bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 2015 Indian summer monsoon onset – phenomena, forecasting and research flight planning
Authors: Willetts Peter D. , Turner Andrew G. , Martin Gill M. , Mrudula G. , Hunt Kieran M. R. , Parker Douglas J. , Taylor Christopher M. , Birch Cathryn E. , Mitra Ashis K. , Heming Julian T. , Brooks Malcolm E.
Published: June 2017

From May to July 2016, as part of the INCOMPASS project, the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM, jointly funded by the Met Office and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)) BAe‐146 research aircraft travelled to India to record key aspects of the Indian summer monsoon onset and evolution. As part of the planning for the campaign, partners in the UK and India took part in a ‘dry‐run’ forecasting exercise during 2015, to assess the reliability of the forecast products and develop a set of flight plans, in advance of the real campaign, and to get a real‐time feel for the monsoon onset.

The 5‐day forecasts from the Met Office and the Indian National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) showed good skill in terms of predicting the advance of rainfall in regions key for the campaign in north and south India, and captured transitions from active (wet) monsoon conditions to break (dry) periods and back again.

Key phenomena seen during the dry‐run exercise include (1) a ‘western disturbance’, which had a major effect on the extreme pre‐monsoon heatwave conditions over India, (2) dry intrusions, which are thought to be important in the progression of the monsoon onset against the synoptic flow, and (3) cyclones Ashobaa and Komen.
From a ‘Care-Free’ Distance: Sons Talking About Cultural Concepts
Authors: Zimmermann Martina
Published: June 2017

The usually less actively involved male family member has what I call a ‘care-free’ perspective. In analysing narratives by sons, this chapter seeks to detach the influence on illness and patient presentation of the immediate caregiving experience and burden. Less interested in identifying what it means to be the son or husband of a patient as such, this chapter specifically illustrates the enormous psychological and emotional cost of caring for a parent who is no longer a parent. In this way, it illuminates the impact of cultural and socio-educational upbringing (rather than daily caregiving) on the perception of patient identity and the condition itself. It argues that identity-affirming patient presentation is strongly gendered and closely related to societal attitudes to aging.
Local neighborhood communities in the understory play a critical role by affecting regeneration niches and subsequent community assembly in a montane cloud forest
Authors: Weng Chi‐Yu , Yang Kuoh‐Cheng , Hsieh Chang‐Fu , Hsieh Chih‐hao , Su Mong‐Huai
Published: June 2017

Regeneration niches for tree seedlings are defined as possessing the biotic and abiotic requirements to successfully replace adults. However, two critical discrepancies obscure our understanding of the role of regeneration niches in forest community assembly: a weak association between seedling assemblages and environmental factors, and an uncoupling between seedling and adult‐tree assemblages. However, understory plants, which may interact with microenvironments and seedlings, may be a better spatial descriptor of regeneration habitats. To test this, the spatial variations of seedling assemblages in a montane cloud forest of Taiwan were analyzed in terms of their association with neighborhood assemblages of understory plants, the shrub layer, and overstory trees, as well as environmental variables. We found that the understory plant spatial structure contributed most in explaining spatial variations of the seedling assemblages (especially for widespread Lauraceae and patchy Fagaceae) and facilitated the identification of patches of different regeneration habitats for specific seedling assemblages. Moreover, among these regeneration patches, tall herbs affected seedling density and diversity differently. We found segregation between tall herbs and Lauraceae seedlings, indicating that tall herbs shape seedling assemblages and uncouple the association between seedling and adult stages. However, positive covariations between seedlings/tall herbs and between seedlings/adults were found for Fagaceae and Pentaphylacaceae in different regeneration patches, suggesting that positive, neighboring effects and dispersal limitation may cause the patchy distribution of seedling assemblages and affect their coupling with adults. Thus, the understory plant spatial structure shapes seedling assemblages and provides a better link to spatial associations with regeneration habitats.
Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration of Surfactants by Headspace Gas Chromatography
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Xin , Chai Xin‐Sheng , Barnes Donald G.
Published: June 2017

This paper presents a new method for the determination of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactants in water at elevated temperatures using headspace gas chromatography (HS‐GC). A volatile compound (e.g., toluene) was spiked into the studied solution. At a given temperature, the concentration of volatile species in the vapor phase (measured by HS‐GC) is proportional to the surfactant concentration in the liquid phase in a closed vial. This tendency will change after the solution is saturated with surfactant. By plotting the GC signal of the vapor species vs the concentration of the surfactant concentration in the solution, a breakpoint, i.e., corresponding to the CMC of the surfactant. The present method has good precision (RSD < 10%) and good accuracy. It is also very simple and can be used as an automated method for determining the critical micelle concentration of surfactants at the temperature of interest.
Lelong Numbers and Vector Bundles
Authors: Berndtsson Bo
Published: June 2017

We study Lelong numbers and integrability indices for $$S^1$$

S
1

-invariant singular metrics on vector bundles over the disk.
Metabolite analysis of endophytic fungi from cultivars of Zingiber officinale Rosc. identifies myriad of bioactive compounds including tyrosol
Authors: Anisha C. , Radhakrishnan E. K.
Published: June 2017

