bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doctrinal Synergies
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

Capping off the flurry of labor legislation enacted in the 1930s was the National Labor Relations Act, otherwise known as the Wagner Act. Section 7 of the Act secured to employees “the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in concerted activities, for the purpose of collective bargaining orother mutual aid or protection.” other mutual aid or protectionZ’1 Section 8 described certain “unfair labor practices” in which employers were forbidden to engage.
Organization: getting to the point
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

Now, the main point doesn’t have to be the first sentence (though it can be much of the time). I’m just saying that the main point should be up front-before your reasons instead of after.
Layout: adding visual impact
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

When I give presentations on writing, my audiences usually consider layout to be the most important topic I cover. What is layout, anyway? On its simplest level, it is whatever goes into the “look” of the page: something that appears open and inviting probably has good layout; something that appears cluttered and uninviting probably has bad layout.
Executive summary
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

An executive summary is like an “elevator briefing.” Here’s what I mean: Suppose you get on an elevator with your boss, who asks, “How’s your project going?” You need to finish your answer by the time you get to the fourth floor. What would you say? You’d probably give a quick, bottom-line summary. And what’s effective for a busy person on an elevator is also effective for a busy person sitting at a desk. An executive summary, then, is a quick, bottom-line summary. The difference from an elevator briefing is that the executive summary is in writing.
Introduction
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

There was one in particular the soldiers talked about ... : a girl on La Cruz whom they had raped many times during the course of the afternoon, and through it all, while the other women of El Mozote had screamed and cried as if they had never had a man, this girl had sung hymns, strange evangelical songs, and she had kept right on singing, too, even after they had done what had to be done, and shot her in the chest. She had lain there on La Cruz with the blood flowing from her chest, and had kept on singing-a bit weaker than before, but still singing. And the soldiers, stupefied, had watched and pointed.
The Illusory Distinction between Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Result
Authors: Strauss David A
Published: November 2023

Our society should guarantee equality of opportunity, but not equality of result.” The idea is a familiar one. Usually it is offered as part of a general attack on government measures that redistribute wealth. The idea appears to be that the government’s role is to ensure that everyone starts off from the same point, not that everyone ends up in the same condition. If people have equal opportunities, what they make of those opportunities is their responsibility. If they end up worse off, the government should not intervene to help them.
Movers
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

The tale of John Henry and numerous other songs and poems illustrate the romance and tragedy of America’s railroads. “Wreck of the Old 97,” by D. G. George; “The Gospel Train,” by an anonymous writer; “Casey Jones,” by T. L. Liebert; “Homesick Blues” and “Freedom Train,” by Langston Hughes; and “The Wabash Cannonball,” by the Delmore brothers, are glimpses of a way of life that is long gone but not forgotten. Few songs about internal combustion engines or rockets have been woven into American life as much as songs about the railroad era, which the poet Robert Frost said touched “far into the lives of other folk.”
Leaders
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

William Shakespeare wrote, “Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them” (Twelfth Night, act II, scene 5). These notions reflect commonly held explanations of what happens on the way to being a leader. Being ‘born great” suggests some natural set of qualities, abilities, or traits that distinguishes leaders from non leaders. Over the years this list grew longer and longer: courage, sense of humor, judgment, health and fitness, intelligence, moral rectitude, an interest in people, imagination, initiative, decisiveness, and so on, but no clear sense of agreement about leader traits has ever been achieved.
Moral Pluralism and the Decision-Making Self
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

The usual approach to ethical theory in business ethics texts is to present either in cursory form or sometimes in greater detail the theory of utilitarianism based on the writings of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill as representative of a more general class of teleological ethics, and Kantian ethical theory related to the categorical imperative as representative of the deontological approach to ethical decision making. These texts then go on to present certain notions of justice, usually going into the egalitarianism of John Rawls and the opposing libertar-ianism of Robert Nozick. They also generally include a discussion of rights, and at times, some variation of virtue theory.
Kimono in the Boardroom
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

Japanese women, who comprise more than 40% of the workforce, are essential to the Japanese economy but are not typically thought of as managers. Jean Renshaw challenges that perception in this pathbreaking book. Traditional norms of lifetime employment, the seniority system, and the bureaucratic, tightly knit nature of Japanese industry all serve to restrict women's entry into management. Despite these enormous barriers, the last ten years have seen the number of Japanese women managers almost double. Renshaw interviewed over 150 successful women managers of Japan, exploring family backgrounds, personal characteristics, socialization, professional experiences, and corporate cultures to discover the secrets of their success. Showing the reader where and how this "invisible evolution" is occurring, Renshaw surveys the history of Japanese women in management and reveals the potential of the rising female managerial class to change in profound ways the male-dominated culture of modern Japan.
Growing Up Japanese and Female
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

