bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silica refining of palm oil
Authors: Siew Wai‐Lin , Tan Yew‐Ai , Tang Thin‐Sue
Published: January 2007

The amount of bleaching earth required in the physical refining process of palm oil depends on the activity of the earth, quality of the oil and final color specification of the refined products. The use of silica (Trisyl) in combination with bleaching clay in palm oil refining has been investigated. The optimum conditions required for Trisyl and bleaching clay are 95–105°C for a period of 30–40 min. Improvements in color performance for palm oil products are noted with the addition of small quantities of Trisyl (0.06–0.24%) to the bleaching clay. Addition of 0.12% Trisyl to 0.4% bleaching clay improved the color of the refined oil by as much as 1.7 Red Lovibond units. Lower phosphorus levels (18.4 and 16.9 ppm) were obtained in the refined oils with an addition of 0.12 and 0.24% Trisyl, respectively, as compared to a level of 36.2 ppm of phosphorus when no silica was added to the earth. Better color stability was also obtained with oils treated with Trisyl. An additional advantage was the reduction in filtration time, leading to possible higher throughput in refining.
Sphingomyelin from milk‐characterization of liquid crystalline, liposome and emulsion properties
Authors: Malmsten Martin , Bergenståhl Björn , Nyberg Lena , Odham Göran
Published: January 2007

The properties of sphingomyelin obtained from bovine milk were investigated. In particular, the properties of liposomes and emulsions prepared from the spingomyelin, as well as the liquid crystalline behavior, were investigated and compared to those of related phosphatidylcholine systems. Like sphingomyelins from other sources, sphingomyelin from milk contains a large fraction of long and saturated acyl groups, which results in a high gel‐to‐liquid crystal transition temperature (Tc 35–82°C, depending on the lipid concentration). At high sphingomyelin concentrations, a lamellar phase forms above Tc, while a swollen gel phase is obtained below Tc. The gel phase swells to about 20 wt% water, whereas the swelling continues to about 40 wt% water above Tc. The limiting areas per molecule are 51 and 68 Å2 below and above Tc, respectively. Sphingomyelin from milk forms liposomes readily in the presence of cholesterol. The liposomes formed have a diameter of about 100 nm and are stable, even at 0.1 M NaCl or HCl. Materials entrapped in the liposomes are released rather slowly (typically 40% over 5 h). A comparison shows that the sphingomyelin liposomes behave similarly to those formed by phosphatidylcholine systems. Furthermore, sphingomyelin from milk forms stable oil‐in‐water emulsions with soybean oil. The size of the emulsion droplets obtained was about 200 nm. Both the size of the emulsion droplets and its dependence on electrolyte addition correlate closely with those of emulsions formed by the corresponding phosphatidylcholine system. Therefore, it is possible to use sphingomyelin as an alternative for saturated phosphatidylcholines, which may be advantageous for oral and dermal pharmaceutical applications, as well as in cosmetics.
Homogeneous hydrogenation of dienes with rhodium complexes
Authors: Heldal J. A. , Frankel E. N.
Published: January 2007

Different Rh complex catalysts were compared for the hydrogenation of methyl sorbate and linoleate in the absence of solvents. At 100 C and 1 atm H2 the following complexes, RhCl(Ph3 P)3 (Ph= phenyl), [RhClNBD]2 (NBD=norbornadiene) and RhH(CO)(Ph3P)3, produced mainly methyltrans‐2‐hexenoate (34 to 56%). Their diene selectivity was not particularly high as they produced 14 to 41% methyl hexanoate. With RhCl(Ph3 P)3 constant ratios between rates of methyl sorbate disappearance and formation of methyltrans‐2‐ andtrans‐3‐hexenoate indicate approximately the same activation energy for 1,2‐addition of H2 on the Δ4 double bond of methyl sorbate and for 1,4‐addition to this substrate. In the hydrogenation of methyl linoleate with RhCl(Ph3 P)3, the kinetic curves were simulated by a scheme in which 1,2‐reduction was more than twice as important as 1,4‐addition of H2 via conjugated diene intermediates. Although the complexes RhCl(CO)(Ph3 P)3 and [Rh(NBD)(diphos)]+PF6 (diphos=diphosphine) were inactive in the hydrogenation of methyl sorbate, they catalyzed the hydrogenation of methyl linoleate at 100 C and 1 atm. Catalyst inhibition apparently was caused by stronger complex formation with methyl sorbate than with the conjugated dienes formed from methyl linoleate.
Protease inhibitors and in vitro protein digestibility of defatted seed cakes of akashmoni and karanja
Authors: Mandal B. , Majumdar S. Ghosh , Maity C. R.
Published: January 2007

Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities of defatted seed meals of akashmoni (Acacia auriculaeformis) and karanja (Pongamia glabra) were studied before and after detoxification. Protease inhibitor activities were significantly higher in the unprocessed seed meals when compared with the processed seed meals. Detoxification also improved the in vitro protein digestibilities of these seed meals significantly. Processed meals of these legume seeds, with lower protease inhibitor activities and higher protein digestibilities, could readily be used as animal feed.
Interactions between LAS and nonionic surfactants
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Borys Nelson F. , Matson Ted P.
Published: January 2007

