bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF SHOCK PRODUCED BY MUSCLE TRAUMA: II. PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN VARIOUS TISSUES
Authors: Cleghorn R. A.
Published: April 2011

The following pathological changes were found in the viscera of dogs that died as a result of muscle trauma: (a) Lungs—congestion and patchy consolidation that was not constant or extensive. (b) The mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract and descending colon—congestion, haemorrhage, and at times small areas of erosion. (c) Liver—congestion of the sinusoids in dogs that died soon after trauma; in those dying later than three hours after trauma, degeneration of cord cells in the region of the central vein. Animals surviving longer than 18 hr. showed little or no cellular degeneration. (d) Kidneys—congestion of capillary tufts and other small vessels was seen in those dogs dying soonest. Sections from dogs that died three hours or more after trauma showed various degrees of degenerative changes in the tubules. (e) Adrenal cortex—congestion was apparent in animals dying within an hour of trauma. In later deaths, infiltration of leucocytes and degeneration of cells were notable features. Gross haemorrhages were present in dogs that died after five hours. Severe cortical changes were found in two dogs that bled to death accidentally at 8 and [Formula: see text]. after trauma despite a well maintained blood pressure up to the time of death; mild renal degenerative changes were present in both; a liver section obtained from one of these dogs appeared practically normal. (f) Pancreas—little congestion was seen in dogs that died within five hours after trauma but was more evident in dogs that died later and, in this respect, paralleled the gross changes in the adrenal glands.The findings are discussed and it is concluded that absorption of toxic substances from the damaged muscles contributed, along with the secondary effects of oligaemia, to the tissue changes observed.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: VII. FERMENTATION OF WHEAT BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Adams G. A.
Published: April 2011

Aeration by mechanical agitation of 15% wheat mash fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa inhibited the formation of 2,3-butanediol and particularly of ethanol. Aeration of similar mashes by passage of finely dispersed air or oxygen at the rate of 333 ml. per minute per litre of mash increased the rate of formation and yield of 2,3-butanediol but inhibited ethanol formation. However, the over-all time required for the completion of fermentation was not shortened from the usual 72 to 96 hr. required for unaerated mashes. There was no evidence of a shift from fermentative to oxidative dissimilation. Under aerobic conditions, the final butanediol–ethanol ratio was approximately 3:1. Anaerobic conditions, as produced by the passage of nitrogen or hydrogen through the mash, increased the rate of formation of both butanediol and ethanol and shortened the fermentation time to about 48 hr. Under these conditions, the butanediol–ethanol ratio was reduced to about 1.3:1.0. Carbon dioxide gave a butanediol–ethanol ratio resembling that of anaerobic fermentation but did not reduce fermentation time.
THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SALMONELLA TYPES IN FOWL: I. ISOLATION FROM HENS' EGGS
Authors: Chase F. E. , Wright M. L.
Published: April 2011

Using selective media, an examination of 2400 hens' eggs was made to determine the incidence of Salmonella types in the egg or on the shell. The contents of 1000 eggs laids by a flock of presumably normal hens did not yield any representatives of the Salmonella group. Of a similar number of eggs produced by a flock of 55 known pullorum reactors, 61 were found to contain S. pullorum; no other Salmonella organisms were isolated. The exteriors of an additional 400 eggs obtained from the latter source failed to produce any Salmonella types.
A COMPACT CARBON PILE RHEOSTAT
Authors: Burt-Gerrans J. T.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes a carbon compression rheostat having, in addition to all the advantages set out in the handbooks of electricity and engineering, compactness and great steadiness of operation. The method of operation is detailed and a graph of a performance test is included.
RESIN-RUBBER FROM CANADIAN GROWN PLANTS: IV. ANALYTICAL STUDY OF MILKWEED POD GUM
Authors: Watson R. W. , Levitin N.
Published: April 2011

Fresh pod gum has an acetone-soluble content (resin) of 83.4%, and a benzene-soluble content of 7.3%. Steam distillation of the resin furnishes a small amount (0.1%) of an essential oil. Acidification of the saponifiable portion (55%) of the resin yields an oil consisting of a mixture of fatty acids. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were identified. Resin acids are absent. The unsaponifiable portion (45%) contains a large amount of α-amyrin, and extremely small amounts of sterol (probably heterogeneous) and resene. Polyisoprene, an oil containing free acids, and an unsaponifiable residue make up the benzene extract. Water-solubles include calcium tartrate, soaps, and a material yielding a mixture of sugars on hydrolysis. The residue comprises lignin, cellulose, protein, and inorganic materials. From these data the dry gum contains approximately 50% of fatty acid esters, 26% of α-amyrin, 6% of polyisoprene, 4% of ash, 3% of lignin, 2% of cellulose, and small amounts of protein, sterol, resene, essential oil, and calcium tartrate. Unidentified substances comprise 7.7%.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XIX. ACCELERATED STORAGE TESTS TO ASSESS THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT, MOISTURE CONTENT, AND MATERIALS ON THE QUALITY OF DRIED SUGAR–EGG MIXTURES
Authors: Hay R. L. , Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

