bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization, Pathogenicity, and In Vitro Sensitivity of Rhizoctonia spp. Associated with Leaf and Sheath Spot of Bermudagrass Putting Greens in North Carolina and Alabama
Authors: Kerns James , Yan Yan , Butler Ernest
Published: October 2017

Twenty isolates of a fungus resembling Rhizoctonia zeae were obtained from three golf courses with bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] greens that were exhibiting leaf and sheath spot symptoms in 2013 and 2014. Morphological and molecular identification showed that 17 isolates were identified as R. zeae and three were identified as Waitea circinata var. zeae. Pathogenicity of the 20 isolates was determined by inoculating hybrid bermudagrass (‘Champion’) plants in a growth chamber. After inoculation, plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 34/30°C (day/night) and sealed in a closed container to ensure 100% humidity. After 7 d, disease was visually estimated using a modified Horsfall‐Barrett scale (0–10). All isolates were pathogenic to the hybrid bermudagrass cultivar Champion and aggressiveness among isolates varied. Sensitivity of seven isolates collected in 2013 to 16 fungicides (flutolanil, pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin, azoxystrobin, propiconazole, triticonazole, triadimefon, penthiopyrad, fluxapyroxad, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, iprodione, polyoxin‐D zinc salt, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, and chlorothalonil) was tested. The sensitivity of 13 isolates collected in 2014 to five fungicides (chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, difenoconazole, and flutolanil) was tested. In general, all the isolates were extremely sensitive to demtheylation and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides (50% effective concentration [EC50] < 1 mg a.i. L−1) and all isolates showed insensitivity to quinone outside inhibitor fungicides (EC50 > 10 mg a.i. L−1). These results demonstrated that R. zeae is a pathogen of ultradwarf bermudagrass under the imposed environmental conditions. Rhizoctonia zeae is sensitive to many fungicides, but based on in vitro sensitivity data presented here, some may not perform well under field conditions.
Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Alternative Hosts of Spring Dead Spot–Causing Fungi
Authors: Flores F. J. , Marek S. M. , Anderson J. A. , Mitchell T. K. , Moreno‐Zambrano M. , Walker N. R.
Published: October 2017

Three fungi in the genus Ophiosphaerella,—O. herpotricha, O. korrae, and O. narmari—are the causal agents of spring dead spot of bermudagrass. The extent to which Ophiosphaerella spp. can colonize and infect other plant hosts and the mechanism by which they render host cells necrotic remain unknown. In other plant–pathogen interactions, it has been shown that the hypersensitive response (HR), initiated by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the host, can promote the infection of necrotrophic fungi. The objectives of these studies were to investigate the formation of ROS during infection of plant cells and to characterize the host range of Ophiosphaerella spp. To assess ROS production, roots of three bermudagrass cultivars—Tifway 419, Midlawn, and U3—were each inoculated with an isolate of either O. herpotricha or O. korrae. The roots were stained with 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate at 4 to 74 h after inoculation. Staining of root cells indicated formation of ROS in response to fungal infection. The cultivar U3, which is tolerant to spring dead spot, is more likely to form high levels of ROS than the interspecific hybrid cultivars Midlawn and Tifway 419. To determine the potential host range of O. herpotricha and O. korrae, several warm‐season grasses, cool‐season grasses, and dicotyledonous plants were evaluated for colonization at 2 to 14 d after inoculation. The colonization process was similar for O. herpotricha and O. korrae on most plant species tested. Grass plant roots were readily colonized, and some showed symptoms of necrosis. The dicot plants evaluated were nonhosts. Significantly higher ROS production by the tolerant bermudagrass cultivar U3 suggests that root necrosis caused by Ophiosphaerella spp. is independent of HR associated with plant‐generated ROS. Colonization studies show that these fungi have a broad monocotyledonous host range.
Resistance to Dicarboximide Fungicides in a Canadian Population of Microdochium nivale
Authors: Gourlie Ryan , Hsiang Tom
Published: October 2017

Isolates of Microdochium nivale suspected of resistance to iprodione [3‐(3,5‐Dichlorophenyl)‐N‐isopropyl‐2,4‐dioxoimidazolidine‐1‐carboxamide] were collected from a golf course in Victoria, British Columbia (BC), Canada, in Fall 2015. The 9 BC isolates and 12 other reference isolates from around the world were tested with four concentrations of iprodione: 0, 1, 10, and 100 μg mL−1. The BC isolates showed a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) range of 14.2 to 40.8 μg mL−1 with a mean of 24.2 μg mL−1, while the non‐BC isolates showed an EC50 range of 1.2 to 4.3 μg mL−1 with a mean of 1.9 μg mL−1. The yielded resistance factor (EC50 resistant/EC50 sensitive) of 12.7 implies that these BC isolates have been selected for reduced sensitivity to iprodione. This level of resistance may be responsible for the reduced efficacy, particularly the observed reduced interval of control, but further research is needed to assess this. A test of >100 isolates of M. nivale from a worldwide collection using a discriminatory concentration of 10 μg mL−1 of iprodione showed four isolates with similar levels of reduced sensitivity, but these were the only isolates from their respective populations.
Reaction of Bentgrass Cultivars to a Resistance Activator and Elevated CO2 Levels When Challenged with Microdochium nivale, the Cause of Microdochium Patch
Authors: Stricker S. , Hsiang T. , Bertrand A.
Published: October 2017

