Intravenous Vitamin C for Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19
Authors:   The LOVIT-COVID Investigators, on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, and the REMAP-CAP Investigators, Florescu Simin  , Stanciu Delia , Zaharia Mihaela  ,  Kosa Alma , Codreanu Daniel , Fareed Komal , Kidwai Aneela , Kaye Callum , Coutts Amanda , MacKay Lynn , Summers Charlotte , Polgarova Petra  , Farahi Neda , Fox Eleonore , Sapsford David , Bongaerts Katherine , Featherstone Peter , Ng Anthony , McWilliam Stephen , Hawcutt Daniel , Rad Laura , O’Malley Laura , Whitbread Jennifer , Jones Dawn , Dore Rachael , Saunderson Paula  , Kelsall Olivia , Cowley Nicholas , Wild Laura , Thrush Jessica , Wood Hannah , Austin Karen , Donnelly Adrian , Kelly Martin , Smyth Naoise , O’Kane Sinéad , McClintock Declan , Warnock Majella , Campbell Ryan  , McCallion Edmund ,  Azaiz Amine , Charron Cyril , Godement Mathieu , Geri Guillaume , Vieillard-Baron Antoine , Johnson Paul , McKenna Shirley , Hanley Joanne , Currie Andrew , Allen Barbara , McGoldrick Clare  , McMaster Moyra , Mani Ashwin , Mathew Meghena , Kandeepan Revathi , Vignesh Chandrashekar , Ramakrishnan Nagarajan , James Augustian  , Elvira  Evangeline , Pratheema Ramachandran , Babu Suresh , Ebenezer Rabindrarajan , Krishnamoorthy S , Ranganathan Lakshmi , Ganesan Manisha , Shree Madhu , Piva Simone , Focà Emanuele , Rizzoni Damiano , Boari Gianluca , Marchesi Mattia , Butler Magdalena , Cowdrey Keri-Anne , Mason Brittany , Woolett Melissa , Duffy Eamon , Chen Yan , Nakamuro Hiromi , O’Connor Caroline , West Lauren , El-Khawas Khaled , Richardson Angus , Hill Dianne , Commons Robert , Abdelkharim Hussam , Saxena Manoj , Muteithia Margaret , Dobell-Brown Kelsey , Jha Rajeev , Kalogirou Michael , Ellis Christine , Krishnamurthy Vinodh , O’Connor Aibhilin , Thurairatnam Saranya , Mukherjee Dipak , Kaliappan Agilan , Vertue Mark , Nicholson Anne , Riches Joanne , Maloney Gracie , Kittridge Lauren , Solesbury Amanda , Ramos Angelo , Collins Daniel , Brickell Kathy , Reid Liadain , Smyth Michelle , Breen Patrick , Spain Sandra , Curley Gerard , McEvoy Natalie , Geoghegan Pierce , Clarke  Jennifer , Silversides Jon , McGuigan Peter , Ward Kathryn , O’Neill Aisling , Finn Stephanie , Wright Chris , Green Jackie , Collins Érin , Major Emmet , McAuley Julie , Carter Angus , Smith Julie , Boschert Catherine , Slieker Kitty , Ewalds Esther , Sanders Arnate , Wittenberg Wendy , Geurts Heidi , Poojara Latesh , Sara Treena , Nand Kiran , Reeve Brenda , Dechert  William , Phillips Barbara  , Oritz-Ruiz de Gordoa Laura , Campbell Marion , Dos Santos Filipa , Hansen Dan , Mullan Dee , Affleck Julia , Shaikh Arif , Murray Andrew , Ramanan Mahesh , Frakking Thuy , Pinnell Jez , Robinson Matt  , Gledhill Lisa , Wood Tracy , Sanghavi Ritesh , Bhonagiri Deepak , Ford Megan , Parikh Harshel G. , Avard Bronwyn , Nourse Mary , McDonald Bree , Edmunds Natasha , Hoiting Oscar , Peters Marco , Rengers Els , Bindels Manon , Evers Mirjam , Prinssen Anton , Morgan Matt , Cole Jade  , Hill Helen , Davies Michelle , Williams Angharad  , Thomas Emma , Davies Rhys , Wise Matt , Law Daniel , Grimm Patrick , Soukup Jens , Wetzold Richard , Löbel Madlen , Starke Lisa , Lellouche Francois  , Lizotte Patricia , Auvet Adrien , Ravry Celine , Creange Vanessa , Boivin Anne-Helene , Barreau Amélie , Vandewoestyne Sophie , Declercq Pierre-Louis , Marchalot  Antoine , Saladin Cecile , Gelinotte Stephanie , Eraldi Jean-Pierre , Bourgerol  François , Beuzelin  Marion , Jean-Philippe Rigaud , Pourcine Franck , Monchi Mehran , Pradel Gael , Hausermann Marie-Helene , Boudineau Michel , Nguyen-Valat Thi-My-Hue , Guitton Christophe , Marnai Remy , Leroyer Marie-Helene , Landais Michaël , Darreau Cedric , Saint Martin Marjorie , Tirot Patrice , Chudeau Nicolas , Brasselet Aurélie , Volkov Lev , Callahan Jean-Christophe , Meunier Juliette , Douillard Thomas , Le Basnier Elliot , Veillard Marion , Vivier Dominique , Luis David , Mercier Romain , Sagnier Anne , Verrier Nathalie , Caplin Cecile , Richecoeur Jack , Combaux Daniele , Siami Shidasp , Aparicio Christelle , Vautier Sarah , Jeblaoui Asma , Lemaire-Brunel Delphine , D’Aragon Frédérick , Bérard Dominique , Grondin-Beaudoin Brian , Leclair Marc-André , Lesur Olivier , Mayette Michaël , Poulin Yannick , Quiroz-Martinez Hector , St-Arnaud Charles , Carbonneau Elaine , Bolduc Brigitte , Bélisle Julie , Bouchard Marie-Pier , Côté Line , Martineau Joannie , Naisby Alexandra , Robert-Petit Louise , Thibault Marie-Ève , Leblond Julie , Plantefeve Gaetan  , Leparco Cécile , Contou Damien , Fartoukh Muriel , Courtin Laura , Labbe Vincent , Voiriot Guillaume , Salhi Sara , Chassé Michaël , Pierre Aslanian , Bélisle Sylvain , Carrier François Martin , Charbonney Emmanuel , Girard Martin , Guimond Jean-Gilles , Halwagi Antoine , Kolan Christophe , Robillard Nicholas , Boumahni Dounia  , Benettaib Fatna , Cantin Marie-Ève , Coutu-Beaudry Katherine , Ghamraoui Ali , Lamothe Francesca , Lebrasseur Martine , Prie Cindy , Salamé Maya , Archambault Patrick , Côté Émilie , Beaudoin Rosalie , Noel-Hunter Monia , Boutin Mireille , Couture Laurie , Sement Arnaud , Gachet Alexandre , Hanisch Alexis , Haffiane Abdelmagid , Boivin Anne-Hélène , Barreau Amelie , Guerineau Elodie , Poupblanc Séverine , Egreteau Pierre-Yves , Lefevre Montaine , Bocher Simon , Le Loup Guillaume , Le Guen Lenaïg , Carn Vanessa , Bertel Melanie , Antcliffe David , Templeton Maie  , Rojo Roceld , Coghlan Phoebe , Smee Joanna  , Barker Gareth , Finn André , Kreß Gabriele , Hoff Uwe , Hinrichs Carl , Nee Jens , Mackay Euan  , Cort Jon , Whileman Amanda , Spencer Thomas , Spittle Nick , Beavis Sarah , Padmakumar Anand , Dale Katie , Hawes Joanne , Moakes Emma , Gascoyne Rachel  , Pritchard Kelly , Stevenson Lesley , Cooke Justin , Nemeth-Roszpopa Karolina , Adhikari Sheetal , Gauli Basanta , Kunwar Puja , Muller Grégoire , Nay Mai-Anh , Kamel Toufik , Benzekri Dalila , Jacquier Sophie , Runge Isabelle , Mathonnet Armelle , Barbier François , Bretagnol Anne , Carter Jay , Van Der Heyden Kymbalee , Mehrtens Jan , Morris Anna , Morgan Stacey , Burke Tara , Mercier Emmanuelle , Chartier Delphine , Salmon Charlotte , Dequin Pierre-François , Garot Denis , Quenot Jean Pierre , Garrier Ludivine , Villot Solenne , Audry Mathilde , Brassard Eric , Francoeur  Charles , Lauzier François , Leblanc Guillaume , St-Onge Maude , Bellemare David , Cloutier Ève  , Daher Rana  , Costerousse Olivier , Boulanger Marie-Claude , Couillard-Chénard Émilie , Mallard Louis-Charles , Thibeault Frédérique , Tremblay Antoine , Francois Bruno , Gay Alexandra , Anne-Laure Fedou , Ramali Mohamed , HC Ooi , Ghosh Alison , Osagie Rawlings , Arachchige Malka , Hartley Melissa , Shu Ki Lok Jennifer , Plummer Bethany , Hin Lui Lok , Bloomfield Jack , Balls-Burgess Sam , Seigne Patick , Philip Annlin , Cleary Joanne , O'Neill Lorraine , Kelly Niamh , Bamford Peter , Reid Andrew , Cawley Kathryn , Faulkner Maria , Pickering Charlotte , Raj Ashok  , Tsinaslanidis Georgios , Khade Reena  , Agha Gloria , Sekiwala Rose , Smith Tim , Brewer Chris , Gregory Jane , Limb James , Cowton Amanda , O’Brien Julie , Postlethwaite Kelly , Malakouti  Salim , Music Edvin , Ricketts Dan , King Andrew , Clermont Gilles , Bart Robert , Mayr Florian , Schoenling Andrew , Andreae Mark , Shetty Varun , Brant Emily , Malley Brian , Donadee Chenell , Horvat Christopher , Girard Timothy , Sackrowitz Rachel , Weissman Alexandra , Yealy Donald , Barton David , Talia Nadine , Nikitas Nikitas , Wells Colin , McMillan Helen , Stowe Bethan , Spencer Kayleigh , Stapleton Liana , van den Oever Huub , Kruisdijk-Gerritsen Arriette , Haidar Ghady  , Bain William , Barbash Ian , Fitzpatrick Meghan , Kitsios Georgios , Moghbeli Kaveh , Rosborough Brian , Shah Faraaz , Suber Tomeka , Stanley Timothy , Castle James , Carr Zoe , Alegria Ana , Turki Salah , Elsefi Tarek , Crisp Nikki , Allen Louise , Truman Nicholas , Smith Matthew , Chukkambotla Sri , Goddard Wendy , Duberley Stephen , Khan Meherunnisa , Kazi Aayesha , Simpson Joanna , Duke Graeme , Chan Peter , Carter Brittney , Hunter Stephanie , Voigt Ingo , Schueler Robert , Blank Elisabeth , Hüning Vanessa , Steffen Melanie , Goralski Patricia , Regli Adrian , Pellicano Susan , Palermo Annamaria , Eroglu  Ege , Bihari Shailesh , Laver Russell D. , Shrestha Tapaswi , Jin  Xia , McIntyre Joanne , McCullagh Iain , Cairns Tom , Hanson Helen , Patel Bijal , Clement Ian , Evetts George , Touma Omar  , Holland Susan , Hodge Christopher , Taylor Holly , Alderman Meera , Barnes Nicky , Da Rocha Joana , Smith Catherine , Brooks Nicole , Weerasinghe Thanuja , Sinclair Julie-Ann , Abusamra Yousuf , Doherty Ronan , Cudlipp Joanna  , Singh Rajeev , Yu Haili , Daebis Admad  , NG Christopher , Kendrick Sara  , Saran Anita , Makky Ahmed  , Greener Danni , Rowe-Leete Louise , Edwards Alexandra , Bland Yvonne , Dolman Rozzie , Foster Tracy , Conway Robert , Csabi Peter , Szawarski Piotr , Hajdu Bence , Tamm Tina , Bryden Emma , Glynou Loukia , Graniewski Jaroslaw , Kuybida Yuriy , Jones Samantha , Kavanagh Lisa , Singler Karen , Laffey John , McNicholas Bairbre , Scully Michael , Casey Siobhan  , Kernan Maeve , Brennan Aoife , Rangan Ritika , Tully Riona , Corbett Sarah , McCarthy Aine  , Duffy Oscar , Burke David , Linnett Vanessa , Sanderson Amanda , Ritzema Jenny , Wild Helen , Lucas Rachael , Marriott Yvonne , Khare Divya , Pinder Meredith , Gopinath Amitha  , Kannan Thogulava , Dean Steven , Vanmali Piyush , Depuydt Pieter , De Waele Jan , De Bus Liesbet , Fierens Jan , Bracke Stephanie , Vermassen Joris , Vermeiren Daisy , Van Hecke Jolien , De Smeytere Anouska , Pugh Richard , Lean Richard , Qiu Xinyi , Scanlan Jeremy , Evans Andrew , Davies Gwyneth , Lewis Joanne , Rees Stephanie , MacKay Callum , Craddock Richard , Davies Jennifer , Williams Hannah , Manley Rachel , Garrod Esther , Tee Ameilia , Plesnikova Yvonna , Khoud Ahmed , Coetzee Samantha , Puxty Kathryn , Cathcart Susanne , Rimmer Dominic , Bagot Catherine , Scott Kathryn , Martin Laila , MacTavish Pamela , Murphy Ryan , Carmichael Samantha , Tait Jennifer , Nygren Maria , Yusuff Hakeem , Isgro Graziella , Brightling Chris , Bourne Michelle , Craner Michelle , Boyles Rebecca , Alexander Brian , Roberts Tracey , Nelli Apoorva , Rosenstein-Sisson Rachel , Speyer Rebecca , Pech Yadira , McCullough James , Tallott Mandy , Vazquez-Grande Gloria , Marten Nicole , Liu Theresa , Siddiqui Atif , Khanal Sushil , Amatya  Sameena , Shrestha Sabita , Pathak Shreya , Mali Sharmila , Bhattarai Bina , Szakmany Tamas  , Cherian Shiney , Williams Gemma , James Christie , Waters Abby , Duric Natalie , Almeshhedani Hasham , Jesty Robert , Spiers Catriona , Prout Rachel , Stedman Roger , Davies Louisa , Pegler Suzannah , Kyeremeh Lynsey , Moorhouse Louise , Watters Malcolm , Arbane Gill , Bociek Aneta , Ostermann Marlies , D’Amato Fabiola , GrauNovellas Neus , Mathew Moncy , Lim Rosario , van Nieuwkoop Kees , Ottens Thomas , Visser Yorik , van den 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, Howcroft Clare , Aspinwall Angelique , Charlton Sam , Gould Richard , Mistry Deena , Awan Sidra , Bedford Caroline , Carr-Wilkinson Joanne  , Hall Andrew , Cooke Jill , Gardiner-Hill Caroline , Maloney Carolyn , Brunskill Nigel , Watchorn Olivia , Hardy Chloe , Qureshi Hafiz , Flint Neil , Nicholson Sarah , Southin Sara , Nicholson Andrew , Ghattaoraya Amardeep , Harding Daniel , O’Halloran Sinead , Collins Amy , Smith Emma , Trues Estefania , Borgatta Barbara , Turner-Bone Ian , Reddy Amie , Wilding Laura , Wilson Craig , Surti Zuhra , Aneman Anders , Dugan Christopher , Chin Edison , Miller Jennene , White Hayden , Estensen Kristen , Morrison Lynette , Sutton Joanne , Cooper Melanie , Warnapura Loku , Agno Ronan , Sathianathan Prasannakumari  , Shaw Deborah , Ijaz Nazia , Spong Adam , Sabaretnam Suganya , Burns Dean , Lang Eva , Tate Margaret , Fischer Roy , Biradar Vishwanath , Soar Natalie , Golden David , Davey Miriam , Seaman Rebecca , Osborne Alexander , Bannard-Smith Jonathan , Clark Richard , Birchall Kathrine , Henry Joanne , Pomeroy Fiona , Quayle Rachael , Wylie Katharine , Sukuraman Anila , John Maya , Sibin Sindhu , Leditschke Anne , Finnis Mackenzie , Jongebloed Katherine , Roumen Rudy , de Groot Klaas , Khwaja Kosar , Campisi Josie , van Vonderen Marit , Stienstra Riejanne , Kampschreur  Linda , Pietersma Mario , van Gulik Laura , Makowski Arystarch , Misztal Beata , Haider Syeda , Liao Angela , Squires Rebecca , Oborska Aneta , Kayani Abdul , Kalchko-Veyssal Selver , Prabakaran Rajalakshmi , Hadebe Bernard , Williams Tony , Song Rima , Girijadevi Dinuraj , Lai Vivian , Morpeth Susan , Mwembani Tina , Stewart Richard , Mwaura Esther , Mew Louise , Wren Lynn , Willams Felicity , Sutherland Sara-Beth , Rebello Rashmi , Rehman Atique , Bharaj Kiranjit , Shehabi Yahya , Al-Bassam Wisam , Hulley Amanda , Kadam Umesh , Sathianathan Kushaharan , Burgess Richard , Doble Patricia , Graham Libby , Shovelton Charmaine , Dean Tessa , Purnell Rebecca , Thomas 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Zoe , Duncan Tracy , Ustianowski Andrew , Uriel Alison , Eltayeb Ayaa , Alfonso Jordan , Hey Samuel , Shaw Joanne , Fox Claire , Lindergard Gabriella , Charles Bethan , Blackledge Bethany , Connolly Karen , Harris Jade , Cuesta Jeronimo , Xavier Kugan , Purohit Dharam , Elhassan Munzir , Haldeos Anne , Vincent Rachel , Abdelrazik Marwa , Jenkins Samuel , Ganesan Arunkumar , Kumar Rohit , Carter David , Bakthavatsalam Dhanalakshmi , Frater Alasdair , Saleem Malik , Madarbukus Daanyaal , Everitt Robert , Bridges Sarah , Karim Hina , Zaman Mohsin , Elmahi Einas , Jones Andrea , Hall Kathryn , Phillips Matt , Terrill Lenae , Mills Gary , Raithatha Ajay , Bauchmuller Kris , Ryalls Kim , Harrington Kate , Bowler Helen , Sall Jas , Bourne Richard , Howell Alice , Lye Alison , Kirk Rosemary , Jarman Claire , Yates Bryan , Kilner Mari , Bomken Charlotte , Reynolds Jessica , Gross Jamie , Massey Natalie , Adebambo Olumide , Long Matilda , Tony Kiran , Kohli Sonny , Cui Fulan , Khera Vikas , Rehsia Sachdeep , Perez Adic , Bharti Dalisha , Handa Surbhi , Shields Fiona , Henschke Alice , Juffermans Nicole , Koopmans Matty , Rowland Matthew , Hutton Paula , Bashyal Archana , Davidson Neil , Hird Clare , Beer Sally , Wilson Jean , Polley Grace , Chhablani Manish , Phalod Gunjan , Kirkby Amy , Archer Simon , Netherton Kimberley  , Reschreiter Henrik , Camsooksai Julie , Patch Sarah , Jenkins Sarah , Humphrey Charlotte , Langridge Emma , Flynn Gordon , Harrington Claire , Kruger Peter , Walsham James , Meyer Jason , Harward Meg , Mackay Josephine , Jones Cassie , Sathe Sonia , Roche Lisa , Davies Ellie , Skinner Denise , Gaylard Jane , Newman Julie , Pogson David , Rose Steve , Daly Zoe , Brimfield Lutece , Nown Angie , Parekh Dhruv , Bergin Colin , Bates Michelle , McGhee Christopher , Lynch Daniella , Bhandal Khushpreet , Tsakiridou Kyriaki , Bamford Amy , Cooper Lauren , Whitehouse Tony , Veenith Tonny , Forster Elliot , O'Connell Martin , Page Shannon , Haider Nafeesah , 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Mailman Jonathan , Lee Stephen , Kassir Sandy , England Jenna , López Rafael , Rodríguez-Gómez Jorge , Cárcel Sheila , Carmona Rosario , de la Fuente Carmen , Rodriguez Marina , de la Torre Cisneros Julian , Jan Hassing Robert  , Greven Frances , Huijbens Danique , Verheij Harald , Roebers L , Miles Helen , Attokaran Antony , Buehner Ulrike , Williams Erin , Plummer Mark , O’Connor Stephanie , Glasby Kathleen , Rivett Justine , Brown Nerissa , Kutsogiannis Demetrios , Chowdhury Raiyan , Davidow Jon , Johnston Curtis , Kim Michael , Macala Kimberley  , Markland Darren , Matheson Doug , Parker Arabesque , Paton-Gay Damian , Robinson Andrea , Thompson Patrica , Hewer Tayne , Rooney Kevin , Rodden Natalie , Thomson Nicola , McGlynn Deborah , Abel Lynn , Gemmell Lisa , Sundaram Radha , Hornsby James , Walden Andrew , Keating Liza , Frise Matthew , Rai Sabi , Bartley Shauna , Schuster-Bruce Martin , Pitts Sally , Miln Rebecca , Purandare Laura , Vamplew Luke , Patel Brijesh , Dempster Debra , Gummadi Mahitha , Dormand Natalie , Wang Shu , Spivey Michael , Bean Sarah , Burt Karen , Moore Lorraine , Hammonds Fiona , Richards Carol , Chapman Rachel , Cornell Thomas , Campbell Lewis , Smyth Kirsty , Ross Elizabeth , Mackenzie Brittney , Day Christopher , Zitter Letizia , Benyon Sarah , Singh Jayaprakash , Lynch Ceri  , Mikusek Justyna , Deacon Bethan , Turner Keri , Baker Evelyn , Hickey John , Champanerkar Shreekant , Aitken Lindianne  , LewisProsser Lorraine , Ahmad Norfaizan  , Wiles Matt , Willson Jayne , Grecu Irina , Martin Jane , Wrey Brown Caroline , Arias Ana-Marie , Bevan Emily , Westlake Samantha , Craven Thomas , Hope David , Singleton Jo , Clark Sarah , McCulloch Corrienne , Biddie Simon , Marshall Lucy , Birch Sophie , Britton Kate , Welters Ingeborg , Hamilton David , Williams Karen , Shaw David , Mulla Suleman , Waite Alicia , Roman Jaime , Martinez Maria , Johnston Brian , Medhurst Laura , Beresford Stephanie , Ayee Robert , Puthucheary Zudin , Martin Timothy , Santos Filipa , Uddin Ruzena  , Fernandez Maria , Seidu Fatima , Somerville Alastair , Pakats Mari-Liis , Begum Salma , Shahid Tasnin  , Dias Priya , Presneill Jeffrey , Barge Deborah , Byrne Kathleen , Vuylsteke Alain , Chan Charles , Victor Saji , Waterson Sharon , McNamara Robert , Boardman Melanie , Gattas David , Buhr Heidi , Coles Jennifer , Matsa Ramprasad , Gellamucho Minerva , Sernicola Elisa , Bailey Lucy , Creagh-Brown Ben , Marriot Cheryl , Salberg Armorel , Zouita Louisa , Stone Sarah , Michalak-Glinska Natalia , Donlon Sinead , Mtuwa Shelia , Mayangao Irving , Verula Jerik , Burda Dorota , Harris Celia , Jones Emily , Bradley Paul , Tarr Esther , Harden Lesley , Piercy Charlie , Smith Eleanor , Nolan Jerry , Kerslake Ian , Cook Tim , Simpson Tom , Dalton James , Demetriou Carrie , Mitchard Sarah , Ramos Lidia , White Katie , Johnson Toby , Headdon William , Spencer Stephen , White Alison , Howie Lucy , Smith Natalie , Riddell Phillip , Hierons Sarah , Evans Gabrielle , Didiodato Giulio , Igric Ana , Cruise Kelly , Ding Ian , Shelep Victoria , Pietersen Debra , Pokhrel Sujata , Reay Michael , Jenkins Steve , Watts Angela , Traverse Eleanor , Jennings Stacey , Anumakonda Vikram , Tuckwell Caroline , Harrow Kath , Matthews Julie , McGarry Karen , Moore Vanessa , Smith Lucie , Summerfield Anna , Dark Paul , Harvey Alice , Doonan Reece , McMorrow Liam , Knowles Karen , Pendlebury Jessica , Lee Stephanie , Perez Jane , Marsden Tracy , Taylor Melanie , Michael Angiy  , Collis Matthew , Claxton Andrew , Habeichi Wadih , Horner Dan , Slaughter Melanie , Thomas Vicky , Proudfoot Nicola , Keatley Claire , Mclaughlan Danielle , Donnison Phil , Casey Ruth , Irving Ben , Matimba-Mupaya Wadzanai , Reed Catherine , Anthony Alpha , Trim Fiona , Cambalova Lenka , Robertson Debra , Wilson Anna , Eapen Beena , Hulme Jonathan , Kannan Santhana , Kinney Fiona , Senya Ho , Hayes Anne , Diridis Kristina , Ramamurthi Balaji , Bleasdale John , Mokhtar Nabih , Newbould David , Arora Anand , Saluja Rupali , Sharma Deepak , Haiba Khalid , Donnelly Kieran , Sherwood Nick , Joseph Sibet , Potter Sarah , Henry Lavinia , Ratnam Valli , Gill Mandy , Kirk Jill , Shelton Sarah , Schweikert Sacha , Wibrow Bradley , Mevavala Bhaumik , Asif Namra , Khoso Nasir , Taqdees Huda , Frey Christian , Scano Riccardo , McKee Madeleine , Murphy Peter , Thomas Matt , Worner Ruth , Faulkner Beverley , Gendall Emma , Hayes Kati , Blakemore Hayley , Borislavova Borislava , Smith Kerry , Stephens Deanna , Deshpande Kush , van Haren Frank , Konecny Pam , Inskip Deborah , Tung Raymond , Hayes Leanne , Murphy Lorna , Neill Andy , Reidy Bryan , O’Dwyer Michael , Ryan Donal , Ainscough Kate , Hamilton-Davies Colin , Chan Carmen , Mfuko Celina , Abbass Hakam , Mandadapu Vineela , Leaver Susannah , Patel Kamal , Farnell-Ward Sarah , Saluzzio Romina , Rawlins Sam , Sicat Christine , Fernandes Edna , De Keulenaer Bart , Ferrier Janet , Fysh Ed , Dawda Ashlish , Al-Hazzani Waleed , Ligori Tania , Soth Mark , Clarke France , Matic Karlo , Copland Mary , Hoad Neala , Sawyer Ashley , Banach Dorota , Fernández de Pinedo Artaraz Ziortza  , Cabreros Leilani , Latham Victoria , Wong Jenny , Gurung Anita , Mohammed Amal , Jepson Eleanor , Kruisselbrink Rebecca , Brochard Laurent , Burns Karen , Sandhu Gyan , Khalid  Imrana , White Ian , Croft Maria , Holland Nicky , Pereira Rita , Frost Victoria , Wells Karen , Chin Teri , Aquino Maia , Nair Priya , Buscher Hergen , Reynolds Claire , Campion Alexandra , Hall Amelia , Santamaria John , Haydon Tim , Homes Jennifer , Zaki Ahmed , Johnson David , Garrard Hywel , Juhaz Vera , Brown Louise , Pemberton Abigail , Roy Alistair , Rostron Anthony , Woods Lindsey , Cornell Sarah , Amaral Andre , Angriman Federico , Cuthbertson Brian , Fowler Rob , Piquette Dominique , Scales Damon , Tillman Bourke , Marinoff  Nicole , Kaur Navjot , Adeel Zoya , Kamra Maneesha , Khan Hamzah , Murali Deeptha , Ruxandra Pinto , Sabananthan Thivya , Sugumaran Thuva , Garrett Peter , Murray Lauren , Brailsford Jane , Pillai Suresh , Harford Rachel , Ivatt Helen , Evans Debra , Richards Suzanne , Roberts Eilir , Bowen James , Ainsworth James , Williams Marie , Kuitunen Anne , Karlsson Sari , Vahtera Annukka , Kiiski Heikki , Ristimäki Sanna , Albrett Jonathan , Jackson Carolyn , Kirkham Simon , Tamme Kadri , Reinhard Veronika , Ellervee Anneli , Põldots Liisi , Rennit Pille , Svitškar Nikolai , Chen Jonathan , Miller Amanda , McCracken Phoebe , Young Meredith , Board Jasmin , Martin Emma , Kasipandian Vidya , Patel Amit , Allibone Suzanne , Mary-Genetu Roman , English Shane , Seely Andrew , McIntyre Lauralyn , Watpool Irene , Porteous Rebecca , Miezitis Sydney , Haines Jessica , Brady Kara , Vale Cassandra , Shekar Kiran , Lavana Jayshree , Parmar Dinesh , Peake Sandra , Williams Patricia , Kurenda Catherine , Wijewardena Gayathri , Hormis Anil , Walker Rachel , Collier Dawn , Kimpton Sarah , Oakley Susan , Graham Cheryl , Maynard Victoria , Bhagani Sanjay , De Neef Mark , Garcia Sara , Maharajh Amitaa  , Nandani Aarti , Dobson Jade , Fernando Gloria , Eastgate Christine , Gomez Keith , Abdi Zakee , Pakou Glykeria , Tatham Kate , Jhanji Shaman , Black Ethel , Dela Rosa Arnold , Howle Ryan , Baikady Ravishankar , Tully Redmond , Drummond Andrew , Dearden Joy , Philbin Jennifer , Munt Sheila , Gopal Shameer , Pooni Jagtar-Singh , Ganguly Saibal , Smallwood Andrew , Metherell Stella , Naeem Anas , Fagan Laura , Turner Elizabeth , Mariappa Vasanth , Smith Judith , Foulds Angela , Revill Adam , Bhattarai Binita , Maharjan Sabi , Maharjan Radhika , Phuyal Aarti , Shrestha Namrata , Meijer Karina , Postma Douwe , Thedinga Karen , de Jonge Evert , Wigbers Jeanette , del Prado Michael , Cremer Olaf , Mulier Jelle , Rademaker Emma , Peters Anna , Romberg Birgit , Leavis Helen , Schutgens Roger , Troeman Darren , van Opdorp Marjolein , Besten Henny , Brakké Karen , Barber Russell , Hilldrith Anette , Sloan Andrew , Okubanjo Maryanne , Francis Olesya , Barker Stephanie , Butler Susan , Hewitt Claire , Lee Kelvin , Tavares Silvia , Kluge Stefan , Nierhaus Axel , Jarczak