bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Residual Criminal Careers among a Sample of Adjudicated French-Canadian Males
Authors: Kazemian Lila , LeBlanc Marc , Farrington David P. , Pease Ken
Published: September 2007

This study investigates distributions of residual career length (RCL), which refers to the number of years remaining in criminal careers up to the point of termination. Analyses are based on a sample of French-Canadian adjudicated males from the Montreal Two Samples Longitudinal Study and include both self-reports and official records up to age 40. Distributions of RCL are presented according to age, serial conviction number, time since the previous conviction, age of onset, and offence type. Findings show that the number of years remaining in criminal careers declines at a steady pace with age, even among this sample of serious and persistent offenders. RCL also tends to decline with each successive conviction, with increased time lags between the current and previous offences, and with later onset. Furthermore, the accuracy of predictions of RCL based on information available in official records is notable, given the scepticism of past research on this issue. Distributions of self-reported and official RCL were often highly similar, suggesting that official records appear to provide a reasonably accurate picture of criminal careers among high-rate offenders. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
Young People's Perceptions and Experiences of the Lawyer–Client Relationship
Authors: Peterson-Badali Michele , Care Stephanie , Broeking Julia
Published: September 2007

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Youth Criminal Justice Act afford young people the same due process rights given to adults, including the right to legal counsel. However, there has been little empirical investigation of how lawyers represent adolescent clients or of the factors affecting youths’ evaluations of their lawyers and lawyer–client experiences. Insight into these issues is important in light of the potential legal and social ramifications of young people's appraisals of lawyers and their services. In the present study, 48 young offenders were interviewed regarding their experiences with defence lawyers, to examine the factors associated with young people's perceptions and evaluations of lawyers and the lawyer–client exchange. Results indicated that perceived fairness and various factors (some of them interpersonal) of the lawyer–client relationship were related to young people's satisfaction with their lawyers. Youths’ views about lawyers did not predict their satisfaction, and no client-specific or outcome-related variables were found to affect young people's appraisals of their lawyer-related experiences. Findings are discussed in terms of procedural justice theory as well as of their practical implications.
Le protocole sociojudiciaire en matière de violence conjugale: Une mobilisation ciblée pour une innovation limitée dans un champ fortement conflictuel
Authors: Bilodeau Angèle , Allard Denis , Lefebvre Chantal , Cadrin Hélène , Pineault Marie-Josée
Published: September 2007

Cross-sector collaboration that leads to sustained systematic referral to police and social–legal support for women victims of conjugal violence continues to present a challenge in this field of intervention. This article discusses an evaluation of planning practices used for the development, implementation and sustainability of this type of innovative initiative: the socio-legal protocol in the region of Bas Saint-Laurent in Québec. The approach used was a longitudinal interpretive study based on a social theory of innovation, the theory of innovation translation. The planning practices deployed consisted in a strategic breakdown of the desired outcome and actors to mobilise, and the implementation of collaborative arrangements that made it possible to overcome controversies that have historically divided this field. The study shows that initial commitment of the various actors and demonstration of the feasibility of such an initiative are not enough to ensure it is sustained within organisations. These types of innovations rest on a patiently constructed network of alliances that is never stabilised. To facilitate continuity of these initiatives, their promoters must maintain a constant vigilance aimed at perpetually reinforcing the network of actors and preventing committed sectors from discontinuing their participation.
Experimental segregation profiles in bubbling gas‐fluidized beds
Authors: Joseph Gustavo G. , Leboreiro José , Hrenya Christine M. , Stevens Andrea R.
Published: September 2007

Species segregation measurements were performed in a fluidized bed composed of a binary, Geldart B mixture. Three system types were explored: size segregation, density segregation, and combined size/density segregation (with the smaller species denser and lighter). Glass and polystyrene mixtures were investigated, at various gas velocity, jetsam concentration, particle‐size ratio, particle‐density ratio, and bed‐aspect ratio combinations. Axial and radial segregation profiles were obtained from frozen bed sectioning. Low‐velocities were used in order to minimize the possibility of segregation during bed collapse. In size‐segregating systems, coarse particles act as jetsam, with a nearly constant concentration of fines in the flotsam‐rich section. For density segregation, heavier particles act as jetsam and segregation behavior is not monotonically dependent on bed composition. A slight radial segregation was observed at all gas velocities, with jetsam accumulating near the wall. In size‐and‐density‐segregating systems, denser particles (smaller and lighter) act as jetsam, with a slightly higher jetsam accumulation near the core of the bed. At higher gas velocities, however, the bottom layers become richer in jetsam in the periphery. Collectively, the data provide a robust experimental data set for evaluating the ability of existing and new models to predict species segregation. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Parameter set selection for estimation of nonlinear dynamic systems
Authors: Chu Yunfei , Hahn Juergen
Published: September 2007

