bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond larks and owls: Revisiting the circadian typology using the MESSi scale and a cluster‐based approach
Authors: Gorgol Joanna , Randler Christoph , Stolarski Maciej , Kalb Nadine
Published: December 2024

Chronopsychological research typically applied the morningness‐eveningness dimension, resulting in a distinction between morning, intermediate, and evening chronotypes. However, in recent years, new measures have been developed that transcend the traditional "morning larks" vs. "night owls" dichotomy and better capture the complexity of individual differences in circadian rhythmicity. One such measure that addresses the multidimensional character of the circadian rhythm is the Morningness‐Eveningness‐Stability Scale improved (MESSi) which comprises three dimensions: morning affect, eveningness, and distinctness. However, delineating specific chronotypes using the cut‐off points, as was commonly done for other established scales, is not possible in the case of MESSi due to its multidimensionality. In the present paper, we provide a first attempt to introduce a cluster‐based approach to deal with MESSi scores. For this purpose, we determined the number of clusters to be extracted using data from our previous study conducted in Poland (N = 1106). Next, we attempted to replicate this cluster solution in another Polish sample (N = 768) and a German sample (N = 637). Finally, we also intended to illustrate how individuals assigned to the established clusters differ in terms of sleep parameters and other differential variables such as positive and negative affect, personality traits, depressive and anxiety symptoms, self‐regulation, and self‐efficacy. After segmenting MESSi scores by cluster analysis in the three samples we found support for a four‐cluster solution, including four circadian profiles which we propose to label "intermediate‐finches", "hardy larks", "night owls", and "vulnerable larks". This is the first attempt to introduce a cluster‐based, multi‐dimensional approach to dealing with MESSi scores.
Identification of pollinators of lesser twayblade Neottia cordata with DNA barcoding reveals strong links with pine forest‐related fauna
Authors: Claessens Jean , van Achterberg Cees , de Haas Emma , Claessens-Janssen Marijke , Gravendeel Barbara
Published: December 2024

Many European terrestrial orchids are in decline. To curb this negative trend and preserve remaining populations, more ecological knowledge is needed. Surprisingly little is known yet about the identity and efficiency of pollinators of lesser twayblade Neottia cordata, a small terrestrial orchid species associated with pine trees through joint mycorrhizae. We identified its small and inconspicuous pollinators with DNA barcoding and assessed its fruit set with the help of observations submitted to various nature platforms. We caught pollinators on Terschelling in the Netherlands during the flowering season of 2013 and 2014. Insects were identified with 28S and COI sequences obtained from both fresh and museum‐preserved material identified by specialists. Several pollinators were detected, belonging to either parasitoid wasps (Braconidae) and spider wasps (Pompilidae), active during sunny periods, or fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae), active during overcast conditions. Combined pollinator efforts resulted in a continuous average fruit set above 70% in Europe over the past 135 years. The parasitoid wasps were identified as Bracon pineti and Blacus sp., which strongly depend on pine trees for their prey. The fungus gnats were identified as Austrosciara hyalipennis, Trichosia lengersdorfi, Allodia lugens and Phronia forcipata. All four species are known to deposit their eggs in the vicinity of fruiting bodies of cone caps Strobilurus stephanocystis, mushrooms growing on pine cones, as their larvae feed on the fungi. Priocnemis pertubator and Anoplius viaticus (Pompilidae) are also important pollinators. Results obtained show that lesser twayblade is even more intricately linked to pine forest ecosystems than previously thought. Management of growth sites of N. cordata should be tailored towards preserving pine tree forests with plots that are constantly being rejuvenated to generate young pine trees and prevent succession towards birch–oak forests. Such forests not only provide mycorrhizal fungi and layers of needle litter needed for germination and development of the seeds of this orchid but also pinewood‐decaying fungi that provide egg deposition sites and food for its pollinators.
The type III effector RipBB from Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum inhibits plant immunity responses and contributes to virulence on peanut
Authors: Tan Xiaodan , Tang Huiquan , Huang Jinling , Dai Xiaoqiu , Chen Fang , Yu Junyi , Chen Jiajun , Yang Ruixue , Wan Xiaorong , Yang Yong
Published: December 2024

Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) is a serious soilborne phytopathogen affecting over 310 plant species. R. pseudosolanacearum is one clade of RSSC, which infects the important oil crop peanut. A variety of virulence factors are employed by RSSC to promote disease, among which type III effectors (T3Es) are prominent. How T3Es manipulate the interaction between R. pseudosolanacearum and peanut is unclear. A T3E RipBB was previously found specifically in a more virulent peanut R. pseudosolanacearum PeaFJ1 strain. In the present study, the function of RipBB was analysed. Loss of RipBB from PeaFJ1 strain resulted in attenuated pathogenicity to peanut, and complementation with RipBB recovered the virulence of the mutant strain. Transient expression of RipBB induced cell death and inhibited flg22‐triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The expression of pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI)‐related genes were also suppressed by RipBB transient expression. Among the available sequenced 639 RSSC strains, RipBB is an infrequent T3E that is only present in eight strains. Two ankyrin (ANK) repeats were identified in RipBB, which play an important role in localizing the protein to the cytomembrane and nucleus. Altogether, we verified that RipBB contributes to infecting peanut by acting as a virulence T3E, and causes cell death and suppresses immunity in N. benthamiana. These results enhance the study of ANK‐containing effectors. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying RipBB effect on immunity may reveal ANK‐containing effector functions in host cells, helping to understanding the mechanism of R. pseudosolanacearum–peanut interaction.
The Novel HLA‐DPB1*1327:01 Allele Identified by Next‐Generation Sequencing in a Potential Haematopoietic Stem Cell Donor
Authors: Zhao He , Webster Destinie , Pearce Twyla , Elemary Mohamed , Mostafa Ahmed
Published: December 2024

