bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gravitational radiation
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter attempts to calculate the radiated energy of a source in the linear approximation of general relativity to infinity in the lowest order. For this, the chapter first expands the Einstein equations to quadratic order in metric perturbations. It reveals that the radiated energy is then given by the (second) quadrupole formula, which is the gravitational analog of the dipole formula in Maxwell theory. This formula is a priori valid only if the motion of the source is due to forces other than gravity. Finally, this chapter shows that, to prove this formula for the case of self-gravitating systems, the Einstein equations to quadratic order must be solved, and the radiative field in the post-linear approximation of general relativity obtained.
Friedmann–Lemaître spacetimes
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses the laws governing the evolution of the scale factor as well as Hubble’s law, which is historically the first observational signature of cosmic expansion. Hubble’s law relates two measurable quantities, the redshift and the luminosity distance of a galaxy. The chapter also introduces the Weyl postulate (1923), which stipulates that the ‘cosmological fluid’ consisting of galaxies, quasars, and so on, visible or invisible, follows such geodesics. It then presents the Friedmann–Lemaître equations. Finally, the chapter discusses the first models of the universe, from 1917–60: the static Einstein model and the de Sitter and steady state models.
Inflationary models of the primordial universe
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses the problem of fine-tuning the initial conditions of the previous chapter’s hot Big Bang model, so that the universe has the observed properties, as well as the problem of the origin of large-scale structure. It shows that these problems are related to each other, and can be solved by assuming a period of accelerated expansion in the earliest history of the universe. Since the 1980s, the general acceptance of this idea of a primordial inflationary phase can be considered as the third phase in the history of the development of relativistic cosmology. The chapter first outlines the issues with the hot Big Bang model: the flatness problem; the Big Bang horizon, and monopole problems; and the problem of the origin of the large-scale structure. It then provides a solution in the form of inflation, and goes on to discuss ‘chaotic’ inflation.
The covariant derivative and the curvature
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter first considers the tangent spaces of a non-connected manifold, in which the tangent t at the set of points p in the manifold is an element of the tangent space at p. Afterward, the chapter summarizes the elementary introduction to the exterior calculus of Chapter 5 of Book 2. Next, the chapter studies the Lie bracket and Lie derivative, before moving on to the covariant derivative and a connected manifold. The covariant derivative in particular is introduced to ensure the effectiveness of the Lie brackets and the Lie derivative. From here, this chapter considers the torsion of a covariant derivative and finally to the curvature of a covariant derivative.
Securing Sentientist Politics
Authors: Cochrane Alasdair
Published: October 2018

Chapter 7, the final substantive chapter, confronts the radical and ambitious nature of the proposals outlined in the book. Indeed, in light of its aim to outline a realistic utopia, this final chapter asks whether the prescriptions offered are indeed realistic, or whether they are impossible to achieve. This chapter offers some reasons to suggest that the proposals are possible, and provides a sketch of some of the necessary (but not sufficient) means by which a sentientist politics might be created and maintained. It argues that one crucial prerequisite of a sentientist political system is that it is underpinned by a civil society with ‘sentientist solidarity’; that is, a citizenry with feelings of shared affiliation with sentient non-human animals, as well as a commitment to the institutions designed for their protection.
Essentialism and Logical Consequence
Authors: Keefe Rosanna , Leech Jessica
Published: October 2018

According to an increasingly popular view, the source of logical necessity is to be found in the essences of logical entities. One might be tempted to extend the view further in using it to tackle fundamental questions surrounding logical consequence. This chapter enquires: how does a view according to which the facts about logical consequence are determined by the essences of logical entities look in detail? Are there any more or less obvious problems arising for such a view? The chapter uncovers a prima facie result in favour of logical pluralism. However, it then goes on to raise some concerns for this result. It argues that, considered generally, it is difficult to see how essence could do all of the requisite work alone. The chapter also shows how considering things from the perspective of disputes between particular rival logics makes an interesting and important difference to the picture of things presented by the essentialist account.
Logicism, Ontology, and the Epistemology of Second-Order Logic
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: October 2018

