bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of phase equilibria in the Co–Cr–W ternary system
Authors: Zhang Xinqiao , Yang Shuiyuan , Zhao Cancan , Lu Yong , Liu Xingjun , Wang Cuiping
Published: May 2013

The phase equilibria in the Co–Cr–W ternary system were experimentally investigated by using optical microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction on equilibrated alloys. In this study, isothermal sections of the Co–Cr–W ternary system at 1000°C, 1100°C and 1200°C were determined. The intermetallic compound R phase with its composition region were determined in the isothermal section at 1200°C, whereas it was absent at 1000°C and 1100°C. The Co7W6 phase was found to possess a large solubility of Cr. The trapezoid-shaped composition region of σ phase was determined from 1000°C to 1200°C in the present work. The newly determined phase equilibria of the Co–Cr–W in the present study will provide useful information for Co-based alloys and Co–W base cemented carbides.
Ab-initio studies of some rare-earth borides: CeB2, PrB2, NdB2, and PmB2
Authors: Ozisik Haci , Deligoz Engin , Colakoglu Kemal , Surucu Gokhan
Published: May 2013

The structural, mechanical and thermal properties of CeB2, PrB2, NdB2, and PmB2 compounds in hexagonal AlB2-type (P6/mmm) and ReB2-type structures (P63/mmc) are investigated using density functional theory. The results indicate that those compounds with hexagonal AlB2 structure are the most stable among the considered structures. The mechanical properties are calculated according to the elastic constants by means of the Voigt–Reuss–Hill averaging scheme. The temperature dependence of various quantities such bulk modulus, Debye temperature, thermal expansion, heat capacity, and Grüneisen parameter have been analyzed using the quasi-harmonic Debye model.
The Effect of Feeding Method and Compatibilizer on Nanoclay Partitioning and Microfibrillar Morphology Development in PP/PBT/Organoclay Blend Nanocomposite Fibers
Authors: Bigdeli A. , Nazockdast H. , Rashidi A. , Yazdanshenas M. E.
Published: May 2013

The role of feeding method, as an important parameter in competition with thermodynamic parameters, on determining the nanoclay partitioning and its impact on microfibril formation in PP/PBT blend nanocomposite fibers were investigated. In the direct feeding method in which all components were fed into the extruder simultaneously, the major part of nanoclay with almost unchanged interlayer d-spacing was located in the PP matrix and the rest of the nanoclay partitioned into the PBT dispersed phase. However in the PBT based masterbatch method nanoclay, due to much greater melt intercalation occurred, remained in PBT droplets in the form of tactoids and/or platelets. In the masterbatch feeding method, incorporation of compatibilizer assisted more fraction tactiods and/or platelets to be transferred from PBT to the PP matrix while in the direct method it enhanced the extent of melt intercalation in the PP matrix. It was demonstrated that the nanoclay concentration in PBT droplets plays an important role in the extent of the microfibril formation during the melt spinning process. While at low organoclay loading (1 wt%) fine microfibrils could be formed in the fibers prepared by both methods of feeding, at higher organoclay loading (3,5 wt%) uniform microfibrils could hardly be developed in the fibers, particularly, in the masterbatch feeding method due to high melt elasticity of the PBT droplets and uneven distribution of platelets and/or tactoids in the droplets.
The Role of Organoclay on In-situ Microfibril Formation of Epoxy in Poly(butylene terephtalate) Nanocomposites
Authors: Salehi M. M. , Nazockdast H. , Pircheraghi G. R.
Published: May 2013

The main objective of the present work was to study the role of organoclay on the microfibrillation process of epoxy phase in Poly(butylene terephtalate), PBT, matrix both in presence and absence of epoxy curing agent. The PBT/epoxy blend samples with constant blend ratio (60/40) were prepared by melt mixing in a twin screw extruder. The elongational flow imposed by drawing the extrudate at the die exit permitted controlled generation of fibrile morphology of the dispersed epoxy phase, with a fiber diameter of 0.8 μm and an aspect ratio greater than 100. It was shown that when the curing agent was added into the extruder, its reactivity with epoxy at high temperature was high enough and selectively affected on the epoxy phase. The SEM results showed smaller epoxy droplet size for samples containing nanoclay compared to simple blends. This could be explained in terms of hindrance effect of nanoclay in reducing the coalescence as a dominating parameter due to presence of nanoclay in both phases. These results were supported by the melt linear viscoelastic results which showed enhanced low frequency viscosity and storage modulus for these samples. Addition of nanoclay was found to have little effect on extent of fibrillation epoxy droplet in stretched samples. The rheological results obtained for stretched samples showed very strong increase in low frequency solid body response whose extent was increase with increasing draw ratio. This mainly attributed to special 3-D network formed between microfibrils whose shape was stabilized by either presence of nanoclay or accelerated curing process of fibrillated epoxy. From SEM micrographs and linear viscoelastic measurements it can be deduced that curing process has small changes on the extent of fibrillation epoxy droplet in stretched samples. But it leads to improvement of interfacial interaction between two phases in the nanocomposites.
Evaluation of Thermo-Mechanical and Wear Behavior of Short Carbon Fibre Vinyl-Ester Filled Homogenous and Their Functionally Graded Composites
Authors: Gangil B. , Patnaik A. , Kumar A.
Published: May 2013

