bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the temperature profile of Jupiter's deep atmosphere
Authors: Siebenaler Louis , Miguel Yamila
Published: March 2024

Our understanding of the giant planets in our solar system has been significantly advanced by the Juno and Cassini missions. These planets provide us with the unique opportunity to understand the interior structure of giant exoplanets. Recent insight into Jupiter’s atmospheric composition indicates a water concentration of 2-7 times solar in the equatorial region, surpassing the subsolar findings of the precursor Galileo mission. In this study, we conduct radiative transfer calculations for Jupiter's deep atmosphere including these enhanced water enrichment results and the presence of condensates predicted by chemical equilibrium models. Our primary focus is to derive a new temperature-pressure profile and assess the existence of potential radiative zones within the deep atmosphere. The presence of a radiative zone can have a profound impact on the internal structure of a planet and thus, a detailed analysis of Jupiter's temperature profile is essential for a comprehensive study of its interior structure.
Sediment Wakes Within Offshore Wind Farms Using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8/9
Authors: Lecordier Enora , Forster Rodney , Mazik Krysia , Gernez Pierre , York Katharine
Published: March 2024

Offshore wind energy has been widely accepted as a major component of renewable electricity to support Net Zero objectives and tackle climate change. This acceptance has led to an accelerated deployment of the offshore wind industry in the North Sea, with larger wind farm areas and bigger structures to support longer blades and more powerful turbines. As water flow encounters the foundations of structures, turbulence is generated, leading to the creation of visible downstream wakes. This redistribution of sediment may have an impact on water column processes, and near-field benthic communities.  Sediment wakes within the wind farm may also influence predator/prey interactions and could indicate areas to target or avoid for the location of aquaculture lines or other collocated activities.The use of remote sensing techniques allows regular monitoring of turbidity in wind farm areas. A virtual constellation composed of Sentinel-2 (European Space Agency) and Landsat-8/9 (NASA) makes it possible to study sediment wake movements at high spatial and temporal resolution while considering tidal influence. Satellite images combined with current velocity, wave models, oceanography data and inherent properties of each turbine allow a better understanding of the parameters regulating the intensity of wakes.Six offshore wind farms have been studied in two different sites: one in the UK (Lincolnshire) and the other in Belgium (Belgian EEZ) for a total of 269 turbines. A new method of pixel extraction has been developed to automatically extract turbid wakes around every turbine depending on the current direction. This was used to study the changes in suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration within the wake. The British site, containing 3 wind farms, showed a strong turbine effect, whose intensity varied from 0 (absence of wake) up to 6 g.m-3 of SPM concentration compared to the concentration upstream of the turbines, while the Belgian site, containing 3 wind farms, showed less variability and less intense wakes. As a preliminary result, and without isolating each parameter from the others, the type of foundation seems decisive for wake formation and SPM concentration at the surface: jacket foundations showed less intense wakes than monopiles and gravity-based structures (Mann-Whitney, p
Nearly all of the increase in summer forest fires in California since 2001 is directly attributable to human-caused climate change
Authors: Turco Marco , Abatzoglou John T. , Herrera Sixto , Zhuang Yizhou , Jerez Sonia , Lucas Donal D. , AghaKouchak Amir , Cvijanovich Ivana
Published: March 2024

This study delves into the increasing extension of summer forest fires in California, primarily driven by anthropogenic climate change (Turco et al. 2023). Historical data indicate a fivefold increase in summer burned area (BA) in forests in northern and central California from 1996 to 2021 relative to 1971 to 1995. Using the latest simulations developed for climate change attribution and detection studies and accounting for the uncertainties arising from the data-driven climate-fire model, climate models, and internal climate variability, we have investigated the impact of anthropogenic climate change on the observed increase in BA in California’s forests. We detect the signal of combined natural and anthropogenic forcing on the observed BA starting in 2001 while finding the observed BA changes to be inconsistent with internal variability or natural forcing alone. We estimate that climate simulations that included both human and natural forcings yield 172% more BA from 1971 to 2021 than models without anthropogenic forcing, with a remarkable +320% increase from 1996 to 2021. Considering the significance of anthropogenic climate change for the rise in forest BA in California, we pose a crucial question: what will the future of fires look like with ongoing climate changes? Addressing this, we evaluate how fuel limitations resulting from fire-fuel feedbacks might alter future fire trajectories under the influence of anthropogenic climate change. Dynamic models incorporating various feedback strengths suggest an expected further increase in annual average forest BA, ranging from 3 to 52% compared to the mean of the last two decades (2001-2021), which also marks the highest 20-year records since 1971. This highlights the imperative for proactive adaptation strategies. Our findings underscore the urgent need to address the impacts of climate change within fire management and policymaking.
Interaction between non-linear plasma structures and collisionless shocks: magnetic holes vs cometary shock
Authors: Simon Wedlund Cyril , Pucci Francesco , Preisser Luis , Henri Pierre , Behar Etienne , Ballerini Giulio , Califano Francesco , Passot Thierry , Sulem Pierre-Louis , Settino Adriana
Published: March 2024

