bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intersection of SFBT and Trauma
Authors: Kim Johnny S. , Froerer Adam S.
Published: December 2018

This chapter lays the framework for the book by defining and discussing trauma as well as describing the many aspects of trauma. An overview on the research on trauma will be presented along with descriptions about the various types of trauma clients may experience. A brief overview of common evidence-based treatments currently used to help clients deal with their trauma and with their limitations is also presented. The chapter provides a review of the SFBT trauma research and discusses ways SFBT can provide an alternative approach to helping clients. The chapter concludes by discussing why and how the SFBT approach might be more beneficial for clients managing trauma.
Conspiracy Theories in U.S. History
Authors: Olmstead Kathryn S.
Published: December 2018

Although many Americans believe that conspiratorial thinking is reaching new heights in the twenty-first century, conspiracy theories have been commonplace throughout U.S. history. In the colonial and early republic eras, Americans feared that Catholics, Jews, Masons, Indians, and African Americans were plotting against them. In the nineteenth century they added international bankers, rich businessmen, and Mormons to the list of potential conspirators. In the twentieth century, conspiracy theories continued to evolve, and many Americans began to suspect the U.S. government itself of plotting against them. These theories gained more credibility after the revelation of real government conspiracies, notably CIA assassination plots, the Watergate scandal, and the Iran–-Contra affair.
The Conspiratorial Style in Turkish Politics
Authors: Nefes Türkay Salim
Published: December 2018

The “deep state” conspiracy theory is evergreen in Turkish politics. Why is it so popular, and why do political elites continually turn to different forms of this conspiracy theory? This chapter focuses on an amorphous but significant conspiracy theory, the deep state, which argues that a clandestine elite group is determined to defend the Turkish state ideology and the political stability by legal, and often illegal, means. While all political parties in the Turkish parliament talk about the existence of the deep state, they do not agree on who it is, largely because of their contradictory partisan interests. This creates incompatible definitions of the deep state, which cannot convince all parties. In short, partisan conflict ensures the continuity of the deep state conspiracy theory.
The Government-Industrial Complex
Authors: Light Paul C.
Published: December 2018

The Government-Industrial Complex explores the recent history and impact of the federal government’s blended workforce of federal, contract, and grant employees. Drawing upon Dwight D. Eisenhower’s description of the military-industrial complex, government-reform expert Paul Light argues that the federal government now depends on seven-nine million full-time-equivalent government-industry employees. Light’s analysis examines changes in the size of the government-industrial complex, explains the federal government’s dependence on contract and grant employees, and explores potential reforms to protect the nation against what Eisenhower called the potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power. Light chronicles the role of hiring caps, cuts, and freezes in promoting the use of contract and grant employees and shows the impact of war and peace on the changing size of government. Light offers short histories of the role that Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama played in the changing number and distribution of the federal government’s federal, contract, and grant employees. Light also discusses the Trump administration’s early strategies on downsizing and deconstructing government while describing the demographic, bureaucratic, and political problems that explain the federal government’s dependence on contract and grant employees. He then describes a sorting system for assuring that the right employees are in the right jobs to assure the greatest value and accountability, and he concludes with a description of the “next gen” public service needed to achieve the more perfect union and blessings of liberty promised in the Constitution’s preamble.
A Warning Renewed
Authors: Light Paul C.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 1 provides a broad history of Dwight D. Eisenhower’s 1961 farewell address and the author’s methodology for estimating the true size of the government-industrial complex workforce. The chapter begins with Eisenhower’s decision to deliver a nationally televised speech warning the nation of the grave threats created by the conjunction of an imperative, but immense military and armaments industry. The chapter explores the history of the speech and the president’s chosen words for characterizing the military-industrial complex. The chapter continues with a discussion of the method used for estimating the true size of the federal, contract, and grant workforces. The method converts federal spending into estimates of the full-time-equivalent contract and grant employment for use in side-by-side comparisons to the federal workforce. The chapter ends with a discussion of the data deficit surrounding the government-industrial complex and warns readers that all data have expiration dates, including the data used in the book.
Cheiron's Way
Authors: Gregory Justina
Published: December 2018

This book studies the social and ethical formation of selected characters in ancient Greek epic and tragedy. Its point of departure is the claim made by Achilles’ tutor Phoenix, who reminds his former pupil, “I made you the man you are” (Homer, Iliad 9.485) as he pleads with him to let go of his anger. Following an introduction that sketches the conceptual background for literary representations of teaching and learning, Chapter 1 considers the pedagogic persona of Cheiron the centaur, the first teacher in the Greek tradition. Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the Iliadic Achilles, who achieves maturity by way of successive crises of disillusionment and empathy and who becomes an influential prototype for tragedy. Chapter 4 discusses Telemachus and Odysseus in the Odyssey; Chapter 5, Ajax in his name play; Chapter 6, Neoptolemus in Philoctetes; Chapter 7, Hippolytus in his name play, with an excursus on Ion; and Chapter 8, Achilles and Iphigenia in Iphigenia in Aulis, with a preliminary discussion of Nausicaa in the Odyssey. A coda summarizes results and takes note of the perennial lure (despite its uncertain results) of the educational enterprise for communities, students, and teachers.
The Sit Room
Authors: Scheffer David
Published: December 2018

