bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood Leukotrienes in Headache: Correlation With Platelet Activity
Authors: LaMancusa Rita , Pulcinelli Fabio M. , Ferroni Patrizia , Lenti Luisa , Manzari Giovanna , Pauri Franca , Rizzo Paolo A. , Gazzaniga Pier Paolo , Pontieri Giuseppe M.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Platelet hyperactivity, one of the commonest findings associated with migraine, has been related to increased release of biologically active substances such as catecholamines and arachidonic acid metabolites, which seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of migraine.

In this study, in vitro platelet aggregation tests were performed on samples from patients with different types of headache. The presence of platelet hyperactivity was clearly demonstrated in 11 patients with classical migraine between attacks, but not in 4 patients between attacks of common migraine. Nevertheless, the presence of a marked platelet hyporesponsivity was found during the attack phase of both classical and common migraine. No difference in platelet aggregability was found between attack and post‐attack phases in 5 patients with cluster headache.

Blood leukotrienes were analyzed in 8 patients with classical migraine and in the 5 patients with cluster headache. During the attack phase of classical migraine both LTC 4 and LTB 4 were present in the peripheral blood, while the post‐attack phase was characterized by the disappearance of LTC 4 and the presence of LTB 4 and its transisomer D 6‐trans‐LTB 4 . Blood leukotrienes were constantly absent during both phases of cluster headache. Incubation of normal platelets with LTC 4 or D 6‐trans‐LTB 4 was followed by inhibition of platelet response to epinephrine. D 6‐trens‐LTB 4 , at higher concentrations, induced the opposite effect.

A possible role of blood leukotrienes in the changes occurring in platelet aggregability during the different phases of classical migraine, is discussed.
Dihydroergotamine Suppositories in a Headache Clinic
Authors: Ward Thomas N. , Scott Gregory
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Dihydroergotamine (DHE) is available in the United States for parenteral use. We report a preliminary trial of DHE suppositories in an outpatient headache clinic setting. Dihydroergotamine suppositories may be appropriate for patients with catamenial migraine and classic migraine in particular.
Arteriovenous Malformations and Migraine: Case Reports and an Analysis of the Relationship
Authors: Haas David C.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Some patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) suffer recurrent migrainous attacks which meet the official criteria for migraine. The relationship of these attacks to the malformations has been poorly substantiated. Instances where attacks disappeared following surgical extirpation of an AVM support a relationship, but several other reported surgical outcomes do not. Both patients presented here had surgical results seemingly antithetical to a relationship: the attacks persisted in the first patient and began in the second after removal of the AVM. Nevertheless, data assembled from the literature attests to a causal role for AVMs in the production of migrainous attacks, by showing an overwhelming correlation between the side of the cranium with the AVM and the side afflicted by unilateral headache. An equally good correlation exists for lateralized auras. The correlative and surgical data together show that migrainous attacks develop in relation to AVMs, but not within the malformation itself. Instead, the neighboring brain is probably the generative site.
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation and Cluster‐like Headache
Authors: Hindfelt Bengt , Olivecrona Hans
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Cluster headache is considered a clinically distinct entity with no underlying gross pathology. However, in ram cases this kind of headache may be mimicked by an arteriovenous malformation. A 49‐year‐old male is described who had severe bouts of unilateral headache resembling those of cluster headache. The usual accompanying autonomic manifestations were minor and the headache attacks were prolonged. Treatment with ergotamine tartrate and pizotifen failed. A large ipsilateral arteriovenous malformation was diagnosed. Prospectively, true clustering of the headache attacks could not be documented.
Ketorolac Versus DHE and Metoclopramide in the Treatment of Migraine Headaches
Authors: Klapper J.A. , Stanton J.S.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Ketorolac IM was compared to DHE and metoclopramide IV in migraine patients whose regular abortive medication had failed and who presented to a headache clinic for acute treatment. Pain scale ratings and ratings of ability to function were recorded before and after injection. Ketorelac provided moderate relief in headache in six of nine patients compared to eight of nine given DHE and metoclopramide. The average improvement in patients receiving DHE and metoclopramide was greater in pain (p=.031) and disability scores (p=.057), than in those patients given ketorolac.
Migraine and Anticardiolipin Antibodies‐Case Reports of 13 Patients, and the Prevalence of Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Migraineurs
Authors: Robbins Lawrence
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Thirteen patients with both migraine and positive anticardiolipin antibodies (ACL) are discussed. Several of the patients were treated with immunosuppressives, aspirin, and anti‐coagulants. In addition, one underwent plasmapheresis.

Sixty‐eight migraineurs were screened for the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies. Low positive IgG ACL were identified in 13 patients, medium positive ACL were present in two patients, and one patient had high IgG levels for ACL. The number of positives in migraineurs was significantly higher than in controls.
Orbital Phlebography and Signs of Inflammation in Episodic and Chronic Cluster Headache
Authors: Hannerz Jan
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

One of our 7 patients (14%) with chronic cluster headache had an abnormal orbital phlebogram; this was significantly less than the 61% encountered in our 13 patients with active episodic cluster headache who had this test done.