Endophytic fungi associated with rhizomes of four cultivars of Zingiber officinale were identified by molecular and morphological methods and evaluated for their activity against soft rot pathogen Pythium myriotylum and clinical pathogens. The volatile bioactive metabolites produced by these isolates were identified by GC–MS analysis of the fungal crude extracts. Understanding of the metabolites produced by endophytes is also important in the context of raw consumption of ginger as medicine and spice. A total of fifteen isolates were identified from the four varieties studied. The various genera identified were Acremonium sp., Gliocladiopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Aspergillus sp., Phlebia sp., Earliella sp., and Pseudolagarobasidium sp. The endophytic community was unique to each variety, which could be due to the varying host genotype. Fungi from phylum Basidiomycota were identified for the first time from ginger. Seven isolates showed activity against Pythium, while only two showed antibacterial activity. The bioactive metabolites identified in the fungal crude extracts include tyrosol, benzene acetic acid, ergone, dehydromevalonic lactone, N-aminopyrrolidine, and many bioactive fatty acids and their derivatives which included linoleic acid, oleic acid, myristic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, palmitic acid methyl ester, and methyl linoleate. The presence of these varying bioactive endophytic fungi may be one of the reasons for the differences in the performance of the different ginger varieties.
A modified protocol yields high-quality RNA from highly mucilaginous Dioscorea tubers
Authors: Barman Paramananda , Choudhary Ashish Kumar , Geeta R.
Published: June 2017

Extraction of RNA from Dioscorea is difficult because of rich mucilage and secondary metabolite content. High-quality RNA is required for RT-PCR and transcriptome analysis. Different protocols and common extraction kits were used for RNA extraction in Dioscorea, but the results were not satisfactory. A CTAB based protocol with lithium chloride precipitation yielded good quality RNA. The RNA isolated using this protocol was successfully used for RT-PCR and transcriptome sequencing experiments. Mucilage content varies at different developmental stages of Dioscorea and the present protocol was effective in isolating RNA from such samples. Although the protocol was originally modified for tuber tissues, it can be used also for extraction of RNA from rhizome, root, shoot and leaf.
Shift in microbial group during remediation by enhanced natural attenuation (RENA) of a crude oil-impacted soil: a case study of Ikarama Community, Bayelsa, Nigeria
Authors: Chikere Chioma Blaise , Azubuike Christopher Chibueze , Fubara Evan Miebaka
Published: June 2017

Acute and chronic pollution of environments with crude oil does not bode well for biota living within the vicinity of polluted environments. This is due to environmental and public health concerns on the negative impact of crude oil pollution on living organisms. Enhancing microbial activities by adding nutrients and other amendments had proved effective in pollutant removal during bioremediation. This study was carried out to determine how microbial group respond during remediation by enhanced natural attenuation (RENA) during a field-scale bioremediation. Crude oil-polluted soil samples were collected (before, during, and after remediation) from a site undergoing remediation by enhanced natural attenuation (RENA) at Ikarama Community, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, and were analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and a shift in microbial community. The gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) results showed that the pollutant concentrations (TPH and PAH) reduced by 98 and 85%, respectively, after the remediation. Culturable hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (CHUB) was highest (8.3 × 104 cfu/g) for sample collected during the remediation studies, whilst sample collected after remediation had low CHUB (6.1 × 104 cfu/g) compared to that collected before remediation (7.7 × 104 cfu/g). Analysis of 16S rRNA of the isolated CHUB showed they belonged to eight bacterial genera namely: Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Azospirillus, Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Ochrobactrum, Proteus, and Pusillimonas, with Alcaligenes as the dominant genus. In this study, it was observed that the bacterial community shifted from mixed group (Gram-positive and -negative) before and during the remediation, to only the latter group after the remediation studies. The betaproteobacteria groups were the dominant isolated bacterial phylotype. This study showed that RENA is an effective method of reducing pollutant concentration in crude oil-polluted sites, and could be applied to other polluted sites in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria to mitigate the devastating effects of crude oil pollution.
Dysfunctional metacognition across psychopathologies: A meta-analytic review
Authors: Sun X. , Zhu C. , So S.H.W.
Published: June 2017

Background:

Dysfunctions in metacognition have been reported in individuals with anxiety disorders. Although recent studies have examined metacognition in other disorders, how dysfunctional metacognition compares across disorders is not clear. This review aimed to ascertain the importance of dysfunctional metacognition in various psychopathologies, and to identify similarities and differences in metacognitive profiles across disorders.

Methods:

Forty-seven studies were selected from 586 articles published between 1990 and August 2015, including a total sample of 3772 patients and 3376 healthy individuals. Studies that measured metacognition using the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ) and its variants were included. We conducted five meta-analyses including 49 to 55 effect sizes, comparing psychiatric patients to healthy individuals on respective metacognitive dimensions of the MCQ.

