bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guernsey
Authors: Ferguson Gavin , Hards Chris
Published: June 2022

This chapter presents the legal system of Guernsey: the customary law system. It recounts that the law has developed from the common law of Normandy and France prior to 1789. In other matters such as tort and certain aspects of contract law, English common law is now largely followed. The chapter emphasizes that the law distinguishes between wills made inside the island of Guernsey and those made outside. It underlines that a will of both realty and personalty can be made outside the Bailiwick of Guernsey provided that it is validly made in accordance with the requirements for wills of personalty. For intestate persons dying on or after 2 April 2012, the chapter reveals that the provisions of Part III of the 2011 Law apply, repealing the rules under the Loi sur les Successions 1840 (the ‘1840 Law’). Ultimately, this chapter turns to review the freedom of testation. It argues that there are no restrictions on a person’s testamentary freedom and a person will be able to leave his or her property to whomever he or she wishes. The chapter also considers the community of property regime and the Real property under Guernsey law.
Israel
Authors: Garb Louis
Published: June 2022

This chapter assesses the type of system in Israel. Although codification is becoming increasingly prevalent, the chapter stresses that the Israeli system is still closer to a common law than to a civil law system. In particular, the overwhelming emphasis is placed on precedents. The chapter also discusses the Israeli inheritance law which is based on a 1965 statute as amended entitled the Law of Inheritance. It then illustrates the four possible types of will in Israel: handwritten will, last will before witnesses, wills signed before an authority, and oral will. The chapter notes that a testator/trix may revoke his or her will in one of the forms provided for making a will, i.e., by formal document, or by destroying same. A testator/trix who has destroyed his or her will is presumed to have intended its revocation. This chapter also defines the term ‘estate’ as the total net assets of any nature left by the deceased and being the subject of inheritance. It then considers the compulsory shares or minimum percentages to be granted to a surviving spouse, common law wife, and/or children.
Italy
Authors: Paton Andrew G. , Monteleone Emanuela
Published: June 2022

This chapter details the Italian legal system. It emphasizes that it falls within the civil law tradition and under Italian law, the principle of the ‘unity of succession’ applies, meaning that the same law will apply to the entire succession, no matter where the estate property is situated. The chapter then argues that the principal source of the law of succession is Il Codice Civile (Civil Code (CC)), in particular, the Second Book (Arts. 456 – 809), entitled Delle Successioni (Succession). It also elaborates on the two of the most common forms of will in Italy: the holographic will and the will by deed which is either made by public instrument or is a secret will. A will is an instrument that may always be revoked by the testator/trix. Subject to one exception, a testator/trix cannot give up this right to amend at any time the provisions of a will. Ultimately, the chapter delves into how devolution upon succession takes place automatically. It also reviews testamentary freedom and how the Italian legal system provides for particular forms of maintenance in favour of certain beneficiaries.
Japan
Authors: Debari Tomoki , Tanaka Akira , Nakamura Yoshiko
Published: June 2022

This chapter addresses the type of government in Japan. It emphasizes that the legal system of Japan is a civil law system and there is no separation between federal and state law. The chapter also presents a brief description of formalities for different types of will under the Civil Code of Japan ("CC"): holographic wills, notary deed wills, secret certificate wills. The testator/trix may, at any time, revoke the will by following the same formalities as those applied to the will itself. This chapter then shifts to discuss the priority of successors under Japanese law. The deceased’s spouse, together with the deceased’s child/ren will be the successor/s by law. The deceased’s spouse will be entitled to one-half of the estate and the child/ren will be entitled to the remaining one-half. Ultimately, the chapter concludes by showing the categories of persons who legally secured portions of the total estate of the deceased (iryu-bun): spouses; children (including lineal descendants); and lineal ascendants. It also considers the property acquired by a husband or wife as well as the share of the deceased in jointly owned property.
Jersey
Authors: Dixon Keith
Published: June 2022

This chapter deliberates the local system of Jersey, an independent jurisdiction from western countries, as a mixed legal system of customary law and common law. When it comes to Jersey’s wills, the chapter argues that it may only be made by persons of full age except that, since 1993, married minors may make a valid will. In terms of intestacy, the succession of movables and immovables where the deceased is survived by a spouse and/or issue is set out in the Wills and Successions (Jersey) Law 1993. Otherwise, the heirs-at-law are ascertained by customary law and they inherit, if more than one, as tenants in common. This chapter also points out that Jersey’s law has no concept of community of property in terms of husband-and-wife relationship. In relation with the estate taxes, the chapter then explains that Jersey has no death duties, estate duty, inheritance tax, gift tax, or capital gains tax. The nationality or domicile of the deceased is irrelevant for the succession of Jersey immoveable estate, which is governed by Jersey law (the lex situs).
Middle East
Authors: Edge Ian
Published: June 2022

