bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Platelets in COVID-19 disease: friend, foe, or both?
Authors: Smęda Marta , Hosseinzadeh Maleki Ebrahim , Pełesz Agnieszka , Chłopicki Stefan
Published: December 2022

Immuno-thrombosis of COVID-19 results in the activation of platelets and coagulopathy. Antiplatelet therapy has been widely used in COVID-19 patients to prevent thrombotic events. However, recent analysis of clinical trials does not support the major effects of antiplatelet therapy on mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, despite the indisputable evidence for an increased risk of thrombotic complications in COVID-19 disease. This apparent paradox calls for an explanation. Platelets have an important role in sensing and orchestrating host response to infection, and several platelet functions related to host defense response not directly related to their well-known hemostatic function are emerging. In this paper, we aim to review the evidence supporting the notion that platelets have protective properties in maintaining endothelial barrier integrity in the course of an inflammatory response, and this role seems to be of particular importance in the lung. It might, thus, well be that the inhibition of platelet function, if affecting the protective aspect of platelet activity, might diminish clinical benefits resulting from the inhibition of the pro-thrombotic phenotype of platelets in immuno-thrombosis of COVID-19. A better understanding of the platelet-dependent mechanisms involved in the preservation of the endothelial barrier is necessary to design the antiplatelet therapeutic strategies that inhibit the pro-thrombotic activity of platelets without effects on the vaso-protective function of platelets safeguarding the pulmonary endothelial barrier during multicellular host defense in pulmonary circulation.
Respectful maternity care in the UK using a decolonial lens
Authors: Lokugamage Amali U. , Robinson Nathan , Pathberiya Sithira D. C. , Wong Sarah , Douglass Christine
Published: December 2022

Respectful maternity care (RMC) is part of a global movement addressing the previous absence of human rights in global safe maternal care guidance. RMC is grounded in kindness, compassion, dignity and respectful working conditions. The decolonisation movement in healthcare seeks to dismantle structural biases set up from a historically white, male, heteronormative Eurocentric medical system. This article applies a decolonising lens to the RMC agenda and examines barriers to its implementation in UK healthcare systems. Searches of peer-reviewed journals about decolonising maternity care in the UK revealed little. Drawing from wider information bases, we examine power imbalances constructed throughout a history of various colonial biases yet lingering in maternity care. The overarching findings of our analysis revealed 3 areas of focus: professional structures and institutional biases; power imbalances between types of staff and stakeholders of care; and person-centred care through a decolonial lens. To uproot inequity and create fairer and more respectful maternity care for women, birthing people and staff, it is vital that contemporary maternity institutions understand the decolonial perspective. This novel enquiry offers a scaffolding to undertake this process. Due to significant differences in colonial history between Western colonising powers, it is important to decolonise with respect to these different territories, histories and challenges.
Machine-learning-based models in particle-in-cell codes for advanced physics extensions
Authors: Badiali Chiara , Bilbao Pablo J. , Cruz Fábio , Silva Luís O.
Published: December 2022

In this paper we propose a methodology for the efficient implementation of machine learning (ML)-based methods in particle-in-cell (PIC) codes, with a focus on Monte Carlo or statistical extensions to the PIC algorithm. The presented approach allows for neural networks to be developed in a Python environment, where advanced ML tools are readily available to proficiently train and test them. Those models are then efficiently deployed within highly scalable and fully parallelized PIC simulations during runtime. We demonstrate this methodology with a proof-of-concept implementation within the PIC code OSIRIS, where a fully connected neural network is used to replace a section of a Compton scattering module. We demonstrate that the ML-based method reproduces the results obtained with the conventional method and achieves better computational performance. These results offer a promising avenue for future applications of ML-based methods in PIC, particularly for physics extensions where a ML-based approach can provide a higher performance increase.
Use of Indices on Daily Timescales to Study Changes in Extreme Precipitation Across Nepal Over 40 Years (1976–2015)
Authors: Maharjan Manisha , Yoneda Minoru , Talchabhadel Rocky , Thapa Bhesh Raj , Aryal Anil
Published: December 2022

This paper presents a comprehensive picture of extreme precipitation across Nepal from 1976 to 2015 based on high‐quality daily precipitation observations from 28 precipitation stations spatially distributed across the country. We computed 11 extreme precipitation indices. The selected indices allow the analysis of extreme events (such as flood/inundation) related to heavy precipitation and evaluate the linkage with indications of agricultural production and drought (such as consecutive dry and wet days). Using a simple daily intensity index (SDII) and the number of days with daily precipitation ≥10 mm (R10), along with the total amount of annual precipitation (PRCPTOT), we summarized the distribution of the wet periods of the year at different locations. We divided the study period into two halves (T1: 1976–1995 and T2: 1996–2015) to examine the temporal mean, trends, and their shift. We emphasized the changes in those indices between these two periods across the country. Our results show that although the amount of precipitation (in terms of PRCPTOT and SDII) did not change significantly between the two periods (i.e., T1 and T2), there exists a clearly increasing trend of extreme precipitation indices in T2 compared to T1. In addition, the consecutive dry days show the rising tendency of elongated dry spells that can adversely affect plant/crop growth in the future. Our study recommends the need for effective management of both precipitation extremes (i.e., drier and wetter), for instance, by introducing irrigation facilities and flood mitigation measures.
Using Ensemble Meteorological Data Sets to Treat Meteorological Uncertainties in a Bayesian Volcanic Ash Inverse Modeling System: A Case Study, Grímsvötn 2011
Authors: Webster Helen N. , Thomson David J.
Published: December 2022

