bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Wiriyamu Massacre of 1972: Its Context, Genesis, and Revelation
Authors: Dhada Mustafah
Published: August 2013

This text on the Wiriyamu massacre of 1972 in Mozambique uses fieldwork and archival materials to address its historical context, the methods used to collect data for the narrative, the trajectory that the narrative took to reach the pages ofThe Times of London, the contest that ensued over its veracity, and its eventual acceptance as true by all parties concerned. The text concludes that both the context as well as the construction of the massacre narrative was much more complex and nuanced than the extant literature suggests. Its revelation too was governed by a series of factors, some directly related to the story and the timing of its arrival in London, and others entirely disconnected from the text of the massacre as received byThe Times of London. The text discusses in the end how both the preponderance of evidence and a change in regime in Portugal among other factors delivered the narrative safely for all to agree on its veracity as a common text.
The Dilemmas of Digital Patrimonialization: The Digital Museum of African and Afro-Brazilian Memory
Authors: Sansone Livio
Published: August 2013

Historically subaltern groups envisage new possibilities for the creation of community museums and exhibits. This seems to be particularly true of the Global South and, even more so, of Sub-Saharan Africa and the African diaspora to Southern America – two regions of the world where, when it concerns ethno-racial minorities and social movements, presential museums and “actual” archives have more often than not been poorly funded, ill-equipped, and underscored. This article teases out the process of creating such a digital museum that focuses on African and Afro-Brazilian heritage. It is a technological and political experiment that is being developed in a country experiencing a process of rediscovery and of the patrimonialization of a set of elements of popular culture, within which “Africa” as a trope has moved from being generally considered a historical onus to (Western-oriented) progress to become a bonus for a country that is discovering itself both multiculturally and as part of the powerful group of BRIC nations (Brazil/Russia/India/China).
The Mopra Southern Galactic Plane CO Survey
Authors: Burton Michael G. , Braiding C. , Glueck C. , Goldsmith P. , Hawkes J. , Hollenbach D. J. , Kulesa C. , Martin C. L. , Pineda J. L. , Rowell G. , Simon R. , Stark A. A. , Stutzki J. , Tothill N. J. H. , Urquhart J. S. , Walker C. , Walsh A. J. , Wolfire M.
Published: August 2013

We present the first results from a new carbon monoxide (CO) survey of the southern Galactic plane being conducted with the Mopra radio telescope in Australia. The 12CO, 13CO, and C18O J = 1–0 lines are being mapped over the $l = 305^{\circ }\text{--} 345^{\circ }, b = \pm 0.5^{\circ }$ portion of the fourth quadrant of the Galaxy, at 35 arcsec spatial and 0.1 km s−1 spectral resolution. The survey is being undertaken with two principal science objectives: (i) to determine where and how molecular clouds are forming in the Galaxy and (ii) to probe the connection between molecular clouds and the ‘missing’ gas inferred from gamma-ray observations. We describe the motivation for the survey, the instrumentation and observing techniques being applied, and the data reduction and analysis methodology. In this paper, we present the data from the first degree surveyed, $l = 323^{\circ } \text{--} 324^{\circ }, b = \pm 0.5^{\circ }$. We compare the data to the previous CO survey of this region and present metrics quantifying the performance being achieved; the rms sensitivity per 0.1 km s−1 velocity channel is ~1.5 K for ${\rm ^{12}CO}$ and ~0.7 K for the other lines. We also present some results from the region surveyed, including line fluxes, column densities, molecular masses, ${\rm ^{12}CO/^{13}CO}$ line ratios, and ${\rm ^{12}CO}$ optical depths. We also examine how these quantities vary as a function of distance from the Sun when averaged over the 1 square degree survey area. Approximately 2 × 106M⊙ of molecular gas is found along the G323 sightline, with an average H2 number density of $n_{\text{H}_2} \sim 1$ cm−3 within the Solar circle. The CO data cubes will be made publicly available as they are published.
PROPERTY L AND COMMUTING EXPONENTIALS IN DIMENSION AT MOST THREE
Authors: BOURGEOIS GERALD
Published: August 2013

Let$A, B$be two square complex matrices of the same dimension$n\leq 3$. We show that the following conditions are equivalent. (i) There exists a finite subset$U\subset { \mathbb{N} }_{\geq 2} $such that for every$t\in \mathbb{N} \setminus U$,$\exp (tA+ B)= \exp (tA)\exp (B)= \exp (B)\exp (tA)$. (ii) The pair$(A, B)$has property L of Motzkin and Taussky and$\exp (A+ B)= \exp (A)\exp (B)= \exp (B)\exp (A)$. We also characterise the pairs of real matrices$(A, B)$of dimension three, that satisfy the previous conditions.
Impact of immune system stimulation on the ileal nutrient digestibility and utilisation of methionine plus cysteine intake for whole-body protein deposition in growing pigs
Authors: Rakhshandeh Anoosh , Htoo John K. , Karrow Neil , Miller Stephen P. , de Lange Cornelis F. M.
Published: August 2013

