bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Transformation of the Obligate ParasitePlasmodiophora brassicae
Authors: Feng J. , Hwang Sheau-Fang , Strelkov S. E.
Published: April 2013

A protocol for genetic transformation of the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae, causal agent of clubroot of crucifers, was developed. In this protocol, protoplast preparation was superseded with lithium acetate treatment and the selection step was omitted. In two independent experiments, germinating resting spores of P. brassicae were transformed by two fungal expression vectors containing either a green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene or a hygromycin resistance (hph) gene. Putative transformants were produced from both transformations, with ≈50% of the obtained galls containing resting spores from which transforming DNA could be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and genome walking conducted on selected transformants indicated that the transforming DNA was intergraded into the P. brassicae genome. Transcript of hph but not gfp was detected by reverse-transcription qPCR from selected transformants. From all galls produced by transformants, no GFP activity could be identified. Verified transformants were inoculated on canola and new galls were generated. PCR and qPCR analyses based on these galls indicated that transforming DNA was still resident in P. brassicae. This is the first report on genetic transformation of P. brassicae. The information and data generated from this study will facilitate research in multiple areas of the clubroot pathosystem.
Selection Pressure and Founder Effects Constrain Genetic Variation in Differentiated Populations of Soilborne Bymovirus Wheat yellow mosaic virus (Potyviridae) in China
Authors: Sun B.-J. , Sun L.-Y. , Tugume A. K. , Adams M. J. , Yang J. , Xie L.-H. , Chen J.-P.
Published: April 2013

To study the population genetic structure and forces driving the evolution of Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), the nucleotide sequences encoding the coat protein (CP) (297 sequences) or the genome-linked virion protein (VPg) (87 sequences) were determined from wheat plants growing at 11 different locations distributed in five provinces in China. There were close phylogenetic relationships between all sequences but clustering on the phylogenetic trees was congruent with their provenance, suggesting an origin-dependent population genetic structure. There were low levels of genetic diversity, ranging from 0.00035 ± 0.00019 to 0.01536 ± 0.00043 (CP), and 0.00086 ± 0.00039 to 0.00573 ± 0.00111 (VPg), indicating genetic stability or recent emergence of WYMV in China. The results may suggest that founder effects play a role in shaping the genetic structure of WYMV. Between-population diversity was consistently higher than within-population diversity, suggesting limited gene flow between subpopulations (average FST 0.6241 for the CP and 0.7981 for the VPg). Consistent amino acid substitutions correlated with the provenance of the sequences were observed at nine positions in the CP (but none in the VPg), indicating an advanced stage in population structuring. Strong negative (purifying) selection was implicated on both the CP and VPg but positive selection on a few codons in the CP, indicating an ongoing molecular adaptation.
Genetically Diverse Long-Lived Clonal Lineages ofPhytophthora capsicifrom Pepper in Gansu, China
Authors: Hu Jian , Pang Zhili , Bi Yang , Shao Jingpeng , Diao Yongzhao , Guo Jianguo , Liu Yonggang , Lv Heping , Lamour Kurt , Liu Xili
Published: April 2013

Phytophthora capsici causes significant loss to pepper production in China, and our objective was to investigate the population structure in Gansu province. Between 2007 and 2011, 279 isolates were collected from pepper at 24 locations. Isolates (or subsets) were assessed for simple sequence repeat (SSR) genotype, metalaxyl resistance, mating type, and physiological race using cultivars from the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) and New Mexico recombinant inbred lines (NMRILs). The A1 and A2 mating types were recovered from nine locations and metalaxyl-resistant isolates from three locations. A total of 104 isolates tested on the AVRDC panel resolved five physiological races. None of 42 isolates tested on the NMRIL panel caused visible infection. SSR genotyping of 127 isolates revealed 59 unique genotypes, with 42 present as singletons and 17 having 2 to 13 isolates. Isolates with identical genotypes were recovered from multiple sites across multiple years and, in many cases, had different race types or metalaxyl sensitivities. Isolates clustered into three groups with each group having almost exclusively the A1 or A2 mating type. Overall it appears long-lived genetically diverse clonal lineages are dispersed across Gansu, outcrossing is rare, and functionally important variation exists within a clonal framework.
Epidemiology of Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus
Authors: Zhou Jing , Tzanetakis Ioannis E.
Published: April 2013

Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus has been linked to an emerging soybean disease in the United States and Canada. Virus distribution and population structure in major growing areas were evaluated. Data were employed to design and develop sensitive detection protocols, able to detect all virus isolates available in databases. The host range for the virus was assessed and several species were found to sustain virus replication, including ivyleaf morning glory, a common weed species in soybean-growing areas in the United States. Koch's postulates were fulfilled using soybean thrips and transmission efficiency was determined. This article provides significant insight into the biology of the most widespread soybean virus in the United States.
Effect of Positive End-expiratory Pressure on Regional Ventilation Distribution during Mechanical Ventilation after Surfactant Depletion
Authors: Bayat Sam , Porra Liisa , Albu Gergely , Suhonen Heikki , Strengell Satu , Suortti Pekka , Sovijärvi Anssi , Peták Ferenc , Habre Walid
Published: April 2013

Background:

Ventilator-induced lung injury occurs due to exaggerated local stresses, repeated collapse, and opening of terminal air spaces in poorly aerated dependent lung, and increased stretch in nondependent lung. The aim of this study was to quantify the functional behavior of peripheral lung units in whole-lung lavage-induced surfactant depletion, and to assess the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure.

