bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metaphorical descriptions of wrongdoers
Authors: Dryll Ewa Marta
Published: October 2017

What is a metaphoric picture of an evil person made of? In a study devoted to the development of the ability to use metaphorical descriptions of humans, the semantic fields of four target metaphors - Human-Swamp, Human-Snake, Human-Knife, and Human-Nettle - were established and compared. Subjects (365 young adults) were asked to decipher the metaphors’ meanings. The results were obtained mainly by qualitative analysis, with frequency analysis of clusters containing synonymous meanings. The results indicate that when creating imaginary characteristics of evil people, young adults seem to be more concerned about the possibility of suffering verbal harassment (most commonly: vulgarity, mockery, gossip, jeering) than the threat of actual physical assault. The results may prove useful for developmental comparisons.
Lohnende Investitionen
Authors: Krebs Tom , Scheffel Martin
Published: October 2017

Tom Krebs und Martin Scheffel untersuchen die gesamtwirtschaftlichen und fiskalischen Effekte öffentlicher Investitionen auf Basis eines mikroökonomisch fundierten makroökonomischen Modells der deutschen Volkswirtschaft. Die Simulationsanalyse zeigt, dass zusätzliche staatliche Investitionen in Infrastruktur, Hochschulen, Ganztagsschulen und in Kitas das langfristige Wachstum stärken und gleichzeitig die Tragfähigkeit der öffentlichen Finanzen verbessern. Investitionen in Schulen und Kitas erzielen die höchste fiskalische Effizienz und führen zu mehr Verteilungsgerechtigkeit. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen für eine Politik, die vorhandene fiskalische Spielräume zur Steigerung der öffentlichen Investitionen nutzt.
Allozyme Variation in Different Species of Deciduous Oaks From Northwestern Italy
Authors: Belletti Piero , Leonardi S. , Monteleone I. , Piovani P.
Published: October 2017

Allozyme variation was studied by electrophoresis at 11 loci in 14 populations of Quercus petraea, Q. robur, Q. cerris and Q. pubescens from Piedmont, northwestern Italy. The aim of the work was to characterize the genetic resources and to suggest effective measures for in situ preservation of biodiversity. As expected, most of the genetic variability was found at the within population level, and genetic differentiation accounted for about 14% of it. The study confirmed the low level of genetic variability among the species studied: only Q. cerris populations could be clearly distinguished. Q. pubescens could be separated from Q. petraea and Q. robur using Principal Coordinate Analysys. The latter was also found to be useful for separating Q. petraea and Q. robur populations. However, in mixed populations, the differentiation between the latter species was similar to that scored among populations belonging to the same species. A significant deviation from random mating was observed, although it was variable among species: Q. pubescens had the highest value for the inbreeding coefficient FIS(0.159).
Assessment of AFLP-Based Genetic Variation in the Populations of Picea asperata
Authors: Xue X. , Wang Y. , Korpelainen H. , Li C.
Published: October 2017

Picea asperata Mast., which occurs in a restricted habitat in western China, has a wide ecological amplitude. In the present study, ten natural populations of P. asperata were studied using AFLP markers to investigate the population genetic structure and the level of genetic diversity. Of the 210 loci identified with two EcoRI/MseI primer combinations, 142 loci were found to be polymorphic. Yet, the level of genetic diversity observed within populations was quite low. The averages of NEI’s gene diversities (h) and Shannon's indices of diversity (I) calculated across populations equaled 0.156 and 0.227, respectively. The coefficient of gene differentiation among populations, based on the estimate GSTand the unbiased estimate Φst, equaled 0.340 and 0.231, respectively. The mean genetic distance (D) between population pairs was 0.119 (range 0.050-0.156). Such high values indicate that there is significant differentiation among populations of P. asperata. Several factors could have contributed to the strong population differentiation, including relatively limited gene flow between populations (Nm= 0.968). Variation in environmental conditions and consequent selection pressures may be other factors attributing to the high level of genetic differentiation among populations. In addition, it was discovered that the geographic distances are not correlated with the genetic distances between the populations of P. asperata.
Genetic Gain and Diversity of Orchard Crops Under Alternative Management Options in a Clonal Seed Orchard of Pinus thunbergii
Authors: Kang Kyu-Suk , Lindgren D. , Mullin T. J. , Choi W.-Y. , Han S.-U.
Published: October 2017

Genetic gain and diversity, expressed by status number, of seed crops from a clonal seed orchard of Pinus thunbergii were estimated considering selection, fertility variation and pollen contamination, and compared for different management alternatives (selective harvest, genetic thinning and combination of both options). Management variables included the proportion of clones left after selective harvest and/or genetic thinning. The impact on genetic gain and diversity of seed crops was quantified as a function of the quantity and quality of gene flow from outside the seed orchard. Genetic gain varied with the proportion of selected or thinned clones. Genetic thinning by means of truncation selection of clones resulted in a large decrease in status number, which was accompanied by greater genetic gain than achieved by selective harvest alone. As expected, gene flow from outside the seed orchard greatly increased status number of the seed crop at higher rates of pollen contamination under all management options. The formulae and results of the present study could be used for identifying favorable selection intensity and alternatives for orchard management.
Population Genetic Survey of Populus cathayana Originating From Southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China Based on SSR Markers
Authors: Peng Y. H. , Lu Z. X. , Chen K. , Luukkanen O. , Korpelainen H. , Li Chun Yang
Published: October 2017

