bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deciphering Folk Costume: Dress Codes among Contra Dancers
Authors: Horton Laurel , Jordan-Smith Paul
Published: May 2005

For many scholars, "folk costume" is an outmoded term that refers to a narrow range of ethnic, sectarian, and occupational clothing traditions. At the same time, folklorists tend to overlook some kinds of clothing choices because they seem merely to reflect "everyday dress." In this article, the authors examine how and why contra dancers choose what they wear to dance events as an example of how semiotic approaches introduced by Bogatyrev and others can reveal underlying clothing traditions—dress codes—applied to a subset of so-called everyday dress. Two instances of clothing behavior in particular, namely, the use of tee-shirts by dancers of both sexes and the growing use of skirts by male dancers, serve to "unpack" the complex communicative resources available to participants and suggest that folkloric research in this relatively unexplored area may produce rich results.
Representing Trauma: Political Asylum Narrative
Authors: Shuman Amy , Bohmer Carol
Published: May 2005

The trauma narratives told by refugees in their appeal for asylum status in the United States are culturally constructed, based not only on local cultural discourses for talking about grief, tragedy, struggle, and displacement, but also on the legal and bureaucratic cultures of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (B.C.I.S.). On the basis of interviews with asylum seekers and with immigration lawyers and B.C.I.S. officials, we discuss the cultural obstacles of the asylum application process.
Stories of Ruth: An Ethnography of the Dunne Girls
Authors: McGrath Jacqueline L
Published: May 2005

This article includes stories, transcripts, and personal reflections that represent the lives and worldviews of my mother and aunts, who use multiple rhetorical approaches to describe and understand their mother and family history. Many of these narratives focus on various forms of caregiving, and in telling their stories, these sisters choose options that include religious, historical, cultural, and emotional modes of interpretation to understand the context of their lives and their mother's life and illness in both reasoned and expressive ways. In between their narratives, I reflect on the challenges of writing and theorizing ethnography, particularly of one's family.
(Eco)Mimesis and the Ethics of the Ethnographic Presentation
Authors: Mortensen Camilla H
Published: May 2005

This article examines the ethical dilemma arising when an ethnographer attempts to indicate or even to create the voice of her collaborator while presenting the collaborator's words to an audience. My experiences documenting and presenting women engaged in body modification are utilized here, attempting to reconcile the presentation of peoples, lives, and cultures with the creation of a narrative and of a mimesis. In order to be ethical, our creation of ethnographic narratives must constantly be reexamined, and, in the end, perhaps our ethics lie not in our ability to answer, but in our ability to question.
The Root and the Flower
Authors: Mulcahy Joanne B.
Published: May 2005

This article explores the use of metaphor by traditional artist and curandera Eva Castellanoz, of Nyssa, Oregon. Her metaphors build on Catholic images as well as those of animals, plants, and other aspects of the natural world. In teaching Latino youth in her community, in everyday speech, and through enactment in healing rituals, Eva's metaphors forge new meaning from disparate semantic domains, urging transformation for the people who seek her help. The author strives here for an ethnograhic form that balances narrative and analysis.
Getting Happy: An Ethnographic Memoir
Authors: Prahlad Anand
Published: May 2005

This piece includes excerpts taken from a book-length project that, more than anything else, is driven by personal crises arising from schizophrenia so common among first generation and minority academicians. My foremost goal was not to transform ethnographic practices, although the usefulness of ethnographic elements to such a project proves instructive. A merger between folkloristics and creative writing was a natural consequence of the more fundamental quest upon which I had embarked. In the effort to highlight moments in my life in which the spiritual, paired with the educational experiences occurring at a particular time, could be illuminated, I developed a hybrid form of discourse that draws upon elements of the memoir, creative nonfiction, fiction, poetry, and ethnography.
The Footfall of Words: A Reverie on Walking with Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe
Authors: Sklar Deidre
Published: May 2005

"The Footfall of Words" enacts the problem of sensate and relational knowledge vis-�-vis fieldwork and deskwork. The bulk of the essay is a rhythmic evocation of the climactic procession performed annually in Tortugas, New Mexico, during the fiesta of Our Lady of Guadalupe. The rhythmic play disturbs the traditional ethnographic stance to engage somatic understanding, an epistemological mode on which the potency of the fiesta depends; on the other hand, theory interrupts the rhythmic seduction to call attention to the sensory and verbal, somatic, and symbolic interplays involved.
Reinvestigating Export-Led Growth in India Using a Multivariate Cointegration Framework
Authors: Chandra Ramesh
Published: May 2005

