bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response to Ainsworth and Holden's Review of ‘Weighing Up the Evidence and Local Experience of Residential Care’
Authors: Tregeagle Susan
Published: August 2018

Debate on Australian policy and practice about residential care is to be welcomed as it has important implications for the care and wellbeing of vulnerable young people, as well as the allocation of resources to care and protection systems. I therefore welcome the commentary provided by Ainsworth and Holden on the arguments offered in ‘Weighing Up the Evidence and Local Experience of Residential Care’. Whilst these reviewers of my Practice Commentary have accepted many of the points made, I wish to take this opportunity to reinforce my arguments in light of their critique.
General and Particular Approaches to Implementation of theEuropean Convention on Human Rights
Authors: GRÜNWALDOVÁ VLADIMÍRA PEJCHALOVÁ
Published: August 2018

This article deals with the implementation, at the national level, of European human rights protection standards as enshrined in theEuropean Convention on Human Rights(ECHR) and interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). It discusses the principles of interpretation of theECHRby the ECtHR, the interaction and mutual dialogue between the ECtHR and national courts, and the approach of the latter to interpretation and application of the case law of the ECtHR. Using the concrete examples of France and the Czech Republic as case studies, it is shown to what extent and how European constitutional courts take into account and apply the letter of the Convention and its interpretation by the ECtHR.
Antimicrobial activity of a continuous visible light disinfection system
Authors: Rutala William A. , Kanamori Hajime , Gergen Maria F. , Sickbert-Bennett Emily E. , Sexton Daniel J. , Anderson Deverick J. , Laux Jeffrey , Weber David J. ,   the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: August 2018

We evaluated the ability of high-intensity visible violet light with a peak output of 405 nm to kill epidemiologically important pathogens. The high irradiant light significantly reduced both vegetative bacteria and spores at some time points over a 72-hour exposure period.
A new Griesbachian–Dienerian (Induan, Early Triassic) ammonoid fauna from Gujiao, South China
Authors: Dai Xu , Song Haijun , Brayard Arnaud , Ware David
Published: August 2018

Bed-by-bed sampling of the lower portion of the Daye Formation at Gujiao, Guizhou Province, South China, yielded new Griesbachian–Dienerian (Induan, Early Triassic) ammonoid faunas showing a new regional Induan ammonoid succession. This biostratigraphic scheme includes in chronological order the late GriesbachianOphiceras mediumandJieshaniceras guizhouensebeds, and the middle DienerianAmbites radiatusbed. The latter is recognized for the first time as a separate biozone in South China. Eight genera and 13 species are identified, including one new species,Mullericeras gujiaoensen. sp. The new data show that a relatively high level of ammonoid taxonomic richness occurred rather rapidly after the Permian/Triassic mass extinction in the late Griesbachian, echoing similar observations in other basins, such as in the Northern Indian Margin.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/a24a3387-f3dd-4da4-a134-84372352a63d
Introduction: Reflections on Postcolonial Animations of the Material
Authors: Jolly Rosemary J. , Fyfe Alexander
Published: August 2018

In this introduction to the special issue, “Animating Theories of the Material: Approaching Animist Being in Postcolonial Literatures,” Rosemary Jolly and Alexander Fyfe consider the recent surge of interest in animisms within postcolonial studies alongside the roughly coeval turn to questions of materiality within the humanities. Introducing the five essays in the issue, they raise questions around the potential limitations of various forms of materialism, both “new” and “old,” and highlight possible ways in which postcolonial scholars might responsibly attend to animist modes of thought. They argue for the political importance and the ethical necessity of an approach to animisms that does not reduce them to a “theory” of the material, yet at the same time bears witness to the full range of materialities that obtain within such worldviews.
The glaciogenic origin of the Pleistocene calcareous dust in Argentina on the basis of field, mineralogical, textural, and geochemical analyses
Authors: Vogt Thea , Clauer Norbert , Techer Isabelle
Published: August 2018

Calcareous dust occurs in Argentina as layers and pockets closely associated with Pleistocene deposits and periglacial features from southernmost Patagonia to at least the Mendoza Precordillera and has been traditionally interpreted as a soil horizon resulting from postdepositional pedogenesis during interglacials. Detailed field and microscopic observations and sedimentological and geochemical analyses of more than 100 samples collected from lower to upper Pleistocene deposits between 51°S and 33°S and from near sea level to 2800 m asl allow us to interpret the dust as synchronous with the host sediment. All observations and analyses lead us to conclude that: (1) the cryogenic morphology and the chemical signatures of the calcite component show that the dust is glaciogenic, (2) the dust was carried by southeasterly Antarctic winds, and (3) it was deposited over most of southern and central Argentina. Field observations, geomorphic evidence, and radiocarbon dates suggest that the dust was deposited during several Pleistocene glacial episodes.
TWO-SIDED ESTIMATES FOR POSITIVE SOLUTIONS OF SUPERLINEAR ELLIPTIC BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Authors: HIRATA KENTARO
Published: August 2018

