bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune mechanisms of the bovine udder: An overview
Authors: Nickerson S. C.
Published: February 2025

Understanding basic defenses of the udder is instrumental in developing measures to prevent mastitis. The teat canal is the first defense against pathogens, providing a physical barrier and antimicrobial substances. When bacteria breach the teat canal, milk leukocytes provide a second defense by ingesting pathogens. Intramammary devices have been used experimentally to increase leukocyte numbers and to enhance destruction of bacteria. Milk antibodies opsonize and lyse bacteria, neutralize toxins, and prevent adhesion to tissue. Vaccinating cows against mastitis generally has been unsuccessful; however, immunization is useful in controlling specific bacterial strains. Antibody-producing plasma cells preferentially accumulate in internal teat end tissues. Because bacteria contact these tissues to reach milk-producing areas of the udder, an immunostimulant to enhance locally the protective nature of plasma cells may decrease the occurrence of infection.
Presumptive neonatal isoerythrolysis in cats
Authors: Cain Gary R. , Suzuki Yoshiko
Published: February 2025

Entire or partial litters of 4 queens died due to hemolytic anemia within 1 to 2 days of birth. Necropsy and histologic examination of tissues from 6 dead kittens were indicative of neonatal isoerythrolysis. Blood samples from affected kittens were not available for study. Nevertheless, hemolysins and agglutinins in each queen's serum reacted with rbc from 2 sires of the affected litters. These antibodies, identified as anti-A, also reacted with the rbc from 64 random-source cats.
Bone marrow necrosis in the dog
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Armstrong P. J. , Reimann Keith
Published: February 2025

Bone marrow necrosis in 4 dogs was characterized by refractory anemia with or without leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Romanovsky-stained bone marrow had a diffuse blue discoloration, and marrow particles were elongated. Degenerating cells, cellular debris, and vacuolated macrophages also were seen. Examination of bone marrow sections revealed extensive replacement of normal stroma by necrotic debris and hemorrhage. The cause of the necrosis was not determined. Concomitant disorders included chronic ehrlichiosis, estrogen toxicosis, malignancy, endometrial cystic hyperplasia, and glomerulonephritis.
Chemotherapy of advanced mammary adenocarcinoma in 14 cats
Authors: Jeglum K. Ann , deGuzman Enriqueta , Young Karen M.
Published: February 2025

Fourteen cats with advanced mammary adenocarcinoma were treated with doxorubicin HCl and cyclophosphamide. All cats had inoperable or recurrent disease, and 9 cats had metastasis to the thorax. Eleven of the cats were available for long-term evaluation; 3 had complete response to chemotherapy, with survival times of 180,283, and 344 days; 2 had partial response, with survival times of 45 and 149 days; 2 had stabilization of disease, with survival times of 170 and 182 days; and 4 had no response, with survival times of 4, 47, 67, and 106 days.
Anthelmintic efficacy of febantel combined with praziquantel in dogs
Authors: Sharp M. L. , McCurdy H. D.
Published: February 2025

Ninety-four dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 groups (5 treated and 1 untreated control) for evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy. Three anthelmintic formulations were studied: a febantel paste, a praziquantel paste, and a combination paste containing both active ingredients. Treated dogs were dosed once daily for 3 days. The minimal effective dosages in combination were established as 10 mg of febantel and 1 mg of praziquantel/kg of body weight. At those dosages for the combination, 99.5% to 100% of the major nematodes and cestodes identified (ie, Ancylostoma caninum, Trichuris vulpis, Toxocara canis, Dipylidium caninum, and Taenia pisiformis) were eliminated. Febantel paste (10 mg/kg) alone was ineffective against cestodes (14.2% elimination of Dipylidium caninum) and praziquantel paste (1 mg/kg) alone was ineffective (0% to 2.4% elimination) against nematodes.
Fibular head transposition for repair of cruciate-deficient stifle in the dog
Authors: Smith Gail K. , Torg Joseph S.
Published: February 2025

Fibular head transposition (fht) was introduced as a surgical technique to reconstruct the cruciate-deficient stifle in the dog. Surgically moving the fibular head into a cranial position alters the orientation of the lateral collateral ligament, thereby preventing cranial drawer motion and minimizing internal rotation of the tibia. The technique was found to be safe, mechanically sound, and clinically effective. Comparison of clinical results for this technique with those for the fascial strip technique (using a uniform grading system) demonstrated an overall superior performance of fht. Factors found to adversely influence clinical results were heavy body weight and meniscal damage. The interval between stifle injury and reconstructive surgery or the presence of associated osteoarthritic disease bore no relationship to clinical outcome. It was concluded that the clinical performance after fht was equal or superior to other surgical methods for reconstructing the cruciate-deficient stifle in the dog.
Resistance of cerclage to knot failure
Authors: Wilson James W. , Belloli Donna M. , Robbins Teresa
Published: February 2025

The comparative ability of loop-knotted and twist-knotted cerclage to withstand tensile forces was tested. Two twist-knot devices and one loop-knot device were used to apply cerclage wires to a 5-cm diameter split circular jaw mounted on a tensile testing machine. Twist-knot devices were tested with 0.8-, 1.0-, or 1.2-mm wire, and the loop-knot device was tested with 0.8-, 1.0-, or 1.25-mm wire. For all wire sizes, the twisted knot provided greater resistance to knot failure than did the loop-knot. Of the 2 twist-knot devices, the Rhinelander wire tightener-twister produced the greatest resistance to knot failure. Knot resistance increased with increase in wire size for all devices tested.
Uveitis associated with poliosis and vitiligo in six dogs
Authors: Kern Thomas J. , Walton Donna K. , Riis Ronald C. , Manning Thomas O. , Laratta Louis J. , Dziezyc Joan
Published: February 2025

Idiopathic panuveitis with retinal detachment was associated with facial poliosis, vitiligo, and alopecia in 6 dogs; 4 were adult males. Dermatohistologic examination of affected facial sites from all dogs revealed a lichenoid dermatitis and unusual histiocytic cells.

