bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wind turbine rotor imbalance detection using nacelle and blade measurements
Authors: Kusnick Josh , Adams Douglas E. , Griffith D. Todd
Published: January 2014

Wind power is the world's fastest growing renewable energy source, but operations and maintenance costs are still a major obstacle toward reliability and widescale adoption of wind power, accounting for a large part of the cost of energy for offshore installations. Structural health monitoring systems have been proposed for implementing condition‐based maintenance. The wind energy industry currently uses condition monitoring systems that are mostly adapted from roating machinery in other power generation industries. However, these systems have had limited effectiveness on wind turbines because of their atypical operating conditions, which are characterized by low and variable rotational speed, rapidly varying torque, extremely large rotors and stochastic loading from the wind. Although existing systems primarily take measurements from the nacelle, valuable information can be extracted from the structural dynamic response of the rotor blades to mitigate potentially damaging loading conditions.

One such condition is rotor imbalance, which not only reduces the aerodynamic efficiency of the turbine and therefore its power output but can also lead to very large increases in loading on the drivetrain, blades and tower. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's fast software was used to model both mass and aerodynamic imbalance in a 5 MW offshore wind turbine. It is shown that a combination of blade and nacelle measurements, most of which can be obtained from standard instrumentation already found on utility‐scale wind turbines, can be formulated into an algorithm used to detect and locate imbalance. The method described herein allows for imbalance detection that is potentially more sensitive than existing on‐line systems, while taking advantage of sensors that are already in place on many utility‐scale wind turbines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serine and proline-rich ligands enriched via phage-display technology show preferential binding to BCR/ABL expressing cells
Authors: Shires Karen , Shankland Iva , Mowla Shaheen , Njikan Samuel , Jaymacker Jai
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Despite the use of targeted therapy, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) currently remains incurable with drug therapy, with patients requiring life-long treatment. Developing either a vaccine to prevent the disease or another novel drug to specifically target and eradicate the CML cell will require the identification of CML-associated cell-surface markers and molecules that can bind specifically to the cell surface. In an attempt to discover peptides that bind specifically to cells in the early chronic phase of the disease, we used phage-display technology to identify heptapeptides that bind specifically to the surface of BCR/ABL-expressing fibroblasts.

METHODS:

An in vitro system using NIH3T3 stably transfected with pGD210 (BCR/ABL) was used as a model for the chronic phase of the disease. The cells were panned using a linear heptapeptide phage library (Ph.D 7.0) in a negative/positive panning strategy with NIH3T3 containing only the plasmid vector as the wild type control.

RESULTS:

We identified four novel peptides that were enriched through this technique. These peptides contained either multiple proline residues or serine/threonine-proline pairs and showed a confirmed binding preference for BCR/ABL+ fibroblasts. The peptide Y-R-A-P-W-P-P also showed a binding affinity for granulocytes from untreated CML patients.

CONCLUSION:

We have identified several novel peptides that can be used in future studies to identify specific CML cell-surface antigens or provide a novel drug-delivery mechanism.
Prejudice Unveiled: The Niqab in Court–
Authors: Chambers Lori , Roth Jen
Published: January 2014

The public use of the niqab and other religious face coverings is a source of considerable debate in Western nations. The veiled Muslim woman is often constructed as “other,” reviled as backward, represented as in need of rescue, or associated with Islamic extremism. Despite widespread racist attitudes, officially, Canadians purport to support multiculturalism and the equality of all people under the law as guaranteed under section 15 of the Charter. In a recent Supreme Court of Canada decision, R v NS, the Court had to consider the right of a Muslim woman to wear her niqab while testifying in a sexual assault trial. In “balancing” the conflict between the religious rights of NS and the section 7 rights of the accused to a full and fair defense, the Court ignored the security of the person and equality rights of NS. The Court instead legitimated anti-Muslim stereotypes and reiterated rape myths that had ostensibly been overturned.
The Non-Profit Sector in the Context of Law in Development in Africa
Authors: Ordor Ada Okoye
Published: January 2014

The non-profit agency typifies the organizational form for civil society activity and this very fact recommends it as a medium for development processes. This article applies the non-profit organization model to the study of law in development, by identifying ways in which non-profit associations of civil society serve as useful channels for development and describing how the law can enhance their contribution. By combining multidisciplinary perspectives on the role of the non-profit sector with selected law in development approaches, the article also constructs an analytical framework for the study of the legal environment of the non-profit sector in Africa. Furthermore, using illustrations from Africa, it draws out nuanced aspects of non-profit sector activity in the developing world, an exercise which is critical to any effort to redefine law in development scholarship in Africa to include its non-profit sector ally.
Molecular subtyping of Blastocystis spp. using a new rDNA marker from the mitochondria-like organelle genome
Authors: POIRIER P. , MELONI D. , NOURRISSON C. , WAWRZYNIAK I. , VISCOGLIOSI E. , LIVRELLI V. , DELBAC F.
Published: January 2014