Physicochemical interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and various linear alcohol nonionics (NI) have been investigated. The effect of adding nonionic to LAS on critical micelle concentration (cmc), surface tension, water hardness sensitivity and detergency performance depends on both hydrophobe and hydrophile structure. The addition of low levels of a lauryl range‐high EO nonionic surfactant significantly lowers cmc and causes the formation of micelles containing predominantly nonionic molecules. These mixed micelles improve hard water performance by acting as a sink for LAS and free calcium. Nonionic surfactant enhances LAS hard water performance by preventing the loss of LAS via Ca(LAS)2 precipitation, not by its own soil removal capabilities. Nonionic surfactant acts as a micelle promotion agent, while LAS remains responsible for surface and interfacial properties.
The estimation of the composition of edible oil mixtures
Authors: Van Niekerk Pieter J. , Burger Anna E. C.
Published: January 2007

The fatty acid, sterol and tocopherol contents of edible oils were used to determine the composition of oil mixtures by means of a weighted least squares estimator with backwards elimination. The model was tested on 93 samples containing known amounts of sunflowerseed oil, groundnut oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, maize oil, olive oil and palm oil. Of these samples 75 were binary mixtures, seven were ternary mixtures, one contained seven oils and 10 were pure oils.

Satisfactory results were obtained with 79 of the 93 samples (85%). The differences between the actual and estimated concentrations of the main components were greater than 2.7 times the standard error for six samples; the mean of the absolute differences was 4.7% for all 93 samples. The use of this model is considered superior to the matching of a fatty acid composition, but the model still needs a lot of development.
Color stability of glandless cottonseed oil
Authors: Chamkasem N. , Johnson L. A.
Published: January 2007

The color stability of oil extracted from glandless cottonseed contaminated with various levels of glanded cottonseed was studied. The rate of darkening in bleached color of cottonseed oil during storage was proportional to the original glanded cottonseed or gossypol content in the oil and to time and temperature of storage. Glandless cottonseed with 0–10% glanded seed contamination, as might be expected in commercial production of glandless cotton, yielded oil with equivalent or better color when conventionally refined and bleached after 30 days storage at 25 to 40 C than miscella refined oil from glanded cottonseed. This indicates that new oil mills for extracting glandless cottonseed need not invest in miscella‐refining units in order to produce high quality oil.
Heavily brominated and highly unsaturated derivatives of jojoba oil
Authors: Shani Arnon
Published: January 2007

Two hexabromojojoba isomers were prepared by bromine addition to bromo‐olefinic and bromoallylic derivatives, and an octabromojojoba derivative was prepared from jojobatetraene. Bis‐allylic bromination of jojoba wax or monoallylic bromination of jojobatetraene, both followed by HBr elimination, yielded jojobahexaene, which has two conjugated triene units on both parts of the ester. Bromine addition to jojobahexaene yielded dodecabromojojoba, which was unstable toward hydrolysis in water‐decalin mixture at 120C., This is in contrast to the relative stability of the octabromojojoba under these conditions.
Polycarboxylates in soda ash detergents
Authors: Hudson Alice P. , Woodward Fred E. , McGrew George T.
Published: January 2007

Calcium carbonate deposition on cotton fabric from soda ash‐based detergents containing polycarboxylates is measured and related to polymer composition and molecular weight, under varying conditions of temperature, water hardness and detergent composition. Deposition effects on fabric are compared with threshold inhibition effects and calcium binding capacities of the polymers.

Polyacrylic acids with molecular weights of 2000–5000 are most effective in preventing calcium carbonate deposition on fabric. A 1.5:1 acrylic acid:maleic acid copolymer is more effective than polyacrylic acid. Detergents with LAS left somewhat higher calcium carbonate deposits than detergents with a nonionic surfactant.

Prevention of visible calcium carbonate precipitation in the absence of fabric (“threshold effects”) appears at polymer levels considerably lower than those necessary to prevent calcium carbonate deposition on fabric. Deposition on fabric can be prevented at levels of polymer much less than that necessary to bind most of the calcium ions, as determined by the calcium binding capacity.
Formation of short chain volatile organic acids in the automated AOM method
Authors: deMan J. M. , Tie Fan , deMan L.
Published: January 2007

The end point in the automated AOM stability test for fats is related to the rapid production of volatile acids at the end of the induction period and usually measured by conductivity of an aqueous solution of the exit gases. It has been postulated that the reaction involves the transitory presence of a diperoxide which decomposes into two aldehydes and formic acid. The volatile acids produced by several oils were composed mainly of formic acid and significant amounts of acetic acid. In addition, acids with three or more carbon atoms, including propionic, butyric and caproic, were detected. It was found that the temperature of the water in the receiving jars was important in relation to retention of the formic acid. At temperatures above 20 C significant losses may occur. The relationships between peroxide value of the oils, the conductivity of the exit gas solutions and the organic acid content was investigated for the following fats and oils: sunflower, canola, olive, corn, peanut and soybean oil, triolein, lard and butterfat.
Relationships between measurements of fat deterioration during heating and frying in RBD olein
Authors: Augustin M. A. , Asap Telingai , Heng L. K.
Published: January 2007

The relationships between measurements of fat deterioration during static heating and heating with intermittent frying of potato crisps in RBD olein in the presence and absence of TBHQ were evaluated. Significant linear relationships were found between iodine value, C18:2/C16:0 ratio, polar components and dielectric constant. Nonlinear relationships were found between smoke point, acid value and polar components. The relationships between polymer content and polar components, E1 cm1% at 232 nm and wavelength (λ) for which E1 cm10%=1 also were found to be nonlinear.
Reduction of phytic acid concentration in protein isolates by acylation techniques
Authors: Thompson Lilian U.
Published: January 2007

