bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Einfluss des Anlassens auf die Warmhärte von P92 Blechmaterial
Authors: El‐Magd E. , Gebhard J.
Published: September 2005

Die Härtemessung bei erhöhten Temperaturen erlaubt eine erste Einschätzung des Werkstoffs hinsichtlich seiner Warmfestigkeit. Der Vorteil dieser Prüfmethode ist, dass mit einer einzigen kleinen Probe in kurzer Zeit die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Härte über einen großen Temperaturbereich gemessen werden kann. Insbesondere eignet sich die Warmhärteprüfung für Vergleichszwecke zwischen unterschiedlichen Wärmebehandlungen. In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Anlasstemperatur und ‐dauer auf die Warmhärte von P92 untersucht. Dabei ergab sich ein mathematischer Zusammenhang zwischen der Härte bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und des Hollomon‐Jaffe‐Parameters, mit welchem die Anlasszeit‐ und Anlasstemperatur in gewissen Grenzen ausgetauscht werden kann.
Criteria of multiaxial random fatigue based on stress, strain and energy parameters of damage in the critical plane
Authors: Łagoda T. , Ogonowski P.
Published: September 2005

In this paper generalized criteria of multiaxial random fatigue based on stress, strain and strain energy density parameters in the critical plane have been discussed. The proposed criteria reduce multiaxial state of stress to the equivalent uniaxial tension–compression or alternating bending. Relations between the coefficients occurring in the considered criteria have been derived. Thus, it is possible to take into account fatigue properties of materials under simple loading states during determination of the multiaxial fatigue life. Presented models have successfully correlated fatigue lives of cast iron GGG40 and steel 18G2A specimens under constant amplitude in‐phase and out‐of‐phase loadings including different frequencies.
Experimental study of one‐dimensional superelastic capability of a nearly equi‐atomic NiTi shape memory alloy
Authors: Wang Y. F. , Yue Z. F. , Baruj A.
Published: September 2005

A series of experimental studies have been carried out on nearly equi‐atomic NiTi shape memory alloy wires. The effects of fatigue cycles, displacement rates as well as testing temperatures on the superelastic capabilities have been studied. Under cycling loading, the threshold stresses for martensitic transformation decrease and the residule strains increase. Saturation is reached after 100 cycles. With increasing displacement rates, the critical stresses required for the martensitic transformation increase and the slopes of the upper plateau in the stress‐strain curves rise. The dissipated energy increases rapidly with increasing displacement rate, reaches a maximum value at around 6.0mm/min and then decreases as the displacement rate continues to increase. Tests also show that the threshold stresses characterizing the forward/reverse transformations increase linearly with increasing test temperature.
Pelvic floor electromyography in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A case‐control study
Authors: Hetrick Diane C. , Glazer Howard , Liu Yung‐Wen , Turner Judith A. , Frest Margaret , Berger Richard E.
Published: September 2005

Aims

The objectives of this study were (1) to identify differences between men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), compared with pain‐free men, in surface electromyography/biofeedback (sEMG/BFB) readings of pelvic floor muscles and (2) to determine which pelvic floor muscle sEMG readings may have differential diagnostic and treatment selection value by accurately predicting group membership, CPPS versus normal.

Methods

Twenty‐one men with CPPS and 21 healthy men without pelvic pain underwent a standardized sEMG examination by a licensed physical therapist.

Results

On group difference measures men with CPPS showed significantly greater sEMG instability in preliminary resting baseline. Three sEMG measures reliably categorized CPPS versus normals with CPPS showing greater preliminary resting baseline hypertonicity and instability with lowered voluntary endurance contraction amplitude.

Conclusions

CPPS patients manifest pelvic floor muscle instability compared to normals. Prebaseline resting hypertonicity and instability along with endurance contraction weakness reliably predicts subject membership in the CPPS vs. normal group. Pelvic floor muscle sEMG may be a valuable screening tool to identify patients with CPPS who may benefit from therapies aimed at correcting pelvic floor muscle dysfunction. Neurourol. Urdynam. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caffeine ingestion and lower urinary tract symptoms in healthy volunteers
Authors: Bird Erin T. , Parker Brian D. , Kim Hyun Sun , Coffield K. Scott
Published: September 2005

Aims

To assess lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after caffeine ingestion in healthy volunteers.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial utilizing healthy adult volunteers without urinary tract disease. Caffeine dosage was based on patient weight (equivalent to a 70 kg person taking 200 mg of caffeine twice a day). After a 24‐hr washout period, subjects ingested tablets (placebo and drug were identical in appearance) twice a day for 3 days. All participants completed volume‐frequency diaries and a post‐study symptom questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS (version 8.2). Differences voiding frequency and volume were assessed by Wilcoxon rank sum test. The designated level of statistical significance was P < 0.05.