A new approach is introduced for parameter set selection for nonlinear systems that takes nonlinearity of the parameter‐output sensitivity, the effect that uncertainties in the nominal values of the parameters have and the effect that inputs and initial conditions have on parameter selection into account. In a first step, a collection of (sub)optimal parameter sets is determined for the nominal values of the parameters using a genetic algorithm. These parameter sets are then further analyzed for uncertainty in the parameters and changes in the initial conditions and inputs using differential analysis as well as a sampling‐based approach to determine the key factors influencing sensitivity and the likelihood of a parameter set to be the optimal set under these varying conditions. The outcome of this procedure is a collection of parameter sets, which can be used for parameter estimation and additional information about how likely it is that a set is optimal for parameter estimation. Additionally, the size of the region in parameter space in which a certain set of parameters will remain optimal is determined. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Sustained remissions and low rate of BCR‐ABL resistance mutations with imatinib treatment chronic myelogenous leukemia in patients treated in late chronic phase: A 5‐year follow up
Authors: Hess Georg , Meyer Ralf G. , Schuch Brigitte , Bechthold Katja , El‐Kholy Ilse , Huber Christoph
Published: September 2007

The introduction of Imatinib (IM) has significantly altered the treatment for CML, although only limited follow‐up results are available. As failure of Interferon‐α had been associated with poor prognosis and results of IM‐treatment in this patient group may allow earlier estimation of long‐term benefits for early chronic phase patients. Therefore we prospectively analyzed the quality and duration of remissions and the rate of BCR‐ABL resistance mutations occurring in patients treated with IM, if they were intolerant or refractory to interferon. Fifty‐nine patients were included and median follow up is 4.75 years. Haematologic remission rate was 92% and 62% of patients achieved at least major cytogenetic remission. There were no major differences between patients failing or being refractory to IFN. Major molecular response was observed in 67% of patients evaluable. For the entire group, median PFS was 4.3 years and OS was 82% at 4.75 years. Haematologic and complete cytogenetic remissions, but not molecular responses were correlated with improved PFS and OS. In patients with progression or inadequate response, BCR‐ABL kinase domain mutations were detected in 3/28 patients. IM resulted in prolonged remission rates in a substantial proportion after IFN‐failure/intolerance, with no differences in these patient groups. Quality of hematologic and cytogenetic, but not molecular response was associated with duration of remissions and survival. A low rate of resistance‐mutations was detected, suggesting that alternative mechanism may play an important role in disease progression. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Post‐transplant hepatosplenic T‐cell lymphoma successfully treated with hyperCVAD regimen
Authors: Tey Siok‐Keen , Marlton Paula V. , Hawley Carmel M. , Norris Debra , Gill Devinder S.
Published: September 2007

Hepatosplenic T‐cell lymphoma (HSTL) is an aggressive lymphoma. In post‐transplant immunosuppressed patients, HSTL is usually rapidly fatal. We report successful treatment of post‐transplant HSTL in a 50‐year‐old renal allograft recipient by reducing immunosuppression and using intensive chemotherapy consisting of alternating cycles of HyperCVAD (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) and MTX/HiDAC (methotrexate, Ara‐C). Remission is ongoing at 8+ years. Literature review identified another 20 cases of HSTL in solid organ transplant recipients: median survival was 4 months; no other patients survived beyond 12 months. Bone marrow involvement was universal, but changes were often subtle: 6 of 12 cases had nondiagnostic examinations earlier on. High index of suspicion may lead to more timely diagnosis of this uncommon form of post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, and treatment with intensive chemotherapy such as HyperCVAD may be curative. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How many populations set foot through the Patagonian door? Genetic composition of the current population of Bahía Blanca (Argentina) based on data from 19 Alu polymorphisms
Authors: Resano M. , Esteban E. , González‐Pérez E. , Vía M. , Athanasiadis G. , Avena S. , Goicoechea A. , Bartomioli M. , Fernández V. , Cabrera A. , Dejean C. , Carnese F. , Moral P.
Published: September 2007

The city of Bahía Blanca occupies a strategic place in Argentina south of the Pampean region in the north‐east corner of the Patagonia. Since 1828, this city has been the historical and political border between Amerindian lands in the south, and the lands of European colonists. Nowadays, Bahía Blanca is an urban population mainly composed by descendents of immigrants from Spain and other European countries with apparently low admixture with Amerindians. In view of the unexpectedly high Amerindian admixture levels (about 46.7%) suggested by mtDNA data, and protein markers (19.5%), we analyzed a set of 19 Alu polymorphisms (18 autosomal, 1 of Chromosome Y) in a well‐documented genealogical sample from Bahía Blanca. The genotyped sample was made up of 119 unrelated healthy individuals whose birth place and grandparent origins were fully documented. According to available genealogical records, the total sample has been subdivided into two groups: Bahía Blanca Original (64 individuals with all 4 gandparents born in Argentina) and Bahía Blanca Mix (55 individuals with one to three grandparents born out of Argentina). Allele frequencies and gene diversity values in Bahía Blanca fit well into the European ranges. Population relationships have been tested for 8 Alu markers, whose variation has been described in several Amerindian and European samples. Reynolds genetic distances underline the significant genetic similarity of Bahía Blanca to Europeans (mean distance 0.044) and their differentiation from Amerindians (0.146). Interestingly enough, when the general sample is divided, Bahía Blanca Original appears slightly closer to Amerindians (0.127) in contrast to Bahía Blanca Mix (0.161). Furthermore, the genetic relationships depicted through a principal components analysis emphasize the relative similarity of Bahía Blanca Original to Amerindians. A thorough knowledge of the sample origins has allowed us to make a subtle distinction of the genetic composition of Bahía Blanca. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleeping sites, sleeping trees, and sleep‐related behaviors of black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Central Yunnan, China
Authors: Fan Peng‐Fei , Jiang Xue‐Long
Published: September 2007

