bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BLISS
Authors: Wulf W. A. , Russell D. B. , Habermann A. N.
Published: July 2002

A language, BLISS, is described. This language is designed so as to be especially suitable for use in writing production software systems for a specific machine (the PDP-10): compilers, operating systems, etc. Prime design goals of the design are the ability to produce highly efficient object code, to allow access to all relevant hardware features of the host machine, and to provide a rational means by which to cope with the evolutionary nature of systems programs. A major feature which contributes to the realization of these goals is a mechanism permitting the definition of the representation of all data structures in terms of the access algorithm for elements of the structure.
ATPG tools for delay faults at the functional level
Authors: Michael M. , Tragoudas S.
Published: July 2002

We present an ATPG tool for functional delay faults which applies to the single-input transition (SIT) and the multi-input transition (MIT) fault models, and is based on Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (ROBDDs). We are able, for the first time, to identify all faults that do not have any SIT tests, and generate all SIT tests for nonredundant faults in combinational circuits. We also provide methodologies for efficient generation of MIT tests. Our experimental results on the ISCAS'85 benchmarks is by far superior to existing methods as well as a Satisfiability-based tool that we have developed for comparative purposes. The presented tool, coupled with advancements in path delay fault coverage, shows that both the SIT and MIT functional models are very useful in ATPG for robust path delay faults for synthesized circuits.
A generalized algorithm for centrality problems on trees
Authors: Rosenthal Arnon , Pino José A.
Published: July 2002

A general framework is presented for rapidly analyzing tree networks to compute a measure of the
centrality
or
eccentricity
of all vertices in the tree. Several problems, which have been previously described in the literature, fit this framework. Some of these problems have no published solution better than performing a separate traversal for each vertex whose eccentricity is calculated. The method presented in this paper performs just two traversals and yields the eccentricities of all vertices in the tree. Natural sufficient conditions for the algorithm to work in linear time on any given problem are stated.
Concurrent operations on priority queues
Authors: Jones Douglas W.
Published: July 2002

Among the fastest priority queue implementations, skew heaps have properties that make them particularly suited to concurrent manipulation of shared queues. A concurrent version of the top down implementation of skew heaps can be produced from previously published sequential versions using almost mechanical transformations. This implementation requires
O
(log n) time to enqueue or dequeue an item, but it allows new operations to begin after only O(1) time on a MIMD machine. Thus, there is potential for significant concurrency when multiple processes share a queue. Applications to problems in graph theory and simulation are discussed in this article.
ACL
Authors: Will H. J.
Published: July 2002

Audit software is essential for accountants. The software should be written to consolidate the audit support functions into a common language for management information systems (MIS). ACL (Audit Command Language) is a prototype language for designing a feasible interactive conversational language for auditing purposes.
The operational versus the conventional approach to software development
Authors: Zave Pamela
Published: July 2002

The conventional approach to software development is being challenged by new ideas, many of which can be organized into an alternative decision structure called the “operational” approach. The operational approach is explained and compared to the conventional one.
Computation of exponential integrals of a complex argument
Authors: Amos Donald E.
Published: July 2002

Previous work on exponential integrals of a real argument has produced a computational algorithm which implements backward recurrence on a three-term recurrence relation (Miller algorithm). The process on which the algorithm is based involves the truncation of an infinite sequence with a corresponding analysis of the truncation error. This error is estimated by means of (asymptotic) formulas, which are not only applicable to the real line, but also extendible to the complex plane. This fact makes the algorithm extendible to the complex plane also. However, the rate of convergence decreases sharply when the complex argument is close to the negative real axis. In order to make the algorithm more efficient, analytic continuation into a strip about the negative real axis is carried out by limited use of power series. The analytic details needed for a portable computational algorithm are presented.
Constraint logic programming languages
Authors: Cohen Jacques
Published: July 2002

Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) is an extension of Logic Programming aimed at replacing the pattern matching mechanism of unification, as used in Prolog, by a more general operation called constraint satisfaction. This aritcle provides a panoramic view of the recent work done in designing and implementing CLP languages. It also presents a summary of their theoretical foundations, discusses implementation issues, compares the major CLP languages, and suggests directions for further work.
Equilibrium states of Runge-Kutta schemes: part II
Authors: Hall George
Published: July 2002