Atmospheric dispersion models are employed in forecasting the atmospheric transport of ash clouds following a volcanic eruption. Errors in input meteorological data can, however, lead to discrepancies between the modeled and observed ash cloud locations. Furthermore, meteorological errors can affect the performance of inversion techniques used to estimate ash emissions. This study explores using ensemble meteorological data sets to overcome issues with meteorological errors in a Bayesian inversion system, Inversion Technique for Emissions Modelling (InTEM) for volcanic ash. Two measures (the evidence value and a cost function) are obtained from the Bayesian framework, and each measure is used to select a “best” meteorological data set from within the ensemble. These two best meteorological data sets are constructed in an iterative manner which is ideally suited for operational use when ash cloud forecasts are updated at regular intervals. The method is applied to the 2011 eruption of the Icelandic volcano Grímsvötn and improvements to ash cloud forecasts using the best meteorological data sets assessed. In this case study, errors in the deterministic meteorological data are significant, resulting in a reduction of ash emissions estimated by InTEM for volcanic ash. We also illustrate how the best meteorological data sets lead to more accurate modeling of the ash cloud.
Arctic Troposphere Warming Driven by External Radiative Forcing and Modulated by the Pacific and Atlantic
Authors: Suo Lingling , Gao Yongqi , Gastineau Guillaume , Liang Yu‐Chiao , Ghosh Rohit , Tian Tian , Zhang Ying , Kwon Young‐Oh , Matei Daniela , Otterå Odd Helge , Yang Shuting
Published: December 2022

During the past decades, the Arctic has experienced significant tropospheric warming, with varying decadal warming rates. However, the relative contributions from potential drivers and modulators of the warming are yet to be further quantified. Here, we utilize a unique set of multi‐model large‐ensemble atmospheric simulations to isolate the respective contributions from the combined external radiative forcing (ERF‐AL), interdecadal Pacific variability (IPV), Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV), and Arctic sea‐ice concentration changes (ASIC) to the warming during 1979–2013. In this study, the ERF‐AL impacts are the ERF impacts directly on the atmosphere and land surface, excluding the indirect effects through SST and SIC feedback. The ERF‐AL is the primary driver of the April–September tropospheric warming during 1979–2013, and its warming effects vary at decadal time scales. The IPV and AMV intensify the warming during their transitioning periods to positive phases and dampen the warming during their transitioning periods to negative phases. The IPV impacts are prominent in winter and spring and are stronger than AMV impacts on 1979–2013 temperature trends. The warming impacts of ASIC are generally restricted to below 700 hPa and are strongest in autumn and winter. The combined effects of these factors reproduce the observed accelerated and step‐down Arctic warming in different decades, but the intensities of the reproduced decadal variations are generally weaker than in the observed.
Persistence or Transition of the North Atlantic Oscillation Across Boreal Winter: Role of the North Atlantic Air‐Sea Coupling
Authors: Wu Renguang , Dai Panxi , Chen Shangfeng
Published: December 2022

Climate anomalies over North America and Europe are closely related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The persistence, decay or switch of the NAO phase across the boreal winter determines whether the NAO‐related climate anomalies are sustained, weakened or reversed during the boreal winter. This study compares the spatiotemporal evolution of atmospheric wind and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the North Atlantic corresponding to persistence and switch of the NAO phase across the boreal winter. It is revealed that the persistence of the NAO from early to late winter is associated with a strong coupling between the NAO and the North Atlantic tripole SST anomalies. The formation of the tripole SST anomalies is attributed to the wind‐related surface latent heat flux changes. The tripole SST anomalies feedback on the NAO through eddy‐mean flow interaction. In contrast, during the winters with the switch of the NAO phase, the North Atlantic SST anomalies follow the wind changes, but do not have obvious feedback on the NAO. Our analysis identifies a prominent change of the winter NAO evolution in the early 1990s. The NAO switches its phase from early to late winter during 1970s through the early 1990s, but tends to maintain its phase during the boreal winter after the early 1990s. This interdecadal change appears to be related to the mean SST change. The SST increase in both the tropical and mid‐latitude North Atlantic Ocean in the early 1990s enhances the feedback of the NAO‐induced tripole SST anomalies on the NAO.
Intricate Regolith Reworking Processes Revealed by Microstructures on Lunar Impact Glasses
Authors: Yan Pan , Xiao Zhiyong , Wu Yunhua , Yang Wei , Li Jin‐Hua , Gu Li‐Xin , Liao Shiyong , Yin Zongjun , Wang Hao , Tian Heng‐Ci , Zhang Chi , Wu Suping , Ma Hong‐Xia , Tang Xu , Wu Shi‐Tou , Hui Hejiu , Xu Yuchen , Hsu Weibiao , Li Qiu‐Li , Luo Fanglu , Liu Yang , Li Xian‐Hua
Published: December 2022

