bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problematizing the Privatization of Water
Authors: Gamero Samantha
Published: April 2021

This presentation will focus on the issue of the privatization of water. The privatization of water is currently being facilitated by the growth of trade liberalization and the free trade policies of international organizations like the IMF and World Bank. It is also growing due to the neoliberal policies of states and because of the increasing power of the private sector (including well- funded lobby and special interest groups) over the policies of governments. The principal arguments and viewpoints of those who both support and oppose the privatization of water will be examined and evaluated. In particular, arguments concerning the cost and accessibility of water for people will be studied. The effects and implications of privatization in highly diverse communities in both developed and developing countries will be discussed. An example from the community of Cochabamba in Bolivia will be analyzed, showing many of the drawbacks that can come with the privatization of water. This presentation will argue that water is a precious resource which ought not to be treated as a commodity. Instead, it should be treated as a human right that no individual or corporation should make a monetary profit from. Governments ought to provide safe drinking water for their citizens, rather than leaving this duty to the private sector as is happening in many parts of the world.
L’éternité de la maternité : une analyse de la relation mère-fille dans Tout comme elle de Louise Dupré
Authors: Albert Rachel , Hudon Michelle , Vanier Sadie
Published: April 2021

La relation mère-fille est une relation unique et universelle. C’est une relation qui évoque à la fois deux femmes individuelles et met en lumière des éléments positifs et négatifs, éléments qui permettent aussi de réfléchir à ce que c’est que d’être une femme.

 La pièce de théâtre Tout comme elle de Louise Dupré, publiée en 2006, remet en question les valeurs féminines et maternelles. Celle-ci nous emporte notamment dans le domaine de la douleur et de l’universalité de la féminité, ce que nous analyserons à partir des actes III et IV de la pièce. Ces derniers nous encouragent à poser la question suivante, à savoir comment la relation mère-fille fait preuve de permanence, malgré les obstacles qu’elle peut rencontrer. 

Nous répondrons à cette question en explorant la fonction de la distance, ce qui nous renverra alors à l’idée de la totalité du temps. Enfin, nous monterons comment cette pièce valorise le cycle de la féminité. En effet, ce sont les mères et les filles qui rendent possible la survie des êtres humains. Et cette présentation montrera par conséquent l’aspect éternel de la relation mère-fille à travers cette œuvre québécoise.
Open Source Software Implementation of Anatomical Segmentation
Authors: Hess Maggie
Published: April 2021

Purpose: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) affects nearly 15% of preterm infants. It can lead to ventricular dilation and cognitive impairment. To ablate IVH clots, MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) is investigated. This procedure requires accurate, fast and consistent quantification of ventricle and clot volumes.

Methods: We developed a semi-autonomous segmentation (SAS) algorithm for measuring changes in the ventricle and clot volumes. Images are normalized, and then ventricle and clot masks are registered to the images. Voxels of the registered masks and voxels obtained by thresholding the normalized images are used as seed points for competitive region growing, which provides the final segmentation. The user selects the areas of interest for correspondence after thresholding and these selections are the final seeds for region growing. SAS was evaluated on an IVH porcine model.

 Results: SAS was compared to ground truth manual segmentation (MS) for accuracy, efficiency, and consistency. Accuracy was determined by comparing clot and ventricle volumes produced by SAS and MS. In Two-One-Sided Test, SAS and MS were found to be significantly equivalent (p < 0.01). SAS on average was found to be 15 times faster than MS (p < 0.01). Consistency was determined by repeated segmentation of the same image by both SAS and manual methods, SAS being significantly more consistent than MS (p < 0.05). 

Conclusion: SAS is a viable method to quantify the IVH clot and the lateral brain ventricles and it is serving in a large- scale porcine study of MRgFUS treatment of IVH clot lysis.
How Climate Change Affects the Amazon Rainforest
Authors: McWhirter Tegan , Leung Lisa
Published: April 2021

Climate change has a drastic impact on the structure and behavior of the amazon. Short-term effects of climate change are gradually creating more long-term effects that can be witnessed globally. Due to increased temperature, decreased precipitation and increased greenhouse gases, the amazon faces hazardous events such as droughts, forest fires, floods and vegetation differences. All of these events contribute to larger scale impacts on the amazon such as a major loss of biodiversity, and ultimately Amazon dieback. Forest feedback loops present the issue of how the Amazon is not only being affected by climate change but also how it is accelerating climate change. The environmental issues also negatively impact those living in the Amazon due to increased disease, famine, social unrest and economic downturn. This report outlines both the short and long-term impacts climate change has on the Amazon region as well as the social and economic impacts experienced by those living within the Amazon.
'Boat People' and Discursive Bordering: Australian Parliamentary Discourses on Asylum Seekers, 1977-2013
Authors: Van Kooy John , Magee Liam , Robertson Shanthi
Published: April 2021

