bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las prestaciones de atención a la dependencia y su consideración como derechos sociales
Authors: Alemán Bracho Carmen , Alonso Seco José María
Published: January 2018

Resumen:El estudio se refiere a las prestaciones de atención a la dependencia establecidas en España por la Ley 39/2006, de 14 de diciembre, de Promoción de la Autonomía Personal y Atención a las personas en situación de dependencia y por las nuevas Leyes autonómicas de servicios sociales. Después de describir brevemente dichas prestaciones, se analiza el carácter de derechos sociales que pueden tener en la Constitución, en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional y en la legislación estatal y autonómica.Summary:1. Introduction. 2. Dependency benefits. 2.1 Conceptual approach. 2.2 Consideration as «social assistance» benefits. 3. Dependency benefits as social rights. 3.1 Constitution and jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. 3.2 State and autonomous legislation. 4. Conclusion. 5. Bibliographical references.Abstract:The study addresses the dependency benefits established in Spain by the Law 39/2006, of 14 December, on the Promotion of Personal Autonomy and Care for people in a situation of dependence and by other recent regional social services laws. Initially, we analyze how these benefits are incorporated into the Spanish legal system as a result of international external influences. Furthermore, we evaluate the nature of social rights in the Constitution, in the Constitutional Court jurisprudence, and in the state and regional legislation.
Una aproximación al constitucionalismo latinoamericano, características principales y nuevas tendencias
Authors: Hakansson Carlos
Published: January 2018

Resumen:El presente trabajo es una primera aproximación a las diversas manifestacionesdel constitucionalismo en América Latina, a partir de algunas referencias comunes: Revolución Francesa, Derecho Comparado y alusiones a la modernidad. Summary:I. The common traits of the latin american constitutions. II. Content of the latin american constitutions. III. The degree of modernity of the latin american constitutions. IV. Constitutional trends. V. An approach to ibero-american presidential model. VI. Prospects for latin american constitutionalism.Abstract:The present paper is a first approximation on the diverse manifestations of the constitutionalism in Latin America, starting from some common references: French Revolution, Comparative Law, and allusions to modernity.
Expressional and functional interactions of two Apis cerana cerana olfactory receptors
Authors: Guo Lina , Zhao Huiting , Jiang Yusuo
Published: January 2018

Apis cerana cerana relies on the sensitive olfactory system to perform the foraging activities in the surrounding environment. Olfactory receptors (ORs) are a primary requirement for odorant recognition and coding. However, the molecular recognition of volatile with olfactory receptor in Apis cerana cerana is still not clear. Hence, in the present study, we achieved transient transfection and cell surface expression of Apis cerana cerana ORs (AcerOr1 and AcerOr2; AcerOr2 is orthologous to the co-receptor) in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells. The results showed that both mRNA and protein levels of AcerOr1 and AcerOr2 were drastically reduced when treated with their respective double stranded (ds) RNA compared to those in the control and double-stranded green fluorescent protein (dsGFP)-treated cells. The response to Ca2+ using 33 volatile odorants indicated that the molecular receptive range of AcerOr2 narrowly responded to N-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-((4-ethyl-5-(3-pyridinyl)-4H-1, 2, 4- triazol-3-yl) thio) acetamide (VUAA1) whereas AcerOr1 was sensitive to eugenol, lauric acid, ocimene, 1-nonanol, linolenic acid, hexyl acetate, undecanoic acid, 1-octyl alcohol, and nerol, and it revealed distinct changes in the dose-response curve. We discovered ligands that were useful for probing receptor activity during odor stimulation and validated three of them using an electroantennography (EAG) assay. The response increased with the concentration of the odorant. Further, both AcerOr1 and AcerOr2 knockdowns exhibited significantly reduced intracellular Ca2+ levels in response to the corresponding ligands in vitro. Overall, the present study provides insight into the mechanism of olfactory discrimination in Apis cerana cerana.
Molecular characterization of porcine rotavirus C in pigs with gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2011 – 2016
Authors: Tuanthap Supansa , Phupolphan Cherdpong , Luengyosluechakul Supol , Duang-in Usanee , Theamboonlers Apiradee , Vongpunsawad Sompong , Wattanaphansak Suphot , Amonsin Alongkorn , Poovorawan Yong
Published: January 2018

Swine are economically important food animals, but highly contagious enteric viruses can affect entire swine herds and contribute significantly to piglet morbidity and mortality. The most frequent viruses associated with pig gastroenteritis have been reported as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and rotavirus. Rotavirus is an important cause of diarrhea in piglets and pigs worldwide, and group A and C types are those that pig herds are mostly affected by. In Thailand, studies on rotavirus group A (RVA) have been reported continuously, whereas information on group C is still limited. In this study, we aimed to identify rotavirus group C (RVC) from the feces and intestinal contents of pigs affected with diarrhea. Seven hundred and sixty-nine samples were collected from swine herds located in difference provinces throughout Thailand. The specimens were tested using virus-specific RT-PCR to detect the gene encoding RVC capsid protein VP7 and VP4. Sequencing analyses showed that 6.6% (51/769) of samples were positive for RVC, one third of which tested as single positive for RVC (34/51). Co-infections with the most frequent enteric viruses, RVA and PEDV were also analyzed. Co-infections of RVA/RVC accounted for 21.6% (11/51) of samples and of PEDV/RVC for 7.8% (4/51) of samples, while three samples (5.9%) tested positive for all three viruses. Infections were not associated with seasonality, since the virus was detected throughout the year. RVC was detected in pigs up to 8 weeks old. Analysis of the partial VP7 gene sequences was suggestive that the predominant genotype was G1, which was closely related to the prototype Cowden strain. Due to P[5] was the most prevalent of VP4 genotype. This study demonstrated the low prevalence of RVC in Thailand, a virus not previously documented in this country.
Getting to grips with c-Myc
Authors: Eick Dirk
Published: January 2018