Results:

We found elevated metacognitive dysfunctions in patients, as a group, on all MCQ dimensions. Group effects were large and robust for the two negative beliefs (i.e., beliefs about the uncontrollability and danger of thoughts, and beliefs about the need to control thoughts), and moderate and unstable for the positive beliefs. Patients showed decreased cognitive confidence and heightened cognitive self-consciousness on moderate to large levels. Moderator analyses revealed that negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of thoughts were most prevalent in generalized anxiety disorder, whereas heightened cognitive self-consciousness was more characteristic in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders manifested more similar metacognitive profiles than other disorders.

Conclusions:

Our findings supported dysfunctional metacognition as common processes across psychopathologies, with certain dimensions being more prevalent in particular disorders.
Primate-Specific Long Non-Coding RNAs and MicroRNAs
Authors: Awan Hassaan Mehboob , Shah Abdullah , Rashid Farooq , Shan Ge
Published: June 2017

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression in essentially all life forms. Long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are two important RNA classes possessing regulatory functions. Up to date, many primate-specific ncRNAs have been identified and investigated. Their expression specificity to primate lineage suggests primate-specific roles. It is thus critical to elucidate the biological significance of primate or even human-specific ncRNAs, and to develop potential ncRNA-based therapeutics. Here, we have summarized the studies regarding regulatory roles of some key primate-specific lncRNAs and miRNAs.
Association of amine biomarkers with incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Study
Authors: Chouraki Vincent , Preis Sarah R. , Yang Qiong , Beiser Alexa , Li Shuo , Larson Martin G. , Weinstein Galit , Wang Thomas J. , Gerszten Robert E. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Seshadri Sudha
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The identification of novel biomarkers associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) could provide key biological insights and permit targeted preclinical prevention. We investigated circulating metabolites associated with incident dementia and AD using metabolomics.

Methods

Plasma levels of 217 metabolites were assessed in 2067 dementia‐free Framingham Offspring Cohort participants (mean age = 55.9 ± 9.7 years; 52.4% women). We studied their associations with future dementia and AD risk in multivariate Cox models.

Results

Ninety‐three participants developed incident dementia (mean follow‐up = 15.6 ± 5.2 years). Higher plasma anthranilic acid levels were associated with greater risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.15–1.70]; P = 8.08 × 10−4). Glutamic acid (HR = 1.38; 95% CI = [1.11–1.72]), taurine (HR = 0.74; 95% CI = [0.60–0.92]), and hypoxanthine (HR = 0.74; 95% CI = [0.60–0.92]) levels also showed suggestive associations with dementia risk.

Discussion

We identified four biologically plausible, candidate plasma biomarkers for dementia. Association of anthranilic acid implicates the kynurenine pathway, which modulates glutamate excitotoxicity. The associations with hypoxanthine and taurine strengthen evidence that uric acid and taurine may be neuroprotective.
Immediate and Short‐Term Effects of Kinesio Taping Tightness in Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Velasco‐Roldán Olga , Riquelme Inmaculada , Ferragut‐Garcías Alejandro , Heredia‐Rizo Alberto Marcos , Rodríguez‐Blanco Cleofás , Oliva‐Pascual‐Vaca Ángel
Published: June 2017

Background

There is controversy regarding the best technique for applying Kinesio Taping (KT), and the theory supporting that skin convolutions may explain its efficacy has recently been challenged.

Objective

To compare the immediate and short‐term effectiveness of KT tightness on mechanosensitivity and spinal mobility in nonspecific low back pain (LBP), and to observe the influence of gender in the outcome measures.

Design

Double‐blind, randomized, controlled trial.

Setting

University‐based clinical research center.

Participants

A total of 75 individuals with a mean age of 33 years (±7.4 years), 60% female and 40% male, with nonspecific LBP were recruited and randomly assigned to 1 of the following study groups: standard KT tension (n = 26), increased KT tension (n = 25), and no KT tension (n = 24).

Interventions

All participants received a two I‐strip taping over the paravertebral muscles for 24 hours. Paper‐off tension (15%‐25% of the available stretch) was used in the standard KT group, which was increased to 40% in the increased KT tension group. The rest of participants received a taping procedure with no KT tension. Measurements were taken at baseline, immediately after the taping, 24 hours after the taping, and after KT removal.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary outcome included pressure pain thresholds over the erector spinae and gluteus medius muscles. The secondary outcome was lumbar mobility (assessed with a digital inclinometer, and back‐saver sit‐and‐reach, finger‐to‐floor, and sit‐and‐reach tests).

Results

In the between‐groups analysis of the mean score changes after baseline assessment, no significant differences were found for any of the outcome measures (P > .05) except the left back‐saver sit‐and‐reach test (P = .03). A statistically significant interaction group × gender × time was observed only for mechanosensitivity values (P = .02 for the gluteus and P = .01 for the erector spinae).

Conclusion

KT tightness does not seem to influence pain sensitivity and lumbar mobility in chronic LBP in either the immediate or short term.