Methods:

The authors used synchrotron imaging to measure lung aeration and regional specific ventilation at positive end-expiratory pressure of 3 and 9 cm H2O, before and after whole-lung lavage in rabbits. Respiratory mechanical parameters were measured, and helium-washout was used to assess end-expiratory lung volume.

Results:

Atelectatic, poorly, normally aerated, hyperinflated, and trapped regions could be identified using the imaging technique used in this study. Surfactant depletion significantly increased atelectasis (6.3 ± 3.3 [mean ± SEM]% total lung area; P = 0.04 vs. control) and poor aeration in dependent lung. Regional ventilation was distributed to poorly aerated regions with high (16.4 ± 4.4%; P < 0.001), normal (20.7 ± 5.9%; P < 0.001 vs. control), and low (5.7 ± 1.2%; P < 0.05 vs. control) specific ventilation. Significant redistribution of ventilation to normally aerated nondependent lung regions occurred (41.0 ± 9.6%; P = 0.03 vs. control). Increasing positive end-expiratory pressure level to 9 cm H2O significantly reduced poor aeration and recruited atelectasis, but ventilation redistribution persisted (39.2 ± 9.5%; P < 0.001 vs. control).

Conclusions:

Ventilation of poorly aerated dependent lung regions, which can promote the local concentration of mechanical stresses, was the predominant functional behavior in surfactant-depleted lung. Potential tidal recruitment of atelectatic lung regions involved a smaller fraction of the imaged lung. Significant ventilation redistribution to aerated lung regions places these at risk of increased stretch injury.
CATERPILLAR SETAE PENETRATION IN AN EYE
Authors: Lipkova Blandina , Gajdosova Eva , Kacerik Marek , Duranova Maria , Izak Milan G.
Published: April 2013

Purpose:

To report the results of 9 years of follow-up after caterpillar setae penetration into a child’s eye.

Methods:

The clinical course of caterpillar setae penetrating an eye and their migration will be described. Initially confined to the anterior segment (conjunctiva, cornea), they later migrated to the anterior chamber and iris toward the posterior pole. Management included treatment of the associated recurrent uveitis and repeated surgical interventions including pars plana vitrectomy.

Patients:

Ten-year-old boy at the time of the initial eye injury.

Results:

It was not possible to completely remove the caterpillar setae that had penetrated the conjunctiva and cornea. Later attempts to remove the setae from the anterior chamber and the vitreous by pars plana vitrectomy were also unsuccessful. Argon laser photocoagulation was performed around the setae, which later reached the retina, but did not prevent their further migration.

Conclusion:

Management of an eye injury caused by caterpillar setae is problematic because they are almost impossible to remove from eye tissue. Setae have a tendency to migrate in the eye. It requires long-term follow-up, conservative management of recurrent uveitis, as well as repeated surgical interventions.
Surfing in tortoises? Empirical signs of genetic structuring owing to range expansion
Authors: Graciá Eva , Botella Francisco , Anadón José Daniel , Edelaar Pim , Harris D. James , Giménez Andrés
Published: April 2013

Much of our current knowledge about the genetic dynamics in range expansions originates from models, simulations and microcosm experiments that need to be corroborated by field data. Here, we report a neutral genetic pattern that matches the predictions of the genetic surfing theory. Genetic surfing occurs when repeated founding events and genetic drift act on the wave of advance of an expanding population, promoting strong spatial structure. In the range expansion of the tortoise
Testudo graeca
from North Africa to southeastern Spain, we found several genetic signatures consistent with surfing: a decrease of genetic diversity with distance from the initial founder area, clinal patterns in allele frequencies, rare African alleles which have become common at distal sites in the Spanish range, and stronger spatial differentiation in the expanded range than in the original one. Our results provide support for the theory that genetic drift can be an important force in shaping the genetic structure of expanding populations.
Riding the crimson tide: mobile terrestrial consumers track phenological variation in spawning of an anadromous fish
Authors: Schindler Daniel E. , Armstrong Jonathan B. , Bentley Kale T. , Jankowski KathiJo , Lisi Peter J. , Payne Laura X.
Published: April 2013

When resources are spatially and temporally variable, consumers can increase their foraging success by moving to track ephemeral feeding opportunities as these shift across the landscape; the best examples derive from herbivore–plant systems, where grazers migrate to capitalize on the seasonal waves of vegetation growth. We evaluated whether analogous processes occur in watersheds supporting spawning sockeye salmon (
Oncorhynchus nerka
), asking whether seasonal activities of predators and scavengers shift spatial distributions to capitalize on asynchronous spawning among populations of salmon. Both glaucous-winged gulls and coastal brown bears showed distinct shifts in their spatial distributions over the course of the summer, reflecting the shifting distribution of spawning sockeye salmon, which was associated with variation in water temperature among spawning sites. By tracking the spatial and temporal variation in the phenology of their principal prey, consumers substantially extended their foraging opportunity on a superabundant, yet locally ephemeral, resource. Ecosystem-based fishery management efforts that seek to balance trade-offs between fisheries and ecosystem processes supported by salmon should, therefore, assess the importance of life-history variation, particularly in phenological traits, for maintaining important ecosystem functions, such as providing marine-derived resources for terrestrial predators and scavengers.
Family-based guilds in the ant
Pachycondyla inversa
Authors: Helanterä Heikki , Aehle Oliver , Roux Maurice , Heinze Jürgen , d'Ettorre Patrizia
Published: April 2013