The novel allele HLA‐DPB1*1327:01 has a non‐synonymous mutation difference compared with HLA‐DPB1*04:01:01.
Polymorphism in Pseudo‐Exon 5 Defines the Novel HLA‐DQB1*02:02:01:14 Allele
Authors: Zhao He , Webster Destinie , Pelzer Lindsay , Sabry Waleed , Mostafa Ahmed
Published: December 2024

The novel allele HLA‐DQB1*02:02:01:14 differs from HLA‐DQB1*02:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 233 in exon 5.
Characterisation of Four Novel HLA Alleles: ‐A*02:01:222, ‐B*07:02:104, ‐C*07:02:156 and ‐DQB1*06:03:51
Authors: Ananeva Anastasiia , Akhmetshina Gulnaz , Aksenova Liliya , Shagimardanova Elena
Published: December 2024

Four novel HLA alleles HLA‐A*02:01:222, ‐B*07:02:104, ‐C*07:02:156 and ‐DQB1*06:03:51 alleles detected during routine next generation sequencing.
Green, Alternative or Business as Usual? Critical Geographies of Sustainable Finance
Authors: Dörry Sabine , Schulz Christian
Published: December 2024

In recent years, a growing number of contributions on green finance have emerged, not only within economic geography but also increasingly from disciplines beyond it. With this Special Issue, we aim to engage with the ongoing debate around green and sustainable finance and its challenges, including concerns over greenwashing. Our extended editorial provides structure to this complex discussion by identifying four primary strands of literature that frame the field. Two of these strands adopt a more critical stance, combining analytical approaches and rigorous assessments that question the impact and ‘authenticity’ of green and sustainable finance schemes, approaches and policies. Most of the contributions and empirical case studies featured here align with these critical perspectives, which are introduced in greater depth in the second part of this editorial.
STEADY STATE OPEN DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR MINIMIZING FIRE HAZARD ON PEAT AREAS
Authors: Katimon Ayob
Published: December 2024

The principle of steady state drainage theory was employed to estimate an appropriate open drainage system on peatland. It is aimed at minimizing the occurrence of fire hazard that frequently happened on peat areas especially during the dry spell. Computation analysis shows that a certain open drainage design is required in order to keep the water table high, so that a fire could be , minimized. Besides drain spacing, other physical parameters associated to peatsoil are also required to materialized the theory. Depending on the size of the drains, the hydrogeological properties of the peat materials and the design drainage rate, a drain spacing between 51 to 525m would be required to accommodate the fire control on peat.
THE POTENTIAL OF SLIMPAC AS A MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM SOFTWARE - AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Mohd. Yunus Mohd. Zulkifli
Published: December 2024

The selection of GIS software applications vary with the purposes and requirements ofusing it. The two major applications for GIS software are forÂ management/information and design analysis. The surveyors Land Information Management PACkage (SLIM) is basically developed for management or monitoring purposes and some design applications. Studies on areas of applications. specifications, operations. data sources. data organisations and information presentation shows the potentials of SLIMPAC as a Management Information System Package.
Design and Performance of Tubular 'Steel Scaffolding
Authors: Osman Mohd Hanim , Saim A Aziz , Md Tahir Mahmood
Published: December 2024

Some structural design concepts of tubular steel scaffolding are presented herein.Factors that are considered in the design are loading condition, basic structuralelement, bracing, foundation and ancillary fittings. Emphasis is given to the useof modular frame scaffoldings according to the standards in some countries.Finally, the result of system performance test on a typical modular framescaffolding system produced locally is presented. The results shows that theframe system has high' buckling load capacity aiid complies with the standardspecification.
Identifying The Worker's Philosophy In , Construction Firms by Using The McGregor's Assumptions
Authors: Mansur ShaifuI Amri
Published: December 2024

There are many popular theories of leadership and motivation that have beendiscu ssed and applied by managers to motivate subordinates. Two ways oflooking at people are by using theory X and theory Y. As these analyses areabout human characteristics therefore, the theories may vary with culture andeconomy. There are also differences between the actual underlying beliefs of themanagers and the subordinat es perception s of the managers' beliefs. A surveywas conducted to obtain the workers' beliefs and perception s on leadershipcharacteri stics in various construction firms in four states of Malaysia. Thesurvey involved people of many position s from owners to general labourers. Theresults of the survey indicated that the cumulative actual beliefs and perceptionsof the workers is towards theory Y.
P-alm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment Using Rotating Biological Contactor
Authors: Kassim Mohd Azraii , Othman Mohd Nor
Published: December 2024

