bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Penerapan Pasal 49 Kuhp Pada Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan (Studi Putusan No;140/Pid.B/2011, Pengadilan Negeri Muara Enim)
Authors: Wahyu Hidayat
Published: February 2024

Tujuan penulisan artikel ini untuk menganalisa penerapan Pasal 49 KUHP pada tindak pidana pembunuhan pasal 338 KUHP. (studi putusan no. 140/Pid.B/2011/PN.ME). Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini merupakan metode hukum normatif  dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian Majelis Hakim menganggap bahwa Suatu perbuatan Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan pasal 338 KUHP ataupun Tindak pidana penganiyaan 351 KUHP, apabila perbuatan tersebut dilakukan pada saat itu tidak dapat lagi berpikir dengan tenang dan jernih dan terpikirlah hanyalah menyelamatkan diri/jiwanya; karena perbuatan tersebut merupakan pembelaan diri, karena perasaan tergoncang. yang masih berlanjut dan masih berhubungan, maka perbuatan tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai pembelaan terpaksa yang diatur dalam pasal 49 KUHP (noodweer dan noodweer – exces), sehingga Pelaku Tindak pidana pembunuhan yang terbukti melakukan tindak pidana tersebut harus dilepaskan dari segala tuntutan (onslag van recht vervolging). dengan pertimbangan hukum karena alasan penghapus pidana,  sebagai berikut adanya daya paksa (Overmacht), adanya pembelaan terpaksa (Noodweer , Noodweer-exces), sebab melaksanakan ketentuan Undang- undang, sebab menjalankan perintah jabatan.
Key methods in media linguistics. Useful approaches from early traditions to the state-of-the-art
Authors: Kaltenbacher Martin
Published: February 2024

This paper explores various methods and useful approaches to the study of media. These range from traditional heuristic methods (content analysis, contrastive text and discourse analysis) to computer-based data-mining methods (corpus linguistics) and, finally, to state-of-the-art high-tech research (eye-tracking experiments). After an initial overview of ten different approaches to media studies, some of them are further explained, illustrated with relevant studies, and ultimately evaluated. The paper demonstrates how various methods can be applied in relation to different media texts and media types and how they can be studied from linguistic, cultural and multimodal perspectives.
Island Tinkerers
Authors: Tinn Honghong
Published: February 2024

How Taiwan rose to global prominence in high tech manufacturing, from computer maker to the world's leading chip manufacturer.

How did Taiwan, a former Japanese colony and the last fortress of the defeated Chinese Nationalists, ascend to such heights in high-tech manufacturing? In Island Tinkerers, Honghong Tinn tells the critical history of how hobbyists and enthusiasts in Taiwan, including engineers, technologists, technocrats, computer users, and engineers-turned-entrepreneurs, helped transform the country with their hands-on engagement with computers. Rather than engaging in wholesale imitation of US sources, she explains, these technologists tinkered with imported computing technology and experimented with manufacturing their own versions, resulting in their own brand of successful innovation.

Defying the stereotype of “the West innovates, and the East imitates,” Tinn tells the story of Taiwanese technologists' efforts over the past six decades. Beginning in the 1960s, they grappled with the “black-boxed” computers that were newly available through international technical-aid programs. Shortly after, multinational corporations that outsourced transistor and integrated circuit assembly overseas began employing Taiwanese engineers and factory workers. Island tinkerers developed strategies to adapt, modify, assemble, and work with computers in an inventive manner. It was through this creative and ingenious tinkering with computers that they were able to gain a better understanding of the technology, opening the door to future manufacturing endeavors that now include Acer, Foxconn, Asus, and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC).
The Painful Truth about Hunger in America
Authors: Chilton Mariana
Published: February 2024

A radical and urgent new approach to how we can solve the problems of hunger and poverty in the US.

Most people think hunger has to do with food: researchers, policymakers, and advocates focus on promoting government-funded nutrition assistance; well-meaning organizations try to get expired or wasted food to marginalized communities; and philanthropists donate their money to the cause and congratulate themselves for doing so. But few people ask about the structural issues undergirding hunger, such as, Who benefits from keeping people in such a state of precarity? In The Painful Truth about Hunger in America, Mariana Chilton shows that the solution to food insecurity lies far beyond food and must incorporate personal, political, and spiritual approaches if we are serious about fixing the crisis.

Drawing on 25 years of research, programming, and advocacy efforts, Chilton compellingly demonstrates that food insecurity is created and maintained by people in power. Taking the reader back to the original wounds in the United States caused by its history of colonization, genocide, and enslavement, she forces us to reckon with hard questions about why people in the US allow hunger to persist. Drawing on intimate interviews she conducted with many Black and Brown women, the author reveals that the experience of hunger is rooted in trauma and gender-based violence—violence in our relationships with one another, with the natural world, and with ourselves—and that if we want to fix hunger, we must transform our society through compassion, love, and connection. Especially relevant for young people charting new paths toward abolition, mutual aid, and meaningful livelihoods, The Painful Truth about Hunger in America reinvigorates our commitment to uprooting the causes of poverty and discrimination, and points to a more generative and humane world where everyone can be nourished.
Playframes
Authors: Pearce Celia
Published: February 2024

An exploration of how we know we're playing and what happens when we don't.