The impact of immune system stimulation (ISS) on the ileal nutrient digestibility and utilisation of dietary methionine plus cysteine (SAA) intake for whole-body protein deposition (PD) was evaluated in growing pigs. For this purpose, sixty barrows were used in two experiments: thirty-six pigs in Expt I and twenty-four pigs in Expt II. Pigs were feed restricted and assigned to five levels of dietary SAA allowance (three and two levels in Expt I and II, respectively) from SAA-limiting diets. Following adaptation, pigs at each dietary SAA level were injected with either increasing amounts ofEscherichia colilipopolysaccharide (ISS+; eight and six pigs per dietary SAA level in Expt I and II, respectively) or saline (ISS − ; four and six pigs in Expt I and II, respectively) while measuring the whole-body nitrogen (N) balance. After N-balance observations, pigs were euthanised, organs were removed and ileal digesta were collected for determining nutrient digestibility. Ileal digestibility of gross energy, crude protein and amino acids was not affected by ISS (P>0·20). ISS reduced PD at all levels of dietary SAA intake (P< 0·01). The linear relationship between daily dietary SAA intake and PD observed at the three lowest dietary SAA intake levels indicated that ISS increased extrapolated maintenance SAA requirements (P< 0·05), but had no effect on the partial efficiency of the utilisation of dietary SAA intake for PD (P>0·20). Physiological and metabolic changes associated with systemic ISS had no effect on the ileal digestibility of nutrientsper se, but altered SAA requirements for PD in growing pigs.
Source character, mixing, fractionation and alkali metasomatism in Palaeoproterozoic greenstone dykes, Dannemora area, NE Bergslagen region, Sweden
Authors: DAHLIN PETER , JOHANSSON ÅKE , ANDERSSON ULF B.
Published: August 2013

The geochemical and isotopic characteristics of metamorphosed Svecofennian mafic dykes from the Dannemora area in the NE part of the Bergslagen region in central Sweden were investigated and compared to mafic intrusive rocks in their vicinity. The dykes, with an inferred age ofc. 1860–1870 Ma, are calc-alkaline, sub-alkaline and basaltic in composition and have a mixed subduction and within-plate geochemical affinity. They are the result of mixing of at least three mantle source components with similar basaltic major element composition, but different concentrations of incompatible trace elements. Magma M1 is strongly enriched both in Rare Earth Elements (REE) and High-Field-Strength Elements (HFSE); magma M2 is highly enriched in Large-Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE, except Sr) with only moderate enrichment in HFSE and REE (particularly low in Heavy Rare Earth Elements); and magma M3 is enriched in Sr and has a flat REE profile. Magma M3 also has a somewhat more positive (depleted) initialεNdvalue of +1.8, compared to +0.4 to +0.5 for magmas M1 and M2. The magma evolution was controlled by a mixture of fractionation (mainly affecting the compatible elements) and mixing, best seen in the incompatible element concentrations and the Nd isotope data. The basaltic overall composition indicates little or no wholesale contamination by upper continental crust, but the dykes have undergone later metasomatic changes mainly affecting the alkali elements.
A FROBENIUS QUESTION RELATED TO ACTIONS ON CURVES IN CHARACTERISTIC P
Authors: GLASS DARREN B.
Published: August 2013

We consider which integers g can occur as the genus and of a curve defined over a field of characteristic p which admits an automorphism of degree pq, where p and q are distinct primes. This investigation leads us to consider a certain family of three-dimensional Frobenius problems and prove explicit formulas giving their solution in many cases.
ALMOST CLOSED 1-FORMS
Authors: PANDHARIPANDE R. , THOMAS R. P.
Published: August 2013

We construct an algebraic almost closed 1-form with zero scheme not expressible (even locally) as the critical locus of a holomorphic function on a non-singular variety. The result answers a question of Behrend–Fantechi. We correct here an error in our paper (D. Maulik, R Pandharipande and R. P. Thomas, Curves on K3 surfaces and modular forms, J. Topol.3 (2010) 937–996. arXiv:1001.2719v3), where an incorrect construction with the same claimed properties was proposed.
BIEMBEDDINGS OF STEINER TRIPLE SYSTEMS IN ORIENTABLE PSEUDOSURFACES WITH ONE PINCH POINT
Authors: FORBES A. D. , GRIGGS T. S. , PSOMAS C. , ŠIRÁŇ J.
Published: August 2013

We prove that for all n ≡ 13 or 37 (mod 72), there exists a biembedding of a pair of Steiner triple systems of order n in an orientable pseudosurface having precisely one regular pinch point of multiplicity 2.
THE EQUIVALENCE OF RUBIN'S CONJECTURE AND THE ETNC/LRNC FOR CERTAIN BIQUADRATIC EXTENSIONS
Authors: BUCKINGHAM PAUL
Published: August 2013

For an abelian extensionL/Kof number fields, the Equivariant Tamagawa Number Conjecture (ETNC) ats= 0, which is equivalent to the Lifted Root Number Conjecture (LRNC), implies Rubin's Conjecture by work of Burns [3]. We show that, for relative biquadratic extensionsL/Ksatisfying a certain condition on the splitting of places, Rubin's Conjecture in turn implies the ETNC/LRNC. We conclude with some examples.
AN OPERATOR SUMMABILITY OF SEQUENCES IN BANACH SPACES
Authors: KARN ANIL KUMAR , SINHA DEBA PRASAD
Published: August 2013

