bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Specific MHC Class I and Class II Combinations on Resistance to Furunculosis in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Kjøglum S. , Larsen S. , Bakke H. G. , Grimholt U.
Published: April 2010

The aim was to evaluate the performance of selected individual major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II alleles and combinations of these on disease resistance against furunculosis. The material, consisting of 2,145 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from seven families, contained four MHC class I (UBA) alleles and two MHC class II alpha (DAA) alleles. The included alleles were previously shown to influence resistance towards furunculosis. The fish were challenged with the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicidae, causing furunculosis. The total mortality in the material was 84.0%, and both dead and surviving fish were genotyped for UBA and DAA. For MHC class II fish with DAA*0301 were more resistant than fish with DAA*0201, which were significantly more susceptible (P < 0.05). For MHC class I, the ranking of performance of the alleles differed from previous results, and fish with allele UBA*0601 were found to be most resistant while fish with UBA*0501, UBA*0201 and UBA*0301 were more susceptible. The analysis of combined MHC class I and class II genotype detected that fish with genotypes UBA*0501/*0501;DAA*0301/*0301, UBA*0601/*0601;DAA*0301/*0301 and UBA*0601/*0601;DAA*0201/*0201 were most resistant (P < 0.05), while the genotypes associated with increased susceptibility were UBA*0501/*0501; DAA*0201/*0301 and UBA*0501/*0501;DAA*0201/*0201 (P < 0.05). In addition, Cox regression analysis show that both family and MHC alleles contributed significantly to survival. Thus, in addition to reproducing the effect on resistance and susceptibility of many MHC class I and class II alleles individually, we also detected an effect of certain MHC class I and class II combinations suggestive of cross‐talk between the class I and class II pathways.
TNF‐alpha Induction by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharide or Slime‐glycolipoprotein in Human Monocytes is Regulated at the Level of Mitogen‐activated Protein Kinase Activity: A Distinct Role of Toll‐like Receptor 2 and 4
Authors: Lagoumintzis G. , Xaplanteri P. , Dimitracopoulos G. , Paliogianni F.
Published: April 2010

TNF‐α production has a central role in the development and progression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septic shock. We have previously shown that P. aeruginosa slime‐glycolipoprotein (slime‐GLP) is the most potent stimulant compared to P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS), for TNF‐α production and NF‐kB activation in human monocytes. Herein, we show that secretion of TNF‐α by fresh human monocytes, induced by P. aeruginosa slime‐GLP, LPS or viable bacteria, was paralleled by phosphorylation and/or activation of Mitogen‐activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) ERK1/2, p38 as well as c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase. TNF‐α levels were significantly reduced by ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059), or p38 inhibitor (SB203580). Combination of both inhibitors almost abolished TNF‐α induction. Pseudomonas aeruginosa slime‐GLP differed from the P. aeruginosa‐LPS only regarding the strength of p38 and ERK1/2 activation, with slime‐GLP leading to a stronger activation of p38 and ERK1/2. Involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 for phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 was shown using specific blocking anti‐TLR2 and anti‐TLR4 antibodies. Activation of both p38 and ERK1/2 induced by P. aeruginosa slime‐GLP was dramatically reduced in the presence of anti‐TLR2 and to a lesser degree in the presence of anti‐TLR4, whereas the P. aeruginosa‐LPS‐induced stimulation was inhibited only in the presence of anti‐TLR4. Our data show that P. aeruginosa viable bacteria, through slime‐GLP, stimulate specific members of the MAPKs more efficiently than the P. aeruginosa‐LPS, involving mainly TLR2.
Interleukin‐12 and Tumour Necrosis Factor‐α Equilibrium is a Prerequisite for Clinical Course Free from Late Complications in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Zorena K. , Myśliwska J. , Myśliwiec M. , Balcerska A. , Lipowski P. , Raczyńska K.
Published: April 2010

The objective of the study was to analyse levels of IL‐12 and TNF‐α and relate the findings to the occurrence of microangiopathy in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). We examined a group of 123 children with type 1 DM. Serum levels of IL‐12 and TNF‐α were measured by an immunoenzymatic ELISA technique. TNF‐α and IL‐12 tended to be simultaneously present or absent in the sera of 50% of the children who had not developed complications, thus indicating a state of cytokine’s equilibrium. Among the patients with an established retinopathy, two IL‐12/TNF‐α combinations were visible. Either a lack of detectable TNF‐α was accompanied by measurable IL‐12 serum concentrations or TNF‐α incidence was associated with undetectable IL‐12 values. Simultaneous lack of TNF‐α and presence of IL‐12 was associated with a better prognosis as these patients had a significantly lower albumin excretion rate. The state of equilibrium between TNF‐α and IL‐12 is beneficial in patients at early stages of the disease, prior to the occurrence of complications. Shifting the equilibrium towards TNF‐α seems to promote late complications. It may suggest that a disharmony between pro‐ and anti‐angiogenic function of these cytokines underlie the mechanism by which TNF‐α and IL‐12 shape the disease course.
Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by Bovine Endothelial Cells is Associated with the Activity State of NF‐κB and Modulated by the Pro‐inflammatory Cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐1β
Authors: Oviedo‐Boyso J. , Barriga‐Rivera J. G. , Valdez‐Alarcón J. J. , Bravo‐Patiño A. , Cárabez‐Trejo A. , Cajero‐Juárez M. , Baizabal‐Aguirre V. M.
Published: April 2010

