bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Antidepressants Citalopram and Venlafaxine on the Big Ramshorn Snail (Planorbarius corneus)
Authors: Ziegler Michael , Eckstein Helene , Köhler Heinz-R. , Tisler Selina , Zwiener Christian , Triebskorn Rita
Published: June 2021

Depression is a serious health issue and, being such, treatment for it has become a topic of increasing concern. Consequently, the prescription rates of antidepressants have increased by about 50% over the past decade. Among antidepressants, citalopram and venlafaxine are the most frequently prescribed in Germany. Due to the high consumption and low elimination rates of both antidepressants during wastewater purification, they are frequently found in surface waters, where they may pose a risk to the aquatic environment. For the present study, we conducted experiments with the big ramshorn snail, which we exposed to environmentally relevant and explicitly higher concentrations (1–1000 µg/L) of the antidepressants citalopram and venlafaxine. We investigated apical endpoints, such as weight, mortality, behavioural changes, B-esterase activity, Hsp70 stress protein level and superoxide dismutase activity, as well as the tissue integrity of the hepatopancreas in the exposed snails. Citalopram and venlafaxine had no effects on the B-esterase activity, Hsp70 level and superoxide dismutase activity. Citalopram exposure resulted in weight reduction and tissue reactions in the hepatopancreas of snails exposed to 1000 µg/L. In contrast, venlafaxine did not induce comparable effects, but impacted the behaviour (sole detachment) of snails exposed to 100 µg/L and 1000 µg/L of the antidepressant. These results revealed that venlafaxine can affect snails at concentrations 10 times lower than citalopram. For this, in 2020 venlafaxine was introduced in the “Surface Water Watch List”, a list of potential pollutants that should be carefully monitored in surface water by the EU Member States.
Removal of Cobalt (II) from Waters Contaminated by the Biomass of Eichhornia crassipes
Authors: Acosta-Rodríguez Ismael , Rodríguez-Pérez Adriana , Pacheco-Castillo Nancy Cecilia , Enríquez-Domínguez Erika , Cárdenas-González Juan Fernando , Martínez-Juárez Víctor-Manuel
Published: June 2021

Due to the increase in contamination of aquatic niches by different heavy metals, different technologies have been studied to eliminate these pollutants from contaminated aquatic sources. So the objective of this work was to determine the removal of cobalt (II) in aqueous solution by the biomass of the aquatic lily or water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) which, is one of the main weeds present in fresh water, due to its rapid reproduction, growth, and high competitiveness, by the colorimetric method of the methyl isobutyl ketone. The removal was evaluated at different pHs (4.0–8.0) for 28 h. The effect of temperature in the range from 20 °C to 50 °C and the removal at different initial concentrations of cobalt (II) of 100 to 500 mg/L was also studied. The highest bioadsorption (100 mg/L) was at 28 h, at pH 5.0 and 28 °C, with a removal capacity of 73.1%, which is like some reports in the literature. Regarding the temperature, the highest removal was at 50 °C, at 28 h, with a removal of 89%. At the metal and biomass concentrations analyzed, its removal was 82% with 400–500 mg/L, and 100% with 5 g of natural biomass at 20 h. In addition, this completely removes the metal in situ (100 mg/L in contaminated water, at 7 days of incubation, with 10 g of natural biomass in 100 mL). So, the natural biomass can be used to remove it from industrial wastewater, even if in vivo, only eliminate 17.3% in 4 weeks.
Numerical Modeling of the Effects of Toe Configuration on Throughflow in Rockfill Dams
Authors: Smith Nils Solheim , Ravindra Ganesh H. R. , Sigtryggsdóttir Fjóla Guðrún
Published: June 2021

The rockfill toe structure situated within the downstream slope of rockfill dams is an integral part of a defense mechanism safeguarding the dam structure in throughflow situations. Recent studies have concluded that the rockfill toe structure can have significant impacts on throughflow development and stability of rockfill dams under scenarios of accidental throughflow caused by overtopping of the dam core. The ability to numerically model the effect of various toe configurations on flow through rockfill dams can support the design of effective toe drainage structures for rockfill dams. Development and calibration of a reliable numerical modeling tool in this regard has been challenging owing to lack of availability of extensive datasets from physical modeling investigations. This study further employs datasets gathered by a recent physical modeling study investigating the effects of various toe configurations on throughflow development in rockfill dam models. A commercial numerical seepage modeling tool with an option for non-Darcy flow was calibrated against the datasets with good calibration metrics. The study is novel in providing a rare report on the usage of this option. The calibrated tool can further be employed to carry out a wide array of simulations to arrive at an ideal design for a toe structure for rockfill dams and for assessment of hydraulic performance of toe structures.
IoT Based Smart Water Quality Monitoring: Recent Techniques, Trends and Challenges for Domestic Applications
Authors: Jan Farmanullah , Min-Allah Nasro , Düştegör Dilek
Published: June 2021

