bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eschatology and hope for nature
Authors: Kelly Anthony J.
Published: July 2017

Pope Francis’s Laudato Si’ provokes the need for both an ecological and eschatological reflection on how ultimate fulfilment in Christ includes the liberation and transformation of earthly nature itself. Hope envisages the end when God will be ‘all in all’ (1 Cor 15:28). The biblical perspectives presenting the City of God (Rev 21:5), and the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world (Rev 12:11) extend the range and concreteness of this hope, along with the God-willed multiplicity of creation and the primordial creativity of love itself. The focus remains incarnational in that the Word not only became flesh but also is an ‘earthling’ in a particular planetary environment. Consequently, eschatological fulfilment does not entail the abolition of the natural world, but anticipates its unimaginable fulfilment.
Stiff Reminders, and Regenerating for the Future: A Commentary on “Man as the Measure of All Things”
Authors: Rosskam Ellen
Published: July 2017

Margrit Hugentobler's article, “Man as the Measure of All Things: A Limiting Approach to Urban Regeneration?,” took to task the challenges of sustainable development that neither governments nor industry have yet met on the scale that is needed. From a planner's perspective, she gives a philosophical context. In essence, her message is that through thoughtful regeneration, urban environments can become more sustainable and that urban regeneration can meet a variety of human and environmental needs. She proposes a new model, using a multidisciplinary approach to urban regeneration and development. A slow advance in the beginning, followed by rapid and uniformly accelerated progress, followed again by progress that continues to slacken until it finally stops: These are the three ages of … invention … iftaken as a guide by the statistician and by the sociologists, (they) would savemany illusions [I].
The Effect of In-Line Final Filtration on Occurrence of Phlebitis
Authors: Swift Robert G. , Searcy Donald M. , Pickard Ann S.
Published: July 2017

Fifty post-operative urology patients were monitored to determine the effects of in-line final filtration on the occurrence of phlebitis and on changes in body temperature, pulse rate and diastolic blood pressure.

In this study, modeled after a study done by Ryan, et al., at the University of Kentucky, no statistically significant difference was found between the patients utilizing final filters and those not utilizing final filters. Our findings were quite different from those of Ryan's, who found a very significant reduction in the incidence of phlebitis by utilizing in-line final filtration of intravenous fluids but similar to a study done by Collin, et al. Our results led to the conclusion that providing a “clean” intravenous solution to the patient by using final filtration is only a portion of the hospital's responsibility; the other part of our responsibility lies in assuring a proper, aseptic external environment for the administration of the solution. Both of these areas are essential in providing intravenous fluid therapy.
Assessment of the Palatability of Antistaphylococcal Antibiotics in Pediatric Volunteers
Authors: Matsui Doreen , Barron Alex , Rieder Michael J , Mena Rafaela , Mallet Louise
Published: July 2017

Objective

To evaluate the palatability of four commonly prescribed antistaphylococcal antibiotics, cloxacillin, cephalexin, erythromycin, and fusidic acid, in volunteer children.

Design

A single-blind taste test of four flavored antibiotic suspensions commonly used in the treatment of skin infections in pediatric patients.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Participants

Twenty healthy volunteer children with a mean age of 9.2 ± 2.0 SD years (range 6–12).

Main Outcome Measures

The taste of each antibiotic was rated by the children on a 10-cm visual analog scale incorporating a facial hedonic scale. The children were also asked which antibiotic they thought tasted the best and which tasted the worst.

Results

Taste scores were as follows: cloxacillin 1.4 ± 1.8 cm, cephalexin 6.5 ± 2.7 cm, erythromycin 6.8 ± 3.0 cm, and fusidic acid 6.3 ± 2.4 cm. The taste rating of cloxacillin was significantly lower compared with the other three antibiotics (p = 0.001). Cloxacillin was chosen as having the worst taste by a significant proportion of the children (18 of 20). None of the antibiotics was clearly best tasting.

Conclusions

Given similar effectiveness, taste considerations may be important in the decision as to which antibiotic to prescribe. The perception that cloxacillin is poor tasting to children is supported by this study, which suggests that when compliance with oral medication is critical for successful treatment, prescription of cloxacillin suspension should be avoided.
Giannini Prosthesis for Flatfoot
Authors: Gutierrez Pedro R. , Lara Manuel Herrera
Published: July 2017

