bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The seriesRE5Li2Sn7(RE= Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) revisited: crystal structure ofRE5Li2−xSn7+x[0 ≤x≤ 0.03 (1)]
Authors: Makongo Julien P. A. , Bobev Svilen
Published: December 2013

The series ofRE5Li2Sn7(RE= Ce–Sm) compounds were synthesized by high-temperature reactions and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds are pentacerium dilithium heptastannide, Ce5Li1.97Sn7.03, pentapreseodymium dilithium heptastannide, Pr5Li1.98Sn7.02, pentaneodymium dilithium heptastannide, Nd5Li1.99Sn7.01, and pentasamarium dilithium heptastannide, Sm5Li2Sn7. All five compounds crystallize in the chiral orthorhombic space groupP212121(No. 19), which is relatively uncommon among intermetallic phases. The structure belongs to the Ce5Li2Sn7structure type (Pearson symboloP56), with 14 unique atoms in the asymmetric unit. Minor compositional variations exist, due to the mixed occupancy of Li and Sn atoms at one of the Li sites. The small occupational disorder is most evident forRE5Li2−xSn7+x(RE= Ce, Pr;x≃ 0.03), while the structure of Nd5Li2Sn7and Sm5Li2Sn7show no apparent disorder.
A new heteroleptic oxalate-based compound: poly[[2-(aminomethyl)pyridine]di-μ6-oxalato-chromium(III)potassium(I)]
Authors: Kenfack Tsobnang Patrice , Wenger Emmanuel , Ponou Siméon , Dahaoui Slimane , Lambi Ngolui John , Lecomte Claude
Published: December 2013

The title compound, [KCr(C2O2)2(C6H8N2)]n, was obtained from aqueous solution and analyzed with single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 100 K. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupC2/cand displays a three-dimensional polymeric architecture built up by bimetallic oxalate-bridged CrIII–K helical chains linked through centrosymmetric K2O2units to yield a sheet-like alternatingP/Marrangement which looks like that of the previously described two-dimensional [NaCr(ox)2(pyim)(H2O)]·2H2O [pyim is 2-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazole; Leiet al.(2006).Inorg. Chem. Commun.9, 486–488]. The CrIIIions in each helix have the same chirality. The infinite neutral sheets are eclipsed with respect to each other and are held together by a hydrogen-bonding network involving 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine H atoms and oxalate O atoms. Each sheet gives rise to channels of Cr4K4octanuclear rings and each resultant hole is occupied by a pair of 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine ligands with partial overlap. The shortest Cr...Cr distance [5.593 (4) Å] is shorter than usually observed in the K–MIII–oxalate family.
A supramolecular ladder-like network from trimesic acid and pyrazineN,N′-dioxide
Authors: Yadav Vitthal N. , Görbitz Carl Henrik
Published: December 2013

In the title complex, benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid–pyrazineN,N′-dioxide (2/1), C9H6O6·0.5C4H4N2O2, cocrystallized trimesic acid (TMA) and pyrazineN,N′-dioxide (PNO) molecules form strong O—H...O hydrogen bonds, but also important weak C—H...O and dipole–dipole intermolecular interactions, to generate a densely packed three-dimensional network. PNO molecules lie on inversion centres where they connect pairs of TMA sheets into distinct two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded layers perpendicular to the crystallographicabdiagonal.
Females and Precarious Board Positions: Further Evidence of the Glass Cliff
Authors: Mulcahy Mark , Linehan Carol
Published: December 2013

The ‘glass cliff’ posits that when women achieve high profile roles, these are at firms in precarious positions. Previous research analysed appointments (male/female), estimated the precariousness of firms involved and drew inferences about the glass cliff. This study is different as it directly tests the relationship between a precarious situation and changes in board gender diversity. The sample is companies listed on the UK stock exchange reporting an initial loss in the years 2004–2006. A matched control sample is used in a difference‐in‐differences analysis to avoid inadvertently attributing improvements arising from societal/regulatory changes in gender diversity to the loss event. Findings suggest that when the loss is ‘big’ there is a difference in the increase in gender diversity versus both the control and the ‘small’ loss subsamples, i.e. compelling evidence of the glass cliff. In the context of ongoing political and social debates about women on boards our work (i) identifies continuing structural barriers for women ascending to board level in that women are more likely to be over‐represented on boards of companies that are more precarious and (ii) sounds a note of caution about celebrating increased gender diversity on boards without considering the precariousness of the company involved.
The real implications of ‘benevolent’ SEN reform
Authors: Attwood Lynn
Published: December 2013

Consultation of the DfE's Green Paper, Support and Aspiration: A New Approach to Special Educational Needs, provoked considerable debate among public and private sector professionals, parents and young people over the planned special educational needs reform. Since then, publication of the Children and Families Bill in 2013 indicates definitive changes in law, while the revised SEN Code of Practice, which will provide professional guidance, is awaited. There are implications to this reform beyond those which have already been published, although alluded to in the Green Paper. This article will explore the influence of language in the deconstruction of disability, the implications of raising the threshold before a categorisation of SEN applies, concerns arising from implementation of the Single Assessment Process and, finally, how funding reforms will negate some of the anticipated benefits for parents and their children.
Supporting academic persistence in low‐skilled adult learners
Authors: O'Neill Susan , Thomson Margareta Maria
Published: December 2013