The early work in the area of export-led growth adopted a cross-sectional framework and did not examine the issue of causality between export growth and income growth. Subsequently, this was rectified by a number of time-series studies. Since most studies in this field have adopted bivariate models, they may have been misspecified. Following Dhawan and Biswal (1999), this study tests the export-led growth thesis in India in a multivariate framework by taking the terms of trade as an additional variable. Thus it not only corrects the misspecification bias of earlier studies but also overcomes the small sample bias of the Dhawan and Biswal study. It finds that exports, GDP and the terms of trade are cointegrated in India. The causality between income and exports is a long-term phenomenon and runs in both directions. However, the causality from income to exports is stronger than that from exports to income.
A CGE Model Analysis of Effects of Adjustment to Terms of Trade Shocks on Agriculture and Income Distribution in Kenya
Authors: Karingi Stephen N , Siriwardana Mahinda
Published: May 2005

A simulation analysis using Kenyan economy CGE model is undertaken to look at the effects of two important terms of trade shocks facing Kenya in the mid-1970s. It is evident that the Kenyan economy is very vulnerable to external shocks. Consequently, as these shocks invariably created internal and external imbalances, the policies pursued by the government were important. Some of these policies are analysed in this paper. What seems to be an important outcome is that higher import tariffs and indirect taxes may have reduced the positive impacts of the export boom that were being experienced by the economy at the time, albeit marginally. However, these policies had been introduced as the government tried to grapple with the adverse effects that the oil-price shock seemed to have created in the economy. Hence, the policies may not be seen as an indication of government's mismanagement given that it may not have been aware of the impending windfall from the boom.
Technical, Allocative, and Economic Efficiency of Farms in Bangladesh: A Stochastic Frontier and DEA Approach
Authors: Wadud Md. Abdul
Published: May 2005

This paper assesses estimates of technical, allocative and economic efficiency of farms using farm-level survey data for rice farmers in Bangladesh. We apply the stochastic efficiency decomposition technique and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Inefficiency effects are modelled as a function of farm-specific human capital variables, irrigation infrastructure and environmental factors. The results from both the approaches show that there is substantial technical, allocative and economic inefficiency in production and that analysis of technical, allocative and economic inefficiency in terms of land fragmentation, irrigation infrastructure and environmental factor are robust. Policies leading to reduction of land fragmentation and improvement of irrigation infrastructure and environmental factors could promote technical, allocative and economic efficiency, reduce yield variability and enhance farm income and household welfare.
From Substitution to Complementarity: Some Econometric Evidence on the Evolving NGO-State Relationship in Pakistan
Authors: Campos Nauro F , Khan Feisal U , Tessendorf Jennifer E
Published: May 2005

This paper investigates the relationship between government policies and quasi-public institutions such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). In particular, it attempts to identify under which conditions they can act as complements or substitutes. The case of Pakistan is used to motivate three sets of research questions: (a) Is there credible evidence of government policy failure in Pakistan? (b) If so, have any NGOs emerged in response to this, to act as either complements to or substitutes for policies? (c) What are the key characteristics of any such NGOs and how might they contribute to overall NGO success? Drawing upon the experience of the Aga Khan Rural Support Program in northern Pakistan, the paper uses both qualitative and econometric techniques to help answer these questions.
Indonesia's Monetary Policy Dilemma--Constraints of Inflation Targeting
Authors: Chowdhury Anis , Siregar Hermanto
Published: May 2005

This research was motivated by current constraints on macroeconomic policy-making in Indonesia. On the fiscal side, the government is burdened with debt and the pressure to maintain social expenditure. On the monetary side, there is a preoccupation with a lower inflation rate which conflicts with the need to maintain liquidity in a repressed economy. By examining the inflation-growth relationship, this study examines whether there is any room for inflating the economy. This would ease the pressure on government debt repayment while maintaining social expenditure, and the fragile economic recovery would not be stalled by prematurely tightening monetary policy. The study finds a two-way relationship between inflation and growth; but there is some evidence of long-run neutrality of money. This implies that inflation is unlikely to affect economic growth adversely in the long-run. Based on a simple model that explicitly takes into account inflation-growth trade off, it is found that there is room for a higher inflation rate than what is currently targeted. Thus, this study favours a more expansionary macroeconomic policy mix.
Productivity, Efficiency and Economic Growth: East Asia and the Rest of the World
Authors: Han Gaofeng , Kalirajan Kaliappa , Singh Nirvikar
Published: May 2005

This study compares the sources of growth in East Asia with the rest of the world, using a methodology that allows one to decompose total factor productivity (TFP) growth into technical efficiency changes (catching up) and technological progress. It applies a varying coefficients frontier production function model to aggregate data for the period 1970-1990, for a sample of 45 developed and developing countries. Our results are consistent with the view that East Asian economies were not outliers in terms of TFP growth. Of the high-performing East Asian economies, our methodology identifies South Korea as having the highest TFP growth, followed by Singapore, Taiwan and Japan. Our methodology also allows us to separately estimate technical efficiency change, which is a component of TFP growth, and we find that, in general, the estimated technical efficiency of the high-performing East Asian economies was not out of line with the rest of the world.
Micro-Lending for Small Farmers in Bangladesh: Does It Affect Farm Households' Land Allocation Decision?
Authors: Rashid Shahidur , Sharma Manohar P. , Zeller Manfred
Published: May 2005