Results

During the first day on study medications, patients taking caffeine versus placebo voided a mean of 7.8 versus 6.4 times in a 24‐hr period, respectively, P = 0.05. The mean total urine production was 2,004 ml (caffeine) versus 1,643 ml (placebo), P = 0.06, while total fluid ingested was similar (2,246 ml—caffeine, 2,102 ml—placebo, P = 0.46). For the remaining 2 days there was no significant difference between the two arms. The post‐study questionnaire revealed no differences in symptom perception between the two groups.

Conclusions

In healthy volunteers caffeine appears to produce an initial diuresis, but does not appear to have other significant or sustaining effects on lower urinary symptoms in this 4‐day model. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatially inhomogeneous crystallinity in heterogeneous ethylene‐α‐olefin copolymers
Authors: Joubert D. J. , Goderis B. , Reynaers H. , Mathot V. B. F.
Published: September 2005

The crystallinity development in heterogeneous ethylene‐1‐butene copolymers is compared with that in ethylene copolymers, with more bulky 1‐heptene as a comonomer. The thermal transitions of the 1‐heptene based copolymers persistently occur at higher temperatures than of the corresponding 1‐butene copolymers. The earlier crystallization onset is reflected in thicker primary crystals, which in turn are associated with the presence of longer ethylene sequences because of the inaccessibility of 1‐heptene to sterically shielded catalytic sites. In addition, the 1‐heptene based copolymers are characterized by a higher degree of primary crystallinity, whereas the 1‐butene copolymers exhibit more prominent secondary crystallization. The 1‐butene based copolymers thus have a less heterogeneous chemical composition distribution. At high comonomer contents, the highly heterogeneous nature of the 1‐heptene copolymers is emphasized by a more pronounced presence of low crystalline spherulite inclusions accomplished by the liquid–liquid phase separation of dissimilar polymeric chains before crystallization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3000–3018, 2005
Specific photodissociation of peptides with multi‐stage mass spectrometry
Authors: Tabarin Thibault , Antoine Rodolphe , Broyer Michel , Dugourd Philippe
Published: September 2005

We report collision‐induced dissociation (CID) and laser‐induced dissociation (LID) performed at different wavelengths between 220 and 280 nm of the peptides leucine‐enkephalin (protonated) and gramicidin A (sodiated). Hydrogen‐atom losses and side‐chain cleavages were observed in LID experiments. These losses depend on the laser wavelength and lead to the formation of radical ions. The fragmentations of these radicals, which are not observed in CID experiments, were investigated in multi‐stage mass spectrometry experiments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relations between parenting and externalizing and internalizing problem behaviour in early adolescence: Child behaviour as moderator and predictor
Authors: Reitz E. , Deković M. , Meijer A.M.
Published: September 2005

In this longitudinal study we investigated relations between parenting and externalizing and internalizing problem behaviour during early adolescence. First, we examined parenting effects on problem behaviour, including child behaviour as a moderator. Second, we examined child behaviour as predictor of parenting, also including moderator effects. A total of 650 13‐ to 14‐year‐olds filled out the Youth Self‐Report and questionnaires about parenting at two times within a one‐year interval. Relations between parenting and problem behaviour appeared to be stronger for externalizing than for internalizing problem behaviour. Both parenting effects and child effects were found. Parenting significantly predicted an increase in externalizing problem behaviour one year later. Adolescent's previous level of problem behaviour predicted changes in parenting (involvement and decisional autonomy granting). In addition, parental and child characteristics interacted in predicting outcome.
The relationship among gene expression, folding free energy and codon usage bias in Escherichia coli
Authors: Jia Mengwen , Li Yanda
Published: September 2005

Taking advantage of microarray data in Escherichia coli genome, the relationship among mRNA expression levels, folding free energy and codon usage bias are investigated. Our results indicate that mRNA expression is correlated to the stability of mRNA secondary structure and the codon usage bias. The decrease of the stability of mRNA structure contributes to the increase of mRNA expression. There is a negative correlation between codon adaptation index (CAI) and mRNA expression in genes with less stable structure. The relationship between the stability of mRNA structure and mRNA half‐life indicates the stability of mRNA structure is different from mRNA half‐life.
techno-change
Authors: mcarthur tom
Published: September 2005

the april 2005 issue, et82, was hardly out when i began to think i'd been premature in what i wrote in its comment. i noted there that the issue ‘had the smallest number of contributions ever listed: seven titles in all, whereas traditionally there have been ten or more’. the reason of course was the length of several of the articles: closer to ‘papers’ in standard academic journals (yet none the worse for it, readability being as safe as ever).
timeless tolkien [part 2]
Authors: smith ross
Published: September 2005

the year 2005 marks the 50th anniversary of the original publication of j. r. r. tolkien's celebrated novel the lord of the rings. voted both ‘the book of the century’ in a poll conducted by the uk book retailer waterstones in 1997 and ‘the uk's best-loved book’ in a bbc survey carried out in 2003, tlotr was adapted to the screen in in 2001 by the previously little-known director peter jackson and released in three parts between 2001 and 2003 to widespread popular acclaim. the present is the second of three linked discussions of tolkien's work and the media through which it has been channelled. the first appeared as ‘why the film version of the lord of the rings betrays tolkien's novel,’ in et83 (21:3). the third and closing article will appear in et85 (22:1).
logla takna mi
Authors: jones lewis
Published: September 2005

