bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MicroRNA-93 promotes the malignant phenotypes of human glioma cells and induces their chemoresistance to temozolomide
Authors: Chen Rui , Liu Huan , Cheng Quan , Jiang Bing , Peng Renjun , Zou Qin , Yang Wenren , Yang Xiaosheng , Wu Xiaobing , Chen Zigui
Published: May 2016

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, can induce mRNA degradation or repress translation by binding to the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of its target mRNA. Recently, some specific miRNAs, e.g. miR-93, have been found to be involved in pathological processes by targeting some oncogenes or tumor suppressors in glioma. However, the regulatory mechanism of miR-93 in the biological behaviors and chemoresistance of glioma cells remains unclear. In the present study, in situ hybridization and real-time RT-PCR data indicated that miR-93 was significantly upregulated in glioma patients (n=43) compared with normal brain tissues (n=8). Moreover, the upregulated miR-93 level was significantly associated with the advanced malignancy. We also found that upregulation of miR-93 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells, and that miR-93 was involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression by mediating the protein levels of P21, P27, P53 and Cyclin D1. P21 was further identified as a direct target of miR-93. Knockdown of P21 attenuated the suppressive effects of miR-93 inhibition on cell cycle progression and colony formation. In addition, inhibition of miR-93 enhanced the chemosensitization of glioma cells to temozolomide (TMZ). Based on these above data, our study demonstrates that miR-93, upregulated in glioma, promotes the proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion of human glioma cells and suppresses their chemosensitivity to TMZ. Therefore, miR-93 may become a promising diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for glioma.
Body-enlarging effect of royal jelly in a non-holometabolous insect species,Gryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Miyashita Atsushi , Kizaki Hayato , Sekimizu Kazuhisa , Kaito Chikara
Published: May 2016

Honeybee royal jelly is reported to have body-enlarging effects in holometabolous insects such as the honeybee, fly and silkmoth, but its effect in non-holometabolous insect species has not yet been examined. The present study confirmed the body-enlarging effect in silkmoths fed an artificial diet instead of mulberry leaves used in the previous literature. Administration of honeybee royal jelly to silkmoth from early larval stage increased the size of female pupae and adult moths, but not larvae (at the late larval stage) or male pupae. We further examined the body-enlarging effect of royal jelly in a non-holometabolous species, the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, which belongs to the evolutionarily primitive group Polyneoptera. Administration of royal jelly to G. bimaculatus from its early nymph stage enlarged both males and females at the mid-nymph and adult stages. In the cricket, the body parts were uniformly enlarged in both males and females; whereas the enlarged female silkmoths had swollen abdomens. Administration of royal jelly increased the number, but not the size, of eggs loaded in the abdomen of silkmoth females. In addition, fat body cells were enlarged by royal jelly in the silkmoth, but not in the cricket. These findings suggest that the body-enlarging effect of royal jelly is common in non-holometabolous species, G. bimaculatus, but it acts in a different manner than in holometabolous species.
CEP295 interacts with microtubules and is required for centriole elongation
Authors: Chang Ching-Wen , Hsu Wen-Bin , Tsai Jhih-Jie , Tang Chieh-Ju C. , Tang Tang K.
Published: May 2016

Centriole duplication is a tightly ordered process during which procentrioles are assembled in G1-S and elongate during S and G2. Here, we show that human CEP295 (Drosophila Ana1) is not essential for initial cartwheel assembly, but is required to build distal half centrioles during S and G2. Using super-resolution and immunogold electron microscopy, we demonstrate that CEP295 is recruited to the proximal end of procentrioles in early S phase, when it is also localized at the centriolar microtubule wall that surrounds the human SAS6 cartwheel hub. Interestingly, depletion of CEP295 not only inhibits the recruitments of POC5 and POC1B to the distal half centrioles in G2, resulting in shorter centrioles, it also blocks the post-translational modification of centriolar microtubules (e.g. acetylation and glutamylation). Importantly, our results indicate that CEP295 directly interacts with microtubules, and that excess CEP295 could induce the assembly of overly long centrioles. Furthermore, exogenous expression of the N-terminal domain of CEP295 exerts a dominant-negative effect on centriole elongation. Collectively, these findings suggest that CEP295 is essential for building the distal half centrioles and for post-translational modification of centriolar microtubules.
Structural synthesis of terminal control using acceleration energy
Authors: Kostoglotov Andrey A. , Lazarenko Sergey V. , Kuznetsov Anton A. , Losev Vitaly A.
Published: May 2016

