bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Groot Richard , McLaughlin John
Published: November 2023

Over the last three decades, governments and the private sector in the industrial world have invested tens of billions of dollars in the development of geospatial information systems designed largely to serve specific communities (forestry, urban planning, land records management, business geographies, etc.) within a local, national, and even international framework. In the USA, for example, the Mapping Sciences Committee of the National Academy of Sciences reported that annual federal spending on geospatial data activities was in the order US$4.4 billion (Mapping Sciences Committee, 1994).

Now the focus is increasingly shifting to the challenges associated with integrating these systems, building what has come to be called geospatial data infrastructure (GDI). Such infrastructures have been described as information highways, linking environmental, socio-economic and institutional databases (‘horizontal highways’), and providing for the flow of information from local to national levels and eventually to the global community (‘vertical highways’) (Coleman and McLaughlin, 1997).
Funding an NGDI
Authors: Rhind David
Published: November 2023

This chapter outlines the sources and balances of resources currently used to create and maintain NGDI—in so far as these are known. It partitions the costs into those associated with collecting NGDI information (the largest of the identified costs), the human resources costs, those involved in enhancing software, and those incurred in providing the physical infrastructure. For illustration purposes, relevant data from the USA and the UK will be used. We examine the different models for funding NGDis, with particular reference to ‘pay as you go’/‘user pays’ models operating in both the private and public sec tors, and to the ‘taxpayer pays’ model. The advantages and disadvantages of each model are outlined.
A Failure of Treatment
Authors: Lewis Gilbert
Published: November 2023

A serious illness may bring other events into focus. This book is about the circumstances surrounding an illness which struck a man in middle life, its impact on him and on the people of his West Sepik village. It records both failure and continuing belief the failure of local treatments, Western medicine, and of a great communal effort to bring a spirit to heal him. The issues of distress, isolation in illness, and the hope of relief are universal ones, but in this setting in New Guinea they have to be placed in a framework of tentative explanations because of the harsh material conditions. To follow the course of this man’s illness is to see how illness can reshape events and test social ties. The book unfolds a social drama, as it traces people’s anxieties, the pressure upon them to take immediate action to try to remedy the situation, and their growing realization that they have failed.Through the text runs the problem of hope and belief in healing.
The Development of German Private Law
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The way private law has developed in Germany since 1900 reflects great credit on the vitality and flexibility of the courts, and to a somewhat lesser degree on the work of legal scholars. Despite the positivist and slightly anachronistic nature of the BGB they sought to keep pace with the economic and social disruptions which started to overwhelm Germany only half a generation after it came into force.
The Failure of Democratic Politics in Fiji
Authors: Lawson Stephanie
Published: November 2023

In 1987 two military coups in Fiji undermined institutions previously thought to be democratic in character. The coup leader, Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, claimed that the coups were necessary in order to protect the rights of indigenous Fijians against the demands of the large Indian community. Combining the techniques of the historian, the anthropologist, and the political theorist, Stephanie Lawson discusses the contemporary political situation in Fiji from both a historical and a theoretical viewpoint, and tracing the sources of the current divisions in Fiji to the well-intentioned, but in the end misguided, ambitions of colonial administrators to protect the way of life of indigenous Fijians. Dr Lawson’s analysis reveals many ironies. The very presence in Fiji of a large Indian community, now made a scapegoat by the coup leaders, is a result of the desire of colonial administrators to avoid forcing the indigenous population to become landless labourers, while at the same time securing a source of labour for a plantation-based agricultural system. She argues that post-colonial political institutions, themselves shaped by generations of colonial administrators, exacerbated and possibly created the very tensions between the indigenous population and Indians that they were designed to temper. Dr Lawson demonstrates why race was never really an issue in recent events but why Rabuka could plausibly claim that it was. She comes to the provocative but convincing conclusion that Fiji has never really been a democracy in the Western sense of the word.
Introduction
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony
Published: November 2023

Privatization, it seems, is sweeping the world. The number of countries adopting policies involving the sale of public enterprises increases constantly, in Europe, in Latin America, and now even in Eastern Europe.

