bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Malaysia — A Retrospective Epidemiological Study 1973-1987. Part I: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)
Authors: Shekhar K Chandra , Huat Ong Leong
Published: June 2011

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), though endemic in the sixties, emerged as a major public health problem in Malaysia from 1973 onwards. The incidence rate of DHF which was 10.1 per 100, 000 in 1973 has fallen down to 1.9 per 100, 000 in 1987 with a mean case fatality rate of 6.4 per 100 persons. The Chinese appear to be more prone to DHF with the highest mean morbidity rate of 5.5 per 100, 000 and case fatality rate of 6.1%. The incidence of DHF is higher in the males with a higher case fatality rate in females. Male Chinese appear to be mainly affected. The overall age-specific incidence rate is highest in two age groups, viz. 5-9 years and 10-19 years of age with a mean morbidity rate of 4.9 cases per 100, 000. The mean age-specific case fatality rate was highest in the 0-4 years age group. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is predominantly an urban disease in Malaysia with a mean incidence rate of 5.3 cases per 100, 000 as opposed to 1.2 cases per 100, 000 being reported from rural areas. The mean overall incidence of deaths in the urban area is 0.5 compared to 0.1 per 100, 000 for rural areas. There is a marked seasonal correlation between DHF cases and rainfall, with a peak in August. While all four serotypes of dengue viruses are found in Malaysia, Den 2 appears to be isolated with greater frequency during all the epidemics.
The Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis A and B in a Japanese Town
Authors: Akbar S.M. Fazle , Onji Morikazu , Kanaoka Mitso , Horiike Norio , Michitaka Kojiro , Masumoto Toshikazu , Nonaka Takashi , Kanda Kimitoshi , Kajino Kazunori , Kumamoto Izumi , Nadano Seijin , Ohta Yasuyuki
Published: June 2011

Sera collected from 1, 118 healthy children and adults aged between four years and 90 years during the period 1989 to 1990, were tested for serological markers of hepatitis A virus (HAV) [antibody to HAV(anti-HAV)] and hepatitis B virus (HBV) [hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAb)]. The overall prevalence rates of anti-HAV, HBsAg, and anti-HBV were 20.2%, 0.36%, and 5.1%, respectively. No body was found to be positive for anti-HAV below 30 years of age but more than 70% of the adults aged 50 years or over were positive for anti-HAV. The level of exposure of HAV infection is declining in Japan and paradoxically at the same time a vast majority of people are becoming susceptible to more severe illness. The fall in prevalence of HBsAg possibly represents the positive impact of ongoing vaccination programs and other preventive measures against HBV.
Environmental Biotechnology: Biotechnology Solutions for a Global Environmental Problem, Hazardous Chemical Wastes
Authors: Omenn Gilbert S
Published: June 2011

Biotechnology has a growing place in the remediation of hazardous waste sites throughout the world, and especially in Asia where population density is high and land and fresh water are scarce. In-situ bioremediation has been demonstrated already to be highly effective for petroleum hydrocarbons (alkanes, aromatics, polychiorophenols) and organophosphate pesticides in soils and for gasoline by-products (benzene, toluene, xylene) and chlorinated solvents (trichloroethylene) in groundwater. Heavy metals and PCBs are not suitable for bioremediation. Environmental biotechnology includes solid-phase and slurry-phase bioremediation for contaminated soils and site-specific bioreactors for contaminated groundwater. Specific examples are presented.

From a policy point of view, accumulated wastes must be detoxified, preferably at sites where they already exist. We cannot continue to rely on their removal and disposal “elsewhere”. For current waste streams, we must minimize the volumes and toxicity. Environmental biotechnology will play a key role.
Some Epidemiological Aspects and Economic Costs of Injuries in Malaysia
Authors: Arokiasamy John T , Krishnan R
Published: June 2011

Injuries are one of the leading causes of death in the world. In Malaysia, injuries form one of the three main causes of mortality. They are also an important cause of permanent and temporary disability and work absenteeism in the productive age group.

Increasing affluence and industrialization coupled with growing population and transportation needs in rapidly developing countries like Malaysia have resulted in a surge of road and occupational injuries. Three quarters of fatalities due to road, occupational, drowning and home injuries occur in those below 45 years of age. A majority of injuries in these categories are attributed to “human” factors and therefore can be prevented by public education and enforced training of workers.

The total annual economic loss due to all types of injuries is estimated to be 2 billion Malaysian Ringgit (US$1 = MR2.76 approximately). The government is currently in the process of setting up full-time departments for road safety and occupational health and safety.
Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Intestinal Parasites Among Children Living in Gombak, Malaysia
Authors: B Rajeswari , B Sinniah , Hussein Hasnah
Published: June 2011

Fecal specimens collected from 456 school children in Gombak, Malaysia, revealed an overall prevalence rate of 62.9%. The most common parasite found was Trichuris trichiura(47.1%) followed by Giardia intestinalis(14.7%), Entamoeba coli(11.4%), Entamoeba histolytica(9.9%) and Ascaris lumbricoides(7.9%). Infection rates were high among the Indonesian immigrant workers' children (90%) followed by the Orang Asli(79.5%), Malay (59.4%) and Indians (36.4%). Females (66.3%) had a higher prevalence rate than the males (58.5%). The prevalence of infection was found to be associated with the socio-economic status, water supply, sanitary disposal of feces and family size.