Safe water is becoming a scarce resource, due to the combined effects of increased population, pollution, and climate changes. Water quality monitoring is thus paramount, especially for domestic water. Traditionally used laboratory-based testing approaches are manual, costly, time consuming, and lack real-time feedback. Recently developed systems utilizing wireless sensor network (WSN) technology have reported weaknesses in energy management, data security, and communication coverage. Due to the recent advances in Internet-of-Things (IoT) that can be applied in the development of more efficient, secure, and cheaper systems with real-time capabilities, we present here a survey aimed at summarizing the current state of the art regarding IoT based smart water quality monitoring systems (IoT-WQMS) especially dedicated for domestic applications. In brief, this study probes into common water-quality monitoring (WQM) parameters, their safe-limits for drinking water, related smart sensors, critical review, and ratification of contemporary IoT-WQMS via a proposed empirical metric, analysis, and discussion and, finally, design recommendations for an efficient system. No doubt, this study will benefit the developing field of smart homes, offices, and cities.
Preparation and Characterization of High-Efficiency Magnetic Heavy Metal Capture Flocculants
Authors: Yu Yuanyuan , Sun Yongjun , Zhou Jun , Chen Aowen , Shah Kinjal J.
Published: June 2021

In this study, a high-efficiency magnetic heavy metal flocculant MF@AA was prepared based on carboxymethyl chitosan and magnetic Fe3O4. It was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XPS, XRD and VSM, and the Cu(II) removal rate was used as the evaluation basis for the preparation process. The effects of AMPS content, total monomer concentration, photoinitiator concentration and reaction time on the performance of MF@AA flocculation to remove Cu(II) were studied. The characterization results show that MF@AA has been successfully prepared and exhibits good magnetic induction characteristics. The synthesis results show that under the conditions of 10% AMPS content, 35% total monomer concentration, 0.04% photoinitiator concentration, and 1.5 h reaction time, the best yield of MF@AA is 77.69%. The best removal rate is 87.65%. In addition, the response surface optimization of the synthesis process of MF@AA was performed. The optimal synthesis ratio was finally determined as iron content 6.5%, CMFS: 29.5%, AM: 53.9%, AMPS: 10.1%. High-efficiency magnetic heavy metal flocculant MF@AA shows excellent flocculation performance in removing Cu(II). This research provides guidance and ideas for the development of efficient and low-cost flocculation technology to remove Cu(II) in wastewater.
Diabetic Polyneuropathy
Authors: Armakov Sergey
Published: June 2021

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that develops against the background of insulin deficiency as a result of a decrease in its production or impaired receptor perception by target cells. As a result of impaired glucose metabolism, a state of chronic hyperglycemia develops, which has a detrimental effect on a number of organs and systems. One of such systems that are negatively affected by an increase in glucose concentration against the background of a general violation of all types of metabolism is the nervous system, in particular, its peripheral part. Approximately every second patient with diabetes eventually develops a state of diabetic polyneuropathy (chronic sensorimotor polyneuropathy or distal symmetric polyneuropathy), which is characterized by progressive degeneration of peripheral nerves with the development of pain, motor disorders and loss of sensitivity.
Diabetic foot
Authors: Stepchenkov Roman
Published: June 2021

Diabetes mellitus is a disease based on a violation of insulin synthesis, resulting in an increase of glucose concentration in blood with the development of hyperglycemia. The World Health Organization calls diabetes a non-infectious epidemic of our time. Violation of all types of metabolism - carbohydrate, fat, protein, water and mineral ones - occurs during this disease. The pathological process is characterized by a chronicity with the gradual development of complications, one of the most severe is the syndrome of “diabetic foot”. The development of this syndrome is based on angiopathic tissue damage involving vessels in the process against a background of severe neuropathy associated with impaired innervation. The concept of “diabetic foot” syndrome combines a complex of pathological changes affecting the peripheral nervous system, arterial bed and microvasculature, the osteoarticular apparatus of the foot, and represents a direct threat in terms of the development of ulcerative necrotic lesions and gangrene of the foot. According to the World Health Organization, “diabetic foot” syndrome develops in approximately 15% of patients with diabete, 5 or more years after the onset of the disease. In place of the slightest, sometimes not even noticed by the patient lesions on the lower extremities, a slight wound first appears, which gradually transforms into a trophic ulcer. As the process progresses, it becomes chronic, as a result of which the “diabetic foot” syndrome develops, which is extremely difficult to treat. The development of this syndrome causes amputation of the lower extremities of a non-traumatic genesis in 70% of cases.
Infectious Diseases as a Factor Influencing Demography. Historical and Medical Aspect
Authors: Kaspruk Lyudmila
Published: June 2021

Taking into consideration the forecasts that infectious diseases will pose a significant risk of increasing mortality, as well as shortening life expectancy in the next period of time, an assessment of the impact of infectious diseases on demography in the historical and medical aspect allows us to confirm the existence of uniform combinations in creating a counter-strategy for improving health care. There is no doubt about the historical priority of preventive measures. In this sense, the scoring of infections according to the rating of ''demographic tension'' fully admits the possibility of identifying a vector for improving the work on combating infectious diseases.
Some Interesting Facts about Coronavirus
Authors: Sakhno Nataliya
Published: June 2021

