bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of Hemostasis for Pediatric Patients on Ventricular-Assist Devices
Authors: Adachi Iki , Kostousov Vadim , Hensch Lisa , Chacon-Portillo Martin , Teruya Jun
Published: November 2017

Ventricular-assist devices (VADs) have seen increased utilization in the pediatric population. Formerly, this therapeutic modality was limited to only the pulsatile VAD, EXCOR (Berlin Heart GmbH). However, the continuous flow VAD devices, HeartMate II (Abbott Inc.) and HeartWare (Medtronic Inc.), are now increasingly used in this population. Postoperatively, VAD patients are acutely anticoagulated using unfractionated heparin, often beginning 24 to 48 hours after VAD placement. Once the patient is stabilized and ready to transition to a lower acuity or outpatient setting, low-molecular-weight heparin or warfarin therapy may be instituted. Also, because of the risk for thrombotic and thromboembolic complications, antiplatelet strategies are employed using medications such as aspirin, clopidogrel, or dipyridamole. Platelet-rich plasma or whole blood platelet aggregation studies, platelet function analyzer-100 (Siemens), VerifyNow (Accriva Diagnostics), or thromboelastography platelet mapping (Haemonetics) may be used to help monitor antiplatelet effects, though the interpretation of the strength of the antiplatelet effect remains difficult. Care must be taken to monitor the hematologic complications of VAD, including acquired von Willebrand syndrome, which increases the risk for bleeding, and intravascular hemolysis, which increases the risk of thrombosis. Appropriate device placement and anticoagulation management are imperative to help avoid neurological dysfunction and ischemic stroke, the most devastating potential complications of VAD therapy. As our experience grows, we continue to gain an increased understanding of the management of anticoagulation, need for antiplatelet medication, and appropriate monitoring for these critical patients.
The Impact of Hyperosmolarity on Long-Term Outcome in Patients Presenting with Severe Hyperglycemic Crisis: A Population Based Study
Authors: Kruljac Ivan , Ćaćić Miroslav , Ćaćić Petra , Biloš Lora , Kust Davor , Perić Božidar , Filipović-Grčić Maja , Mirošević Gorana , Ostojić Vedran , Štefanović Mario , Vrkljan Milan
Published: November 2017

Aims We compared characteristics of patients with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) and patients with severe hyperglycemia without the signs of hyperosmolarity and ketoacidosis; analyzed long-term all-cause mortality and potential prognostic factors.

Methods The studied population included 261 749 adults. HHS was diagnosed in patients with plasma glucose >33.0 mmol/L, ketonuria <1+, and serum osmolarity >320 mmol/L. Patients with plasma glucose >33.0 mmol/L, ketonuria <1+ and serum osmolarity <320 mmol/L were considered as controls (nHHS).

Results During the 5-year period, we observed 68 episodes of HHS in 66 patients and 51 patients with nHHS. Patients with HHS were significantly older, had lower BMI, higher serum C-reactive protein and used diuretics and benzodiazepines more frequently. Mortality rates one, three and 12 months after admission were 19.0, 32.1 and 35.7% in the HHS group, and 4.8, 6.3 and 9.4% in the nHHS group (P<0.001). However, after adjustment for patient age, these differences were not statistically significant. In multivariate Cox regression in HHS group, mortality was positively associated with age, male gender, leukocyte count, amylase, presence of dyspnea and altered mental status, and the use of benzodiazepines, ACE inhibitors and sulphonylureas, while it was inversely associated with plasma glucose, bicarbonate, and the use of thiazides and statins. A nomogram derived from these variables had an accuracy of 89% in predicting lethal outcome.

Conclusions Infection, use of furosemide and benzodiazepines may be important precipitating factors of HHS. Prospective clinical trials are mandatory to analyze the safety of ACE-inhibitors and benzodiazepines in elderly patients with diabetes.
Stellenwert der endoskopischen Karpaltunneldekompression
Authors: Hessenauer Maximilian , Arkudas Andreas , Ludoph Ingo , Polykandriotis Elias , Horch Raymund
Published: November 2017

Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist eine der häufigsten Erkrankungen in der Handchirurgie. Goldstandard der Therapie ist die operative Spaltung des Lig. carpi transversum. Neben einer Zusammenfassung der neuesten Erkenntnisse bez. Pathogenese, Diagnostik und Therapie wird hier auf Fragen über minimalinvasive Therapiemodalitäten eingegangen. Insbesondere berichten wir neben einem aktuellen Literaturüberblick unsere eigenen Therapieerfahrungen mit der monoportalen endoskopischen Karpaltunnelspaltung in über 700 Fällen. Zusammenfassend zeigt sich bei gleichwertiger Therapiesicherheit eine Überlegenheit des endoskopischen Verfahrens hinsichtlich der Rekonvaleszenz. Die Vor- und Nachteile der verschiedenen Verfahren werden anhand der Daten diskutiert.
Effects of Age, Joint Angle, and Test Modality on Strength Production and Functional Outcomes
Authors: Thompson Brennan , Whitson Morgan , Sobolewski Eric , Stock Matt
Published: November 2017