The interaction of phytic acid (PA) with proteins is dependent on the charges and conformation of the proteins and the ionic strength of the solution. Hence, changes in these parameters brought about by acylation could change the extractability, precipitation and interactions of PA with protein and minerals and consequently the PA concentration of protein isolates from phytate‐containing foods. This paper summarizes studies in rapeseed and navy bean flours which demonstrate that a high degree of succinylation or acetylation can be used to separate the proteins from the PA and to prepare low phytate protein isolates of good functional properties. The separation of PA from the protein in rapeseed flour occurred during the extraction stage, while that in navy bean flour occurred at the isoelectric precipitation stage.
Foaming of nonionic surfactant solutions: Effect of surfactant concentration and temperature
Authors: Schott Hans
Published: January 2007

Foaming of solutions of the nonionic surfactant, octoxynol 9, was investigated in the concentration range of 0.010 to 5.00% and in the temperature range of 7–37 C, well below the cloud point of 65 C, by measuring the height and stability of foams generated by pouring thin streams of surfactant solutions into a glass column. All foams were fast‐thinning. Their height increased monotonically with surfactant concentration. The rate of change of foam height with log surfactant concentration underwent no change at the CMC of 0.018%, but was four times lower above 0.146% than below 0.146%. Foams at lower temperatures generally thinned somewhat more slowly and were stronger or more cohesive and more stable than foams generated at higher temperatures by surfactant solutions of comparable concentrations. Oxidative degradation reduced foam height somewhat. Octoxynol 9 and sodium lauryl sulfate, rated as a good foamer, produced foams of comparable volume and stability.
Acoustic behavior of calcium soap solutions
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Upadhyaya S. K.
Published: January 2007

The results of ultrasonic velocity for calcium soap solutions show that the adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length and solvation number decrease while the specific acoustic impedence, apparent molal compressibility, apparent molal volume and molar sound velocity increase with increasing soap concentration. The ultrasonic results are in agreement with the conductance measurements and confirm that calcium soaps behave as weak electrolytes in solutions.
Aflatoxin in Arizona cottonseed: Lack of toxin formation following aspergillus flavus inoculation at sutures
Authors: Lee Louise S.
Published: January 2007

Aflatoxin assays were conducted on seeds from cotton bolls inoculated withAspergillus flavus in commercial fields in Arizona. Inoculations were at sutures at the initiation of boll opening either in the morning or evening in August over a three‐year period. One morning inoculation was followed by a water treatment that simulated rain. Fully fluffed bolls were harvested after two or four weeks, and lint and seed linters were examined for bright‐green‐yellow‐fluorescence (BGYF). Ginned seed were assayed for aflatoxin. While BGYF of lint was detected, no seed linters exhibited BGYF and no seeds from the 140 bolls examined contained aflatoxin. Results imply that boll infection byA. flavus occurs before the initiation of boll opening, an observation that is in agreement with recent reports ofA. flavus infection but contrary to conclusions made in earlier reports.
The “basic” fatty acid composition of atlantic fish oils: Potential similarities useful for enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids by urea complexation
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Ratnayake W. M. N. , Olsson B.
Published: January 2007

It is known that the 20:1 and 22:1 fatty acids of fish oils from temperate and northern latitudes are of exogenous origin. By discounting these two fatty acids, calculation shows that the remaining fatty acids are a “basic” composition for these fish oils, with similar totals for saturated (14:0, 16:0), monounsaturated (16:1, 18:1) and polyunsaturated (primarily n‐3) fatty acids. Thus, any of these oils are potential raw materials for urea complexing of acids or esters to give concentrates enriched in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids.
Phase transitions of canola oil sediment
Authors: Liu H. , Biliaderis C. G. , Przybylski R. , Eskin N. A. M.
Published: January 2007

Canola sediment was obtained from an industrial filter cake by solvent extraction. When heated in the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (5–100°C), the sediment exhibited a single narrow melting peak at around 74.8°C. No solid‐state polymorphic transformation of the material could be detected over this temperature range. The X‐ray powder diffraction pattern of canola sediment resembled waxes from other sources with an orthorhombic unit cell. The phase transition behavior of canola sediment in oil was studied by both DSC and polarizing microscopy. With increasing ratio of oil/sediment, a reduction in both melting temperature and transition enthalpy was observed. The shape of the supercooling curve resembled that of the melting curve. The induction time was determined by spectrophotometry and was used to calculate the interfacial free energyσ between sediment and oil; σ=4.71 erg/cm2. The effect of temperature and sediment concentration on the clouding time of canola oil was studied; the clouding time was the shortest at 5°C.
Oregano flavonoids as lipid antioxidants
Authors: Vekiari S. A. , Oreopoulou V. , Tzia C. , Thomopoulos C. D.
Published: January 2007

