bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basis Weight Uniformity of Lightly Needled Hydroentangled Cotton and Cotton Blend Webs
Authors: Parikh D.V. , Bresee Randall R. , Sachinvala Navzar D. , Crook Legrand , Muenstermann U. , Watzl Alfred , Gillespie Don
Published: November 2018

New nonwoven products containing cotton and Lyocell (Trademarked, Tencel), low temperature thermal-bondable bicomponent olefin/polyester, or comber noils were developed using needlepunching and spunlacing (hydroentanglement). Webs containing five different blends were prepared by either light needlepunching, or light needlepunching followed by hydroentangling. We acquired detailed basis weight uniformity measurements to learn about processing and the influence of fiber blend composition on web uniformity. Basis weight uniformity was evaluated without regard to web direction (“Total” uniformity), along the machine direction (MD uniformity) and across the cross direction (CD uniformity) at numerous size resolutions. We observed that blending manufactured fibers (either Tencel or olefin/polyester) with bleached cotton and comber noil substantially improved basis weight uniformity of both types of nonwovens. We also observed that subjecting needled webs to hydroentangling significantly improved Total and MD uniformities.
Electrospinning and Porosity Measurements of Nylon-6/Poly(ethylene oxide) Blended Nonwovens
Authors: Frey Margaret W. , Li Lei
Published: November 2018

A simple method was used to prepare a nonwoven fabric of intimately co-mingled Nylon-6 and Polyethylene oxide (PEO) electrospun fibers by spinning fibers onto a rotating collector. Electrospinning parameters for each polymer were independent. Fiber mixture and distribution was uniform throughout the depth of the fabric. Porosity and pore size distribution of the materials were measured before and after a washing treatment. The PEO component was removed during the washing step to create increased pore size in the remaining fabric. This study indicates a simple method to create nanofiber nonwovens of multiple dissimilar polymers and provides a strategy for controlling pore size distribution independently from fiber formation.
Interferometric Studies for the Annealing Effects on the Necking Deformation along Polypropylene Fibers
Authors: Mohamed El-Dessouky Hassan , Hamza Ahmed A. , Belal Ahmed E. , Sokkar T.Z.N. , Yassien Khaled M.
Published: November 2018

An automated multiple-beam Fizeau fringes in transmission technique was used with a fiber-drawing device to detect necking deformation along polypropylene (PP) fibers axis under different conditions of annealing process. The refractive indices, refractive index profiles and crystallinity were calculated along the annealed PP fibers at different draw ratios. The annealing temperature controls the propagation of necking deformation along PP fibers axis that stretched at low draw ratios (D< 2). The necking deformations along PP fibers axis due to fast drawing process could be avoided when PP fibers were annealed at the temperature of 120°C. Microinterferograms are given for illustrations.
Formation of Fiberwebs from Staple Fibers with Controlled Fiber Orientation Using Electrostatic Forces: Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Cai Yiyun , Mohamed Seyam Abdelfattah , Kim Yong K.
Published: November 2018

Current web formation technologies used by the nonwovens industry do not provide positive control over fiber orientation and it is difficult to generate lightweight webs from staple fibers with these processes. The aim of this research is to develop new methods of fiberweb formation using electrostatic force, where orientation and orientation distribution of staple fibers are positively controlled. We carried out theoretical analysis and constructed computer models for this approach. Our analysis considered the effects of geometric configurations of fiber feeding and web formation zone, electrostatic and airflow field parameters, and the fiber's initial conditions at the feeding zone on fiber orientation. The theoretical analyses and computer modeling of the electrostatic web forming process provide better insights into this method and serve as a powerful tool for engineering development. Numerical results were obtained and presented for a range of processing variables.
Fibers Caught in the Knuckles of the Forming Wires: Experimental Measurements and Physical Origins of the Force of Peeling in the Hydroentanglement Process
Authors: Xiang Ping , Kuznetsov Andrey V. , Mohamed Seyam Abdelfattah
Published: November 2018

In hydroentanglement process, very fine water jets with high pressure impinge on the fiberweb, which is supported by forming wires. The impact of the jets causes fiber entanglement in the fiberweb and produces an integrated fabric with desired performance, texture, and appearance similar to the forming wires. It is important that at the end of the process, the fiberweb can be easily separated from the forming wires. In this paper, the force of peeling required for the separation of the wet, hydroentangled fabric from the forming wires is measured experimentally. A set of experimental trials was conducted to investigate the effects of the jet pressure, fiberweb basis weight, and forming wires mesh size on the peeling force. Visualizing fibers caught in the knuckles of the forming wires under magnification reveals physical mechanisms leading to the formation of the peeling force.
Degradation Processes in Corona-Charged Electret Filter-Media with Exposure to Ethyl Benzene
Authors: Warren J. Jasper , Mohan Anushree , Hinestroza Juan , Barker Roger
Published: November 2018

