bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detached Participles in English Discourse
Authors: Chubaryan Astghik
Published: January 2021

The article examines the function of detached participles in Modern English from a perspective of discourse formation. An attempt is made to describe the use of these structures in speech, to reveal the extent to which it conditions the distribution of participles in different types of discourses, as well as to demonstrate certain grammatical features of these structures.The article emphasizes that the use of different grammatical structures in speech is conditioned by the purpose of the communicative situation. Therefore, the process of the perception of grammar is inseparable from the principles by which the language speakers make up their speech as a whole.
Aspects of Salience in Phatic Tokens
Authors: Paronian Shoushan
Published: January 2021

The article examines the role of consciousness in speech activity. Language application in different speech situations calls for various mental actions ranging from subliminal to conscious ones. Thus, in certain stereotypical speech situations the speakers automatically use conversational formulae readily available in the language. Without any conscious efforts they simply choose a combination of language signs appropriate to that particular situation. However, there are also speech situations which require a creative approach and mental efforts to pick the necessary language means. The analysis of phatic speech units makes it possible to suggest that in case of the application of the latter, it is necessary to use the ready-made conversation formulae and subconscious mental activity of selecting the language means.
Child or Grown-up: Language Universals and Language Particula
Authors: Arakelyan Rouzanna
Published: January 2021

Language is a means of human cognitive activity. The knowledge of the natural process of the acquisition of each language, namely of a foreign one, is highly necessary in language learning process. The record of the characteristics of child language development acquires much significance in this regard. Evidently, each child is unique. However, the sequence of the development stages of native and foreign languages is almost the same and quite predictable, while the psycholinguistic investigation of a foreign language learning among grown-ups demonstrates evident differences. The acquisition of a foreign language differs not only in the content of the material studied, but also in the new linguistic nature of the coordination of the knowledge.
A Contrastive Study of Lexical Semantics in English
Authors: Inchaurralde Carlos
Published: January 2021

The article presents the initial generalizations of research in the fields of semantics and lexicography which are based on the examination carried out in 1962. Proceeding from the current results of the research, as well as the criteria elaborated in the fields of modern psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics, the article puts forward the idea of the expansion of the lexical semantics in English and the existence of a basic semantic structure. The possibility of further similar researches with the inclusion of the Spanish vocabulary is also emphasized in the article.
Linguistic Aspects of Intercultural Communication
Authors: Ter-Minasova Svetlana
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the importance of intercultural communication and the challenges related to it. Special attention is paid to the linguistic phenomena which can seriously obstacle intercultural communication. The peculiarities of lexical and phraseological compatibility typical of this or that language, unique linguostylistic expressions of language units as well as our national worldview undergo thorough investigation.
From Legalized to Legal English: The Challenge of ESP
Authors: Hall Charles
Published: January 2021

The English teaching of the students majoring in law will be more effective if it begins with legal texts not designed for specialists. This would enable the students to overcome the language-related difficulties in original legal texts and to make appropriate analysis.
Shakespeare and the Bible
Authors: Seferyan Sona
Published: January 2021

In the Armenian reality the translations of Shakespeare’s works have been studied from diverse perspectives – text equivalence, choice of words, fidelity to style and poeticism. The Armenian classical translator Hovhannes Massehian was the first who investigated the imagery of the original and Biblical allusions. He revealed the Biblical language of Shakespeare and used Armenian equivalents in his interpretations. The most successful translations of 12 Shakespearean works by Massehyan confirm the invaluable contribution that the Armenian translator made in the history of the art of translation in Armenia.
Literary Translation as Semiotic Interpretation in the Light of Philological Hermeneutics
Authors: Hambardzumyan Diana
Published: January 2021

In recent years translation and particularly the translation of literature is perceived as interpretation. Several decades ago, Roman Jacobson put forward the idea of translation as semiotic interpretation distinguishing between in intralingual, interlingual and intersemiotic translations. While intralingual translation is the translation of verbal signs with the help of other signs, and inter-lingual translation is the interpretation of the verbal signs of one language with those of another language, intersemiotic translation is the interpretation of the verbal signs by means of non-verbal sign systems. Hence, according to the rule of extralinguistic signs, the main concern of the one who studies a piece of translation is the examination of the extralinguistic phenomena which have ensured the existence of the overall vertical context. The semiotic study of the original and the translation insists on revealing the vertical context, i.e. the literary, aesthetic, moral values and their recreation in the translated version with the help of the non-verbal signs of another language.
“What a Soul in Those Soaring Shapes”: Transcaucasia in XIX century British Writing
Authors: Nuralova Stella
Published: January 2021