In two recent papers, Bob Hale has attempted to free second-order logic of the “staggering existential assumptions” with which Quine famously attempted to saddle it. This chapter argues, first, that the ontological issue is at best secondary: the crucial issue about second-order logic, at least for a neo-logicist, is epistemological. It is then argued that neither Crispin Wright’s attempt to characterize a ‘neutralist’ conception of quantification that is wholly independent of existential commitment, nor Hale’s attempt to characterize the second-order domain in terms of definability, can serve a neo-logicist’s purposes. The problem, in both cases, is similar: neither Wright nor Hale is sufficiently sensitive to the demands that impredicativity imposes. Finally, the chapter defends the author’s own earlier attempt to finesse this issue, in “A Logic for Frege’s Theorem,” from Hale’s criticisms.
Rethinking the Epistemology of Modality for Abstracta
Authors: Roca-Royes Sònia
Published: October 2018

This chapter is an exploration of the sort of epistemology available to explain our de re modal knowledge about abstract entities. The thesis suggested—in a first approximation to the issue—is somewhat provocative: as modal epistemologists, we don’t have much work to do; instead, the work is down to ontologists. The chapter first motivates the thesis by relying on a conception of abstract objects that makes the thesis a rather plausible one. The chapter then goes on to consider some potential concerns and it concludes that, while their treatment imposes some refinements and qualifications, the thesis stands as it is.
The Irish Presbyterian Mind
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: October 2018

This book considers how one protestant community responded to the challenges posed to traditional understandings of Christian faith between 1830 and 1930. It examines the attitudes of the leaders of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland to biblical criticism, modern historical method, evolutionary science, and liberal forms of protestant theology. It explores how they reacted to developments in other Christian traditions, including the so-called ‘Romeward’ trend in the established Churches of England and Ireland and the ‘Romanization’ of Catholicism. Was their response distinctively Presbyterian and Irish? How was it shaped by Presbyterian values, intellectual first principles, international denominational networks, identity politics, the expansion of higher education, and relations with other Christian denominations? The story begins in the 1830s, when evangelicalism came to dominate mainstream Presbyterianism, the largest protestant denomination in present-day Northern Ireland. The story ends in the 1920s with the exoneration of J. E. Davey, a professor in the Presbyterian College, Belfast, who was tried for heresy on accusations of being a ‘modernist’. Within this time frame, the book describes the formation and maintenance of a religiously conservative intellectual community. At the heart of the interpretation is the interplay between the Reformed theology of the Westminster Confession of Faith and a commitment to common evangelical principles and religious experience that drew protestants together from various denominations. The definition of conservative within the Presbyterian Church in Ireland moved between these two poles.
Inner Speech and Mental Imagery
Authors: Geva Sharon
Published: October 2018

Inner speech has been investigated using neuroscientific techniques since the beginning of the twentieth century. One of the most important finding is that inner and overt speech differ in many respects, not only in the absence/presence of articulatory movements. In addition, studies implicate the involvement of various brain regions in the production and processing of inner speech, including areas involved in phonology and semantics, as well as auditory and motor processing. By looking at parallels between inner speech and other domains of imagery, studies explore two major questions: Are there common types of representations that underlie all types of mental imagery? And, is there a neural substrate for imagery, above and beyond modality? While these questions cannot yet be fully answered, studies of the neuroscience of imagery are bringing us a step towards better understanding of inner speech.
Inner Speaking as Pristine Inner Experience
Authors: Hurlburt Russell T. , Heavey Christopher L.
Published: October 2018

Inner speaking is a directly apprehended phenomenon, not an inference or metaphorical claim about a psychological process. Investigations of inner speaking require a method that carefully explores phenomena as they actually occur. Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) is an attempt at such a method, and is described in this chapter, including an annotated case study of its results. DES investigations suggest that many claims about inner speech are hugely mistaken, leading to the conclusion that powerful presuppositions about inner speech can lead investigations astray; the chapter discusses the recognition and the bracketing of presuppositions. It suggests skepticism about claims based on Vygotskian or other theory, on introspection, on experimental manipulations, or on questionnaires unless the method used provides a principled rationale for the bracketing of presuppositions. The chapter describes aspects of inner speaking not frequently recognized as occurring: partially or completely unworded inner speaking, multiple simultaneous inner speaking, meaningless inner speaking.
Comparative Theology
Authors: Clooney, SJ Francis X.
Published: October 2018

