bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal of Organic Pollutants from Industrial Cleaning Wastewaters Using a Combined Sedimentation and Packed-bed Column Treatment
Authors: Laohaprapanon Sawanya , Marques Marcia , Kaczala Fabio , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

In the present study, organic removal from five industrial cleaning wastewaters generated at a wood-laminate floor industry in Sweden was evaluated using a combined treatment process including sedimentation and a packed-bed column of commercial wood-based activated carbon (WAC). The supernatant obtained from the sedimentation was diluted with tap water until the COD concentration was reached 5 000 mg/L and it was continuously fed through the column by up-flow mode at a constant flow rate of 6 mL/min. The WAC performance at different bed height of 19, 38 and 57 cm was studied. The results showed that the sedimentation process removed about 20%, 24% and 24% of COD, TOC and BOD, respectively and the WAC column was effective in removing COD from the water phase. The treated wastewater volume and service time increased with the bed height increase. The column could treat 19 L of wastewater with the service time of 63.3 h and 30% breakthrough point. The experimental data fitted well with the bed depth-service time (BDTS) model. The increase of wastewater load on solid phase from 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% showed an increase of sorption capacity (No) and decrease of the rate constant (k).
Fundamentals and Technoeconomical Analysis of Exploitation of Olive Mill Wastewater to Highadded Vale By-Products
Authors: Paraskeva C.A. , Arvaniti E. C. , Papadakis V.G.
Published: October 2017

The olive oil industry is very important in many Mediterranean countries, both in terms of wealth and tradition. The extraction of olive oil generates huge quantities of high organic wastewaters with toxic constituents that may have a great impact on land and water environments. Series of laboratory experiments, based on the technology of membrane filtration (Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration and/or Reverse Osmosis), have been carried out for the fractionation of olive mill wastewaters into fractions with nutritive value, phytotoxic action and pure water. Based on these results, a pilot plant of membranes installed in an olive oil mill enterprise for an entire harvesting period and appropriate experiments were performed. The study showed that a fraction of pure water up to 75% can recovered and fractions that contained concentrate nutritious and polyphenol content can be isolated and further exploited in order to reduce the, indeed, high cost of the suggested treatment process. In this study, a techno-economic analysis for the implementation of the suggested method for the Region of Western Greece is presented. The present study took into account the fixed and the operational costs of the equipment, the costs for the infrastructure and land, the costs for the maintenance, etc., considering the treatment of 50,000 tones per harvesting period in the Region of Western Greece. The study showed that the establishment of one central treatment manufacture could reduce the uncontrolled disposal of OMW and their final discharging in the aqueous receptors. The exploitation of the nutritious content of the fractions as manure in fertilizers together with the polyphenol content that can be used as components of ecological herbicides can depreciate the total cost in a very short period of 1.5 years.
Anaerobic Treatment of Olive Mills Water: Potentials for Watershed Protection in Jordan
Authors: Mahmoud Nidal , Mels Adriaan , Van Lier Jules B.
Published: October 2017

Jordan watersheds heavily suffer from the seasonal discharge of highly concentrated olive mill wastewater (OMW). Environmental concern and protection of the scarcely available water resources calls for adequate treatment of OMW prior to discharge. This paper describes an inventory that was made with the aim of developing pollution prevention strategies for the olive mill sector of the Jerash Governorate in Jordan. Emphasis was given to compiling regional research which shows that modern anaerobic technology may play an important role in treating the highly concentrated OMW. The paper also presents pre and post treatment options for achieving local discharge criteria. Based on literature review and current insights three innovative treatment strategies are presented for OMW in the Jerash region.
Sludge Treatment for Application in Agriculture Should be the Option Number One for Ukraine
Authors: Svirenko Lidiia , Bondar Viktoriia
Published: October 2017

Ukraine is well-known in the world as a country with soil rich for humus. Approximately 68% of arable soils in Ukraine have been classificated as chernozem. For last decades decrease of organic matter content in soils of various agri-climatic zones has been surveyed in the country. The main reason of the mentioned process is enormous lack of organic fertilizer (manure) in agriculture connected with decrease in livestock (in 3 times since year 1992). Besides there is expansion of technical crops for biofuel production (like Brassica napus, Helianthus annuus), which are the provocateurs of soils exhaustion. At the same time such important source of organic matter for application in agriculture as sewage sludge (SS) from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is not used in Ukraine nowadays. To stop arable soils degradation in regions it is necessary to develop up-to-date management for fertilizer production on WWTPs. The base for the process has to be the acceptance of the goal-oriented National programme, corresponding governmental decrees and implementation of national standard for using sewage sludge as fertilizer.
Survey Effects of Agricultural Runoff on Water Quality with Biotic Indices
Authors: Jafari Abbas , Karami Mahmoud , Abdoli Asghar , Mortezaii Ghasem Mortezaii
Published: October 2017