This chapter refers to Muslim countries in the Middle East to mean those in which there is a majority Muslim population. It highlights that the legal systems in these countries are hybrid or mixed systems but are probably best considered as falling within the Civil Law family of legal systems as they all have been heavily influenced by civil law. The chapter seeks to include a wide overview of the similarities among the present legal systems in the Muslim countries in the Middle East. It points out some of the most important differences, noting that Muslim countries of the Middle East are individual states each with a separate political and historical route to modern independence that has influenced the way each legal system has developed. Ultimately, the chapter notes that it will not be dealing with Israel, whose legal history is also unique to itself, but which is not a Muslim majority country, although it has a sizeable Muslim minority where issues relating to succession are dealt with by a mixture of Israeli law, traditional Shari’a rules, and legislation. It emphasizes that it only deals with Muslim majority countries in the Middle East in which Islamic law (in some form) is the governing law in inheritance and succession matters.
Sweden
Authors: Laible Cecilia
Published: June 2022

This chapter addresses the matters of family and inheritance law under Swedish law. It highlights that Sweden is based on the civil law system and there is no procedure in Swedish law whereby courts or other authorities issue succession orders, probate, or letters of administration, with the exception of the situation described under Section A15. The chapter also elaborates on the three types of wills in Sweden: the first being the ordinary testamentary form and the other two being extraordinary, also referred to as privileged wills: written wills that satisfy the formal requirements and holographic wills. When there is no will the legal order of succession takes effect, i.e., the inheritance is distributed as prescribed by law to the legal heirs of the deceased. This chapter then shifts to discuss the compulsory shares for husband/wife/common law wife, civil partner, and children. It emphasizes that a direct heir always has a right to a portion of the inheritance. The lawful portion is half of the deceased’s estate. It also considers the division of matrimonial property between the surviving spouse and the deceased’s estate (or the division of residence and household goods between civil partners) and joint property.
Perceptual Memory I: Shorter Term Systems
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: June 2022

Chapter 16 surveys short-term memory systems, emphasizing their perceptual-level functions. Conscious and unconscious streams of memory, and their interactions, are tracked. Relations between priming and perceptual memory are sketched. Detailed exposition centers on primary features and functions of visual sensory memory, fragile visual short-term memory, trans-saccadic memory, visual working memory, and conceptual short-term memory. Their perceptual-level functions are highlighted. Various conceptions of working memory are criticized on experimental or conceptual grounds. The discussion broadens to feature relations between perceptual contents and conceptual contents in several of these short-term memory systems. It identifies conceptual mistakes, both philosophical and psychological, in understanding these relations.
Conclusion
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: June 2022

Chapter 20 notes the momentousness of emergence in perception of representational capacities, representational functions, representational norms, and representational form, in evolution. The chapter reviews the main features of the fastest-formed perceptions and speculates that they suggest key aspects of the evolutionarily earliest types of perception. Constitutive connections of perception to action and to accuracy are reviewed. The chapter summarizes three large, relatively recent changes in perceptual psychology that figured in the book: recognition of the speed and unity of perceptual processing all the way to categorization; recognition of the multi-directional nature of perceptual processing; and recognition of the importance of experiment and theory that situates perception in the environmental circumstances in which it was molded. The contribution of the central representational forms and capacities—reference and attribution in setting accuracy conditions—to establishing new natural, objective norms—is connected to new objective functions, successes, and goods. These, in turn, ground new things to live and die for—beyond fulfillment of biological needs and functions.
Engaging Characters
Authors: Smith Murray
Published: June 2022

Characters—those imaginary agents populating the fictional worlds we spend so much time absorbed in—are ubiquitous in our lives. We track their fortunes, judge their actions and attitudes, and respond to them with anger, amusement, and affection—indeed, the whole palette of human emotions. Often enough, powerfully drawn characters transcend the stories to which they owe their genesis, migrating into our imaginations and deliberations about the actual world. And yet there has been remarkably little sustained and systematic reflection on these creatures that engage our minds and shape our feelings in equal measure. In Engaging Characters, Murray Smith sets out a comprehensive theory of character, exploring the role of characters in our experience of narrative and fiction. While focussing on film, Smith’s analysis also illuminates character in literature, opera, song, cartoons, new media, and social media. At the heart of Smith’s account is an explanation of the capacity of characters to move us. Teasing out the different dimensions of character, Smith explores the means by which films draw us close to characters, or hold us at a distance from them, and how our beliefs and attitudes are formed (and sometimes reformed) by these encounters. Integrating these arguments with research on emotion in philosophy, psychology, evolutionary theory, and anthropology, Engaging Characters advances an account of the nature of fictional characters and their functions in fiction, imagination, and human experience as a whole. Opening with a Foreword by David Bordwell, in this revised, twenty-fifth anniversary edition of Engaging Characters, Smith refines and extends the arguments of the first edition, with a substantial new Afterword reviewing the debates on emotion, empathy, and character inspired by the book.
Screens and Filters
Authors: Smith Murray
Published: June 2022

