bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chimera of Incarceration: Penal Institutionalization and its Alternatives in a Progressive Nigeria
Authors: Igbinovia Patrick Edobor , Igbinovia Patrick Edobor
Published: March 2007

The central thesis of this paper is that Nigerian correctional thinking is dominated by an ideology of incarcera tion ; that in concept and practice the institutionalization of offenders in the country has failed and become counter-produc tive. Institutionalization in Nigeria has not reduced the number of people brought into the formal system of social control but rather has produced a "widening of the net". Community-based corrections, pretrial diversion, increased use of open prisons, therapy, bail, probation, parole, compensation, discharge, binding over, suspended sentencing. furloughs, ombudsmen and personal recognizance, plus various forms of work and study release programs are advocated as alternatives or solutions to many of the problems of contemporary Nigerian corrections. Their small-scale, treatment-oriented approach, emphasis on employment and adjustment programs, and stress on greater accessibility are cited increasingly as reforms needed by a system now dominated by overcrowded, dehumanizing, degrading, criminogenic, repres sive and highly expensive system of control. To achieve the needed depth of change, decarceration must become the primary focus of Nigerian corrections policy. The emphasis on decar ceration does not mean that confinement will disappear, rather that its use will be bound by the criterion of last resort.
Shoplifting in Middle America: Patterns and Motivational Correlates
Authors: Moore Richard H.
Published: March 2007

Five patterns of shoplifting were identified in a clinical study of 300 shoplifters conducted in a court setting. 67.6 per cent reported weekly shoplifting. Overall, 56 per cent were males. Among adults, 56.5 per cent were women. Character defects (personality disorders), not mental illnesses, were the pre dominant form of pathology according to guidelines in DSM-III. Financial benefit was the primary motivation in 67.7 per cent of the cases. Economic disadvantage appeared to be a contri buting factor in 72 per cent of the adult chronic shoplifters. Mental illnesses were distributed about equally between genders. However, nearly twice as many women were experiencing psycho social stressors. The recommended treatment intervention is short-term crisis counseling followed by education which encour ages the offender to admit that shoplifting is a crime and to consider the realistic consequences of additional shoplifting.
The Delusion of Doubles, Psychosis and Aggressive Behavior—Capgras Syndrome
Authors: Turco Ronald R.
Published: March 2007

The author discusses an example of 'Capgras Syndrome', the delusion of doubles, as it relates to aggressive behavior. The occurrence of this phenomenon is noted in the context of an organic brain syndrome.
Three Mazatec Wise Ones and their Books
Authors: Feinberg Benjamin
Published: March 2007

■ Most accounts of psychedelic mushroom use in Mexico's Sierra Maza teca describe the practice as a prehispanic survival degraded by tourism. This article explores how - through chants, self-descriptions and life stories - Mazatec curers who deal with 'outsiders' use the discourse surrounding mushrooms to construct a mimetic model of power and the relationship between inside and outside that highlights the importance of the border and the position of the mediator. The themes of shamanic travel and the book make both sense and power out of magical mushroom mediation and involve the outsider as an essen tial component of Mazatec identity.
Citizenship and the Politics of Exclusion in a 'Post'-Fordist Industrial City
Authors: Leach Belinda
Published: March 2007

■ This article examines the experience of modernity for steelworkers and their families in Hamilton, Ontario who now face unprecedented insecurity in production relations at the same time that they encounter shifting ideas about the welfare state. The article argues that at a time when the material conse quences of exclusion from entitlement are real and often frightening, these people draw on the discourse of modernity, and in particular ideas about state policies on immigration and social welfare, as well as their own situated historical experiences of class struggle, to reinforce their claims to entitlement and dimin ish those of others.
Femininity and Flexible Labor
Authors: Freeman Carla
Published: March 2007

■ Analyses of 'flexible labor' typically focus on factors related to labor demands, and those techniques used by capital to rationalize production and increase its rate of accumulation. This article aims to integrate these perspectives with those practices and desires of women workers who are situated within one of the newest arenas of transnational 'flexible' production, that of 'off-shore informatics'. It demonstrates the integral connections between corporate strat egies of 'flexibility' and those of the women themselves, in ways that link flexible labor to flexible gender identities. As such, it raises questions about gender and class within the context of new modes of industrialization and what has tra ditionally been considered 'white collar' work. The article focuses on the off shore informatics industry in Barbados, and explores the ways in which Afro-West Indian women perform new forms of production which enable and encourage them to engage in new forms of transnational consumption. When analysed together, it becomes clear that these 'pink collar' workers actively re-define them selves as women, as workers, and as members of the working classes.
The Prayer of Daniel 9: Reflection On Jeremiah 29
Authors: Wilson Gerald H.
Published: March 2007