Linear Magnetic Holes (LMHs) are magnetic field depressions generated in the solar wind upstream of planetary and cometary shock. Some of those structures are reminiscent of mirror modes, thus possibly linked to the mirror mode instability driven by a temperature anisotropy in a large plasma beta environment. LMHs have also been found downstream of the shock, which suggests that they can survive its crossing (Karlsson et al. 2022). Using the new GPU-intensive kinetic hybrid model Menura (Behar et al. 2022), we present two-dimensional (2D 3V) simulations of individual solar-wind LMHs impacting a shock in quasi-perpendicular conditions. First, we feed an analytical model of stable LMHs of various size and depth with magnetic field and density variations in antiphase, oriented along the solar wind magnetic field, into the simulation. The LMHs are then left to propagate with and into the plasma flow, eventually impacting the shock, where they may cross into the induced magnetosheath. We look at the global and local effects of such crossings and how the structures' characteristics and their immediate vicinity change over time. We apply this setup to (i) a local quasi-perpendicular shock structure created by one reflecting boundary and (ii) a global simulation of a cometary environment, and compare with observational findings. This work is part of preliminary modelling efforts preparing for the upcoming ESA/JAXA Comet Interceptor mission.
Functional diversity of the Mediterranean bivalve fauna across the Late Miocene ecological crisis
Authors: Vesely Barbara , Harzhauser Mathias , Dominici Stefano , Koskeridou Efterpi , Thivaiou Danae , Agiadi Konstantina
Published: March 2024

The Late Miocene was a period of major paleogeographic, climatic and biotic changes for the Mediterranean due to the restriction of the marine gateway to the Atlantic, which culminated to the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC), and the ongoing global climatic cooling. The Late Miocene ecological crisis very likely affected biodiversity of bivalves living in the Mediterranean during that time. In this study, we investigate the consequences of the Messinian Salinity Crisis and its preconditioning phase for the evolution of functional diversity of the Mediterranean bivalve fauna. The biodiversity of bivalves is quantified for the Tortonian, the pre-evaporitic Messinian and the Zanclean of the Mediterranean using the functional richness index, by considering the following bivalve species traits: lifestyle, depth range, maximum adult size, trophic role and substrate affinity. The analysis is based on a recently compiled dataset containing the updated fossil record of the Mediterranean bivalves for this time interval. The traits of the species in this dataset is obtained from online open-access databases and the literature. Our results support a decrease in the functional diversity of bivalves in the Mediterranean from the Tortonian to the Early Messinian and a full recovery in the Early Pliocene.
Spatiotemporal analysis and projections of wildfire risk across Pakistan under different climate change scenarios
Authors: Zahoor Zarmina , Eden Jonathan , Blackett Matthew , Chen Yung-Fang
Published: March 2024

 
Wildfires are becoming more intense and frequent, with record-breaking fire seasons witnessed across the world in recent years. Amid rising global temperatures, the challenge to understand, communicate and ultimately reduce wildfire risk is critical. A recent report published by the United Nations Environment Programme noted a particular increase in fire prevalence across regions that were not previously considered fire-prone, including the Indian subcontinent. In Pakistan, wildfire has gradually emerged as a significant environmental and societal threat. However, it is unclear how such threats will evolve under climate change, and to what extent Pakistan’s ongoing afforestation projects, such as the Ten Billion Tree Tsunami, take changes in risk into account. 

Here, we explore how meteorological conditions conducive to wildfire are likely to respond to a changing climate throughout Pakistan. Following an initial spatiotemporal analysis of wildfire occurrence based on satellite-derived data between 2001 and 2020, we identity hotspots of fire activity across the forested regions of the Baluchistan, Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces. Using the fire weather index (FWI) derived from the simulations of 14 global climate model ensembles from the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), we then quantify changes in fire danger throughout the 21st century under four climate change scenarios defined by the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). We show that the magnitude of seasonal mean FWI is projected to increase by as much as 10% by the end of the century under the highest emissions scenario, with up to 20 additional days of extreme fire weather projected per year.  

Our conclusions advise on how forest management strategies and afforestation projects across Pakistan should account for potential changes in wildfire risk associated with a changing climate. We introduce a prototype online portal as a mechanism to disseminate results and communicate future risk to a range of potential stakeholders. Further work will focus on the resilience of wildfire forecasting and early warning systems in a changing climate.  