In his work “Transcaucasia and Ararat”, J. Bryce, the founder of the Anglo-American company, refutes the stereotypes about the Transcaucasia, reveals the true picture of ethnic cooperation in the region and presents the interest of the English toward Mount Ararat. The book by yet another author – H.F. B, “Armenia: Journey and Investigation” is a combination of two separate journeys from 1893 to 1898. Lynch is quite enthusiastic about the “mountain of the Ark, the mythical paradise”. Finally, in his collection of sonnets titled “The Purple East” W. Watson defends the dying nation, “a homeless nation” which “is stretching its arms in a prayer”. The works of the authors mentioned need further and detailed research especially in our days, when the new world order is underway.
Analytic Causative Constructions in English
Authors: Mkhitaryan Yelena , Sarkissyan Sophie
Published: January 2021

The article examines English analytical causative constructions in the light of cognitive semantics and functional linguistics which makes it possible to identify six syntactic patterns. Each pattern includes two predicates – the first is usually expressed by a causative verb, the second – by different parts of speech or different verb forms (Infinitive, Participle I, Participle II, Gerund, Adjective, Noun). As for the participants of the action (the CAUSER and the CAUSEE), they are the nominal elements of the pattern and are presented by animate or inanimate nouns. This fact is determined by the type of the pattern and the nature of the causative verb involved. The analysis suggests that apart from paradigmatic causative verbs, these patterns can also include verbs that prototypically do not belong to causative verbs in English.
Semantic and Structural Characteristics of Impersonal Sentences with Introductory “it”
Authors: Hovhannisian Anahit
Published: January 2021

The article aims to reveal the nature of sentences with introductory it where the predicative is expressed by an adjective (it is…). The introductory it is followed by a compound nominal predicate with a predicative expressed by an adjective while the conjunction that introduces an object clause. The semantic aspect of these constructions is of certain interest, but it is also important to see through what English patterns it is expressed. Unlike the sentence It is a house, where the grammatical subject it preserves its deictic meaning, the pronoun it in the abovementioned sentences is fully abstracted and specified by the object clause. The adjective following the construction it is… acts as an epithet which expresses the person’s opinion and evaluation of the given action and reality. The nature of the grammatical noun – logical noun and subject – predicate correlations is also specified.
On the Ludic Character of Literary Allusion
Authors: Girunyan Gayane
Published: January 2021

The article investigates the possibility of viewing literary allusion as a game. More specifically, it is described as a “game-riddle” whose “deciphering”, owing to its structure and stable constituents, allows claiming that the notion of allusion is a game by nature.The article presents the scheme of understanding allusion which is based on the hermeneutic circles of part – whole, pre-understanding – understanding, cognition – knowledge. The mechanism question – answer is an ontological base not only for “deciphering” a riddle but also for interpreting an allusion, the only difference being that while a question is typical of a riddle, in case of the allusion the reader asks questions and answers them himself to arrive at understanding.
Deixis in Polite Interaction
Authors: Yerznkyan Yelena
Published: January 2021

The article examines two crucially important notions – the correlation of politeness and deixis in speech. Viewing the category of politeness as a most important means to regulate the complicated relations between the agents of a communication process – the speaker and the addressee, the author attempts to reveal the role of deictic units in speech and demonstrate the importance of their right choice and application in expressing the speaker’s intention. To define the degree of politeness, the article distinguishes between speaker-centered and addressee-centered utterances.
Conversion in the Process of Assimilation of Loan-Words
Authors: Galstyan Anahit
Published: January 2021

Conversion is one of the most productive means of word-formation which has immensely contributed to the morphological assimilation of the words borrowed from French. On the other hand, conversion is the result of the assimilation of the loan-words form French and from other languages. As a result of the semantic, phonetic, morphological assimilation of the loan-words, Modern English abounds in the so-called converted pairs and converted triples which are viewed as false conversions.
On the Emotive-Evaluative Meaning of Phraseological Units
Authors: Yeghiazarian Gayane
Published: January 2021

The article examines certain issues related to the emotive-evaluative meaning of phraseological units. Phraseological units contain referential, denotational, connotational sememes. Expressiveness and emotiveness which are often accompanied by evaluation are constituents of connotational meaning. Phraseological units can be of two types – of neutral evaluation and of emotive evaluation. Apart from expressiveness, phraseological units are also endowed by emotive shades, i.e. various nuances expressing the subjective attitude of the speaker/writer. While the element of evaluation in emotive phrases can be explicit, the emotive-evaluative meaning of expressive phraseologisms is inherent and can be realized only in the context.
The Place of English in an Expanding Europe
Authors: Sutton Peter
Published: January 2021

