bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Established Beta Amyloid Pathology Is Unaffected by TREM2 Elevation in Reactive Microglia in an Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model
Authors: Yuan Qiuju , Liu Xiaodong , Zhang Yi , Xian Yan-Fang , Zou Juntao , Zhang Xie , Huang Pengyun , Song You-Qiang , Lin Zhi-Xiu
Published: May 2021

Several genetic studies have identified a rare variant of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, findings on the effects of TREM2 on Aβ deposition are quite inconsistent in animal studies, requiring further investigation. In this study, we investigated whether elevation of TREM2 mitigates Aβ pathology in TgCRND8 mice. We found that peripheral nerve injury resulted in a robust elevation of TREM2 exclusively in reactive microglia in the ipsilateral spinal cord of aged TgCRND8 mice at the age of 20 months. TREM2 expression appeared on day 1 post-injury and the upregulation was maintained for at least 28 days. Compared to the contralateral side, neither amyloid beta plaque load nor soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were attenuated upon TREM2 induction. We further showed direct evidence that TREM2 elevation in reactive microglia did not affect amyloid-β pathology in plaque-bearing TgCRND8 mice by applying anti-TREM2 neutralizing antibody to selectively block TREM2. Our results question the ability of TREM2 to ameliorate established Aβ pathology, discouraging future development of disease-modifying pharmacological treatments targeting TREM2 in the late stage of AD.
New Estrone Oxime Derivatives: Synthesis, Cytotoxic Evaluation and Docking Studies
Authors: Canário Catarina , Matias Mariana , Brito Vanessa , Santos Adriana O. , Falcão Amílcar , Silvestre Samuel , Alves Gilberto
Published: May 2021

The interest in the introduction of the oxime group in molecules aiming to improve their biological effects is increasing. This work aimed to develop new steroidal oximes of the estrane series with potential antitumor interest. For this, several oximes were synthesized by reaction of hydroxylamine with the 17-ketone of estrone derivatives. Then, their cytotoxicity was evaluated in six cell lines. An estrogenicity assay, a cell cycle distribution analysis and a fluorescence microscopy study with Hoechst 3358 staining were performed with the most promising compound. In addition, molecular docking studies against estrogen receptor α, steroid sulfatase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and β-tubulin were also accomplished. The 2-nitroestrone oxime showed higher cytotoxicity than the parent compound on MCF-7 cancer cells. Furthermore, the oximes bearing halogen groups in A-ring evidenced selectivity for HepaRG cells. Remarkably, the Δ9,11-estrone oxime was the most cytotoxic and arrested LNCaP cells in the G2/M phase. Fluorescence microscopy studies showed the presence of condensed DNA typical of prophase and condensed and fragmented nuclei characteristic of apoptosis. However, this oxime promoted the proliferation of T47-D cells. Interestingly, molecular docking studies estimated a strong interaction between Δ9,11-estrone oxime and estrogen receptor α and β-tubulin, which may account for the described effects.
Breathing Rhythm Variations during Wash-In Do Not Influence Exhaled Volatile Organic Compound Profile Analyzed by an Electronic Nose
Authors: Dragonieri Silvano , Quaranta Vitaliano Nicola , Carratù Pierluigi , Ranieri Teresa , Buonamico Enrico , Carpagnano Giovanna Elisiana
Published: May 2021

E-noses are innovative tools used for exhaled volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis, which have shown their potential in several diseases. Before obtaining a full validation of these instruments in clinical settings, a number of methodological issues still have to be established. We aimed to assess whether variations in breathing rhythm during wash-in with VOC-filtered air before exhaled air collection reflect changes in the exhaled VOC profile when analyzed by an e-nose (Cyranose 320). We enrolled 20 normal subjects and randomly collected their exhaled breath at three different breathing rhythms during wash-in: (a) normal rhythm (respiratory rate (RR) between 12 and 18/min), (b) fast rhythm (RR > 25/min) and (c) slow rhythm (RR < 10/min). Exhaled breath was collected by a previously validated method (Dragonieri et al., J. Bras. Pneumol. 2016) and analyzed by the e-nose. Using principal component analysis (PCA), no significant variations in the exhaled VOC profile were shown among the three breathing rhythms. Subsequent linear discriminant analysis (LDA) confirmed the above findings, with a cross-validated accuracy of 45% (p = ns). We concluded that the exhaled VOC profile, analyzed by an e-nose, is not influenced by variations in breathing rhythm during wash-in.
Sensory and Chemical Characteristic of Two Insect Species: Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio Larvae Affected by Roasting Processes
Authors: Żołnierczyk Anna K. , Szumny Antoni
Published: May 2021

