bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water resources in Chile: The critical relation between glaciers and mining for sustainable water management
Authors: Bellisario Antonio , Ferrando Francisco , Janke Jason
Published: September 2016

Rock glaciers and debris covered glaciers are often understudied in comparison to their uncovered glacial counterparts (in which stunning surface ice is clearly visible). However, rock glaciers and debris covered glaciers are more abundant, often cover a larger area, and will continue to supply a water resource once other glaciers have melted. The surface rock and weathered material cover on rock glaciers and debris covered glaciers acts as an insulator to protect internal ice. As a result, they maintain a reservoir of ice that will be released as water as the climate warms. In the Central Andes (31°–35° S), these catchments provide a valuable water source for nearby urban areas such as Santiago, Chile, which supports more than 6 million people. They also provide irrigation water for agriculture, supporting the burgeoning wine industry in Chile. However, rock glacier and debris covered glaciers are often misinterpreted as other landforms, and their water source is unrecognized by many. The objective of this research is to provide a methodology to inventory the extent of debris covered and rock glaciers in a catchment to estimate the amount of water contained within these landforms using GIS and remotely sensed data. This methodology could be used to better assess and sustainably manage the water resources in the Dry Andes in general and in the Aconcagua Basin in particular
Urban expansion and the formation of technogenic deposits in tropical areas: The case of Araguaína city
Authors: Machado Carlos Augusto
Published: September 2016

Technogenic deposits are formed with the materials produced by the human activity and direct or indirect deposition of sediments resulting in artificial bodies with an own dynamic in each environment. Among the problems, the formation and expansion of the technogenic deposits in the Araguaína city, north of Tocantins state (Brazil), may be subject to the economic cycles and technogenic resources in the last decades. The present study aims at two main aspects, at first a short discussion about the technogenic deposits worldwide will be made and then our aim will be analyzing will be made about the different types of inorganic, chemical, organic and terrigenous deposits in different environments: terrestrial, fluvial and lagoon. The applied methodology was based on the review of the literature, characterization of the study area and urban expansion, identification of satellite images and the structural and morphologic characterization of the technogenic materials. The results point at the link between the types of materials and phases of urban expansion, which mean that the deposits have a higher concentration of organic material and dominance of inorganic materials. Due to the necessity of adjusting the relief and soil for the construction, some areas suffered severe topographic changes and great deposition of technogenic materials. The future perspectives, based on the present conditions, indicate an increasing number and variety of technogenic deposits in some study areas
Using object-oriented image analysis to map and monitor land cover change in the Region Costa Maya, México: 1993-2010
Authors: Simbangala Simbangala Morgan , Campos Cámara Bonnie Lucía , Castillo Villanueva Lourdes , Frausto Martínez Óscar , Velázquez Torres David , Romero Mayo Rafael , Orozco Hernández María Estela
Published: September 2016

Accurate, cost effective and timely multiple spatial-temporal information on the patterns of land cover change is crucial for environmental management and understanding. For this reason, segmentation and object-oriented classification was applied to Landsat TM/ ETM+ imagery to map and monitor land cover dynamics in the Región Costa Maya (RCM) in 1993, 2000 and 2010. Overall mapping accuracy for land-cover map in 2000 was 94.29% (ĸ= 0.9141). Post-classification approach, involving cross tabulation of three generated maps, was used to characterize spatial temporal rates and patterns of land cover change to infer major processes of changes over 17 years. Results revealed rapid urbanization, agricultural land abandonment (forest transition) and destruction of mangrove forests, mediated by socio-economic factors linked to tourism development as the leading drivers of land cover change, with grave implications on environmental sustainability in the Costa Maya area. The study has confirmed the value of segmentation and object-oriented classification for mapping and monitoring land cover change at regional scale.
Animal Experimentation in 18th-Century Art: Joseph Wright of Derby: An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump
Authors: Johnson Linda
Published: September 2016

Despite Robert Boyle’s enthusiasm as a leading chemist in the early years of the Royal Society, his experiments on animals raised acute moral and theological issues in regard to animal suffering. Many years after Boyle’s experiments in the scientific field of pneumatics, Joseph Wright of Derby painted a complex representation of Boyle’s early experiment called An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump. I use an art historical methodology to resituate Wright’s imagined painting of group performance as a microcosm of 18th-century morality against the backdrop of Boyle’s profound eschatological beliefs and earlier discourse on animal ethics.
An Ecocritical Approach to Cruelty in the Laboratory
Authors: Marcus Hadas
Published: September 2016

As newer interdisciplinary fields gain momentum, long-forgotten works are excavated from the literary canon and reevaluated under the lens of ecocriticism. Traditionally, fictional animal characters were seen as merely symbolic, comical, or trivial. Yet times and attitudes have changed, as evidenced by the growing impetus of animal welfare campaigns, posthumanism, and critical animal studies. Few fictional works dealing with laboratory experiments offer a subjective account of the victims’ agonizing experience. This article will examine Mark Twain’s A Dog’s Tale and Richard Adams’s The Plague Dogs, depicting vivisection from the nonhuman perspective.
Limiting Velocities of Primary, Obscure and Normal Particles: Self-Annihilating Obscure Particle as an Example of Dark Matter Particle
Authors: Soln Josip
Published: September 2016

