bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and Dynamic Properties Analyses of Hindered Phenol AO‐80/Nitrile‐Butadiene Rubber/Poly(vinyl chloride): A Molecular Simulation and Experimental Study
Authors: Song Meng , Zhao Xiu‐Ying , Chan Tung W. , Zhang Li‐Qun , Wu Si‐Zhu
Published: October 2014

A combined study of experimental and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods is presented for hindered phenol AO‐80/nitrile‐butadiene rubber/poly(vinyl chloride) (AO‐80/NBR/PVC) composites with different AO‐80 contents to establish the microstructure‐damping property relations. MD simulation found that the AO‐80/NBR/PVC composite (abbreviated as AO‐80/NBVC) with an AO‐80 content of 99 phr had the largest hydrogen bonds (H‐bonds) and highest binding energy, indicating a good compatibility between NBR and AO‐80 and good damping performance of AO‐80/NBVC composites. Experimental results from SEM, DSC, and DMA were in good agreement with the MD simulation results. The tensile test results showed that the AO‐80/NBVC composite with an AO‐80 content of 99 phr had high tensile strength because of the strong H‐bonds of the composites and the disintegration and reintegration of the H‐bonds. The MD simulation technique proves to be a promising tool for the design and prediction of high damping properties of advanced composites in a microscopic view.
A Hybrid Algorithm for Accurate and Efficient Monte Carlo Simulations of Free‐Radical Polymerization Reactions
Authors: Tripathi Amit K. , Sundberg Donald C.
Published: October 2014

Monte Carlo simulation methods are suitable for free radical polymerizations (FRP) even when there is significant chain length dependence of the reactions. For each simulation step the probability of each possible reaction is determined at that point in time. In FRP modeling most of the computation time is spent on radical propagation. We demonstrate a hybrid simulation method where the propagation reaction is treated using differential equations and other reactions (e.g. termination and initiation reactions) are treated stochastically. This allows significant reductions in simulation time while maintaining the features of complete Monte Carlo methods. This approach can be applied to more complex polymerization reactions like branching and crosslinking using Monte Carlo methods within manageable times.
Stiff Limb Syndrome Mimicking Corticobasal Syndrome
Authors: Balint Bettina , Mahant Neil , Meinck Hans‐Michael , Fung Victor
Published: October 2014

Stiff limb syndrome (SLS) is a focal variant of the spectrum of stiff person syndrome. Its presentation with stiffness, limb posturing, and freezing‐of‐gait (FOG)‐like episodes, together with the relative rareness of the disorder, make it conceivable that SLS might be misdiagnosed as atypical parkinsonism, in particular, corticobasal syndrome (CBS). To illustrate this, we present two cases of established SLS resembling CBS and discuss the distinguishing features that may alert the clinician to the correct diagnosis, with its obvious therapeutic and prognostic implications.
Global existence and blow up of solutions of quasilinear chemotaxis system
Authors: Bhuvaneswari Venkatasubramaniam , Shangerganesh Lingeshwaran , Balachandran Krishnan
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we study the global existence of solution for the quasilinear chemotaxis system with Dirichlet boundary conditions, and further we show that the blow up properties of the solution depend only on the first eigenvalue. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Method for B0 off‐resonance mapping by non‐iterative correction of phase‐errors (B0‐NICE)
Authors: Liu Junmin , Drangova Maria
Published: October 2014

Purpose

To develop and evaluate a multiecho phase‐unwrapping‐based B0 mapping method.

Methods

The proposed method estimates a B0 map by Non‐Iterative Correction of phase‐Errors (B0‐NICE). The B0‐NICE method generates an initial B0 map from a “pseudo in‐phase” data set by introducing a bias frequency shift to the multipeak fat model, followed by correcting the phase errors using both phase and magnitude information. The performance of the B0‐NICE method was evaluated with all data cases from the 2012 ISMRM Challenge.

Results

The B0 field estimates from B0‐NICE were compared with those generated by GlObally Optimal Surface Estimation (GOOSE). In the presence of large B0 inhomogeneity, the B0‐NICE method was able to generate more realistic B0 maps from multiecho data, compared with GOOSE. Accurate estimation of fat‐fraction (FF) map was also achieved using the proposed algorithm.

Conclusion

The primary finding of the present study is that accurate FF and B0 maps are achievable if magnitude data is processed independently and used to correct phase errors existing in B0 maps generated by phase unwrapping. The B0‐NICE software is freely available to the scientific community. Magn Reson Med 74:1177–1188, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal–Infant Interaction and Autonomic Function in Healthy Infants and Infants With Transposition of the Great Arteries
Authors: Harrison Tondi M. , Ferree Allison
Published: October 2014