The volatile compounds from insects (Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio larvae) roasted at 160, 180, or 200 °C and fed with potato starch or blue corn flour were isolated by solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the tested material, 48 volatile compounds were determined. Among them, eight are pyrazines, aroma compounds that are formed in food products during thermal processing due to the Maillard reaction. Eleven of the identified compounds influenced the roast, bread, fat, and burnt aromas that are characteristic for traditional baked dishes (meat, potatoes, bread). Most of them are carbonyl compounds and pyrazines. To confirm the contribution of the most important odorants identified, their odor potential activity values (OAVs) and %OAV were calculated. The highest value was noted for isobuthylpyrazine, responsible for roast aroma (%OAV > 90% for samples roasted at lower temperatures), and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, responsible for burnt aroma (%OAV > 20% for samples roasted at the highest temperature). According to the study, the type of feed did not significantly affect the results of the sensory analysis of roasted insects. The decisive influence was the roasting temperature. The highest scores were achieved for Tenebrio molitor larvae heat-treated at 160 °C.
Advanced Nanoscale Surface Characterization of CuO Nanoflowers for Significant Enhancement of Catalytic Properties
Authors: Khan Muhammad Arif , Nayan Nafarizal , Shadiullah  , Ahmad Mohd Khairul , Fhong Soon Chin , Tahir Muhammad , Mohamed Ali Riyaz Ahmad , Mohamed Ali Mohamed Sultan
Published: May 2021

In this work, advanced nanoscale surface characterization of CuO Nanoflowers synthesized by controlled hydrothermal approach for significant enhancement of catalytic properties has been investigated. The CuO nanoflower samples were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), high-angular annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) with elemental mapping, energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) and UV–Vis spectroscopy techniques. The nanoscale analysis of the surface study of monodispersed individual CuO nanoflower confirmed the fine crystalline shaped morphology composed of ultrathin leaves, monoclinic structure and purified phase. The result of HR-TEM shows that the length of one ultrathin leaf of copper oxide nanoflower is about ~650–700 nm, base is about ~300.77 ± 30 nm and the average thickness of the tip of individual ultrathin leaf of copper oxide nanoflower is about ~10 ± 2 nm. Enhanced absorption of visible light ~850 nm and larger value of band gap energy (1.68 eV) have further supported that the as-grown material (CuO nanoflowers) is an active and well-designed surface morphology at the nanoscale level. Furthermore, significant enhancement of catalytic properties of copper oxide nanoflowers in the presence of H2O2 for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) with efficiency ~96.7% after 170 min was obtained. The results showed that the superb catalytic performance of well-fabricated CuO nanoflowers can open a new way for substantial applications of dye removal from wastewater and environment fields.
The Role of Sulphate and Phosphate Ions in the Recovery of Benzoic Acid Self-Enhanced Ozonation in Water Containing Bromides
Authors: Fijołek Lilla , Świetlik Joanna , Frankowski Marcin
Published: May 2021

The ozonation of aromatic compounds in low-pH water is ineffective. In an acidic environment, the decomposition of ozone into hydroxyl radicals is limited and insufficient for the degradation of organic pollutants. Radical processes are also strongly inhibited by halogen ions present in the reaction medium, especially at low pH. It was shown that even under such unfavorable conditions, some compounds can initiate radical chain reactions leading to the formation of hydroxyl radicals, thus accelerating the ozonation process, which is referred to as so-called “self-enhanced ozonation”. This paper presents the effect of bromides on “self-enhanced ozonation” of benzoic acid (BA) at pH 2.5. It is the first report to fully and quantitatively describe this process. The presence of only 15 µM bromides in water inhibits ozone decomposition and completely blocks BA degradation. However, the effectiveness of this process can be regained by ozonation in the presence of phosphates or sulphate. The addition of these inorganic salts to the bromide-containing solution helps to recover ozone decomposition and BA degradation efficiency. As part of this research, the fractions of hydroxyl, sulphate and phosphate radicals reacting with benzoic acid and bromides were calculated.
Exploiting a New Approach to Destroy the Barrier of Tumor Microenvironment: Nano-Architecture Delivery Systems
Authors: Sun Yanting , Li Yuling , Shi Shuo , Dong Chunyan
Published: May 2021

Recent findings suggest that tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important regulatory role in the occurrence, proliferation, and metastasis of tumors. Different from normal tissue, the condition around tumor significantly altered, including immune infiltration, compact extracellular matrix, new vasculatures, abundant enzyme, acidic pH value, and hypoxia. Increasingly, researchers focused on targeting TME to prevent tumor development and metastasis. With the development of nanotechnology and the deep research on the tumor environment, stimulation-responsive intelligent nanostructures designed based on TME have attracted much attention in the anti-tumor drug delivery system. TME-targeted nano therapeutics can regulate the distribution of drugs in the body, specifically increase the concentration of drugs in the tumor site, so as to enhance the efficacy and reduce adverse reactions, can utilize particular conditions of TME to improve the effect of tumor therapy. This paper summarizes the major components and characteristics of TME, discusses the principles and strategies of relevant nano-architectures targeting TME for the treatment and diagnosis systematically.
Interactions between Humic Substances and Microorganisms and Their Implications for Nature-like Bioremediation Technologies
Authors: Kulikova Natalia A. , Perminova Irina V.
Published: May 2021

