bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESEÑA DEL SOFTWARE DISPONIBLE EN COLOMBIA PARA LA GESTIÓN DE INVENTARIOS EN CADENAS DE ABASTECIMIENTO
Authors: Gutiérrez Valentina , Jaramillo Diana Patricia
Published: August 2013

The inventory management of the different types of inventory along a supply chain is a complex problem that, in most of the cases of the Colombian and international industry, is dealt through the implementation of inventory software. However, the decision to implement such software is, in many cases, constrained by the financial capacity of investment and by the lack of knowledge of the available software in Colombia. This work presents a review of the inventory software available in Colombia in order to give support to the companies that face the decision of implementing this kind of software. First, we present the state of the art in which we identify the result of the literature review and the use of the inventory software in the Colombian industry. Then, we present the characterization of the inventory software available in the country. This characterization allows the identification of the general configuration of the products included in the study; the management modules, the integration options with other informatics tools, and the general information of prices and installation are also included in the review. Finally, we present the conclusions of the study and identify future research opportunities.
¿QUÉ COSTO DE DEUDA DEBE SER USADO PARA PRONOSTICAR LOS FLUJOS DE CAJA? (Artículo publicado en inglés)
Authors: Vélez Pareja Ignacio
Published: August 2013

Frequently, analysts and teachers use the capitalized rate of interest for the cost of debt when forecasting and discounting cash flows. Others estimate the interest payments when forecasting annual financial statements or cash flows based on the average of debt calculated with the beginning and ending balance. Others use the end of year convention that calculates the yearly interest multiplying the beginning balance times its contractual cost. The use of one or other methods is critical for the definition of the tax savings. These approaches are illustrated with examples and the differences in using them. A simple proposal to solve the problem is presented.
LA ACTITUD DEL CONSUMIDOR SEGÚN LA PERCEPCIÓN DE JUSTICIA ORGANIZACIONAL
Authors: Arboleda Arango Ana María
Published: August 2013

This study points out the consistent relationship between consumer perception of organizational justice and consumer attitudes toward the organization. Thus, the article first presents a summary of the latest developments in the concept of organizational justice and provides a detailed description of the development of the three dimensions of justice. Next, it presents an outline of the results of previous studies evaluating the relationship between consumers’ perception of justice and their attitudes, followed by a descriptive analysis of these findings. The discussion emphasizes that the consistency of results indicates that the concept of organizational justice can be used as a competitive advantage for an organization. Lastly, the recommendations propose a set of strategies for applying and measuring the construct of organizational justice.
DIVIDENDOS POTENCIALES Y FLUJOS DE CAJA: UN ANÁLISIS REGIONAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA (Artículo publicado en inglés)
Authors: Vélez Pareja Ignacio , Merlo Mariano Germán , Londoño Bedoya David Andrés , Sarmiento Sabogal Julio A
Published: August 2013

We examine the value market assigns to components of the cash flow to equity including potential dividends. We study non financial publicly traded firms from five Latin American countries. The model includes four variables: market value of equity, dividends paid, change in equity investment and change in liquid assets (potential dividends) and are regressed with actual equity value as dependent variable. Tests applied give robust results. The main conclusions: Market assigns less than one dollar to a future dollar for any of the variables studied. Potential dividends destroy value. A dollar invested in liquid assets has a negative Net Present Value and it is not zero NPV investments. We confirm the agency costs of keeping undistributed cash flows.
PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA PARA LA PROGRAMACIÓN DE LA PRODUCCIÓN EN LAS PYMES DEL SECTOR ARTES GRÁFICAS, ÁREA PUBLI-COMERCIAL
Authors: Orejuela Cabrera Juan Pablo , Ocampo Carrillo Julieth Juliana , Micán Rincón Camilo Andrés
Published: August 2013

The problem of scheduling production in job shop environments has been approached by different authors who have developed diverse alternatives for solutions. Only a small number of these alternatives, however, has been implemented by SMEs in the graphic arts industry because of their high complexity, the strong assumptions involved, and the informal nature of this industry. This article presents a methodological proposal that begins by grouping process factors, applying group technology and later determining both installed and required capacity. It ends with a proposal for scheduling production based on the exploitation of bottlenecks, which allows establishing delivery dates.
LA COLONIZACIÓN ANTIOQUEÑA, EL EMPRENDIMIENTO Y SU APORTE A LA COMPETITIVIDAD REGIONAL Y NACIONAL
Authors: Sanclemente Téllez Juan Carlos
Published: August 2013

This article is aimed at analyzing certain typical features of people from Antioquia, Colombia, in what has been called the "Antioquian colonization”. This analysis is done using the historical method, placing these characteristics in interaction with contemporary competitive factors and raising critical approaches in terms of their uniqueness and distinction as a cultural group in this country. It provides reference to various contemporary indicators of national competitiveness and describes how entrepreneurship is viewed. Finally, it points out the absence of certain elements in the performance of regional entrepreneurs in addressing current economic challenges.  Therefore, a suggestion is made to rescue it, stressing in this process the role of education and interaction of stakeholders involved in the issue of competitiveness.
COMPETENCIAS REQUERIDAS EN LOS ENCARGADOS DE RECURSOS HUMANOS PARA EL DESEMPEÑO EFICAZ EN EMPRESAS INDUSTRIALES DE CALI
Authors: Medina Lorza Aída Florencia , Castañeda Zapata Delio Ignacio
Published: August 2013

