bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RAZVOJ POSLOVNIH ZONA U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ
Authors: Rosić Zoran
Published: December 2016

Predmet istraţivanja ovog rada su poslovne zone i nihov uticaj na razvoj malih i srednjih preduzeća u Republici Srpskoj. Autor kao cilj istraţivanja ukazaju na korelaciju izmeĊu razvoja poslovnih zona i razvoja malih i srednjih preduzeća u Republici Srpskoj. Autor takoĊe naglašava vaţnost osnivanja poslovnih zona u Republici Srpskoj kao jedan od veoma vaţnih instrumenata razvoja malih i srednjih preduzeća i privrede u cjelini. Ovim radom prikazuje se sveukupan razvoj poslovnih zona u Republici Srpskoj u proteklom periodu i u tom kontekstu prikazan je program razvoja poslovnih zona, naĉin funkcionisanja i prednosti poslovnih zona, projektovanje razvoja poslovnih zona, zakonski okvir osnivanja poslovnih zona u Republici Srpskoj kao i planirane aktivnosti i analiza lokacija poslovnih zona u Republici Srpskoj. U radu je stoga obraĊena potreba izgradnje poslovnih zona koje će trajno biti u funkciji osnivanja i razvoja malih i srednjih preduzeća u Republici Srpskoj.
DIPLOMATIJA I PRVI SVIJETSKI RAT
Authors: Zmijanjac Goran
Published: December 2016

Prvi svjetski rat (1914 – 1918) poĉeo je u Evropi, napadom Austro-Ugarske na Srbiju, da bi završio kao svjetski, u kojem su uĉestvovale 32 nacije. Direktni povod za rat bio je atentan u Sarajevu, ali su stvarni uzroci bili mnogo dublji i mnogostruko ozbiljniji, i nastali su na prelazu iz XIX u XX vijek. Druga industrijska revolucija (nauĉna revolucija) je omogućila veću eksploataciju i proizvodnju. Evropske imperijalne sile su na vrhuncu moći i uticaja, sa potrebom za većom ekspanzijom, koju je pratilo i njihovo rivalstvo. Posljedica rivalstva su i krize: „marokanske“, „aneksiona“ i balkanski ratovi. Vojnu prednost je Antanta stekla ulaskom SAD u rat 1917. kada je u Rusiji izvedena prva socijalistiĉka revolucija, i poslije koje je Rusija izišla iz rata.Prvi mirovni prijedlozi su se pojavili poĉetkom 1918. godine. Prvi se oglasio britanski premijer Lojd Dţordţ, a tri dana nakon njega i ameriĉki predsjednik Vudro Vilson sa svojim programom, poznatim kao „14 taĉaka“. MeĊu najvaţnijim idejama u Vilsonovom programu su: poštovanje principa nacionalnosti, ukidanje tajne diplomatije i stvaranje lige naroda.Rat je dramatiĉno promjenio mapu Evrope, nestala su ĉetiri carstva: Njemaĉko, Austrougarsko, Otomansko i Rusko, neke manje nacije su dobile svoje drţave a Srbija kao jedna od pobjednica je nastavila da gradi svoj identite u novonastaloj kraljevini juţnih slovena.
Caliper Method Versus Digital Photogrammetry for Assessing Arch Height Index in Pregnant Women
Authors: Harrison Kathryn D. , McCrory Jean L.
Published: December 2016

Background: Foot anthropometry may be altered during pregnancy. Pregnant women often report lower-extremity pain that may be related to these alterations. The Arch Height Index Measurement System is a common method of foot arch assessment; however, the required calipers are costly and are not widely available. Thus, we compared the reliability of a digital photogrammetry method of arch height index (AHI) assessment with that of the Arch Height Index Measurement System.

Methods: Ten pregnant women (mean ± SD: age, 29 ± 4 years; height, 166.9 ± 6.8 cm; weight, 63.3 ± 8.8 kg) in their second trimester were recruited to participate, along with a control group of 10 nulliparous weight-matched women (mean ± SD: age, 22 ± 2 years; height, 164.6 ± 4.8 cm; weight, 61.5 ± 8.1 kg). During the second and third trimesters, and once postpartum, AHI was assessed using calipers and using digital photogrammetry. Mixed model absolute agreement type intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine correlation between the two methods for sitting and standing AHI.

Results: The ICC results for sitting AHI only (0.819–0.968) were reasonable for clinical measures; ICC values for standing AHI (0.674–0.789) did not reach values deemed reasonable for clinical use.

Conclusions: Caliper and digital photogrammetry methods of AHI assessment are correlated in pregnant women; however, for standing AHI, the correlation is not sufficient for clinical use. Photogrammetry may still be appropriate for clinical use, as long as values from this method are not substituted directly for results obtained from calipers.
Effects of Lateral and Medial Wedged Insoles on Knee and Ankle Internal Joint Moments During Walking in Healthy Men
Authors: Fukuchi Claudiane A. , Lewinson Ryan T. , Worobets Jay T. , Stefanyshyn Darren J.
Published: December 2016

Background: Wedged insoles have been used to treat knee pathologies and to prevent injuries. Although they have received much attention for the study of knee injury, the effects of wedges on ankle joint biomechanics are not well understood. This study sought to evaluate the immediate effects of lateral and medial wedges on knee and ankle internal joint loading and center of pressure (CoP) in men during walking.