The transcription factor c-Myc amplifies the transcription of many growth-related genes in cancer cells, but its role as an oncogene is not fully understood.
Unit of analysis issues in laboratory-based research
Authors: Parsons Nick R , Teare M Dawn , Sitch Alice J
Published: January 2018

Many studies in the biomedical research literature report analyses that fail to recognise important data dependencies from multilevel or complex experimental designs. Statistical inferences resulting from such analyses are unlikely to be valid and are often potentially highly misleading. Failure to recognise this as a problem is often referred to in the statistical literature as a unit of analysis (UoA) issue. Here, by analysing two example datasets in a simulation study, we demonstrate the impact of UoA issues on study efficiency and estimation bias, and highlight where errors in analysis can occur. We also provide code (written in R) as a resource to help researchers undertake their own statistical analyses.
Preventive effects ofSalvia officinalisleaf extract on insulin resistance and inflammation in a model of high fat diet-induced obesity in mice that responds to rosiglitazone
Authors: Ben Khedher Mohamed R. , Hammami Mohamed , Arch Jonathan R.S. , Hislop David C. , Eze Dominic , Wargent Edward T. , Kępczyńska Małgorzata A. , Zaibi Mohamed S.
Published: January 2018

Background

Salvia officinalis(sage) is a native plant to the Mediterranean region and has been used for a long time in traditional medicine for various diseases. We investigated possible anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects of sage methanol (MetOH) extract in a nutritional mouse model of obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance, as well as its effects on lipolysis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells.

Methods

Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were treated for five weeks with sage methanol extract (100 and 400 mg kg−1/day bid), or rosiglitazone (3 mg kg−1/day bid), as a positive control. Energy expenditure, food intake, body weight, fat mass, liver glycogen and lipid content were evaluated. Blood glucose, and plasma levels of insulin, lipids leptin and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured throughout the experiment. The effects of sage MetOH extract on lipolysis and lipogenesis were testedin vitroin 3T3-L1 cells.

Results

After two weeks of treatment, the lower dose of sage MetOH extract decreased blood glucose and plasma insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). An insulin tolerance test (ITT), performed at day 29 confirmed that sage improved insulin sensitivity. Groups treated with low dose sage and rosiglitazone showed very similar effects on OGTT and ITT. Sage also improved HOMA-IR, triglycerides and NEFA. Treatment with the low dose increased the plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 and reduced the plasma level of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12, TNF-α, and KC/GRO. The GC analysis revealed the presence of two PPARs agonist in sage MetOH extract.In vitro, the extract reduced in a dose-related manner the accumulation of lipid droplets; however no effect on lipolysis was observed.

Conclusions

Sage MetOH extract at low dose exhibits similar effects to rosiglitazone. It improves insulin sensitivity, inhibits lipogenesis in adipocytes and reduces inflammation as judged by plasma cytokines. Sage presents an alternative to pharmaceuticals for the treatment of diabetes and associated inflammation.
The old and the new plankton: ecological replacement of associations of mollusc plankton and giant filter feeders after the Cretaceous?
Authors: Tajika Amane , Nützel Alexander , Klug Christian
Published: January 2018

Owing to their great diversity and abundance, ammonites and belemnites represented key elements in Mesozoic food webs. Because of their extreme ontogenetic size increase by up to three orders of magnitude, their position in the food webs likely changed during ontogeny. Here, we reconstruct the number of eggs laid by large adult females of these cephalopods and discuss developmental shifts in their ecologic roles. Based on similarities in conch morphology, size, habitat and abundance, we suggest that similar niches occupied in the Cretaceous by juvenile ammonites and belemnites were vacated during the extinction and later partially filled by holoplanktonic gastropods. As primary consumers, these extinct cephalopod groups were important constituents of the plankton and a principal food source for planktivorous organisms. As victims or, respectively, profiteers of this case of ecological replacement, filter feeding chondrichthyans and cetaceans likely filled the niches formerly occupied by large pachycormid fishes during the Jurassic and Cretaceous.
SHORT PAPER Random loss of X chromosome at male determination in an

aphid, Sitobion near fragariae, detected using an X-linked

polymorphic microsatellite marker
Authors: WILSON ALEXANDRA C. C. , SUNNUCKS PAUL , HALES DINAH F.
Published: July 2002

