bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tardive neurotoxicity of anticholinergic drugs: A review
Authors: Marzoughi Sina , Banerjee Ankur , Jutzeler Catherine R. , Prado Marco A.M. , Rosner Jan , Cragg Jacquelyn J. , Cashman Neil
Published: November 2020

The cholinergic system is a complex neurotransmitter system with functional involvement at multiple levels of the nervous system including the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, and neuromuscular junction. Anticholinergic medications are among the most prescribed medications, making up one‐third to one‐half of all medications prescribed for seniors. Recent evidence has linked long‐term use of anticholinergic medications and dementia. Emerging evidence implicates the cholinergic system in the regulation of cerebral vasculature as well as neuroinflammation, suggesting that anticholinergic medications may contribute to absolute risk and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we explore the involvement of the cholinergic system in various neurodegenerative diseases and the possible detrimental effects of anticholinergic medications on the onset and progression of these disorders. We identified references by searching the PubMed and Cochrane database between January 1990 and September 2019 for English‐language animal and human studies including randomized clinical trials (RCTs), meta‐analyses, systematic reviews, and observational studies. In addition, we conducted a manual search of reference lists from retrieved studies. Long‐term anticholinergic medication exposure may have detrimental consequences beyond well‐documented short‐term cognitive effects, through a variety of mechanisms either directly impacting cholinergic neurotransmission or through receptors expressed on the vasculature or immune cells, providing a pathophysiological framework for complex interactions across the entire neuroaxis.

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Cryo‐electron microscopy of cholinesterases, present and future
Authors: Leung Miguel Ricardo , Zeev‐Ben‐Mordehai Tzviya
Published: November 2020

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) exist in a variety of oligomeric forms, each with defined cellular and subcellular distributions. Although crystal structures of AChE and BChE have been available for many years, structures of the physiologically relevant ChE tetramer were only recently solved by cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) single‐particle analysis. Here, we briefly review how these structures contribute to our understanding of cholinesterase oligomerization, highlighting the advantages of using cryo‐EM to resolve structures of protein assemblies that cannot be expressed recombinantly. We argue that the next frontier in cholinesterase structural biology is to image membrane‐anchored ChE oligomers directly in their native environment—the cell.

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Unchanged food approach‐avoidance behaviour of healthy men after oxytocin administration
Authors: Melkonyan Anna , Liu Lu , Brown Elliot C. , Meyer Willi , Madipakkam Apoorva Rajiv , Ringelmann Lina , Lange Franziska , Schmid Sebastian M. , Münte Thomas F. , Park Soyoung Q.
Published: November 2020

The oxytocinergic system has been assumed to contribute to food intake, possibly via interactions with dopamine. However, so far, it is unknown whether oxytocin influences the underlying motivational behaviour towards food. In the present study, we used a food‐based approach‐avoidance task (AAT) in a randomised, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, cross‐over design to compare intranasal oxytocin with a placebo. In the AAT, participants pushed or pulled a joystick when images of foods with a high or low craving rating were presented, where differences in response times typically reflect approach and avoidance motivational biases towards positively and negatively valence stimuli, respectively. Thirty‐three healthy male participants (age = 25.12 ± 3.51 years; body mass index = 24.25 ± 2.48 kg/m2) completed the two‐session study, one with placebo and the other with oxytocin. We used mixed‐effects models to investigate effects of treatment (oxytocin, placebo), response type (approach, avoid) and stimulus (high, low craving). The results showed that both approach and avoid responses tended to be faster for foods higher in craving compared to foods lower in craving. Most importantly, we did not observe any significant effects of oxytocin compared to placebo in motivational behaviour towards food. Our study demonstrates a general response bias towards foods with different craving values, which could have implications for future studies investigating food‐related behaviour. We discuss possible explanations for the null effects of oxytocin and suggest further investigation of the relationship between oxytocin, dopamine and food‐reward processing.
RhoA/ROCKs signaling is increased by treatment with TKI‐258 and leads to increased apoptosis in SCC‐4 oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line
Authors: Carneiro Anna Cecília Dias Maciel , De Vito Fernanda Bernadelli , Moraes‐Souza Helio , Crema Virgínia Oliveira
Published: November 2020

Background

This study evaluated the effect of treatment with TKI‐258 on apoptosis, involving Rho GTPases and their effectors in SCC‐4 cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods

Markers of cell death and apoptosis were analyzed in control and TKI‐258‐treated SCC‐4 cells by flow cytometry. The involvement of Rho GTPases and effectors in the induction of apoptosis by TKI‐258 was evaluated by quantification of cleaved PARP. Also, gene expression analysis of those proteins was performed.

Results

The treatment with TKI‐258 led to a significant increase in cell death (7‐AAD) and apoptosis (annexin V and cleaved PARP). When Rho GTPases were stimulated with LPA and inhibited with toxin A Clostridium difficile, the percentage of apoptotic cells increased and decreased, respectively. A similar effect was found when the treatment was with TKI‐258 combined with LPA and toxin A. Treatment with TKI‐258 significantly increased RhoA gene expression, while RhoB, RhoC, Rac1, and Cdc42 decreased significantly. ROCKs inhibitors (Y‐27632 and HA‐1077) reduced apoptosis compared with control. TKI‐258 combined with Y‐27632 or HA‐1077 led to an increase in apoptosis compared with inhibitors only. Treatment with TKI‐258 led to an increase in ROCK1 and ROCK2 gene expression, and a decrease in PAK1 and PAK2 gene expression.