Level of Evidence

II
Reflection of Holocene climatic changes in mineralogy of bottom sediments from Yarkovsky Pool of Lake Chany (southern West Siberia)
Authors: Zhdanova A.N. , Solotchina E.P. , Solotchin P.A. , Krivonogov S.K. , Danilenko I.V.
Published: June 2017

Sediments of lakes located in closed basins in inland areas are an excellent archive of environmental and climatic changes. One of such archives is the Chany lake system located in the Baraba steppe of southern West Siberia and comprising three associated lakes: Bol’shie Chany, Malye Chany, and Yarkul’, connected by watercourses. We present the first data on the mineral composition of the Holocene sediments of Yarkovsky Pool of Lake Bol’shie Chany with predominantly carbonate sedimentation. The sediments were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, 18O and 13C stable-isotope geochemistry, laser granulometry, elemental analysis, and radioisotope dating. Mathematical modeling of complex XRD profiles of carbonate minerals in the sediments has revealed Mg-calcites with different Mg contents, excess-Ca dolomites, and aragonite. The obtained carbonate record gives an insight into the stratigraphic distribution of chemogenic carbonates, in which the number and proportion of phases are determined by the Mg/Ca ratio, salinity, and total alkalinity of the lake water. The phase proportions change depending on climatic cycles and lake level fluctuations. Comparison of the carbonate record with the lithologic data, δ18O and δ13C values, and distribution of some geochemical indicators of sedimentary environments showed several stages of evolution of Yarkovsky Pool related to Holocene regional climatic changes.
Field Wound Care: Prophylactic Antibiotics
Authors: Murray Clinton K.
Published: June 2017

Adequate management of wounds requires numerous interventions, one of which is the appropriate use of antimicrobials to attempt to minimize the risk of excess morbidity or mortality without increasing toxicity or multidrug resistant bacterial acquisition. There are numerous recommendations and opinions for not only the use of systemic prophylactic antimicrobials, but also the agent, dose, route, and duration. To best address the implementation of systemic antimicrobials in a field scenario, one must weigh the factors that go into that decision and then determine the best agents possible. The epidemiologic triangle (ie, the host, the agent, and the environment) forms the basis for selecting the correct prophylactic antibiotic for field wound care. Extreme conditions can be encountered in both military and nonmilitary systems, requiring a unique selection process to make the right antibiotic choice. A modifiable weighted matrix, recommended previously for point of injury combat casualty care, assists in selecting the best oral and intravenous/intramuscular agent based on the epidemiologic risk determination.
Treatment of Thoracic Trauma: Lessons From the Battlefield Adapted to All Austere Environments
Authors: Littlejohn Lanny F.
Published: June 2017

Severe thoracic trauma in the backcountry can be a formidable injury pattern to successfully treat. Traumatic open, pneumo-, and hemothoraces represent some of the most significant patterns for which advanced equipment and procedures may help leverage morbidity and mortality, particularly when evacuation is delayed and environmental conditions are extreme. This paper reviews the development of successful techniques for treating combat casualties with thoracic trauma, including the use of vented chest seals and the technique of needle thoracentesis. Recommendations are then given for applying this knowledge and skill set in the backcountry.
Remote Damage Control Resuscitation in Austere Environments
Authors: Chang Ronald , Eastridge Brian J. , Holcomb John B.
Published: June 2017

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable military and civilian trauma death. Damage control resuscitation with concomitant mechanical hemorrhage control has become the preferred in-hospital treatment of hemorrhagic shock. In particular, plasma-based resuscitation with decreased volumes of crystalloids and artificial colloids as part of damage control resuscitation has improved outcomes in the military and civilian sectors. However, translation of these principles and techniques to the prehospital, remote, and austere environments, known as remote damage control resuscitation, is challenging given the resource limitations in these settings. Rapid administration of tranexamic acid and reconstituted freeze-dried (lyophilized) plasma as early as the point of injury are feasible and likely beneficial, but comparative studies in the literature are lacking. Whole blood is likely the best fluid therapy for traumatic hemorrhagic shock, but logistical hurdles need to be addressed. Rapid control of external hemorrhage with hemostatic dressings and extremity tourniquets are proven therapies, but control of noncompressible hemorrhage (ie, torso hemorrhage) remains a significant challenge.
The Care of Thermally Injured Patients in Operational, Austere, and Mass Casualty Situations
Authors: King Booker T. , Peterson Wylan C.
Published: June 2017

Burn injury affects a half million people in the United States annually. The severe thermal injury can have long-term debilitating effects. The management of burn patients in austere and operational environments is more complex. Mass casualty incidents can result in a large number of patients with multiple traumatic injuries, which often include burn injury. Appropriate triage of casualties is essential. Severely burned patients should be evacuated to a burn center if possible. Airway management and fluid resuscitation of burn patients present unique challenges. Supplies, resources, and expertise to maintain a definitive airway may not be readily available. Airway adjuncts can be helpful but judicious use of resources is warranted in the austere setting. Traditional resuscitation of severe thermal injury is not practical in the austere environment. Oral resuscitation and in rare cases rectal hydration may be utilized until the patient can be transported to a medical facility. Much has been learned about the management of burn and polytraumatized patients after mass casualty incidents such as the September 11, 2001 terror attacks and the Pope Air Force Base disaster. A well-coordinated emergency preparedness plan is essential. The care of burn patients in austere, operational, and mass casualty situations can tax resources and manpower. The care of these patients will require creativity and ingenuity. Burn patients can be difficult to manage under normal circumstances but the care of these patients under the above situations complicates the management severalfold.
Battlefield Analgesia in Tactical Combat Casualty Care
Authors: Wedmore Ian S. , Butler Frank K.
Published: June 2017