Blastocystis spp. are common anaerobic intestinal protozoa found in both human and animals. They are characterized by a high genetic diversity with at least 17 subtypes (STs) that have been described on the basis of a 600 bp ‘barcoding region’ from the 18S rDNA gene. However, analysis of the recently sequenced genome of a Blastocystis ST7 isolate (strain B) revealed the presence of multiple variable copies of the 18S rDNA gene, with 17 completely assembled copies. Comparison of the barcoding region from these 17 copies allowed us to classify the 18S rDNA sequences into 6 clusters, each cluster containing identical sequences. Surprisingly, 4 of these clusters had the highest homology with 18S rDNA sequences from 2 other Blastocystis ST7 isolates referred as QQ98-4 and H. These results suggest that the 18S rDNA gene is not the marker of choice to discriminate between strains within STs. In the present study, we identified a single-copy subtyping rDNA marker in the genome of the mitochondria-like organelles (MLOs). Using a partial sequence of the MLO rDNA, we successfully subtyped 66 isolates from both human and animals belonging to Blastocystis ST1 to ST10. Our results also indicate that this mitochondrial marker could be useful to detect co-infections by different isolates of a same ST.
Subject and object omission in children's early transitive constructions: A discourse-pragmatic approach
Authors: GRAF EILEEN , THEAKSTON ANNA , LIEVEN ELENA , TOMASELLO MICHAEL
Published: January 2014

This paper investigates discourse effects on the provision of both subjects and objects and investigates whether pragmatic discourse features govern the realization/omission of both constituents alike. In an elicitation study, we examined how the discourse-pragmatic feature contrast, as applied to the subject, verb, or object of a transitive utterance affected the provision of elements in the remainder of the sentence when all elements were previously introduced. The results showed that 3.5-year-old children were more likely to realize a contrasted argument with a lexical noun but more likely to omit the argument when it was not part of a contrast, regardless of its subject or object status. This suggests that contrast presents a unifying discourse feature for argument omission in language development.
Word recognition in deaf readers: Cross-language activation of German Sign Language and German
Authors: KUBUS OKAN , VILLWOCK AGNES , MORFORD JILL P. , RATHMANN CHRISTIAN
Published: January 2014

This study addressed visual word recognition in deaf bilinguals who are proficient in German Sign Language (DGS) and German. The study specifically investigated whether DGS signs are activated during a monolingual German word recognition task despite the lack of similarity in German orthographic representations and DGS phonological representations. Deaf DGS–German bilinguals saw pairs of German words and decided whether the words were semantically related. Half of the experimental items had phonologically related translation equivalents in DGS. Participants were slower to reject semantically unrelated word pairs when the translation equivalents were phonologically related in DGS than when the DGS translations were phonologically unrelated. However, this was not the case in Turkish–German hearing bilinguals who do not have sign language knowledge. The results indicate that lexical representations are associated cross-linguistically in the bilingual lexicon irrespective of their orthographic or phonological form. Implications of these results for reading development in deaf German bilinguals are discussed.
ATTITUDES ON WARFARIN PHARMACOGENETIC TESTING IN CHINESE PATIENTS AND PUBLIC
Authors: Chan Sze Ling , Low Joshua Jun Wen , Chia Kee Seng , Wee Hwee-Lin
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Genetic factors affecting warfarin maintenance dose have been well established, but patient acceptance is a necessary consideration for the successful clinical implementation of warfarin pharmacogenetic testing (WPGT). In this study, we aimed to determine the attitudes toward WPGT among Singaporean Chinese.

Methods: A total of 194 warfarin patients and 187 members of the public completed a structured survey on paper and the Internet, respectively. Attitudes were expressed as willingness to undergo WPGT (single item with 5-point response) and expectations and concerns about WPGT (two multi-item scales). Relationships between attitudes and socio-demographic and clinical variables were explored using Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test, one-way analysis of variance or Pearson's correlation.

Results: Majority of respondents were willing to or neutral about undergoing WPGT. Both patients and public had relatively high expectations (mean [SD]: 3.77 [0.63], and 3.97 [0.55], respectively) and moderately high concerns (mean [SD]: 3.30 [0.69] and 3.33 [0.68], respectively) about WPGT. Willingness to undergo WPGT was associated with gender, educational status, length of warfarin treatment, and number of chronic diseases among warfarin patients, and with history of adverse drug reactions and number of chronic diseases among the public. Higher expectation of WPGT was associated with higher willingness (p < .001 in both populations), while higher concern was associated with lower willingness to undergo WPGT among the public (p = .004) but not among patients (p = .072).