We give two-sided estimates for positive solutions of the superlinear elliptic problem$-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}u=a(x)|u|^{p-1}u$with zero Dirichlet boundary condition in a bounded Lipschitz domain. Our result improves the well-knowna priori$L^{\infty }$-estimate and provides information about the boundary decay rate of solutions.
Fairness, more than any other cognitive mechanism, is what explains the content of folk-economic beliefs
Authors: Baumard Nicolas , Chevallier Coralie , André Jean-Baptiste
Published: August 2018

We applaud Boyer & Petersen's (B&P's) article on economic folk beliefs. We believe that it is crucial for the future of democracy to identify the cognitive systems through which people form their beliefs about the working of the economy. In this commentary, we put forward the idea that, although many systems are involved, fairness is probably the main driver of folk-economic beliefs.
Coalitional rivalry may hurt in economic exchanges such as trade but help in war
Authors: McDermott Rose
Published: August 2018

Economic exchange constitutes the basis of many, but not all, aspects of human cooperation. The incentives overlap with, but remain distinct in important ways, from other fundamental aspects of cooperation, including the organization of collective violence for combat. The specific alignment of sometimes-conflicting goals helps inform the construction of political ideology.
Spoiled for choice: Identifying the building blocks of folk-economic beliefs
Authors: Nancekivell Shaylene , Friedman Ori
Published: August 2018

Boyer & Petersen suggest that folk-economic beliefs result from evolved domain-specific cognitive systems concerned with social exchange. However, a major challenge for their account is that each folk-economic belief can be explained by different combinations of evolved cognitive systems. We illustrate this by offering alternative explanations for several economic beliefs they discuss.
Why do people think that others should earn this or that?
Authors: Sznycer Daniel , Ermer Elsa , Tooby John
Published: August 2018

Some questions, such as when a statistical distribution of incomes becomes too unequal, seem highly attention-grabbing, inferentially productive, and morally vexing. Yet many other questions that are crucial to the functioning of a modern economy seem uninteresting non-issues. An evolutionary–psychological framework to study folk-economic beliefs has the potential to illuminate this puzzle.
The Korteweg–de Vries, Burgers and Whitham limits for a spatially periodic Boussinesq model
Authors: Bauer Roman , Düll Wolf-Patrick , Schneider Guido
Published: August 2018

We are interested in the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV), Burgers and Whitham limits for a spatially periodic Boussinesq model with non-small contrast. We prove estimates of the relations between the KdV, Burgers and Whitham approximations and the true solutions of the original system that guarantee these amplitude equations make correct predictions about the dynamics of the spatially periodic Boussinesq model over their natural timescales. The proof is based on Bloch wave analysis and energy estimates and is the first justification result of the KdV, Burgers and Whitham approximations for a dispersive partial differential equation posed in a spatially periodic medium of non-small contrast.
On the well-posedness and asymptotic behaviour of the generalized Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation
Authors: Gallego F. A. , Pazoto A. F.
Published: August 2018

In this paper we are concerned with the well-posedness and the exponential stabilization of the generalized Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation, posed on the whole real line, under the effect of a damping term. Both problems are investigated when the exponent p in the nonlinear term ranges over the interval [1, 5). We first prove the global well-posedness in Hs(ℝ) for 0 ≤ s ≤ 3 and 1 ≤ p < 2, and in H3(ℝ) when p ≥ 2. For 2 ≤ p < 5, we prove the existence of global solutions in the L2-setting. Then, by using multiplier techniques and interpolation theory, the exponential stabilization is obtained with an indefinite damping term and 1 ≤ p < 2. Under the effect of a localized damping term the result is obtained when 2 ≤ p < 5. Combining multiplier techniques and compactness arguments, we show that the problem of exponential decay is reduced to proving the unique continuation property of weak solutions. Here, the unique continuation is obtained via the usual Carleman estimate.
Parametric rigidity of real families of conformal diffeomorphisms tangent to x→−x
Authors: Arriagada Waldo
Published: August 2018

We prove that one-parameter families of real germs of conformal diffeomorphisms tangent to the involution x ↦−x are rigid in the parameter. We establish a connection between the dynamics in the Poincaré and Siegel domains. Although repeatedly employed in the literature, the dynamics in the Siegel domain does not explain the intrinsic real properties of these germs. Rather, these properties are fully elucidated in the Poincaré domain, where the fixed points are linearizable. However, a detailed study of the dynamics in the Siegel domain is of crucial importance. We relate both points of view on the intersection of the Siegel normalization domains.
Keeping tabs on your cooperating partners: a coalition perspective on international organizations
Authors: Kleine Mareike
Published: August 2018

This article argues that opportunities for unilateral influence within international bureaucracies create a delegation problem akin to that in coalition governments. Parties in coalitions that suspect each another of diverting from the coalition bargain avail themselves of mechanisms, such as junior ministers and parliamentary scrutiny, to monitor their coalition partners’ actions within the executive. Similarly, states that suspect cooperating partners of abusing their unilateral influence within the bureaucracy employ mechanisms, reminiscent of those in coalition governments, in order to ‘keep tabs’ on one another. I illustrate the plausibility of this claim using the case of the European Commission. However, this delegation problem of interstate control can be expected to apply more widely. The article has implications for the study of international organization, international delegation and informal governance.
Omics in Weed Science: A Perspective from Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Metabolomics Approaches
Authors: Maroli Amith S. , Gaines Todd A. , Foley Michael E. , Duke Stephen O. , Doğramacı Münevver , Anderson James V. , Horvath David P. , Chao Wun S. , Tharayil Nishanth
Published: August 2018

