bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomewide association of male reproductive traits in Aksaray Malakli dogs
Authors: İnanç Muhammed Enes , Tekin Koray , Akkurt Mustafa Yenal , Olgac Kemal Tuna , Yılmaz Burak , Çil Beste , Kızılaslan Mehmet , Taşdemir Umut , Tuncer Pürhan Barbaros , Büyükleblebici Serhat , Uysal Ongun , Çınar Kul Bengi
Published: August 2018

Contents

Male reproductive parameters are often used for the functional examination and evaluation of predicted genetic values for future aspects. However, these traits are relatively reliable until the measurable effects are expressed on desired traits. Therefore, we aimed to associate the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype of the investigated characteristics and reproductive loci. A total of 46 male dogs are divided into three age groups (I ≤ 3 years, n = 19; II 4–6 years; n = 19, and III ≥7 years, n = 8). The testis, scrotum and body weight, libido sexualis and ejaculation time for each fraction were monitored as functional traits, while the pH, fractional semen volume, motility, concentration, and abnormal and dead spermatozoa rate were recorded as spermatological traits. The Affymetrix Canine 127 K SNP genotyping array v2 (Affymetrix Inc., California, USA) was used for SNP genotyping. In the primary results, the scrotal circumference was found to be higher in group II compared to other groups (p < 0.05) and the lowest total abnormal spermatozoa rate was found in group I (p < 0.05). The normal spermatozoa rate was found to be significantly above the threshold in relation to the SNP in chromosome 17. In conclusion, this study represents an exciting first step towards SNP association with dog semen spermatological parameters. Future studies might be undertaken to evaluate this SNP region for gene‐knockout and expression analysis and for fine mapping to validate and/or discover the exact position of the effect region.
Repeated mowing to restore remnant native grasslands invaded by nonnative annual grasses: upsides and downsides above and below ground
Authors: Valliere Justin M. , Balch Susan , Bell Carole , Contreras Carlos , Hilbig Bridget E.
Published: August 2018

California grasslands have been severely impacted by the invasion of nonnative annual grasses, which often limit restoration of this important ecosystem. In this study, we explored the use of mowing as a restoration tool for native perennial grasslands at the Santa Rosa Plateau Ecological Reserve in southern California. We sought to evaluate if, over time, mowing would reduce nonnative annual grass cover and benefit native species, especially the native bunchgrassStipa pulchra. We hypothesized that repeated mowing, carefully timed to target nonnative annual grasses prior to seed maturation, would reduce nonnative seed inputs into the soil and eventually lead to diminished abundance of these species. We monitored vegetation in mowed and unmowed plots for 4 years, and conducted a seed bank study after 5 years to better understand the cumulative effects of mowing on native and nonnative seed inputs. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that mowing successfully reduced nonnative annual grass cover and benefitted some native species, includingS. pulchra. However, we also found that nonnative forb species showed progressive increases in mowed plots over time. We observed similar patterns of species composition in the soil seed bank. Together, these results suggest that mowing can be used to control nonnative annual grasses and increase the abundance of native bunchgrasses, but that this method may also have the unintended consequence of increasing nonnative forb species.
Virtual bronchoscopic navigation as an aid to CT‐guided transbronchial biopsy improves the diagnostic yield for small peripheral pulmonary lesions
Authors: Kato Akane , Yasuo Masanori , Tokoro Yayoi , Kobayashi Takashi , Ichiyama Takashi , Tateishi Kazunari , Ushiki Atsuhito , Urushihata Kazuhisa , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Hanaoka Masayuki
Published: August 2018

Background and objective

Virtual bronchoscopic navigation (VBN) entails the provision of a virtual display of the bronchial routes that lead to small peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPL). It has been predicted that a combination of computed tomography (CT)‐guided transbronchial biopsy (CT‐TBB) with VBN might improve the diagnostic yield for small PPL. This study sought to investigate that prediction.

Methods

A total of 100 patients with small PPL (<20 mm) were enrolled for CT‐TBB and randomly allocated to either a VBN+ or VBN− group (50 subjects per group). Group results were then compared in terms of diagnostic yield, whole procedure time, times at which the first CT scan and biopsy were taken and the number of lung biopsy specimens retrieved.

Results

The diagnostic yield for small PPL was significantly higher in the VBN+ group versus VBN− group (84% vs 58%, respectively (P = 0.013)), with no significant difference in (whole) examination time between groups (VBN+: 32:53 (32 min and 53 s) ± 12:01 vs VBN−: 33:06 ± 10:08 (P = NS)). However, the time periods between commencing the examination and either the first CT scan or first biopsy were significantly shorter for the VBN+ group, while the net biopsy time tended to be longer for this group with a significantly higher number of specimens collected (VBN+: 3.54 ± 1.07 specimens vs VBN−: 2.98 ± 1.06 specimens (P = 0.01)).

