bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
Authors: Maatman Thomas K. , Zyromski Nicholas J.
Published: September 2022

Necrotizing pancreatitis represents the most severe manifestation of acute pancreatitis, affecting 10–15% of those diagnosed with the disease. Necrotizing pancreatitis is a complex and heterogeneous disease process with a variable, but generally protracted course, often lasting 5–6 months in time. The focus of this chapter is on therapy for necrotizing pancreatitis, which has evolved substantially over the past decade. Minimally invasive treatments such as percutaneous, endoscopic, and minimally invasive surgical approaches have become first-line therapy; these techniques are often used in a combined, complementary fashion. Optimal treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis patients requires an invested clinician to help coordinate the multidisciplinary effort, and long-term follow-up is mandatory to detect late-developing complications of the disease. Improved understanding of the natural history of necrotizing pancreatitis, in conjunction with advances in critical care and expanding, appropriate application of minimally invasive therapeutic techniques, has led to improved outcomes overall in this patient population. Nevertheless, a critical deficit remains in incomplete knowledge of the fundamental underlying disease processes; current therapy is directed towards treating complications of the disease, and not the underlying disease itself.
Molecular Understanding and Pathophysiology of Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Rosendahl Jonas
Published: September 2022

Chronic pancreatitis is a complex disorder not only with regard to its diagnosis and treatment, but also in the understanding of its underlying mechanisms. The predominant aetiology is alcohol misuse, often together with smoking. Although these risk factors have been identified for years, the mechanisms of chronic pancreatitis development are not fully understood. It is most likely a complex disease with different risk factors that, if coexisting, can reach a certain threshold resulting in disease development. In the last decades, several genetic risk factors of chronic pancreatitis have been identified and most of the underlying mechanisms can be summarized in a trypsin-dependent pathway. This pathway highlights the importance of the intra-pancreatic balance between proteases and anti-proteases as the pathophysiological backbone of the disease.
Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Elhence Anshuman , Mahapatra Soumya Jagannath , Garg Pramod Kumar
Published: September 2022

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is associated with significant abdominal pain in 90% of patients. The mechanism of pain is not well understood but is likely due to recurrent or chronic inflammation, pancreatic ductal obstruction secondary to stones and/or stricture, or pseudocyst. Management of CP is directed at pain relief and control of diabetes and exocrine insufficiency. The generally accepted management strategy for pain control is a step-up therapy which consists of medical treatment, endoscopic therapy, and finally surgery. Optimal medical treatment should include advice for abstinence from alcohol and smoking, a well-balanced diet, analgesics, pancreatic enzyme supplementation, and antioxidants. Pregabalin may be helpful in the short term in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Endoscopic therapy is required if medical therapy fails to relieve pain and there is evidence of pancreatic ductal obstruction due to stones and/or stricture causing dilatation of the main pancreatic duct. Endoscopic therapy consists of pancreatic sphincterotomy, stricture dilatation, stone removal, and stenting of the pancreatic duct. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) may be required to fragment large stones. Pancreatic pseudocysts are best treated with endoscopic transmural or transpapillary drainage, depending on their size and location. Benign biliary stricture may also be treated effectively with endoscopic therapy. More than 80% of patients with CP get significant pain relief with a combination of different therapeutic modalities under the care of a multidisciplinary team.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients on Chemotherapy or Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Seizures may occur in patients with cancer as a consequence of direct central nervous system invasion by tumor cells, adverse effects of treatment (surgery, radiation, systemic therapies), systemic infections in immunocompromised patients, or from metabolic derangements resulting from the effects of systemic cancer (e.g., hypocalcemia, hyponatremia). Antiseizure medications (ASMs) are thus indicated in patients with cancer who present with epilepsy; however, patients with cancer are also at a high risk for drug-drug interactions. As well, chemotherapeutic agents may lose effectiveness when enzyme-inducing ASMs are prescribed. It is advisable to use ASMs that do not interfere with the cytochrome P-450 enzyme complex.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Coronavirus Infections
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Management of COVID-19 in people with epilepsy may be more complicated than that in other individuals. In general, it appears that people with COVID-19 are unlikely to develop seizures. However, patients critically ill with COVID-19 may develop seizures as a consequence of hypoxia, metabolic derangements, organ failure, or cerebral damage. Seizure in these critically ill patients must be recognized and stopped immediately. However, because these patients suffer from severe respiratory and/or cardiac problems, antiseizure medications (ASMs) with significant respiratory or cardiac adverse effects (e.g., phenytoin, phenobarbital) should be avoided. As well, the combination regimens used to treat COVID-19 often include substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of several cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes, and complex interactions may occur when some ASMs are administered to patients receiving treatment for coronavirus infection.
Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Schröder Johannes , Herold Christina J.
Published: September 2022

