bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Third Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System PM10 Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 201A PM10 Sizing Cyclones
Authors: Boykin Clif , Buser Michael , Whitelock Derek , Holt Gregory
Published: June 2024

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on EPA emission factors for particulate matter with a particle diameter nominally less than or equal to 10 µm (PM10). The 1996 EPA AP-42 emission factors were assigned quality ratings, from A (Excellent) to E (Poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Emission factor quality ratings for cotton gins were extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because they were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional PM10 emission factor data for 3rd stage seed-cotton cleaning systems at cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt based on EPA-approved stack sampling methodology, Method 201A. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins across the cotton belt. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems and 4) abatement technologies. Two of the seven gins were equipped with 3rd stage seed-cotton cleaning systems. In terms of capacity, the two gins were typical of the industry, averaging 22.0 bales/h during testing. The 3rd stage seed-cotton cleaning system average emission factors for PM10 and total particulate were 0.019 kg/227-kg bale (0.042 lb/500-lb bale) and 0.024 kg/bale (0.054 lb/bale), respectively. The system average PM10 emission factor was higher and the system average total particulate emission factor was lower than those currently published in EPA AP-42. Third stage seed-cotton cleaning system PM10 emission rate test averages ranged from 0.28 to 0.56 kg/h (0.61-1.24 lb/h). The ratio of 3rd stage seed-cotton cleaning system PM10 to total particulate was 79.1%.
Second Stage Lint Cleaning System PM10 Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 201A PM10 Sizing Cyclones
Authors: Whitelock Derek , Buser Michael , Boykin Clif , Holt Gregory
Published: June 2024

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission factors for particulate matter with a particle diameter nominally less than or equal to 10 µm (PM10). The 1996 EPA AP-42 emission factors were assigned quality ratings, from A (Excellent) to E (Poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Emission factor quality ratings for cotton gins were extremely low. Also, some commonly used cotton gin systems were not represented or were combined with another system under a single emission factor in AP-42. There were no 1996 EPA AP-42 emission factors published for 2nd stage lint cleaning systems. The objective of this study was to collect PM10 emission factor data for 2nd stage lint cleaning systems at cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt based on EPA-approved stack sampling methodology, Method 201A. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins across the cotton belt. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems and 4) abatement technologies. Four of the seven gins were equipped with 2nd stage lint cleaning systems where the exhaust airstreams were not combined with the 1st stage lint cleaning systems. In terms of capacity, the four gins were typical of the industry, averaging 29.4 bales/h during testing. Some test runs were excluded from the test averages because they failed to meet EPA Method 201A test criteria. Also, other test runs, included in the analyses, had cotton lint fibers that collected in the ≤ 10 µm samples. This larger lint material can affect the reported emissions data, but EPA Method 201A does not suggest methods to account for these anomalies. The 2nd stage lint cleaning system average emission factors for PM10 and total particulate were 0.018 kg/227-kg bale (0.039 lb/500-lb bale) and 0.035 kg/bale (0.078 lb/bale), respectively. System average PM10 and total particulate emission factors were lower than those currently published in EPA AP-42 for 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems combined. The 2nd stage lint cleaning system PM10 emission rate test averages ranged from 0.15 to 0.98 kg/h (0.33-2.17 lb/h). The ratio of 2nd stage lint cleaning system PM10 to total particulate was 50.5%.
Evaluation of Cotton Productivity by Fruiting Zone in Diverse Growing Locations
Authors: Hague Steve , Smith Wayne , Faircloth Joel , Dever Jane , Berger Greg , Clement Jenny , Jones Don
Published: June 2024

The amount and quality of cotton (Gossypium spp.) produced within a growing season is the result of many factors, but the influence of genotype is substantial. The objective of this study was to determine how growing location, fruiting behavior, and cultivars interact to produce a cotton crop. Five commercial cultivars were studied at multiple locations in Texas and Virginia. Plant height, first sympodia, and number of sympodia were measured. Plants were harvested by fruiting zone and lint yield, lint percent, seed weight, and high-volume instrumentation (HVI) fiber data were ascertained. Results indicate that cultivar had a significant effect on plant height and fruiting habit, but year also significantly affected traits measured. In addition, lint yield, lint percent, seed weight, and fiber traits were significantly affected by fruiting zone at most locations and years. It was determined that relative differences among cultivars remained constant across growing locations for plant morphology and fiber traits. Differences in lint yield per fruiting zone were not distinguishable.
Effect of Cropping Systems on Densities of Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Wheeler Terry , Bordovsky Jim , Keeling Wayne , Woodward Jason
Published: June 2024