The objective of this research study was to identify the required competencies that facilitate the effective performance of human resource managers (HRMs) at industrial manufacturing companies in Cali, Colombia. This qualitative research followed an interactive, well thought-out methodology. All together there were 14 participants, 7 of who are HRM and the remaining 7 their bosses who were all interviewed in depth. According to the results of the interviews, the participants agreed that the most required competency for HRMs was having an understanding of the business. These findings are consistent with the results of recent studies such as one by Brockbank and Ulrich (2006).
CASO DE ESTUDIO. GRUPO CORPORATIVO EFICACIA, UNA ORGANIZACIÓN QUE CRECE Y HACE CRECER: MOMENTOS DE CAMBIO
Authors: Velásquez Vásquez Francisco Orlando , Quintero Quintero Ana Virginia , Sánchez Sánchez Francy Julieth , Burgos Campiño Sirley
Published: August 2013

The continuous changes in the environment influence companies, generating needs for redefining and devising new strategies such as, for example, strategies for information and knowledge management. To sustain this fact, the analysis in this case study focuses on the temporary services industry and acknowledges the adaptability of these kinds of companies considering their quality of being strategic partners to their clients. This study allows concluding that human talent and, particularly, intellectual capital are outstanding determining factors in accomplishing objectives that differ a company in terms of quality, effectiveness, service, and positioning. Organizations should focus on both knowledge management and on the imperative of managing information as a truly valuable asset of a company.
POLÍTICAS ACTIVAS DE EMPLEO PARA CALI-COLOMBIA
Authors: González Espitia Carlos Giovanni , Mora Rodríguez Jhon James
Published: August 2013

This article discusses the implementation of active employment generating policies for the labor market in Cali, Colombia. The main objectives of active employment generating policies are: reducing the unemployment rate, decreasing participation in the informal labor market, and replacing poor quality jobs with good quality ones. The collective actions of regional public agencies, regional entrepreneurs, and academic institutions are fundamental to generating high quality employment in the city
RELACIÓN EN LAS PERCEPCIONES DEL ESTILO DE LIDERAZGO DEL JEFE INMEDIATO CON EL DESEMPEÑO LABORAL DE LOS ESTUDIANTES EN PRÁCTICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD ICESI
Authors: Willman Carvajal Sandra , María Isabel Velásco Arango
Published: August 2013

Based on the experience with internship students, the CEDEP (Center for Professional Development at Icesi University in Cali, Colombia) it has been found that the leadership style of immediate managers is one of the aspects involved in the performance during the first work experience. This exploratory research shows which management leadership styles (based on information gathered in questionnaires regarding two perceptions: the boss’s perception and the intern’s perception of his/her boss) are most closely related to the performance of internship students. One of the conclusions is that the more the students perceive that their bosses have leadership styles with multiple qualities (such as, e.g. guiding, participative, goal-oriented, and thoughtful) the better their performance during the internship will be.
COLECTIVOS DE INVERSIÓN EMPRESARIAL: UNA OPCIÓN HACIA EL DESARROLLO LOCAL
Authors: Ramírez Elbar , Cajigas Romero Margot , Jiménez Estévez Pedro
Published: August 2013

This study aimed to structure the CIEM (Spanish acronym for Business Investment Group) model, which is geared to reducing poverty in each location that adapts the model to its local reality by creating new companies, strengthening those facing difficulties, and reopening companies that have been closed. It was carried out using the social method, based on an opinion poll conducted with potential entrepreneurs and a panel discussion composed of key actors. Their practical ideas, associated with theoretical analysis, led us to conclude that it is feasible to implement a three-dimensional business driving model: new business, enhanced business, and restarting business. These three business categories are supported by the joint efforts of entrepreneurs and investors for building local development.
POLÍTICAS DE INCENTIVOS RELACIONADAS CON LA INVESTIGACIÓN: UNA REVISIÓN CRÍTICA DESDE LA TEORÍA DE CONTRATOS
Authors: Guzmán Vásquez Alexander , Trujillo Dávila María Andrea
Published: August 2013

Universities in Colombia initially focused on teaching. Some of them, both public and private, have reconsi­dered their vision and have developed policies aimed at incorporating re­search into their priorities. Clear me­chanisms of incentives for publication have been designed for the purpose of getting faculty members involved in the production of knowledge and the divulging of results through national and international indexed journals, books based on research findings, and academic conferences and events. This article aims to highlight the value of Contract Theory in order to provide an understanding of the re­search incentive policy at Colombian universities, conducting a review of major theoretical contributions to moral hazard problems and discus­sing research incentive policies in the light of these concepts.
PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA PARA MEDIR LA CALIDAD DEL SERVICIO DE CONSULTA EXTERNA EN MEDICINA GENERAL
Authors: Losada Otálora Mauricio , Rodríguez Orejuela Augusto , Hernández Espallardo Miguel
Published: August 2013