Playframes builds on the work of Gregory Bateson and Erving Goffman to take a deep dive into Bateson's primary question: How do we know we're playing? In this book, Celia Pearce addresses this question by building a comprehensive theory of the specific mechanisms that metacommunicate the message “this is play.” This “big tent” approach covers a broad swath of playframes, ranging from theme parks to cosplay, board and video games, and sports, and describes how spatial and temporal frames, as well as artifacts such as costumes and uniforms, toys, and sports equipment, let us know when a play activity is underway.

Pearce teases out distinctions between ritual and play activities, including social practices in which they merge or are indistinguishable, as well as incidents of frame breach or misalignment, where participants' perception of “what is going on” diverges. These principles are illustrated with a series of four topical studies that explore various scenarios in which play and non-play contexts are juxtaposed or blurred. These span from delightful (fan convention cosplay and simulated and virtual weddings) to confusing (virtual currency and bitcoin) to dangerous. Building on recent research, the book culminates with an in-depth analysis of the gaming roots of the January 6 Capitol insurrection and argues that playframe breach and deliberate misalignment were the major contributing factors.
Beyond Vanity
Authors: Block Elizabeth L.
Published: February 2024

From the award-winning author of Dressing Up, a riveting and diverse history of women's hair that reestablishes the cultural power of hairdressing in nineteenth-century America.

In the nineteenth century, the complex cultural meaning of hair was not only significant it could affect one's place in society. After the Civil War, hairdressing was a growing profession and the hair industry a mainstay of local, national, and international commerce. In Beyond Vanity, Elizabeth L. Block expands the nascent field of hair studies by restoring women's hair as a cultural site of meaning in the early United States. With a special focus on the places and spaces in which the industry operated, Block argues that the importance of hair has been overlooked due to its ephemerality as well as its misguided association with frivolity and triviality. As Block clarifies, hairdressing was anything but frivolous.

Using methods of visual and material culture studies informed by concepts of cultural geography, Block identifies multiple substantive categories of place and space within which hair had pronounced impact. These include the preparatory places of the bedroom, hair salon, and enslaved peoples' quarters, as well as the presentation spaces of parties, fairs, stages, and workplaces. Here are also the untold stories of business owners, many of whom were women of color, and the creators of trendsetting styles such as the pompadour and Gibson Girl bouffant. Block's groundbreaking study examines how race and racism affected who participated in the presentation and business of hair, and according to which standards. The result of looking closely at the places and spaces of hair is a reconfiguration that allows a new understanding of its immense cultural power.
The Lies of the Artists
Authors: Rowland Ingrid D.
Published: February 2024

Luminous essays on artists of the Italian Renaissance by one of our most inspired writers on the history and making of art.

In the three centuries from 1450 to 1750 painters, sculptors, and architects emerged from the medieval craft guilds of Italy to claim a new social status as creators, whose gorgeous handiwork, now called “art,” expressed lofty inspiration as much as manual skill. In The Lies of the Artists, Ingrid Rowland takes us into the world of these artists, and into their seemingly miraculous ways of transforming transcendent ideas into tangible works of art that challenged and redefined reality, “lies” with the power to reveal a deeper truth.

As the great art patron Daniele Barbaro wrote: “bisogna aprire gli occhi,” or “you have to open your eyes.” And this is precisely what Rowland does in these essays, bringing her knowledge, keen perception, and singular wit to bear on the art and lives of Renaissance masters, including Michelangelo, Caravaggio, Bernini, Raphael, Titian, and El Greco, as well as some overlooked artists of phenomenal talent, such as Antonello da Messina, Andrea del Sarto, and Bertoldo di Giovanni. In dazzling prose, as luminous and versatile as the painterly effects she describes, she shows us the work of these artists in eye-opening, thought-provoking ways, recreating the delight and insight that the discovery of great art evokes.
Computing Legacies
Authors: Krapp Peter
Published: February 2024

A media history of simulation that contextualizes our digital heritage and the history of computing.

In Computing Legacies, Peter Krapp explores a media history of simulation to excavate three salient aspects of digital culture. Firstly, he profiles simulation as cultural technique, enabling symbolic work and foregrounding hypothetical literacy. Secondly, he positions simulation as crucial for the preservation of cultural memory, where modeling, emulation, and serious play are constitutive in how we relate to our mediated history. And lastly, despite suggestions that we may already live in a simulation, he interrogates how simulation can serve as critique of the computer age.

