bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Switching to emtricitabine, tenofovir and rilpivirine as single tablet regimen in virologically suppressed HIV‐1‐infected patients: a cohort study
Authors: Gantner P , Reinhart S , Partisani M , Baldeyrou M , Batard M‐L , Bernard‐Henry C , Cheneau C , de Mautort E , Priester M , Fafi‐Kremer S , Muret P , Rey D
Published: August 2014

Objectives

Emtricitabine/tenofovir/rilpivirine as a single‐tablet regimen (STR) is widely used without licence in treatment‐experienced patients. The purpose of this retrospective observational study was to assess viral suppression of ART‐experienced patients switching to STR.

Methods

We assessed 131 pretreated patients switching to STR with HIV RNA < 400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients at week 24 with HIV RNA < 40 copies/mL.

Results

By week 24, eight patients had stopped STR: four because of adverse events and four for other reasons. Three virological failures were observed; among these, at least one patient developed cross‐resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), in particular with the E138K pattern. In intent‐to‐treat analysis, 92% of participants (120 of 131) achieved HIV RNA < 40 copies/mL. Only grade 1 to 2 adverse events were observed, mainly consisting of increased liver enzymes (n = 33). Systemic exposure to rilpivirine was above the usually observed steady‐state levels for the 18 measurements assessed.

Conclusions

Efficacy and tolerability are similar to those in treatment‐naïve patients.
Drivers of Systemic Banking Crises: The Role of Financial Account Structure and Financial Integration
Authors: Ahrend Rudiger , Goujard Antoine
Published: August 2014

This paper examines whether the composition of a country's external liabilities and assets affects its risk of suffering financial turmoil. Using a panel of 184 developed and emerging economies from 1970 to 2009, and looking at the impact of financial account structure in normal times and in situations of bank balance‐sheet contagion shocks, we find that the structure of the financial account indeed has an important influence on financial stability. A bias in external liabilities towards debt appears to increase strongly the risk of a systemic banking crisis. Moreover, certain forms of international financial integration, such as integration through international bank lending, amplify contagion shocks and increase crisis risk, particularly in the case of short‐term bank debt.
Does Organizational Justice Predict Empowerment? Nurses Assess Their Work Environment
Authors: Kuokkanen Liisa , Leino‐Kilpi Helena , Katajisto Jouko , Heponiemi Tarja , Sinervo Timo , Elovainio Marko
Published: August 2014

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to explore how nurses assess their empowerment and clarify organizational justice compared to other work‐related factors. In addition, we examined the major variables pertinent to empowerment.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey data were used.

Methods

A total of 2,152 nurses returned the completed questionnaire. The instruments consisted of nurse empowerment, organizational justice, job control, and possibilities for developing work. The data analysis was based on descriptive statistics and further statistical tests.

Findings

Organizational justice and empowerment had a clear correlation. Job control, possibilities for developing work and organizational justice were statistically significant predictors of nurse empowerment.

Conclusions

Organizational justice and the possibility to use one's individual skills at work are significant factors in staff activity and its development in nursing. They increase the level of empowerment and commitment as well as motivation to work.

Clinical Relevance

The results of this study confirm that nurses regard organizational justice as highly important. We can facilitate both work‐related empowerment and organizational justice by creating and maintaining a culture of fairness and justice. Employees should be heard and involved more in the planning and decision making of work.
Sources of Selection in Strategy Making
Authors: Canales J. Ignacio
Published: August 2014

This paper elaborates theory inductively by following the evolution of 14 strategic initiatives from an exploratory case study. The study examines the context and character of such initiatives over an 8‐year period. Based on these initiatives, the paper proposes a two‐stage selection mechanism for the intra‐evolutionary strategy process that explains the long‐term mutation of organizations. The mechanism operates by selecting according to both fit with the strategic intent and feasibility of the initiative. These two elements combine into an organizational principle that is perceived as permanent in character but mutates through constructive confrontation. This principle contributes to the organizational identity but, being a low‐level element of such identity, it can be modified through learning while retaining an attribute of endurance as perceived by organizational members.
Outbreak of variant hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A6 in Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Hayman Rebecca , Shepherd Michael , Tarring Claire , Best Emma
Published: August 2014

Hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease is a common, usually mild childhood illness caused by enteroviruses. Over the last five years, coxsackievirus A6 has been identified as a causative agent in outbreaks in Europe, South‐East Asia and America. It has an atypical presentation compared with other enteroviruses, with more widespread rash, larger blisters and subsequent skin peeling and/or nail shedding. We give the first description of an outbreak of coxsackievirus A6 in New Zealand and how health‐care communication networks enabled detection of and dissemination of information about this emergent strain.
Prevalence of malnutrition, obesity and nutritional risk of Australian paediatric inpatients: A national one‐day snapshot
Authors: White Melinda , Dennis Nicole , Ramsey Rebecca , Barwick Katie , Graham Christie , Kane Sarah , Kepreotes Helen , Queit Leah , Sweeney Annabel , Winderlich Jacinta , Wong See Denise , Littlewood Robyn
Published: August 2014

Aim

Low prevalence rates of malnutrition at 2.5% to 4% have previously been reported in two tertiary paediatric Australian hospitals. The current study is the first to measure the prevalence of malnutrition, obesity and nutritional risk of paediatric inpatients in multiple hospitals throughout Australia.

