bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Istrazenost srpskih narodnih govora Kosova i Metohije u okviru projekata lingvisticke geografije
Authors: Miloradovic Sofija
Published: November 2007

Ovaj prilog predstavlja kratak prikaz stanja poslova u vezi sa ispitivanjem narodnih govora na tlu Kosova i Metohije u okviru projekata lingvisticke geografije i postavlja pitanje perspektive ovih poslova. Narodni govori Kosova i Metohije istrazuju se za potrebe projekta Srpski dijalektoloski atlas, koji se ostvaruje pod okriljem Medjuakademijskog odbora za dijalektoloske atlase SANU, a takodje i u okviru lingvogeografskog dela projekta Dijalektoloska istrazivanja srpskog jezickog prostora, koji se realizuje u Institutu za srpski jezik SANU.
Thermomechanical treatment of reinforcing steel
Authors: Goryany V. , Radsinsky V.
Published: November 2007

The work deals with application of interstand and after deformation cooling of coiled ( .10, 12 mm) and reinforcing ( .14,16 mm) bar steel in the accelerated cooling installations behind the prefinishing and finishing stands of the light-section mill which provides the formation of the even fine-grained ferrite-perlite structure and reduces grain growth in the mid section of the coil. The application of the roll stock interstand cooling behind the 11th stand together with the afterdeformation accelerated roll stock cooling to 800-8500C enabled us getting reinforcing bar steel diameter .14mm with high impact strength..
Energetics and phase diagrams of Fe-Cr and Co-Cr systems from first principles
Authors: Vrestzál J. , Houserová J. , Sob M.
Published: November 2007

The first principles computations of the total energies of complex phases have been addressed recently. The structural energy differences, calculated by FLAPW (Full potential augmented plane wave) method, enable us to utilize a more complete physical information about total energy of intermetallic phases and to propose a new model for their thermodynamic description. Our approach is based on the two-sublattice model, similarly as for solid solution phases, but the structural energy differences for end-members in the metastable or unstable structures are obtained by means of first-principles electronic structure calculations. Phase diagrams of Fe-Cr and Co-Cr systems containing the intermetallic sigma-phase (5 inequivalent lattice sites, 30 atoms in repeat cell) are described here as an example of application of our new model.
Spontaneous mass transfer and deposition of carbon and silicon on titanium in LiCl-Li ionic-electronic melts
Authors: Anfinogenov A.I. , Martem’yanova Z.S.
Published: November 2007

Coatings and powders containing separate phases of silicides and carbides have been obtained during the joint saturation of titanium by carbon and silicon in ionic-electronic melt Li- LiCl.
Recent development in electrolytic formation of carbon nanotubes in molten salts
Authors: Chen G.Z. , Fray D.J.
Published: November 2007

This article reviews the recent research development in the electrolytic production of carbon nano-tubes in molten salts. The experimental procedure and product morphologies of the electrolytic method are described in details. Different hypotheses of the carbon nano-tube formation mechanism in molten salts, particularly it relation with the erosion of the cathode, are compared and discussed. It is anticipated that the electrolytic method can potentially become a cheap and continuous process for the production of curved carbon nano-tubes, carbon sheathed metal nanowires and other carbon based nano-structures.
Influence of cooling intensity on the structure formation in stripe steel by thermomechanical treatment
Authors: Goryany V. , Khlyntseva T. , Mamuzic I. , Radsinsky V.
Published: November 2007

The results of research of microstructure of the strips from low carbon steel 45x6 and 30x8 mm in hot-rolling condition and after accelerated cooling of different intencity and schemes of the coolers movement in the cooling chambers are shown. The strengthening layer is spread unevenly along the perimeter of the rolled steel. The formation character of the structure and its spreading along the cross-section depends on intensity of cooling and the ratio of the width of the stripe to its thickness. Regimes, that provide the high level of steel?s strength with the smallest changing of the mechanical properties by the length of the rolled strip were defined.
Copper solvent extraction from chalcopyrite concentrate acid leach solutions by LIX 984
Authors: Elamari K. , Jdid E.A. , Blazy P.
Published: November 2007

Copper production from ores or sulphide concentrates is classically realized by pyrometallurgical route. In this study, hydrometallurgical treatment of a copper sulphide concentrate, provided by Hajar Mine (ONA-Group, Morocco), was tested by using a mixture of nitric and hexafluorosilicic acids. Copper is present in the solid product as chalcopyrite and its amount is 28.1 % by weight. Leaching stage allows to dissolve more than 90% of copper witch is accompanied, in the same averages, by Zn and Fe. The leach solution obtained has pH = 0.6 and Eh = 580 mV/ENH and contains 19.3 g/L Cu, 18.1 g/L Fe, 4.5 g/L Zn and 0.03 g/L Pb. The recovery of copper from this leach solution was curried out by solvent extraction using Lix 984, diluted in Escaid 110. McCabe - Thiele distribution isotherms showed that at pH 1.7 total and selective copper extraction can be realized with ?o:?a =1.5:1 in 3 extraction stages. Stripping of the loaded copper by treating the organic phases was easily obtained by a sulphuric acid solution.
The nature of chemical bond in trioxide Mi-UO3
Authors: Teterin Yury , Ryzhkov Mikhail , Teterin Anton , Panov Alexander , Nikitin Anton , Ivanov Kirill , Utkin Igor
Published: November 2007

