bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trap State Passivation by Rational Ligand Molecule Engineering toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Exceeding 23% Efficiency
Authors: Zhu Lihua , Zhang Xian , Li Mengjia , Shang Xueni , Lei Kaixiang , Zhang Boxue , Chen Cong , Zheng Shijian , Song Hongwei , Chen Jiangzhao
Published: April 2021

The nonradiative recombination losses resulting from the trap states at the surface and grain boundaries directly hinder the further enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells. Consequently, it is highly desirable to suppress nonradiative recombination through modulating perovskite crystallization and passivating the defects of perovskite films. Here, a simple and effective multifunctional additive engineering strategy is reported where 11 Maleimidoundecanoic acid (11MA) units with carbonyls (carboxyl and amide) and long hydrophobic alkyl chain are incorporated into a perovskite precursor solution. It is revealed that improved crystallinity, reduced trap state density, and inhibited ion migration are achieved, which is ascribed to the strong coordination interaction between the carbonyl groups at both sides of 11MA molecules and Pb2+. As a result, improved efficiency and stability are achieved simultaneously after introducing 11MA additive. The device with 11MA additive delivers a champion PCE of 23.34% with negligible hysteresis, which is significantly higher than the 18.24% of the control device. The modified device maintains around 91% of its initial PCE after aging under ambient conditions for 3000 h. This work provides a guide for developing multifunctional additive molecules for the purpose of simultaneous improvement of efficiency and stability.
Impact of sulfur application on soybean yield and quality in New York
Authors: Letham Jodi L. , Ketterings Quirine M. , Cherney Jerry H. , Overton Thomas R.
Published: April 2021

Sulfur (S) fertilizer is not widely used for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in the northeastern United States but decreased atmospheric S deposition rates warrant evaluation of S needs for soybean in the region. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of S fertilizers [CaSO4 and (NH4)2SO4 at 168 kg S ha–1] on soybean grain yield, crude protein (CP), S content, N/S ratio, and crop S balances. Thirteen on‐farm trials were conducted in New York in 2017–2019 using a randomized complete block design in three to six replications. Tissue analysis at early bloom and full maturity did not suggest an S limitation; N/S ratios were between 14:1 and 18:1 and tissue S at early bloom ranged from 3.10 to 4.36 g kg–1. These findings were consistent with the lack of increase in grain yield with S addition, independent of S source. Addition of S did not change seed CP or S concentration although, averaged across trials, the whole plant S content at maturity was slightly higher when S had been applied. Negative partial balances (crop removal – S deposition) showed considerable soil contribution to S uptake. Soil organic matter (SOM), however, was not a good indicator of soil S supply. Due to lack of a response to S, critical soil test S levels could not be determined. We conclude S is not limiting soybean grain yield currently. Continued monitoring is needed as partial balances suggest S may become deficient over time.
High‐performance adsorptive desulfurization by ternary hybrid boron carbon nitride aerogel
Authors: Luo Jing , Wang Chao , Liu Jixing , Wei Yanchen , Chao Yanhong , Zou Yiru , Mu Liping , Huang Yan , Li Huaming , Zhu Wenshuai
Published: April 2021

Separation of aromatic organosulfur compounds is vital for upgrading the feed to clean fuel products, however, it remains a formidable challenge for the present adsorbents. Herein, a series of novel aerogel‐like boron carbon nitride (BCN) with three‐dimensional interconnected porous networks were fabricated via a hydrogel template and freeze‐casting strategy. The as‐prepared aerogel‐like BCN had a variable carbon content and a flexible size of graphene domain on its porous structure. The optimal BCN aerogel represents the top‐level of adsorptive desulfurization (ADS) capacity for aromatic organosulfur compounds (30.8 mg S/g adsorbent), strikingly higher than the state‐of‐the‐art aerogels adsorbents (17.1 mg S/g adsorbent) reported under similar conditions. A selective adsorption for dibenzothiophene in the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds were also achieved on BCN aerogel. The adsorption isotherm and XPS measurement reveal heterogeneous adsorption on the BCN aerogel via π–π and Lewis acid–base interactions.
Responses of stomatal features and photosynthesis to porewater N enrichment and elevated atmospheric CO2inPhragmites australis, the common reed
Authors: Garrison Julian R. , Caplan Joshua S. , Douhovnikoff Vladimir , Mozdzer Thomas J. , Logan Barry A.
Published: April 2021

PREMISE

Biological invasions increasingly threaten native biodiversity and ecosystem services. One notable example is the common reed,Phragmites australis, which aggressively invades North American salt marshes. Elevated atmospheric CO2and nitrogen pollution enhance its growth and facilitate invasion becauseP. australisresponds more strongly to these enrichments than do native species. We investigated how modifications to stomatal features contribute to strong photosynthetic responses to CO2and nitrogen enrichment inP. australisby evaluating stomatal shifts under experimental conditions and relating them to maximal stomatal conductance (gwmax) and photosynthetic rates.

METHODS

Plants were grownin situin open‐top chambers under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2(eCO2) and porewater nitrogen (Nenr) in a Chesapeake Bay tidal marsh. We measured light‐saturated carbon assimilation rates (Asat) and stomatal characteristics, from which we calculatedgwmaxand determined whether CO2and Nenraltered the relationship betweengwmaxandAsat.

