bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Model for Partial-Slip Contact Involving a Material With Inhomogeneity
Authors: Wang Zhanjiang , Jin Xiaoqing , Keer Leon M. , Wang Qian
Published: June 2013

Contacts involving partial slip are commonly found at the interfaces formed by mechanical components. However, most theoretical investigations of partial slip are limited to homogeneous materials. This work proposes a novel and fast method for partial-slip contact involving a material with an inhomogeneity based on the equivalent inclusion method, where the inhomogeneity is replaced by an inclusion with properly chosen eigenstrains. The stress and displacement fields due to eigenstrains are formulated based on the half-space inclusion solutions recently derived by the authors and solved with a three-dimensional fast Fourier transform algorithm. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing its solutions with those from the finite element method. The partial slip contact between an elastic ball and an elastic half space containing a cuboidal inhomogeneity is further investigated. A number of in-depth parametric studies are performed for the cuboidal inhomogeneity with different sizes and at different locations. The results reveal that the contact behavior of the inhomogeneous material is more strongly influenced by the inhomogeneity when it is closer to the contact center and when its size is larger.
Metamodel-Assisted Optimization of Connecting Rod Big-End Bearings
Authors: Francisco Arthur , Lavie Thomas , Fatu Aurelian , Villechaise Bernard
Published: June 2013

From a very general point of view, optimization involves numerous calculations and therefore a high computational cost. In the fields where a single calculation is long and the optimization is crucial, specific techniques, devoted to this task, have been developed. First, the surrogate-based models are introduced and a short review of optimization in tribology is presented. The aim of the present work is to combine both. To demonstrate the power of the methodology on a lubricated bearing, the theoretical background is first outlined. Then, the two aforementioned processes are described: the construction of the surrogate, based on the Finite Element Method well-chosen computations, and the Multiobjective Optimization, thanks to a Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm. Both are utilized on a connecting rod big-end bearing. As a result, the power loss and the functioning severity are simultaneously minimized upon a set of ten input parameters. The user is then provided with simple analytical expressions of the input variables, for which the bearing behavior is optimal.
A validation of parentage-based tagging using hatchery steelhead in the Snake River basin
Authors: Steele Craig A. , Anderson Eric C. , Ackerman Michael W. , Hess Maureen A. , Campbell Nathan R. , Narum Shawn R. , Campbell Matthew R.
Published: June 2013

Parentage-based tagging (PBT) is a promising alternative to traditional coded-wire tag (CWT) methodologies for monitoring and evaluating hatchery stocks. This approach involves the genotyping of hatchery broodstock and uses parentage assignments to identify the origin and brood year of their progeny. In this study we empirically confirmed that fewer than 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were needed to accurately conduct PBT, we demonstrated that our selected panel of SNPs was comparable in accuracy to a panel of microsatellites, and we verified that stock assignments made with this panel matched those made using CWTs. We also demonstrated that when sampling of spawners was incomplete, an estimated PBT rate for the offspring could also be predicted with fewer than 100 SNPs. This study in the Snake River basin is one of the first large-scale implementations of PBT in salmonids and lays the foundation for adopting this technology more broadly in the region, thereby allowing the unprecedented ability to mark millions of smolts and an opportunity to address a variety of parentage-based research and management questions.
In-vitro analysis of rhBMP-2 effects in human osteogenic cells
Authors: de Oliveira Eder M.F. , Martinez Elizabeth F. , Bossonaro Jeruza P. , Ribeiro Renato C. , de Araújo Vera C. , Napimoga Marcelo Henrique
Published: June 2013

This study evaluated the in vitro expression of bone-related proteins by osteoblasts in the presence of different concentrations of human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Immortalized human fetal osteoblastic cell line 1.19 (hFOB) were exposed to different concentrations of rhBMP-2 (10, 50, or 100 ng/mL) for 72 h. Cell proliferation and viability (MTT assay), as well as the expression of fibronectin, osteonectin, and osteopontin were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot. Neither of the 3 concentrations of rhBMP-2 caused statistically significant alterations in cell proliferation and viability, although the concentration of 100 ng/mL showed lower values for both assays after both 48 and 72 h of exposure. There was no alteration in the expression of noncollagenous proteins, as analyzed by immunofluorescence, when compared with the control group. Furthermore, in the Western blot assay we observed a statistically significant decrease in fibronectin and osteonectin at 100 ng rhBMP-2/mL (p < 0.05) by comparison with the medium alone. The expression of osteopontin decreased slightly in all 3 concentrations of rhBMP-2 tested; however, the change was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In this in-vitro study, the tested concentrations of rhBMP-2 appeared to decrease the expression of important bone-related molecules in pre-osteoblast cells.
A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR TANGERINE YIELD PREDICTION USING FLOWER DETECTION ALGORITHM
Authors: DORJ ULZII-ORSHIKH , LEE MALREY , LEE KEUN-KWANG , JEONG GISUNG
Published: June 2013

