bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The long and winding road to new porphycenes
Authors: Czerski Igor , Listkowski Arkadiusz , Nawrocki Jan , Urbańska Natalia , Piwoński Hubert , Sokołowski Adam , Pietraszkiewicz Oksana , Pietraszkiewicz Marek , Waluk Jacek
Published: May 2012

We describe attempts — not always successful — made over the years to improve the efficiency of porphycene synthesis and to produce novel compounds, custom-designed for specific purposes. New porphycenes are reported, some of them obtained rather unexpectedly as by-products of the planned reactions. Structure and energy computations of possible tautomeric forms in porphycenes substituted by one, two, three, and four tert-butyl groups lead to predictions regarding the kinetics and mechanisms of intramolecular double hydrogen transfer. The occurrence of tautomerization in single molecules of tert-butylsubstituted porphycenes is demonstrated by using fluorescence polarization techniques.
Adsorption Kinetic Study of Poly(ethylene glycol) during Copper Electrodeposition by a Microfluidic Device
Authors: Saito Takeyasu , Miyamoto Yutaka , Hattori Sunao , Okamoto Naoki , Kondo Kazuo
Published: May 2012

The adsorption behaviour of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), used during copper electrodeposition was investigated by using a microfluidic device for electrochemical analysis. First, the effective surface coverage ratio (θEFF) of the electrodes was obtained based on a model in which the current-density transition curve relates to the θEFF of PEG. Then, PEG concentration (c
PEG) and average flow velocity (u) dependency of θEFF were evaluated. The θEFF increased with increasing c
PEG and then reached saturation at 0.65 when the c
PEG exceeded 200 ppm. The θEFF was independent of u; however, the time to reach saturation decreased with decreasing u.
Characterization of Chemically Vapor Deposited Manganese Barrier Layers Using X-ray Absorption Fine Structure
Authors: Ablett James M. , Wilson Christopher J. , Phuong Nguyen Mai , Koike Junichi , Tokei Zsolt , Sterbinsky George E. , Woicik Joseph C.
Published: May 2012

Chemical vapor deposition of manganese (CVD-Mn) on silicon dielectrics allows the growth of manganese silicate/oxide for use as an effective barrier material for Cu interconnects and is currently under intense evaluation for integration into future sub-22 nm technology. Employing fluorescence X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements, we explore the chemical and structural makeup of the barrier layer formation on both SiO2 and low-k dielectrics.
Atomic Layer Deposited Co(W) Film as a Single-Layered Barrier/Liner for Next-Generation Cu-Interconnects
Authors: Shimizu Hideharu , Sakoda Kaoru , Momose Takeshi , Shimogaki Yukihiro
Published: May 2012

Cobalt film with tungsten addition [Co(W)] has the potential to be an effective single-layered barrier/liner in interconnects awing to its good adhesion with Cu, a lower resistivity than TaN, and an improved barrier property with respect to cobalt films. Our previous study on chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) Co(W) using carbonyl precursors clarified, however, that WO3 included in the films increased the resistivity. In this current study, to reduce the resistivity of Co(W), oxygen-free Co(W) films were fabricated from two oxygen-free precursors, bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt and bis(cyclopentadienyl)tungstendihydride, by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using NH2 radicals generated using a hot filament. Results revealed that (a) W concentration in ALD-Co(W) could be controlled by adjusting the gas-feed sequences, (b) W addition improved the barrier property of ALD-Co(W) against Cu diffusion, (c) diffusion of Cu into ALD-Co(W) had a high activation energy, 2.0 eV, indicating interstitial diffusion, and (d) ALD-Co(W) consisted mainly of an amorphous-like phase, which is consistent with the high activation energy of Cu diffusion.
Robust Ultralow-k Dielectric (Fluorocarbon) Deposition by Microwave Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Kikuchi Yoshiyuki , Miyatani Kotaro , Kobayashi Yasuo , Kawamura Kohei , Nemoto Takenao , Nakamura Masahiro , Matsumoto Hirokazu , Ito Azumi , Shirotori Akihide , Nozawa Toshihisa , Matsuoka Takaaki
Published: May 2012