The quality of maternal–infant interaction is a critical factor in the development of infants' autonomic function and social engagement skills. In this secondary data analysis, relationships among infant and maternal affect and behavior and quality of dyadic interaction, as measured by the Parent–Child Early Relational Assessment, and infant autonomic function, as measured by heart rate variability, were examined during feeding at 2 weeks and 2 months of age in 16 healthy infants and in 15 infants with transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Contrary to previous research, at 2 weeks infant age, mothers of infants with TGA had significantly higher scores in affect and behavior than did mothers of healthy infants. The affect and behavior and quality of dyadic interaction of infants with TGA also did not differ from that of healthy infants. Although infants' social engagement skills did not differ by health condition (TGA or healthy), these skills did differ by parasympathetic nervous system function: infants better able to suppress vagal activity with challenge had more positive and less dysregulated affect and behavior, regardless of health status. These findings suggest that maternal–infant interactions for some cardiac disease subgroups may not differ from healthy dyads. Additional research is required to identify both healthy and ill infants with delayed autonomic maturation and to develop and test interventions to enhance critical interactive functions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A human prostatic bacterial isolate alters the prostatic microenvironment and accelerates prostate cancer progression
Authors: Simons Brian W , Durham Nicholas M , Bruno Tullia C , Grosso Joseph F , Schaeffer Anthony J , Ross Ashley E , Hurley Paula J , Berman David M , Drake Charles G , Thumbikat Praveen , Schaeffer Edward M
Published: October 2014

Inflammation is associated with several diseases of the prostate including benign enlargement and cancer, but a causal relationship has not been established. Our objective was to characterize the prostate inflammatory microenvironment after infection with a human prostate‐derived bacterial strain and to determine the effect of inflammation on prostate cancer progression. To this end, we mimicked typical human prostate infection with retrograde urethral instillation of CP1, a human prostatic isolate of Escherichia coli. CP1 bacteria were tropic for the accessory sex glands and induced acute inflammation in the prostate and seminal vesicles, with chronic inflammation lasting at least 1 year. Compared to controls, infection induced both acute and chronic inflammation with epithelial hyperplasia, stromal hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltrates. In areas of inflammation, epithelial proliferation and hyperplasia often persist, despite decreased expression of androgen receptor (AR). Inflammatory cells in the prostates of CP1‐infected mice were characterized at 8 weeks post‐infection by flow cytometry, which showed an increase in macrophages and lymphocytes, particularly Th17 cells. Inflammation was additionally assessed in the context of carcinogenesis. Multiplex cytokine profiles of inflamed prostates showed that distinct inflammatory cytokines were expressed during prostate inflammation and cancer, with a subset of cytokines synergistically increased during concurrent inflammation and cancer. Furthermore, CP1 infection in the Hi‐Myc mouse model of prostate cancer accelerated the development of invasive prostate adenocarcinoma, with 70% more mice developing cancer by 4.5 months of age. This study provides direct evidence that prostate inflammation accelerates prostate cancer progression and gives insight into the microenvironment changes induced by inflammation that may accelerate tumour initiation or progression. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ordered nanostructures from self‐assembly of H‐shaped coil–rod–coil molecules
Authors: Wang Zhuoshi , Zhong Keli , Liang Yongri , Chen Tie , Yin Bingzhu , Lee Myongsoo , Jin Long Yi
Published: October 2014

A new class of π‐conjugated, skewed H‐shaped oligomers, consisting of biphenyl, phenylene vinylene, and phenylene ethynylene units as the rigid segment, were synthesized via Sonogashira coupling and Wittig reactions. The coil segments of these molecules were composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or PEO with lateral methyl groups between the rod and coil segment, respectively. The experimental results revealed that the lateral methyl groups attached to the surface of the rod and coil segments dramatically influenced the self‐assembling behavior of the molecules in the crystalline phase. H‐shaped rod–coil molecules containing a lateral methyl group at the surface of the rod and PEO coil segments self‐assemble into a two‐dimensional columnar or a three‐dimensional body‐centered tetragonal nanostructures in the crystalline phase, whereas molecules lacking a lateral methyl group based on the PEO coil chain self‐organize into lamellar or hexagonal perforated lamellar nanostructures. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 85–92
The untapped potential of proteomic analysis in pediatric pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Nies Melanie K. , Ivy David D. , Everett Allen D.
Published: October 2014

Analysis of the human proteome has become increasingly sophisticated, and offers invaluable potential insight into the pathophysiology of human disease. The increasing standardization of methods, speed, and sophistication of mass spectrometric analysis, availability of reliable antibodies, and dissemination of information among the scientific community has allowed for exponential growth of our knowledge base. The continued effort to provide a molecular explanation for future medical applications based on biomarker discovery is epitomized by the outstanding efforts of the human proteome project, whose goal is to generate a map of the human proteome. However, proteomic analysis is underrepresented in pediatric illness; given the unique challenges of research in the pediatric population, proteomic analysis represents enormous untapped potential, especially in the further elucidation of the pathophysiology of rare diseases such as pulmonary hypertension (PH). In this article, we will describe the unique challenge of pediatric research, the importance of alternative avenues such as proteomics for in‐depth analysis of pediatric pathobiology at the cellular level, the specific need for proteomic investigation of pediatric PH, the current status of PH proteomics, and future directions.
Agency and the Making ofTransient Urban Spaces: Examples ofMigrants in the Cityin the Pearl River Delta, China, and Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Bork‐Hüffer Tabea , Etzold Benjamin , Gransow Bettina , Tomba Luigi , Sterly Harald , Suda Kimiko , Kraas Frauke , Flock Ryanne
Published: October 2014