This paper reports the first direct molecular evidence that X

chromosome loss during

determination of male aphids (XO) is random. Clonal and sexual females,

and males, of the

species Sitobion near fragariae were screened using

three polymorphic microsatellite loci. Two loci,

Sm10 and Sm17, showed the same heterozygous genotypes in all three aphid

morphs. The third,

Sm11, was heterozygous for the same two alleles in clonal and sexual females,

but of the 25

males screened 11 showed the ‘160’ allele and 14 showed the

‘156’ allele. This result indicates X-linkage of locus Sm11,

with random loss of the X chromosome during the formation of male

embryos. The possible implications of this result are discussed with

respect to aphid sex

determination, recombination and chromosome evolution.
DESICCATION AND DOMINATION: SCIENCE AND
STRUGGLES OVER ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT IN COLONIAL GUINEA
Authors: FAIRHEAD JAMES , LEACH MELISSA
Published: July 2002

Concern about desiccation – the effects of deforestation on climate
and soils – was an early and pervasive theme in colonial science, present at the
onset of West Africa's colonial era and with roots in previous centuries.
As a set of scientists' ideas linked to soil and forest conservation policy, the
impact of desiccationism was initially muted, struggling unsuccessfully in
nascent administrations with more pressing political and administrative
agendas. But by the end of the colonial period it can be argued that anxiety
about desiccation had become a cornerstone of development practice and
state penetration. This article uses a case study to consider the transformation
of the status of the ‘science’ of desiccation within colonial development
agendas, the responses this transformation eventually provoked and its
enduring legacy.

Our reflections here complement what has, in West African studies,
become a general consensus about shifts in colonial forest policy. From the
outset, many colonial administrations – both francophone and anglophone –
were concerned both about the effects of forest loss on climate, hydrology
and soils, and about the effects of ‘irrational and wasteful’ exploitation of
forest as an economic resource. But early policy imperatives to establish
reserves either failed to reach the implementation stage or could not be
implemented due to the resistance they engendered, both from populations
and indeed from agricultural or political administrations. A significant phase
of reservation, at least in West Africa's humid forest and transition zones,
began only in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and was pursued until the mid
1950s by colonial states which increasingly gained the strength to impose
unpopular policy despite resistance. From this perspective, and given that
nationalist sentiments in pre-independence struggles were often pitted
against repressive colonial forest services, it could be hypothesized that
independence would bring regimes more responsive to local concerns and
more likely to heed resistance. Yet such a view, focusing simply on state
capacity in changing political contexts, overlooks qualitative changes in the
configuration of science-policy relationships within the state, a
reconfiguration that it is necessary to grasp if we are to understand how post-colonial forest policy was less a rupture than a continuation or, indeed,
reinforcement.
Linkage of random amplified polymorphic DNA,
isozyme and morphological markers in grasspea
(Lathyrus sativus)
Authors: CHOWDHURY M. A. , SLINKARD A. E.
Published: July 2002

We constructed a genetic linkage map of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.; 2n = 14) from 100 F2
individuals derived from a cross between PI 426891.1.3 and PI 283564c.3.2. A total of 71 RAPD,
three isozyme and one morphological markers segregated in the F2 progeny. A small fraction of
markers (12%) deviated significantly from the expected Mendelian ratio (1[ratio ]2[ratio ]1 or 3[ratio ]1). Out of 75
markers, 69 (one morphological, three isozyme and 65 RAPD markers) were assigned to 14 linkage
groups comprising 898 cM. The average distance between two adjacent markers was 17·2 cM. The
present linkage map will serve as a reference point for further linkage studies in grasspea.
Effects of morphine and naloxone on the release of oxytocin and on
milk ejection in dairy cows
Authors: TANČIN VLADIMIR , KRAETZL WOLF-DIETER , SCHAMS DIETER
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the action of opioids (the μ
receptor agonist morphine) and the antagonist naloxone on inhibition of oxytocin
release and milk let-down in response to milking in dairy cows. In the first
experiment, cows were injected with 0, 21, 70 and 210 mg morphine 10 min before
milking on four successive days. Plasma oxytocin levels after 1 min manual
stimulation of the udder were reduced by 70 and 210 mg morphine, and milk let-down was inhibited at the latter dose. In the second experiment, cows were injected
after a control milking with 210 mg morphine (or 350 mg at 10 min before milking
the following day if not effective) to inhibit milk flow. On the following day the
inhibiting dose of morphine was given with 210 mg naloxone. Naloxone injection
given before morphine had no effect on plasma oxytocin concentrations, but
abolished the inhibition of oxytocin release by morphine and potentiated oxytocin
release in response to milking. Naloxone alone injected the day after control milking
increased oxytocin levels during milking, suggesting involvement of the opioid
system in milking. A model has been developed for the control of opioid effects during
milking. Morphine suppressed oxytocin release during milking in a dose-dependent
manner and the effect was reversible by naloxone.
Fully developed viscous and viscoelastic flows in curved pipes
Authors: FAN YURUN , TANNER ROGER I. , PHAN-THIEN NHAN
Published: July 2002

Some h-p finite element computations have been carried out to obtain solutions for
fully developed laminar flows in curved pipes with curvature ratios from 0.001 to
0.5. An Oldroyd-3-constant model is used to represent the viscoelastic fluid, which
includes the upper-convected Maxwell (UCM) model and the Oldroyd-B model as
special cases. With this model we can examine separately the effects of the fluid
inertia, and the first and second normal-stress differences. From analysis of the global
torque and force balances, three criteria are proposed for this problem to estimate
the errors in the computations. Moreover, the finite element solutions are accurately
confirmed by the perturbation solutions of Robertson & Muller (1996) in the cases
of small Reynolds/Deborah numbers.