This article draws upon content analysis of Australian parliamentary transcripts to examine debates about asylum seekers who arrived by boat in three historical periods: 1977–1979, 1999–2001, and 2011–2013. We analyze term frequency and co-occurrence to identify patterns in specific usage of the phrase “boat people.” We then identify how the term is variously deployed in Parliament and discuss the relationship between these uses and government policy and practice. We conclude that forms of “discursive bordering” have amplified representations of asylum seekers as security threats to be controlled within and outside Australia’s sovereign territory. The scope of policy or legislative responses to boat arrivals is limited by a poverty of political language, thus corroborating recent conceptual arguments about the securitization and extra-territorialization of the contemporary border.
'I Want to Give Something Back': Social Support and Reciprocity in the Lives of Young Refugees
Authors: Schmitt Caroline
Published: April 2021

This article analyzes the support relationships of 10 asylum-seeking young people who fled to Germany between 2010 and 2015. It highlights their wish for reciprocity as a need in their country of destination and expands upon Sahlin’s typology of reciprocal relationships (generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity) by the type of “refused reciprocity.” “Refused reciprocity” occurs when people are keen to reciprocate for support they have received, but they live in environments that restrict their agency. The article argues that participation means not only provision of support, but creation of opportunities for people to experience themselves as self-effective actors. They become self-effective when they can cope successfully with new and difficult situations on their own.
Book Review of Lights in the Distance: Exile and Refuge at the Borders of Europe by Daniel Trilling
Authors: Syed Zwick Hélène
Published: April 2021

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No Wild Iris
Authors: Benitez Christian Jil
Published: April 2021

The Philippines, as a tropical archipelago, is “concurrently a country of premodern, modern, and postmodern societies[:] our rural areas, small communities, and villages, while we may sweepingly characterize them as premodern, possses at the same time some of the trappings of postmodern cities like Manila, Los Angeles, or Paris” (Cruz-Lucero, 2007, p. 7). And yet, as a nation, this concurrence of temporalities is ultimately flattened, so as to turn it into “a sociological organism moving calendrically through homogeneous, empty time” (Anderson, 2006, p. 26). What emerges, therefore, is a Philippine time that is also a disjuncture: multiplicities that insist on a singularity, or a singularity that insists on being multiple. Keeping time with this contradiction between the diverse temporalities in the archipelagic tropics (see Carter, 2013) and the adamant dream toward a nation-state, this poem meditates on the concurrence of various events that happen in the archipelago nation during the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. Taking cues from the 1992 poem “The Wild Iris” penned by the 2020 Nobel Prize for Literature recipient Louise Glück, “No Wild Iris” attempts to interrogate the experience of homogenous and empty time in the longest lockdown in world history. By interweaving the personal, the political, and the ecological, it harnesses the lyrical while also disclosing its limits, if not outrightly refusing the tendency to sentimentality and universality as a poem.
'Pestilential Emanations', Medical Knowledge, and Stigmatisation in Saint-Louis, Senegal, 1854-1920
Authors: Ngalamulume Kalala
Published: April 2021

This article shows how French doctors based in Saint-Louis-du-Sénégal, the capital of colonial Senegal, conceptualised the Senegambian region as a diseased environment and Africans as carriers of infectious agents. It explains how perceptions of the hot tropical climate, combined with outbreaks of epidemic diseases and seasonal allergies, were instrumental in the processes of urban transformation through hygienic measures such as waste removal, the closing of cemeteries, and the imposition of new building codes. The article also shows how the stigmatisation of Africans was implicated in the forced removal of the urban poor – firstly from the city centre, and later from the entire city-island. Colonial medical knowledge in Senegal was initially based on the miasma theory, however, germ theory was adopted in the aftermath of the 1900 yellow fever epidemic. Both theories, in relation with racialism, impacted the urban landscape in Saint-Louis, Senegal.
Beyond Exotic Wet Markets: COVID-19 Ecologies in the Global Meat-Processing Industry in Brazil
Authors: Segata Jean , Beck Luiza , Muccillo Luísa
Published: April 2021

In this article we argue that the overvaluation of exotic narratives about wild animal consumption and wet markets conceals how the global agribusiness establishes unhealthy ecologies. Increasing infection rates from the new coronavirus registered among meat industry workers, their families, and the community, resulted in the suspension of several establishments in this sector in Brazil. If the meat processing industry cannot be considered entirely safe, why are risks to health, morality, and civility often represented by the unregulated practices of wet markets considered exotic? This paper shows that the global meat processing industry weaves a myriad of intimate encounters between humans, animals, highly toxic chemicals, organic waste, and precarious work relationships. They are unhealthy ecologies where coexistence, infection, risk, and death are always involved. We suggest a multispecies approach to analyse and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic; instead of the exaltation of contagion and the boundaries of contention, there needs to be an effort to establish integrated policies for the health and joint care of humans, animals, and environments.
A southern African perspective on the co-evolution of early life and environments
Authors: Hickman-Lewis K. , Westall F.
Published: April 2021

The Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons host some of the earliest evidence for life. When compared to the contemporaneous East Pilbara craton, cherts and other metasedimentary horizons in southern Africa preserve traces of life with far greater morphological and geochemical fidelity. In spite of this, most fossiliferous horizons of southern Africa have received relatively limited attention. This review summarises current knowledge regarding the nature of early life and its distribution with respect to environments and ecosystems in the Archaean (>2.5 Ga) of the region, correlating stratigraphic, sedimentological, geochemical and palaeontological understanding. There is abundant and compelling evidence for both anoxygenic photosynthetic and chemosynthetic biomes dominating Palaeoarchaean-Mesoarchaean strata dating back to around 3.5 Ga, and the prevalence of each is tied to palaeoenvironmental parameters deducible from the rock record. Well-developed, large stromatolites characteristic of younger Mesoarchaean-Neoarchaean sequences were probably constructed by oxygenic photosynthesisers. Isotopic evidence from the Belingwe greenstone belt and the Transvaal Supergroup indicates that both a full sulphur cycle and complex nitrogen cycling were in operation by the Mesoarchaean-Neoarchaean. The Archaean geological record of southern Africa is thus a rich repository of information regarding the co-evolving geosphere and biosphere in deep time.
METHODS AND MEANS OF ENSURING INFORMATION SECURITY IN FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINES
Authors:   Omsk State Technical University, Omsk, Russia, Bogachkov I. V. , Gorlov N. I. ,   Communication lines department Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Computer Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
Published: April 2021

Рассматривается проблема защиты информации от несанкционированного доступа и представлены результаты сравнительного анализа методов извлечения информации из оптического волокна. Приведена классификация методов съема, физические принципы формирования каналов утечки, а так же способы, позволяющие выполнить отвод части оптического излучения за пределы среды распространения. Из проанализированных способов наиболее простым является изгиб оптического волокна при нарушении условий полного внутреннего отражения. В этом случае в системе мониторинга для обнаружения изгибов волокон контролируются внесенные потери. Приведена структура, принципы функционирования, а также тенденции развития комплексов мониторинга.
Queimaduras: visão holística acerca do manejo cirúrgico
Authors: Gashti Sarah Menezes , Isidoro Carlos Eduardo da Silva , Lima Gabriela Moreira , Trombeli Gabriella Paschoal , Araújo Letícia Nogueira Carvalho Costa de , Machado Lilian Caiafa Ferreira , Montenegro Marcela Vasconcelos , Moreira Mariana Vanon , Reis Sara Oliveira , Calieron Pablo Juarez
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: Revisar e evidenciar alguns dos mais relevantes tipos de tratamentos para queimaduras dentro da cirurgia plástica. Revisão Bibliográfica: As queimaduras são lesões que acometem o tegumento corporal, e apresentam múltiplas causas, sendo estas: térmicas, químicas, radioativas, elétricas ou por fricção. Além disso, essas também podem ser classificadas quanto à profundidade da injúria. Dessa forma, é de suma importância o conhecimento acerca da fisiopatologia das queimaduras, com objetivo de determinar a escolha do procedimento cirúrgico ideal para cada contexto clínico, a fim de garantir recuperação parcial ou total da área afetada. Dentre os manejos cirúrgicos e multidisciplinares, menciona-se respectivamente: desbridamento cirúrgico, fasciotomia, escarotomia, excisão, enxertos de pele, substitutos cutâneos, acompanhamentos psicológico, terapêutico e cosmiátrico. Considerações finais: Evidencia-se a importância distinguir os mais relevantes tipos de tratamentos para queimadura, com o objetivo de adequar cada terapêutica à condição clínica do paciente e, com isso, proporcionar melhor prognóstico e restituição funcional e esteticamente do segmento acometido.
Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential Arising from Renal Vein
Authors: Kord Ali , Memon Abdullah , Bui James T. , Xie Karen L.
Published: April 2021

Smooth muscle tumors (SMTs) typically fall under either benign leiomyoma or malignant leiomyosarcomas based on histologic characteristics. SMTs that cannot be diagnosed as benign or malignant are then labeled as smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP). A 31-year-old male presented with the right abdominal pain for 6 months. Imaging showed an enhancing soft-tissue mass arising from the right renal vein. A pre-operative biopsy confirmed STUMP of renal vein, and the patient underwent surgical resection of the mass with partial nephrectomy. Imaging and pathologic findings play a crucial role in an accurate pre-procedural diagnosis of unusual SMTs.
Reactivation of COVID-19 in a neurosurgical patient with early neuropsychiatric presentation. Does seroconversion mean immunity?
Authors: Bonomo Giulio , Caldiroli Dario , Bonomo Roberta , Pugliese Raffaelino , DiMeco Francesco , Zoia Cesare
Published: April 2021

Background:

In the aftermath of COVID-19 outbreak, there is a strong need to find strategies to monitor SARSCoV-2 transmission. While the application of screening techniques plays a major role to this end, there is evidence challenging the real significance of seroconversion. We reported a case of COVID-19 reactivation associated with a neurosurgical operation with early neuropsychiatric involvement presumably promoted by olfactory and gustatory impairment in the first infection.

