bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure of a nonheme globin in environmental stress signaling
Authors: Murray James W. , Delumeau Olivier , Lewis Richard J.
Published: November 2005

RsbR is a regulator of σ
B
, the RNA polymerase σ factor subunit responsible for transcribing the general stress response genes when environmental stress is imposed on
Bacillus subtilis
. The C-terminal domain of RsbR and its paralogues is a substrate for the kinase function of another σ
B
regulator, RsbT, but the amino acid sequence of the N-terminal domain of RsbR does not reveal any obvious biochemical function. RsbR, its paralogues, and other regulators of σ
B
, including RsbS and RsbT, form large signaling complexes, called stressosomes. We have determined and present here the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of RsbR. Unexpectedly, this structure belongs to the globin fold superfamily, but there is no bound cofactor. The globin domain from globin-coupled sensory systems replaces the N-terminal domain of RsbR in some bacteria, indicating a common genetic ancestry for RsbR and the globin family. We suggest that the globin fold has been “recycled” in RsbR and that one more activity can be included in the repertoire of globin functions, namely the ability to bind signaling macromolecules such as RsbT.
Studies of the distribution of
Escherichia coli
cAMP-receptor protein and RNA polymerase along the
E. coli
chromosome
Authors: Grainger David C. , Hurd Douglas , Harrison Marcus , Holdstock Jolyon , Busby Stephen J. W.
Published: November 2005

Chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-density microarrays have been used to monitor the distribution of the global transcription regulator
Escherichia coli
cAMP-receptor protein (CRP) and RNA polymerase along the
E. coli
chromosome. Our results identify targets occupied by CRP and genes transcribed by RNA polymerase
in vivo
. Many of the loci of CRP binding are at known CRP regulated promoters. However, our results show that CRP also interacts with thousands of weaker sites across the whole chromosome and that this “background” binding can be used as a probe for organization within the
E. coli
folded chromosome. In rapidly growing cells, we show that the major sites of RNA polymerase binding are ≈90 transcription units that include genes needed for protein synthesis. Upon the addition of rifampicin, RNA polymerase is distributed among >500 functional promoters. We show that the chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-density-microarrays methodology can be used to study the redistribution of RNA polymerase induced by environmental stress, revealing previously uncharacterized aspects of RNA polymerase behavior and providing an alternative to the “transcriptomics” approach for studying global transcription patterns.
Fcp1 directly recognizes the C-terminal domain (CTD) and interacts with a site on RNA polymerase II distinct from the CTD
Authors: Suh Man-Hee , Ye Ping , Zhang Mincheng , Hausmann Stéphane , Shuman Stewart , Gnatt Averell L. , Fu Jianhua
Published: November 2005

Fcp1 is an essential protein phosphatase that hydrolyzes phosphoserines within the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Fcp1 plays a major role in the regulation of CTD phosphorylation and, hence, critically influences the function of Pol II throughout the transcription cycle. The basic understanding of Fcp1–CTD interaction has remained ambiguous because two different modes have been proposed: the “dockingsite” model versus the “distributive” mechanism. Here we demonstrate biochemically that Fcp1 recognizes and dephosphorylates the CTD directly, independent of the globular non-CTD part of the Pol II structure. We point out that the recognition of CTD by the phosphatase is based on random access and is not driven by Pol II conformation. Results from three different types of experiments reveal that the overall interaction between Fcp1 and Pol II is not stable but dynamic. In addition, we show that Fcp1 also interacts with a region on the polymerase distinct from the CTD. We emphasize that this non-CTD site is functionally distinct from the docking site invoked previously as essential for the CTD phosphatase activity of Fcp1. We speculate that Fcp1 interaction with the non-CTD site may mediate its stimulatory effect on transcription elongation reported previously.
Identification of oligonucleotide sequences that direct the movement of the
Escherichia coli
FtsK translocase
Authors: Levy Oren , Ptacin Jerod L. , Pease Paul J. , Gore Jeff , Eisen Michael B. , Bustamante Carlos , Cozzarelli Nicholas R.
Published: November 2005

FtsK from
Escherichia coli
is a fast and sequence-directed DNA translocase with roles in chromosome dimer resolution, segregation, and decatenation. From the movement of single FtsK particles on defined DNA substrates and an analysis of skewed DNA sequences in bacteria, we identify GNGNAGGG, its complement, or both as a sequence motif that controls translocation directionality. GNGNAGGG is skewed so that it is predominantly on the leading strand of chromosomal replication. Translocation across this octamer from the 3′ side of the G-rich strand causes FtsK to pause, turn around, and translocate in the opposite direction. Only 39 ± 4% of the encounters between FtsK and the octamer result in a turnaround, congruent with our optimum turnaround probability prediction of 30%. The probability that the observed skew of GNGNAGGG within 1 megabase of
dif
occurred by chance in
E. coli
is 1.7 × 10
–57
, and similarly dramatic skews are found in the five other bacterial genomes we examined. The fact that FtsK acts only in the terminus region and the octamer skew extends from origin to terminus implies that this skew is also important in other basic cellular processes that are common among bacteria. Finally, we show that the FtsK translocase is a powerful motor that is able to displace a triplex-forming oligo from a DNA substrate.
Inactivation of the Snf5 tumor suppressor stimulates cell cycle progression and cooperates with p53 loss in oncogenic transformation
Authors: Isakoff Michael S. , Sansam Courtney G. , Tamayo Pablo , Subramanian Aravind , Evans Julia A. , Fillmore Christine M. , Wang Xi , Biegel Jaclyn A. , Pomeroy Scott L. , Mesirov Jill P. , Roberts Charles W. M.
Published: November 2005