Neurological soft signs (NSS) are minor motor and sensory changes that are frequently found in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, including subjects with an increased liability to them, but can also be observed in bipolar disorder and dementia. In schizophrenia, high NSS-scores, which typically mark acute psychotic states, decrease in the course of illness with remission of acute symptoms. This process continues in patients with a favorable course but does not lead to a complete “normalization” of NSS, which remain in the range typical for subjects with an increased liability. As a transdiagnostic phenomenon, NSS are associated with similar symptoms and neurocognitive deficits across the respective disorders, such as negative symptoms, apathy or executive and declarative memory dysfunction. Neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia identified frontal cortices, including pre- and postcentral gyrus, inferior and middle frontal gyrus, and premotor area, alongside cerebellum, caudate, and thalamus as important sites for NSS. NSS can be used for early recognition and clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia and have the potential to facilitate our understanding of the cerebral mechanisms involved in its pathophysiology.
Behavioral Abnormalities in Other Genetic and Nongenetic Causes of Chorea
Authors: Maciel Ricardo , Maia Débora Palma , Cardoso Francisco
Published: September 2022

Behavioral abnormalities associated with choreas are related to disruption of the basal ganglia and their connections. The most common causes of genetic choreas in children are benign hereditary chorea (BHC) and ADCY-5 mutations. Many individuals with BHC present with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other learning disability. The spectrum of behavioral problems in carriers of ADCY-5 mutations is broader, including autistic spectrum disorder, impulsivity, ADHD, and learning disability. Sydenham’s chorea, the most common etiology of childhood-onset chorea, is often associated with ADHD, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and emotional lability. Other rarer behavioral problems include psychosis and trichotillomania. The list of causes of Huntington’s disease (HD) phenocopies, also called HD-like diseases (HDLs), is long. Among Caucasians, C9orf72 expansion is the most common identifiable etiology of HD-like disease. As this condition often causes frontotemporal dementia, patients may evolve with apathy, impulsivity, wandering, ADHD, and OCD. In contrast, in people of African origin, HDL-2 is the most common HD phenocopy. Its behavioral abnormalities perfectly mimic HD. Acquired choreas in adults, including vascular chorea, commonly present with a pure movement disorder, lacking behavioral abnormalities. The notable exception is systemic lupus erythematosus and related conditions, such as primary antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome. Classically, individuals with these conditions develop psychosis, ADHD, OCD, and other abnormalities.
Neurometabolic Diseases
Authors: Thakur Nivedita , Black Moira , Russo Sam Nicholas , Koenig Mary Kay
Published: September 2022

Neurometabolic diseases are a group of disorders that lead to a disruption in the normal metabolism within the body and nervous system. Abnormalities of metabolic processes at any level can lead to a wide spectrum of clinical features and pathologies. The nervous system is particularly susceptible to metabolic derangements, either inborn or acquired. Early diagnosis can prevent or delay damage to the nervous system through appropriate treatment when possible. Many neurometabolic disorders have poor prognoses, and patients often present and succumb within months to the early years of life; however, some disorders can present later in life with varying levels of severity. In many later onset cases, the diagnosis is preceded by nonspecific symptoms including psychiatric manifestations. In addition to psychiatric manifestations, various neurological features often occur at some point in the course of the disease. Of these features, movement disorders are particularly common. In fact, many neurometabolic diseases will present with subtle movement disorders that are often missed or overlooked. Many congenital metabolic diseases are rapidly neurodegenerative and, due to the nature of such diseases, result in early demise or severe cognitive decline. While by no means exhaustive, this chapter aims to outline and discuss some of the neurometabolic diseases that present with both psychiatric and movement disorders as prominent features.
Myths of Trauma
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: September 2022

Trauma is almost universal in human life, but only a minority of those exposed to adversity develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma has become a catchword for many kinds of adverse experiences; this is a construct that needs to be more narrowly and precisely defined. Moreover, most people are resilient to adversity. While exposure is a risk factor for psychopathology, PTSD tends to develop in people with high neuroticism, which describes intense reactions to adversities, based on temperament, and that is a heritable personality trait. The best model of PTSD needs to be biopsychosocial. Moreover, while childhood trauma is a risk factor for many forms of psychopathology, only some of those exposed to early adversity develop mental disorders. Failure to understand the complexity of the pathways to psychopathology can lead to well-meaning but misguided approaches to psychotherapy.
Diagnosketch
Authors: Adhikari Sapana
Published: September 2022

Diagnosketch is a one-of-a-kind visual book that helps explain medical diagnoses to a non-medical audience. It simplifies human anatomy and pathophysiology into memorable patient-friendly, understandable images. It intentionally leaves out details that are not clinically relevant and over-emphasizes ones that are. The book consists of over 100 images that are organized into seven different categories by organ system: skin, EENT, cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, orthopedics, and neurology. The last section includes miscellaneous images which do not fit into an organ system. There is a section on sample “scripting” that contains sample wording that serves as a starting point for better patient communication. Notice that each title is written in a colloquial language with the medical terminology listed underneath. Notice also that the labels are written in colloquial language to simplify what is happening for a non-medical patient.
Genitourinary
Authors: Adhikari Sapana P.
Published: September 2022

