bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cohesin and Recombination Proteins Influence the G1-to-S Transition in Azygotic Meiosis inSchizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Doll Eveline , Molnar Monika , Cuanoud Gabriella , Octobre Guillaume , Latypov Vitaly , Ludin Katja , Kohli Jürg
Published: September 2008

To determine whether recombination and/or sister-chromatid cohesion affect the timing of meiotic prophase events, the horsetail stage and S phase were analyzed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains carrying mutations in the cohesin genes rec8 or rec11, the linear element gene rec10, the pairing gene meu13, the double-strand-break formation genes rec6, rec7, rec12, rec14, rec15, and mde2, and the recombination gene dmc1. The double-mutant strains rec8 rec11 and rec8 rec12 were also assayed. Most of the single and both double mutants showed advancement of bulk DNA synthesis, start of nuclear movement (horsetail stage), and meiotic divisions by up to 2 hr. Only mde2 and dmc1 deletion strains showed wild-type timing. Contrasting behavior was observed for rec8 deletions (delayed by 1 hr) compared to a rec8 point mutation (advanced by 1 hr). An hypothesis for the role of cohesin and recombination proteins in the control of the G1-to-S transition is proposed. Finally, differences between azygotic meiosis and two other types of fission yeast meiosis (zygotic and pat1-114 meiosis) are discussed with respect to possible control steps in meiotic G1.
Genetic Redundancy in Soybean Photoresponses Associated With Duplication of the Phytochrome A Gene
Authors: Liu Baohui , Kanazawa Akira , Matsumura Hisakazu , Takahashi Ryoji , Harada Kyuya , Abe Jun
Published: September 2008

Gene and genome duplications underlie the origins of evolutionary novelty in plants. Soybean, Glycine max, is considered to be a paleopolyploid species with a complex genome. We found multiple homologs of the phytochrome A gene (phyA) in the soybean genome and determined the DNA sequences of two paralogs designated GmphyA1 and GmphyA2. Analysis of the GmphyA2 gene from the lines carrying a recessive allele at a photoperiod insensitivity locus, E4, revealed that a Ty1/copia-like retrotransposon was inserted in exon 1 of the gene, which resulted in dysfunction of the gene. Mapping studies suggested that GmphyA2 is encoded by E4. The GmphyA1 gene was mapped to a region of linkage group O, which is homeologous to the region harboring E4 in linkage group I. Plants homozygous for the e4 allele were etiolated under continuous far red light, but the de-etiolation occurred partially, indicating that the mutation alone did not cause a complete loss of phyA function. The genetic redundancy suggests that the presence of duplicated copies of phyA genes accounts for the generation of photoperiod insensitivity, while protecting against the deleterious effects of mutation. Thus, this phenomenon provides a link between gene duplication and establishment of an adaptive response of plants to environments.
Bursicon Signaling Mutations Separate the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition From Programmed Cell Death DuringDrosophila melanogasterWing Maturation
Authors: Natzle Jeanette E , Kiger John A , Green M M
Published: September 2008

Following eclosion from the pupal case, wings of the immature adult fly unfold and expand to present a flat wing blade. During expansion the epithelia, which earlier produced the wing cuticle, delaminate from the cuticle, and the epithelial cells undergo an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). The resulting fibroblast-like cells then initiate a programmed cell death, produce an extracellular matrix that bonds dorsal and ventral wing cuticles, and exit the wing. Mutants that block wing expansion cause persistence of intact epithelia within the unexpanded wing. However, the normal progression of chromatin condensation and fragmentation accompanying programmed cell death in these cells proceeds with an approximately normal time course. These observations establish that the Bursicon/Rickets signaling pathway is necessary for both wing expansion and initiation of the EMT that leads to removal of the epithelial cells from the wing. They demonstrate that a different signal can be used to activate programmed cell death and show that two distinct genetic programs are in progress in these cells during wing maturation.
γTub23CInteracts Genetically With Brahma Chromatin-Remodeling Complexes inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Vázquez Martha , Cooper Monica T , Zurita Mario , Kennison James A
Published: September 2008

The brahma gene encodes the catalytic subunit of the Drosophila melanogaster BRM chromatin-remodeling complexes. Screening for mutations that interact with brahma, we isolated the dominant-negative Pearl-2 allele of γTub23C. γTub23C encodes one of the two γ-tubulin isoforms in Drosophila and is essential for zygotic viability and normal adult patterning. γ-Tubulin is a subunit of microtubule organizer complexes. We show that mutations in lethal (1) discs degenerate 4, which encodes the Grip91 subunit of microtubule organizer complexes, suppress the recessive lethality and the imaginal phenotypes caused by γTub23C mutations. The genetic interactions between γTub23C and chromatin-remodeling mutations suggest that γ-tubulin might have a role in regulating gene expression.
glo-3, a Novel Caenorhabditis elegans Gene, Is Required for Lysosome-Related Organelle Biogenesis
Authors: Rabbitts Beverley M , Ciotti Marcela K , Miller Natalie E , Kramer Maxwell , Lawrenson Andrea L , Levitte Steven , Kremer Susan , Kwan Elizabeth , Weis Allison M , Hermann Greg J
Published: September 2008