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) leaves were successively extracted with hexane, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The ethanol extract was reextracted in a separatory funnel with petroleum ether, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate and butanol. The ethyl ether layer was the most effective in stabilizing lard against oxidation, with activity equal to butylated hydroxytoluene. It also showed antioxidant activity when tested on vegetable oils under storage or frying conditions. The main antioxidant factors isolated from the ethyl ether layer consisted of flavonoids. Chromatographic and spectrophotometric analysis demonstrated the presence of the flavone apigenin, the flavanone, eriodictyol and the dihydroflavonols, dihydrokaempferol and dihydroquercetin.
Adsorption of carotene from palm oil by acid‐treated rice hull ash
Authors: Liew K. Y. , Yee A. H. , Nordin M. R.
Published: January 2007

Rice hull ash obtained by heat treatment and acid activated followed by washing was not effective as an adsorbent for carotene in palm oil in contrast to that reported for adsorption of soy oil lutein. However, unwashed acid‐activated ash had activity much higher than carbon and silica but slightly less than a commercial bleaching clay. Heat treatment of raw rice hulls at temperatures below 300°C resulted in the most active adsorbent after acid activation. Drying the unwashed acid‐activated ash at temperatures higher than 200°C reduced the activity. The activity of the acid ash was attributed to adsorbed acid. The results also suggested that the removal of carotene in palm oil was caused by chemical interactions involving the adsorbed acid and the carotene. The small amount of Fe3+ in the ash was not responsible for the activity.
Solubility of simple and mixed triacylglycerols in supercritical CO2
Authors: Nilsson W. B. , Hudson J. K.
Published: January 2007

A simple mixture of triacylglycerols (TAGs) was synthesized enzymatically from palmitic acid and oleic acid. The mixture contained tripalmitoylglycerol (PPP), trioleoylglycerol (OOO), and various isomers of palmitoyl‐dioleoylglycerol (POO) and oleoyl‐dipalmitoylglycerol (PPO). The behavior of this TAG mixture in equilibrium with supercritical carbon dioxide (SF‐CO2) was studied at 40 and 60°C between 172 and 310 bar. Generally, the partition coefficients varied inversely with species molecular weight. The solubilities of PPP and OOO in SF‐CO2 were determined at the same conditions. PPP was markedly more soluble in SF‐CO2 when present in the TAG mixture than as a pure compound.
Squalene recovery from olive oil deodorizer distillates
Authors: Bondioli Paolo , Mariani Carlo , Lanzani Armando , Fedeli Enzo , Muller Adam
Published: January 2007

Olive oil deodorization distillate contains squalene in a concentration range of 10 to 30 wt%. A process for its recovery by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is described. The process consists mainly of converting the free fatty acids and the methyl and ethyl esters normally occurring in this by‐product into their corresponding triglycerides. The latter are then extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide to provide a highly enriched squalene fraction. The process has been carried out on a pilot‐plant scale with a column operating in the contercurrent mode. The relationship between the experimental conditions and squalene purity and yield has been studied. Analytical methods were used for the determination of squalene and other components in the fractions. By use of this process, squalene can be recovered in high purity and yields of about 90%.
Antioxidant activity of mediterranean plant leaves: Occurrence and antioxidative importance of α‐tocopherol
Authors: Chevolleau S. , Mallet J. F. , Debal A. , Ucciani E.
Published: January 2007

α‐Tocopherol was identified as the main antioxidant in hexane extracts of leaves of sixteen Mediterranean plant species. The α‐tocopherol content was determined by a two‐step procedure involving column and gas chromatography with α‐tocopherol acetate as internal standard. The tocopherol content of the extracts was in the range of 0.0–4.7%, and that of the dry leaves was 0–846 ppm. The highest α‐tocopherol content was found in the leaves of a Mediterranean oak,Quercus ilex. The antioxidative activity, which was previously investigated, was correlated with the α‐tocopherol content. Correlation coefficients were 0.947 and 0.904 for extracts and leaves, respectively.
Isolation and identification of palmitoylphosphocholinepropanediol from γ‐irradiated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
Authors: Tinsley P. W. , Maerker G.
Published: January 2007

1‐Palmitoyl‐3‐phosphocholinepropanediol was isolated from γ‐irradiated aqueous suspensions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The product was positively identified by comparison of its high‐performance liquid chromatography elution time and its mass spectra with the synthetic compound.
Large‐scale preparation of linoleic acid‐d2‐enriched triglycerides fromCrepis alpina seed oil
Authors: Adlof Richard O. , Emken Edward A.
Published: January 2007

Catalytic deuteration ofCrepis alpina seed oil provided a convenient one‐step method for the direct synthesis of large quantities of triglycerides enriched with deuteriumlabelled linoleic acid.Crepis alpina seed (19 kg) was crushed, and the oil [74% crepenynic acid (cis‐9‐octadecen‐12‐ynoic acid)] was extracted with hexane. After purification by column chromatography (silica gel), > 170‐g batches of oil were deuterated with Lindlar catalyst and deuterium (D2) gas. Purification (silica gel) resulted in > 150‐g samples of triglyceride containing 74%cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoic acid‐12,13‐d2 (18:2‐d2) and 14% unlabelled linoleic acid. Pure (> 99%) tricrepenynin was recovered by further fractionation of theCrepis alpina triglycerides on silica gel. Deuteration of this sample produced deuteriumlabelled trilinolein containing linoleic acid‐d2 of > 98% isotopic purity.
Use of radiation‐induced alkanes and alkenes to detect irradiated food containing lipids
Authors: Lesgards Guy , Raffi Jacques , Pouliquen Isabelle , Chaouch Abdel‐Aziz , Giamarchi Philippe , Prost Michel
Published: January 2007