This chapter includes various images that pertain to the genitourinary system. The images depict kidney stones, urinary tract infections, enlarged prostate, urinary retention, and different types of testicular swelling: epididymitis, hydrocele and varicocele. The next images depict testicular torsion, ovarian torsion, ovarian cyst, early pregnancy with vaginal bleeding, fibroids, irregular periods, yeast infection, vaginal discharge, pelvic inflammatory disease, and sexually transmitted infection. The chapter ends with an image that contrasts the male lower anatomy with the female lower anatomy.
Miscellaneous
Authors: Adhikari Sapana P.
Published: September 2022

This chapter includes various images that present in an acute care setting that don’t fall into a specific category. The first image depicts cancer and its work-up. The next images depict a simplified image of diabetes, alternating medications for fever or pain control, difference between bacteria and viruses, and an image depicting code status.
Evidence of a flare ignited above a low-latitude spotted active region in the ultrafast rotator HK Aqr
Authors: Martínez González María Jesús , Asensio Ramos Andrés , González-Fernández Carlos , del Pino Alemán Tanausú , Montes David , Luna Manuel , Felipe Tobías , Pozuelo Sara Esteban , Leitzinger Martin
Published: September 2022

We study the magnetic activity in the ultrafast rotator dMe HK Aqr using tomography techniques with high-resolution spectroscopy. We aim to characterize how this magnetic activity appears in a regime of very fast rotation without external forces, given that HK Aqr is, very likely, a single star. We find dark spots located at low latitudes. We also detect prominences below the co-rotation radius and at low latitudes, coinciding with the spot latitudes. This apparent low-latitude activity contrasts with what is typically observed in fast rotators, which tend to form large polar spots. Moreover, we detect a stellar flare that produces an enhancement of the continuum and additional emission in the core of most photospheric and chromospheric lines. We find evidence that the flare is ignited above an active region, as seen in solar flares. This means that, with high probability, the flare is initiated by magnetic reconnection in complex active regions. We also present evidence of bulk redshifted velocities of about 15 km s−1 during the rise of the flare, and velocities of 5–10 km s−1 during the decay phase. An estimation of the heating during the flare results in about 200 kK close to the peak and in 100 kK at the end of the observations.
Radio observations of the Black Hole X-ray Binary EXO 1846−031 re-awakening from a 34-year slumber
Authors: Williams D R A , Motta S E , Fender R , Miller-Jones J C A , Neilsen J , Allison J R , Bright J , Heywood I , Jacob P F L , Rhodes L , Tremou E , Woudt P A , Eijnden J van den , Carotenuto F , Green D A , Titterington D , Horst A J van der , Saikia P
Published: September 2022

We present radio [1.3 GHz MeerKAT, 4–8 GHz Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), and 15.5 GHz Arcminute Microkelvin Imager Large Array (AMI-LA)] and X-ray (Swift and MAXI) data from the 2019 outburst of the candidate Black Hole X-ray Binary (BHXB) EXO 1846−031. We compute a Hardness–Intensity diagram, which shows the characteristic q-shaped hysteresis of BHXBs in outburst. EXO 1846−031 was monitored weekly with MeerKAT and approximately daily with AMI-LA. The VLA observations provide sub-arcsecond-resolution images at key points in the outburst, showing moving radio components. The radio and X-ray light curves broadly follow each other, showing a peak on ∼MJD 58702, followed by a short decline before a second peak between ∼MJD 58731–58739. We estimate the minimum energy of these radio flares from equipartition, calculating values of Emin ∼ 4 × 1041 and 5 × 1042 erg, respectively. The exact date of the return to ‘quiescence’ is missed in the X-ray and radio observations, but we suggest that it likely occurred between MJD 58887 and 58905. From the Swift X-ray flux on MJD 58905 and assuming the soft-to-hard transition happened at 0.3–3 per cent Eddington, we calculate a distance range of 2.4–7.5 kpc. We computed the radio:X-ray plane for EXO 1846−031 in the ‘hard’ state, showing that it is most likely a ‘radio-quiet’ BH, preferentially at 4.5 kpc. Using this distance and a jet inclination angle of θ = 73°, the VLA data place limits on the intrinsic jet speed of βint = 0.29c, indicating subluminal jet motion.
Beards, Azymes, and Purgatory
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward
Published: September 2022