Conclusions

TKI‐258 stimulates apoptosis in SCC‐4 cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Possibly, RhoA GTPase and their effectors ROCKs participate in the signaling pathway inhibited by TKI‐258. Clinical Relevance: Therapies with multi‐target inhibitors, such as TKI‐258, may be promising alternatives for the clinical treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Immunoexpression of BDNF, TrkB, and p75NTR receptors in peripheral neural lesions of the head and neck
Authors: Ribeiro Julia Turra , Thieme Stéfanie , Zettermann Paula , Leite Amanda Almeida , Zanella Virgilio Gonzales , Pilar Emily Ferreira Salles , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , Mesquita Ricardo Alves , Vargas Pablo Agustin , dos Santos Jean Nunes , Martins Manoela Domingues
Published: November 2020

Background

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin receptors have been recognized as fundamental regulators of normal brain development, homeostasis, and plasticity. They have also been studied in the behavior of central nervous system tumors. Here, we studied the pattern of BDNF, TrkB and p75NTR immunoexpression in peripheral benign and malignant neural lesions in head and neck.

Methods

This cross‐sectional analytical study included 79 cases of head and neck neural lesions. Nineteen cases of traumatic neuromas (TN), 20 cases of granular cell tumors (GCT), 16 cases of neurofibromas (NF), 20 cases of schwannomas (SC), and 4 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) were submitted to immunohistochemistry with BDNF, TrkB, and p75NTR antibodies. A semi‐quantitative analysis was performed.

Results

The analysis of BDNF demonstrated a high percentage of positive cells in TN, GCT and SC with a decrease in cases of NF and MPNST. TrkB presented a lower significant immunoexpression in GCT in relation to the TN, NF, SC, and MPNST (P < .0001); and TN showed less percentage of positive cell compared to SC (P = .0017). Regarding p75NTR, the percentage of positive cell was significantly reduced in MPNST compared GCT (P = .009), NF (P = .0138) and SC (P = .0069). Also, a decrease in TN compared to GCT (P = .007) was observed.

Conclusions

Our results showed the immunoreactivity of BDNF, TrkB, and p75NTR in head and neck peripheral neural lesions. Reduction of BDNF and p75NTR in MPNST might suggest down‐regulation during the acquisition of malignant phenotype.
From Apathy to Vigilance: Young Adolescents’ Reactions to the Unite the Right Rally in Charlottesville
Authors: Williams Joanna L. , Johnson Haley E. , Mims Lauren C. , Dickerson Kimalee C. , Negrete Andrea , Seward Miray
Published: November 2020

The present study examined middle school students’ responses to the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. Using a consensual qualitative research approach, we analyzed interviews from 73 local, seventh‐grade students (58% female; 55% students of color) to explore the range of students’ emotional responses and cognitive engagement with the events. The resulting six profiles document heterogeneity in meaning‐making and personal impacts across youth. Individual and social factors including race and ethnic identity varied across profiles. Many students of color expressed fear and vigilance toward racial violence while many White students expressed sadness and sympathy. We discuss the role of developmental factors in students’ reactions as well as implications for supporting early adolescents in the wake of bias‐motivated violence.
Investigation of interactions between Meloidogyne javanica and three soil‐borne fungi against susceptible plant hosts
Authors: Markakis Emmanouil A. , Krasagakis Nikolaos , Tzortzakakis Emmanuel A. , Tsaniklidis Georgios , Lagogianni Christina S. , Ligoxigakis Eleftherios K. , Pardavella Iro V. , Goumas Dimitrios E.
Published: November 2020

In the present study, combined interactions of the root‐knot nematode Meloidoyne javanica (M.j.) with the soil‐borne fungi Verticillium dahliae (V.d.), Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis‐cucumerinum (F.o.r.c.) or Monosporascus cannonballus (M.c.) against susceptible plant hosts were evaluated. Direct and indirect interactions were tested by applying each pathogen (nematode or fungus) alone or together on the whole plant root system or on each of the two sides of a split‐root set‐up in all possible combinations. Plant–fungi–nematode interactions were estimated by measuring various disease and growth parameters on host plants. A significant increase of verticillium wilt symptoms was observed in eggplant when V.d. and M.j. were applied separately in split‐root plants compared with symptoms in whole root plants inoculated with both pathogens. Root and stem rot and root‐knot symptoms in cucumber were more severe when F.o.r.c. was combined with M.j. in a split‐root set‐up than when plants were only inoculated with a single pathogen on one part of the split‐root set‐up. No significant associations were observed in the case of melon‐M.c.‐M.j. interaction. Gene expression bioassays for cucumber‐F.o.r.c.‐M.j. interaction revealed increased transcriptomic activity for PAL1 gene in plants treated with F.o.r.c at 3 days postinoculation (d.p.i.), whereas high transcriptomic level for DEFENSIN gene was observed primarily in M.j.‐treated plants at 7 d.p.i. The possible interactions between the abovementioned pathosystems are presented and discussed for the first time in literature.
Population genetic structure and classification of cultivated and wild pea (Pisum sp.) based on morphological traits and SSR markers
Authors: Liu Rong , Huang Yu‐Ning , Yang Tao , Hu Jin‐Guo , Zhang Hong‐Yan , Ji Yi‐Shan , Wang Dong , Li Guan , Wang Chen‐Yu , Li Meng‐Wei , Yan Xin , Zong Xu‐Xiao
Published: November 2020