Low-energy X-ray photoelectron and conversion electron spectra from uranium trioxide were measured, and calculations were done for the [UO2O4]-6 (D4b) cluster which reflects the structure of uranium close environment in MI-UO3 in the non-relativistic and relativistic Xa-DVM approximation. This enabled a satisfactory qualitative and in some cases quantitative agreement between the experimental and theoretical data, and interpretation of such spectra. Despite the traditional opinion that before participation in the chemical binding, the U5f electrons could be promoted to the higher (for example - U6d) levels, it was theoretically proved and experimentally confirmed that the U5f electrons (about two U5f electrons) are able to participate directly in the chemical bond formation in uranium trioxide. The filled U5f states proved to be localized in the outer valence molecular orbitals energy range 4-9 eV, while the vacant U5f states were generally localized in the low-energy range (0-6 eV above zero). It was experimentally shown that U6p electrons not only participate effectively in the inner valence molecular orbital formation but also participate strongly (more than 1 U6p electron) in the formation of die filled outer valence molecular orbitals.
Patient dosimetry in diagnostic radiology
Authors: Ciraj-Bjelac Olivera , Markovic Srpko , Kosutic Dusko
Published: November 2007

The objective of this work is to assess patient organ doses, effective doses and entrance surface doses in conventional diagnostic radiology procedures for standard adult patient. The survey consists of measurements of doses delivered to 239 patients in nine types of X-ray examinations. Three types of data were collected: X-ray machine data, patient data, and output measurements. Entrance surface dose was assessed based on the survey data and subsequently, using conversion coefficients, the organ doses and effective doses were calculated. Values of the entrance surface dose and the effective dose were estimated to be 0.4 to 5.8 mGy and 0.03 to 3.00 mSv for different examinations. Derived doses were compared with recommended general diagnostic reference levels. The impact of examination parameters on dose values was discussed. Except for posterior-anterior chest examination, all estimated doses are lower than stated reference levels. Survey data are aimed at helping development of national quality control and radiation protection programmed for medical exposures.
X-Ray photoelectron study of actinide (Th, U, Pu, Am) nitrates
Authors: Teterin Yury , Teterin Anton , Yakovlev Nikolay , Utkin Igor , Ivanov Kirill , Shustov Leonid , Vukcevic Labud , Bek-Uzarov George
Published: November 2007

In this work an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of nitrates Th(NO3)4.4H2O UO2(NO3)2-nH2O, Pu(NO3)4-nH2O, and Am(NO3)2.nH2O was done in the binding energy range from 0 to 1000 eV in order to draw a correlation of the fine spectral structure parameters with the actinide ions oxidation states close environment structure, and chemical bond nature. The linearity of the dependence of the An5fn line intensity on the number n5f of the An5f electrons was proven to remain up to the Am3+ ion with the electron configu5fra-tion{Rn 5f6. The spectral structure in the binding energy range from 0 to ~ 15 eV was associated with the formation of the outer valence molecular orbitals due to the interaction of the An6d-, 7s, 5f - O2p electrons, and the fine spectral structure in the binding energy range from ~ 15 to ~50 eV - with the formation of the inner valence molecular orbitals due to the interaction of the An6p - O2s electrons from the filled neighboring atomic orbitals of actinide and oxygen in the studied compounds. The fine structure of the core level electron spectra in the binding energy range from ~50 to 1000 eV was shown to correlate with the actinide ion oxidation state.
ECE laboratory in the Vinca institute: Its basic characteristics and fundamentals of electrochemic etching on polycarbonate
Authors: Zunic Zora , Ujic Predrag , Celikovic Igor , Fujimoto Kenzo
Published: November 2007

This paper deals with the introductory aspects of the Electrochemical Etching Laboratory installed at the VINCA Institute in the year 2003. The main purpose of the laboratory is its field application for radon and thoron large-scale survey using passive radon/thoron UFO type detectors. Since the etching techniques together with the laboratory equipment were transferred from the National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan, it was necessary for both etching conditions to be confirmed and to be checked up^ i. e., bulk etching speeds of chemical etching and electrochemical etching in the VINCA Electrochemical Etching Laboratory itself. Beside this initial step, other concerns were taken into consideration in this preliminary experimental phase such as the following: the measurable energy range of the polycarbonate film, background etch pit density of the film and its standard deviation and reproducibility of the response to alpha particles for different sets of etchings.
Elements of record management system for the RA research reactor decommissioning
Authors: Stejic Milijana , Ljubenov Vladan
Published: November 2007

According to latest recommendations, the record management system of a nuclear facility should operate as a part of the integrated management information system, and is implemented at the very beginning of the facility?s life cycle. The record management becomes particularly important at the end of the operation of a facility and then the operational record management system gradually transforms to a decommissioning one. However there is a significant number of nuclear facilities in the world which have reached the decommissioning stage with out having neither the initial decommissioning plan nor the established record management system. The objective of this paper is to introduce constituted elements of the record management system for the decommissioning of the RA research reactor in the VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, and to discuss future planned actions related to this matter.
Modern x-ray spectral methods in the study of the electronic structure of actinide compounds: Uranium oxide UO2 as an example
Authors: Teterin Yury , Teterin Anton
Published: November 2007

