bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Milkability of Murciano–Granadina dairy goats. Milk partitioning and flow rate during machine milking according to parity, prolificacy and mode of suckling
Authors: Peris Silvia , Such Xavier , Caja Gerardo
Published: June 2009

A total of 78 lactations (25 primiparous and 53 multiparous) in a herd of Murciano–Granadina dairy goats were studied over 3 years. Animals were allocated to two experimental groups: suckling (S) goats were milked once daily until weaning (week 7) and thereafter twice daily; milking (M) goats were milked twice daily from 2 d after parturition. Milk partitioning during milking (machine and machine stripping milk fractions) was recorded every week and the residual milk every 2 weeks. Milk flow rate was studied in 63 lactations on three consecutive days during week 12 or 13. Average machine and machine stripping milk fractions over 210 d were 1·09 and 0·23 1/d for the S and 1·23 and 0·28 1/d for the M group respectively. Machine milk volume and percentage were smaller in the S group during the first 7 weeks of lactation, while the machine stripping fraction was unaffected by group, indicating that this fraction was constant. The average residual milk was 11·1 and 9·2% of total milk in the S and M groups. Goats in their third lactation had the least residual milk (8·9%). Milk flow and total machine milk volume (but not milking time) were affected by parity, second and third lactation goats having higher values. Positive correlations were found between daily milk yield and milk flow characteristics. Residual milk was positively correlated with the machine stripping but not with the machine milk fraction. The results indicated that Murciano–Granadina goats can readily be machine milked, since > 80% of the milk can be obtained without massage or stripping.
Effects of pH and temperature on the water-holding capacity of casein curds and whey protein gels
Authors: Teo Cheng Tet , Munro Peter A. , Singh Harjinder , Hudson Rocky C.
Published: June 2009

The water-holding capacities of mineral acid casein (MAC) curd, rennet casein curd and whey protein concentrate (WPC) gel were determined as a function of pH and temperature by drainage of liquid on a stationary, horizontal screen. As precipitation pH was varied over the range 4·3–5·55, the water-holding capacity of MAC curd ranged from 2·4 to 5·2 g water/g dry casein with minimum water-holding capacity at precipitation pH 5·3. Samples of dried MAC curd over the same range of precipitation pH did not vary significantly in water-holding capacity, and all absorbed ∼2·0 g water/g dry casein. Both rennet casein curd and WPC (170 g total solids/kg) gels increased in water-holding capacity as the pH of the suspending liquid increased in the range 3·5–10, but the changes with pH were much smaller than for MAC curd. For both types of casein curd and for WPC gel, water-holding capacity decreased with increase in temperature in the range 5–90 °C. The results are interpreted largely in terms of changes in electrostatic interactions with pH and changes in hydrophobic interactions with temperature.
Purification of tributyrin esterase fromLactococcus lactissubsp.cremorisE8
Authors: Holland Ross , Coolbear Tim
Published: June 2009

A tributyrin esterase was purified fromLactococcus lactissubsp.cremorisE8 using FPLC chromatography. This was the major esterase activity observed in strain E8 and was associated with a single protein with a subunit molecular mass of 29 kDa and a holoenzyme of molecular mass 109 kDa. The enzyme was active against tributyrin andp-nitrophenyl butyrate. The N-terminal sequence of the enzyme was determined. The enzyme had a pH optimum in the neutral range, was stable on freezing at −20 °C, and had a half life of 1 h at 50 °C.
Application of numerical analysis to a number of models for chymosin-induced coagulation of casein micelles
Authors: Hyslop Douglas B. , Qvist Karsten B.
Published: June 2009

Four models describing renneting kinetics are evaluated for their ability to describe well documented attributes of the coagulation of casein micelles. The first model is based on a constant flocculation rate parameter. In the second the flocculation rate constant is proportional to the product of the sizes of the aggregating particles. Both models fail to predict proper dependence of rennet coagulation time on enzyme concentration. The third model is based on an energy barrier being reduced in linear proportion to the degree of proteolysis. The enzyme dependency of this model only works when the initial energy barrier is larger than ∼ 50 kBT (where kB is Boltzmann's constant and T the absolute temperature), which does not seem feasible. The fourth model, based on functionality theory, is able to predict proper dependence of rennet coagulation time on enzyme concentration when functionality is ∼ 2.
Iron-supplemented caseins: preparation, physicochemical characterization and stability
Authors: Gaucheron Frédéric , Famelart Marie-Hélène , Graët Yvon Le
Published: June 2009

Preparation, physicochemical characterization and stability of iron-supplemented caseins were studied. When ferrous iron (final concentrations of 0·25, 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5 mM) was added to sodium caseinate (final casein concentration 25 g/l), iron binding to caseins was complete. In parallel, an increase in absorbance at 280 nm, a decrease in fluorescence intensity, modifications of reversed-phase HPLC profile, a decrease in pH and an increase in free sodium concentration were observed. Moreover, no release of iron from iron-casein complexes was found between pH 6·5 and 3·7 or after heat treatments or in the presence of inorganic phosphate. Only EDTA disodium salt and trisodium citrate had significant effects on the release of iron bound to caseins.
Effect of somatic cell count and stage of lactation on the quality and storage life of ultra high temperature milk
Authors: Auldist Martin J. , Coats Stephen J. , Sutherland Brian J. , Hardham John F. , McDowell Graham H. , Rogers Graeme L.
Published: June 2009