In this study, the genetic diversity of Populus cathayana Rehd was investigated using microsatellite markers. In a total of 150 individuals collected from six natural populations in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China, a high level of microsatellite polymorphism was detected. At the seven investigated microsatellite loci, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 16, with a mean of 11.3, the observed heterozygosities across populations ranged from 0.408 to 0.986, with a mean of 0.792, and the expected heterozygosities across populations ranged from 0.511 to 0.891, with a mean of 0.802. The proportion of genetic differentiation among populations accounted for 37.3% of the whole genetic diversity. The presence of such a high level of genetic diversity could be attributed to the features of the species and the habitats where the sampled populations occur: The southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is regarded as the natural distribution and variation center of the genus Populus in China. Variation in environmental conditions and selection pressures in different populations, and topographic dispersal barriers could be factors associated with the high level of genetic differentiation found among populations. The populations possessed significant heterozygosity excesses, which may be due to extensive population mixing at the local scale. The cluster analysis showed that the populations are not strictly grouped according to their geographic distances but the habitat characteristics also influence the divergence pattern. In addition, we suggest that population SHY should be regarded as an ecologically divergent species of P. cathayana.
Differentiating Groups of Abies Species With a Simple Molecular Marker
Authors: Ziegenhagen B. , Fady B. , Kuhlenkamp V. , Liepelt S.
Published: October 2017

The unambiguous identification of closely related species is useful for many practical purposes in forest tree species. For example, international laws require timber identification and the control of the origin of forest reproductive material. In this paper, we present a mitochondrial DNA marker which can be used to differentiate among groups of fir species (Abies spp.). Eight Mediterranean and one North American fir species (used as reference) were analysed at the fourth intron of the NAD subunit 5 gene. A total of six different haplotypes was identified, one in the American Abies concolor, the other five in Mediterranean species. Two different haplotypes were found each in the widespread A. alba and in A. cephalonica, one haplotype being shared among the two species. A single species specific haplotype was found in the near-eastern A. cilicica. The two southwestern species A. pinsapo and A. numidica shared one haplotype. The fifth haplotype was shared by all remaining eastern Mediterranean firs, A. cephalonica, A. bornmuelleriana, A. equi-troiani, and A. nordmanniana. Differences in haplotype sequences were mainly due to large insertions/deletions. Agarose gel electrophoresis thus provides a fast, cheap and reliable diagnosis method for species or species group identification.
Low Cost Improvement of Coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) By Application of The Breeding Seed Orchard Approach in Denmark
Authors: Hansen J. K. , Wellendorf H. , Kjær E. D.
Published: October 2017

An evaluation of a seedling seed orchard in Denmark of Coastal Douglas-fir showed variation between open pollinated families in their susceptibility to windthrow, height and diameter growth, stem straightness, number of forks at age 10 and bud burst at age 9. Individual narrow-sense heritability was 0.63 for bud burst, 0.40 for height and diameter, respectively, 0.48 for stem straightness, 0.20 for number of forks and 0.17 for windthrow susceptibility. Fast growing families were characterised by late bud burst, and poorer stem straightness. The approach of using seedling seed orchards in Denmark is discussed in relation to genetic gains, genetic diversity and risk of inbreeding. Predicted gains concerning a reduction of windthrow susceptibility were poor due to low genetic variability. In multi-trait selection scenarios aiming to improve growth, stem straightness and reducing windthrow susceptibility, the approach of using seedling seed orchards demonstrated that it might be possible to obtain gains in height above 5% combined with significant improvements of stem straightness while retaining an effective population size above 50.
Regional and Population-scale Influences on Genetic Diversity Partitioning within Costa Rican Populations of the Pioneer Tree Vochysia ferruginea Mart
Authors: Cavers S. , Navarro C. , Hopkins P. , Ennos R. A. , Lowe A. J.
Published: October 2017

The neotropical pioneer species Vochysia ferruginea is locally important for timber and is being increasingly exploited. The sustainable utilisation of this species would benefit from an understanding of the level and partitioning of genetic diversity within remnant and secondary regrowth populations. We used data from total genome (amplified fragment length polymorphism, AFLP) and chloroplast genome markers to assay diversity levels within seven Costa Rican populations. Significant chloroplast differentiation between Atlantic and Pacific watersheds was observed, suggesting divergent historical origins for these populations. Contemporary gene flow, though extensive, is geographically constrained and a clear pattern of isolation by distance was detectable when an inter-population distance representing gene flow around the central Costa Rican mountain range was used. Overall population differentiation was low (FST = 0.15) and within-population diversity high, though variable (Hs = 0.16-0.32), which fits with the overall pattern of population genetic structure expected for a widespread, outcrossed tropical tree. However genetic diversity was significantly lower and differentiation higher for recently colonised and disturbed populations compared to that at more established sites. Such a pattern seems indicative of a pioneer species undergoing repeated cycles of colonisation and succession.
Genetic Variation and Population Structure of Dendropanax morbifera Lev. (Araliaceae) in Korea
Authors: Kim S. H. , Jang Y. S. , Han J. G. , Chung H. G. , Lee S.W. , Cho K. J.
Published: October 2017

Dendropanax morbifera Lev. (Araliaceae) is an economically important tree species because of its role in the production of golden varnishes as well as its use as an ornamental plant. As an endemic tree species of Korea, it is restricted to the southern parts of Korea as isolated populations. In this study, eight natural populations of D. morbifera were investigated by starch-gel electrophoresis in an attempt to determine the extent of its genetic diversity. Out of 8 natural populations, the Suak population in Jeju island showed the lowest level of genetic diversity, while the Wando island population in Jeonnam showed the highest level of genetic diversity. Levels of genetic diversity maintained in D. morbifera (A/L =1.5, P95 = 27.3%, Ho = 0.100, He = 0.095) were notably lower than those of other tree species with wider and more continuous geographic distributions. The reasons for the low level of genetic diversity in D. morbifera might be due to the genetic drift caused by artificial disturbances. Most of the total genetic diversity (96%) was found within the populations. The UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance did not show any particular geographic patterns. The low level of genetic diversity suggested that there should be an urgent emphasis on the conservation study of this species.
Genetic Parameters and Strategies for Genetic Improvement of Stiffness in Radiata Pine
Authors: Kumar S. , Dungey H. S. , Matheson A. C.
Published: October 2017