The second of the three levels of engagement comprising the structure of sympathy, alignment, designates the way in which we are oriented towards the characters in a narrative in terms of information. As in the case of recognition, alignment breaks down into two functions: spatial attachment, describing the ways and extent to which the narration of a film follows the movements of one or more characters; and subjective access, describing the ways and extent to which the narration affords us access to the thoughts and feelings of its characters. An investigation of the role of optical POV reveals its functions to be more diverse, and its role in relation to subjective access more complex, than orthodoxy holds. Distinct patterns of alignment and their attendant ‘hierarchies of knowledge’ are analysed: The Man Who Knew Too Much and Daisy Kenyon show some of the range of alignment structures possible within classical filmmaking, while Bresson’s L’Argent showcases an idiosyncratic approach to this aspect of form, scaffolding a distinctively austere affective tone.
Insight into 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced disruption of zebrafish spermatogenesis via single cell RNA-seq
Authors: Haimbaugh Alex , Akemann Camille , Meyer Danielle , Gurdziel Katherine , Baker Tracie R
Published: June 2022

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a potent and environmentally persistent endocrine disrupting chemical. Our previous work demonstrated the latent reproductive maladies of early-life TCDD exposure in zebrafish. Zebrafish acutely exposed to low, environmentally relevant levels of TCDD (50 pg/mL) during two windows of sexual differentiation in development (1 hour of exposure at 3 and 7 weeks postfertilization) were later infertile, showed a reduction in sperm, and exhibited gene expression consistent with an altered microenvironment, even months after exposure. Due to the highly heterogeneous cell- type and -stage landscape of the testes, we hypothesized various cell types contribute markedly different profiles toward the pathology of TCDD exposure. To investigate the contributions of the diverse cell types in the adult zebrafish testes to TCDD-induced pathology, we utilized single-cell RNA-seq and the 10x Genomics platform. The method successfully captured every stage of testicular germ cell development. Testes of adult fish exposed during sexual differentiation to TCDD contained sharply decreased populations of late spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa. Spermatogonia and early spermatocyte populations were, in contrast, enriched following exposure. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes supported previous findings that TCDD exposure resulted in male infertility, and suggested this outcome is due to apoptosis of spermatids and spermatozoa, even years after exposure cessation. Increased germ cell apoptosis was confirmed histologically. These results provide support for an environmental exposure explanation of idiopathic male infertility.
The Distribution of Nonwage Benefits: Maternity Benefits and Gender Diversity
Authors: Liu Tim , Makridis Christos A , Ouimet Paige , Simintzi Elena
Published: June 2022

Why do firms offer nonwage compensation instead of the equivalent amount in financial compensation? We argue that firms use nonwage benefits, specifically female-friendly benefits, such as maternity leave, to increase gender diversity by efficiently attracting women. Using Glassdoor data, we show that firms offer higher-quality maternity leave benefits in labor markets in which female talent is relatively scarce. This result also holds more generally when examining all female-friendly nonwage benefits and is not present when looking at gender-neutral benefits. Moreover, using staggered adoption of state laws, we show that voluntary provision of these benefits can increase firm value.

Wei Jiang. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online
Female reproductive status and exogenous sex hormone use in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab and csDMARDs
Authors: Daraghmeh Dala N , Hopkins Ashley M , King Catherine , Abuhelwa Ahmad Y , Wechalekar Mihir D , Proudman Susanna M , Sorich Michael J , Wiese Michael D
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Sex is well known to influence risk, severity and treatment outcomes of RA, although the underlying causes are uncertain. The aim of this research was to examine whether factors influencing female sex hormones (reproductive status and exogenous sex hormone use) are associated with the efficacy of DMARDs.

Methods

Individual participant data were pooled from five phase 3 clinical trials where RA patients were treated with tocilizumab and/or conventional synthetic DMARDs. The primary outcome was the time to first remission according to the Simplified Disease Activity Index. The relationship between menopausal status or use of exogenous sex hormones and the time of first remission was assessed via Cox proportional analysis. Analysed data included sex, baseline menopausal status (premenopausal, perimenopausal, early postmenopausal and postmenopausal), participant age, body mass index, race, number of previous DMARDs and baseline disease activity.

Results

Analysis included 4474 female patients, of whom 2817 (62.9%) were postmenopausal, 202 (4.5%) were early postmenopausal, 1021 (22.8%) were premenopausal and 414 (9.2%) were perimenopausal. Of these, 221 (7.8%), 13 (6.4%), 255 (25%) and 47 (11.4%), respectively, were taking exogenous sex hormones. In the pooled analysis, perimenopausal status was associated with reduced remission compared with premenopausal status [adjusted HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.61, 0.99)]. Sex hormone use was associated with significantly higher remission [adjusted HR 1.20 (95% CI 1.01, 1.43)].

