bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case report of neurobrucellosis: a rare complication and neuroimaging findings of a common disease
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zou Xiao-Yi , Liu Ling
Published: January 2025

Background and objective

Neurobrucellosis is a rare neurological disorder characterized by diverse clinical manifestations. Although several relevant cases were reported, our understanding of this disorder is limited. In this study, we presented the clinical and imaging characteristics of four cases of neurobrucellosis.

Methods

Four patients with neurobrucellosis were diagnosed and treated in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, from January 2020 to September 2023. Data on demographics, clinical phenotypes and symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid investigations, radiological investigations, and therapies were collected and reviewed. This study was approved by and conducted in accordance with the recommendations of West China Hospital’s ethics -.1clinical manifestations of neurobrucellosis in these patients included meningitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalitis, cranial neuropathy, intracranial hypertension, radiculitis, peripheral neuropathy, myelitis, and other psychiatric symptoms. Brucella species were isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in four patients; three patients had elevated CSF protein levels, and two had elevated CSF leukocyte counts. All four patients had abnormal imaging findings, including meningeal signs, abnormal cortex and subcortical white matter signals, and signal abnormalities in the vertebral body and spinal cord. All patients were treated with rifampicin (450 mg once daily) and minocycline (100 mg twice daily) for at least 12 weeks, and their clinical symptoms showed significant improvements.

Conclusion

This report reviews four cases of neurobrucellosis. All four patients had headache, fever, seizure, cranial nerve damage, low back pain, along with imaging abnormalities, and were successfully treated with antibiotics. The symptoms of neurobrucellosis can be insidious, mild, and non-specific, characterized by various clinical manifestations and atypical imaging findings. This complexity increases the risk of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis; thus, careful identification, extended treatment, and close follow-up are required.
Gαi1/3 signaling mediates IL-5-induced eosinophil activation and type 2 inflammation in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Xie Huanxia , Ji Jiang , Liu Zhichen , Lu Ning , Wei Yuqian , Zhou Aina , Liu Jisheng , Jiao Qingqing
Published: January 2025

Background

Uncontrolled severe eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (eCRS) is associated with elevated levels of Th2 cells and raised immunoglobulin concentrations in nasal polyp tissue. eCRS is characterized by high eosinophilic infiltration and type 2 inflammation. Gαi1/3 proteins participate in allergic inflammation by regulating immune cells. Whether Gαi1/3 proteins have a role in the development of eCRS remains unknown.

Objectives

To investigate the association between Gαi1/3 expression levels and CRS and the underlying mechanisms

Methods

Western blotting and immunohistology were used to detect Gαi1/3 expression. Correlations between Gαi1/3 and immune cells and clinical parameters were analyzed. Signaling pathway activation in IL-5-induced Gαi1/3-knockout or knockdown mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and eosinophils (EoL-1 cells) was detected by western blotting. EdU/DAPI was used to evaluate the proliferation of EoL-1 cells. A CRS model was established using Gαi1/3-knockout mice, and histological analysis and inflammatory cytokine measurements were performed.

Results

Compared with the non-eCRS subset, the eCRS subset showed significantly increased Gαi1/3 expression levels. High nasal tissue Gαi1/3 levels were linked to high tissue eosinophil infiltration, and high disease severity and allergic conditions in CRS patients. Gαi1/3 were required for IL-5-induced Akt-mTOR and Erk activation in MEFs. In EoL-1 cells, Gαi1/3 was associated with IL-5-activated IL-5Rα, promoting IL-5Rα endocytosis and transducing downstream signaling. IL-5-induced EoL-1 cell proliferation and degranulation were suppressed after Gαi1/3 silencing. In a CRS murine model, immune cell infiltration and type 2 inflammation were largely impaired in Gαi1/3-double-knockout mice.

Conclusion

Increased Gαi1/3 expression levels in nasal tissue are linked to eosinophil infiltration and increased disease severity in CRS patients. Gαi1/3 contributes to eosinophil activation and participates in regulating allergic inflammation in CRS patients.
Mycophenolate mofetil: an update on its mechanism of action and effect on lymphoid tissue
Authors: Krawczyk Anna , Kravčenia Bernard , Maślanka Tomasz
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive drug administered in the management of both autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. The main aims of the study were: (a) to obtain information regarding the safety of using MMF in respect of its effect on normal T and B cells in lymphoid tissues; (b) to investigate whether the generation of inducible Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Treg) might constitute additional mechanisms underlying the immunosuppressive properties of MMF.

Methods

The effect of MMF (in vivo studies) and its active metabolite, mycophenolic acid, (in vitro studies) on murine CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as B cells was determined, regarding: (a) absolute count, proliferation and apoptosis of these cells (in vitro studies); (b) absolute count of these cells in the head and neck lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen (in vivo studies).