Conclusion: Patient acceptance is not a major barrier to clinical implementation of WPGT but patient education is necessary and the ethical, social, and legal issues should be addressed.
Conservation of crop germplasm: an overview of the FAO/IBPGR regional programme for South West Asia
Authors: Ayad W. G.
Published: January 2014

Synopsis

The International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) has paid particular emphasis to SW Asia in its endeavour to collect, conserve and promote utilisation of the world's plant germplasm. This is in view of the region's rich genetic diversity in many crop plants and their weedy/wild relatives, coupled with its alarming rate of genetic erosion. Action during the past decade has focused on collecting mainly cereal and grain legume crops and their closest wild relatives within the framework of a regional programme encompassing six countries. Gene banks were also set up in these member countries to handle a full range of operations including seed storage, characterisation/preliminary evaluation and documentation. In future, emphasis will be placed on ecogeographical surveys prior to mounting collecting missions and on more characterisation/preliminary evaluation work.
Are we modelling the correct dataset? Minimizing false predictions for dengue fever in Thailand
Authors: AGUIAR M. , PAUL R. , SAKUNTABHAI A. , STOLLENWERK N.
Published: January 2014

Models describing dengue epidemics are parametrized on disease incidence data and therefore high-quality data are essential. For Thailand, two different sources of long-term dengue data are available, the hard copy data from 1980 to 2005, where hospital admission cases were notified, and the electronic files, from 2003 to the present, where clinically classified forms of disease, i.e. dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome, are notified using separate files. The official dengue notification data, provided by the Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health in Thailand, were cross-checked with dengue data used in recent publications, where an inexact continuous time-series was observed to be consistently used since 2003, affecting considerably the model dynamics and its correct application. In this paper, numerical analysis and simulation techniques giving insights on predictability are performed to show the effects of model parametrization by using different datasets.
Comparing the impact of two concurrent infectious disease outbreaks on The Netherlands population, 2009, using disability-adjusted life years
Authors: BROOKE R. J. , VAN LIER A. , DONKER G. A. , VAN DER HOEK W. , KRETZSCHMAR M. E. E.
Published: January 2014

In 2009 two notable outbreaks, Q fever and the novel influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, occurred in The Netherlands. Using a composite health measure, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), the outbreaks were quantified and compared. DALYs were calculated using standardized methodology incorporating age- and sex-stratified data in a disease progression model; years lost due to disability and years of life lost were computed by outcome. Nationally, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 caused more DALYs (24 484) than Q fever (5797). However, Q fever was 8·28 times more severe [497 DALYs/1000 symptomatic cases (DP1SC)] than A(H1N1)pdm09 (60 DP1SC). The A(H1N1)pdm09 burden is largely due to mortality while the Q fever burden is due primarily to long-term sequelae. Intervention prioritization for influenza should support patients in a critical condition while for Q fever it should target immediate containment and support for patients with long-term sequelae. Burden estimates provide guidance for focusing intervention options during outbreaks of infectious diseases.
Designing quantum dots for solotronics
Authors: Kobak J. , Smoleński T. , Goryca M. , Papaj M. , Gietka K. , Bogucki A. , Koperski M. , Rousset J.-G. , Suffczyński J. , Janik E. , Nawrocki M. , Golnik A. , Kossacki P. , Pacuski W.
Published: January 2014

Solotronics, optoelectronics based on solitary dopants, is an emerging field of research and technology reaching the ultimate limit of miniaturization. It aims at exploiting quantum properties of individual ions or defects embedded in a semiconductor matrix. It has already been shown that optical control of a magnetic ion spin is feasible using the carriers confined in a quantum dot. However, a serious obstacle was the quenching of the exciton luminescence by magnetic impurities. Here we show, by photoluminescence studies on thus-far-unexplored individual CdTe dots with a single cobalt ion and CdSe dots with a single manganese ion, that even if energetically allowed, nonradiative exciton recombination through single-magnetic-ion intra-ionic transitions is negligible in such zero-dimensional structures. This opens solotronics for a wide range of as yet unconsidered systems. On the basis of results of our single-spin relaxation experiments and on the material trends, we identify optimal magnetic-ion quantum dot systems for implementation of a single-ion-based spin memory.
Clonal culturing of human embryonic stem cells on laminin-521/E-cadherin matrix in defined and xeno-free environment
Authors: Rodin Sergey , Antonsson Liselotte , Niaudet Colin , Simonson Oscar E. , Salmela Elina , Hansson Emil M. , Domogatskaya Anna , Xiao Zhijie , Damdimopoulou Pauliina , Sheikhi Mona , Inzunza José , Nilsson Ann-Sofie , Baker Duncan , Kuiper Raoul , Sun Yi , Blennow Elisabeth , Nordenskjöld Magnus , Grinnemo Karl-Henrik , Kere Juha , Betsholtz Christer , Hovatta Outi , Tryggvason Karl
Published: January 2014

