bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ancient Plough
Authors: Gow A. S. F.
Published: May 2006

The construction and the development of the plough in Greece and Italy in ancient times is not a subject of general interest either to scholars or to archaeologists. It is, however, one which presents itself from time to time to students of Hesiod and of Virgil, and, since the obvious works of reference give but meagre aid to the enquirer, I have attempted to supply here a fuller account than is to be found elsewhere both of the literary and of the monumental evidence, in the hope that a more detailed discussion may not be without its uses.

I propose in the first part of this paper to discuss and give a rough classification of the types of ancient plough which are represented on the monuments. In the second and third parts of the paper I shall attempt to sift the considerable number of ancient authorities who deal with the subject and to supply some comments suggested by the monumental evidence. The authorities, even when not directly concerned with Hesiod and Virgil, fall conveniently into line with the ancient commentators on those poets, and I shall deal first with Hesiod and then, more briefly, with Virgil.
On a History of Greek Commerce
Authors: Leaf Walter
Published: May 2006

In electing me to the Presidency of the Hellenic Society you have paid me the highest compliment to which any British Hellenist can aspire. It is an honour which I accept with all gratitude and, I can assure you, with all humility. It is impossible for me to look back at the names of the distinguished men who have already held the post, without reflecting that I am not of their rank—I am by profession neither a great academic teacher nor, like my old schoolfellow and friend Sir Arthur Evans, whose position I am prematurely called upon to fill, a man who has devoted his whole life to the advancement of archæology. It would be an impertinence in me to praise the work done by Sir Arthur; it is on the lips of all the learned world.

When I think of Evans as we knew him at Harrow, I remember him in a double capacity. First as a scientific observer, by inheritance, as I need not remind you, from his distinguished and many-sided father. Whether it was a question of coins, of flint implements, or of natural history, Evans was always the leader of our school Scientific Society—matched only in some points by another friend, too soon lost to science, Frank Balfour. I remember one small matter, which always strikes me as characteristic—that Evans exhibited at one of our meetings specimens of leaves of plants from the carboniferous epoch which he had picked out of the coal-scuttle in his room.
The Ionian Confederacy
Authors: Caspari M. O. B.
Published: May 2006

The federal union of the Ionian cities established on the coast of Asia Minor and on the adjacent islands has not yet been the subject of any comprehensive study. In the standard books on Greek federations it has received no more than passing mention. Freeman has made some instructive comments on it, but has not followed its fortunes beyond the earlier years of its existence; Swoboda has not found room for a description of it in his recent and up-to-date manual.
Three New Fragments of Attic Treasure-Records
Authors: Woodward Arthur M.
Published: May 2006

The three inscriptions included in this paper belong to the well-known class of records containing the lists of sacred objects dedicated in the Parthenon during the fifth and fourth centuries. None of them sheds any new light on the difficult problems connected with the exact history of the various changes of the régime under which these records were drawn up. The best authority on these points after 400 is Lehner's treatise Über die athenischen Schatzverzeichnisse des vierten Jahrhunderts. To this work constant references are made in this paper in connexion with the second and third inscriptions contained in it, which give us several new items of interest and enable us to fill conclusively some of the many lacunae in these lists. The first fragment belongs to the period previous to the year 405/4, when a change was made in the organization of the treasurers who drew up these lists, which does not concern us here.
The Frankish Inscription at Karditza
Authors: Miller William
Published: May 2006

To students of Frankish Greece the church at Karditza in Boeotia is one of the most interesting in the country, because it contains an inscription referring to an important Frankish personage, Antoine le Flamenc, and dating from the fatal year 1311, which witnessed the overthrow of the Frankish Duchy of Athens in the swamps of the Boeotian Kephissós. Buchon had twice published this inscription; but, as I was anxious to know in what condition it was and to have an exact facsimile of it, I asked Mr. D. Steel, the manager of the Lake Copaïs Company, to have a fresh copy taken.
A New Parthenon Fragment
Authors: Six J.
Published: May 2006

The pedimental heads of the Parthenon are lost. The only one that holds, that of the ‘Theseus,’ magnificent in its pose and mass, is in utter ruin. The fragment of Athena, recently discovered, is no more than part of the helmet with one ear and this not entire (Fig. 1). Of the other fragments we hardly may hope ever to be mathematically certain that they belong to these pediments, as one may be with fragments of the metopes or the frieze, when break fits upon break
Minoan Pottery from Cyprus, and the Origin of the Mycenean style
Authors: Forsdyke E. J.
Published: May 2006

The recent enthusiasm of English explorers for the prehistoric antiquities of Greece, if involving some neglect of things ‘merely Hellenic,’ has at least resulted happily in the enrichment of our museums. The Minoan civilisation can at present be studied only in Crete, England, and America; and while the journey to Crete is always necessary for an adequate understanding of the subject, the introductory idea can be better acquired at home, where the material is limited by selection and less bewildering in bulk and variety. Crete and Minoan art are naturally associated with the Ashmolean Museum; and it is perhaps overlooked that the British Museum has at the same time acquired, by gift of excavators and of the Committee of the British School at Athens, a collection of originals and reproductions not indeed comparing with the splendour of Oxford, but valuable in representing most of the important sites, and especially useful to students in possessing an arranged series of sherds of every period.
An Archaic Male Head from Athens
Authors: Forster Edward S.
Published: May 2006

By kind permission of Commander Down, R.N., of Wokmgham, Berks, I am allowed to publish an archaic head (Fig. 1) in his possession. It was found by him in Athens when cruising in Greek waters about the year 1879.