The state of the art of the reported data on interactions between microorganisms and HSs is presented herein. The properties of HSs are discussed in terms of microbial utilization, degradation, and transformation. The data on biologically active individual compounds found in HSs are summarized. Bacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria and fungi of the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were found to be the main HS degraders, while Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were found to be the predominant phyla in humic-reducing microorganisms (HRMs). Some promising aspects of interactions between microorganisms and HSs are discussed as a feasible basis for nature-like biotechnologies, including the production of enzymes capable of catalyzing the oxidative binding of organic pollutants to HSs, while electron shuttling through the utilization of HSs by HRMs as electron shuttles may be used for the enhancement of organic pollutant biodegradation or lowering bioavailability of some metals. Utilization of HSs by HRMs as terminal electron acceptors may suppress electron transfer to CO2, reducing the formation of CH4 in temporarily anoxic systems. The data reported so far are mostly related to the use of HSs as redox compounds. HSs are capable of altering the composition of the microbial community, and there are environmental conditions that determine the efficiency of HSs. To facilitate the development of HS-based technologies, complex studies addressing these factors are in demand.
Use of the 2D 1H-13C HSQC NMR Methyl Region to Evaluate the Higher Order Structural Integrity of Biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Hwang Tsang-Lin , Batabyal Dipanwita , Knutson Nicholas , Wikström Mats
Published: May 2021

The higher-order structure (HOS) of protein therapeutics is directly related to the function and represents a critical quality attribute. Currently, the HOS of protein therapeutics is characterized by methods with low to medium structural resolution, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD), intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy (FLD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods have now been introduced, representing powerful approaches for HOS characterization (HOS by NMR). NMR is a multi-attribute method with unique abilities to give information on all structural levels of proteins in solution. In this study, we have compared 2D 1H-13C HSQC NMR with two established biophysical methods, i.e., near-ultraviolet circular dichroism (NUV-CD) and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, for the HOS assessments for the folded and unfolded states of two monoclonal antibodies belonging to the subclasses IgG1 and IgG2. The study shows that the methyl region of the 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectrum is sensitive to both the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins and therefore represents a powerful tool in assessing the overall higher-order structural integrity of biopharmaceutical molecules.
Pure Ion Chromatograms Combined with Advanced Machine Learning Methods Improve Accuracy of Discriminant Models in LC–MS-Based Untargeted Metabolomics
Authors: Tian Miao , Lin Zhonglong , Wang Xu , Yang Jing , Zhao Wentao , Lu Hongmei , Zhang Zhimin , Chen Yi
Published: May 2021

Untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) can detect thousands of features in samples and produce highly complex datasets. The accurate extraction of meaningful features and the building of discriminant models are two crucial steps in the data analysis pipeline of untargeted metabolomics. In this study, pure ion chromatograms were extracted from a liquor dataset and left-sided colon cancer (LCC) dataset by K-means-clustering-based Pure Ion Chromatogram extraction method version 2.0 (KPIC2). Then, the nonlinear low-dimensional embedding by uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) showed the separation of samples from different groups in reduced dimensions. The discriminant models were established by extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) based on the features extracted by KPIC2. Results showed that features extracted by KPIC2 achieved 100% classification accuracy on the test sets of the liquor dataset and the LCC dataset, which demonstrated the rationality of the XGBoost model based on KPIC2 compared with the results of XCMS (92% and 96% for liquor and LCC datasets respectively). Finally, XGBoost can achieve better performance than the linear method and traditional nonlinear modeling methods on these datasets. UMAP and XGBoost are integrated into KPIC2 package to extend its performance in complex situations, which are not only able to effectively process nonlinear dataset but also can greatly improve the accuracy of data analysis in non-target metabolomics.
Enzymatic Management of pH in White Wines
Authors: Botezatu Andreea , Elizondo Carlos , Bajec Martha , Miller Rhonda
Published: May 2021

This paper investigates the potential of the enzymatic management of high pH in white juice and wine using a combination of enzymes-glucose oxidase coupled with catalase. Catazyme® 25 L, a commercially available blend of the two enzymes, was added at different doses (0.2 g/L, 0.6 g/L, and 1g/L) to white grape juice and various parameters (glucose, gluconic acid, pH) were monitored over 24 h of treatment. Treated wines were fermented to dryness without any difficulty and the wines were chemically and sensorially evaluated. At the highest dose (1 g/L), pH was reduced from 3.9 to 3.2, with 20.5 g of gluconic acid produced, while at the lowest dose (0.2 g/L), pH decreased from 4.0 to 3.5 and 8.8 g of gluconic acid was produced. Flash profiling indicated that treated wines were lighter in color than the control and were described using terms such as floral, fruit, citrus, and sour while the control wine was described as being fermented, medicinal, pungent, and oxidized. In conclusion, glucose oxidase coupled with catalase was shown to be effective at significantly reducing juice and wine pH in a short amount of time and with a positive impact on the organoleptic profiles of the treated wines.
Stevia Genus: Phytochemistry and Biological Activities Update
Authors: Borgo Jimena , Laurella Laura C. , Martini Florencia , Catalán Cesar A. N. , Sülsen Valeria P.
Published: May 2021