A robust fluorocarbon film was successfully deposited on a substrate at a temperature above 400 °C by the new microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MWPE-CVD) method using the linear C5F8 precursor instead of a conventional cyclic C5F8 one. The fluorocarbon performed keeping the dielectric constant low as a value of 2.25 by controlling the molecular structure forming cross-linked poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) chains with configurational carbon atoms. The novel fluorocarbon demonstrates less fluorine degassing at an elevated temperature, with high mechanical strength and without degradation of adhesion of the fluorocarbon film to SiCN and SiO
x
stacked films after thermal stress at 400 °C and 1 atm N2 for 1 h. Consequently, this robust fluorocarbon film is considered a promising candidate for general porous silicon materials with applications to practical integration processes as an interlayer dielectric.
Characterization and Control of Nanostructure Size Variation
Authors: Hata Nobuhiro , Akinaga Hiro
Published: May 2012

Results from the characterization of the size variation of nanostructures in a series of thin films prepared by varying a component fraction in the precursor solution are reported and discussed in terms of the physics and chemistry behind the variation. Changes in the refractive index and thickness upon vapor adsorption were used to calculate the adsorbed volume as a function of vapor pressure and then analyzed to obtain size, size variation, and total volume of nanostructures in the films. With an increasing amount of dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDEOS) in precursor solution, the condensation polymerization reaction proceeded to decrease the silanol group concentration, increasing the ≡Si–O–Si≡ network connectivity number (m) and Young's modulus (E) of the resultant film. With further increase of the DMDEOS concentration, the methyl group concentration in film was increased with decreasing m and E. It was demonstrated that the experimentally observed dependence of the nanostructure size variation reflects the physics and chemistry behind the preparation processes, and provides a good insight into a strategy for minimizing the variability.
A Study on Electrical Resistance of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Metal Contacts Using Simplified Test Structure
Authors: Saito Tatsuro , Wada Makoto , Isobayashi Atsunobu , Yamazaki Yuichi , Katagiri Masayuki , Kitamura Masayuki , Ito Ban , Matsumoto Takashi , Sakuma Naoshi , Kajita Akihiro , Sakai Tadashi
Published: May 2012

In order to realize a high conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) via structure, an accurate evaluation of electrical properties of CNTs and their metal contacts is essential. We succeeded in evaluating the resistance of CNTs and their contacts individually by using our proposed test method and test structure. The contact resistance of CNTs to metals was dependent on the types of contacting metals, which can be explained by the Gibbs energy of oxide formation and differences in work functions of each metal with CNTs and adhesion property. Ti and Pd had common chemical and mechanical characteristics and showed the lowest contact resistance with CNTs among contact metals we used.
Fabrication and Characterization of Planarized Carbon Nanotube Via Interconnects
Authors: Katagiri Masayuki , Wada Makoto , Ito Ban , Yamazaki Yuichi , Suzuki Mariko , Kitamura Masayuki , Saito Tatsuro , Isobayashi Atsunobu , Sakata Atsuko , Sakuma Naoshi , Kajita Akihiro , Sakai Tadashi
Published: May 2012

We fabricate planarized carbon nanotube (CNT) via interconnects using chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). The selective growth of CNT bundles in via holes and the filling of spin-on-glass into the space among the CNTs are performed, followed by a CMP process. The via resistance is reduced by post-CMP treatment and post-annealing due to the improvement in the top contact formation. The measured CNT via resistance is higher than the CNT bundle resistance estimated from the measured resistance of an individual CNT. This indicates that contact resistance is higher than the CNT resistance in the CNT via interconnect.
Synchronized Multiple-Array Vibrational Device for Microelectromechanical System Electrostatic Energy Harvester
Authors: Ono Kazuyoshi , Sato Norio , Shimamura Toshishige , Ugajin Mamoru , Sakata Tomomi , Mutoh Shin'ichiro , Kodate Junichi , Jin Yoshito , Sato Yasuhiro
Published: May 2012