The paper presents the processing and mechanical characterization of chopped carbon fibre reinforced homogenous and functionally graded vinyl ester composites and also reports on their sliding wear characteristics respectively. The sliding wear characteristics are studied with the help of POD test employing the design of experiments approach based on Taguchi's orthogonal arrays. Dynamic mechanical analysis is carried out of the investigated homogenous/FGMs composites to investigate the overall stiffness/flexibility, so as to improve the specific wear rate. Present study reveals that graded composite possess good mechanical and wear characteristics compared to homogenous composites. SEM confirms the graded dispersion of carbon fibre in the matrix.
Factors Influencing the Warpage in In-Mold Decoration Injection Molded Composites
Authors: Lee D. , Chen W.-A. , Huang T.-W. , Liu S.-J.
Published: May 2013

This report studied, both experimentally and numerically, the factors affecting the warpage in in-mold decoration (IMD) injection molded parts. All experiments were conducted on an 80-ton injection-molding machine. The materials used in the experiments included poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films and 30 % glass fiber-filled PET resins. U-shaped plate parts with three different angles (90°, 135°, and 150°) at the corners were molded. The influence of various processing parameters on part warpage was investigated using an experimental matrix, with its design based on the experimental-parameter-design method developed by Taguchi. The experimental results suggested that all molded parts warped toward the side of the decoration film. For the parameters selected in the experiments, the corner angle and the melt injection pressure were found to be the principal factors affecting the warpage of IMD injection molded parts. The 90° angled parts exhibited the greatest amount of warpage, while the 150° angled parts showed the least amount of warpage. Additionally, a commercially available code (Moldex®3-D) was used to simulate the temperature distribution during the filling process and the molded part warpage. Calculated warpage satisfactorily matched with the experimental data. It has been shown that the warpage of IMD injection molded parts is mainly caused by the imbalanced temperature distribution during cooling, due to the part geometry and the decoration films.
Development of a Non-uniform Heating System for Micro Hot Embossing
Authors: Yang C.-H. , Yang S.-Y.
Published: May 2013

In recent years, many replication methods of microstructures on large-area substrates have been reported. The plate-to-plate hot embossing process is a low cost, fast, high throughput and the most possibility of mass production method for replication of micro/nano structures with high precision and high quality. However, micro hot embossing is not practical to use in mass production due to the many difficulties. This paper reports a innovative non-uniform heating hot embossing system for fabrication of large-size, high precise and high brightness light guide plate. Steam is used as heating medium, and water of 12°C is used for cooling. The v-groove patterns in the stamper have been replicated to the light guide plates (LGPs) with an area of 488 mm by 277 mm. The experimental results show that the non-uniform heating system could achieve a transcription rate of over 99%, compared with 95% using conventional uniform heating system. Furthermore, less warpage, the less thickness variation, the higher average luminance and the higher brightness field distribution have been found. The results indicate that non-uniform heating system is likely to be a promising technique for the fabrication of optical elements.
Treatment of intramedullary tumors: analysis of surgical morbidity and long-term results
Authors: Klekamp Jörg
Published: May 2013

Object

Surgery of intramedullary tumors is established as the treatment of choice for these challenging lesions. This study presents a detailed analysis of risk factors for surgical morbidity and data on long-term results for intramedullary tumors.

Methods

Among 1317 patients with tumors of the spinal canal treated between 1980 and 2012, 278 patients with intramedullary tumors are presented. A total of 225 of these patients underwent 246 operations for treatment of 250 tumors. The mean patient age was 41 ± 17 years (range 3 weeks to 83 years). Patients underwent follow-up through outpatient visits and questionnaires with a mean follow-up of 41 ± 53 months. Tumors were subdivided into 3 groups: displacing tumors (Type A, n = 162), infiltrating tumors (Type B, n = 80), and nonproliferating tumors (Type C, n = 8). A gross-total resection (GTR) was attempted for every tumor except for Type C lipomas. Participating surgeons were divided into 3 groups according to the number of operations they performed. Short-term results were determined for individual symptoms and the modified McCormick Scale, whereas tumor recurrence rates were calculated with Kaplan-Meier statistics.

Results

Overall, 83.3% of Type A tumors underwent GTR compared with 22.5% of Type B and none in Type C. Gross-total resection rates increased throughout the study period and correlated significantly with surgical experience. A worsened neurological state after surgery was seen in 61% of patients. This deterioration was transient in 41.5% and was a common observation after GTR. Permanent morbidity (19.5%) was lowest after GTR and correlated significantly with surgical experience and the preoperative neurological state. Further analysis showed that patients with tumors of thoracic levels, tumor hemorrhages, and malignant and recurrent tumors were at a higher risk for permanent morbidity. In the long term, tumor recurrence rates for ependymomas and benign astrocytomas correlated significantly with the amount of resection. Long-term morbidity affected 3.7% with a postoperative myelopathy related to cord tethering at the level of surgery and 21.9% in form of neuropathic pain syndromes. The rate of postsurgical cord tethering could be lowered significantly by using pia sutures after tumor resection. Neuropathic pain syndromes were more common after surgery for tumors with associated syringomyelia or those located in the cervical cord.

