bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternative splicing and nonsense-mediated decay regulate telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression during virus-induced lymphomagenesis in vivo
Authors: Amor Souheila , Remy Sylvie , Dambrine Ginette , Le Vern Yves , Rasschaert Denis , Laurent Sylvie
Published: November 2010

Background

Telomerase activation, a critical step in cell immortalization and oncogenesis, is partly regulated by alternative splicing. In this study, we aimed to use the Marek's disease virus (MDV) T-cell lymphoma model to evaluate TERT regulation by splicing during lymphomagenesis in vivo, from the start point to tumor establishment.

Results

We first screened cDNA libraries from the chicken MDV lymphoma-derived MSB-1 T- cell line, which we compared with B (DT40) and hepatocyte (LMH) cell lines. The chTERT splicing pattern was cell line-specific, despite similar high levels of telomerase activity. We identified 27 alternative transcripts of chicken TERT (chTERT). Five were in-frame alternative transcripts without in vitro telomerase activity in the presence of viral or chicken telomerase RNA (vTR or chTR), unlike the full-length transcript. Nineteen of the 22 transcripts with a premature termination codon (PTC) harbored a PTC more than 50 nucleotides upstream from the 3' splice junction, and were therefore predicted targets for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). The major PTC-containing alternatively spliced form identified in MSB1 (ie10) was targeted to the NMD pathway, as demonstrated by UPF1 silencing. We then studied three splicing events separately, and the balance between in-frame alternative splice variants (d5f and d10f) plus the NMD target i10ec and constitutively spliced chTERT transcripts during lymphomagenesis induced by MDV indicated that basal telomerase activity in normal T cells was associated with a high proportion of in-frame non functional isoforms and a low proportion of constitutively spliced chTERT. Telomerase upregulation depended on an increase in active constitutively spliced chTERT levels and coincided with a switch in alternative splicing from an in-frame variant to NMD-targeted variants.

Conclusions

TERT regulation by splicing plays a key role in telomerase upregulation during lymphomagenesis, through the sophisticated control of constitutive and alternative splicing. Using the MDV T-cell lymphoma model, we identified a chTERT splice variant as a new NMD target.
Comparison between amniotomy, oxytocin or both for augmentation of labor in prolonged latent phase: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nachum Zohar , Garmi Gali , Kadan Yfat , Zafran Noah , Shalev Eliezer , Salim Raed
Published: November 2010

Background

A prolonged latent phase is independently associated with an increased incidence of subsequent labor abnormalities. We aimed to compare between oxytocin augmentation, amniotomy and a combination of both on the duration of labor among women with a prolonged latent phase.

Methods

Women with a singleton fetus in cephalic presentation who have a prolonged latent phase, were randomly allocated to amniotomy (group 1), oxytocin (group 2) or both (group 3). A group of women who progressed spontaneously without intervention composed the control group (group 4). The primary outcome was the duration of time from initiation of augmentation until delivery.

Results

A total of 213 women were consented and randomized to group 1 (70 women), group 2 (72 women) and group 3 (71 women). Group 4 was composed from additional 70 women. A mean reduction of 120 minutes in labor duration was observed among group 3 compared to group 1 (p = 0.08) and 180 minutes compared to group 2 and 4 (p = 0.001). Women in group 3 had a shorter length of time from augmentation until the beginning of the active phase and a shorter first stage of labor than group 1 (p = 0.03), group 2 (p = 0.001) and group 4 (p = 0.001). Satisfaction was greater among group 3 and 4. Mode of delivery and neonatal outcome were comparable between the groups.

Conclusion

Labor augmentation by combined amniotomy and oxytocin among women with a prolonged latent phase at term seems superior compared to either of them alone.
IL-2 as a therapeutic target for the restoration of Foxp3+ regulatory T cell function in organ-specific autoimmunity: implications in pathophysiology and translation to human disease
Authors: d'Hennezel Eva , Kornete Mara , Piccirillo Ciriaco A
Published: November 2010

Peripheral immune tolerance requires a finely controlled balance between tolerance to self-antigens and protective immunity against enteric and invading pathogens. Self-reactive T cells sometimes escape thymic clonal deletion, and can subsequently provoke autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) unless they are controlled by a network of tolerance mechanisms in the periphery, including CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. CD4+ Treg cells are characterized by the constitutive expression of the IL-2Rα chain (CD25) and preferentially express the forkhead winged helix transcriptional regulator Foxp3. These cells have been shown to possess immunosuppressive properties towards various immune cell subsets and their defects are thought to contribute to many autoimmune disorders. Strong evidence shows that IL-2 is one of the important stimulatory signals for the development, function and fitness of Treg cells. The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model, a prototypic model of spontaneous autoimmunity, mimics many features of human T1 D. Using this model, the contribution of the IL-2-IL-2R pathway to the development of T1 D and other autoimmune disorders has been extensively studied. In the past years, strong genetic and molecular evidence has indicated an essential role for the IL-2/IL-2R pathway in autoimmune disorders. Thus, the major role of IL-2 is to maintain immune tolerance by promoting Treg cell development, functional fitness and stability. Here we first summarize the genetic and experimental evidence demonstrating a role for IL-2 in autoimmunity, mainly through the study of the NOD mouse model, and analyze the cellular and molecular mechanisms of its action on Treg cells. We then move on to describe how this data can be translated to applications for human autoimmune diseases by using IL-2 as a therapeutic agent to restore Treg cell fitness, numbers and functions.
Adherence to HIV treatment guidelines for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in Australia
Authors: Bloch M , Hoy J , Cunningham N , Roth N , Andrianopoulos N , Rayner C , Carr A
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
When whorls collide: the development of hair patterns in frizzled 6 mutant mice
Authors: Wang Yanshu , Chang Hao , Nathans Jeremy
Published: November 2010

