bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges in advancing the sexual and reproductive health agenda in Latin America: perspectives of key informants
Authors: Alonso Juan Pedro , Cejas Cintia , Berrueta Mabel , Vazquez Paula , Perrotta Gabriela , Formia Sandra , Pirsch Sofía , Ballivian Jamile , Zavala Denise , López Analía , Belizán María
Published: August 2023

Background:
The effective attainment of sexual, reproductive, and maternal health and rights (SRMHR) requires a holistic life-course approach. This approach should address disparities in healthcare access and rights, guarantee the delivery of high-quality care devoid of discrimination, and underscore rigorous accountability mechanisms throughout the implementation process. Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries face significant disparities in SRMHR within and between nations. Vulnerable populations, such as indigenous communities, Afro-descendants, LGBTQI+ population, persons with disabilities, older adults, and migrants, often endure discrimination and stigmatization, severely impacting their access to healthcare and health rights. This paper discusses the findings of a qualitative component of a broader scoping study aimed at developing a priority research agenda to address the health gaps that affect SRHR of vulnerable populations.
This study aimed to identify critical challenges hindering progress in SRMHR and access to health services for vulnerable populations in LAC.
Methods:
Qualitative research approach employing semi-structured interviews with key informants. A purposive sample comprised of stakeholders from relevant regional organizations and local stakeholders in selected countries (Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Guatemala, Jamaica, and Guyana), encompassing government representatives, civil organizations, and academia. A rapid content thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the data obtained from the interviews.
Results:
We interviewed 27 key informants in SRMHR, six at a regional level and 21 at a country level. The region faces barriers around establishing and sustaining agency agendas, such as a lack of political will, political instability, and opposition from civil society groups regarding SRMHR agendas. Policy implementation presents difficulties due to insufficient and unstable funding, weaknesses in sexual and reproductive health programs, unequal policy implementation in federal countries, and the absence of evidence-based policies. The lack of high-quality data and quality indicators poses obstacles, leading to limitations in evidence generation. Access to SRMHR services faces barriers such as the low-quality provision of services, discrepancies between legislation and effective access, insufficient healthcare resources, and resistance from certain healthcare providers.
Conclusion:
Addressing these multifaceted challenges will be crucial in advancing the agenda of sexual, reproductive, and maternal health rights and ensuring effective access to health services for the most vulnerable populations in the LAC region.
A Comparative Study between ‘Parson Brown’ and ‘Hamlin’ Sweet Oranges Growing under Endemic Huanglongbing Conditions in Florida
Authors: Mahmoud Lamiaa M. , Weber Katherine R. , Trama Tony , England Gary , Dutt Manjul
Published: August 2023

Citrus greening, or huanglongbing (HLB), caused by the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas), threatens the global citrus industry. Field observations have demonstrated that some citrus cultivars are more tolerant to the CaLas pathogen than others. ‘Parson Brown’ is an early maturing sweet orange variety that has consistently exhibited minimal leaf and fruit drop in the field compared with the ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange under similar conditions. This study aimed to understand performance of the ‘Parson Brown’ cultivar in several locations across the citrus production regions of Florida. Results indicated that the CaLas bacterial titer in both cultivars were similar with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold values ranging between 24.99 and 28.61 in ‘Hamlin’ and between 25.48 and 30.89 in ‘Parson Brown’. Leaves from the ‘Parson Brown’ trees however demonstrated higher chlorophyll content and total phenolic compounds in most of the locations. We also detected higher relative expression of CsPR1 and CsPR2 transcripts in ‘Parson Brown’ leaves in the first sampling period (March) and the fourth period (November). Additionally, Phloem protein 2 transcripts were downregulated in ‘Parson Brown’ leaves compared with ‘Hamlin’ at all locations. The ‘Hamlin’ juice had higher acidity, whereas ‘Parson Brown’ juice demonstrated a higher Brix to acidity ratio and juice color. The oil content in the juice ranged between 0.020% and 0.042%, and there was variation in the oil content between the locations, which could indicate clonal differences. ‘Parson Brown’ juice however contained higher limonin and nomilin content than ‘Hamlin’ juice in most of the locations. Taken together, the current results confirmed the enhanced tolerance of ‘Parson Brown’ trees to HLB when compared with ‘Hamlin’ in all sampled locations.
Electrical properties of iron sulfide-bearing dunite under pressure: Effect of temperature, composition, and annealing time
Authors: Tauber Michael J. , Saxena Suryansh , Bullock Emma S. , Ginestet Hélène , Pommier Anne
Published: August 2023