The current literature review explores the factors that contribute to academic persistence for adult learners. The aim of the study is to identify current research‐based strategies aimed at supporting learner persistence, particularly for low‐skilled adults. Elements of three theoretical frameworks, namely, expectancy‐value theory (EVT), goal theory (GT) and self‐determination theory (SDT) are conceptualised in a new, melded cognitive model to explain better the constructs that contribute to academic persistence. These theories are used to frame and explain the challenges that adult learners face when returning to school and to understand better the psychosocial demands on adult learners, based on social cognitive theory. This study is particularly significant in the light of current national attention directed towards redesigning adult basic education programmes to include more workforce development and strategies aimed at accelerating the progress of adult learners through basic skills and into post‐secondary education and/or career training. Questions guiding the current study include identifying research‐based strategies that instructors can use, and elements of programme design that support student persistence.
Experimental Results of a Residential House Fire Test on Tenability: Temperature, Smoke, and Gas Analyses
Authors: Crewe Robert J. , Stec Anna A. , Walker Richard G. , Shaw John E. A. , Hull T. Richard , Rhodes Jennifer , Garcia‐Sorribes Tamar
Published: December 2013

A fire experiment conducted in a British 1950s‐style house is described. Measurements of temperature, smoke, CO, CO2, and O2 were taken in the Lounge, stairwell, and front and back bedrooms. The front bedroom door was wedged open, while the door to the back bedroom was wedged closed. Contrary to expectations and despite the relatively small fire load, analysis and hazard calculations show permeation of toxic fire gases throughout the property with lethal concentrations of effluent being measured at each sampling point. A generally poor state of repair and missing carpets in the upper story contributed to a high degree of gas and smoke permeation. The available egress time was calculated as the time before the main escape route became impassable. Given known human responses to fire, such an incident could have caused fatalities to sleeping or otherwise immobile occupants.
Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone‐Actor Terrorists,,
Authors: Gill Paul , Horgan John , Deckert Paige
Published: December 2013

This article analyzes the sociodemographic network characteristics and antecedent behaviors of 119 lone‐actor terrorists. This marks a departure from existing analyses by largely focusing upon behavioral aspects of each offender. This article also examines whether lone‐actor terrorists differ based on their ideologies or network connectivity. The analysis leads to seven conclusions. There was no uniform profile identified. In the time leading up to most lone‐actor terrorist events, other people generally knew about the offender's grievance, extremist ideology, views, and/or intent to engage in violence. A wide range of activities and experiences preceded lone actors' plots or events. Many but not all lone‐actor terrorists were socially isolated. Lone‐actor terrorists regularly engaged in a detectable and observable range of activities with a wider pressure group, social movement, or terrorist organization. Lone‐actor terrorist events were rarely sudden and impulsive. There were distinguishable behavioral differences between subgroups. The implications for policy conclude this article.
Determining Bruise Etiology in Muscle Tissue Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Tang Kevin , Sharpe Wyatt , Schulz Alexandra , Tam Edric , Grosse Ian , Tis John , Cullinane Dennis
Published: December 2013

Bruising, the result of capillary failure, is a common physical exam finding due to blunt trauma and, depending on location and severity, a potential indicator of abuse. Despite its clinical relevance, few studies have investigated the etiology of capillary failure. The goal of this study was to determine whether capillaries primarily fail under shear stress or hydraulic‐induced tensile stress. An arteriole bifurcating into four capillaries was modeled using ANSYS 14.0 ®. The capillaries were embedded in muscle tissue and a pressure of 20.4 kPa was applied. Any tensile stress exceeding 8.4 × 104 Pa was considered failure. Results showed that failure occurred directly under the impact zone and where capillaries bifurcated, rather than along the line of greatest shear stress, indicating that internal tensile stress is likely the primary mode of capillary failure in bruising. These results are supported by the concept that bruising can occur via blunt trauma in which no shearing lacerations occur.
Early Repolarization, Acute Emotional Stress and Sudden Death
Authors: Palmiere Cristian , Lesta Maria del Mar , Vanhaebost Jessica , Mangin Patrice , Augsburger Marc , Vogt Pierre
Published: December 2013

We herein report the case of a 36‐year‐old man who died suddenly after a fight with another man. Forensic investigations included unenhanced computed tomography, postmortem angiography, autopsy, histology, neuropathology, toxicology, and biochemistry and allowed a traumatic cause of death to be excluded. An electrocardiogram recorded some years prior to death revealed the presence of an early repolarization pattern. Based on the results of all investigations, the cause of death was determined to be cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest during an emotionally stressful event associated with physical assault. Direct third party involvement, however, was excluded, and the manner of death was listed as natural. The case was not pursued any further by the public prosecutor.
Rapamycin decreases DNA damage accumulation and enhances cell growth of WRN‐deficient human fibroblasts
Authors: Saha Bidisha , Cypro Alexander , Martin George M. , Oshima Junko
Published: December 2013

