bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Development of the Suprarenal Bodies In Mammalia
Authors: Mitsukuri K.
Published: April 2021

It has for a long time been known that the suprarenal bodies are in close connection with the sympathetic system. As far back as 1839 Bergmann is said to have noted the fact. Remak, writing in 1847, clearly stated the relation on embryological grounds, and even went so far as to call the suprarenal bodies “Nervendrüsen.” Leydig 1 is explicit in his statements in regard to the point. According to him, the suprarenal bodies in Selachians, Ganoids, and Reptiles, consist of two distinct parts. The one is enclosed, together with the usual ganglion cells, in successive sympathetic ganglia, and is made up of masses of cells different from the ganglion cells only in being dirty yellow in colour; the other part is derived from the former by the deposition of fat globules in the cells, and is situated on blood-vessels as yellowish masses. He further maintained that the ganglionic part corresponds to the medullary, and the yellowish masses to the cortical part of the Mammalian (and Avian ?) suprarenal bodies, which, in these classes, are coalesced into one mass on each side. According to this view the cortical part of the suprarenal bodies of the higher types must, therefore, be derived from the medullary—a conclusion which will be shown to be erroneous. It should be mentioned that in an earlier-work 2 Leydig did not believe in the derivation of the one part from the other—.in fact, considered the yellowish masses simply as collections of fat cells.
Observations on the Resting State of Chlamydomyxa Laby-Rinthuloides, Archer
Authors: Geddes Patrick
Published: April 2021

I Recently received from Professor Dickson a plant of Sphagnum, forwarded by Professor Perceval Wright, from Westmeath, and laden with specimens of Chlamydomyxa labyrinthu-loides, Archer, a remarkable organism upon which nothing further has been written since the paper by its discoverer, which appeared in this Journal in 1875. I have not had the good fortune to witness the remarkable motile labyrinthuloid state, so fully described and beautifully figured by Mr. Archer; this, however, is not to be wondered at, since he mentions that even in the natural conditions, its occurrence is occasional and capricious. My attention has therefore been confined to the resting state, on which I have been able to confirm, and have attempted somewhat to extend, his observations.
On Drepanidium Ranarum, the Cell-Parasite of the Frog’s Blood and Spleen (Gaule’s Wurmschen)
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

In the year 1871 I described and figured in this Journal (vol. xi, p. 389), certain minute sausage-like parasites which I had found in the blood of Rana esculenta. I showed that these parasites were sometimes to be met with attached by one end to a red blood-corpuscle, and I exhibited in my drawing of them (here reproduced, figs. 3 and 4), the sharply pointed character of one end of the cylindrical body, the differentiation of their substance into bands of greater and less refringency, and the definite curvature of the sausage-like form which they present. I suggested that these parasites were possibly connected with the life-history of the Trypanosoma sanguinis of Gruby, which I had observed and supposed to be an undescribed organism. At the same time I pointed out their resemblance to certain peculiar spores which I had observed in the cysts of a Gregarina parasitic in Tubifex. These parasites have, after a lapse of ten years, been re-discovered by Dr. Gaule, whilst working in the Physiological Institute of Professor Ludwig at Leipzig, where I had originally observed them. Dr. Gaule has published two lengthy papers upon them in the ‘Archiv für Physiologic,’ 1880 and 1881. In the first of these papers he gave no figure of the object which he was describing, nor did he refer to the fact that it was already known. This omission, together with the exceedingly original views which Dr. Gaule advanced as to the nature of the parasites, led to a complete misunderstanding of his observations, so that it was supposed that he had been studying one of those curious phenomena of disintegration of the red blood-corpuscle which, from the date of Addison’s paper in this Journal (1861) to the present day, have much occupied the attention of histologists. Misled in this manner by the absence of drawings from Dr. Gaule’s paper, and by the strange method of reasoning characteristic of that observer, Mr. Dowdeswell reported upon these so-called “Würmschen “in this Journal, January, 1881, p. 160, and referred the bodies described by Gaule to the category of disintegration products.
The Micro-Organisms which occur in Septicæmia
Authors: Dowdeswell G. F.
Published: April 2021

Our knowledge of the minute organisms which occur in various infective diseases has been greatly extended during the last few years, since Dr. Robert Koch, now of Berlin, published his investigations on the ‘Ætiology of Anthrax or Splenic Fever,’ which gave a fresh impetus to this study, and formed a model for subsequent observations, though the actual relations of these organisms to disease are, as yet, far from being definitively settled.
On the Chlorophyll-Corpuscles and Amyloid Deposits of Spongilla and Hydra
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

Quite recently (November, 1881) Dr. Karl Brandt1 has adduced reasons for considering the green-coloured corpuscles which occur in the cells of Spongilla fluviatilis and of Hydra viridis as parasitic Algæ, and has given to those occurring in the former the name “Zoochlorella parasitica,” to those occurring in the latter the name “Zoochlorella conductrix.”
Researches on the Morphology and Life-history of a Tropical Pyrenomycetous Fungus
Authors: Ward H. Marshall
Published: April 2021