The degradation of filtration performance for corona-charged electret filter media exposed to ethyl benzene was assessed. Nonwoven corona-charged polypropylene fiber mats were exposed to ethyl-benzene using a custom made apparatus. Evaluated scenarios included ethyl-benzene vapor and liquid exposures. The filtration performance was evaluated using DOP as a test aerosol to measure filtration performance. It was observed that significant filtration degradation occurred only when liquid ethyl benzene came into direct contact with the filter media. No significant changes in the pressure drop or filtration efficiency was observed for any of the exposure scenarios in which the fibers were only exposed to ethyl benzene in the vapor phase.
Relationship between Cotton Varieties and Moisture Vapor Transport of Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Ramkumar Seshadri S. , Purushothaman Arvind , Hake Kater D. , McAlister David D.
Published: November 2018

Cotton offers next-to-skin comfort and hence is a preferred fiber for undergarments. There have been a number of studies on the effect of different fiber types, fabric structure, fabric finishes, etc. on the moisture vapor transport properties. However, there has been no report in the public domain on the relationship between cotton varieties on the moisture vapor transport characteristics of fabrics produced from them. The study reported in this paper focuses on the moisture vapor transport properties (MVTR) of cotton fabrics knitted from 31 different cotton fibers with different pedigrees grown over a three-year period in three major cotton growing regions of US, Southwest (Texas), Mid-South (Mississippi) and Southeast (Georgia). Results indicate that cotton varieties influence the MVTR of knitted fabrics produced from them. This study, for the first time has attempted to link varietal effects on the most important property of cotton—breathability quantified using MVTR. Preliminary analysis indicates a relationship between the basic sugar content such as verbascose of cotton and its moisture vapor transport. However this result has to be followed up with a thorough study.
Case Studies of Air Filtration at Microscales: Micro- and Nanofiber Media
Authors: Mazé Benoît , Tafreshi Hooman V. , Pourdeyhimi Behnam
Published: November 2018

In this work, 3–D fibrous geometries are developed to resemble the microstructure of spun-bonded and electrospun filters media and used here to simulate their filtration efficiency and pressure drop. For the sake of simplicity, a continuum flow theory was considered to prevail for the case of spun-bonded media (microfiber media) whereas our electrospun media (nanofiber media) were assumed to be in a free molecular flow regime.

Our simulations results are in good general agreement with the experimental data. Especially, in predicting media's pressure drop, our results show better predictions when compared to some of the existing models. We also quantitatively demonstrated that by decreasing the fiber diameter, the minimum collection efficiency of the media having identical pressure drops increases. This effect is accompanied by a decrease in the particle diameter associated with these minimum efficiencies – the most penetrating particle diameter. Studying the influence of the gas temperature, we showed that filter's efficiency increases as the gas temperature increases. Conversely, the filter's pressure drop decreases by increasing the gas temperature.
Electrospun Fibrinogen-Polydioxanone Composite Matrix: Potential for in Situ Urologic Tissue Engineering
Authors: McManus Michael C. , Sell Scott A. , Bowen Whitney C. , Koo Harry P. , Simpson David G. , Bowlin Gary L.
Published: November 2018

Our objective is to demonstrate an electrospun fibrinogen-PDO (polydioxanone) composite scaffold will retain the superior cellular interaction of fibrinogen while producing a product with the functional strength needed for direct implantation. Fibrinogen-PDO composite scaffolds were electrospun with PDO ratios of 0% (pure fibrinogen), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 100% (pure PDO) and disinfected using standard methods. Scaffolds were seeded with human BSM (bladder smooth muscle cells) and incubated with twice weekly media changes. Samples were removed at 7, 14 and 21 days for evaluation by collagen assay, scanning electron microscopy and histology. Cell seeding and culture demonstrated human BSM readily migrate throughout and remodel electrospun fibrinogen-PDO composite scaffolds with deposition of native collagen. Cell migration and collagen deposition increased with increasing fibrinogen concentration while scaffold integrity increased with increasing PDO concentration. Electrospun fibrinogen-PDO composite structures promote rapid cellular in-growth by human BSM while maintaining structural integrity. The fibrinogen to PDO ratio can be adjusted to achieve the desired properties required for a specific tissue engineering application. Our ultimate objective is to utilize this innovative biomaterial technology to produce an acellular, bioresorbable product that enables in situ tissue regeneration. While there is still much work to be done, these initial findings indicate fibrinogen-PDO composite scaffolds deserve further investigation.
Characterization of Secondary Structure Transformation of Stretched and Slenderized Wool Fibers with FTIR Spectra
Authors: Yao Jinbo , Liu Yanbo , Yang Suoting , Liu Jianzhong
Published: November 2018

Characterizations of wool fibers were performed with FTIR testing technology for two categories of stretched wool fibers, i.e., the OPTIMTM-Fine wool, and the stretched wool processed on TJGD-ERDOS 02 stretching equipment, developed at College of Textile Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China. It was observed that the two types of stretched wool fibers could be characterized by the IR transmittance peaks at 1620 ∼ 1630 cm-1 and 1510 ∼ 1520 cm-1. It was evidenced that upon stretching the secondary structure of the wool fibers transformed from alpha helix, the typical secondary structure of raw wool, to beta pleated sheet, the typical secondary structure of native silk, which was supported by the change in cross-sectional morphology and stress-strain curve.
Effect of Nanofibers on Spore Penetration and Lunar Dust Filtration
Authors: Gibson Phil , Gibson Heidi Schreuder , Stote Robert , Roylance Margaret , Nakagawa Masami , Capone Cathy
Published: November 2018