The head, which has been broken off abruptly at the neck, is 13 m. in height, 105 m. in depth, and 315 m. in circumference. The material is a rather coarse-grained white marble. The face has unfortunately suffered considerably: the lower part of the nose has been broken off and the surface of the mouth and chin is damaged, and there is a deep indentation over the left eye.
Topographica Constantinopolitana
Authors: Baynes Norman H.
Published: May 2006

Not every student of topography is also interested in the more remote paths of hagiography: thus a reader of the Acta Sanctorum may perhaps be pardoned for the following lines. The original Greek text of the Miracula S. Artemii has recently been published by Papadopoulos-Kerameus in Zapiski istoriko-philologicheskago Phakul'teta imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Universiteta, Chast xcv, St. Petersburg, 1909. The account of these contemporary miracles was written by an eyewitness between the years 660–668, and we thus secure a fixed date for the topographical references.
The Sandal in the Palazzo dei Conservatori
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: May 2006

In the archaic room of the Palazzo dei Conservatori in Rome there is a fragment of a colossal foot wearing a high sandal of the type known as Tyrrhenian. (Fig. 1, from photographs for which I have to thank the authorities of the British School at Rome.) The measurements, as given by C. L. Visconti, are:—length ·26m., breadth ·37m., indicating a total length of ·86m. It is important to notice that the fragment is not broken at the back, but is made in a separate piece. From this fact we may conclude with certainty that the foot belongs to a female figure, and protruded originally from long drapery, so that it was unnecessary to carve more than the front of the foot in a separate piece; and with great probability, since there are no dowel holes or other visible signs of attachment, that the statue to which the foot belonged was acrolithic, i.e. it had the trunk and limbs made in wood, while only head, hands, and feet were carved in marble.
The Geeek of Cicero
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: May 2006

It has occurred to me more than once that there was yet some work to be done on this topic, even after the meritorious and very accurate labours of Steele, the notes and indices of a series of editors, notably Ernesti, Orelli, and Tyrrell and Purser, and the dissertations of Bolzenthal, Font, and Laurand. Of these, the editors are concerned chiefly with establishing a correct text, and explaining the meanings of the words, which last task has for the most part been satisfactorily performed (see Tyrrell and Purser, passim, also Boot's excellent edition of the Letters to Atticus). Laurand mentions the matter only incidentally, and gives a list, not very reliable, of the words used in the rhetorical works; Font's chief interest is not lexicographical, but rather an attempt to answer the question why Cicero should ever use a Greek word at all when a Latin one was available. Bolzenthal I have not been able to consult, but gather from Font's synopsis of his work, pp. 3, 28 sqq., that it is largely superseded by Steele. Steele sets out to study the whole vocabulary of the letters, including quotations, but omitting the Greek words in the other works; and his chief interest, apart from tracing the quotations to their sources, is in a grammatical analysis of the words used by Cicero and his correspondents, with a list of those words which occur only or for the first time in the letters.
An Attic Cistern Front at the British Museum
Authors: Lethaby W. R.
Published: May 2006

In the Third Graeco-Roman Room is a long relief, numbered 2154 and entitled a Votive Relief. It is described in the catalogue (1904) as ‘Relief, perhaps votive, with Dionysos receiving a libation. The central group consists of Dionysos and a Maenad…. Behind the Maenad a large crater stands on the ground…. A moulding appears to have been tooled away above…. May be as early as the end of the fourth century. Athens: Elgin Collection. Height 2 feet 7 inches; length 5 feet 8 inches. Found among the ruins of the theatre of Herodes Atticus. Formerly in the possession of N. Logotheti. Stuart, ii, pp. 23, 45.…’

Close to the ‘crater’ a hole about an inch in diameter has been carefully bored through the marble—so carefully that the presumption is that it is part of the original work, although it is suppressed in the old illustrations and is not mentioned in the descriptions. On looking behind the relief it at once appears that material at the two ends and the bottom has been cut away. The remnants of the parts which have been cut off suggest the two ends and bottom of a water trough or cistern. The hole mentioned above is situated an inch or so above what remains of the bottom, and thus conforms to the general tradition of stone water troughs such as several of granite which I have recently seen in Dartmoor farm-yards. From these evidences and the appropriate size it may not be doubted that the relief is the front of a water cistern.
A Neo-Attic Krater in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Authors: Richter Gisela M. A.
Published: May 2006

The Metropolitan Museum has recently acquired a marble Neo-Attic krater of exceptional beauty in an excellent state of preservation. It has been briefly described in the Metropolitan Museum Bulletin for January 1924; but since its importance requires a fuller publication and its study brings up interesting stylistic considerations, I am glad of this opportunity for a fuller discussion.

