bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Handwriting Problems Utilizing EMG Biofeedback Training
Authors: Hughes Howard , Jackson Karen , Dubois K. Eric , Erwin Robert
Published: September 2011

The effects of EMG biofeedback training on cursive handwriting were investigated for 4 girls and 5 boys in Grade 4. A significant reduction in EMG between the first baseline session and the last training session was obtained. Four of 5 characteristics of handwriting improved significantly. The need for carefully designed research comparing EMG biofeedback training and relaxation training was indicated. A self-control factor in handwriting was hypothesized.
On the Utility of the Nelson-Denny Reading Test as a Covariate in Research on Prose-Processing
Authors: Zimmer John W. , Glover John A. , Running Royce R. , Petersen Chris
Published: September 2011

As part of a project on prose-learning, a reading comprehension test (Nelson-Denny) was administered to 174 students. The test was a significant predictor of posttest comprehension levels and may be conveniently used to approach variations in students' aptitudes encountered in studies of processing prose.
A Test Battery to Assess Intrasensory and Intersensory Development of Young Children
Authors: Temple Ina G. , Williams Harriet G. , Bateman N. Jean
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to develop a battery of tests for use in evaluation of intra- and intersensory development of young childten. A battery of 15 tests (4 visual, 4 auditory, 4 tactile-kinesthetic, and 3 intersensory) was administeted to 109 normally developing 6- and 8-year-old and 32 slowly developing or learning disabled children. Interdependence of test items within each inttasensory and the intersensory category was determined; intercorrelations ranged from .00 to .78. Reliability estimates were also determined. Face validity was claimed for each item. The effects of age or developmental level on test performance were also established. Based upon the interdependence of the tests, reliability estimates, and the capacity of the tests to discriminate among groups classified according to age or developmental level, a battery of 10 intra- and intersensory tests was proposed. The battery has 3 tests of visual perception—visual memory, dynamic depth perception, and size discrimination; 3 tests of auditory perception—auditory discrimination, auditory memory of related syllables, and auditory sequential memory of numbers; 2 tests of tactile-kinesthetic perception—tactile integration and movement awareness; and 2 tests of intersensory integration—auditory-tactile integration and auditory-visual integration.
Reliability and Validity of the Group Embedded Figures Test for a Grade School Sample
Authors: Lis Donna J. , Powers James E.
Published: September 2011

Data on validity of the Group Embedded Figures Test for 22 sixth grade students (9 boys and 13 girls) were obtained. 50 wk. later all subjects were individually screened on the Portable Rod-and-Frame Test and after a period of 2 mote weeks, when they were retested on the embedded figures, data on reliability were obtained. Long-term coefficients of stability of .80 and .71 for the 9 boys and 13 girls, respectively, were obtained. Coefficients of internal consistency ranged from .83 to .98 for boys and girls. Coefficients reflecting both construct and concurrent validity were –.60 and .00 for boys and girls, respectively. Customary sex differences with respect to field-dependence—independence were not observed for these small samples.
An Examination of Relationship between Subliminal Perception, Visual Information Processing, Levels of Processing, and Hemispheric Asymmetries
Authors: Charman David K.
Published: September 2011

A sublimiinal letter was exposed to the left or right hemisphere for either 15 or 30 msec. Subjective guesses were more accurate for visuo-spatial positional recognition made to presentations in the right hemisphere whereas verbal recognition was more accurate to presentations in the left hemisphere. The 30-msec. exposure increased the accuracy of the guesses. These findings were discussed in terms of differential triggering mechanisms for levels of hemispheric processing.
Impact of Sex of Experimenter on the Draw-a-Person Test
Authors: Paludi Michele A. , Bauer William D.
Published: September 2011

A significant relationship was obtained between first figure drawn on the Draw-A-Person Test and sex of experimenter of 140 male and 143 female students in introductory psychology. Of the men who made drawings of the opposite sex, most drawings were elicited by a female experimenter. A like finding held for women; most drawings of the opposite sex were elicited by a male experimenter. The impact of the sex of examiner on an individual at the time of response to the Draw-A-Person Test in a diagnostic setting should be assessed.
Maintenance of Uncued Isometric Contractions by Blind and Sighted
Authors: Emes Claudia G.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of 10 blind and 10 sighted subjects to a proprioceptive task was examined by analysis of response to maintenance of uncued static contractions. In attempting to sustain hand-grip tensions at specified percentages of maximum voluntary contraction, blind and sighted groups showed no significant difference in performance.
Locus of Control, Task Attributes, and Job Performance
Authors: Dailey Robert C.
Published: September 2011

In the present study locus of control influenced perceptions of task difficulty and variability for 281 technical personnel. Individuals ( n = 80) with more internal orientations were better performers than those ( n = 59) with more external orientations.
Attention Demands of Ball-Tracking Skills
Authors: Nettleton Brian
Published: September 2011

