bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Childhood Obesity Prevention Programs on Blood Pressure
Authors: Cai Li , Wu Yang , Wilson Renee F. , Segal Jodi B. , Kim Miyong T. , Wang Youfa
Published: February 2014

Background—

Childhood overweight and obesity are associated with elevated blood pressure (BP). However, little is known about how childhood obesity lifestyle prevention programs affect BP. We assessed the effects of childhood obesity prevention programs on BP in children in developed countries.

Methods and Results—

We searched databases up to April 22, 2013, for relevant randomized, controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and natural experiments. Studies were included if they applied a diet or physical activity intervention(s) and were followed for ≥1 year (or ≥6 months for school-based intervention studies); they were excluded if they targeted only overweight/obese subjects or those with a medical condition. In our meta-analysis, intervention effects were calculated for systolic BP and diastolic BP with the use of weighted random-effects models. Of the 23 included intervention studies (involving 18 925 participants), 21 involved a school setting. Our meta-analysis included 19 studies reporting on systolic BP and 18 on diastolic BP. The pooled intervention effect was −1.64 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −2.56 to −0.71;
P
=0.001) for systolic BP and −1.44 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −2.28 to −0.60;
P
=0.001) for diastolic BP. The combined diet and physical activity interventions led to a significantly greater reduction in both systolic BP and diastolic BP than the diet-only or physical activity–only intervention. Thirteen interventions (46%) had a similar effect on both adiposity-related outcomes and BP, whereas 11 interventions (39%) showed a significant desirable effect on BP but not on adiposity-related outcomes.

Conclusions—

Obesity prevention programs have a moderate effect on reducing BP, and those targeting both diet and physical activity seem to be more effective.
Outcomes of Temporary Interruption of Rivaroxaban Compared With Warfarin in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Sherwood Matthew W. , Douketis James D. , Patel Manesh R. , Piccini Jonathan P. , Hellkamp Anne S. , Lokhnygina Yuliya , Spyropoulos Alex C. , Hankey Graeme J. , Singer Daniel E. , Nessel Christopher C. , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Fox Keith A. A. , Califf Robert M. , Becker Richard C.
Published: February 2014

Background—

During long-term anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation, temporary interruptions (TIs) of therapy are common, but the relationship between patient outcomes and TIs has not been well studied. We sought to determine reasons for TI, the characteristics of patients undergoing TI, and the relationship between anticoagulant and outcomes among patients with TI.

Methods and Results—

In the Rivaroxaban Once Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF), a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy study of rivaroxaban and warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, baseline characteristics, management, and outcomes, including stroke, non–central nervous system systemic embolism, death, myocardial infarction, and bleeding, were reported in participants who experienced TI (3–30 days) for any reason. The at-risk period for outcomes associated with TI was from TI start to 30 days after resumption of study drug. In 14 236 participants who received at least 1 dose of study drug, 4692 (33%) experienced TI. Participants with TI were similar to the overall ROCKET AF population in regard to baseline clinical characteristics. Only 6% (n=483) of TI incidences involved bridging therapy. Stroke/systemic embolism rates during the at-risk period were similar in rivaroxaban-treated and warfarin-treated participants (0.30% versus 0.41% per 30 days; hazard ratio [confidence interval]=0.74 [0.36–1.50];
P
=0.40). Risk of major bleeding during the at-risk period was also similar in rivaroxaban-treated and warfarin-treated participants (0.99% versus 0.79% per 30 days; hazard ratio [confidence interval]=1.26 [0.80–2.00];
P
=0.32).

Conclusions—

TI of oral anticoagulation is common and is associated with substantial stroke risks and bleeding risks that were similar among patients treated with rivaroxaban or warfarin. Further investigation is needed to determine the optimal management strategy in patients with atrial fibrillation requiring TI of anticoagulation.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00403767.
Expert Knowledge in Intelligence Assessments: Bird Flu and Bioterrorism
Authors: Vogel Kathleen M.
Published: February 2014

In 2011, scientists in the Netherlands and Japan announced that they had created a modified variant of the H5N1 avian influenza virus that was transmissible via aerosol, raising fears of a new, highly lethal H5N1 virus that could cause a deadly global pandemic. Soon, government officials and the media were raising alarms about the wisdom of publishing such experimental methods and results in the open scientific literature. Their concerns sparked a large public controversy about the H5N1 experiments and their potential publication. In the midst of this controversy, U.S. intelligence analysts began assessing the potential security implications of the H5N1 manuscripts, including whether a terrorist, criminal, or state could easily replicate these experiments and create mutated viruses for bioweapons use. An in-depth look at this controversy reveals that, first, U.S. intelligence analysts do not have adequate social and material resources to identify and evaluate the tacit knowledge, or know-how, that underpins dual-use experiments such as those in the H5N1 case. Second, they lack dedicated structures and methods to understand the politics that characterize the use of technical expertise in such controversial biosecurity issues. Third, they require new types, structures, and uses of expert knowledge to enable them to make more informed and balanced assessments of biosecurity threats.
Energy Complexity of Recurrent Neural Networks
Authors: Šíma Jiří
Published: February 2014