This study investigated the impact of age, knee joint angle, and strength testing modality on lower body maximal and rapid strength production and assessed the transferability of these characteristics to mobility-related function. Twenty young (age=21.9 yrs) and eighteen elderly (71.1 yrs) adults performed single-joint and multiple-joint isometric maximal voluntary contractions at three knee angles. Outcome measures included peak torque (PT), rate of torque development (RTD), jump height, power, 10 and 400 m walk, and timed chair stand. Older adults exhibited greater reductions in RTD for the multiple-joint (45%) than for the single-joint mode (18%). The 10 m walk was best predicted by multiple-joint RTD at 90°, the 400 m walk by jump height, and the chair stand by single-joint PT at 20°. Single-joint strength tests may underestimate age-related rapid strength impairments, likely due to requirements to exert muscular force in excess of one’s body mass in an upright position.
Does Metabolic Rate Increase Linearly with Running Speed in all Distance Runners?
Authors: Batliner Matthew , Kipp Shalaya , Grabowski Alena , Kram Rodger , Byrnes William
Published: November 2017

Running economy (oxygen uptake or metabolic rate for running at a submaximal speed) is one of the key determinants of distance running performance. Previous studies reported linear relationships between oxygen uptake or metabolic rate and speed, and an invariant cost of transport across speed. We quantified oxygen uptake, metabolic rate, and cost of transport in 10 average and 10 sub-elite runners. We increased treadmill speed by 0.45 m·s−1 from 1.78 m·s−1 (day 1) and 2.01 m·s−1 (day 2) during each subsequent 4-min stage until reaching a speed that elicited a rating of perceived exertion of 15. Average runners’ oxygen uptake and metabolic rate vs. speed relationships were best described by linear fits. In contrast, the sub-elite runners’ relationships were best described by increasing curvilinear fits. For the sub-elites, oxygen cost of transport and energy cost of transport increased by 12.8% and 9.6%, respectively, from 3.58 to 5.14 m·s−1. Our results indicate that it is not possible to accurately predict metabolic rates at race pace for sub-elite competitive runners from data collected at moderate submaximal running speeds (2.68–3.58 m·s−1). To do so, metabolic rate should be measured at speeds that approach competitive race pace and curvilinear fits should be used for extrapolation to race pace.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Within the Reference Range is Associated with Visceral Adiposity Index and Lipid Accumulation Product: A Population-Based Study of SPECT-China
Authors: Chen Yi , Chen Yingchao , Wang Ningjian , Chen Chi , Nie Xiaomin , Li Qin , Han Bing , Lu Yingli
Published: November 2017

Few studies about the relationship of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level with visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP) in large Chinese population are available. The aim of this study was to explore whether TSH level within the reference range was associated with these two newer reliable cardiovascular risk factors. The data were obtained from a cross-sectional study (SPECT-China study, 2014–2015), which was based on the population. Participants underwent several checkups, which included anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, TSH levels, and glucose and lipid profiles. VAI and LAP were calculated. A total of 8727 subjects were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 53.00±13.05 years. Age, female to male ratio, BMI, systolic pressure, and HOMA-IR increased along with the increasing levels of TSH (p<0.01). Analysis of lipid profile showed significantly higher serum triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels in the higher TSH quartile (p<0.001 and p=0.028, respectively). The levels of VAI and LAP were all increased along with increasing TSH level (all p<0.001). After full adjustment, TSH levels were positively associated with VAI, LAP, and TG/HDL levels significantly (B=0.041, 0.028 and 0.037, respectively, all p<0.01). Higher TSH concentrations among the reference range were common in older people as well as in women subjects, and they were positively associated with VAI and LAP. This highlighted that even subtle variations of serum TSH within the normal range may be potential risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
Electromechanical conversion efficiency for dielectric elastomer generator in different energy harvesting cycles
Authors: Cao Jian-Bo , E Shi-Ju , Guo Zhuang , Gao Zhao , Luo Han-Pin
Published: November 2017

In order to improve electromechanical conversion efficiency for dielectric elastomer generators (DEG), on the base of studying DEG energy harvesting cycles of constant voltage, constant charge and constant electric field intensity, a new combined cycle mode and optimization theory in terms of the generating mechanism and electromechanical coupling process have been built. By controlling the switching point to achieve the best energy conversion cycle, the energy loss in the energy conversion process is reduced. DEG generating test bench which was used to carry out comparative experiments has been established. Experimental results show that the collected energy in constant voltage cycle, constant charge cycle and constant electric field intensity energy harvesting cycle decreases in turn. Due to the factors such as internal resistance losses, electrical losses and so on, actual energy values are less than the theoretical values. The electric energy conversion efficiency by combining constant electric field intensity cycle with constant charge cycle is larger than that of constant electric field intensity cycle. The relevant conclusions provide a basis for the further applications of DEG.
A subset of extracellular vesicles carries the bulk of microRNAs in commercial dairy cow's milk
Authors: Benmoussa Abderrahim , Ly Sophia , Shan Si Ting , Laugier Jonathan , Boilard Eric , Gilbert Caroline , Provost Patrick
Published: November 2017