Bacterial internalization is an important process in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in which nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB) plays a prominent role. We present pharmacological evidence indicating that in bovine endothelial cells (BEC) the internalization of Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogenic bacterium that causes mastitis in bovine cattle, was associated with the activation of NF‐κB. The internalization of S. aureus increased when BEC were stimulated with alpha‐tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α) or beta‐interleukin 1 (IL‐1β) which are known activators of NF‐κB. SN50 (an inhibitor peptide of NF‐κB nuclear translocation) and BAY 11‐7083 (a chemical that inhibits the IκBα phosphorylation) caused significant reduction in S. aureus intracellular number, indicating that its internalization was associated with the NF‐κB activity. Furthermore, specific inhibition of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase with SP600125 (SP) or p‐38 with SB203580 (SB) did not cause any change in the S. aureus intracellular number compared with the untreated control. Finally, TNF‐α treatment of BEC after the addition of both SP and SB, induced a significant increase in S. aureus internalization above the control value. These data indicate that NF‐κB activity is associated with S. aureus internalization and suggest that this transcription factor may play a role in the pathophysiology of bovine mastitis caused by this bacterium.
Beyond gastrointestinal graft‐versus‐host disease. A lesson to learn
Authors: Gassas Adam , Zaidman Irina , Schechter Tal , Doyle John
Published: April 2010

Gassas A, Zaidman I, Schechter T, Doyle J. Beyond gastrointestinal graft‐versus‐host disease. A lesson to learn. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: E139–E141. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  The authors present a child with severe GvHD of GI tract with typical presentation of ileus and abdominal pain. However, the severe GvHD has led to multiple intermittent intussusceptions with resultant ischemic segments of the small bowel leading to sub‐acute mechanical intestinal obstruction. The clinical presentation of the mechanical intestinal obstruction was identical to the preceding ileus GvHD presentation. This has led to continuation of the conservative management with immunosuppressant therapy and delaying further investigation and surgical intervention. Once a barium study demonstrated the severe bowel constriction, laparoscopic surgical resection was necessary with excellent results. The resected small bowel showed multiple segments of ischemic ileitis leading to ulceration and severe stricture. The resection margins showed regenerating mucosa with no ulceration, but with focal evidence of mild GvHD.
Engineering pigs for xenotransplantation
Authors: Kramer S. , Schnieke A.
Published: April 2010

Xenotransplantation using tissues and organs from genetically modified pigs has the potential to fulfil the serious shortage of material available for human transplantation. However, considerable immunological barriers must be overcome before such discordant grafts can be used. The generation of α(1,3)‐galactosyltransferase knock out pig lines has surmounted the initial obstacle of hyperacute rejection. Further improvements are now necessary to provide adequate protection against acute humoral xenograft rejection. The expression of human complement regulator transgenes in existing transgenic animals is inadequate, and a means of achieving abundant uniform expression in the organ is required. Recent findings have also highlighted the need for additional transgenes to alleviate incompatibilities between the porcine and human anticoagulation and anti‐inflammatory systems.

Generating multi‐transgenic animals by breeding individual transgenic animals is inefficient and incurs several problems, including: independent Mendelian segregation of multiple transgenes; failure of different transgenes to co‐express at the right time or in the correct tissue; and an increased risk of insertional mutagenesis due to multiple integration events. A novel approach is therefore required to produce what are likely to be increasingly complex multi‐transgenic animals. Ideally, all transgenes should reside at a single Mendelian locus. They should not be subject to the position effect. There should be no limitation on transgene size to allow inclusion of substantial regulatory regions, or genes as multiple copies to obtain abundant expression. Finally, insertional mutagenesis should be excluded if possible. One possible way to achieve these is to use artificial chromosome vectors. De novo formed human artificial chromosomes are being developed as vectors for human gene therapy. The feasibility of this and alternative approaches to deliver sets of xenoprotective transgenes into pigs is being explored.

