bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sclerotinia narcissicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J. , Spooner B. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sclerotinia narcissicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Narcissus
spp. DISEASE: Smoulder, grey mould. Infection may reduce bulb yield and flower size (55, 3617). Symptoms may include: rot of the bulbs and leaves at ground level, brown lesions on the leaves and flower buds, distortion and failure of emergence. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Iraq, USSR; Australasia: Australia (Tasmania, Victoria), New Zealand; Europe: Channel Islands (Guernsey, Jersey), Denmark, Eire, England, Germany, Northern Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, USSR, Wales, West Germany; North America: Canada (British Columbia, NS, Ontario, PEI); USA (North Carolina, New York, Oregon, Virginia, Washington State) (see
CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases
, No. 315). TRANSMISSION: The disease may come from planting of infected bulbs or from infected soil; sclerotia in the soil may be viable for up to nine months (61, 7053).
In vitro
conidial suspensions did not cause infection except of wounded or damaged tissue; mycelial inoculation consistently caused lesions on detached leaves and bulb scales (61, 5797).
Phialophora mutabilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phialophora mutabilis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Man. DISEASE: Hyalohyphomycosis (sometimes considered to be chromomycosis or phaeohyphomycosis) causing endocarditis, peritonitis, corneal infection etc (i.e. mycoses). (9, 1604; 10, 1434). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: U.K. ; North America: U.S.A. (Pennsylvania, Minnesota); Australasia: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, W. Australia). TRANSMISSION: Opportunistic, often following cutaneous trauma, mostly remaining localized at the point of entry. The fungus has been isolated from soil and as a rot from
Eucalyptus
poles.
Phialophora verrucosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phialophora verrucosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man,
Felis, Equus
. DISEASE: Chromomycosis (chromoblastomycosis) subcutaneous and systemic (mycoses). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Algeria, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa; Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines; Europe: Finland, France, Israel, Sweden, Turkey, U.K., USSR; North America: USA (widespread), Canada (Ontario); Central & South America: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela; Australasia: Australia. TRANSMISSION: Generally infection is from plant debris etc. following cutaneous trauma, the fungus generally remaining localized at the point of entry, or spread via the lymphatic system to cause systemic infection. The fungus is widespread in soils etc.
Ustilago longissima
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilago longissima
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Glyceria
, including
G. maxima, G. fluitans, G. grandis, G. multiflora, G. nemoralis, G. obtusa, G. plicata, G. striata
. DISEASE: Leaf stripe smut of
Glyceria
. Infected plants are slightly stunted, pale or yellowish-green, and usually fail to flower. Sporulation can occur throughout the growing season of the host. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, especially in north temperate regions. Asia: India (Nilgiri Hills), USSR (Siberia); Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR (Estonia, Republic of Georgia, Latvia, Russia), Yugoslavia; North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Man, NS, Ont, Que, Sask), USA (Connecticut, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, ME, Maine, Michigan, MN, MT, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Vermont, Washington State); South America: Argentina. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported. The powdery ustilospores are readily disseminated by wind and water. Seed transmission is considered unlikely.
Ustilago scorzonerae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilago scorzonerae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Scorzonera aristata, S. cana, S. hispanica, S. humilis, S. papposa, S. purpurea subsp. purpurea, S. purpurea
subsp.
rosea, S. radiata
. DISEASE: Flower smut of
Scorzonera
species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, including Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Holland, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia; European USSR (Estonia, Latvia, Leningrad region, Ukraine, Zakarpatskaja); Asian and Far Eastern USSR (Altai, Krasnoyarskii krai, Tul'skaya obl., Yakutskaya ASSR (Siberia)); Israel. (IMI Distribution Map 629, 1991). TRANSMISSION: Infection is systemic, with mycelium perennating in the rootstock. Surface contamination of seed by ustilospores probably does not result in infection, penetration of young embryos possibly does (Liro, 1924). No detailed studies have been reported.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lycopersicon esculentum
(tomato). May also infect other species of
Lycopersicon
. DISEASE: Vascular wilt. The fungus may also cause tomato fruit rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tomato growing regions of the world. Africa: Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Republic of South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Tunisia. America: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, USA. Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea, Pakistan. Australasia: Australia. Europe: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, USSR. TRANSMISSION: The fungus is soil borne and may also be transmitted by seed (58, 3447; 67, 1486), planting material and locally by water flow.