The Stevia genus (Asteraceae) comprises around 230 species, distributed from the southern United States to the South American Andean region. Stevia rebaudiana, a Paraguayan herb that produces an intensely sweet diterpene glycoside called stevioside, is the most relevant member of this genus. Apart from S. rebaudiana, many other species belonging to the Stevia genus are considered medicinal and have been popularly used to treat different ailments. The members from this genus produce sesquiterpene lactones, diterpenes, longipinanes, and flavonoids as the main types of phytochemicals. Many pharmacological activities have been described for Stevia extracts and isolated compounds, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities being the most frequently mentioned. This review aims to present an update of the Stevia genus covering ethnobotanical aspects and traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities of the extracts and isolated compounds.
Serial Hydrolysis for the Simultaneous Analysis of Catecholamines and Steroids in the Urine of Patients with Alopecia Areata
Authors: Lee Yu-Ra , Lew Bark-Lynn , Sim Woo-Young , Hong Jongki , Chung Bong-Chul
Published: May 2021

Catecholamines and steroids are well-known neurotransmitters and hormones that rapidly change the excitability of neurons. Alopecia areata is a disease for which the exact cause is unknown, but it is considered to be associated with stress, and so the simultaneous analysis of catecholamines and steroids is required for the diagnosis of alopecia areata. Thus, we herein report the simultaneous analysis of catecholamines and steroids bearing different functional groups for the first time, during which it was necessary to carry out a serial hydrolysis procedure. Following hydrolysis of the urine samples to produce the free forms from the urinary conjugates, ethyl acetate extractions were carried out, and chemical derivatization was performed using dansyl chloride to increase the sensitivity of the liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. The matrix effects and recoveries of this analytical method were validated, giving values of 85.4–122.9% and 88.8–123.0%, respectively. In addition, the method accuracy and precision were assessed, giving values of 0.4–21.5% and 2.0–21.6% for the intra-day and inter-day precisions, respectively. This validated method was then applied to identify differences between patients with and without alopecia areata, wherein the metanephrine content was found to be significantly higher in the alopecia areata patient group. This quantitative profiling method can also be applied to steroid-dependent diseases, as well as catecholamine-related diseases.
Using High-Performance Computers to Enable Collaborative and Interactive Composition with DISSCO
Authors: Tipei Sever , Craig Alan B. , Rodriguez Paul F.
Published: May 2021

Composers do not usually collaborate with other composers but, for the last half century, open works were created that invite performers to implement details left undetermined or even decide the order in which various sections of the composition are to be played. Chance operations were also used in the writing of musical pieces and, in music generated with the assistance of computers, controlled randomness found its place. This article proposes a platform designed to encourage collaborative and interactive composition on high-performance computers with DISSCO (Digital Instrument for Sound Synthesis and Composition). DISSCO incorporates random procedures as well as deterministic means of defining the components of a piece. It runs efficiently on the Comet supercomputer of the San Diego Supercomputing Center and uses the Jupyter notebook environment to integrate the end-to-end processes with a user. These tools, the implementation platform, and the collaboration management are discussed in detail. Comments regarding aesthetic implications of the partnership between one or more humans and computer—considered a bona fide collaborator—are also provided. Possible future developments are supplied at the end.
Recent Advances in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Magnetic Plasmonic Particles for Bioapplications
Authors: Huynh Kim-Hung , Hahm Eunil , Noh Mi Suk , Lee Jong-Hwan , Pham Xuan-Hung , Lee Sang Hun , Kim Jaehi , Rho Won-Yeop , Chang Hyejin , Kim Dong Min , Baek Ahruem , Kim Dong-Eun , Jeong Dae Hong , Park Seung-min , Jun Bong-Hyun
Published: May 2021

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, that uses magnetic plasmonic particles (MPPs), is an advanced SERS detection platform owing to the synergetic effects of the particles’ magnetic and plasmonic properties. As well as being an ultrasensitive and reliable SERS material, MPPs perform various functions, such as aiding in separation, drug delivery, and acting as a therapeutic material. This literature discusses the structure and multifunctionality of MPPs, which has enabled the novel application of MPPs to various biological fields.
Layered LiCoO2–LiFeO2 Heterostructure Composite for Semiconductor-Based Fuel Cells
Authors: Liu Yanyan , Xia Chen , Wang Baoyuan , Tang Yongfu
Published: May 2021

Enabling fast ionic transport at a low-temperature range (400–600 °C) is of great importance to promoting the development of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this study, a layer-structured LiCoO2–LiFeO2 heterostructure composite is explored for the low-temperature (LT) SOFCs. Fuel cell devices with different configurations are fabricated to investigate the multifunction property of LiCoO2–LiFeO2 heterostructure composites. The LiCoO2–LiFeO2 composite is employed as a cathode in conventional SOFCs and as a semiconductor membrane layer in semiconductor-based fuel cells (SBFCs). Enhanced ionic conductivity is realized by a composite of LiCoO2–LiFeO2 and Sm3+ doped ceria (SDC) electrolyte in SBFC. All these designed fuel cell devices display high open-circuit voltages (OCVs), along with promising cell performance. An improved power density of 714 mW cm−2 is achieved from the new SBFC device, compared to the conventional fuel cell configuration with LiCoO2–LiFeO2 as the cathode (162 mW cm−2 at 550 °C). These findings reveal promising multifunctional layered oxides for developing high-performance LT–SOFCs.
Leptin Receptors Are Not Required for Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery to Normalize Energy and Glucose Homeostasis in Rats
Authors: Hankir Mohammed K. , Rotzinger Laura , Nordbeck Arno , Corteville Caroline , Dischinger Ulrich , Knop Juna-Lisa , Hoffmann Annett , Otto Christoph , Seyfried Florian
Published: May 2021