There were no pathologically increased values for serum haptoglobin or orosomucoid in our 9 patients with chronic cluster headache, again significantly less than in our 43 patients with active episodic cluster headache, 51 percent of whom had pathologically increased values of haptoglobin or orosomucoid.

These inflammatory signs decreased after the episodic cluster headache was over.

Episodic cluster headache we suggest to be due to temporary sympathicoplegia caused by venous vasculitis in the cavernous sinus region; chronic cluster headache we attribute to permanent post‐inflammatory sympathicoplegia in the middle fossa.
Hypothesis: Serotonin‐1C Receptor Activation in Migraine: An Alternative Point of View With Therapeutic Implication
Authors: Spierings Egilius L.H.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Brewerton's observation that meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine, the major metabolite of trazodone, with high affinity and intrinsic activity for the serotonin‐1C receptor precipitates migraine headaches in subjects with a personal and/or family history of migraine, prompted Fozard and Gray to postulate that activation of serotonin‐1C receptors plays a significant role in the initiation of the attack. Little note was taken, however, of the significant delay between administration of meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine and the onset of the headaches. This delay prompts another hypothesis, that the vasoconstrictive action of this substance, as it wears off leads to rebound vasodilation, precipitating migraine. Under this hypothesis, specific sero‐tonin‐1C receptor activation is not a necessary condition for the genesis of the migraine attack. As a practical corollary, the vasoconstrictive effect of meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine may have therapeutic potential.
Sustained Visual Aura: A Totally New Variation of Migraine
Authors: Luda E. , Bo E. , Sicuro L. , Comitangelo R. , Campana M.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

An unusual case of an abnormally long‐lasting (over 12 months) visual migraine aura is reported. Theabsence of signs of a structural lesion, as shown by neuro‐imaging and clinical investigations, make difficultthe differential diagnosis between a new variation and a complication of migraine.
Headaches and Psychoactive Substance Use
Authors: EI‐Mallakh Rif S. , Kranzler Henry R. , Kamanitz Joyce R.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

A number of clinical reports have revealed an association between the use of alcohol and drugs and theonset or exacerbation of headaches. In order to investigate this association systematically and to examinethe temporal relationship between onset of headaches and psychoactive substance use, we analyzedresponses to e self‐report questionnaire from 267 consecutive admissions to a three‐week inpatientsubstance abuse treatment program. The response rate was 89.7%. The following characteristics werenoted in the 236 respondents: 1) Over 89% reported having experienced some type of headache. 2)Headache‐free individuals were significantly older than headache sufferers. 3) Women were much morelikely to have migraine headaches than men. 4) Onset of migraines occurred prior to onset of substanceuse, while onset of tension headaches occurred after onset of substance use. Although associational datamust be interpreted with caution, an intriguing hypothesis compatible with the finding is that migrainesmay play a role in the genesis of substance use, while substance use may play a role in the genesis oftension headaches.
Vascular Reactivity During Migraine Attacks: A Transcranial Doppler Study
Authors: Zwetsloot C.P. , Caekebeke J.F.V. , Odink J. , Ferrari M.D.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

We measured vascular reactivity ‐ expressed i) as decrease in blood flow velocity (cm/sec) per vol% CO2decrease due to voluntary hyperventilation and ii) as increase of blood flow velocity during the first minuteafter resuming normal ventilation, per vol% CO2 increase ‐ in the middle cerebral and basilar artery of 48migraineurs with attacks without aura, and 17 normal controls. We found no differences for bothdeterminants of vascular reactivity between migraineurs during and outside an attack, and betweenmigraineurs and healthy volunteers. We conclude that the vasomotor reactivity is normal during migraineattacks without aura.
Benign Intracranial Hypertension ‐ Its Unusual Manifestations
Authors: Chari Chitra , Rao Nagbhushan S.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Among our patients with benign intracranial hypertension, we encountered 3 who presented withunusual clinical features. Presentations were pseudotumor without papilledema, unilateral papilledema,and IIIrd and Vth cranial nerve involvement. Lumbo‐peritoneal shunt completely resolved the symptomsand signs in 2 of the patients; in the third, symptoms and signs cleared following lumbar puncture.
The Use of Exercise as a Method of Aborting Migraine
Authors: Darling Mary
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Exercise, as a method of migraine management has been discussed theoretically and tested empirically.The consensus is that exercise can help to reduce the frequency, intensity and/or duration of migraineattacks. Conversely, there are case studies which, with few exceptions, suggest that periods of exercisecan precipitate a migraine headache. The literature concurs, however, that one should not attempt exercisewhen in the midst of an attack. The present article presents a case study of a woman who found promptrelief from her migraines with strenuous exercise.
Flunarizine Versus Metoprolol in Migraine Prophylaxis: A Double‐Blind, Randomized Parallel Group Study of Efficacy and Tolerability
Authors: Sørensen P. Soelberg , Larsen B.H. , Rasmussen M.J.K. , Kinge E. , Iversen H. , Alslev T. , Nøhr P. , Pedersen K.K. , Schrøder P. , Lademann A. , Olesen J.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