In tracing our digital heritage, Computing Legacies elucidates inflection points where quantitative data becomes tractable for qualitative evaluations: modeling epidemics for scientific study or entertainment, emulating older devices, turning numerical calculations into music, conducting espionage in virtual worlds, and gamifying higher education. Simulation, this book demonstrates, is pivotal not only to high-tech research and to archives, museums, and the preservation of digital culture but also to our understanding of what it is to live and work under the technical conditions of computing.
Control of meiotic entry by dual inhibition of a key mitotic transcription factor
Authors: Su Amanda J , Yendluri Siri C , Ünal Elçin
Published: February 2024

The mitosis to meiosis transition requires dynamic changes in gene expression, but whether and how the mitotic transcriptional machinery is regulated during this transition is unknown. In budding yeast, SBF and MBF transcription factors initiate the mitotic gene expression program. Here, we report two mechanisms that work together to restrict SBF activity during meiotic entry: repression of the SBF-specific Swi4 subunit through LUTI-based regulation and inhibition of SBF by Whi5, a functional homolog of the Rb tumor suppressor. We find that untimely SBF activation causes downregulation of early meiotic genes and delays meiotic entry. These defects are largely driven by the SBF-target G1 cyclins, which block the interaction between the central meiotic regulator Ime1 and its cofactor Ume6. Our study provides insight into the role of SWI4LUTI in establishing the meiotic transcriptional program and demonstrates how the LUTI-based regulation is integrated into a larger regulatory network to ensure timely SBF activity.
Use of Sulfuric Acid-Impregnated Biochar Catalyst in Making of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil Via Leaching Method
Authors: Sofyan Muhammad Ihsan , Mailani Putri Julpa , Setyawati Avi Waras , Sulistia Susi , Suciati Fuzi , Hauli Latifah , Putri Reza Audina , Ndruru Sun Theo C. L. , Mawarni Rista Siti , Meliana Yenny , Nurhayati Nurhayati , Joelianingsih Joelianingsih
Published: February 2024

The biodiesel synthesis of waste cooking oil (WCO) over a impregnated biochar catalyst was systematically studied. This research aimed to prepare Biochar-based material that comes from coconut coir, activate it, and apply it as a catalyst to the esterification reaction of high-FFA waste cooking oil. Activation of the catalyst was done by impregnation H2SO4 solution in Biochar. The obtained catalyst was characterized by FTIR, XRF, XRD, surface area analyzer, and SEM-EDS. The esterification process was conducted by varying the catalyst weight (5, 7, and 10 wt%) and the reaction temperature (55 and 60 °C). The obtained liquid yields were characterized by GC-MS. The study found that the esterification process worked best with 10 wt% catalysts, a 1:76 mole ratio of oil to alcohol, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. The waste cooking oil was successfully converted into biodiesel, reaching 84.50% of yield and 77.30% of purity (methyl ester content). Meanwhile, testing using national biodiesel standards with parameter limits of density, viscosity, iodine number, and acid number shows results that meet the requirements. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Growing and Analyzing Static Biofilms
Authors: Merritt Judith H. , Kadouri Daniel E. , O'Toole George A.
Published: January 2006

Many bacteria can exist as surface‐attached aggregations known as biofilms. Presented in this unit are several approaches for the study of these communities. The focus here is on static biofilm systems, which are particularly useful for examination of the early stages of biofilm formation, including initial adherence to the surface and microcolony formation. Furthermore, most of the techniques presented are easily adapted to the study of biofilms under a variety of conditions and are suitable for either small‐ or relatively large‐scale studies. Unlike assays involving continuous‐flow systems, the static biofilm assays described here require very little specialized equipment and are relatively simple to execute. In addition, these static biofilm systems allow analysis of biofilm formation with a variety of readouts, including microscopy of live cells, macroscopic visualization of stained bacteria, and viability counts. Used individually or in combination, these assays provide useful means for the study of biofilms.
Genetic Manipulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Dillard Joseph P.
Published: January 2006

The sexually‐transmitted pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, undergoes natural transformation at high frequency. This property has led to the rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance markers and to the panmictic structure of the gonococcal population. However, high frequency transformation also makes N. gonorrhoeae one of the easiest bacterial species to manipulate genetically in the laboratory. Techniques have been developed that result in transformation frequencies >50%, allowing the identification of mutants by screening and without selection. Constructs have been created to take advantage of this high frequency transformation, facilitating genetic mutation, complementation, and heterologous gene expression. Techniques are described for genetic manipulation of N. gonorrhoeae, as well as for growth of this fastidious organism.
Rapid Allelic Exchange in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Other E. coli Using λ Red Recombination
Authors: Savage Pamela J. , Leong John M. , Murphy Kenan C.
Published: January 2006

This unit describes an allelic exchange system for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and similar pathogenic species of bacteria. The phage λ Red recombination system is expressed from a plasmid, inducing a hyper‐recombinogenic state where electroporated PCR‐generated substrates recombine with the bacterial chromosome at high efficiency. The technique can be used to substitute a drug marker for the gene of interest, or used to generate a clean in‐frame deletion of the target gene. Single gene knockouts in EHEC, or deletions of whole pathogenicity islands, can be constructed. A procedure for the preparation of hyper‐recombinogenic electrocompetent cells is also described. Besides E. coli K‐12 and EHEC, this method has also been used for the construction of gene knockouts in enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli, and uropathogenic E. coli, as well as Shigella flexneri and Salmonella enterica.
Cultivation and Laboratory Maintenance of Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Scidmore Marci A.
Published: January 2006

Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular bacteria that require growth inside mammalian cells for propagation and survival. As a result, Chlamydia cannot be grown on conventional bacteriological medium. This property makes Chlamydia difficult organisms to grow and maintain in the laboratory. Up until 1965, passage in the yolk sac of the embryonated hen egg was the only way to isolate and propagate the organism. Since then, a tissue culture system has been available that allows easier laboratory culture of the Chlamydia species. However, with the exception of the LGV serovars, most C. trachomatis strains do not readily infect tissue culture cells. Chemical or mechanical assistance is used to increase their infectivity. Today, large numbers of infectious organisms can be purified through Renografin density gradient centrifugation of infected cell lysates. The ability to propagate C. trachomatis in the laboratory has greatly increased the understanding of the pathogenesis of C. trachomatis organisms.
Genetic Manipulation of Treponema denticola
Authors: Kuramitsu Howard K. , Chi Bo , Ikegami Akihiko
Published: January 2006

The oral anaerobic spirochete, Treponema denticola, has been implicated in the etiology of human periodontal diseases; however, the molecular basis for the virulence of these organisms is still unclear. Potential pathogenic factors expressed by T. denticola have recently begun to be identified through the development of gene transfer approaches in this organism following electroporetic transformation. Several antibiotic resistance markers have been developed for use in the construction of monospecific mutants in these organisms. In addition, these antibiotic resistance cassettes have been more recently utilized to construct shuttle plasmids for complementation analysis of the mutants. These plasmids were also used to express heterologous spirochete genes in T. denticola. The transformation of other spirochetes such as T. phagedenis with these plasmids further suggests that it should be possible to develop similar gene transfer systems in other cultivable treponemes.
Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi in Dialysis Membrane Chambers in Rat Peritonea
Authors: Caimano Melissa J.
Published: January 2006

In order to be sustained within its enzootic cycle, B. burgdorferi must adapt to two strikingly different environments, the arthropod vector and the mammalian host. The ability to rapidly adapt to environmental changes is therefore presumed to be central to spirochete survival and pathogenic programs. Indeed, it has now been well established that tick feeding initiates extensive changes in both gene expression and protein composition, collectively referred to as “host adaptation,” a process that is thought to continue throughout infection. The paucibacillary nature of borrelial infections, however, has hampered our ability to study this bacterium in vivo. To circumvent this limitation, an animal model was developed for obtaining sufficient numbers of organisms to directly examine differential gene expression and antigenic composition of B. burgdorferi within the context of the mammalian host. The DMC model allows for a direct comparison of host‐adapted B. burgdorferi and their in vitro‐cultivated counterparts.
Human Adenoviruses: Propagation, Purification, Quantification, and Storage
Authors: Green Maurice , Loewenstein Paul M.
Published: January 2006

Detailed protocols are described for the propagation of adenoviruses (Ads) and adenovirus (Ad) vectors and their purification by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. A discussion of monolayer and spinner cell culture techniques suitable, respectively, for small‐ and large‐scale growth of adenoviruses is provided. Protocols for cloning into and growth of Ad replication–deficient vectors using a convenient commercially available system are described. Lastly, time‐tested plaque titration protocols for the accurate and convenient measurement of the infectivity of adenoviruses and adenovirus vectors are provided in detail.
Callus Cultures of Arabidopsis
Authors: McCormack John C. , Simon Anne E.
Published: January 2006

Protoplasts are plant cells lacking cell walls. They can be generated from stationary callus cultures derived from Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. After treatment of the callus with cellulase and pectinase, protoplasts are inoculated with viral RNAs using polyethylene glycol. After various times postinoculation, total RNA is extracted and subjected to electrophoresis on nondenaturing agarose gels for further analysis. Stationary callus cultures are simpler to maintain than more traditional suspension cultures and yield high‐quality, uniform protoplasts. Protoplasts prepared in this fashion can also be used for uptake of DNA.
Are all of Your Educators Educating
Authors: Whitt Elizabeth J.
Published: January 2006

Institutions that excel are filled with educators in the curriculum and cocurriculum who believe student learning is everyone's business. Elizabeth Whitt characterizes how excellent educators in the cocurriculum do their work.
The Integrated Student: Fostering Holistic Development to Advance Learning
Authors: Haynes Carolyn
Published: January 2006

Advocates of educating the whole student have argued for years that emotional, social, and cognitive development are equally important aspects to consider in creating effective learning environments. Honors students—the cognitively accomplished—need integrated learning as much as anyone.
Just in Time
Authors: Vanderpool Nancy M. , Risacher Joanne
Published: January 2006

A new inexpensive workforce emerges
Pyramidal tract maturation after brain injury in newborns with heart disease
Authors: Partridge Savannah C. , Vigneron Daniel B. , Charlton Natalie N. , Berman Jeffrey I. , Henry Roland G. , Mukherjee Pratik , McQuillen Patrick S. , Karl Tom R. , Barkovich A. James , Miller Steven P.
Published: January 2006

Objective

Our objective was to quantify white matter tract development in term newborns with congenital heart disease, a population at high risk for perioperative brain injury, using magnetic resonance imaging diffusion tensor tractography (DTT).

Methods

Twenty‐five newborns with congenital heart disease were imaged before and after surgery, with a median of 2 weeks between serial magnetic resonance imaging examinations. DTT was performed to segment bilateral pyramidal tracts using semiautomated fiber tracking software, and manual region of interest measurements were taken for comparison.