This article offers a methodological proposal for measuring quality of outpatient service using the model of tolerance zone. A mix of in-depth interviews, focus group meetings, exploratory factor analysis, and con­firmatory factor analysis revealed that users make judgments about the quality of outpatient services by evaluating service convenience, substantial service, and human and professional aspects of service pro­viders. The article includes a guide about how managers should apply, interpret, and use the outcomes of the proposed evaluation methodol­ogy. Lastly, it identifies limitations and suggests future research topics.
ANÁLISIS DE LA INTERDEPENDENCIA DE LOS CICLOS ECONÓMICOS DEL CAUCA Y EL SUROCCIDENTE COLOMBIANO: UNA APROXIMACIÓN ECONOMÉTRICA DESDE LOS FILTROS DE KALMAN Y HODRICK-PRESCOTT
Authors: Gómez Sánchez Andrés Mauricio
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this article is to study the cyclical interdependence of the GDP in the state of Cauca with its neighboring states. A review was conducted of the regional economic cycles using Kalman and Hodrick- Prescott’s filters. This included the use of VAR systems with impulse response analysis to determine the impact of the economic cycle in the State of Cauca and exogenous shocks on the region and vice versa. Firstly, our results show that the cycle in the state of Cauca has a closer relation to the cycle in the state of Nariño as opposed to the cycles in the states of Huila, Valle, or Tolima. It also reveals that exogenous shocks have greater volatility using a Kalman filter than using a Hodrick-Prescott filter.
REVISIÓN DE ESTÁNDARES RELEVANTES Y LITERATURA DE GESTIÓN DE RIESGOS Y CONTROLES EN SISTEMAS DE INFORMACIÓN
Authors: Guerrero Julio Marlene Lucila , Gómez Flórez Luis Carlos
Published: August 2013

Risk management and controls in information systems (RMCIS) are important activities involved with management systems. Nevertheless, although organizations seem to have an interest in its application, RMCIS has not yet achieved its real impact because there is an inadequate understanding of its meaning or purpose and there is also a lack of organizational change processes needed for its implementation. This article presents a review of the current most relevant RMCIS standards for the purpose of proposing an integration of the roles and activities that organizations should carry out, together with an analysis of the risk levels and their implications for information systems.
TRANSFERENCIA DE POLÍTICAS Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LECCIONES. EL CASO DE LA REFORMA AL SISTEMA DE PENSIONES EN MÉXICO (Artículo publicado en inglés)
Authors: Culebro Moreno Jorge Enrique , Figueras Zanabria Victor Manuel
Published: August 2013

The article’s objective is to analyze the development and evolution of the Mexican pensionreform not only as such but also of two main bodies: on the one hand, the regulator (theNational Saving for Retirement) and the other, from the pension fund manager designed asa public-private partnership (PPP Manager Retirement Funds, Afore XXI). This article findsfirstly, the existence of a horizontal degree of specialization and a potential lack of accountabilityand transparency in organizations responsible for regulating the pension system, andsecondly that the presence of values that may compete in public officials in developing theirroles have affected the development of a new pension system in Mexico and the performanceof the regulator.
REDEFINICIÓN Y TENDENCIAS DEL CONCEPTO DE ESTRATEGIA PARA EL GERENTE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Gutierrez Ossa Jahir Alexander
Published: August 2013

In Colombia, only a few specialized studies have been conducted on the topic of strategy andstrategic thinking with reference to employers and companies. The inquiry shows the findingsof some research works on this subject at Universidad del Rosario, Universidad de los Andes,and, Icesi University in Cali, which are pioneers in these kinds of studies aiming at learningmore about how Colombian managers think and act. In this opportunity, the question regardingthis topic was addressed by the business management group at the CES University and thebusiness sustainability group at Universidad del Rosario, who use the knowledge, obtainedthrough conferences in entrepreneurial courses, to contribute to raising interest in definingthe concept of strategy from the perspective of Colombian managers.
CASO DE ESTUDIO. DESARROLLO DE UNA MARCAPRODUCTO PARA GESTA DISEÑO®. UN CASO DE INNOVACIÓN INCREMENTAL
Authors: Hurtado Ruiz Andres Julian , Arboleda Arango Ana Maria
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this case study is to guide the reader through the process of incremental innovationof a product. The path towards innovation starts with a review of design trends andends with a design brief. The case takes the company Gesta Diseño® as an example to illustratean innovation process that enhances brand representation. The framework of incremental innovationfor Gesta Diseño® assumes a small yet constant level of innovation which, supportedby brand image, allows the company to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. Themost relevant recommendation from this case is to use an incremental innovation strategy asan instrument to strengthen the brand of small companies.
CASO DE ESTUDIO. INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA TÉCNICO INDUSTRIAL PEDRO ANTONIO MOLINA: EJE DE DESARROLLO Y BIENESTAR PARA LA COMUNIDAD
Authors: Alvarez Watson Daniel Alberto , Bolaños Burbano Henry Orlando , Velasquez Vasquez Francisco Orlando
Published: August 2013