As we shall see, privatization is by no means a new phenomenon. Nevertheless, the scale of disposals does represent something quite new, as does the adoption of ambitious programmes of privatization extending over a number of years. In this respect, there can be no doubt that the British Government has been the world leader in the process. Indeed, a number of overseas privatization programmes are directly modelled on British experience. It is no exaggeration to claim, with the Minister responsible for developing much of its thrust, that ‘Britain’s privatization programme sets [a] world example’ (Moore 1986).
Progress in Game-Theoretical Analysis of International Regimes
Authors: Kydd Andrew , Snidal Duncan
Published: November 2023

Over the last decade, regime theory has dominated the analysis of international institutions; over a slightly longer period, non cooperative game theory has enjoyed a tremendous resurgence in the analysis of social, economic, and political phenomena. Both regime and non-cooperative game theory are centrally concerned with problems of competition and co-operation in what international relations scholars refer to as an anarchic environment. These parallels are hardly coincidental, since regime analysis has borrowed some of its intellectual energy from game theory. Understanding the strategic logic of conventions or the importance of the shadow of the future in enforcing co-operation, for example, has been crucial in explaining why regimes matter in international anarchy.
Introduction: Transference of Power, Decision Rules, and Rules of the Game
Authors: Mazey Sonia , Richardson Jeremy
Published: November 2023

The adoption of the Single European Act (SEA) by the twelve EC Member States in 1986 marked an important stage in the development of the Community. The SEA commits Member States not only to the completion of the internal market by the end of 1992, but also to monetary and financial integration. Other sections of the document strengthen the legal basis and widen the scope of Community policies relating to European political co-operation, economic and social cohesion, research and technological development, the environment, and social policy. In order to facilitate the attainment of these objectives, the Act strengthened the legislative powers of the European Parliament and removed the need for unanimity within the Council of Ministers from those decisions pertaining to the single market.
Lobbying Brussels: A View from Within
Authors: Hull Robert
Published: November 2023

I would like to look at the lobbying process and its effects on pol icy-making in the Community from a number of points of view. As a Commission official for the last fourteen years or so, I have been subject to lobbying and the work of pressure groups in a variety of different forms and which from my point of view, have had a widely varying degree of effectiveness. As far as I am aware, no analysis has been produced of the attitudes, either of Commission ers or Commission officials, to the way they are regarded and treated by those who lobby them. I suspect that very few of the organizations or individuals seeking to influence the direction of Community policies have any idea of the mentality of the key players in Brussels. My aim, therefore, is to try to provide a practical guide to lobbying the Community system as seen by someone inside that system. The views expressed are very much my own.
Lobbying in Europe: The Experience of Voluntary Organizations
Authors: Harvey Brian
Published: November 2023

Voluntary and community organizations concerned with social pol icy have now joined the ranks of battalions of lobbyists now entrenched in Brussels, hovering around the European Commission, Parliament, Council of Ministers, and the Economic and Social Committee. Because of their small numbers, they need to make an impact out of proportion to their size if they are to influence social policy and put what has been termed a ‘human face’ on the single market of 1992.
Alfred Zimmern’s Cautious Idealism: The League of Nations, International Education, and the Commonwealth
Authors: Rich Paul
Published: November 2023

As the first person to hold the Woodrow Wilson Chair of International Relations at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Alfred Zimmern was the first professor of the subject anywhere in the world. He was also a notable idealist thinker. His 1935 book The League of Nations and the Rule of Law was considered by Hedley Bull to be the most polished work of the inter-war idealists. J. D. B. Miller has also commended Zimmem’s understanding of the principal tendencies in world politics. Recently, D. J. Markwell has stressed Zimmem’s importance in establishing international relations as an academic subject.
The Edge of the Union
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

On the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Northern Ireland Troubles, Ulster's once dominant unionists are an increasingly alienated people. In this timely assessment of the prospects for peace, Steve Bruce examines the embittered world-view of two key sections of Ulster unionism: loyalist terrorists and the evangelical supporters of Ian Paisley. To get to the heart of the unionist position, he asks how they see the last twenty-five years, what they want from the future, what they think they will get, what they will accept, and what they will fight to oppose. Professor Bruce describes the Troubles as a deeply entrenched ethnic conflict. He argues that a failure to appreciate the strength of the loyalist identity has prevented a proper understanding of the Troubles, and that continued neglect of the majority makes strategies for peace pointless or counter-productive.
The Right of Conquest
Authors: Korman Sharon
Published: November 2023

This is an enquiry into the place of the right of conquest in international relations since the early sixteenth century, and the causes and consequences of its demise in the twentieth century. It was a recognized principle of international law until the early years of this century that a state that emerges victorious in a war is entitled to claim sovereignty over territory which it has taken possession. Sharon Korman shows how the First World War - which led to the rise of self-determination and to calls for the prohibition of way - prompted the reconstruction of international law and the consequent abolition of the title by conquest. Her conclusion, which highlights the merits and defects of the modern law as a vehicle for discouraging war by denying the title to the conqueror, challenges many of the assumptions that have come to constitute part of the conventional wisdom of our times. This is a study, not of international law narrowly conceived, but of the place of a changing legal principle in international history and the contemporary world.
Syria and Israel
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe
Published: November 2023