Results

The study found that the treatment of mice with MMF induced depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells in lymph nodes and the spleen, and the magnitude of these effects should be considered as clinically relevant. The study demonstrated the following actions of the drug: (a) proapoptotic action on effector CD4+ and CD8+ T (Teff) cells, and B cells; (b) the down-regulation or prevention of activation-induced expression of CD25 on CD4+ and CD8+ Teff cells; (c) the generation of Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ and Foxp3+CD25+CD8+ T cells resulting in the shift of the Treg cell/activated Teff cell balance toward an increased proportion of Treg cells.

Conclusion

The depletive effect of MMF on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells in lymphoid tissues should be taken into account when assessing the benefit-risk ratio of using MMF in patients with microbial infections and undergoing vaccination. The study contributed new insight into this mechanism, indicating that MMF effectively prevents the proliferation of T and B cells, but may be less effective against already proliferating cells. Moreover, the findings of the study strongly suggest the existence of additional mechanisms that may be responsible for the clinical efficacy of the drug, including the induction of Foxp3-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells.
Restoring natural killer cell activity in lung injury with 1,25-hydroxy vitamin D3: a promising therapeutic approach
Authors: Amer Johnny , Salhab Ahmad , Abuawad Mohammad
Published: January 2025

Background and aim

NK cells and NK-cell-derived cytokines were shown to regulate neutrophil activation in acute lung injury (ALI). However, the extent to which ALI regulates lung tissue-resident NK (trNK) activity and their molecular phenotypic alterations are not well defined. We aimed to assess the impact of 1,25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 [1,125(OH)2D] on ALI clinical outcome in a mouse model and effects on lung trNK cell activations.

Methods

Oleic acid (OA)-induced ALI in C57BL/6J mice and 1,25(OH)2D treatment 2×/2 weeks were performed. Lung tissue was harvested to assess alveolar I/II cell apoptosis and lung injury marker of Surfactant-Protein-D (SP-D). Pulmonary edema markers of epithelial sodium channel, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, and aquaporin 5 were assessed by RT-PCR. Lung trNK cells were assessed for activation markers of CD107a and NKp46, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) via flow cytometry. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained was investigated for soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), inflammatory cytokines, soluble 1,25(OH)2D, and PDL-1. Naïve mice treated with DMSO (vehicle) were used as a control.

Results

Flow cytometry analysis displayed a high apoptotic rate in alveolar I/II cells of threefold in ALI mice as compared to naïve mice. These findings were accompanied by elevated markers of pulmonary edema as well as lung injury markers of SP-D. Isolated lung trNK cells of the ALI mice exhibited reduced CD107a and NKp46 markers and cytotoxicity potentials and were correlated through significantly 2.1-fold higher levels of PD-1 and diminished VDR expressions as compared to naïve mice. BALF samples of ALI mice displayed high soluble PDL-1 and reduced soluble 1,25(OH)2D levels compared to naïve mice. 1,25(OH)2D treatment alongside OA led to a significant fourfold increase in the CD107a and NKp46 expressions to levels higher than the mice treated with the vehicle. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)2D ameliorates free radical scavengers of GSH, GPX, CAT, and GPx-1; decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and soluble PDL-1; and increased soluble 1,25(OH)2D with amelioration in pulmonary edema markers and alveolar I/II apoptosis.

Conclusion

Our results indicate 1,25(OH)2D’s potential therapeutic effect in preventing clinical outcomes associated with ALI via regulating NK cells through inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and alleviating levels of PDL-1 and 1,25(OH)2D released by lung tissue.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as rescue therapy for refractory autoimmune retinopathy: a case report
Authors: Wong Wendy Meihua , Loh Yvonne , Chan Hwei Wuen , Fong Warren , Chee Soon-Phaik , Koh Adrian , Holder Graham E.
Published: January 2025

Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a rare, potentially blinding retinal disease that remains a challenging condition to manage when resistant to conventional immune-modulatory approaches. We report clinical and electrophysiological improvement in a 49-year-old patient who underwent an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (aHSCT) for thymoma-associated AIR after experiencing progressive disease despite receiving periocular and systemic steroids, mycophenolate mofetil, baricitinib, tacrolimus, bortezomib, rituximab, plasmapheresis, and intravenous immunoglobulin. The aHSCT had two stages: (i) peripheral blood stem cell harvest following mobilization with cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and (ii) conditioning regimen with plasmapheresis, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and anti-thymocyte globulin high-dose therapy, followed by autologous hematopoietic cell infusion of 5.74 million cells. Symptoms of photopsia rapidly abated after undergoing aHSCT, and objective investigations of structure and function similarly demonstrated improvement. At 22 months’ follow-up, she continued to demonstrate the durability of the clinical response. The present report suggests that in judiciously selected patients, HSCT may provide a rescue option for refractory AIR. Further cases are needed to confirm these results.
A novel oncolytic Vaccinia virus armed with IL-12 augments antitumor immune responses leading to durable regression in murine models of lung cancer
Authors: Chen Lijuan , Wang Pengju , Di Gioia Carmela , Yuan Ming , Zhang Zhe , Miao Jinxin , Yan Wenli , Zhao Guanghao , Jia Yangyang , Wang Na , Zhang Zhongxian , Guo Haoran , Marelli Giulia , Dunmall Louisa Chard , Lemoine Nicholas R. , Wang Yaohe
Published: January 2025