Although the Filioque and the papacy are usually regarded as the questions that have caused the schism between Christian East and West, there were other issues (like the use of azymes, or unleavened bread, for the mass) that have greater claim to be the source of the division. For example, the fact that Latin priests were beardless was cited as one of the reasons for the excommunications of 1054, and the Western belief in Purgatory was the very first issue discussed at the Council of Ferrara-Florence in 1438, the last real attempt to heal the schism before the twentieth century. Thus, if one wants to understand the schism between East and West, one is forced to deal not only with the reasons it remains, but also with the reasons it began. These disagreements about beards, bread, and the state of souls after death may not appear to be church-dividing issues today, but they are nevertheless the reasons why the church is divided. This book examines these three debates—beards, azymes, and Purgatory—from the biblical and patristic period to the modern day. It is an amazing story, filled with beardless (and bearded) holy men debating the nature of masculinity, the Eucharist, and the world to come in an atmosphere that was often as contentious as any dispute about the Spirit’s procession. While these issues may not now generate the same heat, they still have much to offer anyone wishing to understand the ongoing rift between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches.
How We Got Here and Where We Want to Go
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S.
Published: September 2022

This is the introductory chapter for the book, which identifies the contributing policies that led to the cultural shift focused on control through massive confinement and the significant components of the criminal legal system that is described more fully in other chapters. The chapter describes the crisis of the carceral state, defines its critical elements, and lays out the challenge to the social work profession to transform it. It provides a brief description of the criminal legal system’s functions and components, including the variety of social work roles that practitioners assume. It summarizes the book’s chapters and structure, identifies its audiences, and challenges readers to expand their vision for what is possible for building accountability for crimes and addressing harm to victims of crime.
An Anti-Oppressive Framework for Social Work Practice in the Carceral State
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S.
Published: September 2022

This chapter describes the framework to guide assessment, intervention, and evaluation in the carceral state. It first adopts an anti-oppressive stance, including antiracist and feminist principles. The framework also integrates strengths and evidence-informed perspectives. Finally, it incorporates a public health orientation for health, well-being, and restoration. A practice framework is vital because anti-oppressive social work has not been widely applied in the carceral state, with unique challenges and limits to participants’ individual choice and agency. For instance, the framework guides recognition of the tension between a push for care and control, which can be at odds with ideas about transformative justice and decarceration.
Sultana’s Dream
Authors: Sakhawat Hossain Rokeya
Published: September 2022

In Ladyland, Sultana is puzzled not to find even a single man on the streets. But, where have all the men disappeared? Is it possible to manage society without men? If women have taken over the public sphere, who would manage the domestic chores? Are women capable of handling political affairs? Born and brought up in a patriarchal society, Sultana is curious to know everything about her companion, Sister Sara's world. Sara takes her on a trip to universities, laboratories, and other places – all managed by women.
The Tutor’s Secret
Authors: Qadir Abdul
Published: September 2022

Mrs. Abdul Qadir's “The Tutor’s Secret’ ” was published in her famous 1939 collection, Lashon ka Shehr (The City of Corpses). It is a story with a double frame, set in a well-to-do, seemingly progressive household which takes a plunge into a rural, apocryphal world through a fearful secret that the resident tutor harbours. A modern frame is set off with an evocative rendering of an older world steeped in the fearful, the sublime, and the occult. The story also takes the natural landscape as an important departure point, to weave a world which is both scintillating and unsettling in its lack of familiarity. In it, the tutor describes his supernatural experience with a snake charmer and the husband of his uncle’s daughter. Translated from Urdu by Jaideep Pandey
Salt
Authors: Sajjad Zaheer Razia
Published: September 2022

At the platform of Lahore station, when her luggage was on its way for security check, Safia felt a bit of a shiver run down her body and at once decided that this gift of love would not go across like hidden stolen goods.
Rehmat’s Red Calf Has Gone Missing
Authors: Ahmed Eli
Published: September 2022

The old Rehmat’s life is dependent on the wellbeing of his cows and goats. Even now, when he is down with a high fever, he is concerned about them. But, his red calf hasn't returned to its shed; it has been missing. Rehmat's wife, Amina, understands his affection for the calf and decides to search for it. The search for the missing calf leads her to Rehmat's past. Eli Ahmed's poignant story “Rehmat’s Red Calf Has Gone Missing" deals with the theme of interfaith relationships in society and the societal and familial pressures that the interfaith couple undergoes for their love affair.
Maina
Authors: Anjum Khan Asma
Published: September 2022

Maina, a brave Muslim woman of Soorti Moholla, knows well how to turn the tides in her stride, singlehandedly. Asma Anjum Khan’s “Maina” is a story of unexpected challenges of life and the constant struggle between the self and the society, the pretensions, and the perceived reality. Maina, the woman money lender, has a big tiff with an honest preacher Yaseen Moulana. Both are confident of taking up their struggles head-on with gusto and never look back. The strife that involves the rights and wrongs, the perceptions that change as times change and also differ from person to person is reflected in their rivalry. This clash between Maina and Yaseen is one of a kind and defies all kinds of stereotypes. It is a story of a Muslim ghetto; it is a story of a group of people who though feel besieged at times but they haven't lost hope. They are riddled with a lot of messiness yet are pure at heart.
Penguin Life
Authors: Sheeba EK
Published: September 2022