From recently established bicubic equation, three particle limiting velocities are derived, primary, c1,obscure, c2 and normal, c3,that in principle may belong to a single particle. The values of limiting velocities are governed by the congruent particle parameter, z = 3\sqrt3mv2=2E, with m; v and E being, respectively, particle mass, velocity and energy, generally satisfying 1 <= z <= 1, and here just 0 <= z <= 1.
While c3 is practically the same in value as v, c1 and c2 can depart from v as z changes from 1 to 0, since c1, c2 and c3; are, in forms, explicitly different from each other, which offers the chance to look at possible new forms of matter, such as dark matter. For instance, one finds that c3 could be slightly different from c, the velocity of light, for the 2010 Crab Nebula Flare PeV electron energy region and for the OPERA 17 GeV muon neutrino velocity experiments, while at the same time, although not measurable in these experiments, calculated c1 and jc2j, are numerically about 105 times larger than c3.
There is a belief that an exemplary particle of small velocity, v = 10-3c ,and small energy, E = 1eV , but as yet of not known mass, should belong to the dark matter class. Once knowing z the value of the mass is fixed with 3\sqrt3m(z)v2 = 2Ez ,and its maximum value m(1) is at z = 1, m(1) = 2E=(v23\sqrt3):This mass value defines the test particle, with which one calulates primary, obscure and normal particle rest energies at z = 1: Snce at z = 1 theory predicts c21(1) = (3=2) v2;c22
(1) = 3v2; c23 (1) = (3=2) v2, the rest energies are m(1) c21(1) = m(1) c23(1) = 0:58eV and m(1)(c22(1))= 1:15eV. The primary and normal particles, with positive kinetic energies self-creation process increase their energies from 0:58eV to desired1eV: The obscure particle, with negative kinetic energy self-annihilation process decreases its energy of 1:15eV to desired 1eV. This makes the obscure (imaginary c2) particle as a good candidate for a dark matter particle,since as it is believed that a trapped dark matter particle with self-annihilation properties helps keeping the equilibrium between capture and annihilation rates in the sun.
An Investigation of the Variables Predicting Faculty of Education Students’ Speaking Anxiety through Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis
Authors: Bozpolat Ebru
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study is to determine whether Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Education students’ levels of speaking anxiety are predicted by the variables of gender, department, grade, such sub-dimensions of “Speaking Self-Efficacy Scale for Pre-Service Teachers” as “public speaking”, “effective speaking”, “applying the speaking rules”, “organizing the speech content”, and “evaluating the speech”. Correlational survey model is employed in the study. While the dependent variable of the study is students’ “speaking anxiety”, its independent variables are gender, department, grade, and such sub-dimensions of “Speaking Self-Efficacy Scale for Pre-Service Teachers” as “public speaking”, “effective speaking”, “applying the speaking rules”, “organizing the speech content”, and “evaluating the speech”. The research population consists of 2983 students studying at seven departments of Faculty of Education of Cumhuriyet University in the 2015-2016 academic year. The research sample, on the other hand, is composed of 1057 students from seven departments of Faculty of Education of Cumhuriyet University. Data were collected via “Scale of Speaking Anxiety for Prospective Teachers”, which was developed by Kınay and Özkan (2014) to determine pre-service teachers’ speaking anxiety, and “Speaking Self-Efficacy Scale for Pre-Service Teachers”, which was developed by Katrancı and Melanlıoğlu (2013) to determine pre-service teachers’ speaking self-efficacy. Data were collected through ordinal logistic regression analysis as the dependent variable was made three-category and ordinal through cluster analysis. According to the logistic regression analysis results, gender, department, such sub-dimensions of “Speaking Self-Efficacy Scale for Pre-Service Teachers” as “public speaking” and “applying the speaking rules” have a significant influence on speaking anxiety.
De stand van de stelselherziening: brede betrokkenheid bij de uitwerking van de Omgevingswet
Authors: de Vos H.W. (Wilco)
Published: September 2016

De stand van de stelselherziening: brede betrokkenheid bij de uitwerking van de Omgevingswet

In deze bijdrage wordt de stand van zaken van de stelselherziening van het omgevingsrecht gegeven tot de publicatie van de ontwerp-AMvB’s.
Wet kwaliteitsborging voor het bouwen, het vervolg
Authors: Outhuijse A. (Annalies)
Published: September 2016

Wet kwaliteitsborging voor het bouwen, het vervolg

Deze bijdrage bouwt voort op A. Outhuijse, De introductie van private partijen in het bouwtoezicht. Waar moeten we om denken?, TO 2016, afl. 3, p. 79-90. In deze versie zijn het wetsvoorstel, zoals aangeboden aan de Tweede Kamer, en het advies van de Raad van State op het voorstel verwerkt.
Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) in the urban environment: seasonal fluctuations of plant traits and their relationship with meteorological factors
Authors: Ianovici Nicoleta
Published: September 2016

Plants can be used as effective bioindicators of the quality of the urban habitat. In this study, physiological traits were examined in plants growing outdoors, in the proximity of a road. All material was collected from robust, well-grown plants. All measurements were performed during the generative phase. Here, the evaluations of some gravimetric parameters (fresh weight, turgid weight, dry weight, water content, ash content) and physiological parameters (initial water content, mineral content, organic content, organic content/mineral content ratio, succulence, mineral deposition in tissues, tissues density, leaf relative water content, specific leaf area) were calculated for Taraxacum officinale from urban unmanaged areas, across the different seasons (winter, spring, summer, fall). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare these traits in leaves, scapes, and roots. Initial water content and relative water content are good indicators of water status in T. officinale. With regard to succulence, its level was generally considerably lower in roots than in aboveground organs. The mineral content differed significantly among plant organs. For all the parameters analyzed, the most considerable seasonal differences were found in leaves. The Spearman correlations were calculated for the relations between plant traits. Mineral deposition in tissues is the most sensitive parameter, regardless of the organ. The data were subjected to Spearman correlation and linear regression analysis for each physiological parameter and some meteorological factors. The strongest association was generally found with the wind. Variations in the investigated parameters in roots and scapes are more associated with meteorological factors. Taraxacum officinale plants are able to tolerate urban conditions in proximity to a road. Plastic responses to environmental cues make the plant useful in biomonitoring the quality of the urban habitat.
Vascular structure contributes to shoot sectoriality in Selaginella kraussiana
Authors: Gola Edyta M. , Jernstedt Judith A.
Published: September 2016

