bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An investigation into EMG activity in the upper and lower portions of the subscapularis muscle during normal shoulder motion
Authors: O'Connell Neil E , Cowan Joseph , Christopher Tony
Published: August 2006

Background and Purpose. The subscapularis (SSc) muscle is considered to perform a variety of roles during normal shoulder movement. The SSc is innervated by two or more discrete motor nerves and previous studies have indicated some difference in electromyographic (EMG) activity between the upper and lower portions of the muscle. The purpose of the present study was to compare EMG activity between the upper and lower portions of the SSc muscle during voluntary shoulder movements in normal healthy subjects. Method. Eight subjects were evaluated. A pair of intramuscular electrodes was inserted into each portion of the muscle. EMG data were recorded during the following movements: sagittal flexion; abduction in the coronal plane; and abduction in the scapular plane. Results. EMG onset of the upper portion of subscapularis occurred significantly earlier compared to the lower portion. Differences were also seen in the level and pattern of activation between the two portions, with upper SSc demonstrating higher levels of activation than the lower portion. Conclusions. These findings suggest that the upper and lower portions of SSc are differentially active during voluntary shoulder movements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lidocaine iontophoresis mediates analgesia in lateral epicondylalgia treatment
Authors: Yarrobino Thomas E , Kalbfleisch John H , Ferslew Kenneth E , Panus Peter C
Published: August 2006

Background and Purpose. Iontophoresis transcutaneously delivers anti‐inflammatory and analgesic drugs for the treatment of musculoskeletal dysfunction. Lidocaine is a local anaesthetic with analgesic but no anti‐inflammatory properties. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the clinical use of lidocaine iontophoresis‐mediated analgesia in a larger treatment algorithm for five patients with lateral humeral epicondylalgia. Method. The investigation was a case series design of five subjects, aged 52 (±6) years, with epicondylalgia of 12–393 days' duration. At each treatment session, the patients received cryotherapy, cross‐fibre massage and passive stretch. Between sessions analgesia was provided by an 80 mA‐min low‐current, long‐duration lidocaine iontophoresis (LI) over a 24‐hour period. Patients were treated on an every‐other‐day basis for a total of three treatment sessions. Clinical improvements were determined by triplicate measurements of dolorimetric force over the affected epicondyle prior to treatment 1 (baseline), prior to sessions 2 and 3, and one week following the last session. Results. Patients demonstrated an increasing tolerance to dolorimetric force application prior to the next session. The force values prior to session 2 (3.1 (±1.1) Newton (N)) and one week following the third session (3.4 (±0.5) N) were significantly improved from the baseline values (2.1 (±0.9) N). Conclusions. Pain associated with lateral epicondylalgia decreased, and function improved in all patients at the final measurement. One patient returned during the 90‐day follow‐up period to seek additional medical attention. This investigation documents the potential for analgesia provided by LI in the rehabilitation process of musculoskeletal dysfunction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust approach to high‐speed navigation for unrehearsed desert terrain
Authors: Urmson Chris , Ragusa Charlie , Ray David , Anhalt Joshua , Bartz Daniel , Galatali Tugrul , Gutierrez Alexander , Johnston Josh , Harbaugh Sam , “Yu” Kato Hiroki , Messner William , Miller Nick , Peterson Kevin , Smith Bryon , Snider Jarrod , Spiker Spencer , Ziglar Jason , “Red” Whittaker William , Clark Michael , Koon Phillip , Mosher Aaron , Struble Josh
Published: August 2006

This article presents a robust approach to navigating at high speed across desert terrain. A central theme of this approach is the combination of simple ideas and components to build a capable and robust system. A pair of robots were developed, which completed a 212 km Grand Challenge desert race in approximately 7 h. A pathcentric navigation system uses a combination of LIDAR and RADAR based perception sensors to traverse trails and avoid obstacles at speeds up to 15 m/s. The onboard navigation system leverages a human‐based preplanning system to improve reliability and robustness. The robots have been extensively tested, traversing over 3500 km of desert trails prior to completing the challenge. This article describes the mechanisms, algorithms, and testing methods used to achieve this performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cornell university's 2005 DARPA grand challenge entry
Authors: Miller Isaac , Lupashin Sergei , Zych Noah , Moran Pete , Schimpf Brian , Nathan Aaron , Garcia Ephrahim
Published: August 2006

The 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge required teams to design and build autonomous off‐road vehicles capable of handling harsh terrain at high speeds while following a loosely defined path. This paper discusses the critical subsystems of Cornell University's entry, an autonomous Spider Light Strike Vehicle. An attitude and position estimator is presented with modifications for specific problems associated with high‐speed autonomous ground vehicles, including Global Positioning System signal loss and reacquisition. A novel terrain estimation algorithm is presented to combine attitude and position estimates with terrain sensors to generate a detailed elevation model. The elevation model is combined with a spline‐based path planner in a sensing/action feedback loop to generate smooth, human‐like paths that are consistent with vehicle dynamics. The performance of these subsystems is validated in a series of demonstrative experiments, along with an evaluation of the full system at the Grand Challenge. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predators of knowledge construction: Interpreting students' metacognition in an amusement park physics program
Authors: Anderson David , Nashon Samson
Published: August 2006