The effects of bulk milk cell count (BMCC) and stage of lactation on the quality and storage characteristics of UHT milk were investigated. The UHT milk was manufactured in a pilot plant using milk of low BMCC from early and late lactation, and milk of high BMCC from early and late lactation. Upon storage at 20°C, early lactation UHT milk gelled far ahead of late lactation milk. Within each stage of lactation, high BMCC milk tended to gel first. Few differences in the organoleptic properties of the UHT milks were observed. It was apparent that the onset of age gelation may not always be related directly to the level of proteolysis, and that other factors influencing milk composition and the reactions between milk components may play more important roles. At a particular stage of lactation, proteolysis induced by mastitis may hasten the onset of gelation.
Effect of different heat treatments on the strong binding interactions between whey proteins and milk fat globules in whole milk
Authors: Corredig Milena , Dalgleish Douglas G.
Published: June 2009

The heat-induced binding of whey proteins to milk fat globule membranes in whole milk was investigated by quantitative electrophoresis and laser scanning densitometry. Both α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin bound to the surfaces of fat globules when milk was heated in a water bath in the temperature range 65–85 °C. The interaction behaviour of α-lactalbumin did not seem to change with temperature, and the total amount of protein bound was ∼ 0·2 mg/g fat contained in the cream. The quantity of βlactoglobulin interacting with the milk fat globules increased with temperature from 02 to 0·7 mg/g fat between 65° and 85 °C. Even in whole milk heated at batch pasteurization temperatures (60–65 °C), α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin were found attached to the fat globules. The interactions of the whey proteins with intact fat globule membranes were also investigated in milk heated in an industrial system (a pilot scale UHT and high temperature short time module), and the results were compared with those from the laboratory treatment (simple batch heating). The binding of the whey proteins to fat globules differed between milk heated by UHT using indirect steam heating or direct steam injection (DSI). However, the surface load in milk treated by DSI was not comparable to that of milk treated by batch heating or indirect steam heating, because of the changes in fat globule size and membrane composition caused by the DSI process.
Synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 by bovine mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cell lines
Authors: Zavizion Boris , Heegard Christian W. , White Jeffrey , Cheli Federica , Politis Ioannis
Published: June 2009

Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin provides an important source of proteolytic activity in the bovine mammary gland. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) plays a key role in limiting plasminogen activation. The PAI-1 biosynthetic capabilities of various bovine mammary cells were determined. The immortalized epithelial cell lines MAC-T and BME-UV and the myoepithelial cell line BMM-UV were used as model systems. Northern blot analysis indicated that both epithelial and myoepithelial cells contained PAI-1 mRNA. Bovine PAI-1 was encoded by a single mRNA species ∼ 3·0 kb long. BME-UV cells contained 2·0-fold (P< 0·01) the PAI-1 mRNA of MAC-T or BMM-UV cells. Reverse zymography indicated that both epithelial and myoepithelial cells synthesized PAI-1 protein with a molecular mass of ∼ 50 kDa.
Reversibility of shrinkage of mineral acid casein curd as a function of ionic strength, pH and temperature
Authors: Teo Cheng Tet , Munro Peter A. , Singh Harjinder
Published: June 2009

Mineral acid casein (MAC) curd was subjected to a range of ionic strength, pH and temperature conditions to explore their effects on curd water-holding capacity, particularly the reversibility of shrinkage. The shrinkage of MAC curd on whey removal during the washing stage of casein manufacture could be attributed almost completely to the reduction in ionic strength and not specifically to either calcium or lactose removal. This shrinkage on whey removal during washing could not be reversed by adding whey back to the curd to attain the original ionic environment. In this sense it was irreversible. The pH during formation of MAC curd was more important than later pH adjustments in controlling curd water-holding capacity. The effect of a high precipitation pH in creating a tough, compact curd could not be reversed by subsequently decreasing the pH. However, the effect of a low precipitation pH in creating a soft, open curd could be partly reversed by subsequently increasing the pH. MAC curd shrank by 45% when the temperature was increased from 20 to 80°C. This temperature-dependent shrinkage was virtually fully reversible on cooling. It is suggested that the water-holding capacity of casein curd is governed largely by hydrophobic interactions and that once such interactions have occurred they cannot easily be disrupted by small changes in either pH or ionic strength.
318. The effect of acidity on the production of diacetyl by betacocci in milk
Authors: Cox G. A.
Published: June 2009

1. The diacetyl production of betacocci isolated from starters, cheese and rye-grass was investigated at pR values ranging from 5.5 to 44. The betacocci produced diacetyl and subsequently partially or wholly destroyed it.

2. There was a considerable variation in the amount of diacetyl produced by the different strains of betacocci. Capacity to produce diacetyl could not be correlated with any other property of the organisms.

3. The rate of growth of the organisms was progressively slower the lower the pH, but at least as much diacetyl was eventually formed at low pK values as at high pH. values. The results showed that there was an alteration in the metabolism of the organisms, the diacetyl-producing power per unit cell increasing with decreasing pH.