Results

Significant maturational rates of increasing fractional anisotropy (median, 4.4% per week) and decreasing mean diffusivity (Dav) (median, −2.0% per week) in the pyramidal tract were measured in infants without brain injury. Fractional anisotropy maturation rates were highest in newborns with normal scans, intermediate (median, 2.4% per week) in those with postoperative injury, and lowest (median, 0.9% per week) in those with preoperative injury, indicating a significant trend across brain injury groups (p = 0.015). Dav maturation rates did not differ across injury groups (p = 0.15). Manual region of interest measures showed greater variability in serial measurements, and no significant differences were identified between injury groups, suggesting that DTT may provide more sensitive measures.

Interpretation

DTT is feasible in term newborns and may help to characterize abnormal white matter tract development following acquired brain injury. Ann Neurol 2006
Methylation of tin(II) by methyl iodide: influences of different environmental factors on the efficiency and reaction kinetics
Authors: Baowei Chen , Guibin Jiang , Ruiqiang Yang , Jiyan Liu
Published: January 2006

The methylation reaction of Sn(II) with methyl iodide (MeI) in water has been studied using sensitive GC‐QSIL‐FPD technology. The pH value, amount of MeI and salinity (S) are the three important factors that influence the methylation reaction in an aquatic environment. In all experiments, monomethyltin (MMT) is the only methylation product of the tin(II) reacting with MeI observed. At the 95% confidence level, the pH, MeI and S are significant for the MMT yield. The concentration of MMT in the reactor increases with increase in pH within the selected pH range of 4–9 because four different species of Sn(II)–Sn2+, SnOH+, Sn(OH)20 and Sn(OH)3−–have different reaction activities with MeI. The methylation activity of Sn(II) was found to be highest at a salinity of 0.1 M at three different pH levels: 5, 7 and 9. Higher concentration of Cl− (as a relatively weak nucleophilic ion) will obstruct nucleophilic attack of Sn(II) on MeI. MMT production also increases with rising volume of MeI. Moreover, first‐order reaction rates have been calculated at different pH, salinity and MeI, and found to be in the range 0.0018–0.0199 h−1. The reaction rate also varies largely under different reaction conditions. One probable mechanism for the methylation reaction of Sn(II) with MeI is a SN2 nucleophilic attack on the methyl group of MeI by Sn(II), via a process of oxidative methyl‐transfer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VE‐Cadherin‐Cre‐recombinase transgenic mouse: A tool for lineage analysis and gene deletion in endothelial cells
Authors: Alva Jackelyn A. , Zovein Ann C. , Monvoisin Arnaud , Murphy Thomas , Salazar Anthony , Harvey Natasha L. , Carmeliet Peter , Iruela‐Arispe M. Luisa
Published: January 2006

The ability to target gene deletion to a specific cellular compartment via the Cre/loxP system has been a powerful tool in the analysis of broadly expressed genes. Here, we report the generation of a transgenic mouse line in which expression of Cre‐recombinase is under the regulatory control of the VE‐Cadherin promoter. Temporal distribution and activity of the enzyme was evaluated with two independent Cre reporter lines. Histological analysis was performed throughout development and in the adult. Recombination of lox P sites with subsequent expression of β‐galactosidase or GFP was detected as early as E7.5 in endothelial cells of the yolk sac. Progressive staining of the embryonic vasculature was noted from E8.5–13.5; however, more contiguous reporter expression was only seen by E14.5 onward in all endothelial compartments including arteries, veins, and capillaries. In addition, we found Cre activity in lymphatic endothelial cells. Unlike other endothelial‐specific Cre mice, this model showed expression in the adult quiescent vasculature. Furthermore, the constitutive nature of the VE‐Cadherin promoter in the adult can be advantageous for analysis of gene deletion in pathological settings. Developmental Dynamics 235:759–767, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution and development of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath
Authors: Luan Xianghong , Ito Yoshihiro , Diekwisch Thomas G.H.
Published: January 2006

Periodontal regeneration and tissue engineering has re‐awakened interest in the role of Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS), an epithelial tissue layer first discovered in amphibians more than a century ago. Using developmental, evolutionary, and cell biological approaches, we have, therefore, performed a careful analysis of the role of HERS in root formation and compared our data with clinical findings. Our developmental studies revealed HERS as a transient structure assembled in the early period of root formation and elongation and, subsequently, fenestrated and reduced to epithelial rests of Malassez (ERM). Our comparative evolutionary studies indicated that HERS fenestration was closely associated with the presence of a periodontal ligament and a gomphosis‐type attachment apparatus in crocodilians and mammals. Based on these studies, we are proposing that HERS plays an important role in the regulation and maintenance of periodontal ligament space and function. Additional support for this hypothesis was rendered by our meta‐analysis of recent clinical reports related to HERS function. Developmental Dynamics 235:1167–1180, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic expression patterns of zebrafish 1G5 (1G5z), a calmodulin kinase‐like gene in the developing nervous system
Authors: Won Minho , Ro Hyunju , Park Hae‐Chul , Kim Kyoon E. , Huh Tae‐Lin , Kim Cheol‐Hee , Rhee Myungchull
Published: January 2006

