bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [(PhSO2 N)2 WVI Cl2 (CH3CN)2] - the Oxidative Imination of W(CO)6 by N,N-Dichlorophenylsulphonamide
Authors: Roesky Herbert W. , Sundermeyer, Jörg , Schimkowiak Jürgen , Jones Peter G. , Noltemeyer Mathias , Schroeder Tina , Sheldrick George M.
Published: February 2017

The reaction of N,N-dichlorophenylsulphonamide with tungsten hexacarbonyl in refluxing CCl4 leads in good yield to the yellow polymeric complex [(PhSO2N)2WCl2]x, which may be converted to the octahedral nitrene complex [(PhSO2N)2WCl2(CH3CN)2] by recrystallisation from aceto­nitrile. Crystals of the acetonitrile complex are triclinic, space group P 1̅, a = 820.7(2), b = 1128.8(3), c = 1286.9(3) pm, α = 89.25(3), β = 89.54(3). γ = 72.67(2)°, Z = 2, R = 0.027 for 2527 unique observed reflections.
Accumulation of Volatile Flavour Compounds in Liquid Cultures of Kluyveromyces lactis Strains
Authors: Hanssen Hans-Peter , Sprecher Ewald , Klingenberg Andreas
Published: February 2017

The accumulation of volatile flavour constituents in liquid cultures of three Kluyveromyces lactis strains was studied after cultivation on defined culture media containing glucose as carbon source, yeast extract, vitamines, and different additional nitrogen compounds. Besides short-chain alcohols and esters (fruit esters), 2-phenylethyl alcohol, phenylacetaldehyde, and 2-phenylethyl esters could be identified by gas chromatography and coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although the composition of these compounds was qualitatively comparable within the three strains investigated, quantitative differences were significant and strain-dependent reactions to the culture medium could be observed.
The Activity Profile of Elite Male Amateur Boxing After the 2013 Rule Changes
Authors: Davis Philip , Connorton Andrew J. , Driver Sonny , Anderson Sean , Waldock Robert
Published: February 2017

Davis, P, Connorton, AJ, Driver, S, Anderson, S, and Waldock, R. The activity profile of elite male amateur boxing after the 2013 rule changes. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3450–3455, 2018—An activity profile of competitive elite amateur boxing after the rule changes in 2013 was created from video footage to allow identification of the technical and tactical demands as well as differences between winners and losers. The study analyzed 50 World Championship bouts involving 60 male boxers (mean ± SD) of age: 23.5 ± 2.8 years, height: 176.2 ± 12.2 cm, and body mass: 71.7 ± 16.2 kg. The results establish that boxing at this level requires the ability to maintain an activity rate of ∼1.55 actions per second, consisting of ∼21 punches, ∼3.6 defensive movements, and ∼56 vertical hip movements all per-minute. Winners had a higher amount of straight punches and straight punches lead hand in round 1 (both p < 0.043) along with total punches landed in round 3 (p = 0.030). They also had a lower ratio of punches thrown to punches landed in round 3 and air punches as a percentage of missed in round 2 and 3 (both p < 0.015). The results suggest that a winning strategy must include the straight punch technique from both lead and rear hands and the ability to increase punching accuracy over subsequent rounds. Tactically, boxing has become long range with straight punches, increased defense and movement around the ring, in contrast to short-range hooks as seen pre-2013. These changes should be considered when creating new training strategies.
Influence of Environmental Conditions on Performance and Heart Rate Responses to the 30-15 Incremental Fitness Test in Rugby Union Athletes
Authors: Natera Alex O.W. , Jennings Jacob , Oakley Aiden J. , Jones Thomas W.
Published: February 2017

Natera, AOW, Jennings, J, Oakley, AJ, and Jones, TW. Influence of environmental conditions on performance and heart rate responses to the 30-15 incremental fitness test in rugby union athletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 486–491, 2019—The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in performance and heart rate (HR) responses between a high heat outdoor condition (34.0° C, 64.1% humidity) and a temperate indoor condition (22.0° C, 50.0% humidity) during the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT). Eight highly trained Rugby Union players (28.1 ± 1.5 years, 181.4 ± 8.8 cm, 88.4 ± 13.3 kg) completed the 30-15IFT in 2 different temperature conditions. Dependent variables recorded and analyzed included: final running speed of the 30-15IFT, HR at rest (HR rest), maximum HR (Max HR), HR recovery, average HR (HR ave), and submaximal HR corresponding to 25, 50, and 75% of final test speed (HR 25%, HR 50%, and HR 75%) and HR at 13 km·h−1 (HR 13 km·h−1). Greater running speeds were achieved when the test was conducted indoors (19.4 ± 0.7 km·h−1 vs. 18.6 ± 0.6 km·h−1, p = 0.002, d = 1.67). Average HR and HR 13 km·h−1 were greater when the test was conducted outdoors (p ≤ 0.05, d > 0.85). Large effect sizes were observed for the greater HR at submaximal intensities (d > 0.90). The results of this study highlight the influence of temperature on 30-15IFT performance and cardiac responses. It is recommended that prescription of training based on 30-15IFT results reflects the temperature that the training will be performed in and that practitioners acknowledge that a meaningful change in assessment results can be the result of seasonal temperature change rather than training-induced change.
Movement Patterns and Muscle Damage During Simulated Rugby Sevens Matches in National Team Players
Authors: Pereira Lucas A. , Nakamura Fábio Y. , Moraes José E. , Kitamura Katia , Ramos Solange P. , Loturco Irineu
Published: February 2017