Our numerical solutions and an order-of-magnitude analysis of the governing
equations elucidate the mechanism of the secondary flow in the absence of second
normal-stress difference. For Newtonian flow, the pressure gradient near the wall
region is the driving force for the secondary flow; for creeping viscoelastic flow, the
combination of large axial normal stress with streamline curvature, the so-called hoop
stress near the wall, promotes a secondary flow in the same direction as the inertial
secondary flow, despite the adverse pressure gradient there; in the case of inertial
viscoelastic flow, both the larger axial normal stress and the smaller inertia near the
wall promote the secondary flow.

For both Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids the secondary volumetric fluxes per
unit of work consumption and per unit of axial volumetric flux first increase then
decrease as the Reynolds/Deborah number increases; this behaviour should be of
interest in engineering applications.

Typical negative values of second normal-stress difference can drastically suppress
the secondary flow and in the case of small curvature ratios, make the flow approximate
the corresponding Poiseuille flow in a straight pipe. The viscoelasticity of
Oldroyd-B fluid causes drag enhancement compared to Newtonian flow. Adding a
typical negative second normal-stress difference produces large drag reductions for
a small curvature ratio δ = 0.01; however, for a large curvature ratio δ = 0.2, although
the secondary flows are also drastically attenuated by the second normal-stress
difference, the flow resistance remains considerably higher than in Newtonian flow.

It was observed that for the UCM and Oldroyd-B models, the limiting Deborah
numbers met in our steady solution calculations obey the same scaling criterion as
proposed by McKinley et al. (1996) for elastic instabilities; we present an intriguing
problem on the relation between the Newton iteration for steady solutions and the
linear stability analyses.
Chaotic mixing and transport in Rossby-wave critical layers
Authors: NGAN KEITH , SHEPHERD THEODORE G.
Published: July 2002

A simple, dynamically consistent model of mixing and transport
in

Rossby-wave critical layers is obtained from the well-known

Stewartson–Warn–Warn (SWW) solution

of Rossby-wave critical-layer theory. The SWW solution is thought to be
a useful

conceptual model of Rossby-wave breaking in the stratosphere. Chaotic advection
in

the model is a consequence of the interaction between a stationary and
a transient

Rossby wave.

Mixing and transport are characterized separately with a number of quantitative

diagnostics (e.g. mean-square dispersion, lobe dynamics, and spectral moments),
and

with particular emphasis on the dynamics of the tracer field itself. The

parameter dependences of the diagnostics are examined: transport tends
to

increase monotonically with increasing perturbation amplitude whereas mixing

does not. The robustness of the results is investigated by stochastically

perturbing the transient-wave phase speed.

The two-wave chaotic advection model is contrasted with a stochastic single-wave

model. It is shown that the effects of chaotic advection cannot be captured
by

stochasticity alone.
Electroviscous forces on a charged particle suspended in a flowing liquid
Authors: COX R. G.
Published: July 2002

The force on a charged solid particle (of general shape) suspended in
a flowing polar
fluid (e.g. an aqueous electrolyte solution) in the presence of a solid bounding
wall (of
general shape) is obtained for the situation in which the electrical double-layer
thickness is very much smaller than the particle size (and the distance between
particle
and wall). The very general results so obtained are applied to the
sedimentation of a
charged spherical particle in an unbounded polar fluid (with no walls present) for
which the drag force is found to be in complete agreement with
Ohshima et al. (1984).
However, there is disagreement between the present results and those obtained in a
number of published papers owing to incorrect assumptions being made in the latter
as to what physical mechanism gives rise to the dominant contribution to the
electroviscous force on the particle.
A radioscopic technique to study convective fluid

dynamics in opaque liquid metals
Authors: KOSTER J. N. , SEIDEL T. , DEREBAIL R.
Published: July 2002

Experimental verification of theoretical investigations

into the behaviour of liquid

metal convective flows is required to validate analytical models and numerical

simulation codes. A real-time radioscopic density visualization system
has been

developed and is beginning to provide useful data. The X-ray facility for
studying

opaque low-Prandtl-number fluid flow is described. Density changes as low
as

10−3 g cm−3

can be visualized by careful control of scatter radiation. The new capability

is demonstrated with natural convection benchmark experiments in a narrow
vertical

layer of gallium melt of aspect ratio A=1.4. The density

field in that cell is three-dimensional. Good agreement between

calculations and experiments is obtained.

