bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How well do the CMIP6 models simulate dust aerosols?
Authors: Zhao Alcide , Ryder Claire L. , Wilcox Laura J.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Mineral dust impacts key processes in the Earth system, including the radiation budget, clouds, and nutrient cycles. We evaluate dust aerosols in 16 models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) against multiple reanalyses and satellite observations. Most models, and particularly the multi-model ensemble mean (MEM), capture the spatial patterns and seasonal cycles of global dust processes well. However, large uncertainties and inter-model diversity are found. For example, global dust emissions, primarily driven by model-simulated surface winds, vary by a factor of 5 across models, while the MEM estimate is double the amount in reanalyses. The ranges of CMIP6 model-simulated global dust emission, deposition, burden and optical depth (DOD) are larger than previous generations of models. Models present considerable disagreement in dust seasonal cycles over North China and North America. Here, DOD values are overestimated by most CMIP6 models, with the MEM estimate 1.2–1.7 times larger compared to satellite and reanalysis datasets. Such overestimates can reach up to a factor of 5 in individual models. Models also fail to reproduce some key features of the regional dust distribution, such as dust accumulation along the southern edge of the Himalayas. Overall, there are still large uncertainties in CMIP6 models’ simulated dust processes, which feature inconsistent biases throughout the dust lifecycle between models, particularly in the relationship connecting dust mass to DOD. Our results imply that modelled dust processes are becoming more uncertain as models become more sophisticated. More detailed output relating to the dust cycle in future intercomparison projects will enable better constraints of global dust cycles, and enable the potential identification of observationally-constrained links between dust cycles and optical properties.
Interactions between the stratospheric polar vortex and Atlantic circulation on seasonal to multi-decadal timescales
Authors: Dimdore-Miles Oscar , Gray Lesley , Osprey Scott , Robson Jon , Sutton Rowan , Sinha Bablu
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Variations in the strength of the Northern Hemisphere winter polar stratospheric vortex can influence surface variability in the Atlantic sector. Disruptions of the vortex, known as sudden stratospheric warmings (SSW), are associated with an equatorward shift and deceleration of the North Atlantic jet stream, negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation as well as cold snaps over Eurasia and North America. Despite clear influences at the surface on sub-seasonal timescales, how stratospheric vortex variability interacts with ocean circulation on decadal to multi-decadal timescales is less well understood. In this study, we use a 1000-year pre-industrial control simulation of the UK Earth System Model to study such interactions using a wavelet analysis technique to examine non-stationary periodic signals in the vortex and ocean. We find that intervals which exhibit persistent anomalous vortex behaviour lead to oscillatory responses in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The origin of these responses appears to be highly non-stationary with spectral power in vortex variability and the AMOC at periods of 30 and 50 years. In contrast, AMOC variations on longer timescales (near 90-year periods) are found to lead to a vortex response, through a pathway involving the equatorial Pacific and Quasi-biennial Oscillation. Using the relationship between persistent vortex behaviour and the AMOC response established in the model, we use a regression analysis to estimate the potential contribution of the 8 year SSW hiatus interval in the 1990s to the recent negative trend in AMOC observations. The result suggests that approximately 30 % of the trend may have been caused by the SSW hiatus.
Are cities responsible for their air pollution?
Authors: Thunis Philippe , Clappier Alain , de Meij Alexander , Pisoni Enrico , Bessagnet Bertrand , Tarrason Leonor
Published: September 2021