High relatedness promotes the evolution of sociality because potentially costly cooperative behaviours are directed towards kin. However, societies, such as those of social insects, also benefit from genetic diversity, e.g. through enhanced disease resistance and division of labour. Effects of genetic diversity have been investigated in a few complex eusocial species. Here, we show that genetically based division of labour may also be important in ‘simple societies’, with fewer individuals and limited morphological caste differentiation. The ponerine ant
Pachycondyla inversa
has small colonies, headed by several unrelated queens. We show that nest-mate workers from different matrilines engage in different tasks, have distinct chemical profiles and associate preferentially with kin in the nest, while queens and brood stay together. This suggests that genetically based division of labour may precede the evolution of complex eusociality and facilitate the existence of low relatedness societies functioning as associations of distinct families that mutually benefit from group living.
Sir Graham Collingwood (Mont) Liggins. 24 June 1926 — 24 August 2010
Authors: Gluckman Sir Peter , Buklijas Tatjana
Published: April 2013

Graham Liggins, a New Zealand obstetrician and physiologist, is widely remembered for two related observations made in the 1960s: that administering corticosteroids to lambs
in utero
induced labour and also helped their lungs mature structurally as well as functionally. The first observation was a key finding in advancing our understanding of the mechanisms of parturition. The second observation inspired Liggins to conduct a randomized prospective clinical trial in Auckland, New Zealand, of administering antenatal glucocorticoids to women in premature labour. This treatment, first reported by Liggins and Ross Howie in 1972, subsequently became the mainstay of prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in prematurely born infants worldwide and arguably the most important therapeutic finding in the development of modern neonatology. It is accepted that Liggins's innovation and subsequent derivative approaches have saved many thousands of lives.
Fraser John Bergersen AM FAA. 26 May 1929 — 3 October 2011
Authors: Brockwell John , Sprent Janet I. , Day David A.
Published: April 2013

Fraser Bergersen rose from humble beginnings in New Zealand to become a leading microbiologist who specialized in the physiology and biochemistry of legume nitrogen fixation. He and his family emigrated to Australia in 1954. Virtually all of his career was spent in Canberra at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Division of Plant Industry. In the 1970s, Bergersen and colleagues achieved worldwide prominence when they elucidated the role of leghaemoglobin in facilitating oxygen diffusion to the
Bradyrhizobium
bacteroids in soybean nodules and in the nitrogen fixation process itself. During the rest of his working life, Fraser Bergersen contributed greatly to understanding the role of oxygen, the mode of its delivery, and terminal oxidases in all forms of biological nitrogen fixation.
Preload-responsive adhesion: effects of aspect ratio, tip shape and alignment
Authors: Paretkar Dadhichi , Kamperman Marleen , Martina David , Zhao Jiahua , Creton Costantino , Lindner Anke , Jagota Anand , McMeeking Robert , Arzt Eduard
Published: April 2013

We tested the adhesive response of polymer surfaces structured with arrays of cylindrical fibrils having diameters of 10–20 µm and aspect ratios 1–2.4. Fibrils had two different tip shapes of end-flaps and round edges. A preload-induced mechanical buckling instability of the fibrils was used to switch between the states of adhesion and non-adhesion. Non-adhesion in fibrils with round edges was reached at preloads that caused fibril buckling, whereas fibrils with end-flaps showed adhesion loss only at very high preloads. The round edge acted as a circumferential flaw prohibiting smooth tip contact recovery leading to an adhesion loss.
In situ
observations showed that, after reversal of buckling, the end-flaps unfold and re-form contact under prevailing compressive stress, retaining adhesion in spite of buckling. At very high preloads, however, end-flaps are unable to re-form contact resulting in adhesion loss. Additionally, the end-flaps showed varying contact adaptability as a function of the fibril–probe alignment, which further affects the preload for adhesion loss. The combined influence of preload, tip shape and alignment on adhesion can be used to switch adhesion in bioinspired fibrillar arrays.
Human melanopsin forms a pigment maximally sensitive to blue light (
λ
max
≈ 479 nm) supporting activation of G
q
/11
and G
i/o
signalling cascades
Authors: Bailes Helena J. , Lucas Robert J.
Published: April 2013

A subset of mammalian retinal ganglion cells expresses an opsin photopigment (melanopsin, Opn4) and is intrinsically photosensitive. The human retina contains melanopsin, but the literature lacks a direct investigation of its spectral sensitivity or G-protein selectivity. Here, we address this deficit by studying physiological responses driven by human melanopsin under heterologous expression in HEK293 cells. Luminescent reporters for common second messenger systems revealed that light induces a high amplitude increase in intracellular calcium and a modest reduction in cAMP in cells expressing human melanopsin, implying that this pigment is able to drive responses via both G
q
and G
i/o
class G-proteins. Melanopsins from mouse and amphioxus had a similar profile of G-protein coupling in HEK293 cells, but chicken Opn4m and Opn4x pigments exhibited some G
s
activity in addition to a strong G
q
/11
response. An action spectrum for the calcium response in cells expressing human melanopsin had the predicted form for an opsin : vitamin A1 pigment and peaked at 479 nm. The G-protein selectivity and spectral sensitivity of human melanopsin is similar to that previously described for rodents, supporting the utility of such laboratory animals for developing methods of manipulating this system using light or pharmacological agents.
Modified Clp Protease Complex in the ClpP3 Null Mutant and Consequences for Chloroplast Development and Function in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kim Jitae , Olinares Paul Dominic , Oh Soo-hyun , Ghisaura Stefania , Poliakov Anton , Ponnala Lalit , van Wijk Klaas J.
Published: April 2013