Given the enormous obstacles that Japanese women encounter in their male dominated world, what has helped the successful women transcend these barriers? Some fascinating patterns emerged from my research. As reported in their interviews, success began early. Each of the women managers interviewed was asked, “What helped you to succeed?”: From my childhood I was always ambitious. My mother knew education is very important even for a girl. She was forty-four when I was born, and maybe she was living through me. Since I was a child, my parents encouraged me always to improve myself. Unlike other traditional Japanese parents, they never told me to be feminine or obedient, but just to care for others.
A Search for Identity the Many Faces of Women Managers
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

In the context of Japanese culture, where do women managers fit? Constituting a minority as managers and decision makers in a man’s world, how do they feel about their accomplishments? How do they view themselves as Japanese women? Each of the women managers interviewed was asked whether she considered herself successful, the question I have asked women managers around the world. Most were hesitant to respond. The following are some of their answers: Well, yes . . . because I have come to the highest position as a woman in the company. But it’s only in a company. I don’t regard myself so successful in society.
Visions and Strategic Choices Strengths J¼men Bring to Leadership
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

We sincerely hope that efforts made in the remaining years of this century and at the beginning of the 21st century will make the movement for a gender-equal society irreversible and create a new relationship between men and women based on genuine equality in the 21st century. “Vision of Gender Equality-Creating New Values for the 21st Century,” Council for Gender Equality, Office of the Prime Minister, Tokyo, Japan 1996 As Japanese women look toward the twenty-first century, their hopes, wishes, and dreams will influence choices and actions. This chapter examines visions that Japanese women managers shared in the course of my research. Even though they may not always agree on specifics and priorities, most Japanese women managers concur on the need to improve the quality of life in Japan for their families, communities, and themselves and to make work more equitable. Previous chapters have demonstrated the importance of women’s work, ascertained that they are successful managers, and looked at their career and life paths, the nature of Japanese organizational culture, and the men in their lives. This chapter looks at their hopes for the future and the strengths of women leaders, and summarizes the factors that helped them succeed. From these flow strategies and desired changes that reverberate throughout society.
Ergativity and Its Typological Variation
Authors: Ura Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

Ergativity has long been one of the hottest issues in the modern theory of linguistics, especially, within the framework of language/linguistic typology and that of Relational Grammar (RG). Under the framework of the PP-approach, there were several pieces of important work on the topic of ergativity in the GB era (e.g., among others, Marantz 1984 and B. Levin 1983), though the number of papers dealing directly with the topic in this framework was far less than that of papers written under the framework of language/linguistic typology and that of RG. This scarce concern about ergativity under the GB-framework may be due to the fact that the theory available in that era, which was being established mostly through the study of typical accusative languages like English and Japanese could hardly disentangle the intricate relations of the systems of case-marking, agreement, grammatical relations, and so forth found in ergative languages like Dyirbal, Georgian, and Basque. However, since Chomsky’s (1992) invention of the Agr-based Case theory, which gives some clear vision concerning the relation between the system of case-marking and that of agreement by exploiting the Spec-head relation as the platform for both systems, many studies have appeared on ergativity and ergative languages under the Minimalist framework (e.g., Austin and López 1995; Belvin 1990b; Benua 1995; Bobaljik 1992, 1993; Laka 1993; Lyle 1995; Mahajan 1994, 1996; Manga 1996; Murasugi 1992, 1995; Nash 1996; and Phillips 1995, to list just a few).
The Communicating Cell
Authors: Loritz Donald
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter we reviewed some of the problems one-celled life solved in its struggle to survive. In order to get ahead in life, we saw that the primeval organism needed to grow and to move. This led to multicelled creatures with the new problem of intercellular communication. To get ahead, the multicelled organism’s left cell had to know what the right cell was doing. Thus, the evolutionary differentiation of cells leads us to the origin of mind: knowing what one is doing.
Speech Perception
Authors: Loritz Donald
Published: November 2023

In chapter 6 we described the nature of the speech signal and how its image is sensed and presented to the cerebrum. We noted that because no two vocal tracts are exactly alike, your pronunciation will differ subtly but certainly from my pronunciation. To express these subtle, phonetic differences, linguists invented the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). In the fifteenth century, the Great English Vowel Shift caused the writing system of English to deviate from continental European systems, so IPA looks more like French or Italian spelling than English. Thus, when you say beet, we might write it in IPA as [bit], and if I pronounce my [i] a little further forward in my mouth, we could capture this detail of my pronunciation in IPA as [bi+t]. The sounds of the letters of IPA correspond to phones, and the brackets tell us we are attempting to capture pronunciation phonetically, that is, as accurately as possible.
How Debt and Equity Affect Executive Incentives
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