Let 1 ≤ p < ∞. A sequence 〈 xn 〉 in a Banach space X is defined to be p-operator summable if for each 〈 fn 〉 ∈ lw*p(X*) we have 〈〈 fn(xk)〉k〉n ∈ lsp(lp). Every norm p-summable sequence in a Banach space is operator p-summable whereas in its turn every operator p-summable sequence is weakly p-summable. An operator T ∈ B(X, Y) is said to be p-limited if for every 〈 xn 〉 ∈ lpw(X), 〈 Txn 〉 is operator p-summable. The set of all p-limited operators forms a normed operator ideal. It is shown that every weakly p-summable sequence in X is operator p-summable if and only if every operator T ∈ B(X, lp) is p-absolutely summing. On the other hand, every operator p-summable sequence in X is norm p-summable if and only if every p-limited operator in B(lp', X) is absolutely p-summing. Moreover, this is the case if and only if X is a subspace of Lp(μ) for some Borel measure μ.
SUBMODULES OF COMMUTATIVE C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: MIHEISI NAZAR
Published: August 2013

In this paper we generalise a result of Izuchi and Suárez (K. Izuchi and D. Suárez, Norm-closed invariant subspaces in L∞ and H∞, Glasgow Math. J. 46 (2004), 399–404) on the shift invariant subspaces of $L^\infty(\mathbb{T})$ to the non-commutative setting. Considering these subspaces as $C(\mathbb{T})$-modules contained in $L^\infty(\mathbb{T})$, we show that under some restrictions, a similar description can be given for the ${\mathfrak{B}}$-submodules of ${\mathfrak{A}}$, where ${\mathfrak{A}}$ is a C*-algebra and ${\mathfrak{B}}$ is a commutative C*-subalgebra of ${\mathfrak{A}}$. We use this to give a description of the $\mathbb{M}_n({\mathfrak{B}})$-submodules of $\mathbb{M}_n({\mathfrak{A}})$.
ROUNDNESS PROPERTIES OF ULTRAMETRIC SPACES
Authors: FAVER TIMOTHY , KOCHALSKI KATELYNN , MURUGAN MATHAV KISHORE , VERHEGGEN HEIDI , WESSON ELIZABETH , WESTON ANTHONY
Published: August 2013

Motivated by a classical theorem of Schoenberg, we prove that an n + 1 point finite metric space has strict 2-negative type if and only if it can be isometrically embedded in the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ of dimension n but it cannot be isometrically embedded in any Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^{r}$ of dimension r < n. We use this result as a technical tool to study ‘roundness’ properties of additive metrics with a particular focus on ultrametrics and leaf metrics. The following conditions are shown to be equivalent for a metric space (X,d): (1) X is ultrametric, (2) X has infinite roundness, (3) X has infinite generalized roundness, (4) X has strict p-negative type for all p ≥ 0 and (5) X admits no p-polygonal equality for any p ≥ 0. As all ultrametric spaces have strict 2-negative type by (4) we thus obtain a short new proof of Lemin's theorem: Every finite ultrametric space is isometrically embeddable into some Euclidean space as an affinely independent set. Motivated by a question of Lemin, Shkarin introduced the class $\mathcal{M}$ of all finite metric spaces that may be isometrically embedded into ℓ2 as an affinely independent set. The results of this paper show that Shkarin's class $\mathcal{M}$ consists of all finite metric spaces of strict 2-negative type. We also note that it is possible to construct an additive metric space whose generalized roundness is exactly ℘ for each ℘ ∈ [1, ∞].
The Effect of Business Conditions on Early Judicial Decisions Concerning Restraint of Trade
Authors: Berry Thomas S.
Published: August 2013

It appears to legal historians that the Supreme Court of the United States must have gone off the main track in 1933 when it handed down the celebrated Appalachian Coals decision upholding a joint selling agency. Only six years before, the Court had condemned a similar collective arrangement maintained by the Trenton Potteries; and seven years later, in 1940, the Court rendered a decision in the Socony-Vacuum Oil Case that revealed an abrupt return to its generally firm attitude toward collective action on the part of business concerns. Indeed, it is difficult if not impossible to reconcile the 1933 Appalachian Coals decision with the 1940 Socony-Vacuum Oil decision, and, as prices rose and shortages developed during the 1940's, the judicial attitude toward restraint of trade in various forms became progressively stiffer and stiffer. A parallel shift in the climate of court opinion against trade associations can be noted in the 1920's by comparing the decisions near the beginning of the decade, when trade was lax and prices were soft, with those a few years later when prosperity was again in evidence. One might even pose the question: Do the courts follow business conditions, as they are alleged to follow the election returns?
The Revulsion Against Internal Improvements
Authors: Goodrich Carter
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this article is to examine a significant change that took place in American public policy during the nineteenth century. For many decades American governments, especially those of states and localities, had engaged in extensive programs for the promotion of economic development by the construction or support of works of internal improvement. It may now be pertinent, at a time when so many of the less industrialized countries are engaged in programs of economic development, to ask why and when and by what processes governments in the United States came to withdraw from direct participation in the promotion of canals and railways.
The Statistical Study of French Crises
Authors: Landes David S.
Published: August 2013