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important legume crop that is widely grown worldwide for human consumption and livestock feed. Despite extensive studies, the population genetic structure and classification of cultivated and wild pea (Pisum sp.) remain controversial. To characterize patterns of genetic and morphological variation and investigate the classification of Pisum, we conducted comprehensive population genetic analyses for 323 accessions from cultivated and wild pea, representing three species of Pisum and utilizing 34 morphological traits and 87 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers. First, we identified three distinct genetic groups among all samples. Group I was primarily composed of Pisum fulvum, Pisum abyssinicum, and some wild P. sativum accessions, whereas Groups II and III consisted of the two genetic groups under P. sativum that represented different geographic distributions of cultivated pea. Analyses of morphological variation revealed significant differences among the three species. Second, among pea germplasms representing eight taxa of Pisum, P. fulvum and P. abyssinicum possessed unique genetic backgrounds and morphological characteristics, corroborating their independent species status. The intraspecific subdivisions of P. sativum described by some authors were not supported in this study, with the exception of several genotypes of P. sativum subsp. elatius that clustered with P. fulvum and P. abyssinicum. Finally, we confirmed that the Chinese pea germplasm was genetically distinct and could be divided into two genetic groups, each of which included both spring‐sowing and autumn‐sowing ecotypes. These results provide a robust foundation for understanding pea domestication and the utilization of wild genetic resources of pea.
Incentives for clinical teachers: On why their complex influences should lead us to proceed with caution
Authors: Wisener Katherine M. , Driessen Erik W. , Cuncic Cary , Hesse Cassandra L. , Eva Kevin W.
Published: November 2020

Introduction

When medical education programs have difficulties recruiting or retaining clinical teachers, they often introduce incentives to help improve motivation. Previous research, however, has shown incentives can unfortunately have unintended consequences. When and why that is the case in the context of incentivizing clinical teachers remains unclear. The purposes of this study, therefore, were to understand what values and motivations influence teaching decisions; and to delve deeper into how teaching incentives have been perceived.

Methods

An interpretive description methodology was used to improve understanding of the development and delivery of teaching incentives. A purposeful sampling strategy identified a heterogenous sample of clinical faculty teaching in undergraduate and postgraduate contexts. Sixteen semi‐structured interviews were conducted and transcripts were analyzed using an iterative process to develop a thematic structure that accounts for general trends and individual variations.

Results

Clinicians articulated interrelated and dynamic personal and environmental factors that had linear, dual‐edged and inverted U‐shaped impacts on their motivations towards teaching. Barriers were frequently rationalized away, but cumulative barriers often led to teaching attrition. Clinical teachers were motivated when they felt valued and connected to their learners, peers, leadership, and/or the medical education community. While incentives aimed at producing these connections could be perceived as supportive, they could also negatively impact motivation if they were impersonal, inequitable, inefficient, or poorly framed.

Discussion/Conclusion

These findings reinforce the literature suggesting that it is necessary to proceed with caution when labeling any particular factor as a motivator or barrier to teaching. They take us deeper, however, towards understanding how and why clinical teachers’ perceptions are unique, dynamic and fluid. Incentive schemes can be beneficial for teacher recruitment and retention, but must be designed with nuance that takes into account what makes clinicians feel valued if the strategy is to do more good than harm.
Against the mind package view of minds: Comments on Carrie Figdor'sPieces of mind
Authors: Schwitzgebel Eric
Published: November 2020

Carrie Figdor'sPieces of mindlays the groundwork for critiquing themind packageview of minds. According to the mind package view, psychological properties travel in groups, such that an entity either has the whole mind package or lacks mentality altogether. Implicit commitment to the mind package view makes it seem absurd to attribute some psychological properties (e.g., preferences) to entities that lack other psychological properties (e.g., feelings). Contra the mind package view, we are psychologically continuous with plants, worms, and bacteria: Our patterns of mindedness resemble theirs, even if such entities do not have the whole mind package.
Why I am not a literalist
Authors: Drayson Zoe
Published: November 2020

Carrie Figdor argues for literalism, a semantic claim about psychological predicates, on the basis of a scientific claim about the nature of psychological properties. I argue that her scientific claim is based on controversial interpretations of scientific modelling, and that even if it were correct it would not justify her claims that psychological predicates are undergoing radical conceptual change.
Why literalism is still the best game in town: Replies to Drayson, Machery, and Schwitzgebel
Authors: Figdor Carrie
Published: November 2020

I respond to the main criticisms raised by Schwitzgebel, Machery, and Drayson of the main arguments of Pieces of mind in favor of the position I call literalism. Schwitzgebel's mainly supportive commentary decries the Cartesian assumption that mindedness is an all or nothing affair. Machery claims that there is an alternative to literalism that is a better interpretation of the uses of psychological predicates across species. Drayson argues that literalism is mistaken on a number of fundamental metaphysical issues. I conclude that literalism emerges even stronger as a result of confronting their excellent criticisms.
The principle of salvage in the context of COVID‐19
Authors: Kearns Alan J.
Published: November 2020