MicroRNAs are small gene‐regulatory RNAs that are found in various biological fluids, including milk, where they are often contained inside extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes. In a previous study, we reported that commercial dairy cow's milk microRNAs resisted simulated digestion and were not exclusively associated with canonical exosomes. Here, we report the characterization of a milk EV subset that sediments at lower ultracentrifugation speeds and that contains the bulk of microRNAs. Milk EVs were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation and Iodixanol density gradient (IDG), and analysed for (1) microRNA enrichment by reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR), and (2) EV‐associated proteins by Western blot. Milk EVs were characterized further by dynamic light scattering (DLS), density measurements, fluorescent DiR and RNA labelling, high‐sensitivity flow cytometry (HS‐FCM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), proteinase K and RNase A assay, and liquid chromatography tandem‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). We found that the bulk of milk microRNAs (e.g., bta‐miR‐125b, bta‐miR‐148a, etc.) sediment at 12,000 g and 35,000 g. Their distribution pattern was different from that of exosome‐enriched proteins, but similar to that of several proteins commonly found in milk fat globule membranes (MFGM), including xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). These low‐speed ultracentrifugation pellets contained cytoplasm‐enclosing phospholipid bilayered membrane vesicles of a density comprised between 1.11 and 1.14 g/mL in Iodixanol. This milk EV subset of ~100 nm in diameter/~200 nm hydrodynamic size resisted to proteinase K digestion and protected their microRNA content from RNase A digestion. Our results support the existence of a milk EV subset pelleting at low ultracentrifugations speeds, with a protein coating comparable with MFGM, which contains and protects the bulk of milk microRNAs from degradation. This milk EV subset may represent a new EV population of interest, whose content in microRNAs and proteins supports its potential bioactivity.
Monoidal categorification of cluster algebras
Authors: Kang Seok-Jin , Kashiwara Masaki , Kim Myungho , Oh Se-jin
Published: November 2017

We prove that the quantum cluster algebra structure of a unipotent quantum coordinate ringAq(n(w))A_q(\mathfrak {n}(w)), associated with a symmetric Kac–Moody algebra and its Weyl group elementww, admits a monoidal categorification via the representations of symmetric Khovanov–Lauda–Rouquier algebras. In order to achieve this goal, we give a formulation of monoidal categorifications of quantum cluster algebras and provide a criterion for a monoidal category of finite-dimensional gradedRR-modules to become a monoidal categorification, whereRRis a symmetric Khovanov–Lauda–Rouquier algebra. Roughly speaking, this criterion asserts that a quantum monoidal seed can be mutated successively in all the directions, once the first-step mutations are possible. Then, we show the existence of a quantum monoidal seed ofAq(n(w))A_q(\mathfrak {n}(w))which admits the first-step mutations in all the directions. As a consequence, we prove the conjecture that any cluster monomial is a member of the upper global basis up to a power ofq1/2q^{1/2}. In the course of our investigation, we also give a proof of a conjecture of Leclerc on the product of upper global basis elements.
Kinesin-6 KIF20B is required for efficient cytokinetic furrowing and timely abscission in human cells
Authors: Janisch Kerstin M. , McNeely Katrina C. , Dardick Joseph M. , Lim Samuel H. , Dwyer Noelle D.
Published: November 2017

KIF20B is in the Kinesin-6 family that includes KIF23/MKLP1 and KIF20A/MKLP2. Previously we showed that mouse Kif20b regulates cerebral cortex growth and neural stem cell midbodies. Now we show KIF20B has a cell-autonomous role in regulating cytokinetic furrowing and abscission. KIF20B may coordinate late midbody maturation before abscission.
CALQ: compression of quality values of aligned sequencing data
Authors: Voges Jan , Ostermann Jörn , Hernaez Mikel
Published: November 2017

Motivation

Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing technology have led to a rapid growth of genomic data. Several lossless compression schemes have been proposed for the coding of such data present in the form of raw FASTQ files and aligned SAM/BAM files. However, due to their high entropy, losslessly compressed quality values account for about 80% of the size of compressed files. For the quality values, we present a novel lossy compression scheme named CALQ. By controlling the coarseness of quality value quantization with a statistical genotyping model, we minimize the impact of the introduced distortion on downstream analyses.

Results

We analyze the performance of several lossy compressors for quality values in terms of trade-off between the achieved compressed size (in bits per quality value) and the Precision and Recall achieved after running a variant calling pipeline over sequencing data of the well-known NA12878 individual. By compressing and reconstructing quality values with CALQ, we observe a better average variant calling performance than with the original data while achieving a size reduction of about one order of magnitude with respect to the state-of-the-art lossless compressors. Furthermore, we show that CALQ performs as good as or better than the state-of-the-art lossy compressors in terms of variant calling Recall and Precision for most of the analyzed datasets.