Recently a new so-called energy complexity measure has been introduced and studied for feedforward perceptron networks. This measure is inspired by the fact that biological neurons require more energy to transmit a spike than not to fire, and the activity of neurons in the brain is quite sparse, with only about 1% of neurons firing. In this letter, we investigate the energy complexity of recurrent networks, which counts the number of active neurons at any time instant of a computation. We prove that any deterministic finite automaton with m states can be simulated by a neural network of optimal size [Formula: see text] with the time overhead of [Formula: see text] per one input bit, using the energy O(e), for any e such that [Formula: see text] and e=O(s), which shows the time-energy trade-off in recurrent networks. In addition, for the time overhead [Formula: see text] satisfying [Formula: see text], we obtain the lower bound of [Formula: see text] on the energy of such a simulation for some constant c>0 and for infinitely many s.
A Cytochemical Investigation of the Lateral Walls of Dianthus Vessels. Differentiation and Pit-Membrane Formation
Authors: Catesson A. M.
Published: February 2014

The deposition of cell wall polysaccharides and subsequent lignin incrustation were followed during vessel differentiation in carnation stems. In the secondary walls, lignin deposition was closely accompanied by an apparent loss of free vic-glycol groups from polysaccharides. This apparent loss could be related to the progressive binding of lignin molecules to cell wall carbohydrates. The intensity of lignification in mature intervessel primary walls exhibited a positive gradient from the earliest- to the latestformed metaxylem elements. Intervessel pitmembrane hydrolysis appeared as a sequential and ordered process. A partial hydrolysis of the vessel primary wall was sometimes observed in vessel-to-parenchyma pits.
A Technique for Observing the Exterior Morphology of Intact Vessel Conduits
Authors: Gardner Douglas J. , Taylor Fred W.
Published: February 2014

A technique for examining the exterior of vessels by scanning electron microscopy is described. Features of vessels such as the union of vessel elements, the association of adjacent vessels, length of vessels, and deviations of vessels from their axial course can be studied.
Wound Effects on Xylem Cell Differentiation in a Conifer
Authors: Kuroda Keiko , Shimaji Ken
Published: February 2014

Modified xylem cells formed around a minute injury due to pin insertion in the cambium of loblolly pine stern were observed periodically in order to study the mechanism of xylem cell differentiation in conifers. Ray parenchyma cells in the mature xylem as well as in the cambial zone were strongly activated. They not only proliferated randomly in the wound gap, but also invaded into some mature tracheids through the pinoid pits to form tylosis-like structures. Then they reticulately thickened and lignified their wall much earlier and more excessively than the normal ray parenchyma cells. Immature ray tracheids, which also divided several times abnormally in the cambial zone, differentiated into ray tracheids without differentiating into any other elements, although some of them had modified pits. Immature axial tracheids near the injury differentiated normally even though some sporadic transverse or radial division occurred before maturation. Only exceptionally, some peculiar groups of small bordered pit pairs were formed between them. It was clear that a shift from differentiating direction on the way of cell maturation, for instance from immature tracheid to parenchyma cell, was never induced by injury. Cambial initials, both ray and fusiform, were very stable.
The Systematic Wood Anatomy of the Moraceae (Urticales) III. Tribe Ficeae
Authors: Koek-Noonnan J. , Topper S.M.C. , ter Welle B.J.H.
Published: February 2014

The wood anatomy of the tribe Ficeae, comprising one genus, Ficus, is described. Considering the large number of species, the genus is remarkably homogeneous. It is characterised by abundant axial parenchyma in regular apotracheal concentric bands and narrow vasicentric rings, and by relatively wide vessels. On the basis of these characters, Ficus can easily be recognised within the family. .
Bark Anatomy Of Bursera Longipes (Rose) Standley And Bursera Copallifera (Sessé ' Moc.) Bullock
Authors: Gómez-Vazquez B. Guillermina , Mark Engleman E.
Published: February 2014

The bark structure of Bursera longipes and B. copallifera was compared. There are fibres in the phloem of B. longipes, while in B. copallifera these are absent. Cells with U-shaped thickenings are found in the cork of B. copallifera but not in B. longipes. There are axial, radial and tangential resin ducts in the phloem of both species. A green layer of parenchymatous cells underlies the periderm of the two species.
Induction of Compression Wood in Rooted Cuttings of Pseudotsuga Menziesii (MIRB.) Franco by Indole-3-Acetic Acid
Authors: Starbuck Christopher J. , Phelps John E.
Published: February 2014

A study was conducted to determine if exogenously applied indole-3-acetic acid would stimulate symmetric or asymmetric compression wood formation in stems of rooted cuttings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Dormant two-year-old rooted cuttings were decapitated one cm below the terminal bud and treated with IAA in lanolin emulsion. Plants treated with IAA at 1 or 10 mg/g concentrations produced up to 25 rows of new xylem cells during the three week treatment period, while control plants produced essentially none. Compression wood formation was greater on the upper (originally adaxial) than on the lower side of the stem. The results support the hypothesis that basal curvature of rooted Douglas-fir cuttings is the result of a system developing a transverse gradient in auxin content in the stem leading to asymmetric compression wood formation.
A Proposal for a New Indicator for Expressing the Metabolic Activity of Living Sapwood Ray Parenchyma Cells
Authors: Yang K.C.
Published: February 2014