Conclusion

Perimenopausal women were less likely to achieve remission compared with premenopausal RA patients. The use of exogenous sex hormones appeared to be associated with more frequent remission in female RA patients, particularly those who were perimenopausal and early postmenopausal, although further research is required to confirm and identify the drivers for this observation and how it interacts with menopausal status.
Sleep spindle dynamics suggest over-consolidation in post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: van der Heijden Anna C , Hofman Winni F , de Boer Marieke , Nijdam Mirjam J , van Marle Hein J F , Jongedijk Ruud A , Olff Miranda , Talamini Lucia M
Published: June 2022

Devastating and persisting traumatic memories are a central symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Sleep problems are highly co-occurrent with PTSD and intertwined with its etiology. Notably, sleep hosts memory consolidation processes, supported by sleep spindles (11–16 Hz). Here we assess the hypothesis that intrusive memory symptoms in PTSD may arise from excessive memory consolidation, reflected in exaggerated spindling. We use a newly developed spindle detection method, entailing minimal assumptions regarding spindle phenotype, to assess spindle activity in PTSD patients and traumatized controls. Our results show increased spindle activity in PTSD, which positively correlates with daytime intrusive memory symptoms. Together, these findings provide a putative mechanism through which the profound sleep disturbance in PTSD may contribute to memory problems. Due to its uniform and unbiased approach, the new, minimal assumption spindle analysis seems a promising tool to detect aberrant spindling in psychiatric disorders.
Incarceration Exposure during Pregnancy and Father’s Acknowledgment of Paternity
Authors: Testa Alexander , Jackson Dylan B , Jones Melissa S
Published: June 2022

Incarceration carries consequences for families, including negative impacts on female partners and children of incarcerated men. Whether incarceration that occurs around the time of pregnancy influences a father’s acknowledgement of paternity (AOP) of a newborn has been overlooked. The present study investigates the role of recent incarceration largely of male partners for AOP. Drawing on pooled-cross sectional data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System for 2012–2018 (N = 178,131 in pooled analyses), multinomial logistic regression is used to assess significant differences in the association between incarceration exposure and three possible AOP statuses: married (tacit and automatic AOP), unmarried with voluntary in-hospital AOP, and unmarried without AOP. Findings demonstrated that incarceration-exposed women were approximately twice as likely to be unmarried with voluntary in-hospital AOP and over four times as likely to be unmarried without AOP. Results showed that among unmarried women, incarceration exposure still doubles the odds of unmarried without AOP compared to being unmarried with voluntary in-hospital AOP. Study findings highlight the novel ways that incarceration impacts family structure from the earliest stages of the life course by increasing the chances that recent mothers and their newborn children will be without legal recourse to paternal resources and support.
Lasting Solutions for Advancement of Women of Color
Authors: Verduzco-Gutierrez Monica , Wescott Siobhan , Amador Juan , Hayes Andrea A. , Owen Mary , Chatterjee Archana
Published: June 2022

Despite efforts to improve parity in the biomedical workforce, gender bias persists related to equitable pay, promotion, speaking opportunities, journal editorial positions, research funding, and leadership positions. This bias becomes more prominent for women of color and women with other intersectional identities who come from underrepresented groups. It is critical to understand the barriers that women face and why the pathway is especially challenging for women of color. In this commentary, the authors cite research related to the effects of institutional gender bias in academic medicine, including research on bias against women of color. As academic leaders who come from underrepresented groups, the authors are aware that traditional approaches to reducing this bias have not worked well, and they instead highlight promising strategies aimed at filling the pathway to leadership with women of color who are qualified and ready to take the helm. They address solutions to ensure the academic pathway is supportive. They also provide several recommendations, including: offering more opportunities for mentorship and sponsorship, improving access to formal leadership programming, modeling successful upstander initiatives, recognizing the growing role of minority-based medical societies, implementing early-career education, increasing journal editorial board representation, and expanding promotion criteria. Appropriate training, education, and partnership with internal and external stakeholders are necessary to advance leadership equity for women of color in academic medicine.
Improving the Health of Rural Communities Through Academic–Community Partnerships and Interprofessional Health Care and Training Models
Authors: Fraher Erin P. , Lombardi Brianna , Brandt Barbara , Hawes Emily
Published: June 2022

Health disparities between rural and urban areas are widening at a time when urban health care systems are increasingly buying rural hospitals to gain market share. New payment models, shifting from fee-for-service to value-based care, are gaining traction, creating incentives for health care systems to manage the social risk factors that increase health care utilization and costs. Health system consolidation and value-based care are increasingly linking the success of urban health care systems to rural communities. Yet, despite the natural ecosystem rural communities provide for interprofessional learning and collaborative practice, many academic health centers (AHCs) have not invested in building team-based models of practice in rural areas. With responsibility for training the future health workforce and major investments in research infrastructure and educational capacity, AHCs are uniquely positioned to develop interprofessional practice and training opportunities in rural areas and evaluate the cost savings and quality outcomes associated with team-based care models. To accomplish this work, AHCs will need to develop academic–community partnerships that include networks of providers and practices, non-AHC educational organizations, and community-based agencies.