Conclusions

Intramedullary tumors should be surgically treated as soon as neurological symptoms appear. Gross-total resection is possible for the majority of benign pathologies. Cervical tumors are associated with higher GTR and lower permanent morbidity rates compared with thoracic tumors. Surgery on intramedullary tumors should be performed by neurosurgeons who deal with these lesions on a regular basis as considerable experience is required to achieve high GTR rates and to limit rates of permanent morbidity.
Benefit of cone-beam computed tomography angiography in acute management of angiographically undetectable ruptured arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Rahal Jason P. , Malek Adel M.
Published: May 2013

Object

Ruptured arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a frequent cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In some cases, compression from the associated hematoma in the acute setting can partially or completely occlude an AVM, making it invisible on conventional angiography techniques. The authors report on the successful use of cone-beam CT angiography (CBCT-A) to precisely identify the underlying angioarchitecture of ruptured AVMs that are not visible on conventional angiography.

Methods

Three patients presented with ICH for which they underwent examination with CBCT-A in addition to digital subtraction angiography and other imaging modalities, including MR angiography and CT angiography. All patients underwent surgical evacuation due to mass effect from the hematoma. Clinical history, imaging studies, and surgical records were reviewed. Hematoma volumes were calculated.

Results

In all 3 cases, CBCT-A demonstrated detailed anatomy of an AVM where no lesion or just a suggestion of a draining vein had been seen with other imaging modalities. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated enhancement in 1 patient; CT angiography demonstrated a draining vein in 1 patient; 2D digital subtraction angiography and 3D rotational angiography demonstrated a suggestion of a draining vein in 2 cases and no finding in the third. In the 2 patients in whom CBCT-A was performed prior to surgery, the demonstrated AVM was successfully resected without evidence of a residual lesion. In the third patient, CBCT-A allowed precise targeting of the AVM nidus using Gamma Knife radiosurgery.

Conclusions

Cone-beam CT angiography should be considered in the evaluation and subsequent treatment of ICH due to ruptured AVMs. In cases in which the associated hematoma compresses the AVM nidus, CBCT-A can have higher sensitivity and anatomical accuracy than traditional angiographic modalities, including digital subtraction angiography.
Shunt infection in the first year of life
Authors: Kebriaei Meysam A. , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Salinas Steven M. , Falkenstrom Kristina L. , Sribnick Eric A. , Tubbs R. Shane , Reisner Andrew , Chern Joshua J.
Published: May 2013

Object

Children younger than 1 year of age are unique in their physiology and comorbidities. Reports in the literature suggest that the risk factors for shunt infection may be different in this population compared with older children. Importantly, these infants often have other congenital malformations requiring various surgical interventions, which impose an additional risk of infection.

Methods

In the 3-year period between 2008 and 2010, 270 patients underwent initial CSF shunt placement during the 1st year of life. Clinical characteristics, hospital course, and shunt infections were prospectively recorded in the practice and hospital electronic medical record. Special attention was given to types and timing of other invasive procedures and their relationship with shunt infection.

Results

The average gestational age was 33.6 weeks, and the average birth weight was 2333 g. The average weight at the time of shunt insertion was 4281 g. Prior to shunt insertion, 120 patients underwent 148 surgical procedures, including ventricular access device insertion (n = 63), myelomeningocele closure (n = 37), and cardiac procedures (n = 11), among others. In the 12-month period after shunt insertion, 121 of the 270 patients underwent 135 surgical procedures, which included 79 CSF shunt revisions. Shunt infection occurred in 22 patients, and organisms were identified in 20 cases. Univariate analysis showed that of the very prematurely born infants (gestational age < 30 weeks), those who underwent preshunt cardiac surgery and any surgical procedures within 30 days after the shunt insertion were at a greater risk of shunt infection. In multivariate analysis, preshunt cardiac surgery and surgical procedures within 30 days postshunt placement were significant risk factors independent of gestational age, birth weight, and history of shunt revisions.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that surgical procedures within 30 days after shunt insertion and preshunt cardiac surgery are associated with a greater risk of shunt infection in children in whom these devices were inserted during the 1st year of life.
Measurements of sea-ice flexural stiffness by pressure characteristics of flexural-gravity waves
Authors: Marchenko Aleksey , Morozov Eugene , Muzylev Sergey
Published: May 2013

A method to estimate the flexural stiffness and effective elastic modulus of floating ice is described and analysed. The method is based on the analysis of water pressure records at two or three locations below the bottom of floating ice when flexural-gravity waves propagate through the ice. The relative errors in the calculations of the ice flexural stiffness and the water depth are analysed. The method is tested using data from field measurements in Tempelfjorden, Svalbard, where flexural-gravity waves were excited by an icefall at the front of the outflow glacier Tunabreen in February 2011.
Formation of RADARSAT backscatter feature and undulating firn stratigraphy at an ice-stream margin
Authors: Ng Felix , King Edward C.
Published: May 2013