The density of Verticillium dahliae (causal agent of Verticillium wilt of cotton) microsclerotia was monitored over a 7-yr period in fields located in the Southern High Plains of Texas. Included in the project were eight sites that were essentially in continuous cotton (short to no rotation from cotton); six sites that were planted with hosts for V. dahliae approximately 50 to 71% of the time (intermediate rotation from cotton); and 12 sites that were primarily planted to grain crops (< 2 cotton crops) (long rotation from cotton). There was a decline in the density of microsclerotia at a rate of 1.4 microsclerotia (MS)/cm3 soil per year in fields that were in a long rotation from cotton, but no consistency in microsclerotia dynamics in the intermediate and short rotations from cotton over time. There was an average of 6.7, 6.9, and 26.1 MS/cm3 soil, for the long, intermediate, and short/no rotation from cotton, respectively, in the tested sites. Irrigation rate was associated positively with microsclerotia density for both continuous cotton and in a cotton/cotton/sorghum rotation. Microsclerotia density was correlated (R2 = 0.23) with the incidence of wilt when combined across 26 sites. In sites that have a high density of microsclerotia, it might be necessary to manage irrigation to create a less conducive environment for wilt development, rather than using crop rotation to reduce microsclerotia density.
Monitoring Cotton Root Rot Progression within a Growing Season Using Airborne Multispectral Imagery
Authors: Yang Chenghai , Odvody Gary , Fernandez Carlos , Landivar Juan , Minzenmayer Richard , Nichols Robert , Thomasson Alex
Published: June 2024

Cotton root rot, caused by the fungus Phymatotrichopsis omnivora, is a serious and destructive disease affecting cotton production in the southwestern United States. Accurate delineation of cotton root rot infections is important for cost-effective management of the disease. The objective of this study was to use airborne multispectral imagery for monitoring the progression of root rot infections within cotton fields during a growing season. A number of cotton fields near Edroy and San Angelo, Texas were selected for this study. Airborne multispectral digital imagery with blue, green, red and near-infrared bands was taken from these fields two to four times during the 2010 growing season. The imagery for two fields from each of the two locations was georeferenced and classified into two to twenty spectral classes using unsupervised classification techniques. The optimal number of spectral classes was determined based on the average transformed divergence for each classification and the spectral classes were then grouped into root rot-infected and non-infected zones. The infected areas within each field were determined for each imaging date and compared among the different dates. Both airborne imagery and ground observations showed that cotton root rot expanded in different patterns and at different rates over the growing season. Toward the end of the growing season, the percentage of root rot-infected areas increased to 13.2% and 26.8% in the two fields in Edroy, and to 37.8% and 50.6% in the two fields in San Angelo. The results from this study will be useful for the understanding of the progression of the disease and for the development of site-specific treatment plans for the disease.
Hawk: Accurate and Fast Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning Using Secure Lookup Table Computation
Authors: Saleem Hamza , Ziashahabi Amir , Naveed Muhammad , Avestimehr Salman
Published: June 2024

Training machine learning models on data from multiple entities without direct data sharing can unlock applications otherwise hindered by business, legal, or ethical constraints. In this work, we design and implement new privacy-preserving machine learning protocols for logistic regression and neural network models. We adopt a two-server model where data owners secret-share their data between two servers that train and evaluate the model on the joint data. A significant source of inefficiency and inaccuracy in existing methods arises from using Yao’s garbled circuits to compute non-linear activation functions. We propose new methods for computing non-linear functions based on secret-shared lookup tables, offering both computational efficiency and improved accuracy. Beyond introducing leakage-free techniques, we initiate the exploration of relaxed security measures for privacy-preserving machine learning. Instead of claiming that the servers gain no knowledge during the computation, we contend that while some information is revealed about access patterns to lookup tables, it maintains epsilon-dX-privacy. Leveraging this relaxation significantly reduces the computational resources needed for training. We present new cryptographic protocols tailored to this relaxed security paradigm and define and analyze the leakage. Our evaluations show that our logistic regression protocol is up to 9x faster, and the neural network training is up to 688x faster than SecureML. Notably, our neural network achieves an accuracy of 96.6% on MNIST in 15 epochs, outperforming prior benchmarks that capped at 93.4% using the same architecture.
TMI! Finetuned Models Leak Private Information from their Pretraining Data
Authors: Abascal John , Wu Stanley , Oprea Alina , Ullman Jonathan
Published: June 2024

Transfer learning has become an increasingly popular technique in machine learning as a way to leverage a pretrained model trained for one task to assist with building a finetuned model for a related task. This paradigm has been especially popular for privacy in machine learning, where the pretrained model is considered public, and only the data for finetuning is considered sensitive. However, there are reasons to believe that the data used for pretraining is still sensitive, making it essential to understand how much information the finetuned model leaks about the pretraining data. In this work we propose a new membership-inference threat model where the adversary only has access to the finetuned model and would like to infer the membership of the pretraining data. To realize this threat model, we implement a novel metaclassifier-based attack, TMI, that leverages the influence of memorized pretraining samples on predictions in the downstream task. We evaluate TMI on both vision and natural language tasks across multiple transfer learning settings, including finetuning with differential privacy. Through our evaluation, we find that TMI can successfully infer membership of pretraining examples using query access to the finetuned model.
PLAN: Variance-Aware Private Mean Estimation
Authors: Aumüller Martin , Lebeda Christian Janos , Nelson Boel , Pagh Rasmus
Published: June 2024