Experiments with solidification are provided for further theoretical use.
Applicability of Kolmogorov's and Monin's

equations of turbulence
Authors: HILL REGINALD J.
Published: July 2002

The equation relating second- and third-order velocity structure

functions was

presented by Kolmogorov; Monin attempted to derive that equation on the
basis of

local isotropy. Recently, concerns have been raised to the effect that

Kolmogorov's

equation and an ancillary incompressibility condition governing the third-order

structure function were proven only on the restrictive basis of isotropy
and that the

statistic involving pressure that appears in the derivation of

Kolmogorov's equation

might not vanish on the basis of local isotropy. These concerns are resolved.
In so

doing, results are obtained for the second- and third-order

statistics on the basis of

local homogeneity without use of local isotropy. These results are

applicable to future

studies of the approach toward local isotropy. Accuracy of Kolmogorov's

equation is

shown to be more sensitive to anisotropy of the third-order structure function

than to anisotropy of the second-order structure function. Kolmogorov's

4/5 law for the

inertial range of the third-order structure function is obtained without
use of the

incompressibility conditions on the second- and third-order structure functions.
A

generalization of Kolmogorov's 4/5 law, which applies

to the inertial range of locally

homogeneous turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers, is shown to also
apply to the

energy-containing range for the more restrictive case of stationary, homogeneous

turbulence. The variety of derivations of Kolmogorov's and

Monin's equations leads

to a wide range of applicability to experimental conditions, including,

in some cases, turbulence of moderate Reynolds number.
Instability of thermocapillary–buoyancy convection in shallow
layers.
Part 2. Suppression of hydrothermal waves
Authors: BENZ S. , HINTZ P. , RILEY R. J. , NEITZEL G. P.
Published: July 2002

Hydrothermal-wave instabilities in thermocapillary convection are
known to produce
undesirable effects when they occur during the float-zone crystal-growth
process,
and perhaps in other situations. Suppression of the hydrothermal-wave instability

produced in the model system of Part 1 (Riley & Neitzel 1998) is demonstrated
through
the sensing of free-surface temperature perturbations and the periodic
addition of
heat at the free surface along lines parallel to the crests of the hydrothermal
waves.
Turbulent coagulation of colloidal particles
Authors: BRUNK BRETT K. , KOCH DONALD L. , LION LEONARD W.
Published: July 2002

Theoretical predictions for the coagulation rate induced by turbulent
shear have often
been based on the hypothesis that the turbulent velocity gradient is persistent
(Saffman
& Turner 1956) and that hydrodynamic and interparticle interactions
(van der Waals
attraction and electrostatic double-layer repulsion) between colloidal
particles can be
neglected. In the present work we consider the effects of interparticle
forces on the
turbulent coagulation rate, and we explore the response of the coagulation
rate to
changes in the Lagrangian velocity gradient correlation time (i.e. the
characteristic
evolution time for the velocity gradient in a reference frame following
the fluid
motion). Stokes equations of motion apply to the relative motion of the
particles whose
radii are much smaller than the lengthscales of turbulence (i.e. small
particle Reynolds
numbers). We express the fluid motion in the vicinity of a pair of particles
as a locally
linear flow with a temporally varying velocity gradient. The fluctuating
velocity
gradient is assumed to be isotropic and Gaussian with statistics taken
from published
direct numerical simulations of turbulence (DNS). Numerical calculations
of particle
trajectories are used to determine the rate of turbulent coagulation in
the presence and
absence of particle interactions. Results from the numerical simulations
correctly
reproduce calculated coagulation rates for the asymptotic limits of small
and large
total strain where total strain is a term used to describe the product
of the characteristic
strain rate and its correlation time. Recent DNS indicate that the correlation
times for
the fluctuating strain and rotation rate are of the same order as the Kolmogorov
time
(Pope 1990), suggesting theories that assume either small or large total
strain may
poorly approximate the turbulent coagulation rate. Indeed, simulations
for isotropic
random flows with intermediate total strain indicate that the coagulation
rate in
turbulence is significantly different from the analytical limits for large
and small total
strain. The turbulent coagulation rate constant for non-interacting monodisperse

particles scaled with the Kolmogorov time and the particle radius is 8.62±0.02,

whereas the commonly used model of Saffman & Turner (1956) predicts
a value of
10.35 for non-rotational flows in the limit of persistent turbulent velocity
gradients.
Additional simulations incorporating hydrodynamic interactions and van
der Waals
attraction were used to estimate the actual rate of particle coagulation.
For typical
values of these parameters, particle interactions reduced the coagulation
rate constant
by at least 50%. In general, the collision efficiency (the ratio of coagulation
with
particle interactions to that without) decreased with increasing particle
size and
Kolmogorov shear rate.
The transient period for boundary layer disturbances
Authors: LASSEIGNE D. G. , JOSLIN R. D. , JACKSON T. L. , CRIMINALE W. O.
Published: July 2002

The onset of transition in a boundary layer is dependent on the
initialization and
interaction of disturbances in a laminar flow. Here, theory and full Navier–Stokes

simulations focus on the transient period just after disturbances enter
the boundary
layer. The temporal evolution of disturbances within a boundary layer is
investigated
by examining a series of initial value problems. In each instance, the
complete
spectra (i.e. the discrete and the continuum) are included so that the
solutions can
be completely arbitrary. Both numerical and analytical solutions of the
linearized
Navier–Stokes equations subject to the arbitrary initial conditions
are presented. The
temporal evolution of disturbances during the transient period are compared
with
the spatial evolution of the same disturbances and a strong correlation
between the
two approaches is demonstrated indicating that the theory may be used for
the
transient period of disturbance evolution. The theory and simulations demonstrate