RESULTS

eCO2and Nenrenhanced bothgwmaxandAsat, but to differing degrees;gwmaxwas more strongly influenced by Nenrthrough increases in stomatal density whileAsatwas more strongly stimulated by eCO2. There was a positive relationship betweengwmaxandAsatthat was not modified by eCO2or Nenr, individually or in combination.

CONCLUSIONS

Changes in stomatal features co‐occur with previously described responses ofP. australisto eCO2and Nenr. Complementary responses of stomatal length and density to these global change factors may facilitate greater stomatal conductance and carbon gain, contributing to the invasiveness of the introduced lineage.
“We don’t want you to come in and make a decision for us”: Traversing cultural authority and responsive regulation in Australian child protection systems
Authors: Hamilton Sharynne L. , Maslen Sarah , Farrant Brad , Ilich Nicole , Michie Carol
Published: April 2021

The Ngulluk Koolunga Ngulluk Koort (Our Children Our Heart) project conducted extensive Elder and community consultation to develop principles and practice recommendations for child protection governance in Western Australia. We explore these principles and practice recommendations and highlight the need for culturally safe community consultation and governance with a focus on repairing damage incurred by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community from past child protection policies. We argue that using principles of responsive regulation and the inclusion of Elder voices in child protection decision making is critical to closing the gap between current practice and what is “best practice” for Aboriginal children and families. We also identify important considerations for preventing further harm through consultation processes, and issues of authority.
Polysulfate hemmen durch elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen die SARS‐CoV‐2‐Infektion**
Authors: Nie Chuanxiong , Pouyan Paria , Lauster Daniel , Trimpert Jakob , Kerkhoff Yannic , Szekeres Gergo Peter , Wallert Matthias , Block Stephan , Sahoo Anil Kumar , Dernedde Jens , Pagel Kevin , Kaufer Benedikt B. , Netz Roland R. , Ballauff Matthias , Haag Rainer
Published: April 2021

Wir zeigen, dass negativ geladene Polysulfate durch elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen an das Spike‐Protein von SARS‐CoV‐2 binden. Durch einen Plaquereduktionstest verglichen wir die hemmende Wirkung von Heparin, Pentosanpolysulfat, linearem Polyglycerolsulfat (LPGS) und hyperverzweigtem Polyglycerolsulfat (HPGS) gegenüber SARS‐CoV‐2. Dabei ist das synthetische LPGS der vielversprechendste Inhibitor mit IC50=67 μg mL−1 (ca. 1,6 μm) und zeigt eine 60‐fach höhere virushemmende Aktivität als Heparin (IC50=4084 μg mL−1) bei zugleich deutlich geringerer gerinnungshemmender Aktivität. Außerdem konnten wir durch Moleküldynamiksimulationen bestätigen, dass LPGS stärker an das Spike‐Protein bindet als Heparin selbst und dass LPGS sogar noch stärker an die Spike‐Proteine der neuen N501Y‐ und E484K‐Varianten bindet. Unsere Studien belegen, dass die Aufnahme von SARS‐CoV‐2 in Wirtzellen über elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen blockiert werden kann. Deshalb kann LPGS als vielversprechender Prototyp für das Design weiterer neuartiger viraler Inhibitoren von SARS‐CoV‐2 herangezogen werden.
Effect of External Surface Diffusion Barriers on Platinum/Beta‐Catalyzed Isomerization of n‐Pentane
Authors: Hu Shen , Liu Junru , Ye Guanghua , Zhou Xinggui , Coppens Marc‐Olivier , Yuan Weikang
Published: April 2021

We have developed a generalizable strategy to quantify the effect of surface barriers on zeolite catalysis. Isomerization of n‐pentane, catalyzed by Pt/Beta, is taken as a model reaction system. Firstly, the surface modification by chemical liquid deposition of SiO2 was carried out to control the surface barriers on zeolite Beta crystals. The deposition of SiO2 leads to a very slight change in the physical properties of Beta crystals, but an obvious reduction in Brønsted acid sites. Diffusion measurements by the zero‐length column (ZLC) method show that the apparent diffusivity of n‐pentane can be more than doubled after SiO2 deposition, indicating that the surface barriers have been weakened. Catalytic performance was tested in a fixed‐bed reactor, showing that the apparent catalytic activity improved by 51–131 % after SiO2 deposition. These results provide direct proof that reducing surface barriers can be an effective route to improve zeolite catalyst performance deteriorated by transport limitations.
Chitosan preparations with improved fat‐binding capacity
Authors: Silva Felipe B. , Gasparrini Lázaro J. , Cremonez Paulo A. , Burin Glaucia R. M. , Machado Bruna , Polinarski Marcos A. , Arantes Mabel K. , Alves Helton J.
Published: April 2021

Chitosan is a polycationic polysaccharide with good health and nutritional benefits. This study investigated the effect of chitosan properties, such as, biopolymer structure, viscometric molar mass (Mv), and degree of deacetylation (DD), on the fat‐binding capacity between five chitosan preparations (different origins and characteristics) and three types of fat (soybean oil, margarine, and pork lard). The in vitro fat‐binding tests were performed with soybean oil under different pH to simulate the digestion process in the gastrointestinal tract, followed by tests at constant pH (duodenal pH = 6.8) with three types of fat. Shrimp shell nanochitosan had an average hydrodynamic diameter of 62 nm, while that of shrimp shell chitosan and commercial chitosans (CC1, CC2, and CC3) ranged between 1090 and 1405 nm (determined by DLS). The Mv of chitosan varied between 18 and 260 kDa, and the DD ranged from 62% to 92%. Chitosan with medium Mv and high DD presented better results of fat‐binding capacity in the duodenal pH with soybean oil. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of fat‐binding capacity and its correlation with physicochemical properties of chitosan, pH, and type of fat, allowing the production of chitosan‐based products with improved fat‐binding capacity for several applications.
Were eukaryotes made by sex?
Authors: Brandeis Michael
Published: April 2021