This is the first book to deal with the most crucial case of war and peace in the Middle East. Moshe Ma'oz examines the history of relations between Israel and Syria throughout the Middle Eastern conflict. Drawing upon a variety of original sources, the author discusses still little-known episodes in relations between the countries such as Syrian peace offers to Israel in the early 1950s and the mid-1970s; American and Soviet involvement; the role of Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and the PLO; Israel's contribution to the aggravation of the conflict with Syria, and the new Syrian diplomatic strategy since 1988 and the peacemaking process after the Madrid conference (from late 1991). The book demonstrates the crucial importance of Syrian-Israeli relations for the strategic posture of both countries, for the fate of the Palestinian problem, and for the prospects of an overall Middle East Settlement.
Unemployment and Poverty: Change over Time
Authors: Hauser Richard , Nolan Brian , Mörsdorf Konstanze , Strengmann-Kuhn Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

The late 1980s and early 1990s were periods characterized by growing inter national competition accompanied by high unemployment in the countries of the European Union. Keynesian policies were substituted by more conservative policies based on neo-classical economic theory or supply-side economics. Deregulation, retrenchment and budget restrictions were key words in the debate about the welfare state all over Europe. The national strategies adopted, however, differed widely. This raises the issue of the implications of such differences both for the overall distribution of income and wealth, and for the living conditions of those at the lower end of the distribution, in particular the unemployed. This chapter examines the change over time in the poverty of the unemployed in countries that differed significantly both in their welfare regimes and in the policies that governments adopted towards the unemployed.
Poverty and Financial Hardship among the Unemployed
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Jacobs Sheila , Paugam Serge
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter depicted the broad differences between countries in the implications of unemployment for poverty. But to what extent docountries also differ in terms of the distribution of financial deprivation among the unemployed: the types of unemployed people that are most at risk, and the degree of differentiation in the experience of unemployed people? If welfare institutions are of critical importance, it could be expected that countries closest to a universalistic regime would provide relatively equal treatment for different types of unemployed people while those closest to an employment-centred regime should be characterized by sharper differences.
Unemployment, Gender, and Attitudes to Work
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Alm Susanne
Published: November 2023

For some, vulnerability to unemployment and, even more, vulnerability to long-term unemployment are seen as strongly linked to deficiencies in employment commitment among unemployed people. There are different views about the causes of this, but perhaps the most influential is the argument that it is the result of a calculative response to the incentives or disincentives for work provided by welfare systems. This has inspired, in several countries, an attempt by governments to cut back on welfare payments to the unemployed. Yet despite the prevalence and influence of such views, the evidence that has been adduced to date to support the underlying assumption that there is a problem of the ‘work motivation’ of the unemployed is remark ably slim, and there is correspondingly little well-grounded evidence about its determinants. This chapter sets out to use data from a new European survey to provide a more satisfactory description of the work attitudes of the unemployed, and to make an initial assessment of how far these are affected by the characteristics of benefit systems.
The Permanent Effects of Labour Market Entry in Times of High Unemployment
Authors: Vreyer Philippe De , Layte Richard , Wolbers Maarten , Hussain* Mohammad Azhar
Published: November 2023

Are young workers that first participated in the labour market in times of high aggregate unemployment permanently disadvantaged, compared to other workers that entered in more favourable periods, or do they catch up later? In this chapter we address this issue by looking at the career paths of several generations of workers, focusing on their relative risk of unemployment in relation to the level of aggregate unemployment when they first participated in the labour market.
Who Exits Unemployment? Institutional Features, Individual Characteristics, and Chances of Getting a Job. A Comparison of Britain and Italy
Authors: Bernardi Fabrizio , Layte Richard , Schizzerotto Antonio , Jacobs Sheila
Published: November 2023

In recent years numerous scholars have taken up the challenge of explaining the variations in unemployment rates in Western countries. The debate on the causes of unemployment has focused on the institutional regulation of the labour market and on how this regulation hinders market clearing (Grubb and Wells 1993; Siebert 1997).
SDP
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