Pseudocercospora artocarpi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Hyde K. D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora artocarpi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Artocarpus
spp. (
A. chaplasha, A. communis, A. heterophyllus, A. incisa, A. indica, A. integrifolia, A. lakoocha
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. Large brown spots which later fall out producing a shot-hole effect (34, 400). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Hong Kong, India, Papua New Guinea, Philippines. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by air-borne dispersal of conidia.
Pseudoepicoccum cocos
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hyde K. D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudoepicoccum cocos
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Areca
sp.,
Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis
. DISEASE: Oval reddish brown, zonate, leaf spots, 18 × 6 mm (11, 780). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Cook Islands, Solomon Islands, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kiribati, Malaysia, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Niue, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sarawak, Seychelles, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Western Samoa. TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia.
Phyllachora puncta subsp. dalbergiicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora puncta subsp. dalbergiicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Apuleia leiocarpa, Dalbergia frutescens, Dalbergia
sp.,
Machaerium nigrum, M. scleroxylon, Machaerium
sp.,
Tipuana tipu, Tephrosia
sp. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Brazil, Jamaica. TRANSMISSION: Probably via airborne dispersal of ascospores. No research is available.
Cylindrocladium citri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Wingfield M. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium citri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Citrus sinensis, Prunus
sp. DISEASE: Decay of citrus fruits. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, U.S.A (Florida). TRANSMISSION: Probably wind and splash dispersed.
Guignardia aesculi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Guignardia aesculi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Aesculus glabra, A. hippocastanum
(main host) (
Hippocastanaceae
). Several other species of
Aesculus
and subspecies including
A. ambigua, A. arnoldiana, A. bushii, A. carnea, A. discolor, A. dupontii, A. hybrida, A
.
mississippiensis, A. mutabilis, A. neglecta, A. octandra, A. pavia, A. splendens, A. turbinata
and
A. woerlitzensis
have been reported to be susceptible (Neely & Himelick, 1963; 50, 2509). DISEASE: Leaf blotch or black rot of
Aesculus hippocastanum
(horse chestnut) and other
Aesculus
species (5, 706;
28
, 38; 64, 4521). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland, U.K., Yugoslavia); North America (Canada: Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec; U.S.A. : Eastern U.S.A). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by water-borne conidia during wet conditions. Ascomata are produced on leaves left to over winter outside and both conidia and ascospores discharged from over wintered leaves have been reported to infect leaves of seedlings and produce blotch symptoms (Hudson, 1987).
Nectria austroradicicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. , Samuels G. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria austroradicicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On woody plants, including
Fuchsia
and
Pseudopanax
. DISEASE: None known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand (South Island).
Nectria radicicola var. macroconidialis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. , Samuels G. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria radicicola var. macroconidialis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On dead leaves of
Astelia, Collospermum
and
Cordyline (Liliaceae
). DISEASE: None known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand (North Island).
Calonectria scoparia
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Calonectria scoparia
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia
spp. (68, 1566),
Araucaria heterophylla, Eucalyptus
spp.,
Fragaria
sp.,
Luma
sp.,
Medicago sativa, M
.
truncatula, Persea americana, Pinus
spp.,
Pisum sativum, Rhododendron
spp.,
Prunus
sp.,
Syncarpia gummifera
. DISEASE: Damping off, root rot, cutting rot, stem cankers, leaf spotting, seedling and shoot blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, India, Kenya, Mauritius, South Africa. TRANSMISSION: Wind and splash dispersal.
Calonectria spathiphylli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Calonectria spathiphylli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Araucaria heterophylla, Spathiphyllum
spp.,
Heliconia
spp.,
Strelitzia nicolai, Ludwigia palustris
(62, 1077). DISEASE: Root and foliar disease (62, 1077) of
Spathiphyllum
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Italy (70, 3351), Florida, Hawaii, U.S.A. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind and plash dispersed.