The detection and quantification of metal sulfides in host rocks by electrical measurements have been priorities for field and laboratory studies, motivated by mineral prospecting and fundamental interest in the mantle structure or core/mantle differentiation, among other reasons. Here, we reanalyze electrical data for a dunite host with added FeS or Fe-S-Ni (Saxena et al. 2021), and report additional experimental runs along with electron microprobe analyses. The applied pressure was 2 GPa; impedance spectra were acquired while annealing at 1023 K (below the metal-sulfide solidus), and while varying temperature from 570 to 1650 K. Addition of 6.5 or 18 vol% FeS strongly enhances conductivity of the bulk sample compared with that of the dunite host, though values are 100–100 000 times less than those of pure FeS. These results indicate that most metal sulfide content is not part of a viable conductive path, even for the 18 vol% quantity. Nevertheless, the relatively high conductivity and weak temperature dependence of the 18 vol% sample reveal that contiguous paths of solid or molten FeS span the electrodes. The sample with 6.5 vol% sulfide also exceeds the percolation threshold for temperatures as low as ~100 K below the eutectic melting point, likely because FeS softens. Conductivity is nearly unchanged upon crossing the eutectic temperature, however a decline over 1400–1500 K reveals that the 6.5 vol% molten FeS forms a fragile electrical network in dunite. Samples with Fe50S40Ni10 or Fe40S40Ni20 (at%) are less conductive than pure dunite at temperatures below ~1450 K. This surprising result, likely caused by a reducing influence of Fe or Ni metal, does not support the use of FeS as an analog for compositions with nickel or excess metal. Our findings suggest that probing the electrical network of metal sulfides as solids complements other studies focused on connectivity of molten metal sulfides.
Economic comparison between an optimized and a traditional sewer system design
Authors: González María A. , Saldarriaga Juan G.
Published: August 2023

Sewage systems are essential for the efficient functioning of cities. Wastewater contains solids and organic matter that pose health risks, making it necessary to optimize the sewage system design. In recent years, optimization tools have been introduced to minimize costs while still complying with regulations. Despite this, traditional designs still dominate, but the use of optimization methodologies can significantly reduce construction costs. For this reason, this research will compare the construction costs of a sewage system designed optimally and one designed using traditional methods, to determine the cost difference between the two. In a sector of Bogota, Colombia, a sewerage system was already built and designed according to Colombian laws using traditional methodologies. The information from this area was used to implement the UTOPIA program, created by the Universidad de los Andes. This program uses the Shortest Path Problem with the Bellman-Ford algorithm to design the network and minimize costs. The results show that the optimized system was about 15% cheaper than the traditional one, and it ensured that all pipelines met the design restrictions. Optimized sewage systems are a useful alternative for ensuring universal access to safe drinking water, increasing sewerage coverage, and reducing problems associated with inadequate design.
Investigation of the propagation of meteorological to hydrological drought and water required to recover from drought over Ethiopian basins
Authors: Beyene Tegegn Kassa , Agarwal Ankit , Jain Manoj Kumar , Yadav Brijesh K.
Published: August 2023

This study investigates drought propagation from meteorological to hydrological and streamflow required to recover from drought in four sub-basins: Genale, Tekeze, Awash, and Baro basins of Ethiopia. Due to limited observed streamflow data, the soil moisture accounting and routing (SMAR) model was used to extend the streamflow data for each sub-basin from 1985 to 2017. Drought characteristics in terms of duration, severity, and onset/offset of drought and propagation time at different time scales are investigated using run theory and Pearson correlation, respectively. Two Archimedean copulas (Clayton and Gumbel) are used to identify the joint return period between drought duration and severity and the amount of streamflow required to recover from hydrological drought for each sub-basin. Our results revealed that drought frequency has increased over most sub-basins over the last two decades. The propagation time from meteorological drought to hydrological drought is shorter over the Tekeze sub-basin (1–3 months); however, Genale and Awash sub-basin show 3- to 6-month propagation time. The more extended propagation time is seen over the Baro sub-basin (6–9 months). The required amount of water for drought recovery estimation shows a linear relationship between the duration of the drought and the amount required.
The impact of chlorine, ultraviolet-C, and microwave treatment on the survivability of Blastocystis sp. cysts
Authors: Mokhtar Amira B. , Karanis Panagiotis , Schou Chad , Ahmed Shahira A.
Published: August 2023