In this paper, we describe a novel structure of a vibrational micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) device for power generation enhancement. A synchronized multiple-array vibrational device, in which movable plates are connected by rods, increases the area of the movable plate in the energy conversion region and couples the phase of movement. The fabricated device resonates at approximately 1430 Hz with an acceleration amplitude of 6 m/s2and nanoampere-order AC current is generated. These results confirm that this MEMS vibrational device will contribute to the progress in energy harvesting.
Planar Solenoidal Inductor in Radio Frequency Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems Technology for Variable Inductor with Wide Tunable Range and High Quality Factor
Authors: Shirane Atsushi , Ito Hiroyuki , Ishihara Noboru , Masu Kazuya
Published: May 2012

A planar solenoidal inductor for the realization of a variable inductor with a wide tunable range and a high quality factor (Q-factor) is proposed in this work. Prototype inductors are designed and fabricated using a two-metal micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) process to demonstrate the potential use of the tunability of the inductance and the Q-factor. Inductance tuning from 1 to 3.3 nH was achieved and the tunability obtained was as high as 230% at 2 GHz. A Q-factor of more than 20 was observed in the frequency range of 2.5 to 6 GHz.
Effects of Temperature and Current Stressing on the Intermetallic Compounds Growth Characteristics of Cu Pillar/Sn–3.5Ag Microbump
Authors: Kwak Byoung-Hyun , Jeong Myeong-Hyeok , Park Young-Bae
Published: May 2012

The mechanical and electrical reliability of Cu/Sn–3.5Ag microbumps under both annealing and current-stressing conditions were systematically evaluated. Intermetallic compound (IMC) growth was controlled by a diffusion-dominant mechanism and a chemical reaction-dominant mechanism with annealing and current-stressing time, respectively. The transition time for IMC phase change had an inverse relationship with current density because of the electron wind force under current stressing conditions. The shear strength and IMC thickness increased monotonically with annealing time at 150 °C, while the amount of solder decreased. It was clearly revealed that strong correlations exist between IMC growth kinetics, shear strength, and fracture modes in Cu/solder microbumps.
Effect of Interfacial Microstructures on the Bonding Strength of Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu Pb-Free Solder Bump
Authors: Kim Jae-Myeong , Jeong Myeong-Hyeok , Yoo Sehoon , Park Young-Bae
Published: May 2012

The effect of interfacial microstructures on the bonding strength of Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu Pb-free solder bumps with respect to the loading speed, annealing time, and surface finish was investigated. The shear strength increased and the ductility decreased with increasing shear speed, primarily because of the time-independent plastic hardening and time-dependent strain-rate sensitivity of the solder alloy. The shear strength and toughness decreased for all surface finishes under the high-speed shear test of 500 mm/s as a result of increasing intermetallic compound (IMC) growth and pad interface weakness associated with increased annealing time. The immersion Sn and organic solderability preservative (OSP) finishes showed lower shear strength compared to the electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) finish. With increasing annealing time, the ENIG finish exhibited the pad open fracture mode, whereas the immersion Sn and OSP finishes exhibited the brittle fracture mode. In addition, the shear strength of the solder joints was correlated with each fracture mode.
Performance Evaluation Method of Chemical Mechanical Polishing Pad Conditioner Using Digital Image Correlation Processing
Authors: Uneda Michio , Omote Tatsunori , Ishikawa Ken-ichi , Ichikawa Koichiro , Doi Toshiro , Kurokawa Syuhei , Ohnishi Osamu
Published: May 2012

In chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), conditioning is generally used for the regeneration of the pad surface texture. Currently, the performance evaluation of conditioners depends on the user's experience so that it is important to develop a novel quantitative evaluation method for conditioner performance. In this paper, we propose a novel evaluation method for conditioner performance using digital image correlation (DIC) processing. The proposed method can measure the in-plane micro-deformation distribution of the pad surface texture by conditioning. It is found that a pad surface deforms over 40 µm with conditioning and that the in-plane deformation value increases with a decrease in the mesh size of conditioner grains.
Spatial Fourier Transform Analysis of Polishing Pad Surface Topography
Authors: Khajornrungruang Panart , Kimura Keiichi , Okuzono Takahisa , Suzuki Keisuke , Kushida Takashi
Published: May 2012

The spatial Fourier transform analysis is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the irregular topography of the conditioned chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) pad surface. We discuss the power spectrum in the spatial wavelengths of the surface topographies corresponding to polishing time. We conclude that the spatial wavelength of less than 5 µm in the topography yielded high material removal rates.
Effects of Polarization Azimuth of Writing Beams on Diffraction Properties in Vector Holograms Using Radially Polarized Light
Authors: Ono Hiroshi , Matsumoto Taro , Sasaki Tomoyuki , Kawatsuki Nobuhiro
Published: May 2012

It is very important for realizing the polarization-multiplex holographic memory to clarify the optical properties of vector holograms recorded using the inhomogeneous polarized beams. In the present paper we present a simple yet useful method using the radially polarized writing beams to systematically investigate the optical properties of complicated vector holograms and preliminary data about effects of polarization azimuth of writing beams on diffraction properties. The diffraction properties of the vector holograms written in the azobenzene-containing polymers were strongly dependent on the angle between the grating vector and polarization azimuth of the writing beam. Considering the above-mentioned dependence, the theoretical calculation on the basis of Jones calculus revealed optical properties of the vector holograms written by various types of radially polarized beams.
Negative Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in γ'-Fe4N Epitaxial Films on SrTiO3(001) Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Ito Keita , Kabara Kazuki , Takahashi Hirokazu , Sanai Tatsunori , Toko Kaoru , Suemasu Takashi , Tsunoda Masakiyo
Published: May 2012

We observed the negative anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) effect in γ'-Fe4N epitaxial films grown on SrTiO3(001) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. The AMR ratio was increased immediately below 50 K. The angular dependence of AMR ratio contained not only cos
2θ but also cos
4θ components, and the sign of Fourier coefficient of cos
4θ term was changed around 10 K. These behaviors are in good agreement with those already reported for γ'-Fe4N pseudo-single-crystal films on MgO(001) substrates formed by sputtering. These behaviors might be attributed to temperature dependence of electronic or magnetic structure specific to γ'-Fe4N.
The “Oblique Popliteal Ligament”: A Macro- and Microanalysis to Determine If It Is a Ligament or a Tendon
Authors: Benninger Brion , Delamarter Taylor
Published: May 2012

Introduction. This study investigated the importance of the “oblique popliteal ligament” (OPL), and challenges its alleged ligament status. The currently named OPL is indigenous to the distal semimembranosus (SMT); therefore, by definition is not a ligament inserting from bone to bone. Clinically, a muscle-tendon unit is different then a ligament regarding proprioception and surgery. Methods. Literature search was conducted on texts, journals and websites regarding the formation of the OPL. Dissection of 70 knees included macro analysis, harvesting OPL, distal SMT and LCL samples and performing immunohistochemistry to 16 knees with antibody staining to the OPL, distal SMT and LCL. Results. All but one text claimed the OPL receives fibers from SMT. Macro dissection of 70 knees revealed the OPL forming from the distal SMT (100%). Microanalysis of OPL, distal SMT and LCL samples from 16 knees demonstrated expression of nervous tissue within selected samples. Discussion. No journals or texts have hypothesized that the OPL is a tendon. Clinically it is important we know the type of tissue for purposes of maximizing rehabilitation and surgical techniques. Conclusion. This study suggests the OPL be considered the oblique popliteal tendon as a result of the macro and micro evidence revealed.
Crystal Structure and Thermal Behavior of Two New Supramolecular Complexes Templated with 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic Acid
Authors: Gao Ling-Ling , Liu Yan , Lv Xu-Yan , Liu Jian-Feng , Hu Tuo-Ping
Published: May 2012