The article highlights the present state of English and predicts its future in the context of an expanding Europe. The current rate of the development of English is conditioned by the EU activity which being a multi-national, multi-cultural and multi-language body still gives preference to only a handful of languages, especially English.The article specifies the EU actions and initiatives which aim to facilitate the communication-related challenges of the citizens and help the latter use the language properly. The article contains considerable information about the current stage of the development of English in certain EU countries which, in the long run, give the author a chance to predict the spread of the “globalized” English throughout the world.
On Some Issues Promoting Successful Second Language Learning and Teaching
Authors: Zatikian Anahit
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to address some of the issues related to successful second language teaching and suggest possible solutions. The success of teaching depends on the relevance of the favorable teaching atmosphere accompanied with the awareness of students’ objectives. It is necessary to use original texts and pay attention to the independent thinking and individuality of the students. The article pays special attention to the role of the teacher, his/her ability to present the material and other issues related to modern methods. These factors contribute to the promotion of the efficiency of second language teaching.
Creating Contexts for Adult Motivation for Foreign Language Learning and Acquisition
Authors: Karapetyan Mariana
Published: January 2021

While developing foreign language teaching methods for adult students aged 17-20, it is necessary to take into account not only teaching and learning related issues, but also a number of principles which are connected with adult teaching. The article discusses a set of issues connected with foreign language teaching methodology with view of not only the specific features of the foreign language teaching methods for adults but also the theories that attach importance to the factor of emotions in the teaching process. The article attempts to combine a foreign language teaching and learning with the theory of game. The aim of the research is to reveal how games contribute to the improvement of foreign language teaching and learning.
From Fairy Tale Narratives to Their Animated Versions
Authors: Jivanyan Alvard
Published: January 2021

The article offers a contrastive study of several classical fairy tales and their animated versions. Animated movies based on fairy tales can be considered the visual version of the tale. Along with a number of similarities, there are also radical differences between the fairy tale narratives and their animated versions. When the fairy tale narrative is converted into a script, along with noticeable plot similarities, a number of essential changes of the linguostylistic and rhetorical features occur. This is conditioned by the character of the cartoon genre. Despite the fact that the poetics of the animated version of a fairy tale is quite flexible, the authors often borrow certain elements of the narrated version which convey the illusion of a text to the animated version.
Mother Tongue and the Origins of Nationalism
Authors: Ayvazyan Armen
Published: January 2021

The article offers a comparative analysis of the data in Armenian, English, French and Russian sources trying to comment on the political and social settings in which a native language becomes a subject of nationwide love and pride. The author concludes that it happens when an ethnic group, which has already attained a high level of cultural awareness, adopts consistent and stable features typical of a nation. Later, with the support of the political elite, the intelligentsia carries out the further elaboration of the national self-consciousness which, in its turn, aims to analyze the elements of the national identity (including the national language) and to give theoretical and ideological explanations substantiating their necessity and efficiency.The author of the article states that as far back as the 5th century the Armenian intelligentsia highly regarded the cultural and political and strategic significance of the Armenian Language. Following the observations made by Pavstos Byuzand, Movses Khorenatsi and Yeghishe, the author comments on the clarity of the Armenian national self-consciousness and the high level of ideologization of the Armenian political thought.

*  This is an abridged version of the study with the same title that was originally published by the author in Armenian as Mayreni lezun yev azgaynakanutian skzbnavorume. haykakan yev yevropakan skzbnaghbyurneri hamematakan knnutiun (Yerevan, Matenadaran: Artagers, 2001, the updated 2nd ed. was published in 2004).
The Virtual Discourse in On-line Newspapers
Authors: Fljyan Lusine
Published: January 2021

The article analyses the communicative characteristics of virtual discourse in on-line newspapers.Virtual reality has created a number of advantages for online news media – on-line newspapers enjoy a continuous and constant contact with their readers. The content of any article can be easily changed, added or edited parallel to the current developments or to the remarks and observations of the readers.On-line newspapers make it possible to realize simultaneous and consecutive communication. As a result, an article in an on-line newspaper turns into a kind of an interactive dialogue between the author and the readers.
Net English: The Language of On-line Communication
Authors: Nazaryan Ani
Published: January 2021