Selaginella species are characterized by regular anisotomous dichotomous divisions of the shoot apical meristem, giving rise to two new axes (branches) which differ in size. A vital process is the formation of vascular connections, which enables continuous communication and consequent functional and developmental integration of a plant during branching. Here, we present the sequence of developmental changes in the vascular system of Selaginella kraussiana related to dichotomous branching. Stem vasculature in Selaginella kraussiana consists of two meristeles which change in arrangement during shoot development. Using dye tracers, we documented developmental functional isolation of meristeles associated with the specific structure of the stelar system, which results in a spatiotemporal sectoriality of the shoot. We discuss sectoriality in terms of possible significance for shoot development.
Avaliação do currículo de enfermagem
Authors: Bethony Maria Flávia Gazzinelli , Souza Vania de , Soares Amanda Nathele , Franco Elaine Cristina Dias , Souza Raissa Silva , Oliveira Vânia Aparecida da Costa
Published: September 2016

El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir el proceso de evaluación del plan de estudios puesto en práctica en 2009 en la Escuela de Enfermería de la UFMG. Para ello, hemos adoptado el modelo de evaluación de contexto, insumos, procesos y productos. El texto consta de cuatro partes: construcción colectiva de la propuesta del plan de estudios; diseño de la evaluación del plan de estudios; dimensiones del proceso de evaluación; resultados obtenidos en una de las estrategias empleadas. El proceso de evaluación ha favorecdo el análisis colectivo de las dimensiones del plan de estudios; incluso con participación docente inferior a lo esperado; análisis del impacto de la formación en el mercado laboral e inclusión de los estudiantes en el proceso. A pesar de ser racional, el modelo adoptado ha permitido reinvenciones en los procesos de evaluación, con implicaciones en los modos de subjetivación docente.
Bioética y desarrollo sostenible
Authors: Meléndez Martha Patricia Striedinger
Published: September 2016

Este artículo pretende proponer algunas soluciones al problema sobre la preocupación por elmedio ambiente y la toma de conciencia por parte del hombre frente al impacto que producensus acciones en el entorno, así como los problemas que se han venido consolidando dentro de los actuales espacios de reflexión a nivel global a través de enseñar bioéticamente en el campo universitario; así mismo se quiere mostrar cómo la bioética se perfila como un espacio para generar conciencia de los riesgos de mantener el desarrollo orientado sólo hacia el consumo y elmaterialismo. Por último, el artículo detecta varias estrategias para la enseñanza de la bioética la participación activa de la sociedad civil, de las empresas que experimentan y contaminan; la integración de la universidad con sus funciones de docencia, investigación y proyección; y la formación para la reflexión continua de las personas, entre otras.
El Dios empático: la irreverencia de Edith Stein entre la fenomenología y la fe
Authors: Bertolini Alejandro
Published: September 2016

Tomarse en serio la alteridad como constitutiva de la propia mismidad puede llevar lejos a la razón que piensa la complejidad del ser. Así al menos le pasó a agnóstica Edith Stein, quien dió sus primeros en la fenomenología centrándose en el estudio de la empatía, y terminó su existencia haciéndose carne con Aquel que intuyó como el amor crucificado. En este artículo, el autor presenta un recorrido desde la noción de Empatía como fundamento de la intersubjetividad a la potente reconfiguración de la imagen de Dios, que empático se ofrece como fundamento sólido para la verdadera comunión humana. La autora elegida, la santa filósofa del Carmelo, es ella misma un emblema de la circularidad hermenéutica entre razón y fe, filosofía y teología que Juan Pablo II supo formular en FR 73-74.
Polícia e sociedade: gestão de segurança pública violência e controle social
Authors: Freire Costa Ivone
Published: September 2016

A gestão da segurança pública no Brasil é um debate que evidencia a relação entre Polícia e Sociedade. A visão apresentada neste livro acirra a discussão. Tendo como objeto de estudo a Polícia baiana, a autora Ivone Freire Costa focaliza as ações policiais no bairro da Liberdade - o conglomerado da violência e da criminalidade mais populoso e complexo da cidade de Salvador. Desta forma, são avaliadas a falta de confiança, o medo e a insegurança que permeiam a relação entre cidadãos e policiais. A principal finalidade da obra é incentivar a proposta de co-responsabilidade social entre Polícia e Sociedade de maneira positiva, harmônica e produtiva. É evidenciando as falhas na segurança pública e a crescente busca de conformidade social do cidadão no mundo do ilegal, que a autora sugere caminhos para o tão almejado pacto de paz.
Motility and microtubule depolymerization mechanisms of the Kinesin-8 motor, KIF19A
Authors: Wang Doudou , Nitta Ryo , Morikawa Manatsu , Yajima Hiroaki , Inoue Shigeyuki , Shigematsu Hideki , Kikkawa Masahide , Hirokawa Nobutaka
Published: September 2016