Snf5 (Ini1/Baf47/Smarcb1), a core member of the Swi/Snf chromatin remodeling complex, is a potent tumor suppressor whose mechanism of action is largely unknown. Biallelic loss of Snf5 leads to the onset of aggressive cancers in both humans and mice. We have developed an innovative and widely applicable analytical technique for cross-species validation of cancer models and show that the gene expression profiles of our Snf5 murine models closely resemble those of human Snf5-deficient rhabdoid tumors. We exploit this system to produce what we believe to be the first report documenting the effects on gene expression of inactivating a Swi/Snf subunit in normal mammalian cells and to identify the transcriptional pathways regulated by Snf5. We demonstrate that the tumor suppressor activity of Snf5 depends on its regulation of cell cycle progression; Snf5 inactivation leads to aberrant up-regulation of E2F targets and increased levels of p53 that are accompanied by apoptosis, polyploidy, and growth arrest. Further, conditional mouse models demonstrate that inactivation of p16Ink4a or Rb (retinoblastoma) does not accelerate tumor formation in Snf5 conditional mice, whereas mutation of p53 leads to a dramatic acceleration of tumor formation.
Investigation of Initial Changes in the Mouse Olfactory Epithelium Following a Single Intravenous Injection of Vincristine Sulphate
Authors: Kai Kiyonori , Yoshida Mitsuyoshi , Sugawara Tadaki , Kato Michiyuki , Uchida Kazuyuki , Yamaguchi Ryoji , Tateyama Susumu , Furuhuma Kazushisa
Published: November 2005

To investigate initial changes in the olfactory epithelium, vincristine sulphate (VCR) was administered intravenously once to male BALB/c mice on day 1 in comparison with unilateral bulbectomy (UBT). The light and electron microscopy of the olfactory epithelium, nerve and/or bulb with BrdU-morphometry was performed sequentially. Further, whole-body radioluminography was conducted at 1 and 24 hours postdose. Apoptosis and an increased number of mitotic cells with a tendency toward decreasing BrdU-positive olfactory epithelial cell counts were observed in olfactory epithelial cells at 6 hours postdose of VCR and became more pronounced at 24 hours postdose. These changes disappeared on days 4 or 15, but minimal axonal degeneration was seen in the olfactory nerve from day 4 onward. Semiquantitative measurement of VCR levels in the ethmoturbinals elicited high drug retention even 24 hours after administration. In contrast, UBT showed no effect on mitosis and BrdU-positive cell counts at 6 hours postdose, but severe lesions in the olfactory epithelium and nerve were seen on days 2, 4, and/or 15. The above results suggest that the initial event of VCR-induced apoptosis in the mouse olfactory epithelium would be mitotic arrest with high drug retention, unlike that evoked by UBT.
Crystalloid or colloid for partial exchange transfusion in neonatal polycythemia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: DEMPSEY EUGENE M. , BARRINGTON KEITH
Published: November 2005

Aims: To determine whether crystalloid solutions are as effective as colloid solutions when a partial exchange transfusion is performed in newborns with polycythemia.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register of the Cochrane Library (1966–2004). Keywords used were: polycythemia, partial exchange transfusion, hyperviscosity, and limited to newborn. Randomized studies in newborns with polycythemia were selected for evaluation. Outcomes examined were: long‐term neurodevelopment; short‐term physiological effects; improvement in clinical symptoms; reduction in haematocrit at 4–6 h; haematocrit at 24 h; and frequency of serious complications.

Results: Four randomized controlled clinical trials, including 200 patients in total, with evaluable data, which satisfied our criteria, were found. There were no data on long‐term outcomes. There is no reported important difference in short‐term physiologic effects. Use of crystalloid was as effective as colloid in both correction of haematological values and reduction of clinical symptoms following partial exchange transfusion.

Conclusion: Crystalloid solutions are as effective as colloid solutions for partial exchange transfusion. When crystalloid solutions are used for this purpose, there is no risk of transmission of blood‐borne diseases, there is no risk of anaphylaxis, they are rapidly and easily available, and are less expensive. The use of crystalloid should become the standard for partial exchange transfusion.
Usefulness of pancreatic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of Shwachman‐Bodian‐Diamond syndrome
Authors: ADACHI MASANORI , TACHIBANA KATSUHIKO , ASAKURA YUMI , AIDA NORIKO
Published: November 2005

Aim: To evaluate the usefulness of pancreatic ultrasonography in diagnosing Shwachman‐Bodian‐Diamond syndrome (SBDS).

Methods: Diagnostic methods in two infants with SBDS were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: Patient 1 first presented with hepatic steatosis in the early infantile period, and later developed myelodysplastic syndrome. Patient 2 presented with frequent infections and elevated liver function tests without any haematological alterations. Both patients were considered to have impaired exocrine pancreatic function. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) obtained at 9 mo for patient 1 and at 10 mo for patient 2 showed diffuse high echogenicity, which raised suspicions of SBDS. SBDS gene analysis confirmed SBDS in both patients.