Fine X-ray photo electron spectral (XPS) structure of uranium dioxide UO2 in the binding energy (BE) range 0-~c40 eV was associated mostly with the electrons of the outer (OVMO) (0-15 eV BE) and inner (IVMO) (15-40 eV BE) valence molecular orbitals formed from the incompletely U5f,6d,7s and O2p and completely filled U6p and O2s shells of neighboring uranium and oxygen ions. It agrees with the relativistic calculation results of the electronic structure for the UO812?(Oh) cluster reflecting uranium close environment in UO2, and was confirmed by the X-ray (conversion electron, non-resonance and resonance O4,5(U) emission, near O4,5(U) edge absorption, resonance photoelectron, Auger) spectroscopy data. The fine OVMO and IVMO related XPS structure was established to yield conclusions on the degree of participation of the U6p,5f electrons in the chemical bond, uranium close environment structure and interatomic distances in oxides. Total contribution of the IVMO electrons to the covalent part of the chemical bond can be comparable with that of the OVMO electrons. It has to be noted that the IVMO formation can take place in compounds of any elements from the periodic table. It is a novel scientific fact in solid-state chemistry and physics.
Years of life lost due to external radiation exposure
Authors: Raicevic Jagos , Merkle Milan , Enrhard Joachim , Ninkovic Marko
Published: November 2007

In this paper a new approach for calculation of the years of life lost per excess death due to stochastic health effects is applied to external exposure pathways. The short-term external exposures are due to the passage of radioactive cloud and due to the skin and clothes contamination. The long-term external exposure is the one from the radioactive material deposited on the ground (groundshine). Three nuclides, 131I, 137Cs, and 239Pu, and with the extremely wide range of half-life are considered in order to examine their possible influence on the calculated values of years of life lost. For each of these nuclides, the number of years of life lost has been found as a decreasing function of the age at the expo sure and presented graphically in this paper. For protracted exposures, the fully averaged number of years of life lost is negative correlated with the nuclide?s half-life. On the other hand, the short-term external exposures do not depend on the nuclide?s half-life. In addition, a weak years of life lost dependence of the dose has been commented.
Decommissioning: a problem or a challenge?
Authors: Mele Irena
Published: November 2007

With the ageing of nuclear facilities or the reduced interest in their further operation, a new set of problems, related to the decommissioning of these facilities, has come into forefront. In many cases it turns out that the preparations for decommissioning have come too late, and that financial resources for covering decommissioning activities have not been provided. To avoid such problems, future liailities should be thoroughly estimated in drawing up the decommissioning and waste management programme for each nuclear facility in time, and financial provisions for implementing such programme should be provided. In this paper a presentation of current decommissioning experience in Slovenia is given. The main problems and difficulties in decommissioning of the Zirovski Vrh Uranium Mine are exposed and the lesson learned from this case is presented. The preparation of the decommissioning programme for the Nuclear Power Plant Krsko is also described, and the situation at the TRIGA research reactor is briefly discussed.
Study of corrosion of aluminium alloys of nuclear purity in ordinary water, пart one
Authors: Pesic Milan , Maksin Tatjana , Jordanov Gabrijela , Dobrijevic Rajko , Idjakovic Zoja
Published: November 2007

Effects of corrosion of aluminum alloys of nuclear purity in ordinary water of the spent fuel storage pool of the RA research reactor at VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences has been examined in the frame work of the International Atomic Energy Agency Coordinated Research Project "Corrosion of Research Reactor Aluminum-Clad Spent Fuel in Water" since 2002. The study presented in this paper comprises activities on determination and monitoring of chemical parameters and radio activity of water and sludge in the RA spent fuel storage pool and results of the initial study of corrosion effects obtained by visual examinations of surfaces of various coupons made of aluminum alloys of nuclear purity of the test racks exposed to the pool water for a period from six months to six years.
Study of corrosion of aluminum alloys of nuclear purity in ordinary water: Part two
Authors: Pesic Milan , Maksin Tatjana , Jordanov Gabrijela , Dobrijevic Rajko , Idjakovic Zoja
Published: November 2007

Since 2002, the effects of corrosion on aluminum alloys of nuclear purity in ordinary water of the spent fuel storage pool of the RA re search reactor at VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences have been examined in the frame work of the International Atomic Energy Agency Coordinated Research Project "Corrosion of Research Reactor Aluminum Clad Spent Fuel in Water". Coupons were ex posed to the pool water for a period of six months to six years. The second part of this study comprises extensive results obtained by detailed visual and microscopic examinations of the surfaces of the coupons and represents an integral part of the first report on the topic, previously presented in this journal.
An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the products of the interaction of gaseous IrF6 with fine UO2F2
Authors: Prusakov Vladimir , Teterin Yury , Trotsenko Nikolai , Maslakov Konstantin , Teterin Anton , Ivanov Kirill , Bochagin Filipp , Utrobin Dmitry
Published: November 2007

