bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternity of emergency queens in the Cape honey bee, Apis mellifera capensis
Authors: HOLMES MICHAEL J. , OLDROYD BENJAMIN P. , ALLSOPP MICHAEL H. , LIM JULIANNE , WOSSLER THERESA C. , BEEKMAN MADELEINE
Published: June 2010

During reproductive swarming, some workers of the Cape honey bee, Apis mellifera capensis, lay eggs in queen cells, many of which are reared to maturity. However, it is unknown if workers are able to lay in queen cells immediately after queen loss during an episode of emergency queen rearing. In this study we experimentally de‐queened colonies and determined the maternity of larvae and pupae that were reared as queens. This allowed us to determine how soon after queen loss workers contribute to the production of new queens. We were further interested to see if workers would preferentially raise new queens from queen‐laid brood if this was introduced later. We performed our manipulations in two different settings: an apiary setting where colonies were situated close together and a more natural situation in which the colonies were well separated. This allowed us to determine how the vicinity of other colonies affects the presence of parasites. We found that workers do indeed contribute to queen cell production immediately after the loss of their queen, thus demonstrating that some workers either have activated ovaries even when their colony has a queen or are able to activate their ovaries extremely rapidly. Queen‐laid brood introduced days after queen loss was ignored, showing that workers do not prefer to raise new queens from queen brood when given a choice. We also detected non‐natal parasitism of queen cells in both settings. We therefore conclude that some A. m. capensis genotypes specialize in parasitizing queen cells.
The β‐subunits of the Snf1 kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gal83 and Sip2, but not Sip1, are redundant in glucose derepression and regulation of sterol biosynthesis
Authors: Zhang Jie , Olsson Lisbeth , Nielsen Jens
Published: June 2010

The conserved Snf1/AMP‐activated protein kinase family is one of the central components in the nutrient sensing and regulation of the carbon metabolism in eukaryotes. It is also involved in several other processes such as stress resistance, invasive growth and ageing. Snf1 kinase is composed of a catalytic α‐subunit Snf1, a regulatory γ‐subunit Snf4 and one of three possible β‐subunits, Sip1, Sip2 or Gal83. We used a systematic approach to study the role of the three β‐subunits by analysing all seven possible combinations of β‐subunit deletions together with the reference strain. Previous studies showed that the three β‐subunits are redundant for growth on alternative carbon sources. Here we report that the mutant strain with only SIP1 expressed (sip2Δgal83Δ) could utilize acetate, but neither ethanol nor glycerol, as alternative carbon source. We also showed that Gal83 is the most important isoform not only for the growth on non‐fermentable carbon sources, but also for regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic genes, under glucose‐limited condition. Furthermore, we found that Sip2, but not Sip1, can take over when Gal83 is deleted, but to a lesser extent. However, Sip1 may be sufficient for some other processes such as regulation of the nitrogen metabolism and meiosis.
Chromobacterium pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system is a major virulence determinant for Chromobacterium violaceum‐induced cell death in hepatocytes
Authors: Miki Tsuyoshi , Iguchi Mirei , Akiba Kinari , Hosono Masato , Sobue Tomoyoshi , Danbara Hirofumi , Okada Nobuhiko
Published: June 2010

Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram‐negative bacterium that causes fatal septicaemia in humans and animals. C. violaceum ATCC 12472 possesses genes associated with two distinct type III secretion systems (T3SSs). One of these systems is encoded by Chromobacterium pathogenicity islands 1 and 1a (Cpi‐1/‐1a), another is encoded by Chromobacterium pathogenicity island 2 (Cpi‐2). Here we show that C. violaceum causes fulminant hepatitis in a mouse infection model, and Cpi‐1/‐1a‐encoded T3SS is required for its virulence. In addition, using C. violaceum strains with defined mutations in the genes that encode the Cpi‐1/‐1a or Cpi‐2 locus in combination with cultured mammalian cell lines, we found that C. violaceum is able to induce cytotoxicity in a Cpi‐1/‐1a‐dependent manner. Characterization of Chromobacterium‐induced cytotoxicity revealed that cell lysis by C. violaceum infection involves the formation of pore structures on the host cell membrane, as demonstrated by protection by cytotoxicity in the presence of osmoprotectants. Finally, we demonstrated that CipB, a Cpi‐1/‐1a effector, is implicated in translocator‐mediated pore formation and the ability of CipB to form a pore is essential for Chromobacterium‐induced cytotoxicity. These results strongly suggest that Cpi‐1/‐1a‐encoded T3SS is a virulence determinant that causes fatal infection by the induction of cell death in hepatocytes.
Interleukin‐10 Promotes NK Cell Killing of Autologous Macrophages by Stimulating Expression of NKG2D Ligands
Authors: Schulz U. , Kreutz M. , Multhoff G. , Stoelcker B. , Köhler M. , Andreesen R. , Holler E.
Published: June 2010