The kinesin-8 motor, KIF19A, accumulates at cilia tips and controls cilium length. Defective KIF19A leads to hydrocephalus and female infertility because of abnormally elongated cilia. Uniquely among kinesins, KIF19A possesses the dual functions of motility along ciliary microtubules and depolymerization of microtubules. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of these functions we solved the crystal structure of its motor domain and determined its cryo-electron microscopy structure complexed with a microtubule. The features of KIF19A that enable its dual function are clustered on its microtubule-binding side. Unexpectedly, a destabilized switch II coordinates with a destabilized L8 to enable KIF19A to adjust to both straight and curved microtubule protofilaments. The basic clusters of L2 and L12 tether the microtubule. The long L2 with a characteristic acidic-hydrophobic-basic sequence effectively stabilizes the curved conformation of microtubule ends. Hence, KIF19A utilizes multiple strategies to accomplish the dual functions of motility and microtubule depolymerization by ATP hydrolysis.
Cluster observations of non–time continuous magnetosonic waves
Authors: Walker Simon N. , Demekhov Andrei G. , Boardsen Scott A. , Ganushkina Natalia Y. , Sibeck David G. , Balikhin Michael A.
Published: September 2016

Equatorial magnetosonic waves are normally observed as temporally continuous sets of emissions lasting from minutes to hours. Recent observations, however, have shown that this is not always the case. Using Cluster data, this study identifies two distinct forms of these non–temporally continuous emissions. The first, referred to as rising tone emissions, are characterized by the systematic onset of wave activity at increasing proton gyroharmonic frequencies. Sets of harmonic emissions (emission elements) are observed to occur periodically in the region ±10° off the geomagnetic equator. The sweep rate of these emissions maximizes at the geomagnetic equator. In addition, the ellipticity and propagation direction also change systematically as Cluster crosses the geomagnetic equator. It is shown that the observed frequency sweep rate is unlikely to result from the sideband instability related to nonlinear trapping of suprathermal protons in the wave field. The second form of emissions is characterized by the simultaneous onset of activity across a range of harmonic frequencies. These waves are observed at irregular intervals. Their occurrence correlates with changes in the spacecraft potential, a measurement that is used as a proxy for electron density. Thus, these waves appear to be trapped within regions of localized enhancement of the electron density.
Beutenbergiaceae
Authors: Groth Ingrid , Glaeser Stefanie P. , Kämpfer Peter
Published: September 2016

Beu.ten.ber.gi.a.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Beutenbergia
type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Beutenbergiaceae
the family of
Beutenbergia
.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Beutenbergiaceae

The family Beu.ten.ber.gi.a.ce'ae. currently accommodates the genera
Beutenbergia, Salana, Serinibacter,
and
Miniimonas
. Cells are irregular rods and cocci that occur singly, in pairs, or in small clusters. Gram‐stain positive. Endospores are not observed. Nonmotile. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic. Colonies are circular, convex, and vary in color from white to yellow. Grow well on complex organic media and utilize a broad spectrum of carbon sources. Optimum growth at 28 and 37°C. Oxidase positive or negative, catalase positive. Characteristic diamino acids in the peptidoglycan are L‐lysine or L‐ornithine that correspond to peptidoglycan types A4α or A4β, respectively. The major menaquinone is MK‐8(H4). The polar lipid pattern consists of diphosphatidylglycerol and (except
Serinibacter
) several unidentified phospholipids, and possibly phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Cellular fatty acid profiles are dominated by iso‐ and anteiso‐branched‐chain acids and minor amounts of saturated straight‐chain acids. Harbors specific 16S rRNA gene sequence signatures differentiating the family from other related families. Isolation sources are cave soil, sea sand, rhizosphere of a mangrove, an aerobic bioreactor, and the intestinal tract of a fish. DNA G+C content (mol%): 71–75. Type genus:
Beutenbergia
Groth, Schumann, Schuetze, Augsten, Kramer, and Stackebrandt 1999, 1738
VP
.
Fervidicoccaceae
Authors: Perevalova Anna A. , Lebedinsky Alexander V. , Bonch‐Osmolovskaya Elizaveta A.
Published: September 2016

Fer.vi.di.coc.ca.ce'ae, N.L. masc. n.
Fervidicoccus
the type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Fervidicoccaceae
the family of the genus
Fervidicoccus
.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Fervidicoccales / Fervidicoccaceae

Members of the family
Fervidicoccaceae
are extremely thermophilic microorganisms of the order
Fervidicoccales
in the class
Thermoprotei
. At present, the only cultivated representative of
Fervidicoccaceae
family is
Fervidicoccus fontis,
isolated from hot spring of Uzon Caldera, Kamchatka. It is an anaerobic organotroph growing optimally on peptides at 65–70°C and pH 6.0. Complete genome analysis of
F. fontis
confirmed a distinct phylogenetic position of this group.
Methanocellaceae
Authors: Sakai Sanae , Imachi Hiroyuki
Published: September 2016

Me.tha.no.cel.la.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Methanocella
type genus of the family;
‐aceae
the ending to donate a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanocellaceae
the family of the genus
Methanocella
.