Methods: Twenty-one healthy men walked at 1.4 m/sec in five footwear conditions: neutral, 6° (LW6) and 9° (LW9) lateral wedges, and 6° (MW6) and 9° (MW9) medial wedges. Peak internal knee abduction moments and angular impulses, internal ankle inversion moments and angular impulses, and mediolateral CoP were analyzed. Analysis of variance with post hoc analysis and Pearson correlations were performed to detect differences between conditions.

Results: No differences in internal knee joint loading were found between neutral and any of the wedge conditions. However, as the wedge angle increased from medial to lateral, the internal ankle inversion moment (LW6: P = .020; LW9: P < .001; MW6: P = .046; MW9: P < .001) and angular impulse (LW9: P = .012) increased, and the CoP shifted laterally (LW9: P < .001) and medially (MW9: P < .001) compared with the neutral condition.

Conclusions: Neither lateral nor medial wedges were effective in altering internal knee joint loading during walking. However, the greater internal ankle inversion moment and angular impulse observed with lateral wedges could lead to a higher risk of ankle injury. Thus, caution should be taken when lateral wedges need to be prescribed.
Partial Rupture of the Tibialis Posterior Tendon Associated with a Closed Medial Malleolar Fracture
Authors: Park Jin
Published: December 2016

Rupture of the tibialis posterior tendon associated with ankle fracture is rare and difficult to diagnose. This rupture can be easily overlooked because the clinical examination is limited owing to acute pain related to a closed ankle fracture. Complete rupture of the tibialis posterior tendon can be identified by a loss of tension during ankle fracture fixation, but partial rupture is more difficult to detect because the tibialis posterior tendon can maintain its tension. A few cases of complete rupture of the tibialis posterior tendon combined with ankle fracture have been reported. It is well-known that failure to diagnose a rupture of the tibialis posterior tendon can lead to long-term disability and a planovalgus foot. However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of partial rupture of the tibialis posterior tendon in the English literature. Herein, we describe a patient with a neglected partial rupture of the tibialis posterior tendon combined with a medial malleolar fracture.
Staged Reconstruction for Acute Charcot's Subtalar Joint Dislocation
Authors: Monaco Spencer , Burns Patrick , Toth Alissa
Published: December 2016

Charcot's neuroarthropathy can have devastating consequences if left untreated or misdiagnosed. With progression of the disease from the acute to the chronic phase, substantial deformity and instability may result, leading to ulceration and a nonfunctional limb. The purpose of this case report is to present a staged reconstruction for active Charcot's neuroarthropathy involving the subtalar joint with complete dislocation that resulted in limb salvage and maintenance of limb function at 1-year follow-up. Although for many patients the mainstay of treatment for early Charcot's neuroarthropathy is conservative care with off-loading, early surgical correction that includes external fixation followed by definitive arthrodesis for select patients may be warranted.
Calcaneal Bone Mass Modification in Recreational Runners
Authors: Escamilla-Martínez Elena , Martínez-Nova Alfonso , Gómez-Martín Beatriz , Sánchez-Rodríguez Raquel , Fernández-Seguín Lourdes María , Pedrera-Zamorano Juan Diego
Published: December 2016

Background: The calcaneus is the bone of the foot that first receives the impact of running, generating vibrations that might have a positive effect in modifying the trabecular bone mass. The objective of this study was to determine the variation in calcaneal bone density in runners during a 6-month training season, comparing it with a control sample.

Methods: Bone density of the heel was measured in 33 male recreational runners by means of a contact ultrasonic bone analyzer. Measurements were made on three occasions during a training season: at the beginning, at 350 km, and at 700 km. All of the runners wore the same model of running shoes during this period. Measurements of bone density were also made in a control sample of 62 men who did not engage in physical exercise.

Results: There was a significant decrease in mean calcaneal bone density over the course of the training season (from 86.1 dB/MHz to 83.2 dB/MHz; P = .006), but no significant differences with the control sample value (from 80.7 dB/MHz to 81.1 dB/MHz; P = .314). The runners' body composition changed during the study period, with lean mass increasing and fat mass decreasing.

Conclusions: Distance running seems to have a negative effect on calcaneal bone mass density during the course of a 700-km training season.
The amino acid transporter, SLC1A3, is plasma membrane‐localised in adipocytes and its activity is insensitive to insulin
Authors: Krycer James R. , Fazakerley Daniel J. , Cater Rosemary J. , C. Thomas Kristen , Naghiloo Sheyda , Burchfield James G. , Humphrey Sean J. , Vandenberg Robert J. , Ryan Renae M. , James David E.
Published: December 2016