Peronospora chlorae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora chlorae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Blackstonia
(=
Chlora
)
imperfoliata, B. perfoliata, B. serotina, Centaurium pulchellum, Erythraea centaureum, E
.
roxburghii, Eustoma russelianum
(=
Lisianthus russelianus
). DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Blackstonia and Eustoma
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia-Temperate: Abkhasiya, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia. Asia-Tropical: India. Europe: Denmark, France, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (England, Guernsey, Jersey), Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: By conidia dispersed by wind or rain-splash. The role of oospores in disease transmission is unknown, but they may act as perennating structures.
Stachybotrys microspora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Stachybotrys microspora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arachis, Bambusa, Barleria, Chrysanthemum, Corriandrum, Genipa, Gossypium, Guava, Helianthus, Palmae
,
Photinia, Ricinus, Saccharum, Triticum
. Also from bark, sand, soil and wood. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Namibia, Nigeria. Asia: India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia. Europe: Denmark, Yugoslavia. Australasia & Oceania: Australia. North America: Canada. Central America & West Indies: Cuba. TRANSMISSION: Presumably via conidia dispersed by air or water, or movement of infected soil or plant debris.
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Agropyron intermedium, A. trichophorum, Avena sativa, Bromus catharticus, B. marginatus, Camellia sinensis
(may form a complex with
Pseudomonas syringae
pv.
theae
: 68, 955),
Caryota mitis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Eleusine coracana, Euchlaena mexicana, Oryza sativa, Panicum hirsutum, P. miliaceum, Paspalum nutans, P. paniculatum, P. urvillei, Pennisetum americanum, Saccharum officinarum, Setaria italica, S. lutescens, S. viridis, Sorghum bicolor
and
Zea mays
. DISEASE: Bacterial leaf blight of maize and sorghum, brown stripe of rice and red stripe of sugarcane. Symptoms in general consist of leaf streaks and stripes, which may extend into the sheaths. Occasionally a stalk rot develops. Symptoms are more severe on seedlings and immature plants. Discolouration of seeds can occur on rice. In fishtail palm (
Caryota mitis
), lesions are mainly at the leaf margin and brown/black with a chlorotic halo (Miller, 1992). In most cases conditions of high temperature and high relative humidity favour symptom development. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Comoro Is., Egypt, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Okinawa, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, Fiji, Guam, Papua New Guinea, Tahiti, Italy, Portugal, Turkey, Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, MT, Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas & Virginia), Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, Trinidad, Argentina, Brazil (Sao Paulo), Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay, Venezuela (
CMI Map
511 ed. 1, 1976 &
CMI Map
39 ed. 5, 1987). TRANSMISSION: The disease is largely thought to be seed borne. In rice, the bacterium is located between the glumes and the pericarp, or deeper in the seed (Shakya
et al.
, 1986). There is evidence to suggest that mature plants which survive infection in the seedling stage harbour latent infections. The bacterium can be found in 8-yr old rice seed samples stored at 5°C (Shakya
et al.
, 1985). The bacterium is not thought to survive well in soil or in plant debris. Alternative hosts such as
Paspalum urvillei
(Vasey grass) in Florida, USA have been noted as an inoculum reservoir in bacterial leaf blight of maize outbreaks (Shurtleff, 1973; 57, 4929).
Cladosporium magnusianum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cladosporium magnusianum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Narthecium ossifragum
(L.) Hudson (Bog Asphodel). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: Denmark, Germany, Norway, UK (Scotland). TRANSMISSION: By wind disperal of airborne conidia.
Mycosphaerella gracilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella gracilis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus urophylla
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Eucalyptus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia. TRANSMISSION: Spores are wind-borne.
