bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RF Based Sign Board Detection and Collision Avoidance System
Authors: Nayak Ravikiran , Chandra Dilip
Published: February 2022

Nowadays the percentage of accidents has been going up day by day. This might be because of driver negligence of not following the traffic rules and sign boards. RF based sign board detection and collision avoidance system is such approach where the rider of the vehicle will get advance intimation of fore coming hurdles. Also, it detects front vehicle distance. This system is very helpful in cloudy area, curved roads. At night it is very difficult for driver to see the sign boards, answer for these issues is the ‘RF based sign board detection and collision avoidance system.
Binary Pattern Generation of Poetic Order in Sanskrit Poetic Meters
Authors: Kumar Meena , Warneka C. S. , Saxena Saurabh
Published: February 2022

The Pattern generation and Analysis is the technique of recognizing an object say, a target in combat space. The combat space T consists of targets of three types i) Wanted Targets W ii) Rejected Targets R iii) Unknown Targets U So that T = W ? R ? U The description of object is called pattern.Charaterization of pattern class by common properties shared by all of its members is another basic concept used in design of an pattern recognisation system. Main objective of this approach is to determine common properties from finite set of samples patterns and to examine a new pattern for a suitable switch. In signal processing , the role of input is vital to recognize objects. The input to the digital computer refers to any data or instructions entered into the memory. Data is a set of meaningful perceptual observations about an entity expressed in numerical ,alphabetical, graphical or mixed form. While Instructions refer to a set of action commands issued to CPU to tell a computer how to perform the tasks necessary to process data into information. Digital computer can accept the input via written/typed form through keyboard or the spoken/audio form through microphone. A great deal of work has been done in evaluating speech as a means of computer input. The present paper suggests the rhythmic syllable arrangements in various poetic meters as a means of audio input, directly producing binary code. Such binary syllable arrangement has been envisaged by Pingalacharya [1] . His Chhandas Shastra or science of poetic meters in Sanskrit is a well known classical treatise on Prosody. It deals with the rhythmic syllable arrangements in various poetic meters. According to Chhandas Shastra [2] every pronounced letter is either “Laghu” or Short [0] and “Guru” or Long[1] and each poetic meter is based on their fixed sequence[3]. Hence desired binary input sequence could be produced merely by utterance of corresponding syllables. Case studies of over 15 sets of such voice samples by male/ female/child  candidates were conducted and the resulting binary sequences are presented with corresponding accuracies.
The Role of Leadership in Reducing Academic Dishonesty
Authors: Raynor Tim
Published: February 2022

The article exams the role of school leadership in reducing academic dishonesty. The research reviewed material on educational leadership, academic tegrity/honor codes, faculty enforcement  of honor codes, faculty perceptions of honor codes, school climate, school culture, student course  evaluations, faculty reactions to student course evaluations and best practices that help reduce academic dishonesty. The role of leadership in combating cheating is extremely important because school leaders can create and promote a positive learning environment that reduces academic dishonesty and improves student learning.
Students' Goals, Defectism, Hope, Positive and Negative Evaluation of School
Authors: Suzić Nenad
Published: February 2022

At a huge sample of 1136 students of the eighth and ninth grade of primary school, as well as of the first and second grade of secondary school, the authors separated four components of target orientation of students by factorization: (1) vulnera­bility, (2) asociality, (3) affiliative motive and (4) efficiency. They applied the instrument Personality test and job satisfactionof Jim Barett (Barrett, 2009), adapted it to the age and needs of this research[1], and then they intersected the separated factors with defeatism, hope as well as positive and negative school valuation. Defeatism and hope were measured by DIN test (Defeatism and hope; Suzic, 2017). Positive and negative valuation of school was recorded by DENS test (Suzic, 2009). All students are from Bosnia and Herzegovina of the age from 13 to 16. Half of the sample included Bosniak students and half of it Serbs. The findings show that there are significant differences between Bosniaks and Serbs in terms of majority of observed variables, but that differences can be attributed to the size of the sample and environment rather than nationality. The students that have higher score, achieve better school results in hope test. Negative valuation of the school is connected with defeatism of students. The authors discovered some significant predictors of negative valuation of school. These are: vulnerability, hope, asociality, defeatism, efficency and affiliative motive. These findings are very significant for pedagogic theory and teaching practice because so far we have not had any research data about the relation of comprised variables.
Variation of Social Acceptance: Kashimbila Multipurpose Dam Stakeholders in Focus
Authors: Wunubo Bala , Ibrahim Muhammad Bello
Published: February 2022