Today, the topic of the coronavirus does not leave the pages of newspapers and television screens, we are horrified by the events in Italy and applaud Chinese doctors who went to help this country. The article presents some interesting facts about the coronavirus infection.
History of Insulin Discovery
Authors: Skvortsov Vsevolod
Published: June 2021

Insulin therapy is one of the most important methods of treating diabetes, and it is indispensable for type 1 diabetes. Thanks to insulin, diabetes has ceased to be a deadly disease, leading to death in a matter of months. For a number of years, until the discovery of insulin, diabetes was an almost incurable disease. Adherence to a strict diet with a restriction of carbohydrates was considered the only method of treatment, however, this diet led to the exhaustion of already weakened patients, and helped to prolong life for only a few years. Scientists from different countries unsuccessfully tried to solve this problem by conducting numerous experiments on animals, and only at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries the hope of success appeared. In 1889, the famous scientist Oskar Minkowski (1858-1931) found that diabetes would certainly develop as a result of the removal of the dog’s pancreas. Thus, it became clear that the pancreas produces not only digestive enzymes, but also some other specific substance that prevents the development of diabetes. It took years to isolate this substance, first called ayletin, and subsequently insulin, and finally, in 1922, a long-awaited breakthrough happened in this area. In 1923, the Nobel Prize in the nomination "Medicine and Physiology" was awarded to two scientists - Frederick Banting and John Macleod, and humanity received the long-awaited cure from diabetes thanks to their discovery.
Icelandic Healthcare System
Authors: Frolova Elena
Published: June 2021

Today the whole world continues to look at the surrounding reality through the prism of the coronavirus. A few months ago, in our relatively prosperous life without quarantine, the world-famous Bloomberg agency compiled another rating of countries according to the health index, on top of which were Spain and Italy. When compiling this rating, the average life expectancy of the population, the level of economic development, geographical location, prevalence of bad habits, the availability of clean drinking water, etc. were taken into account. The combination of these indicators provides data for the formation of a health index, which in Spain amounted to 92.8, and in Italy - 91.6. It is believed that the main factor contributing to the high health index in these countries is the favorable climate and the ability to keep to the Mediterranean diet, which is based on olive oil, seafood and a large amount of fruits and vegetables. However, as the tragic reality shows, countries with the best organization of the healthcare system in the world were not able to withstand the epidemic. What is the situation in the country that is the third of the top three in the ranking compiled by Bloomberg - Iceland? There is neither a favourable climate, nor olive oil, nor fresh shrimps, and the average temperature in the summer months there is +10°C. Nevertheless, in terms of life expectancy, this country left behind all the Scandinavian countries and came close to Singapore and Japan. And if we talk about the prevalence of coronavirus, then as of early April, as a result of testing of 4.7% of the population 1364 cases were found in the country, and the number of deaths was only 4. A mass examination of citizens, notably free of charge for everyone, immediate tracking of the routes of infection and isolation of the ill allowed the Icelandic authorities to take control of the situation from the very beginning of the epidemic, even without the introduction of strict restrictive measures [1].
Concept of rehabilitation
Authors: Rybachok Oksana
Published: June 2021

Rehabilitation is a system of combined and coordinated use of medical, social, pedagogical and professional activities aimed at training and retraining an individual in order to achieve optimal ability to work. First, the World War I, and then the World War II became the impetus to the development of rehabilitation as a science. Many former military men returned from the battlefields with severe injuries; they needed not only normalization of health indicators, but also restoration of ability to work. Successes of medicine and sanitary service have led to a marked reduction in mortality from acute infectious diseases, having put emphasis on traumas and injuries, hereditary diseases, allergic diseases, and problems with the cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems. Individuals who, for one reason or another, have lost their previous skills and ability to work, need serious support from the health care system and the state as a whole, and this support should be provided comprehensively and on a regular basis.
Main directions and types of medical rehabilitation
Authors: Klimov Vladimir
Published: June 2021

Medical rehabilitation refers to the process of systematic and continuous restoration of a patient’s physical and mental health and ability to work, basis for the development of which is physical or mental injuries, occupational diseases, or severe organic lesions of organs and systems. The purpose of medical rehabilitation is to organize quick and effective return of the patients to society to fulfill work skills and domestic functions which they lost. The main objective of medical rehabilitation is prevention of disability, recovery and extension of active life, social integration and ensuring the proper level of quality of life. The “maximum” program during medical rehabilitation consists in achieving the full
social and everyday level that existed before the disease or injury; the “minimum” program is to ensure the patient’s ability to elementary self-care.
Rehabilitation equipment
Authors: Gulyabin Konstantin
Published: June 2021