Intensive topical and systemic corticosteroid and topical mydriatic/cycloplegic therapy was successful in controlling uveitis in all dogs for variable periods. Three dogs, monitored for 12, 30, and 46 months, retained useful vision despite infrequent recurrence of uveitis. One dog was lost for subsequent examination. Two dogs were euthanatized and necropsied. Ocular histologic examination of these dogs revealed extensive granulomatous iridocyclitis and choroiditis, with retinal detachment and lenticular degeneration.
Prenatal and preweaning deaths caused by pseudorabies virus and porcine parvovirus in a swine herd
Authors: Morrison Robert B. , Joo Han S.
Published: February 2025

Sequential outbreaks of pseudorabies virus and porcine parvovirus infections were documented at a swine farm in southern Minnesota. Data for the prevalence of mummified fetuses born and the preweaning mortality were recorded over a 3-year-period. The farm was a farrow-to-finish facility, with breeding females housed in 4 groups according to their stage of pregnancy. The herd consisted of approximately 130 breeding females in December 1981, and expanded to 220 females during the 12 months of 1982. Excluding the outbreaks, the mean preweaning mortality was 20.43% (se 1.59) and the number of mummified fetuses per litter was 0.19 (se 0.01). An outbreak of porcine parvovirus infection caused the preweaning mortality and number of mummified fetuses to increase to 50% and 4.10 per litter, respectively. Two outbreaks of pseudorabies 27 months apart, caused the preweaning mortality to increase to 95% and 82%, and the number of mummified fetuses to increase to 0.96 and 1.25 mummified fetuses per litter, respectively. The increase in mummification was observed 1 month after the increase in preweaning mortality caused by pseudorabies virus infections, whereas the increase in mummification and preweaning mortality was simultaneous with porcine parvovirus infections.
Efficacy of long-acting oxytetracycline alone or combined with streptomycin in the treatment of bovine brucellosis
Authors: Nicoletti Paul , Milward Francis W. , Hoffmann Edward , Altvater Leah
Published: February 2025

Twenty-nine Brucella abortus culture-positive cows were treated with a long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg of body weight, im) alone or combined with streptomycin (25 mg/kg, im or iv) or were re-treated with the same product. There appeared to be a synergism by the 2 drugs. Of 21 courses of treatment with the combined antibiotics, 14 (67%) were considered successful. Only 3 of 14 (21%) were successful using oxytetracycline alone.

The period from onset of therapy to cessation of shedding in udder secretions was variable. Four cows that ceased shedding were culture-positive in tissues taken at slaughter.

The titers on tube agglutination and complement-fixation tests were of limited value in short-term evaluations of therapeutic regimens.
Splenectomy as adjunctive therapy for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia in the dog
Authors: Feldman Bernard F. , Handagama Prem , Lubberink A. A. M. E.
Published: February 2025

Splenectomy was done in 9 dogs having immune-mediated hematologic disorders refractory to medical therapy. These disorders were immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (n = 3), immune hemolytic anemia (n = 3), and Evan's syndrome (n = 3). The diagnoses were based on clinical observations, laboratory test data, and differential of other conditions. In the 12 months after splenectomy was done, the dogs reflected clinical improvement and return of platelet and/or erythrocyte counts to clinically acceptable limits; medical treatment was stopped or reduced in 8 of 9 patients. The exceptional patient had shown clinical improvement without change in the platelet count. At the end of 1 year, survival rate was excellent, and postsplenectomy complications, such as hemobartonellosis, did not appear. It is believed that splenectomy may be useful for treating immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, anemia, and Evan's syndrome that seem refractory to medication.
Antibiotic susceptibility profiles for mastitis treatment
Authors: Hinckley L. S. , Benson R. H. , Post J. E. , DeCloux J. C.
Published: February 2025

Susceptibility tests were performed on milk samples representing prevalent mastitis infections in certain herds. Susceptibility patterns of the same bacterial species from several mastitis infections in the same herd were consistent. The herd antibiotic susceptibility profiles were used as a basis for selecting antibiotics for treatment of all such mastitis cases in that herd. A high degree of correlation was seen between the susceptibility test results and treatment results.

Susceptibility patterns of the same bacterial species from mastitis infections in different herds varied greatly, which indicated that any one antibiotic would not work equally well against the same bacterial infection in every herd. Therefore, treatment should be selected on the basis of susceptibility test results.