is the ultimate logical language still being used – somewhere out there? if you know what the title of this article means, what follows is probably not going to be news to you. if you don't, you might be curious about the language in question, which certainly isn't english, but isn't a foreign language either.
i mightn't have had to have been writing this
Authors: bulley michael
Published: September 2005

teaching a foreign language can sometimes be like doing linguistics the wrong way round. grammatical study should be based on sentences that have been produced and understood in actual contexts. we should expect to find some imprecise, changeable conventions, but not any rules. it can be difficult, though, to teach a language with that outlook. a learner will be dispirited if you suggest just taking language as it comes and learning from experience. learners want rules, as they seem to offer security and a starting-point. of course, once a teacher has been foolish enough to give a rule, any awkwardly enterprising student can easily find justifiable exceptions to it though, of course, they will not really be exceptions to anything.
Identification of individual tigers (Panthera tigris) from their pugmarks
Authors: Sharma Sandeep , Jhala Yadvendradev , Sawarkar Vishwas B.
Published: September 2005

An objective multivariate technique is described for identification of individual tigers Panthera tigris from their pugmarks. Tracings and photographs of hind pugmarks were obtained from 23 pugmark‐sets of 19 individually known tigers (17 wild and two captive tigers). These 23 pugmark‐sets were then divided into two groups, one of 15 pugmark‐sets for model building and another of eight pugmark‐sets for model testing and validation. A total of 93 measurements were taken from each pugmark along with three gait measurements. We used CV ratio, F‐ratio and removed highly correlated variables to finally select 11 variables from these 93 variables. These 11 variables did not differ between left and right pugmarks. Stepwise discriminant function analysis (DFA) based on these 11 variables correctly classified pugmark‐sets to individual tigers. A realistic population estimation exercise was simulated using the validation dataset. The algorithms developed here correctly allocated each pugmark‐set to the correct individual tiger. The effect of extraneous factors, i.e. soil depth and multiple tracers, was also tested and pugmark tracings compared with pugmark photographs. We recommend collecting pugmarks from soil depths ranging between 0.5 and 1.0 cm, and advocate the use of pugmark photographs rather than pugmark tracings to eliminate the chance of obtaining substandard data from untrained tracers. Our study suggests that tigers can be individually identified from their pugmarks with a high level of accuracy and pugmark‐sets could be used for population estimation of tigers within a statistically designed mark–recapture framework.
Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism in booted macaques (Macaca ochreata)
Authors: Schillaci Michael A. , Stallmann Robert R.
Published: September 2005

Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism have been important topics of investigation among researchers interested in the life history and ecology of non‐human primates. It has been suggested that sex differences in the duration of growth are primarily, but not entirely, responsible for the sexual dimorphism observed in primate species with multimale–multifemale social structure, such as that seen in macaque monkeys (subfamily Cercopithecinae). Sexual dimorphism and growth was investigated in a wild population of booted macaques Macaca ochreata from Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results of our investigation suggest that the observed dimorphism in this population is primarily a product of greatly increased growth rates in dentally mature young adult males, in addition to prolonged male growth. This pattern of male growth may be an adaptive response to reduce the risk of adult male aggression before obligatory male emigration, and to facilitate competition for females soon after immigration into a new social group.
The acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus minutus alters the geotactic and clinging behaviours of two sympatric amphipod hosts: the native Gammarus pulex and the invasive Gammarus roeseli
Authors: Bauer Alexandre , Haine Eleanor R. , Perrot‐Minnot Marie‐Jeanne , Rigaud Thierry
Published: September 2005

Acanthocephala are parasites with complex life cycles involving arthropod intermediate hosts and vertebrate final hosts. They use predation as a means of transmission, and some species have developed the ability to modify behaviour of their intermediate hosts to enhance the probability of ingestion by the definitive host. Knowledge of how a single parasite species is adapted to modify the behaviour of different intermediate host species is important for the understanding of parasitic transmission in host communities. In Burgundy, the freshwater amphipod crustaceans Gammarus pulex (native species) and Gammarus roeseli (eastern European invader) are both intermediate hosts for the acanthocephalan Polymorphus minutus. The influence of this bird parasite on the geotaxis of G. roeseli was evaluated and it was found that when infected, individuals of this host species have a negative geotaxis compared to uninfected individuals. There were two components to the behavioural changes: swimming to the top of the water column, and clinging to surface material. These changes were comparable to those observed in the local host species G. pulex, but lower in magnitude. This result contrasts with a previous study on the influence of the fish parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis, which is able to alter the native species' behaviour, but not that of the invasive host. Parasite adaptations to local vs invasive intermediate host species are discussed in terms of their dispersal range (i.e. dispersal of their definitive hosts): the wider the dispersal, the greater should be the spectrum of intermediate hosts.
Seasonal variation in spermatogenic and androgenic activities in a caecilian testis (Ichthyophis tricolor)
Authors: Smita Mathew , Beyo R. S. , George Jancy M. , Akbarsha M. A. , Oommen Oommen V.
Published: September 2005