Case Descriptio:

A 57-year-old man was referred for a 2-month history of progressive development of imbalance, dizziness, and vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging showed two bilateral hemispheric cerebellar lesions. In line with our triage protocol, the patient underwent a nasopharyngeal swab for RNA of SARS-CoV-2 detection, which resulted positive. Of note, the patient had reported in the previous month hyposmia and hypogeusia. After a period of 14 days, three new swabs were performed with negative results, leading the way to surgery. In the early post-operative period, the patient manifested acute onset of psychotic symptoms with hyperactive delirium, followed by fever and acute respiratory failure. A chest computed tomography revealed a specific pattern of ground-glass opacities in the lower lobes bilaterally, suggesting a viral pneumonia. Serological tests demonstrated the seroconversion and a new nasopharyngeal swab confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Conclusion:

Our report highlights the importance of comprehensive screening assessments in sensitive cases highly susceptible to COVID-19 recurrence.
Extramedullary myeloid sarcoma mimicking tuberculosis of spine: A case report and literature review
Authors: Patgaonkar Prasad , Goyal Vaibhav , Marathe Nandan
Published: April 2021

Background:

A definitive diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis (TB) remains challenging. The “gold standard” is to obtain histopathological confirmation of the lesion. This analysis highlights how to avoid missing the diagnosis of an extramedullary myeloid sarcoma (EMS) versus TB.

Case Description:

A 25-year-old male presented with paraparesis. Although this was first attributed to TB spondylodiscitis, a PET-CT and reevaluation of the biopsy specimen both confirmed the diagnosis of an EMS.

Conclusion:

Nontubercular spinal disease should be suspected when a patient deteriorates despite the institution of antitubercular therapy for a reasonable duration. Further, microbiological and/or pathological confirmation is warranted to direct appropriate treatment and differentiate spinal TB from other entities as, in this case, an EMS.
Scientific Studies in the Southwest Reef Corridor from the Gulf of Mexico
Authors:   Universidad Veracruzana, Ortiz-Lozano L.
Published: April 2021

In this book, the reader will be able to find different studies on key components of reef ecosystems and associated environments, such as seagrasses and mangroves. Here we present an account of the little known submerged reefs, going through the description of the oceanographic conditions that prevail and shape this diversity of environments. Likewise, various contributions are included in the study of benthic macrofauna and fish, and even marine mammals and birds that share their habitat in this unique region, without forgetting the study of threats to corals, which are the main reef builders in the area, such as the diseases that affect them, or invasive species such as lionfish, and pollution from river and urban discharges. Given the strong impulse of human activities along the Reef Corridor, we hope that this book will serve to put on the table an important scientific contribution, which will provide up-to-date information that will contribute to making more accurate decisions about coastal development and marine of the southwest of the Gulf of Mexico. The
Atlas of the Impact of the Ocean on the Climate in Mexico
Authors:   UNAM, Morillón D. , Silva Casarín R. , Valdés H. P.
Published: April 2021

With this Atlas of the impact of the ocean on the climate of the Mexican Republic, it contributes to a more knowledge of the climate as an energy resource and the use of renewable energies in general. Result, consequently, it is very gratifying to make this wealth of information available to scholars and designers, which It will be useful in the development of activities related to the direct and indirect use of the climate or environment energy, a result of the relationship with the ocean, in the case of Mexico the two oceans.
Ocean Energy. Salinity Gradient Energy
Authors:   UNAM, Marín Coria E. , Roldán Carvajal M. , Sánchez Sáenz C. , Enríquez Ortiz C. , Felix Delgado A. , Silva Casarín R. , Mendoza Baldwin E.
Published: April 2021

