bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Helminths of India. Trematoda III
Authors: Bhalerao G. D.
Published: June 2009

In the case of the species Pleurogenes gastroporus observations are recorded in regard to the excretory pore, the position of the receptaculum seminis and the shell gland and the relative size of the suckers. The tendency to form new subspecies is deprecated.

The new species Ganeo korkei has been described and separated from the allied species. Its specific diagnosis has been given.

Ganeo tigrinum has been recorded from Rana tigrina in Nagpur.

In the case of Mehraorchis ranarum observations have been recorded with regard to the position of mouth and oral sucker, prepharynx, pharynx, in stinal fork, testes, ovary, receptaculum seminis, uterus and the excretory bladder. Measurements of the material from Nagpur have been given.

The new species Prosthodendrium pushpai has been described and separated from the allied species.

The formation of the new genus Prosthodendrium Dollfus, 1931 for the species having vitellaria anterior to testes and retention of Lecithodendrium for those having vitellaria posterior to testes has been approved of. The genera Mesodendrium and Acanthatrium have been considered to be synonyms of Lecithodendrium and Prosthodendrium respectively. Reasons for so doing have been given.

A key to the species of the genus Prosthodendrium has been given.

The species P. cordiforme from Nyctinomus plicatus in Rangoon and P. ovimagnosum from Nycticejus pallidus in the Punjab have been recorded.

The species Opisthorchis noverca from the wild dog, Cyon dukhunensis, in Calcutta has been studied and found to possess a prepharynx and no spines on the cuticle. Typical Opisthorchis noverca from a dog in the Punjab has been recorded.

Echinochasmus perfoliatus from cats in Calcutta and Muktesar has been recorded.

The non-tuberculate variety of Schistosoma spindalis has been recorded from a calf in Coorg.

Halipegus mehransis has been recorded from Rana tigrina in Nagpur and in view of the variations occurring in this species the variety minutum has been abolished.

Halipegus sp. has been recorded from the intestine of Rana tigrina in Nagpur.

A critical review is given of the various species of Haplorchis (Heterophyidæ) recorded so far. The species H. taichui from cats in Calcutta and Muktesar has been recorded and measurements of a few of its organs given.

History of the discovery of Isoparorchis hypselobagri is given and a few more hosts harbouring the larval forms are recorded.
A note on the occurrence of Anguillulina dipsaci (Kühn, 1858) on certain weeds, including a new host record
Authors: Johnson L. R.
Published: June 2009

The sudden occurrence of severe attacks of A. dipsaci on cultivated plants has never been completely explained. Goodey (1933 and 1936) has summarised the information on the subject of seed-borne infection by means of the seeds of cultivated and wild hosts. The same writer also suggests that weeds may play an important rôle in maintaining an active eelworm infestation in the soil by acting as hosts for strains of the eelworm capable of producing diseased conditions in cultivated crops.
A minimal computation of the amount of blood removed daily byHaemonchus contortus
Authors: Martin C. J. , Ross I. Clunies
Published: June 2009

It has been generally held that the severe anaemia and other pathogenic effects of infestation by hookworm in man and dogs, and byHaemonchus contortusin sheep, are insufficiently explained by the amount of blood removed by the parasites. The action of haemotoxins has therefore been postulated.
Ascariasis and Vitamin A Deficiency in Pigs
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

In 1927 and 1928 Hiraishi published some observations which he had made on Ascariasis in swine in the absence of Vitamin A. He claimed that he had been successful in overcoming the resistance of the pigs to the human strain of Ascaris lumbricoides by lowering the vitamin A content of the diet and that he was able to produce much heavier infestations with Ascaris lumbricoides of swine origion in A-avitaminosed pigs. As all other factors were apparently controlled, he draws the conclusion that vitamin A has a direct bearing on the susceptibility of the pig to infestation with round worms. Unfortunately these publications are not readily available in England and only summaries of results have been available to the present writer. But from the data given and in comparison with the effect of the vitamins on Ascaridia (Ackert et alia, 1929 and 1931 a & b) and on hookworm (Foster & Cort, 1931 and 1932), these conclusions would seem to be justified.
The Nematodes of Sheep in Manawatu District, New Zealand
Authors: Tetley J. H.
Published: June 2009

Twenty-five species of Nematode have been found to be present in sheep in Manawatu district. The species of greatest economic importance were found to be in most cases of importance in other temperate climates.

In the cases of certain species, saturation of Manawatu district has not yet occurred, e.g., in the cases of Cooperia oncophora, C. punctata and Ostertagia ostertagi.

The countries of origin of the foundation stock have limited the number of species. Most of the importations have been made from Britain and Australia.

As few nematodes of the sheep require intermediate hosts, their entrance to a new country, New Zealand, has not been prevented to any extent on this ground. Muellerius capillaris has been able to survive on account of the abundance of its normal host, which has been introduced also.

The climate of Manawatu is such that the extremes of summer and winter are not severe enough to exert complete control on the various species. Infective stages are well able to survive these less favourable periods. The climate is sufficiently equable to enable out of door pasturing throughout the year, so that in the cases of most species of nematoda infection it is possible also throughout the year.

The farming systems in vogue involve almost solely the use of permanent pasture which is mostly of high carrying capacity. This enables concentration of stock and in conjunction with continuous grazing throughout the year, enables the excessive multiplication of the various species of nematodes.