The main goal of this present paper is to develop color detection, and counting algorithm for tangerine flowers under natural lighting conditions to estimate better yield of tangerine from orchards, and each tree picture was taken from four sides. As a result, total of 1340 subimages of tangerine flowers were detected by the newly introduced algorithm from a sample of 21 tangerine trees during blooming season. A Gaussian filter was used to reduce noise and illumination adjustment as much as possible for better clarity to identify exactly the tangerine flowers. The proposed algorithm gives accurate output of tangerine flower detection by including partially/semipartially occluded tangerine flowers and its clusters. Finally, the output of yield estimation reveals that about 10% of all total tangerine flowers turned out to be tangerine.
SIZE EFFECTS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF NEUTRON SHIELDING IN NANOCOMPOSITES — A FULL-RANGE ANALYSIS
Authors: SCHREMPP-KOOPS LILY
Published: June 2013

Multiphase composites composed of a continuous hydrogenous (polymeric) phase and of neutron absorbing filler particles are attractive candidate materials for the design of light-weight neutron shields. While the characteristic size of the inclusions is traditionally in the micrometer range, we argue that the shielding performance of the composite is significantly enhanced for decreasing filler particle size. Within a semiclassical approximation scheme we analytically determine the corresponding scaling law valid for inclusions from the nanometer scale up to macroscopic sizes and recover meaningful limiting cases. We find that amongst polymer composites, the physical benchmark for optimized shielding at minimal weight penalty is essentially reached, as soon as the size of the filler particles drops within the nanometer range. We demonstrate that our results are in agreement with recent experimental findings and comment on the emerging potential for aeronautic and aerospace applications.
PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZING ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY STRUCTURES AND VISUALIZATION OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA
Authors: BONDAREV A. E. , GALAKTIONOV V. A.
Published: June 2013

The paper presents an approach to fast approximate estimation of conditions for space-time structures appearing in the flows. The approach is based on combination of optimization problem computation with methods of data visual presentation. The visual presentation methods are applied for analysis of multidimensional array containing discrete result data. Optimization problem solution is implemented by parallel computation in a multitask form. For some cases, the approach allows to obtain for control parameter of considered problem the sought-for approximate dependence on characteristic parameters in a quasi-analytical form.
A tooth of
Edestus
from the early Pennsylvanian of Cheshire, UK
Authors: Itano Wayne M.
Published: June 2013

An isolated tooth belonging to the chondrichthyan genus
Edestus
Leidy 1856, has been found near Bollington, Cheshire, England, in beds of the Yeadonian Substage of the Namurian Stage (Bashkirian Standard Stage, Pennsylvanian Subsystem). The tooth is tentatively referred to
Edestus newtoni
Woodward 1917, based on similarity of the crown morphology to that of the holotype and only previously known specimen. It shows some differences from the holotype, which probably represent variation within the species. The extended base distinguishes it from
Carcharopsis
Agassiz 1843, a genus which is not closely related to
Edestus
, but which is sometimes mistaken for it. Several teeth from the Serpukhovian Stage (upper Mississippian) of Britain and Ireland, previously considered to represent a new species of
Edestus
, are referred to
Carcharopsis
.
A Distribution-Free Approach to Stochastic Efficiency Measurement with Inclusion of Expert Knowledge
Authors: Khoo-Fazari Kerry , Yang Zijiang , Paradi Joseph C.
Published: June 2013

This paper proposes a new efficiency benchmarking methodology that is capable of incorporating probability while still preserving the advantages of a distribution-free and nonparametric modeling technique. This new technique developed in this paper will be known as the DEA-Chebyshev model. The foundation of DEA-Chebyshev model is based on the model pioneered by Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes in 1978 known as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The combination of normal DEA with DEA-Chebyshev frontier (DCF) can successfully provide a good framework for evaluation based on quantitative data and qualitative intellectual management knowledge. The simulated dataset was tested on DEA-Chebyshev model. It has been statistically shown that this model is effective in predicting a new frontier, whereby DEA efficient units can be further differentiated and ranked. It is an improvement over other methods, as it is easily applied, practical, not computationally intensive, and easy to implement.
Drug Resistance and the Role of Combination Chemotherapy in Improving Patient Outcomes
Authors: Yardley Denise A.
Published: June 2013

Resistance to cancer chemotherapy is a common phenomenon especially in metastatic breast cancer (MBC), a setting in which patients typically have had exposure to multiple lines of prior therapy. The subsequent development of drug resistance can result in rapid disease progression during or shortly after completion of treatment. Moreover, cross-class multidrug resistance limits patient treatment choices, particularly in a setting where treatments options are few. One attempt to minimize the impact of drug resistance has been the concurrent use of two or more chemotherapy agents with unrelated mechanisms of action and differing modes of drug resistance, with the intent of blocking the development of multiple intracellular escape pathways essential for tumor survival. Within the past decade, an array of mechanistically diverse agents has augmented the list of combination regimens that may be both synergistic and efficacious in pretreated MBC. The aim of this paper is to review mechanisms of resistance to common chemotherapy agents and to consider current combination treatment options for heavily pretreated and/or drug-resistant patients with MBC.
Synchronization of Intermittently Coupled Dynamical Networks
Authors: Zhang Gang , Chen Guanrong
Published: June 2013