The hormone insulin coordinates the catabolism of nutrients by protein phosphorylation. Phosphoproteomic analysis identified insulin‐responsive phosphorylation of the Glu/Asp transporter SLC1A3/EAAT1 in adipocytes. The role of SLC1A3 in adipocytes is not well‐understood. We show that SLC1A3 is localised to the plasma membrane and the major regulator of acidic amino acid uptake in adipocytes. However, its localisation and activity were unaffected by insulin or mutation of the insulin‐regulated phosphosite. The latter was also observed using a heterologous expression system in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Thus, SLC1A3 maintains a constant import of acidic amino acids independently of nutritional status in adipocytes.
Influence of diatom microfossils on sediment shear strength and slope stability
Authors: Wiemer G. , Kopf A.
Published: December 2016

Diatom microfossils have been detected in many natural marine sediment deposits around the globe and are held responsible for the disobedience to well‐established geotechnical relationships between index‐properties and shear strength. We revisit the static shear strength and present the first cyclic undrained shear strength experiments on diatom microfossil—clayey‐silt mixtures to study the role of diatoms on submarine slope stability. It is attested that the angle of internal friction (Φ) increases with diatom content, however, we provide evidence for a significant overestimation of Φ in previous studies. Based on direct shear tests at varying normal stresses ≤ 600 kPa we find Φ = 32° in contrast to 43° in pure diatom. Similarly, to static shear strength, cyclic shear strength increases with diatom content, however, in contrast to static shear strength the most drastic increase does not occur from 0% to 25% diatoms but from 75% to 100%. Interestingly, diatomaceous sediments tend to fail by liquefaction although well‐established relations between index properties and liquefaction susceptibility predict the opposite. Liquefaction failure is observed solely in samples containing ≥ 50% diatoms whereas samples with lower diatom content fail by cyclic softening. We conclude diatom microfossils in marine sediments significantly contribute to an increased slope stability under static and cyclic loading conditions since diatoms lead to higher resistance independently of the loading mode. The strength increase is interpreted as a result of particle interlocking and surface roughness, which is very efficient given the highly variable habitus of diatom species.
High‐sensitivity multifunctional spinner magnetometer using a magneto‐impedance sensor
Authors: Kodama Kazuto
Published: December 2016

A novel spinner magnetometer was developed with a wide dynamic range from 10−10 to 10−4 Am2 and a resolution of 10−11 Am2. High sensitivity was achieved with the use of a magneto‐impedance (MI) sensor, which is a compact, sensitive magnetic sensor used industrially. Its slow‐spinning rate (5 Hz) and the incorporation of a unique mechanism for adjusting the spacing between the sensing unit and the spinning axis allows the measurement of fragile samples sized 10–50 mm. The sensor configuration, in which a pair of MI sensors is connected in opposite serial, along with an amplification circuit with a programmable low‐pass filter, reduces the problems of external noise and sensor drift. The signal, with reference to the spinning frequency, is detected with a lock‐in amplifier. The MI spinner has two selectable measurement modes: the fundamental mode (F mode) and the harmonic mode (H mode). Measurements in the F mode detect signals of the fundamental frequency (5 Hz), in the same way as conventional spinner magnetometers. In the H mode, the second (10 Hz) and the third (15 Hz) harmonic components are measured, in addition to the fundamental component. Tests in the H mode were performed using a small coil and a natural sample to simulate dipoles with various degrees of offset. The results revealed that the magnitude of the fundamental component of the offset dipole was systematically larger (by several percent) than that of the nonoffset dipole. These findings suggest that this novel MI spinner will be useful in estimating the inhomogeneity of the magnetization of a sample that can equivalently be described by an offset dipole.
Additive effects of acidification and mineralogy on calcium isotopes in Triassic/Jurassic boundary limestones
Authors: Jost Adam B. , Bachan Aviv , van de Schootbrugge Bas , Brown Shaun T. , DePaolo Donald J. , Payne Jonathan L.
Published: December 2016

The end‐Triassic mass extinction coincided with a negative δ13C excursion, consistent with release of 13C‐depleted CO2 from the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. However, the amount of carbon released and its effects on ocean chemistry are poorly constrained. The coupled nature of the carbon and calcium cycles allows calcium isotopes to be used for constraining carbon cycle dynamics and vice versa. We present a high‐resolution calcium isotope (δ44/40Ca) record from 100 m of marine limestone spanning the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in two stratigraphic sections from northern Italy. Immediately above the extinction horizon and the associated negative excursion in δ13C, δ44/40Ca decreases by ∼0.8‰ in 20 m of section and then recovers to preexcursion values. Coupled numerical models of the geological carbon and calcium cycles demonstrate that this δ44/40Ca excursion is too large to be explained by changes to seawater δ44/40Ca alone, regardless of CO2 injection volume and duration. Less than 20% of the δ44/40Ca excursion can be attributed to acidification. The remaining 80% likely reflects a higher proportion of aragonite in the original sediment, based largely on high concentrations of Sr in the samples. Our study demonstrates that coupled models of the carbon and calcium cycles have the potential to help distinguish contributions of primary seawater isotopic changes from local or diagenetic effects on the δ44/40Ca of carbonate sediments. Differentiating between these effects is critical for constraining the impact of ocean acidification during the end‐Triassic mass extinction, as well as for interpreting other environmental events in the geologic past.
Revisiting the connection between African Easterly Waves and Atlantic tropical cyclogenesis
Authors: Russell James O. , Aiyyer Anantha , White Joshua D. , Hannah Walter
Published: December 2016