Availability and implementation

CALQ is written in C ++ and can be downloaded from https://github.com/voges/calq.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
scHiCNorm: a software package to eliminate systematic biases in single-cell Hi-C data
Authors: Liu Tong , Wang Zheng
Published: November 2017

We build a software package scHiCNorm that uses zero-inflated and hurdle models to remove biases from single-cell Hi-C data. Our evaluations prove that our models can effectively eliminate systematic biases for single-cell Hi-C data, which better reveal cell-to-cell variances in terms of chromosomal structures.

Availability and implementation

scHiCNorm is available at http://dna.cs.miami.edu/scHiCNorm/. Perl scripts are provided that can generate bias features. Pre-built bias features for human (hg19 and hg38) and mouse (mm9 and mm10) are available to download. R scripts can be downloaded to remove biases.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Reactome diagram viewer: data structures and strategies to boost performance
Authors: Fabregat Antonio , Sidiropoulos Konstantinos , Viteri Guilherme , Marin-Garcia Pablo , Ping Peipei , Stein Lincoln , D’Eustachio Peter , Hermjakob Henning
Published: November 2017

Motivation

Reactome is a free, open-source, open-data, curated and peer-reviewed knowledgebase of biomolecular pathways. For web-based pathway visualization, Reactome uses a custom pathway diagram viewer that has been evolved over the past years. Here, we present comprehensive enhancements in usability and performance based on extensive usability testing sessions and technology developments, aiming to optimize the viewer towards the needs of the community.

Results

The pathway diagram viewer version 3 achieves consistently better performance, loading and rendering of 97% of the diagrams in Reactome in less than 1 s. Combining the multi-layer html5 canvas strategy with a space partitioning data structure minimizes CPU workload, enabling the introduction of new features that further enhance user experience. Through the use of highly optimized data structures and algorithms, Reactome has boosted the performance and usability of the new pathway diagram viewer, providing a robust, scalable and easy-to-integrate solution to pathway visualization. As graph-based visualization of complex data is a frequent challenge in bioinformatics, many of the individual strategies presented here are applicable to a wide range of web-based bioinformatics resources.

Availability and implementation

Reactome is available online at: https://reactome.org. The diagram viewer is part of the Reactome pathway browser (https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/) and also available as a stand-alone widget at: https://reactome.org/dev/diagram/. The source code is freely available at: https://github.com/reactome-pwp/diagram.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
PipelineDog: a simple and flexible graphic pipeline construction and maintenance tool
Authors: Zhou Anbo , Zhang Yeting , Sun Yazhou , Xing Jinchuan
Published: November 2017

Analysis pipelines are an essential part of bioinformatics research, and ad hoc pipelines are frequently created by researchers for prototyping and proof-of-concept purposes. However, most existing pipeline management system or workflow engines are too complex for rapid prototyping or learning the pipeline concept. A lightweight, user-friendly and flexible solution is thus desirable. In this study, we developed a new pipeline construction and maintenance tool, PipelineDog. This is a web-based integrated development environment with a modern web graphical user interface. It offers cross-platform compatibility, project management capabilities, code formatting and error checking functions and an online repository. It uses an easy-to-read/write script system that encourages code reuse. With the online repository, it also encourages sharing of pipelines, which enhances analysis reproducibility and accountability. For most users, PipelineDog requires no software installation. Overall, this web application provides a way to rapidly create and easily manage pipelines.

Availability and implementation

PipelineDog web app is freely available at http://web.pipeline.dog. The command line version is available at http://www.npmjs.com/package/pipelinedog and online repository at http://repo.pipeline.dog.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
SAPP: functional genome annotation and analysis through a semantic framework using FAIR principles
Authors: Koehorst Jasper J , van Dam Jesse C J , Saccenti Edoardo , Martins dos Santos Vitor A P , Suarez-Diez Maria , Schaap Peter J
Published: November 2017

To unlock the full potential of genome data and to enhance data interoperability and reusability of genome annotations we have developed SAPP, a Semantic Annotation Platform with Provenance. SAPP is designed as an infrastructure supporting FAIR de novo computational genomics but can also be used to process and analyze existing genome annotations. SAPP automatically predicts, tracks and stores structural and functional annotations and associated dataset- and element-wise provenance in a Linked Data format, thereby enabling information mining and retrieval with Semantic Web technologies. This greatly reduces the administrative burden of handling multiple analysis tools and versions thereof and facilitates multi-level large scale comparative analysis.