Conclusion: Pancreatic US is sensitive in detecting pathological change in SBDS patients. It should be applied to the diagnostic approach for patients who show only minor signs of SBDS.
Prevalence and risk factors for overweight and obesity in Portuguese children
Authors: PADEZ CRISTINA , MOURÃO ISABEL , MOREIRA PEDRO , ROSADO VITOR
Published: November 2005

Aim: To identify risk factors for overweight and obesity in Portuguese children.

Methods: A cross‐sectional study of children 7 to 9.5 y old was performed between October 2002 and June 2003. A total of 2274 girls and 2237 boys were observed. Weight and height were measured, and parents filled out a questionnaire about family characteristics. Overweight and obesity, using age‐ and sex‐specific body mass index (BMI) cut‐off points as defined by the International Obesity Taskforce, were used.

Results: After adjustment for age and sex, the odds ratio for childhood obesity increased by television viewing (reference 0–2 h; 2–3 h: 1.51; 3–4 h: 1.72; ≥4 h: 1.63), paternal obesity (reference < 18.5 kg/m2; 25.0–29.9: 3.06; ≥30.0: 7.09), maternal obesity (reference < 18.5 kg/m2; 25.0–29.9: 9.06; ≥30.0: 18.13) and birthweight (reference < 2500 g; 2500–3000 g: 1.55; 3000–3500 g: 1.87; 3500–4000 g:2.13; 5 ≥ 4000 g: 2.74), and decreased by sleeping duration (reference 8 h/d; 9–10 h/d: 0.44; ≥ll h/d: 0.39), paternal education (reference primary school; secondary: 0.91; university: 0.42), maternal education (reference primary school; secondary: 1.13; university: 0.56), being a single child (reference yes; no: 0.56) and family size (reference one child; two children: 0.59; three children: 0.44; more than four children: 0.37).

Conclusion: Our data support the perspective that education about energy intake and energy expenditure should be used much earlier in those families with high‐risk children, namely those with high parental BMI or high birthweight. Protective factors were parental education and family size.
Haematological parameters of HIV‐1‐uninfected infants born to HIV‐1‐infected mothers
Authors: BUNDERS MADELEINE J. , BEKKER VINCENT , SCHERPBIER HENRIETTE J. , BOER KEES , GODFRIED MIEKE , KUIJPERS TACO W.
Published: November 2005

Aim: To investigate haematological parameters in infants born to HIV‐1‐infected mothers and exposed to combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) used to prevent mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT).

Methods: A 2‐y single‐centre follow‐up study performed in 109 infants born to HIV‐1‐positive mothers. Exclusion criteria for the infants were HIV‐1 infection, perinatal death, or insufficient information. Haematological parameters of the remainder of 92 infants born to HIV‐1 ‐infected mothers and exposed to ART in utero and neonatally were compared with 75 matched non‐ART‐exposed children.

Results: Transmission rate of HIV‐1 was 1.8% and occurred when the mother was not compliant with the treatment. In the HIV‐1/ART‐exposed children there was a long‐lasting reduction in absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) until at least 8 mo of age. According to PACTG toxicity scores, 16 infants were suffering from grade II or more (moderate‐to‐severe) toxicity of ART on ANC. In a multivariable analysis of maternal and neonatal risk factors, pregnancy duration was correlated with moderate‐to‐severe toxicity on ANC. There were no clinical implications detected, e.g. increased infections or antibiotic treatment.

Conclusion: ART is successful in preventing MTCT, but alterations in haematological parameters may persist for a long period. The clinical implications remain uncertain. This suggestion increases the importance to continue prospective follow‐up on the haematological parameters in ART/HIV‐exposed children.
Risk factors for delayed discharge home in very‐low‐birthweight infants—A population‐based study
Authors: KLINGER GIL , REICHMAN BRIAN , SIROTA LEA , LUSKY AYALA , UNDER NEHAMA
Published: November 2005

Aim: To identify risk factors for delayed discharge home in a population‐based cohort of very‐low‐birthweight (VLBW) infants.

Methods: Demographic, pregnancy, perinatal, and neonatal data were collected in a national population‐based database on VLBW infants born from 1995 through 2002. Multivariate analysis determined association with delayed discharge (discharge at a postmenstrual age > 42 completed weeks). Residts: 882 infants with delayed discharge comprised 9.4% of survivors but accounted for 19.8% of total hospital days utilized until discharge home. Infants with delayed discharge compared to those discharged by term were born at an earlier mean gestational age, at a lower mean birthweight, and had a longer mean hospital stay. Delayed discharge was independently associated with decreasing birthweight (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.19, 1.31), congenital anomalies (OR 4.80, 95% CI 3.66, 6.28), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR 5.88, 95% CI 4.60, 7.57), intraventricular hemorrhage grades 3–4 (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.34, 2.36), sepsis (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.54, 2.26), and surgically treated necrotizing enterocolitis (OR 20.20, 95% CI 12.85, 32.03).

Conclusion: VLBW infants with congenital anomalies or severe complications of preterm birth are at increased risk for delayed discharge home. Early identification of these infants may enable interventions aimed at reducing the detrimental effects of prolonged hospitalization and promoting optimal transition from the hospital to the home environment.
Boys and their reading: Conceptions of young people about the success of the full on magazine
Authors: Carnell Eileen
Published: November 2005

Within the context of the national debate about boys' achievement in secondary schools, this article examines young people's conceptions of the success of the Full On magazine designed to encourage boys to read more and to challenge the negative aspects of a ‘lad’ culture.