Technical means of rehabilitation (TMR) include special devices and mechanisms
are intended to compensate or completely eliminate persistent disabilities in individuals with limited physical and mental capabilities and aimed at normalizing physical and work activity.
They include special means for self-care and care, means for orientation in space, devices for communication and information exchange, materials for training and education, as well as devices for engaging in work activities. Rehabilitation equipment also includes all types of prostheses, orthopedic shoes and special clothing, eye prostheses and hearing aids, special sports equipment and sport outfit, as well as mobility aids (wheelchairs). They all have a single purpose, which is to facilitate the daily life of handicapped people and people with disabilities.
Provision of this category of persons with technical means of rehabilitation is carriedout on the basis of individual programs. Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ “On
the Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities in the Russian Federation” guarantees free provision of technical rehabilitation means at the expense of the federal budget to the disabled people [6] in the Russian Federation.
Animal-assisted therapy or role of animals in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients
Authors: Bronshteyn Aleksandr
Published: June 2021

The carried out studies have found that after a person strokes a dog, concentration
of serotonin in the person doubles. It has been proven that pet owners live longer and get sick less as well. Hippocrates also drew attention to the fact that contact with horses allows to get rid of "dark thoughts" and riding helps to combat melancholy. The ancient Egyptians sanctified cat for its amazing ability to determine a sore spot in a person and contribute to its healing. In Peru and some other countries it is still believed that if a pregnant woman is touched by a dolphin, the neural development of the fetus will improve. Animals help in the treatment of cerebral palsy and other spastic disorders, they are very effective in helping patients with autism, they are indispensable in the treatment of depression and other mental pathologies. Animal assisted therapy is a method of alternative treatment of diseases involving animals, it has been used by people since the dawn of time, but only in the twentieth century this method could get a scientific direction thanks to child psychotherapist Boris Levinson.
Management of vasomotor rhinitis patients
Authors: Gulyabin Konstantin Robertovich
Published: June 2021

There has been a recent obvious trend towards the increased prevalence of chronic rhinitis – 10-20% of the population experiences this disorder. Vasomotor rhinitis, sometimes also called idiopathic rhinitis, is the indisputable leader among various chronic rhinitis forms (allergic, infectious, atrophic, catarrhal and hypertrophic). The term of vasomotor rhinitis has been the subject of experts' repeated criticism because neurovisceral innervation disorders that underlie this condition are found in almost every form of chronic rhinitis. The main clinical manifestations of vasomotor rhinitis include a feeling of nasal congestion and nasal respiratory obstruction, regular abundant discharge of clear mucus and a feeling of its trickling down the posterior pharyngeal wall. A past respiratory viral infection treated by excessive quantities of vasoconstrictor drops triggers the vasomotor rhinitis onset in most cases.
Genetic predictors of arterial hypertension in young patients with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Korneeva Elena Viktorovna , Voevoda Mikhail Ivanovich
Published: June 2021

The paper presents the results of studying the polymorphism of the genes rs1799752 of the ACE gene, αIIbβ3 integrin, rs1378942 of the CSK gene in the development of arterial hypertension in young patients with metabolic syndrome. Arterial hypertension as a component of the metabolic syndrome was detected in 15.0% of young patients. The occurrence of mutant alleles of the studied genes among the examined patients is quite high: thus, the carriage of the homozygous DD variant is 21.6%, and the carriage of the mutant D allele of the ACE gene is 47.4%. A high risk of developing hypertension
in patients with MS was detected in carriers of the T rs1378942 CSK allele - 54.8%, which was most often observed in a combination of polymorphic loci of the ACE and CSK genes (p = 0.0053).
Perancangan Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework Pengelolaan Surat Pada Dinas Perhubungan Kabupaten Sukabumi
Authors: Kareksi Salsa Tini , Saepudin Sudin
Published: June 2021

Dinas Perhubungan Kabupaten Sukabumi mempunyai beberapa bidang salah satunya bidang Kasubag Umum dan Kepegawaian yang mempunyai fungsi pengumpulan dan pengolahan data. Fungsi tersebut tentunya banyak dikerjakan oleh bagian pengarsipan surat karena bagian tersebut merupakan bagian yang paling penting atau bisa disebut sebagai jantung dari Dinas Perhubungan Kabupaten Sukabumi. Dimana bagian tersebut mengatur pengelolaan dalam surat masuk, surat keluar, dan laporan surat. Kegiatan pengelolaan surat masih menggunakan buku agenda, kartu disposisi dan Microsoft Office sehingga kegiatan pengelolaan surat terlihat masih belum optimal. Dari kegiatan pengelolaan surat di Dinas Perhubungan Kabupaten Sukabumi ditemukan beberapa permasalahan yaitu terjadi kehilangan data surat masuk tahun 2019 mencapai 50% sedangkan kesalahan dalam pendataan surat terjadi pada data surat keluar mencapai 10-40% sehingga dapat berpengaruh terhadap pembuatan laporan jumlah surat. Dinas Perhubungan Kabupaten Sukabumi harus mewujudkan Enterprise Architecture untuk dapat mengatur dan mengawasi dalam pengelolaan surat. Dengan adanya hal tersebut, maka peneliti akan membuat “Perancangan Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework Pada Pengelolaan Surat Di Dinas Perhubungan Kabupaten Sukabumi”. Hal ini akan menjadi solusi dari permasalahan tersebut. Penelitian ini akan menghasilkan kerangka kerja (blueprint) yang berupa business architecture, data architecture, application architecture, dan technology architecture.
1907 : naissance de la sculpture moderne ? Le renouveau de la taille directe en France
Authors: Rinuy Paul-Louis
Published: June 2021

1907 : birth of the Modern sculpture ? The revival of the direct carving in France.