Launched on a wave of euphoria in 1981, the SDP aroused the hopes and enthusiasm of millions of people. Promising to break the mould of British politics, its leaders included four of the most respected figures in British public life – Roy Jenkins, David Owen, Bill Rodgers, and Shirley Williams. But the SDP failed. Despite winning with the Liberals a quarter of the vote in two general elections, by the autumn of 1987 it had disintegrated amidst acrimony and bitter in-fighting. This book, based on unprecedented access to the SDP’s archive and extensive interviews with all the leading players, chronicles the party’s short but turbulent history and analyses in detail the reasons for its early success and its ultimate demise.
A ‘Partnership of Principle’
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

The average Labour MP, if asked during the 1960s or 19 70s what he thought of the Liberal party, would probably have replied that he barely thought of it at all. One might or might not like the Liberals; one might or might not agree with them. But they were not serious. Of the twenty-eight Labour MPs who eventually defected to the SDP, twenty-six had had Liberal opponents at the 19 79 general election; in twenty-five of the twenty-six cases, the Liberal candidate had finished third or worse. It is doubtful whether in more than a handful the Liberal’s intervention had made any difference to the outcome.
The Owen Ascendancy I: 1983–1985
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

The 1983 election took place on Thursday, 9 June, and the following day, within hours of the final result being declared, David Owen in an interview in The Times refused to rule out the possibility that he might challenge Roy Jenkins for the SDP leadership.1 That weekend he went further, phoning Jenkins at home and telling him bluntly that, unless he resigned the leadership immediately, he, Owen, would declare his intention to stand against him. Jenkins had originally intended to soldier on until at least the autumn, but on Monday, 13 June, at a private lunch party for the Gang of Four and a few others who had been prominent in the campaign, he announced he was going. He said he hoped that Owen would succeed him without a contest.2 When the six surviving SDP MPs met for the first time on 15 June, noone emerged to challenge Owen, and he formally became leader a week later.3
Organized Interests in European Integration: The Evolution of a New Type of Governance ?
Authors: Kohler-Koch Beate
Published: November 2023

The role of organized interests has changed throughout the long process of West European integration. This is no surprise in that the creation of the European Community (EC) had a deep impact on the two environments, which, it is argued, shape the logic of interest intermediation (Schmitter and Streeck, 1981): the ‘logic of membership’, the material conditions under which actors are constituted and operate; and the ‘logic of influence’, i.e., the institutional structure and prevailing processes within the relevant political arena. It is a commonplace that the organization of interest representation has adjusted to the changing conditions of European integration. What is contested is whether this has been just an adjustment process or whether the way private interests have been configured has shaped the polity and politics of Europe as well.
Organizing Industrial Coalitions: A Challenge for the Future?
Authors: Cowles Marta Green
Published: November 2023

The political activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their industrial coalitions have changed the face of policy-making in Brussels. Today, members of the European Round Table of Industrialists (ERT) spell out their industrial agenda in private meetings with heads of state and government and in public documents. Hundreds of company representatives in the EU Committee of the American Chamber of Commerce (EU Committee)—one of the most powerful lobbying organizations in Brussels-operate a legislative intelligence network. MNEs now occupy key policy positions within the Union of Industrial and Employers’ Confederations of Europe (UNICE) and, through the UNICE Advisory and Support Group (UASG), contribute funding directly to the European peak association. Participants of the European Enterprise Group (EEG) quietly co-ordinate the large firms’ activities behind the scenes.
Island Epidemics
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R
Published: November 2023

Ever since Charles Darwin landed on the Gal-pagos islands in September 1835, small islands have had a special place in scientific history. In Island epidemics, the authors show that the complex warfare of invasion and extinction observed by Darwin for plants and animals applies today with equal force to the micro-organisms which lie behind many human diseases. Growing from their earlier studies of Iceland and the Fijian islands, they provide a broad world picture of diseases which range from the familiar (influenza and German measles) to the exotic (kuru and tsutsugamushi), and islands which range in remoteness from the nearby Faroes and Scillies to the inaccessible Tristan da Cunha and Easter island. A constant theme in the book is the way in which technical developments over the last 150 years, notably in vaccination and transport, are fundamentally affecting the ways in which waves of epidemic diseases circle around the globe. As Darwin argued, islands form natural laboratories in which processes can be observed which are too complex to track in the fast-interacting city worlds, which dominate the crowded continents. The arrival of Ross River virus in the Cook islands or the decline of motor-neurone diseases on Guam can be followed with a precision, which owes much to an islands small size and limited accessibility. The revolution in molecular biology at the end of this century is emphasising how an islands genome, with peoples less mixed than in mainland communities, can provide unique genetic insights into diseases and heredity; the book reports on several examples including the interest in Icelands DNA bank.
Principles of Electoral Reform
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