Caecilians are an order of amphibians with distribution confined to several of the tropical countries. They are subterranean animals and practice a form of internal fertilization. Several species are viviparous. Published reports on seasonal variation in male reproduction in caecilians are limited to a very few species. A study was undertaken to examine the seasonal variation of testicular activity with respect to spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in a caecilian, Ichthyophis tricolor, fairly abundant in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India, using light and transmission electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin‐dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining and biochemical determination of 3‐hydroxy‐Δ5‐steroid dehydrogenase (Δ5‐3β‐HSDH) activity. Three phases in spermatogenic activity, active spermatogenesis (July–November), early regression (December–March) and spermatogenic quiescence (April–June) are identified. Apoptosis seems to be the mechanism of germ cell death during the regression phase. Leydig cells are interstitial and not peritubular. Activity of testicular Δ5‐3β‐HSDH follows the same pattern as spermatogenic activity, although histometric data on the interstitial tissue reveal higher areas during the regression and quiescent phases. Our findings will be useful in evolving strategies for conservation of caecilians with special reference to Kerala, India.
The calcium and phosphorus content of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and buffalo (Syncerus caffer) skeletons
Authors: Mitchell G. , van Schalkwyk O. L. , Skinner J. D.
Published: September 2005

Osteophagia, variable serum calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentration, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, a high growth rate, and a large skeletal mass, all suggest that Ca and P requirements and availability are finely balanced in giraffes. The mineral content of some marker bones in skeletons obtained from adult male giraffes (browsers) and adult male African buffaloes (grazers of similar body mass) were compared to assess the idea of critical Ca and P balance. Our results show that the P concentration of plasma varies more than Ca concentration, and that the Ca content of giraffe bones (0.196±0.01 g/g) and buffalo (0.202±0.006 g/g) varies more than P content (0.095±0.002 in both). The average Ca and P content of the bones analysed was similar in both species (Ca=∼20.0%, P=∼9.5%). Giraffe skeletons, however, contain three times more Ca and P than do buffalo skeletons. This translates into a 1.5–2.0 fold higher Ca requirement for giraffes, with which they seem to cope effectively by selection for Ca‐rich, dicotyledonous, browse. Sources of P to meet requirements are not obvious and a seasonal deficiency of P is a more likely cause of observed osteophagia than Ca deficiency. Giraffe rib P density, the best measure of P balance, of 0.142±0.01 g/cm3 is, however, above the deficiency threshold. Bone mineral content (Ca and P) correlates well with bone density and shows only slight differences between adult males of the two species.
Egg size in relation to sex of embryo, brood sex ratios and laying sequence in northern lapwings (Vanellus vanellus)
Authors: Lislevand Terje , Byrkjedal Ingvar , Borge Thomas , Sætre Glenn‐Peter
Published: September 2005

This study focuses on possible sources of egg size variation in the northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus, a polygynous shorebird with more variable male than female reproductive success. From the hypothesis that female birds allocate more resources into male than female eggs to improve their sons' abilities to compete for mates, male eggs were predicted to be larger than female eggs, and the proportion of sons was predicted to increase with mean egg volume of clutches. However, no size differences between male and female eggs were found. Corresponding with earlier reports in the species, egg size was positively correlated with female body condition, but no relationship between offspring sex ratios and intra‐clutch mean egg volumes was detected. These results suggest that a higher variation in reproductive success among males than among females is not sufficient for sexually dimorphic eggs to evolve in birds. Moreover, previous studies have suggested that shorebird eggs are subject to stabilizing selection for equal size within clutches. In contrast, this study demonstrates a consistent variation in egg size, with a significant increase in egg breadth between first and second eggs, and decreases in both breadth and volume between the third and the final fourth egg. The volume of last‐laid eggs was on average 2.3% smaller than the mean size of the preceding three eggs. Among the shorebirds studied so far, this consistent pattern of intra‐clutch egg size variation is unique to lapwings.
Daily torpor during the active phase in free‐ranging rock elephant shrews (Elephantulus myurus)
Authors: Mzilikazi Nomakwezi , Lovegrove Barry G.
Published: September 2005