The prioritisation of scarce resources has a particular urgency within the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic crisis. This paper sets out a hypothetical case of Patient X (who is a nurse) and Patient Y (who is a non‐health care worker). They are both in need of a ventilator due to COVID‐19 with the same clinical situation and expected outcomes. However, there is only one ventilator available. In addressing the question of who should get priority, the proposal is made that the answer may lie in how the pandemic is metaphorically described using military terms. If nursing is understood to take place at the ‘frontline’ in the ‘battle’ against COVID‐19, a principle of military medical ethics—namely the principle of salvage—can offer guidance on how to prioritise access to a life‐saving resource in such a situation. This principle of salvage purports a moral direction to return wounded soldiers back to duty on the battlefield. Applying this principle to the hypothetical case, this paper proposes that Patient X (who is a nurse) should get priority of access to the ventilator so that he/she can return to the ‘frontline’ in the fight against COVID‐19.
The antagonistic MYB paralogs RH1 and RH2 govern anthocyanin leaf markings in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Wang Chongnan , Ji Wenkai , Liu Yucheng , Zhou Peng , Meng Yingying , Zhang Pengcheng , Wen Jiangqi , Mysore Kirankumar S. , Zhai Jixian , Young Nevin D. , Tian Zhixi , Niu Lifang , Lin Hao
Published: November 2020

Patterned leaf coloration in plants generates remarkable diversity in nature, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear.

Here, using Medicago truncatula leaf marking as a model, we show that the classic M. truncatula leaf anthocyanin spot trait depends on two R2R3 MYB paralogous regulators, RED HEART1 (RH1) and RH2.

RH1 mainly functions as an anthocyanin biosynthesis activator that specifically determines leaf marking formation depending on its C‐terminal activation motif. RH1 physically interacts with the M. truncatula bHLH protein MtTT8 and the WDR family member MtWD40‐1, and this interaction facilitates RH1 function in leaf anthocyanin marking formation. RH2 has lost transcriptional activation activity, due to a divergent C‐terminal domain, but retains the ability to interact with the same partners, MtTT8 and MtWD40‐1, as RH1, thereby acting as a competitor in the regulatory complex and exerting opposite effects. Moreover, our results demonstrate that RH1 can activate its own expression and that RH2‐mediated competition can repress RH1 expression.

Our findings reveal the molecular mechanism of the antagonistic gene paralogs RH1 and RH2 in determining anthocyanin leaf markings in M. truncatula, providing a multidimensional paralogous–antagonistic regulatory paradigm for fine‐tuning patterned pigmentation.
Fine‐scale empirical data on niche divergence and homeolog expression patterns in an allopolyploid and its diploid progenitor species
Authors: Akiyama Reiko , Sun Jianqiang , Hatakeyama Masaomi , Lischer Heidi E. L. , Briskine Roman V. , Hay Angela , Gan Xiangchao , Tsiantis Miltos , Kudoh Hiroshi , Kanaoka Masahiro M. , Sese Jun , Shimizu Kentaro K. , Shimizu‐Inatsugi Rie
Published: November 2020

Polyploidization is pervasive in plants, but little is known about the niche divergence of wild allopolyploids (species that harbor polyploid genomes originating from different diploid species) relative to their diploid progenitor species and the gene expression patterns that may underlie such ecological divergence. We conducted a fine‐scale empirical study on habitat and gene expression of an allopolyploid and its diploid progenitors.

We quantified soil properties and light availability of habitats of an allotetraploid Cardamine flexuosa and its diploid progenitors Cardamine amara and Cardamine hirsuta in two seasons. We analyzed expression patterns of genes and homeologs (homeologous gene copies in allopolyploids) using RNA sequencing.

We detected niche divergence between the allopolyploid and its diploid progenitors along water availability gradient at a fine scale: the diploids in opposite extremes and the allopolyploid in a broader range between diploids, with limited overlap with diploids at both ends. Most of the genes whose homeolog expression ratio changed among habitats in C. flexuosa varied spatially and temporally.

These findings provide empirical evidence for niche divergence between an allopolyploid and its diploid progenitor species at a fine scale and suggest that divergent expression patterns of homeologs in an allopolyploid may underlie its persistence in diverse habitats.
Malocclusion in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Prado Heloisa Vieira , Teixeira Suélen Alves , Rabello Flavia , Vargas‐Ferreira Fabiana , Borges‐Oliveira Ana Cristina , Abreu Lucas Guimarães
Published: November 2020

Objective

To evaluate whether individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are more affected by malocclusion than individuals without OI.

Materials and Methods

Searches in PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs and gray literature were performed. Data extraction was conducted by two researchers. Risk of bias assessment employing the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale and meta‐analysis were conducted. Results were provided with mean difference (MD), odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Strength of evidence was determined.

