bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sociocultural Theory and Interlanguage Pragmatics
Authors: Rine Emily F. , van Compernolle Rémi A.
Published: December 2012

Vygotskyan sociocultural theory (SCT) (e.g., Vygotsky, 1978, 1986; for second language [L2] development, see Lantolf & Thorne, 2006) has been extended to interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) research in a number of interesting and fruitful directions since the 1990s.
Spada, Nina
Authors: Lightbown Patsy M.
Published: December 2012

Nina Spada (1953– ) is internationally known for her classroom‐centered research on second language learning and teaching.
Spolsky, Bernard
Authors: Shohamy Elana
Published: December 2012

Bernard Spolsky is one of the most original thinkers in the field of applied linguistics today and has had an important impact on advancing many sociolinguistic‐related domains such as language maintenance and revival, language policy, multilingualism, educational linguistics, and the history, use, and ethics of language testing.
Subjectivity
Authors: Kramsch Claire
Published: December 2012

The feminist scholar Chris Weedon defines subjectivity as “the conscious and unconscious thoughts and emotions of the individual, her sense of herself and her ways of understanding her relation to the world” (1987, p. 32).
Suprasegmentals: Tone
Authors: Wayland Ratree
Published: December 2012

Voice pitch is used to change word meaning in the majority of the world's languages.
Svartvik, Jan
Authors: Lindquist Hans
Published: December 2012

Jan Svartvik (b.1931) studied at Uppsala University, Duke University, and the University of Durham.
Swales, John M.
Authors: Samraj Betty
Published: December 2012

Perhaps most widely known for the create‐a‐research‐space (CARS) model to account for the rhetorical structure of research article introductions, John M. Swales has made an indelible mark on English for specific purposes (ESP) through his many discourse studies of academic genres and by the significance of his publications on the relationship of linguistic research to the teaching of English for academic purposes (EAP), the role of English in the research world, and materials development for advanced academic writing.
Syllables
Authors: Cebrian Juli
Published: December 2012

A unit of phonology intermediate in scope between the segment and the word, the syllable is a familiar concept among linguists and nonlinguists, and a useful unit of analysis in the description of sound systems and phonological phenomena, even if its relevance beyond its descriptive role is sometimes questioned.
Task‐Based Assessment
Authors: Brindley Geoff
Published: December 2012

Task‐based assessment (TBA) is defined by Brindley (1994, p. 74) as “the process of evaluating, in relation to a set of explicitly stated criteria, the quality of the communicative performances elicited from learners as part of goal‐directed, meaning‐focused language use requiring the integration of skills and knowledge.”
Teaching for Internationalization and Critical Citizenship
Authors: Jackson Jane
Published: December 2012

The trend of accelerating global interdependence presents both opportunities and challenges for communities, institutions, and citizens on all continents.
Teaching Grammar
Authors: Liu Dilin
Published: December 2012

Grammar instruction has always been an important, albeit controversial, component in language teaching, especially second language (L2) teaching.
Teaching Language for Academic Purposes
Authors: Hyland Ken
Published: December 2012

Language for academic purposes teaching refers to a distinctive approach to language education based on an identification of the specific language features, discourse practices, and communicative skills of target academic groups, and which recognize the particular subject‐matter needs and expertise of learners (Hyland, 2006).
Teaching Language for Peace
Authors: Friedrich Patricia
Published: December 2012

As has happened with other transdisciplinary and international concerns, the study of peace is now addressed by many different scholars in an equally diverse number of realms of expertise.
Technology and Language Testing
Authors: Douglas Dan
Published: December 2012

The use of technology in language testing has been with us for many years—one could argue that allowing test takers to use pencils with erasers was a technological innovation at one time in language testing.
Technology‐Supported Materials for Language Teaching
Authors: Chun Dorothy M.
Published: December 2012

In using technology to support language teaching, it is important to consider first what one's goals are and what research has shown with regard to instructed second language acquisition (SLA).
Testing Independent Relationships
Authors: Gries Stefan Th.
Published: December 2012

In one of the most frequent empirical scenarios in applied linguistics, a researcher's empirical results can be summarized in a two‐dimensional table, in which
Theses and Dissertations in English for Specific Purposes
Authors: Paltridge Brian
Published: December 2012

There are a number of discussions in the literature of the issues that second language students face when writing a thesis or dissertation in English. One key issue that arises in this literature is the difficulty that many students face in meeting the demands of the kind of writing required of them at this particular level of study. It is not always clear to them whose responsibility it is that their piece of writing meets the requirements of their level or area of study. This is made more difficult for students who do not have an English‐speaking background by their lack of familiarity with the conventions and expectations of thesis and dissertation writing in English. As Dong (1997, p. 10) notes, writing a thesis or dissertation
Thinking for Speaking in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Cadierno Teresa
Published: December 2012

The “thinking for speaking” (TFS) hypothesis is concerned with the possible effects of language on the kind of thinking that occurs online in the process of using language.
UNESCO and Language Policy and Planning
Authors: Robinson Clinton , Hogan‐Brun Gabrielle
Published: December 2012