Lack of robust methods for establishment and expansion of pluripotent human embryonic stem (hES) cells still hampers development of cell therapy. Laminins (LN) are a family of highly cell-type specific basement membrane proteins important for cell adhesion, differentiation, migration and phenotype stability. Here we produce and isolate a human recombinant LN-521 isoform and develop a cell culture matrix containing LN-521 and E-cadherin, which both localize to stem cell niches in vivo. This matrix allows clonal derivation, clonal survival and long-term self-renewal of hES cells under completely chemically defined and xeno-free conditions without ROCK inhibitors. Neither LN-521 nor E-cadherin alone enable clonal survival of hES cells. The LN-521/E-cadherin matrix allows hES cell line derivation from blastocyst inner cell mass and single blastomere cells without a need to destroy the embryo. This method can facilitate the generation of hES cell lines for development of different cell types for regenerative medicine purposes.
Quadruplex priming amplification for the detection of mRNA from surrogate patient samples
Authors: Adams N. M. , Wang K. K. A. , Caprioli A. C. , Thomas L. C. , Kankia B. , Haselton F. R. , Wright D. W.
Published: January 2014

This report describes a self-contained assay to extract and quantify mRNA biomarkers from complex samples based on quadruplex priming amplification.
CsI:Tl+,Yb2+: ultra-high light yield scintillator with reduced afterglow
Authors: Wu Yuntao , Ren Guohao , Nikl Martin , Chen Xiaofeng , Ding Dongzhou , Li Huanyin , Pan Shangke , Yang Fan
Published: January 2014

Simultaneous improvement in afterglow, light yield and energy resolution in CsI:Tl-based scintillators paves the way to its application in computer tomography and high-speed imaging.
Chemo- and site-selective derivatizations of natural products enabling biological studies
Authors: Robles Omar , Romo Daniel
Published: January 2014

The direct chemo- and site-selective modification of native bioactive natural products (NP) for structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies and cellular probe synthesis has recently begun to be addressed (FG = functional group). This review highlights selected recent examples of these functionalization strategies, including those that simultaneously introduce a linker and reactive group (gray structure) for subsequent conjugation to reporter tags.
Thiol-reactive amphiphilic block copolymer for coating gold nanoparticles with neutral and functionable surfaces
Authors: Chen Hongwei , Zou Hao , Paholak Hayley J. , Ito Masayuki , Qian Wei , Che Yong , Sun Duxin
Published: January 2014

We report a thiol-reactive amphiphilic block copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(pyridyldisulfide ethylmethacrylate) (PEO-b-PPDSM) for coating AuNPs. These individually dispersed AuNPs have unique surfaces that are both neutral and facile to functionalize.
Two-photon fluorescent Bombyx mori silk by molecular recognition functionalization
Authors: Lin Naibo , Toh Guoyang William , Feng Yan , Liu X. Y. , Xu Hongyao
Published: January 2014

Two-photon fluorescent (TPF) Bombyx mori silk fibers were acquired for bioimaging by molecular recognition functionalization.
A highly selective AIE fluorogen for lipid droplet imaging in live cells and green algae
Authors: Wang Erjing , Zhao Engui , Hong Yuning , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: January 2014

An aggregation-induced emission fluorogen, TPE-AmAl, is reported to selectively image lipid droplets in live cells and green algae with high selectivity, high specificity, excellent photostability and low cytotoxicity.
Pd-Catalyzed kinetic resolution of cyclic enol ethers. An enantioselective route to functionalised pyrans
Authors: Zirimwabagabo Jean-Olivier , Harrity Joseph P. A.
Published: January 2014

Functionalised cyclic enol ethers can be recovered with high levels of enantiocontrol after an asymmetric catalytic [1,3]-rearrangement reaction.
Rapid uptake of glucose and lactate, and not hypoxia, induces apoptosis in three-dimensional tumor tissue culture
Authors: Kasinskas Rachel W. , Venkatasubramanian Raja , Forbes Neil S.
Published: January 2014

The spatial arrangement of cellular metabolism in tumor tissue critically affects the treatment of cancer.
Bioinspired design and assembly of platelet reinforced polymer films with enhanced absorption properties
Authors: Wei Yun-Zhao , Wang Guang-Sheng , Wu Yun , Yue Yong-Hai , Wu Jun-Tao , Lu Chang , Guo Lin
Published: January 2014

The brick–mortar structure CuS/PVDF nanocomposite films with enhanced absorption properties were fabricated based on the selectively synthesized CuS hexagonal nanoplatelets and PVDF.
The central renin–angiotensin system and sympathetic nerve activity in chronic heart failure
Authors: Zucker Irving H. , Xiao Liang , Haack Karla K. V.
Published: January 2014

