bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
8. Comics, Copyright and Academic Publishing: The Deluxe Edition
Authors: Deazley Ronan , Mathis Jason
Published: February 2019

The Comics Grid is one of a small but growing cohort of scholarly publications dedicated to the study of comics that has emerged in recent years. As an academic and a long-standing comics fan, The Comics Grid appeals to me for a number of reasons: first, it is committed to the principles of open access and open peer review; second, it genuinely embraces the potential that digital publication offers to academics in its commitment to rapid scholarly publication; and third, to my knowledge, it is the only journal in this domain that is actively trying to improve the study of comics by educating its authors and readers – in an informed and reasonable way – about copyright and the place of copyright in comics scholarship. This article is intended to supplement the work that The Comics Grid has already begun in challenging some cherished myths about the use of copyright material in the context of comics (and other academic) scholarship. It considers the extent to which UK-based academics can rely upon the copyright regime – the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 – to reproduce extracts and excerpts from published comics and graphic novels without having to ask the copyright owner of those works for permission. In doing so, it hopes to encourage greater openness in discourse and debate about a medium that occupies an increasingly significant place within our cultural and political lives. Moreover, within this chapter, we might also begin to sow the seeds of a broader, necessary debate about the nature, demands and process of academic publishing.
2. Is the Current Copyright Framework Fit for Purpose in Relation to Writing, Reading and Publishing in the Digital Age?
Authors: Kaye Laurence
Published: February 2019

The topic of Kaye’s article is the long-debated question of the adequacy of copyright in the digital age. He points out that copyright will remain, for the foreseeable future, still essential in protecting not only the ideas of authors but also their expression. Copyright, he argues, facilitates the value chain that exists between authors and readers, and it adapts with the medium and with time. Finally, Kaye puts forward the hypothesis that the real focus of our debate should not be whether the copyright framework needs changing, but rather the management of rights, especially in machine-to-machine communication of rights.
3. Is the Current Copyright Framework Fit for Purpose in Relation to Writing, Reading, and Publishing in the Digital Age?
Authors: Mollet Richard
Published: February 2019

Mollet, as a publisher, approaches the question from a slightly different slant as did Kaye, the solicitor. Mollet states categorically that the copyright framework, which he deems indifferent to the medium, is fit for purpose, and suggests that it would be absurd to suggest that it should be abandoned. He points out that technology could even be considered an enabler of copyright, as it greatly enhances the author’s ability to exploit these rights, by providing a platform from which they can monitor and prevent the infringement of their work.
Tactical Decision-Making Support Information for Aircraft Lightning Avoidance: Feasibility Study in Area of Winter Lightning
Authors: Yoshikawa Eiichi , Ushio Tomoo
Published: February 2019

Did you know that aircraft can cause lightning? Researchers began investigating aircraft-triggered lightning after several cases were observed of aircraft receiving lightning strikes from lightning-inactive clouds. The phenomenon of aircraft-triggered lightning was subsequently confirmed by a UHF radar, and today, it is known that most aircraft lightning strikes are aircraft triggered. However, aviation weather support for aircraft lightning avoidance has not been well developed. This is probably because aircraft lightning strikes have been somewhat avoided by using other information such as thunderstorm nowcasting, and have hardly ever caused serious accidents. In fact, today’s aircraft are designed, manufactured, and certified so as not to be seriously affected by lightning. In actual aircraft operations, however, lightning strikes can still cause minor damage to an aircraft’s body and instruments and result in time and expense being incurred by airlines to check for and repair any damage. Moreover, such checks and repairs can sometimes lead to the delay or cancellation of following services. Aircraft lightning strike is therefore recognized as an important issue in aviation weather. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and Tokyo Metropolitan University carried out a feasibility study on providing tactical support information for aircraft lightning avoidance. In this study, weather and flight data were collected from actual cases of aircraft lightning strikes, and their analysis yielded information on trends regarding the relationship between aircraft lightning strikes and weather conditions. A prototype tactical support system was then developed based on the analyzed trends, and its evaluation showed that it could be used to avoid potentially 60%–80% of current aircraft lightning strikes.
A Composite Perspective on Bore Passages during the PECAN Campaign
Authors: Loveless David M. , Wagner Timothy J. , Turner David D. , Ackerman Steven A. , Feltz Wayne F.
Published: February 2019