Despite higher profitability of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs), it has long been hypothesized that lack of access to credit is one of the main reasons, why farmers in developing countries continue to allocate a portion of their land to traditional crop varieties. The empirical testing of this hypothesis has generated a large body of literature with differing conclusions. This paper re-examines the issue in the context of a specially designed group based lending programs for small farmers in Bangladesh, who neither have access to formal sources of credit nor do they qualify to become members of other micro-credit organizations. Two measures of access to credit, credit limit and amount borrowed at a given point in time, have been used to analyze the determinants of farm households' land allocation decision. Under a variety of model specifications, formulated within Heckman's two-step method, the results show that credit limits from the lending programs and informal sources are significant determinants of small farmers' decision to cultivate HYV.
Determinants of Migration to and from Bolivar State, Venezuela for 1961 and 1990: The Effect of Ciudad Guayana on Migration
Authors: Ravuri Evelyn D
Published: May 2005

In 1959, Venezuela created an industrial growth pole in Bolivar State as an attempt to direct population away from Caracas. Regression analysis was applied to determine whether the predictor variables pertaining to states of origin or destination for life-time inmigrants and outmigrants to and from Bolivar differed between 1961 and 1990 as a result of this program. In addition, migration occurring one year prior to the 1961 and 1990 censuses was also considered in separate regressions. Results indicated that 1961 life-time inmigrants responded to distance, while, 1990 life-time inmigrants responded to distance, population, and industry. Whereas in 1961, Bolivar could only attract migrants from the surrounding area, by 1990 migrants were being recruited from the more populous states suggesting that the industrial growth pole had obtained a size that attracted further growth. The predictor variables for life-time outmigrants as of 1961 were income, distance, and population, whereas 1990 life-time outmigrants only responded to income.
Analysis of Wage Formation Processes In Rural Agriculture
Authors: Ezeala-Harrison Fidelis
Published: May 2005

The subject of wage determination in rural agricultural labor markets has continued to attract debate while remaining totally unresolved. This paper offers an analysis and empirical study of wage determination in a rural (tropical/sub-tropical) agricultural environment, and finds that, based on the notion of efficiency wages, a two-tier situation explains why rural wage rates are known to vary widely among workers and across regions.
Income Distribution, Inequality, and Poverty During Economic Reforms in Guyana
Authors: Gafar John
Published: May 2005

The evidence shows that between 1993 and 1999 real GDP increased by 32 percent and per capita GDP by 29 percent. During the same period, the headcount index of poverty fell from 43.2 percent in 1993 to 36.4 percent in 1999, and the poverty gap, which measures the depth of poverty, fell from 16.2 percent in 1993 to 12.4 percent in 1999, hence, growth is poverty reducing. Each quintile of the income distribution experienced approximately 26 percent increase in welfare during 1993-99, as measured by increased in real consumption expenditures. Inequality during 1993-99 improved slightly, but it has remained fairly stable from the 1950s to the 1990s. There is little or not correlation between growth and inequality, and no strong correlation between inequality and poverty, and no significant correlation between poverty and race.
New Growth Theories: What is in there for Developing Countries?
Authors: Islam Nazrul
Published: May 2005

This paper reviews new growth theories (NGT) from the perspective of developing countries. It shows that despite some views to the contrary, NGT and the growth debate that it spawned have some useful lessons for developing countries. Some of these lessons and ideas were indeed available from before. However, these are now more precisely formulated and connected more intimately with other fields of economics. Developing countries can benefit from such NGT implications as the possibility of policy influence on the long term growth rate, importance of technological diffusion in convergence, distinct role of institutions in growth, and potency of trade for growth. NGT has also led to a re-examination of cross-country implications of the neoclassical growth theory (NCGT), revealing in the process that, when unencumbered from unwarranted assumptions, NCGT can be more useful in understanding the growth regularities across developing countries.
Environmental Risk Factors Associated With RTI/STD Symptoms Among Women in Urban Slums
Authors: Kamal Nashid , Rashid Rumana
Published: May 2005

To link environmental factors with prevalence of RTI/STD symptoms among women in the urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh and also to investigate if there are differences in levels of RTI/STD prevalence among the slums. Fourteen slums from Dhaka city were the secondary units for this study, households were selected according to systematic sampling. One woman from each selected household was interviewed and a total of 3000 women forms the sample. Several RTI/STD symptoms were prompted to them and their reported prevalence in the last on year was documented in structured questionnaires. Almost 65% women were found to have reported at least one RTI/STD symptom in the last one year. Final parsimonious model using multilevel logistic regression of prevalence of RTI/STD symptoms on various correlates found two environmental factors to be significant. Women were more likely to report symptoms if their houses were located more than 10 yards away from the toilet, and they did not practice proper garbage disposal habits. However, age of the woman was the most significant predictor of RTI/STD symptoms, older women having reporting more symptoms compared to women aged below 19. Most slums had similar level of RTI/STD prevalence, only one slum had significantly lower ones. Environmental factors seem to have significant correlationship with reporting of RTI/STD symptoms in the urban slums. Tackling women's reproductive health is more a multisectoral approach than establishment of health clinics alone.
An Index of Openness and Its Relationship With Growth in India
Authors: Love James , Chandra Ramesh, D. Phil
Published: May 2005