Long ago, rivers have always been sustaining livelihoods through the utilization of different natural resources available in their basins. All over the world, many rivers have been dammed in the spirit of performing various purposes: agricultural irrigation, domestic water supply and power generation or flood control. The World Commission on Dams brought into focus the debate on dam related impacts on local economies, societal cultures, livelihoods security and environmental conservation. The outcome of the World Commission on Dams consultation strongly recommended the involvement of stakeholder groups to address appropriately all issues associated with dams. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the variation of social acceptance among different project stakeholders. Mixed research method was adopted for the study and the instruments used for data collection were questionnaire, interview and observation. The respondents were drawn from people living within close fringes of the dam. The estimated population of the area is 247, 657 and the sample size of the research is 269. The participants for interview were identified using a stratified sampling method while those whom questionnaire were administered on were identified using simple random sampling. The responses received suggest that dam project capture attention of dam stakeholder groups, if its components are of interest to the community members. These results indicated that there is an existence of variation among Kashimbila Multipurpose Dam (KMD) stakeholder groups in choosing factors that influenced their acceptance. On this basis it is recommended that project developers should always bear in mind the pressing needs of the affected communities during decision and planning processes of the proposed projects.
Methodology for Studying of Some Basic Parameters in the Granulation Process of Poultry Manure
Authors: Khalil Elham , Bogomiliov Boian , Kolev Bozhidar
Published: February 2022

Analysis of the results of the study: The results of the study of the granulation process of poultry manure are presented in this paper. The correlation between the parameters has been evaluated. The degree of influence of the controllable factors has been determined. Adequate mathematical models of basic process parameters have been derived.
Household Energy Choice for Cooking Fuel and Underlying Circumstances in Non-Formal Urban Settlements in Kenya
Authors: Oluoch Dan Oduor , Nyamasyo Gideon
Published: February 2022

This study investigated the choice of cooking fuel and underlying circumstances in Kibra slums in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study focused on various factors that influence household choice of cooking fuel and those which could keep household away from using other cooking fuels in non-formal settlements areas in the urban set-up. The study was both quantitative and qualitative and used questionnaires and observation schedules to collect data among targeted households. The findings suggest that various factors play crucial roles in determining household choice of improved fuel for cooking but most dominant factors were; time spent to cook a meal, ease of lighting, affordability, availability of fuel and its storage. The study also realized that lack of sufficient income has little influence on people to adopt or reject improved fuels. The paper argues that more data and necessary information need to be provided on the merits and demerits of various types of improved cooking fuel to the household in the slums and the its environs to enable the residents make better choices. The findings of this study indicated that for fuel choice at various household levels, it is still a challenge as some of the households targeted did not have any good reason why they use their preferred fuel type and have no much knowledge on any dangers associated with their cooking fuel choices apart from when they witness an incidence or incidence which could be considered as dangerous.
Incidence of Predators and Anthropogenic Activities Affecting Beekeeping in Nigeria
Authors: A. A. Lawal , S. Mustapha , A. A. Oyerinde
Published: February 2022

This study evaluated the incidence of predators and anthropogenic activities affecting beekeeping in Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered in Oyo, Ogun and Osun States in the Forest Vegetation and Kaduna, Niger and Kano States in the Savanah vegetation zones of Nigeria. Data obtained were analyzed with parametric statistical tool of mean. The result showed that the largest populations of beekeepers were Bachelor Degree and National Certificate in Education NCE holders (25.0% each), MSc (8%), National Diploma ND (8%) and Postgraduate Diploma PGD (9%).  Assessment of human activities that were harmful to beekeeping identified by respondents in the forest vegetation zones revealed indiscriminate use of pesticide (16.67%), theft (33.33%) and herdsmen activity (cattle rearing) (31.82%) while savannah vegetation zones had the following record, indiscriminate use of pesticide (25.00%), theft (35.33%) and herdsmen activity (35.71%). Avoidance of scattering honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) combs around the apiary was found as the most effective method in preventing spread of insect pests. Other methods include: hive sanitation, hive positioning, handpicking of insects, the use of spent engine oil, regular weeding, fencing of apiary and use of bee pen. The hives painted with green coloured paint was reported by respondent to control wasp, spider, termites and lesser wax moth. Beekeepers reported weeding as the most effective method used in controlling predators as it was noted that apiaries regularly weeded controlled the following predators with their respective incidence level: rat (8.33%), snake (12.50%), toad (29.7%), frog (20.83%) and ghecko (37.50%) while the most significant was lizard incidence which was 54.17%. Report from respondents on traditional methods to detect apiary problems categorized into predator and human activities include: decreasing size of colony, majority of bees staying outside the hive, sighting of pests in the apiary and abscondment of bees while human interference was noticed with dead bees found in and outside the hive, inactive bees, trace of burnt grasses and shrubs in the apiary and felled hives from stands.
Compact Stretcher with Shock Absorbers : A Proposed Model
Authors: Waghmare S. N. , Sawant N. A. , Dhumal S. D. , Patil P. G. , Kedar N. T.
Published: February 2022

