bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to Pass Technical Examinations
Authors: Loebl H.
Published: November 2014

High failure rates worry everyone concerned with technical teaching and the qualified manpower problem — and they worry the potential failers too. Any advice on examination technique which teachers can pass on to their students can be of great help in getting them over these fateful first hurdles. Mr Loebl, who is Managing Director of three companies in the scientific instrument and computer field, was a part‐time lecturer at Rutherford for five years, and is responsible for some thirty‐five apprentices.
Liberal Studies for Trade Apprentices
Authors: Watkins Owen C.
Published: November 2014

This is an interim report on an attempt to put into practice some of the many ideas and theories on liberal studies in further education put forward in recent years. While claiming no great originality in conception, it is interesting as an indication of what is being done in the classroom — in this instance the boys' classes of a works school.
The Organisation of Laboratory Work
Authors: Easton W.A.G.
Published: November 2014

The author continues the series on laboratory work with a discussion of the content and organisation of the first year's work in Engineering Science. Particular attention is paid to the development of schedules for ensuring that all S1 students perform a balanced set of experiments, as far as possible individually and inter‐linked with the relevant theory.
ELEMENTARY PRACTICAL ELECTROTECHNOLOGY
Authors: Taylor C.V.
Published: November 2014

There has been a tendency during the last few years for pupils at secondary modern schools to make a start on work normally done at technical college. The introduction of the first stages of senior work at secondary modern level prepares pupils for the college type of work and eases the transition from school to part‐time day release. In some cases arrangements can be made with the local technical college to exempt students from the first year of a trade course leading to a City and Guilds Certificate.
FABRIC MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES RELEVANT TO CLOTHING MANUFACTURE
Authors: Mahar T.J. , Ajiki I. , Dhingra R.C. , Postle R.
Published: November 2014

In Parts 1 and 2 of this series of papers, we have investigated the important mechanical and physical properties of fabrics which determine their performance during tailoring especially fabric tensile, shear, bending and dimensional properties. The conditions for structural balance of seams has been quantitatively evaluated as well as the relationship between the degree of fabric overfeed during sewing and the natural curvature or curling couple of the seamed fabric assembly. Fabric forming and draping behaviour is strongly dependent on fabric bending and the fabric membrane properties of extension, longitudinal compression and shearing in the fabric plane. In this paper, the influence of these basic fabric mechanical properties on subjectively assessed garment appearance is also studied. These mechanical properties can be used to distinguish between fabrics which make up into suits of good and poor appearance. The investigation of the bending properties of overfed fabrics has established an empirical relationship between the level of fabric overfeed and the natural curvature of the overfed seamed fabric composite for three different fabric configurations.
Professional salesmen
Authors: FOOD
Published: November 2014

THE VAN SALESMAN AT PALETHORPES LTD, THE FARM PRODUCTS Division of the J Bibby Group, have helped to increase sales by 15 per cent since taking part in a new training programme introduced in 1973. The training scheme has shifted the emphasis from order taking to professional selling.
training: the choices ahead part 6
Authors: JOH
Published: November 2014

In earlier articles in this series we have examined politics from several different points of view: as a communications system; as a system of human relationships and so on. We now come to that stage where it is possible to investigate politics as a management system. This means asking such questions as: what is the system trying to do? what means are available to assist in achieving these objectives? and how successful is the system in achieving its objectives?
The corrosion story
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: November 2014

The inception of the process The process of sherardizing, or “dry galvanizing” dates from 1900 although the principles involved in sherardizing were not entirely unknown previous to this. In 1838 M. Berry, took out a British patent in which he coated iron and copper in a manner similar to the sherardizing process. In 1896 Roberts‐Austen showed that it was possible to alloy gold and lead at temperatures well below the melting point of lead.
What Role Should Marketing Theory Play in Marketing Education: A Cross‐National Comparison of Marketing Educators
Authors: Howard Donald G. , Ryans John K.
Published: November 2014

The focus of this article is a cross‐national comparison of the role the study of marketing theory should play in the marketing education process. This study also examines whether the status of marketing theory differs from marketing academicians in the United States, Europe, and the Pacific Basin.
PERSPECTIVES ON CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT
Authors: Hoffarth Victoria B.
Published: November 2014

The recent years have been marked by the increasing participation of women in the labour force internationally. Especially in the industrialised countries of Western Europe and North America, this labour force participation is now well over 40%. Globally, however, the estimate is around 33%. A large number of these women are still found in the agriculture sector and the informal sector of industry. For those working in the formal industrial sector, a significant portion work in the shopfloor of assembly line operations for products ranging from electronics to textiles. Women in management comprise less than 1% of all economically active women. For the purposes of this paper, a “manager” is defined as a person who has latitude in decision making as to the allocation and use of organisational resources, including physical, financial, and human resources.
Some Practical Aspects of Modern Language Teaching
Authors: Newmark P.
Published: November 2014

The author presents some stimulating ideas on teaching modern languages for vocational — not vacational — purposes. In his view subsidiary aims on the part of the student must be stripped away — but so must auxiliary methods used by some teachers — “unthinking soaking in foreign sounds”, for example
The Teaching of Organic Chemistry
Authors: Fox Brian A.
Published: November 2014

In spite of the great advances made during the last thirty years or so in the understanding of organic chemistry, the teaching of the subject, at least at an elementary level, has remained more or less unchanged. It is not uncommon for teachers to adopt exactly the same approach to the subject as was used when they themselves were students and the somewhat dreary repetition of ‘preparations, properties and uses’ is still the most widely used teaching method. Many of the textbooks used have been current for three or more decades and are devoid of modern ideas; even the more recent ones are predominantly old‐fashioned in approach. Good textbooks are, of course, available and they are used to some extent, but unfortunately the old favourites still dominate the field.
TEACHING TOPICS
Authors: Hawley W.G.
Published: November 2014

THERE ARE probably few technical colleges where space and finance will permit the installation of large impulse generator equipment such as that described by Mr Briggs in the January 1960 issue of this journal. Yet transient theory and impulse voltage technique have to be taught; and while the former can be, and has been, done without the aid of demonstration apparatus, the latter, which is also of great importance to the electrical engineer, must definitely have recourse to such apparatus.
An Introductory Course on Electrical Floor Heating
Authors: Hunter J.R.
Published: November 2014

THE OBJECT of the introductory course described here is to give students an appreciation of the finer points of floor heating and some understanding of the many considerations involved in the design and carrying out of a successful installation. Its purpose is not to produce floor heating engineers, but it should provide a good basis for further, more detailed study.
Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Anderson David
Published: November 2014

I CAME INTO technical education in 1924. At that time technical colleges were just beginning to emerge from a long period of being little more than ‘night‐schools’. World War I had given a severe jolt to our industrial and scientific complacency, and one result was an upsurge of interest in technical education. Day release was just beginning on a small scale; technical colleges were staffed by devoted but not always well qualified teachers; full‐time staffs were small, and there was an altogether disproportionate number of visiting teachers. Buildings and equipment were woefully inadequate; any building firmly rejected as being not good enough for primary or secondary purposes was allocated to technical; it was undoubtedly the Cinderella of the branches.
The Problem of the Unacademic Student
Authors: Cotterell W.J. , Smith J.R.
Published: November 2014

Everyone who has taken part in the teaching of craft apprentices has come up against the problem of those students who find the orthodox approach to technical theory very difficult. The typical ‘blackboard’ lecture seems quite alien to a large proportion of these young men and it seems probable that they have always disliked school. The liberal use of experiments and visual aids to emphasise the points being dealt with should, of course, be axiomatic in the teaching of trade courses, but even this fails to make much impression with many students. To make matters worse, employers often find that these very apprentices, about whom the college complains, make the best workmen. It is no use, therefore, to cry ‘selection’ as the cure. Nor can we eliminate all the theory which causes the trouble, because in this day and age there is a certain basic minimum of technology of his trade which the craftsman in industry must know.
Aids to Drawing Reading for Apprentices
Authors: Howarth A.D.
Published: November 2014

As the design of mechanisms, structures and so on increases in complexity, and manufacturing processes become more complicated, the need for set courses on drawing reading as a classroom subject for student and craft apprentices becomes more evident. Among the many maxims of good design are ‘Foolproof Assembly’ and ‘Minimum Number of Parts’. Although the application of these maxims is usually reasonably simple, it does make for more complex parts and, consequently, more complex detail drawings. Some of these drawings are really difficult to interpret correctly — particularly for apprentices in the early years of their training before they have received any full‐time instruction in drawing and design.
Crowther and Numeracy
Authors: Walshaw A.C.
Published: November 2014

In this scientific and technological age it is most important that greater attention be given, particularly in the primary and secondary schools, to methods of teaching arithmetic, algebra, elementary science and mathematics. Many pupils of average ability (non‐academic) may be thought to be somewhat innumerate when in fact they are only apparently so because the methods of teaching are, to say the least, partially to blame. The continuing scarcity of good teachers of mathematics and physics demands that special attention be given to discovering and adopting methods of teaching these subjects which such teachers as can be recruited for them, can confidently use in educating their pupils. If easier methods can be found — still perfectly sound — why not use them?
The Technical College Library
Authors: Wright Gordon H.
Published: November 2014

In an essay on the education of engineers Hardy Cross wrote:
Semi‐Conductors, Conductors and Insulators — some models for teaching the basic principles 3: Semi‐Conductor Devices
Authors: Watts A.J.
Published: November 2014

Having established the main modes of conduction in a p‐n junction (Part 2 of this article see last issue) and considered why it acts as a rectifier, it is useful to come down to earth and describe how the device is manufactured.
Statically Indeterminate Beams
Authors: Beddall S.E.
Published: November 2014

In order to determine the deflection of such beams or to construct their Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams, many diverse methods are generally used.
English for Craft Students — 2
Authors: Lynn John
Published: November 2014

APPRENTICES FLOUNDER in a sea of misplaced apostrophes. They use them as a sort of reflex action consequent on writing the letter “s”. The following treatment can be a cure for this ill and can provide fifty minutes of recuperative entertainment to boot.
Co‐operative Engineering Education in the US
Authors: Finnigan J.
Published: November 2014

“The College of Engineering puts the utmost premium on the development of your intellectual powers and your creative imagination, rather than on the learning of information, valuable though this may be. The faculty will encourage and assist you to: 1. think in terms of fundamental principles 2. recognise the “problem” and isolate it from unnecessary information 3. acquire self‐confidence through the statement and solution of increasingly complex problems 4. study and learn by yourself 5. develop and exercise your creative imagination 6. absorb and practise the concepts of professionalism Because an engineering education teaches you to search out the truth, to think clearly, and to formulate conclusions based upon a solid foundation of fact, engineers are being called upon more and more to occupy positions of responsibility in the management of our great industrial enterprises. Even in such diverse fields as banking, public health, and public administration, the so‐called engineering approach is in demand.”
Luton's Library
Authors: Rogerson I.
Published: November 2014

A brief description of the library at Luton College of Technology by its original librarian, who left last year to take up a similar post in the Ministry of Education project for Harris College, Preston
Entry to Technical Courses … 1
Authors: Hartles R.J.
Published: November 2014

This is the first part of an article reviewing the courses that are open to 15‐ and 16‐year‐old school‐leavers who enter industrial occupations. In the second part, to be published next month, Mr Hartles will consider selection and the preparation for such courses, with particular reference to the relating of school science to the courses noted here in Tables 1, 2 and 3
National Certificates in Chemistry
Authors: Cotter M.J.
Published: November 2014

THE EXTERNAL EXAMINATION is regarded by the majority of students — and many teachers too — as an extremely unfair method of assessing a student's ability to proceed to the next stage of a course. Let it first be said that examinations as they are at present, whether set internally or externally, are not the best possible method for assessing a student's ability; it is possible that they are the best method we have available, since as yet there is no acceptable alternative. For a student's career to depend on a three‐hour examination shows that we have not progressed far in the educational field. There is enormous scope for improvement in this direction; but this is another matter.
Apprentice Training — the first three years at Lancaster
Authors: Lee L.S. , Calderbank A.G.
Published: November 2014

The problem of apprentice training in the small Arm has found various partial solutions in group apprenticeship schemes, the use of Government Training Centres and in workshop training courses at a local technical college. This is a description of the first three years' experience in one of the earliest of the college courses
THE IMPLICATIONS OF TECHNICAL CHANGE
Authors: Cotgrove Stephen
Published: November 2014

How will technical change affect the kind of knowledge and skills required by industry and commerce in ten years' time? And what educational changes are necessary to meet future needs ? A recent inquiry by the Department of Labour, Canada provides much‐needed information on these important problems.
TEACHING METHOD
Authors: Lynn John
Published: November 2014

The very mention of poetry, poems or verse immediately suggests to craft students something superior, something beyond their ken, something ‘soppy’. The reasons for this attitude are not hard to find, for the culture of our society has not been given to them in a natural way. With poetry, for example, there is no tradition of daily readings, followed, when the poems have become part of their mental make up, by any necessary explanations. There is rather this obtrusive, banal method of teaching in the most ham‐handed way a handful of poems, so that when a fifteen— or sixteen‐year‐old lad enters a craft course or a course preliminary to a craft course, any natural enthusiasm has long since waned, and an attitude of opposition or uninterestedness — it may be positive or negative — has taken its place and has to be dealt with.
Short Courses in Engineering Subjects
Authors: Rose E.
Published: November 2014

The need for postgraduate short courses and the purposes they serve are illustrated by the author, with special reference to the work of the department at Sheffield University
HOW MANY LABORATORIES?
Authors: Webster B.R.
Published: November 2014

The College at Plymouth serves a large region and provides a wide range of courses up to London B.Sc.(Eng.) and I.E.E. Part III levels. Because of its particular geographical location it has also to include the functions of a ‘Local’ College and provide all levels of craft work. In addition to this, there are courses in Marine Radio and Radar, and in Television Broadcasting.
USSR CRAFT AND TECHNICAL TRAINING — 2
Authors: Longden J.
Published: November 2014

Mr Longden continues his series with a brief study of two aspects of the technical and vocational school programme: technical theory and political and liberal education. The main aim of these schools — industrial training as such — will be discussed in the next article
Electrical Engineering Laboratory Work
Authors: Lee B.C.
Published: November 2014

THE ARTICLE by D. Comley in the June issue, entitled ‘Organising Laboratory Work’, dismisses oral instruction at the beginning of a laboratory period by saying that it has little to commend it. While it is true in the sense that the author intends, I should like to draw attention to the very effective use that can be made of oral instruction if the experiments are provided in multiple, or if a small group is doing one experiment, or again if two or three larger groups are organised with one staff member available for each of those groups at least at the beginning of the laboratory period.
PRACTICAL WORK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS
Authors: Lowe R.F.
Published: November 2014

The special course for technicians needs a more thoughtful approach to the practical work. Ways of furthering an experimental attitude towards materials and simple hand processes are described here. The second half of the article, next month, extends these ideas to lathe‐work, with suggestions for progressive exercises and experimental methods
HOW BROAD ARE OUR HORIZONS?
Authors: West J.T.
Published: November 2014

HOW BROAD are our horizons, we who struggle by day and night to meet the needs of our students? Do we think about where we are going, or are we so much concerned with our immediate problems that we have lost sight of our goals?
CLASSROOM TECHNIQUES WITH VISUAL AIDS
Authors: Watkiris Owen C.
Published: November 2014

THE CHIEF danger with visual aids, particularly films, is passiveness — passiveness on the part of the teacher and of the class. The teacher may think that the film will do his teaching for him, and that there is little for him to do except set up the equipment and dismantle it afterwards. The class will relax and, unless positive steps are taken, regard it as an entertainment. If this happens the showing of a film will do little except waste teaching time.
THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS
Authors: Jackson Willis , English C.R. , Easton W.A.G.
Published: November 2014

Brief extracts from some of the papers presented at the recent Institution of Mechanical Engineers' Conference on
2 MODERN INSTRUMENTATION IN MECHANICAL LABORATORIES
Authors: of the Staff of Mechanical Engineering Department Members
Published: November 2014

Methods in Thermodynamics Experiments. Instrumentation in a thermodynamics laboratory can be divided into three categories: measurement of flow, of pressure and of temperature. The Rugby laboratory has been designed to include as many varieties of these — both ancient and modern — as possible. In general, examples of simple instrumentation have been confined to first‐year experiments.
9 PLANNING FOR APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
Authors: Moore W.N.C.
Published: November 2014

In the first section of the symposium, published last month, Mr Moore contributed some thoughts on the layout of a laboratory for Applied Thermodynamics.
14 INSTRUMENTATION IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORIES
Authors: Pullman W.A.
Published: November 2014

During a recent meeting on Teaching Design at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, there was considerable discussion as to whether the universities trained embryo engineers or ‘thinking‐machines’. For students following a sandwich course leading to a Dip. Tech. or degree there is no point in this distinction. For half the course, the student is in industry doing real engineering and he regards himself as a potential engineer. A college must recognise this and plan its courses accordingly. Thus, whereas a university student may well graduate without any knowledge of instrumentation as used in modern industry, his counterpart on a sandwich course is well aware of what is used. If he is to take his college studies seriously and regard laboratory work as a challenge and not a chore, then the associated instrumentation must be as modern as he uses outside the college.
EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS IN COLLEGES OF TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Probert Douglas
Published: November 2014

Assessment of a Student's Progress. LABORATORY DIARIES (and reports, when required) are marked only by the demonstrator responsible for that experiment. Subsequently the scientific, and grammatical criticisms are discussed at a tutorial held one evening before the next laboratory class. This need occupy only a few minutes of a student's time each week, but it provides him with an opportunity, while alone with a tutor, to talk over any difficulties. The system also avoids the consequences of inconsistent standards of marking by demonstrators, provided the students attempt the same number of experiments from all the specialised laboratories, e.g. from Electronics, as from Nuclear Physics. The criticism of laboratory diaries and reports must be severe until the required habits are adopted by the students. It is very easy for a demonstrator to pass over superficial mistakes because he recognises unconsciously the intended meaning, rather than what is actually written in the report.
AN AID TO TECHNICAL DRAWING
Authors: FARMER B.
Published: November 2014

In my experience of teaching Technical Drawing and Geometrical and Engineering Drawing over the past few years, I have noticed that when I arrive at the ‘Loci of Points in Mechanisms and Elementary Linkwork’ part of the syllabus, the pupils have difficulty in ‘seeing’ and understanding the various motions of the mechanisms and linkwork concerned. Of course, one can make a carefully drawn diagram for each example on the blackboard and let them learn it parrot fashion, but this is hardly what a good teacher aims at. It is much better for the pupil to comprehend fully what happens when each part of the mechanism or linkwork moves, and to see exactly where and how the locus is obtained.
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION WORKSHOP
Authors: Paddock J.O. , Galvin R.A.W.
Published: November 2014

The ever‐increasing number of students entering craft courses makes the adequacy of workshop facilities a matter of vital importance. All too often the space available for the workshop is restricted so very careful planning is needed to make the best use of what space there is.
A practical technicians course
Authors: HALL B.Sc. R.W.
Published: November 2014

The courses for Mechanical Engineering Technicians and Electrical Engineering Technicians born of the White Paper ‘Better Opportunities‘ have much to recommend them. Their syllabuses have an air of reality and practicality with few abstractions, and are interwoven to show the dependence of all the subjects on each other. A trained technician emerges from the course with a good knowledge of engineering as it is practised and fills a requirement of industry in general engineering.
Engineering drawing and the technician
Authors: GOODHAND R.
Published: November 2014

The Feilden Report on Engineering Design says of the technician:
A fuel cell for educational purposes
Authors: Williams C.G.
Published: November 2014

In a power hungry world fuel cells represent one of the most interesting ways in which electricity may be developed from normal fuels silently, at high efficiency and without noxious products. For this reason G. Cussons Ltd have introduced a fuel cell that has been specifically designed for teaching purposes. It operates at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and is therefore safe and easy to handle. The cell will produce sufficient power for a number of worthwhile experiments to be carried out, and for the efficiency of the conversion to be determined.
Hot line to the DES
Authors: Jones Lyndon , Fowler Gerry
Published: November 2014

Binary or tertiary? At present the country has a “binary” system not only for students of 18+ but also for the 16–19 age group for whom responsibility is divided between school sixth forms and further education colleges. Do you think it desirable to perpetuate this division indefinitely? In some areas and for some courses, the binary system widens the choice open to students, but it also undoubtedly leads to tensions and to some waste of resources, particularly staff. A more rational use of resources could provide better opportunities for a greater number of young people. Such rationalisation has been attempted in a number of areas, including Devon, Somerset, Lancashire and Derbyshire, by the establishment of tertiary colleges which provide in a single institution all the courses previously provided separately in school sixth forms and further education colleges. Do you favour this sort of development? If so, would you be prepared to look again at some of the decisions made by the previous Secretary of State, as for instance at Darlington, where the Authority's proposal to establish a unitary system was rejected and the retention of the existing binary system insisted on by the Secretary of State? If, on the the other hand, you are not in favour of the development of tertiary colleges, what measures do you envisage might be taken to make sure that the resources available are used to increase the opportunities open to young people rather than maintain the status of institutions?
The Economic Case for Laissez Faire Capitalism
Authors: Block Walter , Barnett William
Published: November 2014

This paper argues that laissez faire capitalism is the last best hope for mankind. That if the human race is to survive and prosper, put an end to starvation, hopelessness and unemployment, then we must embrace private property rights, the rule of law and free enterprise. No longer should “profits” be a dirty word.
KOREAN LEADERS (AND SUBORDINATES) CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Authors: Kim Nam‐Hyeon , Sohn Dong‐Won , Wall James A.
Published: November 2014

The first of two exploratory studies investigated the conflict management approaches of 310 South Korean leaders. Each recalled the most recent dispute they had encountered either between two subordinates or between a subordinate and a person outside the workgroup (i.e., an outsider). Subsequently, they reported the techniques used to manage the dispute. As predicted, the leaders were more assertive in managing subordinate‐subordinate conflicts. Unexpectedly, they also pressed their own subordinates quite forcefully in the subordinate‐outsider disputes. The second study investigated subordinates' interventions in their leaders’ disputes. In these conflicts, subordinates adopted a low‐key shuttle diplomacy; meeting separately with the parties, listening to their opinions, transmitting these to the other side, and calling for each side's empathy and understanding.
Repeated Loading and Fatigue Tests on a D.H. 104 (Dove) Wing and Fin
Authors: Fisher W.A.P.
Published: November 2014

Repeated loading tests on a D.H.104 wing and fin were made by the de Havilland Aircraft Co.
The Reheat Factor in Turbines and Turbocompressors
Authors: Kestin J.
Published: November 2014

IN the preliminary calculation for the design of a gas turbine or turbocompressor it is necessary to assume a value of the reheat factor R. The contemporary development of gas turbines and rotary compressors has aroused renewed interest in this quantity, which was studied earlier in connexion with steam turbines (refs. 1, 2, 7, 8 and 9). The paper contains an analysis of this value for a gaseous working fluid under appropriate assumptions; it is first calculated for an infinite number of stages with constant and variable specific heats; secondly, exact and approximate formulae are derived for finite numbers of stages of expansion and compression respectively and a method of estimating the heat recovery in turbines for working fluids with variable specific heats is indicated. Similar problems were considered in ref. 10 and the subject matter of Part III was presented to the Aeronautical Research Council (ref. 6).
Production Engineering, Administration and Management
Authors: Connolly J.V.
Published: November 2014

The whole of the preceding chapters have attempted to show the various components of the ideal manager's knowledge and mental equipment. At the beginning it is seen that separate subjects, hardly related to one another, form a background of general knowledge necessary (or at least highly desirable) for the formation of sound judgments. These are joined by the specific tool subjects, technologies and skills which have a direct bearing on the practice of management. These, in turn, are combined in the field of control, dealt with in chapter 7.0, where perhaps two or more tools, guided by background knowledge, are used to perform certain important controlling functions necessary in the practice of management. It will, however, be clear from a reference to paragraphs 1.10, 1.20 and from TABLE 1 that all these things are merely part of the manifestations of Management and Administration and not the essence of the functions.
The Quadrilateral ‘Shear’ Panel
Authors: Garvey S.J.
Published: November 2014

Among the problems introduced by swept wings is that of the non‐rectangular panel in equilibrium under loading applied tangentially along its edges. The present article examines the state of stress in a general uniform quadrilateral panel and, for the benefit of stiffness calculations, the strain energy stored in it. Stable conditions are assumed. The problem of replacing such a panel by ‘diamond’ bracing is also treated.
Influences of Grain Flow on the Strength of Lugs
Authors: Robinson G.I.
Published: November 2014

IN the March 1951 issue of AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING an article was presented by D. L. McElhinney entitled ‘The Effects of Grain Direction on the Mechanical Properties of Light Alloy Extrusions’.
Turbine Stresses in Aero‐Engines
Authors: Drew D.A.
Published: November 2014

AS a member of a Rolls‐Royce team of engineers I have been engaged upon the study of the cause of turbine blade failure on the test‐bed and in flight, but I should like to mention here that the views expressed in this paper are entirely my own and do not necessarily represent the views or the policy of Rolls‐Royce Limited. I have not hesitated to put forward some views, although the data are not available at this stage to provide rigid proofs that the views are correct. I hope that in doing this I may add to the interest of the discussion that will follow this paper.
The Library Shelf
Authors: H.B.H.
Published: November 2014

Volumes 1 and 2 of this Handbook, containing Sections 1 to 5 inclusive, were reviewed recently in these columns (AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING, May 1952). The present review is concerned with one of four sections which will in due course make up Volume 4, and which deals with supersonic flutter investigations: it may be noted that flutter is the only aeroelastic phenomenon treated.
An Artificial Horizon and Directional Gyro for Sailplanes
Authors: Yates A.H.
Published: November 2014

The British Gliding Association lias rightly called attention to the need for an artificial horizon suitable for use in a sailplane. This note argues that the artificial horizon, together with the directional gyro, form the ideal pair of instruments for the accurate and safe Hying of sailplanes in clouds. A description is given of a pair developed from German instruments together with full details of their weight, size and current consumption. It is shown that for a total weight of 20 lb. a sailplane can he fitted with an electrically driven horizon and directional gyro which will run continuously for over six hours before the batteries need recharging.
Engine Failure Prediction Techniques
Authors: Hunter R.C.
Published: November 2014

THE ability to detect an impending failure in an aircraft engine mechanical power system, at an early stage, where expensive and possibly catastrophic system failures can be prevented, will provide enhanced aircraft safety by minimising the possibility of a serious engine failure, and the need for the pilot to shut down an engine during flight with all the attendant emergency ramifications that can arise. This will also improve the utilisation of the aircraft, by the scope to plan unscheduled engine removals to suit the aircraft downtime, and it will reduce the turnround time and costs to effect the necessary repairs; particularly if the skill of detection can also pinpoint the area of distress with accuracy.
The Use of Computers in Flight Testing
Authors: Batten D.
Published: November 2014

Flight testing of modern high performance aircraft has generated an increasingly complex data handling workload and this contributes significantly to the duration and cost of flight test programmes. Automation of this critical data handling process can reduce the high cost of such a programme by reducing its duration. The effects of automation of data flow at the ground station can be enhanced by the use of immediate flight analysis of data telemetered from the aircraft.
Full Scale Development of the F‐16 Radar
Authors: B.C.
Published: November 2014

FULL‐SCALE development of the radar for the F‐16 air combat fighter, has started at the Westinghouse Defense & Electronic Systems Center. The F‐16 radar will have air‐to‐air and air‐to‐surface capabilities useful in aerial combat and adverse weather weapon delivery and navigation.
All weather operations and equipment
Authors: Ford Terence E.
Published: November 2014

Held at the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the international conference on “The Future of Aircraft All Weather Operations” attracted contributions on a wide variety of topics. The first was on operational requirements and G. E. Selves and J. O. Clark of British Airways referred to the ICAO objectives used as a guide in provisioning equipment and approving operating procedures. All weather operations are based on a total system including the ground equipment, and the aircraft and its equipment as well as the procedures referred to. Crew training is of great importance, and the lock of suitable ground facilities outside Europe and the USA gives cause for concern.
AMERICAN TRADE AND ISLAMIC BANKING IN THE ISRAELI OCCUPIED TERRITORIES
Authors: Wright J.W.
Published: November 2014

Arafat and Rabin's famous handshake opened a new stage in the Middle East peace talks. Recent delays in the process have centered more around economic than political issues. Two main controversies revolve around means for distributing aid funds and the development of viable financial networks in the Israeli Occupied Territories. These agenda are reviewed from the viewpoint of promoting U.S. trade interests in the region. Islamic banks, if they are granted licenses by the Israeli government, may provide an effective means for distributing funds, while at the same time promoting U.S.‐Arab mercantile trade.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION—AND CO‐OPERATION IN This FIELD
Authors: DUCAS M.
Published: November 2014

This paper is based on the views and comments put forward by some thirty‐experts who head the documentation branches of French technological research establishments or institutes co‐operating with the Commission de Documentation de l'Association Nationale de la Recherche Technique.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF INDUCTION GENERATOR TRANSIENTS
Authors: Demenko A. , Nowak L. , Plachta B.
Published: November 2014

The time‐stepping finite element method for the analysis of the electromagnetic transients in the induction generator working in isolation has been presented. The transients in three phase squirrel‐cage generator connected in parallel with capacitors have been investigated. The field and the circuit equations of the considered system have been solved simultaneously. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the analysis of the transient and steady states in the 3 kW induction machine. The results of calculation have been compared with the experimental results.
MULTI‐LAYER MODELLING OF COMPOSITE STATOR CORE STRUCTURES IN LARGE TURBOGENERATORS
Authors: Postnikov V.I.
Published: November 2014

A new design of turbogenerator's stator core is being proposed involving the nonmagnetic and nonconducting high‐strength material shells. It is expected to enhance the machine's reliability by reducing laminations shift and the extra losses due to eddy currents. The electromagnetic properties of the proposed design are being studied by using a simplified 2‐D anisotropic multi‐layer theory.
Operations Supervisors in Manufacturing and Service Sectors in the United States: Are they Different?
Authors: Kulonda Dennis J. , Moates William H.
Published: November 2014

Manufacturing and service supervisors share many similarities in their day‐to‐day activities, their beliefs about employees and their concern for doing a good job. However some fundamental differences in attitudes are revealed by the National Survey of Supervisory Management Practices which surveyed over 8,000 supervisors in 564 different organisational units in 37 states in the USA. Service supervisors perceive themselves as having more authority, stronger management support and a broader and better developed range of skills. They also have stronger career aspirations. Manufacturing supervisors are less positive. The majority believe that people gain most of their satisfaction from non‐work activity. Few believe that good work results in promotion. They are inclined to accept traditional ways of doing things and less inclined to be confident with newer ways of management. The implications for manufacturing companies in the future are that they must invest in increasing the skills and confidence of their current supervisors, provide more attractive career paths in manufacturing management and recruit new talent from universities and in‐house.
Strategic Planning for the Middle‐Market CEO
Authors: Moran Alfred Jay
Published: November 2014

Here are six tips for avoiding common mistakes in middle‐market strategic planning.
How to Find, Hire, and Work with Consultants
Authors: Mooney William T.
Published: November 2014

Use a nine‐phase process in every consulting relationship.
The anthropology of deep history
Authors: Gamble Clive
Published: November 2014

The history of anthropology reveals a discipline driven by fission and fusion. In this articleIuse the framework of deep history as an example of what might be achieved if anthropology resolved to travel the road of fusion rather than continue with atomization.Iwill illustrate the pathway by examining the fusion of interdisciplinary endeavour that is encapsulated in the concept of a social brain. By placing social life at the heart of the historical process we find common ground for all the fields of anthropology, and beyond to other disciplines. Here anthropologists have the opportunity to set the agenda. The social brain works in deep as well as shallow history. It unites experimental and historical science. And it marks a return to those core principles which Lubbock and the founders of our Institute established.
The influence of retail display storage on the fatty acid composition of modified atmosphere packaged Graviera Agraphon cheese
Authors: Fletouris Dimitrios J , Govari Maria A , Botsoglou Evropi N
Published: November 2014

In this study, changes in the fatty acid profile including conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) of grated Graviera Agraphon cheese packaged in modified atmosphere under retail display lighting for up to 60 days at 4 °C, were determined. Saturated fatty acids increased, while monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids including CLA decreased by day 30 of storage and remained stable thereafter. In the aerobically packaged and light‐exposed samples, lipid hydroperoxides increased by day 30 of storage and declined thereafter while malondialdehyde was increasing continuously during storage. Unlike the light‐exposed modified atmosphere samples, these samples showed much lower hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde concentrations throughout storage.
Diversity of small RNAs expressed in Pseudomonas species
Authors: Gómez‐Lozano María , Marvig Rasmus L. , Molina‐Santiago Carlos , Tribelli Paula M. , Ramos Juan‐Luis , Molin Søren
Published: November 2014

RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) has revealed several hundreds of previously undetected small RNAs (sRNAs) in all bacterial species investigated, including strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas syringae. Nonetheless, only little is known about the extent of conservation of expressed sRNAs across strains and species. In this study, we have used RNA‐seq to identify sRNAs in P. putida DOT‐T1E and Pseudomonas extremaustralis 14‐3b. This is the first strain of P. extremaustralis and the second strain of P. putida to have their transcriptomes analysed for sRNAs, and we identify the presence of around 150 novel sRNAs in each strain. Furthermore, we provide a comparison based on sequence conservation of all the sRNAs detected by RNA‐seq in the Pseudomonas species investigated so far. Our results show that the extent of sRNA conservation across different species is very limited. In addition, when comparing the sRNAs expressed in different strains of the same species, we observe that numerous sRNAs exhibit a strain‐specific expression pattern. These results support the idea that the evolution of most bacterial sRNAs is rapid, which limits the extent of both interspecies and intraspecies conservation.
The brown coat colour of Coppernecked goats is associated with a non‐synonymous variant at the TYRP1 locus on chromosome 8
Authors: Becker D. , Otto M. , Ammann P. , Keller I. , Drögemüller C. , Leeb T.
Published: November 2014

The recent development of a goat SNP genotyping microarray enables genome‐wide association studies in this important livestock species. We investigated the genetic basis of the black and brown coat colour in Valais Blacknecked and Coppernecked goats. A genome‐wide association analysis using goat SNP50 BeadChip genotypes of 22 cases and 23 controls allowed us to map the locus for the brown coat colour to goat chromosome 8. The TYRP1 gene is located within the associated chromosomal region, and TYRP1 variants cause similar coat colour phenotypes in different species. We thus considered TYRP1 as a strong positional and functional candidate. We resequenced the caprine TYRP1 gene by Sanger and Illumina sequencing and identified two non‐synonymous variants, p.Ile478Thr and p.Gly496Asp, that might have a functional impact on the TYRP1 protein. However, based on the obtained pedigree and genotype data, the brown coat colour in these goats is not due to a single recessive loss‐of‐function allele. Surprisingly, the genotype distribution and the pedigree data suggest that the 496Asp allele might possibly act in a dominant manner. The 496Asp allele was present in 77 of 81 investigated Coppernecked goats and did not occur in black goats. This strongly suggests heterogeneity underlying the brown coat colour in Coppernecked goats. Functional experiments or targeted matings will be required to verify the unexpected preliminary findings.
Posterior capsular opacification and Nd:YAG capsulotomy rates with the iMics Y‐60H and Micro AY intra‐ocular lenses: 3‐year results of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Schriefl Sabine M. , Leydolt Christina , Stifter Eva , Menapace Rupert
Published: November 2014

Purpose

To compare the incidence and intensity of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) and neodymium:yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Nd:YAG) capsulotomy rates between two microincision intra‐ocular lenses (IOLs) 3 years after surgery.

Methods

Sixty‐five patients randomly received a Y‐60H IOL (HOYA Surgical Optics, Singapore) in one eye and a Micro AY IOL (PhysIOL, Liège, Belgium) in the contralateral eye during same‐day bilateral cataract surgery. Eyes were examined 1 week, 20 months and 3 years after surgery. The amount of PCO (score: 0–10) was assessed subjectively at the slit lamp and objectively using automated image analysis software (aqua). Additionally, the Nd:YAG capsulotomy rate was noted.

Results

Three years postoperatively, the objective PCO score of Y‐60H IOLs was 1.9 ± 1.7 compared to PCO score of 1.7 ± 2.2 for the Micro AY IOLs (p = 0.66). Thirty‐four percentage of the Y‐60H eyes had undergone Nd:YAG capsulotomy, compared to 49% of the Micro AY eyes (p = 0.04). Significantly, more capsular folds were observed in the Y‐60H IOL group (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in best‐corrected visual acuity, rhexis/IOL overlap and anterior capsule opacification 3 years after surgery.

Conclusion

Both microincision IOLs showed high YAG rates and comparable PCO scores 3 years after surgery. In the light of this unsatisfying PCO performance, the advantage of the present microincision IOLs over conventional IOLs must be questioned.