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is the specialized agency of the UN system that carries the flag globally for the human and intangible aspects of society and development.
Using Popular Culture in Language Teaching
Authors: Duff Patricia A. , Zappa‐Hollman Sandra
Published: December 2012

Although popular culture is pervasive in contemporary Western and other highly urbanized, postindustrial societies impacted by globalization, it can be difficult to define and delimit the term.
Using the World Wide Web for Language Teaching
Authors: González‐Lloret Marta
Published: December 2012

The World Wide Web (“WWW” or “the Web”) is a system of documents interconnected through hyperlinks, or points of reference to information in the same or a different document accessed via the Internet, and visible with a Web browser (i.e., Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari).
van Lier, Leo
Authors: Byrnes Heidi
Published: December 2012

Leo van Lier (1944– ) contributes to the field of applied linguistics an encompassing, sustained, and critical scholarly engagement with language teaching and learning as it can be observed close‐up in the L2 classroom.
Variability in a Dynamic Systems Theory Approach to Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Verspoor Marjolijn , Van Dijk Marijn
Published: December 2012

The role of variability in human development was first pointed out by dynamic systems theorists Thelen and Smith (1994).
Varieties of English in Africa
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend
Published: December 2012

English is an important part of the linguistic landscape of Africa, and a binding force at the level of transnational communication, especially in the sub‐Saharan region.
Vocabulary Size in the First Language
Authors: Goldfield Beverly A.
Published: December 2012

As adults, we understand and use many words in our daily interactions with people, texts, and tasks.
Welsh Language Board and Bòrd na Gàidhlig
Authors: McLeod Wilson
Published: December 2012

Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Board) and Bòrd na Gàidhlig are the statutory bodies charged, respectively, with the promotion of the Welsh language in Wales and the Gaelic language in Scotland.
Working Memory in Second Language Acquisition: Phonological Short‐Term
Authors: Service Elisabet
Published: December 2012

It is a common intuition that learning language is easier for some individuals than others. Empirical evidence from naturalistic and classroom learning contexts confirms that there is great variation in second language (L2) learning outcomes in both children and adults. Furthermore, such individual differences appear somewhat independent of general cognitive abilities. Individual personality and motivation as well as many environmental factors, such as type and intensity of input, are likely to be at play. A cognitively based theoretical construct that has shown promise for explaining a considerable portion of the variation in outcome is that of phonological memory. The first studies reporting a correlative relationship between memory for the spoken form of language and L2 acquisition were published at the end of the 1980s. The termphonological short‐term memory(PSTM) is used to refer to the ability to form and maintain a mental representation of spoken material so that it can be immediately accessed and accurately repeated back aloud or silently rehearsed. In tests of phonological memory, accuracy is required at the phonemic level. Thus, in a repetition task, all speech sounds in a word, for instance,cat(/kaat/), have to be correctly reproduced. In contrast, phonetic features, such as the puff of air accompanying a word‐initial /k/ sound produced by native speakers of English, need not be present. When material is presented in written form, PSTM refers to a representation specifying what its spoken form would be. The interest in PSTM in the context of language acquisition was born within the theory of working memory first put forward by Baddeley and Hitch (1974). This theory proposed that working memory, that is, the type of memory used for holding information needed in ongoing tasks, was composed of separable components. The researchers hypothesized one system for handling visuospatial material and another for verbal material. The two modality‐specific systems were assumed to be controlled by acentral executivecomponent, supervising the information maintenance and manipulation functions of working memory. The verbal component, referred to as thephonological loopin later versions of the theory (Baddeley, 1986), is thought to consist of aphonological store,maintaining memory traces for phonological material, and anarticulatory rehearsalprocess, actively refreshing these traces using a process based on inner speech. The termphonological memoryis neutral to the distinction between ability to recall material immediately, that is, short‐term memory, and ability to store language as permanent phonological representations of, for instance, words or word sequences. However, in the language‐learning literature, “phonological memory,” “phonological short‐term memory,” “phonological working memory,” and “phonological loop” are often used as synonyms.
World Englishes and the Role of Media
Authors: Pandey Anjali
Published: December 2012

The link between World Englishes and media has gained in importance in the 21st century by the twin forces and effects of globalization.
Writing and Content Area Learning
Authors: Mazur Agnieszka , Freedman Sarah Warshauer
Published: December 2012

Writing commonly helps students achieve disparate goals connected to school learning not just in English class but in all the disciplines.
Writing and Genre Studies
Authors: Martin James R.
Published: December 2012

The term “genre” is used in so many different ways in applied linguistics in relation to writing that it has become customary to map out the field in relation to three traditions, introduced by Hyon (1996).
Cenoz, Jasone
Authors: Barnes Julia D.
Published: December 2012

Jasone Cenoz is a professor in the Department of Research Methods in Education at the Faculty of Education of the University of the Basque Country (UPV) in Donostia‐San Sebastian, Spain. Her academi interests encompass multilingualism, second (L2) and third (L3) language acquisition, bilingual and multilingual education, linguistic landscape, inter‐language pragmatics, and the age factor.
de Bot, Kees
Authors: Lowie Wander
Published: December 2012