Nuclear fuel reprocessing by fluorination, a dry method of regeneration of spent nuclear fuel, uses UO2F2 for the separation of plutonium from gaseous mixtures. Since plutonium requires special treatment, IrF6 was used as a thermodynamic model of PuF6. The model reaction of the interaction of gaseous IrF6 with fine UO2F2 in the sorption column revealed a change of color of the sorption column contents from pale-yellow to gray and black, indicating the formation of products of such an interaction. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study showed that the interaction of gaseous IrF6 with fine UO2F2 at 125 ?C results in the formation of stable iridium compounds where the iridium oxidation state is close to Ir3+. The dependence of the elemental compositions of the layers in the sorption column on the penetration depth of IrF6 was established.
A group of painted vessels from Singidunum: A contribution to the researches on painted ceramics
Authors: Nikolic Snezana
Published: November 2007

About 20 vessels, made of fine clay fired in whitish tones (10YR 8/2, 10YR 8/2-3, 5Y 8/1), with the polished surface ornamented with painting in fading brown, originate from Singidunum. In comparison with analogous material from Donja (Lower) Panonia and Dalmatia, the importance of these vessels is to be found in the fact that they were excavated from settlement horizons dated to the second half of the 3rd and early 4th century. Based on the shapes and technological features of ceramics from Lower Panonia and Dalmatia, which have been published, as well as on the observations of the finds from Singidunum, it is to be assumed that they were the output of the same workshop which not only had a small scale of production but also a meager scope of shapes, meaning goblets i.e. cups as favorable form.
Napomene o razvitku terminologije naselja u Vizantiji, posebno kod Romana Meloda
Authors: Köder Johanes
Published: November 2007

(nemacki) Die Siedlungsterminologie liefert wichtige Hinweise f?r die sprachliche, demographische und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung. Im Fall von Byzanz ist als besonderes Aspekt die stets auch die an der Vergangenheit orientierte Sprachentwicklung des Griechischen zu ber?cksichtigen. Dies wird zun?chst am Beispiel der Termini f?r die Siedlungsform "Dorf" demonstriert. Anschlie?end wird die Siedlungsterminologie bei Romanos Melodos besprochen. .
Family Alberto (Bono) in Dubrovnik in the late Middle Ages
Authors: Cuk Ruza
Published: November 2007

In this study, on the basis of the documents preserved in the Archives of Dubrovnik, the author has described the activities of the family Alberto (Bono) in Dubrovnik, in the Serbian lands and Venice at the end of the 14th and during the first half of the 15th century. The founder of the family was ser Alberto Bono, chancellor by vocation. He came to Dubrovnik from Venice in 1388 and worked as a clerk in the city municipality until the end of his life (1407). However, his sons and a grandson were engaged in intermediary commerce, connecting the lands in the hinterlands of Dubrovnik, Serbia and Bosnia, with the Mediterranean. Thanks to the commerce of precious metals from the Serbian lands, the family became very rich and outstanding. The members of the family, as the citizens of Dubrovnik, were included both in the economical and social life of the city. It could be seen, among other things, that they all, like many other rich and distinguished citizens of Dubrovnik, were elected into the ranks of the Antunini, that they were given lands in Konavle and in the Dubrovnik settlements (commercial colonies). In the Serbian lands some of them, even very often, were elected into judicial commissions. Nevertheless, the members of the family Alberti maintained all the time business and family relations with their land of origin.
The Kotor salt market in the Middle Ages
Authors: Malovic-Djukic Marica
Published: November 2007

In this paper, on the basis of some articles of the Statute of Kotor (Cattaro), as well as on the basis of historical documents from the archives in Kotor and Dubrovnik, the author described the Kotor salt market (kumerak solski) as one of the legal markets, where commerce of the salt was authorized. The special attention has been given to the participation of the Kotor municipality in this commerce, on one side, and on the other side, on the participation of the Serbian rulers of the Nemanjic dynasty. After Tvrtko's conquest of Kotor in 1384, he took, as the follower of the Nemanjic dynasty, the corresponding share of the Kotor salt custom. After Tvrtko's death in 1391 and weakening of the central power in Bosnia, a part of the Kotor salt market was used by the Bosnian feudal lords. The citizens of Dubrovnik did not pay great attention to the fact, that it was a legal salt market and they used every opportunity to close it, because it was their main rival. During the whole 14th century, they disabled the salt transportation from the sea. They were also destroying the Kotor salt factories in the field of Grbalj.
Confrontation and coalescence of two worlds
Authors: Maksimovic Ljubisa
Published: November 2007

nema
The first marriage of despot Leonardo III Tocco
Authors: Zecevic Nada
Published: November 2007