Abstract. While the burden caused by air pollution in urban areas is well documented, the origin of this pollution and therefore the responsibility of the urban areas in generating this pollution is still a subject of scientific discussion. Source Apportionment represents a useful technique to quantify the city responsibility but the approaches and applications are not harmonized, therefore not comparable, resulting in confusing and sometimes contradicting interpretations. In this work, we analyze how different source apportionment approaches apply to the urban scale and how their building elements and parameters are defined and set. We discuss in particular the options available in terms of indicator, receptor, source and methodology. We show that different choices for these options lead to very large differences in terms of outcome. In average over the 150 EU large cities selected in our study, the choices made for the indicator, the receptor and the source each lead to an average factor 2 difference. We also show that temporal and spatial averaging processes applied to the air quality indicator, especially when diverging source apportionments are aggregated into a single number lead to favor strategies that target background sources while occulting actions that would be efficient at the city center. We stress that methodological choices and assumptions most often lead to a systematic and important underestimation of the city responsibility, with important implications. Indeed, if cities are seen as a minor actor, plans will target in priority the background at the expense of potentially effective local actions.
Modelling the Spectral Shape of Continuous-Wave Lidar Measurements in a Turbulent Wind Tunnel
Authors: van Dooren Marijn Floris , Kidambi Sekar Anantha Padmanabhan , Neuhaus Lars , Mikkelsen Torben , Hölling Michael , Kühn Martin
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This paper describes the development of a model for the turbulence spectrum measured by a short-range, continuous-wave lidar. The lidar performance was assessed by measurements conducted with two WindScanners in an open jet wind tunnel equipped with an active grid, for a range of different turbulent wind conditions. A one-dimensional hot wire anemometer was used as a reference for characterising the lidar turbulence measurement. In addition to addressing the statistics, the correlation between the time series and the mean error on the wind speed, the lidar measurement turbulence spectrum is compared with a theoretical spectrum using Taylor's frozen turbulence hypothesis. A theoretical model for the probe length averaging effect is applied in the frequency domain, using a Lorentzian filter in combination with generated white noise, and evaluated by qualitatively matching the lidar measurement spectrum. High goodness of fit coefficients and low mean absolute errors between hot wire and WindScanner were observed for the measured time series. The correlation showed an inverse relationship with the prevalent turbulence intensity in the flow for cases with a comparable power spectrum shape. Larger flow structures can be captured more accurately by the lidar, whereas small-scale turbulent flow structures are partly filtered out as a result of the lidars' probe volume averaging. It is demonstrated that an accurate way to define the frequency at which the lidar power spectrum starts to deviate from the hot wire reference spectrum is the point at which the coherence drops below 0.5. This coherence-based cut-off frequency increases linearly with the mean wind speed and is generally an order of magnitude lower than the probe length cut-off frequency, estimated according to a simple model based on Taylor's frozen turbulence hypothesis. A convincing match between the modelled and the actual WindScanner power spectrum was found for various different cases, which confirmed that the deviation of the lidar measurement power spectrum in the higher frequency range can be analytically explained and modelled as a combination of a Lorentzian probe length averaging effect and white noise in the lidar measurement.
Estimation of sulfuric acid concentrations using ambient ion composition and concentration data obtained by ion mass spectrometry measurements (APi-TOF)
Authors: Beck Lisa Johanna , Schobesberger Siegfried , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Kulmala Markku
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4, SA) is the key compound in atmospheric new particle formation. Therefore, it is crucial to observe its concentration with sensitive instrumentation, such as chemical ionisation inlets coupled to Atmospheric Pressure interface Time-of-Flight mass spectrometers (CI-APi-TOF). However, there are environmental conditions and physical reasons when chemical ionisation cannot be used, for example in certain remote places or flight measurements with limitations regarding chemicals. In these cases, it is important to estimate the SA concentration based on ambient ion composition and concentration measurements that are achieved by APi-TOF alone. Here we derive a theoretical expression to estimate SA concentration and validate it with accurate CI-APi-TOF observations. The developed estimate works very well during daytime and with SA concentrations above 2⋅106 cm-3.
Influence of the choice of insolation forcing on the results of a conceptual glacial cycle model
Authors: Leloup Gaëlle , Paillard Didier
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Over the Quaternary, the ice volume variations are “paced” by the astronomy. However, the precise way in which the astronomical parameters influence the glacial-interglacial cycles is not clear. The origin of the 100 kyr cycles over the last million year and of the switch from 40 kyr to 100 kyr cycles over the Mid Pleistocene Transition remain largely unexplained. By representing the climate system as oscillating between two states, glaciation and deglaciation, switching once a glaciation and a deglaciation thresholds are crossed, the main features of the ice volume record can be reproduced (Parrenin and Paillard, 2012). However, previous studies have only focused on the use of a single summer insolation as input. Here, we use a simple conceptual model to test and discuss the influence of the use of different summer insolation forcings, having different contributions from precession and obliquity, on the model results. We show that some features are robust. Specifically, to be able to reproduce the frequency shift over the Mid Pleistocene Transition, the deglaciation threshold needs to increase over time, independently of the summer insolation used as input. The quality of the model data agreement however depends on the chosen type of summer insolation and time period considered.
How well does Predictive Soil Mapping represent soil geography? An investigation from the USA
Authors: Rossiter David G. , Poggio Laura , Beaudette Dylan , Libohova Zamir
Published: September 2021