Two major themes have been developed by Ernest Labrousse in his well-known works on prices and income. One, a reinterpretation of the origins of the French Revolution, does not concern us here. The other, a theory of an agriculturally determined business cycle, has recently been confirmed for the early nineteenth century by a young historian and student of Labrousse, M. A. Chabert, and forms the subject of this paper. Chabert's first work offered time series of French prices from 1798 to 1820, a hitherto neglected interval falling between the monetary anarchy of the assignats and the period covered by the tables of the Bureau de la Statistique Générale. He has followed this with a more ambitious effort, a general study of the social and economic development of France during the same years, as reflected in the price series already presented and other data assembled since.
The Geohistory of Fernand Braudel
Authors: Knight Melvin M.
Published: August 2013

Any historian feels free to shift, enlarge, or contract his spatial or temporal field of attention, but the building of formal conceptions of time and space as flexible is something else. Fernand Braudel's recent book contains many revisions of judgment concerning the economic history of the centuries it treats, and also a way of handling space and time that gives the volume theoretical as well as historical interest. In his title, “the Mediterranean” refers to the region as well as to the sea. His “Mediterranean world” includes various outside areas, some remote, that have been related to the region by the activities of man in society. Peripheral mountains and deserts, for example, are considered in much detail, and four historic corridors (he calls them isthmuses) to northern waters are formally discussed. His “Epoch of Philip II” is in the first third of the book hardly a temporal “home port”; it is touched more frequently in Part II and is much used in the final section.
The Theme to Be Explored
Authors: Goodrich Carter
Published: August 2013

The tenth annual meeting of the Economic History Association was devoted to the roles of government and business enterprise in the promotion of economic development. The question was applied to cases of rapid economic growth in the past—the creation of oceanic commerce, the building of the American railroads, the rise of modern industry—and to current attempts to promote the recovery of western Europe and the economic progress of the underdeveloped countries.
The Roles of Government and Private Enterprise in German Industrial Growth, 1870–1914
Authors: Bowen Ralph H.
Published: August 2013

The problem to which this paper addresses itself may be posed as follows: What part in bringing about the phenomenally rapid industrial growth of Germany between about 1890 and 1914 was played by governmental activities; what part was played by the private enterprise of businessmen; and what was the relative importance of each?
A Note on the Interpenetration of Anglo-American Finance, 1837–1841
Authors: Dorfman Joseph
Published: August 2013

There is a widespread impression among students of American financial history that, in the period immediately following the panic of 1837, American financiers engaged in sharp practices amounting to the wholesale deception of British bankers and European investors. This impression has been fostered especially in connection with the well-known episode of the partial or complete repudiation of state bonds by Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, Louisiana, Michigan, and Florida in the 1840's. According to the charge, the large British bankers originally transacted business in the United States only through old and established bankers and agents. This enabled them to avoid the more speculative securities. Much of the distribution of bonds in England was done through three British firms, which were prominent in the merchant-banking business for the American trade: Thomas Wilson & Co., Timothy Wiggin & Co., and Geo. Wildes & Co.—popularly known as the 3 W's. A change for the worse occurred—so the charge runs—when these firms were forced to suspend payments because of the financial strain in England and the United States in 1837. After the resumption of specie payments in the United States the following year, a more speculative type of American banker, assisted by high-pressure salesmen who were sent to England, was prominent in financiering. These agents were so persuasive that they involved the British bankers in the wildest of schemes, and these bankers, in turn, disposed of American securities to equally innocent investors.
Braudel's Geohistory–a Reconsideration
Authors: Bailyn Bernard
Published: August 2013

Since its publication in 1949 Fernand Braudel's La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II has been received as a major addition to the literature of early modern history. In France, the excitement over this eleven-hundred-page work has centered on what would appear to be its revolutionary innovations in historical method. Lucien Febvre, for example, in an article in the Revue historique, after describing the book as more than a “perfect work of an historian with a profound grasp of his métier” and even more than a “professional masterpiece,” declared that the book introduces a revolution in the mode of conceiving history. “It marks,” said Febvre, “the dawn of a new time, of that I am certain.” His article concluded with this charge to youth: “Read, re-read, and meditate on this excellent book. … Make it your companion. What you will learn of things, new to you, about the world of the sixteenth century is incalculable. But what you will learn simply about man, about his history and about history itself, its true nature, its methods and its purposes—you cannot imagine in advance.” Braudel himself devoted an article in the Revue économique to elaborating the method used in his book and presented it to economic historians for their consideration.
Italy and the Economic Development of England in the Middle Ages
Authors: Postan M. M.
Published: August 2013

I was asked to illustrate the effects of the economic leadership of adAvanced nations by an example drawn from English economic history in the Middle Ages. I have accordingly chosen the subject of Italian contribution to the economic development of medieval England. What prompted this choice was not only the contribution that the Italians in fact made but also the contribution that they are reputed to have made. Indeed their reputation for economic leadership interests me as much as their achievement. For if their reputation and their achievement are collated, something more interesting than a mere illustration of economic leadership may emerge. The illustration may well turn into a cautionary example. I hope I shall not appear immodest or perverse if I suggest that the Italian example may help to circumscribe the historical and the logical validity of the entire concept of economic leadership. For the concept that appears to mean something in historical accounts of economic forms is apt to dissolve as soon as we reach out to the fundamental forces and processes of economic growth.
Minority Migrations and the Diffusion of Technology
Authors: Scoville Warren C.
Published: August 2013