Blastocystis sp. is a common widely distributed gut protozoan, with water transmission identified as one of its transmission routes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chlorine, ultraviolet (UV)-C, and microwave (MW) treatments on the in vitro viability of cysts of Blastocystis sp. Purified Blastocystis sp. cysts were molecularly subtyped. Viable cysts were subjected to different free chlorine concentrations (1, 2, and 4 ppm), different doses of UV-C (5.13, 10.26, 20.52, and 40.47 mJ/cm2), and MW irradiation times (10, 15, 30, and 45 s). Viability reduction percentage, log10 inactivation, and micrometre-based optical microscopy examined cyst number and appearance after each disinfection trial. The three disinfectants’ efficacy and application conditions were assessed. The analysed isolates of Blastocystis cysts were subtype 3, possessed varying sizes and shapes, but two identical genomes. The cysts of Blastocystis sp. were resistant to chlorine at all doses and exposure durations tested. UV-C at a dose of 40 mJ/cm2 and MW treatment for 15 s were able to completely disinfect the cysts. The MW was the most effective disinfectant against Blastocystis cysts based on all evaluated factors. MW irradiation is the most efficient water treatment method for eradicating Blastocystis cysts in an easy and safe manner.
Industrial and Environmental Democracies as Models of a Politically Organized Relationship Between Society and Nature
Authors: St’ahel Richard
Published: August 2023

This paper is based on the concept of environmental political philosophy and from its perspective, it highlights the weaknesses and contradictions of contemporary, existing democracies. It aims to formulate an outline of the concept of environmental democracy, following the accounts of M. Bookchin, R. Morrison and H. Skolimowski, as well as international environmental law enshrined in United Nations documents and resolutions. It is based on the hypothesis that the preservation of a democratic political system in a situation of a collapsing planetary system (the Anthropocene) requires improving the foundations of democratic theory with the insights of the Earth system sciences, particularly of political ecology and critical environmentalism. Through philosophical analysis, explanation and interpretation, this paper explores an environmental democracy that would, on the one hand, preserve the basic constitutional principles of current democratic constitutional regimes, and, on the other hand, reconcile them with the current state of understanding in the Earth sciences concerning the vulnerability of the planetary system. In a sense, J. Habermas’s understanding of human rights characterizes the concept of environmental democracy as a realistic utopia. The author concludes by drawing up the imperative of sustainability, which he sees as a guiding organizing principle of institutions and public policies for the climatic, demographic and economic regime of the Anthropocene.
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Received: 16/12/2022. Reviewed: 09/03/2023. Accepted: 30/03/2023.
Statins as a Potential Treatment for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Target Deconvolution using Protein-protein Interaction Network Analysis
Authors: Mahmoudi Ali , Butler Alexandra E. , Orekhov Alexander N. , Jamialahmadi Tannaz , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: August 2023

Background:

The hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is
aberrant buildup of triglycerides (TGs) in hepatocytes. Many genes promote NAFLD development.
Using bioinformatics tools, we investigated the possible effect of statins on
genes involved in NAFLD progression

Methods:

Protein interactions of statins and NAFLD were searched in gene-drug and
gene-disease databases. A Protein-Protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to
find hub genes and Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) of NAFLD-related genes.
Shared protein targets between protein targets of statins and NAFLD-associated genes
were identified. Next, targets of each statin were assayed with all modular clusters in the
MCODEs related to NAFLD. Biological process and pathway enrichment analysis for
shared proteins was performed.

Results:

Screening protein targets for conventional statins and curated NAFLD-related
genes identified 343 protein targets and 70 genes, respectively. A Venn diagram of
NAFLD-related genes and protein targets of statins showed 24 shared proteins. The biological
pathways on KEGG enrichment associated with the 24 shared protein sets were
evaluated and included cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, adipocytokine, PPAR,
TNF and AMPK signaling pathways. Gene Ontology analysis showed major involvement
in lipid metabolic process regulation and inflammatory response. PPI network analysis
of 70 protein targets indicated 13 hub genes (PPARA, IL4, CAT, LEP, SREBF1,
PRKCA, CYP2E1, NFE2L2, PTEN, NR1H4, ADIPOQ, GSTP1 and TGFB1). Comparing
all seven statins with the three MCODE clusterings and 13 hub genes revealed that
simvastatin as the most associated statin with NAFLD.

Conclusions:

Simvastatin has the most impact on NAFLD-related genes versus other
statins.
Synthesis of Epichlorohydrin-based Click-dendrons with Different Functional
Groups
Authors: Ocherednyuk Evgeny , Burilov Vladimir , Shilyaeva Tatiana , Solovieva Svetlana , Antipin Igor
Published: August 2023

A methodology for synthesizing 1st generation triazole-containing dendrons based on
epichlorohydrin with different functional groups was developed using a Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne
cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) reaction. The proposed methodology uses simple reagents and can
serve as a basis for the synthesis of dendrons and dendrimers of higher generations. High reaction
yields as well as the cost of starting reagents, make the preparation of such compounds economically
and environmentally favorable.
Neurotrophic Factors in Cannabis-induced Psychosis: An Update
Authors: Ricci Valerio , de Berardis Domenico , Martinotti Giovanni , Maina Giuseppe
Published: August 2023

Background:

Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance. Numerous scientific
evidence confirm the strong association between cannabis and psychosis. Exposure to cannabis can
induce the development of psychosis and schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals. However, the
neurobiological processes underlying this relationship are unknown. Neurotrophins are a class of
proteins that serve as survival factors for central nervous system (CNS) neurons. In particular,
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) plays an important role in the survival and function of cholinergic neurons
while Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is involved in synaptic plasticity and the
maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons. Glial Cell Derived Neurotrophic
Factor (GDNF) promotes the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and Neuregulin 1 (NrG-
1) contributes to glutamatergic signals regulating the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). They
have a remarkable influence on the neurons involved in the Δ-9-THC (tethra-hydro-cannabinol) action,
such as dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurons, and can play dual roles: first, in neuronal
survival and death, and, second, in activity-dependent plasticity.

Methods:

In this brief update, reviewing in a narrative way the relevant literature, we will focus on
the effects of cannabis on this class of proteins, which may be implicated, at least in part, in the
mechanism of the psychostimulant-induced neurotoxicity and psychosis.

Conclusion:

Since altered levels of neurotrophins may participate in the pathogenesis of psychotic
disorders which are common in drug users, one possible hypothesis is that repeated cannabis exposure
can cause psychosis by interfering with neurotrophins synthesis and utilization by CNS neurons.
Recombinant Antibody Fragments for Neurological Disorders: An Update
Authors: Manoutcharian Karen , Gevorkian Goar
Published: August 2023

:

Recombinant antibody fragments are promising alternatives to full-length immunoglobulins,
creating big opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry. Nowadays, antibody fragments such as
antigen-binding fragments (Fab), single-chain fragment variable (scFv), single-domain antibodies
(sdAbs), and bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are being evaluated as diagnostics or therapeutics in preclinical
models and in clinical trials. Immunotherapy approaches, including passive transfer of protective
antibodies, have shown therapeutic efficacy in several animal models of Alzheimer´s disease
(AD), Parkinson´s disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Huntington´s disease (HD), transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and multiple sclerosis (MS). There are various antibodies
approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating multiple sclerosis and two amyloid
beta-specific humanized antibodies, Aducanumab and Lecanemab, for AD. Our previous review
summarized data on recombinant antibodies evaluated in pre-clinical models for immunotherapy of
neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we explore recent studies in this fascinating research field, give an
update on new preventive and therapeutic applications of recombinant antibody fragments for neurological
disorders and discuss the potential of antibody fragments for developing novel approaches for
crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and targeting cells and molecules of interest in the brain.
Quinoline-hydrazone Conjugates: Recent Insights into Synthetic Strategies, Structure-activity Relationship, and Biological Activities
Authors: Kumar Upendra , Kumar Rajnish , Mazumder Avijit , Salahuddin  , Kumar Greesh
Published: August 2023

:

The fusion of two distinct and free pharmacologically active chemical moieties into single conjugate molecules can result in synergized pharmacological action of both moieties into the new composite molecule. Ultimately, it increases the therapeutic potentialof the newly formed hybrid compound which is more than the combination of each specific moiety’s therapeutic potential. So nowadays, it is common practice to combine at least two pharmacophores to create a particular compound with a powerful therapeutic effects. Quinoline has been reported with multiple pharmacological activities and industrial applications. On the other hand, hydrazones are also found very useful as herbicides, acaricides, rodenticides, insecticides, and various therapeutic applications. The conjugate containing quinoline and hydrazone is also being used as an anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. The combination of two moieties yields a better therapeutic effect because of excellent efficacy and fewer side effects. Several synthetic methods have been employed in recent times to synthesize quinoline-hydrazone conjugates which are listed in the manuscript with their merits and demerits. The structure-activity relationship relating to their pharmacological actions with molecular structure has also been highlighted. The article aims to provide a good toolkit and comprehension to the medicinal chemists, for their future work, comprising of quinoline-hydrazone hybrid compounds.
An Insight of Naturally Occurring Phytoconstituents and Novel
Approaches Towards the Treatment of Diabetes
Authors: Nooreen Zulfa , Rai Awani Kumar , Summayya Fariha , Tandon Sudeep
Published: August 2023

Background:

The rising in diabetes incidents has clearly become one main worldwide
health problem. Individuals suffering from diabetes are still more susceptible to many long-term
and short-term side effects, which most often cause fatalities. Even though chemically synthesized
anti-diabetic entities are capable of helping manage and treat, there has been significant risks related
with their prolong and repetitive use. Hence, there is a requirement for safer and novel approaches
that might be formed and utilized.

Objective:

Aim of the present review is to explain the naturally occurring phytochemicals and novel
approach as anti-diabetic agents in the treatment of diabetes and its related issues.

