bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Output Voltage Aqueous Supercapacitors by Water Deactivated Electrolyte over Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Wang Hongji , Liu Wenpeng , Huang Jin , Xiao Tianliang , Lei Wenwei , Gao Faming , Liu Mingjie
Published: February 2025

Confined by factors such as low operating voltage, poor temperature resistance, and instability at high voltage, the energy density of conventional symmetric aqueous supercapacitors is undesirable over a wide temperature range. It is still challenging to develop aqueous flexible supercapacitors (AFSCs) that can provide stable and high voltage output (>2.0 V) at extreme ambient temperatures. Here, a strategy for constructing AFSC with ultrahigh output voltages over a wide temperature range is proposed through the development of organohydrogel electrolytes (OHEs) with excellent water deactivation, which achieve a notable output voltage of 3.0 V, and unprecedented energy densities of 23.16 µWh cm−2 at −40 °C (beyond 25 °C), surpassing the performance of all previously reported symmetric supercapacitors with aqueous electrolytes. Theoretical calculations and experimental analyses show that OHEs can deactivate water to increase the output voltage limit of AFSCs by enhancing intermolecular interactions and regulating inter Helmholtz plane. Meanwhile, it also shows excellent flexibility and cycling stability (80.5% after 20 000 cycles at 25 °C and 97.0% after 50 000 cycles at −40 °C). More importantly, OHEs enable AFSCs switchable output voltages (from 2.5 to 3.0 V), making it possible to operate supercapacitors with high energy density and stability at low temperatures.
Oxygen‐Crosslinker Effect on the Electrochemical Characteristics of Asphalt‐Based Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Laibin , Xu Zikang , Lin Ping , Zhong Yu , Wang Xiuli , Yuan Yongfeng , Tu Jiangping
Published: February 2025

Because direct carbonation of asphalt usually yields ordered graphite structure with unfavorable storage of sodium. Here, the asphalt preoxidation at a specific temperature in the air introduces oxygen‐containing groups to connect the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon and aromatic side chains, forming a disordered carbon skeleton to inhibit melting and rearrangement during carbonization. The abundant oxygen‐containing groups hinder the growth of the carbon layers during pyrolysis, which promotes the formation of disordered phases and abundant micropores in asphalt‐based hard carbons (HCs). The simultaneous increase in initial coulombic efficiency, capacity, and transport behavior of sodium ions in HCs is achieved by adjusting the carbon layer and micropore evolution. The optimized HCs display excellent initial coulombic efficiency of 86.14% with remarkable reversible capacity of 313.83 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and high‐rate capability with 140 mAh g−1 at 5 C. Pairing with O3‐NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode, the full cell delivers a higher reversible capacity of 255.7 mAh g−1 with an initial coulombic efficiency of 83.7% and long cycle life. Based on the microstructure and electrochemical behaviors of asphalt‐based HCs, the “adsorption‐insertion‐pores‐filling” sodium storage mechanism is proposed, providing guidelines for designing high‐energy‐density sodium‐ion batteries.
U.S.–China agricultural trade and environmental outcomes: The case of nutrient runoff to the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Xu Yuelu , Elbakidze Levan , Gassman Philip W. , Yen Haw , Ma Yongxi , Hubbart Jason A. , Arnold Jeffery G.
Published: February 2025

We quantify the relationship between nitrogen (N) runoff to the Gulf of Mexico, U.S. agricultural production, and exports to China using an integrated assessment model. We show that a 25% Chinese tariff on U.S. soybean and corn increases annual N runoff to the Gulf by 800 metric tons (0.2%) as soybean production in the Mississippi River Basin is displaced with more N‐intensive crops. Results also indicate that reducing N runoff to the Gulf by 10% decreases U.S. corn export to China by 14.5%, similar to the effect of a 25% Chinese tariff on corn and soybeans.
Water pricing and markets: Principles, practices and proposals
Authors: Wheeler Sarah Ann , Nauges Céline , Grafton R. Quentin
Published: February 2025

The allocation of water across space and time is a key challenge of water governance, with demand and supply often not well matched over time and place. Best practice water pricing and markets may promote water conservation, yet their application is limited. We highlight the governance principles needed for best practice water pricing and water markets, describe differences across regions, and provide six key water demand governance recommendations for both Global North and Global South countries.
Modeling and numerical simulation of concentrated solar energy storage using fluidized bed systems
Authors: Gao Zeyuan , Abbasian Javad , Arastoopour Hamid
Published: February 2025

One of the challenges to using concentrated solar energy (CSE) is the development of innovative fluids or mixtures of fluid and particle systems to efficiently adsorb concentrated solar radiation and transfer heat. In this article, the large‐eddy simulation (LES) model and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach were used to simulate CSE absorption by a fluidized bed of silicon carbide (SiC). Drag‐forced modification was developed based on the Clark sub‐grid model for fluidized beds. The result of our two‐dimensional simulation agreed well with Tregambi et al. experimental data. Our simulation showed that the fluidized bed reduced the surface temperature by convective energy transfer, which is only on the surface for the incipiently fluidized bed and in the entire fluidized bed for the bubbling fluidized bed due to the mixing created by bubbles. The lower temperature on the surface significantly decreased the radiative energy loss from the surface to the environment.
Optimization of pharmaceutical supply chains: Navigating disruptions and operational uncertainty utilizing risk measures
Authors: Badejo Oluwadare , Ierapetritou Marianthi
Published: February 2025