On RADARSAT imagery, the southern margin of the onset zone of Bindschadler Ice Stream, West Antarctica, manifests a multi-banded feature, with brightness varying across the bands and oscillating along each band. Ground-based radar profiles across the margin reveal folds in the firn stratigraphy associated with this pattern and provide evidence for correlation between the depth of shallow isochrones and the RADARSAT backscatter intensity on each profile, allowing us to interpret the banded feature for firn-layer geometry in three dimensions. We use a kinematic model of isochrone depth evolution to show how layer folding and the band expression may result from deformation and advection in the near-surface flow field at ice-stream margins, even with steady flow. The model predicts the formation of longitudinally patterned bands when the ice-stream acceleration fluctuates along flow. Concerted study of the planform and stratigraphy of other RADARSAT-detected features on the ice sheets may help us understand their origin.
Demographic Characteristics and Pattern of Acute Poisoning in Rangpur Medical College Hospital
Authors: Mondal Ratindra Nath , Rani Moni , Nurmohammad - , Islam Md. Monjurul , Haque Md. Ashraful , Nasreen Farida
Published: May 2013

Bangladesh Journal of Medicine, Vol 23 No 2, 2012, Page 62-66 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmed.v23i2.14986
Presumptive Human Paralytic Rabies - A Case Report
Authors: Amin Md. Robed , Salimuzzaman M , Chowdhury Shaikt , Enam Shabnam Fatema , Rahman Safin Arafath , Hossain Ahmed Riyadh , Kahhar Md. Azizul
Published: May 2013

Bangladesh Journal of Medicine, Vol 23 No 2, 2012, Page 76-79 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmed.v23i2.14990
Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Islam Mohammad Shahidul , Tabassum Humayara , Jahan Sarah , Barman Swadesh , Amin Mohammad Al , Kabir Ahmedul
Published: May 2013

Bangladesh Journal of Medicine, Vol 23 No 2, 2012, Page 82-84 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmed.v23i2.14992
Madelung Deformity
Authors: Amin Md. Robed , Kahhar Md. Azizul
Published: May 2013

Bangladesh Journal of Medicine, Vol 23 No 2, 2012, Page 85 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmed.v23i2.14993
Ethical considerations on in vitro fertilization technologies in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Sharmin , Nordin Rusli Bin , Mohd Hanapi Bin
Published: May 2013

This paper aims to address ethical issues related to the assisted reproductive technology method in vitro fertilization (IVF) from the Islamic Shar?ah. This review reflects that the Islamic ethical viewpoint IVF is rational, comprehensive, and aims at the greatest good of mankind. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 02 April13 Page 121-128 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i2.14938
Perception by Laypersons and Healthcare Professionals Towards Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Nor Nur Afifah Mohd , Shaari Ramizu , Alam Mohammad Khursheed , Rahman Shaifulizan Abdul
Published: May 2013

Background: Oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) is a surgical branch of dentistry that deals with the wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the maxillofacial region. There are plenty of people who have lack of awareness towards the wide surgical scope provided by OMFS as reported by previous study done in Boston in 1996. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of awareness among the general public and healthcare professionals towards Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery specialty in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). Materials and Methods: A total of 186 standardized questionnaire was distributed to 6 groups of respondents which include laypersons attending HUSM, 4th year dental and medical students, dental officers, medical officers and paramedical workers from various departments such as Emergency department, Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) department, medical family clinic and dental clinic of HUSM. Results: The data showed that 100% of students and practitioners had heard of OMFS, whereas only 68.9% of the laypersons have heard of the specialty. Furthermore, only 11.6% of the lay responders had been treated by an OMFS. The full results also suggested that about 50% of laypersons, 35% of medical professionals and 30% of dental professionals had lack of understanding about the range of care provided by OMFS specialty. Conclusion: A thorough education need to be implemented among dental and medical undergraduate students as well as professionals so that they can make a proper referral later on and automatically provide correct information to the laypersons. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 02 April13 Page 199-208 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i2.14950
Photogrammetric Analysis of Nasolabial Angle and Mentolabial Angle norm in Malaysian Adults
Authors: Lin Chong Seow , Shaari Ramizu , Alam Mohammad Khursheed , Rahman Shaifulizan Abdul
Published: May 2013

Introduction: While measurement of nasolabial angle and mentolabial angle is an important clinical examination in pre-orthognathic surgery assessment, data on non-western population is limited. This study was therefore conducted to determine the range of nasolabial angle and mentolabial angle in normal Malaysian adult with comparison of males and females. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 Class I males and 52 Class I females aged 19-30 years from three main ethnic groups were randomly selected from dental students, medical students and staffs in dental clinic of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). The photographic set-up consisted of a 50mm Nikon DAT camera held in position by a tripod. The photos taken in JPEG format were digitalized and analysed using ProVixwin software. Independent t-test was used to compare any possible gender difference in nasolabial and mentolabial angles. Results: The mean of nasolabial angle and mentolabial angle for male was 92.99? and 130.44? whereas for females it was 95.04? and 130.73? respectively. Gender differences were found to be insignificant for both nasolabial angle and mentolabial angle. Conclusion: Despite having great variation in our population, the nasolabial angle and mentolabial angle are gender independent. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 02 April13 Page 209-214 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i2.14951
Using AquaticHealth.net to Detect Emerging Trends in Aquatic Animal Health
Authors: Lyon Aidan , Mooney Allan , Grossel Geoff
Published: May 2013