Climate change prediction models forecast increased CO2 levels and temperature changes. Microdochium nivale is a common pathogen of turfgrasses in temperate climates, and these changes may increase Microdochium patch disease severity. This research involved experiments on cultivars of Agrostis spp. and Poa annua inoculated with M. nivale and incubated under two CO2 concentrations. The efficacy of a resistance activator, Civitas + Harmonizer, was tested on eight cultivars that were grown under 400 or 800 ppm of CO2 during a 15°C/10°C (day/night), 16‐h photoperiod. The grasses were treated with water or Civitas + Harmonizer and inoculated 1 wk later with M. nivale. Disease severity was lower at 800 ppm than at 400 ppm of CO2, and the application of Civitas + Harmonizer decreased disease symptoms. This research will be useful for recommendations on turfgrass cultivars for northern temperate zone golf courses and on sustainable management practices to face the challenges of climate change.
Effect of Colorant and Glyphosate Application Timing on Annual Bluegrass and Tall Fescue Control in Dormant ‘Meyer’ Zoysiagrass
Authors: Hoyle Jared A. , Reeves Jacob A.
Published: October 2017

Turfgrass managers commonly apply glyphosate on dormant zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) to control cool‐season grassy weeds. More recently, turfgrass managers have used paints and pigments to color dormant zoysiagrass throughout winter months. Applications of glyphosate on dormant zoysigrass are well documented, but information concerning glyphosate and paint interactions is lacking. In 2013 and 2014, experiments were conducted at Colbert Hills Golf Course and Stagg Hill Golf Course in Manhattan, KS, to evaluate the effects of glyphosate and glyphosate + turfgrass colorant application timing for annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) or tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus Schreb.) control and zoysiagrass spring green‐up. Research was performed on a ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Z. japonica Steud.) fairway. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial, randomized, complete block design with four replications. Factors were two herbicide combinations and four application timings. Herbicide applications included glyphosate (0.81 kg ae ha−1) and glyphosate (0.81 kg ae ha−1) + Endurant (16.6% v/v). Application timings were mid‐November, mid‐December, mid‐January, and mid‐February. Results indicate that addition of a turfgrass colorant to glyphosate applications did not delay zoysiagrass spring green‐up or antagonize annual bluegrass or tall fescue control.
A National Cultivar Evaluation of Turfgrass Water Requirements and Drought Resistance
Authors: Morris Kevin N. , Kenna Michael P.
Published: October 2017

A national turfgrass trial evaluating cool‐season cultivar response to short‐ and long‐term drought situations was initiated in fall 2016. A cooperative project between the United States Golf Association and the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program, the National Water Use and Drought Resistance trial is testing 15 Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and 19 tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus Schreb.) entries, along with one perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) entry. The trials are established at 10 locations, which include five sites under rainout shelters (where annual precipitation is >75 cm) and five rainfed sites using three irrigation schedules based on reference evapotranspiration (ETo) (where annual precipitation is <75 cm). Data to be collected over 3 yr include the amount of water needed to maintain a prescribed level of green cover during an imposed 100‐d drought period (within the five rainout shelters); recovery rate and turfgrass quality during recovery from the 100‐d drought period; and percent green cover, quality; and the minimum water required to maintain a targeted level of green cover and turfgrass quality under regular irrigation (from the five ETo–based sites). Data will be collected for three growing seasons at each site and published via National Turfgrass Evaluation Program procedures. Certification via USEPA Water Sense (or another program) will be sought and applied to qualifying entries.
High‐Resolution Melt Analysis of Simple Sequence Repeats for Bentgrass Species Differentiation
Authors: Warnke Scott E. , Thammina Chandra S. , Amundsen Keenan , Miljanic Philip , Hershman Haley
Published: October 2017

Agrostis stolonifera L. (creeping bentgrass) and Agrostis capillaris L. (colonial bentgrass) are turfgrass species well adapted for golf course use in regions of the world where cool‐season grasses are grown. Interspecific hybrids between the species do form and have the potential to incorporate some of the beneficial characteristics of both species. Agrostis stolonifera has excellent quality at low mowing heights and recovers well from damage. Agrostis capillaris tends to exhibit more drought tolerance and a higher level of resistance to the common fungal pathogen Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. Fast and inexpensive methods of species differentiation could help seed certification agencies and enhance interspecific hybrid bentgrass development. Ninety‐six simple sequence repeat primer pairs were designed from Roche 454 sequencing of A. stolonifera and A. capillaris genomic DNA and were tested for their potential for bentgrass species differentiation. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction followed by high‐resolution melt analysis was tested for its potential to speed up analysis and lower costs. Simple sequence repeat primer pairs were identified that can differentiate bentgrass species.
Evolution of Chile's Turfgrass Seed Market (2001–2015)
Authors: Acuña Alejandra , Moscoso Cristian J. , Danneberger Karl , Muñoz‐Araya Mariana
Published: October 2017