that strong amplification of the disturbances can occur as a result of
the inclusion
of the continuum in the prediction of disturbance evolution. The results
further
show that any approach proposed for use in bypass boundary layer transition
must
include the transient growth that results from the continuum. Finally,
although a
connection between temporal and spatial evolution in the transient period
has been
demonstrated, a theoretical basis as an explanation for this connection
remains the
focus of additional study.
Pragmatics and word meaning
Authors: LASCARIDES ALEX , COPESTAKE ANN
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we explore the interaction between lexical semantics
and pragmatics.
We argue that linguistic processing is informationally encapsulated and
utilizes
relatively simple ‘taxonomic’ lexical semantic knowledge. On
this basis, defeasible
lexical generalisations deliver defeasible parts of logical form. In contrast,
pragmatic
inference is open-ended and involves arbitrary real-world knowledge. Two
axioms
specify when pragmatic defaults override lexical ones. We demonstrate that
modelling
this interaction allows us to achieve a more refined interpretation of
words in a
discourse context than either the lexicon or pragmatics could do on their
own.
Ion-beam–plasma electromagnetic instabilities
Authors: GOMBEROFF K. , GOMBEROFF L. , ASTUDILLO H. F.
Published: July 2002

It is well known that ion-beam–plasma interactions can destabilize
right- and left-hand polarized electromagnetic waves. Owing to the fact that
these instabilities have mostly been studied numerically by solving the hot-plasma dispersion relation, their fluid nature has often gone unnoticed.
Choosing the ion background to be the rest frame, it is shown that the right-hand polarized instabilities are the result of a merging of the magnetosonic/electron-cyclotron
branch of the dispersion relation with the ion beam. For any
given ion-beam density and sufficiently large beam velocity, there are always
two right- and two left-hand polarized instabilities leading to forward-propagating electromagnetic waves. It is also shown that all right-hand
polarized instabilities are resonant instabilities, satisfying
ω−kU+Ωp ≈ 0
around their maximum growth rate (ω and k are the frequency and the
wavenumber respectively, U is the beam velocity, and Ωp is the proton
gyrofrequency). Likewise, when the two left-hand instabilities are simultaneously
present, they are also resonant instabilities satisfying ω ≈ Ωp. The
high-frequency right-hand resonant instability (ω [Gt ] Ωp) has a maximum
growth rate that depends only on the ratio between the beam density and the
total density. The range of the unstable spectrum decreases with increasing
beam velocity, leading to highly monochromatic radiation.
Transport in partially degenerate, magnetized

plasmas. Part 1. Collision operators
Authors: BROWN S. R. , HAINES M. G.
Published: July 2002

The quantum Boltzmann collision operator is expanded to yield a
degenerate

form of the Fokker–Planck collision operator. This is analysed using
Rosenbluth

potentials to give a degenerate analogue of the Shkarofsky operator. The

distribution function is then expanded about an equilibrium Fermi–Dirac

distribution function using a tensor perturbation formulation to give a

zeroth-order and a first-order collision operator. These

equations are shown to satisfy

the relevant conservation equations. It is shown that the distribution
function

relaxes to a Fermi–Dirac form through electron–electron collisions.
Propagation of ion acoustic waves in a warm
multicomponent plasma with an electron beam
Authors: MOSLEM W. M.
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear wave structures of small-amplitude ion acoustic waves in a warm
plasma with adiabatic negative-ion, positron and electron constituents
traversed by a warm electron beam (with different temperatures) in the vicinity
of the critical negative-ion density are investigated using reductive perturbation
method. The basic set of equations is reduced to an evolution equation that
includes quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. The effective potential of this
equation agrees exactly, for small wave amplitudes, with the Sagdeev potential
obtained from the original fluid equations using a pseudopotential method. This
implies that the evolution equation holds not only in the vicinity of the critical
negative-ion density but also in the whole range of negative-ion density under
the condition of small wave amplitude.
Parametric investigation of self-similar decay
laws in MHD turbulent flows
Authors: GALTIER S. , ZIENICKE E. , POLITANO H. , POUQUET A.
Published: July 2002

An investigation of the decay laws of energy and of higher moments of the
Elsässer fields z±=v±b
in the self-similar regime of magnetohydrodynamic
(MHD) turbulence is presented, using phenomenological models as well as two-dimensional numerical simulations with periodic boundary conditions and up
to 20482 grid points. The results are compared with the generalization of the
parameter-free model derived by Galtier et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett.79, 2807 (1997)],
which takes into account the slowing down of the dynamics due to the
propagation of Alfvén waves. The new model developed here allows for a study
in terms of one parameter governing the wavenumber dependence of the energy
spectrum at scales of the order of (and larger than) the integral scale of the flow.
The one-dimensional compressible case is also dealt with in two of its simplest
configurations. Computations are performed for a standard Laplacian diffusion
as well as with a hyperdiffusive algorithm. The results are sensitive to the
amount of correlation between the velocity and the magnetic field, but rather
insensitive to all other parameters such as the initial ratio of kinetic to magnetic
energy or the presence or absence of a uniform component of the magnetic field.
In all cases, the decay is significantly slower than for neutral fluids in a way that
favours for MHD flows the phenomenology of Iroshnikov
[Soviet Astron.7, 566
(1963)] and Kraichnan [Phys. Fluids8, 1385 (1965)]
as opposed to that of
Kolmogorov [Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR31, 538 (1941)].
The temporal evolution of q-moments of the generalized vorticities
〈[mid ]ω±[mid ]q〉
=〈[mid ]ω±j[mid ]q〉
up to order q=10 is also given, and is compared with the prediction of the model.
Less agreement obtains as q grows – a fact probably due to intermittency and
the development of coherent structures in the form of eddies, and of vorticity
and current sheets.
Structure of the compressible MHD equations
for the internal kink mode in a toroidal plasma
with large aspect ratio
Authors: WAHLBERG C.
Published: July 2002