 
A Community-Led Approach to Environmental Monitoring and Adaptive Capacity Building in the Coastal Bend Region of Texas, USA
Authors: Hummel Michelle , Jenewein Oswald , Bezboruah Karabi , Liu Yonghe , Masten Kathryn , Choi Byeongseong , Sakalker Amruta
Published: March 2024

The Coastal Bend Region (CBR) of Texas is vulnerable to acute and chronic environmental stressors stemming from natural and industrial sources, including flooding and erosion from high tides, storm surge events, and ship traffic, as well as higher levels of air and water pollution due to expansion of nearby industrial operations. Communities in the CBR are diverse, spanning a range of sizes, demographics, and geographies, and have varying levels of exposure, vulnerability, and capacity to respond and adapt to the cumulative threats posed by climate change and industrial expansion. Currently, residents of the CBR are engaging in a variety of community organizing and advocacy efforts, including through existing and newly established community-based organizations. These organizations span a range of experience levels and capacities in interfacing with local decision-makers and engaging in collective action to address environmental threats, but all have expressed a need for more comprehensive data about environmental and industrial conditions to advocate for and make informed decisions about risk reduction strategies that mitigate negative impacts on air, water, and land resources.Here, we discuss an ongoing research program to examine how smart and connected technologies can be integrated into regional communication and advocacy networks to increase awareness of natural and anthropogenic hazards and build community adaptive capacity equitably among the diverse residents in the CBR. We first present the results of a year-long planning study conducted in partnership with one CBR community to (1) evaluate the structure and function of the local communication, information-sharing, and policy-making networks and (2) co-develop a real-time, wireless sensor network and community dashboard to monitor environmental conditions. This study led to the formation of interdisciplinary, academic-civic partnerships that centered community needs in the design and implementation of the research objectives. We then discuss challenges and opportunities in expanding this work to the regional scale to engage a broader diversity of CBR residents using a bottom-up, participatory design approach, with the goal of supporting frontline communities as they advocate for more sustainable and equitable policies for hazard management.
Idealized modeling of uncooperative two-actor SRM deployment
Authors: Boucher Olivier , Määttänen Anni , Lurton Thibaut , Ravetta François
Published: March 2024

Potential SRM deployment scenarios are increasingly discussed in the literature and an effort to construct plausible scenarios is underway in the scientific community. Such deployment scenarios underpin the design of possible governance mechanisms of SRM. A wide range of possible scenarios can be envisaged, including unilateral deployment by one actor, uncooperative multi-actor deployment, global centralized deployment or a global moratorium. In order to inform the current dialogue on governance, we explore in this work the behavior of a system where two uncooperative actors deploy SRM. We rely on a simple four-box climate model that responds to stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) in the northern and southern hemispheres, including the oceanic response. The stratospheric aerosol optical depth has been parameterized with impulse response functions fitted on IPSL-CM6A-LR runs with injections at different latitudes. We couple this model to a control module in order to investigate different controlled SRM deployment strategies, reflecting potential governance scenarios. The two actors inject varying amounts of aerosols in the stratosphere to reach their own climate target which is unknown by the other actor. The climate target can be a temperature target (change of the temperature with respect to the initial state) or a monsoon target (variability of the monsoon index). Depending on the objectives and the characteristics of the deployment strategies by the two actors, we construct several experiments that result in i) involuntary cooperation between the two actors, ii) conflicting behaviors, or ii) one actor taking advantage of the other (free riding). We have also constructed experiments mimicking political decision-making timescales and potential perceived failure of SRM, causing more or less random interruptions of the injections. Although the scenarios are highly idealized and do not represent a realistic implementation of SRM, they help to understand the potential, synergies, risks and challenges of a decentralized, uncooperative deployment of SRM. We will discuss how the analysis of this type of experiments can inform the discussion on potential SRM governance strategies. Our future plans include adding a parametrization of the sea level rise and of ocean acidification into the model to investigate the behavior of these parameters as a result of the different SRM deployment and governance strategies. The simple model could also be used for educational purposes, for example to inform and to train decision-makers on SRM climate intervention and its effects and consequences.
Using information-theory metrics to detect regime changes in dynamical systems
Authors: Amezcua Javier , Chakraborty Nachiketa
Published: March 2024

Dynamical systems can display a range of dynamical regimes (e.g. attraction to, fixed points, limit cycles, intermittency, chaotic behaviour) depending on the values of parameters in the system. In this work we demonstrate how non-parametric entropy estimation codes (in particular NPEET) based on the Kraskov method can be applied to find regime transitions in a 3D chaotic model (the Lorenz 1963 system) when varying the values of the parameters. These infromation-theory-based methods are simpler and cheaper to apply than more traditional metrics from dynamical systems (e.g. computation of Lyapunov exponents). The non-parametric nature of the method allows for handling long time series without a prohibitive computational burden. 
Robust River load estimation of micropollutants: Method validation on an extended micropollutants dataset
Authors: Weber Nikolaus , Kittlaus Steffen , Milacic Radmila , Krampe Jörg , Zoboli Ottavia , Zessner Matthias
Published: March 2024