But what happened to Doctor Junaina Hyder? Ibrahim Sulaiman’s thoughts were stuck on her. He had always seen her in a naqab, covering her whole face except the eyes. Sheeba EK’s Malayalam story “Penguin Life” deals with Junaina’s dilemma regarding purdah. It narrates story of a Muslim lady doctor and her decisions to observe and reject purdah. The story also makes veiled references to intersections of local cultures and Islam. It reflects upon how the emigration of Muslims to the gulf countries has immensely influenced the cultures of Muslim communities in Kerala. In this compelling story, the author deviates from the usual debate on the socio-religious perspectives on purdah, and presents it as a personal choice. Translated from Malayalam by Ayshath Shamah Rahmath.
People’s Court
Authors: Khan Sarwat
Published: September 2022

In a riot-hit city, a group of poor Muslim women from a relief camp is summoned to mourn the deaths of lynched victims of a royal family of Rajasthan. Remembering their helplessness and their family members who were killed during the riots, the grief-stricken women perform the mourning ceremony with utmost sincerity. Sarwat Khan's "People's Court" deals with the issues of mob violence, trauma, and grief. It also depicts the caste system prevalent in society.
Outliving Oneself
Authors: Brison Susan J.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the intersection between trauma, memory, and personal identity in developing a feminist account of the relational self. On this view the self is both autonomous and socially dependent, vulnerable enough to be undone by violence and yet resilient enough to be reconstructed with the help of empathic others. When trauma victims’ experiences are acknowledged to be theoretically relevant, the sense of self that emerges highlights the embodied nature of self as a person’s bodily sense of self is fundamentally altered by trauma. This chapter argues that recovery of the sense of self is possible through the construction of a narrative of the trauma endured and the sharing of one’s story with understanding listeners. Through relationships with others, survivors of trauma create meaning and remake themselves, paradoxically becoming more autonomous by building social bonds of care and dependency.
“Such Chivalry toward Women”
Authors: Evans Christopher H.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores Frances Willard’s strategy to enlist southern women into the temperance cause. Traveling through the states of the old Confederacy in 1881 and 1882, she recruited influential white southern women, such as Sallie Chapin, into the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). In the aftermath of Reconstruction, Willard sought ways to build a political coalition of northern and southern women to replace the growing conservatism of the Republican Party. The chapter discusses how Willard viewed the Prohibition Party as a third-party alternative that would unite the National WCTU around the goals of prohibition and woman suffrage. Although the WCTU was one of the few women’s organizations to welcome African American women, Black women like Frances Harper struggled in their efforts to get the WCTU to make racial justice a priority.
“Gospel Politics”
Authors: Evans Christopher H.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores Frances Willard’s successful efforts to get the National Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) to support the Prohibition Party for the 1884 presidential election. Highlighting Willard’s political acumen, Willard convinced the WCTU to endorse the Prohibition Party candidate for president, John St. John. She also became an important leader within that political party. However, Willard’s push to get the WCTU to endorse this party caused a rift between her and her ally, J. Ellen Foster, who believed that the WCTU should be nonpartisan. The chapter also highlights tensions between Willard and women’s rights leaders such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who believed endorsing a third party was a poor strategy.
“My Cares Are Too Heavy”
Authors: Evans Christopher H.
Published: September 2022

This chapter continues the discussion of Frances Willard’s time in England with Isabel Somerset from 1893 to 1894. As she struggled to regain her health, Willard learned to ride a bicycle. These efforts led her to write a popular book, A Wheel within a Wheel, that contributed to the growing popularity of women’s bicycle riding in the late nineteenth century. The chapter discusses a variety of internal conflicts within the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), including tension caused over journalist William Stead’s reports of the organization’s fascination with spiritualism. It also discusses ongoing concern with Willard’s fitness to lead the WCTU, examining attacks against Willard from the WCTU’s first round-the-world missionary, Mary Leavitt.
“How Beautiful It Is to Be with God”
Authors: Evans Christopher H.
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the final two years of Frances Willard’s life and her death in February 1898. Willard struggled in late 1896 and throughout 1897 with worsening health. Beset by numerous controversies, she distanced herself from Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s Woman’s Bible. She also wrestled with the question of whether the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) should join forces with the Anti-Saloon League in the national campaign for prohibition. The chapter notes Willard’s ongoing commitments to Christian socialism, centered upon economic justice, woman suffrage, and prohibition. It discusses her determination toward the end of her life to devote herself to fundraising for the Woman’s Temple. The chapter also describes the public memorials that followed Willard’s death.
Why a Novel?
Authors: Landy Joshua
Published: September 2022