This study was one of a series of experiments which investigated the theoretical basis underlying practical approaches to coaching ball skills. The results supported the notion that the attention demands of a ball-tracking task were greater at the beginning and end of the flight path.
Concept of Self and Academic Choice
Authors: Bergum Judith E. , Bergum Bruce O.
Published: September 2011

820 undergraduate students from 7 schools of a major university responded to a checklist of 33 adjectives relating to various aspects of personality. The hypothesis was that the students would be consistent in their self-perceptions within schools and that on the average some schools would differ significantly from each other in general conformity with stereotypic expectations. The results indicated that undergraduate students do show consistency in their self-perceptions within schools and that they differ reliably from school to school, as was the case in an earlier study employing a biographical inventory, although the two instruments tap different aspects of self-perception.
Effect of Awareness on an Indicator of Cognitive Load
Authors: Bagley Janice , Manelis Leon
Published: September 2011

Prior research has shown that the rate of eye blinking is inversely related to cognitive load. In the present study, as in the prior work, some subjects were never told that their eyeblinks were being monitored. However, other subjects were deliberately informed. Each group of subjects performed both easy and difficult arithmetic. Awareness of being monitored reduced the blinking rate. However, the rate was still inversely related to difficulty of the task, even for the informed subjects. The methodological and theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.
Nature of the Representation for Picture-Recognition Memory
Authors: Franken R. E. , Rowland G. L.
Published: September 2011

When distracting pictures are randomly selected from the same pool of pictures as the target pictures, performance with large numbers of pictures (1,000) is much poorer than has previously been reported. Further, performance drops quite substantially after 1 wk., a finding that differs from the conclusion that picture memory is relatively stable over time. Under conditions where the distractors were selected to reduce similarity between targets and distracting pictures, performance approximated levels previously reported in the literature. The results of the experiments seem to demand some type of categorization model of picture-recognition memory.
Neuroticism and the Effect of Stress on the Pupillary Light Reflex
Authors: Plouffe Louise , Stelmack Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The pupillary light reflex was recorded under control, stress and fatigue conditions for 30 subjects equally divided into groups low, moderate, and high in Neuroticism. The effects of stress were distinguished by a decrease in both latency and extent of pupillary constriction during the initial light stimulation trials, as well as by a greater magnitude of redilation. Latency to maximum constriction and extent of constriction and redilation progressively decreased during the fatigue condition. No differences between Neuroticism groups were observed although it was noted that Neuroticism was negatively correlated with magnitude of redilation during the post-stress condition.
Hemispheric Equality in Reaction Times to Emotional and Non-Emotional Nouns
Authors: Megibow Marvin M. , De Jamaer Karin A.
Published: September 2011

Twenty presentations of 6 emotional and 6 non-emotional words in mixed random orders were monaurally presented to the right or left ear. Using the left hand, subjects pushed one of two response buttons indicating type of word heard. Performance improved in later trials and emotional words were recognized more quickly regardless of ear presentation. No differences were associated with the separate ear presentations. Equivalent hemispheric performance indicates equal processing sensitivity to four-letter emotional and non-emotional nouns and substantiates the right hemisphere's verbal processing capability for simple nouns.
Effect of Semantic Context on Free Recall of Serial Lists
Authors: Sanford James F. , Hulvershorn Patti R.
Published: September 2011

The role of semantic context as a basis for organization was examined by presenting subjects with a serial list of 30 nouns in three different contexts: (a) embedded within a narrative passage having a single semantic theme; (b) embedded within a randomly ordered list of the words contained in the narrative passage; (c) presented with no additional context cues. Results showed that both over-all recall performance and input-output consistency were poorer in the random context than in the other two and that other organizational measures were not highly associated with recall performance. It was concluded that (a) subjects attend to context when organizing serial lists and (b) optimal recall was obtained when subjects' organization was related to order of input.
Hemispheric Superiorities on a Unilateral Tactile Test: Relationship to Cognitive Dimensions
Authors: Zoccolotti Pierluigi , Passafiume Domenico , Pizzamiglio Luigi
Published: September 2011

Subjects, 30 male and 30 female, were administered a unilateral tactile test, which requires the subject to judge line orientations. More field-independent individuals in the sample perceived line orientation significantly more accurately with their left hand than with their right hand, while more field-dependent individuals showed no significant lateral difference. However, a similar pattern was observed when a verbal comprehension measure was used as a criterion. The results are discussed as they relate to the hypothesis of a link between psychological differentiation and cerebral specialization.
Linguistic Organization and Cognitive Implications of Rem and Nrem Sleep-Related Reports
Authors: Salzarulo P. , Cipolli C.
Published: September 2011