Internal migration within Asian countries and international migration to, within, and out of Asia have been on the rise throughout the past decades. As types and pathways of migration, migrants' sociocultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, and their transnational and translocal trajectories become increasingly diverse, a majority of them move to cities. Diverging power geometries and relations are constantly negotiated and (re)produced in the socio‐spatial dialectic of the city. Through their individual and collective agency, assets, and knowledge, mobile subjects have become important agents in the (re)production of spaces in cities, whereas the socio‐political and physical conditions of spaces frame their livelihoods, opportunities, and agency. Research on migrants' agency has intensified recently, but the specific modes through which agency operates in the socio‐spatial dialectic still need to be conceptualised. We develop a framework that outlines different modes through which agents and space interact. The framework is exemplified through papers on case studies from Dhaka and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) that are part of this special issue. Dhaka and the PRD have been characterised by accelerated growth throughout the past decades, particularly due to the influx of rural‐to‐urban migrants, but they also receive an increasing number of international migrants. We conclude that through their diverse, multi‐sited, andtranslocal relations and activities stretching beyond the receiving cities in a context of constanttransformation, migrants' practices contribute to the emergence of a specific type of urban spaces that we delineate astransient urban spaces. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migration, Informal Labour and (Trans) Local Productions of Urban Space – The Case of Dhaka's Street Food Vendors
Authors: Etzold Benjamin
Published: October 2014

In Bangladesh, Dhaka is migrants' most important destination and has itself been fundamentally transformed through migration. But there is ‘no place’ for many migrants in Dhaka. Poorer migrants live in slums and many encroach on public space to sustain their lives – the new urbanites are taking their ‘right to the city’. In doing so, they not only draw on local resources. Their production of the urban space often relates directly to their migration trajectory, their translocal networks, and their simultaneous situatedness at multiple places. Migrants connect ‘the rural’ and ‘the urban’ and constitute translocal spaces, which contribute to re‐making Dhaka from below.

This paper integrates current debates on translocality, informal labour, and subaltern urbanism to address two key questions on transient urban spaces: How do migration trajectories and translocality structure the urban poor's lives? How do migrants make use of local networks and translocal social relations to find work and appropriate ‘their place’ in the city? Empirical research on street food vendors in Dhaka, almost all of whom are internal migrants, builds the basis for my argument. I show that ‘translocal social capital’ and home‐bound identities can be important resources to gain access to urban labour markets and to appropriate one's place in the city. The paper argues that the poor use translocality for their livelihoods and thereby continuously re‐shape the face of the megacity of Dhaka. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of negative refraction in the graphene/ferrite composite
Authors: Oganisian Karen , Strek Wieslaw
Published: October 2014

An observation of negative refraction in the naturally obtained composition of graphene and barium ferrite is reported. The capacitance and inductance measurements revealed the electric and magnetic resonances accompanied with the negative values of permittivity and permeability in the overlapped frequency range. According to the “left‐handed” media approach such a material is characterized by negative refraction. The derived values of the real part of refractive index are negative at the frequencies above 500 MHz.

magnified image

(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Precipitation Characteristics in a Low‐Carbon Vanadium–Titanium‐Bearing Steel
Authors: Chen Jun , Wang Guo‐Dong
Published: October 2014

The precipitation characteristics in a low‐carbon vanadium–titanium‐bearing steel were investigated using transmission electron microscope. The analysis of selected area electron diffraction patterns and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer reveal that these nanometer‐sized particles are (Ti0.7,V0.3)C carbides with a NaCl‐type crystal structure with the lattice parameter of 0.436 nm. Most sheet planes are close to {211}α, {210}α, {140}α, or {111}α and only few sheet planes are close to {110}α. And note that none ferrite grain only occupied by interphase‐precipitated particles was observed. Moreover, the interphase‐precipitated nanometer‐sized particles can obey the Baker–Nutting orientation relationship or the Nishiyama–Wassermann orientation relationship.
The Decolonial Option in English Teaching: Can the Subaltern Act?
Authors: Kumaravadivelu B.
Published: October 2014

In this reflective article that straddles the personal and the professional, the author shares his critical thoughts on the impact of the steady stream of discourse on the native speaker/nonnative speaker (NS/NNS) inequity in the field of TESOL. His contention is that more than a quarter century of the discoursal output has not in any significant way altered the ground reality of NNS subordination. Therefore, he further contends, it is legitimate to ask what the discourse has achieved, where it has fallen short, why it has fallen short, and what needs to be done. Drawing insights from the works of Gramsci (1971) on hegemony and subalternity, and Mignolo (2010) on decoloniality, the author characterizes the NNS community as a subaltern community and argues that, if it wishes to effectively disrupt the hegemonic power structure, the only option open to it is a decolonial option which demands result‐oriented action, not just “intellectual elaboration.” Accordingly, he presents the contours of a five‐point plan of action for the consideration of the subaltern community. He claims that only a collective, concerted, and coordinated set of actions carries the potential to shake the foundation of the hegemonic power structure and move the subaltern community forward.
Second Language Comprehensibility Revisited: Investigating the Effects of Learner Background
Authors: Crowther Dustin , Trofimovich Pavel , Saito Kazuya , Isaacs Talia
Published: October 2014

