bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural Correlates of Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Review of Hypotheses
Authors: Zwicker Jill G. , Missiuna Cheryl , Boyd Lara A.
Published: August 2009

Affecting 5% to 6% of school-age children, developmental coordination disorder is characterized by a marked impairment of motor coordination that significantly interferes with activities of daily living and academic achievement. Little is known about the etiology of developmental coordination disorder, but the disorder often coexists with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), speech/language impairment, and/or reading disability. This comprehensive review examines the literature supporting or refuting hypothesized neural correlates of developmental coordination disorder and suggests directions for future research. Potential sources of neuropathology include the cerebellum, parietal lobe, corpus callosum, and basal ganglia. Comorbidities and deficits associated with developmental coordination disorder are highly suggestive of cerebellar dysfunction; yet, given the heterogeneity of this disorder, it is likely that the cerebellum is not the only neural correlate. Neuroimaging studies and behavioral investigations of learning-related change in motor behavior are the next critical step in enhancing our understanding of developmental coordination disorder.
Historical Milestones in the Emergence of Nonprofit Public Relations in the United States, 1900-1956
Authors: Lee Mordecai
Published: August 2009

Public relations has gradually emerged as one element of American nonprofit management and pedagogy, albeit a second tier subject. This is an historical inquiry into the emergence of nonprofit public relations in the United States, both as a practitioner activity and a curricular subject. One of the earliest nonprofits to use public relations formally was Harvard in 1900. An early milestone was the spread of public relations from individual nonprofits to a nonprofit subsector, such as a paper at a national social service conference in 1909. Then public relations gradually spread to other subsectors, eventually evolving into somewhat of a generic sectorwide management activity. However, the failure to create a professional organization of nonprofit public relations practitioners in the late 1930s and the uncertain marketing of an arguably generic textbook in 1956 may have reflected the continuing uncertainty, if public relations was a common and similar activity throughout the U.S. nonprofit sector.
Reading groups and the language of literary texts: a case study in social reading
Authors: Swann Joan , Allington Daniel
Published: August 2009

This article analyses discourse arising in reading group discussions as an instance of a real-world literary reading practice; it arises from and reports on the AHRC-funded Discourse of Reading Groups project. This naturalistic, observational approach to literary reading is contrasted with experimental approaches. Excerpts from the total dataset in which the language of literary texts is discussed are here subjected to two forms of analysis: software-assisted qualitative analysis suggests that where participants appear to make reference to their subjective responses to texts, this often has the function of presenting evaluations of those texts in mitigated form; interactional sociolinguistic analysis shows the sequential emergence of ‘language’ as a discussion topic, how discussion of language is co-constructed between participants and how such literary activity is culturally, interactionally and interpersonally contingent. ‘Face’ emerges as a key explanatory concept in both analyses.
‘From now on we speak civilized Dutch’: the authors of Flanders, the language of the Netherlands, and the readers of A. Manteau
Authors: Absillis Kevin
Published: August 2009

Subjugated to the linguistic and literary norms of the Netherlands and, at the same time, confined to the borders of the multilingual state of Belgium, Flemish authors have always had to struggle hard to legitimize their cultural identity. After the Second World War, however, Flemish literature suffered from an existential crisis due to the fact that a small but prominent part of the Flemish Movement had collaborated with the German occupiers. Publishers therefore had to explore new ways in which to turn Flemish literature into a commercially and artistically successful commodity in Flanders and the Netherlands. Introducing a theoretical framework that was conceived of by Pierre Bourdieu and further elaborated on by Pascale Casanova in The World Republic of Letters, this article will discuss and interpret the ways in which Flemish publishers have edited, designed, and marketed literary texts, and explore the positive and negative effects which strategies of assimilation and differentiation have had on the reception of those texts. The reading practices engaged in by literary gatekeepers, both in Belgium and in the Netherlands, are shown to have been a profoundly influential force in the history of Flemish literature.
‘A pathetic and racist and awful character’: ethnomethodological approaches to the reception of diasporic fiction
Authors: Benwell Bethan
Published: August 2009

In this article I report on findings from an ongoing research project into the activities of a transnational range of book groups reading the same series of ‘diasporic’ novels. Rather than relying upon speculations as to how readers respond to text-immanent cues, this project conceives reading as a socially situated, localized activity, contingent upon the context in which it is produced. Empirical approaches to literary reception (whether historical, experimental, or ethnographic) have rarely taken full account of the conditions in which reception data is produced. An ethnomethodological analysis of transcribed book group sessions illuminates the ‘social order’ of particular book groups, their implicit values and systems of accountability, and their careful management and negotiation of subjective experience. This contributes to a complex understanding of the processes of literary interpretation, allowing linguistic studies of reading to complement sociological reception studies.
The Erased and MDG Implementation
Authors: Jeffs Nikolai , Čebron Uršula Lipovec
Published: August 2009