Dominik , Roedl  Kevin , Kochanek Matthias , Rueß-Paterno Giusi , Mc-Kenzie Josette , Eichenauer Dennis , Shimabukuro-Vornhagen Alexander , Göpel Siri , Eisenbeis Simone , Rissen Reimer , Conzelmann Nadine , Wilcox Elizabeth , del Sorbo Lorenzo , Abdelhady Hesham , Romagnuolo  Tina , Simpson Scott , Maiden Matthew , Horton Michelle , Trickey Jemma , Brohi Farooq , Jagannathan Vijay , Clark Michele , Purvis Sarah , Wetherill Bill , Dushianthan Ahilanandan  , Cusack Rebecca , de Courcy-Golder Kim , Salmon Karen , Burnish Rachel , Smith Simon , Jackson Susan , Ruiz Winningtom  , Duke Zoe , Johns Magaret  , Male Michelle , Gladas Kirsty , Virdee Satwinder  , Swabe Jacqueline , Tomlinson Helen , Baker Alice , Carter Michael , Roberts Belinda , Greene Emma , Rohde Gernot , Grünewaldt Achim , Bojunga Jörg , Petros Sirak , Pasieka Bastian , Kunz Kevin , Laudi Sven , Seidel Antje , Ullmann Hannah , Schlegel Christian , Weismann Dirk , Frey Anna , Drayss Maria , Goebeler M.E. , Flor Thomas , Fragner Gertrud , Wahl Nadine , Totzke Juliane , Sayehli Cyrus , Bewley Jeremy , Sweet Katie , Grimmer Lisa , Johnson Rebekah , Wyatt Rachel , Morgan Karen , Varghese Siby , Willis Joanna , Stratton Emma , Kyle Laura , Putensen Daniel , Drury Kay , Skorko Agnieszka , Dell Abbie , Wright Kim , Webster Denise , Corcoran Kathleen , Kolovou Angeliki , Efford Georgia , McCullagh Liz , Bremmer Pamela , Ward Geraldine , Bassford Christopher , Sligl Wendy , Baig Nadia , Rewa Oleksa , Bagshaw Sean , Markota Andrej , Kalamar Žiga , Svenšek Franc , Marinšek Martin , Fluher Jure , Jerenec Katja , Kit Barbara , Živko Iris , Linstrum Kelsey , Basile Kim , Stavor Dara , Burbee Dylan , McNamara Amanda , Wunderley Renee , Bensen Nicole , Richardson Aaron , Adams Peter , Vita Tina , Buhay Megan , Scholl Denise , Gilliam Matthew , Winters James , Doherty Kaleigh , Berryman Emily , Ghaffari Mehrdad , Marroquin Oscar , Quinn Kevin , Garrard William , Kalchthaler Kyle , Beard Gregory , Skrtich Aimee , Bagavathy Kavitha , Drapola Debra , Wells Alan , Bryan-Morris Kayla , Arnold John , Reynolds Bob , Hussain Mahwish , Dunsavage Janice , Saiyed Salim , Hernandez Erik , Goldman John , Brown Cynthia , Comp Susan , Raczek James , Morris Jenny , Vargas Jr. Jesus , Weiss Daniel , Hensley Joseph , Kochert Erik , Wnuk Chris , Nemeth Christopher , Mowery Brent , Hutchinson Christina , Winters Lauren , McAdams David , Walker Gena , Minnier Tami , Wisniewski Mary , Mayak Katelyn , McCreary Erin , Martin Elise , Bariola Ryan , Viehman Alex , Daley Jessica , Lopus Alyssa , Schmidhofer Mark , Ambrosino Richard , Keen Sherbrina  , Toffalo Sue , Stambaugh Martha , Trimmer Ken , Perri Reno , Casali Sherry , Medva Rebecca , Massar Brent , Beyerl Ashley , Burkey Jason , Keeler Sheryl , Lowery Maryalyce , Oncea Lynne , Daugherty Jason , Sevilla Chanthou , Woelke Amy , Dice Julie , Weber Lisa , Roth Jason , Ferringer Cindy , Beer Deborah , Fesz Jessica , Carpio Lillian , Colin Gwenhael , Zinzoni Vanessa , Maquigneau Natacha , Henri-Lagarrigue Matthieu , Pouplet Caroline , Reill Lorenz , Distler Michael , Maselli Astrid , Martynoga Robert , Trask Kara , Butler Amelia , Newlands Jessica , Henderson Kelly , Attwood Ben , Parsons Penny , Campbell Bridget , Smith Alex , Hakak Sheeba , Murphy Aisling , Joyce Kirsten , Page Valerie , Zhao Xiao , Oza Deepali , Abrahamson Gail , Sheath Ben , Ellis Chiara , Guanco Mark , Hoxha Elvira , Hegazy Ahmed , Nordin Nazril , Denham Lynn , Young Paul , Lesona Eden , Navarra Leanlove , Delaney Kirsha , Marmol Joy , Latino Reece , Qiu Shan , Monaghan Maree , Rhodes Jonathan , Anderson Thomas , Morris Sheila , Madani Yasser , Nayyar Vineet , Bowen David , Kong Jing , Monzon Angelica , Fuchs Ralph , Lambert Bridget , Tai Charlotte , Thomas Amy , Keen Alexandra , Tierney Carey , Omer Nimca , Bacon Gina , Evans Amy , Binnie Alexandra , Powell Elizabeth , McMillan Alexandra , Luk Tracy , Aref Noah , Denmade Craig , Sadera Girendra  , Jacob Reni , Jones Cathy , Hughes Debbie , Elgendy Ahmad , Geng Wenli , Digby Stephen , Southern David , Reddy Harsha , Hulse Sarah , Campbell Andrew , Garton Mark , Watkins Claire , Smuts Sara , The Stephanie , Smith Oliver , Harris John , Quinn Alison , Simpson Benjamin , McMillan Catherine , Finch Cheryl , Hill Claire , Cooper Josh , Brittain Michael , Teo Hoon , Waddington Natalia , Budd Joanna , Small Charlotte , O’Leary Ryan , Birch Janine , Collins Emma , Holland Andrew , Alexander Peter , Felton Tim , Ferguson Susan , Sellers Katharine , Ward Luke , Bentley Andrew , Fiouni Sofia , Yates David , Birkinshaw Isobel , Kell Kay , Scott Zoe , Pearson Harriet , Wittekamp Bastiaan , Grady Bart , Platenkamp