Time-series work on trade policy and growth is handicapped by the difficulty of measuring 'trade policy'. Established definitions of trade orientation such as 'bias' or the 'effective rate of protection' are difficult to operationalise in a time-series context because of enormous data requirements. This paper tries to fill an important gap in the literature. For the first time it constructs a time-series index of openness for India based on the real exchange rate distortion, and then, using Johansen's maximum likelihood approach, examines its relationship with growth in India. It is found that while greater openness exercises a positive influence on growth, the effect of investment, contrary to conventional wisdom, is insignificant. This is in line with the Young-Currie-Kaldor view of endogenous growth which sees capital accumulation more as an effect than a cause of growth. This view is based on Adam Smith's famous dictum that the division of labour is limited by the size of the market. In this demand side approach, increasing returns result from greater specialisation, which in turn depends on the size of the market. The robustness of the results is reconfirmed by using the ARDL approach.
A Macroeconomic Model of the Bangladesh Economy and Its Policy Implications
Authors: Maroney Neal C , Hassan Kabir , Basher Syed A , Isik Ihsan
Published: May 2005

This paper develops a macroeconometric model for the Bangladesh economy using nine key macroeconomic variables employing annual data from 1974 to 2000. The methodology employed in this paper uses unit root and Johansen's cointegration tests followed by vector error correction model and variance decomposition to examine the dynamic relationships among macroeconomic variables. Our results show that within the context of Bangladesh, monetary policy is more important than fiscal policy. As significant amount of development expenditure for Bangladesh comes from foreign donation, it is also argued that this aid must be channeled to productive activities so that it contributes to economic growth. The domestic export base has also to be widened and diversified.
Quaker Merchants and Slavery in Early National Alexandria, Virginia: The Ordeal of William Hartshorne
Authors: Crothers A. Glenn
Published: May 2005

Between 1780 and 1820 members of northern Virginia's Society of Friends attempted to mediate the spiritual demands of their faithÐincluding equalitarianism and pacifismÐand the hierarchical nature of the slave society in which they resided. This balancing act was particularly difficult for those Quakers most deeply embedded in the slave economy: merchants residing in the port of Alexandria. These FriendsÑmen like merchant William HartshorneÑstrived simultaneously to oppose slavery and prosper within a slave-based economy. However, the tensions inherent in their anomalous position forced stark choices: accommodation, subversion, or emigration. After 1780, large numbers of Quakers chose the latter route, but for individuals like Hartshorne who remained in Virginia, becoming genuine subversives was impossible as long as their economic welfare depended on the region's slave economy. Though Hartshorne did not personally own or hire slaves, involvement in various internal projects that hired slaves and financial institutions that supported slavery implicated him in the institution. As the region's commitment to slavery grew in the wake of the Haitian revolution and Gabriel's Rebellion, Friends found their situation growing increasingly difficult. Most notably, in the early nineteenth century, in response to the state's legal and economic pressure, the antislavery society that Hartshorne helped establish after the revolution collapsed. Not until near the end of his life would Hartshorne again publicly adopt antislavery positions, but only after he experienced economic ruin and his family's dependence on slavery ended. In short, in a society increasingly committed to slavery, outsiders like the Quakers were compelled to compromise their spiritual and moral beliefs if they wished to thrive.
Reforming Republicanism: Alexander Hamilton's Theory of Republican Citizenship and Press Liberty
Authors: Martin Robert W. T. (Robert William Thomas)
Published: May 2005

During his life and ever since, Alexander Hamilton has been criticized as an opponent of republicanism, even a closet monarchist. Recent scholarly efforts to rescue Hamilton from these interpretations have succeeded perhaps too well, making him out to be a moderate, mainstream republican of his day. This essay assesses Hamilton's public performance during the late 1780s and 1790s as a defender of a particular federalist vision of republicanism. Drawing on a central conceptual divide over the proper virtue of republican citizenshipÑshould citizens have "confidence" in their elected leaders or maintain a "vigilant" scrutiny of them?Ñthe essay explores Hamilton's stress on confidence in his vision of republican citizenship and freedom of the press. The theory he publicly developed and defended is judged less moderate than others have suggested, but Hamilton's philosophy is best understood as an energetic, elitist reformulation of republicanism.
The Mind of a Child: Images of African Americans in Early Juvenile Fiction
Authors: Roth Sarah N
Published: May 2005