The ocean contains mainly five forms of energy that can be convert for use: the temperature difference between water layers in the vertical column, the potential and kinetic energy contained in waves, the kinetic energy of ocean currents, the kinetic and potential energy accompanying the tides and the energy released during the mixing of bodies of water with different salinity. This book summarizes the information available in the scientific literature about the potential that represents the saline gradient as an energy source.Differences in salinity can be found at mouths of rivers, estuaries, lagoons and lakes. Although not yet a competitive power source with fossil fuels, various studies have mentioned that the energy that can be transformed into electricity from the gradients natural saline can become greater than that recovered by other ways of ocean energies. Although various techniques have been studied to take advantage of the energy related to the difference in salinity, known as the energy of the saline gradient (sge), Osmotic Energy, or Blue Energy; the technologically most developed are Pressure Delayed Osmosis (pro) and Electrodialysis Inversa (network), whose evaluation in terms of competitiveness and viability, resCEMIE-Ocean two Regarding other renewables, it is still in the early stages of studies in pilot plants. Because these two techniques make use of technology membrane, several of the studies carried out in the world are focused on in the optimization, at the laboratory level, of their structure and efficiency. In addition to the technological optimization of the techniques, their environmental impactsare also beginning to be addressed in the literature, but it is expected that, In addition to being a CO2-free technology, its inclusion in coastal or inland systems entail less environmental damage than caused by the use of fossil fuels, and greater social benefits in installation sites. This book presents a literature review on EGS in the world,including theoretical, technical and technological aspects; finally, they are presented various case studies.
Solution-State Preorganization of Cyclic β-Hairpin Ligands Determines Binding Mechanism and Affinities for MDM2
Authors: Ge Yunhui , Zhang Si , Erdelyi Mate , Voelz Vincent
Published: April 2021

Understanding mechanisms of protein folding and binding is crucial to designing their molecular function. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and Markov State Model (MSM) approaches provide a powerful way to understand complex conformational change that occurs over long timescales. Consideration of such dynamics are important for the design of therapeutic peptidomimetic ligands, whose affinity and binding mechanism are dictated by a combination of folding and binding. To examine the role of preorganization in peptide binding to protein targets, we performed massively parallel explicit-solvent MD simulations of cyclic β-hairpin ligands designed to disrupt the MDM2-p53 interaction. MSM analysis of over 3 ms of aggregate trajectory data enabled us to build a detailed mechanistic model of coupled folding and binding of four cyclic peptides which we compare to experimental binding affinities and rates. The results show a striking relationship between the relative preorganization of each ligand in solution and its affinity for MDM2. Specifically, changes in peptide conformational populations predicted by the MSMs suggest that entropy loss upon binding is the main factor influencing affinity. The MSMs also enable detailed examination of non-native interactions which lead to misfolded states, and comparison of structural ensembles with experimental NMR measurements. In contrast to an MSM study of p53 TAD binding to MDM2, MSMs of cyclic β-hairpin binding show a conformational selection mechanism. Finally, we make progress towards predicting accurate off-rates of cyclic peptides using multiensemble Markov models (MEMMs) constructed from unbiased and biased simulated trajectories.
A Geometric Deep Learning Approach to Predict Binding Conformations of Bioactive Molecules
Authors: Méndez-Lucio Oscar , Ahmad Mazen , del Rio-Chanona Ehecatl Antonio , Wegner Jörg Kurt
Published: April 2021

Understanding the interactions formed between a ligand and its molecular target is key to guide the optimization of molecules. Different experimental and computational methods have been key to understand better these intermolecular interactions. Herein, we report a method based on geometric deep learning that is capable of predicting the binding conformations of ligands to protein targets. Concretely, the model learns a statistical potential based on distance likelihood which is tailor-made for each ligand-target pair. This potential can be coupled with global optimization algorithms to reproduce experimental binding conformations of ligands. We show that the potential based on distance likelihood described in this paper performs similar or better than well-established scoring functions for docking and screening tasks. Overall, this method represents an example of how artificial intelligence can be used to improve structure-based drug design.
Implementasi Media Topeng Fantasi untuk Meningkatkan Karakter Cinta Budaya Daerah
Authors: Kusmiati Kusmiati
Published: April 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan implementasi media Topeng Fantasi untuk meningkatkan karakter cinta budaya daerah, keterampilan berpikir kreatif dan literasi dalam pembelajaran berbasis proyek menulis cerita fantasi siswa kelas VIIC SMP Islam Sabilillah Malang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilakukan dalam 2 siklus. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VIIC SMP Islam Sabilillah Malang yang berjumlah 31 orang siswa. Hasil  dalam penelitian ini, yaitu: 1) terjadi peningkatan karakter cinta budaya daerah, ketuntasan belajar sebesar 87,10% (kategori baik) pada siklus 1 dan capaian sebesar 96,77% (kategori sangat baik) pada siklus II; 2) terjadi peningkatan nilai keterampilan berpikir kreatif ketuntasan sebesar 80,64% (kategori cukup baik) pada siklus I, capaian sebesar 93,54% (kategori sangat baik) pada siklus II. Nilai keterampilan berpikir kreatif peserta didik dari menjadi, dan 3) terjadi peningkatan keterampilan literasi dalam pembelajaran berbasis proyek menulis cerita fantasi sebesar 83,87% (kategori cukup baik) pada siklus I, dan capaian sebesar 96,77% (kategori sangat baik) pada siklus II.
Boosting Classroom Interaction Based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in English Learning for Beginners
Authors: Syafryadin Syafryadin , Harahap Alamsyah , Haryani Haryani , Astrid Annisa
Published: April 2021