A country’s electoral system has a profound effect on its politics; its citizens ought therefore to ask themselves at frequent intervals whether that currently in force is satisfactory. This book does not argue for a particular answer, but aims to help people think about the question. Few realize how much thought it needs. One should not begin by asking whether this or that system is better, but by trying to make precise what we want an electoral system to do. A general election has two effects: it decides the composition of Parliament; and it decides who is going to represent each constituency. The question of what we want an electoral system to do therefore splits in two: how should Parliament be divided between the parties, given the voter’s preferences? and which are the most representative local candidates, given the voter’s preferences? Neither question is straightforward, but this timely new book helps to explain on what basis we should decide which electoral system we should have.
Hypotheses on Vulnerability: Are Terrorists and Drug Traffickers Coerceable?*
Authors: Lepgold Joseph
Published: November 2023

When can state-authored coercion be expected to stop or constrain such trans-state threats as terrorism and drug traffickers? Is this objective even feasible at costs that coercer governments are willing to pay? Policymakers became interested in these questions in the 1970s as trans-state political violence and drug operations mushroomed, often beyond the full control of state authorities. While policy-makers have an obvious interest in understanding these questions, scholars ought also to care about them.
British—West German Relations, 1973—1989
Authors: Smith Julie , Edwards Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Britain’s accession to the European Community on 1 January 1973 altered the context of British—West German relations, but it did not fundamentally alter the nature of the relationship. Neither country saw their bilateral relations as its first priority. For much of the period from 1973 to 1989 Britain continued to perceive its ties with the United States as more important, despite difficult moments during the 1970s and growing tensions in the 1980s that the close personal relationship between Mrs Thatcher and President Reagan only partially masked. Germany, despite its support for British membership of the EC, continued to look to France as its primary partner. Yet it, too, remained preoccupied with its relationship with the United States over issues of security and detente. Nevertheless, for most of the time between Britain’s accession to the European Community and the end of the cold war, Britain and Germany typically worked well together, albeit with little warmth, differing priorities, and, perhaps, a latent suspicion of each other’s motives. While the Franco-German relationship continued to be central to the development of the Community during the period, relations between Britain and German were typically more low-key, often producing positive results, but with rather less drama than sometimes surrounded Franco-German co-operation.
Knowledge of the Land
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David
Published: November 2023

Planners and decision-makers today need to be in command of a broader range of tools and information than ever before. Knowledge of the Land aims to show what is available in the way of natural resources information, and how it has been used (or not used) in planning and policy making. For both methods and applications, the authors have tried to provide enough detail for the reader to judge what data, skills, and procedures are required to meet their particular needs, and the ample references give guidance on where to find further information. There has been a notable shift in planning and rural development over the past decade. Technocratic, top-down approaches are still very much in evidence, but there has been an explosion of participatory initiatives. Many institutions cling to sectoral thinking. There is, however, growing recognition that sustainable development involves balancing environmental, social, and economic considerations, Such a balance requires an interdisciplinary approach, both to the the survey of natural resources, and to the use of the information acquired in land evaluation, planning, environmental impact assessment, and the preparation of coherent strategies and policies for sustainable development. The old ways and the new bring insights crucial to meeting these challenges. Both provide invaluable methods of work. By bringing together the standard methods of resource assessment and planning, and new thinking and emerging techniques, this book will help all practitioners to bridge the gap between the two.
Introduction: The Transformation of the Democratic State in Western Europe
Authors: Loughlin John
Published: November 2023

‘Democracy’ is a European invention and concept with its roots in the political systems of the ancient Greek city-states. It has a variety of meanings, the most important of which for modern states are direct or participatory demo¬ cracy1 and representative or liberal democracy (Held 1987). In its modern connotation it owes much to the philosophies of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment with their exalted role of the individual (Mendras 1997), but also to the doctrine of the separation of powers in thinkers such as Montesquieu. This latter doctrine found its fullest institutional expression in the new United States of America and formed the basis of the American Constitution, drafted in 1787, with the separation of the different arms of representative and executive government and the judiciary.
Ireland: From Colonized Nation to ‘Celtic Tiger’
Authors: Loughlin John
Published: November 2023

The entire island of Ireland, consisting of thirty-two counties, used to form part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and constituted one of its four nations. In 1921, after a long campaign for Home Rule in the nineteenth century and a War of independence between 1916 and 1920, the island was partitioned. Six of the nine northern counties of Ulster became Northern Ireland and remained within the United Kingdom. The other twenty-six became independent as the Irish Free State within the British Commonwealth. In 1949 the Free State declared itself a Republic and left the Commonwealth. It is this history of being part of the United Kingdom and then separating from it to form an independent state that has shaped the institutions and political culture of modern Ireland.
Conclusions: The Transformation of Regional and Local Democracy in Western Europe
Authors: Loughlin John
Published: November 2023