This work is being carried out in close collaboration with the Xeno‐Forschergruppe (FOR 535) and is supported through funding provided by the DFG.
Aims and status of the German DFG ‐ Transregio Research Group Xenotransplantation
Authors: Reichart B.
Published: April 2010

Allotransplantation is the therapy of choice for endstage diseases. Due to the organ shortage, three times respectively twice as many patients are currently waiting for kidneys or hearts as are actually transplanted annually in Germany. Consequently, the mortality rate on the heart transplant list is around 16%; if patients have to wait more than 24 months for a kidney, the graft survival after 10 years will be less than half when compared to those who are able to receive an organ within 6 months. Therefore, porcine xenotransplantation of kidneys and hearts will be a very much needed alternative clinical technique – including (porcine) xenogenic islet cell transplantation for diabetic patients with hypoglycaemic attacks – a large number of persons, if one considers that the number of people suffering from diabetes worldwide increased by nearly 50% over the last decade.

Of course, much more work is needed before clinical xenotransplantation will become a safe and long lasting alternative. The α(1,3)‐galactosyltransferase KO, PERV C free pigs – held in specific pathogen free units – must express several human transgenes, like a complement regulator molecule (in order to suppress non Gal‐AB's) and HLA‐E (protection from NK‐cell cytotoxicity). Some kind of accommodation will be necessary (e.g. via Hemoxygenase‐1 or PDL‐1 – a negative costimulatory receptor which also increases the CD4+ CD25high Fox p3+ subset). An overexpression of thrombomodulin (TM) would finally be necessary in order to overcome the disparity between porcine (TM) and human (Thrombin) proteins and possibly avoid microvascular thrombotic disease.

And to top all these desires of a clinical transplant specialist, all the genetic engineering should be achieved in close connection within one chromosome, preferably an artificial one, in order to make all these changes hereditary.

The just mentioned strategies are the main topics of the DFG‐Transregio Research Group. The following abstracts will highlight the respective progress and will also inevitably evaluate arising problems. International leaders in our field will give their results and opinion – an interchange which is necessary within the small but very active xenotransplantation research field.

It is my sincere belief that a clinical scenario of xenotransplantation will be possible in the near future.
Securing the World and Challenging Civil Society: Before and After the ‘War on Terror’
Authors: Howell Jude , Lind Jeremy
Published: April 2010

Following President Bush's declaration of a ‘War on Terror’ in 2001, governments around the world introduced a range of counter‐terrorist legislation, policies and practices. These measures have affected not only human rights and civil liberties but also civil society and aid frameworks. Although the Obama administration has renounced the language of the ‘War on Terror’ and taken steps to revoke aspects such as water‐boarding and the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, the bulk of the legislation and practices associated with the post‐9/11 global security framework remain. The cluster of papers which follow provide detailed studies of the effects of the War on Terror regime on civil society in four contexts: the USA, Spain, Kenya and Uzbekistan. In this way it lays a basis for civil society actors and aid agencies to reflect more strategically on how they should engage with security debates and initiatives in a way that best protects the spaces of civil society and the interests of minority and vulnerable groups. This introduction sets out the three key themes pursued throughout the cluster articles, namely, the selective impact of counter‐terrorist measures on civil society; the particularity of civil society responsiveness to these measures; and the role of aid and diplomacy in pursuing security objectives and its consequences for civil society.
Family policy, economic development and infant mortality: a longitudinal comparative analysis
Authors: Ferrarini Tommy , Norström Thor
Published: April 2010

Ferrarini T, Norström T. Family policy, economic development and infant mortality: a longitudinal comparative analysis

Int J Soc Welfare 2010: ••: ••–••© 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare.

In the present study, the impact of family policy legislation and economic development on infant mortality was estimated. Time series analyses indicate that economic growth decreased infant mortality in the earlier part of the 20th century, while the postwar period showed a zero or even a reversed correlation between economic development and child health. The results from fixed effects modelling of data for 18 welfare democracies for the period 1970–2000 are in line with the hypothesis that the more generous the earnings‐related parental leave benefits, the lower the infant mortality.
An approach to interdisciplinarity
Authors: Apter David
Published: April 2010

This article presents the case for interdisciplinarity as a useful methodological framework for the social sciences. Interdisciplinarity is examined as a process of both disciplinary incorporation and paradigmatic evolution, which can deepen understandings of political and social questions. As social and political institutions, events and movements become increasingly more complex, hyphenated disciplines can lend critical new perspectives to the analysis of power, politics and social action and importantly, help to develop political solutions. Drawing on the evolution of the author's own interdisciplinarity trajectory (which includes fieldwork on political movements in Ghana, Uganda, Latin America and Japan), the article demonstrates how an emergent paradigm, discourse theory, can, in particular, bring new light to the connection between the relationship between thought and action. Indeed, a key advantage of discourse theory is that the categories of analysis, as discussed by theorists such as Levi‐Strauss and Eco, allows for an in‐depth analysis of how thoughts on an individual level can develop and be transformed into action on a collective level. This is critical to understanding the underlying motivations of members of political movements, who seek to overcome difficult individual circumstances by transcending negative social and political circumstances, not least by violence.
Mapping political legitimacy in Latin America
Authors: Power Timothy J. , Cyr Jennifer M.
Published: April 2010