Sensitization to the adipokine leptin is a promising therapeutic strategy against obesity and its comorbidities and has been proposed to contribute to the lasting metabolic benefits of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. We formally tested this idea using Zucker fatty fa/fa rats as an established genetic model of obesity, glucose intolerance, and fatty liver due to leptin receptor deficiency. We show that the changes in body weight in these rats following RYGB largely overlaps with that of diet-induced obese Wistar rats with intact leptin receptors. Further, food intake and oral glucose tolerance were normalized in RYGB-treated Zucker fatty fa/fa rats to the levels of lean Zucker fatty fa/+ controls, in association with increased glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and insulin release. In contrast, while fatty liver was also normalized in RYGB-treated Zucker fatty fa/fa rats, their circulating levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) remained elevated at the level of obese Zucker fatty fa/fa controls. These findings suggest that the leptin system is not required for the normalization of energy and glucose homeostasis associated with RYGB, but that its potential contribution to the improvements in liver health postoperatively merits further investigation.
Animal Fat Intake Is Associated with Albuminuria in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Abbate Manuela , Mascaró Catalina M. , Montemayor Sofía , Barbería-Latasa María , Casares Miguel , Gómez Cristina , Ugarriza Lucia , Tejada Silvia , Abete Itziar , Zulet María Ángeles , Sureda Antoni , Martínez J. Alfredo , Tur Josep A.
Published: May 2021

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Diet could play a predisposing role in the development of increased albuminuria in patients with NAFLD and MetS; however, published evidence is still limited. The aim of this cross-sectional analysis was to assess whether dietary fats are associated with changes in urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in 146 patients aged 40–60-years with NAFLD and MetS. Dietary data were collected by food frequency questionnaire; UACR was measured in a single first morning void. Sources and types of dietary fats used in the analysis were total fat, fats from animal and vegetable sources, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fats. One-way analysis of variance was performed to assess differences in dietary fats intakes across stages of UACR. The association between dietary fats and UACR was assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multivariable linear regression. Patients with increased UACR showed a worse cardiometabolic profile and higher intakes of animal fat, as compared to patients with normal levels of albuminuria. Animal fat intake was associated with mean UACR, independent of potential covariates.
Tropical Oil Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses
Authors: Unhapipatpong Chanita , Shantavasinkul Prapimporn Chattranukulchai , Kasemsup Vijj , Siriyotha Sukanya , Warodomwichit Daruneewan , Maneesuwannarat Sirikan , Vathesatogkit Prin , Sritara Piyamitr , Thakkinstian Ammarin
Published: May 2021

The health effects of saturated fat, particularly tropical oil, on cardiovascular disease are unclear. We investigated the effect of tropical oil (palm and coconut oils), lard, and other common vegetable oils (soybean and rice bran oils) that are widely used in tropical and Asian countries on lipid profiles. We performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Electronic databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane) were searched up to December 2018 without language restriction. We identified nine meta-analyses that investigated the effect of dietary oils on lipid levels. Replacement of polyunsaturated fatty-acid-rich oils (PUFAs) and monounsaturated FA-rich oils (MUFAs) with palm oil significantly increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), by 3.43 (0.44–6.41) mg/dL and 9.18 (6.90–11.45) mg/dL, respectively, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), by 1.89 (1.23–2.55) mg/dL and 0.94 (−0.07–1.97) mg/dL, respectively. Replacement of PUFAs with coconut oil significantly increased HDL-c and total cholesterol –by 2.27 (0.93–3.6) mg/dL and 5.88 (0.21–11.55) mg/dL, respectively—but not LDL-c. Substituting lard for MUFAs and PUFAs increased LDL-c–by 8.39 (2.83–13.95) mg/dL and 9.85 (6.06–13.65) mg/dL, respectively—but not HDL-c. Soybean oil substituted for other PUFAs had no effect on lipid levels, while rice bran oil substitution decreased LDL-c. Our findings show the deleterious effect of saturated fats from animal sources on lipid profiles. Replacement of unsaturated plant-derived fats with plant-derived saturated fats slightly increases LDL-c but also increases HDL-c, which in turn may exert a neutral effect on cardiovascular health.
Dietary Protein Requirements in Children: Methods for Consideration
Authors: Hudson Joshua L. , Baum Jamie I. , Diaz Eva C. , Børsheim Elisabet
Published: May 2021