Data on sleep‐related behaviors were collected for a group of central Yunnan black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China from March 2005 to April 2006. Members of the group usually formed four sleeping units (adult male and juvenile, adult female with one semi‐dependent black infant, adult female with one dependent yellow infant, and subadult male) spread over different sleeping trees. Individuals or units preferred specific areas to sleep; all sleeping sites were situated in primary forest, mostly (77%) between 2,200 and 2,400 m in elevation. They tended to sleep in the tallest and thickest trees with large crowns on steep slopes and near important food patches. Factors influencing sleeping site selection were (1) tree characteristics, (2) accessibility, and (3) easy escape. Few sleeping trees were used repeatedly by the same or other members of the group. The gibbons entered the sleeping trees on average 128 min before sunset and left the sleeping trees on average 33 min after sunrise. The lag between the first and last individual entering the trees was on average 17.8 min. We suggest that sleep‐related behaviors are primarily adaptations to minimize the risk of being detected by predators. Sleeping trees may be chosen to make approach and attack difficult for the predator, and to provide an easy escape route in the dark. In response to cold temperatures in a higher habitat, gibbons usually sit and huddle together during the night, and in the cold season they tend to sleep on ferns and/or orchids. Am. J. Primatol. 70:153–160, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survey and comparison of major intestinal flora in captive and wild ring‐tailed lemur (Lemur catta) populations
Authors: Villers Lynne M. , Jang Spencer S. , Lent Cheryl L. , Lewin‐Koh Sock‐Cheng , Norosoarinaivo Jeanne Aimée
Published: September 2007

A survey to identify the major intestinal species of aerobic bacteria, protozoa and helminths was conducted on captive and wild populations of ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Samples were collected from 50 captive lemurs at 11 zoological institutions in the United States. In Madagascar, 98 aerobic bacteria samples and 99 parasite samples were collected from eight sites chosen to cover a variety of populations across the species range. Identical collection, preservation and lab techniques were used for captive and wild populations. The predominant types of aerobic bacteria flora were identified via five separate tests. The tests for parasites conducted included flotation, sedimentation and FA/GC. Twenty‐seven bacteria unique to either the captive or wild populations were cultured with eight of these being statistically significantly different. Fourteen bacteria common to both populations were cultured, of which six differed significantly. Entamoeba coli was the only parasite common to both the captive and wild populations. Giardia spp., Isospora spp., strongyles‐type ova, Entamoeba spp. and Entamoeba polecki were found only in captive samples. Cryptosporidium, Balantidium coli, pinworm‐type ova, and two fluke‐like ova were seen only in wild samples. In addition, samples were compared for both bacteria and parasites from three unique field sites in Madagascar. In this three‐site comparison, six types of bacteria were statistically significantly different. No significant differences regarding parasites were seen. Significant differences were found between the captive and wild populations, whereas fewer differences were found between sites within Madagascar. Although we isolated Campylobacter and Giardia, all animals appeared clinically healthy. Am. J. Primatol. 70:175–184, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesoporöse Materialien für den Wirkstofftransport
Authors: Vallet‐Regí María , Balas Francisco , Arcos Daniel
Published: September 2007

Die Erforschung mesoporöser Materialien für biomedizinische Anwendungen hat während der letzten Jahre außerordentlich zugenommen. Seit 2001 erstmals MCM‐41 als Wirkstoff‐Transportsystem vorgeschlagen wurde, wurden Materialien auf Siliciumdioxid‐Basis, wie SBA‐15 oder MCM‐48, und einige metall‐organische Gerüste als Wirkstoffträger und Systeme für die kontrollierte Freisetzung diskutiert. Mesoporöse Materialien werden sowohl für den systemischen Transport als auch für implantierbare lokale Abgabeeinheiten in Betracht gezogen. Die zweite Anwendung birgt vielversprechende Möglichkeiten für den Aufbau von Knochengewebe, weil mesoporöse Materialien ein sehr gutes Verhalten als Biokeramiken zeigen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz behandelt die Fortschritte auf diesem Gebiet durch Steuerung der Strukturparameter, Oberflächenfunktionalisierung und Synthese hoch entwickelter stimuliresponsiver Systeme.
In situ ESEM study of partial melting and precipitation process of AZ91D
Authors: Hung Jenny Hao‐Hsin , Chiu Yu Lung , Zhu Tianping , Gao Wei
Published: September 2007