A study was conducted to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME) using a pilotscale anaerobic-aerobic rotating biological contactor (RBC) . A two-stage RBCsystem was set up in the Environmental Engineering Laboratory at UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia (UTM). The anaerobic RBC was utilised as the primarytreatment unit and the effluent was further treated using an aerobic RBC. Themain aims of this project were to start up the RBC system, to monitor theanaerobic and aerobic system and to investigate the ability of the unit to treatPOME. After full .acclimatisation, continuous flow through the system exhibitedreduction efficiencies of 96%, 71% and 80% for BODs, COD and 5Srespectively.
Pore Pressure Response of Undrained Two-Way Cyclic Loading of Silt
Authors: Marto Aminaton
Published: December 2024

A series of stress -controlled undrained two-way cyclic loading tests wereperformed on reconstituted samples of isotropically con solidated Keuper Marl silt(LL = 36%, PI = 19%) of various stress histories and stress levels. The seriesincluded cyclic loading with and without rest-periods, and resulted in eitherfailure or non-failure .of the sample during cyclic loading. Following a restperiod,non-failure samples were subject to further cyclic loading. Studies on thepore pressure response of normall y consolidated samples indicated thatpermanent pore pres sure developed steadily with the loading period, but the rateof development decreased as the loadin g period increased. A linear relationshipwas found to exist between the normalised permanent pressure rate and time,plotted on logarithmic scales.
The Effects of Electrolytes on the Liquid Limit of Clay
Authors: Othman Mohamed Zahry , Sham Faridah
Published: December 2024

The liquid limit of clay treated with e lectrolytes were investigated and examinedwith respect to electrolyte types and concentration , time-dependent effects, andmineralogy Of clay. The findings indicated that the types and concentration ofele ctrolytes in the pore fluid of clay have a marked effect on the liquid limit ofclay. Ageing has a pronoun ced effect on the liquid limit, particularly for claytreated with cemen ting agents.
Treatment Of Textile Finishing Wastewater Using Fenton's Reagent
Authors: Aris Azmi , Salim Razman , Sanagi Marsin
Published: December 2024

In this study, textile finishing wastewater was treated with Fenton's reagent(hydrogen peroxide-ferrous iron system). Under unstable and complexwastewater condition, Fenton's reagent was unable to comply with the standardset by the authority with respectto COD. However, removal of SS complieswith. the standard while visibility of the wastewater improves by more than 50 %.Removal was mainly by DB radical oxidation as compared to hydroxideprecipitation. . Mineralisation of more than 50 % organics was observed after 5min.utes reaction while 77 % mineralisation was observed aft.er 30 minutesreaction. The amount of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron substantially affectsthe quality of the treated wastewater.
Kesan Pengguriaan RHA Terhadap Kekuatan Dan Kebolehtelapan Gunite
Authors: Mirasa Abdul Karim , Juki Mohd. Irwan
Published: December 2024

Kertas kerj a ini , membincangkan suatu kajian makmal mengenai kesanpenggunaan Abu Padi Sekam (RHA) dalam gunite. Dalam kajian ini, empatujian telah dijalankan untuk membandingkan keputusan penggunaan RHAdalam gun ite dengan gunite biasa. Ujian-ujian tersebut adalah ujian kekuatanmampatan, kekuatan bel ahan tegangan , kekuatan lenturan dan ujiankeb olehtelapan .Keputusan daripada uji an tersebut menunjukkan penggunaan RHA dalam gunitememberikan kekuatan mampatan yang lebih tinggi berbanding gunite biasa.Begitu juga dengan kekuatan belahan tegangan dan kekuatan lenturan. Bagiujian keboleht elapan pula didapati kebolehtelapan gunite dengan penambahanRHA ada lah rendah, manakala gunite biasa mempunyai kebolehtelapansederhana.
THROUGHFALL, STEMFLOW AND INTERCEPTION LOSS OF OLD RUBBER TREES
Authors: Yusop Zulkifli , Yen Cham Sze , Hui Chong Jenn
Published: December 2024

An interception study of old rubber trees was carried out in Skudai, Johor. Out of 35 rainfall events recorded, only 28 produced measurable throughfall and stemflow. Throughfall and stemflow comprised 87% and 1.1% of the total rainfall, respectively. These resulted in interception loss of 12.1% of the rainfall. Both throughfall and stemflow showed strong linear correlations against daily rainfall with r2 values of 0.99 and 0.84, respectively. The wettest month of November registered the highest interception, both in term of actual value and as the percentage of rainfall. The canopy storage capacity (St), trunk storage capacity (Ït) and the fraction of rainfall that goes to trunk (Ïs) were 0.11 mm, 0.017 mm and 6.45 mm, respectively
LIME STABILIZED MALAYSIAN COHESIVE SOILS
Authors: Kassim Khairul Anuar , Chern Kok Kai
Published: December 2024