Kees de Bot is Professor at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, where he holds the chair in Applied Linguistics and is Vice Dean in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Groningen.
Materials Publication
Authors: Patricia Byrd H. , Schuemann Cynthia M.
Published: December 2012

Developing publication‐worthy materials to meet student needs can launch a complementary career path for educators (Byrd, 1995).
Phillipson, Robert
Authors: Skutnabb‐Kangas Tove
Published: December 2012

Robert Phillipson was born in the United Kingdom in 1942. He was a chorister at St. Paul's Cathedral Choir School in London from 1950 to 1956 (the choir toured the United States for two months in 1953), after which he was a scholar at Cranbrook School in Kent. In 1961 he spent six months in Austria, Germany, and France before studying at the University of Cambridge. He completed a BA in Modern Languages and Law in 1964, and was employed by the British Council from 1964 to 1973.
Low Temperature Plasticity of Ultrafine‐Grained AE42 and AZ31 Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Shumilin Sergii Eduardovich , Janecek Milos , Isaev Nikolai Vasilievich , Minarik Peter , Kral Robert
Published: December 2012

The low temperature peculiarities of plastic deformation of AZ31 and AE42 magnesium alloys processed by equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP) were studied in temperature range 0.5–293 K. At 4.2 K and lower, the stress–strain curves become serrated with the jerk stress frequency and amplitude sensitive to the flow stress, temperature and processing history. The yield stress of the samples before and after ECAP is determined by both the grain size refinement and basal texture evolution. The slope of the temperature dependencies of the yield stress is typical for the thermally activated interaction of dislocations with a spectrum of local obstacles. The activation of the dynamic recovery is responsible for the decrease of the work hardening rate of the samples (i) with a temperature increase and (ii) after ECAP.
Flue gas conditioning by in situ oxidation of so2 applying dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Che Yao , Wang Zuwu , Zhou Jiayong
Published: December 2012

An advanced flue gas conditioning technology was developed through in situ oxidation of SO2 using dielectric barrier discharge and heterogeneous condensation of SO3 on fly ash (FA). Orthogonal experiments were carried out for the design of discharge structure, whereas the optimal condition was achieved at 8 kV of discharge voltage, 2 mm of discharge gap and 56 cm2 of discharge area; single factor experiment was introduced here to investigate impacts of various elements (gas flux, temperature, concentration of SO2 and relative humidity) on oxidation of SO2, results showed that the oxidation of SO2 was in inverse proportion to gas flux and SO2 concentration, whereas in direct proportion to relative humidity, the optimal temperature was detected at 45 °C. Physical and chemical characterizations of treated samples were performed in this work using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Particle coagulation was found in the SEM, and a continuous peak rise of sulfate at 1086 cm−1 was detected by the FTIR analysis, which indicated that SO3 generated by in situ oxidation of SO2 could be successfully absorbed by the surface of FA particles. The specific resistance of conditioning FA showed a remarkable decrease from 1.41 × 1013 to 5.74 × 1011 Ω cm compared with the untreated sample. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of PNHMPA/PEG interpenetrating polymer networks gel and its application for phase change fibers
Authors: Zhang Hong , Yang Shurui , Liu Hui , Fang Yanping , Jiang Shuwen , Guo Jing , Gong Yumei
Published: December 2012

In this study, ploy(N‐hydroxymethyl acrylamide)/polyethylene glycol (PNHMPA/PEG) interpenetrating polymer networks gel was prepared as a novel form‐stable composite phase change materials (PCMs) successfully. And PP/IPN (PNHMPA/PEG, hereinafter referred to as IPN) phase change fibers were also prepared by melt spinning. The composite PCMs and PP/IPN phase change fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mechanical analysis. The SEM results show that the PNHMPA/PEG interpenetrating polymer networks has porous structure but has no phase separation among multicomponent. In addition, the form‐stable composite PCMs distribute evenly in PP. The breaking strength of PP/IPN phase change fibers is slightly smaller than that of pure PP fiber. Thermal properties and thermal stabilities of the composite PCMs and fibers were determined by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC results show that the melting temperature and the latent heat of the prepared composite PCMs are 54.79°C and 82.08 J g−1, respectively. The melting temperatures of PEG in composite PCMs and PP/IPN phase change fibers has a little fluctuation, and the relevant data indicate that the latent heat enthalpy of the composite PCMs and fibers are slightly smaller than the theoretical value. TGA indicated that the composite PCMs have good thermal stability. Furthermore, damping performance of phase change fibers has been improved due to IPN. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Evaluation of the interfacial compatibility in wood flour/polypropylene composites with the dielectric approach
Authors: Zhu Lizhi , Cao Jinzhen , Wang Yi
Published: December 2012