Abstract. We present methods to evaluate the spatial patterns of the geographic distribution of soil properties in the USA, as shown in gridded maps produced by Predictive Soil Mapping (PSM) at global (SoilGrids v2), national (Soil Properties and Class 100 m Grids of the USA), and regional (POLARIS soil properties) scales, and compare them to spatial patterns known from detailed field surveys (gSSURGO). The methods are illustrated with an example: topsoil pH for an area in central New York State. A companion report examines other areas, soil properties, and depth slices. A set of R Markdown scripts is referenced so that readers can apply the analysis for areas of their interest. For the test case we discover and discuss substan- tial discrepancies between PSM products, as well as large differences between the PSM products and legacy field surveys. These differences are in whole-map statistics, visually-identifiable landscape features, level of detail, range and strength of spatial autocorrelation, landscape metrics (Shannon diversity and evenness, shape, aggregation, mean fractal dimension, co-occurence vectors), and spatial patterns of property maps classified by histogram equalization. Histograms and variogram analysis revealed the smoothing effect of machine-learning models. Property class maps made by histogram equalization were substantially different, but there was no consistent trend in their landscape metrics. The model using only national points and covariates was not better than the global model, and in some cases introduced artefacts from a lithology covariate. Uncertainty (5–95% confidence intervals) provided by SoilGrids and POLARIS were unrealistically wide compared to gSSURGO low and high estimated values and show substantially different spatial patterns. We discuss the potential use of the PSM products as a (partial) replacement for field-based soil surveys.
Penetration of interferometric radar signals in Antarctic snow
Authors: Rott Helmut , Scheiblauer Stefan , Wuite Jan , Krieger Lukas , Floricioiu Dana , Rizzoli Paola , Libert Ludivine , Nagler Thomas
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) is an efficient
technique for mapping the surface elevation and its temporal change over
glaciers and ice sheets. However, due to the penetration of the SAR signal
into snow and ice, the apparent elevation in uncorrected InSAR digital
elevation models (DEMs) is displaced versus the actual surface. We studied
relations between interferometric radar signals and physical snow properties
and tested procedures for correcting the elevation bias. The work is based
on satellite and in situ data over Union Glacier in the Ellsworth Mountains,
West Antarctica, including interferometric data of the TanDEM-X mission,
topographic data from optical satellite sensors and field measurements on
snow structure, and stratigraphy undertaken in December 2016. The study area
comprises ice-free surfaces, bare ice, dry snow and firn with a variety of
structural features related to local differences in wind exposure and snow
accumulation. Time series of laser measurements of NASA's Ice, Cloud and
land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) and ICESat-2 show steady-state surface
topography. For area-wide elevation reference we use the Reference Elevation
Model of Antarctica (REMA). The different elevation data are vertically
co-registered on a blue ice area that is not affected by radar signal
penetration. Backscatter simulations with a multilayer radiative transfer
model show large variations for scattering of individual snow layers, but the
vertical backscatter distribution can be approximated by an exponential
function representing uniform absorption and scattering properties. We
obtain estimates of the elevation bias by inverting the interferometric
volume correlation coefficient (coherence), applying a uniform volume model
for describing the vertical loss function. Whereas the mean values of the
computed elevation bias and the elevation difference between the TanDEM-X
DEMs and the REMA show good agreement, a trend towards overestimation of
penetration is evident for heavily wind-exposed areas with low accumulation
and towards underestimation for areas with higher accumulation rates. In
both cases deviations from the uniform volume structure are the main reason.
In the first case the dense sequence of horizontal structures related to
internal wind crust, ice layers and density stratification causes increased
scattering in near-surface layers. In the second case the small grain size
of the top snow layers causes a downward shift in the scattering phase
centre.
Los partidos de entrenamiento en el tenis femenino (Parte 1)
Authors: Cotard Jean-Luc
Published: September 2021

A través de la experiencia, he aprendido que las sesiones de “confrontación” con una alta carga emocional entre niñas muy jóvenes requieren grandes habilidades pedagógicas. A partir de varios testimonios de jugadoras y entrenadores, mi objetivo en este artículo es evaluar objetivamente el juego de partidos durante el entrenamiento
Desarrollo del dobles de juniors: Un enfoque progresivo en cancha basado en hechos y estadísticas
Authors: Dell’Edera Michelangelo , Bertino Luigi , Campagnoli Donato
Published: September 2021

El dobles de juniors es una disciplina no muy desarrollada, ni muy considerada en los programas de entrenamiento de tenis. La Federación Italiana de Tenis llevó a cabo un estudio para evaluar ciertos parámetros del dobles a nivel junior, y compararlos con los del tenis profesional.
FORMULASI EMULGEL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KERSEN (Muntingia calabura Linn.) DAN EVALUASI AKTIVITASNYA SEBAGAI ANTIACNE TERHADAP Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Hanifa Hanina Liddini , Diaz Evelin , Handayani Retty
Published: September 2021

Preferensi penggunaan obat herbal meningkat sebagai antiacne untuk melengkapi terapi yang ada. Daun kersen (Muntingia calabura Linn.) berpotensi sebagai antiacne karena memiliki aktivitas antiinflamasi dan antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk optimasi formulasi emulgel ekstrak daun kersen dan pengujian aktivitasnya sebagai antiacne terhadap P. acnes. KHM dari ekstrak etanol daun kersen ditentukan dengan metode difusi padat. KHM digunakan untuk menentukan kekuatan sediaan emulgel. Optimasi formulasi emulgel dilakukan pada variasi penggunaan Carbopol 940 (0,5; 1,0; dan 1,5%) sebagai gelling agent dan variasi penggunaan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun kersen (3; 4,5; dan 6%). Evaluasi sediaan emulgel yang dilakukan meliputi pengamatan organoleptic, uji homogenitas, pengukuran pH, penentuan viskositas, uji sentrifugasi, uji freeze-thaw, uji daya sebar, dan uji iritasi. Pengujian aktivitas antiacne emulgel dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi agar. Nilai rata-rata zona hambat pertumbuhan bakteri dari sampel uji dibandingkan dengan zona hambat dari gel klindamisin sebagai pembanding. Hasil optimasi menunjukkan formula emulgel F3 dengan penggunaan Carbopol 940 1,5% dan kandungan ekstrak etanol daun kersen 6%. Hasil uji aktivitas antiacne emulgel yang mengandung ekstrak etanol daun kersen dengan konsentrasi 3; 4,5; dan 6% menghasilkan zona hambat pertumbuhan P. acnes dengan diameter 16,12 Â± 0,13; 18,20 Â± 0,35; dan 19,35 Â± 0,28 mm.