Results

Six cross‐sectional studies were included. In comparison with individuals without OI, the group with OI had 19.69‐fold greater chance of exhibiting Angle Class III malocclusion (OR = 19.69, CI: 9.00–43.09) and presenting anterior crossbite greater (MD = 6.08, CI: 2.40–9.77). Individuals without OI had a significantly greater ANB angle (MD = 3.88, CI: 1.15–6.61) and SNA angle (MD = 2.11, CI: 0.24–3.98) in comparison with those with OI. No difference between groups was found for SNB (MD = −0.50, CI: −2.21 to 1.21) and open bite (MD = 0.98, CI: −0.29 to 2.25). Most studies included had moderate methodological quality. Strength of evidence was low or very low.

Conclusions

The occurrence of Angle Class III malocclusion and anterior crossbite was greater among individuals with OI compared to those without OI. These findings can assist stakeholders about the occlusal abnormalities affecting OI individuals.
Buccal abscess derived from subcutaneous emphysema caused by the Valsalva maneuver after oral surgery with pedicled buccal fat pad grafting
Authors: Shudo Atsushi
Published: November 2020

Pedicled buccal fat pad grafting is applied in a variety of oral surgeries, including the reconstruction of oral defects or the closure of oroantral communication. Pedicled buccal fat pad grafting is a well‐established and relatively safe procedure; however, it may cause complications such as swelling, hematoma and/or infection. There are few reports on the detailed cause and clinical course of these complications. This report discusses the Valsalva maneuver as a cause of complications after oral surgery with pedicled buccal fat pad grafting. A 77‐year‐old man underwent pedicled buccal fat pad grafting for oroantral communication after sequestrectomy for medication‐related osteonecrosis of the maxilla. Postoperatively, the performance of the Valsalva maneuver during defecation caused facial subcutaneous emphysema, hematoma and buccal abscess formation. The abscess could not be treated by antibiotics alone, and required surgical drainage. Prominent subcutaneous emphysema is associated with bleeding due to blood vessel damage, and may cause a large hematoma, especially in patients receiving antithrombotic therapy. Hematomas are susceptible to infection, and infections in the buccal space are often severe due to the tissue continuity in deep spaces. Therefore, buccal abscesses after pedicled buccal fat pad grafting require surgical drainage. This case report suggests that performing the Valsalva maneuver during defecation may cause complications after pedicled buccal fat pad grafting. Patients should be informed that the Valsalva maneuver could lead to serious complications, and that all types of the Valsalva maneuver should be avoided postoperatively.
Upper‐airway dysbiosis related to frequent sweets consumption increases the risk of asthma in children with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Majak Paweł , Molińska Katarzyna , Latek Marta , Rychlik Błażej , Wachulec Marcin , Błauż Andrzej , Budniok Aleksandra , Gruchała Martyna , Lach Jakub , Sobalska‐Kwapis Marta , Baranowska Monika , Królikowska Klaudyna , Strapagiel Dominik , Majak Joanna , Czech Dorota , Pałczyński Cezary , Kuna Piotr
Published: November 2020

Background

Innate immunity response to local dysbiosis seems to be one of the most important immunologic backgrounds of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and concomitant asthma. We aimed to assess clinical determinants of upper‐airway dysbiosis and its effect on nasal inflammatory profile and asthma risk in young children with CRS.

Methods

We recruited one hundred and thirty‐three children, aged 4‐8 years with doctor‐diagnosed CRS with or without asthma. The following procedures were performed in all participants: face‐to‐face standardized Sinus and Nasal Quality of Life questionnaire, skin prick test, taste perception testing, nasopharynx swab, and sampling of the nasal mucosa. Upper‐airway dysbiosis was defined separately by asthma‐specific microbiome composition and reduced biodiversity. Multivariate methods were used to define the risk factors for asthma and upper‐airway dysbiosis and their specific inflammatory profile of nasal mucosa.

Results

The asthma‐specific upper‐airway microbiome composition reflected by the decreased ratio of Patescibacteria/Actinobacteria independently of atopy increased the risk of asthma (OR:8.32; 95%CI: 2.93‐23.6). This asthma‐specific microbiome composition was associated with ≥ 7/week sweet consumption (OR:2.64; 95%C:1.11‐6.28), reduced biodiversity (OR:3.83; 95%CI:1.65‐8.87), the presence of Staphylococcus strains in the nasopharynx (OR:4.25; 95%CI:1.12‐16.1), and lower expression of beta‐defensin 2, IL‐5, and IL‐13 in the nasal mucosa. The reduced biodiversity was associated with frequent antibiotic use and with a higher nasal expression of IL‐17 and T1R3 (sweet taste receptor). In asthmatic children, reduced sweet taste perception was observed.

Conclusions

Specific upper‐airway dysbiosis related to frequent sweet consumption, frequent antibiotic courses, and altered nasal immune function increases the risk of asthma in young children with CRS.
Generalized infantile myofibromatosis with visceral involvement presenting as diffuse hypopigmented macules at birth
Authors: Saikaly Sami K. , Schoch Jennifer J. , Motaparthi Kiran , Shenoy Archana , Knapik Jacquelyn A. , Bender Nicole R.
Published: November 2020

The initial clinical presentation of infantile myofibromatosis can vary from subtle skin changes to large tumors. Here, we describe a case of congenital generalized infantile myofibromatosis which presented with diffuse hypopigmented macules, some with subtle atrophy and telangiectasia. Further workup revealed visceral involvement which led to treatment with systemic chemotherapy. Awareness of this rare clinical presentation is crucial to expedite workup and treatment given the poor prognosis in infants with visceral involvement.
Perineal desquamation: An early sign of the Kawasaki disease phenotype of MIS‐C
Authors: Mazori Daniel R. , Derrick Kristina M. , Kapoor Urvi , Haribhai Minoti , Gist Ramon E. , Glick Sharon A.
Published: November 2020