The results of two separate studies on biological spore penetration and simulated lunar dust filtration illustrate the use of nanofibers in some nonstandard filtration applications (nanofibers are generally defined as having diameters of less than a micron). In the first study, a variety of microporous liners containing microfibers and nanofibers were combined with cotton-based fabrics in order to filter aerosolized spores. The aerosol penetration resistance of the nanofiber-lined fabrics was measured, and some analysis was conducted of where the particles are captured within the fabric layers. Testing was conducted with aerosolized living spores, in order to evaluate the efficacy of various fabric treatments on spore viability within the fabric layers after exposure. Reported are the results of studies on fabrics with and without a removable electrospun nanofiber liner, and the fate of the spores within the fabric layers. In the second study, non-instrumented filtration testing using simulated lunar dust determined the comparative filtration efficiency of various nonwoven filtration media. Nanofiber witness media, combined with scanning electron microscope images, showed that an electrospun nonwoven filter layer effectively filtered out all the large and fine particles of the simulated lunar dust.
Durable Nonwoven Fabrics via Fracturing Bicomponent Islands-in-the-Sea Filaments
Authors: Anantharamaiah Nagendra , Verenich Svetlana , Pourdeyhimi Behnam
Published: November 2018

This paper deals in general with fabrics consisting of bicomponent fibers that are fractured/fibrillated and bonded using mechanical and/or thermal means to form micro-denier fibers. Bicomponent filaments produced by the spunbonding process, where two polymers are co-extruded to form a fiber are used to demonstrate the feasibility of fracturing bicomponents. This process of nonwoven fabric manufacture combined with the fiber-fracturing process is discussed. These fabrics are processed using commercially accepted practices. Differences in the physical properties due to the different polymer ratios and cross-sections produced are discussed. In particular, this paper deals with the production of modified ‘Islands-in-the-Sea’ filament cross-sections that enhance the fracturing of such filaments to produce micro-fiber webs that have considerably higher surface area compared to their conventional counterparts. Point-bond calendered bicomponent samples were also tested for their mechanical properties with different island counts and polymer compositions. The optimal bonding techniques for the fabrics were identified. The role of the Islands-in-the-Sea fiber cross-section was demonstrated for optimizing the fabric strength and enhancement of surface area.
In-Situ X-Ray Characterization of Fiber Structure during Melt Spinning
Authors: Ellison Michael S. , Lopes Paulo E. , Pennington William T.
Published: November 2018

The properties of a polymer are strongly influenced by its morphology. In the case of fibers from semi-crystalline polymers this consists of the degree of crystallinity, the spacing and alignment of the crystalline regions, and molecular orientation of the polymer chains in the amorphous regions. Information on crystallinity and orientation can be obtained from X-ray analysis. In-situ X-ray characterization of a polymer during the melt spinning process is a major source of information about the effects of material characteristics and processing conditions upon structure evolution along the spinline, and the final structure and properties of the end product.

We have recently designed and installed an X-ray system capable of in-situ analysis during polymer melt spinning. To the best of our knowledge this system is unique in its capabilities for the simultaneous detection of wide angle and small angle X-ray scattering (WAXS and SAXS, respectively), its use of a conventional laboratory radiation source, its vertical mobility along the spinline, and its ability to simulate a semi-industrial environment.

Setup, operation and demonstration of the capabilities of this system is presented herein as applied to the characterization of the melt spinning of isotactic poly(propylene). Crystallinity and crystalline orientation calculated from WAXS patterns, and lamellar long period calculated from SAXS patterns, were obtained during melt spinning of the polymer along the spinline.
Nanoclay Reinforced Fibers and Nonwovens
Authors: Bhat Gajanan , Hegde Raghavendra R. , Kamath M.G. , Deshpande Bhushan
Published: November 2018

In this research, polypropylene fibers and nonwoven samples were produced with the commercial samples of nanoclay additives in semi-commercial processing machinery. Influence of two different types of nanoclay additives, at different add on levels on processing, structure and morphology of nonwovens is studied. The WAXD and DSC data showed some change in crystallinity and melting behavior indicating changes in the fiber morphology towards improved mechanical properties. Presence and extent of exfoliation of nanoclay in the polymer was verified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM image reveals intercalated and exfoliated morphology of nanocomposites. About 10 to 20 % increase in tensile strength and modulus in both machine and cross directions is observed. This increase in strength is not accompanied by a decrease in breaking elongation as is the case for most of the fibers. Similarly 10 to 25 % increase in web stiffness and 20 to 80 % increase in web burst strength was observed. Furthermore there is improvement in other performance properties of the spunbond nonwovens. SEM images showed improved thermal bonding in the presence of nanoclay additives. The main advantage of this process is that these fabrics can be produced without any need for change in the processing equipment. This study has shown that by using a suitable compounding method, nanoparticle reinforced fibers and fibrous products with improved performance properties can be produced using conventional production machinery.
Eco-friendly Flame Retardant (FR) Pet Fibers through P – N Synergism
Authors: Deo Hari T. , Patel Nagesh K. , Patel Bharat K.
Published: November 2018