Glasses cooled from impact melt and vapor are a common component in lunar regolith, carrying important information about protolith composition, regolith formation, and impact flux on the Moon. Interpretations, however, are frequently challenged due to widespread ambiguity in determining their provenances. Regolith samples returned by China's Chang’E‐5 mission provide a unique opportunity to study the microscopic mechanism of regolith reworking on the Moon, because as evidenced by the coherent radioisotope ages and petrographic characteristics of basaltic clasts in the regolith, the Chang’E‐5 regolith was mainly evolved from local mare materials, containing minor exotic components. Here, we report 153 glass particles larger than 20 μm in diameters that were screened from 500 mg of Chang’E‐5 regolith. Most glass particles have rotational shapes and contain structural and/or compositional heterogeneities in interiors, and geochemical analyses reveal a dominant origin as impact melt of local mare materials. Surfaces of the impact glasses are observed to have abundant protruded and dented microstructures, which are classified as different groups based on their morphology and geochemistry. Similar microstructures were observed on impact spherules collected by the Apollo and Luna missions, but those on the Chang’E‐5 impact glasses were formed without substantial involvement of exotic ejecta. Microstructures such as silicate melt pancakes that frequently exhibit flow spikes at margins, nano‐phase iron‐rich mounds that are arranged with semi‐equidistant spaces in curves and patches, spatially clustered microcraters that are indicative of secondary impacts, and blunt linear scratches with terminal particles all suggest that regolith reworking mainly occurred among local materials at low speeds.
How Do Sky Conditions Affect the Relationships Between Ground‐Based Solar‐Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Gross Primary Productivity Across Different Plant Types?
Authors: Wu Yunfei , Zhang Zhaoying , Zhang Xiaokang , Wu Linsheng , Zhang Yongguang
Published: December 2022

Solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has been used as a proxy for gross primary productivity (GPP) estimations. However, knowledge on how links between SIF and GPP across different plant types vary in response to sky conditions remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of sky conditions on the GPP‐SIF relationship based on continuous measurements of SIF and flux across four different plant types. Our analysis shows that the GPP‐SIF links are affected by sky conditions and these linking patterns respond differently across plant types. We propose that the inconsistent responses of SIF and GPP to sky conditions are primarily driven by variations in light use efficiency (LUE = GPP/absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (APAR)). Furthermore, we explore a quantitative variation in LUE and SIFyield (SIF/APAR) separately via a decoupling of clearness index (CI) and photosynthetic active radiation under different sky conditions. LUE is more sensitive to sky conditions for the C3 plants (Forest, Wheat and Rice) than the C4 plant (Maize), and SIFyield shows more sensitivity to sky conditions for the forest than croplands. Due to the tight link between CI and other environmental factors, the incorporation of CI into the SIF‐based GPP model improves GPP estimates for all C3 plants at both instantaneous and daily scales. Our study implies that a consideration of sky conditions into the SIF‐based GPP model can significantly advance the GPP modeling under all sky conditions.
Spatio‐Temporal Variations in Carbon Isotope Discrimination Predicted by the JULES Land Surface Model
Authors: Palmer Lewis , Robertson Iain , Lavergne Aliénor , Hemming Deborah , Loader Neil J. , Young Giles , Davies Darren , Rinne‐Garmston Katja , Los Sietse , Williams Jamie
Published: December 2022

Stable carbon isotopes in plants can help evaluate and improve the representation of carbon and water cycles in land‐surface models, increasing confidence in projections of vegetation response to climate change. Here, we evaluated the predictive skills of the Joint UK Land Environmental Simulator (JULES) to capture spatio‐temporal variations in carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) reconstructed by tree rings at 12 sites in the United Kingdom over the period 1979–2016. Modeled and measured Δ13C time series were compared at each site and their relationships with local climate investigated. Modeled Δ13C time series were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with tree‐ring Δ13C at eight sites, but JULES underestimated mean Δ13C values at all sites, by up to 2.6‰. Differences in mean Δ13C may result from post‐photosynthetic isotopic fractionations that were not considered in JULES. Inter‐annual variability in Δ13C was also underestimated by JULES at all sites. While modeled Δ13C typically increased over time across the UK, tree‐ring Δ13C values increased only at five sites located in the northern regions but decreased at the southern‐most sites. Considering all sites together, JULES captured the overall influence of environmental drivers on Δ13C but failed to capture the direction of change in Δ13C caused by air temperature, atmospheric CO2and vapor pressure deficit at some sites. Results indicate that the representation of carbon‐water coupling in JULES could be improved to reproduce both the trend and magnitude of interannual variability in isotopic records, the influence of local climate on Δ13C, and to reduce uncertainties in predicting vegetation‐environment interactions.
Loss of KDM5B ameliorates pathological cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction by epigenetically enhancing ATF3 expression
Authors: Wang Bo , Tan Yong , Zhang Yunkai , Zhang Sheng , Duan Xuewen , Jiang Yuyu , Li Tong , Zhou Qingqing , Liu Xingguang , Zhan Zhenzhen
Published: December 2022