The article begins with an analysis of the magazine, its editorial policy and intervention strategy. It summarizes a national longitudinal study (Hall & Coles, 2001) and reviews how Full On addresses the concerns raised by this survey.

The research method draws on the concept of ‘Appreciative Inquiry’, highlighting the magazine's potential to achieve its aims. The findings, based on interviews with young people and their teachers, are largely positive, identifying high levels of engagement with Full On, its potential to widen boys' aspirations, its effects on their studying and potential to influence post‐16 choices.

The young people's voices contribute to the understanding of the success of the magazine and debates about reading. Key issues emerge: the relationship between school and reading; boys' conceptions of themselves as readers; the importance of recognizing popular reading; the need to extend conceptions of literacy and reading communities.

The study reveals important links between boys' reading and their different perceptions of masculinities, and illuminates the need for teachers to adapt schools' literacy practices to encourage wider participation in reading.
Do new information and communication technologies have a role to play in achieving quality professional development for teachers in the global south?1
Authors: Leach Jenny
Published: November 2005

This paper is addressed to the international community of educators and educational policy makers who, it is argued, need to commit to joint research and creative action in respect of the challenge of Education for All (EFA). The first section, A Global Challenge for Teacher Development, sets out: the implications for teacher education of the Education For All agenda; the potential of new information and communication technologies (ICT) in addressing this problem; an overview of an applied research project exploring new models of teacher education using ICT in rural and resource challenged environments. In the second section Towards New Models of Professional Development, four categories of teacher professional knowledge from this model are used to interpret and explore the findings of the project and its impact on teacher knowledge and development. The paper concludes that ICT can no longer be viewed as some sort of optional pedagogic strategy available in ever increasing sophistication, as well as quantity, to only a small proportion of the world's teachers. They need to be seen as an essential aspect of teaching's cultural toolkit in the 21st century, affording new and transformative models of development that extend the nature and reach of teacher learning wherever it takes place. Such models must be experienced, shared and evaluated by educators world wide if the global commitment to achievement of the EFA targets is to become a reality.
Interactions between school systems and Reading Recovery programmes – evidence from Northern Ireland
Authors: Munn Penny , Ellis Sue
Published: November 2005

Recent work on raising attainment in education has raised theoretical issues about organizational responses to innovation and qualitative aspects of programme implementation. In particular, the ‘depth’ of an implementation (the extent to which a programme actually changes the educational interactions between pupils and their teachers) is now thought to be as important as its ‘spread’ (the number of schools in which it is replicated). Such issues, together with the existing literature on Reading Recovery implementation, suggest that it is time to review the models of implementation held within the Reading Recovery community. We used a range of methods at four levels of data collection to analyse variation in ‘depth’ of implementation in a countrywide Reading Recovery programme. From our findings we conclude that Reading Recovery has achieved resounding success as an individual programme, but that it would be still more efficient if the models of implementation were to be reviewed.
Humanized mice
Authors: Macchiarini Francesca , Manz Markus G. , Palucka A. Karolina , Shultz Leonard D.
Published: November 2005

Animal models have been instrumental in increasing the understanding of human physiology, particularly immunity. However, these animal models have been limited by practical considerations and genetic diversity. The creation of humanized mice that carry partial or complete human physiological systems may help overcome these obstacles. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases convened a workshop on humanized mouse models for immunity in Bethesda, MD, on June 13–14, 2005, during which researchers discussed the benefits and limitations of existing animal models and offered insights into the development of future humanized mouse models.
Gorenstein projective dimension for complexes
Authors: Veliche Oana
Published: November 2005

We define and study a notion of Gorenstein projective dimension for complexes of left modules over associative rings. For complexes of finite Gorenstein projective dimension we define and study a Tate cohomology theory. Tate cohomology groups have a natural transformation to classical Ext groups. In the case of module arguments, we show that these maps fit into a long exact sequence, where every third term is a relative cohomology group defined for left modules of finite Gorenstein projective dimension.
Population structure and the impact of regional and local habitat isolation upon levels of genetic diversity of the endangered damselfly Coenagrion mercuriale (Odonata: Zygoptera)
Authors: WATTS PHILLIP C. , SACCHERI ILIK J. , KEMP STEPHEN J. , THOMPSON DAVID J.
Published: November 2005

1. Coenagrion mercuriale is one of Europe's most threatened damselflies. There is concern for the long‐term persistence of many of its U.K. colonies because adult lifetime movement is limited, making isolated populations susceptible to extinction.

2. Using 14 microsatellite loci we characterised levels of genetic diversity, evidence for a recent decline and the spatial genetic structure for C. mercuriale population in Wales, U.K.

3. Spatial isolation is not an absolute predictor of low genetic diversity at either local or regional scales.

4. One population inhabiting a remote, edge of range site is genetically impoverished with levels of variability (at microsatellite loci) among the lowest reported for any insect species.