Kata kunci: Muntingia calabura Linn., Antiacne, Emulgel
UJI PARAMETER SPESIFIK DAN NON SPESIFIK DAUN ZIZIPHUS NUMMULARIA (Burm.F.) Wight&Arn SERTA KANDUNGAN SENYAWA METABOLIT SEKUNDER
Authors: Noviyanti Noviyanti , Sativa Novriza , Perdana Farid
Published: September 2021

Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight&Arn. merupakan tanaman yang termasuk familia rhamnaceae atau dikenal daun bidara biasanya dimanfaatkan untuk obat tradisional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa kimia serta uji parameter spesifik serta non spesifik dari daun bidara melalui metode standarisasi mutu. Hasil parameter non spesifik menunjukkan bahwa daun bidara memiliki kadar air 4%, kadar abu total 5,06%, kadar abu larut air 2,54%, kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,58%. Untuk parameter spesifik memiliki kadar sari larut air 4,4%, kadar sari larut etanol 1,8%, susut pengeringan 14,3%. Hasil penafisan fitokimia simplisia daun bidara juga mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, fenol dan steroid/triperpenoid. Sedangkan dari hasil Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) ekstrak metanol menunjukan adanya senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, steroid, triterpenoid, dan fenol.

Kata kunci: Uji parametrik, spesifik, non spesifik, metabolit sekunder, Ziziphus nummularia
EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN SIRUP AIR PERASAN BUAH JERUK NIPIS (CITRUS AURENTIFOLIA) TERHADAP BAKTERI STAPHYLOCOCCUS AEREUS SECARA IN VITRO
Authors: Puspita Weni , Hairunnisa Hairunnisa , Awaliah Putri Dwi
Published: September 2021

Jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) mengandung beberapa senyawa aktif yaitu alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, saponin, tanin dan fenolik yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas antibakteri air perasan buah jeruk nipis dalam sediaan sirup terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus secara in vitro. Pengujian efektivitas antibakteri sirup buah jeruk nipis diujikan pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dengan 3 konsentrasi yaitu 25%, 50%, dan 75% serta air perasan buah jeruk nipis dengan konsentrasi 100% sebagai pembanding. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sirup air perasan buah jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) dengan konsentrasi 25%, 50%, dan 75% dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus secara in vitro. Air perasan buah jeruk nipis yang diformulasikan menjadi sediaan sirup dapat meningkatkan kemampuan jeruk nipis sebagai antibakteri, dimana semakin tinggi konsentrasi sirup buah jeruk nipis dan semakin lama kontak dengan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus maka daya hambatnya semakin baik. Rata-rata zona hambat konsentrasi sirup buah jeruk nipis yang efektif untuk menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada konsentrasi 75% dengan zona hambat 13,5 mm dengan kategori kuat dan menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak signifikan (p>0,05) dibandingkan air perasan buah jeruk nipis konsentrasi 100% dengan zona hambat 14,167 mm.

Kata Kunci : Citrus aurantifolia, Staphylococcus aureus, sirup
FORMULASI KRIM ANTIHIPERPIGMENTASI EKSTRAK BIJI BUAH LENGKENG (Euphoria longan [Lour])
Authors: Purnamasari Vina , Hasrawati A. , Toha Aztriana
Published: September 2021

Proses hiperpigmentasi melibatkan aktivitas suatu enzim, yaitu tirosinase. Salah satu tanaman yang berfungsi sebagai antihiperpigmentasi adalah biji buah lengkeng karena mengandung asam galat, glikosida flavon, dan hidroksinamat dengan kandungan utama flavon dimana asam galat memiliki aktivitas sebagai inhibitor enzim tirosinase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan suatu formula krim antihiperpigmentasi ekstrak biji buah lengkeng (Euphoria longan [Lour]) yang stabil dan memiliki sifat farmaseutik yang baik berdasarkan evaluasi kestabilan serta tidak mengiritasi kulit. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimental laboratorium. Krim antihiperpigmentasi dengan variasi konsentrasi bahan pengemulsi Triethanolamin dan Asam Stearat dibuat dalam 2 formula. Formula 1 dengan konsentrasi Triethanolamin : Asam Stearat sebesar 2% : 6% dan formula 2 sebesar 3% : 9%. Hasil penelitian pada kedua formula menunjukkan bahwa pada pengujian organoleptik tidak mengalami perubahan bau, warna dan konsistensi sebelum dan sesudah kondisi dipaksakan, pada pengukuran pH menujukkan bahwa kedua formula memiliki pH yang sama yaitu pH 7 sebelum kondisi dipaksakan dan pH 7,9 sesudah kondisi dipaksakan, pada pengujian homogenitas menunjukkan formula homogen, pada pengujian tipe emulsi menunjukkan bahwa kedua formula mempunyai tipe emulsi m/a sebelum dan sesudah kondisi dipaksakan, pada pengujian daya sebar menunjukkan peningkatan daya sebar, Reogram kedua formula menunjukkan aliran plastis dan pada pengujian iritasi menunjukkan tidak terjadi iritasi baik iritasi primer maupun iritasi sekunder. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa ekstrak biji buah lengkeng dapat dibuat dalam bentuk krim antihiperpigmentasi yang memenuhi pengujian kestabilan farmaseutik namun formula 2 menunjukkan kestabilan yang optimal dan sifat farmaseutik yang baik dibandingkan formula 1. Selain itu penggunaan 1% esktrak tidak mengiritasi kulit sehingga aman digunakan pada kulit.
FORMULASI KRIM DARI EKSTRAK DAUN SINGKONG (Manihot Utilissima) SEBAGAI ANTIHIPERPIGMENTASI DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI EMULGATOR
Authors: Toha Aztriana , Zulkarnain Iskandar , Purnamasari Vina
Published: September 2021

