bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fate of Women
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

I thought it was a partisan, but I was not sure. I was frightened. He pretended to be arresting me. He was forty or so, maybe a Belorussian. He told me to follow him and took me to a tent. Then he forced himself on me. . . . He did not ask. he just did it. He raped me. “ Inside me something broke. I was sick. This feeling stayed and stayed, for years. I could not look at men. I had some kind of an inner conflict. I was excited about sex, but I was scared, turned inward. I did not like the physical part of sex. I did not put sex in an important place. I am glad I don’ t need it. I imagine that many women had similar experiences. . . . shocking, this rape . . . horrible.”
Resonance and Dissonance: The Role of Personal Experience in Iris Marion Young’s Feminist Phenomenology
Authors: Ferguson Michaele L
Published: November 2023

As a philosopher deeply inffuenced by phenomenology and by feminist consciousness-raising activism, personal experience plays a very important role in Iris Young’s feminist and democratic thinking. Even so, I find that reading her very personal narratives makes me uncomfortable. In this essay, I use this discomfort as an occasion to think more deeply about what role experience plays in her philosophizing.
Throwing Like a Girl, Dancing Like a Feminist Philosopher
Authors: Foster Susan Leigh
Published: November 2023

This chapter comments on the visionary insights articulated in Iris Marion Young’s “Throwing like a girl: A phenomenology of feminine body comportment, motility, and spatiality,” initially published in 1980.1 I argue that Young’s theorization of a feminine physicality broke radical new ground in the discipline of philosophy, and it also provided a strong foundation for emerging studies in performance and corporeality. In that essay, Young offers an innovative approach to the analysis of bodily motion, one that integrates movement patterns with psychological orientations and social roles. Building on the work of Simone de Beauvoir, she also proposes to consider the feminine as a set of “structures and conditions that delimit the typical situation of being a woman in a particular society” (Young 1990b, p. 141). It was Young’s unique and perceptive insight to consider movement patterns as part of those structures and conditions that define the feminine.
The Faces of Animal Oppression
Authors: Gruen Lori
Published: November 2023

About fifteen years ago, I wrote an article analyzing the connection between the oppression of women and the oppression of animals.1 I argued that nonhuman animals are oppressed in a myriad of ways and that examining the mutually reinforcing structures that support the oppression of nonhuman animals and the oppression of other groups is an important liberatory project (Gruen 1993). These claims were, and continue to be, met with some skepticism. In response to one critic, I turned to Iris Young’s “The Five Faces of Oppression” for intellectual support.2 Here I will return to the question of oppression beyond the species boundary, again drawing on Young’s insights and explore how it can be claimed meaningfully that nonhuman animals, like so many human groups that differ from those in positions of power and privilege, suffer from exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence and thus can be considered oppressed. When we understand the situation that individuals and groups are in as oppressive ones, then greater attention can be paid to rectifying the particular wrongs caused by oppression.
Iris Young, Global Responsibility, and Solidarity
Authors: Ferguson Ann
Published: November 2023

In some very insightful papers in the two years before her untimely death (Young 2004, 2006c, 2006d) and her unfinished book manuscript Responsibility for Justice, Iris Young presents an overview to a new conception of social justice based on the shared political responsibility that groups of people have who are involved in structures and processes that create unjust harms to others. Her new paradigm allows a way to address questions of global responsibility that individuals hold for each other across national borders and local social power positions such as race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, and disability without appealing to an ahistorical cosmopolitan universal humanist ethics.
On Immigration Politics in the Context of European Societies and the Structural Inequality Mode
Authors: Martínez Máriam
Published: November 2023

The concepts of exclusion and inclusion lose meaning if they are used to label all problems of social conffict and injustice. Where the problems are racism, cultural intolerance, economic exploitation, or a refusal to help needy people, they should be so named.
After Khomeini
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: November 2023

Iran has not ceased to surprise the world since the American ambassador's famous "thinking the unthinkable" 1978 cable about the imminent fall of the Shah and the coming of Islamic revolution. The apparent sequence of moderate government of President Hashemi-Rafsanjani (1989-97) and democratic reform under President Khatami (1997-2005) was followed by the return of the hardliners and revolutionary populism coupled with an aggressive foreign policy, including a nuclear program. Iran's political regime has proved remarkably resilient through all these changes, despite the disaffection of the younger half of the population, and become all the stronger, partly as a result of the Bush administration's ill-advised bluff about regime change. The death of Imam Khomeini as its charismatic leader in 1989 did not mean the end of the Islamic revolution, but only the beginning of a prolonged struggle among the children of the revolution over Khomeini's heritage. The integrative social revolution begun in 1979 has continued quietly, while the raucous/noisy struggle to define, structure and control the new Islamic political order set up by Khomeini among different factions of his followers has produced a unique political regime which defies understanding. Arjomand draws on the sociology of revolution to offer a general explanation of political developments in Iran in the last two decades while seeking to understand its unique features in terms of constitutional politics of the creation of the post-revolutionary order. Not only Iran's domestic politics but also its foreign policy are shown to follow a pattern typical of the great revolutions. Surprising as it may seem, the parameters for Iran's constitutional politics in the last two decades are those set by Khomeini's mixture of theocratic, republican and populist elements in the ideology of the Islamic revolution.
The Rise and Fall of President Khatami and the Reform Movement
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: November 2023