The turfgrass seed market in Chile is dominated by imported seed, and there is no published information regarding the main turfgrass species and cultivars being imported. This information would be useful for Chilean farmers interested in producing turfgrass seed or sod. The objectives of this study were to quantify the volume of the Chilean turfgrass seed market by turfgrass species from 2001 to 2015, to measure the change in imports by year, and to identify the most used turfgrass species and cultivars in Chile. Original imports data between 2001 and 2015 were requested from the Agricultural Studies and Policies Office (ODEPA) belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture of Chile, with information from the National Customs Services. Data were analyzed individually to correct errors in the classification and classified into perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and minor turfgrass species, which included a Festuca rubra L. complex including Festuca rubra ssp. rubra, Festuca rubra ssp. tricophylla, and Festuca rubra ssp. commutata; Poa spp. including Poa trivialis L. and Poa pratensis L.; Cynodon dactylon L.; Dichondra repens J.R. Forst. & G. Forst; and Agrostis spp. including creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), Agrostis tenuis L., and Agrostis capillaris L. The main import of turfgrass seed to Chile was perennial ryegrass, which has greatly increased since 2008, followed by tall fescue; both species are widely used in sports fields and other recreational settings. The Chilean turfgrass seed market shows the same worldwide tendency: perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are the main cool‐season species used for turfgrass purposes.
Effects of Garden Attributes on Ant (Formicidae) Species Richness and Potential for Pest Control
Authors: Edwards Naim
Published: October 2017

Urban vegetable gardens serve as sources of social, economic, and biodiversity conservation opportunities. Determining how gardens can be developed to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services is important for organic food production. This study investigated the diversity of ant (Formicidae) species in relation to various garden attributes in three distinct gardening sites in Ann Arbor, MI. Further, predation experiments were conducted to explore the potential bio‐control services of commonly encountered ant species on Cabbage Looper moths (Trichoplusia ni) and Squash Bugs (Anasa tristis). Results indicated that community gardens have the capacity to support a multitude of ant species; 19 species from 12 genera were sampled. However, soil texture, intense tilling, and distance from less disturbed areas significantly reduces species richness. Less intensively tilled garden plots averaged nearly double the number of ant species collected in tractor‐tilled plots. Plots bordered by grass lawns and closer to wooded areas had significantly more ant species than plots surrounded by other garden plots. Predation experiments indicated that ants consume Cabbage Looper moth eggs and larvae, although predation on Squash Bugs was less common. Some of the species that demonstrated levels of predation are rare in gardens due to sensitivity to disturbance. Thus, reducing disturbance within and around gardens can promote ant biodiversity and beneficial predators leading to increased predation on garden pests.
Short Food Supply Chains in Urban Areas: Who Takes the Lead? Evidence from Three Cities across Europe
Authors: Grando Stefano , Carey Joy , Hegger Els , Jahrl Ingrid , Ortolani Livia
Published: October 2017

Short food supply chain (SFSCs) initiatives have developed throughout Europe as an alternative to the long industrialized chains characterizing the contemporary global food industry. They are often driven by small‐scale actors belonging to different phases of the chain (producers, retailers, consumers) and rooted in specific territorial contexts. Innovative organizational models of SFSCs are attracting interest in the academic field (Jarosz, 2008, Khan and Prior, 2010, Aubry and Kebir, 2013) and beyond (RUAF, 2015). This work contributes to the debate with a focus on the logistics of SFSCs in urban and peri‐urban areas across Europe, specifically on the role of local intermediaries in facilitating connections between urban consumers and peri‐urban and rural farmers. The structure of three small/medium enterprises (SMEs) acting as local SFSC intermediaries has been analyzed by a research network involving researchers and entrepreneurs in a mutual learning process. The aim was to identify the main business objectives of local intermediaries in SFSCs, the elements that from the SMEs point of view characterize SFSCs and their vision of sustainability. A simple theoretical model has been developed to look at leadership of SFSCs in urban and peri‐urban areas. The research process provided interesting insight into the contribution that qualitative research can give to SMEs’ reflection on their organizational model (Zakic et al., 2014).
Conocimiento y percepción de la avifauna en niños de dos comunidades en la selva Lacandona, Chiapas, México: hacia una conservación biocultural
Authors: Rodríguez Ramírez Martha del Carmen , Aldasoro Maya Elda Miriam , Zamora Lomelí Carla Beatriz , Velasco Orozco Juan Jesús
Published: October 2017

Este artículo documenta y analiza el Conocimiento Tradicional (CT), usos y percepciones de los niños sobre las aves en las comunidades Reforma Agraria (RA) y Frontera Corozal (FC) que se encuentran en la zona Lacandona en Chiapas, México. Ambas pertenecen a la zona de influencia de la Reserva de la Biósfera Montes Azules (REBIMA) y la segunda también del Monumento Natural Yaxchilán (MNY). Se realizaron actividades participativas en las escuelas de educación básica que consistían en cuestionarios, entrevistas, sociodramas, elaboración de dibujos y de historias sobre las aves, entre otras. Los niños reconocen 42 especies de aves (en RA) y 31 especies en cada una de las dos escuelas de FC, e identifican su uso como mascotas, ornamentales (las plumas), comestibles, agoreras y en algunos casos medicinales. Su conocimiento se basa en su cercanía con la selva y en la observación recurrente de su entorno. La percepción que tienen de la avifauna es positiva. Sienten una gran atracción y aprecio debido a sus colores, cantos y diversidad. Actualmente las instituciones de gobierno aprovechan escasamente las oportunidades alrededor de este conocimiento y es necesario que se considere para apoyar la conservación de estos organismos y la de su entorno ecológico, incorporando cada vez más un enfoque biocultural e intercultural en sus actividades.
Why do water points fail? Learning from open-ended failure descriptions in the WPDx dataset
Authors: Cook Joseph , Lahren Sheena
Published: October 2017