AquaticHealth.net is an open-source aquatic biosecurity intelligence application. By combining automated data collection and human analysis, AquaticHealth.net provides fast and accurate disease outbreak detection and forecasts, accompanied with nuanced explanations. The system has been online and open to the public since 1 January 2010, it has over 200 registered expert users around the world, and it typically publishes about seven daily reports and two weekly disease alerts. We document the major trends in aquatic animal health that the system has detected over these two years, and conclude with some forecasts for the future.
GeoBioScience: Red Wood Ants as Bioindicators for Active Tectonic Fault Systems in the West Eifel (Germany)
Authors: Berberich Gabriele , Schreiber Ulrich
Published: May 2013

In a 1.140 km² study area of the volcanic West Eifel, a comprehensive investigation established the correlation between red wood ant mound (RWA; Formica rufa-group) sites and active tectonic faults. The current stress field with a NW-SE-trending main stress direction opens pathways for geogenic gases and potential magmas following the same orientation. At the same time, Variscan and Mesozoic fault zones are reactivated. The results showed linear alignments and clusters of approx. 3,000 RWA mounds. While linear mound distribution correlate with strike-slip fault systems documented by quartz and ore veins and fault planes with slickensides, the clusters represent crosscut zones of dominant fault systems. Latter can be correlated with voids caused by crustal block rotation. Gas analyses from soil air, mineral springs and mofettes (CO2, Helium, Radon and H2S) reveal limiting concentrations for the spatial distribution of mounds and colonization. Striking is further the almost complete absence of RWA mounds in the core area of the Quaternary volcanic field. A possible cause can be found in occasionally occurring H2S in the fault systems, which is toxic at miniscule concentrations to the ants. Viewed overall, there is a strong relationship between RWA mounds and active tectonics in the West Eifel.
Peripheral Blood miR-328 Expression as a Potential Biomarker for the Early Diagnosis of NSCLC
Authors: Ulivi Paola , Foschi Giovanni , Mengozzi Marta , Scarpi Emanuela , Silvestrini Rosella , Amadori Dino , Zoli Wainer
Published: May 2013

Lung cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, with subsequently poor prognosis. There are no biomarkers available to facilitate early diagnosis or to discriminate between benign and malignant nodules. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are stable molecules that can be found and measured in peripheral blood, thus representing potential diagnostic biomarkers. We evaluated 100 individuals comprising 86 patients with predominantly early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 24 healthy donors. RNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples and the expression of a panel of miRNAs was analyzed by Real-Time PCR method. Expression levels of miR-328, miR-18a, miR-339 and miR-140 were significantly higher in NSCLC patients than in healthy donors (p < 0.05). In particular, miR-328 showed good diagnostic accuracy in discriminating between patients with early NSCLC and healthy donors (AUC ROC 0.82, 95% CI 0.72–0.92), with 70% sensitivity and 83% specificity at the best relative expression cut-off of 300. Moreover, miR-339 was a good discriminant between healthy donors and late-stage NSCLC patients (AUC ROC 0.79, 95% CI 0.68–0.91). In conclusion, miR-328 represents a potential diagnostic biomarker of NSCLC, especially for the identification of early-stage tumors. Its role in discriminating between benign and malignant nodules detected by spiral CT warrants further investigation.
Update on the Status of Bemisia tabaci in the UK and the Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi within Eradication Programmes
Authors: Cuthbertson Andrew
Published: May 2013

The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) continues to be a serious threat to crops worldwide. The UK holds Protected Zone status against this pest and, as a result, B. tabaci entering on plant material is subjected to a policy of eradication. Both B and Q Bemisia biotypes are now regularly intercepted entering the UK. With increasing reports of neonicotinoid resistance in both these biotypes, it is becoming more problematic to control/eradicate. Therefore, alternative means of control are necessary. Entomopathogenic fungi (Lecanicilllium muscarium and Beauveria bassiana) offer much potential as control agents of B. tabaci within eradication programmes in the UK.
Citrate-Linked Keto- and Aldo-Hexose Monosaccharide Cellulose Conjugates Demonstrate Selective Human Neutrophil Elastase-Lowering Activity in Cotton Dressings
Authors: Edwards Judson , Caston-Pierre Sonya
Published: May 2013