The Sit Room brings you into the secretive Situation Room of the White House, the most important deliberative room in the world, during the early 1990s when the author was one of the policymakers who framed the Clinton administration’s policy toward the bloody Balkans War. With newly declassified documents and his own notes to draw upon, David Scheffer, who later became America’s first Ambassador at Large for War Crimes Issues, weaves the true story of how policy options were debated in the Situation Room among the highest national security officials. The road to a final peace deal in late 1995 came at the high price of the murderous siege of Sarajevo and ethnic cleansing of mostly Bosnian Muslims from their homes and towns. The book relates the inside story about how American policy evolved—often futilely—to try to stop an intractable war and shocking atrocities. Main actors in the Situation Room include the Ambassador to the United Nations, Madeleine Albright, the State Department’s ace negotiator Richard Holbrooke, National Security Adviser Tony Lake, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff John Shalikashvili, Deputy National Security Adviser Sandy Berger, and White House moralist David Gergen. For three years the Situation Room table was littered with shattered proposals to end the war until armed force backed up diplomacy to compel a fragile peace deal. The book reveals authentic policymaking at the highest levels with a unique journey into the arena of war and peace where spirited debate guided America’s foreign policy.
The Siting Dilemma
Authors: Freeman Lance
Published: December 2018

From the Great Depression until the 1970s, project-based housing assistance, in the form of the Public Housing Program, was planned and developed in a way that reinforced existing patterns of residential segregation by race. As the victims of public policy that promoted segregation, African Americans decried the way that public housing was used to expand and maintain the ghetto. The dire and persistent need for decent affordable housing and the concomitant resources that develop and maintain such housing, however, have complicated the African American response to segregated affordable housing. This complex and multifaceted stance toward segregated affordable housing has had implications for affordable housing policy from the Public Housing Program through the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit. This chapter chronicles the African American response and considers the implications of this response for past, present, and future public policy.
How to Land
Authors: Cooper Albright Ann
Published: December 2018

How to Land: Finding Ground in an Unstable World is based on a conviction that there is a deep interconnectedness between how we think about the world and how we move through it. This book is situated at the intersection of somatics and politics—the place where bodily perception meets social engagement. Over the course of the first two decades of the twenty-first century, Americans have experienced an unprecedented number of national tragedies, political crises, economic downturns, and natural catastrophes. From the sudden and horrific collapse of the World Trade Center towers to the economic recession, from the cyclical plunges in housing values to the periodic crashes of the stock market, from the fallen bodies of mass shootings and collapsing buildings to the current dismantling of environmental policies, we live in a state of almost constant anxiety about things falling apart, and our bodies reflect that. This book argues that gravity—both the physical experience of one’s weight because of the earth’s pull, and the more metaphorical implications of being grounded in the midst of ongoing turmoil in the world around us—can provide an important balance to the social, political, and economic unpredictability that surrounds us these days. Throughout the chapters, the reader is introduced to a series of movement practices based in Contact Improvisation and related somatic practices that can help cultivate a responsive body—one that is capable of resistance as well as resilience, helping us find a more embodied way of being present in this unstable world.
Knowledge, Autonomy, and Exemplars
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the connection between epistemology and autonomy in representation and knowledge. To proceed from acceptance to justification and knowledge, what we accept must be more reasonable than the objections to it. The source of reasonableness is our trustworthiness in what we accept in pursuit of the goals of reason. The reasonableness of trustworthiness loops back to explain itself but depends on our choice and our freedom or autonomy in what we prefer to accept. The keystone in the life of reason is a pair of explanatory loops of trustworthiness and autonomy. Autonomy extends exemplar representation of experience to the world of qualities and objects we perceive and those we postulate in science. Our trustworthy and autonomous choice of how we represent the world in terms of exemplars of experience sustains itself in an explanatory loop that ties knowledge and autonomy up, down, and together in our world.
Epilogue
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: December 2018

