bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A brief history of equine private practice in South Africa
Authors: Marlow C.H.B.
Published: August 2012

Horse breeding in South Africa started in 1652, shortly after the 1st European settlement in the Cape. African horsesickness posed a serious problem and after a devastating outbreak of the disease in 1719, horses were largely replaced by oxen for agricultural and transport purposes but remained important from a sporting and military point of view. Examples of the latter are the export of horses for military use to India in the mid-19th century and for use in the Crimean War in 1854, reaching a zenith in the Anglo-Boer war in which an estimated 450 000 horses succumbed. Research and disease control and initially also health services were the responsibility of state veterinary authorities. Private equine practice was pioneered by Jack Boswell in the late 1930s, mainly involving race horses and Thoroughbred studs as part of a general practice. Specialised equine private practices were only initiated 10 years later and developed further during the 2nd half of the 20th century. These developments are described in some detail, including resumés of the veterinarians involved, clinical challenges encountered, scientific advances as well as developments in the equine industry with the emphasis on Thoroughbreds and the racing community. The regulatory environment, especially regarding the import and export of horses, and the role of various organisations and associations are also briefly discussed.
Rabies in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa - where are we going wrong?
Authors: Van Sittert S.J. , Raath J. , Akol G.W. , Miyen J.M. , Mlahlwa B. , Sabeta C.T.
Published: August 2012

Rabies is a growing problem in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. This study investigated dog ecology, vaccination coverage and rabies neutralising antibody levels in 203 randomly selected dogs within a local municipality in the former Transkei area. Responses to vaccination were also evaluated in 80 of these dogs. The population was remarkably uniform in size, breed and condition. Slightly over 1/5th of the population was between 6 weeks and 1 year of age, while very few dogs reached 10 years or older. According to owner responses, the Animal Health Technicians achieved a total vaccination coverage of 65 % of owned dogs over several years, but only 56 % within the previous 12 months. Only 32%of dogs had adequate circulating rabies virus neutralisation antibodies (≥0.5IU/ℓ). After vaccination, 83 % had seroconverted to this level. The magnitude of seroconversion was independent of body condition or age. This study proposes a different approach to vaccination strategies than those currently employed in certain areas of the province.
The impact of ultrasound during emergency after-hour admissions of horses
Authors: Viljoen A. , Saulez M.N. , Carstens A. , Gummow B.
Published: August 2012

Clinical use of diagnostic ultrasound at point-of-care or emergency situations, although common, has not been well documented in veterinary medicine. Medical records of after-hour emergency equine admissions during a 10-year period were reviewed and horses that received ultrasound scans were identified. Data sheets for each ultrasound scan performed during emergency clinical evaluation were collected and reviewed. Data extracted included anatomical region imaged, body system affected, documented ultrasonographic diagnosis and final diagnosis. Six hundred and nine records were available of which 108 horses had an ultrasound diagnostic procedure performed. The most common reason for emergency ultrasonography was to investigate gastrointestinal abnormalities, the largest proportion of these being large intestinal disorders. A complete ultrasound report was documented in 57% of evaluations, of which 79% correlated with a final diagnosis. Incomplete reporting made accurate interpretation of records difficult. Results indicate that the use of ultrasound in the emergency setting may be of diagnostic benefit and impact on patient management. Ultrasound training should be provided to residents in order to gain proficiency, especially with regard to the gastrointestinal system
Comparison of the effects of different transport conditions and lairage times in a Mediterranean climate in South Africa on the meat quality of commercially crossbred Large white x Landrace pigs
Authors: Hoffman L.C. , Fisher P.
Published: August 2012

Information on the effect of road transportation conditions and lairage times on the meat quality of pork under South African conditions is very sparse. In this investigation, the effects of 2 road conditions (rough road with frequent stops -A; smooth road, few stops - B) and 2 lairage holding periods (2 h and 24 h) on the physical meat quality attributes of commercially produced pigs during summer (ambient temperatures 30 °C) in the Western Cape (South Africa) were investigated. Pig meat from pigs transported on a road that caused more stress (A), had lower pH45 (measured 45 min post mortem) values after 2 h lairage than pigs transported over a smoother road. Pigs B had a lower muscle pH24 (measured 24 h post mortem) than group A, indicating that they had more glycogen reserves available for post mortem glycolysis. Road conditions A were more stressful resulting in a higher incidence of PSE pork, as shown by the percentage drip loss and the L* values. When the lairage period was increased to 24 h prior to slaughter, pigs transported under road conditions A had time to replenish their energy reserves and thepH45, drip loss and L* values were within an acceptable range. However, pigs transported under road conditions B had lower pH45 and higher pH24 values, indicating that the lairage period was too long and that energy reserves were depleted in order to adapt to the stressful conditions. Results from this investigation indicate that improvement of the transport/road conditions will result in better pork quality.
Antimicrobial susceptibility in thermophilic Campylobacter species isolated from pigs and chickens in South Africa
Authors: Jonker A. , Picard J.A.
Published: August 2012