The puzzling question how the prayer in Daniel 9 functions in its present literary context can best be resolved when it is realized that the text is not a plea for revelation regarding Jeremiah's prophecy of seventy years before restoration from exile. The prayer results from reflection on the 'letters' of Jeremiah to the exilic community recorded in Jeremiah 29. The prayer thus functions as Daniel's attempt to fulfill requirements for restoration set out in Jeremiah 29 by seeking YHWH'S face and confessing Israel's sin now that the seventy-year period is approaching its end. This sets the stage for the angel's revelation of the extension of the prophecy to seventy 'weeks' of years.
Merenptah's Israel and Recent Theories of Israelite Origins
Authors: Bimson John J.
Published: March 2007

Several recent theories of Israelite origins link the emergence of Israel with the spread of settlement into the central hill country at the begin ning of the Iron Age. In particular, a number of theories share the assumption that this shift in settlement patterns marks the beginning of the process which led to the existence of the entity Israel. However, when the available controls are utilized to date the beginning of settle ment in the central highlands, it is clear that this began some decades after the reference to Israel on Merenptah's famous stela. Unless the stela refers to another entity with the same name (a gratuitous assumption), the above theories are in need of fundamental revision. Merenptah's reference actually implies that Israel had been part of the political scene for some time by the end of the 13th century BCE. The Iron I settlements in the highlands mark the sedentarization, not the emergence, of Israel.
Saul of Gibeon
Authors: Walters Stanley D.
Published: March 2007

Saul is the only person in the Chronicler's genealogies not to be linked to one of Jacob's twelve sons. He is linked instead with Gibeon, a city which typifies Canaanite religious and political traditions. He is therefore unsuitable to be king, and the future belongs to David and a revived Davidic state. The MT of Samuel associates Saul instead with Gibeah (2 Sam. 21.6), and thus prefers prophetic ideals of the kingship and of the future.
Babel Reversed—Daniel Chapter 5
Authors: Hilton Michael
Published: March 2007

The story of 'The Writing on the Wall' is central to the book of Daniel, and dates from Maccabean times. The historical setting is precise—the night of the fall of Babylon in 539 BCE. Gen. 11 describes the founding of Babel (Babylon) and Dan. 5 the destruction of the same city. Both stories depend on a confusion of languages: all can see God's writing, but only Daniel has the insight to interpret it. The structure of Dan. 5 and the use of word-plays are similar to Gen. 11. Belshazzar's promises to reward Daniel are as proud and useless as the Tower of Babel itself.
Rhetorical Strategy in the Composition of the Pentateuch
Authors: Watts James W.
Published: March 2007

Greco-Roman theorists of rhetoric pointed out the persuasive force of story, list and divine sanction in combination and considered it dangerous. That practical insight, if not that evaluation, was shared by writers throughout the ancient world who on its basis structured texts of various types to maximize their rhetorical power. In ancient Israel, where law was published through public readings of entire documents, the need to maximize the texts' persuasive force led writers to employ the same rhetorical strategy. Thus law finds itself in the company of story and divine sanctions in almost all of Israel's extant legal traditions until the late first millennium BCE. As these traditions were combined into ever larger blocks of material, the setting in public readings of whole documents must have become increasingly anachronistic. Yet the rhetoric of story, list and divine sanction still shapes the maze of genres and traditions which make up the Pentateuch.
Creation At the Beginning of History: Johann Gottfried Herder's Interpretation of Genesis 1
Authors: Bultmann Christoph
Published: March 2007

J.G. Herder (1744-1803) started his work in biblical studies with an interpretation of the creation story. In his analysis, Genesis 1 as an ancient document reflects a religious tradition which goes back far beyond the age of Moses or Abraham. Consequently, he reads Genesis 1 as an early Oriental poetic text that testifies to the origin of religion at the beginning of human history. Herder's notion of 'poetic' texts in the Old Testament, as well as his attempt at locating his work on the biblical tradition within eighteenth-century debates about universal history and natural religion are worth reconsidering.
How Yahweh Became God: Exodus 3 and 6 and the Heart of the Pentateuch
Authors: Thompson Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

In a re-examination of Exodus 3 and 6, the author proposes to interpret these texts from the perspective of three contexts. Our historical context extends from approximately 450 BCE at the very earliest to 150 BCE at the very latest. The intellectual context involves a reinterpretation of traditional beliefs of ancient Palestine from a Late Persian/Early Hellenistic perspective that understands the truly divine as both universal and transcendent: an 'inclusive' monotheistic perception, a perception that is not at all antagonistic to polytheism but rather one that offers a new under standing and translation of it. The biblical tradition of Exodus 3-7 does not reject Palestine's polytheistic past, but transforms it by reinterpreting it. Indeed, this reinter pretation is most explicit in the theophanies of Exodus 3 and 6, in which the traditional South Levantine deity yhwh is identified as the name of the truly divine, the means by which the heavenly divine is present ( 'ehyeh 'immāk ) to those who identify themselves as 'Israelite'. Comparable Old Testament texts, reflecting such an 'inclusive monotheism'—such as Job, Qoheleth, Jonah and many others that are committed to the virtues of philosophy—provide us with an immediate literary context for Exodus.
The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua
Authors: Younger K. Lawson
Published: March 2007

The narration in Judges 1 is dependent from a literary standpoint on Joshua 13-19. It utilizes many of Joshua 13-19's macro-structures—with some expansions—to make explicit what Joshua only implies: the general success of Judah and the increasing failure of the other Israelite tnbes, especially Dan.