Werner syndrome (WS), caused by mutations at the WRN helicase gene, is a progeroid syndrome characterized by multiple features consistent with accelerated aging. Aberrant double‐strand DNA damage repair leads to genomic instability and reduced replicative lifespan of somatic cells. We observed increased autophagy in WRN knockdown cells; this was further increased by short‐term rapamycin treatment. Long‐term rapamycin treatment resulted in improved growth rate, reduced accumulation of DNA damage foci and improved nuclear morphology; autophagy markers were reduced to near‐normal levels, possibly due to clearance of damaged proteins. These data suggest that protein aggregation plays a role in the development of WS phenotypes and that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway is a potential therapeutic target of WS.
Pre‐natal undernutrition and post‐natal overnutrition are associated with permanent changes in hepatic metabolism markers and fatty acid composition in sheep
Authors: Hou L. , Hellgren L. I. , Kongsted A. H. , Vaag A. , Nielsen M. O.
Published: December 2013

Aim

Determine the impacts of pre‐ and early‐post‐natal nutrition on selected markers of hepatic glucose and fat metabolism.

Methods

Twin‐bearing ewes were fed 100% (NORM) or 50% (LOW) of protein and energy requirements during the last 6‐weeks of gestation. Twin‐lambs received either a high‐carbohydrate high‐fat (HCHF) or conventional (CONV) diet from 3 days to 6 months of age (around puberty), whereafter lambs from the four subgroups were slaughtered (16 males/3 females). Remaining lambs (19 females) were fed a moderate diet and slaughtered at 2 years of age (young adults).

Results

Pre‐natal LOW nutrition was associated with increased hepatic triglyceride, ceramide and free fatty acid content in adulthood (not observed in lambs), which was accompanied by up‐regulated early‐stage insulin signalling as reflected by increased INSRβ and PI3K‐p110 protein expression. The HCHF diet increased hepatic triglyceride content in lambs, associated with down‐regulated expressions of energy‐metabolism‐related genes (GLUT1, PPARα, SREBP1c, PEPCK). These post‐natal effects were not observed in adult HCHF sheep, after they had received a moderate (body‐fat correcting) diet for 1.5 years. Interestingly, pre‐natal LOW nutrition induced permanent alterations in hepatic phospholipids’ fatty acid composition. Thus, the amount of linoleic acid (C18 : 2 ∆9,12) was significantly increased and composition of rumen‐derived fatty acids were altered, indicating changed composition of rumenal microbiota.

Conclusion

Hepatic insulin signalling and linoleic and microbial‐derived fatty acid content in phospholipids are targets of foetal programming induced by late‐gestation undernutrition. Future studies are required to explain their cause–effect associations with increased risks of developing hepatic steatosis and insulin insensitivity in adulthood.
Food intake increases liver stiffness measurements and hampers reliable values in patients with chronic hepatitis B and healthy controls: the PROLIFICA experience in The Gambia
Authors: Lemoine M. , Shimakawa Y. , Njie R. , Njai H. F. , Nayagam S. , Khalil M. , Goldin R. , Ingiliz P. , Taal M. , Nyan O. , Corrah T. , D'Alessandro U. , Thursz M.
Published: December 2013

Background

By increasing the hepatic blood circulation, food intake has been suggested to increase liver stiffness measurement (LSM) values in HCV‐infected patients.

Aim

To investigate prospectively the effects of food intake on LSM in hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected patients and healthy controls.

Methods

In The Gambia, patients included in the PROLIFICA project are screened for HBV at the community level and then invited for fasting assessment including LSM. Between April 2012 and October 2012, each day, the first five participants were invited to participate in this study. After the initial examination, a standardised 850 Kcal breakfast was provided. Effect of food intake was assessed by examining mean difference of LSM, IQR and IQR/LSM at T0 (fasting LSM1), T30min (LSM2) and T120min (LSM3) respectively.

Results

A total of 209 subjects were enrolled in this study (133 were HBV positive, 76 healthy controls). Unreliable measurements occurred more frequently after food intake (5%, 24% and 18% at T0, T30min and T120min respectively). In both groups, median LSM2 was significantly higher than LSM1 [6.2 (IQR: 5.4, 7.9)] vs. 4.9 (4.2, 6.2), P < 0.0001. LSM3 was still higher than the baseline, but lower than LSM2. In multivariable analysis, no factor modified the effect of breakfast on LSM. In a subgroup of patients having liver biopsies, we confirmed that food intake can overestimate liver fibrosis.