This paper investigates the synchronization phenomenon of an intermittently coupled dynamical network in which the coupling among nodes can occur only at discrete instants and the coupling configuration of the network is time varying. A model of intermittently coupled dynamical network consisting of identical nodes is introduced. Based on the stability theory for impulsive differential equations, some synchronization criteria for intermittently coupled dynamical networks are derived. The network synchronizability is shown to be related to the second largest and the smallest eigenvalues of the coupling matrix, the coupling strength, and the impulsive intervals. Using the chaotic Chua system and Lorenz system as nodes of a dynamical network for simulation, respectively, the theoretical results are verified and illustrated.
Genetic Variation and Population Genetics ofTaenia saginatain North and Northeast Thailand in relation toTaenia asiatica
Authors: Anantaphruti Malinee , Thaenkham Urusa , Kusolsuk Teera , Maipanich Wanna , Saguankiat Surapol , Pubampen Somjit , Phuphisut Orawan
Published: June 2013

Taenia saginatais the most common humanTaeniain Thailand. Bycox1sequences, 73 isolates from four localities in north and northeast were differentiated into 14 haplotypes, 11 variation sites and haplotype diversity of 0.683. Among 14 haplotypes, haplotype A was the major (52.1%), followed by haplotype B (21.9%). Clustering diagram of Thai and GenBank sequences indicated mixed phylogeny among localities. By MJ analysis, haplotype clustering relationships showed paired-stars-like network, having two main cores surrounded by minor haplotypes. Tajima’sDvalues were significantly negative inT. saginataworld population, suggesting population expansion. Significant Fu’sFsvalues in Thai, as well as world population, also indicate that population is expanding and may be hitchhiking as part of selective sweep. Haplotype B and its dispersion were only found in populations from Thailand. Haplotype B may evolve and ultimately become an ancestor of future populations in Thailand. Haplotype A seems to be dispersion haplotype, not just in Thailand, but worldwide. High geneticT. saginataintraspecies divergence was found, in contrast to its sister species,T. asiatica; among 30 samples from seven countries, its haplotype diversity was 0.067, while only 2 haplotypes were revealed. This extremely low intraspecific variation suggests thatT. asiaticacould be an endangered species.
Cefpodoxime Proxetil: A New Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method
Authors: Mathew Ceema , Ajitha M. , Sathesh Babu P. R.
Published: June 2013

The present work describes the development of a sensitive and economic stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of cefpodoxime proxetil (CP) as bulk drug and as pharmaceutical formulation. Both R and S isomers of the drug were separated using Phenomenex ( mm, 5 μm particle size) ODS column with a flow rate of 1 mL min−1 and an SPD 20 A UV detector to monitor the eluate at 252 nm. The isocratic method used a mobile phase consisting of methanol and phosphate buffer of pH 4.0 in the ratio 65 : 35. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with in the working concentration range of 5–100 μg mL−1. The LOD and LOQ were 53 and 160 ng mL−1, respectively. CP was subjected to stress degradation using acid, alkali, hydrogen peroxide, dry heat, wet heat, and UV light. The standard drug peaks were well resolved from the degradation products’ peaks with significantly different retention time (Rt), and the resolution factor for the R and S isomers of CP was found to be greater than 2.
Association of the Cardioankle Vascular Index and Ankle-Brachial Index with Carotid Artery Intima Media Thickness in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Gohda Tomohito , Gotoh Hiromichi , Gotoh Yoshikazu , Yamaguchi Saori , Tomino Yasuhiko
Published: June 2013

The objectives of the present study are (1) to compare the cardioankle vascular index (CAVI), ankle-brachial index (ABI), and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CA-IMT) between HD patients with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D) or prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) disease and (2) also to evaluate the relationship of these indices with CA-IMT in these patients according to ABI levels. This study consisted of 132 HD patients with T2D and the same number of patients without T2D. The patients with diabetes or prevalence of CV disease had significantly higher CA-IMT and lower ABI values than those without diabetes or prevalence of CV disease, respectively. Although diabetic patients had higher CAVI than those without diabetes, CAVI did not differ between patients with or without prevalence of CV disease. In univariate analysis, CA-IMT was more strongly correlated with ABI than CAVI. However, the opposite was true in patients with an ABI value of more than 0.95. Both indices were significantly correlated with CA-IMT although ABI was a powerful determinant than CAVI. It appears that both indices are associated with CA-IMT in HD patients, especially with an ABI value of more than 0.95.
Visual Object Tracking Based on 2DPCA and ML
Authors: Jiang Ming-Xin , Li Min , Wang Hong-Yu
Published: June 2013

We present a novel visual object tracking algorithm based on two-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA) and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). Firstly, we introduce regularization into the 2DPCA reconstruction and develop an iterative algorithm to represent an object by 2DPCA bases. Secondly, the model of sparsity constrained MLE is established. Abnormal pixels in the samples will be assigned with low weights to reduce their effects on the tracking algorithm. The object tracking results are obtained by using Bayesian maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability estimation. Finally, to further reduce tracking drift, we employ a template update strategy which combines incremental subspace learning and the error matrix. This strategy adapts the template to the appearance change of the target and reduces the influence of the occluded target template as well. Compared with other popular methods, our method reduces the computational complexity and is very robust to abnormal changes. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations on challenging image sequences demonstrate that the proposed tracking algorithm achieves more favorable performance than several state-of-the-art methods.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Arylidene Acetophenones
Authors: Khatun Sheauly , Khan M. Z. H. , Khatun Khodeza , Sattar M. A.
Published: June 2013