The prominence placed on the fat lamb industry means that much attention is devoted to the raising of a population susceptible to worm infection.

A prevailing practice is to introduce culls from the surrounding hill districts for purposes of fattening, and sheep from the Hawke's Bay district in time of drought. There is consequently a continual introduction of parasites in these animals.

Cattle are the chief reservoir hosts of nematodes of sheep in Manawatu district. These occur in large numbers in the district and frequently dairying is combined with sheep farming, so that they become important sources of infection to sheep in respect to some species of worm, e.g., Cooperia oncophora, C. punctata and Ostertagia ostertagi.

It would seem that the tendency in the district is towards the increasing of the carrying capacity of pasture. This should result in the multiplication of parasites, particularly Nematodes, to a greater extent than has been the case.
Some Points in the early Development of Cysticercus pisiformis (Bloch 1780)
Authors: Solomon S. Gladstone
Published: June 2009

The general outlines of the life history of Taenia pisiformis (Bloch 1780) in the dog and the rabbit have long been well known. The following reinvestigation of the early stages of the development of Cysticercus pisiformis in experimental rabbits was undertaken with the primary objective of checking or refuting the “division” of the Cysticercus described by Moniez in his classical monograph on the Cysticerci, published in 1880.
An Antagonistic Action of Sheep Serum on the Miracidia of Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Soulsby E. J. L.
Published: June 2009

A thermostable serum constituent is described which has a lethal effect on the miracidia of F. hepatica. This requires the thermolabile components of guineapig complement for its lethal action. It is apparently similar to substances present in other normal sera and which have an antagonistic action on a wide range of organisms. The mode of action is discussed.
The First Record of Human Infection with Bertiella studeri in Malaya
Authors: Desowitz R. S. , Wong H. J. , Fernando M. A.
Published: June 2009

1. A six year old child living in Singapore was found to be infected with the cestode Bertiella studeri.

2. Apparent cure was affected by use of Dichlorophen.
The Passive Transfer of Immunity in Guineapigs Infected with the Nematode Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782
Authors: Taffs L. F.
Published: June 2009

Two out of three guineapigs received some degree of protection against an oral dose of A. suum eggs after the intraperitoneal injection of immune anti-Ascaris guineapig serum.
Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. I. Demonstration of resistance to reinfection using a model system that involves perfusion of mice within three weeks of challenge
Authors: Doenhoff M. , Bickle Q. , Long E. , Bain J. , McGregor A.
Published: June 2009

The degree of resistance acquired by Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice against homologous challenge has been determined by perfusion of the animals within three weeks of the challenge, at which time the challenge-derived organisms were morphologically distinguishable from the primary infection which induced the resistance. The method has been compared with assays based on determination of the number of organisms migrating through the lung, and with perfusions at a later time when the challenge has matured. The results obtained with the three week perfusion method, showing that resistance was acquired by eight weeks after a primary infection, were confirmed by the longer survival of, and reduced egg excretion rates and tissue egg burdens in the experimental animals relative to respective challenge control animals. However, some discrepancy in challenge-derived worm numbers was found between animals perfused three weeks after challenge and those autopsied at later times. The possible reasons for this difference are discussed. The degree of resistance that was acquired was to some extent dependent on the size of the challenge infection.
Life history of Genarchopsis goppo Ozaki, 1925 (Trematoda: Hemiuridae) from the freshwater fish Channa punctata
Authors: Madhavi R.
Published: June 2009

The life cycle of Genarchopsis goppo a hemiurid trematode found in the stomach of Channa punctata has been worked out in detail. The egg contains a fully developed miracidium at the time of liberation. The miracidium contains a ciliated covering, a long apical gland and a crown of spines at the anterior end. The snail Amnicola travancorica acts as the first intermediate host inside which the miracidium passes through sporocyst and redial generations. The cercaria is of cystophorous type and is identical to Cercariae Indicae Sewell XXXV. Metacercaria occurs in the ostracods Stenocypris malcolmsoni and Eucyoris capensis. The fish Aplocheilus panchax serves as the paratenic host. The entire developmental cycle from egg to egg producing adult takes 3 months.
Studies of the relationships betweenSchistosomaand their intermediate hosts. 1. The genusBulinusandSchistosoma haematobiumfrom Egypt
Authors: Frandsen Flemming
Published: June 2009

The susceptibility ofBulinus truncatus, B. tropicus, B. natalensis, B. coulboisi, B. globosus, B. cernicusandB. wrightitoSchistosoma haematobiumfrom Egypt were examined. Eighteen different populations ofB. truncatuswere investigated.

A new method of measuring the compatibility between schistosomes and the intermediate snail hosts, the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snail, is introduced.

AllB. truncatuspopulations became infected and could be divided in four groups according to the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snails. In the first group the cercarial production varied from 250 000 to 500 000 and in the last group between 5000 and 20 000. The first group had a high infection rate of 62 to 100% and a low mortality of approximately 10% and the last group showed a very low infection rate and a high mortality.

B. globosus(Rhodesia),B. cernicusandB. wrightibecame infected, whileB. globosus(Zaire),B. coulboisi, B. natalensisandB. tropicuswere refractory.