Gut granules are specialized lysosome-related organelles that act as sites of fat storage in Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal cells. We identified mutations in a gene, glo-3, that functions in the formation of embryonic gut granules. Some glo-3(−) alleles displayed a complete loss of embryonic gut granules, while other glo-3(−) alleles had reduced numbers of gut granules. A subset of glo-3 alleles led to mislocalization of gut granule contents into the intestinal lumen, consistent with a defect in intracellular trafficking. glo-3(−) embryos lacking gut granules developed into adults containing gut granules, indicating that glo-3(+) function may be differentially required during development. We find that glo-3(+) acts in parallel with or downstream of the AP-3 complex and the PGP-2 ABC transporter in gut granule biogenesis. glo-3 encodes a predicted membrane-associated protein that lacks obvious sequence homologs outside of nematodes. glo-3 expression initiates in embryonic intestinal precursors and persists almost exclusively in intestinal cells through adulthood. GLO-3∷GFP localizes to the gut granule membrane, suggesting it could play a direct role in the trafficking events at the gut granule. smg-1(−) suppression of glo-3(−) nonsense alleles indicates that the C-terminal half of GLO-3, predicted to be present in the cytoplasm, is not necessary for gut granule formation. Our studies identify GLO-3 as a novel player in the formation of lysosome-related organelles.
Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) and BMP7 inhibit estrogen-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells by suppressing p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation
Authors: Takahashi Mina , Otsuka Fumio , Miyoshi Tomoko , Otani Hiroyuki , Goto Junko , Yamashita Misuzu , Ogura Toshio , Makino Hirofumi , Doihara Hiroyoshi
Published: September 2008

Estrogen is involved in the development and progression of breast cancer. Here, we investigated the effects of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) on breast cancer cell proliferation caused by estrogen using human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. MCF-7 cells express estrogen receptors (ESR1 and ESR2), BMP receptors, and SMAD signaling molecules. Estradiol and membrane-impermeable estradiol stimulated MCF-7 cell proliferation. Estradiol also reduced mRNA levels of ESR1, aromatase, and steroid sulfatase. Treatment with BMPs and activin had no effects on MCF-7 cell proliferation. However, BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMP7, and activin suppressed estradiol-induced cell mitosis, with the effects of BMP6, BMP7, and activin being more prominent than those of BMP2 and BMP4. Activin decreased ESR1 mRNA expression, while BMP6 and BMP7 impaired steroid sulfatase expression in MCF-7 cells. Interestingly, SMAD1,5,8 activation elicited by BMP6 and BMP7, but not by BMP2 and BMP4, was preserved even under the exposure of a high concentration of estradiol. The difference of BMP responsiveness was likely due to the differential modulation of BMP receptor expression induced by estradiol. In this regard, estradiol decreased the expression levels of BMPR1A, BMPR1B, ACVR2A, and ACVR2B but did not affect ACVR1 and BMPRII, leading to the sustained effects of BMP6 and BMP7 in estrogen-treated MCF-7 cells. Estradiol rapidly activated MAPK phosphorylation including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways and BMP6, BMP7, and activin preferentially inhibited estradiol-induced p38 phosphorylation. SB203580, a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor effectively suppressed estradiol-induced cell mitosis, suggesting that p38 MAPK plays a key role in estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cell proliferation. Thus, a novel interrelationship between estrogen and the breast cancer BMP system was uncovered, in which inhibitory effects of BMP6 and BMP7 on p38 signaling and steroid sulfatase expression were functionally involved in the suppression of estrogen-induced mitosis of breast cancer cells.
Failure of rectangular masonry buttresses under concentrated loading
Authors: Ochsendorf J. , Lorenzis L. De
Published: September 2008

The stability of masonry vaulted structures relies upon the ability of buttresses to sustain the thrust exerted by arches and vaults. Nevertheless, the stability of buttresses has been the subject of limited studies to date. This paper extends a previous investigation on masonry buttresses under arch or vault loading, where the horizontal force leading to overturning failure accounting for fracturing of the buttress before collapse was computed. The previous analytical solution, obtained by treating masonry as a continuum with no tension resistance, is compared with predictions from discrete element analyses. The latter consider masonry as an assemblage of rigid blocks with no-tension frictional joints and are based on time-stepping integration of the equations of motion of the individual blocks. Results of laboratory tests on models are also presented and compared with the analytical predictions. Collapse criteria by sliding and material failure are established and the effect of buttress leaning is also accounted for.
Modelling of lake—groundwater interaction in Turkey
Authors: Soyaslan I. I. , Dogan A. , Karaguzel R.
Published: September 2008

A regional steady state groundwater flow model was developed for the Yalvac basin located in the watershed of Lake Egirdir, the second largest freshwater lake in Turkey. Determination of lake–groundwater interaction is an important step in taking proactive measures for optimal and beneficial use of water resources from the water management perspective. The geological structure around the lake and its surrounding aquifer system makes the modelling challenging. The hydrogeologic units in the groundwater system exhibit both confined/unconfined conditions: they are not horizontal, yet some of them are nearly vertical, which does not allow use of the ‘horizontal-layer’ concept of Modflow. The model demonstrated that it is a useful tool for planning and managing the water resources in the region by determining immeasurable components of classical water budget calculations, the groundwater inflow/outflow components, which are generally required for management of lakes. The groundwater discharge to Lake Egirdir through the Yalvac basin was estimated by means of the model. Two scenarios of hypothetical drought and wet conditions were simulated and evaluated from water resources management and groundwater–lake interaction perspectives.
Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Depressive Cognition Scale in Brazilian Adults With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sousa Valmi D. , Zanetti Maria L. , Zauszniewski Jaclene A. , Mendes Isabel A. C. , Daguano Michelle O.
Published: September 2008