Oncolytic vaccinia viruses (VVs) are potent stimulators of the immune system and induce immune-mediated tumor clearance and long-term surveillance against tumor recurrence. As such they are ideal treatment modalities for solid tumors including lung cancer. Here, we investigated the use of VVL-m12, a next-generation, genetically modified, interleukin-12 (IL-12)-armed VV, as a new therapeutic strategy to treat murine models of lung cancer and as a mechanism of increasing lung cancer sensitivity to antibody against programmed cell death protein 1 (α-PD1) therapy. The cytotoxicity and replication of VVL-m12, VVL-h12 and control VVs were assessed in lung cancer cell lines. Subcutaneous lung cancer mouse models were established to investigate the anti-tumor activity of the viruses after intratumoral delivery in an immunocompetent disease model. Synergy with α-PD1 or a VV armed with soluble PD-1 (VV-sPD1) was investigated and functional mechanisms behind efficacy probed. Tumor-targeted VVL-m12 replicated to high levels, was cytotoxic in lung cancer cell lines. VVL-m12 demonstrated superior antitumor efficacy in subcutaneous lung cancer models compared with other VVs examined. Importantly, rational combination of VVL-m12 and PD-1 blockade worked synergistically to significantly enhance survival of animals and safely cured lung cancer with no evidence of recurrence. VVL-m12 therapy induced increased intratumoral infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and was able to clear tumor at early time points via increased induction and infiltration of effector T cells and central memory T cells (TCM). In addition, VVL-m12 increased dendritic cell activation, induced polarization of M2 macrophages towards an M1 phenotype, and inhibited tumor angiogenesis in vivo. These results demonstrate that VVL-12 has strong potential as a safe and effective antitumor therapeutic for lung cancer. Importantly, VVL-12 can sensitize lung cancers to α-PD1 antibody therapy, and the combined regime creates a highly effective treatment option for patients.
Apigenin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in monocytes and macrophages independently of CD38
Authors: Lauritzen Knut Husø , Yang Kuan , Frisk Michael , Louwe Mieke C. , Olsen Maria Belland , Ziegler Mathias , Louch William E. , Halvorsen Bente , Aukrust Pål , Yndestad Arne , Sandanger Øystein
Published: January 2025

Introduction

CD38, a regulator of intracellular calcium signalling, is highly expressed in immune cells. Mice lacking CD38 are very susceptible to acute bacterial infections, implicating CD38 in innate immune responses. The effects of CD38 inhibition on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages have not been investigated. Apigenin is a naturally occurring flavonoid known to inhibit CD38. However, apigenin has also been proposed to inhibit the extracellular ATP receptor P2XR7, an upstream activator of NLRP3. In this study we aimed to investigate whether apigenin attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages through CD38 inhibition.

Methods

LPS-primed human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with apigenin, the CD38 inhibitor 78c, antagonists of CD38 second messengers (8-br-ADPR and 8-br-cADPR) or the ATP hydrolase, apyrase, prior to NLRP3 activation with ATP, monosodium urate crystals (MSU) or nigericin. IL-1β and TNF secretion and mRNA expression, as well as N-terminal gasdermin-D formation were quantified. Ca2+ mobilization was determined by live confocal microscopy. NLRP3 activity was also compared in WT and CD38-/- mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with and without CD38 inhibitors.

Results

Apigenin significantly inhibited IL-1β release from LPS-primed monocytes and macrophages activated with ATP, MSU, or nigericin. CD38 inhibition with 78c also attenuated NLRP3-dependent IL-1β release. Apigenin was a potent inhibitor of Ca2+ flux from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Apyrase attenuated IL-1β release induced by ATP or MSU, but not by nigericin. However, the NLRP3 inflammasome is not compromised in CD38-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages compared to corresponding WT cells, and apigenin moderated IL-1β release in both genotypes.

Discussion

Our data support that apigenin attenuates NLRP3 activation independently of CD38. Our results also suggest that MSU crystals activate NLRP3 through autocrine or paracrine ATP signalling.
A potential therapeutic approach for ulcerative colitis: targeted regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy through phytochemicals
Authors: Zhou Jianping , Xi Yuting , Wu Ting , Zeng Xiaoyu , Yuan Jun , Peng Lei , Fu Hao , Zhou Ce
Published: January 2025