The vase is of the bell-krater shape with overhanging lip and fluted bottom and two horizontal handles emerging from Satyr heads—evidently a favourite form with Neo-Attic sculptors of the first century, for we have a number of examples of it. The foot was worked in a separate piece and is missing; at the bottom of the vase is a marble tenon with a smoothed surface round it, indicating the width of the foot at the point of attachment. We have added a plaster foot, and restored the rim, which was much chipped.
A Portrait-Statuette of Socrates
Authors: Walters H. B.
Published: May 2006

The British Museum has recently had the good fortune to acquire a statuette representing Socrates, which has been purchased for the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, with the aid of contributions from the National Art Collections Fund, Dr. Walter Leaf, and Mr. G. Eumorfopoulos. It is illustrated from four different points of view in Plates X.–XIII. It is of Parian marble, standing 27·5 cm. or 11 inches high, and was found recently at Alexandria. The statuette is in almost perfect condition, except that both feet are missing and also a portion of the drapery above the left foot; the manner in which the surface of the marble has been treated is remarkable, the flesh surfaces being highly polished throughout, while the hair, beard, and drapery retain a rough unpolished surface.

The philosopher stands full-face, with the right leg slightly bent; he wears a chiton which leaves the breast bare and is gathered at its upper edge in a thick fold immediately above the waist. Over it is a himation falling over the left shoulder and draped transversely over the back, where the sculptor's attempt at reproducing the effect of a textile fabric by very simple means has been surprisingly successful (see Plate XIII.). The garment is gathered up in a fold on the left side, where it hangs over the arm, the edge being caught in the left hand and drawn slightly back; the right hand, which is beautifully modelled, catches up the edge of the himation just above the knee.
Hera of Kanathos and the Ludovisi Throne
Authors: Casson S.
Published: May 2006

Of all the interpretations of the Ludovisi throne it is generally agreed that none is entirely convincing. For that reason any new suggestions that I have to bring forward here should only be interpreted as an attempt to indicate a fresh line of investigation that may perhaps lead to a more complete understanding of this most difficult of archaeological problems.

At the outset we are faced with the almost universally accepted view that the subject of the Ludovisi throne is the Birth of Aphrodite, with representatives of the cult or devotees shown on the side panels. Once this is admitted the explanation of the details of scene becomes a matter of purest academical or technical dispute. Similarly, the important corollary follows that the Boston counterpart, whatever we may think of its date or style, represents but other aspects, clearly more complicated, of the Aphrodite cult.
A Scene from the Anatolian Mysteries
Authors: Ramsay William M.
Published: May 2006

The marble which I described with little comprehension and several errors in a letter to the Athenaeum, 1909, p. 736 (repeating the same words in a popular book on the Revolution in Turkey, 1909), is characterised as a forgery by Professor Calder in the preceding pages. I consider it genuine, a unique monument of the old Anatolian religion, when that almost disused cult was revived in the alliance between the Empire and Paganism against Christianity; and the date of the work is in the fourth century. On that alliance see Aberystwyth Studies, iv. p. 1 f. Several very excellent authorities have on careful inspection pronounced it indubitably genuine: I consulted them, as I have always hated the thought of being in any way connected with a forgery; and I have rejected many forgeries. All the facts collected by Calder in 1913 were known to me in 1909, and many more. I could tell about several other forgeries by Missak, whom I heard of only as ‘the Armenian,’ not as Missak, whether it be a true or false name.
The Greeks and Ancient Trade with the Atlantic
Authors: Cary M.
Published: May 2006

Ancient trade between Mediterranean lands and Atlantic Europe was first and foremost a quest by Mediterranean folk for tin, of which the indigenous supplies were insufficient. In this quest the Greeks had a vital interest, in view of the great development of their bronze industry. What actual part did they take in the Atlantic tin traffic?

This question raises two others, which will require a brief notice. From what part of the Atlantic seaboard, and by what route, was the tin fetched?

Fortunately we need not reopen the controversy over the Cassiterides or Tin Islands, which in the common Greek belief were the source of Western tin. This belief was in any case a mistaken one, for in Western Europe there are no tin deposits worth mentioning on any archipelago of islands. Moreover, the discrepancies between the notions of various ancient writers as to their situation suggest that the name ‘Cassiterides’ was applied in turn to more than one of the Western tin districts. We may therefore circumnavigate the problem of the Cassiterides by treating them as a floating expression like the ‘Spice Islands’ of early modern times, and refusing to attach the name specifically to any one metalliferous area.
Greek Music and its Relation to Modern Times
Authors: Mountford J. F.
Published: May 2006

In Greece the art of music was honoured as scarcely inferior to poetry itself, and in lyric and tragic compositions at least the two arts were almost inseparably allied. The religious and athletic assemblies, the Panathenaia, the Olympia, the Pythia, the Karneia, etc., were not complete without a goodly number of musical celebrations, and from quite early times an important musical contest had been held at Delphi in which the greatest singers and instrumentalists took part. At Athens the free-born youth was trained in the essentials of the art, and music was considered so much a part of the national life that innovators were not infrequently charged with aiming at the subversion of the state itself. Greek literature is so full of allusions to, and metaphors drawn from music, that a question of real interest and importance often presents itself to us: how far are we in Europe, who have inherited so much in literature and the plastic arts from the Greeks, also indebted to them for our modern music? Is there, in short, any recognisable chain of descent from Terpander and Timotheos to Beethoven and Wagner?