Method:

A survey of Google scholar, Research Gate, Pubmed, Science Direct, NCBI database was
carried out conducted to determine a most hopeful phytochemicals and novel drug delivery systems
in the management of diabetes

Result:

The study stressed the significance of phytomolecules and some novel approaches researched
or reported in the literature for the management and cure of diabetes. It is suggested that
changes in lifestyle can help patients and like nutritional support, assessment and lifestyle guidance
must be individualized based on physical and functional capacity. Further evaluations and improved
preventative medicine were the result of improving patient outcomes.

Conclusion:

Conventional or synthetic drugs provide relief for short time but nanoformulations of
phytomolecules offer an improved therapeutic with fewer negative side effects. Herbal medicines
are rich in phytoconstituents and possess variety of health benefits. This review is compilation of
phytoconstituents and novel drug delivery system of phytomolecules i.e nanoparticles, niosomes,
microsphere, microparticle and others.
A Review of Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals and their Applications
Authors: Gadhave Sakshi , Narkhede Minal
Published: August 2023

Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers developed in the ecosystem and has been used in many applications for industrial products
since ancient times. Although the main sources of cellulose are wood plant, fibers and, additional sources can also be discovered, such as algae,
fungi, bacteria, and even some marine organisms (such as tunicates). Mechanical or chemical processes are used to transform cellulosic materials
into cellulose nanocrystals due to their efficacy, high aspect ratio, low density, renewability, and non-toxicity. They have drawn a lot of attention in
a variety of industries. Here, we discuss various applications and properties in particular mechanical, rheological, liquid crystalline nature, and
adhesives to introduce cellulose nanocrystals hydrophilic, colloidal stable, and rigid rod-shaped bio-based nanomaterial with high strength and high
surface area. Under various circumstances, it improves the characteristics of various compounds. The grafting of polymers on the surface of
cellulose nanocrystals has attracted significant interest in both academia and industry due to the rapidly expanding number of potential applications
of surface-modified cellulose nanocrystals, which range from building blocks in nanocomposites and responsive nanomaterials to antimicrobial
agents. Furthermore, we explore the most popular polymerization methods, such as surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization, surface-initiated
free radical polymerization, surface-initiated atom transferred radical polymerization and surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization that
are employed to graft polymers from the surface and reducing end groups of cellulose nanocrystals. In this review, we examine the available
literature and provide a summary of recent applications of cellulose nanocrystals, including biomedical application, drug delivery, biosensor, tissue
engineering, antibacterial activity, wound healings, etc.
Mechanochemical and Microwave Multistep Organic Reactions
Authors: Margetic Davor
Published: August 2023

The development of more sustainable chemical reactions and processes has been the focus of
recent research activities. Advances in the field of organic synthesis have led to the emergence of new
methodologies and techniques involving non-conventional energy sources. These include the applications
of mechanical energy (mechanochemistry) and microwave radiation (MW) methods. This article reviews
the advances in multistep organic synthesis of biologically relevant organic molecules using
mechanochemistry and microwave techniques. Among them, various heterocyclic molecules (with
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur atoms), amides, and peptides have been synthesized by multistep
mechanochemical or MW reactions. Performing multiple synthetic steps using more sustainable methods
shows cumulative advantages over multistep processes under conventional conditions in terms of reduced
solvent use, shorter reaction times, better turnovers, and reaction yields. Simplification of protocols by
carrying out two or more reaction steps in the same reaction vessel is another advantage of multistep
syntheses.
Viability of Superbrain Yoga Practise in Academic Setting: A Systematic
Review
Authors: Vinu V. , Srikanth Jois N , Prasad K Nagendra , Dsouza Lancy
Published: August 2023

Background:

Yoga has its roots in India's Vedic era. Practising it enhances the overall
health and well-being of students. Superbrain yoga (SBY) is a brief exercise based on the principle
of ear acupuncture and repetitive 14 squats. It is practised by many students in India and across other
parts of the world.

Objective:

This systematic review assesses SBY on students' cognitive abilities, academic performance,
as well as mental health benefits and discusses if using SBY in academic settings is viable.

Methods:

The intervention studies of SBY or mixed with other exercises practiced by the student
population published in journals and indexed in Web of Science, SCOPUS, and PubMed, are taken
into consideration for this review based on PRISMA guidelines. The primary keywords include Superbrain
Yoga, Thoppukaranam, and Super Brain Yoga. Studies published in English peer-reviewed
journals between 2005 to 2021 were considered.

Results:

Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The review found that SBY practise was feasible
in academic settings, with advantages to students' cognitive state (memory, attention, concentration),
academic performance, and mental health Additionally, SBY and other yogasana were proven
to be beneficial in raising cognitive activity and promoting positive behavioural improvements in
students with special needs.