Availability and implementation

SAPP is written in JAVA and freely available at https://gitlab.com/sapp and runs on Unix-like operating systems. The documentation, examples and a tutorial are available at https://sapp.gitlab.io.
The Well-Ordered Universe
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: November 2017

The prolific Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673) published books on natural philosophy as well as stories, plays, poems, orations, allegories, and letters. Her mature philosophical system offered a unique vitalist materialist theory of Nature as composed of a continuous, non-atomistic, perceiving, knowing matter. In contrast to the dominant philosophical thinking of her day, Cavendish argued that all matter has free will and can choose whether or not to follow Nature’s rules. The Well-Ordered Universe explores the development of Cavendish’s natural philosophy from the atomism of her 1653 Poems, and Fancies to the vitalist materialism of her 1668 Grounds of Natural Philosophy and argues that her natural philosophy, her medical theories, and her social and political philosophy are all informed by an underlying concern with order, regularity, and rule-following. This focus on order reveals interesting connections among apparently disparate elements of Cavendish’s philosophical program, including her views on gender, on animals and the environment, and on sickness and health. Focusing on the role of order in Cavendish’s philosophy also helps reveal some key differences between her natural philosophy and her social and political philosophy, where Cavendish tended to be quite conservative. Cavendish thought that humans’ special desire for public recognition often leads to an unruly ambition, causing humans to disrupt society in ways not seen in the rest of Nature. The Well-Ordered Universe thus defends reading Cavendish as a royalist who endorsed absolute monarchy and a rigid social hierarchy for maintaining order in human society.
Introduction
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: November 2017

Interest in Margaret Cavendish’s philosophical views has increased dramatically in the past two decades. While earlier readers were not kind to Cavendish, recent scholarly work has been more sympathetic, showing how her writings were informed by the work of her contemporaries and revealing ways in which Cavendish’s views were original. Her corpus contains recurring themes, including a consistent interest in questions of gender, an obsession with fame, and a focus on the need for peace and order. This book argues that focusing on peace and order illuminates multiple facets of Cavendish’s philosophical thinking: her natural philosophy, her political theory, her views on gender, her views about the relationship between humans and the natural world, and her medical theory. This introductory chapter surveys some of the many texts in which Cavendish focuses on peace, order, and what she calls “regularity” and provides a summary of the topics addressed in subsequent chapters.
Human Nature and the Desire for Fame
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores Cavendish’s pessimistic account of human nature and social relationships. For Cavendish, there is an important disanalogy between humans and other parts of the natural world: humans possess a desire for fame. Juxtaposing her view with Hobbes’s views, this chapter argues that Cavendish distinguishes two forms of self-love as well as two types of desire for recognition to which that self-love can give rise. Pure self-love gives rise to the desire to be recognized for good deeds, or “fame.” Corrupted self-love simply pursues public recognition by any means, even vice; Cavendish calls this “infamy.” The chapter considers Cavendish’s views about the soul and immortality and argues that Cavendish thought fame provides humans with a kind of afterlife. It ends with a discussion of her account of virtue and how she thought humans can become virtuous.
Peace and Order in Human Societies
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: November 2017

Cavendish recognized that humans are social creatures and that members of human societies have appropriate roles, established by Nature, with principles guiding those roles. When humans follow these principles, there is peace and order. When they do not, there is chaos and disorder. However, given humans’ desire for public recognition, humans need government in order to ensure peace and order. This chapter explores Cavendish’s political philosophy, arguing that she endorsed absolute sovereignty. The chapter notes some similarities with Hobbes’s views, but explores the different role of social contracts in their theories. It explores Cavendish’s views about how a sovereign should treat subjects and the role of virtue and poetry in improving the characters of subjects. The chapter ends with a discussion of Cavendish’s conservative views about class and social rank.
Gender Roles and the Role of Nature
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: November 2017

Some scholars have argued that Cavendish was a feminist or proto-feminist. This chapter argues that Cavendish’s views on gender were actually quite conservative. Cavendish thought natural norms should guide people’s choices, and she believed women were naturally inferior to men. While Cavendish’s natural philosophy entails that natures are not fixed and that women are free to act differently than Nature prescribes, this chapter argues that Cavendish thought that violating gender norms would be irregular, unnatural, and a source of social instability. She believed women should conform to traditional feminine virtues and that women’s education should reinforce those virtues. Nonetheless, Cavendish also recognized how social institutions can limit women’s freedom. This chapter explores the complexities of Cavendish’s critique of one such institution, patriarchal marriage, arguing that despite her recognition that patriarchal marriages were nearly always bad for women, Cavendish believed marriage to be necessary for maintaining social order.
Conclusion
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes the main features of the account of Nature ascribed to Cavendish in the preceding nine chapters. It describes what Cavendish thinks a truly well-ordered and perfectly regular universe would be like. According to Cavendish’s mature natural philosophy, Nature has “but One Law,” which is “to keep Infinite matter in order, and to keep so much Peace, as not to disturb the Foundation of her Government”; when the “foundation” of Nature is not disturbed, matter moves in orderly, peaceful ways. This suggests that, for Cavendish, Nature’s goal is for matter to be orderly and for its “regular” motions not to be disturbed. For the natural world to be peaceful is for it to be orderly, and that means the motions of matter must be regular, not irregular.
Prologue
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: November 2017