The Erased are a group of individuals who were taken off the register of permanent residents in the aftermath of Slovenia's independence in 1991. With this they faced total social exclusion. This article discusses how Erasure came to be and its consequences. The plight of those Erased who are without legal status even today is discussed with regard to issues concerning health and access to health services from which they are excluded through a combination of nationalist and neo-liberal policies. As such, they not only form a section of society that can be completely overlooked by the implementation strategies of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), but can also be seen as indicative of some of the conditions that may also effect other vulnerable individuals and groups such as those emerging from various conflicts, precarious workers, migrants and ethnic minorities.
MDGs in a Global World
Authors: Montenegro Marisela , Montenegro Karla , Yufra Laura , Calaz Caterine
Published: August 2009

In this article we reflect upon the relationship between the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) formulated by the United Nations (2000) and the migration phenomena that is characteristic of the present globalised society. First, we argue that the Millennium Goals have not sufficiently considered migration processes as a structural phenomenon. Development goals must take in account this emergent phenomenon in post-industrial societies in order to achieve human rights and social equity and to promote the well-being of all people in their origin and host societies.

Second, by interpreting the results of an ethnographic study carried out in social services aimed at migrant women in the city of Barcelona, while focusing on the 3rd Millennium Goal: gender equity and the empowerment of women, we reflect on the limits and possibilities of these intervention practices in advancing towards the goal in host societies. We conclude that changes in public policy and social services are necessary in order to advance towards the achievement of the gender equity goal and empowerment of women, a transformation that aims at the achievement of citizenship for all people in this global society.
The Orthodoxy of Gender Mainstreaming
Authors: Palmary Ingrid , Nunez Lorena
Published: August 2009

Gender mainstreaming has itself become something of a mainstream practice in much development work. As the theory and practice of mainstreaming has developed so too have a range of debates over what exactly gender mainstreaming can contribute to development. This article reflects on a gender mainstreaming intervention in the East African region to explore the role that gender mainstreaming can play in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In this article we discuss how gender mainstreaming has, at times, functioned as a retreat from women's equality and is used to render feminist perspectives more palatable to those who resist them. Far from being a simple critique of gender mainstreaming this reflects the broader tensions and debates that are shaping what gender has come to mean in different contexts. This brings difficult tensions over who develops a gender mainstreaming agenda and who claims to have expertise on gender. We explore how much is at stake in claims to represent the ‘beneficiary’ groups and the ways that donor relationships with NGOs function in this regard. Gender mainstreaming has clearly offered a mechanism for legitimating attention to gender inequality that is sufficiently flexible to account for local contexts. However, this flexibility also means that gender mainstreaming can be co-opted for conservative means and the struggles over ownership of gender mainstreaming can just as easily hamper the achievement of gender equality as envisaged in the MDGs.
MDG 6—What about Disabled People?
Authors: Godziek Simon
Published: August 2009

The 2008 UNAIDS Global Update estimated that there were 33 million people living with HIV and that, of these, 67 per cent of adults and 90 per cent of children live in sub-Saharan Africa. There were 2.7 million new infections during 2007 and 2.1 million AIDS deaths, 76 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa. The aims of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6 are to arrest the spread of HIV and to promote access to treatment. However, the vulnerability to HIV of people with disabilities, their need for HIV & AIDS information and the constraints they face in accessing treatment have largely been ignored by international development academics and practitioners when disabled people may account for 10 per cent of the world's population and 80 million Africans are estimated to be disabled. Why, then, are disabled people not mentioned anywhere in descriptions of or implementation strategies for MDG 6? This article will use the case study of the relationship of disabled people in Mozambique to HIV & AIDS to draw out the reasons for disabled people being ignored throughout HIV & AIDS policy and services and then provide recommendations to bring about disabled people's inclusion.
Global Development? Monitored Object(ive)s, Omitted Subject(ivitie)s
Authors: Gülerce Aydan
Published: August 2009

In this article I critically reflect on the hegemonic modernist framework of development by focusing on its reflection and application in the United Nations’ (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and practices. Not only do I find it falling short of explaining, understanding or bringing about global development, but quite the opposite, since it feeds into and reproduces the status quo. While I plead for serious (re)definitions, and genuine global commitment towards the (re)solution, of the current micro/macro social problems, which are interdependent and need to be treated in connection and at once, I pick four urgent areas of transformation as sub-topics for the present discussion. They include the (meta)theoretical framework and discourse of development, historical and contextual analyses of diverse human socio-cultural conditions, political will and agency and psychology's contributions within a transdisciplinary participation paradigm. I also briefly hint at various issues from the ‘developing’ context of Turkish society in order to illustrate some of the arguments. It is hoped that the complexity of these issues and widespread inequity problems will no longer be ignored in favour of conventional policies and programmes that are based on the reductionist framework and that truly trans(/post)disciplinary and trans(/post)cultural dialogues will enable new connections, meanings and actions towards desired global transformations.
Policies to Eradicate Extreme Poverty in Chile
Authors: Urrutia Bruno Bivort , Labrín Soledad Martínez
Published: August 2009