The two main objectives of this study were: (1) to determine how early is it possible to undertake selection to improve the stiffness of corewood; (2) to determine if the selection based on corewood stiffness could also improve outerwood stiffness, and vice versa. Breastheight data from two progeny trials of Pinus radiata D. Don were used. In the first trial (age 30 years), data on Silviscan predicted stiffness (MoE) was obtained for each growth ring on each core sample from 50 open-pollinated families. In the second trial (age 14 years), data on static-bending MoE was obtained using clearwood sticks (300 × 20 × 20 mm) cut from each tree from 18 control-pollinated families. MoE varied from 3.5 GPa in rings 1-5 to about 17 GPa in rings 21-25. Coefficients of variation of corewood and outerwood MoE were about 20-30% and 15-20% respectively. Estimates of narrowsense heritability for MoE were generally higher (0.50-0.70) in the corewood compared with the outerwood (0.15-0.30). Early selection for MoE could yield substantial gain in corewood MoE but only small gains, if any, in outerwood MoE (especially for rings 21-30). Estimated genetic correlations between density and stiffness appeared moderate in the corewood zone, but high in the outerwood zone. Selection based on density (using 5-mm cores) and acoustic stiffness (using standing tree tools), assessed at age 6-7 years, appeared to be a good option to improve both corewood and outerwood stiffness.
Genetic Diversity of Two Evergreen Oaks [Quercus suber (L.) and Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia (Lam.)] in Portugal using AFLP Markers
Authors: Coelho A. C. , Lima M. B. , Neves D. , Cravador A.
Published: October 2017

The genetic variability of cork oak (Quercus suber, L.) in Portugal was evaluated by AFLP using five primer combinations. Three hundred and thirteen trees from three geographically contrasting regions exhibited a high level of genetic variation. The genetic profile of each individual is composed of 291 loci, randomly positioned in the genome and consists of monomorphic and polymorphic fragments. Similarities and dissimilarities among the individuals were quantitatively evaluated by numerical taxonomy. The overall sample shows a proportion of AFLP polymorphic markers of 71%, denoting a high level of variability. Ninety percent of the polymorphic markers identified in cork oak genotypes are uniformly distributed throughout the cork oak populations of Algarve, Alentejo and Trás-os-Montes regions. The coefficients of genetic similarity vary from 0.61 to 0.88 implying that 60% of fragments found are common. A sample of 52 holm oak [Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia (Lam.)] trees from overlapping areas was also analysed by AFLP with the same five primer combinations. However the codification of markers together with those selected on cork oak profiles was feasible with only one primer combination due to an apparent much higher polymorphism. AFLP and numerical taxonomy analysis enabled to differentiate the taxa and showed that the level of similarity observed between the profiles of the individuals from holm oak species was lower than that observed in cork oak, implying that apparently the degree of polymorphism is higher in Q. ilex subsp. rotundifolia than that quantified in Q. suber. A Bayesian approach was used to assess Q. suber total genetic diversity (Ht = 0.2534, P < 0.001) of which 1.7% (Fst = 0.0172, P < 0.001) was assigned to differences among populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that most genetic variation is comprised within populations (96%) while 3.6% is among populations (Φst = 0.036, P < 0.001). Differences among populations within geographic regions account for 2.6% (Φsc = 0.026, P < 0.001) of the total variation and only 1.3% (Φct = 0.013, P = 0.007) is attributed to variation among regions denoting little differentiation of populations over a range of 700 km.
The Overexpression of Glutamine Synthetase in Transgenic Poplar: A Review
Authors: Kirby E. G. , Gallardo F. , Man H. , El-Khatib R.
Published: October 2017

In investigating the pivotal role of glutamine synthetase in woody plant development, we have strived to develop an understanding of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms whereby enhanced expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) in poplar contributes to vegetative growth through enhanced nitrogen use efficiency. Considerable effort has also centered on characterization of enhanced resistance of transgenic GS overexpressor lines to abiotic stresses and proposed mechanisms. This summary of our work also focuses on future applications in forest tree improvement.
Induction of Diploid Eggs With Colchicine During Embryo Sac Development in Populus
Authors: Wang J. , Kang X. Y. , Li D. L. , Chen H. W. , Zhang P. D.
Published: October 2017

Diploid (2n) eggs were induced by treating developing embryo sacs of Populus with colchicine solution, in order to produce triploid plants. The optimal pollinated time of female catkins was confirmed as timing point for each treatment. When female catkins of P. pseudo-simonii x P. nigra ‘Zheyin3#’ had become 5.62 ± 0.13 cm long 84 h after they emerged from their bract scales and all stigmas were exposed, pistils all over the entire catkin had optimal stigma receptivity. Observation of paraffin sections showed that embryo sac development of ‘Zheyin3#’, which initiated 12 h before pollination and finished 132 h after pollination, was a successive and asynchronous process. Generative cell division of pollen of the male parent P. x beijingensis took place 3-16 h after pollination. Catkins of 18-96 h after pollination of ‘Zheyin3#’ were treated with colchicine solution. In the progeny, twenty three triploids were detected by chromosome counting and the highest rate of triploids was 66.7% in one treatment. The rate of triploid yield was positively correlated with the frequency of four-nucleate embryo sacs (r = 0.6721, p = 0.0981) and was not significantly correlated with the percentages of uni-, twoand eight-nucleate embryo sac (r = -0.1667, p = 0.7210, r = -0.3069, p = 0.5031 and r = 0.0189, p = 0.9679, respectively), suggesting that the third mitotic division of embryo sac may be the effective stage to induce 2n eggs. Through this approach, completely homozygous 2n eggs can be produced. Its significance for plant breeding is discussed.
Isolation, Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Nucleotide Binding Site-encoding Disease-resistance Gene Analogues from European Aspen (Populus tremula)
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhang Shougong , Qi Liwang , Zhang Tao , Wang Chunguo , Chen Chengbin , Song Wenqin
Published: October 2017