The Firm With A Single Owner totally avoids agency costs, or those costs that are associated with shirking of duties and the misuse, abuse, and overuse of firm resources for the personal benefit of the managers and workers who have control of firm resources. Agency costs show up in lost output and a smaller bottom line for the firm. However, in the real world, firms often need more funds for investment than one person can generate from his or her own savings or would want to commit to a single enterprise. Any single owner, if the business is even moderately successful, typically has to find ways of encouraging others to join the firm as owners or lenders (including bondholders, banks, and trade creditors).
How Honesty Pays in Business
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

The Popular Perception is that business is full of dishonest scoundrels-especially high ranking executives-who cheat, lie, steal, and worse to increase their profits. This perception is reflected in and reinforced by the way businesspeople are depicted in the media. According to one study, during the 1980s almost 90 percent of all business characters on television were portrayed as corrupt.1 No one can deny that people in business have done all kinds of nasty things for a buck. But the impression of pervasive dishonesty among businesspeople is greatly exaggerated. Businesspeople are no more likely to behave dishonestly than are other people. In fact, there are reasons discussed in this chapter why business-people might be more honest than the typical American on the street. Moreover, there are ways businesspeople can commit themselves to incentive arrangements that motivate honest behavior in ways that their customers find convincing.
The End of Innocence
Authors: Bird Allan , Beechler Schon
Published: November 2023

From 1979 to 1989 the world witnessed the arrival of a global economic superpower. During this 10-year period Japanese foreign direct investment totaled $67.5 billion (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1991), and by 1993 Japanese firms had been so successful that 281 of Business Week’ s Global 1,000 were Japanese (July 12, 1993). Of all Japanese investment overseas, nearly 50% went to the United States. In Tennessee alone, Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) established over 500 affiliate operations. In light of these developments, one might anticipate a well-developed interest in Japanese overseas affiliates among management scholars. Yet an analysis of the leading U.S. journals in this field (Administrative Science Quarterly, Strategic Management Journal, Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Organizational Dynamics, Human Resource Management Journal, and the Journal of International Business Studies) reveals a dramatically different story. From 1980 through 1994 only a handful of articles on the management of Japanese operations abroad appeared.
Changing Perspectives on the Organization of Japanese Multinational Companies
Authors: Westney D Eleanor
Published: November 2023

As an empirical phenomenon, multinational corporations (MNCs) have existed at least since the nineteenth century, and some would argue for an even longer history (Wilkins, 1970). Serious academic studies of the MNC as an organizational form, however, and even the widespread use of the terms “multinational enterprise” or “multinational corporation,” date from the early 1960s (Jones, 1996). The postwar internationalization of Japanese firms began later that same decade,1 and although early analysts of Japanese MNCs identified certain distinctive features in their patterns of internationalization, by and large they fitted the experience of Japanese firms into the theories of the MNC that had been developed on the basis of Western, and especially United States, companies (Abo, 1989). In what has become a recurring theme in writing on Japanese MNCs, however, these early analyses predicted that Japanese firms would face formidable challenges in internationalizing their organizations. But few could have predicted that the internationalization of Japanese firms would pose equally formidable challenges to the theories and analyses of the MNC, exposing inadequacies in existing theories and raising new questions, becoming in the process central to the evolving field of international management.
When Japanese and Other Nationals Create Something New A Comparative Study of Negotiated Work Culture in Germany and the United States
Authors: Brannen Mary Yoko , Salk Jane E
Published: November 2023

The world as “global village” is a convocation used so often that the phrase itself has become a cliche. Most of us take for granted much of the outcomes of globalization. We navigate our lives daily through a panoply of cross-cultural choices such as which nation’ s food to eat, what foreign film to watch, or what country’ s fashions to wear. Most of us even quite comfortably intermix foreign words in our daily vocabulary, as when we say something analogous to “It’ s a Zen sort of thing,” or “He’ s a real macho kind of guy.” But one important arena where global navigation happens less smoothly is the multinational firm. In this setting, the culture, or the taken for granted rules and scripts that govern how people interact, is not so clear. And, as firms around the globe continue to internationalize, it is in this setting of the multinational firm that we are likely to experience the more poignant effects of the global village. Whether we venture into our cross-cultural experiences as expatriates, expatriate spouses, or as home-based employees of multinational firms, we find ourselves increasingly in complex cultural situations where rules of social interaction are often uncertain.
Labor-Management Relations in the Japanese Consumer Electronics Maquiladoras
Authors: Kenney Martin , Romero Jairo , Contreras Oscar , Bustos Mauricio
Published: November 2023