Considerations of the system physical features in the form of its invariants allow advancing in the solution of the problem of terminal control structural synthesis. It is achieved by using the acceleration energy when forming an extended objective functional that determines the difference of the obtained result from the known ones. The application of the device of asynchronous variation has led to the establishment of the necessary and sufficient conditions for a minimum target functional. On its basis, the boundary-value problem equations for Appell dynamic systems are obtained. Their final form is determined by the synthesis purpose. The development of these equations should be performed for specific cases. The validity of the results obtained is confirmed by the results of the terminal control problem solution. For linear systems, the offered method allows obtaining the exact analytical solution. The synthesized control provides the nonimpact change mode of the dynamic system condition.
Structural synthesis of stirred tanks with swinging motion of impellers
Authors: Prikhodko Alexander A. , Smelyagin Anatoly I.
Published: May 2016

The work objective is to provide stirred tanks with a swinging movement of impellers, as they differ from the other modern devices in higher intensity and uniform mixing. Synthesis of the actuator diagrams is carried out by the structural mathematical models. As a result, the leverage and gear units with one or two independent closed loop circuits are obtained. Four-bar linkage and a planetary mechanism with elliptical gearwheels under the appropriate dimensioning of the links are converting rotary mode into reciprocating rotation. The application of the gear and continuous drive allows creating a set of structural diagrams which differ in the number of impellers and their location. On the basis of the developed structural schemes, high-efficient stirrers for the chemical, petrochemical and food industries can be worked out and designed. The advantage of the proposed mechanisms is that they are developed from the known, well-established, and highly reliable devices. Besides, the impellers are well configured throughout the total reactor volume creating a rational heat-mass exchange.
Using operating principles of systems for nonintrusive identification of individuals’ baggage during the customs control
Authors: Tseligorov Nikolay A. , Shcherba Mikhail Y.
Published: May 2016

Improving the customs control mechanism is a priority for the Federal Customs Service, as the customs control should be aimed, for one part, at the streamlining and acceleration of the customs formalities, and on the other part, at the defence of the State interests. As it is known, the choice of the customs control forms is based on the principles of selectivity and sufficiency. In this regard, it is often necessary to identify the baggage that may contain prohibited goods with the purpose of the authentication of the persons who move these goods. The work objective is to consider the use of various systems of the nonintrusive identification of the objects that are commonly applied in the anti-theft systems for identifying the baggage containing items that are prohibited or restricted for carrying across the customs border.
THE USE OF PLANT COMPONENTS FOR FORMATION COMPLEXING ABILITY OF FUNCTIONALITY MEAT PRODUCTS
Authors: Лисовицкая  , Lisovitskaya Ekaterina , Патиева  , Patieva Svetlana
Published: May 2016

Environmental pollution and food are one of the reasons, that the average life expectancy of modern man is much reduced. The technology of meat and cereal canned food was created, possessing functional characteristics, intended for the prophylactic human nutrition.
IMPORTANCE OF SEEDLINGS GROWING IN CLOSED ROOT SYSTEM IN AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION
Authors: Минниханов  , Minnikhanov Azat , Файзрахманов  , Fayzrakhmanov Dzhaudat , Сабиров  , Sabirov Ayrat , Газизов  , Gazizov Ruslan
Published: May 2016

The article presents the results of literature research and the introduction of innovative ways of growing of wood species seedlings in closed root system in the forest breeding and seed production center in the Saby forestry of the Republic of Tatarstan. A high survival rate of seedlings, grown in closed root system, was determined in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan in reforestation and protective plants creation, compared with seedlings, grown in opened root system in the forest nurseries.
CURRENT ISSUES IN MONITORING AND CONTROL OF RECEIVABLES
Authors: Клычова  , Klychova Guzaliya , Хамидуллин  , Khamidullin Zulfat
Published: May 2016

In this article the value of receivables as part of the system of cash payments the company, identified the main management and control issues, ways to solve them. To improve the methodology and the organization of accounting and control of cash payments and, in particular, accounts receivable, perhaps by identifying potential problems in the system of enterprise accounts and applying practical advice,

Tags: accounts receivable management, commitment control, solvency, payment and settlement relations.
A changing landscape: Communities of Practice
Authors: Gilroy Vicky
Published: May 2016

Vicky Gilroy reflects on the success of the North East and Cumbria Community of Practice in providing support and enabling resilience among health visiting teams.
Research roundup: May 2016
Authors: Brook Judy , Murray Joy , Lally Sheila
Published: May 2016

In this section, a range of brief synopses of recently published articles that may be of interest to health visitors is presented. The aim of this roundup is to provide an overview, rather than a detailed summary, of the research papers selected. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
Observations from the scales
Authors: Fernandez Sharon
Published: May 2016

Baby weighing can provide a timely opportunity to share some very important key messages with parents, says Sharon Fernandez.
Tobacco smoking in girls aged 11–12 years: Attitudes and behaviours
Authors: Atenstaedt Robert , Evans Kelly , Mesari Ammar
Published: May 2016

Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease worldwide ( Samet, 2013 ) and it is estimated that more than 200 000 children in the UK start smoking every year ( Cancer Research UK, 2013 ). This study was commissioned by Public Health Wales and the local Tobacco Control Alliance to estimate the smoking prevalence of 11–12-year-old girls in North Wales and uncover current attitudes and behaviours in this age group to tobacco use. North Wales is a semi-rural region of the UK with a population of about 670 000, containing significant pockets of deprivation. The study results cast some doubt on smoking prevalence quoted in the research literature.
‘Bump, Baby and Beyond’: Participant-led antenatal sessions using creative collaboration
Authors: Ireland Jillian , Evans Ruth , Buisson-Lex Rachel
Published: May 2016

This article describes a project that was set up to offer user participation in the development of a group for pregnant women and new mothers in an area of the UK where attendance at NHS antenatal classes and other groups was low. Responsibility for the implementation of the project was shared between a midwife, a health visitor and a children's centre manager who successfully applied for an NHS Patients First programme bursary from the Foundation of Nursing Studies. In the first 6 months of the project, women sampled crafts, music, ‘pampering’ and hypnobirthing, and worked with facilitators to design a rolling programme of activities of their choice. The aims of the project included building confidence for labour and motherhood, and making connections with a supportive local network of fellow mothers and children's centre staff.
Cohort studies: The long-term view
Authors: Bailey Beverley
Published: May 2016

Is it possible that we sometimes take our eye off the longer view of the public health aspect of our work when we are programmed by commissioning priorities to target our work, do it and then move on?
On the reduction of matrix polynomials to Hessenberg form
Authors: Cameron Thomas
Published: May 2016

It is well known that every real or complex square matrix is unitarily similar to an upper Hessenberg matrix. The purpose of this paper is to provide a constructive proof of the result that every square matrix polynomial can be reduced to an upper Hessenberg matrix, whose entries are rational functions and in special cases polynomials. It will be shown that the determinant is preserved under this transformation, and both the finite and infinite eigenvalues of the original matrix polynomial can be obtained from the upper Hessenberg matrix.
Zerstort der Logische Empirismus die Praktische Rationalität?
Authors: Köhler Wolfgang R.
Published: May 2016

It will be argued that the basic theoretical assumptions of logical empiricism do not destroy the possibility of practical reasoning, because the noncognitivity of normative or evaluative statements still guarantees rational argument over practical questions and problems. Therefore, no logical inconsistency exists between logical empiricism, its noncognitivist meta-ethics and socialist politics. In particular, logical empiricism is not committed to indifference concerning reactionary political programmes, although it itself entails no individual political programme.
Political Institutions as Means to Economic Justice: A Critique of Rawls’ Contractarianism
Authors: Sneed Joseph D.
Published: May 2016

It is argued that John Rawls’ theory of social justice as well as the contract argument for it are misleading, if not actually mistaken, in that they appear to take institutional features of societies as fundamental objects of moral evaluation. An alternative view: is expounded. Principles involving institutional features are only contingently related to principles involving the distribution of things people care about. These distributions are taken as the fundamental objects of moral evaluation. Social, political and economic institutions are means to achieve more desirable distributions. It is argued that the alternative provides a more accurate reconstruction of the moral foundations of social-democratic liberalism than does Rawls’ theory.
Die linke Ecke des Wiener Kreises
Authors: Lüscher Rudolf
Published: May 2016

Beckermann’s belief in a “direct connection” between Logical Empiricism and socialist politics is unjustified: (I) Logical Empiricism supports - if anything - 'rational', i.e. non-metaphysically grounded political positions, including non-socialist and authoritarian ones. (II) Logical Empiricism offers instruments to anybody willing to talk rationally about politics, but it cannot urge anybody to become politically active. (Ill) The only systematic attempt to develop a politically relevant sociology within the Vienna Circle, i.e. Neurath’s, is at best methodologically inconsistent and at worst pro-authoritarian.
The Rationality of Changing Choice
Authors: Majumdar Tapas
Published: May 2016

Economists are used to associate the rationality of individual choice behaviour with simple and unchanging individual preference patterns, typically predicting unique behavioural outcomes in a choice situation − leaving little room for probing apparent inconsistencies (except in situations of game-theoretic stratagems used by the choosers), and no provision for analysing genuine dilemmas. The paper comments on the (in this respect) richer contents of two recent extensions of the concept of rational choice: the first involved in Sen’s theory of meta-ranking, and the second implied in Scitovsky’s distinction between “pleasure” and “comfort” as the two constituents of the state of individual welfare. The paper then proceeds to suggest a somewhat similar extension of rationality implied, it is argued, in the idea of “development” or “becoming” as part of a chosen, distinct, and articulated process involved, specifically, in education, or more vaguely, in “modernisation”. The emerging concept of rationality which permits of changes in individual preference patterns consistently, in steps, and in a direction initiated and chosen by the individual himself, is claimed in the paper to be more appropriate for the analysis of choice situations likely to be encountered by rational individuals in a complex developing society. The consistency conditions for individual behaviour permitted by such rich, “directional”, rationality have, however, yet to be specified.
A Note on the ‘Rationality of Becoming’ and Revealed Preference
Authors: Pattanaik Prasanta K.
Published: May 2016