Surface appendages such as bristles, feathers and hairs exhibit both long- and short-range order. In the frizzled 6 null (Fz6–/–) mouse the orientations of the earliest born hair follicles are uncorrelated, but over time the follicles reorient to create patterns that are characterized by a high degree of local order. By quantifying follicle orientations over time, in both living and fixed tissues, we define the time course of local hair follicle refinement and the resulting evolution of a montage of competing patterns in Fz6–/– skin. We observe an apparently local process that within one week can organize a field of many tens of thousands of follicles, generating long-range order that extends over distances of more than one centimeter. Physical systems that undergo an analogous ordering of vector components suggest potential mechanisms that might apply to the patterning of hair follicles and related biological structures.
Personal Music Systems: Do They Pose Risk for Hearing Loss?
Authors: Uppundsa Ajith
Published: November 2010

The proliferation of personal music systems in recent years raises concern because of the tremendous quantity of audio stimulation that users – especially children are exposed to. Hearing loss induced by personal music systems may evolve into a significant social and public health problem in future years. Currently, in our lab we are assessing the relationship among music listening habits of young adults, output sound pressure levels of different personal music systems and their effect on the auditory system, using behavioral and physiological measures. Our results show that about 66% of young adults listen to music using personal music systems for more than 1 hour a day. About 27% of these individuals report some kind of ontological problems. Measurement of output sound pressure levels of personal music system showed that about 20% of users listen to music at sufficiently high levels to cause permanent hearing loss. Pure tone audiogram and otoacoustic emissions revealed that listening to music through personal music system at preferred volume control settings did not result in “clinically significant” elevation of hearing thresholds or reduction of otoacoustic emissions amplitudes but caused subtle pre-clinical damage to the auditory system and over the years such behavior may be hazardous to hearing.
Prediabetes as a Therapeutic Target
Authors: Pour Omid Rad , Dagogo-Jack Samuel
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND

The term “prediabetes” is used to describe a condition that involves impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG). IGT is defined by a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose concentration >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) but <200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), and IFG is defined by a fasting plasma glucose concentration ≥100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L), but <126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Studies have shown that people with prediabetes tend to develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years and are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and death even before the development of diabetes.

CONTENT

In this minireview we discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications of prediabetes. The rationale for therapeutic intervention in people with prediabetes, the goals of intervention, and the specific tools for intervention are presented. Emphasis is placed on data from randomized controlled clinical trials, whenever such data are available.

Approximately 57 million Americans have prediabetes and are consequently at risk for cardiometabolic complications. Lifestyle modifications (dietary restriction and exercise) and certain medications can prevent the development of diabetes in persons with prediabetes. Lifestyle intervention also has been demonstrated to decrease cardiovascular disease risk markers, although data on clinical events are lacking.
Intracellular and Extracellular MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer
Authors: Corcoran Claire , Friel Anne M , Duffy Michael J , Crown John , O'Driscoll Lorraine
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND

Successful treatment of breast cancer is enhanced by early detection and, if possible, subsequent patient-tailored therapy. Toward this goal, it is essential to identify and understand the most relevant panels of biomarkers, some of which may also have relevance as therapeutic targets.

METHODS

We critically reviewed published literature on microRNAs (miRNAs) as relevant to breast cancer.

Since the initial recognition of the association of miRNAs with breast cancer in 2005, studies involving cell lines, in vivo models, and clinical specimens have implicated several functions for miRNAs, including suppressing oncogenesis and tumors, promoting or inhibiting metastasis, and increasing sensitivity or resistance to chemotherapy and targeted agents in breast cancer. For example, miR-21 is overexpressed in both male and female breast tumors compared with normal breast tissue and has been associated with advanced stage, lymph node positivity, and reduced survival time. miR-21 knock-down in cell-line models has been associated with increased sensitivity to topotecan and taxol in vitro and the limitation of lung metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, the discovery of extracellular miRNAs (including miR-21), existing either freely or in exosomes in the systemic circulation, has led to the possibility that such molecules may serve as biomarkers for ongoing patient monitoring. Although additional investigations are necessary to fully exploit the use of miRNAs in breast cancer, there is increasing evidence that miRNAs have potential not only to facilitate the determination of diagnosis and prognosis and the prediction of response to treatment, but also to act as therapeutic targets and replacement therapies.
Association of a MTNR1B gene variant with fasting glucose and HOMA-B in children and adolescents with high BMI-SDS
Authors: Holzapfel Christina , Siegrist Monika , Rank Melanie , Langhof Helmut , Grallert Harald , Baumert Jens , Irimie Corinna , Klopp Norman , Wolfarth Bernd , Illig Thomas , Hauner Hans , Halle Martin
Published: November 2010

Context

Genome-wide association studies have shown that the melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) gene locus is strongly associated with fasting glucose and β-cell function. However, data are rather limited to the adult population and normal-weight children. So far, little is known whether similar associations are present in overweight and obese children and adolescents.