So began, after a perfunctory quotation from the First Imam, ‘Ali, in Arabic, the last letter of protest of February 17, 2004, from the 131 deputies of the Sixth Majles who had gone on strike in January, after the Guardian Council had disqualified 80 of them from running for the Seventh Majles.
Social and Political Consequences of the Integrative Revolution
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: November 2023

The integrative revolution is an explosion of political mobilization and participation. When the revolutionary power struggle comes to an end, participation is typically rolled back, but the social base of the political regime is (considerably) enlarged. This happened with the French and Russian revolutions as well as those of Mexico and China. Revolutions result in the displacement of one ruling class by another. One of the most important consequences of revolutions is the generation of a new political class consisting of a narrower ruling stratum and a much broader second stratum in charge of administration and political mobilization.The process of the formation of the second stratum of the new political class takes at least a generation to unfold. The integrative impact of the revolution goes far beyond the circulation of elites, and changes the structure of society. This involves the integration of small towns on the periphery of Iranian society, and of the upwardly mobile section of the population, such as women and men who acquire higher education for the first time in their families. Social integration, however, does not automatically mean political participation. In fact, the formation of a new political class is conditional upon the exclusion of significant sectors of society.
Beckett’s Dying Words
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: November 2023

Most people most of the time want to live for ever. But there is another truth: the longing for oblivion. With pain, wit, and humour, the art of Samuel Beckett variously embodies this truth, this ancient enduring belief that it is better to be dead than alive, best of all never to have been born. Beckett is the supreme writer of an age which has created new possibilities and impossibilities even in the matter of death and its definition, an age of transplants and life-support. But how does a writer give life to dismay at life itself, to the not-simply-unwelcome encroachments of death? After all, it is for the life, the vitality of their language that we value writers. As a young man, Beckett himself praised Joyce's words. `They are alive'. Beckett became himself as a writer when he realized in his very words a principle of death. In clichés, which are dead but won't lie down. In a dead language and its memento mori. In words which mean their own opposites, cleaving and cleaving. In the self-stultifying or even suicidal turn dubbed the Irish bull. In what Beckett called a syntax of weakness. This book explores the relation between deep convictions about life or death and the incarnations which these take in the exact turns of a great writer, the realizations of an Irishman who wrote in English and in French, two languages with different apprehensions of life and of death.
A Transpadane ‘s Experience
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: November 2023

The last chapter looked for Virgil’s imaginative ancestry in terms of literary history; this chapter turns from Greece to Italy, and from literary to political, cultural, and social history. Greek poetry influences his ideas of nature and landscape, though we have already found that even when constructing scenery from the raw materials offered him by the Odyssey, he begins to bring it into connection with conceptions of home and city. From Italian history we should expect to find an influence principally upon his sense of ‘patria’ and ancestry, though we shall discover that even before Virgil these things cannot be wholly separated from the use of landscape as an imaginative resource.
A Conversion Experience: Energy and Delight
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: November 2023

In the course of the first century bc two men transform the poetic perception of nature: Lucretius and Virgil. Lucretius was known to Virgil when he wrote the Eclogues, but does not yet seem to affect him in more than a superficial way.1 The Georgies, by contrast, are saturated in the older poet’s influence.
A Conversion Experience: The Conquest of Death and the Pleasures of Life
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: November 2023

I count poetical vision and even amatory passion the friends of religion . . . the lover and the poet at least look at something and see it. And the chief impediment to religion in this age, I often think, is that no one ever looks at anything at all: not so as to contemplate it, to apprehend what it is to be that thing, and plumb, if he can, the deep fact of its individual existence.
Beyond Experience: The Underworld
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: November 2023

When we surveyed the development of Greek poetry, we found a growing interest in nature for its own sake, and we saw this process taken even further by Lucretius. No one should doubt that for Virgil likewise nature, landscape, and things seen were greatly valuable in themselves. Yet in much of his poetry he shows rather little interest in exact description. Propertius gives individualized pictures of Assisi and Mevania in his fourth book;’ here indeed he follows the example of Virgil’s depiction of the river Mincius, but nowhere else in the Georgics is there again such a particularized evocation of a known Italian landscape. Ovid at times observes with acuteness and precision: a live coal going out, the curvature of a bird’s wing, the true colour of a woman’s hair; Juvenal is a master of visual detail, Apuleius an exquisitely refined painter in words. All these writers are inheritors of that passion for the perceptible world which Lucretius and Virgil put at the heart of their poetry; but Virgil himself is less interested than they in exact depiction.
A Trojan in Italy: Latinus’ Kingdom
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: November 2023