This note comments on Professor Majumdar’s concept of an individual who seeks to change his own preferences over time. It is argued that while one can formulate “revealed preference axioms“ which will rationalize the choices of Professor Majumdar’s individual, it is unlikely that the choice of such an individual will reveal his preferences.
Zur Lage der Gegenwartsphilosophie in den USA
Authors: Rorty Richard
Published: May 2016

Analytic philosophy has taken for granted an account of the history of philosophy which jumps straight from Kant to Frege, leaving out Hegel and most of the nineteenth century. Such an understandig (e.g., that of Reichenbach’s Rise of Scientific Philosophy) depends upon viewing philosophy as the solution of certain discrete and specific “problems” raised by e.g., discoveries in physics or mathematics. But the rejection of traditional positivist doctrines (those invoked by Reichenbach) brought about by the work of Wittgenstein, Quine, and others, makes this latter conception of philosophy difficult to sustain. Consequently, analytic philosophy has become a movement without a clear self-image and sense of mission. Its old ideological roots have been cut, and it now sustains itself through a sense of professionalism rather than by a sense of cultural or historical role. However, it still retains the Reichenbachian account of the history of philosophy. This has led to problems in American philosophy departments, particularly an unwillingness to regard Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and other “Continental” figures as being “really philosophers” and thus an unwillingness to include them in the curriculum.
Inhaltsanalyse und strukturale Textanalyse
Authors: Früh Werner
Published: May 2016

The criticism of the original behavioristic basis of content analysis does not take into account the present state of research. The method has long since overcome its limitation, only to be able to code physical communication in the form of printed or written material. Every intersubjective demonstrable meaning now can be the object of content analysis. In its claim to be able to adequately describe the content of texts it is only apparently in competition with linguistic „structural text analysis“. Due to the different research traditions from which they originated they were developed for different interests. While content analysis is the better method for hypothesis testing and selective description of large quantities of texts, structural text analysis is more efficient with respect to single and complex texts. One could image an optimal combination of both methods being possible.
Diskussion/Discussion. The Pareto Principle: Another View
Authors: Samuels Warren J.
Published: May 2016

The Pareto principle is in fact the fundamental concept of welfare economics. However, it has serious analytical and heuristic limits, is selective and conservative in nature and use, and is heavily normative notwithstanding the pretensions by advocates of its positive character.
Schutz und Gefährdung von Rechten durch die staatliche Kriminalstrafe
Authors: Kliemt Elke , Kliemt Hartmut
Published: May 2016

Utilitarianism has been widely accused of inadequately treating the problem of human rights. One main criticism has been, that it could not account for acceptable institutions of legal punishment. Though the utilitarian position seems to be untenable it contains some sound points - above all its consequentialist metaethics. The central weakness of “rightbased” justifications of the criminal sanction on the other hand seems to be that they do not give due place to the consequences of alternative institutional settings. But it seems to be possible to establish a right-based and consequentialist moral theory of legal punishment leading to an acceptable practice of punishment - though not necessarily the one we are acquainted with.
Diskussion/Discussion. Zur Abgrenzung van Recht und Moral
Authors: Kuhlen Lotbar
Published: May 2016

Lüderssen’s definition of legal and moral norms according to the varying degree of consent given to them is rejected. The definition proposed is not only imprecise, but also inadequate in substance as it is in contradiction with central and plausible aspects of our conception of morals. On the face of it the definition put forward is convincing only in the context of a “recognition-theory” of law. It is argued that this theory is not convincing either and moreover can manage without this definition.
A Critique of the Discursive Systems and Foundation Concepts of Distribution Analysis
Authors: Samuels Warren J.
Published: May 2016

Productivity and exploitation theories of distribution are identified as alternative discursive systems. Both are shown to have analytic and interpretive strengths but also to be relative vis-á-vis the bases by which conclusions in terms of exploitation and productivity, respectively, are reached and stated. A third, nonideological (and therefore less emotionally satisfying) alternative mode of discourse is suggested: appropriation theory, focussing on power and inequality but without normative judgment. The work of Max Weber is used to illustrate appropriation theory.
Methode, Statistik und Modell in den Sozialwissenschaften
Authors: Arminger Gerhard
Published: May 2016

The relationship between methods, statistics and models in the social sciences is discussed. New models generalizing commonly used linear models to deal with qualitative and ordinal data are introduced; their basic similarity to linear models is pointed out. Rate models and stochastic linear differential equations to model social processes in continuous time are mentioned. The implications of weak substantial theory and the correct use of statistical significance tests for any kind of model are demonstrated.
Messung von Arbeitsorientierungen: Theoretische Fundierung und Test alternativer kausaler Meßmodelle
Authors: Schmidt Peter
Published: May 2016