Pereira, LA, Nakamura, FY, Moraes, JE, Kitamura, K, Ramos, SP, and Loturco, I. Movement patterns and muscle damage during simulated rugby sevens matches in national team players. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3465–3474, 2018—The aim of this study was to analyze the match performance (i.e., distance covered in different intensities), signs of muscle damage (assessed by means of creatine kinase [CK] activity and rate of force development [RFD]), and neuromuscular fatigue (using linear sprint and vertical jump performances) after 3 single-day simulated matches performed by rugby sevens players from the Brazilian National team. Ten male rugby sevens players (25.2 ± 3.6 years; 88.7 ± 7.1 kg; 182.2 ± 6.3 cm) participated in this study. On the day before the matches, the athletes performed a 40-m sprint, a vertical jump assessment, and a maximal isometric force test. In the morning of the match day, blood samples were collected to analyze the CK activity. Afterward, 3 simulated rugby sevens' matches were performed with 2-hour intermission periods. The match performance (encompassing total distance and distance covered in different velocity ranges and body loads [BLs]) was obtained from global positioning system units. The statistical analysis was performed using a mixed model approach and the effect sizes (ESs) of the differences. The statistical significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Players were capable of maintaining the match performance when comparing the first and last games. Large (ES > 0.8) and significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions were demonstrated in the total distance and BL when comparing the second with the first halves. Decrements in the explosive force capacity (assessed by means of RFD) and the squat jump (SJ) were noticed (ES varying from 0.55 to 1.14; p ≤ 0.05). The CK activity increased after the matches (ES = 1.29; p ≤ 0.05). The rugby sevens players were able to maintain the physical performance across 3 successive matches simulating the first day of a tournament. The augmented CK activity and the decreases in the SJ and RFD suggest that increased levels of muscle damage were experienced on the day after the matches. Therefore, the technical staff are encouraged to implement recovery strategies and planned substitutions during multiday tournaments to reduce the impact of accumulated fatigue and muscle damage on subsequent match performance. In addition, specific training strategies aimed at better simulating the match demands need to be implemented in the players' training routines.
Manifestations of Proprioception During Vertical Jumps to Specific Heights
Authors: Struzik Artur , Pietraszewski Bogdan , Kawczyński Adam , Winiarski Sławomir , Juras Grzegorz , Rokita Andrzej
Published: February 2017

Artur, S, Bogdan, P, Kawczyński, A, Winiarski, S, Grzegorz, J, and Andrzej, R. Manifestations of proprioception during vertical jumps to specific heights.J Strength Cond Res31(6): 1694–1701, 2017—Jumping and proprioception are important abilities in many sports. The efficiency of the proprioceptive system is indirectly related to jumps performed at specified heights. Therefore, this study recorded the ability of young athletes who play team sports to jump to a specific height compared with their maximum ability. A total of 154 male (age: 14.8 ± 0.9 years, body height: 181.8 ± 8.9 cm, body weight: 69.8 ± 11.8 kg, training experience: 3.8 ± 1.7 years) and 151 female (age: 14.1 ± 0.8 years, body height: 170.5 ± 6.5 cm, body weight: 60.3 ± 9.4 kg, training experience: 3.7 ± 1.4 years) team games players were recruited for this study. Each participant performed 2 countermovement jumps with arm swing to 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the maximum height. Measurements were performed using a force plate. Jump height and its accuracy with respect to a specified height were calculated. The results revealed no significant differences in jump height and its accuracy to the specified heights between the groups (stratified by age, sex, and sport). Individuals with a higher jumping accuracy also exhibited greater maximum jump heights. Jumps to 25% of the maximum height were approximately 2 times higher than the target height. The decreased jump accuracy to a specific height when attempting to jump to lower heights should be reduced with training, particularly among athletes who play team sports. These findings provide useful information regarding the proprioceptive system for team sport coaches and may shape guidelines for training routines by working with submaximal loads.
Changes in Vertical and Joint Stiffness in Runners With Advancing Age
Authors: Powell Douglas W. , Williams D.S. Blaise
Published: February 2017

Powell, DW and Williams, DSB. Changes in vertical and joint stiffness in runners with advancing age. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3425–3431, 2018—Age-related changes in the neuromuscular system underlie reduced performance and injury but may be mitigated through regular physical activity. It was hypothesized that older (OLD) compared with young (YOUNG) adults would exhibit greater vertical and joint stiffness when running at 3.35 m·s−1. Nine YOUNG and 10 OLD runners performed over ground running trials while three-dimensional biomechanics were recorded. Ankle and knee joint angles, moments and stiffness values were compared between YOUNG & OLD. YOUNG had smaller vertical stiffness (p = 0.01; YOUNG: 32.8 ± 3.6; OLD: 38.1 ± 5.7) and greater joint stiffness than OLD at the ankle (p = 0.04; YOUNG: 0.134 ± 0.021; OLD: 0.118 ± 0.017) and knee (p = 0.01; YOUNG: 0.119 ± 0.016; OLD: 0.098 ± 0.014). YOUNG exhibited greater peak knee flexion angles (p = 0.04; YOUNG: 43.4 ± 6.5°; OLD: 39.1 ± 2.6°), and peak ankle plantarflexion (p = 0.02; YOUNG: −2.8 ± 0.4 Nm·kg−1; OLD: −2.5 ± 0.1 Nm·kg−1) and knee extension moments (p < 0.01; 2.6 ± 0.3 Nm·kg−1; OLD: 2.1 ± 0.2 Nm·kg−1) than OLD whereas no differences were observed in peak ankle dorsiflexion angles (p = 0.44; YOUNG: 23.6 ± 4.2°; OLD: 23.4 ± 2.1°). The findings of this study suggest that OLD compared with YOUNG adults adopt altered lower extremity biomechanics. These altered running biomechanics by seek to minimize the metabolic cost of running or may be a function of reduced lower extremity strength and power.
Intermittent but Not Continuous Static Stretching Improves Subsequent Vertical Jump Performance in Flexibility-Trained Athletes
Authors: Bogdanis Gregory C. , Donti Olyvia , Tsolakis Charilaos , Smilios Ilias , Bishop David J.
Published: February 2017