You too, Caieta, Aeneas’ nurse, have in dying given an everlasting fame to our shores; and even now the honour paid you clings to your resting-place, and in great Hesperia, if such renown be anything, your name marks your bones.
A Trojan in Italy: Evander’s Kingdom
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: November 2023

The diversity of ancient Italy within the Aeneid could be sufficiently accounted for in terms of Virgil’s own experience of his country and its history; none the less, it is in part inspired by the Odyssey. Telemachus’ travels take him to old Nestor at Pylos, then to Helen and Menelaus at Sparta. The scenes at Pylos take place mostly in the open air; the atmosphere is dignified, but not especially grand. Menelaus’ palace, by contrast, is wealthy and glamorous; in the eyes of the young Telemachus it seems like the house of Zeus himself.
The Rise of Islam
Authors: Hoyland Robert
Published: November 2023

To describe the Arabs, the inhabitants of the Arabian peninsula and the Syrian desert, Byzantine writers used such expressions as ‘rapacious kites’, ‘wolves’, ‘unreliable and fickle’, ‘a barbarous nation’. In part, this reflects the prejudice of a settled state towards the uncivilized tribal peoples on its periphery. The aridity of much of the Arabs’ homeland meant that there were not the resources for complex social and political organization. Certainly there were some exceptions.
The Medieval Empire (780–1204)
Authors: Magdalino Paul
Published: November 2023

The Byzantine empire in 780 was a territorial rump of its former self, con- fined to Asia Minor, the coastal fringe of the Balkans and the Crimea, the Greek islands, Sicily and the southern extremities of the Italian peninsula. In terms of Christian geography, it was coterminous with only one of the five ancient patriarchates of the Church.
The Arabian Gulf In Antiquity
Authors: Potts D T
Published: November 2023

Since the early 1970s, the Arabian Gulf has been one of the most promising new areas of research in ancient Near-Eastern archaeology. Until now, however, there has been no attempt to synthesize the archaeology and history of this region from the beginnings of human settlement to the rise of Islam. The first volume of this comprehensive study covers the Pleistocene to the Achaemenian period. It includes almost all the published evidence for the prehistory and history of the Arabian Gulf. The period from Alexander the Great to the coming of Islam, including full discussion of the history of Christianity in the area, comprises the second volume, in which Potts combines the literary evidence from Greek, Roman, Syriac, and Arabic sources with an overview of the relevant archaeological evidence.
Women in Late Antiquity
Authors: Clark Gillian
Published: November 2023

This book bridges a gap between two traditional disciplines. Since the 1970s, there has been a remarkable outpouring of work on women in antiquity, but women in late antiquity (3rd-6th centuries AD) have been far less studied. Classicists have been more concerned with the first two centuries AD, and theologians have been interested in New Testament, rather than patristic teaching about women, or its social and cultural setting. In this book, Dr Clark offers an introduction to the basic conditions of life for women: marriage, divorce, celibacy and prostitution; legal constraints and protection; child-bearing, health care, and medical theories; housing, housework, and clothes; and the general assumptions about female nature which were discarded at need. Christian and non-Christian literature, art, and archaeology are used to exemplify both the practicalities of life and the prevailing `discourses' of the ancient world.
The Loaded Table: Representations of Food in Roman Literature
Authors: Gowers Emily
Published: November 2023

This book offers a novel and unconventional approach to Roman culture, through food - or rather, food as it is represented in literature. Food is not generally thought of as the noblest of literary subjects, and this view is a legacy from the Romans, so it is curious that Roman writers chose so persistently to depict their society at the dinner-table. Why this was so, and what effect the inclusion of food had on the status of the literary texts that described it, are among the questions discussed here. The book also addresses problems that arise when a material subject is translated into words, and contains fresh interpretations of Latin texts that have been unjustly undervalued - comedy, satire, epigrams, letters, and iambics. While often regarded as something trivial and gross, food was in fact one of the most suggestive images for Roman civilization.
The Manuscripts
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

Manuscripts dated certainly or possib y before 1261

H Jerusalem, Patriarchike Bibliotheke 36. Turyn 86–7, Matthiessen 41-2, Mastronarde 2. Facsimile: S. G. Daitz, The Jerusalem Palimpsest of Euripides. A Facsimile Edition with Commenta y (1970). Scholia (and corrigenda to the preceding work): S. G. Daitz, The Scholia in the Jerusalem Palimpsest of Euripides. A critical Edition (1979). A collation, made from photographs, was published by J. A. Spranger, CQ32 (1938) 200–2 10th–11th century. Lines 105–213, 313–412, 564–614, 716–66, 897–946, II52–1200, 1356–1556. Collated from the facsimile.
GK
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

G and K have links both with the older tradition (as represented by HMBOV) and with the younger tradition (as represented bye Θand associates) and have one further feature which links them with Palaeologan scholarship.
ζ (ZZbZcZdZmZuZv)
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