In the last 15 years Japanese manufacturers have expanded their global manufacturing operations, establishing production facilities in both developed and developing countries. In the last decade Japanese manufacturing management techniques have been hailed as global best practice by firms in Europe and North America (Womack, Jones, & Roos, 1990). In the developing countries Japanese manufacturing investments have been eagerly sought not only for their employment impacts, but also in hope that the host country could improve its capabilities by learning advanced production organization and industrial relations techniques. The largest developing-country recipients of Japanese investment have been in East Asia. Since 1982 Mexico has been the largest non-Asian developing-country recipient of Japanese investment (Kenney & Florida, 1994). The spearhead for this investment has been the electronics industry and related parts makers (Szekely, 1991). In the last 15 years nearly all of the major Japanese consumer electronics firms have opened production facilities known as maquiladoras, which are factories licensed to produce duty-free if all products are exported (Kenney & Florida, 1994; Sklair, 1989; Szekely, 1991).
While America Watches
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The Holocaust holds a unique place in American public culture, and, as Jeffrey Shandler argues in While America Watches, it is television, more than any other medium, that has brought the Holocaust into our homes, our hearts, and our minds. Much has been written about Holocaust film and literature, and yet the medium that brings the subject to most people--television--has been largeley neglected. Now Shandler provides the first account of how television has familiarized the American people with the Holocaust. He starts with wartime newsreels of liberated concentration camps, showing how they set the moral tone for viewing scenes of genocide, and then moves to television to explain how the Holocaust and the Holocaust survivor have gained stature as moral symbols in American culture. From early teleplays to coverage of the Eichmann trial and the Holocaust miniseries, as well as documentaries, popular series such as All in the Family and Star Trek, and news reports of recent interethnic violence in Bosnia, Shandler offers an enlightening tour of television history. Shandler also examines the many controversies that televised presentations of the Holocaust have sparked, demonstrating how their impact extends well beyond the broadcasts themselves. While America Watches is sure to continue this discussion--and possibly the controversies--among many readers.
“This Is Your Life”
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

If one other form of Holocaust representation has achieved the same privileged status of liberation footage, it is the testimony of those who directly experienced or were eyewitnesses to Nazi persecution. These accounts complement the documentary evidence of liberation footage. Whereas scenes of mass persecution predominate in the film images, testimonies focus on the experience of the individual. In contrast to the emphasis on the dead (or “living dead”) in vintage footage, the stories of survivors center attention on the living. In the films, most of which are silent, the visual dimension is primary, and they are fixed at the time of the war’s end. In contrast, narrative is central to the testimonies of eyewitnesses and survivors, even when these are photographed, and they are shaped by the temporal distance between the Holocaust era and when it is recalled-years, sometimes decades later.
The Man In the Glass Box
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

In the spring and summer of I96I, many Americans joined these two characters from Rosen’s novel and sat in front of their television sets to watch the war crimes trial of Adolf Eichmann. These broadcasts constitute a major landmark in the chronicle of American Holocaust television. It was the first time that the Holocaust received extended television coverage, in the form of news reports, public affairs programs, documentaries, and dramas aired over a period of months. The Eichmann case provided the first opportunity for television networks to deal with the Holocaust in the context of reporting a major news story. In fact, American television audiences are most likely to have first heard the word Holocaust used to describe the Nazi persecution of European Jewry during broadcasts of the trial.
The Rise of the Survivor
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Perhaps no other measure of the dynamics of American Holocaust memory culture over the past half century is more telling than the changing public image of the men and women now known as Holocaust survivors. During the immediate postwar years, survivors were the subject of considerable attention in the American media as witnesses to war crimes, as Displaced Persons seeking new homes, or as recent arrivals in the United States. But in the ensuing decades survivors as a group received little public notice in America. When they were the occasional subject of media attention-for example, in a 1960 Movietone newsreel reporting a reunion of survivors of Auschwitz-survivors were generally depicted as busy with new lives in their adopted homeland and raising children. Occasional dramatic por-traits of the individual survivor as a social misfit, haunted or tormented by wartime memories, appeared on American television and in film.
Prosecutors and the Criminal Court Community
Authors: Johnson David T
Published: November 2023