It is recognized widely that learning is a dynamic and idiosyncratic process of construction and reconstruction of concepts in response to new experiences. It is influenced by the learner's prior knowledge, motivation, and sociocultural context. This study investigated how year 11 and 12 physics students' metacognition influences the development of their conceptual understandings of kinematics. An interpretive case study approach was used to investigate students working in collaborative groups in the context of an amusement park physics program. The metacognitive character of individual learners was demonstrated to have a strong influence on their conceptual development. Moreover, the metacognitive character of individuals within the small group contexts investigated was a key factor influencing the groups' collective knowledge development. A coyote–rabbit metaphor was developed to interpret the resilience and weaknesses of individual and group knowledge construction processes, and elucidates new theoretical understandings regarding metacognition and its influence on knowledge construction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 91:298–320, 2007
Self‐tuning caching: the Universal Caching algorithm
Authors: Santhanakrishnan Ganesh , Amer Ahmed , Chrysanthis Panos K.
Published: August 2006

A cache replacement policy is normally suited to a particular class of applications, or limited to a set of fixed criteria for evaluating the cache‐worthiness of an object. We present Universal Caching as a mechanism to capture the generality of the most adaptive algorithms, while depending on a very limited set of basic criteria for cache‐replacement decisions. Our testing was limited to Web workloads, where we tested the Universal Caching policy using real‐world traces from both the server‐side and client‐side proxies. Using a self‐tuning mechanism, combined with a generalization of the criteria employed in GD‐* Web caching, Universal Caching was able to consistently outperform any other fixed choice of algorithm we tested. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MCL: a MobiGATE coordination language for highly adaptive and reconfigurable mobile middleware
Authors: Zheng Yongjie , Chan Alvin T. S. , Ngai Grace
Published: August 2006

The use of middleware is one important approach in facilitating adaptation across wireless and mobile environments, where augmented service entities are composed and deployed to shield mobile clients from the effects of dynamic network characteristics. The MobiGate Coordination Language (MCL) system provides a language‐based approach to the building of mobile applications running in an adaptive middleware, MobiGATE. The concept of the separation of concerns forms the underlying and unifying principle in the provision of the adaptive composition of services. Specifically, a coordination language, MCL, is designed to provide rich constructs supporting the definition of compositions, with constrained type validation and checking. In particular, MCL is formalized by means of the design of a semantic model based on the Z language, which can be used to analyze architectural descriptions and detect possible composition errors such as feedback loops and open circuit problems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling quality‐of‐service in distributed real‐time and embedded systems via adaptive middleware
Authors: Schantz Richard E. , Loyall Joseph P. , Rodrigues Craig , Schmidt Douglas C.
Published: August 2006

Computing systems are increasingly distributed, real‐time, and embedded (DRE) and must operate under highly unpredictable and changeable conditions. A challenging problem for DRE systems is adaptation of behavior and reconfiguration of resources to maintain the best application performance in the face of changes in system load and available resources. To provide predictable mission‐critical quality of service (QoS) end‐to‐end, QoS‐enabled middleware services and mechanisms have begun to emerge, but they lack support for applications with stringent QoS requirements in changing, dynamic environments. This paper presents two contributions to research on adaptive and reconfigurable DRE systems. First, we describe the structure and functionality of an advanced middleware platform for developing applications that apply various techniques to adapt themselves to changes in resource availability to meet real‐time QoS requirements. Second, we present results of a case study of a multimedia application for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) video distribution we developed using this middleware platform in conjunction with QoS‐enabledoperating systems and networking protocols. We describe the design of the multimedia application using our middleware platform and report empirical results showing how adaptive behavior and end‐to‐end resource management techniques are used to reconfigure the system dynamically to meet timeliness requirements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic service adaptation
Authors: Hirschfeld Robert , Kawamura Katsuya
Published: August 2006

Change can be observed in our environment and in the technology we build. While changes in the environment happen continuously and implicitly, our technology has to be kept in sync with the changing world around it. Although we can prepare for some of the changes for most of them we cannot. This is especially true for next‐generation mobile communication systems that are expected to support the creation of a ubiquitous society where virtually everything is connected and made available within an organic information network. Resources will frequently join or leave the network, new types of media or new combinations of existing types will be used to interact and cooperate, and services will be tailored to preferences and needs of individual customers to better meet their needs. This paper outlines our research in the area of dynamic service adaptation to provide concepts and technologies allowing for such environments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary Breast Cancer Features Can Predict Additional Lymph Node Involvement in Patients with Sentinel Node Micrometastases
Authors: Carcoforo P. , Maestroni U. , Querzoli P. , Lanzara S. , Maravegias K. , Feggi L. , Soliani G. , Basaglia E.
Published: August 2006

Objective

The aim of this retrospective study was to identify biological features of primary breast cancer from which to predict the presence of further axillary involvement in patients bearing micrometastases in the sentinel lymph node (SLN).

Methods

From a starting group of 690 patients, we isolated patients with micrometastases in the SLN. Those patients were classified according to the presence/absence of further metastases in nonsentinel lymph nodes (NSLNs). We examined primary tumor features to identify any relevant difference. Analysis of primary tumors evaluated histology, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, mitotic index (Mib‐1), estrogen and progesterone receptor status (ER/PR status), C‐erb B‐2 (HER‐2/neu) expression and amplification, and p53 expression. Chi square analysis for statistical significance was applied.