I designate by the collective symbol ζ the manuscripts ZZbZcZd ZmZu(Zv) (this last available for lines 1385–591 only). The link which connects them is their scholia, compiled by Thomas Magister. The number may immediately be reduced by one, for the youngest of them, Zd, is a descendant of Zu, as I shall show later; and for the present I shall ignore it, except where it differs from Zu.
Conjectures in the Medieval Tradition
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

Mastronarde (50–61) has assembled an impressive list of readings in Phoenissae, outside of ξ and T, which he believes afford evidence of deliberate emendation. He finds such evidence even in the ueteres HMBOV. In addition, he has shown (61–5) that many adjustments in the text have been inspired by the application or misunderstanding of comments in the scholia.
Conclusions
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

The editor of Orestes, if his apparatus criticus is not to exceed all reasonable proportions, must choose from the available manuscripts those which it is worthwhile to report consistently. It goes without argument that HMBOV(Va) must be reported. I should also report ACK, because of the generally hi1 h quality of their text. We might discard G, because it often duplicates K; but its contribution is impressive, and it might be retained. The group 8 (AbFMnPrRSSa) will be adequately reflected by a selection of about half these manuscripts. Since Mn is a close relative of S, and Ab of R, we can dispense with one of each pair. I judge that R and S have the edge on their partners. Of the trio FPrSa I should dis¬ card Sa, since it is related to F throughout and in part is a twin of Pr. The associates of8 (AaCrRfRw) need not be cited, except on the rare occasions when they offer a good reading· which is weakly attested. L and P, partly because their text is eclectic, partly because it is of generally good quality, deserve to be reported. The group E is adequately represented by X alone. One member of C is enough: I choose Z, because I have collated it from the original. It will be useful to report all of Triclinius’ corrections, in the iambics and trochaics, as well as in the lyrics; and so it is desirable to report T’, which, although it has little value in itself, may serve as an additional representative of(Ry is perhaps worth reporting; but Tp may be ignored. We may ignore AdAnJ and the other manuscripts whose text is akin to ξ, as well as At, which, when it is not akin to ξ, duplicates others, and Mt, which duplicates A. Of the gnomologies, gV should be reported, because of its early date; gB and gE may be ignored.
The Stages of Procedure
Authors: Todd S C
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter was devoted to the range of available procedures, and this tended to focus our minds on the differences between them. It is now time to concentrate on similarities: what was the course of events in a typical Athenian trial? The following is a summary account, arranged in simplified but roughly chronological order; we will be concentrating on general outline at the expense of detail.
A Second Orpheus
Authors: George Judith w.
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 566, the Frankish court at Metz saw the celebration of the wedding of King Sigibert to the Visigothic princess, Brunhild, daughter of King Athanagild. Sigibert, scorning the unworthy and confused liaisons of his brothers, had chosen instead to contract a prestigious dynastic alliance with the Spanish royal family. The princess was duly escorted to Metz in great splendour, and the wedding celebrated with a great banquet for all the leading men of Sigibert’s kingdom. The style and the aspirations of this event in themselves singled out Sigibert among his generation of the Merovingian royal family. The occasion was also notable, however, for the fact that the wedding celebrations included the declamation by an Italian poet of a resplendent Latin epithalamium. Clovis had received his consular purple; Sigibert was hymned as the emperor Honorius had been. The arrival in Gaul of the Italian poet, Venantius Fortunatus, could not have been timed to make a greater impact. With this epithalamium he was brought dramatically to the notice of all the Merovingian notables, Franks and Gallo-Romans, courtiers and ecclesiastics, with the cachet of royal approval. No better opportunity could have been provided to win Merovingian patronage.
Fortunatus and the Rhetorical Tradition: Other Poems
Authors: George Judith w.
Published: November 2023

Fortunatus did not restrict his adaptation of the rhetorical tradition to panegyrics of the Merovingian kings. With the same purposeful imagination, the poet also drew upon this tradition to offer praise, advice, and mediation to powerful figures as far afield as Byzantium, to support an individual patron, or to further national and international diplomatic aims. With a rich and invariably apposite use of the tradition, he addressed gratiarum actiones to the emperor and empress in the East, and to Martin, the renowned bishop of Braga; he extended the use of the basilikos logos to praise princes of the Church; and with motifs and topics evocative of Roman grandeur, he flattered Merovingian magnates. The two gratiarum actiones (Appendix 2 and poem 5. 2) were significant works in Fortunatus’ more formal rhetorical writing. Both represented an imaginative and effective use of the tradition; both were poems sent to powerful political figures, in secular and ecclesiastical terms, to further Radegund’s policies for the country and for her community.
The Treasures of the Parthenon and Erechtheion
Authors: Harris Diane
Published: November 2023