The present article analyses the association between the way in which public policy conceptualises poverty (in discourse and practice), the conception of poverty of people who live in extreme poverty conditions and the strategies they develop to affront it, in the light of their participation in the Puente Programme in Chile. The data emanate from research work carried out from a qualitative perspective using in-depth interviews with people considered to be living in extreme poverty and including a gendered analytic.

The ‘Puente Programme’ is part of Chilean public policy aimed to reduce levels of poverty and extreme poverty, in consonance with the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) One as stated by the UNDP.

Indeed, such policies seem to have had the effect of generating a self-perception of lack of opportunities, low level of agency in the solutions of their problems and consequently, fewer possibilities of achievement of the ends that they have in mind among the users. Also, we conclude that the strategies used by the Puente Programme have neither strengthened community association, nor helped to regenerate community networks. Additionally, the interviewed people do not feel empowered or improved in their citizenship capacities. Instead, what results is a sense of dependency on institutions. Finally, we postulate that the Puente Programme has not contributed to the development of a community or in subjective welfare.
Community ‘Participation’, Resistance and the Water Wars
Authors: Barnes Brendon
Published: August 2009

Water is essential to human life, health and development. Prepaid water metres are a popular yet controversial approach to extending water services to the poor. They operate on an upfront payment system which automatically disconnects water if households do not have enough money to replenish supplies. While prepaid water metres have been criticised on a number of levels, this article focuses on the equally problematic discourses used to promote them amongst the poor. By drawing on a case study of a poor South African community's struggle against prepaid water metres, this article highlights how prepaid metres were promoted using psycho-education campaigns under the guise of ‘participation’. It also documents community resistance to the campaigns ending in a court battle that ruled in favour of communities’ right to sufficient water.
Democratic Decentralisation and the Millennium Development Goals for Health
Authors: Mohan Nitya
Published: August 2009

In the context of the targets for primary health identified by the MDGs this article evaluates the link between decentralisation and positive outcomes for women and children. Using India as a case study, the article traces the changes in health attainments as a result of decentralisation reforms. The evidence presented, drawn from the experiences of two states, speaks to the relevance of such a link. Despite the heterogeneity of contexts and in implementation, in general democratic decentralisation has enhanced health outcomes for women in the selected village Panchayats. However, the article unearths significant differences in the impacts of decentralisation between the two states. The variations in outcomes between the two states are found to be linked to the architecture of decentralisation design as well as to ‘non-statutory’ provisions that can create a process of path-dependency towards achieving MDGs. The article also flags key methodological complexities inherent in the current MDG framework with respect to the actualization of the goals of equity and access to primary health.
Challenges in Developing Community Mental Health Services in Sri Lanka
Authors: Fernando Suman , Weerackody Chamindra
Published: August 2009

There are several issues to be faced in developing mental health services in South Asia if they are to be culturally and socially appropriate to the needs of the communities in the region. The meanings of mental health relevant to culturally appropriate service development can be obtained by exploring local notions of well-being, systems of care available to people and current practices among those seeking help for mental health problems. Participatory research carried out in communities in Sri Lanka affected by prolonged armed conflict and by the 2004 tsunami clarified the nature of well-being as perceived by communities themselves. Subsequent development of mental health services for Sri Lanka can be based on community consultation, using methodologies and interventions that involve the participation of the communities and their local institutions, and adapting relevant western approaches to the Sri Lankan context.
Vulnerability Effects in the Criminal Justice System on Women Who Suffer Physical Abuse in their Couple Relationships (Spain)
Authors: Albertín Pilar
Published: August 2009

This article aims to explore the psychosocial practices in one of the sites that respond to vulnerable women who suffer abuse in their couple relationships: the criminal justice system. A discursive theoretical–methodological perspective is used (Foucault 1969; Ibáñez and Iñiguez 1997; Wetherell and Potter 1993), based on the discourse analysis and their positions that can be found in the practices of professionals in the criminal justice system (judges, prosecutors, lawyers, police), as well as in some of the narratives of vulnerable women. These accounts have been gathered through participant observations in courtrooms and police stations where complaints are filed, and through in-depth interviews. The results show the influence and the effects of: (a) an ‘empiricist position’ characterised by objectivity and emotional distance, and (b) a ‘professional position’ characterised by the predominance of professional roles and pragmatic experiences over reflexive practice. Nevertheless, emerging resistant practices include elements that could be placed in a ‘feminist position’ and provide new insights for the treatment of vulnerable women.
Hitting the Target and Missing the Point
Authors: Webb Lucy , Ryan Tony
Published: August 2009