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of sporadic food-borne bacterial disease in humans. In intensive poultry and pig rearing systems the use of oral antibiotics is essential to maintain health. Consequently, there is a high risk for the thermophilic Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli resident in the intestinal tract of food animals to develop resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Contamination of meat or eggs with pathogenic strains of resistant Campylobacter could, therefore, result in a form of campylobacteriosis in humans that is difficult to treat. The aim of this investigation was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. isolated from pigs and poultry by the broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. A total of 482 samples from the Western Cape and Gauteng provinces was collected and analysed. Thirty-eight Campylobacter isolates were obtained. Analysis of data revealed that C. jejuni strains mainly of poultry origin were more resistant to the fluoroquinolones, macrolides and tetracyclines and the C. coli strains were more resistant to the macrolides and lincosamides. Multiresistance was also detected in 4 Campylobacter strains from the Western Cape. With the exception of tetracyclines, strains from high health Gauteng broiler farms were susceptible to antibiotics used to treat Campylobacter infections.
Macroscopic description of the coronary arteries in Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus)
Authors: Yoldas A. , Ozmen E. , Ozdemir V.
Published: August 2012

A total of 25 (13 male, 12 female) adult, healthy Swiss albino mice were used to investigate the origin, course and anastomoses of coronary arteries. Coloured latex was injected into the aortic arch to enable these arteries to be clearly discerned. A. coronaria sinistra was larger than A. coronaria dextra. It was divided into a Ramus interventricularis paraconalis and a Ramus circumflexus sinister. However, in 2 specimens, the septal ramus, was observed to stem directly from the left coronary artery, and only 1 ventricular branch arose from the left circumflex. The collateral branches of the paraconal interventricular ramus had a larger diameter and more extensive distribution was observed in these specimens. The A. coronaria dextra was divided into a Ramus septalis and Ramus circumflexus dexter. The Ramus interventricularis subsinuosis was not detected in this study. The ventricular branches of the left coronary artery run intramyocardially whereas the branches of the right coronary artery course subendocardially.
Infiltrative angiolipoma of the parotid salivary gland in a dog : clinical communication
Authors: Kitshoff A.M. , Millward I.R. , Williams J.H. , Clift S.J. , Kirberger R.M.
Published: August 2012

Solitary benign angiolipoma and infiltrative angiolipoma are rare tumours in dogs. Angiolipomata can be distinguished histologically from lipomata by the large number of tightly packed blood vessels seen between the adipocytes with multiple fibrin thrombi occupying some of the vessels' lumens. The dog presented with a solitary slow-growing mass in the cervical region. Histopathology revealed multifocal to coalescing single or clusters of blood-filled vessels lined by flattened endothelial cells with narrow, elongated, basophilic nuclei. These regions were embedded in adipose tissue with multifocal areas of intervascular remnants of differentiated serous salivary glandular tissue with multifocal small ducts. Fibrin thrombi occupied a few of the vessel lumens. A histological diagnosis of infiltrative angiolipoma was made. On computed tomography, the mass was bilobed with a suspected primary component involving the right parotid gland which was grossly enlarged. The mass had a slightly hypoattenuating mottled to lobulated appearance with a few hyperattenuating mineralised specks throughout. Hounsfield units of the mass ranged between 40 and 45, which was less than the 60-65 of the contralateral salivary glands and cranial musculature. Post contrast images showed no contrast enhancement of 90% of the mass with only a band of peripheral contrast uptake of the affected lateral lobe.
Index, subject - indeks, onderwerp
Authors: Editorials The
Published: August 2012

Index, subject - indeks, onderwerp
Uterine adenocarcinoma with transcoelomic metastases in breeder hens (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Bwala D. G. , Duncan N. M. , Bisschop S. P. R.
Published: August 2012

Hens involved in a Newcastle disease study were euthanased at regular intervals according to a designed protocol. Of these, 7.14%(n = 42) of the 82-week-old specific pathogen-free breeder hens were found to have well-delineated firm white to yellowish nodules of varying sizes in the abdominal cavity. Histologically, the nodules were identified as an adenocarcinoma originating in the uterus. Transcoelomic spread was evidenced by the presence of similar neoplastic cells embedded in the serosa and outer longitudinal muscle layer of the intestines as well as the liver.
Vulture rescue and rehabilitation in South Africa: An urban perspective
Authors: Naidoo V. , Wolter K. , Espie I. , Kotze A.
Published: August 2012

SouthAfrica is home to 9 vulture species, of which 7 are endangered. While the cause of the population declines remains largely speculative, a vast amount of effort has been dedicated towards the protection of populations by ensuring sustainable and safe food sources for the various colonies. Limited focus was placed in the past on efforts related to the rescue and/or rehabilitation (RR) of injured birds and the release of these birds back into the wild. This paper provides an overview of the causes, the impact and success of 3 organisations involved in RR efforts of vultures in the Magaliesberg mountain range and surrounding areas over a period of 10 years. Study material included 162 Cape griffon (CGV) and 38 African white-backed (AWBV) vultures. Datasets include the number, sex and age of birds received, the reason the vultures were brought in for RR, surgical interventions performed and outcomes of rescue efforts. The CGV dominated the rehabilitation attempts. Results further show that a large number of apparently healthy birds were presented for veterinary treatment. The RR data clearly indicate that the major cause of injuries was birds colliding with overhead pylons, as a high number of soft tissue and skeletal injuries were observed. The study also shows that successful releases of rescued birds are possible. It is concluded that urbanisation has had a major negative impact on vultures around the Magaliesberg mountain range.
The utility of uric acid assay in dogs as an indicator of functional hepatic mass
Authors: Hill J. M. , Leisewitz A. L. , Goddard A.
Published: August 2012