The majority of verified plant disease resistance genes (R genes) isolated to date was of the nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) class. The conservation between different NBS-LRR R genes opens the avenue for the use of PCR based strategies in isolating and cloning other R gene family members or analogs (resistance gene analogue, RGA) using degenerate primers for these conserved regions. In this study, to better understand the R gene in European aspen (Populus tremula), a perennial tree, we used degenerate primers to amplify RGA sequences from European aspen. Cloning and sequence characterization identified 37 European aspen RGAs, which could be phylogenetically classified into seven subfamilies. Deduced amino acid sequences of European aspen RGAs showed strong identity, ranging from 30.41 to 46.63%, to toll interleukin receptor (TIR) R gene subfamily. BLAST searches with reference to the genomic sequence of P. trichocarpa found 209 highly homologous regions distributed in 28 genomic loci, suggesting the abundance and divergence of NBS-encoding R genes in European aspen genome. Although, numerous studies have reported that plant R genes are under diversifying selection for specificity to evolving pathogens, non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution (dN/dS) ratio were <1 for NBS domains of European aspen RGA, showing the evidence of purifying selection in this perennial tree. In further analysis, many intergenic exchanges were also detected among these RGAs, indicating a probable role in homogenising NBS domains. The present study permits insights into the origin, diversification, evolution and function of NBS-LRR R genes in perennial species like European aspen and will be useful for further R gene isolation and exploitation.
Genetic Correlations Among Field Trials of Norway Spruce Clones Representing Different Propagation Cycles
Authors: Högberg Karl-Anders , Dutkowski G. W.
Published: October 2017

Serial cutting propagation means that clones are produced in consecutive propagation cycles, where a new round of cuttings are taken from the previously rooted cuttings, etc. The objective of this study was to judge the importance of propagation cycle on height growth in field trials. In a field trial series with Norway spruce clones, comprising nine trials in four cutting propagation cycles, propagation cycle only had a minor effect on height growth compared to the site effect. For inter-site correlation models where all trials were included, the best fit was obtained by an unstructured model, while the most parsimonious model included constraints on the correlations depending on cycle structure. Model constraints based on grouping of the trials by site productivity did not improve the fit. Testing for generally good performers over a range of different site conditions appears to be a good approach, unless drivers of genotype by environment interaction can be identified.
SSR and SNP Markers for the Identification of Clones, Hybrids and Species Within the Genus Populus
Authors: Schroeder H. , Fladung M.
Published: October 2017

Several poplar species within a section, but also between sections, are cross-compatible, thus a high number of interspecies-hybrids occur naturally or have been artificially produced during the last 100 years. Very often, systematically kept records on the production or vegetative propagation of poplar hybrids and/or clones have not been available to date. Hence the origin of the poplar plant material used for the generation of hybrids or clones is not quite clear in many cases, thus making the differentiation between the clones a difficult task. Therefore, genetic markers are needed to clearly identify and differentiate the species and hybrids in the genus Populus, including both identification of existing clones and the breeding of new ones. One aspect of this study is therefore to develop molecular markers for the identification and differentiation of species, hybrids, and clones of the genus Populus.
Genetic Variation Amongst and Within the Native Provenances of Pinus radiata D. Don in South-eastern Australia. 3. Molecular and Quantitative Structure
Authors: Raymond Carolyn A. , Tibbits J. F. G. , Henson M.
Published: October 2017

Patterns of differentiation between populations within a species can be examined using both molecular and quantitative data, with observed differences indicative of adaptation to local conditions. Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) is a species of commercial importance in many countries but also listed as conservation dependent in its native range on the Californian coast and two off shore islands. This paper presents a comparative analysis of existing molecular data with new quantitative data from a large provenance/progeny trial in southeastern Australia. Microsatellite data was reanalysed using a Bayesian model to test whether the a priori assumption of five natural occurrences was valid. With the validity of the geographic structure confirmed, two further approaches were used to examine genetic structure 1. a comparative study of Fstand Qstestimates to investigate the role of drift and selection in shaping the differentiation between the populations for breeding traits and 2. population clustering based on both quantitative and molecular data. Results strongly support the hypothesis that the island provenances of Pinus radiata are distinctly different to the mainland provenances. The molecular evidence also indicates the island provenances are different to each other. However, these differences were not apparent for the quantitative traits related to tree growth and form. The two island populations were however, strongly differentiated from each other for wood density and acoustic velocity. The patterns of phenotypic differentiation of the island provenances for these wood traits are both consistent with, and greater than, that observed for the molecular data, providing some evidence for directional selection on these traits. This study provides a background for the interpretation of molecular studies aimed at detecting molecular signatures of selection and associating genetic variation within genes with these traits.
Genetic and adaptive trait variation in seedlings of European beech provenances from Northern Germany
Authors: Müller Markus , Finkeldey Reiner
Published: October 2017