The Prologue traces African Americans’ experiences with the law and the courts in the antebellum South. It shows the ways in which the law upheld the system of slavery and worked to characterize enslaved men and women as property rather than as people. At times, though, slaves could participate in the legal system as criminal defendants or as they litigated freedom suits. Free people of color, too, appealed to the law to challenge the constraints imposed upon them. The experiences of enslaved and free African Americans in the antebellum South gave them an appreciation of the power of the law, leading them to fight to gain full legal rights after the Civil War.
A Revolution in the Courts
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: November 2017

Chapter 1 traces the long, hard-fought battle over black southerners’ legal rights that took place during and in the wake of the Civil War. Individual African Americans who fought for their rights in the face of incursions by their former masters and other whites were at the front lines of this battle. By appealing to federal agencies like the Freedmen’s Bureau, hiring lawyers, and testifying in courtrooms throughout the South, they mounted a stiff challenge to white southerners’ attempts to continue to largely shut them out of the courts. The federally operated Freedmen’s Bureau and the northern military occupying the South also worked to open southern courts to African Americans during the early years of Reconstruction. In addition, Congressional Republicans’ takeover of Reconstruction helped give some black southerners the federal support to exercise the rights they claimed.
The New South and the Law
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: November 2017

Chapter 5 shows the shifts that occurred in the types of civil cases African Americans were able to litigate in southern courts at the end of the nineteenth century, as segregation and disfranchisement became increasingly written into law around the South. Even as white southerners dismantled the political system put in place during Reconstruction, they did not change the structure of the legal system. They viewed black southerners’ involvement in the courts as far less dangerous than African Americans entering the polling booth. As African American men lost the power to vote, however, the kinds of civil cases black southerners were able to litigate against whites in southern courts narrowed. Almost three quarters of their appellate civil suits in the first two decades of the twentieth century now involved particularly egregious cases of fraud in property dealings or personal injury claims and highlighted black people in dependent, vulnerable positions.
The Law of Bodily Injury
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: November 2017

Chapter 7 examines the personal injury suits that formed almost half of the civil suits between black and white litigants in eight state supreme courts from 1900 to 1920. Facing terrible pain and loss in the wake of their own or loved one’s injuries, some African Americans turned to the courts to gain damages. There, in a time of encroaching segregation and racial injustice, a number of black litigants found disproportionate success in the realm of tort litigation. During their trials, black litigants shaped their testimony to meet the legal basis of personal injury, emphasizing their own caution at the time of the accident, their continuing pain and weakness from the injury, and the loss of income they had incurred. As in fraud cases, their claims of weakness and vulnerability could reinforce white judges’ and jury members’ ideas about racial inequality, but also allowed them to frequently win such suits.
Fighting for Rights in the Courts
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: November 2017

Chapter 8 traces African Americans’ continuing civil litigation in southern courts from 1921 to 1950. Beginning in the 1920s, African Americans began to litigate a wider range of types of civil cases against whites in southern state supreme courts. Black litigants were no longer forced to rely so heavily on stereotypes and claims of ignorance and vulnerability to win a case. More and more of black litigants’ seemingly ordinary appellate civil cases protested intimidation and violence against African Americans or made claims for larger groups of African Americans, beyond just the individuals litigating the suits. A few cases even directly challenged discriminatory racial regimes, at times using the techniques they had used to win other kinds of civil cases over the past decades. Although some of these cases were orchestrated by racial justice organizations like the NAACP, many others were brought by individual African Americans.
Confirmation through replication
Authors: Poplack Shana
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews a series of replications of the studies reported in previous chapters on eight typologically distinct language pairs, making use of a wide array of phonological, morphological, and syntactic diagnostics (e.g., vowel harmony, word order, case-marking, adjectival expression, nominal determination patterns, verb incorporation strategies). Wherever a conflict site between donor and recipient languages could be determined, lone items were systematically shown to behave like the latter, often to the point of assuming the fine details of its variable quantitative conditioning. Results confirm that the integration process and its outcome—grammatical identity of donor-language items with recipient-language counterparts—are universal.
Distinguishing borrowing and code-switching
Authors: Poplack Shana
Published: November 2017

This chapter confronts the structure of borrowed items explicitly with that of multiword code-switches produced by the same French-English bilinguals. Speakers are shown to imbue switches with the morphosyntactic structure of the donor language while integrating borrowings into that of the recipient language, to the extent of mirroring its variable patterning. Also measured is speakers’ relative propensity to engage in these mixing types, to determine whether those who make copious use of one are equally likely to use the other. No such correlation could be established, further attesting to the distinction among these strategies. Corroborating evidence comes from three additional language pairs and one triplet, in which, regardless of diagnostic or language, lone donor-language items, nonce and more frequent, are seen to behave in parallel in their adoption of recipient-language structure, and differently from multiword code-switches, which retain donor-language structure.
The social dynamics of borrowing
Authors: Poplack Shana
Published: November 2017