Uric acid was used as a test for liver disease before the advent of enzymology. Three old studies criticised uric acid as a test of liver function. Uric acid, as an end-product of purine metabolism in the liver, deserved re-evaluation as a liver function test. Serumtotal bile acids are widely accepted as the most reliable liver function test. This study compared the ability of serumuric acid concentration to assess liver function with that of serumpre-prandial bile acids in dogs. In addition, due to the renal excretion of uric acid the 2 assays were also compared in a renal disease group. Using a control group of healthy dogs, a group of dogs with congenital vascular liver disease, a group of dogs with non-vascular parenchymal liver diseases and a renal disease group, the ability of uric acid and pre-prandial bile acids was compared to detect reduced functional hepatic mass overall and in the vascular or parenchymal liver disease groups separately. Sensitivities, specificities and predictive value parameters were calculated for each test. The medians of uric acid concentration did not differ significantly between any of the groups, whereas pre-prandial bile acids medians were significantly higher in the liver disease groups compared with the normal and renal disease group of dogs. The sensitivity of uric acid in detecting liver disease overall was 65% while the specificity of uric acid in detecting liver disease overall was 59 %. The sensitivity and specificity of uric acid in detecting congenital vascular liver disease was 68%and 59 %, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of uric acid in detecting parenchymal liver disease was 63%and 60 %, respectively. The overall positive and negative predictive values for uric acid in detecting liver disease were poor and the data in this study indicated uric acid to be an unreliable test of liver function. In dogs suffering from renal compromise serum uric acid concentrations may increase into the abnormal range due to its renal route of excretion.
Determination of an optimal dose of medetomidine-ketamine-buprenorphine for anaesthesia in the Cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris)
Authors: Joubert K. E. , Serfontein T. , Scantlebury M. , Manjerovic M B , Bateman P. W. , Manjerovic M B , Bateman P. W. , Bennett N. C. , Waterman J. M.
Published: August 2012

The optimal dose of medetomidine-ketamine-buprenorphine was determined in 25 Cape ground squirrels (Xerus inauris) undergoing surgical implantation of a temperature logger into the abdominal cavity. At the end of anaesthesia, the squirrels were given atipamezole intramuscularly to reverse the effects of medetomidine. The mean dose of medetomidine was 67.6±9.2 μg/kg, ketamine 13.6±1.9 mg/kg and buprenorphine 0.5±0.06 μg/kg. Induction time was 3.1 ± 1.4 min. This produced surgical anaesthesia for 21± 4.2 min. Atipamezole 232±92 μg/kg produced a rapid recovery. Squirrels were sternally recumbent in 3.5 ± 2.2 min.
Bilateral multiple cystic kidney disease and renal cortical abscess in a Boerboel
Authors: Kitshoffa A. M. , McClure V. , Lim C. K. , Kirberger R. M.
Published: August 2012

Cystic renal disease is rare in dogs and although infected renal cysts have been reported in humans, no report could be found in dogs. A 58 kg, 5-year-old, castrated, male Boerboel presented with weight loss, pyrexia, lethargy and vomiting, 20 months after an incident of haematuria was reported. The initial ultrasonographic diagnosis was bilateral multiple renal cysts of unknown aetiology. The cysts had significantly increased in size over the 20-month period and some contained echogenic specks which could be related to infection, normal cellular debris or haemorrhage. In both kidneys the renal contours were distorted (the left more than the right). The abnormal shape of the left kidney was largely due to multiple cysts and a large crescent-shaped septate mass on the cranial pole of the kidney. Aspirates of the septate mass were performed (left kidney) and the cytology and culture were indicative of an abscess. It is suggested that the previous incident of haematuria provided a portal of entry for bacteria into the cysts resulting in renal cortical abscess formation.
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography and volume-rendered imaging for evaluation of cellophane banding in a dog with extrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Authors: Yoon H. , Choi Y. , Han H. , Kim S. , Kim K. , Jeong S.
Published: August 2012

A 4-year-old, 1.8 kg, male, castrated Maltese was presented for evaluation of urolithiasis. Urinary calculi were composed of ammonium biurate. Preprandial and postprandial bile acids were 44.2 and 187.3 μmol/ , respectively (reference ranges 0–10 and 0–20 μmol/ , respectively). Single-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography (CTA) with volume-rendered imaging (VRI) was obtained. VRI revealed a portocaval shunt originating just cranial to a tributary of the gastroduodenal vein and draining into the caudal vena cava at the level of the epiploic foramen. CTA revealed a 3.66 mm-diameter shunt measured at the level of the termination of the shunt and a 3.79 mm-diameter portal vein measured at the level between the origin of the shunt and the porta of the liver. Surgery was performed using cellophane banding without attenuation. Follow-up single-phase CTA with VRI was obtained 10 weeks after surgery. VRI revealed no evidence of portosystemic communication on the level of a cellophane band and caudal to the cellophane band. CTA demonstrated an increased portal vein diameter (3.79–5.27 mm) measured at the level between the origin of the shunt and the porta of the liver. Preprandial and postprandial bile acids were 25 and 12.5 μmol/ , respectively (aforementioned respective reference ranges), 3 months post-surgery. No problems were evident at 6 months.
Die rol van Robbeneiland as veepos in die vestiging van die Kaap van Goeie Hoop as Verversingstasie
Authors: Snijders A. J.
Published: August 2012