The book contains a theory of knowledge, self-trust, autonomy, and consciousness. It takes an explanatory system, a theory, to solve philosophical problems, whatever the risk of error. The theory is a coherence theory of knowledge, a defensibility theory of knowledge. The defensibility is an internal capacity supplied by an evaluation system to defend the target claim. Defense or justification that is sustained by truth in the background system is defensible knowledge. Exemplar representation of conscious experience, exemplarization, connects the system with truth by making experience self-representational. The truth-maker and the representation of it are one. The exemplarized experiences also become exhibits of what it is like to experience external entities radiating to represent them. In this way, the accepted premises of our experience, our exemplar representations, become part of the justification and defense of target knowledge claims within our evaluation system.
Centrifugal Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that beginning around 5000 bce, alongside the rise of cities and written language, a new regime of motion came to dominate ontological practice in the West: centrifugal motion. Clearly visible in the Bronze Age (3500 bce) and culminating in ancient Greece by 500 bce, a newly powerful kinetic pattern of ontological practice emerged that descriptively and inscriptively relied on a centrifugal movement from the center to the periphery. This is not to say that the dominantly centripetal motions of the Neolithic period disappeared or were sublimated, but rather that they were transformed and taken up by another motion.
Medieval Theology IV
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

In this chapter, we turn to an analysis of the coexistence of relational, external, and internal motion in the doctrine of the Trinity. The theological doctrine of the Trinity was by far one of the most important, dominant, and novel descriptions of being during the medieval and early modern periods, beginning around the middle of the fourth century. From the beginning of the Nicene Creed (381 ce), which established an official doctrine of the Trinity, until the emergence of the European Enlightenment in the mid-eighteenth century, Trinitarianism remained the single most pervasive and powerful ontotheological framework in the West—influencing all the natural theologies of force of the previous chapters. To this day it remains the official doctrine of the Catholic Church. This chapter lays out the patterns of tensional motion at work in this important theory.
Modern Phenomenology IV
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that after Husserl, the elastic motion of time was taken one step further by Martin Heidegger (1889–1976). For Husserl, the ontological primacy of time emerges as an a priori condition of time consciousness and thus results in the radical multiplicity of the temporal field, initially discovered by Kant. Heidegger, however, discovers the pure elasticity of time itself as an ontological process. For Heidegger, primordial phenomenological time is not successive. Time does not exist, but this does not mean that it is an illusion and being is eternal. This chapter looks at this theme in the work of Heidegger and Derrida.
Gendering Voice
Authors: Appert Catherine M.
Published: December 2018

Through a discussion of Gotal, a women’s collective, this chapter shows how gendered analysis problematizes constructions of hip hop as a youth music. While young urban men experience a newfound mobility that allows the construction of widespread hip hop networks, familial and social concerns over female sexuality limit young women’s movements through public (hip hop) space. In focusing on expression in the public sphere, and in rejecting traditional music as easy and feminine, hip hop constructions of voice underestimate and effectively silence indigenous modes of female self-expression. Female rappers still seek to mobilize hip hop voice, however, and counter these narratives through discourses of family and work. Flipping the script on hip hop tropes of the underground, they position their own marginalization as a badge of hip hop authenticity.
Producing Diaspora
Authors: Appert Catherine M.
Published: December 2018

This chapter shows how palimpsestic practices of hip hop genre produce diasporic connections. It describes how hip hop practices of layering and sampling delink indigenous musical elements from traditional communicative norms to rework them in hip hop, where they signify rootedness and locality in ways consistent with hip hop practice in the United States. It demonstrates that this process relies on applications of hip hop time (musical meter) as being fundamentally different from indigenous music, whose local appeal is contrasted with hip hop’s global intelligibility. It outlines how hip hop concepts of flow free verbal performance from lyrical referentiality to render it a musical element. It argues that these practices of hip hop genre, in their delinking of sound and speech, reshape understandings of the relationship between commercialism and referentiality, and suggests that voice therefore should be understood to encompass artists’ agency in pursuing material gain in the face of socioeconomic struggle.
Legitimacy
Authors: Ayres Thomas E. , Thurnher Jeffrey S.
Published: December 2018

Legitimacy is a critical factor in operations. States strive to maintain legitimacy of their operations for a variety of reasons. The essence of legitimacy on the battlefield is conducting operations in a manner that enables the fighting force to gain and maintain moral and legal authority. Whenever fighting takes place on a cluttered or complex battlespace, legitimacy is brought to the forefront as the potential for civilian harm is often increased. The desire for legitimacy is perhaps the main reason States voluntarily cede sovereignty to comply with international law. Adherence to the law of armed conflict is a necessary and key component of legitimacy. States, as the primary developers and adherents of international law, created the current law of armed conflict construct and are responsible for ensuring its continued viability. States understand that legitimacy and compliance with the law help shape ultimate victory in complex battlespaces. States further recognize that the law of armed conflict only functions properly when there is a delicate balance between the fundamental principles of humanity and military necessity. In recent years, however, States have been subject to attempts from external entities to tilt this balance in favor of humanitarian considerations and to reshape what are considered legitimate actions on complex battlefields. Simultaneously, States have confronted non-State actors that intentionally seek to flout international law and use it to undermine States’ abilities to respond. This chapter examines the importance of legitimacy to States and the reasons States seek to garner it through their military operations.
Negation and Nonveridicality in the History of Greek
Authors: Chatzopoulou Katerina
Published: December 2018

