bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notas Sobre as Bases da Formação Socioespacial Latino-americana
Authors: Coelho João Vitor Sandri , Machado Edson de Morais
Published: March 2020

Através do referencial teórico-metodológico da teoria da dualidade básica (I. Rangel), busca-se com este artigo investigar o desenvolvimento econômico e social da América Latina a fim de explorar a potencialidade explicativa da teoria rangeliana e validá-la como meio para uma análise rigorosa da formação socioespacial latino-americana, em alternativa às perspectivas circulacionistas e cepalinas. Os principais resultados apontam para a superação, por parte da teoria da dualidade, das perspectivas circulacionistas/dependentistas que atribuem foco central nas externalidades, através de uma análise que engendra tanto a esfera da produção quanto da circulação. Bem como supera os modelos cepalinos que se atém a visão nada dialética da contínua reprodução do arcaico em antagonismo ao moderno, e explicita a progressividade da história sob a especificidade de um desenvolvimento desigual e combinado da periferia do sistema capitalista.
Geografia das Exportações de Frutas no Projeto Jaíba – MG: transportes e interconexões com os mercados globais
Authors: Oliveira Igor Martins , Pereira Luiz Andrei Gonçalves
Published: March 2020

O projeto Jaíba está localizado na região do Norte do estado de Minas Gerais. Esse empreendimento é um dos maiores projetos de irrigação do país, voltado para a produção de frutas. No comércio internacional, seis empresas do Jaíba atuaram na exportação de limão, com destaque para o continente europeu e para o Oriente Médio. Diante disso, este trabalho tem como objetivo é analisar a dinâmica espacial da logística de transportes e do comércio internacional por meio dos fluxos de exportações de mercadorias do setor de fruticultura na região produtiva do Jaíba, no período de 2000 a 2017. A ascensão de regiões produtivas como a do Jaíba, especializadas na fruticultura irrigada, está diretamente relacionada à aplicação da ciência, da técnica, da informação e da circulação. A logística de transporte se mostrou uma prática fundamental para o desenvolvimento do comércio internacional da região produtiva.
Perfil hidroambiental como ferramenta na avaliação da condição da qualidade de águas superficiais no contexto de microbacias
Authors: Santos Cleiton Oliveira dos , Silva Danielly Pereira da
Published: March 2020

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar o perfil hidroambiental da microbacia do Córrego Criminoso no município de Coxim/ MS e a sua condição de balneabilidade. O estudo foi realizado em dois pontos, sendo um a montante e o outro a jusante do perímetro urbano entre os meses de abril a outubro de 2018. Os parâmetros analisados foram: Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO5,20), Coliformes Totais (CT), Escherichia coli (EC), Fosforo Total (PT), Potencial Hidrogeniônico (pH), Turbidez (TU), Sólidos Totais (ST), Cor (C), Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD), Alcalinidade (A), Temperatura da Amostra (T). Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a Resolução CONAMA 274/2000 e 357/2005, demostrando alterações e desconformidades nas análises microbiológicas e DBO. Concluiu-se, portanto que o perfil hidroambiental foi capaz de mostrar os aspectos ambientais responsáveis pela deterioração da qualidade da água ao longo do Córrego Criminoso.
Response to William Lane Craig’s God over All
Authors: van Inwagen Peter ,   Evangelical Philosophical Society
Published: March 2020

In contrast to William Lane Craig’s view this article presents a sort of precis of my position on ontological commitment—whether you call it neo-Quineanism or not—and its implications for the nominalism-realism debate, a precis that proceeds from first principles.
Optimistic Molinism
Authors: Rusavuk Andre Leo ,   Evangelical Philosophical Society
Published: March 2020

Some Molinists claim that a perfectly good God would actualize a world that is salvifically optimal, that is, a world in which the balance between the saved and damned is optimal and cannot be improved upon without undesirable consequences. I argue that given some plausible principles of rationality, alongside the assumptions Molinists already accept, God’s perfect rationality necessarily would lead him to actualize a salvifically optimal world; I call this position “Optimistic Molinism.” I then consider objections and offer replies, concluding that Optimistic Molinism is undefeated (for now) and merits further exploration.
Advancing the Aristotelian Project in Contemporary Metaphysics: A Review Essay
Authors: Koons Robert C. ,   Evangelical Philosophical Society
Published: March 2020

In a recent book, Substance and the Fundamentality of the Familiar, Ross Inman demonstrates the contemporary relevance of an Aristotelian approach to metaphysics and the philosophy of nature. Inman successfully applies the Aristotelian framework to a number of outstanding problems in metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of physics. Inman tackles some intriguing questions about the ontological status of proper parts, questions which constitute a central focus of ongoing debate and investigation.
Utilização do resíduo do corte do mármore e granito como adição no concreto
Authors: Sena Matheus Oliveira , Lisboa Danielle Cristina dos Santos , Rocha Lucas Nadler , Zenkner Lucas dos Santos , Cordeiro Fabrício da Silva , Muller Renata Medeiros Lobo , Santana Claudemir Gomes
Published: March 2020