European beech (Fagus sylvaticaL.) will most likely be threatened by climate change. Therefore, more knowledge of its adaptation potential to changing environmental conditions is required. Several studies showed differences in adaptive traits for beech populations from across Europe, but there is also growing evidence for microevolutionary processes occurring within short geographic distances in this species, or even a lack of local adaptation. Hence, a more regional perspective for adaptation research in beech might be appropriate. Here, we investigated the performance (height, height increment and mortality) and genetic structure based on microsatellite markers of 2400 beech seedlings from provenances growing along a temperature and precipitation gradient in Northern Germany in a common garden experiment. Differences for all traits were found among provenances. Provenances from lower precipitation areas did not perform better than provenances from higher precipitation areas at the common garden site, which was located near the lower precipitation limit of beech. Further, neighboring provenances growing on either sandy or loamy soils showed more different adaptive trait variation than distant provenances. We detected minor genetic structure among provenances and a high genetic diversity within them. Thus, small-scale adaptive trait variation in beech can occur, despite low but significant genetic population structure among provenances.
Investigation of a High Pressure Ratio Centrifugal Compressor with Wedge Diffuser and Pipe Diffuser
Authors: Han Ge , Yang Chengwu , Zhao Shengfeng , Zhang Yanfeng , Lu Xingen
Published: October 2017

This present work is aimed at providing detailed understanding of the flow mechanisms in a highly loaded centrifugal compressor with different diffusers. Performance comparison between compressor stages with pipe diffuser and wedge diffuser was conducted by a validated flow solver. Stage with pipe diffuser achieved a better performance above 80 % rotating speed but a worse performance at lower rotating speeds near surge. Four operating points including the design point were analyzed in detail. The inherent diffuser leading edge of pipe diffuser could create a better operating condition for the downstream diffusion, which reduced the possibility of flow separation in discrete passages at design rotating speed. At 60 % rotating speed operating point, there was a large negative incidence angle. The sharp leading edge of pipe diffuser could largely accommodate this negative incidence as comparison of the round leading edge of wedge diffuser. As a result, a better performance was achieved in the pipe diffuser. At 60 % rotating speed near surge, performance of the pipe diffuser dropped below wedge diffuser. Total pressure loss of pipe diffuser exceeded that of the wedge diffuser due to the larger friction loss near wall at throat and ineffective static pressure recovery.
Utjecaj medijskog nasilja na adolescente i obitelj
Authors: Petani Rozana , Tolić Mirela
Published: October 2017

U radu se polazi od aktualnih problema post-modernog društva koje je obilježeno informacijskom tehnologijom i komunikacijom. Značajno je da putem medija, posebice elektronskih (internet, blogging, video igrice) komunikacija postaje poveznicom svijeta brzih promjena i inovacija. Upravo takav svijet današnjice, dakle svijet novih potreba mladih za informiranjem, za inovacijama i komunikacijom te novom vrstom zabave ima dvostruku ulogu. S jedne strane,beznačajno pretvara u značajno, odnosno nepoznato u poznato, što omogućava uspješnu efektivnost u obrazovanju, dok s druge strane promovira nasilje. To je dovoljan razlog da se istakne značenje medijske i obiteljske pedagogije u empirijskim analizama fenomena nasilja i edukaciji mladih i njihovih roditelja.Danas su mediji dio obiteljskog ozračja te svojim postojanjem i porukama djeluju na obitelj i njezine članove, ali o upotrebi medija i njihovim pozitivnim ili negativnim učincima odgovorno odlučuju sami članovi obitelji. Može se reći da su roditelji neizbježan medijski socijalizator i jedan od presudnih čimbenika koji omogućuje djeci i mladima razlikovati fikciju od stvarnosti te pozitivne od negativnih sadržaja.Pod pojmom medijskog nasilja podrazumijeva se: indoktrinacija, laž, diskriminacija, uvrede, ucijene i rasna segregacija djece i mladih. Navodi se da su mediji (TV, filmovi, internet, blogging, video igrice) potencijalno moćni manipulatori koji vode samo kratkoročnoj ugodi, a zapravo prevladava dugoročno gubljenje osobnosti. Mogućnost rješavanja problema po pitanju nasilja u medijima vidi se u medijskoj i obiteljskoj pedagogiji.
Strategije suočavanja sa stresom kod adolescenata
Authors: Mavar Mladen
Published: October 2017

Cilj rada bio je da se utvrde strategije koje adolescenti u suočavanju sa stresom najčešće koriste te ispitati razlike s obzirom na spol ispitanika. U ispitivanju koje je provedeno u zadarskim trogodišnjim i četverogodišnjim školama, sudjelovali su učenici svih razreda. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da je u rješavanju problema (različita razmišljanja i ponašanja usmjerena na rješavanje problema s kojim se suočavaju) najviše korišten mehanizam suočavanja sa stresom, te da sutim mehanizmom adolescenti i najzadovoljniji. Drugi po redu najčešće korišten mehanizam je distrakcija (bihevioralni napori u izbjegavanju problematičnih situacija), zatim izbjegavanje (kognitivni napori koji pomažu izbjegavanju razmišljanja o stresnoj situaciji), a potom kognitivno restrukturiranje (razmišljanja o stresnoj situaciji na drukčiji, optimističniji način). Sljedeće, po redu čestoće korištenja, su podrška prijatelja i podrška obitelji. Najrjeđe korištena strategija, kojom su učenici ujedno i najmanje zadovoljni, jest emocionalna reaktivnost (različiti načini "pražnjenja" i iskaljivanja ljutnje). Uzimajući u obzir usporedbu po spolu, utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike kod gotovo svih strategija, i to takve da ih djevojke češće koriste. Jedino u slučaju distrakcije nije utvrđena značajna razlika.
Cjeloživotno profesionalno usmjeravanje u funkciji zapošljivosti pojedinca u suvremenom društvu
Authors: Perin Višnja
Published: October 2017