Biological and ecological study of water resources is the most fundamental issue in scientific researches and studies of ecosystems. Agricultural water that includes organic substances affects the quality of river water, and studying the biological community of the river is one of the ways to study the degree of this effect. The structure of macro invertebrate was studied from April to August of 2009 in two stations before and after rice-farmed fields. Results showed that sensitive groups decreased and biological indices include EPT, Hisenhoff and Shanoon faced fluctuation as well.
A Cost Effective Two Stage Biogas Process for Organic Waste Treatment
Authors: Bergland Wenche , Haugen Finn , Bakke Rune
Published: October 2017

Effective energy recovery systems are required to handle organic waste produced at individual farms and industrial plants. High rate anaerobic digestion (AD) reactors (e.g. UASB) are efficient but they require low particle content in the feed, whereas manure and other relevant feeds contain a variety of particles.

A two stage biogas process consisting of a storage tank (ST) and a high rate AD reactor can meet the above challenges. The ST serves three purposes: Store the waste in a submerged suspension, disintegration and hydrolysis of the waste to produce dissolved substrate and separate a liquid without large particles as AD feed. A pilot system consisting of a 20 L hybrid AD reactor together with a 200 L ST was constructed to test the two stage concept. The ST contained a filter system to extract only the liquid phase of the organic waste, which was solid waste from apple juice production. The AD liquid effluent was returned to the ST to maintain the systems liquid balance. A hydrogen sensor on the produced biogas was used to monitor the AD and thereby automatically control AD feeding for safe operation. Hydrogen set points of 20-40 ppm were tested.

The apple waste first underwent a natural conservation in the ST by production of organic acids and alcohol. The liquid feed to the AD extracted from the ST had a pH of 4.5 and a total organic concentration of 0-50 g COD/L through the months of operation reported. The temperature in the system was ambient; 18-23 ºC. The production of biogas was 10-25 litres per day, and the biogas methane content was maintained at ≈ 70 (v/v %). The hydrogen based AD feeding control operated well but with some limitations.
Bio-Gasification Under Partially Aerated Conditions
Authors: Botheju Deshai , Bakke Rune
Published: October 2017

Anaerobic digestion (AD) under mild aerobic loading is investigated. Aeration can apparently have both positive and negative impacts on biogas generation. This study aims to recognize and describe these different aeration effects on AD. Seven series of batch experiments (BT 1- 7) were conducted under varying feed and oxygenation conditions at 35 oC. Oxygen was introduced as headspace air in four of the batch experiments and as pure oxygen in two series. Effects of extensive initial aeration of inoculum were investigated in one batch series. The methane yield of the reactors fed with starch (1.09 g COD/LReactor) was positively influenced by oxygenation in the load range up to 38 % O2 (as % of feed COD). A negative influence of oxygen was observed at the next experimental level of 79 % O2. For the glucose fed reactors under similar operating conditions, the oxygen impact was near linearly negative in the tested range of 0 - 49 % O2. These results demonstrate that digestion of soluble substrates like glucose is not enhanced by O2, while substrates requiring hydrolysis are. Thus, limited aeration can enhance biogas production from non-soluble substrates under batch conditions. According to the experiment where the effects of extensive initial aeration was investigated, lengthening of the aeration period increasingly slowed down the gas generation rate but eventually resulted in the same methane yield. The lag period before gas generation started was three times longer for the aerated inoculum reactors than un-aerated. These observations suggest that oxygen induced inhibition of the biomass activity is mostly reversible. Reduced biogas production rates with initial aeration extent suggest some permanent damage to the anaerobes. Extensively aerated inoculums generated less methane compared to the un-aerated inoculum, probably due to the loss of some biogas potential initially present in the inoculum. Oxygen assisted degradation of some recalcitrant organic matter, including biomass cells themselves, present in the inoculum is also detected in an unfed inoculum test series.
Financial Aspects on Landfill Mining Seen as a Part of the Urban Mining
Authors: Hogland William , Hogland Marika , Marques Marcia
Published: October 2017