O concreto na engenharia civil é de extrema importância pela sua versatilidade e ótima resistência à compressão aliado a um ótimo custo benefício. No entanto, apesar de todas estas qualidades ainda há espaço para desenvolvimento deste material na engenharia, e junto disso há a necessidade de uma melhor destinação de resíduos. Os resíduos gerados pelo corte de mármore e granito na grande maioria dos casos não possui uma eliminação de forma adequada. Desse modo, a adição destes elementos ao concreto a fim de melhorar sua trabalhabilidade bem como sua resistência à compressão torna-se bastante viável. O presente trabalho busca realizar a adição do resíduo do corte do mármore e granito em composições de 5, 10 e 15 % em relação à massa do cimento na confecção de corpos de prova de 10 x 20 cm. Os corpos de prova são submetidos aos ensaios de compressão axial e de trabalhabilidade para análise dos resultados com adição em relação a um concreto convencional de referência. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível verificar que o concreto com a composição de 5% obteve uma resistência maior do que os demais, e foi constatado um aumento da fluidez proporcional ao aumento do teor de finos dentre os ensaiados.
Karcinom Merklovih celic – zagata v ambulanti družinske medicine
Authors: Beigot Franc
Published: March 2020

Uvod: Karcinom Merklovih celic (MCC) je redek, agresiven in pogosto smrten nevroendokrini kožni karcinom. Karcinom teh celic je prvi opisal Toker leta 1972. Klinično ga zlahka zamenjamo za benigno kožno tvorbo. Zapis odstranitve tumorja v ambulanti družinske medicine je v strokovni literaturi redek.

Prikaz primera: Opisan je primer odstranitve MCC velikosti slabega cm na desnem zapestju pri 80 letni gospe, ki je sprva dajal klinični vtis vnete ciste. Takoj po inciziji je bilo jasno, da gre za solidni tumor, ki je bil nato v celoti ekscidiran in poslan patologu. Izvid je potrdil MCC, rob in dno nista bila odstranjena v zdravem. Bolnica je bila takoj poslana na nadaljnjo obravnavo k onkologu, kjer pa je odklonila vse posege. 4 leta in 2 meseca po odstranitvi tumorja ni kliničnih znakov za lokalno ponovitev tumorja ali sistemskih znakov napredovanja bolezni.

Zaključek: Zdravnik družinske medicine, ki dela na oddaljenih ruralnih področjih, mora pogosteje kot drugi uporabljati tudi kirurške veščine. Pri tem lahko naleti na redke in maligne tumorje, ki jih lahko razreši le skupaj s patologom.
Årsberetning
Authors: . NTfK
Published: March 2020

Årsberetning fra De Nordiske Kriminalistforeninger 2012
Miljøstrafferet i de nordiske lande
Authors: Bragadóttir Ragnheiður
Published: March 2020

See abstract in article.
Straf for miljøforbrydelser i Island
Authors: Bragadóttir Ragnheiður
Published: March 2020

See abstract in article.
Hvornår og hvordan straffer vi skattesnydere?
Authors: Nielsen Gorm Toftegaard
Published: March 2020

See abstract in article.
Strafferettsreform i Moldova – En studie i rettsendring
Authors: Huitfeldt Iver
Published: March 2020

See abstract in article.
Anmeldelse af Inger-Lise Lien: I bakvendtland – kriminelle liv
Authors: Storgaard Anette
Published: March 2020

Review of Inger-Lise Lien: I bakvendtland – kriminelle liv
Forvaring i Norge, Danmark og Grønland - noen likheter og ulikheter
Authors: Johnsen Berit , Engbo Hans Jørgen
Published: March 2020

See abstract in article.
Kriminologers bruk av teori: Svar til Leif Petter Olaussen
Authors: Johansen Nicolay B.
Published: March 2020

Kommentar til Leif Petter Olaussen
Udlevering af lovovertrædere – en retshistorisk undersøgelse af retsgrundlaget og nogle statsretlige overvejelser
Authors: Terkelsen Ole
Published: March 2020

This article examines the legal framework for Danish extradition as practiced prior to the first extradition acts from the 1960s. First, the article describes the development of international extradition law from a Danish perspective. Agreementsregarding extradition can be found in Danish treaties dating back several hundred years. Second, the article analyses the Danish legal basis of extradition. The lack of legislation until the 1960s has often been criticized by legal scholars,but the topic has not been studied in depth before. The early Danish extradition practice raises fundamental legal questions regarding inter alia the legal protection of foreigners in Denmark, the scope of the principle of legality, and the interpretation of the provisions of the Danish constitution relating to the deprivation of liberty.
Replik til Svartdal och Gundersen
Authors: Lardén Martin , Långström Niklas , Grann Martin
Published: March 2020

Replik til Svartdal och Gundersen
Samme utdanning - ulik jobb? Spesialiseringspreferanser hos kvinnelige og mannlige politistudenter
Authors: Fekjær Silje Bringsrud
Published: March 2020

See abstract in article.
Styring af straffastsættelsen med domsbaser - Anklagemyndighedens Vidensbase
Authors: Wandall Rasmus H.
Published: March 2020

See abstract in article.
Wikipédia, Wikimedia Commons et Wikisource, un eldorado de visibilité
Authors: Yoakim William
Published: March 2020