A more reliable indicator for expressing the metabolic activity of a living sapwood ray parenchyma cell is proposed and is compared with the old nuclear slenderness ratio (NSR) indicator. NSR is defined as the length of the nucleus divided by the width of the nucleus. The new indicator, the nuclear elongation index (NEI), is defined as the length of the nucleus divided by the length of the ray parenchyma cell multiplied by 100. The validity of the NEI and difference of the use of the NSR and NEI are compared and evaluated.
Vestures in Axial Parenchyma Cells
Authors: Ohtani Jun
Published: February 2014

Axial parenchyma cells with vestures were found in the secondary xylem of Lasianthus japonicus Miq. (Rubiaceae). The vestures were always associated with reticulate thickenings. Their morphology is illustrated by SEM micrographs.
Analysis of Quantitative Sieve Plate Parameters in Some Members of Asteraceae
Authors: Chavan R. R.
Published: February 2014

Nine quantifiable sieve plate parameters in the barks of Dahlia imperialis Roezl., Gynura angulosa DC., Vernonia volkameriaefolia DC., and Xanthium strumarium Linn., have been statistically analysed for their interrelationships. Six of the parameters show a positive correlation with the number of sieve areas on the sieve plate, while three exhibit a negative correlation. A comparative study of the parameters in the different taxa indicates the trends in the evolution of sieve plates in secondary phloem.
Unusual Crystal Formations in the Secondary Xylem of Cosmocalyx Spectabilis Standl. (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Richter H.G. , Schmitt U.
Published: February 2014

The presence of exceptionally large styloid crystals in the secondary xylem of Cosmocalyx spectabilis Standl. (Rubiaceae) is reported. These crystals are rather unusual also in terms of habit, structure, and distribution.
A Microcomputer Based System for Computer-Aided Wood Identification
Authors: LaPasha C.A. , Wheeler E.A.
Published: February 2014

A microcomputer based system (GUESS) was developed for using large databases on small microcomputers for computer-aided wood identification. The extensive user interface makes program operation easy and permits the user to concentrate on sample description. The system is being used successfully for wood identification using the databases computerised at North Carolina State University. The system is flexible and can be used with various suitably formatted databases. The program helps the user to select a small list of taxa that can be critically compared to the unknown sample using reference collections and descriptions in the literature. The lists of features used in the databases are selected for their utility for identification, but these lists of features should not be construed to be adequate for complete taxonomic descriptions.
Variations Inwoodanatomy Within Species of Eucalyptus
Authors: Wilkes John
Published: February 2014

Eucalyptus species are characterised by substantial genetically predetermined withinand between-tree variations in wood anatomical features including fibre and vessel dimensions. This effect of genotype outweighs that of growing conditions; indeed the influence on wood anatomy of rate of growth per se is minor. It must therefore be assumed that the reputed difference in wood quality between regrowth/plantation stands and old growth forests is founded on non-anatomical features, or reflects simply the greater proportion of juvenile wood in small, rapidly grown stems.
Remarks on Age and Growth Rate Determination of Amazonian Trees
Authors: Vetter Roland E. , Botosso Paulo C.
Published: February 2014

Specific data and comments are given on age and growth rate determination in trees of the Brazilian Amazon basin, based on longterm observation and research of diameter increment, radiocarbon dating, microscopic wood structure, and gamma- and X-ray densitometry; special attention is given to species of the unflooded Terra Firrne forest. Annual dry seasons in eastern Amazonia provoke periodical cambial activity which may be measured as variation in girth increment and is recorded in the wood anatomy as well as its density. Gamma radiation densitometry is discouraged because of poor results. X-ray densitometry and the radiocarbon method are promising but must be refined. Irregular specific climatic events should be considered to be possible natural marks.
Studies on Tree Rings, Growth Rates and Age-Size Relationships of Tropical Tree Species in Misiones, Argentina
Authors: Boninsegna J.A. , Villalba R. , Amarilla L. , Ocampo J.
Published: February 2014

Wood samples of 13 tree species from three sites in the Selva Misionera (Misiones Province, Argentina) were analysed macroand microscopically for occurrence and formation of growth rings. Well-defined annual tree rings were found in Cedrela fissilis Vell., Parapiptadenia rigida Benth., Cordia trichotoma Vell. and Chorisia speciosa St. Hil.
Tree Ring Analysis of Araucaria Angustifolia in Southern Brazil: Preliminary Results
Authors: Seitz Rudi A. , Kanninen Markku
Published: February 2014

Tree ring analysis of Araucaria angustifolia trees grown at the forest research station Sao Joao do Triunfo of the University of Parana has been carried out.

Disks were taken from 10 trees at the height of 2 m and on each disk 8 radii were used for measurement of ring width.

The preliminary results indicate that there is within-tree-variation in the ring series. The mean intra-correlation coefficient for the ring widths between the radii varied between 0.57 and 0.89.