The prophylactic effect of flunarizine and metoprolol was studied in a multi‐center randomized, double‐blind trial of 149 patients with migraine with or without aura. After a 4‐week placebo run‐in period, patients were randomly allocated to treatment with flunarizine 10 mg daily or metoprolol 200 mg daily for 16 weeks (parallel group design). Both drugs reduced the number of migraine days per month by 37% (95% confidence interval 21–53%) compared with the placebo run‐in period. All efficacy parameters were significantly reduced by both drugs and no significant difference was found between the two drugs at any time of the treatment period. However, calculation of the 95% confidence limits showed that each drug may have a superiority of more than 100% on a single main effect parameter. The most common adverse experiences were day‐time sedation (both drugs) and weight gain (flunarizine). Depression was the most serious side‐effect occurring in 8% on flunarizine and 3% on metoprolol. We conclude that both drugs are effective in the prevention of migraine attacks but a higher number of dropouts occurred on flunarizine because of depression or weight gain.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Migraine
Authors: Iñiguez C , Pascual C. , Pardo A. , Martinez‐Castrillo J.C. , Alvarez‐Cermeño J.C.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

We studied the presence of serum antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) in 35 patients with migraine and 75 controls. None of the controls showed APA, while we found these antibodies in five patients out of the 35 studied (p=0.003). The clinical features of migraineurs with APA were similar to those of patients without them. After a follow‐up of one to two years, no patient suffered any neurological complications or developed any clinical features that would suggest the presence of autoimmune disease. Our results suggest that APA are not prominent in the pathogenesis of migraine attacks, or significant in the course of otherwise healthy migraine patients.
Migraine in Nigerian Children ‐ a Study of 51 Patients
Authors: Okogbo Michael E.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

This study was undertaken to determine the profile of migraine in Nigerian children, as earlier reports on migraine from Africa dealt mostly with the adult population. Migraine constituted 5.7% of all new referrals seen in the Child Neurology Clinic over a 44 month period. The overall profile is not different from that reported for other racial groups. Haemoglobin AS was found to be more frequent among children with migraine than in the general population, although this difference did not attain statistical significance. Childhood migraine is probably commoner than this study indicates. This may be partly due to the fact that practitioners in the less developed countries have to deal with the more pressing problems of malnutrition, infections, chronic motor handicaps, mental retardation and epilepsy.
Epidemiology of Headache in the Thai Elderly: A Study in the Bangkae Home for the Aged
Authors: Srikiatkhachorn Anan
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

The problem of headache in the elderly, especially in Thailand, has yet to be probed, fully. The prevalence, clinical characteristics and precipitating correlates of headache in this population may be different from other groups. The objective of this study was to examine the epidemiology of headache in a selected subgroup of the elderly, in order to create a foundation for further studies in the general population. The data were gathered by an interviewer‐administered questionnaire method. The study population consisted of 241 persons (male:female=1:5.7). The reported prevalence of headache over a 1‐year period was 54.8% (132/241 cases). The prevalence of migraine, episodic tension headache, chronic tension headache and unclassified headache were 2.9, 16.2, 2.1 and 33.6%, respectively. The reported prevalence tended to decline with increasing age. Physical disorders, including pain in the para‐cranial structures, chest pain and arthralgias, as well as depression, were all significantly associated with the occurrence of headache. The prevention and treatment of these aggravating factors should be considered as one strategy for management of this problem.
Treatment of Chronic Tension‐type Headache With Hypnotherapy: A Single‐blind Time Controlled Study
Authors: Melis Patricia M.L. , Rooimans Wilma , Spierings Egilius L.H. , Hoogduin Cornelis A.L.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

We investigated the effectiveness of a special hypnotherapy technique in the treatment of chronic tension‐type headache. A waitinglist control group was used to control for the changes in headache activity due to the passage of time. The results showed significant reductions in the number of headache days (p<0.05), the number of headache hours (p<0.05) and headache intensity (p<0.05). The improvement was confirmed by the subjective evaluation data gathered with the use of a questionnaire and by a significant reduction in anxiety scores (p< 0.01).
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE CANINE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE
Authors: Jones Jeryl C. , Cartee Robert E. , Bartels Jan E.
Published: May 2005