Identifying depressive cognitions in Brazilians with diabetes can be important step to prevent the development of clinical depression, which is negatively associated with diabetes self-management. This study focused on the psychometric testing of the Portuguese version of the Depressive Cognition Scale, the Escala Cognitiva de Depressão (ECD), among 82 Brazilian adults with diabetes mellitus. The questionnaire was assessed for internal consistency, homogeneity, and construct validity using factor analysis and convergent validity assessment with the Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory, the Inventário de Depressão Beck (IDB). Cronbach’s alpha for the ECD was .88. The homogeneity of the instrument was supported by item-to-total correlations between .30 and .70. Factor extraction generated only one factor with eigenvalues greater than 1, which is consistent with the English version. The ECD’s total score had a weak but significant correlation with the IDB’s total score (r = .24, p < .05), indicating convergent validity. Evidence for the reliability and construct validity of the ECD was provided by this study. This scale has the potential to become a useful screening tool for depressive cognitions among Brazilians with diabetes.
Psychometric Assessment of the Adolescent Physical Activity Perceived Benefits and Barriers Scales
Authors: Robbins Lorraine B. , Wu Tsu-Yin , Sikorskii Alla , Morley Blair
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this study was to psychometrically test the Adolescent Physical Activity Perceived Benefits and Barriers Scales developed for middle-school-age youth. A total of 206 racially diverse 6th, 7th, and 8th graders completed questionnaires at two time points (2 weeks apart). For the 10-item Perceived Benefits Scale and the 9-item Perceived Barriers Scale, test–retest reliability (r = .70; r = .71, respectively) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha was .80 and .79, respectively, at time 1) were supported. Principal components analysis with Varimax rotation was employed to assess construct validity. A 2-factor solution emerged for each scale as predicted. The relationship between both scale scores and self-reported physical activity provided additional evidence of validity. Both instruments were found to be reliable and valid for measuring the perceived benefits of and barriers to physical activity in middle school youth.
MEANINGS & MOTIVES Experts Debating Tobacco Addiction
Authors: Mars Sarah G. , Ling Pamela M.
Published: September 2008

Over the last 50 years, tobacco has been excluded from and then included in the category of addictive substances. We investigated influences on these opposing definitions and their application in expert witness testimony in litigation in the 1990s and 2000s. A scientist with ties to the tobacco industry influenced the selection of a definition of addiction that led to the classification of tobacco as a “habituation” in the 1964 Surgeon General's Advisory Committee report. Tobacco was later defined as addictive in the 1988 surgeon general's report.

Expert witnesses for tobacco companies used the 1964 report's definition until Philip Morris Tobacco Company publicly changed its position in 1997 to agree that nicotine was addictive. Expert witnesses for plaintiffs suing the tobacco industry used the 1988 report's definition, arguing that new definitions were superior because of scientific advance. Both sides viewed addiction as an objective entity that could be defined more or less accurately.
Ethics in American Health 2: An Ethical Framework for Health System Reform
Authors: Ruger Jennifer Prah
Published: September 2008

I argue that an ethical vision resting on explicitly articulated values and norms is critical to ensuring comprehensive health reform. Reform requires a consensus on the public good transcending self-interest and narrow agendas and underpinning collective action for universal coverage.

In what I call shared health governance, individuals, providers, and institutions all have essential roles in achieving health goals and work together to create a positive environment for health.

This ethical paradigm provides (1) reasoned consensus through a joint scientific and deliberative approach to judge the value of a health care intervention; (2) a method for achieving consensus that differs from aggregate tools such as a strict majority vote; (3) combined technical and ethical rationality for collective choice; (4) a joint clinical and economic approach combining efficiency with equity, but with economic solutions following and complementing clinical progress; and (5) protection for disabled individuals from discrimination.
When There's a Heartbeat: Miscarriage Management in Catholic-Owned Hospitals
Authors: Freedman Lori R. , Landy Uta , Steinauer Jody
Published: September 2008

As Catholic-owned hospitals merge with or take over other facilities, they impose restrictions on reproductive health services, including abortion and contraceptive services. Our interviews with US obstetrician–gynecologists working in Catholic-owned hospitals revealed that they are also restricted in managing miscarriages.

Catholic-owned hospital ethics committees denied approval of uterine evacuation while fetal heart tones were still present, forcing physicians to delay care or transport miscarrying patients to non–Catholic-owned facilities. Some physicians intentionally violated protocol because they felt patient safety was compromised.

Although Catholic doctrine officially deems abortion permissible to preserve the life of the woman, Catholic-owned hospital ethics committees differ in their interpretation of how much health risk constitutes a threat to a woman's life and therefore how much risk must be present before they approve the intervention.
Smoking Cessation Intervention for Female Prisoners: Addressing an Urgent Public Health Need
Authors: Cropsey Karen , Eldridge Gloria , Weaver Michael , Villalobos Gabriela , Stitzer Maxine , Best Al
Published: September 2008

Objectives. We tested the efficacy of a combined pharmacologic and behavioral smoking cessation intervention among women in a state prison in the southern United States.