In this paper, we report the results of the investigation of partial melting and precipitation processes of an AZ91D magnesium alloy using an in‐situ heating stage located in an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). For the first time, in‐situ partial melting of the β phase (Al12Mg17) was observed to initiate in the middle of the large grain boundary β islands, at temperatures around 420 °C. Upon cooling, areas where partial melting of the β phase had occurred solidified into voids. Partial melting of β lamellae within the discontinuous eutectic β/α lamellar structures has not been observed in the present study. Following a solution treatment and aging process, the β phase exists as fine submicron precipitates. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative measures of disorder in biological oscillations and their implications for bioreactor operation
Authors: Patnaik Pratap R.
Published: September 2007

Under realistic conditions, biological oscillations show fluctuations around time‐varying deterministic values. These fluctuations are often created by noise from the environment, and they vary randomly with time. With continuous flow microbial cultures, the feed stream is a major source of noise. While the detrimental effects of noise inflow are known, quantitative measures of their effects are not established. Such indexes are important because, apart from distortions, noise may displace a fermentation into an undesirable state or into chaos. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an example, four measures of the effect of noise are proposed and their physical implications for the operation of continuous cultures are discussed. It is shown that, like monotonic cultures studied earlier, noise‐affected oscillating cultures too can be analyzed usefully through their fractal dimensions. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Networked, guaranteed cost control for a class of industrial processes with state delay
Authors: Peng Chen
Published: September 2007

This paper addresses a class of industrial processes with state delay and controlled over communication networks. With consideration of network‐induced delay and data packet dropout, a model is proposed for networked control systems (NCSs). With the introduction of free weighting matrices, a method for suboptimal guaranteed cost controller design is proposed in the form of matrix inequalities. A nonconvex minimization problem is then formulated for finding suboptimal allowable equivalent delay bound (SAEDB) and the feedback gain of a memoryless controller. The proposed method is demonstrated through networked injection velocity control in thermoplastic injection molding. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of a crab predator (Cancer porteri) on secondary producers versus ecological model predictions in Tongoy Bay (south‐east Pacific coast): implications for management and fisheries
Authors: Ortiz Marco
Published: September 2007

The present study compares the propagation of effects observed as a response to changes in the abundance of a top predator (top‐down cascading effect) in a benthic community within the south‐east Pacific upwelling ecosystem of northern Chile, with predictions derived from quantitative and qualitative multispecific models.

Results with Loop Analysis achieved 71.4% of predictive certainty; indicating that this technique is useful for assessment of the effects of human intervention related to the mud‐bottom ecosystem tested. On the other hand, Ecosim using bottom‐up flow control mechanism achieved only 14.3% certainty. In an intermediate range, predictions obtained using the Mixed Trophic Impacts and Ecosim models using top‐down, mixed and flow control mechanisms estimated by the program, achieved 57.1% certainty.

The results obtained have important implications for the management of communities and ecosystems since human interventions can be studied using holistic models with an end result of evaluating the eventual changes that they propagate.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mortality induced by drifting longline hooks and branchlines in loggerhead sea turtles, estimated through observation in captivity
Authors: Casale Paolo , Freggi Daniela , Rocco Massimiliano
Published: September 2007

Drifting longlines are considered a major threat to endangered sea turtle populations worldwide. However, for a number of reasons, the mortality rate of captured turtles is not known with any certainty.

Information on 409 loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), collected during the day‐to‐day activities of a turtle rescue centre in Lampedusa island, central Mediterranean, in the period 2001–2005 has been analysed.

Observations indicate that: (i) drifting longlines are a major cause of mortality for sea turtles in the area; (ii) in addition to the hook, the piece of line attached to it (branchline) can easily cause death if it is long enough and well‐anchored; (iii) hooks and branchlines cause death in the short and long term, respectively; (iv) a turtle with a hook in the lower oesophagus/stomach has a very low chance of surviving the combined effect of hook and branchline; (v) the mortality of turtles with a hook in the mouth or higher oesophagus is probably important, though less than that of turtles with a hook in the lower oesophagus/stomach; (vi) in the study fishery, the average mortality of a turtle caught by a drifting longline is probably much higher than 30%.

Without specific investigations on the mortality of turtles with hooks in the mouth or higher oeasophagus, which are usually removed, the mortality induced by drifting longlines will remain unknown, preventing a full understanding of the effect on population growth and the real effectiveness of conservation measures such as use of different hooks and fishing depths, and proposals for adequate fishery management measures.

The number of turtles captured by drifting longlines should be drastically reduced, and because of the above uncertainty and the socio‐economic importance of the fishery sector, an ecosystem‐based management scheme should be promoted that is not limited to addressing only the turtle issue.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transit peptide diversity and divergence: A global analysis of plastid targeting signals
Authors: Patron Nicola J. , Waller Ross F.
Published: September 2007

Proteins are targeted to plastids by N‐terminal transit peptides, which are recognized by protein import complexes in the organelle membranes. Historically, transit peptide properties have been defined from vascular plant sequences, but recent large‐scale genome sequencing from the many plastid‐containing lineages across the tree of life has provided a much broader representation of targeted proteins. This includes the three lineages containing primary plastids (plants and green algae, rhodophytes and glaucophytes) and also the seven major lineages that contain secondary plastids, “secondhand” plastids derived through eukaryotic endosymbiosis. Despite this extensive spread of plastids throughout Eukaryota, an N‐terminal transit peptide has been maintained as an essential plastid‐targeting motif. This article provides the first global comparison of transit peptide composition and summarizes conservation of some features, the loss of an ancestral motif from the green lineages including plants, and modifications to transit peptides that have occurred in secondary and even tertiary plastids. BioEssays 29:1048–1058, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changing trends in the decision-making preferences of women with early breast cancer
Authors: Caldon L J M , Walters S J , Reed M W R
Published: September 2007

Background

Previous studies have indicated a predominance of passive decision-making styles among women with early-stage breast cancer in the UK offered a choice between breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and mastectomy. The aim of this study was to determine current decision-making styles and establish their association with operation choice and breast unit mastectomy rate.