The lumbosacral spine (L5–S3) was examined by high resolution computed tomography (CT) in five canine cadaver specimens and one anesthetized dog using 5mm thick transverse slices at 5mm intervals. In each dog, anatomic features observed on CT images were confirmed by comparison with corresponding 5 mm thick anatomic transverse sections and section radiographs. CT anatomic features visualized in all dogs included the vertebral bodies, pedicles, laminae, articular processes, spinous processes, transverse processes, mammillary processes, basivertebral venous canals, vertebral foramina, intervertebral foramina, sacral wings, median sacral crest, intermediate sacral crests, lateral sacral crests, articular process joints, sacroiliac joints, internal vertebral venous plexus, epidural fat, thecal sac, L5–S3 nerve roots, and spinal nerves. Spinal ganglia, yellow ligaments, and portions of the intervertebral discs were visible in some dogs. The spinal cord, intrathecal nerve roots, dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments, spinal arteries, and radicular vessels were not distinguishable. Accessory processes were identified on the caudal L5 pedicles in most dogs, an observation that differed from descriptions in standard anatomy texts. Previously undescribed osseous grooves, termed “lateral recesses,” were identified in the caudal L7 vertebral foramen of all dogs.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE EVALUATION OF CAUDAL CERVICAL SPONDYLOMYELOPATHY OF THE DOBERMAN PINSCHER
Authors: Sharp Nicholas J.H. , Med. B. Vet. , Cofone Mark , Robertson Ian D. , DeCarlo Anthony , Smith Gail K. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy is a common neurologic disorder of Doberman pinschers which has a number of striking similarities to cervical spondylotic myelopathy in humans. Diagnosis of this human disease is facilitated considerably by the use of computed tomographic (CT) myelography. Sixteen Doberman pinscher dogs with caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy were studied by conventional myelography followed by CT myelography. A close correlation was noted between the CT myelographic appearance of the cervical spinal cord in these dogs, and that reported for human cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Five dogs had atrophy of the spinal cord, and in another there was an accumulation of contrast medium within the spinal cord. These features are often associated with a poor response to surgical decompression in humans with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. The CT examination provided information that could not be obtained by conventional myelography alone and should be considered as an additional diagnostic procedure in dogs with caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE EQUINE STIFLE
Authors: Holcombe Susan J. , Bertone Alicia L. , Biller David S. , Haider Valerie
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to define normal gross anatomic structures in the equine stifle with magnetic resonance images. Magnetic resonance (MR) images were made in sagittal, 15° supinated, transverse, and dorsal planes of two equine stifles. The MR images were scrutinized by comparing MR images to dissection specimens and frozen cross sections of stifle joints. Sagittal and 15° supinated images were the most valuable in assessing articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and soft tissue structures within the joint. Cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral menisci, meniscotibial and meniscofemoral ligaments, long digital extensor tendon, and patellar ligaments were easily evaluated. MR images provided substantially more gross anatomical information than the currently available imaging modalities.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS OF NORMAL CANINE ADRENAL GLANDS: COMPARISON TO NECROPSY FINDINGS
Authors: Grooters Amy M. , Biller DavidS. , Merryman Joyce
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands was performed in 14 fasted healthy adult dogs. Frequency of visualization was 100% for both the left and right adrenal glands. Moderate correlation was present between Ultrasonographic and gross measurements of thickness for both left (rs= 0.727; p < .005) and right (rs= 0.537; p < .05) adrenal glands. However, no correlation was found between Ultrasonographic and gross measurements for length or width of either adrenal gland. Differentiation of adrenal cortex and medulla was possible in 79% of left adrenal glands and 64% of right adrenal glands. The echogenicity of the adrenal glands was less than that of the renal cortex in all dogs. Factors which made evaluation of the adrenal glands more difficult included pyloric gas, intestinal gas, and deep‐chested body conformation.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF PALMAR METACARPAL TENDON AND LIGAMENT STRUCTURES IN THE HORSE
Authors: Cuesta Inmaculada , Riber Cristina , Pinedo Marta , Gata Jaime A. , Castejon Francisco
Published: May 2005

An ultrasonographic study was made at several levels of the palmar metacarpal region of 23 horses (Anglo‐Arabian‐Andalusian) aged over three years. Lateromedial and palmodorsal measurements were made of tendons and ligaments, following clinical examination to confirm the absence of pathology in this region. Dissection was performed on 23 forelimbs, and these were measured at the same levels to establish a base of reference for the study. These measurements should prove useful in the evaluation of possible pathology in this region.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CHOLECYSTOKININ‐INDUCED PANCREATITIS IN DOGS
Authors: Lamb Christopher R. , Simpson Kenneth W.
Published: May 2005

Pancreatitis can be induced in dogs by intravenous infusion of supraphysiologic doses of synthetic cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK‐8). Eight anesthetized female beagles were given either CCK‐8 or saline in a randomized, blinded fashion and had abdominal ultrasonography to study the development of pancreatic lesions. Pancreatic lesions were apparent 2 hours after the start of CCK‐8 infusion and included swelling, interlobular and subcapsular fluid accumulation and patchy hypoechogenicity of the gland parenchyma. CCK‐8 had a variable effect on gallbladder emptying. No signs of biliary obstruction or duodenal lesions were identified. Dogs given CCK‐8 had severe edematous pancreatitis at necropsy six hours after the start of the infusion. Compared to the oleic acid model of pancreatitis, CCK‐8 infusion induces a rapid onset of pancreatitis and an ultrasonographic appearance that reflects diffuse edema of the gland. The short time‐scale of the experiment may account for the relative absence of secondary lesions affecting the biliary tract or duodenum compared to the naturally‐occurring disease.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC AND BIOMETRIC EVALUATION OF SHEEP AND CATTLE EYES
Authors: El‐Maghraby Hussein M. , Nyland Thomas G. , Bellhorn Roy W.
Published: May 2005

The normal ultrasonographic anatomy and biometry of 60 adult sheep and 60 adult cattle eyes were evaluated by saline immersion technique. Five intraocular dimensions were taken: corneal thickness, aqueous chamber depth, lens diameter, vitreous chamber depth and axis bulbi. The eyes were then frozen and cut in a sagittal plane and the same dimensions were measured directly. A‐ and B‐mode measurements were compared with each other and with that of direct measurements. There was no difference between A‐ and B‐mode measurements. However, there was a difference between ultrasound and direct measurements.
DIASTOLIC MITRAL REGURGITATION DETECTED BY PULSED WAVE DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND COLOR FLOW DOPPLER MAPPING IN FIVE DOGS AND TWO CATS WITH SECOND‐ AND THIRD‐DEGREE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK
Authors: Rosenthal Steven L. , Fox Philip R.
Published: May 2005