Conclusion

Combining VBN with CT‐TBB significantly improved the diagnostic yield for small PPL.
Retweeting Risk Communication: The Role of Threat and Efficacy
Authors: Vos Sarah C. , Sutton Jeannette , Yu Yue , Renshaw Scott Leo , Olson Michele K. , Gibson C. Ben , Butts Carter T.
Published: August 2018

Social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook provide risk communicators with the opportunity to quickly reach their constituents at the time of an emerging infectious disease. On these platforms, messages gain exposure through message passing (called “sharing” on Facebook and “retweeting” on Twitter). This raises the question of how to optimize risk messages for diffusion across networks and, as a result, increase message exposure. In this study we add to this growing body of research by identifying message‐level strategies to increase message passing during high‐ambiguity events. In addition, we draw on the extended parallel process model to examine how threat and efficacy information influence the passing of Zika risk messages. In August 2016, we collected 1,409 Twitter messages about Zika sent by U.S. public health agencies’ accounts. Using content analysis methods, we identified intrinsic message features and then analyzed the influence of those features, the account sending the message, the network surrounding the account, and the saliency of Zika as a topic, using negative binomial regression. The results suggest that severity and efficacy information increase how frequently messages get passed on to others. Drawing on the results of this study, previous research on message passing, and diffusion theories, we identify a framework for risk communication on social media. This framework includes four key variables that influence message passing and identifies a core set of message strategies, including message timing, to increase exposure to risk messages on social media during high‐ambiguity events.
Authigenic replacement of cyanobacterially precipitated calcium carbonate by aluminium‐silicates in giant microbialites of Lake Van (Turkey)
Authors: Kremer Barbara , Kaźmierczak Józef , Kempe Stephan
Published: August 2018

Studies of modern cyanobacterial mats and biofilms show that they can precipitate minerals as a consequence of metabolic and degradational activities paired with ambient hydrochemical conditions. This study looked at modern microbial mats forming giant, tower‐like, groundwater‐fed, calcareous microbialites in the world's largest, highly alkaline lake; Van Gölü (Lake Van), East Turkey. Results show that microbial systems play a role not only in carbonate precipitation but also in the formation of siliceous mineral phases. Transmitted light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and spectral observations revealed that, within the extracellular polymeric substances excreted by the mats abundant minute aragonite grains precipitated first in vivo. These minute grains were quickly succeeded and/or supplemented in the dead biomass of the cyanobacterial mat by authigenic Al–Mg–Fe siliceous phases. Silicon dioxide is available in large concentrations in the highly alkaline water of Lake Van. Divalent cations (Ca and Mg) are delivered to the microbialites mostly by groundwater springs. The precipitation of the fine‐grained siliceous phases is probably mediated by bacteria degrading the cyanobacterial biomass and complexing the excessive cations with their extracellular polymeric envelopes. The bacteria serve as nucleation centres for the subsequent precipitation of siliceous mineral phases. Generally, the biphasic (calcareous and siliceous) mineralization – characterizing Lake Van microbialites – is controlled by their interior highly dynamic hydrogeochemical situation. There, the dramatically different alkaline lake water and the Ca–Mg‐charged groundwater mix at various rates. The early diagenetic replacement of the in vivo aragonite by authigenic siliceous phases significantly increases the fossilization potential of the mat‐forming cyanobacteria. Lake Van and its giant microbialite tufa towers act as a model explaining the transformation of early diagenetic mineral phases observed in many modern and ancient carbonate marine deposits, particularly those influenced by diffusion of silica‐enriched and metal‐enriched pore waters from below the water–sediment interface.
Low Mortgage Rates and Securitization: A Distinct Perspective on the US Housing Boom*
Authors: Herwartz Helmut , Xu Fang
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we analyse the impacts of low interest rates and lax underwriting standards on the US housing boom around the beginning of the new millennium. We suggest a time‐varying mean of the log price‐to‐rent ratio (PtR) to capture the persistent changes in housing prices. We show that the increasing latent trend in the PtR was significantly affected by the increased securitization of residential mortgage loans and decreasing interest rates, with the former effect being about three times larger than the latter. In the absence of securitization, negative interest rates would have been needed to reproduce an equally large housing boom since 2003.
A Note on the Wage Effects of the 1972 Raising of the School Leaving Age in Scotland and Northern Ireland
Authors: Buscha Franz , Dickson Matt
Published: August 2018

In this note, we use the UK Labour Force Survey to estimate the wage return to an additional year of schooling for Scotland and Northern Ireland exploiting the 1972 Raising of the School Leaving Age (RoSLA). Prior literature on this topic has consistently ignored both countries in a UK context, likely due to an incorrect belief that they were not affected by the 1972 RoSLA until some years later. We demonstrate that both countries were affected by the education reform in 1972 and our estimates suggest a positive effect on hourly wages for Scotland.
Intentional Injury and the Risk of Subsequent Hospitalization for Attempted Suicide
Authors: DeCou Christopher R. , Wang Jin , Rivara Fredrick P. , Rowhani‐Rahbar Ali
Published: August 2018

Objective

Trauma patients are at increased risk of suicidal behavior. The association between assault injury and subsequent suicidal behavior relative to unintentional injury remains under‐studied. This study hypothesized that trauma patients with assault injuries would demonstrate greater risk of subsequent suicide attempt hospitalization compared to patients with unintentional injury.

Method

Trauma patients hospitalized in Washington State were identified via administrative records. Proportional hazard analysis was conducted to test differences in risk of suicide attempt hospitalization up to 5 years after the initial trauma hospitalization, and time to onset of first suicide attempt hospitalization by subgroup.