This book reveals the rich and complex tapestry of democratic theory and practice in the countries of the European Union. Two aspects of this complexity stand out. First, countries remain basically faithful to their state and national state traditions of political and administrative culture. But, second, these traditions undergo continual change and adaptation as a result of factors such as globalization, Europeanization, societal, and technological change. Indeed, the capacity to manage change successfully is one of the main features of many European states. On the other hand, the successful management of change is not spread evenly throughout Europe. Some countries, regions, and localities have been quite successful whereas others have had difficulty in coping with the changes. To some extent this is a result of a competitive regionalism which is producing new disparities within the European Union. This is neither a north-south nor a centre-periphery cleavage. Some countries of southern Europe contain highly successful regions such as Catalonia, Lombardy, and Tuscany. Countries that were previously peripheral, such as the Republic of Ireland, Spain, and Portugal have now become centres of dynamic economic growth. Ireland has been called the ‘Celtic Tiger’ by analogy with the Asian ‘Tiger’ economies. Some countries that were previously powerful economic ‘centres’ now contain regions and cities in decline such as the old industrialized regions of coal mining and steel production in Britain, Belgium, France, and Spain which have experienced great difficulties of adaptation.
Residential Segregation among Social and Ethnic Groups in Budapest during the Post-communist Transition
Authors: Ladányi János
Published: November 2023

Socio-economic residential segregation has increased in Budapest since the post-communist transition. Higher social status groups have started to move toward new suburbs. The physical condition of buildings in the slum belt that surrounds the inner parts of Pest is deteriorating faster than ever before. A massive invasion of underprivileged social and ethnic groups into this slum belt is on its way. Budapest is splitting into two parts. Parts of the city inhabited by higher status social groups look more and more like similar areas in western Europe. By sharp contrast, other parts, inhabited by the losers of post-communist transition, tend to resemble parts of cities of the Third World.
‘Poverty Pockets’ and Social Exclusion: On the Role of Place in Shaping Social Inequality
Authors: Kempen Eva T van
Published: November 2023

Social segregation in cities can beconsidered both as a reflection and a cause of social inequality. In this chapter I will focus on the role of social segregation in shaping social inequality. The central question is whether and how the spatial concentration of poverty in certain areas or neighbourhoods enhances the process of social exclusion. I will use the term ‘poverty pocket’ in order to stress that the focus is on areas that clearly discern themselves from other areas by the predominance of poor households.
Party-Building and Consociational Democracy in Post-War Austria
Authors: Muller Wolfgang C
Published: November 2023

In his essay ‘The Legitimizing Role of Political Parties: The Second Austrian Republic’ Peter Pulzer identifies Austria as ‘the only example of a European state in which an initially unsuccessful parliamentary system turned into a successful one, and in which constitutional and party-structural factors can be held constant over half a century (1919-1969)’. Indeed the contrast between the First (1918-33) and Second (after 1945) Austrian Republics is striking. While the first one ended in civil war and dictatorship, the second turned out to be a success story, combining a stable parliamentary democracy with economic prosperity.
The Weak State of Japan
Authors: Steffensen Sam K
Published: November 2023

During the post-war years, Japan scholars have shown great interest in discussing state-business relationships. In the 1990s this discipline became attractive among Asia scholars in general, together with the conspicuous economic growth in the region. As described by Wade, a ‘veritable cottage industry’ of speculative academic discussions on state capacity emerged in the slipstream of the World Bank’s ‘East Asia miracle’ study, sponsored by the Japanese government. Meanwhile, many of the academic traditions born out of the Japanese case were carried over in a remarkably forthright manner. Since Johnson’s (1982) benchmark study of the role of the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) (1925—75) in the formation of an industrialist nation appeared on the scene, a more pronounced agency-oriented and institutional dimension of attention towards state-business relations—in the first instance directed towards Japan and the United States—gained popularity. Incidentally, it is remarkable how an ensuing wave of similarly spirited studies, formally observing the very same subject, resulted in producing such a dull variety of proviso-saturated assessments.
State and Economy: Some Observations and Inferences from the Japanese Experience
Authors: Khosla Anil
Published: November 2023