The current protein requirement estimates in children were largely determined from studies using the nitrogen balance technique, which has been criticized for potentially underestimating protein needs. Indeed, recent advances in stable isotope techniques suggests protein requirement as much as 60% higher than current recommendations. Furthermore, there is not a separate recommendation for children who engage in higher levels of physical activity. The current evidence suggests that physical activity increases protein requirements to support accretion of lean body masses from adaptations to exercise. The indicator amino acid oxidation and the 15N-end product methods represent alternatives to the nitrogen balance technique for estimating protein requirements. Several newer methods, such as the virtual biopsy approach and 2H3-creatine dilution method could also be deployed to inform about pediatric protein requirements, although their validity and reproducibility is still under investigation. Based on the current evidence, the Dietary Reference Intakes for protein indicate that children 4–13 years and 14–18 years require 0.95 and 0.85 g·kg−1·day−1, respectively, based on the classic nitrogen balance technique. There are not enough published data to overturn these estimates; however, this is a much-needed area of research.
Optimizing Chronic Pain Treatment with Enhanced Neuroplastic Responsiveness: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pratscher Steven , Mickle Angela M. , Marks John G. , Rocha Harold , Bartsch Felix , Schmidt Jeffrey , Tejera Lazaro , Garcia Steven , Custodero Carlo , Jean Federlin , Garvan Cynthia , Johnson Alisa J. , Pop Ralisa , Greene Anthony , Woods Adam J. , Staud Roland , Fillingim Roger B. , Keil Andreas , Sibille Kimberly T.
Published: May 2021

Chronic pain affects mental and physical health and alters brain structure and function. Interventions that reduce chronic pain are also associated with changes in the brain. A number of non-invasive strategies can promote improved learning and memory and increase neuroplasticity in older adults. Intermittent fasting and glucose administration represent two such strategies with the potential to optimize the neurobiological environment to increase responsiveness to recognized pain treatments. The purpose of the pilot study was to test the feasibility and acceptability of intermittent fasting and glucose administration paired with a recognized pain treatment activity, relaxation and guided imagery. A total of 32 adults (44% W, 56% M), 50 to 85 years of age, with chronic knee pain for three months or greater participated in the study. Four sessions were completed over an approximate two-week period. Findings indicate the ability to recruit, randomize, and retain participants in the protocol. The procedures and measures were reasonable and completed without incident. Participant adherence was high and exit interview feedback positive. In summary, the pilot study was feasible and acceptable, providing the evidence necessary to move forward with a larger clinical trial.
Maternal Vegetable and Fruit Consumption during Pregnancy and Its Effects on Infant Gut Microbiome
Authors: Fan Hsien-Yu , Tung Yu-Tang , Yang Yu-Chen S. H. , Hsu Justin BoKai , Lee Cheng-Yang , Chang Tzu-Hao , Su Emily Chia-Yu , Hsieh Rong-Hong , Chen Yang-Ching
Published: May 2021

Maternal nutrition intake during pregnancy may affect the mother-to-child transmission of bacteria, resulting in gut microflora changes in the offspring, with long-term health consequences in later life. Longitudinal human studies are lacking, as only a small amount of studies showing the effect of nutrition intake during pregnancy on the gut microbiome of infants have been performed, and these studies have been mainly conducted on animals. This pilot study explores the effects of high or low fruit and vegetable gestational intake on the infant microbiome. We enrolled pregnant women with a complete 3-day dietary record and received postpartum follow-up. The 16S rRNA gene sequence was used to characterize the infant gut microbiome at 2 months (n = 39). Principal coordinate analysis ordination revealed that the infant gut microbiome clustered differently for high and low maternal fruit and vegetable consumption (p < 0.001). The linear discriminant analysis effect size and feature selection identified 6 and 17 taxa from both the high and low fruit and vegetable consumption groups. Among the 23 abundant taxa, we observed that six maternal intake nutrients were associated with nine taxa (e.g., Erysipelatoclostridium, Isobaculum, Lachnospiraceae, Betaproteobacteria, Burkholderiaceae, Sutterella, Clostridia, Clostridiales, and Lachnoclostridium). The amount of gestational fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with distinct changes in the infant gut microbiome at 2 months of age. Therefore, strategies involving increased fruit and vegetable consumption during pregnancy should be employed for modifying the gut microbiome early in life.
Nutritional Status of Non-Institutionalized Adults Aged over 65. Study of Weight and Health in Older Adults (PYSMA)
Authors: Mozo-Alonso Felipe , Novalbos-Ruiz José P. , Duran-Alonso Juan C. , Rodríguez-Martin Amelia
Published: May 2021

Background. A significant increase in the prevalence of malnourishment, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity has been observed in developed countries over the last few decades. In Spain, this especially happens in populations over 65 who are not institutionalized. Differences in lifestyle, medication, and economic capacity partially explain this increase. Objective. To study the nutritional status of a population of 65 year-olds and subjects who are not institutionalized, in the Cádiz region (Spain). Methods. Observational, transversal study carried out on 2621 subjects who are 65 years old and over, with a direct weight and height measurement, in 150 pharmacy offices from 44 locations. A mobile application was designed for homogeneous data collection in all the pharmacy offices. The data required from all subjects was gender, age, postal code, social security contribution regime, if the patient lives alone, type of food consumed as the main meals, level of physical activity, polypharmacy, weight, and height. Results. The prevalence of overweight and obesity amounts to 82.2% of the population (43.2% overweight and 39% obese). We found an inverse relationship between the prevalence of overweight and obesity with carrying out physical activity and having full dinners. Conclusion. We identify the need to reinforce the messages to the elderly aimed at maintaining adequate physical activity and assessing the quality and quantity of dinners, as well as reducing, as much as possible, the treatments that may lead to weight gain.
EEG and Sleep Effects of Tramadol Suggest Potential Antidepressant Effects with Different Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Koncz Szabolcs , Papp Noémi , Menczelesz Noémi , Pothorszki Dóra , Bagdy György
Published: May 2021