Conclusions

Food intake significantly increases liver stiffness measurement and its IQR values in patients with chronic hepatitis B as well as healthy individuals; and also the number of unreliable liver stiffness measurement values.
Reciprocity‐Based Reasons for Benefiting Research Participants: Most Fail, the Most Plausible is Problematic
Authors: Sofaer Neema
Published: December 2013

A common reason for giving research participants post‐trial access (PTA) to the trial intervention appeals to reciprocity, the principle, stated most generally, that if one person benefits a second, the second should reciprocate: benefit the first in return. Many authors consider it obvious that reciprocity supports PTA. Yet their reciprocity principles differ, with many authors apparently unaware of alternative versions. This article is the first to gather the range of reciprocity principles. It finds that: (1) most are false. (2) The most plausible principle, which is also problematic, applies only when participants experience significant net risks or burdens. (3) Seldom does reciprocity support PTA for participants or give researchers stronger reason to benefit participants than equally needy non‐participants. (4) Reciprocity fails to explain the common view that it is bad when participants in a successful trial have benefited from the trial intervention but lack PTA to it.
The genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of TRPV1 signalling is beneficial for the restoration of quiescent osteoclast activity in ovariectomized mice
Authors: Rossi F , Bellini G , Torella M , Tortora C , Manzo I , Giordano C , Guida F , Luongo L , Papale F , Rosso F , Nobili B , Maione S
Published: December 2013

Background and Purpose

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, which decreases its strength and results in fragile bones. The endocannabinoid/endovanilloid system has been shown to be involved in the regulation of skeletal remodelling. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible modulation of bone mass mediated by the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channel (TRPV1) in vivo and in vitro.

Experimental Approach

A multidisciplinary approach, including biomolecular, biochemical and morphological analysis, was used to investigate the involvement of TRPV1 in changes in bone density in vivo and osteoclast activity in vitro, in wild‐type and Trpv1−/− mice, that had undergone ovariectomy or had a sham operation.

Key Results

Genetic deletion of Trpv1 as well as pharmacological inhibition/desensitization of TRPV1 signalling dramatically reduced the osteoclast activity in vitro and prevented the ovariectomy‐induced bone loss in vivo, whereas the expression of cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors was increased.

Conclusions and Implications

These findings highlight the pivotal role TRPV1 channels play in bone resorption and suggest a possible cross‐talk between TRPV1 and CB2 receptors. Based on these results, hybrid compounds acting on both TRPV1 and CB2 receptors in an opposite manner could provide a future pharmacological tool for the treatment of diseases associated with disturbances in the bone remodelling process.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on the pharmacology of TRP channels. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐10
Young Children's Interpretation of Multidigit Number Names: From Emerging Competence to Mastery
Authors: Mix Kelly S. , Prather Richard W. , Smith Linda B. , Stockton Jerri DaSha
Published: December 2013

This study assessed whether a sample of two hundred seven 3‐ to 7‐year‐olds could interpret multidigit numerals using simple identification and comparison tasks. Contrary to the view that young children do not understand place value, even 3‐year‐olds demonstrated some competence on these tasks. Ceiling was reached by first grade. When training was provided, there were significant gains, suggesting that children can improve their partial understandings with input. Findings add to what is known about the processes of symbolic development and the incidental learning that occurs prior to schooling, as well as specifying more precisely what place value misconceptions remain as children enter the educational system.
Serological Identification of URGCP as a Potential Biomarker for Glioma
Authors: Chen Ling‐Chao , Zhang Hai‐Yan , Qin Zhi‐Yong , Wang Yang , Mao Ying , Yao Yu , Zhou Liang‐Fu
Published: December 2013

Aim

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most frequent human brain tumor and causes dismal outcome. To identify tumor‐associated antigens in GBM patients may find potential diagnostic markers and immunotherapeutic targets. In this study, we identified a gene termed URGCP using the serological identification of antigens by recombinant A2B5 positive glioma cDNA library. The gene product of URGCP is immunogenic in GBM after tested in allogenic patients serum screening.

Methods and results

GBM patients with an auto‐antibody response against URGCP show longer survival than those without URGCP response. In additional, we show that URGCP was high expression in most GBM tissues and cell lines compared with normal brain tissues and majorly co‐expressed with stem cell marker A2B5.

Conclusion

We identified a potential new biomarker of GBM, URGCP. The findings indicate that URGCP is immunogenic in human GBM and suggest its potential use as diagnostic and immunotherapeutic for GBM patients.
Interactions between global and local stressors of ecosystems determine management effectiveness in cumulative impact mapping
Authors: Brown Christopher J. , Saunders Megan I. , Possingham Hugh P. , Richardson Anthony J.
Published: December 2013

Aim

Cumulative impact maps are used to identify the spatial distribution of multiple human impacts to species and ecosystems. Impacts can be caused by local stressors which can be managed, such as eutrophication, and by global stressors that cannot be managed, such as climate change. Cumulative impact maps typically assume that there are no interactive effects between stressors on biodiversity. However, the benefits of managing the ecosystem are affected by interactions between stressors. Our aim was to determine whether the assumption of no interactions in impact maps leads to incorrect identification of sites for management.

Location

General, Australasia.

Methods

We used the additive effects model to incorporate the effects of interactions into an interactive impact map. Seagrass meadows in Australasia threatened by a local stressor, nutrient inputs, and a global stressor, warming, were used as a case study. The reduction in the impact index was quantified for reductions in the nutrient stressor. We examined the outcomes for three scenarios: no interactions, antagonistic interactions or synergistic interactions.