Under inflammatory conditions, the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) is released in many tissues. It mediates anti‐inflammatory effects in particular by inhibiting the release of T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines. In contrast, we show here that NK cell cytotoxicity against autologous macrophages is elevated if both cell types are cultured with IL‐10. The expression of most activatory NK receptors is increased after culture in the presence of IL‐10. On the other hand, macrophages cultured in the presence of IL‐10 show elevated expression of the NKG2D ligands major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1‐like molecules (MIC) – A and – B, as well as UL‐16 binding proteins (ULBP) – ULBP‐1, ULBP‐2 and ULBP‐3. By masking the interaction of NK cells with macrophages through interruption of the NKG2D receptor with its ligands, we could reverse the IL‐10‐induced lysis of macrophages. Our data therefore reveal that IL‐10 may exert a novel immunomodulatory role by stimulating NKG2D ligand expression on macrophages, thereby rendering them susceptible to NK cell elimination. This suggests that NK cells would delete macrophages and potentially other immature antigen‐presenting cells (APC) or their precursors under inflammatory conditions as a feedback mechanism to shut off uncontrolled immune responses.
Association of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor‐associated angioedema with transplant and immunosuppressant use
Authors: Byrd J. B. , Woodard‐Grice A. , Stone E. , Lucisano A. , Schaefer H. , Yu C. , Eyler A. E. , Salloum N. E. , Brown N. J.
Published: June 2010

To cite this article:Byrd JB, Woodard‐Grice A, Stone E, Lucisano A, Schaefer H, Yu C, Eyler AE, Salloum NE, Brown NJ. Association of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor‐associated angioedema with transplant and immunosuppressant use.Allergy2010;65: 1381–1387.

Background: Immunosuppressants decrease circulating dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity in transplant patients, and decreased DPPIV activity has been associated with angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor‐associated angioedema. One study has reported an increased incidence of ACE inhibitor‐associated angioedema among transplant patients compared to published rates, while several case series report angioedema in patients taking specific immunosuppressant agents.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that transplant patients are at increased risk of ACE inhibitor‐associated angioedema.

Methods: We assessed the proportion of transplant patients in 145 cases with ACE inhibitor‐associated angioedema and 280 ACE inhibitor‐exposed controls. We measured the relationship between case–control status, transplant status, and immunosuppressant use and circulating DPPIV activity. We also assessed the incidence of angioedema among consecutive patients who underwent renal or cardiac transplant and were treated with an ACE inhibitor.

Results: Transplant patients were significantly overrepresented among ACE inhibitor‐associated angioedema cases compared to controls (odds ratio 18.5, 95% CI 2.3–147.2,P = 0.0004). Immunosuppressant use, chronic renal failure, seasonal allergies and smoking were also associated with ACE inhibitor‐associated angioedema in univariate analysis. The association of transplant status with ACE inhibitor‐associated angioedema was no longer significant after inclusion of immunosuppressant therapy in a multivariate analysis. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity was significantly decreased in sera from cases compared to ACE inhibitor‐exposed controls, as well as in individuals taking immunosuppressants. Two of 47 ACE inhibitor‐treated renal transplant patients and one of 36 ACE inhibitor‐treated cardiac transplant patients developed angioedema.

Conclusion: Transplant patients are at increased risk of ACE inhibitor‐associated angioedema possibly because of the effects of immunosuppressants on the activity of DPPIV.
Hippocampal–anterior thalamic pathways for memory: uncovering a network of direct and indirect actions
Authors: Aggleton John P. , O’Mara Shane M. , Vann Seralynne D. , Wright Nick F. , Tsanov Marian , Erichsen Jonathan T.
Published: June 2010

This review charts recent advances from a variety of disciplines that create a new perspective on why the multiple hippocampal–anterior thalamic interconnections are together vital for human episodic memory and rodent event memory. Evidence has emerged for the existence of a series of parallel temporal–diencephalic pathways that function in a reciprocal manner, both directly and indirectly, between the hippocampal formation and the anterior thalamic nuclei. These extended pathways also involve the mammillary bodies, the retrosplenial cortex and parts of the prefrontal cortex. Recent neuropsychological findings reveal the disproportionate importance of these hippocampal–anterior thalamic systems for recollective rather than familiarity‐based recognition, while anatomical studies highlight the precise manner in which information streams are kept separate but can also converge at key points within these pathways. These latter findings are developed further by electrophysiological stimulation studies showing how the properties of the direct hippocampal–anterior thalamic projections are often opposed by the indirect hippocampal projections via the mammillary bodies to the thalamus. Just as these hippocampal–anterior thalamic interactions reflect an interdependent system, so it is also the case that pathology in one of the component sites within this system can induce dysfunctional changes to distal sites both directly and indirectly across the system. Such distal effects challenge more traditional views of neuropathology as they reveal how extensive covert pathology might accompany localised overt pathology, and so impair memory.
A thermophilic bacterial origin and subsequent constraints by redox, light and salinity on the evolution of the microbial mercuric reductase
Authors: Barkay Tamar , Kritee K. , Boyd Eric , Geesey Gill
Published: June 2010