The process of technical change from the economist's viewpoint may be broken down into three phases: invention, innovation, and diffusion. Invention, or the increase in technological possibilities, is the discovery or perception of new configurations of technical processes or principles that alter the array of possible production functions. An innovation consists of using any given production function for the “first” time. Diffusion is basically imitative and involves the gradual replacement of old methods by the new. One example will suffice to illustrate these distinctions. The invention of the automatic bottle machine consisted of the conception, experimentation, and model-building activities of Michael J. Owens; the pioneering efforts of the entrepreneurs at Toledo, Ohio, to demonstrate that the new production function was both practical and economically feasible constituted the innovational phase; and the gradual replacement of hand-blown and semiautomatic machine methods by the new process in both American and foreign markets involved diffusion.
Notes on France's Response to Her Declining Rate of Demographic Growth
Authors: Spengler Joseph J.
Published: August 2013

For at least three quarters of a century the Devil of Declining Growth has been present at French council tables, at policy-making conferences, and in the minds of strategically situated decision makers. The Devil has not always been present in the flesh, since that is not the way of devils. But he has always been at the shoulders of the holders of power, and they have usually taken him into account implicitly when not explicitly.
Population Growth and Economic Development in Japan
Authors: Taeuber Irene B.
Published: August 2013

Today there is a plethora of pessimistic literature on the population problems of densely settled agricultural areas. It is matched, if not exceeded, in quantity by the optimistic writings of those who see economic development as a panacea for demographic ills. There is research, too, but the definitions of problems, the analytical approaches, and the conclusions reflect the cleavages of academic specializations. Demographers deprecate the realistic possibilities for economic development and so project present populations into future situations that must be catastrophic if the cynicism concerning economic expansion is justified. Economists analyze the potentialities for development and assume some mystical force in human reactions that automatically reduces rates of population increase as the material basis of living becomes more abundant. Analysis of the relations between population increase and economic development is notably deficient. The difficulty lies deeper than the naïveté of social scientists. That quantitative research for which they are prepared requires statistical materials, but those materials exist primarily for the advanced industrializing economies of Western origin. These are precisely the economies in which the relations between people and economy have been or are in process of being rationalized through controlled human reproduction. The techniques of the historian and the anthropologist must be combined with those of the economist and the demographer for the analysis of social, demographic, and economic relations within prestatistical cultures.
Novel laryngoscopic strategies to improve evaluation of the site and extent of primary hypopharyngeal tumours
Authors: Ni X-G , Cheng R-R , Lai S-Q , Zhang L , He S , Zhang Y-M , Wang G-Q
Published: August 2013

Objective:

To investigate different strategies for displaying the hypopharynx and oesophageal entrance during laryngoscopy for hypopharyngeal cancer.

Patients and methods:

A total of 113 patients with hypopharyngeal cancer underwent laryngoscopy prior to surgery. The hypopharynx was displayed by: (1) pulling the anterior cervical skin; (2) having the patient perform the Valsalva balloon-blowing manoeuvre; and (3) injecting oxygen through the biopsy channel to expose the oesophageal entrance. The effect of these methods on visualisation of primary tumour size and extent was assessed.

Results:

During pronunciation of the letter ‘e', the hypopharynx was displayed in only 33 patients (29.2 per cent); with anterior cervical skin traction plus the balloon-blowing manoeuvre, the hypopharynx was displayed in 106 patients (93.8 per cent; p < 0.001). The combined strategy was superior especially when judging the extent of posterior pharyngeal wall and postcricoid invasion. Oesophageal entrance involvement was visible in 33 patients upon injecting oxygen through the laryngoscopic biopsy channel, and in 25 patients during radiological examination; laryngoscopy was superior to radiological examination in determining the extent of oesophageal entrance invasion (p = 0.003).

Conclusion:

Adequate laryngoscopic display of the hypopharynx could increase the accuracy of pre-treatment hypopharyngeal cancer staging.
Musical ear syndrome in adult cochlear implant patients
Authors: Low W-K , Tham C A , D'Souza V-D , Teng S-W
Published: August 2013

Objective:

Except for a single case report, musical ear syndrome in cochlear implantees has not been studied. We aimed to study the prevalence and nature of musical ear syndrome among adult cochlear implant patients, as well as the effect on their emotional well-being.

Study design, patients and intervention:

A cross-sectional survey of patients aged 18 years and above who had received cochlear implants for profound hearing loss between 1997 and 2010.

Results:

Of the 82 patients studied, 18 (22 per cent) were found to have experienced musical ear syndrome. Seven and 11 patients had musical ear syndrome prior to and after cochlear implantation, respectively. The character of musical ear syndrome symptoms was described as instrumental music (n = 2), singing (6) or both (10). Fourteen patients reported an adverse emotional effect, with three expressing ‘intolerance’.

Conclusions:

In this study, 22 per cent of cochlear implantees experienced musical ear syndrome. These symptoms affected patients' emotional state, but most coped well. Musical ear syndrome can occur prior to and after cochlear implantation.
Short-term effects of escitalopram on regional brain function in first-episode drug-naive patients with major depressive disorder assessed by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Wang L. , Li K. , Zhang Q. , Zeng Y. , Dai W. , Su Y. , Wang G. , Tan Y. , Jin Z. , Yu X. , Si T.
Published: August 2013

Background

Most knowledge regarding the effects of antidepressant drugs is at the receptor level, distal from the nervous system effects that mediate their clinical efficacy. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this study investigated the effects of escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), on resting-state brain function in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).