At the start of the Afghanistan conflict, battlefield analgesia for US military casualties was achieved primarily through the use of intramuscular (IM) morphine. This is a suboptimal choice, since IM morphine is slow-acting, leading to delays in effective pain relief and the risk of overdose and death when dosing is repeated in order to hasten the onset of analgesia. Advances in battlefield analgesia, pioneered initially by Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC), and the Army’s 75th Ranger Regiment, have now been incorporated into the Triple-Option Analgesia approach. This novel strategy has gained wide acceptance in the US military. It calls for battlefield analgesia to be achieved using 1 or more of 3 options depending on the casualty’s status: 1) the meloxicam and acetaminophen in the combat wound medication pack (CWMP) for casualties with relatively minor pain that are still able to function effectively as combatants if their sensorium is not altered by analgesic medications; 2) oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) for casualties who have moderate to severe pain, but who are not in hemorrhagic shock or respiratory distress, and are not at significant risk for developing either condition; or 3) ketamine for casualties who have moderate to severe pain, but who are in hemorrhagic shock or respiratory distress or are at significant risk for developing either condition. Ketamine may also be used to increase analgesic effect for casualties who have previously been given opioid medication. The present paper outlines the evolution and evidence base for battlefield analgesia as currently recommended by TCCC. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all prehospital analgesic options.
Scale effects on conventional and intercooled turbofan engine performance
Authors: Rolt Andrew , Sethi Vishal , Jacob Florian , Sebastiampillai Joshua , Xisto Carlos , Grönstedt Tomas , Raffaelli Lorenzo
Published: June 2017

New commercial aero engines for 2050 are expected to have lower specific thrusts for reduced noise and improved propulsive efficiency, but meeting the ACARE Flightpath 2050 fuel-burn and emissions targets will also need radical design changes to improve core thermal efficiency. Intercooling, recuperation, inter-turbine combustion and added topping and bottoming cycles all have the potential to improve thermal efficiency. However, these new technologies tend to increase core specific power and reduce core mass flow, giving smaller and less efficient core components. Turbine cooling also gets more difficult as engine cores get smaller. The core-size-dependent performance penalties will become increasingly significant with the development of more aerodynamically efficient and lighter-weight aircraft having lower thrust requirements. In this study the effects of engine thrust and core size on performance are investigated for conventional and intercooled aeroengine cycles. Large intercooled engines could have 3%–4% SFC improvement relative to conventional cycle engines, while smaller engines may only realize half of this benefit. The study provides a foundation for investigations of more complex cycles in the EU Horizon 2020 ULTIMATE programme.
The effect of finite-conductivity Hartmann walls on the linear stability of Hunt’s flow
Authors: Arlt Thomas , Priede Jānis , Bühler Leo
Published: June 2017

We analyse numerically the linear stability of fully developed liquid metal flow in a square duct with insulating side walls and thin, electrically conducting horizontal walls. The wall conductance ratio $c$ is in the range of 0.01 to 1 and the duct is subject to a vertical magnetic field with Hartmann numbers up to $\mathit{Ha}=10^{4}$. In a sufficiently strong magnetic field, the flow consists of two jets at the side walls and a near-stagnant core with relative velocity ${\sim}(c\mathit{Ha})^{-1}$. We find that for $\mathit{Ha}\gtrsim 300,$ the effect of wall conductivity on the stability of the flow is mainly determined by the effective Hartmann wall conductance ratio $c\mathit{Ha}.$ For $c\ll 1$, the increase of the magnetic field or that of the wall conductivity has a destabilizing effect on the flow. Maximal destabilization of the flow occurs at $\mathit{Ha}\approx 30/c$. In a stronger magnetic field with $c\mathit{Ha}\gtrsim 30$, the destabilizing effect vanishes and the asymptotic results of Priede et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 649, 2010, pp. 115–134) for ideal Hunt’s flow with perfectly conducting Hartmann walls are recovered.
Love, Sex, and Satisfaction in On-Again/Off-Again Relationships: Exploring What Might Make These Relationships Alluring
Authors: Dailey René M. , Powell Alexander
Published: June 2017

The current study explored positive relational qualities — love, need satisfaction, sexual satisfaction— to better understand what might be alluring to on-again/off-again (cyclical) partners given that they typically report lower relational quality and functioning than non-cyclical partners (i.e., those who have not broken up and renewed). A sample of 558 young adults in current romantic relationships (27.6% in cyclical relationships) reported on Sternberg's (1997) three love components (intimacy, passion, and commitment), relationship need satisfaction (e.g., companionship, emotional involvement), and their sexual satisfaction. Results supported the bulk of research showing cyclical partners report lower relational quality — cyclical partners reported less love, need satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction. A pattern of findings regarding passion and need satisfaction regarding sexual and physical intimacy, however, suggests that cyclical partners might value the physical component of relationships more, and further, that passion might be more strongly related to global satisfaction as compared to non-cyclical partners. Overall, the value of this study is not in what differences were found but in ruling out certain explanations of what perpetuates cycling in young adult relationships. The current findings suggest the reasons individuals return to less satisfying relationships is complex and might require novel theoretical models.
MOIETIES AND MORTUARY MOUNDS: DUALISM AT A MOUND AND ENCLOSURE COMPLEX IN THE SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN HIGHLANDS
Authors: Robinson Mark , Iriarte José , De Souza Jonas Gregorio , Corteletti Rafael , Ulguim Priscilla , Fradley Michael , Cárdenas Macarena , De Blasis Paulo , Mayle Francis , Scunderlick Deisi
Published: June 2017