El caso analiza la situación particular de la Institución educativa Técnico Industrial Pedro Antonio Molina, el liderazgo del rector y el apoyo del sector privado en los procesos de gestión de la calidad. Esto motiva a los integrantes de la institución a trabajar en equipo para lograr la certificación de calidad, mejorando sus resultados académicos año tras año, destacándose a nivel regional y nacional y generando cambios sociales en su entorno. Metodológicamente, se identificó una institución líder en la ciudad de Cali (Colombia), luego fuentes de información en el contexto local, regional y mundial, consolidándose un caso que muestra las mejores prácticas que una institución educativa realiza para lograr un modelo administrativo susceptible de ser replicado en otras instituciones.
A snapshot of training practices in Peru
Authors: Hernández Pozas Olivia , Jauregui Kety Lourdes
Published: August 2013

Organizations need well trained employees in order to maintain a competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to describe current training practices in Peru and to provide recommendations for improving organizational performance. This paper also aims to set priorities for future research work. Human capital theory and contributions on need assessment, and training planning, implementation and evaluation served as theoretical framework. This is a cross-sectional, exploratory study that used information from surveys conducted in 24 Peruvian companies. The findings reveal a strong interest in training, particularly with regard to the improvement of competencies, preference for face-to-face training, and the use of reaction evaluation methods. The recommendations include, among others, improving the provisions for internal support, policies, technology, behavioral evaluation, and resources.
Causalidad y sensibilidad entre precios de los derechos de emisión europeos y los certificados de reducción de emisiones de mecanismos de desarrollo limpio en el mercado europeo de transacción de emisiones
Authors: Méndez Sayago Jhon Alexander , Perugache Rodriguez Carol Andrea
Published: August 2013

Este artículo estudia las relaciones entre los precios de los Derechos de emisión de la Unión Europea (EUA), validos dentro del Sistema de la Unión Europea de Comercialización de Emisiones (EU ETS), y los Certificados de reducción de emisiones (CER), generados mediante el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) del Protocolo de Kioto. Dada la diferencia en precios entre EUAs y CERs, los operadores financieros e industriales podrían beneficiarse de las estrategias de arbitraje, comprando CERs y vendiendo EUA o viceversa. El análisis estadístico del mercado de bonos de carbono a través de un modelo de vectores autorregresivos, permitió determinar la influencia de choques en el mercado del carbono sobre los precios de EUAs y CERs
Unsteady three-dimensional sources in deep water with an elastic cover and their applications
Authors: Sturova Izolda V.
Published: August 2013

The velocity potential is derived for a transient source of arbitrary strength undergoing arbitrary three-dimensional motion. The initially quiescent fluid of infinite depth is assumed to be inviscid, incompressible and homogeneous. The upper surface of the fluid is covered by a thin layer of elastic material of uniform density with lateral stress. The linearized initial boundary-value problem is formulated within the framework of the potential-flow theory, and the Laplace transform technique is employed to obtain the solution. The potential of a time-harmonic source with forward speed is obtained as a particular case. The far-field wave motion at long time is determined via the method of stationary phase. The problems of radiation (surge, sway and heave) of the flexural–gravity waves by a submerged sphere advancing at constant forward speed are investigated. The method of multipole expansions is used. Numerical results are obtained for the wave-making resistance and lift, added-mass and damping coefficients. The effects of an ice sheet and broken ice on the hydrodynamic loads are discussed in detail.
Falkner–Skan boundary layer approximation in Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Shishkina Olga , Horn Susanne , Wagner Sebastian
Published: August 2013

To approximate the velocity and temperature within the boundary layers in turbulent thermal convection at moderate Rayleigh numbers, we consider the Falkner–Skan ansatz, which is a generalization of the Prandtl–Blasius one to a non-zero-pressure-gradient case. This ansatz takes into account the influence of the angle of attack $\beta $ of the large-scale circulation of a fluid inside a convection cell against the heated/cooled horizontal plate. With respect to turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection, we derive several theoretical estimates, among them the limiting cases of the temperature profiles for all angles $\beta $, for infinite and for infinitesimal Prandtl numbers $\mathit{Pr}$. Dependences on $\mathit{Pr}$ and $\beta $ of the ratio of the thermal to viscous boundary layers are obtained from the numerical solutions of the boundary layers equations. For particular cases of $\beta $, accurate approximations are developed as functions on $\mathit{Pr}$. The theoretical results are corroborated by our direct numerical simulations for $\mathit{Pr}= 0. 786$ (air) and $\mathit{Pr}= 4. 38$ (water). The angle of attack $\beta $ is estimated based on the information on the locations within the plane of the large-scale circulation where the time-averaged wall shear stress vanishes. For the fluids considered it is found that $\beta \approx 0. 7\mathrm{\pi} $ and the theoretical predictions based on the Falkner–Skan approximation for this $\beta $ leads to better agreement with the DNS results, compared with the Prandtl–Blasius approximation for $\beta = \mathrm{\pi} $.
Breakdown mechanisms and heat transfer overshoot in hypersonic zero pressure gradient boundary layers
Authors: Franko Kenneth J. , Lele Sanjiva K.
Published: August 2013