Many anthropogenic sources discharge thousands of micropollutants into surface waters, which can pose a risk to human health and the environment. Monitoring provides a better understanding of the occurrence and transport dynamics of these pollutants and is the basis for mitigation measures as well as valuable validation loads for pollution transport models. As conventional monitoring methods do not provide the full picture in terms of transport dynamics (Weber, 2023), there is a need for more specific monitoring methods.To prove this statement, a one-year monitoring program was established at two Austrian rivers, namely the Wulka and one of its tributaries. The locations are strategically located to capture different catchment properties. This monitoring program consists of monitoring stations at each river equipped with automatic samplers and online measurements of flow, turbidity, and conductivity. The monitoring is carried out by a one-year sampling program to cover the variability of micropollutants over a whole year by taking both volume-proportional composites and grab samples at a biweekly interval. The samples are then analyzed in labs and for total suspended solids (TSS) and various micropollutants from the group of heavy metal, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and PFAS.Turbidity events are an important transport factor for many micropollutants and therefor need to be considered for annual load calculation (Weber, 2023). We therefor integrated online turbidity data with the pollutant measurements to enhance accuracy of current load calculation methods. Those calculated annual load were validated on the monitoring data from the monitoring campaign to ensure robust results. The biweekly resolution of the monitoring data allowed for detailed analysis to reveal patterns, trends and anomalies that could impacted the load estimation. This led to a comparison of the methods and suggestions to improve their robustness.This research helps to understand river transport dynamics of TSS and micropollutants towards robust estimation of annual micropollutant loads in rivers to improve future monitoring campaigns and annual load calculation for pollution transport model validation.
Enhanced Foundation Model through Efficient Finetuning for Extended-Range Weather Prediction
Authors: Zhao Shan , Xiong Zhitong , Zhu Xiao Xiang
Published: March 2024

Weather forecasting is a vital topic in meteorological analysis, agriculture planning, disaster management, etc. The accuracy of forecasts varies with the prediction horizon, spanning from nowcasting to long-range forecasts. The extended range forecast, which predicts weather conditions beyond two weeks to months ahead, is particularly challenging. This difficulty arises from the inherent variability in weather systems, where minor disturbances in the initial condition can lead to significantly divergent future trajectories.Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) has been the predominant approach in this field. Recently, deep learning (DL) techniques have emerged as a promising alternative, achieving performance comparable to NWP [1, 2]. However, their lack of embedded physical knowledge often limits their acceptance within the research community. To enhance the trustworthiness of DL-based weather forecasts, we explore a transformer-based framework which considers complex geospatial-temporal (4D) processes and interactions. Specifically, we select the Pangu model [3] with a 24-hour lead time as the initial framework. To extend the prediction horizon to two weeks ahead, we employ a low-rank adaptation for model finetuning, which saves computation resources by reducing the number of parameters to only 1.1% of the original model. Besides, we incorporate multiple oceanic and atmospheric indices to capture a broad spectrum of global teleconnections, aiding in the selection of important features. Our contributions are threefold: first, we provide an operational framework for foundation models, improving their applicability in versatile tasks by enabling training rather than limiting them to inference stages. Second, we demonstrate how to leverage these models with limited resources effectively and contribute to the development of green AI. Last, our method improves performance in extended-range weather forecasting, offering enhanced prediction skills, physical consistency, and finer spatial granularity. Our methodology achieved reduced RMSE on T2M, Z500, and T850 for 0.13, 139.2, and 0.52, respectively, compared to IFS. In the future, we plan to explore other settings, such as predicting precipitation and extreme temperatures.REFERENCES[1] Nguyen, Tung, et al. "ClimaX: A foundation model for weather and climate." arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.10343 (2023).[2] Lam, Remi, et al. "Learning skillful medium-range global weather forecasting." Science (2023): eadi2336.[3] Bi, Kaifeng, et al. "Accurate medium-range global weather forecasting with 3D neural networks." Nature 619.7970 (2023): 533-538.
The Temporal Phasing of Rapid Dansgaard–Oeschger Warming Events Cannot Be Reliably Determined
Authors: Slattery John , Sime Louise C. , Muschitiello Francesco , Riechers Keno
Published: March 2024

Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) warming events occurred throughout the last glacial period. Greenland ice cores show a rapid warming during each stadial to interstadial transition, alongside abrupt loss of sea ice and major reorganisation of the atmospheric circulation. Other records also indicate simultaneous abrupt changes to the oceanic circulation. Recently, an advanced Bayesian ramp fitting method has been developed and used to investigate time lags between transitions in these different climate elements, with a view to determining the relative order of these changes. Here, we subject this method to a critical review. Using ice core data, climate model output, and carefully synthesised data representing DO warming events, we demonstrate that the method suffers from noise-induced bias of up to 15 years. This bias means that the method will tend to yield transition onsets that are too early, and we find that the estimated timings of noisier transitions are more strongly biased. Further investigation of DO warming event records in climate models and ice core data reveals that the bias is on the same order of magnitude as potential timing differences between the abrupt transitions of different climate elements. Additionally, we find that higher-resolution records would not reduce this bias. We conclude that time lags of less than 20 years cannot be reliably detected, as we cannot exclude the possibility that they result solely from the bias. This prevents the unambiguous determination of the temporal phasing of DO warming events.
Sedimentary mercury cycling in recent upwelling systems
Authors: Böning Philipp , Gäng Frederik , Pahnke Katharina , Dellwig Olaf
Published: March 2024

The sedimentary database of mercury (Hg) in modern upwelling sediments from the Humboldt and Benguela current systems is sparse, yet this element is a prime indicator of anthropogenic perturbations of the marine realm. Mercury has various natural and anthropogenic sources, occurs in different species, and internal recycling processes before final burial renders the interpretation of the Hg accumulation process challenging. Here, we present data of total Hg (along with Al, P, Zr, organic carbon and Pb, another anthropogenic indicator) for 210Pb-dated continental margin sediments from Peru, Chile and Namibia from within and below their respective oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). All sediments exhibit upcore authigenic enrichments of Hg in the upper 20 - 30 cm, which suggests that Hg has an anthropogenic source, similar to Pb. Moreover, the Hg enrichments are highest off Peru with up to 800 ppb authigenic Hg in the early ‘80s, followed by those off Chile (~ 150 ppb Hg) and Namibia (~ 80 ppb Hg). This is likely due to a high number of industrial and pre-industrial mining sites in Peru, which is less important in Chile and essentially missing in Namibia. The data further suggest that Hg is trapped by organic particles, which settle quickly through O2-deficient waters. In contrast to Pb, which is rapidly removed from the water column at OMZ sites, Hg is also exported to the deep sea environment (> 1000 m water depth below OMZs). This is likely due to recycling processes before final Hg burial. Authigenic Hg enrichments in Peruvian sediments that have negligible authigenic Pb contents suggests the presence of Hg inputs since pre-industrial times (before ~ 1900 AD), which is in line with previous findings from Peruvian lakes and the Galapagos Islands. By contrast, anthropogenic Hg is only visible in near coastal Namibian sediments since the last ~ 70 years. Overall, our data indicate that upwelling sediments are valuable archives for the preservation of anthropogenic signals given the favorable boundary conditions (high productivity, high oxygen deficiency and high sedimentation rates).
Modelling CO2 flows from extensive green roofs within the TEB (town energy balance) urban canopy model
Authors: Mirebeau Aurélien , de Munck Cécile , Weber Stephan , Lemonsu Aude , Masson Valéry
Published: March 2024

To mitigate climate change impacts in cities, nature-based solutions are broadly promoted due to their supposed benefits for biodiversity, rainwater management, evaporative cooling, and sequestration of carbon. Among existing solutions, green roofs show the advantage of tackling the lack of space available for greening in urban areas. But green roofs are still underdeveloped due to their cost and the lack of scientific knowledge around their potential, especially for carbon sequestration. Quantifying the various contributions of green roofs using reliable scientific approaches is a major challenge. Thus, it is essential to build a numerical model capable of simulating green roofs development and functioning at city scale in order to provide information to decision-makers with relevant indicators. Here, the urban canopy model Town Energy Balance (TEB) with the module TEB-GREENROOF is used to model green roofs. The TEB-GREENROOF model, evaluated in previous study for heat and water transfers, is improved by activating the photosynthesis model ISBA-A-gs in order to represent the CO2 exchanges of the vegetation implemented on the green roof. The modelling is informed by 6 years of continuous CO2 flux data on a non-irrigated extensive green roof located in Berlin (Germany) in partnership with the Technische Universität Braunschweig. In order to evaluate and improve the thermal, hydrological and respiration characteristics of the ISBA-A-gs model on a green roof, an initial simulation is carried out by forcing the monthly evolution of the leaf area index (LAI) by LAI data estimated experimentally. The model is then applied with a dynamic calculation of LAI in order to enable it for simulations of roof greening scenarios on a city-wide scale under any climate with no information on the LAI. Results show that the model is able to estimate the annual net ecosystem exchange of the Berlin green roof and to correctly reproduce the CO2 fluxes for both diurnal cycles and annual variation under climate variability, with drier years showing less carbon sequestration.
On the Vulnerability of NATO Installations to Climate Variability and Change: A System-Level Perspective
Authors: Villarini Gabriele , Carniel Sandro , Kim Taereem , Kim Hanbeen , Russo Aniello , Yang Wenchang , Vecchi Gabriel , Wahl Thomas
Published: March 2024