Despite the explosion of geospatial data collected on water points, there have been relatively few efforts to date to use these data to understand the correlates and potential causes of water point breakdowns. We add to this literature by coding open-ended responses around functionality status in the open-access WPDx (Water Point Data Exchange) database. We code responses into 41 different categories of functionality problems for 244,075 water points from 25 countries in Africa, Asia and Central America, though we narrow our analysis to 41,716 points in six countries. We find that descriptions of technical breakdowns or problems are most common, though concerns about water resources and water quality feature prominently. We also find that 7% of records in our analysis subset spontaneously mention concerns over vandalism or theft, something which has received relatively little attention in the sector. Information on user financial contributions is mostly omitted by uploaders to WPDx, but we find that users are not contributing at all in 40% of the 96,651 water points with these data. Our results should be interpreted cautiously considering the obvious selection and subjectivity concerns, but the analysis highlights the potential benefits of coordinating an augmented data collection standard.
Viruses in the environment – presence and diversity of bacteriophage and enteric virus populations in the Umhlangane River, Durban, South Africa
Authors: Marie Veronna , Lin Johnson
Published: October 2017

Due to the continued persistence of waterborne viral-associated infections, the presence of enteric viruses is a concern. Notwithstanding the health implications, viral diversity and abundance is an indicator of water quality declination in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of viruses (bacteriophage and enteric viruses) in a highly polluted, anthropogenic-influenced river system over a 6-month period at five sampling points. Cytopathic-based tissue culture assays revealed that the isolated viruses were infectious when tested on Hep-G2, HEK293 and Vero cells. While transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the majority of the viruses were bacteriophages, a number of presumptive enteric virus families were visualized, some of which include Picornaviridae, Adenoviridae, Polyomaviridae and Reoviridae. Finally, primer specific nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR)/reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) coupled with BLAST analysis identified human adenovirus, polyomavirus and hepatitis A and C virus genomes in river water samples. Taken together, the complexity of both bacteriophage and enteric virus populations in the river has potential health implications. Finally, a systematic integrated risk assessment and management plan to identify and minimize sources of faecal contamination is the most effective way of ensuring water safety and should be established in all future guidelines.
Power and policy in floodplain management, drawing on research in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Self Julie , Penning-Rowsell Edmund
Published: October 2017

Floodplain management policy (FMP) implementation and change involve a range of actors and opportunities for power to be exercised. Considering four different conceptualizations of power, this paper explores the actors and instances where power emerges in FMP implementation and change, using Alberta, Canada, as our focus. We consider which conceptualization is most reflective of the Alberta context. We conclude that all four views of behaviour are relevant here, with some power dynamics between actors more complex than others. Further, these dynamics change over time, and therefore the trade-offs to be made also change. Understanding power relations allows for clearer identification of these trade-offs and, therefore, the potential winners and losers in FMP. We describe strategies for assisting in this process of managing power relations, including information sharing, transparency and actively managing the policy process.
XXI Международный симпозиум Нанофизика и наноэлектроника", Нижний Новгород, 13-16 марта 2017 г. Оптический тиристор на основе системы материалов GaAs/InGaP
Authors: Звонков Б.Н. , Байдусь Н.В. , Некоркин С.М. , Вихрова О.В. , Здоровейщев А.В. , Кудрин А.В. , Котомина В.Е.
Published: October 2017

Показана возможность создания тиристорных структур с внешним оптическим управлением лазерным излучением с длиной волны ~800 нм на основе монокристаллических пластин полуизолирующего GaAs и слоев согласованного по параметру решетки с GaAs твердого раствора InGaP. DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.11.45087.01
Оптимизация параметров сверхрешетки для диодов терагерцового диапазона частот
Authors: Павельев Д.Г. , Васильев А.П. , Козлов В.A. , Оболенская Е.С. , Оболенский С.В. , Устинов В.М.
Published: October 2017

Ранее для изготовления смесительных диодов нами применялись GaAs/AlAs сверхрешетки с малой площадью активной области (~1 мкм2), и была установлена возможность их эффективного применения в терагерцовом диапазоне частот. Теоретически и экспериментально было показано, что на частотах до 5.3 ТГц малопериодные (содержащие небольшое число периодов) сверхрешетки в составе гармонических смесителей проявляют существенные преимущества по сравнению с многопериодными, т. е. содержащими 50-100 и больше периодов. В данной работе проведена оптимизация конструкции сверхрешеток и показано, что эффективность работы малопериодных сверхрешеток во многом определяется переходными областями, расположенными на ее краях. DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.11.45097.11
Синтез методом молекулярно-пучковой эпитаксии A-=SUP=-III-=/SUP=-B-=SUP=-V-=/SUP=- нитевидных нанокристаллов ультра малого диаметра на сильно рассогласованной подложке SiC/Si(111)
Authors: Резник Р.Р. , Котляр К.П. , Штром И.В. , Сошников И.П. , Кукушкин С.А. , Осипов А.В. , Цырлин Г.Э.
Published: October 2017

Впервые продемонстрирована принципиальная возможность роста AIIIBV соединений на примере GaAs, AlGaAs и InAs нитевидных нанокристаллов на кремниевой подложке с нанометровым буферным слоем карбида кремния. Диаметр нитевидных нанокристаллов такого же состава оказался меньше, чем у подобных нанокристаллов, выращенных на кремниевой подложке. В частности, для InAs нитевидных нанокристаллов минимальный диаметр оказался менее 10 нм. Помимо этого, основываясь на спектре фотолюминесценции, было предположено, что, в случае роста AlGaAs нитевидных нанокристаллов на таких подложках, возникает сложная структура, благодаря самоорганизованному образованию в нитевидных нанокристаллах областей разного состава по алюминию. DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.11.45104.18
Полупроводниковые структуры с одномерным квантовым каналом и планарными боковыми затворами, созданные методом импульсной силовой нанолитографии
Authors: Борисов В.И. , Кувшинова Н.А. , Курочка С.П. , Сизов В.Е. , Степушкин М.В. , Темирязев А.Г.
Published: October 2017