The plastid ClpPRT protease consists of two heptameric rings of ClpP1/ClpR1/ClpR2/ClpR3/ClpR4 (the R-ring) and ClpP3/ClpP4/ClpP5/ClpP6 (the P-ring) and peripherally associated ClpT1/ClpT2 subunits. Here, we address the contributions of ClpP3 and ClpP4 to ClpPRT core organization and function in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). ClpP4 is strictly required for embryogenesis, similar to ClpP5. In contrast, loss of ClpP3 (clpp3-1) leads to arrest at the hypocotyl stage; this developmental arrest can be removed by supplementation with sucrose or glucose. Heterotrophically grown clpp3-1 can be transferred to soil and generate viable seed, which is surprising, since we previously showed that CLPR2 and CLPR4 null alleles are always sterile and die on soil. Based on native gels and mass spectrometry-based quantification, we show that despite the loss of ClpP3, modified ClpPR core(s) could be formed, albeit at strongly reduced levels. A large portion of ClpPR subunits accumulated in heptameric rings, with overaccumulation of ClpP1/ClpP5/ClpP6 and ClpR3. Remarkably, the association of ClpT1 to the modified Clp core was unchanged. Large-scale quantitative proteomics assays of clpp3-1 showed a 50% loss of photosynthetic capacity and the up-regulation of plastoglobules and all chloroplast stromal chaperone systems. Specific chloroplast proteases were significantly up-regulated, whereas the major thylakoid protease (FtsH1/FtsH2/FtsH5/FtsH8) was clearly unchanged, indicating a controlled protease network response. clpp3-1 showed a systematic decrease of chloroplast-encoded proteins that are part of the photosynthetic apparatus but not of chloroplast-encoded proteins with other functions. Candidate substrates and an explanation for the differential phenotypes between the CLPP3, CLPP4, and CLPP5 null mutants are discussed.
Rice Cytokinin GATA Transcription Factor1 Regulates Chloroplast Development and Plant Architecture
Authors: Hudson Darryl , Guevara David R. , Hand Andrew J. , Xu Zhenhua , Hao Lixin , Chen Xi , Zhu Tong , Bi Yong-Mei , Rothstein Steven J.
Published: April 2013

Chloroplast biogenesis has been well documented in higher plants, yet the complex methods used to regulate chloroplast activity under fluctuating environmental conditions are not well understood. In rice (Oryza sativa), the CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 (Cga1) shows increased expression following light, nitrogen, and cytokinin treatments, while darkness and gibberellin reduce expression. Strong overexpression of Cga1 produces dark green, semidwarf plants with reduced tillering, whereas RNA interference knockdown results in reduced chlorophyll and increased tillering. Coexpression, microarray, and real-time expression analyses demonstrate a correlation between Cga1 expression and the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes. Constitutive Cga1 overexpression increases both chloroplast biogenesis and starch production but also results in delayed senescence and reduced grain filling. Growing the transgenic lines under different nitrogen regimes indicates potential agricultural applications for Cga1, including manipulation of biomass, chlorophyll/chloroplast content, and harvest index. These results indicate a conserved mechanism by which Cga1 regulates chloroplast development in higher plants.
PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR3 Associates with the Histone Deacetylase HDA15 in Repression of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Photosynthesis in EtiolatedArabidopsisSeedlings
Authors: Liu Xuncheng , Chen Chia-Yang , Wang Ko-Ching , Luo Ming , Tai Ready , Yuan Lianyu , Zhao Minglei , Yang Songguang , Tian Gang , Cui Yuhai , Hsieh Hsu-Liang , Wu Keqiang
Published: April 2013

PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR3 (PIF3) is a key basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor of Arabidopsis thaliana that negatively regulates light responses, repressing chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and photomorphogenesis in the dark. However, the mechanism for the PIF3-mediated transcription regulation remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that the REDUCED POTASSIUM DEPENDENCY3/HISTONE DEACETYLASE1-type histone deacetylase HDA15 directly interacted with PIF3 in vivo and in vitro. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed that HDA15 acts mainly as a transcriptional repressor and negatively regulates chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthesis gene expression in etiolated seedlings. HDA15 and PIF3 cotarget to the genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthesis in the dark and repress gene expression by decreasing the acetylation levels and RNA Polymerase II–associated transcription. The binding of HDA15 to the target genes depends on the presence of PIF3. In addition, PIF3 and HDA15 are dissociated from the target genes upon exposure to red light. Taken together, our results indicate that PIF3 associates with HDA15 to repress chlorophyll biosynthetic and photosynthetic genes in etiolated seedlings.
Bronchial and non‐bronchial systemic arteries: Value of multidetector CT angiography in diagnosis and angiographic embolisation feasibility analysis
Authors: Lin Yuning , Chen Ziqian , Yang Xizhang , Zhong Qun , Zhang Hongwen , Yang Li , Xu Shangwen , Li Hui
Published: April 2013

Introduction

The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of multidetector CT angiography (CTA) in depicting bronchial and non‐bronchial systemic arteries in patients with haemoptysis and to assess whether this modality helps determine the feasibility of angiographic embolisation.