Results

Of the original 690 patients, 296 showed some kind of metastases in the SLN; 238 patients had gross metastases in the SLN. After axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), 102 patients (43%) had NSLNs with metastases, and 136 (57%) had negative axillary non‐sentinel nodes. Another 58 patients harbored solitary micrometastases in the SLN. After ALND, 8 (14%) patients had further NSLN involvement, and 50 (86%) had negative axillary nodes.

Conclusions

Analysis of the primary breast lesion in patients with micrometastatic SLN and metastatic NSLNs revealed the presence of lymphovascular invasion, Mib‐1 index > 10%, and tumor size > 2 cm. Patients without lymphovascular invasion, Mib‐1 < 10% and T size < 2 cm could avoid further ALND.
Does Serum Procalcitonin Have a Role in Evaluating the Severity of Acute Pancreatitis? A Question Revisited
Authors: Purkayastha Sanjay , Chow Andre , Athanasiou Thanos , Cambaroudis Apostolos , Panesar Sukhmeet , Kinross James , Tekkis Paris , Darzi Ara
Published: August 2006

Purpose

This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serum procalcitonin (PCT) for the diagnosis of severity in acute pancreatitis (AP), compared with routine clinical, biochemical, radiological, and combination severity scoring systems.

Methods

Quantitative meta‐analysis was performed on prospective studies, comparing serum PCT, against validated scoring systems for diagnosing severe AP. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio were calculated for each study. Summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves and subgroup analysis were undertaken. Study quality and heterogeneity were evaluated. Meta‐regression meta‐analysis was used to evaluate the effect of using serum PCT in the diagnostic accuracy severity scoring in AP.

Results

Summary receiver operating characteristic analysis of nine studies showed an overall sensitivity and specificity of 74% (range: 66%–81%) and 83% (range: 79%–87%), respectively. Overall unweighted area under the curve (AUC) was 0.91 (DOR = 16.26 95% CI: 5.68–46.60), demonstrating significant heterogeneity (Q‐value = 25.32; P = 0.001). When high‐quality studies alone were evaluated, there was an increase in the overall sensitivity (89%); however, specificity was similar (82%), with an overall unweighted AUC of 0.94 (DOR 41.46, 95% CI: 17.95–95.80), with no significant heterogeneity. Meta‐regression analysis confirmed the significant effect of study quality on the diagnostic accuracy of severity scoring using serum PCT (P = 0.025).

Conclusions

The use of PCT for severity scoring in AP has a moderate sensitivity but higher specificity. However, the overall accuracy for predicting severity in AP is high. The prognosis of severity, especially early on (<48 hours from onset of symptoms), and the evaluation of potential infectious complications of AP may be the most useful factors to assess in subsequent clinical trials to identify its exact application in clinical practice in the management of AP.
Implications of Indeterminate Factor-Error Covariances for Factor Construction, Prediction, and Determinacy
Authors: Krijnen Wim P.
Published: August 2006

The assumptions of the model for factor analysis do not exclude a class of indeterminate covariances between factors and error variables (Grayson, 2003). The construction of all factors of the model for factor analysis is generalized to incorporate indeterminate factor-error covariances. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for indeterminate factor-error covariances to be arbitrarily small, for mean square convergence of the regression predictor of factor scores, and for the existence of a unique determinate factor and error variable. The determinate factor and error variable are uncorrelated and satisfy the defining assumptions of factor analysis. Several examples are given to illustrate the results.
Comparative study of eating‐related attitudes and psychological traits between Israeli‐Arab and ‐Jewish schoolgirls
Authors: Latzer Yael , Tzischinsky Orna , Geraisy Nabil
Published: August 2006

Objective: The aims of the study were to examine weight concerns, dieting and eating behaviours in a group of Israeli‐Arab schoolgirls as compared with Israeli‐Jewish schoolgirls, as well as to investigate the reliability of the Arabic (Palestinian) version of the eating disorder inventory‐2 (EDI‐2).

Method: The sample consisted of 2548 Israeli schoolgirls, including 1885 Jewish and 663 Arab adolescents ranging in age from 12 to 18. The study was conducted in 1998–2003 from urban and rural residential settings in the northern part of Israel. The (EDI‐2) was the assessment tool used, yielding scores on 11 sub‐scales.

Results: The Israeli‐Arab schoolgirls scored significantly higher than the Israeli‐Jewish schoolgirls in most EDI‐2 sub‐scales. In addition, the sub‐scale inter‐item consistency of the translated Arabic (Palestinian version) of the EDI‐2 was found to be reliable.

Discussion: The drive to be thin found among Israeli Arab schoolgirls is not reflected in their small number of ED clinic referrals. These discrepancies are discussed in light of the socio‐cultural changes currently taking place in the Israeli Arab population due to the influence of Western‐oriented life in Israel.
Effects of aspirin and clopidogrel on plasma brain natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure receiving ACE inhibitors
Authors: Meune Christophe , Wahbi Karim , Fulla Yvonne , Cohen‐Solal Alain , Duboc Denis , Mahé Isabelle , Simoneau Guy , Bergmann Jean‐François , Weber Simon , Mouly Stéphane
Published: August 2006

Background

By inhibiting prostaglandins, aspirin may be deleterious in heart failure (HF) and/or may counteract angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor efficacy. Conversely, clopidogrel has no effect on prostaglandin metabolism.