Asking activity is a form of class interaction that needs attention. With the asking activity, it can increase the questionerâ€™s knowledge. This study aimed to identify the questions form that filed by teachers and students in the classroom following the framework of thinking mandated in the revised Bloom Taxonomy and to explore the problems faced by lecturers in implementing the HOTS-based learning process. This study used qualitative methods by applying observation sheets and interview to collect data. The data analysis of this research used analysis of domain, taxonomy, component, and theme. The results of this study indicate that lecturers and students have applied the principles of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) from core learning activities to final learning activities. The form of the question is in level C4 (Analyzing), C5 (Evaluating), and C6 (Creating), but in the form of Creating questions, students still need to increase the frequency in asking. The problem faced is the difficulty in stimulating students who can answer and ask questions at level C6 in HOTS. Therefore, lecturers also try to overcome these problems by implementing strategies in the learning process.
Surface Characterization of Chromized AISI 5115 Steel by Thermo Reactive Diffusion Method
Authors: GÜNEŞ İbrahim , ÇELİK Atila Gürhan
Published: April 2021

In the present study, effect of the thermo reactive diffusion (TRD) chroming process on characterization properties of AISI 5115 steel has been investigated. AISI 5115 steel was chrome plated at 950 C for 2 and 8h by thermo reactive
diffusion method with 40% Al2O3, 40% ferro-chromium and 20% NH4Cl powders. The chromium carbide layer was characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction technique and the micro-hardness tester. X-ray diffraction analysis
of chromium carbide layers on the surface of the steels revealed the existence of Cr3C2 and Cr7C3 compounds. Depending on the chemical composition of substrates, the chromium layer thickness on the surface of the AISI 5115 steel
was found to be 17.35±1.4 μm. The hardness of the chromium carbide compounds formed on the surface of the steels ranged from 1674 to 1758 HK0.025, whereas Vickers hardness values of the untreated the steels was 348 HK0.025.
Polio Outbreak Investigation and Response in The Horn of Africa: 2013-2016
Authors: Okiror Samuel , Mulugeta Abraham , Onuekwusi Iheoma , Braka Fiona , Malengemi Sylvesta , Burton John , Hydarav Rustam , Toure Brigitte , Davis Bob , Gathenji Carolyn , Nwogu Chidiadi , Okeibunor Joseph
Published: April 2021

Background: There has been civil strife, spanning more than two decades in some countries and recurrent natural disasters in the Horn of Africa (HoA). This has consistently maintained these countries in chronic humanitarian conditions. More important however is the fact that these crises have also denied populations of these countries access to access to lifesaving health services. Children in the difficult terrains and security compromised areas are not given the required immunization services to build their immunity against infectious diseases like the poliovirus. This was the situation in 2013 when the large outbreaks of poliovirus occurred in the HoA. This article reviews the epidemiology, risk, and programme response to what is now famed as the 2013-204 poliovirus outbreaks in the HoA and highlights the challenges that the programme faced in interrupting poliovirus transmission here. Methods: A case of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) was defined as a child <15 years of age with sudden onset of fever and paralysis. Polio cases were defined as AFP cases with stool specimens positive for WPV. Results: Between 2013 and 2016, when transmission was interrupted 20,266 polio viruses were in the Horn of Africa region. In response to the outbreak, several supplementary immunization activities were conducted with oral polio vaccine (OPV) The trivalent OPV was used initially, followed subsequently by bivalent OPV, and targeting various age groups, including children aged <5 years, children aged <10 years, and individuals of any age. Other response activities were undertaken to supplement the immunization in controlling the outbreak. Some of these activities included the use of various communication strategies to create awareness, sensitize and mobilize the populations against poliovirus transmission. Conclusions: The outbreaks were attributed to the existence of clusters of unvaccinated children due to inaccessibility to them by the health system, caused by poor geographical terrain and conflicts. The key lesson therefore is that the existence of populations with low immunity to infections will necessary constitutes breeding grounds for disease outbreak and of course reservoirs to the vectors. Though brought under reasonable control, the outbreaks indicate that the threat of large polio outbreaks resulting from poliovirus importation will remain constant unless polio transmission is interrupted in the remaining polio-endemic countries of the world.
Polio Data Quality Improvement in the African Region
Authors: Ntsama Bernard , Bwaka Ado , Katsande Reggis , Maurin Obiang Regis , Rasheed Oyaole Daniel , Mkanda Pascal , Okeibunor Joseph
Published: April 2021