Operational uncertainties and disruptions present significant challenges in maintaining the resilience and sustainability of pharmaceutical supply chains. Ensuring efficient operations, minimizing emissions, and enhancing distribution reliability are essential for sustainable supply chain performance. This work examines the challenges posed by uncertainty and disruption in the pharmaceutical supply chain, utilizing stochastic optimization and downside risk to formulate mitigation strategies. Specifically, the study compares the solutions of risk‐neutral and risk‐averse objectives across three key areas: cost, environmental impact, and service level. Solutions from each approach highlight trade‐offs: the risk‐neutral solution offers better objective values, while the risk‐averse one ensures robustness across scenarios but at a higher cost. The multiobjective analysis demonstrates that considering risk is advantageous, as the benefits of robustness outweigh the associated costs. Overall, the results highlight that risk‐averse optimization offers strategic advantages for developing robust and sustainable pharmaceutical supply chains in the face of uncertainty and disruption.
Generalized optimization framework for synthesis of thermally coupled distillation columns
Authors: Liu Chao , Ma Yingjie , Li Jie
Published: February 2025

In this article, a generalized optimization framework is proposed for the synthesis of thermally coupled distillation systems within an equation‐oriented environment. The proposed framework consists of three components: an efficient superstructure representation, a novel mathematical formulation, and the associated solution algorithm, encompassing a broad range of alternatives. The mathematical model is developed using conditional statements to activate specific sets of equations, effectively addressing existing zero‐flow issues. The synthesis problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming problem, which is optimized using our previously developed Feasible Path‐Based Branch and Bound method, coupled with an improved Sequential Quadratic Programming algorithm. The computational studies demonstrate that the proposed optimization framework successfully solves complex benchmark problems for separating zeotropic multicomponent mixtures within reasonable computational time with good convergence performance from easily selected starting points. The optimal configuration generated leads to a reduction in total annualized cost ranging from 3.5% to 45%.
The role of immunohistochemistry staining and hematoxylin & eosin staining in the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus disease of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Yeh Pai‐Jui , Wu Ren‐Chin , Chen Chien‐Ming , Le Puo‐Hsien
Published: February 2025

Invasive cytomegalovirus (CMV) diseases require accurate diagnosis. However, study evaluating the accuracy of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and the necessity of immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in different CMV diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is limited. We analyzed specimens of the GI tract with H&E and IHC staining results from the pathology database. Patients were divided into suspected CMV infection (HEs) and no evidence of CMV infection (HEn) groups. We used IHC staining as the gold standard and analyzed sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for H&E staining. Among 1448 specimens, the SE/SP (%) of H&E staining for the entire tract, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon were 76.1%/82.1%, 76.1%/70%, 85.5%/71.7%, 60%/94.2%, and 75%/87%; the PPV/NPV (%) in the same order were 58%/91.3%, 39.3%/92%, 51.2%/93.5%, 69.2%/91.5%, and 68%/90.4%. In conclusion, for patients exhibiting high clinical suspicion, the application of IHC staining is essential in achieving an accurate diagnosis.
Multistable Physical Neural Networks
Authors: Eran Ben‐Haim , Sefi Givli , Yizhar Or , Amir Gat D.
Published: February 2025

Artificial neural networks (ANNs), which are inspired by the brain, are a central pillar in the ongoing breakthrough in artificial intelligence. In recent years, researchers have examined mechanical implementations of ANNs, denoted as physical neural networks (PNNs). PNNs offer the opportunity to view common materials and physical phenomena as networks, and to associate computational power with them. In this work, mechanical bistability is incorporated into PNNs, enabling memory and a direct link between computation and physical action. To achieve this, an interconnected network of bistable liquid‐filled chambers is considered. All possible equilibrium configurations or steady‐states are first mapped, and then their stability is examined. Building on these maps, both global and local algorithms for training multistable PNNs are implemented. These algorithms enable to systematically examine the network's capability to achieve stable output states and thus the network's ability to perform computational tasks. By incorporating PNNs and multistability, it is possible to design structures that mechanically perform tasks typically associated with electronic neural networks, while directly obtaining physical actuation. The insights gained from this study pave the way for the implementation of intelligent structures in smart tech, metamaterials, medical devices, soft robotics, and other fields.
Electromagnetically Adhering and Self‐Inductive Sensing Claw for Continuum Climbing Robots: Design, Control, and Applications
Authors: Yang Pengpeng , Zang Jialin , Huang Bo , Zhao Jianwen
Published: February 2025

Continuum wall‐climbing robots with a compact structure and omnidirectional movement capabilities can be used for the internal space inspection of complex equipment. Reliable adhesive capacity and sensitive distance feedback guarantee the stable operation of the robot. Consequently, an actively deformable claw equipped with multiple adhering and sensing units is developed, which can realize enveloping adhesion and distance feedback on a large curved surface. The flexible claw realizes an integrated design of the physical structure and coupling design of the excitation circuit. Both the adhering and sensing units use high‐permeability permalloy as their magnetic core and have the same closed magnetic circuit. Under the excitation of DC parallel with double winding, the electromagnetic adhesion effect is activated. Under the excitation of the AC series with unilateral winding, a self‐inductive microdisplacement sensor is realized. A fuzzy controller is established with the distance information of the sensing unit as the input and the joint angle and claw deformation as two outputs. A robot based on the fuzzy controller realizes automatic adhesion to surfaces with different curvatures and reliable applications in nuclear reaction equipment.
Can biocrust moss hide from climate change? Fine‐scale habitat sheltering improves summer stress resistance in Syntrichia caninervis
Authors: Clark Theresa A. , Russell Alexander , Greenwood Joshua L. , Devitt Dale , Stanton Daniel , Stark Lloyd R.
Published: February 2025