Modern high-throughput molecular and analytical tools offer exciting opportunities to gain a mechanistic understanding of unique traits of weeds. During the past decade, tremendous progress has been made within the weed science discipline using genomic techniques to gain deeper insights into weedy traits such as invasiveness, hybridization, and herbicide resistance. Though the adoption of newer “omics” techniques such as proteomics, metabolomics, and physionomics has been slow, applications of these omics platforms to study plants, especially agriculturally important crops and weeds, have been increasing over the years. In weed science, these platforms are now used more frequently to understand mechanisms of herbicide resistance, weed resistance evolution, and crop–weed interactions. Use of these techniques could help weed scientists to further reduce the knowledge gaps in understanding weedy traits. Although these techniques can provide robust insights about the molecular functioning of plants, employing a single omics platform can rarely elucidate the gene-level regulation and the associated real-time expression of weedy traits due to the complex and overlapping nature of biological interactions. Therefore, it is desirable to integrate the different omics technologies to give a better understanding of molecular functioning of biological systems. This multidimensional integrated approach can therefore offer new avenues for better understanding of questions of interest to weed scientists. This review offers a retrospective and prospective examination of omics platforms employed to investigate weed physiology and novel approaches and new technologies that can provide holistic and knowledge-based weed management strategies for future.
Topographic Loads Modified by Fluvial Incision Impact Fault Activity in the Longmenshan Thrust Belt, Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Tan Xibin , Yue Han , Liu Yiduo , Xu Xiwei , Shi Feng , Xu Chong , Ren Zhikun , Shyu J. Bruce H. , Lu Renqi , Hao Haijian
Published: August 2018

Whether external or internal forces of the Earth control the behaviors of upper‐crustal faults in a fold‐and‐thrust belt has been debated for decades. The Longmenshan thrust belt (LTB) along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau may provide insights into such a debate, as the central segment of the LTB has relatively uniform shortening strains yet various fluvial incision capability along the strike. This tectonic setting enables a better assessment of the effects of external forces on fault activity. We analyzed the variations of topography, fluvial incision intensity, coseismic slips, and coseismic landslides along the central LTB. The Longmen subsegment in the northern half has higher elevation and lower fluvial incision intensity than the Hongkou subsegment in the south. We calculated the topographic stresses on the faults ruptured during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and found topographic introduced normal stress increase may explain the coseismic slip partitioning onto two subfaults along the Longmen subsegment. Our results indicate that fluvial incision may have produced the along‐strike variations of the topography, which may further produce the different rupture behavior. In addition, the mean hillslope angle along the central LTB appeared to be at the critical condition prior to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and reduced significantly by the earthquake, indicating that geomorphic indices may vary with different stages in an earthquake cycle. Therefore, scrutinizing the mean hillslope angle and other geomorphic indices may help identify potential seismic hazards in an active fault system.
Kinematic, Deformational, and Thermochronologic Conditions Along the Gossan Lead and Fries Shear Zones: Constraining the Western‐Eastern Blue Ridge Boundary in Northwestern North Carolina
Authors: Levine J. S. F. , Merschat A. J. , McAleer R. J. , Casale G. , Quillan K. R. , Fraser K. I. , BeDell T. G.
Published: August 2018

The fault boundary between the western and eastern Blue Ridge (WBR‐EBR) in the southern Appalachians separates Mesoproterozoic basement rocks and their cover from Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic accreted rocks. Several northeast striking faults delineate the boundary, including the Gossan Lead shear zone in northwestern North Carolina. Varying tectonic interpretations of WBR‐EBR boundary include a premetamorphic fault, an Acadian dextral strike‐slip fault, or an Alleghanian fault. We use field‐based, microstructural, and theromochronometric analyses to determine the conditions, kinematics, and timing of deformation, in order to distinguish among competing hypotheses for the Gossan Lead shear zone. This comprehensive approach has allowed us to attribute a number of new and previously observed tectonic fabrics to specific orogenic events; key relationships necessary to the study of multiply deformed tectonic margins. Detailed mapping and microstructural analysis of the Gossan Lead shear zone document a several kilometer‐wide mylonitic zone with kinematic indicators that record dominantly top‐to‐the‐NW thrust motion, with local strike‐slip and normal sense indicators. Dynamically recrystallized quartz and feldspar constrain a range of deformation conditions from amphibolite to greenschist facies. Two unaltered lineation‐forming amphiboles from mylonitic amphibolites record40Ar/39Ar cooling ages of 347–345 Ma, and a mylonitized metagraywacke records a muscovite40Ar/39Ar cooling age of 336 Ma. These data are consistent with dominantly NW directed thrusting along the Gossan Lead shear zone at amphibolite to greenschist facies conditions, and rapid cooling in the Middle Mississippian. We suggest these data support overprinting and/or reactivation of an earlier structure along this complexly deformed boundary by 336 Ma.
The Effect of Episodic Sediment Supply on Bedload Variability and Sediment Mobility
Authors: Elgueta‐Astaburuaga M. A. , Hassan M. A. , Saletti M. , Clarke G. K. C.
Published: August 2018