The current study investigated first language (L1) effects on listener judgment of comprehensibility and accentedness in second language (L2) speech. The participants were 45 university‐level adult speakers of English from three L1 backgrounds (Chinese, Hindi, Farsi), performing a picture narrative task. Ten native English listeners used continuous sliding scales to evaluate the speakers' audio recordings for comprehensibility and accentedness as well as 10 linguistic variables drawn from the domains of pronunciation, fluency, lexis, grammar, and discourse. Comprehensibility was associated with several linguistic variables (segmentals, prosody, fluency, lexis, grammar), but accentedness was primarily linked to pronunciation (segmentals, word stress, intonation). The relative strength of these associations also varied as a function of the speakers' L1, especially for comprehensibility, with Chinese speakers influenced chiefly by pronunciation variables (segmental errors), Hindi speakers by lexicogrammar variables, and Farsi speakers showing no strong association with any linguistic variable. Results overall suggest that speakers' L1 plays an important role in listener judgments of L2 comprehensibility and that instructors aiming to promote L2 speakers' communicative success may need to expand their teaching targets beyond segmentals to include prosody‐, fluency‐, and lexicogrammar‐based targets.
Fun Fridays With Tongue Twisters Support Fluency in the Reading Room
Authors: Stern Susan
Published: October 2014

View From the Chalkboard essays share readers' reflections on teaching experiences, advice for new teachers, and perspectives on current issues.
Swarm‐based metaheuristics in automatic programming: a survey
Authors: Olmo Juan L. , Romero José R. , Ventura Sebastián
Published: October 2014

On the one hand, swarm intelligence (SI) is an emerging field of artificial intelligence that takes inspiration in the collective and social behavior of different groups of simple agents. On the other hand, the automatic evolution of programs is an active research area that has attracted a lot of interest and has been mostly promoted by the genetic programming paradigm. The main objective is to find computer programs from a high‐level problem statement of what needs to be done, without needing to know the structure of the solution beforehand. This paper looks at the intersection between SI and automatic programming, providing a survey on the state‐of‐the‐art of the automatic programming algorithms that use an SI metaheuristic as the search technique. The expression of swarm programming (SP) has been coined to cover swarm‐based automatic programming proposals, since they have been published to date in a disorganized manner. Open issues for future research are listed. Although it is a very recent area, we hope that this work will stimulate the interest of the research community in the development of new SP metaheuristics, algorithms, and applications. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2014, 4:445–469. doi: 10.1002/widm.1138

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Association Rules

Technologies > Classification

Technologies > Computational Intelligence
Further New Borosulfates: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Vibrational Spectra of A[B(SO4)2] (A = Na, K, NH4) and the Crystal Structures of Li5[B(SO4)4] and NH4[B(S2O7)2]
Authors: Daub Michael , Höppe Henning A. , Hillebrecht Harald
Published: October 2014

The reaction of alkali sulfates and boron oxide in oleum yielded the complexes A[B(S2O7)2] (A = Li, Na, K, NH4). This way we obtained the first ammonium‐containing borosulfate and we determined the crystal structure. NH4[B(S2O7)2] [Cc, Z = 8, a = 11.4403(2), b = 14.9439(2) c = 13.8693(2) Å] crystallizes isotyp to K[B(S2O7)2]. Thermal decomposition or treatment in vacuo resulted in compounds with composition A[B(SO4)2]. One‐dimensional chain structures are obtained for A = Na, K, NH4. NH4[B(SO4)2] [P4/ncc, Z = 4, a = 9.1980(1), c = 7.4258(1) Å] and K[B(SO4)2] [P4/ncc, Z = 4, a = 8.9739(3), c = 7.4114(3) Å] are isotyp with H3O[B(SO4)2]. The chains of edge‐sharing “BS4 super tetrahedra” have $\bar{4}$ symmetry. In Na[B(SO4)2] [P2/c, Z = 2, a = 5.434(5), b = 7.570(7) c = 7.766(8) Å, β = 108.56(3)°] the chain is twisted. Li5[B(SO4)4] [P21/c, Z = 4, a = 8.0191(1), b = 10.1211(1) c = 15.0401(2) Å, β = 104.033(1)°] contains isolated pentameric unit and represents a new structure type. Li5[B(SO4)4] was obtained from Li[B(S2O7)2] with additional Li2SO4/SO3. Vibrational spectra of A[B(S2O7)2] (A = Na, K, NH4) are presented and force constants calculated. In all structures BO4 and SO4 tetrahedra are connected by common apices forming BS4 super tetrahedra.
In Search of Aluminum Hexathiohypodiphosphate: Synthesis and Structures of ht‐AlPS4, lt‐AlPS4, and Al4(P2S6)3
Authors: Kuhn Alexander , Eger Roland , Ganter Pirmin , Duppel Viola , Nuss Jürgen , Lotsch Bettina V.
Published: October 2014