The fact that extralinguistic reality sets its own rules, has been confirmed in computer discourse. This phenomenon has been viewed as a new functional application. The modern style of mass communication is the subject matter of computer linguistics. The examination of the linguostylistic features, the changes recorded in the given sphere as well as the impact of the computer language on modern English acquire special significance.
Acts of Persuasion in Jane Austen’s Novels
Authors: Galstyan Svetlana , Ghaltakhchyan Siranoush
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to describe the inner world of the characters in Jane Austen’s works from the perspective of the acts of persuasion. The detailed investigation reveals that the characters who, according to the authorial comments, have a low level of consciousness and moral values, often try to make their speech as persuasive as possible. They make use of their appearance, experience and the trust they enjoy. Very often the efficiency or failure of a certain act of persuasion depends on the expense the speaker is subjected to the character or opposes him. Those with a higher level of consciousness and morality hardly ever attempt to impose their opinion on others. Endowed with self-awareness they manage to preserve their own way of thinking and the ability to judge correctly.
On the Problem of Implicitness in Metaphoric Similes
Authors: Haroutunian Gohar
Published: January 2021

Based on the general conceptual content and the speaker’s intention, signs can acquire an additional communicative function. Their inherent semantic applications can be interpreted only at the metasemiotic level. Metaphoric means of expression are of special significance in terms of pragmatic analysis which makes it possible to penetrate into the imaginary world of the author and perceive the metaphoric meaning of the speech. The article attempts to disclose the inherent semantic shades which are expressed through an unusual combination of speech signs and study the mechanisms and principles contributing to the perception and interpretation of their metaphoric meaning.
The Salience of Colour Terms
Authors: Harutyunyan Christine
Published: January 2021

The interrelation between color terms and the meanings they denote is quite controversial. Despite the fact that color terms are linguistic universalities and possess a certain universal value in the language thinking of all ethnic groups, they differ in terms of the ethno-linguistic evaluation. The psycholinguistic value of color terms immensely depends on the professional occupation and the individual preference of language bearers.
The Syntagmatics of Noun Collocations in English
Authors: Muradyan Gayane
Published: January 2021

The analysis of the syntagmatic relations of collocations allows clarifying the regulated constant semantic structures which are typical of the given language unit, in this case of the noun. The functional motivation of the whole structure in noun collocations in English is conditioned by the other constituents of the collocation, rather than of the noun itself. They help perceive the general semantic nuances, as well as the metaphoric meaning and different degrees of directness of the given language unit.
“Politicized” Syntagms in Action
Authors: Baghdasaryan Mara
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to examine the inter-penetration of certain lexical syntagms and their role in political discourse, i.e. to observe how they are applied to demonstrate political reality. The detailed investigation reveals that the lexical syntagms under observation have acquired the value of political terms due to a high frequency of use. Otherwise stated, they have become politicized and in combination with other lexical units, they tend to create reproducible or patterned political expressions.
Emphatic Constructions in English Scientific Prose
Authors: Vardanyan Siranush
Published: January 2021

The article examines the use of syntactic stylistic devices in scientific prose. Sentences with emphatic do have been singled out among the great number of syntactic stylistic devices. The numerous examples with the emphatic do in English scientific prose confirm the hypotheses put forward by R. Budagov, S.S. Gusev, N.M. Razinkina, S.K. Gasparyan that a great number of stylistic devices are used in the language of science. The emphatic do in English scientific prose is not confined to the emphatic function only. The individuality of the author can often be easily traced in these examples. Through the use of the constructions with the emphatic do, the author expresses his opinion towards the idea stated. These structures often turn into an integral part of the language of science. Combined with other stylistic devices and expressive means they help the author to exert certain influence on the reader.
The Place of Academic English in Scientific Discourse
Authors: Poghosyan Ofelya
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to define scientific discourse and clarify which variant of English can serve as a means of international scientific communication.
The Ratio of L1 Influence in Pronunciation Errors of Business English Students
Authors: Babayan Amalia
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the permissible boundary of pronunciation-related errors in business English. It goes on to present and analyze the findings of the three-year-long investigations. It follows from the research that the vast majority of the pronunciation mistakes of students are conditioned by the pronunciation and phonetic system of the Armenian language.
Enriching Learners’ Vocabulary by Means of Derivative Word-Building Patterns
Authors: Karapetyan Lili
Published: January 2021

The English vocabulary has increased greatly in more than 1500 years of development. It is more extensive than that of any other language in the world. Certain processes have led to the creation of many new words as well as to the establishment of patterns for further expansion. Among these processes are affixation, compounding and conversion, which are the three main types of word-formation characteristic of the English language.Since there are few practical rules of compounding and conversion, it would be reasonable to focus on affixation, derivative word-building patterns in particular. Derivative word-building patterns are likely to develop the learners’ receptive and reproductive skills. With the receptive skills the learners make informed guesses about the meaning of unknown items, thus enriching their potential vocabulary. In terms of reproductive skills knowledge of some productive word-building patterns serve to widen the learners’ creative abilities. This can also be viewed as a communicative strategy.
General Tendencies in Semiotic Research
Authors: Hambardzumyan Diana
Published: January 2021