Methods. The study design was a randomized controlled trial with a 6-month waitlist control group. The intervention was a 10-week group intervention combined with nicotine replacement therapy. Two hundred and fifty participants received the intervention, and 289 were in the control group. Assessments occurred at baseline; end of treatment; 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment; and at weekly sessions for participants in the intervention group.

Results. The intervention was efficacious compared with the waitlist control group. Point prevalence quit rates for the intervention group were 18% at end of treatment, 17% at 3-month follow-up, 14% at 6-month follow-up, and 12% at 12-month follow-up, quit rates that are consistent with outcomes from community smoking-cessation interventions.

Conclusions. Female prisoners are interested in smoking cessation interventions and achieved point-prevalence quit rates similar to community samples. Augmenting tobacco control policies in prison with smoking cessation interventions has the potential to address a significant public health need.
Household Smoking Bans and Adolescent Antismoking Attitudes and Smoking Initiation: Findings From a Longitudinal Study of a Massachusetts Youth Cohort
Authors: Albers Alison B. , Biener Lois , Siegel Michael , Cheng Debbie M. , Rigotti Nancy
Published: September 2008

Objectives. We sought to determine whether adolescents living in households in which smoking was banned were more likely to develop antismoking attitudes and less likely to progress to smoking compared with those living in households in which smoking was not banned.

Methods. We completed a longitudinal 4-year, 3-wave study of a representative sample of 3834 Massachusetts youths aged 12 to 17 years at baseline; 2791 (72.8%) were reinterviewed after 2 years, and 2217 (57.8%) were reinterviewed after 4 years. We used a 3-level hierarchical linear model to analyze the effect of a household ban on antismoking attitudes and smoking behaviors.

Results. The absence of a household smoking ban increased the odds that youths perceived a high prevalence of adult smoking, among both youths living with a smoker (odds ratio [OR] = 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15, 2.13) and those living with nonsmokers (OR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.29, 2.37). Among youths who lived with nonsmokers, those with no home ban were more likely to transition from nonsmoking to early experimentation (OR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.30, 2.74) than were those with a ban.

Conclusions. Home smoking bans may promote antismoking attitudes among youths and reduce progression to smoking experimentation among youths who live with nonsmokers.
Medical Liability Insurance as a Barrier to the Provision of Abortion Services in Family Medicine
Authors: Dehlendorf Christine E. , Grumbach Kevin
Published: September 2008

Family physicians who wish to provide abortions have been subject to both denial of coverage by medical liability insurers and the imposition of large premium increases. These policy decisions by insurance companies raise questions about the role of family physicians in abortion care and about the autonomy of medical specialties in defining their scope of practice.

We review the issues specific to abortion services in the primary care setting and examine the broader implications for the medical profession. Finally, we review how advocacy and improved regulation of the insurance industry could help to ensure that clinicians who are trained and willing to provide services to their patients are not limited by the decisions of medical liability insurers.
HIV and Pregnancy Intentions: Do Services Adequately Respond to Women's Needs?
Authors: Gruskin Sofia , Firestone Rebecca , MacCarthy Sarah , Ferguson Laura
Published: September 2008

Too little is known about how an HIV diagnosis and access to care and treatment affect women's childbearing intentions. As access to antiretroviral therapy improves, greater numbers of HIV-positive women are living longer, healthier lives, and many want to have children.

Effectively supporting women's reproductive decisionmaking in the context of HIV requires understanding how pregnancy, reproduction, and HIV intersect and asking questions that bridge the biomedical and social sciences. Considering women to be at the center of decisions on health policy and service delivery can help provide an appropriate constellation of services.

A clear research agenda is needed to create a more coordinated approach to policies and programs supporting the pregnancy intentions of women with HIV.
HIV/AIDS, Reproductive and Sexual Health, and the Law
Authors: Gable Lance , Gostin Lawrence O. , Hodge James G.
Published: September 2008

The law is a frequently overlooked tool for addressing the complex practical and ethical issues that arise from the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The law intersects with reproductive and sexual health issues and HIV/AIDS in many ways. Well-written and rigorously applied laws could benefit persons living with (or at risk of contracting) HIV/AIDS, particularly concerning their reproductive and sexual health.

Access to reproductive health services should be a legal right, and discrimination based on HIV status, which undermines access, should be prohibited. Laws against sexual violence and exploitation, which perpetuate the spread of HIV and its negative effects, should be enforced. Finally, a human rights framework should inform the drafting of laws to more effectively protect health.
Why It Is Difficult To Learn Lessons: Insights From Decision Theory and Cognitive Science
Authors: Duhon H. J. , Elias J. S.
Published: September 2008

Though engineers and managers routinely express the desire to learn from previous project experience, we typically do not learn effectively from our projects. The failure to learn valid and valuable lessons from project experiences can be attributed to a number of cognitive and social factors.