The Parthenon and the Erechtheion, two of the best-known monuments of ancient Athens, were once filled with countless priceless treasures - from furniture and musical instruments to jewellery, gold, silver, and bronze. This unique volume presents for the first time the only evidence we have for this massive collection of ancient objets d’art - annually inscribed inventories on tablets written by Athenian officials in the classical period. The author provides the first ever translation of these inscriptions, and comes to some important and exciting conclusions about the life and religion of ancient Athens.
Metre and the Transmission of the Text
Authors: Parker L P E
Published: November 2023

The metrical history of the text of Aristophanes falls into three periods: from the poet himself to Triclinius, from Triclinius to Brunck, and from Brunck to the present. The first period is both the most mysterious and immeasurably the most important.
Frogs
Authors: Parker L P E
Published: November 2023

The dramatic action of Frogs is articulated with exceptional clarity, and metrical patterning plays only a subsidiary structural role. The introductory sub-plot of Dionysus, descent into Hades contains two major musical set-pieces: the Frogs’ boating song (209-67) and the miniature religious festival (316-4s9). The stylized, symmetrical comedy of the clothes-changing episode (460-604) is given extra definition by the trochaic comment-song, which the chorus shares in the strophe (S34-48) with Dionysus and in the antistrophe (590--604) with Xanthias.
Introductory Note
Authors: Silk M S
Published: November 2023

In this opening section five pairs of readings and counter-readings of Greek tragedy yield ten very different approaches to particular plays.

We begin with Calame, Buxton, and Oedipus Rex, partly because, from Aristotle to Nietzsche and beyond, this is for so many admirers of Greek tragedy the model play, partly because the Calame—Buxton debate serves to introduce a series of central issues, from theoretical perspective to the status of tragedy as a theatrical medium, from the importance of mood (‘pathos’) to the relation between human and divine, from the distinctive role of knowledge to the special importance of the individual’s isolation once in a state of knowledge in this tragedy and—ultimately?—in tragedy as a whole. Using as points of reference both Aristotle’s Poetics and the ideas of the sophist Gorgias, Calame sees in the Oedipus a drama which calls into question the premises of dramatic spectacle. The self-blinding in particular is interpreted as the ‘annihilation of identity’ at the moment of knowledge, as well as the negation of theatrical logic. Buxton’s qualifications to this argument lay particular stress on the elusive significance of the ‘blind mask’, on the problem of knowing what constitutes real knowledge in Oedipus Rex, and on the complex meaning of the final gesture of separation in the play.
Comedy and the Tragic
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

Theatre is a specially licensed occasion, a time and place for many people to watch a few people enacting things that would not be ‘acceptable’ in ‘real life’, outside that time and place. Thus tragedy can look into the ‘black hole’ (to adopt George Steiner’s metaphor), and yet not be irrecoverably sucked into it. But comedy also grew up alongside tragedy at Athens; and the phenomenon of that twin growth may give some leads towards appreciating the nature of ‘the tragic’. For, while tragedy and comedy were the twin offspring of the Athenian theatre, they were non-identical twins. And they were not good at sharing their toys: most tellingly, playwrights and actors belonged only to one or the other. Everyone would agree, I think, that the two genres were polarized to some degree, and mutually defined each other by contrasts—though at the same time, as Michael Silk has rightly insisted, this need not mean that they are ‘opposites’ .4 Recent critical theory has, however, been mistrustful of ‘genres’, and scholars have tended to concentrate on generic interference and transgression, breaking down their distinctiveness, and deconstructing their polarities.
Emotion and Meaning in Tragic Performance
Authors: Lada Ismene
Published: November 2023

This paper examines Greek drama from the perspective of audience-oriented criticism. I hope to explore some aspects of the communicative channel between the Greek plays and their original spectators, focusing primarily on the interrelation of affect and understanding as part of the response of classical audiences to a theatrical event. I deal with this issue through a test case, namely through a comparison of ancient drama with Brecht’s revolutionary ‘epic theatre’, where thought and critical appreciation are set at the opposite extreme of an emotional response, and where the sole prerequisite for understanding is the viewer’s ‘disengagement’ or ‘alienation’ from the stage-world. The range of firsthand information on the response of classical Greek audiences to the theatrical event is lamentably restricted. Nevertheless, a very interesting, albeit largely unexplored, type of evidence is implicit in the dramatic (both tragic and comic) texts themselves, in so far as they are self-consciously concerned with their own conditions of creation and performance.
Dramatic Scapegoating: On the Uses and Abuses of Girard and Shakespearean Criticism
Authors: Mitchell-Boyask Robin N
Published: November 2023