Joseph Bernard, Brancusi, Derain, Matisse and Picasso produced in 1906-1907 works in stone and in wood, using a technique which was new for them : the direct carving. These works have never be considered together in a comprehensive study. Yet they bear witness of revolutionary aesthetics and constitute an essential moment in the history of 20th C. sculpture. Excessive weight has been hitherto given to Gauguin’s sculptures and to the primitive arts as sources of the works of 1907. In fact, the beginnings of a return to direct carving appear in the evolution of sculpture in France as early as the 1880s.
À la recherche de l’œuvre d’Étienne Allegrain, paysagiste de la fin du règne de Louis XIV
Authors: Lossel-Guillien Anne
Published: June 2021

In search of the work of Etienne Allegrain, a landscape painter at the end of Louis XIV’s reign.

Etienne Allegrain (1644-1736), a member of a dynasty of artists which seems to begin with his brothers and himself, a landscape painter in the tradition of Poussin, is still very little-known, with the exception of the pictures for the marble Trianon, and his works sometimes mistaken for those of Francisque Millet.

The discovery of archives, and particularly of his testament, permits to precise his career and to define his personality. The analysis of the classical landscapes shows how he is inspired by Poussin, more precisely by the pictures of 1647-1648. He is unlikely to have seen Italy himself. A part of his production belongs to what Roger de Piles called the “style champêtre”. In spite of this, his fidelity to Poussin’s spirit situates him at the end of a period, like Houasse and Verdier for history painting.
Le portrait d’artiste au XVIIIe siècle et la critique de son temps
Authors: Martin Sylvie
Published: June 2021

Artist’s Portrait in the 18th C. and Contemporary Criticism.

The genre of portraiture experienced an extraordinary boost during the 18th C. As official arbiters of taste, Salon critics valued portraits of artists above all others, a position which seems to mirror positive developments in the artist’s status in Enlightenment society. Artists’ portraits of artists seem to have particularly attracted critics’ attention. Based on an analysis of a large material including the Deloynes-Duplessis collection, the author lists the qualities perceived in this new genre — vivacity, quality of brushwork, etc. Portraits of artists seem to have fulfilled those criteria which satisfied both the Académie and the new sensibility of the connoisseurs.
Les « Tombeaux », quatre aquatintes de Louis-Jean Desprez
Authors: Kozérawski Robert
Published: June 2021

The Tombeaux, Four Aquatints by Louis-Jean Desprez.

Louis-Jean Desprez (1743-1804), Grand Prix-winner at the Académie d’architecture in 1776, is best known for his work on the illustrations for J.-C. R. de Saint-Non’s Voyage pittoresque ou Description des Royaumes de Naples et de Sicile and for his activities as set designer for Gustav Ill’s royal theater in Stockholm. The four aquatints discussed here, from a series in the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, were produced in Rome between 1779 and 1784 and can be firmly placed within the pervasive fashion for architectural fantasies in the style of Piranesi. They nonetheless reveal certain striking characteristics — a taste for the macabre, the imprecise location of figures and architectural forms (Rome, Egypt, ...), ambiguity between life and death — which can be related to a precise model only with difficulty. These elements are also found within the literary context in the Gothic novel and in parody. The author emphasizes the various paradoxes to be found in these funereal images.
Maurice Denis : des métamorphoses d’Éros à Clio
Authors: Genty Gilles
Published: June 2021

Maurice Denis : the Metamorphoses of Eros to Clio.

Maurice Denis (1870-1943) became famous through his theory of « synthesis » which, from 1890 on, led to the threshold of abstraction. On the other hand, a deeper study of his work’s themes has been neglected. Profoundly attached to the sensuality, which was initially repressed and later found transcendence in the symbolic register, these themes originate in the desire for the loved woman. Meanwhile, Denis evolved towards an iconography where the profane and the sacred are combined. Around 1910-1920 his theory itself came closer to Thomist philosophy and he adhered to the renewal of scholasticism encouraged by Pope Leo XIII. Denis’ Christian iconography is inscribed in a historical, philosophical and literary context which privileges comforting themes. In this way, the artist’s passage from sensual icons to devotional paintings might be explained.
Les chapiteaux romans de Saint-Pierre de Champagne (Ardèche)
Authors: Cabrero-Ravel Laurence
Published: June 2021

L. Cabrero-Ravel : The Romanesque Capitals of Saint-Pierre de Champagne m the Ardèche.

The 82 capitals of the romanesque church of Saint-Pierre de Champagne in the Ardèche form a coherent ensemble whose evolution follows the construction of the building itself. At the source of this program is the freely interpreted Corinthian capital to which the sculptor has added elements from the composite tradition. Acanthus has slowly been replaced by a richer and more monumental smooth leaf. The main influence for the sculpture of these capitals comes from the Auvergne. A likely date for the beginning of the construction is the first half, or more precisely, the second quarter of the 12th century.
La fonction funéraire du narthex dans les églises byzantines du XIIe au XIVe siècle
Authors: Bache-Fénelon Florence
Published: June 2021