Polyester forms a major constituent among the synthetic fiber industry. It is the most popular synthetic fiber because of its high strength and esthetic appeal. Polyester being highly crystalline, hydrophobic and devoid of reactive groups, it is difficult to introduce reactive phosphorus into the fiber structure through chemical reactions with the phosphorus compounds. Fairly large quantities of the FR chemicals have to be incorporated to achieve self-extinguishing behavior. Although not all Flame Retardant (FR) chemicals are hazardous, it is advisable from an ecological point of view to introduce minimum quantities of FR substances in the fiber structure. The present Paper tries to address the said problems in a small way, so that the PET fiber could be better acceptable. Therefore, graft co-polymerization of nitrogenous vinyl monomers has been carried out on the fiber followed by its reaction with phosphorus chemicals, thereby incorporating reactive phosphorus in the grafted substrate. It has been shown that a very small amount of the FR chemical could impart fire resistance of very high order to polyester. Self-extinguishing characteristic was achieved for poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers with acrylamide-grafted-phosphorylated (AM-g-P) PET fibers containing just 0.189% phosphorus on-weight-of-fiber (owf). Similar results were obtained for methacrylamide-grafted-phosphorylated (MAm-g-P) polyester fibers at the 0.77% phosphorus content level. Efficiency of phosphorus in presence of nitrogen that was achieved was at 263% for acrylamide (AM) system, while it was −12% for acrylonitrile (AN-phosphorus combination). This is attributed to P-N synergism in case of the FR polyester system when the nitrogen is in the amido form present in AM and MAm monomers.
Modelling of the Through-air Bonding Process
Authors: Hossain M. , Acar M. , Malalasekera W.
Published: November 2018

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of the through-air bonding process of nonwoven fabric production is reported in this article. In the through-air process, hot air is passed through the fibrous web to heat and melt polymer fibers. Molten polymer subsequently flows to the point of contact between any two fibers to produce a bond. Two different modelling strategies are adapted to produce a comprehensive understanding of the through-air bonding process. In macroscale modelling, a CFD model is developed treating the whole web as a porous media in order to investigate the effect of process parameters. Results reveal that the time required to heat and melt the fibers decreases with the increasing porosity of the web and the velocity of hot air. The CFD modelling technique is then used to analyze the bonding process at a more fundamental level by considering the bonding of individual fibers at microscale. The effects of the fiber diameter, bonding temperature and contact angle between two fibers on the bonding time are investigated. Results show that the time required to bond fibers is weakly related to bonding temperature and fiber diameter. Fiber orientation angle, on the other hand, has significant effect on the progression of bond formation.
Bleaching of Wool with Sodium Borohydride
Authors: Yilmazer Duygu , Kanik Mehmet
Published: November 2018

An untreated wool fabric was bleached both with sodium borohydride (SBH) in the presence of sodium bisulphite (SBS) solution and with a commercial H2O2 bleaching method. The concentration effects of SBH and SBS, bleaching time, pH and temperature on SBH bleaching process were investigated. Whiteness, yellowness and alkali solubility results were assessed for both bleaching methods. The results showed that whiteness degrees obtained with SBH bleaching was comparable with that of H2O2 bleaching method; whereas the alkali solubility values of the SBH bleaching was superior to the H2O2 bleaching.
Electrospun jets launched from polymeric bubbles
Authors: Varabhas J.S. , Tripatanasuwan S. , Chase G.G. , Reneker D.H.
Published: November 2018

In this paper the launching of liquid polymer jets from the apex of gas bubbles on the polyvinylpyrrolidone in ethanol (PVP) solution surface due to an applied electrical potential is investigated. Jets of polymer launched from bubble provide an alternative method for electrospinning polymer nanofibers that may be scalable for commercial production. Bubbles were experimentally created on the surface of a polymer solution by forcing air through a syringe into the polymer solution. An electric potential was applied to the solution to launch the jets. The polymer solution concentration was varied to determine the optimum concentration. The semi-angle of the apex of bubble just prior to jet launch was observed to be close to the theoretical value of 49.3 degrees for a pendant drop.
X-ray Diffraction of Cotton Treated with Neutralized Vegetable Oil-based Macromolecular Crosslinkers
Authors: Ford Ericka N. Johnson , Mendon Sharathkumar K. , Thames Shelby F. , Rawlins James W.
Published: November 2018

