman JW
Published: September 2009

Electron metallographic studies have been made of the commercial alloys Inconel-X, Waspaloy, M-252, and Udimet-500 aged at 1400 and 1600 F for periods up to 100 or 1000 hr. Electron micrographs showing the development of the γ phase as a function of aging are presented, and possible relationships between the precipitation process and the variations of the hardness of the alloys during aging are discussed.
Selected Etchants for Electron Microscope Studies of Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Moe CA
Published: September 2009

The standard methyl iodide (CH3I) etch followed by a rinsing schedule designed to remove light magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2) films formed during the etching process gives film-free surfaces suitable for electron microscope examination on most of the magnesium-aluminum alloys, magnesium-aluminum-manganese alloys, and magnesium alloys containing amounts of aluminum and zinc up to 1 per cent aluminum and 1 per cent zinc. Modifications of this etching and/or rinsing schedule or new etchants are required for the remaining magnesium alloys.

Satisfactory etching techniques are now available for preparing most of the present magnesium alloys for electron microscope studies. Notable exceptions are the alloys containing zinc and zirconium. The elimination of fine zirconium and complex hydride particles which tend to obscure the microstructures of these alloys has not been possible.
Effects of Patient and Surgical Alignment Variables on Kinematics in TKR Simulation Under Force-Control
Authors: Haider H , Walker P , DesJardins J , Blunn G
Published: September 2009

Simulation of total knee replacement(TKR) is typically achieved by integrating sliding/rolling motions and loads between the implant's articulating surfaces during an activity cycle such as walking. Clinically, however, important variations in implant alignment and duty occur due to variability in patient anatomy/arthritic deformity, compounded by choices or errors in surgical installation. This study investigated the effects of the activity cycle severity, frontal plane alignment, relative femoral/tibial component rotational position, and the tightness of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Seven different (four fixedbearing and three mobile-bearing) cruciate-retaining TKRs with different inherent constraints were tested on a force-control knee simulator. As well as the ISO standard wave forms for walking, an Enhanced Duty Cycle was used. The resulting anterior-posterior displacements and axial rotations were increased with the Enhanced Duty Cycle. Changing the line of action of the compressive force in the frontal plane (varus valgus over/under-correction) did not appreciably change the kinematics. Rotating the tibial component shifted the rotational curves in the same direction as the misalignment. The PCL tightness produced the most noticeable effect on kinematics; a tight PCL reduced both displacements and rotations, and a loose PCL did the opposite.
Wear Scar Prediction Based on Wear Simulator Input Data—A Preliminary Artificial Neural Network Approach
Authors: Orozco D , Schwenke T , Wimmer MA
Published: September 2009

A significant difference in wear scar formation between tested and retrieved knee implants of the same type has been reported. In this study, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model has been designed with the aim to gain knowledge of relationships between simulator input parameters and generated wear scars. One hundred twenty-four short-term tests were conducted with four implants of a single design using a four-station knee simulator in load control mode. Data points of the wear scar boundaries were transferred into bitmap images for computer analysis. Eighty percent of these discretized wear scars formed the output training set for a back-propagation neural network. The input training set was selected from the related simulator input motion and load parameters. The remainder of the testing matrix was used for network cross-validation and testing. Training resulted in 82.9% accuracy of the input-to-output relationship and 69.3% predictive capability. The predictive capabilities of the network may be further enhanced by utilizing a modification of the learning algorithm.
Computational Wear Prediction of UHMWPE in Knee Replacements
Authors: Zhao D , Sawyer WG , Fregly BJ
Published: September 2009

A multibody dynamic contact model predicted the damage sustained by two tibial inserts tested under different conditions on an AMTI knee simulator machine. The model required a wear factor of 7.7×10-7 mm3/Nm to match the wear volume measured from the first insert after 0.86 million cycles of simulated gait. The model matched the medial and lateral damage depths measured from the second insert to within 0.3 mm after 5 million cycles of simulated gait and stair (10:1 ratio). Computational models may be valuable for screening new knee implant designs rapidly and performing sensitivity studies of component positioning issues.
The Effects of Implant Temperature on Lubricant Protein Precipitation and Polyethylene Wear in Joint Simulation Studies
Authors: Liao Y-S , Hanes M
Published: September 2009