Modern linguistics knows a great number of semiotic researches which focus on a literary text both as a subject matter of literary semiotic and linguosemiotic study. While literary semiotics deals with controversial issues of the style of literary works, linguistic semiotics investigates literary texts paying special attention to the significance of the language unit which reflects the real phenomena, relations and actions turning into a linguistic fact as soon as strong and historically, culturally correlated ties appear in between the linguistic unit as a sign and its referent.
Metafiguration
Authors: Chrzanowska-Kluczewska Elżbieta
Published: January 2021

The author believes that two basic linguostylistic notions – metaphor and metonymy are super stylistic devices which are applicable in diverse discourses. This importance is expressed not only in the art of speech, but also applied forms of art like cinema and theatre. Inherent to the human language as such, metaphor, first of all, is the result of human thought, hence, the metaphoric nature of speech lies in the basis of language and cognition.
The Neutralization of Tropes in Fairy Tale Narratives
Authors: Jivanyan Alvard
Published: January 2021

The direct meanings of various tropes, similies, metaphors and exaggerations are restored in the context of fairy tales. This phenomenon can be regarded as neutralization of the mentioned tropes. Metamorphosis – the trope most characteristic of a fairy tale, emerges as a result of the restoration of direct meanings.
Symbols in Viginia Woolf’s Novels
Authors: Knyazyan Anna
Published: January 2021

Along with the development of cognitive sciences, the study of a literary text aims at broader goals than merely philological. It is connected with the revelation of individual cognitive models through traditional philological interpretation of the text. On the one hand, the basis of the interpretation of a literary text is the so-called picture of the world, which the author creates with the help of his speech, style, knowledge of historical-cultural reality, evaluations and images. On the other hand, it also includes the cognitive, ethical, aesthetic models of the perceiver which the latter applies towards the perception of the discourse, thereby ensuring the understanding of the text.The subject matter of the article is the symbol in the works of Virginia Woolf. The use of various symbols is closely connected with the aesthetic views, life experience, unique way of thinking, world vision, psychological characteristics and the literary direction of the time.Thus, the symbol is an integral part of verbal art.
The Correlation of Myth and Symbol in D.H. Lawrence’s Novels
Authors: Sargsyan Mariana
Published: January 2021

The article examines the symbolic images in D. H. Lawrence’s novels. Here they are designed to generalize and complete the ideology lying in the basis of his works. Special attention is paid to the symbolic images of natural phenomena that are based on legends – an infinite source of symbolic images. Symbols and legends are irrevocably merged to become a most powerful means of realistic images. Legends receive a new breath through symbolic images, becoming larger than philosophy.
Shakespeare’s Bawdy Language
Authors: Charchoghlyan Lala
Published: January 2021

Unlike the functional manifestations of literary language, which do not go beyond the norms of the literary standard, the language of verbal art ensures its uniqueness through the features typical of one’s individual style and in this case, with the use of bawdy language. However, this freedom which is quite characteristic of a literary text and is widely used by Shakespeare, is by no means absolute and pointless. The abundant use of vulgar and obscene words and expressions is conditioned by the specificities of the English language, the national-aesthetic mentality of the language speakers and the development of historical and cultural characteristics. Each character speaks a language which matches his/her way of thinking, his world view, public image and environment. This makes Shakespearean characters alive and bright.
Joseph Brodsky And His Self-Translations
Authors: Nahapetyan Milena
Published: January 2021

The self-translations of Joseph Brodsky are of unique linguistic value, though critics have sounded more contradictory in this regard.
Christianization of Fairies in Armenia
Authors: Jivanyan Alvard
Published: January 2021

The Armenian church was quite intolerant towards any expression of pagan faith in the early periods of Christianity. Pagan gods and spirits (fairies) were either rejected or labeled as “evil” or were simply “Christianized” acquiring the necessary features to be able to survive in the realm of the new religion. This phenomenon can be observed in various folklore narrations, namely in national tales. The article draws parallels between similar phenomena in other cultures.
Text Discourse: Units of Speech and Communicative Activity
Authors: Gasparyan Gayane
Published: January 2021

Controversies about the text and discourse have been around since the moment they became a subject of linguistic analysis. Linguists are trying to understand their differences considering the fact that both of them are considered communication units. Very often both the text and the discourse are described as equivalent notions, as inter- and extralinguistic contexts of speech activity that are conditioned by cultural, social, psychological and other factors. The article is another attempt to shed light on these issues.
Generic Utterances as a Form of Communication
Authors: Tonyan Marika
Published: January 2021