Stretcher is an essential part of medical first aid system. Safe and early delivery can save life of a serious patient. Today stretcher is available in different designs. Efforts are taken to make the stretcher more comfortable in ergonomic point of view and more attractive in aesthetic point of view. Use of shock absorber in hand lifting stretcher helps not only to reduce shocks produced due to rough travelling and natural calamities but also reduces chances of bleeding and damage to internal body parts due to shocks or vibrations generated during fast and rough travelling. The paper proposes a model of compact stretcher with shock absorbers and also discusses the way for analysis of the stretcher.
Wind Drift Design Considerations for Steel Framed Structures
Authors: Kumar Gaurav , Jha Kumod Ranjan , Gaur Kanishk , Kumar Dinesh , Bhardwaj Ojesvi
Published: February 2022

The world is developing at a very fast pace, also population in urban areas is also increasing with it due to change in demographics, and thus strong and durable buildings are the need of the hour. The design of steel framed buildings must take into consideration the lateral drift of the structure due to wind loading and any serviceability issues that may arise from this lateral movement. This paper focuses on one of these issues, damage to nonstructural components. It is an important issue which may significantly impact the buildings structural performance and economy. Furthermore, because these serviceability issues are not codified, there is a wide variation among design firms in how they are dealt with, leading to a greater economic disparity.
Risk Management in Software Projects with Microcontroller
Authors: Kumar Nilesh , Shaharan Deepak , Kumar Nishant
Published: February 2022

The main motive to present this paper is to provide a secure management in software with the help of sense controlled device microcontroller This paper reviews the basic concepts, terminology, and techniques of Software Risk Management. It teaches readers how to identify and analyse software risks on their projects. Readers then learn techniques for planning indicting to mitigate risks so that the overall impact of those risks on their projects is minimized.
Efficiency Scores Analysis of Coal Mines using IRS, DRS and Cross Efficiency Models
Authors: Reddy G.Thirupati
Published: February 2022

Economic growth world over is driven by energy, whether in the form of finite resources such as coal, oil and gas or in renewable forms such as hydroelectric, wind, solar and bio-mass or its converted form, electricity(power). Increased energy consumption (especially of electricity) is inevitable with higher GDP growth. Coal was created by the fossilised remains of plants and has high carbon content. DEA is a multi-factor productivity analysis model for measuring the relative efficiency of a homogenous set of coal mines (DMU’s). For every inefficient coal mine, DEA identifies a set of corresponding efficient coal mines that can be utilized as benchmarks for improvement of performance and productivity. Benchmarking and ranking of coal mines based on efficiency scores using advanced DEA models like, Increasing Returns to Scale (IRS), Decreasing Returns to Scale (DRS), Cross Efficiency (CE) Models.
Evaluation of Factors Affecting Risk in Real Estate Industry by Relatively Importance Index Method
Authors: Jagdishbhai Parekh Varunkumar
Published: February 2022

Real estate industry is fragmented, very sensitive to the economic cycles & political environment, and has a significantly high rate of business failure. More than 50% of all the real estate businesses have failed within the first five years as risks associated with their startup are not being considered. Business failure is an extremely disruptive force especially in case of construction industry. Previous studies on construction project risk management (PRM) have focused on the project level rather than the enterprise level. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is a process affected by an entity’s board of directors, management and other personnel applied in a creating strategies across the enterprise. The objective of this study was to identify and assess the risk associated with the residential real estate business and also to formulate an enterprise risk management model.
Development of Lane Departure Warning Traffic System
Authors: Balashanmugam P. , Balasubramanian G. , Talukdar Dipam , Roy Rohit
Published: February 2022

In road-transport terminology, a lane departure warning system (LDWS) is a mechanism designed to warn a driver when the vehicle begins to move out of its lane on freeways and arterial roads. These systems are designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driving error, distraction and drowsiness. In this work the authors present a system which has the potential to reduce fatalities which are caused by the common type of crashes called the Run –Off-Road (ROR) crash. The work is to build a lane Departure Warning System for use on roads and highways. The functioning of the system will be to constantly monitor the car placement in relation to the road marks (with the aid of infrared proximity sensor), detect when the driver drifts away from the current lane without an appropriate warn signal, and provide a quick and effective alert to the driver to take a corrective action. To provide an alert system to trigger the quickest response possible. So the aim of this work is to make an intelligent system in hope to design a safer mean of transportation to save lives wasted on roads yearly, especially with the increase in the number of cars introduced to the roads each year. So the need of such security systems in today’s intelligent cars is essential.
Fabrication and Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Fe2O3 Particulate Filled Hybrid Composites
Authors: Chavan Vithal Rao , Dinesh K. R. , Veeresh K. , Algur Veerabhadrappa , Algur Veerabhadrappa , Venkatesh
Published: February 2022