A theory is given that accounts for the observed behavior of Runge-Kutta codes when the stepsize is restricted by stability. The theory deals with the general case when the dominant eigenvalues of the Jacobian may be a complex conjugate pair. This extends and generalizes the results of Part I of this paper, which deal with the real case. Familiarity with Part I is assumed, but not essential.
THE PRESSURE PROBE: A Versatile Tool in Plant Cell Physiology
Authors: Tomos A. Deri , Leigh Roger A.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This review discusses how the pressure probe has evolved from an instrument for measuring cell turgor and other water relations parameters into a device for sampling the contents of individual higher plant cells in situ in the living plant. Together with a suite of microanalytical techniques it has permitted the mapping of water and solute relations at the resolution of single cells and has the potential to link quantitatively the traditionally separate areas of water relations and metabolism. The development of the probe is outlined and its modification to measure root pressure and xylem tension described. The deployment of the pressure probe to determine and map turgor, hydraulic conductivity, reflection coefficient, cell rheological properties, solute concentrations and enzyme activities at the resolution of single cells is discussed. The controversy surrounding the interpretation of results obtained with the xylem-pressure probe is included. Possible further developments of the probe and applications of single cell sampling are suggested.
Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: An Analysis for India
Authors: Smith Kirk R. , Uma R. , Kishore V.V.N. , Zhang Junfeng , Joshi V. , Khalil M.A.K.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  It is commonly assumed that biomass fuel cycles based on renewable harvesting of wood or agricultural wastes are greenhouse-gas (GHG) neutral because the combusted carbon in the form of CO2is soon taken up by regrowing vegetation. Thus, the two fifths or more of the world's households relying on such fuels are generally not thought to play a significant role in GHG emissions, except where the wood or other biomass they use is not harvested renewably. This review examines this assumption using an emissions database of CO2, CO, CH4, NMHC, N2O, and total suspended particulate emissions from a range of household stoves in common use in India using six biomass fuels, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and biogas. Because typical biomass stoves are thermally inefficient and divert substantial fuel carbon to products of incomplete combustion, their global warming commitment (GWC) per meal is high. Depending on time horizons and which GHGs are measured, the GWC of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of the fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. Biogas, being based on a renewable fuel and, because it is a gas, being combusted with high efficiency in simple devices, has by far the lowest GWC emitted at the stove per meal and is indicative of the advantage that upgraded fuels made from biomass have in moving toward sustainable development goals. There are a number of policy implications of this work, including revelation of a range of win-win opportunities for international investment in rural energy development that would achieve cost-effective GHG reduction as well as substantial local benefits.
MATINGSTRATEGIES ANDSPERMIOGENESIS INIXODIDTICKS
Authors: Kiszewski Anthony E. , Matuschka Franz-Rainer , Spielman Andrew
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Mate-seeking and sperm-transfer in the ixodid hard ticks, which include important vectors of zoonotic pathogens, generally reflect their peculiarly prolonged pattern of feeding. The metastriate ticks, including Dermacentor, Amblyomma, and Rhipicephalus, invariably attain sexual maturity and mate solely on their hosts. The more primitive prostriate Ixodes ticks, however, may copulate both in the absence of hosts and while the female engorges. These expanded opportunities for insemination complicate the mating systems of the Ixodes ricinus complex of species. In these ticks, autogenous spermatogenesis must precede host contact, whereas anautogenous oogenesis requires that the females store sperm. All hard tick males undergo a courting ritual before they can deposit their spermatophores within the female's genital tract. These diverse and prolonged patterns of sexual interaction provide opportunities for interactions between populations and individuals that may be relevant to the role of ticks as vectors of zoonotic pathogens.
THE IMMUNOTHERAPY OF SOLID CANCERS BASED ON CLONING THE GENES ENCODING TUMOR-REJECTION ANTIGENS
Authors: Rosenberg, M.D., Ph.D Steven A.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Cellular immune reactions play a major role in the host reaction to growing cancers. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) can be isolated from melanomas and can specifically recognize unique tumor antigens. The adoptive transfer of TIL plus interleukin-2 can mediate tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma. TIL capable of mediating tumor regression have been used to clone and sequence a variety of the genes that encode the tumor-regression antigens recognized by these TIL. This information has opened new opportunities for the development of cancer immunotherapies. These gene products can be used to generate lymphocytes, in vitro, with improved antitumor activity for use in adoptive transfer. Active immunization can be performed using either the immunodominant peptides present in these proteins or by incorporating the tumor antigen genes into recombinant viruses. Cancer vaccine trials using many of these approaches have recently begun. Attempts to apply a similar strategy to epithelial tumors such as breast and ovarian cancer are underway.
DIRECTMEASUREMENTOFTHETOPQUARKMASS
Authors: Tollefson Kirsten , Varnes Erich W.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  We review the direct measurements of the top quark mass Mtusing the sample of [Formula: see text] events collected by the DØ and CDF experiments at Fermilab. Measurements using events in the lepton plus jets, dilepton, and all-hadronic [Formula: see text] decay modes are reviewed, as is the combination of the results to yield the current world average Mt= 174.3 ± 3.2 (stat.) ± 4.0 (syst.) GeV/c2. We close by estimating the precision attainable with future data sets at Fermilab and the Large Hadron Collider.
Cancer Chemoprevention Using Natural Vitamin D and Synthetic Analogs
Authors: Guyton Kathryn Z , Kensler Thomas W , Posner Gary H
Published: July 2002

Substantial epidemiologic data support a role for vitamin D in cancer prevention. However, dose-limiting hypercalcemic effects have proved a major obstacle to the development of natural vitamin D as a cancer chemopreventive. Structure-activity studies have sought to disassociate the toxicities and chemopreventive activities of vitamin D, and a number of synthetic deltanoids (vitamin D analogs) have shown considerable promise in this regard. Several such compounds have chemopreventive efficacy in preclinical studies, as does natural vitamin D. Data supporting further development of agents of this class include in vitro and in vivo evidence of antiproliferative, proapoptotic, prodifferentiating and antiangiogenic activities. Ongoing studies are aimed at further defining the molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D and synthetic deltanoids affect gene expression and cellular fate. Additional efforts are focused on establishing the chemopreventive index (efficacy vs toxicity) of each synthetic deltanoid.
Thermodynamics of the Size and Shape of Nanocrystals: Epitaxial Ge on Si(001)
Authors: Williams R. Stanley , Medeiros-Ribeiro Gilberto , Kamins Theodore I. , Ohlberg Douglas A. A.
Published: July 2002