To detect irradiated foodstuffs, we used the Nawar relation between lipid structure and radiolysis compounds, such as alkanes and alkenes. We first applied this method to sunflower, olive and peanut oils. Alkanes and alkenes were analyzed by gas chromatography with a head‐space system for desorption and concentration of the volatile compounds. The detection limit, obtained both by estimation of the chromatogram area and by a blind trial, is better than 0.15 kGy. The continuity of detection with storage time was also studied. We have compared these results with those obtained by thermolysis: the same method can be used to detect ionized vegetable oils, even if they have been heated. In a second step, we studied three possible commercial situations—the irradiation of avocado‐pears, fresh pilchards and poultry meat. Although we can use this lipid method to identify irradiated avocado‐pears (for doses above 0.5 kGy) and poultry meat, it is impossible to apply it to fresh pilchards because numerous volatile compounds are already present before irradiation.
Determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids inSterculia seed oils from senegal
Authors: Miralles J. , Bassene E. , Gaydou E. M.
Published: January 2007

Seed oils ofSterculia tomentosa andS. tragacantha (Sterculiaceae) were found to contain malvalic (5.8 and 5.1%), sterculic (11.3 and 30.2%) and dihydrosterculic (0.9 and 0.5%) acids. The total amount of these two cyclopropenoid fatty acids was established by1H nuclear magnetic resonance and their cooccurrence by gas chromatography. Besides these unusual compounds, the main common fatty acids were palmitic (20 and 24%), oleic (21 and 15%) and linoleic (30 and 16%) acids.
Argentation supercritical fluid chromatography for quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols
Authors: Blomberg Lars G. , Demirbüker Mustafa , Andersson Per E.
Published: January 2007

A method for quantitative analysis of neutral lipids has been developed. Four different techniques have been combined for this purpose—supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), silver ion chromatography, packed microcolumns and miniaturized evaporative light‐scattering detection (ELSD). The development and optimization of the method are discussed. The separation of a series of vegetable, fish and hydrogenated oils was demonstrated. Application of eluent composition programming resulted in excellent separation of complex samples. Packed microcolumn argentation SFC provides at least as high a separation power as corresponding high‐performance liquid chromatography methods. The combination of packed microcolumn SFC and miniaturized ELSD constitutes a powerful analytical system for the quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols.
Enzymatic synthesis of trierucin from high‐erucic acid rapeseed oil
Authors: Trani Michael , Lortie Robert , Ergan Françoise
Published: January 2007

The lipase fromCandida rugosa has been shown to discriminate against erucic acid. Advantage of this property has been taken to produce trierucin from high‐erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil. A method has been developed for extracting erucic acid from the oil as dierucin and subsequently enzymatically converting it to trierucin. Unrefined HEAR oil was hydrolyzed with lipase fromC. rugosa to produce a mixture of free fatty acids and dierucin. Precipitation and filtration from cold ethanol gave 73% pure dierucin, free of fatty acids. This dierucin was treated in two ways to produce trierucin. First, in the presence of an immobilized lipase and a known amount of water, some trierucin is produced by interesterification. Second, a more efficient route to trierucin utilizedRhizopus arrhizus lipase to completely hydrolyze dierucin to erucic acid, which was then combined with an appropriate amount of dierucin in the presence of an immobilized lipase to produce trierucin in a quantitative yield.
Micro method for stereospecific analysis of triacyl‐sn‐glycerols by chiral‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ando Yasuhiro , Takagi Toru
Published: January 2007

A procedure for micro stereospecific analysis of triacyl‐sn‐glycerols (TGs) by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a chiral column is presented. TGs were partially hydrolyzed with ethyl magnesium bromide, and total products were immediately converted to 3,5‐dinitro‐phenylurethane derivatives. Each of the 1‐ and 2‐monoacylglycerol (MG) derivatives was isolated by HPLC on a silica column. The 1‐MGs were resolved intosn‐1 andsn‐3 MG fractions by HPLC on a Sumichiral OA‐4100 column (Sumitomo Chemical, Osaka, Japan). Fatty acid methyl esters obtained from thesn‐1,sn‐2 andsn‐3 MG fractions were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography on a capillary column. Analyses of standard TGs showed that, even with 1 mg of sample, accuracy was comparable to that obtained with 100‐mg samples. Applying this procedure to the stereospecific analysis of 5 mg of jujube pulp, TGs revealed the positional distribution of the (n‐5) series of monounsaturated fatty acids they contained.
Head‐ and tail‐end dehulling of soybeans
Authors: Fetzer W.
Published: January 2007

Head‐end and tail‐end dehulling systems are compared, including yield, investment costs, and energy consumption. A comparison of the European and US methods of using head‐end and tail‐end dehulling is provided. A combination of front‐end and tail‐end dehulling systems is shown, including the results in yield. Power consumption and investment costs are presented in comparison to front‐end dehulling.
Degumming, dewaxing and refining
Authors: Haraldsson G.
Published: January 2007

Degumming, dewaxing and refining are aimed at removing certain fat‐soluble impurities. The different operations can be done separately or in various combinations depending on, e.g., the type of feedstock and the desired refining result. State‐of‐the‐art of water degumming and chemical (alkali) refining are discussed with special emphasis on quality and yield of products and byproducts. Dewaxing, which is of special interest for some oils such as sunflower oil, maize oil and ricebran oil, can be performed either by a filtration process or by centrifugal separation in connection with water degumming or alkali refining.
Links between processes
Authors: Lau J.
Published: January 2007