Children's literature published in the United states during the 1820s contributed significantly to a common cultural understanding among nineteenth-century whites of African Americans as cheerful dependents when treated with kindness and dangerous rebels when abused. In this fiction, representations of black adults as childlike figures grateful to their masters for taking care of them helped to defuse fears of black violence but also suggested that people of African descent did not deserve the same political and legal rights that white citizens possessed. Since children of the 1820s grew up to be the adults of the Antebellum period, these texts played an important role in shaping how white Americans engaged in and responded to the contentious debate over slavery and the place of African Americans in society as the civil war approached.
American authors of the 1850s perpetuated the same racial themes found in children's literature of the early nineteenth century in the novels they wrote to condemn or to defend the slave system. Like juvenile literature of the 1820s, these texts infantilized African Americans to make them seem unthreatening to white readers. As debates over slavery heated up, however, antislavery authors of the 1850s began to turn to light-skinned slave characters to elicit sympathy from a mainly white audience. While such a literary strategy persuaded some Americans of the injustice of a system that held whites in bondage, it failed to promote the cause of full citizenship for all African Americans.
Chinese Antiquity and Court Spectacle in Early Kanshi
Authors: Denecke Wiebke
Published: May 2005

This essay argues for closer attention to Japan's active appropriation of Chinese culture and an acknowledgment of the independence of kanshibun from Chinese literature. Obliged to give historical depth to an emerging literature, the compilers of the first kanshi anthologies adopted charismatic moments from Chinese literary history. Poets sympathized especially with courtly settings of Chinese antiquity: they evoked the Zhou court and its vassals at banquets for Korean envoys, performed phrases of the Analects at the Rites for Confucius, or replayed Han rhapsody recitation. The article contributes to studies of the creative use of the Chinese textual canon in Japan.
Explaining Party Adaptation to Electoral Reform: The Discreet Charm of the LDP?
Authors: Krauss Ellis S , Pekkanen Robert
Published: May 2005

This article traces the effects of Japan's 1994 electoral reform on Japan's governing party, the LDP. Factions have lost their central role in nominating candidates and deciding the party presidency but remain important in allocating party and Diet posts. Unexpectedly, koenkai have grown stronger because they perform new functions. PARC remains important but diminished by the enhanced policymaking role of party leaders in the coalition government. A central theme is unpredicted organizational adaptation—"embedded choice"—since 1994. We speculate on how this flexibility of the LDP, adapting old organizational forms to new incentives, its "discreet charm," may affect Japanese politics and the LDP's potential longevity in power.
Bukatsudo : The Educational Role of Japanese School Clubs
Authors: Cave Peter
Published: May 2005

Bukatsudo (extracurricular school clubs) are a longstanding feature of Japanese secondary education. These "communities of practice" employ a model of learning akin to apprenticeship, stressing imitation and repetition while socializing students into values and behavior demanded in adult society, notably in terms of a hierarchy of seniors (senpai) and juniors (kohai). In sports clubs, values associated with "spiritual education" (seishin kyoiku) are often prominent. Club participation promotes school order, aided by ritual, routine, and the often intense emotional attachment and group spirit engendered in club activities. Understanding bukatsudo illuminates the nature of order, selfhood, human development, and learning in Japan.
Literacy and Literature in Osaka, 1890-1940
Authors: Torrance Richard
Published: May 2005

Studying Japanese regional literatures and their audiences provides a broader perspective on modern Japanese literature and its readerships. This essay defines the region under discussion, Osaka, from 1890 to 1940 and illustrates the failures of its public school system in promoting literacy. The discussion of the various genres developed in Osaka to appeal to a mass audience demonstrates the vital role literature played in advancing literacy. In conclusion, the essay argues that the popular literature created in response to Osaka's unique readership came to influence the mass media of the rest of the country.
A Reappraisal of Column Versus Line in the Peninsular War
Authors: Arnold James R
Published: May 2005

The writings of Sir Charles Oman provide the foundation for English-language readers' understanding of the tactical details of Napoleonic warfare. Oman explained British success against the French as the inevitable consequence of French tactical orthodoxy. Oman reduced tactics to a mathematical relationship between the number of effective marksmen in the French column versus the British line. This article demonstrates that Oman's understanding of French tactics was deeply flawed. Most importantly, it shows that Oman's "musket counting" analysis derived from a complete misapprehension about the 1806 Battle of Maida.
Asymmetric Warfare: The British Experience in Eighteenth-Century India
Authors: Bryant G. J
Published: May 2005