Background: To determine the clinical and radiographic results of arthroereisis using the Giannini endo-orthotic implant for the treatment of pediatric flatfoot deformity, we retrospectively evaluated 37 patients (65 feet). Methods: Twenty-two boys and 15 girls were followed for an average of 26.5 months. Their overall average age was 9.4 (range 5 to 14) years. Pain, function, participation in sports activity, and the changes in radiographic measurements taken at 3,6, and 12 months and then at 1-year intervals were evaluated. Results: Pain or discomfort decreased from 60% (22 patients) preoperatively to 6% (2 patients) postoperatively. The percentage of normal postoperative footprints was 59% (38 feet) with first-degree flatfoot present in 27 feet (41%). Sports activities were taken up by 19 patients (51%) after surgery. An 8-mm endo-orthotic implant was used in 43 (66%) feet and an Achilles tenotomy was done in 38 feet (59%). The radiographic angles with the greatest degree of correction when compared to preoperative angles were the talar-first metatarsal angle (99%) and the calcaneal-pitch (36%). After placement of the endo-orthotic implant, the talar angle influenced the rest of the radiographic measurements. There was no postoperative deterioration in any of the radiographic angles measured during the monitoring period. Complications occurred in 10.7% of the patients, with postoperative pain being the most frequently reported (6% of patients). There was no infection or local reaction to a foreign body. Removal of the endo-orthotic implant was not done on a routine basis. Conclusion: This operative technique respects the anatomical structure of the foot and produces good clinical and radiographic results.
Determination of Optimum Instances and Duration of Rest Periods for Strenuous Manual Work
Authors: Sule Dileep R.
Published: July 2017

Since the beginning of recorded history, man has been concerned about work-rest cycles. Studies of industrial fatigue date back to 1893 when the hours of work were reduced from 54 to 48 hours a week. Further reductions have brought us to a 40-hour work week with five days of work and two days of rest. Management recognizes the value of rest breaks and normally provides these in accordance with the type labor performed and environmental conditions.
Promoting Energy Conservation in Mastered Metered Buildings
Authors: Cook Stuart
Published: July 2017

Waste of fuel and electricity is known to be higher in buildings in which occupants do not pay for the utilities they use. It is often structurally impossible or financially impractical to shift utilities payments to individual consumers. Methods of promoting conservation that do not depend upon individual financial incentives are needed. In particular, it would be of value to find methods applicable to apartment buildings and garden apartment complexes. Studies have been conducted that attempt to apply financial incentives to groups of tenants: (a) By returning to tenants equal shares of part or all of the money saved by conservation, and (b) By offering monetary prizes to those groups of tenants who conserve the most. Other studies have applied participatory management procedures in order to promote the setting of conservation goals and commitment to achieving them. A study in progress attempts to shift responsibility for energy consumption from owners/managers to tenants as a group by splitting rent into two parts: (a) A fixed individual charge for amount of space occupied and (b) A proportional share of the total utilities bill for the apartment complex. Findings from these studies indicate that a meaningful level of conservation is achieved although interpretation of causal factors has been handicapped by difficulties in maintaining experimental and control treatments under the conditions of field experimentation. Some evidence suggests that most conservation is accomplished through the acceptance or initiation of modifications in the pattern of energy consumption that are made at one point in time but have a continuing impact.
Anthropometry and the Design of Products for Non-Military Use: Needs and Limitations
Authors: Mauro Charles L. , Maney Mary A.
Published: July 2017

Generating a civilian anthropometric data base for use in the design of consumer products as well as all types of non-military products involves redefinition of end users of the products and also the end user of the data. A survey of the needs of designers and engineers will be summarized. Case examples are used to illustrate the lack of awareness of the availability of already existing data bases.
Human Factors Design Problems of Fire Fighters
Authors: Hoag LaVerne L.
Published: July 2017

Problems of job and equipment design that contribute to the occupational health and safety of fire fighters is reviewed. The job of fighting fires is physically demanding and most fire fighters do not have a fitness level to minimize the stress. The equipment used by the fire fighters needs to be redesigned to reduce the job related stress.
A Two-Component Model of Target Acquisition
Authors: Scanlan Lawrence A. , Agin Alice K.
Published: July 2017

The development of a two-component model of operator target search and detection performance in realistic terrain is presented. One component is characterized by rapid fixations of scene objects during which low-level features are extracted. The second component consists of longer duration fixations to allow the extraction of high-level features. The adequacy of the model was investigated by recording subject eye fixations while searching for tactical targets located in realistic terrain. Ten background scenes of varying complexity were prepared and presented to 20 subjects. Duration and probability of fixating areas of the scene were computed from the Purkinje eye-tracker data. The results are interpreted in terms of the two-component model, the content of the scene, and the predictive validity of the model.
Instructions for Financial Transactions on an Interactive Communications Terminal
Authors: Kames Audrey J.
Published: July 2017

New communications terminals for financial transactions can be used for a variety of purposes, from sales authorization credit to the recording of savings account deposits and withdrawals. Since the ultimate use of the terminal is determined by the customer, it is not possible to provide specific instructions for the system. The present study, therefore, sought to derive general guidelines for instructions and training.
Commonplace Human Factors Problems Experienced by the Colorblind—A Pilot Questionnaire Survey
Authors: Israelski Edmond W.
Published: July 2017

The scientific literature on defective color vision contains virtually no studies of the commonplace human factors problems experienced by the “color-blind.” The majority of relevant studies reported, have either been concerned with genetics or with color vision theories. The practical problems involved in human engineering products used by color deficient individuals become more significant, when it is considered that some surveys place the incidence of some form of defective color vision as high as 8 percent of world male population and 2 percent of the female.