Euryarchaeota / Methanomicrobia / Methanocellales / Methanocellaceae
Plantactinospora
Authors: Li Wen‐Jun , Salam Nimaichand
Published: September 2016

Plan.tac.ti.no.spo'ra. L. n.
planta
a plant; Gr. n.
actis actinos
a ray; Gr. n.
spora
a seed, and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Plantactinospora
pertaining to a spore‐forming actinomycete isolated from plant tissues.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Plantactinospora

Gram‐staining positive and aerobic. Forms extensive substrate mycelium that bears single or conglomerate spores; but little or no aerial mycelium. Spores are either smooth or rough and nonmotile. The genus
Plantactinospora
is identified chemotaxonomically by the presence of
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid in cell wall and arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and xylose in the whole‐cell hydrolysates, MK‐10(H
6
) or MK‐9(H
6
) as predominant menaquinone, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol as major phospholipids, iso‐C
15:0
, anteiso‐C
17:0
, iso‐C
16:0
, and anteiso‐C
15:0
as major fatty acids.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 69.0–76.0 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Plantactinospora mayteni
Qin, Li, Zhang, Zhu, Zhao, Xu and Li 2009, 2529
VP
emend. Zhu, Zhao, Zhao, Duan, Qin, Li, Xu and Li 2012, 2439
VP
.
Natronoarchaeum
Authors: Shimane Yasuhiro
Published: September 2016

Na.tro.no.ar.chae'um. N.L. n.
natron
(arbitrarily derived from Arabic n.
natrun
or
natron
) soda, sodium carbonate; N.L. pref.
natrono‐
pertaining to soda; N.L. neut. n.
archaeum
(from Gr. adj.
archaios ‐ê ‐on
ancient), archaeon; N.L. neut. n.
Natronoarchaeum
the soda archaeon.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halobacteriaceae / Natronoarchaeum

The genus
Natronoarchaeum
is classified with the family
Halobacteriaceae
, order
Halobacteriales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Its closest related genus is
Salinarchaeum
. Currently, three species have been described:
Nac. mannanilyticum
(the type species of the genus),
Nac. philippinense
, and
Nac. rubrum
. Cells are rod shaped or pleomorphic and stain Gram‐negative. Colonies are small and red pigmented. The members of the genus are halophilic, requiring at least 1.4 M NaCl for growth and slightly alkaliphilic or alkalitolerant. Cells lyse in distilled water. They are aerobic chemoorganotrophs that grow on complex media; some sugars, organic acids, and amino acids may also support growth as single carbon sources. Anaerobic growth with nitrate, arginine, and DMSO does not occur and nitrate is not reduced. Starch is hydrolyzed but gelatin or casein and Tween 80 are not. Polar lipids are characterized by the presence of C
20
C
20
and C
20
C
25
derivatives of phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), phosphatidyl glycerophosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), disulfated diglycosyl diether (S
2
‐DGD), and one unidentified glycolipid. The three species have been isolated from salterns in China or from commercial solar salt produced in Japan and in the Philippines.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 63.0–66.2.

Type species
:
Natronoarchaeum mannanilyticum
Shimane, Hatada, Minegishi, Mizuki, Echigo, Miyazaki, Ohta, Usami, Grant and Horikoshi 2010, 2532
VP
.
Methanocella
Authors: Sakai Sanae , Imachi Hiroyuki
Published: September 2016

Me.tha.no.cel'la. N.Gr. n. N.L. pref.
methano‐
pertaining to methane; L. fem. n.
cella
a room, and in biology a cell; N. L. fem. n.
Methanocella
a methane‐producing cell.

Euryarchaeota / Methanomicrobia / Methanocellales / Methanocellaceae / Methanocella

Rod‐shaped
cells, about 1.3–2.8 µm long and 0.2–0.7 µm wide, usually occurring singly. Coccoid cells are also observed at the late‐exponential phase of growth. Does not form spores. Cell wall composed of an S‐layer. No motility observed, although some strains are flagellated. Obligate anaerobes. Optimal growth temperature ranges are between 35 and 55°C. Optimum pH for growth is 6.8–7.0.

Energy for growth is obtained by the reduction of CO
2
to CH
4
with formate or H
2

as electron donors. No growth on acetate, methylamines, and alcohols. Acetate is required as a carbon source. Yeast extract can stimulate growth. Habitats are not only a wide variety anaerobic environments but also aerated soils.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 52.7–56.7.

Type species
:
Methanocella paludicola
Sakai, Imachi, Harada, Ohashi, Hanada and Kamagata 2008, 934
VP
.
Methanolinea
Authors: Imachi Hiroyuki , Sakai Sanae
Published: September 2016

Me.tha.no.li'ne.a. N.L. pref.
methano
‐ pertaining to methane; L. fem. n.
linea
line; N.L. fem. n.
Methanolinea
a methane‐ producing, line‐shaped morphotype.

Euryarchaeota / Methanomicrobia / Methanocellales / Methanoregulaceae / Methanolinea

Rod‐shaped cells, about 0.3–0.7 µm in width and 2.0 µm in length. Coccoid and multicellular filamentous cells are also observed in late‐exponential‐phase culture or enrichment culture with other microorganisms such as syntrophic propionate‐oxidizing hydrogen‐producing bacterial
Syntrophobacter
species. Cells are surrounded by a sheath‐like structure. Nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic. Optimum temperature range is between 37 and 50°C. Optimum pH for growth is around 7. H
2
/CO
2
and formate serve as substrates for growth and methanogenesis. Acetate and/or yeast extract are required for growth. Habitats are anaerobic sediments and digesters.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 56.3/56.4 (HPLC)–56.5 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Methanolinea tarda
Imachi Sakai Sekiguchi Hanada Kamagata Ohashi and Harada 2008, 299
PV
.
Palaeococcus
Authors: Takai Ken
Published: September 2016

Pa.lae.o.coc'cus. Gr. adj.
palaios
ancient; Gr. n.
kokkos
grain or kernel; N.L. masc. n.
Palaeococcus
ancient spherical cell, denoting the ancient lineage of
Thermococcales
members.