4. The results found enable an explanation of the rapid production of diacetyl in mixed starters to be offered.
Variation in the protein composition of bovine casein micelles and serum casein in relation to micellar size and milk temperature
Authors: Davies D. Thomas , Law Andrew J. R.
Published: June 2009

The caseinate complex in bovine milk was partitioned by differential centrifugation at both 20 and 4 °C into 4 micellar fractions and a fraction representing serum casein, and the protein composition of the fractions determined. At both temperatures the relative amount of κ-casein in the micellar caseins increased markedly and that of β-casein decreased appreciably with decreasing micelle size. The relative amount of αs2-casein also tended to decrease with decreasing micelle size, but the relative amounts of αs1- and γ-caseins, and an unidentified casein fraction, showed little systematic variation. The serum casein differed appreciably in composition from the micellar caseins, being very rich in β-casein and comparatively poor in αsl- and αs2-caseins, and the amount present at 4 °C was considerably greater than at 20 °C, with the increase being due almost entirely to β-casein, but with γ-casein also making a significant contribution. The changes in the composition and distribution of micellar and serum caseins induced by cooling milk at 4 °C were completely reversible when the milk was re-equilibrated at 20 °C for 18 h.
Use of deflector shields to reduce intramammary infection by preventing impacts on the teat ends of cows during machine milking
Authors: Griffin Tony K. , Williams Ray L. , Grindal Robert J. , Neave Frank K. , Westgarth David R.
Published: June 2009

A series of short duration experiments has shown that infections caused by the milking machine or the way in which it is used can be controlled by fitting deflector shields in the teatcup liners. This not only provides a simple means of controlling such infections, but demonstrates that they result from penetration of the streak canal of the teat by contaminated milk particles impacting on the teat ends.
Metabolism of leucine by the isolated perfused goat udder
Authors: Roets Eddy , Massart-Leën Anne-Marie , Peeters Georges , Verbeke Roger
Published: June 2009

Seven lactating goat mammary glands from 6 goats were perfused for several hours in the presence of [U-14C]L-leucine (4 experiments) or [2-3H; l-14C]DL-leucine (3 experiments) and received adequate quantities of glucose, acetate and amino acids. Radioactivity in casein was mainly recovered in leucine and 90% of casein leucine was derived from free plasma leucine. About 64% of the leucine molecules were used for casein synthesis. Up to 12% of the molecules were channelled into lipid synthesis, while the remaining (up to 24%) were metabolized to CO2. From the3H/14C ratio of casein and casein leucine, it was calculated that 70–80% of the leucine molecules were reversibly transaminated before their incorporation into milk protein. However, only 4–8% of the plasma leucine molecules were transaminated during passage through the udder. Different pools for oxidation and for protein synthesis may be present in the goat mammary gland.
Relationship between fatty acid composition and triglyceride structure of bovine milk fat
Authors: Parodi Peter W.
Published: June 2009

Fourteen samples of milk fat, representing a wide range of individual fatty acid contents, were subjected to stereospecific analysis to determine fatty acid contents at the sn-l-, sn-2- and sn-3-positions of the triglycerides. Highly significant linear relationships were found between the content of a fatty acid at the 3 positions and the content of the same acid in the intact triglycerides. As the content of an acid increased in the triglycerides there were increases in the content of that acid at the 3 positions. When the content of an acid changed in the triglycerides, the content at the 3 stereospecific positions did not change at the same rate. The positions with the highest slope values corresponded to the positions where the individual fatty acids were preferentially esterified.
Partial characterization of cheese-ripening proteinases produced by the yeastKluyveromyces lactis
Authors: Grieve Paul A. , Kitchen Barry J. , Dulley John R. , Bartley John
Published: June 2009

An extract ofKluyveromyces lactis416 and a β-galactosidase preparation (Maxilact 40000) contaminated with proteinase, showed similar pH profiles of caseinolytic activity. Similar modes of casein hydrolysis (κ-, > αs-, ≥ β-) were observed at pH 5·0 (the pH of Cheddar cheese), without detection of bitterness. The contaminated Maxilact preparation contained similar proteinase types to those detected in an autolysate ofK. lactis. Both the autolysate and the Maxilact preparation contained acid endopeptidase (proteinase A), serine endopeptidase (proteinase B) and serine exopeptidase (carboxypeptidase Y) activities. Some aminopeptidase activity was also detected in both preparations. There were some differences in apparent molecular weight and charge properties between proteinase A and B and carboxypeptidase Y from the 2 proteinase sources.
Effects of milk protein genetic variants on milk yield and composition
Authors: McLean Douglas M. , Graham E. R. Bruce , Ponzoni Raul W. , McKenzie Hugh A.
Published: June 2009

Effects of genetic variants of the milk proteins, αs1-casein, β-casein, κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin (βlg), on milk yield and composition, particularly the protein composition, were investigated in milk samples from 289 Jersey and 249 Friesian cows in eight commercial herds.