Ekstrak Daun Singkong (Manihot Uttilissima) dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim tirosinase melalui kandungan quarsetin dan rutin. Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mendapatkan formula krim dari ekstrak daun singkong yang stabil dan memiliki sifat farmaseutika yang baik. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimental laboratorium. Krim dibuat dengan menggunakan tiga perbandingan konsentrasi emulgator Trietanolamin : Asam Stearat (1 : 2; 1 : 3; dan 1 : 4) Pengujian dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah kondisi dipercepat pada suhu 5 oC dan 35 oC masing-masing 12 jam selama 12 siklus dengan parameter pengujian antara lain organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, tipe emulsi, volume krimming, viskositas, dan tipe aliran. Data hasil pengujian kestabilan formula dianalisis secara statistik dengan metode rancang acak kelompok dengan derajat kepercayaan 95%. Dan diperoleh pengujian organoleptis tidak ada perubahan pada ke tiga formula baik sebelum maupun sesudah kondisi dipercepat. Pada pengujian kestabilan pH menunjukkan sediaan tetap berada pada kisaran pH kulit. Analisis statistik pada pengukuran viskositas menunjukkan formula I paling stabil dengan menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan nyata baik sebelum maupun sesudah kondisi dipercepat. Begitu pula pada gambar reogram kurva menunjukkan formula I merupakan yang paling stabil dengan tidak terjadi perubahan yang signifikan baik sebelum maupun sesudah kondisi dipercepat. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa formula I adalah krim dengan formula yang paling stabil.
Seni Dalam Persfektif Hadist (Kajian Ma`ani Persfektif Muhammadiyah)
Authors: Rifai Ahmad
Published: September 2021

The law of art in Islam is hotly told on social media, Calls for the illegality of art echo on social media. Muhammadiyah began to pursue art by opening an art and design program at the muhammadiyah university, including at the University of Muhammadiyah Bandung. This is interesting to study, to find out the purpose of Muhammadiyah in opening an art program when the call for illegal art to go viral on social media. The purpose of this study is to find out the principles and laws of art in Muhammadiyah. This research method uses qualitative research by examining hadith about art. The hadith approach used is the science of riwayah hadith and the science of ma'ani hadith. In conclusion, there is a hadith that forbids images and statues, there is a hadith that allows making dolls for toys, draw clothes, and draw lifeless creatures. The law of art in Muhammadiyah is allowed if it is closer to monotheism and benefit. the law of art is forbidden if it leads to polytheism.
《臺灣蕃人事情》報告與日治初期官方原住民教育政策的形成
Authors: 張耀宗 張耀宗
Published: September 2021

本文主要目的在於從《臺灣蕃人事情》報告，來看日治初期官方原住民教育政策之形成。《臺灣蕃人事情》是民政部事務囑託伊能嘉矩和粟野傳之丞呈給民政長官後藤新平的覆命書，此覆命書係為實施蕃人教育預作準備。本書大部分內容由人類學調查所組成，可作為從人類學的角度看待教育的特殊視角。在蕃人教育措施準備上，覆命書中提及針對各族原住民「開化發達」的程度不同，給予適當之教育措施。對照日本總督府隨後原住民教育政策之發展，覆命書確實有其若合符節之處，也有差異之處。會有差異之處的原因，在於殖產部門所管轄的原住民區域，發展出與文教部門不同的原住民教育措施。

 

The main purpose of this article is to analyze the relation between the formation of the official indigenous education policy in the early period of Japanese colony and the report “The History and Custom of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples ". “The History and Custom of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples “was the official report for the Chief of the Civil Affairs, Goto Shinpei, by two officials of Department of Civil Affairs, Ino　Kanori and Suo Chuanji. The purpose of survey was the preparations for educating indigenous peoples. Most part of this report was based on field study, which could help to see education from an anthropological perspective. For establishing an education system for indigenous peoples, it divided to the different levels of civilization of each different ethnic group of indigenous peoples, and then gave each an appropriate education. Comparing the subsequent development of the indigenous education system that Taiwan Governor’s Office of Japanese initiated, it found there were some similarity and difference between the official report and the practical policy. The reason for the difference based on the development of indigenous educational policy that was different from the educational unit in the indigenous areas under the jurisdiction of the developmental department.

 
СПОСОБ ГЕОТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО МОНИТОРИНГА ПОРОД ТАШТУНСКОГО РАЗЛОМА ЮГО-ЗАПАДНОГО БОРТА КАДЖАРАНСКОГО КАРЬЕРА
Authors: Manukyan L.A. , Hovakimyan V.V.
Published: September 2021