Euryarchaeota / Thermococci / Thermococcales / Thermococcaceae / Palaeococcus

The genus
Paleococcus
is a member of the family
Thermococcaceae
and accommodates three species at present. They stain Gram‐negative and are irregular cocci, highly motile with a polar flagellum or multiple flagella. The genus contains facultatively anaerobic, facultatively piezophilic, and hyperthermophilic species. Growth occurs optimally at 80–85°C and is neutrophilic and slightly halophilic. All the species are isolated from submarine hydrothermal environments and grow chemoorganotrophically with peptides, starch, and pyruvate. Major core lipids are characterized by the presence of caldarcheaol.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 42.5–53.5.

Type species
:
Palaeococcus ferrophilus
Takai, Sugai, Itoh and Horikoshi 2000, 498
VP
.
“
Nanoarchaeales
”
Authors: Huber Harald , Auerbach Anna , Podar Mircea
Published: September 2016

Na.no.ar.chae.a'les. N.L. neut. n.
Nanoarchaeum
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Nanoarchaeales
the order of
Nanoarchaeum
.

Euryarchaeota / Thermococci / Nanoarchaeales

The
Nanoarchaeales
represent extremely small cocci, which live in close association with host organisms. They are hyperthermophilic and thrive like their hosts under anaerobic conditions. Only two representatives have been cultivated in the laboratory. They have been isolated from marine and continental hydrothermal systems, but clone sequences have been detected in many thermal biotopes all over the world. They possess reduced genomes, which make them dependent on metabolic products of their host organism. The phylogenetic position is a matter of debate. Although some investigations classified them as a group within the Euryarchaeota (or even the
Thermococci
), several recent publications classify them as an independent phylum within the DPANN superphylum of the Archaea.

Type genus
:
“Nanoarchaeum”
Huber, Hohn, Rachel, Fuchs, Wimmer and Stetter 2002, 66.
Neural coupling of cooperative hand movements after stroke: role of ipsilateral afference
Authors: Schrafl‐Altermatt Miriam , Dietz Volker
Published: September 2016

We investigated the role of ipsilateral ascending pathways in the neural coupling underlying cooperative hand movements of stroke subjects. Ipsi‐ and contralateral somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) were recorded following ulnar nerve stimulation during cooperative and non‐cooperative hand movements. The amplitude ratio, that is, ipsilateral divided by contralateral amplitude, was highest during the cooperative task when the affected arm was stimulated, reflecting an enhanced afferent volley to the unaffected hemisphere. The presence of ipsilateral SSEP from the paretic arm was closely related with the patients' hand function. This shows for the first time a laterality in ascending pathways after unilateral stroke and implies an involvement of the unaffected hemisphere in the control of paretic hand movements.
RNAi prevents and reverses phenotypes induced by mutant human ataxin‐1
Authors: Keiser Megan S. , Monteys Alejandro Mas , Corbau Romuald , Gonzalez‐Alegre Pedro , Davidson Beverly L.
Published: September 2016

Objective

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 is an autosomal dominant fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the coding region of ATXN1. We showed previously that partial suppression of mutant ataxin‐1 (ATXN1) expression, using virally expressed RNAi triggers, could prevent disease symptoms in a transgenic mouse model and a knockin mouse model of the disease, using a single dose of virus. Here, we set out to test whether RNAi triggers targeting ATXN1 could not only prevent, but also reverse disease readouts when delivered after symptom onset.

Methods

We administered recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) expressing miS1, an artificial miRNA targeting human ATXN1 mRNA (rAAV.miS1), to a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1; B05 mice). Viruses were delivered prior to or after symptom onset at multiple doses. Control B05 mice were treated with rAAVs expressing a control artificial miRNA, or with saline. Animal behavior, molecular phenotypes, neuropathology, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy were done on all groups, and data were compared to wild‐type littermates.

Results

We found that SCA1 phenotypes could be reversed by partial suppression of human mutant ATXN1 mRNA by rAAV.miS1 when delivered after symptom onset. We also identified the therapeutic range of rAAV.miS1 that could prevent or reverse disease readouts.

Interpretation

SCA1 disease may be reversible by RNAi therapy, and the doses required for advancing this therapy to humans are delineated. Ann Neurol 2016;80:754–765
Neuroinflammatory component of gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Herranz Elena , Giannì Costanza , Louapre Céline , Treaba Constantina A. , Govindarajan Sindhuja T. , Ouellette Russell , Loggia Marco L. , Sloane Jacob A. , Madigan Nancy , Izquierdo‐Garcia David , Ward Noreen , Mangeat Gabriel , Granberg Tobias , Klawiter Eric C. , Catana Ciprian , Hooker Jacob M. , Taylor Norman , Ionete Carolina , Kinkel Revere P. , Mainero Caterina
Published: September 2016

Objective

In multiple sclerosis (MS), using simultaneous magnetic resonance–positron emission tomography (MR‐PET) imaging with 11C‐PBR28, we quantified expression of the 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a marker of activated microglia/macrophages, in cortex, cortical lesions, deep gray matter (GM), white matter (WM) lesions, and normal‐appearing WM (NAWM) to investigate the in vivo pathological and clinical relevance of neuroinflammation.