The role of Robben Island as a stock breeding station for the settlement at the Cape of Good Hope. The universal notoriety of Robben Island as a penitentiary for political prisoners, notably in the 19th and 20th centuries, overshadows its previous historical significance established centuries ago. The Island, initially a source of seals and penguins to European mariners rounding the southern tip of Africa, and later for several other reasons, including its proximity to the Cape of Good Hope, played a pivotal role in the selection of this halfway station. The seals would provide blubber for train oil and the penguins, meat and eggs. The transhumant Peninsular Khoekhoe was to provide cattle and sheep by a barter process as before. Inconsistent access to Khoen livestock forced the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) to consider their own breeding programmes and ultimately the establishment of Free Burgers. Van Riebeeck confirmed the suitability of Robben Island for the fattening and breeding of sheep and this island made a substantial contribution to the provision of sheep and mutton to the fleets and the local community. Khoen sheep did not do well in the Table Valley in early summer and it was expected that they would thrive on the drier island. Predators and stock theft were major problems at the Cape and neither occurred on the island. It is contended that it was unlikely that the settlement at the Cape would have occurred and succeeded without Robben Island.
The pathology of acute Nolletia gariepina poisoning of cattle
Authors: Du Plessis E. C. , Prozesky L , Botha C. J.
Published: August 2012

Toxicity in cattle by the shrub Nolletia gariepina was induced experimentally by intraruminal administration of 3 g/kg dried, milled plant material as a single dose. The animals had to be starved for 24 hours before dosing, as dosing on a full rumen did not induce any signs of toxicity during 5 days of observation and clinical pathology monitoring. Clinical signs were not specific and varied according to the duration (acute versus subacute) of the toxicological process. Clinical pathological parameters indicated renal and to a lesser extent hepatic damage, with raised serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT). Increased urinary sodium and potassium concentration and GGT activity, as well as proteinuria, were evident. Histological and electron microscopic examinations revealed acute renal tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis, especially of the proximal convoluted tubules. Mild hepatocellular degeneration was also noticeable.
A short history of sheep scab : historical article
Authors: Bezuidenhout J. D.
Published: August 2012

The history of sheep scab is briefly discussed since it was first mentioned in 180 BC. It was probably introduced to South Africa by the early settlers and was mentioned as a problem by Simon van der Stel, although its cause was only discovered in 1809. Various measures taken over the centuries to control or eradicate the disease, which has always been of considerable economic importance, are discussed, as well as the failures and reasons why it is still with us today.
Brucellae through the food chain : the role of sheep, goats and springbok (Antidorcus marsupialis) as sources of human infections in Namibia
Authors: Magwedere K. , Bishi A. , Tjipura-Zaire G. , Eberle G. , Hemberger Y. , Hoffman L. C. , Dziva F.
Published: August 2012

A confirmed case of human brucellosis motivated an investigation into the potential source of infection in Namibia. Since domestic animals are principal sources of Brucella infection in humans, 1692 serum samples were screened from sheep, goats and cattle from 4 presumably at-risk farms and 900 springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) serum samples from 29 mixed farming units for Brucella antibodies by the Rose-Bengal test (RBT) and positive cases confirmed by complement fixation test (CFT). To assess the prevalence of human brucellosis, 137 abattoir employees were tested for Brucella antibodies using the standard tube agglutination test (STAT) and by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cattle and sheep from all 4 farms were negative by RBT and CFT but 2 of the 4 farms (Ba and C) had 26/42 and 12/285 seropositive goats, respectively. Post mortem examination of seropositive goats revealed no gross pathological lesions typical of brucellosis except enlarged mesenteric and iliac lymph nodes seen in a single buck. Culture for brucellae from organs of seropositive animals was negative. None of the wildlife sera tested positive by either RBT or CFT. Interviews revealed that besides the case that prompted the investigation, a family and another person from other farms with confirmed brucellosis shared a common history of consumption of unpasteurised goat milk, home-made goat cheese and coffee with raw milk and prior contact with goats, suggesting goats as the likely source of infection. All 137 abattoir employees tested negative by STAT, but 3 were positive by ELISA. The 3 abattoir workers were clinically normal and lacked historical connections with clinical cases. Although goats are often associated with B. melitensis, these studies could not explicitly implicate this species owing to cross-reactivity with B. abortus, which can also infect goats. Nevertheless, these data reinforce the need for a better National Control Programme for brucellosis in Namibia.
2011 Nutritional Assessment Guidelines : information
Authors: Freeman Lisa , Becvarova Iveta , Cave Nick , MacKay Clayton , Nguyen Patrick , Rama Betina , Takashima Gregg , Tiffin Ross , Van Beukelen Peter , Yathiraj S.
Published: August 2012