M‐mode echocardiography, color flow Doppler mapping, and pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography were used to characterize diastolic mitral regurgitation in five dogs and two cats with second‐ and third‐degree atrioventricular block. Incomplete closure and partial reopening of the mitral valve following nonconducted P‐waves were demonstrated by m‐mode echocardiography. Low velocity reflux of blood into the left atrium after nonconducted P‐waves was imaged by color‐flow Doppler mapping and spectral Doppler echocardiography. Late diastolic mitral regurgitation was not observed in clinically normal control dogs or cats, but a low velocity, mid‐diastolic flow reversal was detected in the dogs. This probably represented normal physiologic intravalvular flow. Diastolic mitral regurgitation is a common echocardiographic finding, in dogs and cats with, second‐ and third‐degree atrioventricular block.
CONTRAST ECHOAORTOGRAPHY AS AN AID IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF RIGHT‐TO‐LEFT SHUNTING PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
Authors: Goodwin John‐Karl , Holland Merrilee
Published: May 2005

Contrast echocardiography has traditionally been used in conjunction with conventional echocardiography to document right‐to‐left intracardiac shunting congenital anomalies. This technique does not clearly demonstrate shunting of blood in patients with right‐to‐left patent ductus arteriosus, as the shunt is extracardiac. We used a variation of contrast echocardiography, contrast echoaortography, to confirm the presence of a right‐to‐left shunting patent ductus arteriosus in two dogs.
RADIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FORELIMB DISTAL PHALANX AND MICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE LATERAL PALMAR PROCESS IN FOALS 3–32 WEEKS OLD
Authors: Kaneps Andris J. , Stover Susan M. , O'Brien Timothy R. , Pool Roy R. , Willits Neil H.
Published: May 2005

Developmental morphology of the forelimb distal phalanges and lateral palmar processes of 9 Thoroughbred foals aged 3–32 weeks was assessed using radiography, microradiography and histology. For inclusion in the study, all distal phalanges had no pathologic radiographic abnormalities.

Vascular channels that are characteristically found in the dorsal region of the distal phalanx were not evident radiographically in the palmar process. The proximal and distal angles of the palmar processes were separated by a lucent line continuous with the incisure in foals only through 12 weeks of age. The distal phalanges were triangular‐shaped in foals 3–12 weeks of age, and were oval‐shaped in older foals.

The palmar aspect of the distal phalanx was the major contributor to growth of the distal phalanx in the sagittal plane, especially between 3 and 12 weeks of age. Growth of the lateral palmar process occurred through the means of endochondral ossification. The body and cortices of the lateral palmar process were composed of coarse cancellous bone. Porosity within the lateral palmar process was greater in regions sampled axial, compared to abaxial, to the parietal sulcus and did not change with age.

A fracture was identified microradiographically and/or histologically in 9 of 18 (50%) and 10 of 17 (59%), respectively, of the lateral palmar processes examined. The fracture line was consistently associated with the parietal sulcus on the dorsal cortical surface and was always immediately abaxial to the deep digital flexor tendon attachment. No age‐related morphological changes of the lateral palmar processes were identified with microradiography or histological examinations.
VERTEBRAL PHYSITIS: A RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS TO BE SEPARATED FROM DISCOSPONDYLITIS
Authors: Jimenez Maria M. , O'Callaghan Michael W.
Published: May 2005

A retrospective study was initiated to investigate the incidence, radiographic appearance and progression of vertebral physitis, a condition the authors propose as a separate radiographic diagnosis from discospondylitis. From 30 dogs with an initial radiographic diagnosis of discospondylitis, six dogs (five less than two years old) had radiographic signs believed to represent vertebral physitis. Bone lysis initially confined to the caudal physeal zone of affected vertebrae and sparing the vertebral endplates characterized the vertebral physitis lesions. Subsequent collapse of the caudoventral vertebral body and reactive spondylosis arising only from the caudal vertebral margins followed as the lesions progressed. By contrast, discospondylitis lesions originated as symmetric lysis of the vertebral endplates with reactive sclerosis in both vertebral bodies, and subsequent symmetric spondylosis. As a result of the differing radiographic patterns demonstrated by the physitis and discospondylitis lesions the author's also propose an alternative pathogenesis from that which is generally accepted for discospondylitis.
MR EVALUATION OF INTRA AND EXTRACRANIAL EXTENSION OF NASAL ADENOCARCINOMA IN A DOG AND CAT
Authors: Voges Andra K. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