Excessive cardiac fibrosis is central to adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction leading to heart failure in many cardiac diseases. Histone methylation plays a crucial role in various pathophysiological events. However, the role of histone methylation modification enzymes in pathological cardiac fibrosis needs to be fully elucidated. Here, we identified lysine demethylase 5B (KDM5B), a histone H3K4me2/me3 demethylase, as a key epigenetic mediator of pathological cardiac fibrosis. KDM5B expression was upregulated in cardiac fibroblasts and myocardial tissues in response to pathological stress. KDM5B deficiency markedly ameliorated cardiac fibrosis, improved cardiac function, and prevented adverse cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI) or pressure overload. KDM5B knockout or inhibitor treatment constrained the transition of cardiac fibroblasts to profibrogenic myofibroblasts and suppressed fibrotic responses. KDM5B deficiency also facilitated the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to endothelial-like cells and promoted angiogenesis in response to myocardial injury. Mechanistically, KDM5B bound to the promoter of activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3), an antifibrotic regulator of cardiac fibrosis, and inhibited ATF3 expression by demethylating the activated H3K4me2/3 modification, leading to the enhanced activation of TGF-β signaling and excessive expression of profibrotic genes. Our study indicates that KDM5B drives pathological cardiac fibrosis and represents a candidate target for intervention in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure.
Graphlets in comparison of Petri net-based models of biological systems
Authors: Szawulak Bartłomiej , Formanowicz Piotr
Published: December 2022

Capability to compare biological models is a crucial step needed in an analysis of complex organisms. Petri nets as a popular modelling technique, needs a possibility to determine the degree of structural similarities (e.g., comparison of metabolic or signaling pathways). However, existing comparison methods use matching invariants approach for establishing a degree of similarity, and because of that are vulnerable to the state explosion problem which may appear during calculation of a minimal invariants set. Its occurrence will block usage of existing methods. To find an alternative for this situation, we decided to adapt and tests in a Petri net environment a method based on finding a distribution of graphlets. First, we focused on adapting the original graphlets for notation of bipartite, directed graphs. As a result, 151 new graphlets with 592 orbits were created. The next step focused on evaluating a performance of the popular Graphlet Degree Distribution Agreement (GDDA) metric in the new environment. To do that, we decided to use randomly generated networks that share typical characteristics of biological models represented in Petri nets. Our results confirmed the usefulness of graphlets and GDDA in Petri net comparison and discovered its limitations.
Impaired pulmonary and muscle function during moderate exercise in female patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Pleguezuelos Eulogio , Del Carmen Amin , Moreno Eva , Ortega Pilar , Robles Alejandro , Serra-Prat Mateo , Miravitlles Marc , Yebenes Joan Carles , Garnacho-Castaño Manuel V.
Published: December 2022

This study aimed to assess pulmonary and muscle dysfunction by analyzing the slow component of oxygen uptake (VO2SC), and mechanical and ventilatory efficiency in adult women recovered from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type II (SARS-CoV-2) during a constant load test. 32 women (N = 17 patients with SARS-CoV-2; N = 15 control group) performed two cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPX) on a cycle ergometer. In the first test, the participants performed incremental CPX until extenuation. In the second test the participants performed a 10-min CPX at a constant load intensity (watts) corresponding to the first ventilatory threshold. There was a 48–72 h rest period between the two tests. There was a significant increase in the VO2SC in the patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 (160.4 ± 60 mL min−1) in comparison with the healthy participants (59.6 ± 65 mL min−1) (P < 0.001). Mechanical efficiency significantly decreased in patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 compared to the control group (P = 0.04). Ventilatory inefficiency significantly increased in the patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Adult women recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection have important pulmonary and muscular dysfunction and fatigue which contributes to increasing the VO2SC and reducing mechanical and ventilatory efficiency during mild-moderate exercise at a constant load.
Rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective C–H alkynylation of sulfoxides in diverse patterns: desymmetrization, kinetic resolution, and parallel kinetic resolution
Authors: Kong Lingheng , Zou Yun , Li Xiao-Xi , Zhang Xue-Peng , Li Xingwei
Published: December 2022

A combination of chiral Rh(iii) catalyst and chiral carboxamide allowed asymmetric C–H alkynylation of sulfoxides via desymmetrization, kinetic resolution, and parallel kinetic resolution.
Convergence rates for energies of interacting particles whose distribution spreads out as their number increases
Authors: van Meurs Patrick , Tanaka Ken'ichiro
Published: December 2022

We consider a class of particle systems which appear in various applications such as approximation theory, plasticity, potential theory and space-filling designs. The positions of the particles on the real line are described as a global minimum of an interaction energy, which consists of a nonlocal, repulsive interaction part and a confining part. Motivated by the applications, we cover non-standard scenarios in which the confining potential weakens as the number of particles increases. This results in a large area over which the particles spread out. Our aim is to approximate the particle interaction energy by a corresponding continuum interacting energy. Our main results are bounds on the corresponding energy difference and on the difference between the related potential values. We demonstrate that these bounds are useful to problems in approximation theory and plasticity. The proof of these bounds relies on convexity assumptions on the interaction and confining potentials. It combines recent advances in the literature with a new upper bound on the minimizer of the continuum interaction energy.
Unfälle von Kindern und Jugendlichen und das spezielle Krankheitsbild Schädel-Hirn-Trauma
Authors: Steinbach Mareike
Published: December 2022