Urban areas have deposits with large amounts of valuable materials that in future will be worth to mine, in particular when the natural resources will be scarcer. Landfill mining can be seen as a part of the urban mining, in particular when an old dumpsite suddenly is found in the middle of a new town district as the city expands. Landfill mining can be considered in the context of integrated solid waste management economics. A new concept of Enhanced Landfill Mining (ELFM) is used, which targets the integrated valorization of materials and energy from past, present and future landfills, while meeting the most stringent ecological and social criteria. In landfill mining, financial and environmental aspects, as well as thecommercial aspects of land recovery and extraction of excavated resources are seen as part of the entire solid waste management. Practicalities with selection of sufficient and effective machinery, excavation, choosing proper logistics, storage and management of large masses of waste, handling of hazardous waste and health and safety in the working environment and for the public are also of high importance for the economy of a project. Traditionally, it is believed that the recyclables recovered might provide some economic revenue; the value depends on the amount and the quality of the separated fractions, local conditions and market prices. Ferrous metals, aluminum, plastic and glass as well as fine organic and inorganicmaterial might be of economic interest when excavating today, but in the future, other metals and compounds may be recovered as micronutrients and micro-compounds. The accounting for economic benefits of a landfill-mining project must be fair and must include the economics of reduction or elimination of the need for capping, long-term monitoring andaftercare, maintenance and potential remediation costs, effective use and logistics of the machinery, future value of the reclaimed land and avoidance of sitting and infrastructure costs if the reclaimed land is used for construction of a new landfill.
Modern Landfills as Potential Feed Back Processes to Counteract Global Warming
Authors: Bramryd Torleif , Johansson Michael
Published: October 2017

Provided that produced biogas is effectively collected, landfills are important sinks for organic carbon compensating for emissions of CO2 from burning of fossil fuels. Sequestrating of long-lived organic carbon in the landfill itself is the most pronounced factor, but also other processes during landfill management will increase the capture and binding of CO2.. Compost produced in connection to the landfills and applied as soil improvement, is another important sink for organic carbon.The landfills in the World have been estimated to accumulate around 100 x 106 metric tons of C. Normally about 25-40 percent of the total carbon content in the waste can be converted into biogas in traditional landfills. During landfilling most of the organic carbon in fossil derived products, like plastics, synthetic rubber, textiles and other synthetic materials, As these products take part in the methane gas production, the landfill gas (biogas) can be regarded as a true biofuel. In contrast to incineration, high moisture content in the waste will not decrease the yield of energy per ton of waste. In a reactor landfill treating approximately 100 000 tons of waste per year, a longlived organic fraction corresponding to about 45 000 metric tons of carbon dioxide is longterm accumulated each year. This compensates for the annual carbon dioxide emissions from about 15 000 – 20 000 cars, provided that each one runs 15 000 km per year with fossil fuel. The technique for effective collection of landfill gas, and new techniques to upgrade and liquefy the biogas, have decreased the risk for emissions to the atmosphere. Modern bioreactor landfills have been estimated to have less than 10% diffuse biogas emissions to the atmosphere. Also in Sweden (Helsingborg), plants are built to convert landfill gas to upgraded, liquefied motor fuel. This will lead to strongly reduced diffuse emissions of landfill gas to the atmosphere. The utilization of leachates as forest fertilizer results in an improved biomass production and increased accumulation of soil organic matter. Increased tree and field layer productivity also means that the potential for water evaporation (eg. evapotranspiration) increase, reducing the costs for waste-water treatment or the risk for diffuse ground water pollution. Also in the mineral soil, increased long-lived fractions of humus normally are found. This should be added to the carbon accumulating effect of the landfill itself, where long-lived organic matter, mainly derived from lignin and from fossil fractions as plastics and synthetic textiles is long-term accumulated. In this respect the landfill system has similar effects compared to natural peatlands and lake and sea sediments, Ifproduced biogas is collected effectively, the landfill thus can be an important factor to counteract the “green-house effect” and climate change.
Phytoremediation Potential of Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus) in Soil Contaminated with Used Lubricating Oil
Authors: Abioye O.P. , Agamuthu P. , Abdul Aziz A.
Published: October 2017

Soil and groundwater contamination incidences with petroleum and petrochemical based products are growing in frequency and quantity. One example is used lubricating oil from machineries. There is a growing demand to remediate the contaminated soil with in-situ phytoremediation. Therefore in this work, Hibiscus cannabinus was investigated for its potential to remove hydrocarbon and heavy metals from soil contaminated with 2.5% and 1% used lubricating oil and amended with organic wastes [banana skin (BS), brewery spent grain (BSG) and spent mushroom compost(SMC)] for a period of 90 days. Loss of 86.4% and 91.8% used lubricating oil was recorded in soil contaminated with 2.5% and 1% oil and amended with organic wastes respectively at the end of 90 days. However, 52.5% and 58.9% oil loss was recorded in unamended soil contaminated with 2.5% and 1% oil, respectively. The plant did not accumulate hydrocarbon from the soil but shows appreciable accumulation of Fe and Zn in the root and stem. 47.0 mg/kg and 2.37 mg/kg of Fe accumulated in the root and stem while 1.5 mg/kg and 1.64 mg/kg of Zn accumulated in roots and stems of H. cannabinus respectively at the end of the experiment. The results of this study suggest that H. cannabinus has high potential for remediation of hydrocarbon and heavy metal contaminated soil.
Small Scale In-Situ Bioremediation of Diesel Contaminated Soil – Screeing Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Performance
Authors: Tajam Joseph Akambih , Jonsson Anders , Fröling Morgan
Published: October 2017