Квазиодномерные полупроводниковые структуры с изменяемым продольным потенциальным рельефом созданы методом импульсной силовой нанолитографии, выполняемой с использованием атомно-силового микроскопа. Структуры изготавливались на основе гетероструктур AlGaAs/GaAs с глубоким (130 нм от поверхности) залеганием двумерного электронного газа. Потенциальный профиль канала формировался с помощью секционированных планарных затворов, созданных по обеим сторонам канала. Электрические параметры полученных структур, измеренные при температурах до 1.5 K, подтвердили эффективность примененного метода для создания изолирующих областей с латеральными размерами ~ 10 нм. DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.11.45106.20
Анализ параметров GaN-HEMT до и после гамма-нейтронного воздействия
Authors: Тарасова E.A. , Оболенский C.B. , Галкин O.E. , Хананова A.B. , Макаров А.Б.
Published: October 2017

Предложен метод математической обработки результатов измерений вольт-фарадных характеристик HEMT AlGaN/GaN до и после gamma-нейтронного облучения с флюенсом 0.4·1014 cм-2. Описаны результаты физико-топологического моделирования HEMT AlGaN/GaN на подложке SiC. Определена погрешность расчета параметров GaN-HEMT, обусловленная погрешностью вычисления профиля распределения электронов. DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.11.45108.22
Переход зарядовый порядок-сверхтекучесть в двумерной системе локальных бозонов и возникающие доменные структуры
Authors: Москвин А.С. , Панов Ю.Д. , Рыбаков Ф.Н. , Борисов А.Б.
Published: October 2017

Мы использовали высокопроизводительные параллельные вычисления на графических картах NVIDIA методом нелинейных сопряженных градиентов и методом Монте-Карло, чтобы непосредственно наблюдать формирование конфигурации основного состояния двумерной системы локальных бозонов с понижением температуры и ее эволюции с отклонением от половинного заполнения. Это позволило нам исследовать необычные особенности фазового перехода зарядовый порядок-сверхтекучесть, в частности, формирование нерегулярной доменной структуры, возникновение нитевидной сверхтекучей структуры, конденсирующейся в антифазных границах доменов зарядово-упорядоченной фазы, а также формирование и эволюцию различных топологических структур. Работа выполнена при поддержке программы 211 правительства Российской Федерации, соглашение N 02.A03.21.0006 и проектов N 2277 и N 5719 Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации. DOI: 10.21883/FTT.2017.11.45045.04k
Дефекты упаковки и механизмы деформационно-индуцированных превращений ГПУ-металлов (Ti, Mg) при механоактивации в жидких углеводородах
Authors: Лубнин А.Н. , Дорофеев Г.А. , Никонова Р.М. , Мухгалин В.В. , Ладьянов В.И.
Published: October 2017

Методами рентгеновской дифракции, растровой электронной микроскопии и химического анализа исследована эволюция структуры и субструктуры металлов Ti и Mg с гексагональной плотноупакованной (ГПУ) решеткой при их механоактивации в планетарной мельнице в среде жидких углеводородов (толуол, н-гептан), а также с добавками углеродных материалов (графита, фуллерита, нанотрубок). Изучены термическое поведение и водородаккумулирующие свойства получаемых механокомпозитов. При механоактивации Ti и Mg наблюдаются деструкция жидких углеводородов, образование метастабильного нанокристаллического карбогидрида титана Ti(C,H)x и гидрида магния beta-MgH2 соответственно. Механизмы образования Ti(C,H)x и MgH2 при механоактивации являются деформационными и связаны с накоплением дефектов упаковки, образованием гранецентрированной кубической (ГЦК) укладки атомов. Метастабильный Ti(C,H)x распадается при температуре 550oC, происходит частичное обратное превращение ГЦКГПУ. Накопление дефектов кристаллического строения (границ нанозерен, дефектов упаковки), деструкция углеводородов и образование механокомпозитов приводят к ускорению последующего гидрирования магния в реакторе Сивертса. Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (грант N 16-32-00487) и УрО РАН (N 15-20-2-22). DOI: 10.21883/FTT.2017.11.45063.015
Магнитные, диэлектрические и транспортные свойства пиростанната висмута Bi-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-(Sn-=SUB=-0.9-=/SUB=-Mn-=SUB=-0.1-=/SUB=-)-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-7-=/SUB=-
Authors: Аплеснин С.С. , Удод Л.В. , Ситников М.Н. , Молокеев М.С. , Тарасова Л.С. , Янушкевич К.И.
Published: October 2017

Исследовано влияние замещения ионов марганца на структурные, диэлектрические, транспортные и магнитные свойства Bi2(Sn0.9Mn0.1)2O7, определена их взаимосвязь. Методом дифференциальной сканирующей калориметрии обнаружены смена типа тепловых эффектов и знака термоэдс при полиморфных переходах. Определена парамагнитная температура Кюри, антиферромагнитное взаимодействие в мартенситной и аустенитной фазах. Установлен тип носителя тока. Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований, Правительства Красноярского края, Красноярского краевого фонда поддержки научной и научно-технической деятельности в рамках научных проектов N 16-52-00045 Бел\_а. DOI: 10.21883/FTT.2017.11.45069.125
Исследование механических, электронных и колебательных свойств оксидов свинца из первых принципов
Authors: Журавлев Ю.Н. , Корабельников Д.В.
Published: October 2017