5. Agricultural land and high ground are physical barriers to dispersal by adults.

6. Consistent with work from elsewhere, movement by mature C. mercuriale in Pembrokeshire is sufficient to prevent significant genetic differentiation throughout a habitat matrix of some 3–4 km if the suitable habitat sites are <2 km apart and lack barriers to movement. Even within a good habitat matrix, however, genetic isolation by distance develops within 10 km.
The role of preoperative prophylactic antibiotic administration in periapical endodontic surgery: a randomized, prospective double‐blind placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Lindeboom J. A. H. , Frenken J. W. H. , Valkenburg P. , Van Den Akker H. P.
Published: November 2005

Aim  To determine the value of clindamycin prophylaxis in the prevention of postoperative wound infections in patients undergoing endodontic surgery.

Methodology  This study included 256 patients undergoing endodontic surgery in a prospective double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial comparing oral administration of an oral placebo versus a preoperative 600 mg dose of clindamycin. After randomization the study medication was administered orally 1 h before surgery in a double‐blind fashion. For a period of 4 weeks the postoperative course was observed according to clinical parameters of infection. Primary end‐point was infection at the surgical site.

Results  The mean age of the study population was 44.4 years (SD 11.4, range 18–82 years) with a sex distribution of 147 females (47.4%) and 109 males (42.6%). Mean age of the patients in the clindamycin group was 44.7 years (SD 12.0), and the mean age in the placebo group was 44.1 years (SD 10.8) (P = 0.49). In the clindamycin group, the mean duration of surgery was 32.3 min (SD 8.8) and in the placebo group the mean duration of surgery was 32.5 min (SD 8.4) (P = 0.89). Two infections [1.6%; 95 confidence interval (CI): 0.48–4.72] were identified in the clindamycin group and four (3.2%; 95 CI: 0.42–1.33) in the placebo group (P = 0.448).

Conclusions  No statistically significant difference was found between clindamycin prophylaxis and placebo with regard to the prevention of postoperative infection in endodontic surgical procedures.
Three‐dimensional, non‐destructive visualization of vertical root fractures using flat panel volume detector computer tomography: an ex vivoin vitro case report
Authors: Hannig C. , Dullin C. , Hülsmann M. , Heidrich G.
Published: November 2005

Aim  To detect and to visualize radiographically vertical root fractures in extracted teeth with a prototype of a novel, high resolution, three‐dimensional flat panel volume detector computer tomograph (FD‐VCT) system.

Summary  Five teeth with root fillings and clinical symptoms such as fistulas and isolated periodontal pockets of 8 mm or more were extracted after dental radiography indicating lateral or periapical lesions. Vertical root fractures or cracks were suspected because of the symptoms and clinical findings were evident after extraction in all cases but fracture lines were not visible on routine dental radiographs acquired before extraction. The extracted teeth were explored with a prototype of a FD‐VCT. Using the FD‐VCT, in all cases vertical root fractures or crack lines could be detected clearly in different views, depiction‐modes and cross‐sections at a spatial resolution of 140 μm. The evaluation of the fracture lines and teeth could be performed in three‐dimensional views. The FD‐VCT findings were confirmed by detailed inspection of the extracted teeth.

Key learning points

• The FD‐VCT is an innovative diagnostic tool for non‐destructive, three‐dimensional evaluation of extracted teeth in pre‐clinical and experimental studies.

• The FD‐VCT allows precise visualization and evaluation of vertical root fractures or cracks in extracted teeth.

• Clinical application of the system may be possible if technical modifications reduce the exposure dose: the high resolution detector systems of the FD‐VCT should be combined with radiation systems that focus the radiation to the area of interest.
A mathematical model of the growth of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, populations on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Scotland and its use in the assessment of treatment strategies
Authors: Revie C W , Robbins C , Gettinby G , Kelly L , Treasurer J W
Published: November 2005

Sea lice are a persistent problem for farmed and wild salmonid populations. Control can be achieved through the use of veterinary medicines. A model was developed to describe the patterns of sea lice infection on salmon farms in Scotland and to predict the likely effect of various treatment strategies. This model takes into account development rates and mortality using compartments representing life history stages and external infection pressure. The national sea lice infection pattern was described using parameters representing stage survival, background infection levels and egg viability rates. The patterns observed across farms varied greatly and the model gave broad agreement to observed trends with different parameters being required in the model for sites using hydrogen peroxide and cypermethrin treatments. The parameter estimates suggest that the background infection pressure on sites where cypermethrin was administered was higher than for those using hydrogen peroxide. Both models had comparable magnitudes of sensitivity with survival from one stage to another being the most sensitive parameter, followed by feedback rates at which gravid females produce eggs, with background infection levels the least sensitive. The effect of different cypermethrin treatment strategies was assessed using the model. Increasing treatments in a production cycle gave more effective control. However, the model showed that timing of treatments is most important if sea lice are to be effectively controlled.
Black patients with chronic hepatitis C have a lower sustained viral response rate than non‐Blacks with genotype 1, but the same with genotypes 2/3, and this is not explained by more frequent dose reductions of interferon and ribavirin*
Authors: Bräu N. , Bini E. J. , Currie S. , Shen H. , Schmidt W. N. , King P. D. , Ho S. B. , Cheung R. C. , Hu K.‐Q. , Anand B. S. , Simon F. R. , Aytaman A. , Johnson D. P. , Awad J. A. , Ahmad J. , Mendenhall C. L. , Pedrosa M. C. , Moseley R. H. , Hagedorn C. H. , Waters B. , Chang K.‐M. , Morgan T. R. , Rossi S. J. , Jeffers L. J. , Wright T. L. ,   The VA‐HCV‐001 Study Group
Published: November 2005