This study is an investigation of the expression of negation in the history of Greek, through quantitative data from representative texts from three major stages of vernacular Greek (Attic Greek, Koine, Late Medieval Greek), and qualitative data from Homeric Greek until Standard Modern. The contrast between two complementary negators, NEG1 and NEG2, is explained in terms of sensitivity of NEG2 μη‎ to nonveridicality: NEG2 is a polarity item in all stages of the Greek language, an item licensed by nonveridicality. The asymmetry in the diachronic development of the Greek negator system (the replacement of NEG1 and the preservation of NEG2) is explained with reference to the particulars of the uses of NEG2, specifically the inertial forces drawn by the nonnegative uses of NEG2, which being nonnegative did not experience the renewal pressures predicted by the Jespersen’s Cycle. These are its complementizer uses: (i) as a question particle, and (ii) in introducing verbs of fear complements. A viewpoint for Jespersen’s Cycle is proposed that abstracts away from the morphosyntactic and phonological particulars of the phenomenon and explicitly places its regularities in the semantics, accommodating not only for Greek, but for numerous other languages that deviate in different ways from the traditional description of Jespersen’s Cycle. The developments observed in the history of the Greek negator system agree with current generative theories of syntactic change, regarding the notions of up-the-tree movement.
China’s Economic Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

The chapter documents the growth of economic relations between China and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), focussing on trade, foreign direct investment, Chinese construction and engineering projects, loans, and aid. It shows the variety of different actors involved in these relationships, including state and non-state actors on both the Chinese and Latin American sides. The chapter then discusses the role of strategic diplomatic, strategic economic, and commercial objectives in the growing Chinese involvement in LAC. It also addresses questions of Latin American agency and the interests of local actors in economic relations with China. The impact of political, strategic economic, and commercial factors on different types of economic relations are then analyzed econometrically.
The Global Rise of Social Cash Transfers
Authors: Leisering Lutz
Published: December 2018

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) proclaimed the equality of all human beings in dignity and rights. The right to social security, however, has been taken more seriously only since the 2000s, through calls for ‘Social security for all’ and ‘Leaving no one behind’. The book investigates a major response, social cash transfers to the poor. The idea of simply giving money to the poor had been rejected by all major development organizations until the 1990s, but since the early 2000s, social cash transfers have mushroomed in the global South and on agendas of international organizations. How come? What programmes have emerged in which countries? How inclusive are the programmes? What models have international organizations devised? Based on unique quantitative and qualitative data, the book takes stock of all identifiable cash transfers in all Southern countries and of the views of all major international organizations. The author argues that cash transfers reflect broader changes: new understandings of development, of human rights, of global risks, of the social responsibility of governments, and of universalism. Social cash transfers have turned the poor from objects of charity into rights-holders and agents of their own lives and of development. A repertoire of cash transfers has evolved that has enhanced social citizenship, but is limited by weak political commitments. The book also contributes to a general theory of social policy in development contexts, through a constructivist sociological approach that complements the dominant approaches from welfare economics and political economy and includes a theory of social assistance.
Social Cash Transfers in the Global South
Authors: Leisering Lutz
Published: December 2018

Social cash transfers have mushroomed in the global South since the 2000s. This chapter maps the new landscape of cash transfers. What programmes have emerged in which countries, and how firmly are they institutionalized? How inclusive are the programmes, who is included, and who is left behind? Do cash transfers contribute to social citizenship? How do countries and continents differ? The chapter draws on a unique self-constructed database, which covers all identifiable cash transfer programmes in all Southern countries, and defines new indicators of inclusiveness. While the literature focuses on cash transfer programmes, the chapter focuses on entitlements to cash transfers (entitlement approach) and on cash transfer regimes (the ensemble of all cash transfer programmes in a country; systemic approach). The analysis reveals a massive spread of entitlements, with limitations, and great variations between programmes and between countries, indicating different notions of who is deserving and who is not.
Towards a Theory of Social Assistance
Authors: Leisering Lutz
Published: December 2018