Evolutionarily well‐conserved Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase (CaMK) proteins are known for their role as Ca2+ signaling mediators. 1G5 encodes a CaMK like protein, which belongs to a calmodulin (CaM) kinase gene family. Here, we report the isolation of zebrafish homologue of mammalian 1G5, which we named 1G5z. 1G5z is composed of three major domains: (1) an N‐terminal serine/threonine kinase domain, (2) a central calmodulin‐binding domain, and (3) a C‐terminal alanine‐rich domain, the 1G5z‐specific domain. 1G5z shares 83∼84% homology with other vertebrate 1G5 proteins. Spatiotemporal expression studies found that 1G5z is expressed by means of zygotic transcription and appears in various neuronal tissues from the 20‐somite stage. 1G5z transcripts are more regionalized in the brain and spinal cord at 24 hr postfertilization (hpf). At 35 hpf, 1G5z transcripts are exclusively present in the anterior trunk spinal cord as well as in the hindbrain, tegmentum, hypothalamus, and telencephalon. This expression pattern lasts until 48 hpf but ceases in the trunk. At 72 hpf, 1G5z is abundantly transcribed particularly in the specific region of the tectum and eye. We further observed that the number of 1G5z‐positive cells is dramatically increased in the mindbomb mutant embryos but abolished in the trigeminal ganglion and caudal trunk sensory neuron of the neurogenin1 morphant at 24 hpf. In addition, bromodeoxyuridine staining further confirmed that the 1G5z‐positive cells were postmitotic sensory and interneurons. Developmental Dynamics 235:835–842, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascular anatomy of the developing medaka, Oryzias latipes: A complementary fish model for cardiovascular research on vertebrates
Authors: Fujita Misato , Isogai Sumio , Kudo Akira
Published: January 2006

The zebrafish has become a very useful vertebrate model for cardiovascular research, but detailed morphogenetic studies have revealed that it differs from mammals in certain aspects of the primary circulatory system, in particular, the early vitelline circulation. We searched for another teleost species that might serve as a complementary model for the formation of these early primary vessels. Here (and online at http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/medaka/atlas/), we present a detailed characterization of the vascular anatomy of the developing medaka embryo from the stage 24 (1 day 20 hr) through stage 30 (3 days 10 hr). Three‐dimensional images using confocal microangiography show that the medaka, Oryzias latipes, follows the common embryonic circulatory pattern consisting of ventral aorta, aortic arches, dorsal aorta, transverse vessels, vitelline capillary plexus, and marginal veins. The medaka, thus, may serve as a valuable model system for genetic analysis of the primary vasculature of vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 235:734–746, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment integrity in a home‐based pre‐reading intervention programme
Authors: van Otterloo Sandra G. , van der Leij Aryan , Veldkamp Esther
Published: January 2006

Treatment integrity is an underexposed issue in the phonological awareness intervention research. The current study assessed the integrity of treatment of the families (N=32) participating in the experimental condition of a home‐based pre‐reading intervention study. The participating kindergartners were all genetically at risk for developing dyslexia. Two aspects of treatment integrity, the number of lessons completed (quantity) and the quality of the administration of the programme (observed in a videotaped session), were investigated. The level of treatment integrity turned out to be 66% when completion of all lessons was taken as quantitative criterion, and about 74% when quality of the parent–child interaction was assessed. The two measures could predict the pre‐reading skills at the end of kindergarten. Together they accounted for 43% of the variance in this dependent variable. Together with pre‐reading scores at the pre‐test the total predicted variance was 87%. The number of lessons completed still contributed 12% to the prediction after controlling for pre‐test scores. The results indicated that treatment integrity indeed appears to be an important aspect of treatment outcome and should therefore be included in intervention studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redox Chemistry in the Reaction of Oxovanadium(V) with Thiolate‐Containing Ligands: the Isolation and Characterization of Non‐Oxo Vanadium(IV) Complexes Containing Disulfide and Thioether Groups
Authors: Hsu Hua‐Fen , Su Chia‐Ling , Gopal Neeruganti O. , Wu Chi‐Chin , Chu Wei‐Cheng , Tsai Yi‐Fang , Chang Ya‐Ho , Liu Yi‐Hung , Kuo Ting‐Shen , Ke Shyue‐Chu
Published: January 2006

The reactions of VVO(O‐iPr)3 with [PS3′]H3 and [PS3]H3 {[PS3′]H3 = P(C6H3‐5‐Me‐2‐SH)3, [PS3]H3 = P(C6H4‐2‐SH)3} led to the formation of [VIV(L)] [L = P2S4′ (1a), P2S4 (1b)], where L was formed by the oxidative coupling of two PS3′ or PS3 ligands by a disulfide bond. When the reaction of VVO(O‐iPr)3 with [PS3′]H3 was conducted in the presence of methoxide followed by the addition of a cation, [VIV(PS3′)(PS2SMe′)]X [X = N(C2H5)4 (2a), N(C2H5)3(CH2Ph) (2b)] was isolated, where PS2SMe′ is a bis(benzenethiolato)phenylmethylthioetherphosphane ligand generated from the methylation of one thiolate group in PS3′. The structures of complexes 1a,b and 2a,b, determined by X‐ray crystallography, contain six‐ and seven‐coordinate non‐oxo vanadium(IV) centers, respectively, with an octahedral geometry for 1a,b and a pentagonal‐bipyramidal geometry for 2a,b. The electronic, magnetic, and electrochemical properties of these complexes were determined by UV/Vis and EPR spectroscopy, SQUID measurements, and cyclic voltammetry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Direct Preparation of [Ru(η2‐O2CO)(η6‐arene)(L)] Carbonate Complexes (L = Phosphane, Carbene) and Their Use as Precursors of [RuH2(p‐cymene)(PCy3)] and [Ru(η6‐arene)(L)(MeCN)2][BF4]2: X‐ray Crystal Structure Determination of [Ru(η2‐O2CO)(p‐cymene)(PCy3)]·1/2CH2Cl2 and [Ru(η2‐O2CO)(η6‐C6Me6)(PMe3)]·H2O
Authors: Demerseman Bernard , Mbaye Mbaye Diagne , Sémeril David , Toupet Loïc , Bruneau Christian , Dixneuf Pierre H.
Published: January 2006