Sequential process steps—as, for example, crushing, extraction, refining, hydrogenation and fractionation—always include critical points. The origin of oils and fats is recalled, and reference is made to worldwide consumption. Based on up‐to‐date technology, the importance of links is demonstrated and explained by selected examples supported by graphs and isometric drawings.
Quality of byproducts from chemical and physical refining of palm oil and other oils
Authors: Hong Wong Mong
Published: January 2007

Being byproducts, palm soapstock, palm acid oil and palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD) have a wide range of quality and composition. They also consist of many impurities and minor components. Due to development of refining techniques. PFAD have largely replaced palm acid oil, especially in the producing countries. Although both palm acid oil and PFAD can be used for making low‐quality laundry soap directly, they are often subjected to further treatment. They have found many industrial applications, especially in the feed and fatty acid industries. Quality of recovered oil from spent earth can be as good as bulk of the bleached stock if proper solvent such as hexane is used for extraction. Spent earth can also be used for incineration to produce energy, cattlefeed and landfill.
NSI's new sunflower oil plant
Authors: Muller S.
Published: January 2007

Several new concepts for processing sunflower seed have been introduced in the new sunflower oil plant with 1500 ton/day capacity in Enderlin, ND. These are described and advantages discussed in this paper.
Perspectives on processing methods, equipment and procedures
Authors: Mounts T. L.
Published: January 2007

World population growth and increasing per capita consumption will place significant demands on the food oils industry in the coming years to maimize efficiency of raw material use and to optimize processing operations. Other demands on the processor of food oils center on resolving issues that are already impacting on the industry, i.e., energy conservation, pollution abatement, and diminishing reserve of petroleum‐based resources. Research now in progress in the laboratory may form the basis for the industry response to these challenges. Innovative methods of raw material preparation will be needed to obtain a higher quality oil. Alternative solvent processing could use alcohol or aqueous extraction or supercritical fluids. Each of the processing techniques used to produce a finished edible oil from crude oils, from degumming through alkali refining and bleaching to deodorization, is subject to change, and the form of these changes can be perceived from the directions of current research. Formulation of solid fats from liquid oils may see a shift from metal‐catalyzed reactions to the use of immobilized enzymes. Implementation of many of the process changes will depend on equipment development and application of advanced engineering concepts to assure their assimilation into the food oil industry. By projecting the successful integration of the chemical, process design and engineering sciences, a realistic picture of the year 2000 can be formulated.
The effects of polyoxyethylated cholesterol on fecal bile acids and nitrogen and on cholesterol balance in rats
Authors: Amorosa L. F. , Martucci C. P. , Stevenson N. R. , Khachadurian A. K.
Published: January 2007

Polyoxyethalated cholesterol (POEC) is a water soluble derivative of cholesterol which decreases cholesterol absorption in rats without affecting body weight, fatty acid excretion, or intestinal histology. In the present study rat feces were analyzed for cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, muricholic and lithocholic acid following 3 months of feeding a standard or a 2% enriched cholesterol diet with or without 1.5% POEC. In rats maintained on the cholesterol free diet, POEC increased total bile acids (mg/day) by 50% from 14±3 to 21±3 (mean ±SEM) but only the increase in chenodeoxycholic acid was significant (P<0.05). The corresponding POEC effect in the 2% cholesterol diet was 31% (70±8 to 93±3, P<0.01). Fecal nitrogen and serum cholesterol did not vary among groups. Comparing these data with neutral steroid excretion previously determined showed that POEC in the cholesterolfree diet increased the negative cholesterol balance more than three‐fold (34±7vs 118±13 P<0.01). In rats fed 2% cholesterol, POEC caused a negative cholesterol balance of 222±8 compared to the control of 27±52 (P<0.01). The data indicate that POEC exerts complex effects in the intestinal tract which increase both bile acid and cholesterol excretion.
Plasma lipid profiling by liquid chromatography with chloride‐attachment mass spectrometry
Authors: Kuksis A. , Marai L. , Myher J. J.
Published: January 2007

A sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed using chloride attachment negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for detection of glyceryl esters and ceramides, and positive chemical ionization mass spectrometry for detection of free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in minimal quantities of plasma. The novel technique was validated by high temperature gas‐liquid chromatography with flame ionization detection. Sample preparation was achieved by phospholipase C digestion of whole plasma, total lipid extraction and derivatization of any free carboxyl and hydroxyl groups by trimethyl‐ ortert‐butyldimethyl‐chlorosilane. The lipids were separated by reverse phase HPLC with 20–90% propionitrile in acetonitrile containing 1% dichloromethane, which served as the reagent and the source of chloride. Negative chemical ionization with chloride attachment is estimated to provide about 100 times higher response for the triacylglycerols and the trimethylsilyl ortert‐butyldimethylsilyl ethers of diacylglycerols, and about 500 times higher response for the trimethylsilyl ortert‐butyldimethylsilyl ethers of ceramides than positive chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Determination of the full negative chemical ionization mass spectra showed that each glycerolipid and ceramide species yielded a single ionic species corresponding to the chloride‐attachment product of the parent ion. The cholesteryl esters and ethers failed to attach chloride and remained undetected by negative chemical ionization. However, the cholesteryl esters and ethers gave a high response for the steroid nucleus in positive chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Chloride attachment negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry is suitable for the unequivocal identification of plasma glycerolipids and ceramides in high‐performance liquid chromatography and for the quantitation of molecular species in any unresolved peaks following appropriate calibration of the instrument response.
The effect of a salmon diet on blood clotting, platelet aggregation and fatty acids in normal adult men
Authors: Nelson Gary J. , Schmidt Perla C. , Corash Laurence
Published: January 2007