African Easterly Waves (AEWs) are the primary precursor for Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs). We update the statistics on this relationship using reports from the U.S. National Hurricane Center. Sixty‐one percent of TCs originate directly from AEWs. Indirectly, AEWs are implicated in the formation of an additional 11% of TCs. AEW activity is quantified by eddy kinetic energy (EKE). The correlation between seasonal mean EKE and TC genesis is maximized in the lower troposphere below the southern AEW storm track, instead of where the canonical AEW is maximized. Therefore, midlevel AEW activity is a poor predictor of TC genesis, whereas its lower tropospheric circulation exerts stronger control. In most seasons, AEW activity is supercritical, and therefore, EKE is only a controlling factor in seasons when the low‐level EKE is weak. Predicting 1000–800 hPa EKE below the southern AEW track may be useful for seasonal TC prediction.
Simultaneous disappearances of plasmaspheric hiss, exohiss, and chorus waves triggered by a sudden decrease in solar wind dynamic pressure
Authors: Liu Nigang , Su Zhenpeng , Gao Zhonglei , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Baker D. N. , Blake J. B. , Funsten H. O. , Wygant J. R.
Published: December 2016

Magnetospheric whistler mode waves are of great importance in the radiation belt electron dynamics. Here on the basis of the analysis of a rare event with the simultaneous disappearances of whistler mode plasmaspheric hiss, exohiss, and chorus triggered by a sudden decrease in the solar wind dynamic pressure, we provide evidences for the following physical scenarios: (1) nonlinear generation of chorus controlled by the geomagnetic field inhomogeneity, (2) origination of plasmaspheric hiss from chorus, and (3) leakage of plasmaspheric hiss into exohiss. Following the reduction of the solar wind dynamic pressure, the dayside geomagnetic field configuration with the enhanced inhomogeneity became unfavorable for the generation of chorus, and the quenching of chorus directly caused the disappearances of plasmaspheric hiss and then exohiss.
Simulation of VLF chorus emissions in the magnetosphere and comparison with THEMIS spacecraft data
Authors: Demekhov A. G. , Taubenschuss U. , Santolík O.
Published: December 2016

We present results of numerical simulations of VLF chorus emissions based on the backward wave oscillator model and compare them with Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft data from the equatorial chorus source region on the early morning side at a radial distance of 6 Earth radii. Specific attention is paid to the choice of simulation parameters based on experimental data. We show that with known parameters of the geomagnetic field, plasma density, and the initial wave frequency, one can successfully reproduce individual chorus elements in the simulation. In particular, the measured growth rate, wave amplitude, and frequency drift rate are in agreement with observed values. The characteristic interval between the elements has a mismatch of factor 2. The agreement becomes perfect if we assume that the inhomogeneity scale of the magnetic field along the field line is half of that obtained from the T96 model. Such an assumption can be justified since the T96 model does not fit well for the time of chorus observations, and there is a shear in the observed field which indicates the presence of local currents.
Importance of the Equatorial Undercurrent on the sea surface salinity in the eastern equatorial Atlantic in boreal spring
Authors: Da‐Allada C. Y. , Jouanno J. , Gaillard F. , Kolodziejczyk N. , Maes C. , Reul N. , Bourlès B.
Published: December 2016

The physical processes implied in the sea surface salinity (SSS) increase in the equatorial Atlantic Cold Tongue (ACT) region during boreal spring and the lag observed between boreal spring SSS maximum and sea surface temperature (SST) summer minimum are examined using mixed‐layer salinity budgets computed from observations and model during the period 2010–2012. The boreal spring SSS maximum is mainly explained by an upward flux of high salinity originating from the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) through vertical mixing and advection. The vertical mixing contribution to the mixed‐layer salt budget peaks in April–May. It is controlled primarily by (i) an increased zonal shear between the surface South Equatorial Current and the subsurface EUC and (ii) the presence of a strong salinity stratification at the mixed‐layer base from December to May. This haline stratification that is due to both high precipitations below the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone and zonal advection of low‐salinity water from the Gulf of Guinea explains largely the seasonal cycle of the vertical advection contribution to the mixed‐layer salt budget. In the ACT region, the SST reaches its maximum in March/April and minimum in July/August. This SST minimum appears 1 month after the maximum of SSS. The 1 month lag observed between the maximum of SSS in June and the minimum of SST in July is explained by the shallowing of the EUC salinity core in June, then the weakening/erosion of the EUC in June–July which dramatically reduces the lateral subsurface supply of high‐saline waters.
The influence of ENSO on an oceanic eddy pair in the South China Sea
Authors: Chu Xiaoqing , Dong Changming , Qi Yiquan
Published: December 2016