Differentially private mean estimation is an important building block in privacy-preserving algorithms for data analysis and machine learning. Though the trade-off between privacy and utility is well understood in the worst case, many datasets exhibit structure that could potentially be exploited to yield better algorithms. In this paper we present Private Limit Adopted Noise (PLAN), a family of differentially private algorithms for mean estimation in the setting where inputs are independently sampled from a distribution D over R^d, with coordinate-wise standard deviations σ in R^d. Similar to mean estimation under Mahalanobis distance, PLAN tailors the shape of the noise to the shape of the data, but unlike previous algorithms the privacy budget is spent non-uniformly over the coordinates. Under a concentration assumption on D, we show how to exploit skew in the vector σ, obtaining a (zero-concentrated) differentially private mean estimate with l_2 error proportional to ||σ||_1. Previous work has either not taken σ into account, or measured error in Mahalanobis distance --- in both cases resulting in l_2 error proportional to sqrt{d}||σ||_2, which can be up to a factor sqrt{d} larger. To verify the effectiveness of PLAN, we empirically evaluate accuracy on both synthetic and real-world data.
COVID-19 mutations: An overview
Authors: Sarkar Malay , Madabhavi Irappa
Published: June 2024

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the genus Beta coronavirus and the family of Coronaviridae. It is a positive-sense, non-segmented single-strand RNA virus. Four common types of human coronaviruses circulate globally, particularly in the fall and winter seasons. They are responsible for 10%-30% of all mild upper respiratory tract infections in adults. These are 229E, NL63 of the Alfacoronaviridae family, OC43, and HKU1 of the Betacoronaviridae family. However, there are three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and the latest pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. All viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, have the inherent tendency to evolve. SARS-CoV-2 is still evolving in humans. Additionally, due to the development of herd immunity, prior infection, use of medication, vaccination, and antibodies, the viruses are facing immune pressure. During the replication process and due to immune pressure, the virus may undergo mutations. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the variants of concern (VOCs), such as B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.617/ B.1.617.2 (Delta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) have been reported from various parts of the world. These VOCs contain several important mutations; some of them are on the spike proteins. These mutations may lead to enhanced infectivity, transmissibility, and decreased neutralization efficacy by monoclonal antibodies, convalescent sera, or vaccines. Mutations may also lead to a failure of detection by molecular diagnostic tests, leading to a delayed diagnosis, increased community spread, and delayed treatment. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Covariant, the Stanford variant Database, and the CINAHL from December 2019 to February 2023 using the following search terms: VOC, SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, mutations in SARS-CoV-2, etc. This review discusses the various mutations and their impact on infectivity, transmissibility, and neutralization efficacy.
Retinoscopes: Past and present
Authors: Musa Mutali , Enaholo Ehimare , Bale Babatunde Ismail , Salati Carlo , Spadea Leopoldo , Zeppieri Marco
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Retinoscopy is arguably the most important method in the eye clinic for diagnosing and managing refractive errors. Advantages of retinoscopy include its non-invasive nature, ability to assess patients of all ages, and usefulness in patients with limited cooperation or communication skills.

AIM

To discuss the history of retinoscopes and examine current literature on the subject.

METHODS

A search was conducted on the PubMed and with the reference citation analysis (https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com ) database using the term “Retinoscopy,” with a range restricted to the last 10 years (2013-2023). The search string algorithm was: "Retinoscopy" (MeSH Terms) OR "Retinoscopy" (All Fields) OR "Retinoscopes" (All Fields) AND [(All Fields) AND 2013: 2023 (pdat)].

RESULTS

This systematic review included a total of 286 records. Publications reviewed iterations of the retinoscope into autorefractors, infrared photo retinoscope, television retinoscopy, and the Wifi enabled digital retinoscope.

CONCLUSION

The retinoscope has evolved significantly since its discovery, with a significant improvement in its diagnostic capabilities. While it has advantages such as non-invasiveness and broad applicability, limitations exist, and the need for skilled interpretation remains. With ongoing research, including the integration of artificial intelligence, retinoscopy is expected to continue advancing and playing a vital role in eye care.
Method “Monte Carlo” in healthcare
Authors: Velikova Tsvetelina , Mileva Niya , Naseva Emilia
Published: June 2024