Milk protein genotypes had no significant effect on yields over a complete lactation of milk and fat, but significant differences in fat content were detected for β-casein (B, A1B, A2 > A1A2) and βlg (B, AB > A) variants. Significant differences between β-lg variants were also found with total solids (B, AB > A), casein (B, AB > A), whey protein (A > AB > B) and βlg (A > AB, AC > B > BC) concentrations. Casein genotypes were not significantly different in total protein and casein concentrations but many differences were found in casein composition. αs1-Casein variants significantly affected αs1-casein (BC > B) and κ-casein (B > BC) concentrations. β-Casein variants affected concentration and proportion of β-casein (A1B, A2B > A1, A1A2, A2, B), αs1-casein (A1, A2 > B) and κ-casein (B > A2) and concentration of whey protein (A1 > most other β-casein variants). κ-Casein variants affected concentration and proportion of κ-casein (B > AB > A), proportion of αs1-casein (A > AB > B) and concentration of βlg (A > AB, B) and α-lactalbumin (A, AB > B). Differences in milk composition were found between breeds, herds and ages, and with stage of lactation. The potential use of milk protein genotypes as an aid in dairy cattle breeding is discussed.
Fast protein liquid chromatography purification of hydrophobic fraction of bovine milk proteose-peptone and characterization by bidimensional electrophoresis
Authors: Girardet Jean-Michel , Mati Abderrahmane , Sanogo Tibogo , Etienne Luc , Linden Guy
Published: June 2009

Bovine milk Hydrophobic fraction of proteose-peptone was prepared by hydrophobic interaction fast protein liquid chromatography. This method has several advantages such as high rapidity, simple good reproducibility and less denaturation. The proteose-peptone was eluted from a TSK-Phenyl-5PW column with a 1 M-0 M ionic strength gradient of NaH2PO4, pH 6·8, using a 6 ml/min flow rate for 56 min. The quantity of protein injected was 62·5 mg; however, it could be increased up to 100 mg. The elution order wasβ-CN-4P < BSA (1·6% of total N) <β-CN-5P <β-CN-1P. The hydrophobic fraction was obtained in pure water at the end of the gradient (17·3% of total N). A proteose-peptone cartograph was achieved by bidimensional electrophoresis. This hydrophobic fraction represented three principal zones ofMr30000–28000, 19000 and 11000, which were respectively composed of 13, 4 and 2 principal spots distributed between 4·9 and 6·1 isoelectric points (IP). These spots corresponded to glycoproteins.·7, 5·0 and 5·1IP which migrated toMr18000 whileβ-CN-1P was identified asMr9000 in two spots of 5·1 and 5·3 IP.
Influence of concentration of milk solids on the dissociation of micellar κ-casein on heating reconstituted milk at 120°C
Authors: Singh Harjinder , Creamer Lawrence K.
Published: June 2009

Skim milks were prepared from skim milk powder at several concentrations between 10 and 25% total solids and portions were pH-adjusted to between pH 6·3 and 7·1 and heated at 120°C. After ultracentrifugation (88000 g for 90 min), the supernatants were analysed using gel electrophoresis to determine the concentrations of β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin and κ-casein. The dissociation of κ-casein from the micelles was dependent on both the pH and the total solids content of milk before heating. Both higher pH (in the range 6·5–7·l) and higher concentration increased the extent of dissociation. A further series of samples were heated for 2–11 min at 120°C at pH 6·55. κ-Casein dissociation increased with concentration and with heating time. It was concluded that as the milk increased in concentration, the pH at which micellar κ-casein dissociated on heating was lowered.
Staphylococci in heifer mastitis before and after parturition
Authors: Myllys Vesa
Published: June 2009

Aseptic udder quarter secretion samples (n = 1112) from 200 mastitic and 65 non-mastitic control heifers from 160 different farms were collected for bacteriological examination and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most frequently isolated bacteria (57·8%). The percentage of Staphylococcus aureus was 20·1, of streptococci 11·3 and of other pathogens 10·8. Staph. simulans, Staph. hyicus, Staph. xylosus and Staph. chromogenes were the most common CNS. Staph. simulans and Staph. hyicus were most frequently found in clinical samples after parturition, whereas other CNS were equally or more often found in control samples. Most CNS infections detected in the prepartum period were eliminated spontaneously or with antibiotic treatment during early lactation, but the infected quarters were more susceptible to new infection by other pathogens. Milk N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activities were measured to monitor changes in inflammation. Among the CNS infections, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activities were highest for Staph. hyicus and lowest for Staph. xylosus in the lactating mammary gland of heifers. CNS were resistant to trimethoprim–sulphonamide, ampicillin and erythromycin. Staph. aureus was more resistant than CNS to β-lactamase-sensitive penicillins.
Monospecificity of the antibodies to bovine αs1-casein fragment 140–149: application to the detection of bovine milk in caprine dairy products
Authors: Rolland Marie-Paule , Bitri Lotfi , Besançon Pierre
Published: June 2009

Comparison of the primary sequences of bovine, ovine and caprine αs1-casein shows a deletion of eight amino acid residues in the ovine casein region 141–148, which is identical in the bovine and caprine proteins except for a single difference in position 148 (Q or E). Polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits against the bovine casein sequence 140–149 (QELAYFYPEL) appeared monospecific for bovine αsl-casein, since no antibody-antigen complex was formed with homologous ovine or caprine proteins. These antibodies remained unable to recognize the caprine sequence in the native protein even after extensive tryptic proteolysis. The lack of immunoreactivity of the antibodies against synthetic caprine αsl-casein peptide 138–149 (VNQELAYFYPQL) suggested that the glutamic acid residue in position 148 is essential for the antigenic character of the bovine peptide. From these observations, the use of these antibodies for the detection and quantitation of bovine milk present in ovine dairy products could be extended to caprine products.
Institutional versus Individual Investment in IPOs: The Importance of Firm Fundamentals
Authors: Field Laura Casares , Lowry Michelle
Published: June 2009