Spillage of diesel oil and other petroleum products is a commonly creating need for site remediation of contaminated soils. In Sweden the most common remediation action is excavation of the contaminated soil and off site biological treatment by composting. However, a number of small sites spread out in rural areas end up low on priority lists, and will not be attended to within foreseeable future if ever. For such areas a low cost, easy to apply remediation techniques would be of interest. Enhanced bioremediation of diesel contaminants in soil by whey addition has been demonstrated in lab scale. Whey is a by-product from cheese production. A first pilot remediation trial on an actual site in Gäddede, County of Jämtland, was started the summer of 2010. Using this site as a case study a screening life cycle assessment model has been set up. The goal of the study was to investigate the environmental performance of the whey method, to benchmark the whey method toward the excavation and composting practice and to identify environmental hot spots in the whey treatment life cycle. The study aims at establishing if further work should be put into developing the method, or if the environmental performance is such that the whey method should be abandoned. It should be noted that even with a slightly worse environmental performance compared to other remediation alternatives whey treatment could still be of interest, since the small scale sites in rural areas we talk about here otherwise most often would not be attended to. Results from the screening life cycle assessment indicate a rather good environmental performance of the whey method, partly depending on impact category considered. For the whey method, impacts from farming activities in the milk production chain allocated to the whey give significant contributions. Transportation gives important impacts from both the whey method and the excavation and off site composting, thus logistics should always be considered and optimized. The whey onsite treatment could be an interesting alternative for bioremediation especially at sites that would not otherwise be treated, due to small size or remote location.
Fly Ash
Authors: Wilhelmsson Anna
Published: October 2017

Over the next few years, more than one million m3 of contaminated sediments, with a muddy texture, high water ratio and low strength, shall be dredged annually in the development of ports and maintenance dredging of navigable waterways in Sweden. Dumping at sea is limited since the dredged materials are contaminated. Land disposal requires transports and land area and is thus high in costs. In the construction of new port areas, large volumes of crushed rock, etc. are normally used as construction filling materials. These materials can be replaced by stabilised and solidified dredged materials, with modified geotechnical properties. The method of stabilising / solidifying (s/s) contaminated dredged materials has been used internationally for a long period of time and in more recent years, even in the Nordic countries. In Sweden, for instance, the Port of Gävle and the Port of Oxelösund have received permissions to reuse s / s-treated contaminated dredged materials in the port structures. The Municipality of Oskarshamn have applied for permit and permission are expected in autumn 2012. The Municipality of Oskarshamn will receive funding from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency for remediating the polluted sediments within the harbor basin. Reuse of the stabilized / solidified masses in a geotechnical structure is supported by the new Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) on waste where great emphasis is placed on recycling. Within some of the projects mentioned the potential of using fly ash as a complementary binder has been investigated. In the presentation some of the most interesting results will be presented.
Web Usability Evaluation to Promote Public Responsibility for Municipal Waste and Resource-Efficiency
Authors: Sultana Norin , Ibrahim Muhammad Asim , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

The main elements of any communication process are source, message and recipient. In order to promote public responsibility for municipal solid waste and resource efficiency, national municipal waste management (MWM) association being reputed and trustworthy source of information could play a central role to educate recipients (general public). The internet technology can be employed as an effective source for mentoring due to its; tremendous growth rate, popularity, cost effectiveness and flexibility to divulge information in multiple forms such as videos, blogs, pictures etc. In this study websites of 4 national MWM associations of Nordic countries were studied. These associations were member of Municipal Waste Europe (MWE), a non-profit organization with prime objective to promote public responsibility for resource efficiency.

The purpose of the study was to perform the real time scenario-based usability testing of the above mentioned website, especially for the Nordic countries in order to determine the ease with which people are able to find the information on these websites.

The features of National MWM association of Finland, to promote public responsibility, were found to be most promising compared to that of other Nordic MWM organization. The study has also highlighted promising examples of use of the internet technology employed by various MWM associations that others can follow to develop sustainable societies.
Mathematical Models for Regional Solid Waste Management Development
Authors: Teibe Inara , Bendere Ruta , Perova Larisa , Arina Dace
Published: October 2017

The mathematical methods of waste management assessment and software for various life cycle applications are widely used as one of the decision-making support tools in waste policy. This comparatively new approach to waste management planning offers an option for investigating the life cycle impact of solid waste management processes which generate anthropogenic impact on the environment, of which the most unfavorable is greenhouse gas emission. 

In the research a software application called WAMPS (waste management planning system) developed by the IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute within the Reco Baltic 21 Tech project has been used to create a better understanding about waste management processes and their produced impact on climate change. It is the first time when WAMPS software is applied for regional domestic waste management planning for the next seven-year period in the Baltic states, in this particular case for the Piejura region, which is one of the ten waste management planning regions in Latvia. The Piejura region includes one city of national level and nine districts, with the total area of about 5,300 sq. km and the number of inhabitants 153,899. In accordance with national legislation, responsibility for waste management organization has been delegated to local municipalities. 