In this commentary, the authors highlight 3 examples of academic–community partnerships that developed and implemented interprofessional practice and education models and were designed around specific patient populations with measurable outcomes: North Carolina’s Asheville Project, the Boise Interprofessional Academic Patient Aligned Care model, and the Interprofessional Care Access Network framework. These innovative models demonstrate the importance of academic–community partnerships to build teams that address social needs, improve health outcomes, and lower costs. They also highlight the need for more rigorous reporting on the components of the academic–community partnerships involved, the different types of health workers deployed, and the design of the interprofessional training and practice models implemented.
Predicting the Subsequent Contralateral Hip Fracture: Is FRAX the Answer?
Authors: Lott Ariana , Pflug Emily M. , Parola Rown , Egol Kenneth A. , Konda Sanjit R.
Published: June 2022

Objectives:

To (1) determine the ability of the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) to identify the probability of contralateral hip fractures within 2 years of index fracture and (2) identify independent risk factors for a subsequent hip fracture.

Design:

Retrospective.

Setting:

Urban, academic medical center.

Patients:

This study included a consecutive series of patients treated for unilateral hip fractures between September 2015 and July 2019.

Results:

Eight hundred thirty-two consecutive patients were included in the analysis with a mean age of 81.2 ± 9.9 years. Thirty-one (3.7%) patients sustained a contralateral hip fracture within 2 years with these patients sustaining the second fracture at a mean 294.1 days ± 197.7 days. The average FRAX score for the entire cohort was 11.9 ± 7.4, and the area under receiving operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for FRAX score was 0.682 (95% CI, 0.596–0.767). Patients in the high-risk FRAX group had a >7% risk of contralateral hip fracture within 2 years. Independent risk factors for contralateral hip fracture risk included patient age 80 years or older and decreasing BMI.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates the strong ability of the FRAX score to triage patients at risk of subsequent contralateral hip fracture within 2 years. In this high-risk FRAX group, patients age older than 80 years and who have decreasing BMI after their index fracture have a 12.5% increased risk of fracture within 2 years which is 4× higher than the current World Health Organization 10-year 3% hip fracture risk standard used to initiate pharmacologic treatment. Therefore, high-risk patients identified using this methodology should be targeted more aggressively with preventative measures including social, medical, and potentially surgical interventions.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Update on cancer therapy-induced atherosclerosis
Authors: Reeves David J. , Rao Vijay U.
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

Recent advances in oncologic therapies have significantly improved overall survival for patients with malignancy. However, cardiovascular complications have not only increased in this population due to shared risk factors and pathophysiology, but also due to the therapies themselves. One key mechanism that warrants further attention is accelerated atherosclerosis due to these agents.

Recent findings

Here we review recent studies focusing on four classes of anticancer agents with the potential to accelerate atherosclerosis, including breakpoint cluster region-Ableson (BCR-ABL) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunotherapies, androgen deprivation therapies, and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors. In addition to drug therapy, radiation therapy may also accelerate atherosclerosis.

In order to optimize outcomes for patients with malignancy, enhanced efforts need to focus on mitigating common risk factors, but also recognizing enhanced atherosclerotic risk with certain oncologic therapies. For patients exposed to these agents, risk reduction with agents such as aspirin and/or statins prior to, during, and after cancer treatment may provide opportunities to improve overall outcomes.
The Effectiveness of Whole Lung Lavage in Pneumoconiosis
Authors: Zeng Yuhao , Jiang Yuchen , Banks Daniel E.
Published: June 2022

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the role of whole lung lavage (WLL) in the treatment of pneumoconiosis and compare changes in lung function over time in treated and untreated miners.

Methods

We systematically reviewed and identified eight controlled studies with treated and comparison groups with lung function tests before WLL and a year or more later. Two hundred ninety-two patients were included in our meta-analysis.

Results

Studies consistently showed a slowing of the rate of lung function decline with WLL at 1, 2, and 4 years. In some reports, details of the population under study, reliability of lung function tests, the adequacy of matching, technical aspects of the procedure, and adverse effects associated with WLL were not available.

Conclusions

Despite recognized weaknesses in the presentation of information, this procedure may show promise in altering the natural history of pneumoconiosis.
A Study on the Relationship Between Self-Efficacy, Psychological Resilience, and Job Burnout of Grassroots Civil Servants
Authors: Feng Yuchao , Li Fangwei , Sun Hongwei
Published: June 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the status of self-efficacy, resilience, personality traits, and job burnout of grassroots civil servants, and their relationship.

Methods

Grassroots civil servants were randomly selected, and questionnaire survey method was adopted.

Results

Civil servants with characteristics such as age, marital status, education level, and length of service were more prone to job burnout. Self-efficacy, resilience, and personality traits were important factors influencing job burnout of grassroots civil servants. Neuroticism played a regulating role in the relationship between self-efficacy and mental resilience. The increase of neuroticism score led to increasing mediation of self-efficacy on job burnout through decreased mental resilience.