We report the high‐pressure synthesis and the structure of aluminum hexathiohypodiphosphate, Al4(P2S6)3, along with the redetermination of the structures of two modifications of AlPS4. Al4(P2S6)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2 with a = 17.584(3), b = 10.156(2), c = 6.698(1) Å, β = 106.93(1)° in a superstructure of the layered FePS3 structure type with tripled a axis. Hereby, Al3+ occupies 2/3 of the Fe2+ sites in an ordered fashion. The structure model obtained from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction was corroborated by TEM‐PED. The low‐temperature modification of AlPS4 with platelet‐like morphology shows tetragonal symmetry [space group P$\bar{4}$2c, a = b = 5.6572(9), c = 9.220(2) Å]. The orthorhombic high‐temperature modification with fibrous needle‐like morphology of AlPS4 is isotpyic with BPS4 [space group I222, a = 5.660(2), b = 5.759(2), c = 9.189(2) Å].
Preparation, Properties, and Structures of Pentanuclear [{Ni2L}2(μ‐csalen)M]2+ Complexes (L = Macrocyclic N6S2 ­Donor Ligand)
Authors: Golecki Matthias , Kersting Berthold
Published: October 2014

The dinuclear nickel complex [Ni2L(μ‐Cl)]+ (1), where L2– is a 24‐membered macrocyclic N6S2 ligand, reacts readily with 3‐formyl‐4‐hydroxy‐benzoic acid (Hfhba) to form the carboxylato‐bridged complex [Ni2L(μ‐fhba)]+ (2). Complex 2 undergoes a condensation reaction with ethylene diamine to produce a tetranuclear complex [{Ni2L}2(μ‐H2csalen)]2+ (3), in which two dinuclear {Ni2L} units are bridged via the deprotonated carboxylate functions of the csalen ligand N,N′‐bis(4‐carboxysalicylidene)‐1, 2‐diaminoethane. The same compound can also be prepared directly from 1 and H2csalen. The complexation of 3 with NiCl2·6H2O, Cu(OAc)2·H2O or Pd(OAc)2 provides pentanuclear complexes of the type [{Ni2L}2(μ‐csalen)M]2+ [M = Ni (4a), Cu (4b), Pd (4c)]. All complexes were isolated as perchlorate salts and studied by ESI‐MS, infrared, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The tetraphenylborate salt of 4c was also characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The [(csalen)M] complex units act in all cases as quadridentate bridging ligands linking two bioctahedral {Ni2L} units via μ‐1, 3‐bridging carboxylate functions. The palladium complex 4c was found to catalyze Heck‐coupling reactions of various iodobenzenes with methyl acrylate and styrene.
Interaction of TNT and Aluminum – A DFT Treatment
Authors: Türker Lemi
Published: October 2014

Within the constraints of density functional theory [UB3LYP/6‐31G(d, p) and UB3LYP/6‐31++G(d, p)], TNT/Al and TNT/2Al composites are investigated, considering various multiplicity states. Depending on the localization of aluminum atoms in space and multiplicity of the composite systems, the structure of TNT undergoes various degrees of perturbations. It was shown that the presence of aluminum atoms affects the bond lengths, electron population as well as the HOMO–LUMO energy gap of TNT. All these are thought to affect ballistic properties of the explosive molecule.
Paediatric single mitochondrial DNA deletion disorders: an overlapping spectrum of disease
Authors: Broomfield Alexander , Sweeney Mary G. , Woodward Cathy E. , Fratter Carl , Morris Andrew M. , Leonard James V. , Abulhoul Lara , Grunewald Stephanie , Clayton Peter T. , Hanna Michael G. , Poulton Joanna , Rahman Shamima
Published: October 2014

Background

Single large‐scale mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions (SLSMDs) are amongst the most frequently diagnosed mtDNA disorders in childhood, yet their natural history remains poorly understood. We report the natural history of a large multicentre cohort of such children.

Methods

We reviewed case notes from three different UK centres to determine the clinical course of 34 patients (16 female, 18 male) with childhood‐onset mitochondrial disease caused by SLSMDs. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to compare survival of patients presenting with haematological features (Pearson syndrome) and those with nonhaematological presentations.

Results

The most frequent initial presentation was with isolated ptosis (16/34, 47 %). Eleven (32 %) patients presented with transfusion‐dependent anaemia soon after birth and were diagnosed with Pearson syndrome, whilst ten were classified as having Kearns–Sayre syndrome, three as having progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) and seven as having PEO‐plus. Three patients did not conform to any specific mitochondrial syndrome. The most frequently affected organ during the disease course was the kidney, with documented tubular or glomerular dysfunction in 17 of 20 (85 %) cases who had detailed investigations. SLSMDs were present in blood and/or urine cells in all cases tested, indicating that muscle biopsy is not necessary for diagnosis in the paediatric age range. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed significantly worse mortality in patients with Pearson syndrome compared with the rest of the cohort.

Conclusions

Mitochondrial disease caused by SLSMDs is clinically heterogeneous, and not all cases conform to a classical mitochondrial syndrome. Multisystem disease is the norm, with anaemia, renal impairment and endocrine disturbance being the most frequent extraneurological features. SLSMDs should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all children presenting with ptosis.
Targeted disruption of the heat shock protein 20–phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) interaction protects against pathological cardiac remodelling in a mouse model of hypertrophy
Authors: Martin Tamara P. , Hortigon-Vinagre Maria P. , Findlay Jane E. , Elliott Christina , Currie Susan , Baillie George S.
Published: October 2014