Eurotium rubrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Eurotium rubrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A xerotolerant species with the same host range as
E. repens
(IMI Sheet 1255). DISEASES: Not known to be a pathogen of animals or man, but the species has been isolated from human nails (Smith, 1989). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pisum sativum
L. (pea). Also reported to cause wilting of
Dianthus
spp. (74, 4545). DISEASE:
Fusarium
wilt, near wilt. Also a component in St. John's disease together with
Fusarium solani
(Martius) Sacc. (Buxton, 1955). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread where peas are cultivated. TRANSMISSION: Contaminated seed. Movement of contaminated soil during cultivation. Local dispersal may occur via water flow and splash droplets containing micro- or macroconidia.
Marasmius oreades
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu R.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Marasmius oreades
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs in grassland. DISEASE: Forms 'fairy' rings, killing grass along the margin, but promoting its growth beyond the mycelial zone. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, Argentina, Europe, North Africa, Canary Islands, Asia, Australia (Dennis, 1986). TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Phyllachora gratissima
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora gratissima
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Persea americana
(syn.
Persea gratissima; Lauraceae
). DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Haiti, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Venezuela.
Polystigma fulvum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Polystigma fulvum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Prunus padus
(syn.
Cerasus padus, Padus racemosa), Prunus asiatica
(syn.
Padus asiatica), Prunus maximowiczii
. Records on
Prunus grayana
(e.g. Anon., 1965) have not been verified. DISEASE: Large brightly coloured spots on leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Belgium [?], China (unverified record cited by Eriksson & Yue, 1988), Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan (46, 1510, unverified), Latvia, Norway, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom. TRANSMISSION: Stromata are formed on living leaves in autumn, which do not fall prematurely. Apparently mature ascospores are present by late autumn, but they are probably not released until the following spring, coinciding with the new leaf flush. Ascospores are air-dispersed, and probably germinate on new host tissue to form appressoria and infection pegs.
Phyllactinia mali
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Heluta V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllactinia mali
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Powdery mildew of different arboreal Rosaceae, including important cultivated species. Mycelium, conidiophores, conidia and ascomata develop on lower part of leaves without any visible damage. This disease is dangerous for pear seedlings in nurseries only. HOSTS:
Amelanchier canadensis, A. ovalis
(
A. vulgaris
),
Cotoneaster bacillaris
(?),
Crataegus brevispina, C. curvisepala
(
C. kyrtostyla, C. oxycantha
),
C. douglasii, C. laevigata, C. lindmanii
(
C. calycina), C. meyeri, C. monogyna, C. nigra, C. orientalis
(
C. laciniata
),
C. pallasii, C. parviflora, C. pentagyna, C. sanguinea, C. scabrifolius, C. taurica, Cydonia oblonga, Malus domestica, M. pumila, M. sylvestris, Mespilus germanica, Prunus avium
(
Cerasus avium
[Prunus avium]
) (?),
P. cerasus
(
Cerasus vulgaris
[Prunus cerasus]
) (?),
P. padus
(
Padus avium
[Prunus padus]
) (?),
P. spinosa
(?),
Pyrus caucasica, P. communis, P. cordata, P. elaeagnifolia, P
.
lindleyi, P. pashia, P. pyraster, P. pyrifolia
, (
'P. sativa
Fakirova'),
P. zangezura, Rosa canina
(?),
Sorbus aucuparia
(?),
S. torminalis
(?). [Type host -
Malus
sp.] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Algeria, Morocco. Asia (temperate areas only): Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Cyprus, Republic of Georgia, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia (western Siberia), Taiwan, Turkey, Turkmenistan. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (European part), Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: By wind-dispersed conidia. The rôle of ascospores in disease transmission is unknown, although it has been supposed that they can cause the initial stage of the disease.