Aufgrund der Häufigkeit von Unfällen im Kindesalter und der Notwendigkeit von ambulanter und stationärer Betreuung sehen sich Pflegefachkräfte häufig mit Traumata konfrontiert. Gerade Schädel-Hirn-Traumata sowie thermische Verletzungen bedürfen bei der Versorgung dieser Kinder einer hohen Kompetenz und stellen große Anforderungen an das interdisziplinäre Team. Im folgenden Artikel wird das SHT aufgrund seiner Komplexität näher beleuchtet.
Das Leben gestalten, wenn Worte fehlen
Authors: Münstermann Uta
Published: December 2022

Kinder mit einer Entwicklungsstörung, einer akuten oder chronischen Erkrankung oder Behinderung sind eigenaktiv oft nicht in der Lage, essenzielle Bedürfnisse und Bedarfe zu kommunizieren und autonom zu befriedigen. Dazu gehören das Bedürfnis nach Wohlbefinden, Gesundheit, Entwicklung, Partizipation und Selbstbestimmung. Diese Kinder und ihre Familien sind dann auf professionelle Akteure angewiesen, die sie in der aktuellen Lebenssituation fachkompetent versorgen, unterstützen und begleiten.
Gute psychopädiatrische Pflege zu Hause – was ist das?
Authors: Lanz Brigitte Wenger , Elmer Franz , Hahn Sabine
Published: December 2022

Die Nachfrage nach professioneller psychopädiatrischer Pflege von Kindern und Jugendlichen im häuslichen Setting hat in den vergangenen Jahren stark zugenommen. Doch wie steht es um die Qualität der geleisteten Pflege? Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, was unter guter psychopädiatrischer Pflege zu Hause verstanden wird. Es werden die Perspektiven betroffener Jugendlicher, Eltern und Fachpersonen beleuchtet.
Pflegerische Kompetenzen bei der Versorgung thermisch verletzter Kinder
Authors: Warzecha Irena
Published: December 2022

Kinder mit thermischen Verletzungen stellen hohe Anforderungen an die Patientenversorgung. Es gilt nicht nur eine Wunde zu versorgen – auch die physio- und psychotherapeutische Begleitung ist oft eine Herausforderung.
Maßnahmen zur Unfallprävention im Kindesalter
Authors: Steinbach Mareike , Warzecha Irena
Published: December 2022

Kinder stecken voller Bewegungs- und Entdeckungsdrang sowie Neugier, sich und die Welt zu erkunden. Das ist nicht nur grundlegend für ihre Entwicklung, sondern bedingt durch die Unreife ihrer Systeme auch eine besondere Unfallgefährdung. Um Unfälle bestmöglich zu verhindern, müssen geeignete Präventionsmaßnahmen von verschiedenen Seiten getroffen werden.
Homogenous Iron-Catalysed Deuteration of Electron-Rich Arenes and Heteroarenes
Authors: Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias , Bourriquen Florian
Published: December 2022

Deuterated organic molecules are of interest for many applications ranging from mechanistic investigations in basic organic and physical chemistry to the development of new pharmaceuticals. Thus, methodologies for isotope-labelling reactions continue to be important. Here, a convenient methodology for hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions in electron-rich arenes is reported using simple iron salts and deuterium oxide as isotope source.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Chromenopyrrolidinones from Amino Acid Derived Nitriles
Authors: Koskinen Ari M. P. , Heikinheimo Annakaisa , Nieger Martin
Published: December 2022

Novel substituted chromenopyrrolidinones were synthesized from natural amino acid derivatives through an unprecedented route involving a Knoevenagel/transesterification sequence and an allylative palladium-catalyzed cyclization reaction. The products were nature-inspired heterocycles derived from natural amino acids. The targets were synthesized with varying degrees of stereoselectivity: racemization is a known issue with amino acids, and this provided a formidable challenge to our method development. In total, six derivatives were synthesized in moderate to good yields.
Chemoselective Strain Release of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pent-1-yl Alcohols
Authors: Yu Songjie , Ma Yue , Ai Yinan
Published: December 2022

The chemoselective C–C bond cleavage of bicyclo[1.1.1]pent-1-yl alcohols (BCP-OHs) was examined. Highly ring-strained BCP-OHs were found to be particularly reactive, delivering cyclobutanone derivatives through a base-mediated single C–C bond cleavage or α,β-unsaturated ketones by palladium-catalyzed dual C–C bond cleavage.
Chiral Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-Fused and Ferrocene-Derived Cyclopentadienyl Ligands for Asymmetric C–H Activation
Authors: Wang Jun , Liang Hao
Published: December 2022

To fulfill increasing and diverse demands of cyclopentadienyl metal complexes (CpM) catalyzed asymmetric C–H activation, innovation in developing new types of chiral Cp ligands should be important. In this context, we found the structurally rigid chiral bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-fused Cp ligands originated by Vollhardt and ­Halterman were efficient to enable highly enantioselective C–H activation of N-methoxybenzamides with quinones. Besides, we also designed and synthesized a class of ferrocene-based chiral Cp ligand featuring a loose chiral pocket, whose rhodium complexes exhibited high reactivity and reasonable enantioselectivity in an asymmetric intramolecular aryl amination of alkene.

1 Introduction

2 Chiral Cp Ligands Applied in Asymmetric C–H Activation

3 Chiral Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-Fused Cp Ligands

4 Chiral Ferrocene-Derived Cp Ligands

5 Conclusion
Digital Health Equity: Addressing Power, Usability, and Trust to Strengthen Health Systems
Authors: Koehle Han , Kronk Clair , Lee Young Ji
Published: December 2022

Background: Without specific attention to health equity considerations in design, implementation, and evaluation, the rapid expansion of digital health approaches threatens to exacerbate rather than ameliorate existing health disparities.

Methods: We explored known factors that increase digital health inequity to contextualize the need for equity-centered informatics. This work used a narrative review method to summarize issues about inequities in digital health and to discuss future directions for researchers and clinicians. We searched literature using a combination of relevant keywords (e.g., “digital health”, “health equity”, etc.) using PubMed and Google Scholar.

Results: We have highlighted strategies for addressing medical marginalization in informatics according to vectors of power such as race and ethnicity, gender identity and modality, sexuality, disability, housing status, citizenship status, and criminalization status.

Conclusions: We have emphasized collaboration with user and patient groups to define priorities, ensure accessibility and localization, and consider risks in development and utilization of digital health tools. Additionally, we encourage consideration of potential pitfalls in adopting these diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI)-related strategies.
Translational Bioinformatics to Enable Precision Medicine for All: Elevating Equity across Molecular, Clinical, and Digital Realms
Authors: Tang Alice , Woldemariam Sarah , Roger Jacquelyn , Sirota Marina
Published: December 2022

Objectives: Over the past few years, challenges from the pandemic have led to an explosion of data sharing and algorithmic development efforts in the areas of molecular measurements, clinical data, and digital health. We aim to characterize and describe recent advanced computational approaches in translational bioinformatics across these domains in the context of issues or progress related to equity and inclusion.

Methods: We conducted a literature assessment of the trends and approaches in translational bioinformatics in the past few years.

Results: We present a review of recent computational approaches across molecular, clinical, and digital realms. We discuss applications of phenotyping, disease subtype characterization, predictive modeling, biomarker discovery, and treatment selection. We consider these methods and applications through the lens of equity and inclusion in biomedicine.

Conclusion: Equity and inclusion should be incorporated at every step of translational bioinformatics projects, including project design, data collection, model creation, and clinical implementation. These considerations, coupled with the exciting breakthroughs in big data and machine learning, are pivotal to reach the goals of precision medicine for all.
Provocations for Reimagining Informatics Approaches to Health Equity
Authors: Valdez Rupa S. , Ancker Jessica S. , Veinot Tiffany C.
Published: December 2022

As the informatics community commits to the goal of advancing health equity, it is essential that we openly critique our current approaches and reimagine the ways in which we design, implement, evaluate, and advocate for policies related to informatics interventions. In this paper, we present five provocations as a starting point for building more conscientious informatics practice in service of this goal: 1) Health informatics interventions can create an “illusion of impactful action” without significant material benefits for marginalized patients, families, and communities; 2) Health informatics interventions target the wrong stakeholders, the wrong processes, and the wrong technologies to achieve equity; 3) Informaticians must conceptualize health literacy and other factors shaping patients' experiences as a system-level rather than individual-level characteristic; 4) Informatics interventions wrongly assume that interacting contextual factors can be meaningfully captured by over-simplified structured variables; and 5) Informatics interventions often specify the wrong system boundaries and solution space. We further assert that drastic shifts in our current practices will allow us to honor our claims of valuing patient-centered approaches, especially for marginalized communities.
Patient Experience from an eHealth Perspective: A Scoping Review of Approaches and Recent Trends
Authors: Viitanen Johanna , Valkonen Paula , Savolainen Kaisa , Karisalmi Nina , Hölsä Sini , Kujala Sari
Published: December 2022

Objectives: Patients’ experiences are increasingly gaining interest in multiple research fields. Researchers have applied various approaches to studying patient experience (PX); however, there is no commonly agreed-upon definition of PX. This scoping review focuses on PX from an eHealth perspective. Our aim was to: 1) describe how PX has been defined, 2) investigate which factors influencing PX and components of PX have been identified and researched, 3) explore the methods used in studying PX, and 4) find out the recent trends in PX research from an eHealth perspective.

Methods: We selected six major journals covering the fields of health informatics, PX, and nursing informatics. Using the search terms “patient experience” and technology-related terms (e.g., digital, eHealth), we searched for articles published between 2019 and 2021. From 426 articles, 44 were included in the analysis.

Results: Multiple concepts and meanings are used to refer to PX. Few articles include vague descriptions of the concept. Numerous eHealth factors are influencing PX, as well as components considering PX. The influencing factors were related to eHealth solutions’ type and quality, and care process, when the components of PX were related to communication, remote interaction, risks and concerns, and patients’ attitudes towards telehealth. Surveys were the main method used to study PX, followed by interviews.

Conclusions: PX is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, and it is described as a synonym for patient satisfaction and telehealth experiences. Further multidisciplinary research is needed to understand PX as a phenomenon and to outline a framework for the research.
A Literature Review on Ethics for AI in Biomedical Research and Biobanking
Authors: Kargl Michaela , Plass Markus , Müller Heimo
Published: December 2022

Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming more and more important especially in datacentric fields, such as biomedical research and biobanking. However, AI does not only offer advantages and promising benefits, but brings about also ethical risks and perils. In recent years, there has been growing interest in AI ethics, as reflected by a huge number of (scientific) literature dealing with the topic of AI ethics. The main objectives of this review are: (1) to provide an overview about important (upcoming) AI ethics regulations and international recommendations as well as available AI ethics tools and frameworks relevant to biomedical research, (2) to identify what AI ethics can learn from findings in ethics of traditional biomedical research - in particular looking at ethics in the domain of biobanking, and (3) to provide an overview about the main research questions in the field of AI ethics in biomedical research.

Methods: We adopted a modified thematic review approach focused on understanding AI ethics aspects relevant to biomedical research. For this review, four scientific literature databases at the cross-section of medical, technical, and ethics science literature were queried: PubMed, BMC Medical Ethics, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar. In addition, a grey literature search was conducted to identify current trends in legislation and standardization.

Results: More than 2,500 potentially relevant publications were retrieved through the initial search and 57 documents were included in the final review. The review found many documents describing high-level principles of AI ethics, and some publications describing approaches for making AI ethics more actionable and bridging the principles-to-practice gap. Also, some ongoing regulatory and standardization initiatives related to AI ethics were identified. It was found that ethical aspects of AI implementation in biobanks are often like those in biomedical research, for example with regards to handling big data or tackling informed consent. The review revealed current ‘hot’ topics in AI ethics related to biomedical research. Furthermore, several published tools and methods aiming to support practical implementation of AI ethics, as well as tools and frameworks specifically addressing complete and transparent reporting of biomedical studies involving AI are described in the review results.

Conclusions: The review results provide a practically useful overview of research strands as well as regulations, guidelines, and tools regarding AI ethics in biomedical research. Furthermore, the review results show the need for an ethical-mindful and balanced approach to AI in biomedical research, and specifically reveal the need for AI ethics research focused on understanding and resolving practical problems arising from the use of AI in science and society.
A Systematic Review of Automated Segmentation Methods and Public Datasets for the Lung and its Lobes and Findings on Computed Tomography Images
Authors: Carmo Diedre , Ribeiro Jean , Dertkigil Sergio , Appenzeller Simone , Lotufo Roberto , Rittner Leticia
Published: December 2022

Objectives: Automated computational segmentation of the lung and its lobes and findings in X-Ray based computed tomography (CT) images is a challenging problem with important applications, including medical research, surgical planning, and diagnostic decision support. With the increase in large imaging cohorts and the need for fast and robust evaluation of normal and abnormal lungs and their lobes, several authors have proposed automated methods for lung assessment on CT images. In this paper we intend to provide a comprehensive summarization of these methods.

Methods: We used a systematic approach to perform an extensive review of automated lung segmentation methods. We chose Scopus, PubMed, and Scopus to conduct our review and included methods that perform segmentation of the lung parenchyma, lobes or internal disease related findings. The review was not limited by date, but rather by only including methods providing quantitative evaluation.

Results: We organized and classified all 234 included articles into various categories according to methodological similarities among them. We provide summarizations of quantitative evaluations, public datasets, evaluation metrics, and overall statistics indicating recent research directions of the field.

Conclusions: We noted the rise of data-driven models in the last decade, especially due to the deep learning trend, increasing the demand for high-quality data annotation. This has instigated an increase of semi-supervised and uncertainty guided works that try to be less dependent on human annotation. In addition, the question of how to evaluate the robustness of data-driven methods remains open, given that evaluations derived from specific datasets are not general.
Electronic Health Record-Integrated Clinical Decision Support for Clinicians Serving Populations Facing Health Care Disparities: Literature Review
Authors: Stipelman Carole H. , Kukhareva Polina V. , Trepman Elly , Nguyen Quang-Tuyen , Valdez Lourdes , Kenost Colleen , Hightower Maia , Kawamoto Kensaku
Published: December 2022

Objectives: To review current studies about designing and implementing clinician-facing clinical decision support (CDS) integrated or interoperable with an electronic health record (EHR) to improve health care for populations facing disparities.

Methods: We searched PubMed to identify studies published between January 1, 2011 and October 22, 2021 about clinician-facing CDS integrated or interoperable with an EHR. We screened abstracts and titles and extracted study data from articles using a protocol developed by team consensus. Extracted data included patient population characteristics, clinical specialty, setting, EHR, clinical problem, CDS type, reported user-centered design, implementation strategies, and outcomes.