This chapter focuses on comparative theology, a form of tradition-grounded theological practice that learns deeply and effectively from other religious traditions. Even solidly textual work—translations, the study of scholastic systems, the tracing of lines of thought in commentaries, the decipherment of ritual and moral codes—proceeds as transformative learning indebted to the religious Other. Such engaged, empathetic learning allows one to see inside that other tradition, even while the learning, its fruits, and the person of the comparativist remain grounded in a home tradition. For interreligious learning to flourish, certain virtues are essential: humility, conviction, interconnection, empathy, generosity, imagination, risk-taking, and patience with ambiguity. Although comparative theological learning exists in the liminal space between traditions, the comparative theologian still intends to return home, even if irrevocably changed by the journey abroad. Comparative theology thus cultivates virtues operative in anthropological research distinguished by empathetic dwelling in and with the Other.
Ancient Approaches to Letter-Writing and the Configuration of Communities through Epistles
Authors: Fögen Thorsten
Published: October 2018

The chapter explores reflections on the practice of letter-writing, with equal attention to instructional handbooks (esp. Demetrius’ Περὶ ἑρμηνείας‎, Iulius Victor’s Rhetorica, Pseudo-Demetrius’ Τύποι ἐπιστολικοί‎, Pseudo-Libanius’ Ἐπιστολιμαῖοι χαρακτῆρες‎, and Erasmus of Rotterdam’s De conscribendis epistolis) and the meta-generic statements that letter-writers routinely embed in their correspondence (with a special focus on Cicero, Ovid, Seneca, and Pliny the Younger). In both types of sources, what one might call the social dimension of style registers as a primary concern: in order for the letter to fulfil its purpose, namely to generate a special bond between sender and recipient, the chosen idiolect has to be ‘appropriate’ (πρέπον‎/aptum) to the interpersonal relationship and its specific circumstances and exigencies. Shared stylistic values and the willingness of the letter-writer to adjust his character to that of the recipient generate a sense of community between the correspondents.
‘From Me, Jerusalem, the Holy City, to You Alexandria in Egypt, my Sister.…’ (Bavli Sanhedrin 107b)
Authors: Alexander Philip
Published: October 2018

The chapter investigates the role of ancient Jewish letters in promoting a shared identity in a polycentric geopolitical situation. This could not be done by coercion: it required diplomacy and persuasion. Alexander explores how Jews based in Jerusalem used letters for the purpose of asserting leadership, starting with the two festal letters at the beginning of 2 Maccabees that invite the Jews in Egypt to adopt the festival of Hanukkah celebrating the rededication of the Jerusalem temple and thus to acknowledge Jerusalem’s primacy. He also finds reflections of Jewish letter-writing in three passages of the book of Acts and reviews the use of letters as transmitted in rabbinic literature. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the genre of responsa, which began to flourish in the Islamic period, developed from exchanges of letters and participated in their ‘soft’ power structures.
Network search
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: October 2018

This chapter gives a discussion of search processes on networks. It begins with a discussion of web search, including crawlers and web ranking algorithms such as PageRank. Search in distributed databases such as peer-to-peer networks is also discussed, including simple breadth-first search style algorithms and more advanced “supernode” approaches. Finally, network navigation is discussed at some length, motivated by consideration of Milgram's letter passing experiment. Kleinberg's variant of the small-world model is introduced and it is shown that efficient navigation is possible only for certain values of the model parameters. Similar results are also derived for the hierarchical model of Watts et al.
The Evolution of Living Standards for Middle and Lower Income Households in OECD Countries
Authors: Nolan Brian , Thewissen Stefan
Published: October 2018

This chapter carries out and presents the findings from an in-depth comparative analysis of real income growth around and below the middle of the income distribution across the rich countries of the OECD over recent decades. It examines trends in real incomes for the entire population and for working age households only, and sets the evolution of incomes around the middle in each country against what has been happening lower down and higher up the distribution. This allows the range of experiences across countries in these terms to be captured, providing the base which subsequent chapters seek to probe and get behind.
Sources of Household Income Growth in Rich Countries
Authors: Nolan Brian , Thewissen Stefan , Lazzati Alice
Published: October 2018

This chapter seeks to capture what underpins patterns of real income growth versus stagnation for those around and below the middle by distinguishing the different sources of income they receive—in terms of the earnings of different household members, investment income, pensions, and social transfers, as well as the direct taxes and social insurance contributions deducted. The role each of these sources play in household income and its growth over time across countries is explored, bringing out both the key features of incomes around the middle versus towards the top and bottom of the distribution, and which sources have been key to sustained growth for those households.
Spin Systems in Semiconductor Nanostructures
Authors: Glazov M. M.
Published: October 2018