The marriage between Leonardo III ? the last member of the Tocco family who ruled the Heptanese (1448-1479) ? and Milica Brankovic, the daughter of the Serbian Despot Lazar Brankovic and Helen Palaiologos, concluded in Dubrovnik on May 1 1463, is an intriguing issue: it was concluded under unusual circumstances, and its significance was variously presented by the couple's earlier and later contemporaries. An analysis of several historical sources (mainly those of documentary character, also some of a narrative nature) shows that, despite the belittlement of its significance made by some of the pair's contemporaries, the marriage was generally seen as a prospective alliance, designed not only to satisfy the existential needs of the couple but also to enhance the interests of various important political factors of the time: Thomas Palaiologos, the authorities of Dubrovnik, the Roman Curia and Cardinal Bessarion. As widely known, the political prospectives opened by this marriage were not fully accomplished due to the short duration of this relationship (Milica died soon after the wedding). Yet this conjugal alliance proved useful for the Tocco party even after its conclusion. In the time following Leonardo's flight from the Ottomans to Naples (after 1479), he referred to the lineage with Milica as an alliance with the Byzantine imperial family, supposedly in order to achieve certain benefices from the Italian environment where he repatriated. In parallel to the analysis of the sources about the motives and significance of the first marriage of the last Tocco despot, in this paper I also deal with several pro-sopographic and topographic details of regional importance, mentioned on the occasion of the Tocco-Brankovic wedding ceremony (e.g. Bishop of Bologna Blasius Constantii Paliki, etc). .
The castle in late medieval Serbian lands
Authors: Popovic Marko
Published: November 2007

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Serbian architecture of the Morava period: A local school or an epilogue to the leading trends in late Byzantine architecture: A study in methodology
Authors: Stevovic Ivan
Published: November 2007

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The loop and the spike: Toward the structure of interlaced ornaments of Morava school
Authors: Maglovski Janko
Published: November 2007

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The Serbian emperor Stefan's icon from the Hilandar monastery
Authors: Miljkovic Bojan
Published: November 2007

The Story of the miracle-working icons of the Hilandar monastery, written down in 1558/9 in Moscow, contains an interesting legend about the processional icon of the Mother of God Abramiotis(s)a with Christ and the representation of the Prophet Elijah on the background, still kept in the treasury of the Serbian monastery on the Holy Mountain. According to the legend, this icon, which was taken from Bitolj by the Serbian ruler Stefan Dusan, played the decisive role in the Serbian conquest of Serres in 1345. This Mother of God with Christ belongs to the rare Pelagonitissa type and it used to have revetment. To judge by its later copies, the icon was held in high reverence on the Serbian Court and later in the Hilandar monastery where the legend says the Serbian imperial couple brought it on the occasion of their visit to the Holy Mountain in 1347/8. On the basis of its style, the icon can be dated around the middle of the 14th century and it is a copy of the older and now non-existent Mother of God from Bitolj. However, the iconographic type was in existence also independently of Pelagonia, and it is safe to assume that its sources were probably in Constantinople. The unique epithet of the Hilandar icon also points to the Capital, or, more precisely to the monastery tSv AppocuiTrov, as the place of origin. In the second half of the 9th and in the 10th century, this monastery treasured a venerated icon of the Mother of God which was considered as Acheiropoietos. Nothing is known about the appearance of this icon, unless the Hilandar icon, dealt with in the present paper, represents its replica. The miracle-working icon of Pelagonitissa from Bitolj was probably treasured in the city cathedral, i.e. in the seat of the Pelagonian bishopric, dedicated to the Virgin, up to the Ottoman conquest and subsequent destruction of the town in 1385.
Western armament and tactics in the writings of Anna Komnene
Authors: Draskovic Marko
Published: November 2007

In this work, first we reconstructed and commented the western horseman's armament witch Anna Komnene had known (long spear, cross-bow, chain mail "Norman" shield, solarets). Afterwards, we established that Anne knew four types of western horseman's attack (attack in full gallop, attack from back slow march, attack from flank) and three types of their battle formation (strewn formation, congested formation, formation of two columns). Also, we commented Anna's knowledge of western siege engines (battering-ram, tortoise catapult, siege tower); we established that Anne knew five types of western siege tower. In the end, we commented several fragments witch show Anna Komnene's knowledge of the western siege tactics.
Polychromie et représentations apotropaïques sur la façade de l'église du Saint-sauveur a Zica
Authors: Canak-Medic Milka
Published: November 2007