The extent and type of government intervention in an economy has long been a contentious issue, which has once again resurfaced in the light of the events of the past couple of decades. In the period immediately following World War II, active government intervention was considered to be imperative in the poorer economies to enable them to come out of what Ragnar Nurkse called the ‘vicious circle of poverty’.1 Development economists, in the 1950s, were pessimistic about the ability of trade and the functioning of the market mechanism to ameliorate the lot of the developing countries. This pessimism emanated from the belief that these economies were prone to endemic market failures resulting in underinvestment by the economic agents. The lacking, or severely underdeveloped, factor and product markets were considered incapable of generating enough resources (underinvestment) or allocating these resources efficiently (private benefits falling short of, and costs exceeding, public benefits and costs due to externalities, linkages, etc.). This required substantial direct intervention by governments in the form of investments in ‘strategic’ industries.
Democratization and Parliamentary Elite Recruitment in Norway 1848—1996
Authors: Eliassen Kjell A , Marino Marit SjøVaag
Published: November 2023

Modern parliamentary representation in Norway dates back to the Constitution of 1814, which established a parliament based upon popular election. At the time of construction, the Norwegian Constitution was highly advanced with respect to giving formal rights of citizen participation in national elections. It created a comparatively open access to the electoral channel. In 1815, it was estimated that because of the dominance of a free peasantry in Norway, about 45% of all men above the age of 25 were given the right to vote and to be elected into parliament (Kuhnle 1975). In practice, however, this liberal suffrage was restricted by registration requirements and indirect elections, and the enfranchised population was only gradually mobilized to take part in elections. Shifts in the composition of the parliamentary elite happened even more slowly.
Continuity and Change: Legislative Recruitment in the United Kingdom 1868—1999
Authors: Rush Michael , Cromwell Valerie
Published: November 2023

The British political system has been characterized by enormous historical continuity. The Norman Conquest apart, English history has not been marked by sociopolitical disjunctions which substantially remoulded the political system. To be sure, the English Revolution, with its earliest stirrings in the reign of Elizabeth I (1558—1603) and its culmination in the ‘Revolution Settlement’ of 1701, constituted a major social and political upheaval, but the pre-revolutionary political institutions were adapted and developed rather than replaced. Later significant changes, such as the extension of the franchise and the development of the party system, were similarly adaptive and developmental. This is not to argue that all was inevitable, but to stress the strength of the thread of continuity.
Invertebrate Surveys for Conservation
Authors: New T R
Published: November 2023

The majority of creatures are invertebrates. Invertebrate animals are the major energy conduits and agents of nutrient and material recycling in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems throughout the world, and the sustainability of the earth's life-support systems depends on their well-being. Despite this, conservation managers and practitioners still know very little about invertebrate biology, or how to study and survey invertebrates adequately in the field. Invertebrate Surveys for Conservation is a comprehensive guide to the ecological methods used to survey invertebrate animals in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. It describes how to select particular taxonomic groups for study, how to collect and analyse samples, and how to set priorities for protection in the face of limited resources. Line drawings of apparatus, tables of survey examples and methods of specimen treatment and sample analysis are augmented by a substantial list of references to provide and introduction to practical invertebrate conservation. This book will be an essential tool for anyone involved in conservation biology or ecology, including students and researchers, conservation practitioners, and environmental consultants.
Introduction. Invertebrates in conservation
Authors: New T R
Published: November 2023

Our appreciation of conservation need comes commonly from noticing de¬ cline of species’ abundance or distribution, or changes to ecosystems, and the realization that these may lead to them becoming extinct or non-sustainable. The enormous variety of threats to species and habitats as a consequence of human activities leading to declines or losses at any level can stimulate massive efforts to counter them and, if necessary, to restore and manage habitats and the organisms they harbour. The basis for such practical conser-vation is the need to sustain ecological processes-in essence, the dynamic ‘life-support systems’ on which all animals and plants ultimately depend. Practical conservation should be founded on sound scientific information, and obtaining such information thus underpins many of our efforts to conserve animals and plants and the places in which they live.
Sampling invertebrates: terrestrial environments
Authors: New T R
Published: November 2023

This is the first of two chapters that introduce some of the equipment and practical tools which may be used to sample invertebrates by collecting and extracting them from samples of habitat, such as soil, vegetation or fresh¬ water or marine sediments. The separate major invertebrate habitats, which demand rather different sets of apparatus and approaches for sampling them effectively, are considered separately, but there are many similarities and parallels in the techniques adopted in each. Both for terrestrial and aquatic environments, these range from simple ‘collecting tools’, many of which have their antecedents as traditional collectors’ accessories rather than as ‘scientific apparatus’, to carefully designed quantitative or semi quantitative techniques. The available techniques therefore range from the simple to the complex.
Banach Algebras and Automatic Continuity
Authors: Dales H G
Published: November 2023