The subject of the following memoir was discovered, during the wet season of 1880, in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, as an epiphyte, and, as will be shown, parasitic to a certain extent on the leaves of Jasminium pubescens, shrubs of which are cultivated in the abovementioned gardens. At various times since I have observed it on other specimens of the same plant, but so far have no knowledge of its existence elsewhere.
The Eye of Spondylus
Authors: Hickson Sydney J.
Published: April 2021

Through the kindness of Mr. Balfour I was enabled to study the structure of the eye of one species of this genus of Lamellibranchs. The margin of the mantle of several specimens was sent to him from the zoological station at Naples, treated with osmic acid and absolute alcohol, and with absolute alcohol alone. I was unable to determine the species to which the specimens belong.
On the Relation of Pathogenic to Septic Bacteria, as illustrated by Anthrax Cultivations
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

The research, of which in the following report I propose to give the first instalment, had for its object, first, to investigate whether and how far the Bacillus anthracis undergoes any change, morphologically and physiologically, when cultivated artificially ; and secondly, whether ordinary bacteria of putrefaction and septic fermentations can by artificial cultivations be so modified as when introduced into the body of an animal to be productive of disease, that is to say, whether it is possible for an innocuous saprophyte to assume the properties of an obnoxious pathogenic organism.
Plant Cells and Living Matter
Authors: Elsberg Louis
Published: April 2021

To botanists biology owed its first knowledge of ultimate Structure and of living matter. The names “cell” and “protoplasm” testify to the epoch-making researches of Schleiden and Von Mohl. And in accumulation and classification of further biological knowledge botanists have taken so prominent a part that even those of us who are interested only in animal morphology have had to keep some track of the labours of Nageli, Pringsheim, De Bary, Hofmeister, Sachs, Prantl, Strasburger, and many others. It is all the more remarkable, therefore, that the investigations carried on during the past decade, which have resulted in proving that all the so-called “cells” constituting animal tissues are interconnected by filaments of living matter emanating from these “cells,” seem to have borne no fruit for the study of plants. It was in the hope of being able to repay histological botany for some of the light it has thrown on animal histology that I engaged in the researches, the account of a few of which I am about to detail.
The Life History of the Liver-Fluke (Fasciola hepetica)
Authors: Thomas A. P.
Published: April 2021

It has been known from very early times that the liver-rot of various herbivorous mammals is a parasitic disease due to the presence of very numerous flukes in the liver of the affected animals. Amongst our domesticated animals the sheep is by far the most frequent victim. The fluke disease is always common in certain districts in England and in many parts of the world; but in consequence of a succession of wet seasons there was a serious outbreak of it in the winter 1879-80, and it is estimated that in the United Kingdom 3,000,000 sheep were then destroyed by it. Hence special attention was called to the subject, and the research summarised in the following paper was undertaken on behalf of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.
The Structure and Relations of Tubipora
Authors: Hickson Sydney J.
Published: April 2021

Amongst a most valuable series of specimens collected at Zanzibar, by Mr. G. Gulliver, M.A., M.D., late Naturalist to the Transit of Venus expedition, was a fine specimen of Tubipora purpurea, which had been carefully and admirably preserved in strong methylated spirit. Having the good fortune to have this material at my disposal and likewise some fine dried specimens in the Oxford University Museum, I undertook, at the suggestion of Professor Moseley, a renewed examination of both the hard and soft parts in this important and interesting genus. My main objects were (1st) to examine and record the varieties of the structures known as the “infundibuliform tabulæ” in the dried specimens; (2nd) to discover the true meaning of these tabulæ by sections made through spirit specimens of the corallites; and (3rd) to clear up, as far as possible, certain of the other doubtful points in the anatomy and histology of the genus. For the first of these I found that a lump of Tubipora musica given to me by Professor Moseley, afforded the most fruitful results. My second object was fully achieved upon the specimen of Tubipora purpurea brought from Zanzibar by Mr. Gulliver. The same specimen also gave me some excellent results in studying the anatomy of the polyps, but at the same time many important histological details must remain doubtful until some further material can be procured in which the polyps have been killed in the fully expanded condition.
On the Malleus of the Lacertilia, and the Malar and Quadrate Bones of Mammalia
Authors: Dollo M. L.
Published: April 2021

The apparent absence of a quadrate bone in Mammals has given rise to a large number of theories, differing in details, but all, or nearly all, tending to discover this bone in the chain of ossicula auditus of these animals. A recent work, published by my friend Professor P. Albrecht,1 departs, however, from the view ordinarily taken, and, as I believe, advances our knowledge considerably on the subject. I have been led by the study of this memoir to a discovery which I believe to be of considerable interest, of which it is the object of the present communication to give an account.
The Structures connected with the Ovarian Ovum of Marsupialia and Monotremata
Authors: Poulton Edward B.
Published: April 2021

The Ovary of Marsupialia.-In the spring of 1883, I obtained an adult living female of Phalangista (P. Vulpina). Although I have only been able at present to work upon the ovaries of this Marsupial, I have no donbt that, in essential points—such as the structure of the ripe Graafian follicle—the present description will prove to be characteristic of the order.
An Improvement in the Method of using the Freezing Microtome
Authors: Sollas J.
Published: April 2021