A mean correlation of 0.60 for all pairs of trees was obtained indicating consistency in the index series between the trees. This made it possible to construct an average tree ring index for the stand.
Dendroecologlcal Studies on Spruce Trefs to Monitor Environmental Changes Around Hamburg
Authors: Eckstein D. , Krause Cornelia
Published: February 2014

Spruce trees from around Hamburg were studied dendroecologically. Their raw treering widths did not show any unexpected patterns. However, after removal of the autocorrelation from the tree-ring series and calculation of the climate-growth relationship an increasing dependence of the trees on climate became evident. This change in behaviour during the lifetime of the trees cannot be explained by their ageing, but is probably due to additional stress factors occurring in the last 35 to 40 years.
Radial Variation of Wood Density and Fibre Length in Trembling Aspen
Authors: Yanchuk Alvin D. , Micko Michael M.
Published: February 2014

Fifteen geneticall y distinct clones of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) from natural stands in central Albena, Canada, were sampled to examine radial variation of wood density and libriform fibre length. Six clones were chosen to graphically display the large amount of variation that occurs, among clones and among trees within clones for both traits. Variation in change of wood density across the radii among clones was substantial. The most obvious clonal patterns of change were 1) for trees to have a very high wood density near the pith, then wood density decreases and stabilises, and 2) wood density increases steadily across the radius. Fibre length patterns of change across the radius were all very similar. The results indicate that early assessments of wood density in aspen may not be an accurate reflection of what the long-term average wOod density may be for a particulary aspen clone.
Wood Anatomy of Trees and Shrubs from China ii. Theaceae
Authors: Liang Deng , Baas Pieter
Published: February 2014

The wood anatomy of 95 species belonging to fifteen genera of the Theaceae native to China is described. Despite the wood anatomical homogeneity of the family it is possible to key out individual genera (p. 373) as long as the unknown material is confined to Chinese species. In general the wood of Theaceae can be characterised by exclusively solitary vessels, scalariform perforations, opposite to scalariform vessel wall pitting, ground tissue of long fibre-tracheids, parenchyma scanty paratracheal and apotracheally diffuse, and heterocellular rays.
Wood Colour - A Comparison Between Determination Methods
Authors: Vetter Roland E. , Coradin Vera R. , Martino Elisatbeth C. , Camargos Jose A. A.
Published: February 2014

Precise colour description results in a better classification and evaluation of wood products. Two systems of colour determination were applied and compared in 98 Amazonian wood species: the Munsell colour system, a visual determination comparing colour standards with samples, and the DIN colour chart using a reflectance reading colorimeter. The Munsell system is sufficient, when applied in simple descriptions of wood colour. To evaluate variations and changes in colour, however, the method of reading the colorimeter and converting to the DIN colour chart is recommended. This method allows the user to calculate precisely differences between colours.
The Systematic Wood Anatomy of the Rhamnaceae Juss. (Rhamnales). I. Tribe Zizipheae
Authors: Schirarend Carsten
Published: February 2014

The wood anatomy of the tribe Zizipheae sensu Suessenguth (1953a) is described in detail. Similarities and differences between the genera are discussed in relation to the taxonomy of the tribe. Wood anatomically the Zizipheae are rather heterogeneous and not clearly separated from the other tribes of the family.
Wood Anatomy and Stem of Chloranthus; Summary of Wood Anatomy of Chloranthaceae, with Comments on Relationships, Vessellessness, and The Origin of Monocotyledons
Authors: Carlquist Sherwin
Published: February 2014

In contrast to the monopodial Ascarina and Hedyosmwn, Chloranthus and Sarcandra are sympodial. Sarcandra and C. erectus have woody canes of finite duration, whereas other species of Chloranthus have shoots of one year's duration ; these latter species have second year wood only on rhizome s, not on upright shoots. Rhizome portions transitional to upright sterns were selected for study. Chloranthus erectus has abundant septate fibretracheids, C. japonicus none, and two other species a few. Chloranthus (and Sarcandra) have rays of two distinct sizes in wood: rays that are extensions of primary rays, and uniseriate and biseriate rays in fascicular areas . Wood anatomy of each of the four genera can be characterised, and is summarised in the form of a key. Except for primitiveness of vessels, wood of Chloranthaceae is very similar to that of Lactoridaceae and Piperaceae, and this probably indicates a close phyletic relationship. The large rays of chloranthaceous wood, little modified from primary rays and with upright cells predominantly , are indicative of some degree of herbaceousness and some degree of secondary woodiness. Scattered bundles and multilacunar nodes, characteristics of monocotyledons, are absent in Chloranthaceae but present in Piperaceae. The sympodial habit of Chloranthus and Sarcandra, and the presence of vessel s in roots but not in sterns of Sarcandra are conditions like those basic to origin of monocotyledons. The possibility that Chloranthaceae are close to Piperales and that these groups are close to origin of monocotyledons should be considered. Some cladists have hypothesised that secondary vessellessness is polyphyletic in dicotyledons. While these cases are theoretically possible, the histological and ecological seenarios that must be hypothesised for these events are ignored by cladists; most of these seenarios are unlikely for reasons explored here, although a few are still worthy of consideration. Stern endodermis is reported for three species of Chloranthus.
Distribution of Guaiacyl and Syringyl Lignins in Japanese Beech (Fagus Crenata): Variation Within an Annual Ring
Authors: Takabe Keiji , Miyauchi Shigeru , Tsunoda Ryuichi , Fukazawa Kazumi
Published: February 2014