В рамках теории функционала электронной плотности с градиентным обменно-корреляционным функционалом в форме Perdew--Becke--Ernzerhof и его гибридной версией с вкладом обмена по Хартри-Фоку 25% в базисе локализованных атомных орбиталей проведено первопринципное исследование кристаллического строения, химической связи, упругих и механических свойств, зонной структуры и плотности электронных состояний, а также нормальных длинноволновых колебаний девяти фазовых модификаций монооксида, диоксида и тетраоксида свинца в условиях нормального и внешнего давления. Для описания поведения физических параметров использовалось холодное 4-х и 3-х параметрическое уравнение состояния. Параметры кристаллической структуры находятся в удовлетворительном согласии с экспериментальными данными, а упругие постоянные указывают на ее механическую стабильность и анизотропию упругих свойств. Модули упругости, сдвига, Юнга, твердость, акустические скорости и температура Дебая существенно различаются для диоксида с одной стороны и монооксида и тетрооксида с другой. Различия в электронных свойствах объясняются характером гибридизации верхних заполненных и нижних незанятых энергетических зон, проявляющимся в плотности состояний. В монооксиде с ростом давления ширина непрямой запрещенной зоны уменьшается со скоростью 0.16 eV/GPa, а прямой увеличивается со скоростью 0.13 eV/GPa. Для идентификации кристаллических фаз вычислены частоты и интенсивности активных в ИК спектрах и спектрах комбинационного рассеяния длинноволновых мод. DOI: 10.21883/FTT.2017.11.45074.021
Дефекты с глубокими уровнями в полупроводниковой структуре фотоэлектрического преобразователя солнечной энергии с антиотражающей пленкой пористого кремния
Authors: Трегулов В.В. , Литвинов В.Г. , Ермачихин А.В.
Published: October 2017

Методом токовой релаксационной спектроскопии глубоких уровней проведено исследование дефектов в полупроводниковой структуре фотоэлектрического преобразователя солнечной энергии на основе p-n-перехода с антиотражающей пленкой пористого кремния на фронтальной поверхности. Предложено объяснение влияния толщины пленки пористого кремния, формируемой методом электрохимического травления, на характер трансформации дефектов с глубокими уровнями и показатели эффективности преобразования солнечной энергии. DOI: 10.21883/PJTF.2017.21.45155.16929
Воздействие низкочастотного шумового сигнала на генератор одночастотных колебаний миллиметрового диапазона волн на лавинно-пролетном диоде
Authors: Котов В.Д. , Мясин Е.А.
Published: October 2017

Впервые получена генерация шумовых колебаний в одночастотном автогенераторе на лавинно-пролетном диоде 7 mm диапазона длин волн при воздействии низкочастотным узкополосным (~ 3 MHz) шумовым сигналом на цепь питания лавинно-пролетного диода. DOI: 10.21883/PJTF.2017.22.45263.16835
Health Care Costs Associated with AKI
Authors: Collister David , Pannu Neesh , Ye Feng , James Matthew , Hemmelgarn Brenda , Chui Betty , Manns Braden , Klarenbach Scott ,   on behalf of the Alberta Kidney Disease Network
Published: October 2017

Background and objectives

An understanding of the health care resource use associated with AKI is needed to frame the investment and cost-effectiveness of strategies to prevent AKI and promote kidney recovery.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

We assembled population-based cohort of adults hospitalized in Alberta between November of 2002 and March of 2009 without ESRD or an eGFR<15 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Outpatient serum creatinine measurements 6 months preceding admission defined baseline kidney function, and serum creatinine during the first 14 days of hospitalization defined Acute Kidney Injury Network stage; kidney recovery defined as serum creatinine within 25% of baseline and independence from dialysis was assessed at 90 days after AKI. Health care utilization and costs (in 2015 Canadian dollars) were determined from inpatient, outpatient, and physician claims datasets during the index hospitalization, recovery period (90 days post-AKI assessment), and 3–12 months post-AKI. A fully adjusted generalized linear model regression analysis was used to estimate costs associated with AKI.

Results

Of 239,906 hospitalized subjects, 25,495 (10.6%), 4598 (1.9%), 2493 (1.0%), and 670 (0.3%) had Acute Kidney Injury Network stages 1, 2, 3 without dialysis, and 3 with dialysis, respectively. Greater severity of AKI was associated with incremental increases in length of stay (+2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 4.3 to +7.4; 95% confidence interval, 7.2 to 7.5 days) and costs (+$3779; 95% confidence interval, $3555 to $4004 to +$18,291; 95% confidence interval, $15,573 to $21,009 Canadian dollars) from admission to recovery assessment (3 months). At months 3–12 postadmission, compared with subjects without AKI, AKI with kidney recovery and AKI without kidney recovery were associated with incremental costs of +$2912–$3231 and +$6035–$8563 Canadian dollars, respectively. The estimated incremental cost of AKI in Canada is estimated to be over $200 million Canadian dollars per year.