A pilot questionnaire survey was undertaken to test a proposed methodology for learning about and cataloguing the human factors problems experienced by color deficient individuals in dealing with the natural and man-made worlds.
Improved Ingress/Egress System for Large Mining Trucks
Authors: Conway Ernest J. , Cross Barton K.
Published: July 2017

Analyses of mining accident data suggest that approximately 40% of all lost time injuries in open-pit mines occur while mobile equipment operators are ascending or decending their vehicles. This study, sponsored by the U.S. Bureau of Mines examined the human factors and engineering design considerations contributing to these accidents and possible solutions to the problem. The analysis included such relevant factors as type and frequency of injuries, biomechanics of ascending/decending current ingress/egress systems, operational damage sustained by current ingress/egress hardware, operating environmental considerations (e.g., terrain, mud, ice, spilled lubricants/fuels, etc.) operator functions performed from ladders and platforms and secondary tasks performed while ascending/decending. The impact of emergency egress requirements was also addressed. Alternate improved designs were defined and evaluated. The best was fabricated and is currently being field tested.
Aircraft Collisions
Authors: Wiener Earl L.
Published: July 2017

Several spectacular aircraft collisions, one on the ground at Tenerife, Canary Islands, and mid-airs at Memphis and San Diego, have brought into question the adequacy of present air traffic control systems. Following the San Diego collision in September 1977, between an air carrier B-727 and a Cessna 172, there has been a hue and cry to “do something”. Among the many proposed “solutions” have been tighter restrictions on VFR aircraft, stricter control of mixed IFR and VFR traffic, development of airborn collision avoidance systems, and creation of reliever airports. There has been little recognition of the basic problems of human factors in aircraft collisions. This paper examines collisions from a human factors perspective, seeing them primarily as “system-induced errors” resulting from control systems that stress regulation and airspace allocation, and do not properly consider the human operator. To avoid future accidents, system designers must consider such topics as basic assumptions in air traffic control, mixed IFR and VFR navigation, pilot-controller and controller-controller communications, extra-cockpit vision, workload of pilots and controllers, proposed regulations, and instrumentation.
Dual-Task Measures of S-R Compatibility
Authors: Ogden George D. , Anderson Nancy S. , Rieck Angela M.
Published: July 2017

The present study was designed to compare single-task and dual-task measures of S-R compatibility. A numeral-motor choice-reaction task was performed alone and with a secondary tracking task. The level of compatibility was varied by manipulating the S-R assignments in the choice-reaction task. Results of the single-task trials indicated that reaction time was significantly slower for the incompatible conditions. Reaction time was slower, more errors were made, and fewer problems were attempted in the incompatible dual-task trials. Despite instructions to maintain choice-reaction performance at single-task levels, incompatible task performance was significantly degraded in the dual-task setting. Results indicated that resistance to task-induced stress may be a major indicant of the level of compatibility.
Use of Computer-Generated Movie Maps to Improve Map Performance
Authors: Weltman Gershon
Published: July 2017

Computer-generated, three dimensional pictures provide a highly natural means of presenting map information. A sequence of computer views can be linked to provide a realistic tour, or “computer movie map,” of a specific locale. A prototype computer movie map was produced for the fictitious desert town of Dar-El-Mara. An experimental study, involving 35 participants, was conducted to examine the comparative effectiveness of the computer movie map versus a conventional map in teaching the map user about Dar-El-Mara. The study showed that the computer movie map significantly improved map performance. This paper reviews the salient aspects of the study methodology, results, and implications.
The Social Security Administration's Claims Development and Decision Process
Authors: Dufresne MaryAnn , Campbell Carole , Kramer Nancy , LeBedda John
Published: July 2017

The Social Security Administration (SSA) is developing a comprehensive automated system to support the functions performed in SSA's 1300 district offices. This paper provides a brief explanation of district office functions and job types and describes the methodologies used by SSA to analyze district office tasks.
Personal and Shared Control of Space as Perceived by Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Brenner Jerry , Rohles Frederick H.
Published: July 2017