The shortest prepatent period was 26 days at a room temperature of 26°C. The maximum cercariae production for one snail in one day was 600 and the longest duration of infection was 200 days.

Experimenting with different doses of miracidia, 5 to 50 per snail, resulted in a one hundred per cent infection and a low mortality of 10%. There was only a slight variation in the cercarial production.
The anoplocephalid cestode parasites of the spectacled hare-wallaby,Lagorchestes conspicillatusGould, 1842 (Marsupialia: Macropodidae)
Authors: Beveridge I. , Thompson R. C. A.
Published: June 2009

Progamotaenia gynandrolinearissp. nov. is described from the small intestine ofLagorchestes conspicillatusGould, 1842 from Barrow I., Western Australia. It is distinguished from other species by the small number of testes arranged in a single transverse row.Progamotaenia lagorchestis(Lewis, 1914) is redescribed. The nameProgamotaenia thylogalesp. nov. is proposed for a second species described previously under the nameP. lagorchestis. Progamotaenia zschokkei(Janicki, 1905),Progamotaenia festiva(Rudolphi, 1819) andProgamotaenia villosa(Lewis, 1914) were also found inL. conspicillatus.
Fibricola ramachandrani (Betterton, 1976) Palmieri, Krishnasamy and Sullivan comb. nov. from Malaysian rodent hosts with a special note on intraspecific morphological variation
Authors: Palmieri James R. , Krishnasamy M. , Sullivan John T.
Published: June 2009

Neodiplostomum (Conodiplostomum) ramachandrani Betterton, 1976 has been reported from four species of rodent hosts: Echinosorex gymnurus (Raffles): Rattus whiteheadi (Thos); R. muelleri (Jentink) and Callosciurus notatus (Boddaert). A comparison of trematodes recovered from these hosts revealed patterns of host-induced morphological variation taking place. Because N. (Conodiplostomum) ramachandrani shows little generic difference from Fibricola intermedius (Pearson, 1959) Sudarikov, 1960 it is transferred to the genus Fibricola and is now designated Fibricola ramachadrani (Betterton, 1976) Palmieri, Krishnasamy and Sullivan.
Effect of diethylcarbamazine on the concentration of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in hydrocoele fluid and urine
Authors: Kale Oladele O.
Published: June 2009

The effect of graded doses of diethylcarbamazine on the concentration of microfilariae in the hydrocoele fluid, urine and skin of patients suffering from onchocerciasis was studied. The results showed that a significant number of microfilariae migrated into hydrocoele fluid and urine immediately after the drug was given and thereafter returned to pre-treatment levels rather more quickly in the former than the latter. The increase was found to be roughly directly proportional to the intensity of infection in the skin. By contrast the skin concentration of microfilariae fell sharply after treatment and remained significantly lower than pre-treatment levels for over four weeks. The potential use to which these observations could be put with respect to clinical screening of drugs in onchocerciasis is discussed.
Histochemical studies on Raillietina (Raillietina) johri (Cestoda: Davaineidae). II. Nucleoside diphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase
Authors: Roy T. K.
Published: June 2009

Thiamine pyrophosphatase and nucleoside diphosphatase have been studied histochemically in Raillietina (Raillietina) johri. Thiamine pyrophosphatase activity has been observed in the tegument, subtegumental muscle, subtegumental cells, medullary parenchyma, excretory canal and various reproductive structures like testes, ovary, vas deferens, spermatozoa and vitellaria. Eggs exhibit moderate enzyme activity. Various nucleoside diphosphates have been found to be hydrolyzed by thiamine pyrophosphatase. CaC12, MgC12 and MnC12 each activated the enzyme at a final concentration of 6 mM whereas cysteine, reduced glutathione and PCMB inhibited the enzyme activity at a final concentration of 10 mM, 10 mM and 20mM, respectively. KCN and NaF had no effect on the enzyme staining at concentration as high as 50 mM and 30 mM, respectively. Possible roles of the enzyme in the parasite have been discussed.
The serodiagnosis of human hydatid disease: 1. The routine use of latex-agglutination and complement-fixation in diagnosis
Authors: Dighero Mabel W. , Bradstreet C. M. Patricia
Published: June 2009

The combined use of complement fixation (CF) and latex agglutination (LA) tests is reported on sera from 6328 patients with suspected hydatid disease; 191 were confirmed positive at operation (‘known positives’). Results by LA are related to CF titres.

Both tests were negative in 90% of specimens. Nine patients were subsequently found infected of whom 3 became positive in tests after operation.

Of sera positive in both tests, 75% were from ‘known positives’. The remainder were almost certainly from infected patients.

Half the patients whose sera were La positive/CF⋜¼ were follow-up ‘known positives’ in whom CF titres had waned; 2 were early infections.