Mercuric reductase (MerA) is central to the mercury (Hg) resistance (mer) system, catalyzing the reduction of ionic Hg to volatile Hg(0). A total of 213merAhomologues were identified in sequence databases, the majority of which belonged to microbial lineages that occupy oxic environments.merAwas absent among phototrophs and in lineages that inhabit anoxic environments. Phylogenetic reconstructions of MerA indicate that (i)merAoriginated in a thermophilic bacterium following the divergence of the Archaea and Bacteria with a subsequent acquisition in Archaea via horizontal gene transfer (HGT), (ii) HGT ofmerAwas rare across phylum boundaries and (iii) MerA from marine bacteria formed distinct and strongly supported lineages. Collectively, these observations suggest that a combination of redox, light and salinity conditions constrain MerA to microbial lineages that occupy environments where the most oxidized and toxic form of Hg, Hg(II), predominates. Further, the taxon‐specific distribution of MerA with and without a 70 amino acid N‐terminal extension may reflect intracellular levels of thiols. In conclusion, MerA likely evolved following the widespread oxygenation of the biosphere in a thermal environment and its subsequent evolution has been modulated by the interactions of Hg with the intra‐ and extracellular environment of the organism.
DNA hypermethylation in papillary renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Ellinger Jörg , Holl Daniel , Nuhn Philipp , Kahl Philip , Haseke Nicolas , Staehler Michael , Siegert Sabine , Hauser Stefan , Stief Christian G. , Müller Stefan C. , Bastian Patrick J.
Published: June 2010

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Epigenetic alterations play an essential role during carcinogenesis, and earlier studies suggested that global histone modification levels are predictive for patients’ outcome in various tumour entities (e.g. prostate, lung, breast and kidney cancer). So far, only smaller studies on histone H3K9 acetylation in patients with papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) and histone H2AX phosphorylation in non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer exist; both studies indicate prognostic relevance for bladder cancer.

We demonstrate that histone methylation levels (H3K4, H4K20) decrease from normal tissue over non‐muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer to bladder cancer metastases. Histone modifications are correlated to advanced pathological stage in non‐muscle and muscle invasive bladder cancer. Furthermore, H4K20me3 appeared to be predictive for bladder cancer specific survival in patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the pattern of DNA CpG island hypermethylation in papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

DNA from pRCC (n= 32) and adjacent normal tissue (n= 15) was isolated. A quantitative methylation‐specific PCR was performed to analyse the methylation pattern at APC (actin beta), CDH1 (E‐cadherin), GSTP1 (glutathione S‐transferase pi 1), RASSF1A (Ras association domain family member 1A) and TIMP3 (TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3); a sequence of ACTB without CpG was used to normalize for DNA input and to calculate the relative amount of methylated DNA (normalized index of methylation, NIM).

RESULTS

RASSF1A hypermethylation was observed in most pRCC and normal samples (100 vs 94.4%), but the median NIM was significantly higher in pRCC samples (2.11 vs 0.61; P < 0.001). RASSF1A hypermethylation allowed discrimination of pRCC and normal tissue with a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 73.3% as determined via receiver operator characteristic analysis (area under curve = 0.814). Hypermethylation at APC (3.0 vs 6.7%), CDH1 (15.6 vs 0%), GSTP1 (21.9 vs 6.7%) and TIMP3 (6.3 vs 0%) was infrequent in pRCC and normal tissue. CDH1 was significantly correlated with pathological stage (P= 0.015), and patients with methylated CDH1 methylation showed a trend towards shorter recurrence‐free survival (log‐rank P= 0.057). The number of methylated gene sites was correlated with pathological stage (P= 0.007) and lymph node metastasis (P= 0.008).

CONCLUSIONS

DNA hypermethylation at RASSF1A is common in pRCC tissue irrespective of the histological subtype, but also frequently seen at lower levels in normal adjacent tissue. Aberrant hypermethylation could be a prognostic marker for pRCC.
Persistent individual tracking within overall improvement in HbA1cin a UK paediatric diabetes clinic over 15 years
Authors: Edge J. A. , James T. , Shine B.
Published: June 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1284–1288 (2010)

Introduction There is some evidence of long‐term tracking of HbA1clevels within diabetes centres, but little evidence of individual tracking.

Methods HbA1clevels of children in the clinic over a period of 15 years were retrieved from the clinical chemistry laboratory information system. We measured the correlation of HbA1cbetween years (Spearman and Pearson rank correlation), as well as the relationship of HbA1cwith age and the change over time in the clinic.

Results Data were collected from 362 children and young people [158 female (44%)], aged 0–18 years (median 10.4 years), with 0–13.6 years of follow‐up (median 4.7 years). Mean HbA1clevels fell from 9.3 ± 1.5% (78 ± 16 mmol/mol) in 2001 to 8.1 ± 1.3% (65 ± 14 mmol/mol) in 2009 in those at least 6 months after diagnosis (P < 0.0001). HbA1clevels gradually rise with increasing age. HbA1clevels from year to year are significantly correlated. This is better for adjacent than subsequent years, but there is a significant correlation up to 9 years from diagnosis. Only 4 of 49 children with a 6‐month HbA1clevel of 9% (75 mmol/mol) or more had a long‐term (2–5 years) median HbA1c< 8% (64 mmol/mol).

Conclusions HbA1clevels track in individuals within an improvement in overall clinic levels, suggesting that, if optimal control can be achieved in the first 6 months, it can persist for up to 9 years.
Psychosocial factors associated with use of continuous glucose monitoring
Authors: Ritholz M. D. , Atakov‐Castillo A. , Beste M. , Beverly E. A. , Leighton A. , Weinger K. , Wolpert H.
Published: June 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1060–1065 (2010)

Aims  To identify psychosocial factors associated with the use of continuous glucose monitoring by adults with Type 1 diabetes.