This is a case study of how confrontations between asymmetric military systems are resolved. It concentrates on the military aspects, though a full understanding of the outcome is possible only through a consideration of political, social, and cultural factors as well. In such a struggle the "weaker" side (in this case the Indian) will try to acquire the superior methodology and weapons of the "stronger." But the latter will also have to adapt its military system to suit the new context in which it is fighting. The British won eventually because they retained their military superiority while the Indian princes were heavily disabled by political problems.
A Question of Success: Tactical Air Doctrine and Practice in North Africa, 1942-43
Authors: Bechthold B. Michael
Published: May 2005

The campaign in North Africa in 1942-43 was an essential step on the road to the creation of an effective tactical air support doctrine for the U.S. Army and U.S. Army Air Forces in the Second World War. American theory prior to the campaign was found lacking in a number of areas, especially when exposed to the crucible of battle. The ineffectiveness of Allied units in North Africa, both air and ground, American and British, led to a reorganization in early 1943. For the tactical air forces, the key to the reorganization was the adoption of the British Eighth Army-Western Desert Air Force model of ground-air cooperation which had proven successful in combat.
Fortify, Fight, or Flee: Tuscarora and Cherokee Defensive Warfare and Military Culture Adaptation
Authors: Lee Wayne E.
Published: May 2005

This article explores and compares how two southeastern Native American societies responded to the challenge of defending their home territories against European incursions in the eighteenth century. As the Tuscaroras and the Cherokees learned more about their European opponents, they progressively adapted their defensive techniques. The Tuscaroras relied on increasingly elaborate fortifications, at first successfully, but ultimately leading to a disastrous defeat. The Cherokees, observers of the Tuscarora defeat, continued to use fortifications through the middle of the eighteenth century. As the European threat drew closer to their mountain homeland, however, they shifted to a strategy of dispersal, ambush, and attacks on supply trains.
Between Intuition and Professionalism: Israeli Military Leadership during the 1948 Palestine War
Authors: Tal David
Published: May 2005

Despite its achievements in the 1948 Palestine War, the military performance of the Israeli army was less impressive than is usually assumed. Attacks by the Israel Defense Force (IDF) on the regular Arab armies (Syrian, Jordanian, Iraqi, and Egyptian) ended in most cases in Israel's defeat. Israeli victories, which allowed the extension of the territories under its control, were gained in the fighting against the unorganized Palestinians and the semi-military Arab Liberation Army. The only significant military achievement in the war was the victory of Yigal Allon's forces over the Egyptians in southern Palestine. This success was gained at the conclusion of a debate between Allon and another IDF senior commander over the best way to conduct of offensive operations, a debate that provides a key to understanding the reason for Allon's remarkable achievement compared to the lesser performance of other IDF commanders. However, Allon's brilliant military leadership was the result of intuition and not of professional military education, a factor that had a negative effect on some of his decisions.
Breaking the Cycle of Iwo Jima Mythology: A Strategic Study of Operation Detachment
Authors: Burrell Robert S
Published: May 2005

The American struggle to capture the Pacific Island of Iwo Jima from the Japanese in 1945 proved to be the bloodiest fight in Marine Corps history. Yet, ironically, the justifications for seizing the island have undergone little critical analysis. A detailed look into the planning for Iwo Jima demonstrates that the service rivalry resulting from the competing agendas of the Navy, Army and Army Air Forces in the Pacific negatively influenced the decision to initiate Operation Detachment. The Marine Corps, which paid the heaviest price, remained completely excluded from the decision making process. When fighter escort operations from Iwo Jima, the original reason given for seizing the island, failed to produce the anticipated results, the military sought additional reasons to justify the costly battle. Historians, unfortunately, have perpetuated these illusions.
On the Use of Air Power and Its Effect on the Outbreak of the Six Day War
Authors: Gat Moshe
Published: May 2005

Following the end of the Suez Campaign of 1956, Israel devoted itself to the enhancement of its air power. As the Israeli air force's power and fighting capabilities grew, the national army chiefs pressed the government to utilize Israel's superior air power to put an end to the Syrian-instigated border incidents—incidents which had been taking place with increasing and worrying frequency. On 13 November 1964, Israel launched an air strike against Syria, raising the Arab-Israeli conflict onto a new and far more dangerous plane. Air power was soon established as a key element of Israel's security policy. The air strike of 7 April 1967, when 130 Israeli aircraft attacked targets deep inside Syria's air space, and in the course of which Israeli jets shot down six Syrian MIGs, marked the onset of a period of rapid deterioration in Arab-Israeli affairs and served as a prelude to the Six Day War.
Professor Dennis Mahan Speaks Out on West Point Chapel Issues, 1850
Authors: Geissler Suzanne
Published: May 2005

Dennis Hart Mahan, legendary West Point professor of the pre-Civil War era, was also a devout Christian and active Episcopal layman. In this 1850 letter to the Secretary of War, Mahan explains (1) why the post of West Point chaplain should always go to an Episcopalian, and (2) why chapel attendance should not be mandatory for West Point staff. His explanation indicates that for Mahan the concept of being a "Christian gentleman" was not merely a nominal one.
Logistics and the Chaco War: Bolivia versus Paraguay, 1932-1935
Authors: Hughes Matthew
Published: May 2005