In this study the solutions for elaboration of the Piejura region waste management strategy are based on those waste management processes which will produce the best environmental options. The main results of the research were obtained comparing various waste management scenarios in WAMPS: the existent situation in regional waste management, where more than 94% of domestic waste is landfilled; European Union framework demands according to Waste and Landfill directives; and the best technological solutions for the Piejura region based on local circumstances. The next phase of research will draw attention to the implementation and integration of the chosen technological solutions on the basis of economical solutions.
Landfill mining : potential source for maintenance-free construction materials?
Authors: Saareväli Aarne
Published: October 2017

As the use of plastic products is very widespread, reuse of the plastic waste represents a huge challenge. Plastic packaging (e.g. thin plastic bags, foil, foodwrappings) and other plastic waste (pallets, garden furniture, buckets, sport and hobby equipment, car bumpers, canisters, pipes, bobbins, computer and TV cases, plastic refrigerator details, etc.) form the most problematic and continuously growing type of waste, that according to common solutions can be mainly landfilled, or incinerated.Initial sorting of waste and subsequent recycling of single-type plastics into uniform mass, granules or new products are the generally preferred solutions for recycling plastic. Recycling is normally performed based on one specific type of plastic, e.g. LDPE, HDPE, PS, PP or PET, in the course of which the sorted plastic waste is washed, shredded, dried and granulated. The biggest problem with mixed plastics is posed by the fact that polymers of different types are immiscible because of their different molecular weights and long polymer chains. Heating the polymers is not sufficient for decomposing polymer molecules; therefore, the polymers to be recovered must typically have identical compositions to achieve effective mixing. When plastics of different types are simultaneously melted together, they usually do not mix – like oil and water – and will form layers. Low-grade mixed dirty plastic is typically rejected from recycling. Rexest Grupp Ltd, however, has developed a technology for recycling mixed plastic waste.In this study it has been discovered that mixed plastic waste that was landfilled for over a decade did not differentiate from the fresh mixed plastic, neither had the landfilled plastic lost its polymeric properties. Landfilled plastic needs only to be separated from other materials (eg textile, paper) and soil. After mechanical separation, recycling technologies that are able to use of mixed plastic waste, were as also able to handle mixed landfill plastic.Experiments demonstrate that construction materials and products like decking boards, noise barriers, garden furniture etc. could therefore be produced also from landfilled plastic waste, turning this waste into the maintenance free products that are also recyclable after decades of use. Taking into account vast number of landfills that contain plastic waste it raises question whether turning these materials into recyclable construction materials could form a new challenge and possibility to support the environment, and lower the need for the usage of new resources.
Speciation of metals in the fine fracion of solid waste from an excavated landfill
Authors: Kaczala Fabio , Orupõld Kaja , Augustsson Anna , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

In this current study, speciation of metals in the fine fraction (<10 mm) of excavated solid waste from an Estonian landfill was performed in order to evaluate metal contents and their potential mobility and bioavailability. The fine fraction speciation was carried out following the BCR sequential extraction method for Pb, Cu and Cd and the exchangeable (F1), reducible (F2), oxidizable (F3) and residual (F4) fractions were determined. The results have shown that Pb was highly associated with the reducible (F2) and oxidizable (F3) fractions suggesting the potential mobility of such metal mainly when in contact with oxygen, despite the low association with the exchangeable fraction (F1). The metal Cu has shown also potential for mobility and bioavailabilty when in contact with oxygen since high associations with the oxidizable fraction (F3). On the other hand, Cd was mostly found associated with the residual fraction (F4) were observed raising low concerns regarding mobility and toxic effects in case of excavation. To conclude, studies addressed to understand not only the total concentration of metals in solid phase, but also the speciation and which form metals are bound, are very important in order to bring information on how to manage fine fraction from excavated waste both in terms of environmental impacts and also recovery/extraction.
A study on methane degradation layer extracted from landfill mining
Authors: Pehme Kaur-Mikk , Tamm Toomas , Orupõld Kaja , Kriipsalu Mait
Published: October 2017

Due to the harmful effect on the environment, landfill gas has to be collected and processed. One possible solution would be covering the landfill with a bioactive layer, where methane gas is oxidized.

The aim of this research is to study the possibilities of extracting material for the methane degradation layer from the landfill itself by means of Landfill Mining (LFM). Chemical and biological properties as well as hydrophysical properties like hydraulic conductivity and saturated volumetric water content of the fine fraction were measured to verify whether the material meets the requirements.

As the result of the study it appeared that the fine fraction sieved out during Landfill Mining was suitable as a methane degradation layer when mixed with amendments. The best ratio of components was found 60 % fine fraction from LFM, 20 % soil, and 20 % matured sludge compost.