Methods  Twenty adult patients (aged 45 ± 15 years, diabetes duration 25 ± 19 years, 50% female) followed at our site in the multi‐centre Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation continuous glucose monitoring trial were divided into three groups: Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) Responders who demonstrated an improvement in glycaemic control with continuous glucose monitoring (baseline HbA1c≥ 7.0%, HbA1c reduction greater than or equal to 0.5%), Hypoglycaemia Responders (baseline HbA1c < 7.0%) who demonstrated decreased time < 3.9 mmol/l while remaining within target HbA1c, and HbA1c Non‐Responders (baseline HbA1c≥ 7.0%, HbA1c reduction less than 0.5%). Subjects participated in semi‐structured interviews focusing on their psychosocial experiences with continuous glucose monitoring.

Results  Three major themes were identified that differentiated Responders (including both the HbA1c and Hypoglycaemia groups) from Non‐Responders: (i) coping with frustrations—Responders used self‐controlled rather than emotions‐based coping when faced with continuous glucose monitoring frustrations; (ii) use of information—Responders used retrospective pattern analysis, not just minute‐by‐minute data analysis, in glycaemic management; (iii) ‘significant other’/spousal involvement—Responders endorsed interest, encouragement and participation by their loved ones. Both Responders and Non‐Responders expressed body image concerns when wearing continuous glucose monitoring devices.

Conclusions  This qualitative study points to the importance of coping skills, retrospective review of data, and ‘significant other’ involvement in the effective use of continuous glucose monitoring. These findings will inform clinical initiatives to improve patient selection and training in the use of this new technology and have served as the basis for development of quantitative surveys to be used in clinical practice.
Precipitation‐use efficiency along a 4500‐km grassland transect
Authors: Zhongmin Hu , Guirui Yu , Jiangwen Fan , Huaping Zhong , Shaoqiang Wang , Shenggong Li
Published: June 2010

Aims  Clarifying the spatiotemporal variations in precipitation‐use efficiency (PUE), the ratio of vegetation above‐ground productivity to annual precipitation, will advance our understanding of how ecosystems' carbon and water cycles respond to climate change. Our goal is to investigate the variations in PUE at both regional and site scales along a 4500‐km climate‐related grassland transect.

Location  The Inner Mongolian Plateau in northern China and the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.

Methods  We collected data on 580 sites from four data sources. The data were acquired through field surveys and long‐term in situ observations. We investigated the relationships between precipitation and PUE at both regional and site scales, and we evaluated the effects of the main biotic and climatic factors on PUE at both spatial scales.

Results  PUE decreased with decreasing mean annual precipitation (MAP), except for a slight rise toward the dry end of the gradient. The maximum PUE showed large site‐to‐site variation along the transect. Vegetation cover significantly affected the spatial variations in PUE, and this probably accounts for the positive relationship between PUE and MAP. However, there was no significant relationship between inter‐annual variations in precipitation or vegetation cover and PUE within given ecosystems along the transect.

Conclusions  The findings of this research contradict the prevailing view that a convergent maximum PUE exists among diverse ecosystems, as presented in previous reports. Our findings also suggest the action of distinct mechanisms in controlling PUE at different spatial scales. We propose the use of a conceptual model for predicting vegetation productivity at continental and global scales with a sigmoid function, which illustrates an increasing PUE with MAP in arid regions. Our approach may represent an improvement over use of the popular Miami model.
Exercise for the treatment and management of overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of the literature
Authors: Thomson R. L. , Buckley J. D. , Brinkworth G. D.
Published: June 2010

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by the presence of polycystic ovaries, menstrual dysfunction, infertility and biochemical and clinical hyperandrogenism and is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors and psychological problems. Despite the well‐established benefits of exercise training and its recommendation as a cornerstone of PCOS management, few well‐controlled randomized studies have been conducted evaluating the benefits of exercise training and specific exercise regimes in women with PCOS. From the limited studies there appears to be a beneficial effect of exercise either alone or in combination with energy restriction has shown to improve fitness, cardiovascular, hormonal, reproductive and psychological outcomes. While the addition of regular exercise to energy restriction appears to only have additional benefits for improving body composition, these greater improvements are likely to have long‐term implications. While lifestyle modification including regular exercise appears to be an effective strategy for the management of overweight PCOS women, methodological limitations in the studies limit the generalizability of the findings. Future research with rigorous study designs is needed to determine specific exercise guidelines that will provide the greatest benefit for these women.
From e‐campus to e‐learning: An overview of ICT applications in Chinese higher education
Authors: Zhao Guodong , Jiang Zhongjiao
Published: June 2010

Centring on the application of information and communication technology (ICT) in Chinese higher education, this paper discusses the development of e‐campus in Chinese universities from three different aspects: campus network infrastructure and various management information systems; three modes of e‐learning and its application in higher education institutions; and educational digital resources sharing. Finally, problems encountered during the application of ICT in Chinese higher education and possible solutions are also presented.
Validation of Methods for Identifying Discontinuation of Treatment from Prescription Data
Authors: Nielsen Lars Hougaard , Keiding Niels
Published: June 2010