Bogdanis, GC, Donti, O, Tsolakis, C, Smilios, I, and Bishop, DJ. Intermittent but not continuous static stretching improves subsequent vertical jump performance in flexibility-trained athletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 203–210, 2019—This study examined changes in countermovement jump (CMJ) height after an intermittent or a continuous static stretching protocol of equal total duration. Sixteen male, elite-level gymnasts performed 90 seconds of intermittent (3 × 30 seconds with 30 seconds rest) or continuous stretching (90 seconds) of the quadriceps muscle. A single-leg stretching and jumping design was used, with the contralateral limb serving as a control. The same individuals performed both conditions with alternate legs in a randomized, counterbalanced order. One-leg CMJ height was measured for the stretched and the control leg after warm-up, immediately after stretching, and at regular intervals for 10 minutes after stretching. Range of motion (ROM) of the hip and knee joints was measured before, after, and 10 minutes poststretching. Compared with the control leg, intermittent stretching increased CMJ height by 8.1 ± 2.0%, 4 minutes into recovery (2.2 ± 2.0 cm, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0–3.4 cm, p = 0.001), whereas continuous stretching decreased CMJ height by 17.5 ± 3.3% immediately after (−2.9 ± 1.7 cm, 95% CI: −2.0 to −3.7 cm, p = 0.001) and by 12.0 ± 2.7% 1 minute after stretching (−2.2 ± 2.1 cm, 95% CI: −1.2 to −3.2 cm, p = 0.001). The increases in hip (2.9 and 3.6°, p = 0.001. d = 2.4) and knee joint ROM (5.1 and 6.1°, p = 0.001. d = 0.85) after the intermittent and continuous stretching protocols were not different. The opposite effects of intermittent vs. continuous stretching on subsequent CMJ performance suggests that stretching mode is an important variable when examining the acute effects of static stretching on performance in flexibility-trained athletes.
Effects of Exercise Induced Dehydration and Glycerol Rehydration on Anaerobic Power in Male Collegiate Wrestlers
Authors: McKenna Zachary J. , Gillum Trevor L.
Published: February 2017

McKenna, ZJ and Gillum, TL. Effects of exercise induced dehydration and glycerol rehydration on anaerobic power in male collegiate wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 2965–2968, 2017—Wrestlers attempting to reach a specific weight class often use rapid weight loss (RWL). Rapid weight loss is associated with high levels of dehydration, which may hinder athletic performance. Thus, there is a need for wrestlers to optimize rehydration after achieving a specific weight. We sought to observe the effects of RWL on anaerobic power and the impact of glycerol on rehydration and power in male collegiate wrestlers (n = 7, 19.75 ± 1.67 years, 76.8 ± 4.32 kg, 11.6 ± 4.32% body fat, 59.9 ± 6.42 ml·kg−1·min−1). Subjects were assessed for body mass (BM), hydration, and mean power output (Wmean) before exercise (pre), immediately after exercise (3% dehydrated), and 60 minutes after exercise (rehydrated). Participants ran at 70% of V̇o
2max in a heated room (30° C) until 3% BM loss (BML). Subjects rehydrated drinking either 26 ml·kg−1 of water (control) or a 3% glycerol (treatment) solution containing 26 ml·kg−1 of water and 1 g·kg−1 of glycerol. Participants lost 3.00 ± 0.31% (control) and 2.89 ± 0.26% (treatment) of their BM from the pre- to dehydrated conditions. Wmean (control: 659.29 ± 79.12, 651.43 ± 70.71, 659.71 ± 82.78; treatment: 647.71 ± 110.64, 644.57 ± 118.15, 638.14 ± 100.71) did not differ across time (p = 0.87) nor condition (p = 0.80). In addition, glycerol had no significant impact on acute hydration (control: urine-specific gravity [SG] = 1.019 ± 0.010; treatment: SG = 1.017 ± 0.017). These data show that 3% BML did not impair anaerobic performance, and furthermore that glycerol proved ineffective for rehydration in a match like scenario for the competing wrestler.
Comparison of Different Methods for the Swimming Aerobic Capacity Evaluation
Authors: Pelarigo Jailton G. , Fernandes Ricardo J. , Ribeiro João , Denadai Benedito S. , Greco Camila C. , Vilas-Boas João P.
Published: February 2017