In this paper we deal firstly with epistemological foundations of the process of operationalization in general and the character of correspondence rules in particular. After this we discuss the theoretical foundation of a scale for measuring work motivation. We explicate three different approaches, which can be used as a theoretical background for this scale. As a next step we specify and test different measurement theories relating the observable and the latent variables and compare their suitability. The sample used is a representative sample of the West-German population in 1980. Finally we test the stability of the best model in different age groups .
Rights and Virtues
Authors: Gewirth Alan
Published: May 2016

It is first shown that, contrary to Maclntyre, human rights are not ‘fictions’. I then summarize my own argument for human rights, and reply to Maclntyre’s objections. Turning to his own positive doctrine, I indicate that it is confronted with ‘the problem of moral indeterminacy’, in that it allows or provides for outcomes which are mutually opposed to one another so far as concerns their moral status. I then take up Maclntyre’s triadic account of the virtues and show that each phase - practice, narrative order of a single life, and moral tradition - is morally indeterminate, as are also his accounts of the morality of law and the virtue of justice. My conclusion is that moral virtues must be based on human rights if the virtues are to have morally justified contents.
Semantik, Handlungserklärung, Sozialwissenschaft
Authors: Lange Ernst Michael
Published: May 2016

This critical study concentrates on action-theoretical aspects of the Davidsonian philosophy of social science given in Macdonald/Pettit 1981. It questions the relevance to social science of developing Davidson’s semantic “principle of charity” into a “principle of humanity”, discusses specific formulations of assumptions of behavioural and attitudinal rationality in the explanation of action, and joins issue with the causal account given of the latter suggesting that its metaphysical motivation is of no concern to social science.
Wie Freud Bitter verdrängt: Eine Verteidigung des Freudschen Verdrängungsbegriffs
Authors: Löw-Beer Martin
Published: May 2016

The author refutes Bittners attempt to show that Freuds use of “repression” is senseless. In contrast “repression” is introduced as a valuable psychological concept that makes perfectly good sense.
Anmerkungen zur Theorie des Selbst innerhalb der Psychoanalyse
Authors: Weidenhammer Brigitte
Published: May 2016

The concept of self is imbedded in the psychoanalytic theory of object relations. The theory of object relations poses the question of the constitution of the person’s inner life or ‘representational world’. It will be discussed, in what respect the concept of self serves the description of dependency relations, in which the psychic relations of the person to the social and cultural reality are expressed. The significance of the concept of self lies in the explicative role it takes in the portrayal of the individual’s developing participation in human community.
Das Modell des Homo Sociologicus. Eine Explikation und eine Konfrontierung mit dem utilitaristischen Verhaltensmodell
Authors: Opp Karl-Dieter
Published: May 2016

The present paper focuses on the sociological model of man (also denoted as homo sociologicus or normative paradigm). It is discussed to what extent three problems limit its explanatory value: (1) behavior which is not normatively regulated and (2) behavior deviating from norms cannot be explained. (3) In case of norm conflicts it cannot be explained which of the normative expectations is followed. It is further discussed to what extent another model of man - which is called the “utilitarian”, “economic” or rational choice model - is able to solve these problems. It is shown that the sociological model in fact consists of two different “utilitarian” models with very restrictive assumptions. Some of the problems of the sociological model are demonstrated by applying it to a well-known theory of role conflict. In the final section we discuss some consequences of the sociological model for the utilitarian approach.
Individualism, Libertarianism and Non-Cognitivism
Authors: Kliemt Hartmut
Published: May 2016

This paper suggests that libertarian and (related) contractarian ideas would be less vulnerable to certain forms of criticism if they would more carefully disentangle their legal and moral standards for the assess­ment of institutions from empirical, methodological, and epistemological assumptions about individualism and non-cognitivism. Holding apart several meanings of individualism different issues can be treated separately. It will be shown that the justification of libertarian norms raises some problems which are not too easily solved within a non-cognitivist approach. No attempt to solve them is made subsequently but how far in principle the ‘argumentation possibility frontier’ might be shifted out for that purpose is outlined. In this respect the paper might be regarded as a companion to Viktor Vanberg’s brillant reconstruction of contractarian liberalism in this issue of Analyse & Kritik (pp. 113–149).
Is Nuclear Deterrence Rational, and Will Star Wars Help?
Authors: Brams Steven J. , Kilgour D. Marc
Published: May 2016

Deterrence means threatening to retaliate against an attack in order to deter it in the first place. The central problem with a policy of deterrence is that the threat of retaliation may not be credible if retaliation leads to a worse outcome - perhaps a nuclear holocaust - than a side would suffer from absorbing a limited first strike and not retaliating. - The optimality of deterrence is analyzed by means of a Deterrence Game based on Chicken, in which each player chooses a probability (or level) of preemption, and of retaliation if preempted. The Nash equilibria, or stable outcomes, in this game are compared with those in a Star Wars Game, in which the preemption and retaliation levels are constrained by the defensive capabilities of each side. Unlike threats in the Deterrence Game, which can always stabilize the cooperative outcome, mutual preemption emerges as an equilibrium in the Star Wars Game, underscoring the problem - particularly if defensive capabilities are unbalanced - that deterrence will be subverted by the development of Star Wars.
„Denn sie wissen nicht, was sie tun“
Authors: Stegmüller Wolfgang
Published: May 2016