Bien que fréquemment décriée pour son contenu, l’encyclopédie libre Wikipédia ne cesse de croître et d’être utilisée par des millions d’individus dans le monde entier. Au total, ce sont plus de 500 millions de visiteurs qui consultent mensuellement une partie des 30 millions d’articles rédigés dans 290 langues. Ces articles sont alors souvent illustrés par des documents d’archives. À titre d’exemple, un ensemble de photographies de militaires diffusé par les National Archives and Records Administration des États-Unis a été visionné des millions de fois. Cependant, le monde wiki est aussi une communauté qui n’est pas toujours encline à saisir la richesse et la pertinence des documents se trouvant dans les services et les centres d’archives du monde entier. L’exploitation de l’encyclopédie libre et celle des autres « projets » de la Wikimedia Foundation demandent des connaissances et le développement d’une stratégie de diffusion des documents. Sans grande réflexion effectuée en amont, le risque de voir son travail être incompris ou directement supprimé par la communauté wikipédienne est grand. Cet article vise donc à présenter les principes de base permettant à un service ou à un centre d’archives de songer à une exploitation adéquate de l’univers wiki.
Le Centre de recherche en civilisation canadienne-française (CRCCF) de l’Université d’Ottawa : 60 ans dévoués à la mémoire documentaire des francophones du Canada
Authors: Piché Geneviève
Published: March 2020

Premier centre d’archives à s’intéresser aux francophones hors Québec, le Centre de recherche en civilisation canadienne-française de l’Université d’Ottawa est aujourd’hui l’un des plus importants dépôts documentaires francophones au Canada à l’extérieur du Québec. Il a pavé la voie à plusieurs communautés qui désiraient rassembler en un seul endroit leur patrimoine documentaire, pour ainsi pérenniser leur mémoire et leur histoire. Son principal objectif est de promouvoir la recherche sur tous les aspects de la culture et de l’histoire canadienne-française, surtout en Ontario français, notamment en préservant près de six cents fonds d’archives et en les diffusant le plus largement possible. Au fil des ans, le CRCCF est ainsi devenu un lieu incontournable pour quiconque pose son regard sur le Canada français. Après soixante ans à oeuvrer pour la conservation des archives francophones au Canada, il est temps de dresser un bilan des réalisations du CRCCF, de faire le point sur ce qui a été accompli au cours des dernières décennies et sur les défis et les enjeux qui s’annoncent dans les prochaines années.
Qui sont ces enfants perdus ? Origine et conception du registre des noms des enfants autochtones décédés dans le système des pensionnats du Canada, selon le Centre national pour la vérité et réconciliation
Authors: Frogner Raymond , Foisy-Geoffroy Dominique
Published: March 2020

Le Centre national pour la vérité et réconciliation (CNVR) poursuit les actions entreprises par le groupe de travail de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation sur les enfants disparus et les cimetières anonymes des pensionnats indiens qui ont été en activité au Canada pendant plus de 100 ans. Le Centre enquête sur le destin des enfants placés dans ces écoles et qui ont disparu.
Revitaliser les cultures et les langues autochtones au Canada : les nouvelles initiatives de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada
Authors: Smith Johanna , Ellis Benjamin
Published: March 2020

Le Gouvernement du Canada reconnaît le droit de revitaliser et de protéger la culture, la langue, la tradition orale, l’histoire, les arts et la littérature des peuples autochtones. Considérant la richesse de ses collections autochtones, publiées ou archivistiques, Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (BAC) joue un rôle important dans le maintien de ces droits. BAC a développé deux initiatives aspirant à promouvoir et à préserver les cultures autochtones au Canada. La première, Nous sommes là : voici nos histoires, vise la numérisation des documents de BAC relatifs aux autochtones et est guidée par les besoins de ces derniers. La seconde, Écoutez pour entendre nos voix, a pour objectif de soutenir les communautés et d’autres partenaires dans la préservation des enregistrements en langue autochtone dont ils sont dépositaires. Ces deux initiatives s’appuient sur une stratégie d’engagement qui inclut une gouvernance partagée, la production participative (crowdsourcing) et la création d’emplois spécialisés dans les communautés.
Representation of visual landmarks in retrosplenial cortex
Authors: Fischer Lukas F , Mojica Soto-Albors Raul , Buck Friederike , Harnett Mark T
Published: March 2020

The process by which visual information is incorporated into the brain’s spatial framework to represent landmarks is poorly understood. Studies in humans and rodents suggest that retrosplenial cortex (RSC) plays a key role in these computations. We developed an RSC-dependent behavioral task in which head-fixed mice learned the spatial relationship between visual landmark cues and hidden reward locations. Two-photon imaging revealed that these cues served as dominant reference points for most task-active neurons and anchored the spatial code in RSC. This encoding was more robust after task acquisition. Decoupling the virtual environment from mouse behavior degraded spatial representations and provided evidence that supralinear integration of visual and motor inputs contributes to landmark encoding. V1 axons recorded in RSC were less modulated by task engagement but showed surprisingly similar spatial tuning. Our data indicate that landmark representations in RSC are the result of local integration of visual, motor, and spatial information.
Sports experts’ unique perception of time duration based on the processing principle of an integrated model of timing
Authors: Jia Binbin , Zhang Zhongqiu , Feng Tian
Published: March 2020

Background

Duration perception is an essential part of our cognitive and behavioral system, helping us interact with the outside world. An integrated model of timing, which states that the perceived duration of a given stimulus is based on the efficiency of information extraction, was recently set forth to improve current understanding of the representation and judgment of time. However, the prediction from this model that more efficient information extraction results in longer perceived duration has not been tested. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate whether sports experts, as a group of individuals with information extraction superiority in situations relevant to their sport skill, have longer duration perceptions when they view expertise-related stimuli compared with others with no expertise/experience.