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C) is a syndrome associated with coronavirus disease 2019. Various phenotypes of MIS‐C have been described including Kawasaki disease (KD). Although perineal desquamation is a known early sign of KD, to our knowledge, this rash has not yet been described in the KD phenotype of MIS‐C. In this article, we report two patients in whom perineal desquamation was an early clue for the KD phenotype of MIS‐C.
Maternal control of early life history traits affects overwinter survival and seedling phenotypes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Hernández F. , Vercellino R. B. , Fanna I. , Presotto A.
Published: November 2020

When cultivated and wild plants hybridize, hybrids often show intermediate phenotypic traits relative to their parents, which makes them unfit in natural environments. However, maternal genetic effects may affect the outcome of hybridization by controlling expression of the earliest life history traits.

Here, using wild, cultivated and reciprocal crop–wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids, we evaluated the maternal effects on emergence timing and seedling establishment in the field and on seedling traits under controlled conditions. In the field, we evaluated reciprocal crop–wild hybrids between two wild populations with contrasting dormancy (the high dormant BAR and the low dormant DIA) and one cultivar (CROP) with low dormancy. Under controlled conditions, we evaluated reciprocal crop–wild hybrids between two wild populations (BAR and RCU) and one CROP under three contrasting temperature treatments.

In the field, BAR overwintered as dormant seeds whereas DIA and CROP showed high autumn emergence (~50% of planted seeds), resulting in differential overwinter survival and seedling establishment in the spring. Reciprocal crop–wild hybrids resembled their female parents in emergence timing and success of seedling establishment. Under controlled conditions, we observed large maternal effects on most seedling traits across temperatures. Cotyledon size explained most of the variation in seedling traits, suggesting that the maternal effects on seed size have cascading effects on seedling traits.

Maternal effects on early life history traits affect early plant survival and phenotypic variation of crop–wild hybrids, thus, they should be addressed in hybridization studies, especially those involving highly divergent parents, such as cultivated species and their wild ancestors.
So small and so rich: diversity of floral resources in miniature Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) and their relation to pollinators
Authors: Pansarin L. M. , Pansarin E. R. , Alves‐Dos‐Santos I. , Teixeira S. P.
Published: November 2020

Oncidiinae is one of the most important subtribes among the Neotropical orchids, with an enormous diversity of floral morphology and secretory structures. This subtribe attracts a diverse array of pollinators which explore a variety of floral resources of its flowers.

In this paper we provide a detailed investigation of the floral anatomy of 32 species of micro Oncidiinae. We applied histochemical tests in order to determine the diversity of the glands and rewards. The diversity of secretory flower structures and rewards was related to the group of pollinators known for this subtribe.

We verified that half of the species (16 species, 50%) secrete oil as a resource, being pollinated by female of solitary bees. Species of some distinct nectar‐secreting genera (four species, 12.5%) are pollinated by a range of nectar‐searching animals. Species of the genus Notylia (four species, 12.5%) release floral perfumes that reward male Euglossini bees. Most of the investigated species (six species, 18.75%) possess osmophores that are involved in pollinator attraction. Two species of Capanemia (6.25%) do not offer any floral reward, suggesting that pollination by food deception is involved.

There are strong variations in the anatomy of reward‐producing structures and resources in Oncidiinae. The diversity of floral rewards affects the range of pollinators, which are related to the diversification of this subtribe throughout the Neotropics. The understanding of relationships between Oncidiinae species and their pollinators is crucial to our knowledge of the evolution of pollination systems in this huge plant family represented by the orchids.
Stacked Inverse Probability of Censoring Weighted Bagging: A Case Study In the InfCareHIV Register
Authors: Gonzalez Ginestet Pablo , Kotalik Ales , Vock David M. , Wolfson Julian , Gabriel Erin E.
Published: November 2020

We propose an inverse probability of censoring weighted (IPCW) bagging (bootstrap aggregation) pre-processing that enables the application of any machine learning procedure for classification to be used to predict the cause-specific cumulative incidence, properly accounting for right-censored observations and competing risks. We consider the IPCW area under the time-dependent ROC curve (IPCW-AUC) as a performance evaluation metric. We also suggest a procedure to optimally stack predictions from any set of IPCW bagged methods. We illustrate our proposed method in the Swedish InfCareHIV register by predicting individuals for whom treatment will not maintain an undetectable viral load for at least 2 years following initial suppression. The R package stackBagg that implements our proposed method is available on Github.
Peace Mediators as Norm Entrepreneurs: The EU's Norm Diffusion Strategy in Montenegro's Referendum on Independence
Authors: Vuković Siniša
Published: November 2020