The installation of the methane degradation layer has been finished. The research continues to closely observe the result of methane degradation in full scale. While applying the knowledge obtained in this study to any other landfill it has to be kept in mind that the properties of the covering layer and the ratio of components directly depend on the properties of the fine fraction, amendments, and the parameters of the landfill.
New extraction process for recovery of metals in glass deposits
Authors: Seetharaman Seshadri , Grinder Olle
Published: October 2017

A new process, named salt extraction process, has been developed to enable recovery of metal values from secondary sources e.g. scrap and waste materials such as slag and flue dust. It is also feasible in extracting metals from certain ores that normally are difficult to enrich and process by traditional metallurgy – two examples are nickel and cobalt. The salt extraction process has also been applied in the recovery of metals from silicates including lead from glass wastes.The process is based on the extraction of metal values from the raw materials into a molten salt bath consisting of NaCl, LiCl, and KCl corresponding to the ternary eutectic composition and with AlCl3 dissolved in the salt melt acting as the chlorinating agent. This is followed by the electrolysis of the salt bath in the same reactor. The normal processing temperature is in the range 973 K (700 °C) to 1173 K (900 °C). The aluminium chloride in the salt bath reacts with the metals in the fine comminuted raw material and metal ions are formed in the chloride bath. During the electrolysis, the metal ions reach the solid cathode and get deposited in metallic form. Liquid aluminium is used as the anode. Chlorine gas formed at the anode reacts with aluminium forming aluminium chloride in situ, which gets dissolved in the salt melt supplying the required amount of the flux.The salt extraction process has been used successfully in the extraction of Cr and Fe from electric arc furnace (EAF) silicate slag. Experiments have also been carried out in which lead has been recovered with high yield from spent cathode ray tubes. The process was shown to be successful in the extraction of the rare-earth metals neodymium and dysprosium from permanent magnet scrap. The method is a highly promising process route for the recovery of strategic metals. It also has the added important advantage of being environment-friendly, with only small amount recyclable, potentially useful rest products like alumina and silica as with limited energy consumption.
Beyond the zero waste concept
Authors: Hogland William , Kaczala Fabio , Jani Yahya , Hogland Marika , Bhatnagar Amit
Published: October 2017

During the last 40 years the existing solid waste handling system schemes have been developed and implemented including advanced systems for recovery and reuse. However, even though these recycling systems have not been always economically feasible during the entire period, recycling systems have been implemented thanks to the wide support from the citizens and their interest for source separation. There has been a feeling among citizens and even waste management companies that this is a sustainable and nature resources saving way to work. Today “the zero waste concept” is used more and more both in Sweden and other parts of the world discussing different ways of modern waste management in order to reduce the amount of waste for final disposal as much as possible close to zero. The existing challenges in the future include recovery of metals, nutrients, and other valuable constituents that have escaped from the anthropogenic circuits since the industrial. During the next 30 years more focus must be directed towards recovery of lost resources in ore mining waste, old landfills, in harbor and sea sediments, slag, ashes, sludge but also materials that are bound to urban constructions as residential, commercial and industrial infrastructures, water distribution networks, sewage systems and underground electric/electronic networks such as telephone etc. An overview regarding the recovery of mentioned materials and chemical compounds called “Beyond the zero waste concept” will be presented in this paper in order to raise concerns and awareness about the importance of establishing a new model of waste management schemes.
Environmental collaboration in practice: lessons learned from Kalmar
Authors: Rosenlund Joacim , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

The Triple Helix platform project 2011-2014 further developed the wastewater treatment in the wood industry. Research was also carried out to study the actual practice of such collaboration between sectors. While the main project consisted of industry-university collaboration, initiatives to increase the unofficial regional networks of Triple Helix collaboration were also studied. Interactive research method was used to be able to work in this process and to gain access to the practical knowledge the participants have about this kind of work. Results from this show the importance of informal contacts and forums for discussion between sectors. Other important areas were the financing and time frames which are different and how such differences surface in the interaction between sectors. The changing role of university meant that researchers had the responsibility of creating knowledge with industry and other actors in society, reaching practical results and results of societal relevance. This increased emphasis on the practical relevance of knowledge had to be balanced with the traditional goals for research. Whether or not this is talked about as a Triple Helix there are several points of interest that can be related to wider changes in the way research and the third task is conducted and the context in which research is performed affects the day to day activities of the people working in such an environment.
Institutional approaches to the development of solid waste treatment and its staffing in the Russian Federation
Authors: Rud Vasiliy , Trukhachev Serguey
Published: October 2017

Research , the results of which will be discussed in the present report were obtained in the framework of the Commission under the President of the Russian Federation for Modernization and Technological Development of Russia's Economy.Key issues affecting the management of the flow of all types of waste in Russia are:

A huge number of unsorted household waste and unprocessed

Extremely high yield landfill business and its criminal

Lack of waste treatment business

Possibility of selling the energy received from the recycling can not be considered as anincentive for the development of business

Building regulations do not provide for the installation of systems for separate collection ofhousehold waste

Public services and private investors are not able to effectively solve the problem of eliminating the effects of pollution of waste production and consumption with the formation of an efficient, cost-effective and environmentally sound waste management industry.