This article assesses how Paraguay, the weaker power, managed to defeat Bolivia in the 1932-35 Chaco War, fought over the disputed and remote Gran Chaco region that separated the two countries. Using a broad definition of logistics to include the acquisition of mat�riel before the war as well as the establishment of national and international supply lines during the war, it examines the logistical infrastructure of Bolivia and Paraguay from the early 1920s to 1935. The article argues that Paraguay's logistical superiority, developed in the late 1920s and early 1930s, was a decisive factor leading to its victory in 1935.
Strategic Command and Control for Maneuver Warfare: Creation of the Royal Navy's "War Room" System, 1905-1915
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A.
Published: May 2005

Between 1905 and 1914, the British Board of Admiralty developed and implemented a revolutionary system of naval command and control intended to facilitate the adoption of maneuver warfare strategy and built upon the concept of what is known today as "information dominance." Under Admiral Sir John Fisher, the Admiralty transformed itself into the Royal Navy's operational command and control center and in the process fundamentally redefined the relationship between the supreme command and the fleet (and theatre) commanders. Adoption of the "War Room" system entailed coordination of British investment in global communications infrastructure as well as the centralization of gathering and processing of intelligence from around the world.
Bronzed Bodies behind Barbed Wire: Masculinity and the Treatment of German Prisoners of War in the United States during World War II
Authors: Reiss Matthias
Published: May 2005

During the Second World War, some 371,000 German prisoners of war (POWs) were interned in the United States. Historians studying this group have so far mainly focused on the country's adherence to the Geneva Convention and on its reeducation program for German POWs. This article argues that the prisoners' bodies are also a central category for understanding their experience of captivity. For many Americans, the German veteran soldiers seemed to embody central masculine virtues. This linked Americans to their own boys in uniform and led to heavy fraternization with the prisoners. Unable to stop this and especially worried about relationships between POWs and American women, the War Department did not follow the example of other powers and refused to parole the Germans into the custody of American employers.
The Politics of Economic Security: Employee Benefits and the Privatization of New Deal Liberalism
Authors: Klein Jennifer
Published: May 2005

Since the late nineteenth century, American employers have relied on a program of welfare capitalism to deflect incursions into the workplace from the regulatory state or organized workers. Welfare capitalism encompasses social welfare benefits and health, safety, or leisure programs offered through the workplace—programs established and directed by the employer. In periods of labor upheaval and political social reform, American firms have relied on workplace social welfare as a private, managerial response to political pressure from the state and workers—particularly when workers sought to use the state to improve working conditions and guarantee economic security. Where or when employers no longer faced these threats, managers reasserted their control over the terms of work, compensation, and security. Out of this conflict emerged a public-private welfare regime, heavily tilted toward private sources and based on the exclusion of those who most needed economic assistance. Any narrative of the American welfare state, therefore, belongs within the century-long story of welfare capitalism.
Urban Deindustrialization and Local Public Policy: Industrial Renewal in Philadelphia, 1953–1976
Authors: Mckee Guian
Published: May 2005

In an obscure footnote to his groundbreaking study of deindustrialization in Detroit, Thomas J. Sugrue notes that “the history of industrial renewal in postwar American cities is still largely unwritten.” A review of the historiography of the postwar city confirms this statement. Historians have carefully explored the problems of low-income housing provision, red lining, and urban racial conflict, as well as the destructive consequences of federally subsidized highway construction, urban renewal, and suburbanization. With only limited exceptions, however, few scholars have examined the history of local policy strategies that addressed the disappearance of urban manufacturing jobs.
Farewell to the “Party Period”: Political Economy in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: John Richard R.
Published: May 2005

Historians of the United States have long contended that the study of governmental institutions, including the history of public policy, is no longer central to the teaching and writing of American history. Some lament this development; others hail it as a sign that other worthy topics are finally getting the attention they deserve. Yet is it true? The recent outpouring of scholarship on the relationship between the state and the market, or what an earlier generation would have called political economy, raises questions about this venerable conceit. Indeed, if one were to pick a single word to characterize the state of the field in the history of American political economy, it might well be “robust.”
The Administration of the Marshall Plan and British Health Policy
Authors: Fox Daniel M.
Published: May 2005

The United States made Marshall aid to European countries (1947–51) contingent upon bilateral agreements about major issues of economic and social policy. Because the implementation of the Marshall Plan in Britain coincided with the inception of the National Health Service (NHS), the bilateral agreements negotiated between Britain and the United States addressed the relationship between economic recovery and a new health policy that offered universal coverage for services that were fully funded from tax receipts.
Clean Sites and Toxic Burdens: The Evolution and Legacy of New Jersey's Mandatory Toxic Waste Cleanup Program, 1976–1993
Authors: Day Jared N. , Johnson Lisa
Published: May 2005