The article put forwards an argument against the deployment of American middle range missiles in 1983 within the Federal Republic of Germany . It stresses the threat to safety particularly for European countries, because of the technological superiority of American missiles over Russian missiles.
Just War Theory and Nuclear Strategy
Authors: Sterba James P.
Published: May 2016

I defend just war theory against pacifist, conventionalist, collectivist and feminist challenges that have been recently directed against it. I go on to apply just war theory to the use and threat to use nuclear weapons concluding that under present conditions the possession but not the threat to use a limited nuclear force is morally justified.
Über grundlegende Voraussetzungen fur Krisenstabilität in Europa ohne Kernwaffen
Authors: Huber Reiner K. , Linnenkamp Hilmar , Schölch lngrid
Published: May 2016

There are several reasons which suggest that the role of nuclear weapons for deterrence in Europe is gradually diminishing. Thus, Europeans are confronted with the question whether and under what conditions strategic stability can be obtained in a post-nuclear world. From the analysis of a simple conceptual model of military conflict the conclusion is reached that, in order to preserve crisis stability in a non-nuclear world and to dampen the arms race, the antagonistic land forces in Europe need to be gradually restructured in a manner so that neither side may perceive the other as a potential threat to its territorial integrity. The requisite structural changes ought to be brought about before nuclear weapons become altogether invailable for deterrence in Europe, otherwise the War saw Pact’s conventional superiority would, in a serious crisis, leave Western Europe only the choice between military defeat and a priori capitulation. There should be military as well as economic incentives for the implementation of structural changes toward a reduction of the offensive capabilities of conventional forces, if the so-called ‘defense efficiency hypothesis’ were to be validated. Otherwise, a deterioration of crisis stability must be expected during the transition period.
The Forms of Power
Authors: Wartenberg Thomas E.
Published: May 2016

The question of how to define the concept of social power has been a focus of controversy among social theorists. In this paper, I put forward a definition of social power that avoids many of the pitfalls of previous attempts at such a definition. Roughly, I define the power which one agent has over another as the ability that the dominant agent has to control the situation within which the subservient agent acts. Using this basic definition of power, I go on to define many of the central forms in which power actually exists, forms that are conceptualized by such concepts as force, coercion, and influence. I show that these different forms of power can all be understood as specifications of the generic definition of power that I offered and go on to develop an account of how they function in relation to one another in actual relationship of social power.
Recent Work on the Emotions
Authors: Farrell Daniel M.
Published: May 2016

In this paper I review recent philosophical work in English on the nature of emotion. I begin with the well-known attacks of Bedford, Kenny and Pitcher on what I call the traditional (i.e., Cartesian) view of the nature of emotion. I then trace and discuss the successive alternative views that have been developed in the past thirty years. My aim is both to review the development of these alternative views and to indicate what particular problems have come to be considered the central problems in this area. A comprehensive bibliography of recent work in English is appended.
The Limits of Homo Economicus in Public Choice and in Political Philosophy
Authors: Vaughn Karen I.
Published: May 2016

This paper argues that there are areas of political behavior for which the usual assumption of wealth maximizing homo economicus is to narrow to generate convincing explanation of behavior. In particular, it is argued that for many political decisions, people choose according to some set of moral preconceptions while for others, people have insufficient information to make economic choices even if they were inclined to do so. This implies that normative public choice can only be part of a political decision process in which non-pecuniary concerns influence choices . Finally, constitutional economics insofar as it is conceptually conceived, must presume some set of moral and informational properties of the parties to the social contract.
Hermeneutik als Heilmittel?
Authors: Albert Hans
Published: May 2016

Social scientists usually presuppose that individual behaviour is meaningful and understandable. At the same time they aim at nomological explanations. This is criticized by some economists who recommend a hermeneutical turn to overcome the crisis in economic and sociological thinking. The author tries to show that it is counterproductive to turn to hermeneutics to solve social science problems, and that it is misleading to use Max Weber in support of this claim, because Weber's ideas are incompatible with hermeneutics a la Heidegger.
Schwierigkeiten der moralischen Aufklärung
Authors: Hegselmann Rainer
Published: May 2016

The article argues that a central part of moral integrity under the condition of moral enlightenment consists in virtues concerning thinking and discussing about moral problems.
The ‘Singer-Affair’ and Practical Ethics: A Response
Authors: Singer Peter
Published: May 2016