Materials and Methods

Fifty‐two patients with haemoptysis between January 2010 and July 2011 underwent both preoperative multidetector CTA and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging. Diagnostic performance of CTA in depicting arteries causing haemoptysis was assessed on a per‐patient and a per‐artery basis. The feasibility of the endovascular treatment evaluated by CTA was analysed. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for those analyses were determined.

Results

Fifty patients were included in the artery‐presence‐number analysis. In the per‐patient analysis, neither CTA (P = 0.25) nor DSA (P = 1.00) showed statistical difference in the detection of arteries causing haemoptysis. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 94%, 100%, 100%, and 40%, respectively, for the presence of pathologic arteries evaluated by CTA, and 98%, 100%, 100%, and 67%, respectively, for DSA. On the per‐artery basis, CTA correctly identified 97% (107/110). Fifty‐two patients were included in the feasibility analysis. The performance of CTA in predicting the feasibility of angiographic embolisation was not statistically different from the treatment performed (P = 1.00). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 96%, 80%, 98% and 67%, respectively, for CTA.

Conclusions

Multidetector CTA is an accurate imaging method in depicting the presence and number of arteries causing haemoptysis. This modality is also useful for determining the feasibility of angiographic embolisation for haemoptysis.
Clinical analysis of Gefitinib in the treatment of stage IV lung adenocarcinoma with unknown EGFR gene mutations
Authors: Li Rong , Lou Yuqing , Zhang Yanwei , Shi Chunlei , Xiong Liwen , Gu Aiqin , Han Baohui
Published: April 2013

Background

As it is difficult to obtain enough histopathological data for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene detection, it is necessary for us to explore how to perform EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy in patients with unknown EGFR gene mutations.

Methods

We analyzed the efficacy of Gefitinib treatment and the clinical characteristics of 214 patients with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma.

Results

Objective response rates (ORR) and overall survival (OS) of women were higher than men; ORR of patients with rash, diarrhea, or rash associated with diarrhea, was higher than patients without those side effects. Progression‐free survival (PFS) of patients with performance status (PS) scores of 1, 2, and 3 points was 8.0 ± 1.699, 7.3 ± 0.419, and 6.0 ± 2.010, respectively; OS was 26.0 ± 1.536, 16.3 ± 1.262, and 14.3 ± 2.389, respectively. PFS and OS of patients with rash and diarrhea were better than for those without these side effects. In males, the PFS of patients >65 years old versus ≤65 years old was 13.0 ± 2.7 months versus 5.5 ± 0.197 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that PS score, diarrhea, and rash affected the patients' PFS, while gender, PS score, and rash affected the patients' OS.

Conclusions

In patients with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma and unknown EGFR gene mutations treated with Gefitinib, our findings suggest a better prognosis for female patients and those with low PS scores.
Stroke volume‐directed administration of hydroxyethyl starch or Ringer's acetate in sitting position during craniotomy
Authors: LINDROOS A.‐C. B. , NIIYA T. , SILVASTI‐LUNDELL M. , RANDELL T. , HERNESNIEMI J. , NIEMI T. T.
Published: April 2013

Background

To determine the volumes required for stable haemodynamics and possible effects on the coagulation, we studied stroke volume (SV)‐directed administration of hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130 kDa/0.4) and Ringer's acetate (RAC) in neurosurgical patients operated on in a sitting position.

Methods

Thirty craniotomy patients were randomised to receive either HES or RAC. Before positioning, SV, measured by arterial pressure waveform analysis, was maximised by boluses of fluid until SV did not increase more than 10%. SV was maintained by repeated administration of fluid. RAC 3 ml/kg/h was infused in both groups during surgery.

Results

Comparable haemodynamics were achieved with the mean [standard deviation (SD)] cumulative doses of HES or RAC 271 (47) or 264 (50) ml (P = 0.699) before the sitting position. Mean (SD) doses of HES or RAC at 30 min after the positioning were 343 (94) or 450 (156) ml (P = 0.036), and at the end of surgery 464 (284) or 707 (425) ml, respectively (P = 0.087). The intraoperative fluid balance was more positive in the RAC than in the HES group [P = 0.044, 95% confidence interval (CI) −978 to −14]. Cardiac and stroke volume indexes [CI and stroke volume index (SVI)] increased in the HES group (P < 0.05) but not in the RAC group [non significant (N.S.)]. Neither coagulation profile nor blood loss differed between the groups.