Maleinized soybean oil (MSO) has been investigated as a flexible, macromolecular crosslinker for cotton fabrics. The ability of MSO to penetrate crystalline cellulose and crosslink aligned cellulose chains upon cure has been in question. This study compares the penetration capability of MSO to dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), which is the commercial standard for durable press finishing and is an efficient cellulose crosslinker. X-ray diffraction was employed to characterize changes in the crystalline morphology upon heating un-mercerized cotton fabrics treated with aqueous DMDHEU and soybean oil derivatives. Displacement of characteristic interplanar spacings and the genesis/elimination of diffraction intensities from quintessential planes were evidence of structural modification. The penetration of ammonia neutralized MSO (acid value 230.00 mg KOH/g) into the microstructure of cotton cellulose is similar to that of DMDHEU in terms of expanding the interplanar spacings of characteristic planes. Moreover, polymorphism of cotton and mercerized cotton occurred upon treatment with aqueous solutions of MSO. These findings suggest that macromolecular reagents can diffuse into cellulose fibrils if they are sufficiently hydrated or enshrouded by more favored penetrants.
Effect of Workwear Fabric Characteristics on the Changes in Tensile Properties of Sewing Threads after Sewing
Authors: Midha Vinay Kumar , Kothari V. K. , Chattopadhyay R. , Mukhopadhyay A.
Published: November 2018

During sewing at high speed, the needle thread is subjected to repeated tensile stresses, heat, bending, pressure, torsion and wearing. These stresses act on the thread repeatedly and the thread passes 50–80 times through the fabric, the needle eye and the bobbin case mechanism, before getting incorporated into the seam. As a result both the sewing thread and the yarns in the fabric get abraded/ severed during the seaming process. A number of researchers observed that there could be 30% to 40% strength loss in the cotton needle thread after sewing. The extent of damage becomes more critical if the fabric being used is of a dense, thick and heavy construction. A number of studies have been carried out on thread strength loss after sewing, but the impact of fabric characteristics on thread strength loss is still unexplored. In this paper, the effect of weight and fabric composition of workwear fabrics, on the changes in the tenacity, breaking elongation and initial modulus of the needle thread has been studied. The tenacity and breaking elongation loss increase with increase in fabric weight for staple threads and remain unchanged for core spun threads. The loss in initial modulus increases for polyester threads as fabric weight increases, and decreases for cotton thread. When sewn on polyester-cotton fabric of same weight, the cotton thread shows decrease in tenacity and breaking elongation loss, whereas loss in initial modulus increases. The polyester core spun threads show exactly opposite change, i.e. tenacity and elongation loss increase and loss in initial modulus decreases when sewn on polyester-cotton fabric.
Effect of Sett and Construction on Uniaxial Tensile Properties of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Banerjee Prabir Kumar , Mishra Swapna , Ramkumar Thiyagarajan
Published: November 2018

The tensile behavior of woven fabrics is known to be affected by its sett and construction. This influence, when clearly understood, would make engineering of fabrics for tensile properties easier. Hence, this work is aimed at understanding the interdependence between the sett, construction and tensile behavior of woven fabrics. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of the number of load bearing and interlacing yarns, the spacing between them, and their interlacement pattern on the tensile behavior of the fabric, typically characterized by the percent yarn strength utilization in the fabric. The results reveal that the factors mentioned above along with the crimp of the constituent yarns and their interchange during the tensile deformation process, influence the tensile properties of the fabric. A significant influence of the distribution of interlacement was also observed.
Aqueous Processes for Dyeing Generic, Unmodified Polypropylene Fiber
Authors: Gupta Murari L. , Cook Fred , Etters J. Nolan , Wu Xialing , Liu Hang
Published: November 2018

Acid leuco vat dyeings of polypropylene (PP) fabrics in combinations of a trichromatic series of colorants (red, yellow and blue) plus an orange were performed in order to determine the compatibility of the component colorants in the developed single stage, batch exhaust dyeing process reported earlier.[1, 2] Cross-section micrographs of dyed fibers revealed the absence of “ring-dyeing”. Tensile tests and X-ray crystallinity results confirmed that the developed dyeing process did not significantly alter the tensile strength and modulus of the dyed PP textiles. PP fabrics dyed with simulated, continuous acid vat dyeing processes (pad-steam and pad-dry heat) demonstrated good color yields and levelness with adequate fastness to crocking, washing and dry cleaning.
Effect of Nanosized Colloidal Copper on Cotton Fabric
Authors: Chattopadhyay D.P. , Patel B.H.
Published: November 2018

This research deals with the synthesis of nanosized copper as colloidal solution and its application to cotton fabric. Copper nano colloids were prepared by chemical reduction of copper salt using sodium borohydride as reducing agent in presence of tri-sodium citrate. The size and size distribution of the particles were examined by particle size analyzer and the morphology of the synthesized particles was examined by SEM and AFM techniques. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy detected the presence of copper in the treated fabric. The results of particle size analysis showed that the average particle size varied from 60 nm to 100 nm. The nano copper treated cotton was subjected to soil burial test for the assessment of its resistance towards microbial attack. SEM images of treated fabric indicate copper nano particles are well dispersed on the surface of the specimens. The treatments of nano copper colloidal solution on cotton not only improve its antimicrobial efficiency but also influenced the tensile strength of the fabric sample positively. The treatment was found to enhance the color depth and fastness properties of direct dyed cotton fabric samples.
Electrical Resistivity Studies on Polyaniline Coated Polyester Fabrics
Authors: Neelakandan R. , Madhusoothanan M.
Published: November 2018