(francuski) Seules les descriptions de l'aspect ext?rieur de l'?glise de l'Ascension du Christ a Decani recourent a des termes aussi ?logieux que ceux employ?s roi parler de l'?glise du Saint-Sauveur a Zica. Et, de fait, La beaut? de cette derni?re a notamment ?t? tout particuli?rement soulign?e par les anciens ?crivains, Domentijan et Teodosije. Tout le sens de leurs paroles n'a toutefois ?t? perf qu'a la suite de r?cents travaux de restauration entrepris sur l'?glise s'?tant soldes par le d?gagement de restes de couches de peinture recouvrant ses murs ext?rieurs et ayant, de ce fait, permis d'entrevoir l'aspect originel de la d?coration poly chromatique ext?rieur de l'?glise. Les premi?res connaissances concernant la d?coration des fa?ades de l'?glise de Zica remontent aux ann?es vingt du XXe si?cle. On a alors d?gage deux couches dont la plus r?cente a ?t? dat?e de la quatri?me d?cennie du XIV femme si?cle (fig. 3, 4) alors qu'a plusieurs endroits a ?t? constat?e au-dessous de celle-ci, la couche de cr?pis originelle. Celle-ci recouvrait toutes les surfaces des murs a 1'exception des corniches, des frises des arcades et, vraisemblablement, des cadres des fen?tres (fig. 5, 6). La datation exacte de cette couche inferieure de cr?pis a ?t? possible gr?ce aux r?sultats de sondages effectues a la jonction des portiques pr?c?dant les par ?glises et, respectivement, des murs sud et nord de 1'exonarthex, ?riges au plus tard en 1230. Sur la partie frontale du mur du portique pr?c?dent la par ?glise sud d?di?e au saint premier martyr Etienne subsiste les restes d'une croix ornee de pierres pr?cieuses: creux gem mata, d'une grande taille au-dessus de laquelle apparait la partie inferieure d'une figure de saint (fig. 1, 7, 8, 10) alors que sur la fa?ade du portique nord on rel?ve les traces d'une composition histori?e non identifiable (fig. 12). II est donne question d'une trouvaille ferm?e dont la datation est parfaitement limit?e et dont G ex?cution peut ?tre tr?s pr?cis?ment plac?e a l'?poque ayant pr?c?d? le grand Sabor (concile) de 1221. En ce sens, il s'agit la de la plus ancienne donn?e sur la d?coration polychromique des fa9ades des ?glises de type rascien, venant, parall?lement, t?moigner des conceptions esth?tiques de l'?poque et nous renseigner sur 1'iconographie des fa?ades des ?difices eccl?siastiques.
The Naming of British Columbia
Authors: Martin Ged
Published: November 2007

Selecting a name for the gold rush colony of British Columbia, although apparently trivial, embarrassed the government, threatened to become the focus for a groundswell of opposition to the whole idea of establishing a new colony, and offers a curious sidelight on the role of the Crown.

On 24 June 1858 Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, the Colonial Secretary in Lord Derby's second ministry, wrote to the Queen to inform her that “in consequence of the recent discovery of Gold in the Neighbourhood of Fraser's River, on the Western Coast of British North America, rendering expedient the immediate establishment of Civil Government,” the government had decided “to erect at once a New Colony there.” Parliament had to authorize this, “& it is desirable that the name of the new Colony shall be inserted in the Bill.” Since the measure was to be introduced within a week, the procedure was slapdash. In asking the Queen to select a name, Lytton informed her that explorers had used the name “New Caledonia,” but did point out that the name had been used elsewhere, most notably for “the chief island of the New Hebrides Group in the South Seas where the French have lately signified their intention to form an establishment.” He added that the names New Cornwall and New Hanover had also been applied to parts of the coast by some mapmakers. While the monarch retained a significant role in mid-nineteenth century government, this hardly extended to, acting as a cartographical research institute for the Colonial Office. On 27 June the Queen informed her minister that she had settled on New Caledonia as the most generally accepted name.
Neo-Malthusians, Eugenists, and the Declining Birth-Rate in England, 1900-1918
Authors: Soloway Richard Allen
Published: November 2007

Recent studies of the social history of birth control in America have noted the importance of eugenics in securing the acceptance of family planning between the two world wars. Similarly in England the endorsement of contraception as a method of “race improvement” by eugenists in the scientific, medical, academic and ecclesiastical communities greatly enhanced the credence and respectability of the birth control movement. In the anti-racist, genetically more sophisticated climate since the Second World War it is often forgotten how pervasive eugenic assumptions about human inheritance were in learned and socially elevated circles in the early twentieth century. Belief in the inheritability of myriad physical, psychological and behavioral characteristics, identifiable, even quantifiable, in particular ethnic groups and social classes was reinforced by expert scientific testimony, and, perhaps equally important, middle and upper class prejudices.

Birth control leaders, whose respectability was always in some doubt, were for the most part no exception and readily mingled with the estimable worthies who adorned the ranks of the elitist Eugenics Education Society founded in 1907. Several officers of the old Malthusian League, including its last president, Charles Vickery Drysdale, and his wife, Bessie, were early if troublesome recruits to the Society, while Marie Stopes, the most dynamic promoter of birth control in England in the inter-war years, joined in 1912, and eventually became a Life Fellow who left the organization a financial legacy, her famous clinic and much of her library, upon her death in 1958.
The Religious Issue in Mid-Victorian Politics: A Note on a Neglected Source
Authors: Arnstein Walter L.
Published: November 2007

Students of British history continue to experience a certain haziness as to what precisely differentiated the Liberals and Conservatives of the mid-Victorian era, a haziness by no means allayed by the plethora of recent publications on the social and organizational structure of the nineteenth-century political party system. In 1832 political reform had constituted an apparently decisive issue—at least Grey and Russell had strongly favored it and Peel and Wellington had forthrightly opposed it. In the mid-1840s the Corn Laws had supplied a comparable cause for division. The Whigs and Radicals had provided Peel with his majority, and two-thirds of the Tories had disavowed their leader and resisted the abolition of the Corn Laws to the last.