Objective

The aim is to investigate an MTNR1B polymorphism in a sample of 310 overweight and obese children and adolescents (mean body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS)): 2.74 (±0.55), mean age: 14 (±2) years), who participated in a short-term weight-loss program based on energy reduction, physical activity, and behavior therapy.

Methods

We investigated an association between genotype and fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and of β-cell function (HOMA-B), and anthropometric parameters and their change during intervention.

Results

The minor G allele of polymorphism rs10830963 was significantly associated with increased fasting glucose (0.205 mmol/l, P<0.0001) and decreased HOMA-B (−0.353, P<0.0001). Categorizing the sample into BMI-SDS groups, these significant associations were abolished in children with BMI-SDS below 2.5 but remained in those with higher BMI-SDS values with stronger β-estimates. The P value for the genotype×BMI-SDS category interaction was 0.012 for fasting glucose and 0.083 for HOMA-B. There was no significant association between genotype and anthropometric parameters and their change during intervention.

Conclusions

This is the first single study, replicating the association between the MTNR1B locus and diabetes-related traits in overweight and obese children and adolescents. The effect sizes in children and adolescents seem to be stronger than in adults and differed among BMI-SDS categories.
Insulin enhances ACTH-stimulated androgen and glucocorticoid metabolism in hyperandrogenic women
Authors: Tosi Flavia , Negri Carlo , Brun Elisabetta , Castello Roberto , Faccini Giovanni , Bonora Enzo , Muggeo Michele , Toscano Vincenzo , Moghetti Paolo
Published: November 2010

Objective

In hyperandrogenic women, hyperinsulinaemia amplifies 17α-hydroxycorticosteroid intermediate response to ACTH, without alterations in serum cortisol or androgen response to stimulation. The aim of the study is to assess whether acute hyperinsulinaemia determines absolute changes in either basal or ACTH-stimulated adrenal steroidogenesis in these subjects.

Design and methods

Twelve young hyperandrogenic women were submitted in two separate days to an 8 h hyperinsulinaemic (80 mU/m2×min) euglycaemic clamp, and to an 8 h saline infusion. In the second half of both the protocols, a 4 h ACTH infusion (62.5 μg/h) was carried out. Serum cortisol, progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (17-OHPREG), DHEA and androstenedione were measured at basal level and during the protocols. Absolute adrenal hormone secretion was quantified by measuring C19 and C21 steroid metabolites in urine collected after the first 4 h of insulin or saline infusion, and subsequently after 4 h of concurrent ACTH infusion.

Results

During insulin infusion, ACTH-stimulated 17-OHPREG and 17-OHP were significantly higher than during saline infusion. No significant differences in cortisol and androgens response to ACTH were found between the protocols. Nevertheless, urinary excretion of ACTH-stimulated C19 and C21 steroid metabolites was significantly higher during hyperinsulinaemia than at basal insulin levels (both P<0.005). Changes in steroid metabolites molar ratios suggested stimulation by insulin of 5α-reductase activity.

Conclusions

These in vivo data support the hypothesis that insulin acutely enhances ACTH effects on both the androgen and glucocorticoid pathways.
Central Regulation of Locomotor Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster Depends on a CASK Isoform Containing CaMK-Like and L27 Domains
Authors: Slawson Justin B , Kuklin Elena A , Ejima Aki , Mukherjee Konark , Ostrovsky Lilly , Griffith Leslie C
Published: November 2010

Genetic causes for disturbances of locomotor behavior can be due to muscle, peripheral neuron, or central nervous system pathologies. The Drosophila melanogaster homolog of human CASK (also known as caki or camguk) is a molecular scaffold that has been postulated to have roles in both locomotion and plasticity. These conclusions are based on studies using overlapping deficiencies that largely eliminate the entire CASK locus, but contain additional chromosomal aberrations as well. More importantly, analysis of the sequenced Drosophila genome suggests the existence of multiple protein variants from the CASK locus, further complicating the interpretation of experiments using deficiency strains. In this study, we generated small deletions within the CASK gene that eliminate gene products containing the CaMK-like and L27 domains (CASK-β), but do not affect transcripts encoding the smaller forms (CASK-α), which are structurally homologous to vertebrate MPP1. These mutants have normal olfactory habituation, but exhibit a striking array of locomotor problems that includes both initiation and motor maintenance defects. Previous studies had suggested that presynaptic release defects at the neuromuscular junction in the multigene deficiency strain were the likely basis of its locomotor phenotype. The locomotor phenotype of the CASK-β mutant, however, cannot be rescued by expression of a CASK-β transgene in motor neurons. Expression in a subset of central neurons that does not include the ellipsoid body, a well-known pre-motor neuropil, provides complete rescue. Full-length CASK-β, while widely expressed in the nervous system, appears to have a unique role within central circuits that control motor output.
Direct medical costs associated with schizophrenia relapses in health care services in the city of São Paulo
Authors: Daltio Claudiane Salles , Mari Jair Jesus , Ferraz Marcos Bosi
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVE: To assess direct medical costs associated with schizophrenia relapses in mental health services. METHODS: The study was conducted in three health facilities in the city of São Paulo: a public state hospital; a Brazilian National Health System (SUS)-contracted hospital; and a community mental health center. Medical records of 90 patients with schizophrenia who received care in 2006 were reviewed. Information on inpatient expenditures was collected and used for cost estimates. RESULTS: Mean direct medical cost of schizophrenia relapses per patient was US$ 4,083.50 (R$ 8,167.58) in the public state hospital; US$ 2,302.76 (R$ 4,605.46) in the community mental health center; and US$ 1,198.50 (R$ 2,397.74) in the SUS-affiliated hospital. The main component was daily inpatient room rates (87% - 98%). Medication costs varied depending on the use of typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs. Atypical antipsychotic drugs were more often used in the community mental health center. CONCLUSIONS: Costs associated with schizophrenia relapses support investments in antipsychotic drugs and strategies to reduce disease relapse and the need for mental health inpatient services. Treating patients in a community mental health center was associated with medium costs and added the benefit of not depriving these patients from family life.
Impactos socioeconômicos do cultivo de camarão marinho em municípios selecionados do Nordeste brasileiro
Authors: Sampaio Yony , Costa Ecio de Farias , Sampaio Erica Albuquerque Breno Ramos
Published: November 2010