Atmospheric bores have been shown to have a role in the initiation and maintenance of elevated convection. Previous observational studies of bores have been case studies of more notable events. However, this creates a selection bias toward extraordinary cases, while discussions of the differences between bores that favor convective initiation and maintenance and bores that do not are lacking from the literature. This study attempts to fill that gap by analyzing a high-temporal-resolution thermodynamic profile composite of eight bores observed by multiple platforms during the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) campaign in order to assess the impact of bores on the environment. The time–height cross section of the potential temperature composite displays quasi-permanent parcel displacements up to 900 m with the bore passage. Low-level lifting is shown to weaken the capping inversion and reduce convective inhibition (CIN) and the level of free convection (LFC). Additionally, low-level water vapor increases by about 1 g kg−1 in the composite mean. By assessing variability across the eight cases, it is shown that increases in low-level water vapor result in increases to convective available potential energy (CAPE), while drying results in decreased CAPE. Most cases resulted in decreased CIN and LFC height with the bore passage, but only some cases resulted in increased CAPE. This suggests that bores will increase the potential for convective initiation, but future research should be directed toward better understanding cases that result in increased CAPE as those are the types of bores that will increase severity of convection.
A dynamic reference change value model applied to ongoing assessment of the steady state of a biomarker using more than two serial results
Authors: Lund Flemming , Hyltoft Petersen Per , Fraser Callum G
Published: February 2019

Background

Reference change values are used to assess the significance of a difference in two consecutive results from an individual. Reference change value calculations provide the limits for significant differences between two results due to analytical and inherent biological variations. Often more than two serial results are available. Using the reference change value concept on more than two measurements results in an increased number of false-positive results. This problem has been solved for both uni- and bidirectional differences through use of wider limits when additional results are included.

Methods

Based on normally (Gaussianly) distributed simulated data, a dynamic reference change value model was developed using more than two results and total coefficients of variation. The dynamic reference change value model includes validation of a set-point as the mean of the four first serial results and additional results are assessed for compliance to the steady state with the same set-point. Furthermore, the dynamic reference change value model compensates for increasing false-positive results with subsequent results. The dynamic reference change value model was designed to calculate significant limits for bidirectional differences.

Results

Reference change factors were calculated for multiplication of the mean of previous results to create the limits for significant differences. The reference change factors are provided as a function of number of results and total coefficients of variation both in tables and in figures.

Conclusions

The dynamic reference change value model is appropriate for ongoing assessment of the steady state of a biomarker using more than two serial results.
Challenges in enacting occupation-based social transformative practices: A critical dialogical study
Authors: Farias Lisette , Rudman Debbie Laliberte
Published: February 2019

Background.

Globally, occupational therapists are taking up the transformative potential of occupation to mobilize the profession’s commitment to social change.

Purpose.

This study examined ideal constructions of occupation-based social transformative practices and challenges that may arise when enacting these practices.

Method.

Five participants with experiences developing practices aligned with social transformative goals in diverse locations were recruited. In this critical dialogical study, three dialogical interviews were conducted with each participant. Critical reflexivity was enacted through the exchange of transcripts and critical reflections with participants. A critical discourse analysis was conducted to examine how such practices are shaped within discourses and other contextual features.

Findings.

The findings address constructions of ideal practice and three threads that provide critical insights into ways discourses shape possibilities to enact social transformation through occupation.

Implications.

This study brings together experiential and theoretical knowledge to advance social transformative practices by problematizing underexamined discourses in occupational therapy.
Book review: Bidyut Chakrabarty and Prakash Chandra, Public Policy: Concept, Theory and Practice
Authors: Sharma Ram Naresh
Published: February 2019

Bidyut Chakrabarty and Prakash Chandra, Public Policy: Concept, Theory and Practice. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2016, 276 pp., ₹235 (paperback). ISBN: 978-93-515-0925-7.
Centrifugal Pumps in Steam Power Stations
Authors: Pennington R.
Published: February 2019

Some fundamental and specific hydraulic considerations associated with the operation of centrifugal pumps on condenser cooling-water circulation, condensate extraction and boiler feeding services are discussed and illustrated by simple empirical formulae and practical diagrams.

Attention is drawn to the importance of selecting the correct speed for reliable operation. The hydraulic gradient through a pump is represented diagrammatically to illustrate the meaning of the term “depression head” and to show how this is related to the throttling condition. It is claimed that in certain circumstances a pump can operate advantageously and safely on the throttling point, but otherwise it is essential to avoid what is described as the “cavitation area”.

A relation is established between pump output, “depression head”, and maximum permissible speed. The “speed coefficient” used in the formula is shown to depend on several factors.

For circulating water pumps the relation between “depression head” and suction lift is illustrated. Maximum speed in relation to output and variation of pump type with specific speed and net head are presented graphically.

Diagrams and curves show the fundamental difference in operating methods of extraction pumps on the two main types of surface condenser and on de-aerators. Factors influencing the choice of speed are outlined.