Consistent with institutions having an advantage over individuals, we find that newly public firms with the highest levels of institutional investment significantly outperform those with the lowest levels. While prior literature has attributed much of institutions’ higher returns around various corporate events to private information, we find that much of the difference simply reflects better interpretation of readily available public information. Individuals disproportionately invest in the types of firms that earn significantly lower abnormal returns over the long run. Individuals either disregard or misinterpret the relevance of readily available public information, and as a result, they bear the brunt of IPO underperformance.
Sudden Deaths: Taking Stock of Geographic Ties
Authors: Faccio Mara , Parsley David C.
Published: June 2009

Analysis of a worldwide sample of sudden deaths of politicians reveals a market-adjusted 1.7% decline in the value of companies headquartered in the politician's hometown. The decline in value is followed by a drop in the rate of growth in sales and access to credit. Our results are particularly pronounced for family firms, firms with high growth prospects, firms in industries over which the politician has jurisdiction, and firms headquartered in highly corrupt countries.
Different levels ofSchistosoma mansoniinfection induce changes in drug-metabolizing enzymes
Authors: Sheweita S.A. , Mangoura S.A. , El-Shemi A.G.
Published: June 2009

Most carcinogens and xenobiotics are metabolized primarily by the mixed function oxidase system which includes cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5, NADPH-cytochromecreductase and aryl hydrocarbon [benzo(a)pyrene] hydroxylase. The present study investigates the influence of infection with different levels ofSchistosorna mansonicercariae on the hepatic levels of reduced glutathione, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase in addition to the enzymes of mixed function oxidase. Cercariae infection levels of 60, 120, 180, 300 and 600 per mouse increased: (i) the hepatic content of cytochrome P450 by 27%, 38%, 72%, 57%, 48% respectively; (ii) the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity by 44%, 64%, 76%, 90%, 51% respectively; and (iii) the hepatic level of reduced glutathione by 67%, 83%, 103%, 60%, 38% respectively. The cytochrome b5content did not change at the lowest level of infection but increased at the other four levels by 45%, 76%, 49% and 38% respectively. The activity of glutathione S-transferase increased at the first three levels by 42%, 40%, 27% respectively and decreased at the last two levels by 28% and 52% respectively. On the other hand, the activity of glutathione reductase did not change at any level, whereas, NADPH-cytochromecreductase activity decreased at the last two levels by 44% and 54%. The alterations in the activities of phase I & II of drug-metabolizing enzymes as a result of infection with different levels ofS. mansonimay thus change the liver's capacity to detoxify many endogenous compounds and may also potentiate the deleterious effects of aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. benzo(a)pyrene, upon the liver and probably other organs. Such alterations may also change the therapeutic actions of drugs that are primarily metabolized by the P450 system, when administered to patients with schistosomiasis.
An Experimental Infection of the Rabbit with Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893)
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: June 2009

Although several records now exist of the occurrence of Capillaria (Hepaticola) hepatica (Bancroft, 1893) as a natural infection of the wild rabbit the attempts which have been made to infect this host with eggs obtained from an infection in the rat have not been completely successful. Nishigori (1925) states that although this parasite can infect the rabbit and shew some development it does not reach maturity, while Saito (1925), in the English account of his paper given in The Japan Medical World states that “In the rabbit the larva might develop into maturity and cause pathological changes but do not multiply.”
Determination of the earliest appearance and peak count of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi after taking a single dose of diethylcarbamazine at noon
Authors: Fan P.C.
Published: June 2009

Six nocturnal microfilarial carriers (three with Wuchereria bancrofti and three with Brugia malayi) from mainland China were selected to determine the earliest appearance and peak count of microfilariae (mf) administration of DEC at noon. Before diethylcarbamazine (DEC) administration, blood samples of 60μl were obtained by finger-prick at 2 h intervals for 24 h. A blood sample was then taken just before each carrier intaking 100 mg, 150 mg or 200 mg of DEC orally at noon. After drug administration, blood samples were obtained at 45 and 60 sec and at 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90 and 120 min. Samples were then taken at 2 h intervals for the next 2 h and at 6 h intervals for the next 7 days. Both W. bancrofti and B. malayi showed typical nocturnal periodicity. One mf was first detected in the peripheral blood 45 sec in a mf. carrier. The mf peak counts were found 1–40 min after DEC administration at noon. The nocturnal cycle was distributed during the first two days after DEC administration. It became regular with a much lower peak count by the third day after administration. The results of the present study indicate that the provocative effect of DEC on the mf is very fast; the first appearance in the peripheral blood vessels could be under 45 sec.
Histochemical localization of key glycolytic and related enzymes in adultOnchocerca fasciata
Authors: Omar M.S. , Raoof A.M.S.
Published: June 2009