This chapter reports the results of the first study of the trajectory of borrowed words in the speech community and the role of socio-demographic factors (age, gender, social class membership, level of education, individual bilingual proficiency, minority versus majority status, neighborhood of residence) in their adoption and spread. Making use of a sharedness index, we infer channels of diffusion of specific words and borrowing types (nonce versus widespread) across cohorts. Among the novel findings are that borrowing behavior is not simply a function of lexical need, but is acquired, and that both borrowing rates and type are dictated by wider community norms rather than individual bilingual abilities. This is evidenced in (implicit) community-level sanctions against the elevated use of borrowing and community-wide preferences for a particular type of borrowing.
College Students’ Ethnographic Observations of Parties and Hookups
Authors: Beste Jennifer
Published: November 2017

Student ethnographers describe contemporary college culture as encouraging a profound split in identity for students who wish to excel both academically and socially. During the day, college students are responsible young adults who successfully manage the demands of classes, jobs, and extracurricular activities. On party nights, however, many adopt completely different personas and values, ones that find fun and relief from stress in carefree or reckless behavior that often involves binge drinking and hooking up. This chapter explores college students’ party personas by analyzing sober undergraduate ethnographers’ observations of their peers at parties. They describe what happens before, during, and after parties, and analyze variations in social interactions within and between various social groups based on gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation.
Why College Students Act the Way They Do
Authors: Beste Jennifer
Published: November 2017

Undergraduate ethnographers perceive that their peers’ behavior at parties mimics popular culture’s narrative of sex, gender, and college culture. The media accessed by adolescents and young adults depict casual sex as humorous, thrilling, expected, and “no big deal.” Furthermore, popular culture celebrates the college years as the time in life to be wild, drink excessively, and experiment sexually with as many people as possible. Conforming to this lifestyle offers social status and acceptance, and gives students a temporary boost in self-esteem. Excessive alcohol enables students to act in ways they would never comfortably act if sober. After analyzing ethnographers’ perspectives, the author turns to broader social scientific research to offer additional motivations and reasons underlying college students’ attitudes and behavior—hyper-individualism, technology, the ubiquitous use of online porn, and the pervasive pornification of sexuality in U.S. culture.
Embracing Our Interdependence on God and Others
Authors: Beste Jennifer
Published: November 2017

The first aspect of Johann Metz’s account of becoming fully human is to honor how deeply our sense of self and capacity to flourish depend on a network of relationships with God, others, and the rest of creation. Students’ reflections demonstrate that, in order to become fully human, we must let go of the belief fueled by popular culture that self-worth, success, and happiness result from a lifestyle marked by self-sufficiency, competition, perfectionism, wealth, materialism, and high social status. Instead, recalling our special dignity as persons created in the image of God, we must reclaim a vision of our intrinsic self-worth and embrace our interdependence on God and others. Both my students’ and Johann Metz’s analyses of Western culture shed light on why hookups appear psychologically safer and more “reasonable” than committed relationships.
Secondary Victimization
Authors: Beste Jennifer
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the secondary effects of sexual assault on survivors. The ways that a university community and broader society respond to the survivor can either intensify or lessen the survivor’s traumatization. Discussion is broken down into college peers’ responses to allegations of sexual assault and university responses to sexual assault. With the help of Metz’s framework, the author reflects theologically on those responses. She notes that although this hard look at our collective tendencies to deny the reality and trauma of sexual assault can tempt us toward despair and cynicism, it is possible for members of a campus community to work together to create a sexually just college culture where sexual assault is no longer socially tolerated, survivors are supported in their process of recovery, and each person is treated as an end-in-him or herself.
Epilogue
Authors: Gentry Philip M.
Published: November 2017

The book’s epilogue fast-forwards to a brief case study of contemporary music and identity politics. The Broadway musical Hamilton found great success just as the 2016 Democratic Party primary race between Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders foregrounded a political divide between so-called identity and class politics. From their earliest days, identity politics have offered a model of solidarity and connectedness, a privileging, in the famous phrase, of the personal as the political. Hamilton does not rewrite history, but it does rewrite how it is felt and who gets to do the feeling. It is not enough simply to achieve some sort of psychological self-actualization, solely on one’s own, individual terms. The epilogue argues for a more nuanced understanding of identity politics as a particularly effective model for building solidarity, as our best chance for creating positive change.
John Latouche and His Family
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Latouche’s background growing up in Richmond, Virginia. It includes brief discussion of such leading local artistic figures of the time as James Branch Cabell, Ellen Glasgow, and John Powell, all of whom played some role, even if indirectly, in his life. This chapter also explores Latouche’s deception regarding basic facts about his life and background, including his age and his Jewish roots on his mother’s side. This chapter also covers his parents’ marriage and divorce, and his relationship with his mother, brother, and other family members. Some consideration is given to Richmond’s Jewish community, and Latouche’s religious affiliation and spiritual interests.
The Boy Wonder of Broadway
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