The effect of sediment supply on sediment mobility is analyzed for a poorly sorted (0.5–64 mm) experimental bed. Water discharge was held constant over a sequence of seven runs, and 300 kg of sediment was supplied during each run in different magnitudes and frequencies. In runs with constant feed bedload transport rate increased gradually. In contrast, runs that received large sediment pulses showed pronounced increases in bedload rate as the bed surface got finer, followed by monotonic declines as the bed surface coarsened. We studied the temporal scales of bedload fluctuations by means of sample autocorrelation coefficients and the rates of decrease in bedload fluctuation with sampling time scale. The significant trends caused in bedload rate by large occasional sediment pulses increased long‐term autocorrelation in bedload rate time series relative to runs with constant feed. Bed evolution and local changes in sediment storage caused multiple scales of variability in bedload rate, which increased autocorrelation and caused long‐term persistence in bedload series over periods with a nearly constant mean. The scaling statistics of bedload transport fluctuation depended on grain size, and those for total bedload were similar to those for fine gravel (2–8 mm), which was fully mobile and dominated bedload transport. Grain size dependence of bedload fluctuation was not affected by changes in sediment feed because water discharge and sediment texture were held constant.
Exploring Drivers of Regional Water‐Quality Change Using Differential Spatially Referenced Regression—A Pilot Study in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Authors: Chanat Jeffrey G. , Yang Guoxiang
Published: August 2018

An understanding of riverine water‐quality dynamics in regional mixed‐land use watersheds is the foundation for advances in landscape biogeochemistry and informed land management. A differential implementation of the statistical/process‐based model SPAtially Referenced Regressions on Watershed attributes (SPARROW; Smith et al., https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr02171) is proposed to empirically relate a regional pattern of changes in flow‐normalized constituent flux, over a multiyear period, to contemporaneous changes in spatially referenced explanatory variables. In a pilot application, the differential model, called Spatiotemporal Watershed Accumulation of Net effects (SWAN), is used to explore factors influencing changes in flow‐normalized flux of total nitrogen over the period 1990–2010 at 43 sites in the nontidal Chesapeake Bay watershed. A seven‐parameter model explains 80% of the transformed variability in independently estimated flux changes, indicating that storage effects having characteristic time scales greater than 20 years had a small influence, relative to changes in inputs, on regional water‐quality response. Results suggest that 1990–2010 changes in total‐nitrogen flux are largely the outcome of increased nonpoint‐source pollution associated with urban and suburban development, modulated to the point of negation by terrestrial losses stemming from widespread increases in air temperature and precipitation. The loss mechanism is qualitatively consistent with denitrification; however, increases in aboveground biomass, agricultural nitrogen exports, or hydrologic flushing are also plausible contributors. Although qualified by a small sample size and constraints on explanatory data availability, the pilot suggests that SWAN is a promising approach for broadening scientific understanding of factors driving regional water‐quality change and for supporting evidence‐based land‐management decisions.
Sand Mineralogy Within the Bagnold Dunes, Gale Crater, as Observed In Situ and From Orbit
Authors: Rampe E. B. , Lapotre M. G. A. , Bristow T. F. , Arvidson R. E. , Morris R. V. , Achilles C. N. , Weitz C. , Blake D. F. , Ming D. W. , Morrison S. M. , Vaniman D. T. , Chipera S. J. , Downs R. T. , Grotzinger J. P. , Hazen R. M. , Peretyazhko T. S. , Sutter B. , Tu V. , Yen A. S. , Horgan B. , Castle N. , Craig P. I. , Des Marais D. J. , Farmer J. , Gellert R. , McAdam A. C. , Morookian J. M. , Sarrazin P. C. , Treiman A. H.
Published: August 2018

Curiosity investigated active eolian sands near linear dunes during Phase 2 of the Bagnold Dunes campaign in Gale crater, Mars. Ogunquit Beach, a sample scooped from a large‐ripple trough within the Mount Desert Island ripple field and delivered to the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) X‐ray diffraction instrument, is dominated by basaltic igneous minerals and X‐ray amorphous materials. CheMin mineralogy of the Gobabeb sample acquired at a large‐ripple crest on the Namib barchan dune during Phase 1 is similar to Ogunquit Beach. Ogunquit Beach, however, contains more plagioclase and Gobabeb contains more olivine. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM)‐based estimates of mineralogy at the optical surface of Namib Dune and Mount Desert Island demonstrate that surface sands are enriched in olivine and depleted in plagioclase over Mount Desert Island relative to Namib Dune. Differences between CheMin‐derived and CRISM‐derived mineralogies suggest sorting by grain size on bedform to dune field scales. Crystal chemistry from CheMin suggests contributions from multiple igneous sources and the local bedrock.
Vulnerability to Flash Floods: A Simplified Structural Model for Masonry Buildings
Authors: Milanesi Luca , Pilotti Marco , Belleri Andrea , Marini Alessandra , Fuchs Sven
Published: August 2018