Microspectrometry is the most definitive technique for obtaining both ultraviolet (UV) and visible light absorption spectra from a very limited area, and this technique allows the determination of lignin distribution throughout an individual cell wall. It is generally accepted that hardwood lignin .is composed mainly of guaiacyl and syringyl moieties. Our microspectrometric investigations revealed variation of lignin distribution within an annual ring in beech (Fagus crenata).
Wood-Bark Grain Spirality Correlations in Calocedrus Formosana
Authors: Chiu Chih Ming , Lee Chen Hui
Published: February 2014

Bark grain angle at two heights was determined for 15 Taiwan incense-cedar (Calocedrus formosana) trees growing in a 31-year-old plantation in Central Taiwan. From each tree, two circular disks (5 cm and 10 cm thick) were sampled for measurement of wood grain angle. All data were subjected to standard analysis of variance. Correlations between measurements from non-destructive (bark grain angle) and destructive (wood grain angle) sampling and from 5 cm and 10 cm thick disks were computed and found to be statistically significant. A higher precision (smaller errors me an squares) for bark grain angle was obtained by averaging values from two trunk height levels rather than by using values from a single trunk height level. This study suggests that bark grain angle prediets wood grain angle in Taiwan incense-cedar and that trees with desirable wood grain angle can be selected using non-destructive measurements of bark grain angle. Average wood grain angle was approximately one-third of average bark grain angle.
Bark Structure and Intergeneric Relationships of Some Southern African Cassinoideae (Celastraceae)
Authors: Archer Robert H. , van Wyk Abraham E.
Published: February 2014

At present Cassine in southern Africa is treated in a wide sense (s.l.), including amongst others Allocassine p. p., Cassines. str., Crocoxylon, Elaeodendron, Lauridia, and Mystroxylon. A comparative anatomical study was made of mature bark representing 16 southern African species of Cassine s.l., and the monotypic Allocassine, Hartogiella and Maurocenia (all members of the subfamily Cassinoideae). Six bark types are distinguished on the basis of the type of sclerenchymatous elements in the secondary phloem; presence or absence of styloid crystals, e1astic threads, and sclerified phelloderm; stratified homogeneous phellem; and degree of rhytidome development. These correlate to a considerable extent with the generic subdivision of Cassine s.l. proposed by Loesener (1942) and Robson (1965). On the basis of bark anatomy and other evidence, it is proposed that the circumscription of Cassine be restricted to include only the southern African species C. peragua and C. parvifolia, and possibly Hartogiella. Crocoxylon, Elaeodendron, Lauridia and Mystroxylon should be reinstated or maintained, although with some modification of the originally defined generic limits.
Anatomy and Identification of South Indian Rattans (Calamus Species)
Authors: Bhat K.M. , Mohamed Nasser K.M. , Thulasidas P.K.
Published: February 2014

The stern anatomy of fifteen species of Calamus occurring in South India was studied to explore the possibility of using anatomical features to distinguish between the rattans at the species level. The most promising features of diagnostic importance are epidermal cell size and shape and 'papilla'-like reflective bodies. While metaxylem vessel diameter, fibre wall thickness and stomatal frequency are often useful, fibre length and diameter, ground parenchyma, vessel perforations and silica bodies are of relatively little value in species separation. Although cell size often differs between the species of two different stern diameter classes, the majority of the anatomical features overlap among the species. Stern position is, however, an important source of anatomical variation. With the possible combination of several anatomical characteristics and stern diameter, a tentative identification key to South Indian rattan species is prepared.
The Occurrence and Morphology of Tyloses and Gums in the Vessels of Japanese Hardwoods
Authors: Saitoh Tomoko , Ohtani Jun , Fukazawa Kazumi
Published: February 2014

The occurrence and morphology of natural tyloses and gums in the vessels of 50 Japanese hardwoods (15 ring-, 34 diffuseand 1 radial-porous woods) were investigated using SEM. Tyloses were present exclusively or predominantly in 23 species (12 ring-, 10 diffuse- and 1 radial-porous woods) and gums in 15 species (3 ring- and 12 diffuse-porous woods). In the pore zones of most of the ringporous woods both tyloses and gums first occurred in an earlier ring number from the bark than in the diffNse- and radial-porous woods. Tyloses and gums originated from both ray and axial parenchyma cells in most species which have pit pairs connecting these cells to the vessels. Except for four species, the maximum and minimum diameters of the inner pit aperture from vessels to parenchyma cells were greater than 5 and 2 µm, respectively, in those species with tyloses, whereas the diameters were less than these values in species having gums. The forms of tylosis blockings in heartwood vessels were closely related to parenchyma patterns.
Wood Anatomy of Trees and Shrubs from China. VI. Magnoliaceae
Authors: Liang Chen Bao , Baas Pieter , Wheeler Elisabeth A. , Shuming Wu
Published: February 2014