Prescription databases are increasingly used in epidemiological studies concerning the use and the effects of drugs. However, this source of data does not provide direct observations of the time of initiation and discontinuation of drug treatment, and these time points therefore need to be estimated. The paper investigates the validity of methods that are used in the literature to identify discontinuation of treatment from prescription data, and we consider the example of post-menopausal hormone therapy. Validation is investigated in terms of a simulation study based on a multistate model for the relationship between episodes of treatment with hormone therapy and occurrence of prescription refills. The multistate model that is introduced is estimated from joint observations of a prescription registry and a cross-sectional survey, involving techniques from the analysis of backward recurrence times. We demonstrate that estimated time points of discontinuation of treatment are highly uncertain, and this may influence studies concerning the immediate effect of discontinuation of treatment. Despite this limitation, we find that a valid assessment of current treatment status (never, current or previous drug use) can be obtained from prescription data.
Weighted Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve and its Application to Gene Selection
Authors: Li Jialiang , Fine Jason P.
Published: June 2010

The partial area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (PAUC) has been proposed for gene selection by Pepe and co-workers and thereafter applied in real data analysis. It was noticed from empirical studies that this measure has several key weaknesses, such as an inability to reflect non-uniform weighting of different decision thresholds, resulting in large numbers of ties. We propose the weighted area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (WAUC) to address the problems that are associated with PAUC. Our proposed measure enjoys a greater flexibility to describe the discrimination accuracy of genes. Non-parametric and parametric estimation methods are introduced, including PAUC as a special case, along with theoretical properties of the estimators. We also provide a simple variance formula, yielding a novel variance estimator for non-parametric estimation of PAUC, which has proven challenging in previous work. The methods proposed permit sensitivity analyses, whereby the effect of differing weight functions on gene rankings may be assessed and results may be synthesized across weights. Simulations and reanalysis of a well-known microarray data set illustrate the practical utility of WAUC.
MONETARY CREDIBILITY VS. VOTER APPROVAL: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND EXCHANGE‐RATE STABILIZATION DURING CRISES
Authors: SATTLER THOMAS , WALTER STEFANIE
Published: June 2010

This paper analyzes how political institutions affect the execution of exchange‐rate policy. By focusing on policy‐makers' responses to the emergence of speculative pressure on their currencies, we argue that the effect of democratic institutions on exchange‐rate stability is likely to be conditioned by the officially announced exchange‐rate regime. Officially fixed exchange rates are the main instrument of autocrats to signal commitment to long‐term stability. Autocratic governments with strictly fixed exchange rates are thus more likely to defend their exchange rates than autocrats with an intermediate regime because the latter implicitly signal that they care less about monetary stability. In contrast, democrats defend more often in intermediately than in fully fixed official regimes by using a combination of external and internal adjustments, which reduce the negative effects of a devaluation on voters. Our analysis of 189 currency crises between 1975 and 1999 supports this conditional effect.
Cognitive, Linguistic and Adaptive Functioning in Williams Syndrome: Trajectories from Early to Middle Adulthood
Authors: Howlin Patricia , Elison Sarah , Udwin Orlee , Stinton Christopher
Published: June 2010

Background  Little is known about trajectories of cognitive functioning as individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) move though adulthood.

Method  The present study investigated cognitive, linguistic and adaptive functioning in adults with WS aged 19–55 years, using both cross‐sectional and longitudinal approaches.

Results  Data from the cross‐sectional study (n = 92; mean age = 32 years) indicated that IQ was comparable across age groups (Full‐Scale IQ mean = 56–57) with Verbal IQ being slightly higher than Performance IQ. Daily Living Skills (as measured by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales) were significantly higher in older individuals. Language abilities showed no consistent age‐related differences. On formal tests of language, comprehension scores were higher than expressive language scores for almost all individuals, although this pattern was not replicated on the Vineland. In the longitudinal study, a follow‐up of 47 individuals (mean age = 37 years) first assessed 12 years previously, similar trajectories were found. IQ remained very stable (FSIQ = 61–62 at both time points); there were significant improvements on the Social and Daily Living domains of the Vineland and significant decreases in Maladaptive scores. There were no improvements in language over time.

Conclusions  The data indicate that adults with WS (at least up to the age of 50 years) show no evidence of deterioration in cognitive skills. Adaptive abilities continue to develop although language shows relatively little improvement with time.
Regulation of markers of synaptic function in mouse models of depression: chronic mild stress and decreased expression of VGLUT1
Authors: Elizalde Natalia , Pastor Pedro M. , Garcia‐García Álvaro L. , Serres Florance , Venzala Elisabet , Huarte Judit , Ramírez Maria Javier , Del Rio Joaquín , Sharp Trevor , Tordera Rosa M.
Published: June 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1302–1314.