Methods

For this study, 81 subjects were recruited based on a prior power analysis. The sports experts group had 27 athletes with years of professional training in diving; a wrestler group and a nonathlete group, with each of these groups having 27 subjects, were used as controls. All participants completed a classic duration reproduction task for subsecond and suprasecond durations with both the diving images and general images involved.

Results

The divers reproduced longer durations for diving stimuli compared with general stimuli under both subsecond and suprasecond time ranges, while the other samples showed the opposite pattern. Furthermore, the years of training in diving were positively correlated with the magnitude of the prolonged reproduction duration when divers viewed diving stimuli. Moreover, the diver group showed a more precise duration perception in subsecond time range for general stimuli compared with the wrestlers and nonathletes.

Conclusion

The results suggest that sports experts perceive longer duration when viewing expertise-related stimuli compared with others with no expertise/experience.
Effects of mucus trail following on the distance between individuals of opposite sex and its influence on the evolution of the trait in the Ezo abalone Haliotis discus hannai
Authors: Matsumoto Yukio
Published: March 2020

Background

Aggregation affects the fertilization rate of species that utilize external fertilization. However, the process of aggregation has not been studied in detail, using either theoretical models or real world observations. We used the Ezo abalone Haliotis discus hannai as a model animal species to evaluate whether mucus trail following (MTF) facilitates aggregation by reducing the distance between members of opposite sexes. We also examined whether the fertilization rate increase with mucus-trail-following is an evolutionary driving force in mucus following behavior.

Methods

We used a y-maze to test whether H. discus hannai follows the mucus trails of other individuals. Distances between members of the opposite sex of MTF individuals were compared to non-MTF individuals using an individual-based model (IBM) consistent with the behavior of H. discus hannai. To examine whether MTF behavior evolved to reduce distances between members of the opposite sex, we constructed simple population genetic models of a diploid population with nonoverlapping, discrete generations.

Results

Haliotis discus hannai chose the y-maze arm with the mucus trail more frequently than the one without, regardless of the sex of the abalone that secreted the mucus or the reproductive season. In the IBM the distance between opposite sexes was significantly reduced by MTF behavior; however, the difference in distances between opposite sex compared to same sex individuals was only several centimeters. Simple population genetic models indicated that the aggregating effect of MTF between the opposite sex members could be an evolutionary driving force.

Conclusions

These results suggest that observed MTF behavior might have evolved as a mechanism to increase the fertilization rates although other factors could also be involved.
Impact of Land Use Types and Seasonal Variations on Soil Physico-chemical Properties and Microbial Biomass Dynamics in a Tropical Climate, Ghana
Authors: Agbeshie Alex Amerh , Abugre Simon , Adjei Rita , Atta-Darkwa Thomas , Anokye Joseph
Published: March 2020

Land use conversion significantly impact on sensitive soil quality parameters such as microbial biomass and soil microbial quotient. Therefore, soil microbial biomass and physicochemical properties were compared under three different land use systems namely agricultural land, degraded mine land and an adjacent natural forest in the Newmont Gold Ghana Limited concessional areas, Kenyasi, Ghana. In our field experimentation, an area of 300 m2 was demarcated in each land use type for soil sampling. In each of the land use type, we collected soil 5 samples at a depth of 0-15 cm in both the dry and wet seasons respectively. Parameters we measured included soil bulk density, pH, particle size distribution, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and moisture content. Our results revealed that land use type significantly impacted on soil microbial biomass and physicochemical properties. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen was higher in the forested land compared to the agricultural land and degraded mine land, which was due to relatively higher amounts of litter inputs. Microbial biomass carbon decreased between 20.23 - 88.36% when land use changed from forested land to other land uses. Significant positive correlation was observed between soil microbial biomass and water content, soil organic carbon, phosphorus, clay, nitrogen. Generally, seasonal variation in our study area did not influence soil physical and chemical properties, however, it significantly affected microbial biomass indices. Findings of our study further revealed the importance of forested area in the maintenance of soil quality parameters.
Medications, Healthcare Workers and Laboratory Capabilities to Manage HIV Infection among Children from 10 Districts of Indonesia
Authors: Herman Max Joseph , Masitoh Siti , Handayani Rini Sasanti
Published: March 2020

Aims: To identify the availability of Medications, Healthcare Workers and Laboratory Capabilities to manage HIV infection among children from 10 Districts of Indonesia to inform efforts to improve healthcare.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Five provinces with the greatest number of People Living With HIV/ADS (PLWHA) in Indonesia: Jakarta, East Java, Bali, Papua and North Sumatera, between May and July 2015.

Methodology: Study subjects were parents/caregivers of children living with HIV/AIDS CLWHA) The number of subjects was calculated by estimating a population proportion with absolute precision, excluding those that cannot communicate well and of CLWHA who lived independently. 267 respondents were taken proportionately from each district. This descriptive study was conducted by using pre-test questionnaires and checklists to observe the availability of ARV and OI medication, medical devices and laboratory reagents.