The equations for the ideal, internal m = n = 1 kink mode in a
toroidal plasma are derived from a direct, large-aspect-ratio perturbation
expansion of the compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The
derivation complements earlier investigations of the internal kink mode based
either on the energy principle or on direct expansions of the incompressible
MHD equations. It is shown that five poloidal harmonics (m = −1, 0, 1, 2 and
3) have to be retained in a direct expansion of the compressible MHD equations,
as compared with the three poloidal harmonics m = 0, 1 and 2 needed in the
case of an incompressible plasma, or when working from the energy principle.
Furthermore, the sound velocity is found to replace the Alfvén velocity in the
generalized Pfirsch–Schlüter factor (the kinetic energy enhancement factor in a
toroidal plasma) previously derived for an incompressible plasma. Taking this
factor fully into account in the calculation of the growth rate of the
m = n = 1 mode, it is shown that, while the Bussac
result γB is recovered near marginal
stability, growth rates of the order of 30% larger than γB
are obtained when γB becomes of the order of the sound frequency.
A new species of Gastrophanella from central western Atlantic, with a discussion of the family Siphonidiidae (Demospongiae: Lithistida)
Authors: Muricy G. , Minervino J.V.
Published: July 2002

A new species of Gastrophanella, G. cavernicola sp. nov. (Demospongiae: Siphonidiidae), is described from submarine caves in Fernando de Noronha Island (north-east Brazil), Carrie Bow Cay and Columbus Cay, Belize (central Western Atlantic), at depths of 5-30 m. It differs from all other species of the genus by its lobate shape with thin superficial canals and centrotylote tylostrongyles. Gastrophanella cavernicola sp. nov. is the second record of the genus Gastrophanella from both Brazil and the Caribbean. It is the sixth ‘lithistid’ sponge reported from the Brazilian coast, whereas at least 32 other desma-bearing sponges are known from the Caribbean. The genus now includes five valid species, G. implexa Schmidt from the West Indies (type species), G. mammilliformis Burton from South Africa, G. primore Gómez from the Pacific Coast of Mexico, G. stylifera Mothes & Silva from south Brazil, and G. cavernicola sp. nov. from north-east Brazil and Belize. Aciculites oxytylota Lévi & Lévi from New Caledonia is transferred to Siphonidium Schmidt. The family Siphonidiidae Lendenfeld, which is probably related to order Hadromerida, is redefined to contain only Siphonidium and Gastrophanella, both with fused rhizoclone desmas associated to microspined exotyles.
Burrow-orientated activity in the ocypodid crab, Dotilla fenestrata, living in a mangrove swamp
Authors: Gherardi Francesca , Russo Silvia , Anyona Diane
Published: July 2002

The behavioural repertoire of the Scopimerinae crab, Dotilla fenestrata, is the result of a juxtaposition of rigid and plastic patterns, as an adaptation to the intertidal habitat. On the one hand, the activity of D. fenestrata can be classified in a number of stereotyped behavioural patterns, the occurrence of which may change throughout the low water or on the basis of the crabs' relative size, according to an expected schedule. For example, digging is more pronounced in larger individuals and mostly occurs when the crab emerges or just before it seals itself inside the burrow at the flooding tide. In contrast, maintenance of the burrow is a constant behaviour. Feeding rate, estimated from the number of pseudofaecal pellets emitted, is constant both throughout low water, with the exception of noon when it decreases, and with the feeding crab's size. The behavioural patterns that assure water uptake and temperature regulation (sponging and visits inside the burrow) are more frequently performed around noon. Agonistic patterns are mostly performed by larger individuals; the rate of aggression by resident crabs, against neighbours but mostly against smaller passers-by, increases with the flooding tide. On the other hand, for a surface deposit-feeder like D. fenestrata, plastic behaviour is mainly caused by the unpredictable distribution of food over the emerged platform. The result is a number of adaptive flexible behaviours, like: (1) the presence within the same population of both burrow-centred crabs and wanderers; (2) the construction by the former subpopulation of two types of burrows (feeding-trench burrows and igloos); and (3) significant differences in the behavioural budgets of the inhabitants of the two burrows. The ability to ‘switch’ modes of activity allows responses to both the predictable and unpredictable elements of intertidal environments, the mangrove swamp included.
Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line supports

in vitro miracidial transformation and early larval
development of the deer liver fluke, Fascioloides magna
Authors: LAURSEN J. R. , YOSHINO T. P.
Published: July 2002