The growth and evolution of strained epitaxial Ge on a Si(001) surface provides a rich system for exploring the behavior of strongly interacting nanocrystals. In the temperature regime above 500°C, there are two different (metastable) shapes of defect-free nanocrystals, termed pyramids and domes, that dominate the system depending on the temperature of the substrate during growth and the amount of Ge deposited. In contrast to the usual case considered in nucleation theory, the relaxation of the strain energy at the surface of the nanocrystals makes those surfaces stabilizing, i.e. the surface contribution to the free energy of the Ge nanocrystals is negative. Given that the edges of the nanocrystals are destabilizing (positive free energy), the interaction of the surfaces and edges of the nanocrystals in an ensemble renders an internal free energy for the system that has a local minimum with respect to the size (volume) of the nanocrystal. At finite temperatures, this free energy yields a size distribution with a characteristic centroid, width, and skewness for each nanocrystal shape. The smaller pyramids transform into domes when they grow to the point where they can surmount a kinetic energy barrier between the two structures. However, the Ge nanocrystals also effectively repel one another strongly via the strain fields that are produced in the Si substrate. This repulsive interaction makes the ensemble of Ge nanocrystals a highly nonideal thermodynamic system and, in turn, makes the free energies of the nanocrystals a function of their number density, or equivalently a function of the amount of Ge deposited. The interplay of the stabilizing effect of the nanocrystal surfaces and the destabilizing influence of their repulsive interactions yields a complex behavior for the nanocrystal-size distributions that can nonetheless be modeled using simple thermodynamic expressions.
APPLICATION OF MATING TYPE GENE TECHNOLOGY TO PROBLEMS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY
Authors: Turgeon B. Gillian
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  In ascomycetes, the single mating type locus (MAT) controls sexual development. This locus is structurally unusual because the two alternate forms (“alleles”) are completely dissimilar sequences, encoding different transcription factors, yet they occupy the same chromosomal position. Recently developed procedures allow efficient cloning of MAT genes from a wide array of filamentous ascomycetes, thereby providing MAT-based technology for application to several ongoing issues in fungal biology. This article first outlines the basic nature of MAT genes, then addresses the following topics: efficient cloning of MAT genes; the unusual molecular characteristics of these genes; phylogenetics using MAT; the issues of why some fungi are self-sterile, others self-fertile, and yet others asexual; the long-standing mystery of possible mating type switching in filamentous fungi; and finally the evolutionary origins of pathogenic capability.
The British Constitution: Labour’s Constitutional Revolution
Authors: Hazell Robert , Sinclair David
Published: July 2002

The Labour government elected in the United Kingdom in May 1997 has embarked on the country's biggest ever program of constitutional change. This chapter sets out the main constitutional measures adopted so far and identifies further changes that will need to follow in order to accommodate these early changes. The new constitutional architecture in the United Kingdom is a form of quasifederalism in which new institutions will have to be created to rebalance the political center if the Union is to hold together.
Tiberian Hebrew Spirantization and Phonological Derivations
Authors: Idsardi William J.
Published: July 2002

Chomsky (1995) cites Hebrew spirantization as an example of a phonological phenomenon whose conditioning factors are rendered opaque by the operation of later processes in the phonological derivation. Because Optimality Theory (OT; e.g., Prince and Smolensky 1993) is built on surface output conditions (and in more recent versions constraints comparing input and output representations and enforcing uniformity in paradigms), any such cases of intermediate representations raise nontrivial questions for OT. These cases become more interesting and revealing when we try to provide comprehensive OT accounts using the general devices employed in the OT literature. This article examines Tiberian Hebrew spirantization in greater detail and demonstrates that spirantization and related phenomena cannot be adequately handled nonderivationally in OT.
On the Design of BSB Neural Associative Memories Using Semidefinite Programming
Authors: Park Jooyoung , Cho Hyuk , Park Daihee
Published: July 2002

This article is concerned with the reliable search for optimally performing BSB (brain state in a box) neural associative memories given a set of prototype patterns to be stored as stable equilibrium points. By converting and/or modifying the nonlinear constraints of a known formulation for the synthesis of BSB-based associative memories into linear matrix inequalities, we recast the synthesis into semidefinite programming problems and solve them by recently developed interior point methods. The validity of this approach is illustrated by a design example.
Computational Models for the Formation of Protocell Structures
Authors: Edwards Linglan , Peng Yun , Reggia James A.
Published: July 2002

There have been various attempts to simulate the self-assembly process of lipid aggregates by computers. However, due to the computationally complex nature of the problem, previous simulations were often conducted with unrealistic simplifications of the molecules' morphology, intermolecular interactions, and the environment in which the lipid molecules interact. In this article, we present a new computational model in which each lipid is simulated by a more realistic amphiphilic particle consisting of a hydrophilic head and a long hydrophobic tail. The intermolecular interactions are approximated by a set of simple forces reflecting physical and chemical properties of lipids, for example, hydrophobicity and electrostatic forces, which are believed to be crucial for the formation of various aggregates. With a set of carefully selected parameters, this model is able to simulate successfully the formation of micelles in an aqueous environment and reversed micelle structures in an oil solvent from an initially randomly distributed set of lipidlike particles.