Pelarigo, JG, Fernandes, RJ, Ribeiro, J, Denadai, BS, Greco, CC, and Vilas-Boas, JP. Comparison of different methods for the swimming aerobic capacity evaluation. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3551–3560, 2018—This study compared velocity (v) and bioenergetical factors using different methods applied for the swimming aerobic capacity evaluation. Ten elite female swimmers (17.6 ± 1.9 years, 1.70 ± 0.05 m, and 61.3 ± 5.8 kg) performed an intermittent incremental velocity protocol until voluntary exhaustion to determine the v associated with the individual anaerobic threshold (IAnT), ventilatory threshold (VT), heart rate threshold (HRT), lactate threshold fixed in 3.5 mmol·L−1 (LT3.5), and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). Two-to-three 30-minute submaximal constant tests for the v assessment at maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). The v, gas exchange, heart rate, and blood lactate concentration variables were monitored in all tests. The values of all parameters at the v corresponding to MLSS, IAnT, VT, and HRT were similar (p ≤ 0.05), with high agreement (r
2 > 0.400), except for carbon dioxide (V̇CO2) that was higher for MLSS compared with VT (p ≤ 0.05). However, the v at LT3.5 was higher when compared with other methods for v and bioenergetical factors. It is suggested that IAnT, VT, and HRT methods are better predictors of the intensity corresponding to the commonly accepted gold-standard method (i.e., MLSS) for the aerobic capacity evaluation compared with LT3.5.
Self-Paced Team-Sport Match Simulation Results in Reductions in Voluntary Activation and Modifications to Biological, Perceptual, and Performance Measures at Halftime and for up to 96 Hours Postmatch
Authors: Tofari Paul J. , Kemp Justin G. , Cormack Stuart J.
Published: February 2017

Tofari, PJ, Kemp, JG, and Cormack, SJ. Self-paced team-sport match-simulation results in reductions in voluntary activation and modifications to biological, perceptual, and performance measures at halftime and for up to 96 hours postmatch. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3561–3572, 2018—Assessing responses to soccer match play is limited by match variability or unrealistic simulations. To address this, the biological, perceptual, and performance responses were assessed using a self-paced, simulated soccer match protocol using a nonmotorized treadmill. Twelve male team-sport athletes performed the 90-minute simulation. Match activity, quadriceps twitch interpolation (voluntary activation [%VA] and potentiated twitch [POT]), biochemical markers, strength and power performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and self-report wellness were collected prematch, halftime, postmatch, and 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96-hour postmatch. Change compared with prematch was calculated using effect size ±90% confidence limit, and relationships were assessed using regression analysis. Subjects covered 12,445.8 ± 768.7 m at 87.1 ± 3.2% maximal heart rate (mean ± SD). Reductions in %VA and POT was present at halftime (−0.38 ± 0.46 and −0.79 ± 0.30, respectively) and persisted postmatch. Squat jump height decreased at halftime (−0.42 ± 0.31) and was decreased until Post96. Perceptual fatigue, soreness (−0.92 ± 0.88 and −1.49 ± 0.76, respectively), and creatine kinase (CK) (1.11 ± 0.43) peaked at Post24. Pretest strength (N·kg−1) correlated with changes in CK (r = −0.58 to −0.81), peak oxygen consumption (

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peak) correlated with reduced perceived wellness at Post24 (r = 0.44–0.58) and RPE post (r = −0.71 ± 0.28). High-speed running correlated with soreness (r
2 = 0.42) and very high-speed running with reduced POT (r
2 = 0.61). Previously, unreported half-time reductions in %VA and POT plateaued by postmatch, suggesting a role in regulating second-half performance. Perceptual and neuromuscular responses seem related to running intensity. Greater lower-body strength and

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peak were associated with less CK (i.e., muscle damage) and perceptual responses postmatch, respectively, suggesting a training focus should be placed on these capacities.
Cycling Power Profile Characteristics of National-Level Junior Triathletes
Authors: Stevens Christopher J. , Bennett Kyle J.M. , Novak Andrew R. , Kittel Aden B. , Dascombe Ben J.
Published: February 2017

Stevens, CJ, Bennett, KJM, Novak, AR, Kittel, AB, and Dascombe, BJ. Cycling power profile characteristics of national-level junior triathletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 197–202, 2019—With the draft-legal rule recently introduced to junior triathlon competition, it has become difficult to assess cycling performance through race results. Therefore, this study assessed the cycling power profile characteristics of national-level junior triathletes to assist with physical assessment and program design. Thirteen male (17.0 ± 1.0 years) and 11 female (17.2 ± 1.3 years) national-level junior triathletes completed a cycling power profile that consisted of maximal intervals that lasted 6, 15, 30, 60, 240, and 600 seconds in duration. Each power profile was completed on a LeMond ergometer using the subject's own bicycle, with power output and cadence recorded for all intervals. Mean power output values for males (783 ± 134, 768 ± 118, 609 ± 101, 470 ± 65, 323 ± 38, and 287 ± 34 W) were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than those for females (554 ± 92, 510 ± 89, 437 ± 75, 349 ± 56, 248 ± 39, and 214 ± 37 W) across all intervals, respectively. Peak power output values for males across the 6- and 15-second intervals (1,011 ± 178 and 962 ± 170 W) were also significantly higher than those for females (674 ± 116 and 624 ± 114 W), respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Developing junior triathletes should aim to increase their capacity across the power profile above the mean values listed. Athletes should further aim to have power outputs equal to that of the best performers and beyond to ensure that they can meet the demands of any competition situation.
CFD-simulation of radiator for air cooling of microprocessors in a limitided space
Authors: Trofimov V. E. , Pavlov A. L. , Mokrousova E. A.
Published: February 2017