Careful assessment of nutritional needs of dogs and cats must be taken into consideration in order to maintain optimum health, be part of a treatment regimen for a diseased state, or to maximise the quality of life in all animals. Therefore, the goal of these WSAVA Guidelines is that a nutritional assessment and specific nutritional recommendation be made on every patient on every visit. This will become known as the 5th Vital Assessment (5VA), following the four vital assessments of temperature, pulse, respiration and pain that are already addressed on each patient interaction. Routinely doing a brief screening evaluation of the nutritional status during history taking and the physical examination can be seamlessly performed as part of every patient exam. Nutrition-related risk factors that can be easily identified from the history and physical examination include age (growing or old), suboptimal body condition score (overweight or thin), muscle loss, atypical or homemade diet, medical conditions, or changes in appetite. An extended evaluation would follow, if one or more risk factors is identified on screening. These guidelines provide criteria to evaluate the animal and the diet, as well as key feeding and environmental factors. In addition, recommendations for interpretation, analysis, and action are included so that a plan for optimising the animal's nutritional status can be instituted. Client compliance with nutritional recommendations requires input from the veterinarian, veterinary technicians/nurses, and the hospital staff. A team approach to continuous nutritional education, implementation of appropriate protocols, and focused client communication, utilising these WSAVA Nutritional Guidelines, are key components to reach this 5VA goal.
The freshwater molluscs of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Oberholzer G. , Van Eeden J. A.
Published: August 2012

The freshwater molluscs of the Kruger National Park
A supplementary check-list of birds recorded in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Pienaar Ph.D, U. De V. , Prozesky B.Sc., O. P. M.
Published: August 2012

A supplementary check-list of birds recorded in the Kruger National Park
Die plantegroei van die Nasionale Bontebokpark, Swellendam (DEEL I)
Authors: Grobler P. J. , Marais J.
Published: August 2012

A subjective survey of the vegetation of the National Bontebok Park, Swellendam, was made. Thirteen communities were recognised and divided into three groups: Communities belonging to the Tree-group occur mainly along the banks of the Bree River; the communities of the Leucadendron-group on the hills surrounding the park, while the Renosterbush-group is confined to the flats and lower slopes of the hills. Veld management for this type of vegetation is briefly discussed and suggestions for management to improve grazing are made.
Golden Gate
Authors: Van Rensburg A. P. J.
Published: August 2012

Die geskiedenis van twee plase wat 'n Nasionale Park geword het
Observation on the birdlife in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Broekhuysen G. J. , Broekhuysen M. H. , Martin J. E. , Martin R. , Morgan H. K.
Published: August 2012

Observation on the birdlife in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Die Bontbok
Authors: Van der Merwe N. J.
Published: August 2012

Die Bontbok
Index to subjects
Authors: Koedoe Koedoe
Published: August 2012

Index to subjects
Prental development of the Impala Aepyceros melampus. Licht
Authors: Fairall N.
Published: August 2012

Prental development of the Impala Aepyceros melampus. Licht
Die Geologiese en Geomorfologiese geskiedenis van Golden Gate-Hoogland Nasionale Park
Authors: Spies J. J.
Published: August 2012

Die Geologiese en Geomorfologiese geskiedenis van Golden Gate-Hoogland Nasionale Park
Two Shell midden occurrences in the Tsitsikama National Park, Cape Province: A contribution to the study of the ecology of the Strandloopers
Authors: Deacon H. J.
Published: August 2012

Two Shell midden occurrences in the Tsitsikama National Park, Cape Province: A contribution to the study of the ecology of the Strandloopers
Karyological studies on Southern African Perissodagtyla
Authors: Heinighen Irmgard Gudrun
Published: August 2012

Historical considerations leading to karyotyping.

Thesis submitted for the requirements in partial fulfilment for the degree of M.Sc. [Agric.}, University of Pretoria.
Fly parasites (Diptera: Oestridae and Gasterophilidae) of the African Elephant Loxodonta Africana (Blumenbach) and their problems.
Authors: Zumpt F. , Wetzel H.
Published: August 2012

Fly parasites (Diptera: Oestridae and Gasterophilidae) of the African Elephant Loxodonta Africana (Blumenbach) and their problems.
A lasting method for marking and identification of elephant
Authors: Pienaar U. De V.
Published: August 2012

A lasting method for marking and identification of elephant
The occurrence of Grapsus Grapsus Tenuicrustatus (Herbst) at the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park (Decapoda, Braghyura, Grapsidae)
Authors: Kensley B. F.
Published: August 2012

The occurrence of Grapsus Grapsus Tenuicrustatus (Herbst) at the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park (Decapoda, Braghyura, Grapsidae)
Chromosome analysis in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Wallace Clive , Fairall Neil
Published: August 2012

The Chromosomes of the Spotted Hyaena Crocuta Crocuta Erxleben
Check-list of the Collembola of South African Parks (Part i)
Authors: Coates T. J.
Published: August 2012

Check-list of the Collembola of South African Parks (Part i)
Ecology and Behaviour of the Spotted-backed Weaverbird in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Collias Nicholas E. , Collias Elsie C.
Published: August 2012

Spotted-backed Weaverbirds were studied during September-December, 1969 in the Transvaal, chiefly in the Kruger National Park, and observations were made on their distribution, ecology and behaviour. Territorial behaviour, nest-building, pair formation displays, vocalizations and food habits are described as well as the division of labour between male and female in care of the young. Attacks by snakes and hawks are described as well as responses of the birds to their enemies. Behavioural relations to another species of weaver were also observed.
Notes on river habitat use by the larger ungulates in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Bothma J. Du P.
Published: August 2012