To build an initial taxonomy of nursing home resident's perceptions, 17 residents of College Hill Professional Care Center, Manhattan, Kansas, described their environment by telling how they would organize a hypothetical tour of their facility. Their descriptions were classified as follows: people oriented, activity oriented, physical oriented, or a combination of these factors. The combination of people-activity-physical was viewed as a measure of personal control, whereas the combination of people-activities was taken as a measure of shared control of space. The results showed that the residents own room was a perceived area of identity indicating a large measure of personal control. The dining room, on the other hand, was a potential area of identity, indicating a large amount of shared control.
How Big is Dark?
Authors: Ramkumar Viswanathan , Bennett Corwin A.
Published: July 2017

Common beliefs of designers and others relate surface colors to their perceived distances and thus to room size. Specifically, it is believed that higher reflectance (lighter) colors appear farther away and as walls make rooms appear larger. It is believed that “cool” colors (blues and greens) appear farther away than “warm” colors (reds and yellows) and as walls make rooms appear larger. While not a commonplace hypothesis, there is a further prediction that the less the saturation, the less distant a cool colored surface would appear and the less close a warm colored surface.

Eleven experiments covering the past 60 years were found testing these hypotheses. With the exception of two recent Army studies these results were inconclusive due to several factors. The three dimensions of color-reflectance (“value”), hue (“color”) and saturation (“chroma”) were frequently confounded. Small sample sizes and the absence of significance tests were common. Effects found were sometimes small. Tasks unrelated to interiors were generally used.

In this experiment subjects judged the size and distance of human figures in a scale model room. Control was made of the three color dimensions. Statistically significant effects were found supporting all hypotheses. While testing in full-scale rooms would be desirable, this study suggest that these effects may be useful tools of the designer.
Using Existing Anthropometric Data to Design Industrial Workplaces
Authors: Champney Paul C.
Published: July 2017

Designing industrial workplaces is hampered by the lack of data that describe the potential workforce. The civilian data base is not adequate because it is small, is taken on specific populations, and is not stratified to reveal ethnic and regional differences. Military data are often used as an alternative, but these data also have shortcomings. Among these are the truncation of extremes, a paucity of functional data and the fact that the data are often taken for special purposes.

Since Eastman Kodak remains committed to a policy of providing safe workplaces that accommodate females, males, and the various ethnic groups, the lack of adequate data is acute. To fill the need for data, it has been necessary to statistically combine the military data into a single population that is theoretically 50 percent female and 50 percent male. This has been done for forty measurements using the mean standard deviation, and the number of individuals measured.

Data on this mixed population are being used to design and redesign workplaces, equipment and product at Eastman Kodak Company. The problems encountered using existing anthropometric data to design a comfortable standing workplace are only one example of what trade-offs must be made and where further data are needed.
Hand-Skin Temperature and Dexterity
Authors: Riley Michael W. , Allison Denise M.
Published: July 2017

This research study examined the dexterity performance of both male and female subjects at ambient temperatures of 35°, 55° and 75°F. Subjects wore typical industrial worker apparel without gloves. Four dexterity measurement methods were used. These were 1) Purdue Pegboard, 2) pencil point tapping, 3) an assembly task, and 4) a fine manipulative task. The subject's performance scores at the various tasks were correlated with the ambient temperature and the hand-skin temperature. Results indicate that females scored better than males on the Purdue Pegboard and a fine manipulative task at all temperatures, while males scored better in pencil point tapping and an assembly task.
Data for Designing Hand Tools for Female Craft Workers
Authors: Hoag LaVerne L.
Published: July 2017

This paper reviews the anthropometric and strength data collected on women which can be used to redesign tools to permit the female workers to successfully function in the craft areas. Data was collected on women currently working in the craft areas for a large United States corporation. The workers were located at facilities in three major cities. The geographic dispersion of these cities help assure a balance in any regional variations in ethnic groups.

The data from this study was compared to data from other studies and it was found that the female craft technicians measured in this study were substantially different than the women measured in the other studies. The craft technicians were taller and stronger than the comparison groups.
Some Effects of Alcohol on Car Driving on Two-Lane and Limited-Access Highways
Authors: Mortimer R. G. , Sturgis S. P.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate doses of alcohol on a number of driving skills involved in steering and car-following, and passing decision-making. Forty drivers drove an instrumented vehicle on two-lane and limited-access highways either at night or in the daytime and either when sober or after having consumed alcohol to achieve a mean blood alcohol concentration of 0.085%.

Seven tests were conducted with each subject consisting of: passing gap time judgments, car-following with speed of lead-car constant, car-following with speed of lead-car varying, speed judgments, lateral position steering error, speed production, and speed maintenance.