The polio Eradication Initiative (PEI) is one of the most important public health interventions in Africa. Quality data is necessary to monitor activities and key performance indicators and access year by year progress made. This process has been possible with a solid polio health information system that has been consolidated over the years. This study describes the whole process to have data for decision making. The main components are the data flow, the role of the different levels, data capture and tools, standards and codes, the data cleaning process, the integration of data from various sources, the introduction of innovative technologies, feedback and information products and capacity building. The results show the improvement in the timeliness of reporting data to the next level, the availability of quality data for analysis to monitor key surveillance performance indicators, the output of the data cleaning exercise pointing out data quality gaps, the integration of data from various sources to produce meaningful outputs and feedback for information dissemination. From the review of the process, it is observed an improvement in the quality of polio data resulting from a well-defined information system with standardized tools and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and the introduction of innovative technologies. However, there is room for improvement; for example, multiple data entries from the field to the surveillance unit and the laboratory. Innovative technologies are implemented for the time being in areas hard to reach due to the high cost of the investment. A strong information system has been put in place from the community level to the global level with a link between surveillance, laboratory and immunization coverage data. To maintain standards in Polio Information system, there is need for continuous training of the staff on areas of surveillance, information systems, data analysis and information sharing. The use of innovative technologies on web-based system and mobile devices with validation rules and information check will avoid multiple entries.
Rationality and irrationality in the use of antibiotics in the epiclatino Latin American Neonatal Units
Authors: Angela B Hoyos
Published: April 2021

Background: Recent years have seen chaos in the neonatology use of antibiotics with diverse opinions and recommendations in international guidelines and societies. This has created great uncertainty in which cases to use, for how long, and which tests apply to make these decisions. We conducted a retrospective cohort study about the use of antibiotics in the EpicLatino neonatal units and a Latin American network database, after noting these variations in the 2019 report. Methods: For the year 2019 using the EpicLatino database, we included cases (only first admission) ≤ 32 weeks gestational age at birth, excluding one unit that did not accept to participate. The number of cases and days receiving antibiotics were recorded as well as the progression for each unit. Inappropriate use of antibiotics was defined as greater than 3 days in patients with negative cultures (blood/CSF cultures) excluding: major malformations, urinary tract infections, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and cases with suspected chorioamnionitis in the mother (the latter two only during the course of diagnosis of NEC or chorioamnionitis). Results: A total of 6,543 days of antibiotics were observed, 49.5% of cases had at least one positive blood/CSF culture. A total of 595 days of antibiotics without justification were found in 72 courses in 61 cases: 19.4% had no diagnosis of infection in the database, 9.7% did not document any culture throughout their stay, and 51,4% obtained only one blood/CSF culture during their entire stay. In the 58 cases with diagnosis of infection: 41% were clinical sepsis and a diagnosis of pneumonia with a poor positive culture correlation was found. Furthermore, 74% of the unit’s didn´t use pneumonia as a justification to use antibiotics. Other diagnosis found: Conjunctivitis, NEC 1A and rotavirus NEC. Conclusion: Although the method of reviewing the use of antibiotics in a database has a number of limitations, especially the cause that motivated the use of antibiotics and other tools used for diagnosis of infections, the notable differences between units is striking. Although it is difficult to make recommendations to all units, it is important to control infections in some units and in others to reduce the excessive use of antibiotics, especially with diagnosis of pneumonia in neonates and negative blood/CSF cultures.
The State of the Art of Underwater Wet Welding Practice: Part 1
Authors:   American Welding Society, PESSOA EZEQUIEL CAIRES PEREIRA , LIU STEPHEN
Published: April 2021

Developments in underwater wet welding (UWW) over the past four decades are reviewed, with an emphasis on the research that has been conducted in the last ten years. Shielded metal arc welding with rutile-based coated electrodes was established as the most applied process in the practice of wet welding of structural steels in shallow water. The advancements achieved in previous decades had already led to control of the chemical com-position and microstructure of weld metals. Research and development in consumables formulation have led to control of the amount of hydrogen content and the level of weld porosity in the weld metal. The main focus of research and development in the last decade was on weldability of naval and offshore structural steels and acceptance of welding procedures for Class A weld classification according to American Welding Society D3.6, Under-water Welding Code. Applications of strictly controlled welding techniques, including new postweld heat treatment procedures, allowed for the welding of steels with carbon equivalent values greater than 0.40. Classification societies are meticulously scrutinizing wet welding procedures and wet weld properties in structural steels at depths smaller than 30 m prior to qualifying them as Class A capable. Alternate wet welding processes that have been tested in previous decades — such as friction stir welding, dry local habitat, and gas metal arc welding —have not achieved great success as originally claimed. Al-most all of the new UWW process developments in the last decade have focused on the flux cored arc welding (FCAW) process. Part 1 of this paper covers developments in microstructural optimization and weld metal porosity control for UWW. Part 2 discusses the hydrogen pickup mechanism, weld cooling rate control, design, and qualification of consumables. It ends with a description of the advancements in FCAW applications for UWW.
PERBEDAAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS VIII SMP MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) BERBANTUAN APLIKASI SWISHMAX DAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KONVENSIONAL PADA MATERI PRISMA DAN LIMAS
Authors: Laamena Christina Martha , Mataheru W. , Hukom Febrilia F.
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII SMP menggunakan model Problem Based Learning (PBL) berbantuan aplikasi Swishmax dan model pembelajaran konvensional pada materi prisma dan limas. Tipe penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimen (Experimental Research), dengan desain penelitian Posttest Only Control Group Design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP yang terdiri dari 7 kelas. Sampel dalam penelitian ini diambil dengan menggunakan teknik Purposive Sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah tes akhir yang terdiri atas tiga soal berbentuk uraian. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan statistik uji-t. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII3 sebesar 37.86 dan rata-rata hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII4 sebesar 21.84. Hasil uji prasyarat menunjukkan bahwa data pada kedua sampel berdistribusi normal dan memiliki varians yang homogen, selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian hipotesis menggunakan uji beda rata-rata atau uji-t dan diperoleh nilai sig (2-tailed) < α atau 0.003 < 0.05, sehingga menyebabkan H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima yang artinya terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII SMP menggunakan model Problem Based Learning (PBL) berbantuan aplikasi Swishmax dan model pembelajaran konvensional pada materi prisma dan limas.
Pedagogical Technology to Form Juridical Students’ Professionally Oriented Foreign-Language Communicative Competence
Authors: Ageeva Marina Gennadievna , Lapekina Yulia Yurievna
Published: April 2021