In Search of Lost Time contains plenty of standard-issue philosophy—reflections and questions about love, art, selfhood, and so on—but it’s still a novel. A novel, indeed, that takes years to read, challenges us with intricate sentences, and features a famously unreliable narrator. So why? Doesn’t that get in the way of the philosophizing? If Proust’s sole aim had been to communicate truths, wouldn’t a treatise have been a better choice? This chapter considers six potential beneficial effects of reading Proust, only one of which involves the transmission of propositional content. Specific formal moves, it suggests, prompt a particular kind of work, which leads in turn to a finite set of likely outcomes. And these outcomes are philosophical, too, as long as we remember that philosophy involves living well, not merely thinking straight. Beliefs remain extremely important; they just aren’t, even for philosophers, the only thing that should matter.
The Shadow of Love
Authors: Pippin Robert B.
Published: September 2022

Jealousy is a theme that appears and reappears with remarkable frequency in Proust’s novel. Not only do we see characters subject to the feeling of jealousy, and some who act on the basis of such a motive, but the topic itself is a frequent theme of the narrator’s reflections. This, the bearing of the novel on a philosophical issue, is particularly so because jealousy does not seem suitable for any definitive Socratic definition. Reaching a high enough level of abstraction to suggest necessary and sufficient conditions for the concept’s determinacy must inevitably thin out its various connotations to such an extent that we lose hold of its experiential concreteness and so falsify the concept considerably in order to define it precisely. Imagination of some considerable inventiveness is called for in getting the phenomenon in view, so why not rely on a genius at imagining, one of the greatest novelists ever?
Proust’s Consciousness
Authors: Elkins Katherine
Published: September 2022

It’s common to cite Proust as a philosopher of memory. His very long novel begins with a narrator who has trouble remembering his past until the taste of a madeleine dunked in tea brings back memories of childhood. And yet philosophers have been less apt to see memory as the key to the novel. Many Proustian moments seem to have nothing to do with memory. These impressions, like the narrator’s vision of steeples or three trees, place a strong emphasis on present perception. Past or present, memory or perception, Proust offers us myriad ways of describing experiences that trouble easy conceptual categories. Each impression seems to lead in a different philosophical direction, and the novel over time offers us a conundrum: how to establish a philosophical position?
That They May Be One
Authors: Cockayne Joshua
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the apparent conflict between individualism and collectivism in the study of ecclesiology. By examining Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s account of anthropology, in conversation with the work of the political philosopher, Phillip Pettit, it argues that the apparent disagreement on individualism is terminological, rather than substantial. The thesis that individuals must relate to God can be endorsed, yet the chapter stresses that their doing so is bound up in the life of community. Individualism does not undermine a commitment to the reality of social groups, nor the importance of these groups for human thought.
Modernity and the Victorians
Authors: Hawkins Angus , Middleton Alex
Published: September 2022

Modernity and the Victorians traces the impact of social-scientific theory on the historiography of Victorian Britain, before proposing an alternative conception of the political and social dynamics of the period. It begins with a sketch of the rise of social science as a method of understanding the world between the Enlightenment and the early decades of the twentieth century, covering both British and European developments, and giving particular attention to the theories of Émile Durkheim and Max Weber. It then considers the forms of ‘modernization’ theory, and conceptions of the condition of ‘modernity’, which emerged in twentieth-century social scientific analysis, and traces how these came to be applied in historical scholarship on nineteenth-century Britain. The second half of the book makes the case that ‘modernization theory’ cannot be made to fit the facts of Victorian history. It argues instead that historians need to pay much closer attention to notions of the past, morality, and community if they want to understand how nineteenth-century Britain worked. The book is at once a piece of twentieth-century intellectual history, a contribution to the history of scholarship, a commentary on more recent historiography, and an attempt to intervene in current debates about the practice and future of political history.
The Rise of Social Science
Authors: Hawkins Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter sketches the rise of ‘social science’ and ‘sociology’ as methods of understanding the world in the period between the Enlightenment and the early decades of the twentieth century. It covers both British and European developments, and runs through the contributions of a very wide range of intellectuals and theorists, from David Hume to John Stuart Mill to Auguste Comte to Karl Marx. The chapter pays particular attention to developmental theories of social change, and to the intellectual schemes outlined by Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, which it sees as foundational to twentieth-century conceptions of ‘modernity’. It concludes with some reflections on the institutionalisation of sociology as an academic discipline in Britain and Europe.
Modernisation Theory
Authors: Hawkins Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at the emergence of ‘modernisation theory’ as a theme in academic sociology in the decades after the 1950s. It discusses how a very wide range of British, American, and European intellectuals and theorists contributed to this development, ranging from Talcott Parsons to Ernest Gellner, and reflects on wider disciplinary problems, including structuralism and the ‘secularisation thesis’. It centres on the ways in which academic sociologists and social scientists ended up conjoining the processes of industrialisation, urbanisation, democratisation, and secularisation into a single condition labelled ‘modernity’. It goes on to make the case that this holistic characterisation of ‘modernity’ is a Eurocentric, methodologically flawed, and ultimately unpersuasive construction.
The Impact of the Social Sciences on Historiography
Authors: Hawkins Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the impact of ‘modernity’-inflected social science on British historians of the Victorian period across the twentieth century. It discusses a very wide range of scholars, from F. W. Maitland to Arnold Toynbee to Lewis Namier to E. P. Thompson to James Vernon. It touches on changing attitudes towards ‘Whig’ history, on competing conceptions of history as a ‘science’, on the institutionalisation of the study of political science in the postwar decades, and on the historiography of the British empire. It stresses that the impact of the social sciences on historical study of the Victorian period acquired its greatest force from the 1950s, but emphasises also that many historians writing on the Victorians managed to resist the allure of the narratives offered by academic social scientists. It explains that their resistance was in part a result of the philosophical challenges posed to social-scientific axioms by R. G. Collingwood and Michael Oakeshott.
Change and Continuity
Authors: Hawkins Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that attitudes towards the past, morality, and community continued to underpin responses to the more rapid social, political, and cultural changes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It reflects on changing political vocabularies, and the sharpening of languages of ‘class’ and ‘capitalism’ in this period. It focuses in particular on the emergence of new visions of the responsibility of the state towards individuals, communities, and the poor, especially in the lectures and writings of T. H. Green and L. T. Hobhouse. The chapter stresses that the tenacious hold of notions of morality and community in Britain lent a distinctive flavour to the ‘new liberal’ social reforms of the early twentieth century, as compared to those which took place in countries with different historic traditions, such as Germany. It concludes, therefore, that the past, morals, and community shaped the values and attitudes of the whole of the Victorian period, and that attempts to judge Britain’s nineteenth-century development on the terms set by theorists of ‘modernisation’ fundamentally misunderstand the society in question.
Social Convention and the Scope of Consent
Authors: Liberto Hallie
Published: September 2022