This article examines the policy of using target-setting and measurement to deliver on the United Nations’ (UN) development goals. Using evidence from similar monitoring and management strategies in the United Kingdom (UK), we question the purpose of using process and outcome targets and suggest that this approach can be counter-productive. It can also lead to a situation where maintaining public relations and image is prioritised at the expense of making real impacts on key development issues. While the UN's aims are praiseworthy, we suggest that the somewhat simplistic methodology adopted is damaging to the very people that the UN is seeking to help.
The Influence of Two Hospitals’ Designs and Policies on Social Interaction and Privacy as Coping Factors for Children With Cancer and Their Families
Authors: Rollins Judy Ann
Published: August 2009

Children with cancer and their families benefit from both social interaction and privacy in attempting to cope with the stresses of a child’s hospitalization and illness. An analysis of findings from a study of stress and coping for children with cancer evaluated design features affecting social interaction and privacy at a hospital in the United Kingdom and a hospital in the United States and some of the ways in which these features and related hospital policies uphold the philosophy of family-centered care and support coping. Implications of these findings with the current call for single occupancy rooms in both countries are explored.
Off-Therapy Headaches in Pediatric Brain Tumor Patients: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Johnson Ann H. , Jordan Cathy , Mazewski Claire M.
Published: August 2009

To determine the incidence, timing, and characteristics of headaches in a population of off-therapy pediatric brain tumor patients, a retrospective chart review was conducted on 3 subpopulations of children followed in a multidisciplinary neuro-oncology clinic in the Southeastern United States. Data collected included tumor type and location, treatment, associated symptoms, and description and timing of headaches. In all, 81 charts were reviewed from which headaches in 3 subtypes of tumors were identified (29 medulloblastomas, 36 cerebellar juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas [JPAs], and 16 craniopharyngiomas). Off-therapy headaches were noted in 6 (21%) of medulloblastomas, 10 (28%) of JPAs, and 19 (56%) of craniopharyngiomas. Almost half of those patients with prediagnosis headaches had recurrent off-therapy headaches. Given the incidence of this symptom, headache must be highlighted in posttreatment and late effects monitoring.Whether provided by the oncology team or primary care provider, headache assessment, treatment, and prevention counseling can be improved through utilization of newly developed tools and written educational materials. Experienced nurses can play key roles in this aspect of posttreatment pediatric care of brain tumor patients.
Multiple Symptoms in Pediatric Oncology Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Baggott Christina , Dodd Marylin , Kennedy Christine , Marina Neyssa , Miaskowski Christine
Published: August 2009

Clinical experience suggests that children with cancer experience multiple symptoms as a result of their disease and/ or its treatment. These symptoms may have a negative impact on children’s ability to function and on their quality of life. No systematic review has summarized the findings from studies that assessed multiple symptoms in these patients. The purposes of this article are to summarize the findings from the studies of multiple symptoms in pediatric oncology patients and to describe directions for future research. Although there has been a recent increase in the studies of the multiple symptoms in pediatric cancer patients, only 9 studies were found that met the inclusion criteria for this review. Thus, little is known about the relationships between demographic and clinical characteristics and the occurrence of multiple symptoms. Additional research is warranted on the prevalence and impact of multiple symptoms, particularly among homogeneous samples of patients. Future directions for symptom studies in pediatric oncology include symptom cluster research and the search for biological bases for the untoward effects of cancer treatment.
Feasibility and Preliminary Outcomes From a Pilot Study of Coping Skills Training for Adolescent—Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer and Their Parents
Authors: Judge Santacroce Sheila , Asmus Kirsten , Kadan-Lottick Nina , Grey Margaret
Published: August 2009

Uncertainty is a central feature of long-term childhood cancer survivorship during which time it principally has to do with late effects. Therefore, the purposes of this article are (a) to assess feasibility of a randomized clinical trial of a telephone-delivered coping skills training (CST) intervention in terms of recruitment, retention, and timeline, as well as the performance of the study measures; and (b) to demonstrate trends in change on outcomes within the context of a small pilot study. The results of this pilot study suggest that HEROS PLUS CST has clinical relevance and that in-person long-term follow-up plus telephone-delivered psychosocial care is a practical way to deliver integrated care to adolescent—young adult childhood cancer survivors and their parents.
The Development and Empirical Validation of a Multidimensional Measurement Instrument for Team Learning Behaviors
Authors: Savelsbergh Chantal M. J. H. , van der Heijden Beatrice I. J. M. , Poell Rob F.
Published: August 2009