The paper provides a survey of the existing approaches to the problem of forming students’ professionally oriented foreign-language communicative competence. The article describes pedagogical conditions of juridical students’ professionally oriented foreign-language communicative competence formation, identifies the structure of this process. Scientific originality of the study involves developing methodology to form juridical students’ professionally oriented foreign-language communicative competence. As a result, it is shown that the suggested pedagogical technology can be efficiently used to form juridical students’ professionally oriented foreign-language communicative competence.
Comprehensive Assessment of Professional and Personal Competence of Foreign Military Specialists Studying at the Russian Higher Military Aviation Schools
Authors: Kuznetsov Yuri Nikolaevich
Published: April 2021

The paper aims to identify structural and meaningful characteristics of professional and personal competence of foreign military specialists studying at the Russian higher military aviation schools. The author proposes his own approach to the problem of assessing professional training quality at higher military aviation schools. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the researcher introduces the notion “foreign military specialists’ professional and personal competence” into pedagogy of professional education. As a result of the conducted analysis, the researcher reveals correlation of peculiar psychological and pedagogical characteristics of professional and personal competence: educational resource, intellectual and personal resource, physical fitness resource, official and educational activity resource and flight training resource.
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure and Temperature on Quantum Confinement of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Authors:   Department of Physics, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O.Box: 175-58135, IRAN, Yahyazadeh Rajab , Hashempour Zahra ,   Department of Physics, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O.Box: 175-58135, IRAN
Published: April 2021

In this paper, an analytical model for quantum confinement electron density in two-dimensional quantum well, has been investigated. In order to obtain the exact AlGaN/GaN HEMTs parameters such as electron density, the wave function, band gap, polarization charge, effective mass and dielectric constant, the hydrostatic pressure and temperature effects are taken into account. It has been found that the electron density decreases with increasing temperature and increases with increasing hydrostatic pressure. With increasing hydrostatic pressure, the effective mass decreases and the quantum confinement electrons are increased in the quantum well. Also with increasing hydrostatic pressure, the height of wave functions increase and decreases electron wave functions to penetrate the quantum barrier but increasing the temperature behaves the opposite of increasing the pressure. However, with increasing temperature, the effective mass is increased and the quantum confinement electrons are reduced. The calculated results for electron density are in good agreement with existing experimental data.
Refractive properties of the troposphere of Baikal natural territory and surrounding areas.
Authors:   Institute of the Physical Materials Science of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoy str., 6, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia, Bazarova A.S. , Sychev R.S. ,   Institute of the Physical Materials Science of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoy str., 6, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia, Bazarov A.V. ,   Institute of the Physical Materials Science of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoy str., 6, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia, Atutov E.B. ,   Institute of the Physical Materials Science of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoy str., 6, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia, Bashkuev Yu.B. ,   Institute of the Physical Materials Science of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoy str., 6, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The meteorological situation has a significant impact on the propagation of ultrashort radio waves. Refractive index of the atmosphere N is the main radio-meteorological characteristic of UHW propagation. The calculation of N is given on the basis of meteorological data of the atmospheric-soil measuring complex located on the basis of the measuring station in the village. Sosnovo-Ozerskoe, Eravninsky District, Republic of Buryatia. The regional features of the behavior refractive index in Buryatia, Yakutia and Mongolia are considered. The comparison with similar studies carried out on the basis of meteorological data from 1958-1977 was made. Global climate changes did not have a significant impact on the radio meteorological situation in the region was revealed.