A laminar Mach 6 flat plate boundary layer is perturbed using three different types of disturbances introduced through blowing and suction. The linear and nonlinear development and eventual breakdown to turbulence are investigated using direct numerical simulation. The three different transition mechanisms compared are first mode oblique breakdown, second mode oblique breakdown and second mode fundamental resonance. The focus of the present work is to compare the nonlinear development and breakdown to turbulence for the different transition mechanisms and explain the heat transfer overshoot observed in experiments. First mode oblique breakdown leads to the shortest transition length and a clear peak in wall heat transfer in the transitional region. For all three transition mechanisms, the development of streamwise streaks precedes the breakdown to fully turbulent flow. The modal linear and nonlinear development are analysed including the breakdown of the streaks. The effect of wall cooling is investigated for second mode fundamental resonance and no qualitative differences in the nonlinear processes are observed. Finally, the development towards fully turbulent flow including mean flow, turbulent spectra, and turbulent fluctuations is shown and the first mode oblique breakdown simulation shows the furthest development towards a fully turbulent flow.
The decomposed affiliation exposure model: A network approach to segregating peer influences from crowds and organized sports
Authors: FUJIMOTO KAYO , WANG PENG , VALENTE THOMAS W.
Published: July 2013

Self-identification with peer crowds (jocks, popular kids, druggies, etc.) has an important influence on adolescent substance use behavior. However, little is known about the impact of the shared nature of crowd identification on different stages of adolescent drinking behavior, or the way crowd identification interacts with participation in school-sponsored sports activities. This study examines drinking influences from (1) peers with shared crowd identities, and (2) peers who jointly participate in organized sports at their school (activity members). This study introduces a new network analytic approach that can disentangle the effects of crowd identification and sports participation on individual behavior. Using survey data from adolescents in five high schools in a predominantly Hispanic/Latino district (N = 1,707), this paper examines the association between social influences and each stage of drinking behavior (intention to drink, lifetime, past-month, and binge drinking) by conducting an ordinal regression analysis. The results show that both shared identities and joint participation were associated with all stages of drinking, controlling for friends' influence. Additionally, shared identification overlapped with joint participation was associated with more frequent drinking. Related policy implications are discussed.
Brain imaging and human nutrition: which measures to use in intervention studies?
Authors: Sizonenko Stéphane V. , Babiloni Claudio , de Bruin Eveline A. , Isaacs Elizabeth B. , Jönsson Lena S. , Kennedy David O. , Latulippe Marie E. , Mohajeri M. Hasan , Moreines Judith , Pietrini Pietro , Walhovd Kristine B. , Winwood Robert J. , Sijben John W.
Published: August 2013

The present review describes brain imaging technologies that can be used to assess the effects of nutritional interventions in human subjects. Specifically, we summarise the biological relevance of their outcome measures, practical use and feasibility, and recommended use in short- and long-term nutritional studies. The brain imaging technologies described consist of MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional MRI, as well as electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography, near-IR spectroscopy, positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computerised tomography. In nutritional interventions and across the lifespan, brain imaging can detect macro- and microstructural, functional, electrophysiological and metabolic changes linked to broader functional outcomes, such as cognition. Imaging markers can be considered as specific for one or several brain processes and as surrogate instrumental endpoints that may provide sensitive measures of short- and long-term effects. For the majority of imaging measures, little information is available regarding their correlation with functional endpoints in healthy subjects; therefore, imaging markers generally cannot replace clinical endpoints that reflect the overall capacity of the brain to behaviourally respond to specific situations and stimuli. The principal added value of brain imaging measures for human nutritional intervention studies is their ability to provide uniquein vivoinformation on the working mechanism of an intervention in hypothesis-driven research. Selection of brain imaging techniques and target markers within a given technique should mainly depend on the hypothesis regarding the mechanism of action of the intervention, level (structural, metabolic or functional) and anticipated timescale of the intervention's effects, target population, availability and costs of the techniques.
EDITORIAL FOREWORD
Authors: Baron Beth , Pursley Sara
Published: July 2013

The first two articles in this issue, reflecting growing scholarly interest in the global era of decolonization in the two decades after World War II, track multilayered local, regional, and global forces that shaped particular historical shifts during these pivotal years. Cyrus Schayegh, in “1958 Reconsidered: State Formation and the Cold War in the Early Postcolonial Arab Middle East,” revisits the political crises that tore rapidly through the central Arab states in 1958, focusing on Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, all of which were “sandwiched between the unstable poles of the Arab state system, Iraq and Egypt.” While Schayegh concurs with previous scholarship that the convulsions of that year did not lead to the deep sociopolitical and ideological transformations in the region that many contemporaries either hoped or feared, he argues that they can now be read as marking a historical milestone of a different sort. In all three countries, the events of 1958 sparked immediate, dramatic, and persistent “state-formation surges,” particularly through the rapid implementation of development plans aimed at defusing both socioeconomic discontent and the political aspirations fueled by Nasirist Arab nationalism on one side and Arab communist movements on the other. Schayegh suggests that these state-formation surges in turn shaped similarities in the three countries’ subsequent historical development in spite of stark differences in their political systems of governance.
Architecture without Images
Authors: Watenpaugh Heghnar Zeitlian
Published: July 2013