The importance of teamwork to organizational success in today’s economy has been emphasized in literature for well over a decade. Effective teamwork can only be sustained, however, if it is supported by a process of team learning. Following Edmondson, the authors regard team learning as a group process comprising several concrete learning behaviors. The aim of this article is to report on the development of a conceptual framework and its operationalization into a measurement instrument for behaviors associated with team learning. A better understanding of these distinctive behaviors and their impact on team performance may help tailor interventions aimed at improving team performance. Based on a survey among 19 operational teams in the Dutch banking sector, the authors validated a multidimensional instrument for team learning behaviors. To prevent common-method bias, they used a multirater approach with two respondent groups, namely, team members and leaders (representing the insiders of the team), on one hand, as well as supervisors (representing the external stakeholders of the team), on the other hand. The data indicated a positive relationship between several team learning behaviors and team performance, and partly confirmed their theoretical model.
The Lived Experience of Hepatitis C and its Treatment Among Injecting Drug Users: Qualitative Synthesis
Authors: Treloar Carla , Rhodes Tim
Published: August 2009

Hepatitis C virus infection is a stigmatized condition because of its close association with injecting drug use. There is a need to explore how people who inject drugs (IDUs) perceive hepatitis C, including in relation to treatment experience. We undertook a review, using a qualitative synthesis approach, of English-language qualitative research focusing on the lived experience of hepatitis C among IDUs. The review included 25 published articles representing 20 unique studies. A synthesis of this literature generated three interplaying themes: social stigma, biographical adaptation, and medical and treatment encounters. Interactions with health systems can reproduce stigma linked to drug injecting and hepatitis C, as well as trivialize the lived experience of diagnosis and illness. Hepatitis C can be biographically reinforcing of socially accommodated risk and spoiled identity, as well as disruptive to everyday life. We hypothesize hepatitis C as a liminal illness experience, oscillating between trivial and serious, normalized and stigmatized, public and personal. We conclude by emphasizing the disconnects between the lived experience of hepatitis C among IDUs and Western health care system responses.
The Significance of Social Engagement in Relocated Older Adults
Authors: Dupuis-Blanchard Suzanne , Neufeld Anne , Strang Vicki R.
Published: August 2009

Social networks and social support are recognized as important determinants of health. Relocation is a common transition in older adults’ lives that can disrupt existing social networks and challenge seniors to reconstitute these networks. Social engagement is a required component of the process of reconstituting social relationships and of feeling connected. The purpose of this focused ethnographic study was to develop an understanding of the experience of social engagement in relocated residents of a senior-designated apartment building. Data generation included interviews with 19 older adults. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Seniors developed four types of relationships for provision of feelings of security, casual interactions, opportunity to be supportive, and friendship. The findings of this research provide a better understanding of the relationships seniors developed in a new community as a result of the process of social engagement.
Health Materials and Strategies for the Prevention of Immigrants’ Weight-Related Problems
Authors: Ferrari Manuela , Tweed Stacey , Anneke Rummens Joanna , Skinner Harvey A. , McVey Gail
Published: August 2009

Existing health education materials dealing with healthy eating, active living, and body image were examined by immigrant parents of elementary school children to determine their relevance, cultural competence, and accessibility. A total of 13 immigrant mothers from Sri Lanka and China participated in a series of three focus groups. Study findings indicate that the present health education materials intended to help prevent weight-related problems could be improved to better meet the needs of new immigrant families. Immigrant mothers who participated in the study expressed their preferences for health education materials and prevention interventions undertaken in a culturally relevant/competent, knowledge-sharing, participatory manner. Acting on these suggestions could help practitioners and public health agencies develop more effective strategies that meet the requirements of ethno-cultural immigrant communities.
Hooking Up and Sexual Risk Taking Among College Students: A Health Belief Model Perspective
Authors: Downing-Matibag Teresa M. , Geisinger Brandi
Published: August 2009

“Hooking up” with friends, strangers, and acquaintances is a popular way for college students to experience sexual intimacy without investing in relationships. Because hooking up often occurs in situations in which prophylactics against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are not available or in which students’ judgment is impaired, it can involve risky behaviors that compromise student health. As such, in-depth studies of the factors related to sexual risk taking during hookups are needed, to advance preventive research and programming. Based on semistructured interviews with 71 college students about their hooking-up experiences, the findings of this study demonstrate that the Health Belief Model can serve as a useful framework for understanding sexual risk taking during hooking up, and offers suggestions for sexual risk-prevention programs on college campuses. The results demonstrate why students’ assessments of their own and their peers’ susceptibility to STIs are often misinformed. The findings also show how situational characteristics, such as spontaneity, undermine students’ sexual self-efficacy.
Pubertal Development in Mexican American Girls: The Family’s Perspective
Authors: Thelus Jean Rosenie , Bondy Melissa L. , Wilkinson Anna V. , Forman Michele R.
Published: August 2009