Templated coordination polymers [Ni(H2O)4(bipy)](BTA)0.5·H2O (1) and [Co(H2O)4(bipy)](BTA)0.5·H2O (2) (bipy = 4,4′-Bipyridine, H4BTA = 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic Acid) were synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder diffraction, elemental analysis, IR, and thermogravimetric analysis. Both of complexes 1 and 2 are monoclinic crystal system, C2/c space group, and isostructural. The unit of the structure, the metal ion is coordinated by four water molecules and two bipy molecules, is a slightly distorted octahedral configuration, and the carboxyl group from BTA4- ion doesn't coordinate with the metal ion, the H-bonding interactions further connect the mononuclear molecules to generate a 3D supramolecular complex.
Advanced Neuromonitoring and Imaging in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Friess Stuart H. , Kilbaugh Todd J. , Huh Jimmy W.
Published: May 2012

While the cornerstone of monitoring following severe pediatric traumatic brain injury is serial neurologic examinations, vital signs, and intracranial pressure monitoring, additional techniques may provide useful insight into early detection of evolving brain injury. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in neuromonitoring, neuroimaging, and biomarker analysis of pediatric patients following traumatic brain injury.
High-Performance Steel Bars and Fibers as Concrete Reinforcement for Seismic-Resistant Frames
Authors: Lepage Andres , Tavallali Hooman , Pujol Santiago , Rautenberg Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2012

Experimental data are presented for six concrete specimens subjected to displacement reversals. Two specimens were reinforced longitudinally with steel bars Grade 410 (60 ksi), two with Grade 670 (97 ksi), and two with Grade 830 (120 ksi). Other experimental variables included axial load (0 or 0.2fc′  Ag) and volume fraction of hooked steel fibers (0 or 1.5%). All transverse reinforcement was Grade 410, and the nominal concrete compressive strength was 41 MPa (6 ksi). The loading protocol consisted of repeated cycles of increasing lateral displacement reversals (up to 5% drift) followed by a monotonic lateral push to failure. The test data indicate that replacing conventional Grade-410 longitudinal reinforcement with reduced amounts of Grade-670 or Grade-830 steel bars did not cause a decrease in usable deformation capacity nor a decrease in flexural strength. The evidence presented shows that the use of advanced high-strength steel as longitudinal reinforcement in frame members is a viable option for earthquake-resistant construction.
Dissipativity Analysis of Linear State/Input Delay Systems
Authors: Cheng Guifang , Ding Zhishuai , Fang Jianyin
Published: May 2012

This paper discusses dissipativity problem for system of linear state/input delay equations. Motivated by dissipativity theory of control systems, we choose a new quadratic supply rate. Using the concept of dissipativity, necessary and sufficient conditions for the linear state/input delay systems to be dissipative and exponentially dissipative are derived. The connection of dissipativity with stability is also considered. Finally, passivity and finite gain are explored, correspondingly. The positive‐real and bounded‐real lemmas are derived.
[Retracted] Eigenvalue Comparisons for Second‐Order Linear Equations with Boundary Value Conditions on Time Scales
Authors: Zhang Chao , Sun Shurong
Published: May 2012

This paper studies the eigenvalue comparisons for second‐order linear equations with boundary conditions on time scales. Using results from matrix algebras, the existence and comparison results concerning eigenvalues are obtained.
An Implicit Algorithm for Maximal Monotone Operators and Pseudocontractive Mappings
Authors: Li Hong-Jun , Liou Yeong-Cheng , Li Cun-Lin , Noor Muhammad Aslam , Yao Yonghong
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this paper is to construct an implicit algorithm for finding the
common solution of maximal monotone operators and strictly pseudocontractive
mappings in Hilbert spaces. Some applications are also included.
An Investigation of the Relationship between the Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Polyphenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activities of Cooked andIn VitroDigested Culinary Herbs
Authors: Chohan Magali , Naughton Declan P. , Jones Lucy , Opara Elizabeth I.
Published: May 2012