This response to the articles in this issue of ‘Analyse & Kritik’ begins with some general remarks on the ‘Singer-Affair’ in which I suggest that while the rational discussion of the ethical issue of euthanasia poses no threat of a return to Nazism, there is a real danger in the creation of a climate in which people are ready to use force to suppress ideas with which they disagree. I then state and criticise two popular theses about t he wrongness of killing: that there is a crucial moral distinction between an act and an omission, and that all human beings possess an intrinsic right to life that no nonhuman beings have. This serves as a background to the section that follows, in which I take up the detailed criticisms of my views made by Professors Lenzen, Birnbacher, J.C. Wolf and Hoerster.
Objectivity of the Concepts of Health and Disease
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: May 2016

It is now widely accepted that the concepts of “health” and “disease” in psychiatric and psychological contexts are value laden. In this article I argue that even in the realm of physical illness and disease (appendicitis, phenylketonuria, etc.), the concepts of “health”, “illness” and "disease” are value laden. I explore the four most common bases used to objectively ground the key concept “normal functioning”, namely, genetic structure, evolutionary fitness, non-premature death and absence of pain. I argue that they all fail to adequately provide an objective grounding for the. concept “normal functioning” (health) and, hence, for “abnormal functioning” (illness, disease). The reason an objective grounding cannot be given is that physical “health”, “illness” and “disease” rest on widely shared values in addition to the condition of the organism.
Liberal Justification and the Limits of Neutrality
Authors: Ripstein Arthur
Published: May 2016

This paper examines a style of political justification prominent in contemporary liberalism, according to which policies are legitimate only if they can be shown to be acceptable to all. Although this approach is often associated with neutrality about the good life, it is argued that liberalism cannot be neutral about questions of the role of various goods, such as work, play and community. The paper closes by exploring the implications and applicability of this account of justification to contemporary political practice.
Constructivism and Practical Reason in Rawls
Authors: Baynes Kenneth
Published: May 2016

This essay argues that Rawls’s recent constructivist approach waivers between a relativist defense and a more Kantian account which grounds his conception of justice in the idea of an agreement between free and equal moral persons. It is suggested that this ambiguity lies at the center of his attempt to provide a “political not metaphysical” account which is also not “political in the wrong way”.
Two Models of Pluralism and Tolerance
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: May 2016

In his most recent work, John Rawls argues that political theory must recognize and accomodate the ‘fact of pluralism’, including the fact of religious diversity. He believes that the liberal commitment to individual rights provides the only feasible model for accomodating religious pluralism. In the paper, I discuss a second form of tolerance, based on group rights rather than individual rights. Drawing on historical examples, I argue that this is is also a feasible model for accomodating religious pluralism. While both models ensure tolerance between groups, only the former tolerates individual dissent within groups. To defend the individual rights model, therefore, liberals must appeal not only to the fact of social pluralism, but also to the value of individual autonomy. This may require abandoning Rawls’s belief that liberalism can and should be defended on purely ‘political’, rather than ‘comprehensive’ grounds.
Stepping Back
Authors: Lloyd Sharon A.
Published: May 2016

Although Rawls insists that his argument for his theory of justice neither addresses nor requires that we settle in advance any of the deep questions of philosophy, there are nonetheless more subtle ways in which his work may bear on such questions. The article explores how Rawls’s work may advance our thinking on the general philosophical question of how language affects thought, by enabling us to assess the conceptual consequences of two alternative metaphors for describing our activity when we engage in critical self-reflection. The effects on our thinking of our common use of the metaphor of ‘stepping back’ to describe this activity are contrasted with those of an alternative metaphor suggested by Rawls’s work. The resulting conclusions are then employed to illuminate Rawls’s reply to an interesting objection to his theory raised by Michael Sandel.
‘Foundations of Social Theory’ oder ‘Foundations of Sociology’?
Authors: Esser Hartmut
Published: May 2016

The comment deals with the relevance of Coleman’s Foundations of Social Theory for so called ‘sociological theory’. On the one hand Coleman’s work is an extraordinary contribution to the solution of some of the most important ‘classical’ questions of sociology. On the other hand it is to be expected that the enormous potential of the book probably has only limited effects within the wider sociological profession. One reason for that estimation is the unfamiliarity of many sociologists with Coleman’s instruments of aggregation of collective effects. The other - more important - reason is that Coleman almost completely leaves out any discussion of the importance of ‘symbolic’ and ‘cultural’ processes. Insofar the book is indeed a ‘Foundation of Social Theory’ but not a foundation of ‘sociology’ in its past and present understanding.
Rechte und Normen als soziale Tatsachen
Authors: Baurmann Michael
Published: May 2016