Verbal reports related to REM and NREM sleep were subjected to syntactic (taking Chomskian standard theory as model) and pragmatic analysis (pause distribution within and between kernel sentences). Both in REM and NREM-verbal reports descriptions of the mental experience during sleep were syntactically correct and indicated little difficulty in lexical choice and little emotion. Even though the strategy appears to be the same (sequential) in both cases, the retrieval of content appears to be more difficult after NREM than after REM sleep. Perhaps different degrees of content consolidation in memory occur during the two types of sleep.
Relationship of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities to other Measures of Preschool Cognitive, Motor, and Perceptual Development
Authors: Krohn Emily J. , Traxler Anthony J.
Published: September 2011

The concurrent validity of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities with four other well-known, frequently utilized tests, namely, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test, and Denver Developmental Screening Test, was examined using 46 preschool children who ranged in age from 2 yr., 8 mo. to 5 yr., 1 mo. Each of the criterion tests includes activities that are present in the McCarthy, and that measure cognitive, motor, and perceptual development. Intercorrelations with other tests were moderately high, with the highest correlation found between the McCarthy General Cognitive Index and the Stanford-Binet IQ. It was concluded that the McCarthy alone is a possible replacement for the more time consuming test battery comprised of the four criterion measures.
Note on Wais Verbal-Performance Differences in IQ
Authors: Lin Yi-Guang
Published: September 2011

The discrepancies in WAIS Verbal and Performance IQs for a sample of 239 subjects with epilepsy were assessed. Both males and females had significantly higher mean Verbal IQs, but the magnitudes of discrepancy scores were only about half the amount noted by Pickering, et al. Individuals differed widely. It may be more fruitful to investigate the relationship between individual-difference variables and the inequality of Verbal IQ and Performance IQ than to apply the correction, proposed by Pickering, et al., of 5 points to equate the IQs.
Probability, Proof, and the Pursuit of Prosperity
Authors: Vogler Monica
Published: September 2011

A poem regarding σx̄: If thy mind hath a doubt 'bout this concept—so stout—Follow this tale. “Enlightenment, prevail!”.
Effect of Information Feedback on Temporal Discrimination in Concurrent and Post-Feedback Measures
Authors: Allenxy Deborah A. , Clark Cynthia A.
Published: September 2011

College students estimated time intervals (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 sec.) where one group ( N = 20) received information feedback in terms of actual interval durations and a second group ( N = 18) received no information. Theshold measures were then taken for all subjects using the method of constant stimuli (comparison stimuli of 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 sec. and a 7-sec. standard). In addition to increased accuracy and consistency of judgments, the feedback group showed a decreasing Weber fraction during the estimation phase, while the Weber fraction for the no-feedback group increased. The feedback group retained only a slight advantage in subsequent threshold measures; group differences in difference thresholds and derived nonparametric estimates of d' were nonsignificant.
Variations in Perception of Short Time Intervals during Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Montgomery Jill Drapkin
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that women experience heightened sensitivity and responsivity premenstrually was tested by asking 10 women to produce short time intervals at four phases of the menstrual cycle. 10 men were assigned to “pseudo-cycles” and tested as a control. The test was based on the assumption that a greater sensitivity to stimuli is reflected in a “slowing down” of subjective time. The women produced the shortest time intervals three to four days before menses, confirming the hypothesis.
Influence of an Intertrial Interval on Sequential Effects Related to Preparatory Period Duration for Reaction Time-Task
Authors: Granjon M. , Possamaï C. A. , Reynard G. , Oberti D.
Published: September 2011

In reaction time tasks, where the moment of occurrence of the response signal is uncertain, the temporal constraints of preparatory processes imply that subjects distribute their preparation during the preparatory period. The notion of cost of preparation has been proposed to explain the time course of these processes. This experiment was run to determine the effect of the cost of preparation on a serial-RT task and on a RT task where a rest interval of various possible durations (3, 6, or 9 sec.) is introduced. 12 subjects were tested. Data show that the amount spent on preparation during a trial affects the subject's performance during the next trials. But an hypothesis about memory search must also be advanced to explain the effect of the rest interval on the relationship of RT and the current preparatory period.
Use and Evaluation of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA): Partial Summary through October, 1979: I. Published Papers
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

92 references to published papers on the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement are listed, originating from a literature search and letters sent annually for the past ten years to some 1,500 users of record.
Spatial Concept Learning in Preschool Children: Motoric Experiences and Verbal Repetition as Adjuncts to Passive Listening
Authors: Worthington R. Kirby , Typpo Marion , Worthington Everett L.
Published: September 2011

32 preschool children were matched by age, sex, and pretest scores on spatial concept knowledge. Four groups were (a) instruction (see and hear) only, (b) verbal repetition, (c) fine motor treatment (hand manipulation), and (d) gross motor treatment (body movement). The 11 spatial concepts studied were in front of, behind, beside, on top of, under, around, through, right, left, forward, and backward. There was no difference in performance between groups given instruction only and verbal repetition. The motoric groups learned more than the non-motoric groups. Older children knew more concepts initially but did not learn more new concepts than younger children.
Effects of Neonatal Administration of Clomiphene Citrate on Sexual Behavior of Female Rats: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Fitzpatrick D. , Halote B. A. , Stohlman J. M.
Published: September 2011