A typical build-up of the pressure characteristics of a boiler feed system is illustrated and the requirements of the system are compared with the characteristics provided by the feed-pumps, both constant and variable speed. Reference is made to the importance of providing suitable pressure-characteristics to ensure satisfactory parallel operation, load sharing and freedom from pressure surge. A formula is developed for calculation of the temperature rise across a feed-pump at any load, and proposals are outlined for keeping this rise within safe limits. Special reference is made to the feed-pump drawing direct from a de-aerator and the problem of avoiding vapour-locking with sudden fall in pressure. The main factors which determine the operating speed of a feed-pump are enumerated. Attention is drawn to the importance of, and means of constructing, the pump to withstand a sudden reduction in temperature without incurring casing joint leakages. The relative merits of placing the feed-pumps before or after the heaters are discussed, and it is claimed that considerable thermal economy is achieved by using high-pressure heaters.
The Design of Tube Plates in Heat Exchangers
Authors: Miller K. A. G.
Published: February 2019

Up to the present time designers of heat exchangers have used an empirical method for determining the tube plate thickness. This is based on the formula for the maximum stress in a thin circular plate under uniform loading. It takes no account of the support given to the tube plate by the tubes, and does not attempt to differentiate the weakening effects of different tube hole spacings.

In this paper, these two factors are considered. A definite algebraic expression is introduced to cover the weakening effect of the holes, and the support given by the tubes is accounted for by treating the tube plate as a thin circular plate resting on an elastic foundation. This gives rise to fairly complicated mathematics, which are fully set out, but there is no need to refer to the mathematics in the design of a particular tube plate, as the analysis leads to fairly simple design formulae and the procedure for using them is indicated in simple terms. Four familiar types of heat exchanger are considered, and design formulae have been developed for the maximum stress in both the tube plate and the tubes.

An experimental test was carried out on the tube plate of an existing heat exchanger, and the results are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the proposed theory. To illustrate the method three examples are worked out, and by comparison of the results with those obtained by the existing method it is shown that a reduction in the thickness of the tube plate can be obtained.

The MS. of this paper was first received at the Institution on 20th June 1951, and in its revised form, as accepted for publication by the Council, on 15th November 1951.
Experimental Investigation of Torsion in Stranded Mining Wire Ropes
Authors: Layland C. L. , Rao A. R. S. , Ramsdale H. A.
Published: February 2019

In this paper an account is given of some investigations into the torsional properties of mining wire ropes, carried out at a gold mine in India by some members of the engineering staff of the mine. An attempt is made to connect some interesting facts which emerged, in such a manner as to make them useful in practice.

The work was necessarily confined to four small sizes and only two different constructions, but the results obtained suggest that experiments on larger sizes and other constructions would greatly aid the users of very long, large ropes. Light is thrown on the difference of torsional properties between Lang's lay and ordinary lay, between long and short lay-pitch, and between few and many wires, and a contribution is made to the arguments against deliberately unlaying a new Lang's lay rope.
Control Valves for Direct-hydraulic Presses
Authors: Towler F. H. , Towler J. M.
Published: February 2019

Some direct-hydraulic presses have become very complicated owing to the introduction of servo-electric controls, embodying a mass of electrical gadgets, solenoids, micro-switches, etc. In this paper a new, completely hydraulic control system is described which entirely replaces the electrical controls, thereby bringing all maintenance problems within the scope of the hydraulic engineer. Also, with the elimination of electrical delays it is possible to ensure almost instantaneous valve action. The paper deals briefly with packingless piston valves, the avoidance of various forms of lock, and the problems involved in the design, construction and control of large hydraulic presses, the choice of the most advantageous working pressure, and the viscosity of the hydraulic oil.

A detailed description is given of a 1,000-ton direct-hydraulic forging and planishing press, powered by high-speed pumps totalling 665 pump horse-power and controlled by a single-lever, completely hydraulic, remote-control panel. This press makes reversal in [Formula: see text] second, making short planishing strokes as lively as a pneumatic hammer. In conclusion, controls and multiple power units for much larger presses are discussed.
Intra-Elite Factionalism and the Quest for Sustainable Political Platforms in Nigeria
Authors: Ashindorbe Kelvin , Nathaniel D Danjibo
Published: February 2019

The People’s Democratic Party was the governing party for 16 years until it was defeated in the 2015 general elections. The dominance of the party over the Nigerian political landscape masked the deep internal schism that has bedevilled the party since its formation. This paper traced the origin of the protracted internal conflicts in the party to its formation process, accentuated by the prebendal character of the Nigerian state. A collection of political grandees assembled in the party without a well-articulated vision for governance other than take hold of political power and the resultant patronage accruable from occupying public office. Conflicts in the party manifest in several dimensions, namely: suspension or expulsion of party members, protracted litigation, formation of parallel party structure, defections to rival parties, verbal and physical assault of members. This pattern of conflicts weakened internal cohesion and distracted those elected from the task of actualizing their campaign promises. The methodology is qualitative, primary data sourced from party members is complemented with data from secondary sources. The paper concluded that the ultimate losers from the internal fights in the party are the citizens who suffered the effects in the form of unfulfilled electoral promises.
Current perspectives on Olive Schreiner’s From Man to Man or Perhaps Only —
Authors: Nivesjö Sanja , Barends Heidi
Published: February 2019