Methods

Malnutrition, obesity and nutritional risk prevalence were investigated in 832 and 570 paediatric inpatients, respectively, in eight tertiary paediatric hospitals and eight regional hospitals across Australia on a single day. Malnutrition and obesity prevalence was determined using z‐scores and body mass index (BMI) percentiles. High nutritional risk was determined as a Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score of 2 or more.

Results

The prevalence rates of malnourished, wasted, stunted, overweight and obese paediatric patients were 15%, 13.8%, 11.9%, 8.8% and 9.9%, respectively. Patients who identified as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander were more likely to have lower height‐for‐age z‐scores (P < 0.01); however, BMI and weight‐for‐age z‐scores were not significantly different. Children who were younger, from regional hospitals or with a primary diagnosis of cardiac disease or cystic fibrosis had significantly lower anthropometric z‐scores (P = 0.05). Forty‐four per cent of patients were identified as at high nutritional risk and requiring further nutritional assessment.

Conclusions

The prevalence of malnutrition and nutritional risk of Australian paediatric inpatients on a given day was much higher when compared with the healthy population. In contrast, the proportion of overweight and obese patients was less.
Stable rates of neonatal sepsis in a tertiary neonatal unit
Authors: Lean Wei Ling , Kamlin Camille O , Garland Suzanne M , Jacobs Susan E
Published: August 2014

Aims

To describe the rate of early‐ and late‐onset sepsis in neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at the Royal Women's Hospital and to compare the rate of late‐onset sepsis (LOS) with a published (2008) cohort from the same unit. The secondary aim was to examine clinicians' compliance with antibiotic guidelines.

Methods

Infants born <32 weeks' gestation or <1500 g admitted between 1 July 2011 and 31 December 2011 were included. Strict definitions of sepsis and compliance with antibiotic guidelines were applied.

Results

One hundred and seventy‐two infants met the inclusion criteria, with 152 having blood culture evaluations for early‐onset sepsis (EOS) and 58 having 109 evaluations for LOS. Definite EOS occurred in 1.3% with Escherichia coli isolated. The rate of definite LOS in 2011 of 22% was not significantly different than the 27% in 2008, with coagulase‐negative staphylococcus the main isolate. Antibiotic continuation beyond 72 h in infants with negative blood cultures was the main reason for non‐compliance with antibiotic guidelines.

Conclusions

The rate of EOS is comparable with published reports and the rate of LOS has remained stable over a 3‐year period. Discontinuation of antibiotics with negative septic markers and blood cultures at 48–72 h is encouraged.
Inhibitory effects of Solanum tuberosum L. var. vitelotte extract on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in mice
Authors: Shim Eun-Hyeong , Choung Se-Young
Published: August 2014

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the inhibitory efficacy of Solanum tuberosum L. var. Vitelotte (SV) extract on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions induced by the topical application of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in NC/Nga mice.

Methods

SV extract was administered orally to NC/Nga mice at the dose of 75, 150 or 300 mg/kg for 4 weeks. The effectiveness of SV extract in NC/Nga mice was evaluated by measuring symptom severity, ear thickness, scratching behaviour, serum levels of IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a, T helper 1 (Th1; interferon-γ and IL-12) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in spleen, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in tissue and infiltration of inflammatory cells in tissue.

Key findings

Oral administration of SV extract to NC/Nga mice resulted in the inhibition of the development of AD-like skin lesions. SV extract was attenuated AD-like skin lesion, ear thickening and scratching behaviour. SV extract also alleviated infiltrated inflammatory cells in tissue. Production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines was inhibited in splenocyte cultures. Additionally, reduced levels of IgE and IgG1/IgG2a ratio in serum and expression of AD-related mRNAs in lesional skins were observed in SV-treated mice compared with control group.

Conclusions

SV extract alleviated the exacerbation of AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by suppressing total serum level of IgE and correcting the Th1/Th2 balance.
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Will It Continue?
Authors: Mohammed Ghada F. , Hassan Magdy M. , Eyada Moustafa M.
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a prevalent, deeply rooted traditional practice in Egypt.

Aims

Specification of the motives behind the continuation of FGM/C in Egyptian community and evaluation of the sexual function in women with FGM/C.

Methods

This cross-sectional study, involved 2,106 sexually active female participants with FGM/C. Full history-taking and general examination to evaluate the type of FGM/C were conducted. Sexual function was assessed by using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures

Enumerate and specify the motivational factors and its percent among the participants. The correlation between FGM/C and FSFI domain scores was done with Pearson's correlation.

Results

Tradition, cleanliness, and virginity were the most common motives empowering the continuation of FGM/C (100%), followed by men's wish, esthetic factors, marriage, and religion factors (45.2–100%). Type I FGM/C was the most common, followed by type II. There was only negative correlation between the type II FGM/C and sexual satisfaction. No statistically significant difference between type I and non-FGM/C was found.

Conclusions

FGM/C remains high. A variety of socio-cultural myths, religious misbelievers, and hygienic and esthetic concerns were behind the FGM/C. Overall, a large proportion of the participants supported the continuation of FGM/C in spite of adverse effect and sexual dysfunction associated with FGM/C.
Affective and Cognitive Determinants of Women's Sexual Response to Erotica
Authors: Vilarinho Sandra , Laja Pedro , Carvalho Joana , Quinta-Gomes Ana Luísa , Oliveira Cátia , Janssen Erick , Nobre Pedro J.
Published: August 2014

Introduction

The specific cognitive–affective mechanisms involved in the activation and regulation of the subjective and genital components of sexual arousal are not fully understood yet.

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of self-reported thoughts and affect to the prediction of women's subjective and genital responses to erotica.

Methods

Twenty-eight sexually functional women (mean age=32, SD=6.29) were presented with sexually explicit and nonexplicit romantic films. Genital responses, subjective sexual arousal, state affect, and self-reported thoughts were assessed.

Main Outcome Measures

Vaginal pulse amplitude was measured using a vaginal photoplethysmograph. Subjective sexual arousal, thoughts, and affective responses were assessed through self-report scales.

Results

Correlations between subjective and physiological sexual arousal were low (r =−0.05, P >0.05). Self-reported thoughts and affect were significant predictors of subjective sexual arousal. The strongest single predictor of subjective arousal was sexual arousal thoughts (e.g., “I'm getting excited”) (β=0.63, P <0.01). None of the cognitive or affective variables predicted women's genital responses.

Conclusions

Overall, results support the role of cognitive (self-reported thoughts) and affective dimensions in women's subjective sexual arousal to erotica and, consistent with previous findings, suggest that subjective and physiological sexual arousal may be impacted by different processes.
Association Study of ERβ, AR, and CYP19A
1 Genes and MtF Transsexualism
Authors: Fernández Rosa , Esteva Isabel , Gómez-Gil Esther , Rumbo Teresa , Almaraz Mari Cruz , Roda Ester , Haro-Mora Juan-Jesús , Guillamón Antonio , Pásaro Eduardo
Published: August 2014

Introduction

The etiology of male-to-female (MtF) transsexualism is unknown. Both genetic and neurological factors may play an important role.

Aim

To investigate the possible influence of the genetic factor on the etiology of MtF transsexualism.

Methods

We carried out a cytogenetic and molecular analysis in 442 MtFs and 473 healthy, age- and geographical origin-matched XY control males. The karyotype was investigated by G-banding and by high-density array in the transsexual group. The molecular analysis involved three tandem variable regions of genes estrogen receptor β (ERβ) (CA tandem repeats in intron 5), androgen receptor (AR) (CAG tandem repeats in exon 1), and CYP19A1 (TTTA tandem repeats in intron 4). The allele and genotype frequencies, after division into short and long alleles, were obtained.

Main Outcome Measures

We investigated the association between genotype and transsexualism by performing a molecular analysis of three variable regions of genes ERβ, AR, and CYP19A1 in 915 individuals (442 MtFs and 473 control males).

Results

Most MtFs showed an unremarkable 46,XY karyotype (97.96%). No specific chromosome aberration was associated with MtF transsexualism, and prevalence of aneuploidy (2.04%) was slightly higher than in the general population. Molecular analyses showed no significant difference in allelic or genotypic distribution of the genes examined between MtFs and controls. Moreover, molecular findings presented no evidence of an association between the sex hormone-related genes (ERβ, AR, and CYP19A1) and MtF transsexualism.

Conclusions

The study suggests that the analysis of karyotype provides limited information in these subjects. Variable regions analyzed from ERβ, AR, and CYP19A1 are not associated with MtF transsexualism. Nevertheless, this does not exclude other polymorphic regions not analyzed.
Supporting the communication of EC‐funded food, agriculture and biotechnology research through a European educational toolkit for schools: The development and design process
Authors: Murphy M. , Ballam R. , Coe S.
Published: August 2014

CommFABnet is a European Commission‐funded project aimed at significantly improving the information flow between European research projects in the fields of food, agriculture and fisheries, and biotechnology (the so‐called bioeconomy) and stakeholders, such as businesses, policy makers and European citizens. This includes children and young people, who are the target group of an educational toolkit that is being developed by the British Nutrition Foundation, a partner of the CommFABnet project, for use in classrooms across Europe. This paper focuses on the development of the educational toolkit, and in addition outlines the role of educating and inspiring young people in the science communication process, and how other networks or projects can learn from the CommFABnet model.
Effects of childhood abuse on adult obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hemmingsson E. , Johansson K. , Reynisdottir S.
Published: August 2014

Controversy exists surrounding the role of childhood abuse in obesity development. This is a meta‐analysis of observational studies on the role of childhood abuse in adult obesity. Systematic searches of PubMed, PsycInfo, Medline and CINAHL resulted in 23 cohort studies (4 prospective, 19 retrospective) with n = 112,708 participants, containing four abuse types (physical, emotional, sexual, general). Four studies reported dose–response effects. A random effects model was used to quantify effect sizes, meta‐regression/subgroup analysis for identifying potential moderating variables and Egger's test for publication bias. Adults who reported childhood abuse were significantly more likely to be obese (odds ratio [OR]: 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–1.45, P < 0.001). All four types of abuse were significantly associated with adult obesity: physical (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13–1.46), emotional (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.08–1.71), sexual (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.13–1.53) and general abuse (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.25–1.69). Severe abuse (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.27–1.77) was significantly more associated with adult obesity (P = 0.043) compared with light/moderate abuse (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.91–1.41). We found no significant effects of study design (prospective vs. retrospective, P = 0.07), age (P = 0.96) or gender (P = 0.92). Publication bias was evident (Egger's test P = 0.007), but effect sizes remained statistically significant in sensitivity analyses. Childhood abuse was clearly associated with being obese as an adult, including a positive dose–response association. This suggests that adverse life experiences during childhood plays a major role in obesity development, potentially by inducing mental and emotional perturbations, maladaptive coping responses, stress, inflammation and metabolic disturbances.
A Measure of the Shadow Economy in a Small Economy: Evidence from Household‐Level Expenditure Patterns
Authors: Ekici Tufan , Besim Mustafa
Published: August 2014

In this paper we measure the size of the shadow economy in North Cyprus by using micro‐econometric approaches and then calculate its implications on national accounts and fiscal balances. There is a relatively new strand of literature that focuses on comparing income–expenditure patterns of households to calculate the degree of underreporting of income levels by self‐employed and privately employed individuals, as compared with public servants. We use the 2008 Household Budget Survey of North Cyprus and analyze the differences in food consumption patterns among three kinds of employees: self‐employed, privately employed, and public. We found that self‐employed and privately employed individuals underreport their income levels by 20 percent and 13 percent, respectively, compared with publicly employed individuals. This has important implications for the aggregate economy in North Cyprus, where we estimate that the shadow economy created by underreporting is as much as 8.6 percent of GNP and 11.1 percent of total tax revenue.
Spectral Singularities and CPA‐Laser Action in a Weakly Nonlinear ‐Symmetric Bilayer Slab
Authors: Mostafazadeh Ali
Published: August 2014

We study optical spectral singularities of a weakly nonlinear ‐symmetric bilinear planar slab of optically active material. In particular, we derive the lasing threshold condition and calculate the laser output intensity. These reveal the following unexpected features of the system: (1) for the case that the real part of the refractive index η of the layers are equal to unity, the presence of the lossy layer decreases the threshold gain; (2) for the more commonly encountered situations when is much larger than the magnitude of the imaginary part of the refractive index, the threshold gain coefficient is a function of η that has a local minimum. The latter is in sharp contrast to the threshold gain coefficient of a homogeneous slab of gain material which is a decreasing function of η. We use these results to comment on the effect of nonlinearity on the prospects of using this system as a coherence perfect absorption‐laser.
Activation in the Austrian Social Assistance Scheme – Unproductive Pressure and Low Support
Authors: Leibetseder Bettina
Published: August 2014

Activation is an essential part of social assistance schemes. This article provides an insight into the implementation of activation in the Austrian social assistance scheme by analyzing the work requirements and support offered in two provinces, Upper Austria and Styria. The main questions addressed include: Does social assistance require everyone to look for employment? What kind of requirements do social assistance offices set, what support do they offer and to whom? To what extent do those activation measures lead to a job search? The analysis draws on survey results for 1,071 claimants and recipients in the two provinces. It is shown that social assistance does not require all respondents to search for employment, and that activation actually depends on province as well as personal circumstances. Items are formed by identifying low and high conditionality in terms of support and pressure based on 11 questions. Current practice incorporates supportive forms of activation to a lesser degree than efforts to force people to find work, due to pressures from the caseworker. Although high conditionality is not found to affect the job search activity, the job search requirement itself fosters people's search for employment.
What is the meaning of a nonresolved viral nucleic acid test–reactive minipool?
Authors: Wang Lunan , Chang Le , Xie Yunzheng , Huang Chengyin , Xu Lei , Qian Rong , Zhu Haifeng , He Yaqin , Li Jing , Huang Hongliang , Li Wen , Zhang Kuo , Zhang Rui , Xie Jiehong , Sun Yu , Li Jinming
Published: August 2014

Background

This study aimed at analyzing the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA among hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)–negative donations by cobas TaqScreen MPX test (Roche Molecular Systems) and discussing the meaning of a reactive minipool (MP) that does not resolve to an individual donation (ID)–reactive result.

Study Design and Methods

Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) was performed in 12 Chinese blood centers on 826,044 serologic negative donations in MPs of six. MP‐reactive pools that were resolved to ID‐reactive donations were confirmed by Roche TaqMan viral load assays. Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) results were also analyzed. Cycle threshold (Ct) values of reactive MPs were analyzed in relation to the probability of pool resolution.

Results

A total of 1267 of 137,674 pools were reactive, of which 839 donations were reactive by ID‐NAT. The MP6 HBV NAT–yield rate lay between 1 in 1600 and 1 in 1000. At MP Ct values equal or below 37, the probability of pool resolution was approximately 80%. The prevalence of anti‐HBc in ID‐reactive donations was 81%. The proportion of reactive pools that could not be resolved was 36%. The prevalence of anti‐HBc in donations implicated in nonresolved MPs was significantly higher than those in nonreactive MPs (48% vs. 37%, p = 0.016).

Conclusion

The anti‐HBc data suggest that approximately 10% of nonresolved MPs contain HBV DNA from a low‐viral‐load occult carrier. We consider ID‐NAT resolution testing in duplicate to minimize HBV transmission risk associated with transfusing nonreactive donations implicated in reactive MPs.
Trade Liberalisation and Export Performance in Transition: The Case of Georgia
Authors: Athukorala Prema‐chandra , Waglé Swarnim
Published: August 2014

This paper examines export performance in Georgia in the process of transition from central planning to a market‐oriented economy. Policy reforms undertaken with the support of the Bretton Woods institutions since the mid‐1990s have made Georgia one of the most market‐friendly economies among the Commonwealth of Independent States. However, the reforms have so far failed to transform the lopsided export structure inherited from the Soviet era in line with emerging opportunities for global economic integration. The orthodox liberalisation reforms are unlikely to improve export performance unless accompanied by concrete measures to redress supply‐side constraints faced by export producers and to sustain their international competitiveness.
The ‘spore ofMalassez’ as a canine skin pathogen: lessons from history?
Authors: Bond Ross
Published: August 2014

This editorial links to:10.1111/j.1365-3164.1990.tb00072.x
Orf
Authors: McInnes Colin J.
Published: August 2014

This editorial links to: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.1992.tb00145.x
Keratinocyte biology and pathology
Authors: Müller Eliane J. , Galichet Arnaud , Wiener Dominique , Marti Eliane , Drögemüller Cord , Welle Monika , Roosje Petra , Leeb Tosso , Suter Maja M.
Published: August 2014

This editorial links to: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.1997.d01-5.x
Pyoderma, the march of the staphylococci
Authors: Loeffler Anette , Lloyd David H
Published: August 2014

This editorial links to: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.1996.tb00242.x
Veterinary dermatology and dermatopathology
Authors: Ward Jennifer G.
Published: August 2014

This editorial links to: 10.1046/j.0959-4493.2001.00268.x
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN FERRETS
Authors: Proks Pavel , Stehlik Ladislav , Paninarova Michaela , Irova Katarina , Hauptman Karel , Jekl Vladimir
Published: August 2014

Vertebral column pathologies requiring surgical intervention have been described in pet ferrets, however little information is available on the normal vertebral formula and congenital variants in this species. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe vertebral formulas and prevalence of congenital vertebral anomalies in a sample of pet ferrets. Radiographs of 172 pet ferrets (96 males and 76 females) were included in this retrospective study. In 143 ferrets (83.14%), five different formulas of the vertebral column were recorded with normal morphology of vertebrae (rib attachment included) but with a variable number of thoracic (Th), lumbar (L), and sacral (S) vertebrae. The number of cervical (C) vertebrae was constant in all examined animals. Observed vertebral formulas were C7/Th14/L6/S3 (51.74%), C7/Th14/L6/S4 (22.10%), C7/Th14/L7/S3 (6.98%), C7/Th15/L6/S3 (1.74%), and C7/Th15/L6/S4 (0.58%). Formula C7/Th14/L6/S4 was significantly more common in males than in females (P< 0.05). Congenital spinal abnormalities were found in 29 ferrets (16.86%), mostly localized in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral regions. The cervical region was affected in only one case. Transitional vertebrae represented the most common congenital abnormalities (26 ferrets) in the thoracolumbar (13 ferrets) and lumbosacral regions (10 ferrets) or simultaneously in both regions (three ferrets). Other vertebral anomalies included block (two ferrets) and wedge vertebra (one ferret). Spina bifida was not detected. Findings from the current study indicated that vertebral formulas may vary in ferrets and congenital abnormalities are common. This should be taken into consideration for surgical planning.
Beurling slow and regular variation
Authors: Bingham N. H. , Ostaszewski A. J.
Published: August 2014

We give a new theory of Beurling regular variation (Part II). This includes the previously known theory of Beurling slow variation (Part I) to which we contribute by extending Bloom's theorem. Beurling slow variation arose in the classical theory of Karamata slow and regular variation. We show that the Beurling theory includes the Karamata theory.
Temperature Study of Embedded Contact Sensor for HDDS by Using Scanning Thermal Microscopy
Authors: Furukawa Masaru , Xu Junguo , Li Jianhua , Hashimoto Kiyoshi , Satou Makoto
Published: August 2014

An embedded contact sensor (ECS), which is a thermal sensor built into a head slider, has been used for contact detection between the head slider and the disk in hard disk drives. Our previous research showed that ECS could successfully detect pits on the disk and spacing modulation between the head and disk. In this work, the sensor temperature effect caused by self heating and by the thermal fly height control (TFC) heater was studied in a non-flying condition for better understanding ECS. The results showed that the temperature dependency of the TFC heater was 10 times that of ECS self-bias heating. TFC heating is dominant and the key factor in ECS sensitivity to pit detection and spacing monitoring.
A Data Mining Approach for Diagnosis of Nonlinear Stochastic Dynamics of TFC Active Slider in Nano-Meter Spacing
Authors: Wang Yongfu , Chen Gang (Sheng) , Chang Jen-Yuan (James)
Published: August 2014

Storage of 10 Tb/in2 in hard disk drives requires a physical spacing in the level of 0.25 nm at the read-write transducer location. A lot of physical and tribology issues exist to such a low flying height. At such a small spacing intermittent contact of solid-to-solid and solid-to-liquid between the slider and disk surface becomes inevitable, which motivates the improvement needs for the present MEMS-based thermal fly-height control (TFC) technology to satisfy the future storage needs. How to control slider to reduce touchdown instability and eventually eliminate bouncing has been a pressing and challenging research topic. There are many researches dedicated in addressing this challenging issue. For examples, the hysteresis, the influences of surface roughness and waviness, the lubricant modulation and uncertainty, and the nonlinear properties and identification have been investigated and examined in the literatures [1–9]. Knowledge obtained from the literatures concludes that the contact dynamics of slider involve strong nonlinearity and stochastic properties. By using FFT spectral analysis, existing research has clarified many nonlinear dynamics phenomena during touchdown. However, many more complicated phenomena such as narrowband and wideband frequency spectrum and the stochastic features of system response have yet clarified. The existing analytical and numerical researches have been centered on deterministic model analysis. The widely observed random properties of roughness and waviness of solid surfaces and modulation of lubricant have not been fully reflected in the analysis. Inherently not applicable to strong nonlinear and stochastic dynamics problems by classical FFT approach, this paper then proposes to develop a data mining-based approach to diagnosis the complex nonlinear stochastic dynamics of the TFC active slider at nano-meter spacing to the surface during touchdown event.
Simplified Second Order Reynolds Equation for Simulating Ultra-Thin Gas Film Lubrication in the Head/Disk Interface
Authors: Shi Bao-Jun , Ji Jia-Dong , Yang Ting-Yi , Li Longqui , Zhang Chuanwei
Published: August 2014

To increase the recording density of magnetic disk drives, the spacing between the flying slider and the rotating disk should be as small as possible. If the spacing between the flying head and the rotating disk approximates the molecular mean-free path, rarefaction effects must be taken into account. Starting from a Poiseuille flow rate database, a simplified precise second order (PSO) model is proposed to simulate ultra-thin gas film lubrication. The new model is evaluated using the finite volume method. The numerical results are compared with other models, including the widely used FK (Fukui and Kaneko) model. The new PSO model has three key advantages compared to other models. First, compared with the 1st-order model, the 2nd-order model and the 1.5th-order model, the PSO model has better accuracy in simulating the air bearing film. Second, the PSO model has a simpler mathematical formulation than the FK model. Third, the PSO model has higher accuracy and requires less computation time than other models including the FK model.
Repeatable Runout Following in Bit Patterned Media Recording
Authors: Shahsavari Behrooz , Keikha Ehsan , Zhang Fu , Horowitz Roberto
Published: August 2014

An adaptive feedforward controller design for tracking repeatable runout (RRO) in bit patterned media recording (BMPR) is proposed for single stage hard disk drives (HDD). The technique is based on a modified filtered-x least mean squares (MFX-LMS) algorithm with deterministic periodic input, and a novel variable step size that boosts both the convergence rate and the steady state error. Comprehensive simulations are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Overcoat Wear and Dynamic Friction Study at the Head-Disk Interface
Authors: Rajauria Sukumar , Canchi Sripathi , Schreck Erhard , Marchon Bruno
Published: August 2014

The dynamic friction and wear at the head and the disk interface is investigated with the motive of understanding the head overcoat wear process associated with physical contact between the head and the disk. In this work, the results from systematic experiments under overpush conditions are presented. Various regimes of head wear are identified based on the individual wear rate of the participating overcoat layers. A strain gauge based friction measurement is used to extract the friction coefficient and the adhering shear strength between the head and the disk.
Deformation of an Ultra-Thin Diamond-Like Carbon Coating on a Magnetic Recording Head Under Combined Loading
Authors: Price Michael , Ovcharenko Andrey , Thangaraj Raj , Raeymaekers Bart
Published: August 2014

Combined normal and tangential loading of a magnetic recording head on a rigid hydrogenated diamond counterface is simulated using molecular dynamics. Deformation of the substrate, silicon interlayer and tetrahedral amorphous carbon overcoat that comprise the head is quantified as a function of operating and design parameters. We find that decreasing the silicon layer thickness decreases residual strain in the recording head. Deformation occurs primarily at the Ni-Si interface and within the Si layer.
Design Parameter Study on the Influence of Anti-Shock Performance During Operational Condition for a 2.5-Inch HDD
Authors: Lim Geonyup , Park Kyoung-Su , Park No-Cheol , Park Young-Pil , Lee Yonghyun , Chang Young Bae , Kim Cheol-Soon
Published: August 2014

This research investigates to analyze the effect of design parameters on operational shock (op-shock) performance. First, op-shock simulation was constructed with a nonlinear contact model and a nonlinear air bearing spring. Then, this simulation was used to investigate the anti-shock performance by design parameters.
A Flying Stability of the Slider With Damaged DLC Layer by Confined Optical Energy in TAMR System
Authors: Choi Jonghak , Park Kyoung-Su , Lim Geonyup , Park No-Cheol , Park Young-Pil
Published: August 2014

This research investigates to analyze the effect of laser of thermally assisted magnetic recording system on diamond like carbon (DLC) layer of slider. We investigated a damaged DLC layer of slider with laser spot-induced damage and analyze the effect of the damaged DLC layer in slider dynamics. The damaged DLC layer resulted in change of flying height and air bearing stiffness pressure.
An Optimized On-Chip Boost-Type DC-DC Converter With an On-Board Inductance
Authors: Chao Paul C.-P. , Kuan Ching-Hua , Su Jia-Wei
Published: August 2014

The rapid development of portable electronic products in recent years increases demands of varied displays. With resolutions of panel sizes and pixels under current drive capability improved, this study is intended for designing an inductive DC boost converter circuit for displays, which is fully integrated with IC fabrication technology [1][2]. Most of current displays employ capacitances for voltage-boosting to supply relative high-voltage biases to displays. These booster circuits are in small sizes and with high efficiency, but limited output currents, which are inadequate for some of large-sized displays. To remedy the problem, an on-board, small-sized inductor in the forms of coils in a printed circuit board (PCB) is proposed for a superior solution. This PCB-type inductor can be incorporated into the same board with other drive chips for the displays, while offering large, adequate current, as an incapable task via an on-chip coil.
Wavelet Based Binary Data Compensation in Holographic Data Storage System
Authors: Kim Jang Hyun , Yang Hyunseok
Published: August 2014

Data storage related with writing and retrieving requires high storage capacity, fast transfer rate and less access time. Today any data storage system cannot satisfy all of these conditions, however holographic data storage system can perform faster data transfer rate because it is a page oriented memory system using volume hologram in writing and retrieving data. System can be constructed without mechanically actuating part therefore fast data transfer rate and high storage capacity about 1Tb/cm3 can be realized. In this paper, storage capacity increased and stable data retrieving are realized in holographic data storage system. Thereby, we propose data pattern recognition by wavelet transform and fuzzy system in holographic data storage system.[1]
Effect of a Disk Asperity and a Void on the Heat Transfer in the Head-Disk Interface
Authors: Zhang Chuanwei , Seo Young Woo , Phan Alex , Talke Frank E.
Published: August 2014

The effect of a disk asperity and a void on the heat transfer in the head disk interface is investigated. The compressible Reynolds equation with rarefaction effects is used to calculate the pressure distribution with an asperity and a void on the disk surface. The mean free path of the air is assumed to be a function of the local pressure. The heat flux in the air bearings is analyzed based on the energy equation.
DMLC tracking and gating can improve dose coverage for prostate VMAT
Authors: Colvill E. , Poulsen P. R. , Booth J. T. , O'Brien R. T. , Ng J. A. , Keall P. J.
Published: August 2014

Purpose:

To assess and compare the dosimetric impact of dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) tracking and gating as motion correction strategies to account for intrafraction motion during conventionally fractionated prostate radiotherapy.

Methods:

A dose reconstruction method was used to retrospectively assess the dose distributions delivered without motion correction during volumetric modulated arc therapy fractions for 20 fractions of five prostate cancer patients who received conventionally fractionated radiotherapy. These delivered dose distributions were compared with the dose distributions which would have been delivered had DMLC tracking or gating motion correction strategies been implemented. The delivered dose distributions were constructed by incorporating the observed prostate motion with the patientˈs original treatment plan to simulate the treatment delivery. The DMLC tracking dose distributions were constructed using the same dose reconstruction method with the addition of MLC positions from Linac log files obtained during DMLC tracking simulations with the observed prostate motions input to the DMLC tracking software. The gating dose distributions were constructed by altering the prostate motion to simulate the application of a gating threshold of 3 mm for 5 s.

Results:

The delivered dose distributions showed that dosimetric effects of intrafraction prostate motion could be substantial for some fractions, with an estimated dose decrease of more than 19% and 34% from the planned CTVD99% and PTV D95% values, respectively, for one fraction. Evaluation of dose distributions for DMLC tracking and gating deliveries showed that both interventions were effective in improving the CTV D99% for all of the selected fractions to within 4% of planned value for all fractions. For the delivered dose distributions the difference in rectum V65% for the individual fractions from planned ranged from −44% to 101% and for the bladder V65% the range was −61% to 26% from planned. The application of tracking decreased the maximum rectum and bladder V65% difference to 6% and 4%, respectively.

Conclusions:

For the first time, the dosimetric impact of DMLC tracking and gating to account for intrafraction motion during prostate radiotherapy has been assessed and compared with no motion correction. Without motion correction intrafraction prostate motion can result in a significant decrease in target dose coverage for a small number of individual fractions. This is unlikely to effect the overall treatment for most patients undergoing conventionally fractionated treatments. Both DMLC tracking and gating demonstrate dose distributions for all assessed fractions that are robust to intrafraction motion.
Liverpool Active City 2005–2010: Increasing Population Physical Activity Levels Through Intersectoral Action
Authors: Dawson Jon , Huikuri Suvi , Armada Francisco
Published: August 2014

Background:

The process of working together across sectors to improve health and to influence its determinants is often referred to as intersectoral action for health. The Liverpool Active City strategy and action plan were launched in 2005, bringing together partners from diverse sectors such as education, transport, and civil society to boost levels of physical activity among the city’s residents.

Methods:

The research material was based on semistructured interviews with key stakeholders and on review and analysis of gray literature and media reports. A case-study method was used to analyze the experience.

Results:

The results show that Liverpool Active City succeeded in boosting levels of physical activity among the city’s residents and demonstrate how intersectoral action benefited the goals of the program and promoted common aims.

Conclusions:

Important lessons can be drawn from the experience of Liverpool Active City for public health professionals and policy makers. Success factors include the involvement of a broad range of agencies from a variety of sectors, which reinforced the sense of partnership in the physical activity agenda and supported the implementation of activities. The experience also demonstrated how intersectoral action brought benefits to the physical activity goals of Liverpool Active City.
The Association Between Exergaming and Physical Activity in Young Adults
Authors: Kakinami Lisa , O’Loughlin Erin K. , Dugas Erika N. , Sabiston Catherine M. , Paradis Gilles , O’Loughlin Jennifer
Published: August 2014

Background:

Compared with traditional nonactive video games, exergaming contributes significantly to overall daily physical activity (PA) in experimental studies, but the association in observational studies is not clear.

Methods:

Data were available in the 2011 to 2012 wave of the Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT) study (N = 829). Multivariable sex-stratified models assessed the association between exergaming (1–3 times per month in the past year) and minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity in the previous week, and the association between exergaming and meeting PA recommendations.

Results:

Compared with male exergamers, female exergamers were more likely to believe exergames were a good way to integrate PA into their lives (89% vs 62%, P = .0001). After we adjusted for covariates, male exergamers were not significantly different from male nonexergamers in minutes of PA. Female exergamers reported 47 more minutes of moderate PA in the previous week compared with female nonexergamers (P = .03). There was no association between exergaming and meeting PA recommendations.

Conclusion:

Exergaming contributes to moderate minutes of PA among women but not among men. Differences in attitudes toward exergaming should be further explored.
Effects of Acute Active Video Games on Endothelial Function Following a High-Fat Meal in Overweight Adolescents
Authors: Park Soo Hyun , Yoon Eun Sun , Lee Yong Hee , Kim Chul-Ho , Bunsawat Kanokwan , Heffernan Kevin S. , Fernhall Bo , Jae Sae Young
Published: August 2014

Background:

We tested the hypothesis that an active video game following a high-fat meal would partially prevent the unfavorable effect of a high-fat meal on vascular function in overweight adolescents.

Methods:

Twenty-four overweight adolescents were randomized to either a 60-minute active video game (AVG) group (n = 12) or seated rest (SR) as a control group (n = 12) after a high-fat meal. Blood parameters were measured, and vascular function was measured using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) at baseline and 3 hours after a high-fat meal.

Results:

No significant interaction was found in any blood parameter. A high-fat meal significantly increased blood triglyceride and glucose concentrations in both groups in a similar manner. Brachial artery FMD significantly decreased in the SR group (13.8 ± 3.2% to 11.8 ± 2.5), but increased in the AVG group (11.4 ± 4.0% to 13.3 ± 3.5), with a significant interaction (P = .034).

Conclusion:

These findings show that an active video game attenuated high-fat meal-induced endothelial dysfunction. This suggests that an active video game may have a cardioprotective effect on endothelial function in overweight adolescents when exposed to a high-fat meal.
Walking for Transportation and Leisure among U.S. Adults—National Health Interview Survey 2010
Authors: Paul Prabasaj , Carlson Susan A. , Carroll Dianna D. , Berrigan David , Fulton Janet E.
Published: August 2014

Background:

Walking, the most commonly reported physical activity among U.S. adults, is undertaken in various domains, including transportation and leisure.

Methods:

This study examined prevalence, bout length, and mean amount of walking in the last week for transportation and leisure, by selected characteristics. Self-reported data from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey (N = 24,017) were analyzed.

Results:

Prevalence of transportation walking was 29.4% (95% CI: 28.6%–30.3%) and of leisure walking was 50.0% (95% CI: 49.1%–51.0%). Prevalence of transportation walking was higher among men; prevalence of leisure walking was higher among women. Most (52.4%) transportation walking bouts were 10 to 15 minutes; leisure walking bouts were distributed more evenly (28.0%, 10–15 minutes; 17.1%, 41–60 minutes). Mean time spent in transportation walking was higher among men, decreased with increasing BMI, and varied by race/ethnicity and region of residence. Mean time spent leisure walking increased with increasing age and with decreasing BMI.

Conclusion:

Demographic correlates and patterns of walking differ by domain. Interventions focusing on either leisure or transportation walking should consider correlates for the specific walking domain. Assessing prevalence, bout length, and mean time of walking for transportation and leisure separately allows for more comprehensive surveillance of walking.