Conclusion

Fluid filling with HES boluses resulted in a positive response in CI and SVI during the sitting position. The 34% smaller volume of HES than crystalloid and less positive fluid balance in the HES group might be important in craniotomy patients with decreased brain compliance.
Development of sensitization to methamphetamine in offspring prenatally exposed to morphine, methadone and buprenorphine
Authors: Chiang Yao‐Chang , Hung Tsai‐Wei , Ho Ing‐Kang
Published: April 2013

Heroin use among young women of reproductive age has drawn much attention around the world. However, there is lack of information on the long‐term effects of prenatal exposure to opioids on their offspring. Our previous study demonstrated that prenatally buprenorphine‐exposed offspring showed a marked change in the cross‐tolerance to morphine compared with other groups. In the current study, this animal model was used to study effects of methamphetamine (METH)‐induced behavioral sensitization in the offspring at their adulthood. The results showed no differences in either basal or acute METH‐induced locomotor activity in any of the groups of animals tested. When male offspring received METH injections of 2 mg/kg, i.p., once a day for 5 days, behavioral sensitization was induced, as determined by motor activity. Furthermore, the distance and rate of development (slope) of locomotor activity and conditioned place preference induced by METH were significantly increased in the prenatally buprenorphine‐exposed animals compared with those in other groups. The dopamine D1R in the nucleus accumbens of the prenatally buprenorphine‐exposed offspring had lower mRNA expression; but no significant changes in the μ‐, κ‐opioid, nociceptin, D2R and D3R receptors were noted. Furthermore, significant alterations were observed in the basal level of cAMP and the D1R agonist enhanced adenylyl cyclase activity in the prenatally buprenorphine‐exposed group. Overall, the study demonstrates that D1R and its downregulated cAMP signals are involved in enhancing METH‐induced behavioral sensitization in prenatally buprenorphine‐exposed offspring. The study reveals that prenatal exposure to buprenorphine caused long‐term effects on offspring and affected the dopaminergic system‐related reward mechanism.
A Novel Mutation in FGD4/FRABIN Causes Charcot Marie Tooth Disease Type 4H in Patients from a Consanguineous Tunisian Family
Authors: Boubaker Chokri , Hsairi‐Guidara Inès , Castro Christel , Ayadi Ines , Boyer Amandine , Kerkeni Emna , Courageot Joël , Abid Imen , Bernard Rafaëlle , Bonello‐Palot Nathalie , Kamoun Fatma , Cheikh Hassen Ben , Lévy Nicolas , Triki Chahnez , Delague Valérie
Published: April 2013

Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease constitutes a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary neuropathies characterized by progressive muscular and sensory loss in the distal extremities with chronic distal weakness, deformation of the feet, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. CMT4H is an autosomal recessive demyelinating subtype of CMT, due to mutations in FGD4/FRABIN, for which nine mutations are described to date. In this study, we describe three patients from a consanguineous Tunisian family, presenting with severe, early onset, slowly progressive, autosomal recessive demyelinating CMT, complicated by mild to severe kyphoscoliosis, consistent with CMT4H. In these patients, we report the identification of a novel homozygous frameshift mutation in FGD4: c.514_515insG; p.Ala172Glyfs*27. Our study reports the first mutation identified in FGD4 in Tunisian patients affected with CMT. It further confirms the important clinical heterogeneity observed in patients with mutations in FGD4 and the lack of phenotype/genotype correlations in CMT4H. Our results suggest that FGD4 should be screened in other early‐onset CMT subtypes, regardless of the severity of the phenotype, and particularly in patients of consanguineous descent. In Tunisians, as in other populations with high consanguinity rates, screening of genes responsible for rare autosomal recessive CMT subtypes should be prioritized.
Wilson Disease Mutation Pattern with Genotype‐Phenotype Correlations from Western India: Confirmation of p.C271* as a Common Indian Mutation and Identification of 14 Novel Mutations
Authors: Aggarwal Annu , Chandhok Gursimran , Todorov Theodor , Parekh Saloni , Tilve Sharada , Zibert Andree , Bhatt Mohit , Schmidt Hartmut H.‐J.
Published: April 2013

Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutations in the ATP7B gene, with over 600 mutations described. Identification of mutations has made genetic diagnosis of WD feasible in many countries. The heterogeneity of ATP7B mutants is, however, yet to be identified in the Indian population. We analyzed the mutational pattern of WD in a large region of Western India. We studied patients (n = 52) for ATP7B gene mutations in a cohort of families with WD and also in first‐degree relatives (n = 126). All 21 exon–intron boundaries of the WD gene were amplified and directly sequenced. We identified 36 different disease‐causing mutations (31 exonic and five intronic splice site variants). Fourteen novel mutations were identified. Exons 2, 8, 13, 14, and 18 accounted for the majority of mutations (86.4%). A previously recognized mutation, p.C271*, and the novel mutation p.E122fs, were the most common mutations with allelic frequencies of 20.2% and 10.6%, respectively. Frequent homozygous mutations (58.9%) and disease severity assessments allowed analysis of genotype–phenotype correlations. Our study significantly adds to the emerging data from other parts of India suggesting that p.C271* may be the most frequent mutation across India, and may harbor a moderate to severely disabling phenotype with limited variability.
Postnatal steroids in extremely low birth weight infants: betamethasone or hydrocortisone?
Authors: Ben Said Mohamed , Hays Stéphane , Loys Claire‐Marie , Coletto Ludivine , Godbert Isabelle , Picaud Jean‐Charles
Published: April 2013

Aim

To compare the efficacy and tolerance of betamethasone (BTM) and hydrocortisone (HC) in weaning extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) from the ventilator.

Methods

Monocentric, retrospective, cohort analysis based on prospective, standardized collection of data between 2005 and 2011 in ELBW receiving postnatal steroids (PS) after the second week of life. We used BTM for the first 4 years, and thereafter HC. We compared extubation rates, growth, glycaemia and blood pressure.