This task focuses on the understanding of the spatial connections among 91 NATO installations subject to hydroclimatological extremes, including precipitation, surface temperature, and wet bulb temperature, under both historical and future conditions. It allows a system-level view of the vulnerabilities of NATO installations to climate change and the associated extremes. We first perform statistical bias correction and evaluate how well global climate models (GCMs) part of the Sixth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) are able to reproduce the historical trends. Based on these analyses, we select a subset of well-performing models, which we use to examine how the spatial dependence in climate extremes is projected to change. In particular, we consider two future periods (Mid-of-Century: 2015-2048; End-of-Century: 2067-2100) with respect to the 1981-2014 period, under four shared socioeconomic pathway scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5).We show that temperature-based extremes are correlated in space and have a large footprint, impacting more than one base at once. When we focus on precipitation extremes, we find that their spatial correlation is much weaker, with a much smaller chance of impacting more than one installation. Moreover, GCMs can reproduce these observed behaviors. In analyzing the future projections of these hydroclimatic extremes, we show that the spatial correlation in temperature-based extremes across NATO installations is projected to increase, especially toward the end of the 21st century and for higher emission scenarios. These results highlight the current and future susceptibility of the NATO installations to climate extremes in light of climate change when viewed through a system-level perspective.
TRY - Plant Trait Database
Authors: Kattge Jens , Boenisch Gerhard , Dechant Benjamin , Moreno-Martínez Álvaro , Kattenborn Teja , Díaz Sandra , Lavorel Sandra , Prentice Iain Colin , Leadley Paul , Wirth Christian , Consortium the TRY
Published: March 2024

The TRY initiative (https://www.try-db.org) was established in 2007 on request from IGBP and DIVERSITAS to develop a joint database of in-situ measured plant traits supporting vegetation modelling and biodiversity research. Based on the mandate from the two initiatives, TRY has received significant contributions of original and integrated datasets from the global research community and achieved unprecedented coverage. The TRY database is regularly updated, and since 2019, data have been publicly available under a CC BY license. Trait data from the TRY database are frequently used to map plant traits at global scales. We here provide an overview of the TRY database, briefly summarise trait mapping approaches highlighting caveats, and provide an outlook on upcoming developments in the context of the TRY database.
Sensitivity of the high-resolution regional climate model AROME to urban sprawl over Paris region
Authors: Corneille Léa , Lemonsu Aude , Machado Tiago , Viguié Vincent
Published: March 2024

Cities, as cradles of population and economic activities, constitute a crucial issue in the current environmental challenges. Their organisation is enduring major changes and the issues surrounding spatial planning are of growing interest in a context of climate change, since cities are particularly vulnerable to extreme events.The evaluation of the climate change impacts requires to refine the climate projections provided by global and regional climate models down to a finer spatial scale more adapted to the city study. Besides their fine resolution, these models may include a dedicated surface model to represent explicitly the urban areas and the physical processes involved.The CP-RCM (Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Model) AROME is coupled to the TEB urban canopy model with an horizontal resolution of 2.5 km, and uses the ECOCLIMAP land use and land cover database to characterise the surface properties. It is applied over the Paris region for a past period, forced by the ERA5 reanalysis, in order to assess local impacts of climate change.Nonetheless, the land use map, used by the CP-RCM AROME and based on data from the 1990s without evolution in time, can be a limit to the realism of climate simulations. The expansion incurred by cities until the current period is not represented, nor the future dynamics. This study compares different climate simulations run with past, present and future land use maps over Paris region with the aim to quantify and analyse the impact of land use changes on the regional climate, as well as to explore the consequences in terms of population exposure to high heat conditions.
Numerical modelling of magmatic CO2 emissions from the Neo-Tethyan margin during the Early Cenozoic
Authors: Vaes Bram , Sternai Pietro , Ostorero Léa , Castrogiovanni Luca , Gonzalez Christopher , Donnadieu Yannick
Published: March 2024