It is necessary to pay more attention to not direct support projects on waste recycling, and introduce restrictive measures for the development of businesses not harmless to the garbage. We need to develop a "roadmap" of joint actions of government and business to create a national market for emissions trading of greenhouse gas emissions on the basis of voluntary commitments by companies to reduce them. As a result of the work done has been formulated for a number of assignments signed by the President of the Russian Federation .
Elimination of greenhouse gas emission due to improvement of biodegradable waste management system
Authors: Bendere Ruta , Teibe Inara , Arina Dace , Lapsa Janis
Published: October 2017

In order to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHG) from landfills, European Union (EU) Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC requires a progressive reduction of the municipal biodegradable waste disposal. The main problem of the waste management system in Latvia is a heavy dependence from the waste disposal at landfills. An insufficient separate waste collection system and a promotion of the landfilling as a major treatment option, leaded to the disposal of 84% of the total collected municipal waste in 2012 with a high share of the biodegradable waste. Therefore, in Latvia, the volume of emissions due to the activities of the waste management branch was 5.23% (632.6 CO2 eq.) of the total GHG emissions produced in the national economy in 2010 (12 097 Gg CO2 eq., except the land use, land-use change and forestry). The aim of this research is to revise the current situation of the management of biodegradable waste in Latvia, and to propose the future activities for the practical improvements dealing with biodegradable waste. The Waste Management Planning System (WAMPS) software has been used as an environmental impact analysis tool for the modelling waste management scenarios. The WAMPS software calculates emissions, energy and turnover of waste streams for processes within the waste management system, e.g., waste collection and transportation, composting, anaerobic digestion, and final disposal – landfilling or incineration. The obtained results are presented in four environmental impact categories: acidification, global warming, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation, which are characterised by a certain emission. It covers an integrated waste management system starting with the activities where products become waste and have been put into the waste bin at waste generation source to the last point, where the waste becomes either useful material (recycled material, biogas or compost) or becomes part of emissions in the environment after its final disposal at landfill or incineration plant.
MSW management in São Paulo city and the national policy of solid waste
Authors: Polzer Veronica R. , Persson Kenneth M.
Published: October 2017

The objective of this paper is to present a brief overview of the current situation of solid waste in Brazil, as well as the importance of the National Policy of Solid Waste as the main regulatory milestone of the country, clarifying the role of society, government and the private sector. Moreover, this law is essential for determining the closing of dumps, encouraging municipal consortia and establishing a hierarchy for solid waste management through waste reduction at source, reuse, recycling, energy recovery and disposal. Also it aims to understand how São Paulo, the most important city of Brazil, is currently facing the problem and what are the scenarios and proposals indicated in the Integrated Management Solid Waste Plan of the city to get the sustainable solid waste management of São Paulo in operation.
A systems ecology view on sustainable wastewater treatment
Authors: Grönlund Erik , Carlman Inga
Published: October 2017

The environmental, economic, and social dimensions of sustainability, were connected in a systems ecology model with focus on wastewater treatment. Life Cycle Assessment and similar approaches are the most common systems analysis models in the wastewater treatment context. These models are beneficial, but are not the only possible approach to systems analysis. The model in this paper showed that the social and economic dimensions were inseparable intertwined, and both of them dependent on the environmental dimension for ecosystem services in the form of natural resources and regenerating capacity. The holistic view, as applied by a systems ecology approach, put focus on how sustainable wastewater treatment are limited to deliver something that can be assimilated by the environmental systems, and in the best applications, produce something that is again useful to the society
Wastewater characteristics in partially sealed cesspit: case study from Beit Dajan, Palestine
Authors: Al-Atawneh Nezar , Mahmoud Nidal , Van der Steen Peter , Lens Piet N.L.
Published: October 2017