Methods

A questionnaire survey was conducted among women from three specialist breast units representing high, medium and low case mix-adjusted mastectomy rates.

Results

Of 697 consecutive patients, 356 (51·1 per cent) completed the questionnaire, a mean of 6·9 (range 1·3–48·6) weeks after surgery. Some 262 women (73·6 per cent) underwent BCS and 94 (26·4 per cent) had a mastectomy. Some 218 patients (61·2 per cent) achieved their preferred decision-making style. The proportions of women achieving an active decision-making style were high, particularly for those choosing mastectomy (83 versus 58·0 per cent for BCS; P < 0·001) and in the high mastectomy rate unit (79·6 versus 53 and 52·2 per cent for medium and low rate units respectively; P < 0·001).

Conclusion

More women chose an active decision-making style than in previous UK studies. The provision of greater treatment selection autonomy to women suitable for BCS may not reduce mastectomy rates.
The distribution of the radial and musculocutaneous nerves in the brachialis muscle
Authors: Frazer Emily A. , Hobson Mark , McDonald Stuart W.
Published: September 2007

Few have examined the distribution of the radial nerve branch to brachialis, generally believed to be motor, within the muscle. We examined the right brachialis muscles of six dissecting room cadavers and found that four received a supply from the radial nerve. The radial nerve branch(es) supplied the inferolateral region of the muscle and was overlapped proximodistally and mediolaterally by the intramuscular branches of the musculocutaneous nerve, which lay on a more superficial plane. The results have implications for the anterolateral approach to the humerus for orthopedic surgery. Anterior splitting of the muscle will almost certainly damage the most lateral branches of the musculocutaneous nerve. Clin. Anat. 20:785–789, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of coherence strategies for stereo occlusion culling
Authors: Mansa Ignacio , Amundarain Aiert , Matey Luis , García‐Alonso Alejandro
Published: September 2007

This paper explores the benefits that can be achieved for stereoscopic visualization when using occlusion culling strategies. Graphics processing units (GPUs) are improving their computational power and functionalities. On the other hand, models are also increasing their size and users require more demanding image quality. Occlusion culling provides significant frame rate speed‐ups in densely occluded scenarios. This paper shows the limitations placed by compact and not densely occluded scenarios and the gains that can be achieved when rendering stereo images using occlusion culling. The experiments carried out test combinations of occlusion stereo coherence and occlusion frame coherence. The methods also take advantage of efficient depth sorting strategy and aggressive occlusion frame coherence, whose image artefacts have been found to be negligible. Results clearly point out that eye‐independent frame coherence offers more benefits than mixing frame and stereo coherence. As in monoscopic occlusion culling, using simplified geometric models, instead of bounding boxes, when posting occlusion queries, improves significantly the number of objects discriminated as occluded. The algorithm presented can be easily implemented and provides a significant boost in performances. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A space of one's own: women's magazine consumption within family life
Authors: Stevens Lorna , Maclaran Pauline , Catterall Miriam
Published: September 2007

This is a study of women's magazine consumption in the home. It explores issues of time and space, and addresses the importance the women who took part in the study place on magazine consumption in their lives, given the ‘juggling’ lifestyle experienced by most of them. The study reveals family life to be a landscape within which these women carve out what they perceive as valuable and rare time and space for themselves. The authors argue that in contemporary family life women's magazines play a key part in the quest for me‐time and time away from others, in both a tangible and experiential sense.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artemin activates axonal growth via SFK and ERK‐dependent signalling pathways in mature dorsal root ganglia neurons
Authors: Jeong Doc Gyun , Park Wyun Kon , Park Seyeon
Published: September 2007

Artemin, one of the glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, enhances the generation and survival of early sympathetic neurons and superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. Src‐family kinases (SFK) are involved in the growth and differentiation of cells, which are composed of unique Src homology 2 (SH2), Src homology 3 (SH3) and kinase domains. Various extra‐cellular molecules containing growth factors and G‐protein coupled receptors stimulate SFK. In this report, artemin is shown to have a significant effect on the neurite growth of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Also, artemin triggers Src‐family kinase activation and the phosphorylation of extra‐cellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK) mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). Artemin also regulated actin polymerization. There are several indications that another SH3‐containing protein, Hck, and an SH3‐containing adaptor protein, Nck1, play an important role in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton by cellular signalling. These findings suggest that the exploration of binding partners for the SH3 domain could provide an insight into regulation between the microtubule and actin networks. The binding partners for the SH3 domains of Nck, Src and Hck that we identified were Smc chromosome segregation ATPases, FOG Zn‐finger protein and the FYVE zinc‐binding domain, respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactive Transport of Guanidinylated Poly(propylene imine)‐Based Dendrimers through Liposomal and Cellular Membranes
Authors: Tsogas Ioannis , Sideratou Zili , Tsiourvas Dimitris , Theodossiou Theodossis A. , Paleos Constantinos M.
Published: September 2007