Summary.  In previous hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment studies, Black patients not only had a lower sustained viral response (SVR) rate to interferon and ribavirin (RBV) than non‐Black patients but also a higher frequency of HCV genotype 1 (GT‐1) infection. The aim of this community‐based study was to determine whether Black patients have a lower SVR rate independent of genotype. We prospectively enrolled 785 patients (24.8% Black, 71.5% White, 3.7% others) who received interferon alpha‐2b 3 MU three times weekly + RBV 1000–1200 mg/day for 24 weeks (GT‐2/3) or 48 weeks (GT‐1). Black patients were more commonly infected with GT‐1 (86.8%vs 64.8%, P < 0.001) and less frequently had an SVR compared with non‐Black patients (8.4%vs 21.6%, P < 0.001). Within GT‐1, Black patients had a lower SVR rate than non‐Black patients (6.1%vs 14.1%, P = 0.004) but not within GT‐2/3 (50.0%vs 36.5%, P = 0.47). Black patients had lower baseline haemoglobin levels (14.8 vs 15.3 g/dL, P < 0.001) and neutrophil counts (2900 vs 4100/mm3, P < 0.001) and required more frequent dose reductions of RBV (29.8%vs 18.5%, P < 0.001) and interferon (4.7%vs 1.6%, P = 0.012). However, dose reductions were not associated with lower SVR rates while early treatment discontinuations were (2.9%vs 25.7%, P < 0.001). Independent predictors of SVR were GT‐1 [odds ratio (OR) 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20–0.55; P < 0.001], Black race (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.22–0.93; P = 0.030), and advanced fibrosis, stages 3 + 4 (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.31–0.92; P = 0.023). In conclusion, Black patients infected with HCV GT‐1 (but not GT‐2/3) have a lower SVR rate than non‐Black patients. This is not explained by their lower baseline haemoglobin levels and neutrophil counts that lead to higher rates of ribavirin and interferon dose reductions.
Taxonomic revision of the Holarctic diving beetle genusAciliusLeach (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: Bergsten Johannes , Miller Kelly B.
Published: November 2005

Abstract. A full taxonomic revision is presented of the Holarctic diving beetle genusAciliusLeach (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) belonging to the subfamily Dytiscinae and tribe Aciliini.Acilius confusussp.n., previously confused withAcilius fraternus(Harris), is described from north‐eastern U.S.A.Acilius latiusculusLeConte andAcilius simplexLeConte arenew synonymsofAcilius abbreviatusAubé. Lectotypes are designated for the following names:A. abbreviatus,A. semisulcatusAubé,A. fraternus,A. guerryid'Olsoufieff,A. sinensisPeschet,A. duvergeriGobert,A. brevisAubé,A. fasciatus(De Geer),A. maccullochii(Kirby),A. tomentosusMotschulsky,A. sulcatus blanckiPeyerimhoff,A. subimpressusMotschulsky andA. laevisulcatusMotschulsky. In total, six Palaearctic and seven Nearctic species are recognized, none of which is Holarctic in distribution. Each species is presented with a diagnosis, full description, habitat preferences, conservation assessments, distribution data and a comprehensive bibliography. Distribution data are presented with a map and a list of countries, or for Nearctic and eastern Palaearctic species, states or larger provinces. A key to allAciliusspecies is included and each is fully illustrated. The general biology and a taxonomic history of the genus are provided.Acilius abbreviatusandA. semisulcatusare found to hybridize in a narrow zone through middle British Columbia and south‐western Alberta, geographically comparable with a previously recognized hybrid zone of several other insect species pairs. More than 5000 specimens were examined.
A possible lower crustal flow channel in the Middle Urals based on reflection seismic data
Authors: Brown D. , Juhlin C.
Published: November 2005

The Europrobe Seismic Reflection Profiling in the Urals Experiments (ESRU) reflection seismic data from the Middle Urals imagesc.10‐km thick band of strong, subhorizontal lower crustal reflectivity and a thinning of the crust that is associated with the East Uralian Zone, a broad strike‐slip fault system containing high‐grade metamorphic rocks and syn‐orogenic to post‐orogenic granitoids. The lower crustal reflectivity consists of discontinuous to continuous, high‐amplitude reflections. Reflections are subparallel to slightly oblique and have a layered to oblate appearance. Geometrical relationships indicate that the reflectivity post‐dates fault activity, suggesting that late‐orogenic processes modified the lower crust. The surface geology indicates that the conditions for lower crustal flow were met in the East Uralian Zone. We suggest that the lower crustal reflectivity imaged by the ESRU data is related to a flow channel that developed at the base of the crust in the interior of the orogen.
The Brain of the Dog in Section: a Comprehensive View for Veterinary Students
Authors: Salazar I.
Published: November 2005

Transversal, horizontal and sagittal sections of the brain were stained by the ancient but efficient Mulligan method, a procedure that establishes a clear macroscopic difference between the white and grey substances. Different structures of each section were studied and most of the details were identified and named according to the NAV. All sections were projected onto the whole brain. By means of this easy and basic procedure the students increase their understanding of (1) the size and/or the form and/or the topography of several prominent structures of the brain, (2) the general distribution of the substancia alba and grisea, and they begin to understand the complexity of the brain.
Surface Ultrastructure of Ultimobranchial Remnants in the Thyroid Gland of Buffalo (Bos bubalis)
Authors: Sayed R. , Aly K. H. , Mubarak W.
Published: November 2005