Vizella gomphispora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Vizella gomphispora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vizella gomphispora
was described from material on
Symplocos spicata
(Symplocaceae), from Sri Lanka. Other collections have been identified on
Alstonia boonei
(Apocynaceae),
Chrysophyllum albidum
(Sapotaceae),
Coffea arabica, C. liberica
and
C. stenophylla
(Rubiaceae),
Conopharyngia longiflora
(Apocynaceae),
Craterispermum caudatum
and
C. laurinum
(Rubiaceae),
Cremaspora africana
(Rubiaceae),
Dendrophthora monstrosa
(Viscaceae),
Eugenia calophylloides
(Myrtaceae),
Ficus
sp. (Moraceae),
Funtumia elastica
(Apocynaceae),
Hoya
sp. (Asclepiadaceae),
Ilex denticulata
(Aquifoliaceae),
Ixora radiata
(Rubiaceae),
Macrolobium crassifolium
(Leguminosae),
Memecylon golaense
(Melastomataceae),
Nauclea
sp. (Rubiaceae),
Nectandra
sp. (Lauraceae),
Octoknema borealis
(Olacaceae),
Olax mannii
(Olacaceae),
Oxyanthus speciosus
(Rubiaceae),
Pavetta indica
(Rubiaceae),
Psychotria
sp. (Rubiaceae),
Soyauxia floribunda
(Flacourtiaceae),
Smeathmannia laevigata
(Passifloraceae),
Strychnos afzelii
(Loganiaceae) and
Tetrorchidium didymostemon
(Euphorbiaceae). DISEASE: Occurring biotrophically on often symptomless living leaves. Its nutritional status is uncertain; perhaps the fungus obtains nutrients from cuticular waxes. Hughes (1953) suggested that the fungus may cause leaf spots, but it is more likely that it is either a secondary colonizer or survives necrotrophic damage by other agents. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: pantropical; known from Brazil, Ghana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, New Guinea, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Uganda. Collections identified as
V. gomphispora
from Australia (Queensland) and Zambia are present in IMI but probably belong to different species. TRANSMISSION: no studies have been made, but ascospores and their fragmented segments are almost certainly wind- or watersplash-dispersed, depending on local climatic conditions at the time of ascus maturity.
Septoria chelidonii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria chelidonii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot, leaf mortality, leaf drying. HOSTS:
Chelidonium majus, C. majus
var.
asiaticum
(Papaveraceae). [Type host-
Chelidonium majus
.] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Korea, Russia (Siberia), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe: Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, UK, Ukraine. North America: Canada, USA (Texas). TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by air-borne or splash dispersed conidia.
Septoria hyperici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria hyperici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. HOSTS:
Hypericum alpigenum, H. elodes, H. hirsutum, H. linearifolium, H. maculatum, H. montanum, H. perforatum, H. pulchrum, H. quadrangulum
(syn. :
H. tetrapterum), H. undulatum
(Hypericaceae). [Type host -
Hypericum perforatum
.] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Republic of Georgia, India, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan. Europe: Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sweden, UK, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by air-borne or splash dispersed conidia.
Aldona stella-nigra
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Inácio C. A. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aldona stella-nigra
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Causing leaf spots on living leaves. HOSTS:
Pterocarpus indicus (Leguminosae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores.
Cycloschizon alyxiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Inácio C. A. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cycloschizon alyxiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Parasitic on living leaves. HOSTS:
Alyxia buxifolia, Alyxia
sp. (
Apocynaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AUSTRALASIA: Australia (Tasmania, Victoria). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores.
Acidovorax anthurii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Acidovorax anthurii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Anthurium andreanum, A. martinicense (Araceae
;) by artificial inoculation:
Dieffenbachia seguine (Araceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot of anthurium. Initially symptoms develop as necrotic lesions close to veins and leaf margins, which are frequently water-soaked and chlorotic. With age lesions blacken and turn grey. From the lesions, bacteria enter the leaf and spathe parenchyma and become systemic, resulting in tissue discoloration and ultimately death. Cover illustration shows symptoms on leaf. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad & Tobago. TRANSMISSION: Unknown. Symptoms can develop by misting susceptible plants with bacterial suspensions or soil drenching (PRIOR & ROTT, 1989).