Strong negatives and affirmatives have been given to this question because of the doubt which exists about the real nature of Greek music itself. Some enquirers believe that ancient Greek music contained the germs of that ecclesiastical system from which modern music has been evolved; others arriving at different conclusions, deny that the music of the golden age of Greece bears any real relation to that of modern times.
Archaeology in Greece, 1919–1921
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: May 2006

The following report has been compiled at the request of the Editors of the Journal of Hellenic Studies and has been made as complete as the short notice given has allowed. I have to thank my colleagues of the Greek Archaeological Service and of the other foreign schools in Athens for the information, which they have so courteously placed at my disposal. Thanks are also due to the Managing Committee of the British School for permission to give a brief account of its latest work.
Whip-tops
Authors: Harcourt-Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

In the British Museum there are two fifth-century Attic vases (Nos. D 9 and D 10) of bee-hive shape (Fig. 1), of which the decoration consists of a series of mouldings alternately red, white, and black, with a black rim; the interior is white, also with a black rim. In their general style, their technique, and their decoration they are very similar to another vase of the same collection, D 8, a phiale mesomphalos, which bears the signature of the potter Sotades. All three vases were in the Branteghem Collection, and were described by Froehner, in his Catalogue of that Collection, under Nos. 160–162.

In the third volume of the Catalogue of Vases in the British Museum I described these vases, D 9 and D 10, as ‘Mastoi’; this is a form which, of course, owes its name to the pretty fancy which derives it from the model of Aphrodite's breast, and so was a favourite form of dedication in her temple at Paphos.
Attic Black-figured Fragments from Naucratis
Authors: Beazley J. D. , Payne H. G. G.
Published: May 2006

We understand that it is not proposed to publish the Attic vase-fragments found at Naucratis in the London section of the Corpus Vasorum: we have therefore asked Mr. Walters for permission to publish a selection of them; and our request has been kindly granted.

The fragments are all from Naucratis, except Nos. 11 and 50. In references to the Corpus Vasorum we omit the rubric III He, and represent III Hd by d only. We refer freely to the second Oxford fascicule, soon to appear, of Corpus Vasorum; to Payne's forthcoming Necrocorinthia (abbreviated N.); and to Beazley, Attic Black-figure: a Sketch (abbreviated ABS.). We had hoped to give page-references to Necrocorinthia: but the page-proof has been held up.
The Early Geography of South-Eastern Asia Minor
Authors: Sayce A. H.
Published: May 2006

Thanks to the cuneiform tablets discovered at Boghaz-Keui, the capital of the Hittite empire, the thick darkness which hung over the geography of eastern Asia Minor in the pre-classical age is at last being dispelled. And therewith several questions relating to the culture and history of prehistoric Greece are likely to be cleared up.

At Kara Eyuk, also called Kul Tepè, ‘the Burnt Mound,’ eighteen kilometres N.E. of Kaisariyeh and near the village of Manjé-su, many hundreds of tablets have been found written in a West-Semitic dialect, differing but little from the vernacular of Assyria as distinct from Babylonia, and belonging to the age of the Babylonian Third Dynasty of Ur (2400–2200 B.C.). The name of the city was Kanis or Ganis, and it was a Babylonian colony, defended by the Assyrian soldiers of the Babylonian empire, but chiefly occupied by Babylonian and more especially Assyrian merchants, who worked the mines of silver, copper and lead in the Taurus and exported the metal to the civilised world. The great Babylonian firms had their ‘agents’ there; good roads had been made throughout the whole region, in connexion with the trade-route from Babylonia past Nineveh to Cappadocia, and traversed by postmen whose letters were in the form of clay tablets. I may remark incidentally that one of the places from which the copper came was Khalki, perhaps meaning ‘Wheat’-city (Contenau: Trente Tablettes cappadociennes, xvi. 12, 131), which probably gives us the origin of the Greek Χαλκός.
CIG 3938, 3952, and 3953 f.
Authors: Buckler W. H.
Published: May 2006

Piety toward the past is seldom more unselfishly displayed than when scholars copy inscriptions totally devoid of meaning. Such were to Chishull, Borrell and Schonborn these fragments which, thanks to modern discovery, can now in the main be understood.
A Bronze Mirror in the Ashmolean Museum
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

In 1928 Sir Arthur Evans generously presented an archaic bronze mirror to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. My thanks are due to the Keeper, Mr. E. T. Leeds, for his kindness in inviting me to publish this interesting accession and supplying me with the photographs reproduced in Plate II and Fig. 1.

The mirror is in the form of a disk, 15 cm. in diameter: its thickness at the edge is 7 to 8 mm., at the centre about 5 mm. It weighs 675.5 grammes. The face, slightly concave, was of plain, burnished metal surrounded by a narrow ornamented band round the edge: it is now badly pitted and covered over the greater part of its surface by a green patina (Fig. 1).
Amasea
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: May 2006

In my Attic Black-figure: a Sketch I gave a short account of the Amasis painter, and a list of his works. Since then, I have published a vase by him, and fragments of six or seven others; and Dr. Kraiker has prefixed an important study of him to his Epiktetos. One or two of the following vases are mentioned in my A.B.S. list: but most of them are new.