This chapter uses the concept of the criminal court community to explore the role of the Japanese prosecutor vis-a-vis police, judges, and defense attorneys. It shows how the prosecutor in Japan controls the criminal process and thereby governs the criminal court community in ways that are impossible in the United States. Nominally, Japan has an adversarial system in which the prosecution and defense are equal and opposing parties whose clash is umpired by a passive judge. In fact, however, prosecutors dominate defense attorneys to an extent seldom seen in other democracies. Moreover, while prosecutors sometimes delegate and defer to police, they possess a high level of control in the cases that matter most. Within the criminal court community, only judges restrain prosecutor power in any significant way, yet even they seem reluctant to interfere with prosecutors’ prerogatives, especially their discretion to charge.
Beyond Ebonics
Authors: Baugh John
Published: November 2023

The media frenzy surrounding the 1996 resolution by the Oakland School Board brought public attention to the term "Ebonics". However, the idea remains a mystery to most. John Baugh, a well-known African-American linguist and education expert, offers an accessible explanation of the origins of the term, the linguistic reality behind the hype, and the politics behind the outcry on both sides of the debate. Using a non-technical, first-person style, and bringing in many of his own personal experiences, Baugh debunks many commonly-held notions about the way African-Americans speak English, and the result is a nuanced and balanced portrait of a fraught subject. This volume should appeal to students and scholars in anthropology, linguistics, education, urban studies, and African-American studies
Asia and the Global Operations of Multinational Corporations
Authors: Encarnation Dennis J
Published: November 2023

Today, Asia (outside of Japan) is the principal host to foreign direct investment (FDI) destined for newly industrializing economies.1 Asia now ranks behind North America and Western Europe, which continue to account for the lion’s share of both existing stocks and new flows of FDI. But Asia’s leading status, even among newly industrializing economies (NIEs), is quite new. Just a decade ago, in 1985, FDI flows to Latin America still outpaced comparable flows to Asia, leaving ac cumulated stocks in that region well below FDI found elsewhere. But subsequently, FDI flows to Asia accelerated rapidly, especially during the 1990s, when they jumped well beyond levels recorded in any other developing region.
Do Multinationals Shift Production in Response to Exchange Rate Changes?: Evidence from 1977 to 1993
Authors: Rangan Subramanian
Published: November 2023

No matter what the risk profile, the firm that is able to exploit ... volatility possesses a competitive advantage gained by its ownership of a global network.... In the case of ... multinational[s this advantage] ... might potentially consist of production shifting. Bruce Kogut, “Designing Global Strategies: Profiting from Operational Flexibility” Exchange rate changes do not figure high on the list of reasons why multinational enterprises (MNEs) locate operations abroad. But as the epigraph suggests, once they locate operations in two or more currency areas, MNEs may in many respects be well positioned to exploit changes in exchange rates. In addition to hedging in currency markets, flexing profit margins, and improving productivity, MNEs may respond to exchange rate changes by also shifting production within their net works to areas made more competitive by the exchange rate change.
Selling A Quick Fix For Boot Hill: The Myth Of Justice Delayed In Death Cases
Authors: Amsterdam Anthony G
Published: November 2023

I want to talk about a body of United States Supreme Court decisions that offend humanity and reason. They forsake fairness, orderly procedure, intelligence, and judicial efficiency for no stated reason and no rational purpose. Insofar as their results are explained in opinions, the opinions are delusory in the double sense of being built upon delusion and promoting it. Their delusiveness is what I chiefly want to explore. This involves a kind of warping of reality that can allow civilized people to conceal from themselves and others that they are engaging in atrocities. It is a principal ingredient in getting American judges-who, after all, include a great many very decent individuals-to feel and sound self-righteous as they play their necessary, mindless part in killing human beings under the language of obedience to the largely self-made rules of capital punishment jurisprudence.
Strategic Innovation Leapfrogging through Linkage, Leverage, and Learning
Authors: Mathews John A
Published: November 2023

“Starting from new strategic intentions” is exactly what many latecomers (and newcomers) have done. Merely following conventional approaches would have provided them with little leverage against incumbents’ advantages. So entrepreneurs like Stan Shih of Acer and Lakshmi Mittal of Ispat have devised novel ways of resolving their strategic dilemmas, such as the dilemma of achieving global integration of operations without sacrificing local responsiveness, turning their disadvantages as latecomers into sources of global strength.
Perspectives on Conversion Effectiveness
Authors: Lucas Henry C
Published: November 2023

In the garbage can model, conversion effectiveness is a major filter for IT investments; it determines whether the organization can expect to implement its technology initiatives successfully. We have seen one study that found empirical support for the importance of conversion effectiveness. If the organization fails to implement an IT initiative, there will be no value. If the implementation is only partially effective, then the return from the investment will be less than originally anticipated.
Interactions of Scope and Ellipsis
Authors: Shieber Stuart M , Pereira Fernando , Dalrymple Mary
Published: November 2023