Urban and land use planning is conditioned by flood risk analyses and is a great research challenge. While methods are available for quantitative hazard and risk modeling, there is still a major gap related to reliable rational approaches for vulnerability assessment. This is particularly true for assessing vulnerability of buildings to floods. This vulnerability, which is important for economic reasons as well as for the safety of individuals and communities, is usually conceptualized on an empirical basis. Such empirical approaches, however, are plagued by considerable uncertainties, mostly because the damage‐causing mechanisms on the building envelope are poorly represented. In order to advance this area, this paper focuses on the structural vulnerability of traditional masonry buildings in alpine areas exposed to flash floods. A simplified physically based conceptual model which requires a limited amount of input data is proposed. The resistance of a wall impacted by a flash flood is studied in a limit analysis framework, considering different geometric ratios and building configurations. The resulting stability thresholds, expressed in dimensionless form as a function of the water depth, were positively compared with the results provided by numerical finite element models of the investigated geometries. The application of the proposed vulnerability model in risk mitigation strategies provides reliable information, suitable for a first‐level risk assessment on large building stocks.
On the Causes of Declining Colorado River Streamflows
Authors: Xiao Mu , Udall Bradley , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: August 2018

The Colorado River is the primary surface water resource in the rapidly growing U.S. Southwest. Over the period 1916–2014, the Upper Colorado River Basin naturalized streamflow declined by 16.5%, despite the fact that annual precipitation in the UCRB over that period increased slightly (+1.4%). In order to examine the causes of the runoff declines, we performed a set of experiments with the Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrology model. Our results show that the pervasive warming has reduced snowpacks and enhanced evapotranspiration over the last 100 years; over half (53%) of the long‐term decreasing runoff trend is associated with the general warming. Negative winter precipitation trends have occurred in the handful of highly productive subbasins that account for over half of the streamflow at Lee's Ferry. We also compared a midcentury drought with the (ongoing) post‐Millennium Drought and find that whereas the earlier drought was caused primarily by pervasive low‐precipitation anomalies across UCRB, higher temperatures have played a large role in the post‐Millennium Drought. The post‐Millennium Drought has also been exacerbated by negative precipitation anomalies in several of the most productive headwater basins. Finally, we evaluate the UCRB April–July runoff forecast for 2017, which decreased dramatically as the runoff season progressed. We find that while late winter and spring 2017 was anomalously warm, the proximate cause of most of the forecast reduction was anomalous late winter and early spring dryness in UCRB, which followed exceptionally large (positive) early winter precipitation anomalies.
TRMP, a p53-inducible long noncoding RNA, regulates G1/S cell cycle progression by modulating IRES-dependent p27 translation
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Chenfeng , Zhao Kailiang , Zhang Guang , Wang Decai , Mei Yide
Published: August 2018

The tumor suppressor p53 plays a pivotal role in the protection against cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in the regulation of the p53 pathway, however, the detailed mechanisms remain to be further elucidated. In this study, we report a new p53-inducible lncRNA that we termed TRMP (TP53-regulated modulator of p27). As a direct transcriptional target of p53, TRMP plays an unexpected pro-survival function. Knockdown of TRMP inhibits cell proliferation by inducing a G1 cell cycle arrest. Mechanistically, TRMP suppresses internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-dependent translation of p27 by competing p27 mRNA for polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) binding. Furthermore, TRMP is able to regulate cell proliferation, G1/S cell cycle progression, and tumor xenograft growth via the inhibition of p27. Taken together, these findings suggest lncRNA as a new layer to fine-tune the p53 response and reveal TRMP as an important downstream effector of p53 activity.
HHV-6 encoded small non-coding RNAs define an intermediate and early stage in viral reactivation
Authors: Prusty Bhupesh K. , Gulve Nitish , Chowdhury Suvagata Roy , Schuster Michael , Strempel Sebastian , Descamps Vincent , Rudel Thomas
Published: August 2018

Human herpesvirus 6A and 6B frequently acquires latency. HHV-6 activation has been associated with various human diseases. Germ line inheritance of chromosomally integrated HHV-6 makes viral DNA-based analysis difficult for determination of early stages of viral activation. We characterized early stages of HHV-6 activation using high throughput transcriptomics studies and applied the results to understand virus activation under clinical conditions. Using a latent HHV-6A cell culture model in U2OS cells, we identified an early stage of viral reactivation, which we define as transactivation that is marked by transcription of several viral small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in the absence of detectable increase in viral replication and proteome. Using deep sequencing approaches, we detected previously known as well as a new viral sncRNAs that characterized viral transactivation and differentiated it from latency. Here we show changes in human transcriptome upon viral transactivation that reflect multiple alterations in mitochondria-associated pathways, which was supported by observation of increased mitochondrial fragmentation in virus reactivated cells. Furthermore, we present here a unique clinical case of DIHS/DRESS associated death where HHV-6 sncRNA-U14 was abundantly detected throughout the body of the patient in the presence of low viral DNA. In this study, we have identified a unique and early stage of viral activation that is characterized by abundant transcription of viral sncRNAs, which can serve as an ideal biomarker under clinical conditions.
Buried remnants of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and connections to its surface elevation
Authors: Lacelle Denis , Fisher David A. , Coulombe Stéphanie , Fortier Daniel , Frappier Roxanne
Published: August 2018

The Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) occupied a large part of North-America during the late Pleistocene. Determining the proper surface geometry and elevation of the LIS is of central importance to estimate global changes in sea-level and atmospheric circulation patterns during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Despite largely disappearing from the landscape during the late Holocene, LIS remnants are found in the Penny and Barnes ice caps on Baffin Island (Canada) and ongoing permafrost degradation has been exposing relics of the LIS buried along its northern margin since the late Pleistocene. Here, we use the δ18O records of six LIS remnants and the late Pleistocene δ18O-elevation relation to establish ice elevation in their source area during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Contrary to some modeled reconstructions, our findings indicate an asymmetric LIS topography with higher ice on Keewatin Dome (~3200 m) and thinner ice in the prairies along the Plains divide (1700–2100 m) during LGM. The resiliency of icy permafrost to past warm intervals preserved relics of the LIS; these ice-marginal landscapes, now poised for thaw, should uncover more valuable clues about the conditions of the last major ice sheet on Earth.
Genetic Determinants of Telomere Length in African American Youth
Authors: Zeiger Andrew M. , White Marquitta J. , Eng Celeste , Oh Sam S. , Witonsky Jonathan , Goddard Pagé C. , Contreras Maria G. , Elhawary Jennifer R. , Hu Donglei , Mak Angel C. Y. , Lee Eunice Y. , Keys Kevin L. , Samedy Lesly-Anne , Risse-Adams Oona , Magaña Joaquín , Huntsman Scott , Salazar Sandra , Davis Adam , Meade Kelley , Brigino-Buenaventura Emerita , LeNoir Michael A. , Farber Harold J. , Bibbins-Domingo Kirsten , Borrell Luisa N. , Burchard Esteban G.
Published: August 2018

Telomere length (TL) is associated with numerous disease states and is affected by genetic and environmental factors. However, TL has been mostly studied in adult populations of European or Asian ancestry. These studies have identified 34 TL-associated genetic variants recently used as genetic proxies for TL. The generalizability of these associations to pediatric populations and racially diverse populations, specifically of African ancestry, remains unclear. Furthermore, six novel variants associated with TL in a population of European children have been identified but not validated. We measured TL from whole blood samples of 492 healthy African American youth (children and adolescents between 8 and 20 years old) and performed the first genome-wide association study of TL in this population. We were unable to replicate neither the 34 reported genetic associations found in adults nor the six genetic associations found in European children. However, we discovered a novel genome-wide significant association between TL and rs1483898 on chromosome 14. Our results underscore the importance of examining genetic associations with TL in diverse pediatric populations such as African Americans.
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) limits VSMC proliferation and neointimal thickening through its extracellular enzymatic activity
Authors: Varona Saray , Orriols Mar , Galán María , Guadall Anna , Cañes Laia , Aguiló Silvia , Sirvent Marc , Martínez-González José , Rodríguez Cristina
Published: August 2018

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a critical role in extracellular matrix maturation and limits VSMC proliferation and vascular remodeling. We have investigated whether this anti-proliferative effect relies on the extracellular catalytically active LOX or on its biologically active propeptide (LOX-PP). High expression levels of both LOX and LOX-PP were detected in the vascular wall from transgenic mice over-expressing the full-length human LOX cDNA under the control of SM22α promoter (TgLOX), which targets the transgene to VSMC without affecting the expression of mouse LOX isoenzymes. TgLOX VSMC also secrete high amounts of both mature LOX and LOX-PP. Wild-type (WT) mouse VSMC exposed to VSMC supernatants from transgenic animals showed reduced proliferative rates (low [3H]-thymidine uptake and expression of PCNA) than those incubated with conditioned media from WT cells, effect that was abrogated by β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), an inhibitor of LOX activity. Lentiviral over-expression of LOX, but not LOX-PP, decreased human VSMC proliferation, effect that was also prevented by BAPN. LOX transgenesis neither impacted local nor systemic inflammatory response induced by carotid artery ligation. Interestingly, in this model, BAPN normalized the reduced neointimal thickening observed in TgLOX mice. Therefore, extracellular enzymatically active LOX is required to limit both VSMC proliferation and vascular remodeling.
Author Correction: The use of microfluidic spinning fiber as an ophthalmology suture showing the good anastomotic strength control
Authors: Park DoYeun , Yong In Sung , Cho Kyong Jin , Cheng Jie , Jung Youngmee , Kim Soo Hyun , Lee Sang-Hoon
Published: August 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
In Vitro Selection of Specific DNA Aptamers Against the Anti-Coagulant Dabigatran Etexilate
Authors: Aljohani Maher M. , Chinnappan Raja , Eissa Shimaa , Alsager Omar A. , Weber Karina , Cialla-May Dana , Popp Jürgen , Zourob Mohammed
Published: August 2018