In public health, simulation modeling stands as an invaluable asset, enabling the evaluation of new systems without their physical implementation, experimentation with existing systems without operational adjustments, and testing system limits without real-world repercussions. In simulation modeling, the Monte Carlo method emerges as a powerful yet underutilized tool. Although the Monte Carlo method has not yet gained widespread prominence in healthcare, its technological capabilities hold promise for substantial cost reduction and risk mitigation. In this review article, we aimed to explore the transformative potential of the Monte Carlo method in healthcare contexts. We underscore the significance of experiential insights derived from simulated experimentation, especially in resource-constrained scenarios where time, financial constraints, and limited resources necessitate innovative and efficient approaches. As public health faces increasing challenges, incorporating the Monte Carlo method presents an opportunity for enhanced system construction, analysis, and evaluation.
Aktivist Reklamlara Yönelik Y ve Z Kuşağının Tutumunun Satın Alma Niyetine Etkisi
Authors: Ugur Hülya , Tosun Nurhan Zeynep
Published: June 2024

Tüketicilerin beklenti ve istekleri doğrultusunda markaların toplumsal konuları gündeme getirerek yeniden canlanması ve eşitlik, adalet gibi temel ve varoluşsal konuları içeren reklam mesajları, yeni bir reklam paradigmasının ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Aktivist reklamcılık olarak ifade edilen bu yaklaşım markaların reklam kampanyalarında hedef kitlelerine toplumsal ve sosyal konulara yönelik mesajlar iletmelerini içermektedir. Özellikle toplumsal ve sosyal konularda daha duyarlı olan ve markalardan farklılıklar bekleyen Y ve Z kuşakları için markaların aktivist bir duruş sergilemeleri büyük önem taşımaya başlamıştır. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışma, yeni bir reklamcılık akımına ışık tutan aktivist reklamlara yönelik tutumların satın alma niyeti üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada reklama yönelik tutum oluşumu üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olan (a) reklam değeri, (b) güvenilirlik (c) bilgilendiricilik, (d) aldatıcılık, (e) eğlendiricilik ve (f) rahatsız edicilik tutum değişkenlerinin aktivist reklama yönelik tutum ve satın alma niyeti üzerindeki etkisi de irdelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan anket tekniği kullanılarak 417'si Y kuşağı ve 417'si Z kuşağı olmak üzere 834 birey anket çalışmasıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Y ve Z kuşağı katılımcıları bağlamında aktivist reklamlara yönelik tutumların satın alma niyeti üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirildiğinde, regresyon analizinin bağımlı değişken (satın alma niyeti) ile bağımsız değişken (reklama yönelik tutum) arasındaki etkileşimi anlamlı bir şekilde ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca reklama yönelik tutum oluşumunda önemli rol oynayan tutum değişkenleri boyutlarının aktivist reklama yönelik tutum ve satın alma niyeti üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirildiğinde, bağımlı değişkenler (tutum, satın alma niyeti) ile bağımsız değişkenler (reklam değeri, bilgilendiricilik, aldatıcılık, eğlendirici ve rahatsız edici, güvenilirlik) arasındaki etkileşimi açıklayan regresyon analizinin de anlamlı sonuçlar verdiği görülmektedir.
CAREER PROFILES • OPTIONS AND INSIGHTS: Scott Loranger
Authors: Loranger Scott
Published: June 2024

I received a Bachelor of Science in biological sciences with a focus on ecology and evolutionary biology from Cornell University in 2009. I also spent a semester with SEA Education Association out of Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and that experience solidified my interest in oceanography. As I delved deeper into marine science, I became interested in ecological resilience and response to change. Following my undergraduate education, I worked with a group at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science – Chesapeake Biological Labora­tory studying technology to treat ballast water to deter transport of invasive species, and technology to measure oil concentrations in the ocean to respond to oil spills. This was my first foray into applied science and emerging technologies. My interest in technology and oil spill response led me to the University of New Hampshire (UNH) and the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, where I obtained a PhD in oceanography, graduating in 2019. At UNH, I studied the use of broadband acoustic echo sounders to map, characterize, and quantify oil spills. For my thesis, I studied the 2004 Taylor Energy oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the longest-running oil spill in US history.
An Exploration of The Types of Educational Environments Deemed Optimal for Learning by Students
Authors: Glaves Tyana , Talpade Medha
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this study is guided by the theory of social learning to understand the essence of one's lived school experiences and the educational environments deemed optimal for learning by students. Past research (e.g., Cayubit,2022, Hanaysha, 2023) indicates that educational environments deemed optimal for learning by students agree that there is a significant impact between educational environments and learning experiences and believe all schools should not only offer learning environments that enhance students’ success but also promote enthusiasm and provide an opportunity for student involvement. Reports show one quarter (24.8 percent) of the U.S. population, are enrolled in school. Research states learning environments have a relationship and have an impact on students' psychological and academic achievement (Mustafa, 2020). Past research has also stated that the school environment is important when evaluating students’ well-being, and findings suggest that variables such as physical, academic, and social dimensions have an impact on the school environment (Tapia-Fonllem et al, 2020). Students' needs are often not met in educational environments, which end up impacting them significantly. Thus, this study is important because it explores school experiences, and describes what students deem optimal for learning. The research question of this study answered the following: what are the types of educational environments that are deemed optimal for students’ learning? Participants were recruited through social media (Instagram). The data collection method was interviews through Zoom and was voice recorded. Participants, 3 key informants, were asked 15 questions, on their experiences in school. The data was then put into Atlas Ti which created themes from the students’ experiences. Validation strategies included rich thick descriptions, member checking, and reflexity. Results revealed the following themes; trust, communication, social dynamics, engaging educational environment, and growth. Implications of the results for future studies include looking into teaching styles versus student preferences. The results of this study can contribute to the field of school psychology help initiate positive change for students who are in school and allow for improvement in teaching for teachers and faculty.
Foreword
Authors: Erden Fatih
Published: June 2024