Conclusions

Higher levels of self-efficacy and mental resilience may reduce job burnout. Higher levels of neuroticism have a negative effect on the moderating role of self-efficacy on job burnout through psychological resilience.
Drug use stigma, antiretroviral therapy use, and HIV viral suppression in a community-based sample of people with HIV who inject drugs
Authors: Patel Eshan U. , Solomon Sunil S. , McFall Allison M. , Prata Menezes Neia , Tomori Cecília , Srikrishnan Aylur K. , Kumar Muniratnam S. , Celentano David D. , Lucas Gregory M. , Mehta Shruti H.
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To examine the association of drug use stigma with antiretroviral therapy (ART) use and HIV viral suppression among people with HIV who inject drugs in India.

Design:

Cross-sectional biobehavioral survey.

Methods:

Between August 2016 and May 2017, persons aged at least 18 years who reported injection drug use in the past 2 years were recruited via respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in 12 Indian cities (approximately 1000 per city). The analysis was restricted to participants with laboratory-confirmed HIV infection who self-reported a prior HIV diagnosis and were eligible for ART per concurrent national HIV treatment guidelines. Enacted and internalized drug use stigma were each measured by five to six-item subscales. The study outcomes were HIV viral suppression (<150 copies/ml) and self-reported past 30-day ART use. RDS-II weighted multivariable logistic regression with a city-level random-intercept was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results:

Among 971 ART-eligible participants previously diagnosed with HIV, 65.1% reported ART use and 56.1% were virally suppressed. Reporting any enacted stigma (vs. none) was associated with lower odds of ART use [aOR = 0.26 (95% CI = 0.15–0.44)] and viral suppression [aOR = 0.49 (95% CI = 0.31–0.78)]. High internalized stigma scores (>median vs. ≤median) were associated with lower odds of viral suppression among participants aged at least 35 years [aOR = 0.51 (95% CI = 0.27–0.97)] but not among participants aged less than 35 years [aOR = 1.22 (95% CI = 0.57–2.60)]. Similar associations were observed in analyses restricted to participants ever linked to HIV care.

Conclusion:

Drug use stigma may be a barrier to HIV viral suppression among people with HIV who inject drugs, thereby hindering efforts to achieve HIV control.
High seroconversion rate and SARS-CoV-2 Delta neutralization in people with HIV vaccinated with BNT162b2
Authors: Pourcher Valérie , Belin Lisa , Soulie Cathia , Rosenzwajg Michelle , Marot Stéphane , Lacombe Karine , Valin Nadia , Pialoux Gilles , Calin Ruxandra , Palacios Christia , Malet Isabelle , Zafilaza Karen , Tubiana Roland , Valantin Marc-Antoine , Klatzmann David , Calvez Vincent , Simon-Tillaux Noémie , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève
Published: June 2022

Objectives:

To assess humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 Delta-variant in people with HIV (PWH) after BNT162b2-vaccination.

Design:

Multicenter cohort study of PWH with CD4+ cell count less than 500 cells/μl and viral load less than 50 copies/ml on stable antiretroviral therapy for at least 3 months.

Methods:

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding-domain IgG antibodies (anti-RBD IgG) were quantified and neutralization capacity was evaluated by ELISA/GenScript and virus-neutralization-test against the D614G-strain, beta and delta variants before vaccination (day 0) and 1 month after complete schedule (M1).

Results:

We enrolled 97 PWH, 85 received two vaccine shots. The seroconversion rate for anti-RBD IgG was 97% [95% confidence interval (CI) 90–100%] at M1. Median (IQR) anti-RBD IgG titer was 0.97 (0.97–5.3) BAU/ml at D0 and 1219 (602–1929) at M1. Neutralization capacity improved between D0 (15%; 50% CI 8–23%) and M1 (94%; 95% CI 87–98%) (P < 0.0001). At M1, NAbs against the D614G strain, beta and delta variants were present in 82, 77, and 84% PWH, respectively. The seroconversion rate and median anti-RBD-IgG level were 91% and 852 BAU/ml, respectively, in PWH with CD4+ cell count less than 250 (n = 13) and 98% and 1270 BAU/ml for CD4+greater than 250 (n = 64) (P = 0.3994). NAbs were present in 73% of PWH with CD4+ less than 250 and 97% of those with CD4+ cell count greater than 250 (P = 0.0130). NAbs against beta variant were elicited in 50% in PWH with CD4+ cell count less than 250 and in 81% of those with CD4+ cell count greater than 250 (P = 0.0292). CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts were unchanged, whereas CD19+ B-cell counts decreased after vaccination(208 ± 124 at D0 vs. 188 ± 112 at M1, P < 0.01). No notable adverse effects or COVID-19 cases were reported.