The remnant of ultimobranchial (UB) body in the thyroid gland of adult buffalo was studied. This remnant appeared in the form of irregular and elongated follicles of various size and shape with folded lumen. These structures occupied a peripheral location beneath the capsule, as well as being embedded mostly in the vascular connective tissue of the thyroid. Calcitonin cells were predominantly localized in the UB follicles. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that surface of most UB follicular cells was almost flat and polyhedral or hexagonal in shape. Other follicles possessed cells with dome shaped apical surface demarcated by a shallow intercellular depression. The luminal surface of the follicular cell lining was studded with microvilli that appeared with various density and length and were numerous at the cellular borders. Interestingly, most of UB follicular cells were provided with single cilium, projecting over the cell surface. Notably some UB follicles presented various stages of apocrine activities.
Post‐natal Development of Perineuronal Nets in the Retrosplenial Cortex of Albino Rat
Authors: Sayed R. , Ohtsuka A. , Mubarak W. , Murakami T.
Published: November 2005

The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) has attracted growing interest due to its highly regulated spatiotemporal expression during development and maturation of central nervous system. The present study deals with the post‐natal appearance and transformation into adult distribution patterns of the ECM components related to proteoglycans (PGs) and glycoproteins (GPs) in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) of albino rats at birth (P0), 1 week (P1), P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 and P8. The differentiating PGs and GPs components of the ECM were shown to make their appearance as early as 1–2 weeks post‐natally. At this developmental stage, these components of the ECM appeared in association with some neurons and glia cells or diffusely localized at the neutrophill. Interestingly, Golgi complexes of labelled neurons were usually stained with lectin VVA or WFA, and this labelling dramatically disappeared on reaching P4. During P2–3, the pericoated neuronal cells underwent a progressive increment in number, and presented an inside‐out pattern of migration and differentiation (toward the V‐II cortical layers). On reaching P4, most of the coated neurons appeared distributed into the cortical layer IV and II. At a later stage (P5–8), the overall density and intensity of labelled neurons progressively increased and apparently reached the adult stage of development. They also displayed the usual differential labelling characteristics, after using the cationic iron colloid/lectin staining, for the first time at this juncture. The present findings indicated that the perineuronal ECM components are significantly correlated with age and suggest a possible developmental or biological significance including promotion of migration, as well as functional maturation of the retrosplenial neurons.
Characterization of the Acute Immune Response in the Retina of Borna Disease Virus‐infected Lewis Rats
Authors: Stahl T. , Mohr C. , Kacza J. , Pannicke T. , Sauder S. , Reichenbach A. , Seeger J.
Published: November 2005

Borna disease virus (BDV) causes a non‐purulent meningoencephalitis and retinitis in a variety of species. In Lewis rats infected intracerebrally with the highly neurotropic BDV the retina is one of the most severely affected central nervous system (CNS) structures. While BDV‐induced damage in the brain has previously been shown to be caused by a T‐cell‐dependent process, the immunopathological mechanisms leading to BDV‐induced retinitis, remain to be elucidated. RNA samples from retinae were subjected to RNase protection assays to detect transcripts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines known to be involved in the recruitment of T‐cells and macrophages in the CNS. The observed expression profile of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as the immunohistochemical detection of αβTCR‐positive and CD8‐positive T‐cells in the BDV‐infected retinae, is reminiscent of the situation observed in the brains of Lewis rats during the acute phase of Borna disease. This suggests, that similar immunopathological mechanisms are operating in retinae and brains of infected rats. This research was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (J.S.‐PA 615/1‐1).
Computed Tomography (Ct) of the Liver of the Dog by a Six‐generation CT Scanner and Intravenous Contrast Medium
Authors: Teixeira M. A. , Ramírez‐Zarzosa G. , Arencibia A. , Cardoso L. , Ayala M. D. , Gil F. , Agut A. , Rivero M. A.
Published: November 2005

By computed tomography the liver has an intermediate degree of attenuation, with a CT value (HU) between 70 and 75. However, this number may vary according to the generation of the apparatus, the use of contrasts medium, the efficiency of the detector, etc. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the liver of the dog and related structures by means of a six‐generation spiral CT scanner (Toshiba Ex Vision [[Au: please provide manufacturers details for ‘Toshiba Ex Vision’: city, state code (if USA) and Country]]), and the previous injection of intravenous contrast medium via cephalic vein. Four half‐breed mature dogs (4–6 years, 15–20 kg) were used, two males and two females. The dogs were anaesthetized and kept over a stretcher in sternal recumbency. To evaluate the liver two different CT windows with different window width and window level were applied: soft tissue window (WW 652; WL ‐34) and mediastinal‐vascular window (WW 352; WL 220). The CT images obtained allowed an excellent resolution at the level of the hepatic lobules, the gall bladder, the porta vein, the hepatic artery, the caudal cava vein, etc. The attenuation shades of these structures were very similar in the two used windows, however a better contrast was obtained with the soft tissue window.
Characteristics of Claw Horn Microstructure and the Effect of Flooring Systems on Horn Quality
Authors: Voges T. , Mülling Ch. , Benz B. , Budras K.‐D.
Published: November 2005

Introduction:  Interactions between horn quality and flooring systems significantly impact on claw health. Poor horn quality is associated with reduced milk yield, painful lesions or slaughtering. Horn quality is determined by horn cells, intercellular cement and hoof horn architecture, i.e. the structure and arrangement of the horn tubules. Soft and elastic flooring systems have been reported to have a positive influence on the microstructure of hoof horn.