These macro-structures include: 1) the use of a concentric design that parallels the roles of the tribes of Judah and Joseph; and 2) a geographically-arranged narration that delineates the moral degeneration of Israel. The latter employs a four-stage pattern (seen in the use of the terms yrš, yšb and ms) and builds to a literary climax and moral nadir in the Dan episode.
Why Was David Disqualified as Temple Builder? the Meaning of 1 Chronicles 22.8
Authors: Dirksen Piet B.
Published: March 2007

The Chronicler changes the statement of 1 Kgs 5.17, according to which David's wars prevented him from building the temple, into an ethical wrong, and emphasizes this aspect by adding David's shedding of blood. Because of this David is disqualified from the building of the temple. The reason for this is that it provides a theological explanation for the fact that not David but Solomon was the temple builder. David's sin opened the way for God's intervention in appointing Solomon as temple builder. The same literary/theological device is used in 1 Chronicles 21, to make God designate the place of the future temple, and in 1 Chronicles 10, where Saul's unfaithfulness and rejection (not in the Chronicler's source) make it possible for God to turn over the kingdom to David.
The Mistress-Slave Dialectic: Paradoxes of Slavery in Three Lxx Narratives
Authors: Glancy Jennifer A.
Published: March 2007

This article considers representations of relations between slave-owning women and the women they enslave in three LXX narratives—Susanna, Tobit and Judith. Like other narratives from the ancient Mediterranean world, these narratives perpetuate the attitudes that slave-owners held towards their slaves. The article takes a methodolo gical cue from classical scholars who have attempted 'symptomatic' or 'diagnostic' readings of ancient texts that represent slaves and slavery. In addition, the article examines a narrative written by a former slave in the nineteenth century to highlight the limitations of making assumptions about slaves' attitudes or experiences based on a text written by a slave-owner.
Reflections On a Mosaic Covenant: the Eternal Covenant (Isaiah 24.5) and Intertextuality
Authors: Polaski Donald C.
Published: March 2007

The so-called 'Isaiah Apocalypse' (Isa. 24-27) is typically understood, as is most proto-apocalyptic literature, to rely on previous texts. For example, scholars suggest several possible covenants to which the 'eternal covenant' (? ?) in Isa. 24.5 refers. This reading of the eternal covenant adopts a different view, using the dis cussions of intertextuality in literary theory. The discourse of a culture is thus a web of texts in which texts displace and decenter one another. An intertextual reading of the eternal covenant suggests that Isaiah 24 is an intertextual collision point which links the Mosaic covenant seen in Deuteronomy with priestly traditions concerning eternal covenants involving sabbath, circumcision and Temple activity, helping secure the authority of those texts and traditions. Far from being derivative from other authoritative texts, Isaiah 24 represents an active negotiation of power relations in and through texts which appears to privilege institutional continuity over discontinuity.
The 'Tribes' of Israel? a Bible Translator's Dilemma
Authors: Mojola Aloo Osotsi
Published: March 2007

This article written from a Bible's translator's perspective takes issue with the way in which the use and translation of certain ethnic terms in the Hebrew Bible con tinues to distort the understanding of ancient pre-monarchic Israelite society. The dominance of models drawing from western-European systems is no doubt a con tributory factor. What kind of social entity is suggested by these terms? What in fact was the social character of ancient pre-monarchic Israelite society? The paper focuses attention on the problem of 'tribal identity' in pre-monarchic Israelite soci ety. A review of the complex process of 'retribalization' in the African context is taken as a basis for reflecting on the Israelite case. It is suggested that social pro cesses in some contemporary peasant societies offer useful insights for understand ing ancient societies. In conclusion a reinterpretation of ancient Israelite kinship terms as used in the Hebrew Bible is attempted.
The Peasant Household Under Tuscan Mezzadria: a Socioeconomic Analysis of Some Sienese Mezzadri Households, 1591-1640
Authors: Caiati Vito
Published: March 2007