This model can be used to study, at the microscopic level, the self-assembly of different protocell structures in the evolutionary process and the impact of environmental conditions on the formation of these structures. It may be further generalized to simulate the formation of other, more complex structures of amphiphilic molecules such as monolayer and bilayer aggregates.
Sino-Soviet Relations and the Origins of the Korean War: Stalin's Strategic Goals in the Far East
Authors: Zhihua Shen
Published: July 2002

After initially insisting on the peaceful reunification of Korea, Josif Stalin suddenly decided in early 1950 to give North Korean leader Kim Il Sung permission to invade South Korea. Documents from the Russian archives and materials published in China help explain this abrupt shift in Stalin's position. They show that Stalin carefully assessed the likely American reaction and mistakenly concluded that North Korean forces would quickly seize South Korea, giving the United States no opportunity to respond. The documents also reveal that Stalin's attitude toward Korea was strongly influenced by Sino-Soviet relations in 1949–1950, particularly his desire to maintain Soviet privileges on Chinese territory and his concern that Beijing would challenge Moscow's leadership of the international Communist movement. Stalin believed that a North Korean invasion of the South would greatly strengthen the Soviet Union's leverage vis-a-vis China.
THE KALEIDOSCOPIC NATURE OF DIVINE PERSONALITY IN THE HEBREW BIBLE
Authors: Noll K.L.
Published: July 2002

Over the centuries, rabbis, priests and laity have wrestled with the Bible's various and often conflicting portraits of the God Yahweh. The social sciences suggest that each Yahweh text reflects the needs of the communities that formulated the text. Also, academic research has explored the reception of the complete Bible by religious communities. With the exception of so-called canonical criticism, very little work has been done on the transition between these two stages of the Bible's (and Yahweh's) evolution, from initial composition of texts to complete biblical canon. But canonical criticism usually presumes, a priori , that any text later deemed biblical was in some sense religiously useful from the day of initial composition, became (or continued to be) religiously authoritative as it evolved toward final edited form, and only increased in sacredness as it moved toward canonization. This study disputes that presumption, suggesting that the anthology was produced by a group of literati whose motivation was both socio-ideological and aesthetic, but not religious. This motivation best explains the extreme diversity of Yahweh personalities in the Hebrew canon.
THE IDENTITY OF A MYSTIC: THE CASE OF SA'ID SARMAD, A JEWISH-YOGI-SUFI COURTIER OF THE MUGHALS
Authors: Katz Nathan
Published: July 2002

Sa'id Sarmad's dargah (saint's tomb) dominates the entryway to Delhi's imposing Jama Masjid. But Sarmad was a Jew, both by birth and affirmation. He was also, according to his Rubaiyat, "a follower of the Furqan (i.e., a Sufi), a (Catholic) priest, a (Buddhist) monk, a Jewish rabbi, an infidel, and a Muslim." Indeed, it is hard to imagine a mystic with a more complex confessional identity. This paper explores both Sarmad's apparently contradictory religious self-identification and the complex religious context which Sarmad found in seventeenth-century North India. It will trace Sarmad's spiritual path as it meandered between Judaism, Islam and Hinduism, as recorded in his poetry and in the hagiographical (taskira) traditions which surround him, and will contribute to the discussion of the relationship between the mystic and his or her religion of birth or adoption.
DER HISTORIKER ALS ERZÄHLER. ZUR ZEICHNUNG DES SELEUKIDENKÖNIGS ANTIOCHUS IN 2 MAKK. IX
Authors: Nicklas Tobias
Published: July 2002

Nicht nur aufgrund seines historischen Gehalts verdient das 2. Makkabäerbuch das Interesse der kritischen Forschung. Reizvoll ist vielmehr auch die Beschäftigung mit der 'Erzählung' 2 Makk., die mit einer Vielzahl zum Teil äußerst subtiler Techniken den 'Leser' zu fesseln sucht. Am Beispiel der Darstellung des Seleukidenkönigs Antiochus IV. Epiphanes in 2 Makk. ix erweist sich einerseits, welche Mittel dem 'Erzähler' zur Zeichnung seiner Charaktere zur Verfügung stehen, diese wirft andererseits aber auch Licht auf theologisch und historisch bedeutsame Fragestellungen: So zeigt die Analyse der Charakterisierung des Antiochus, dass zumindest von dem in 2 Makk. ix Erzählten aus nicht auf die Möglichkeit eines 'Zu-Spät' der Umkehr geschlossen werden kann. Gleichzeitig lassen sich Folgerungen für die literarische Funktion des in VV. 19-27 eingeschalteten Briefes ziehen, die indirekt auch Auswirkungen auf die Frage der "Fiktionalität" dieses Abschnitts aus 2 Makk. ix mit sich bringen.
'THAT GHASTLY WORK': RUSKIN, ANIMALS AND ANATOMY
Authors: Birch Dinah
Published: July 2002