Results

Approximately 2% (n = 1264) of trauma inpatients were subsequently hospitalized for attempted suicide, and 0.3% died by suicide (n = 177) during the follow‐up period. Relative to patients with unintentional injuries, those with assault‐related injuries (aHR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.86), and self‐inflicted injuries (aHR = 8.22, 95% CI: 7.24 to 9.33) demonstrated greater risk of suicide attempt hospitalization after discharge.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate a greater risk of suicidal behavior among trauma patients with assault injuries relative to patients with unintentional injuries. This suggests the importance of intentional cause of injury as a risk factor for suicidal behavior to be considered in assessment of suicidality and discharge planning for trauma patients.
The politics of top executive compensation in advanced democracies
Authors: Angeles Renira C.
Published: August 2018

Since the 1980s, advanced democracies have experienced CEO pay scandals at an accelerating rate. However, this course varied across countries. Existing theories come short in explaining why some democracies experienced more frequently scandals involving overcompensation of the CEOs in core industries. Further, most studies are based on the US political and corporate system, which differ from European democracies. This is problematic as these are currently the only studies we rely on when it comes to public policy making. I develop an argument, based on a critical review, on why we need more political science studies on the different policies on CEO pay. This direction of research may more accurately tackle questions such as why some democracies meet obstacles for CEO pay reforms, more than others.
Iron Age stelae in the Flinn strain diagram
Authors: Le Gall Bernard , Caroff Martial
Published: August 2018

A recurrent, but often difficult issue when studying lithic monuments from the past is to determine both the origin and location of the corresponding source rocks. Addressing these questions necessarily requires an integrated archeological/geological approach that can be successfully applied when the megaliths under study display diagnostic physical attributes. This is the case for four Iron Age cigar‐shaped stelae from SW Brittany (France) that typically show L>S and L tectonite fabrics similar to those of the Ordovician Nizon orthogneiss. Our integrated approach provides a better understanding of the criteria used by Iron Age people in selecting rock material, and the four Iron Age monoliths under study can be viewed in some ways as a pioneer application of the Flinn strain ellipsoid concept. Our work also emphasizes the prominent development of L tectonites in the eo‐Variscan basement in SW Brittany, synchronous with sinistral ductile shearing and orogen‐parallel elongation.
Creating a conceptual framework to improve the re‐usability of open geographic data in cities
Authors: Benitez‐Paez Fernando , Comber Alexis , Trilles Sergio , Huerta Joaquin
Published: August 2018

Open data has a profound effect on the working environment within which information is created and shared at all levels. At the local government level, open data initiatives have resulted in higher transparency in policy, a greater engagement between decision‐makers and citizens, and have changed the culture about how data analysis and evidence are used to support local governance. This article, based on data collected through an on‐line survey, participatory workshops with data user communities in four cities (in Colombia and Spain), and interviews with Valencia good‐government office, identifies four elements for a conceptual framework to improve the re‐usability of open geographic data in cities. The essential elements defined in this research are the definition of data user communities and their needs, the creation of the community of reuse, user‐focused metadata, and reuse‐focused legal terms. The definition of these indicators provides a framework for authorities to re‐shape their current open data strategy to include data user requirements. At the end of this article, a roadmap for future research and implementation is presented, considering some reflections on the conceptual framework.
Emergentism and the Contingent Solubility of Salt
Authors: Chan Lok‐Chi
Published: August 2018

Alexander Bird offers a powerful argument showing that, regardless of whether necessitarianism or contingentism about laws is true, salt necessarily dissolves in water. The argument is that the same laws of nature that are necessary for the constitution of salt necessitate the solubility of salt. This article shows that Bird's argument faces a serious objection if the possibility of emergentism – in particular, C. D. Broad's account – is taken into consideration. The idea is (roughly) that some emergent laws in some possible worlds may disrupt the solubility of salt without disrupting its constitution.
Memory at the Sharp End: The Costs of Remembering With Others in Forensic Contexts
Authors: Hope Lorraine , Gabbert Fiona
Published: August 2018

In many applied contexts where accurate and reliable information informs operational decision‐making, emergency response resource allocation, efficient investigation, judicial process, and, ultimately, the delivery of justice, the costs of unfettered conversational remembering can be high. To date, research has demonstrated that conversations between co‐witnesses in the immediate aftermath of witnessed events and co‐witness retellings of witnessed events often impair both the quality and quantity of information reported subsequently. Given the largely negative impact of conversational remembering on the recall of both individual witnesses and groups of witnesses in this context, this review explores the reasons why these costs occur, the conditions under which costs are exacerbated, and how, in practical terms, the costs can be reduced in order to maximize the accuracy and completeness of witness accounts.
Allele‐specific expression and genetic determinants of transcriptomic variations in response to mild water deficit in tomato
Authors: Albert Elise , Duboscq Renaud , Latreille Muriel , Santoni Sylvain , Beukers Matthieu , Bouchet Jean‐Paul , Bitton Fréderique , Gricourt Justine , Poncet Charles , Gautier Véronique , Jiménez‐Gómez José M. , Rigaill Guillem , Causse Mathilde
Published: August 2018