It was found that subjects required about double the time gap to make a safe passing judgment at night than in the day, but no effect of alcohol was found. With the speed of a lead-car held constant, drivers under alcohol allowed a significantly greater headway than those of the placebo group. In addition, the variance in headway was significantly greater, both on the secondary road and the freeway, for the drinking drivers. When the speed of the lead-car was purposely varied in car-following, the mean headway and the variance in headway were significantly greater during the daytime than at night. In a limited set of the conditions there was also a significantly greater variance in headway attributable to alcohol. When subjects were requested to maintain the car at a fixed 80km/h over 11.3 km, with the speedometer covered, there was a significantly greater variance in speed for the alcohol group than the placebo group. There were no significant effects of alcohol found in: judgments of the speed of overtaking vehicles, lateral position deviations in steering, speed production without the use of the speedometer and the minimum safe time judged to be required to pass a vehicle ahead of them.
Computer Assisted Instruction Applications in Psychomotor Skill Development
Authors: Berkhout Jan , Breidenbach Steven , Fliehs Dale
Published: July 2017

Psychomotor coordination and tracking skills can be effectively taught using computerized monitoring techniques, in which a numerical analysis of the student's control outputs is combined with supplemental training displays. Such computer assisted instruction (CAI) can equal one-on-one guidance by an experienced instructor when applied to a simple psychomotor task. In current research a three-limb coordination task involving throttle, clutch and gear shifting controls was used.

CAI effectiveness in both rate of learning and in the eventual persistence of learning was affected by the specific types of performance monitoring used, and the specific form of Information feedback employed. It was possible to demonstrate distinctly different learning curves for several alternative feedback and instruction strategies.
A Study of Parameters Affecting a Display for Aircraft Instrument Landings
Authors: Waller Marvin C. , Harris Randall L. , Salmirs Seymour
Published: July 2017

A fixed-base simulator study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of varying several parameters of a cathode ray tube (CRT) presentation of an advanced display for instrument landing of transport aircraft. This research was conducted in support of NASA's Terminal Configured Vehicle (TCV) program which was established to develop and evaluate advanced aircraft systems that will benefit conventional takeoff and landing operation in the terminal area.
Apparent Size and Visual Accommodation under Day and Night Conditions
Authors: Simonelli Nicholas M.
Published: July 2017

Six subjects on a building roof viewed the outside terrain through a projection device which superposed a full horizon moon on that view. Subjects judged the size of the moon in various scenery configurations by adjusting a comparison disc while accommodation measurements were taken using a laser optometer. Results showed a strong correlation between mean accommodative states and size judgments during the day and a weaker correlation at night. Accommodation responses were not identical to all scenes and as accommodation shifted inward, the judged size of the moon decreased. “Night myopia” was also clearly evident. The relatively nearer accommodation responses and smaller size judgments of the isolated zenith-type moon as compared to the horizon moon suggests that the moon illusion is mediated by the accommodation mechanism. The results are discussed in connection with a similar study by Iavecchia, Iavecchia and Roscoe, and differences in the mean “dark focus” of accommodation between the two groups are related to the findings.
Visual Fatigue in VDT Operators
Authors: Dainoff Marvin J. , Happ Alan , Crane Peter
Published: July 2017

The incidence of visual fatigue was investigated in a group of clerical workers whose jobs required the use of visual display terminals (VDTs) for varying proportions of their workdays. Assessment techniques included: optometric screening, checklist for mood state and physical symptoms, and non-directive interviewing. Results indicate a relatively high incidence of visual fatigue and other visual complaints, but these tended not to be related to job pressure and hostility towards office computerization. There were no significant optometric effects.
Experimental Document Design: Guidebook Organization and Index Formats
Authors: Hamill Bruce W.
Published: July 2017

An experiment was conducted to determine the best way to format a guidebook to be used by emergency services personnel. Converging results of time and error analyses of the experimental data favor particular formats for numerical and alphabetical indices and a particular organization for sections of the guidebook.
Enhancement Processes in the Visual Detection of Barely Perceptible Targets
Authors: Williams Mary , Weisstein Naomi , Brown James
Published: July 2017