Deterioration in quality was assessed by fluorescence, potassium chloride, pH and foaming volume measurements.Dried egg powder (moisture content, 2.8%), containing 33% sugar, and control samples of plain egg powder (moisture content, 3.9%) were stored at temperatures of 80°, 100°, 120°, and 140° F. for seven days. At 140° F. the addition of sugar inhibited the initial, but not the secondary, fluorescence development observed m the plain egg powder and retarded deterioration as assessed by other measurements. At temperatures of 120° F. and lower, the presence of sugar had a marked effect in retarding decrease in quality in egg powder as assessed by all quality tests used. Interpretation of the results in terms of commercial drying practices indicated that cooling shortly after drying was less important for sugar–egg powder than it was for plain egg powder.Dried egg powder containing 33% sugar was adjusted to moisture levels of 1.4, 2.8, and 3.2% and stored at 80° and 120° F. for seven days. The rate of deterioration in quality of sugar–egg powder increased markedly with both moisture content and temperature. Egg powder containing 1.4% moisture maintained higher quality at both temperatures for a longer period than powders at either 2.8 or 3.2% moisture levels. It is recommended that sugar–egg powder be dried to the lowest moisture content compatible with the production of good quality powder, certainly to a moisture content of less than 2.8%, and preferably to 1.4%.Loss in quality was less for sugar–egg powders (moisture content, approximately, 2.3%) prepared with granulated sugar than for those prepared with sucrose syrup, when stored at 80°, 100°, 120°, and 140° F. for seven days. In addition, powder made from fresh shell eggs was more desirable than powder prepared from frozen melange. It is recommended that sugar–egg powder be prepared from a mixture of sugar in granulated form and melange from fresh shell eggs.
THE THERMAL INSULATION OF A DOUBLE PILE FABRIC AND ITS VARIATION WITH THICKNESS
Authors: Larose P.
Published: April 2011

Results of the measurement of the thermal insulation of a double pile fabric, the thickness of which was varied by compression, are given. Within the limits of the experiments the thermal insulation was found to vary linearly with thickness. The slope of the line corresponds to a value of 4.6 clo per in. thickness. The results are discussed in regard to those obtained by other investigators.
A LABORATORY STUDY OF VISIBILITY THROUGH CLOUDS
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , Johns M. W. , Wolfson J. L. , Batho H. F.
Published: April 2011

Various opinions have been expressed regarding the importance of such factors as a 'diffusing effect' due to small angle scattering in determining the visual range in a cloud. If a reduction of apparent contrast and an influence on brightness level are the only important factors, conditions at the obscuration point should be described by,[Formula: see text]where Btdenotes the brightness of an object which has a contrast C with its background, Bcand μD represent respectively the cloud brightness and optical density in the line of sight, and P denotes the contrast limen value. Experiments to test this relation have been performed with an ammonium chloride smoke in a chamber 1.8 m. long. The results indicate that the equation is adequate and that factors not taken into consideration in it play a negligible role in total obscuration under laboratory conditions. The experiments were performed at various brightness levels within the 1 to 100 millilambert range.
A NOTE ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT OF AEROSOLS
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , Wolfson J. L.
Published: April 2011

Difficulties were encountered in smoke chamber experiments in obtaining reliable extinction coefficient data by methods based on brightness measurements of bright and 'black' surfaces seen through the smoke. These difficulties led to an investigation of the reliability of a commonly used method employing a parallel light beam and a photoelectric cell. The results indicate that the method is capable of yielding extinction coefficient data with an accuracy of 1 to 2% under the conditions of our experiments.
A NOTE ON THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE EXAMINATION OF GREASES
Authors: Ellis S. G.
Published: April 2011

A method is described for examining the soap component of lubricating greases with the electron microscope. The soap component is mounted on Formvar films from a dispersion in ether. The specimen is shadow cast by the method of Williams and Wyckoff. The deduction of the shape of the soap particles is discussed.
RATIO OF NEUTRON ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS OF BORON AND HYDROGEN
Authors: Whitehouse W. J. , Graham G. A. R.
Published: April 2011

Using a Ra-α-Be source and a small boron trifluoride chamber as detector, the ratio of the neutron absorption cross-sections of boron and hydrogen, σB/σH, has been measured by the integration method in water and in aqueous solutions of boric acid. The result is[Formula: see text]with a statistical error of ±30. Subsidiary experiments have been made which fix at about 3% the upper limit of the systematic error caused by perturbation of the neutron density in the neighbourhood of the ionization chamber.
THE PREPARATION OF CYANOGEN CHLORIDE
Authors: Barnett H. W. , Davis R. G. , Graham R. P.
Published: April 2011

A detailed description is given of a laboratory method for the preparation of cyanogen chloride. The method involves the action of chlorine on a solution of zinc sulphate and sodium cyanide, the reaction being carried out under carefully controlled conditions. The procedure described has been found to give a pure product in yields close to 70% of the theoretical.
THE GROWTH OF La140 (40 hours) FROM Ba140 (12.7 days)
Authors: Grummitt W. E. , Yaffe L. , Guéron J. , Wilkinson G.
Published: April 2011

The composite self-weakening relations for La140 and Ba140 have been measured. Using these data, the growth of the La140 daughter from the Ba140 parent has been studied and compared with the growth calculated from the radioactive dependence laws. It is shown that, in the comparison of the activities of different β− emitters, there is a danger in the use of corrections obtained by extrapolations of self-weakening and external absorption data.
THE HETEROGENEITY OF ACTIVATED COCOANUT-SHELL CHARCOAL
Authors: Coffin C. C. , Long B. F.
Published: April 2011