This chapter is an introduction to a rich variety of effects taking place in the interacting system of electrons and nuclei in semiconductors. It includes also the basics of electronic properties of nanostructures and of spin physics, an overview of fundamental interactions in the electron and nuclear spin systems, the selection rules at optical transitions in semiconductors, spin resonance effect, as well as optical orientation, and dynamical nuclear polarization. In this chapter an analysis of particular features of spin dynamics arising in the structures with localized electrons such as quantum dots, which are studied further in the book, are addressed. The aim of this chapter is to provide basic minimum of information needed to read the remaining chapters.
It Keeps Me Seeking
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

Two scientists and a philosopher aim to show how science both enriches and is enriched by Christian faith. The text is written around four themes: 1. God is a being to be known, not a hypothesis to be tested; 2. We set a high bar on what constitutes good argument; 3. Uncertainty is OK; 4. We are allowed to open up the window that the natural world offers us. This is not a work of apologetics. Rather, the text takes an overview of various themes and gives reactions and responses, intended to place science correctly as a valued component of the life of faith. The difference between philosophical analysis and theological reflection is expounded. Questions of human identity are addressed from philosophy, computer science, quantum physics, evolutionary biology and theological reflection. Contemporary physics reveals the subtle and open nature of physical existence, and offers lessons in how to learn and how to live with incomplete knowledge. The nature and role of miracles is considered. The ‘argument from design’ is critiqued, especially arguments from fine-tuning. Logical derivation from impersonal facts is not an appropriate route to a relationship of mutual trust. Mainstream evolutionary biology is assessed to be a valuable component of our understanding, but no exploratory process can itself fully account for the nature of what is discovered. To engage deeply in science is to seek truth and to seek a better future; it is also an activity of appreciation, as one may appreciate a work of art.
Introduction
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The book is introduced. Four themes are presented; these run throughout the text. The chapter gives some initial material unfolding, briefly, what is intended by these themes. Some contemporary issues are addressed, such as confusion about what it means to seek God or to know God (however imperfectly). The book is neither a work of apologetics nor an attempt to introduce two different domains to one another. It is rather a celebration of a unity, and an invitation to a positive approach. Three example questions that commonly arise in the context of science and religion are discussed. These concern tension between scientific and religious perspectives, evolutionary biology, and moral dilemmas in scientific work. A vision for the positive partnership of science with our wider values is given.
Religion, history, and philosophy
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The chapter provides a survey of the distinction between religious and philosophical reflection, and commentary on ways that have been tried in the past of relating them to each other and to science. The word ‘religion’ itself requires definition; if different people adopt different definitions then they may, on this basis, find themselves engaged in unproductive disputes. Philosophy also can sometimes misconceive what theological discourse is. This is illustrated through reactions to Thomas Aquinas. The attempt to separate science and religion as a separation between facts and meaning, process and value (‘NOMA’), is considered. The attempt has some positive features, but ultimately fails. Deism is discussed as an historical experiment which also failed.
On the way
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

In this the second of the three autobiographical chapters, Andrew Steane (A.S.) recounts some of his experiences. He describes a life at a crossing-point of conservative and liberal forms of Christian witness, and conscious of both modern-day atheist and theist values and points of view. This has been difficult but, hopefully, creative. A.S. describes his reading of Bertrand Russell as a young man, and of later being waylaid by Richard Dawkins’ The God Delusion. He gives brief reactions and asks what the reaction to such books shows us about contemporary culture. More penetrating authors have been Rowan Williams, R. S. Thomas, Brian McLaren, and N. T. Wright. A.S. describes aspects of Christian community life that have proved positive and significant for him.
This is the story of life on Earth
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The story of Earth’s biosphere is looked at in the round, with a view to understanding correctly terminology such as ‘survival of the fittest’, and getting sound metaphors to underpin our understanding of genetics and natural selection. There is no need to pick Machiavellian metaphors when other less loaded ones will do. The evolutionary process has proved to be creative; it involves a rather lovely use of humble materials to improvise new structures and thus gain access to deeper and richer forms of existence. It is an open-handed process; its random element is a positive promoter of its freedom. Within this same process is the pain and tragedy of all life. None of this denies the truths of arithmetic or engineering; neither does it deny the truths of moral insight and social existence. Our meaning before God and each other is worked out within this tapestry.
You can’t live a divided life
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