We are pleased to present the June 2024 issue of the Journal of Naval Sciences and Engineering (JNSE). This issue continues our commitment to advancing the theory and applications of naval sciences and engineering, covering a wide range of topics including Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mechanical/Naval Engineering, Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, and Industrial Engineering/Operations Research.

In this issue, we feature a study on the design prioritization for semi-submersible naval ships, which highlights the operational and functional priorities determined through a Fast-Decision survey. Another paper evaluates the performance and economic feasibility of wave energy generation in the Black Sea, offering insights into renewable energy solutions for maritime applications. We also present a reliability evaluation of the deck machinery and galley equipment of bulk carriers, emphasizing the importance of proactive maintenance strategies. Additionally, a study on scheduling problems for Navy helicopter pilots proposes innovative solutions to optimize workload management and enhance operational efficiency.

We extend our gratitude to the authors for their valuable contributions and to our reviewers for their rigorous evaluations, which help maintain the high standards of JNSE. Since the second issue of 2022, we have been providing DOIs within 10 days after a paper is accepted and the page layout is completed, ensuring timely and accessible dissemination of research.

We look forward to continuing to share important research with our community and thank you for your continued support.

Fatih ERDEN, Ph.D.
Editor-in-Chief
Out‐of‐pocket health care expenses for people with and without cancer, New South Wales, 2020: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Goldsbury David E , Haywood Philip , Pearce Alison , Collins Louisa G , Karikios Deme , Canfell Karen , Steinberg Julia , Weber Marianne F
Published: June 2024

Objectives

To investigate self‐reported out‐of‐pocket health care expenses, both overall and by cost type, for a large population‐based sample of Australians, by cancer status and socio‐demographic and medical characteristics.

Study design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting, participants

New South Wales residents participating in the 45 and Up Study (recruited aged 45 years or older during 2005–2009) who completed the 2020 follow‐up questionnaire; survey responses linked with New South Wales Cancer Registry data.

Main outcome measures

Proportions of respondents who reported that out‐of‐pocket health care expenses during the preceding twelve months exceeded $1000 or $10 000; adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for associations with socio‐demographic and medical characteristics.

Results

Of the 267 357 recruited 45 and Up Study participants, 45 061 completed the 2020 survey (response rate, 53%); 42.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 42.2–43.1%) reported that overall out‐of‐pocket health care expenses during the previous year exceeded $1000, including 55.4% (52.1–58.7%) of participants diagnosed in the preceding two years and 44.9% (43.7–46.1%) of participants diagnosed with cancer more than two years ago. After adjustment for socio‐demographic factors, out‐of‐pocket expenses greater than $1000 were more likely to be reported by participants with cancer than by those without cancer (diagnosis in past two years: aOR, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.77–2.40]; diagnosis more than two years ago: aOR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.15–1.29]). The odds of out‐of‐pocket expenses exceeding $1000 increased with area‐based socio‐economic advantage and household income, and were higher for people with private health insurance (v people with Medicare coverage only: aOR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.53–1.75). Out‐of‐pocket expenses exceeding $10 000 were also more likely for participants diagnosed with cancer during the past two years (v no cancer: aOR, 3.30; 95% CI, 2.56–4.26).

Conclusions

People diagnosed with cancer during the past two years were much more likely than people without cancer to report twelve‐month out‐of‐pocket health care expenses that exceeded $1000. Out‐of‐pocket expenses for people with cancer can exacerbate financial strain at a time of vulnerability, and affect health care equity because some people cannot pay for all available treatments.
Overcoming Data Challenges in Population Forecasting at the Subnational Level: A Review
Authors:   Universitas Indonesia, Putri Nisrina , Gamal Ahmad
Published: June 2024