An eddy pair off the Vietnam coast is one of the most important features of the summertime South China Sea circulation. Its variability is of interest due to its profound impact on regional climate, ecosystems, biological processes, and fisheries. This study examines the influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a basin‐scale climatic mode, on the interannual variability of this regional eddy pair using satellite observational data and historical hydrographic measurements. Over the last three decades, the eddy pair strengthened in 1994 and 2002, and weakened in 2006, 2007, and 2008. It was absent in 1988, 1995, 1998, and 2010, coinciding with strong El Nino‐to‐La Nina transitions. Composite analyses showed that the strong transition events of ENSO led to radical changes in the summer monsoon, through the forcing of a unique sea surface temperature anomaly structure over the tropical Indo‐Pacific basin. With weaker zonal wind, a more northward wind direction, and the disappearance of a pair of positive and negative wind stress curls, the eastward current jet turns northward along the Vietnam coast and the eddy pair disappears.
Estimating snow water equivalent in a Sierra Nevada watershed via spaceborne radiance data assimilation
Authors: Li Dongyue , Durand Michael , Margulis Steven A.
Published: December 2016

This paper demonstrates improved retrieval of snow water equivalent (SWE) from spaceborne passive microwave measurements for the sparsely forested Upper Kern watershed (511 km2) in the southern Sierra Nevada (USA). This is accomplished by assimilating AMSR‐E 36.5 GHz measurements into model predictions of SWE at 90 m spatial resolution using the Ensemble Batch Smoother (EnBS) data assimilation framework. For each water year (WY) from 2003 to 2008, SWE was estimated for the accumulation season (1 October to 1 April) with the assimilation of the measurements in the dry snow season (1 December to 28 February). The EnBS SWE estimation was validated against snow courses and snow pillows. On average, the EnBS accumulation season SWE RMSE was 77.4 mm (13.1%, relative to peak accumulation), despite deep snow (average peak SWE of 545 mm). The prior model estimate without assimilation had an accumulation season average RMSE of 119.7 mm. After assimilation, the overall bias of the accumulation season SWE estimates was reduced by 84.2%, and the RMSE reduced by 35.4%. The assimilation also reduced the bias and the RMSE of the 1 April SWE estimates by 80.9% and 45.4%, respectively. The EnBS is expected to work well above tree line and for dry snow.
Single discharge events increase reactive efficiency of the hyporheic zone
Authors: Trauth Nico , Fleckenstein Jan H.
Published: December 2016

In this study, we investigate the impact of single stream discharge events on water exchange, solute transport, and reactions in the hyporheic zone below a natural in‐stream gravel bar. We set up a reactive transport groundwater model with streamflow scenarios that vary by event duration and peak discharge. A steady ambient groundwater flow field is assumed that results in losing, neutral, or gaining stream conditions depending on the stream stage. Across the streambed dissolved oxygen, organic carbon, and nitrate are transported into the subsurface. Additional nitrate is received from upwelling groundwater. Aerobic respiration and denitrification are simulated for scenarios with different stream solute concentrations. Results show that hyporheic exchange flux, solute transport, and consumption increase during events. However, their intensities depend highly on the interplay between event characteristics and ambient groundwater conditions. During events where reversals in the hydraulic gradient occur stream water and solutes infiltrate deeper into the aquifer where they have more time to react. For those events, the reactive efficiency of the hyporheic zone (solute consumption as fraction of influx) for aerobic respiration and denitrification is up to 2.7 and 10 times higher compared to base flow conditions. The fraction of stream nitrate load consumed in the hyporheic zone increases with stream discharge (up to 150 mg/m2/h), but remains below the value under base flow conditions for weak events. Events also increase denitrification of groundwater borne nitrate, but groundwater nitrate flux to the stream decreases by up to 33% due to temporary gradient reversals.
The complementary relationship between actual and potential evaporation for spatially heterogeneous surfaces
Authors: Aminzadeh Milad , Or Dani
Published: December 2016

The Complementary Relationship (CR) between actual and potential evaporation offers an attractive framework for estimating actual evaporation of drying land surfaces from simple meteorological measurements. Land surfaces are often heterogeneous with variable soil types, land cover, and local hydrologic conditions that give rise to spatially variable evaporation dynamics. The main aim is to incorporate effects of spatial heterogeneities on estimates of actual evaporation in the CR framework. The study extends the physically based approach of Aminzadeh et al. (2016) and proposes upscaling schemes for land‐atmosphere interactions affecting reference evaporation from heterogeneous surfaces comprised of vegetation and bare soil patches. For small‐scale surface heterogeneity relative to the extent of convective boundary layer (CBL), area‐averaged atmospheric boundary conditions were imposed over the domain of interest to integrate contributions from patches with different dynamics. For large‐scale heterogeneity (large patches relative to the scale of the mean CBL), fluxes from each patch were weighted by their respective areas. Preliminary results are in reasonable agreement with available field measurements and illustrate various effects of heterogeneous surface evaporative fluxes on the CR response. The results also highlight hidden dynamics not captured by standard CR, such as ability of vegetated patches to support steady evaporative fluxes until the onset of water stress while bare soil has already dried out. The study provides new insights into the roles of different vegetation types, land cover fraction, and atmospheric conditions on regional CR behavior hence advancing predictive capabilities of actual evapotranspiration from spatially heterogeneous land surfaces.
The External Validity of the Concealed Information Test: The Effect of Choosing to Commit a Mock Crime
Authors: Nahari Tal , Breska Assaf , Elber Lotem , Klein Selle Nathalie , Ben‐Shakhar Gershon
Published: December 2016