When a target consisting of a briefly flashed diagonal line segment is combined with a set of auxiliary lines (the context pattern) to yield the perception of a connected, three-dimensional object, it can be identified more accurately than when the context pattern yields a flatter, fragmented perception. This is the object-superiority effect (Weisstein & Harris, 1974). The present experiments utilized six context patterns that yielded significantly different ratings of perceived depth, and three context patterns that yielded significantly different ratings of perceived connectedness. Observers judged which of two target lines was presented; the line was briefly flashed alone or was accompanied by one of the nine context patterns. The context pattern appeared simultaneously or followed the target by a delay of 30 to 270 msec. Results showed that both the variations in perceived depth and the variations in perceived connectedness produced differences in metacontrast functions. Visual response to different spatial frequencies was also tested by blurring the stimuli — thus diminishing visual response to high spatial frequencies. Results showed that blurring the stimuli had dramatic effects on the temporal functions of accuracy versus delay of the context patterns varying in perceived depth (metacontrast functions): the functions for the patterns rated higher in depth became more like those for the flatter patterns. The differences in the metacontrast functions produced by connected versus fragmented patterns were maintained under image blurring. These results were closely related to the way perceived depth and connectedness ratings diminished as the context patterns were blurred. Our findings suggest that the visual channels that respond to high and low spatial frequencies also have different temporal responses to apparent three-dimensionality and connectedness.
Impact of Varying Flight Training Criteria on Flight Task Transfer Performance
Authors: Nataupsky Mark , McCloy Thomas M. , Bermudez John M. , Tirnan Valentin W. , Buchta Villiam G. , Seeber Craig M. , Colabufo Janes J.
Published: July 2017

Recent studies have shown that criterion levels established in training directly affect later performance of subjects on experimental tasks. Approximately 20% of variance can be explained by these criteria. The purpose of this study was to determine if a similar relationship can be found in transfer of training situations. Twenty male Air Force Academy cadets were trained to one of two multiple criteria levels on a difficult flight manuever in a GAT-1 simulator. There was a easy criterion set and a more difficult criterion set. These two sets consisted of holding prescribed performance parameters in heading, vertical velocity, and altitude. After achieving their assigned criterion, all cadets in each of the two groups were then tested on the same task in a GAT-1 simulator, but this time the maneuver had to be performed under turbulent wind conditions. This wind condition served as the transfer task. Half of the cadets in each group had the same criterion in both the training and the transfer task. The other cadets had different criteria in the training and transfer tasks. Thus there were four experimental groups: easy-easy, easy-difficult, difficult-easy, difficult-difficult. One control group had the easy criterion while the other control group had the difficult criterion. There were five cadets in each control group. The dependent measure was the Transfer Effectiveness Ratio (TER), derived from trials of this criterion data. This index is an estimate of the amount of time saved in learning a transfer task when performance is adjusted to that of a control group. Several analyses of various tasks of derived scores yielded significant results, confirming that criterion levels established in training carry over to transfer of training situations. Moreover, the data showed consistency in accounting for 20% or more of the variance.
Modelling Choice Decision Time
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: July 2017

A power/exponential law of choice reaction time is proposed as an alternative to the classical Hick-Hyman's law and the Sternberg's law of memory search. A reanalysis of some experimental data, including those by Hick, Hyman and Sternberg, indicates that this alternative law provides at least as good fits to experimental data as do the Hick-Hyman's and Sternberg's laws. Some important implications of this finding are pointed out concerning the rate of change of information and the nature of the memory search process for the Sternberg's paradigm.
Innovative Approaches to Employment of Blind Persons through the Application of Sensory Aids Technology
Authors: Van Horn Daniel N. , Phillips Susan H.
Published: July 2017

Sensory Aids Foundation, a private nonprofit corporation has been involved in the application of rehabilitation engineering and sensory aids technology to the solution of employment problems for sensory and physically disabled people for five years. During that time over two hundred people have been placed in a variety of jobs. The key factor in ensuring the success of the placement of our blind clients has been the identification of appropriate sensory aids to assist the blind worker in accessing what is traditionally alternative forms of sensory information. This paper will discuss two situations where totally blind individuals are using sensory aids to perform competitively.
An Overview of Human Factors Research Sponsored by the U.S. Bureau of Mines
Authors: Peay James M.
Published: July 2017

The Bureau's Human Factors research effort is part of the Industrial Hazards Research Program. The Bureau has adopted a broad view of human factors to include training and organizational-social research, as well as the traditional man/machine/work system. The Bureau is responsible for health and safety research for all underground and surface mines in the United States.
Voice Entry for Reducing Pilot Workload
Authors: Mountford S. Joy , North R. A.
Published: July 2017

An experiment was conducted to assess the potential improvement in operator performance when data entry is performed by voice input over keyboard input. In a workload condition simulating manual/visual time sharing of two tasks (tracking and radio channel changing) performance on both tasks are significantly improved when operators switched to voice input for the data entry task. Results are discussed in light of the potential of voice recognition systems for the future fighter cockpit.
An Evaluation of the Strengths, Weaknesses and Uses of Voice Input Devices
Authors: Cochran David J. , Riley Michael W. , Stewart Laura A.
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the function of systems which are now available for voice input into computer memory. Strengths of present systems are discussed along with their weaknesses. Situations in which a voice data entry system is appropriate are explored as well as those system requirements which make voice input device systems feasible.