I hypothesize that the appearance of sex facilitated the merging of the endosymbiont and host genomes during early eukaryote evolution. Eukaryotes were formed by symbiosis between a bacterium that entered an archaeon, eventually giving rise to mitochondria. This entry was followed by the gradual transfer of most bacterial endosymbiont genes into the archaeal host genome. I argue that the merging of the mitochondrial genes into the host genome was vital for the evolution of genuine eukaryotes. At the time this process commenced it was unprecedented and required a novel mechanism. I suggest that this mechanism was meiotic sex, and that its appearance might have been THE crucial step that enabled the evolution of proper eukaryotes from early endosymbiont containing proto‐eukaryotes. Sex might continue to be essential today for keeping genome insertions in check. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/aVMvWMpomac
A MATLAB GUI teaching application for ferroresonance simulation
Authors: Tao Jinsong , Gan Wangwei , Fang Shuhan , Liu Yamin , Zhang Xiaoxing , Wen Xishan
Published: April 2021

Ferroresonance is a complex phenomenon and can compromise power system sustainability in transformer cores during the electromagnetic saturation process. Over‐voltage can be induced in the inductive core of transformers in an oscillation imbalance circuit; thus causing short circuits or permanent damage to a transformer. Hence, this paper developed a teaching application that combined a graphical user interface (GUI) in MATLAB with a SIMULINK function to model a ferroresonance circuit, to undergraduate engineering students at a Chinese University, as a part of a high‐ voltage engineering course. Students can adjust the parameters in the model to test different types of resonance voltage waveforms to obtain the corresponding power frequencies directly in the GUI. Through the interactive GUI environment, the difficulties that undergraduate students experience in distance education can be eliminated. A questionnaire of the 63 students who took the course was administered to measure student perceptions of this project‐based learning experience, and the responses are included in this paper.
The new FDA nutrition facts labels and consumer purchase intentions: An effect of emotional tax
Authors: Rusmevichientong Pimbucha , Ebrahim Ryan , Nila Jessica , Cheng Ivana , Weiss Jie
Published: April 2021

In 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced new formats for the Nutrition Facts label (NFL). The revision aimed to heighten consumer attention to calorie posting, which could also evoke a negative emotion known as an emotional tax, for example, anticipated guilt of consumption, thus influencing purchase intentions. This experimental study assessed the relative size of the negative emotion by comparing participant reactions to the new and old formats. We compared NFL formats for a single product, using an ice cream because it is considered a hedonic food that consumers tend to feel guilty about overeating. A total of 673 participants were randomized into groups presented with one of the three new NFL formats or with the old NFL format. They rated two questions: (a) how guilty they would feel after eating the entire container, and (b) how likely they would be to purchase the product. The results from an ordered probit regression showed that the new NFL formats significantly decreased consumer purchase intentions compared to the old NFL format (total effect). The largest percentage increase in anticipated guilt of consumption (27.09% of the total effect) was associated with the single‐serving container NFL format, the dual‐column NFL format (24.89%), and the standard NFL format (9.27%) had smaller effects. These three NFL formats were equally rated more eye‐catching than the old format but provided different contextual cues. Future research on negative emotions that could result from these contextual cues may be warranted to explore the consequences on eating behaviors.
Exploring the Potential of Metallodrugs as Chemotherapeutics for Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Nayeem Nazia , Contel Maria
Published: April 2021

This review focuses on studies of coordination and organometallic compounds as potential chemotherapeutics against triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) which has one of the poorest prognoses and worst survival rates from all breast cancer types. At present, chemotherapy is still the standard of care for TNBC since only one type of targeted therapy has been recently developed. References for metal‐based compounds studied in TNBC cell lines will be listed, and those of metal‐specific reviews, but a detailed overview will also be provided on compounds studied in vivo (mostly in mice models) and those compounds for which some preliminary mechanistic data was obtained (in TNBC cell lines and tumors) and/or for which bioactive ligands have been used. The main goal of this review is to highlight the most promising metal‐based compounds with potential as chemotherapeutic agents in TNBC.
Phenyl Silicates with Substituted Catecholate Ligands: Synthesis, Structural Studies and Reactivity
Authors: Levernier Etienne , Jaouadi Khaoula , Zhang Heng‐Rui , Corcé Vincent , Bernard Aurélie , Gontard Geoffrey , Troufflard Claire , Grimaud Laurence , Derat Etienne , Ollivier Cyril , Fensterbank Louis
Published: April 2021

While the generation of aryl radicals by photoredox catalysis under reductive conditions is well documented, it has remained challenging under an oxidative pathway. Because of the easy photo‐oxidation of alkyl bis‐catecholato silicates, a general study of phenyl silicates bearing substituted catecholate ligands has been achieved. The newly synthesized phenyl silicates have been fully characterized, and their reactivity has been explored. It was found that, thanks to the substitution of the catecholate moiety, notably with the 4‐cyanocatecholato ligand, the phenyl radical could be generated and trapped. Computational studies provided a rationale for these findings.
Organometallic Molecular Wires with Thioacetylene Backbones, trans‐{RS‐(C≡C)n}2Ru(phosphine)4: High Conductance through Non‐Aromatic Bridging Linkers
Authors: Yashiro Atsushi , Tanaka Yuya , Tada Tomofumi , Fujii Shintaro , Nishino Tomoaki , Akita Munetaka
Published: April 2021

In this work, the design, synthesis, and single‐molecule conductance of ethynyl‐ and butadiynyl‐ruthenium molecular wires with thioether anchor groups [RS=n‐C6H13S, p‐tert‐Bu−C6H4S), trans‐{RS−(C≡C)n}2Ru(dppe)2 (n=1 (1R), 2 (2R); dppe: 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) and trans‐(n‐C6H13S−C≡C)2Ru{P(OMe)3}4 3hex] are reported. Scanning tunneling microscope break‐junction study has revealed conductance of the organometallic molecular wires with the thioacetylene backbones higher than that of the related organometallic wires having arylethynylruthenium linkages with the sulfur anchor groups, trans‐{p‐MeS−C6H4‐(C≡C)n}2Ru(phosphine)4 4n (n=1, 2) and trans‐(Th−C≡C)2Ru(phosphine)4 5 (Th=3‐thienyl). It should be noted that the molecular junctions constructed from the butadiynyl wire 2R, trans‐{Au−RS−(C≡C)2}2Ru(dppe)2 (Au: gold metal electrode), show conductance comparable to that of the covalently linked polyynyl wire with the similar molecular length, trans‐{Au−(C≡C)3}2Ru(dppe)2 63. The DFT non‐equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) study supports the highly conducting nature of the thioacetylene molecular wires through HOMO orbitals.
Redox Chemistry of Heterobimetallic Polypnictogen Triple‐Decker Complexes – Rearrangement, Fragmentation and Transfer
Authors: Piesch Martin , Reichl Stephan , Riesinger Christoph , Seidl Michael , Balazs Gabor , Scheer Manfred
Published: April 2021

The redox chemistry of the heterobimetallic triple‐decker complexes [(Cp*Fe)(Cp′′′Co)(μ,η5:η4‐E5)] (E=P (1), As (2), Cp*=1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethyl‐cyclopentadienyl, Cp′′′=1,2,4‐tri‐tertbutyl‐cyclopentadienyl) and [(Cp′′′Co)(Cp′′′Ni)(μ,η3:η3‐E3)] (E=P (10), As (11)) was investigated. Compound 1 and 2 could be oxidized to the monocations 3 and 4 and further to the dications 5 and 6, while the initially folded cyclo‐E5 ligand planarizes upon oxidation. The reduction leads to an opposite change in the geometry of the middle deck, which is now folded stronger into the direction of the other metal fragment (formation of monoanions 7 and 8). For the arsenic compound 8, a different behavior is found since a fragmentation into an As6 (9) and As3 ligand complex occurs. The Co and Ni triple‐decker complexes 10 and 11 can be oxidized initially to the heterometallic monocations 12 and 13, which are not stable in solution and convert selectively into the homometallic nickel complexes 14 and 15 and the cobalt complexes 16 and 17. This behavior was further proven by the oxidation of [(Cp′′′Co)(Cp′′Ni)(μ,η3:η2‐P3)] (19, Cp′′=1,3‐di‐tertbutyl‐cyclopentadienyl) comprising two different Cp ligands. The transfer of {CpRM} fragments can be suppressed when a {W(CO)5} unit is coordinated to the P3 ligand (20) prior to the oxidation and the mixed cobalt and nickel cation 21 can be isolated. The reduction of 10 and 11 yields the heterometallic monoanions 22 and 23, where no transfer of the {CpRM} fragments is observed.
Experimenting with labs: Practical and pedagogical considerations for the integration of problem‐based lab instruction in chemical engineering
Authors: Vaez Ghaemi Roza , Potvin Gabriel
Published: April 2021

Laboratory instruction is a core component of the training of chemical engineers. The hands‐on experiences in the laboratory are designed to facilitate the development of critical analytical skills, establish links between theory and reality, and develop transferrable skills. In the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (CHBE) at the University of British Columbia (UBC), the senior laboratory course was designed using a Problem‐Based Laboratory (PBL) approach to shift part of the responsibility for the learning experience from the instructor to the students, with the aim to improve learning outcomes. In this course, student teams perform 10‐week open‐ended labs in which they design and execute unique experimental plans to address industrially relevant problem statements. This course leverages student autonomy and ownership of their work, the flexibility of deliverables, and low‐stakes opportunities to make and fix mistakes to increase student engagement, which in turn facilitates the development of critical thinking and decision‐making skills and increases student confidence in their engineering abilities. This paper synthesizes student feedback, performance data, instructor observations, and logistical experiences over several iterations of this course to identify the key elements required for the successful implementation of PBL instruction. The rationale for this shift in pedagogical approaches, the pedagogical grounding underpinning this design, the basic course structure and its reception by students, and the main challenges of this type of course implementation in chemical engineering are also presented.
Uniform Formation of Amorphous Cobalt Phosphate on Carbon Nanotubes for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction†
Authors: Ge Mengzhan , Zhang Xiaodong , Xia Shangzhou , Luo Wenjie , Jin Yuwei , Chen Qianqian , Nie Huagui , Yang Zhi
Published: April 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Tremendous efforts have been made to the development of highly active, stable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts based on earth‐abundant metal compounds. Recently, cobalt phosphorus (Co‐P) catalysts have received particular attention owing to their good performances for the HER. However, the reported Co‐P catalysts were not uniformly anchored on the substrates. Hence, developing Co‐P catalysts with a uniform surface structure for HER remains a major challenge. Herein, we utilized small molecule tris(4‐fluorophenyl)phosphane (PF) for preliminarily functionalizing carbon nanotubes (PF‐CNTs) via π–π stacking interactions. Using these as the substrate, amorphous cobalt phosphate (CoPi) catalysts could then be uniformly anchored on PF‐CNTs by electrodeposition method. These obtained CoPi/PF‐CNTs catalysts show an onset potential low to 29 mV, a low overpotential (105 mV in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 at a current density of 10 mA·cm–2 with a Tafel plot of 32 mV·dec–1) and an excellent stability for HER in acidic electrolyte, which is a promising noble‐metal‐free HER catalyst.
On‐chip power supply generation for self‐contained electronics using oxide thin‐film transistors
Authors: Sharma Ashima , Bahubalindruni Pydi Ganga , Bharti Manisha , Barquinha Pedro
Published: April 2021