Excavations at Abreu Garcia provide a detailed case study of a mound and enclosure mortuary complex used by the southern proto-Jê in the southern Brazilian highlands. The recovery of 16 secondary cremation deposits within a single mound allows an in-depth discussion of spatial aspects of mortuary practices. A spatial division in the placement of the interments adds another level of duality to the mortuary landscape, which comprises: (1) paired mound and enclosures, (2) twin mounds within a mound and enclosure, and (3) the dual division in the mound interior. The multiple levels of nested asymmetric dualism evoke similarities to the moiety system that characterizes modern southern Jê groups, highlighting both the opposition and the complementarity of the social system. The findings offer deeper insight into fundamental aspects of southern proto-Jê social organization, including the dual nature of the community, the manifestation of social structure in the landscape, and its incorporation into mortuary ritual. The results have implications for research design and developing appropriate methodologies to answer culture-specific questions. Furthermore, the parallels among archaeology, ethnohistory, and ethnography enable an understanding of the foundation of modern descendent groups and an assessment of the continuity in indigenous culture beyond European contact.
Evolution of the Asian summer monsoon during Dansgaard/Oeschger events 13–17 recorded in a stalagmite constrained by high-precision chronology from southwest China
Authors: Li Ting-Yong , Han Li-Yin , Cheng Hai , Edwards R. Lawrence , Shen Chuan-Chou , Li Hong-Chun , Li Jun-Yun , Huang Chun-Xia , Zhang Tao-Tao , Zhao Xin
Published: June 2017

A stalagmite with high 238U content from Yangkou Cave, China, revealed the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) between 49.1 and 59.5 ka, and the δ18O values recorded Dansgaard/Oeschger (D/O) events 13–17. The Yangkou record shows a relatively gradual transition into the D/O 14 and 16 events. The discrepancy between the abrupt and gradual transitions of D/O 14 in the records from northern and southern China, respectively, suggests different responses of the ASM to climate changes in the high northern latitudes. The higher resolution δ18O record and more precise 230Th dating indicate that the timing of D/O 14 and 17 in the Hulu records at 53 and 58 ka should be shifted to 54.3 and 59 ka, respectively. The gradual strengthening of the ASM at the onsets of D/O 16 and 14 in our record is different from the abrupt temperature rise in the northern high latitudes. Some other factors must contribute to this relatively gradual ASM change in southern China, but the actual reason is still unknown.
Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Khalkhali H.R. , Foroutan M. , Khademvatan S. , Majidiani H. , Aryamand S. , Khezri P. , Aminpour A.
Published: June 2017

As a significant zoonosis, cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in some parts of the world, such as the Middle East. There are studies on the prevalence of this infection in animal and human reservoirs in Iran; hence, we conducted this meta-analysis to elucidate the prevalence of CE in Iran. English (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar) and Persian (Magiran, Iran Medex, Iran Doc and SID) databases were explored. In the case of definitive, animal and human intermediate hosts, 37, 90 and 33 studies, respectively, have been included in the current review from January 1990 to December 2015. According to outcomes of the heterogeneity test, either Der Simonian and Laird's random-effects method or Mantel–Haenszel's fixed-effects method were employed to pool the estimations. The pooled prevalence ofEchinococcus granulosusinfection in definitive hosts was calculated as 23.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 17.6–30.1%). The weighted prevalence of animal and human hydatidosis was calculated as 15.6% (95% CI = 14.2–17.1%) and 4.2% (95% CI = 3.0–5.5%), respectively. Meanwhile, most cases of human hydatidosis were in southern Iran, with a prevalence of 5.8% (3.2–9.2%). In terms of human hydatidosis, more infections were found in rural regions, and mostly in female individuals. Egger's regression test revealed publication bias, with a remarkable impact on total prevalence of the infection in animal intermediate hosts (P< 0.001), while it was not significant in human hosts (P= 0.4) and definitive hosts (P= 0.3). According to the weighted estimated prevalence of cystic echinococcosis and its financial burden, implementing appropriate control programmes should be compulsory to decrease the burden of the disease in Iran.
Genetic differentiation between Mediterranean and Atlantic populations of the common prawn Palaemon serratus (Crustacea: Palaemonidae) reveals uncommon phylogeographic break
Authors: Weiss Ronja , Torrecilla Zeltia , González-Ortegón Enrique , González-Tizón Ana M. , Martínez-Lage Andrés , Schubart Christoph D.
Published: June 2017