The generic utterances with the pronouns one, you, we possess all the features specific to the communication process. Unlike the generic utterances containing a noun which express generalization about a certain class, the ones containing the pronouns one, you, we involve the participants of the communication or the person who is in the center of the speaker’s attention. These utterances help realize the functions of self-expression of the speaker. Moreover, they establish a link between the speaker and the listener and exert an impact on the listener.
Proverbs as Vehicles of Truth in Contemporary English Fiction
Authors: Szpila Grzegorz
Published: January 2021

The article addresses one of the key issues of the studies of proverbs which refers to the use of proverbs in literature. The article is an attempt to reveal the attitude of the author and the character towards the proverbial truth. The traditional wisdom contained in a proverb can be either accepted or totally rejected. Besides these extremes, there is another situation when the characters of a literary text and/ or the author accept the proverbial truth to a certain extent. A proverb is applied in most diverse ways in literature starting from traditional interpretations to literary reinterpretations which serve the specific needs of the author.
The Socio-Linguistic Function of Code Switching
Authors: Galstyan Anahit
Published: January 2021

It is common knowledge that Modern English (especially its American version) has become a language of international significance and is expanding its area of impact day by day. Naturally, Armenia could not remain unaffected. Bilingualism (Armenian and English), even trilingualism (including Russian) have doubled in our country in the last decade owing to the development of tourism, mixed marriages, growth in the number of international organizations and other factors.Bilingualism is closely related to a linguistic phenomenon in which the Armenian speech is complemented with English words, word combinations and even sentences. The reasons contributing to such phenomena are not only linguistic but also social-psychological. It is applied in most diverse social spheres – in the field of education in order to enhance one’s knowledge, in everyday speech to fill the vocabulary gaps and make some impression on the interlocuter, etc. Research suggests that code switching can contribute to borrowings from one language into another thereby enriching the Armenian vocabulary. On the other hand, if this process lasts long and encompasses larger masses it can distort the language and threaten the purity of the national language.
Language and Cognition
Authors: Arakelyan Rouzanna
Published: January 2021

The interrelation between language and cognition can be considered from various perspectives. The role of the language in human mental activity is described by the type of his/her activity when it is also linked with cultural characteristics. The active role of the language in thinking is conditioned by the fact that the existence of a language serves as a precondition for cognitive thinking. Language is also the basis of cognition. Social experience is a means to form individual thinking. Language affects the process of the acquisition of knowledge and organization, and its two functions possess a cognitive nature.
Advertising Communication in Electronic Discourse
Authors: Muradyan Gayane
Published: January 2021

The discourse of e-advertising which is considered a functional-stylistic expression of Modern English is characterized by a number of features: the abundant use of metaphoric expressions, short sentences, literary cuts, verbs in the active voice and the use of lexical units with positive or extremely negative meanings.
A Step Toward Patterning a Patent Heading
Authors: Gasparyan Naira
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to define the possible structural-patterning options that come to describe the patent headings in the USA. In particular, the article tries to show that it is possible to present the heading of a patent in a single pattern. The research aims to help a foreign scholar to pattern the content of the material in the form of a heading as well as to confirm the fact that a patent heading, as well as the patent document as a whole, is a combination of the functional style of scientific prose and official documents where the scientific prose is responsible for the vocabulary while the official aspect is expressed through patterned structures.
On the Mismatch in Students and Teachers Beliefs Toward Grammar Instruction
Authors: Edilyan Lilianna
Published: January 2021

The article addresses the issue of teaching efficiency based on the research findings conducted in American University of Armenia. The author of the article finds it necessary to overcome the possible differences teachers and students may have over learning principles since otherwise the relevance of these contradictions will certainly have a negative impact on the learning process.
The Problem of Expanding Semantic Fields and Untranslatability at Word-Level
Authors: Ghazaryan Grigor
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the issue of untranslatability at the lexical level considering the expansion of the meanings of root words and other elements of word formation as a result of the development of the language. Based on the borrowed words from Japan into English, as well as with the help of comparative examples of Armenian and Russian, it has been revealed that the solution to the problem of untranslatability is closely related to the existence of the linguistic mechanisms which make it possible to assimilate the foreign words using the original pattern that was selected the moment the notion was created for its full expression. The article also discusses the attempts of lexicalization of the notion in the second language.
On the Methodology of Analyzing a Piece of Literary Work for Translation Purposes
Authors: Hambardzumyan Diana
Published: January 2021