This interview article engages Angelo Fick, Jade Munslow Ong, and Valerie Stevens in current perspectives on Olive Schreiner’s novel From Man to Man, published in a new edition by Dorothy Driver and UCT Press in 2015. These interviews point towards a renewed interest in Schreiner and From Man to Man. They highlight how Schreiner scholarship is heading in fresh directions, as current thought on From Man to Man, and Driver’s edition, spark interest in ecocriticism, animal studies, intersectionality, alternative takes on race, intimacy, and relations in her work, and the broader role of white writers in discussions of decolonization.
‘The wrong sex’? Understanding men’s representation in the Australian aged care sector
Authors: Moskos Megan , Isherwood Linda
Published: February 2019

With projected future demand severely outstripping the current workforce size, it is crucial for the Australian aged care sector to develop strategies to encourage non-traditional workers (such as men) into the sector. Yet despite some recent progress, there is still surprisingly little empirical evidence about how to attract and retain men into gender atypical occupations such as aged care. This article offers an in-depth and innovative investigation into male aged care workers, their experience of the work and future employment plans. Using a mixed methods design, this article combines the findings from an analysis of the Australian National Aged Care Workforce Census and Survey with the findings arising from 51 in-depth interviews conducted with male aged care workers. The integration of these findings allows us to understand the determinants of men’s representation in the aged care sector so that workforce strategies and policies can be generated about how the sector can best attract and retain male workers to meet current and future skill shortages.
Chinese Martial Art Training Failed to Improve Balance or Inhibit Falls in Older Adults
Authors: Ma Ada W. W. , Wang Hsing-Kuo , Chen Duan-Rung , Chen Ya-Mei , Chak Yvonne T. C. , Chan Joan W. Y. , Yam Timothy T. T. , Cheng Yoyo T. Y. , Ganesan Balasankar , Fong Shirley S. M.
Published: February 2019

This randomized controlled trial explored the effects of a Ving Tsun (VT) Chinese martial art training program on reactive standing balance performance, postural muscle reflex contraction latency, leg muscle performance, balance confidence and falls in community-dwelling older adults. We randomly assigned 33 healthy older adults to either a VT group (mean age = 67.5 years) or a control group (mean age = 72.1 years). The VT group received two 1-hour VT training sessions per week for three months (24 sessions). Primary outcome measures collected before and after the intervention period were electromyographic muscle activation onset latencies of the hamstring and gastrocnemius and the center of pressure path, length and movement velocity in standing (reactive balance performance). Secondary outcome measures included isometric peak force and time to isometric peak force of the knee extensors and flexors, the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale score, and fall history. Results revealed that the mean gastrocnemius muscle activation onset latency was significantly longer (22.53 ms) in the VT group after the intervention. The peak force of the knee flexors significantly increased (by 1.58 kg) in the control group over time but not in the VT group. The time to reach peak force in the knee flexors was significantly longer (by 0.51 s) in the control group (but not the VT group) at posttest compared with the pretest value. No other significant group, time, or group-by-time interaction effects were noted. We discussed possible reasons for the failure of three months of martial art training to benefit fall risks among these older adults.
Reliability Measures in Distorting Body-Image
Authors: Brodie D. A. , Slade P. D. , Rose H.
Published: February 2019

This study is the first to make a direct comparison between the distorting mirror and the distorting videocamera with the same group of nonclinical subjects. It also establishes the internal consistency, the test-retest reliability and the convergent validity of both techniques. Analysis indicates, as with other studies, that perceived image is consistently over-estimated and ideal image is consistently underestimated by both techniques. With the distorting mirror, the frontal orientation is repeatable over four days and with the video the profile is the more reliable orientation. A comparison between profile and frontal orientations on any single test occasion (internal consistency) indicates that the results correlate well so either orientation is acceptable for experimental purposes. The extent to which both techniques were measuring the same aspect (convergent validity) was more marked for the ideal image. A researcher using the distorting mirror can be confident that the ideal image is reliable over time using either orientation but that the perceived image requires a frontal orientation. The frontal or profile orientation is acceptable for the ideal image using the distorting video, but the profile orientation is advisable if one wishes a reliable perceived image. The researcher should also be cautious in assuming that both techniques are measuring an identical body-image construct.
Some Characteristics of Relations among Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Comunian Anna L.
Published: February 2019