My thanks are due to Senator Marchese Giorgio Guglielmi di Vulci and to Captain E. G. Spencer-Churchill for their kind permission to publish vases in their collections; to Captain J. E. Acland, Dr. L. D. Caskey, Prof. A. von Salis, Dr. A. Maiuri, Dr. P. Marconi, Mr. H. W. Maxwell, Mr. A. Merlin, Dr. A. Minto, Dr. B. Nogara, and Mr. E. Stefani for their kind permission to publish vases in Dorchester, Boston, Heidelberg, Naples, Palermo, Bristol, the Louvre, Florence, the Vatican, and the Villa Giulia; to Mrs. Ure for sending me photographs of the Dorchester fragments and allowing me to publish them; to Prof. C. Albizzati for generously waiving his claim to publish the Vatican fragments; to Mr. G. R. Stanton for help at Bristol; to my wife for all the photographs reproduced except fifteen.
Notes on the Second Decree of Kallias
Authors: Wilhelm Adolf
Published: May 2006

H. T. Wade-Gery and B. D. Meritt have restored the first fifteen lines of the second decree of Kallias as follows:

Both scholars are obviously right when stating that Kallias provides for the completion of work on the pediments of the Parthenon, the Golden Nikai, and the Propylaia, that he limits the expenditure of money on the Acropolis to ten talents a year and exempts from the limitation the Parthenon, the Nikai, and the Propylaia by way of preamble.

I am, however, not convinced that the decree is also concerned with ‘the rehabilitation,’ ‘the general reorganisation of the Acropolis,’ and that the ταμίαι and the ἐπιστάται are ordered to ‘fix bounds on the Acropolis and make repairs, spending ten talents a year until the bounds have been fixed and the repairs made as well as possible.’
Thirty Years of Work at Olbia
Authors: Minns Ellis H.
Published: May 2006

Olbia, I. ed. S. A. ZHEBELËV, 4to, 304 pp., L. Plans and Plates, 108 figs., French résumés throughout, Acad. of Sc. of Ukrainian SSR., Kiev, 1940.
Studies in Attic Treasure-Records
Authors: West Allen B. , Woodward A. M.
Published: May 2006

The appearance of a further instalment of these ‘Studies’ has been regrettably delayed, owing to several reasons. The present article is planned on different lines from its predecessor (JHS li (1931), 139–63), for, instead of offering a comprehensive study of one reconstructed stele, it attempts to review the post-Euclidean Hekatompedon-lists down to 390/89 as a group, and to establish their chronological sequence, in the light of fresh discoveries. It is proposed, also, to deal in subsequent articles with the corresponding lists for the Parthenon and the Opisthodomos in this period, and to continue the study of the later lists both of the Treasures of Athena and of those of the ‘Other Gods’ into the second half of the fourth century.

The opportunity of working continuously in the Epigraphical Museum for several weeks during the summer of 1931 enabled me to recognise that in many instances two or more fragments of these Traditiones which had been published separately could be assigned to one stele, and also to identify a few still unpublished pieces belonging to this series.
The New Dating of the Chremonidean War
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: May 2006

This war, in which Antigonus was faced by the triple alliance of Egypt, Athens, and Sparta with her allies, started with the decree moved by Chremonides in August–September of the year of the archon Peithidemos at Athens; the actual military operations began in the following spring. Peithidemos' year used to be put in 266/5; I gave my reasons in 1920 for putting it in 267/6, as had already been done by Professor A. C. Johnson. Recently Professor Dinsmoor has put Peithidemos in 270/69; the archon himself is a mere name and the tribe of his secretary unknown. Dinsmoor was trying to keep the tribal rotation undisturbed, and to effect this he shifted the archons Menekles and Nikias of Otryne (Nikias II) forward to 269/8 and 268/7; and as their years were war years he took these years to be part of the Chremonidean war and therefore put Peithidemos in 270/69. Subsequently Professor Ferguson followed Dinsmoor as to this; but he now puts Peithidemos in 267/6, for reasons different from mine, though he still retains Menekles and Nikias II in 269/8 and 268/7. Dinsmoor's proposal to antedate the beginning of the Chremonidean war by three years is so drastic that it needs careful examination; and before considering the archons in question I may briefly indicate some of the historical difficulties of the new view.
The Minoan Signary
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: May 2006

In studying the Linear Scripts of Minoan Crete, the first requisite is an agreed ‘signary,’ a customary order of the signs, with a numeration by which they can be quoted, at all events until their phonetic values are ascertained. Hitherto, everyone who has written on these scripts has had a signary-order of his own; and, at the risk of adding momentarily to this chaos, here is an attempt to arrange the signs of both the A- and the B-Scripts in an order which will be easy to memorise, because it will be based upon a classification of the signs by their forms and apparent origins.