F. Bache : The Funerary Function of the Narthex in Byzantine Churches of the 12th to the 1 4th centuries.

Churches without narthexes have been built in all periods. However, when present, a narthex should not be considered as an addition, like a chapel. With the naos and the hema it represents an essential element of a Byzantine church. Unlike funerary chapels, which were specialized, the narthex’s funerary purpose was only one of its functions. As a place of burial, it was reserved for the great churchmen and some laymen, such as founders and benefactors. Funerary preparations and commemorations of the dead also took place in the narthex. Texts which mention narthexes, however, provide great diversity of details concerning their function.
Un mouvement pictural maniériste sous les derniers Antonins et les Sévères
Authors: Belot Eric
Published: June 2021

A manierist trend in the wall-painting during late Antonine and Severe periods.

The archeological discoveries made recently in Gaul and Brittany have drawn the attention on Gallo-Roman mural painting of the 2-4th centuries. A renewal of ostentatious decorative genres is to be noticed during the late Antonine and Severe periods (fictive architecture and marble ornementation ; big size figures). This style can be called « manierist », insofar as it combines, often without seeking any cohesion, quotations borrowed from the former decorative vocabulary. It expresses the will to secure the durability of romanity in a period of crisis, according to a phenomenon recurrent in the history of Roman art. Thus one has to abandon the traditional conception of a biological evolution of the Roman pictorial craftsmanship : far from having sunk in an irremediable degeneration after the 1st century AD, it experienced at the end of the 2nd century and the beginning of the 3rd century a renewal the importance, scale and modalities of which we are only beginning to measure.
La Trinité-des-Monts à Rome : les décors du cloître (1580-1620)
Authors: Balsamo Isabelle
Published: June 2021

The Trinita al Monte in Rome : the ornementations of the cloister (1580-1620).

The cloister of this convent of Minimes was ornementated from 1579 with 38 frescoes illustrating Saint-François de Paule’s life, by ten or so Italian artists : Marchetti, Lombardelli, Nogari, Cati, Massei, Roncalli and young Cesari.

Completed and engraved in 1584, with elegant didascalies by Muret, this decoration, patroned by Gregory XIII and its circle — it served their reformist views — became at once famous and was imitated. With its Quattrocento forms renewed by a language meant to move and instruct, it constitutes a panorama of Roman taste and craftsmanship at the end of the 1 6th century. Other decorations were still ordered to Nucci between 1616 and 1629 : a gallery with the kings of France and a ceiling, celebrating the royal protection attached to the convent since its foundation.
Deux maîtres serruriers toulousains au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Peloquin-Cavaillé Danielle
Published: June 2021

Two master ironsmiths in Toulouse in the 18th C.

The art of ironworks developed in Toulouse from the 17th C. to the end of the Ancien Regime, particularly because of the good quality of the raw material coming from the Valley of the Ariège. As a political, commercial and religious center, the town then enjoyed a prosperity which was of benefit to the fitting out of churches, mansions and urbanism in general. The author studies the eventful career of two master ironsmiths belonging to two different generations, the achievement of whom corresponded to the taste of well-to-do magistrates and powerful ecclesiastics. The style of the decorations by Bernard Ortet (balcony railings, gates, banisters...) can be associated with the taste for arabesque, characteristic of the rococo. Joseph Bose achieved works very quickly famous outside of Toulouse (railings, banisters) ; his style can be called « eclectic », integrating personal motives to the « Louis XV style » and the more geometric motives fashionable under the reign of Louis XVI ; the development of his work reveals the evolution of the ornemental repertory during the second half of the 18th C.
Hypnos et Thanatos sur les vases attiques (520-470 av. J.-C.)
Authors: Mintsi Efthymia
Published: June 2021

Hypnos and Thanatos on Attic vases (520 to 470 B.C).

Sleep and Death carrying the body of a dead hero are represented on ten Attic vases ; four, dating from 520 to 500 B.C. are red-figure vases, six others, from 500 to 470 B.C. are black-figure vases. At a later date, these spirits appear only on lecythi with a white background, bearing the body of a common mortal. The study of various secondary iconographical elements enables us to identify the moment and the place of the scene depicted. The identity of the dead hero is variable : in three cases, first of all, it is Sarpedon, and on four other vases it is Memnon.
La sculpture en céramique de Gauguin : sources et significations
Authors: Hirota Haruko
Published: June 2021

Gauguin’s ceramic sculptures : sources and meaning.