Conclusion:

Seroconversion rates were high, with delta-neutralization rates similar to those for the D61G strain, after a two-dose BNT162b2 vaccination in PWH.
Intersecting epidemics: the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on the HIV prevention and care continua in the United States
Authors: Spears Camille E. , Taylor Barbara S. , Liu Albert Y. , Levy Sera M. , Eaton Ellen F.
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To summarize the broad impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on HIV prevention and care in the United States with a focus on the status-neutral HIV care continuum.

Design:

We conducted an editorial review of peer-reviewed literature on the topics of HIV-risk behaviors, sexually transmitted illness (STI) and HIV prevalence, HIV prevention and treatment trends, and evolving practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

For relevant literature, we reviewed, summarized, and categorized into themes that span the HIV prevention and care continua, including sexual risk behaviors, mental health, and substance use.

Results:

We identified important changes within each component of the HIV care continuum across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Shifts in prevention practices, engagement with care, care provision, medication adherence, testing, and prevalence rates were observed during the pandemic.

Conclusion:

Although heightened disparities for people at risk for, and living with, HIV were seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, many health systems and clinics have achieved and maintained engagement in HIV prevention and care. This review highlights barriers and innovative solutions that can support durable and accessible health systems through future public health crises.
Annealing and TMOS coating on PSF/ZTC mixed matrix membrane for enhanced CO2/CH4and H2/CH4separation
Authors: Widiastuti Nurul , Caralin Irmariza Shafitri , Widyanto Alvin Rahmad , Wijiyanti Rika , Gunawan Triyanda , Karim Zulhairun Abdul , Nomura Mikihiro , Yoshida Yuki
Published: June 2022

Recently, natural gas (mostly methane) is frequently used as fuel, while hydrogen is a promising renewable energy source. However, each gas produced contains impurity gases. As a result, membrane separation is required. The mixed matrix membrane (MMM) is a promising membrane. The huge surface area and well-defined pore structure of zeolite templated carbon (ZTC)-based MMM allow for effective separation. However, the interfacial vacuum in MMM is difficult to avoid, contributing to poor separation performance. This research tries to improve separation performance by altering membrane surfaces. MMM PSF/ZTC was modified by annealing at 120, 150, and 190°C; coating using 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 mol tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS); and a combination of both, i.e. annealing at 190°C and coating using 0.03 mol TMOS. MMM PSF/ZTC successfully significantly improved CO2/CH4selectivity by a combination of annealing at 190°C and coating 0.03 mol TMOS from 1.37 to 5.90 (331%), and H2/CH4selectivity by coating with 0.03 mol TMOS from 4.58 to 65.76 (1378%). The enhancement of selectivity was due to structural changes to the membrane that became denser and smoother, which SEM and AFM observed. In this study, annealing and coating treatments are the methods investigated for improving the polymer matrix and filler particle adhesion.
Solving generalized eigenvalue problems by ordinary differential equations on a quantum computer
Authors: Shao Changpeng , Liu Jin-Peng
Published: June 2022

Many eigenvalue problems arising in practice are often of the generalized formAx=λBx. One particularly important case is symmetric, namelyA,Bare Hermitian andBis positive definite. The standard algorithm for solving this class of eigenvalue problems is to reduce them to Hermitian eigenvalue problems. For a quantum computer, quantum phase estimation is a useful technique to solve Hermitian eigenvalue problems. In this work, we propose a new quantum algorithm for symmetric generalized eigenvalue problems using ordinary differential equations. The algorithm has lower complexity than the standard one based on quantum phase estimation. Moreover, it works for a wider case than symmetric:Bis invertible,B−1Ais diagonalizable and all the eigenvalues are real.
The deterministic core of stochastically perturbed nonlinear mechanical systems
Authors: Breunung Thomas , Kogelbauer Florian , Haller George
Published: June 2022

Invariant manifolds, such as normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds and spectral submanifolds, are the key to understanding the dynamical behaviour of many nonlinear mechanical systems and serve as natural candidates for model-order reduction. While numerous related invariant manifold results are available for unforced and periodically forced nonlinear mechanical systems, their applicability to random external forcing remains to be established. Here, we clarify the continued role of deterministic invariant manifolds, more specifically normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds and spectral submanifolds under the addition of small white noise excitation. Subsequently, we demonstrate our results on several mechanical systems.
Gauß–Manin from scratch: theme, variations and fantasia
Authors: Athorne Chris
Published: June 2022

We discuss the explicit construction of Gauß–Manin connections on the cohomology of families of low genus Riemann surfaces represented as curves with branch points in general position. The approach is distinguished from others by the use of an equivariant basis of differential forms.
Simulated evolution of mating signal diversification in a primate radiation
Authors: Winters Sandra , Higham James P.
Published: June 2022