The effect of fabric parameters such as type of weave and pick density on electrical surface resistivity of polyaniline coated fabric was studied. The fabric structure greatly influences the fabric electrical resistivity. Among the samples tested the twill structure with high picks per inch shows lower surface resistivity. The plain structure which has more interlacement points shows higher resistivity.
Effect of Externally Applied Liquid Pressure on Wicking in Paper Wipes
Authors: Masoodi Reza , Pillai Krishna M. , Varanasi Padma P.
Published: November 2018

Wicking of liquid under externally applied liquid pressure into three paper wipes is studied for the first time. Darcy's law and capillary-tube flow form the basis of two separate theoretical models which were tested through experiments. The wicking and wetting parameters of the tested wipes were measured independently to enable such a comparison without the use of any fitting parameters. Darcy model is found to work better under zero hydraulic pressure, i.e. pure wicking; however capillary model is more accurate when the incoming liquid is pressurized. An increase in the applied pressure led to an increase in the liquid absorption rate and a decrease in the saturation time. However, its relative effect on the absorption rate and saturation time was found to decrease with an increase in its magnitude.
Development of Prototype Double Roller Gin with Improved Power Transmission and its Performance Evaluation
Authors: Patil Prashantkumar Gulabrao , Patil Vaishali
Published: November 2018

Double roller gins are commonly used in India for ginning seed cotton. International Textile Manufacturers Federation's survey 2005 reported that degree of grease and oil contamination in cotton lint is serious in India1. Study revealed that the source of this contamination is the gearbox (power transmission system) of double roller gin as it is filled with grease/oil measuring about 20 kg. Prototype double roller gin has been designed and developed with new power transmission system which minimizes the use of oil and grease to a great extent. High Volume Instrument's results on fiber parameters indicated that quality of lint is at par with existing double roller gin with no prospect of oil and grease contamination. Developed machine is useful for cotton breeders, ginners, farmers to ascertain the ginning percentage and purity of seeds could be maintained. This prototype double roller gin could be the basis for design of modified double roller gin of a commercial size.
Factors Affecting the Thermal Insulation and Abrasion Resistance of Heat Resistant Hydro-Entangled Nonwoven Batting Materials for Use in Firefighter Turnout Suit Thermal Liner Systems
Authors: Barker Roger L. , Heniford Ryan C
Published: November 2018

This paper describes a study on heat resistant nonwoven batting materials used as components in the construction of thermal liners systems in firefighter turnout suits. It examines relationships between the fiber composition and construction of hydroentangled nonwoven battings and properties that can affect their performance when used in this application. Relationships between batting porosity, weight, thermal insulation, bulk and abrasion resistance are examined in hydroentangled constructions made with oxidized PAN, para-aramid and meta-aramid fibers. Correlations observed between the insulation of batting materials components and the thermal protective performance of integrated multilayered fabric systems used in firefighter turnout suits are described.
Effects of Fiber Crimp Configurations on the Face Texture of Knitted Fabrics Made with PTT/PET Bicomponent Fibers
Authors: Luo Jin , Wang Fumei , Xu Guangbiao , Chuah Hoe Hin
Published: November 2018

PTT (Polytrimethylene terephthalate)/PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) bicomponent filament is a new type of polyester fiber with excellent elasticity and other desirable fiber properties. It is used extensively in woven fabrics, however, when used in knitted fabrics it has a tendency of showing severe random uneven surfaces. The causes of this problem and ways to overcome it were investigated. Fabric surfaces and yarn crimp configurations of several knitted fabrics made with PTT/PET bicomponent filaments were studied by optical microscopy. Attempts to adjust the tensions and yarn speeds during knitting could not eliminate the unevenness entirely, especially when the fabrics were wet-heat treated. From microscopy and heat-treatment studies, the major cause for this unevenness was found to be due to the development of tight crimp configurations, which produced reversal points and changed the helical crimp directions after heat-treatment. They caused light to reflect differently, and the random tight crimps caused fabric to protrude and, therefore, the unevenness. This problem was mitigated by using PTT/PET filaments made by a new yarn manufacturing method, which controlled the development of crimp configurations and prevented the formation of reversal points and helical crimp direction changes.
Recognition the Parameters of Slub-yarn Based on Image Analysis
Authors: Pan Ruru , Gao Weidong , Liu Jihong , Wang Hongbo
Published: November 2018

In this study, a new method for recognizing the parameters of slub-yarn based on image analysis has been proposed. The slub yarn was wrapped on the surface of the black board by YG381 Yarn Evenness Tester. A high resolution scanner was used to acquire the yarn image. Gray stretching and thresholding were carried out to preprocess the image of slub yarn. By separating the slubs from base yarn with different widths, the slub length, slub distance and slub amplitude can be obtained. With the lists of slub length and slub distance, the periodicity rule of slub yarn can be determined. The period of the slubs then will be identified by 1D-Fourier transform. The experiment indicated that the method can identify the parameters of slub yarn with satisfactory results.
Investigation on the Dynamic Behavior of the Fiber in the Vortex Spinning Nozzle and Effects of Some Nozzle Structure Parameters
Authors: Pei Zeguang , Yu Chongwen
Published: November 2018