CHF (chronic heart failure) is a multifactorial disease process that is characterized by overactivation of the RAAS (renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system) and the sympathetic nervous system. Both of these systems are chronically activated in CHF. The RAAS consists of an excitatory arm involving AngII (angiotensin II), ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and the AT1R (AngII type 1 receptor). The RAAS also consists of a protective arm consisting of Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)], the AT2R (AngII type 2 receptor), ACE2 and the Mas receptor. Sympatho-excitation in CHF is driven, in large part, by an imbalance of these two arms, with an increase in the AngII/AT1R/ACE arm and a decrease in the AT2R/ACE2 arm. This imbalance is manifested in cardiovascular-control regions of the brain such as the rostral ventrolateral medulla and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus. The present review focuses on the current literature that describes the components of these two arms of the RAAS and their imbalance in the CHF state. Moreover, the present review provides additional evidence for the relevance of ACE2 and Ang-(1–7) as key players in the regulation of central sympathetic outflow in CHF. Finally, we also examine the effects of exercise training as a therapeutic strategy and the molecular mechanisms at play in CHF, in part, because of the ability of exercise training to restore the balance of the RAAS axis and sympathetic outflow.
Exact image representation via a number‐theoretic Radon transform
Authors: Chandra Shekhar , Svalbe Imants
Published: January 2014

This study presents an integer‐only algorithm to exactly recover an image from its discrete projected views that can be computed with the same computational complexity as the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Most discrete transforms for image reconstruction rely on the FFT, via the Fourier slice theorem (FST), in order to compute reconstructions with low‐computational complexity. Consequently, complex arithmetic and floating point representations are needed, the latter of which is susceptible to round‐off errors. This study shows that the slice theorem is valid within integer fields, via modulo arithmetic, using a circulant theory of the Radon transform (RT). The resulting number‐theoretic RT (NRT) provides a representation of images as discrete projections that is always exact and real‐valued. The NRT is ideally suited as part of a discrete tomographic algorithm, an encryption scheme or for when numerical overflow is likely, such as when computing a large number of convolutions on the projections. The low‐computational complexity of the NRT algorithm also provides an efficient method to generate discrete projected views of image data.
Aromatic–aromatic interactions between residues in KCa3.1 pore helix and S5 transmembrane segment control the channel gating process
Authors: Garneau Line , Klein Hélène , Lavoie Marie-France , Brochiero Emmanuelle , Parent Lucie , Sauvé Rémy
Published: January 2014

The Ca2+-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 is emerging as a therapeutic target for a large variety of health disorders. One distinguishing feature of KCa3.1 is that the channel open probability at saturating Ca2+ concentrations (Pomax) is low, typically 0.1–0.2 for KCa3.1 wild type. This observation argues for the binding of Ca2+ to the calmodulin (CaM)–KCa3.1 complex, promoting the formation of a preopen closed-state configuration leading to channel opening. We have previously shown that the KCa3.1 active gate is most likely located at the level of the selectivity filter. As Ca2+-dependent gating of KCa3.1 originates from the binding of Ca2+ to CaM in the C terminus, the hypothesis of a gate located at the level of the selectivity filter requires that the conformational change initiated in the C terminus be transmitted to the S5 and S6 transmembrane helices, with a resulting effect on the channel pore helix directly connected to the selectivity filter. A study was thus undertaken to determine to what extent the interactions between the channel pore helix with the S5 and S6 transmembrane segments contribute to KCa3.1 gating. Molecular dynamics simulations first revealed that the largest contact area between the pore helix and the S5 plus S6 transmembrane helices involves residue F248 at the C-terminal end of the pore helix. Unitary current recordings next confirmed that modulating aromatic–aromatic interactions between F248 and W216 of the S5 transmembrane helical segment and/or perturbing the interactions between F248 and residues in S6 surrounding the glycine hinge G274 cause important changes in Pomax. This work thus provides the first evidence for a key contribution of the pore helix in setting Pomax by stabilizing the channel closed configuration through aromatic–aromatic interactions involving F248 of the pore helix. We propose that the interface pore helix/S5 constitutes a promising site for designing KCa3.1 potentiators.
Introduction: Swedish and the languages of Sweden
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

This chapter discusses the spread of Swedish in the world and the various languages that are spoken within the borders of Sweden. Swedish is mainly spoken within Sweden, but is also one of the official languages of Finland, and is spoken in a few other places. There are five minority languages in Sweden: Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Yiddish and Saami. The Swedish sign language is not officially a minority language, but enjoys special status. There are large groups of speakers of e.g. Arabic, Bosnian/Serbian/Croatian, Kurdish, Greek and Somali. The chapter contains also some notes on the language policy of Sweden, dialect areas and Inter-Scandinavian understanding of spoken and written language. At the end of the chapter a brief overview of the rest of the book is given.
Minimality and optimality of roots: branchingness and nicknames
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