Identifying the geological drivers of long-term climate change is key to improve our understanding of the interactions between the deep Earth and the Earth’s surface. Long-term Cenozoic climate cooling has been largely attributed to an increase in atmospheric carbon consumption by enhanced silicate weathering linked to the uplift of the Tethyan orogenic belt. Alternatively, this cooling trend has been explained by decreasing magmatic CO2 outgassing during the progressive closure of Neo-Tethys Ocean. However, the outgassing rates associated with Neo-Tethyan magmatism remain poorly constrained, making it difficult to assess its contribution to Cenozoic climate change. Here, we present the first results of numerical geodynamic experiments aimed at obtaining improved quantitative estimates of the magmatic CO2 outflux along the Neo-Tethyan margins. To this end, we use 2D numerical petrological-thermomechanical models of oceanic subduction and continental collision that account for partial melting and slab decarbonation. Calibrating these numerical experiments on available geological constraints from the Neo-Tethyan margin, we estimate the Neo-Tethyan magma production volumes through the Early Cenozoic. We discuss how these results are sensitive to changes in model setup and input parameters such as convergence rates, rheology, and crustal composition. To quantify the time-dependent magmatic CO2 emissions, we combine the magma production histories with both modelling- and observation-based quantifications of the volatile contents of pre- and post-eruptive igneous rocks. Finally, we discuss the potential Neo-Tethyan magmatic forcing of Early Cenozoic climate change in light of our new results and its implications for the global carbon cycle and surface-deep Earth feedbacks.
Temporary Strong Ground Motion Observation in Damaged Areas of  The 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake
Authors: Duran Pinar , Yamanaka Hiroaki , Takai Nobuo , Yoshimi Masayuki , Tsuno Seiji , Ozmen Ozgur Tuna , Ozel Oguz , Caka Deniz , Askan Aysegul , Miyake Hiroe , Chimoto Kosuke , Ono Towa , Arslan Mehmet Safa
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT: We have conducted a temporary observation of earthquake ground motion of aftershocks of the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake in southern Turkey in the damaged areas for an acquisition of basic data to understand the earthquake damage. Strong motion accelerometers were installed at 21 stations in Pazarcik, central parts of Kahramanmaras and Adiyaman provinces, Iskenderun and Antakya in Hatay province. One of the stations in each area was selected in a mountain area as a reference station. The characteristics of the observed ground motion are investigated by spectral ratios of the stations to those at the reference stations. The site amplifications are not significantly different in Pazarcik. Most of the site effects in the damaged areas in the other regions are characterized with the large amplifications at frequencies less than 1 or 2 Hz. In particular the site effects are so significant in the damaged areas in Iskenderun, Antakya and Samandag. Keywords: The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake, temporary strong motion observation, strong motion records, aftershock, basin effects, site effects
Contrasting processes involving denitrification and biological N2-fixation drive N2O hotspots along two large lotic ecosystems in Germany
Authors: Mwanake Ricky , Imhof Hannes , Kiese Ralf
Published: March 2024

Lotic ecosystems traversing mixed land-use landscapes are sources of GHGs to the atmosphere, but their emission strength is uncertain due to longitudinal GHG heterogeneities. In this study, we quantified N2O (as well as CO2 and CH4 concentrations) and N2 concentrations and several water quality parameters along the Rhine river and the Mittelland canal, two critical inland waterways in Germany in the summer of 2023. Our main objectives were to compare N2O concentrations along the two ecosystems and to identify the main drivers responsible for their longitudinal heterogeneities. The results indicated that N2O concentrations in both ecosystems were oversaturated relative to equilibrium concentrations (116 – 782 % saturation), particularly in the Mittelland canal. We also found significant longitudinal variability in % N2O saturation along the mainstems of both lotic ecosystems (CV = 43 – 68 %), with the highest variability in the Mittelland canal, suggesting that single N2O measurements along large lotic ecosystems are not representative of the entire reach. Overall, these significant longitudinal N2O heterogeneities were driven by differences in biogeochemical processes between the two lotic ecosystems. N2O was strongly related to N2 concentrations, with a negative relationship in the Rhine river and a positive relationship in the Mittelland canal. Based on these findings, we concluded that denitrification drives the N2O hotspots in the Canal, while coupled biological N2-fixation and nitrification accounted for N2O hotspots in the Rhine. These findings also highlight the need to include N2 concentration measurements in GHG sampling campaigns, as it has the potential to help better constrain nitrogen cycling in lotic ecosystems.
Pangeo environment in Galaxy Earth System supported by Fair-Ease
Authors: Carval Thierry , Jossé Marie , Detoc Jérôme
Published: March 2024