We present a general overview of political legitimacy in Latin America circa 2005. We first discuss ways in which the concept of legitimacy has coloured debates on Latin American politics. Secondly, we generate empirical information on contemporary Latin American legitimacy by replicating the innovative measurement approach of Bruce Gilley. We use this multidimensional legitimacy score to generate cross‐national rankings of legitimacy in contemporary Latin America. We then examine how our new legitimacy scores correlate with a wide variety of performance data and governance indicators in the region. Finally, we offer some initial hypotheses to explain high and low performance in specific cases. Political legitimacy in Latin America is associated with past regime experience, formal channels of political representation and citizen participation. The systems that rank higher on the multidimensional measure of legitimacy are those with an established democratic tradition, with reasonably institutionalised party systems and with high rates of political participation.
A crisis of legitimacy in Italy: the scandals facing the First Republic (1992–1994)
Authors: Briquet Jean‐Louis
Published: April 2010

Based on the study of the political crisis in Italy in the early 1990s, this article discusses the standard models of delegitimation currently used to explain regime crises. While such crises can be linked to long term structural determinants (a dysfunctional political system, a deficit of diffuse legitimacy), they are also the product of internal struggles within the governing sectors. In focusing attention on these struggles, the aim is to challenge the centrality of the role attributed to public dissatisfaction in regime crises and to thus to consider delegitimation as an effect of the recomposition of the party landscape rather than a factor in that recomposition.
Serum‐independent Cardiomyogenic Transdifferentiation in Human Endometrium‐derived Mesenchymal Cells
Authors: Ikegami Yukinori , Miyoshi Shunichiro , Nishiyama Nobuhiro , Hida Naoko , Okamoto Kazuma , Miyado Kenji , Segawa Kaoru , Ogawa Satoshi , Umezawa Akihiro
Published: April 2010

Media with high concentrations of serum are commonly used to induce cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation in mesenchymal stem cells; however, serum contains numerous unknown growth factors and interferes with definition of specific cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation factors secreted from feeder cells. In the present study, we determined whether the transdifferentiation of human mesenchymal cells can be observed in a FBS‐free medium. The efficiency of transdifferentiation was observed in 10% FBS‐containing standard medium (10%FBS) and in FBS‐free medium containing insulin and thyroxin (FBS‐free). In the present study, we used human uterine endometrium‐derived mesenchymal cells (EMC100, EMC214) and menstrual blood‐derived mesenchymal cells (MMCs). After cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation, the efficiency and physiological properties of cardiomyogenesis (fractional shortening of the cell [%FS] and action potential [AP]) were evaluated. The efficiency of transdifferentiation in EMC100 and in MMCs increased 36%* and 163%* (*P < 0.05), respectively. The %FS in EMCs increased to 103%*. AP‐duration more than 250 ms with a marked plateau was only observed in FBS‐free (3/19), and not in 10% FBS (0/41). The cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation of human mesenchymal cells can be observed in the FBS‐free medium. Phenotypes of generated cardiomyocytes were significantly more physiological in FBS‐free than in 10% FBS.
Old Age and Outcome After Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: de Boer Menko‐Jan , Ottervanger Jan Paul , Suryapranata Harry , Hoorntje Jan C.A. , Dambrink Jan‐Henk E. , Gosselink A.T. Marcel , van't Hof Arnoud W.J. , Zijlstra Felix
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of age as an independent factor determining the prognosis and outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated using primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

DESIGN: A retrospective analysis from a dedicated database.

SETTING: A high‐volume interventional cardiology center in the Netherlands.

PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand nine hundred thirty‐three consecutive patients with AMI.

MEASUREMENTS: Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes after 30 days and 1 year were compared according to age categorized in three groups: younger than 65, 65 to 74, and 75 and older. A more‐detailed analysis was performed with six age groups, from younger than 40 to 80 and older.

RESULTS: Of the 4,933 consecutive patients with AMI treated with PCI between 1992 and 2004, 643 were aged 75 and older. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients aged 65 to 75 had a greater risk of 1‐year mortality than those younger than 65 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.15–2.16) and that those aged 75 and older had a greater risk of 1‐year mortality than those younger than 65 (AOR=3.03, 95% CI=2.14–4.29).