One of the final stages of microprocessors development is heat test. This procedure is performed on a special stand, the main element of which is the switching PCB with one or more mounted microprocessor sockets, chipsets, interfaces, jumpers and other components which provide various modes of microprocessor operation.
The temperature of microprocessor housing is typically changed using thermoelectric module. The cold surface of the module with controlled temperature is in direct thermal contact with the microprocessor housing designed for cooler installation. On the hot surface of the module a radiator is mounted. The radiator dissipates the cumulative heat flow from both the microprocessor and the module.
High density PCB layout, the requirement of free access to the jumpers and interfaces, and the presence of numerous sensors limit the space for radiator mounting and require the use of an extremely compact radiator, especially in air cooling conditions. One of the possible solutions for this problem may reduce the area of the radiator heat-transfer surfaces due to a sharp growth of the heat transfer coefficient without increasing the air flow rate. To ensure a sharp growth of heat transfer coefficient on the heat-transfer surface one should make in the surface one or more dead-end cavities into which the impact air jets would flow.
CFD simulation of this type of radiator has been conducted. The heat-aerodynamic characteristics and design recommendations for removing heat from microprocessors in a limited space have been determined.
The new design and technological solutions for the led modules for retrofit lamps
Authors: Borshchov V. M. , Listratenko O. M. , Protsenko M. A. , Tymchuk I. T. , Nikitskiy G. I. , Fomin O. O. , Nazarenko L. A. , Sorokin V. M. , Rybalochka A. V. , Oleinik O. S.
Published: February 2017

The authors propose fundamentally new design-technological solutions for compact volumetric mirrorized LED modules with increased power. Test samples of volumetric light-effective LED light effective modules with a power of 10—15 W and light output of 105—160 lm/W for domestic retrofit lamps based on high-efficiency SMD, mini COB, and COB LEDs of third generation were manufactured and tested.
Positive technical and practical results were obtained by increasing by over 4—6 times the size of holders — heat sinks (compared to LED modules of flat holders) for heat dissipation from the LEDs by conduction and heat radiation, as well as by increasing light efficiency of LED lamps due to the additional light re-reflection by mirrorized reflectors-radiators in the bulb which is diffuser of the lamp light.
Designing electronic equipment on the basis of standard mechanical structures using internet resources
Authors: Karlangach A. P.
Published: February 2017

The author proposes a method to design electronic equipment based on functional-node design method that involves the use of 2D- and 3D- models mechanical structures for electronic equipment as a way to reduce development time and errors when creating design documentation for electronic equipment.
At present, most areas of science and technology are computerized, more problems in designing electronic equipment are dealt with using computer-aided design (CAD) and Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) to reduce the time required for development and manufacturing of electronic equipment. Development of design documentation also requires a more effective approach, because the less the time for development of the design documentation is, the faster the developed device will go into production.
The aim of the study is to develop a method of designing electronic equipment using 2D and 3D models of standard mechanical structures for electronic equipment using Internet resources.
Based on the presented methods is an example of designing a device from standard bearing structures.
Compared with traditional technology, the method of designing electronic equipment using standard parts has the following advantages:
– reduces time and improves quality of development through the use of existing design documentation;
– accelerates the implementation and introducing into production processes;
– increases unification of design solutions.
The analysis of energy and magnetic processes in inductors switched-mode electrical energy converters
Authors: Kadatsky A. F. , Rusu A. P.
Published: February 2017

The article presents the analysis of energy and magnetic processes in core of inductors switched-mode AC-AC and DC-DC converters. The mathematical model of energy and magnetic processes in core of inductors is obtained. The mathematical model is generalized to DC-DC and AC-AC converters, to most popular schemes of converters and to transfer, recuperation and idle modes. It is shown that the energy and magnetic processes in core of inductors are identical for DC-DC and AC-AC converters, for buck, boost, buck-boost and fly-back converters, and for transfer, recuperation and idle modes.
It is shown that energy processes in converters can be defined by parameters of magnetic flux of inductor core. It is shown that power of converter will be maximal, when value of ripple induction in core is equal the maximum allowable induction of core, and average value of induction in core is equal half of the maximum allowable induction of core. It is shown that maximum power of converter is proportional volume of inductor core.
Influence of ZnSe:Te substrate's surface morphology on their optical properties
Authors: Makhniy V. P. , Herman I. I. , Bodul G. I. , Senko I. M.
Published: February 2017

The authors have experimentally established, that etching of ZnSe:Te substrates in CrO3:HCl=2:1 and H2SO4:H2O2=3:1 solutions leads to formation of mirror and matte surfaces. Analysis of the topogram obtained by an atomic power microscope showed that matte surface is a set of equally oriented pyramids with basis size 2—5 µm and each of them is association of nanopyramids with 10—100 nm lateral size. In such samples wide photoluminescence band at 2,7—3.8 eV is a result of dimensional quantization in smaller nanocrystals. The latter also causes an observed decrease of transmission coefficient of substrates with matte surface in comparison to those with mirror surface owing to increase of light scattering processes.
Measurement of the amplitude pattern and the frequency characteristic of ISM-band antennas using WiFi routers
Authors: Sadchenko A. V. , Kushnirenko O. A. , Tsevukh I. V. , Valyanskii I. A. , Chikhrai Yu. S.
Published: February 2017