The activities of some key enzymes of the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways were investigated histochemically in adult femaleOnchocerca fasciata(Nematoda: Filarioidea). The distribution patterns of phosphofructokinase (PFK), aldolase (ALD), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in different tissues of the worm were determined by employing NitroBlue Tetrazolium (NBT). The glycolytic enzymes PFK, ALD, and G3PDH were distributed throughout the hypodermal tissue, somatic muscles and reproductive organs. These enzyme activities were predominantly expressed in the hypodermal and reproductive tissues, both of which appeared to be metabolically more active than adjacent tissues. The high activities of the enzymes studied in the hypodermal tissue when compared with the minimal or low activity in the intestinal epithelium support the assumption that the worm's intestine, in contrast to the body wall, plays no significant role in the nutrient acquisition process. The results emphasize that both the glycolytic and hexose monophosphate pathways of carbohydrate metabolism are active components in energy production and biosynthetic processes in the various tissues of the worm. The functional significance of these glucose-metabolizing enzymes has been discussed with regard to their location in the tissues concerned.
On the Ascaris from Sheep
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Worms belonging to the genus Ascaris occur occasionally in the small intestine of sheep and lambs and have been reported both in Europe and America. They have been considered by some to belong to a distinct species, namely Ascaris ovis Rudolphi, and by others to be identical with Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus. The question of their specific identity is an interesting one and could not be considered as definitely settled one way or the other and though possibly the majority of helmin-thologists would subscribe to the view that the species is A. lumbricoides (vide Ransom 1911, p.25, and Ransom and Foster 1920, p. 30), others hold a different view; in fact Neuveu-Lemaire (1923) has recently published a paper in which he describes a single specimen of Ascaris from a goat as Ascaris ovis.
A Further Survey of the Nematode and Cestode Parasites of Sheep, Pigs, and Cattle in North Wales, October, 1924, to September, 1925
Authors: Norman Jones W.
Published: June 2009

The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries awarded the writer a special research grant to continue the investigation of the helminth parasites in the alimentary tract of sheep and other ruminants in North Wales.
On the Parasitic Development of Monodontus Trigonocephalus, the Sheep Hookworm
Authors: Cameron Thomas W.M.
Published: June 2009

A certain amount of confusion still exists as to the terminology to be adopted in discussing the various stages in the life cycle of the nematoda. This appears to be largely due to a difference of opinion as to the termination of each stage.

After a larva has reached a certain size, it commences to change in form and completes this process by shedding its cuticle. This change in form is the lethargus. It may or may not immediately escape from the cast cuticle, but when it does, the ecdysis is complete. The form which emerges is morphologically identical with the form inside the cuticle after the completion of the lethargus.

This accordingly gives a double choice as to the exact end of the stage. It may be during the lethargus, when the morphology of the form is changing, or it may be at the moment when the larva leaves the cast cuticle. The interval between these periods is slight in some cases but is considerable in the case of the infective stage. As the physiological end of the stage seems to coincide with the lethargus, I have accordingly based my nomenclature on it.
On the Infective Larva of Ostertagia circumcincta (Stadelmann, 1894), a Stomach Parasite of Sheep
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: June 2009

Although the morphology of the adult stage of the majority of the helminthic parasites of domestic stock is now well known there still remains a considerable amount of work to be done on the larval stages of these worms. Some of the more recent researches on the infective stage of human and other hookworms have shown that a close study of the morphology reveals appreciable differences between the larval stages of closely allied species and that the differences can be used as diagnostic characters.
Two New Genera of Trematodes from a Red-Bellied Water Snake
Authors: Guberlet John E.
Published: June 2009

The material upon which this study is based was obtained from a Red-Bellied Water Snake, Francia abacura, from Florida, which had died at the Zoological Gardens, London. This particular snake had been at the Gardens for only a fortnight before its death, so unquestionably infestation had taken place in America before transfer to London. No opportunity was afforded the writer for studying the material in a living condition and consequently the measurements were made from preserved material in the Helminthological Collection of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
On Two New Species of Nematodes from the Scottish Red Deer
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: June 2009

During the examination of an abnormal specimen of the Scottish Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in the winter of 1930, my colleague, Mr. W. C. Miller, M.R.C.V.S., discovered several specimens of a bursate nematode lying on the connective tissue between the latissimus dorsi and the external intercostal muscles. Struck by the unusual habitat of such a worm, search was subsequently made in similar situations in other deer, and in two animals the same parasite was found.
Observations on the Morphology and life history of Ascaris columnaris Leidy, a nematode parasite of the skunk
Authors: Goodey T. , Cameron T. W. M.
Published: June 2009

The breeding and raising of small mammals, such as skunk, minx and fox, for their fur, is a comparatively young industry in Britain, and one of the most serious hindrances to the successful husbandry of these animals is the occurrence, at any rate, in the skunk, of certain helminth parasites. We have been investigating the worms sent to us from a skunk farm, where the stock is very extensively infected, and where serious injury to the animals and great deterioration of the coat is attributed to these parasites.
Some new and little known Helminths from British Guiana
Authors: Vevers G. M.
Published: June 2009