Albendazole administered as a single dose (400 mg) was found to be effective against Ascaris (100%) and hookworm (92.3%) but was not effective against Trichuris(39.2%).
An Epidemiological Survey on Food-dependent Exercise-induced Anaphylaxis in Kindergartners, Schoolchildren and Junior High School Students
Authors: Tanaka Satoshi
Published: June 2011

A questionnaire survey was conducted on Food-dependent Exercise-induced Anaphylaxis (FEA) among 11.647 children in 11 kindergartens. Eleven elementary schools and five junior high schools of a city with the cooperation of school personnel. The incidence of FEA was 0% in the kindergartens. 0.06% in the elementary schools and 0.21% in the junior high schools. If severe urticaria is included in the criteria for FEA, the latter appears to be more common than has been reported up till now. The longest intervals between eating and onset of the symptoms, and between the start of exercise and the onset of the symptoms were three and half hours, and fifty minutes, respectively. Therefore, attention should be paid for three to four hours after eating, when children exercise. Since only 31.1% of the teachers had heard of FEA, more information about FEA should be given to them.
Nutrition of the Asian Adolescent Girl
Authors: Waslien Carol I , Stewart Laurie K
Published: June 2011

A comparison of sex differential mortality rates indicates that women are at increased risk in several countries of Asia, in part due to less access to a variety of services and lower priority for food than their male siblings. Poorer nutritional status becomes apparent during adolescence, with a delay in maturation which may have repercussions for subsequent ability of the biologically immature woman to carry through a normal pregnancy. There is a dearth of information on girls during this vulnerable period of life which is recently being corrected by studies in Nepal, India and the Philippines where the magnitude of dietary risk is being compared with its impact on nutritional status and the sociocultural factors that may be responsible.
Energy Intake and Activity Pattern During Pregnancy in Relation to Infant Birth Weight
Authors: Hashim Zawiah , Noor Mohd Ismail
Published: June 2011

The study was designed to determine if the activity pattern of pregnancy women on an intake of energy lower than that recommended will affect fetal growth. Subjects who volunteered were either attending public or private hospitals. Pregnant women in the “private” group were significantly older (p < 0.001) weighed somewhat less and significantly taller (p < 0.001) when compared to the “public” group. Differences in energy intake during the second and third trimesters between the “public” and “private” groups were small; 1608 ± 334, 1726 ± 271 kcal and 1627 ± 367, 1778 ± 260 kcal, respectively. However, daily activity patterns revealed that the “public” group was more active as reflected by the higher energy expenditure of 1412 ± 74 kcal and 1578 ± kcal during the second and third trimesters respectively. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in birth weight between the “public” and “private” groups; 2951 ± 377 g and 3173 ± 357 g respectively. This study indicates that energy intakes lower than recommended and sedentary lifestyles have no direct influence on birth weights of babies.
Behavioral Study of Visits by Aged Outpatients to Medical Facilities in Japan
Authors: Anzai Masaya , Watanabe Yumi , Nekoda Yasutoshi , Kawaguchi Takeshi , Anzai Sadamu
Published: June 2011

In this study we analyzed the changing behavior patterns of aged persons seeking medical care at hospitals and clinics over a recent ten-year period. The results showed a rapid increase in the number of aged outpatients receiving care at hospitals since 1977. In contrast, the number of aged outpatients receiving care at clinics since 1977 fluctuated with an overall downward trend, indicating outpatients' preference to seek treatments in hospital as opposed to clinics.

The following are expected to affect future outpatient care rate differences between clinics and hospitals: differences in care rates for new outpatients, and differences between the sexes and among the types of illnesses treated. Having an especially large effect are: hypertension and heart diseases, diseases of the circulatory system also known as “adult diseases”; diseases of the digestive system, and diseases of the respiratory system.
Managers, Myths and Misses: Target Efficiency and Health Care Management Education in Australia
Authors: Grant Colin
Published: June 2011

The Australian penchant for monitoring overseas developments in general and health matters is noted. The face validity of the findings of the International Project on Culture and Management (IPCM) is assessed positively and certain structural commonalities of the health systems of the USA and Australia are identified, without attributing causality in the development of managers' attributes. Linkages between Australia, Malaysia and Hong Kong are also explored briefly. In addition, key attributes of the sample of Australian managers are discussed together with the limitations related to emerging forms of provision and organization in health services and to their distribution in the study sample. The IPCM findings may be used in course design but are unlikely to cause any major change, although one may debate on the values of applicants towards health service management education courses. The findings may help to stimulate the establishment of performance measures for management education in Australia.
Control of Communicable Diseases in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Xu Xingjian
Published: June 2011