Population forecasts are a vital part of preparing development plans at the subnational level. Appropriate forecasting methods will determine the direction of regional development policy, but limited data regarding demographic issues, geographic issues, time period issues, or a combination of these three issues is a challenge. This research aims to systematically review previous research on population forecasting at the subnational level based on the methods used, challenges faced, and solutions implemented in order to provide recommendations for further research on how to solve the data problems faced. To answer this question, a "systematic literature review" was used to filter the literature using four criteria so that 27 papers were found. As a result, it was found that 71% of papers on the Asian continent experienced challenges with limited data and demographic issues. In comparison, 57% of papers from the Australian continent experienced challenges with a combination of geographic issues and time periods. The solutions used to overcome demographic issues are divided into two, each with 43% of papers completing data using data extrapolation techniques or determining appropriate methods according to data availability. Meanwhile, to overcome the combination of geographic issues with time periods, 43% of papers use a solution to compare methods to determine the appropriate method.
Mobility Index Towards Heritage Tourism Area, Case Study: Borobudur, Prambanan, And Ratu Boko
Authors:   Universitas Indonesia, Aji Kurniawan Pungki , Kusuma Andyka , Raharjo Efendhi Prih
Published: June 2024

Mobility has become a crucial factor in transportation management, especially in the tourism sector. It is a key indicator of the performance of transportation infrastructure and people's response to it. To evaluate mobility in tourist areas, there is a need for tools to represent its value. In this study, the concept of an index as a measure of performance is applied, gathering information into a simpler and more mutually agreeable form. The cultural heritage sites of Borobudur, Prambanan, and Ratu Boko are chosen as an ideal study location due to their popularity internationally. Given the limitations of previous research on mobility indexes in tourist areas, the Sustainable Urban Mobility Index (I_SUM) framework is used to develop the variables. To avoid bias, this study utilizes expert opinion methods to assess necessary and unnecessary variables in achieving the index. Eight individuals with expertise and experience in transportation and tourism are selected as respondents. Furthermore, the expert evaluation results are processed using the Content Validity Index (CVI). The outcome is 26 variables that meet the validation test out of a total of 32 previous variables, which are divided into five domains, covering accessibility, social aspects, transportation infrastructure, traffic cycle, and transportation systems.
Optimization of Traffic Safety for Motorists with Raised Intersection Design at Intersection in DKI Jakarta
Authors:   Universitas Indonesia, Gunawan Yudha Asjatohadiyanto , Siregar Martha Leni , Kusuma Andyka
Published: June 2024

Urbanization trends, coupled with the proliferation of motor vehicles, have led to escalating environmental challenges like congestion and pollution. Sustainable transportation systems are increasingly imperative to address these issues, necessitating pedestrian-friendly urban environments to promote sustainable mobility. However, escalating traffic density poses serious safety concerns for pedestrians, exacerbated by improper use of pedestrian facilities. Statistical data underscores the vulnerability of pedestrians, with a notable percentage of traffic fatalities attributed to pedestrian accidents. To mitigate these risks, enhancing pedestrian safety through various measures, including raised crosswalks, has garnered attention. Raised crosswalks offer promising potential to improve pedestrian safety by influencing driver behavior and enhancing pedestrian visibility. This research aims to explore the impact of raised crosswalks on traffic safety in Indonesian urban environments. Through quantitative analysis and video observation, the study evaluates the effectiveness of raised crosswalks in enhancing safety and traffic compliance at intersections. The findings reveal varying severity levels of near-miss accidents, suggesting targeted risk mitigation strategies. Regression analysis indicates a substantial reduction in vehicle speed post-implementation, although other influencing factors persist. Moreover, Cost-Benefit Analysis underscores the financial viability of pedestrian crossing enhancements, emphasizing the potential for significant gains. Ultimately, this research contributes empirical insights to inform policy formulation and infrastructure design, facilitating safer and more sustainable pedestrian environments in Indonesian urban areas.
Reverence as a Cardinal Ethical Value in the Western Philosophy
Authors: Malook Saad
Published: June 2024

This article explains reverence as a cardinal ethical value in Western philosophy, which was considered an underpinning value in ancient society and gradually declined over time. Many contemporary Western philosophers embark on respect rather than reverence.  Reverence and respect are not the same. Reverence is all-inclusive, while respect is limited. Reverence values what is a genuine person, while respect may flatter a non-genuine person. Reverence is a cardinal moral and political value necessary for politics, education, law, economics, and religion. Reverence is not only essential for becoming a perfect human person but also for establishing a good society. To demonstrate reverence in Western philosophy, I select four significant Western intellectuals: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Bertrand Russell, Albert Schweitzer, and Paul Woodruff. Goethe posits a tripartite account of reverence: reverence for God, Earth, and human beings. Russell supports reverence in politics and education. Schweitzer not only developed his account of reverence but also lived his life according to it. Schweitzer holds that his life is his argument, which is reverence for life. Woodruff rediscovered the notion of reverence and applied it in politics and ethics. So, this article examines an account of reverence, posited by Goethe, Russell, Schweitzer, and Woodruff, and defends its role as a cardinal moral and political value indispensable for politics, education, and religion for acquiring the common good.
Influence of biofeedback training time on muscle torque and knee excursion following semitendinosus release in spastic quadriplegic children with cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: El- Deen Heba A. Bahey , Abdul-Rahman Radwa S. , Zahran Magda Ramadan , Abdelgeleel Shaimaa Abdalaleem
Published: June 2024