Method

Fourteen first-episode drug-naive MDD patients completed two fMRI scans before and after 8 weeks of escitalopram therapy. Scans were also acquired in 14 matched healthy subjects. Data were analyzed using the regional homogeneity (ReHo) approach.

Results

Compared to controls, MDD patients before treatment demonstrated decreased ReHo in the frontal (right superior frontal gyrus), temporal (left middle and right inferior temporal gyri), parietal (right precuneus) and occipital (left superior occipital gyrus and right cuneus) cortices, and increased ReHo in the left dorsal medial prefrontal gyrus and left anterior lobe of the cerebellum. Compared to the unmedicated state, ReHo in the patients after treatment was decreased in the left dorsal medial prefrontal gyrus, the right insula and the bilateral thalamus, and increased in the right superior frontal gyrus. Compared to controls, patients after treatment displayed a ReHo decrease in the right precuneus and a ReHo increase in the left anterior lobe of the cerebellum.

Conclusions

Successful treatment with escitalopram may be associated with modulation of resting-state brain activity in regions within the fronto-limbic circuit. This study provides new insight into the effects of antidepressants on functional brain systems in MDD.
Classical calculation of multiple-ionization cross-sections of noble gases near Bragg peak energies
Authors: Zhou Man , Zou Xianrong , Wang Shiyao , Cheng Chuan , Zhou Wang , Ma Xie , Shao Jianxiong , Chen Ximeng
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we extend our previous work of classical over barrier ionization (COBI) model to study the multiple-ionization and mean charge state of noble gases colliding with heavy ions at energies close to the Bragg peak region ranging up to some hundreds of keV/amu. The method we report is in good agreement with experimental data and offers the advantage of very small computation time. Therefore, this model will be extremely helpful to be included in numerical codes to calculate the charge state distribution in plasma.
Inference of Single Vessel Behaviour with Incomplete Satellite-based AIS Data
Authors: Liu Changqing , Chen Xiaoqian
Published: August 2013

The problem of analysing a single vessel's behaviour from real but incomplete Automatic Identification System (AIS) data received by satellite has been investigated. The main objective was to infer the route of any single vessel of interest, utilising the dynamic information decoded from AIS messages. A complete process of route inference using position, speed, course over ground and time stamp information is proposed in this paper. Due to the incompleteness of satellite AIS messages, an algorithm incorporating random deviations is also presented to account for the missing sections of obtained vessel routes. Analysis results from a set of real AIS data have demonstrated the applicability of the proposed algorithms in various scenarios.
Processing of the S-cone signals in the early visual cortex of primates
Authors: Xiao Youping
Published: August 2013

The short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones play an important role in color vision of primates, and may also contribute to the coding of other visual features, such as luminance and motion. The color signals carried by the S cones and other cone types are largely separated in the subcortical visual pathway. Studies on nonhuman primates or humans have suggested that these signals are combined in the striate cortex (V1) following a substantial amplification of the S-cone signals in the same area. In addition to reviewing these studies, this review describes the circuitry in V1 that may underlie the processing of the S-cone signals and the dynamics of this processing. It also relates the interaction between various cone signals in V1 to the results of some psychophysical and physiological studies on color perception, which leads to a discussion of a previous model, in which color perception is produced by a multistage processing of the cone signals. Finally, I discuss the processing of the S-cone signals in the extrastriate area V2.
Daily to intraseasonal oscillations at Antarctic research station Neumayer
Authors: Rimbu N. , Lohmann G. , König-Langlo G. , Necula C. , Ionita M.
Published: August 2013

High temporal resolution (three hours) records of temperature, wind speed and sea level pressure recorded at Antarctic research station Neumayer (70°S, 8°W) during 1982–2011 are analysed to identify oscillations from daily to intraseasonal timescales. The diurnal cycle dominates the three-hourly time series of temperature during the Antarctic summer and is almost absent during winter. In contrast, the three-hourly time series of wind speed and sea level pressure show a weak diurnal cycle. The dominant pattern of the intraseasonal variability of these quantities, which captures the out-of-phase variation of temperature and wind speed with sea level pressure, shows enhanced variability at timescales of ∼ 40 days and ∼ 80 days, respectively. Correlation and composite analysis reveal that these oscillations may be related to tropical intraseasonal oscillations via large-scale eastward propagating atmospheric circulation wave-trains. The second pattern of intraseasonal variability, which captures in-phase variations of temperature, wind and sea level pressure, shows enhanced variability at timescales of ∼ 35, ∼ 60 and ∼ 120 days. These oscillations are attributed to the Southern Annular Mode/Antarctic Oscillation (SAM/AAO) which shows enhanced variability at these timescales. We argue that intraseasonal oscillations of tropical climate and SAM/AAO are related to distinct patterns of climate variables measured at Neumayer.
A variationist perspective on discourse-pragmatic change in a contact setting
Authors: Levey Stephen , Groulx Karine , Roy Joseph
Published: August 2013