This study was designed to measure the effect of dietary n−3 fatty acids (FA) on platelets and blood lipids. Healthy men (n=9), ages 31 to 65, were fed diets in which salmon was the source of n−3 fatty acids. They were confined in a nutrition suite at this Center for 100 days. Food intake and exercise levels were rigidly controlled. Initially they were placed on a stabilization diet for 20 days, then six men were fed the salmon diet for 40 days. The others remained on the stabilization diet. The two groups switched diets for the last 40 days of the study. Both diets were isocaloric [16% protein, 54% carbohydrate, and 30% fat by energy‐% (En%)]. The salmon diet contained 7.5% of calories from n−6 FA and 2% from n−3 FA, primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in a 40∶60 ratio, while the stabilization diet contained 7.5% of calories from n−6 FA and less than 0.3% n−3 FA, mainly 18∶3n−3. The bleeding time was unaffected by the diets in this study. The prothrombin time was shortened (11.6 sec.vs. 12.6 sec., p<0.01) for the subjects consuming the salmon diet as compared to that measured after 20 days of the stabilization diet. Mean platelet volume increased significantly during the period in which the volunteers consumed the salmon diet compared to the baseline diet (p<0.01), while the mean platelet levels decreased. Platelet aggregation (PA) was measured in platelet rich plasma before, during, and after the salmon diet using collagen, ADP, arachidonic acid (AA), and thrombin agonists. The PA threshold for ADP was significantly increased for the subjects on the salmon diet (p<0.05). No change in the PA threshold was detected for collagen or thrombin. The PA threshold for AA was unchanged also, but the platelets in subjects consuming the salmon diet had a prolonged time to maximum aggregation (p<0.01) with this reagent compared to platelets from men on the stabilization diet. Plasma, red cell, and platelet total FA composition was determined by capillary GLC. While the men consumed the salmon diets, there were marked increases (3 to 10‐fold) in the EPA and DHA levels in all blood components with concomitant decreases in linoleic acid and AA levels. Thus, a salmon diet, high in n−3 FA, did not influence the bleeding times, but it decreased the sensitivity of platelets to ADP and AA, increased the mean platelet size, decreased the platelet count, and changed the FA composition of the plasma, RBC and platelet membrane lipids.
Analysis of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products by TLC/densitometry
Authors: Beckman Jeffrey K. , Morley Samuel A. , Greene Harry L.
Published: January 2007

We have explored the use of thin‐layer chromatography (TLC)/densitometry in both the reflectance and fluorescence mode for quantitation of specific products of lipid peroxidation. Aldehydic peroxidation products were generated by exposure of arachidonic acid to iron and ascorbic acid for 24 hr. Several methods for the quantitative analysis of peroxidation products by TLC/densitometry were compared using two different aldehydespecific derivatizing reagents, namely dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and cyclohexanedione (CHD). DNPH hydrazones of the arachidonic acid‐peroxidation products, upon TLC separation on silica gel, revealed prominent alkanal and hydroxyalkenal bands. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the primary alkanal component was hexanal, while the primary hydroxyalkenal was 4‐hydroxynonenal. Semiquantitative methods for the direct analysis of these products by TLC/densitometry were worked out based on the use of external hydrazone standards. TLC/densitometry (fluorescence mode) was used to measure CHD adducts of aldehydes by forming the derivatives in the presence of decanal (used as an internal standard) and separating the derivatives by reverse phase TLC. Hexanal‐CHD was detectable upon application of 0.5 nanomoles while 4‐hydroxynomenal showed a lower response and was detectable with 10 nanomoles. Using appropriate response factors, hexanal and 4‐hydroxynonenal were measured in the aldehyde sample from arachidonic acid and results were similar to those obtained by the DNPH method.

Similar approaches were used to analyze the peroxidation products of docosahexaenoic acid (24‐hr exposure) The DHA peroxidation products contained extremely low levels of alkanals, while polar aldehydes and hydroxyalkenals were prominent. Formation of alkanals, osazones, hydroxyalkenals and phospholipid aldehydes from iron‐exposed microsomes was also demonstrated. Uses and limitations of these methods of aldehyde measurement are discussed.
A new eicosapentaenoic acid formed from arachidonic acid in the coralline red algaeBossiella orbigniana
Authors: Burgess John R. , de la Rosa Roger I. , Jacobs Robert S. , Butler Alison
Published: January 2007

Aqueous extracts of the coralline red algaeBossiella orbigniana have been shown to catalyze the enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid to a previously unreported ω6 eicosapentaenoic acid product. This unique fatty acid contains a conjugated tetraene with absorption maxima at 293, 306, and 321 nm, and was identified by spectral methods as 5(Z),8(Z),10(E),12(E),14(Z)‐eicosapentaenoic acid. The compound was given the trivial name bosseopentaenoic acid. Under experimental conditions, production of bosseopentaenoic acid was linear up to 2 hr and dioxygen was consumed. Bosseopentaenoic acid, along with several other conjugated tetraenes, was also present in the algae endogenously as revealed by a comparison of the ultraviolet (UV) spectra and the high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) pattern of the purified product and the organic extract ofBossiella.
Absence of sterol biosynthesis in oyster tissue culture
Authors: Holden Marcia J. , Patterson Glenn W.
Published: January 2007