Premise

Mosses provide many ecosystem functions and are the most vulnerable of biocrust organisms to climate change due to their sensitive water relations stressed by summer aridity. Given their small size, moss stress resistance may be more dependent on fine‐scale habitat than macroclimate, but the sheltering role of habitat (i.e., habitat buffering) has never been compared to macroclimate and may have important implications for predicting critical biocrust moss refugia in changing climates.

Methods

We located three populations of a keystone biocrust moss, Syntrichia caninervis, spanning 1200 m of altitude, which comprised three macroclimate (elevation) zones of characterized plant communities in the Mojave Desert. We stratified 92 microsites along three aridity gradients: elevation zone, topography (aspect), and microhabitat (shrub proximity). We estimated summer photosynthetic stress (Fv/Fm) and aridity exposure (macroclimate, irradiance, and shade).

Results

Microsite aridity exposure varied greatly, revealing exposed and buffered microhabitats at all three elevation zones. Moss stress did not differ by elevation zone despite the extensive macroclimate gradient, failing to support the high‐elevation refugia hypothesis. Instead, stress was lowest on northerly‐facing slopes and in microhabitats with greater shrub shading, while the importance of (and interactions between) topography, irradiance, and shade varied by elevation zone.

Conclusions

Fine‐scale habitat structure appears physiologically more protective than high‐elevation macroclimate and may protect some biocrust mosses from the brunt of climate change in widespread microrefugia throughout their current ranges. Our findings support a scale‐focused vulnerability paradigm: microrefugia may be more important than macrorefugia for bolstering biocrust moss resistance to summer climate stress.
Bioethics Recommendations to Increase Culturally Informed Global Health Survey Research: A Framework for Centering Community Engagement
Authors: Getz Madeleine J. , DeLouize Alicia M. , Madimenos Felicia C. , Uwizeye Glorieuse , Thayer Zaneta M. , McKerracher Luseadra J. , la Mora Alejandra Núñez‐de , Josh Snodgrass J.
Published: February 2025

Global health projects—a source of inspiration and collaboration for applied human biology—benefit scholars, governments, NGOs, and aid organizations. While such research is intended to improve population health, direct benefits to individuals and communities are often excluded from published works and/or not considered in study designs and framing. This exclusion is increasingly recognized as a colonial legacy that hinders global health equity, particularly for Indigenous and other marginalized populations. Collaboration and community engagement are avenues for addressing these injustices, but they require planning, intention, and resources. Drawing on our collective experience and ongoing dialogues about community engagement in human biology, we propose six recommendations to increase equity in global health research. These include: (1) Incorporating trusted local specialists and stakeholders at all project levels; (2) disseminating health information to participants in strengths‐based and culturally meaningful ways and contributing to solutions wherever possible; (3) investing in local healthcare, research, and infrastructure; (4) making study results/data available to stakeholders; (5) working within data frameworks that respect community sovereignty; and, (6) applying culturally informed bioethics frameworks. Our discussion highlights persistent needs to address community rights and benefits and to dismantle colonial legacies within global health and human biology while recognizing structural barriers to implementing these needed changes, particularly within the context of global health projects wherein human biologists are not the main power brokers or resource holders. When interfacing with global health, human biologists must continue to pursue health equity and decolonization through implementing critical, culturally informed bioethics frameworks centering community engagement.
Ultrasound of the uterosacral ligaments: A reliability study for diagnosing endometriosis in Australian non‐specialised medical imaging and radiology settings
Authors: Maple Shae , Bezak Eva , Chalmers K Jane , Parange Nayana
Published: February 2025

Introduction/Background

Uterosacral ligaments (USL) are the most common sites of endometriosis. Transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy for endometriosis of the USLs using standardised technique and characterisations. While high accuracy and reproducibility is established with these techniques by well‐trained professionals, the question still remains if these techniques are reproducible in general settings. This study aims to assess the intra and interobserver agreement of TVS characteristics of USLs, between experienced and less experienced examiners in an Australian general ultrasound imaging practice, where sonographers are required to perform ultrasound for endometriosis.

Methods

Forty‐two patients, with and without known endometriosis, underwent ultrasound imaging of the USLs. Images were obtained of uterosacral ligaments and collated for interobserver survey. Six professional observers independently reviewed the images, classifying characteristics such as echogenicity, echotexture, contour, thickness, and presence of nodules. Interobserver reliability was assessed using Gwet's agreement coefficients (AC1), and the correlation between USL thickness and endometriosis was analyzed using Spearman's correlation.