The ability of guanidinylated poly(propylene imine) dendrimers to translocate across lipid bilayers was assessed by employing either a model phosphate‐bearing liposomal membrane system or A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Two dendrimer generations, differing in the number of surface guanidinium groups, were employed, while surface acetylation or the use of spacers affected the binding of the guanidinium group to the phosphate moiety and finally the transport efficiency. Following adhesion of dendrimers with liposomes, fusion or transport occurred. Transport through the liposomal bilayer was observed at low guanidinium/phosphate molar ratios, and was enhanced when the bilayer was in the liquid‐crystalline phase. For effective transport through the liposomal membrane, an optimum balance between the binding strength and the degree of hydrophobicity of the guanidinylated dendrimer is required. In experiments performed in vitro with cells, efficient penetration and internalization in subcellular organelles and cytosol was observed.
Conformation, Dynamics, and Insertion of a Noncysteine‐Containing Protegrin‐1 Analogue in Lipid Membranes from Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Mani Rajeswari , Waring Alan J. , Hong Mei
Published: September 2007

Disulfide‐bonded β‐hairpin structures are common among antimicrobial peptides. Disulfide bonds are known to be important for antimicrobial activity, but the underlying structural reason is not well understood. We have investigated the membrane‐bound structure of a disulfide‐deleted analogue of the antimicrobial peptide protegrin‐1, in which the four Cys residues were replaced by Ala. The secondary structure, dynamics, and topology of this Ala‐PG1 peptide in the membrane were determined by using magic‐angle‐spinning NMR spectroscopy. Conformation‐dependent 13C isotropic chemical shifts of multiple 13C‐labeled residues were obtained from 1D cross‐polarization and direct‐polarization spectra, and from 2D J‐coupling‐mediated 13C–13C correlation spectra. Most labeled residues exhibited two conformations: a random coil and a β‐sheet structure. The dual‐conformation property was present in both anionic lipid bilayers, which mimic the bacterial membrane, and zwitterionic cholesterol‐containing bilayers, which mimic the eukaryotic cell membrane. The mobility of the peptide was measured by using a 2D C–H dipolar‐shift correlation experiment. The random‐coil fraction was highly mobile whereas the β‐sheet component was rigid. 1H spin diffusion from the lipid chains to the peptide indicates that the β‐sheet component was well inserted into the anionic membrane, but surface bound in the cholesterol‐containing neutral membrane. Thus, the removal of disulfide bonds changed some PG‐1 molecules to highly mobile random coils that were poorly associated with the lipid membrane, but other molecules retained a β‐sheet conformation and had a similar membrane‐binding topology to the parent peptide. Thus, the reduced antimicrobial activity of Ala‐PG1 was largely due to the reduced number of insertion‐competent β‐sheet molecules, rather than uniformly weakened activity of identically structured peptides.
DNA Binding by a New Metallointercalator that Contains a Proflavine Group Bearing a Hanging Chelating Unit
Authors: Bazzicalupi Carla , Bencini Andrea , Bianchi Antonio , Biver Tarita , Boggioni Alessia , Bonacchi Sara , Danesi Andrea , Giorgi Claudia , Gratteri Paola , Ingraín Antonio Marchal , Secco Fernando , Sissi Claudia , Valtancoli Barbara , Venturini Marcella
Published: September 2007

The new bifunctional molecule 3,6‐diamine‐9‐[6,6‐bis(2‐aminoethyl)‐1,6‐diaminohexyl]acridine (D), which is characterised by both an aromatic moiety and a separate metal‐complexing polyamine centre, has been synthesised. The characteristics of D and its ZnII complex ([ZnD]) (protonation and metal‐complexing constants, optical properties and self‐aggregation phenomena) have been analysed by means of NMR spectroscopy, potentiometric, spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric techniques. The equilibria and kinetics of the binding process of D and [ZnD] to calf thymus DNA have been investigated at I=0.11 M (NaCl) and 298.1 K by using spectroscopic methods and the stopped‐flow technique. Static measurements show biphasic behaviour for both D–DNA and [ZnD]–DNA systems; this reveals the occurrence of two different binding processes depending on the polymer‐to‐dye molar ratio (P/D). The binding mode that occurs at low P/D values is interpreted in terms of external binding with a notable contribution from the polyamine residue. The binding mode at high P/D values corresponds to intercalation of the proflavine residue. Stopped‐flow, circular dichroism and supercoiled‐DNA unwinding experiments corroborate the proposed mechanism. Molecular‐modelling studies support the intercalative process and evidence the influence of NH+⋅⋅⋅O interactions between the protonated acridine nitrogen atom and the oxygen atoms of the polyanion; these interactions play a key role in determining the conformation of DNA adducts.
Synthesis and Structure of Novel Sugar‐Substituted Bipyridine Complexes of Rhenium and 99m‐Technetium
Authors: Gottschaldt Michael , Koth Daniel , Müller Dirk , Klette Ingo , Rau Sven , Görls Helmar , Schäfer Bernhard , Baum Richard P. , Yano Shigenobu
Published: September 2007