The Atlantic–Mediterranean transition zone between the Alborán Sea and the Gulf of Cádiz constitutes the most prominent marine geographic barrier in European waters and includes known phylogeographic breaks such as the Strait of Gibraltar and the Almería-Oran Front. A genetic shift in this area has been previously documented for the European littoral shrimp Palaemon elegans. Here we carried out a phylogeographic analysis with the congeneric and sympatric species Palaemon serratus to test for similar intraspecific genetic differentiation and geographic structure. This littoral prawn is distributed in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. We compared DNA sequences from the mitochondrial genes Cox1 and to a lesser extent from 16S rRNA of several Atlantic and Mediterranean populations. Furthermore, sequences from the nuclear gene Enolase were included for corroborating differences between Mediterranean and Atlantic individuals. A pronounced genetic differentiation was detected between the Mediterranean and Atlantic populations, amounting to 10.14% in Cox1 and 2.0% in 16S, indicating the occurrence of two independent evolutionary lineages. Interestingly, specimens from the Atlantic Gulf of Cadiz cluster together with the Mediterranean individuals, indicating that a biogeographic barrier appears to be located west of the Strait of Gibraltar.
Developing a carer identity and negotiating everyday life through social networking sites: an explorative study on identity constructions in an online Swedish carer community
Authors: ANDRÉASSON FRIDA , ANDREASSON JESPER , HANSON ELIZABETH
Published: June 2017

An overarching reason why carers do not utilise support services is that many people who perform care-giving do not necessarily self-identify as a carer. Understanding the development of carer identities is therefore crucial for the utilisation of different carer-focused health services. This study arose from the European Union-funded INNOVAGE project and aimed to describe how older carers conceptualise and understand their identity as carers on a Swedish online social forum. Theoretically the study adopts a constructionist approach and the method of netnography was applied. The findings reveal that a change in self-perception occurs in the process through which a carer role is acquired. The presence or absence of recognition for the older carers’ capacity, knowledge and life situation is seen as filtered through the needs of the care recipient, making the carer identity into an invisible self. This is not least the case when the identity is constructed in alliance with conceptual and moral obligations found within a marital discourse. Nevertheless, the opportunity for online communication may help to create a virtual space of social recognition through which different experiences attached to caring can be discussed. The significance of online communication is here understood as the possibility it presents for carers to be recognised by other carers. It is a process through which an invisible self can become visible.
DYNAMIC CONTROL OF A SINGLE-SERVER SYSTEM WHEN JOBS CHANGE STATUS
Authors: Zayas-Cabán Gabriel , Ahn Hyun-Soo
Published: June 2017

From health care to maintenance shops, many systems must contend with allocating resources to customers or jobs whose initial service requirements or costs change when they wait too long. We present a new queueing model for this scenario and use a Markov decision process formulation to analyze assignment policies that minimize holding costs. We show that the classic cμ rule is generally not optimal when service or cost requirements can change. Even for a two-class customer model where a class 1 task becomes a class 2 task upon waiting, we show that additional orderings of the service rates are needed to ensure the optimality of simple priority rules. We then show that seemingly-intuitive switching curve structures are also not optimal in general. We study these scenarios and provide conditions under which they do hold. Lastly, we show that results from the two-class model do not extend to when there aren≥3 customer classes. More broadly, we find that simple priority rules are not optimal. We provide sufficient conditions under which a simple priority rule holds. In short, allowing service and/or cost requirements to change fundamentally changes the structure of the optimal policy for resource allocation in queueing systems.
The effect of kinetic heat shock on bovine oocyte maturation and subsequent gene expression of targeted genes
Authors: Pavani Krishna C. , Rocha António , Baron Erica , Lourenço Joana , Faheem Marwa , da Silva Fernando Moreira
Published: June 2017

The exposure of oocytes to heat stress during the maturation process results in harmful effects to their internal organelles, low fertilization capability and higher embryonic losses. In the present experiment the effect of heat shock (HS) during the maturation process was assessed. In Assay 1, oocytes from winter (December–March; n = 100) and summer (June–September; n = 100) months were collected and matured to analyse their HS tolerance. Total RNA was extracted from matured oocytes and cDNA synthesis was performed, followed by qPCR for selected genes (Cx43, CDH1, DNMT1, HSPA14), compared with two reference genes (GAPDH and SDHA). In Assay 2, oocytes collected during the winter were subjected to kinetic HS by stressing them at 39.5°C for 6, 12, 18 or 24 h and were afterwards matured at control temperature (38.5°C), and subsequently subjected to the previously described gene analysis procedure. Results of Assay 1 show that summer-collected oocytes exhibited lower maturation rate than winter-collected oocytes, which may be due to the down-regulation of the HSPA 14 gene. Assay 2 showed that 6 h of HS had no effect on gene regulation. CDH1 and DNMT1 up-regulation was observed starting at 12 h, which may represent the effect of heat shock on oocyte development.
Prenatal diagnosis of isolated total anomalous systemic venous connection to the left atrium
Authors: Miltner Béatrice , Poncelet Alain Jean , Barrea Catherine
Published: June 2017