Results

Interobserver agreement for detecting USL endometriosis was substantial (AC1 = 0.63), with an overall agreement of (0.65) for the seven USL characteristics. Intraobserver agreement ranged from moderate (0.60) to almost perfect (0.96). Experience did not significantly affect intraobserver reliability. A strong positive correlation was found between USL thickness and endometriosis (r = 0.7965, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates high inter and intraobserver agreement among sonographers and radiologists in a general imaging department for identifying USL characteristics and diagnosing USL endometriosis. Both experienced and less experienced operators can reliably assess USLs Consistency was shown in identifying thickened uterosacral ligaments however, there is no consensus on where uterosacral ligament be measured. Even so, a thickened USL can prompt further extension of the pelvic scan to look for other endometriosis markers.
Achieving Highly Reversible Mn2+/MnO2 Conversion Reaction in Electrolytic Zn‐MnO2 Batteries via Electrochemical‐Chemical Process Regulation
Authors: Chen Hengyue , Ruan Pengchao , Zhang Hao , El-Bahy Zeinhom M. , Ibrahim Mohamed M. , Lu Bingan , Zhou Jiang
Published: February 2025

Despite the widespread interest in electrolytic Zn‐MnO2 batteries with excellent output voltage and high theoretical capacity, the spontaneous disproportionation reaction of free Mn3+ along with the disorderly deposited inactive MnO2 results in the low Mn2+/MnO2 conversion reversibility, which seriously affects their cycling stability. Here, we propose a novel aqueous SiO2 colloidal electrolyte with FeSO4 mediator (denoted as SF electrolyte) based on a bidirectional electrochemical‐chemical model to achieve dual regulation of the MnO2 deposition/dissolution process. During the charging process, the SiO2 colloidal particles located at the carbon felt interface and the electrolyte bulk phase simultaneously provide sufficient disproportionation sites for the diffused Mn3+ to guide the orderly rapid deposition of MnO2. Meanwhile, the introduction of Fe2+ mediators during the discharge process can sufficiently react with MnO2 on the SiO2 particles in the electrolyte, thereby further enabling the efficient conversion of Mn2+/MnO2. Consequently, electrolytic Zn‐MnO2 battery with SF electrolyte can stably run for 550 cycles at 10 mA h cm‐2 and achieve superior reversibility at a high area capacity of 20 mA h cm‐2. This work demonstrates the feasibility of colloidal electrolytes in modulating electrochemical‐chemical processes to stabilize electrolytic Zn‐MnO2 batteries.
Residual Monomer‐Induced Side Reactions in Gel Polymer Electrolytes: Unveiled High‐Ni Cathode Failure in Lithium Batteries
Authors: Choi Min Su , Kang Sang Goo , Choi Jaehoon , Ko Jeonghyun , Park Jong Hyeok
Published: February 2025

Coupling gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) with high‐Ni cathodes (NCM) has emerged as a compelling approach for high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries, capable of circumventing NCM failure modes in liquid electrolytes. However, a detailed origin of capacity decay caused by residual monomers from an uncontrollable curing process has been largely ignored. Here, we report an in‐depth investigation into the side reactions of unreacted monomers within typical GPEs at the NCM cathode interfaces by utilizing multiscale spectroscopy combined with theoretical calculations. We evaluate conversion rate‐interphase structure correlation, revealing that interfacial evolution is highly dependent on residual monomer content. Specifically, the degradation chemistry in NCM cathodes with thermally cured gel polymer electrolytes (TC‐GPEs) is governed by monomer‐initiated interphase reconstruction, leading to an imbalanced interphase growth mode with organic‐rich species and retarded diffusion kinetics through the electrode. We further reveal that organic ether/ester‐based byproducts, caused by the oxidative decomposition of unreacted monomers during the initial charging step, are the key factor in the acceleration of NCM failure modes. This study elucidates the multiscale fading mechanism in the NCM||GPE system, providing improved insights into interphase issues in typical GPEs and facilitating the further development of long‐life NCM||GPE prototypes for commercial applications.
High‐Connectivity 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks with pdp Net for Efficient C2H2/CO2 Separation
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zheng Haorui , Chen Fengqian , Wang Zitao , Li Hui , Sun Fuxing , Zhao Dan , Valtchev Valentin , Qiu Shilun , Fang Qianrong
Published: February 2025

High‐connectivity 3D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have garnered significant attention due to their structural complexity, stability, and potential for functional applications. However, the synthesis of 3D COFs using mixed high‐nodal building units remains a substantial challenge. In this work, we introduce two novel 3D COFs, JUC‐661 and JUC‐662, which are constructed using a combination of D2h‐symmetric 8‐nodal and D3h‐symmetric 6‐nodal building blocks. These COFs feature an unprecedented [8+6]‐c pdp net with rare mesoporous polyhedral cages (~3.9 nm). Remarkably, JUC‐661 and JUC‐662 exhibit outstanding separation capabilities, achieving adsorption selectivities of 4.3 and 5.9, respectively, for C2H2/CO2 (1/1, v/v) mixtures. Dynamic breakthrough experiments confirm their excellent separation capability, maintaining this performance even under conditions of 100% humidity. Monte Carlo simulations and DFT calculations indicate that the exceptional adsorption performance is attributed to the well‐defined pore cavities of the COFs, with fluorination of the building unit further enhancing C2H2 selectivity through improved electrostatic and host‐guest interactions. This study expands the structural diversity of COFs and highlights their potential for low‐energy separation processes.
Oxygen‐Mediated Hydrogen Spillover Promotes Stable Synthesis of Vinyl Chloride on Ru Single‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: Fan Yurui , Xu Haomiao , Wang Mingming , Liu Zhisong , Qi Hongyuan , Huang Wenjun , Ma Lei , Yu Feng , Qu Zan , Xie Pengfei , Dai Bin , Yan Naiqiang
Published: February 2025