The process of obtaining thin slices of soft structures by means of embedding in paraffin has now been brought to a state of almost ideal perfection; on the other hand the method of” freezing “still remains almost in its infancy. At present it is only with great trouble that a continuous series of slices can be obtained with it, and if these are cut from a loose disconnected tissue, they break up immediately on being introduced into water to free them from the gum in which they are always embedded. Moreover, the waste of time involved in transferring from water to a glass slide is simply appalling.
On the Homologies of the Primary Larval Plates in the Test of Brachiate Echinoderms
Authors: Sladen W. Percy
Published: April 2021

All that had previously been written upon the subject of homologous plates in larval Echinodermata was critically discussed in the pages of this journal by my friend Mr. P. Herbert Carpenter, in his able and philosophical memoir “On the Oral and Apical Systems of Echinoderms,”1 and in his succeeding papers on Echinoderm Morphology.2 It will therefore be unnecessary for me to refer historically to the conflicting views which have been held at different times by those naturalists who have devoted their attention to the comparative embryology of the group, and who have endeavoured to trace correspondent plates in the different orders. In addition to systematising and consolidating what was known, Carpenter has also extended our knowledge of the subject greatly, not only by means of direct research but also by furnishing an interpretation of observations made by others, from which logical deductions had not previously been drawn. As my friend’s papers were written essentially from the Crinoid standpoint, I propose in the present notes to approach the subject from the Asterid side, because in the first place I differ from the conclusions arrived at by some of my predecessors, and in the second place I trust to be able to bring forward some details in the structure of the Asteroidea which, in my opinion, elucidate difficulties that have hitherto been the theme of doubtful contention and diversity of opinion.
On the Origin of Metameric Segmentation and some other Morphological Questions
Authors: Sedgwick Adam
Published: April 2021

In the following pages1 certain hypotheses with regard to the evolution of segmented Triploblastica (Annelida, Arthropoda, Vertebrata), and some apparently unsegmented forms (Mollusca Brachiopoda, Sagitta, Balanoglossus) are suggested and discussed.
On Certain Abnormalities in the Common Frog (Rana temporaria). 1. The Occurrence of an Ovotestis. 2. Abnormalities of the Vertebral Column
Authors: Bourne Alfred Gibbs
Published: April 2021

While much has been written, especially by human anatotomists concerning hermaphroditism, and numerous cases have been described as abnormalities in which the generative organs in the one sex, from imperfect or abnormal development, approach the condition of those in the other sex, little is known concerning the existence of true hermaphrodite glands in the Vertebrata.
On the Chlorophyll Corpuscles of some Infusoria
Authors: Sallitt Jessie A.
Published: April 2021

A form of chlorophyll corpuscle present in Spongilla and Hydra viridis, which is peculiar to animals, has been recently described in this Journal by Professor Lankester.1 In connection with this work, I have at his suggestion examined several green forms of Infusoria, and I wish to thank him here for the help he has most kindly given me.
On some Points in the Minute Structure of the Pancreas
Authors: Gibbes Heneage
Published: April 2021

In the pancreas of the rabbit Kuhne and Lea have described accumulations of cells between the alveoli having a distinct blood supply. I have examined the pancreas in a large number of animals, such as dog, cat, guinea pig and ape, and I find that these agglomerations of cells are constant in all of them.
On the Laticiferous Tissue of Manihot Glaziovii (the Cearà Rubber)
Authors: Scott D. H.
Published: April 2021

In the course of some work on the development of laticiferous tissue in the secondary cortex I was led to examine the Ceará Rubber (Manihot Glaziovii), a plant to which my attention was first directed by Mr. Thiselton Dyer. The investigation of this plant has led to some very unexpected results, which it is the object of the present paper to communicate.
Note on the Laticiferous Tissue of Hevea spruceana
Authors: Scott D.H.
Published: April 2021

The genus Hevea belongs to the sub-tribe Jatropheæ (Tribe Crotoneæ, N. O. Euphorbiaæ æ), according to the classification adopted in Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum. I was not able to obtain material of the most important commercial species, H. brasiliensis, the Para rubber, as none could be spared just now from the Kew collection, but it is not probable that important differences exist between this species and H. spruceana, as regards the subject before us.
On Recent Researches into the Origin and Morphology of Chlorophyll Corpuscles and Allied Bodies
Authors: Bower F. O.
Published: April 2021

The readers of the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science ‘will already be acquainted with the earlier researches of A. F. W. Schimper, “On the Development of Starch-grains,” a translation of his paper, published under the above heading in the ‘Botanische Zeitung ‘(1880), having appeared in vol. xxi (1881) of this Journal.
An Attempt to re-classify the Rotifers
Authors: Hudson C. T.
Published: April 2021