Only 3% of the cases with an LA negative/CF titre of ⋝1/16 were ‘known positives’ and 6% where the CF titre was 1/8. The remaining CF results in the group were false positives and accounted for 1.2% of all sera tested. Findings show that a CF titre ⋝1/8 with positive LA indicates past or present infection; a negative CF test with positive LA usually indicates past infection; rarely, infection is present when a CF titre is ⋝1/8 and LA is negative. A rising CF titre and positive LA indicates current infection; reliable prognosis following treatment is given by CF.
Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan
Authors: Jones Arlene
Published: June 2009

Proteocephalus pentastoma and Polyonchobothrium polypteri are redescribed from specimens from Polypterus spp. in the Sudan. Proteocephalus pentastoma is considered to be a valid species.
Immunodiagnosis of human filariasis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis using Litomosoides carinii antigens
Authors: Dasgupta A. , Bala Shukal , Banerjee A. , Chaudhury A.
Published: June 2009

The presence of precipitin antibody and soluble circulating antigen was demonstrated in sera of individuals with clinical filariasis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Antigens derived from Litomosoides carinii and antisera raised in rabbits to the adult worm antigens were used for the detection of antibody and antigen in human sera. Of 35 subjects, 2 had microfilariae in the peripheral blood, 9 soluble circulating antigen, 19 antibody in sera, and 6 had both antigen and antibody. It suggests that 5.7% of cases diagnosed as bancroftian filariasis by parasitological examination can be increased to 62.8% by serological means.
Experimental infection of chickens with Ancylostoma caninum: migration and distribution of larvae in tissues
Authors: Agarwal R. K. , Johri G. N.
Published: June 2009

Two hundred one-day-old male white leghorn chikens (Gallus domesticus) divided into 4 groups were inoculated with a single dose of 500, 1000, 2000 or 4000 filariform larvae of Ancylostoma caninum. Larval recoveries were made from different tissues at intervals from 4 hours to 72 hours after infection. Larval migration in the heart took place within 4 hours in all the groups except group A with 500 larvae and in thoracic muscle at 8 hours. Larvae also migrated into liver, lungs and neck muscle within 12 hours and into leg muscle at 18 hours. No larvae were recovered from the muscles after 72 hours of infection. Larvae did not migrate into kidney, spleen and central nervous system throughout the experimental period.
Taeniasis, cysticercosis and echinococcosis/hydatidosis in Nigeria: I—prevalence of human taeniasis, cysticercosis and hydatidosis based on a retrospective analysis of hospital records
Authors: Dada B. J. O
Published: June 2009

A retrospective analysis of hospital records in 3 ecological zones of Nigeria was carried out to ascertain the prevalence of human taeniasis, cysticercosis and hydatidosis.

The prevalence of Taenia infection in Sudan, Bauchi Plateau and Northern Guinea zones wa 0.9%, 0.6% and 0.6% respectively. The prevalence of human taeniasis by age and sex in the 3 ecological zones indicates that males were more often infected. Because males by habit eat more “suya” (half-grilled beef) than females, they are more likely to be exposed to Taenia saginata cysts. As for age factor, Taenia infection was more common up to the age of 40.

Human hydatidosis was recorded only once in the Sudan zone and was not recorded at all in the Northern Guinea and Bauchi zones. Human cysticercosis was not documented in any of the three ecological zones covered by the survey.

It is suspected that the low prevalence or the non-documentation of some of these diseases is due to poor diagnostic facilitis and inefficient disease-recording system.
Ultrastructural Changes in the Abomasal Mucosa of Lambs Experimentally Infected with Trichostrongylus axei
Authors: Ross J. G. , McCracken J.
Published: June 2009

The normal ultrastructure of the abomasal fundic glands in sheep is described and compared with those of sheep infected experimentally with T. axei. Alterations were observed in mucous, mucous neck and zymogen cells and the results are compared with a similar study in normal and infected calves.
Nematospiroides dubius: stimulation of acquired immunity in inbred strains of mice
Authors: Behnke Jerzy M. , Wakelin D.
Published: June 2009

The development of immunity to Nematospiroides dubius was studied in three strains of inbred mice (BALB/c, C3H and NIH). Although a primary infection in NIH mice persisted for two months without evidence of a reduction in worm numbers, female mice of this strain readily developed resistance to reinfection. The degree of resistance was enhanced when an immunizing infection of 600 larvae was administered as 6 separate doses of 100 larvae given between days 0 and 11, and the worms removed by anthelmintic treatment given on days 15, 21, 28 and 35. Immunity in mice immunized in this way was manifest both as a reduction in worm recoveries on days 9–14 after challenge and also as an expulsion of established worms from the intestine. BALB/c mice were initially less resistant, but expelled most of the worms which became established; C3H mice showed no evidence of expulsion. The finding that inbred NIH and BALB/c mice acquire resistance to N. dubius offers possibilities for the systematic analysis of lymphoid cell activity in initiating and expressing immunity to this parasite.
Studies on the pathogenesis of a strain of Schistosoma mattheei maintained in hamsters
Authors: Dargie J. D. , Berry C. I. , Holmes P. H. , Taylor M. G. , James E. R. , Nelson G. S.
Published: June 2009

As a continuation of our studies on the pathogenesis of domestic animal schistosomiasis, eleven Suffolk X Border Leicester sheep were each infected with 10 000 S. mattheei cercariae, sixteen with 5000 cercariae, and thirteen acted as worm-free controls. Blood samples were taken weekly for packed cell volume determination, serum samples were collected weekly during the first 30 weeks and thereafter fortnightly for protein analysis, and samples from the rectum were obtained at similar intervals for faecal egg counts. At intervals, 4–8 animals from each group were placed in metabolism cages for periods of 2–3 weeks to monitor albumin and red cell turnover. The animals were necropsied at 13, 35 or 57 weeks after infection, their worms recovered by perfusion and various tissues were collected for histological examination and egg counting.