Fortunately, a great deal of literature in the fields of decision theory and cognitive science is relevant to the subject. Unfortunately, much of this literature is unknown to most practicing engineers. This paper presents a structured method for identifying learning limits, an introduction to current thinking in areas of knowledge required to implement the method, a summary of the results of applying of the method, and suggestions for improving our ability to learn from project experiences.
Performance Characteristics for an Interstitially Insulated Coaxial Pipe Using Wire-Screen Mesh for Deepwater Applications
Authors: Marotta Egidio (Ed) , Kim Dong K. , Fletcher L. S. (Skip)
Published: September 2008

The petroleum industry has endeavored to meet the high demand for crude-oil products with exploration and production into ever deeper ocean waters. Under these subsea environments, pipeline insulation is essential to prevent pipeline blockage that results from the solidification of paraffin waxes that are present in the crude oil. To maintain proper crude-oil temperatures above the paraffin-solidification point, new insulation techniques with enhanced thermal-insulation performances are essential in minimizing pipeline heat loss. A new insulation concept that involves an interstitial wire-screen mesh has been developed and with its thermal performance has been investigated, which was initially quantified with test coupons under simulated environmental conditions. These results correlated very well with comparable values from a test of a subsequent prototype-pipe section. Furthermore, an analytical model has been developed that compared very favorably with the experimental results for the coupon-test runs. Ultimately, this study has confirmed the feasibility and performance characteristics of the insulation concept, and it has also demonstrated the thermal competitiveness of the interstitially insulated coaxial technology.
SOME EDUCATIONAL SOURCES OF ANXIETY IN KYRGYZ YOUTH
Authors: Ari Asim
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this survey was to determine the level of anxiety that exists in Kyrgyz youth during the years of their schooling. Data were collected from a questionnaire answered by 711 Bishkek students who were in their first year of study at university. It was found that anxiety
about finding a good job in the future was the most troubling problem of the young people about education.
CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AMONG NURSES AND HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN A RESEARCH HOSPITAL IN TURKEY
Authors: Kara Ismail Hamdi , Demir Doğan , Erdem, Özgür , Sayin Gülfer Topçu , Yildiz Nuran , Yaman Hakan
Published: September 2008

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) among nurses and healthcare workers was evaluated via a questionnaire examining CFS, sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, work capacity and education. The criteria of the Centers for Disease Control were applied. One hundred and eighty-three nurses and
18 healthcare workers (mean age 29.04 ± 5.31 years) participated. More than half of cases (n = 116, 57.7%) complained of fatigue. Thirty-six cases (17.9%) fully matched the criteria of the CDC for CFS. High income level (> 400/month) (p = 0.005) and
overworking (> 8 hr/day) (p = 0.017) had a significant effect on CFS [high income (OR: 9.60, CI, 95%: 1.98 – 46.54) and overworking (OR: 7.66, CI, 95%: 1.44 – 40.92), respectively]. CFS was also related to being under 35 years old.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BURNOUT, SOURCES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
Authors: Yildirim İbrahim
Published: September 2008

The relationship of burnout and sources of social support among Turkish school counselors was investigated, and the influences of some sociodemographic variables on burnout were examined. Participants were 214 school counselors who were given the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach &
Jackson, 1981), and Sources of Social Support Questionnaires (Haddad, 1998). Pearson correlation coefficients, ANOVA and Scheffe's test were used for data analyses. Results showed significant negative relationships between dimensions of burnout and sources of social support. Also, participants'
scores on depersonalization and personal accomplishment varied according to the length of their work experience. However, no relationships were found between dimensions of burnout and gender, age, or marital status. Findings, their implications, limitations of the study and recommendations
for future research are discussed.
THE IMPACT OF BEHAVIORAL PITFALLS ON INVESTORS' DECISIONS: THE DISPOSITION EFFECT IN THE TAIWANESE WARRANT MARKET
Authors: Chang Chih-Hsiang
Published: September 2008

Investors in the Taiwanese warrant markets were investigated to examine the existence of the disposition effect to sell winners too early and hold losers too long. Empirical results indicate that: first, both the disposition effect and house money effect exist in the Taiwanese warrant
market. Secondly, the issuance price of a warrant is the predominant reference for investors to make strategic decisions. Furthermore, subloser investors are more concerned with the new high more than with the new low when they make a strategic decision. In the end, warrants with different
issuance prices, warrants with different returns, and warrants with different market prices were found to exhibit the differentiated disposition behavior.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF CONSCIENTIOUSNES ON LEISURE SATISFACTION WHEN PLAYING ONLINE GAMES
Authors: Yang Ming-Feng , Hou Jia-Jeng , Tu Hill Hung-Jen
Published: September 2008

Online games have been growing at a rapid pace with continual advances in new internet technologies. A robust literature review revealed that few empirical studies have been conducted on the behavior of online game players. In this study the relationship between conscientiousness and
leisure satisfaction among online game players is explored. A systematic sampling produced 435 usable questionnaires for the final data analysis. Regression analysis was employed to test the effect of conscientiousness on six components of leisure satisfaction. Results revealed a significant
main effect for conscientiousness on leisure satisfaction.
CONFOUNDING VARIABLES WITHIN “REFERRAL CONTROLS” FOR CHILDREN WITH HISTORIES OF SEXUAL STIMULATION BY ADULTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR ERRONEOUS ATTRIBUTIONS FROM “CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE”
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: September 2008

Verbal and performance scores from a standardized intelligence battery for age-matched children from four groups (n = 67) were compared to discern if the depressed scores for verbal intelligence displayed by children with histories of verified sexual stimulation by adults were
epiphenomenal. The children had been referred to a psychiatric facility because of early sexual stimulation by adults, from a children's mental health service because of family problems, or from a school board for conduct disorders. The fourth group was hospital controls for the first
group. The children with nonculturally approved sexual activity with adults and those from the mental health service displayed verbal intelligence scores that were about one SD below the scores for children referred by the school board and for the control group. These results suggest
that psychological variables may not reflect a causal relationship and hence group differences should not be attributed exclusively to the diagnosis of sexual abuse.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SMOKERS AND NONSMOKERS IN MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS
Authors: Randler Christoph
Published: September 2008