Five- and-forty years have elapsed since Ehrenberg published his classification of the Rotifera, and his system still holds its ground. The mere statement of the fact is high praise ; for what have not classifiers altered, and attempted to alter, during the last half century ? Not that his classification has escaped challenge. It was sharply criticised in the ‘Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes by Dujardin, in 1841 ; and the author showed by his criticism that he would probably have invented an excellent classification, if he had only had the requisite knowledge. For his arrangement of the Rotifers into great groups was excellent, and he failed in his subdivisions, obviously from lack of personal acquaintance with the creatures he was classifying.
On the Development of Halisarca lobularis (O. Schmidt)
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: April 2021

In the summer of 1883, I spent—thanks to the hospitality which Professor Lacaze Duthiers so generously extends towards foreigners—some weeks in the Zoological Laboratory at Roscoff, Brittany, and while there was permitted to preserve for subsequent examination specimens which were not among the immediate objects of my research at that time. In this way I obtained several examples of both species of Halisarca, of which on my return to England I cut numerous sections, and then found that the specimens of Halisarca lobularis were richly crowded with broods of embryos in various stages of development.
The Cephalic Appendages of the Gymnosomatous Pteropoda, and especially of Clione
Authors: Pelseneer Paul
Published: April 2021

Eschricht formerly made known, on the three pairs of cephaloconi (“Kopfkegel”) of Clione borealis, some structures which he described and represented as real suckers; at the same time he drew attention to the analogy of their situation with that of the suckers of the Cephalopoda.1
Evidence in favour of the View that the Coxal Gland of Limulus and. of other Arachnida is a Modified Nephridium
Authors: Gulland G.L.
Published: April 2021

The following observations were made by the author whilst acting as assistant to Professor Lankester in connexion with a research on the comparative histology of the vascular system and connective tissues of Arthropoda and Mollusca, in aid of which a grant was made by the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society. The specimens of Limulus, of various sizes, from a quarter of an inch diameter upwards, were very kindly procured for Professor Lankester by Professor H. Newell Martin, of Baltimore.
Notes on the Embryology of Limulus
Authors: Kingsley J.S.
Published: April 2021

Several papers have been published, upon the development of Limulus polyphemus, the titles of which will be found in the appended bibliography. Since Professor Ray Lankester has recently strongly advocated the Arachnidan affinities of Limulus it has seemed especially desirable to study the embryology of this form by means of sections, a method scarcely touched by Dr. Packard, the most voluminous writer upon this subject.
The Significance of Kupffer’s Vesicle, with Remarks on other Questions of Vertebrate Morphology.
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: April 2021

Some time ago I undertook the systematic study of the development of Teleosteans, because it seemed one of the more obscure departments of Vertebrate embryology. I was led to devote much attention to the herring, for of marine Teleosteans none offers more facilities to the embryologist.
On the Supposed Communication of the Vascular System with the Exterior in Pleurobranchus
Authors: Bourne Alfred Gibbs
Published: April 2021

Lacaze-Duthiers1 has described in Pleurobranchus a special canal opening on the one hand to the exterior and on the other to the branchial vein, and in Dentalium, two orifices leading from the exterior into the two great veins in the mantle.
Note on the chemical composition of the Zoocytium of Ophrvdium versatile
Authors: Halliburton W. D.
Published: April 2021

Ophrydium Versatile is a ciliated Protozoon which grows in colonies or social clusters, exuding a common coalescent mucilaginous investing matrix or Zoocytium.1
On the Relations of the Yolk to the Gastrula in Teleosteans, and in other Vertebrate Types
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: April 2021

The study of the ova of marine Teleostean fishes is now being actively pursued by many naturalists and is yielding results which are, in the present stage of the progress of zoological science, of great importance. These results are of various kinds. Some of them consist in the discovery of the conditions which affect the life and development of different kinds of ova, and the invention of methods and apparatus by which the favorable conditions can be most efficiently produced in the biological laboratory or in the premises of the pisciculturist. To this class of results the present paper makes but little contribution. Another class comprises the descriptions, measurements, and illustrations which set forth the peculiarities characterising the eggs of the several species. The knowledge of these peculiarities in the ovum of a given species is an addition to the sum of known facts concerning the lifehistory of that species ; and the accurate observation of these peculiarities is of special value in the case of pelagic ova, because in these inconspicuous features afford the only criteria by which the species to which they belong can be ascertained. To this second class of results some slight additions are made in this paper. A third class comprises discoveries of new facts concerning the processes of Teleostean development; explanations, more or less hypothetical, of the steps by which that process of development has been produced by the contending influences of heredity and adaptation ; and attempts to draw from the facts ascertained concerning Teleosteans, inferences as to the significance of the features of development peculiar to other vertebrate types. To suggest such explanations, of some of the earlier stages of Teleostean development, and to draw some inferences of the kind I refer to, are the principal objects of my paper.
Note on the Presence of a Neurenteric Canal in Rana
Authors: Durham Herbert E.
Published: April 2021

In the supplement number of this Journal (1885) Mr. W. B. Spencer says that he has found that the only communication which exists between the neural and alimentary canals in embryos of Rana is by means of the blastopore, and he therefore doubts whether, strictly speaking, a neurenteric canal is present in Rana.
The Preparation of the Eye for Histological Examination
Authors: Barrett Jamea W.
Published: April 2021

During the last eighteen months I have been endeavouring to prepare satisfactory sections of different portions of the eye, and the following communication, which treats only of method, is based upon the results obtained.