After dropping out of Columbia, Latouche attempted to make his career on Broadway. One very early effort included contributions to the satire The Murder in the Old Red Barn. He also worked for a while as a press agent for the Ballet Russes de Monte Carlo. His work on Erika Mann’s Pepper Mill, which included adapting German texts and appearing on stage, marked his growing involvement with the refugee community. His transgressive cabaret songs established a following, but his first big break came with interpolations in the labor musical Pins and Needles.
Cabin in the Sky
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

Cabin in the Sky was one of Latouche’s first major triumphs, an all-black 1940 musical for which he wrote the lyrics: music by Vernon Duke; book by Lynn Root; choreography by George Balanchine and Katherine Dunham; and sets by Boris Aronson; Ethel Waters and Dooley Wilson starred. The show proved a critical success, applauded for the sophistication of its score and the novelty of its choreography and set design; this included kudos in the black press, even as some progressive white critics took the work to task for perpetuating stereotypes. The show subsequently became a movie directed by Vincente Minnelli, with new music by Harold Arlen and E. Y. Harburg, and starring also Lena Horne. This chapter discusses differences between the stage and film versions, and further explores revivals of the stage show over the years, and the work’s continued controversial critical reception.
Banjo Eyes
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

During the period 1940–41, Latouche became involved with the Kurt Kasznar revue Crazy with the Heat, the Ice-Capades of 1941, and other lesser efforts. However, his largest achievement immediately following Cabin in the Sky was Banjo Eyes, a show written for Eddie Cantor’s triumphant return to the Broadway stage, with music by Vernon Duke. The musical was an adaptation of John Cecil Holm and George Abbott’s popular 1935 farce Three Men on a Horse. After mixed reviews on the road in New Haven and Boston, management fired Latouche—or he quit, depending on the source—for not writing in a more accessible vein. The producers subsequently hired Harold Adamson to work with Duke as the show moved to Philadelphia and New York. The musical enjoyed a fair success on Broadway, but closed prematurely when Cantor decided to leave it on account of an undisclosed malady. Although the show has long been forgotten, some of the songs remain in the repertory.
To the Congo and into the Navy
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

Latouche interrupted his Broadway career in order to go to the Belgian Congo (1942-43) to help research and write a documentary with filmmaker André Cauvin for the Belgian government in exile, Congo (1945). The trip also resulted in a travelogue, called Congo as well and released in 1945. After his return from the Congo, Latouche entered the navy, joining the Seabees, and serving in California and in Hawaii (1943–44). On his return to New York, he separated from his wife, and began a new phase in his career
Ballet Ballads
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

One of Latouche’s most significant achievements, Ballet Ballads premiered off-Broadway in 1948, and then moved to Broadway. The work, at least in its entirety, consisted of four dance-operas, with librettos by Latouche and music by Jerome Moross, and choreography by three dancers, including Hanya Holm. The show’s only semistar was Sono Osato. One reviewer deemed it, in its fusion of the arts, “a crystallization of something in the making for almost a quarter of a century—a new art form American in creation.” Historians regard the work as a precursor of the so-called concept musical.
More Fables
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

The late 1940s saw Latouche moving about from place to place, and lover to lover. He maintained some connection with the political left in terms of his involvement with both the Henry Wallace campaign, and his advocacy of world government in works like the radio play Unhappy Birthday and the aborted The Last Joan, after John Steinbeck. He continued also to write popular songs and adapt plays for both radio and the stage, most notably Miss Julie for Elisabeth Bergner. He further undertook collaborations with composer Lehman Engel on Mooncalf (which premiered in Cleveland in 1951 as Golden Ladder) and composer William Friml on The Happy Dollar (which premiered in Houston in 1954).
The Vamp
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

Latouche and African-American composer James Mundy originally set out to write an all black music called Samson and Lila Dee, based on the biblical story of Samson and Delilah. But this project evolved into the 1955 musical farce about the early days of the Hollywood film industry, The Vamp, starring Carol Channing. The out-of-town reviews were good, but the show flopped on Broadway. This chapter also surveys Latouche’s popular songs from this period, including collaborations with Leonard Bernstein, Donald Fuller, Ulpio Minucci, John Strauss, Marvin Fisher, and others.
Late Work
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

The chapter explores some of Latouche’s very last projects. One was the aborted musical with composer Coleman Dowell for David Merrick to be based on Eugene O’Neill’s Ah, Wilderness! (The musical eventually materialized as Take Me Along, with a score by Robert Merrill.) He also made a hilarious contribution to Ben Bagley’s Littlest Revue (1956). His very final undertaking, left incomplete at his death in 1956, was The First Time, a musical version of the Adam and Eve story with music by Milton Rosenstock and sets by Frederick Kiesler.