The chapter begins the discussion of prosodic constraints on morphemes. Roots turn out to require branchingness, rather than having a prosodic requirement in terms of a foot. many latinate roots, for instance, are unstressed in Swedish. To gain further insight into the unmarked phonology of Swedish morphology, we look here into the structure of nicknames and other hypocoristics. This is a spectacular word formation process and one which is highly informative of the nature of prosodic structure in Swedish: Nicknames (i.e. prosodically optimal words) should be disyllabic, bimorphemic, initial stressed and have a single place of articulation between the vowels.
Discovering the Musical Mind
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

The book is a collection of the author’s papers from 1970 to 2010, bringing together a body of research currently scattered across a range of journals, or simply no longer available. It includes her first study of Beethoven’s original fingerings, her beginning work with children’s invented notations, close observations and analysis of children in the Laboratory for Making Things, studies of musically gifted children, and the emergent musical development of students in elementary-secondary school and university undergraduate and graduate studies. The observations and research lead to the development of an interactive computer music environment based on and contributing to her pragmatic theory of musical development as a generative process of learning. Unlike other collections, the book is clearly interdisciplinary and strongly practical. It brings together and integrates music theory, research in music perception and music education, performance, cognitive development, artificial intelligence, and procedural composition. Her multi-faceted approach to music theory and music pedagogy is guided throughout by commitment to an understanding and respect for an individual’s natural, creative musical intelligence. This natural competence becomes the formative ground on which to help people of all ages build an ever growing engagement and fascination with the myriad, evolving organic structures of the world’s music.
Explaining Syntax
Authors: Culicover Peter W.
Published: January 2014

This book brings together important observations on the nature of syntax and its place within the architecture of language. Over four decades he has sought to understand the mental system in which linguistic expressions are processed. This has led him to re-formulate the balance between the requirements of interpretation and the role of syntactic structure; to examine the nature of the empirical basis in which particular structural analyses can be applied to linguistic expressions; and to consider the extent to which such analyses reflect judgements based not only on linguistic competence but on computations developed in the course of acquiring or using a language. After a brief a retrospective the book opens the book with the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, the pioneering article written with Ray Jackendoff that fundamentally rebalances the elements of grammar. The work is then divided into parts concerned broadly with representations, structures, and computation. The chapters are provided with contextual headnotes and footnote references to subsequent work, but are otherwise printed essentially as they first appeared.
The Great Chief Overseas
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the origins and historical evolution of the Imperial Appeal Courts: the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC), the West African Court of Appeal, and the East African Court of Appeal. It analyses their organizational structures and judicial procedures. The chapter offers an analysis of the imperial imperatives that drove their formation, and the conditions in the colonies that shaped their evolution. The chapter also broadly explores the ways in which African litigants engaged with these courts and, in the case of the JCPC, how official discourse regarding these imperial courts formed an integral part of the wider debate on imperial judicial governance. Understanding how and why the JCPC became so central to the administration of justice in the colonies and to the debates over identity politics requires an excursion into its origins in the early nineteenth century
Unknown God: The Limits of Imperial Justice
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the circumstances leading to the demise of the JCPC in British Africa. It explores the legal and political impulses that shaped the demands for the abolition of Privy Council appeals. A central theme is the debate over sovereignty and judicial independence. It also examines the efforts made by British officials and politicians in the dominions and colonies to reform the JCPC to retain its relevance in the transition from Empire to Commonwealth, from the 1930s to the 1960s. The chapter focuses on the abolition of the JCPC’s jurisdiction in Africa but begins by tracing the antecedents of the abolition of JCPC jurisdiction elsewhere in the Empire.
The Trial of Peter von Hagenbach
Authors: Gregory S. Gordon
Published: January 2014

This chapter discusses the first international war crimes trial in history — that of Sir Peter von Hagenbach for atrocities committed serving the Duke of Burgundy. Hagenbach was tried before an ad hoc tribunal of twenty-eight judges from various regional city-states for misdeeds he allegedly perpetrated as governor of the Duke's Alsatian territories from 1469 to 1474. Though it remains obscure in the popular imagination, most legal scholars perceive the trial as a landmark event. The chapter is organized as follows. Part II examines the conventional view of Hagenbach in the field of international criminal law. Part III considers the historiography of the case, limning the evolution of a narrative that starts with Hagenbach as evil incarnate and progresses toward a more charitable view that explains the historical animosity toward him in terms of Hagenbach's being a francophone outsider imposing a reform regime on an entrenched, corrupt, germanophone society. Finally, Part IV concludes that both historic portrayals of Hagenbach are likely accurate: he was a despised outsider and reformer at first, but became violent and despotic toward the end of his stewardship when resources to govern were dwindling and local unrest reached a tipping point.
Justice for No-Land’s Men? The United States Military Trials against Spanish Kapos in Mauthausen and Universal Jurisdiction
Authors: Alija-Fernández Rosa Ana
Published: January 2014