Novel ligands have been obtained from the reaction of 4,4′‐dibromomethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine with 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosylthiol, 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranosylthiol or 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐thioacetylmannopyranoside in which the sugar residues are thioglycosidically linked to the bipyridine in the 4,4′‐position. Cleavage of the acetyl groups affords hydrophilic symmetric ligands with free hydroxyl groups. Reaction of the new glycoconjugated ligands (L) with [Re(CO)5Cl] yields fluorescent complexes of general formula [Re(L)(CO)3Cl], which were characterised by mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and 1H and 13C NMR, IR, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. These complexes exhibit excellent solubility and stability in organic solvents or water, depending on the residues of the sugar. One complex, namely tricarbonyl‐4,4′‐bis[(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glycopyranosyl)thiomethyl]‐2,2′‐bipyridinerheniumtricarbonylo chloride, has been characterised by X‐ray crystallography. A non‐symmetric structure of the complexes could be assigned. Radiolabelling of the unprotected ligands with [99mTc(H2O)3(CO)3]+ affords the corresponding water‐soluble technetium complexes (in quantitative yields), which were characterised by their HPLC radiation traces. The formed complexes are stable for several hours in the presence of histidine but show partial ligand‐exchange after one day.
Evidence for the Intermediacy of Wheland–Meisenheimer Complexes in SEAr Reactions of Aminothiazoles with 4,6‐Dinitrobenzofuroxan
Authors: Boga Carla , Del Vecchio Erminia , Forlani Luciano , Goumont Régis , Terrier François , Tozzi Silvia
Published: September 2007

Reactions of DNBF with a series of 2‐aminothiazoles (1 a–f) to afford thermodynamically stable C‐bonded σ‐adducts have been investigated in acetonitrile. A most significant finding emerged on recording NMR spectra immediately after mixing of equimolar amounts of DNBF and the unsubstituted 2‐aminothiazole (1 a) in Me2SO: namely, that the formation of 9 a is preceded by that of a short‐lived intermediate species X. From the 1H NMR parameters characterizing this intermediate, as well as the dependence of its lifetime on the experimental conditions—the presence of excess DNBF over 1 a increases the lifetime of X while an excess of base (1 a) accelerates its conversion into 9 a—it is convincingly demonstrated that the structure of X combines the presence of a positively charged Wheland complex moiety (with regard to the thiazole ring) with that of a negatively charged Meisenheimer complex moiety (with regard to the benzofuroxan system). So far, only one intermediate of this type (noted WM) has been successfully characterized, in the reactions of DNBF with 1,3,5‐tris(N,N‐dialkylamino)benzenes. Among the key features supporting the intermediacy of X along the reaction coordinate leading to 9 a is the fact that the reactions of DNBF with 1 a in the presence of an alcohol (MeOH, EtOH, nPrOH) produce new adducts arising from the addition of an alcohol molecule to the thiazole moiety of WM‐1 a. Reflecting the presence of three chiral centres, these species are formed as mixtures of several diastereomers that could all be characterized in their racemic forms in ethanol. These findings generalize the previous report on the formation of Wheland–Meisenheimer carbon–carbon complexes in homocyclic series.
The Isolation of Basic Proteins by Solid‐Phase Extraction with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Du Zhuo , Yu Yong‐Liang , Chen Xu‐Wei , Wang Jian‐Hua
Published: September 2007

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been employed for the first time as sorbents for the isolation of basic proteins from other protein species in biological sample matrices by solid‐phase extraction (SPE). A microcolumn packed with MWCNTs was incorporated after appropriate pretreatment into a sequential injection system, which facilitates online selective sorption of basic protein species (hemoglobin and cytochrome c in this particular case). The retained protein species were afterwards separated from each other by sequential elution from the microcolumn through the employment of appropriate eluents. A 0.025 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution of pH 8.0 facilitated the efficient collection of hemoglobin, while a 0.5 mol L−1 NaCl solution ensured the quantitative recovery of the retained cytochrome c. With a sample loading volume of 2.0 mL, enrichment factors of 11 and 15 were derived for hemoglobin and cytochrome c, along with retention efficiencies of 100 % for both species and recovery rates of 98 and 90 %, respectively. A sampling frequency of 8 h−1 was achieved, and the precisions were 3.0 % and 0.8 % (RSD) for hemoglobin and cytochrome c at a concentration of 5.0 μg mL−1. The practical applicability of this system was demonstrated by processing of human whole blood for isolation of hemoglobin, and satisfactory results were obtained by assay with SDS‐PAGE.
Formation of ZSM‐22 Zeolite Catalytic Particles by Fusion of Elementary Nanorods
Authors: Hayasaka Kazuaki , Liang Duoduo , Huybrechts Ward , De Waele Bart R. , Houthoofd Kristof J. , Eloy Pierre , Gaigneaux Eric M. , van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Thybaut Joris W. , Marin Guy B. , Denayer Joeri F. M. , Baron Gino V. , Jacobs Pierre A. , Kirschhock Christine E. A. , Martens Johan A.
Published: September 2007