Phosphorylated heat shock protein 20 (HSP20) is cardioprotective. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC‐CMs) and a mouse model of pressure overload mediated hypertrophy, we show that peptide disruption of the HSP20–phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) complex results in attenuation of action potential prolongation and protection against adverse cardiac remodelling. The later was evidenced by improved contractility, decreased heart weight to body weight ratio, and reduced interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. This study demonstrates that disruption of the specific HSP20–PDE4D interaction leads to attenuation of pathological cardiac remodelling.
Identification of A Novel SBF2 Frameshift Mutation in Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease Type 4B2 Using Whole-Exome Sequencing
Authors: Chen Meiyan , Wu Jing , Liang Ning , Tang Lihui , Chen Yanhua , Chen Huishuang , Wei Wei , Wei Tianying , Huang Hui , Yi Xin , Qi Ming
Published: October 2014

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 4B2 with early-onset glaucoma (CMT4B2, OMIM 604563) is a genetically-heterogeneous childhood-onset neuromuscular disorder. Here, we report the case of a 15-year-old male adolescent with lower extremity weakness, gait abnormalities, foot deformities and early-onset glaucoma. Since clinical diagnosis alone was insufficient for providing pathogenetic evidence to indicate that the condition belonged to a consanguineous family, we applied whole-exome sequencing to samples from the patient, his parents and his younger brother, assuming that the patient’s condition is transmitted in an autosomal recessive pattern. A frame-shift mutation, c.4571delG (P.Gly1524Glufs∗42), was revealed in the CMT4B2-related gene SBF2 (also known as MTMR13, MIM 607697), and this mutation was found to be homozygous in the proband and heterozygous in his parents and younger brother. Together with the results of clinical diagnosis, this case was diagnosed as CMT4B2. Our finding further demonstrates the use of whole-exome sequencing in the diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases.
Pathway-Based Analysis Tools for Complex Diseases: A Review
Authors: Jin Lv , Zuo Xiao-Yu , Su Wei-Yang , Zhao Xiao-Lei , Yuan Man-Qiong , Han Li-Zhen , Zhao Xiang , Chen Ye-Da , Rao Shao-Qi
Published: October 2014

Genetic studies are traditionally based on single-gene analysis. The use of these analyses can pose tremendous challenges for elucidating complicated genetic interplays involved in complex human diseases. Modern pathway-based analysis provides a technique, which allows a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying complex diseases. Extensive studies utilizing the methods and applications for pathway-based analysis have significantly advanced our capacity to explore large-scale omics data, which has rapidly accumulated in biomedical fields. This article is a comprehensive review of the pathway-based analysis methods—the powerful methods with the potential to uncover the biological depths of the complex diseases. The general concepts and procedures for the pathway-based analysis methods are introduced and then, a comprehensive review of the major approaches for this analysis is presented. In addition, a list of available pathway-based analysis software and databases is provided. Finally, future directions and challenges for the methodological development and applications of pathway-based analysis techniques are discussed. This review will provide a useful guide to dissect complex diseases.
TheColletotrichum destructivumspecies complex - hemibiotrophic pathogens of forage and field crops
Authors: Damm U. , O'Connell R.J. , Groenewald J.Z. , Crous P.W.
Published: October 2014

Colletotrichum destructivumis an important plant pathogen, mainly of forage and grain legumes including clover, alfalfa, cowpea and lentil, but has also been reported as an anthracnose pathogen of many other plants worldwide. SeveralColletotrichumisolates, previously reported as closely related toC. destructivum, are known to establish hemibiotrophic infections in different hosts. The inconsistent application of names to those isolates based on outdated species concepts has caused much taxonomic confusion, particularly in the plant pathology literature. A multilocus DNA sequence analysis (ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, HIS3, ACT, TUB2) of 83 isolates ofC. destructivumand related species revealed 16 clades that are recognised as separate species in theC. destructivumcomplex, which includesC. destructivum,C. fuscum,C. higginsianum,C. liniandC. tabacum. Each of these species is lecto-, epi- or neotypified in this study. Additionally, eight species, namelyC. americae-borealis,C. antirrhinicola,C. bryoniicola,C. lentis,C. ocimi,C. pisicola,C. utrechtenseandC. vignaeare newly described.
Settling regimes of inertial particles in isotropic turbulence
Authors: Good G. H. , Ireland P. J. , Bewley G. P. , Bodenschatz E. , Collins L. R. , Warhaft Z.
Published: October 2014

We investigate the settling speeds and root mean square (r.m.s.) velocities of inertial particles in isotropic turbulence with gravity using experiments with water droplets in air turbulence from 32 loudspeaker jets and direct numerical simulations (DNS). The dependence on particle inertia, gravity and the scales of both the smallest and largest turbulent eddies is investigated. We isolate the mechanisms of turbulence settling modification and find that the reduced settling speeds of large particles in experiments are due to nonlinear drag effects. We demonstrate using DNS that reduced settling speeds with linear drag (e.g. see Nielsen, J. Sedim. Petrol., vol. 63, 1993, pp. 835–838) only arise in artificial flows that, by design, eliminate preferential sweeping by the eddies. Gravity and inertia both reduce the particle r.m.s. velocities and falling particles are more responsive to vertical than to horizontal fluctuations. The model by Wang & Stock (J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 50, 1993, pp. 1897–1913) captures these trends.
Circles, Cycles and Ancestral Connotations. The Long-term History and Perception of Late Prehistoric Barrows and Urnfields in Flanders (Belgium)
Authors: Van Beek Roy , De Mulder Guy
Published: October 2014