Though Sir Arthur Evans described the Linear Scripts in general terms in Scripta Minoa I, 1909, he reserved detailed discussion to Vol. II, which was still unpublished at his death in 1940. But in The Palace of Minos I, in 1921, he printed a tabular numerical list of Script A, and in Vol. IV, in 1936, a similar list of Script B. Unfortunately, neither list is quite complete, and though there are many obvious resemblances between the two sets of signs, the numerical order of the two lists is different; so that it is difficult to construct vocabularies of the sign groups which can be cross-referred. In both lists he seems to have begun with the signs which more or less resembled letters in the Greek alphabet, but this principle of classification soon failed him. He grouped signs resembling animals and cereal crops at the end of Script B, but left other pictorial signs unclassified and mixed with purely linear forms. In The Palace of Minos IV, 681–2, is outlined a classification into phonetic, idiographic, commodity-signs ‘relating to various properties,’ and administrative signs; but it was not developed in detail.
The Slave Population of Athens
Authors: Gomme A. W.
Published: May 2006

It is as yet too soon to state what corrections or additions should be made to the various figures I gave in my Population of Athens as a result of new evidence since that book was published (1933), although some individual discoveries have been made and Sterling Dow has published his invaluable Prytaneis (Hesperia, Suppl. I, 1937); for the excavations in the Athenian agora are not finished–though it looks as though the hopes I expressed for the discovery of a large number of inscriptions that would throw new light on the problem will be disappointed. But two objections have been made to my treatment of the number of slaves in Athens, by Mr. Hammond in Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc, 1935, p. 1, and by Prof. George Thomson in his edition of The Oresteia, I 70, n. 1 and II 357-9, both of whom maintain that Ktesikles' figure of 400,000 must be accepted; and though the question has again been discussed, convincingly enough to my mind, by Prof. Westerraann in Athenian Studies (Harv. Stud, Suppl. Vol. I, 1940, 451-70), it is worth dealing with certain aspects afresh, especially in answer to Thomson, for some important principles are involved. Not that anything I can say will convince him; for he hopes that ‘the whole subject will be re-examined by someone who is prepared to take the ancient evidence seriously and is free from the suspicion of seeking to minimise the extent of an evil which casts a sinister shadow over the glory that was Greece.’ But I will do my best.
Professor Hrozny's Table of the Minoan Signary
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: May 2006

When the article on the Minoan Signary (pp. 1-4) was already in paged proof, I received from Professor Bedrich Hrozny of Prague an offprint of his Table of the same Signary in Archiv. Orientalni 16 (1948), 3-4, 162-184. ‘Listes des signes cretois et de leurs valeurs d'après notre déchiffrement’. For comparison with the Cretan signs he figures many Hittite, Indian (Mohenjidaro) Egyptian, Cuneiform, Sinaitic, Phoenician, Sabaean, Greek, and Cypriote signs, and offers phonetic equivalents for all the Minoan signs.
A Sakonides in Sydney
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: May 2006

Of the four cups signed by the painter Sakonides (ABS pp. 16–17 note 3; JHS 52 p. 201; Rumpf, Sakonides) two—those in Munich and Berlin—are lip-cups decorated on each half of the exterior with a female head in outline—‘ head-cups ’ (JHS 52 pp. 174–5) or ‘ little mistress cups ’ (AJA 1927 p. 346). Other head-cups, unsigned, are in the same style and must be by the same hand (ABS loc. cit. and JHS 52 p. 201). A cup in Sydney is also by Sakonides. It is described by Louisa Macdonald in the Catalogue of Greek and Etruscan Vases in the Nicholson Museum, University of Sydney (Sydney, 1898: no. 39), and I owe a photograph, and permission to publish it, to the kindness of Prof. J. Enoch Powell (Fig. I). It is specially close to the unsigned side of the Munich cup (Rumpf Sakonides pl. 28, d) and to cups in London (B 402 : CV He pl. 12, 10) and Orvieto (291: phot. Armoni, whence Rumpf pl. 28, b). One of the particulars it shares with them is the small reserved space right in the middle of the lower termination of the peplos: it represents the bare arm, as may be seen from the London cup B 401 (CV He pl. 14, 9), but seems strangely misplaced. The inscription on the Sydney cup, +ΑΙΡΕΚΑΙΓΙΕΙΤΕΔΙ, recurs on the signed cup in Munich, as well as on contemporary cups in Cambridge and the Vatican (see Raccolta Guglielmi p. 54).
Was the Ionian Philosophy Scientific?
Authors: Cornford F. M.
Published: May 2006

This paper is concerned with a problem which has puzzled me for many years. The Greek philosophers of the Ionian tradition, from Anaximander to Epicurus, are commonly called specially ‘scientific,’ in contrast with the Italian tradition started by Pythagoras. Why is it, then, that their systems are cast in the form of dogmatic pronouncements? It is not only that they describe, with complete confidence, matters beyond the reach of observation, such as the origin of the world; but when they come to matters of detail, they make assertions which could have been upset by a little careful observation or by the simplest experiment.