Aim

To investigate the effect of aspirin and clopidogrel on brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in HF patients treated with ACE inhibitors.

Methods

36 patients with stable HF (65±13 years, 24 males/12 females, NYHA class II to IV, ejection fraction <40%, 13 with coronary disease, all treated with ACE inhibitors) were enrolled in this prospective, double‐blind study and randomised to aspirin 325 mg/day or clopidogrel 75 mg/day for 14 days. BNP was determined at day 0 and day 14.

Results

19 patients were randomised to aspirin and 17 to clopidogrel. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. BNP levels increased in the aspirin group from day 0 to day 14 (107±103 to 144±149 pg/ml, p=0.04) whereas clopidogrel had no effect (104±107 and 97±99 pg/ml respectively, p=0.61).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates an adverse effect of aspirin 325 mg/day on BNP plasma levels in HF patients treated with ACE inhibitors. In contrast clopidogrel 75 mg/day had no effect.
Detection of new anti‐neutral glycosphingolipids antibodies and their effects on Trk neurotrophin receptors
Authors: Mihara T. , Ueda A. , Hirayama M. , Takeuchi T. , Yoshida S. , Naito K. , Yamamoto H. , Mutoh T.
Published: August 2006

Neutral glycosphingolipids are resident in membrane lipid rafts where high affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor, Trk is co‐localized. Therefore, we examined whether these antibodies influence the action of NGF in NGF‐responsive cells. The results strongly suggest that these antibodies enhance NGF‐induced Trk autophosphorylation and neurite outgrowth as well as neurofilament M expression. These data strongly indicate that these anti‐neutral glycosphingolipids antibodies have an functional impact on NGF‐Trk‐mediated intracellular signal transduction pathway.
KDC2, a functional homomeric potassium channel expressed during carrot embryogenesis
Authors: Formentin Elide , Naso Alessia , Varotto Serena , Picco Cristiana , Gambale Franco , Lo Schiavo Fiorella
Published: August 2006

In Daucus carota, the model system for embryogenesis, it has been demonstrated that potassium and K+ selective channels are involved in embryo development. Here, we report the isolation and cloning of a new carrot Shaker‐like potassium channel, potassium D. carota channel 2 (KDC2), whose expression pattern during somatic embryogenesis proceeds along with the establishment of the polar axes and the settlement of the hypocotyl region. In plants, KDC2 transcript is localized at the shoot level, in the epidermis and guard cells, similarly to its Arabidopsis homolog KAT1. Electrophysiological assays indicated KDC2 as the first carrot subunit able to form homomeric functional channels in Xenopus oocytes, with properties similar to those of Arabidopsis KAT1.
Cancer‐selective induction of cytotoxicity by tissue‐specific expression of targeted trans‐splicing ribozyme
Authors: Song Min-Sun , Lee Seong-Wook
Published: August 2006

For suicide gene therapy to be successfully applied for clinical settings, cancer‐restricted expression of such suicide gene should be required. We previously showed that group I intron from Tetrahymena can induce new RNA that exerts anti‐cancer activity through RNA replacement by trans‐splicing reaction with high fidelity and specificity onto targeted human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) RNA in cancer cells, and hence the ribozyme can selectively retard growth of the cells in vivo as well as in vitro. However, the shortage of complete tumor‐selectivity due to telomerase expression of highly proliferating normal cells can limit therapeutic applicability of the hTERT‐targeting approach. In this study, to explore the possibility of improving specificity of cancer therapy, we have attempted to stimulate anticancer gene activity specifically in liver cancer cells by tissue‐specific expression of the hTERT‐targeting trans‐splicing ribozyme using liver‐specific promoters. Transient transfection experiments demonstrated that the expression of transgene such as luciferase gene was specifically and highly triggered from hTERT‐expressing liver cancer cells transfected with the ribozyme. Moreover, liver‐specific expression of the ribozyme with diphtheria toxin A or herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene as 3′ exon could specifically and highly retard the growth of the hTERT‐expressing liver cancer cells. In conclusion, we can greatly improve specificity of cancer cytotoxicity by combination of transcriptional targeting for tissue‐specific transgene expression with RNA replacement for cancer‐specific anticancer gene induction.
Using multi-angle scattered sound to size fish swimbladders
Authors: Jaffe Jules S.
Published: August 2006