Tramadol is a widely used, centrally acting, opioid analgesic compound, with additional inhibitory effects on the synaptic reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, as well as on the 5-HT2 and NMDA receptors. Preclinical and clinical evidence also suggests its therapeutic potential in the treatment of depression and anxiety. The effects of most widely used antidepressants on sleep and quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) are well characterized; however, such studies of tramadol are scarce. Our aim was to characterize the effects of tramadol on sleep architecture and qEEG in different sleep–wake stages. EEG-equipped Wistar rats were treated with tramadol (0, 5, 15 and 45 mg/kg) at the beginning of the passive phase, and EEG, electromyogram and motor activity were recorded. Tramadol dose-dependently reduced the time spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and increased the REM onset latency. Lower doses of tramadol had wake-promoting effects in the first hours, while 45 mg/kg of tramadol promoted sleep first, but induced wakefulness thereafter. During non-REM sleep, tramadol (15 and 45 mg/kg) increased delta and decreased alpha power, while all doses increased gamma power. In conclusion, the sleep-related and qEEG effects of tramadol suggest antidepressant-like properties, including specific beneficial effects in selected patient groups, and raise the possibility of a faster acting antidepressant action.
A Skin Cancer Prophylaxis Study in Hairless Mice Using Methylene Blue, Riboflavin, and Methyl Aminolevulinate as Photosensitizing Agents in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Wulf Hans Christian , Al-Chaer Rami Nabil , Glud Martin , Philipsen Peter Alshede , Lerche Catharina Margrethe
Published: May 2021

The high incidence of sunlight-induced human skin cancers reveals a need for more effective photosensitizing agents. In this study, we compared the efficacy of prophylactic photodynamic therapy (PDT) when methylene blue (MB), riboflavin (RF), or methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) were used as photosensitizers. All mice in four groups of female C3.Cg/TifBomTac hairless immunocompetent mice (N = 100) were irradiated with three standard erythema doses of solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) thrice weekly. Three groups received 2 × 2 prophylactic PDT treatments (days 45 + 52 and 90 + 97). The PDT treatments consisted of topical administration of 16% MAL, 20% MB, or 20% RF, and subsequent illumination that matched the photosensitizers’ absorption spectra. Control mice received no PDT. We recorded when the first, second, and third skin tumors developed. The pattern of tumor development after MB-PDT or RF-PDT was similar to that observed in irradiated control mice (p > 0.05). However, the median times until the first, second, and third skin tumors developed in mice given MAL-PDT were significantly delayed, compared with control mice (256, 265, and 272 vs. 215, 222, and 230 days, respectively; p < 0.001). Only MAL-PDT was an effective prophylactic treatment against UVR-induced skin tumors in hairless mice.
Evaluation of a Keratin 1 Targeting Peptide-Doxorubicin Conjugate in a Mouse Model of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Saghaeidehkordi Azam , Chen Shiuan , Yang Sun , Kaur Kamaljit
Published: May 2021

Chemotherapy is the main treatment for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of breast cancer that is aggressive with a poor prognosis. While chemotherapeutics are potent, these agents lack specificity and are equally toxic to cancer and nonmalignant cells and tissues. Targeted therapies for TNBC treatment could lead to more safe and efficacious drugs. We previously engineered a breast cancer cell targeting peptide 18-4 that specifically binds cell surface receptor keratin 1 (K1) on breast cancer cells. A conjugate of peptide 18-4 and doxorubicin (Dox) containing an acid-sensitive hydrazone linker showed specific toxicity toward TNBC cells. Here, we report the in vivo evaluation of the K1 targeting peptide-Dox conjugate (PDC) in a TNBC cell-derived xenograft mouse model. Mice treated with the conjugate show significantly improved antitumor efficacy and reduced off-target toxicity compared to mice treated with Dox or saline. After six weekly treatments, on day 35, the mice treated with PDC (2.5 mg Dox equivalent/kg) showed significant reduction (1.5 times) in tumor volume compared to mice treated with Dox (2.5 mg/kg). The mice treated with the conjugate showed significantly higher (1.4 times) levels of Dox in tumors and lower (1.3–2.2 times) levels of Dox in other organs compared to mice treated with Dox. Blood collected at 15 min showed 3.6 times higher concentration of the drug (PDC and Dox) in mice injected with PDC compared to the drug (Dox) in mice injected with Dox. The study shows that the K1 targeting PDC is a promising novel modality for treatment of TNBC, with a favorable safety profile, and warrants further investigation of K1 targeting conjugates as TNBC therapeutics.
Role of Surfactant Micellization for Enhanced Dissolution of Poorly Water-Soluble Cilostazol Using Poloxamer 407-Based Solid Dispersion via the Anti-Solvent Method
Authors: Jin Gang , Ngo Hai V. , Cui Jing-Hao , Wang Jie , Park Chulhun , Lee Beom-Jin
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to investigate the role of micellization of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in poloxamer 407 (POX)-based solid dispersions (POX-based SDs) using the anti-solvent method in enhancing the dissolution rate of practically water-insoluble cilostazol (CLT). Herein, SLS was incorporated into CLT-loaded SDs, at a weight ratio of 50:50:10 of CLT, POX, and SLS by three different methods: anti-solvent, fusion (60 °C), and solvent (ethanol) evaporation. The SDs containing micellar SLS in the anti-solvent method were superior in the transformation of the crystalline form of the drug into a partial amorphous state. It was notable that there was an existence of a hydrophobic interaction between the surfactant and the hydrophobic regions of polymer chain via non-covalent bonding and the adsorption of micellar SLS to the POX-based SDs matrix. Moreover, SLS micellization via the anti-solvent method was effectively interleaved in SDs and adhered by the dissolved CLT, which precluded drug particles from aggregation and recrystallization, resulting in improved SD wettability (lower contact angle) and reduced particle size and dissolution rate. In contrast, SDs without micellar SLS prepared by the solvent method exerted drug recrystallization and an increase of particle size, resulting in decreased dissolution. Incorporation of surfactant below or above critical micellar concentration (CMC) in SDs using the anti-solvent method should be considered in advance. Dissolution results showed that the pre-added incorporation of micellar SLS into POX-based SDs using the anti-solvent method could provide a way of a solubilization mechanism to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Moisture Absorption Characteristics of Nanoparticle-Doped Silicone Rubber and Its Influence Mechanism on Electrical Properties
Authors: Zhu Xiaoqian , Zhang Yunxiao , Zhou Yuanxiang , Huang Xin
Published: May 2021