Results

Cumulative impact maps imply that reducing a local stressor will give equivalent reductions in the impact index everywhere, regardless of spatial variability in a global stressor. We show that reductions in the impact index were greatest in refuges from warming if there was an antagonistic interaction between stressors, and greatest in areas of high warming stress if there was a synergistic interaction. Reducing the nutrient stressor in refuges from warming always reduced the impact index, regardless of the interaction.

Main conclusions

Interactions between local and global stressors should be considered when using cumulative impact maps to identify sites where management of a local stressor will provide the greatest impact reduction. If the interaction type is unknown, impact maps can be used to identify refuges from global stressors, as sites for management.
Ictal single photon emission computed tomography in epileptic auras
Authors: Elwan Sherif A. , Wu Guiyun , Huang Steve S. L. , Najm Imad M. , So Norman K.
Published: December 2013

Objectives

Little is known about whether ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) during an isolated aura can localize the epileptogenic zone (EZ). This study seeks to evaluate the yield of ictal SPECT injection in isolated epileptic auras.

Methods

We identified 20 patients with focal epilepsy studied during 26 isolated auras by ictal interictal subtraction SPECT coregistered to magnetic resonance imaging (SISCOM). Studies were rated by two readers who blindly scored the images for presence or absence of an area of dominant hyperperfusion and the lateralization and localization of ictal hyperperfusion; kappa statistics were calculated. Results are correlated with the localization or lateralization of the EZ, time of injection, and electroencephalography (EEG) findings during aura.

Results

Fourteen (53%) of 26 injections in 13 patients were rated by both readers as having an area of dominant hyperperfusion with poor interobserver agreement (k = 0.128). Nine of 26 injections in eight patients were correctly lateralized to the side of the EZ (κ = 0.46), but only one of 21 injections in one patient was correctly localized (κ = 0.146). No difference was found when comparing temporal and extratemporal cases. Studies obtained in auras with ictal EEG change were no more likely to be correctly localized than in ones without (p = 0.19). The timing of injection was not a predictor of success.

Significance

Ictal SPECT injection during an isolated aura has a low yield of correct localization of the EZ and cannot be relied on alone during presurgical evaluation. A repeat injection during a seizure with clinical signs and ictal EEG accompaniment is recommended.
Functional connectivity of hippocampal networks in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Haneef Zulfi , Lenartowicz Agatha , Yeh Hsiang J. , Levin Harvey S. , Engel Jerome , Stern John M.
Published: December 2013

Objective

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) affects brain areas beyond the temporal lobes due to connections of the hippocampi and other temporal lobe structures. Using functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we determined the changes of hippocampal networks in TLE to assess for a more complete distribution of abnormality.

Methods

Regions of interest (ROIs) were defined in the right and left hippocampi in three groups of participants: left TLE (n = 13), right TLE (n = 11), and healthy controls (n = 16). Brain regions functionally connected to these ROIs were identified by correlating resting‐state low‐frequency functional MRI (fMRI) blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) signal fluctuations. The grouped results were compared using independent sample t‐test.

Results

TLE was associated with increased hippocampal connectivity involving several key areas of the limbic network (temporal lobe, insula, thalamus), frontal lobes, angular gyrus, basal ganglia, brainstem, and cerebellum, along with reduced connectivity involving areas of the sensorimotor cortex (visual, somatosensory, auditory, primary motor) and the default mode network (precuneus). Left TLE had more marked connectivity changes than right TLE.

Significance

The observed connectivity changes in TLE indicate dysfunctional networks that underlie widespread brain involvement in TLE. There are identifiable differences in the connectivity of the hippocampi between left and right TLE.
To Know the Field: Shaping the Slum Environment and Cultivating the Self
Authors: Snell‐Rood Claire
Published: December 2013

A broad array of public policy and anthropological research has demonstrated how the slum environment physically and symbolically excludes its residents from society. Yet recent social shifts in urban South Asia suggest that environment is a way that people living in slums also transform their social identity. I use a conceptual frame of dialectical environment‐self creation to suggest that women in particular use the slum environment as a tool for personal and social redefinition. Women commented on how their techniques to see value in poor environmental conditions, endure harsh weather, and create microenvironments could result in physical changes to environment and body. To the extent they could produce these changes, it reflected on their spiritual capacities as “knowers” of the environmental field, able to identify potential in an inadequate environment through physical endurance and moral fortitude. This research contributes to our understanding of the significance of the environment to the self. I draw attention to the ways that even limited environmental change can have resounding effects for moral definition and communicating social worth.
Rapid evolution of quantitative traits: theoretical perspectives
Authors: Kopp Michael , Matuszewski Sebastian
Published: December 2013