In recent years comparative approaches have enriched the study of Greek drama, hut the increasing congruity of Renaissance and Hellenic studies might surprise many classicists. Proponents of the ‘New Historicism’ would recognize how the stimulating collection Nothing to Do with Dionysos? also investigates what Stephen Greenblatt calls ‘the circulation of social energy’, the societal forces engaged by the text. The two fields have been adopting ever more similar interpretive strategies as part of a more general movement to recontextualize literarary studies in history. While scholars of Renaissance culture have been trying to disabuse us of reading Shakespeare with our own cultural assumptions, and thus assuming the characters are just like us, classicists might now recall with irony John Jones’s warnings thirty years ago about treating Oedipus like Hamlet, which dissolved the perceived kinship between our two major bodies of tragic drama.4 Now we discover that not only is Oedipus not Hamlet, but Hamlet isn’t Hamlet either.
Patterns of Tragedy in Sophokles and Shakespeare
Authors: Ewans Michael
Published: November 2023

To interpret aisa and moira correctly, and translate the clause in 489 in a way which is true to our experience both of the poem and of Athenian tragedy, are crucial tasks which turn out to be surprisingly hazardous.
Recruiting
Authors: Elton Hugh
Published: November 2023

During the fourth and fifth centuries AD the Roman army recruited soldiers (a phrase including foederati but excluding allies) from both inside and outside the Empire. The Roman army in this period was at least 300,000 and may have been 600,000 strong. Recruits served for twenty years (or twenty-four years in the case of limitanei not in legions or vexillations). Given an even distribution of discharges, there was a minimum requirement of 15,000 men per year. This does not take losses in battle, to disease, or to desertion, into account. If the army was 600,000 strong then imperial requirements would be at least 30,000 men annually.
Strategy
Authors: Elton Hugh
Published: November 2023

To preserve the Roman state it was necessary to keep barbarians outside the Empire and to expel them if they did break in. The ideal solution was a defensive system that could defeat all attacks on (or beyond) the borders of the Empire. This resulted in the stationing of large armies on the Rhine and Danube frontiers in the early imperial period.
Conclusion
Authors: Brosius Maria
Published: November 2023

What can be concluded from this investigation of the position of royal and non-royal women in Achaemenid Persia in the light of the Greek and Near Eastern sources? What has been achieved by re-examining the Greek evidence and to what extent have the Persepolis Fortification texts contributed to improving our under standing of Achaemenid women? How does the new knowledge we have gained alter the judgement modern scholars had formed aboul them?
Historical Setting and Sources
Authors: Arjava Antti
Published: November 2023

In political and religious history, late antiquity marks the end of one world and the beginning of another. The Roman empire slowly disintegrated, Christianity prevailed over other religions, and classical antiquity gave way to the dark ages. In the end, Germanic kings held sway over western Europe. My intention is to find out how these developments affected the status of women. This is not first and foremost a study in legal history. The main source material is composed of legal texts because there is no other group of evidence which one could follow continuously from the early empire through the pivotal hut enigmatic third century up to the beginning of the early middle ages. During late antiquity, other traditional literature dwindled away, and was replaced by the works of Christian bishops and monks. The latter are by no means to be neglected, but they are difficult to compare with earlier material. In the midst of political and religious upheavals, Roman law was a well-established institution, which preserved its mainly secular character. In this study it will gradually appear that from the standpoint of most women late antiquity was not a period of radical change. In particular, the influence of Christianity has been greatly exaggerated.
Mothers and Children
Authors: Arjava Antti
Published: November 2023

According to the Roman family system, a citizen of legitimate free origin belonged only to the paternal gens and familia. The mother was a member of another family. Theoretically, she had no rights to her children although she had not a few duties to them. Furthermore, there was between them no automatic right of succession. Thus the legal ties between a child and his/her maternal family were relatively weak. But we should not conclude that the same automatically held true for social and emotional expectations. Literary sources of the imperial era show that the Romans loved their daughters’ children, counting them as their true descendants, and took no less pride in their maternal ascendants than in the paternal ones.’ In the later principate, the increasingly polyonymous aristocrats often inherited names from their maternal line. Demographic conditions, too, favoured the mother’s family. Because of the age difference between spouses the maternal grandmother was on an average twenty years younger than the paternal grandfather, the maternal grandfather and paternal grandmother being in the middle. Of course, this pattern was often broken owing to remarriage or other individual deviations, but it is evident that the mother’s parents survived much more often to see their grandchildren.
Women and the Society of Men
Authors: Arjava Antti
Published: November 2023

In this work we have so far examined Roman women mainly in connection with marriage and the family. In fact, legal texts easily give the impression that women were seen only as members of their family and had no independent role outside it. This picture, though partially true, is nevertheless somewhat distorted. It derives from the fact that the most common words denoting women were precisely those which defined her position inside the family, such as mater, uxor, filia, and soror. When women appeared outside the family and were covered by the same rules as men, they did not need to be separately mentioned. Thus, as the jurists pointed out, a statute which started ‘si quis …’ had to be read: ‘If a man or a woman …’.
General Conclusions
Authors: Arjava Antti
Published: November 2023

Is it possible to detect a general historical trend behind all the individual phenomena which have emerged from our examination’ The answer seems to be no. No new ideal for female roles and behaviour was ever formulated. No grand theory alone can explain either the position of women in late Roman law and society, or all the changes which took place. To confirm this impression, we shall once more review the major cultural, social, and legal developments in late antiquity.
The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c.2055—1650 BC)
Authors: Callender Gae
Published: November 2023