To further explore the long-term stability of nano-dielectrics, experiments were carried out to investigate the moisture absorption characteristics and electrical properties of silicone rubber (SiR) doped with different inorganic nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is utilized to research the moisture absorption characteristics including mass fraction and binding forms. The trap depth and electron orbitals are calculated by density functional theory to explain the influence mechanism of water molecules on SiR. It is found that the addition of nanoparticles will increase the moisture content of SiR. Additionally, the nano-TiO2-doped SiR absorbs more water and binds with water relatively more loosely than nano-Al2O3. There is a degradation of space charge inhibition capability and breakdown strength after moisture absorption, which might be explained by shallow traps brought by water molecules and the narrowed forbidden bandwidth of SiR.
Patchy Micelles with a Crystalline Core: Self-Assembly Concepts, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Hils Christian , Manners Ian , Schöbel Judith , Schmalz Holger
Published: May 2021

Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) of block copolymers bearing one crystallizable block has emerged to be a powerful and highly relevant method for the production of one- and two-dimensional micellar assemblies with controlled length, shape, and corona chemistries. This gives access to a multitude of potential applications, from hierarchical self-assembly to complex superstructures, catalysis, sensing, nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, and surface functionalization. Related to these applications, patchy crystalline-core micelles, with their unique, nanometer-sized, alternating corona segmentation, are highly interesting, as this feature provides striking advantages concerning interfacial activity, functionalization, and confinement effects. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art with respect to self-assembly concepts, properties, and applications of patchy micelles with crystalline cores formed by CDSA. We have also included a more general discussion on the CDSA process and highlight block-type co-micelles as a special type of patchy micelle, due to similarities of the corona structure if the size of the blocks is well below 100 nm.
Microwave-Assisted Two-Step Liquefaction of Acetone-Soluble Lignin of Silvergrass Saccharification Residue for Production of Biopolyol and Biopolyurethane
Authors: Tran My Ha , Yu Ju-Hyun , Lee Eun Yeol
Published: May 2021

The application of microwave heating facilitated efficient two-step liquefaction of acetone-soluble lignin obtained from saccharification residue of Miscanthus sacchariflorus (silvergrass), which was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis, to produce biopolyol with a low acid number and favorable hydroxyl number. The acetone-soluble lignin was liquefied using a crude glycerol and 1,4-butanediol solvent mixture at various solvent blending ratios, biomass loadings, acid loadings, and reaction temperatures. The optimal reaction condition was determined at a solvent blending ratio of crude glycerol to 1,4-butanediol of 1:2, 20% of biomass loading, and 1% of catalyst loading at a reaction temperature of 140 °C for 10 min. Subsequently, the optimal biopolyol was directly used for the preparation of biopolyurethane foam as a value-added product. The chemical and physical properties of biopolyurethane foams derived from acetone-soluble lignin were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). In addition, mechanical properties of produced biopolyurethane foams, including compressive strength and density, were also characterized to suggest their appropriate applications. The results indicated that the biopolyurethane foam can be used as a green replacement for petroleum-based polyurethane foam due to its comparable thermal properties, mechanical strength, and morphological structure.
Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers or Organic Liquid Hydrides: 40 Years of History
Authors: Meille Valérie , Pitault Isabelle
Published: May 2021

The term LOHC stands for Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers. The term has been so well accepted by the scientific community that the studies published before the existence of this name are not very visible. In this mini-review, we have tried to rehabilitate various studies that deserve to be put back in the spotlight in the present context. Studies indeed began in the early 1980s and many publications have compared the use of various organic carriers, various catalysts and reactors. Recent reviews also include the economic aspects of this concept.