The individual adsorption capacities of over 500 granules of 6 to 10 mesh activated cocoanut-shell charcoal were determined by weighing each piece separately on a microbalance before and after saturation with carbon tetrachloride vapor. The particle capacities were found to be distributed over a probability curve represented by the equation[Formula: see text]Small particles adsorb more carbon tetrachloride than large ones and dense particles more than those of lesser density.
STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF HEXAMINE FROM FORMALDEHYDE AND AMMONIUM SALTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Polley J. R. , Winkler C. A. , Nicholls R. V. V.
Published: April 2011

It is shown that the reaction of formaldehyde with an ammonium salt to form hexamine is general. The rate of formation and the final yield of hexamine vary greatly with the different ammonium salts, being greater in the solutions of higher pH. When buffered at given pH, the various ammonium salts give approximately the same rates of formation and final yields of hexamine. Rate curves have been determined for the reaction of formaldehyde with ammonium nitrate in aqueous solutions buffered at pH 8.0, 6.0, and 4.0, at temperatures of 0°, 20°, and 40 °C. and over a range of initial mole ratios (formaldehyde: ammonium nitrate) of 0.75 to 3.0. For each set of conditions, three rate curves have been obtained on the basis of ammonia consumed, formaldehyde consumed, and material precipitated with mercuric chloride. In excess formaldehyde, it appears that a stable by-product is formed; its formation increases as the temperature is increased. In excess ammonium nitrate, by-product formation is decreased. A mechanism of hexamine formation is suggested in accordance with the data.
A RAPID COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LYSINE IN PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES
Authors: Boulet M. , Nelson J. A. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

A solution of chlorinated lysine develops a blue color when heated with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid. This color reaction, which will detect lysine at a concentration of 1 p.p.m., has been made the basis of a sensitive and rapid colorimetric method for the determination of lysine. Lysine and arginine are quantitatively separated from the other amino acids in a protein hydrolysate by adsorption on Decalso and the lysine content of the eluate is determined in the presence of arginine (which does not give the color reaction) by applying the color reaction after chlorination. Satisfactory recoveries of added lysine have been obtained from mixtures of amino acids and from a gelatin hydrolysate. The lysine content of several proteins has been determined and the results compared with those in the literature. In general the values obtained by the colorimetric method are intermediate between those obtained by isolation procedures and those by microbiological methods. The result of a determination on crystalline bovine serum albumin checked closely with the value obtained by the isotope dilution method.
FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND SUMMER DORMANCY IN TARAXACUM KOK-SAGHYZ
Authors: Scarth G. W. , Gooding H. B. , Shaw M.
Published: April 2011

A setback in rosette diameter and leaf number was observed in both first and second year Taraxacum kok-saghyz plants at a definite stage in the plant ontogeny whatever the time of planting. This condition was evidently not entirely synonymous with the 'summer dormancy' of Russian workers as it did not involve complete loss of leaves, nor endure so long. The length of the 'dormant' period, which occurred at the time of reproduction and could be delayed, although not prevented by removal of flower buds, varied from about two to eight weeks. Various external modifications of environment had no appreciable effect on its onset. Watering and disbudding each increased the total fresh weight yield. Watering affected rosette diameter more markedly than it did root weight; disbudding affected both to approximately the same extent. Shading was not beneficial to growth.
THIAMIN IN MANITOBA VEGETABLES
Authors: Connolly Florence , Hiltz Mary C. , Robinson Allen D.
Published: April 2011

A survey has been made of the thiamin contents of Manitoba grown vegetables. These are of the same magnitude as of those grown elsewhere. The amounts vary with the vegetable and with the variety. There is often a wide range of values within a single variety. The effect of the district where grown is not significant. Cooking causes some destruction of the vitamin, but on an average boiled vegetables retain 63% of their thiamin, 23% is dissolved in the cooking water, and 14% is destroyed. Storage of raw vegetables does not decrease their thiamin contents appreciably. Canning causes losses, these varying with the vegetable and with the time of blanching and processing.
A STUDY OF THE SPECIES OF ENTYLOMA ON NORTH AMERICAN COMPOSITES
Authors: Savile D. B. O.
Published: April 2011

A study of the species of Entyloma on North American composites suggests that almost every form can be assigned to one of two phyletic groups. E. polysporum contains most of the forms with densely crowded, rather large teliospores and no conidia. E. Davisii on Rudbeckia hirta and, probably, a fungus on Lepachys columnaris are segregated from it. E. Compositarum contains most of the forms with smaller, uncrowded spores and abundant conidia. E. arnicale and possibly one or two other forms may be regarded as segregates from this species.Emended descriptions of E. polysporum and E. Compositarum are given to clarify the differences between these two species. Corrections are also made in the identification of some exsiccati specimens.Comparisons are made with European forms to the extent that material has been available, but far more study of European specimens is needed to allow assessment of some species.Species concepts for these fungi are discussed, and criteria are suggested for adequate morphological studies.
THE TIMBER WOLF IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARKS OF CANADA
Authors: Cowan Ian McTaggart
Published: April 2011

The wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis) population of the Rocky Mountain National Parks of Canada, an area of 7000 square miles of mountainous terrain, was studied from 1943 to 1946. During that time it approximated a density of one wolf to between 87 and 111 square miles of potential range, which was reduced to about 10 square miles per wolf during late winter by contraction of available range. The range is heavily populated with the wild ungulates, Ovis canadensis, Oreamnos americanus, Alces americana, Rangifer arcticus, and Odocoileus hemionus. Many of the winter ranges are grossly overstocked. The annual diet of wolves in the area has consisted of 80% big game, with elk alone contributing 47%. Mule deer contribute another 15%. Although bighorn sheep are in abundance and available they are little hunted by wolves. Eighteen per cent of the annual diet consists of rodents, of which snowshoe hare and beaver are the two most important. Wolves are unevenly distributed and many game herds have been living without wolf pressure. Comparison of the vital statistics of game herds living with and without wolf predation reveals no discernible difference in the survival of young or in the sex ratios within the two groups. It is concluded that under existing circumstances the wolves are not detrimental to the park game herds, that their influence is definitely secondary, in the survival of game, to the welfare factors, of which the absence of sufficient suitable winter forage is the most important.
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE B TOXOIDS
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Smith L. C. , Pallister E. F. , Reed G. B.
Published: April 2011

Fluid and alum-precipitated C. botulinum Type B toxoids were prepared by methods very similar to those used in the production of Type A toxoid, as described in a preceding paper. These Type B toxoids had little protective effect in mice but induced a moderately high degree of immunity in guinea-pigs as shown by their resistance to multiple lethal doses of Type B toxin and the development of Type B antitoxin. A relationship was observed between the Type B antitoxic titre and resistance to Type B toxin.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XXIV. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING COLOUR
Authors: Tessier H. , Marier J. R. , Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

A nine filter colour comparator was used to compare egg powders with strips showing the colour of dried egg as received in the United Kingdom. Drying either fresh or frozen eggs did not affect powder colour but Grade B and Grade C eggs gave a product with a more intense yellow colour than Grade A eggs. The area of Canada in which eggs were produced did not affect the colour of the subsequent powder appreciably but powders prepared from eggs produced in May to July, 1945 were a more intense yellow than those from eggs produced in January to April of the same year. Exposure of the liquid egg to light before drying resulted in powders of a duller grey colour than when the liquid was kept in the darkness. Commercial cone-type driers gave powders of a more intense yellow than commercial box-type driers, while powders prepared on the laboratory drier were paler than those prepared on the commercial driers. Coarse powders scattered less of the impinging light than fine powders but the colour quality of the scattered light was unaffected. The addition of a mixture of two dyes, Tartrazme and Sunset Yellow, to liquid egg before drying improved the colour of the resulting powder.
THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF CRUDE MUSTARD GAS
Authors: Mungen R. , Sheffer H.
Published: April 2011

Equilibrium studies with low-boiling hydrocarbon fractions and crude mustard gas indicate that the latter can be extracted to give product purities of approximately 92.5% with 95% recovery. These values have been verified in the operation of a pilot plant for continuous counter-current extraction of crude mustard gas.
PORTABLE GEIGER–MÜLLER COUNTERS
Authors: Hushley W. , Feldman K.
Published: April 2011

Three models of portable Geiger–Müller counters which were found useful in the detection of radioactive minerals are described. The models are similar in that in each the high voltage for the Geiger–Müller counter tube is supplied by means of a multivibrator circuit and the pulse from the G–M tube is fed to a trigger circuit which actuates headphones. In one model a neon tube discharge circuit is used to give one headphone pulse for every 10 from the G–M tube and a counting rate meter is provided. Details of circuit design and application are given. The circuit of a simple amplifier that may be used with a G–M tube at the end of a long three-conductor cable is given.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XXVII. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SALMONELLA ORGANISMS IN CANADIAN POWDER
Authors: Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

During 1945, Salmonella organisms (other than S. pullorum) were isolated from 112 of 400 samples (28.0%) of Canadian dried egg powder. Fourteen types were found: S. oranienburg, S. typhimurium, S. thompson, S. montevideo, S. newington, S. bareilly, S. manhattan, S. potsdam, S. anatum, S. newport, S. Paratyphi B (tartrate positive), S. bredeney, S. tennessee, and S. selandia (listed in order of prevalence). S. pullorum was isolated from 17 samples. In the majority of samples the most probable number of organisms was less than one per gram. No Salmonella organisms were found on the shells of 12,276 commercial eggs; Salmonella were isolated from the shells of eight of 24 eggs and later from the meats of two of 144 eggs from infected flocks.
THE DYEING OF NATURAL COTTON WITH DIRECT DYES: A DETERMINATION OF THE HEAT OF DYEING
Authors: Graham R. P. , Fromm H. J.
Published: April 2011