Unlike the First and Second Intermediate periods, the Middle Kingdom (2055– 1650 BC) formed a political unity, the core of which comprised two political phases: the 12th Dynasty ruling from the Upper Egyptian city of Thebes, and the 12th Dynasty centred in the region of Lisht in the Faiyum. Earlier historians considered that the 11th and 12th Dynasties marked the full extent of the Middle Kingdom, but more recent scholarship shows clearly that at least the first half of the so-called 13th Dynasty (which apparently bears no resemblance to a proper political dynasty) belongs unequivocally to the Middle Kingdom. There was no shift of the location of the capital or royal residence, little diminution in the activities of the government, and no decline in the arts of the time—indeed, some of the finest works of Middle Kingdom art and literature date from the 13th Dynasty. There was, however, a decline in large-scale monumental building, a significant indication that the 13th Dynasty was neither as strong nor as inspired by the grandiose ideas that marked the reigns of the later 12th Dynasty rulers. Doubtless, this phenomenon was due to the brevity of reigns for the majority of 13th Dynasty kings, although the reasons for such changes in the political picture are as yet unknown.
Children of Junian Latins
Authors: Weaver Paul
Published: November 2023

The primary purpose of this chapter is to consider the condition of children belonging to a status group in Roman imperial society intermediate between slaves and citizens, in the context of the general issues raised by the whole question of Junian Latinity. I have tried to keep the more complicated legal material to a minimum.
Sons, Slaves—and Christians
Authors: Garnsey Peter
Published: November 2023

If we can believe Ambrose, bishop of Milan in the late fourth century, his friend Simplicianus appreciated his sermons on St Paul. This, and Paul’s status as a profound but difficult thinker, was Ambrose’s excuse for writing Simplicianus a long letter on I Corinthians 7: 23, in which Paul ‘calls us from slavery to liberty, with the words: “You have been bought with a price; do not become the slaves of men.” ‘ Paul was asserting, according to Ambrose, ‘that our freedom is in Christ, and that our freedom is in the knowledge of wisdom’ (CSEL 82, no. 7, para. 4). The language of wisdom, sapientia, is not employed in this place by Paul, and the discussion of Ambrose appears to owe less to the apostle than to Paul’s older contemporary Philo of Alexandria. The letter is a Christianizing version of Philo’s treatise on the first part of the Stoic adage that ‘every wise man is free, every fool is a slave’. It is noticeable that when Ambrose returns to the Corinthians passage at the end of his Letter, he renders the second clause as ‘do not become the slaves of men and of the passions’. This emendation brings it close to orthodox Stoic doctrine according to which true slavery is of the mind or soul.
The Iconography of Roman Childhood
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

Philippe Aries’s i960 book on childhood in pre-Revolutionary France opened a new era in the historical study of children and childhood. His use of artistic representations of children was dramatically new, and his main thesis—that there had been no real concept of childhood before the seventeenth century—dominated the field for almost thirty years. Recently there have been reassessments of this thesis, but although later scholars have modified the thesis the importance of iconographic evidence is fully accepted (and the difficulties recognized).
Repopulating the Roman House
Authors: George Michele
Published: November 2023

Recent scholarship by both archaeologists and social historians has attempted to give a spatial dimension to Roman social relations in the domestic context. Studies of the domestic architecture of Italy and of imperial North Africa in particular have demonstrated how the Roman house displayed the social status of its owner, the pater-familias (Thebert 1987: 313-409; J. R. Clarke 1991; Wallace-Hadrill 1994). The domus was at once a reflection of social position and a facilitator of it, providing the Roman elite with a variety of suitable spaces for the demands which the clientela system made on patrons. However, the paterfamilias did not live alone; on the contrary, it is clear that the Roman elite household was a full one (Saller 1984; Gardner and Wiedemann 1991). In addition to members of the nuclear family, other residents might have included such dependants as clients, alumni, and perhaps elderly parents. There were also liberti and the servile familia, who had menial and important responsibilities, from maintenance of the house to child-care.
The Roman Mistress
Authors: Wyke Maria
Published: November 2023

From Latin love poetry’s dominating and enslaving beloveds, to modern popular culture’s infamous Cleopatras and Messalinas, representations of the Roman mistress (or the mistress of Romans) have brought into question both ancient and modern genders and political systems. The Roman Mistress explores representations of transgressive women in Latin love poetry and British television drama, in Roman historiography and nineteenth-century Italian anthropology, on classical coinage and college websites, as poetic metaphor and in the Hollywood star system. In a highly accessible style, the book makes an important and original contribution simultaneously to feminist scholarship on antiquity, the classical tradition, and cultural studies.
Learning Persius’ Didactic Satire: The Pupil as Teacher
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