A method has been suggested for geotechnical monitoring of tectonic fault rock mass of the south-west wall in Qajaran open-pit mine by applying the pseudo-static method of CPTu (Cone Penetration Test with in-situ pore water pressure measurements) which gives an opportunity to define the root parameters of soils such as: pore water pressure, unit weight, drained and undrained shear strength. The versatile in-situ CPTu methods allow to profile simultaneously the geotechnical properties of each soil strata with permanent penetrating speed, and also while using the SCPTu (Seismic Cone Penetration Test with in-situ pore water pressure measurements) method, as well as determine horizontal and shear seismic wave velocities from the given geomechanical environment. At that, it also becomes possible to pull out independently intact samples from tectonic-fault-soils for future laboratory testing. Two different approaches for geomechanical proposition of the south-west wall stability of Qajaran open-pit mine based on the limit equilibrium theory and outputs from the proposed in-situ geotechnical seismic monitoring (SCPTu) have been analysed. The difference of the results from the two analyzed approaches (USA vs ESA) was about 8 to 10% in estimating the slope stability. Based on the analyzed results of the stability of the south-west wall of Qajaran open-pit mine, it is recommended to apply undrained strength analysis for undrained tectonic-fault soils (USA – Undrained Strength Analysis) instead of the effective drained strength analysis (ESA – Effective Strength Analysis) for drained rocks by taking into account the developed excess pore water pressure when saturated clayey soils sheared in undrained conditions.
Social Support to Reduce Disease-Related Stigma: Lesson Learned from Corona Virus Disease-19
Authors: Khairunnisa Marizka , Martiyana Cati , Yunitawati Diah , Latifah Leny , Nurcahyani Yusi Dwi
Published: September 2021

Stigma associated with COVID-19 is intense. One of the factors that can help in reducing stigma is social support. This research aims to explore stigma, efforts to deal with stigma, and support for people diagnosed with COVID-19. The research design is qualitative research using phenomenological approach and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Data collection was carried out in July-August 2020 through telephone interviews with eleven positive COVID-19 informants. Of the eleven informants who were COVID-19 positive, eight of them experienced stigma. Nonetheless, both stigmatized and non-stigmatized informants received social support. Friends and family are the main sources of support for stigmatized informants. Meanwhile, for non-stigmatized informants, the main support was obtained from the community. The results showed that social support can reduce or even eliminate stigma. The social support that comes from the community is the most influential in reducing stigma. From this research, public support is more efficient compared to individual support. When the community provides support together, the risk of stigma can be reduced. The results of this study can be used to prevent stigmatizing behavior by strengthening social support, especially community support.
Fundamentos pedagógicos de Língua Portuguesa na BNCC: uma análise crítica de discursos
Authors: Schmitt Rosana Maria , Pinton Francieli Matzenbacher
Published: September 2021

Considerando a importância da Base Nacional Comum Curricular e sua influência no desenvolvimento de práticas pedagógicas em todo o país, neste relato de pesquisa, analisamos criticamente os discursos sobre ensino de língua portuguesa presentes nos fundamentos pedagógicos do componente curricular para os anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. Para tanto, orientamo-nos teórico-metodologicamente pela Análise Crítica de Discurso, que propõe uma análise tridimensional, com vistas à descrição da prática textual, à interpretação das práticas discursivas e à explicação das práticas sociais. Os resultados apontam um discurso sobre ensino de língua portuguesa, em grande medida, alinhado à perspectiva de gêneros discursivos/textuais que considera contextos situados e focaliza o desenvolvimento de práticas de usos de língua(gem). Importante ressaltar certa fluidez discursiva, visto que, por vezes, há o apagamento do gênero enquanto objeto de ensino, o que pode suscitar leituras enviesadas do documento e, consequentemente, subsidiar propostas pedagógicas que não contemplem a complexidade desse objeto.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of alcohol-related admissions in a tertiary care hospital in Qatar: Does age matter?
Authors: Abdelnaby Menatella , Abdalla Tasnim , Al-Kahtani Hend , Al-Rayashi Dana , Bashir Rim , Wanas Yara , Al-Neama Ahmed , Ibrahim Hassan , Ibrahim Hussain , Al-Adab Aisha , Asim Mohammad , El-Menyar Ayman
Published: September 2021

Background: Alcohol consumption is a major cause of acute and chronic health conditions associated with comorbidities and traumatic injuries, despite its partial prohibition in some countries. Moreover, alcohol-related hospital admissions increase the burden on the healthcare system. More than 80% of the population in Qatar comprises expatriates. This study aimed to analyze the demographics and clinical characteristics of subjects with alcohol-related emergency department (ED) visits/hospitalization with respect to different age groups in a single tertiary hospital in Qatar.

Methods: It is a retrospective observational study of adult patients who visited the ED at Hamad General Hospital between January 2013 and March 2015 and were screened positive for alcohol use. Collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, blood alcohol concentration (BAC), pattern of admission, previous medical history, laboratory investigations, treatment, hospital course, and mortality. Data were compared with respect to the distribution of age groups such as < 25, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, and >55 years.

Results: In total, 1506 consecutively admitted patients screened positive for alcohol use were included in the study; the majority of them were males (95.6%), non-Qatari nationals (71.1%), and aged 35–44 years (30.9%). The age groups 35–44 years and 45–54 years showed the highest median BAC ([0.24 interquartile range (IQR: 0.14–0.33)] and [0.24 (IQR: 0.13–0.33)], respectively) as compared to the other age groups (P = 0.001). The pattern of hospital admission, sociodemographic status, presence of comorbidities, laboratory investigations, and mortality showed specific age-related distribution. Particularly, young adults were more likely to have a previous ED visit due to trauma, whereas older patients’ previous hospital admissions were mostly related to various underlying comorbidities.