The perception of and interaction with ancient relics in past societies has been intensively debated in the archaeology of north-western Europe. This paper aims to make a contribution to this debate by reconstructing the long-term history of late prehistoric barrows and urnfields in Flanders (Belgium). The period between the Late Bronze Age and High Middle Ages (c. 1100 calbc–ad1300) is centred on. Contrary to Germany, Scandinavia and especially Britain, data from the Low Countries (Belgium and the Netherlands) have so far barely played a role in wider international and theoretical discussions on the role of the past in the past. Previous studies on reuse practices in the Low Countries mainly focused on the Meuse-Demer-Scheldt region of the southern Netherlands and north-eastern Belgium, which partly overlaps Flanders. These studies are combined and summarised. Their main outcomes are tested by means of a detailed inventory of reused late prehistoric cemeteries in Flanders. This study differs methodologically from most others in that it both offers an evidence-based overview of regional diachronic trends (documented at 62 barrow cemeteries and 13 urnfields) and discusses the developments at six sites yielding high resolution data. The observed reuse practices and site biographies appear to be remarkably dynamic and more diverse than previously suggested.
A piglet with surgically induced exocrine pancreatic insufficiency as an animal model of newborns to study fat digestion
Authors: Goncharova Kateryna , Pierzynowski Stefan G. , Grujic Danica , Kirko Siarhei , Szwiec Katarzyna , Wang Jing , Kovalenko Tetiana , Osadchenko Iryna , Ushakova Galyna , Shmigel Halyna , Fedkiv Olexandr , Majda Blanka , Prykhodko Olena
Published: October 2014

The maldigestion and malabsorption of fat in infants fed milk formula results due to the minimal production of pancreatic lipase. Thus, to investigate lipid digestion and absorption and mimic the situation in newborns, a young porcine exocrine pancreatic insufficient (EPI) model was adapted and validated in the present study. A total of thirteen EPI pigs, aged 8 weeks old, were randomised into three groups and fed either a milk-based formula or a milk-based formula supplemented with either bacterial or fungal lipase. Digestion and absorption of fat was directly correlated with the addition of lipases as demonstrated by a 30 % increase in the coefficient of fat absorption. In comparison to the control group, a 40 and 25 % reduction in total fat content and 26 and 45 % reduction inn-3 andn-6 fatty acid (FA) content in the stool was observed for lipases 1 and 2, respectively. Improved fat absorption was reflected in the blood levels of lipid parameters. During the experiment, only a very slight gain in body weight was observed in EPI piglets, which can be explained by the absence of pancreatic protease and amylase in the gastrointestinal tract. This is similar to newborn babies that have reduced physiological function of exocrine pancreas. In conclusion, we postulate that the EPI pig model fed with infant formula mimics the growth and lipid digestion and absorption in human neonates and can be used to elucidate further importance of fat and FA in the development and growth of newborns, as well as for testing novel formula compositions.
Folk-linguistic landscapes: The visual semiotics of digital enregisterment
Authors: Heyd Theresa
Published: October 2014

This article analyzes folk-linguistic photo blogging as an example of twenty-first-century grassroots prescriptivism. Photo blogs engaged in grassroots prescriptivism usually focus on one specific linguistic phenomenon and collect visual evidence of its usage. Through the overt or covert language policing involved in such displays, folk-linguistic photo blogs contribute to the digital enregisterment of the linguistic practices they focus on as nonstandard or uneducated. This process is closely examined in a case study on emphatic quotation marks, a nonstandard form of punctuation that has been termed ‘greengrocer's quotes’, and its concomitant folk-linguistic photo blog. It is argued here that much of the persuasive power of such blogs can be attributed to their reliance on photographic material depicting signage in public space, and thus on the kind of visual semiotics that also informs many recent approaches in sociolinguistics. The simultaneity of these two phenomena is critically discussed. (Visual semiotics, enregisterment, computer-mediated communication, grassroots prescriptivism, emphatic quotation)*
Categories, stereotypes, and the linguistic perception of sexuality
Authors: Levon Erez
Published: October 2014

This article examines how social stereotypes influence listeners' perceptions of indexical language. Building on recent developments in linguistics and social psychology, I investigate the extent to which stereotypical attitudes and beliefs about categories of speakers serve to enable the association of linguistic features with particular social meanings while simultaneously blocking others. My arguments are based on an analysis of listener perceptions of the intersecting categories of gender, sexuality, and social class among men in the UK. Using a modified matched-guise paradigm to test three category-relevant variables (mean pitch, spectral characteristics of /s/, and TH-fronting), I demonstrate how the perception of social meaning is governed by a combination of both attitudinal and cognitive factors. This finding is important because it illustrates the listener-dependent nature of sociolinguistic perception. Moreover, it also provides further empirical support for an understanding of social meaning as an emergent property of language-in-use. (speech perception, attitudes and stereotypes, sexuality, phonetic variation)*
Reflections on a ‘Happy Ending’: The Case of Cupid and Psyche
Authors: Penwill J.L.
Published: October 2014

The yo-yo problem: first Psyche is mortal and exposed as though for death (DOWN); then she is rescued and cohabits with Cupid (UP); then she falls from Cupid (DOWN); then she searches and with help almost succeeds in her trials (UP); then she fails and lies in a sleep like death (DOWN); then she is rescued by and married to Cupid (UP).