In this the third autobiographical chapter, Hans Halvorson (H.H.) comments on his experience. Brought up in the USA, H.H. recounts the divided nature of American culture, in which science is all but worshipped by some, and regarded with deep suspicion by others. Emerging from the latter subculture, H.H. found himself mathematically capable and drawn to physics, but needing ‘permission’ to engage more fully with science. This he found in the work of John Polkinghorne and Thomas Torrance, and by this route finally landed in academia in the philosophy of science. The freedom to bring together his commitments, values, and interests into a coherent whole has been a deeply appreciated freedom.
Learning from the Bible
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

Some of the difficulties of handling the Bible are discussed. These involve correctly discerning the genre of each part, the questions to which any given text is addressed, the limited knowledge of the writers, for example about natural phenomena, and moral objections. Such issues are handled by bringing to bear what wisdom we can, as a community of readers. It is merely correct to admit that the literary genre is varied and includes polemic and storytelling alongside history, sometimes woven together. When remarkable events are recounted, it is proper to bring science and archeology to bear, and aim to be fair to the text. The history of violence should be handled even more carefully, so as not to promote attitudes that lead to violence in the present. This can be done through careful reflection which foregrounds issues of fairness, and how injustice is properly opposed.
It keeps us seeking
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

A look back over the themes of the book, and how they have informed the various chapters. A brief pointer to the journey onward.
Thanks
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

Acknowledgements and thanks for help in the preparation of the text.
Whence Fortran?
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

A description of the history and development of the Fortran language through its successive standards, and a note on conformance to those standards.
Expressions and assignments
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

A description of numerical, relational, and logical expressions and assignments, also involving objects of derived data types and pointers. Both scalar and array variables are considered.
Control constructs
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

A description of the various program control constructs: if, case, do, and go to. Illustrative examples are provided for each.
Allocation of data
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

The means by which allocatable and pointer objects can be dynamically allocated and deallocated storage space are described. The transfer of allocated storage is also considered. The advantages and disadvantages of allocatable objects over pointer objects are explained.
Array features
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

A complete description of the use of array processing is offered. Assumed-shape and automatic arrays are described, and the concept of elemental is introduced for operations, assignments, and procedures. Array-valued functions and the where construct are described, along with the notion of pure procedures. Array subobjects, aliasing, and array constructors are considered. The performance-enhancing features of the do concurrent construct and the contiguous property are included.
Specification statements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

All the means whereby variables are specified with a name, type, attributes, and (possibly) initial values are fully described. The specification of named constants is similarly described. The rules for expressions that may appear in specification statements are listed. The methods used to access entities in modules and to control that access are described. The block construct is introduced. Structure constructors for objects of derived type are explained.
Intrinsic procedures and modules
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

The means by which intrinsic procedures (functions and subroutines) may be referenced are given, followed by descriptions of all the intrinsic procedures defined by the standard. These include the inquiry, elemental, and transformational functions, procedures for bit and character manipulation, functions for the construction and manipulation of arrays, and subroutines for accessing the computing environment including the elapsed and real time. The facilities available from intrinsic modules, in particular for obtaining information about the Fortran environment, are introduced.
Edit descriptors
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

Formatted data transferred to or from an external medium require the exact formatting of the data to be specified. All aspects of how this may be achieved are fully described in this chapter. The various types of data edit and control descriptor are listed, together with methods to control file connection modes and to manage the formatting of entities of a derived-data type.
Procedure pointers
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

The concept of an abstract interface is introduced and explained. Procedure pointers provide the ability to associate a pointer with a procedure, similar to the way dummy procedures become associated with actual procedures.
Submodules
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

Modules may be split into separate program units called submodules, which can be in separate files. Module procedures can then be split so that the interface information remains in the module, but the bodies can be placed in the submodules. A change in a submodule cannot alter an interface, and so does not cause the recompilation of program units that use the module. A submodule has access via host association to entities in the module, and may have entities of its own in addition to providing implementations of module procedures.
Coarrays
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

We describe the coarray programming model, which provides a simple syntactic extension from the point of view of both work distribution and data distribution. For work distribution, it adopts the single program multiple data (SPMD) programming model, with multiple ‘images’ (usually processes) executing identical programs. For data distribution it allows each image to access data on another image with coarray syntax that is similar to Fortran array syntax. The programmer is responsible for subdividing the executions on the images into segments within each of which the compiler is free to use its optimization techniques as if the image were executing on its own. We explain the special statements known as ‘image control statements’ that allow the programmer to achieve this.
Floating-point exception handling
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