This chapter sets out a theory of social assistance (including social cash transfers), which covers both the global North and South, and discusses the future of income security in the South beyond social cash transfers. It is argued that social assistance constitutes a small but vital component of social security and social citizenship—‘residual but fundamental’. It is further argued that social assistance is ‘fundamental but not comprehensive’, i.e. the challenge of universalizing social citizenship extends beyond relieving poverty. To confront the problem of inequality and get the middle classes on board, cash transfers need to be embedded in a broader, multi-tiered architecture of social security, which increases political support also for cash transfers. Still, despite the fundamental contributions of social assistance and the positive effects of cash transfers in many countries of the South, these programmes remain Janus-faced, entailing inclusions and exclusions, recognition and stigma, autonomy and social control.
General Background
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: December 2018

This chapter explains the background of Buddhist philosophy needed to understand the rest of the book: its historical and geographical development in India and China, the foundational principles of the Four Noble Truths, and the notions of impermanence and no self.
Quintum Non-Datur
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: December 2018

This chapter looks at the appearance of the catuṣkoṭi in early sūtras. It then looks at the failure of attempts to accommodate it in `standard' logic. Next it shows how it can be accommodated in the logic of First Degree Entailment. Finally it looks at some early Buddhist hints that there might be more to matters than the simple catuṣkoṭi and how these matters cannot be accommodated by appealing to presupposition-failure.
Emptiness
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: December 2018

This chapter looks at the rise of Mahāyāna Buddhism in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, and the consequent attack on the Abhidharma picture launched by Nāgārjuna. In particular Nāgārjuna argues that all things are empty (śūnya) of svabhāva. The catuṣkoṭi is deployed in his arguments, but in the process a fifth possibility appears to emerge: ineffability
Procedural Reforms and their Context
Authors: Koß Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter identifies ninety procedural reforms from the British, French, Swedish, and German legislatures during the years 1866–2015 which will be analysed in Chapters 5–7. For all these reforms, original data have been collected, mostly consisting of parliamentary documents (committee reports and plenary proceedings). The details and sources of all reforms can be found in the Appendix of the book. All legislatures started their procedural development in the legislative state of nature. Only seventeen of the ninety reforms are substantial (eight path changes and nine substantial reforms) while 72 are expressions of institutional conservatism (54 incremental and 18 failed reforms). This chapter also contextualizes these reforms by discussing the evolution of the legislative workload, extra-legislative institutions, and party systems in the four countries under investigation. None of these features systematically covaries with the procedural development of the respective legislatures.
(Non-)Departures from the Legislative State of Nature, 1866–1917
Authors: Koß Michael
Published: December 2018

Prior to 1917, a centralization of agenda control was successful in the British House of Commons between 1882 and 1902 but failed in the German Reichstag in 1906. In the House of Commons, followers over time accepted that systematic attempts of Irish nationalists to delay the passage of legislation amounted to anti-system obstruction could only be contained procedurally as advocated by leaders. In contrast, the German Social Democrats, despite being deemed anti-system by conservatives, only obstructed legislative business tactically. This explains why centrist legislators refused to support the procedural changes proposed by the extra-parliamentary government. In the absence of any systematic obstruction, followers successfully called for mega-seats on powerful committees in both the French Chamber of Deputies and the Swedish Riksdag.
Pathways to Path-Dependence, 1918–90
Authors: Koß Michael
Published: December 2018

During 1918–90 ideological, anti-system communist and fascist parties emerged. Anti-system obstruction and the response to it from establishment parties explain why a centralization of agenda control succeeded in the French National Assembly in 1958 but not during previous reform attempts or in the German Reichstag during the Weimar Republic. The absence of obstruction (in the French case) or legislators’ procedural response to it (in the German case) prevented any substantial reform in the interwar years. Only when anti-system obstruction triggered a procedural response did the centralization of agenda control succeed in France. Once procedural path changes occurred, legislators adapted by developing a preference for talk (in the plenary) or work (in committees). This explains why neither the disappearance of the anti-system threat in the British House of Commons nor the emergence of a Communist party in the Swedish Riksdag affected the respective procedural paths chosen prior to 1917.
Adaptations, 1991–2015
Authors: Koß Michael
Published: December 2018