Mitochondria are important organelles that regulate cellular energy and biosynthesis, as well as maintain the body’s response to environmental stress. Their dynamics and autophagy influence occurrence of cellular function, particularly under stressful conditions. They can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is a major contributor to inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis (UC). In this review, we discuss the key effects of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy on the pathogenesis of UC, with a particular focus on the cellular energy metabolism, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immunoinflammatory activities. The therapeutic efficacy of existing drugs and phytochemicals targeting the mitochondrial pathway are discussed to reveal important insights for developing therapeutic strategies for treating UC. In addition, new molecular checkpoints with therapeutic potential are identified. We show that the integration of mitochondrial biology with the clinical aspects of UC may generate ideas for enhancing the clinical management of UC.
Ofatumumab successfully treats myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease accompanied by Epstein-Barr viral infection: a case series
Authors: Min Chen , Zhuajin Bi , Peidong Liu , Ruoyu Li , Ju Liu , Hongbo Liu
Published: January 2025

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) caused by pathogenic immunoglobulin G antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is a rare demyelinating disease of the central nerve system (CNS). The clinical phenotypes of MOGAD include acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, and transverse myelitis. At present, the mechanism underlying the disease is unknown. Herein, we report two cases of MOGAD accompanied by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Both presented inflammation response in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), demonstrating elevated level of cell accounts and protein. EBV genomic sequence was also detected in the CSF samples. The patients recovered substantially after 3 months following a combination treatment with methylprednisolone and immunosuppressive therapy with ofatumumab. These cases provide new insight into the production of MOG-IgG and the possible pathological mechanisms underlying MOGAD. The cases also confirm the association with EBV, a virus that infects human B cells and has been proposed to be a trigger for MOGAD. This is the first report on subcutaneous ofatumumab treatment for MOGAD triggered by EBV, suggesting that this is a potentially valuable therapeutic option.
Impact of glioma metabolism-related gene ALPK1 on tumor immune heterogeneity and the regulation of the TGF-β pathway
Authors: Hu YaoFeng , Qin Sen , Deng RuCui
Published: January 2025

Background

Recent years have seen persistently poor prognoses for glioma patients. Therefore, exploring the molecular subtyping of gliomas, identifying novel prognostic biomarkers, and understanding the characteristics of their immune microenvironments are crucial for improving treatment strategies and patient outcomes.

Methods

We integrated glioma datasets from multiple sources, employing Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) to cluster samples and filter for differentially expressed metabolic genes. Additionally, we utilized Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify key genes. A predictive model was developed utilizing the optimal consistency index derived from a combination of 101 machine learning techniques, and its effectiveness was confirmed through multiple datasets employing different methodologies. In-depth analyses were conducted on immune cell infiltration and tumor microenvironmental aspects. Single-cell sequencing data were employed for clustering and differential expression analysis of genes associated with glioma. Finally, the immune relevance of the model gene ALPK1 in the context of pan-cancer was explored, including its relationship with immune checkpoints.

Results

The application of NMF, coupled with differential analysis of metabolic-related genes, led to the identification of two clusters exhibiting significant differences in survival, age, and metabolic gene expression among patients. Core genes were identified through WGCNA, and a total of 101 machine learning models were constructed, with LASSO+GBM selected as the optimal model, demonstrating robust validation performance. Comprehensive analyses revealed that high-risk groups exhibited greater expression of specific genes, with ALPK1 showing significant correlations with immune regulation.

Conclusion

This research employed a multi-dataset strategy and various methods to clarify the differences in metabolic traits and immune conditions in glioma patients, while creating an innovative prognostic risk evaluation framework. These results offer fresh perspectives on the intricate biological processes that define gliomas.
Macrophages in sepsis-induced acute lung injury: exosomal modulation and therapeutic potential
Authors: Lv Kaiying , Liang Qun
Published: January 2025

Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) remains a leading cause of mortality in critically ill patients. Macrophages, key modulators of immune responses, play a dual role in both promoting and resolving inflammation. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles released by various cells, carry bioactive molecules that influence macrophage polarization and immune responses. Emerging researchers have identified exosomes as crucial mediators that modulate macrophage activity during sepsis-induced ALI. This review explores the role of exosomes in modulating macrophage functions, focusing on the cellular interactions within the lung microenvironment and their potential as therapeutic targets. It highlights the regulation of macrophages by exosomes derived from pathogenic germs, neutrophils, alveolar epithelial cells, and mesenchymal stromal cells. By understanding these mechanisms, it aims to uncover innovative therapeutic strategies for sepsis-induced ALI.
Ligands of CD6: roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer
Authors: Gurrea-Rubio Mikel , Lin Feng , Wicha Max S. , Mao-Draayer Yang , Fox David A.
Published: January 2025