Self-efficacy should be regarded as a cognitive precursor or as a component of anxiety and of depression. Data on depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy were available from a study of the relation of self-concept to depression. Scores on the Children's Depression Scale of Lang and Tisher, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory of Spielberger, Test-Anxiety Inventory of Spielberger, Self-efficacy Scales of Schwarzer, and the Three-Person Test of Backes, were analyzed by multivariate methods. Subjects were 200 high school students ages 15 to 17 yr. The factor solution obtained from the factor analysis provides information regarding state-anxiety, test-anxiety, worry, and self-efficacy. Further research is planned for a better understanding of the linkages among self-efficacy, self-concept, depression, and anxiety.
Comparison of Three Methods for Eliciting Phonological Processes
Authors: Watson Marie M.
Published: February 2019

Eight articulatory disordered children were studied to compare the occurrence of phonological processes using three elicitation methods, including single-word productions, imitated sentences, and continuous speech sampling. A total of 11 phonological processes were shown by the subjects, with only the process of gliding indicative of significantly different rates of occurrence among the three procedures. These subjects were relatively consistent in their use of phonological processes under different speaking conditions.
Voluntary Control of Agonist Premotor Silence Preceding Limb Movements of Maximal Effort
Authors: Walter Charles B.
Published: February 2019

The ability to gain voluntary control over agonist premotor silence through electromyographic (EMG) feedback was examined in healthy subjects performing maximal horizontal elbow flexions. Subjects exhibiting premotor silence on at least 50% of the pretest trials showed significantly greater peak angular velocity than subjects who produced the silent period on fewer than 20% of the trials during the pretest. The latter subjects acquired control of agonist premotor silence with practice and graphic feedback regarding their EMG patterns. The subjects who were the most successful in learning to produce the silent period increased their angular velocity to the level of the subjects who naturally exhibited the inhibition. The less successful subjects showed smaller increases in velocity. The data provide further evidence that premotor silence is primarily under central influence, that its control can be acquired, and that it may be functionally related to contractile rate.
Field Dependence and Schema Utilization during Recall: Cognitive Process or Attitude?
Authors: Tourrette G.
Published: February 2019

The presence of a schema in a text promotes the comprehension and recall of the information it contains. The ability to extract a schema out of a text depends on the field independence of the subject. Thus field-independent subjects recall better the elements of a text that can be organized according to a schema than field-dependent subjects. The purpose of this experiment was to check whether the fact of guiding field-dependent subjects toward an activity of search and utilization of the schema, thanks to adequate instruction, would allow them to perform as well as field-independent subjects. 192 7th graders in three Poitiers junior high schools were subdivided into 4 groups. Some pupils had to read a text with schema and others without schema, and they were given either an instruction prompting them to search for a schema and use it (modified instruction) or no instruction (normal instruction). The intellectual and reading level as well as the reading time were neutralized. The results show that, when the text is subtended by a schema, the number of target words correctly recalled varies with field independence for whatever instruction. Moreover, in the situation without schema, the correlation between field-dependent and field-independent subjects’ recall scores almost equals zero with normal instruction but is positive and significant with the modified instruction. The conclusion is that the field-independent subjects’ superiority is related to a specific cognitive mode of functioning.
Perception of Unilateral Lower Extremity Weightbearing during Bilateral Upright Stance
Authors: Bohannon Richard W. , Waters Gregory , Cooper Judith
Published: February 2019

The primary purpose of this study was to describe the error in 61 healthy subjects’ perceptions of weight-bearing at three target levels during bilateral upright stance. The secondary purpose was to describe the effects of age, sex, lower extremity dominance and target weightbearing level on the error in perceptions of weightbearing. Weightbearing was determined while subjects stood on digital scales. They adjusted their weight in an attempt to bear 25, 50, and 75% of their weight through a designated lower extremity. Three trials were allowed at each weightbearing target, and the results were averaged. Each subject's error in perception of weightbearing at each target level was determined by taking the absolute value of the target percent weightbearing minus the mean actual percent weightbearing. The mean errors at the 25, 50, and 75% targets were 7.3, 3.3, and 7.7%, respectively. The magnitude of the error was unrelated to age. An analysis of variance showed that error was not dependent on sex or whether the dominant lower extremity was used for making judgements. The error did differ between target levels. Clinicians cannot assume, based on the findings of this study, that individuals can accurately judge the percent weightbearing they are placing through one of their lower extremities during bilateral upright stance.
Factor Analysis and Predictive Validity of Microcomputer-Based Tests ,
Authors: Kennedy Robert S. , Baltzley Dennis R. , Turnage Janet J. , Jones Marshall B.
Published: February 2019