Results: Data of 239 parents/caregivers out of 267 can be analyzed concerning their perception of the availability of ARVs and laboratory equipment. They are primarily their own parents (65.7%), more than half up to junior high school graduate (52.7%). The availability of medications at some hospitals are limited or unavailable. Nurses are still lacking and many who have not been trained. The comprehensiveness of the laboratory equipment and capabilities is still insufficient. The viral loads can only be examined in one hospital and CD4 cannot be counted in several hospitals. The availability of reagents is also very limited. There is no relation between respondents’ perception of the availability of ARVs and of the completeness of laboratory equipment with their education level (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The availability of medications for HIV/AIDS must be assured and the number of trained nurses still need to be increased.
The Challenges of Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS) Implementation for Tuberculosis Management in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Ohamaeme M. C. , Ibeh C. C. , Egwurugwu J. N. , Ejikunle S. D. , Aniemena C. , Eberendu I. G.
Published: March 2020

Aim: Several challenges have been hampering the DOTS strategy ranging from a paucity of staff, laboratory consumables and drugs among others. This study, therefore, assessed the challenges facing TB-DOTS implementation in Anambra State, Nigeria.

Study Design: A cross-sectional analytic study was carried out.

Place and Duration of Study: TB-DOTS accredited facilities in Anambra State, South-East Nigeria, September 2017 - March 2018.

Methodology: Using questionnaires on 354 respondents, a checklist on 32 DOTS accredited facilities, and Key In-depth Interview (KII) guide which was administered on 14 focal persons in rural and urban facilities, including the State TBL coordinator, was employed. Data were analysed using Chi-square and Fisher`s exact test with level of significance set at p<0.05, while key themes from KII were thematically analysed.

Results: Both urban and rural respondents took nearly the same time to reach a DOTS centre, however, urban respondents spent more money to reach a TB centre and this was statistically significant p≤0.002. Patients stated that the DOTS strategy could be improved by attending to them early, home visiting, having more staff, providing pocket money among others in urban compared to rural areas and these were statistically significant p≤0.003. Checklist revealed that most patients in rural facilities 16/19(84.2%) compared to urban 11/13(84.6%) were not observed taking their medications while 11/19(57.9%) rural compared to 5/13(38.5%) urban had no functional microscope. Both rural and urban facilities specifically had challenges of Genexpert machines, needed more staff and laboratories as well as adequate funds and retraining.

Conclusion: Challenges of DOTS may be myriad, however, Focal persons and Health workers should ensure direct observation of patients while the STBL coordinator informs government and policymakers on the need to employ more workers in TB management to help reduce waiting time. Regular training and retraining of health workers are also recommended.
Formulation and Physicochemical Characterization of Buccal Mucoadhesive Films Containing Alfuzocin Hydrochloride
Authors: Mahapatra Abikesh P. K. , Nagvenkar Sonia P. , Gude Rajashree
Published: March 2020

The buccal region of oral cavity is a interesting target for the drug of choice administration. To increase prevent first pass metabolism and bioavailability, Alfuzocin Hydrochloride is embedded in buccal film for a sustained release over a period of 8 hours. The purpose of this study was to develop formulations and systematically evaluate in vitro performances of buccoadhesive films of Alfuzocin hydrochloride using the polymers HPMC K100M, Sodium Alginate and Chitosan. The films were provided with a backing layer of Eudragit RS100 so as to get an unidirectional release pattern. The films were evaluated for their physical characteristics like weight, thickness, content uniformity, folding endurance, bioadhesive strength, surface pH, in vitro drug release, ex vivo buccal permeation and XRD studies. The films, which were prepared by the solvent casting method, were smooth and elegant in appearance; uniform in thickness, weight, and drug content; and showed good folding endurance. The mechanical properties reveal that the formulations were found to be strong but not brittle. The in vitro release data were fit to different equations and kinetic models viz.  zero order, first order, higuchi’s plot and peppas plot. The best mucoadhesive performance and matrix controlled release was exhibited by the formulation A7 (2% HPMC K100 M and 2% Chitosan). The correlation coefficient value (r) indicates, the kinetic of drug release was zero order. Stability study of optimized films was done and it was found that both drug and buccal films were stable. It can be concluded that the present buccal formulation can be an ideal system to improve the bioavailability of the drug by avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism.
Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Tympanotonus fuscatus Var. Radula (Prosobranchia:Potamididae) Sold in Markets in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Asemota U. K. , Makut M. D. , Obiekezie S. O. , Owuna J. E. , Adamu M. O.
Published: March 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the antibiogram of bacterial isolates from Tympanotonus fuscatus var. radula sold in markets in Nasarawa State. Nigeria. Samples of Tympanotonus fuscatus var. radula (periwinkles) were bought from soup ingredient sellers at different sale locations in Keffi, Masaka and Orange markets and were analyzed using standard bacteriological methods. The bacterial isolates were identified using morphological, cultural and biochemical techniques. The total bacteria count varied from 1.18–3.20 x 108 CFU/g for the raw samples while the total bacterial count for the boiled samples varied from 0–1.57 x 108 CFU/g. Periwinkle samples with shells from Masaka market had the highest bacterial load with a mean total bacterial count of 2.94 x 10⁸ CFU/g and mean total coliform count of 2.80 x 10⁶ CFU/g. Raw periwinkle samples with shells had a higher bacterial load than samples without shells. There was also a drastic reduction in the bacterial load in the periwinkle samples after boiling under laboratory conditions. The bacteria isolated were Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were the Gram-positive bacteria isolated. Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Serratia spp. and Proteus spp. The most frequently occurring gram positive bacteria was Escherichia coli with an isolation frequency of 6(24%), the least frequently occurring was Bacillus spp., 8(32)%. Antibiotic susceptibility test showed that all the gram negative organisms exhibited sensitivity to ciprofloxacin: Escherichia coli (32 mm), Enterobacter spp. (41.5 mm), Proteus spp. (40.0 mm), Salmonella spp. (37.0 mm), Serratia spp. (26.0 mm), Pseudomonas spp. (23.0 mm). All the gram negative organisms showed marked resistance to vancomycin: Escherichia coli (12.0 mm), Enterobacter spp. (10.0 mm), Proteus spp. (11.0 mm), Salmonella spp. (5.0 mm), Serratia spp. (10.0 mm) and Pseudomonas spp. (4.5 mm).
Demographic responses of eastern bluebirds to climatic variability in northeastern Arkansas
Authors: Harrod Sara E. , Rolland Virginie
Published: March 2020