This chapter discusses the 1947 trials of five Spaniards — Joaquín Espinosa, Laureano Nava, Indalecio González, Moisés Fernández, and Domingo Félez — before United States military courts in occupied Germany. The proceedings marked the first time universal jurisdiction was invoked to try to nationals of neutral states and stateless people for war crimes. Their story also illustrates the effects of the brutalizing industrialized evil implemented by Nazism and the negative effects of industrialized justice carried out by the Allies at the end of World War II.
A Narrative of Justice and the (Re)Writing of History
Authors: Jacobs Dov
Published: January 2014

This chapter discusses the trials that took place in France after World War II to prosecute those accused of collaborating with and actively promoting the agenda of the Nazi occupiers. It first details the legal framework set up to try collaborators, which included both the use of existing provisions of the Criminal Code and the creation of a new offence, that of indignité nationale, or national indignity. It then highlights the difficulties of such judicial proceedings with two examples, the trials of political leaders Philipe Pétain and Pierre Laval. The chapter concludes with some general thoughts on the evasive question of historical truth.
Wounded Heroes
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins
Published: January 2014

Vulnerability is not often associated with virtue. Yet to be vulnerable is central to human experience. In this book, McCoy examines ways in which Greek epic, tragedy, and philosophy have important insights to offer about the nature of human vulnerability and how human beings might better come to terms with their own vulnerability. While studies of Greek heroism and virtue often focus on strength of character, prowess in war, or the achievement of honour for oneself or one’s society, McCoy examines another side to Greek thought that extols the recognition and proper acceptance of vulnerability. McCoy begins with the literary works of Homer’s Iliad, Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus and Philoctetes before expanding her analysis to philosophical works. There, she analyzes imagery of wounding in Plato’s Gorgias and Symposium as well as Aristotle’s work on the vulnerability inherent in friendship and an innovative interpretation of tragic catharsis in the Poetics. As much a work of philosophy as of classical textual analysis, McCoy’s work aims at a deeper understanding of the virtues of vulnerability for individuals and societies alike.
Introduction
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

The Introduction develops the rationale for this book. It highlights the use of sociological conceptions of activism and protest to make sense of how activists campaigned. It stresses the role of experiences and symbolic politics in particular.
Identifying the Protests and the Protest-Makers
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

This chapter is about the origins of the anti-nuclear-weapons campaigns in both countries, the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the West German Campaign against Atomic Death and the Easter Marches. It analyses the most basic processes of identification of the movements by examining the campaigns’ origins, their socio-structural composition, as well as the ways in which contemporary observers made sense of them. Its purpose is to provide a broad overview of the campaigns’ histories and to lay the ground for a more detailed investigation of activism. While the social structures of the supporters of both movements appear to have been remarkably similar, the campaigns acquired very different political resonances
Openings: Politics, Culture, and Activism in the 1960s
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

By the middle of the 1960s, peace activists in Britain and West Germany had turned their attention away from issues of nuclear armaments and focused primarily on the United States’ military engagement in Vietnam. Thus, when peace protesters came together in West Berlin in February 1968 to chastise the United States for its military intervention in Vietnam and for the brutality the country used to pursue its aims, their demands sounded quite different from the polite requests developed by the Easter Marchers. This chapter traces how this transition happened and why it occurred. It pays special attention to the cultural politics of protest in both countries in making this transition possible and highlights the importance of transatlantic links and attention to a global politics of security in enabling this transition.
Malawi: political, policy, livelihoods, and market background
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

Malawi, a small landlocked country, is highly dependent on the agricultural sector, particularly smallholder agriculture. The structure of production and of the economy have not changed significantly since independence in 1964: smallholder agricultural productivity, which is dominated by maize, remains low while agriculture continues to contribute more than a third to GDP. Over 50% of the rural population in Malawi is classified as poor with fragile livelihoods susceptible to shocks. Attempts to address these socio-economic problems through agricultural and other policies, including fertilizer subsidies, have been central to the strategies and policies of different political regimes. The chapter reviews agricultural policies in the context of changing economic and political environments and the constraints that smallholder farmers face in the use of improved inputs. It is argued that smallholder farmers are locked into a low productivity maize production trap, leading to low incomes and inability to afford inputs at commercial prices.
Economy-wide effects of input subsidies
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

A large national programme of agricultural input subsidies focusing on staple crops should have important wider market effects in addition to direct beneficiary impacts. This chapter reviews the evidence on the economy-wide impacts of the Malawi subsidy programme, using a variety of sources and analytical methods. While there has been macroeconomic stability during the implementation of the subsidy programme, public debts and fiscal deficits have not been favourable. There has however been strong agricultural GDP growth. Very high maize prices in 2008/9 are not what might be expected, and inter-seasonal maize price variability has been high. Nevertheless there is strong evidence of rural wages rising faster than maize prices, leading to increases in real incomes. While qualitative studies suggest overall improvements in peoples’ welfare there are puzzling results with little reported change in national and rural poverty rates and in some measures of child malnutrition from 2004/5 to 2009/10.
Impacts on input market development
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