The equilibrium sorption of a purified direct dye on natural cotton yarn has been determined over a range of dye-bath concentrations (20 to 175 mgm. of dye per litre of solution) and temperatures (75° to 90 °C.). The liquor-to-yarn ratio in the dye bath, which contained sodium chloride (4.00 gm. per litre), was sufficiently high to permit the concentration of dye in solution to remain essentially constant throughout a dyeing experiment. The dye was removed from the skeins using a pyridine–ethanol–water solution, and the concentration of dye in the latter determined spectrophotometrically.Differential heats of dyeing may be calculated from the results obtained. For an equilibrium sorption of 475 mgm. of Calcodur Blue 4GL per 100 gm. of natural cotton yarn, the value of 15 kgm-cal. per mole was found, and it is shown that the differential heat of dyeing increases as the value of the equilibrium sorption decreases. The results are interpreted in the light of the modern view of the structure of cellulose.
GAS DYNAMIC TREATMENT OF EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC DISCONTINUITIES
Authors: Samaras D. G.
Published: April 2011

Endothermic and exothermic processes in gas dynamic flows taking place in a very narrow zone may be considered as discontinuities. The variation of the static and total head density ratio, pressure ratio, and temperature ratio as well as the angle of deviation, area ratio, and exit normal Mach number have been found as functions of the entry normal Mach number and of heat addition. In addition to these, some other useful quantities such as the area ratio parameter, the difference of the square of velocities, and the normal velocity product have been evaluated. It was found that, in a discontinuity, heat can be added until the exit normal Mach number reaches unity (choking). Depending on the entry normal Mach number, only a limited amount of heat can be added at the discontinuity. An exothermic discontinuity behaves as an expansion when the entry normal Mach number is subsonic, and it is accompanied by a drop in static pressure, density, and total head pressure. An exothermic discontinuity behaves as a compression shock wave when the entry normal Mach number is supersonic, and it is accompanied by an increase in static pressure and density and a decrease in total head pressure. An endothermic discontinuity behaves always as a compression shock wave, and it is accompanied by an increase in static density, pressure, and total head pressure. It is hoped that the results and conclusions found may be useful in a better understanding of many nearly discontinuous phenomena such as flame fronts, condensation and evaporation fronts, and other similar problems.
CATALYZED NITRATION OF AMINES: III. THE EASE OF NITRATION AMONG ALIPHATIC SECONDARY AMINES
Authors: Dunn G. E. , MacKenzie J. C. , Suggitt J. W. , Wright George F , Chute W. J. , Myers G. S. , Smart G. N. R.
Published: April 2011

A series of secondary amines, the proton-attracting ability of which had previously been determined, have been converted to their nitramines with nitric acid and acetic anhydride. The gradation in ease of nitration has been found to vary inversely with the proton-attracting ability of the amine. Nitration becomes so difficult at an amine strength corresponding to that of diethanolamine that nitric acid and acetic anhydride alone are ineffective; a chloride catalyst must be used. The amount of this catalyst must be increased as the proton-attracting ability of the amine becomes greater until a full equivalent is required for adequate yield from the strongest amine in the series, diisopropylamine. As the nitration in the series becomes more difficult, side reactions become apparent such as nitrosation, acetylation, and fission of the secondary amine to primary amine and aldehyde. The extent of nitrosation is dependent on the concentration of catalyst, although nitrosation is not catalyzed by presence of chloride. This implies that hydrogen chloride generates nitrous acid in the reaction mixture. Acetylation is independent of presence or concentration of catalyst, but it does not occur during the formation of dicyclohexylnitramine or diisopropylnitramine. This is thought to be owing to steric hindrance from the secondary alkyl groups in these amines. Since nitracidium perchlorate has been found to be ineffective as a catalyst for this nitration, it is doubtful that nitryl chloride is the active form of the catalyst except in so far as it exists in the form of chlorine nitrite. Evidence has accumulated to show that electropositive chlorine is the effective catalyst, and that it is formed by a modification of the aqua regia reaction.
KINETIC STUDIES OF METHYL-BIS-β-CHLOROETHYLAMINE: III. THE KINETICS OF THE DIMERIZATION IN METHANOL
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Hay A. W. , Thompson A. L.
Published: April 2011

The principal reaction of methyl-bis-β-chloroethylamine in methanol is dimerization, which results in one chlorine from each molecule becoming ionic, but this is accompanied by slight alcoholysis. The rate-controlling step is believed to be the first order formation of an ethylenimonium ion which reacts rapidly with one of its kind to form dimer. The rate expression as calculated from initial rate constants is k (initial) = 4.0 × 1013e−19600/RThr.−1.
HOLOCELLULOSES FROM STRAWS
Authors: Adams G. A. , Castagne A. E.
Published: April 2011

Holocelluloses have been prepared in substantially quantitative yields from extractive-free straws of wheat, oats, barley, rye, and flax by acid chlorite treatments. Estimation of the pentosan, uronic acid anhydride, Cross and Bevan cellulose, and acetyl contents of the recovered holocelluloses showed that little loss of carbohydrate material had occurred during isolation. Lignin contents of the holocelluloses from the various straws varied between 2.5 and 3.5%. Extension of the chlorite treatments beyond the number required to isolate the holocellulose resulted in only minor diminution of lignin but caused considerable loss of carbohydrate material. Mild delignifying treatments of crude holocellulose with hypochlorite (acid and neutral), hypochlorite and sulphite extraction, bromine, and alcoholic ethanolamine had effects similar to those of acid chlorite. The major portion of protein in the straws was removed by acid chlorite. The isolated holocellulose contained more ash than the original straws.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF REDUCING CONDITIONS ON THE AMOUNT AND NATURE OF LIGNIN ISOLABLE FROM PLANTS
Authors: DeLong W. A. , MacDougall D.
Published: April 2011