The article examines the use of the three methods of the investigation of a literary text – linguostylistic, linguopoetic and literary critical in order to reflect the characteristics of the original text in the translation.
Birds, Snakes and Scarecrows: Waving Realities in Modern English Literature
Authors: Knežević Marija , Nikčević-Batrićević Aleksandra
Published: January 2021

The article highlights a number of issues related to poetic speech. Through the analysis of the works by such world-acclaimed poets as Tennyson, Yeats, Lawrence which contain animal symbols the authors of the article attempt to reveal the traditional connection between the speech of the old and new verse.
King Lear and King Solomon
Authors: Seferyan Sona
Published: January 2021

The article draws parallels between Solomon the Wise and King Lear who has suffered a lot and has acquired wisdom. Shakespeare wrote his tragedy as a servant to King James I. He was inspired by the love and admiration his king, who was regarded the wisest fool of the Christian world, held for Solomon the Wise.
Vernacular Liturgy in England and Armenia from the Fifth to the Eleventh Centuries
Authors: Redgate Anne Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

The article examines the language of liturgies in England and Armenia from the fifth to the eleventh centuries. Drawing parallels between the Armenian and English histories the author points out that unlike Armenians who performed the liturgy in Armenian, the language of the liturgy in England was Latin. The author tries to analyze the extralinguistic factors which conditioned the situation of the period.
The Armenian Language as a Remembrance and Manifestation of the Islamized Hamshenians’ Ethnic Identity
Authors: Sahakyan Lusine
Published: January 2021

The article examines the language used by the present-day generation of the people of Islamized Hamshenians of Armenian origin as a memory and expression of their identity. As a result of the merging linguistic policy of the Ottoman Empire the vast majority of the generations of the Hamshen Armenians who were forced to convert to Muslim have become Turkish speaking in the course of time. Only the Hamshen Armenians in the state of Ardvin still preserve the dialect of Hamshen. The linguistic evidence presented in the article indicates that the dialect of the Hamshen Armenians in the state of Khopa is still viable today and that they keep speaking, telling stories and singing songs in that language. These written facts are valuable materials for Armenian philology and lexicology. These examples can help discover phonetic, grammatical and lexical similarities, differences between the Islamized Hamshen Armenians and Christian Hamshenians living on the northern coasts of the Black Sea.
“Kuleli Incident”: Armenian Sources
Authors: Safrastyan Ruben
Published: January 2021

The Armenian press in the Ottoman Empire is a most valuable source for the investigation of the political history of the multi-national empire. They play a more acute role when there is scarcity or lack of Turkish sources. One of such cases is the plot against Sultan Abdul Majid, referred to as “Kuleli Case” in professional literature.The author of the article concludes that the publications of the Armenian press of the time contain some new information about the Kuleli Case which can expand the sources for the study of the important event.
Kinship Terms: Universality and Ethnolinguistic Saliance
Authors: Harutyunyan Kristine
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to examine the characteristic features of kinship terms in Armenian, English and Russian. Kinship terms make up a solid system with closely interconnected constituents. Kinship terms, which can be found in all languages, act as universalities. However, being universalities kinship terms may be different in different languages in terms of ethnolinguistic salience. The existence of certain kinship terms in a given language is, of course, connected with the kinship relations existing in the given society. Language affects the world perception of the language bearers. It reflects the notions and phenomena that are of prime importance for the speakers of the given language.
Syntactic Peculiarities in Conversational Discourse of American Undergraduate Students: Sociolinguistic perspective
Authors: Velyan Karen
Published: January 2021

It is common knowledge that public dialects are conditioned by the social position, education, as well as age peculiarities of the speaker. The latter plays an important role in the choice of the linguistic units since speakers, dependent on their age, tend to use different syntactic structures in their conversational discourse. Moreover, differences in syntax can be observed in the conversation of female and male representatives of the society.The given article examines the syntactic peculiarities in conversational discourse of American undergraduate students aged 20-21. The analysis has been conducted by the author of the article based on the recordings of the speech of American students in the USA. The article namely specifies the types of syntactic structures, complex sentences that are more frequent among US students.
Transformation of Set Expressions in Somerset Maugham’s Works
Authors: Tamazyan Anna
Published: January 2021

Set expressions are widely used both in written and oral speech making it concise and colorful. The use of the transformed types of set expressions is more typical of speech and aims to enhance the emotional impact on the listener and hearer making the speech more impressive and powerful. The role of set expressions in fiction cannot be overestimated. S. Maugham’s preference of set expressions underlines the uniqueness of the author’s individual style. They make the images more colorful and impressive and the writer’s style easily recognizable.
The Syntactic-Stylistic Devices in the Texts of Constitutions
Authors: Hakobyan Anna
Published: January 2021