Vortex spinning, which adopts high speed airflow to insert twist into the yarn, is one of the most promising technological innovations in the textile industry. In vortex spinning, the dynamic behavior of the fiber inside the nozzle, which involves fiber-airflow interaction and fiber-wall contact, plays an important role in the twist insertion process. This paper investigates the airflow characteristics and the fiber dynamic behavior inside the vortex spinning nozzle via a two-dimensional numerical model with the fiber-airflow interaction and fiber-wall contact included. The fiber is assumed to be isotropic, elastic material. The airflow inside the nozzle is assumed to be turbulent, viscous and incompressible. The numerical results show that two vortices with momentarily changed sizes are created upstream of the jet orifice outlets. The imbalance of the pressure around the fiber causes the fiber to move and deform. The trailing end of the fiber rotates with wave shape within the nozzle chamber for several periods to insert twist into the yarn. Based on the model, the effects of three nozzle structure parameters – the jet orifice angle, jet orifice diameter, distance between the nozzle inlet and the hollow spindle, on the dynamic behavior of the fiber, and in turn, the yarn structure and tensile property are investigated. The results show that the appropriate jet orifice angle for obtaining the best yarn tenacity is 70°. The optimal jet orifice diameter is 0.4 mm. The spun yarn has the highest tenacity when the distance between the nozzle inlet and the hollow spindle is 14 mm.
Adsorption of Reactive Black M-2R on Different Deacetylation Degree Chitosan
Authors: Li Fang , Ding Chunmei
Published: November 2018

Different degree of deacetylation (DD) chitosan was prepared and used for the removal of a Reactive black M-2R (RBM) from aqueous solution. The effects of temperature (298 K~323 K), chitosan dosage, degree of deacetylation on RBM removal were investigated. The adsorption equilibrium was reached within one hour. In order to determine the adsorption capacity, the sorption data were analyzed by using linear form of Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin isotherm equation. Langmuir equation shows higher conformity than the other two equations. From the kinetic experiment data, it was found that the sorption process follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Activation energy value for sorption process was found to be 58.28 kJ mol-1. Chitosan with 66% deacetylation degree (DD) exhibited good adsorption performance for RBM. In order to determine the interactions between RBM and chitosan, FTIR analysis was also conducted.
Selecting Doffing Tube Components for Rotor-Spun Yarn for Weft Knitted Fabrics Using Multi-criteria Decision-making Approach with Interval Data
Authors: Moghassem Abdolrasool , Fallahpour Alireza
Published: November 2018

Selecting appropriate spinning conditions according to the properties of the final yarn is an intricate aspect and is inherently a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. In recent years, various MCDM approaches have been used for solving such kind of the problems with exact value of the attributes. But, values of the properties for a yarn are affected by some factors such as specimen length, number of tests and experimental conditions. Therefore, decision-makers use average values instead of exact values for calculation. Considering existing difficulties in determining precisely the exact values of the attributes, their values can be considered as intervals. Therefore, in the present study, appropriate components of the doffing tube and its adjustment for rotor spun yarn intended to be used for weft knitted fabric were selected by extended version of the TOPSIS. Three important variables were considered and their performances were evaluated based on the seven quality parameters of the sixteen produced yarns. The final ranking was elicited in accordance with the relative closeness coefficient to the ideal solution and the best alternative which is able to increase weft knitting machine efficiency was presented. Consequently, stability of the proposed final ranking was verified after sensitivity analysis.
Novel Strategy for Synthesis of ZnO Microparticles Loaded Cotton Fabrics and Investigation of their Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Bajpai Sunil Kumar , Thomas Varsha , Bajpai Manjula
Published: November 2018

In this work, ZnO microparticles were in situ in the chitosan – attached cotton fabric following ‘equilibration – cum - hydrothermal’ approach to yield zinc oxide microparticles loaded cotton (ZOMLC) fabrics. The ZnO microparticles were characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The ZOMLC fabric showed fair antibacterial action against model bacteria E.coli.
Compressibility Behaviour of Warp Knitted Spacer Fabrics Based on Elastic Curved Bar Theory
Authors: Mokhtari Fatemeh , Shamshirsaz Mahnaz , Latifi Masoud , Maroufi Mohammad
Published: November 2018

Nowadays, the mechanical characterization of 3-D spacer fabrics has attracted the interest of many textile researchers. These Spacer fabrics present special mechanical and physical characteristics compared to conventional textiles due to their wonderful porous 3-D structures. These fabrics, produced by warp knitting method, have extensive application in automobile, locomotive, aerospace, building and other industries. In these applications, the compressibility behaviour plays a significant role in the fabric structural stability. This compressibility behaviour could be affected by different knitting parameters such as density of pile yarn, fabric thickness, texture design etc.