Systematic semantic ambiguities result from the interaction of the two operations that are involved in resolving ellipsis in the presence of scoping elements such as quantifiers and intensional operators: scope determination for the scoping elements and resolution of the elided relation. A variety of problematic examples previously noted in the literature all have to do with such interactions.
Lexical Maintenance and Attrition in Japanese as a Second Language
Authors: Russell Robert A
Published: November 2023

In recent years, researchers have shown increasing interest in the phenomenon of second language (L2) loss or attrition. A few of the issues that have been addressed in the literature include identification of the particular skills and subsystems of L2 that are lost, the order in which they are lost, the rates at which different skills are lost, the processes and variables affecting L2 loss, and the amount and timing of attrition.’

With the notable exceptions of Cohen (1986, 1989) and Olshtain (1986),
An Evolutionary Framework for Manufacturing
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: November 2023

Even in today’s uncertain and highly competitive markets, some manufacturing firms consistently outperform their rivals over a long period of time. One of the best examples of such a high performer is Toyota Motor Corporation. Founded in the 1930s, Toyota started off by assembling five trucks per day. In 1950, it produced only about ten thousand units; but by the 1980s, this Japanese company had evolved into one of the largest automakers in the world, producing 3 to 4 million cars and trucks domestically. As of the late 1990s, rapid growth of overseas production has pushed Toyota’s annual worldwide production up to almost 5 million units. Toyota has led the domestic passenger car market since 1963. Additionally, it has not recorded an operating loss since it officially started to measure its profits in the 1940s. Toyota is known as one of the world’s best performers in both manufacturing quality and productivity in the past few decades.
Evolution of the Black Box Parts Supplier System
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, one of the main elements of the Japanese automobile supplier system, the black box parts transaction, is analyzed in detail, based on first-hand data. This case backs up the argument that distinctive organizational routines were created through the process of multi-path system emergence, and that Toyota demonstrated its ability to exploit such an emergent process to build up more competitive routines than other firms. It will also highlight a new aspect of capability building: an ability to help other firms (e.g., suppliers) build their own capabilities.
Evolution of Toyota’s New Assembly System
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores a change that occurred in Toyota’s production routines-the last of the three basic components of the total manufacturing system-between the late 1980s and the mid-1990s, particularly in its final assembly process. In this last empirical analysis, I investigate some detailed aspects of the evolutionary learning capability itself at Toyota Motor Corporation. Up to now, the internal structure of this overall dynamic capability has not been analyzed systematically, but treated as a rather mysterious entity. But here I start by defining some of the internal evolutionary mechanisms that appear to matter most at Toyota.
Conclusion: Toyota as a “Prepared Organization”
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1984, Koichi Shimokawa1 and I met Taiichi Ohno for a long interview, and then visited the new Shiga plant of Daihatsu Motor Co., a Toyota group automaker near Kyoto.2 We had dinner with Daihatsu’s plant manager, Michikazu Tanaka, then a leading practitioner of the Toyota production system and someone who had worked very closely with Ohno. Tanaka told us that evening, “What do you think is the essence of just in time? There are three possible answers. The beginner’s answer would be that JIT is good simply because it reduces inventory cost. An intermediate-level answer is that JIT reveals production problems and triggers kaizen. But the third answer is that JIT infuses cost consciousness into all employees. When JIT keeps on forcing workers to face production problems one after another, the people finally start to see everything as a potential source of cost or productivity problems, and then seek problems actively.
Law and the Language of Identity
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M
Published: November 2023

In this volume, Gregory Matoesian uses the notorious 1991 rape trial of William Kennedy Smith to provide an in-depth analysis of language use and its role in that specific trial as well as in the law in general. He draws on the fields of conversation analysis, ethnomethodology, linguistic anthropology and social theory to show how language practices shape--and are shaped by--culture and the law, particularly in the social construction of rape as a legal fact. This analysis examines linguistic strategies from both defence and prosecution viewpoints, and how they relate to issues of gender, sexual identity, and power.
Overview of the William Kennedy Smith Rape Trial
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a nontechnical overview of the William Kennedy Smith rape trial relevant to my detailed technical analysis of discursive practice in the ensuing chapters. I hope this will give readers a “feel” for the case and for its major participants, events, and legal strategies.1 Although the trial has been discussed in some detail ill’both print and broadcast media, much reporting of legal strategy of both the prosecution and defense was undeveloped or inaccurately portrayed (e.g.,New York Times April 5, 1991; April 6, 1991; April 17, 1991; December 12, 1991; Knappman 1993; Bly 1996; Andrews 1998). I draw on a lengthy, in-depth interview I conducted with Roy Black, Smith’s defense attorney, to explain legal and linguistic strategy in the case, especially Black’s impressions about critical points in the trial. Although I had hoped to interview prosecutor Moria Lasch as well, she refused my request. Still, although there are doubtless differences between prosecution and defense strategies in rape cases (and, of course, different impressions about the trial itself), I suspect that many of Black’s comments on effective verbal strategies in trial practice apply to both the prosecution and defense.
What Is “the Constitution”? (And Other Fundamental Questions)
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