U radu se polazi od analize značenja pojma cjeloživotnog profesionalnog usmjeravanja kao raspona aktivnosti koje pojedincima bilo koje dobi i u bilo kojem trenutku njihova života omogućavaju prepoznati svoje sposobnosti, kompetencije i interese kako bi donijeli značajne odluke u pogledu obrazovanja, osposobljavanja i zanimanja. U članku se analiziraju zadatci profesionalnog usmjeravanja u suvremenom društvu, "društvu znanja", koji se baziraju na samoostvarenju pojedinca, razvoju mogućnosti za autonomiju, razvoju kompetencija te razvoju zapošljivosti. Naglašava se da je profesionalno usmjeravanje proces, a ne jednokratna aktivnost, kojim se prikupljaju podatci o korisniku, prosljeđuju informacije o mogućnostima obrazovanja i zapošljavanja, pomaže pojedincu sagledati vlastite mogućnosti i donijeti odluke o najprimjerenijim izborima obrazovanja i zapošljavanja. Na kraju se zaključuje da su za takav proces od velikog značaja i službe za profesionalno usmjeravanje koje se zasnivaju na pažljivoj i cjelovitoj procjeni različitih čimbenika, prije svega na procjeni potreba tržišta rada i potencijalima korisnika te potreba i mogućnosti obrazovnih institucija.
Socijalne kompetencije u strukovnom obrazovanju didaktičko poticanje i ispitivanje
Authors: Perin Višnja
Published: October 2017

Recenzije
Promicanje interkulturalizma u školskom okruženju
Authors: Buterin Marija
Published: October 2017

Afirmacija razumijevanja i prihvaćanja između pripadnika različitih kultura predstavlja jedan od temeljnih zadataka odgojno-obrazovnih sustava u suvremenim demokratskim društvima. Kako bi se taj zadatak što uspješnije realizirao, ističe se važnost uvođenja interkulturalizma kao dimenzije cjelokupne odgojno-obrazovne djelatnosti.                                                                                              Polazeći od shvaćanja prema kojem odgojno-obrazovne ustanove imaju važnu ulogu u formiranju interkulturalnog razumijevanja, vrijednosti, stavova i ponašanja njenih članova, u radu se razmatra problematika promicanja interkulturalizma u školskom okruženju. Na temelju pregleda dosadašnjih istraživanja, razmatraju se različita područja i obilježja odgojnoobrazovnog djelovanja te s njima povezane pretpostavke za izgradnju škole kao mjesta interkulturalnog učenja.
Osposobljavanje učitelja za poučavanje prirodnih znanosti u Hrvatskoj i Danskoj: usporedna analiza
Authors: Ćurić Antonia , Piršl Elvi , Anđić Dunja
Published: October 2017

Cilj ovog rada je prikaz usporedne analize između dva kolegija koji se predaju na učiteljskim fakultetima u Danskoj i Hrvatskoj, a putem kojih se studenti osposobljavaju za poučavanje prirodnih znanosti u osnovnim školama. To su kolegiji Priroda i tehnika u Danskoj te Metodika prirode i društva u Hrvatskoj. Poučavanje prirodnih znanosti je jedan od najkompleksnijih predmeta u osnovnoj školi, a na učiteljskim fakultetima jedan od najzahtjevnijih kolegija. Provedena analiza obuhvaća karakteristike obrazovnog sustava u ovim zemljama, sadržaje kolegija i specifičnosti inicijalnog obrazovanja učitelja s posebnim osvrtom na neophodne kompetencije u poučavanju ovih predmeta u osnovnoj školi. Na temelju usporedne analize može se zaključiti da studijski program Metodike prirode i društva u Hrvatskoj nedovoljno priprema buduće učitelje za sudjelovanje u znanstvenim istraživanjima, suradnju s predstavnicima lokalne zajednice kao i za cjeloživotno učenje. Imajući na umu, da se u demokratskim društvima, koji se temelje na znanju i aktivnom sudjelovanju njihovih građana, od učitelja očekuje da razviju kod svojih učenika vještine istraživanja, komunikacije i intelektualnog razvoja tijekom života, pitanje je kako oni mogu uspješno ostvariti svoju profesionalnu zadaću, ako ih učiteljski fakulteti adekvatno ne osposobe prije ulaska u školu.
Odnos doživljaja sagorijevanja u radu, emocionalne kompetencije i obilježja posla odgajateljica predškolske djece
Authors: Frančešević Dijana , Sindik Joško
Published: October 2017

Cilj istraživanja bio je pronaći povezanost između sagorijevanja u radu, emocionalnekompetencije i dvije karakteristike posla: socijalne podrške na poslu te mogućnosti kontrolena poslu. Ispitali smo uzorak od 112 odgajateljica četiri zagrebačka dječja vrtića. Nastojalismo utvrditi povezanost između: doživljaja sagorijevanja u radu i emocionalne kompetencije;emocionalne kompetencije i dvije karakteristike posla (socijalne podrške na poslu temogućnosti kontrole na poslu); doživljaja sagorijevanja u radu i navedene dvije karakteristikeposla. Koristili smo instrumentarij: Upitnik za ispitivanje percepcije i doživljaja posla teUpitnik emocionalne kompetencije UEK-45. Rezultati su pokazali da nema statistički značajnepovezanosti između emocionalne kompetencije i doživljaja sagorijevanja u radu, kao niizmeđu emocionalne kompetencije i nekih karakteristika posla (percipirane socijalne podrškei mogućnosti kontrole na poslu). Pronašli smo statistički značajnu pozitivnu povezanostizmeđu doživljaja sagorijevanja u radu i navedenih karakteristika posla. Međutim, ključno jenapomenuti da su sve pronađene statistički značajne povezanosti zapravo vrlo niske.
Učinak u različito kompleksnim kognitivnim zadacima u stresnim uvjetima
Authors: Nikolić Matilda , Ivaković Fanika
Published: October 2017