The effects of maintaining reducing conditions during both the pretreatment procedures and the final determination of lignin in plant tissues have been investigated. In studying the effects produced, consideration has been given, not only to the quantity of lignin obtained, but also to its quality as judged by its methoxyl and nitrogen contents. The introduction of hydrogen sulphide during the pretreatment procedures had little or no effect on the amount or the composition of the lignin fraction isolated from freshly harvested oat plants. With air-dried timothy, introduction of the hydrogen sulphide apparently prevented in a large measure the usual interference by nitrogen-containing substances. The presence of hypophosphorous acid in the 72% sulphuric acid had no effect on the final results. Constant boiling hydriodic acid was unsatisfactory as a substitute for 72% sulphuric acid in the final determination.
SOLID SOLUTION FORMATION BETWEEN AMMONIUM NITRATE AND POTASSIUM NITRATE
Authors: Whetstone John
Published: April 2011

X-ray investigations by means of powder photographs show that solid solution formation between potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate in simple admixture after grinding together may take place, and is considerably accelerated when the temperature is raised from ordinary temperatures to above 40 °C., at which NH4NO3 III is stable (transition temperature 32 °C.). The preparation of homogeneous mixed crystals of ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate by co-crystallization of the salts from aqueous solution is described.
REACTIONS OF ATOMIC SODIUM
Authors: Tickner A. W. , Leroy D. J. , Hodgins J. W.
Published: April 2011

The reactions of atomic sodium with organic halides are briefly reviewed, with particular reference to the subsequent reactions of the free radicals formed. New values are reported for the rate constants of the reactions of atomic sodium with vinyl chloride and vinyl bromide. The formation of sodium hydride is shown to be important when hydrogen is used as the carrier gas. Vinyl radicals react with hydrogen to give ethylene. Acetylene and ethylene are formed by a disproportionation reaction.
THE REACTION OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE WITH POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Authors: Jones R. Norman , Gogek C. J. , Sharpe R. W.
Published: April 2011

The first part of this paper is concerned with a quantitative investigation of the reaction of various polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with maleic anhydride. In the second part a micromethod for the separation of mixtures of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, based on this reaction, is described. These studies were undertaken in anticipation that such mixtures might occur in carcinogenic extracts from biological sources.
FASCIATION OF SWEET PEAS
Authors: Garrard E. H.
Published: April 2011

A description is given of fasciation in a sweet pea plant, from which a strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend) Conn was isolated. Germinated and nongerminated sweet pea seed inoculated with the organism were grown in agar, sand, and soil. Fasciation, dwarfing, swollen roots and stems as well as yellowed and crinkled leaves were produced in most of the plants grown in agar and sand. Fewer plants grown in soil were affected. Microscopical examinations revealed organisms in fasciated areas, roots, and stems. The organisms were recovered in each case by plating with Congo red agar.Fasciation was not produced in garden pea plants although some plants were dwarfed. Typical galls were not produced on stems of sweet and garden pea plants by needle inoculations. A description of the organism is given and certain features of its action on sweet pea plants are discussed.
THE PROVENTRICULUS OF CICINDELA SEXGUTTATA FABRICIUS (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: April 2011

The proventriculus of Cicindela sexguttata Fabricius is described. It is similar in form to that of the proventriculi of Adephaga described by authors. It is oval in shape, and its inner lining is organized into eight longitudinal folds bearing a coating of fine hairs.
TOXICITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO INSECTS: PART I. TESTS FOR GENERAL TOXICITY ON LARVAE OF MUSCA, TRIBOLIUM, AND EPHESTIA, AND ADULTS OF SITOPHILUS
Authors: Brown A. W. A. , Robinson D. B. W. , Hurtig H. , Wenner B. J.
Published: April 2011

The general toxicity of 127 synthetic organic compounds was tested against larvae of Musca domestica, Tribolium confusum, and Ephestia kuehniella, and adults of Sitophilus granarius. The compounds were mixed in the insects' food in graded concentrations, and their toxicity was assessed by determination of the median lethal concentrations (LC50) for each of the four species. The most highly toxic compounds were gammexane (the gamma isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane) and chlordane (obtained by distillation of technical chlordane). The toxicity of DDT was on the average one-half of that of the first two compounds, and it was superior to any of the 12 analogues tested. Four chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, namely hexachloropropene, hexachlorobutadiene, and the symm-and asymm-heptachloropropanes, showed a high toxicity related to their powerful fumigant action. A high level of toxicity was shown by benzyl thiocyanate and its chlorinated derivatives. The nitro compounds dinitro-o-cresol, nitrostyrene, dinitrodimethylbutane and dinitrocyclohexylphenol were especially toxic to Sitophilus adults, but were ineffective against Musca larvae. Certain aromatic semicarbazones recommended by previous workers gave disappointing results. Of 22 derivatives of morpholine tested, only three showed any degree of toxicity to the four species of insects employed.
THE TREATMENT OF PHOSGENE POISONING WITH TRACHEOTOMY AND SUCTION
Authors: Waud R. A. , Horner Ruth
Published: April 2011