When both Streptococcus and Staphylococcus mastitis occurred in the same herd, the susceptibility patterns for the 2 bacterial species varied widely. Therefore, for herds that experienced both streptococcal and staphylococcal mastitis, antibiotics to which both bacterial species were susceptible were used for treatment.
An epizootic of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a dairy herd
Authors: Harrison L. R. , Pursell A. R.
Published: February 2025

Respiratory syncytial virus was the cause of a severe epizootic of bovine respiratory tract disease. The virus, isolated from a sick cow during the epizootic, produced cytopathic effect in a bovine turbinate cell line 14 days after it was inoculated. Additional support for the diagnosis came from the results of pathologic and serologic examinations. Lesions consistently present were severe necrotizing bronchiolitis and epithelial syncytia projecting from bronchiolar and alveolar walls. Also, in the cow from which the virus was isolated, there was tracheitis with a syncytial-like change involving the mucosal epithelium.
Pylorectomy and gastroduodenostomy in the dog: Technique and clinical results in 28 cases
Authors: Walter Mary C. , Matthiesen David T. , Stone Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2025

Pylorectomy and end-to-end gastroduodenostomy are surgical procedures that allow excision of abnormal pyloric tissue and provide improved gastric outflow. These techniques were used for the treatment of benign, malignant, and ulcerative conditions that were judged to be not adequately treatable with pyloromyotomies or pyloroplasties. End-to-end gastroduodenostomy was not much more difficult than a standard intestinal anastomosis; however, a thorough knowledge of the pyloric area anatomy was required to avoid serious surgical errors. In addition, gentle tissue manipulation and precise suture placement reduced the chance of iatrogenic pancreatitis, biliary obstruction, tissue ischemia, and/or suture line leakage. The results of surgery depended on the underlying disease process. Dogs with benign lesions such as chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy responded favorably to treatment. Dogs with malignant disease and perforated ulcers had low long-term survival rate. Pyloric adenocarcinoma was not adequately treated with this method alone.
Management of acquired flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joint in Equidae
Authors: Wagner Pamela C. , Shires G. Michael H. , Watrous Barbara J. , Kaneps Andris J. , Schmotzer Wayne B. , Riebold Thomas W.
Published: February 2025

Fifteen horses with flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joint were evaluated and their conditions were designated as mild, moderate, or severe. Evaluations were made on the basis of clinical signs and lesions seen on radiography. Horses with mild deformities were treated with corrective trimming and shoeing; those with moderate deformities were treated with desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon and corrective shoeing. Desmotomies of the accessory ligaments of both deep and superficial digital flexor tendons were performed on horses severely affected, followed by corrective shoeing. In this long-term study, 4 horses with mild lesions and 4 horses with moderate lesions returned to useful work. None of the horses with severe disease responded enough to withstand strenuous athletic training.
Bile acid concentrations in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in the dog
Authors: Center Sharon A. , Baldwin Betty H. , Erb Hollis N. , Tennant Bud C.
Published: February 2025

The clinical usefulness of measuring serum bile acid concentrations as a diagnostic test for hepatobiliary disease, was examined in 150 dogs that were suspected of having hepatic disease. Serum values of total bilirubin (tb), alkaline phosphatase (alp), alanine transaminase (alt), and albumin were also measured. Fasting serum bile acid (fsba) values were determined, using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for total conjugated bile acids or a direct enzymatic spectrophotometric method. A definitive diagnosis was established by histologic examination of the liver. On the basis of histologic findings, dogs were assigned to groups (1 to 8, respectively) including: extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, cirrhosis, portal systemic vascular anastomosis (psva), hepatic necrosis, intrahepatic cholestasis, steroid hepatopathy, neoplasia, and secondary disease. Dogs in group 8 had no morphologic evidence of hepatobiliary disease or had mild hepatic lesions.

Test efficacies of fsba, tb, alp, alt, and albumin were expressed using 4 indices: sensitivity, specificity, and positive-predictive and negative-predictive values. The diagnostic efficacy of fsba was examined alone and in combinations with the other tests.

There was wide overlapping of fsba values among dogs in groups 1 to 7, and there was wide overlapping of alt and alp values among dogs in all groups. The specificity of fsba for the diagnosis of liver disease exceeded 90% at values ≥ 30 μmol/L and reached 100% at ≥ 50 μmol/L.

Individual liver tests with the best sensitivity for each group were: fsba and alp for extrahepatic bile duct obstruction; fsba for cirrhosis and psva; alt for hepatic necrosis; and alp for intrahepatic cholestasis, steroid hepatopathy, and neoplasia. Combinations of tests with the best sensitivity for each group were: fsba + alp for extrahepatic bile duct obstruction; fsba + alt for cirrhosis and psva; fsba + alt and tb + alt for hepatic necrosis; and fsba + alp for intrahepatic cholestasis, steroid hepatopathy, and neoplasia. Individual tests had the best sensitivity.

Individual tests with the best positive-predictive value were fsba and tb. The least specific test was alp. The best overall test combination for the detection of hepatobiliary disease was fsba + tb + alt. Adding alp to fsba + tb + alt was never an improvement.

Only the group with psva did not benefit from combination testing in which values of fsba alone gave the best sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value.

In dogs with liver disease in groups 1,2, and 4 to 7, examined collectively there were significant correlations (P <0.05) between fsba values and tb, alp, and alt.