CONCLUSION: In this retrospective analysis, older age was independently associated with greater mortality after PCI for AMI. Patients aged 65 and older had a higher risk of mortality than younger patients, and those aged 75 and older had the highest risk of mortality.
A Geostatistical Investigation into Changing Permeability of Sandstones During Weathering Simulations. 风化模拟中砂岩渗透率变化的地统计学研究
Authors: McKinley Jennifer M. , McCabe Stephen
Published: April 2010

The ability to predict the behavior of masonry materials is crucial to conserve building stone. Natural stone, such as sandstone, is not immune from the processes of weathering in the built environment and suffers from decay by granular disintegration, contour scaling, and multiple flaking. Spatial variation of rock properties is a major contributing factor to inconsistent responses to weathering. This has implications for moisture movement and salt input and output and storage, and results in unpredictability in the decay dynamics of masonry materials. This article explores the use of variography and kriging to investigate the spatial interactions between the trigger factors of stone decay, in particular, permeability and its effect on salt penetration. Sandstone blocks were used to represent fresh building stones from a weathering perspective and gave baseline characteristics for the interpretation of subsequent deterioration and decay pathways. Simulated weathering trials involved preloading a sandstone block with salt and subjecting a separate block to 20 cycles of a weathering trial designed to simulate a temperate weathering regime. Geostatistical analysis indicated differences in the spatial variation of permeability of the fresh rock and that subjected to the weathering regimes. Spatial prediction and visualization showed differences in the spatial continuity of permeability in a horizontal and vertical direction through the preloaded block after salt weathering. Continual wetting with salt and alternate heating increased permeability in a vertical direction, enabling the ingress and movement of salt and moisture more effectively through the stone.
Perspectives on Drug Use
Authors: Nowlis Helen H.
Published: April 2010

Man has always used chemical substances to change mood, feeling, and perception; he probably always will. The substances used will depend upon the changes he desires or values and his perception of the effects of available substances in relation to those changes. Substances now widely used fall into three general categories: (a) Ups, (b) Downs, and (c) those which change the way one perceives one's self or one's physical and social environment. All drug use, legal or illegal, involves risk at some dosage level for some individuals under some circumstances; determination of what risks are to be tolerated for what benefits is clearly a value judgment. The important issue then becomes who shall make these value judgments and according to what system of values.
The Environmental Crisis In Human Dignity
Authors: Proshansky Harold M.
Published: April 2010

The environmental crisis in human dignity lies not just in the overuse, the misuse, and the decay of physical settings, but far more significantly in how we conceive of the individual in relation to any such setting. In the design and organization of physical settings, the human properties of the individual are ignored, oversimplified, or implicitly assumed, because of the influence of such socioenvironmental values as scientific‐technological progress, urbanism, pseudoprogress (novelty and change), and the value placed on an ever increasing acceleration of technological change. Spaces and places are improperly designed not only in physical terms; designs overlook human needs for privacy, territoriality, freedom of choice, etc., and the conceiving of the individual as a simple “machine man.” Unintended consequences are often ignored and no attempt is made to evaluate just how well the setting actually works. The danger is that the person will adjust and at the price of a continuing erosion of the properties that make him distinctively human. It is imperative that as behavioral scientists turn to the systematic study of man/environment problems they recognize the need to maintain the contextual reality and integrity of any such problem as it evolves, develops, and becomes modified in the time framework of a complex society.
Generalizations from an OEO Experiment in Washington, D.C
Authors: Kelly Rita Mae
Published: April 2010

Based on an evaluation of an OEO police‐community relations experiment, a new conceptual framework, is proposed, defining police‐community relations as a power relationship with three interrelated dimensions (efficiency, responsiveness, and representativeness) which are related to a behavioral model of personality development and characteristics. Data analyzed within a modified pretest, posttest control group design for police and citizens assess the merits of inservice training versus racial representativeness in improving police responsiveness to ghetto definitions of police roles, functions, and accountability to the community. Key conclusions are: (a) in‐service training is not always an appropriate means, (b) citizens must be involved, and (c) training of citizens to assume responsibility in law enforcement and police‐community relations must begin.
Sexual Pollution: Reproductive Sex Taboos in American Society
Authors: Paige Karen Ericksen
Published: April 2010

A theory is presented to explain the similarity between America and other societies in reproductive sex taboos. The theory argues that these taboos are based on a concept of sexual pollution and represent implicit mechanisms used to solve inevitable social dilemmas produced by marriage. Data were collected from a representative sample of adults to test the theory. The results showed that measures of commitment to traditional marital obligations accounted for 24% of the variability in adherence to the menstrual sex taboo. Adding additional variables to the theoretical model did not substantially affect the proposed relationship.
The Sojourner in the American Indian Community: Methodological Issues and Concerns
Authors: Trimble Joseph E.
Published: April 2010