Exception handling is required for the development of robust and efficient numerical software, a principal application of Fortran. Indeed, the existence of such a facility makes it possible to develop more efficient software than would otherwise be possible. Most computers nowadays have hardware based on the IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic, which later became an ISO standard. Therefore, the Fortran exception handling features are based on the ability to test and set the five flags for floating-point exceptions that the IEEE standard specifies.
Interoperability with C
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

Fortran provides a standardized mechanism for interoperating with C. Any entity involved must be such that equivalent declarations of it may be made in the two languages. This is enforced within the Fortran program by requiring all such entities to be interoperable. We explain in turn what this requires for types, variables, and procedures. They are all requirements on the syntax so that the compiler knows at compile time whether an entity is interoperable. We examine interoperability for global data and then discuss some examples.
Fortran 2018 coarray enhancements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

Teams allow separate sets of images to execute independently. An important design objective is that, given code that has been developed and tested on all images, it should be possible to run the code on a team without making changes. This requires that if a team has n images, the image indices within the team run from 1 to n. Teams are formed by partitioning an existing team into parts, starting with the team of all the images. New teams are executed within change team constructs. Most execution will be within the team, but direct access to data in ancestor and sibling teams is allowed. The number of images may be huge, making the probability of one failing significant. Facilities are therefore provided to allow the programmer to recover the computation after a failure. All these features are explained, together with events and new collective and atomic intrinsic procedures.
Fortran 2018 conformance with ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

A large number of changes to the intrinsic modules ieee_arithmetic, ieee_exceptions, and ieee_features have been made for conformance with the new IEEE standard for floating-point arithmetic (ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011), including hexadecimal-significand I/O.
Minor Fortran 2018 features
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

Numerous minor changes to the standard are described. In particular, there are a number of new intrinsic procedures, and some existing ones have been modified. The performance of a do concurrent construct may be improved by the programmer declaring objects to be shared or private. Enhancements to the input/output features have been made. Additions to the import statement allow better control of host association, and assumed-rank dummy arguments have been added.
Monads, Composition, and Force
Authors: Arthur Richard T. W.
Published: October 2018

This book offers a fresh interpretation of Leibniz’s theory of substance, taking as starting point his claims that he introduced his monads to solve the problem of the composition of the continuum. It is argued that they can only perform this function if they are understood as requisites for each of the actual parts into which matter is divided, and as sources of the actions distinguishing and making actual these parts. Bodies are not composed of monads, but presuppose them for their reality; and motions are not composed of monadic states, but presuppose their tendencies to change and resist changes. This comprises an original contribution to mereology, which is given a formal rendering using Leibniz’s own logical concepts and notation. The reading is supported by a thorough analysis of the development of Leibniz’s thought, showing how his embodied monads emerge from his long dalliance with atomism, and how his doctrine of dominant and subordinate monads derives from his immersion in the scholastic tradition of the Plurality of Forms, as he seeks to preserve the role of substantial forms in enacting God’s providential plans in a way compatible with a thoroughgoing mechanism. New insight is offered into Leibniz’s construal of bodies and motions as phenomena, his simultaneous advocacy of simple and corporeal substances, his attempt to provide a theory of substantial bonds, the status of passive force in his dynamics, his endorsement of continuous creation and the discreteness of change, and the status of monadic states as momentary.
Functions for Representation
Authors: Shea Nicholas
Published: October 2018

What kind of functions are suited for grounding representational content? Do they derive from behaviour that is robust and apparently goal-directed, or from consequence etiology? Rather than choosing between these two elements the account here combines them: ‘robust outcome functions’ combine with ‘stabilized functions’ to form ‘task functions’, which are the functions-for-representation that offer a good basis for fixing content. Task functions allow space for contents on which they are based to have a distinctive kind of explanatory purchase.
Descriptive and Directive Representation
Authors: Shea Nicholas
Published: October 2018

A distinction between descriptive and directive representations can readily be drawn within the varitel framework. Neither decoupling, nor the ability to keep track of goal satisfaction, are constitutive of having directive content, although both imply that content will be directive. The distinction drawn here has plausible consequences when applied to the case studies based on UE information and UE structural correspondence in previous chapters. There are several other kinds of sophistication which, while going along with a descriptive–directive difference, are not constitutive of it. Interestingly, the rat navigation case gives us a possible subpersonal example of a mode of representing that goes beyond the descriptive or the directive. Something like supposing may be involved when place cell activity is used offline to calculate shortest routes.
How Content Explains
Authors: Shea Nicholas
Published: October 2018