Results: There were 28 studies (36 articles) included. Most studies were performed at safety net institutions (14 studies) or Indian Health Service sites (6 studies). CDS tools were implemented in primary care outpatient settings in 24 studies (86%) for screening or treatment. CDS included point-of-care alerts (93%), order facilitators (46%), workflow support (39%), relevant information display (36%), expert systems (11%), and medication dosing support (7%). Successful outcomes were reported in 19 of 26 studies that reported outcomes (73%). User-centered design was reported during CDS planning (39%), development (32%), and implementation phase (25%). Most frequent implementation strategies were education (89%) and consensus facilitation (50%).

Conclusions: CDS tools may improve health equity and outcomes for patients who face disparities. The present review underscores the need for high-quality analyses of CDS-associated health outcomes, reporting of user-centered design and implementation strategies used in low-resource settings, and methods to disseminate CDS created to improve health equity.
Transforming Health Data to Actionable Information: Recent Progress and Future Opportunities in Health Information Exchange
Authors: Sarkar Indra Neil
Published: December 2022

Objectives: Provide a systematic review of literature pertaining to health information exchange (HIE) since 2018. Summarize HIE-associated literature for most frequently occurring topics, as well as within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and health equity. Finally, provide recommendations for how HIE can advance the vision of a digital healthcare ecosystem.

Methods: A computer program was developed to mediate a literature search of primary literature indexed in MEDLINE that was: (1) indexed with “Health Information Exchange” MeSH descriptor as a major topic; and (2) published between January 2018 and December 2021. Frequency of MeSH descriptors was then used to identify and to rank topics associated with the retrieved literature. COVID-19 literature was identified using the general COVID-19 PubMed Clinical Query filter. Health equity literature was identified using additional MeSH descriptor-based searches. The retrieved literature was then reviewed and summarized.

Results: A total of 256 articles were retrieved and reviewed for this survey. The major thematic areas summarized were: (1) Information Dissemination; (2) Delivery of Health Care; (3) Hospitals; (4) Hospital Emergency Service; (5) COVID-19; (6) Health Disparities; and (7) Computer Security and Confidentiality. A common theme across all areas examined for this survey was the maturity of HIE to support data-driven healthcare delivery. Recommendations were developed based on opportunities identified across the reviewed literature.

Conclusions: HIE is an essential advance in next generation healthcare delivery. The review of the recent literature (2018-2021) indicates that successful HIE improves healthcare delivery, often resulting in improved health outcomes. There remain major opportunities for expanded use of HIE, including the active engagement of clinical and patient stakeholders. The maturity of HIE reflects the maturity of the biomedical informatics and health data science fields.
Consumer Health Informatics for Racial and Ethnic Minoritized Communities: Minor Progress, Major Opportunities
Authors: Valdez Rupa S. , Rogers Courtney C.
Published: December 2022

Objective: By reducing barriers to accessing health services and by supporting health management, consumer health informatics has the potential to reduce health disparities. Yet, technologies are still being designed without considerations for racial and ethnic minoritized populations. This paper reviews consumer health informatics research within this population to assess for whom and how such technologies are being designed.

Methods: We searched four databases from January 2020- December 2021 for literature focused on consumer health informatics and racial and ethnic minoritized populations. We extracted information about the study population, geographic location, stage of the design lifecycle, culturally tailored approaches, community engagement strategies, and considerations for the social determinants of health.

Results: Twenty articles were included in the review. Most of the included literature were original research articles that tested health management interventions focused on one racial or ethnic minoritized population primarily within a confined geographic area within the United States. Seven studies described the extent to which an intervention was culturally tailored, including modifying the content, interface, functionality, and platform. Community engagement strategies varied, but few articles employed robust approaches. Lastly, seven studies detailed considerations for the social determinants of health, including providing hardware to access interventions and incorporating information about community-based resources within an intervention.

Conclusions: There has been moderate progress in consumer health informatics focused on racial and ethnic minoritized populations and many opportunities remain for these technologies to be used as an approach to address health disparities. Future research should utilize community engagement strategies to design interventions that are attune to multiple racial and ethnic minoritized populations across geographic regions in addition to numerous intersectional identities and multiple co-morbidities.
Cancer Informatics 2022: Real-World Data Yields Important Insights into the Conduct of Clinical Trials and Registries
Authors: Warner Jeremy L. , Rooney Michael K. , Patt Debra
Published: December 2022

Objective: To summarize significant research contributions on cancer informatics published in 2021.

Methods: An extensive search using PubMed/MEDLINE and Altmetric scores was conducted to identify the scientific contributions published in 2021 that address topics in cancer informatics. The selection process comprised three steps: (i) 15 candidate best papers were first selected by the two section editors, (ii) external reviewers from internationally renowned research teams reviewed each candidate best paper, and (iii) the final selection of two best papers was conducted by the editorial board of the IMIA Yearbook.

Results: The two selected best papers demonstrate some of the promises and shortcomings of real-world data.

Conclusion: Cancer informatics is a maturing subfield of biomedical informatics. Applications of informatics methods to real-world data are especially notable in 2021.