Sequestration of harmful proteases as human neutrophil elastase (HNE) from the chronic wound environment is an important goal of wound dressing design and function. Monosaccharides attached to cellulose conjugates as ester-appended aldohexoses and ketohexoses were prepared on cotton gauze as monosccharide-citrate-cellulose-esters for HNE sequestration. The monosaccharide-cellulose analogs demonstrated selective binding when the derivatized cotton dressings were measured for sequestration of HNE. Each monosaccharide-cellulose conjugate was prepared as a cellulose citrate-linked monosaccharide ester on the cotton wound dressing, and assayed under wound exudate-mimicked conditions for elastase sequestration activity. A series of three aldohexose and four ketohexose ester cellulose conjugates were prepared on cotton gauze through citric acid-cellulose cross linking esterification. The monosaccharide portion of the conjugate was characterized by hydrolysis of the citrate-monosaccharide ester bond, and subsequent analysis of the free monosaccharide with high performance anion exchange chromatography. The ketohexose and aldohexose conjugate levels on cotton were quantified on cotton using chromatography and found to be present in milligram/gram amounts. The citrate-cellulose ester bonds were characterized with FTIR. Ketohexose-citrate-cellulose conjugates sequestered more elastase activity than aldohexose-citrate-cellulose conjugates. The monosaccharide cellulose conjugate families each gave distinctive profiles in elastase-lowering effects. Possible mechanisms of elastase binding to the monosaccharide-cellulose conjugates are discussed.
Forensic Assessment of Metal Contaminated Rivers in the 21st Century Using Geochemical and Isotopic Tracers
Authors: Miller Jerry
Published: May 2013

Documentation of contaminant source and dispersal pathways in riverine environments is essential to mitigate the potentially harmful effects of contaminants on human and ecosystem health, and is required from a legal perspective (particularly where the polluter pays principle is in effect) in assessing site liability. Where multiple natural and/or anthropogenic sources exist, identification of contaminant provenance has proven problematic, and estimated contributions from a specific source are often the subject of judicial debate. The past, current, and future use of geochemical and isotopic tracers in environmental forensic investigations of contaminant provenance, transport, and fate are analyzed herein for sediment-associated trace metals in riverine environments, particularly trace metals derived from mining and refining operations. The utilized methods have evolved significantly over the past four decades. Of primary significance has been the growing integration of geomorphic and stratigraphic techniques with the use of an increasing number of geochemical tracers including stable isotopes. The isotopes of Pb have been particularly well studied, and have been applied to a wide range of environmental media. Advances in analytical chemistry since the early 1990s have allowed for the precise characterization of other non-traditional stable isotopic systems within geological materials. The potential for using these non-traditional isotopes as tracers in river systems has yet to be adequately explored, but a number of these isotopes (e.g., Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Sb, and Zn) show considerable promise. Moreover, some of these isotopes (e.g., those of Cu, Cr, and Hg) may provide important insights into biogeochemical cycling processes within aquatic environments. This review suggests that future environmental forensic investigations will be characterized by an interdisciplinary approach that combines the use of multiple geochemical tracers with detailed stratigraphic, geomorphic, and hydrologic data, thereby yielding results that are likely to withstand the scrutiny of judicial review.
Production of Flavours and Fragrances via Bioreduction of (4R)-(-)-Carvone and (1R)-(-)-Myrtenal by Non-Conventional Yeast Whole-Cells
Authors: Goretti Marta , Turchetti Benedetta , Cramarossa Maria , Forti Luca , Buzzini Pietro
Published: May 2013

As part of a program aiming at the selection of yeast strains which might be of interest as sources of natural flavours and fragrances, the bioreduction of (4R)-(−)-carvone and (1R)-(−)-myrtenal by whole-cells of non-conventional yeasts (NCYs) belonging to the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces, Hanseniaspora, Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, Lindnera, Nakaseomyces, Vanderwaltozyma and Wickerhamomyces was studied. Volatiles produced were sampled by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and the compounds were analysed and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Yields (expressed as % of biotransformation) varied in dependence of the strain. The reduction of both (4R)-(−)-carvone and (1R)-(−)-myrtenal were catalyzed by some ene-reductases (ERs) and/or carbonyl reductases (CRs), which determined the formation of (1R,4R)-dihydrocarvone and (1R)-myrtenol respectively, as main flavouring products. The potential of NCYs as novel whole-cell biocatalysts for selective biotransformation of electron-poor alkenes for producing flavours and fragrances of industrial interest is discussed.
Nano-Electrochemistry and Nano-Electrografting with an Original Combined AFM-SECM
Authors: Ghorbal Achraf , Grisotto Federico , Charlier Julienne , Palacin Serge , Goyer Cédric , Demaille Christophe , Brahim Ammar
Published: May 2013

This study demonstrates the advantages of the combination between atomic force microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. The combined technique can perform nano-electrochemical measurements onto agarose surface and nano-electrografting of non-conducting polymers onto conducting surfaces. This work was achieved by manufacturing an original Atomic Force Microscopy-Scanning ElectroChemical Microscopy (AFM-SECM) electrode. The capabilities of the AFM-SECM-electrode were tested with the nano-electrografting of vinylic monomers initiated by aryl diazonium salts. Nano-electrochemical and technical processes were thoroughly described, so as to allow experiments reproducing. A plausible explanation of chemical and electrochemical mechanisms, leading to the nano-grafting process, was reported. This combined technique represents the first step towards improved nano-processes for the nano-electrografting.
Iron Absorption in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Mandilaras Konstantinos , Pathmanathan Tharse , Missirlis Fanis
Published: May 2013