Yet neither of these issues would seem to provide a key to the party rivalry of the 1860s. The manner in which Disraeli played the role of political magician in 1867 and pulled the Reform Act of that year out of his hat provides prima facie evidence that political reform as such was not then fundamental to inter-party rivalry. Nor was agricultural protection, the plank that Derby and Disraeli had quietly removed from their party platform a decade-and-a-half earlier. The cause of Italian unification, which had briefly divided parties in 1859 and had spurred Gladstone to cast his political lot once and for all with Palmerston and Russell, had become a fact and was no longer an issue.
Richard II's Yeomen of the Chamber
Authors: Gillespie James L.
Published: November 2007

Richard II's attempt to transform his kingdom into an absolute monarchy has provided the basic outline for the traditional interpretation of the reign. The role of the royal household and especially of the chamber has always loomed large in such an interpretation. It was the subject of Thomas Haxey's famous complaint of 1397, and it had a special interest for Thomas F. Tout who undertook a very detailed study of Richard's reign in volumes three and four of his classic Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England. Tout credited the king's tutor, Simon Burley, with the development of the chamber staff as an instrument of royal tyranny:

We may feel pretty sure that it was Burley's intelligence which developed the chamber into a special preserve of the court party, so that the chamber knights and esquires could always be trusted to further the wishes of the sovereign. There was no effort to make it an organized instrument of prerogative: it was rather the office which held the reserve of workers for the king's cause, who, as individuals, did what in them lay to carry out their master's wishes.
Raleigh, Hariot, and Atheism in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England
Authors: Webb Susanne S.
Published: November 2007

It has long been accepted as fact that Raleigh was an important figure in a coterie of maverick intellectuals, generally referred to as the School of Night. The assumptions are that this coterie was a structured group; that it concerned itself with iconoclastic attitudes toward religion and philosophy, politics, literature, and the sciences; and that the Raleigh coterie was in active opposition to a rival group, the members of which included the Earl of Essex, the Earl of Southampton, and William Shakespeare. However, two concerns need clarification to evaluate the evidence that Raleigh was a member of such a group: were the attacks on him as an atheist justified, and what were his attitudes toward intellectual pursuits ? It would then be most practical to ascertain on what evidence the School of Night theory is based, how it is presented and interpreted by twentieth century scholars, and whether or not earlier accounts of Raleigh ascribe to such theories, examining along the way what Raleigh's beliefs were as can be determined by his writings and what contemporary attitudes were toward Raleigh and his associates. It may then be possible to judge if there is justification for asserting that Raleigh was a leader--or even a member--of such a group, and indeed, if any such group is likely to have existed.

In 1592, in answer to Elizabeth's proclamation against the Jesuits, Father Robert Parsons published his Responsio in which he deplored the notion that Raleigh might become a privy councilor and thus introduce an atheistic policy into England, through the agency of his conjurer, usually taken to be Thomas Hariot. An Advertisment, the English summary of the Responsio, repeated the charge but did not speculate on Raleigh's appointment to the Privy Council. “Of Sir Walter Raleigh's school of atheism by the way, and of the conjurer that is M[aster] thereof, and of the diligence used to get young gentlemen to this school, wherein both Moses and our Savior, the Old and New Testament are jested at, and the scholars taught among other things to spell God backward”.
The Dynamics of Violence in Chartism: A Case Study in Northeastern England
Authors: Maehl William Henry
Published: November 2007

The theme of violence in Chartism has always attracted historians. To a large extent, although less so recently, they have accepted the Chartists' division of themselves into advocates of “moral” and “physical” force. Historical writers have found a ready supply of stirring quotes in Chartist speeches to illustrate the passions of a people aroused. And they have dwelt on the actual and potential demonstrations of violence with a lingering fascination. Yet, in all this discussion there has been little systematic examination of the phenomenon of violence in Chartism or any attempt to assess its relative degree of intensity. True enough, recent study by George Rudé on protest and crime in the first half of the nineteenth century has been illuminating, and Dorothy Thompson provided some stimulating analysis in the introduction to The Early Chartists. But no full scale study of the role of violence yet exists.

A helpful move in that direction was made recently in an article by Thomas Milton Kemnitz on the variety of Chartist strategies. Alongside the traditionally recognized policies of moral and physical force, Kemnitz argues that there was a third strategy of intimidation through “the language of menace.” Its chief practitioner, he suggests, was Feargus O'Connor, who modelled his Chartist agitation on experience with Catholic Emancipation and Parliamentary Reform. Although Kemnitz presents no explicit evidence that O'Connor consciously adopted a course which stood midway between moral and physical force, it is certainly demonstrable that the effects of O'Connor's actions were psychologically rather than physically coercive. Kemnitz assists us when he suggests that we think of Chartist pressure in terms of gradations of coercion rather than just two alternatives.
Scotland, Ireland and the English Civil War
Authors: Hamilton Charles L.
Published: November 2007