Xanthomonas cucurbitae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas cucurbitae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata
(
Cucurbitaceae
). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf spot of cucurbits. Initially, small water-soaked lesions appear on the underside of leaves, becoming angular and surrounded by a halo as they age. Lesions enlarge and may coalesce. On fruits, the lesions are sunken with beige centres and dark brown haloes. Cuticles and epidermis may crack, resulting in fruit rot. Water stress in the host increases in direct proportion to disease severity (EL-HENDAWY, 1999). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Washington). CENTRAL AMERICA: Trinidad & Tobago. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil. ASIA: Brunei Darussalam, China, India (Bihar), Japan. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland). EUROPE: France. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne and on plant debris, no evidence of the bacterium surviving in soil for any period of time. Local spread is usually by rain/spray and wind. Symptom expression usually occurs during periods of high temperature generally following rain or overhead irrigation.
Phyllachora pennisetina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora pennisetina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pennisetum alopecuroides, P. mezianum, Pennisetum
sp. (
Gramineae
). DISEASE: Tar spot of
Pennisetum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Kenya. ASIA: China, Taiwan. TRANSMISSION: Not studied in detail, but morphological features agree with those of relatives which have been shown to disperse ascospores actively via air currents, possibly with secondary dispersal via water splash.
Cryptomyces maximus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cryptomyces maximus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Cryptomyces maximus
grows on dead portions of otherwise living willow twigs and branches, and is clearly at least partly responsible for killing them. Even some of the earliest literature noted how diseased willows infected by this fungus can appear (GREVILLE, 1826). At a site in SW Wales the author noted that the only trees infected were small scrubby bushes in a ditch next to an area with several horses. The horses had access to the bushes, and there was evidence that the trees had received significant damage from attempted grazing by the horses. In Britain, the fungus has been recorded producing ascospores in May. HOSTS:
Salix caprea
(living twig, living wood),
S. elaeagnos
(twig),
S. fragilis
(twig),
S. herbacea
(twig),
S
.
lanceolata
(twig),
S. myrsinifolia
(twig),
S. pellita
(twig),
S
.
pentandra
(twig),
S. phylicifolia
(twig),
S. viminalis
(twig),
Salix
sp. (attached twig). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Saskatchewan), USA (Colorado, Utah). EUROPE: Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Russia (Arkhangel, Kursk, Leningrad), Sweden, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Not known. Presumably by air-borne ascospores released in humid conditions.
Naemacyclus steatopygioides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Naemacyclus steatopygioides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Naemacyclus steatopygioides
is known to fruit on old hanging needles on trash, and on litter needles. There is no other information about its ecology, but it is not thought to be pathogenic. HOSTS:
Pinus caribaea, P. massoniana, P. maximinoi, P. oocarpa, P. tecumumanii
(needles). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Honduras. ASIA: China (Hong Kong). TRANSMISSION: Not known. Presumably by air-borne ascospores released in humid conditions.
Virgella robusta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Virgella robusta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: DARKER (1932) wrote that the parasitism of this fungus 'has never been proven, but field observations in western America have indicated that it is the cause of the most widespread and in some localities the most destructive needle disease of
Abies
. In the neighbourhood of Oregon Caves in the Siskiyou Mts ... [it] annually causes destruction of the foliage of
Abies concolor
comparable in degree to that caused by
Bifusella faullii
[now
Isthmiella faullii, IMI Descriptions
No. 793] in the eastern forests. The life cycle of [
Virgella robusta
] in the western forests requires two years from the time of infection to the production of a new crop of ascospores'. Although this species was not listed in SINCLAIR, LYON & JOHNSON (1987), there is no reason to suppose this assessment has changed. HOSTS:
Abies amabilis, A. concolor, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, A. nobilis, Abies
sp. (needles). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (British Columbia), USA (California, Oregon, Washington). TRANSMISSION: Not known. Presumably by air-borne ascospores released in humid conditions.