The 1991–2015 period saw both the diminished importance of the traditional anti-system parties of the left (due to the end of Communist rule in Europe) as well as the rise of new populist radical right-wing parties. As a response to the sharp rise of tactical obstruction by loyal opposition parties, the French National Assembly became a hybrid legislature when committees were empowered under centralized agenda control in 2008. With no similar increase of obstruction in the British House of Commons, no substantial procedural reform occurred. In the two working legislatures (the Riksdag and the Bundestag), legislators maintained their preference for work. This explains the procedural path dependence in both legislatures despite the appearance of a potential anti-system party (the Sweden Democrats) in the Riksdag. Given the absence of sustained obstruction by the Sweden Democrats, followers successfully reversed an attempt to informally centralize agenda control in the Riksdag.
Conclusion: Maintaining Legislative Democracy
Authors: Koß Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides the causal mechanism explaining the emergence of talking, working, and hybrid legislatures. Apart from anti-system obstruction, in order to be established, talking legislatures depend on two additional necessary conditions jointly sufficient for a centralization of agenda control: a critical juncture and followers’ surrender of inherited procedural privileges. Alternatively, followers’ demand for mega-seats on legislative committees triggers a development towards working legislatures. This chapter also emphasizes that legislative obstruction is subject to equifinality and argues that the procedural development of congresses in presidential systems is most likely susceptible to more multiple causation than that of parliaments. In conclusion, it appears that procedural reform in Western European legislatures over the last 150 years was primarily aimed at maintaining legislative democracy. The chapter closes with a discussion of the alleged decline of legislatures and addresses options for countering the dual threats to legislative democracy posed by autocrats and populists.
The Staggering of Andreas Kalvos
Authors: Zanou Konstantina
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 tells the story of Andreas Kalvos (1792–1869), one of Greece’s more emblematic poets. It narrates Kalvos’s first steps as Ugo Foscolo’s student and Italian Neoclassical tragic writer, as well as his subsequent transformation from an Italian into a Greek poet within the environment of London philhellenism. It focuses on Kalvos’s gradual discovery of modern Greek Enlightenment literature and on his conscious choice to write patriotic poetry in Greek inspired by the Greek revolution. The chapter attempts to complicate the picture of the poet’s national and cultural belongings, by shedding light on his activity as an Italian carbonaro during the years of the Greek revolution, and on his late decision to abandon once and for all his native Ionian Islands and their Greek cultural environment for Britain.
Dionysios Solomos
Authors: Zanou Konstantina
Published: December 2018

Chapter 3 is a thematic biography of Dionysios Solomos (1798–1857), Greece’s official ‘national poet’. It starts by narrating Solomos’s Italian education and his early attempts at composing Italian poetry. In following the poet’s return to his native Ionians Islands, it then focuses on his conscious but difficult decision to transform himself from an Italian into a Greek poet and an advocate of the principles of the Greek revolution and Byronic philhellenism. By bringing into attention the Italian matrix of Solomos’s Greek verses, as well as his return to Italian poetry-writing during the last years of his life, the chapter challenges idealized and teleological perceptions of the poet’s nationality and argues that Solomos was and remained a bicultural intellectual.
Diasporic Lives across Empires and Nations
Authors: Zanou Konstantina
Published: December 2018

Chapter 5 explores Ioannis Kapodistrias’s life (1776–1831) in conjunction with a set of other biographies, devoted to his friends and collaborators in the Ionian Islands and Russia during the first three decades of the nineteenth century. It explores Kapodistrias’s efforts to learn Greek and Hellenize himself in Russia, his connections to the Ottoman Phanariot environment of St Petersburg, and his meteoric rise in the diplomatic service of the Tsar. The chapter’s aim is to unravel a particular intellectual geography that was formed between Italy, the Ionian Islands, the Ottoman Danubian Principalities, and Russia, and to show the forms of nationalism and proto-liberalism that were fostered, and which creatively combined the empire and the nation. Small nations, for these Ionian proto-liberals, could exist only if protected by great empires.
Conservative Liberalism and Pan-Christian Utopianism in Post-Napoleonic Europe
Authors: Zanou Konstantina
Published: December 2018

Chapter 6 focuses on the mystical atmosphere created by the Holy Alliance (1815) and on the hopes invested on Tsar Alexander I’s allegedly liberal and constitutional venture in the years around the Congress of Vienna. It shows how deeply anti-revolutionary European liberalism was at this time and argues that no matter how conservative, Kapodistrias’s political outlook fell within—and not outside—the spectrum of liberal politics as these were understood in Europe in the post-Napoleonic period. By focusing on the Holy Alliance’s application of a political theology based on the principle of ‘Christian fraternity’, the chapter shows, in addition, how, in this circle of Ionian and Phanariot intellectuals, visions of Pan-Christian utopian ecumenism were combined with the emerging idea of the nation.
An Unknown ‘Miracle’
Authors: Zanou Konstantina
Published: December 2018

Chapter 10 provides insight into Andrea Mustoxidi’s biography (1785–1860), focusing in particular on the way this largely forgotten Corfiot, who was famous in his own lifetime, inserted himself into the Italian and European intellectual scene with works on philology and history inspired by Neoclassicism and philhellenism. It also unearths the unknown adventure of this man’s involvement in Russian diplomacy and the 1821 revolution in Piedmont, as well as his subsequent transformation from a Russian diplomat into a Greek minister (the first ‘Ephor’ for culture and education in Greece) and into a liberal politician on the British Ionian Islands. By so doing, the chapter also studies the educational programme of Kapodistrias’s government, as well as the adventure of liberal politics in the British Mediterranean Empire.
The Greco- and Dalmato-Venetian Intellectuals after the End of the Serenissima
Authors: Zanou Konstantina
Published: December 2018