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi kako stres utječe na obavljanje kognitivnih zadataka različitezahtjevnosti. U istraživanju su korištena tri kognitivna zadatka: zadatak pamćenja na raziniprepoznavanja, zadatak pamćenja na razini dosjećanja i problemski zadatak. Pretpostavljenoje da učinak stresa neće biti jednak na svim razinama zahtjevnosti zadatka, već da će doći dointerakcijskog djelovanja ovih dvaju faktora i to na način da će stres imati negativno djelovanjekod najzahtjevnijeg i ujedno kompleksnijeg zadataka (problemski zadatak), a pozitivno kodnajmanje zahtjevnog zadatka (pamćenje na razini prepoznavanja).U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 59 ispitanika, studenata Sveučilišta u Zadru čija je prosječnadob iznosila 20,75 godina. Sudionici su podijeljeni u tri grupe, pri čemu je svaka grupa obavljalajednu vrstu zadatka i to u dva navrata, jedan put u uvjetima sa, a drugi put u uvjetima bez stresa.Stres je izazivan prikazivanjem 20-minutnog isječka ratnog filma. Za svaki zadatak su postojaledvije paralelne forme (za svaku eksperimentalnu situaciju po jedna), a svaki sudionik je dolaziodva puta na ispitivanje, s razmakom od oko tjedan dana.Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da kada je riječ o kognitivno najmanje zahtjevnom zadatku,pamćenju na razini prepoznavanja, izloženost stresu je dovela do poboljšanja učinka, nemaefekta stresa kada je riječ o srednje zahtjevnom zadatku (dosjećanje), dok kod problemskihzadataka, koji su s obzirom na kognitivne zahtjeve najkompleksniji i najzahtjevniji stres imanegativan utjecaj na učinak. Dakle, može se reći da na pitanje kakav je utjecaj stresa na učinaku kognitivnim zadacima nema jednoznačnog odgovora, već njegov utjecaj ovisi o zahtjevnostisamog zadatka.
Značenja cjeloživotnog učenja u kontekstu međunarodnih tijela i organizacija
Authors: Rogić Ana Marija
Published: October 2017

Cjeloživotno učenje, cjeloživotno obrazovanje, te održivi razvoj sveprisutne su ključne riječiobrazovnih programa i projekata današnjice. U cjeloživotnom učenju prepoznaju se ujednoi cilj i sredstvo za razvoj gospodarstva i zadovoljenje potreba tržišta rada s jedne strane, testvaranje društva temeljenog na poštivanju ljudskih prava i osobnog razvoja pojedinca s drugestrane. Naizgled jasan, pojam cjeloživotnog učenja nije sam po sebi razumljiv. U nekolikoposljednjih desetljeća iskristalizirali su se njegovi različiti nazivi i tumačenja. Razlog tomusu određeni vremenski, prostorni i sociološki konteksti njegova prihvaćanja. Prve službenepublikacije o toj temi izdane su od strane međunarodnih organizacija UNESCO-a, OECD-a iEuropske komisije. Metodološki pristup u ovom radu čini sadržajna analiza s ciljem sažetogprikazivanja i razjašnjavanja pojmova srodnih ili istoznačnih cjeloživotnom učenju, kaoi ukazivanja na osnovne ciljeve pojedinih obrazovno-političkih dokumenata. Rezultat togaujedno su sadržajna i vremenska podjela koncepcija/e cjeloživotnog učenja, pri čemu postajevidljiv i povijesni razvitak samog pojma. Umjesto zaključka iznose se kritička razmatranja okoncepciji cjeloživotnog učenja.
Metafizički egzistencijalizam i egzistentni subjekt
Authors: Vučetić Marko
Published: October 2017

Komparativnom egzistencijalnom i metafizičkom analizom odnosa egzistentnog subjekta imetafizike razotkrivaju se autentični i neautentični slojevi unutar realne egzistencije. Navedenooblikuje glavnu intenciju tematiziranja odnosa egzistentnog subjekta i metafizike: vezivanjeegzistencije uz realnost. Posljedično se egzistentni subjekt, svi njemu pripadajući čini, kao i svenjegove oznake, sagledavaju iz perspektive realnosti, a ne formalnosti, što u konačnici dovodi donovog egzistencijalnog tematiziranja čovjeka pojedinca u njegovom ambijentalnom kontekstu,koji nosi bitne oznake metafizičnosti.
Obrazovanje u kontekstu Hegelove „druge prirode“
Authors: Zovko Jure
Published: October 2017

U ovom članku riječ je o Hegelovom poimanju obrazovanja (Bildung) u kontekstu „drugeprirode“. Pod „drugom prirodom“ Hegel podrazumijeva „svijet duha koji je on sam stvorio“(Filozofija prava § 4). Taj svijet duha zapravo je „životni svijet“ (Lebenswelt) tradicije, umjetnostii kulture u kojemu se sloboda etablirala kao temeljna vrijednost. Po Hegelovom mišljenju,zadatak obrazovanja (Bildung) i formiranja u filozofskoj tradiciji jest postići da se prihvatimoralnost koja je postala „druga priroda“ individuuma. Za Hegela, obrazovanje je procesu kojemu se individualni um udiže do univerzalnosti. Obrazovanje (Bildung) kao uzdizanjesvijesti do spoznaje i znanosti (Wissenschaft) nije prenošenje i akumulacija informacija, negoje to oblikovanje mislećeg subjekta. Sukladno tomu, oblikovanje je interpretirano kao kritičkoposvajanje i posredovanje kulture.
Mogućnosti i ograničenja autobiografije interkulturalnih susreta u nastavi stranih jezika iz perspektive učitelja francuskoga jezika
Authors: Lujić Rea
Published: October 2017