This paper highlights the essential tests for assessing the suitability of lime forstabilizing soils and typical changes in soil characteristics due to modification and stabilizationprocesses with respect to mineralogical influences. The reasoning behind the mechanism of limeclay reaction on the compressive strength development of stabilized soils has been established.Clay with acidic origin exhibit less significant increase in compressive strength compared to claywith high intensity of kaolinite and with alkaline origin. In general, lime contents instituted,ranging from 3% to 6%, have contributed to a significant increase in unconfined compressivestrength, from 2.5 to 11 times of the untreated soils. The formation of calcium aluminates silicatehydrate (CASH) observed from XRD test, after 14 days, indicates the early formation of newproduct, due to lime-soil reaction. The effectiveness of stabilization process has been found to bedependent on the quality of the lime, clay fraction, mineralogy and the alkalinity of the soil.
INTEGRATION OF SAFETY, HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND QUALITY (SHEQ) MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN CONSTRUCTION: A REVIEW
Authors: Abdul Hamid Abdul Rahim , Singh Bachan , Wan Yusof Wan Zulkifli , Tzee Yang Andrain King
Published: December 2024

There are several standard of management systems such as ISO 9001 for QualityManagement System, ISO 14001 for Environmental Management System, and OHSAS 18001 forSafety and Health Management System. These management systems are often treated asindependent functions within organizations. However, many professionals belief that it is possibleto harmonise ISO 9001 QMS, ISO 14001 EMS and OHSAS 18001 OHSMS. The objectives ofthis study are to review the existing management standards on health and safety, environmentaland quality; to study the correspondences data between these three management systems; todevelop guidelines of SHEQ Integrated Management System; and to study the advantages anddisadvantages of the proposed guidelines. The corresponding elements between those threemanagement systems seem to be compatible and the possibility of integrating them is feasible.Finally, the proposed integrated Safety, Health, Environmental and Quality (SHEQ) ManagementSystemâ€™s guidelines have been developed.
THE EFFECTS OF POROSITY OF SUBMERGED BREAKWATER STRUCTURES ON NON-BREAKING WAVE TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: Jaffar Sidek Faridah , Abdul Wahab Muhammad Al-Jeffry
Published: December 2024

Development of an innovative porous submerged breakwater structure which could be used for the purpose of coastal restoration is underway in the Coastal & Offshore Engineering Instituteâ€™s research laboratory. Prior to developing the structure, laboratory investigations on models (typifying porous submerged breakwater structures) that could provide experimental information of the influence of porosity on non-breaking wave transformations have been undertaken. A series of tests to study the effect of porosity of submerged breakwater model structures on the process of non-breaking wave transformations have been carried out. A hollow framework-shaped test model was used. Three models each with three different porosities ranging from 0.40 to 0.80 were constructed. From laboratory tests, results obtained have been analysed to check the performance of the models to attenuate waves. Test results have indicated that the transmission coefficient, KT increased with increasing model porosity. The wave reflection coefficient, KR of the model tested ranged from 0.01 to 0.31. Energy loss of the primary waves was found to be highest when the parameter kd was equal to 1.9 and lowest when the porosity of the model was found to be large.
CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF DURICRUSTS FOR EXCAVATION PURPOSE
Authors: Mohd Amin Mohd For , Sook Huei Chan , Jamaluddin Tajul Anwar
Published: December 2024

Although certain characteristics of duricrusts display a strong resemblance to clastic sedimentary rocks, in terms of lithology, they cannot be classified as rock. These ambiguities on classification may lead to several problems associated with excavation of duricrusts, particularly with regard to method used and rate of payment. In an attempt to draw some guidelines in evaluating the degree of excavatability of duricrusts, this paper highlights some of the fundamental differences and similarities between duricrusts and clastic sedimentary rocks. Laboratory and field data show that, in terms of texture and strength, duricrusts exhibit strong similarities to clastic sedimentary rocks. However, the origin of duricrusts does not fulfill the criteria for classification as rock. As such, for certain geologic materials, lithologic classification alone may not be sufficient to reflect their excavatability. Further verification on the material properties is also an essential aspect to be considered.
PRE-TREATMENT OF PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT (POME): A COMPARISON STUDY USING CHITOSAN AND ALUM
Authors: Abu Hassan Mohd Ariffin , Puteh Mohd Hafiz
Published: December 2024

Chitosan is a natural organic polyelectrolyte of high molecular weight and charge density; obtained from deacetylation of chitin. This study explored the potential and effectiveness of applying chitosan as a primary coagulant and flocculent, in comparison with aluminium sulphate (alum) for pre-treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME). A series of batch coagulation and flocculation processes with chitosan and alum under different conditions, i.e. dosage and pH were conducted, in order to determine their optimum conditions. The performance was assessed in terms of turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reductions. Chitosan showed better parameter reductions with much lower dosage consumption, compared to alum, even at the original pH of POME, i.e. 4.5. At pH 6, the optimum chitosanâ€™s dosage of 400 mg/L was able to reduce turbidity, TSS and COD levels by 99.90%, 99.15% and 60.73% respectively. At this pH, the coagulation of POME by chitosan was brought by the combination of charge neutralization and polymer bridging mechanism. As for alum, the optimum dosage was 8 g/L at pH 7 which result in reductions of turbidity, TSS and COD by 99.45%, 98.60% and 49.24%, respectively. Combinations of chitosan and alum, showed very little increment in efficiency, compared to using chitosan alone. It can be suggested that polymer bridging mechanism by chitosan is more dominant than alum and the dosage of alum can also be reduced.
THE WEIBULL TIME-DEPENDENT GROWTH MODEL OF MARINE CORROSION IN SEAWATER BALLAST TANK
Authors: Md Noor Norhazilan , H. Smith George , Yahaya Nordin
Published: December 2024