Digitoramispora caribensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez Hernández M. , Minter D. W. , Castañeda Ruíz R. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Digitoramispora caribensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although conidiomata are numerous on stems of the associated plant, the fungus apparently does not produce symptoms of any disease on the host. HOSTS:
Gramineae gen. indet
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Eudarluca caricis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez Hernández M. , Minter D. W. , Castañeda Ruíz R. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Eudarluca caricis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Hyperparasitic on rust pustules. This species has been discussed as a potential biological control agent by various authors (PELHATE, 1961, and SEBESTA, 1963, according to ERIKSSON, 1966; GONZÁLEZ & CASTELLANOS, 1978). HOSTS: On many rust species (including
Kuehneola malvicola, Phakopsora gossypii, Peridermium peckii, Puccinia cynodontis, P. fimbristylidis, P. gouaniae, P. huberi, P. levis, P. liberta, P. melampodii, P. melanocephala, P. polysora, P. purpurea, P. raunkaerii, P. sorghi, P. thaliae, Puccinia
sp.,
Uredinales fam. indet., Uredo aeschynomensis, U. kyllingiae, U. commelinae, U. costaricensis, U. phaseoli, U. setariae-italicae, U. tenuicutis
) associated with the following plants:
Allium ampeloprasum, A. schoenoprasum
(
Alliaceae
),
Canna coccinea, C. glauca
(
Cannaceae
),
Commelina elegans
(
Commelinaceae
),
Centaurea scabiosa, Synedrella nodiflora, Wedelia rugosa
(
Compositae
),
Carex
sp.,
Cyperus odoratus, Cyperus
sp.,
Eleocharis interstincta, Eleocharis
sp.,
Fimbristylis diphylla, Kyllinga
sp.,
Rhynchospora micrantha
(
Cyperaceae
),
Andropogon
sp.,
Arachis hypogaea, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria decumbens, Eriochloa polystachys, Lasiacis divaricata, Panicum maximum, P. purpurascens, P. trichoides, Paspalum plicatulum, Pennisetum purpureum, Phragmites communis, Rhynchelytrum roseum, Sorghum bicolor, S. halepense, S. vulgare, Sporobolus indicus, Tripsacum laxum, Zea mays
(
Gramineae
),
Aeschynomene americana, Inga vera, Phaseolus vulgaris
(
Leguminosae
),
Althaea rosea, Gossypium barbadense, Hibiscus syriacus
(
Malvaceae
),
Rivina humilis
(
Phytolaccaceae
),
Gouania lupuloides
(
Rhamnaceae
),
Persica vulgaris, Potentilla canadensis, P. verna
(
Rosaceae
),
Salix fragilis, S. purpurea
(
Salicaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ubiquitous. Records of the anamorph are as follows. AFRICA: Algeria. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA (NAG RAJ, 1993). CENTRAL AMERICA: American Virgin Islands (SEAVER, 1924, 1925), Cuba (COOK, 1906), Puerto Rico. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil. Ecuador. Venezuela (CHARDÓN & TORO, 1934). AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand. EUROPE: Austria, former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany. Records of the teleomorph are as follows. AFRICA: Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda. NORTH AMERICA: USA. CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil, Guyana [as British Guiana], Ecuador, Venezuela (ERIKSSON, 1966). ASIA: China, India, Japan, Malaysia (including North Borneo), former USSR. AUSTRALASIA: New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea. EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Kylindria obesispora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez Hernández M. , Minter D. W. , Castañeda Ruíz R. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Kylindria obesispora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although conidiomata are numerous on stems of the associated plant (
Gramineae
), the fungus apparently does not produce symptoms of any disease. HOSTS: Stem and leaves of
Gramineae gen. indet
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Puccinia aegopodii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Tykhonenko Yu. Ya. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia aegopodii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of
Aegopodium
species only. HOSTS:
Aegopodium podagraria, A. alpestre
(
Umbelliferae
) (eastern part of the range). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: China, Republic of Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Russia (Altai krai, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Yakut Republic (Siberia)). EUROPE: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (Bashkir Republic, Ivanovo, Karelia Republic, Kursk, Leningrad, Moscow, Nizhni Novgorod, North Ossetia Republic, Samara, Saratov, Tatar Republic, Voronezh, Vyatka), Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; teliospores are presumably dispersed by air currents and then germinate to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants.