A most unexpected finding was the almost complete absence of clinical signs in most of the infected animals, the only manifestations of infection being a slight retardation in growth and a mild anaemia between the 2nd and 5th months. These findings were quite unlike previous ones and were remarkable in view of the large cercarial exposure doses used and the heavy worm and tissue egg counts these produced. However, the present infections differed in two respects from those described previously: there was an absence of eggs from the faeces with associated lack of intestinal bleeding, and also large numbers of worms died in the later stages of the infections. In our previous studies with S. mattheei we used the same parasite but the sheep used in the current study were infected after the parasite had undergone several passages in laboratory hamsters. This fortuitous reduction in the pathogenicity of the parasite provided comparative haematological and parasitological data indicating that the major factor in the aetiology of severe S. mattheei infection in sheep is intestinal bleeding caused by the passage of eggs through the bowel wall.
The site preferences of two digeneans, Asymphylodora kubanicum and Sphaerostoma bramae, in the intestine of the roach
Authors: Evans N. A.
Published: June 2009

The digeneans Asymphylodora kubanicum and Sphaerostoma bramae showed distinct and different site preferences in the roach intestine, the majority of A. kubanicum being found in the first limb and the majarity of S. bramae occurring in the second and third limbs. A. kubanicum excysts and establishes itself in the first limb and this is considered to be the basis of the observed distribution of the parasite in the host's intestine. The site preference of S. bramae is discussed in relation to the physiology of the parasite and the host and to possible competitive interactions with A. kubanicum.
Immunization of sheep against a virulent strain of Schistosoma mattheei using a strain of S. mattheei attenuated by hamster passage
Authors: Dargie J. D. , Berry C. I. , Holmes P. H. , Reid J. F. S. , Breeze R. , Taylor M. G. , James E. R. , Nelson G. S.
Published: June 2009

We have previously described the characteristics of a relatively non-pathogenic laboratory strain of S. mattheei, attenuation of which was apparently caused by passage in hamsters. We now show that chronic infection with this avirulent strain largely protects sheep from the manifestations of acute schistosomiasis when challenged with a virulent strain of S. mattheei.

Four sheep were each infected with 10 000 cercariae of the avirulent strain and, together with four worm-free sheep, challenged 63 weeks later with 10 000 S. mattheei cercariae of a pathogenic strain. Four more sheep acted as uninfected controls. Following challenge, the animals were weighed and bled weekly for PCV and serum protein determinations, and egg counts were carried out fortnightly on faeces taken from the rectum. Red cell and albumin turnover were monitored for two weeks immediately before challenge and for a similar period before necropsy, when the adult worms were recovered by perfusion and tissues sampled for histopathology and egg counting.

The unvaccinated sheep developed severe disease 6—12 weeks after exposure characterised by marked anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hyper-gamma globulinaemia coinciding with the passage of blood-stained faeces and progressive inappetence. In the vaccinated sheep, there was and even earlier rise in gamma globulins, but the other clinico-pathological changes were generally slower to develop and much milder in severity. The parasitological data showed that although this was partly due to a reduction in the establishment of the challenge worm population the main factor was probably a reduction in the fecundity of these worms.
Role of oesophageal glands in the digestive physiology of two rumen amphistomesOrthocoelium scoliocoeliumandParamphistomum cervi
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Hora C.
Published: June 2009

Histochemical techniques have been used to study the chemical composition of the oesophageal gland secretions ofOrthocoelium scoliocoeliumandParamphistomum cervi. Results suggest that the secretions contain numerous enzymes, e.g., non-specific alkaline and acid phosphatases, ATPase, TPPase, esterase (Cathepsin C like), β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. The role of these enzymes in the digestion of food in these amphistomes is discussed.

On the basis of histological and histochemical studies the caecal epithelium of the two amphistomes has been found to be syncytial bearing regularly arranged numerous, long but equal-sized and closely packed cylindrical microvilli. The role of various hydrolytic enzymes in well fed and starved flukes in relation to their gastrodermis and microvilli has also been discussed.
Histochemical localization of esterases in Avitellina lahorea Woodland, 1927 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalida)
Authors: Farooq Rashid , Farooqi H. U.
Published: June 2009

Specific and non-specific esterases have been localized in sections and whole mounts of Avitellina lahorea, an intestinal parasite of sheep and goats. Non-specific esterases (NSE) were found in the sucker muscles, post-acetabular ganglia, nerve trunks, tegument, excretory canals, cirrus sac, vagina, uterus and the inner membrane of the embryophore. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was observed in all the above organs, including vas deferens and sperm ducts, but was absent from excretory canals and eggs. Tests with acetylthiocholine iodide (AThChI) revealed the nervous system, vas deferens, sperm ducts, uterus, cirrus sac and the vagina. The intensity of activity of AChE and AThChI was weak compared to NSE.
Ascaridoid nematodes of sirenians—a new species in the Senegal manatee
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

Another species in the genus Heterocheilus Diesing, 1839, collected from Trichechus senegalensis, is described. It differs from H. tunicatus in possessing elongate cuticular plaques on the body surface in the oesophageal region, a cuticle-lined vestibule between mouth and oesophagus, and triangular interlabial structures. A comparison is made between specimens of H. tunicatus from T. manatus and the specimens from T. inunguis described in a previous paper (Sprent, 1980).
Bioecology of the parasites of high altitude homeothermic host-parasite systems. II. Infections by strobilocerci ofHydatigera balaniceps(Hall),H. laticollis(Rudolphi) andH. parva(Baer) in relation to sex, size and weight of Indian house rat
Authors: Malhotra Sandeep K.
Published: June 2009