To explain Gauguin’s earliest ceramic works, Japanese and Peruvian influences are often evoked. Although these are by no means absent, they do not suffice to explain certain forms. The heavily-charged decorative elements seem in fact to be inspired by the 1875 publication, Histoire de la céramique, by Auguste Demmin, illustrated by Arosa who was Gauguin’s tutor. Gauguin was apparently sensitive to the Renaissance and Medieval taste for the fantastic, and the inspiration for his ceramic works seems to correspond with a nineteenth-century notion of the grotesque.
Controverses sur l’aménagement d’un musée des Arts décoratifs à Paris au XIXe siècle
Authors: Froissart Pezone Rossella
Published: June 2021

Controversy around the organization of a museum of decorative arts in Paris during the nineteenth century.

The idea of a museum of decorative arts is closely linked to the new awareness of the radical changes witnessed during the nineteenth century in industrial production and in the relations between industrial and artistic production. The earliest projects for the museum insisted on the pedagogical aspects of the presentation, designed to educate public taste and that of artists and workers in particular. The author of this article studies the different projects which followed one another during the nineteenth century, beginning with that of Amédée Couder and Jean Feuchère towards the end of the 1840s. Via the museum — comprising a school, a library, a collection of plaster casts, etc. — , this project aimed to train the artists of the new industrial era. In 1852 the sculptor Jules Klagmann presented a report on the art industries in France, but this report had no results. In 1873 the architect and engineer J . Gabriel Davioud suggested that a collection should be integrated into a new school of applied arts. The « Union centrale des Beaux-Arts appliqués à l’Industrie » (central union for fine arts applied to industry) already had the beginnings of such a collection and in 1877 the « Société du Musée des Arts décoratifs » was founded to install this collection in the Palais de l’Industrie at Paris. Henceforth the discussion was essentially concerned with how the collection should be classified and how the pieces should be presented. The article examines the projects put forward by Louvrier de Lajolais and Georges Lafenestre in 1877 and by Georges Berger in 1878, this last aiming at a « professional museum ». In 1886, finally, Germain Bapst suggested a classification by ensembles and the organization of the subject matter into sections, taking into account the tastes of a public which was no longer limited to one of artisans and workers. When the museum finally opened in 1905, its presentation was consequently closer to that of traditional fine art museums and the different projects with exagerated technological implications had been forgotten.
Vitrail civil et décoration intérieure à Lyon au début du XXe siècle : Auguste Morisot
Authors: Amaz Jacques
Published: June 2021

Non-religious stained-glass and interior decoration in Lyons at the beginning of the twentieth century : Auguste Morisot.

Auguste Morisot (1857-1951) was born at Seurre (Côte-d’Or) and was present in Lyons from 1876 on. He attended the art school there in order to become a designer for the Lyons silk industry. His original character led him, in 1886, to join a mission of exploration in the valley of the Orinoco, an adventure from which he returned with numerous drawings and water-colours. The author of the present article examines Morisot’s artistic activities as a decorator, particularly in the interior decoration of the town house at Lyons belonging to Monsieur Neyron de Champollon, owner of the Rasurel firm. This commission involved all the interior decoration, woodwork and furniture included. But the artist’s career is most remarkable in the field of the stained-glass pieces — both for churches and for civil settings — which he created between 1898 and 1919. The evolution of Morisot’s style here is interesting. He seems to hesitate between an early style of realism and intimism, dear to the artists of the end of the century, and one of decorative abstraction, foreshadowing Art Deco. This is the style which finally predominates.

The study of the archives of the stained-glass workshop of Nicod where Morisot worked shows the importance of the role of the cartoon designer in the process of producing a stained-glass window, a role which is often ignored by historians. The interior decoration of the house of Neyron de Champollon, between 1902 and 1907, is typical of French Art Nouveau, where the decoration is conceived as a whole but is still decidedly artisanal in its realisation and far removed from any ideology of a social art.
Morphologie des théâtres de la Grèce antique
Authors: Moretti Jean-Charles
Published: June 2021

The morphology of theatres in ancient Greece.

The archaeological study of Greek theatres, which is today witnessing a rather belated upsurge of activity, leads to a substantial modification of our traditional ideas of what Greek theatres were like. These ideas were based up to now on the study of texts — mainly Attic ones — , and on the observation of a few Hellenistic or Roman sites. The oldest theatres known, dating from the fifth century B.C., do not have a building for the stage and the stepped rows of seats are often rectilinear. It is only towards the end of the fourth century that the theatre was defined as a building type, at a time when the theatre as a literary and socio-religious phenomenon was already moribund. On account of the absence of amphitheatres in Greek cities, their theatres were transformed during the imperial period to accommodate Roman spectacles such as gladiator combats and hunts.
Projets d’un grand théâtre à Toulouse au XIXe siècle
Authors: Capella Marie-Laure de
Published: June 2021

Nineteenth-century projects for a large theatre in Toulouse.

At the end of the eighteenth century Toulouse, unlike Paris and other provincial capitals, boasted no monumental theatre, but only multi-purpose halls, the most important of these being located, from 1736, in one of the wings of the Capitole, the town hall of Toulouse. In 1808 Jacques-Pascal Virebent, the town architect, drew up a project for a new theatre, but the imperial authorities prefered to undertake the restoration of an existing one. The new theatre hall which still exists in the Capitole was designed by Jacques Cellerier and finished by Guy de Gisors between 1816 and 1818, but only as a temporary solution.