This article explores how ideational conflicts can be managed through mediation processes by relying on methods of norm diffusion, in particular by using reframing as a distinct mediation strategy. It starts by offering a novel conceptual framework that operationalizes conflicts as a process of norm contestation. By looking at the conflicts through normative lenses, the paper expounds the link between international mediation and norm diffusion. In particular, the paper addresses how mediators may act as norm entrepreneurs, and how these activities bring to light a rather unexplored mediation strategy of reframing through which norms can be effectively diffused. The broader theoretical puzzle is illustrated through the case of EU mediation efforts in Montenegro, where the mediators used reframing strategies to effectively diffuse an unconventional norm of 55% votes in favor for the referendum to pass, that would regulate the rules and procedure of the country’s referendum on independence in 2006.
A sensory approach for multispecies anthropology
Authors: Fijn Natasha , Kavesh Muhammad A.
Published: November 2020

This special issue suggests that the need to examine the entangled lives of species, selves and other beings through a multisensory perspective is crucial and timely. Developing on a sensory analysis, one that emerges through what Anna Tsing refers to as the ‘arts of noticing’ (2015), this introductory paper explores how both nonhuman and human lives are intertwined, and how their close examination can guide anthropologists in their ability to capture the subtleties of more‐than‐human engagement, connection and relatedness. Through articles within this issue from Australian anthropology and beyond, we ask how becoming‐with more‐than‐humans helps us to construct a post‐humanist analysis in the combination of sensory anthropology and multispecies anthropology. Through a combination of these two fields, the paper suggests, anthropology can take up the opportunity to think about animals as subjects, through our ability to communicate beyond language and to engage in a more meaningful way through interspecies knowledge‐making.
Plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and the inflammatory response in canine cancer
Authors: Weidner Nicole , Mutsaers Anthony J. , Woods J. Paul , Wood Geoff A. , Bayle Julie , Verbrugghe Adronie
Published: November 2020

Decreased circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and increased inflammatory marker concentrations have been reported separately in canine cancer. Correlations between the two exist in humans, but little work has examined links in dogs. This study aimed to determine plasma 25(OH)D and inflammatory marker concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with cancer and to assess correlations in each group. Newly diagnosed dogs with B‐cell lymphoma (B‐cell, n = 25), T‐cell lymphoma (T‐cell, n = 9), osteosarcoma (OSA, n = 21), and mast cell tumour (MCT, n = 26) presenting to a tertiary oncology centre, and healthy dogs (n = 25), were enrolled. Plasma samples were analysed for 25(OH)D, C‐reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (HP), serum amyloid A (SAA), alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AAG), and 13 chemokines and cytokines. Dogs with B‐cell had decreased plasma 25(OH)D (P = .03), and increased plasma CRP, AAG, HP, KC‐like and MCP‐1 concentrations (P < =.001, .011, <.001, .013 and .009, respectively) compared with healthy dogs. Plasma CRP, HP and SAA concentrations were increased in dogs with OSA compared with healthy dogs (P = .001, .010 and .027, respectively). No differences were noted in dogs with T‐cell and MCT. Negative correlations were observed between plasma 25(OH)D concentrations and: AAG concentrations in dogs with T‐cell (Rs = −0.817,P = .007); GM‐CSF concentrations (Rs = −0.569,P = .007) in dogs with OSA; and IL‐7 concentrations (Rs = −0.548,P = .010) in dogs with OSA. Decreased 25(OH)D concentrations and increased concentrations of multiple inflammatory markers were observed in B‐cell patients, supporting an association between 25(OH)D and inflammation. The cross‐sectional study design meant the timing of changes could not be determined. Prospective cohort studies are warranted.
Quality assessment of red blood cell suspensions derived from pathogen‐reduced whole blood
Authors: Kumukova Irina , Trakhtman Pavel , Starostin Nicolay , Borsakova Daria , Ignatova Anastasia , Bayzyanova Yana
Published: November 2020

Background

We used laboratory indicators to evaluate the quality of pathogen‐reduced red blood cell suspension (RBCS) compared with gamma‐irradiated RBCS.

Materials and methods

To determine biochemical and metabolic parameters of RBCS, we obtained 50 whole blood units from healthy volunteers and randomized them into 2 groups: 25 were pathogen‐reduced, and then, RBCS prepared from them. RBCS from the other 25 was gamma‐irradiated. Sampling was carried out on day zero before and after treatment and at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. To determine lymphocyte inactivation, we collected another 35 whole blood units. Each was sampled to form 3 study groups: untreated, gamma‐irradiated and pathogen‐reduced. Daily sampling was carried out during 3 days of storage.

Results

The quality of RBCS from both groups was largely the same, except for haemolysis and red blood cell fragility, which were more pronounced in the pathogen‐reduced group. This finding limited the shelf life of pathogen‐reduced RBCS to 14 days. Lymphocyte viability was significantly reduced after both treatments. Proliferation of lymphocytes after pathogen reduction was reduced to the detection limit, while low‐level proliferation was observed in gamma‐irradiated samples.