Characterizing the natural diversity of gene expression across environments is an important step in understanding how genotype‐by‐environment interactions shape phenotypes. Here, we analyzed the impact of water deficit onto gene expression levels in tomato at the genome‐wide scale. We sequenced the transcriptome of growing leaves and fruit pericarps at cell expansion stage in a cherry and a large fruited accession and their F1hybrid grown under two watering regimes. Gene expression levels were steadily affected by the genotype and the watering regime. Whereas phenotypes showed mostly additive inheritance, ~80% of the genes displayed non‐additive inheritance. By comparing allele‐specific expression (ASE) in the F1hybrid to the allelic expression in both parental lines, respectively, 3005 genes in leaf and 2857 genes in fruit deviated from 1:1 ratio independently of the watering regime. Among these genes, ~55% were controlled bycisfactors, ~25% bytransfactors and ~20% by a combination of both types of factors. A total of 328 genes in leaf and 113 in fruit exhibited significant ASE‐by‐watering regime interaction, among which ~80% presentedtrans‐by‐watering regime interaction, suggesting a response to water deficit mediated through a majority oftrans‐acting loci in tomato. We cross‐validated the expression levels of 274 transcripts in fruit and leaves of 124 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and identified 163 expressionquantitative trait loci (eQTLs) mostly confirming the divergences identified by ASE. Combining phenotypic and expression data, we observed a complex network of variation between genes encoding enzymes involved in the sugar metabolism.
Use of antipruritic and rehydrating foams on localized lesions of atopic dermatitis in dogs: a small‐scale pilot and comparative double‐blinded study
Authors: Bensignor Emmanuel J. , Fabriès Lionel J.
Published: August 2018

Background

There is a lack of controlled studies evaluating the efficacy of topical nonsteroidal agents for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD).

Hypothesis/Objectives

To compare the clinical efficacy of a commercial foam product (mousse), previously demonstrated to be effective in cAD (Foam A) with a foam/mousse containing components from plant extracts (Foam B).

Animals

Eight client‐owned dogs with nonseasonal mild/moderate cAD.

Methods and materials

Dogs were treated twice weekly with either Foam A or Foam B for 14 days and after a wash‐out period of 14 days received the other foam in a randomized blinded study. Criteria evaluated included skin lesions [Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI)], pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS)], cosmetic evaluation and overall global product assessment by the owner and the investigator.

Results

A significant improvement was noted for both treatment groups for both CADLI and pVAS scores (37.5% and 26.09%, respectively, for Foam A; 41.9% and 32.6%, respectively, for Foam B) (P < 0.05). Owner and investigator evaluation of cosmetic characteristics of the products and global product assessment were positive for both mousses.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

The use of a foam may be useful in cAD to improve both skin lesions and pruritus. Both foams evaluated in this study were equally effective. This method of product delivery is easy to use for owners which is important to improve compliance in practice.
In vitro quality of amotosalen‐UVA pathogen‐inactivated mini‐pool plasma prepared from whole blood stored overnight
Authors: Ravanat Catherine , Dupuis Arnaud , Marpaux Nadine , Naegelen Christian , Mourey Guillaume , Isola Herve , Laforêt Michel , Morel Pascal , Gachet Christian
Published: August 2018

Background and objectives

Small batch‐pooled (mini‐pool) whole blood (WB)‐derived plasma could be an alternative cost‐effective source of therapeutic plasma (TP), but carries an increased risk of transfusion‐transmitted infection due to exposure of the recipient to several donors. This risk can be mitigated by inactivation of pathogens susceptible to the amotosalen‐UVA (AUVA)‐treatment. We evaluated the conservation of coagulation factors in AUVA‐plasma prepared from WB stored overnight under routine operating conditions, to determine its therapeutic efficacy. Thrombin generation (TG) by the AUVA‐plasma was used to provide an integrated measure of the hemostatic capacity.

Materials and methods

WB‐donations (~450 ml) stored overnight were processed to prepare five leucocyte‐depleted plasma mini‐pools (1300 ml), which were divided into two parts and treated with AUVA. Each mini‐pool yielded six AUVA‐plasma units (200 ml) which were frozen (−25°C) within 19 h of WB‐collection. Their hemostatic quality was evaluated before and after treatment for up to 12 months of storage.

Results

Immediately after AUVA‐treatment, the regulatory criteria for FVIII activity and fibrinogen content were met. As compared to untreated plasma there was a reduction in fibrinogen (14%), FV (9%), FVII (25%) and FVIII (32%). However, TG was similar in treated and untreated plasma at all‐time‐points.

Conclusions

Frozen WB‐derived AUVA‐plasma prepared from mini‐pools within 19 h of WB‐collection met the quality standards required for TP and retained hemostatic capacity for up to 12 months. This product could provide a cost‐effective convenient substitute for apheresis plasma.
Does prophylactic calcium in apheresis cause more harm than good? – Centre heterogeneity within the World Apheresis Association Register prevents firm conclusions
Authors: Toss Fredrik , Edgren Gustaf , Berlin Gösta , Stegmayr Bernd , Witt Volker
Published: August 2018

Background and objectives

Symptomatic hypocalcaemia is common during apheresis procedures based on citrate‐based anticoagulants. As a consequence, patients often receive prophylactic calcium treatment. However, a recent publication based on the World Apheresis Association (WAA) register suggested harmful effects of such prophylactic calcium use. Recognizing possible limitations in the previous WAA register analyses, we critically re‐evaluate the data, to test whether a change in prophylactic calcium usage may be warranted.

Materials and methods

Using the WAA register, we reanalysed previous data by means of centre and treatment type stratification, to explore the role of prophylactic calcium as a risk factor for adverse events.