Results

Sixty‐seven infants received PS: 35 BTM and 32 HC. Most infants (83% BTM vs. 72% HC) were extubated during treatment (p = 0.281). During PS, the need for insulin was similar. Mean arterial blood pressure was similar at day 3 of PS, but was significantly lower in infants treated by BTM 30 days after the end of treatment. The z‐scores for body weight and head circumference indicated significantly greater loss in BTM than HC group. This persisted only for body weight after adjustment for differences in energy intake and corticosteroid dose.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that HC may be as efficient as BTM in facilitating the extubation of ELBW infants, without short‐term adverse effects. Blood pressure monitoring and investigation of long‐term neurodevelopment are nevertheless needed.
Biomass Spectrometry Identification of the Fibre Material in the Pall Imprint Excavated from Grave M1, Peng‐state Cemetery, Shanxi, China
Authors: Zhu Zhanyun , Chen Hua‐feng , Li Li , Gong De‐cai , Gao Xiang , Yang Junchang , Zhao Xichen , Ji Kunzhang
Published: April 2013

In order to identify the fibre material of the pall imprint excavated from the Peng‐state cemetery in Shanxi, biomass spectrometry was applied to determine the amino acid sequences of the residual protein extracted from the soil underneath the imprint. The sequences were searched against a standard protein sequence database. A well‐preserved silk pall sample from the Warring States Period was used as a comparative template. The protein extracted is identified as silk fibroin (Bombyx mori). This finding indicates that the extremely degraded pall was made of silk and that the deceased in the Peng‐state cemetery enjoyed high social status. In this way, a novel methodology, which is very promising in uncovering the origin of silk, could be initiated.
Assessing the use of haemostatic sealants in tubeless percutaneous renal access and their effect on renal drainage and histology: an experimental porcine study
Authors: Rigopoulos Christos , Kyriazis Iason , Kallidonis Panagiotis , Kalogeropoulou Christina , Koumoundourou Dimitra , Georgiopoulos Ioannis , Petsas Theodore , Karnabatidis Dimitrios , Constantinides Costantinos , Liatsikos Evangelos
Published: April 2013

Objective

To evaluate the mid‐term effects of haemostatic sealant application during tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) on renal drainage and histology in an in vivo porcine study.

Materials and Methods

Bilateral percutaneous access was established in 28 porcine renal units. At the end of the procedure, a type 1 absorbable fish origin collagen powder, a human fibrinogen‐ and thrombin‐coated sponge or a cross‐linked gelatin granule/topical thrombin matrix were randomly placed on the nephrostomy tracts. Four nephrostomy accesses were left intact and served as controls. No percutaneous tube, ureteric stent or bladder catheter was left in place postoperatively.

Computed tomography urography on postoperative days 1, 15, 30 and 40 was used to access renal drainage.

On postoperative day 40, all animals were killed and both kidneys from each animal were harvested for histological evaluation.

Results

Evidence of risk for drainage occlusion after sealant application was found.

The use of haemostatic sealants was associated with significant histological lesions in the renal parenchyma, regardless of which sealant was used.

No sealant was identified as superior to the others.

Nephrostomy tracts that were left without sealant application (control group) were associated with no morbidity and fewer histopathological changes.

Conclusions

Based on these experimental results, the safety of the application of haemostatic sealants in tubeless PCNL should be reassessed, focusing not only on the potential of such materials to occlude urinary drainage but also on their effect on renal histology.

Further investigation is considered necessary.
Specialized Seed Dispersal in Epiphytic Cacti and Convergence with Mistletoes
Authors: de C. Guaraldo André , de O. Boeni Bruna , Pizo Marco A.
Published: April 2013

Mistletoes represent the best example of specialization in seed dispersal, with a reduced assemblage of dispersal agents. Specific dispersal requirements mediated by the specificity of seed deposition site have apparently led to the evolution of such close relationships between mistletoes and certain frugivores. Here, we provide evidences for another case of specialization involving epiphytic cacti in the genusRhipsalis, and small Neotropical passerinesEuphoniaspp., which also act as the main seed dispersers of mistletoes in the family Viscaceae. With field observations, literature search, and observations on captive birds, we demonstrated thatRhipsalishave specific establishment requirements, and euphonias are the most effective dispersers ofRhipsalisseeds in both quantitative and qualitative aspects, potentially depositing seeds onto branches of host plants. We interpret the similar dispersal systems ofRhipsalisand Viscaceae mistletoes, which involve the same dispersal agents, similar fruit morphologies, and fruit chemistry as convergent adaptive strategies that enable seeds of both groups to reach adequate microsites for establishment in host branches.
Adolescent inhalant use and executive cognitive functioning
Authors: Scott K. D. , Scott A. A.
Published: April 2013

Background

This study investigates the association between inhalant use and executive cognitive functioning (ECF) and processing speed (PS) in 754 adjudicated poly‐substance users on a series of neuropsychological tests. Poly‐substance users who used inhalants (PSI = 262) and poly‐substance users who did not use inhalants (PSO = 492) neuropsychological tests scores were compared. Hispanic Americans comprised 72% of the participants; European Americans, African Americans and Asian Americans comprised 28% of the participants.