: This paper demonstrates the application of the probability distributions in modelling the time-dependent growth behaviour of corrosion pits in vesselâ€™s seawater ballast tanks. The proposed model is capable of projecting the likely growth pattern of corrosion pits in the future by eliminating the dependent factors governing to corrosion rate such as environmental factors, properties of material and operational condition. To express appropriately the high variability of corrosion wastage which contributes to the uncertainties in corrosion assessment, the Weibull probability distributions were proposed which are able to predict the growth of corrosion pit in seawater ballast tank. It is obvious that the provided information from the vessel inspections is full of uncertainties, owing to the nature of marine corrosion as reflected by the poor correlation result of averaged depth against time. In spite of the drawback, the research is able to demonstrate the optimisation of the data purposely for corrosion growth prediction. The predicted data as compared to actual data yields results with moderate accuracy based on RootMean-Square-Error (RMSE), yet still promising provided that better quality data can become available in the future. The proposed probabilistic models are intended to simplify the modelling process so that the available data can be fully utilised for prediction and structural evaluation purposes
TERTIARY TREATMENT OF PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT USING FENTON OXIDATION
Authors: Aris Azmi , Boon Siew Ooi , Suh Kee Kon , Ujang Zaini
Published: December 2024

A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of Fenton oxidation process in treating biologically treated palm oil mill effluent (BT-POME). Two types of Fenton processes were evaluated, namely ambient-Fenton and solar-Fenton. Both were conducted in batch mode at laboratory scale and the efficiency of the processes was assessed based on COD and color removal. The mechanism of removal in the solar-Fenton process was also explored. Both processes were found to be efficient in treating the wastewater. The highest removals of COD and color for ambient-Fenton were 75.2% and 92.4%, respectively. The COD and color removal of 82.4%, and 95.1%, respectively, were achieved by solar-Fenton. The solar-Fenton removal was mainly through oxidation process. Precipitation and coagulation of iron also contributed to the removal of COD and color but at a lesser extent. Enhancement of color removal by the coagulation process is mainly through elimination of the remaining iron rather than removal of the organics. The role of iron and hydrogen peroxide in ambient- and solar-Fenton was statistically evaluated and discussed.
A NEURAL NETWORK MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE TIME PERFORMANCE OF TRADITIONAL GENERAL CONTRACT (TGC) PROJECT
Authors: Mohamad Zin Rosli , Tan Cai Loon Caren
Published: December 2024

Several studies had shown that many project managers are facing difficulties in predicting the time performance of Traditional General Contract (TGC) projects because there are many factors that affect TGC project success. This study presents the development of a model that can be used to predict the time performance of TGC project. Through literature research, fortyfour success factors affecting TGC project have been established. The degree of importance for these factors was determined through questionnaire survey. The outcome of the survey formed a basis for the development of the time performance prediction model using Artificial Neural Network technique. The best model was found to be a multi-layer back-propagation neural network consists of eight input nodes, five hidden nodes and three output nodes. The model was tested by using data from nine new projects. The results show that the mean error for this prediction model is relatively low. The developed model enables all parties involved in TGC projects to predict and ensure that their project is on time.
CLARITY AND IMPROVING LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING OF CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION
Authors: Mohamad Mohamad Ibrahim , Madon Zulkifli , Zin Rosli , Mansur Shaiful Amri
Published: December 2024

The contractual obligation by any party in any contract will be interpreted by terms and contents of the documents laid down in the contract. Effective interpretation and understanding of the contractual obligations will be much dependent on the clarity of the documents in translating the needs and requirements implied as in the agreement. Improper understanding of the documents may lead to the different interpretations that may result in unnecessary contractual problems such as disputes, unnecessary claims, reworks, shoddy works, and even litigation. This paper presents the results of the study related to issue of understanding of construction contract documentation in Malaysia. Also presented are the factors that inhibit understanding of the contract as well as factors that can help to make the interpretation process much easier. Eventually, a proposal of various factors that can be used to improve the level of understanding of contract document is suggested in this paper.
INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE STRENGTH OF WEATHERED SANDSTONE
Authors: Mohamad Edy Tonnizam , Komoo Ibrahim , Kassim Khairul Anuar , Gofar Nurly
Published: December 2024

Variation of moisture content of weathered rock is an important issue in the tropical climate as extreme temperature and heavy downpour accelerate the changes in rock properties. This paper presents the results of excavatability study on sandstones of various weathering stages focusing on the effect of moisture content on their strength. Penetration tests were carried out on 127 samples collected from four sites in Bukit Indah, Kempas, Desa Tebrau and Mersing of Johor State. The resistance at 10 mm penetration of Universal Testing Machine is indicative of penetration index of the rock materials, to allow the prediction of rock strength. There is a significant relationship among weathering grades, moisture absorption and strength of rock. This is due to the microstructure changes in the rock in relation to weathering process that controls their physical and mechanical properties. The study revealed that fabric characteristics and pore spaces are very important for assessing the behaviour of weathered rock.
GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF WORK SCHEDULE FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Authors: Mohamad Zin Rosli , Mohamad Mohamad Ibrahim , Mansur Shaiful Amri , Chan Bing Tee Donald
Published: December 2024