As climate change continues to alter temperature and precipitation patterns, numerous species have declined. However, populations of some species that show responses to climate change, such as eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis), have increased or remained stable nationwide. To understand how species are adapting to climate change, we estimated demographic parameters and their responses to climatic variability, using nesting and banding‐recapture data between 2003 and 2018 in a northeastern Arkansas eastern bluebird population. Increasing variability in precipitation in the nonbreeding season negatively affected hatchability. Hatching success was negatively affected by increasing variability in maximum temperatures and the number of hot days during the breeding season, but positively affected by increasing winter snow depth. Adult survival was positively affected by increasing snow depth and variability in the number of hot days during the breeding season, but negatively affected by increasing variability in nonbreeding season temperatures. Our results demonstrate that for this study population, annual breeding parameters, though canalized against interannual environmental variation, were affected by seasonal climatic variability. Although climate change may benefit bluebird survival due to increasing variability in winter temperatures and the number of hot days, climatic variability negatively affected breeding parameters and is expected to increase. Because breeding parameters are typically the drivers of population growth rate in short‐lived species, these results raise concern for the future of this population of eastern bluebirds.
Plant Phenotyping
Authors: Negrão Sónia , Julkowska Magdalena M
Published: March 2020

Every plant science experiment starts with a design that will be adapted to answer a specific biological question and involves evaluation of phenotypic traits. Plant phenotyping has advanced from manual measurements of physiologically relevant parameters to high‐throughput phenotyping platforms that use robotics and imaging sensors. Yet, this game‐changing technology has its own challenges, namely data analysis and interpretation. The improved quality of the sensors used in the phenotying experiment provides increased understanding, however the insight provided on the research question is limited by the experimental design. Aspects such as replication or spatial variability are important to consider when designing the experiment conducted in highly controlled environment as well as under field conditions. With wider availability of cameras and other sensors, we are able to record increasing number of plant traits. This results in the phenotypic bottleneck moving from data acquisition to data analysis. Throughout this article, we present practical considerations and potential shortcomings of phenotyping systems and suggest some solutions to the challenges of plant phenotyping through streamlined and reproducible data analysis pipelines.

Key Concepts

Plant phenotypes are complex, resulting from the interaction between genotype and environment.

The phenotype can be divided into traits, for example, biomass can be dissected into leaf area, branches/tillers, fruits.

The relationship between traits depends on the environment, genotype and treatment.

Each phenotyping method is optimised to answer a specific research question.

Exploring the relationships between phenotypes and their changes across genotypes/treatments increases our understanding of the underlying physiological processes.

Experimental design should include an optimal number of replicates and sample randomisation to ensure a successful interpretation of phenotypic results.

Phenotyping results require detailed statistical analysis to be adequately interpreted.
Niccolò Leoniceno (1428–1524)
Authors: Cristofolini Giovanni
Published: March 2020

Niccolò Leoniceno was an Italian humanist and physician. A learned scholar of classic scientific literature, Leoniceno applied a humanistic approach to medicine, his main tenet being the necessity of returning to a correct reading of the Greek texts, misunderstood and corrupted through time by Medieval and Arabic interpreters. In 1492, he published a pamphlet in which he maintained that Naturalis Historia, the master work by Pliny the Elder, contained a number of errors in plant identification and naming; his concern was that such errors would be misleading to the practical physician who could, potentially, damage rather than cure his sick patients. In doing so, Leoniceno also addressed the issue of how to define plant species and how to give them a univocal name, a key issue in the natural sciences during the subsequent centuries. Leoniceno's break with Pliny proved to be a landmark in the development of plant taxonomy.

Key Concepts

Renaissance humanism was essential to the inception of modern science.

Leoniceno was a pioneer in combining the humanistic mentality with practical medicine and natural science, giving origin to scientific humanism.

Scientific humanism had its grounds in critical reading and reevaluating ancient Greek and Latin classics compared with their Medieval interpretation and corruption.

Leoniceno was an innovator of Medicine, pursuing a rational approach combined with the essence of Galenic teaching.