Several of the most divisive moral conflicts that have beset us Americans in the period since the end of World War II have been transmuted into constitutional conflicts-conflicts about what the Constitution of the United States forbids-and resolved as such. The most prominent instances include the conflicts over racial segregation, race-based affirmative action, sex-based discrimination, homosexuality, abortion, and physician-assisted suicide, each of which has been resolved-at least in part, and at least for a time-on thebasis of a claim about what the Fourteenth Amendment does or does not forbid.1 Which of the conflicts, if any, understood as constitutional conflicts, have been resolved as they should have been resolved; that is, which have been resolved on the basis of the Constitution as they should have been resolved? If one wants, as I do, to pursue that inquiry, one must first answer three questions: What is “the Constitution”? What does it mean to interpret the Constitution? Is the Supreme Court supreme in interpreting the Constitution? Although this chapter is, then, preparatory, the questions I address here-connected questions-are fundamental.
The Fourteenth Amendment and Race: Segregation and Affirmative Action
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

The most important initiative undertaken by the Supreme Court of the United States in the period since the end of World War II was its effort, most famously in the seminal case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954),1 to abolish governmental racism: racist laws and other kinds ofracist governmental action, including policies aimed at creating and/or maintaining racial segregation. (Charles Black described Brown as “the decision that opened our era of judicial activity.
Further Beyond: Abortion and Physician-Assisted Suicide
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

On January 22, 1973, in Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court of the United States decreed that under the Fourteenth Amendment, no state may outlaw abortion in the period of pregnancy prior to the time at which the fetus becomes “viable”, that is, “[capable] of meaningful life outside the mother’s womb.”1 (In January 1998, on the eve of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Roe v. Wade, the New Turk Times reported that because of advances “in neonatology, most experts place the point of fetal viability at 23 or 24 weeks.”2 Although, according to the Court’s decree, a state may outlaw abortion in the post-viability period of pregnancy, it must provide an exception for any abortion “necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother.”3) No constitutional decision by the Supreme Court in the modern period of American constitutional law has been more controversialcertainly none has been more persistently controversial-than the Court’s ruling in Roe.
With Muted Voices Mesoamerica’s Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Women
Authors: Kellogg Susan
Published: November 2023

Rigoberta Menchú, as famous as she became by producing autobiographical texts and winning the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize, was not the first twentieth-century Mesoamerican indigenous woman to write her story. That honor belongs to doña Luz Jiménez (born Julia Jiménez González). She worked as a model for Diego Rivera and others among the international group of artists seeking to revolutionize Mexico’s art, society, and culture during the 1920s and 1930s, an example of the indigenismo (Indianism) of elite Mexican intellectuals. They celebrated Mexico’s native past yet tried to suppress indigenous identities and integrate native people and communities into the new national mainstream.
A Democratic Hierarchy: The Circular Organization
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

In the course of applying interactive planning and idealized design, several kinds of problems have occurred repeatedly. Over time, these problems have generated designs that dissolve problems. One of these designs, that of a democratic hierarchy, arises from several different but related issues. The first problem derives from a systemic requirement that management focus on the interactions of parts rather than their actions taken separately. Interactions within organizations can be either horizontal or vertical. If horizontal, coordination is required. If vertical, integration is required. The question is how to organize so as to facilitate the management of both horizontal and vertical interactions. The organizational phenomenon often referred to as “silos” reflects the inability of the parts of organizations to interact horizontally. The unidirectionality of communication in most organizations, primarily down, reflects the inability to deal effectively with vertical interactions. The second recurrent problem derives from the increasing level of education attained by the workforce.
Panaceas, Fads, and Quick Fixes
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

Reliance on panaceas, quick fixes, cure-alls, and fads is in sharp contrast to reliance on transformational leadership. Currently, panacea-prone management is confronted by more panaceas than problems.
Nationalism
Authors: Safran William
Published: November 2023