Some factors influencing smoking habits have been identified, but chronotype or the misalignment of social and biological time has rarely been examined. In this study, chronotype was examined and it was found that on average, smokers consumed more coffee, more alcohol, and had less
developed breakfast habits compared with nonsmokers. Smokers tended towards eveningness and had a greater difference in wake-up times between week days and free days. Using a canonical discriminant function it was found that breakfast habits, coffee and alcohol consumption, total Composite
Scale of Morningness (CSM) score, and weekend sleep-in separated smokers from nonsmokers, while age and gender were excluded. As late chronotypes do not fit well into conventional social and working schedules, this relationship can be interpreted as a behavioral symptom of the inability to
cope with social demands.
PASSION FOR ONLINE SHOPPING: THE INFLUENCE OF PERSONALITY AND COMPULSIVE BUYING
Authors: Wang Chih-Chien , Yang Hui-Wen
Published: September 2008

In this study the relationships among personality traits, harmonious passion, obsessive passion, compulsive buying behavior, and online shopping dependency are examined. An empirical survey of 403 student respondents from a Taiwanese university was conducted. Results show that both
harmonious passion and obsessive passion can lead to online shopping dependency; passion is related to compulsive buying behavior; compulsive buyers are more online-shopping-dependent than other consumers. It was also found that three personality traits – openness to experience, agreeableness
and conscientiousness – can lead individuals to develop a passion for online shopping activities. These findings may be useful for discussing the influence of personality traits on online shopping activities.
Recurrence of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Giorda Carlo B. , Avogaro Angelo , Maggini Marina , Lombardo Flavia , Mannucci Edoardo , Turco Salvatore , Alegiani Stefania Spila , Raschetti Roberto , Velussi Mario , Ferrannini Ele ,   for the Diabetes and Informatics Study Group
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to assess incidence of and risk factors for recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We estimated the incidence of recurrent cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients, aged 40–97 years, followed by a network of diabetes clinics. The analysis was conducted separately for 2,788 patients with CVD at enrollment (cohort A) and for 844 patients developing the first episode during the observation period (cohort B).

RESULTS—During 4 years of follow-up, in cohort A the age-adjusted incidence of a recurrent event (per 1,000 person-years) was 72.7 (95% CI 58.3–87.1) in men and 32.5 (21.2–43.7) in women, whereas in cohort B it was 40.1 (17.4–62.9) in men and 22.4 (12.9–32.0) in women. After controls were included for potential predictors (familial CVD, obesity, smoking, diabetes duration, glycemic control, microvascular complications, geographic area, and antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment), male sex, older age, and insulin use were significant independent risk predictors (cohort A) and serum triglyceride levels ≥1.69 mmol/l emerged as the only metabolic (negative) prognostic factor (cohort B). In both cohorts, a prior CVD episode, especially myocardial infarction, was by far the strongest predictor of recurrent CVD.

CONCLUSIONS—Approximately 6% of unselected diabetic patients in secondary prevention develop recurrent major CVD every year. Those with long-standing previous CVD show a higher incidence of recurrence. Male sex, age, high triglyceride levels, and insulin use are additional predictors of recurrence.
Signal processing system in cavity enhanced spectroscopy
Authors: Wojtas J. , Bielecki Z.
Published: September 2008

The paper presents a signal processing system used for nitrogen dioxide detection employing cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. In this system, the absorbing gas concentration is determined by the measurement of a decay time of a light pulse trapped in a cavity.

The setup includes a resonance optical cavity, which was equipped with spherical and high reflectance mirrors, the pulsed diode laser (414 nm) and electronic signal processing system. In order to ensure registration of low-level signals and accurate decay time measurements, special preamplifier and digital signal processing circuit were developed.

Theoretical analyses of main parameters of optical cavity and signal processing system were presented and especially signal-to-noise ratio was taken into consideration. Furthermore, investigation of S/N signal processing system and influence of preamplifier feedback resistance on the useful signal distortion were described.

The aim of the experiment was to study potential application of cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy for construction of fully optoelectronic NO2 sensor which could replace, e.g., commonly used chemical detectors. Thanks to the developed signal processing system, detection limit of NO2 sensor reaches the value of 0.2 ppb (absorption coefficient equivalent = 2.8 × 10−9 cm−1).
Electro-optical Kerr effect of nematic mixtures comprised of 6CHBT and 6BOBT
Authors: Tajalli H. , Ghanadzadeh A. , Khoshsima H. , Zhalefar P.
Published: September 2008

Static Kerr effect and the pre-transition temperature were investigated for the 6CHBT, 6BOBT and the nematic mixtures, M1 (40% 6CHBT: 60% 6BOBT), M2 (30% 6CHBT: 70% 6BOBT) and M3 (20% 6CHBT: 80% 6BOBT) at temperatures above the nematic-isotropic transition temperature. The linear dependence of (T-T*)−1 on the Kerr constant is found to be in good agreement with the predications of the Landau-De Gennes model. The hypothetical second order phase transition temperatures and susceptibility values were determined for these compounds.
Glazialmorphologische und dendrochronologische Untersuchungen neuzeitlicher Eisrandlagen Ost- und Südtibets
Authors: Bräuning Achim , Lehmkuhl Frank
Published: September 2008