Mexican American (MA) girls are entering puberty earlier than in the past, yet few studies have explored the perceptions surrounding puberty among this group. We conducted separate focus groups for fathers, mothers, and daughters aged 6 to 12 years to explore perceptions of body image, pubertal development, communications, and sources of puberty-related information in MA participants. Our results revealed parental concerns about daughters’ weight and pubertal development, as well as differences in their communication with their daughters. Although both parents willingly discussed pubertal issues concerning their daughters, mothers had a more active role in conveying pubertal information to daughters. Among the girls, there was a gap in knowledge about the pubertal process between the younger and older girls. Our findings present opportunities and challenges for addressing obesity as a pubertal risk factor in MA girls; however, more studies are needed to understand family beliefs and sociocultural dynamics surrounding puberty in MAs.
Strengths and Challenges in the Use of Interpretive Description: Reflections Arising From a Study of the Moral Experience of Health Professionals in Humanitarian Work
Authors: Hunt Matthew R.
Published: August 2009

Interpretive description is a qualitative research methodology aligned with a constructivist and naturalistic orientation to inquiry. The aim of interpretive description, a relatively new qualitative methodology, is to generate knowledge relevant for the clinical context of applied health disciplines. To date there has been little discussion in the literature of the particular merits and limitations of this methodological framework. In this article I draw on my experience of using interpretive description as methodology for an inquiry into the moral experience of clinicians in humanitarian work. I identify and discuss strengths and challenges that can arise in the application of interpretive description. Strengths identified include a coherent logic and structure, an orientation toward the generation of practice-relevant findings, and attention to disciplinary biases and commitments. Challenges include limited resources for situating the methodology, challenges in employing a lesser-known methodology, and uncertainty regarding the degree of interpretation to seek.
Recreating the Arsenal of Venice: Using Experiential Activities to Teach the History of Management
Authors: Stovall Steven Austin
Published: August 2009

In works by Van Fleet and Wren and by Smith, a strong case is made for including a greater emphasis on the historical aspects of management in undergraduate introductory-level management courses. This article builds on these two works by providing specific experiential activities to assist instructors who wish to offer more depth to their classroom discussions on the history of management. Specifically, three exercises are provided that address key managerial concepts such as the assembly line, interchangeable parts, team building, the Hawthorne Effect, and the four functions of management. In addition, the first part of the article reiterates the importance of including more management history in an undergraduate principles course. Two appendices offer additional experiential activities and a brief timeline of management history milestones.
Taking Stock of Management Education: A Comparison of Three Management Education Journals
Authors: Beatty Joy E. , Leigh Jennifer S. A.
Published: August 2009

The scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) relies on peer review of scholarship. Although definitions of SoTL vary by discipline, publication of SoTL research is considered an especially robust form of peer review. Understanding the similarities and differences in the management pedagogy publication outlets can help researchers develop their work for publication. This study analyzes the focus and format of the core management pedagogy journals: Journal of Management Education , Academy of Management Learning & Education, and Management Learning. Mission, format, author characteristics, topics, and distinct topic concentrations are examined and compared; an analysis of core concentrations for each journal is presented. Results show distinct topic concentrations for the three journals and higher representation of authors from U.S.-based, research-intensive universities. Findings highlight questions for consideration regarding how SoTL is defined in management.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio for Operating Window Using Unified Methodology
Authors: Sharma Naresh K. , Cudney Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2009

Operating window is a particular case of multi-variate system in which the objective is to make the system robust with respect to one particular factor in the presence of others. The signal-to-noise ratio of an operating window is the addition of the signal-to-noise ratios at the lower and upper thresholds of the window. Linear transformation on the lower threshold and reciprocal transformation on the upper threshold tend to render different weights at these thresholds, which results in an imbalanced optimization of a nondynamic operating window. In this article, a new signal-to-noise ratio for an operating window based on the unified methodology is proposed to reduce or eliminate this bias. Advantages of this methodology are discussed and an example is used to demonstrate the proposed methodology and compare with an existing methodology.
A Concurrent Design Method Based on DFMA—FEA Integrated Approach
Authors: Giudice F. , Ballisteri F. , Risitano G.
Published: August 2009