The fsba values were useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease. Seemingly, fsba values >30 μmol/L warrant liver biopsy for morphologic diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease.
Ventricular preexcitation in seven dogs and nine cats
Authors: Hill Brian L. , Tilley Lawrence P.
Published: February 2025

Ventricular preexcitation was diagnosed in 6 dogs and 7 cats examined because of weakness, syncope, or congestive heart failure, and as an incidental finding in 1 dog and 2 cats. Reciprocating tachycardias were documented in 8 of the cases. Six of the cats had a pathologic diagnosis of primary cardiomyopathy. Two of the dogs had an associated congenital heart defect.

Reciprocating tachycardias were controlled in 4 cases with digoxin, in 2 cases with propranolol, and in 1 case with quinidine. Conduction through the accessory pathway was altered by quinidine (2 cases), digoxin, and propranolol (1 case each), resulting in a lengthened P-R interval and more normal QRS complex configuration.
Evaluation of adrenal function in psittacine birds, using the ACTH stimulation test
Authors: Lothrop Clinton D. , Olsen John H. , Loomis Michael R. , Jensen James M. , Lenhard Andrea
Published: February 2025

The effect of ACTH (16 units) on plasma cortisol and corticosterone concentrations in healthy psittacine birds was evaluated. Plasma corticosterone significantly increased (P < 0.01) from a mean (± sd) basal concentration of 3.25 ± 3.6 ng/ml to 26.47 ± 9.25 (one hour after ACTH administration) and 25.69 ± 13.23 ng/ml (2 hours after ACTH administration). For maximal increase in plasma corticosterone as measured by radioimmunoassay (ria), heat denaturation was necessary to release corticosteroids from steroid-binding proteins. As measured by ria, plasma cortisol concentrations did not increase, whether or not the heat denaturation step was included. Addition of cortisol to avian plasma did not prevent accurate quantification of cortisol as measured by ria. Plasma corticosterone concentrations in cockatoos, macaws, Amazon parrots, conures, and lorikeets before and after ACTH administration indicated that the ACTH stimulation test could be used to evaluate adrenal secretory capacity in psittacine birds.
Endocrine responses of healthy parrots to ACTH and thyroid stimulating hormone
Authors: Zenoble R. D. , Kemppainen R. J. , Young D. W. , Clubb S. L.
Published: February 2025

Effects of exogenous ACTH on plasma corticosterone and cortisol concentrations and the effects of thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) on plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were determined in the following 3 species of parrots: red-lored Amazon (group 1), blue-fronted Amazon (group 2), and African gray (group 3). Each bird was given ACTH (0.125 mg/bird) IM, except for 3 to 4 birds in each group, which were given saline solution (controls). Blood samples were collected before and 90 minutes after ACTH stimulation. In group 1 (n = 12); mean plasma corticosterone concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 1.06 μg/dl (before ACTH) to 4.89 μg/dl (after ACTH); mean corticosterone concentrations increased in the control birds from 1.06 μg/dl to 1.84 μg/dl; and mean cortisol concentrations increased only slightly from 0.228 μg/dl to 0.266 μg/dl. In group 2 (n = 12), mean corticosterone concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 2.09 μg/dl to 10.58 μg/dl; control mean corticosterone concentrations decreased slightly from 2.09 μg/dl to 1.77 μg/dl; and mean cortisol concentrations increased from ≤ 0.16 μg/dl to 0.266 μg/dl. In group 3 (n = 12), mean plasma corticosterone concentrations increased significantly (P ≤ 0.001) from 2.33 μg/dl to 4.67 μg/dl; mean control plasma corticosterone concentrations decreased from 2.33 μg/dl to 1.68 μg/dl; and plasma corticol concentrations were not detectable.

Each bird was given tsh, im (1 U/bird). Blood samples were collected before and 6 hours after tsh administration. Saline solution was not administered as controls. In group 1 (n = 14), mean T4 concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 0.43 μg/dl before tsh to 6.11 μg/dl after tsh, and the mean T3 concentration decreased from 156.3 ng/dl to 136.8 ng/dl. In group 2 (n = 12), mean T4 concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.001) from ≤0.15 μg/dl to 7.64 μg/dl and mean T3 concentrations increased from 107.4 ng/dl to 260.3 ng/dl. In group 3 (n = 12), mean T4 concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.001) from ≤0.15 μg/dl to 1.79 μg/dl and mean T3 concentrations increased from 175.4 ng/dl to 184.1 ng/dl.

Results indicated that, in parrots, plasma corticosterone, but not cortisol, was responsive to ACTH administration. Plasma T4 was more responsive to tsh administration than was T3.
Glucosuria associated with renal calculi in Asian small-clawed otters
Authors: Calle Paul P. , Robinson Phillip T.
Published: February 2025

Urine from one female and 2 male Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinerea) with bilateral renal calculi, one female with unilateral calculi, and one nonaffected male were evaluated for abnormal urinary crystalloid excretion. One otter with bilateral renal calculi had cystic calculi composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate. The 2 affected males were littermates, as were the 2 affected females, but the 2 litters were from different parents. At the time of the study, the otters did not have clinical signs of disease.

Hematologic and serum biochemical, electrolyte, and enzyme values were normal. The urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, phosphate, citrate, and amino acids in otters with renal calculi was similar to that of the nonaffected otter.