This paper presents a novel DC–DC converter suitable for low voltage operation using n‐type all enhancement amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs). This circuit employs the charge transfer switches (CTSs) which dynamically directs the charge flow in one direction. The limitations of conventional charge pump topology, that is, reverse charge sharing phenomenon and limited output voltage, are mitigated in the proposed design. It offers a voltage conversion efficiency (VCE) of 97.8% and maximum power efficiency of 91.1% at a load current of 5 μA when simulated using an in‐house analytical model in cadence virtuoso environment. It is capable of working at a voltage as low as 3 V provided by thin‐film, printed batteries. To the best of author's knowledge, this is the first design, which demonstrates on‐chip power supply generation for oxide TFT‐based circuits using a single thin‐film battery (equivalent voltage) which offers the highest output DC voltage of 14.36 V at a clock frequency and input voltage of 1 MHZ and 3 V, respectively. Further, an on‐chip clock generator is implemented to generate all signals required by the charge pump circuit. The proposed circuit provides highest VCE and power efficiency in comparison to reported circuits using same technology. Hence, it finds potential application in next era self‐contained electronics, such as smart packaging and wearable devices using flexible electronics.
Polyoxometalate‐Based Metal‐Organic Framework/Polypyrrole Composites toward Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance
Authors: Li Tingyu , He Peng , Dong Yi‐na , Chen Weichao , Wang Ting , Gong Jian , Chen Weilin
Published: April 2021

Supercapacitors are energy storage equipment that have attracted particular attention owing to its wide operating temperature range, high‐power density, and small size, whereas the limited energy density has always been a main obstacle in many applications. Composite materials have a forward‐looking application value in the manufacture of innovative supercapacitors due to the synergistic effect between various components. We propose a plain oxidative polymerization method to prepare the polyoxometalate‐based metal‐organic framework/polypyrrole composites (PW12@MIL‐101/PPy‐n, n represents the volumes of pyrrole) toward supercapacitor electrodes for the first time. PW12@MIL‐101 possesses rich and fully accessible active sites as well as regular porosity provided by PW12 and MIL‐101(Fe), respectively. PPy can effectively meliorate the conductivity of PW12@MIL‐101 by accelerating the Faradaic process at the surface, and then facilitate electron/ion transfer between PW12@MIL‐101 nanocrystallines. As a result, PW12@MIL‐101/PPy‐0.15 composite has a noticeably higher specific capacitance (1217 mF ⋅ cm−2), which is better than PW12@MIL‐101 (158 mF ⋅ cm−2) and MIL‐101 (117 mF ⋅ cm−2). Meanwhile, the relevant symmetric supercapacitor assembled with PW12@MIL‐101/PPy‐0.15 displays a sizable energy density of 20.7 Wh/kg at a power density of 277.6 W/kg. About 83.7 % of the pristine capacitance is still reserved after 2000 consecutive charges and discharges.
A generalized seismic sliding model of slopes with multiple slip surfaces
Authors: Song Jian , Rodriguez‐Marek Adrian , Feng Tugen , Ji Jian
Published: April 2021

Earthquake‐induced permanent displacements of slopes are generally evaluated through the simplified sliding block analyses of a singular coherent mass on a predefined failure plane. However, coseismic landslides may exhibit multiple slip surfaces as a result of earthquake shaking. This study presents a generalized seismic sliding analysis using a column of sliding blocks to model seismic slope failures with multiple slip surfaces. The formulation of the sliding mode equations of the block system is obtained by a rigorous theoretical derivation. Both a rigid soil column associated with an acceleration–time series that is constant with depth, and a flexible soil column considering an acceleration–time series that varies throughout the sliding mass is presented. The conditional yield accelerations and the equivalent seismic accelerations are defined to characterize the complex interplay of the sliding block assemblies. The approach is applied to model the seismic sliding behavior of layered slopes in which failures would likely occur at the interfaces between soil layers with different shear strengths. The effects of input ground motions and soil deposits on the sliding patterns of slopes are investigated. The developed generalized model provides a promising means for evaluating the seismic slope stability by combining a number of seismic failure locations within slopes.
Structure, properties, and bioactivity of 3D printed PAEKs for implant applications: A systematic review
Authors: Basgul Cemile , Spece Hannah , Sharma Neha , Thieringer Florian M. , Kurtz Steven M.
Published: April 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) of high temperature polymers, specifically polyaryletherketones (PAEK), is gaining significant attention for medical implant applications. As 3D printing systems evolve toward point of care manufacturing, research on this topic continues to expand. Specific regulatory guidance is being developed for the safe management of 3D printing systems in a hospital environment. PAEK implants can benefit from many advantages of AM such as design freedom, material and antibacterial drug incorporation, and enhanced bioactivity provided by cancellous bone‐like porous designs. In addition to AM PAEK bioactivity, the biomechanical strength of 3D printed implants is crucial to their performance and thus widely studied. In this review, we discuss the printing conditions that have been investigated so far for additively manufactured PAEK implant applications. The effect of processing parameters on the biomechanical strength of implants is summarized, and the bioactivity of PAEKs, along with material and drug incorporation, is also covered in detail. Finally, the therapeutic areas in which 3D printed PAEK implants are investigated and utilized are reviewed.
miRNA‐138‐5p suppresses cigarette smoke‐induced apoptosis in testicular cells by targeting Caspase‐3 through the Bcl‐2 signaling pathway
Authors: He Lijuan , Gong Haiyan , You Shuping , Zhang Chen , Zhong Chunxue , Li Linlin
Published: April 2021

Long‐term cigarette smoking (CS) can cause testicular toxicity, which interferes with normal spermatogenesis and leads to male infertility. One possible mechanism for this is the activation of the apoptosis signaling pathway, which leads to the irreversible apoptosis of testicular cells. However, the exact mechanism for this is not completely understood. Cell viability, cell apoptosis, and lactate dehydrogenase release assays were performed to elucidate the function of micro RNA (miRNA) in the pathogenesis of male testicular cell injury induced by CS. The results suggested that testicular cell injury was associated with CS both in vitro and in vivo. CS extract (CSE)‐treated Leydig and Sertoli cells showed noticeable apoptosis. Based on the results of Agilent miRNA microarray and bioinformatics analyses, miRNA‐138‐5p was used in subsequent experiments. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays showed a negative correlation between miR‐138‐5p and Caspase‐3 expression. Transfection of miR‐138‐5p mimic significantly inhibited apoptosis and downregulated the expression of Caspase‐3 in TM3 and TM4 cells. Furthermore, a dual‐luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR‐138‐5p directly targeted Caspase‐3 to regulate the apoptosis of testicular cells mediated by CSE. In addition, overexpression of miR‐138‐5p markedly downregulated the expression of p53 and Bak, which played critical roles in the Bcl‐2 pathway. These results demonstrate that miRNA‐138‐5p inhibits CS‐induced apoptosis in testicular cells by targeting Caspase‐3 through the Bcl‐2 signaling pathway.
Personality characteristics of the successful liar
Authors: Malesky Alvin , Isenberg Alicia Nicole , McCord David
Published: April 2021

The relationship between personality, behavioral cues, and the ability to tell a convincing lie was examined. Participants were administered the M5‐120 personality inventory and videotaped while retelling a partially scripted story. A group of raters reviewed the video clips and decided whether the participants were lying or being honest. Findings revealed a significant relationship between successful lying and the Agreeableness domain of personality. Specifically, the modesty and sympathy facets of the Agreeableness domain were significantly correlated with successful lying. These results suggest that personality may play a role in the ability to successfully lie. In addition, significant correlations were demonstrated between body language and successful lying and between facial expressions and successful lying.
More than neutrophils: Lin(+)Ly6G(+)IL-5Rα(+) multipotent myeloid cells (MMCs) are dominant in normal murine bone marrow and retain capacity to differentiate into eosinophils and monocytes
Authors: Jeong Brian M , Walker Matthew T , Rodriguez Raul , Coden Mackenzie E , Nagasaka Reina , Doan Ton C , Politanska Yuliya , Abdala-Valencia Hiam , Berdnikovs Sergejs
Published: April 2021

Bone marrow is a hematopoietic site harboring multiple populations of myeloid cells in different stages of differentiation. Murine bone marrow eosinophils are traditionally identified by Siglec-F(+) staining using flow cytometry, whereas neutrophils are characterized by Ly6G(+) expression. However, using flow cytometry to characterize bone marrow hematopoietic cells in wild-type mice, we found substantial gray areas in identification of these cells. Siglec-F(+) mature eosinophil population constituted only a minority of bone marrow Lin(+)CD45(+) pool (5%). A substantial population of Siglec-F(−) cells was double positive for neutrophil marker Ly6G and eosinophil lineage marker, IL-5Rα. This granulocyte population with mixed neutrophil and eosinophil characteristics is typically attributable to neutrophil pool based on neutral granule staining and expression of Ly6G and myeloid peroxidase. It is distinct from Lineage(−) myeloid progenitors or Siglec-F(+)Ly6G(+) maturing eosinophil precursors, and can be accurately identified by Lineage(+) staining and positive expression of markers IL-5Rα and Ly6G. At 15–50% of all CD45(+) hematopoietic cells in adult mice (percentage varies by sex and age), this is a surprisingly dominant population, which increases with age in both male and female mice. RNA-seq characterization of these cells revealed a complex immune profile and the capacity to secrete constituents of the extracellular matrix. When sorted from bone marrow, these resident cells had neutrophilic phenotype but readily acquired all characteristics of eosinophils when cultured with G-CSF or IL-5, including expression of Siglec-F and granular proteins (Epx, Mbp). Surprisingly, these cells were also able to differentiate into Ly6C(+) monocytes when cultured with M-CSF. Herein described is the discovery of an unexpected hematopoietic flexibility of a dominant population of multipotent myeloid cells, typically categorized as neutrophils, but with the previously unknown plasticity to contribute to mature pools of eosinophils and monocytes.
Projected changes in monthly baseflow across the U.S. Midwest
Authors: Ayers Jessica R. , Villarini Gabriele , Schilling Keith , Jones Christopher
Published: April 2021

Baseflow is an essential water resource because it is the groundwater discharged to streams and represents long‐term storage. Understanding its future changes is a major concern for water supply and ecosystem health. This study examines the impacts of climate and agriculture on monthly baseflow in the U.S. Midwest through the end of the 21st century. We use a statistical approach to evaluate three scenarios. The first scenario is based on downscaled and bias corrected global climate model (GCM) outputs and the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5, and agriculture is held constant (and equal to the mean from 2013 to 2019). In the next two scenarios, climate is held constant (2010–2019) to isolate the impact of agriculture on baseflow. In terms of agricultural changes, we consider scenarios representative of either increases or decreases with respect to the production of corn and soybeans. Changes in the climate system point to increases in baseflow that are likely a result of increased precipitation and antecedent wetness. Seasonally, warmer temperature in the winter and spring (i.e., February to July) is expected to cause increasing trends in baseflow. Changes in land use showed that agriculture would either mitigate the impact of climate change or possibly amplify it. Expanding corn and soybean areas would increase baseflow in the Corn Belt region. On the other hand, converting land back to perennial vegetation would decrease baseflow throughout the entire year. Despite its simplicity, this study can provide basic information to understand where to expect adverse effects on baseflow and thus improve land management practices in those areas.
Role of thin gingival phenotype and inadequate keratinized mucosa width (<2 mm) as risk indicators for peri‐implantitis and peri‐implant mucositis
Authors: Gharpure Amit S. , Latimer Jessica M. , Aljofi Faisal E. , Kahng Justin H. , Daubert Diane M.
Published: April 2021

Background

There is growing evidence on the impact of thin gingival phenotype (TnP) and inadequate keratinized mucosa width (KMW <2 mm) around dental implants on peri‐implant health. This study investigated the role of TnP and inadequate KMW (<2 mm) as risk indicators for peri‐implantitis and mucositis and on dental patient‒reported outcomes.

Methods

Sixty‐three patients with 193 implants (mean follow‐up of 6.9 ± 3.7 years) were given a clinical and radiographic examination and a questionnaire to assess patient awareness of food impaction and pain/discomfort. Chi‐squared tests and regression analysis for clustered data were used to compare outcomes.

Results

Implants with TnP had a statistically higher prevalence of peri‐implantitis (27.1% versus 11.3%; PR, 3.32; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.64‒6.72; P = 0.001) peri‐implant mucositis (42.7% versus 33%; PR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.12‒2.9; P = 0.016) and pain/discomfort during oral hygiene (25% versus 5%; PR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.06‒12.96; P = 0.044) than thick phenotype. Implants with inadequate KMW had a statistically higher prevalence of peri‐implantitis (24.1% versus 17%; PR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.07‒3.25; P = 0.027) and peri‐implant mucositis (46.6% versus 34.1%; PR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1‒2.33; P = 0.05) and pain/discomfort during oral hygiene (28% versus 10%; PR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.1‒5.1; P = 0.027) than the adequate KMW. TnP was strongly associated with inadequate KMW (PR = 3.18; 95% CI, 1.69‒6.04; P <0.001).

Conclusion

TnP and inadequate KMW (<2 mm) may be significant risk indicators for peri‐implant disease and pain/discomfort during brushing.
Porphyromonas gingivalis, the most influential pathogen in red‐complex bacteria: A cross‐sectional study on the relationship between bacterial count and clinical periodontal status in Japan
Authors: Chigasaki Otofumi , Aoyama Norio , Sasaki Yoshiyuki , Takeuchi Yasuo , Mizutani Koji , Ikeda Yuichi , Gokyu Misa , Umeda Makoto , Izumi Yuichi , Iwata Takanori , Aoki Akira
Published: April 2021

Background

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen in microbiota associated with periodontitis. The purpose of the present study was to assess the association between salivary counts of red‐complex bacteria and clinical periodontal status in a Japanese population.

Methods

A total of 977 subjects who visited a general dental clinic in Japan from 2003 to 2006 were enrolled in the study. Stimulated saliva was obtained, and the amounts of major periodontal bacteria were measured using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and each subject's average proximal bone crest level (BCL) on dental radiographs were measured.

Results

The number of P. gingivalis strongly associated with percentage of 4 mm or more PPD sites, BOP positive percentage, and 1.5 mm or more BCL sites. The detection of P. gingivalis with Treponema denticola and/or Tannerella forsythia showed a high rate of three positive clinical parameters, whereas the only P. gingivalis detected group and those without P. gingivalis had a low rate of three positive clinical parameters.