The Concealed Information Test (CIT) aims to detect concealed information through differential physiological and behavioral responses to the concealed items. Although extensive experimental research has demonstrated the empirical validity of the CIT, the external validity of these studies has been questioned. One essential difference between experimental setups and realistic contexts is the voluntary act of committing the crime and concealing the critical (crime‐related) items. The present study examined whether the detection efficiency of the CIT alters under conditions of free choice to commit a mock crime. In the ‘choice’ condition, participants chose to perform a mock crime or a computerized task, while in the control, ‘instructed’ condition participants were instructed either to commit the mock crime or a computerized task. The results revealed no significant differences in the detection efficiency between the two conditions in electrodermal, respiration, and reaction time measures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Raccichini Rinaldo , Varzi Alberto , Wei Di , Passerini Stefano
Published: December 2016

Used as a bare active material or component in hybrids, graphene has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Indeed, from the first report that appeared in late July 2008, almost 1600 papers were published as of the end 2015 that investigated the properties of graphene as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. Although an impressive amount of data has been collected, a real advance in the field still seems to be missing. In this framework, attention is focused on the most prominent research efforts in this field with the aim of identifying the causes of such relentless progression through an insightful and critical evaluation of the lithium‐ion storage performances (i.e., 1st cycle irreversible capacity, specific gravimetric and volumetric capacities, average delithiation voltage profile, rate capability and stability upon cycling). The “graphene fever” has certainly provided a number of fundamental studies unveiling the electrochemical properties of this “wonder” material. However, analysis of the published literature also highlights a loss of focus from the final application. Hype‐driven claims, not fully appropriate metrics, and negligence of key parameters are probably some of the factors still hindering the application of graphene in commercial batteries.
CVD Polymers for Devices and Device Fabrication
Authors: Wang Minghui , Wang Xiaoxue , Moni Priya , Liu Andong , Kim Do Han , Jo Won Jun , Sojoudi Hossein , Gleason Karen K.
Published: December 2016

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization directly synthesizes organic thin films on a substrate from vapor phase reactants. Dielectric, semiconducting, electrically conducting, and ionically conducting CVD polymers have all been readily integrated into devices. The absence of solvent in the CVD process enables the growth of high‐purity layers and avoids the potential of dewetting phenomena, which lead to pinhole defects. By limiting contaminants and defects, ultrathin (<10 nm) CVD polymeric device layers have been fabricated in multiple laboratories. The CVD method is particularly suitable for synthesizing insoluble conductive polymers, layers with high densities of organic functional groups, and robust crosslinked networks. Additionally, CVD polymers are prized for the ability to conformally cover rough surfaces, like those of paper and textile substrates, as well as the complex geometries of micro‐ and nanostructured devices. By employing low processing temperatures, CVD polymerization avoids damaging substrates and underlying device layers. This report discusses the mechanisms of the major CVD polymerization techniques and the recent progress of their applications in devices and device fabrication, with emphasis on initiated CVD (iCVD) and oxidative CVD (oCVD) polymerization.
Unveiling the Hidden Performance of Whole Cells in the Asymmetric Bioreduction of Aryl‐containing Ketones in Aqueous Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Vitale Paola , Abbinante Vincenzo Mirco , Perna Filippo Maria , Salomone Antonio , Cardellicchio Cosimo , Capriati Vito
Published: December 2016

In this contribution, we report the first successful baker's yeast reduction of arylpropanones using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as biodegradable and non‐hazardous co‐solvents. The nature of DES [e.g. choline chloride/glycerol (2:1)] and the percentage of water in the mixture proved to be critical for both the reversal of selectivity and to achieve high enantioselectivity on going from pure water (up to 98:2 er in favour of theS‐enantiomer) to DES/aqueous mixtures (up to 98:2 er in favour of theR‐enantiomer). As a result, both enantiomers of valuable chiral alcohols of pharmaceutical interest were prepared from the same biocatalyst by simply switching the solvent. The possible inhibition of some (S)‐oxidoreductases making part of the genome of such a wild‐type whole cell biocatalyst when DESs are used as co‐solvents may pave the way for ananti‐Prelog reduction. The scope and limitations of this kind of biotransformations for a range of aryl‐containing ketones are also discussed.

magnified image
Stability of gravitationally unstable double diffusive transient boundary layers with variable viscosity in porous media
Authors: Sabet Nasser , Hassanzadeh Hassan , Abedi Jalal
Published: December 2016

We study the double diffusive convection (DDC) in porous media through linear stability analysis (LSA) and direct numerical simulations (DNS). Unlike the previous studies that assume static solutal or thermal fields, the developed model is able to capture the transient behavior of both fields. We show that under the assumption of static field, the role of Lewis number cannot be distinguished. Under transient fields, we conclude that higher Lewis numbers result in earlier instability of the boundary layers. Moreover, the effect of viscosity contrast is explained in terms of the mobility of the boundary layer. The DNS results confirm the validity of LSA predictions. We also obtain the critical Rayleigh number and show that in the presence of viscosity contrast, it can be much smaller than the conventional limit of 4π2. This study provides a better understanding of the transient nature of DDC in the presence of viscosity variations. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2471–2482, 2017
Behaviors and kinetic models analysis of Li4SiO4 under various CO2 partial pressures
Authors: Zhang Qi , Peng Dong , Zhang Sai , Ye Qian , Wu Yongqiang , Ni Yanhui
Published: December 2016