The researchers are quite concentrating at the hybrid materials. this is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost,etc., an experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of hematite ore and volume fraction on Tensile Strength, Hardness, Impact Strength of Hybrid composite. General Purpose resin or Orthophthalic resin, E-Glass fiber, and Hematite ore are the constitute of hybrid composite. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, hardness test, and impact test. The laminates are prepared by varying the volume fraction (6%, 8%, 10 %,). The results shown that the incorporation of hematite ore has a strong influence on the properties.
Investigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Material: A Review
Authors: Raut Aditya , Patel Mohammad Salman , Jadhwar Nilesh B. , Khan Uzair , Dhengare Sagar W.
Published: February 2022

One of the main disadvantages in constructing houses is high cost of the building. High cost is primary requirement for constructing the house in places where people are below poverty line, is becoming one of the most significant problem of peoples. On the other hand, urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones. Eco friendly architectural principles are being incorporated into more buildings every day in the world but they are still out of reach of many people due to lack of knowledge and awareness. In this paper we implemented strategies and systems based on Eco-friendly environment that could still be built at very low costs, with waste materials that is plastic bottle, providing adequate thermal comfort while being sustainable. At the end, it concluded that in different factors such as time of execution, load capacity, flexibility, reducing waste, cost and energy efficiency, plastic bottles can be more effective compared to some conventional building materials such as brick, concrete and ceramic blocks.
Automated Costruction by Contour Crafting
Authors: Sharma Piyush
Published: February 2022

Contour crafting (CC) is a advanced building printing technology being researched by Behrokh Khoshnevis of the University of Southern California's in the Viterbi School of Engineering that uses a computer-controlled crane to build homes rapidly and efficiently with substantially less manual labor. It was originally designed as a method to construct molds for industrial parts. Khoshnevis decided to adapt the technology for rapid home construction as a way to rebuild homes after natural disasters, like the devastating earthquakes. Using a quicksetting, concrete-like material, contour crafting forms the walls of houses layer by layer until floors and ceilings are set in place by the crane. This great concept calls for the insertion of structural components, air conditioning, plumbing, wiring, utilities, and even consumer devices like audiovisual systems as the layers are built. Automation has been very advanced technology in manufacturing sector but the growth of automation in construction sector has been quite slow. Conventional methods of manufacturing automation cannot construct the giant structures with all internal features. This is the reason behind the slow rate of growth in construction automation. Contour Crafting has a great potential in automated construction of whole structures as well as its sub-components. Using this process, a single house or a colony of houses, each with possibly different designs may be automatically constructed in a single run. This research paper also deals with the application of CC in building habitats on other planets. CC will most probably be one of the very few feasible approaches for building structures on other planets, such as Moon and Mars, which are being targeted for human colonization. Contour Crafting is an emerging technology that uses robotics to construct free form building structures. The research paper aimed at providing a systematic solution for improving the overall Contour Crafting system efficiency in custom-designed buildings. The paper also deals with some practical construction issues.
Analysis of the Expected Cross Aisle Travel Distance: For Multi-Picks and Multi-Aisles Conditions
Authors: Chandra Agung
Published: February 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to find the impacts of multi picks multi aisle on expected cross aisle travel distance for one picker at layout with parallel picking aisles and orthogonal cross aisles at each end of the picking aisles. Design / methodology / approach: Using the theory of expected mean value to calculate expected number of cross aisle width in multi-picks and multi-aisles conditions Findings: the results show that the expected cross aisle travel distance is affected by the expected number of aisle width and number of picks Research limitations / implications: Further research is needed to explore the other type of layout in order to get the shortest distance. Secondly, the further research needs to analyze the picking activity is done by more than one pickerPractical implications: This is the early beginning study to get the shortest cross aisle travel distance that may be used for professional engineer to design and to choose the best layout for the condition – multi-picks and multi-aisles conditions Originality / value: This study shows the impact of number of aisle width and number of picks on the cross aisle travel distance by using the theory of expected mean value
The Population Dynamics of Insects in Sugarcane Field at Aundipatti, Theni District, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Dayana L. Merlin
Published: February 2022