Major concerns about conducting research in American Indian communities are reviewed and discussed. Examples of three research projects conducted with Indian communities are summarized, and procedures found to be sensitive to the cultural milieu of the community are examined. Emphasis is placed on involving community residents in the total research effort where sojourner‐scientist and resident are mutual beneficiaries.
White Collar Criminals
Authors: Stotland Ezra
Published: April 2010

White collar crime, which is a generic term for all forms of criminal misuse of trust, creates great problems of economic, political, and moral damage to all segments of American society, and helps to sustain common or street crime. It takes an ever increasing variety of forms, ranging from consumer fraud to complex business thefts. White collar criminals appear to be motivated by money, avoidance of threats to goal attainment, sense of superiority, mastery, the admiration of others, conformity pressures, etc. Psychological restraints on their criminal behavior are weakened by their jungle view of society, the perception of the moral ambiguity of white collar crime, the lightness of punishment, the view of victims as being morally culpable, the size of some organizational victims, and a belief in their own beneficence. An appeal is made to psychologists to participate in the growing national effort to fight white collar crime.
Strategies for Studying Client Satisfaction
Authors: Gutek Barbara A.
Published: April 2010

One way of measuring public agency effectiveness is through the criterion of client satisfaction. The use of satisfaction as an outcome variable has a long history in the organizational psychology literature and a shorter history in the development of subjective social indicators of the quality of life. In general, satisfaction levels in all areas—job, life, government agencies—are higher than anticipated by researchers and the lay public, do not yield much variation among social classes, job categories, or agency experiences, and tend to be more favorable when own experience is assessed rather than when others' experiences are assessed. Several strategies are suggested by which researchers have tried or might try to improve satisfaction studies. These include forsaking subjective outcome measures for objective outcome measures, trying to develop a “better” measure of satisfaction, using facet‐specific measures of satisfaction rather than global, general measures, using other words with similar meanings (e.g., happiness, contentment), and exploring the cognitive meaning of satisfaction for respondents. The last strategy is endorsed as a relatively untried but potentially fruitful approach.
Loving Women: Attachment and Autonomy in Lesbian Relationships
Authors: Peplau Letitia Anne , Cochran Susan , Rook Karen , Padesky Christine
Published: April 2010

The love relationships of lesbians were investigated as part of a questionnaire study of a diverse sample of 127 lesbians. The majority of women said their current relationship was extremely close, personally satisfying, and egalitarian. Differences among women's values concerning relationships reflected two distinct dimensions: dyadic attachment and personal autonomy. These relationship values were associated with women's social characteristics and feminist involvement. Relationship values were also related to such characteristics of women's current relationships as measures of love and satisfaction, future commitment, sexual exclusivity, and problems of independence/dependence.
Citizens' Images of Nuclear War: Content and Consequences
Authors: Fiske Susan T. , Pratto Felicia , Pavelchak Mark A.
Published: April 2010

An exploratory study was conducted to examine the contents of ordinary citizens' conceptions of nuclear war and the possible consequences of those mental conceptions or images for political activity. Previous data suggested the feasibility of measuring cognitive images and their emotional concomitants in surveys of the general public. Existing survey research also suggested that cognitive images of nuclear war and their affective concomitants might precipitate political action. Existing laboratory data suggested specifically that the images' concreteness and their availability to memory might precipitate action. The content of nuclear war images was mainly abstract and secondarily concrete. Both abstract and concrete content included primarily physical destruction, as well as death, disease, and injury. References in a 1954 survey to the quality of life after an attack have been replaced in the current survey with comments about sheer survival. Antinuclear activity indeed was significantly related to the concreteness of people's nuclear war images, beyond the effects of antinuclear attitudes and general levels of political activity. The emotionality and availability of images did not predict antinuclear activity. Both image contents and their behavioral consequences cut across demographic lines, such as sex, race, social class, and political ideology; only age and education bore modest relation to images and action. Images of nuclear war appear to be highly consensual. When they are especially concrete, they can motivate antinuclear activity.
Aspects of Social Context as Determinants of Black Women's Resistance to Challenges
Authors: Adams Kathrynn A.
Published: April 2010

In the past, social psychological researchers have generally treated sex and race as independent status characteristics. The utility of this unidimensional model is questioned. Literature examining sex and race differences in status which then predict behavior (specifically resistance to influence) is reviewed to demonstrate the inadequacy of separating the effects of these characteristics. The importance of sex and race as both personal and contextual characteristics is then discussed.
Social Support and Adolescent Mothers: Action Research Contributions to Theory and Application
Authors: Unger Donald G. , Wandersman Lois Pall
Published: April 2010