Divergence in allopatry and subsequent diversification of mating signals on secondary contact (reinforcement) is a major driver of phenotypic diversity. Observing this evolutionary process directly is often impossible, but simulated evolution can pinpoint key drivers of phenotypic variation. We developed evolutionary simulations in which mating signals, modelled as points in phenotype space, evolve across time under varying evolutionary scenarios. We model mate recognition signals in guenons, a primate radiation exhibiting colourful and diverse face patterns hypothesized to maintain reproductive isolation via mate choice. We simulate face pattern evolution across periods of allopatry and sympatry, identifying the role of key parameters in driving evolutionary endpoints. Results show that diversification in allopatry and assortative mate choice on secondary contact can induce rapid phenotypic diversification, resulting in distinctive (between species) and stereotyped (within species) face patterns, similar to extant guenons. Strong selection against hybrids is key to diversification, with even low levels of hybrid fitness often resulting in merged populations on secondary contact. Our results support a key role for reinforcement by assortative mating in the maintenance of species diversity and support the long-proposed prehistorical scenario for how such striking diversity was produced and maintained in perhaps the most colourful of all mammalian clades.
An invasive prey provides long-lasting silver spoon effects for an endangered predator
Authors: Poli Caroline , Robertson Ellen P. , Martin Julien , Powell Abby N. , Fletcher Robert J.
Published: June 2022

The natal environment can have long-term fitness consequences for individuals, particularly via ‘silver spoon’ or ‘environmental matching’ effects. Invasive species could alter natal effects on native species by changing species interactions, but this potential remains unknown. Using 17 years of data on 2588 individuals across the entire US breeding range of the endangered snail kite (
Rostrhamus sociabilis
), a wetland raptor that feeds entirely on
Pomacea
snails, we tested for silver spoon and environmental matching effects on survival and movement and whether the invasion of a non-native snail may alter outcomes. We found support for silver spoon effects, not environmental matching, on survival that operated through body condition at fledging, explained by hydrology in the natal wetland. When non-native snails were present at the natal site, kites were in better condition, individual condition was less sensitive to hydrology, and kites fledged across a wider range of hydrologic conditions, leading to higher survival that persisted for at least 10 years. Movement between wetlands was driven by the current (adult) environment, and birds born in both invaded and uninvaded wetlands preferred to occupy invaded wetlands post-fledging. These results illustrate that species invasions may profoundly impact the role of natal environments on native species.
Genomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus strain RN6390 progenitor strains
Authors: Garrett Stephen R. , Mariano Giuseppina , Palmer Tracy
Published: June 2022

RN6390 is a commonly used laboratory strain of Staphylococcus aureus derived from NCTC8325. In this study, we sequenced the RN6390 genome and compared it to available genome sequences for NCTC8325. We confirmed that three prophages, Φ11, Φ12 and Φ13, which are present in NCTC8325 are absent from the genome of RN6390, consistent with the successive curing events leading to the generation of this strain. However, we noted that a separate prophage is present in RN6390 that is not found in NCTC8325. Two separate genome sequences have been deposited for the parental strain, NCTC8325. Analysis revealed several differences between these sequences, in particular between the copy number of esaG genes, which encode immunity proteins to the type VII secreted anti-bacterial toxin, EsaD. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were also detected in ribosomal RNA genes and genes encoding microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMM) between the two NCTC8325 sequences. Comparing each NCTC8325 sequence to other strains in the RN6390 lineage confirmed that sequence assembly errors in the earlier NCTC8325 sequence are the most likely explanation for most of the differences observed.
Substance Use and Pre-Hospital Crash Injury Severity Among U.S. Older Adults: A Five-Year National Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Adeyemi Oluwaseun , Bukur Marko , Berry Cherisse , DiMaggio Charles , Grudzen Corita , Adenikinju Abidemi , Cuthel Allison , Minois Jean-Baptiste Bouillon , Akinsola Omotola , Moore Alison , Chodosh Joshua
Published: June 2022

Background

Alcohol and drug use (substance use) is a risk factor for crash involvement.

Objectives

To assess the association between substance use and crash injury severity among older adults and how the relationship differs by rurality/urbanicity.

Methods

We pooled 2017 – 2021 cross-sectional data from the United States National Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Information System. We measured injury severity (low acuity, emergent, critical, and fatal) predicted by substance use, defined as self-reported or officer-reported alcohol and/or drug use. We controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, road user type, anatomical injured region, location (scene) of the injury, rurality/urbanicity, time of the day, and EMS response time. We performed a partial proportional ordinal logistic regression and reported the odds of worse injury outcomes (emergent, critical, and fatal injuries) compared to low acuity injuries, and the predicted probabilities by rurality/urbanicity.

Results

Our sample consisted of 253,933 older adults (65 years and older) road users. Approximately 67%, 25%, 6%, and 1% sustained low acuity, emergent, critical, and fatal injuries, respectively. Substance use was reported in approximately 3% of the population, and this proportion did not significantly differ by rurality/urbanicity. After controlling for patient, crash, and injury characteristics, substance use was associated with 35% increased odds of worse injury severity. Compared to urban areas, the predicted probabilities of emergent, critical, and fatal injuries were higher in rural and suburban areas.

Conclusion

Substance use is associated with worse older adult crash injury severity and the injury severity is higher in rural and suburban areas compared to urban areas.