Ru single‐atom catalysts hold great promise for the robust synthesis of vinyl chloride through acetylene hydrochlorination. However, the easy over‐chlorination of Ru atoms during reaction suppress the catalytic activity and stability. Herein, we have synthesized an oxygen doped Ru single‐atom catalyst by a sequential oxygen etching strategy, which delivers the remarkable yield of vinyl chloride monomer (>99.38%) and stability (>900 h, 180 h‐1), far beyond those reported Ru counterparts. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the asymmetric structure of single‐atom Ru promotes an unconventional oxygen‐mediated hydrogen spillover after the activation of hydrogen chloride, which enables the reaction to proceed through Eley‐Rideal mechanism with a reduced energy barrier of acetylene hydrochlorination compared to the traditional Langmuir‐Hinshelwood pathway. As a result, the enhanced reaction kinetics further restrict over‐chlorination of single‐atom Ru, thereby ensuring the excellent durability. This work offers a strategy for designing multifunctional catalysts with enhanced performances for acetylene hydrochlorination.
Synthesis, Structure, and Polymerization Activity of [PN]2M(amido)2 (M = Ti and Zr) Complexes
Authors: Iwasaki Jin , Toda Tomoyuki , Nishii Kei , Takenaka Katsuhiko
Published: February 2025

The reactions of two equivalents of monoanionic bidentate [PN]‐type ligand characterized by a dibenzophosphole‐backbone with M (NR2)4 (M = Ti, R = Me; M = Zr, R = Et) afforded titanium and zirconium complexes. Two signals appeared in the solution, as evidenced by the presence of a minimum of two diastereomers in the corresponding 31P NMR spectrum. The X‐ray crystallographic studies of the molecular structures of one of the two diastereomers complexes revealed distorted octahedral structures with phosphorus atoms coordinated to titanium and zirconium centers and the pyrrolido group coordinated to the metal center in the η1‐coordination, and the two dibenzophosphole rings exhibited π‐π stacking interactions. Ethylene polymerization at 0.4 MPa using these complexes with dried modified methylaluminoxane (dMMAO) as a cocatalyst produced linear polyethylene (PE) with a melting point of 128°C–136°C. The polymerization activity for ethylene attained values of up to 276 kg/mol (Ti)·h and 223 kg/mol (Zr)·h at 50°C.
Enhancing Dielectric Elastomer Driven Deformation Through Multifunctional Chemical Crosslinkers
Authors: Meng Yan , Hao Yanan , Liang Tong , Xing Kun , Yin Li‐Juan , Guo Limin , Dang Zhi‐Min
Published: February 2025

With the rapid development of flexible wearable devices and transducers, plenty of studies have been conducted in recent years on dielectric elastomers (DEs) for various applications due to their significant deformation ability, high energy conversion efficiency, and lightweight. However, DEs usually need pre‐stretching to enhance electric breakdown strengths and produce large deformation, increasing the complexity of the driving structures and limiting their applications. In this work, the electromechanical properties of elastomers chemically crosslinked by crosslinking agents with different functionalities are investigated. The Young's modulus can be increased as the content of the trifunctional crosslinking agent increases, leading to a remarkable enhancement of electrical breakdown strength and subsequent driving deformation. Specifically, PT4.5 achieves a maximum driving deformation of 34.2% at 46 kV mm−1 without pre‐stretching, increasing by 75% compared with PT0, which is crosslinked only by bifunctional crosslinking agent. Consequently, the energy density reaches 0.034 MJ m−3, which is 4.2 times higher than mammalian skeletal muscle (0.008 MJ m−3). These findings propose a practical and simple strategy to improving breakdown strength and electrically driven deformation without the need for pre‐stretching.
Spatial Variability in Juvenile Sea Trout Data Collection and Assessment Methods Across Europe: Limitations and Opportunities for Standardising Analyses
Authors: Alexandre Carlos M. , Berry Madeleine , Magnusson Katarina , Silva Sara , Louhi Pauliina , Walker Alan , Höjesjö Johan , Malcolm Iain A.
Published: February 2025

Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) is a widely distributed fish species native to Europe, with high phenotypic plasticity, including resident and anadromous (sea trout) forms. Many populations are in decline, especially the anadromous ecotype towards the southern edge of their range. Evidence‐based management is dependent on reliable assessment methods to characterise underperforming populations and identify mitigation actions. Assessment methods based on juvenile data are useful for trout given the species' plasticity. These typically involve comparisons between observed and expected juvenile densities, which vary geographically and with habitat quality. These estimates are mostly obtained through wading electrofishing and field‐based habitat surveys. Although some national and regional trout assessment methods have been developed, efforts to develop range‐wide evaluations have been constrained by a lack of common protocols. This paper summarises the national methods used to characterise juvenile trout and associated habitat based on information compiled by national representatives of the ICES WGTRUTTA. It then considers opportunities for harmonising data with the aim of developing a range‐wide assessment. Survey methods varied substantially within and between countries but showed no clear spatial patterns of coherence. Development of a single set of survey and data collection methods appears highly unlikely. A more pragmatic approach could involve harmonising existing data to make them broadly comparable. This could involve selective use of fish survey data, integration of range‐wide macro‐scale spatial and habitat data obtained from spatial datasets and use of appropriate modelling frameworks. We also emphasise the critical importance of population data from index rivers to validate and scale juvenile assessments and to compare sampling methods.
RNA‐Based Biopesticides: Pioneering Precision Solutions for Sustainable Aquaculture in China
Authors: Huang Yiran , Dai Yingmin , Huang Zhuotong , Zhang Mengqi , Xiu Lijun , Zhang Xianhui , Zhang Youyu , Huang Lixing
Published: February 2025

RNA‐based biopesticides, heralding the third revolution in agricultural pest and disease control, emerge as pivotal for sustainable aquaculture in China. This review delves into the background, evolution, and applications of RNA biopesticides, emphasizing their transformative impact on aquaculture disease management. RNA‐based biopesticides offer myriad advantages. Utilizing dsRNA formulations ensures species‐specific targeting, thereby minimizing effects on nontarget organisms. Swift environmental degradation of dsRNA addresses concerns about residual effects and pollution. Crucially, the host’s genetic structure remains unchanged, averting heritable variations. Additionally, resistance challenges are easily mitigated through targeted gene replacement. Nevertheless, challenges impede the technology’s full potential. Factors such as target gene selection, varying effectiveness across pests, and susceptibility of dsRNA to pathogen degradation can influence overall efficacy. The widespread use of RNA pesticides prompts scrutiny of their impact on nontarget organisms’ immune systems, necessitating meticulous consideration of exogenous dsRNA biosafety. Furthermore, assessing the toxicity of viruses and microorganisms as dsRNA carriers is crucial. High production costs and lower efficiency in large‐scale production compared to conventional pesticides demand urgent attention. Future research should prioritize the optimization of dsRNA delivery systems to improve stability and targeting precision. Investigating the integration of RNA‐based pesticides with other sustainable agricultural practices may further mitigate environmental impacts. Moreover, advancements in cost‐effective production techniques and regulatory frameworks will be critical for enabling the widespread adoption of RNA biopesticides, thereby securing their role in the future management of global aquaculture diseases.
Dynamic Structural Evolution of Active Sites and Effect on Heterogeneous Catalysis: Theoretical Insights
Authors: Chen Zhao-Bin , Zhang Ya-Li , Sun Yue-Tong , Wang Ya-Hao , Wan Qiang , Zhou Xiao-Shun
Published: February 2025

The exploration of structure‐activity relationships is one of the key subjects for the rational design of heterogeneous catalysts. Advancements in characterization techniques have unveiled significant geometric and electronic structural changes at active sites under working conditions. This dynamic nature of active sites presents a formidable challenge in determining their structure‐activity relationships. Over the past decade, considerable theoretical studies have concentrated on deciphering the complex catalytic processes that occur at these dynamic active sites under working conditions, with much success in methodology, models, and mechanisms. Herein, we review key factors influencing active site evolution, such as surface adsorbates, temperature, and electrochemical potential. We also provide an overview of recent progress in understanding the effects of active site evolution on their catalytic performance. A better understanding to the dynamic evolution of active sites and corresponding effects on the catalysis under working conditions can help in the rational design of novel heterogeneous catalysts.
Recent Advances on Epoxide‐ and Aziridine‐Based [3+2] Annulations
Authors: Wang Liang , Zhang Wei
Published: February 2025

[3+2] Annulations are a powerful method for the synthesis of five‐membered heterocyclic compounds. The annulations have concerted cycloaddition and formal (stepwise) cycloaddition reaction pathways. In addition to the well‐established O‐centered and N‐centered ylides, epoxides and aziridines could serve as synthetic equivalent of 1,3‐dipoles for [3+2] annulation with dipolarophiles for making functionalized tetrahydrofuran, pyrrolidine, and associated compounds. This review article covers recent development on epoxide‐ and aziridine‐based [3+2] annulation reactions. The reactions are classified based on the ring opening conditions, including acid/base catalysis, organocatalysis, and transitional‐metal catalysis.
Redshift‐Agnostic Machine Learning Classification: Unveiling Peak Performance in Galaxy, Star, and Quasar Classification (Using SDSS DR17)
Authors: Chatterjee Debashis , Ghosh Prithwish
Published: February 2025