The lack of standardised guidelines for the preparation and submission of work schedule has contributed to several problems in construction project especially the extra efforts that have to be put in before parties involved in the project accept the work plan. This paper explores the current practice in project scheduling in the Malaysian construction industry and proposes guidelines that will alleviate the current problems in project scheduling. The methodology adopted was through interviews and questionnaire survey. The questionnaire survey findings form a basis for the formulation of the proposed guidelines. It consists of four main aspects of project scheduling which are process of acceptance of work schedule, responsibilities of the contracting parties, application of work schedule, and implications of work schedule. With the establishment of the guidelines a standardised approach for the preparation and submission of work schedule can be achieved thus minimising some of the problems that are currently hinder the full application of project scheduling. The proposed guidelines will pave the way for the inclusion of work schedule as part of the contract document.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INFILTRATION THROUGH UNSATURATED LAYERED SOIL COLUMN
Authors: Kassim Azman , Gofar Nurly , Min Lee Lee
Published: December 2024

The effect of changing permeability at the interface for common residual soils, namely Silty Sand, Fine Sand and Gravelly Sand was investigated by conducting numerical simulations of vertical infiltration tests on two layered soil columns of Silty Sand over Fine Sand, and Silty Sand over Gravelly Sand. The results show that water movement across interface between the two layered soils will only occur when the matric suction, ua - uw, at the interface reached a breakthrough head of 0.4 kPa and 3.5 kPa for Gravelly Sand and Fine Sand, respectively. The pressure heads are defined as the water-entry value, Ïˆw, at which the coarser layer became conductive regardless of infiltration rate or the properties of the overlying finer soil layer. The barrier effect in the underlying coarser soil layer was verified from the numerical analysis. The effect was more apparent when the difference in the permeability and the pore-water pressure change across the finer-coarser soil interface were larger.
INDOOR ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY OF RESIDENTIALINDUSTRIAL HOUSING IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Zakaria Rozana , Mohd. Said Mohd. Ismid , Yang Jay , Yahya Khairulzan , Haron Zaiton
Published: December 2024

The importance of sustainable development has been internationally recognised and the principles have been widely used as an impetus for promoting housing sustainability. In the situation of mixed-use urban development in close proximity to heavy industrial areas in Malaysia, rising incomes are developing hand in hand with higher expectations for better and more sustainable housing designs. Negative environmental impacts due current deficiency in Malaysiaâ€™s approach to the implementation of sustainable development principles can be seen in this case study of the Pasir Gudang Industrial Area in Malaysia. This study aimed to highlight the level of residentsâ€™ satisfaction with living near the industrial area, and to relate their awareness of the relevance of sustainable principles with indoor environmental conditions, which found that the residentsâ€™ has limited understanding of the environmental problems in their indoor living conditions and in their neighbourhoods. This study has suggested that proactive and integrated involvement by housing authorities from all levels of government in Malaysia should be encouraged in order to rationalise the approaches to develop better planning solutions for such mixed-used urban developments. This initiative should then encourage housing vendors to provide innovative â€˜smartâ€™ technological changes to their projects and so, to achieve a new direction in sustainable housing development.
MODELING OF SOUND PROPAGATION IN URBAN STREETS CONTAINING TREES USING MARKOVIAN TECHNIQUE
Authors: Haron Zaiton , Oldham David , Yahya Khairulzan , Zakaria Rozana
Published: December 2024

It is claimed that the trees may become a possible control method for noise in streets and hence contribute another step towards a sustainable environment. This paper examined the capability of an abatement scheme containing absorbent facades and trees in streets through a simulation model developed using the novel approach based upon Markovian techniques. The study showed that sound pressure level in a street containing trees relative to that in an empty street predicted by the Markov model was in good agreement with predictions obtained using commercial software, RAYNOISE model. Within the scope and assumptions in this study, it is shown streets containing trees and absorbent building faÃ§ade result in sound reductions typically less than 1.5 dB. Hence trees in streets appear to have only a slight effect on sound attenuation, and thus make no significant contribution towards producing a sustainable environment in this respect.
EFFECT OF LIME ON STABILIZATION OF MINING WASTE FROM SABAH, MALAYSIA
Authors: Musta Baba , Kassim Khairul Anuar , Rajeev Kumar Prasannan Pillai
Published: December 2024