11 tests were selected from two microcomputer-based performance test batteries because previously these tests exhibited rapid stability (<10 min. of practice) and high retest reliability efficiencies (r>0.707 for each 3 min. of testing). The battery was administered three times to each of 108 college students (48 men and 60 women) and a factor analysis was performed. Two of the three identified factors appear to be related to information processing (“encoding” and “throughput/ decoding”), and the third named an “output/speed” factor. The spatial, memory, and verbal tests loaded on the “encoding” factor and included Grammatical Reasoning, Pattern Comparison, Continuous Recall, and Matrix Rotation. The “throughput/ decoding” tests included perceptual/numerical tests like Math Processing, Code Substitution, and Pattern Comparison. The output speed factor was identified by Tapping and Reaction Time tests. The Wonderlic Personnel Test was group administered before the first and after the last administration of the performance tests. The multiple Rs in the total sample between combined Wonderlic as a criterion and less than 5 min. of microcomputer testing on Grammatical Reasoning and Math Processing as predictors ranged between 0.41 and 0.52 on the three test administrations. Based on these results, the authors recommend a core battery which, if time permits, would consist of two tests from each factor. Such a battery is now known to permit stable, reliable, and efficient assessment.
Comparison of Paragraph Comprehension Test Scores with Reading versus Listening-Reading and Multiple-Choice versus Nominal Recall Administration Techniques: Justification for the Bypass Approach
Authors: Weinberg Warren A. , McLean Anne , Snider Robert L. , Rintelmann Jeanne W. , Brumback Roger A.
Published: February 2019

Eight groups of learning disabled children ( N = 100), categorized by the clinical Lexical Paradigm as good readers or poor readers, were individually administered the Gilmore Oral Reading Test, Form D, by one of four input/retrieval methods: (1) the standardized method of administration in which the child reads each paragraph aloud and then answers five questions relating to the paragraph [read/recall method]; (2) the child reads each paragraph aloud and then for each question selects the correct answer from among three choices read by the examiner [read/choice method]; (3) the examiner reads each paragraph aloud and reads each of the five questions to the child to answer [listen/recall method]; and (4) the examiner reads each paragraph aloud and then for each question reads three multiple-choice answers from which the child selects the correct answer [listen/choice method]. The major difference in scores was between the groups tested by the recall versus the orally read multiple-choice methods. This study indicated that poor readers who listened to the material and were tested by orally read multiple-choice format could perform as well as good readers. The performance of good readers was not affected by listening or by the method of testing. The multiple-choice testing improved the performance of poor readers independent of the input method. This supports the arguments made previously that a “bypass approach” to education of poor readers in which testing is accomplished using an orally read multiple-choice format can enhance the child's school performance on reading-related tasks. Using a listening while reading input method may further enhance performance.
Aging and the Influence of Contextual Contrast on Vowel Identification
Authors: Fox Robert Allen , McCracken Leslie
Published: February 2019

This study examines possible differences between young and older adult listeners in the effect of contextual contrast on vowel identification using a vowel anchoring procedure. All listeners identified a 7-step [i]—[I] continuum under both an equiprobable control condition and an anchoring condition (in which one end-point stimulus occurred four times more often than any other single stimulus token). Phoneme boundaries in the anchoring condition shifted toward the anchor endpoint, as expected, for both groups, but there was a significant effect of age when [i] served as the anchor. Evidence of an increase in response bias for older adult listeners was also found.
The Effect of a Head-Up Speedometer on Speeding Behavior
Authors: Briziarelli Gregory , Allan Robert W.
Published: February 2019

The effectiveness of a head-up display (HUD) was investigated as a means of controlling drivers’ speeding behavior on a highway, a residential road, and as a means of minimizing the effects of speed adaptation. 40 subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions, using either a HUD or a conventional speedometer and being speed-adapted or nonspeed-adapted. Analysis indicated that no group drove significantly faster than any other group on any measured section of residential road or highway under any condition. Plausible explanations for the observed results are discussed.
Urban Crowding and the Murder Rate in Bombay, India
Authors: Bagley Christopher
Published: February 2019

Despite extremely high levels of household crowding and population density, Bombay has a low rate of murder in comparison with less crowded US cities, discontinuing the 1970 hypothesis of Milgram. In Bombay, degree of crowding in 71 residential districts was unrelated to the murder rate.
Is Locomotor Distance Estimation Guided by Visual Imagery?
Authors: Corlett John T. , Anton John , Kozub Steve , Tardif Michel
Published: February 2019