Ellen , Hashmi Madiha , Ali Maryam , Hassan Noor , Panjwani Ashok , Umrani Zulfiqar , Shaikh Mohiuddin , Siddiqui Ayesha , Ain Quratul , Kanwal Darakhshan , van Bree Sjoerd , Bouw-Ruiter Marianne , Osinga Margreet ,  van Zanten  Arthur , Adhikari Neill KJ , Annane Djillali , Battista Marie-Claude , Cohen Dian , Cook Deborah , Day Andrew , Guyatt Gordon , Heyland Daren , Kanji Salmaan , Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan Bharath Kumar , Lamontagne Francois , Masse Marie-Helene , McGuinness Shay , Menard Julie , Parke Rachael , Pinto Ruxandra , Sprague Sheila , Bouffard Lucie , Gritsas Ari , Buckingham Lisa , Têtu Amélie , Malenfant Francis , Turcotte Pierre , Al-Beidh Farah , Angus Derek , Annane Djillai , Arabi Yaseen , Beane Abigail , Berry Scott , Bhimani Zahra , Bonten Marc , Bradbury Charlotte , Brunkhorst Franck , Burrell Aidan , Buxton Meredith , Cecconi Maurizio , Cheng Allen , Cove Matthew , Derde Lennie , Escourt Lise , Goossens Herman , Gordon Anthony , Green Camron , Haniffa Rashan , Hill Thomas , Huang David , Ichihara Nao , Lawler Patrick , Marshall John , McArthur Colin , McAuley Daniel , McGQuilten Zoe , McVerry Bryan , Mouncey Paul , Murthy Srinivas , Nichol Alistair , Parker Jane , Reyes Luis Felipe , Rowan Kathryn , Saito Hiroki , Santos Marlene , Seymour Christopher , Shankar-Hari Manu , Turgeon Alexis , Turner Anne , Webb Steve , Zarychanski Ryan , McEldrew Rebecca , KC Shirish , Tolppa Timo , Rashan Sumayyah , Singh Vanessa , van Bentum-Puijk Wilma , Brugman Curt , Groeneveld Erika , Jafarzadeh Mina , Jongenelen Irene , Keijzer-Timmers Nicole , Kester Esmee , Koelink Maaike , Okundaye Clementina , Parker Lorraine , Patil Sonal , Peters Svenja , Rietveld Ilse , Sayada Sarah , Smit  Albertine , van Amerongen Roosmarijn , Vermont - van der Staaij Janine , Doran Peter , Anjum Aisha  , Au Carly , Lane Janis-Best , Fagboden Elizabeth , Barton Frances , Charles Walton , Miller Lorna , Parry-Billings Karen , Peters Sam , Richards-Belle Alvin , Saull Michelle , Sprinckmoller Stefan , Wiley Daisy , Darnell Robert , Stronach Lucy , Wada Asako , Beqaj Besa , Forbes Andrew , Green Cameron , Heritier Stephane , Hills Thomas , McEldrew Bec , McQuilten Zoe , Trapani Tony , Manoharan Venika , Dondrop Arjen M , Bin Hasan Mohd Shahnaz , Jayakumar Devachandran , Kalla Ismail  , Murray Lyle , Siika Wangari , Brunkhorst Frank , Ehrmann Stephan , Povoa Pedro , Horvat Chrisptopher , Doi Yohei , Fujitani Shigeki , Honda Hitoshi , Jindai Kazuaki , Kamata Kazuhiro , Kato Hideaki , Kunishima Hiroyuki , Nakazono Kenichi , Shintani Ayumi , Yamagishi Yoshiaki , Yamashita Chizuru , Beasley Richard , Daneman Nick , Fowler Robert , McGloughlin Steve , Paterson David , Hullegie Sebastiaan , Litton Edward , Murphy Srinivas , Venkatesh Bala , de Jong Menno , Uyeki Tim , Baillie Kenneth , Netea Mihai , Orr Katrina , Patanwala Asad , Tong Steve , Cooper Nichola , Galea James , Ogungbenro Kayode , Patawala Asad , Tong Steven , Youngstein Taryn , Carrier Marc , Fergusson Dean , Goligher Ewan , Hunt Beverley , Kumar Anand , Laffan Mike , Lother Sylvain , Middledorp Saskia , Neal Matthew , Stanworth Simon , Anstey Matthew , de Man Angelique , Udy Andrew , Abraham Jacinta , Arnold Donald , Begin Phillipe , Charlewood Richard , Chasse Michael , Cooper Jamie , Coyne Mark , Daly James , Estcourt Lise , Gosbell Iain , Harvala-Simmonds Heli , Hills Tom , MacLennan Sheila , McDyer John , Menon David , Pridee Nicole , Roberts David , Thomas Helen , Tinmouth Alan , Triulzi Darrell , Walsh Tim , Wood Erica , Calfee Carolyn , O’Kane Cecilia , Shyamsundar Murali , Sinha Pratik , Thompson Taylor , Young Ian , Ferguson Niall , Hodgson Carol , Neto Ary , Orford Neil , Phua Jason , Baron Rebecca , Epelman Slava  , Ezekowitz Justin , Frankfurter Claudia  , Gommans Frank  , Kwan Yvonne , Kim Edy , Leaf David  , Owen David , Pollock Katrina , Puskarich Michael , Vaduganathan Muthiah , van Kimmenade Roland , Harrison David , Higgins Alisa , Lampro Lamprini , Mason Alexina , Mila de la Fuente Gema , Leffelaar Evelien , Schotsman Joost , Boyd Craig , Harland Cain , Shearer Audrey , Wren Jess , Clermont Giles , Ricketts Daniel , Fazla Fathima , Muvindi Himasha , Ishani Pramodya , Rashan Aasiyah , Udayanga Ishara  , Detry Michelle , Fitzgerald Mark , Lewis Roger , McGlothlin Anna , Saunders Christina , Berry Lindsay , Lorenzi Elizabeth , Adhikari Neill K. J. , Hashmi Madiha , Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan Bharath Kumar , Haniffa Rashan , Beane Abi , Webb Steve A. , Angus Derek C. , Gordon Anthony C. , Cook Deborah J. , Guyatt Gordon H. , Berry Lindsay R. , Lorenzi Elizabeth , Mouncey