John Ruskin (1819-1900)—art critic, architectural historian and writer—became, in his later work, increasingly interested in the relationship between human and animal life. As an art critic, he was concerned with the representation of human and animal figures and, in particular, with anatomical studies; whilst he had a longstanding interest in scientific concepts, in particular in the ways in which evolutionary theory changed understandings of animals. This paper explores how Ruskin rejected both the anatomical approach to animals studied in art, and the dissection of animals by scientists. Instead, this paper argues, Ruskin proposed that the lives of animals should be regarded with respect, reverence and responsibility.
Squamate relationships based on C-mos nuclear DNA sequences: increased taxon sampling improves bootstrap support
Authors: Marshall J.C. , Crandall K.A. , Harris D.J.
Published: July 2002

Sequences of the nuclear gene C-mos from 16 new species have been combined with previously published data to produce an analysis of squamate relationships using 56 taxa, considerably more than in previous analyses. Support for many nodes is greatly increased, thus producing a more robust assessment of relationships. Sampling was concentrated within the families Iguanidae and Lacertidae, both of which have poorly supported phylogenies based on mtDNA sequence data. Our analysis supports a robust estimate of relationships within the Iguanidae. Within the Lacertidae relationships are only partially well resolved, and this provides independent evidence for rapid speciation within this family.
BROOD SIZE DOES NOT INFLUENCE THE BEHAVIOUR OR DENSITY OF LARVAL AND JUVENILE SMALLMOUTH BASS UNDER PARENTAL CARE
Authors: Friesen Trevor , Ridgway Mark
Published: July 2002

We used fine scale observations of individual broods of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) to ask whether brood size had an effect on feeding behaviour, agonistic behaviour, nearest-neighbour distance or brood density of larvae and juveniles. Developmental phase, and not brood size, provided the only significant effect on individual behaviour. The dispersion of broods in the nearshore zone of the lake increased throughout the parental care period in response to both developmental phase and brood size. The density of fish in broods (number of fish/m2 of lake surface/brood) declined sharply before metamorphosis and remained relatively constant throughout the remaining parental care period. However, at any particular developmental phase, the density of fish in broods was unrelated to the total numbers of fish in a brood. The observation of increasing dispersion of broods during parental care while, at any developmental phase, the density of fish remains independent of brood size has important implications for the ecology of young-of-year smallmouth bass. The possible mechanisms governing this phenomenon may be similar to those proposed for schooling fish and the movements of large migratory mammals.
COURTSHIP FOOD-CALLING IN BURMESE RED JUNGLEFOWL: III. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MALE'S BEHAVIOR
Authors: Van Kampen Hendrik , Hogan Jerry
Published: July 2002

Food - calling is a display performed by male fowl during courtship. In a series of experiments with adult male junglefowl, we manipulated food deprivation, variety of food available, sexual experience, familiarity with a female, and familiarity with the environment. We measured the frequency and duration of food - calling to a female during standardized tests, and in some experiments we also measured the distance between male and female. Our results show that all the variables had significant effects on food - calling. We interpret these results to mean that causal factors associated with hunger, sex, and fear/exploration all influence the occurrence of food - calling. Some comparisons of courtship food - calling with parental foodcalling and food - running are discussed with respect to the causation, function, and evolution of these displays.
SOUND-BASED SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION IN THE BLACKCAP SYLVIA ATRICAPILLA SHOWS HIGH TOLERANCE TO SIGNAL MODIFICATIONS
Authors: Mathevon Nicolas , Aubin Thierry
Published: July 2002

The aim of the present study is to investigate the male blackcap decoding process allowing species-specific recognition in the perspective of possible adaptations for communication in dense vegetation. We played back modified and natural blackcap songs to territorial blackcap males and scored the reaction of the territory owners. We examined the response of blackcap males to artificial songs manipulated to reflect a possible environmental degradation. Territory owners respond strongly even to crude models of conspecific song. Only when frequency modulation is suppressed or the number of syllables in the song is drastically reduced do the territory owners cease to respond. The importance of frequency modulation for species recognition is further emphasised by territory owners' strong response to synthetic sounds, in which rapid frequency modulation is superimposed by a less rapid and a slow frequency modulation within the frequency range of conspecific song. Our results have then put forward the acoustic basis for the initial perception of potential conspecifics. It appears that blackcap species-specific decoding process seems highly tolerant towards song structure modifications. May be this is an adaptation to the propagation acoustic constraints imposed by the forest environment.
Partial isolation of a water soluble pheromone from the sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, using a novel bioassay
Authors: Riga Ekaterini , Potter John , Jonz Michael , Mercier A. Joffre
Published: July 2002