The quality of wireless network depends essentially on the directional characteristics of the antennas, the most important of which are the amplitude radiation pattern (RP) and the frequency response (FR), which is understood as a change of the gain coefficient in the working frequency band. At the same time, equipment for measuring the characteristics of the antennas in real conditions is very expensive, difficult to deploy, configure and maintain. In most cases, the measurement accuracy requirements are significantly lower than in laboratory measurements. This fact allows using the equipment which is part of the wireless network itself. The aim of this work is to develop a simplified procedure for measuring the amplitude RP and frequency characteristics of antennas for the rapid assessment of electromagnetic environment during deployment of wireless networks, when the requirements for measurement accuracy are not critical.
In this article we propose to use as a UHF calibrated power generator a standard Wi-Fi router with a coaxial output, i.e. with the possibility to connect an external antenna. Certified routers 802.11n standard of 2.4 GHz band, regardless of the manufacturer, provide the following parameters: output power range of 20—100 mW, receiver sensitivity of 80—85 dBm, dynamic range of the receiver — 90 dBm. Using system settings of the router allows one to rapidly change the frequency in the range of 2400—2483,5 MHz with a step of 5—20 MHz.
The practical value of the proposed methodology for measuring Wi-Fi antennas characteristics consists in substantial saving of time and costs during deployment and adjusting of wireless networks. This method can be successfully used for testing city wireless video surveillance systems and public access points to the local and global resources of city network.
Recurring Functional Interactions Predict Network Architecture of Interictal and Ictal States in Neocortical Epilepsy
Authors: Khambhati Ankit N. , Bassett Danielle S. , Oommen Brian S. , Chen Stephanie H. , Lucas Timothy H. , Davis Kathryn A. , Litt Brian
Published: February 2017

Human epilepsy patients suffer from spontaneous seizures, which originate in brain regions that also subserve normal function. Prior studies demonstrate focal, neocortical epilepsy is associated with dysfunction, several hours before seizures. How does the epileptic network perpetuate dysfunction during baseline periods? To address this question, we developed an unsupervised machine learning technique to disentangle patterns of functional interactions between brain regions, or subgraphs, from dynamic functional networks constructed from approximately 100 h of intracranial recordings in each of 22 neocortical epilepsy patients. Using this approach, we found: (1) subgraphs from ictal (seizure) and interictal (baseline) epochs are topologically similar, (2) interictal subgraph topology and dynamics can predict brain regions that generate seizures, and (3) subgraphs undergo slower and more coordinated fluctuations during ictal epochs compared to interictal epochs. Our observations suggest that seizures mark a critical shift away from interictal states that is driven by changes in the dynamical expression of strongly interacting components of the epileptic network.
Single Neurons in the Avian Auditory Cortex Encode Individual Identity and Propagation Distance in Naturally Degraded Communication Calls
Authors: Mouterde Solveig C. , Elie Julie E. , Mathevon Nicolas , Theunissen Frédéric E.
Published: February 2017

One of the most complex tasks performed by sensory systems is “scene analysis”: the interpretation of complex signals as behaviorally relevant objects. The study of this problem, universal to species and sensory modalities, is particularly challenging in audition, where sounds from various sources and localizations, degraded by propagation through the environment, sum to form a single acoustical signal. Here we investigated in a songbird model, the zebra finch, the neural substrate for ranging and identifying a single source. We relied on ecologically and behaviorally relevant stimuli, contact calls, to investigate the neural discrimination of individual vocal signature as well as sound source distance when calls have been degraded through propagation in a natural environment. Performing electrophysiological recordings in anesthetized birds, we found neurons in the auditory forebrain that discriminate individual vocal signatures despite long-range degradation, as well as neurons discriminating propagation distance, with varying degrees of multiplexing between both information types. Moreover, the neural discrimination performance of individual identity was not affected by propagation-induced degradation beyond what was induced by the decreased intensity. For the first time, neurons with distance-invariant identity discrimination properties as well as distance-discriminant neurons are revealed in the avian auditory cortex. Because these neurons were recorded in animals that had prior experience neither with the vocalizers of the stimuli nor with long-range propagation of calls, we suggest that this neural population is part of a general-purpose system for vocalizer discrimination and ranging.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUnderstanding how the brain makes sense of the multitude of stimuli that it continually receives in natural conditions is a challenge for scientists. Here we provide a new understanding of how the auditory system extracts behaviorally relevant information, the vocalizer identity and its distance to the listener, from acoustic signals that have been degraded by long-range propagation in natural conditions. We show, for the first time, that single neurons, in the auditory cortex of zebra finches, are capable of discriminating the individual identity and sound source distance in conspecific communication calls. The discrimination of identity in propagated calls relies on a neural coding that is robust to intensity changes, signals' quality, and decreases in the signal-to-noise ratio.
Tamoxifen Provides Structural and Functional Rescue in Murine Models of Photoreceptor Degeneration
Authors: Wang Xu , Zhao Lian , Zhang Yikui , Ma Wenxin , Gonzalez Shaimar R. , Fan Jianguo , Kretschmer Friedrich , Badea Tudor C. , Qian Hao-hua , Wong Wai T.
Published: February 2017