While engaged on work with the Filariasis Commission in British Guiana in 1921, under the direction of Professor R. T. Leiper, the writer had occasion to examine a number of birds and mammals, and from these eleven species of Entozoa were collected. Three species are new to science, and one of these, an Oxyurid from Pithecia monachus, has been placed in a new genus Trypanoxyuris.
Studies on two new genera and some little known species of the nematode family, Trichostrongylidæ Leiper
Authors: Cameron T. W. M.
Published: June 2009

Six species of Trichostrongylidæ are described in this paper. Four are previously recorded species which were insufficiently known and described.
A Survey of Helminthic Parasites of Domestic Animals in the Aberystwyth Area of Wales
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: June 2009

The area covered by this Survey does not admit of exact delimitation, but it might roughly be stated as that region of North Cardiganshire extending for a radius of about fifteen miles from Aberystwyth. Cardigan Bay and the Dovey Estuary form natural boundaries on the West and North respectively, while the Plynlimon range of mountains runs along the eastern side and forms an elevated plateau about 1,500 ft. above sea level. The area is therefore somewhat self-contained, comprising the more or less gradual slope from this plateau westwards to the sea.
A Dwarfing Disease of Cultivated Violets associated with the Eelworm, Aphelenchoides olesistus
Authors: Staniland L. N. , Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

More than twenty years ago Schwartz (1911) described a disease of cultivated violets associated with eelworm attack. The plants were obtained from gardens at Greiz and Kreuznach in Germany and in all cases had distinct gall-like swellings at the bases of the leaf-stalks. As the disease progressed the leaves became smaller and smaller and the leaf-stalks shorter until, finally, an irregular, walnut-sized gall was produced the surface of which was covered with abortive buds. Schwartz drew attention to the similarity presented by such plants to the “cauliflower” condition in strawberry plants associated with the presence of Aphelenchoides fragariae. Goffart (1930) mentioned the fact that the disease persisted for a time in Germany; being reported in 1910–12 and 1915–17 but had not been recorded again up to 1930.
Some Helminth Parasites from Partridges and other English Birds.
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

1. Examinations for helminths have been made on 380 English partridges (Perdix perdix), 6 Red Leg partridges (Alectoris rufa), 12 pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), 3 quails (Coturnix coturnix) and 7 grouse (Lagopus scoticus).

2. From Perdix perdix 6 species of nematodes and 9 cestodes were recovered. Seven of these, C. retusa, D. proglottina, H. carioca, H. anatina, H. phasianina, R. echinobothrida and R. tetragona are recorded for the first time from this host.

3. From Alectoris rufa were obtained 4 species of helminths, none of which had been recorded from it before. They are T. tenuis, S. trachea, H. gallinae and H. phasianina.

4. From Phasianus colchicus 3 species were obtained. They were all nematodes. From Lagopus scoticus, 2 species of cestodes and one nematode, all of which had been found in these hosts before.

5. A new cestode infestation, Metroliasthes lucida, was noted in the quail (Coturnix coturnix).
Further Observations on the Incidence of Parasitism of Flea Beetles by the Nematode, Howardula phyllotretae.
Authors: Oldham J. N.
Published: June 2009

During a study of the nematode, Howardula phyllotretae Oldham, 1933, parasitic in Flea Beetles of the genus Phyllotreta, records were kept in order to get data concerning the incidence of infection. The records already published, with a description of the parasite (Oldham, 1933), refer solely to the observations made during 1931. During the two subsequent years large numbers of beetles belonging to the following species: P. atra, P. cruciferae, P. nigripes, P. undulata and P. vittula, were collected and examined for parasites. Collections were made, in each year, from about the beginning of April, when the adults started to emerge from their winter shelters, up to the end of September, when the beetles became scarce and were leaving the plants to hibernate. The observations made, therefore, cover the entire period of the insect's active life.
On a Redescription of Brevicaecum niloticum McClelland, 1957 (Trematoda, Paramphistomidae), and the Erection of a New Subfamily
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

1. Brevicaecum niloticum McClelland, 1957 is redescribed and differences from the original description are pointed out.

2. The characters of the genus Brevicaecum are amended.

3. A new subfamily Brevicaecinae is erected for the genus Brevicaecum.
The Nematode and Acanthocephalan Parasites of the Sheathbill, Chionis alba (Gmelin), at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands and a summary of host parasite relationships in the Sheathbill
Authors: Jones N. V. , Williams I. C.
Published: June 2009

We have previously reported on the cestode and trematode parasites of the Sheathbill at Signy Island (Jones & Williams 1967, 1968, 1969) and conclude with an account of the nematodes and Acanthocephala. Our previous reports were based on specimens obtained from 13 Sheathbills collected at Signy Island in July and October, 1965 by Mr. Charles Howie, British Antarctic Survey. In addition to these we have examined a further 12 Sheathbills taken at Signy Island in March, 1967. We are greatly indebted to Mr. E. A. Smith, Senior Biologist, British Antarctic Survey, for arranging the collection and transport of the latter material.
The Development of the Parasitic Stages of Ostertagia ostertagi
Authors: Rose J. H.
Published: June 2009

The development of the parasitic stages of O. ostertagi is described and illustrated by a series of figures.
The morphology and the systematic position of a new Trematode from the intestine of the golden orfe, Leuciscus idus, with a note on the classification of the family Allocreadiidae
Authors: Thapar Gobind Singh , Dayal Jagdeshwari
Published: June 2009