The sex pheromone of female Heterodera schachtii, the sugar beet cyst nematode, was partially isolated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Female-conditioned medium (FCM), produced by incubating 20 H. schachtii females in 1 ml of ultrapure water, attracted males in a concentration dependent manner. The attractive material was not contained within the female gelatinous matrix and did not attract second stage juveniles (J2). Characterisation of FCM revealed that the attractive material was water soluble and heat stable. Male H. schachtii exhibited stylet thrusting behaviour upon exposure to FCM, and this behaviour was used as a novel indicator of biological activity.
In vitro studies on the relative availability and mobility in soil of natural hatching factors for the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida
Authors: Jones Peter , Byrne John , Devine Ken
Published: July 2002

The fractionation of root leachates from tomato and potato on a Sephadex G-10 column revealed many similarities between the elution profiles of hatching activities towards potato cyst nematodes (PCN). When aliquots of either tomato or potato root leachate were mixed with different soil samples, hatching factors exhibiting G. pallida-selective hatching activity showed less affinity for the soil matrix than did those selective for G. rostochiensis . This was confirmed by the earlier elution of G. pallida-selective hatching factors from columns in which soil was used as the solid phase in low pressure liquid chromatography. The selectivity of the earliest-eluting hatching factors towards G. pallida, relative to G. rostochiensis, was found to increase significantly as the percentage soil organic matter content increased.
Natural abundances of 15N and 13C indicating physiological responses in Petunia hybrida to infection by longidorid nematodes and nepoviruses
Authors: Neilson Roy , Handley Linda L. , Robinson David , Scrimgeour Charlie M. , Brown Derek J.F.
Published: July 2002

The effects of a) systemic virus infection (arabis mosaic and tomato black
ring nepoviruses), b) ectoparasitic nematode feeding (Xiphinema
diversicaudatum and Longidorus elongatus) and c) a combination of virus
infection and nematode feeding on the natural abundances of 13C(delta13C)
and 15N(delta15N) of nitrogen-starved Petunia hybrida were studied.
Pathogen-induced effects were not confined to sites of virus infection or
nematode feeding. Those treatments with nematodes feeding on Petunia hosts
and those with a combination of virus infection and nematode feeding
resulted in a depletion of shoot and root 15N compared with controls.
Virus-infected plants were more 15N-enriched than those fed upon by
nematodes which, in turn, were more 15N-enriched than those with both
nematode and virus in combination. Shoot delta13C values from infected
treatments were not significantly different from controls. Although root
delta13C was significantly different from controls in most treatments,
absolute differences were small. Differences in delta15N between infected
and control plants were probably caused by physiological responses to
pathogen infection/feeding such as production of PR-proteins and/or release
of nitric oxide. Le contenu naturel en 15N et 13C comme indicateur de la
reaction de Petunia hybrida a l'infestation par les nematodes Longidorides
et les nepovirus - La presente etude a porte sur l'influence i) d'une
infection virale systemique (nepovirus de la mosaique Arabis et du cercle
noir de la tomate), ii) d'une atteinte par des nematodes ectoparasites
(Xiphinema diversicaudatum et Longidorus elongatus) et iii) d'une
combinaison de deux types de pathogenes sur le contenu naturel en
13C(delta13C) et en 15N(delta15N) de Petunia hybrida deficients en azote.
Les effets induits par ces organismes pathogenes ne sont pas limites aux
sites de l'infection virale ou a ceux des attaques des nematodes. Compares
aux temoins, les traitements comportant les seules attaques de nematodes et
ceux comportant des attaques combinees des deux types de parasites
provoquent une diminution du 15N des racines et des parties aeriennes. Les
plants infectes par les virus avaient un taux en 15N plus eleve que ceux
attaques par les nematodes, lesquels, en revanche, contenaient plus de 15N
que les plants soumis simultanement aux deux types de parasites. Les taux de
delta13C dans les parties aeriennes des plants soumis aux differentes
attaques n'etaient pas significativement differents de ceux des temoins. Si,
dans la plupart des traitements, les taux de delta13C dans les racines
etaient significativement differents de ceux des temoins, ces differences
restaient faibles en valeur absolue. Les differences dans les taux en
delta15N entre plants infectes et temoins sont probablement la resultante de
reactions physiologiques aux pathogenes, telles la production de proteines
PR ou l'emission d'oxyde nitrique.
German Schoolteachers, National Socialism, and the Politics of Culture at the End of the Weimar Republic
Authors: Lamberti Marjorie
Published: July 2002

In the Third Reich a high percentage of the civil servants in the cadres of functionaries of the National Socialist Party on the local and district levels were teachers. It is thus not surprising that some historians who studied the elementary school teaching profession in the Weimar Republic began their research with assumptions about the “ideological affinities” of teachers to fascism and discussed “the specific predispositions that made it easy for them to identify with National Socialism.” The German Teachers' Association, one scholar wrote, “proved to be more a precursor than an opponent of fascism.” At its national congress in May 1932, another historian related, the representatives of the chapters voted for a policy which, in effect, abandoned the democratic republic and “indirectly helped those political forces that would create a dictatorship in Germany within a year.” In 1932 and 1933, on the other hand, recruiters for the National Socialist Teachers’ League often complained about “hard and difficult soil” and “unpenetrable” regions.
Aggregation in Na-, K-, and Ca-montmorillonite dispersions, characterized by impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Roy G. , Pelletier M. , Thomas F. , Despas C. , Bessière J.
Published: July 2002