The relationship of language and nationalism has long been a matter of controversy. In the eyes of historians and students of culture, language has served as a major building block of nations. For them, national sentiment, based on a common cultural heritage, a common history or memory, and common descent (or a myth of such descent), is expressed in a distinct idiom, and it is in terms of that idiom that national sentiment is generalized to become a major factor in social cohesion. In the view of many historians and anthropologists, the enhancement of collective cultural consciousness may be institutionalized, but that pro cess does not necessarily have a political dimension. To political scientists, how ever, language is important insofar as it plays a role in the “politicization” of a nationalism that culminates in the creation of a state.
Political Science
Authors: Phillipson Robert
Published: November 2023

In view of widespread agreement that linguistic identity is of central importance for the individual, the group, and the state and that language is a major defining characteristic of ethnicity, one might be forgiven for thinking that language policy must be of central concern to sociology and political science, the disciplines that are particularly concerned with societal power and institutions. That would be a misconception. Although there is no doubt about the importance of language in the functioning of such social institutions as education, the media, public administration, and civil society in general, this does not mean that language has been a major concern of most political scientists. Despite pleas for political scientists and linguists to collaborate and some signs of this having taken place (e.g., Weinstein 1990, Dua 1996), it is still widely felt that language policy and planning as undertaken by language specialists is inadequately grounded in political theory and that political scientists accord too little attention to language policy.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors in Vascular Development and Hematopoiesis
Authors: Alitalo Kari , Gunji Yuji , Alitalo, Riitta , Eichmann Anne
Published: November 2023

The development of the vascular and hematopoietic systems of the vertebrate embryo occurs during early ontogeny and requires a variety of control mechanisms: those that specify mesodermal cells to form the lineage constituents, and those that control their proliferation and their coalescence to form a primitive vascular network. Recent studies have shown that these mechanisms are controlled by protein ligands that bind to and modulate the activity of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Two families of RTKs are specifically expressed by endothelial cells: these include the angiopoietin receptors and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGF); the latter will be reviewed in this chapter.
Clitic Positions and Verb Movement
Authors: Raposo Eduardo
Published: November 2023

The current literature on clitics reveals a gap between the level of descriptive adequacy and the level of explanatory adequacy, which is much harder to achieve. Whereas the biological UG probably converges on a single analysis for clitics, the model UGs proposed by linguists still leave too much room for descriptive options. This is true even within the very restrictive theories available today (and sometimes precisely as a consequence of achieving restrictiveness in other areas of the grammar).
Good Guys and “Bad” Girls: Identity Construction by Latina and Latino Student Writers
Authors: Orellana Marjorie Faulstich
Published: November 2023

Classroom writing workshops-spaces created within school environments for students to write, revise, and “publish” texts-have received consider able attention from literacy researchers over the last decade (see, for ex ample, Atwell 1987; Calkins 1986; Graves 1983). Yet only a few researchers have explored the social negotiations that take place within free writing environments (Dyson 1989, 1993; Lensmire 1994; Phinney 1994) and their gendered dimensions, where stereotypes may be reproduced, reinforced, and implicitly sanctioned in children’s texts (Gilbert 1993; Kamler 1994; MacGillivray & Martinez 1998). With few exceptions (e.g., Brooke 1991), most studies of school writing pro cesses focus on cognitive processes and give little attention to students’ uses of language to explore selves or construct social identities.
Strong Language, Strong Actions: Native American Women Writing against Federal Authority
Authors: Dobkins Rebecca J
Published: November 2023

These old times have changed and [the Indians] should be taught in strong language and actions that the Government insists on their children going to some school and staying there. My life is very disagreeable without [my daughter] at home. I wish you would please send her home, with her father. I remain in great anxiety.
Gender, Context, and the Narrative Construction of Identity: Rethinking Models of 11Women’s Narrative,,
Authors: Sawin Patricia E
Published: November 2023

To women and men tell stories about their lives differently?” It now seems naive, if not reactionary, to formulate a question about personal narrative in such general terms. From the now-central antiessentialist perspective in feminism and queer theory we recognize that ‘women’ and ‘men’ are naturalized cultural categories, not biological givens. We cannot assume a commonality of needs, purposes, or identities within such broad groupings. To do so reifies the binary categorization and privileges the practices of the white, heterosexual, middle class (Fuss 1989; Mills 1990). A feminist poststructuralist perspective further reminds us that any individual’s identity is multiple and constantly re-created as the speaker adopts subject positions in cultural discourses (Davies & Harre 1990; Hollway 1984; Moore 1994).