Background. Medial hamstring shortening represents a serious common complication in children suffering from spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Objective. The purpose of the study was to examine the efficacy of biofeedback training timing following tendon release in spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsied children. Design. a prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Setting: several hospitals across Giza and Cairo, where children were operated. Methods. Thirty spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsied children of both genders, with their ages ranged from 7 to 9 years (x ̅  = 8.2 ± 0.86 yr.) were randomly assigned into two equal groups (A and B). The control group (A) was trained using electromyographic biofeedback daily for two weeks after removal of plaster cast, in addition to an hour/ day of a designed physical therapy program, while the study group (B) was trained by electromyographic biofeedback during the immobilization period and for two weeks after removal of the cast along with the same physical therapy program as the group (A). The knee extensors’ peak torque and knee excursion angle were measured immediately and two weeks following cast removal by MERAC isokinetic system and electro-goniometer, respectively. Results. The findings exhibited a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the peak torque of knee extensors and an increase in knee excursion in the group (B) immediately and after two weeks of the cast removal when compared with the results of the group (A) after the same period. Conclusion. Applying electromyographic biofeedback training at the two-week immobilization period resulted in a strengthening of the quadriceps and maintaining the obtained range of knee extension following semitendinosus muscle release in spastic quadriplegic children with cerebral palsy.
Revealing the complete mtDNA genome sequence of Cemani chicken (Gallus gallus) by using Nanopore sequencing analysis
Authors: Sutopo Sutopo , Lestari Dela Ayu , Setiaji Asep , Bugiwati Sri Rachma Aprilita , Dagong Muhammad Ihsan Andi , Hilmia Nena , Garnida Dani , Asmara Indrawati Yudha , Kurnianto Edy
Published: June 2024

Objective: This study aimed to identify, discover and explore the characteristics of the mtDNA genomes of Cemani chicken (Gallus gallus).Methods: This study used gDNA of Cemani chicken isolated from liver tissue. mtDNA sequencing was performed using WGS mtDNA analysis with nanopore technology by Oxford Nanopore Technologies GridION. Bioinformatics and data analysis were then performed.Results: This study showed that the length of the mtDNA genome is 16,789 bp, consisting of two ribosomal RNA (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes (trnR, trnG, trnK, trnD, trnS, trnY, trnC, trnN, trnA, trnW, trnM, trnQ, trnl, trnL, trnV, trnF, trnP, trnT, trnE, trnL, trnS, trnH), 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) (ND4l, ND3, COX3, ATP6, ATP8, COX2, COX1, ND2, ND1, CYTB, ND6, ND5, ND4), and a noncoding control region (Dloop). Furthermore, analysis showed there were polymorphic sites and amino acid alterations when mtDNA Cemani chicken was aligned with references from GenBank.Conclusion: Site (988T>*) in Dloop genes and (328A>G) in ND3 genes which alter glycine to stop codon, were specific markers found only in Cemani chicken.
Effects of fruit and vegetable waste addition on corn stalk silage quality
Authors: Wang Li Li , Li Yan Fen , Wu Li Zhuang , Yu Young Sang , Panyavong Xaysana , Kim Jong Geun
Published: June 2024

Objective: In this study, we explored the effect of fruit and vegetable waste addition on the quality of corn stalk silage.Methods: Corn stalks were ensiled 20 days after ear harvesting and mixed with fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) consisting of apple, orange, broccoli, and Chinese cabbage waste as 3% of fresh matter. Fruit waste consisted of solid residue obtained after juicing, and vegetable waste was collected from farms and cut into small pieces (2 to 3 cm). The materials were stored anaerobically in 20-L silo buckets and opened after 60 days of fermentation.Results: There were significant differences in dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrient (TDN), and relative feed value (RFV) levels in FVW derived from all tested raw materials (p<0.05). Corn stalk mixed with orange waste (CSOW) had the highest DM content (28.77%), lowest ADF and NDF content (47.78% and 26.62% of DM, respectively), and highest TDN and RFV content (69.21 and 133, respectively). After 60 days, there were significant differences in all chemical parameters examined (p<0.05). Corn stalk mixed with broccoli waste (CSBW) had the lowest DM loss (2.23%), and the CSOW group had the lowest NDF and ADF content and highest in vitro DM digestibility. CSBW had the lowest pH and ammonia nitrogen content, but the highest lactic acid/acetic acid ratio among the treatment groups. CSOW had the highest lactic acid content (2.27% of DM). The microbial contents of each group differed only in lactic acid bacteria counts before and after ensiling, showing a slight increase (p>0.05) and significant decreases in yeast and mold counts (p<0.05) after ensiling.Conclusion: These findings confirmed that mixing various FVW materials, particularly orange waste, with corn stalks improved the nutritional value of silage. Adding broccoli waste resulted in better fermentation quality than the addition of other FVW materials.
Freezing Hu ram semen: influence of different penetrating cryoprotectants and egg yolk level on the post-thaw quality of sperm
Authors: Zhang Liuming , Jiang Caiyu , Wang Xuyang , Sohail Tariq , Sun Yuxuan , Sun Xiaomei , Wang Jian , Li Yongjun
Published: June 2024