The absorption behaviors of Li4SiO4 sorbent under various CO2 partial pressures and temperatures were investigated through numerical and experimental methods. It was found that Li4SiO4 showed poor absorption capacity at high temperatures (>525°C) under CO2 partial pressure of 5066 Pa. This phenomenon was explained by the thermodynamic results from FactSage5.5 software. Meanwhile, a modified Jander‐Zhang model based on the double‐shell structure of the Li4SiO4 sorbent was developed to describe the absorption kinetic behaviors of CO2 on Li4SiO4. The results showed that the modified Jander‐Zhang model could fit the kinetic experimental data well. Furthermore, the influence of steam on CO2 absorption was also analyzed by the modified Jander‐Zhang model. The results showed that the activation energy in the absorption process with steam was smaller than that without steam, which indicated that the presence of steam could promote the CO2 diffusion in product layer, therefore, improving the sorption capacity. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2153–2164, 2017
Variation in external representations as part of the classroom lecture:An investigation of virtual cell animations in introductory photosynthesis instruction*
Authors: Goff Eric E. , Reindl Katie M. , Johnson Christina , McClean Phillip , Offerdahl Erika G. , Schroeder Noah L. , White Alan R.
Published: December 2016

The use of external representations (ERs) to introduce concepts in undergraduate biology has become increasingly common. Two of the most prevalent are static images and dynamic animations. While previous studies comparing static images and dynamic animations have resulted in somewhat conflicting findings in regards to learning outcomes, the benefits of each have been shown individually. Using ERs developed by the Virtual Cell Animation project, we aim to further investigate student learning using different ERs as part of an introductory biology lecture. We focus our study on the topic of photosynthesis as reports have noted that students struggle with a number of basic photosynthesis concepts. Students (n = 167) in ten sections of introductory biology laboratory were introduced to photosynthesis concepts by instructional lectures differing only in the format of the embedded ERs. Normalized gain scores were calculated, showing that students who learned with dynamic animations outperformed students who learned from static images on the posttest. The results of this study provide possible instructional guidelines for those delivering photosynthesis instruction in the introductory biology classroom. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(3):226–234, 2017.
A unique large‐scale undergraduate research experience in molecular systems biology for non‐mathematics majors
Authors: Kappler Ulrike , Rowland Susan L. , Pedwell Rhianna K.
Published: December 2016

Systems biology is frequently taught with an emphasis on mathematical modeling approaches. This focus effectively excludes most biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology students, who are not mathematics majors. The mathematical focus can also present a misleading picture of systems biology, which is a multi‐disciplinary pursuit requiring collaboration between biochemists, bioinformaticians, and mathematicians. This article describes an authentic large‐scale undergraduate research experience (ALURE) in systems biology that incorporates proteomics, bacterial genomics, and bioinformatics in the one exercise. This project is designed to engage students who have a basic grounding in protein chemistry and metabolism and no mathematical modeling skills. The pedagogy around the research experience is designed to help students attack complex datasets and use their emergent metabolic knowledge to make meaning from large amounts of raw data. On completing the ALURE, participants reported a significant increase in their confidence around analyzing large datasets, while the majority of the cohort reported good or great gains in a variety of skills including “analysing data for patterns” and “conducting database or internet searches.” An environmental scan shows that this ALURE is the only undergraduate‐level system‐biology research project offered on a large‐scale in Australia; this speaks to the perceived difficulty of implementing such an opportunity for students. We argue however, that based on the student feedback, allowing undergraduate students to complete a systems‐biology project is both feasible and desirable, even if the students are not maths and computing majors. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(3):235–248, 2017.
Morphological relationship between the superior cervical ganglion and cervical nerves in Japanese cadaver donors
Authors: Mitsuoka Kazuyuki , Kikutani Takeshi , Sato Iwao
Published: December 2016

Introduction

There are various communications between the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. However, little information exists concerning the origin of these sympathetic ganglion branches at the superior, middle, and inferior regions of the human SCG. The aim of this study was to describe the human SCG in a morphometric manner with the communication with cranial and cervical nerves and supply.

Methods

This study characterized 72 SCG samples from 54 elderly Japanese human cadavers (30 males, 24 females; 65–100 years old). The SCG size (length, width, and thickness) and location were measured from the jugular foramen. We also defined the communication branches of the SCG to the vagus, glossopharyngeal, cervical, and accessory nerves at three regions (superior, middle, and inferior regions) of the SCG. Finally, we examined the arrangement and origin of the branch communications in detail and confirmed our observations, using histological sections of the SCG.

Results

The SCG in all cadaver donors was detected at the C2 and C3 vertebra levels. The number of SCG branches supplied the communicating branches, such as the carotid branch, communicating branch of the vagus nerve, and glossopharyngeal nerve, were frequently detected in the superior region of the SCG (χ2 = 587.72, df = 26, p < .001). The number of ganglion cells with a large number of neurons per unit area (1 mm2) was most often found in the middle region with shrunken neurons of the SCG compared with other regions.