Depression has been linked to failure in synaptic plasticity originating from environmental and/or genetic risk factors. The chronic mild stress model regulates the expression of synaptic markers of neurotransmitter function and associated depressive‐like behaviour. Moreover, mice heterozygous for the synaptic vesicle protein vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), have been proposed as a genetic model of deficient glutamate function linked to depressive‐like behaviour. Here, we aimed to identify, in these two experimental models, mechanisms of failure in synaptic plasticity, common to stress and impaired glutamate function. First, we show that chronic mild stress induced a transient decrease of different plasticity markers (VGLUT1, synapsin 1, sinaptophysin, rab3A and activity regulated cytoskeletal protein – Arc) but a long‐lasting decrease of the brain derived neurotrophic factor as well as depressive‐like behaviour. The immediate early gene Arc was also down‐regulated in VGLUT1+/− heterozygous mice. In contrast, an opposite regulation of synapsin 1 was observed. Finally, both models showed a marked increase of cortical Arc response to novelty. Increased Arc response to novelty could be suggested as a molecular mechanism underlying failure to adapt to environmental changes, common to chronic stress and altered glutamate function. Further studies should investigate whether these changes are associated to depressive‐like behaviour both in animal models and in depressed patients.
The formation of tau pathological phospho‐epitopes in the axon is prevented by the dephosphorylation of selective sites in primary hippocampal neurons over‐expressing human tau
Authors: Bertrand Johanne , Sénéchal Patrick , Zummo‐Soucy Mathieu , Plouffe Vanessa , Leclerc Nicole
Published: June 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1353–1367.

In tauopathies including Alzheimer’s disease, the axonal microtubule‐associated protein tau becomes hyperphosphorylated at pathological epitopes and accumulates in the somato‐dendritic compartment. However, it remains unclear whether tau becomes phosphorylated at these epitopes in the somato‐dendritic compartment and/or in the axon. In primary hippocampal neurons where human tau was over‐expressed both in the somato‐dendritic compartment and the axon, the pathological epitopes recognized by the antibodies AT8 (S199/S202/T205), AT100 (T212/S214/T217), and AT180 (T231/S235) were found in the somato‐dendritic compartment but not in the axon where tau was either not phosphorylated (T205 and T217) or not simultaneously phosphorylated (T231 and S235) at sites included in the above epitopes. When transfected neurons were treated with the phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid, AT8, AT100 and AT180 epitopes were observed in the axon, indicating that tau was dephosphorylated at selective sites of pathological epitopes in this compartment. Expression of tau mutants where one phosphorylation site included in the above epitopes was mutated in alanine showed that the formation of one of these epitopes was not required for the formation of the two others in primary hippocampal neurons. All together our results indicate that in the somato‐dendritic compartment, the kinase and phosphatase activity does not prevent the formation of pathological epitopes whereas in the axon, the amount of tau phosphorylated at the pathological epitopes is regulated by phosphatase activity, most likely that of phosphoserine/phosphothreonine phosphatase 2A, the major tau phosphatase. This indicates that if the pathological epitopes are initially formed in the axon in Alzheimer’s disease brain, the activation of phosphatases could be an efficient way to abolish their generation.
Does comprilan bandage have any influence on peripheral perfusion in patients with oedema?
Authors: Midttun M. , Ahmadzay N. F. , Henriksen J. H.
Published: June 2010

Aim:  Comprilan bandage may be an attractive treatment of leg oedema, but theoretically bandage could compromise peripheral circulation. The present study was undertaken to investigate circulation in the first toe before, during, and after treatment with comprilan bandage.

Methods and study population:  Blood flow rate was measured by the heat‐washout method in the pulp of the first toe of 10 patients (eight women, two men, aged 75–94) with leg oedemas, and systolic toe blood pressure was determined by the strain gauge method. Oedema was scored according to a visual scale, and the patients were treated with comprilan (short stretch) bandage for 1 week. Toe blood flow rate was measured before, during and after the use of the bandages, and toe blood pressure was measured before and after the use of bandages.

Results:  According to the visual scale, all subject benefited from the treatment by reduction of oedema, and they reported increased well‐being after. Blood flow rate was not significantly altered during and after the treatment. Systolic toe pressure was normal in all patients (R/L = 94/83 mmHg), and no significant change took place during and after the use of the bandages (92/90 mmHg).

Conclusion:  Comprilan bandage has a positive effect on legs oedemas, visually as well as according to the patients well‐being. The treatment does not have any significant influence on toe blood pressure. It cannot, however, be excluded that the use of comprilan bandage may compromise toe blood flow rate slightly (<5%). A larger study with more subjects has to be made to come this closer, and additional capillary blood flow rate should be measured in an area without arteriovenous anastomoses.
Mechanical Properties of the Cerebrum: Application in Neurosurgical Procedures
Authors: Kobielarz M. , Szotek S. , Kuropka P. , Maksymowicz K. , Morawska‐Sołtysik M.
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  The development of robotics technology, especially the emergence of automatic surgical tools and robots, as well as the rapid advances in virtual reality techniques, require closer examination of the mechanical properties of the brain and its tissues at moderate and slow loading velocities corresponding to the strain rates of surgical procedures. In order to obtain comprehensive information about the mechanical properties of the brain, non‐destructive instrumented indentation was performed on the adult ovine cerebrum under various conditions, i.e. (i) in four measuring regions (consistent with the frontal and parietal lobes of both cerebral hemispheres) and (ii) at three loading velocities. The shear and elastic moduli show loading velocity dependence and weak regional dependence. The mean shear and elastic moduli of the ovine brain’s frontal lobe are higher than those of its parietal lobe. In addition, the left lobe is insensibly stiffer than the right lobe at each of the loading velocities.
Real‐Time Visualisation of the Portevin–Le Chatelier Effect With Mechanoluminescent‐Sensing Film
Authors: Li C. , Xu C. N. , Imai Y. , Bu N.
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  The use of the mechanoluminescence (ML) technique to directly observe the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect is described. A uniaxial tensile test of an aluminium alloy plate coated with SrAl2O4 : Eu2+ (SAOE) ML‐sensing film was performed, and a high‐speed camera recorded ML images simultaneously. Strong ML light in response to the PLC bands was emitted from the coated SAOE ML‐sensing film and could be seen clearly with the naked eye. The position, the slope angle of the band front and propagation velocity of the PLC bands were measured directly from the ML images. Momentary interplay between two face‐to‐face propagating PLC bands was observed and captured in the ML images. The results show that real‐time visualisation of the PLC effect was achieved using this ML technique.
Modelling and Statistical Treatment of Residual Stress Distributions in an Edge Welded Stainless Steel Beam
Authors: Nadri B. , Bouchard P. J. , Smith M. , Truman C. E. , Smith D. J.
Published: June 2010