Methods

Fifteen secondary‐progressive MS (SPMS) patients, 12 relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients, and 14 matched healthy controls underwent 11C‐PBR28 MR‐PET. MS subjects underwent 7T
‐weighted imaging for cortical lesion segmentation, and neurological and cognitive evaluation. 11C‐PBR28 binding was measured using normalized 60‐ to 90‐minute standardized uptake values and volume of distribution ratios.

Results

Relative to controls, MS subjects exhibited abnormally high 11C‐PBR28 binding across the brain, the greatest increases being in cortex and cortical lesions, thalamus, hippocampus, and NAWM. MS WM lesions showed relatively modest TSPO increases. With the exception of cortical lesions, where TSPO expression was similar, 11C‐PBR28 uptake across the brain was greater in SPMS than in RRMS. In MS, increased 11C‐PBR28 binding in cortex, deep GM, and NAWM correlated with neurological disability and impaired cognitive performance; cortical thinning correlated with increased thalamic TSPO levels.

Interpretation

In MS, neuroinflammation is present in the cortex, cortical lesions, deep GM, and NAWM, is closely linked to poor clinical outcome, and is at least partly linked to neurodegeneration. Distinct inflammatory‐mediated factors may underlie accumulation of cortical and WM lesions. Quantification of TSPO levels in MS could prove to be a sensitive tool for evaluating in vivo the inflammatory component of GM pathology, particularly in cortical lesions. Ann Neurol 2016;80:776–790
Synthesis of organically bridged trialkoxysilanes bearing acetoxymethyl groups and applications to reverse osmosis membranes
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuki , Ohshita Joji , Mizumo Tomonobu , Kanezashi Masakoto , Tsuru Toshinori
Published: September 2016

New bridged trialkoxysilanes bearing acetoxymethyl groups were synthesized by double hydrosilylation of 1,6‐diacetoxy‐2,4‐butadiyne, using two equivalents of triethoxysilane and a metal catalyst. With a Ru catalyst, the reaction proceeded via anti‐addition to provide BTES‐Ac‐a as a single isomer, while a similar reaction with a Pt or Rh catalyst provided an isomeric mixture of syn‐adducts BTES‐Ac‐b. Reverse osmosis (RO) silica membranes were prepared by the sol–gel process with BTES‐Ac‐a and BTES‐Ac‐b and the membranes were examined with respect to water desalination using a 2000 ppm NaCl aqueous solution. NaCl rejection of the membranes increased to reach 96% at the early stage of the RO experiments. However, the rejection decreased gradually to 85% after 70 and 200 h for BTES‐Ac‐a and BTES‐Ac‐b, respectively, due to hydrolytic decomposition of the silica network during the experiments. In contrast, a membrane prepared from copolymerization of BTES‐Ac‐a with ethane‐bridged bistrialkoxysilane (BTES‐E1) showed improved stability towards hydrolysis with stable NaCl rejection of 96% with higher water permeance (3.5 × 10−13 m3 m−2 s−1 Pa−1) than that of a membrane prepared by homopolymerization of BTES‐E1 (2.7 × 10−14 m3 m−2 s−1 Pa−1) reported previously.
Improvement of the short‐ and long‐term mechanical properties of injection‐molded poly(etheretherketone) and hydroxyapatite nanocomposites
Authors: Marcomini Andre Luis , Rego Bruna Turino , Suman Bretas Rosario Elida
Published: September 2016

Nanocomposites of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles treated with a silane coupling agent were successfully prepared by twin screw extrusion and injection molding. Some of the samples were annealed after the injection molding. The silane treatment promoted an improvement of the short‐ and long‐term mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. A higher stress and a six times higher deformation at break and a higher impact strength were observed in the silane‐treated nanocomposites when compared to the nontreated ones. The number of cycles to fail of the treated nanocomposites was almost 200% higher than the number of cycles to fail of the nontreated samples. The treatment also decreased the glass transition temperature and amount of crystallinity of the samples. This improvement in mechanical properties obtained from the silane treatment was attributed to the strengthening of the PEEK/HA interfacial bond, to the plasticization of the PEEK matrix by silane oligomers produced during the processing and to a better dispersion of the HA nanoparticles within the PEEK matrix. Samples annealing, however, diminished all these properties due to the increase in crystallinity. Studies of the short‐ and long‐term mechanical properties of these nanocomposites under physiological conditions and of the proliferation of stem cells are under way. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44476.
Some aspects of cool main sequence star ages derived from stellar rotation (gyrochronology)
Authors: Barnes S. A. , Spada F. , Weingrill J.
Published: September 2016

Rotation periods for cool stars can be measured with good precision by monitoring starspot light modulation. Observations have shown that the rotation periods of dwarf stars of roughly solar metallicity have such systematic dependencies on stellar age and mass that they can be used to derive reliable ages, a procedure called gyrochronology. We review the method and show illustrative cases, including recent ground‐ and space‐based data. The age uncertainties approach 10 % in the best cases, making them a valuable complement to, and constraint on, asteroseismic or other ages.
Asteroseismic age determination for dwarfs and giants
Authors: Silva Aguirre V. , Serenelli A. M.
Published: September 2016

Asteroseismology can make a substantial contribution to our understanding of the formation history and evolution of our Galaxy by providing precisely determined stellar properties for thousands of stars in different regions of the Milky Way. We present here the different sets of observables used in determining asteroseismic stellar properties, the typical level of precision obtained, the current status of results for ages of dwarfs and giants, and the improvements than can be expected in the near future in the context of Galactic archaeology.
Non‐LTE iron abundances in cool stars: The role of hydrogen collisions
Authors: Ezzeddine R. , Merle Th. , Plez B.
Published: September 2016