The concept of right plays a central role in Coleman’s Foundations of Social Theory. It is defined as an empirical concept which refers to rights as social facts. One consequence of this view is according to Coleman that the normative-ethical question of how rights ought to be distributed can have no answer. The following article wants to show that this thesis is not convincing. The main focus of the article is a critical analysis of Coleman's theory of the relationship between rights and norms. It is argued that Coleman’s ‘right-based’ approach to define the concept of norm-existence with the concept of right is not tenable. On the contrary only a ‘norm-based’ approach is adequate which bases the concept of right on the concept of norm. Some explanatory consequences of this alternative view are discussed and it is shown that on this ground Coleman's attack on normative ethics can be rejected.
Kymlicka on British Muslims
Authors: Modood Tariq
Published: May 2016

Will Kymlicka has recently (in Analyse & Kritik 14, 33-56) argued that western liberals are mistaken in assuming that religious pluralism presupposes a commitment to individual rights. He instances the millet system of the Ottoman Empire as a successful form of toleration based on group rather than individual rights. In the course of his argument he makes some remarks about British Muslims and arranged marriages, sexual segregation in education and the Rushdie Affair which are false or highly misleading though typical of the prejudice-cum-ignorance with which British and other intellectuals discuss Muslims.
Reply to Modood
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: May 2016

In reply to Dr. Modood, I re-examine two examples where recent British Muslim demands conflict with liberal-democratic norms. Such conflicts are not unique to Muslims, but arise with most religious communities.
Ernst Tugendhat über Menschenrechte- Kontroverse Bemerkungen
Authors: Koller Peter
Published: May 2016

In this critical comment on Ernst Tugendhat's paper I dispute his view in two respects: the first refers to the concept, the second to the justification of human rights. As far as the concept of human rights is concerned, I argue that Tugendhat fails to notice that there are different kinds of human rights which are to be distinguished carefully. This conceptual failure prevents him from seeing that different human rights are justified by different reasons. While universal human rights can be justified by the principle of universalization, community rights are based on the demands of social justice.
Volksabstimmungen, Verhandlungen und der Schleier der Insignifikanz
Authors: Baurmann Michael , Kliemt Hartmut
Published: May 2016

To combine some views of 'Diskursethik' and Constitutional Political Economy seems to be promising. In our comments on Frey's and Kirchgässner's attempt to join the forces of Discourse theory and Political Economy in defending the wider spread use of referenda we direct attention to three points. Firstly, the normative basis of both concepts is unsettled. Secondly, an economic approach contrary to the supposition of Frey and Kirchgässner provides substantial insights into the processes which precede collective decisions. Thirdly, the 'veil of insignificance' in referenda will not necessarily increase altruism in voting behavior.
Diskussion/Discussion. Corporate Action: A Reply to Coleman
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: May 2016

This short note argues that the basic points Coleman (1993) makes against my critical paper (1993) are incorrect. These points concern the possibility of a single agent holding a corporate goal, the doxastic conditions concerning group action, and 'jointness-effects'.
Zwischen Kultur und Genen?
Authors: Winkler Paul
Published: May 2016

Evolutionary biology tries to explain the adaptability of different traits including social behaviour. However, it does not and cannot say anything about what is ‘good’ or ‘bad’ behaviour. If scientists try to do so they risk being put into the same category as ideologists and political demagogues. Evolutionary biology can tell us something about the phylogeny of certain types of behaviour including xenophobia. It can describe which constraints can lead to the outbreak of such behaviour, without thereby legitimating this behaviour.
Rational Rights
Authors: Steiner Hillel
Published: May 2016

A rational moral code must satisfy the condition of completeness. This same condition applies to a set of moral rights, where it takes the form of requiring that all the rights in that set be compossible: that their respective correlatively entailed duties be jointly fulfillable. Such joint fulfillability is guaranteed only by a set of fully differentiated individual domains. And if moral rights are to play any independent role in moral reasoning - any role logically independent of the values that bring persons into conflict - those domains must be determined by rules which are not derived from those values.
Kommunitaristische Paradoxe
Authors: Rivera-López Eduardo
Published: May 2016

Two basic kinds of communitarians are discriminated. ‘Weak communitarians’ reject only the liberal metaethical theses that I call ‘universalism’ and ‘neutralism’, but endorse liberal norms and institutions at the normative level. ‘Strong communitarians’ condemn liberalism at both levels: they reject not only universalism and neutralism, but also substantive liberal norms defending communitarian values (family, tradition, solidarity, etc.). This article intends to show certain internal paradoxes of these two versions of communitarianism.
Ein politisch-ökonomischer Blick auf Diskurse
Authors: Eichenberger Reiner
Published: May 2016

Cooperative discourse procedures produce consensual siting proposals for NIMBY-projects-but only if these proposals do not affect the final siting decision. Then, the members of the discourse commissions stay independent and face few incentives to pursue consequentialist interests. However, the more influential discourse procedures become, the stronger the interest groups’ incentives are to take advantage of them. Thus, cooperative discourses turn into competitive, interest-centred procedures whose outcome is rejected by the less influential groups. The evolution of discourse procedures into functionally specialized parliaments or even into FOCJ (Functional, Overlapping, Competing Jurisdictions) seems worth pursuing.