Neste trabalho, analisa-se o impacto do camarão marinho cultivado sobre a economia de dez municípios selecionados do Nordeste brasileiro. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido o modelo da economia municipal e são usadas matrizes de insumo-produto para calcular os impactos indiretos e induzidos. São calculados os impactos diretos, indiretos e induzidos sobre o emprego, sobre a renda municipal e sobre a arrecadação municipal. Constata-se que há grande contribuição para a expansão do emprego municipal, principalmente do emprego formal. Os impactos indiretos e induzidos são reduzidos, uma vez que os desdobramentos da atividade se interligam com municípios maiores e outros estados e regiões. Os impactos sobre a renda podem ser de grande magnitude nos municípios menores. De modo geral, a renda gerada representa parcela substancial do PIB municipal. Quanto à arrecadação, a contribuição para o aumento da receita tributária é pequena, mas a contribuição, via valor agregado e exportações, para as transferências da cota-parte do ICMS e compensatória da isenção das exportações é substancial. Em conseqüência, pode-se concluir que a carcinicultura, nos municípios analisados, contribui para a elevação e a estabilidade do emprego, para a elevação e a estabilidade da renda, para a elevação da receita municipal e para a melhoria das condições de vida.
Laboratory Evaluation of Pesticide Leaching from Sand‐Based Constructed Root Zones Amended with Activated Carbon
Authors: Lee Jeong Ho , Joo Young K. , Chun Soul , Christians Nick E.
Published: November 2010

Research was conducted to evaluate the installation of an activated carbon (AC) layer to reduce pesticide leaching from sand‐base constructed root zones. Soil profile columns included unamended pure sand (PS), sand amended with 10% v/v peat moss (PM), sand overlying a 3‐cm layer of AC (Ch‐1), and sand overlying a 13‐cm layer of sand mixed with the same amount of AC as that in the 3‐cm layer (Ch‐2). Soil profiles treatments included tebuconazole at 0.125 mg a.i. m−2, ethoprophos at 300 mg a.i. m−2 and ethoprophos at 1500 mg a.i. m−2 Total detected leachate from the PS was 52 and 80% of applied tebuconazole and ethoprophos, respectively. Both materials were detected at <1% of applied from Ch‐2 leachate. Peat moss was as good as or more effective than the AC profile (Ch‐1) for capturing tebuconazole, but not ethoprophos. Tebuconazole was detected at <1% of applied in the PM leachate, whereas ethoprophos was detected at 27% of applied from PM leachate. Ethoprophos applied at 1500 mg m−2 was detected at 97, 83, 45, and 5% of applied from PS, PM, Ch‐1, and Ch‐2 leachate, respectively. The amount of ethoprophos remaining in the columns treated at 1500 mg m−2 after leaching was 1, 9, 52, and 89% in PS, PM, Ch‐1, and Ch‐2, respectively. Our results indicate that a proper installation of PM or AC layers may be effective in reducing the leaching of pesticides from sand‐base constructed root zones.
Estimation of Spatial Trend and Automatic Model Selection in Augmented Designs
Authors: Kehel Z. , Habash D. Z. , Gezan S. A. , Welham S. J. , Nachit M. M.
Published: November 2010

In plant breeding, large numbers of test entries are tested annually and across many environments, making field designs that can reduce costs and time highly advantageous. In the ICARDA durum breeding program the augmented design (AD) is used extensively. In this study, two series of multi‐environment agronomic trials that used an AD for a set of replicated check lines and unreplicated test lines were analyzed using restricted (or residual) maximum likelihood (REML) estimation with mixed models, allowing for spatial correlation in the experimental layout. The characteristics of a subset of the trials were used to simulate the precision of estimates of variance parameters and test line effects when the test lines were fitted as fixed or random, and to establish the performance of Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for model selection in this context. With test lines fitted as random, estimates of variance parameters were less biased and more precise, the information criteria chose the correct model more often, and use of the information criteria led to a model that gave good estimates of test line means. Estimation and model selection performed less well with the test lines fitted as fixed effects, but a hybrid method improved both estimation and model selection in this case. Statistical models that improve trial accuracy and reduce costs are important tools when testing a large number of breeding lines over multi‐environment trials.
Exploring possibilities for quality improvement of meat raw materials from cattle ruminant animals by enzymatic treatment
Authors: Kuzelov A. , Nikolova N. , Vasilev K.
Published: November 2010