Photoreceptor degeneration is a cause of irreversible vision loss in incurable blinding retinal diseases including retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and atrophic age-related macular degeneration. We found in two separate mouse models of photoreceptor degeneration that tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator and a drug previously linked with retinal toxicity, paradoxically provided potent neuroprotective effects. In a light-induced degeneration model, tamoxifen prevented onset of photoreceptor apoptosis and atrophy and maintained near-normal levels of electroretinographic responses. Rescue effects were correlated with decreased microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine production in the retinain vivoand a reduction of microglia-mediated toxicity to photoreceptorsin vitro, indicating a microglia-mediated mechanism of rescue. Tamoxifen also rescued degeneration in a genetic (Pde6brd10) model of RP, significantly improving retinal structure, electrophysiological responses, and visual behavior. These prominent neuroprotective effects warrant the consideration of tamoxifen as a drug suitable for being repurposed to treat photoreceptor degenerative disease.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPhotoreceptor degeneration is a cause of irreversible blindness in a number of retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and atrophic age-related macular degeneration. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator approved for the treatment of breast cancer and previously linked to a low incidence of retinal toxicity, was unexpectedly found to exert marked protective effects against photoreceptor degeneration. Structural and functional protective effects were found for an acute model of light-induced photoreceptor injury and for a genetic model for RP. The mechanism of protection involved the modulation of microglial activation and the production of inflammatory cytokines, highlighting the role of inflammatory mechanisms in photoreceptor degeneration. Tamoxifen may be suitable for clinical study as a potential treatment for diseases involving photoreceptor degeneration.
Pathogenic Huntington Alters BMP Signaling and Synaptic Growth through Local Disruptions of Endosomal Compartments
Authors: Akbergenova Yulia , Littleton J. Troy
Published: February 2017

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) stretch within the Huntingtin (Htt) protein. Pathogenic Htt disrupts multiple neuronal processes, including gene expression, axonal trafficking, proteasome and mitochondrial activity, and intracellular vesicle trafficking. However, the primary pathogenic mechanism and subcellular site of action for mutant Htt are still unclear. Using aDrosophilaHD model, we found that pathogenic Htt expression leads to a profound overgrowth of synaptic connections that correlates directly with the levels of Htt at nerve terminals. Branches of the same nerve containing different levels of Htt show distinct phenotypes, indicating that Htt acts locally to disrupt synaptic growth. The effects of pathogenic Htt on synaptic growth arise from defective synaptic endosomal trafficking, leading to expansion of a recycling endosomal signaling compartment containing Sorting Nexin 16 and a reduction in late endosomes containing Rab11. The disruption of endosomal compartments leads to elevated BMP signaling within nerve terminals, driving excessive synaptic growth. Blocking aberrant signaling from endosomes or reducing BMP activity ameliorates the severity of HD pathology and improves viability. Pathogenic Htt is present largely in a nonaggregated form at synapses, indicating that cytosolic forms of the protein are likely to be the toxic species that disrupt endosomal signaling. Our data indicate that pathogenic Htt acts locally at nerve terminals to alter trafficking between endosomal compartments, leading to defects in synaptic structure that correlate with pathogenesis and lethality in theDrosophilaHD model.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHuntington's disease (HD) is the most commonly inherited polyglutamine expansion disorder, but how mutant Huntingtin (Htt) disrupts neuronal function is unclear. In particular, it is unknown within what subcellular compartment pathogenic Htt acts and whether the pathogenesis is associated with aggregated or more soluble forms of the protein. Using aDrosophilaHD model, we find that nonaggregated pathogenic Htt acts locally at synaptic terminals to disrupt endosomal compartments, leading to aberrant wiring defects. Genetic manipulations to increase endosomal trafficking of synaptic growth receptors from signaling endosomes or to reduce BMP signaling reduce pathology in this HD model. These data indicate that pathogenic Htt can act locally within nerve terminals to disrupt synaptic endosomal signaling and induce neuropathology.
Spike and Neuropeptide-Dependent Mechanisms Control GnRH Neuron Nerve Terminal Ca2+over Diverse Time Scales
Authors: Iremonger Karl J. , Porteous Robert , Herbison Allan E.
Published: February 2017

Fast cell-to-cell communication in the brain is achieved by action potential-dependent synaptic release of neurotransmitters. The fast kinetics of transmitter release are determined by transient Ca2+elevations in presynaptic nerve terminals. Neuromodulators have previously been shown to regulate transmitter release by inhibiting presynaptic Ca2+influx. Few studies to date have demonstrated the opposite, that is, neuromodulators directly driving presynaptic Ca2+rises and increases in nerve terminal excitability. Here we use GCaMP Ca2+imaging in brain slices from mice to address how nerve terminal Ca2+is controlled in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons via action potentials and neuromodulators. Single spikes and bursts of action potentials evoked fast, voltage-gated Ca2+channel-dependent Ca2+elevations. In contrast, brief exposure to the neuropeptide kisspeptin-evoked long-lasting Ca2+plateaus that persisted for tens of minutes. Neuropeptide-mediated Ca2+elevations were independent of action potentials, requiring Ca2+entry via voltage-gated Ca2+channels and transient receptor potential channels in addition to release from intracellular store mechanisms. Together, these data reveal that neuromodulators can exert powerful and long-lasting regulation of nerve terminal Ca2+independently from actions at the soma. Thus, GnRH nerve terminal function is controlled over disparate timescales via both classical spike-dependent and nonclassical neuropeptide-dependent mechanisms.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNerve terminals are highly specialized regions of a neuron where neurotransmitters and neurohormones are released. Many neuroendocrine neurons release neurohormones in long-duration bursts of secretion. To understand how this is achieved, we have performed live Ca2+imaging in the nerve terminals of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. We find that bursts of action potentials and local neuropeptide signals are both capable of evoking large increases in nerve terminal Ca2+. Increases in Ca2+driven by spike bursts last seconds; however, the increases in nerve terminal Ca2+driven by neuropeptides can persist for tens of minutes. These findings reveal new mechanisms by which neuroendocrine nerve terminal Ca2+can be controlled in the brain.
Neto2 Assembles with Kainate Receptors in DRG Neurons during Development and Modulates Neurite Outgrowth in Adult Sensory Neurons
Authors: Vernon Claire G. , Swanson Geoffrey T.
Published: February 2017