Communicable diseases were rampant in old China. Since the new China was founded, the Government has assigned high priority to the prevention of infectious diseases. A series of measures were adopted, such as instituting health policies in the vein of “Prevention First” as well as health laws and regulations, coordinating department participation and setting up the network of prevention and control of diseases. The incidence of leading infectious diseases has declined dramatically. Although great success has been achieved, infectious diseases still form one of the major public health problems in China. There are some existing problems which hinder the progress of infectious disease control. This situation is being addressed by the government and the slogan “Health for All in 2000” has become the focus of the nation.
Maternal and Child Health in Urban Sabah, Malaysia: A Comparison of Citizens and Migrants
Authors: Zulkifli Siti Norazah , U Khin Maw , Yusof Khairuddin , Lin Wong Yut
Published: June 2011

This paper describes selected maternal and child health indicators based on a cross-sectional study of citizens and migrants in Sabah, Malaysia. A total of 1, 515 women were interviewed from a multi-stage random sample of households in eight urban centers. Among the 1, 411 women in the sample who had experienced a pregnancy before, 76% were local citizens and 24% were migrants. There were statistically significant differences between citizens and migrants in ethnicity, religion, education, household income, and access to treated water supply and sanitary toilet facilities. Significantly fewer migrants practiced any form of contraception and obtained any antenatal care during any pregnancy. Furthermore, citizens tended to initiate care as early as three months but migrants as late as seven months. Despite these differences, only the infant mortality rate, and not pregnancy wastage, was statistically significantly higher among migrants. Pregnancy interval was also similar between the two groups. The influence of several socioeconomic factors on pregnancy wastage and infant mortality was explored. Asia Pac J Public Health1994;7(3):151-8.
Health Status Comparison by Urinalysis (Dipstick Test) Among Four Populations in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Hongo Tetsuro , Ohtsuka Ryutaro , Inaoka Tsukasa , Kawabe Toshio , Akimichi Tomoya , Kuchikura Yukio , Suda Kazuhiro , Tohyama Chiharu , Suzuki Tsuguyoshi
Published: June 2011

The health status of four populations depending on traditional subsistence in Papua New Guinea was compared by the dipstick test urinalysis. Conspicuous inter-population difference in the distribution of urinary pH was attributed to the levels of protein intake and the balances of sodium and potassium intake. The percentage of positive findings on protein differed by population along with the percentages of urobilinogen and bilirubin; the higher percentage of protein positives (12-16%) found in less urbanized populations suggests a high risk of hepatic and/or renal disorders in traditional societies. The very low percentage, 0.3 percent, of positive findings on glucose among 1, 132 urine samples tested indicated that diabetes mellitus was not yet the major problem. Simultaneously, however, the fact that glucose positives were found only in the most urbanized villages indicates increasing risk of diabetes even in the traditional populations during future urbanization. Asia Pac J Public Health1994; 7(3): 165-72.
Establishment of an International Information Network for International Health Development: A Survey of Public Health Administration and Management Courses
Authors: Loos Gregory P
Published: June 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the content emphasis of courses of public health administration and management (A & M) among member institutions of the Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health (APACPH), to determine comparability of curricula across campuses.

A survey of course syllabi from, APACPH schools was conducted by three separate reviewers to identify topical subject matter presented in general and specialty A & M courses delivered to graduate students at each campus. Based on this review, three synthetic general content A & M courses, and one specialty A & M course (i.e. Hospital Administration) were created as a basis for inter-campus cross-institutional comparisons conducted by the author.

Despite the number of courses provided by the different APACPH institutions, specific content areas consistently appeared across institutions, suggesting possible foundational A & M content for public health students. In general, there was much better coverage of similar topics at the introductory level of instruction, and much greater consistency was observed across institutions that provided course work addressing the administration of hospitals. Several recommendations are made for further studies of other content areas, and for the development of minimum training content areas as a basis for cross-institutional studies. Asia Pac J Public Health1994;7(3):183-90.
The Average Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly Males and Females
Authors: Mitchell Reg , Imperial Elias , Kelleher Peter , Cue Richard , Cross Jennifer , Gass Greg
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to report on the average daily energy expenditure by elderly males and females in their normal day-to-day activities. The study was based on an analysis of data collected over six months from daily diary recording of activities. The subjects, 82 males and 93 females, were non-institutionalized volunteers with a mean age of 68 years. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there were no differences between males and females in total mean daily energy expended and energy expended on Sporting activities. Females expended over twice as much energy as males on Household Chores (F = 36.3, p < 0.001). Males expended over three times as much energy as females on Gardening (F = 56.7, p < 0.001) and over seven times as much on Maintenance (F = 53.6, p < 0.001). There were also differences between males and females on energy expended while Walking (F = 6.1, p < 0.02) and on Miscellaneous activities (F = 6.3, p < 0.05). It is concluded that sex stereotypical roles for activities required at younger ages are continued into old age. The implications of these findings for prescribing regular exercise in the elderly are discussed, indicating specific activities that might prove to be beneficial. Asia Pac J Public Health1994;7(4):218-23.
Health Practices and Indices of a Poor Urban Population in Indonesia Part II: Immunization, Nutrition, and Incidence of Diarrhea
Authors: Kaye Katherine , Novell Michael K
Published: June 2011