The varitel accounts of content allow us to see how the practice of representational explanation works and why content has an explanatory role to play. They establish the causal-explanatory relevance of semantic properties and are neutral about causal efficacy. Exploitable relations give the accounts an advantage over views based only on outputs. Content does valuable explanatory work in areas beyond psychology, but it need not be explanatorily valuable in every case. The varitel accounts illuminate why there should be a tight connection between content and the circumstances in which a representation develops. The accounts have some epistemological consequences. Representations at the personal level are different in a variety of ways that are relevant to content determination. Naturalizing personal-level content thus becomes a tractable research programme. Most importantly, varitel semantics offers a naturalistic account of the content of representations in the brain and other subpersonal representational systems.
Professionalism and Police Training
Authors: Fielding Nigel G.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 1 examines the concept of professionalism, considers the Peelian principles that continue to influence policing, and discusses the nature and evolving meaning of professionalism as applied to policing. It highlights the role of the Desborough Committee in configuring twentieth century police training in the UK, and that of Vollmer’s ‘scientific police management’ in the US. It then looks at the influence of Samuel Huntington’s tenets of police professionalism on the move to a community policing emphasis in police training in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century US. The chapter closes with a discussion of the implications of private policing, neoliberalism, and procedural justice for contemporary police professionalism.
Solved Problems in Classical Electromagnetism
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

Apart from an introductory chapter which focuses mainly on some important mathematical concepts and analytical techniques, this book consists entirely of questions and solutions on topics in classical electromagnetism. The questions are divided into three categories according to their ‘level of difficulty’, and the book should appeal to students who are at different stages in their respective degrees. A wide range of topics are treated which include: the basic experimental laws of electricity and magnetism, Maxwell’s equations, electric and magnetic fields in vacuum and in matter, electromagnetic waves with applications to waveguides and antennas, the electromagnetic potentials, multipole expansions and multipole moments, gauge transformations, electric circuits, electromagnetic radiation, the electromagnetic field tensor and covariance. The solutions are usually followed by a set of comments intended to stimulate inductive reasoning and provide additional information of interest (including points of historical significance). Both analytical and numerical techniques are used to obtain and analyse solutions. The computer calculations use Mathematica (version 10), and the relevant code is given in the text. The book will be useful to students and lecturers in undergraduate and graduate-level courses on classical electromagnetism and in computational physics.
The electrostatics of conductors
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter begins by proving some important properties of (i) conductors in electrostatic equilibrium, and (ii) harmonic functions. These results underpin most of the remaining questions of Chapter 3. The coefficients of capacitance for an arbitrary arrangement of conductors are introduced at an early stage, and numerical calculations then follow in a number of subsequent questions. Some important techniques (both analytical and numerical) for finding solutions to Laplace’s equation are considered. These include: the Fourier method, the relaxation method, themethod of images and the method of conformal transformation. All of these are discussed in some detail, and with appropriate examples.
Static magnetic fields in vacuum
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

Wherever possible, an attempt has been made to structure this chapter along similar lines to Chapter 2 (its electrostatic counterpart). Maxwell’s magnetostatic equations are derived from Ampere’s experimental law of force. These results, along with the Biot–Savart law, are then used to determine the magnetic field B arising from various stationary current distributions. The magnetic vector potential A emerges naturally during our discussion, and it features prominently in questions throughout the remainder of this book. Also mentioned is the magnetic scalar potential. Although of lesser theoretical significance than the vector potential, the magnetic scalar potential can sometimes be an effective problem-solving device. Some examples of this are provided. This chapter concludes by making a multipole expansion of A and introducing the magnetic multipole moments of a bounded distribution of stationary currents. Several applications involving magnetic dipoles and magnetic quadrupoles are given.
Quasi-static electric and magnetic fields in vacuum
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, the transition from time-independent to time-dependent source densities and fields is made. It is here that Faraday’s famous nineteenth-century experiments on electromagnetic induction are first encountered. This important phenomenon—whereby a changing magnetic field produces an induced electric field (whose curl is now no longer zero)—forms the basis of most of the questions and solutions which follow. Some new and interesting examples—not usually found in other textbooks—are introduced. These are treated both from an analytical and numerical point of view. Also considered here is the standard yet important topic (at least from a practical standpoint) of mutual and self-inductance. Several questions deal with this concept.
Ohm’s law and electric circuits
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers various simple dc and ac circuits which contain at least one active element (always a voltage source) and passive elements (resistors, capacitors and inductors) arranged in different combinations to form a bilateral network. The notions of complex voltage, complex current and complex impedance are introduced and then used in the ensuing analysis. Some standard ‘network theorems’ including Kirchhoff’s rules, the delta-star transformation, Thevenin’s theorem and the superposition theorem are employed. Included in the questions are circuits involving bridges, filters, audio amplifiers and transformers. Important topics such as series and parallel resonance in LRC circuits are also considered along the way. Much of the laborious algebra involved in manipulating the complex quantities above is avoided by relegating this task to Mathematica.
Static electric and magnetic fields in matter
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