Peripheral sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are the initial transducers of sensory stimuli, including painful stimuli, from the periphery to central sensory and pain-processing centers. Small- to medium-diameter non-peptidergic neurons in the neonatal DRG express functional kainate receptors (KARs), one of three subfamilies of ionotropic glutamate receptors, as well as the putative KAR auxiliary subunit Neuropilin- and tolloid-like 2 (Neto2). Neto2 alters recombinant KAR function markedly but has yet to be confirmed as an auxiliary subunit that assembles with and alters the function of endogenous KARs. KARs in neonatal DRG require the GluK1 subunit as a necessary constituent, but it is unclear to what extent other KAR subunits contribute to the function and proposed roles of KARs in sensory ganglia, which include promotion of neurite outgrowth and modulation of glutamate release at the DRG–dorsal horn synapse. In addition, KARs containing the GluK1 subunit are implicated in modes of persistent but not acute pain signaling. We show here that the Neto2 protein is highly expressed in neonatal DRG and modifies KAR gating in DRG neurons in a developmentally regulated fashion in mice. Although normally at very low levels in adult DRG neurons, Neto2 protein expression can be upregulated via MEK/ERK signaling and after sciatic nerve crush and Neto2−/−neurons from adult mice have stunted neurite outgrowth. These data confirm that Neto2 is a bona fide KAR auxiliary subunit that is an important constituent of KARs early in sensory neuron development and suggest that Neto2 assembly is critical to KAR modulation of DRG neuron process outgrowth.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPain-transducing peripheral sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) express kainate receptors (KARs), a subfamily of glutamate receptors that modulate neurite outgrowth and regulate glutamate release at the DRG–dorsal horn synapse. The putative KAR auxiliary subunit Neuropilin- and tolloid-like 2 (Neto2) is also expressed in DRG. We show here that it is a developmentally downregulated but dynamic component of KARs in these neurons, that it contributes to regulated neurite regrowth in adult neurons, and that it is increased in adult mice after nerve injury. Our data confirm Neto2 as a KAR auxiliary subunit and expand our knowledge of the molecular composition of KARs in nociceptive neurons, a key piece in understanding the mechanistic contribution of KAR signaling to pain-processing circuits.
GABAergic Neurons of the Central Amygdala Promote Cataplexy
Authors: Mahoney Carrie E. , Agostinelli Lindsay J. , Brooks Jessica N.K. , Lowell Bradford B. , Scammell Thomas E.
Published: February 2017

Narcolepsy is characterized by chronic sleepiness and cataplexy—sudden muscle paralysis triggered by strong, positive emotions. This condition is caused by a lack of orexin (hypocretin) signaling, but little is known about the neural mechanisms that mediate cataplexy. The amygdala regulates responses to rewarding stimuli and contains neurons active during cataplexy. In addition, lesions of the amygdala reduce cataplexy. Because GABAergic neurons of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) target brainstem regions known to regulate muscle tone, we hypothesized that these cells promote emotion-triggered cataplexy. We injected adeno-associated viral vectors coding for Cre-dependent DREADDs or a control vector into the CeA of orexin knock-out mice crossed with vGAT-Cre mice, resulting in selective expression of the excitatory hM3 receptor or the inhibitory hM4 receptor in GABAergic neurons of the CeA. We measured sleep/wake behavior and cataplexy after injection of saline or the hM3/hM4 ligand clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) under baseline conditions and under conditions that should elicit positive emotions. In mice expressing hM3, CNO approximately doubled the amount of cataplexy in the first 3 h after dosing under baseline conditions. Rewarding stimuli (chocolate or running wheels) also increased cataplexy, but CNO produced no further increase. In mice expressing hM4, CNO reduced cataplexy in the presence of chocolate or running wheels. These results demonstrate that GABAergic neurons of the CeA are sufficient and necessary for the production of cataplexy in mice, and they likely are a key part of the mechanism through which positive emotions trigger cataplexy.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCataplexy is one of the major symptoms of narcolepsy, but little is known about how strong, positive emotions trigger these episodes of muscle paralysis. Prior research shows that amygdala neurons are active during cataplexy and cataplexy is reduced by lesions of the amygdala. We found that cataplexy is substantially increased by selective activation of GABAergic neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). We also demonstrate that inhibition of these neurons reduces reward-promoted cataplexy. These results build upon prior work to establish the CeA as a crucial element in the neural mechanisms of cataplexy. These results demonstrate the importance of the CeA in regulating responses to rewarding stimuli, shedding light on the broader neurobiology of emotions and motor control.