Sugarcane (Saccharum offecinarum L) is one of the most important commercial crops of the tropical countries and is the main source of sugar in the world. Sugarcane crop is affected by more than 60 insects of which about 10 insects are rather more important as far as the yield loss is concerned. Among the major insects damaging sugarcane, borers, sucking pests, soil dwelling insects are more prevalent in Tamil Nadu and adjoining states which account for 20% loss in cane yield and 15% loss in sugar yield. About 200 species of insects have been reported as damaging sugarcane crop in India. Light trap serves as an important survey tool to sample population of nocturnal insects effectively. Trapping methods are principal tools in insect pest management programs. The goal of this study was to assess population dynamics of insects in a sugarcane field at Aundipatti, Tamil Nadu. A 6 month study was conducted to sample insects using light trap at the farmer’s field from July 2011 to December 2011. Collected specimens were identified to species level and predominant species were identified. Predominant herbivore species were Diatraea saccharalis, Melanotus communis and Agrostis capillaries L. The result of this study provides important information related to the status of insects in sugarcane field.
Case Study of Lizzat Co-Operative in India in Relation to Women Empowerment
Authors: Kapoor Neelam
Published: February 2022

Women are the biggest assets to society. In today scenario, women have full right to live their life’s with full confidence and good status. If a woman can handle house, it is not possible for her to handle outside situation. Today’s is women era scenario, each year we celebrate International women’s day on March 8th with a aim to mark achievements of women with a special status they deserve in society. In a present research paper a women empowerment is describe in context to Lizzat Papad women co-operatives. The factors were studied in context to women employment, status, values, and beliefs. The study shows that lizzat papad main goals are to organize women workers for full employment. Here employment means employment whereby workers obtain work security, income security, food security and social security (at least health care, child care and shelter).
Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae: Neglected Problem: A Case Report
Authors: Dineva Stoyanka , Pavlova Adelina , Mlachkova Dobrina
Published: February 2022

Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae(LSTVs) is a common within the spine, and their association with low back pain has been debated in the literature for nearly a century. It affects 4-8% of the population. LSTVs are congenital spinal anomalies defined as either sacralization of the lowest lumbar segment or mbarization of the most superior sacral segment of the spine. These anomalies are usually identified incidentally because CT is not typically indicated solely to identify LSTVs, due to radiation concerns, nor is it the preferred imaging technique used to evaluate patients with nontraumatic low back pain.Correct identification of an LSTV is essential because there are important clinical implications. Inaccurate identification may lead to surgical and procedural errors and poor correlation with clinical symptoms.
Ixora Chinensis Lamk. A Flower Extract Health Drink
Authors: Srichaikul Buavaroon
Published: February 2022

Health Drinks currently are one of the most popular demand of consumption drink product in Thailand globally . We found that many anti-aging health drink products were developed under sub- standard and did not meet the Thai FDA requirements in the area of toxicities and bioactivities. This study aimed to evaluate the anti oxidant activities of different methods of extraction and maceration of solvents , bioactivity quantities , toxicity, active ingredients of Ixora chinensis Lamk., flower extract health drink .
Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Shiga Toxin Producing E. coli Isolated from Some Locally Produced Beef Products
Authors: A.M. Elbagoury , R.R. Shawish , A.M. Edris
Published: February 2022

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) may cause severe gastrointestinal and systematic diseases in humans that result from consumption of meat products. STEC were isolated from some beef products on Trypticase Soya Broth and Sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime and tellurite supplements and were biochemically identified . Further identifications were performed including Vero cells cytotoxicity assay and PCR technique for specific VT1/VT2 and eae genes. It was obvious from the obtained resuts that the incidance of shiga-toxin producing E.coli were 22%, 12%, 10%, 16% and 2% in minced meat, beef burger, beef sausage, beef kofta and beef luncheon, respectively. The serovars of shiga-toxin producing E.coli isolated from the examined meat samples were O111, O26, O103, O119 ,O128 ,O86, O45 ,O146 ,O119 and O121. E.coli O111, O26, O103, O91, O86 and O119 that proved to have Stx1 and Stx2 genes. E.coli O128 and O121 had only Stx1, while E.coli O146 had only Stx2.Concerning the eae gene responsible for the attaching and effacing lesions, E. coli O111 and O26 isolates proved to possess such gene .In conclusion beef beef products constitute an important reservoir of STEC infection to man and it was decleared that PCR technique is the most rapid, sensitive and efficient approach for detection of STEC in beef products
The Brain Targeted Drug Delivery System
Authors: Bire Priyanka A. , Sonaye Harsha V. , Doifode C.A. , Khekare Preetesh C.
Published: February 2022

The brain is a delicate organ, and nature has very efficiently protected it. The drug accessibility to the central nervous system (CNS) is limited by the blood brain barrier (BBB). Various brain disorders are Parkinson, Alzheimer, Meningitis, Brain abscess, Epilepsy, Multiple sclerosis, Late-stage neurological trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness) etc. The management of brain related diseases with the present available therapeutic system is very difficult, as insufficient amount of drug reaches to the brain, due to highly lipophilic nature of blood-brain barrier (BBB). Drug delivery to the brain requires advances in drug delivery technologies. Due to the presence of the blood brain barrier only small lipid soluble drug in the circulation are delivered to the brain cells. Therefore, practical strategies are required for mediating the drug transport across blood brain barrier.
Effect of Kinesiotape Therapy on Chondromalacia Patellae
Authors: Atallah Alshammeri Moneerah Mulaih , Mohammed Alshamari Ebtihal Mohammed Shaim , Jarallah Alanz Ashwag Mohammed , Raffat Mohamed
Published: February 2022