The influence of sex, size and weight of the Indian house rat (Rattus rattus) on concurrent liver infections withHydatigera balankeps(Hall),H. laticollis(Rudolphi) andH. parva(Baer) has been discussed. A significant inverse relationship was recorded between cestode infection and rat size. Parasitization index and mean worm burden-host weight ratio decreased with increase in rodent weight.
Studies on naturally-occurring ovine fascioliasis in the Sudan
Authors: Haroun E. M. , A/gadir Haga , Gameel A. A.
Published: June 2009

Haematological, biochemical and pathological changes were investigated in 214 sheep naturally infected with Fasciola gigantica in an endemic area in the Sudan together with 82 uninfected controls. Infected animals showed a clear decrease in erythrocyte counts, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume, a normochromic, normocytic anaemia, leucocytosis and eosinophilia. Serum concentrations of the enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and glutamate oxaloacetic acid transaminase were also elevated in the infected group, indicating hepatic damage. This was confirmed by histopathological changes, which comprised degenerative and necrotic changes in hepatocytes associated with haemorrhage, fibrosis, increased lobulation of the liver, mononuclear cell infiltration with haemosiderin deposition in fluke tracks and portal areas and the formation of granulomata around fluke eggs and fluke remnants. In the infected group there was slight hyperglobulinaemia and a marked hypoalbuminaemia, with a decrease in A/G ratio. A slight rise in the level of serum bilirubin was also observed.
Thermotaxis in third and fourth-stageDirofilaria immitislarvae
Authors: Mok M. , Abraham D. , Grieve R. B. , Thomas C. B.
Published: June 2009

Third-stage and fourth-stageDirofilaria immitislarvae exhibited positive thermotaxis when placed in a thermal gradient. Negative thermotaxis was not observed. Positive thermotaxis may be important for the successful transmission and for directing third and fourth-stage larval migration toward predilection sites in the Host.
The effect of method of infection on the pathway of juvenile Strongyloides ratti in the host
Authors: Wilson P. A. G. , Simpson Norma E. , Seaton D. S.
Published: June 2009

Subcutaneous injection of the larvae is the almost universally adopted means of initiating experimental infections of skin-invading roundworms but, so far, the possibility that this procedure introduses artefacts of one kind or another has not been critically studied. Experiments described in this paper were used to compare the effect of (a) injection and (b) skin application, of a small, precisely counted (‘exact’) dose of larvae. Results with two strains of s. ratti shoewed that the same proportion the dose developed to adults in the intestines of rats irrespective of the method. With the same exact dose technique it has been shown that milk-borne infection of the pups of lactating rats is not an artefact produced by injectcion. Large doses (mean 4000) of larvae of the homogonic strain of s. ratti carrying a radioactive label of 75 Se were tracked in their migration to the mammary gland following injection or skin application at two different sites on the right-hand side of nursing mother rats. The broad conclusion of earlier work in this laboratory using injection. that larvae move by a local route and not a systemic one, was supported by the results. The detailed distribution of the label and of unlabelled worms of the heterogonic strain in families was, however, different for the methods. indicating that subtle variations in pathway can be brought about by the use of injection. If migration involves the Lymphatic system, then the interpretation of immunological experiments in terms of Lymphatic anatomy must take account of such procedural effects. The extent to which these results contribute to theories of migration in Strongyloides ratti is discussed.
Praziquantel adversely affects protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro
Authors: Thompson R. C. A. , Reynoldson J. A. , Riddler Cicelia R.
Published: June 2009

Praziquantel was shown to have adverse effects on protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro. Exposure to one dose of praziquantel at a concentration of 10μg/ml caused protoscoleces to die within 12 to 15 days. Protoscolecidal effects were more marked when cultures were exposed to the drug continuously by the addition of multiple doses. On the basis of these observations, there is a need to reappraise the metacestocidal potential of praziquantel, particularly with regard to the development of new drug regimes employing multiple dose or sustained release schedules. Possible reasons for the reduced susceptibility of protoscoleces and juvenile worms to praziquantel observed in this study are discussed.
Specificity of the surface aminopeptidase in Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Uglem Gary L. , Lewis Mark C.
Published: June 2009

The hydrolysis of various oligopeptides in solution by intact Moniliformis moniliformis was examined using paper chromatographic analysis of the incubation medium. In the presence of transport inhibitors, the respective peptide sub-units and/or amino acid residues accumulated in the bathing medium. Only peptides with serine, methionine, leucine or alanine at the NH2-terminal end of the peptide were hydrolysed. There was no hydrolysis when these amino acids were located internally or at the COOH-terminus indicating genuine aminopeptidase activity of the class, α-aminoacylpeptide hydrolase. Hydrolysis was negligible when the NH2-terminus was arginie, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, tyrosine, or valine. In separate experiments, mediated uptake of 0.1 mM3H-leucine by the worms in 2 min was inhibited 100% by 5 mM unlabelled leucine or tri-serine, but only partially inhibited by 5 mM Ser-Gly (66%), 10 mM Ser-Gly (74%), 5 mM Leu-Leu (69%), 10 mM Leu-Leu (70%), 5 mM Leu-Gly (58%) or 5nM Met-Met (69%). Bacause the inhibitions produced by 5 mM Leu-Leu plus 5 mM Met-Met (79%) or 5 mM Leu-Leu plus 5 mM Ser-Gly (76%) were not additive, a single enzyme is indicated. The name serine aminopeptidase is proposed because of its preference for serine.
Dynamics of the intramolluscan larval development of Schistosoma haematobium: replication of daughter sporocysts and cercarial production
Authors: Kechemir N. , Théron A.
Published: June 2009