One voice input device is tested in an industrial situation. The system is compared to two other methods of data entry on the basis of data entry time, total task time, and on error rate. The voice system shows longer entry time when compared with standard keyboarding but with higher accuracy. When the voice system is allowed to function to its potential by eliminating intermediate steps in the process, it is more efficient and more accurate.

Tests conducted have shown that the maximum number of entries per minute over a very short duration (10 sec.) was about fifty-five. In an eight-minute sustained test, rates of about forty entries per minute were possible, but in long-term, the rate dropped to about 26 entries per minute. With proper coding and use on tasks where some components can be shortened or eliminated, the voice can be better than the keyboard.
Space Shuttle/Orbiter EVA and EVA Provisions
Authors: Goodman Jerry R.
Published: July 2017

Extravehicular activity (EVA) has proved its usefulness and benefit in previous manned space-flight programs. The Space Shuttle Program has adopted EVA as a “built-in” means to support various basic mission objectives and to provide the ability to react positively to contingencies as they occur. The Orbiter has applied this EVA to backup critical systems design, primarily that associated with payload bay door operations. This paper outlines overall and Orbiter EVA capabilities and describes the EVA system.
The Assembly of Large Structures in Space: An Evaluation of Hardware Configurations and Assembly Techniques through Neutral Buoyancy Simulation
Authors: Loughead Tomas E. , Pruett Edwin C.
Published: July 2017

The implementation of NASA's Space Transportation System (STS) presents the opportunity for the on-orbit assembly of structures which, before the advent of multi-launch missions, were not possible because of their physical size.

This report presents the results of an eight-month effort in the investigation of assembly techniques and hardware configurations used in assembly of the basic tetrahedral cell by A7LB pressure-suited subjects in Marshall Space Flight Center's Neutral Bouyancy Simulator.

Eleven subjects participated in assembly procedures which investigated two types of structural members and two configurations of attachment hardware. The assembly was accomplished through extra-vehicular activity (EVA) only, EVA with simulated manned maneuvering unit (MMU), and EVA with simulated MMU and simulated remote manipulator system (RMS). Assembly times as low as 10.20 minutes per tetrahedron were achieved.
A Comparison of Visual Acuity Performance between a Binocular Night Vision Goggle and Two Types of Monocular Night Vision Goggles
Authors: Waters Robert M. , Avery Larry W.
Published: July 2017

Two experiments were run comparing the operational binoculars AN/PVS-5 Night Vision Goggles with two monocular low cost night vision goggles using newer light intensification techniques. No decrement in performance was noted in visual acuity or depth perception with the monocular low cost goggles; an improved capability was noted with the new goggles in low light level conditions.
Non-Obtrusive Techniques for Monitoring Operator Performance in Nuclear Power Plant Simulators
Authors: Lund Linda O. , Sherwood Catherine
Published: July 2017

In order to more completely understand and quantify operator actions in nuclear power plant control rooms, many governmental and industry groups are performing experiments at NPP simulator sites. The variables effecting operator performance at these simulator sites include both observable motor actions, and non-observable cognitive functions.

We have been successful in developing non-obtrusive graphic techniques which allow a team of trained observers to monitor operator actions while allowing the operators to use the same “tracking tool” during their training. In open-ended interviews following each training session, operators and teachers compared results and discussed differences. Operator “reasons” were assessed against the recorded graphics with resulting information on both motor and cognitive functioning.

This paper will present the concepts used for the development of this and other experimental tools. We will also discuss the need to first perform open-ended interviews and the development of interpretive information. Once this qualitative type of information about the human behavior under study is determined, more direct questioning and descriptive interviews are developed.
A Model to Measure Bombardier/Navigator Performance During Radar Navigation in Device 2F114, A-6E Weapon System Trainer
Authors: Mixon Ted R.
Published: July 2017

This research modeled a performance measurement system for the Bombardier/Navigator (B/N) Fleet Replacement Squadron (FRS) student during low level radar navigation flight in the Navy A-6E Weapon System Trainer. The model was designed to determine student skill acquisition measures for the purpose of providing information for decision-making by the squadron instructor and training manager. Model formulation methodology was based on a literature review of aircrew performance measurement from 1962-1980 and an analytical task analysis of the B/N's duties. Over 50 currently accessible candidate measures were listed and a proposal was made for a competitive exercise (Derby) using A-6E fleet aircrews flying preprogrammed routes to establish performance standards using the candidate measures. Multivariate discriminate analysis was recommended for measure reduction. A sequential sampling decision model selected for evaluation provided fixed decisional error rates for successful training termination decisions and utilized both objective and subjective performance measures. Several display formats were recommended for use in debriefing.
Lamps for Lighting People
Authors: Chao Anne , Mansville Johns , Bennett Corwin A.
Published: July 2017