The production of beef meat is a widely spread in Republic of Macedonia, and
the beef is very abundant with binding tissue that influences certain
hardness and tenacity both to the meat and the final meat product, thus
diminishing its organoleptic quality. That demands for seeking adequate
methods to improve the consistency and succulence of meat. For that purpose,
were used a proteolytic enzyme preparations derived from the bacteria
Streptomyces species 82 which have a high proteolytic activity. In this study
was determined increased solubility of myofibril proteins at the meat
(Muscles supraspinatus) and beef hearts when treated with enzyme
preparations. Both Muscles supraspinatus and beef hearts showed a general
tendency to increase the quantity of free amino acids when an enzyme
preparation with activity of 110 PU/kg was added.
The influence of replacing slow with rapid starch in growing rams’ diets on the level of rumen microbial proteosynthesis
Authors: Vasilachi A. , Pop S. , Dragomir C. , Vlassa M. , Filip M.
Published: November 2010

The objective of the study was to estimate the level of microbial
proteosynthesis in sheep, following the replacement of a classical
ingredient (corn) with a rapidly fermentable energy source (barley), when
protein ingredient of the compound feed is highly degradable (rapeseed
meal).The diets were tested on two groups of four Merinos rams each,
weighing 50-55 kilos. Regular procedure for in vivo digestibility tests was
used and urine was collected for determination of purine derivatives
concentrations. The consumption of the two diets led to similar nutritional
supplies: 1.26-1.29 MFU, 124-129 g IDPN, 112-118 g IDPE; the groups being
distinguish only in terms of the dynamics of energy availability at the
ruminal level. The amount of purine derivatives excreted in urine were 12.58
mmols/day in the corn group and 9.49 mmols/day in the barley group;
consequently, the rumen microbial proteosynthesis was estimated at 43.11 g
IDMP/day for the corn group and 31.3 g IDMP/day for the barley group
(P=0,396). It is concluded that the effect of synchronizing the energy and
protein dynamics in barley group was counteracted by the fact that energy
and protein availability were limited to the first hours after
administration of the compound feed, when the capacity of the ruminal
microorganisms to grow was probably exceeded. In order to maximize their
growth potential, it is necessary to extend the period of synchronized
ruminal availability of energy and protein.
Effect of supplement of selenium and iodine on biochemical status of sheep
Authors: Todorova P. , Odzhakova Ts. , Kafedzhiev V.
Published: November 2010

Trace element disbalance in animal organism can provoke different disease
states in development of some internal organs. Degenerative processes are
also related to increase of activity of some enzymes. Therefore the objective
of this study was to follow the effect of the supplement of selenium and
iodine on activity of some indicator enzymes. The study was conducted with
sheep of Karakachan and Tsigai breeds that use mountain and high-mountain
pastures of Central Rhodope Mountains. Biochemical status of sheep was
studied at the end of grazing period through the analysis of the activities
of the following indicator enzymes: Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT),
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Creatine phosphokinase (CpK), Cholesterol and
Triglyceride.It was found that the supplement of 0.250 mg Se/kg and 0.10 mg
J/kg exerted a positive influence on the biochemical status of Tsigai sheep,
during which the activities of indicator enzymes ASAT, ALT, CpK, cholesterol
and triglycerides returned to normal from 13% to 29%. Se and J
supplementation in Karakachan sheep decreased the ALT and ASAT activity by
18% and 8%, respectively. The Karakachan sheep reacted to a smaller extent to
the trace element supplement, as compared to the Tsigai breed.
Isometric Knee-Extension and Knee-Flexion Torque Production During Early Follicular and Postovulatory Phases in Recreationally Active Women
Authors: Montgomery Melissa M. , Shultz Sandra J.
Published: November 2010

Context:

Acute decreases in strength have been associated with risky biomechanical strategies that might predispose one to injury. Whether acute changes in thigh muscle torque occur across the menstrual cycle remains equivocal.

Objective:

We compared maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque of the knee flexors and extensors between the early follicular (EF) and either the early luteal (EL) or midluteal (ML) phases, which were confirmed by serum hormone concentrations. We expected that MVIC torques would increase from the EF to the EL phase after estradiol peaked and before increased exposure to progesterone.

Design:

Cohort study.

Setting:

Applied Neuromechanics Research Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Seventy-one recreationally active women (age range, 18–30 years).

Intervention(s):

The MVICs were measured 1 day during menses and 1 day during the 8 days after ovulation. Participants were grouped by the hormone profile of their luteal test days as EL phase, ML phase, or anovulatory cycle.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

The MVIC torque of knee flexors and extensors (Nm/kg), estradiol (pg/mL), progesterone (ng/mL), and testosterone (ng/dL).

Results:

We tested 29 women during their EL phases, 32 during their ML phases, and 10 during anovulatory cycles. Although we observed relatively large individual changes in sex hormone concentrations and MVIC torques across the 2 test sessions, we observed no difference in MVIC torque between test phases (F1,68  =  1.17, P  =  .28) or among groups by test phase (F2,68  =  0.31, P  =  .74).