This paper deals with the effect of lime on stabilization of mining waste from Sabah, Malaysia. In this study, different percentages of lime as well as fine material were added as additive with the mining waste. The engineering properties were measured by compaction test, unconfined compressive strength tests and permeability tests. The mineral identification and microstructure were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM). The compaction test indicated that the optimum moisture content varied with amount of lime content. The virgin mining waste showed low unconfined compressive strength value due to the very low cementing agent. The samples showed a rapid increase in shear strength when stabilized with lime content ranging from 2 to 8%. The rate of increase in strength is most rapid within two weeks of interaction. This is due to the pozzolanic reaction, which created more rigid - packed structure and small pore space at lime content as low as 2%. More addition of lime had increased the unconfined compressive strength due to the intensive pozzolanic reactions forming more cementitious mineral and created bridge-like structure. However the optimum percentage of lime required was 6% based on the unconfined compressive strength. Lime content in excess of the optimum (8% of lime) acted as filler or lubricant. Significant reduction in permeability to 1 x 10-7 m/s was observed at the end of the leaching test. This is due to the development of cementitious minerals and clogging of fine particle size in the pore spaces.
SHEAR CAPACITY OF COMPOSITE SLAB REINFORCED WITH STEEL FIBRE CONCRETE TOPPING
Authors: Ibrahim Izni Syahrizal , Che Bakar Mohd. Basri , Sarbini Noor Nabilah , Mohamed Roslli Noor
Published: December 2024

This paper present the results of combined bending and shear test on composite slabs reinforced with steel fibres in-situ concrete topping. The mechanical properties of steel fibre reinforced concretes (SFRCs) were first determined by varying the fibre dosage from 0% to 1.25%. The result shows that there was not much improvement on the SFRC properties for volume fraction of steel fibre (Vf) of between 1.0% and 1.25%. Following this, SFRC with Vf = 1.0% was chosen and cast onto the precast slab. In addition to this, the top of the precast slab was prepared with four (4) different surface roughness i.e. smooth as-cast, roughened in the longitudinal and transverse direction, and exposed aggregate. The SFRC replaced the conventional method of using cast in-situ reinforced concrete as structural topping. The experimental results on its ultimate shear capacity were further compared with the parametric equation proposed in this paper using SFRC as concrete topping. The result shows that the ultimate shear capacity was 4% and 6% lower than the calculated value for the exposed aggregate and longitudinal roughened surface, respectively. For the smooth as-cast and transverse roughened surface, they were even 28% and 24% kN lower than the calculated value. Further comparison with previous researcher also found that the ultimate shear capacity for specimens with SFRC topping (except for the exposed aggregate surface) was 10% to 37% lower than the conventional (plain) ones. The finding also suggests that surface roughened in the longitudinal direction was better than the other surface textures using SFRC as topping in terms of interface bonding.
THE PROJECTION OF FUTURE RAINFALL CHANGE OVER KEDAH, MALAYSIA WITH THE STATISTICAL DOWNSCALING MODEL
Authors: Tukimat Nurul Nadrah Aqilah , Harun Sobri
Published: December 2024

Climate change is a crucial global issue. The trend of climate change is very important to the agriculture because its uncertainty may cause the reduction in crop yield and economic losses. Therefore, the climate model has been widely used to simulate the future climate variation based on atmospheric circulation pattern (predictors). This study utilized the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). The purpose of this paper is to describe the climate variation in Malaysiaâ€™s prominent agricultural state, Kedah, in the context of climate change scenario based on the temperature, rainfall intensity, wet and dry spell length. Twenty rainfall stations were selected in Kedah as they had lesser percentage of missing data to control the quality and capability of result. Based on the SDSM simulation result, the climate trend is not much different from the historical data but it is expected to increase continuously for every interval period from the year 2010 to 2099. The increasing of temperature is predictable up to 32oC during south-west monsoon season and 40oC during north-east monsoon season. The rainfall pattern shows that the intensity is estimated to focus on the middle area of Kedah such as Kota Setar, Pendang, Yan, Kuala Muda, Sik, and Baling district and is expected to increase during north-east monsoon season even when the wet spell during that period is relatively short. The longest dry spell which is expected to assault Kedah Peak and Kodiang in the future may cause water scarcity at critical areas.
HEALTHY INDOOR AIR ENVIRONMENT FOR PREVENTING NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN SUSTAINABLE HOSPITAL BUILDING DESIGN
Authors: Ahmad Shakri Md Rajuna , Zakaria Rozana , Abd Samad Badrul Hisham , Yahya Khairulzan , Mohamad Zin Rosli , Mustaffar Mushairry , Abd Majid Muhd Zaimi , Md Tarekh Noor Aliza
Published: December 2024

The Sick Building Syndrome is often related to poor indoor air quality. Healthy indoor air environment is needed for a healthy hospital building. Appropriate design elements need to be implemented to accommodate the mass usage of a hospitalâ€™s various facilities. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease most commonly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) which can spread via inhalation of infected aerosols. Therefore, Health Care Workers (HCWs) in a hospital are most vulnerable to tuberculosis infection. This paper explicates the sources and factors of TB transmission in the indoor environment of Hospital Sultanah Aminah Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia (HSAJB). The study considered the relationship between the physical layout of the TB ward and its indoor air environment quality. This study utilized opinion from HCWs who are directly exposed to this kind of environment. The data was obtained from face-to-face questionnaire surveys. The questionnaire used the Likert scale with five ordinal measures of agreement. From the study, it was found that the source of TB transmission is from positive MTB carriers or active TB patients. Ten Indoor Air Environment Sustainability (IAES) factors related to the transmission and spread of TB which are relatively connected to space area design of TB ward.
SEISMIC MAPPING FOR TELECOMMUNICATION TOWERS IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Abdul Razak Zawiyah , Abdullah Arham , Adnan Azlan , Bayat Behzad , Khalil Zubair
Published: December 2024