The electric and magnetic fields at an arbitrary point inside matter fluctuate rapidly both in space and time. It is therefore necessary, in the chapter’s introduction, tomake the important distinction between microscopic and macroscopic fields. It is assumed throughout that the electric dipole approximation is valid, and several important properties which apply to matter in bulk are described early on. Along the way, it is convenient to define two new fields D and H, and these appear in a number of questions. Another feature which emerges during this treatment includes the concept of bound charge and current densities, and how these quantities are incorporated intoMaxwell’s inhomogeneous equations. Although Chapter 9 deals exclusively with static fields, it forms an important backdrop to Chapter 10 where some general timedependent aspects of macroscopic electromagnetism are considered.
Electromagnetism and special relativity
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

In 1905, when Einstein published his theory of special relativity, Maxwell’s work was already about forty years old. It is therefore both remarkable and ironic (recalling the old arguments about the aether being the ‘preferred’ reference frame for describing wave propagation) that classical electrodynamics turned out to be a relativistically correct theory. In this chapter, a range of questions in electromagnetism are considered as they relate to special relativity. In Questions 12.1–12.4 the behaviour of various physical quantities under Lorentz transformation is considered. This leads to the important concept of an invariant. Several of these are encountered, and used frequently throughout this chapter. Other topics considered include the transformationof E- and B-fields between inertial reference frames, the validity of Gauss’s law for an arbitrarily moving point charge (demonstrated numerically), the electromagnetic field tensor, Maxwell’s equations in covariant form and Larmor’s formula for a relativistic charge.
The Dilemmas of Wonderland
Authors: Ben-Haim Yakov
Published: October 2018

Innovations create both opportunities and dilemmas. Innovations provide new and purportedly better opportunities, but—because of their newness—they are often more uncertain and potentially worse than existing options. There are new drugs, new energy sources, new foods, new manufacturing technologies, new toys and new pedagogical methods, new weapon systems, new home appliances, and many other discoveries and inventions. To use or not to use a new and promising but unfamiliar and hence uncertain innovation? That dilemma faces just about everybody. Furthermore, the paradigm of the innovation dilemma characterizes many situations even when a new technology is not actually involved. The dilemma arises from new attitudes, like individual responsibility for the global environment, or new social conceptions, like global allegiance and self-identity transcending all nation-states. These dilemmas have far-reaching implications for individuals, organizations, and society at large as they make decisions in the age of innovation. The uncritical belief in outcome optimization—“more is better, so most is best”—pervades decision-making in all domains, but this is often irresponsible when facing the uncertainties of innovation. There is a great need for practical conceptual tools for understanding and managing the dilemmas of innovation. This book offers a new direction for a wide audience. It discusses examples from many fields, including e-reading, online learning, bipolar disorder and pregnancy, disruptive technology in industry, stock markets, agricultural productivity and world hunger, military hardware, military intelligence, biological conservation, and more.
The Greatest Possible Being
Authors: Speaks Jeff
Published: October 2018

Philosophical theology is the attempt to use reason to determine the attributes of God. An ancient tradition, which is perhaps more influential now than ever, tries to derive the attributes of God from the principle that God is the greatest possible being. This book argues that that constructive project is a failure. It also argues that the principle that God is the greatest possible being is unsuited to play two other theoretical roles. The first of these is the role of setting the limits of the concept of God, particularly in the context of debates over the existence of God. The second is the role of explaining the meaning of ‘God.’ This leaves us with three unanswered questions. If the principle that God is the greatest possible being can’t deliver results about the divine attributes, define the concept of God, or give the meaning of the name ‘God,’ what can? The last chapter makes some initial steps toward answering these questions.