[RuCl2(η6‐arene)(PR3)] complexes react with K2CO3 in the presence of water to afford the carbonatoruthenium(II) derivatives [Ru(η2‐O2CO)(η6‐arene)(PR3)] (2; arene = p‐cymene, R = Cy, Ph, or Me; arene = hexamethylbenzene, R = Me) involving a planar Ru(η2‐O2CO) moiety as shown by X‐ray crystal structure determination of 2a (p‐cymene, PCy3) and 2d (hexamethylbenzene, PMe3). The complex [Ru(η2‐O2CO)(p‐cymene)(PCy3)] is cleanly converted in hot methanol into the dihydride [RuH2(p‐cymene)(PCy3)]. The related complexes [Ru(η2‐O2CO)(η6‐arene)(IMes)] [arene = p‐cymene or hexamethylbenzene, IMes = 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene] are straightforwardly prepared by treating [RuCl2(η6‐arene)]2 precursors with 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazolium chloride and K2CO3 in THF at reflux. The removal of the carbonato ligand from complexes 2 with HBF4 in the presence of acetonitrile leads to the dicationic derivatives [Ru(η6‐arene)(L)(MeCN)2][BF4]2 (L = PR3 or IMes). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Theoretical Study of the Stereoselectivities of the Diels–Alder Addition of Cyclopentadiene to Ethyl‐(S)‐lactyl Acrylate Catalyzed by Aluminium Chloride
Authors: Bakalova Snezhana M. , Santos A. Gil
Published: January 2006

We have studied the AlCl3‐catalyzed cycloaddition of ethyl‐(S)‐lactyl acrylate (ELA) and cyclopentadiene (CPD) by MP2 and DFT (B3LYP) methods using the 6‐31G(d,p) basis set, with or without solvent effects. Four types of dienophile–Lewis acid (LA) complexes were considered — two types of ELA·AlCl3, ELA·2AlCl3 and ELA·AlCl2+. The stereochemical predictions of these models were compared with available experimental data. The participation of lactate‐bound ELA·AlCl3 complexes is insignificant because of their relatively high TS energies. The diastereofacial selectivities exhibited by the chelated ELA·AlCl2+ complex do not agree with experimental data, suggesting that this type of complex is not very probable, even with ligands having an appropriate carbonyl orientation. Our results show the dominating role of ELA·2AlCl3 in the catalyzed reaction, in agreement with experimental data. The observed diastereofacial stereoselectivities are due to a delicate equilibrium of electrostatic and steric interactions in the different transition states between the two LA groups and between these two groups and the cyclopentadiene moiety. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Molecular cytogenetic characterization of doxorubicin‐resistant neuroblastoma cell lines: Evidence that acquired multidrug resistance results from a unique large amplification of the 7q21 region
Authors: Flahaut Marjorie , Mühlethaler‐Mottet Annick , Martinet Danielle , Fattet Sarah , Bourloud Katia Balmas , Auderset Katya , Meier Roland , Schmutz Nathalie Besuchet , Delattre Olivier , Joseph Jean‐Marc , Gross Nicole
Published: January 2006

Neuroblastoma is a heterogeneous neural crest–derived embryonic childhood neoplasm that is the second most common solid tumor found in children. Despite recent advances in combined therapy, the overall survival of patients with high‐stage disease has not improved in the last decades. Treatment failure is in part attributed to multidrug resistance. To address the mechanisms involved in the development of multidrug resistance, we have generated two doxorubicin‐resistant neuroblastoma cell lines (IGRN‐91R and LAN‐1R). These cells were shown to overexpress theMDR1gene coding for the P‐glycoprotein and were resistant to other MDR1‐ and non‐MDR1‐substrate drugs. Indeed, the MDR1 inhibitor verapamil only partially restored sensitivity to drugs, confirming that P‐glycoprotein‐mediated drug efflux was not responsible for 100% resistance. High‐resolution and array‐based comparative genomic hybridization analyses revealed the presence of an amplicon in the 7q21 region as the unique genomic alteration common to both doxorubicin‐resistant cell lines. In addition to theMDR1locus, this large amplified region is likely to harbor additional genes potentially involved in the development of drug resistance. This study represents the first molecular cytogenetic and genomic approach to identifying genomic regions involved in the multidrug‐resistant phenotype of neuroblastoma. These results could lead to the identification of relevant target genes for the development of new therapeutic modalities. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol and Oxidative Liver Injury
Authors: Dey Aparajita , Cederbaum Arthur I.
Published: January 2006