Conclusion: This study highlighted the patterns of age and clinico-epidemiological status of patients with alcohol-attributable hospital admissions. Our study showed that alcohol consumption was higher among the working-age group. Further studies are needed to investigate changes in the alcohol consumption patterns that may help plan for allocation of health resources and prevention of alcohol-related problems.
MARKET MARKALARINA VE ÜRETİCİ MARKALARINA YÖNELİK TÜKETİCİ TUTUMLARI
Authors: MELEK Evrim Ceyda
Published: September 2021

Gelişen teknolojinin hızıyla beraber pazarda oluşan yoğun rekabet ortamından faydalanmak isteyen perakendeciler üretici markaların yanında piyasada market markalı ürünlere de yer vermeye başlamışlardır. Market markalı ürünler fiyat avantajı sağlamak amacıyla piyasada bulunurken ilerleyen zamanlarda bunun yanında kalite olgusunun da eklendiği söylenebilir. Bunun neticesinde market markalı ürünlerin pazarda üretici markalı ürünlere karşı ciddi bir rakip durumuna gelmiştir.

Çalışmanın amacı İstanbul ilinde üç ayrı sosyo-ekonomik özelliğe sahip Levent, Bahçelievler ve Beylikdüzü ilçelerinde ikamet eden 18 yaş ve üzeri tüketicilerin market markalı ve üretici markalı ürünlere karşı satın alma işlemini gerçekleştirecek olan tüketicilerin bu markalara karşı oluşturdukları tutumları belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.

Market markası ve üretici markalara yönelik tüketici tutumlarını belirlemek üzere bazı demografik özellikler paralelinde (cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu, medeni durum, meslek, aylık aile geliri ve ikamet edilen ilçe) etkileri araştırılmıştır. Anket yönetimiyle yapılan bu araştırma 600 örnekleme uygulanmıştır. Daha sonrasında SPSS programıyla analiz edilen anketlerin sonuçlarına yer verilmiştir.
Modern World Trend of Sustainable Economy and Formation of the Circular Ecosystem in the Republic of Moldova
Authors:   Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, Dodu-Gugea Larisa , Siscan Zorina ,   Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, Condratchi Liliana ,   Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, Fortuna Olesea ,   Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova
Published: September 2021

Starting from studies conducted in the field, the authors define sustainable economy as a global trend and identify co-creation power of circular ecosystem in the Republic of Moldova. Attention is paid to sustainable economy as based on managing resources in interest of not only contemporary generations, but also the future ones. The implementation of policies related to business interests should be closely linked to sustainable development of natural and socio-cultural ecosystems. The technologies of circular economy directly contribute to sustainable economy. The ecological crisis and the current pandemic situation are leading to a revision of socio-economic values that result in the need to form circular global ecosystem. The round table of 18.12.2020, organized by the authors within ASEM, confirmed that activists, entrepreneurs, academics and political decision makers, being driving forces of sustainable economy, capitalize on this global trend, co-creating the circular ecosystem.
Innovative Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: the Problem of Development and Financing
Authors:   Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, Lobanov Natalia
Published: September 2021

The present article analyses the development and financing problems faced by innovative SMEs in the Republic of Moldova. Before considering some of the sources of funding available to small and medium-sized enterprises, it is necessary to determine what defines these enterprises, what their role and importance in the contemporary economy is, as well as their role in creating and promoting innovation. This paper analyses the ways in which the government tends to support SMEs and why they often face difficulties in developing and attracting resources to finance the activities. At the same time, special attention will be paid to modern sources of funding – venture capital funds and business angels. Finally, the measures to be taken to support the development of innovative SMEs will be identified.
Nickel Laterites: A Review
Authors: Gleeson S.A. , Butt C.R.M. , Elias M.
Published: September 2021

Nickel laterite deposits are formed by the prolonged and pervasive weathering of Ni silicate-bearing ultramafıc rocks, generally in tropical to subtropical climates. The deposits can be further classifıed as hydrous silicate deposits (e.g., SLN Operations, New Caledonia), clay silicate deposits (e.g., Murrin Murrin, Australia), and oxide deposits (e.g., Moa Bay, Cuba; Cawse, Australia) on the basis of the ore mineralogy. The physical and chemical nature of a nickel laterite deposit is a function of many factors, including the composition of the parent rock, the tectonic setting, climate, topography (specifıcally, laterite morphology), and drainage. Nickel laterite ore is extracted using both selective and bulk mining methods in open cast mining operations. The mined ore has traditionally been processed either by hydrometallurgical leaching technology (pressure acid leach or Caron processes) to produce oxides of nickel and cobalt or mixed Ni-Co sulfıdes for market, or by pyrometallurgical smelting to produce ferronickel granules or nickel matte. However, recent advances in high-pressure acid leaching and continued testing of atmospheric leach technology should lead to a reduction in overall operating costs and increased exploitation of Ni laterite resources in the future.
Giant Placers of the Victorian Gold Province
Authors: Hughes Martin J. , Phillips G. Neil , Carey Stephen P.
Published: September 2021

The Victorian gold province has yielded 2500 tonnes (t) Au, nearly 2 percent of cumulative world gold production, mostly mined between 1851 and 1910. Fifty-five percent (1375 t) was placer gold from modern and paleostream systems, and from eluvial deposits, and the remainder came from primary quartz vein-related deposits. Most of the alluvial gold placers are in unconsolidated or weakly cemented quartz pebble conglomerate and gravel, dominated by hydrothermal quartz, although a few paleoplacers are within duricrusted conglomerate that required crushing. Large and abundant gold nuggets were common. Placer gold deposits formed in three intervals following uplift in the Late Cretaceous, Late Eocene, and Pliocene. An important factor in the preservation of the paleoplacers has been their burial by younger sediments and basalt flows, with consequent protection from erosion and dispersal.