Thecaphora amaranthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pérez J. M. , Hernández M. Rodríguez , Piepenbring M. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Thecaphora amaranthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Not all ovaries are attacked by the fungus. Those not used for sorus development produce apparently normal seeds (HIRSCHHORN, 1945). HOSTS:
Amaranthus hybridus, A. quitensis, A. retroflexus
and A.
spinosus
(
Amaranthaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Ecuador. ASIA. AUSTRALASIA: Australia. EUROPE: Czech Republic, Germany, Romania. TRANSMISSION: Probably by air-borne teliospores. Wind is the most common dispersal mode of smut teliospores.
Leptosphaeria cylindrospora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Chen Chi-yu , David J. C. , Hsieh W. H.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria cylindrospora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although the fungus appears on dry stems of its host, it is not known to cause any pathological symptoms. HOSTS:
Epilobium
(
Onagraceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Manitoba), USA (Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Washington). ASIA: Kazakhstan (VASYAGINA
et al.
, 1987). EUROPE: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Romania (BONTEA, 1955), Sweden, Switzerland. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are dispersed by wind and rain-splash; the fungus presumably overwinters on dead host tissue and the ascospores are dispersed in the next favourable season.
Leptosphaeria fusispora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Chen Chi-yu , David J. C. , Hsieh W. H.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria fusispora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although the fungus appears on the dry stems of its hosts, it is not known to cause any pathological symptoms. HOSTS:
Capparis, Genista, Lythrum, Onobrychis, Polygonum
and
Thalictrum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: USA (New York, Virginia). EUROPE: Austria, France, Germany, Italy,? Poland (PETRAK, 1925). TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are dispersed by wind and rain-splash; the fungus presumably overwinters on dead host tissue and the ascospores are dispersed in the next favourable season.
Aspergillus carbonarius
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus carbonarius
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Isolated from air, paper, soil, cocoa and coffee (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES: Not known to cause any diseases on plants or animals (including man). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, with a preference for tropical and subtropical climates.
Drechmeria coniospora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Gams W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Drechmeria coniospora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Endoparasitic in free-living nematodes. HOSTS:
Rhabditis
(DÜRSCHNER, 1983),
Meloidogyne, Panagrellus
(JANSSON
et al.
, 1985
b
; TOWNSHEND
et al.
, 1989; ZHANG, 1994),
Aphelenchoides
; on other nematodes conidia may adhere but do not penetrate (JANSSON
et al.
, 1987; DIJKSTERHUIS
et al.
, 1993). It also attacks adults and pre-infective stages of the entomopathogenic
Neoaplectana
spp. (POINAR & JANSSON, 1986) and
Haemonchus contortus
in ovine faecal pellets (SANTOS & CHARLES, 1995). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil. ANTARCTICA: Antarctic Is. ASIA: China, Japan. EUROPE. TRANSMISSION: By nematodes and soil water.
Lecanicillium aphanocladii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Zare R. , Games W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lecanicillium aphanocladii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Mainly fungicolous: cobweb and spotting in cultivated
Agaricus
(NAIR
et al.
, 1980; CHEN
et al.
, 1984; BHARDWAJ
et al.
, 1991; GROGAN, 2000), parasitizing uredospores and inducing teliospore formation in rust fungi (BIALI
et al.
, 1972; FORRER, 1977; KOÇ & DÉFAGO, 1983; SRIVASTAVA
et al.
, 1985
b
; VOLKER & BOYLE, 1994) and parasitizing powdery mildew (
Sphaerotheca fuliginea
, HEIJWEGEN, 1988), but also entomogenous (see below). HOSTS: FUNGI:
Agaricus bisporus
and A.
bitorquis, Sphaerotheca fuliginea
and
S. pannosa
(VERHAAR
et al.
, 1999),
Puccinia
spp. (VOLKER & BOYLE, 1994). INSECTA: Mosquito larvae (LÓPEZ-LASTRA
et al.
, 1992, 2002);
Bombyx mori
(PATIL
et al.
, 1994),
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
(ENCHEVA, 1979). Also reported from leaf litter of
Abelmoschus esculentus and Acacia karroo
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. TRANSMISSION: Soil- and air-borne.
Lecanicillium muscarium
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Zare R. , Games W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lecanicillium muscarium
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts.