bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistence of patient‐detected breast cancer over time: 1990–2019
Authors: Malmgren Judith A. , Atwood Mary K. , Kaplan Henry G.
Published: August 2023

Background

The continued presentation of patient‐detected breast cancer (BC) and associated characteristics over time is understudied.

Methods

In a large institutional cohort of first primary stage 0–IV patients with BC in 1990–2019 (n = 15,827), diagnostic method (patient‐detected [PtDBC] [n = 5844]; mammography‐detected [MamDBC] [nondiagnostic] [n = 9248]; and physician‐detected [PhysDBC] [n = 736]) and patient and tumor characteristics including age, race, TNM stage, and hormone‐receptor status were reviewed. Pearson χ2 tests for bivariate comparisons and logistic regression for patient detection–associated factors were used.

Results

In a cohort from 1990 to 2019, the proportion aged 50–74 years (55%–63%; p < .001) and non‐White race (9%–37%; p < .001) increased over time. Percentage PtDBC decreased over time but case numbers increased (1990–1999: 44% [n = 1399]; 2010–2019: 34% [n = 2349]; p < .001). Excluding stage 0, PtDBC declined from 47% to 41% over time (p < .001). In 2010–2019, 21% of cases were stage 0, 91% of which were mammography detected (n = 1439). Seventy percent of patient‐detected cases were stage II–IV (stage II, 44%; stage III, 20%; stage IV, 6%; p < .001). In adjusted logistic regression, the odds of PtDBC decreased over time (2000–2009: odds ratio [OR], .65 [95% CI, .58–.72]; 2010–2019: OR, .54 [95% CI, .49–.60]), with age <40 years OR, 15.81, and Black and non‐White other at 50% increased risk.

Conclusions

The relative proportion of PtDBC decreased to a constant 34%–40% of total cases after 1990–1999. PtDBC case numbers increased in subsequent years (2000–2019), and were consistently higher stage. Interval cancers, mammography‐screening uptake, breast health awareness of age groups outside screening guidelines, and underserved socioeconomic groups may be related to the continued significant PtDBC incidence.

Plain Language Summary

After decades of mammography‐screening availability, symptomatic patient‐detected breast cancer declined over time from 44% to a persistent rate of 34% in our institutional cohort.

The persistence of patient‐detected breast cancer over time presents a difficult situation for patients and care givers without clear diagnosis pathways for younger and older women outside recommended screening guidelines, who often present with higher stage and more lethal characteristics.

More timely diagnosis and treatment including breast health awareness, prompt presentation of breast problems, outreach to younger age and minority groups, and provision of specialized training and care delivery for symptomatic patient‐detected breast cancer are needed.
Enzymatic and Non‐Enzymatic Uric Acid Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review
Authors: Sun Miao , Cui Chuanjin , Chen Hongshuo , Wang Dengling , Zhang Wensi , Guo Wenjin
Published: August 2023

In recent years, the development of electrochemical biosensors for uric acid has made great achievements. Firstly, uric acid electrochemical biosensors were classified according to their reaction mechanism. Then, the reaction mechanism of the uric acid sensor and the application of nano‐modified materials were deeply analyzed from the perspective of non‐enzyme and enzymes. In this paper, the catalytic oxidation capacity, enzyme adsorption effect, conductivity, robustness, detection range, and detection limit of uric acid sensors were discussed and compared. Finally, the advantages of acid‐sensitive electrochemical biosensors were summarized, and the constructive recommendations were proposed for improving the deficiencies of acid biosensors. The potential for further development in this area was also discussed.
Kinase‐catalyzed Biotinylation with Inactivated Lysates for Discovery of Substrates (K‐BILDS)
Authors: Gary Chelsea R. , Pflum Mary Kay H.
Published: August 2023

Protein phosphorylation is catalyzed by kinases to regulate a large variety of cellular activities, including growth and signal transduction. Methods to identify kinase substrates are crucial to fully understand phosphorylation‐mediated cellular events and disease states. Here, we report a set of protocols to identify substrates of a target kinase using Kinase‐catalyzed Biotinylation with Inactivated Lysates for Discovery of Substrates (K‐BILDS). As described in these protocols, K‐BILDS involves inactivation of endogenous kinases in lysates, followed by addition of an active exogenous kinase and the γ‐phosphate‐modified ATP analog ATP‐biotin for kinase‐catalyzed biotinylation of cellular substrates. Avidin enrichment isolates biotinylated substrates of the active kinase, which can be monitored by western blot. Substrates of the target kinase can also be discovered using mass spectrometry analysis. Key advantages of K‐BILDS include compatibility with any lysate, tissue homogenate, or complex mixture of biological relevance and any active kinase of interest. K‐BILDS is a versatile method for studying or discovering substrates of a kinase of interest to characterize biological pathways thoroughly. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: FSBA treatment of lysates to inactivate kinases

Basic Protocol 2: Kinase‐catalyzed Biotinylation with Inactivated Lysates for Discovery of Substrates (K‐BILDS)
Humanized Mouse Models for Immuno‐oncology Drug Discovery
Authors: Kumari Rajendra , Feuer Gerold , Bourré Ludovic
Published: August 2023

Breakthroughs in cancer treatment with immunotherapeutics have provided long‐term patient benefits for many different types of cancer. However, complete response is not achieved in many patients and tumor types, and the mechanisms underlying this lack of response are poorly understood. Despite this, numerous new targets, therapeutics, and drug combinations are being developed and tested in clinical trials. Preclinical models that recapitulate the complex human tumor microenvironment and the interplay between tumor and immune cells within the cancer‐immunity cycle are needed to improve our understanding and screen new therapeutics for efficacy and safety/toxicity. Humanized mice, encompassing human tumors and human immune cells engrafted on immunodeficient mice, have been widely used for many years in immuno‐oncology, with developments to improve both the humanization and the translational value central to the next generation of models. In this overview, we discuss recent advances in humanized models relevant to immuno‐oncology drug discovery, the advantages and limitations of such models, the application of humanized models for efficacy and safety assessments of immunotherapeutics, and the potential opportunities. © 2023 Crown Bioscience. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Synthesis of Double Defects in g‐C3N4 to Enhance the H2O2 Production by Dual‐Electron O2 Reduction
Authors: Li Renjie , Deng Qunfen , Chen Anli , Zhong Yujia , Yang Rui
Published: August 2023

In this work, the graphitic carbon nitride with −C≡N defects and S‐defects (N2−SCN‐4) was constructed. The H2O2 production efficiency of N2−SCN‐4 was 1423.3 μmol g−1 h−1 under the visible light (λ≥420 nm) irradiation, which was 15.4 times that of pristine g‐C3N4. The −C≡N groups promote the adsorption of H+ and the S‐defects provide the active center for the adsorption and activation of O2. Furthermore, the surface morphology, microstructure, and photoelectric chemical properties of samples were investigated by a series of characterizations, and the response range of N2−SCN‐4 to visible light increases obviously. Meanwhile, the efficiency of photo‐produced charge separation and the selectivity of H2O2 production were discussed in detail. The experimental and characterization results confirmed that the charge separation efficiency and the selectivity of the 2e− O2 reduction reaction (ORR) were improved under the synergistic effect of the double defects. This work provides a strategy for improving the photocatalytic performance of photocatalysts.
Amination of Isonitriles in Water: Urea Synthesis under Biocompatible Conditions
Authors: Zhang Qi , Wang Xueting , Chen Shi‐Wu , Tang Meng , Zhang Qian , Xia Yiwen
Published: August 2023

Bioorthogonal reactions have been widely used to track biomolecules in living systems. Due to stringent requirements of physiological conditions, enriching the toolkit of bioorthogonal reactions remains the most important and challenging issue. Herein, the biocompatible ligation of isonitriles and amines to ureas in neutral aqueous medium was developed for the first time. The ligation showed benign nature of biocompatibility, broad substrate scope, and specific chemoselectivity. Meanwhile, urea as a natural linkage, its derivatives played an important role in medicinal chemistry. The second‐order reaction rate constant (k2) was determined, which was higher or comparable to that of Staudinger ligation and strain‐promoted azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). Direct labeling of Ac4GlcN has been achieved in Hep G2 cells.
Numerical simulation of fracture propagation in deep coal seam reservoirs
Authors: Tian Zhongzheng , Xiong Zhuang , Wei Yuhua , Ma Shou , Hu Xiaodong
Published: August 2023

As an unconventional oil and gas resource, coalbed methane has become a key area of unconventional oil and gas exploration worldwide, and hydraulic fracturing is the critical technology for the efficient stimulation of coalbed methane. However, due to the strong heterogeneity of deep coal seam reservoirs and the development of natural cleat fractures, the fracture propagation path is quite complex and difficult to capture. In this study, we propose a hydraulic fracture propagation simulation method using the ABAQUS Software for natural cleat fracture networks and a fluid–solid fully coupled two‐dimensional finite element model with the global embedded cohesive zone model (CZM). CZM is established to simulate the propagation of hydraulic fractures in the heterogeneous combination of coal rock and mudstone. The accuracy of this model is verified by using Blanton's experiment criterion. Finally, the model is used to simulate the influence of cleat angle, cleat density, length ratio of coal rock and mudstone combination, and construction displacement on the propagation behavior of hydraulic fractures. This study aims to deepen the understanding of the mechanism of hydraulic fracture propagation in deep coal seams and provides guidance for deep coal seam fracturing and hydraulic fracturing design.
The battle of the factors: Macroeconomic variables or investor sentiment?
Authors: Mascio David A. , Molyboga Marat , Fabozzi Frank J.
Published: August 2023

This paper uses machine learning techniques to investigate whether popular macroeconomic or sentiment factors are better at predicting stock market returns. We find that although either macroeconomic or sentiment variables alone fail to improve the Sharpe ratio of the stock market, combining the factors improves the Sharpe ratio from 0.48 to 0.62 and reduces the investment drawdowns by roughly 30% from 53 percentage points to 36 percentage points. This improvement is significant in both economic and statistical terms. We further evaluate the performance of strategies across business cycle and find that macroeconomic variables tend to outperform sentiment variables during market expansions and underperform during recessions. The combined performance of the macroeconomic and sentiment variables is particularly strong during the late stage of recessions when the stock market is close to its bottom. Our finding is robust to the choice of machine learning technique and indicates that sentiment and macroeconomic information is complementary and, therefore, should be considered jointly by investors.
Inadvertent Hatchery Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Discovered in Native Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi Habitat: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Bourret Samuel L , Janak Jill M , Linley Tim J , Nims Megan K , McMichael Geoffrey A
Published: August 2023

Fish hatcheries across North America release billions of fish into the wild every year to augment harvest opportunities in sport, commercial, and tribal fisheries, as well as to recover depressed populations. Despite these benefits, wild fish populations may be negatively affected when hatchery fish compete and/or hybridize with native species. Native Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi have decreased by 90% across their historic range; however, the Flathead River in Montana is a rangewide stronghold for these imperiled fish. The primary threat to Westslope Cutthroat Trout is hybridization with invasive Rainbow Trout O. mykiss, which leads to hybrid swarm formation and genomic extinction. We collected Rainbow Trout in Mill Creek, a tributary of the Flathead River, downstream from a hatchery that produces the species, and used otolith 87Sr/86Sr to determine whether individual fish were inadvertently introduced from the hatchery. Differences in 87Sr/86Sr among water samples from Mill Creek and the marine-derived hatchery food provided high-classification accuracy to determine the natal origins of Mill Creek Rainbow Trout. We found that 83 of the 106 Rainbow Trout collected (78%) were of hatchery origin. Otolith microstructure analysis indicated these fish had been in Mill Creek for ~1–32 weeks prior to capture. Our results illustrate the utility of otolith 87Sr/86Sr to identify hatchery fish in natural habitats and point to a source of invasive Rainbow Trout that pose conservation risks to native fishes in the drainage.
Research progress on the fibrinolytic enzymes produced from traditional fermented foods
Authors: Wang Panpan , Peng Cuiying , Xie Xiaomei , Deng Xiongwei , Weng Meizhi
Published: August 2023

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a global health problem and leading cause of death worldwide. Thrombus formation, one of the CVDs, is essentially the formation of fibrin clots. The existing thrombolytic agents have the disadvantages of high price, short half‐life, and high bleeding risk; hence, there is an urgent need to find the alternative thrombolytic agents. In recent years, traditional fermented foods have been widely investigated for their outstanding effects in the prevention and treatment of thrombus formation. In this review, we have focused on fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms during the fermentation of traditional fermented foods and their potential use for treating CVDs. First, we discussed about the sources of fibrinolytic enzymes and microbial strains that produce those enzymes followed by the optimization of fermentation process, purification, and physicochemical properties of fibrinolytic enzymes. Finally, we have summarized the thrombolytic effects of fibrinolytic enzymes in humans and mice. Fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms during the fermentation of traditional fermented foods not only lyse thrombi but also acts as anti‐atherosclerotic, anti‐hyperlipidemia, and neuroprotection agents. Therefore, fibrinolytic enzymes from traditional fermented foods have great potential for the prevention and treatment of CVDs.
Characterization and valorization of soybean residue (okara) for the development of synbiotic ice cream
Authors: Farooq Rimsha , Mgomi Fedrick C. , Saeed Farhan , Ahmad Aftab , Asghar Aasma , Riaz Sakhawat , Ateeq Huda , Shah Yasir Abbas , Khan Mahbubur Rahman , Li Yi , Afzaal Muhammad
Published: August 2023

There is an increasing challenge in probiotic viability and stability during food product formulation, processing, and storage. However, synbiotic functional foods have promising potential to deliver the targeted benefits. This study aimed to isolate the okara from soybean residue, and obtained okara flour was further characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Synbiotic ice cream was developed by fortification with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and okara at different concentrations (1–3%). Additionally, the synbiotic ice cream was subjected to physicochemical and sensory attributes over 60 days of storage. High viability of L. rhamnosus GG (8.17 log CFU/mL) was observed during storage at 3% okara. Moreover, adding okara at 2% or higher improved viscosity, reduced overrun, and maintained probiotic viability. When compared to the control (ice cream without okara), synbiotic ice cream exhibited a higher protein content and a lower fat level. The synergistic combination of probiotics and okara in ice cream is a potentially novel approach for developing functional ice cream. The addition of okara is not only helpful in increasing the nutritional value of the ice cream but will also be a way forward to minimize agricultural waste. Synbiotic ice cream developed in this study may be considered a potential functional food rich in protein and low in fat.
The regulatory role of differential microRNA expressions on cellular inflammatory factors IL‐6 and IL‐10 in Echinococcus granulosus‐induced anaphylaxis
Authors: Wang Chun‐sheng , Yu Tao , Kulaixi Xilizhati , Zhou Jing‐ru , Abulajiang Xianyidan , Wang Jia‐ling , Wang Si‐jia , Ye Jian‐rong
Published: August 2023

Objective

To determine the pathogenesis and molecular targets of anaphylaxis caused by hydatid cyst fluid leakage.

Methods

First, Balb/c mice were infected with Echinococcus granulosus, and then the anaphylaxis model was developed. The mice were separated into: anaphylaxis caused by the cystic echinococcosis group (ANPC), the cystic echinococcosis without anaphylaxis group (CE group), and the normal control group (CTRL). Following this, the spleen tissue was collected for microRNA (miRNA) sequencing. Using bioinformatics analysis, differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified. Then, through the use of protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks, the key target genes for miRNA regulation associated with echinococcosis‐induced anaphylaxis were identified.

Results

ANPC and CE groups have 29 and 39 DEMs compared to the CTRL group, respectively. Based on these 25 DEMs, interactions between miRNA and mRNA were screened, and 174 potential target genes were identified. We performed gene ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis on these 174 target genes, and the results revealed that the three pathways with the highest enrichment were the PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and Focal adhesion. The interaction analysis of PPI and miRNA‐hub gene networks revealed that interleukin 6 (IL‐6) was regulated by miR‐146a‐5p and miR‐149‐5p, while IL‐10 was regulated by miR‐29b‐3p and miR‐29c‐3. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we found that the miRNAs regulating IL‐6 and IL‐10 were significantly upregulated in the ANPC group, and there are three pathways involved in that process: Pathways of PI3K‐Akt signaling, FoxO signaling, and Focal adhesion. IL‐6 and IL‐10 play an important role in cellular pyroptosis and apoptosis. Therefore, the aforementioned results provide significant reference value for elucidating the mechanism of cellular pyroptosis and apoptosis in echinococcosis‐induced anaphylaxis, and for formulating tissue and organ protection strategies for patients with cystic echinococcosis when anaphylaxis is triggered by hydatid cyst rupture.
Severe hemolytic exacerbations of Chinese PNH patients infected SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron
Authors: Yang Hui , Chai Xingxing , Gong Yuemin , Zhang Xinyu , Wang Lingling , Zhou Xin , Chen Xiaoyu , Xu Jinge , Xu Dan , He Guangsheng , Li Jianyong
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is characterized by hemolytic anemia, bone marrow failure, thrombophilia. COVID‐19, caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) with many variants including Omicron.

Methods

This study collected demographic and clinical data of 20 PNH patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron infection.

Results

They all were with high disease activity, and LDH level exceeded any documented since the diagnosis of PNH, and those reported in the literature for previously stable treatment with complement inhibitors. D‐dimer level elevated in 10 patients. 2 patients developed mild pulmonary artery hypertension. Glomerular filtration rate declined in 5 patients. 1 patient developed acute renal failure and underwent hemodialysis. Anemia and hemolysis were improved in 5 patients treated with eculizumab.

Conclusions

Hemolytic exacerbation of PNH with COVID‐19 is severe and eculizumab may be an effective treatment.
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane affects estradiol production in female rats but not H295R cells
Authors: Ogawa Masahiro , Kitamoto Junya , Takeda Takeo , Hori Masami , Shikano Kisako , Yamanaka‐Tanaka Amami , Tanaka Tomoki , Kawaguchi Tomoya , Terada Megumi , Tanaka Taku
Published: August 2023

Sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, are predominantly produced in the gonads (ovaries and testes) and adrenal cortex. Endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that mimic, block, or interfere with hormones in the endocrine systems of humans and organisms. EDCs mainly act via nuclear receptors and steroidogenesis‐related enzymes. In the OECD conceptual framework for testing and assessment of EDCs, several well‐known assays are used to identify the potential disruption of nuclear receptors both in vivo and in vitro, whereas the H295R steroidogenesis assay is the only assay that detects the disruption of steroidogenesis. Forskolin and prochloraz are often used as positive controls in the H295R steroidogenesis assay. Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) was suspected one of EDCs, but the effects of D5 on steroidogenesis remain unclear. To establish a short‐term in vivo screening method that detects the disruption of steroidogenesis, rats in the present study were fed a diet containing forskolin, prochloraz, or D5 for 14 days. Forskolin increased plasma levels of 17β‐estradiol (E2) and testosterone as well as the mRNA level ofCyp19in both the adrenal glands and ovaries. Prochloraz induced the loss of cyclicity in the sexual cycle and decreased plasma levels of E2 and testosterone. D5 increased E2 levels and shortened the estrous cycle in a dose‐dependent manner; however, potential endocrine disruption was not detected in the H295R steroidogenesis assay. These results demonstrate the importance of comprehensively assessing the endocrine‐disrupting effects of chemicals on steroidogenesis in vivo.
The worm Adult Activity Test (wAAT): A de novo mathematical model for detecting acute chemical effects in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hunt Piper Reid , Welch Bonnie , Camacho Jessica , Bushana Priyanka N. , Rand Hugh , Sprando Robert L. , Ferguson Martine
Published: August 2023

We have adapted a semiautomated method for tracking Caenorhabditis elegans spontaneous locomotor activity into a quantifiable assay by developing a sophisticated method for analyzing the time course of measured activity. The 16‐h worm Adult Activity Test (wAAT) can be used to measure C. elegans activity levels for efficient screening for pharmacological and toxicity‐induced effects. As with any apical endpoint assay, the wAAT is mode of action agnostic, allowing for detection of effects from a broad spectrum of response pathways. With caffeine as a model mild stimulant, the wAAT showed transient hyperactivity followed by reversion to baseline. Mercury chloride (HgCl2) produced an early dose–response hyperactivity phase followed by pronounced hypoactivity, a behavior pattern we have termed a toxicant “escape response.” Methylmercury chloride (meHgCl) produced a similar pattern to HgCl2, but at much lower concentrations, a weaker hyperactivity response, and more pronounced hypoactivity. Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) induced hypoactivity at high concentrations. Acute toxicity, as measured by hypoactivity in C. elegans adults, was ranked: meHgCl > HgCl2 > NaAsO2 = DMA. Caffeine was not toxic with the wAAT at tested concentrations. Methods for conducting the wAAT are described, along with instructions for preparing C. elegans Habitation Medium, a liquid nutrient medium that allows for developmental timing equivalent to that found with C. elegans grown on agar with OP50 Escherichia coli feeder cultures. A de novo mathematical parametric model for adult C. elegans activity and the application of this model in ranking exposure toxicity are presented.
A novel selenite‐tolerant rhizosphere bacterium Wautersiella enshiensis sp. nov., isolated from Chinese selenium hyperaccumulator, Cardamine hupingshanensis
Authors: Yuan Linxi , Xia Zengrun , He Chenyang
Published: August 2023

Selenium (Se) is a dietary essential trace element for humans with various physiological functions and it could also be accumulated by some plant species, like Astragalus bisulcatus, Stanleya pinnata, and Cardamine hupinshanensis. A novel Gram‐stain‐negative, facultatively anaerobic, selenite‐tolerant bacterium, designated strain YLX‐1T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of a Se hyperaccumulating plant, Cardamine hupingshanensis in Enshi, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YLX‐1T is a potential new species in the genus Wautersiella. Strain YLX‐1T could grow in the temperature range of 4–37°C (optimally at 28°C) and in the pH range of 5–9 (optimum pH 7), which also could tolerate Se up to 6000 mg Se/L via producing extracellular red nano‐Se with 100–300 nm size. However, it could predominantly accumulate selenocystine (SeCys2) in the cell under lower Se stress (1.5 mg Se/L). These results would help broaden our knowledge about the Se accumulation and transformation mechanism involved in rhizosphere bacteria like strain YLX‐1T in C. hupingshanensis. Based on polyphasic data, we propose the creation of the new species Wautersiella enshiensis sp. nov., strain YLX‐1T ( = CCTCC M 2013671) which will be promising to produce nano‐Se as fertilizer, food additives or medicine.
End‐user preferences to enhance prospects for varietal acceptance and adoption in potato breeding in Uganda
Authors: Nantongo Judith Ssali , Tinyiro Samuel Edgar , Nakitto Mariam , Serunkuma Edwin , Namugga Prossy , Ayetigbo Oluwatoyin , Mayanja Sarah , Moyo Mukani , Ssali Reuben , Mendes Thiago
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Potato varieties have diverse biophysical characteristics, so it is important for breeders to have the capacity to choose those that meet the preferences of end users, such as mealiness, firmness, and taste, among others. Combining user preferences with descriptive information regarding the sensory characteristics of boiled potatoes can contribute to the improvement of consumer‐driven varieties. This study aimed to factor in the preferences of end users to improve the prospects for varietal acceptance, adoption, and discrimination among genotypes in potato breeding.

RESULTS

The priority quality traits (traits that play the most significant roles in acceptance and adoption) of the boiled potatoes were determined by evaluating gender and livelihood using the G+ tool. The G+ tool is designed to assess gender impact on roots, tubers and bananas (RTB) traits by serving as a validation check to reflect on important gender‐based issues in agricultural food systems in order to reduce harm and promote positive impact. Potato genotypes were differentiated by penetration (textural parameters as measured by standard texture probe) and the procedure was repeatable, as there was no significant difference between the cooking replicates at 40 min of cooking. Instrument‐based texture parameters, such as penetration peak force (hardness/firmness) and area (area under the curve, which represents energy needed to penetrate) of boiled potato tubers were significantly associated with sensory attributes such as fracturability and hardness in the mouth. An attempt to differentiate genotypes using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) revealed that the average results observed for the calibration for yellow color (r2 = 0.70), homogeneity of color (r2 = 0.48), moisture in mass (r2 = 0.40), and uniformity of texture (r2 = 0.56) suggested that these parameters could be used for initial breeding screening purposes.

CONCLUSIONS

The preferred traits of the boiled potato can be integrated into the potato‐breeding program/product profile. Near‐infrared spectroscopy shows strong potential to predict potato color and the ability of NIRS models to predict some texture attributes is also promising. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Training Program Factors Most Important to Women When Selecting an Otolaryngology Residency
Authors: Hoskins Meloria , Bhanja Debarati , Piper Molly , Strausser Sarah A. , Mansfield Kirsten , Zheng Amy , McNutt Sarah , Goss Madison , Lighthall Jessyka G. , Burns Amy S.
Published: August 2023

Objectives

The aim of the study was to determine factors that female resident physicians find most influential when choosing an otolaryngology residency program.

Methods

A three‐part survey was sent to current female otolaryngology residents via email evaluating the importance of 19 characteristics impacting program choice. The 19 factors were scored from 1 (least important) to 5 (most important). The participants also ranked their personal top five most influential factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

One‐hundred and fifty of 339 contacted residents participated. Most were aged 30–39 (63%), white (70%), and married (43%). Eighty‐five percent had no children, and 52% did not plan to have children during residency. The highest scoring factors derived from Likert scale ratings included resident camaraderie (4.5 ± 0.8), resident happiness (4.4 ± 0.8), and case variety/number (4.4 ± 0.8). The lowest scoring factors were number of fellows (2.9 ± 1.1), attitudes toward maternity leave (2.7 ± 1.3), and maternity leave policies (2.4 ± 1.2). The top five most influential factors and the percentage selecting this were resident camaraderie (57%), resident happiness (57%), academic reputation (51%), case variety/number (47%), and early surgical/clinical experience (44%). Gender‐specific factors were infrequently selected. However, 51 (34%) ranked at least one gender‐specific factor within their top five list.

Conclusion

Non‐gender‐related factors, like resident camaraderie and surgical experiences, were most valued by women. Conversely, gender‐specific factors were less critical and infrequently ranked. Ninety‐nine residents (64%) rated exclusively gender‐neutral characteristics in their top five list of most influential factors. Our data offer insight into program characteristics most important to female otolaryngology residents, which may assist residency programs hoping to match female applicants.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 134:600–606, 2024
Can legume seeds establish after land degradation by buffelgrass? Evidence to initiate restoration in Central Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Morales‐Romero Daniel , Rosas‐Becerra Rosangelica , Ortega‐Rosas Carmen Isela , Molina‐Freaner Francisco
Published: August 2023

Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) has been introduced in many localities of northwestern Mexico for cattle grazing. Recent studies have documented how the conversion of natural vegetation to buffelgrass pastures affects several ecological processes that result in high levels of desertification and the subsequent abandonment of lands. However, no previous study has documented successful restoration in these habitats. In this paper we report the results of several experiments focused on the restoration of these areas using native legume species of the region. We selected a degraded buffelgrass pasture considered unproductive by local ranchers in central Sonora. We carried out experiments to evaluate seed removal, seedling emergence, and seedling establishment of native legumes species (Prosopis glandulosa, Parkinsonia microphylla and P. praecox). Our results showed that P. microphylla had greater emergence (10%) than the other two species despite the high seed removal recorded. In addition, P. microphylla was the species with the highest survival (1.4%). Thus, our results show that ecological recovery using native species is possible in desertified buffelgrass pastures. Considering the ecological benefits of P. microphylla in the Sonoran Desert (i.e., nurse plant, positive associations, plant‐growth promoting), this species could be considered highly valuable in restoration procedures.
Land reclamation increased labile and moderately labile P fractions and strengthened co‐occurrence network ofgcdcommunity in calcareous soils
Authors: Zhang Licun , Ren Gang , Chu Guixin
Published: August 2023

Land reclamation significantly impacts the transformation and availability of phosphorus (P) in soils. P‐solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) play key roles in activating soil P. However, the responses of PSMs to the buildup of P under land reclamation and the relationship between different P fractions and PSMs have not been clearly clarified. Here, an investigation was carried out containing three treatments: (i) vegetable field (VF), (ii) cropland (CF), and (iii) uncultivated land (UL). Different P fractions were measured; the abundance of stable oxygen isotope in phosphate of D.HCl‐Pi was determined. The diversity, composition, and co‐occurrence network of P‐solubilizing glucose dehydrogenase community (gcd) were analyzed. Compared with the UL treatment, soil total P in the treatments of VF and CF was significantly increased by 1.5 and 1.2 times, respectively. The proportions of labile and moderately labile P in the treatments of VF and CF were 151% and 58% higher than in the UL treatment. The α‐diversity ofgcdcommunity (i.e., Shannon and Chao1 indices) in the VF and CF treatments was significantly greater than in the UL treatment. The change ingcdcommunity structure was closely associated with resin‐Pi, NaHCO3‐Pi, and NaOH‐Pi. The nodes and edges in the co‐occurrence networks of VF and CF treatments were higher than in the UL treatment. Overall, a substantial amount of P was accumulated after land reclamation, which was more pronounced by labile and moderately labile P than non‐labile P; the complexity and robustness ofgcdcommunity's co‐occurrence network were notably strengthened by land reclamation.
Artificial intelligence to support publishing and peer review: A summary and review
Authors: Kousha Kayvan , Thelwall Mike
Published: August 2023

Technology is being developed to support the peer review processes of journals, conferences, funders, universities, and national research evaluations. This literature and software summary discusses the partial or complete automation of several publishing‐related tasks: suggesting appropriate journals for an article, providing quality control for submitted papers, finding suitable reviewers for submitted papers or grant proposals, reviewing, and review evaluation. It also discusses attempts to estimate article quality from peer review text and scores as well as from post‐publication scores but not from bibliometric data. The literature and existing examples of working technology show that automation is useful for helping to find reviewers and there is good evidence that it can sometimes help with initial quality control of submitted manuscripts. Much other software supporting publishing and editorial work exists and is being used, but without published academic evaluations of its efficacy. The value of artificial intelligence (AI) to support reviewing has not been clearly demonstrated yet, however. Finally, whilst peer review text and scores can theoretically have value for post‐publication research assessment, it is not yet widely enough available to be a practical evidence source for systematic automation.
Particle Network Self‐Assembly of Similar Size Sub‐Micron Calcium Alginate and Polystyrene Particles Atop Glass
Authors: Onuh Gideon , Bar‐On Roi , Manor Ofer
Published: August 2023

Particle‐mediated self‐assembly, such as nanocomposites, microstructure formation in materials, and core‐shell coating of biological particles, offers precise control over the properties of biological materials for applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing. The assembly of similar‐sized calcium alginate (CAG) and polystyrene sub‐micron particles is studied in an aqueous sodium nitrate solution as a model for particle‐mediated self‐assembly of biological and synthetic mixed particle species. The objective is to reinforce biological matrices by incorporating synthetic particles to form hybrid particulate networks with tailored properties. By varying the ionic strength of the suspension, the authors alter the energy barriers for particle attachment to each other and to a glass substrate that result from colloidal surface forces. The particles do not show monotonic adsorption trend to glass with ionic strength. Hence, apart from DLVO theory—van der Waals and electrostatic interactions—the authors further consider solvation and bridging interactions in the analysis of the particulate adsorption‐coagulation system. CAG particles, which support lower energy barriers to attachment relative to their counterpart polystyrene particles, accumulate as dense aggregates on the glass substrate. Polystyrene particles adsorb simultaneously as detached particles. At high electrolyte concentrations, where electrostatic repulsion is largely screened, the mixture of particles covers most of the glass substrate; the CAG particles form a continuous network throughout the glass substrate with pockets of polystyrene particles. The particulate structure is correlated with the adjustable energy barriers for particle attachment in the suspension.
A Mechanistic Study on the Hydrolysis of Cyclic Ketene Acetal (CKA) and Proof of Concept of Polymerization in Water
Authors: Mothe Srinivasa Reddy , Chennamaneni Lohitha Rao , Tan Jacqueline , Lim Freda C. H. , Zhao Wenguang , Thoniyot Praveen
Published: August 2023

The present work systematically investigates the hydrolysis mechanism of cyclic ketene acetal (CKA) monomers in detail and explores polymerization in water under organic solvent‐free and surfactant‐free conditions. To understand the effect of CKA structure on hydrolysis, the ring size of the monomers is varied from 5–8‐membered rings systematically and hydrolysis experiments are performed. In all cases, hydrolysis yields monoacetylated diol products. Deuterium and 17O‐isotopic labeled experiments are carried out for 5‐ and 7‐membered‐(2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane, MDO) CKAs to understand the reaction pathway. The experimental analysis from the reaction of CKA with water revealed that the increasing hydrophobicity from 5–8‐membered rings and the pH of the reaction medium play important roles in the order of reactivity. Density functional theory (DFT) and experimental studies demonstrated that basic reaction conditions have some control over the hydrolysis rate of CKA. Despite this progress, achieving controlled polymerization of CKA in water while suppressing hydrolysis remains challenge. Only up to 3 mol% CKA incorporation is attained in polyacrylate and polyacrylamide backbone via radical ring‐opening polymerization (rROP) of MDO and 8‐membered CKAs with 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and acrylamide (AAm) in water. The results serve a proof of concept for advancing aqueous copolymerizations using CKA monomers.
Weighted norm inequalities for multilinear strongly singular Calderón–Zygmund operators on RD‐spaces
Authors: Li Wei , Wu Lian
Published: August 2023

Let be an RD‐space, namely, a space of homogeneous type in the sense of Coifman and Weiss with the Borel measure μ satisfying the reverse doubling condition on . Based on this space, the authors define a multilinear strongly singular Calderón–Zygmund operator whose kernel does not need any size condition and has more singularities near the diagonal than that of a standard multilinear Calderón–Zygmund operator. For such an operator, we establish its boundedness on product of weighted Lebesgue spaces by means of the pointwise estimate for the sharp maximal function. In addition, the endpoint estimates of the type are also obtained. Moreover, we prove weighted boundedness results for multilinear commutators generated by multilinear strongly singular Calderón–Zygmund operators and BMO functions. These results contribute to the extension of multilinear strongly singular Calderón–Zygmund operator theory in the Euclidean case to the context of space of homogeneous type.
The acute effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on laminar diffusion anisotropy of neocortical gray matter
Authors: Zhang Wenjing , Liu Naici , Zhao Youjin , Yao Chenyang , Yang Dan , Yang Chengmin , Sun Hui , Wei Xia , Sweeney John A. , Liang Huilou , Zhang Miaoqi , Gong Qiyong , Lui Su
Published: August 2023

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is increasingly used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders. Inhibitory and excitatory regimens have been both adopted but the exact mechanism of action remains unclear, and investigating their differential effects on laminar diffusion profiles of neocortex may add important evidence. Twenty healthy participants were randomly assigned to receive a low‐frequency/inhibitory or high‐frequency/excitatory rTMS targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). With the brand‐new submillimeter diffusion tensor imaging of whole brain and specialized surface‐based laminar analysis, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusion (MD) profiles of cortical layers at different cortical depths were characterized before/after rTMS. Inhibitory and excitatory rTMS both showed impacts on diffusion metrics of somatosensory, limbic, and sensory regions, but different patterns of changes were observed—increased FA with inhibitory rTMS, whereas decreased FA with excitatory rTMS. More importantly, laminar analysis indicated laminar specificity of changes in somatosensory regions during different rTMS patterns—inhibitory rTMS affected the superficial layers contralateral to the DLPFC, while excitatory rTMS led to changes in the intermediate/deep layers bilateral to the DLPFC. These findings provide novel insights into acute neurobiological effects on diffusion profiles of rTMS that may add critical evidence relevant to different protocols of rTMS on neocortex.
Reduced‐quaternion inframonogenic functions on the ball
Authors: Álvarez‐Peña C. , Morais J. , Michael Porter R.
Published: August 2023

A function
from a domain in
to the quaternions is said to be inframonogenic if
, where
. All inframonogenic functions are biharmonic. In the context of functions
taking values in the reduced quaternions, we show that the inframonogenic homogeneous polynomials of degree
form a subspace of dimension
. We use the homogeneous polynomials to construct an explicit, computable orthogonal basis for the Hilbert space of square‐integrable inframonogenic functions defined in the ball in
.
Myogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cell insulin sensitivity is associated with infant adiposity at 1 and 6 months of age
Authors: Jevtovic Filip , Zheng Donghai , Houmard Joseph A. , Kern Kara , Claiborne Alex , Lopez Christian A. , Broskey Nicholas T. , Isler Christy , DeVente Jim , Newton Edward , May Linda E.
Published: August 2023

Objective

In adults, skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity (SI) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) are linked with a predisposition to obesity. The current study aimed to determine the effects of maternal exercise on a model of infant skeletal muscle tissue (differentiated umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]) SI and FAO and analyzed for associations with infant body composition.

Methods

Females <16 weeks' gestation were randomized to either 150 min/wk of moderate‐intensity aerobic, resistance, or combination exercise or a nonexercising control. At delivery, MSCs were isolated from umbilical cords and myogenically differentiated, and SI and FAO were measured using radiolabeled substrates. Infant body fat percentage (BF%) and fat‐free mass were calculated using standard equations at 1 and 6 months of age.

Results

MSCs from infants of all exercisers had significantly (p < 0.05) higher SI. MSC SI was inversely associated with infant BF% at 1 (r = −0.38, p < 0.05) and 6 (r = −0.65, p < 0.01) months of age. Infants with high SI had lower BF% at 1 (p = 0.06) and 6 (p < 0.01) months of age. MSCs in the high SI group had higher (p < 0.05) FAO.

Conclusions

Exposure to any type of exercise in utero improves offspring SI and could reduce adiposity in early infancy.
Influence of Different Treatments on the Structure and Conversion of Silicon Species in Rice Straw to Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS)
Authors: Sun Qianxin , Feng Shanshan , Li Guiying , Qi Yue , Hu Changwei
Published: August 2023

The production of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) from biomass provides a new way for TEOS production and biomass valorization. In this study, rice straw was treated using different fractionation methods, and the content, state, and reactivity of Si in the treated samples were investigated. It was found that acid treatment and ethanol extraction kept most Si in the biomass, while alkali treatment caused significant Si loss. Si was mainly present in the SiOx, Si−O−C, and Si−O−Si states in the surface of raw rice straw, cellulose and Klason lignin. The results showed that the Si−O−Si state in rice straw was beneficial for the formation of TEOS. The removal of lipids from rice straw facilitated the production of TEOS, giving the highest TEOS yield of 76.2 %. In contrast, the production of TEOS from other samples became difficult; the simultaneous conversion of the three organic components of rice straw also facilitated the production of TEOS.
Breathing in danger: how particulate matter pollution is putting the public at risk of lung cancer†
Authors: Balasubramanian Adithya , John Thomas , Adams David J
Published: August 2023

We are constantly exposed to chemicals and other agents in our environment that can influence our risk of tumorigenesis, but exactly how these factors contribute to cancer development is largely unknown. Fine particulate matter measuring ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) from air pollution can accumulate in alveoli, contributing to inflammation and tissue damage. Despite prior correlative studies highlighting the mortality risk, there has been a historical reluctance to lower national standards for safe PM2.5 exposure. A recent publication further highlights the attributable risk of PM2.5 exposure with lung cancer – particularly in ‘never‐smokers’ with EGFR‐driven non‐small cell lung cancer. Importantly, it also elucidates a mechanistic link between PM2.5 exposure and tumorigenesis using in vivo models of EGFR non‐small cell lung cancer. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.