Female rats were treated with the nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist clomiphene citrate for the first 5 days postpartum. The expectation was that clomiphene would influence the sexual development of these animals as is the case with sexually immature animals treated with steroidal compounds. Analysis showed that treatment with clomiphene completely disrupted the adult sexual behavior of the female. In five consecutive days of testing the experimental females were never observed to mate. They were mounted significantly less often than controls, suggesting that the males were less attracted to them than to normal females. The initial suggestion that clomiphene might affect the sexual behavior of females has been supported; however, further research must be done to identify the underlying mechanism of the change.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Hand Test with Older Adults
Authors: Stoner Sue , Lundquist Tom
Published: September 2011

The Hand Test was administered twice to 14 males and 36 females who resided in nursing care facilities. 23 of the 24 correlations (.29 to .73) were significant except for Fear (.12) which was too inftequent to correlate significantly.
An Experiment to Test Generalization of Feedback from Frontalis EMG
Authors: Le Boeuf Alan
Published: September 2011

60 subjects participated in a test of the effectiveness of frontalis EMG feedback as a generalized relaxation technique. The experiment was performed in two parts. In the first part, 30 subjects were randomly allocated to a group receiving frontalis EMG feedback ( n = 10), a group receiving non-contingent feedback ( n = 10) and a group instructed to relax themselves ( n = 10). Each group received one baseline session and five training sessions. EMG measurements from the frontalis, trapezius and masseter muscles taken prior to and immediately after the final training session indicated that the frontalis feedback group was more effective in lowering frontalis and masseter EMG activity (though not trapezius activity) than the controls. The second part of the experiment Was identical to the first with the exception that the subsidiary muscle sites were the forearm and leg extensors. The results showed that frontalis feedback was no more effective than controls in lowering the EMG levels of these muscles.
Physiological Anxiety Responses in Transcendental Meditators and Nonmeditators
Authors: Lintel Albert G.
Published: September 2011

In Exp. I, the spontaneous GSR of seven Transcendental Meditators and seven nonmeditators was measured in a sequence of five conditions: stress (shock avoidance)—rest—meditation (meditators) or rest/eyes closed (nonmeditators)—stress (shock avoidance)—rest. In Exp. II, the spontaneous GSR of a similar group of subjects was measured in a sequence of three conditions: rest—meditation or rest/eyes closed—rest. Analysis of variance did not yield significant differences between meditators and nonmeditators although analysis did verify that the shock-avoidance task effectively produced anxiety. It was concluded that Transcendental Meditation is not an effective means of reducing autonomic responses to stress under the present testing conditions.
Performance of Musicians under Noise
Authors: Moller Lynn E.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 10 college music students were exposed to different noise treatments while completing simple math problems. No significant differences were noted between groups.
Psychology of the Scientist: XLI. Continuous Noise Can Degrade Performance When Using Badly Designed Equipment: A Case History
Authors: Poulton E. C.
Published: September 2011

An acclaimed important discovery was made in the early 1950s that noise degrades the performance of certain manual tasks directly, by a mechanism other than the masking of sounds. It now appears that this is not so. The unravelling of the mystery is described, together with some of the repercussions and implications.
Group Embedded-Figures Test: Psychometric Data
Authors: Carter Heather , Loo Robert
Published: September 2011

The study examined the performance of 266 undergraduates on the Group Embedded-figures Test. Item analyses, distribution characteristics, internal consistency, sex differences, and differences across independent samples were examined.
Reliability of Seasonal Variation in Births of Left-Handed Women
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Dusek Christine , Larsen Ferøl , Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Recently Leviton and Kilty reported that the birth dates of left-handed girls in elementary school display a seasonal trend which peaks in November. We report here a failure to replicate this finding for 257 male and 323 female college students. Further, we have considered the likelihood that the original finding was due to sampling error rather than speculating that environmental factors associated with the season of birth are implicated in the etiology of left-handedness, as Leviton and Kilty have stated.
Information-Seeking Behavior in the Tactile Modality
Authors: Rogers Dan L. , Jones Austin
Published: September 2011

In two experiments male undergraduate students ( ns = 24 and 28) were placed in a sensory deprivation environment to assess operationally defined drive properties of statistically defined information in the tactile sensory modality. In the first experiment it was demonstrated that there is a relationship between rate of responding for tactile information and duration of sensory deprivation, and a positive linear relationship between response rate and the relative information value of tactile stimuli. In the second experiment it was observed that information satiation in the tactile modality reduces drive for visual information. These results were discussed in relation to previous studies of auditory and visual information drives and were taken to support the existence of a generalized drive for information.
Visual Memory in Left Hemiplegia: A Clinical Evaluation of Verbally Mediated Theories of Visual Memory
Authors: Richards J. Scott
Published: September 2011