The involvement of the private sector in the FISP has changed over the life time of the programme with increasing participation in fertilizer procurement, inclusion and them exclusion in fertilizer retailing, and increased participation in seed sales and in the fertilizer transportation. This chapter documents these changes and identifies benefits and challenges of private sector participation in programme implementation. The analysis shows that commercial sales of fertilizers although lower than the pre-subsidy levels have been increasing, suggesting some medium term stimulation of fertilizer demand. This has occurred at a time when the private sector has increasingly participated in the procurement of subsidy fertilizer but been excluded from retailing of subsidy fertilizers. In addition, there is evidence that the private sector-led seed component of the subsidy programme has attracted additional seed growers and expanded the number of varieties for maize seeds and legumes.
Benefit–cost analysis, 2006/7 to 2010/11
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

This chapter develops benefit–cost estimates for the Malawi Farm Input Subsidy Programme. It argues the need for caution in comparing estimates across different investments as analyses often include and exclude different benefits, and use of the standard partial equilibrium methods for benefit–cost analysis of agricultural input subsidies does not take into account wider benefit to poor consumers and the economy from lower food prices. Demand and supply curve analysis is used to estimate ‘without subsidy’ prices and producer and consumer gains for benefit–cost analysis without and with allowance for further gains from consumer expenditure linkages or growth multipliers. Average benefit–cost ratio (BCR) is likely to be around 1.35, depending on assumptions, with BCR above unity estimated in all years except 2008/9, when there were very high fertilizer prices. The analysis suggests attention to raising yield responses, targeting and a balance of complementary investments to raise programme returns.
The Phenomenology of Inwardness
Authors: Flood Gavin
Published: January 2014

Inwardness implies distance from the other, yet is also constructed through language and so formed within a cultural system. Indeed, inwardness needs language to be publicly accessible. This chapter presents a general phenomenology of inwardness—that although there is a contrast between premodern and modern notions of inwardness, they share features that allow us to recognise earlier forms as inwardness. These general features include self-reflection, reportability, time, narrative, history, and mediation by signs. The chapter discusses these in relation to the philosophy of Husserl, Heidegger, Ricoeur, Kristeva, and Charles Taylor. The chapter argues that we can identify features that cut across cultures and times and that allow us to understand premodern concerns about the self as concerns about inwardness. The experience of inwardness is therefore always indirect through reflection, through language, and through the narration of experience.
The Shifting Terrain of Service Operations Management
Authors: Spring Martin
Published: January 2014

The purpose of the chapter is to use a personal stepping-off point to review developments of the treatment of services within the operations management field. Three areas of development are discussed: debates concerning the definition of services from an operations management perspective; emergence of offshoring and outsourcing of services; and privatization of service activities formerly carried out by the state. After a brief outline of basic operations management principles, prominent research areas in service operations management are identified and discussed, which include the role of the customer, lean services, modular services, service supply chains, the impact of information technologies, and approaches to new service development. The chapter concludes that, although many areas of research are concerned with abiding operations management issues concerned with efficiency and scalability, the treatment of innovation in services, which arises from the theoretical and empirical developments discussed, are an extension to the existing concerns of the discipline.
The Theory and a Simple Model
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P.
Published: January 2014

From just six assumptions a theory of conviction and reconviction is developed which explains the well known Age – Crime curve. The rationale of the large scale theory of crime is outlined and likened to the paradigm used in the physical sciences. The first four assumptions of the theory are derived directly from the analysis of chapter 2 and the remaining two deal with the apparent rise in crime during teenage years. Support for the assumptions is found in unrelated behavioural research and cautioning and conviction data from the PNC. A mathematical model of the rise in crime is proposed and combined with the “risk” and “rate” models of chapter 2. The Age – Crime model is derived and shown to fit quarterly age - conviction data from the (1953 and 1958) cohort and the1997 sentencing samples. The theory is used to estimate the active prolific offender population size.
Criminal Careers of Serious, Less Serious, and Trivial Offenders
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P.
Published: January 2014

The theory is applied to subsets of offenders based on the seriousness of their offending. Offenders with custody at their first conviction are found to be a random sample (4.5%) of all OI offenders, and 11.5% of offenders with at least one custodial sentence (defined as serious offenders). The serious offenders are shown to fall into just two categories leading to a simplified gamma distribution based model which is shown to fit age/custody profiles up to the seventh incarceration. An analysis of offence type specialisation indicates that offenders tend be versatile rather than specialised and that the variety of offence types increases in proportion to the logarithm of the career offence count. Trivial offenders, those committing non-standard-list summary offences, are shown to comprise only one category. A simple model for the age conviction profile is derived and, the population size, recidivism and frequency parameter values for trivial offenders are estimated.