Nasal adenocarcinomas have been reported to extend into the cranial vault and cause neurologic disease. This report discusses a dog and cat with nasal adenocarcinoma which extended into the retrobulbar space, base of the cranial vault and adjacent soft tissues. The invasive characteristics of the neoplasms were documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Documentation of the extent of tumor is important if radiation therapy or surgery is planned. MRI was valuable in identifying extracranial and intracranial tumor invasion in these patients.
TOXICITY OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST MEDIA IOPAMIDOL, IOHEXOL AND METRIZAMIDE TO CELL CULTURES
Authors: Carlisle Carol H. , Pass Michael A. , Lowndes Herb E. , Reuhl Kenneth R.
Published: May 2005

Cultured murine embryonal carcinoma cells were exposed to the tri‐iodinated radiographic contrast media iopamidol, iohexol and metrizamide at concentrations below those used for clinical myelography and examined by light and electron microscopy. Cytologic changes consisting of swelling and vacuolation of mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles were observed within 1 h of exposure to the contrast media. By 12 h of incubation cells altered shape, lifted from the culture dish and eventually died. These changes occurred irrespective of the osmolarity of the incubation medium and did not occur when cells were incubated in the presence of 1.16 mM EDTA or 10 mM Tris, which are present in commercial preparations of iopamidol and iohexol. Similar cytological changes were observed in cultures of neurons derived from embryonal carcinoma cells and in cultures of rat dorsal root ganglion cells. The results indicate that iopamidol, iohexol and metrizamide are cytotoxic to cells in culture at less than 20% of the concentration used for myelography and this could contribute to the adverse reactions to myelography seen in people and animals.
BIPLANE TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE DOG: TECHNIQUE, ANATOMY AND IMAGING PLANES
Authors: Loyer Carroll , Thomas William P.
Published: May 2005

To determine the feasibility of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in dogs, biplane TEE was performed in 6 normal, anesthetized dogs, using a 10 mm × 110 cm endoscopic TEE transducer. Positioning was confirmed by fluoroscopy, and imaging planes were confirmed by necropsy examination.

A transgastric position provided only a limited view of the left ventricular apex. Three TEE positions over the base of the heart were identified. A caudal position provided excellent images in both transverse and longitudinal planes, but alignment with flow for Doppler examination was poor. A middle position provided long axis views of the left ventricular inflow region and mitral valve suitable for Doppler examination. A cranial position provided excellent views for both anatomic and Doppler examination of right and left ventricular outflow and associated great vessels.

We conclude that biplane TEE provides unique views of the heart in dogs which are complementary to, and often superior to, transthoracic views for evaluation of structures at the heart base.
ANATOMY OF THE PORTAL AND HEPATIC VEINS OF THE DOG: A BASIS FOR SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THE LIVER BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Carlisle Carol H. , WU Jian‐Xin , HEATH Trevor J.
Published: May 2005

The objective of this study was to define, in detail, the anatomy of the portal and hepatic veins in the dog in order to establish a procedure for the systematic evaluation of the liver by ultrasonography. Anatomical details were obtained from the formalin fixed livers of ten dogs. The hepatic and portal veins were removed intact from these livers so that a detailed pattern of distribution could be established and the numbers of branches could be counted. Silastic casts were also made of the hepatic and portal veins of two livers, one in situ and one in which it had been removed. The former was to enable the relationship of the portal to the hepatic veins to be established as closely as possible within the animal and the other to provide a model of the distribution of each venous system within the liver. Contrast medium was infused into two other livers and radiographs taken to establish the relationship of each branch to each lobe. It was found that there was a consistent pattern of venous branching to each lobe of the liver in the dog with little variation between individual specimens. All liver lobes contained definite venous branches so that the left lateral and medial, quadrate, right medial and lateral, caudate and papillary veins could be distinguished in each venous system. We believe that an appreciation of this venous distribution will aid in the systematic evaluation of the liver during ultrasonography by enabling identification of each liver lobe. It should be of value for differentiating portal from hepatic veins and veins from dilated bile ducts.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE CANINE LIVER BASED ON RECOGNITION OF HEPATIC AND PORTAL VEINS
Authors: WU Jian‐xin , Carlisle Carol H.
Published: May 2005

A method for systematic examination of the livers was developed, based on identification of the hepatic and portal veins in sixteen dogs. The right medial, quadrate, left medial and lateral hepatic veins and the hepatic branches of the portal veins were easily located with the dog in dorsal recumbency. The right lateral and caudate hepatic veins were identified more easily from the right side with the transducer positioned between the ninth to the eleventh intercostal spaces. Visibility was affected by the fullness of the stomach but this effect could be minimized by changing the position of the transducer to select a more suitable anatomical approach. Identification of the two systems depended on their echogenicity, the anatomical position of the main branches and their pattern of distribution. As in humans, the portal veins were in general, more echogenic than the hepatic veins and the hepatic veins could be traced from their junctions with the caudal vena cava. Identification of the branches of the hepatic and portal veins was complicated by the anatomical shape, the nutritional status and respiratory stage of the animal. A systemic approach based on a knowledge of the distribution patterns produced by the hepatic and portal veins ensures that all liver lobes are identified and all important structures are assessed.
DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF SOFT TISSUES IN THE BOVINE DISTAL LIMB
Authors: Kofler Johann , Edinger Hannes K.
Published: May 2005