An efficient synthesis of arylidene acetophenones have been achieved by using the microwave heating in comparison to the conventional heating. In this work compound 1-phenyle-3-(4-droxyphenyle)-2-propen-1-one, 1-(4-chlorophenyle)-3-phenyle-2-propen-1-one, and 1-(4-chlorophenyle)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyle)-2-propen-1-one have been synthesized by the condensation reaction between aromatic aldehydes and substituted acetophenones under microwave irradiation. The compounds of aldehydes and acetophenones were used as benzaldehyde, parahydroxybenzaldehyde, acetophenone, and parachloroacetophenone. The result shows that the time taken for the reaction was reduced from the conventional 1-2 hours to 60–120 seconds. The yield of the compounds in the conventional heating was moderate while the highest yield of 90–98% was observed in MWI method. The structure of the compounds was characterized by their IR,1H-NMR spectral data.
Effects of Using Pozzolan and Portland Cement in the Treatment of Dispersive Clay
Authors: Vakili A. H. , Selamat M. R. , Moayedi H.
Published: June 2013

Use of dispersive clay as construction material requires treatment such as by chemical addition. Treatments to dispersive clay using pozzolan and Portland cement, singly and simultaneously, were carried out in this study. When used alone, the optimum amount of pozzolan required to treat a fully dispersive clay sample was 5%, but the curing time to reduce dispersion potential, from 100% to 30% or less, was 3 month long. On the other hand, also when used alone, a 3% cement content was capable of reducing dispersion potential to almost zero percent in only 7 days; and a 2% cement content was capable of achieving similar result in 14 days. However, treatment by cement alone is costly and could jeopardize the long term performance. Thus, a combined 5% pozzolan and 1.5% cement content was found capable of reducing dispersion potential from 100% to zero percent in 14 days. The results indicate that although simultaneous treatment with pozzolan and cement would extend the required curing time in comparison to treatment by cement alone of a higher content, the task could still be carried out in a reasonable period of curing time while avoiding the drawbacks of using either pozzolan or cement alone.
Contemporary Clinical Management of Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Dinkelspiel Helen E. , Wright Jason D. , Lewin Sharyn N. , Herzog Thomas J.
Published: June 2013

Although the contemporary management of endometrial cancer is straightforward in many ways, novel data has emerged over the past decade that has altered the clinical standards of care while generating new controversies that will require further investigation. Fortunately most cases are diagnosed at early stages, but high-risk histologies and poorly differentiated tumors have high metastatic potential with a significantly worse prognosis. Initial management typically requires surgery, but the role and extent of lymphadenectomy are debated especially with well-differentiated tumors. With the changes in surgical staging, prognosis correlates more closely with stage, and the importance of cytology has been questioned and is under evaluation. The roles of radiation in intermediate-risk patients and chemotherapy in high-risk patients are emerging. The therapeutic index of brachytherapy needs to be considered, and the best sequencing of combined modalities needs to balance efficacy and toxicities. Additionally novel targeted therapies show promise, and further studies are needed to determine the appropriate use of these new agents. Management of endometrial cancer will continue to evolve as clinical trials continue to answer unsolved clinical questions.
Truth Degrees Theory and Approximate Reasoning in 3-Valued Propositional Pre-Rough Logic
Authors: Ma Yingcang , Zhang Juanjuan , Liu Huan
Published: June 2013

By means of the function induced by a logical formulaA, the concept of truth degree of the logical formulaAis introduced in the 3-valued pre-rough logic in this paper. Moreover, similarity degrees among formulas are proposed and a pseudometric is defined on the set of formulas, and hence a possible framework suitable for developing approximate reasoning theory in 3-value logic pre-rough logic is established.
A Fuzzy ANP Model Integrated with Benefits, Opportunities, Costs, and Risks to Prioritize Intelligent Power Grid Systems
Authors: Chen Hsing Hung , Gu Hao
Published: June 2013

Although growth of renewable energy is envisaged, many concerns are critical like the ability to maintain the balance between demands and supply and the variability, noncontrollability, and flexibility of the sources. Then, what will be the future concerns about the main composition of intelligent power grid systems in the future? There is no such research tackled before. Thus, this paper first finds critical success criteria of intelligent power grid systems and then constructs a multiple criteria and decision making model to help in identifying the suitable trends under complex economic performance, environmental impacts, and rapid technological and marketing changes. After empirical demonstration, the paper summarizes that the most suitable composition of future intelligent power grid systems should be constituted by “DHT” P2P grid, “C&D workflow” P2P scheduling, “GARCM” trustworthy P2P grid, and “multipurpose” grid applications in the future.
Chronic NaHS Treatment Is Vasoprotective in High-Fat-Fed ApoE−/−Mice
Authors: Ford Asha , Al-Magableh Mohammad , Gaspari Tracey A. , Hart Joanne L.
Published: June 2013