Raw domestic wastewater from an individual home was characterised and the water quality was followed after disposal to a partially sealed cesspit over the whole filling period of 4 months. The results revealed that raw wastewater was of medium strength according to the US EPA classification, and was more concentrated than Palestinian municipal sewage. Septage is the water accumulating in the pit, but above the accumulated bottom sludge. The septage was more concentrated than the raw sewage. The specific household water consumption, wastewater generated, septage collected by vacuum truck and septage water infiltration were respectively (59 L/c.d; 100%), (52 L/c.d; 87%), (11 L/c.d; 19%) and (40 L/c.d; 68%). The specific removal of pollutants in the cesspits were: BOD5 (78 g/c/d), COD (62 g/c/d), N total (52 g/c/d), PO4-P (66 g/c/d) and TSS (69 g/c/d). The specific pollution loads of emptied septage were BOD5 (5.6 g/c/d), COD (19.3 g/c/d), N total (4.8 g/c/d), PO4-P (0.17 g/c/d) and TSS (25.5 g/c/d). The concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe and Zn) in septage water were not in compliance with heavy metals concentration limits of the Palestinian regulations for wadi disposal and effluent reuse in agriculture. As a consequence, septage disposal in wadis and agricultural fields is not safe. However, according to municipal regulations, the heavy metals concentrations allow septage to be disposed in the Al-Bireh wastewater treatment plant septage receiving unit, to be further treated in the aerobic system. Regarding nitrogen that is removed in the cesspit, the vast majority will most likely exfiltrate out of the cesspit into the surrounding soil, and might potentially reach the groundwater. Therefore, cesspits should be replaced by proper wastewater treatment systems.
Ozone-based advanced oxidation process as pre-treatment of wastewater from the wood-based industry
Authors: Amaro Alexandre , Hanson Henrik , Kaczala Fabio , Marques Marcia , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

Three ozone-based advanced oxidation treatments (O3; O3 with initial pH adjustment and; O3/UV with initial pH adjustment) were compared for the treatment of a recalcitrant wastewater generated during washing/cleaning of surfaces and equipment used in filling and gluing processes (urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde resins) in a wood-floor industry in Sweden. The wastewater (initial COD 3,400-4,000 mg/L) was obtained at the outlet of a sedimentation tank, which receive an inflow with an average COD of 45,000 mg/L. The experiments were performed in a semi-batch microbubble column reactor connected to a UV reactor, where 2.5 L samples of wastewater were submitted to the maximum dose of 2 g of O3 per gram of initial COD. For the full-factorial design, the independent variables were O3 concentration (g O3/Nm3); recirculation flow (L/min); and initial pH (pHi). The evaluation of the treatment performance was based on COD and TOC reductions (in %), and the effluent obtained was used in respirometric assays with activated sludge obtained at a municipal wastewater treatment plant to assess biodegradability/inhibitory effects. The results showed that ozonation at the original low pH promoted a reduction of 65% and 31% of COD and TOC respectively, but made the effluent less biodegradable. The highest COD and TOC reductions were achieved when O3 /UV treatment with pHi = 9.3 were applied (93% e 56% reductions for COD and TOC respectively). The results with the respirometry tests suggest that application of O3 only at higher pH values promoted biodegradability enhancement of the effluent, making it treatable by microbiota obtained with activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant.
Norwegian Youth Punishment - Opportunity or Trap?
Authors: Holmboe Morten
Published: October 2017

The question of how the criminal justice system should deal with young offenders is an old one. Traditionally, the Norwegian criminal justice system has held that it should treat young offenders less severely than adults. The use of imprisonment is therefore restricted. In 2014, Norway implemented two new kinds of penal reactions directed towards young offenders, youth follow-up and youth punishment, inspired by the ideas underpinning restorative justice. The intention of youth punishment is that it is more severe but better suited than community sentencing when young people commit serious crimes. Consequently, the use of imprisonment for young offenders should be further reduced. In this article, I describe the rules concerning the sentencing and executing of youth punishment. Overall, I am of the opinion that while the premise underlying youth punishment is sound, the rules need to be amended to better reflect the expressed intent of the legislator.
POSITING AND PRESUPPOSING. A READING OF THE RELATION BETWEEN NATURE AND SPIRIT IN HEGEL'S SYSTEM
Authors: Sanguinetti Federico
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT In this paper I will provide a reading of the relation between nature and spirit starting from an analysis of the movement of positing and presupposing, discussed by Hegel in the "Science of Logic" in his discussion of the transition between Being and Essence. 1) I will offer an analysis of the logical context within which this dialectical movement emerges. 2) I will show the role played by this dialectical movement in determining the relation between the spheres of nature and spirit in Hegelʼs "Encyclopedia". 3) I will then claim that a difficulty related to this movement arises in the "Logic", and that this difficulty reverberates in the relation between nature and spirit in Hegel's system. In particular, 4) an ambiguity arising at a logical level generates two different configurations of this movement, depending on whether the latter is meant to describe the relation of 4.1) the finite or of 4.2) the infinite spirit to nature. 5) I will finally focus on some problems deriving from my reconstruction and I will try to suggest - in very general and programmatic terms - in what sense the internal analysis of the relation between nature and spirit in Hegelʼs system can be fruitfully discussed against the dominant framework of the contemporary debate, i.e. naturalism. However, this suggestion does not necessarily imply an endorsement of Hegel's position.