Conclusions:

Thigh MVIC torque did not change from time of menses (when estradiol and progesterone were lowest) to time in the luteal phase after an unopposed estradiol rise or combined estradiol and progesterone rise. However, these findings were limited to MVIC torque production measured at 2 different times, and further research examining these relationships at multiple times and using other measures of neuromuscular function is needed.
Monopolar and bipolar auroral electric fields and their effects
Authors: De Keyser J. , Maggiolo R. , Echim M.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Most of the high-altitude auroral electric fields observed by CLUSTER can be classified into monopolar and bipolar structures. The observations associate monopolar electric fields with polar cap boundary arcs, while bipolar fields tend to be linked to discrete arcs within the auroral oval and to polar cap arcs. The present paper proposes an explanation for this association based on a simple model of the magnetotail configuration and kinetic model computations. The paper introduces a quasi-electrostatic model to describe the auroral current system associated with monopolar and bipolar high-altitude fields. Analytic solutions are presented. The model gives indications about the location of the up- and downward field-aligned current regions, the ionospheric and magnetospheric convection along the arc, the acceleration or deceleration of precipitating particles, and the behaviour of escaping ionospheric ions.
Equatorial spread F fossil plumes
Authors: Krall J. , Huba J. D. , Ossakow S. L. , Joyce G.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Behaviour of equatorial spread F (ESF) fossil plumes, i.e., ESF plumes that have stopped rising, is examined using the NRL SAMI3/ESF three-dimensional simulation code. We find that fossil bubbles, plasma density depletions associated with fossil plumes, can persist as high-altitude equatorial depletions even while being "blown" by zonal winds. Corresponding airglow-proxy images of fossil plumes, plots of electron density versus longitude and latitude at a constant altitude of 288 km, are shown to partially "fill in" in most cases, beginning with the highest altitude field lines within the plume. Specifically, field lines upon which the E field has fallen entirely to zero are affected and only the low altitude (≤600 km) portion if each field line fills in. This suggests that it should be possible to observe a bubble at high altitude on a field line for which the corresponding airglow image no longer shows a depletion. In all cases ESF plumes stop rising when the flux-tube-integrated ion mass density inside the upper edge of the bubble is equal to that of the nearby background, further supporting the result of Krall et al. (2010b).
Manipulation of Sintering Behavior by Initial Freeze Pressing an Aqueous Alumina Suspension
Authors: Zheng Jumeng , Winnubst Louis , Velianti  , Fang Shumin , Salamon David
Published: November 2010

Forces created by the expansion of water during freezing (ice formation) are in nature responsible for many significant changes of materials. The coagulation of particles was observed after freezing and thawing of a particles suspension. Here we show how freezing of a suspension can create internal forces comparable with hundreds MPa of conventional pressure. The way of freezing and particle characteristics determine the quantity and character of formed aggregates. The morphology/particle packing of the green body after thawing and drying significantly influences the sintering behavior of the ceramic compact. Our results demonstrate a possibility to substitute an effect of high mechanical pressure by freeze pressing without shape limitations. We anticipate our work to be a novel way to combine various materials with different shrinkage behavior.
Palladium(II)NHC complexes containing benzimidazole ligand as a catalyst for CN bond formation
Authors: Doǧan Öznur , Demir Serpil , Özdemir İsmail , Çetinkaya Bekir
Published: November 2010

The reaction of 2‐(2‐bromoethyl)‐1,3‐dioxane with 1‐alkylbenzimidazole derivatives results in the formation of the new benzimidazolium salts (1). The reaction of Pd(OAc)2 with 1,3‐dialkylbenzimidazolium salts (1a–c) yields palladium N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes (2a–c). All synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13 C NMR, IR and elemental analysis techniques which support the proposed structures. As catalysts, these new palladium complexes offer a simple and efficient methodology for the synthesis of triarylamines and secondary amines from anilines and amines and in a single step with potassium tertiary butoxide as a base. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding Northeastern Plains Village sites through archaeological geophysics
Authors: Lowe Kelsey M. , Fogel Aaron S.
Published: November 2010

The archaeologically defined Northeastern Plains Village Complex (NEPV), centered in the American Great Plains has been a problem for archaeologists because of an inability to recognize buried cultural features, particularly those relating to house structures. Elsewhere in the Great Plains magnetics and earth resistance had been shown effective methods, which was applied at two NEPV sites in North Dakota. Those geophysical methods were combined with down‐hole magnetic susceptibility as a way to identify and interpret multiple fortified ditches, circular house structures and a possible bastion at two prehistoric villages dating from AD 1400 to 1500. This information shows that these people occupied these sites seasonally, but were still threatened enough to construct defensive structures during a period of conflict in the area. The geophysical surveys highlight the advantages of combining these techniques in NEPV site discovery and evaluation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Isomers of Trifluoromethylated Derivatives of Metal Nitride Cluster Fullerene: Sc3N@C80(CF3)n (n=14 and 16)
Authors: Yang Shangfeng , Chen Chuanbao , Lanskikh Maria A. , Tamm Nadezhda B. , Kemnitz Erhard , Troyanov Sergey I.
Published: November 2010