The Venetian nobleman Ambrosio Bembo (1652–1705) included this panorama of Aleppo by the French artist G.J. Grélot (see Figure 1), as one of the fifty-one carefully observed line drawings of cities, buildings, and people integral to his travelogue, proudly entitled Travels and Journal through Part of Asia during about Four Years Undertaken by Me, Ambrosio Bembo, Venetian Noble. During his visits to Aleppo between 1672 and 1675, Bembo may have crossed paths with the great Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi (1611–82?), who included his own description of that commercial capital of the eastern Mediterranean in his monumental Seyahatname (Book of Travels). Evliya's book does not include a single illustration. This divergence is emblematic of the distinct ways in which early modern societies (in this case, Middle Eastern and European) visualized cities and architecture, and highlights a major challenge to writing the architectural and urban history of the Middle East before the 19th century: the almost complete absence of images that represent architecture.
Known Unknowns: Power Shifts, Uncertainty, and War
Authors: Debs Alexandre , Monteiro Nuno P.
Published: July 2013

Large and rapid power shifts resulting from exogenous economic growth are considered sufficient to cause preventive wars. Yet most large and rapid shifts result from endogenous military investments. We show that when the investment decision is perfectly transparent, peace prevails. Large and rapid power shifts are deterred through the threat of a preventive war. When investments remain undetected, however, states may be tempted to introduce power shifts as a fait accompli. Knowing this, their adversaries may strike preventively even without conclusive evidence of militarization. In fact, the more effective preventive wars are, the more likely they will be launched against states that are not militarizing. Our argument emphasizes the role of imperfect information as a cause of war. It also explains why powerful states may attack weaker targets even with ambiguous evidence of their militarization. We illustrate our theory through an account of the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq.
A Study of three Non-furcocercous Cercariae obtained from Bullinus contortus in the Sudan
Authors: Archibald R. G. , Marshall A.
Published: July 2013

1. A technique is given for the detailed study of living cercariae in which reference is made to the value of human or horse blood serum as a mounting medium.

2. As a fixative agent for cercariae prior to staining the use of hot lacto phenol solution is recommended.

3. A description is given of three non-furcocercous cercariae obtained from Bullinus contortus in the Sudan.
Anxious and non-anxious forms of major depression: familial, personality and symptom characteristics
Authors: Goldberg D. P. , Wittchen H.-U. , Zimmermann P. , Pfister H. , Beesdo-Baum K.
Published: August 2013

Background

Earlier clinical studies have suggested consistent differences between anxious and non-anxious depression. The aim of this study was to compare parental pathology, personality and symptom characteristics in three groups of probands from the general population: depression with and without generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and with other anxiety disorders. Because patients without GAD may have experienced anxious symptoms for up to 5 months, we also considered GAD with a duration of only 1 month to produce a group of depressions largely unaffected by anxiety.

Method

Depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed in a 10-year prospective longitudinal community and family study using the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. Regression analyses were used to reveal associations between these variables and with personality using two durations of GAD: 6 months (GAD-6) and 1 month (GAD-1).

Results

Non-anxious depressives had fewer and less severe depressive symptoms, and higher odds for parents with depression alone, whereas those with anxious depression were associated with higher harm avoidance and had parents with a wider range of disorders, including mania.

Conclusions

Anxious depression is a more severe form of depression than the non-anxious form; this is true even when the symptoms required for an anxiety diagnosis are ignored. Patients with non-anxious depression are different from those with anxious depression in terms of illness severity, family pathology and personality. The association between major depression and bipolar disorder is seen only in anxious forms of depression. Improved knowledge on different forms of depression may provide clues to their differential aetiology, and guide research into the types of treatment that are best suited to each form.
Bachelorhood and Sexuality in a Context of Female Shortage: Evidence from a Survey in Rural Anhui, China
Authors: Attané Isabelle , Qunlin Zhang , Shuzhuo Li , Xueyan Yang , Guilmoto Christophe Z.
Published: July 2013

Traditionally, marriage is a near universality in China. However, in the coming decades, owing to the growing sex imbalance, millions of men will be unable to marry. As a consequence, bachelorhood is becoming a new demographic concern, particularly affecting men from the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups. In China's cultural context today, heterosexual marriage remains a prerequisite for family formation and, in rural society particularly, the legitimate setting for sexual activity. Under such circumstances, bachelorhood is likely to produce privations on various fronts, the consequences of which for both the individual and the community are still largely unknown. This article focuses on the opinions and sexual behaviour of bachelors, and highlights significant variations from those of married men. It is based on the findings of an exploratory survey conducted in 2008 in selected villages in a rural county in Anhui province, referred to here as JC county. The survey provides insights into the more general situation of rural men unable to marry in a context of female shortage, and indicates the conditions a growing number of Chinese men will face in the near future.
Precise and Fast GNSS Signal Direction of Arrival Estimation
Authors: Sun Rui , O'Keefe Kyle , Guo Jian , Gill Eberhard
Published: August 2013