Results

There was large variability in adverse event rates dependent on the centre performing the apheresis procedure and dependent on the type of procedure. When this variability was accounted for, there was no clear effect of calcium administration on risk of adverse effects.

Conclusion

Shortcomings in the previous WAA register analyses may have failed to account for important confounding factors resulting in a substantial overestimation of the risk attributable to calcium usage. Overall our findings do not support a negative effect of prophylactic calcium administration in the apheresis setting.
Extruded gallbladder mucoceles have characteristic ultrasonographic features and extensive migratory capacity in dogs
Authors: Soppet Jenelle , Young Benjamin D. , Griffin John F. , Gilmour Lindsey J. , Heffelman Victoria , Tucker‐Mohl Katherine , Biller David S. , Wolff Collin A. , Spaulding Kathy A.
Published: August 2018

Limited information is available on the ultrasonographic characteristics of extruded gallbladder mucoceles. The objective of this retrospective case series study was to describe the ultrasonographic features of extruded gallbladder mucoceles in a group of dogs. Medical records of four veterinary centers were searched between June 2010 and January 2018 for all dogs with a suspected extruded gallbladder mucocele based on abdominal ultrasound. Seven client‐owned dogs met the inclusion criteria. All seven dogs had a discrete, heteroechoic, multilayered, stellate, or striated mass within the peritoneal cavity. Blood flow was not present in these structures. Four of these structures were identified in the caudal abdomen. In five cases, the gallbladder lumen was filled with material similar in appearance to the free‐floating peritoneal mass. Four cases were confirmed surgically and one case was confirmed at necropsy. Histopathology of the gallbladder wall was evaluated in all surgical cases and analysis of the free‐floating material was performed in one of the four cases. Extruded gallbladder mucoceles have common imaging characteristics that may be helpful in establishing a presumptive diagnosis. Additionally, these structures may have extensive migratory capacity. The results of the study justify the recommendation for exploration of the entire abdomen during cholecystectomy for gallbladder mucocele removal.
In vitro evaluation of the effect of a prototype dynamic laryngoplasty system on arytenoid abduction
Authors: Ahern Benjamin J. , Lim Yee‐Wei , van Eps Andrew , Franklin Samantha
Published: August 2018

Objective

To determine the effect of a prototype dynamic laryngoplasty system (DLPS) on arytenoid abduction.

Study design

In vitro experimental.

Study population

Ten equine larynges.

Methods

Dissected larynges were mounted, and the right arytenoid was maximally abducted for testing. A left‐sided laryngoplasty (LP) was performed by using a strand of No. 2 FiberWire and a FASTakII anchor. Phase 1 involved tightening the suture, without the DLPS device in place, in 1‐mm increments and acquiring a digital image of the rima glottidis at each increment. Phase 2 involved tying the suture with the DLPS in place at a left to right quotient (LRQ) of 0.7. Digital images were subsequently taken at 3 stages of DLPS activation (0, 25, and 50 or maximal psi) and analysed to calculate LRQ.

Results

All tests were completed for 9 larynges. In phase 1, a total shortening of 25.89 ± 1.27 mm was possible, which increased the LRQ from 0.59 ± 0.02 to 1.07 ± 0.12. In phase 2, activation of the DLPS increased the LRQ from 0.70 ± 0.05 to 0.97 ± 0.09. This change in LRQ equated to 18.7 mm of shortening on the basis of phase 1 results. The maximum psi of the DLPS achieved was 37.33 ± 5.96.

Conclusion

The DLPS increased the degree of arytenoid abduction in vitro. This change in LRQ equated to 18.7 mm of shortening of the LP suture based on phase 1 results.

Clinical impact

These results support further evaluation of the DLPS to determine the effect of changes in DLPS on airway resistance.
Epidemiology of Campylobacter, Salmonella and antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli in free‐living Canada geese (Branta canadensis) from three sources in southern Ontario
Authors: Vogt Nadine A. , Pearl David L. , Taboada Eduardo N. , Mutschall Steven K. , Janecko Nicol , Reid‐Smith Richard , Bloomfield Bryan , Jardine Claire M.
Published: August 2018

Antimicrobial resistant bacteria and zoonotic pathogens have previously been isolated from Canada geese. We examined the prevalence of three enteric bacteria (i.e. Campylobacter, Salmonella, Escherichia coli) among Canada geese from three sampling sources in southern Ontario from 2013 through 2015. Samples were obtained by convenience from hunting groups, diagnostic birds submitted for post‐mortem, and fresh faeces from live birds in parks. Escherichia coli isolates were isolated and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials using the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance test panel. The prevalences of Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli were 0%, 11.2% and 72.6%, respectively. Among E. coli isolates, 7.9% were resistant to ≥1 class of antimicrobials and 5.6% were resistant to ≥2 classes of antimicrobials, with some including resistance to antimicrobials of highest importance in human medicine. A significant association between season and E. coli resistance among samples from live birds was noted; summer samples had no resistant E. coli isolates, whereas spring samples demonstrated the highest prevalence of E. coli resistant to ≥1 class of antimicrobials (20.0%) among all sources. In addition, Campylobacter coli were only isolated from the spring faecal samples. Flock‐level clustering was an important statistical consideration, as flock was a significant random effect in all but two of our models. Detection of Campylobacter and antimicrobial resistant E. coli from Canada geese suggests that these birds may play a role in disseminating these organisms within the environment.
Deep continuous theta burst stimulation of the operculo‐insular cortex selectively affects Aδ‐fibre heat pain
Authors: Lenoir Cédric , Algoet Maxime , Mouraux André
Published: August 2018

Key points

Deep continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) of the right operculo‐insular cortex delivered with a double cone coil selectively impairs the ability to perceive thermonociceptive input conveyed by Aδ‐fibre thermonociceptors without concomitantly affecting the ability to perceive innocuous warm, cold or vibrotactile sensations.