Sc3N@C80 (Ih) was trifluoromethylated with CF3I at 400 °C affording a mixture of CF3 derivatives. Two isomers of Sc3N@C80(CF3)14 and Sc3N@C80(CF3)16 were separated by HPLC and investigated by X‐ray crystallography. Detailed comparison of the four isomers revealed a strong influence of the exohedral CF3 addition pattern on the behavior of the Sc3N cluster inside the C80 fullerene cage.
One‐Step and Self‐Assembly Based Fabrication of Pt/TiO2 Nanohybrid Photocatalysts with Programmed Nanopatterns
Authors: Jang Yu Jin , Kim Dong Ha
Published: November 2010

Hybrid Pt/TiO2 nanostructures with diverse morphologies from nanodot, nanowire to mesoporous structures were obtained by a one‐step synthesis based on block copolymer self‐assembly. The structural transformation was easily tuned by controlling the relative amount of TiO2 sol–gel precursor to poly(styrene‐block‐ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer (PS‐b‐PEO). These Pt/TiO2 nanocomposites were utilized as photocatalysts with enhanced activity via synergistic coupling. Key parameters including the amount of TiO2, types of morphology of photocatalysts, and the platinization of TiO2 discussed in this study affected photocatalytic performance given that the hybrids were well‐dispersed in nanopatterned configurations.
Modelling of a clinker rotary kiln using operating functions concept
Authors: Shahriari Kyarash , Tarasiewicz Stanislaw
Published: November 2010

Modelling and parameter identification of complex dynamic systems/processes is one of the main challenging problems in control engineering. An example of such a process is clinker rotary kiln (CRK) in cement industry. In the prevailing models independently of which structure is used to describe the kiln's dynamics and the identification algorithm, parameters are assumed to be centralised and constant while the CRK is well known as a distributed parameter system with a strongly varying dynamic through time. In this work, the kiln's dynamic is described in the form of a state‐space representation with three state variables using a system of partial differential equations (PDE). The structure is chosen so that it can easily be embedded in classical state‐space control algorithms. The parameters of the PDE system are called operating functions since their numerical values vary with respect to different operating conditions of the kiln, to their position in the kiln, and through time. A phenomenological approach is also proposed in this paper to identify the operating functions for a given steady‐state operation of the kiln. The model is then used to perform a semi‐dynamic simulation of the process through manipulating main process variables.
Management of fatty acid methyl ester (fame) wastewater by a combined two stage chemical recovery and coagulation process
Authors: Kumjadpai Sasipan , Ngamlerdpokin Krit , Chatanon Preeya , Lertsathitphongs Prarinya , Hunsom Mali
Published: November 2010

A two‐step treatment process for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) wastewater was carried out at a laboratory scale and ambient temperature. In the first step, FAME was chemically recovered from the wastewater using three types of acid (H2SO4, HNO3, and HCl) at different pH values ranging from 1.0 to 8.0. Optimally, approximately 15–30 mL/L of FAME was recovered when using H2SO4 at a final wastewater pH of 1–2.5 and a reaction time of 7 min. The properties of the recovered FAME were within the acceptable ranges for both community and methyl ester standards, except for the viscosity and the quantity of methyl ester. In the second treatment step, the aqueous phase discharged from the first step was adjusted to within the favourable pH range for chemical coagulation by either Al2(SO4)3 (pH 4.5–10) or poly‐aluminum chloride (PAC; pH 2.5–7.0) by the addition of CaO, and then subjected to chemical coagulation with either Al2(SO4)3 or PAC, as appropriate dose at 0–10 g/L. Under optimum conditions, >98.3%, 97.7%, and 99.2% of COD, BOD5, and oil and grease were respectively removed using Al2(SO4)3 at 2 g/L, whilst that achieved by PAC coagulation (at 1 g/L) was slightly lower at 98.2%, 96.5%, and 98.6%, respectively. The calculated operating cost of this management system was significantly cheaper than those using conventional management procedures, but will require an additional treatment stage such as biological remediation in sedimentation ponds to reduce the pollutant levels to acceptable limits.
Structural Correlates of Transport in Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct Segments
Authors: Wade James B. , Stanton Bruce A. , Brown Dennis
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Structural Approaches

Light and Electron Microscopy

Electron Microscopy of Freeze‐Fractured and Freeze‐Dried Tissue

Enzyme Localization

Lectin and Antibody Localization Strategies

Quantitative Evaluation of Tubular Structures

Overview of Specialized Cell Types

Distal Convoluted Tubule Cells

Connecting Tubule Cells

Principal Cells

Intercalated Cells

Structural Changes Associated with Transport Regulation

Structural Correlates of Sodium and Potassium Transport

Structural Correlates ofADHAction

Intercalated Cells
Renal Micropuncture Techniques
Authors: Velazquez Heino , Wright Fred S.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Animal Subjects

Equipment, Tools

Dissecting Microscopes

Compound Microscopes

Pipette Pullers and Grinders

Capillary Glass, Micropipettes

Syringes, Tubing

Micromanipulators

Microperfusion Pumps

Infusion Pumps

Heated Micropuncture Tables

Pressure Transducers

Specialized Surgical Equipment

Scintillation Counters

Voltmeters

Electrodes

Recorders

Oil and Wax Blocks

Wax Injection Apparatus

Timers

In Vivo Micropuncture: Functional Assessment of Individual Nephron Segments

Anesthesia and Surgery

Evaluation of Kidney before Micropuncture

Micropipette Placement

Identification of Accessible Cortical Tubules and Vessels

Identification of Papillary Structures

Measurement of Distance to Puncture Site and Length of Perfused Tubule

Determination of Filtration and Transport Rates

Determination of Blood Constituents

Measurement of Capillary and Tubule Pressure

Potential Problems

Micropuncture in Nonstandard Preparations

Microanalytical Techniques

Volume

Inulin

Protein

Urea

Osmolality

Metal Cations

Halide Anions

Ammonia

Carbon Dioxide and Bicarbonate
Emergence of Specialization in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Kelly Alan M.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Muscle Histogenesis