To clarify the interaction between the wood and polymer in wood flour/polymer composites, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor values were measured for poplar (Populus tomentasa Carr.) wood flour/polypropylene (PP) composites with different wood contents. The dielectric relaxation strength, distribution of relaxation time, and activation thermodynamic quantities of the dielectric relaxation caused by the reorientation of the methylol groups (CH2OH) in the amorphous region of the wood cell wall were then calculated. The results show that the dielectric relaxation strength changed very little below a wood content of 40% and began to increase above that value; this was due to the strong hindrance of PP to the reorientation of methylol groups and, therefore, suggests a close interaction between the wood and PP below a wood content of 40%. The low distribution coefficient of the relaxation time at extremely low temperatures below a 40% wood content was also found; this indicated that some groups in the wood could not move because of the influence of PP. The apparent activation energy increased with wood contents below 40% and then decreased; this further confirmed the optimal interfacial compatibility at a 40% wood content in the wood flour/PP composites in the absence of additives. This result was consistent with the results we obtained by a stress‐relaxation approach. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The effects of binder on the physical and mechanical properties of chemically treated sawdust‐reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: Idrus M. A. M. Mohd , Hamdan Sinin , Islam Md. Saiful , Roslee Ahmad Azmeer , Sobuz Habibur Rahman
Published: December 2012

This study investigates the effects of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as a binder on the mechanical and physical properties of wood polymer composites (WPCs). The WPCs were manufactured from tropical sawdust and polypropylene using a hot press molding method at five levels of sawdust loading (10–30 wt). For the manufacturing of the composites, the sawdust was chemically treated with 2‐ethylhexyl methacrylate before 10 wt % PVA was added. The flexural strength, flexural modulus, Young's Modulus, and Rockwell hardness were found to improve with the treatments. However, the binder treated wood polymer composite (BTWPC) samples exhibited better mechanical properties than the raw wood polymer composite and the treated wood polymer composite (TWPC) samples. Moreover, water absorption decreased significantly for the TWPC and the BTWPC samples, indicating that their water resistance is higher than that of the raw samples. The SEM micrographs revealed that the interfacial bonding of the BTWPC had significantly improved, suggesting that the chemical treatment led to better dispersion of the filler into the matrix, and this improved further after the addition of the binder. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Removal of low concentration Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by modified wheat straw
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Feng , Jing Zhanxin , Wang Haihong , Li Yajing
Published: December 2012

Two kinds of adsorbents were prepared by modification of wheat straw using succinic anhydride and acrylic acid. The two adsorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and it was found that the carboxyl groups were introduced into the straw fiber. The use of the modified wheat straws for the removal of low concentration Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions were investigated with a variety of pH value, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosages, and initial Cr(VI) concentration. The removal percentage achieved 99.7% at an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 1 mg/L. The adsorption kinetics experiments were carried out, and the obtained data were fitted by the pseudo‐first‐order equation, pseudo‐second‐order equation, and intra‐particle diffusion equation. The adsorption kinetics was found to conform to the pseudo‐second‐order equation with a good correlation. This study reports that the modified wheat straws are better absorbents for the removal of low concentration Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions than crude wheat straw. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Morphology, interfacial interaction, and properties of a novel bioelastomer reinforced by silica and carbon black
Authors: Wang Runguo , Yao Hui , Lei Weiwei , Zhou Xinxin , Zhang Liqun , Hua Kuo‐chih , Kulig Joseph
Published: December 2012

A novel poly(diisoamyl itaconate‐co‐isoprene) (PDII) bioelastomer was prepared by redox emulsion polymerization based on itaconic acid, isoamyl alcohol, and isoprene. Carbon black (CB), silica, and silica with coupling agent (bis(3‐(triethoxysilyl)‐propyl)tetrasulfide [TESPT]‐silica) were used as fillers to reinforce the novel elastomer. The difference in morphology, interfacial interaction, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of PDII composites filled with different fillers was studied. The homogeneous dispersion of silica and CB in the PDII matrix was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Silica had homogenous dispersion possibly because of the formation of hydrogen bonds between the silica silanols and the PDII macromolecular chains. PDII/silica and PDII/TESTP‐silica have lower crosslink density and crosslinking rate than PDII/CB owing to the adsorption of accelerators by the silanols in the silica surfaces. PDII/silica had comparable tensile strength but higher elongation at break than PDII/CB. The tensile strength of PDII/TESPT‐silica was higher than PDII/CB and PDII/silica. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Prevalence of sesamoid bones in the interphalangeal joint of the thumb and fingers: A Radiographic Study
Authors: Seki Yasuhiro , Hoshino Yuko , Kuroda Hiroshi
Published: December 2012