In 1844 the local authorities organized a competition, won by the architect Esquié, but this project for a new theatre was not pursued. It was only in 1876 that a new project, linked with the completion of the Capitole, was undertaken by Auguste Dieulafoy.

This theatre was opened in 1880, but it burned down in 1917. The paradoxical conclusion of this chronicle : the provisional solution lasted longer than the permanent one.
Refuges d’illusions techniques : deux salles de cinéma de Paul Auscher
Authors: Vetter Andreas K.
Published: June 2021

Houses of scenic illusion : two cinemas built by Paul Auscher.

The architecture of cinemas at the beginning of the twentieth century was still close to that of meeting rooms or concert halls. Their owners were not always convinced that the new entertainment form would be a lasting success and wanted to be able to reconvert the premises should the cinema prove to be a flop.

But this situation evolved very rapidly. The new cinema built by Auscher in 1913 in Paris (rue La Condamine, in the 17th arrondissement, today demolished) had a rectangular floor plan with rows of seating in line. The creation of a balcony supported by reinforced concrete pillars is an innovation compared to traditional theatre architecture. In 1919, Auscher’s second cinema building, the « Marcadet-Cinéma-Palace », in the me Marcadet in the 18th arrondissement (also demolished today) had a trapezoidal plan with seating layed out concentrically. The theoretical treatises on cinema architecture dating from before the First World War and just after it allow the technical specificities of the new building type to be remarked upon, particularly in the way they differ from buildings for other types of spectacle. The place of the orchestra, the visibility of the screen, security measures against fire risks are some of the problems calling for new solutions. Similarly, the importance of the vestibule, the foyer-bar and the cloakroom are not the same in a cinema as elsewhere. Auscher’s solutions to these problems are interesting ones and his façades reveal a significant evolution from the point of view of their ornamentation. His first cinema is richly decorated, corresponding with a desire for an «advertising » façade. The formal simplification of the years 1910 to 1914 is to be seen in the façade of the « Marcadet-Batignolles-Palace », Auscher’s last building which also demonstrated his skill in putting the resources of reinforced concrete to work.
Dix années d’éducation populaire artistique à Lyon : « L’arc-en-ciel », 1947-1957
Authors: Maréchal Françoise
Published: June 2021

Ten years’ popular artistic education at Lyons : « L’Arc-en-Ciel », 1947-1957.

The history of the « Arc-en-Ciel » (rainbow) association which was founded at Lyons in 1947 is part of a broader movement in favour of a democratic and decentralised artistic education, dating back to the initiatives of the Popular Front and of the « Jeune France » (Young France) movement. The period from the Liberation up to the creation of the Maisons de la Culture by André Malraux during the 1960s is often neglected. The study of the activities of an association such as the « Arc-en-Ciel » shows both the dynamic attitudes of certain provincial art critics like René Deroudille at Lyons, and also, in contrast, the relative lack of interest for contemporary art shown by local authorities.

The « Arc-en-Ciel » association was inspired by the example of « A cœur joie », a choral society of which Mme Reine Bruppacher was secretary. Both Reine Bruppacher and René Deroudille aimed to make the general public more familiar with art. A method which was successful in music could also be applied to the plastic arts, through a better understanding of the techniques and the history of art and by a greater familiarity with the world of the contemporary arts. The association organised visits to artists’ studios, lectures by art critics, guided tours through Romanesque Burgundy arid visits to exhibitions of contemporary art at the Saint-Pierre Museum in Lyons. Its most exciting innovation, however, was the organisation of its own exhibition of contemporary art and the setting up of workshops of artistic techniques during the Choralies of Vaison-La-Romaine between 1953 and 1962. The question of contemporary town planning was also dealt with, notably in visits to modern churches in the Franche-Comté region or to new housing developments around Lyons.

The organisation was entirely run by volunteers, and the lack of any financial aid was the obstacle that finally led to its demise. In general terms, the history of this experiment allows us to draw attention to the dynamic policies of certain provincial museums during the 1950s (museums such as the Saint-Pierre Museum at Lyons, run by René Jullian) and to underline the reticence of local authorities to become involved in cultural programmes dealing with contemporary art.
Jason monosandale sur le cratère de Dervéni
Authors: Gaggadis-Robin Vassiliki
Published: June 2021

The one-sandalled Jason on the Derveni crater.

This study deals with the maenad and the man wearing only one sandal, depicted beneath one of the handles of the Derveni wine crater. The study shows that these two figures reproduce a prototype (from official painting ?) dating from the last quarter of the fifth century B.C. The one-sandalled figure, hitherto identified as Pentheus or as Lycurgus, seems to possess the attributes of Jason, the Thessalian hero (one sandal, two lances, petasus). Implicitly, it could even be a portrait of Astioun from Larissa (in Thessaly), the original owner of the vase according to the inscription which figures on it. This owner borrows the attributes of one of the ethnic heroes coming from his own country. As for the maenad, this representation seems to be inspired by the iconography of Medea, at the moment of the infanticide.