8 left hemiplegies with poor short-term memory showed poorer visual memory than 18 left hemiplegies with good short-term verbal memory, although they were matched for current ability on Bender-Gestalt designs. Intelligence, assessed by the WAIS post onset, was a complicating factor.
Note on a Failure to Find Hemispheric Asymmetries for a Small Sample of Strongly Left- and Right-Handed Males and Females Using Verbal and Visuo-Spatial Recall
Authors: Charman David K.
Published: September 2011

A column of letters was presented to the left, right, or center of the visual field of 10 male and 10 female subjects. 5 of each sex were either strongly left- or right-handed. The subjects' task was to position correctly the letters on a recall sheet. No significant hemispheric asymmetries emerged, a result that reflects other negative findings. The 10 females were significantly better at verbal identification; this was congruent with the literature. The 10 males and 10 females were equal in visuo-spatial (positioning) judgments; this did not support the literature. The 5 right-handed males were significantly inferior to the 5 left-handed males and the 10 females at positioning judgments, a result that remained unexplained. The findings were discussed in terms of other contradictory findings.
Relationship between Perceptual Stability and Sighting Dominance
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Ceridono Davide , Bergerone Chiara , Cei Alberto
Published: September 2011

A study was made of perceptual stability (in binocular, right and left monocular vision) and sighting dominance. 47 female psychology students served as subjects. The intention was to verify: (1) the hypothesis of asymmetry between the two eyes in the duration of the retinal image, which is indicative of sensory dominance; (2) the existence of a relationship between the two forms of dominance. The results seem to confirm the first hypothesis. Other relationships between sighting dominance and stability of image emerged. There was a positive correlation between sighting dominance and perceptual stability in binocular vision. There appear to be significant differences in perceptual stability depending on whether subjects show right, left, or no dominance.
Acceptance of the Traditional Female Role and Sex of the First Person Drawn on the Draw-a-Person Test
Authors: Teglasi Hedwig
Published: September 2011

The Draw-a-Person Test as well as the Wellesley Role Orientation Scale were administered to 150 college women. A significantly greater proportion of the traditional women drew opposite-sex figures than the proportion of non-traditional women. A follow-up study sampled married women who were NOW members and a random sample of married non-members. No NOW member drew a male while 26% of non-members did. Data from both samples were consistent with one another and were explained in terms of acceptance of traditional-societal values as a factor in determining sex of the figure drawn.
Effect of Face-Masking on Aesthetic Judgment
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

Masked and unmasked university students, 11 women and 9 men in each group, applied a 20-scale form of the semantic differential to each of 10 paintings. Subjects chose their masks from eight articulated faces. On balance the pattern of differences in mean scale values for the two groups suggests that masking enhanced aesthetic awareness. Masked subjects judged the paintings significantly softer, more complex, more luminous, and sweeter. In a supplementary study 60 students, 40 women and 20 men, applied the same set of scales to the masks themselves. Alpha factoring, based on the mean ratings for all subjects, and equamax rotation was performed for scales as variables. Four factors emerged, in order: Temperament, Visual Tension, Evaluation and Dynamism. The mask most often chosen in Exp. I was judged most benign and most meaningful. Such a mask seems especially helpful to the aesthetic response.
Hemisphere Laterality and Smooth Pursuit in Normal Individuals
Authors: Tomer Rachel , Mintz Matti
Published: September 2011

34 right-handed women of college age who consistently responded with leftward (“left-movers”) or rightward (“right-movers”) reflective lateral eye movements were tested on spatial and non-spatial syllogisms while engaged in an eye-tracking task. Contrary to expectation, no interaction between tracking direction and syllogism type was observed. Left-movers performed better on all tasks. The results are discussed in relation to hemispheric asymmetry.
Recognition of Matching Tasks and Stimulus Novelty as a Function of Unilateral Brain Damage
Authors: Paradowski William , Zaretsky Herbert , Brucker Bernard , Alba Augusta
Published: September 2011

A 96-trial tachistoscope recognition task was given to 15 left-hemisphere-damaged, 12 right-hemisphere-damaged, and 30 non-brain-damaged subjects. Procedure called for a first stimulus presented for 250 msec. a 1-sec. pause, and a second stimulus for 250 msec. The stimuli were 12 animal drawings used in repeated series according to a random schedule. Six animals were familiar and six were novel. For half of the trials, the two pictures were of different animals. Size and position of the animal picture were controlled. Both reaction time and accuracy were independently scored. Judgments of same and different appear to function as if they are governed by different processes. For the control group, measures of same and different judgments do not correlate highly despite high internal consistency of subtests. Recognition of same becomes impaired with brain damage, but more so if the damage is rightsided. Recognition of different judgments shows considerably less sensitivity to the effects of unilateral brain damage.
Subjective Response Speed and Stimulus Intensity in a Simple Reaction Time Task
Authors: Niemi Pekka , Välitalo Tarmo
Published: September 2011

Phenomenological and objective methods were used to study the question of whether or not visual stimulus intensity has post-sensory effects on simple RT. It was hypothesized that, in a positive case, the subject would be aware of part of the variation in RT caused by differences in intensity between stimuli. Sanford's (1970) original finding was replicated with auditory stimuli, i.e., the subjects rated RTs to strong stimuli as faster than those to weak ones. With small lights no imbalance of ratings occurred though, again, imbalance was found with target lights of the same luminance but more retinal illumination. The results suggest that the post-sensory effects of visual intensity on simple RT can be observed if the psychophysical intensity of the stimulation is controlled.
A Negative Priority Effect
Authors: Friedman Philip , Gildemeister Joan E.
Published: September 2011

On multiple tests of free recall increased study time for selected items near the middle of a presentation list resulted in both a significantly higher level of recall and a later reproduction of these items during recall (negative priority effect). A reliable tendency for “old” items to be emitted relatively late during recall also was found, the effect increasing with increased study time. Although a delay between the end of the list and recall significantly reduced serial position artifacts, the other priorities were still reliably evident. These results are diametrically opposed to the assumption that the stronger or better learned an item the earlier it will be recalled. Instead, they were interpreted in terms of a dual storage system, with the possibility of intentional strategies employed by subjects to maximize total items recalled.
Latency to Respond and Performance on Visual Association of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities
Authors: Green Herman G.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between latency to respond and performance on Visual Association, a subtest of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, was investigated for 50 preschool children. The children were observed as they took the test. Response latencies and correct responses were recorded. Performance on the test was a function of age and latency to respond. It was concluded that for children who do not have the appropriate search strategy, Visual Association, a subtest of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, does not give a valid assessment.
Spatio-Temporal Displacement and Expression of Feeling in Dreams of Emotionally Expressive Persons
Authors: Kuiken Don , Powell Russell
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship of expression of feeling during waking to expression of feeling and spatio-temporal displacement in dreams. 41 subjects, each of whom collected either one or two dreams ac home, rated their dreams for expression of feeling, familiarity, and time passed since last experience with selected dream features. They then completed the Personal Orientation Inventory. An independent judge's ratings of expression of feeling in dreams was also obtained. Contrary to expectations, no significant correlations were found between the indices of expression of feeling (Feeling Reactivity, Spontaneity, Aggression) and either the subjects' or the judge's ratings of such expression in dreams. Further, the inventory indices of expression of feeling correlated positively and significantly with spatio-temporal displacement in dreams. These results contradict the theory of Corriere, Hart, Karle, Binder, Gold, and Woldenberg (1977), according to which expression of feeling is inversely related to spario-remporal displacement in dreams. An alternative hypothesis, capable of explaining the present and other research results, implicates expression of feeling in the process of integrating recent events with more remote memories.
Effects of Delayed Interval Testing on Identification of Infants' Cry-Signals
Authors: Gladding Samuel T.
Published: September 2011

The effects of delayed interval testing on 54 college students' ability to identify 4 infants' cry-signals (birth, hunger, pain, and pleasure) were studied. Their ages ranged from 18 to 30 yr. and all were low in experience as caregivers to infants. 28 subjects with delayed interval testing of 72 hr. scored significantly higher than 26 control subjects who were given no training in recognizing the birth and pain cry-signals and in their over-all difference. They also scored higher but not significantly so, in recognizing the hunger cry-signal. A year later representative samples of both experimental ( n = 15) and control ( n = 11) groups were retested. The differences in the data remained the same, except for the birth cry-signal. The results are discussed in terms of their consistency with previous studies. When compared to previous results, delayed interval testing of 72 hr. appears to be about as effective as immediate response training in the identification of infants' cry-signals.
Memory Deficits in Depression: Evidence Utilizing the Wechsler Memory Scale
Authors: Breslow Richard , Kocsis James , Belkin Beth
Published: September 2011

The performance of 21 hospitalized depressed patients was compared to a matched group of 21 controls on the Wechsler Memory Scale. The depressed patients showed deficits on Mental Control, Verbal Learning, and Visual Reproduction tasks, which indicate impairment of memory functions in depression. There may be a deficit in the attention and alerting mechanism of depressed patients.
Job Satisfaction and Perception of Social Climate in a Mental Health Facility
Authors: Brady Carol Ann , Kinnaird Keri L. , Friedrich William N.
Published: September 2011