Historical orthodoxy has long recognized the fervent belief of the Scottish Covenanters that their successful revolution against Charles I “stood or fell” with that of their brethren in England. Although by the end of 1641 the Godly Party in the northern kingdom had temporarily destroyed the foundations of Stuart government, many of the King's Scottish opponents no more trusted Charles to accept a permanent curtailment of his power than did their English counterparts. Should the King triumph over his enemies in London, it was assumed that backed by the power of a still episcopal England he would quickly attack the revived presbyterian establishment in Scotland. Concurrently, the political revolution—completed in the Scottish Parliament in 1641—would also be reversed, for the connection betweeen the leading Covenanting politicians, led by the Marquis of Argyll, and the reformed Kirk was very close. It should be remembered that while the clerical estate was abolished in the Scottish Parliament, laymen could sit in the General Assembly and participate in the most important decisions of the Church. Indeed, the aristocratic element in the Glasgow Assembly was large and the meeting's attack on episcopacy and the five articles of Perth may in fact have reflected lay opinion more than clerical. Caroline bishops, favored in Scotland as well as in England for high political positions, were unpopular with the Covenanting nobility for whom presbyterian church government not only restored God's True Kirk but also eliminated dangerous secular rivals. To undermine presbyterianism would, therefore, remove much of the strength from the political hand which Argyll had so shrewdly played since allying with the Covenanters in the Glasgow Assembly.
Purveyance for War and the Community of the Realm in Late Medieval England
Authors: Jones W. R.
Published: November 2007

A new topic of controversy was interjected into relations between the English crown and the community of the realm during the late thirteenth and the fourteenth centuries as a result of large scale purveyancing of victuals, military supplies, and transport to provision a nation at war. The old right of purveyance or prise-taking, which permitted the king, members of his family, royal officials, and the greater nobility to preempt foodstuffs and requisition carriage for their personal use, was transformed into an elaborate mechanism for supplying English armies fighting in Scotland and France. The conflict provoked by this institutional change dominated crown-community relations in England from the latter part of Edward I's reign forward through the reign of Edward II and much of Edward III's. In order to defend private property against royal purveyance, representatives of the community experimented—especially during the period 1297 to 1362—with several methods for restricting the practice. But efforts to regulate purveyance were hindered by the ambiguous nature of the king's right, which could be viewed both as a royal prerogative and as a simple act of buying necessities for the king and his court. Further, depending on its scope and extent, purveyance by the crown could be seen either as a means of provisioning the household alone or as a form of national taxation applicable to the country at large. Occasionally during this period the community equated purveyance with regular taxation and tried to subject it to parliamentary control. Eventually, however, the nation was compelled to accept the view of purveyance as a commercial arrangement between English kings and their subjects based on the more or less legitimate right of the crown to take goods and services by forced loan or under promise of future payment. Accordingly, attempts to regulate it assumed the form of legislation designed to assure the prompt compensation of sellers, the accountability of the king's agents, and the punishment of corruption.
Chamberlain's Folly: The National Defence Contribution of 1937
Authors: Shay Robert P.
Published: November 2007

When the officials at the British Treasury sat down to sketch out their proposals for the 1937 budget, they knew that they had a problem. During the previous year the Government had been forced to embark upon a costly five year rearmament program by the massive growth of the German military establishment, and the bills for that program were beginning to fall due. £180 million had been spent for defence in 1936, £60 million more than during the previous year, but £100 million less than the military services estimated would be necessary in 1937. The Services' estimate was in the words of Edward Bridges, a Treasury under-secretary, “a good deal higher than anything which I anticipated in my gloomier moments.” He knew, however, that there was little chance that it would be reduced. The question immediately at hand was where the funds could be found to pay for the burgeoning cost of defence not only in the coming year, but in the years to follow.

Another Treasury under-secretary, Fredrick Phillips, estimated that they could not realistically expect to raise more than £180 million of the £280 million they required from existing taxation. Although the canons of orthodox finance, to which the Treasury usually adhered, dictated that taxes should be increased to meet the deficit, everyone at the Treasury realized that such a measure would extinguish the growing prosperity which the Government had so laboriously and successfully nurtured since the economic collapse of 1931. Reluctantly they decided to resort to the fiscal device which Neville Chamberlain, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, had once disparaged as “the broad road that leads to destruction”: borrowing.
The Swedenborgian Figure in the Carpet: Henry James's Critical Point of View
Authors: LeStourgeon Diana E. , Nearing Homer
Published: November 2007

There is a critical opinion that Henry James's “Figure in the Carpet” is an ironic story in which the book-reviewer Corvick only pretends to discover a recurrent pattern in the works of a celebrated novelist in order to entice his fiancée, a literary compulsive, to marry him without waiting for her mother to die, the moral being that the search for such patterns does not represent a mature interest in literature. In his preface to the volume containing the story in the New York Edition, however, James replies to critics who demand to know “where on earth, where roundabout us at this hour,” he had found a living model for his pattern-weaving novelist: “As for the all-ingenious ‘Figure in the Carpet,’…nothing would induce me to come into close quarters with you on the correspondence of this anecdote.…All I can at this point say is that if ever I was aware of ground and matter for a significant fable, I was aware of them in that connection.” He adds that the impulse which led him to write the story, far from opposing a search for abstruse themes, was his opposition to the general “mistrust of anything like close or analytic appreciation—appreciation, to be appreciation, implying, of course, some such rudimentary zeal.…What I most remember of my proper process is the lively impulse, at the root of it, to reinstate analytic appreciation.” And in the story itself there is evidence that James intended Corvick to discover an actual pattern in Vereker's novels.