In this study sonographic images of healthy flexor tendons, digital flexor tendon sheaths, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the bovine limb were made. Then, synovial cavities in cadavers were filled with the necessary amount of fluid to make the lumina visible sonographically. After injecting 30–40 ml of saline solution into the digital flexor tendon sheath and into the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, or 8 ml in the proximal interphalangeal joint and 10 ml in the distal interphalangeal joint, the pouches of these synovial cavities were clearly demarcated. Afterwards, the sonographic image of synovial cavities distended by various inflammatory content were described. When the sonographic findings were compared to the findings in clinical patients, centesis and intraoperative procedures, there appeared to be a relationship as to the extent and location of the disorders as well as to the nature of the synovial effusion. Finally, we identified which planes on diseased bovine distal limbs were appropriate for obtaining optimal sonographic images.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDIUM‐111 LEUKOCYTES AND NEPHROSONOGRAPHY FOR DETECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL PYELONEPHRITIS IN DOGS
Authors: Neuwirth L. , Kuperus J.H. , Calderwood‐Mays M. , Gaskin J.
Published: May 2005

Nephrosonography was compared to In‐111 WBC for detection of experimentally induced pyelonephritis in 12 dogs. Nephrosonography was performed during the acute and chronic phase of pyelonephritis in all dogs. Sonographic abnormalities were found in all infected kidneys imaged early after infection. In the chronic phase of pyelonephritis, the sonographic abnormalities had decreased in severity in 9 kidneys, increased in severity in 2 kidneys, and had resolved in 2 kidneys. After histopathologic evaluation, eleven of fifteen kidneys (73%) with pyelonephritis had been identified by sonography. The In‐111 WBC scan was performed during the acute phase of pyelonephritis in 9 dogs and during the chronic phase in all dogs. During the acute phase of pyelonephritis, the WBC scan was positive in 8 of the 9 dogs (89%) on images acquired 24 and 48 hr after injection of the labelled WBC. During the chronic phase of pyelonephritis, the WBC scan was negative in all 12 dogs. The sensitivity of the In‐111 WBC scan was poor compared to nephrosonography for detection of chronic pyelonephritis. In this study, optimal detection of renal infection/pyelonephritis by In‐111 WBC may be dependent on the presence of clinical signs and leukocytosis in dogs. Even when leukocytosis is present, the In‐111 WBC may fail to accumulate in the kidney in dogs with pyelonephritis, particularly if no clinical signs (fever, depression, inappetence) are present.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE NORMAL FELINE BRAIN
Authors: Hudson Lola C. , Cauzinille Laurent , Kornegay Joe N. , Tompkins Mary B.
Published: May 2005

The Purpose of this study was to produce an atlas of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the feline brain and associated structures. The head of nine clinically normal cats was imaged in 2 or 3 anatomic planes and 3 sets of technical parameters resulting in T1, T2, and proton‐weighted density images. Images were compared with anatomic texts, with preserved and sectioned feline cadaver heads, with preserved and sectioned feline brains, and with intact, sectioned, and disarticulated feline skulls for aid in identification of structures. Anatomic and neuroanatomic structures are identified on selected images in different planes as reference for MR morphology of the normal feline brain and related structures.
RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF THE CANINE INTERCONDYLAR FOSSA
Authors: Montgomery R.D. , Fitch R.B. , Hathcock J.T. , Laprade R.F. , Wilson M.E. , Garrett P.D.
Published: May 2005

The intercondylar fossa is believed to play an important role in the pathology of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and therefore has received considerable attention in the last decade. Accurate radiographic imaging of the intercondylar fossa requires that the central x‐ray beam pass through the center of the intercondylar “tunnel”. The anatomy of the canine intercondylar fossa is similar to humans, however, the orientations of the intercondylar fossa's differ. Consequently, the positioning techniques described for humans are not appropriate for the dog. To pass through the center of the dog, intercondylar fossa, the central x‐ray beam should be 12° (S.D. 1.7°) caudal from the femoral diaphysis in the sagittal plane and obliqued caudolateral to craniomedial 7° (S.D. 0.60°) (caudo78°proximo7° lateralcraniodistomedial oblique). Cross table positioning was used with the hip flexed and the radiograph cassette placed on the cranial surface of the stifle. However, superimposition of the tuber ischii and soft tissues caudal to the femur made 15° to 20° the best angle obtainable. There was not a significant difference (p = 0.17) in the notch width index between a 12° versus 20° angle of the central x‐ray beam caudal to the femoral diaphysis, both with 7° of external rotation of the stifle. The notch width index of 0.252 obtained from radiographic measurements was not significantly different from measurements obtained grossly of 0.254 (n = 26; p = 0.69). Failure to oblique the central x‐ray beam caused a significant (p = 0.0008) decrease in the apparent fossa width radiographically.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE LLAMA HEAD: TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL ANATOMY
Authors: Hathcock John T. , Pugh D. G. , Cartee Robert E. , Hammond Linda
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography was performed on the head of 6 normal adult llamas. The animals were under general anesthesia and positioned in dorsal recumbency on the scanning table. The area scanned was from the external occipital protuberance to the rostral portion of the nasal passage, and the images are presented in both a bone window and a soft tissue window to allow evaluation and identification of the anatomy of the head. Computed tomography of the llama head can be accomplished by most computed tomography scanners utilizing a technique similar to that used in small animals with minor modification of the scanning table.
INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND CONTRAST MEDIA
Authors: Schmid Val , Lang Johann
Published: May 2005