This second section in a two-part study of health indices and practices among a poor urban population in Indonesia focuses on problems related to immunization, nutrition, and incidence of diarrhea. Through a survey of 690 mothers and 593 children in two slum communities in Jakarta, we found that 1) 65% of the children were mildly to severely malnourished according to Gomez criteria, with malnutrition most prevalent among the poorest; 2) 75% of the mothers reported exclusive breastfeeding of their infants during the first four months after birth, but breastfeeding decreased sharply with increasing socioeconomic status; 3) of the 19% of one-to three-year-old children who were incompletely immunized, most were likely to be missing their measles and DPT 3 immunizations; and 4) 28% of the mothers reported that at least one of their under-three-year-old children had diarrhea in the last month, with frequency of reporting highest among poor mothers and those using water from vendors.

We concluded that selective interventions should be accompanied by development of a comprehensive health infrastructure that permits uninterrupted service delivery and follow up of those identified as high risk. Such a comprehensive primary health care system should be part of a multisectoral development strategy. Asia Pac J Public Health1994;7(4):224-7.
Immunization Coverage and Infant Mortality Rate in Developing Countries
Authors: Shimouchi Akira , Ozasa Kotaro , Hayashi Kyohei
Published: June 2011

We examined whether immunization coverage (IMC) is one of the predictors of infant mortality rate (IMR), as a single indicator representing the availability of primary health care (PHC) services in developing countries. Multiple regression analysis showed that partial correlation coefficients for IMR with immunization coverage (-0.224), logarithm of per capita GNP (-0.294), total fertility rate (0.269), and adult literacy rate (-0.325) were all statistically significant (p < 0.001) in 97 developing countries which make up more than 97% of the population in all developing countries of the world. Multiple correlation coefficients of IMR with these four variables in 97 countries was 0.921. Thus, more than 80% of variation of IMR in developing countries were explained by the variation of the four variables. The study also showed that IMC was well correlated (simple correlation) with the four indicators of the availability of primary health care services: access to local care (0.730), care of pregnant women (0.603), delivery care (0.666), and infant care (0.553), all of which were statistically significant (p < 0.001) in the 48 developing countries which make up 42% of the population of all developing countries. Multiple correlation coefficients of these four variables was 0.787. About 60% of the variation of IMC will be explained by the variation of the four variables.

Thus we conclude that immunization coverage is one of the main predictors of the infant mortality rate. It represents one of the health intervention components which can be used as a proxy indicator of the availability of PHC service in developing countries. Asia Pac J Public Health1994;7(4): 228-32.
Dietary Fiber and Phytate Intake of Strict Vegetarian Thai Adults
Authors: Chitchumroonchokchai C.
Published: June 2011

A comparison is made between strict vegetarian (vegan) and non-vegetarian subjects in terms of their dietary fiber and phytate intakes. Duplicated meals were collected and analyzed for chemical composition. Estimation of dietary fiber intake in a vegetarian daily diet was in the order of 68.7 g. Vegetarian diets appeared to contain two times the dietary fiber content found in non-vegetarian diets. The average amount of phytate ingested by the vegan subjects was 3.15 g/day which was four times the amount consumed by the non-vegetarian subjects.
A Smoking Intervention Program for Primary Four Students in Hong Kong: What it can and cannot achieve
Authors: Betson Carol L. , Peters Jean , Lam Tai-hing , Hedley Anthony J. , Wong Chi-ming , Day Jeffrey , Fielding Richard
Published: June 2011

The study aimed to assess the feasibility of a smoking prevention intervention program in primary schools in Hong Kong; increase awareness of the purpose of tobacco advertising; record any changes in attitude towards smoking; and measure the effects of the program on the children's knowledge of the harmful effects of smoking on health. Six classes from two primary schools in Hong Kong were involved in the study. The sample of 205 pupils in Primary 4, aged 9-10 years, were presented with a smoking prevention program of three lessons, including homework assignments.

The intervention was evaluated by the analysis of pre-and post-test results and through personal interviews with the teachers. There were statistically significant changes in the responses of the children between pre-and post-tests, with a reduction in “don't know” answers and increase, in most cases, in correct responses. There were more improvements in knowledge than in attitude. There were no significant changes in the responses to questions about current behavior or future intention to smoke.