Unlike deep cTBS, superficial cTBS of the right operculum delivered with a figure‐of‐eight coil does not affect the ability to perceive thermonociceptive input conveyed by Aδ‐fibre thermonociceptors.

The effect of deep operculo‐insular cTBS on the perception of Aδ‐fibre input was present at both the contralateral and the ipsilateral hand.

The magnitude of the increase in Aδ‐heat detection threshold induced by the deep cTBS was significantly correlated with the intensity of the cTBS pulses.

Deep cTBS delivered over the operculo‐insular cortex is associated with a risk of transcranial magnetic stimulation‐induced seizure.

Previous studies have suggested a pivotal role of the insular cortex in nociception and pain perception. Using a double‐cone coil designed for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation, our objective was to assess (1) whether continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) of the operculo‐insular cortex affects differentially the perception of different types of thermal and mechanical somatosensory inputs, (2) whether the induced after‐effects are lateralized relative to the stimulated hemisphere, and (3) whether the after‐effects are due to neuromodulation of the insula or neuromodulation of the more superficial opercular cortex. Seventeen participants took part in two experiments. In Experiment 1, thresholds and perceived intensity of Aδ‐ and C‐fibre heat pain elicited by laser stimulation, non‐painful cool sensations elicited by contact cold stimulation and mechanical vibrotactile sensations were assessed at the left hand before, immediately after and 20 min after deep cTBS delivered over the right operculo‐insular cortex. In Experiment 2, Aδ‐fibre heat pain and vibrotactile sensations elicited by stimulating the contralateral and ipsilateral hands were evaluated before and after deep cTBS or superficial cTBS delivered using a flat figure‐of‐eight coil. Only the threshold to detect Aδ‐fibre heat pain was significantly increased 20 min after deep cTBS. This effect was present at both hands. No effect was observed after superficial cTBS. Neuromodulation of the operculo‐insular cortex using deep cTBS induces a bilateral reduction of the ability to perceive Aδ‐fibre heat pain, without concomitantly affecting the ability to perceive innocuous warm, cold or vibrotactile sensations.
Modelling and analysis of a within-host model of hepatitis B and D co-infections
Authors: Tchinda Mouofo Plaire , Tewa Jean Jules , Bowong Samuel
Published: August 2018

The Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defect RNA virusВ that requires the presence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) forВ cellular infection. A co-infection may result in a more severe acuteВ disease and a higher riskВ  of developing acute liver failureВ compared with those infected with HBV alone. At the present time,В there has been very little to the modeling ofВ  HDV. The derivationВ and analysis of such a mathematical model poses difficulty as itВ requires the inclusion of (HBV).В  In this paper, a within-host modelВ for the co-interaction of HDV and HBVВ В  is presented and rigorouslyВ analyzed. We calculate the basic reproduction number (Ro), the disease-free equilibrium, boundary equilibrium, whichВ we define as the existence of one disease along with the completeВ eradication of the other disease, and the co-infection equilibrium.В We determine stability criteria for the disease-free and boundaryВ equilibrium. We also use the optimal control theory to assess theВ disease control. Numerical simulations have been presented toВ illustrate analytical results.
Negative field ionization for tetracyanoethylene on novel thin polymer cathode coating layers
Authors: Fischer Andreas , Lorenz Karl L. , Mousa Marwan S.
Published: August 2018

The formation of negative ions by field ionization is a complicated subject if intended to be achieved without parallel field electron emission (FEE). However, while having FEE, other ionization processes—apart from negative field ionization (NFI)—cannot be excluded. The only mechanism to achieve NFI without FEE known so far is the field ionization from polymer layers deposited at conductive surfaces. Such a polymer allows field penetration while at the same time it is partially conductive for electrons by electron hopping. Contrary to the situation at a metallic surface, the formation of negative ions at the polymer surface is possible with molecules of high electron affinity without risking parallel electron emission as the polymer is able to reduce the effective work function. One promising material is tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), which at first is a molecule with high electron affinity and additionally can be evaporated under vacuum conditions at ambient temperature achieving sufficient partial pressure (Eea=2.88eV, Tboil=223∘C). Previously, it has been found that by electron emission into a TCNE gas phase (pTCNE=10−4mbar) polymers were forming at the emitter’s surface. Subsequently, NFI could be observed from these polymers’ surfaces. Within this work, the authors report that TCNE polymers can be formed on clean metal tips under conditions where FEE can be excluded. This formation is independent of whether negative or positive voltage is applied to the tip. Since TEM images of coated tips reveal a polymeric layer of less than 100nm thickness, the authors named them “thin” polymer layers. This is in contrast to the “thick” polymer layers explained above, which possess several microns of thickness. Investigations of negative field ion microscopy (NFIM) show significant differences in the emission patterns of “thin” and “thick” polymer layers. While NFIM images of “thick” polymers are known to show constantly varying ring structures, the thin polymers examined here show predominantly static emission spots which can be constant up to several hours.
G protein signaling–biased agonism at the κ-opioid receptor is maintained in striatal neurons
Authors: Ho Jo-Hao , Stahl Edward L. , Schmid Cullen L. , Scarry Sarah M. , Aubé Jeffrey , Bohn Laura M.
Published: August 2018