Conclusion

The communication branches of the SCG are mainly connected to the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. Characterizing these branches can provide useful data for head and neck ganglion block and surgical treatments.
Brain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors
Authors: van der Plas Ellen , Schachar Russell J. , Hitzler Johann , Crosbie Jennifer , Guger Sharon L. , Spiegler Brenda J. , Ito Shinya , Nieman Brian J.
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Survival rates for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) approach 95%. At the same time, there is growing concern that chemotherapy causes alterations in brain development and cognitive abilities. We performed MRI measurements of white and gray matter volume to explore how variation in brain structure may be related to cognitive abilities in ALL survivors and healthy controls.

Methods

The sample included 24 male ALL survivors who had completed contemporary treatment 3–11 years prior, and 21 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Participants were between 8 and 18 years old. Working memory and motor response inhibition were measured with the N‐Back and Stop Signal Tasks (SST), respectively. Participants underwent 3T structural MRI to assess white and gray matter volumes overall, lobe‐wise, and in cortical and atlas‐identified subcortical structures. Mental health was assessed with the Child Behavioral Checklist.

Results

ALL survivors performed more poorly on measures of working memory and response inhibition than controls. Frontal and parietal white matter, temporal and occipital gray matter volume, and volumes of subcortical white and gray matter structures were significantly reduced in ALL survivors compared with controls. Significant structure‐function correlations were observed between working memory performance and volume of the amygdala, thalamus, striatum, and corpus callosum. Response inhibition was correlated with frontal white matter volume. No differences were found in psychopathology.

Conclusions

Compared with controls, a reduction in volume across brain regions and tissue types, was detectable in ALL survivors years after completion of therapy. These structural alterations were correlated with neurocognitive performance, particularly in working memory. Confirming these observations in a larger, more representative sample of the population is necessary. Additionally, establishing the time course of these changes—and the treatment, genetic, and environmental factors that influence them—may provide opportunities to identify at‐risk patients, inform the design of treatment modifications, and minimize adverse cognitive outcomes.
Chronos: A tool to develop the time management competence among engineering students
Authors: Hernandez‐Linares Remedios , Sánchez Héctor , Agudo J. Enrique , Rico Mercedes
Published: December 2016

The development of cross‐curricular competences is one of the challenges European higher education is facing as consequence of the establishment of the European Higher Education Area (AHEA). One of these competences is the “time management,” an instrumental ability related to manage personal and working time. Time management seems to be a significant competence for engineering professionals, but despite its importance, the empirical literature linking such competence with the engineering teach remains limited. By addressing this research gap, the main purpose of this research is to gain insights into whether Chronos, a computer‐based game, proves efficient to train time management and change the perception of engineering students about the role played by this competence to improve productivity. In order to reach this goal, we perform an exploratory empirical study, based on data retrieved from 72 engineering students, which are analyzed by applying different statistical analysis (mainly mean test and regression analysis). Findings indicate that Chronos is a successful tool to develop time management competence in the context of engineering degrees. Thus, the present article promotes the reflection on the difficulties teachers face in the development of cross‐curricular competences and proposes new areas requiring further investigation, which are also discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:79–89, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21780
MicroRNA‐195‐5p suppresses osteosarcoma cell proliferation and invasion by suppressing naked cuticle homolog 1
Authors: Qu Qiang , Chu Xiangdong , Wang Peng
Published: December 2016

MiR‐195‐5p has been shown to play an essential role in human cancer progression. Nevertheless, the biological role of miR‐195‐5p in osteosarcoma development remains unclear. In this study, real‐time PCR was performed to examine the miR‐195‐5p expression in human osteosarcoma cell lines. CCK‐8 assay and Transwell assay were carried out to measure the effect of miR‐195‐5p on cell proliferation and invasion. Luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the targets of miR‐195‐5p. The results showed that miR‐195‐5p was significantly downregulated in osteosarcoma cells. Forced expression of miR‐195‐5p significantly inhibited cell proliferation, suppressed cell migration and invasion, compared with wild‐type and control‐transfected osteosarcoma cells. Luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR‐195‐5p binds to the 3′‐untranslated region (UTR) of Naked cuticle homolog 1 (NKD1), indicating that NKD1 was a novel target of miR‐195‐5p. NKD1 mRNA and protein levels were reduced after overexpression of miR‐195‐5p. Moreover, silencing of NKD1 significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Accordingly, our results support a tumor suppressor role of miR‐195‐5p in osteosarcoma through inhibiting NKD1, and it may be a promising therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
Heterotopic sebaceous glands in the esophagus, a very rare histopathological diagnosis: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Montalvo Nelson , Tapia Verónica , Padilla Hernán , Redrobán Ligia
Published: December 2016

Key Clinical Message

Sebaceous glands are very rarely found in the esophagus. Existing reports do not contain sufficient epidemiological, etiological, clinical, or prognostic data. Its histogenesis suggests heterotopia or metaplasia. Despite its extreme rarity, correct and generally easy identification enables establishing the proper patient monitoring.