21 members of a staff process group at a mental health treatment and research center were administered the Job Descriptive Index and the Work Environment Scale once a month for a 3-mo. period. A two-way analysis of variance (job satisfaction × time) was computed for each of the 10 sub-scales. The three administrations did not significantly vary on any of the dimensions, nor were significant interaction effects found. Subjects high in satisfaction significantly differed from those who scored low on the dimensions of involvement and peer cohesion, staff support, autonomy, and innovation. However, no significant differences were found on the dimensions of task orientation, work pressure, clarity, control, or physical comfort. Results were discussed in terms of the importance of the variables, relationship and responsibility, to job satisfaction in a mental health setting.
Effect of Sex of Audience on Speed of Performance of Preadolescents
Authors: Fouts Gregory T.
Published: September 2011

Preadolescent boys and girls (24 of each sex) were tested on a speed task in the presence and absence of an audience (same-sex or opposite-sex adult). Assuming that same-sex audiences would elicit more competitive motives and apprehension about evaluation and fewer competing behaviors, it was predicted and confirmed that preadolescents would respond faster in the presence of an audience, i.e., an adult of the same sex.
Effects of Ball Size, Ball Color, and Preferred Color on Catching by Young Children
Authors: Isaacs Larry D.
Published: September 2011

45 males and 45 females between 7 and 8 years of age were required to catch rubber playground balls which varied in both size and color. Prior to the administration of the criterion catch test, subjects indicated their choice for a preferred color ball. Analysis indicated that the 6-in. balls (diameter) were caught significantly better than were 10-in. balls. Although the main effect of ball color was nonsignificant, the children caught balls of preferred color significantly better than those of non-preferred colors. Males scored significantly higher than the females on the catching task.
Examining the Halo Effect of Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Timmerman Karl , Hewitt Jay
Published: September 2011

Photographs were taken of unattractive female confederates. After professional make-up work and hairstyling, photographs of these individuals were re-taken. Independent evidence was gathered to support the classifications “unattractive” and “attractive” as describing the pre-post conditions. 167 subjects were shown these photographs and rated or rank-ordered the stimulus figures on a variety of dimensions. Interpersonal attraction covaried with physical attractiveness but there was no tendency to attribute more positive personality traits to physically attractive individuals. The results were similar to those of one prior study which also involved an experimental manipulation of physical attractiveness.
Visual-Field Differences in Recognition of Male and Female Faces
Authors: Brouwers Pim , Mononen L. J. , Stefanatos G. A.
Published: September 2011

Variations in the normally observed advantage for facial recognition of stimuli in the left visual field have been observed as a function of changes in stimulus attributes. The present study examined whether the interaction between the sex of the subject and sex of the stimulus face also results in variations in effects of visual field. This possibility was suggested by a number of free-field studies which indicated an interaction between these two factors on the accuracy of facial recognition. 16 volunteers viewed a series of male and female faces presented tachistoscopically to the left and right visual fields. When the sex of the subject and the sex of the stimulus face were the same, superiority for presentation in the left visual field was demonstrated ( p < .05). In addition, although female faces were more difficult to recognize than male faces ( p < .01), this did not influence the visual-field effect. These results were discussed in terms of both the sex-of-face effect and visual-field differences in facial recognition.
Effects of Motor Gestures and Motor Types upon Mother-Infant Interactions
Authors: Beuter Anne C.
Published: September 2011

11 non-ambulatory infants who were creeping or crawling independently were observed in their homes over a period of 1-wk, as they interacted with their mothers. Four types of motor gestures were recorded on a keyboard and transcribed by computer. Results suggest that at the prelinguistic stage, gestures have communication content.
Effect on Mail Survey Return Rates of Including Questionnaires with Follow-up Letters
Authors: Futrell Charles M. , Lamb Charles W.
Published: September 2011

To study response rate a total of 2,002 questionnaires were mailed to respondents who were allocated to one of seven treatments. One treatment was a control group who received only an initial mailing (questionnaire and cover letter). The remaining six treatments were defined by two crossed factors, the number of follow-up waves of mailings (one, two, or three) and whether the follow-up mailings included only a reminder letter or a letter and another copy of a questionnaire. The results suggest more than one follow-up with a questionnaire is needed. A letter only was an ineffective method.
Superstition and the Perceived Causal Influence of the Weather
Authors: Jorgenson Dale O.
Published: September 2011

Students in an introductory psychology course (62 male and 62 female) perceived the weather as having greater influence on the emotions and actions of others than on their own, on emotions than on behaviors, and on positive emotions than on negative ones. In addition, response to a measure of superstitiousness about the weather correlated positively with perceived causal influence of the weather in both treatment conditions and for all four categories of attribution.
Body Schema and Lateralization
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Valeri Carla
Published: September 2011