Chapter 6 explores a variety of ways that social conventions pertaining to the scope of consent communication play a role in fixing the scope of our actual consent. It contrasts the book’s account of this relationship with Tom Dougherty’s recent theory of consent, which is grounded in explanations in interpersonal justification. The chapter describes the challenges facing people who wish to consent to more limited sets of another person’s domain behavior than is understood by a conventional signal. Laws and policies can work to change problematic conventions. The chapter concludes by arguing that enforcing such laws—even before the convention has been adopted in the practices of a community—faces no more problems than the enforcement of new traffic signals in towns and cities that have seen an increase in road accidents. Note that this is the only chapter that addresses a specific type of law or policy proposal.
Perfectionist Law and Public Policy
Authors: Tahzib Collis
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores what the perfectionist conception of justice might imply in terms of laws and public policies. While the discussion is tentative and does not seek to make a definitive case for any particular legislative or policy programme, the author suggests that moral excellence could be promoted through laws and policies designed to support the institution of friendship; that intellectual excellence could be promoted through informative and educational public broadcasting; and that artistic excellence could be promoted through the operation of publicly funded arts institutions and agencies. This chapter also addresses the concern that these laws and policies can already be justified on familiar liberal grounds such as freedom, equality and fairness, and so the perfectionist conception of justice turns out to be practically indistinguishable from leading non-perfectionist conceptions of justice such as those of Rawls and Dworkin.
Public Justification
Authors: Tahzib Collis
Published: September 2022

This chapter defends the perfectionist conception of justice against the objection that perfectionist laws and policies violate the public justification principle since they are premised on ideals or judgements that are subject to reasonable disagreement. In response, the author argues in favour of a perfectionist definition of reasonableness, according to which reasonableness is conditional not just on acceptance of certain liberal values such as freedom, equality and fairness (as political liberals tend to say) but also on acceptance of certain perfectionist values such as moral, intellectual and artistic excellence. Perfectionist laws and policies can thus be expected to pass the test of public justification because citizens who reject, say, the value of artistic excellence would count as unreasonable and so their veto would have no more normative force than that of citizens who reject the value of equality. This idea of ‘perfectionist public reason’ is defended against various objections, including the charge that it is excessively sectarian and so loses touch with the basic motivations of the public reason project.
Conclusion
Authors: Tahzib Collis
Published: September 2022

The Conclusion summarizes some of the main lines of argument in the book and brings together the most fundamental ideas and conceptions within the perfectionist theory of justice, such as the perfectionist conception of society and the provisional conception of human flourishing. The author also defends the theory against the big-picture charge that perfectionist laws and policies do not properly belong under the rubric of justice and so talk of a ‘perfectionist theory of justice’ is a symptom of what Chandran Kukathas terms ‘justicitis’—an unhealthy obsession with justice that leads to justice becoming the measure of all things political.
The Poetics of Interrogation
Authors: Arft Justin
Published: September 2022