The emergence ofêtre commeas a quotative verb in Canadian French is easily construed as a case of contact-induced change by virtue of its superficial similarity to the rapidly diffusingbe likequotative (Tagliamonte & D'Arcy, 2007). We pursue the inference of contact-induced change by undertaking a quantitative analysis of French and English quotatives recorded from speakers in the bilingual city of Ottawa between 2008 and 2010. A series of real-time cross sections enables the longitudinal development of the quotative system of each language to be tracked. Analysis of the data confirms thatêtre commeis a change in progress, but not a wholesale replication of its English counterpart. Although the results do not refute the role of external causation in the emergence ofêtre comme, the available evidence suggests that an external source is neither the sole, nor even the preferred, motivation for the emergence of this innovation.
Activin-A promotes the development of goat isolated secondary follicles in vitro
Authors: da Silva Cleidson Manoel Gomes , Castro Simone Vieira , Faustino Luciana Rocha , Rodrigues Giovanna Quintino , Brito Ivina Rocha , Rossetto Rafael , Saraiva Márcia Viviane Alves , Campello Claudio Cabral , Lobo Carlos Henrique , Souza Carlos Eduardo Azevedo , de Alencar Araripe Moura Arlindo , Donato Mariana Aragão Matos , Peixoto Christina Alves , de Figueiredo José Ricardo
Published: August 2013

The role of activin-A in follicular development and on the mRNA expression levels of different genes in goat secondary follicles was evaluated. Goat secondary follicles (≥150 μm) were cultured for 18 days under control conditions or with the addition of either 50 or 100 ng/ml activin-A (Experiment 1). The mRNA levels for the genes that code for activin-A, ActR-IA, ActR-IB, ActR-IIA, ActR-IIB, follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSH-R) and P450 aromatase were measured in each condition (Experiment 2). We observed that after 6 days of culture, the antrum formation rate was higher in cultures with added activin-A than in the cultured control (P < 0.05). The addition of 50 ng/ml activin-A increased the follicular growth rate in the final third of the culture (days 12–18), resulting in a higher percentage of meiosis resumption (P < 0.05). On day 6, the addition of activin-A (50 ng/ml) increased the levels of ActR-IA mRNA compared with the cultured control (P < 0.05). After 18 days, the addition of 50 ng/ml activin-A significantly increased the levels of its own mRNA compared with the non-cultured control. Moreover, this treatment reduced the mRNA levels of P450 aromatase in comparison with the cultured control (P < 0.05). Higher levels of P450 aromatase mRNA were found for both activin-A treatments compared with the non-cultured control (P < 0.05). No difference in estradiol levels was detected among any of the tested treatments. In conclusion, the addition of activin-A to culture medium stimulated early antrum formation as well as an increase in the daily follicular growth rate and the percentage of meiosis resumption.
The Progress of Religious Freedom as shown in the History of Toleration Acts
Authors: Schaff Philip
Published: August 2013

An Edict or Act of Toleration is a grant of the civil government, which authorizes religious societies dissenting from the State religion to worship according to the dictates of conscience without liability to persecution. Such an Edict always presupposes a religion established by law and supported by the State, and the right of the State to control public worship. Toleration may proceed from necessity, or from prudence, or from indifference, or from liberality and an enlarged view of truth and right. It may be extended or withdrawn by the government; but it is usually the entering wedge for religious liberty and legal equality.
Indulgences in Spain
Authors: Lea Henry Charles
Published: August 2013

The recent discussion in Boston on the subject of Indulgences gives a momentary practical interest to the historical questions involved in it. These can best be traced in Spain, where mediaeval traditions have been preserved, and where the effects of the Counter-Reformation were scarcely felt, long after they had become dominant throughout the other lands of the Roman obedience. It is in a survival of this kind that we obtain the clearest evidences as to the past. Unvexed by the controversy which raged between Luther and Dr. Eck and Silvester Prierias, Spain continued tranquilly to follow in the old and beaten path, and furnishes us with the incontestable official documents which enable us to examine the matter in the pure light of history.
A Crisis in the Middle Ages
Authors: Moffat James Clement
Published: August 2013

Pope Gregory VII. had pronounced excommunication upon Henry IV., Emperor of Germany, and divided the German princes. The latter held a meeting, at which it was resolved that Gregory should be invited to Augsburg to hear, in an assembly of the princes, all the charges against their emperor, after which the final decision of the case should be left to the pope. But if Henry, by any fault of his own, remained under excommunication a year, he should be considered incapable of ruling forever. Meanwhile he was to live in a private capacity.
The Influence of the Golden Legend on pre-Reformation Culture History
Authors: Richardson Ernest Gushing
Published: August 2013

The point of this essay is that this, work of Voragine is the occasion of certain phenomena which have been accounted for on the ground of other influences or passed by as having no explainable ground.

It is introduced as an illustration of the influence of literary works in forming historical conditions and the need of a knowledge of a work itself and the quality of its influence in forming a proper understanding of the circumstances of a given period.
Notes on the New-Testament Canon of Eusebius
Authors: McGiffert Arthur Cushman
Published: August 2013

I do not propose to enter into a discussion of the general subject of Eusebius' New-Testament canon; I desire to do little more than suggest an interpretation of the classical passage in H. E., III., 25.