The prevalence of sesamoid bones in the hands has been reported in some previous articles. Most of them, however, have reported sesamoid bones of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the hand and of the interphalangeal (IP) joint of the thumb. The present study investigates the prevalence of sesamoid bones of the IP joint of the thumb and fingers. A retrospective review of radiologic views of the IP joints in the thumb or fingers was performed, including a total of 650 patients (1,096 thumbs or fingers). Sesamoid bones were found in the IP joint of the thumb at 67% (212 of 318), while the index, middle, ring, little fingers had sesamoid bones in the proximal interphlangeal (PIP) joint at 0% (0 of 172), 0.4% (1 of 244), 0.5% (1 of 183), and 1% (2 of 179), respectively. None of the four fingers had sesamoid bones in the distal IP joint. Previous articles have described the similar prevalence to the present study, of sesamoid bones of the IP joint of the thumb, while some others reported the different prevalence. About the PIP joint, no previous articles have found a sesamoid bone. Because the lateral X‐ray view is more accurate and suitable to evaluate sesamoid bones, we used the lateral one for the present study. The knowledge that sesamoid bones occurs at these rates in the thumb IP joint and finger PIP joints is helpful to differentiate chip fractures from sesamoid bones near the IP joint, including the PIP joint. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel catheter‐interventional strategy for intracardiac connecting of total anomalous pulmonary venous return in newborns with hypoplastic left heart‐syndrome prior to hybrid approach
Authors: Schranz Dietmar , Jux Christian , Akintuerk Hakan
Published: December 2012

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) associated with hypoplastic left heart‐syndrome (HLHS) is a rare condition, and from the therapeutical point of view associated with a high Aristotle score and thus increased mortality. We report two newborns with HLHS, one with a supracardiac type of TAPVR and mildly obstructed left vertical vein, and the other with a supracardiac type of TAPVR in association with cor triatriatum and severely obstructed left‐sided vertical vein. In both patients, radio frequency perforation from the pulmonary venous confluence to the systemic venous atrium was performed with consecutive gradual balloon dilatation, followed by stent placement in one. Hybrid stage I, and comprehensive stage II were successfully performed thereafter. Currently, both are awaiting their Fontan completion. Transcatheter intracardiac connecting of supracardiac type of TAPVR in newborns with HLHS is feasible and might render these children suitable candidates for further hybrid approach. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Can Zinc Really Exist in Its Oxidation State +III?
Authors: Schloeder Tobias , Kaupp Martin , Riedel Sebastian
Published: December 2012

Quantum chemical MP2 calculations indicate that Zn(AuF6)3 is neither thermochemically stable nor a ZnIII complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of Gold Fluorides and Nobel Gas Complexes by Matrix‐Isolation Spectroscopy and Quantum‐Chemical Calculations.
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Andrews Lester , Willmann Knut , Brosi Felix , Riedel Sebastian
Published: December 2012

Matrix‐isolation experiments and quantum‐chemical calculations lead to the characterization of two new compounds, the first open‐shell AuII fluoride AuF2 and a NeAuF complex.
ChemInform Abstract: New Nonlinear Optical Potassium Iodate K[IO3] and Borates K3[B6O10]Br, KTa[B4O6(OH)4] (OH)2·1.33H2O — Synthesis, Structures and Relation to the Properties.
Authors: Belokoneva Elena L. , Stefanovich Sergej Yu. , Dimitrova Olga V.
Published: December 2012

Processes taking place in geological environment in the presence of SiO2 are modelled.
ChemInform Abstract: Orientational Order of [VOF5]2‐ and [NbOF5]2‐ Polar Units in Chains.
Authors: Gautier Romain , Donakowski Martin D. , Poeppelmeier Kenneth R.
Published: December 2012

The cause of polar distortion orientation of ordered one‐dimensional chains of basic building units is illustrated with subtle alterations in the heterotypic structures of the previously known compound CuNbOF5(H2O)2(pyz)3 and the new hybrid materials (III), (V), and (VI), whose crystal structures are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Method for Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reactions Using Lithium Triisopropyl Borates.
Authors: Oberli Matthias A. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: December 2012

The title borates are used as nucleophiles for the coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: The Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of α‐Substituted Nitroacetates with Aqueous Formaldehyde under Base‐Free Neutral Phase‐Transfer Conditions.
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Ota Kensuke , Terao Shogo J. , Maruoka Keiji
Published: December 2012

Title reaction proceeds readily in the presence of a bifunctional chiral phase‐transfer organocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalized Cyclopropenes and Methylenecyclopropenes from Dianions of 3‐Hydroxymethylcyclopropenes.
Authors: Hassink Matthew D. , Fox Joseph M.
Published: December 2012

Dianions of substrates (I), (XI) and (XIV) are treated with alkyl halides, aldehydes and ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: KOH‐Mediated Transition Metal‐Free Synthesis of Imines from Alcohols and Amines.
Authors: Xu Jian , Zhuang Rongqiang , Bao Lingling , Tang Guo , Zhao Yufen
Published: December 2012

The base‐promoted reaction enables the combination of a wide range of benzyl alcohols with primary amines to afford imines such as (III) in good yields under aerobic atmosphere without the need of toxic transition metal catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Strong Broensted Base Catalysis: Catalytic Direct‐Type Mannich Reactions of Nonactivated Esters via a Product‐Base Mechanism.
Authors: Yamashita Yasuhiro , Suzuki Hirotsugu , Kobayashi Shu
Published: December 2012

Mannich reaction of simple unactivated esters (II) and (IV) with arylaldimines (I) proceeds readily in the presence of catalytic amounts of the strong Broensted base potassium hydride to give the Mannich adducts (III) and (V), resp., in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Titanium Cation Exchanged Montmorillonite as an Active Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Beckmann Rearrangement under Mild Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Mitsudome Takato , Matsuno Tsuyoshi , Sueoka Shoichiro , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: December 2012