Unatoč pozitivnim odgojno-obrazovnim ishodima interkulturalnoga pristupa u nastavi stranihjezika, i za učenike ali i za društvo u cjelini, neprikladni nastavni uvjeti i nedovoljna osposobljenostučitelja stranih jezika za ostvarivanje načela interkulturalne nastave neki su od čimbenika kojiograničavaju njegovu primjenjivost. Autobiografija interkulturalnih susreta, odgojno-obrazovnialat koji je Vijeće Europe (2009.) namijenilo promicanju interkulturalnoga odgoja i obrazovanja,valjan je nastavni materijal čiji koncept učiteljima omogućuje djelomično nadvladavanjespomenutih ograničenja u realizaciji načela interkulturalnoga pristupa u nastavi stranih jezika.Rezultati istraživanja percepcije Autobiografije interkulturalnih susreta kao mogućega nastavnogamaterijala za uporabu u nastavi stranih jezika provedenoga među 27 učitelja francuskogajezika, pokazuju da učitelji francuskoga jezika imaju pozitivne stavove prema navedenomeodgojno-obrazovnome alatu kao i da razumiju mogućnosti njegova doprinosa razvoju učeničkihinterkulturalnih kompetencija. Istraživanje je također pokazalo da učitelji osnovnim preprekamaza uvođenje Autobiografije interkulturalnih susreta u svoju nastavu smatraju ograničenostvremenom i materijalna sredstva, ali i nastavni program. Navedeni rezultati stoga navode nazaključak da su osnovni preduvjeti za uklapanje Autobiografije interkulturalnih susreta u nastavustranih jezika kvalitetnije obrazovanje učitelja stranih jezika i poboljšanje materijalnih uvjeta naradnome mjestu, ali i rasterećenje predmetnih programa za strane jezike.
Percepcija kvalitete odnosa sa sestrom u mlađih adolescenata
Authors: Jurkin Marina , Nekić Marina , Delin Sanja
Published: October 2017

Brat i sestra su uz roditelje najbliži članovi obitelji i bez obzira u kakvom se odnosu nalazili(suparništvo, prijateljstvo) to je jedna od najdubljih emocionalnih veza. Uz izuzetak jednogistraživanja na skupini odraslih, kod nas, koliko je poznato, nije bilo sustavnog istraživanjaovog odnosa u ranijim periodima razvoja. Sukladno tome, cilj provedenog istraživanja bio jeispitati kvalitetu odnosa sa starijom ili mlađom sestrom kod mlađih adolescenata. U istraživanjusu sudjelovali adolescenti (N = 160) i adolescentice (N = 192) u dobi od 13 do 15 godina kojisu imali do 5 godina stariju ili mlađu sestru. Jedna podskupina sudionika procjenjivala je odnossa starijom sestrom (N = 181), a druga s mlađom sestrom (N = 171). Primijenjena je adaptiranaverzija Upitnika o odnosima među braćom i sestrama kojim je obuhvaćeno devet pozitivnih (npr.sličnost, ljubav, prisnost) i šest negativnih aspekata (npr. svađe, natjecanje, antagonizam) odnosakoje dječaci i djevojčice doživljavaju u odnosu sa svojom sestrom. Rezultati analiza rodnihrazlika, između ostalog, ukazuju da u usporedbi s adolescentima, adolescentice percipirajuznačajno više prisnosti ljubavi, suradnje, sličnosti i druženja u odnosu sa sestrom. Nisu utvrđeneznačajne razlike između adolescenata i adolescentica na mjerama negativnih aspekata odnosameđu braćom i sestrama. Nadalje, utvrdile su se razlike u percepciji kvalitete odnosa sa starijomodnosno mlađom sestrom. Faktor dobne razlike pokazao se značajnim na gotovo svim mjeramakvalitete odnosa među braćom i sestrama. U skladu s pretpostavkama, mlađi adolescenti iadolescentice imaju kvalitetniji odnos sa starijom sestrom.
Thomas Hobbes u stihovima
Authors: Knežić Ivana
Published: October 2017

Thomas Hobbes ostao je u povijesti filozofije zapamćen prvenstveno po svojoj osebujnoj teorijidržave izloženoj u njegovom kapitalnom djelu Levijatan. Manje je, međutim, poznato da jefilozof iz Malmesburyja bio zainteresiran i za književnost, da je izučavao klasičnu poeziju, ali dase i sam okušao u pisanju stihova. Cilj našega rada jest predstaviti upravo taj, malo poznati dionjegova opusa. Pritom najprije prikazujemo njegov rad na prijevodima klasične grčke literature,da bismo potom predstavili njegova originalna djela pisana stihovima. Koristeći povijesno–problemski pristup, i jednu i drugu vrstu radova osvjetljujemo iz konteksta njegova života iosobitih društvenih prilika vremena u kojem je živio i djelovao, ukazujući na vezu njegovihstihova s njegovom filozofskom mišlju, ondje gdje ta veza postoji. Analiza ovih radova, kao iokolnosti u kojima oni nastaju, upućuju na zaključak da njihov nastanak nije bio umjetničkimotiviran, već da je najčešće bio rezultat želje za usavršavanjem klasičnih jezika, kao i stvarrazonode.