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) or chondromalacia patella is a degeneration of the patellar cartilage existing between both bone surfaces of the femur and the patella. Its most important clinical symptom is characterized by anterior knee pain that is magnified when movements from flexion to extension are performed by the knee while the patella does not move smoothly within the trochlear groove. There are several reasons that can cause this syndrome: a disalignment femoro-tibial, muscle weakness, patellar prior traumatic injury (fracture, dislocation), overuse of the joint, arthritis, etc.
Intramedulary Epidermoid Cyst of the Dorsal Spine: A Case Report.
Authors: Alam Md. Shafiul , Farzana Tayseer
Published: February 2022

Spinal epidermoid cysts are cystic tumours lined by squamous epithelium. Unlike dermoid cysts, they do not contain skin appendages (hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands). They are usually extramedullary but rarely can be intramedullary. They may be congenital or acquired. Especially they are not associated with spinal dysraphism. Intramedullary epidermoid cysts of the spinal cord are rare tumours, only few cases having been reported in the literature. They comprise between 0.5% to 1% of all spinal tumours but account for up to 10% of intraspinal tumours in children.  We report a case of 45 years-old female patient who presented with a 18 months history of progressive lower extremity weakness and spasticity. But her bowel/bladder function was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine revealed a 3 cm intramedullary mass at the T3-4 level. A T3 to T5 laminnectomy with complete removal of the intradural mass was performed. Intraoperative findings and final histopathological examination revealed an
Effect of Implant Number, Distribution with Different Attachments on the Retention and Stability of Implant Supported Overdenture
Authors: Abdulamajeed Areej Mufeed , Hasan Radhwan H.
Published: February 2022

It was stated that the “PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE” Today, with the more attention on preventive measures in prosthodontics, the use of implant supported overdenture has increased to the point where it is now a feasible alternative to most treatment plan outlines in the construction of prosthesis for patients (Sheldon Winkler, 2009). Evaluate the effect of number and distribution of an implant upon in vitro retention and stability of a simulated implant-supported overdenture. In this in-vitro experimental study a model simulating a mandibular edentulous ridge with 7 dental implants analogs inserted in the model approximating the tooth position in the natural dentition was constructed. A two overdenture housing for each type of attachment made of acrylic resin with three hooks attach to occlusal surface of it which connected to three chains attached to a force gauge testing machine was used to measure peak load (N) required to disconnect (dislodge) an attachment in three directions vertical, rotational and oblique. Two different type of attachments have been studied (Ball, Locator). This study was aimed to evaluate retention and stability of implant-retained overdentures based upon implant number and distribution. One way ANOVA analysis of variance test indicated that there were significant differences at P<0.05, using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test for comparison among the groups of Ball and Locator attachment indicated that groups of multi implants recorded the significantly higher measured peak load (N) in the three directions of dislodgement variation in implant`s number and distribution affect the retention and stability of implant supported overdenture according to type of attachment utilized.
Bachelor Degree in Medicine and Surgery Community Medical Training Curriculum Contribution on Equity and Quality of Health Care in Namibia.
Authors: Lukolo Linda N. , Sheehama J. , Munyika A.
Published: February 2022

Community involving a population-focused, organized effort to help individuals, groups and communities reduce health risks, and maintain or improve health status”. The Community Medicine departments of medical colleges should be more involved in integrated teaching with clinical disciplines and should also be involved in the delivery of services in the teaching hospital and in primary health care settings, such as in immunization, guidance/counselling, biomedical waste management and infection control. All stakeholders in University education recognize its invaluable contribution to the quality of university training.  “Field Attachment” to mean any approved field-based practical work carried out by staff and students for the purpose of teaching and / or research in places outside the University control.  The objective of community medicine based training at the University is to produce practically oriented graduates that meet the required medical profession related competences of the community of their future service. Through community medicine attachment, medical students are enabled to associate themselves with the health and medical needs of the communities, this association will enable the students feel their own gap on these health issues to address them, or to be able to manage them.
Undergraduate medical Students’ perspective to Community?based Education and Services (COBES) Attachment in the Rural Primary Health Care Settings in Namibia.
Authors: Barongo Longin R. , Lukolo Linda N.
Published: February 2022

To examine the students’ perspective on whether Community?Based Education and Services (COBES) practices in the rural settings was in line with school learning objectives, be able to identify deficiencies in the design and in the implementation of COBES program
Role of homeopathy in the Treatment of Renal Conditions –A Retrospective study
Authors: Varghese George Joshy , K. Aravindhan
Published: February 2022