This article proposes a methodological statement and a design procedure based on an integrated approach combining finite element analysis (FEA) tools, and an instrument oriented at improving the design solutions in terms of ease of production, according to the principles of design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA). The result of an overview on product development theoretical models, with particular regard to the evolutionary mechanisms for converging on the final solution which characterize the design process, and of a review on the implementation of concurrent engineering principles, the proposed approach was expressly devised to introduce integrated and simultaneous interventions into design practice, in a way that makes the use of FEA and DFMA instruments as proactive as possible, consequently favoring the effectiveness of design choices, in order to limit the iterative processes of improvement and thereby reduce the burden they present. As evidenced by the results of a case study, this approach can allow the principal constructional characteristics of the preliminary design to be redefined in a way which simplifies manufacture and assembly processes, while guaranteeing and sometimes improving the structural functionality of the product, to the full advantage of product quality and the containment of production times and costs.
Multi-response Problem with Adaptive Weight Consideration by Using Weight Aggregator and ANNs
Authors: Hsieh Kun-Lin
Published: August 2009

This study proposes a procedure incorporating artificial neural networks technique with adaptive weight consideration to address parameter optimization of a multiple responses problem. No matter what type of the experimental designs being employed, the proposed approach can be directly employed. Besides, the consistency and difference among several evaluations among those multiple responses can also be studied via the designed aggregation weight values in our proposed procedure. An illustrative example owing to the lead frame manufacturer in Taiwan is also employed to demonstrate the feasibility and rationality of the proposed procedure.
Programmable Intermittent Pneumatic Compression as a Component of Therapy for Breast Cancer Treatment-Related Truncal and Arm Lymphedema
Authors: Hammond Tina M. , Mayrovitz Harvey N.
Published: August 2009

Lymphedema is a chronic condition often requiring lifelong treatment to avoid worsening of extremity and trunk swelling with concomitant complications. The physiological basis for truncal treatment, although clinically recognized, until recently, was not well documented. Herein, we expand on earlier work by reporting on clinical outcomes, therapist observations, and subjective impressions of five patients with truncal lymphedema whose in-home self-treatment includes the Flexitouch ® system (FT) pneumatic device. Patients received in-clinic complete decongestive therapy and in-home self-care including FT. Results, determined after 2 months of treatment, showed reductions in trunk and arm swelling, fibrotic tissue softening, pain reduction, and improved range of motion and flexibility. Patients reported that FT was easy and comfortable to use and enhanced in-home compliance. Results suggest that limb and trunk lymphedema can be effectively treated in the home with an advanced programmable pneumatic device with truncal coverage, such as the FT system.
Democracy’s Nemesis
Authors: Giroux Henry A.
Published: August 2009

This essay focuses on how higher education has been reshaped under the influence of a market rationality, however devalued recently, that continues to license out the university as a storefront, reconfigure governance on the model of a discredited business model, reduce faculty to contract labor, and position students largely as customers. Against the increasing corporatization of higher education, the essay calls for reclaiming education as crucial to the project of democratization, educating students to be willing and able to engage the relationship between equality and social justice as fundamental to public life, and provide the conditions for educators to connect their teaching to broader social issues.
The effects of repetitive compression on nerve conduction and blood flow in the rabbit sciatic nerve
Authors: Yoshii Y. , Nishiura Y. , Terui N. , Hara Y. , Saijilafu  , Ochiai Naoyuki
Published: August 2009

The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of repetitive compression on nerve physiology in an experimental rabbit model. We defined 80 mmHg as a compression force which caused temporary disturbance of nerve conduction and blood flow with a brief compression. The following compressions were applied for 30 minutes to rabbit sciatic nerves: continuous compression, low frequency release compression (1 second of release time every 30 seconds) and high frequency release compression (1 second of release time every 10 seconds). Compound nerve action potentials and nerve blood flow were evaluated from the start of compression until 30 minutes after release. Endoneurial microvascular permeability was evaluated with Evans Blue albumin. The repetitive compression groups showed delay in recovery of compound nerve action potentials and blood flow after release, with endoneurial oedema. These findings suggest that repetitive compression may increase the risk of breakdown of the blood nerve barrier.
Intra-articular distal ulnar fractures associated with distal radial fractures in older adults: early experience in fixation of the radius and leaving the ulna unfixed
Authors: NAMBA J. , FUJIWARA T. , MURASE T. , KYO T. , SATOH I. , TSUDA T.
Published: August 2009

There is no clear consensus about the best management of intra-articular distal ulnar fractures associated with distal radial fractures in older adults. We describe a treatment wherein the distal radial fractures were securely fixed with a palmar plate, leaving the associated ulnar fractures unfixed. The wrists of 14 patients with a mean age of 74 years were reviewed at an average of 18 months after surgery. The results were excellent in 11 cases and good in three, according to the modified Gartland and Werley score. All fracture sites displayed union, and there was no instability of the distal radioulnar joint. A widening of the distal radioulnar joint space was present in one wrist. Angular deformity of the distal ulnar metaphysis was seen in five wrists. This treatment could be an alternative to open reduction with internal fixation for intra-articular distal ulnar fractures in older adults.
Cost-effectiveness of MRI in managing suspected scaphoid fractures
Authors: HANSEN T. B. , PETERSEN R. B. , BARCKMAN J. , UHRE P. , LARSEN K.
Published: August 2009