Montmorillonite-water-cation systems were characterized using high-frequency impedance spectroscopy by studying the influence of the solid concentration and the nature of the exchangeable cation (Na+, K+, Ca2+) on the dielectric characteristics of the dispersions. A new method is proposed to calculate the relaxation frequency (fr) and the dispersion factor (α) from a limited number of impedance measurements. By comparison with rheology, microscopy, X-ray diffraction and immersion calorimetry results, it is shown that impedance spectroscopy is a very powerful technique which yields structural information on a complex system. For Na-montmorillonite, two transitions are observed at 2.5% and 3.6% in solids. The cation mobility and the number of connections between particles are described by fr and α, respectively. The two transitions can then be attributed to the formation of the gel and to the reduction of the macroporosity within the gel, respectively. For Ca-montmorillonite, thick layer-stacks form at the lowest concentrations, and connections between these stacks are observed at 9% in solids, in good aggrement with rheological measurements. The K-montmorillonite displays progressive thickening of the tactoids, and no formation of a unique connected network, as revealed by the smooth evolution of fr and α.
Extracting K-Ar ages from shales: the analytical evidence
Authors: Clauer N. , Chaudhuri S.
Published: July 2002

The relationship between the K-Ar dates of mixed natural clays and the ratios of detrital and diagenetic components follows in most cases a linear trend, which agrees with the theory when the K2O contents of the end-members are similar. However, significant deviations from a linear trend may occur and take the form of poorly-defined concave curves. The absence of a linear trend is less likely to be due to the imprecise determination of the ratio between the two end-members than to heterogeneities of the natural samples which may arise from complex K-Ar evolutions of the detrital and diagenetic end-members. The straight-line approach is of limited use in the definition of diagenetic ages in shales by extrapolating linear trends to diagenetic end-members.
Geostatistical analysis of the influence of textural, mineralogical and geochemical parameters on the geotechnical behaviour of the ‘Argilas de Aveiro’ Formation (Portugal)
Authors: Galhano C. , Rocha F. , Gomes C.
Published: July 2002

Textural, mineralogical and chemical parameters of clays belonging to the Upper Cretaceous ‘Argilas de Aveiro’ formation were determined and correlated, using geostatistical analysis, with some relevant geotechnical parameters. The data obtained made it possible to subdivide the region under study into distinctive sectors on the basis of geotechnical behaviour. Clay fraction content and composition control geotechnical parameters such as the expandability and the Atterberg plastic and liquid limits. A positive correlation was found between both expandability and the Atterberg plasticity index values and the total phyllosilicates, smectite, MgO and Al2O3. However, Atterberg plasticity index values were relatively independent of the diverse clay mineral assemblages.
Twin memory and twin amnesia in anorthoclase
Authors: Hayward S. A. , Salje E. K. H.
Published: July 2002

Many natural minerals and synthetic materials display twin microstructures resulting from displacive phase transitions. These microstructures may be removed temporarily from the sample by heating above the relevant transition temperature, though the twinning generally returns on subsequent cooling.

In anorthoclase, the spatial distributions of twins before and after brief annealing above TC are often identical. This property appears to be a common feature in many materials which undergo ferroelastic phase transitions, and is known as ‘twin memory’. The atomic mechanisms responsible for this twin memory may be investigated by studying the annealing regimes required to remove the memory effect; how long must a sample be annealed, and at what temperature, to induce ‘twin amnesia’.

High-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been used to investigate twin memory and twin amnesia in anorthoclase. In anorthoclase, the primary constraint on twin amnesia is thermodynamic, rather than kinetic. The critical temperature to induce amnesia correlates well with the top of the (Na, K) solvus in disordered alkali feldspar. For this reason, the proposed mechanism for twin memory involves the segregation of alkali cations in thin lamellae at the twin boundaries.
A re-examination of herzenbergite–teallite solid solution at temperatures between 300 and 700°C
Authors: Hayashi K. , Kitakaze A. , Sugaki A.
Published: July 2002

In order to investigate the range of the solid solution series in herzenbergite-teallite minerals, samples of different composition were synthesized. Herzenbergite-teallite minerals were synthesized by an evacuated silica glass tube method at 700°C. A linear relationship between cell dimensions, a, b and c and composition is established. Extension of solid solution to the Pb-rich portion of the system PbS-SnS is limited; the solid solution area is between Pb1.060Sn0.940S2 and SnS at 700°C. Teallite coexisting with galena was also synthesized by hydrothermal recrystallization at 300, 400 and 450°C. The compositions of teallite are Pb1.140Sn0.860S2 at 300°C, Pb1.114Sn0.886S2 at 400°C, and Pb1.124Sn0.876S2 at 450°C, respectively. Their compositions shift towards the PbS end-member from stoichiometric teallite. The cell dimensions of teallite, which was synthesized hydrothermally, follow the linear relationship between cell dimensions and composition established at 700°C.
Fluid circulation in the Apuane Alps core complex: evidence from extension
veins in the Carrara marble
Authors: Costagliola P. , Benvenuti M. , Maineri C. , Lattanzi P. , Ruggieri G.
Published: July 2002