A considerable amount of attention has been paid to the parasites of fresh water fishes in the West on account of the great economic importance of fishes, particularly their value in food. Their importance further increases, when we find that they also serve, in several cases, as carriers of the larval stages of the helminth parasites of man and domesticated animals. The work prior to 1924 has been summarised by Nicoll (1924), where he has given a complete bibliography on the subject, and has, besides, indicated the important and characteristic Trematodes of fresh water fishes. In this list he enumerates the forms like Sphaerostoma bramae (= Dist. globiporum); Allocreadium isoporum; Catoptroides macrocotyle; Azygia lucii; Bucephalus polymorphus; Diplostomum volvens; Diplozoon paradoxum; and Gyrodactylus elegans. This list has been considerably enlarged by subsequent workers by the addition of several general and species from the fresh water hosts from different parts of the world, the principal workers being Nicoll, Odhner, Poche and Travassos. In India, the additions to our knowledge of the Trematode parasites of fishes has been made by Southwell (1913), Southwell and Prashad (1919), Verma (1927) and Thapar (1930). The present paper adds yet another genus to the already extensive list of Trematode parasites of fishes.
Field experiments on the Immunity of Lambs to Parasitic Gastritis caused by a mixed infection of Trichostrongylid Nematodes
Authors: Taylor E. L.
Published: June 2009

Four lambs introduced to infective pasture early in life acquired an immunity to parasitic gastritis, the immunity being sufficiently strong to maintain them in good health under conditions of repeated reinfestation, heavy enough to lead to the death of ten lambs of a like age, but not so protected, within periods varying from weeks to weeks. At post-mortem examination the protected lambs were found to carry more worms than many of the lambs which died, although they had been observed to disseminate only one-thirteenth the number of eggs of some of those fatally affected. The infestation of individual lambs in the various groups showed marked differences, amounting in some instances to the presence of a large number of worms of one species in some lambs and the total absence of worms of that species from others.

The observations lead to the following conclusions:—

1. Lambs are able to acquire an immunity against parasitic gastritis powerful enough to protect them against a rate of reinfection at pasture that is sufficiently great to result in the death of unprotected lambs in less than seven weeks.

2. This immunity operates against the acquiring of infection, but also in enabling the lambs to resist the injurious effects of the infection. Resistant animals may carry more parasites than are carried at the time of death by non-resistant animals.

3. The immunity is acquired slowly and does not appear to become firmly established for 18 weeks. A gradually acquired infection leads to immunity while a quickly acquired infection leads to death where the final number of parasites is the same in both instances.

4. The immunity is specific and operates more powerfully on N. fillicolis and H. contortus than on Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus and Cooperia.

5. The immunity has an inhibitory influence on egg laying and on the development of young worms; the egg output of the worms may be reduced to one-thirteenth of the normal.

6. There are marked differences in the reactions of individual lambs, instances of marked resistance and of marked susceptibility having been observed.

7. The symptoms of parasitic gastritis are due to something more than the abstraction of blood by the worm.

8. The part of immunity which inhibits the production of eggs by the parasites develops earlier than the resistance to the harmful effects of the infestation.
On Skrjabinotaenia cricetomydis n.sp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalata) from the Gambian Pouched Rat, Nigeria
Authors: Hockley A. R.
Published: June 2009

1. Skrjabinotaenia cricelomydis n.sp. is described from 18 specimens taken from Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse, near Ibadan, Nigeria.

2. Apolytic proglottides are described and also some details of development of the eggs.

3. Details of the anatomy are given and their significance in deciding the relationship with other genera and species is discussed.

4. The regrouping of a number of species into the genus Skrjabinotaenia is proposed.

5. The diagnostic features of the genera Catenotaenia and Skrjabinotaenia are restated.
Elongoparorchis pneumatis gen. et sp. nov. (Trematoda) from the Air-bladder of the Marine Catfish, Arius jella (Val.)
Authors: Rao K. Hanumantha
Published: June 2009

1. A new genus and species of Isoparorchiidae Poche, 1926, is described from the air-bladder of the marine catfish, Anus jella (Val.), caught off the coast of Waltair, India. The new fluke is named Elongoparorchis pneumatis.

2. The new genus Elongoparorchis bears a superficial resemblance to the genus Isoparorchis Southwell, 1913, but differs appreciably in the structure of the testes, the ovary and the vitellaria to warrant the separation.
Pulmoverminae n.subfam. (Trematoda: Digenea) for the Genera Pulmovermis and Hydrophitrema
Authors: Sandars Dorothea F.
Published: June 2009

Pulmoverminae is proposed as a new subfamily within the Hemiuridae Lühe, 1901, to receive the genera Pulmovermis Coil and Kuntz, 1960 and Hydrophitrema Sandars, 1960. The genera are compared, and considered to be distinct.
On a Remarkable Oxyurid Nematode, Orientatractis leiperi n. sp., (Atractidae) from a South American Tortoise, Podocnemis vogli
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: June 2009

Orientatractis leiperi n.sp. (Atractidae) is described, from the intestine of a South American tortoise. It is characterised by a cephalic armature of remarkable symmetry and complexity and by the presence of 3 tripartite structures in the anterior end of the oesophagus.