An increasing number of studies demonstrate phenotypic and genetic changes in natural populations that are subject to climate change, and there is hope that some of these changes will contribute to avoiding species extinctions (‘evolutionary rescue’). Here, we review theoretical models of rapid evolution in quantitative traits that can shed light on the potential for adaptation to a changing climate. Our focus is on quantitative‐genetic models with selection for a moving phenotypic optimum. We point out that there is no one‐to‐one relationship between the rate of adaptation and population survival, because the former depends on relative fitness and the latter on absolute fitness. Nevertheless, previous estimates that sustainable rates of genetically based change usually do not exceed 0.1 haldanes (i.e., phenotypic standard deviations per generation) are probably correct. Survival can be greatly facilitated by phenotypic plasticity, and heritable variation in plasticity can further speed up genetic evolution. Multivariate selection and genetic correlations are frequently assumed to constrain adaptation, but this is not necessarily the case and depends on the geometric relationship between the fitness landscape and the structure of genetic variation. Similar conclusions hold for adaptation to shifting spatial gradients. Recent models of adaptation in multispecies communities indicate that the potential for rapid evolution is strongly influenced by interspecific competition.
The availability of land for perennial energy crops in Great Britain
Authors: Lovett Andrew , Sünnenberg Gilla , Dockerty Trudie
Published: December 2013

This paper defines the potentially available land for perennial energy crops across Great Britain as the first component of a broader appraisal undertaken by the ‘Spatial Modelling of Bioenergy in Great Britain to 2050’ project. Combining data on seven primary constraints in a GIS reduced the available area to just over 9 M ha (40% of GB). Adding other restrictions based on land cover naturalness scores to represent landscape considerations resulted in a final area of 8.5 M ha (37% of GB). This distribution was compared with the locations of Miscanthus and SRC willow established under the English Energy Crop Scheme during 2001–2011 and it was found that 83% of the planting fell within the defined available land. Such a correspondence provides confidence that the factors considered in the analysis were broadly consistent with previous planting decisions.
Traffickers, Brokers, Employment Agents, and Social Networks: The Regulation of Intermediaries in the Migration of Ethiopian Domestic Workers to the Middle East
Authors: Fernandez Bina
Published: December 2013

This paper examines the regulatory regimes surrounding the operations of intermediaries who facilitate Ethiopian women's employment as contract domestic workers in the Middle East. Drawing on empirical research in Ethiopia, Lebanon, and Kuwait, the paper focuses on the commonly observed problem of “regulatory failure,” as states and international agencies frequently fail to achieve their objectives in the regulation of intermediaries of migration. This paper argues that a decentered approach to regulation can provide a productive diagnosis of regulatory failure, one that recognizes how power may be dispersed between social actors and (non-unitary) state actors and how it is differentially exercised across multiple regulatory regimes within this migration trajectory.
Transnational Marriages on the Decline: Explaining Changing Trends in Partner Choice among Turkish Belgians
Authors: Van Kerckem Klaartje , Van der Bracht Koen , Stevens Peter A. J. , Van de Putte Bart
Published: December 2013

This article reports a decline in transnational marriages among Turkish Belgians between 2001 and 2008 and explains the changing trends through a qualitative study of Turkish Belgians’ current partner preferences and union formation practices. Young people prefer a local marriage because it enables upward social mobility, and the possibility of premarital relationships and lower parental involvement seem to further add to the declining popularity of transnational marriages. Despite these changes, however, a considerable percentage of people continues to marry a partner from the country of origin. By identifying four ‘types’ of transnational marriages we highlight the changes and diversification with regards to transnational marriages.
Genetic characterization of seasonal influenza A (H3N2) viruses in Ontario during 2010–2011 influenza season: high prevalence of mutations at antigenic sites
Authors: Eshaghi AliReza , Duvvuri Venkata R. , Li Aimin , Patel Samir N. , Bastien Nathalie , Li Yan , Low Donald E. , Gubbay Jonathan B.
Published: December 2013

Background

The direct effect of antigenic site mutations in influenza viruses on antigenic drift and vaccine effectiveness is poorly understood.

Objective

To investigate the genetic and antigenic characteristics of human influenza A (H3N2) viruses circulating in Ontario during the early 2010–2011 winter season.

Study design

We sequenced the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from 41 A(H3N2) viruses detected in nasopharyngeal specimens. Strain typing was performed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Molecular and phylogenetic tree analyses were conducted.

Results

HA and NA genes showed high similarity to the 2010–2011 vaccine strain, A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)‐like virus (97·7–98·5% and 98·7–99·5% amino acid (AA) identity, respectively). Compared to A/Perth/16/2009 strain, HA gene mutations were documented at 28 different AA positions across all five H3 antigenic sites, with a range of 5–11 mutations in individual viruses. Thirty‐six (88%) viruses had 8 AA substitutions in common; none of these had reduced HI titer. Among Ontario isolates, 11 antigenic site AAs were positively selected with an increase in glycosylation sites.