Dabigatran Etexilate (PRADAXA) is a new oral anticoagulant increasingly used for a number of blood thrombosis conditions, prevention of strokes and systemic emboli among patients with atrial fibrillation. It provides safe and adequate anticoagulation for prevention and treatment of thrombus in several clinical settings. However, anticoagulation therapy can be associated with an increased risk of bleeding. There is a lack of specific laboratory tests to determine the level of this drug in blood. This is considered the most important obstacles of using this medication, particularly for patients with trauma, drug toxicity, in urgent need for surgical interventions or uncontrolled bleeding. In this work, we performed Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) to select specific DNA aptamers against dabigatran etexilate. Following multiple rounds of selection and enrichment with a randomized 60-mer DNA library, specific DNA aptamers for dabigatran were selected. We investigated the affinity and specificity of generated aptamers to the drug showing dissociation constants (Kd) ranging from 46.8–208 nM. The most sensitive aptamer sequence was selected and applied in an electrochemical biosensor to successfully achieve 0. 01 ng/ml level of detection of the target drug. With further improvement of the assay and optimization, these aptamers would replace conventional antibodies for developing detection assays in the near future.
Indirect Reciprocity and the Evolution of Prejudicial Groups
Authors: Whitaker Roger M. , Colombo Gualtiero B. , Rand David G.
Published: August 2018

Prejudicial attitudes are widely seen between human groups, with significant consequences. Actions taken in light of prejudice result in discrimination, and can contribute to societal division and hostile behaviours. We define a new class of group, the prejudicial group, with membership based on a common prejudicial attitude towards the out-group. It is assumed that prejudice acts as a phenotypic tag, enabling groups to form and identify themselves on this basis. Using computational simulation, we study the evolution of prejudicial groups, where members interact through indirect reciprocity. We observe how cooperation and prejudice coevolve, with cooperation being directed in-group. We also consider the co-evolution of these variables when out-group interaction and global learning are immutable, emulating the possible pluralism of a society. Diversity through three factors is found to be influential, namely out-group interaction, out-group learning and number of sub-populations. Additionally populations with greater in-group interaction promote both cooperation and prejudice, while global rather than local learning promotes cooperation and reduces prejudice. The results also demonstrate that prejudice is not dependent on sophisticated human cognition and is easily manifested in simple agents with limited intelligence, having potential implications for future autonomous systems and human-machine interaction.
Changes in benthic community structure and sediment characteristics after natural recolonisation of the seagrass Zostera muelleri
Authors: Lundquist Carolyn J. , Jones Tracey C. , Parkes Samantha M. , Bulmer Richard H.
Published: August 2018

Macrofauna are important contributors to estuarine ecosystem services within and outside of seagrass beds. Here we documented the natural recolonisation of a temperate seagrass (Zostera muelleri) community over 15 years in an urban estuary (Waitemata Harbour, North Island, New Zealand). We also investigated the change in macrofaunal communities in relation to seagrass cover over time, from transition from bare sandflat to seagrass. Colonisation by seagrass was associated with an increase in macrofaunal species diversity (from an average of 32 species per core in 2001 to 46 species per core in 2015) and abundance (from 482 to 2273 individuals per core), as well as an increase in sediment mud (from 4.09% to 12.37%) and organic matter content (from 0.90% to 1.41%). The most abundant species within both seagrass and adjacent unvegetated sandflat were similar, the polychaetes Heteromastus filiformis, Aricidea sp., and Prionospio aucklandica, and the amphipod Paracalliope novizealandiae. The difference in macrofaunal community structure between seagrass and unvegetated sandflat was primarily associated with higher abundance of P. novizealandiae and lower abundance of Pseudopolydora sp. in seagrass. A successional effect was observed in macrofaunal communities over the 15 years following seagrass expansion, primarily associated with an increase in the abundance of Aricidea sp., H. filiformis, and P. novizealandiae, and a reduction in the abundance of the bivalve Linucula hartvigiana. This study is the first to document long-term changes in seagrass and their associated communities during a natural recolonisation event, providing insight into timeframes required both for the regrowth of a seagrass meadow from initial colonisation of individual patches, as well as the trajectories and timeframes of change from a sandflat to a seagrass-associated macrofaunal community. This research enhances our understanding of how changes in seagrass distributions due to seagrass loss or restoration may affect macrofaunal community composition and ultimately ecosystem function.
Impact of energy dissipation on interface shapes and on rates for dewetting from liquid substrates
Authors: Peschka Dirk , Bommer Stefan , Jachalski Sebastian , Seemann Ralf , Wagner Barbara
Published: August 2018

We revisit the fundamental problem of liquid-liquid dewetting and perform a detailed comparison of theoretical predictions based on thin-film models with experimental measurements obtained by atomic force microscopy. Specifically, we consider the dewetting of a liquid polystyrene layer from a liquid polymethyl methacrylate layer, where the thicknesses and the viscosities of both layers are similar. Using experimentally determined system parameters like viscosity and surface tension, an excellent agreement of experimentally and theoretically obtained rim profile shapes are obtained including the liquid-liquid interface and even dewetting rates. Our new energetic approach additionally allows to assess the physical importance of different contributions to the energy-dissipation mechanism, for which we analyze the local flow fields and the local dissipation rates. Using this approach, we explain why dewetting rates for liquid-liquid systems follow no universal power law, despite the fact that experimental velocities are almost constant. This is in contrast to dewetting scenarios on solid substrates and in contrast to previous results for liquid-liquid substrates using heuristic approaches.
Impact of cyber-invasive species on a large ecological network
Authors: Doizy Anna , Barter Edmund , Memmott Jane , Varnham Karen , Gross Thilo
Published: August 2018