Methods

Standardized neuropsychological tests were used to assess ECF and PS. Psychosocial and substance abuse standardized surveys were used to assess drug use severity and psychosocial problems associated with substance use.

Results

Multiple Analysis of Covariance shows that PSI users who used inhalants performed worse on ECF and PS measures in comparison to non‐inhalant poly‐substance users (PSO). PSI users were younger, used more drugs and had more psychiatric admissions than PSO users.

Conclusion

PSI users initiate substances at a younger age and experienced more ECF and PS deficits, and behavioural problems in comparison to PSO users. The results of this study suggest that PS has direct effect on ECF and psychosocial outcomes in PSI users.
Echocardiographic Assessment of Ventricular Synchrony in Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease in Children
Authors: Friedberg Mark K. , Mertens Luc
Published: April 2013

Electromechanical dyssynchrony is an important consequence of and contributor to ventricular dysfunction. Echocardiography can be useful to assess the mechanisms underlying mechanical dyssynchrony, to evaluate the impact of mechanical dyssynchrony on ventricular function, and to try to predict the therapeutic response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Mechanical dyssynchrony has been demonstrated in several pediatric acquired and congenital cardiac conditions, but experience is still limited. Moreover, the optimal method to identify dyssynchrony remains unclear, and data predicting the response to CRT in pediatrics are lacking. Understanding mechanisms of electromechanical dyssynchrony by echocardiography seems promising, at least in left bundle branch block (LBBB), but may be limited in children due to the uncommon occurrence of LBBB in this population. This review addresses the commonly used methods to diagnose mechanical dyssynchrony, discusses the emerging concepts on the mechanisms of the various types of mechanical dyssynchrony, and discusses the possible significance of mechanical synchrony in pediatric and acquired congenital heart disease.
Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Forsey Jonathan , Friedberg Mark K , Mertens Luc
Published: April 2013

Assessment of myocardial strain using speckle tracking echocardiography is an emerging echocardiographic technique that is increasingly used in the diagnosis and management of acquired heart disease in adults. In pediatric heart disease, this is still mainly considered as a research tool as the application of this technology has been slowed by the lack of vendor‐independent technology and of normative data across the different age ranges. We believe that the technology has potential applications for the early detection of myocardial dysfunction, the quantification of ventricular function in congenital heart disease, and the detection of dyssynchrony.
Advances in Fetal Echocardiography: Early Imaging, Three/Four Dimensional Imaging, and Role of Fetal Echocardiography in Guiding Early Postnatal Management of Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Rogers Lindsay , Li Jun , Liu Liwen , Balluz Rula , Rychik Jack , Ge Shuping
Published: April 2013

In this article, we review a number of topics that we believe reflect new and exciting aspects of fetal echocardiography. These new advances include early fetal cardiovascular imaging around 14 weeks, the utility of three/four dimensional imaging technology for the fetus, and finally the utility of fetal echocardiography for antenatal and perinatal care of congenital heart diseases to improve and optimize outcome. Finally, we briefly discussed future directions in fetal cardiac intervention.
Potential role for anti‐angiogenic therapy in abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Vijaynagar Badri , Bown Matt J. , Sayers Robert D. , Choke Edward
Published: April 2013

Objective

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a condition that mainly affects elderly men. At present, there is no effective medical therapy that can retard aneurysm growth or prevent aneurysm rupture. There is evidence that angiogenesis within the wall of an aortic aneurysm may play key roles in aneurysm progression as well as rupture. The use of anti‐angiogenic therapy as potential medical therapy in AAA is a promising strategy but has never been studied in detail.

Design

This paper discusses the basic mechanisms of angiogenesis, the role played by angiogenesis in aortic aneurysms and the potential therapeutic role of anti‐angiogenic drugs against aneurysm expansion or rupture.

Results

Angiogenesis is a multi‐step process which is fundamental for growth and differentiation of various tissues within a multi‐cellular organism. Hypoxia and inflammation are key stimuli for activation of neoangiogenesis. Investigations in both human tissues and animal models of AAA have shown that angiogenesis is a pathological hallmark of AAA and appears to play a role in the development and progression of the condition. Pre‐clinical studies have shown that anti‐angiogenic drugs can potentially be effective in reducing the intensity of aneurysm formation, suggesting that such drugs may potentially be useful as novel drug therapy for AAA in humans.

Conclusion

Current evidence suggests that angiogenesis contributes to the destructive processes within aneurysmal aortic wall. As novel drug therapy for aortic aneurysms (for use in humans) is still eluding researchers, anti‐angiogenic pathway appears to be an attractive approach.
INEFFICIENCY AS A STRATEGIC DEVICE IN GROUP CONTESTS AGAINST DOMINANT OPPONENTS
Authors: KOLMAR MARTIN , WAGENER ANDREAS
Published: April 2013

Contests between groups are prone to intra‐group externalities (free‐riding). Yet, costless incentive schemes that entirely avoid free‐riding within a group might be undesirable, both individually and socially. In contests between two groups, a relatively weak (i.e., small or unproductive) group will optimally not implement them because they compound differences in strength between groups. If the groups are of relatively similar strengths, they are both worse off when they rein in their intra‐group externalities compared to a situation where they do not. If groups' strengths differ sufficiently, the relatively strong group benefits at the expense of the relatively weak one. (JELZ13, D72, N40, D74)