This article, which is based on a study of 233 mezzadri households, argues that the structures, developmental cycles, and social relationships of these households can be understood only within the context of an analysis of mez zadria, the system of agricultural production of early modern Tuscany. Varia tions in household size and type are thus explained in terms of the diverse food outputs and labor requirements of leaseholds. Similarly, the instability of familial relations and the insecurity of tenancies are traced to the contradiction between the relatively fixed food supplies of farms and the increasing food needs of grow ing tenant households. The article reveals that food crises were often either delayed or lessened and household growth promoted by certain forces present in mezzadria, such as the lending of cereals by the landlord and the merger of lease holds. The patrilocal and patriarchal familial relations of the households are also shown to have forestalled these crises. Finally, the article demonstrates that households which borrowed heavily or regularly were sometimes forced to divide or were evicted by the landlord.
Rather Never than Late: Celibacy and Age at Marriage in English Cohort Fertility, 1541-1871
Authors: Weir David R.
Published: March 2007

Most explanations of fertility change in preindustrial England empha size changes in age at marriage. This paper shows that, even after correcting for possible exaggerations in estimated celibacy rates, it was celibacy and not age at marriage that accounted for most of fertility variation before 1750. New research and new models of marriage behavior are needed. It may be necessary to abandon homeostasis to arrive at an adequate explanation of English fertility history.
The Role of the Family in Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Latin America
Authors: Kicza John E.
Published: March 2007

Family firms, characteristic of business organization in colonial Latin America, thrived throughout the nineteenth century because they responded dynamically to changes in the direction and character of the economy. Family affiliation afforded a primary means of mobilizing capital, training reliable per sonnel, expanding and diversifying the business, and guaranteeing its long-term success. Definition of family membership was flexible, and marriage often was used to recruit and hold new talent. A patriarch or matriarch typically directed the family and its investments. Businessmen sought diversification as soon as financially possible and, ideally, integrated their holdings into a complementary unit.
Changes in Mexican Family Law in the Nineteenth Century: the Civil Codes of 1870 and 1884
Authors: Arrom Silvia M.
Published: March 2007

After independence, as Mexicans revised the legal structures inherited from Spain, they modified some provisions of family law in order to reduce the patriarchal dominance of the family, increase the rights of mothers and children, facilitate legal separations, and release family members from the traditional restrictions of inheritance law. This essay examines the major innovations in family law embodied in the Civil Codes of 1870 and 1884 and analyzes them as part of the overall changes taking place in the family because of the growth of the state, the expansion of the economy, and the spread of liberalism.
Family and Schooling in Colonial and Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Vinovskis Maris A.
Published: March 2007

Throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, both parents and schools played an important part in the education of young Ameri cans. While historians of the family and of education have frequently acknowledged these complementary, if not sometimes conflicting, institutions in the training of the young, very little effort has been made to examine the interactions between them. The family was an important source of education for children in colonial and nineteenth- century America. But from the very beginning churches and schools were directed to assist parents in the socialization of the young. Indeed, by the mid-nineteenth century, the role of the schools had expanded to such an extent that many of the educational tasks initially assigned to parents, such as teaching children the alphabet and how to read, became the responsibility of the schools.
The Formation of the Couple
Authors: Burguière André
Published: March 2007

Several interpretations have been proposed of the changes that trans formed conjugal life in preindustrial Europe and brought about the emergence of the couple. Some focus on economics, others on the intellectual elites, and still others on the role of the state. In the period from 1500 to 1800, one can accept the idea of a permissive sixteenth, austere seventeenth, and liberated eighteenth century, but only in terms of non-linear evolution containing constraints, ruptures, and more than a simple loosening of control. It is during the long period of austere conjugal morality and surveillance of private life that a barrier between a public and private sphere become apparent, forming a space within which a couple was no longer a simple unit of reproduction but a focus of affection and solidarity.
A Japanese Perspective On the Life Course: Emerging and Diminishing Patterns
Authors: Morioka Kiyomi
Published: March 2007

The period after World War II has witnessed in Japan the emergence of new family characteristics, including a life-course pattern that includes substantial periods of extrafamilial existence. Affecting at this time only a minority of contemporary Japanese, the new pattern is particularly noticeable among young adults and among the old, especially among old women; and appears to be related to the widespread accep tance of the conjugal family system among the younger generations and the development of welfare policies aimed toward the old. Available sources permit an examination of the new pattern through contrasts with the pre-World War II period (when the ie system dominated) and through the study of familial settings of relevant cohorts in the past two decades.
Family History, Social History, and Social Change
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: March 2007