Conclusion:

More rigorous trials on SBY are needed to substantiate the effectiveness.
On the role of intermetallic and interlayer in the dissimilar material welding of Ti6Al4V and SS 316L by friction stir welding
Authors: Rana H.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. Joining titanium with stainless steel can lighten the structure of numerous industrial applications. However, a vast disparity of thermal, physical, and chemical properties between these alloys leads to defects in conventional arc welding techniques, viz., brittle intermetallic compounds, pores, cracks, etc. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a renowned solid-state joining technology for creating dissimilar material joints producing visco-plastic material flow at the interface. The present investigation compares the intermetallic layer thickness and properties as a function of the thickness of the Cu interlayer sandwiched in lap joints. Macrostructural and microstructural characterizations were carried out to understand the localized microstructural evolution comprising intermetallic, grain refinement, defects, etc. Mechanical properties were also evaluated for prepared lap joints.
Effect of layer and raster orientation on bending properties of 17-4 PH printed via material extrusion additive manufacturing technology
Authors: Pellegrini A.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. Material Extrusion (MEX) is one of the most popular Additive Manufacturing technologies. Over the years, the material portfolio has expanded and nowadays, it covers metals such as stainless steels, copper and titanium alloys. The mechanical behaviour of metal parts realized by MEX is of great interest to understand both the potentialities and the limits of the technology. In the present work, a commercial filament of 17-4 PH stainless steel was used as feedstock material to realize four groups of bending specimens obtained by varying the printing direction and the infill line strategy. The main goal of the paper was to evaluate the effect of the above-mentioned factors on the flexural properties. With this purpose, a three-points bending test was performed and results were analysed using the one-way ANOVA approach. The density of the parts was also evaluated.
Non-Newtonian, non-isothermal three-dimensional modeling of strand deposition in screw-based material extrusion
Authors: Pricci A.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. Material extrusion (MEX) is one of the most widespread additive manufacturing techniques. Among the MEX processes, pellet additive manufacturing (PAM) is of primary interest in industry 4.0 scenario, mainly because of the lower unit cost, energy consumption and waste production, together with the wider range of printable materials. Mechanical properties are related to the intra and inter layer bonding, which in turn depends on the strand geometry. For the first time, the relationship between PAM processing parameters and layer morphology has been studied by means of non-Newtonian, non-isothermal three-dimensional numerical simulations; the influence on mass flow rate and strand shape has been investigated. A very good correspondence between experiments and numerical computations of layer shape was found. Thermal contact area increases at lower layer heights, but counterpressure limits the extruded mass flow rate. This effect can be mitigated by choosing higher barrel temperatures and screw speed.
Development of a 3D printer optimized for rapid prototyping with continuous fiber fabrication technology
Authors: Benvenuto M.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. In the industrial field, Additive Manufacturing is a production concept that is increasingly gaining ground. The secret of its success lies in its definition: being able to produce an object by the progressive deposition of material instead of its removal as for the traditional machining. In this way, problems such as waste quantities, complex geometries and machining changes are greatly reduced, making these processes particularly useful and effective for rapid prototyping and the production of small series of objects. This experimental work examines the changes made to a 3D printer initially set up for the use of polymeric materials with Fused Deposition Modelling technology. Going into more detail, this machine was modified in a manner that would make it compatible with the introduction of polymer filaments reinforced with continuous carbon fiber according to the main principles of Continuous Fiber Fabrication technology. The changes made also involved electronics and informatics so that the printer could be easily operated through the platform.
Reverse bending fatigue of 316L stainless steel components produced by laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Guarino S.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. The freedom to manufacture metal components with very complex geometries using additive manufacturing techniques, such as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), has opened new possibilities to produce innovative solutions with a high technological impact. It is therefore pivotal to have a detailed knowledge of the performance characteristics, both in the short and in the long term. Within this framework, this study firstly highlights the monotonic tensile properties of the LPBF samples by changing the laser scanning speed, the layer thickness, and the building orientation. Then, within the same process conditions, the fatigue life is investigated through reverse bending loading tests. The results verify an improved resistance, a reduced rigidity, and a strong anisotropy for the LPBF specimens if compared to the bulk material. The dependence on the orientation, together with the porosity of the LPBF samples, are the primarily responsible for the reduction of the fatigue limit.
Process parameters optimization in fused deposition modeling of polyether ether ketone