Conclusion

Pathogen‐reduced red blood cells have acceptable quality and can be used for transfusion within 14 days. Results of inactivation of lymphocytes demonstrate that pathogen reduction technology, applied on WB, can serve as an alternative to irradiation.
Current trends of public opinion towards block water tariff in developing countries: A case study from Al‐Bireh City, Palestine
Authors: Al‐Khatib Issam A. , Abu Ali Ala’ , Hannon Brooke , Apul Defne S. , Celik Ilke
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study was to estimate the socio‐economic determinants of the residential water tariff system for Al‐Bireh city, Palestine. Results confirmed that ~60% of respondents considered that the current water pricing as high in Al‐Bireh. The majority (76.4%) of households would be willing to pay 1%–3% of their monthly income for possible new water tariff in return for services provided for them have arisen. More than 55% of families having greater than six family members showed to be more willing to pay higher percentages for water. This correlated to the increase of family members, households found the water pricing more reasonable (36.6%). Large households with higher income that have increased water consumption are more willing to pay larger amounts for their needs. Households with larger family members with limited income and education tend to think water pricing is high and their knowledge behind water pricing is mostly inadequate.
Relationship Between Prescription and Documentation of Pressure Injury Prevention Interventions and Their Implementation: An Exploratory, Descriptive Study
Authors: Lovegrove Josephine , Fulbrook Paul , Miles Sandra
Published: November 2020

Background

Formal assessment by nurses of a patient’s pressure injury (PI) risk level is often highlighted as being key to PI prevention. However, if no action is taken to address the determined risk (i.e., if appropriate preventative interventions are not implemented), the patient remains vulnerable to PI development, and the assessment process is rendered pointless.

Aim

To explore the relationship between the prescription (planning) and implementation of PI preventative interventions by nurses following formal risk assessment.

Methods

Using an exploratory, descriptive design, the charts and bedside areas of 200 adult patients admitted across four hospital wards were examined. Data collected included PI risk level, documented prescribed preventative interventions, and interventions for which there was evidence of implementation.

Results

Of the final sample (n = 187), 66.8% of cases were categorized as being “at‐risk” or above. As the risk category of patients increased, proportionately more patients in each category were prescribed each intervention. However, in most cases, significantly fewer interventions were actually implemented than were prescribed, except for several interventions that were implemented in more cases than were prescribed. There were 14 cases, including four at‐risk and three high‐risk patients, in which no preventative interventions were prescribed, while 88.7% of not at‐risk patients had (unnecessary) preventative interventions prescribed.

Discussion

These results indicate that intervention prescription increased relative to assessed level of risk; however, the rates of intervention prescription and actual implementation were suboptimal. The results indicate a significant mismatch between these two steps of PI prevention.

Linking evidence to action

These results indicate that intervention prescription increased relative to assessed level of risk; however, the rates of intervention prescription and actual implementation were suboptimal. A significant mismatch between these two steps of PI prevention was evident. Following patient risk assessment, there should be a greater focus on appropriate preventative intervention prescription (planning) with regular review and audit to help ensure that interventions are implemented as prescribed. Improved implementation of preventative interventions should, in turn, help to reduce hospital‐acquired pressure injuries.
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CONTAINING BLENDED CEMENT AND LIGHTWEIGHT ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATE
Authors: Tanaka Chandra Junedy , Mohd. Sam Abdul Rahman , Abdul Shukor Lim Norhasanah , Awang Abdullah Zawawi , Hamzah Norhaliza , Loo Peter
Published: November 2020

The limitation of natural resources and the increase in industrial waste materials have been being the main concern in many developing countries. Therefore, many studies have been conducted to investigate the feasibility of industrial by-products to be used as artificial aggregate in concrete manufacturing. This study examined the influences of using artificial materials as aggregate replacement of natural aggregate and active pozzolana cement as a binder in concrete. Numbers of tests were performed to investigate the fresh and hardened concrete properties in terms of workability, density, expansion and shrinkage, ultrasonic pulse velocity, flexural strength, compressive strength and mode of failure. The specimens consist of cube and prism were prepared and tested after 3, 7 and 28 days of water curing and air curing. Results of concrete with artificial aggregates recorded lower workability due to the high water absorption, lower density of concrete, lower drying shrinkage due to the reduced free water content and lower pulse velocity in concrete. However, the compressive and flexural strengths were improved by 10% and 38% as of normal concrete, respectively. Therefore, the results obtained from this study indicated that the artificial aggregates and pozzolan cement used have positive effects on concrete properties.
PARADISGM SHIFT AGENDA IN â€œTHE WORLD IN 2050â€
Authors: Krishnan Santhana , Md. Din Mohd Fadhil , Li Yu-You , Qin Yu
Published: November 2020

â€œThe World in 2050â€ (TWI-2050) aims not only to contribute to this understanding of sustainable development goals (SDGs) but also develop science-based transformational and equitable pathways to achieve it. TWI-2050 article which was published by The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), covers members from National Member Organizations in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe. This publication is a tool or guideline- for policy-makers, experts, scientist and engineers, and revolutionist in SDGs implementers [Nakicenovic, 2019]. TWI-2050 represents the integrated pathways which harness the synergies and multiple benefits across SDGs, and approaches to governing this sustainability transformation [UNSDN, 2019]. The Roadmap 2050 anchored six pillars and reported the most influential component in SDGs. It is translated with variety of hopes, intentions, action plan and more holistic approach with the vital transformational agenda [Horan, 2019]. The endeavour of transformation is about courage to utilize the Industrial Revolution 4.0 [Lafortune and Schmidt Traub, 2019] with the numerous data and autonomous technical system should be the advantage in improving the global issues. The limitation to the poorest country or region must be shaped through the sustainable empowerment, create more benefits rather than competing, and exploitation of opportunities. Finally, transformation on connectivity is the most tremendous effort in the future