To study some aspects of the relationship between body schema and lateralization, 44 female subjects between 19 and 39 yr. of age were measured using a test of accuracy of perception for the right and left halves of the body. Analysis gave three different groups: subjects with larger indexes of deviation on the left (56%), those with larger indexes of deviation on the right (31%), and others with no difference between right and left halves (11%).
Satiation Effects with Reversible Figures
Authors: Babich Sandra , Standing Lionel
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were performed to examine the rate at which reversible perspective figures (Necker cubes) undergo apparent reversal, as a function of selected stimulus variables. 100 subjects were instructed not to inhibit or to promote reversals of perspective, but to remain neutral. The data indicated: (1) an incomplete cube reverses less frequently than does a corresponding complete figure, (2) two adjacent cubes reverse in synchrony when of equal luminance but often out of phase when differing in luminance, (3) a shift of the cube's retinal position causes its reversal rate to drop to baseline level. These results suggest that the reversal effect increases over time due to a localized rather than general process, and are thus compatible with a sensory satiation model of perceptual alternation.
Completion and Response Rates for Different Forms of Income Questions in a Mail Survey
Authors: Swan John E. , Epley Donald E.
Published: September 2011

In a mail survey, this experiment tested the hypotheses that return and completion rates to income questions could be increased by: (1) using wide instead of narrow categories and (2) reducing reactance by offering the respondent freedom of choice in reporting income. Neither hypothesis was supported. The results suggest that narrow categories be used if more detail on income would better fit the research objectives. In contrast to earlier research, this study questions the applicability of reactance theory to explaining responses to sensitive questions in a mail survey.
Racial Variation in Perceptual Differentiation
Authors: Shade Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

Two studies were conducted to examine racial variations in the perceptual dimension of cognitive style. In Study 1, 36 students, equally divided by race and sex, were given the Witkin Group Embedded Figures Test. Neither race nor sex differences were evident. In Study 2, 23 Afro-American and 17 Euro-American students were recruited. In addition to the Embedded Figures Test, the subjects were given a modified Kohs Block Design Test and the WAIS Picture Completion subtest. Comparison of group means shows a significant racial group difference on embedded figures but the difference between the means on the Block Design seemed to occur by chance. When the incongruity between the two studies was analyzed, some possible developmental factors emerged. This possibility and its genesis are discussed.
Perception of Nations: Government vs Citizenry
Authors: Shepherd Donald H.
Published: September 2011

A nation, unlike a person, may be seen more readily as composed of disparate parts. A decision made by one part such as the government may not necessarily reflect on the character of another part such as the citizenry. It was hypothesized that a friendly act by a government will elicit corresponding inferences about both government and citizenry only when the government is a republic. This form of government, as well as the citizenry under it, should also be better liked by judges with democratic values than a dictatorship should. These effects on perception should produce corresponding changes in behavior. 68 American college undergraduates made various judgmental and behavioral decisions concerning a fictitious nation described as either a republic or a dictatorship which complied with or refused a request made by the United States government. Compliance or refusal did not affect judgments concerning the citizenry at all, but limited support was obtained for the other predictions.
Inventory of Agonistic Reactions to Psychosocial Confrontive Situations
Authors: Staats Sara , Gates Molly , Stassen Marjorie
Published: September 2011

The inventory here described represents a variant of inter-actionism in a self-report agonistic inventory. The situations, reactions, and scoring of the inventory are empirically based. Relational age and sex of instigator to the responder were used to generate four scales within each psychosocial situation. While sex of the responder did not interact with the different situations per se, responder's sex did interact with the age-sex scales. Men were more influenced by these psychosocial aspects of the instigator than were women.
Reminder: Reliability of Global Judgments
Authors: Roff James D.
Published: September 2011

Reliability as measured by the extent of agreement is often a problem for complex global judgments. Empirically, the use of multiple raters improved reliability consistent with predictions from the Spearman-Brown formula. Implications for the reliability of clinical diagnosis are suggested.
Lateral Preference and Mental Ability
Authors: Kashihara Eryu
Published: September 2011

The relationship between mental abilities and lateralities were examined. On any items of a lateral preference questionnaire, significant differences between subjects with right and left preferences were not found on either verbal or non-verbal scores of intelligence scales. Some significant differences were found between tasks. On the geometric figure-combination task, subjects using scissors left handed had lower scores than right-handed ones.
Non-Specificity of Motor Hyperactivity as a Diagnostic Criterion
Authors: Staton R. Dennis , Brumback Roger A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between motor hyperactivity and childhood depression was investigated in a group of 178 children referred for evaluation of school problems. 60% ( n = 107) of the children fulfilled the modified Feighner criteria for primary childhood depression. 44% ( n = 78) of the children had motor hyperactivity and 75% ( n = 59) of these also showed depression. Terminal insomnia, somatic complaints, self-deprecation, episodic loss of interest in school and usual activities, social withdrawal, and preoccupation with death and dying were the symptoms which significantly differentiated depressed from non-depressed children.