The rearrangement of aromatic and aliphatic ketoximes is efficiently promoted by the reusable title catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Functionalized 1,4‐Dihydroazete Derivatives from Sulfonyl Azides, Terminal Alkynes, and Tetramethylguanidine.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Nematpour Manijeh
Published: December 2012

Ketimines, generated by addition of sulfonyl azides to terminal alkynes, are trapped in situ by tetramethylguanidine to give functionalized azetidines (IV) as synthons of pharmaceuticals.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine(III)‐Mediated Tandem Oxidative Cyclization for Construction of 2‐Nitrobenzo[b]furans.
Authors: Lu Shi‐Chao , Zheng Pu‐Rong , Liu Gang
Published: December 2012

Treatment of 2‐(2‐nitroethyl)phenols like (I) with PhI(OAc)2, Bu4NI, and NEt3 allows a facile and efficient access to various 2‐nitrobenzofurans including 3‐substituted ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active 2‐ and 3‐Indolylglycine Derivatives and Their Oxygen Analogues.
Authors: Goswami Koushik , Duttagupta Indranil , Sinha Surajit
Published: December 2012

It is found that Pd‐catalyzed coupling of the 2‐iodoaniline (Ia) with silylated ethynyloxazolidines like (II) allows an effective access to chiral 3‐indolylglycines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Furo[3,2‐c]coumarins via a One‐Pot Oxidative Pseudo Three‐Component Reaction in Poly(ethylene glycol).
Authors: Zareai Zeinab , Khoobi Mehdi , Ramazani Ali , Foroumadi Alireza , Souldozi Ali , Slepokura Katarzyna , Lis Tadeusz , Shafiee Abbas
Published: December 2012

A facile and fairly efficient procedure for the synthesis of the title compounds is described by using an environmentally benign solvent and a cheap oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Aminoxylation of Ketones and β‐Chloro‐α‐aminoxylation of Enones with TEMPO and Chlorocatecholborane.
Authors: Li Yi , Pouliot Martin , Vogler Thomas , Renaud Philippe , Studer Armido
Published: December 2012

A variety of acyclic and cyclic ketones react with TEMPO in the presence of chlorocatecholborane CBC and TMP as bulky pyridine base to give the α‐aminoxylated products.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Photoinduced Electrocyclic Ring Closure of Aromatic Enehydrazides. Asymmetric Synthesis of 3‐Aryl Dihydroisoquinolones and Tetrahydroisoquinolines.
Authors: Dubois Melanie , Deniau Eric , Couture Axel , Grandclaudon Pierre
Published: December 2012

A new, convenient, and flexible method for the synthesis of 3‐aryl dihydroisoquinolines (III) and isoquinolones (IV) is devised using the title ring closure reaction as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Purine‐Fused Polycyclics.
Authors: Qu Gui‐Rong , Liang Lei , Niu Hong‐Ying , Rao Wei‐Hao , Guo Hai‐Ming , Fossey John S.
Published: December 2012

A direct C(sp2)—H activation/intramolecular amination reaction of 6‐anilinopurine derivatives using PhI(OAc)2 as oxidant in AcOH/Ac2O as solvent affords the title fused purines.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Convenient Synthesis of Thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidin‐7‐ones and Pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidine‐2‐ones Using Vilsmeier Reagent.
Authors: Weng Yi Yi , Ying Lei Ming , Chen Qi Xu , Su Wei Ke
Published: December 2012

The Vilsmeier reagent, prepared from DMF and triphosgene, affords best results in an amount of about 2 equiv.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Crystal Chemistry of Alkali Metal Oxocobaltates
Authors: Mueller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl
Published: December 2012

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrochlorination of Acetylene Catalyzed by Gold
Authors: Conte Marco , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: December 2012

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas‐Phase Catalytic Oxidation of β‐Picoline to Nicotinic Acid: Catalysts, Mechanism and Reaction Kinetics
Authors: Andrushkevich Tamara V. , Ovchinnikova Elena V.
Published: December 2012

Review: 141 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Oxygen Atom Transfer to Alkynes
Authors: Jaimes Maria Camila Blanco , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: December 2012

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Aldol and Related Reactions
Authors: Hubbert Christoph , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: December 2012

Review: 45 refs.
Comparative Enantioseparation of Ketoprofen with Trimethylated α‐, β‐, and γ‐Cyclodextrins in Capillary Electrophoresis and Study of Related Selector–Selectand Interactions Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Samakashvili Shorena , Salgado Antonio , Scriba Gerhard K.E. , Chankvetadze Bezhan
Published: December 2012