Chapter 11 encounters the endeavours of a group of Ionian and Dalmatian intellectuals who were enfolded in the decrepit embrace of the Greek community of Venice during the first half of the nineteenth century—namely, Spiridione Vlandi, Giovanni and Spiridione Veludo, Bartolomeo Cutlumusiano, Antimo Masarachi, Pier-Alessandro Paravia, Niccolò Tommaseo, and Emilio Tipaldo. It examines these men’s bicultural existence and multiple patriotisms, spanning as they did Venice, the Ionian Islands or Dalmatia, Italy, and Greece. Most of these people were actively involved in the 1848 Venetian revolution, a fact that shows just how local and regional, as well as transnational, the various patriotisms engendered by the 1848–9 revolutionary events were. However, the chapter shows that these revolutions also marked the point at which nationalism and transnationalism would start to become incompatible and even to emerge as contrary poles.
Epilogue
Authors: Zanou Konstantina
Published: December 2018

The Epilogue recounts the story of Andrea Mustoxidi’s clash with Niccolò Tommaseo (1802–74), who lived for a time as an exile on the Ionian Islands. The reason for this disagreement was the gradual replacement of Italian with Greek as the official language of the Ionian state in the early 1850s, a process that Mustoxidi supported but in which Tommaseo discerned xenophobic, and more particularly anti-Italian, dimensions. The Crimean War created additional tension on the islands, widening the gap between Christian Orthodox and Catholics in the region. The conflict between these two intellectuals is seen as symbolically marking the end of the ‘transnational patriotism’ moment in the Adriatic, a declaration of the irreversible dissolution of its common Venetian cultural space. The de-Venetization, Hellenization, and Orthodoxization of the Ionian Islands signified the completion of the transition process from empires to nation-states.
Grammaticalization in Turkic
Authors: Johanson Lars , Csató Éva Á.
Published: December 2018

The chapter represents the whole Northern Eurasian area, where Turkic languages are spoken in close contact with the Transeurasian languages Mongolic and Tungusic. These three families share significant grammaticalization strategies and typological characteristics with each other as well as with Koreanic and Japonic. First, the distribution, classification, and some basic typological features of Turkic languages are briefly presented in comparison with other Transeurasian languages. The main focus lies on typically non-European grammaticalization processes that are representative of the whole family and recur throughout the known history of Turkic. A detailed account of different grammaticalization strategies of so-called postverbial constructions—a combination of a converb and an auxilary verb—complements the treatment of similar processes in other Transeurasian languages in the volume.
Typology and grammaticalization in the Papuan languages of Timor, Alor, and Pantar
Authors: Klamer Marian
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates two grammaticalization patterns that are characteristic for the Timor-Alor-Pantar (TAP) family, a family of ~25 Papuan languages spoken in eastern Indonesia: first, the grammaticalization first of locational, deictic, and handling verbs into adpositions and verbal prefixes, and second, of nouns into numeral classifiers. It is observed that in verb grammaticalization, many cognate forms are involved, while the process is not influenced by contact with (an) Austronesian language(s). The grammaticalization of nouns into classifiers, on the other hand, does not involve any cognates, and is influenced by Austronesian contact. Grammaticalization is thus not determined only by universal tendencies, nor by typology alone; sociohistorical circumstances play a role too. If and how contact influences grammaticalization depends on the type and intensity of contact; and contact affects grammaticalization in the verbal and nominal domain in different ways.
Social Relations
Authors: Lipscomb Suzannah
Published: December 2018

Section 1 examines the function of gossip in community life. It highlights the role of women as gossips, motivated by a profound interest in the sexual activities of others, and using gossip to delineate the moral boundaries of the community. It considers how gossip led to female denunciation and action. Section 2 identifies forty-one different insults used against women. It considers the ubiquity of the insult putain (whore), but also how women were charged with drunkenness and lacking control through other sexually denigrating synonyms, and some non-sexual insults. It concludes that sexual insults were about sex, and were mostly used by women against women. Section 3 examines disputes over sacred spaces, which were bound up with social status, and violent neighbourly quarrels. It considers the causes of such fights, and how women were verbally and physical violent against other women, and men.
Democracy in Italy
Authors: Fruci Gian Luca
Published: December 2018