In highly seasonal environments animals that use daily torpor usually do so during the rest phase. In subtropical and tropical environments, however, daily torpor may not necessarily be confined to the animals' rest phase. Animals may display torpor during the active phase. We investigated the daily rhythms and seasonal rhythms of body temperature (Tb) in normothermic and torpid free‐ranging rock elephant shrews Elephantulus myurus at Weenen Game Reserve, KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Tbs were recorded using miniature dataloggers from May 2001 to May 2002. Daily patterns of Tb in normothermic E. myurus suggested polyphasic Tb patterns that nevertheless suggested a rest phase that was coincident with the daytime. When the elephant shrews used torpor, the lowest Tbs were observed during the night‐time, such that torpor was used during the coldest part of the night and arousal was associated with the 3‐h period around sunrise. We suggest that the principal benefit of a flexible daily rhythm of Tb was that it facilitated arousal by passive exogenous heating using ambient temperature cycles.
The influence of food and temperature on population density of wild boar Sus scrofa in the Thurgau (Switzerland)
Authors: Geisser Hannes , Reyer Heinz‐Ulrich
Published: September 2005

During the last two decades, populations of the wild boar Sus scrofa in Europe have increased considerably and the species has spread into new areas over the entire continent. Because of the animals' impact on agriculture, livestock and biodiversity, and the resulting necessity of realistic management practices, we were interested in the key environmental factors responsible for this remarkable development. The study was based on data from the canton Thurgau, a region in north‐eastern Switzerland. We used data on damage and hunting success to calculate a population density index and related it to eight variables describing ecological conditions, demography and hunting pressure (measured by the number of hunters) over a 25‐year period. The analysis shows that the population increase correlates with higher than average winter and spring temperatures and improved food supply through more mast years and an increase in the area of maize cultivation. While favourable temperature conditions mainly reduce juvenile mortality, enhanced food availability is likely to boost reproductive success through younger age at first reproduction, larger litter size and earlier onset of oestrus within a season. Given this link between food and reproduction, supplemental feeding, a management practice recommended and very common all over Europe, should be reconsidered.
The influence of different surgical procedures on hypertension after repair of coarctation
Authors: Giordano Ugo , Giannico Salvatore , Turchetta Attilio , Hammad Fatma , Calzolari Flaminia , Calzolari Armando
Published: September 2005

We measured resting and exercise haemodynamics, as well as 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure, so as to study the influence on development of hypertension in children after repair of coarctation by either construction of a subclavian flap or end-to-end anastamosis. The patients in both groups were studied a mean time of 13 years after surgery. Thus, we divided 43 children who had undergone surgical repair of coarctation, and who were not on antihypertensive therapy, into a group of 22 patients who had undergone subclavian flap repair, with a mean age of 14 plus or minus 2.6 years, and another group of 21 patients undergoing end-to-end anastomosis, with a mean age of 13.5 plus or minus 3.9 years. We examined blood pressure at rest and during exercise, along with the measurement of cardiac output using impedance cardiography, and during 24-hour ambulatory monitoring. We recorded systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance at rest and at peak exercise. During ambulatory monitoring, we measured mean pressures over 24 hours, in daytime and nighttime, 24-hour pulse pressure, and 24-hour mean arterial pressure. Student's t test was used to judge significance, accepting this when p was less than 0.05. The group repaired using the subclavian flap showed significantly disadvantageous differences for diastolic blood pressure at rest, systolic blood pressure at peak exercise and for 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressure, 24-hour mean arterial pressure, and daytime and nighttime systolic blood pressure during ambulatory monitoring. Our findings suggest that, after repair using the subclavian flap in comparison to end-to-end anastomosis, patients show a higher incidence of late hypertension, both during exercise and ambulatory monitoring. The data indicate different residual aortic stiffnesses, these being lower after end-to-end anastomosis, which may be due to the greater resection of the abnormal aortic tissue when coarctation is repaired using the latter technique.
Serial assessment of variability in heart rate in children with the Fontan circulation
Authors: Rydberg Annika , Wiklund Urban , Rask Peter , Hörnsten Rolf
Published: September 2005

Autonomic nervous control of the heart can be studied by analysing variability in heart rate. Although earlier studies have shown reduced variability in patients with the Fontan circulation, we are not aware of any previous study examining longitudinal changes in such children. We have examined 13 patients who had undergone total cavopulmonary connection, and 37 healthy controls matched for age and gender. The examinations included complete echocardiography, and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram for analysis of the parameters for variability in heart rate. After the Fontan procedure, three follow-up examinations were performed at a mean of 4.4 years, 5.6 and 7.2 years. Reduced variability was found in those with the Fontan circulation. A significant difference was found between patients and their controls with respect to high-frequency power at the second, p equal to 0.05, and third, p equal to 0.03, examination. The ratio of low-to-high-frequency components progressively increased in those with the Fontan circulation, a phenomenon that led to a significant difference, p equal to 0.03, at the third examination. Our study shows that, in patients with the Fontan circulation, routine ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring including analysis of variability in heart rate, detects over time a progressive sympatovagal imbalance.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome in mirror-imaged arrangement
Authors: Alves Marcos V. C.
Published: September 2005