I am especially anxious that no statement in it shall be regarded as being final, since I feel convinced that success in this as in other branches of histology depends as much on the histologist’s knowledge of a method as on its intrinsic merits. My results may, however, serve to indicate the direction in which success is to be sought.
The Anatomy of the Madreporaria: II
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert
Published: April 2021

IN a previous paper (4), I have described the anatomy of a solitary Imperforate coral, Flabellum; and of a branching Perforate, Rhodopsammia. The present memoir treats of two examples of colonial Perforate forms, Madrepora Durvillei and M. aspera.
On Some Points in the Development of Petromyzon fluviatilis.1
Authors: Shipley Arthur E.
Published: April 2021

The development of the Lamprey has occupied the attention of many embryologists during the last fifty years. Of these we owe the most complete accounts of the changes through which the egg passes to Max Schultze, Owsjannikow, Calberla, Scott, Balfour, and Dohrn. I have recently worked through the development of Petromyzon again, and worked out the origin of several organs which have hitherto been incompletely known. In many of the most important points my researches confirm those of the earlier observers, and to these I have only referred at such length as would make the account intelligible ; in others, such as the persistence of the blastopore, the origin of the ventral mesoblast, &c., I differ from previous descriptions ; and some points, such as the development of the heart, of the parts of the brain and cranial nerves, are worked out for the first time.
Observations on the Structure and Distribution of Striped and Unstriped Muscle in the Animal Kingdom, and a Theory of Muscular Contraction
Authors: Marshall C. F.
Published: April 2021

Striped muscle has long been known to occur widely distributed in the animal kingdom, but the details of the structure of the striped muscle-cell have been the subject of much controversy. Various descriptions have been given, widely differing from one another, and none of them affording a satisfactory basis of comparison with other cells. The demonstration of an intracellular network in the muscle-fibre by several recent observers appears to afford the most rational clue to its structure, for it not only explains all the appearances seen in the muscle-fibre, including those seen with polarised light in the living fibre by Brücke, but it also renders possible a comparison with other cells, and shows that a muscle-fibre is to be regarded as of essentially the same structure as an ordinary cell, and must not be considered as an enigmatical structure, the details of which do not correspond to those of any other cell in the animal economy.
Note on the Fate of the Blastopore in Rana temporaria
Authors: Sidebotham Harold
Published: April 2021

In the description given in Balfour’s ‘Comparative Embryology ‘of the development of the Amphibia, that portion of it which specially relates to the anourous Amphibia is mainly founded on the researches of Götte on Bombinator. It is there stated that 1 “at first the mesenteron freely communicates with the exterior by the opening of the blastopore. The lips of the blastopore gradually approximate, and form a passage, on the dorsal side of which the neural tube opens …. The external opening of this passage finally becomes obliterated, and the passage itself is left as a narrow diverticulum, leading from the hind end of the mesenteron into the neural canal. It forms the post-anal gut and gradually narrows, and finally atrophies. At its front border, on the ventral side, there may be seen a slight ventrally directed diverticulum of the alimentary tract, which first becomes visible at a somewhat earlier stage. This diverticulum becomes longer and meets an invagination of the skin, which arises in Rana temporaria at a somewhat earlier period than represented by Götte for Bombinator. This epiblastic invagination is the proctodæum, and an anal perforation eventually appears at its upper extremity.”
On the Structure of Three New Species of Earthworms, with Remarks on Certain Points in the Morphology of the Oligochæta
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: April 2021

This paper contains (1) an anatomical description of three new species of Earthworms, of which two are from New Zealand; (2) a discussion of certain points in the structure of the Oligochæta generally, which have been suggested by the study of these forms, but which involve the partial description of other Earthworms not systematically treated here.
On the Structure of the Valve in the Diatomaceæ, as compared with certain Siliceous Pellicles produced artificially by the decomposition in moist air of Fluo-silicic Acid Gas (Fluoride of Silicium.)
Authors: Schultze Max
Published: April 2021

The following pages contain only an abstract of Professor Schultze’s observations, which are too long to be given entire. The subject appears to be one of considerable interest, notwithstanding that, so far as the nature of the marking on the Diatomaceæ is concerned, opinions may not, at the present day, be so much divided in this country as the author appears to think.
Researches on the nature of the vorticella-stem.
Authors: Meczntkow Elias
Published: April 2021

The question respecting the anatomical and chemical structure of the lowest organisms possesses at the present time a special interest from its relation to the discussions regarding the cell-theory, which have of late been carried on so warmly. In order to throw some light upon this question, the author, under the guidance of Professor Sczelkow, undertook a series of researches respecting the behaviour of some of the Infusoria towards various physical and chemical reagents. These researches, however, being incomplete, he has in the present paper confined himself to a portion of them to which he had devoted more particular attention, viz., on the stem of Vorticella.
On the Urticating Filaments of the Eolidæ
Authors: Wright T. Strethill
Published: April 2021