Objective: The Hu sheep is a renowned breed known for its high reproductive rate. It is in estrus all year round, and its breeding population is gradually expanding. However, the current techniques for cryopreserving semen have limited effectiveness, which hinders the continuous development of this species. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of different penetrating cryoprotectants (CPAs) and egg yolk (EY) concentrations on the cryopreservation of Hu ram semen to determine the most effective combination.Methods: In this study, the effects of glycerol (GLY), ethylene glycol (EG), dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, different proportions of GLY and EG, EY on sperm quality after thawing were investigated by detecting sperm total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, wobble movement coefficient, average motion degree, functional integrity (plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level.Results: When GLY and EG were added together, compared to other concentration groups, 6% GLY significantly (p<0.05) increased TM, PM, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity of thawed sperm. Additionally, it significantly (p<0.05) decreased the ROS level of sperm. In this study, the TM, PM, and membrane integrity of the 6% EG were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the control, 1% GLY+5% EG and 6% GLY+6% EG groups. Compared to other concentration groups, 20% EY significantly (p<0.05) improved the TM, PM, and plasma membrane integrity of thawed sperm. However, the integrity of the acrosome increased with the higher concentration of EY.Conclusion: In conclusion, the post-thawed Hu ram semen diluted with a diluent containing 6% GLY and 20% EY exhibited higher quality compared to the other groups.
Prediction models for basal endogenous losses of crude protein and amino acids in pigs
Authors: Park Noa , Kim Hansol , Kim Beob Gyun
Published: June 2024

Objective: The objectives were to validate a previously published equation for estimating basal endogenous losses (BEL) of crude protein (CP) in pigs fed nitrogen-free diets and to develop prediction equations for BEL of CP and amino acids (AA).Methods: A total of 139 observations from 123 experiments in 117 papers that determined the BEL of CP and AA in pigs were collected. For the validation of the previous equation for the BEL of CP, 94 observations that were not used for developing the previous equation were used. All observations were used to develop novel equations for estimating BEL of CP in pigs based on the initial body weight (IBW).Results: The validation study indicated that the slope for BEL of CP, representing a linear bias, was less than zero (–0.56; standard error [SE] = 0.130; p<0.001). The intercept for BEL of CP, representing a mean bias, was less than zero (–3.21; SE = 0.488; p<0.001). The models for estimating BEL of CP (g/kg dry matter intake) in pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet were developed: 20.36–0.077×IBW with R2 = 0.11 and p<0.001 and 20.80×e(–0.00475×IBW) with R2 = 0.12 and p<0.001. Novel linear models for estimating BEL of AA were developed using BEL of CP as the independent variable.Conclusion: The accuracy of the previous equation for estimating BEL of CP in pigs has been improved by reflecting additional data from recent publications. In the novel linear models for estimating BEL of AA of pigs, BEL of CP was used as an independent variable.
Tax Regulations On Cryptocurrency Transactions In Indonesia
Authors: Galant Narwastu Vivaldi , Himawan Michelle Zefanya , Fitiriyanti Putri Ayu Delia , Mahadianto Moh Yudi
Published: June 2024

This study explores the evolving landscape of cryptocurrency taxation in Indonesia, focusing on regulatory developments and challenges. Tracing the trajectory from the introduction of Bitcoin in 2009 to the establishment of a formal crypto exchange in 2023, this research emphasizes the government's commitment to regulate and facilitate crypto asset trading. Despite this progress, challenges such as regulatory uncertainties, security concerns, necessitating a profound understanding of cryptocurrency dynamics to navigate the global financial landscape. This research focuses on exploring Indonesia's regulatory response, particularly in taxation, employing a qualitative descriptive methodology that integrates primary data from legal frameworks and secondary data through literature reviews, document analyses, and interviews with cryptocurrency traders and tax officials. This study contributes not only to academic discourse but also provides insights for fostering the growth of the cryptocurrency ecosystem while managing potential tax-related risks.
DIREITO À EDUCAÇÃO COMO EDUCAÇÃO AO DIREITO
Authors: Cury Carlos Roberto Jamil
Published: June 2024

Esse artigo tem como objetivo assinalar o direito à educação, de um lado, como um dos direitos mais importantes para a vida social e cidadã e, de outro lado, por ser um direito juridicamente protegido, como um recurso que deve ser conhecido pelos cidadãos. Para tanto, busca-se, no pensamento clássico, a emersão da educação como direito e as decorrências tanto para as políticas públicas, para as instituições, para os interesses coletivos e para os indivíduos.