During the intramolluscan larval development of Schistosoma haematobium (Algerian strain) in Bulinus truncatus, two replication processes of daughter sporocysts occur. Replication by direct sporocystogenesis appears more important than sporocystogenesis post cercariogenesis. These mechanisms assure a periodic renewal of the sporocyst stock in the snail host and seem to be synchronized with the development of cercarial generations. The succession of several generations of cercariae is responsible for the alternation of high and low periods of productivity.

The scheme proposed for the intramolluscan development of S. haematobium is compared with those described for S. mansoni and S. bovis and interpreted in terms of demographic strategies adapted to a better exploitation of the snail host.
Mucosal lesions in the rat associated with the attachment ofMoniliformis(Acanthocephala)
Authors: Martin Jean , Crompton D. W. T. , Singhvi Aruna
Published: June 2009

By means of scanning electron microscopy, aspects of the attachment ofMoniliformis dubius(Acanthocephala) to the intestinal wall of the rat are described together with various changes in the structure and form of the mucosa. Attachment of the parasite results in the formation of a distinct pit around the everted proboscis and a crater around the neck. Contact between the anterior region of the trunk of the worm and the intestine of the host appears to lead to villous fusion so that characteristic grooves are formed in the mucosal tissue. Evidence was also obtained to suggest that host goblet cells may become exhausted during the course of an infection withMoniliformis.
Cortisone-sensitive, innate resistance toHymenolepis nanainfection in congenitally athymic nude rats
Authors: Ito Akira , Kamiyama Tsuneo
Published: June 2009

The innate resistance of the unnatural rat host to the mouse tapewormHymenolepis nanais cortisone sensitive but thymus independent. When congenitally athymic nude rats were orally given eggs, cysticercoids, or adult worms ofH. nana, no lumenal adults were established except when they were treated with cortisone acetate during the expected lumenal development. The effect of cortisone to promote adult maturation in the rats was compared in nude and normal rats given eggs ofH. nana. The fecundity of the worm (assessed by the fresh worm biomass and the number of infective eggs produced) was much higher in cortisone-treated nude rats than in cotrisone-trated norml rats. When the nude rats recostituted with thymocytes were given eggs and treated with cortisone, the fecundity ofH. nanadropped to the same level as in cortisone-treated normal rats. It is strongly suggested that the unnatural rat host has thymus-independent cortisone sensitive resistance to an intial infection (which is the main component of the innate resistance and blocks the lumenal establishment of this parasite) and thymus-dependent resistance (which suppresses the established worm' fecudity and may be ascribed to acquired resistance to the ongoing infection).
Polarographic determination of mitochondrial respiration in Gastrothylax crumenifer
Authors: Siddiqui Jawed , Siddiqi Ather H
Published: June 2009

The oxidative metabolism of Gastrothylax crumenifer mitochondrial fractions was assayed polarographically at 30°C in the presence of various substrates. Succinate was most readily oxidized, malate and pyruvate were oxidized at subsantially lower retes. The spcific inhibitors such as malonate, KCN, NaN3, oxaloacetate, salicylhydroxamic acid and oligomycin effectively affected the mitochondrial oxygen consumption. The results indicate the presence of oxidative phosphorylation and cytochrome systems. Mitochondrial ATPase was found to be active.
Ecology of a digenean infection, Cercaria patellae in Patella vulgata near Portavogie Harbour, Northern Ireland
Authors: Copeland M. R. , Montgomery W. I. , Hanna R. E. B.
Published: June 2009

Infections of the common limpet, Patella vulgata were investigated along the coast of the Ards Peninsula, Co. Down. Samples were taken from around Portavogie, a small fishing port where seabirds aggregate to feed on fish offal, and from 14 sites along a 15 km transect. A new method of removing larval digeneans from the visceral hump of snails is described. The bulk of the parasite material was rediae of Cercaria patellae. The stage of development of these rediae varied significantly between hosts. Prevalence of infection was substantially greater close to Portavogie. The volume of parasite material recovered was greater for limpets close to rock pools than for those on rocks free from surface water at low tide. Among the latter limpets, the volume of parasite material in the visceral hump increased with increasing height on the shore. The greater part of the variation in parasite volume recovered from snails was determined by the size of the snail. The presence of larval digeneans was associated with progressive deterioration of host gonadal tissue and discolouration of the foot, mantle and digestive gland.
The transmission of an avian filarioid Cardiofilaria nilesi to the jird, Meriones unguiculatus
Authors: Chiang G. L. , Cheong W. H. , Eng K. L. , Samarawickrema W. A.
Published: June 2009