School-based smoking prevention programs for primary schools in Hong Kong should be further developed and evaluated. Additional studies with larger numbers of children need to be conducted and implementation should occur quickly once efficacy has been demonstrated by evaluation. We hypothesize that a longer, spiral curriculum spanning Primary 4, 5 and 6 would be more effective in preventing the uptake of smoking, although this shorter program is a feasible and acceptable alternative to the absence of any program.
HIV Sentinel Surveillance in Thailand — An Example for Developing Countries
Authors: Frerichs Ralph R , Ungchusak Kumnuan , Htoon Myo T , Detels Roger
Published: June 2011

The intent of the HIV sentinel surveillance program in Thailand, as in other countries, is to provide early warning of pending epidemics so that public health of ficials can intensify prevention and control activities to protect their communities. While the intention is clear, questions remain as to how sentinel groups should be selected and if they predict future HIV occurrence. Every six months, serum is collected in Thailand from a sample of six sentinel groups in all provinces of Thailand for determining the prevalence of HIV infection. Among the sentinel groups, the HIV epidemic is rapidly increasing in female sex-workers, males at STD clinics, and females at antenatal clinics, increasing less rapidly among blood donors, and remaining high among IV drug addicts. Two sentinel groups were found to be useful for predicting the future spread of the epidemic to women attending clinics: lower-class female sex-workers and males attending STD clinics.
The Indicators of Psychosocial Development in Thailand
Authors: Laksanavicharn Udom , Sriyaporn Poolsook , Jiamsuchon Kulsuda , Pissasoontorn Wacharaporn , Sakornsatian Suchada , Sakdisawadi Orathai , Jaiyawat Somboon , Kasikosol Vajira , Nantawan Chalermsri
Published: June 2011

A battery of 119 items for psychosocial development screening testing of preschool children in Thailand was assembled. Appropriateness to Thai culture and suitability for use in the home and community by parents and primary health care workers were the chief criteria in selecting the test items. The battery consisted of 22 items for testing gross motor development; 17 items for fine motor development; 30 items for hearing, language, and concept development; 29 items for self-help skill development; and 21 items for social skill development. Between April 1987 and January 1988, the battery was administered to a sample of 5, 424 children up to the age of six years in rural and urban areas in the four geographical regions of Thailand. At the same time, information on the children and their families was recorded. The development data were processed with the Grandstat package program to obtain curves showing the percentages of the children not passing the items at different ages. The development curves and bar charts showing the ages at which certain percentiles of the children were unable to pass each developmental test item are presented together with information on the children and their families incorporating the findings of this study.
Secular changes in growth centiles of children 0–5 years in the Hindagala Community Health Project, 1965–1989, Sri Lanka
Authors: Katugampola Sudharma L , Fernando Malcolm A , Balasuriya Somaratne
Published: June 2011

The weights of 4, 792 infants and preschool children maintained at a family clinic in a rural area, over a period of 25 years from 1965 to 1989, were studied retrospectively. The data were analyzed by five-year birth cohorts.

The 97th, 50th and 3rd centile curves were computed for the study sample. They were well below those of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Males were heavier than females for each centile.

The secular variation was examined. It was observed that during the first year of life, the weight gain of the first three cohorts was significantly higher than the last two. From 12 to 48 months there was only a minimal change between cohorts. However, after 48 months, the last two cohorts showed an improvement in weight as compared to the other three.

The boys in our study were far below the 50th centile for NCHS, fell to the 3rd centile around 20 months, and gradually declined further.

The 97th centile for boys was above the 50th NCHS during the first year of life but fell thereafter until 60 months.

The use of local standards at rural clinics is recommended for early detection of those at risk of growth retardation.
Evaluation of Pedestrian Safety Education Programs for Young Children: A Review of Methodologies
Authors: Gillam Chris , Stevenson Mark
Published: June 2011

A review of the research methodologies used to evaluate the effectiveness of pedestrian education programs for children is presented in this paper. Since pedestrian injuries are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among young children it is necessary to identify and evaluate interventions which will reduce the incidence and severity of these injuries. There are, however, many methodological difficulties to be overcome by researchers attempting to establish the merit of such programs. For example, selection bias in school-based programs, lack of strict criteria for follow-up of all subjects, and an inability to control for confounding because relevant variables are not rigorously monitored are just some of the methodological limitations. This paper identifies a number of limitations and aspects of evaluation which are of ten omitted and suggests ways in which these problems may be addressed in future research.
A Study of Pattern of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Prevalence of Obesity in a Saudi Population
Authors: Kordy Mohammad Naji S. , El-gamal Fathi Mahmoud
Published: June 2011

The present study was conducted to assess the pattern of body mass index (BMI) prevalence of obesity, and the association between obesity and other health-related problems in a Saudi population. The study was conducted in Queza district of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A systematic random sample of Saudi nationals aged 16 years and above were selected (total number 1037; 611 males and 426 females). The study population was clinically examined and a specially-designed questionnaire was administered to obtain the information. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and urine analysis were carried out. The collected data were analyzed using simple as well as multivariate statistical methods.