Common current practice in fisheries acoustics is to use sound that has been backscattered at 180° in order to infer parameters of individual or aggregations of animals. This article proposes that there is interesting information that can be obtained by processing scatter from other observation angles. Using a simple one-dimensional model of scatter from a fish swimbladder, an expression is derived that predicts the location of the nulls of the scattered sound as a function of transmit angle, observation angle, and tilt. The model was used retrospectively to compute the size of a swimbladder from an existing data set (that of Foote, K. G. 1985. Rather-high-frequency sound scattering by swimbladdered fish. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 78: 688–700), with good agreement. In order to pursue the development of a pragmatic collection system, a method is suggested that uses a single transmitter with multiple receivers. The locations of the receivers can be determined using a design methodology that considers bandwidth, centre frequency, and the size of the intended object. The method ensures that a spatially unaliased backscattered waveform can be measured over a specified sampling interval. The technique is illustrated with a practical example that uses a small number of receivers, placed in the backscattered hemisphere.
Oral misoprostol vs. intravenous oxytocin in reducing blood loss after emergency cesarean delivery
Authors: Lapaire O. , Schneider M.C. , Stotz M. , Surbek D.V. , Holzgreve W. , Hoesli I.M.
Published: August 2006

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of oral misoprostol and intravenous oxytocin in reducing blood loss in women undergoing indicated or elective cesarean delivery (CD) under spinal anesthesia.

Methods: In this prospective, double‐blind pilot study, 56 parturients who received 5 IU of intravenous oxytocin after cord clamping were randomized to further receive either misoprostol orally and a placebo infusion intravenously or placebo orally and an oxytocin infusion intravenously.

Results: After adjustment was made for the sonographically estimated amniotic fluid volume, there was no statistical difference in blood loss between the 2 groups (mean ± S.D., 1083 ± 920 mL in the oxytocin group vs. 970 ± 560 mL in the misoprostol group; P = .59).

Conclusion: Oxytocin followed by oral misoprostol is as effective as an oxytocin injection followed by an oxytocin infusion in reducing postoperative blood loss after CD, and the protocol may be a safe, valuable, and cost‐effective alternative to oxytocin alone. Visual estimation of intraoperative blood loss undervalues the effective value of misoprostol use by 30%.
A Low-Cost, Low-Power, Consumption Miniature Laser-Induced Fluorescence System for DNA Detection on a Microfluidic Device
Authors: Shrinivasan Sushil , Norris Pamela M. , Landers James P. , Ferrance Jerome P.
Published: August 2006

With a focus on low-cost and low-power consumption, a miniature laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection system was assembled using a 635 nm red diode laser as the excitation source and a photodiode element coupled with an operational amplifier for signal collection. The primary elements of the miniature system, namely the laser and the detection system, cost a combined $70 and required only 270 mW of power for operation. When compared to conventional systems assembled using an argon-ion laser source and a photomultiplier tube, this represents a 98% decrease in the cost, and greater than 5000-fold decrease in power consumption. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of the miniature system, evaluated on a microfluidic device for Nile Blue dye diluted in ethanol, were approximately 15 and 40 nM, respectively. Detection of λ-phage DNA on a microfluidic device using the miniature system was performed after mixing with an intercalating dye, TO-PRO 3. The LOD and LOQ of λ-phage DNA after TO-PRO 3 intercalation were approximately 1 and 4 ng/μL, respectively. Quantitation of DNA on microdevices using the miniature LIF detection system was also performed with an error of less than 15%. This detection system is a step in the direction of commercializing microfluidic instrumentation by reducing the cost and power required for operation. (JALA 2006;11:254–9)
Automating Microsatellite Genotyping with Array Tape
Authors: Chudyk Jon P. , Rusch Terry L. , Fieweger Kim M. , Dobrin Seth E. , Weber James L.
Published: August 2006

Our laboratory has been testing ways to reduce costs, sample volumes, and decrease labor in microsatellite (or short tandem repeat polymorphism) genotyping. Microsatellite genotyping involves polymerase chain reaction amplification of a short (100–400 bp) fragment of chromosomal DNA that encompasses the tandem repeats followed by electrophoresis to size the amplification products. Using a continuous polypropylene tape (array tape) embossed with 384-well arrays, conforming to the microtiter plate standard, we have been able to perform the amplification reactions in smaller volumes and to decrease handling of stacks of microtiter plates. Instruments were constructed in-house to achieve these results. However, the problem of removal of the samples from the tape for electrophoresis remained. We report here efficient piercing of the tape seal for extraction of the samples using a CO2 laser. Scoring of the seals with the laser weakens it sufficiently to permit extraction of the samples with a syringe array. CO2 lasers are robust systems that do not contain a lot of frequently replaced parts, and do not require frequent recalibration. In addition, the laser is software controlled allowing for highly reproducible scoring and easily switching between 384-, 1536-, and 96-well formats. (JALA 2006;11:260–7)
Noninvasive Fluid Property Measurements Using Acoustic Methods
Authors: Forbush Michael , Chow Humphrey , Chiao James , Rose Andrew
Published: August 2006

The properties of a fluid are normally determined using invasive methods. These methods may lead to possibly contaminating or consuming the sample. When only very small amounts of a valuable sample exist, noninvasive measurement methods are preferred. The properties of fluids can then be used to deduce additional properties based on known relationships. In one case, the surface tension of a fluid may be used to determine the concentration of a fluid. We describe a measurement technique involving excitation of the surface of the fluid and the measurement of its response. An acoustic wave is used to both excite and monitor the surface of the liquid. This technique is used to determine the concentration of DMSO and water in solution, and the result determines the amount of fluid needed to deliver an accurate amount of solute in solution. (JALA 2006;11:188–94)
Liquid-Handling Technology and the Method of Electrostatic Drop Transfer to Improve Dispensing Performance
Authors: Jetha Nahid N. , Marziali Andre
Published: August 2006

Liquid handling is a critical component of highly parallel processes such as high-throughput screening (HTS) and genomic analysis. Such processes require the use of smaller sample volumes and the ability to dispense without contact, driving the development of a variety of liquid-handling technologies to meet these needs. Such technologies have associated advantages and disadvantages, which makes choice of the right system application dependent. Syringe technology remains the most cost effective and versatile. It suffers, however, from the inability to dispense submicroliter volumes without contact.