This paper reports the experimental transmission of a bird parasite into jirds. Infective larvae of Cardiofilaria nilesi obtained from laboratory colonized Coquillettidia crassipes mosquitoes which had fed on an infected chicken were inoculated subcutaneously into jirds. The number of larvae per jird varied from 10 to 228. Microfilaraemia appeared 22 to 89 days after inoculation of the infective larvae. Experiments were carried out with 24 jirds through six generations extending over a period of 22 months and 17 produced patent infections. At present 8 infected jirds are being maintained in the laboratory; their patent periods ranging from 6 to 13 months. However, the longest patent period observed was about thirteen months. The percentage of adults recovered in autopsied jirds ranged from 0 to 40 with an average of 16. The chicken showed a microfilarial periodicity with the peak microfilarial density around 2200 hours. However, in jirds there was a change in sub-periodicity. This model in the jird may be very useful for the screening of filaricides and in immunological work.
Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale and their snail host Indoplanorbis exustus
Authors: de Bont J. , Vercruysse J. , van Aken D. , Southgate V. R. , Rollinson D.
Published: June 2009

Infectivity and cercarial production of Indoplanorbis exustus related to variation of miracidial dose (1, 4, 10 or 20) with Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale from Sri Lanka were studied. The intermediate host-parasite relationships of the two schistosome species showed marked differences under the conditions of observation recorded in this study. Prepatent death rates (PDR) were on average higher for S. spindale (30%) than for S. nasale (10%). The size of the miracidial dose to which snails had been exposed had no effect on PDR. The infection rates (IR) were on average higher for S. nasale (41%) compared with S. spindale (27%). Highest IR occurred after exposure to 4 miracidia in S. nasale infections (79%) and after exposure to 10 miracidia in S. spindale infections (6O%). The highest daily average cercarial production per snail was recorded for S. nasale at a level of 4 miracidia (1311), and for S. spindale at a level of 10 miracidia (1615). At low level (1 or 4 miracidia) of exposure, I. exustus showed a better compatibility with S. nasale than with S. spindale. An opposite tendency was observed at higher levels (10 or 20 miracidia) of exposure. Unsuccessful infections of Lymnaea luteola with either S. nasale or S. spindale indicate that this species is not involved in transmission.
Diagnostic Mr 31/32000 proteins ofSchistosoma mansoni(Sm31/32) andS. haematobium(Sh31/32): stability and reaction conditions for prospective field tests
Authors: Idris Mohamed A. , Ruppel Andreas
Published: June 2009

The existence of adultSchistosoma haematobiumworm proteins (Sh31/32) homologous to the diagnostic Sm31/32 ofS. mansoniis shown. Sm31/32 and Sh31/32, adsorbed on nitrocellulose and kept dry on the bench before immunoblot analysis, were antigenically stable for at least 4 years including storage for 17 months in tropical climates. The antigens react with patient sera in the absence of defined buffers under rather simple conditions (“humid chamber blot”). The results add to the use of these antigens for serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis in endemic areas.
A study of an outbreak of schistosomiasis in two resttlement villages near Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Ofoezie I. E. , Imevbore A. M. A. , Balogun M. O. , Ogunkoya O. O. , Asaolu S. O.
Published: June 2009

Frequent reports of haematuria among resettlers at Ibaro and Abule-titun located close to a newly constructed reservoir. 20 km north-west of Abeokuta. Ogun State, Nigeria. prompted a pre-control survey to assess age and sex distribution of urinary schistosomiasis in the communities. 210 persons were examined at Ibaro and 145 at Abule-titun between April 1988 and February 1989. Overall prevalence was about 80% in both villages, and all age and sex groups examined were affected. The pattern of infection in both villages was similar, prevalence being high in all age and sex groups and, unlike most endemic communities, the rate of infection was not significantly higher among the 5–14 year age groups. Intensity of infection was also high in all age and sex groups with mean range egg output of between 73±73 and 2016±3875 ova/10ml urine at Ibaro and between 231±122 and 1340±1786 ova/10ml urine at Abule-titun. This is attributed to an occupation-related high rate of human water contact in both villages.
Hatching of second-stage larvae of Toxocara canis: a rapid method for processing large numbers of worms
Authors: Crowcroft N. S , Gillespie S. H
Published: June 2009

A method for hatching second-stage larvae of Toxocara canis is described. Whole adult worms are processed by centrifugation in the presence of hypochlorite which allows the grinding step to be eliminated. The technique is more rapid and a high yield is obtained.
Prevalence of endoparasites in dog faecal deposits in Jordan
Authors: Abo-Shehada M. N. , Ziyadeh Y.
Published: June 2009

Of 756 dog faecal deposits collected from the road side and public places in five Jordanian Governorates 466 (61·6%) harboured parasite ova, oocysts and/or larvae. Of these, 67·7%, 26·8%, 4·1% and 1·4% revealed one, two, three and four different types of parasite ova, oocysts or larvae in the same sample, respectively. Examination of the infected samples revealed that 44·1% contained taeniid ova, 19·8% Dipylidium caninum, 19% Toxocara canis, 8% Sarcocystis spp. oocysts, 5% hookworm larvae, 1·5% Diphyllobothrium latum, 0·1% Capillaria spp. and 0·1% Trichuris vulpis eggs.