The 4 otters with renal calculi had glucosuria but the nonaffected otter did not have glucosuria. The glucosuria, in the absence of hyperglycemia, suggested a renal tubular transport defect for glucose. Other renal abnormalities were not found.
Clinical evaluation and prerelease management of American river otters in the second year of a reintroduction study
Authors: Hoover John P. , Bahr Robert J. , Nieves Mary Ann , Doyle Robert T. , Zimmer Mark A. , Lauzon Susan E.
Published: February 2025

In the first year (1984) of a reintroduction study, 10 American river otters (Lutra canadensis) from Louisiana were transported to Oklahoma, held for 5 days for clinical evaluation, surgical implantation with intra-abdominal radiotelemetry devices, and then released in Oklahoma. Four of 10 otters released died within 32 days. Clinical evaluation indicated that respiratory tract disease, bacterial and parasitic infections, and inanition may have contributed to the death of these otters. In the second year (1985) of the study, an exotic feline diet was fed, and the holding period for 10 otters was increased to provide time for evaluation and treatment before surgery, postsurgical acclimation to Oklahoma, and reevaluation before release. Although the initial clinical findings on otters in the second year were similar to those found in the first year, otter body weights increased, and the prevalence and severity of clinical abnormalities decreased with treatment during the second-year holding period. Three of 10 second-year otters died during the holding period, and contributing causes of death were determined to be: trauma (hepatic hematoma), inanition, renal disease, pneumonia, salmonellosis (Salmonella anatum), and a retropharyngeal abscess (Klebsiella pneumoniae). Seven healthy otters were reintroduced into Oklahoma in 1985, and postrelease deaths were not experienced.
Seroprevalence of respiratory syncytial virus in free-ranging bighorn sheep
Authors: Dunbar M. R. , Jessup D. A. , Evermann J. F. , Foreyt W. J.
Published: February 2025

Sera from 187 (42%) of 447 free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in 9 western states had antibody titers to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). Titers were from 1:5 to 1:640, as determined by the standard virus neutralization test. Results of the survey indicated that rsv is widespread in free-ranging bighorn sheep populations and that rsv may be an important factor in the bighorn sheep pneumonia-complex.
Survey of desert bighorn sheep in California for exposure to selected infectious diseases
Authors: Clark R. K. , Jessup D. A. , Kock M. D. , Weaver R. A.
Published: February 2025

From February 1983 to June 1985, 188 desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni, = 161 and Oc cremnobates, =27) from 18 herds in 17 mountain ranges and one captive herd were caught, marked, and had blood, fecal, and nasal mucus samples collected.

Nasal swab specimens were cultured bacteriologically and virologically specifically for parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus. Bacterial flora differed from herd to herd. Pathogenic pneumophilic bacteria (eg, Pasteurella sp) seldom were found. Parainfluenza-3 virus was isolated from 6 bighorn sheep in 3 herds. Fecal specimens were examined for parasite ova and low numbers of lungworm (Protostrongylus sp) larvae were found in feces from 2 herds. Sera were evaluated for antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus, ovine progressive pneumonia, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, pi-3, bovine viral diarrhea, brucellosis, leptospirosis, contagious ecthyma, bluetongue, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease. Blood clots were cultured virologically for bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease. Serologic evidence of bluetongue and/or epizootic hemorrhagic disease was found in 9 herds, and bluetongue virus (serotypes 10,11,13 and 17) was isolated from 3 herds. Antibody titers against pi-3 and respiratory syncytial virus were found in 9 and 13 herds, respectively. Evidence of bovine viral diarrhea infection was found in 6 herds, whereas infectious bovine rhinotracheitis was found in only 1 herd. Antibody titers against contagious ecthyma were found in 9 of 18 herds in California, and active lesions were seen occasionally. Evidence of ovine progressive pneumonia, leptospirosis, or brucellosis was not found.
Use of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine to antagonize xylazine-induced immobilization in North American Cervidae
Authors: Renecker Lyle A. , Olsen Chris D.
Published: February 2025

Four captive moose (Alces alces), 4 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and 5 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with xylazine (0.63 to 1.29 mg/kg of body weight, im). Mean induction times for the moose were 17 minutes and for the deer, 14 and 10 minutes, respectively. According to published data and past experience, the dosage of xylazine used would be expected to provide 115, 120, and 100 minutes of immobilization in captive moose, mule deer, and white-tailed deer, respectively.

In the present study, maximal sedation of the moose and deer was reversed with successive injections (given iv) of yohimbine (0.15 mg/kg) and 4-aminopyridine (0.26 to 0.29 mg/kg). These produced sternal recumbency-to-arousal intervals of 1 to 15 minutes and recumbency-to-standing or walking intervals of 1 to 24 minutes. Relapses to recumbency were not observed. The injections of the reversal drugs produced marked increases in respiratory rate and heart rate in the moose and deer, without occurrence of muscle tremors or convulsions. The administrations of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine markedly enhanced the speed of recovery from xylazine-induced immobilization in moose and deer.
Long-term results of desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (distal check ligament) in horses
Authors: Wagner Pamela C. , Grant Barrie D. , Kaneps Andris J. , Watrous Barbara J.
Published: February 2025

After desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (distal check ligament) had been performed in 40 horses with flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint (contracture of the deep digital flexor tendon), the horses’ records were evaluated retrospectively. Information concerning soundness, return to intended purpose, and cosmetic appearance of the limb and hoof was obtained.

The condition had been diagnosed and treated in 26 horses before they were one year old (group A, acute) and in 14 horses greater than one year of age (group B, chronic).