It was observed that BMI significantly increased with age. The crude mean BMI was significantly greater in females compared to males. Prevalence of Grade I obesity among different age groups in males ranged from 15.7% to 43.0%, while in females the range was from 22.8% to 45.7%. Similar patterns for both genders were found for Grade II obesity (5.2%-18.9%; and 11.1%-47.8% respectively). Obesity was significantly associated with an increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, where increase in BMI by one unit increased systolic blood pressure by 0.617 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure by 0.484 mm Hg. This relationship held true even after allowing for other confounding factors. The present study concluded that obesity is a problem prevalent in the community of Queza district. It is recommended that health education programs be implemented through primary health care services in the community to prevent this problem.
Assessment of Malocclusion of Japanese Junior High School Pupils Aged 12-13 Years in Iwate Prefecture According to the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)
Authors: Takahashi Fumie , Abe Akiko , Isobe Yutaka , Aizawa Yuzuru , Hanada Nobuhiro
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this investigation is to grasp the actual condition of malocclusion in Japanese junior high school pupils using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI).

A total of 218 junior high school pupils aged 12-13 years were examined according to DAI. About 40% of the subjects had incisal crowding. The percentage of subjects with incisal spacing was 24%, and 71% of them had diastema of 1 mm or more. The percentage of subjects with anterior irregularity on the upper and lower arch was 39% and 33%, respectively. The percentage of subjects with anterior maxillary overjet and mandibular protrusion of 1 mm or more was 85% and 6% respectively. Dislocation by more than a half-cusp in the proximal or distal relationship in the molars was observed in 26% of all subjects. Mean ± SD of DAI score was 25.3 ± 7.3.
Health Status/Life Satisfaction and Health Practices: A Study of Pacific Asian and Native Hawaiian Elderly Cohorts
Authors: Koseki Lawrence K , Reid Sue E
Published: June 2011

This article describes the sociodemographic characteristics, self-ratings of health status, life satisfaction and health practices of Pacific Asian and Native Hawaiian elderly groups. The data were gathered from two separate, non-equivalent elderly cohorts enrolled in an elderly self-care education program in Hawaii during the period 1989-1992.

The findings generally reflected favorable self-ratings of health status, high life satisfaction levels, and positive health practices for both of these minority elderly groups. The exceptions regarding several health practices relate to snacking between meals, overweight problems and insufficient sleep for a sizable proportion of both groups. Slight to moderate differences between the two groups were also evident in 1) eating habits; 2) snacking; 3) types of physical activities; 4) weight control; 5) sleep patterns; 6) alcohol use; and 7) smoking.

Despite the article's exploratory nature and limitation in the generalizability of its findings, the data of fer a beginning database for Asian and Pacific Island elderly which is sorely lacking.
Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors: A Case-control Study in Bangkok
Authors: Lohsoonthorn Paibool , Danvivat Danai
Published: June 2011

A case-control study for colorectal cancer risk factors was conducted in Bangkok, Thailand. A total of 279 incident cases of colorectal cancer were individually matched by sex, age and same hospital to 279 hospital controls with other cancers except gastrointestinal cancer. Each subject was interviewed with regard to bowel pattern information, family history, past history of illness and dietary information. The major findings were elevated risk for those with a history of bowel polyps (OR = 14.69, 95%CI = 2.01-301.46), parent's history of colon cancer (OR = 4.00, 95%CI = 1.39-12.43), anal abscess (OR = 3.78, 95%CI = 0.97-17.24), chronic colitis (OR = 3.61, 95%CI = 1.67-8.00), chronic hemorrhoid (OR = 3.13, 95%CI = 2.03-4.86) and the frequency of stools every three days or more (OR = 2.16, 95%CI = 1.17-4.01). The results also indicated an increased risk for dietary factors; bacon (OR = 12.49, 95%CI = 1.68-269.1) and butter (OR = 2.68, 95%CI = 1.29-5.68). There was a protective effect provided by banana (OR = 0.54, 95%CI = 0.37-0.79) and papaya (OR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.40-0.84) for colorectal cancer. In unconditional logistic regression analysis, bacon showed the highest risk for colorectal cancer (OR = 8.82, 95%CI = 1.03-75.57) instead of bowel polyps (OR = 4.50, 95%CI = 0.48-42.59). The data suggest that nitrite-treated meat increases colorectal cancer risk while dietary fiber decreases colorectal cancer risk.
Nursing in the Pacific Basin: A crisis in health care
Authors: Sherman Deborah J
Published: June 2011

Nurses in the US-Associated Pacific island jurisdictions face a number of problems. Data were collected in 1992 from staffing analyses, unpublished documents, and discussions with nurse leaders to record the status of nursing. The political context of nursing practice, current nursing practice, the nursing workforce, development of nursing resources, and the commitment of local governments are reviewed. Specific recommendations to address the problems are listed.
Health and Safety Ethics for Management
Authors: Koh David , Muah Lee See , Jeyaratnam J
Published: June 2011

AH employers are ethically required to provide a safe and healthy workplace for their employees. Health and safety professionals (HSP) may of ten be employed either full-time or part-time to achieve this end. The HSP should be viewed as a non-partisan provider of safety and health services at the workplace. He is equally on the side of management and worker in discharging his duties. His primary goal is to achieve a safe and healthy workplace and to improve the health of the workforce.