Classification of galaxies, stars, and quasars using spectral data is fundamental to astronomy, but often relies heavily on redshift. This study evaluates the performance of 10 machine learning algorithms on SDSS data to classify these objects, with a particular focus on scenarios where redshift information is unavailable. Leveraging features such as “z,” “u,” “g,” “r,” “i,” and redshift, we assess the accuracy of various algorithms, including XGBoost, Random Forest, and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Our analysis demonstrates the superior accuracy of the Random Forest classifier when redshift is included. The feature importance analysis reveals that “redshift” is the most critical feature, contributing 64.7% to the classification accuracy, followed by the “z” band (10.0%) and the “g” band (7.95%). However, even in the absence of redshift, XGBoost, Random Forest, and RNNs exhibit promising results, indicating the potential of photometric data for accurate classification. We systematically compare classification outcomes with and without redshift, revealing the relative importance of different features and identifying the most robust classifiers for redshift‐limited scenarios. This research not only highlights the power of machine learning for astronomical classification but also provides a framework for reliable classification when redshift data is lacking. By uncovering the distinguishing spectral characteristics of galaxies, stars, and quasars that are independent of redshift, we open new avenues for efficient and accurate classification in large‐scale photometric surveys and the study of faint, high‐redshift objects.
The Factor Structure and Validity of the Psychopathy Checklist‐Short Version When Used With Autistic Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Maguire Kate , Barnoux Magali , Collins Josie , Melvin Clare L. , Inkson Ismay , Alexander Regi T. , Devapriam John , Duggan Conor , Shepstone Lee , Staufenburg Ekkehart , Thompson Paul , Turner David , Viding Essi , Langdon Peter E.
Published: February 2025

The Psychopathy Checklist Short Version (PCL:SV) is a brief measure of psychopathy. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the PCL:SV with autistic adults detained in inpatient psychiatric care. Data were collected from 282 autistic adults at two time points separated by 12‐months. Reliability and validity were investigated using omega, regression, receiver operating characteristic curves, and correlational analysis. PCL:SV Total, Factor 1, and Factor 2 had satisfactory to high reliability and construct validity. Higher PCL:SV scores were associated with poorer treatment progress, a longer length of stay, and previous criminal offending. Factor 1 was associated with a forensic history, detention under Part III of the Mental Health Act, and a personality disorder diagnosis, while Factor 2 was also associated with the absence of a forensic history, detention under Part II of the Mental Health Act, but not a personality disorder diagnosis. It was thought that Factor 2 most likely captured data associated with autism and/or intellectual disabilities (e.g., behaviors that challenge). Those with intellectual disabilities were less likely to have convictions, a history of violent offending, or a forensic history. They were also more likely to be detained under Part II of the Mental Health Act, and were more likely to have had a positive transfer 12‐months later to a ward with lesser security. The PCL‐SV correlated as expected with the HCR‐20 and the START. This study provides preliminary evidence to support the use of the PCL:SV with autistic adults, including those with intellectual disabilities, within inpatient psychiatric hospitals.
SSB‐2548 Inhibits CXCR‐4 Activation, Inducing Apoptosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells
Authors: Dera Ayed A.
Published: February 2025

The role of C‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXR‐4) in chemotherapy resistance remains crucial in promoting proliferation, invasion, and progression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. This study aims to screen and investigate a potential lead candidate as a therapeutic agent targeting CXCR‐4 in AML cells. Diversity‐based virtual screening process using AutoDock‐Vina was employed to screen approximately 850,000 compounds from the ChemBridge‐small molecule database. The binding stability and dynamics were investigated through GROMACS‐based molecular dynamics simulations and root mean square deviation (RMSD). AML cells (THP‐1, HL‐60, and SKM‐1 cell lines) were used to assess proliferation CXCR‐4 expression, and apoptosis induction was measured using flow cytometry and trans‐endothelial migration was assessed using calorimetric method in AML cells. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties were predicted using SwissADME server. The computational evaluations revealed SSB‐2548 as a lead candidate that binds stably to CXCR‐4. Molecular dynamics simulations provided detailed insights into the conformational changes of the SSB‐2548/CXCR‐4 complex. The compound inhibited the THP‐1, HL‐60, and SKM‐1 cell proliferations with GI50 values of 84.57, 41.30, and 120.50 nM, respectively. SSB‐2548 decreased the trans‐endothelial migration and CXCR‐4 expression in while inducing early and late phase apoptosis in all three AML cell types. ADME predictions indicated a favorable lead‐likeness, gastrointestinal absorption, and lack of notable toxicity. Computational assessments identified SSB‐2548 as a novel CXCR‐4 inhibitor. In vitro evaluations proved this lead compound effective against AML cells. These findings lay the groundwork for future, investigations positioning SSB‐2548 as a candidate for the development of targeted therapies against AML.
Composite (bi‐)metallic oxides with heterostructure and heteroatom‐doped porous carbon as advanced potassium‐ion battery anodes
Authors: Wang Junqi , Wu Peng , Wang Ke , Zhong Yiren , Sun Gaoming , Ji Yuanchun , Ma Yuan , Ma Yanjiao
Published: February 2025

In this work, a scalable two‐step synthesis method was employed to develop transition metal oxide/carbon composites that exhibit excellent electrochemical performance as the anode of potassium‐ion batteries. The functionalized metal‐organic framework precursor was combined with molecular silicotungstic acid clusters (SiW9) during thermal conversion, and embedded into in‐situ formed porous carbon matrix to form a multi‐component CoWO4/WO3‐C composite material with N‐doping. Benefiting from unique compositional and structural features, the resulting composite exhibits an appealing potassium‐ion storage performance, such as, large specific capacity of ca. 1500 mAh/g after 600 cycles and excellent rate capability, i.e., delivering reversible capacity over 200 mAh/g even at the high‐rate of 2.0 A/g.
Comparing GreenLight PVP and HoLEP beyond 5 years: A systematic review of long‐term functional outcomes and reoperation rates
Authors: Yim Arthur , Alberto Matthew , Yan Xingqi , Bolton Damien , Wong Lih‐Ming , Sethi Kapil
Published: February 2025

Objectives

This study aimed to compare long‐term (≥ 5 years) functional outcomes and reoperation rates following holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP) vs GreenLight photoselective vaporisation of prostate (GLPVP).