A series of dogs poisoned by exposure to phosgene gas were treated by tracheotomy and suction applied by insertion of a catheter deep into the trachea. By this method of treatment, animals were brought out of a moribund condition and the survival time was definitely increased. The survival rate, however, was essentially the same as that of the control animals. Although digitalis augments the heart beat, clears up irregularities, and keeps the heart beating for a time after respiration has failed, it may be detrimental by increasing the effusion of the fluid into the lung rather than decreasing it. The higher the pregassing concentration of haemoglobin the smaller the amount of fluid that effused into the lungs and the greater was the chance of survival. In practically all animals the point at which haemoconcentration reached a maximum was between 22 and 23 gm. of haemoglobin per 100 mils of blood. On post-mortem examination of dogs dying from phosgene poisoning the stomach was found to be markedly distended with gas and the vessels congested. This adds to the embarrassment of respiration and circulation. The big problem in the treatment of phosgene poisoning is still the finding of some substance or means of limiting or preventing the effusion of fluid into the airways of the lung.
COMPARISON OF "DROP" AND "POUR" PLATE COUNTS OF BACTERIA IN RAW MILK
Authors: Campbell J. J. R. , Konowalchuk J.
Published: April 2011

In the preceding paper it was shown that a "drop plate" method of determining the number of viable bacteria in pure cultures gives slightly higher counts than the usual "pour plate" method. In this paper it is shown that, in parallel counts made by the two methods on a series of samples of raw milk, the "drop plate" counts are some 27% higher than the "pour plate" counts. It is suggested that this discrepancy results from the more efficient breaking up of clumps and chains of bacteria by the dilution procedure used in preparing the "drop plates."
CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON STORED, SALTED BUTTER
Authors: Grant G. A. , Gibbons N. E. , Marshall J. B. , Lips H. J.
Published: April 2011

Salted butter from two Canadian plants was stored in parchment wrappers and in cans at −1.1°, 10.1°, 21.1°, and 32.2 °C. (30°, 50°, 70°, and 90° F.). Deterioration of the stored samples was followed by assessment of flavor, and by determination of: total acidity, free acidity, amino acid, pH, and fluorescence of the butter serum; peroxide oxygen, free fatty acids, and fluorescence of the butterfat; acidity of the whole butter; the number of viable, proteolytic, lipolytic, and oxidase positive organisms; and yeast and mold counts.Butter in cans deteriorated less rapidly than print samples although differences were less pronounced at 70° and 90° F. than at 30° and 50° F. Canned samples did not change appreciably in quality during 45 weeks' storage at 30° F. In general, decomposition of the serum and flavor deterioration became evident before changes occurred in the fat fraction. Stability of the serum was the limiting factor in keeping quality. The formation of amino acids and intermediate products of protein decomposition contributed largely to flavor changes.Flavor scores were more closely related to chemical objective test values than to microbiological counts. Storage temperature showed a marked influence on the correlation of objective test values with flavor score. Of the objective tests studied, total serum acidity (amino acidity plus free serum acidity) pH and serum fluorescence were most closely associated with flavor score.
THE NIACIN CONTENT OF WHEAT, BARLEY, AND OATS GROWN IN DIFFERENT SOIL ZONES IN ALBERTA
Authors: McElroy L. W. , Simonson H.
Published: April 2011

Microbiological niacin assays were done on 34 samples of Marquis wheat, 48 of Newal barley, and 50 of Victory oats grown on gray, black, and brown soils in the years 1944 and 1945. Mean values of 53.6, 70.4, and 10.3 μgm. of niacin per gram were obtained for wheat, barley, and oats respectively. Although these results suggest that Newal barley may contain more niacin than does Marquis wheat, the results of assays conducted by a chemical method indicate that there is little difference in the mean niacin content of these two grains. Niacin levels were found to be highly variable in all three grains. Niacin and protein levels were found to be positively correlated in wheat and oats while in barley a tendency towards an inverse relation between niacin and protein was observed. No evidence was obtained to indicate that the type of soil on which grains are grown has any marked effect on the accumulation of niacin. The wheat and oat samples from the 1945 crop were richer in both niacin and protein than those from the 1944 crop, while barley samples from the 1945 crop, although richer in protein than those grown the preceding year, contained essentially the same amount of niacin.
THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: VI. THE PREVENTION OF PRE-IGNITION AND DETONATION IN GAS ENGINES
Authors: King R. O. , Wallace W. A. , Mahapatra B.
Published: April 2011

The experiments described show that town gas containing hydrogen in large concentration can be used as fuel for a carburetor type Otto cycle engine at compression ratios rising to 10:1 and in mixtures with air in any proportion, if the accumulation of fluffy carbon in the combustion space be prevented. The carbon is produced mainly by pyrolysis of the lubricating oil. Confirmation of the nuclear theory of ignition, advanced in Part IV to explain the cause of detonation in engines, is thus obtained. Performance data are given for the variation of power and economy with mixture strength and ignition timing at compression ratios of 6, 8, and 10:1.
A RECORDING METER FOR AURORAL RADIATIONS
Authors: Penn W. D. , Currie B. W.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes a device that was developed to give a continuous record of the intensity of auroral radiations from the zenithal sky. Detection is by means of the multiplier phototube, R C A type 1P21. A null method of recording is used, the light flux reaching the phototube being kept to a constant value by moving a neutral, wedge filter in front of the phototube. A simple servo-mechanism is used for this purpose. A pen attached to the filter traces a record of the changes of auroral intensity on a clock-driven chart.
THE DETERMINATION OF HEAVY WATER
Authors: Puddington I. E.
Published: April 2011