Conclusions

Severity of AKI, need for dialysis, and lack of kidney recovery are associated with significant health care costs in hospitalized patients and persist a year after admission. Strategies to identify, prevent, and facilitate kidney recovery are needed.
The Comparative Study of Community-Based Elderly Care in China
Authors: Yang Jinwei
Published: October 2017

The problem of elder care is becoming more and more severe in China. Community-based elderly care is being gradually valued by the government. This paper adopts the content analysis method to analyze and compare four types of community-based elderly care, government-led community eldercare, quasi-public community eldercare, informal community eldercare, private retirement community. After careful analysis, it is found that government-led and quasi-public community eldercare are the principal types of community-based elderly care, and the quasi-public community eldercare receive much support by government, it is the consequence of pluralist governance in the grassroots and the innovation of community governance model. China will pay more attention to improve the quasi-public community eldercare system.
The joint ISPOR–ISPE Special Task Force on real-world evidence in health care decision making: an interview with Marc Berger
Authors: Berger Marc L
Published: October 2017

Marc L Berger, MD, is a retired, part-time consultant. He recently became Chair of the Real World Evidence Advisory Board for SHYFT Analytics. Over a 25-year industry career, Marc has held senior-level positions at Pfizer, Inc., OptumInsight, Eli Lilly and Company, and Merck & Co., Inc. His professional activities have included serving on committees for Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), Drug Information Association (DIA), and the editorial advisory boards of several journals. Marc has written or co-written more than 100 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, and other publications on a range of topics including health services research, outcomes research, health economics, health policy, and the analysis of real-world data.
La resistencia a compresión del hormigón, condición necesaria pero no suficiente para el logro de la durabilidad de las obras
Authors: Toirac Corral José
Published: October 2017

El cumplimiento de la resistencia a compresión como propiedad fundamental del hormigón endurecido durante el proceso de ejecución de una obra constituye una gran satisfacción para todos los actores del proceso constructivo (proyectistas, suplidores de hormigón, constructores, inversionistas, supervisores, etc.); sin embargo, esto no garantiza su durabilidad en el tiempo. En realidad, la durabilidad tiene un carácter relativo, por lo que no constituye una propiedad del hormigón: cualquier hormigón, puede resultar perfectamente duradero en determinado ambiente de trabajo, pero el mismo hormigón, puede no ser apto para otros, y cuando esto ocurre, trae consigo estructuras con daños severos en plazos de explotación relativamente pequeños. Este trabajo centra su atención en el establecimiento de los requisitos de durabilidad de las obras de concreto ante los distintos ambientes. Como consecuencia, se proponen requerimientos a considerar que se deben reflejar en la etapa de proyecto relativas al diseño de las mezclas de hormigón (proyecto del hormigón), tales como: la relación agua/cemento máxima, el contenido de cemento mínimo, la trabajabilidad de la mezcla fresca y la resistencia media mínima entre otras. Se demuestra que la resistencia a compresión es insuficiente como único parámetro e establecer. El trabajo realizado permite ofrecer los criterios acerca de las variables recomendadas para ser tomadas en cuenta en las futuras normativas dominicanas estableciendo recomendaciones en sus indicadores.
Ética ambiental y turismo : relación responsable hombre-naturaleza
Authors: Legorreta Ramírez Amanda , Osorio García Maribel , Salvador Benítez José Loreto
Published: October 2017

La ética tiene que ver con la acción humana, con lo que es justo y bueno, porque la humanidad tiene la responsabilidad y la libertad para hacer cambios en las comunidades y en su entrono Una de estas acciones es el uso y el trato que se le da a la naturaleza, si bien ha sido discutible si ésta tiene o no derechos equiparables a los del hombre. La ética ambiental reconoce que los animales y plantas pueden ser sujetos morales que requieren consideración a sus derechos Relacionamos la ética ambiental con el turismo, pues éste usa el entorno natural como marco para la realización de actividades recreacionales de las personas; no obstante se ha evidenciado que existen impactos negativos ocasionados por un inadeacuado uso de los recursos naturales, por lo que el papel de la ética ambiental debe promover una relación más armónica entre el hombre y la naturaleza.
La agricultura residual : algunas implicaciones para su discusión
Authors: Lugo Morin Diosey Ramón
Published: October 2017

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo aproximarnos a la construcción de un concepto de agricultura residual como práctica agrícola que se ha intensificado en el México rural. Metodológicamente, parte de una revisión que valora un conjunto de elementos que vinculan lo rural/urbano así como los efectos del modelo de desarrollo actual mexicano. Se concluye que como parte del modo de producción capitalista, se consolida una práctica agrícola, que tiene un sostenido crecimiento con previsible consecuencias negativas al ser humano y al medio ambiente y en un marco más amplio compromete la sustentabilidad de las ciudades.
Dinámica del cambio de uso de la tierra en el Parque Nacional Humedales del Ozama
Authors: Mendoza Gómez Carmen Leticia , Sánchez Pujols Carmen Maritza , Gómez Espinal Mayeline
Published: October 2017

En este estudio se establecen y cuantifican los usos de la tierra actuales en el área protegida conocida como Parque Nacional "Humedales del Ozama", la cual forma parte del "Cinturón Verde de Santo Domingo" y está situada en las provincias de Santo Domingo y Monte Plata. Para ello se utilizaron fotos aéreas digitales de alta resolución de diferentes épocas, imágenes satelitales de alta resolución obtenidas a través de capturas de pantalla de visualizador en línea de Google Earth © con imágenes correspondientes a 2007 y 2008; sistemas de información geográfica (SIG), visitas de campo y entrevistas a moradores de la zona. Además se estudió la dinámica del cambio de uso de la tierra en la zona mediante una comparación con un mapa elaborado para 1996 por la Dirección de Información Ambiental y Recursos Naturales (DIRENA) de la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARENA). En relación con la dinámica de cambio, se observó una reducción de área boscosa de 6.5%; la agropecuaria presenta una disminución de 23.6%; la zona urbana ha crecido 7.4% y los humedales presentan un aumento del 20.1%. Debido a algunas diferencias de los sistemas de clasificación usados, no es posible establecer si el crecimiento de los humedales es real.
La inserción transversal de la conectividad en el currículo de estudios generales
Authors: Ordóñez V. Luis A.
Published: October 2017