Nine months to 4 years after surgery, 35 horses (24 from group A, and 11 from group B) were not lame and were being used as athletes. Thirty-three horses were being used for what the owner had intended before the development of the flexural deformity, and 7 were not. Of these 7 horses, 6 had complications related to the deformity, whereas one had complications resulting from surgery.
Use of dopamine hydrochloride during general anesthesia in the treatment of advanced atrioventricular heart block in four foals
Authors: Whitton Doris L. , Trim Cynthia M.
Published: February 2025

Heart block is a relatively common arrhythmia in the adult horse. It may be a normal physiologic phenomenon or it may have pathologic implication. Four foals in which advanced heart block developed during anesthesia were unresponsive to atropine sulfate and supportive treatment alone. Resolution of the heart blocks was achieved after the addition of dopamine hydrochloride to the therapeutic regimen.
Distal tibial fractures in dogs and cats
Authors: Boone E. G. , Johnson A. L. , Hohn R. B.
Published: February 2025

A total of 43 fractures of the distal tibia in dogs and cats were evaluated for fracture patterns, methods of stabilization, and time to bone union. Fractures of the metaphysis (9.3%), physis (30.9%), epiphysis (2.3%), and malleoli (58.2%) were classified. Open reduction and internal fixation, with combinations of Kirschner wire, orthopedic wire, and bone screws, were the methods of fixation used in the majority of fractures. These relatively simple methods of fixation were applied to all sizes of dogs and cats and resulted in an average bone healing time of 6 weeks.
Susceptibility of obligate anaerobes to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Authors: Indiveri Mary C. , Hirsh Dwight C.
Published: February 2025

Susceptibilities of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were tested alone and in combination (1:20) against 94 isolants of obligate anaerobes from clinical specimens. Ninety percent of the isolants were inhibited by < 0.25 μg - < 4.75 μg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole/ml; 5.4 μg trimethoprim/ml and; 900 μg sulfamethoxazole/ml.

We concluded that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole would be effective in the treatment of infectious processes containing species of obligate anaerobes, including those resistant to the penicillin and cephalothin groups of antibiotics.
Congestive heart failure associated with hyperthyroidism in cats
Authors: Jacobs Gilbert , Hutson Christina , Dougherty James , Kirmayer Allan
Published: February 2025

Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 4 cats with congestive heart failure. Dyspnea and anorexia were observed in 3 of the 4 cats. In each cat, a holosystolic left and/or right apical heart murmur was auscultated. In 3 cats, a prominent extra heart sound (gallop rhythm) was auscultated. All cats had a palpably large thyroid lobe(s) and weight loss. The laboratory and ecg changes were similar to those reported for feline hyperthyroidism. Moderate-to-severe pleural effusion and cardiomegaly were detected via radiography in all cats. Some cats had radiographic signs of pulmonary venous engorgement and pulmonary edema. Echocardiography revealed cardiac dilatation and low left ventricular shortening fraction (wall motion) in all cats. Three cats responded initially to cardiac drugs and propylthiouracil or thyroidectomy. One of these died later, presumably from an adverse reaction to propylthiouracil, and the others died from recurrent congestive heart failure (1) or postoperative cardiac arrest (1). One cat did not respond to treatment, and died 2 days after diagnosis.
High technology diagnostics: Detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, using DNA probes
Authors: Maddox Carol W. , Wilson Richard A.
Published: February 2025

A relatively new technique termed colony blot hybridization appears to be a reliable replacement for the ligated porcine gut loop assay previously used to detect stable toxin-B producing Escherichia coli. The highly reproducible blot assay enables screening of large numbers of isolants for the presence of E coli stable-B toxin genes, thus avoiding variations in phenotypic expression and poor repeatability inherent in the in vivo assays. Availability of this diagnostic test can aid practitioners in identifying enterotoxigenic E coli related disease in swine and in determining the benefits of vaccination programs.
Salmonellosis in hospitalized horses: Seasonality and case fatality rates
Authors: Carter James D. , Hird David W. , Farver Thomas B. , Hjerpe Charles A.
Published: February 2025

Salmonellosis was studied during an 11-year period (July 1971 through June 1982) in 245 hospitalized horses. Ten years' data (207 cases) were analyzed in a time series study. Peak seasonality of the disease was from June through September. The cycle curve revealed 3 major outbreaks, with no apparent periodicity. Eighteen Salmonella serotypes caused clinical salmonellosis in horses, but 84% of the cases and 90 % of the deaths were caused by 5 serotypes: Salmonella typhimurium, S typhimurium var copenhagen, S anatum, S kottbus, and S saintpaul. Overall, the case fatality rate was 44.9 %. Excluding mixed infections, horses infected with S typhimurium and S typhimurium var copenhagen, had a significantly higher (P<0.001) case fatality rate (60.4 %) than those infected with other Salmonella serotypes (32.3 %).
Patterns of nonclinical intramammary infection in a ewe flock
Authors: Hueston William D. , Hartwig Nolan R. , Judy John K.
Published: February 2025

Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequent bacterial isolates from nonclinical intramammary infections (nimi) in a ewe flock. The prevalence of nimi was 22.9 % of the udder halves at lambing and decreased to 12.5% or less between week 2 and week 6 of lactation. The decrease was due mainly to the elimination of infections involving coagulase-negative staphylococci. The frequency of new nimi in the first 6 weeks of lactation was less than 1% of the noninfected udder halves per week.