The enantiomers of ketoprofen were separated by capillary electrophoresis using the (2,3,6‐tri‐O‐methyl)‐derivatives of α‐, β‐, and γ‐cyclodextrin (CyD) as chiral selectors. The affinity pattern of the ketoprofen enantiomers toward these CyDs changed depending on their cavity size. Thus, with hexakis (2,3,6‐tri‐O‐methyl)‐α‐CyD and heptakis (2,3,6‐tri‐O‐methyl)‐β‐CyD, the R enantiomer of the drug migrated first, whereas the enantiomer migration order was reversed in the presence of octakis(2,3,6‐tri‐O‐methyl)‐γ‐CyD. The change in the migration order was rationalized on the basis of changes in the structure of the complexes between the ketoprofen enantiomers and the chiral selectors as derived from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments. Chirality, 25:79–88, 2013.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of 2‐Aminoindole Derivatives with Hantzsch Ester Catalyzed by Pd/C
Authors: Xing Ruiguang , Tian Qiuping , Liu Qiang , Li Yanan
Published: December 2012

Catalytic hydrogenation of 2‐cyano‐2‐(2‐nitrophenyl)acetates bearing an electron withdrawing substituent to the nitrile, using Hantzsch ester catalyzed by Pd/C, affords 2‐aminoindoles in good to excellent yields.
Magnetic Removal of Reactive Black 5 from Wastewater Using Ionic Liquid Grafted‐Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Poursaberi Tahereh , Hassanisadi Mostafa
Published: December 2012

Due to the unique chemical properties and therefore wide range of applications, significant amounts of reactive dyes often end up in waste waters and this issue raises the need for more efficient treatment technologies. This work investigates the ability of magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with imidazolium based ionic liquid (IL) as an efficient sorbent for the removal of the Reactive black 5 from wastewater. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermo‐gravimetric analysis, and zeta potential measurement were used to characterize the synthesized nanosorbent. The results showed that under optimal conditions, the dye removal efficiency of the grafted IL is 98.5% after a single run. Regeneration of the used sorbent could be possible and the modified magnetic nanoparticles exhibited good reusability. The isothermal data of RB5 sorption conformed well to the Langmuir model and the maximum sorption capacity of IL@Fe3O4 for RB5 was 161.29 mg g−1. Thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous. The use of such a system can provide fast and efficient removal of the reactive dyes from wastewater by using an external magnetic field.
Hemodynamic variations due to spiral blood flow through four patient‐specific bifurcated stent graft configurations for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Stefanov Florian , McGloughlin Tim , Delassus Patrick , Morris Liam
Published: December 2012

Endovascular repair is now a recognised procedure for treating abdominal aortic aneurysms. However, post‐operative complications such as stent graft migration and thrombus may still occur. To assess these complications numerically, the correct input boundary conditions, which include the full human aorta with associated branching, should be included. Four patient‐specific computed tomography scanned bifurcated stent grafts (SGs) were modelled and attached onto a full human aorta, which included the ascending, aortic arch and descending aortas. Two of the SG geometries had a twisted leg configuration, while the other two had conventional nontwisted leg configurations. Computational fluid dynamics was completed for both geometries and the hemodynamics assessed. The complexity of the flow patterns and secondary flows were influenced by the inclusion of the full human aorta at the SG proximal section. During the decelerating phase significant recirculations occurred along the main body of all SG configurations. The inclusion of the full human aorta did not impact the velocity contours within the distal legs and there was no difference in drag forces with the SG containing the full human aorta and those without. A twisted leg configuration further promoted a spiral flow formation along its distal legs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tungsten Carbide Nanoparticles as Efficient Cocatalysts for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Garcia‐Esparza Angel T. , Cha Dongkyu , Ou Yiwei , Kubota Jun , Domen Kazunari , Takanabe Kazuhiro
Published: December 2012

Tungsten carbide exhibits platinum‐like behavior, which makes it an interesting potential substitute for noble metals in catalytic applications. Tungsten carbide nanocrystals (≈5 nm) are directly synthesized through the reaction of tungsten precursors with mesoporous graphitic C3N4 (mpg‐C3N4) as the reactive template in a flow of inert gas at high temperatures. Systematic experiments that vary the precursor compositions and temperatures used in the synthesis selectively generate different compositions and structures for the final nanocarbide (W2C or WC) products. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the WC phase with a high surface area exhibits both high activity and stability in hydrogen evolution over a wide pH range. The WC sample also shows excellent hydrogen oxidation activity, whereas its activity in oxygen reduction is poor. These tungsten carbides are successful cocatalysts for overall water splitting and give H2 and O2 in a stoichiometric ratio from H2O decomposition when supported on a Na‐doped SrTiO3 photocatalyst. Herein, we present tungsten carbide (on a small scale) as a promising and durable catalyst substitute for platinum and other scarce noble‐metal catalysts in catalytic reaction systems used for renewable energy generation.
Real‐time traffic signal control for optimization of traffic jam probability
Authors: Cui Cheng‐You , Shin Ji‐Sun , Miyazaki Michio , Lee Hee‐Hyol
Published: December 2012