In the second volume, new series, of this Journal, p. 274, is contained a translation of a paper, by Dr. Bergh, “On the existence of Urticating Filaments in the Mollusca.” As neither Dr. Bergh nor his translators appear to be aware that anything has been written on these bodies in Great Britain since the observations of Messrs. Hancock and Embleton were published, I am induced to lay before the readers of this Journal an abstract of a paper read by me to the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, on the 22nd of December, 1858, and published in their ‘Proceedings,’ containing observations “On the Cnidæ or Thread-cells of the Eolidæ,” which I have since confirmed by repeated experiments.
On the Development of Echinorhynchus
Authors: Leuckart Rud.
Published: April 2021

The Echinorhynchi, or Acanthocephali, constitute a group of entozoa with respect to whose development and life-history we are confessedly at present wholly ignorant.
The Anatomy of the Madreporaria: V
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert
Published: April 2021

In spite of the fact that, in the last few years, our knowledge of the anatomical features of this group has been greatly widened, we still are acquainted with so few genera, that the time seems hardly yet ripe for a discussion of those modifications, which are likely to be ultimately introduced into the systematic classification by further morphological study. For the present, therefore, this series of papers1 will, it is hoped, be continued as simple descriptions of anatomical structure, without any attempt as yet at such discussion. An account of the following species will be found below :
Note on Certain Terminal Organs resembling Touch-corpuscles or End-bulbs in intra-muscular Connective-tissue of the Skate
Authors: Purvis George Carrington
Published: April 2021

In the spring of 1888, whilst examining the musculus sacro-lumbalis (Cuvier) of Raia clavata with gold chloride, I was struck with certain bodies which resembled end-bulbs. Assuming that they had most probably been described, I took no further notice of them beyond making a few sketches at the time; but on looking over some of the more recent text-books on histology I found no mention of such bodies in intramuscular connective tissue, and have therefore felt that a brief description of these structures may be of some interest.
On the Maturation of the Ovum and the Early Stages in the Development of Allopora
Authors: Hickson Sydney J.
Published: April 2021

My investigations may conveniently be considered under the following headings: 1.General summary of events.2.The formation and fate of the trophodisc.3.The changes of the germinal vesicle4.The formation of the embryonic ectoderm.5.The history of the yolk.6.General considerations and conclusion.
On Phymosoma varians
Authors: Shipley Arthur E.
Published: April 2021

The material which forms the basis of the following paper was collected and preserved by Mr. W. F. R. Weldon, of St. John’s College, Cambridge, during a visit to the Bahamas. On his return to England Mr. Weldon commenced to work at Phymosoma, and made many microscopic sections and drawings. When, however, he received the appointment which he now holds at Plymouth he handed the whole material, together with his drawings, to me, with a request that I would complete the work thus interrupted. This statement will serve to show how much I am indebted to Mr. Weldon, both for material and for many of the drawings; but I have further to express my indebtedness to him for many suggestions and much help in completing the work he was unfortunately obliged to lay aside.
The Embryology of a Scorpion (Euscorpius italicus)
Authors: Laurie Malcolm
Published: April 2021

Since 1870 there has been no detailed work on the development of the Scorpion. As it seemed likely that with modern methods of section-cutting and the great advance which has been made of late years in the field of embryology, a renewed examination might yield interesting results, I have, at Professor Lankester’s suggestion, examined and cut sections of a large number of embryos of Euscorpius italicus preserved for him by the Zoological Station at Naples. I have also examined, a number of embryos of Scorpio (Buthus) fulvipes preserved and sent over from Madras by Professor Bourne. These, however, chiefly owing to the small amount of food-yolk, show such a great difference from E. italicus in their mode of development that it seems better to postpone the description of them to a future paper.
On the British Species of Crisia
Authors: Harmer Sidney F.
Published: April 2021

This paper will be followed by a further memoir, which will treat of the development of the ovicells and of the embryos in Crisia. I have already published a preliminary note1 on this subject, and I hope to be able to complete the preparation of the more detailed paper without much delay.
Notes on the Naidiform Oligochæta; containing a Description of New Species of the Genera Pristina and Pterostylarides, and Remarks upon Cephalization and Gemmation as Generic and Specific Characters in the Group
Authors: Gibbs Bourne Alfred
Published: April 2021

These notes were commenced at the instigation of Professor Lankester in 1882, to whom the late Mr. Thomas Bolton had forwarded specimens of a Naid which Professor Lankester identified as the Nais littoralis of O. F. Miiller, together with another Annelid which I subsequently described as Haplobranchus æstuarinus.
The Formation and Fate of the Primitive Streak, with Observations on the Archentoron and Germinal Layers of Rana temporaria
Authors: Robinson Arthur , Assheton Richard
Published: April 2021

Even a superficial perusal of the literature of the development of the Amphibian ovum is sufficient to acquaint the inquirer with numerous contradictory statements concerning points of weighty morphological importance. Not only are there differences of opinion as to the interpretation of some of the developmental features which are generally allowed to be readily recognisable, but there are also assertions, made by different observers, concerning merely the structural arrangement and the fate of various portions of the Amphibian ovum which are absolutely irreconcilable with each other. The confusion is added to by a loose application of terms describing changes and areas, so that it becomes difficult to decide the exact relation that the Amphibian ovum bears to the ovum of other Vertebrates.
Some Points in the Development of Scorpio fulvipes
Authors: Laurie Malcolm
Published: April 2021