The wood anatomy offive genera of Magnoliaceae (59 native species, 2 introduced species) of China is described. Although the wood anatomy of this family is rather homogeneous, it is possible to identify most specimens to genus. Magnoliaceae wood from China is characterised by diffuse-porosity, scalariform to opposite vessel wall pitting, scalariform perforations with few bars or in some Magnolia species simple perforations, ground tissue fibres with distinctly to minutely bordered pits, marginal parenchyma and heterocellular rays mostly with one marginal row of square/upright cells. Intervessel and vessel-parenchyma pits are almost exclusively opposite in the Liriodendroideae; they are almost exclusively scalariform in the Magnolioideae, except for Magnolia section Rhytidospermum in which pits are predominantly opposite. Although the wood anatomical characters more or less overlap between Magnolia and Manglietia, these genera are wood anatomically distinguishable. Wood anatomy is similar in the evergreen species of Magnolia and Michelia. Kmeria is the only genus in which crystals were observed. Taxa from the tropics to subtropics tend to have longer and wider vessel elements, and a lower vessel frequency than those from temperate provenances; oil cells in rays mostly occur in the taxa from tropical and subtropical provenances. Simple perforation plates are mostly present in the temperate taxa. Counter to trends for the dicotyledons at large, helical thickenings are more common in tropical species than in temperate species, and, when present, are usually not distinct in deciduous species.
Relationships Between Sapwood Amount, Latewood Percentage, Moisture Content and Crown Vitality of Douglas Fir, Pseudotsuga Menziesii
Authors: de Kort Ingrid
Published: February 2014

Relationships between sapwood amount, latewood percentage, moisture content and crown vitality were studied in 171 Douglas firs [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] belonging to different vitality classes. The trees originated from 10 stands in the Netherlands varying in age from 25-70 years.
Drying Stress and Check Development in the Wood of two Oaks
Authors: Wang Hsiu Hwa , Youngs Robert L.
Published: February 2014

This study was designed to relate the checking behaviour of drying wood as observed under light and electron microscopes to moisture gradient, stress development, and mechanical properties of drying wood during early stages of drying . Woods used were northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and narrow-leaved oak (Cyclobalanopsis longinux).Wood was dried from the green condition at 40, 60, and 80°C as wafers. Wafers were sealed to retard drying from the transverse surfaces. Moisture gradient was measured during drying on thin slices removed from the tangential faces. Drying stresses were estimated for the same times and drying conditions by finite element modeling using the ABAQUS program modified to take into account time-related deformation. Stiffness and strength in tension perpendicular to the grain in the tangential direction were determined at 20, 40, 60, and 80°C for specimens in the green conditions and at 15% moisture content.
Impregnation of Radiata Pine Wood By Vacuum Treatment: Identification of flow Paths Using Fluorescent Dye and Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Matsumura Junji , Booker Rudolf E. , Donaldson Lloyd A. , Ridoutt Brad G.
Published: February 2014

Radiata pine sapwood and heartwood were dried with or without presteaming and then impregnated by vacuum treatment with water, toluidine blue and fluorescein. Sapwood uptake was 0.571 g/cm3 and was not affected by pre-steaming. As expected, the uptake by heartwood that had not been pre-steamed was very low. Pre-steaming increased liquid uptake from 0.113 g/cm3 to 0.438 g/cm3. When the uptake by pre-steamed heartwood from radial, tangential and transverse surfaces was compared, the greatest increase was from the radial surfaces, suggesting that pre-steaming of heartwood resulted in changes to the tangential liquid flow pathways. The liquid flow pathways in sapwood consisted ofaxial and radial resin canals, ray parenchyma cells in both fusiform and uniseriate rays. Penetration into tracheids was also observed. Without pre-steaming, there was limited liquid flow into heartwood, and this was generally confined to resin canals and ray parenchyma. Pre-steaming of heartwood increased penetration of dye into the resin canal network, presumably due to removal or redistribution of resin. Fluorescein was also evident in bordered pits between tracheids, suggesting that one of the ways that pre-steaming increased heartwood treatability was by altering the condition ofbordered pits to allow greater conduction. The combination of fluorescein dye and confocal microscopy was found to be a particularly effective way of visualising flow patterns, as it was possible to examine thick sections, which avoided microtome damage at the section surface. Examination of dry wood also minimised the possibility of dye redistribution.
Vestures in Woody Plants: A Review
Authors: Jansen Steven , Smets Erik , Baas Pieter
Published: February 2014

Vestures are defined as mostly branched or irregularly shaped protuberances on the inner surface of the secondary wall of wood incIuding the surface of the wall lining the pit cavity. Based on a survey of literature, vestures in softwoods and hardwoods are discussed. Data on the chemical composition, ontogeny and possible functions are limited and partly contradictory. A preliminary list of dicotyledonous families is given in which vestures have been reported to occur. No general morphological cIassification of the different types of vestures (and 'warts') has been accepted at present. The taxonomie and diagnostic value of this polyphyletic character can be considerable but should be evaluated for each individual taxonomie group. It is not cIear whether all types of vestures and warts are homologous; both structures remain poorly understood.
Wood and Stem Anatomy of Stegnosperma (Caryophyllales); Phylogenetic Relationships; Nature of Lateral Meristems and Successive Cambial Activity
Authors: Carlquist Sherwin
Published: February 2014