A study of some aspects of river habitat use by spring-bok, gemsbok, blue wildebeest, red hartebeest and eland in the Auob and Nossob riverbeds in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Suggestions for future research are made.
Cornu Cutaneum on the Mandibular region of a Greater Kudu Tragelaphus Strepsiceros
Authors: De Vos V. , Kloppers J. J.
Published: August 2012

The condition, cornu cutaneum, in a free living kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros in the Kruger National Park is described. Macroscopical and microscopical findings are recorded. Two identical cases have been observed previously.
Sex ratios of Steenbok Raphicerus Campestris Thunderberg seen in two Southern African National Parks
Authors: Rowe-Rowe D. T.
Published: August 2012

Sex ratios of steenbok observed in Wankie National Park, Rhodesia, and Kruger National Park, South Africa, are analysed. A total of 74 animals was sexed (33♂♂ and 41 ♀♀). These data are compared with other available data on steenbok sex ratios.
A note on the sex ratio of Steenbok Raphicerus Campestrts in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Penzhorn B. L.
Published: August 2012

Field observations on steenbok in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park reveal a 1 : 1 sex ratio. This is corroborated by observations in the Kruger National Park and by a survey of steenbok material in two South African museums.
Bird species density in the Kalahari and the Australian deserts
Authors: Pianka Eric R. , Huey Raymond B.
Published: August 2012

Study Areas and Methods
A useful marking method for free living mammals
Authors: Young E.
Published: August 2012

A paint-spraying device was employed for marking wild African mammals without capture. This relatively inexpensive marking technique, which had originally been used for the marking of American desert bighorn sheep at drinking places, was also successfully applied in the marking of impala, Aepyceros melampus, blue wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus, Burchell's zebra, Equus burchellii antiquorum aud the African elephant, Loxodonta africana. The apparatus used differs in some respects from that originally described by Hanson (1964). It was also used for the marking of animals from a mobile unit and away from fixed drinking places.

This paper is based on a part of a thesis, submitted to the University of Pretoria in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of D.Sc. (Wildlife Management).
On the Mole-Rat (Cryptomys Hottentotus Damarensis) (Rodentia) in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: De Graaff G
Published: August 2012

Aspects of the ecology and distribution of the Damara mole-rat (Cryptomys hottentotus damarensis) are discussed relative to its life in the arid Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. The value of coat colour as a taxonomic criterion for the subspecies is discussed. Notes are also presented on reproduction, aspects of behaviour such as: habitat, nests, orientation, activity, locomotion, voice, food, feeding and social life, symbiosis, commensalism, parasites and predators.
A study of genetic markers in the South African Blesbok (Damaliscus Dorcas Phillipsi)
Authors: Osterhoff D. R , Ward-Cox I. S , Emslie Valerie
Published: August 2012

During culling operations on blesbok from the Rietvlei Nature Reserve, 198 blood samples were obtained for study of genetic markers including haemoglobins, transferrins, amylases, albumins and carbonic anhydrases. All animals exhibited the same pattern. Blood typing was performed by using goat reagents. These reagents could possibly be used to establish the relationship between the blesbok and the bontebok. Immunoelectrophoresis was used to detect any immunological differences; 123 blesbok samples were tested against antibovine serum prepared in rabbits. The animals could be grouped into four distinguishable types according to the shape and presence of the alpha-2-macroglobulin and the "horizontal55 band.
Transferrin and Haemoglobin types in the African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana)
Authors: Osterhoff D. R , Young E , Ward-Cox I. S
Published: August 2012

In a random sample of 84 elephants from the Kruger National Park and five elephants from the Addo Elephant National Park, biochemical polymorphism in the serum transferrins could be established. It seems that elephants in the Kruger and Addo Parks are genetically similar but further studies are indicated to confirm these preliminary findings. For the haemo- globin investigations 109 blood samples were available, all originating from the Kruger National Park and all revealing only one type of haemoglobin.
Geologie van die Addo-Olifant Nasionale Park
Authors: Toerien D. K
Published: August 2012

Geologiese aspekte van die Addo-olifant Nasionale Park word beskryf. Die topografie, fisiografie en geologic word behandel, asook 'n aanduiding van fossiele (hoofsaaklik Mollusca) wat aangetref word.

Geological aspects of the Addo Elephant National Park are described. The topography, physiography and geology is discussed, including a brief survey of fossils (mainly Mollusca) encountered.
The reaction of the Cape Mountain Zebra (Equus Zebra Zebra) to certain chemical immobilisation drugs
Authors: Young E , Penzhorn L
Published: August 2012

he physiological reactions evoked by M@99 and Aza- perone in the Cape Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra Zebra) are discussed. Notes on clinical as well as physiological parameters are presented and it is concluded that these drugs can be used effectively in the capture of individuals of this rare mammal.
Anthrax immunization of free-ranging Roan Antelope Hippotragus Equinus in the Kruger National Park
Authors: De Vos V. , Van Rooyen G.L. , Kloppers J.J.
Published: August 2012