Authors: Vaglio E.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. Fused Deposition Modeling is increasingly used for producing high-performing, creep-resistant, biocompatible, fireproof, highly-stable parts from polyether ether ketone. However, the knowledge on this process is still poor and fragmented, and the lack of relevant data inhibits many applications. In this paper, the effects of the nozzle temperature, nozzle speed and layer thickness on the properties of PEEK processed by Fused Deposition Modeling were investigated by performing indentation, tensile, Scanning Electron Microscope, Computer Tomography and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy tests on as-built samples. The outgassing behavior was also analyzed, while the synchrotron radiation was used to characterize the structure of selected samples on a hitherto unexplored scale. The samples morphology was finally used to identify the optimal process window. The results provided new insights on the process and novel data enabling new applications.
Mechanical properties and dynamic response of 3D printed parts in PLA/P(3HB)(4HB) blends
Authors: Almonti D.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. Oil-based plastics can meet several technical requirements in different industrial applications at a reasonable cost, but they can cause high environmental impact. Bioderived polyesters like PLA and PHAs, are, instead, eco-friendly alternatives to reduce the environmental burden caused by conventional plastics. In this respect, dynamic response and mechanical properties of 3D printed parts made in (PLA)/Poly-3-hydroxybuutyrate-4-hydroxybutyrate(P(3HB)(4HB)) were investigated. The blends were achieved by extrusion compounding of different amount of P(3HB)(4HB) (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) in PLA. The resulting compounds were extruded to achieve customized self-made filaments, which were reprocessed by Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) to get the final parts. Hence, the 3D printed parts were tested to evaluate their performance, all of them showing good compromise between mechanical strength and flexibility as well as valuable dynamic response, with high potential in many fields. In particular, it has been observed that the addition of 10% of P(3HB)(4HB) is the most performing solution because it allows to obtain a 50% increase relative to the Young’s Modulus.
Effect of sub-zero deformation temperatures and rolling directions on the formability of AISI 316 stainless steel sheets
Authors: BERTOLINI R.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. Sheet forming carried out at sub-zero temperatures is gaining more and more interest for deforming metal sheets as it can represent an alternative to room temperature forming to increase the sheet metal formability and to high-temperature forming to avoid the need for subsequent heat treatments aimed at restoring the alloy microstructural characteristics. In this framework, the present work deals with mechanical testing of AISI 316 stainless steel sheets in a wide range of temperatures, namely from -100°C to 700°C, and rolling directions. After mechanical testing, the strain at ultimate tensile strength, identified as an indicator of steel formability, was measured at varying process conditions. Then, the samples were analyzed in terms of microstructural features, micro-hardness, and martensite formation. The obtained results showed that deforming at -50°C induced a substantial increase in formability preserving the hardness, compared to testing at higher temperatures.
A novel application of cryogenics in dieless sheet metal piercing
Authors: Albertelli P.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. In tube punching, if the internal die is necessary to properly pierce the tube avoiding its collapse, it also represents a bottleneck to a rapid change of the punching set. In this research an innovative dieless tube punching approach has been conceived and studied. The use of a cryogenic fluid to force the material ductile-brittle transition is a way to limit the sheet deformation during the piercing process. The analysis of the innovative cryogenic punching was carried out both adopting numerical and experimental methodologies. A finite element FE model of the cryogenic punching was developed and updated in two stages. First, experimental tensile tests, performed at cryogenic temperatures, were used to characterize some material properties. Secondly, some piercing tests in cryogenic conditions were performed at different velocities and temperatures to fine update the model. A validation session was carried out to assess the model and the process feasibility. It was found that the FE model reproduced the experimental results within a maximum estimation error of 10% on both the punching force and tube deflection. Results showed that both the increment of the punching velocity and especially the decrement of the punching temperature could be the only viable solution for making the tube dieless punching industrially feasible.
Study of autoclave process to manufacture thermoplastic composites constituted by PP/flax fibers
Authors: Parodo G.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. Autoclave processes are widely used from industries that produce thermoset polymer composite parts. However, these materials show sustainability issues as they are non-recyclable and produced by energy-intensive processes. The use of thermoplastic matrices reinforced with natural fibers can solve these problems; however the optimal use of this material is linked to the knowledge of the forming parameters. In this work, starting from semipreg sheets, the autoclave forming process for parts in flax woven and polypropylene is studied and developed: it represents a fundamental step to develop the use of these new eco-friendly materials starting from the well-established industrial knowledge, not only in terms of environmental sustainability, but also economic and social sustainability. First, working temperatures were determined by DSC and TGA; while optimal forming pressure were determined by ILSS tests.
Manufacturing of a hybrid component in Ti6Al4V-ELI alloy by combining diffusion bonding and superplastic forming