Wood and bark histology data on stems of two species of Stegnospenna (Stegnospermataceae, or Phytolaccaceae s.l.) is presented, complementing previous accounts . Wood of Stegnosperma is relatively primitive within Caryophyllales because of presence of tracheids , diffuse parenchyma, and both multiseriate and uniseriate rays . The solitary nature of vessels is held to be correlated with tracheid presence , as in other groups of dicotyledons with vessels solitary or nearly so. Bark anatomy is newly reported for the genus . The method of section used permits analysis of divisions in cells with primary walls. Radial rows of parenchyma ('secondary cortex') develop in the inner cortex and are perpetuated by tangential divisions collectively termed a diffuse lateral meristem here. Successive cambia form within the radial rows of parenchyma. Despite diverse terminology and interpretations in literature on plants with successive cambia, the successive cambia and their origin in Stegnosperma are believed to represent the same anatomical phenomena as in other Phytolaccaceae s.l.
Dendroclimatological Potential of Drought-Sensitive tree Stands in Southern Tibet for the Reconstruction of Monsoonal Activity
Authors: Bräuning Achim
Published: February 2014

Southem Tibet is influenced by the Asian summer monsoon which causes 70-80% of the annual precipitation to fall between June and August, showing a steep gradient from east to west. Teleconnections between the tree-ring chronologies of a sampling network have demonstrated a distinct dendroecological region in the catchment area of the Yarlung Tsangpo river, where tree growth is mainly limited by summer precipitation. Ring width at these sites is strongly correlated to late summer (August to October) precipitation of the year prior to growth, indicating that the trees bear a high potential for the reconstruction of the rainfall variability at the northwestem fringe of the monsoonal regime. Light rings and other wood anatomical features like intra-annual growth bands can be observed in the westernmost stands of Pinus densata. If these growth bands occur in the earlywood of the tree ring, they can be explained by cold events during spring; ifthey are located in the transition zone between earlywood and latewood, they are caused by dry conditions during May and especially June, which points to a delayed arrival of the moist monsoonal air masses in southem Tibet in the corresponding years.
On the Occurrence of Anomalous Tubular Structures in the Vestured Pits of Petiolar Xylem in Eucalyptus Delegatensis
Authors: Singh A. P.
Published: February 2014

Vestured pits of the tracheary elements in the petiolar xylem of Eucalyptus delegatensis had moderately developed vestures which extend into the pit chamber from bordering walls. Tubular structures were found in abundance in those pit membranes which underwent extensive hydrolysis of their matrix substances.
Nuclear Changes in the Ageing Ray Parenchyma Cells in Relation to Heartwood Formation
Authors: Nair M.N.B. , Chavan R.R.
Published: February 2014

Nuclear changes occurring in the ray parenchyma cells of the wood in six tropical taxa have been studied with the aid of standard statistical methods. In the taxa with distinct heartwood (Acacia catechu, Bauhinia tomentosa, Bridelia retusa, Lagerstroemia speciosa), the nuclear area and slenderness ratio show a strong negative correlation with the distance from the cambium except in Lagerstroemia speciosa, where the slenderness ratio shows no relation. In Bauhinia purpurea and Lagerstroemia indica, having no distinct heartwood, the nuclear area and slenderness ratio bear no relation with the distance from the cambium, except for the slenderness ratio in Lagerstroemia indica which shows a positive correlation. The analysis indicates that the change in the nuclear area and slenderness ratio shows a definite pattern during the necrobiosis of the ray parenchyma cells in the taxa where heartwood is distinct.
Contrast Layering
Authors: Caglar Ilker Murat , Demir Bulent , Caglar Fatma Nihan Turhan , Vural Alper , Ugurlucan Murat , Ciftci Serkan , Ungan Ismail , Gedikbasi Asuman , Dasli Tolga , Karakaya Osman
Published: February 2014

Patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries sometimes exhibit delayed clearance of contrast medium. This contrast layering (CL) was tested with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and markers of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The study group (n = 26) consisted of patients with CL and the control group (n = 32) comprised patients with normal coronary arteries despite angina symptoms. The CL was observed in 36 coronary arteries of 26 patients in the study group. Total antioxidant status and nitric oxide levels were significantly lower; total oxidant status, malondialdehyde plasma levels, and oxidative stress index were significantly higher in patients with CL than in controls. The IVUS studies revealed that atherosclerotic plaque burden, fibrous tissue, dense calcific tissue, and necrotic core ratios were significantly higher in the coronary segments with CL compared with adjacent normal segments. These results support the concept of CL as a new angiographic appearance of early atherosclerosis.
Olfactory Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gouveri E. , Katotomichelakis M. , Gouveris H. , Danielides V. , Maltezos E. , Papanas N.
Published: February 2014