Investigations of glacier forefields at two sites in eastern and southern Tibet (Chola Shan and Nyainqentanglha Shan, see Fig. 1), show four different ice margins of recent glaciation (I to IV) and one older glacial stage (V). The poor weathering and sharp relief of the moraines, together with the low degree of soil development and vegetation cover, allow the younger phases (I to IV) to be assigned to the global event of the Little Ice Age. Similar moraines, with only sparse vegetation, can also be observed in other regions of the Tibetan plateau. The moraine ridges I to III are retreat phases of the maximum advance IV and can be dated by dendrochronology to the end of the 19th and early 20th century. A minimum age far stage IV is 1788. Phases with reduced tree growth can be correlated with cooler summer conditions and, to some extent, with enhanced glacier activity. The Little Ice Age event coincides with cooling periods in China and Tibet in the 14th to 19th century. In the Nianbaoyeze (eastern Tibet), a fossil soil with a radiocarbon age of 1385:t 170 BP indicates a maximum age far stage IV. The older, densely vegetated moraine stage V might correspond to the so called Neoglacial period beginning about 3000 BP.
Birds eaten by King James V of Scotland in 1525–1533, and the prices decreed by his daughter Mary Queen of Scots in 1551
Authors: Bourne W. R. P.
Published: September 2008

The household accounts of King James V of Scotland provide the first quantitative information on the seasonal occurrence of birds there, and some first records.
The club at the Temple Coffee House revisited
Authors: Riley Margaret
Published: September 2008

A club which met at the Temple Coffee House, near Fleet Street in London, during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is now well known and is considered to be the “earliest natural history society in Britain”. Probably initiated by Hans Sloane (1660–1753) and his close friends, it is referred to in manuscripts as a botanic club, and drew together some of the most active natural historians of the day. Evidence of its business was originally found in remarks scattered through their correspondence. Errors, however, were later discovered in the way this material was interpreted, leading to the assumption that more was known about the club's activities than the facts supported: a membership of forty is an often repeated mistake. This reappraisal of the documentation is made in the light of further research. Some authors concluded that meetings were merely informal gatherings, but comments in The transactioneer (1700), a satirical tract against Sloane, reveal details about the organisation of these occasions. Together with additional archival references, they show that, even when the initial evidence is re-assessed to take account of earlier inaccuracies, the club was indeed a significant focal point for scientific virtuosi and for promoting botanical knowledge.
Dvandva
Authors: Bauer Laurie
Published: September 2008

This paper considers the way in which the term ‘dvandva’ has been applied to compounds by linguists in western traditions. A classification of types based on the analysis of language descriptions is provided, and some types which have similarities to dvandvas but which do not fit under the same general heading are distinguished from dvandvas. It is suggested that the patterns illustrated may have restricted occurrence genetically and/or areally and that a full classification is thus required for typological reasons.
Ionic and Organometallic‐Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions
Authors: L. Larson Gerald , L. Fry James
Published: September 2008

This chapter presents a critical review of synthetically useful variations of ionic methods for hydrogenation of organic compounds. In practice ionic hydrogenation involves the formal introduction of hydride from a donor source to an electron‐deficient carbon center.

In this chapter, organosilicon hydrides are used as the source of ionic hydride with the goal of completing and updating earlier review work. Organosilicon compounds with at least one Si‐H bond have the ability to serve as mild‐air and water‐stable sources of hydrides and, thus, have reducing properties. In general, organosilicon hydrides do not undergo spontaneous reactions with organic compounds unless the organic substrate is a reasonably strong electrophile or the silane is first activated by the interaction of a nucleophilic species with a nucleophilic center. The organosilicon hydrides are covalent compounds that have little or no nucleophilic properties on their own. The use of these hydrides often provides a means of effecting reductions of organic substrates under very mild conditions and with excellent functional group selectivity. Consideration of the nature of the Si‐H bonds provides insight into the chemical behavior of these hydrides. Enhanced hydridic nature manifests itself in the chemical behavior of hydrosilanes.
Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure (

R

,

R

)‐
Boz
PHOS
Authors: Côté Alexandre , Desrosiers Jean‐Nicolas , Boezio Alessandro A. , Charette André B.
Published: September 2008

(
R,R
)‐Me‐DuPHOS

DABCO

1, 4‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

(
R, R
)‐BozPHOS
Radical Allylation of

B

‐Alkylcatecholboranes
Authors: Darmency Vincent , Martin Scanlan Eoin , Pierre Schaffner Arnaud , Renaud Philippe
Published: September 2008

Ethyl 2‐[(2,6,6‐trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl‐3‐yl)methyl]propenoate

2‐(Ethoxycarbonyl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐yl phenyl sulfone

Ethyl methacrylate

Benzenesulfinic acid, sodium salt

(+)‐alpha‐Pinene

Catecholborane
Copper‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of Diorganozinc Reagents: 4‐Phenylmorpholine
Authors: Berman Ashley M. , Johnson Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2008