To date, almost all patients reported with hypoplasia of the left heart have had usual atrial arrangement, with a small proportion known to have left or right isomerism. As far as I am aware, however, only one patient has previously been described with mirror-imaged arrangement of the heart and organs. In this report, I describe the second case.
Testicular swelling with pneumonia and septicaemia: a rare presentation of right-sided endocarditis
Authors: Muthukumaran Chinnasamy S. , Govindaraj Poonamallee R. , Vettukattil Joseph
Published: September 2005

As far as we are aware, right-sided bacterial endocarditis has not previously been described as presenting with systemic illness and testicular swelling. We report a teenager who presented with this unusual combination as a consequence of right-sided endocarditis. He presented with high fever, with chills and rigor, along with painful enlargement of the left testicle, a productive cough with progressive breathlessness, and joint pains. His blood culture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus, and a computerised tomographic scan of the chest revealed multiple pulmonary emboluses. Ultrasound of the testicles showed features of inflammation, and an echocardiogram revealed a vegetation on the tricuspid valve.
Effect of increased atmospheric CO2 on shallow water marine benthos
Authors: Shirayama Y. , Thornton H.
Published: September 2005

The decision to sequester CO2 in the deep ocean should ultimately be based not only upon what would happen to deep sea marine biota but also upon what would happen to surface organisms if nothing were done to limit atmospheric CO2. Thus such a decision should be based on a proper understanding of long‐term chronic effects, from the global‐scale perturbation in near‐surface ocean CO2, in addition to acute effects, from large local increases in CO2 caused by purposeful sequestration. Here we focus on the long‐term chronic effects of CO2 on shallow water benthic organisms that have calcium carbonate shells. With two duplicate 6 month manipulative experiments, we demonstrate that a 200 ppm increase in CO2 adversely affects the growth of both gastropods and sea urchins. Thus even moderate increases in atmospheric CO2 that could well be reached by the middle of this century will adversely affect shallow water marine benthic organisms. This provides another reason, beyond concerns for climate, to enhance efforts to limit increases in atmospheric CO2 to the lowest possible levels.
Radiometer design analysis based upon measurement uncertainty
Authors: Racette Paul , Lang Roger H.
Published: September 2005

This paper introduces a method for predicting the performance of a radiometer design based on calculating the measurement uncertainty. The variety in radiometer designs and the demand for improved radiometric measurements justify the need for a more general and comprehensive method to assess system performance. Radiometric resolution, or sensitivity, is a figure of merit that has been commonly used to characterize the performance of a radiometer. However, when evaluating the performance of a calibration design for a radiometer, the use of radiometric resolution has limited application. These limitations are overcome by considering instead the measurement uncertainty. A method for calculating measurement uncertainty for a generic radiometer design including its calibration algorithm is presented. The result is a generalized technique by which system calibration architectures and design parameters can be studied to optimize instrument performance for given requirements and constraints. Example applications demonstrate the utility of using measurement uncertainty as a figure of merit.
Rigorous modal analysis of two‐dimensional photonic crystal waveguides
Authors: Yasumoto K. , Jia H. , Sun K.
Published: September 2005

A rigorous approach for modal analysis of two‐dimensional photonic crystal waveguides consisting of layered arrays of circular cylinders is presented. The mode propagation constants and the mode field profiles can be accurately obtained by a simpler matrix calculus, using the one‐dimensional lattice sums, the T matrix of an isolated circular cylinder, and the generalized reflection matrices for a multilayered system. Numerical examples of the dispersion characteristics and field distributions are presented for lowest even and odd transverse electric modes of a coupled two‐parallel photonic crystal waveguide with a square lattice of dielectric circular cylinders in a background free space.
Production of hypersaline pools in shallow basins by evaporation
Authors: Warrior Hari , Carder Kendall
Published: September 2005

This paper incorporates a correction to the heat balance equation in the general ocean models by properly quantifying the sun's light that penetrates the ocean surface and reaches the bottom. Part of the light that hits the bottom in shallow pools of water gets absorbed (depending on the albedo of the bottom) and is reradiated as heat thus warming up the waters there significantly. The light that is not absorbed gets reflected back up, and a part of it is absorbed by the water constituents on its way up, while the remaining light leaves the water surface. It was found from our simulations that the temperatures attained by shallow pools depend upon the water depth and bottom albedo. Increased evaporation associated with such shallow water warming leads to the formation of hypersaline waters. This natural salination is found to occur in the shallow basin near the Andros Island in the Bahamas, where the waters are less than 7 m deep. The maximum salinity of these waters is as high as 46 psu in summer. These hypersaline waters being denser than the nearby deep ocean advect, down to depths of 50 m in summer and 75 m in winter.
Are some domes the ghosts of basins?
Authors: Pearse J. , Bailey R. C.
Published: September 2005