This paper proposes a precise and fast direction of arrival estimation method using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) carrier phase measurements. Single-epoch, single-satellite integer cycle ambiguities are reliably resolved by making use of constraints and taking advantages of antenna arrays. The algorithm shows good robustness in cases where signal interruption or corruption occurs on some antenna elements as long as four antenna elements in a non-planar array have uncorrupted observables. The algorithm is demonstrated by field tests where antenna elements are connected to multiple receivers with an external common clock. The results indicate a high success rate of single-epoch ambiguity resolution and high direction of arrival accuracy.
THE QUANTITY THEORY REVISITED: A NEW STRUCTURAL APPROACH
Authors: El-Shagi Makram , Giesen Sebastian , Kelly Logan J.
Published: July 2013

We propose a unified identification scheme to identify monetary shocks and track their propagation through the economy. We combine three approaches dealing with the consequences of monetary shocks. First, we adjust a state space version of the P-star type model employing money overhang as the driving force of inflation. Second, we identify the contemporaneous impact of monetary policy shocks by applying a sign restriction identification scheme to the reduced form given by the state space signal equations. Third, to ensure that our results are not distorted by the measurement error exhibited by the official monetary data, we employ the Divisia M4 monetary aggregate provided by the Center for Financial Stability. Our approach overcomes one of the major difficulties of previous models by using a data-driven identification of equilibrium velocity. Thus, we are able to show that a P-star model can fit U.S. data and money did indeed matter in the United States.
Critical assessment of high-circulation print newspaper coverage of the Institute of Medicine report Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D
Authors: Hatfield Daniel P , Sweeney Kathryn P , Lau Joseph , Lichtenstein Alice H
Published: August 2013

Objective

To evaluate high-circulation US and Canadian newspaper coverage of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D and assess pre-report and post-report reporter-specific vitamin D-related coverage.

Design

Two independent reviewers analysed the newspaper articles. The key report findings cited, proportion of sentences describing the IOM report and proportion of sentences describing critical viewpoints on the report were calculated. The content of articles written by reporters with a history of pre-report vitamin D-related articles was compared with that of articles written by reporters without such a history.

Setting

Factiva and LexisNexis searches of the top thirty US and three English-language Canadian print newspapers, by circulation.

Subjects

Articles on the IOM report published from 30 November to 21 December 2010 and previous vitamin D-related articles written by the same reporters.

Results

Only ten articles met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Articles inconsistently cited the key findings in the IOM report. Reporters with a history of pre-report articles highlighting the benefits of vitamin D dedicated a greater proportion of sentences to viewpoints critical of the IOM report (P < 0·01). There was no significant difference between pre-report publication history and proportion of sentences focused on the IOM report. A borderline-significant difference (P = 0·058) was observed between pre-report articles highlighting the benefits of vitamin D and the absence of reference to potential risks of vitamin D overconsumption.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that newspaper articles did not consistently or comprehensively report the IOM recommendations and that pre-report publication history of reporters was related to post-report article content.
Psychosoziale Problembereiche bei depressiven Mädchen
Authors: Schmidt Ulrike , Läßle Reinhold
Published: August 2013

Depressionen im Jugendalter sind häufig. Probleme und Belastungen beim Jugendlichen selbst und in seinem Lebensumfeld können die depressive Störung sowohl auslösen als auch in deren Folge noch häufiger auftreten. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Beschreibung von Problembelastungen bei depressiven Jugendlichen. 57 Mädchen, die die DSM-IV Kriterien für eine Major Depression erfüllten, und 60 nicht-depressive Mädchen wurden mit dem Problemfragebogen für Jugendliche untersucht. Depressive Mädchen fühlten sich deutlich mehr problembelastet als die Kontrollgruppe, vor allem in den Problembereichen Schule, Selbstwert und Gesundheit.
A periodontal pathogen Treponema denticola hijacks the Fusobacterium nucleatum‐driven host response
Authors: Shin Ji Eun , Baek Keum Jin , Choi Yun Sik , Choi Youngnim
Published: July 2013

Periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease that arises from the dysbiosis of the plaque biofilm. To study polymicrobial interactions with gingival epithelial cells, the oral commensal Fusobacterium nucleatum and the periodontal pathogen Treponema denticola were chosen due to their opposing effects on the expression of human beta‐defensins (HBDs) and interleukin (IL)‐8 in gingival epithelial cells. Immortalized gingival epithelial HOK‐16B cells were infected with either F. nucleatum or T. denticola alone or together, and the expression of HBDs and IL‐8 was investigated. Coinfection with F. nucleatum and T. denticola neutralized the stimulatory and suppressive effects on the expression of HBD‐2 and ‐3, but the suppressive effect of T. denticola on IL‐8 expression remained. In CHO/CD14/TLR2 reporter cells, T. denticola attenuated F. nucleatum‐induced activation of TLR2, a receptor that mediates HBD induction. Although F. nucleatum facilitated the invasion of T. denticola into host cells, T. denticola interfered with the fusion of internalized F. nucleatum with lysosomes, which may avert TLR9‐dependent IL‐8 induction. Furthermore, T. denticola suppressed the F. nucleatum‐stimulated accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of essential signaling molecules for the TLR2 and TLR9 pathways. The elimination of ROS using N‐acetyl cysteine completely blocked the inductions of HBD‐3 and IL‐8 and significantly reduced HBD‐2 induction by F. nucleatum, confirming the importance of ROS in the host response. In sum, T. denticola incapacitates the F. nucleatum‐induced expression of HBDs and IL‐8 in gingival epithelial cells by interrupting endo‐lysosomal maturation and ROS‐dependent TLR activation. These results may provide new insights into polymicrobial interactions in the gingival sulcus.
Turning WAT into BAT: a review on regulators controlling the browning of white adipocytes
Authors: Lo Kinyui Alice , Sun Lei
Published: July 2013

Adipose tissue has a central role in the regulation of energy balance and homoeostasis. There are two main types of adipose tissue: WAT (white adipose tissue) and BAT (brown adipose tissue). WAT from certain depots, in response to appropriate stimuli, can undergo a process known as browning where it takes on characteristics of BAT, notably the induction of UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1) expression and the presence of multilocular lipid droplets and multiple mitochondria. How browning is regulated is an intense topic of investigation as it has the potential to tilt the energy balance from storage to expenditure, a strategy that holds promise to combat the growing epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome. This review focuses on the transcriptional regulators as well as various proteins and secreted mediators that have been shown to play a role in browning. Emphasis is on describing how many of these factors exert their effects by regulating the three main transcriptional regulators of classical BAT development, namely PRDM16 (PR domain containing 16), PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) and PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α), which have been shown to be the key nodes in the regulation of inducible brown fat.
Device characteristics of InAlSb/InAs and InAlSb/InAsSb HFETs
Authors: Chen P.‐Y. , Gao Z.‐Y. , Ho H.‐C. , Lin H.‐K. , Hsin Y.‐M. , Chyi J.‐I.
Published: July 2013

The successful fabrication of InAlSb/InAs and InAlSb/InAsSb HFETs using recessed gate technology is reported. Epitaxial growth, device fabrication and characterisation are discussed in this Letter. A comparison of the two kinds of HFETs shows that the use of Sb in the InAs channel layer can effectively reduce the gate leakage resulting from the band‐to‐band tunnelling. This improvement is primarily because of increased separation between the conduction band edge of the InAsSb channel layer and the valence band edge of the InAlSb top barrier layer. An InAlSb/InAsSb HFET with 2 μm gate length and 50 μm gate width shows ID = 596 mA/mm and gm = 1 S/mm.
First‐order ocean surface cross‐section for shipborne HFSWR
Authors: Xie Junhao , Sun Minglei , Ji Zhenyuan
Published: July 2013

Onshore high‐frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) has been successfully deployed for early warning and ocean remote sensing. However, there remain potential gaps in ocean remote sensing for shipborne HFSWR. Based on the first‐order bistatic field equation, the first‐order ocean surface cross‐section for shipborne HFSWR is derived, whose validity is verified by experimental results. Consequently, studies on ocean surface information extraction with shipborne HFSWR could be conducted. The simulation results demonstrate that shipborne HFSWR has the potential of sea surface wind direction extraction with a single receiving sensor rather than a receiving array, and in addition wind direction ambiguity existing in onshore HFSWR disappears.
Optimal sensor deployment for WSNs in grid environment
Authors: Singh S. , Chand S. , Kumar R. , Kumar B.
Published: July 2013

A mechanism for deploying a minimum number of sensors to cover all targets that are randomly placed in a grid environment is discussed. The sensors are deployed at grid points that do not have targets. In the presented method, condideration is given to a grid point, called the sink, to start deploying the sensors. From the sink location, movement is in one of four possible directions (up, down, left, right) to find the next grid point for placing the sensor depending on the maximum number of targets covered by the new sensor. In case there is no path to move due to target placement, a random grid point is chosen as the next location. This is done till all targets are covered. This process is carried out for each possible sink location and the sink location corresponding to the minimum number of sensors is noted.
Miniaturisation of microstrip planar Bagley polygon power divider with dual transmission lines
Authors: Li J. , Liu Y. , Li S. , Yu C. , Wu Y.
Published: July 2013

The technique of dual transmission lines is applied to replace quarter wave transformers for a compact Bagley polygon power divider. The developed Bagley polygon power divider not only can be easily fabricated on the planar printed circuit board without a lumped element, but also has the characteristics of compact size and wide bandwidth. For verification, a proposed three‐way microstrip power divider is designed and fabricated at 2.0 GHz. Simulated and measured frequency responses both validate the proposed power divider with dual transmission lines. Furthermore, the developed power divider only occupies a 23% circuit size of the conventional one.