Hydrogen sulfide is emerging as an important mediator of vascular function that has antioxidant and cytoprotective effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of endogenous H2S and the effect of chronic exogenous H2S treatment on vascular function during the progression of atherosclerotic disease. ApoE−/−mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks and treated with the H2S donor NaHS or the cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) inhibitor D,L-propargylglycine (PPG), to inhibit endogenous H2S production for the final 4 weeks. Fat-fed ApoE−/−mice displayed significant aortic atherosclerotic lesions and significantly impaired endothelial function compared to wild-type mice. Importantly, 4 weeks of NaHS treatment significantly reduced vascular dysfunction and inhibited vascular superoxide generation. NaHS treatment significantly reduced the area of aortic atherosclerotic lesions and attenuated systolic blood pressure. Interestingly, inhibiting endogenous, CSE-dependent H2S production with PPG did not exacerbate the deleterious vascular changes seen in the untreated fat-fed ApoE−/−mice. The results indicate NaHS can improve vascular function by reducing vascular superoxide generation and impairing atherosclerotic lesion development. Endogenous H2S production via CSE is insufficient to counter the atherogenic effects seen in this model; however exogenous H2S treatment has a significant vasoprotective effect.
Strong Convergence Theorem for Bregman Strongly Nonexpansive Mappings and Equilibrium Problems in Reflexive Banach Spaces
Authors: Zhu Jinhua , Chang Shih-sen , Liu Min
Published: June 2013

By using a new hybrid method, a strong convergence theorem for finding a common element of the set of solutions of an equilibrium problem and the set of fixed points of Bregman strongly nonexpansive mappings in a reflexive Banach space is proved.
Protective Effect ofAcacia nilotica(L.) against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatocellular Damage in Wistar Rats
Authors: Kannan Narayanan , Sakthivel Kunnathur Murugesan , Guruvayoorappan Chandrasekaran
Published: June 2013

The potential biological functions ofA. niloticahave long been described in traditional system of medicine. However, the protective effect ofA. niloticaon acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity is still unknown. The present study attempted to investigate the protective effect ofA. niloticaagainst acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in Wistar rats. The biochemical liver functional tests Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, total protein, oxidative stress test (Lipid peroxidation), antioxidant parameter glutathione (GSH), and histopathological changes were examined. Our results show that the pretreatment withA. nilotica(250 mg/kg·bw) orally revealed attenuation of serum activities of ALT, AST, ALP, liver weight, and total bilirubin levels that were enhanced by administration of acetaminophen. Further, pretreatment with extract elevated the total protein and GSH level and decreased the level of LPO. Histopathological analysis confirmed the alleviation of liver damage and reduced lesions caused by acetaminophen. The present study undoubtedly provides a proof that hepatoprotective action ofA. niloticaextract may rely on its effect on reducing the oxidative stress in acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in rat model.
The Contemporary Practice of Psychiatric Surgery: Results from a Global Survey of Functional Neurosurgeons
Authors: Mendelsohn Daniel , Lipsman Nir , Lozano Andres M. , Taira Takaomi , Bernstein Mark
Published: June 2013

Background: Interest in neurosurgery for psychiatric diseases (NPD) has grown globally. We previously reported the results of a survey of North American functional neurosurgeons that evaluated general attitudes towards NPD and the future directions of the field. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to expand on our previous work and obtain a snapshot in time of global attitudes towards NPD among practicing functional neurosurgeons. We measure general and regional trends in functional neurosurgery and focus specifically on surgery for mind and mood, while exploring the future prospects of the field. Methods: We designed an online survey and distributed it electronically to 881 members of the following international organizations: World Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, European Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Asian-Australasian Society for Stereotactic Functional Neurosurgery and the South and Latin American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. Subsequent statistical and thematic analysis was performed on the data obtained. Results: Of 881 surveys distributed, 106 were returned (12.8%). Eighty-two percent of functional neurosurgeon respondents were fellowship trained, with movement disorders and pain making up the majority of their practice. Psychiatric indications are the most frequently treated conditions for 34% of survey respondents, and over half of participants (51%) perform epilepsy surgery. Of the psychiatric conditions, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression are the most common disorders treated. The majority of respondents (90%) felt optimistic about the future of NPD. Two thirds cited the reluctance of psychiatrists to refer patients as the greatest obstacle facing the field, and a majority reported that a cultural stigma surrounding psychiatric diseases exists in their community. In response to hypothetical situations involving cognitive and personality enhancement, opinions varied, but the majority opposed enhancement interventions. Regional variations were examined as well and uncovered distinct attitudinal differences depending on geographic location. Conclusions: Surgery for psychiatric conditions is an expanding field within functional neurosurgery. The opinions of international functional neurosurgeons were largely in line with those of their North American colleagues. Optimism regarding the future of NPD predominates, and future editions of this survey can be used to track the evolution of neurosurgeons' attitudes towards NPD and neuroenhancement.
Rechallenge with mTOR Inhibitors in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Who Progressed on Previous mTOR Inhibitor Therapy
Authors: Maj-Hes Agnes , Medioni Jacques , Scotte Florian , Schmidinger Manuela , Kramer Gero , Combe Pierre , Gornadha Yohan , Elaidi Reza , Oudard Stéphane
Published: June 2013