An ZSM‐22 aluminosilicate zeolite was synthesized using the hydrothermal gel method at 150 °C. Products obtained after different synthesis times were characterized using various techniques and catalytic testing. Massive formation of ZSM‐22 nanocrystals occurs after only a short synthesis time, appearing as isolated rods with a cross section of 12±4 nm. Nanorods have aluminum enriched at their external surface. Later in the crystallization process nanorods align and fuse sideways, whereby the external surface is systematically converted into an internal micropore surface. The formation of aluminum bearing micropores by the joining of nanorod surfaces is responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity. For this, the zeolite synthesis of nanoscale crystallites is ineffective for enhancing catalytic activity.
L'ingénierie des connaissances pour la modélisation du raisonnement dans une tâche de diagnostic: Application à la recherche et sauvetage
Authors: Schvartz Stéphane , Abi‐Zeid Irène , Tourigny Nicole
Published: September 2007

This paper pertains to the application of knowledge engineering methods to aeronautical search and rescue in Canada. We modelled at the knowledge level the reasoning process of a search mission coordinator when conducting a diagnosis task to determine the routes likely followed by a missing aircraft overland. Knowledge engineering allowed us to develop a reasoning model based on documents and on interviews with domain experts. Our study was conducted in the CommonKADS knowledge modelling framework. The proposed model was validated by domain experts and implemented in a rule‐based system prototype. Copyright © 2007 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two New Nitronyl Nitroxide Radicals and Their Complexes with M(hfac)2 [M=Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II)]: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Characterizations
Authors: Yu Yan‐Xin , Hu Huai‐Ming , Zhang De‐Qing , Wang Zhi‐Yong , Zhu Dao‐Ben
Published: September 2007

Two new nitronyl nitroxides with amido units L1 and L2 were synthesized and characterized. Reactions of L1 and L2 with M(hfac)2 [hfachexafluoroacetylacetonate, MCo(II), Ni(II), Mn(II)] afforded five hetero‐spin complexes L1Co(hfac)2, L1Ni(hfac)2, L2Co(hfac)2, L2Ni(hfac)2 and L2Mn(hfac)2. The crystal structures and magnetic characterizations of L1, L2 and their metal complexes LM(hfac)2 were described and discussed. Crystal structural analysis shows that both the carbonyl oxygen and the nitroxide oxygen are coordinated to the metal ions. Strong antiferromagetic coupling between the nitronyl nitroxides and metal ions were observed for all the five LM(hfac)2 complexes.
Studies on the Interaction of Dinitratobis(phen) Cadmium Complex with DNA
Authors: Yuan Cai‐Xia , Wu Yan‐Bo , Wei Yi‐Bin , Yang Pin , Zhu Miao‐Li
Published: September 2007

DNA‐binding properties of the dinitratobis(phen) cadmium complex [Cd(phen)2(NO3)2] (where phen1,10‐phenanthroline) have been investigated with absorption titration, fluorescence spectroscopy, viscosity measurement, molecular modeling and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results indictate DNA‐binding mode of the complex to be weak groove binding rather than partial intercalative interaction expected of the extended planar aromatic phen ring. In addition, the DNA cleavage study was carried out by gel electrophoresis experiment. The results showed that the complex both hardly cleaves pBR322 DNA in the absence and present ascorbate. So it is suggested that the formation of cadmium complex can decrease cadmium toxicity to some extents.
Effects of Ti and Co on the Electrochemical Characteristics of MgNi‐Based Alloy Electrodes
Authors: Feng Yan , Jiao Li‐Fang , Yuan Hua‐Tang , Zhao Ming
Published: September 2007

Mg‐based hydrogen storage alloys MgNi, Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni and Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni0.9Co0.1 were successfully prepared by means of mechanical alloying (MA). The structure and the electrochemical characteristics of these Mg‐based materials were also studied. The results of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the main phases of the alloys exhibit amorphous structures, and trace of Ni co‐exists. The charge‐discharge cycle tests indicate these alloys have good electrochemical active characteristics. And the cycle stability of Ti and Co doped alloy was better than that of MgNi alloy. After 50 cycle charge‐discharge, the discharge capacity of the Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni0.9Co0.1 alloy was much better than that of MgNi and Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni alloys. The discharge capacity of Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni0.9Co0.1 was 102.8% higher than that of MgNi alloy, and 45.49% higher than that of the Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni alloy. During the process of charge‐discharge cycle test, the main reason for the electrode capacity fading is the corrosion of Mg to Mg(OH)2 on the surface of alloys. The Tafel polarization test indicates Ti and Co improve the anticorrosion in an alkaline solution. The EIS results suggest that proper amount of Ti and Co doping improve the electrochemical catalytical activity on the Mg‐based alloy surface significantly.