Las tecnologías digitales están llamadas a jugar un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de la Educación Universitaria, p. ej. Teorías educativas como el conectivismo las incorporan en los procesos orientados a la construcción de saberes. Partiendo de la importancia que tienen, tanto la incorporación de lo digital en la acción educativa, como la visión conectivista en los procesos de aprendizaje, se requiere llenar rápidamente la brecha que, en esta etapa de transición, se presenta entre las necesidades de conectividad de la nueva educación y la experticia alcanzada por los educadores universitarios Nuestros resultados sugieren la poca atención dedicada a este problema, que obliga a proponer la transversalidad del uso de lo digital en las diferentes asignaturas que conforman los Estudios Generales, a fin de garantizar que los docentes en las distintas materias contribuyan con el objetivo de incrementar la conectividad de los estudiantes en esta etapa; obviamente, sin olvidar el papel que deben jugar los servicios de biblioteca e informática en las instituciones. Hemos iniciado estudios en el contexto de un consorcio de investigadores universitarios, tendientes a facilitar la inserción de los educadores en la conectividad. Los resultados iniciales pareciesen sugerir la factibilidad de dicha tarea.
Integración o inclusión? : la educación superior ecuatoriana y el pleno acceso de estudiantes con discapacidad
Authors: Espinosa Carlos X. , Gómez Víctor G. , Cañedo Carlos M.
Published: October 2017

En este trabajo se propone un modelo para la gestión del proceso de acceso y retención de estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad, el planteamiento se hace desde el mismo fundamento pedagógico. Se muestra un estudio sobre el comportamiento de la problemática a nivel particularizado a una muestra de universidades de la provincia del Guayas. Se propone una vía, mediante un Plan de Carrera Docente para a la profesionalización del claustro universitario para la implementación y soporte de las etapas del modelo propuesto y se definen los indicadores para la evaluación del mismo. Se concluye que, a pesar de ser política de Estado, las estrategias desarrolladas para garantizar el acceso y retención de estudiantes con discapacidad en la educación superior no se materializan en acciones concretas y medibles y se centra solo en ofrecer tratamientos especiales en el orden financiero para dichos estudiantes.
Comunicación, política y ética
Authors: Báez Evertsz Carlos Julio
Published: October 2017

Conferencia magistral realizada en el marco de inauguración del curso sobre Comunicación política organizado por el Centro de Gobernabilidad y Gerencia Social de INTEC, el Centro de Investigación y Estudios Sociales de UNIBE, con la participación del Movimiento Cívico Participación Ciudadana, patrocinado por la AID de los EE.UU. bajo el programa de formación y gerencial política. La clase fue impartida en Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, el 23 de agosto 2011 Bajo el título de "comunicación, política y ética", se expone la situación actual de concentración de los medios y los peligros que ello implica cuando los intereses de los negocios se ponen por encima del derecho a una información objetiva. También se analiza la deriva de la política hacia un pragmatismo y neopopulismo que conduce a un debilitamiento de las instituciones democráticas y a la existencia de unos políticos a quienes les importa casi en exclusiva el poder, aunque para ello tengan que emplear la mentira de manera sistemática y actúen al margen de la ética.
Los riesgos y sus implicaciones éticas en la sociedad contemporánea
Authors: Moya Padilla Nereyda Emelia , Morales Calatayud Marianela
Published: October 2017

La sociedad contemporánea por las paradojas que están a lo interno del conocimiento tecnocientífico que en ella se despliega, se define acertadamente como la "sociedad del riesgo", lo que implica valoraciones éticas que conciernen a científicos, tecnólogos, políticos y públicos CTS en general. La acertada definición del riesgo, establecer sus nexos con otras nociones, explicitar sus clasificaciones, las tareas que posibilitan su análisis, así como la significación de esta noción, justifica el amplio examen académico de que es objeto. En este artículo se develan estos elementos, unido a dos aristas esenciales: los enfoques técnicos, psicológicos y sociológicos del riesgo y la relación riesgo, incertidumbre y ciencia. La ciencia de la sociedad del riesgo analizada desde la perspectiva de su función social y práctica, nos permite concluir que frente a las paradojas del desarrollo tecnocientífico es imprescindible situar la responsabilidad social, los valores y la ética de los actores que intervienen en este desarrollo.
Diagnóstico del sistema de partidos en República Dominicana: padecimientos -recientes y añejos-, síntomas de mejoría y algunas recetas para su modernizacion
Authors: Toribio Rafael , Benito Sánchez Ana Belén
Published: October 2017

A punto de cumplirse una década desde la desaparición de los tres caudillos que dominaron la política dominicana por más de treinta años, resulta oportuno preguntarse cuáles han sido las rupturas y cuáles las inercias en el sistema de partidos de la República Dominicana. Con este propósito, se elaboró un diagnóstico que evaluara el nivel de institucionalización, democracia interna y transparencia de los partidos políticos en los últimos cinco años y cuyos avances se presentan en este trabajo. Escenarios en apariencia contradictorios de debilidad institucional y de fuerza electoral, parecen ser los rasgos distintivos que caracterizan al sistema en la actual etapa de la consolidación democrática.