With his attack on Pliny, Leoniceno first dared to explicitly criticise a classical authority.

The debate about Pliny's ‘
Naturalis historia
’ called into question a basic issue: how to define and how to univocally name plant species.
Conrad Hal Waddington (1905–1975)
Authors: Hall Brian K
Published: March 2020

Conrad Hal Waddington (1905–1975) took a degree in Geology at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He began but never finished a graduate degree; genetics and experimental embryology replaced palaeontology. He began experimental studies on the chemical nature of the primary organiser discovered by Spemann and Mangold in 1924. From collaboration with Joseph and Dorothy Needham and through the Theoretical Biology Club, came the concepts of evocation and individuation. Establishment of a Unit on Animal Breeding and Genetics in Edinburgh after the second World War provided Waddington with his professional home where he sought to integrate genetics and development into an evolutionarily relevant discipline. Adhering to the organic philosophy initiated by Alfred Whitehead (organicism) Waddington identified three major modes of explanation for the development of organisms as integrated wholes: canalisation, genetic assimilation and epigenetics. The metaphorical epigenetic landscape became the way most developmental biologists ‘saw’ the organisation of embryonic development. Integrated, heritable, epigenetic organisation of embryonic development is Waddington's lasting legacy to development and evolution.

Key Concepts

Canalisation is a homeostatic mechanism by which development is buffered against environmental or genetic variation, allowing the same feature to form under changing conditions.

Genetic assimilation is the process by which embryos respond to changes in the environment by producing a different phenotype, which, through selection, can arise in the absence of the environmental change.

Epigenetics (Waddingtonian epigenetics) is the term for the interactions among genes and between genes and environmental signals that result in the formation of elements of the phenotype.

Molecular epigenetics is the study of how mechanisms such as methylation or imprinting regulate gene action.

Interactions between parts of developing animal embryos (embryonic induction) are essential for the development of major body parts.
Effects of maternal, gestational, and perinatal variables on neonatal line width observed in a modern UK birth cohort
Authors: Hassett Brenna R. , Dean M. Christopher , Ring Susan , Atkinson Charlotte , Ness Andrew R. , Humphrey Louise
Published: March 2020

Objectives

The objective of this study was to explore potential relationships between neonatal line (NNL) width and early life history variables such as maternal health, gestation, the birth process, and perinatal health.

Materials and methods

Histological thin sections of deciduous canines were studied from 71 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The width of the NNL was measured in three locations on the tooth crown using spatial mapping techniques (ArcGIS) from digital images from an Olympus VS‐120 microscope. Life history variables were collected prospectively through a combination of clinical observations and questionnaires.

Results

Infants born late term or post term had narrower neonatal lines than those born prematurely or at full term. Infants born in Autumn (September to November) had narrower NNLs than those born at other times of year. NNLs in infants born to mothers with hypertension were wider than those without. Infants resuscitated at birth or born to obese mothers had narrower NNLs than those that were not. There was no association between NNL width and either the type or duration of delivery.

Discussion

The NNL in enamel is an irregular accentuated line, but the factors underlying its formation and width remain unclear. In contrast to some previous studies, we found no association between wider NNLs and long or difficult births. Instead, we found that the width of the neonatal line NNL varied in relation to parameters that reflected the prenatal environment and length of gestation.
Integrated results of aerial image, ground magnetics and excavation for settlement assessment at Dadan site, Al‐’Ula area, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsuhaibani Abdulrahman , Metwaly Mohamed
Published: March 2020

Exploring how ancient people created and inhabited specific sites remains a mysterious challenge for archaeologists. The Al‐Khuribah site is one of the most crucial archaeological places in the north‐western part of Saudi Arabia, and its existence is dated from the eighth to the first century bc. The area is characterized by various archaeological remains that engender debate on the interpretation of those remains among the archaeological community. Aerial images, ground magnetic surveys, and excavation results have been integrated in the proposed area for current and future excavation planning. A Google Earth aerial image for the study site revealed that surface pattern characteristics of the site are in the form of remains of adjacent houses with relatively small rooms. Despite composition similarities between the archaeological remains and host sediments, the integrated results of the analysed aerial image and magnetic gradient results showed significant archaeological features that cannot be traced using one method. To complete the interpretation of an archaeological character at a site, the results of the analysed aerial image and magnetic gradient have been evaluated through successive excavation. Overall, the results evidently support the hypothesis regarding the type of occupation of people living close to the religious temple that was excavated in the area earlier. To support such a hypothesis, the archaeological remains, which include various sized kilns, numerous linear wall features, and some of the daily used objects, must be analysed.
A Lifespan Approach to Patient‐Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life for People on the Autism Spectrum
Authors: Graham Holmes Laura , Zampella Casey J. , Clements Caitlin , McCleery Joseph P. , Maddox Brenna B. , Parish‐Morris Julia , Udhnani Manisha D. , Schultz Robert T. , Miller Judith S.
Published: March 2020