Cluster of Differentiation 6 (CD6), an established marker of T cells, has multiple and complex functions in regulation of T cell activation and proliferation, and in adhesion of T cells to antigen-presenting cells and epithelial cells in various organs and tissues. Early studies on CD6 demonstrated its role in mediating cell-cell interactions through its first ligand to be identified, CD166/ALCAM. The observation of CD6-dependent functions of T cells that could not be explained by interactions with CD166/ALCAM led to discovery of a second ligand, CD318/CDCP1. An additional cell surface molecule (CD44) is being studied as a potential third ligand of CD6. CD166, CD318, and CD44 are widely expressed by both differentiated cancer cells and cancer stem-like cells, and the level of their expression generally correlates with poor prognosis and increased metastatic potential. Therefore, there has been an increased focus on understanding how CD6 interacts with its ligands in the context of cancer biology and cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we assess the roles of these CD6 ligands in both the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer.
Pesticidal plant extract effect against major lepidopteran insect pests and their natural enemies in rice Oryza sativa L
Authors: Seni Atanu , Pal Rini , Mohapatra Sanjukta , Mandal Dipankar , Bansude Sushil Kumar , Seth Pinki , Barla Sarita , Sahu Jubuli
Published: January 2025

Extracts of plants have been used to manage various insect pests, but little information is available about how effective they are in reducing crop damage or how they affect crop yield and beneficial insects in rice. Extracts from Azadirachta indica leaves, Lantana camara leaves, Nerium oleander leaves, Aegle marmelos leaves, Allium sativum cloves, and Citrus limon fruits, known to have insecticidal properties, were compared with two checks, viz., Azadirachtin 1% EC and standard insecticide Acephate 95 SG, for their efficacy against yellow stem borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (Walk.), and rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) and natural enemies in cultivated rice in Sambalpur, Odisha, India. Untreated rice plants served as control. An adjuvant, Tween 20 at 1%, was added with all the botanical extracts except the commercial formulation. Plant damage, insect population numbers, and yield were monitored during two consecutive wet seasons from 2022 to 2023. Mean rice yield was significantly higher in the A. indica and Acephate 95 SG treatments, i.e., 4.68 t/ha and 4.66 t/ha, respectively, compared to the control (2.27 t/ha) and were significantly at par with each other. The L. camara and A. indica treatments were effective against both the major lepidopteran rice insect pests. The highest cost–benefit ratio of (1:4.65) was obtained from the Acephate treatment and was closely followed by the A. indica treatment (1:3.74). All the studied botanicals had less impact on natural enemies than synthetic chemicals. Among these botanicals, the maximum mean population of predators (like spiders and carabid beetles) and parasitoids (like Tetrastichus schoenobii, Telenomus dignus, and Trichogramma japonicum) were observed in the A. indica and A. marmelos treatments. Although all the studied botanicals were effective against both the major insect pests in rice, the A. indica, A. marmelos, A. sativum, and L. camara treatments showed the most promising against rice insect pests, so they may be incorporated into integrated pest management of rice.
Spatiotemporal variability in the South American mammalian fossil record and its impact on macroevolutionary inference
Authors: Ugarte Pedro D. de S. , Nascimento João C. S. , Pires Mathias M.
Published: January 2025

Macroevolutionary studies using the fossil record have provided valuable information about the evolutionary history of mammals, helping us to understand some of the processes underlying shifts in diversification dynamics. Yet, most studies on mammal diversification have focused on the Northern Hemisphere. The general view that the quality of the fossil record of South American clades is too limited has precluded continental-level macroevolutionary studies in the continent. However, to adequately evaluate how much we can learn from the South American fossil record, we need to understand how the limitations of the fossil record affect the uncertainty of macroevolutionary estimates. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of fossil occurrences from eleven South American mammalian clades and used a Bayesian approach that accounts for the incompleteness of the fossil record to analyze how estimates of times of origination and extinction, and origination and extinction rates are affected by the quality of the fossil record. We show that the main shortcoming of the South American mammalian fossil record is not its overall quality but its spatiotemporal unevenness. Most early South American and early immigrant clades have lower preservation rates than late immigrant clades. Accordingly, uncertainty in root age and estimates of times of origination and extinction is larger for earlier South American clades. Despite the limitations of the fossil record, we were still able to identify significant rate shifts throughout the diversification of most South American clades that may be explained by environmental changes. Yet, we also find discrepancies with macroevolutionary patterns inferred from phylogenies, which suggest that some of the patterns we detect with fossils might reflect regional macroevolutionary trends or be driven by lineages with higher preservation. Contrasting the results obtained using different approaches, such as rate estimates from fossils and molecular data, to find where they converge and diverge, may help to delineate the spatial scale and phylogenetic scope of observed macroevolutionary patterns. Our work contributes to a better understanding of the limitations and opportunities in the research about the evolution of South American mammals
Invasion and ecological impact of the biofouling tube worm Hydroides elegans (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) in Korean coastal waters
Authors: Kim Sang Lyeol , Yu Ok Hwan
Published: January 2025