The renewal of social history in the 1960s and thereafter challenged the standard historical emphasis on explanation by motive, validation by motive-revealing texts, and explication by narrative. Social historians divided, however, in their relative emphasis on reconstitution of lives as people lived them and on the establishment of connections between ordinary people's behavior and large social processes such as industrialization. The standard method of social history—collective biography—aids the study of connections more than it aids reconstitution, although its uncritical use often suggests false connections, and many borrowings from the social sciences lead to erroneous analogies. Family history illustrates these points as an exemplar for the study of large-scale social change, as a direct contribution to that study, and as a challenge to its improvement. Among the challenges faced by family history and by social history as a whole are (a) the shift of analyses from calendar time sequences, (b) the identification of coherent social units, (c) the specification of regularities in the behavior of those units. The article presents several examples of each point.
Debates
Authors: Traer James F.
Published: March 2007

After discussing the usefulness and limitations of law and legal docu ments as a means of studying marriage and the family, the article reviews works by Glendon, Donzelot, Traer, Phillips, and others writing on aspects of inheritance; and closes with some suggestions for research into parent-child relationships and inheri tance choices in eighteenth-century France
Proto-Industry, Women's Work and the Household Economy in the Transition To Industrial Capitalism
Authors: Rose Sonya O.
Published: March 2007

Using samples of households from the 1851 and 1881 censuses of Arnold, Nottinghamshire, a proto-industrial village specializing in framework knitting, the research reported in this article examines the changes in the economic activities of household members as the domestic industry was being superseded by the factory system. The data show the continuing importance of the family economy to the economic viability of households and the increasing significance of the economic contribution of wives. These economic contributions were made possible by an increased demand for women to do homework as seamers of hosiery, which occurred as a consequence of changes in the methods of manufacturing knitted garments.
Waging War and Marriage: Military Service and Family Formation, 1940-1950
Authors: Modell John , Steffey Duane
Published: March 2007

World War II represented a substantial mobilization of American resources, including human resources. Despite the obvious hindrances it posed to marriage, nuptiality on the whole did not slow down during the war. Among the reasons it did not do so was a government policy designed to conserve the already-formed families of soldiers, which also made marriage an economically attractive option to young women. For citizen soldiers, wartime marriage was not simply economically feasible. It was as well an action that connected them with the civilian life that they had reluctantly left. Marriage, moreover, was an action congruent with and promoted by success in the unusual occupational context of the armed services. Even after the war, wartime military service proved to be congruent with marriage, veterans being more prone—after a brief lag—to marry. Often portrayed as a war in defense of the American family, World War II seems to have produced patterns that included surprising degrees of continuity with family formation.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONS AND THE LIFE COURSE: Lessons from Japanese and American Comparisons
Authors: Hogan Dennis P. , Mochizuki Takashi
Published: March 2007

Three features of early life course of Americans and Europeans during the twen tieth century are of note: (1) the increased age-grading of transitions; (2) the closer spacing of different transitions, and (3) the more extensive overlap between economic and family transitions. Historical changes in the structure of individual life histories have been interpreted alternatively, as a consequence of industrialization and urbanization, or as the result of rising levels of the family and personal incomes available for consumption and investment in human capital skills. In this article we bring additional evidence to bear on this debate by comparing historical changes in the early life transitions of men and women in Japan and the United States. Trends in the transition to adulthood systematically relate to the structure of schools and labor markets in the two nations, drawing attention to the various life course implications of the institutional forms under which industrial societies may organize.
BIRTH CONTROL IN BRITAIN DURING THE INTERWAR YEARS: Evidence From the Stopes Correspondence
Authors: Davey Claire
Published: March 2007

Responding to the call by historical demographers for "more empirical studies at the micro-level" of motives for using birth control, a single archival source—letters written to Marie Stopes, a major English advocate of contraception—are used to examine the contraceptive experiences and sexual problems of individual men and women during the later phase of the demographic transition in England (1918-1939). Various statistical assessments reveal that methods and motives for contraception were influenced by the correspondents' sex and social standing.
The History of Childhood Since the "Invention of Childhood": Some Issues in the Eighties
Authors: Bellingham Bruce
Published: March 2007

One approach to the history of childhood examines change in private dispositions toward the young. Another approach concentrates on the proliferation of public institutions for managing child life. The history of sentiments has led to a futile debate over the relative extent of dispositional change or continuity in feeling for children without considering the ways in which notionally primordial or elemental dispositions were constructed or contaminated by the norma tive, politicized meanings of childhood The upshot is that the symbolic politics of childhood, arising from intergroup moral conflict, returns to haunt current interpretations in the guise of timeless psychological or bio-social truths. Study of the official processing of children errs in the opposite direction, losing sight of the personal thought and action of children and their parents, as if their historical experiences were fundamentally comprised of policy and administration. Actual children vanish and an implausibly intrusive account is offered of policy itself. Family history, especially accounts of agrarian and working class family strategies, helps put each history of childhood in a more realistic context and may bridge the two.
Western Fertility in Mid-Transition: Fertility and Nuptiality in the United States and Selected Nations At the Turn of the Century
Authors: Haines Michael R.
Published: March 2007