In a cost-effectiveness study, we compared a treatment algorithm using repeated radiological examination with an algorithm using subacute MRI in patients with clinical signs of scaphoid fracture but normal initial radiography. Twenty-seven patients were included in both groups, and MRI reduced the immobilisation time from 20 days (range, 6–54) to 4 days (range, 1–19) and sick leave from 27 days (1–92) to 11 days (0–28). Use of MRI increased hospital costs by €151 ( P<0.05), but reduced non-hospital costs by €2869 ( P<0.05), making MRI cost-effective in the treatment of suspected scaphoid fractures.
Open reduction and plate fixation of dorsally displaced fractures of the distal radius: surgical technique, clinical and radiological outcome
Authors: Hems T. E. J. , Rooney B.
Published: August 2009

Thirty-five unstable dorsally displaced fractures of the distal radius in 34 patients (mean age 39) were studied; 28 fractures were intra-articular. All fractures had open reduction and fixation, through a dorsal approach, with mini-fragment plates placed between the first and second dorsal tendon compartments and deep to the fourth compartment. A congruous reduction of the articular surface was obtained in all cases. Twenty-four patients were available for follow-up (median 38 months). The Modified Mayo wrist score was excellent in 12 cases, good in four, and fair in eight. The median Patient Evaluation Measure score was 23.5. There were no cases of extensor tendon rupture. Radiographic assessment at follow-up showed a mean palmar angle of 6°. There was evidence of osteoarthritis in six patients who had had intra-articular fractures. Open reduction and plating gives satisfactory medium term results for treatment of displaced intra-articular fractures of the distal radius in young patients.
The effects of human amniotic membrane and periosteal autograft on tendon healing: experimental study in rabbits
Authors: Özbölük Ş. , Özkan Y. , Öztürk A. , Gül N. , Özdemır R. M. , Yanik K.
Published: August 2009

In this study, the effects of periosteal autograft and human amniotic membrane on tendon healing were compared. Forty-two New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups. Flexor digitorum fibularis tendons were cut and repaired with a modified Kessler technique and circumferential sutures in all groups. Tendon repair alone was carried out in group 1, tendon repair and application of human amniotic membrane was done in group 2 and tendon repair and application of periosteal autograft was done in group 3. Biomechanical and histopathological examinations were done 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. Biomechanical examination showed that group 3 was the strongest at weeks 2 and 6. Adhesion, inflammation and new bone formation showed no difference between groups at week 2. However, adhesion formation was found to be less in groups 2 and 3 than group 1 at week 6. The application of periosteal autograft might be useful in repair of tendon injuries.
A biomechanical evaluation of the relative load change in the joints of the wrist with ulnar shortening: a ‘handbag’ model
Authors: NYGAARD M. , NIELSEN N. S. , BOJSEN-MØLLER F.
Published: August 2009

The wrist joint is loaded not only while applying a proximally directed load but also, less obviously, while carrying a handbag. Ulnar shortening reduces pressure and relieves pain in the ulnocarpal joint. The present study evaluated the pressure distribution in the wrist joints with ulnar shortening and lengthening when applying traction to the flexed fingers while the fingers were loaded and unloaded. The compressive forces in the loaded wrist were distributed with 67% across the radiocarpal joint and 33% across the ulnocarpal joint. Shortening the ulna by 3 mm increased load in the radius to 80%. Lengthening of the ulna by 1 mm increased its load to 55%. The load share of the distal radioulnar joint was constant even when the ulna was shortened 3–4 mm. It seems advisable to shorten the ulna by 3 mm, since the increased load in the related joints are constant within a range of −2 to −4 mm.
Tendon transfer or tendon graft for ruptured finger extensor tendons in rheumatoid hands
Authors: Chung U. S. , Kim J. H. , Seo W. S. , Lee K. H.
Published: August 2009

We evaluated the clinical outcome of tendon reconstruction using tendon graft or tendon transfer and the parameters related to clinical outcome in 51 wrists of 46 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with finger extensor tendon ruptures. At a mean follow-up of 5.6 years, the mean metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint extension lag was 8° (range, 0–45) and the mean visual analogue satisfaction scale was 74 (range, 10–100). Clinical outcome did not differ significantly between tendon grafting and tendon transfer. The MP joint extension lag correlated with the patient’s satisfaction score, but the pulp-to-palm distance did not correlate with patient satisfaction. We conclude that both tendon grafting and tendon transfer are reliable reconstruction methods for ruptured finger extensor tendons in rheumatoid hands.