What we call Latin Literature mostly decks the century between the rise of Julius Caesar and the writing of Persius’ single book of Satires in Nero’s hey-day, the late SOs-early 60s CE. After Augustus, writing down Rome became still more of a minefield for ‘Imperial’ poets, not least because acclimatization to culture at ‘court’ cost them topicalization of their precariousness. Between further shifts of obliquity such as Calpurnius’ natty Eclogues, which satirize their budding author’s ‘Pest’-like social ambitions to the point where the poems leave their shade and flocks, and fetch up in spitting distance of the Emperor in spectacular Rome, and precocious Lucan’s Civil war epic denouncing ancient Roman history for saddling the world with Caesar(s), Nero’s cosmopolis buzzed with an excited brat pack of instant Artists in a hurry. Rich pickings for a Lucilius—bent on suicide. Where triumviral Satire took to the street but retreated inside Horace’s stifled head, safely feather-bedded by Caesar’s bolster Maecenas, Persius takes his cue from Seneca’s gospel of introversion, authorized by philosophical seriousness and fast-rooted in Rome.
Vergil’s Aeneid: The Romans and the Irrational
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra
Published: November 2023

As the battle between Italians and Trojans reaches a climax in Aeneid 12, a messenger informs Turnus of the desperation of the situation: Latinus is wavering ineffectually about the treaty and the war, Amata has rather more decisively committed suicide, and now all look to Turnus as the city’s last hope (suprema salus, 653).
Ovid’s Metamorphoses: Shifting Boundaries of the Divided Self
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra
Published: November 2023

Then she broke off two snakes from her hair and, snatching them, threw them with her plague-bearing hand. They wandered over the breasts of lno and Athamas and exhaled their heavy breath. They bring no wounds to the limbs; it is the mind which feels the dire blows. Tisiphone also brought the horror of liquid poisons, froth from the mouth of Cerberus and the venom of the Hydra, erratic derangement and forgetfulness of the blinded mind, and crime and tears and frenzy and love of slaughter, all ground together, which, mixed with fresh blood, she had cooked in a bronze cauldron and stirred with a green hemlock stalk. And while they are terrified, she turns the maddening poison into both of their chests and moves their deepest insides.
Communication and display: the integration of early Egyptian art and writing
Authors: Baines John
Published: November 2023

Among systems of writing and pictorial representation, the ancient Egyptian is the most closely fused, with the possible exception of those of Mesoamerica (e.g. Marcus 1976; Schele and Miller 1986; Houston 2000). Whereas most scripts have moved away more or less quickly from being clearly representational, Egyptian hieroglyphs continued to depict identifiable objects until they ceased to be used in the 4th century ce (te Velde 1988). Egyptian art should also be distinguished from East Asian systems, where an awareness of the representational origins of characters is retained even though their calligraphic form is not immediately representational.
Virgil and the Myth of Venice
Authors: Kallendorf Craig
Published: November 2023

This book, which is the first comprehensive study of its subject, shows how one traditionally esteemed author, the Roman poet Virgil, played an unexpectedly significant role in the shaping of Venetian Renaissance culture. The author draws on reception theory, the sociology of literature, and history of the book to argue that Virgil's poetry became a best-seller because it sometimes challenged, but more often confirmed, the specific moral, religious, and social values its Venetian readers brought with them to their texts. The texts that are used are the printed books of the fifteenth and sixteenth century printed books in which readers of the period encountered Virgil, the prefaces and commentaries that guided their responses, and, the marginal notes that record those responses. How the Renaissance Venetians saw themselves when they looked into their literary past tells us a good deal about them, but it also illuminates a number of issues at the centre of humanistic studies today, ranging from how reading takes place to the role of class and gender in fashioning interpretation. The wide range of interests that are touched on should make this book of value to scholars in the disciplines of classics, history, Renaissance studies, and Italian studies, as well as English literature and cultural studies.
Violence in Republican Rome
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

Why did the aristocracy of the Roman Republic destroy the system of government which was its basis? The answers given by ancient authorities are moral corruption and personal ambition. The modern student finds only too inevitable the causal nexus of political conflict, violence, military insurrection and authoritarian government. Yet before the era of intense violence Rome had an apparently stable constitution with a long history. In this revised edition of his classic book, for which he has written a new introduction, Andrew Lintott examines the roots of violence in Republican law and society and the growth of violence in city war and the power of armies. It suggests in conclusion that this disaster was more the outcome of folly in the choice of political means than depravity in the choice of ends.
Legal Remedies For Private Violence
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

If thequaestio de videalt with acts of political violence which were reckoned to becontra rem publicam,what judicial provisions were made against other acts of violence, which not only harmed individuals but, by creating a climate of violence, could have had grave consequences for society? Thequaestio de sicariis et veneficisinvestigated murder and the carrying of weapons with felonious intent. A criminal charge was also possible under thelex Cornelia de iniuriisfor personal affront arising from assault on person or property.