The demographic transition in Western nations did not take place in a uniform manner. Particular exceptions were the United States and France. New data sources and recent developments in estimation techniques have made possible estimates of age-specific overall and marital fertility rates for the United States at the turn of the century. Both the two census parity-increment method and own-children methods were applied to the public use sample of the 1900 census and to the special sample of the 1910 census taken and analyzed in conjunction with the 1940 census. New estimates of age-specific fertility were made for the periods 1900-1910 and 1905-1910 for the whole United States and for whites, native whites, foreign-born whites, and blacks. Notable was the low maritalfertility among young American women (that is, those aged 20-29). Comparisons to datafor selected European countries from this period suggest that this was uncommon, except in France. Measures offemale nuptiality also reveal that the United States had earlier and more extensive marriage, again similar to France and unlike other Western European nations. The peculiar nature of both marital fertility and nuptiality in both the United States and France at the turn of the century is likely related to the extended period over which both nations experienced fertility declines during the nineteenth century.
Marriage in Pre-Industrial Warsaw in the Light of Demographic Studies
Authors: Kuklo Cezary
Published: March 2007

The study describes the marriages contracted in the Holy Cross parish, one of the largest parishes in pre-industrial Warsaw. On the basis of the eighteenth-century parish registers of marriages, baptism and burials, taxation documents and population censuses, an attempt is made to establish the proportion of full celibaterians, the social and territorial origin of the newlyweds, their age, the duration of marriage and widowhood, the time when the marriages were contracted and their frequency in the largest urban agglomeration of pre industrial Poland. The data are examined on the basis of reconstituted marriages in two subperiods: the late Saxon (1740-1769) and the Enlightenment (1770-1799).
A History of Schooling and Family Life On Southern Argentine Sheep Ranches
Authors: Taber Sara Mansfield
Published: March 2007

Changing schooling patterns and concurrent changes in residence patterns have altered family life on the isolated sheep ranches of Peninsula Valdes, Argentina, over the last century. Examination of the schooling and familial experiences of individuals belonging to eight cohorts in fifteen families reveals that the lack of nearby educational facilities has played an important part in an exodus from the ranches to town. In three phases, the rich family- oriented life on the ranches has been transferred to town, and family life on the ranches has been impoverished.
Use of the Matrix Analogies Test-Short Form and the Draw a Person: a Quantitative Scoring System With Learning-Disabled and Normal Students
Authors: Prewett Peter N. , Bardos Achilles N. , Naglieri Jack A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the usefulness of the MAT-SF and the DAP: A Quantitative Scoring System as screening instruments. In this study, 44 regular and 33 LD classroom fourth- and fifth- grade students were group administered the screening tests and individually administered the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement. The results found both groups to score within the average range on both screening tests and the LD group to score significantly lower on the achieve ment than on the two screening tests. The MAT-SF was found to correlate significantly with all areas of achievement for the normal group. The DAP did not correlate significantly with any areas for the normal group; it correlated significantly with reading, but not math, for the learning- disabled students. The results indicated that the MAT-SF may have more utility as a general screening instrument than does the DAP.
Children's Adaptive Behaviors: Measure and Source Generalizability
Authors: Keller Harold R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the in- and out-of-school adaptive behavior of 154 randomly selected Black, Hispanic and White 7-year-old children. Six mea sures of adaptive behavior were used, two ad ministered to each of three sources of information (parents, teachers, and children themselves)— Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children; Mer cer's Teacher Questionnaire; Children's Adaptive Behavior Scale; and Behavior Rating Profile- Parent, Teacher, and Child. Overall, there was a consistent pattern of within-source correlations among adaptive behavior ratings higher than between-source correlations for the parent and teacher measures. That pattern was particularly clear for the minority samples, an indication of the relative independence of children's adaptive be haviors in home and school settings and the need to obtain information from both sources. The two children's measures were not correlated with each other and were not related strongly to other measures of adaptive behavior from other informa tion sources. Examination of intercorrelations among adaptive behavior measures and between adaptive behavior and indices of ability and school achievement provided some evidence of domains that were being addressed by these measures, with indications of both convergent and divergent validity for the various measures. Finally, multivariate analyses resulted in gender and ethnic group differences, and examination of correlation matrices for each ethnic group suggested possible differential meaning of adaptive behavior scores for the three groups.
Experimental Studies on Natural Smoke Filling in Atria
Authors: Chow W.K. , Cui E. , Li Y.Z. , Huo R. , Zhou J.J.
Published: March 2007