The inversion of formerly extensional basins by compressional reactivation of existing faults is believed to be an important mechanism for the exhumation of sedimentary basins. We propose an additional mechanism for the exhumation of some sedimentary basins which does not require compression, and which completely inverts a basin into a dome. In basins formed by intra‐crustal density loads, sublithospheric heating, however caused, will reduce the effective elastic thickness of the crust, thereby reactivating subsidence. If the crust is sufficiently weakened that it no longer supports the dense load, we predict the long‐term result to be detachment of the load followed by uplift and exhumation of the basin. Finite‐element modeling indicates that this can occur for geologically possible load densities in high heat flow regions. Total upward displacement of material from depth can be as much as 10 km in some cases, enough to exhume the basin completely.
A consistent poleward shift of the storm tracks in simulations of 21st century climate
Authors: Yin Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2005

A consistent poleward and upward shift and intensification of the storm tracks is found in an ensemble of 21st century climate simulations performed by 15 coupled climate models. The shift of the storm tracks is accompanied by a poleward shift and upward expansion of the midlatitude baroclinic regions associated with enhanced warming in the tropical upper troposphere and increased tropopause height. The poleward shift in baroclinicity is augmented in the Southern Hemisphere and partially offset in the Northern Hemisphere by changes in the surface meridional temperature gradient. The poleward shift of the storm tracks also tends to be accompanied by poleward shifts in surface wind stress and precipitation, and a shift towards the high index state of the annular modes. These results highlight the integral role that the storm tracks play in the climate system, and the importance of understanding how and why they will change in the future.
Gravity waves excited by jets: Propagation versus generation
Authors: Plougonven R. , Snyder C.
Published: September 2005

Atmospheric jets are known to be an important source of inertia‐gravity waves, yet remain poorly understood as such. Previous studies on the subject have concentrated on the generation mechanisms for the gravity waves, with the underlying assumption that the characteristics of the waves were imposed by the generation mechanism. In proceeding so, effects due to the propagation of the waves through a complex three‐dimensional flow have been overlooked. Using numerical simulations of idealized baroclinic instability in a periodic channel, we show that propagation effects can determine several characteristics of the gravity waves emitted into the middle atmosphere from tropospheric jets. Specifically, the numerical simulations demonstrate that the propagation of inertia‐gravity waves through horizontal deformation and vertical shear strongly influences the spatial organization of the waves and imposes the 3D orientation of their wave‐vector.
Single scattering albedo of aerosols over the central India: Implications for the regional aerosol radiative forcing
Authors: Ganguly Dilip , Gadhavi H. , Jayaraman A. , Rajesh T. A. , Misra A.
Published: September 2005

Extensive measurements of various aerosol parameters including single scattering albedo (SSA) were made at various locations over the central Indian region during February 2004 to study their impact on the regional aerosol radiative forcing. An overall increase in the measured value of SSA is noticed (0.75 to 0.9) over the period of this campaign, indicating unequal changes in source strength or removal processes of absorbing and scattering types of aerosols. Diurnally averaged value of direct SW radiative forcing for the region is in the range of −15 to −40 W/m2 at the surface, about 15% lower compared to that over the Bay of Bengal region and 22% higher than over the Arabian Sea. TOA forcing is in the range of +0.7 to −11 W/m2, about 50% lower compared to both these regions. This results in a heating rate of nearly 0.8 K/day for the first 2km in the atmosphere.
Flare‐generated shock evolution and geomagnetic storms during the “Halloween 2003 epoch”: 29 October to 2 November
Authors: Wu Chin‐Chun , Wu S. T. , Dryer M. , Fry C. D. , Berdichevsky D. , Smith Z. , Detman T. , Gopalswamy N. , Skoug R. , Zurbuchen T. , Smith C.
Published: September 2005

The October/November 2003 (“Halloween 2003”) epoch of intense solar flares provided an opportunity to test the results of earlier parametric 1.5 MHD studies of interacting interplanetary shock waves. These preliminary studies used an adaptive numerical grid that made it possible to identify products of these interactions. During 28 October to 2 November 2003, three shocks generated by four solar flares were observed at the L1 libration point by ACE/SWEPAM/SWICS/MAG. Two very distinct geomagnetic storms, associated with two of these flares (X17/4B and X10/2B), rank as two of the largest storms of solar cycle 23. The purpose of this paper is to present the use of an adaptive grid 1.5‐dimensional MHD model that is initiated at the solar surface to study in detail the three shocks observed at L1 that were generated by the four solar flares. Accordingly, four separate pressure pulses, at the appropriate times and with different strengths and duration, determined via a trial and error procedure, are introduced on the Sun to mimic the four flares. The results show that the simulated solar wind velocity temporal profiles successfully matched the observations at L1. The major objective, to demonstrate the detailed nature of interacting shocks and some of their products after origination from closely spaced solar events, is achieved. In addition, the MHD model is able to suggest the solar sources that are associated with specific geomagnetic storms at Earth.
Generation and evolution of density irregularities due to self‐focusing in ionospheric modifications
Authors: Gondarenko N. A. , Ossakow S. L. , Milikh G. M.
Published: September 2005