An aerial method of immunization is presented as afeasible means of vaccinating free-ranging roan antelope Hippotragus equinus against anthrax in the Kruger National Park. Themethod is described in detail and the results, obtained aftertwo consecutive years of application, are noted, tabulated andevaluated. A helicopter and a fixed wing aircraft were success-fully utilized in the location of widely dispersed roan antelopeherds and to bring the operator within effective firing rangeof the animal to be darted. A disposable projectile syringe,which simultaneously administers vaccine and effectively marksthe animal for later identification, is considered a vital part inthe successful implementation of the aerial method of immunization.
A key based on epidermal characteristics for the identification of certain highveld grasses
Authors: Kok P.D.F. , Van der Schijff H.P.
Published: August 2012

The grass leaf epidermis shows characteristic featureswhich are taxonomically valuable and which renders leaf fragments identifiable in the stomach contents and faeces of animals.A brief account of the features of the grass epidermis is given,as well as the terminology which is used.A key to identify 60 grass species of the Van Riebeeck NatureReserve, near Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, is given. Thiskey is based on abaxial leaf epidermal characteristics.
The Arachnid Fauna of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park Part 1 A revision of the species of "Mole Solifuges" of the genus cheltpus purcell, 1901 (family hexisopodidae)
Authors: Lamoral Bruno
Published: August 2012

Basic explanations and illustrations of morphological terminology currently used in solifuge taxonomy are providedtogether with keys to the known families of solifuges fromsouthern Africa and the revised species of Chelypus Purcell. Themorphological criteria used by previous authors to differentiatecertain species of Chelypus are shown to be unreliable due to intraspecific variations. As a result of this C. macronyx Hewitt, 1919 is placed in synonymy of C. barberi Purcell, 1901. In addition,C. kalaharicus Lawrence, 1949 and C. wiihiischi Roewer, 1941 areplaced in synonymy of C. hirsti Hewitt, 1915. Chelypus coatoni Lawrence, 1966 is transferred to Siloanea coatoni (Lawrence, 1966).
The habitat preferences of fishes from the Limpopo river system, Transvaal and Mocambique
Authors: Gaigher I.G.
Published: August 2012

The species composition of fishes in the Limpopo River system is described. The frequency of occurrence for eachhabitat type is expressed as a percentage of the habitats sampled. A check list of species is presented and the species can be grouped into five habitat preferences.
Preliminary notes on the behaviour and breeding of Gerbillurus Paeba Paeba (A. Smith, 1834) in captivity
Authors: Stutterheim C.J. , Skinner J.D.
Published: August 2012

A captive colony of Gerbillurus p. paeba was studied inan outdoor enclosure and observation cages. The general behaviour is discussed and notes on the reproduction andreproductive behaviour given. Increasing the number of lighthours and increasing the temperature seem to induce fertilityin both males and females. The external parasites found on Gerbillurus are listed.
Water use by the Kalahari Lion Panthera Leo Vernayi
Authors: Eloff F.C.
Published: August 2012

The extent to which the Kalahari lion can survive without having to drink water was investigated in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. It was found that while they may drink regularly where water is available, they may become completely independent of water under extreme desert conditions. Sufficient moisture for their needs seems to be obtained from the blood and body fluids of their prey and the vegetable components of theirdiet. Loss of water through evaporation is reduced by the lion'sleisurely way of life.
Ketamine Hydrochloride - a useful drug for the field immobilization of the Spotted Hyaena Crocuta Crocuta
Authors: Smuts G.L.
Published: August 2012

The use of Ketamine hydrochloride (Vetalar, Parke-Davis) for the capture and restraint of five spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) is discussed. The wide margin of safety andrelatively short recovery period associated with Ketamine makeit a useful substitute for drugs such as Phencyclidine hydro-chloride (Sernylan) and Succinylcholine Chloride, routinely used for the capture of carnivores.
A habitat map of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Bothma J. Du P. , De Graaff G.
Published: August 2012

The Kalahari Gemsbok National Park exhibits some six major habitats. Away from the river beds the tree savanna is limited to the northern corner of the park, consisting of Acacia girajfae woodland and scattered dunes. The Nossob and Auobriverbeds and adjacent areas also harbour A. girqffae except in the south where A. haematoxylon becomes dominant, and where the Karoo flora increases. The dunes covered with trees and shrubs usually support Boscia albitrunca, A. mellifera and an occasional A. girqffae. Where the dunes are superficially without shrub vegetation, Stipagrostis amabilis is dominant, although low, shrub-like A. haematoxylon also occurs. The plains also contain low A. haematoxylon shrub and several dominant grasses. Pans are abundantand their vegetation is usually characterized by stands of Rhigozum trichotomum and Monechma incanum.
A preliminary note on the visual changes in femur marrow fat as an indicator of femur fat percentage of springbok Antidorcas Marsupialis and blesbok Damaliscus Dorcas Phillipsi
Authors: Els D.A.
Published: August 2012

Changes occuring in marrow fat reserves of animals have been used as an indicator of their physical condition (Cheatum, 1949; Riney, 1955). Cheatum correlated his visual estimate with a chemical analysis and Riney used four different condition classes on red deer  (Cervus elaphus) for both colour and texture.
The status of conservation in the Republic of South Africa
Authors: Du Plessis S.S.
Published: August 2012