Triazole 1.1 is a G protein–biased agonist of the κ-opioid receptor in striatal neurons.
Starving cancer cells to death
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: August 2018

Cisplatin-resistant cancer cells are particularly susceptible to starvation-induced death.
Validation of Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isoniazid Resistance Mutations Not Detectable by Common Molecular Tests
Authors: Kandler Justin L. , Mercante Alexandra D. , Dalton Tracy L. , Ezewudo Matthew N. , Cowan Lauren S. , Burns Scott P. , Metchock Beverly ,   on behalf of Global PETTS Investigators Martie van der Walt South Africa Medical Research Council Pretoria, South Africa Jeannette Brand South Africa Medical Research Council Pretoria, South Africa Thelma Tupasi Tropical Disease Foundation, Manila, Philippines Janice Caoili Tropical Disease Foundation, Manila, Philippines M. Tarcela Gler Tropical Disease Foundation, Manila, Philippines Carmen Contreras Socios en Salud Sucursal, Lima, Peru Martin Yagui Socios en Salud Sucursal, Lima, Peru Jaime Bayona Socio, Cegielski Peter , Posey James E.
Published: August 2018

Resistance to the first-line antituberculosis (TB) drug isoniazid (INH) is widespread, and the mechanism of resistance is unknown in approximately 15% of INH-resistant (INH-R) strains. To improve molecular detection of INH-R TB, we used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to analyze 52 phenotypically INH-RMycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex (MTBC) clinical isolates that lacked the commonkatGS315T orinhApromoter mutations.
FinR Regulates Expression of
nicC
and
nicX
Operons, Involved in Nicotinic Acid Degradation in Pseudomonas putida KT2440
Authors: Xiao Yujie , Zhu Wenjing , Liu Huizhong , Nie Hailing , Chen Wenli , Huang Qiaoyun
Published: August 2018

This study analyzed the influence of
finR
deletion on the transcriptomic profile of
Pseudomonas putida
KT2440. The FinR regulator is widely distributed but poorly studied in diverse proteobacteria. Here, we found 11 operons that potentially are regulated by FinR in KT2440. We further demonstrated that FinR played a positive role and cooperated with the NicR repressor in bacterial nicotinic acid (NA) degradation via regulating the expression of
nicC
and
nicX
operons. Furthermore, a transcriptomic analysis also indicated a potentially negative role of FinR in the expression of the
hut
cluster involved in bacterial histidine utilization. The work deepened our knowledge of FinR function and nicotinic acid degradation in
P. putida
.
NanR Regulates Sporulation and Enterotoxin Production by Clostridium perfringens Type F Strain F4969
Authors: Mi Eric , Li Jihong , McClane Bruce A.
Published: August 2018

Clostridium perfringens
type F strains, which produce
C. perfringens
enterotoxin (CPE), are a major cause of gastrointestinal infections, including the second most prevalent bacterial foodborne illness and 5 to 10% cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Virulence of type F strains is primarily ascribable to CPE, which is synthesized only during sporulation.
Association between MicroRNA-373 and Long Noncoding RNA NORAD in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Hepatocytes Impairs Wee1 Expression for Growth Promotion
Authors: Sur Subhayan , Sasaki Reina , Devhare Pradip , Steele Robert , Ray Ranjit , Ray Ratna B.
Published: August 2018

The mechanism of HCV-mediated liver pathogenesis is poorly understood. In this study, we observed that HCV infection upregulates miR-373 and Wee1, a pivotal player in the G
2
checkpoint in the cell cycle, although Wee1 is a direct target for miR-373. Subsequent investigation demonstrated that miR-373 forms a complex with the long noncoding RNA NORAD, resulting in the release of their common target, Wee1, in HCV-infected cells, which, in turn, favors uncontrolled cell growth. Our study suggested a previously unknown mechanism for hepatocyte growth promotion following HCV infection, and this pathway can be targeted for future therapy against HCV-mediated liver pathogenesis.
Evaluation of a Validated Luminex-Based Multiplex Immunoassay for Measuring Immunoglobulin G Antibodies in Serum to Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides
Authors: Tan Charles Y. , Immermann Fred W. , Sebastian Shite , Pride Michael W. , Pavliakova Danka , Belanger Kelly A. , Watson Wendy , Scott Daniel A. , Sidhu Mohinder , Jansen Kathrin U. , Giardina Peter C.
Published: August 2018

The pneumococcal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measures IgG antibodies in human serum, and it is an important assay that supports licensure of pneumococcal vaccines. The immune correlate of protection, 0.35 µg/ml of IgG antibodies, was determined by the ELISA method. Pfizer has developed a new Luminex-based assay platform to replace the ELISA. These papers describe the important work of (i) validating the Luminex-based assay and (ii) bridging the immune correlate of protection (0.35 µg/ml IgG) to equivalent values reported by the Luminex platform.
CNBP Homologues Gis2 and Znf9 Interact with a Putative G-Quadruplex-Forming 3′ Untranslated Region, Altering Polysome Association and Stress Tolerance in
Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Leipheimer Jay , Bloom Amanda L. M. , Baumstark Tilman , Panepinto John C.
Published: August 2018