Aims:  We wanted to correlate the microstructure of claw horn to the horn quality in a large number of samples and detect influences of the flooring system on hoof horn microstructure.

Methods:  Samples were obtained from two different studies: 40 cows from Hohenheim/Germany kept on slatted floor and subsequently on rubber mats for 4 months; 1000 cows from 11 farms in Luxembourg, kept on concrete floor. From all samples 7 μm‐sections were cut and stained with the PAS‐reaction. Morphometry was done with the LuciaG©‐software (Nikon GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany) and statistical analysis was performed with SPSS® (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Parameters measured were area, minimal and maximal diameter of both medulla and cortex of horn tubules. Statistical analysis included: tubules per visual field, area per visual field, total medulla area, total cortex area and the limiting values of diameters.

Results:  Luxembourg samples showed consistency of tubule‐parameters between both dates; all farms showed an average number ranging from 13.36 to 14.79 tubules per visual field. Hohenheim horn from the hard flooring showed 19.9 and horn of the same animals kept on rubber floor showed 20.5 tubules per visual field. Maximum diameter of hard‐floor horn is 55 μm whereas 45 μm in animals kept on rubber floor.

Conclusions:  The results show that genetic/individual differences take smaller influence on horn quality than housing systems. These outcomes provide evidence for the economical and animal welfare benefit of soft and elastic flooring systems. Further research will focus on correlation of biodata, such as physiological state, lactation, age, and claw horn microstructure.

This work was supported by Biopsytec/Rheinbach.
Vascularization of the Fleshy Comb in the Domestic Chicken
Authors: Vollmerhaus B. , Reese S. , Roos H.
Published: November 2005

Up to now little is known about the vascularization of the chicken fleshy comb (crista carnosa). In order to evaluate the vascularization of the crista carnosa of the cook (breed White Leghorn), corrosion casts were created by injecting Plastoid into the internal carotid as described by Schummer (1951). Specimens were investigated by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Generally the dermis is highly vascularized by two capillary networks, which are localized beneath the epithelium and beneath the dermal papillas. The dense subepithelial network is characterized by the presence of sinusoid vessels. In the subcutaneous plexus numerous arteriovenous anastomoses of different types occur. Additionally there are arteriovenous anastomoses between the main vessels reaching the indentations of the comb. Our results show the presence of superficial and dense capillary networks and arteriovenous anastomoses are the anatomical basis for the functions of the chicken comb in mating behaviour and thermoregulation.

Reference  Schummer, A. 1951: Simplified method for plastoid corrosion. Anat. Anaz. 98, 288–290.
The Corpus fibule in Sheep (Ovis ammon f. aries) – its Ontogeny and Reduction or Persistence from Fetal Age to Adulthood
Authors: Boos A. , Bartels T.
Published: November 2005

The corpus fibulae (CF) in sheep is represented by a cartilaginous anlage during early embryogenesis, which may calcify and ossify with ongoing gestation and finally towards term is supposed to be replaced by a connective tissue cord called ligamentum fibulare (LF). A recent study in goat (Boos A and T Bartels, 2002), however, revealed that 58 % of the animals examined exhibited a pin‐shaped bone within the LF. This indicates that a complete transformation of the anlage of the CF to a connective tissue cord is not performed in all goats raising the question of existing parallels in sheep. Forty‐two fetuses and lower legs of 18 lambs and 100 sheep being elder than 2 years were collected at the slaughterhouse. Radiographs and macerated or enzymatically cleared and stained lower legs were assessed for the expression of a CF. In 28 of 42 fetuses (66%), 11 of 18 lambs (61%) and 48 of 100 adult sheep (48%) at least one cartilaginous – only fetal period – or osseous CF could be detected. Differences between groups were significant (Chi‐square test, P < 0.05). In 2, 3 and 15 animals, respectively, only a unilateral expression was evident. In early fetuses, the fibula either consisted of a long anlage having the length of the tibia or of a long proximal and a short distal part paralleling the tibia. In somewhat larger fetuses the CF was composed only of the proximal part or even completely lacked (crown rump length 7.5 ± 1.5 vs. 11.2 ± 2.4 and 12.2 ± 2.0 cm, respectively). Pre‐term fetuses, lambs and adult sheep were devoid of a CF (n = 5/7, 7/11 and 52/100, respectively) or exhibited a pin‐shaped bone of varying length within the LF. This osseous CF was either in close contact to the caput fibulae (n = 6 animals) – always separated by connective tissue – or located more distally. In the latter cases the centre of the osseous pin was usually situated at a level between the proximal and intermediate thirds of the tibia. Results suggest that the corpus fibulae in sheep may persist in many individuals (50%) as a pin‐shaped bone throughout life.

Reference  Boos, A., and T. Bartels, 2002: Ann. Anat. 184, 289–293