Ethical dilemmas may surface in the course of the HSP's work largely because there may be occasions when there are conflicts of interest and loyalty derived from the different roles of the HSP. The best way to resolve such dilemmas is to prevent them from arising.

However, when this is not possible, management's understanding of the professional ethical considerations of the HSP will help to improve the working relationship and professional results of these staff.

Several aspects in the HSP's work require management's understanding. These include subjects such as communicating information on staff medical examinations to management, and the disclosure of commercially confidential information to assess related health risks. Management should also be aware that guidelines have been developed by a number of professional health and safety organizations for their members. In the instances when answers to ethical questions cannot be resolved, these guidelines can be consulted, in conjunction with discussions with senior HSP colleagues.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance System and Reported Cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Japan (1983-1993)
Authors: Miyazaki Motonobu , Naemura Mitsuhiro
Published: June 2011

The Ministry of Health and Welfare forms the AIDS Surveillance Committee, which publishes HIV infection at two-month intervals. As at December 1993, the Ministry of Health and Welfare reported 267 AIDS cases and 1, 143 HIV infection cases. Epidemiological data in Japan showed a rapid increase of cases of transmission through heterosexual contact since 1991, before which cases of transmission due to homosexual contact were relatively large in number according to reports. Sporadic cases of mother-to-child transmission and some cases due to injection of drug use were also reported. However, others/unknown cases were 449 (31.8%). Although the reported number of AIDS cases and HIV infection cases in Japan is still small, a rapidly increasing HIV epidemic is feared. It is predicted that the primary mode of transmission will be heterosexual contact and that another epidemiological characteristics will be diversified modes of transmission. Therefore, the present surveillance should continue and actively track the epidemic and provide useful information for planning prevention strategies in Japan.
Malaria Diarrhoea in Children
Authors: Laurentz R , Manoempil Paul S
Published: June 2011

Malarial diarrhoea in children are very variable and sometimes clinically indistinguishable from other diarrhoea in malaria endemic areas. This descriptive study was carried out to examine the proportion of malaria infection among diarrhoea children and compare the diarrhoea pattern to those of that diarrhoea without malaria infections.

During January 1992-December 1994, data were collected and analysed. Out of 2, 013 hospitalised children, there were 421 (20.91%) with diarrhoea. Out of 421, there were 150 (35.63%) diarrhoea with malaria infections. All cases are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Majority of the cases are in age group of under one, where fever is the predominant symptom. The length of stay of diarrhoea with malaria cases is longer than those of that diarrhoea without malaria infections.
Minimum Competencies for Public Health Personnel
Authors: Loos Gregory P
Published: June 2011

The public health discipline is receiving increased attention in the United States under initiatives for health care reforms. It is realized that community-wide interventions to prevent disease and promote health are more cost-effective than medical interventions to cure injury and illness. Internationally, these same realizations were embedded in the Alma Ata movement for increased primary care. To improve respect for public health professionalism, a national effort is now underway in the United States to establish minimum competencies for public health practice, and to assure that these competencies are addressed as part of professional graduate studies.

Using nationally recommended competencies detailed across nine public health and a separate cross-cutting list of universal competencies, the University of Hawaii School of Public Health assessed all their courses to determine the degree each competency is addressed by each course. A four-point scale was used. Lead faculty for each course assessed the depth of coverage.

For the Hawaii School of Public Health, this study identified important gaps in instruction, and possible areas of over-instruction. This information will assist the School to revise course of ferings and academic/clinical posts. This approach to curriculum reform and the establishment of minimum competencies for academic public health should also prove useful to other schools in the US and elsewhere. By standardizing professional competencies, the public health profession with increase in stature and impact.
Development of An Asia-Pacific Regional Network For Public Health
Authors: Loos Gregory P
Published: June 2011

As public health by its very nature is multi-disciplinary, it may benefit individual programs to formulate a regional network, joining researchers and academics across programs. This approach may afford extended benefits, such as the establishment of regional health surveillance systems and collaborative funding initiatives.

To explore this potential, member institutions comprising the Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health provided data to form an aggregate profile of cross-institutional expertise and resources, which was presented to Health Specialists at the Asian Development Bank. The study provided a foundation for a planned regional network. A four-pronged approach was proffered detailing concurrent aspects of development: 1) network formation and expansion, 2) research coordination, 3) cross-institutional communication and instruction, and 4) promotion of self-sufficiency.

The proposed plan affords the groundwork for an improved approach to public health research and practice that builds upon the established Consortium, and encourages new horizons. Regionalization is an increasing phenomenon world wide, and should be furthered as a concept for improved public health intervention and control.
Salmonella Serotypes Isolated In Malaysia Over The Ten-year Period 1983-1992
Authors: Yasin Rohani Md , Jegathesan M , Tiew Cheah Cheng
Published: June 2011

From January 1983 to December 1992 a total of 20,874 salmonella were serotyped in the Bacteriology Division IMR, which showed an increase of 100% compared to the previous ten-years. There were 97 serotypes which belonged to 22 Kauffmann-white groups. Twenty two serotypes hitherto were seen in this study period. S. typhi was the commonest serotype isolated. Overall there was a rise in the isolation of non-typboidal salmonella particularly S. enteritidis which increased by 760% and S. blockley which increased by 720%.