Stress adaptation is fundamental to the success of
Cryptococcus neoformans
as a human pathogen and requires a reprogramming of the translating pool of mRNA. This reprogramming begins with the regulated degradation of mRNAs encoding the translational machinery. The mechanism by which these mRNAs are specified has not been determined. This study has identified a
cis
element within a G-quadruplex structure that binds two
C. neoformans
homologues of cellular nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP). These proteins regulate the polysome association of the target mRNA but perform functions related to sterol homeostasis which appear independent of ribosomal protein mRNAs. The presence of two CNBP homologues in
C. neoformans
suggests a diversification of function of these proteins, one of which appears to regulate sterol biosynthesis and fluconazole sensitivity.
Tongue Microbiota and Oral Health Status in Community-Dwelling Elderly Adults
Authors: Asakawa Mikari , Takeshita Toru , Furuta Michiko , Kageyama Shinya , Takeuchi Kenji , Hata Jun , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Yamashita Yoshihisa
Published: August 2018

Aspiration of oral contents can lead to pneumonia, which is a major cause of death among elderly adults susceptible to swallowing impairments. Tongue microbiota are a dominant source of oral microbial populations that are ingested with saliva. This large-scale population-based study revealed variations in the tongue microbiota among community-dwelling elderly adults. The total bacterial density was independent of the conditions of teeth surrounding the tongue, whereas the microbiota composition, especially the relative abundances of predominant commensals, showed an association with tooth conditions. Our results demonstrate that the elderly with fewer teeth, poorer dental hygiene, and more dental caries experience constantly ingest more dysbiotic microbiota, which could be harmful for their respiratory health.
Gender differences in leadership, workforce and scholarly presentation within a national society: a gastroenterology perspective
Authors: Brooks Alenka J , Taylor Eleanor Jane , Arthurs E A , Edwards Cathryn , Gardner Richard , Lockett Melanie , Neild Penny J , Solomon Julie , Thomas-Gibson Siwan , Eaden Jayne
Published: August 2018

In the UK, gastroenterology has been a male predominant medical speciality. Data regarding gender within workforce, academia and leadership at a national level are lacking. Data regarding scholarly presentation at the following annual conferences were collected and analysed; British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) 2013, 2014, and Digestive Diseases Federation (DDF) in 2015. Data from the 2013–2015 BSG annual workforce reports were examined. In 2015, female higher specialty trainees (STs) made up 39% (328/848) of the trainee workforce, versus 37% and 35% in 2014 and 2013. From 2013 to 2015, less than a fifth of all consultant gastroenterologists were women. Female consultant (18%), ST (39%), associate (86%) and student attendance (47%) at DDF 2015 did not change significantly from 2013 to 2014. Female speakers (trainees and consultants) were significantly lower at DDF 2015 compared with BSG 2014; 43/331 (13%) versus 56/212 (26.4%) (p=0.0001) and BSG 2013 63/231 (27%) (p=0.0001). The number of female chairs, delivery of the named lectures and prizes awarded to women did not differ across the 3-year period. Female leadership via representation at Council and Executive at BSG was 4/30 (13%) in 2015 and did not differ in 2013/2014, with no elected council members since 2008 and one female president in 1973.

The proportion of female gastroenterology trainees and consultants is increasing, but remains lower than across all medical specialties and is reflected in attendance and scholarly contributions. Action within the BSG is underway to address female under-representation in leadership roles.
Evaluating duration of response to treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trials
Authors: Kim Mimi , Merrill Joan T , Kalunian Kenneth , Hanrahan Leslie , Izmirly Peter
Published: August 2018

Objective

To evaluate response duration and identify predictors of transitioning into and out of the response state in patients with SLE receiving standard of care (SoC) in 52-week clinical trials.

Methods

A multistate model (MSM) allowing for bidirectional transitions between response and non-response states was fit to data on 759 patients with SLE with active disease randomised to SoC. The probability of being in response at 52 weeks, average duration of response (sojourn time) and mean total time in response for SLE Responder Index (SRI-4, SRI-5, SRI-6) and BILAG-based Composite Lupus Assessment (BICLA) were estimated. Predictors of attainment and loss of SRI-5 response were also assessed.

Results

The MSM estimated probability of being in response at 52 weeks ranged from 42% (SRI-6) to 61% (SRI-4). Mean duration of response ranged from 20.4 weeks (BICLA) to 31.5 weeks (SRI-4). Mean total time in response was 16.4–24.8 weeks. Baseline characteristics predictive of shorter SRI-5 response duration were African descent (p=0.005), longer history of disease (p=0.03), higher anti-dsDNA antibody titres (p=0.039), lower lymphocyte count (p=0.008) and lower haemoglobin (p=0.006). Younger age (p<0.001) and higher protein/creatinine ratio (p<0.001) were associated with higher likelihood of achieving SRI-5 but also shorter response duration.

Conclusion

Factors associated with disease severity were more predictive of shorter response duration than of 52-week response status. Analysing landmark response rates and response duration using MSM may be a more powerful way to distinguish effective investigational treatments from background SoC, although this remains to be evaluated in future trials.