Abstract: Experimental, finite element analysis and statistical studies of residual stresses in edge welded type 316H stainless steel beams are presented. The experimental stress measurements were previously performed by different laboratories using neutron and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. An analytical model to describe the magnitude and distribution of the residual stresses is presented. Results from finite element analyses are also provided. It is found that there is general agreement between the trends in the residual stresses derived from analysis and measurement. However, the scatter in results is substantial and a statistical framework for treating residual stresses using Bayesian statistics based on experimental and simulation results is described. The Bayesian analytical approach that uses the analytical model as a reference permits the model to be applied to circumstances outside the experimental conditions.
COMPOSITION PROFILES AND TIME EVOLUTION OF BURIED MARBLE PATINAS BY LA–ICP–MS AND LASER‐INDUCED MICRO‐PHOTO‐LUMINESCENCE
Authors: POLIKRETI K. , CHRISTOFIDES C.
Published: June 2010

The present work aims to study surface composition profiles on buried marbles as well as their time evolution. Fifty samples from gravestones, buried for up to 80 years, were analysed by laser‐induced photoluminescence and LA–ICP–MS. The results include profiles of 25Mg, 27Al, 55Mn, 57Fe, 88Sr and organic complexes of calcium, existing in the marble patina. The depth at which 88Sr reaches its bulk value proved to be the best parameter to measure patina thickness. A diffusion model adopted from dissolution studies made on gravestones exposed to the atmosphere was successfully applied to the patina thickness data. The model fails to predict patina thicknesses for ancient excavated objects. However, it seems that ‘Sr alteration depth’ values alone can be used for discriminating ancient from recently buried surfaces.
Prospective Evaluation of the Change of Predialysis Protein‐Bound Uremic Solute Concentration With Postdilution Online Hemodiafiltration
Authors: Meert Natalie , Waterloos Marie‐Anne , Van Landschoot Maria , Dhondt Annemieke , Ledebo Ingrid , Glorieux Griet , Goeman Jan , Van der Eycken Johan , Vanholder Raymond
Published: June 2010

Although protein‐bound uremic compounds have been related to outcome in observational studies, few current dialysis strategies provide more removal of those compounds than standard hemodialysis. We evaluated the evolution of protein‐bound uremic solutes after a switch from high‐flux hemodialysis to postdilution hemodiafiltration (n = 13). We compared predialysis solute concentration at 4, 5, and 9 weeks versus baseline for several protein‐bound compounds and water‐soluble solutes, as well as for β2‐microglobulin. After 9 weeks of postdilution hemodiafiltration, a significant decrease versus baseline could be detected for total concentration of protein‐bound solutes: p‐cresylsulfate (3.98 ± 1.51–3.17 ± 1.77 mg/dL, −20%, P <  0.01) and 3‐carboxyl‐4‐methyl‐5‐propyl‐2‐furanpropionic acid (0.72 ± 0.52–0.64 ± 0.46 mg/dL, −11%, P < 0.01). For the other protein‐bound solutes, hippuric acid, indoleacetic acid, and indoxylsulfate, no change in total concentration could be detected. The concentration of the middle molecule, β2‐microglobulin, decreased as well after 9 weeks of postdilution hemodiafiltration (24.7 ± 9.3–18.1 ± 6.7 mg/L, −27%, P < 0.01). For water‐soluble compounds, no significant change of concentration was found. Postdilution hemodiafiltration in comparison to high‐flux hemodialysis provided significant reduction of predialysis concentration of protein‐bound compounds, especially those with the highest protein binding, and of β2‐microglobulin, by −11 to −27% in 9 weeks.
Optimal Moving Angle of Pusher Plate in Occlusive‐Type Pulsatile Blood Pump
Authors: Choi Hyuk , Lee Hwansung , Choi Jaesoon , Lee Jung Joo , Nam Kyoung Won , Park Jun Woo , Park Yongdoo , Sun Kyung , Lee Heung‐Man
Published: June 2010