We provide a brief overview of liquid-handling technology, and present a new method of sample transfer based on electrostatic forces (Jetha, N. N.; Marziali, A. Electrostatic device for active transfer of submicroliter samples from syringe pipettors. BioTechniques. 2006, 40, 148–151) that can be incorporated into liquid-handling systems, enabling highly accurate and repeatable non-contact dispensing of submicroliter volumes. (JALA 2006;11:278–80)
Hardware Flexibility of Laboratory Automation Systems: Analysis and New Flexible Automation Architectures
Authors: Najmabadi Peyman , Goldenberg Andrew A. , Emili Andrew
Published: August 2006

Development of flexible laboratory automation systems has attracted tremendous attention in recent years as biotechnology scientists perform diverse types of protocols and tend to continuously modify them as part of their research. This paper is a system level study of hardware flexibility of laboratory automation architectures for high-throughput automation of various sample preparation protocols. Hardware flexibility (system components’ adaptability to protocol variations) of automation systems is addressed through the introduction of three main parametric flexibility measures: functional, structural, and throughput. A new quantitative measurement method for these parameters in the realm of the Axiomatic Theory is introduced in this paper. The method relies on defining probability of success functions for flexibility parameters and calculating their information contents. As flexibility information content decreases, automation system flexibility increases. Using this method, hardware flexibility parameters of conventional automation architectures are evaluated. Based on the results of this analysis, two new laboratory automation architectures are proposed: (i) total modular— a laboratory automation system with modular arms, which improves structural and throughput flexibility measures of robotic-based laboratory automation systems; and (ii) distributed operation—in this approach, liquid handling and transportation end-effectors move on transportation rails; this improves functional flexibility measure of track-based automation systems. (JALA 2006;11:203–16)
Using a Microcantilever Array for Detecting Phase Transitions and Stability of DNA
Authors: Biswal Sibani Lisa , Raorane Digvijay , Chaiken Alison , Majumdar Arun
Published: August 2006

We report the extension of the microcantilever platform to study the thermal phase transition of biomolecules as they are heated. Microcantilever-based sensors directly translate changes in Gibbs free energy due to macromolecular interactions into mechanical responses. We observe surface stress changes in response to thermal dehybridization of double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides that are attached onto one side of a microcantilever. Once the cantilever is heated, the DNA undergoes a transition as the complementary strand melts, which results in changes in the cantilever deflection. This deflection is due to changes in the electrostatic, ionic, and hydration interaction forces between the remaining immobilized DNA strands. This new technique has allowed us to probe DNA melting dynamics and leads to a better understanding of the stability of DNA complexes on surfaces. (JALA 2006;11:222–6)
Successful treatment of a localised CDC Group EF-4a infection in a cat
Authors: Baral Randolph M. , Catt Melissa J. , Soon Lynn , Martin Patricia , Bosward Katrina L. , Chen Sharon C.A. , Malik Richard
Published: August 2006

Organisms classified within the Center for Disease Control (CDC) Group eugonic fermenter (EF)-4a are facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacilli, thought to be of the family Neisseriaceae. CDC Group EF-4a is considered a component of normal oral flora in cats and dogs and is most commonly isolated from bite injuries of human patients. Most previously reported cases in cats have involved fatal necrotising pneumonia. We report a localised infection of the retropharyngeal/mandibular tissues in a cat, which responded to surgical drainage and a 5-week course of amoxycillin clavulanate. There are no prior reports of successfully treated EF-4a infections in cats in the literature.
Resurfacing the Degloved Thumb Up to the Interphalangeal Joint Level with Twin Extended Neurovascular Island Flaps
Authors: KITIDUMRONGSOOK P. , PATRADUL A. , PATARADOOL K.
Published: August 2006

We report a method of resurfacing the degloved thumb from the base of the thumb up to the interphalangeal joint level using two neurovascular island flaps from the adjacent sides of the long and the ring fingers, nourished by the third common neurovascular pedicle. This twin flap was used successfully in seven patients. The reconstruction gave adequate static two-point discrimination of 10 mm at 6 weeks without complaints of neuroma pain, painful scars or cold intolerance.
The Gap after Trapeziectomy: A Prospective Study
Authors: ANWAR R. , COHEN A. , NICHOLL J. E.
Published: August 2006

Thirteen patients with basal joint arthritis of the thumb were treated by simple trapeziectomy. All patients underwent radiological assessment pre-operatively and at 2, 4 and 12 weeks after surgery. Special standardised views were taken to assess changes in the ‘trapezial gap’. Collapse of this was noticed up to 4 weeks following surgery but no significant change occurred thereafter. In respect of this collapse, prolonging immobilisation after 4 weeks is probably unnecessary.
Capturing the competitive advantages of AMT: Design–manufacturing integration as a complementary asset
Authors: Swink Morgan , Nair Anand
Published: August 2006