In South Africa the first conservation areas to be created were those set aside for large game animals.  Later, reserves were created around scenic features, to conserve vegetation features and to protect vulnerable cathment areas.
Survey to determine the adequacy of existing conserved areas in relation to vegetation types. A preliminary report.
Authors: Edwards D.
Published: August 2012

The report is a broad survey of the conservation status of South African vegetation. Data and maps show the distribution and total areas of conserved lands by the various conservation agencies, the size structure of nature reserves, the areas and percentages of conserved areas in relation to the 70 veld types and seven main vegetation types into which South Africa was divided by Acocks (1953), and important conservation requirements in the Bantu Homelands. Major conservation deficiencies lie in the Karoo and Karroid Bushveld and Grassland Types of vegetation, where 42 veld types have none or virtually no conservation, and in the Tropical Bush and Savanna Types to which-belong nine of the 10 remaining veld types extremely lacking in conservation. Additional reserves are needed' to conserve certain important and local ecosystems and species in the remaining 18 veld types, especially the Sclerophyllous Bush (Macchia or Fynbos) and Temperate and Transitional Forest and Scrub Types, and in certain Coastal Tropical Forest and Thornveld Types. Apart from minor deficiencies, the conservation status is outstanding for six of these 18 veld types (up to 47 per cent under conservation), and very good for another six veld types.
An evaluation of the conservation status of Aquatic Biotopes
Authors: Noble R.G.
Published: August 2012

The aims of Project Aqua in South Africa are stated. A classification and definitions of the different aquatic biotopes encountered is discussed. Recommendations for the conservation of additional sites not in existing conservation areas are made. A first South African Project Aqua site list is proposed.
Register of permanent conservation areas in South and South West Africa (August 1973)
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2012

The following register is published with the kind perission of NACOR.
Notes on some Edible wild plants found in the Kalahari
Authors: Keith M.E. , Renew A.
Published: August 2012

Limited work done on edible, indigenous plants to date, mainly concerns seasonal species. To develop a more reliable guide on food-plant sources for survival conditions in the field, a study directed at a survey of non-seasonal plants is conducted in the Kalahari. Descriptions of six edible non-seasonal plants for the Kalahari are given.
Pylstertmotte (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) van die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin
Authors: Van den Berg M. A. , Vermeulen J. B. , Braack H. H. , Braack Antoinette L.
Published: August 2012

'n Totaal van 42 spesies van pylstertmotte is in die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin versamel. Die bekendste hiervan is die patatrusper (Herse convolvuli (L)) en die dood-skedelmot (Acherontia atropos (L)). Die volgende spesies wat versamel is, se voorkoms is nog nie voorheen vir die Republiek van Suid-Afrika aangemeld nie nl. Pemba flavillacea (Walk.), Praedora plagiata (R. &J.), Leptoclanis basalis (Walk.), Polyptychus calcareus (R. &J.), Polyptychus compar (R. &J.), Nephele aequivalens (Walk.), Nephele peneus (Cram.), Hippotion roseipennis (Butler) en Xenosphingia jansei (Jord.). Die verspreiding van Oligographa juniperi (Bsd.) wat langs die kusgebiede van Natal en die Oos-Kaap aangetrefword, is op verskeie plekke in die Krugerwildtuin versamel.
The horn bases of the Reedbuck Redunca arundinum
Authors: Jungius H. , Claussen C.P. , Germany W.
Published: August 2012

The structure and function of the horn bases of the reedbuck Redunca arundinum are discussed. It is shown that the white colouration which often occurs is not caused by glandular secretion but by small horn particles which are shed, exposing the lighter coloured material underneath. The shining horn base probably plays a role in the display behaviour of males.
Home range sizes for burchell's zebra equus burchelli antiquorum from the Kruger National Park
Authors: Smuts G.L.
Published: August 2012

Annual home range sizes were determined for 49 marked zebra family groups in the Kruger National Park. Sizes varied from 49 to 566 sq. km, the mean for the Park being 164 square kilometre. Mean home range sizes for different zebra sub-populations and biotic areas were found to differ considerably. Present herbivore densities have not influenced intra- and inter-specific tolerance levels to the extent that home range sizes have increased. Local habitat conditions, and particularly seasonal vegetational changes, were found to have the most profound influence on the shape and mean size of home ranges. The large home range sizes obtained in the Kruger Park, when compared to an area such as the Ngorongoro Crater, can be ascribed to a lower carrying capacity with respect to zebra, large portions of the habitat being sub-optimal, either seasonally or annually.
Studies on the collection and storage of semen from the African Elephant, loxodonta african
Authors: Jones R.C. , Bailey D.W. , Skinner J.D.
Published: August 2012

Methods of semen collection following electrical stimulation are described. Semen was also collected from the male reproductive tract of slaughtered animals for several studies. Spermatozoa flushed from the male reproductive tract were immotile, but, dilution with buffered saline was sufficient to induce motility. It was found that the spermatozoa were sensitive to hypotpnic solutions and rapid cooling to 5C. Spermatozoa were frozen in egg yolk-citrate diluents. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was a better protective agent than glycerol. Eight per cent v/v was the best concentration of DMSO when used alone, but better results were obtained using a combination of 7% v/v DMSO and 1% v/v glycerol. A semen bank was established using these concentrations of protective agents and thawed samples from the bank showed good viability in the laboratory.