Acute and chronic ethanol treatment has been shown to increase the production of reactive oxygen species, lower cellular antioxidant levels, and enhance oxidative stress in many tissues, especially the liver. Ethanol-induced oxidative stress plays a major role in the mechanisms by which ethanol produces liver injury. Many pathways play a key role in how ethanol induces oxidative stress. This review summarizes some of the leading pathways and discusses the evidence for their contribution to alcohol-induced liver injury. Many of the seminal reports in this topic have been published in Hepatology, and it is fitting to review this research area for the 25th Anniversary Issue of the Journal. (Hepatology 2006;43: S63-S74.)
The Unfinished Legacy of Liver Transplantation: Emphasis on Immunology
Authors: Starzl Thomas E. , Lakkis Fadi G.
Published: January 2006

Liver transplantation radically changed the philosophy of hepatology practice, enriched multiple areas of basic science, and had pervasive ripple effects in law, public policy, ethics, and theology. Why organ engraftment was feasible remained enigmatic, however, until the discovery in 1992 of donor leukocyte microchimerism in long-surviving liver, and other kinds of organ recipients. Following this discovery, the leukocyte chimerism-associated mechanisms were elucidated that directly linked organ and bone marrow transplantation and eventually clarified the relationship of transplantation immunology to the immunology of infections, neoplasms, and autoimmune disorders. We describe here how the initially controversial paradigm shift mandated revisions of cherished dogmas. With the fresh insight, the reasons for numerous inexplicable phenomena of transplantation either became obvious or have become susceptible to discriminate experimental testing. The therapeutic implications of the “new immunology” in hepatology and in other medical disciplines, have only begun to be explored. Apart from immunology, physiologic investigations of liver transplantation have resulted in the discovery of growth factors (beginning with insulin) that are involved in the regulation of liver size, ultrastructure, function, and the capacity for regeneration. Such studies have partially explained functional and hormonal relationships of different abdominal organs, and ultimately they led to the cure or palliation by liver transplantation of more than 2 dozen hepatic-based inborn errors of metabolism. Liver transplantation should not be viewed as a purely technologic achievement, but rather as a searchlight whose beams have penetrated the murky mist of the past, and continue to potentially illuminate the future.
Reversal of Hepatic Fibrosis — Fact or Fantasy?
Authors: Friedman Scott L. , Bansal Meena B.
Published: January 2006

The prospect of reversing hepatic fibrosis has generated great interest now that basic science advances are being translated into promising new antifibrotic therapies. It is appropriate to recognize both the historical advances that created the framework for these successes, and the important role that Hepatology has played in disseminating them. A sense of urgency underlies this effort as the epidemics of HCV and NASH are becoming associated with advancing fibrosis. To maintain progress and minimize confusion among investigators and clinicians it is essential to standardize terms referring to fibrosis ‘reversal’ and ‘regression.’ There must also be rapid optimization of non-invasive markers of fibrosis to relieve this current bottleneck to conducting clinical trials. Progress in identifying genetic determinants of fibrosis could further refine patient selection for clinical trials and shorten their duration, as well as unearthing new directions of scientific inquiry. Realistic expectations for successful anti-fibrotic therapies reflect solid evidence of fibrosis regression in patients treated effectively for viral liver disease, as well as growing clarity in the understanding mechanisms of extracellular matrix production and degradation. The paradigms of stellate cell activation and apoptosis remain valuable frameworks for understanding pathways of hepatic fibrogenesis and fibrosis regression, respectively. Continued progress is essential in order to identify the determinants and dynamics of fibrosis reversibility, to discover additional targets for anti-fibrotic therapy, and to develop customized multi-drug regimens. These advances are sure to be captured in the next 25 years by Hepatology, and to profoundly impact the prognosis of patients with chronic liver disease.
Aquaporins in the Hepatobiliary System
Authors: Masyuk Anatoliy I. , LaRusso Nicholas F.
Published: January 2006

The review focuses on the potential physiological and pathophysiological roles of aquaporins (AQPs), a family of water channel proteins, in the hepatobiliary system. Among 13 aquaporins (AQP0-AQP12) cloned in mammals, seven AQPs have been identified in the liver and biliary tree. Accumulating evidence suggests that AQPs are likely involved in canalicular and ductal bile secretion, gluconeogenesis and microbial infection and may have other novel roles that affect liver function.
Noninvasive Measures of Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Rockey Don C. , Bissell Montgomery D.
Published: January 2006

As novel therapies for liver fibrosis evolve, non-invasive measurement of liver fibrosis will be required to help manage patients with chronic liver disease. Although liver biopsy is the current and time-honored gold standard for measurement of liver fibrosis, it is poorly suited to frequent monitoring because of its expense and morbidity, and its accuracy suffers from sampling variation. At the current writing, serum markers and imaging methods are available and increasingly in use as alternatives to biopsy. However, many questions remain about their indications, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness, and more investigation is required before they are put into widespread use. The development of safe, inexpensive, and reliable noninvasive fibrosis measurement tools remains a research priority in clinical hepatology.