We report the prenatal diagnosis and the neonatal follow-up of a patient with isolated total abnormal systemic venous connection to the left atrium. Right-sided and left-sided superior caval veins and the inferior caval vein were all connected to the left atrium. Pulmonary venous return was normal. This was associated with some right ventricular underdevelopment. To our knowledge, this is the first fetal description of this very rare congenital cardiac malformation.
Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Excessive Reassurance Seeking in an Older Adult: A Single Case Quasi-Experimental Design
Authors: Halldorsson Brynjar , Salkovskis Paul M.
Published: June 2017

Background: Cognitive behavioural interventions for excessive reassurance seeking (ERS) typically focus on encouraging individuals to refrain from seeking any reassurance and in some cases banning caregivers (e.g. family members) from providing it. However, this blanket consideration that reassurance is a bad thing that should simply be stopped may not always be appropriate or helpful. Cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT) targeting ERS by helping the sufferer to shift from seeking reassurance to seeking support may be a promising treatment intervention. Aims: This study aims to examine the targeted treatment of ERS in an older adult who has been suffering from severe obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) for seven decades. Method: Using a single case quasi-experimental design (ABCD), the frequency of reassurance seeking, urges to seek reassurance, OCD beliefs and anxiety were measured daily for almost a year in addition to standard symptom measures. Results: At the end of treatment, visual inspection showed that reassurance seeking was no longer considered excessive and OCD severity fell from the severe to non-clinical range across the treatment sessions. All treatment gains were maintained at follow-up. Conclusions: This study illustrates how CBT can be successfully applied to treat long-standing OCD and ERS in an older adult. Engendering support as an alternative to reassurance seeking in CBT may be a particularly promising intervention for ERS.
Content analysis of targeted food and beverage advertisements in a Chinese-American neighbourhood
Authors: Bragg Marie A , Pageot Yrvane K , Hernández-Villarreal Olivia , Kaplan Sue A , Kwon Simona C
Published: June 2017

Objectives

The current descriptive study aimed to: (i) quantify the number and type of advertisements (ads) located in a Chinese-American neighbourhood in a large, urban city; and (ii) catalogue the targeted marketing themes used in the food/beverage ads.

Design

Ten pairs of trained research assistants photographed all outdoor ads in a 0·6 mile2 (1·6 km2) area where more than 60·0 % of residents identify as Chinese American. We used content analysis to assess the marketing themes of ads, including references to: Asian cultures; health; various languages; children; food or beverage type (e.g. sugar-sweetened soda).

Setting

Lower East Side, a neighbourhood located in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, USA.

Subjects

Ads (n 1366) in the designated neighbourhood.

Results

Food/beverage ads were the largest ad category (29·7 %, n 407), followed by services (e.g. mobile phone services; 21·0 %, n 288). Sixty-seven per cent (66·9 %) of beverages featured were sugar-sweetened, and 50·8 % of food ads promoted fast food. Fifty-five per cent (54·9 %) of food/beverage ads targeted Asian Americans through language, ethnicity of person(s) in the ad or inclusion of culturally relevant images. Fifty per cent (50·2 %) of ads were associated with local/small brands.

Conclusions

Food/beverage marketing practices are known to promote unhealthy food and beverage products. Research shows that increased exposure leads to excessive short-term consumption among consumers and influences children’s food preferences and purchase requests. Given the frequency of racially targeted ads for unhealthy products in the current study and increasing rates of obesity-related diseases among Asian Americans, research and policies should address the implications of food and beverage ads on health.
Whole grain intake of Australians estimated from a cross-sectional analysis of dietary intake data from the 2011–13 Australian Health Survey
Authors: Galea Leanne M , Beck Eleanor J , Probst Yasmine C , Cashman Chris J
Published: June 2017

Objective

The Australian Dietary Guidelines recommend Australians choose mostly whole-grain and/or high-fibre varieties within the grains (cereal) foods category, with other groups specifying a whole grain Daily Target Intake of 48 g for Australians aged 9 years or above. The USA and UK report estimates of whole grain intake that are low and declining, and no comprehensive studies on whole grain intake in the Australian population are available. The present study aimed to determine national estimates of whole grain intake, compared with current recommendations.

Design

A recently updated whole grain database was applied to the most current population dietary intake data. Single 24 h dietary recall intake data were reviewed against age group, sex, relative to energy intake and whole grain recommendations.

Setting

Australia.

Subjects

Australians (2–85 years) participating in the 2011–13 Australian Health Survey (n 12 153).

Results

The median daily whole grain intake was 21 g for adults (19–85 years) and 17 g for children/adolescents (2–18 years), or 28 and 23 g/10 MJ per d, respectively. Approximately 30 % of children/adolescents consumed no whole grains on the day of the survey. Whole grain intake was lowest for the age group 14–18 years (8·7 g/d). Of all participants aged ≥9 years, 73 % did not reach the recommended Daily Target Intake of 48 g.

Conclusions

Whole grain intake in Australia is below recommendations in all age groups. Adolescents may be a key target for campaigns to increase whole grain consumption. This study provides the first quantification of absolute whole grain intake from all food sources in a national sample of Australians.