70 subjects were tested for their visual subscale scores on the Movement Imagery Questionnaire and also for their ability to walk, without vision, to a previously viewed target location 9 m away. Imagery ability was hypothesized to correlate with accuracy of “blind” target-directed walking which the literature suggests, without empirical support, is imagery-dependent. No support for this hypothesis was found. Low, medium, and high imagers showed no differences in ability to reproduce target distance accurately or consistently by walking the estimated distance without further visual updating. The results call into question whether task performance is imagery-based or whether subjects use alternative strategies to approach the target.
Behavioral Impressions Associated with Perceived Understanding,
Authors: Cahn Dudley D. , Frey Lawrence R.
Published: February 2019

Data from 245 partners indicated that 13 general behavioral impressions correlated ± .38 or higher with perceived understanding.
Fuzzy Logical Approach to Perception of Dot Numerosity
Authors: Yamashita Toshiyuki
Published: February 2019

The present study utilized a fuzzy logical approach for understanding human perception or judgments of dot numerosity. In Exp. 1 subjects were required to view dot patterns and to judge the truthfulness of the single and combined statements which asserted that the number of dots was large. The results indicated that (a) the rules based on the minimum and maximum truthfulness of the component statements best approximate subjective conjunction and disjunction about dot numerosity, when subjects kept the operations of the standard logic system in mind. (b) When the subjects based their judgments on perceptive impression, their judgments were best fitted by the multiplicative form.
Learning Effects While Passively Viewing the Necker Cube
Authors: Beer John
Published: February 2019

Over a 2-wk. period 15 high school students passively viewed a Necker cube for 5 trials (90 sec. per trial). The number of reversals per trial indicates there were practice effects. Measures of tolerance of ambiguity (Tolerance of Ambiguity), anxiety (General Anxiety Scale and Test Anxiety Scale), and rigidity (Breskin's Rigidity) were administered. Pearson correlations indicate that tolerance of ambiguity was not associated with viewing an ambiguous figure, the Necker cube. Analysis also suggests the more rigid the person's outlook, the fewer reversals were reported, and exposure to viewing the figure lowers anxiety.
Crowds, mob and the law: The Delhi rape case
Authors: Mehta Deepak
Published: February 2019

Focusing on the Delhi gang rape of 16 December 2012, the article describes the force of two aggregations by which the violence is carried out and represented—the raping mob and the mourning and protesting crowd. Even though all six members of the mob are arrested within three days of the rape, we find disparate and spontaneous crowd formations across the city, expressing their anger at police apathy and state indifference in securing public spaces. This article teases out the relationship between the mob and the crowd. As far as the mob is concerned I show how the trial court presupposes a bond that ties the members together. This bond is found in the elaboration of ‘conspiracy’ and ‘dacoity’. This connection is further amplified through detailed forensic evidence, which channels the animacy of the rape into a medical–legal language of fact. In reacting to the rape crowd formations point us to the intensity of an egalitarian release. I follow Canetti’s development of ‘discharge’ and sting, without which the crowd does not exist. Finally, I show how crowd formations intersect with public discourses drawn from visual reportage as well as the medical condition of the victim.
Law, police and ‘domestic cruelty’: Assembling written complaints from oral narratives
Authors: Satyogi Pooja
Published: February 2019

This article examines the relationship between law and the police in the Special Protection Unit for Women and Children (Unit), Delhi. It explicates how women police officers negotiate meanings of ‘domestic cruelty’ under the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, read with Section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), in a milieu where narratives of violence they encounter from women complainants often challenge interpretations of domestic violence. Taking two instances, one in which a complainant came to the Unit without a written complaint, and the second in which changes were made to the complaint after it was officially submitted, I delineate the shape that their formal complaints took, central to which was the role performed by the police officers assigned to them. The officers, I contend, strove to make the complaints legally stand up, with the awareness that although most complaints do not end in litigation, the act of writing the complaint constituted an important step for complainants to get what I call a working sense of their experiences of cruelty. I conclude that although police’s discretionary power is understood to give way to reckless arbitrariness and discrimination, its mutability and amorphousness can also contribute towards enabling redress for injury.
Adaptive Kalman filtering for sensor fault estimation and isolation of satellite attitude control based on descriptor systems
Authors: Wang Mao , Liang Tiantian
Published: February 2019

Sensor fault estimation and isolation is significant for an attitude control systems model of a satellite, as it works in a complex environment. The standard unscented Kalman filter algorithm may lose its accuracy when the noise is considerable. Therefore, an adaptive filtering algorithm is proposed based on the sampled-data descriptor model. The performance of the unscented Kalman filter in sensor fault estimation is improved by the adaptive algorithm depending on innovation and the measurement residual, and its convergence is guaranteed. Combining the adaptive unscented Kalman filter with the multiple-model adaptive estimation, a sensor fault isolation method is proposed. Finally, simulation examples show that this algorithm has better estimating accuracy and isolation results.
Measures of Self-Perception, Level of Physical Activity, and Body Mass Index of Participants of Sports Education Camps for Youths with Visual Impairments
Authors: McMahon John , Emerson Robert S. Wall , Ponchillia Paul , Curtis Amy
Published: February 2019

Introduction:

This study explored the relationship between first-time or repeat participation at a sports education camp and demographic variables of gender, age, race or ethnicity, measures of self-perception, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity in participants’ communities.