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to December 2023. Included were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies and case series studying HoLEP and/or GLPVP, where functional outcomes and reoperation rates were reported. Studies with <5‐year follow‐up were excluded. Evidence was synthesised as a comparison across all parameters. Quality of evidence was assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.

Results

Of 3047 records identified, 25 were eligible, including two RCTs, two cohort studies, one cross‐sectional study and 20 case series. Twenty‐three studies focused on HoLEP or GLPVP, whilst two were comparative studies. HoLEP demonstrated long‐term durability of outcomes and low reoperation rates (mean 4.1%, range 2.0%–6.3%) at a mean follow‐up of 7.3 years. GLPVP also had durable outcomes at 5‐year follow‐up, but inconclusive evidence for improvements at 10 years. Reoperation rates were also higher (mean 12.6%, range 3.8%–33.3%). This is in keeping with findings of comparative studies, where HoLEP demonstrated greater improvements in all functional parameters except PVR, and lower reoperation rates. Findings are limited by patient attrition, lack of comparative studies and long‐term data beyond 10 years. Three studies examined the 180‐W GLPVP model at 5 years showed superior durability to earlier 80‐W/120‐W models.

Conclusions

Current evidence suggests that HoLEP provides significantly greater functional improvements and a lower reoperation rate when compared with the GLPVP 80‐W/120‐W model at 5‐year follow‐up. The 180‐W model is comparable with HoLEP based on limited data at 5 years, but there is a lack of data beyond 10 years for longer‐term functional outcomes.
Testosterone levels at diagnosis: A key predictor of overall survival among patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Jussila Ilkka , Ahtiainen Juha P. , Laakkonen Eija K. , Käkelä Pirjo , Parviainen Maisa , Pohjolainen Heikki , Aaltonen Jarno , Onni Ninamaria , Mikko Koskimaa , Murtola Teemu J. , Huhtala Heini , Seikkula Heikki
Published: February 2025

Background and Objective

The exact relationship between testosterone levels at diagnosis and prostate cancer (PCa) prognosis remains inadequately explored. The objective was to determine whether serum testosterone levels at the time of PCa diagnosis are associated with overall survival.

Patients and Methods

The study cohort involved 2544 PCa patients, divided into three groups; normal (>10.4 nmol/L), grey zone (8.0–10.4 nmol/L) and low (2.0–8.0 nmol/L) serum testosterone groups. Survival outcomes were analysed using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression models.

Results

The analysis revealed an increased risk of death among patients with low testosterone levels compared to those with normal levels in uni‐ (HR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.37–2.05, p < 0.001) and multivariable‐adjusted (HR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.24–1.98, p < 0.001) analysis. Sensitivity analysis on patients with normal glucose metabolism revealed similar results (HR = 1.93, CI: 1.48–2.51, p < 0.001), as well as after stratified with age below 70 years (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.02–2.36, p < 0.001) and over 70 years (HR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.46–2.28, p < 0.001.) There was no difference in survival between the grey zone compared to other testosterone groups. The retrospective design limits our ability to infer causality.

Conclusion

Low testosterone at the time of PCa diagnosis is an independent predictor of overall survival. Findings highlight the potential of testosterone for prognostic evaluation in PCa.
Differentiating between obstructive and non‐obstructive azoospermia: A machine learning‐based approach
Authors: Haghpanah Abdolreza , Ayareh Nazanin , Akbarzadeh Ashkan , Irani Dariush , Hosseini Fatemeh , Moghadam Farid Sabahi , Gilani Mohammad Ali Sadighi , Shamohammadi Iman
Published: February 2025

Background

Infertility is a major global concern, with azoospermia, being the most severe form of male infertility. Distinguishing between obstructive azoospermia (OA) and non‐obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is crucial due to their differing treatment approaches. This study aimed to develop a machine learning model to predict azoospermia subtypes using clinical, ultrasonographic, semen and hormonal analysis data.

Methods

This retrospective study included all subjects diagnosed with azoospermia. All patients were evaluated by at least one urologist, had their semen sample assessed on at least two different occasions for diagnosis and underwent a testicular biopsy to determine the type of azoospermia, categorized into OA and NOA. Clinical factors, hormonal levels, semen parameters and testicular features were compared between the OA and NOA groups. Three machine learning models, including logistic regression, support vector machine and random forest, were evaluated for their accuracy in differentiating the two subtypes.

Results

The study included a total of 427 patients with azoospermia, of which 326 had NOA and 101 had OA. The median age of the patients was 33.0 (IQR: 7.0) years. Our findings revealed that factors such as body mass index, testicular length, volume and longitudinal axis, semen parameters and hormonal levels differed significantly between the two groups. When these variables were input into the machine learning‐based models, logistic regression achieved the highest F1‐score and area under the curve value among the three models evaluated.

Conclusions

This study underscores the potential of machine learning to differentiate between azoospermia subtypes using readily available clinical data. However, further research is required to validate and refine the model before it can be applied clinically.