The way in which Drosophila melanogaster acquires iron from the diet remains poorly understood despite iron absorption being of vital significance for larval growth. To describe the process of organismal iron absorption, consideration needs to be given to cellular iron import, storage, export and how intestinal epithelial cells sense and respond to iron availability. Here we review studies on the Divalent Metal Transporter-1 homolog Malvolio (iron import), the recent discovery that Multicopper Oxidase-1 has ferroxidase activity (iron export) and the role of ferritin in the process of iron acquisition (iron storage). We also describe what is known about iron regulation in insect cells. We then draw upon knowledge from mammalian iron homeostasis to identify candidate genes in flies. Questions arise from the lack of conservation in Drosophila for key mammalian players, such as ferroportin, hepcidin and all the components of the hemochromatosis-related pathway. Drosophila and other insects also lack erythropoiesis. Thus, systemic iron regulation is likely to be conveyed by different signaling pathways and tissue requirements. The significance of regulating intestinal iron uptake is inferred from reports linking Drosophila developmental, immune, heat-shock and behavioral responses to iron sequestration.
Study on a Real-Time BEAM System for Diagnosis Assistance Based on a System on Chips Design
Authors: Sung Wen-Tsai , Chen Jui-Ho , Chang Kung-Wei
Published: May 2013

As an innovative as well as an interdisciplinary research project, this study performed an analysis of brain signals so as to establish BrainIC as an auxiliary tool for physician diagnosis. Cognition behavior sciences, embedded technology, system on chips (SOC) design and physiological signal processing are integrated in this work. Moreover, a chip is built for real-time electroencephalography (EEG) processing purposes and a Brain Electrical Activity Mapping (BEAM) system, and a knowledge database is constructed to diagnose psychosis and body challenges in learning various behaviors and signals antithesis by a fuzzy inference engine. This work is completed with a medical support system developed for the mentally disabled or the elderly abled.
Air Masses Origin and Isotopic Tracers: A Study Case of the Oceanic and Mediterranean Rainfall Southwest of France
Authors: Lambs Luc , Moussa Issam , Brunet Frederic
Published: May 2013

Aquifers recharge mainly by local rainfall, which depend on the air mass humidity and orographic lifting, causing rain. The stable isotopes of the water molecule, i.e., oxygen-18 and deuterium, are useful tracers to determine the water source origin. Moreover, the calculation of the deuterium excess enables one to differentiate between the air masses from the Atlantic Ocean or the Mediterranean Sea. A transect from one coast to the other one and going through the city of Toulouse have been made to sample the groundwater and determine their isotopic characteristic. A monthly rainfall sampling has also been done over one year, close to the city Toulouse, to see how the d-excess values range over the season. The discussion replaces these results in available isotopic data.
L'Avenir de la Recherche Platonicienne
Authors: Lafrance Yvon
Published: May 2013

Bilan synthétique et critique des études sur Platon depuis le début du siècle, avec l'esquisse des développements possibles et souhaitables pour ces recherches.
Le Catalogue de Lamprias. Tradition manuscrite et éditions imprimées
Authors: Irigoin Jean
Published: May 2013

Le Catalogue de Lamprias est une liste ancienne des ouvrages de Plutarque où sont recensés quantité de traités aujourd'hui perdus. Attestée par huit manuscrits, dont cinq sont des copies secondaires, cette liste apparaît vers la fin du XIXe siècle dans une région qui semble être l'Italie méridionale. Découverte par Fulvio Orsini dans un manuscrit de Diogène Laërce appartenant au cardinal Ranuccio Farnèse et recopiée de sa main au milieu du XVIe siècle, la liste, attribuée par l'érudit romain, sur la foi d'une lettre apocryphe, à Lamprias, prétendu fils de Plutarque, circule dans les milieux humanistes de la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle. Henri Estienne en donne une première édition, anonyme et avec des omissions, dans ses Plutarchi opera ([Genève], 1572). La première édition complète (Augsbourg, 1597) est due à David Hoeschel, qui la publie sous le nom de Lamprias. L'histoire des éditions successives, menée jusqu'à nos jours, montre comment et avec quelle lenteur s'est fait le recours aux trois manuscrits primaires de la liste.
Automated Digital Image Analysis of Islet Cell Mass Using Nikon's Inverted Eclipse Ti Microscope and Software to Improve Engraftment may Help to Advance the Therapeutic Efficacy and Accessibility of Islet Transplantation across Centers
Authors: Gmyr Valery , Bonner Caroline , Lukowiak Bruno , Pawlowski Valerie , Dellaleau Nathalie , Belaich Sandrine , Aluka Isanga , Moermann Ericka , Thevenet Julien , Ezzouaoui Rimed , Queniat Gurvan , Pattou Francois , Kerr-Conte Julie
Published: May 2013