In the introduction to my paper on the development of Euscorpius italicus (‘Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.,’ vol. xxxi) I mentioned that a species of scorpion (Scorpio ful vipes), which I was permitted to examine by the kindness of Professor Lankester, showed a considerable difference in its mode of development from that of Euscorpius. This difference is, as there stated, fundamentally due to the absence of yolk from the egg of S corpio fulvipes, in which particular it contrasts strongly with that of Euscorpius, in which the proportion of yolk is enormous. Further examination of more abundant material, which Professor Bourne of Madras collected and preserved with great care and forwarded to Professor Lankester, shows that the specialisation of the embryo in relation to its mode of nutrition has reached a very high pitch.
Abstract of Maupas’s Researches on Multiplication and Fertilisation in Ciliate Infusorians
Authors: Hartog Marcus M.
Published: April 2021

The interest so widely felt in all questions of heredity and reproduction removes all need for excuse in presenting an abstract of two of the most important contributions to this question.1 I drew this up originally for my own guidance,2 and have now enlarged it with a few modifications in what I may term “notation,” to make the nuclear relations more easy to master.
On a Specimen of the True Teeth of Ornithorhynchus
Authors: Stewart Charles
Published: April 2021

The interesting discovery by Mr. Poulton of the existence of true teeth beneath the epithelium of the jaw of a young Ornithorhynchus, of which an account was given by him in this Journal, vol. xxix, 1889, followed by a further description given by Mr. Oldfield Thomas in the same year (‘Proc. Roy. Soc.’), in which he pointed out that the teeth were not absorbed whilst still beneath the gum, but were functionally active until the animal had attained about half its adult size, made me anxious to obtain a specimen for the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons which would illustrate so remarkable and important an anatomical fact. A search amongst the rich stores of the College was fortunately rewarded by the discovery of a young male, 316 mm. in length, which showed these teeth in an extremely perfect state.
On Onchnesoma Steenstrupii
Authors: Shipley Arthur E.
Published: April 2021

The genus Onchnesoma was established in the year 1877 by Koren and Danielssen,1 its name being derived from pear, and = body. The genus is characterised as follows:
The Formation of the Germ-layers in Crangon vulgaris
Authors: Weldon W. F. R.
Published: April 2021

The development of the common shrimp has recently been studied by Kingsley,1 whose papers contain full references to the work of other authors on Crustacean embryology. To these, and to the memoir of Nusbaum2 on the development of My sis, the reader is referred for an account of the literature of the subject.
The Oscula and Anatomy of Leucosolenia clathrus, O. S
Authors: Minchin E. A.
Published: April 2021

As is well known, Leucosolenia clathrus is a sponge in which the oscula have been hitherto supposed to be conspicuous by their absence. In Haeckel’s “Kalkschwamme “will be found a full description of this sponge, together with an account of all observations upon it published previously to the publication of that monograph. The following is a summary of Haeckel’s description ; for further details I refer to the monograph itself.
Researches into the Embryology of the Oligochæta: No. I.—On Certain Points in the Development of Acanthodrilus multiporus
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: April 2021

Our knowledge of the development of the Oligochæta is at present based only upon that of a few indigenous forms. Indeed, Lumbricus (including Allolobophora andAllurus), Enchytræus, Rhynchelmis, and Criodrilus are the only types which have been investigated by modern methods. The present paper is the first of what I hope will be a series of memoirs dealing with exotic forms. In addition to Acanthodrilus multiporus, which is treated of in the present communication, I have a few embryos of Acanthodrilus novæ-zelandiæ, which will form the subject of a later communication. Mr. W. W. Smith, of Ashburton, New Zealand, to whom I am deeply indebted for these and many other specimens, has kindly promised to collect other cocoons for me. They travel very well in a living condition. I have already had two sets of cocoons belonging to a new genus of aquatic Oligochæta (Pelodrilus), the anatomy of which I have described in the ‘Transactions’ of the Edinburgh Royal Society ; but unfortunately the tubes in which they were packed were broken in transit. As the cocoons of this species are common and easy to find I have great hopes of getting more.
The Development of the Genital Organs, Ovoid Gland, Axial and Aboral Sinuses in Am-phiura squamata; together with some Remarks on Ludwig’s Haemal System in this Ophiurid
Authors: MacBride E. W.
Published: April 2021

The work which forms the subject of the present memoir was carried on at the Zoological Station at Naples during the six months from October, 1891, till April, 1892.
A New English Genus of Aquatic Oligochseta (Sparganophilus) belonging to the Family Rhinodrilidæ
Authors: Benham W. B.
Published: April 2021