Benzoyl peroxide

Phenylmagnesium bromide

4‐Benzoyloxymorpholine

4‐Phenylmorpholine
Direct Chlorination of Alcohols: Synthesis of Ethyl 3‐Chloro‐3‐Phenylpropanoate
Authors: Yasuda Makoto , Yamasaki Satoshi , Onishi Yoshiyuki , Baba Akio
Published: September 2008

Indium chloride

Benzil

Ethyl 3‐hydroxy‐3‐phenylpropanoate

Chlorodimethylsilane

Ethyl 3‐chloro‐3‐phenylpropanoate
S
uzuki‐
M
iyaura Cross‐Coupling: Preparation of 2′‐Vinylacetanilide
Authors: Cottineau Bertrand , Kessler Albane , O'Shea Donal F.
Published: September 2008

N
‐(2‐Bromophenyl)acetamide

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)

2,4,6,‐Trivinylcyclotriboroxane‐pyridine complex

N
‐(2‐Vinylphenyl)acetamide
Synthesis of 2α‐Benzyloxy‐8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐6‐en‐3‐one by [4 + 3] Cycloaddition
Authors: Vidal‐Pascual María , Martínez‐Lamenca Carolina , Hoffmann H. M. R.
Published: September 2008

1,1‐Dimethoxy‐2‐propanone

Chlorotriethylsilane

Trimethylsilyl trifluromethanesulfonate

Chlorotrimethlysilane

2,5‐Dimethylfuran
Synthesis of 6,9,12,15,18‐Pentamethyl‐1,6,9,12,15,18‐Hexahydro(
C
60
‐

I

h
)[5,6]Fullerene
Authors: Matsuo Yutaka , Muramatsu Ayako , Tahara Kazukuni , Koide Madoka , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: September 2008

[60]Fullerene
Indium‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization: Preparation of 4‐Methylpyrrolo[1,2‐

a

]quinoline
Authors: Fürstner Alois , Mamane Victor , Seidel Günter , Laurich Daniel
Published: September 2008

2‐Iodoaniline

2,5‐Dimethoxytetrahydrofuran

1‐(2‐Iodophenyl)pyrrole

1‐(2‐(1‐Propynyl)phenyl)pyrrole

Palladium, dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)‐

4‐Methylpyrrolo[1,2a]quinoline

Indium chloride
(

S

)‐(+)‐2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzenesulfinamide
Authors: Ramachandar Tokala , Wu Yongzhong , Zhang Junyi , Davis Franklin A.
Published: September 2008

(1
S
,2
R
)‐(−)‐
cis
‐Aminoindanol

2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzensulfonyl chloride

(1
S
,2
R
)‐(−)‐
N
‐(2‐Hydroxy‐indan‐1‐yl)‐2,4,6 trimethyl benzenesulfonamide

3‐(2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzensulfonyl)‐3,3a,8,8a‐tetrahydro‐2
H
‐1‐oxa‐2lambda4‐thia‐3‐aza‐cyclopenta[a]inden‐2‐ol

(
RS
,1
S
,2
R
)‐(−)‐2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzensulfinic acid 1‐(2,4,6‐trimethylbenzenesulfonylamino)2‐indan‐2‐yl ester

2‐Mesitylmagnesium bromide

(
S
)‐(+)‐2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzenesulfinamide
Allylboronation of Imines: 1‐Phenylhex‐5‐En‐3‐Amine
Authors: Sugiura Masaharu , Hirano Keiichi , Kobayashi Shū
Published: September 2008

Dodecylbenzensulfonic acid

2‐Allyl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethy‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane

3‐Phenylpropionaldehyde
Synthesis of 2‐Chloroacrolein Diethyl Acetal
Authors: Kvernenes Ole H. , Sydnes Leiv K.
Published: September 2008

Ethyl vinyl ether

Benzyltriethylammonium chloride

1, 1‐Dichloro‐2‐ethoxycyclopropane

Copper sulfate pentahydrate
Prepulse inhibition in fragile X syndrome: Feasibility, reliability, and implications for treatment
Authors: Hessl David , Berry‐Kravis Elizabeth , Cordeiro Lisa , Yuhas Jennifer , Ornitz Edward M. , Campbell Aaron , Chruscinski Elizabeth , Hervey Crystal , Long James M. , Hagerman Randi J.
Published: September 2008

Pharmacological rescue of behavioral, cognitive and synaptic abnormalities in the animal models of fragile X syndrome (FXS) has prompted the initiation of clinical trials of targeted treatments in humans with this condition. Objective, well‐validated outcome measures that are reflective of FXS deficits and can be modeled similarly in animal and human studies are urgently needed. A protocol measuring prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex, including measures of test–retest stability, was evaluated in 61 individuals with the fragile X full mutation (40 males and 21 females; 19.18 ± 7.18 years) and 63 age‐matched normal controls (35 males and 28 females; 20.83 ± 6.96 years) across two laboratory sites with identical equipment and protocols. Relative to controls, the fragile X group had PPI impairment of 26%, 22%, and 28% for 60, 120, and 240 ms prepulse interval trial types, respectively, P = 0.000002. PPI test–retest reliability in 29 of the participants was excellent for the 120 ms prepulse interval trials (intraclass correlations: FXS, 0.85; controls, 0.88, 0.89 overall). This study demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of PPI measurement in a developmentally disabled population and highlights its potential as an outcome measure to test the efficacy of targeted neurotherapeutic agents. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.