Six light sources were judged by 60 subjects of three racial groups in terms of their facial acceptability. Over all subjects the sources from greatest to least acceptability were incandescent, warm white fluorescent, cool white fluorescent, metal halide, high pressure sodium and low pressure sodium. No race liked low pressure sodium. Non-whites did not care for high pressure sodium.
Person-Computer Interface using Touch Screen Devices
Authors: Pfauth Mike , Priest John
Published: July 2017

Within recent years, the advent of microprocessor technology and reduction in cost of optical electronic devices has allowed Touch Screen Devices (TSD's) to become a viable option for person-computer interface. Basically, TSD's consist of any of a number of different technologies that can overlay a CRT which permits an operator to make a selection by touching a predesignated area of the CRT screen. To date, the authors have performed a literature search, user interviews and field evaluations of TSD's and have noted a variety of advantages/disadvantages associated with the technologies available and problems with the selection/implementation of TSD's.
Optimum Control Heights for Sitting Crosslegged and Kneeling
Authors: Conway Ernest J. , Helander Martin , Curtin Richard
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to assess comfortable heights for manually operated control levers on underground mining machines for operators who either sit crosslegged or kneel. Two groups of subjects (students and human factors experts) adjusted horizontal and vertical lever controls with either 5 1b or 15 1b resistance in the two work postures. The results showed a significant difference between the groups of subjects. This difference is discussed and comfortable control heights are recommended.
Performance Predicted from Baseline Autonomic Functioning
Authors: Gawron Valerie J. , Porges Stephen W.
Published: July 2017

The relationship of several traditional and two new physiological measures to performance was examined. The physiological measures included heart and respiration periods, heart rate variability, skin conductance, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, Cw, V, and a modified Ā. Cw and V were derived from cross-spectral analysis of heart period and respiration and represent a new quantitative approach to psychophysiological measurement. The performance estimates were the number, mean latency, and latency variability of correct and incorrect responses, and percent of correct responses that occurred during the last half of a four-minute delayed-digit cancellation task. All physiological performance measures were recorded over a 20-minute period from 70 military recruits. Skin conductance, heart periods, respiration, and measures derived from these were based on simultaneous two-minute recordings. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated between each performance and physiological measure. Heart and respiration periods, Ā, Cw, and diastolic blood pressure were each reliably related to several performance estimates.
Selection of Remotely Labeled Switch Functions During Dual Task Performance
Authors: Hottman Stephen B.
Published: July 2017

Research was conducted to determine the optimal qualities of a controller to select menus on an interactive display. The menu selection controllers were an eight-position joystick, a 3x3 keyboard and a 2×4 keyboard. The experimental task involved subjects centering a cursor on a CRT display with a joystick while periodically engaged in a menu selection task with the left hand without observing the controllers. The study investigated type of controller and movement position effect on response time and positioning errors when selecting menus. The selection locations on the menu were all sequentially numbered.

Results of this study indicate that mean response time did not vary across controllers used or movements performed. However, positioning errors using the joystick was found to be significantly higher than for the keyboards. Results indicate that of the equipment studied in these experiments the 3×3 keyboard should be used and menu positions should be in a sequential order.
Implications of Post-Stimulus Cueing of Response Options for The Design of Function Keyboards
Authors: Hollingsworth Sam R. , Dray Susan M.
Published: July 2017

Two experiments explored the potential benefits of using backlighting to limit the complexity of selecting among keys on a function keyboard. Reaction time data indicated that the pattern of backlighting can provide assistance in locating target function keys even if the lighting cues are not presented until after the response process begins.
The Bed and Its Human Factors Aspects
Authors: Israelski Edmond W.
Published: July 2017

Activities performed requiring the use of the bed were investigated where their frequency of occurrence and their potential for physical stress of the bed were analyzed. A total of 35 bed related activities, in addition to sleeping, were reported through the use of a questionnaire survey of 92 middle class adults. Implications for bed design criteria are discussed.
An Update on Occupational Vibration and Worker's Health
Authors: Beshir M.Y. , Ramsey J.D.
Published: July 2017

The present paper provides an update on the different health effects associated with exposure to vibrational environment. Information concerning diagnosis and treatment of vibration diseases are also provided in the paper.
Task Analysis and Attributes Specification in Augmented Office Systems
Authors: Olsen Richard A.
Published: July 2017

Office automation or office augmentation with new computer-based technology requires a more thorough system-wide task analysis than is often done with the implementation of a new system. The physical, social, psychological, and prestige aspects of many of the new systems being developed in offices are not fully understood. Piecemeal implementation in one area, such as word-processing, may not improve productivity of the overall operation because the demands on people have not been assessed. An example is discussed, showing the controversy in office desk heights, which seems trivial, but the implications are important and apparently are not being widely appreciated.