Intravascular ultrasound contrast media are substances that increase the echogenicity of blood. Although not yet completely explored, the clinical applications of intravascular ultrasound contrast media are cardiologic, such as for chamber opacification and myocardial perfusion imaging, the assessment of vascular diseases in general and the study of tumor vessels. Gas‐filled bubbles are the preferred echo‐enhancing contrast media. Research in this field is concentrating on the creation of very small, stable and non‐toxic bubbles, capable of surviving pulmonary transit and appear into the left heart and peripheral vessels. Contrast provided by such media is visible on grey‐scale images of the heart and also enhances Doppler signals. The potential clinical applications and the problems related to the creation of ultrasound contrast media suitable for clinical use are reviewed and illustrated by examples of contrast injections performed on patients.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE NORMAL CANINE STIFLE
Authors: Reed Ann L. , Payne John T. , Constantinescu Gheorghe M.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonographic examination of the normal canine stifle joint was performed to characterize its normal anatomy. Stifles of four normal adult dogs were imaged in sagittal and transverse planes and each anatomic structure visualized was recorded. Normal anatomic structures consistently seen included the patellar tendon, medial and lateral menisci, the cranial cruciate ligament and femoral condyle cartilage. The caudal cruciate ligament was visualized in two dogs. Collateral ligaments and meniscal ligaments were not visualized. The dogs were then euthanized and each stifle was isolated. Following removal of superficial muscles and skin, each stifle was imaged in a water bath to definitively identify the structures that had previously been visualized on the live dogs. The ultrasonographic appearance of the isolated stifle specimens was similar to that found in live dogs. The results of this study indicate that ultrasound can be used to image the normal anatomy of the canine stifle. The echogenicity of the patellar ligament, cruciate ligaments, menisci and articular cartilage was similar to that previously reported in equine stifles and human knees.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROPIC DEGENERATION OF THE LIVER IN DAIRY CATTLE THROUGH BIOCHEMISTRY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND DIGITAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Acorda Jezie A. , Yamada Haruo , Ghamsari Seyed Mehdi
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography of the liver of 181 Holstein‐Friesian cows was performed and blood samples were collected for analysis. The hepatic ultrasonograms were evaluated and the echoes were analyzed digitally. After slaughter, liver specimens were taken and examined histopathologically. Of the 181 animals, 120 had a normal liver and 61 had hydropic degeneration of the liver, diagnosed through histopathologic examination. Diagnostic accuracy rates for hydropic degeneration were determined based on the following test positive conditions: a) for biochemical analysis—high levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin and non‐esterified fatty acids; b) for ultrasonography—presence of dark pattern and blurring of edges; and c) for digital analysis—low echo means at 1 cm and 3 cm from the hepatic surface. Digital analysis had the highest overall specificity, accuracy and positive predictive values for hydropic degeneration, followed by ultrasonography. The results suggest that ultrasonography and digital analysis of hepatic ultrasonograms can be used for diagnosis of hydropic degeneration of the liver in place of biochemical analysis.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF OTITIS MEDIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Love Nancy E. , Kramer Robert W. , Spodnick Gary J. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare computed tomography (CT) and radiography in the identification of canine middle ear disease. Fourteen canine patients underwent a radiographic “bullae series” and CT examination of the tympanic bullae. Confirmation of otitis media was based on surgery. The overall diagnostic accuracy of CT and radiographs regarding the diagnosis of otitis media was similar. Although a marked difference was not detected between radiographs and CT for detecting otitis media using Youden's index values, CT was a more sensitive test for the detection of otitis media.
CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOPLASIA OF THE SUSTENTACULUM TALI IN A THOROUGHBRED COLT
Authors: Lepage Olivier M. , Léveillé Renée , Breton Luc , Marcoux Marcel
Published: May 2005

An 11‐month‐old Thoroughbred colt was presented with a hard swelling at the proximal third of the right 4th metatarsal bone. A medial dislocation of the deep digital flexor tendon (flexor digitorum profundus) was also observed on the same leg. On the plantaroproximal‐plantarodistal projection of the calcaneus, there was flattening and shortening of the sustentaculum tali. The smooth bony proliferation at the proximal third of the right 4th metatarus was compatible with a chronic splint bone fracture. This report describes a medial deep digital flexor dislocation associated with hypoplasia of the sustentaculum tali.
A COMPARISON OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC INDICES OF THE NONRACING, HEALTHY GREYHOUND TO REFERENCE VALUES FROM OTHER BREEDS
Authors: Snyder Patti S. , Sato Takashi , Atkins Clarke E.
Published: May 2005

Echocardiographic evaluation of healthy, nonexercising, awake greyhounds revealed substantial differences in left ventricular cavity dimensions, wall thickness, systolic time intervals and fractional shortening as compared to previously reported normal echocardiographic values obtained from mongrels and various other dog breeds. Despite corrections for body surface area and body weight, these differences remained, suggesting that breed and body conformation should be considered when interpreting echocardiographic studies in the dog.