Since the occlusive‐type pulsatile extracorporeal blood pump (Twin‐Pulse Life Support System; Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea) received the CE mark of the European Directives and Korea Food and Drug Administration approval (2004) for short‐term applications as an extracorporeal life support system, the pump system has been tested for hemolysis. This pump system was recently upgraded with an ameliorated pusher plate to reduce hemolysis. In this study, numerical analysis and in vitro tests were performed to determine the optimal conditions for increasing the durability of the blood sac and pump output. During the simulation, the minimum sliding interface force (SIF) for the angle of the pusher plate movement (PPM) was calculated (40–70°). In the in vitro durability test, the angle of the PPM was increased gradually from 40 to 70° in 10° increments, and the mean time to failure (MTTF) of the blood sac was calculated. Fifteen tests were conducted for each case: 40, 50, 60, and 70° (n = 15 each). The MTTF of the blood sac was defined as the time when a crack of the blood sac occurred. The longer lifetime of the blood sac at 60° of the PPM (297.0 h) than that at 50° (197.6 h) was attributed to the lower SIF value (−0.13, normalized value) at 60° of the PPM.
Ictal Epileptic Headache Mimicking Status Migrainosus: EEG and DWI‐MRI Findings
Authors: Belcastro Vincenzo , Striano Pasquale , Pierguidi Laura , Calabresi Paolo , Tambasco Nicola
Published: June 2010

(Headache2010;••:••‐••)

We report a case of a patient with status migrainosus unresponsive to analgesic therapy in whom electroencephalographic recording revealed an epileptic origin. Intravenous administration of lorazepam induced the prompt resolution of the symptoms.
Transfusion practice in the intensive care unit: a 10‐year analysis
Authors: Netzer Giora , Liu Xinggang , Harris Anthony D. , Edelman Bennett B. , Hess John R. , Shanholtz Carl , Murphy David J. , Terrin Michael L.
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines recommend a restrictive transfusion strategy in nonhemorrhaging critically ill patients.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study of 3533 single‐admission patients, without evidence of acute coronary syndromes, hemorrhage, or hemoglobinopathy admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) of a large, academic medical center.

RESULTS: MICU admission hemoglobin (Hb) level did not change significantly over the study period. The proportion of transfused patients decreased from 31.0% in 1997 to 1998 to 18.0% in 2006 to 2007 (p < 0.001). Among patients receiving transfusion, the mean pretransfusion Hb level decreased over time from 7.9 ± 1.3 to 7.3 ± 1.3 g/dL (p < 0.001). These changes in practice were not accounted for by differences in patient characteristics. The mean nadir Hb level in nontransfused patients decreased from 11.2 ± 2.2 g/dL in 1997 to 1999 to 10.4 ± 2.3 g/dL in 2006 to 2007 (p < 0.001). The mean number of units per patient transfused decreased during this time from 4.3 ± 4.7 to 3.0 ± 3.8 units (p < 0.001). The proportion of transfused patients who were transfused at a Hb level of less than 7.0 g/dL increased by an estimated absolute increment of 3.2% (95% CI, 2.1%‐4.3%) per interval (p < 0.001), and the proportion of single‐unit transfusions during the first transfusion episode increased by 1.4% per interval (95% CI, 0.2 to 2.6%; p = 0.03) from 40.2% in 1997 to 1998 to 53.1% in 2006 to 2007.

CONCLUSIONS: Between 1997 and 2007, important and sustained changes have occurred in our MICU physician transfusion practices, with overall reductions in the proportion of patients transfused, mean pretransfusion Hb level, and nadir Hb level in patients who were not transfused.
Cultural Fantasy Narratives and Heritage Language Learning: A Case Study of Adult Heritage Learners of Spanish
Authors: CORYELL JOELLEN E. , CLARK M. CAROLYN , POMERANTZ ANNE
Published: June 2010

This study investigates the case of 7 female heritage learners of Spanish who have chosen, as adults, to enroll in online Spanish language instruction at the postsecondary level. Drawing on symbolic convergence theory, it identifies a cultural fantasy metanarrative that participants collectively constructed as they made sense of their language learning histories and desires. Analysis of this metanarrative revealed several subthemes on which participants drew to understand their multilingual identities, their borderland communities, and their language learning perceptions, actions, and responses. It is argued that the heritage learners in this study appropriated and reproduced a metanarrative in which the acquisition of “proper Spanish” (as opposed to a more local variety) was consonant with the attainment of an idealized identity for which they all strived. This metanarrative shaped both the way in which they approached and experienced the learning of Spanish in these online settings. As such, recommendations are provided for designing more responsive and responsible heritage language pedagogies, particularly in computer‐mediated environments.

There is something fundamentally different about learning a language, compared to learning another skill or gaining other knowledge, namely, that language and self are so closely bound, if not identical, that an attack on one is an attack on the other. (Cohen & Norst, 1989, p. 61)
Bifocal Right Ventricular Resynchronization for the Failing Right Ventricle
Authors: BERRUEZO ANTONIO , DE POTTER TOM , SITGES MARTA , MANSOUR FADI , MONT LLUIS , BRUGADA JOSEP
Published: June 2010

The present case illustrates that in patients with right ventricular (RV) failure and right bundle branch block it is possible to resynchronize the RV without further worsening RV or left ventricular (LV) pump function, even in cases with various degrees of atrioventricular block. The acute response to different pacing configurations was analyzed in terms of dP/dt variations. Bifocal RV pacing (His bundle plus RV outflow tract pacing) achieved the best acute results and was chosen for permanent pacing. This pacing configuration was associated to clinical and echocardiographic improvement. (PACE 2011; 34:e78–e81)