Reliable assessment of islet viability, mass, and purity must be met prior to transplanting an islet preparation into patients with type 1 diabetes. The standard method for quantifying human islet preparations is by direct microscopic analysis of dithizone-stained islet samples, but this technique may be susceptible to inter-/intraobserver variability, which may induce false positive/negative islet counts. Here we describe a simple, reliable, automated digital image analysis (ADIA) technique for accurately quantifying islets into total islet number, islet equivalent number (IEQ), and islet purity before islet transplantation. Islets were isolated and purified from n = 42 human pancreata according to the automated method of Ricordi et al. For each preparation, three islet samples were stained with dithizone and expressed as IEQ number. Islets were analyzed manually by microscopy or automatically quantified using Nikon's inverted Eclipse Ti microscope with built-in NIS-Elements Advanced Research (AR) software. The AIDA method significantly enhanced the number of islet preparations eligible for engraftment compared to the standard manual method ( p < 0.001). Comparisons of individual methods showed good correlations between mean values of IEQ number ( r2 = 0.91) and total islet number ( r2 = 0.88) and thus increased to r2 = 0.93 when islet surface area was estimated comparatively with IEQ number. The ADIA method showed very high intraobserver reproducibility compared to the standard manual method ( p < 0.001). However, islet purity was routinely estimated as significantly higher with the manual method versus the ADIA method ( p < 0.001). The ADIA method also detected small islets between 10 and 50 μm in size. Automated digital image analysis utilizing the Nikon Instruments software is an unbiased, simple, and reliable teaching tool to comprehensively assess the individual size of each islet cell preparation prior to transplantation. Implementation of this technology to improve engraftment may help to advance the therapeutic efficacy and accessibility of islet transplantation across centers.
La influencia de la atmósfera política local sobre la conducta electoral. Un estudio del voto socialista en las elecciones locales andaluzas de 2011
Authors: Ortega Villodres Carmen , García Hípola Giselle , Trujillo Cerezo José Manuel
Published: May 2013

Este artículo incorpora la perspectiva del “lugar” en el análisis del comportamiento electoral. Aunque centrado en la orientación partidista del voto, este trabajo retoma uno de los interrogantes clásicos de la literatura contextual: la influencia de la atmósfera política de la comunidad sobre la conducta electoral de sus residentes, a través de la observación casual o interacción de baja intensidad. Con esta finalidad, hemos examinado el efecto de la composición política de los municipios andaluces sobre el comportamiento del electorado socialista en los procesos locales de 2011. Nuestro análisis pone de manifiesto que la atmósfera política local tuvo un efecto mínimo, pero significativo sobre la orientación del voto de sus residentes en las pasadas consultas locales. Así, el clima predominantemente socialista de las localidades andaluzas empujó a los electores independientes o cuyo entorno más cercano no les proporcionaba información políticamente relevante a seguir a la mayoría local. Del mismo modo, nuestros resultados muestran que la influencia de la composición política local sobre la conducta individual se debilita con el grado de urbanización en Andalucía. El otro principal hallazgo de nuestro estudio es la importancia de la interacción social informal, a través de conversaciones en el entorno más cercano al individuo, en la explicación de la orientación partidista del voto.
Glia Maturation Factor-γ Negatively Modulates TLR4 Signaling by Facilitating TLR4 Endocytic Trafficking in Macrophages
Authors: Aerbajinai Wulin , Lee Kevin , Chin Kyung , Rodgers Griffin P.
Published: May 2013

TLR4 signaling must be tightly regulated to provide both effective immune protection and avoid inflammation-induced pathology. Thus, the mechanisms that negatively regulate the TLR4-triggered inflammatory response are of particular importance. Glia maturation factor-γ (GMFG), a novel actin depolymerization factor/cofilin superfamily protein that is expressed in inflammatory cells, has been implicated in mediating neutrophil and T cell migration, but its function in macrophage immune response remains unclear. In the current study, the role of GMFG in the LPS-induced TLR4-signaling pathway was investigated in THP-1 macrophages and human primary macrophages. LPS stimulation of macrophages decreased GMFG mRNA and protein expression. We show that GMFG negatively regulates LPS-induced activation of NF-κB–, MAPK-, and IRF3-signaling pathways and subsequent production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I IFN in human macrophages. We found that endogenous GMFG localized within early and late endosomes. GMFG knockdown delayed LPS-induced TLR4 internalization and caused prolonged TLR4 retention at the early endosome, suggesting that TLR4 transport from early to late endosomes is interrupted, which may contribute to enhanced LPS-induced TLR4 signaling. Taken together, our findings suggest that GMFG functions as a negative regulator of TLR4 signaling by facilitating TLR4 endocytic trafficking in macrophages.
NK Cells in Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Poli Aurélie , Kmiecik Justyna , Domingues Olivia , Hentges François , Bléry Mathieu , Chekenya Martha , Boucraut José , Zimmer Jacques
Published: May 2013

NK cells are important players in immunity against pathogens and neoplasms. As a component of the innate immune system, they are one of the first effectors on sites of inflammation. Through their cytokine production capacities, NK cells participate in the development of a potent adaptive immune response. Furthermore, NK cells were found to have regulatory functions to limit and prevent autoimmunity via killing of autologous immune cells. These paradoxical functions of NK cells are reflected in CNS disorders. In this review, we discuss the phenotypes and functional features of peripheral and brain NK cells in brain tumors and infections, neurodegenerative diseases, acute vascular and traumatic damage, as well as mental disorders. We also discuss the implication of NK cells in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection following CNS pathology, as well as the crosstalk between NK cells and brain-resident immune cells.