Conclusion

The presence of antigenic site mutations with high frequency among 2010–2011 influenza H3N2 isolates confirms ongoing adaptive H3N2 evolution. These may represent early phylogenetic changes that could cause antigenic drift with further mutations. Clinical relevance of antigenic site mutations not causing drift in HI assays is unknown and requires further investigation. In addition, viral sequencing information will assist with vaccine strain planning and may facilitate early detection of vaccine escape.
ITS sequence variation and concerted evolution in the natural hybrid species Malus toringoides
Authors: Tang Liang , Tang Jian‐Min , Tan Si , Li Ju , Ma Xiang , Zhou Zhi‐Qin
Published: December 2013

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) is one of the most used molecular characters in plant systematics. Our previous studies based on morphological analysis and ITS sequence variation suggested that Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes is derived from hybridization between M. transitoria (Batal.) Schneid. and M. kansuensis (Batal.) Schneid. To further understand the variation pattern of ITS sequences in M. toringoides, and to elucidate the evolutionary processes that affect ITS sequence variation after hybridization, we sampled 99 accessions from multiple populations of the hybrid and parental species, and then obtained totally 254 ITS sequences by cloning and sequencing. Our ITS variation data demonstrates three outcomes of ITS repeats after hybrid speciation. ∼ 27–41% of M. toringoides have only M. transitoria type ITS sequence, ∼ 40–70% have M. transitoria type ITS sequence plus one or two chimeric ITS sequences generated by recombination between parental ITS sequences, and six accessions retain both parental type ITS sequences. The plausible evolutionary processes that created the observed ITS variations were inferred to be the joint actions of recombination, concerted evolution, pseudogenization and backcrossing. Our study provides further understandings of the variation model of ITS repeats after hybridization as well as the evolution of M. toringoides after its hybrid speciation.
Polygonum melihae sp. nov. (Polygonaceae) from inner west Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Gemici Yusuf , Tan Kit
Published: December 2013

Polygonum melihae Gemici & Kit Tan sp. nov. (Polygonaceae), a local endemic of inner west Anatolia is described as a species new to science and illustrated by photographs. The closest affinities are with P. afyonicum and P. setosum. Morphological characteristics and information about ecology and distribution are provided and the three taxa are compared. Dissimilarities with two Greek endemics, P. papillosum and P. idaeum, are also mentioned.
Coronally advanced flap versus the pouch technique combined with a connective tissuegraft to treat Miller's class I gingival recession: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Salhi Leila , Lecloux Geoffrey , Seidel Laurence , Rompen Eric , Lambert France
Published: December 2013

Aim

The objective of this study was to compare two different periodontal plastic surgery procedures to treat Miller's class I recession: a coronally advanced flap (control group) versus the pouch technique (test group), both of which were associated with connective tissue graft.

Methods

Forty consecutive patients were included, with 20 patients being allocated for each group. The level of recession coverage, the keratinized tissue (KT) quantity, gingival aesthetics (PES) and post‐operative outcomes were assessed for a follow‐up period of 6 months.

Results

After 6 months, both techniques allowed for the excellent mean root coverage of 96.3 ± 12.1% in the control group and of 91.3 ± 17.6% in the test group. Complete root coverage was achieved in 89.5% (17/19) and 79% (15/19) of the recession cases in the control and the test groups respectively. A significant increase in KT height (p = 0.0011) was observed in the test group. A significant improvement in the pink aesthetic score was found in the two groups, but gingival texture displayed significantly better results in the test group (p < 0.0001). No significant difference between the two groups was found in terms of the morbidity outcomes. Pain killer consumption was similar in the two groups and significantly decreased over time.

Conclusions

Both surgical techniques are relevant in treating Miller's class I recession. The pouch technique seems to increase the height of KT better and provides good gingival‐related aesthetic outcomes.
Use of Novel Lactic Acid Bacterial Strains with Antagonistic Activity for the Preparation of Safe Indigenous Fermented Dairy Foods (Dahi and Raita)
Authors: Varalakshmi S. , Balasubramanyam B.V. , Surendranath B. , Bagath M. , Rajendran D.
Published: December 2013

Attempts were made to isolate natural antagonistic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and use them in production of dahi and raita for increased safety. Seventy isolates of LAB were isolated from dahi obtained from different sources. These isolates were tested for their antagonistic activity against selected pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus and Escherichia coli AB 1157 by adopting agar well assay method. Out of the 70 lactic acid bacterial isolates, 8 were found to have antagonistic activity against both pathogenic organisms. These isolates achieved the desired fermentation rate. Dahi produced by these isolates was found acceptable according to sensory evaluation. The LAB isolates with antagonistic activity were identified by molecular characterization. It is concluded that the identified antagonistic cultures were effective in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and Sta. aureus in dahi and raita.

Practical Applications

Milk products like dahi and raita are widely consumed, and market for them has existed in many parts of the world for many generations. There is an increased demand by the consumer for high‐quality natural food, free from artificial preservatives and contaminating microorganisms. The presence of Escherichia coli in milk products indicates the presence of enteropathogenic microorganisms, which constitute a public health hazard. Staphylococcus aureus causes minor skin infection to life‐threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis and septicemia. Because the fermented products are very popular in Indian diet, the use of a starter culture that can ferment as well as check the growth of pathogenic organism would be very ideal. Hence, novel antagonistic strains of lactic acid bacteria was identified from natural sources and used successfully as starter culture for production of indigenous fermented milk products, namely dahi and raita, with increased safety.
Biopsy Is Contraindicated in the Management of Penile Calciphylaxis
Authors: Cimmino Cara B. , Costabile Raymond A.
Published: December 2013

Introduction

Calciphylaxis, a rare obliterative small vessel vasculopathy associated with diabetes mellitus (DM), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), portends a poor prognosis. Because penile involvement is rare, agreement on appropriate diagnosis and management is unclear.