Objective: To determine if mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (everolimus or temsirolimus) rechallenge in the third- or fourth-line setting after sequential use of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF)-targeted agent and an mTOR inhibitor is a feasible and effective treatment strategy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Methods: Patients who received a VEGF-targeted agent, an mTOR inhibitor and rechallenge with a second mTOR inhibitor at 2 institutions (Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou and Vienna Medical School) between 30 March 2001 and 15 September 2011 were included. Analyses of radiographic images were performed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.0, to determine the objective response rate and treatment duration (TD). Results: Twelve patients met the inclusion criteria. Following 1 or 2 VEGF receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 7 patients firstly received everolimus and 5 patients received temsirolimus. Irrespective of treatment sequence, 6 of 12 patients (50%) responded to everolimus and 4 of 12 patients (33%) responded to temsirolimus; 3 patients (25%) did not respond to either. Median TDs (95% confidence interval) for everolimus → temsirolimus and temsirolimus → everolimus sequences were 10.3 months (8.8-19.2 months) and 5.8 months (2.9-19.3 months), respectively. Conclusions: Despite the limited number of patients, this highlights the feasibility of utilizing mTOR rechallenge as an integral part of sequential treatment strategies in mRCC.
Role of Mechanical Forces in Hand Nail Configuration Asymmetry in Hemiplegia: An Analysis of Four Hundred Thumb Nails
Authors: Sano H. , Ogawa R.
Published: June 2013

Objective: To assess the relationship between nail configuration and mechanical force, the nail morphology and pinch strengths of the paralyzed and non-paralyzed sides of patients with hemiplegia were measured. Methods: Study 1: Analysis of nail configuration. Both thumb nails of 100 subjects with hemiplegia and 100 healthy volunteers (400 thumb nails) were enrolled. The left and right thumb nails were compared in terms of configuration, namely the curve index (defined as nail height/width). Study 2: Measurement of pinch strength. In 10 subjects with hemiplegia and 10 healthy volunteers, the pinch strengths of both sides were compared. Results: Study 1: In the subjects with hemiplegia, the palsy side had a significantly higher curve index than the non-palsy side (32.7 ± 8.3 vs. 24.4 ± 6.5%). The two sides of the healthy volunteers did not differ significantly in terms of the curve index. Study 2: In all hemiplegia cases, the non-palsy side had a higher pinch strength. The differences were statistically significant (4.40 ± 1.90 vs. 0.05 ± 0.16 kg). In the healthy volunteers, the dominant and non-dominant sides did not differ significantly. Conclusion: Mechanical forces may affect the nail configuration and could participate in the pathophysiology of nail deformities.
Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip in Pregnancy Associated with Generalized Low Bone Mineral Density - A Case Report
Authors: Anai Takanobu , Urata Kenichirou , Mori Atsue , Miyazaki Fumiko , Okamoto Sumiaki
Published: June 2013

Transient osteoporosis of the hip (TOH) in pregnancy is characterized by severe pain in unilateral or bilateral hips and has been diagnosed as localized osteopenia. However, we evaluated a case of unilateral TOH with generalized profound osteoporosis involving both the hips and the lumbar vertebrae by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The diagnosis was based on the clinical course and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Three-dimensional helical computed tomography (3D-CT), which has not been used in patients with TOH, revealed a markedly thin bilateral proximal femoral cortex, particularly in the symptomatic femoral head. Despite the difference in the severity of bone destruction between the two femora, they both showed the same pattern of damage on 3D-CT. Furthermore, despite continuing treatment with the same dose of alendronate and calcitriol, a high rate of bone mineral density gain, involving both the femora and lumbar vertebrae, was limited to the early postpartum months. A majority of reported female patients with TOH are pregnant. Thus, the association between TOH and pregnancy was not considered to be fortuitous, and chemical or hormonal factors related to pregnancy may play an etiologic role in this disease. The possible etiologies of TOH in pregnancy are also discussed.
Retrospective Analysis of Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: Twenty-Eight Cases and Discussion of Anesthesia
Authors: Zhou GuoXia , Zhang XiaoHong , Ge ShengJin
Published: June 2013

Aims: To summarize the clinical features, perioperative management and maternal and neonatal outcomes of patients with acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) and to discuss the management of anesthesia in these patients. Methods: This study was a retrospective review over a period of 5 years and 9 months; 28 cases from the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center were included. Records were reviewed for symptoms, signs, laboratory findings, clinical courses, perioperative management and maternal and neonatal outcomes. Results: Of the AFLP cases analyzed in the present study, 75.0% occurred in primipara and 63.3% occurred with male fetuses. Prodromic symptoms included the sudden onset of fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and jaundice. Laboratory results indicated liver function abnormalities, coagulopathy, hypoglycemia, leukocytosis and negative urine bilirubin. There were 2 maternal deaths (7.1%) without fetal deaths. Cesarean sections were performed in 16 cases under neuraxial anesthesia and in 12 cases under general anesthesia with rapid-sequence induction. Conclusion: Early diagnosis, prompt delivery and intensive supportive treatment are critical for improving the prognosis of AFLP. Anesthesia selection should be individualized and general anesthesia with rapid-sequence induction may be the best choice for patients with severe coagulopathy.
Influence of Hypoxia on Endothelium-Derived NO-Mediated Relaxation in Rat Carotid, Mesenteric and Iliac Arteries
Authors: Tawa Masashi , Shimosato Takashi , Geddawy Ayman , Imamura Takeshi , Okamura Tomio
Published: June 2013