In this article we describe and test a theory of complementarities between design–manufacturing integration (DMI) and usage of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT). This study extends prior AMT research by examining the role of complementary assets in explaining how AMT adoption contributes to manufacturing performance. In addition, the study provides a finer‐grained analysis of associations between Process and Planning AMT usage and various aspects of manufacturing performance. We analyze data from 224 manufacturing plants in order to test the hypotheses that DMI moderates the relationships between AMT usage and manufacturing performance. Regression analysis results indicate that DMI plays the role of complementary asset to AMT usage when quality, delivery and process flexibility are considered. A complementary role is not observed for cost efficiency and new product flexibility. In fact, the results suggest that combined high levels of DMI and AMT usage can be costly. We discuss the implications of the findings for a contingency theory of AMT success, for future research, and for managerial practice.
An event study of institutions and currency crises
Authors: Shimpalee Pattama L. , Breuer Janice Boucher
Published: August 2006

We use event study methodology to examine the behavior of seven institutional variables eighteen months prior to and after a currency crisis. Our data on institutions include bureaucratic quality, corruption, ethnic tensions, external conflict, internal conflict, government stability, and law and order over the period 1984–2002. Our country coverage includes forty industrial, emerging market, and developing economies for various regions of the world. The graphical event study shows that there are many instances where institutions are weaker in periods before and after a currency crisis than during tranquil periods. The evidence is most compelling for government stability, law and order, bureaucratic quality, and corruption. We also test for differences in the mean values of institutional variables in turbulent periods around a crisis event and tranquil, non‐crisis periods. Results from our tests generally complement evidence from the event study.
Smart Nursing: How to Create a Positive Work Environment that Empowers and Retains Nurses
Authors: Jensen Susan
Published: August 2006

Smart Nursing: How to Create a Positive Work Environment that Empowers and Retains Nurses, June Fabre, 2005, softcover, 250 pp $32.95
Transplantation Nursing Secrets
Authors: Overman Susan
Published: August 2006

Transplantation Nursing Secrets, Sandra A. Cupples, Linda Ohler, 2003, softcover, 334 pages $34.95
Nurse Educators and Politics
Authors: Hembree Patricia A.
Published: August 2006

Nurse Educators and Politics, Sondra Z. Koff, 2004, hardcover, 170 pages $35
Theory and Practice of Nursing: An Integrated Approach to Caring Practice
Authors: Pease Gene
Published: August 2006

Theory and Practice of Nursing: An Integrated Approach to Caring Practice, Lyn Basford, Oliver Slevin, second ed, 2003, softcover, 854 pages £24.30
Foundations in Nursing and Health Care: Introduction to Research
Authors: Osborne Sonya
Published: August 2006

Foundations in Nursing and Health Care: Introduction to Research, Mark Walsh, Lynne Wigens, 2003, softcover, £12.50 151 pages
Pneumoperitoneum—Physiology and Nursing Interventions
Authors: Steuer Katie
Published: August 2006

Gaseous insufflation of the abdomen (ie, pneumoperitoneum) is used routinely during laparoscopic surgery to allow the surgical team members to view the patient's viscera and to perform indicated procedures. Pneumoperitoneum has varying effects on the patient. The initiation and maintenance of pneumoperitoneum causes most of the complications seen with laparoscopic surgery. The perioperative nurse must understand the physiologic effects of pneumoperitoneum on the patient to plan appropriate nursing interventions that ensure safe patient care.
Atlas of the Visible Human Male
Authors: Edwards Mary Jane C.
Published: August 2006

Atlas of the Visible Human Male By Victor M. Spitzer, David G. Whitlock 1998, 519 pp $99.95 hardcover
Testing a New Alcohol‐Free Hand Sanitizer to Combat Infection
Authors: Dyer David L. , Gerenratch Kenneth B. , Wadhams Peter S.
Published: August 2006

Universal precautions require that perioperative health care personnel wash their hands before and after all patient contact. Time constraints, however, can make adhering to universal precautions, including proper hand washing, difficult. Some perioperative health care workers, therefore, routinely use rinse‐free hand sanitizers to supplement normal hand washing. This study evaluated immediate and persistent antimicrobial effectiveness of two alcohol‐containing hand sanitizers and a novel surfactant allantoin, benzalkonium chloride (SAB) hand sanitizer using a federally approved effectiveness protocol. Results Indicate that all three products were equally effective after a single application. After repeated use, the alcohol‐containing sanitizers did not meet federal performance standards, and the alcohol‐free sanitizer did. These properties and others Illustrated in this article indicate that the nonflammable, alcohol‐free SAB hand sanitizer Is the‐most favorable of the rinse‐free hand sanitizer formulas for normal hand washing. AORN J 68(August 1998) 239–251.
A Collaborative Approach to Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass
Authors: Woerth Sheila T. , Cranfill Jane D. , Neal Jan M.
Published: August 2006

Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) graft is a surgical technique that is becoming more widely accepted. Through a collaborative effort—interhospital and intrahospital—surgical team members at two hospitals in Kentucky made significant improvements on the MIDCAB procedure that positively influenced patient outcomes (eg, less time in intensive care, shorter hospital stays, fewer complication, cost savings to the patients and institutions). This article reviews those collaborative efforts and outcomes. AORN J 66 (Dec 1997) 994‐1001.
Building a Successful Risk‐based Competency Assessment Model
Authors: Parsons Elizabeth C. , Capka Mary Bonan
Published: August 2006

The increasingly complex world of health care generates the need for staff members to learn and perform more complicated skills every day. Staff members' competency to perform in real situations is essential. Managers and educators express confusion as to which competencies need to be assessed periodically and how such decisions can be justified. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations' emphasis on data‐driven decisions precludes intuitive conclusions about competency assessment. This article describes a decision‐making model that uses data from various sources already available to the manager and educator to assist in making decisions about the frequency of competency assessment. AORN J 66 (Dec 1997) 1065–1071.
Radiation Safety
Authors: Shymko Michael , Shymko Tina Marie
Published: August 2006

Nursing and radiology staff members can have a difficult time coexisting and communicating as they strive to provide quality care for patients. Misconceptions about safe radiologic practice within the practice of perioperative nursing occur because members of these professional fields are unfamiliar with each other's knowledge and practice guidelines. This article provides an overview of radiologic practice and safety.
Balancing Life's Choices—All Dressed Up and Too Many Places to Go
Authors: Strickland Donna
Published: August 2006

One of the most common types of stress among people in the health care profession is burnout. Saving lives, supporting people's health, confronting extreme danger, and patching people back together demands an enormous amount of physical and emotional energy. There are several factors that can lead nurses to getting burned out and becoming dissatisfied and unhealthy. As nurses try to juggle too many balls while wearing too many hats, they can get swept up in a rapid‐fire pace that leaves them unhappy and disconnected. The many pressures and constant barrage of technology and media have caused many individuals to actively pursue balance in the same way they once sought upward mobility. This article offers practical steps that nurses can take to retool their lives into a meaningful journey of fulfillment and responsible choices, founded on self‐insight and reflection.
Counselling in Terminal Care and Bereavement
Authors: Connelly Cynthia
Published: August 2006

Counselling in Terminal Care and Bereavement By Colin Murray Parkes, Marilyn Reif, Ann Couldrick 1997, 205 pp $34 paperback
The Surgical Nurse's Managed Care Manual
Authors: Morton Paula J.
Published: August 2006

The Surgical Nurse's Managed Care Manual By Patricia Carroll 1998, 363 pp $54.95 paperback
Planned Change Theories for Nursing
Authors: Seifert Patricia C.
Published: August 2006

Planned Change Theories for Nursing By Constance Rimmer Tiffany, Louette R. Johnson Lutjens 1997, 408 pp $24.95 paperback
Minimizing Patient Risk During Laparoscopic Electrosurgery
Authors: Harrell Gloria J. , Kopps Diane R.
Published: August 2006

By the year 2000, many surgical procedures will be performed laparoscopically. When used appropriately, this technique is less disruptive to tissues than open surgery. It results in faster patient recovery time with less pain, fewer wound complications, and less scarring. As this technology is increasing, it is important to develop and implement perioperative safety precautions to reduce the risks associated with laparoscopic electrosurgery. Using the safety precautions outlined in this article may substantially reduce iatrogenic complications that can occur with these surgeries and result in better patient outcomes. AORN J 67 (June 1998) 1194–1205.
Video‐Assisted Thoracoscopic Discectomy and Fusion
Authors: Connelly Cynthia S. , Manges Pamela A.
Published: August 2006

Anterior discectomies and fusions are performed on patients who have anteriorly herniated discs. Fusions are accomplished using bone grafts harvested from the patient or by using cadaveric bone grafts that are inserted into the disc space for stability. This procedure traditionally has been performed through an open incision, but now can be accomplished using a video‐assisted thoracoscope. The benefits of this minimally invasive technique for patients include decreased blood loss, less postoperative pain, and a shorter hospital stay. AORN J 67. (May 1998) 940‐952.
Patients' Perceptions of Pre‐Operative Preparation for day Surgery
Authors: Byrne Michelle M.
Published: August 2006

Patients' Perceptions of Pre‐Operative Preparation for day Surgery, M Mitchell, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26, August 1997, 356–363
Adhesion Reduction as a New Treatment Innovation
Authors: Bane Carlene L. , Jennings Chris
Published: August 2006

A new treatment option, an antiadhesion device, has proved effective in the reduction of postoperative adhesion formation and is now approved for use in the United States. The device is a thin, filmy membrane composed of two organic substances that are resorbed by the body. The device is inserted intraoperatively between apposing tissue surfaces that are potentially adhesiogenic. It proved effective in reducing the incidence of adhesions after both abdominal and pelvic surgery. AORN J 67 (April 1998) 774–782.
The Lived Experience of Surviving Breast Cancer
Authors: Reichert Amy L.
Published: August 2006

The Lived Experience of Surviving Breast Cancer, J Pelusi, Oncology Nursing Forum, 24, September 1997, 1343–1353