Authors: GUGLIELMI P.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. Through Diffusion Bonding (DB) large surfaces can be joined with low distortions and localized microstructural changes. Heterogeneous Titanium (Ti) components, composed, for example, by a porous layer over a bulk one, which play a key role for biomedical applications, can be obtained. In the present work, the possibility to combine the SuperPlastic Forming (SPF) process (for creating the part’s shape) and the DB process (for joining two different layers) is investigated. In particular, the porous layer was obtained by solid state foaming, made possible thanks to a heat treatment set on a slice cut from a billet produced by compacting Ti powders via Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). SPF was used to shape both the Ti sheet and the slice cut from the HIPed billet. Since the SPF is conducted at high temperature, a porous structure could be obtained in the HIPed material (solid state foaming occurred); setting the proper pressure and time, the two layers could be successfully joined by DB. All the investigated pressure levels revealed to be able to produce a complete solid state joint, without any discontinuity; in addition, the final hybrid component could be manufactured according to the desired geometry.
Feasibility study and stress analysis of friction stir extruded rods and pipes: a simulative model
Authors: Bocchi S.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. The traditional aluminium recycling process consumes a lot of energy and adversely affects the metallurgical quality of the secondary alloys produced. With the increasing need for resolving this problem, Friction Stir Extrusion (FSE) has been patented. FSE is a new solid-state recycling process through which parts can be extruded directly from waste. In this research, the analysis was focused on different process parameters, process set ups and geometries of the extruded parts. The traditional setup, where the tool rotates and advances while the chamber remains stationary, was considered, and a new one was introduced. In this configuration, the tool has only an advance feed, while rotation is performed through the chamber. Moreover, for each combination of process parameters the bonding phenomena occurrence, considering both the thermal and the stress conditions generated by the parameters, was analysed. For this purpose, the Piwnik and Plata criterion was chosen.
Development of depositions strategies for edge repair using a WAAM process
Authors: Baffa F.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. Remanufacturing is an industrial process able to restore a component to at least its original performance, and it is considered one of the key processes to support the transition to circular economy. For restoring a metal component, additive manufacturing processes based on Direct Energy Deposition (DED) techniques are the most widely used, since they can process a damaged part with a complex geometry. Among these, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has several advantages including a high deposition rate, lower operative, material, and equipment costs. Nevertheless, it is also characterized by low accuracy and a high risk of defects if the process is not tuned correctly. It is therefore crucial to develop smart deposition strategies to ensure defect-free deposition and high efficiency. This study focuses on the repair of steel edges, and specific toolpaths has been designed and tested for repairing this geometrical feature, both concave and convex, coupled with the selection of proper welding parameters and torch tilting angle.
Measurement and analysis of tooth movements during orthodontic treatment with clear aligners
Authors: Calefati M.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. This article aims to study, measure and verify through Reverse Engineering techniques and 3D analysis, the results obtained by an orthodontic treatment for the alignment of the teeth, using clear aligners (CA). A case study of a patient who followed orthodontic treatment using a set of 19 CA was analyzed: dental impressions by intraoral scanner were made before and after treatment; the study also analyzed the project planned by Invisalign ClinCheck® software, comparing it to the results clinically obtained, using specific software and hardware. The analysis of the obtained results shows that the measurements carried out are affected by a residual error respect to the final situation designed for the patient, caused by several factors here investigated; moreover, it is very determinant to do a correct diagnosis, to formulate an adequate treatment plan and to correct wear the chosen orthodontic appliances.
Workload and stress evaluation in advanced manufacturing systems
Authors: Blandino G.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. Industry 5.0 emphasizes the development of human-centred work environments, shifting the focus from technologies embedded in manufacturing systems to workers. Efforts in the literature focus on operators' well-being for workstation configuration or on stress in collaborative environments, but few papers consider stress induced by management practices in advanced manufacturing contexts, although “lean” or “agile” for instance could in principle lead to more stressful workplaces. This paper reviews the literature, evaluating the mental and physical workload of production line operators who perform mentally demanding tasks and experience stress in advanced manufacturing systems. The goal is to design and to perform a pilot test on an innovative and rigorous research protocol, to be adopted in ‘non-fictional’ experiments, and able to compare push vs pull settings and their effects on workers’ workload and stress (WLS). The results will highlight new sources of stress, contributing to the development of human-centred and socially sustainable manufacturing systems.
Modelling the laser overageing treatment of a 6xxx Al alloy by means of physical simulation tests
Authors: Piccininni A.
Published: August 2023

Abstract. The local modification of the material properties is a promising strategy to broaden the range of applications for Aluminum (Al) alloys, since excessive thinning are avoided, and sound parts obtained. For example, by means of laser heating, the strain behaviour of age hardenable Al alloys can be locally affected to enhance the formability at room temperature. But predicting the properties modification (occurrence of overageing/solutioning) due to the local heating still needs investigations. In this work, short-term heat treatments on AA6063-T6 samples were conducted using the Gleeble system (able to subject the material to high heating rates combined with large temperature gradients). Wide ranges of temperature and time were thus explored, and the change of mechanical properties assessed by hardness tests. Experimental data were used to create a model and thus define the heating parameters able to bring the material to the overaged state or, alternatively, to the fully solutioned one.