The aim of this paper is to introduce and develop an appropriate elastic theoretical model to predict the compressibility behaviour of warp knitted spacer fabric (WKSF). Three theoretical models are proposed, based on modelling pile yarns as the curved bars and are improved in three steps: a) with same curvatures in weft and warp directions (model A), b) curved bar for warp direction and cantilever bar for weft direction (model B), and c) curved bars with two different curvatures in weft and warp directions considering the curvature variations under loading (model C: improved model). The results obtained by the proposed models have been compared with previous model based on simply cantilever bars theory in literature. The results show that the simulation data obtained by the model C are closer to the experimental results comparing to the models A and B. Model C based on different weave parameters could better predict the elastic compressibility behaviour of this kind of WKSF in order to compare with previous models.
A Practical Cost Model for Selecting Nonwoven Insulation Materials
Authors: Cerkez Idris , Kocer Hasan B. , Broughton Roy M.
Published: November 2018

Elementary heat transfer in the range of density, thickness, and temperature normally used for house insulation, has been described experimentally for nonwoven structures. A model relating cost, density, and thermal efficiency of nonwoven insulating materials has been developed to aid in insulation materials selection and optimization of cost. Intrinsic to this system are material specific thermal conductivity slope coefficients readily derived from thermal conductivity versus specific volume plots.
Impact of Different Weft Materials and Washing Treatments on Moisture Management Characteristics of Denim
Authors: Mangat Muhammad Mushtaq , Hussain Tanveer , Bajzik Vladimir
Published: November 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of weft yarn materials and washing treatments on the moisture management properties of denim fabrics. Fabrics were developed with five different types of weft yarns made of cotton, polyester, spun polypropylene, air-textured polypropylene and stuffer-box crimped polypropylene. In all cases 100% cotton yarn was used as warp. Samples from each fabric were subjected to 10 diverse types of washing/finishing treatments and the treated samples were tested for dissimilar moisture management indices on an SDL Atlas moisture management tester. The statistical analyses of the test data show that the effect of different types of weft yarns and washing treatments is significant. Based on the results of this study, denim fabrics can be developed with enhanced moisture management properties.
Influence of Low-Temperature Dyeing Process on Physical Properties and Surface Morphology of Cashmere Fibers
Authors: Li Qian , Li Long , Shao Jingfeng
Published: November 2018

A low temperature dyeing process of cashmere has the advantages of saving energy and causing less damage to fibers. In this paper, the tensile properties of dyed cashmere by low-temperature dyeing and conventional dyeing were tested using a single fiber tensile tester. The surface morphologies of raw cashmere and dyed cashmere were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM pictures show that the damage of the surface scale of cashmere by low the temperature dyeing process was much less than by the conventional dyeing process, and the tensile strength of deyed cashmere fiber by low-temperature dyeing was found to be high. Light-color and medium-color cashmere fibers dyed with Pula dye by low-temperature dyeing have good color fastness.
Comparison of Conventional Ring, Mechanical Compact and Pneumatic Compact Yarn Spinning Systems
Authors: Altas Sevda , Kadoğlu Hüseyin
Published: November 2018

This research is a comparative study of the physical properties of mechanical compact and conventional spun yarns and fabrics knitted from these yarns. To experiment the relational behavior, mechanical compact and conventional spun cotton yarns were produced in three different yarn linear densities having three twist levels. In order to examine the effect of spinning systems on fabric properties single jersey fabrics were knitted from these yarns. Results showed that, compact spun yarns have less hairiness, higher strength and higher elongation ratio than conventional spun yarns. Also, fabrics produced with compact yarns were found to have less pilling tendency.

In the second part of the study, we compared the yarn properties produced with conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact spinning systems. Analysis showed that, yarns produced with the pneumatic compact spinning system had the highest strength and the lowest hairiness.
A Note on the 3D Structural Design of Electrospun Nanofibers
Authors: Yousefzadeh Maryam , Latifi Masoud , Amani-Tehran Mohammad , Teo Wee-Eong , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: November 2018

In this paper, various three-dimensional (3D) nanofibrous structures were constructed based on liquid support systems and alteration of the solution charge property. Structures fabricated from the liquid support system include a nanofibrous ring and spindle-shaped nanofibrous ones. The ease of fabricating fluffy, randomly organized nanofibrous structure by altering the charge capacity of the electrospun solution is also demonstrated. The set-up conditions for the design of the nanofibrous structures using these techniques are discussed.
Antibacterial Finishing of Tencel/Cotton Nonwoven Fabric Using Ag Nanoparticles-Chitosan Composite
Authors: Di Youbo , Li Qingshan , Zhuang Xupin
Published: November 2018

A silver nanoparticles-chitosan composite was prepared using a microcrystalline chitosan gelatinous water dispersion at ambient temperature and its aqueous solution was applied to the antibacterial finishing of Tencel/cotton nonwoven fabric. The size distribution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was between 4 to 20 nm showed good stability in aqueous solution. The finished nonwoven fabric showed excellent water absorption ability, air permeability and antibacterial activity against E.coli.