The Earth System is a complex and dynamic system that encompasses the interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, land, and biosphere. Understanding and analyzing data from the Earth System Model (ESM) is essential, for example to predict and mitigate the impacts of climate change.Today, collaborative efforts among scientists across diverse fields are increasingly urgent. The FAIR-EASE project aims to build an interdomain digital architecture for integrated and collaborative use of environmental data. Galaxy is a main component of this architecture which will be used by several domains of study chose by FAIR-EASE.Galaxy, an open-source web platform, provides users with an easy and FAIR tool to access and handle multidisciplinary environmental data. By design, Galaxy manages data analyses by sharing and publishing all involved items like inputs, results, workflows, and visualisations, ensuring reproducibility by capturing the necessary information to repeat and understand data analyses.From this point on, a Pangeo environment is a tool more than relevant to be used alongside earth-system related data and processing tools in order to create cross domain analyses. The good news is that a Pangeo environment is accessible on Galaxy. It can be exploited as a jupyterlab and allows the user to manage their NetCDF data in a Pangeo environment with the use of notebooks. Multiple tutorials are available on the Galaxy Training Network to learn how to use Pangeo.The Galaxy Training Network significantly contributes to enhancing the accessibility and reusability of tools and workflows. The Galaxy Training platform hosts an extensive collection of tutorials. These tutorials serve as valuable resources for individuals seeking to learn how to navigate Galaxy, employ specific functionalities like Interactive Tools or how to execute workflows for specific analyses.In synthetisis, Pangeo in Galaxy provide Pangeo users with an up-to-date data analysis platform ensuring reproducibility and mixing trainings and tools.On the Earth System side, a first step was the creation of a Galaxy declination for Earth System studies (earth-system.usegalaxy.eu) with dedicated data, models, processing, visualisations and tutorials. It will make Earth System modeling more accessible to researchers in different fields.In this Galaxy subdomain we choose to have the Pangeo tools. Our hope is to be able to implement cross domain workflows including climate and earth system sciences.During this session our aim is to present how you can use the Pangeo environment from the Galaxy Earth System.
High resolution observations of tide induced icequake activity at the Astrolabe glacier grounding zone
Authors: Le Bris Tifenn , Barruol Guilhem , Gimbert Florent , Le Meur Emmanuel , Zigone Dimitri
Published: March 2024

Cryoseismology, which records ice-induced seismic activity, is emerging as a powerful tool for studying the grounding zone - a critical spatio-temporal area where outlet glaciers grounded on the continent starts floating and interacting with the ocean underneath. The SEIS-ADELICE project supported by the French Polar Institute (IPEV) aims to characterise the dynamics of the Astrolabe glacier in Terre Adélie (East Antarctica), from its grounded part to its terminus in the ocean. Over the past 3 years, we deployed broad-band seismometers both at the grounding zone and on stable ice around the glacier, along with ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) close to the glacier terminus. In January 2023, the recording system was complemented by a dense array of 50 seismic nodes over the grounding zone. This allowed us to cover spatial scales from metres to several kilometres, providing a high-resolution observation of tidal forcing on the floating tongue and its repercussions on the glacier behaviour. The seismic records contain a wide range of signals, including icequakes, accepted to result from the brittle deformation of the ice. Although the seismic patterns at the different stations show clear modulation of icequakes by tidal cycles, their phasing with the tide depends on the location of the sensors, whether they are grounded or floating and on their distance from the active part of the glacier. This highlights the importance of the network typology and its proximity to the grounding line when characterising icequake occurrence patterns. Local icequakes detected at the grounding line exhibit a consistent occurrence during both rising and falling tides, with the peak activity observed during high tide. Source location analysis reveals that events are distributed across both the grounding line and the lateral shear zones of the glacier which are under strong stress from the ice-ocean interactions during tides.
Assessing changes in the intensity and dynamics of extreme cold spells in France from CMIP
Authors: Cadiou Camille , Yiou Pascal
Published: March 2024

Extreme cold winters have been projected to decrease in the future, although their impacts on society are still significant. The goal of this study is to assess whether climate change affects the atmospheric mechanisms leading to cold winters.We first explore the dynamics of 15-day winter cold spells in France, as observed since 1950. We find that the most extreme events tend to have the same atmospheric circulation pattern, consisting of an eastward-shifted NAO- dipole. We calculate an atmospheric index that characterizes this dipole. Then, using a stochastic weather generator with importance sampling, we show that this is a sufficient condition to trigger extremely cold temperatures in France, and that it performs better than a classical North Atlantic Oscillation index. This suggests that a dipole of atmospheric circulation is a necessary and sufficient condition leading to extreme cold spells in France.We use this atmospheric index to select the CMIP6 models that best reproduce the identified dynamics leading to extreme cold spells of 15 days. Using a stochastic weather generator with importance sampling, we run simulations of worst-case winter cold spells from 2015 to 2100, following different emission trajectories for the selected models. 15-day winter cold spells in France will reach less extreme temperatures at the end of the century, especially in the case of a high-emission scenario (SSP5-8.5). However, the simulated ensembles of extreme cold spells do not show the same warming trend as the mean temperature, and very extreme cold spells are still possible in the near future. The atmospheric circulation prevailing during these events is analyzed and compared with the circulation observed during previous events.