In their research, policy analysts and historians have had an understandable attachment to ‘successful” state and federal environmental programs, initiatives that spawn long-term imitation or significantly advance the goals or innovative methodologies of specific policymakers. Indeed, by the very nature of their success, they command the attention of scholars and lawmakers. However, as this study will show, inefficient, costly, or controversial programs widely viewed as “failures” often generate equally long-term, historically significant policy changes.
Hazardous Waste: Evolution of a National Environmental Problem
Authors: Wagner Travis
Published: May 2005

The evolution of hazardous waste into a national environmental problem is a puzzling phenomenon. The public and media perceive hazardous waste to be a major environmental and public health risk. Yet, although the problem of hazardous waste and its resultant contamination has long been known, no one took it seriously until about 1978. An interesting question is, Why did the public and media ignore hazardous waste for so long, particularly during a period of unprecedented public and media interest in the environment, especially pollution, in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s?
Beyond Weak and Strong: Rethinking the State in Comparative Policy History
Authors: Baldwin Peter
Published: May 2005

Most public problems can be approached in many ways. Urban noise, the honking of car horns, for example, could be tackled by building effective mass transit and discouraging automobile use, by forbidding the use of horns within city limits and fining violators, by encouraging harmonious social circumstances, or at least stress-reduction education programs, to make drivers less aggressive, by developing horns that target sound waves only at offending motorists, or by encouraging everyone to wear noise-reduction earphones. The problem of sexually transmitted diseases can be solved by encouraging chastity and fidelity as virtues, by strictly criminalizing transmission, or by prescribing antibiotics after the fact. Such varying approaches are qualitatively different. They do not just reflect distinct degrees of statutory intervention. States that adopt divergent solutions may, in a similar fashion, be fundamentally different from one another, not just stronger or weaker versions of an abstract ideal of public authority.
On the Importance of Naming: Gender, Race, and the Writing of Policy History
Authors: Boris Eileen
Published: May 2005

Twenty years ago, just as the study of policy was emerging out of the morass of political history, historians of women rediscovered the state. What I will name the policy turn challenged a kind of intellectual separate sphere in which women's history addressed home, family, and intimate life and left to other historians everything else. The policy turn shifted attention from Carroll Smith Rosenberg's “Female World of Love and Ritual” without losing the self-activity and focus on female difference that investigations of women on their own terms had supplied. It answered the “Politics and Culture” debate of 1980, which revolved around the efficacy of domesticity as an arena for power with a resounding move toward the public, political realm—namely, to social politics. The Reaganite assault on the New Deal order and accompanying New Right attack on women's rights intensified investigation into the origins and growth of a welfare state whose strength seemed precarious and whose history was up for grabs—a welfare state that blurred the separation of private and public and constructed, even as it reinforced, unequal social locations.
Diplomatic History and Policy History: Finding Common Ground
Authors: McMahon Robert J.
Published: May 2005

It is difficult to imagine two fields of scholarly inquiry with so much in common and yet so little interaction as diplomatic and policy history. Policy, policy process, policymakers, policy origins, policy intentions, policy consequences—those terms and ones of a similar stripe roll just as easily off the tongues and word processors of diplomatic historians as of self-described policy historians. Moreover, the questions asked and the methods employed by the two groups of scholars bear a striking resemblance. Both fields focus perforce on the state and state-centered actors, concern themselves with elite-level decision making, interrogate fundamental issues of power within societies, and concentrate overwhelmingly on the twentieth century to the relative neglect of earlier periods. Each field occupies as well an embattled position within the larger historical profession, where social and cultural history have predominated since the 1960s.
The Study of Policy Development
Authors: Pierson Paul
Published: May 2005

What do we mean by the term “policy history”? In conventional usage, “history” refers to one of two kinds of investigation: the study of something that happened at some point in the past, or the study of how something came to be what it is. It is this second usage—the idea of policy history as an unfolding story of policy development—that I want to examine in this essay. Understanding the sources of policy often requires that we pay attention to processes that play out over considerable periods of time.
“Saint George and the Dragon”: Courts and the Development of the Administrative State in Twentieth-Century America
Authors: Schiller Reuel
Published: May 2005

In January 1938, James Landis, Dean of Harvard Law School, author of much of the New Deal's securities legislation, and a former member of the Securities and Exchange Commission, traveled to New Haven, Connecticut, to deliver the prestigious Storrs Lectures at Yale Law School. His subject was “The Administrative Process.” Of particular interest to Landis was defining the correct relationship between courts and the administrative state. According to Landis, the interaction between agencies and courts “gives a sense of battle.”1 He continued: “Here one is presented with decisions that speak of contest between two agencies of government— one, like St. George, eternally refreshing its vigor from the stream of democratic desires, the other majestically girding itself with the wisdom of the ages.”2