Implant temperature increases as soon as a wear test starts. Frictional heating is the main reason for the temperature increase. Factors that affect the magnitude of the increase include the thermal conductivity of the implant materials, testing speed, and serum volume of the test chamber. High implant temperature can cause precipitation of soluble proteins in the serum lubricant. The protein precipitates can form a film at the wear interface and may affect laboratory wear evaluation of polyethylene liners. The effects of the implant temperature (of cobalt-chromium and zirconia femoral components) and the amount of protein precipitation from serum lubricant on the wear of UHMWPE liners has been demonstrated in a previous study using an external temperature control device. Furthermore, the nonlinear relationship of the implant temperature and the polyethylene wear has been discussed in another study, using moderately crosslinked UHMWPE liners tested against cobalt-chromium, zirconia, and alumina/zirconia composite femoral components at various temperatures. The results from both studies demonstrated that the temperature around the hip joint implants during a simulation can affect the wear rate of polyethylene. One guideline for minimizing the thermal effects on in vitro testing include circulation of coolant at an appropriate temperature to avoid overheating (due to nonstop running of the simulator) thus preventing excessive protein precipitation. This recommendation should help producing wear surfaces and wear debris that are more comparable to in vivo outcomes.
Subcommittee XI (Resins)
Authors: Stafford R. W. , Pickett C. F.
Published: September 2009

In September, 1943, Group 13 of Subcommittee IX was organized under the chairmanship of J. J. Bradley, Jr., to survey methods available for the analysis and testing of resins intended for coating applications. The survey demonstrated the need for the modification of many existing procedures, and for the development of new methods to cope with the rapidly changing compositions arising from the incorporation of new raw materials in the coating formulations. At the Buffalo meeting of the Society in June, 1946, Subcommittee XI was organized, under the chairmanship of the late Joseph J. Mattiello, as a positive step toward filling these needs.
Moisture-Thermal Effects Produce Erratic Motions in Built-Up Roofing
Authors: Shuman E. C.
Published: September 2009

Ridges in roofing have been recognized as a major factor which contributes to premature deterioration of built-up roofing. While recognized as the result of compression and flexure forces on the membrane, which frequently develop cracks that permitted ingress of water, the contribution of the components to the behavior had not been demonstrable for persistence of ridges. Eight simulated roof panels, 52 by 100 in., and many strips of conventional materials, 3 by 36 in., were subjected to wide variations in temperature, -30 to 160 F, and relative humidities from 1 to nearly 100 per cent, for varying intervals up to two years. Early observations indicated that to reach equilibrium for each condition of exposure would be impracticable, so procedures which would demonstrate the nature of motions due to temperature and humidity changes were adopted. Since the erratic motions being observed were relatable to changes in relative humidity, regardless of temperature between -20 and 160 F, a capability was developed which culminated in creating ridges at one end while removing ridges at the other end of the same insulation board at the same time. The persistence of ridges is related to characteristic changes in length of the materials used, in which interstitial water prevents removal of significant amounts of intracellular water, as is essential for ridges to recede.
Strength-Thickness Relations of Solid-Asphalt-Solid Systems
Authors: Majidzadeh K. , Herrin M.
Published: September 2009

The theories related to the strength-thickness relationship of solid-asphalt-solid systems are discussed and their limitations in explaining the “strength-thickness” rule are presented. It is postulated that the restraining action of the boundary conditions is responsible for the observed strength-thickness rule. With respect to the failure mechanism of the solid-asphalt-solid systems, it is indicated that the three types of failure, brittle fracture, tensile rupture, and shear failure, observed in thin films of asphalt are related to the restraining action of the boundary conditions. It is also indicated that, according to thermodynamic principles and concept postulated by Bikerman, the failure in the “properly formed” solid-asphalt-solid systems can be considered as cohesional rather than adhesional. Using the time-temperature superposition principle, the temperature-dependence function of solid-asphalt-solid systems is also determined. It is shown that in confirmation with previous investigations in solid-asphalt-solid systems the temperature-dependence function of asphalt is considerably reduced. A master curve has also been prepared for the tensile-strength-film-thickness relationship of asphalt.
Experiences in Using Ultrasonic Testing of Bearing Steel for Demanding Applications
Authors: Trojahn W. , Janser K. , Roesch O.
Published: September 2009

The demands on modern machine parts, i.e., bearings, are increasing constantly. To ensure that highly clean steel is used, a number of different test methods are commonly used. In the field of test methods the ultrasonic immersion testing has reached a dominant position. This paper will give a short comparison of the ASTM E 588-03 and the SEP 1927 standards and will point out some experiences the authors have made using ultrasonic testing as a tool to increase steel cleanliness and using ultrasonic testing and blue fracture testing as complementary test methods. To be able to use ultrasonic testing as a powerful tool, a number of side aspects like the geometry of the test piece, the structure of it, or the frequency of the used ultrasonic-probe are important. This will be demonstrated by showing results from testing and incoming inspection.
Present Status and Technical Advances of Steelworks Lime for Basic Oxygen Furnaces in Germany
Authors: Obst Karl-Heinz , Stradtmann Jürgen , Ullrich Wolfgang , König Gert
Published: September 2009

The effect of chemical analysis, grain composition, and reactivity of lime on slag formation and metallurgy of steelmaking is discussed. Test showed that reburning of soft burn lime may occur in the BOF. By using special lime, which is manufactured from lime and fluxes, it is possible to work against reburning and C2S-formation. The acceleration of lime dissolution and the resulting improvement of the metallurgical reactions lead to a reduction of the blowing time.