Chapter 2 offers a synchronic, intraformular analysis of the stranger’s interrogation’s direct and indirect appearances within the Odyssey. Therein, deep diachronic meaning of the interrogation is retained, but it takes on special resonance within the epic’s highly developed recognition and identification patterns, which themselves are woven into the architecture of the epic and central to its goal of establishing kleos for Odysseus. The Odyssey’s interrogation is handled with care for its sensitive, kleos-conferring power that only Odysseus’ closest allies can bear. On Ithaca, we see how the interrogation is used progressively across the whole episode to refine Odysseus’ basis for kleos, which ultimately lies in private memories of Odysseus prior to his engagements with destructive heroism. Methodologically, this synchronic analysis of the Odyssey’s interrogations employs a novel combination of oral poetic approaches and showcases Homer’s structural aesthetics from its smallest phrases to its largest structures.
Phaeacian Multivalence
Authors: Arft Justin
Published: September 2022

Chapter 3 explores Phaeacian multivalence, or the Phaeacians’ resemblance to mythological peoples and locales, as a poetic tool. Formal aspects of Arete’s interrogation and Scheria’s affinities to an array of comparative underworld narratives suggest that Scheria absorbs external typologies to highlight Nausikaa’s role as guide and Arete’s transformational authority. This chapter further explores Phaeacian hostility and Arete’s role as supplicanda as functions of Scheria’s endogamous character. As these valences operate in the background, the Phaeacian episode’s foreground is characterized by a gendered tension between Arete and Alkinoos that is exhibited not just in their unique domains of authority but especially in their contrasting perceptions of Odysseus. Following these insights, Chapter 3 provides a novel approach to Nausikaa’s and Athena’s roles as cultural informants who offer private information through generically unique performances that allow Odysseus and the external audience to judge the exceptional and potentially harmful nature of Alkinoos’ orientation toward Odysseus.
Question and Answer
Authors: Arft Justin
Published: September 2022

Chapter 5 treats Odysseus’ famous Apologue (Od. 9–12) as a response to both Alkinoos’ and Arete’s inquiries into his fundamental basis for renown, offering novel interpretations of the Polyphemus episode, Circe’s interrogation, and the framing of the nekuia as an encoded appeal to Arete. Careful analysis of these episodes indicates how Odysseus structures his performance to emphasize his need for nostos while eschewing martial heroism as a primary basis for kleos. This chapter offers a comprehensive analysis of Arete’s brief but encoded response to Odysseus in the intermezzo and demonstrates how it verifies his kleos in the modality of nostos. Chapter 5 closes with a reassessment of Arete’s authority in the epic and proposes that Arete should be understood as a central sēma (or sign) of the Odyssey’s process for creating kleos.
The Architectural Mind
Authors: Shasore Neal
Published: September 2022

The final chapter explores the ‘architectural mind’ and its intense projections onto questions of urban improvement in central London in the first half of the twentieth century. The core themes of the book are pulled together in this concluding chapter, which interrogates what was at stake in debates about the interrelationship between professional claims, design imperatives, and appeals to the public. It examines an excitable and continuous debate about central urban development in London which stretched from the 1910s to the 1950s. It focuses on, firstly, traffic and cross-river communication incorporating the prospect of a new bridge at Charing Cross to replace the Hungerford Railway Bridge; secondly, and relatedly, the structural failure of John Rennie’s Waterloo Bridge, the campaign to save it, and its rebuilding by the Labour-led London County Council, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott; and thirdly, the development of the riverside, particularly the area now known as the South Bank, as a herald of the opening up of the ‘Surrey side’ of London.. The chapter examines a range of proposals and schemes submitted to tackle these thorny issues, culminating in the Royal Academy Planning Committee’s proposals for the reconstruction of London after the Second World War, superseded by shifting design ideals exemplified by the Festival of Britain and the South Bank. The book concludes by foregrounding continuity and contiguity rather than simplistic narratives of rupture and renewal.
Hughes Faces McCarthyism
Authors: De Santis Christopher C.
Published: September 2022

Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy’s highly publicized campaign in the 1950s to expose communist infiltration of the State Department and other areas of U.S. Government personally impacted Hughes, who was subpoenaed to appear before the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in Washington, D.C. Hughes testified twice before the subcommittee, once at an executive session on March 24, 1953, and again at a public session on March 26, 1953. At issue during these sessions was Hughes’s body of work included in State Department-sponsored libraries throughout the world—libraries intended to propagandize narrow understandings of American objectives, values, and cultures—and whether his writings promoted communist ideologies. In the Executive Session, Hughes detailed personal experiences with racism, prejudice, and discrimination that compelled his radical writings and commitment to the far left in the 1930s. In the Public Session, Hughes emphasized his faith in democracy and pro-democratic beliefs and conceded that his radical writings no longer represented his personal philosophy.