Two longitudinal studies examined the influences of social support, networks, and support interventions on the adjustment of teenage mothers and their babies. Structured interviews were conducted prenatally and during postnatal follow‐up in both studies. Group and home‐based educational support interventions were also conducted through the baby's first year of life. Perceived support, social network resources, and support interventions were related to better postpartum adjustment for young mothers and improved health and development for their babies. Some negative effects were also suggested. The results confirm the importance of assessing specific sources of support and of distinguishing between the concepts of perceived support and social networks. Implications for future social support research and interventions are discussed.
Working with the Informal Helping Networks of the Elderly: The Experiences of Three Programs
Authors: Chapman Nancy J. , Pancoast Diane L.
Published: April 2010

Three demonstration projects that developed ways to strengthen the informal helping networks of elderly clients are described. The following aspects of network intervention are discussed and illustrated by these projects: assessment of client networks, possible goals of network intervention and the ability of programs to achieve them, and evaluation of interventions. Each program found barriers to intervening in networks derived from the client, the network, and the social service agency. Major barriers encountered include the client's privacy preferences and attitudes about relying on the network for help, networks that are exhausted or unsupportive, and agency structures that limit interventions. Although each program had some measure of success in strengthening social support for its clients, it does not appear that informal resources can easily and cost effectively substitute for formal services.
A Personal Account of the Study of Authoritarianism: Comment on Samelson
Authors: Sanford Nevitt
Published: April 2010

I agree with Professor Samelson (1986) when he says that both the social behavior of our research subjects and the questions that we as investigators ask are affected by the course of history. And certainly the development and vicissitudes of the concept of authoritarianism make a good case in point.
State and Local Responses to Children's Injuries: The Massachusetts Statewide Childhood Injury Prevention Program
Authors: Gallagher Susan S. , Messenger Katherine P. , Guyer Bernard
Published: April 2010

This paper identifies problems facing effective injury prevention, including the lack of media and professional attention, poor data systems on epidemiology and prevention of injuries, inadequate prevention strategies, and hampered implementation. As a partial solution to these problems, efforts are described for increasing the involvement of agencies at the local, state, and federal levels, especially those devoted to maternal and child health. One program, the Massachusetts Statewide Childhood Injury Prevention Program, is described to illustrate the role of one lead agency for designing and implementing a strategic plan for injury prevention that can overcome the obstacles noted. General perspectives are outlined for approaching injury prevention through state and local maternal and child health programs.
Health and Social Policy Responses to Unemployment in Europe
Authors: Kieselbach Thomas , Svensson Per‐Gunnar
Published: April 2010

This paper analyzes health policy development in Europe in response to economic instability, and describes agreements and declarations at a European level as well as commitments in some selected countries. One significant example is the European Health for All Strategy, which encompasses 38 operational targets agreed upon by all 32 member states of the European region. The Council of Europe and the Commission of the European Communities have instituted study groups on psychosocial and health effects of long‐term unemployment, and on intervention measures taken or contemplated. This paper discusses interventions such as psychological and socio‐pedagogic training schemes, measures for long‐term unemployed, and a “social guarantee” of employment or training, as well as prevention of unemployment and empowerment of the unemployed. A local approach in a region of the Federal Republic of Germany illustrates the need for political involvement and strategies.
Environmental Planning and Management: An Introduction
Authors: Syme Geoffrey J. , Seligman Clive , Macpherson Duncan K.
Published: April 2010

Initially, planning was seen as a rational process, involving the application of objective methods and data to issues of environmental policy. More recently, the dynamic nature of the planning process has been acknowledged. We argue it is better viewed as an interaction among the planner, the formal political process, and the diverse and often competing interests of various groups in the community. We discuss the implications of this view of planning for planners and psychologists. We then present a case study of water demand management that illustrates how psychologists can contribute to the planning process. Finally, an overview of this journal issue is presented that highlights the major points of each article.
Designing Community Treatment Systems for the Most Seriously Mentally Ill: A State Administrative Perspective
Authors: Shern David L. , Surles Richard C. , Waizer Jonas
Published: April 2010

State mental health authorities confront many challenges in the post‐deinstitutionalization era, especially in assuring appropriate treatment for the most seriously and persistently mentally ill. This paper identifies current problems in the community treatment system, which stem from lack of coordination between the deinstitutionalization process and development of the Community Mental Health Centers program, and from the effects of reimbursement mechanisms on client residential placement. Two New York State program initiatives, Intensive Case Management and Supported Housing, are described to illustrate state efforts to address these problems by reforming the community treatment system. There is an important state role in determining treatment priorities and in contributing to the evolution of models for community treatment.
Toward a Psychology of Improving Justice: Research on Extending the Equality Principle to Victims of Social Injustice
Authors: Cook Stuart W.
Published: April 2010