Individual vascular beds exhibit differences in vascular reactivity. The present study examined the influence of hypoxia on endothelium-dependent, especially nitric oxide (NO)-mediated, relaxation in the isolated rat common carotid, superior mesenteric and external iliac arteries. Hypoxia for 1 and 3 h had no effects on the relaxations caused by acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in common carotid and external iliac arteries. In addition, NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA, 10 μmol/l)-resistant, endothelium-dependent relaxations by ACh were also unaffected by hypoxia in these arteries. On the other hand, ACh-induced relaxation in superior mesenteric arteries was significantly impaired by exposure to hypoxia, while this condition did not affect the relaxation induced by SNP or ACh in the presence of L-NA. This impairment was partially prevented by treatment with tempol (3 mmol/l), a superoxide scavenger. These findings demonstrate a marked heterogeneity in response to hypoxia in rat arteries. Briefly, acute hypoxia induces impairment of endothelium-derived NO-mediated relaxation through the decrease in its bioavailability in the superior mesenteric, but not in common carotid or external iliac, arteries. Furthermore, superoxide seems to be one causal factor responsible for the undesirable effect of hypoxia.
Der schematherapeutische Moduszirkel in der verhaltenstherapeutischen Supervision
Authors: Roediger Eckhard , Laireiter Anton-Ruppert
Published: June 2013

ZusammenfassungHintergrund: Ein wesentlicher Gegenstand der Supervision ist die Reflexion der Beziehung zwischen Therapeut und Patient, die ein Konzept zur übersichtlichen Erfassung der jeweiligen Persönlichkeitsstruktur und deren Interaktion erfordert. Die Moduslandkarte ist eine solche Konzeptualisierung, und in einem Moduszirkel-Memo lässt sich eine Interaktionssequenz kompakt analysieren und konstruktiv auflösen. Methode: In diesem Beitrag wird das Konstrukt des Moduszirkels herausgelöst aus seinem schematherapeutischen Hintergrund als allgemeinpsychologisches Konstrukt dargestellt. Dabei wird skizziert, wie es in eine verhaltenstherapeutische Ausbildungssupervision eingebaut werden kann. Mögliche Moduszirkel werden beschrieben und Auswirkungen auf die Supervisionsarbeit sowie Grenzen zur Selbsterfahrung herausgearbeitet. Ergebnisse: Dieses Vorgehen kann den Supervisanden einen minimalen Zugang zur motivationalen Ebene der Patienten gewähren und eine motivorientierte Beziehungsgestaltung ermöglichen, anstatt sich in Moduszirkeln auf der Bewältigungsebene verstricken zu lassen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Verwendung der Moduslandkarte und des Moduszirkel-Memo kann die verhaltenstherapeutische Supervision im Sinne einer minimalen vertikalen Verhaltensanalyse erweitern, das therapeutische Verhältnis zwischen Arzt und Patient verbessern und zur Vermeidung dysfunktionaler therapeutischer Interaktionen beitragen.
Effect of Salivary Phosphate-Binding Chewing Gum on Serum Phosphate in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Block Geoffrey A. , Persky Martha S. , Shamblin Beth M. , Baltazar Marissa F. , Singh Bhupinder , Sharma Amit , Pergola Pablo , Smits Gerard , Comelli Maria C.
Published: June 2013

Background/Aims: Serum phosphate (P) has been linked to adverse events in patients with chronic kidney disease. Salivary phosphate (Psal) has been proposed as a potential target of therapy with a chitosan-containing chewing gum. Methods: We conducted several pilot studies to characterize Psal and its relationship with kidney function and subsequently conducted two clinical efficacy studies: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and an open-label trial in those with stage 3-4 CKD. Results: Pilot studies demonstrated no relationship between the level of kidney function and Psal. Mean Psal was approximately 6.46 mmol/l across the entire spectrum of kidney function. Passive saliva collection demonstrated higher Psal concentration as compared to active collection. There was no evidence of diurnal variation in Psal. Twice daily 20 mg chitosan gum over 4 weeks reduced serum P by 0.065 mmol/l in the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in ESRD (p = NS vs. placebo). In an open-label extension in these subjects, 40 mg chitosan gum three times daily reduced serum P by 0.065 mmol/l (p = 0.03 vs. end of washout). In a 2-week open-label trial in patients with CKD not on dialysis, 20 mg chitosan gum given three times daily reduced serum P by 0.05 mmol/l (p = 0.003 vs. day 1). Neither trial demonstrated any significant change in Psal with chitosan gum. Conclusions: Psal concentration is approximately 4-5 times that of serum P and is not related to glomerular filtration rate. Chitosan chewing gum resulted in a reduction of serum P by approximately 0.05-0.065 mmol/l but had no effect on Psal concentration.
Skin Microbiome Imbalance in Patients with STAT1/STAT3 Defects Impairs Innate Host Defense Responses
Authors: Smeekens Sanne P. , Huttenhower Curtis , Riza Anca , van de Veerdonk Frank L. , Zeeuwen Patrick L.J.M. , Schalkwijk Joost , van der Meer Jos W.M. , Xavier Ramnik J. , Netea Mihai G. , Gevers Dirk
Published: June 2013