Biofouling, the colonization of submerged surfaces by organisms including microorganisms, plants, algae, and animals, involves both natural and artificial environments. The serpulid worm Hydroides elegans, known as an invasive species in global port areas, creates extensive aggregations of calcareous tubes. In 2019, H. elegans was found attached to the research vessel ISABU in Korea, and a phylogenetic analysis was conducted to identify the species and determine its genetic characteristics. Following its detection, mesocosm experiments with plastic panels (PP, PE, PET, and EPS) were undertaken to investigate its recruitment and adaptation processes within new ecosystems. During the 12-week experiment, the biomass of H. elegans increased on all plastic types, significantly contributing to the overall biomass accumulation. This invasive species has replaced the previously prevalent native species Hydroides ezoensis, achieving dominance over other taxonomic groups in biomass. These findings demonstrate the significant ecological disruptions caused by non-indigenous species introduced through maritime activities, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced preventative and monitoring strategies
Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of China’s knowledge spillover network of the marine industry
Authors: Liu Kai , Zhang Yi , Peng Fei , Xie Tong , Du Qiang , Tan Jia-yin
Published: January 2025

Using social network analysis, spatial econometric method and structural equation model, based on the patent citation data of China’s marine industry from 2008 to 2019, this paper analyzes the temporal-spatial characteristics and influencing factors of knowledge spillover network of marine Industry in China. The results show that: the knowledge spillover network with Qingdao, Beijing and Shanghai as the main distribution centers has expanded rapidly, and the network status of Zhoushan, Wuhan and other cities has improved significantly. The network space structure tends to be multi-core and complex, extending from coast to inland; There are significant differences in cyberspace. The central and western regions are low value areas, while the eastern region is the core area, and the core cities have built an “X” shaped spatial structure with Qingdao as the intersection; Knowledge proximity, social proximity, cognitive proximity and economic proximity are important factors that affect knowledge spillover networks. Geographic proximity has a reinforcing effect on knowledge proximity and economic proximity. This paper is beneficial in that it provides a reference and experience for the innovation of the marine industry and the high-quality development of the marine economy by effectively analyzing the spatio-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of China’s marine knowledge diffusion network.
Durability and microstructure aspects of sustainable concrete made with ceramic waste: a review
Authors: Ahmad Jawad , Sabri Mohanad Muayad , Majdi Ali , Alattyih Wael , Khan Inamullah , Alam Muhammad
Published: January 2025

The construction industry consumes natural resources rapidly due to the increased population which requires the development of modern buildings. Therefore, several researchers pay attention to promoting sustainable construction. Among different types of waste, ceramic waste (CW) gained attention in concrete production which reduced the waste dumps from the ceramic industry and improved concrete sustainability. Although several researchers recommend the suitability of CW in concrete production. However, a detailed review is required which summarizes all the relevant information and provides compressive information on its impact on concrete performance. Recently, different researchers reviewed the suitability of CW in concrete. However, most researchers focus on strength properties while limited researchers focus on the durability and microstructure properties of CM concrete. Therefore, this review summarized the concrete durability and microstructure aspects with the substitution of CW. The durability performance of concrete was evaluated through percentages of voids, chloride penetration, water absorption, sulfuric acid resistance, shrinkage, freeze and thaw effect, corrosion resistance, and sulfate resistance. Furthermore, microstructure was reviewed through x ray diffraction, thermal stability, pozzolanic activity and scanning electronic microstructure. Also, the review evaluates the environmental and cost-benefits analysis of CW concrete through embodied energy (EE), carbon emissions (ECO2e), and costs. The findings indicate that CW can effectively replace 10%–15% of conventional materials in concrete, offering both environmental and economic advantages.
An intelligent manufacturing system based on a recursive control structure
Authors: Teng Bingyan
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The excessive uncertainty of in modern manufacturing systems is caused by machine failures, changes in material information, and other factors. In addition, the organizational production mode conflicts brought about by economic and technological development further exacerbate the perception of workshop interference in manufacturing systems.

Method

In order to further improve the adaptability of manufacturing systems, a control technique based on recursive control structure is proposed, which introduces an immune working mechanism to design the framework network of multi-agent manufacturing systems. Meanwhile, a negative selection algorithm is used to construct an antibody training system that considers perturbation problems.

Result

The results indicate that immune sensing nodes can effectively monitor manufacturing systems, reducing false alarm rates by over 4%. In the scheduling experiment, the completion time and equipment load improvement rate demonstrated by the research model were 3.29% and 12.38%, respectively. The production balance optimization rate exceeded 90%, far exceeding the results of traditional scheduling schemes, greatly improving the adaptive control capability of manufacturing system production.

Discussion

The regulatory approach proposed in this study can provide reference and assistance for improving the level of industrial production intelligence and establishing a sustainable economic system. However, the research results have not been applied to actual production processes, and the autonomy and coordination of intelligent manufacturing units in actual production processes still need to be further improved. In the future, research models and algorithms will be further explored in this area.
Oral ATP treatment in alternating hemiplegia of childhood: a case report and review
Authors: Carrozzi Marco , Morelli Maria Elisa , Cirino Mario , Maestro Alessandra , Paternuosto Gilda , Benericetti Giulia , Bennati Giada , Bin Maura , Flamigni Anna , Pigato Federico , Maximova Natalia , Barbi Egidio , Zanon Davide
Published: January 2025

Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a rare neurological disorder that usually manifests before 18 months of age and is characterized by recurrent, alternating episodes of hemiparesis with variable frequency and can last from a few minutes to several days. We present a case of AHC in a little girl carrying a sporadic mutation in the ATP1A3 gene (p.Glu815Lys) refractory to flunarizine and non-compliant to topiramate due to adverse effects treated with oral compound of adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) capsules. Outcome was evaluated through the follow-up and side effects and safety were monitored regularly. Compounded drug showed effectiveness and safety. Indeed, during the four-year follow-up, with the dose of adenosine-5′-triphosphate gradually increasing up to 21 mg/kg, the patient showed a substantial benefit in controlling the frequency and duration of hemiplegic episodes and an improvement in neurological deterioration.
Psychological wellbeing and treatment adherence among cardio-renal syndrome patients in Yemen: a cross section study
Authors: Laradhi Adel Omar , Shan Yan , Allawy Mohamed Elsayed
Published: January 2025

Background

Anxiety and depression are associated with adverse outcomes in cardiorenal syndrome patients undergoing hemodialysis, including decreased quality of life, poorer clinical parameters, and lower treatment adherence.

Objective

This study aimed to examine the level of psychological wellbeing and its relationship with treatment adherence among dialysis patients with cardiorenal syndrome.

Methods

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between February and May 2021 on convenience sampling of 100 patients in two dialysis centers in Hadhramout, Yemen. Patients’ depression and anxiety levels were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)—Arabic version, and patient treatment adherence was assessed using the Treatment Adherence Questionnaire (TAQ). Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analyzes were performed to analyze data with a significance level set at p < 0.05.

Results

The mean age ± standard deviation of participants was 53.46 ± 14.24 years. Most (90%) of patients had moderate to high levels of anxiety and depression. Most of the patients (87%) had a low level of treatment adherence. The findings revealed that psychological wellbeing is significantly association with treatment adherence t = 2.577 (95% CI 0.029, 0.225), p = 0.011.

Conclusion

Anxiety and depression symptoms occurred more frequently among dialysis patients with cardiorenal syndrome, and there was a significant association between psychological wellbeing and treatment adherence. Our findings suggest that nurse managers should take into account that adding psychotherapies into the present cardiorenal syndrome treatment programs would improve patients’ clinical and psychological parameters and, consequently, their clinical outcomes while taking patient heterogeneity and resource limitations into consideration.
Research hotspots and future trends in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: a bibliometric and visualization analysis
Authors: Chen Xing-Yue , Zhi Li-Jia , Chen Jun , Li Rong , Long Kun-Lan
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) commonly occurs in critically ill patients and is closely associated with adverse outcomes. A comprehensive analysis of the current research landscape in SA-AKI can help uncover trends and key issues in this field. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for research directions and critical issues through bibliometric analysis.

Methods

We searched all articles on SA-AKI indexed in the SCI-Expanded of WoSCC up to May 7, 2024, and conducted bibliometric and visual analyses using bibliometric software CiteSpace and VOSviewer.

Results

Over the past 20 years, there has been a steady increase in literature related to renal repair following AKI. China and the United States contribute over 60% of the publications, driving research in this field. The University of Pittsburgh is the most active academic institution, producing the highest number of publications. J. A. Kellum is both the most prolific and the most cited author in this area. “Shock” and “American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology” are the most popular journals, publishing the highest number of articles. Recent high-frequency keywords in this field include “septic AKI,” “mitochondrial dysfunction,” “inflammasome,” “ferroptosis,” and “macrophage.” The terms “mitochondrial dysfunction,” “inflammasome,” “ferroptosis,” and “macrophage” represent current research hotspots and potential targets in this area.

Conclusion

This is the first comprehensive bibliometric study to summarize the trends and advancements in SA-AKI research in recent years. These findings identify current research frontiers and hot topics, providing valuable insights for scholars studying SA-AKI.
Screening and evaluation of key technologies for non-bioartificial liver care: an empirical study
Authors: Zhang Yunzhi , Zhang Han , Luo Ling , Liu Zhen , Liu Anlin , Shi Lin , Liang Luwen , Zhao Jing , Chen Pu , Yang Yanli
Published: January 2025

Introduction

To identify key technologies within non-bioartificial liver (NBAL, an extracorporeal support system that temporarily replaces some of the liver’s functions) nursing to offer guidance for clinical practice. In the context of NBAL nursing, key technologies are crucial for successful implementation of artificial liver treatment, ensuring patient safety, and enhancing nursing quality. A review of both domestic and foreign literature revealed that studies on NBAL nursing technology are lacking and that the key technologies for NBAL nursing have not been clearly identified.

Methods

Using empirical research methods to collect and analyze data. First, the on-site survey method and literature research method were used to create a preliminary screening list of key technologies for NBAL care. Next, the focus group discussion method was used to establish the screening principles and evaluation indicators for these key technologies. Then, a two-round Delphi study via e-mail correspondence was used to screen and determine the key technologies for NBAL care. Finally, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) comprehensive evaluation method were applied to evaluate these key technologies for NBAL care.