Data from two quasi‐experimental and two experimental studies of cooperative, equal‐status, interracial contact are presented. The results show increases in favorable beliefs about and liking for Blacks by formerly prejudiced Whites. Such changes are accompanied by greater readiness to extend equality of social benefits (e.g., unsegregated housing, education, and employment) to Black persons. This illustrates one approach to the goal of extending the scope of social justice to subordinate groups from whom it is often withheld. Research relevant to other approaches to the goal is also discussed. The cumulative evidence represents a beginning step in formulating a psychology of improving justice.
Responses to Inadequate Personal Control in Organizations
Authors: Greenberger David B. , Porter Gayle , Miceli Marcia P. , Strasser Stephen
Published: April 2010

Traditional managerial attempts to maintain control over subordinates may cause the subordinates to behave in ways to enhance or regain their control. In the present research, organization members were hypothesized to have characteristic ways of enhancing their control that, in turn, were expected to influence the likelihood that they would engage in certain behavioral responses. Using samples of students and persons employed in a variety of organizations, eight predispositions were identified, reflecting individuals' tendencies to employ different control‐enhancing strategies at work, and these predispositions were found to predict different behavioral responses. Future research directions and implications for management practice are discussed.
Kurt Lewin: The Tough‐Minded and Tender‐Hearted Scientist
Authors: Deutsch Morton
Published: April 2010

This paper presents a personal account of my experience with Kurt Lewin and attempts to characterize why he was such an effective scientific leader. Key points are Lewin's personal leadership style, his approach to theorizing and research, the substantive and methodological innovativeness of the research done by Lewin and his students, his intense commitment to developing psychological knowledge that would be relevant to important human concerns, and his persistent attempt to develop ways of applying psychological knowledge to make the world a more humane habitat. The paper concludes by summarizing how my career in social psychology has been affected by Kurt Lewin.
Field Theory and Rational Choice: A Lewinian Approach to Modeling Motivation
Authors: Diamond Gregory Andrade
Published: April 2010

Economically based rational choice theories, which have been highly influential in the social sciences, are in various respects inferior to field theory, and have advanced farthest precisely when they have adopted field‐theoretical assumptions. Through its underlying model of the fully specified motivational calculus, field theory proposes that psychological forces are commensurate and expressed in affective terms, and its recognition of the importance of salience anticipates recent developments in decision theory. Field theory corrects the unwarranted assumptions of economic rational choice models when applied to social policy, and counters the biased and misleading implications of such theories.
The Case for Animal Research in Psychology
Authors: Baldwin Elizabeth
Published: April 2010

The debate over animal research in psychology has centered on charges of abuse in the laboratory, made by animal rights activists who seek to abolish all laboratory research on animals. Concerned members of the public, most of whom support animal research, have asked scientists for assurance that animals are being treated humanely. There is an elaborate regulatory system to safeguard animal welfare, including federal regulations, Public Health Service guidelines, and state and local laws. The benefits of behavioral research with animals are substantial, with every expectation that these benefits will continue. I argue that animals do not have the same moral rights as humans, but people do have responsibilities to ensure the humane treatment of animals under their care.
Premature Adoption and Routinization of Medical Technology: Illustrations from Childbirth Technology
Authors: Butter Irene H.
Published: April 2010

The first part of this article discusses four forces underlying the emergence, adoption, and routinization of medical technology: key societal values, policies of the federal government, reimbursement policies, and economic incentives. It also addresses a set of impacts resulting from increased reliance on medical technology. The second part of the paper assesses three examples of childbirth technology: electronic fetal monitor, obstetric ultrasound, and cesarean birth. The tendency toward the premature and excessive use of technology is especially strong in the area of childbirth technology.
Genetic Screening Technology: Ethical Issues in Access to Tests by Employers and Health Insurance Companies
Authors: Faden Ruth R. , Kass Nancy E.
Published: April 2010

Whereas the introduction of new technologies previously has raised the ethical question of who ought to have access to a new procedure or device, genetic testing technology raises the new ethical question of to whom access to a new technology ought to be limited. In this article we discuss the implications of employers and private health insurance companies having access to genetic testing technology. Although there may be legitimate business interests in allowing employers and insurers to conduct genetic screening, there are other valid societal interests in regulating or limiting the use of this technology by third parties. Public policy developed in the area of new genetic testing technology must reflect such interests.
Altruism, Motivation, and Allocation: Giving and Using Human Organs
Authors: Prottas Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2010

With tens of thousands of waiting recipients but only 4000–5000 organs available annually, there is a chronic and largely insatiable demand for organ transplants. This article draws on three sources of data regarding the sources of organs donated: a survey of the families of organ donors, a survey of the general public, and a prospective data collection effort from organ procurement agencies. It considers which Americans are willing to engage in this kind of altruism. Furthermore, it discusses the obligations imposed on the nation's public organ procurement and allocation system by the fact that organs are obtained as gifts. It argues that, as all Americans may be asked to donate and there would be social costs to excluding some from a moral community of givers and recipients, all Americans ought to have equal access to organ transplantation.