Background: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) and hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) are primary immunodeficiencies mainly caused by mutations in STAT1 and STAT3, respectively. CMC and HIES patients have an increased risk for skin and mucosal infections with fungal pathogens and Staphylococcus aureus. However, it is unknown whether the genetic defects in these patients also affect the skin and mucosal microbiome, which in turn may influence host defense mechanisms. Methods: The skin and oral microbiome of CMC and HIES patients was compared to that of healthy controls at five body sites using 16S rRNA sequencing. The influence of skin colonizers on the immune response was investigated using in vitro experiments. Results: The microbiome of CMC and HIES patients contained more Gram-negative bacteria, especially Acinetobacter spp., and less of the normal Corynebacterium spp. compared to healthy controls. Exposure of human primary leukocytes to Acinetobacter suppressed the cytokine response to Candida albicans and S. aureus, while the normal corynebacteria did not suppress cytokine responses. Discussion: These results demonstrate that central mediators of immune responses like STAT1 and STAT3 not only directly influence immune responses, but also result in changes in the skin microbiome that in turn can amplify the defective immune response against fungal and microbial pathogens.
Fertility-Sparing Surgery in Ovarian Cancer Extended beyond the Ovaries: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Petrillo M. , Legge F. , Ferrandina G. , Monterisi A. , Pedone Anchora L. , Scambia G.
Published: June 2013

Background: Much attention has been recently focused on the role of fertility-sparing surgery in patients with ovarian cancer. However, few data are currently available on the feasibility of conservative approaches in women with disease extending beyond the ovaries. Aim: This review article aims at summarizing the oncologic and obstetric outcome of patients with stage II-III ovarian cancer treated with fertility-sparing surgery. We also describe a successful conservative management of a stage IIC endometrioid ovarian carcinoma. Methods: A literature search through Medline was carried out to locate published articles using the following keywords for selection: ‘Fertility-sparing surgery and ovarian cancer'. From every single case series, we retrieved data on patients with stage II-III disease submitted to conservative surgery. Results: We identified 21 patients with stage II-III disease receiving fertility-sparing surgery. Recurrent disease was observed in 9 women (42.8%), and 5 (23.8%) of them died of disease. In contrast, a successful obstetric outcome has been reported in 3 cases (14.2%). Conclusions: Radical surgical staging remains the standard of care for all women with stage II-III disease. A fertility-sparing approach may be considered only in the presence of a favorable histology and a very strong fertility desire.
A Case of Foreign-Body Granuloma of the Glabella due to Polyacrylamide Filler and an Intractable Ulcer after Skin Biopsy: An Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Inflammatory Changes
Authors: Park Kio , Nishiwaki Fuyuko , Kabashima Kenji , Miyachi Yoshiki
Published: June 2013

Introduction: Polyacrylamide hydrogel has been considered a safe and biocompatible soft tissue filler, and it has been widely used in cosmetic procedures. However, recent studies have revealed some complications with polyacrylamide filler injections. Case Report: We present the case of foreign-body granulomas of the glabella, which subsequently formed an infectious ulcer 3 years after a polyacrylamide injection. An immunohistochemical evaluation of the foreign-body granulomas was performed in order to study the relationship between foreign-body granulomas and immune response. Conclusion: We believe that our analysis of foreign-body granulomas 1 and 3 years after a filler injection may contribute to revealing the mechanism of chronic and intractable infections after filler injections.
Aniridia Associated with Lens Coloboma and Secondary Glaucoma Treated with Transcorneal Argon Laser Ciliary Body Photocoagulation: A Case Report
Authors: Sbordone Sandro , Romano Vito , Savastano Alfonso , Piccirillo Valerio , Savastano Maria Cristina , Bifani Mario
Published: June 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe the management of cataract and refractory glaucoma in a case of congenital aniridia (AN)-1. Methods: In an 18-year-old female patient affected by congenital AN, bilateral coloboma of the zonula and lens, cataract and glaucoma, pars plana vitrectomy, cataract extraction and subsequent transcorneal ciliary body argon laser photocoagulation were performed. Results: Five years after laser treatment, the best-corrected visual acuity was 20/50 and the intraocular pressure was stable at 18 mm Hg with topical pharmacological management consisting of timolol 0.5% and latanoprost 0.005%. Conclusions: From our experience, transcorneal ciliary body photocoagulation after cataract extraction and vitrectomy could be a useful technique to manage high ocular pressure in eyes affected by congenital AN.
T1 Colorectal Cancer with Synchronous Liver Metastasis
Authors: Sugimoto Kiichi , Kawai Masaya , Takehara Kazuhiro , Tashiro Yoshihiko , Munakata Shinya , Ishiyama Shun , Komiyama Hiromitsu , Takahashi Makoto , Kojima Yutaka , Goto Michitoshi , Tomiki Yuichi , Sakamoto Kazuhiro , Kawasaki Seiji
Published: June 2013

The patient was a 68-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital with a liver tumor. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed a liver tumor 30 mm in diameter. On colonoscopy, a pedunculated tumor with a central depression (20 mm in diameter) was observed in the ascending colon, and this tumor was considered to be invading deeply into the submucosal layer. Right hemicolectomy with D3 lymphadenectomy and partial hepatectomy were performed simultaneously. On histopathological examination of the resected specimen, the tumor was a well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma with 3,000 μm invasion of the submucosal layer. The liver tumor showed histological findings similar to those of the primary colorectal carcinoma. The pathological stage according to the 7th edition of the TNM classification was stage IV (T1N0M1). Nine months after the operation, computed tomography revealed hepatic hilar lymph node metastases and a great deal of ascites. The patient ultimately died 14 months after the operation.