In the Apuane Alps (AA) metamorphic core complex, syn-metamorphic mineral
deposits are mainly restricted to extensional shear zones in the Lower Plate
Palaeozoic basement. By contrast, the extension structures at upper levels, such
as the detachment fault, that are typically the seat of fluid circulation and
mineralization in other core complexes, are barren in the AA. Extension veins
hosted by the Jurassic Carrara marbles are among the few examples of (minor)
mineralization located in the upper levels of the AA core complex.
Calcite–dolomite geothermometry and fluid inclusion data suggest that the
mineralizing process in these veins began under pressure
(P)-temperature (T)
conditions close to the metamorphic peak (about 400°C, 3 kbar). Progressive
cooling and mixing between metamorphic and late stage meteoric fluids were
probably responsible for most of the mineral deposition. Batches of relatively
saline fluids presumably resulted from interaction with evaporitic levels located
along the detachment fault. In agreement with previous estimates, fluid inclusion
constraints on the P—T synmetamorphic path of the AA
suggest a relatively rapid cooling of the core complex as a result of uplift.
However, the maximum estimated geothermal gradient (about 35°C/km) is considerably
lower than in other core complexes, where large-scale hydrothermal circulation was
associated with extension and uplift. Hence, in the AA, fluid circulation at
shallow levels and mixing among fluids of different origin were not favoured, thus
precluding the formation of mineral deposits along major extensional
structures.
Expression, purification, and characterization of human hemoglobins Gower-1 (ζ2ε2), Gower-2 (α2ε2), and Portland-2 (ζ2β2) assembled in complex transgenic–knockout mice
Authors: He Zhenning , Russell J. Eric
Published: July 2002

Embryonic ζ- and ε-globin subunits assemble with each other and with adult α- and β-globin subunits into hemoglobin heterotetramers in both primitive and definitive erythrocytes. The properties of these hemoglobins—Hbs Gower-1 (ζ2ε2), Gower-2 (α2ε2), and Portland-2 (ζ2β2)—have been incompletely described as they are difficult to obtain in quantity from either primary human tissue or conventional expression systems. The generation of complex transgenic–knockout mice that express these hemoglobins at levels between 24% and 70% is described, as are efficient methods for their purification from mouse hemolysates. Key physiological characteristics—including P50, Hill coefficient, Bohr effect, and affinity for 2,3-BPG—were established for each of the 3 human hemoglobins. The stability of each hemoglobin in the face of mechanical, thermal, and chemical stresses was also determined. Analyses indicate that the ζ-for-α exchange distinguishing Hb Portland-2 and Hb A alters hemoglobin O2-transport capacity by increasing its P50 and decreasing its Bohr effect. By comparison, the ε-for-β exchange distinguishing Hb Gower-2 and Hb A has little impact on these same functional parameters. Hb Gower-1, assembled entirely from embryonic subunits, displays an elevated P50 level, a reduced Bohr effect, and increased 2,3-BPG binding compared to Hb A. The data support the hypothesis that Hb Gower-2, assembled from reactivated ε globin in individuals with defined hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias, would serve as a physiologically acceptable substitute for deficient or dysfunctional Hb A. In addition, the unexpected properties of Hb Gower-1 call into question a common hypothesis for its primary role in embryonic development.
Resolution of pluripotential intermediates in murine hematopoietic differentiation by global complementary DNA amplification from single cells: confirmation of assignments by expression profiling of cytokine receptor transcripts
Authors: Billia Filio , Barbara Mary , McEwen Jon , Trevisan Maryanne , Iscove Norman N.
Published: July 2002

Although hematopoiesis is known to proceed from stem cells through a graded series of multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent precursor cells, it has been difficult to resolve these cells physically one from another. There is, therefore, corresponding uncertainty about the exact distribution and timing of the expression of genes known to be important in hematopoietic differentiation. In earlier work, the generation of a set of amplified complementary DNAs (cDNAs) from single precursor cells was described, whose biologic potential was determined by the outcome of cultured sibling cells. In this study, the new acquisition of cDNA from multipotent myeloid precursor cells is described, as is the mapping of RNA-level expression of 17 distinct cytokine receptors (c-kit, Flk-1, Flk-2/Flt-3, c-fms, gp130, erythropoietin receptor, GM-CSFRα, G-CSFR, TNFR1, IL-1RI, IL-1RII, IL-2Rβ, IL-3-specific β receptor, IL-4R, IL-6Rα, IL-7Rα, and IL-11Rα) to the enlarged sample set, spanning stages from pentapotent precursors through oligopotent intermediates to committed and maturing cells in the myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Although the enhanced scope and resolving power of the analysis yielded previously unreported observations, there was overall agreement with known biologic responsiveness at individual stages, and major contradictions did not arise. Moreover, each precursor category displayed a unique overall pattern of hybridization to the matrix of 17 receptor probes, supporting the notion that each sample pool indeed reflected a unique precursor stage. Collectively, the results provide supportive evidence for the validity of the cDNA assignments to particular stages, the depth of the information captured, and the unique capacity of the sample matrix to resolve individual stages in the hematopoietic hierarchy.