Paul R. , Au Carly , Pinto Ruxandra , Ménard Julie , Sprague Sheila , Masse Marie-Hélène , Huang David T. , Heyland Daren K. , Nichol Alistair D. , McArthur Colin J. , de Man Angelique , Al-Beidh Farah , Annane Djillali , Anstey Matthew , Arabi Yaseen M. , Battista Marie-Claude , Berry Scott , Bhimani Zahra , Bonten Marc J. M. , Bradbury Charlotte A. , Brant Emily B. , Brunkhorst Frank M. , Burrell Aidan , Buxton Meredith , Cecconi Maurizio , Cheng Allen C. , Cohen Dian , Cove Matthew E. , Day Andrew G. , Derde Lennie P. G. , Detry Michelle A. , Estcourt Lise J. , Fagbodun Elizabeth O. , Fitzgerald Mark , Goossens Herman , Green Cameron , Higgins Alisa M. , Hills Thomas E. , Horvat Christopher , Ichihara Nao , Jayakumar Devachandran , Kanji Salmaan , Khoso Muhammad Nasir , Lawler Patrick R. , Lewis Roger J. , Litton Edward , Marshall John C. , McAuley Daniel F. , McGlothlin Anna , McGuinness Shay P. , McQuilten Zoe K. , McVerry Bryan J. , Murthy Srinivas , Parke Rachael L. , Parker Jane C. , Reyes Luis Felipe , Rowan Kathryn M. , Saito Hiroki , Salahuddin Nawal , Santos Marlene S. , Saunders Christina T. , Seymour Christopher W. , Shankar-Hari Manu , Tolppa Timo , Trapani Tony , Turgeon Alexis F. , Turner Anne M. , Udy Andrew A. , van de Veerdonk Frank L. , Zarychanski Ryan , Lamontagne François 
Published: October 2023

Importance

The efficacy of vitamin C for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 is uncertain.

Objective

To determine whether vitamin C improves outcomes for patients with COVID-19.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Two prospectively harmonized randomized clinical trials enrolled critically ill patients receiving organ support in intensive care units (90 sites) and patients who were not critically ill (40 sites) between July 23, 2020, and July 15, 2022, on 4 continents.

Interventions

Patients were randomized to receive vitamin C administered intravenously or control (placebo or no vitamin C) every 6 hours for 96 hours (maximum of 16 doses).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was a composite of organ support–free days defined as days alive and free of respiratory and cardiovascular organ support in the intensive care unit up to day 21 and survival to hospital discharge. Values ranged from –1 organ support–free days for patients experiencing in-hospital death to 22 organ support–free days for those who survived without needing organ support. The primary analysis used a bayesian cumulative logistic model. An odds ratio (OR) greater than 1 represented efficacy (improved survival, more organ support–free days, or both), an OR less than 1 represented harm, and an OR less than 1.2 represented futility.

Results

Enrollment was terminated after statistical triggers for harm and futility were met. The trials had primary outcome data for 1568 critically ill patients (1037 in the vitamin C group and 531 in the control group; median age, 60 years [IQR, 50-70 years]; 35.9% were female) and 1022 patients who were not critically ill (456 in the vitamin C group and 566 in the control group; median age, 62 years [IQR, 51-72 years]; 39.6% were female). Among critically ill patients, the median number of organ support–free days was 7 (IQR, −1 to 17 days) for the vitamin C group vs 10 (IQR, −1 to 17 days) for the control group (adjusted proportional OR, 0.88 [95% credible interval {CrI}, 0.73 to 1.06]) and the posterior probabilities were 8.6% (efficacy), 91.4% (harm), and 99.9% (futility). Among patients who were not critically ill, the median number of organ support–free days was 22 (IQR, 18 to 22 days) for the vitamin C group vs 22 (IQR, 21 to 22 days) for the control group (adjusted proportional OR, 0.80 [95% CrI, 0.60 to 1.01]) and the posterior probabilities were 2.9% (efficacy), 97.1% (harm), and greater than 99.9% (futility). Among critically ill patients, survival to hospital discharge was 61.9% (642/1037) for the vitamin C group vs 64.6% (343/531) for the control group (adjusted OR, 0.92 [95% CrI, 0.73 to 1.17]) and the posterior probability was 24.0% for efficacy. Among patients who were not critically ill, survival to hospital discharge was 85.1% (388/456) for the vitamin C group vs 86.6% (490/566) for the control group (adjusted OR, 0.86 [95% CrI, 0.61 to 1.17]) and the posterior probability was 17.8% for efficacy.

Conclusions and Relevance

In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, vitamin C had low probability of improving the primary composite outcome of organ support–free days and hospital survival.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT04401150 (LOVIT-COVID) and NCT02735707 (REMAP-CAP)