Simulations of the generation and evolution of ionospheric density irregularities due to thermal self‐focusing are presented. A nonlinear, self‐consistent development of the self‐focusing instabilities (SFI) is studied with a two‐dimensional model of HF radio wave propagation in inhomogeneous magnetized plasmas. The full‐wave model is coupled with the electron temperature and plasma density equations. In these studies, the pump beam is incident vertically or tilted to the magnetic zenith direction. Our results demonstrate that irregularities generated and developed due to a local heating of the anisotropic ionosphere plasma are density depletions/striations with a strong enhancement of electron temperature inside depletions elongated along the magnetic field lines. For the ordinary mode (O mode) heating the reflection point is shifted upward with decreasing electron concentration. During the nonlinear evolution of the SFI instability the bunching of striations is observed. A number of the bunch‐scale irregularities increase when the beam is tilted to the magnetic zenith direction. The presented results are consistent with the experiments carried out at the midlatitude SURA HF heating facility.
Dynamic chaos and stability of a weakly open Bose-Einstein condensate in a double-well trap
Authors: Luo Xiaobing , Hai Wenhua
Published: September 2005

We investigate the dynamics of a weakly open Bose-Einstein condensate with attractive interaction in a magneto-optical double-well trap. A set of time-dependent ordinary differential equations describing the complex dynamics are derived by using a two-mode approximation. The stability of the stationary solution is analyzed and some stability regions on the parameter space are displayed. In the symmetric well case, the numerical calculations reveal that by adjusting the feeding from the nonequilibrium thermal cloud or the two-body dissipation rate, the system could transit among the periodic motions, chaotic self-trapping states of the Lorenz model, and the steady states with the zero relative atomic population or with the macroscopic quantum self-trapping (MQST). In the asymmetric well case, we find the periodic orbit being a stable two-sided limited cycle with MQST. The results are in good agreement with that of the direct numerical simulations to the Gross-Pitaevskii equation.
Nanometer-scale mechanical properties probed by two-dimensional dynamic force spectroscopy with rigid cantilever
Authors: Brun M. , Decossas S. , Triozon F. , Rannou R. , Grévin B.
Published: September 2005

We demonstrate that frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy with a rigid cantilever can be used to image the microphase separation of soft materials, i.e., a polystyrene/poly(methylmethacrylate) block copolymer. Two-dimensional force spectroscopy images reveal a clear contrast originating from local variations in the mechanical properties of the two microsegregated phases. The force versus tip-sample distance dependence is extracted from the frequency shift data and discussed in the frame of the contact forces theories.
Electromigration diffusion mechanism of electroplated copper and cold/hot two-step sputter-deposited aluminum-0.5-wt% copper damascene interconnects
Authors: Usui T. , Nasu H. , Watanabe T. , Shibata H. , Oki T. , Hatano M.
Published: September 2005

The electromigration (EM) diffusion mechanisms of electroplated copper (Cu) with tantalum (Ta) barrier/dielectric diffusion barrier SiCxNy and cold/hot two-step sputter-deposited aluminum (Al)–0.5-wt%Cu damascene interconnects with niobium (Nb) liner are examined and compared using the via-EM testing pattern with different linewidths. The interface between Cu and SiCxNy is the dominant diffusion path for the Cu damascene interconnects regardless of the Cu microstructure. An activation energy (Ea) of approximately 0.9±0.03eV is obtained for the width range of 0.1–6μm. Therefore, the diffusion mechanism is independent of the Cu microstructure. Regarding the cold/hot two-step sputter-deposited Al–0.5-wt%Cu damascene interconnects with Nb liner, the EM median time to failure (MTF) increases with increasing the linewidth for the Al bamboolike microstructure, indicating that the interface between the Al and Nb liners is the dominant diffusion path. This is probably because a rapid diffusion path along the NbAlx reaction product is formed during the two-step cold/hot sputter deposition at 400°C. The EM MTF does not increase for more than 4μm. It is also found that the Ea is approximately 0.9eV for the Al bamboolike microstructure and that it decreases with increasing linewidth for the Al polycrystalline microstructure, meaning that the grain-boundary diffusion is also included and that ratio of the interfacial diffusion and grain-boundary diffusion depends upon the linewidth. This is because the Ea of the grain-boundary diffusion is smaller than that of the interfacial diffusion for Al–0.5-wt%Cu damascene interconnects. The EM diffusion mechanism of the Cu damascene interconnects with Ta barrier/dielectric diffusion barrier SiCxNy is completely different from that of the Al damascene interconnects with Nb liner.
Rotational line-integrated photoabsorption cross sections corresponding to the δ(,) band of NO:A molecular quantum-defect orbital procedure
Authors: Mayor E. , Velasco A. M. , Martín I.
Published: September 2005

The rotational line-integrated photoabsorption cross sections corresponding to the δ(0,0) band of the nitric oxide (NO) molecule at 295 K, calculated with the molecular quantum-defect orbital methodology, are in rather good accord with the experimental measurements available in the literature. The achieved results are of straightforward use in atmospheric chemistry, such as in the assessment of the NO photodissociation rate constant, which is of great relevance for atmospheric modeling.