Results

Seventeen key technologies for NBAL care were identified. These include three basic nursing technologies, seven operating techniques, three items for treatment process monitoring technology, two items for health education, and two items for complication prevention and treatment technology.

Conclusion

This study identified key NBAL nursing technologies, offering a systematic guide to enhance clinical practice. These technologies improve treatment safety, efficacy, and nursing standards, laying a foundation for NBAL care advancement.
The capacity and training needs of primary health care workers in Nyeri and Nakuru counties of Kenya: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Muchangi Josphat Martin , Kithuki Kioko , Kosgei Sarah Jebet , Mathenge Mary , Kioko Deborah , Sifuma Bryson , Sawenja Billian , Kamau Samuel
Published: January 2025

Background

Health systems based on primary healthcare (PHC) have reduced costs and are effective for improved health outcomes. Kenya’s health system grapples with providing equitable access to essential health services, but there is increasing commitment by the government to strengthen primary healthcare. The aim of this paper is to provide a baseline assessment of the capacity and training needs of healthcare workers (HCWs) in Nakuru and Nyeri Counties and identify priorities for intervention.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was carried out among 171 healthcare workers in Nyeri and Nakuru counties. Multistage sampling was employed to select sub-counties in the first stage and health facilities by level within each sub-county in the second level. Systematic random sampling was then employed to select HCWs from each level of facility. We targeted healthcare workers of all cadres within the health facilities, and included all who consented to participating. Structured self-administered pen-and-paper questionnaires were used for data collection, and a five-point Likert scale was used to measure the perceived capacity of the healthcare workers to provide primary healthcare. As for the training needs data, the participants selected any of the 12 components that they needed training in. Descriptive statistics was employed, and stacked bar charts were used to visualize the capacity and training needs for the components of PHC adopted in Kenya.

Results

In total, we obtained questionnaires from 95 participants in Nakuru and 76 participants in Nyeri. Nakuru HCWs rated themselves higher than their Nyeri counterparts in maternal and newborn child healthcare, local endemic disease control, appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries, provision of essential basic medication, dental health, HIV/AIDs & TB management, and primary eye care. In both counties, there were significant differences in capacity between the different levels of health facilities. We observed substantial capacity gaps for HIV/AIDs & TB management, mental health and dental health services in both counties.

Conclusion

This study found a substantial capacity gap in several of the elements of PHC, especially in Nyeri County. Critical areas for intervention are HIV/AIDs & TB management and mental health training for both counties. Within the health system, there is need to strengthen the capacity of HCWs in lower-level health facilities to reduce the volume of referrals to secondary care facilities. We strongly recommend training programs in dental health, mental health, primary eye care, nutritional services and HIV/AIDs &TB management, that are carefully designed to emphasize skills and abilities.
Transformer-based model for predicting length of stay in intensive care unit in sepsis patients
Authors: Kim Jeesu , Kim Geun-Hyeong , Kim Jae-Woo , Kim Ka Hyun , Maeng Jae-Young , Shin Yong-Goo , Park Seung
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Sepsis, a life-threatening condition with a high mortality rate, requires intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The increasing hospitalization rate for patients with sepsis has escalated medical costs due to the strain on ICU resources. Efficient management of ICU resources is critical to addressing this challenge.

Methods

This study utilized the dataset collected from 521 patients with sepsis at Chungbuk National University Hospital between July 2020 and August 2023. A transformer-based deep learning model was developed to predict ICU length of stay (LOS). The model incorporated global and local input data analysis through classification and feature-wise tokens, based on sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) criteria. Model performance was evaluated using four-fold cross-validation.

Results

The proposed model achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.05 days for predicting ICU LOS. The result demonstrates the ability of the proposed model to provide accurate and reliable predictions.

Discussion

The proposed model offers valuable insights for healthcare resource management by optimizing ICU resource allocation and potentially reducing medical expenses. These findings highlight the applicability of the proposed model to efficient healthcare cost management.
Utilizing innovative two curves in nomogram
Authors: Zhou Tianhan , Ni Zhongkai , Fan Hao , Huang Hai , Jin Haimin
Published: January 2025

Objective

Nomograms are valuable tools in clinical research for predicting patient outcomes. Understanding threshold values within these models is crucial for assessing the model’s effectiveness and practical application in clinical environments.

Methods

We developed two novel interpretive curves to enhance the utility of nomograms. These curves were designed to provide clear visualization of how clinical prediction models perform across various thresholds. The curves are applied to two case studies to demonstrate their practical application and efficacy.

Results

In both examples, the novel curves successfully highlighted critical threshold values and revealed changes in prediction accuracy across these thresholds. This enhanced the understanding of the nomogram’s performance, providing clinicians with more informative decision-making tools.

Conclusions

The introduction of these interpretive curves allows for a more nuanced understanding of nomogram-based predictions, offering insights into threshold effects that can inform clinical decisions.