Experimental studies on natural smoke filling during an atrium fire were carried out in a new full-scale burning facility: the PolyU/USTC Atrium with inner length 22.4 m, width 11.9 m and height 2.7 m. Diesel pool fires were located at the floor with all the windows and vents of the atrium closed, leaving just a vertical gap for supplying fresh air. Two sets of experiments, each consisting of 20 hot smoke tests with pool diameters 0.6 m and 1.0 m, were per formed. Transient mass of the burning fuel, vertical temperature distributions and descending time of the smoke layer were measured. Results compiled from the tests were compared with those predicted by a smoke filling model developed from a plume equation that appeared in the literature.
Flame Resistant Cotton/Polyester Carpet Materials
Authors: Blanchard Eugene J. , Graves Elena E. , Salame Pablo A.
Published: March 2007

Cotton/polyester carpet materials are resistant to surface flame spread after esterification of the cellulosic fibers with polycarboxylic acid and suitable catalyst. The crosslinked cellulose-containing materials passed the re quired flammability standards for carpet when subjected to the methenamine pill test. This test is much less severe than the rigorous vertical flame test method required for textiles designated for other end uses. Cotton-containing carpet materials finished with 5-10% polycarboxylic acid, such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) or citric acid, and sodium phosphate, sodium hypophosphite, sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate catalyst were found to meet test method specifications when proper processing and fixation conditions were employed. Specific details of processing conditions and results of flammability tests are presented.
The Use of Phosphazenes as Fire Resistant Materials
Authors: Allen Christopher W.
Published: March 2007

A survey of the use of cyclo- and poly(phosphazenes) in fire resis tant applications is presented. Where appropriate, synthesis and commercial availability will be indicated. Two fundamentally different approaches, phosphazenes as additives or as intrinsically flame resistant materials, will be discussed. While the former category is limited to cyclophosphazenes, the lat ter involves linear poly(phosphazenes), cyclolinear and cyclomatrix materials and carbon chain polymers with cyclophosphazenes as substituents.
Stock Option Grants: Is Timing Everything?
Authors: Marquardt Eric P
Published: March 2007

Book value may be a more stable basis than fair market value for determining the number of shares granted under an executive stock option plan.
Shareholder Return and Management Performance
Authors: O'Byrne Stephen F.
Published: March 2007

The role of investor expectations in setting stock prices makes shareholder return a poor measure of management performance.
How Much Stock Should Management Own?
Authors: Cook Frederic W.
Published: March 2007

Asserting that executives should have a financial stake in their companies to give them an ownership perspective, the author assesses how much stock would instill the desired result.
ESOP Design and Communication Issues: A Case Study at Continental Bank
Authors: Nirtaut Dennis J.
Published: March 2007

The main focus of the Continental Bank employee stock ownership plan was to give employees a share in the company's success and to reinforce their entrepreneurial spirit.
What Privately Held Companies Should Know About Stock- Compensation Plans
Authors: Todd Paula H.
Published: March 2007

Private companies can include stock incentives in their executive- compensation plans—if they're willing to deal with some complex valuation and accounting issues.
Compensation Legislation in India: What U.S. Investors Need to Know
Authors: Deshpande Satish P.
Published: March 2007

U. S. investors in Indian plants can expect to devote a substantially higher percentage of their payroll to benefits than companies operating in the United States do.
Strategic Salary Planning
Authors: Risher Howard W.
Published: March 2007

Traditional salary management methods are proving ineffective in meeting the needs of today's dynamic organizations. Here's a framework for linking the salary program to the firm's business strategy and compensation philosophy.
OBRA '93 Puts the Squeeze on Retirement Plans
Authors: Price Steven C. , Rader Eric P.
Published: March 2007

With the erosion of executives' ability to save for retirement through qualified plans, nonqualified plans beckon, but they also carry risks.
Labor Market Definition and Salary Suruey Selection
Authors: Dolmat-Connell Jack
Published: March 2007

Accurately defining your labor market and competitive salary information are essential for any effective compensation program-yet it is precisely these elements that are often overlooked or misunderstood.
A Guide to Deferring Directors' Fees
Authors: Chaffin Royce E. , Busby George S.
Published: March 2007

Executives should take a critical look at five key factors before deferring income from fees earned by serving on a board of directors—the gains may not outweigh the costs.
The Emergence of Customer Focus in Defined Contribution Plans
Authors: Maddock Raymond R.
Published: March 2007

What do employees want and need from their defined contribution plans, and how can you design user-friendly plans that will meet these needs and encourage employees to save for retirement?
A Guide to Offering Work/life Benefits
Authors: Sladek Carol
Published: March 2007

Work/life programs produce significant business rewards. Below, the author presents a step-by-step guide to help you establish your own successful program.
"Structureless" Salary Management
Authors: Brennan John P. , Mckee Beverly
Published: March 2007

As this case study shows, it is possible to design a compensation system that's both efficient for the organization and highly flexible for managers.
How to Design a Successful Pre-IPO Stock Option Program
Authors: Fife Raymond W.
Published: March 2007