Factors in the formation of the giant gold placers of Victoria include the following: (1) the existence of a major primary gold province with several multimillion-ounce gold deposits; (2) uplift and reactivation of older faults; and (3) high rainfall and deep Paleogene weathering.
Vulnerabilidad y resiliencia de las cuidadoras familiares en medio de la pandemia de la Covid-19 en el Municipio de Guisa, Provincia de Granma, República de Cuba
Authors:   Universidad de Granma, Taset Álvarez Yanelys , Delgado Tornés Alisa Natividad ,   Universidad de Granma, Madrigal León Diurkis ,   Universidad de Granma
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has created new coordinates of action and social research, therefore, today there is a wide interest among social scientists to analyze some aspects of the crisis that at the social level caused it, therefore, we propose to argue from a cultural perspective the vulnerability and resilience of family caregivers in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Municipality of Guisa, Granma Province, Republic of Cuba. Family caregivers are considered a vulnerable group, while sociocultural situations associated with care persist, given the perception they present of feeling disconcerted, overloaded, trapped and excluded. However, they are able to successfully adapt to the stressful situation, as well as resist and overcome the situation to assist a dependent family member. This strength is related to culture and subjective values, which really determine their adaptation to risky circumstances and situations and allows them to face such situations with greater resilience and positivity. Keywords: vulnerability, resilience, family caregivers, COVID-19 pandemic.
Seroprevalence of Coxiellosis (Q fever) in Flocks of Goat in Birnin Gwari and ‎Maigana Agro-Ecological Zone of Kaduna State, Nigeria ‎
Authors: Adamu Shuaibu Gidado , Kabir Junaid , Umoh JU , Raji MA
Published: September 2021

Coxiellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii which affect the prolific and reproductive competences of animals. A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of coxiellosis (Q fever) in flocks of goats in Kaduna State, Nigeria.The study aimed to determinethe seroprevalence of coxiellosis in goats in Birnin Gwari and Maigana agro-ecological zone of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 400serum samples from goats of both sexes and of different age groupswere collected and screened forCoxiella burnetiiantibodiesusing indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA).Out of the 400 sera analysed,8.8% wereseropositive coxiellosis. Of the 253 female goats tested, 9.5% were seropositive, while 7.5% were seropositive out of the 147 male goats tested. There was no statistically significant association between sex of goats and coxiellosis (Q fever). A significant association was detected betweenage of goatstested andsensitivity of iELISA, non-significantassociation was found between breed ofgoats with sensitivity of iELISA. The study indicates that coxiellosis exists with high prevalence predominantly among femalegoats and is major public health challenge calling for awareness amongstinterested party for organized surveillance for the diseases in goats in Nigeria.
Acute Toxicity and Anti-diarrhoeal Activity of Aqueous Extract of Aerial ‎Parts of Hygrophila Auriculata in Albino Rats
Authors: Salihu S. I. , Telta A. , Chiroma M. , Daniel N. , Yakubu C. , Wiam I.
Published: September 2021

Hygrophila auriculata (H. auricalata) plant extract was studied for it phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity and its anti-diarrhoea ‎l activity in albino rats using standard procedure. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, terpenoids and saponins. The acute toxicity of the extract was above 2000 mg/kg b. wt which is slightly toxic. The result of castor oil induced diarrhoea ‎ model indicates that the extract at all test doses was significant (p<0.05). Similarly, the extract produced a significant (p<0.05) decline in the weight and volume of intestinal contents at all tested doses. In addition, a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the gastrointestinal motility in charcoal meal test was also observed in all doses of the extract administered. This activity may be attributed to the presence of the identified phytchemicals in the plant extract. The results in this study confirmed the ‎anti-diarrhoea. ‎ ‎l activity of the aerial part of H. auriculata and hence support the folkloric believe and provide the scientific basis for the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of diarrhoea.
Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of Tramadol and Diclofenac Sodium in ‎Goats
Authors: Buhari S. , Amaje J. , Bello Z. M. , Ahmad S. , Abubakar N. , Bodinga H. A. , Sani M. I.
Published: September 2021

Postoperative analgesic effects of tramadol and diclofenac in goats presented for diaphyseal femoral fracture management were compared. Eight adult goats aged 10 to 24 months (16±5.2 months) were used. The first group of 4 goats received 3 mg/kg of tramadol intramuscularly (IM), and 2.5 mg/kg of diclofenac sodium was administered to the second group of 4 goats before induction of anesthesia IM. Mechanical pain scores, clinico-physiological and red and white blood cell counts were evaluated over a period of twelve hours post drug administration. The study groups were not revealed to the postoperative pain assessors until the end of the study. There was no significant difference in the rectal temperature values and the analgesiometer readings between the tramadol and diclofenac groups (p<0.05). The variations in the pulse rate, respiratory rate, red and white blood cell counts between the groups fluctuated within the normal physiological limits.It was therefore concluded that preoperative intramuscular administration of tramadol at 3 mg/kg provided similar effective postoperative analgesia with diclofenac at 2.5 mg/kg IM following femoral diaphyseal fracture management in goats.