In the summer of 1891, during a stay at the village of Goring-on-Thames, I was on the look-out for Criodrilus, which hitherto has not been found in England. I looked carefully amongst the roots of waterweeds, and in the mud in which these were growing, and ultimately I believed I was successful, for I found a few worms, some three or four inches in length, agreeing closely, so far as regarded external character, with C. lacuum, with the exception that the male pore, which is very conspicuous in the latter worm, was not evident. But on further examination the worms were found to present several internal characters which did not harmonise with those of Criodrilus. However, the worms had passed the period of their sexual maturity, so that the generative system was in a degenerate condition, and I was unable to trace the sperm-ducts to a pore. I had therefore to wait till the following summer, when I paid several flying visits to Goring, with finally good results, for I found more of the worms, and this time sexually mature. The genital organs conclusively showed that a new genus was in my hands, belonging not to the family Lumbricidse, but to the Rhinodrilidse (mihi).
On Homœclabia in Fresh Water
Authors: Eulenstein F. L.
Published: April 2021

The majority of frond-bearing diatoms, constituting the Tribe II of Professor Smith, the status involucratus of Küt- zing, are marine; still nearly every generic type of the tribe is found represented by a fresh-water form, and the cymbelloid type of frustule is even exclusively such. The fresh-water genus, Frustulia, Ehr., characterised by naviculoid frustules in a gelatinous stratum, may be said to prepare the way for the higher marine forms with definite fronds. Berkeleyia, Drokreia, and several species of that genus, are common on the continent. The higher Schizonemata are all strictly marine; but Colletonema affords a good fresh-water illustration on a lower scale, the latter genus being, however, much less known on the continent. Only this spring I have discovered C. vulgare, Thu., to be pretty frequent in the environs of Stuttgart, and it may have been often overlooked from its uncommon habitat, which, as far as my experience goes, is confined to deep mud, where it creeps below the films of Pleurosigma attenuatum, Pinnularia viridula, etc. Another species, C. viridulum, Bréb., has been found in Silesia by M. Bleisch, who has accurately followed up its development. At first the frustules aggregate into small dark-brown compact heaps on a soft gelatinous stratum. From the latter, at the points where the frustules aggregate, tubes are evolved which penetrate into the mud like the roots of a plant, and thus a Colletomena results which before any judge would have pronounced a Frustulia. From a series of specimens in his possession, M. Bleisch believes these genera to pass into each other without a definite line of demarcation.
The Structure and Metamorphosis of the Larva of Spongilla lacustris
Authors: Evans Richard
Published: April 2021

[This memoir was awarded the “Rolleston Memorial Prize “of the University of Oxford for the year 1898.—E. R. L.]
On the Question of Priority with Regard to certain Discoveries upon the Ætiology of Malarial Diseases
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: April 2021

Though it has long been a popular belief in certain countries that malaria is communicated to man by means of mosquitoes, experimental proof was lacking until a recent date. The history of the mosquito-malaria theory has been amply discussed elsewhere by the writer, to whose papers the reader is also referred for a detailed description of the experimental work on the part played by mosquitoes in the propagation of malarial diseases.1 It is not the object of this paper to discuss these matters in detail.
Staining with Brazilin
Authors: Hickson Sydney J.
Published: April 2021

Brazilin is extracted from the wood of Cæsalpinia echinata, growing in South America. Formerly, under the name Brazil-wood, it was used commercially as a dye -, but of recent years it has been superseded by other colouring substances, and practically driven out of the market.
Typhlorhynchus nanus: a New Rhabdocœle
Authors: Laidlaw F.F.
Published: April 2021

The small Rhabdocœle described below was found by Mr. Goodrich at Naples, living on the body of the Polychæte worm Nephthys scolopendroides, Delle Chiaje. He sent a number of specimens preserved with Lang’s reagent to Dr. Gamble, who was good enough to hand them over to me for examination. I am indebted to Mr. Goodrich for a further series of specimens, some fixed with corrosive sublimate and acetic acid, others with Lang’s reagent; also for figs. 2, 6 a, b, drawn from life. I have, unfortunately, been unable to study living specimens ; hence my account, especially as regards the genital organs, is necessarily somewhat incomplete. The work was done in the Zoological Laboratory at Owens College.
The Metamorphosis of Corystes Cassivelaunus (Pennant)
Authors: Gurney Robert
Published: April 2021

The material upon which the following account of the development of Corystes is based has been derived entirely from tow-net collections, taken generally in or just outside Plymouth Sound, between February and May of the present year. Occurring first on February 21st, the larvæ were obtained in small numbers fairly regularly from that time onwards. Advanced stages occurred first on March 15th, and in considerable numbers. The tow-net collections of April 14th, taken in the West Channel, were remarkable for the extraordinary abundance of the zoæa stage of Corystes. They abounded on that date to the almost complete exclusion of all other zoæas, nearly all the specimens being at an advanced stage of development. Since April 14th the zoæas have continued to occur, but very few have been found in the early stages.
On Hypurgon Skeati, a New Genus and Species of Compound Ascidians.
Authors: Sollas Igerna B. J.
Published: April 2021

Among the marine sponges from the Malay Peninsula collected by Mr. R. Evans, of Oxford, at present Curator of the Government Museum in Georgetown, Demerara, and very kindly handed over to me by Dr. Harmer for description, there were included two specimens of the new genus of Synascida Didemnida, which I have endeavoured to describe below.