In the Italian peninsula, support for ‘democracy’ came relatively early, and it engaged some notable enthusiasts. Italy’s republican past encouraged interest in experiments with new forms of republicanism, first in the United States from the 1770s, then in France in the 1790s. The Thermidorian ideal of ‘representative democracy’ received at least as much support in Italy as in France. Democratic politics in practice though were often plebiscitarian: setting a template that would retain power for generations. With the advent of Napoleon, the rhetoric lost salience, and, under the Restoration, critics of autocratic regimes tended to call themselves liberals. In 1848, following (but again if anything radicalizing) French example, some Italian political actors once more vigorously championed ‘democratic’ versions of republicanism. Yet nationalists proved most effective at harnessing the rhetoric. Democratic aspirations were realised chiefly inasmuch as they were fulfilled by a plebiscitarian national monarchy.
Sovereignty, Governance, and Political Community in the Ottoman Empire and North Africa
Authors: McDougall James
Published: December 2018

Early modern Ottoman and European political cultures had more in common than is conventionally admitted. It was the dissolution of their shared world that produced accounts of the rise of democracy as an exclusively European story. In fact, through the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the pattern of commonalities and differences remained complex, as contests over sovereignty, representation, popular movements, and forms of rule played out in uneven, changing, but still entangled worlds. Baki Tezcan’s model of a relatively participatory early modern empire provides a suggestive framework for understanding developments through the early nineteenth century. The fraying of authority and diverse reform attempts after 1780 prompted struggles over more and less accountable ways of ‘reviving’ the empire, and produced new forms of popular politics. Though in the 1860s Young Ottomans began to develop a vision of an Ottoman ‘democratic’ future, ultimately, from the 1880s, a top-down, dirigiste approach triumphed.
Re-imagining the Social Order
Authors: Innes Joanna
Published: December 2018

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries saw attempts around the Mediterranean world to replace an old order of privilege and delegated power with one in which all subjects were equal before the state. Across southern Europe, revolutionary France provided the model: under French and subsequently liberal regimes, privilege in state, church, and economy was cut back; there were analogous changes in the Ottoman world. Legal change did not always translate into substantive social change. Nonetheless, new conceptions of a largely autonomous ‘society’ developed, and new protocols were invented to relate state to ‘society’, often entailing use of tax status as a reference point for the allocation of rights and duties. The French Doctrinaires argued that the abolition of privilege made society ‘democratic’, posing the question, how was such a society best governed? By the middle of the nineteenth century, this conception was widely endorsed across southern Europe.
Monsters and the Question of Inheritance in Early Modern French Theatre
Authors: Williams Wes
Published: December 2018

Following its ‘rebirth’ in the early sixteenth century, Heliodorus’ Aethiopika, itself a self-consciously theatrical, suspenseful narrative reworking of Homer, spent the next 150 years or so being edited, translated, and painted; it was also reimagined as dramatic poetry on the Italian, Spanish, French, and English stages. This chapter sketches out a few French aspects of this story, with occasional reference to other traditions, with its overriding obsession with the ‘faire’ Chariclea. Not least of the remarkable things about Heliodorus’ own reworking of epic tropes and themes is the very long recognition scene. This compelling scene, in which women rescue women, draws together the many strands of a tragicom(ed)ic tale about monsters, inheritance, doubtful generation, and the power of the imagination. Here we can see how tragicomedy might itself usefully be thought of as epic reimagined on stage as romance.
Voicing Virgil
Authors: Kirkpatrick Robin
Published: December 2018

In deciding to take the pagan poet gil as his guide in a Christian enterprise, Dante offers a sustained reperformance of Virgil’s poetry. His Commedia—which is, arguably, as dramatic in form as it is narrative or epic—represents in equal measure a celebration and a critique of classical culture. Dante’s own poetry distinguishes itself from Virgil’s in two particular ways, both of which demand attention to performative considerations. The first emphasizes the properties of vernacular speech in, significantly, the ‘mother tongue’ where a palpable physicality of voice and linguistic texture characterizes Dante’s Italian. The second—reflecting the theological action that impels the Commedia—requires that liturgical praxis, represented above all by the Psalms, be given a central position in this text.
Homer ‘Viewed from the Corridor’
Authors: Pillinger Emily
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores how Tippett’s opera, King Priam, retells Homer’s Iliad by fracturing the epic narrative into distinct episodes and patterns which expose to the audience’s scrutiny the internal conflicts of the main characters. This process involves balancing emotional realism with the alienation effect characteristic of Brechtian ‘epic’ theatre. Figures appear in patterns of twos, threes, and larger collectives, all mirroring and reflecting back upon one another. These reflections are highlighted by the requirement that the opera’s singers take on multiple roles, often crossing the divide between the mortal and divine realms or between the action and the choral response to it. Through these fluid groupings, which are masterminded by the strange figure of the god Hermes, Tippett’s protagonists demonstrate different degrees of self-knowledge and of autonomy within the constraints of the drama; this in turn offers new perspectives on the choices and behaviours of the original Homeric characters.