In the aim of determining accurate iron abundances in stars, this work is meant to empirically calibrate H‐collision crosssections with iron where no quantum mechanical calculations have been published yet. Thus, a new iron model atom has been developed which includes hydrogen collisions for excitation, ionization, and charge transfer processes. We show that collisions with hydrogen leading to charge transfer are important for an accurate non‐LTE modeling. We apply our calculations on several benchmark stars including the Sun, the metal‐rich star α Cen A, and the metal‐poor star HD 140283.
The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) and its successor, APOGEE‐2
Authors: Majewski S. R.
Published: September 2016

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) of Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS‐III) has produced a large catalog of high resolution (R = 22 500), high quality (S/N > 100), infrared (H ‐band) spectra for stars throughout all stellar populations of the Milky Way, including in regions veiled by significant dust opacity. APOGEE's half million spectra collected on > 163 000 unique stars, with time series information via repeat visits to each star, are being applied to numerous problems in stellar populations, Galactic astronomy, and stellar astro‐physics. From among the early results of the APOGEE project – which span from measurements of Galactic dynamics, to multi‐element chemical maps of the disk and bulge, new views of the interstellar medium, explorations of stellar companions, the chemistry of star clusters, and the discovery of rare stellar species – I highlight a few results that demonstrate APOGEE's unique ability to sample and characterize the Galactic disk and bulge. Plans are now under way for an even more ambitious successor to APOGEE: the six‐year, dual‐hemisphere APOGEE‐2 project. Both phases of APOGEE feature a strong focus on targets having asteroseismological measurements from either Kepler or CoRoT, from which it is possible to derive relatively precise stellar ages. The combined APOGEE and APOGEE‐2 databases of stellar chemistry, dynamics and ages constitute an unusually comprehensive, systematic and homogeneous resource for constraining models of Galactic evolution.
Gaia
Authors: Cacciari C. , Pancino E. , Bellazzini M.
Published: September 2016

A review of the Gaia mission and its science performance after one year of operations will be presented, and the contribution to reconstructing the history of the Milky Way will be outlined.
Chemical abundance gradients from open clusters in the Milky Way disk: Results from the APOGEE survey
Authors: Cunha K. , Frinchaboy P.M. , Souto D. , Thompson B. , Zasowski G. , Allende Prieto C. , Carrera R. , Chiappini C. , Donor J. , García‐Hernández A. , García Pérez A. E. , Hayden M. R. , Holtzman J. , Jackson K. M. , Johnson J. A. , Majewski S. R. , Mészáros S. , Meyer B. , Nidever D. L. , O'Connell J. , Schiavon R. P. , Schultheis M. , Shetrone M. , Simmons A. , Smith V. V. , Zamora O.
Published: September 2016

Metallicity gradients provide strong constraints for understanding the chemical evolution of the Galaxy. We report on radial abundance gradients of Fe, Ni, Ca, Si, and Mg obtained from a sample of 304 red‐giant members of 29 disk open clusters, mostly concentrated at galactocentric distances between ∼8–15 kpc, but including two open clusters in the outer disk. The observations are from the APOGEE survey. The chemical abundances were derived automatically by the ASPCAP pipeline and these are part of the SDSS III Data Release 12. The gradients, obtained from least squares fits to the data, are relatively flat, with slopes ranging from –0.026 to –0.033 dex kpc–1 for the α ‐elements [O/H], [Ca/H], [Si/H], and [Mg/H], and –0.035 dex kpc–1 and –0.040 dex kpc–1 for [Fe/H] and [Ni/H], respectively. Our results are not at odds with the possibility that metallicity ([Fe/H]) gradients are steeper in the inner disk (RGC ∼ 7–12 kpc) and flatter towards the outer disk. The open cluster sample studied spans a significant range in age. When breaking the sample into age bins, there is some indication that the younger open cluster population in our sample (log age <8.7) has a flatter metallicity gradient when compared with the gradients obtained from older open clusters.
The CoRoT‐GES Collaboration: Improving red giants spectroscopic surface gravitity and abundances with asteroseismology
Authors: Valentini M. , Chiappini C. , Miglio A. , Montalbán J. , Rodrigues T. , Mosser B. , Anders F. , CoRoT RG Group  , GES Consortium
Published: September 2016

Nowadays large spectroscopic surveys, like the Gaia‐ESO Survey (GES), provide unique stellar databases for better investigating the formation and evolution of our Galaxy. Great attention must be paid to the accuracy of the basic stellar properties derived: large uncertainties in stellar parameters lead to large uncertainties in abundances, distances and ages. Asteroseismology has a key role in this context: when seismic information is combined with information derived from spectroscopic analysis, highly precise constraints on distances, masses, extinction and ages of red giants can be obtained. In the light of this promising joint action, we started the CoRoT‐GES collaboration. We present a set of 1111 CoRoT stars, observed by GES from December 2011 to July 2014, these stars belong to the CoRoT field LRc01, pointing at the inner Galactic disk. Among these stars, 534 have reliable global seismic parameters. By combining seismic informations and spectroscopy, we derived precise stellar parameters, ages, kinematic and orbital parameters and detailed element abundances for this sample of stars. We also show that, thanks to asteroseismology, we are able to obtain a higher precision than what can be achieved by the standard spectroscopic means. This sample of CoRoT red giants, spanning Galactocentric distances from 5 to 8 kpc and a wide age interval (1–13 Gyr), provides us a representative sample for the inner disk population.