However there is a drop in the isolation of S typhimurium by 223% and S. paratyphi B by 319%.
Risk Assessment of Active Smoking: Smoking-Attributable Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost in Taiwan, 1980 and 1992
Authors: Li Chung-Yi , Lin Ruey-Shiung
Published: June 2011

Anti-smoking programs have been advocated by the government and other private organizations for decades in Taiwan, especially in the past ten years. We conducted an analysis to assess the effectiveness of anti-smoking programs by examining the changes in active smoking attributable mortality (ASAM) and active smoking attributable years of potential life lost (ASAYPLL) between 1980 and 1992. This analysis also evaluated the present health impact due to active smoking.

Total estimated ASAM was 12,765 for 1980 and 14,764 for 1992, representing 34.9% and 31.8% of all deaths from smoking-related causes for each year, respectively. Our results suggested a progress of anti-smoking efforts contributed by tiie government and other private anti-snwktogoqjanizations. By comparing thefigures between 1980 and 1992, a reduction in aD dimensions has been observed. The overall smoking prevalence rate decreased from 31.7% to 29.5% and the ASAM rate declined from 121.8/105 to 91.5/105. Additionally, the ASAYPLL rate declined from 513.4/105 to 406.9/105. Furthermore, the ratio of ASAM from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) to all ASAM decreased from 56.3% in 1980 to 46.7% in 1992, white die ratio of ASAM from cancer to aD ASAM increased from 22.9% in 1980 to 34.9% in 1992. Our analysis also found that active smoking seemed to be a more important risk factor for smoking-related causes of death in people aged 41-65 than in people of other age group. Although the anti-smoking programs seemed effective over the past 13 years, active smoking stiD contributed to an estimated number of 14,764 deaths and 63,743 economicauy productive years lost in 1992. More efforts should be devoted to further reduce the high smoking prevalence in men and particularly to hamper the increasing smoking trend in adolescents and young women. This remains a challenge for tile government of Taiwan.
Drug Abundance: Situation of Drugs and Drug Distribution in the Villages of Rural Thailand
Authors: Sri-Ngernyuang Luechai
Published: June 2011

The paper describes the situation of drugs and drug sources found available at the village level in Thailand. It concludes, from village-survey data (N = 195) and village case studies (N=15), that drugs are available in abundance. A vast variety of drugs, including prescription drugs, are available at various sources, of which the most common ones are grocery stores. The situation reflects the failure of the drug regulation system as well as the influence of commercial pharmaceutical sector in drug provision. This situation hampers attempts to rationalize drug use by consumers.
Prevalence of Oral Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions in Elderly Malaysians
Authors: Ali Tara B Taiyeb , Jalaliuddin Raja Latifah Raja , Razak Ishak Abdul , Zain Rosnah Binti
Published: June 2011

A house to house survey on elderly subjects aged 60 years old and above was undertaken in a large district in Malaysia. A total of 486 subjects in randomly selected Enumeration Blocks were interviewed and examined. The prevalence of oral precancerous lesions was recorded at 3.3%, of which leukoplakia was the most common. When the ethnic distribution of these oral precancerous and cancerous (OPC) lesions was compared, 72% of those inflicted were Indians. Oral cancer was detected in two subjects (0.4%), both of whom were of Indian origin. Among subjects with OPC lesions, 4.2% were smokers, 12.7% were betelquid chewers, 11.8% had indulged in both habits, whilst one subject had not practised any of the oral habits of interest (0.4%). The findings suggest the occurrence of OPC lesions to be related to betelquid chewing.
Health Promoting Schools: Issues and Future Directions for Australia and the Asia Pacific Region
Authors: Rowling Louise , Ritchie Jan
Published: June 2011

This paper sets out to trace the development of health promoting schools in Australia and the Asia Pacific Region. An overview of conceptual frameworks pertinent to promoting health in school is presented, together with a justification for a focus on schools as settings for health.

The challenge ahead for school communities is to move from the simple classroom-based topic focused old style health education, to the whole settings approach and the broad-ranging, comprehensive collection of actions that make up this wider view.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Maternal Anthropometric Measures Relative to Infant Nutritional Status
Authors: Abikusno Nugroho , Novotny Rachel
Published: June 2011

This cross-sectional study was done in July 1990 at health posts of two subdistricts in Cilandak, South Jakarta, Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of maternal anthropometric measures against the functional outcome of infant nutritional status (weight-for-age). The study population consisted of 175 mother-infant pairs, who were between 14-45 years old, and their infants, who were 0-6 months old. The indicators that identified women at risk of their infant being poor nutritional status (weight-for-age less than −1 SD) were maternal weight (sensitivity 33%, specificity 89%, and positive predictive value 26%), height (sensitivity 39%, specificity 83% and positive predictive value 21%), and calf circumference (sensitivity 50%, specificity 85% and positive predictive value 28%).