Ken Dowden, ‘Psyche on the Rock’ (1982)

Well I've been down so goddam' long, that it looks like up to me.

Jim Morrison, ‘Been Down So Long’ (1971)

Bella fabella(‘beautiful little story’) exclaims the ass at the conclusion of the unnamed old woman's narration of the tale that we have come to know as ‘Cupid and Psyche’, a tale that occupies 63 chapters of books 4, 5 and 6 of Apuleius'Metamorphoses. The beauty of the tale is enhanced by the contrast with its setting: a bandits' cave whose inhabitants' heroicisation of violence and thuggery is very much in the spirit of Homer's Cyclops or Little Alex in Stanley Kubrick'sA Clockwork Orange, and an audience that comprises two individuals wrenched from their homes and families by these bandits' depredations—Charite, the kidnapped girl, and Lucius, lashed into assisting in the ransacking of his host Milo's house in Hypata. The tale transports us into a world of romance and fairy tale far removed from the difficulties and dangers of what is portrayed as the real world inMetamorphoses1-10.
Repetitions which are not repetitions: the non-redundant nature of tautological compounds
Authors: BENCZES RÉKA
Published: October 2014

In English morphological literature, the term ‘tautological compound’ has been typically used to refer to two distinct – but closely related – phenomena: (1) compounds composed of a hyponym and a superordinate term (such as oak tree); and/or (2) compounds based upon two synonymous units (such as subject matter). Such combinations are one of the quirkiest – and least researched – phenomena of English compounding. Their oddity can be attributed to two main factors. First, as their name, ‘tautological compound’ implies, at face value such combinations can be considered as prime examples of the redundancy of language. Second, they do not follow normal compound-forming rules in the sense that both constituents can function as the semantic head (as opposed to ‘normal’ English compounds, which follow the Right-Hand Head Rule).

Perhaps it is the quirkiness of tautological compounds that accounts for the fact that not much has been said about them in traditional accounts of compounding, which typically relegate them to a marginal area of the English language. However, there is more to tautological compounds than meets the eye. What the present study wishes to demonstrate is that the term ‘tautological compound’ is a misnomer, as such combinations are far from being tautological or redundant in their meaning. Accordingly, the article first clarifies the notion of tautological compound, and then aims to give an account of the various roles that such combinations play in language, thereby demonstrating their non-tautological and non-redundant nature – in order to assign this much-neglected category to its proper, well-deserved place within English word formation.
Variation in English genitives across modality and genres
Authors: GRAFMILLER JASON
Published: October 2014

The choice of genitive construction in English is conditioned by numerous semantic, syntactic and phonological factors. The present study explores the influence of these factors across different modalities (speech vs writing) and genres (e.g. press, fiction, etc.), and models the mediating effect of language-external variables on internal cognitive and linguistic factors within the context of a probabilistic grammar of genitive choice. The discussion revolves around debates concerning the driving force(s) behind recent changes in newspaper genitives, concluding that the trend reflects a push toward more economical modes of expression in reportage texts. Curiously, analysis finds few significant interactions with low-level processing-related factors, e.g. possessor frequency and lexical density – a surprising result in light of recent research. However, analysis further reveals significant inter-genre variability among several other crucial factors including possessor animacy and final sibilancy, which are significantly reduced in journalistic prose. These latter findings offer indirect evidence in favor of economization, and offer insight into the connections between external stylistic concerns, specific linguistic practices and internal probabilistic weights associated with specific grammatical constructions.
Analogy in suffix rivalry: the case of English -ityand -ness
Authors: ARNDT-LAPPE SABINE
Published: October 2014

Rivalry between the two English nominalising suffixes -ityand -nesshas long been an issue in the literature on English word-formation (see esp. Marchand 1969; Aronoff 1976; Anshen & Aronoff 1981; Romaine 1983; Riddle 1985; Giegerich 1999; Plag 2003; Säily 2011; Baeskow 2012; Lindsay 2012; Baueret al. 2013: ch. 12). Both regularly attach to adjectival bases, producing nouns with (mostly) synonymous meanings. Most standard accounts assume that stronger restrictiveness of -ityis an effect of -itybeing less productive than -ness, and that the observed preferences are an effect of selectional restrictions imposed on bases and/or suffixes. The focus of the present study is on the productivity of the two suffixes in synchronic English and on the diachronic development of that productivity in the recent history of the language. The article presents a statistical analysis and a computational simulation with an analogical model (using the AM algorithm, Skousen & Stanford 2007) of the distribution of -ityand -nessin a corpus comprising some 2,700 neologisms from theOxford English Dictionaryfrom three different centuries (the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth). Statistical analysis of theOEDdata reveals that -itypreference for pertinent bases is far more widespread than hitherto thought. Furthermore, the earlier data show a consistent development of these preference patterns over time. Computational modelling shows that AM is highly successful in predicting the variation in synchronic English as well as in the diachronic data solely on the basis of the formal properties of the bases of nominalisation. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the AM model it is shown that, unlike many previous approaches, an analogical theory of word-formation provides a convincing account of the observed differences between the productivity profiles of the two nominalising suffixes and their emergence over time.