Real‐time traffic signal control is an integral part of an urban traffic control system. It can control traffic signals online according to variations of traffic flow. In this paper we propose a new method for a real‐time traffic signal control system. The system uses a cellular automaton model and a Bayesian network model to predict probabilistic distributions of standing vehicles, and uses particle swarm optimization to calculate the optimal traffic signals. A simulation based on real traffic data was carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed CAPSOBN real‐time traffic signal control system using a micro traffic simulator. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(1): 1–13, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11436
Advancing Cytometry for Immunology
Authors: Cossarizza Andrea , Nolan John , Radbruch Andreas , Tárnok Attila
Published: December 2012

Brief Summary

Cytometry is a key technology for immunology. It allows researchers to scrutinize the cells of the immune system in molecular detail, and to assess phenotype and function at the level of individual cells, no matter how rare these cells may be. The International Society for the Advancement of Cytometry, ISAC, by way of its meetings, online resources and publications (e.g. Cytometry Part A and Current Protocols in Cytometry, which are all published by Wiley) track the ever advancing developments regarding cytometry instrumentation and reagents, and the analysis of complex data sets. In June this year in Leipzig, Germany, ISAC held its annual conference “CYTO 2012”, a marketplace of innovation in cytometry.
Synthesis of 4,5,6,7‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐indole Derivatives Through Successive Sonogashira Coupling/Pd‐Mediated 5‐endo‐dig Cyclization
Authors: Andreev Ivan A. , Belov Dmitry S. , Kurkin Alexander V. , Yurovskaya Marina A.
Published: December 2012

A one‐pot Sonogashira cross‐coupling/5‐endo‐dig cyclization procedure leading to 2‐aryl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroindoles was developed. This short (only two steps from commercially available compounds) sequence avoids harsh conditions and expensive catalysts. Our procedure is highly tolerant to a range of functional groups (amino, nitro, carboxy, cyano, hydroxy, and bromo). A family of 21 tetrahydroindoles was synthesized on a gram scale in a good to excellent yields, which is indicative of the general character and scalability of this reaction. This methodology allows access to indoles bearing miscellaneous substituents at the C2 position (by variation of ArI) and at the nitrogen atom (by variation of RNH2, including chiral moieties).
Side effects of gender‐fair language: How feminine job titles influence the evaluation of female applicants
Authors: Formanowicz Magdalena , Bedynska Sylwia , Cisłak Aleksandra , Braun Friederike , Sczesny Sabine
Published: December 2012

In many languages, feminization has been used as a strategy to make language more gender‐fair, because masculine terms, even in a generic function, exhibit a male bias. Up to date, little is known about possible side effects of this language use, for example, in personnel selection. In three studies, conducted in Polish, we analyzed how a female applicant was evaluated in a recruitment process, depending on whether she was introduced with a feminine or masculine job title. To avoid influences from existing occupations and terms, we used fictitious job titles in Studies 1 and 2: diarolożka (feminine) and diarolog (masculine). In Study 3, we referred to existing occupations that varied in gender stereotypicality. In all studies, female applicants with a feminine job title were evaluated less favorably than both a male applicant (Study 1) and a female applicant with a masculine job title (Studies 1, 2, and 3). This effect was independent of the gender stereotypicality of the occupation (Study 3). Participants' political attitudes, however, moderated the effect: Conservatives devaluated female applicants with a feminine title more than liberals (Studies 2 and 3). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why do we help? World change orientation as an antecedent of prosocial action
Authors: Oceja Luis , Salgado Sergio
Published: December 2012

World change orientation refers to the extent to which one individual attributes his or her prosocial action to the function of making the world a better place. In Study 1, we developed a scale to measure this world change orientation [world change scale (WCS)] and to analyze its theoretical structure as a distinctive motivational orientation. In Study 2, participants were presented with a situation of need and subsequently given an unexpected opportunity to get involved in prosocial behavior. We then tested the hypothesis that degree of involvement is predicted by WCS when the situation is framed in terms of improving the welfare of the world, but by empathic concern when the situation is framed in terms of improving the welfare of a concrete victim. The results of both studies suggest that WCS refers to a distinct motivational orientation, which affects prosocial behavior above and beyond other motives. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The association between self‐reported daily hassles and cortisol levels in depression and anxiety in community living older adults
Authors: Vasiliadis H.‐M. , Forget H. , Préville M.
Published: December 2012

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess whether the association, in a naturalistic setting, between daily hassles and diurnal salivary cortisol differs in the presence of depression and anxiety in older adults.

Methods

Data were assessed in a large representative community sample of older adults (n = 1760). A multinomial analysis was used to study as an outcome variable: no disorder, depression only, anxiety only and depression and anxiety, as a function of daily hassles and cortisol levels controlling for age, gender and time of saliva collection. Multivariate regression analyses were also carried out to test the association between daily hassles and cortisol levels stratified by depression and anxiety status.

Results

A significant positive association was observed between the number of daily hassles reported and cortisol levels in participants with no depression and no anxiety and in participants with anxiety. Participants without depression and anxiety, and those with depression only, had significant lower cortisol levels later in the day. This was not observed in respondents with anxiety.

Conclusion

Stressors such as daily hassles are associated with cortisol secretion in depression and anxiety in older adults in a large epidemiologic setting. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.