An oyster heart tissue culture was used to investigate the ability of the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) to synthesize sterols from [14C]acetate. Lipids were extracted from cultured oyster heart cells and no label was found in the purified fatty acid fraction, 90% of which was located in the saturated and monounsaturated fractions. Although these results cannot rule out the possibility of sterol synthesis in other oyster tissues, this and previous evidence are in support of the hypothesis that the American oyster is unable to synthesize sterols.
Guinea pig epidermis generates putative anti‐inflammatory metabolites from fish oil polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Miller Craig C. , Yamaguchi Ronald Y. , Ziboh Vincent A.
Published: January 2007

Clinical studies have indicated that dietary fish oil may have therapeutic value in the treatment of psoriasis, a hyperproliferative, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by elevated LTB4. To evolve a possible mechanism for these beneficial effects, we determined the metabolic fate of fish oil derived n‐3 fatty acids in the skin. Specifically, we incubated guinea pig epidermal enzyme preparations with [3H]eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5n−3) and [14C]docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6n−3). Analyses of the radiometabolites revealed the transformation of these n−3 fatty acids into n−6 lipoxygenase (arachidonate 15‐lipoxygenase) products: 15‐hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (15‐HEPE) and 17‐hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17‐HDHE), respectively. Since 15‐lipoxygenase products have been suggested as possible endogenous inhibitors of 5‐lipoxygenase (an enzyme which catalyzes the formation of LTB4) we tested the ability of 15‐HEPE and 17‐HDHEin vitro to inhibit the activity of the 5‐lipoxygenase. Incubations of these metabolites with enzyme preparations from rat basophilic leukemia (RBL‐1) cells demonstrated that 15‐HEPE (IC50=28 μM) and 17‐HDHE (IC50=20 μM) are respectively potent inhibitors of RBL‐I‐5‐lipoxygenase. The inhibitory potential of these fish oil metabolites provides a possible mechanism by which fish oil might act to decrease local cutaneous levels of LTB4, and thereby alleviate psoriatic symptoms.
Phorbol myristate inhanced specific incorporation of arachidonic acid into phospholipids through lysophospholipid acyltransferase in cultured smooth muscle cells
Authors: Kanzaki Tetsuto , Morisaki Nobuhiro , Saito Yasushi , Yoshida Sho
Published: January 2007

The effect of stimulation of phospholipase with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate and lipopolysaccharide on 1‐acyl‐glycerophospholipid acyltransferase was studied in cultured rabbit aorta smooth muscle cells. The acyltransferase in smooth muscle cells without stimulation was active on a wide range of unsaturated fatty acids and was not arachidonic acid specific. Upon increase in phospholipase activity, acyltransferase activity only with arachidonic acid as substrate increased in a time‐dependent fashion. Apparent acyltransferase activity was increased most upon increase in phospholipase activity when lysophosphatidylcholine was used as acceptor. These results suggest that arachidonic acid specific acyltransferase was induced in smooth muscle cells by increase in phospholipase activity. The role of this acyltransferase is postulated to be the specific incorporation of endogenously released arachidonic acid.
Turnover and fate of plasma free fatty acids in briefly‐fasted lymphoma‐bearing mice
Authors: Baker Nome , Gan‐Elepano Minerva , Guthrie Brenda A. , Mead James F.
Published: January 2007

Body fat loss during tumor growth may be due to increased mobilization of adipose triglycerides. Earlier work from this laboratory suggested that (i) lymphoma‐bearing AKR mice have a circulating lipid mobilizing factor (LMF) which caused body fat loss during cancer growth; that (ii) fatty acids (FA) mobilized in these tumor‐bearing (TB) mice were not oxidized to CO2 as in starved mice that lose their body fat; and that (iii) instead, the mobilized FA were sequestered by the lymphoma. We tested these hypotheses by injecting [1‐14C]palmitate‐albumin into lymphoma‐bearing and control mice. We measured turnover of plasma FFA for 24 hr and predicted the cumulative conversion of tracer into breath14CO2 (at 85 min) in the TB mice. Plasma FFA were mobilized more slowly in briefly fasted tumor‐bearing mice than in controls with the same plasma FFA pool sizes. The fractional catabolic rate (FCR) (min−1) of plasma FFA turnover in both groups decreased during the night when the mice ate: postabsorptive controls, 1.07(±5.6%); fed controls, 0.25 (±13%); postabsorptive TB, 0.53 (±4.6%); fed TB, 0.29 (±7.3%). Virtually all of the plasma FFA irreversible disposal in TB mice was accounted for as breath14CO2 (30 to 40% I.D.), not as tumor lipids (1.1±0.22% I.D.). Thus, FFA oxidation to CO2 is the major fate of plasma FFA turnover in TB mice, and sequestration of FFA (palmitate) by tumor cells is a quantitatively minor process. The putative circulating LMF did not cause increased FFA mobilization in these lymphoma‐bearing mice in the post‐absorptive state.