The paper discusses the role of homeopathic medicines cates in the acute renal conditions.
Morphometry of Knee Menisci
Authors: Muthusamy Sivasakthi , Sontakke Yogesh Ashok , K. Aravindhan
Published: February 2022

Menisci is one of the most important structures of the knee joint. Owing to its importance in load sharing, shock absorption, joint stability, overall protection of articular cartilage various studies has been done on the morphometry of knee menisci by different researchers.  Different parameters have been studied such as length of outer circumference of both menisci, difference between anterior horn and posterior horn of menisci, thickness and width of menisci. Such parameters have been reviewed in this article. It gives out a wider knowledge about the morphometric parameters of knee menisci and may guide the surgeon for the new treatment modalities in case of meniscal injuries.
Parity and Gravidity as Correlates of Maternal Mortality in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Moses Fabamise Olufemi , Ayoola O. Iluku , Adeola Olowoyeye Ebenezer
Published: February 2022

This study investigated parity and gravidity as correlates of maternal mortality in Ekiti State. It critically and explicitly examined the extent to which parity and gravidity stands as correlates of maternal mortality in Ekiti. In view of these, the study adopted descriptive research design of the survey type which comprises of all the Doctors and Nurses who attend to pregnant women during pregnancy, delivery and after delivery. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 550 doctors and nurses from the twenty (20) general and specialist hospitals in Ekiti State. A well-structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. The data collected was analyzed using statistical Analysis System (SAS) mode. Pie chart was used to provide answers to the research questions and inferential statistics of Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The results showed that parity and gravidity have high effect on maternal mortality and significantly correlate to maternal death in Ekiti state. Hence, more awareness should be created on the frequency of pregnancy and birth by the government, NGOs and other health regulated agencies, hence reducing this menace of maternal death. It is also recommended that women should have an interval of at least 24?months from a live birth to the next pregnancy in order to reduce maternal mortality.
Using the Gun of Mathematical Induction to Conquer Some Theorems of The Mulatu Numbers.
Authors: Patel Dhruvika , Lemma Mulatu
Published: February 2022

The Mulatu numbers are sequences of numbers of the form 4, 1, 5, 6, 11, 17, 28, 45, …. The numbers have wonderful and amazing properties and patterns. In mathematical terms, it is defined by the following recurrence relation: Mn= { 4
A Relationship Between the Curvature Tensor and the Difference Tensor for Affine Hypersurfaces
Authors: Joaquín Daniel A.
Published: February 2022

In the present work, it is obtained a class of hypersurfaces, of decomposable type, for which the curvature tensor associated to the affine normal connection, and the Levi-Civita covariant derivative of the difference tensor, are scalar multiples each other.
Verification of Several Important Theorems in Simple Random Sampling Using R Software
Authors: He Chaobing
Published: February 2022

This paper considers the verification of several important theorems in simple random sampling using R software. First several important theorems in simple random sampling are introduced systematically. Then computer program for the verification of these theorems is written using R. According to these R codes, the paper verifies these theorems. The output proves that the R codes are very practical and effective.
Intestinal Helminth Infections Among Primary School Pupils In Nimo Community, Njikoka Local Government Area, Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: A.E. Onyido , M.M. Okoye , K.C. Irikannu , E.N. Okafor , C.N. Ugha , P.U. Umeanaeto , C.M. Egbuche , M.O. Iwueze , A.C. Ezeani
Published: February 2022

A study to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections among primary school children in Nimo Community, Njikoka Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria was undertaken. Four Primary Schools, namely Ugwu-Oye Primary School, Unity Primary School, St. Joseph’s Primary School and Egbengwu Primary School were involved in the study. 120 pupils were selected from the schools and enlisted into the study. Direct smear and zinc sulphate solution (Flotation method) were used for the isolation of the helminth eggs. Of the 120 stool samples examined, 26(21.7%) harboured intestinal helminths, Egbengwu Primary School had the highest number of infection 10(33.3%) and St. Joseph’s Primary School had the lowest 3(10.0%). Intestinal helminth infections observed were hookworms 13(10.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides 7(5.83%), Trichuris trichiura 2(1.66%), Schistosoma mansoni 2 (1.66%), Strongyloides stercoralis 1(0.83%) and Taenia spp 1(0.83%). More females 14(23.3%) than the males 12(20.0%) were infected. The age specific prevalence in the four schools was highest in 13-16 years age group 3(60.0%) and least in 5-8 years age group 8(16.0%). Government schools had higher prevalence of infection 18(30.0%) than private schools 8(13.3%). Generally poor sanitation, socio-economic status and ignorance of the epidemiology of infection were related to the prevalence of infection.
Post-Partum Psychosis: Cultural Issue and Therapeutic Barriers and Regional Therapists
Authors: Bidaki Reza , Safapour Pardis , Seyedchi Emad , Hossein Sorbi Mohammad
Published: February 2022