We evaluated olfactory dysfunction in 154 adults (74 men, mean age 60.9 ± 11.9 years), of whom 119 had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Olfactory function was assessed with “Sniffin’ Sticks.” A total Threshold-Discrimination-Identification (TDI) score was calculated. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were associated with lower olfactory scores (all TDI scores <0.001). Age was negatively associated with odor threshold, odor identification, and TDI score ( P = .009, <.001, and <.001, respectively). After adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, only T2DM and hypertension were associated with TDI score ( R square = 0.281). Diabetic complications were associated with olfactory dysfunction ( P = .006): TDI scores were lower in the presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy ( P = .017) and retinopathy ( P = .047). In conclusion, T2DM and hypertension are independently associated with olfactory dysfunction while diabetic peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy are significantly associated with lower olfactory scores. The clinical relevance of these findings needs to be further examined.
Association of Glomerular Filtration Rate With Slow Coronary Flow in Patients With Normal to Mildly Impaired Renal Function
Authors: Akin Fatih , Celik Omer , Ayça Burak , Yalçın Ahmet Arif , Altun Ibrahim , Köse Nuri
Published: February 2014

We evaluated the association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and slow coronary flow (SCF) in patients with normal to mildly impaired renal function; 211 patients with angiographically proven SCF and 219 controls were studied. Patients were categorized based on the angiographic findings as with or without SCF. We used the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation to calculate eGFR. The frequency of mildly decreased eGFR, serum uric acid levels, and eGFR was higher in the SCF group. Patients with mildly impaired renal function had higher thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame counts in 3 major coronary arteries. In logistic regression analysis, uric acid (odds ratio [OR] = 1.323, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.109-1.572, P = .002) and eGFR (OR = 0.972, 95% CI = 0.957-0.987, P < .001) were independent correlates of SCF. In conclusion, eGFR was significantly correlated with SCF in patients with normal to mildly impaired renal function.
Beneficial Effects of Rosuvastatin Treatment in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Bostan Cem , Yildiz Ahmet , Ozkan Alev Arat , Uzunhasan Isil , Kaya Aysem , Yigit Zerrin
Published: February 2014

We determined the effect of 6-month rosuvastatin treatment on blood lipids, oxidative parameters, apolipoproteins, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Healthy individuals (men aged >40 years and postmenopausal women) with a body mass index ≥30 (n = 100) who fulfilled the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III diagnostic criteria for MetS were included. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels decreased ( P < .0001). The change in LDL 1 to 3 subgroups was significant ( P = .0007, P < .0001, and P = .006, respectively). Changes in LDL 4 to 7 subgroups were not significant. There was a beneficial effect on oxidized LDL, fibrinogen, homocysteine, and HbA1c. Rosuvastatin significantly increased high-density lipoprotein levels ( P = .0003). The oxidant/antioxidant status and subclinical inflammatory state were also beneficially changed. Rosuvastatin had a significant beneficial effect on atherogenic dyslipidemia as well as on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with MetS.
Practical, transparent prospective risk analysis for the clinical laboratory
Authors: Janssens Pim MW
Published: February 2014

Background

Prospective risk analysis (PRA) is an essential element in quality assurance for clinical laboratories. Practical approaches to conducting PRA in laboratories, however, are scarce.

Methods

On the basis of the classical Failure Mode and Effect Analysis method, an approach to PRA was developed for application to key laboratory processes. First, the separate, major steps of the process under investigation are identified. Scores are then given for the Probability ( P) and Consequence (C) of predefined types of failures and the chances of Detecting (D) these failures. Based on the P and C scores (on a 10-point scale), an overall Risk score (R) is calculated. The scores for each process were recorded in a matrix table. Based on predetermined criteria for R and D, it was determined whether a more detailed analysis was required for potential failures and, ultimately, where risk-reducing measures were necessary, if any.

Results

As an illustration, this paper presents the results of the application of PRA to our pre-analytical and analytical activities. The highest R scores were obtained in the stat processes, the most common failure type in the collective process steps was ‘delayed processing or analysis’, the failure type with the highest mean R score was ‘inappropriate analysis’ and the failure type most frequently rated as suboptimal was ‘identification error’.

Conclusions

The PRA designed is a useful semi-objective tool to identify process steps with potential failures rated as risky. Its systematic design and convenient output in matrix tables makes it easy to perform, practical and transparent.
Set Diagrams and Qualitative Research
Authors: Mahoney James , Vanderpoel Rachel Sweet
Published: February 2014

Political scientists have developed important new ideas for using spatial diagrams to enhance quantitative research. Yet the potential uses of diagrams for qualitative research have not been explored systematically. We begin to correct this omission by showing how set diagrams can facilitate the application of qualitative methods and improve the presentation of qualitative findings. Set diagrams can be used in conjunction with a wide range of qualitative methodologies, including process tracing, concept formation, counterfactual analysis, sequence elaboration, and qualitative comparative analysis. We illustrate the utility of set diagrams by drawing on substantive examples of qualitative research in the fields of international relations and comparative politics.
Adjusting for Design Effects in Disproportionate Stratified Sampling Designs Through Weighting
Authors: Tracy Paul E. , Carkin Danielle Marie
Published: February 2014

This article validates the necessity of adjusting for the design effects in disproportionate stratified sampling designs through the use of sample weights. Using data from the 1958 Birth Cohort study, we demonstrate that complex sampling designs introduce sampling error and even sampling bias into sample data. Such sample data are a poor representation of population parameters. These design effects can be addressed through the application of sample weights.