A reasonably simple procedure for determining the concentration of heavy water solutions, based on the comparison of the vapor pressures of these solutions with pure water, has been developed. The method is useful for samples as small as 0.5 mgm. and the sample may be recovered. Individual determinations require about two hours. In the work reported, mean determinations did not vary from the best curve through the experimental points by more than 0.2 mole % of D2O, while the spread in any group of readings was about ±0.25 mole %.
ORGANIC REAGENTS FOR PLATINUM METALS: II. THE GRAVIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF RHODIUM
Authors: Haines R. L. , Ryan D. E.
Published: April 2011

Rhodium may be precipitated quantitatively with 2-mercaptobenzoxazole or 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. An acetic acid precipitating medium is preferred; slight variations in the concentration of acid, when nitric acid was used, caused low results. Several similar type organic compounds showed no advantages over the above two. The complex appears to have three molecular weights of the reagent combined with one atomic weight of rhodium.
THE PREPARATION OF CYANAMIDE, UREA, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS LABELED WITH LONG-LIVED RADIOACTIVE CARBON
Authors: Zbarsky S. H. , Fischer Isabel
Published: April 2011

The following compounds have been prepared labeled with C14: cyanamide, urea, thiourea, dicyandiamide, and guanidine nitrate. Cyanamide was synthesized by heating radioactive barium carbonate at 850 °C. in a stream of ammonia and extracting with water the barium cyanamide so formed. Urea and thiourea were prepared from cyanamide by hydrolysis under suitable conditions. When an aqueous solution of cyanamide was heated, its dimer, dicyandiamide, was obtained and the latter compound was converted to guanidine nitrate by fusing with ammonium nitrate at 175° to 185 °C. The preparations of the above materials were carried out on a 5 to 10 millimole scale, and good yields were obtained in each case.
THE FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL POLYMERS: II. NETWORK FORMATION
Authors: Bardwell J. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

Addition of potassium persulphate to a latex leads to cross-linking with typical diene polymers but has little effect on polystyrene. The rate of cross-linking is directly proportional to the persulphate concentration. The activation energy is 26,900 cal. The rate depends on latex particle size and is affected by the presence of other reagents. The course of gelation supports the predictions of the statistical theory of random cross-linking.
THE NITROLYSIS OF HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE: I. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF 1,5-ENDOMETHYLENE-3,7-DINITRO-1,3,5,7-TETRAZACYCLOÖCTANE (DPT)
Authors: McKay A. F. , Wright George F. , Chute W. J. , Downing D. C. , Myers G. S.
Published: April 2011

The nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine by the method of Hale yields, in addition to Cyclonite, an aqueous diluate which contains either dimethylolnitramide, its dinitrate ester, or both. The presence of dimethylolnitramide can be demonstrated by its condensation with methylenediamine to give 1,5-dinitro-3,7-endomethy¡ene-1,3,5,7-tetrazacycloöctane (DPT). The latter compound was identified by nitrolysis to 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacycloöctane. The validity of the Mannich-type condensation of dimethylolnitramide from the Hale diluate (or from formaldehyde and nitramide) to form DPT has been attested by similar condensations with methylamine, ethylenediamine, cyclohexylamine, and benzylamine. In one of these condensations acetaldehyde has replaced part of the formaldehyde. Dimethylolnitramide has further been characterized by its conversion to 3,7-dinitro-3,7-diaza-1,5-dioxacycloöctane. Nitrolysis of the latter forms sym. dinitroxydimethylnitramide, which can be acetolyzed to sym. diacetoxydimethylnitramide.
USE OF THE CATHODE RAY OSCILLOGRAPH IN THE MEASUREMENT OF METAL AREAS AND THE KINETICS OF ELECTRODE REACTIONS
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Hutcheon A. T.
Published: April 2011

A commercial type cathode ray oscillograph has been used in conjunction with three stages of direct current amplification to give suitable voltage amplification in the range 0.001 to 1 v. The effect of traces of grease in diminishing the measured surface area of silver amalgam has been observed. Curves are shown for the determination of cadmium surface areas and rate of increase of cadmium polarization.
THE COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SOME SYNTHETIC OESTROGENS
Authors: Dunford R. A.
Published: April 2011

The synthetic oestrogens, stilboestrol, hexoestrol, and dienoestrol give color reactions with nitric and nitrous acids, bromine, and certain phenol reagents, some of which can be adapted to their colorimetric determination. The use of Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent is described for determination of the hormones in pharmaceutical products, using a Lumetron photoelectric colorimeter. The interference of other oestrogens and of phenolic preservatives and bactericides is considered and reference is made to a means of identifying the hormones by color reactions with antimony pentachloride in ethylene dichloride, and with an acetic – phosphoric acid reagent.