Catatonia is a state that a person who is awake does not respond to any external stimuli. The term cultural bound syndrome refers to anyone who has recurrences, locality-specific patterns of aberrant behavior and experiences that appear to fall outside conventional Western psychiatric diagnostic categories. In this case we are presenting a young woman who had given birth, and it was followed by an acute and extreme stressor. She suffered from severe anxiety and the symptoms of catatonia.
Chitosan Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery System for 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives: Release and Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Salahuddin Nehal , Elbarbary Ahmed A. , Salem Mohamed L. , Elksass Samar
Published: February 2022

Chitosan (CS) 1,2,4-triazole derivatives including in the formulation tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinking agent was prepared by a simple one step method using ultrasonic technique. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared analysis (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermal gravimetric analysis (D-TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 21, 14.6, 23.95, 29.5 nm and their standard deviation (SD) were ±5, ±5.3, ±5.3, ±7.9 nm for CSTPP, CSTPPIII, CSTPPIV and CSTPPV, respectively were successfully prepared. The in vitro release and mechanism of 1,2,4-triazoles at different pH values was investigated. From values of R2 the mechanism of drug release is following zero order mechanism at pH 6.8; however in pH 2, CSTPPIII, CSTPPIV and CSTPPV are following Hixson-Crowell, zero order and Korsmeyer-Peppas equation, respectively .The antibacterial activity against the gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria was examined.
Effect of Beneficial Microorganisms on Cowpea Productivity and Soil Health
Authors: Sharma A. K. , Bhattacharyya P. N.
Published: February 2022

Soil microorganisms are the most abundant biota in soil, responsible for a number of abilities such as nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition, maintenance of soil fertility and restoration and plant health and sustainability in ecosystem functioning. Beneficial microbial inoculants such as actinomycetes, diazotrophic bacteria, mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB), mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia etc. are known to promote plant growth. Microorganisms are also antagonistic to plant pests, parasites or diseases. Many of the beneficial microbials are naturally present in soil, although in certain cases, it may be advised to increase their populations and activity either through direct inoculation or by applying agricultural management techniques. In cognizance with the above, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of microbial inoculants on overall productivity of cowpea and soil health. Results revealed that the application of Rhizobium sp. as seed treatment increased the productivity of cowpea (up to 15%) at various stages of plant growth parameters like plant dry weight, no. of fresh leaves and branches, pods, overall leaf moisture and root length as compared to control. Total microbial population numbers, available K and phosphorus (P) in soil were also increased significantly after the soil was treated with this microbial inoculant indicating the role of beneficial microbial in improving the plant nutrient status and soil health.
Binary Pattern Generation of Poetic Order in Sanskrit Poetic Meters
Authors: Kumar Meena , Warnekar C. S. , Saxena Saurabh
Published: February 2022

The Pattern generation and Analysis is the technique of recognizing an object say, a target in combat space. The combat space T consists of targets of three typesi) Wanted Targets W ii) Rejected Targets R iii) Unknown Targets U So that T = W ? R? UThe description of object is called pattern.Charaterization of pattern class by common properties shared by all of its members is another basic concept used in design of an pattern recognisationsystem. Main objective of this approach is to determine common properties from finite set of samplespatterns and to examine a new pattern for a suitable switch. In signal processing , the role of input is vital to recognize objects. The input to the digital computer refers to any data or instructions enteredinto the memory. Data is a set of meaningful perceptual observations about an entity expressed innumerical ,alphabetical, graphical or mixed form. While Instructions refer to a set of action commands issued to CPU to tell a computer how to perform the tasks necessary to process data into information.Digital computer can accept the input via written/typed form through keyboard or the spoken/audioform through microphone. A great deal of work has been done in evaluating speech as a means of computer input. The present paper suggests the rhythmic syllable arrangements in various poeticmeters as a means of audio input, directly producing binary code. Such binary syllable arrangementhas been envisaged by Pingalacharya [1] . His Chhandas Shastra or science of poetic meters inSanskrit is a well known classical treatise on Prosody. It deals with the rhythmic syllablearrangements in various poetic meters. According to Chhandas Shastra [2] every pronounced letter iseither “Laghu” or Short [0] and “Guru” or Long[1] and each poetic meter is based on their fixedsequence[3]. Hence desired binary input sequence could be produced merely by utterance ofcorresponding syllables. Case studies of over 15 sets of such voice samples by male/ female/childcandidates were conducted and the resulting binary sequences are presented with correspondingaccuracies.