Natural disaster like earthquake can affect the telecommunication facilities seriously. Although Malaysia is generally spared from major seismic activities, earthquakes events in neighboring countries can be felt locally. This has raised a major concern whether the existing structures being able to withstand earthquake effects in future. A proper management of telecommunication structures will allow transmission of news is not affected during the disaster strikes. Using the existing Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) map, a seismic map locating all telecommunication towers in the country was developed. The outcome will aid in the subsequent part of the study and will also enable the researcher to identify the location of the most critical towers in the various seismic zones that may have great impact upon exposure from earthquakes events. It will also aid in defining priorities and establish programs to apply available resources for tower maintenance purposes nationwide. The necessary steps and mitigation action also can be taken to assists the relevant authority in making preparation from an emergency-management and hazard-preparedness perspective considering earthquake effects in Malaysia
PREVALENCE OF TRAFFIC KINEMATIC WAVE AT PRIORITY JUNCTION WITH ENTRY HUMP
Authors: Ben-Edigbe Johnnie , Ghaemi Syed Mehrdad , Mashros Nordiana
Published: December 2024

The presence of traffic shockwave on any roadway irrespective of the causation is an indicator of inherent safety problem. Priority T-junction with road hump on one major arm was investigated for kinematic waves. Automatic traffic counters were installed at each lane of the Tjunction for six weeks. Traffic volume, headway, vehicle type and travel speed data were collated and analysed. Results show that right turn movement from the minor will trigger positive traffic shockwave of about 20km/h, whereas the other turning movements are merely subjected to rarefaction waves. The paper concluded that road hump at the major road can be partly held accountable for the prevalence of traffic shockwave associated with right turn movements.
EFFECT OF SOILCRETE CHARACTERISTICS ON SURFACE SETTLEMENT DURING TUNNELING IN VIETNAM
Authors: Tran-Nguyen Hoang-Hung , Thanh Nguyen Binh Tang
Published: December 2024

Excess surface settlement during construction of underground structures such as tunnels is concerned for historic buildings in big cities. A metro line No. 1 located at 20 m deep under the ground surface will be built in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) soon, and this metro crosses the City underneath many historic buildings. Reinforcing the soil mass surrounding the tunnel by soil-cement mixing (soilcrete) using jet grouting is considered a feasible solution to reduce surface settlement. However, appropriate characteristics of soilcrete for the HCMCâ€™s geological conditions have not been thoroughly investigated. This study investigated the relationship between the characteristics of soilcrete (young modulus and thickness) and surface settlement at the city opera house, the historic building close to the metro, with a maximum allowable surface settlement of 10 mm.
EVALUATION OF ROCK DISCONTINUITY SHEAR STRENGTH CRITERIA BASED ON THE LABORATORY DIRECT SHEAR TESTS
Authors: Sanei Manouchehr , Faramarzi Lohrasb , Dehghani Bijan
Published: December 2024

The shear strength of rock discontinuities is an important parameter to consider in the stability analysis and design of engineering structures in rock masses, slopes, tunnels, open pit mine and foundations. In this study, the shear strength of rock discontinuities involving both bedding planes and joint surfaces at the Bakhtiary dam site was measured through 106 laboratory direct shear tests under the constant normal load (CNL) boundary condition. Also, the surface parameters of rock discontinuities for each test were specified, and shear strength of rock discontinuity was estimated by different empirical failure criteria. Finally, using different statistical approaches, the proper failure criteria for estimating the shear strength of rock discontinuities were proposed.
IMPEDIMENTS TO RISK ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES IN PUBLICPRIVATE PARTNERSHIP CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN ABUJANIGERIA
Authors: Ajayi Jimoh Richard , Isah Yahaya
Published: December 2024

The risk inherent in the construction delivery has been identified as major causes of time and cost overruns in Nigeria construction industry, as such delivery and process of public infrastructure is a risky trade. Limited knowledge of the risk management techniques could result in not meeting the overall objectives of the project. The study was aimed at assessing the impediments to risk assessment techniques in Public-Private Partnership (PPP). Data for the study were gathered through the self-administration of 306 well-structured questionnaires using the simple random sampling technique to the construction professionals and private construction developers who had experience in the execution of PPP projects. Quantitative risk assessment techniques such as sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis and probability analysis percentage level of awareness were 40.1, 29.1 and 23.8 respectively, while the percentage extent of usage were 39.9, 34.0 and 37.2 respectively. In a related development, the qualitative risk assessment techniques such as probability impact table, priority table and iso-risk curves percentage level of awareness were 44.3, 38.6 and 27.5 respectively while the percentage extent of usage were 27.0, 32.8 and 26.6 respectively. Updating the knowledge base of the people responsible for the use of these risk assessment techniques by attending training and workshops in the relevant area will improve the level of awareness and the extent of usage