It has been argued—by Burnet, for instance—that this dogmatism may be only apparent. Our evidence is fragmentary, and comes largely from manuals compiled much later by men whose object was to discredit science for reaching contradictory conclusions, and by no means to record the methods employed to reach those conclusions. W. A. Heidel, too, thought that, if we possessed the philosophers' notebooks, we should find that their results were obtained by methods akin to those of modern science, though with less awareness of the need for caution in experimental tests. Behind these arguments lies the assumption that the questions they asked themselves, the motives prompting their inquiries, and the quarter to which they looked for the sources of knowledge, were the same then as now.
Feudal Survivals in Ionia
Authors: Hunt D. W. S.
Published: May 2006

The Teian inscription CIG 3064, published by Boeckh from copies by Pococke and Guérin, is followed in the Corpus by a long explanatory commentary and has since been the subject of much discussion and controversy. It consists of a list of proper names, to each of which is added the phrase τοῦ (or ἐκ τοῦ) --- πύργου and a family name. I give a representative extract:
Greek Inscriptions at Cairness House
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

Professor J. D. Beazley recently discussed in this Journal (xlix. 1 ff.) a fifth-century Attic relief now preserved in Cairness House, Lonmay, Aberdeenshire. He appended a short account, partly from the pen of Colonel C. T. Gordon, of General Thomas Gordon (1788–1841), who brought to this country that relief and various other antiquities, and of the dispersion of the collection in 1850. The relief, however, remained at Cairness, together with two inscribed stelae, one of which has not been published hitherto, while the other has been regarded as lost. These form the subject of the present article.

My warm thanks are due to the late Professor J. Harrower for calling my attention to the inscriptions and supplying me with excellent photographs of them, as also to Colonel Gordon for granting me permission to publish them and for his hospitality at Cairness, where he kindly gave me every facility for examining the stones with a view to verifying and completing the texts I had already deciphered from the photographs.
Red Figure Cups with Incised and Stamped Decoration I
Authors: Ure Annie D.
Published: May 2006

Among the simpler and cheaper types of pottery in common use in the fifth century B.C. and later, one of the most attractive is the black-glaze ware decorated with incised and stamped patterns. A certain quantity of this has been found in undisturbed single burials or in other contexts which provide external evidence for its dating and development, notably in Sicily and South Russia, at Rhitsona in Boeotia and more recently in the Agora at Athens. Further and still more reliable evidence is to be found in the series of vases, mainly cups, in which similar incised or stamped patterns are found combined on one and the same pot with red-figure painting. The use of incision and stamping in the interior of the cups instead of the normal painted medallion no doubt made for cheapness, and the red-figure work is never of a very high standard. Nevertheless, some of the fifth-century examples have sufficient merit to be looked at for their own sake, while the combination of the two styles gives a useful equation.
Archaeological Discoveries in Sicily and Magna Graecia
Authors: Zanotti-Bianco Umberto
Published: May 2006

This year again funds and labour have been scarce, and little work has been done by the archaeological departments for South Italy, except in Campania. Most of the finds have been made accidentally during operations of the Bonifica or of road-making.

In the basin of the river Gela, where the Bonifica was levelling the gorge of Mt. Dessueri for a dam, workmen reported the discovery of a Sicel site. The cemetery had already been found and illustrated by P. Orsi (NdS 1903, Mon Ant 21). The Department has preserved, among other finds (NdS 1937, 368), a jug with vase-spout containing a filter, the tall foot of a one-handled cup, some fragments of decorated bowls, and, among the bronze material, two axe-heads, a knife-blade, and a spear-head. These recall similar material found by Orsi in the cemeteries of Mt. Dessueri, Mt. Finocchito and Pantalica, and date the site to the second Sicel period.

In April 1937 the Sicilian Dept., financed by the Commune of Agrigento, practically completed its prehistoric excavations of the hill of Serraferlicchio above the old railway station, which were successfully started by Orsi and continued later by P. Marconi. It is one of the oldest sites of West Sicily; Orsi had acutely divined the importance of the region, and by 1928 the museum at Syracuse had been enriched by a large collection of painted pottery, of novel shape, with bold and complex geometric patterns.
The Agamemnon of Aeschylus
Authors: Lawson J. C.
Published: May 2006

In a notice of my edition of the Agamemnon which appeared in the last number of the Journal (1932, 323), the reviewer says: ‘As an example (i.e. of Lawson's many conjectures) we may mention ὄμβροι δέ in 560, which gives good sense and saves the grammar, but the original error cannot have been palaeographical: ἐξ οὐρανοῦ γάρ of the manuscripts is therefore said to have been a gloss on ὄμβροι. But why should anyone want to tell us that rain comes from the sky?’
The Chatsworth Head
Authors: Robertson Martin
Published: May 2006

In his interesting and important article on this head, Professor Wace assumes that the left ear was always exposed, and says: ‘ There seems to be no actual right ear. It was apparently meant to be imagined as hidden in the mass of curls.’ Such asymmetry is most surprising in a work of this period. As Professor Wace's article is likely to remain the principal reference for the head, it is important to observe that this theory cannot be taken as an established fact. I have examined the head after reading Professor Wace's article, but still believe with Furtwängler that the right ear exists under the curls, and that the left was originally similarly covered. First, though the left ear is unnecessarily complete for a hidden feature, it is strangely crude if meant to be seen. Second, the back view (Pl. IX, I) shows even more clearly than the front (Pl. VIII, I) that a group of curls on the left, corresponding exactly to Professor Wace's piece B on the right, would easily cover the ear; or to put it the other way, that there is plenty of room under the curls on the right for an ear as complete as the left. Third, Professor Wace writes: ‘ A lump of metal can be seen from the front under the short curls on the right, but this can hardly be the lobe of an ear, for it is set lower down than the left ear.’
An Inscription from Kythera
Authors: Thomas H.
Published: May 2006