The prevalence of nimi increased steadily from 16.1 % of the udder halves at the time of weaning the lambs to 29% at postweaning week 3. The new infection rate averaged 9.7% per week during the postweaning 3 weeks. The principal bacterial isolate in the new nimi was coagulase-negative staphylococcus.

Nonclinical intramammary infection in a ewe flock was monitored by bacteriologic cultural examinations of milk samples obtained from both udder halves of 24 ewes during early lactation and of 31 ewes in the same flock during the early postweaning period. The patterns of nimi were similar to the patterns reported in cattle.
Risk Factors for Salmonellosis in Hospitalized Horses
Authors: Hird David W. , Casebolt Donald B. , Carter James D. , Pappaioanou Marguerite , Hjerpe Charles A.
Published: February 2025

A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with isolation of Salmonella was accomplished, at using data from records of horses hospitalized in the period July 1971 through June 1982. Horses in which nasogastric tubes were passed were at 2.9 times greater risk of having Salmonella isolated, compared with horses that did not undergo this procedure. Horses treated with antibiotics parenterally were at 6.4 times greater risk, and those treated with antibiotics orally and parenterally were at 40.4 times greater risk of developing salmonellosis, compared with horses not receiving such treatment. Horses admitted because of colic were 4.2 times as likely to have Salmonella isolated as those admitted for other reasons. Breed, age, and type of surgery did not appear to be risk factors. The risk factors identified and the magnitude of their association with Salmonella isolation were similar to those observed in a preceding study.
Cutaneous histiocytosis in dogs
Authors: Calderwood Mays Maron B. , Bergeron Jan A.
Published: February 2025

Multifocal cutaneous histiocytic lesions were recognized in 9 dogs. Clinically the dogs had multiple erythematous plaques or nodules in the skin (1 to 5 cm diameter). Histologically, the lesions were comprised of dermal or pannicular infiltrates of large histiocytic cells, with varying numbers of other inflammatory cells intermixed. By electron microscopy, the cells resembled those of canine cutaneous histiocytoma. The lesions seemed to wax and wane and appeared in new sites, regardless of treatment. The dogs ranged in age from 2 to 13 years; 7 dogs were under 6 years of age. Both sexes and various breeds were represented. An infectious agent could not be identified.
Death associated with parenteral administration of copper disodium edetate in calves
Authors: Bulgin Marie S. , Maas J. , Anderson Bruce C. , Klugh David , Lincoln S. D. , Lane V. Michael
Published: February 2025

Copper disodium edetate in recommended doses was apparently responsible for the deaths of one calf and clinical signs of toxicosis in 5 others on one farm, and 7 deaths and clinical signs of toxicosis in a number of others on another ranch. Signs of hyperexcitability, hypermetria, hindlimb weakness, head pressing, depression, and opisthotonos occurred 6 to 24 hours after injections and preceded death by 1 to 2 days. Necropsy and histologic examination revealed massive liver necrosis. High blood concentrations of liver enzymes in affected cattle that did not die indicated that they had liver damage. High blood concentration of iron in cattle that died indicated possible interaction of copper and iron.
Inconsistencies in the absorptive capacities of Schirmer tear test strips
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , Murphy Christopher J.
Published: February 2025

The absorptive capacities of 4 commercially available tear test strips were determined and compared with 5-mm × 40-mm strips of #41 filter paper. Significant differences in the absorption of water over a given time interval were found in 3 of the groups tested. Major inconsistencies were found only within 1 lot of tear test strips from a single manufacturer. Tear test strips from this lot consisted of 2 distinct populations that were distinguishable by transillumination. Strips with widely spaced horizontal lines had the same absorptive capacity as the filter paper, whereas those with fine lines consistently absorbed less water. The clinical importance of this discrepancy was verified by comparing measurements of tear production in 6 normal dogs.
Radiographic bone surveys in the evaluation of primary bone tumors in dogs
Authors: LaRue Susan M. , Withrow Stephen J. , Wrigley Robert H.
Published: February 2025

Forty-two dogs with primary bone tumors underwent radiographic bone surveys. The use of radiographic bone surveys led to a higher yield in finding other nonclinically detectable neoplastic sites (7.1%) than did thoracic radiographs (4.7%). Multicentric bone tumors accounted for 9.5% of total cases. Bone infarcts were identified in 3 dogs (7.1%).
A live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine efficacy trial
Authors: Purdy Charles W. , Livingston Charles W. , Frank Glynn H. , Cummins Joseph M. , Cole N. Andy , Loan Raymond W.
Published: February 2025

A live Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 vaccine was used in an efficacy trial conducted on 100 lightweight feeder calves purchased from a Florida ranch. Forty-one calves were inoculated with the vaccine intradermally in the neck. Fifty-nine calves served as nonvaccinated controls. Fourteen days later, the calves were shipped to an order buyer in eastern Tennessee, where the calves were mixed with 60 local calves in a community sale barn for 72 hours. After 3 additional days, the calves were shipped to a research feedlot in Bushland, Tex. They remained in the feedlot for 56 days, and the test was concluded 76 days after vaccination.

The P haemolytica vaccine had no significant effect on performance, morbidity, or mortality. There was no significant difference between the vaccinated and non vaccinated calves in the number of times Pasteurella was isolated. The calves became seropositive to bovine viral diarrhea virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus during the 76-day experiment. All calves initially were seropositve to parainfluenza-3 virus. A virulent outbreak of ibr occurred 30 days after the calves arrived at the feedlot. Before the onset of ibr, the isolation of P haemolytica serotype 1 from nasal turbinates was rare (2 of 500 nasal swabs). After the ibr outbreak, P haemolytica serotype 1 was isolated from 40 of 92 calves.
Emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella agona in horses in Kentucky
Authors: Donahue James Μ.
Published: February 2025

Eighty-seven of 283 isolates of salmonellae recovered from horses in Kentucky by the Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center from July 1, 1980 through June 30, 1984 were Salmonella agona. No isolations of S agona were made from Jan 1, 1972 through June 30, 1980. Salmonella agona was isolated from horses on 56 farms and most of the isolations were made in the spring. All age classes of horses were involved. Clinical forms of salmonellosis observed were diarrhea, septicemia, infertility, and abortion. Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined for 83 of the 87 isolates, and 79 were resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, including chloramphenicol and gentamicin.
Slab fractures of the fourth and intermediate carpal bones in five horses
Authors: Auer J. A. , Watkins J. P. , White N. A. , Taylor T. S. , Rooney J. R.
Published: February 2025

Fractures of the fourth carpal bone were diagnosed in 5 horses; 3 fractures were associated with fracture of the intermediate carpal bone. The diagnosis was delayed in all 5 horses, apparently because of the moderate nature of the clinical signs. Open surgical reduction with lag screw type fixation was used in all horses.

Because of delayed treatment, transfixation of carpal bones (necessary for stability), and surgical trauma, degenerative joint disease with osteophyte formation occurred in all 5 horses. None of the 5 horses was able to begin or return successfully to work, although 4 of the 5 were pasture/breeding sound. One horse was euthanatized after being allowed free exercise too early. A mechanical hypothesis is presented for the pathogenesis of these fractures.
Dietary sodium bicarbonate as a treatment for exertional rhabdomyolysis in a horse
Authors: Robb Edward J. , Kronfeld D. S.
Published: February 2025

A 3-year-old mare repeatedly had clinical signs of rhabdomyolysis on mild exertion. Serum creatine kinase and aspartate transaminase activities were high at rest. Responses to dietary sodium bicarbonate were tested through 7 alternating periods of supplementation of a basal ration of timothy hay and oats. Physical signs; venous blood pH and gases; blood glucose and lactate; serum electrolytes, enzymes, and creatinine; and urine pH were monitored before and after exercise. Dietary sodium bicarbonate raised resting venous blood pH and bicarbonate slightly and significantly increased urine pH from pH 7.46 to 8.2 (P<0.001). An exercise test included 5 minutes at the walk followed by 20 minutes at the trot. The exercise induced gait stiffness, muscle fasciculations, and muscle induration when the diet was not supplemented, but not when it was supplemented with sodium bicarbonate. Myoglobin was present in 16 of 21 urine samples after exercise during nonsupplemented periods, but only in 3 of 28 urine samples during supplemented periods (P<0.0001). Bicarbonate supplementation significantly decreased the responses of blood lactic acid, serum creatine kinase, and aspartate transaminase to exercise. Supplementation of the diet was associated with higher venous blood pH and bicarbonate ion concentrations throughout exercise. Dietary sodium bicarbonate apparently mitigated or prevented physical, chemical, and enzymatic characteristics of exertional rhabdomyolysis in this mare, possibly through its enhancement of buffering capacity in muscle tissue fluids.
Response of pups to modified-live canine parvovirus component in a combination vaccine
Authors: O'Brien S. E. , Roth J. A. , Hill B. L.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-eight pups from a general pet population were vaccinated for canine parvovirus (cpv) with a combination vaccine every 3 weeks until the pups were 11 to 16 weeks old. Canine parvovirus antibody titers were measured by serum neutralization before each vaccination and ≥ 2 weeks after the final vaccination. Eighteen pups that initially were seronegative for cpv seroconverted after 1 to 3 doses of modified-live virus cpv vaccine administered when the pups were between 8 and 16 weeks old; 16 of 18 seroconverted after the 1st dose. Of 10 pups that were seropositive for cpv at initial examination, 7 did not develop protective titers after 3 doses of vaccine, with the last dose given when the pups were 14 to 16 weeks old. Maternally derived antibody was the primary cause of vaccination failure.
Use of brain stem auditory-evoked response to evaluate deafness in a group of Dalmatian dogs
Authors: Marshall A. Edward
Published: February 2025

A group of 18 adult and 28 six-week-old purebred Dalmatian dogs was tested for hearing by brain stem auditory-evoked responses. Each ear was tested independently. Absence of a response was considered evidence of deafness in that ear. Responses from bilaterally hearing adults and pups and unilaterally hearing dogs were compared with each other and with responses from normally hearing, adult, mixed-breed dogs.

Of the 18 adults tested, 5 had normal responses from both ears, 6 were deaf in both ears, and 7 had a response from only one side. Of 28 pups tested, 14 had normal responses from both ears, 9 had a response from only one ear, and 5 were bilaterally deaf.

Wave peak latencies from all ears that responded were within normal limits, except that the 5th and 6th waves from unilaterally hearing adults had significantly longer latencies. There were no differences between males and females.