Regardless of certain common linguostylistic characteristics typical of all formal texts, each domain, however, possesses a set of features that is specific to it only. In this regard, the linguistic factor in the perception of the constitution is of certain interest. The presence of a number of linguo-stylistic peculiarities can be explained by the communicative function of the language which obtains certain importance here.The article can interest both a linguist and a lawyer, since the knowledge of the peculiarities of the official style and their appropriate application is necessary to ensure successful work in legal procedures.
Some Forms of Stylistic Condensation in Newspaper English
Authors: Yeghyan Anna
Published: January 2021

One of the underlying characteristic features of Newspaper English is its inclination towards stylistic condensation which is expressed at all levels - lexical, morphological, syntactic, stylistic, structural and ensures the realization of the core function of the Newspaper English – the informative function.
Churches Built of Stones and Words: Semiotic Analysis of the Novel “Hawksmoor” by Peter Ackroyd
Authors: Lunyova Tetyana
Published: January 2021

Churches possess symbolic meaning for people and hence, are of great importance. The article presents the interpretation of the images of churches in the novel Hawksmoor by Peter Ackroyd to find out how these images are created and what they stand for. The churches in London are described in the novel as embodiment of mystic knowledge.
On the Development of the Symbolic Meaning
Authors: Sargsyan Marianna
Published: January 2021

The article studies the process of the establishment of the symbolic meaning of a word. The author presents the lexical groups making up the core vocabulary of a given language which undergo changes in meaning more often and take on a symbolic function.The article also presents the similarities and differences between the two key types of symbols – traditional and authorial.
On Terminology and its Role in the Science of Language
Authors: Ghumashyan Varduhi
Published: January 2021

Terminology is an integral part of any branch of science. Refined terminology proves to be the efficient means to ensure the development of the given branch.It is common knowledge that lexicology is a special branch since it deals with the idea of the conventional sign system rather than the “ordinary language”. Evidently, terms are the words and word combinations which convey extralinguistic notions and categories. There are numerous and various definitions of terms dependent on the peculiarities of the given branch of science.The use of terms and terminological phrases gets more important in the context of the rapid development observed in diverse branches of science in recent years when scientific communication has obtained a wider scope.
An Extensive Reading Approach to Language Teaching
Authors: Karapetyan Lili
Published: January 2021

Reading, together with its various expressions, holds a leading position in foreign language teaching programs due to its huge educational significance. The article studies the role of extensive reading in language teaching, the ways of its application as well as its contribution to language teaching as a whole. Research suggests that extensive reading not only contributes to the improvement of reading skills of students, but also enriches their vocabulary and helps them perceive the new meanings of the already familiar words more easily.
Some Skills for Mastering Newspaper Language
Authors: Mkrtchyan Karine
Published: January 2021

The article highlights certain methodological applications to make English more affordable for students. It offers a number of exercises that can contribute to mastering the specificities of the style.
Images of Love, Womanhood and Childhood in the Poems by Anna Swir and Wislawa Szymborska
Authors: Bela Teresa
Published: January 2021

The article reveals the similarities and differences in the English translations of the poems by two Polish women-writers on the same topic – A. Swir and W. Szymborska. The analysis rests on comparison and contrast. Both writers present the post-war reality in Poland using different methods of description, different poetic images which help demonstrate the authors’ individual attitude to female issues.
On the Mechanisms of Characterization Through Literary Allusion
Authors: Girunyan Gayane
Published: January 2021

As a complex sign with inter-textual ontology, literary allusion reveals its full interpretative potential when it serves for characterization. The material which has undergone extensive analysis makes it possible to distinguish between three basic types of description through allusion – direct, indirect and hybrid.
A Comparative Analysis of the Function of Declensional Meanings
Authors: Haroutyunyan Zaven
Published: January 2021

Language-speech transformation proves essential for the existence and functioning of any language system. Language was born to meet various needs of the public, namely to make verbal communication possible. The article specifies the general observation of the fundamental function of the language with linguo-philosophical investigation of the role of declensions. The research aims not only to clarify the grammatical links or the description of the syntactic and morphological functions of the declensions in a sentence, but rather their semantic analysis.The problem of declensions not only refers to language-speech mutual transformation, but gives an opportunity to observe the peculiarities of the latter. This idea is confirmed when we compare the declension system of the Armenian language (synthetic language) with the declensions of the same nature in French (analytical language).Speech realization probably calls for the presence of certain syntactic structures. The declensional system as a potential source of such structures acts as a sort of “skeleton” in the process of language – speech transformation.