Methods:

The study was a secondary data analysis of interview and BMI data for youths with visual impairments (i.e., those who are blind or have low vision) who attended a sports education camp in one of 12 states in the years 1989, 1996, and 2000–2010.

Results:

The short-term intervention model of a sports education camp had a positive effect on participants’ perceptions of themselves. This result was more pronounced for boys and for youths with some usable vision. Involvement in a sports education camp did not tend to translate to increased involvement in sports in a student’s community. The mean BMI of first-time participants was consistent across gender, race or ethnicity, and vision category, and the BMI of first-time participants tended to be higher according to the age of the participant.

Discussion:

The findings revealed that the short-term intervention model of a sports education camp is highly effective in increasing self-perception for youngsters with vision impairments.

Implications for practitioners:

For youths with visual impairments who might be experiencing reduced social interaction, decreased self-perception or increased BMI involvement in a sports education camp is a short-term intervention that can positively impact these effects.
Interactional Synchrony and Child Gender Differences in Dyadic and Triadic Family Interactions
Authors: de Mendonça Júlia Scarano , Bussab Vera Sílvia Raad , Kärtner Joscha
Published: February 2019

Based on family systems theory, our objectives were to examine the association between dyadic parent–child interactional synchrony (mother–child and father–child) and triadic mother–father–child interactional synchrony and the effect of the child’s gender on the family interactional synchrony at the child’s third year. Forty-three low-income Brazilian families (mother, father, and child) were observed in free play interaction. Multidimension assessments of the degree of dyadic and triadic interactional synchronies were made (interpersonal distance, visual and body orientation, play involvement, and shared affect). Results indicated that father–child dyadic interaction was more strongly associated with triadic family interaction than mother–child interaction. Furthermore, father–daughter dyads and triads with girls were more attuned than all other family compositions. Taken together, these results expand research in the field and suggest that fathers may have a greater impact on child gender development than previously thought. Our findings also add empirical evidence to the unique contribution of the triadic family context for understanding of parental roles and family dynamics.
Guidelines of the International Headache Society for controlled trials of acute treatment of migraine attacks in adults: Fourth edition
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph , Tassorelli Cristina , Dodick David W , Silberstein Stephen D , Lipton Richard B , Ashina Messoud , Becker Werner J , Ferrari Michel D , Goadsby Peter J , Pozo-Rosich Patricia , Wang Shuu-Jiun , Mandrekar Jay ,   on behalf of the International Headache Society Clinical Trials Standing Committee
Published: February 2019

The quality of clinical trials is an essential part of the evidence base for the treatment of headache disorders. In 1991, the International Headache Society Clinical Trials Standing Committee developed and published the first edition of the Guidelines for controlled trials of drugs in migraine. Scientific and clinical developments in headache medicine led to second and third editions in 2000 and 2012, respectively. The current, fourth edition of the Guidelines retains the structure and much content from previous editions. However, it also incorporates evidence from clinical trials published after the third edition as well as feedback from meetings with regulators, pharmaceutical and device manufacturers, and patient associations. Its final form reflects the collective expertise and judgement of the Committee. These updated recommendations and commentary are intended to meet the Society's continuing objective of providing a contemporary, standardized, and evidence-based approach to the conduct and reporting of randomised controlled trials for the acute treatment of migraine attacks.
Chinese International Students’ Expectations About Career Counseling
Authors: Li Yue , Mitts Nancy Goodrich , Whiston Susan C.
Published: February 2019

Chinese international students are the largest international student body (33.19%) in the United States. However, career services on college campuses are underutilized by this population despite their pressing needs for career guidance. Chinese international students’ expectations about career counseling may explain the disconnection between needs and service utilization. Although clients’ expectations about counseling have been studied extensively, no study has focused on Chinese international students’ expectations about career counseling. The current qualitative study surveyed 58 Chinese international students by using 10 open-ended questions that inquired about their expectations, including preferences and anticipations, about career counseling. Findings highlighted a number of needs and expectations for career counseling, such as outcome-driven activities, specificity of services, rapport with counselor, taking assessments, and culturally sensitive services. Clinical implications for career services on campus and future directions for research were discussed.