A Bge cell co-culture system, previously shown to support the in
vitro production of daughter sporocysts from mother
sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum, has
proven capable of supporting the in vitro development of
intramolluscan stages of the deer liver fluke, Fascioloides magna.
Miracidia commenced transforming within 4 h of
incubation with Bge cells, and had completely shed their epidermal plates
within 18–24 h. Redial stages were visible inside
in vitro-transformed mother sporocysts after 12–16 days
of co-culture with Bge cells, and emerged as fully-developed
larvae starting at 14–20 days post-cultivation. Rediae survived over
60 days of in vitro culture, and reached a maximum
size of 150–170 μm. Although particulate material was visible
in their cecae, rediae were not observed to actively feed on
Bge cells. Bge cells did not attach to or encapsulate larval stages at
any time throughout the incubation period. Unlike
Schistosoma spp., in which a high percentage of miracidia spontaneously
shed their ciliated epidermal plates and
transformed into mother sporocysts in Chernin's balanced saline solution
(CBSS), transformation of F. magna was
dependent on Bge cell products. Less than 5% of F. magna miracidia
transformed spontaneously in either CBSS or Bge
medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (complete or C-Bge). However, incubation
of miracidia in either Bge cell-conditioned
C-Bge medium or a greater than 30 kDa fraction concentrated from conditioned
CBSS increased transformation
rates to 67 and 83%, respectively. This secretory Bge cell factor(s) appeared
to be protein in nature since its activity
was completely abrogated by heat or proteinase K treatments. Overall, these
results demonstrate that Bge cells are required
for stimulating in vitro miracidial transformation and supporting
early larval development of a fasciolid trematode under
culture conditions. This is the first report of in vitro development
of rediae from miracidia for a digenetic trematode.
Isolation and characterization of an avian isolate of Encephalitozoon hellem
Authors: SNOWDEN K. F. , LOGAN K. , PHALEN D. N.
Published: July 2002

Members of the phylum Microspora are a group of unusual, obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites that infect a wide
range of hosts. However, there are a limited number of microsporidial infections reported in avian hosts, and no parasite
species has been defined as an avian pathogen. A microsporidian organism was recovered from the droppings of a clinically
normal peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) and established in in vitro culture. Intermittent parasite spore shedding
was documented over a 2-month period using calcofluor M2R staining of cloacal swabs. The organism was identified as
Encephalitozoon hellem based on protein and antigenic profiles and molecular sequencing of the small subunit and internal
transcribed spacer regions of the ribosomal RNA gene.
Is the Universe Self-caused?
Authors: Deltete Robert J.
Published: July 2002

Quentin Smith has been arguing for more than a decade that the universe is uncaused. For nearly as long he has also argued that it appeared spontaneously from literally nothing. I have replied to these arguments in many places, including a recent essay in Philosophy. Now, apparently, Smith has changed his mind: in his most recent contribution to Philosophy, he argues not that the universe is uncaused, but that it is self-caused. His motives for so doing remain much the same, however: he would like to undermine the efforts of theists to show that the universe requires an external cause, by arguing that the universe can cause itself (580). I do not think that the arguments he gives for this new position are any more plausible than his older ones for an uncaused universe, so I don't think that he has advanced the cause of atheism. This essay defends that evaluation.
Psychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia
predict the later development of behavioural abnormalities
Authors: McSHANE R. , KEENE J. , FAIRBURN C. , JACOBY R. , HOPE T.
Published: July 2002

Background. Cross-sectional studies of non-cognitive symptoms

in dementia show that patients
with psychotic symptoms tend to have more disturbed behaviour. However,
it is not known whether
individuals who experience psychiatric symptoms early in dementia are more
prone to develop
behavioural problems later in the illness.

Method. The behaviour of 86 community-dwelling subjects with

dementia was intensively studied
for 4 years or until death, using an informant interview which was
administered every 4 months on
a median of eight occasions. The extent to which psychiatric symptoms,
age, sex and cognitive
function predicted clinically significant physical aggression
or motor hyperactivity was assessed.

Results. Physical aggression was predicted by sad
appearance and motor hyperactivity was
predicted by persecutory ideas. These associations were robust,
remaining significant over 2, 3 and
4 years of follow-up and were independent of cognitive function,
age, sex and duration of illness.

Conclusions. There may be two distinct longitudinal
syndromes of non-cognitive symptoms in
dementia. This suggests that important aberrant behaviours in late dementia
may share
pathophysiological mechanisms with psychiatric symptoms in early dementia.
Duration of illness and structure of
symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: MOJTABAI RAMIN
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous research has mainly focused on the cross-sectional structure of symptoms in
schizophrenia. This meta-analysis examined the association of duration of illness with the structure
of symptoms.

Methods. Using explicit criteria, 22 studies reporting on the correlations of symptoms in 2665
schizophrenic patients were selected. From each study, symptom-pair correlations for negative
symptoms as rated by Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and positive
symptoms as rated by the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) were extracted.
Variability among symptom-pair correlations across studies was assessed using tests of
homogeneity. For symptom-pair correlations which were not found to be homogeneous, the
association of average duration of illness with the symptom-pair correlations were examined.

Results. There was considerable variability in symptom-pair correlations across studies. Part of this
variability was explainable by variations in average duration of illness. Longer duration of illness
was associated with lower negative–negative symptom-pair correlations and higher negative–positive
symptom-pair correlations.

Conclusions. The findings suggest that the structure of symptoms in schizophrenia evolves over
time, following a consistent pattern. In the early stages of illness, negative and positive symptoms
form cohesive dimensions. With time, these dimensions become less cohesive and the boundaries
between them, less clear.