While collecting information about the early history of Kythera I recently came across a short communication from Leake in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, Vol. IV (new series), 1853. It is in the form of a letter to the Secretary, and entitled ‘ Some remarks on the Island Cerigo, anciently Cythera,’ and reproduces an extract translated by Mr. Hamilton from a Memoir on the island sent to the latter by Mr. Calucci, an inhabitant of Kythera, on Oct. 3rd, 1849. On p. 4 he gives a copy of an inscribed stone found at Palaiopoli (Scandeia) which he describes thus: ‘ A small rectangular piece of hard white stone, one inch (sic) in length and ten lines thick; its lower surface has deep cuttings in it so as to form five half cylinders. On the upper surface, which is highly polished, is the inscription in five lines represented in the annexed drawing (Fig. 2). The measurement given appears impossibly small and must be a mistranslation of the original Greek (or Italian).

The paper is known to Pauly-Wissowa. Weil (AM v, 1880, pp. 293 f.) mentions it and copies the late Greek inscription also illustrated there, but takes no notice of our inscription, and no scholar interested in Minoan or early Asia Minor scripts seems to have any knowledge of it. Some, but not all, of the signs are found in the Minoan linear script, a few also in the Cypriote syllabary.
More Boeotian Geometricising Vases
Authors: Ure Annie D.
Published: May 2006

Since the publication of ‘Boeotian Geometricising Vases’ in this Journal (49, p. 160 f.) four more vases of this series have come to light. All are in Athens, the first three in the collection of Mr. Michael P. Vlasto, to whom I am very much indebted for allowing me to study and publish the vases and for providing the photographs here reproduced. The fourth is in the National Museum. Though all are in their general appearance thoroughly characteristic of the style, each one of them presents some novel feature.
Physiology and Medicine in a Greek Novel: Achilles Tatius'Leucippe and Clitophon
Authors: McLeod A. M. G.
Published: May 2006

In the fourth book of Achilles Tatius' romance the young and beautiful heroine Leucippe collapses suddenly. When she is approached by the hero Clitophon she leaps to her feet, strikes his face, kicks his friend, and has to be overpowered and tied up. Several chapters later we learn that this behaviour had in fact been caused by an overdose of an unnamed aphrodisiac. In the meantime, however, bystanders, consisting of members of an Egyptian military force, have decided thatμανία τιςis the trouble, and proceed to diagnose with all the confidence of laymen the cause of her madness.

Their diagnosis takes the form of an ostensibly straightforward physiological explanation in carefully ordered (if rhetorical) phrases and employing technical terms.
Notes and Inscriptions from Caunus
Authors: Bean G. E.
Published: May 2006

L. 1 fin. Apparently ΠΙ perhaps ΕΠΙ. L. 2 init. The fork of the upsilon is just visible. L. 6 fin. Τ or Π.

Too little remains to permit a reconstruction, but we have evidently a fragment of a regulation concerning catches of fish. (I take it that ἰχθύν in l. 3 is collective.) There can be little doubt that we have here evidence of a dalyan at Caunus in antiquity as to-day. (See Part I, p. 14 n. 15.) The fish are principally of two kinds, kefal and levrek, both excellent eating; in the summer and winter respectively they go up from the sea to the lake to spawn, and returning some two months later are caught in huge quantities. Wherever exactly the bed of the river may have lain in ancient times, there is no reason to suppose that the habits of the fish were any different then. For ancient fisheries in Asia Minor see Broughton, Economic Survey IV, 566, 799.
The Trojan War
Authors: Finley M. I. , Caskey J. L. , Kirk G. S. , Page D. L.
Published: May 2006

Mr Finley's article is an elaborated version of a talk first broadcast in October 1963. It was offered for publication with the intention of stimulating discussion of a problem which has been exercising archaeologists and historians. For this reason its author does not here answer the provisional criticisms and comments offered by Professor Caskey, Mr Kirk and Professor Page which are also printed below. It is hoped that this presentation will help to define for readers the very varied issues which attend the problem of the date and nature of the Trojan War.
Carian Armourers—the Growth of a Tradition
Authors: Snodgrass A. M.
Published: May 2006

One of the more persistent and widespread minor traditions in ancient literature represents the Carians as the great military innovators and practitioners of early times. It is one of several ‘Carian’ traditions, in which this people is given a greater importance than it seems historically possible to allow, and which at one time led certain scholars to believe that the Aegean Bronze Age civilisation as a whole was Carian in origin. This particular example can be checked, up to a point, from the evidence of archaeological discoveries; and the experiment may prove worth making, both as a supplement to the archaeological record, and as a test case for the value and quality of such traditions. In its more extreme version, the Carians are credited with the actual invention of various military devices: this, as I hope to show, is unlikely to be true. But there is a milder form of the tradition, which states that the Carians habitually used these devices. This version may in part arise from the vaguer wording of certain ancient authorities, but as it stands it is quite acceptable.