Here's how to get the maximum economic benefit and the greatest motivational value from implementing an executive stock option program before your firm makes an initial public offering of shares.
An Interpretation of Family within Orem's General Theory of Nursing
Authors: Taylor Susan G.
Published: March 2007

This article offers an interpretation of family from the perspective of Orem's theory of nursing. The family is conceptualized within this theory from three perspectives: (a) as a factor that conditions an individual's requirements for care and ability to provide care for self; (b) as a depend ent-care unit; and (c) as a unit of service. The meaning of these perspec tives to the nurse is examined. The different assessment questions are identified. The family is seen as having functions related to the members' development of self-care agency and the establishment of appropriate dependent care systems in such a way as to promote the health of the entire family.
Being and Becoming Healthy: The Core of Nursing Knowledge
Authors: Meleis Afaf Ibrahim
Published: March 2007

Health has been described as a central concept and the goal of nursing. The incongruence between that centrality in nursing and in other disci plines and the public's view is discussed. Other issues and views of health also are considered, including diversity and unity in conceptual izing health, the social nature and societal obligations toward the health of the individual, the lack of congruency between conceptual and empir ical views of health, and health as viewed in nursing and in the interna tional arena. Several conditions to be included in nurses' attempts in the theoretical development of health are articulated. The need for focusing on an understanding of the health care needs of underserved populations, the potential advantage in using a feminist framework, and the integration between a static conception of being healthy and a process/dynamic/becoming conception of health are some of the strate gies that can be used to develop a contextual conception of health.
U.S. National Patterns of Problem Coping Networks: Preliminary Results from 1983 and 1984 Gallup Surveys
Authors: Warren Donald I. , Warren Rachelle B.
Published: March 2007

Interest in the informal patterns of problem coping has emerged increasingly as societies turn from centralized, formal service delivery strategies toward voluntary sector local community helping resources. The results from the 1983 and 1984 sur veys reflect evidence that individuals shifted somewhat their reliance on public agencies in the direction of using voluntary association peers. Our research reports on a first step in assessing the balance between informal and formal resources for coping with a range of common experienced life-course concerns.
Instrumental and Expressive Dimensions of the Impact of Volunteers on Hospital Patients
Authors: Parkum Kurt H.
Published: March 2007

A survey of a stratified sample of patients in six different hospitals in the eastern United States compares the patients' perception of hospital volunteers with related hospital services. Volunteer programs are found to be perceived as having a stronger impact than the related formal organizational patient support programs.
Understanding Organizational Commitment for Volunteers: Empirical and Managerial Implications
Authors: Dailey Robert C.
Published: March 2007

Organizational research on volunteers has most often been concerned with profiling the characteristics of the "ideal volunteer" for various volunteer activities. While these studies lead to improvements in the organizational processes of volunteer re cruiting and training, they do not illuminate the psychological processes which underlie organizational commitment among volunteer workers. This research examines the personality, job characteristics, and attitudinal antecedents of organi zational commitment for volunteers. The findings indicated that job satisfaction, work autonomy, job involvement and feedback from the work itself were strong pre dictors of organizational commitment. These results are discussed relative to the management of volunteers.
Social Background, Personality, and Attitudinal Factors Influencing the Decision to Volunteer and Level of Involvement Among Adult 4-H Leaders
Authors: Rohs Frederick Richard
Published: March 2007

The research examined the social background, personality and attitudinal factors influencing the decision to volunteer and level of involvement among adult 4-H leaders. The Smith Sequential Specificity Model of Voluntary Participation was used to hypothesize the influence of these factors on voluntary participation. Path analysis was employed to determine the direct and indirect effects these factors had on voluntary participation. The analysis revealed that the factors age, years as a 4-H member, whether children were in 4-H or not and attractiveness of 4-H had a direct positive influence on a leader's length of service and the occupational status of laborer had a direct negative influence on length of service. Collectively, these factors accounted for 65 percent of the variance in length of service.
Self-Help Groups and Consumer Participation: A Look at the German Health Care Self-Help Movement
Authors: Trojan Alf , Halves Edith , Wetendorf Hans-Wilhelm
Published: March 2007

Institutionalized rights for the participatioii of consumers in the decision-making processes or provision of health and social services do not exist in West Germany. However, consumers have begun to voice their concerns about this state of affairs and have undertaken more involvement in the planning and implementation of their own forms of health care, while concurrently pressuring the health care and social services systems to become more responsive to their needs. We note two reasons for the existence of such opposition to such participation. We argue that self-help associations (several types of which are described herein) are at present the only relevant form of consumer participation in West Germany, by focusing our attention on the tasks and accomplishments of health relevant to self-help associations. These associations offer effective ways of dealing with the rigidity and heaviness of large bureaucratic organizations such as political parties and unions. We conclude by identifying newer pro-active roles and responsibilities of the patient as consumer both within and external to the official health care system.