Conclusion

Among red‐complex bacteria, the amount of P. gingivalis showed the strongest association with the severity of periodontal condition, and co‐occurrence of P. gingivalis with T. denticola and/or T. forsythia showed heightened progression of periodontitis.
Antimicrobial dosing in prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy: a systematic review
Authors: Rawlins Matthew D. M. , Misko Jeanie , Roberts Jason A.
Published: April 2021

Aim

The research aim was to conduct a systematic review of the literature regarding the pharmacokinetics (PK) and dosing of antimicrobials in prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy (PIRRT), a hybrid form of dialysis becoming increasingly utilised in critical care.

Methods

A literature review was performed using PubMed from database inception to October 2020 according to the PRISMA guidelines. All papers published in English language were included in the review. Two researchers independently conducted literature searches, screened abstracts and full text and came to agreement as to which articles were suitable for inclusion before compiling the relevant data into a spreadsheet. The types of papers retrieved varied between case reports, single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic studies and Monte Carlo simulations.

Results

A total of 149 articles were found in the initial literature review and via other sources. Of these papers, 50 articles were deemed eligible for inclusion. These studies included one to 34 patients. PIRRT settings varied between institutions, including filter surface area, duration of PIRRT and type of dialyser used. With the exception of vancomycin and meropenem, few antimicrobials had sufficient data available from which reasonable empiric dosing regimens can be recommended.

Conclusion

There is limited data to guide dosing of antimicrobials during PIRRT. More studies are required to understand how dosing can be optimised in this population of critically ill patients.
Fructose‐rich diet and walnut supplementation differently regulate rat hypothalamic and hippocampal glucose transporters expression
Authors: Dakic Tamara , Lakic Iva , Zec Manja , Takic Marija , Stojiljkovic Mojca , Jevdjovic Tanja
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND

Nutritional modulations may be considered a strategy to protect mental health. Neuronal homeostasis is highly dependent on the availability of glucose, which represents the primary energy source for the brain. In this study, we evaluated the effects of walnut intake and fructose‐rich diet on the expression of glucose transporters (GLUTs) in two rat brain regions: hypothalamus and hippocampus.

RESULTS

Our results show that walnut supplementation of fructose‐fed animals restored the hypothalamic content of GLUT1 and GLUT3 protein. Furthermore, walnut intake did not affect increased hypothalamic GLUT2 content upon fructose consumption. These effects were accompanied by distinctive alterations of hippocampal GLUTs levels. Specifically, walnut intake increased GLUT1 content, whereas GLUT2 protein was decreased within the rat hippocampus after both individual and combined treatments.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our study suggests that walnut supplementation exerted modulatory effects on the glucose transporters within specific brain regions in the presence of developed metabolic disorder. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Electron–Hole Plasma Contributes to Both Plasmonic and Photonic Lasing from CH3NH3PbBr3 Nanowires at Room Temperature
Authors: Wang Jian , Jia Xiaohao , Guan Yalu , Ren Kuankuan , Yu Haichao , Wang Zhijie , Qu Shengchun , Yang Qingxin , Lin Jie , Wang Zhanguo , Jin Peng
Published: April 2021

Lead halide perovskites have gained tremendous attentions in many fields, especially in nanolasers, owing to the excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the underlying lasing mechanism is not clear in both plasmonic and photonic nanolasers at room temperature. Here, the plasmonic lasers and the photonic counterparts based on organic–inorganic hybrid lead tri‐bromine perovskite nanowires are achieved at room temperature and are compared in terms of lasing evolution, lasing wavelengths, and lasing dynamics. The same spectra evolution and the same emission wavelength indicate that the plasmonic and the photonic CH3NH3PbBr3 nanowire lasers have the same gain origination. The calculated Mott density lower than the threshold density and lasing photon energy lower than exciton energy prove that an electron–hole plasma contributes to both the two types of lasing actions from perovskite nanowires at room temperature. The work deepens the understanding of underlying mechanism of perovskite nanowire lasers.
Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Movement Disorders: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Macchi Zachary A. , Kletenik Isaiah , Olvera Caroline , Holden Samantha K.
Published: April 2021

Background

Functional movement disorders (FMD) are characterized by abnormal movements and motor symptoms incongruent with a known structural neurologic cause. While psychological stressors have long been considered an important risk factor for developing FMD, little is known about the impact of psychiatric comorbidities on disease manifestations or complexity.

Objectives

To compare characteristics of FMD patients with co‐occurring mood and trauma‐related psychiatric conditions to FMD patients without psychiatric conditions.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients seen in the University of Colorado Health system between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2019. Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of FMD, determined by ICD‐10 coding and ≥1 phenomenology‐related diagnostic code (tremor, gait disturbances, ataxia, spasms, and weakness), and at least one encounter with a neurology specialist. Fisher's exact and unpaired t‐tests were used to compare demographics, healthcare utilization, and phenomenologies of patients with psychiatric conditions to those with none.

Results

Our review identified 551 patients with a diagnosis of FMD who met inclusion criteria. Patients with psychiatric conditions (N = 417, 75.7%) had increased five‐year healthcare utilization (mean emergency room encounters 9.9 vs. 3.5,P = 0.0001) and more prevalent non‐epileptic seizures (18.2% vs. 7.5%,P = 0.001). Suicidal ideation (8.4%) and self‐harm (4.1%) were only observed amongst patients with comorbid psychiatric conditions.

Conclusions

Patients with FMD and comorbid psychiatric conditions require more healthcare resources and have greater disease complexity than patients without psychiatric illness. This may have implications for treatment of patients without comorbid psychiatric conditions who may benefit from targeted physiotherapy alone.