Autistic self‐advocates, family members, and community organizations have called for greater emphasis on enhancing quality of life (QoL) for people with autism. Doing this is critical to understand how QoL unfolds across the life course and to clarify whether gender affects QoL, health, and functioning for people with autism. The purpose of this study was to curate and test a lifespan QoL measurement tool using freely available and well‐constructed National Institutes of Health Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). To develop the PROMIS Autism Battery—Lifespan (PAB‐L), we identified PROMIS scales relevant for autism, reviewed each item, consulted with a panel of autism experts, and elicited feedback from autistic people and family members. This battery provides a comprehensive portrait of QoL for children ages 5–13 (through parent proxy), teens 14–17 (parent proxy and self‐report), and adults 18–65 (self‐report) with autism compared to the general population. Participants and parent informants (N = 912) recruited through a children's hospital and nationwide U.S. autism research registry completed the PAB‐L online. Results indicate that compared to general population norms, people with autism of all ages (or their proxies) reported less desirable outcomes and lower QoL across all domains. Women and girls experienced greater challenges in some areas compared to men and boys with autism. The PAB‐L appears to be a feasible and acceptable method for assessing patient‐reported outcomes and QoL for autistic people across the life course. Autism Res 2020, 13: 970‐987. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

We developed a survey to measure the quality of life of children, teens, and adults with autism using free National Institutes of Health PROMIS questionnaires. People with autism and family members rated the PROMIS Autism Battery—Lifespan as useful and important. Some reported a good quality of life, while many reported that their lives were not going as well as they wanted. Women and girls reported more challenges in some areas of life than men and boys.
Biological pretreatment: An innovative approach to addressing taste and odor
Authors: Brown Jess , Nyfennegger Jennifer , Ang Yong , Simpson Mark , MacLeod Bruce , Wolanin Olga , Gilmore Katherine
Published: March 2020

The presence of objectionable taste‐and‐odor (T&O) compounds in surface water supplies is a common problem facing drinking water utilities across the country and worldwide. While there are several viable T&O treatment options, including adsorption, biotransformation, and advanced oxidation, no single option fits all applications or is without potential limitations. Through bench‐ and pilot‐scale testing, this work developed and evaluated high‐rate biological roughing filtration as a promising alternative for geosmin and 2‐methylisoborneol abatement to help utilities minimize T&O complaints without straining their annual operating budgets. Testing showed that biological roughing filtration can effectively treat a wide range of raw water T&O levels using short contact times, and the intermittent presence of T&O compounds did not appear to appreciably affect removal efficacy. Pilot‐testing results were used to develop the design criteria for a full‐scale 54‐mgd biological roughing filter that is currently treating surface water in Manatee County, Florida.
Wirtschaftliche Perspektiven von Beton‐3D‐Druckverfahren
Authors: Otto Jens , Kortmann Jan , Krause Martin
Published: March 2020

Additive Herstellungsverfahren, im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch als 3D‐Druckverfahren bezeichnet, wurden zunächst für die stationäre Industrie entwickelt und sind von höchster Automatisierung gekennzeichnet. Sie sind Teil der Strategie Industrie 4.0 und stellen auch für die Bauwirtschaft eine große Chance für Effizienzsteigerungen dar. Mit diesem Beitrag wird aufgezeigt, dass Beton‐3D‐Druckverfahren, und im Speziellen das CONPrint3D®‐Verfahren, im Vergleich zu konventionellen Herstellmethoden von Wandkonstruktionen aus Mauerwerk oder Beton wirtschaftlich vorteilhaft sind und hinsichtlich einer Kosten‐ und Zeitersparnis nachweislich großes Potenzial besitzen. Für das CONPrint3D®‐Verfahren wurden im Rahmen von forschungsbegleitenden Auswertungen konkrete Leistungswerte ermittelt und diese in einer Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtung den Wandbausystemen Kalksandstein (KS‐Stein)‐Mauerwerk, Ziegel‐Mauerwerk und Stahlbeton gegenübergestellt. Durch eine Differenzkostenbetrachtung werden die maximalen Gerätekosten für die Druckmaschine pro m2 Wandfläche und pro Zeiteinheit berechnet. Mit großer Sicherheit ist davon auszugehen, dass Beton‐3D‐Drucker innerhalb des ermittelten Gerätekostenbudgets wirtschaftlich einsetzbar sind.
The Bedrock of Board Effectiveness: A Generational Gearbox
Authors: Underwood Chuck
Published: March 2020

Chuck Underwood trains all of business (including corporate boards), government, education, and religion in a full list of generational strategies. In this article, he explains the foundation of generational study and presents insights into the values, preferences, strengths, and weaknesses of each generation of directors.
Massive hydatid cysts in the lung and liver of a 4‐year‐old boy
Authors: Yu Uet , Yi Meng , Yuan Xiuli , Wen Feiqiu , Liu Sixi
Published: March 2020

Hydatids may persist for years if left undiagnosed. Early identification is challenging, especially in patients from nonendemic regions. It is crucial for clinicians to be aware of the presence of the disease to avoid devastating outcomes.
Double orifice mitral valve in a patient with bicuspid aortic valve and coarctation of the aorta: A rare presentation
Authors: Bayat Fariba , Namazi Mohammad Hasan , Khani Mohammad , Shekarkhar Shadi , Fatehi Aref , Tabary Mohammadreza , Khaheshi Isa
Published: March 2020

Double orifice mitral valve is a rare condition and may be accompanied by a bicuspid aortic valve (sometimes normal functioning) and coarctation of the aorta. Echocardiography is valuable in detecting the accompanied anomalies. Management depends on the severity of mitral valve function and the severity of associated anomalies.