As impacts of introduced species cascade through trophic levels, they can cause indirect and counter-intuitive effects. To investigate the impact of invasive species at the network scale, we use a generalized food web model, capable of propagating changes through networks with a series of ecologically realistic criteria. Using data from a small British offshore island, we quantify the impacts of four virtual invasive species (an insectivore, a herbivore, a carnivore and an omnivore whose diet is based on a rat) and explore which clusters of species react in similar ways. We find that the predictions for the impacts of invasive species are ecologically plausible, even in large networks. Species in the same taxonomic group are similarly impacted by a virtual invasive species. However, interesting differences within a given taxonomic group can occur. The results suggest that some native species may be at risk from a wider range of invasives than previously believed. The implications of these results for ecologists and land managers are discussed.
E-hooks provide guidance and a soft landing for the microtubule binding domain of dynein
Authors: Tajielyato Nayere , Li Lin , Peng Yunhui , Alper Joshua , Alexov Emil
Published: August 2018

Macromolecular binding is a complex process that involves sensing and approaching the binding partner, adopting the proper orientation, and performing the physical binding. We computationally investigated the role of E-hooks, which are intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) at the C-terminus of tubulin, on dynein microtubule binding domain (MTBD) binding to the microtubule as a function of the distance between the MTBD and its binding site on the microtubule. Our results demonstrated that the contacts between E-hooks and the MTBD are dynamical; multiple negatively charted patches of amino acids on the E-hooks grab and release the same positively charged patches on the MTBD as it approaches the microtubule. Even when the distance between the MTBD and the microtubule was greater than the E-hook length, the E-hooks sensed and guided MTBD via long-range electrostatic interactions in our simulations. Moreover, we found that E-hooks exerted electrostatic forces on the MTBD that were distance dependent; the force pulls the MTBD toward the microtubule at long distances but opposes binding at short distances. This mechanism provides a “soft-landing” for the MTBD as it binds to the microtubule. Finally, our analysis of the conformational states of E-hooks in presence and absence of the MTBD indicates that the binding process is a mixture of the induced-fit and lock-and-key macromolecular binding hypotheses. Overall, this novel binding mechanism is termed “guided-soft-binding” and could have broad-reaching impacts on the understanding of how IDRs dock to structured proteins.
Operation Mechanism of GaN-based Transistors Elucidated by Element-Specific X-ray Nanospectroscopy
Authors: Omika Keiichi , Tateno Yasunori , Kouchi Tsuyoshi , Komatani Tsutomu , Yaegassi Seiji , Yui Keiichi , Nakata Ken , Nagamura Naoka , Kotsugi Masato , Horiba Koji , Oshima Masaharu , Suemitsu Maki , Fukidome Hirokazu
Published: August 2018

With the rapid depletion of communication-frequency resources, mainly due to the explosive spread of information communication devices for the internet of things, GaN-based high-frequency high-power transistors (GaN-HEMTs) have attracted considerable interest as one of the key devices that can operate in the high-frequency millimeter-wave band. However, GaN-HEMT operation is destabilized by current collapse phenomena arising from surface electron trapping (SET), which has not been fully understood thus far. Here, we conduct quantitative mechanistic studies on SET in GaN-HEMTs by applying element- and site-specific photoelectron nanospectroscopy to a GaN-HEMT device under operation. Our study reveals that SET is induced by a large local electric field. Furthermore, surface passivation using a SiN thin film is demonstrated to play a dual role: electric-field weakening and giving rise to chemical interactions that suppress SET. Our findings can contribute to the realization of high-capacity wireless communication systems based on GaN-HEMTs.
Dynamics of neural representations when searching for exemplars and categories of human and non-human faces
Authors: Bayet Laurie , Zinszer Benjamin , Pruitt Zoe , Aslin Richard N. , Wu Rachel
Published: August 2018

Face perception abilities in humans exhibit a marked expertise in distinguishing individual human faces at the expense of individual faces from other species (the other-species effect). In particular, one behavioural effect of such specialization is that human adults search for and find categories of non-human faces faster and more accurately than a specific non-human face, and vice versa for human faces. However, a recent visual search study showed that neural responses (event-related potentials, ERPs) were identical when finding either a non-human or human face. We used time-resolved multivariate pattern analysis of the EEG data from that study to investigate the dynamics of neural representations during a visual search for own-species (human) or other-species (non-human ape) faces, with greater sensitivity than traditional ERP analyses. The location of each target (i.e., right or left) could be decoded from the EEG, with similar accuracy for human and non-human faces. However, the neural patterns associated with searching for an exemplar versus a category target differed for human faces compared to non-human faces: Exemplar representations could be more reliably distinguished from category representations for human than non-human faces. These findings suggest that the other-species effect modulates the nature of representations, but preserves the attentional selection of target items based on these representations.