Peripheral Nerve Development

Myofiber Specialization

Contractile Proteins

Myosin

Tropomyosin and Troponin
Aging, Fat Metabolism, and Adiposity
Authors: Elahi Dariush , Dyke Marianne McAloon , Andres Reubin
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Fat Mass

Direct Methods of Measuring Fat Mass

Indirect Methods of Measuring Fat Mass

Measurement of Body Fat Distribution

Recommendations on Fat Mass Measurements

Adiposity and Age‐Associated Diseases

Glucose Intolerance

Obesity

Serum lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis
Human Nervous System
Authors: Katzman Robert
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Heterogeneity of Aging of the Nervous System: Genius and Dementia in the Ninth Decade

Changes in the Nervous System Associated with Normal Aging

An Important Caveat: Are Changes due to Differences between Generations or to Aging?

Evidence That Semantic Knowledge Is Retained Late into the Life Span

Evidence That We Become Slower as We Age

Loss of Episodic and Working Memory Is a Common but Not Inevitable Accompaniment of Aging

How Much Does Perception Change with Age?

Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Metabolism in Aging

Gait and Motor Changes in the Elderly

Biological Bases of Changes in Cognition and Gait during Normal Aging

Role of Extrapyramidal Changes

Alzheimer's Disease

Dementing Illnesses

Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease

Molecular Changes in Alzheimer's Disease

Molecular Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease

Epidemiological Findings Strengthen the Concept of Alzheimer's Disease as a Chronic Disease

What can be Done to Accelerate Research into Normal Aging?

Overlap of Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Aging Research

Need for a New Infrastructure for Normal Aging Research
Anhydrobiosis: Cellular Adaptation to Extreme Dehydration
Authors: Crowe John H. , Crowe Lois M. , Carpenter John E. , Petrelski Steven , Hoekstra Folkert A. , Araujo Pedro De , Panek Anita D.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Induction of Anhydrobiosis

Biochemical Adaptations in Anhydrobiotes

Accumulation of Sugars by Anhydrobiotes

Sugars and the Wafer Replacement Hypothesis

Other Organic Compounds in Anhydrobiotic Plants

Sugars Stabilize Dry Proteins

Stabilization of Dried Proteins

Evidence for Direct Interaction between Sugars and Dry Proteins

Freezing Proteins

Preferential Interaction Mechanism and Cryoprotection of Proteins

Are Freezing and Dehydration Equivalent Stress Vectors?

Physical Properties of Phospholipids and Consequences of Dehydration

The Hydration Force

Effects of Water on the Physical Properties of Phospholipids

Physiological Consequences of Dehydration

Stabilization of Dry Liposomes

Retention of Trapped Solutes

Is the Bulk Concentration of Trehalose Important for Preservation?

Effects of Other Sugars

Mechanism of Stabilization of Dry Bilayers

Sugars and Lipid Phase Transitions

A Corollary to the Phase Transition Model

Effects of Trehalose on Phase Transitions in DryDPPC

Mechanism of Interactions Between Sugars and Phospholipids

Evidence for Direct Interaction

When During the Drying Process Does Direct Interaction Occur?

Vitrification: An Alternative to the Water Replacement Hypothesis?

Extension of the Phase Transition Hypothesis to Native Membranes

Extension of the Phase Transition Hypothesis to Intact Cells

Effects on Phase Transitions in Intact Cells

The Phenomenon of Imbibitional Damage

Escape from Imbibitional Damage

Effects of Temperature on Leakage

What Is the Mechanism of Leakage?

Evidence for Gel‐to‐Liquid Crystalline Phase Transitions During Imbibition

Imbibition, Lipid Phase Transitions, and Germination

A Hydration‐Dependent Phase Diagram for Dry Cells

General Applicability ofFTIRfor Studies on Anhydrobiotes

Depression of Tmin Dry Pollen

Lipid Phase Transitions and Imbibitional Leakage in Dry Yeast

Toward a Mechanism for Stabilizing Dry Cells

Potential Routes for the Introduction of Trehalose into Cells

Studies on Genetics of Trehalose Synthesis

Survival of Drying by Mutants

A Transport System for Trehalose in Yeasts

Conditions for Expression of the Trehalose Transporter

Prospectus for Stabilizing Dry Cells

Are Additional Adaptations Required in Anhydrobiosis?

Studies on Nematodes

Studies on Pollen

Mechanism of Destabilization of Membranes by Fatty Acids

Generation of Free Fatty Acids in Dry Bilayers: Oxidation

Enzymatic Deesterification of Fatty Acids: Lipases

IsPLA2Active in Dry Bilayers?

Inhibition ofPLA2

Summary of Adaptations to Dehydration: Is Trehalose Sufficient?