This is the only place in which Eusebius attempts to treat the canon systematically, and in it he is speaking purely as an historian, not as a critic. He is endeavoring to give an accurate statement of the general opinion of the orthodox church of his day in regard to the number and names of its sacred books. He does not, in this passage, apply to the various works any criterion of canonicity further than their acceptance as canonical by the orthodox church. He simply records the state of the canon; he does not endeavor to form a canon. He has nothing to do, therefore, with the nature and origin of the books which the church accepts. The church whose judgment he takes is, in the main, the church of the Orient, and in that church at this time all the works which we now call canonical (and only those) were already commonly accepted, or were becoming more and more widely accepted as such. From the standpoint, then, of canonicity, Eusebius divided the works which he mentions in this chapter into two classes: the canonical (including the homologoumena and the antilegomena), and the uncanonical (including the νϑοι and the ναпλάσματα αἱρετιχν νδρν).
The Renaissance: The Revival of Learning and Art in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
Authors: Schaff Philip
Published: August 2013

I.—Literature of the Renaissance……3

II.—Origin, Character, and Influence of the Renaissance, 7

III.—Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)……13

IV.—Petrarca (1304–1372) .……22

V.—Boccaccio (1313–1375) .……27

VI.—Progress of Humanism in the Fifteenth Century. 31

VII.—The Patrons of Letters and Arts.—Cosimo de' Medici, 33

VIII.—Pope Nicolas V. as a Patron of Learning and Art. 36

IX.—The Vatican Library .……39

X.—The Italian Humanists of the Fifteenth Century—Salutato, Marsiglio, Bruni, Poggio, Traversari, Filelfo, Valla .……44

XI.—The Greek Humanists of the Fifteenth Century—Chrysoloras, Plethon, Bessarion .…50

XII.—The Second Period of Humanism—Æneas Sylvius. 55

XIII.— The Last Popes of the Renaissance: Paul II., Sixtus IV., Julius II., and Leo X. 59

XIV.—Lorenzo the Magnifcent (1449–1492) .…62

XV.—The Platonic Academy in Florence .…64

XVI.—Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499)……65

XVII.—Picus of Mirandola (1463–1494)……67

XVIII.—Bembo and Sadoleto………70

XIX.—The Fine Arts………73

XX.—The Religious Character of the Art of the Renaissance………78

XXI.—Raphael (1483—1520)………81

XXII.—Michel Angelo and Vittoria Colonna .…86

XXIII.—The Revival of Paganism in Italy .… 93

XXIV.—The State of Morals in Rome…98

XXV.—The Art of Printing ……109

XXVI.—The Revival of Letters in Germany .…115

XXVII.—John Reuchlin and Hebrew Learning .…120

XXVIII.—The Semitic Controversy. A Prelude to the Reformation ……123

XXIX.—The Epistles of Obscure Men, and the Triumph of Reuchlin ………126

XXX.—Erasmus and the Greek Testament .…128
Villegaignon: Founder and Destroyer of the First Huguenot Settlement in the New World
Authors: Smith Thomas Edward Vermilye
Published: August 2013

The name of Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon when mentioned by Huguenot writers is usually accompanied by expressions of contempt and intense hatred. He has been called “the Cain of South America” and “a true savage among savages,” while Theodore Beza with more elaborate animosity has described him as “a man distinctly resembling the Cyclops Polyphemus both in the vast mass of his body and the ferocity of his nature.” The object of these execrations was born about the year 1510 in Provins, a French town some fifty miles to the southeast of Paris, where his father, Louis Durand, held an honorable position under the government.
The “Heads of Agreement,” and the Union of Congregationalists and Presbyterians Based on them in London, 1691
Authors: Walker Williston
Published: August 2013

Any one who has glanced at the venerable document known as the “Saybrook Platform,” which served as the legal basis of Connecticut Congregationalism during the eighteenth century, has noticed that there are prefaced to the fifteen famous Articles which form the Platform itself, not only the elaborate Confession of Faith adopted at the Savoy palace in 1658 and re-enacted at Boston in 1680, but certain “Heads of Agreement Assented to by the United Ministers formerly called Presbyterian and Congregational,” as their title runs. And if one's curiosity has been sufficiently aroused to read the words of introduction in which the Saybrook divines describe their work, one finds them uniting in the declaration that these Heads of Agreement shall “be observed by the Churches throughout this Colony” of Connecticut. The question at once presents itself how it came about that a document which purports to be a compromise between Congregationalists and Presbyterians, should be accepted as one of the pillars of the legally established ecclesiastical constitution of a colony where declared Presbyterianism had as yet no foothold; and be received as so authoritative an exposition of eighteenth-century Connecticut Congregationalism as to form the liberal half of the two fold result of the Saybrook Synod, and at least a co-ordinate actor in the Platform, without the adoption of which the Synod would never have arrived at unanimity. What it was, and how it came so to be used, is the object of our present inquiry.
The Friendship of Calvin and Melanchthon
Authors: Schaff Philip
Published: August 2013

When God has a great work to do in his kingdom on earth he trains and associates congenial agents of different .gifts, but of one spirit and aim, to carry out his purposes. They supplement and encourage one another and accomplish much more in unison than they could in isolation. Moses and Aaron, David and Jonathan, in the history of Israel; Paul and Barnabas, Peter and Mark, in apostolic times; Pamphilius and Eusebius, Basil and Gregory Nazianzen, among the fathers; Luther and Melanchthon, Zwingli, Occolampadius and Bullinger, Calvin, Farel, Viret, and Beza, Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley, among the Reformers; the two Wesleys and Whitefield in the Methodist revival; Pusey, Newman and Keble in the Anglo-Catholic movement of our days, will readily occur to the memory as illustrious examples of co-operative friendship for the advancement of God's kingdom.