Aim

To determine the role and effect of penile biopsy for diagnosis and management of penile calciphylaxis.

Methods

Medical records of three penile calciphylaxis patients from our institution were evaluated. Data collected included age, history of DM, ESRD, and hemodialysis (HD) status, serum calcium (Ca), Ca × phosphorous product (C × P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), performance of biopsy, presence of non-penile cutaneous lesions, intervention, survival, and time from diagnosis to death. PubMed Search for relevant publications from 1995 to 2012 was performed to identify case reports of penile calciphylaxis that provided the same clinical data obtained from the 3 patients from our institution.

Main Outcome Measures

Clinical evidence for outcomes in patients with penile calciphylaxis after biopsy of penile lesion compared to those without biopsy.

Results

A total of sixteen patients were identified in the literature and in our institution with clinical data of interest. Overall, 10/16 (62.5%) patients identified with penile calciphylaxis had a penile biopsy, and 7/10 (70%) experienced disease progression, while only 3/10 (30%) stabilized. Mean time to death in this patient population was short, approximately 6.5 months, regardless of type of intervention.

Conclusion

Based on the results of our study, we argue that conservative measures should be employed as first line therapy for penile calciphylaxis. More importantly, secondary to likely resultant progression of necrosis, penile biopsy is not only unnecessary for diagnosis of penile calciphylaxis, but is also harmful and contraindicated.
Advances inEcologicalSpeciation: an integrative approach
Authors: Faria Rui , Renaut Sebastien , Galindo Juan , Pinho Catarina , Melo‐Ferreira José , Melo Martim , Jones Felicity , Salzburger Walter , Schluter Dolph , Butlin Roger
Published: December 2013

The role of natural selection in promoting reproductive isolation has received substantial renewed interest within the last two decades. As a consequence, the study of ecological speciation has become an extremely productive research area in modern evolutionary biology. Recent innovations in sequencing technologies offer an unprecedented opportunity to study the mechanisms involved in ecological speciation. Genome scans provide significant insights but have some important limitations; efforts are needed to integrate them with other approaches to make full use of the sequencing data deluge. An international conference ‘Advances inEcologicalSpeciation’ organized by theUniversity ofPorto (Portugal) aimed to review current progress in ecological speciation. Using some of the examples presented at the conference, we highlight the benefits of integrating ecological and genomic data and discuss different mechanisms of parallel evolution. Finally, future avenues of research are suggested to advance our knowledge concerning the role of natural selection in the establishment of reproductive isolation during ecological speciation.
Fuse or die: how to survive the loss of Dam in Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Val Marie‐Eve , Kennedy Sean P. , Soler‐Bistué Alfonso J. , Barbe Valérie , Bouchier Christiane , Ducos‐Galand Magaly , Skovgaard Ole , Mazel Didier
Published: December 2013

Dam methylates GATC sequences in γ‐proteobacteria genomes, regulating several cellular functions including replication. In Vibrio cholerae, which has two chromosomes, Dam is essential for viability, owing to its role in chr2 replication initiation. In this study, we isolated spontaneous mutants of V. cholerae that were able to survive the deletion of dam. In these mutants, homologous recombination and chromosome dimer resolution are essential, unless DNA mismatch repair is inactivated. Furthermore, the initiator of chr2 replication, RctB, is no longer required. We show that, instead, replication of chr2 is insured by spontaneous fusion with chr1 and piggybacking its replication machinery. We report that natural fusion of chr1 and chr2 occurred by two distinct recombination pathways: homologous recombination between repeated IS elements and site‐specific recombination between dif sites. Lastly, we observed a preferential fusion of the two chromosomes in their terminus of replication.
Interpreting the genetic basis of silique traits in Brassica napus using a joint QTL network
Authors: Qi Liping , Mao Long , Sun Chengming , Pu Yuanyuan , Fu Tingdong , Ma Chaozhi , Shen Jinxiong , Tu Jinxing , Yi Bin , Wen Jing
Published: December 2013

The objectives of this study were to decipher the genetic determinants of silique length (SL), number of seeds per silique (SN), thousand seed weight (TSW) and to reveal interactions between trait loci. A double haploid population of 181 lines derived from a cross between two Brassica napus genotypes exhibiting contrasting silique traits was evaluated for silique traits under three environmental conditions. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between SL and TSW, a weak positive correlation between SL and SN and a negative correlation between SN and TSW. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping detected 14 additive QTL and 7 QTL pairs with epistatic interactions. Three additive QTL located on LG A9, A1 and A9 had the greatest effect, explaining 51.49%, 23.54% and 27.15% of the phenotypic variance for SL, SN and TSW, respectively. Additionally, the additive × environment and epistatic × environment interaction effects were negligible, indicating the stability of the genetic effects for these QTL. The results will promote a more comprehensive description of the genetic basis of these silique traits in B. napus.