Banach algebras combine algebraic and analytical aspects: it is the interplay of these structures that gives the subject its fascination. This volume expounds the general theory of Banach algebras, and shows how their topology is often determined by their algebraic structure: the central questions ask when homomorphisms and derivations from Banach algebras are automatically continuous, and seek canonical forms for these maps. The book synthesizes work over the last 20 years, and gives a definitive account; there are many new and unpublished results. The book describes many specific classes of Banach algebras, including function algebras, group algebras, algebras of operators, C*-algebras, and radical Banach algebras; it is a compendium of results on these examples. The subject interweaves algebra, functional analysis, and complex analysis, and has a dash of set theory and logic; the background in all these areas is fully explained. This volume is essential reading for anyone interested in any aspect of this vast subject.
Automatic Continuity Theory
Authors: Dales H G
Published: November 2023

In this final chapter, we turn to the substantive automatic continuity theory of homomorphisms and derivations from Banach algebras. We shall obtain many positive results, and we shall also construct various discontinuous homomorphisms and derivations that show the limits of our positive theorems.
Base and base pair morphologies, helical parameters, and definitions
Authors: Lavery Richard , Zakrzewska Krystyna
Published: November 2023

As time passes, the complexity of nucleic acid structure and conformation continues to increase rapidly. The beautifully regular double helix of Watson and Crick has lost its symmetry with the appearance of major base sequence effects and local perturba tions caused by base modifications, mispairing, bulges, and abasic sites. In addition, larger scale deformations such as curvature and groove width variations have come to light and are particularly important for understanding drug and protein binding.
Geometrizing configurations. Heinrich Hertz and his mathematical precursors
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: November 2023

During the nineteenth century the book of nature was written in the mathematical language of analysis; after 1900 its new chapters were often phrased in geometric language. This is the general picture which this book will confirm. The purpose of this first chapter is to show that during the nineteenth century, and even in such classical areas as ‘analytical ‘ mechanics, several parts had already been translated into geometric language. H. Hertz ‘s Principles of Mechanics (1894) was probably the most influential nineteenth century ‘geometrization ‘ of mechanics, but it had important precursors among the mathematicians. In the preface to his book Hertz himself mentioned Beltrami, Lipschitz and Darboux, whose work combined Hamilton-Jacobi mechanics on the one hand and Gaussian and Riemannian differential geometry on the other. I shall first discuss the work of the mathematicians and then turn to the ideas taking shape in the physics community and in particular to Hertz ‘s book.
Introduction
Authors: Freer Stephen
Published: November 2023

It gives information about discoveries, events, proceedings, locations, and method. The botanist must know which authors he should consult about the plant that is the subject of his enquiry. European [vegetables]. C. Bauhin (with systematic [arrangement]) Ray 3, Vaillant. Alpine. Ray, Linnaeus, Haller, Gmelin. Authors who are famous for any work (5) on vegetables, whether they are botanists or amateurs of botany are called PHYTOLOGISTS .
Sex
Authors: Freer Stephen
Published: November 2023

Our lecture, De telluris habitabilis incremento. Uppsala and Leiden, 1743, explains this opinion. Every year [the level of] the water sinks; as a result the ground turns out to be more extensive. Differing plants indicate the perpendicular altitude of the ground. In plants, the productivity of the seeds is often remarkable; from one root in a single summer [there may be] 2,000 seeds of Zea, 3,000 of Inula, 4,000 of Helianthus, 32,000 of Papaver, and 40,320 of Nicotiana. In addition, there are root-stocks, perennial duration, and buds.
Definitions
Authors: Freer Stephen
Published: November 2023

A plant is completely named, if it is provided with a generic name and a specific (212) one. A beginner in botany knows the classes, a candidate all the genera, and a master most of the species. The more species a botanist knows, the more outstanding he is. All substantial education in science, trade, and medicine, indeed all true human knowledge, relies on a knowledge of the several species. The concept of a species consists of an essential feature, by which alone it is distinguished from all others in the same genus. Without the concept of a genus, there is no certainty of the species.
Varieties
Authors: Freer Stephen
Published: November 2023

Varieties are plants of the same species, changed by some adventitious cause or other. The use of varieties in gardening, cookery, and medicine makes it necessary to recognize them in ordinary life; otherwise, varieties do not concern botanists, except in so far as the botanists bother about them, so that the several species shall not be multiplied or confused. Where it is necessary, the botanist should insert the more obvious varieties at the end of the definition, for the benefit of the public.