There is little research on how cooking and digestion affect the anti-inflammatory activity of culinary herbs. Thus, the aim of this paper was to investigate this activity following cooking andin vitrodigestion of the common culinary herbs, rosemary, sage, and thyme, and the relationship between their anti-inflammatory activity, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity. The anti-inflammatory activity of uncooked (U), cooked (C), cooked andin vitrodigested (C&D), and standardised (STD, 30 mg/mL) culinary herbs was assessed by measuring their effect on interleukin 8 (IL-8) release from stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and Caco-2 cells. The trolox equivalent capacity (TEAC) and estimated total phenolic content of the herbs were also determined. There was a significant decrease in IL-8 release from PBLs stimulated with H2O2incubated with (U), (C), (C&D), and (STD) herbs and from Caco-2 cells stimulated with TNFαincubated with (C&D) and (STD) herbs. PBLs pre-incubated with (C&D) herbs prior to stimulation (H2O2or TNFα) caused a significant inhibition in IL-8 release. The significant correlations between TEAC and estimated phenolic content and the anti-inflammatory activity suggest a possible contributory role of polyphenols to the anti-inflammatory activity of the culinary herbs investigated.
Application of Echocardiography on Transgenic Mice with Cardiomyopathies
Authors: Chen G. , Li Y. , Tian J. , Zhang L. , Jean-Charles P. , Gobara N. , Nan C. , Jin J.-P. , Huang X. P.
Published: May 2012

Cardiomyopathies are common cardiac disorders that primarily affect cardiac muscle resulting in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Transgenic mouse disease models have been developed to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying heart failure and sudden cardiac death observed in cardiomyopathy cases and to explore the therapeutic outcomes in experimental animals in vivo. Echocardiography is an essential diagnostic tool for accurate and noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function in experimental animals. Our laboratory has been among the first to apply high-frequency research echocardiography on transgenic mice with cardiomyopathies. In this work, we have summarized our and other studies on assessment of systolic and diastolic dysfunction using conventional echocardiography, pulsed Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging in transgenic mice with various cardiomyopathies. Estimation of embryonic mouse hearts has been performed as well using this high-resolution echocardiography. Some technical considerations in mouse echocardiography have also been discussed.
Nucleic Acids in Human Glioma Treatment: Innovative Approaches and Recent Results
Authors: Catuogno S. , Esposito C. L. , Quintavalle C. , Condorelli G. , de Franciscis V. , Cerchia L.
Published: May 2012

Gliomas are the most common primary central nervous system tumors with a dismal prognosis. Despite recent advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, current treatment regimens have a modest survival benefit. A crucial challenge is to deliver drugs effectively to invasive glioma cells residing in a sanctuary within the central nervous system. New therapies are essential, and oligonucleotide-based approaches, including antisense, microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, and nucleic acid aptamers, may provide a viable strategy. Thanks to their unique characteristics (low size, good affinity for the target, no immunogenicity, chemical structures that can be easily modified to improve their in vivo applications), these molecules may represent a valid alternative to antibodies particularly to overcome challenges presented by the blood-brain barrier. Here we will discuss recent results on the use of oligonucleotides that will hopefully provide new effective treatment for gliomas.
An Evaluation Methodology Development and Application Process for Severe Accident Safety Issue Resolution
Authors: Martin Robert P.
Published: May 2012

A general evaluation methodology development and application process (EMDAP) paradigm is described for the resolution of severe accident safety issues. For the broader objective of complete and comprehensive design validation, severe accident safety issues are resolved by demonstrating comprehensive severe-accident-related engineering through applicable testing programs, process studies demonstrating certain deterministic elements, probabilistic risk assessment, and severe accident management guidelines. The basic framework described in this paper extends the top-down, bottom-up strategy described in the U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Guide 1.203 to severe accident evaluations addressing U.S. NRC expectation for plant design certification applications.
Microsurgical Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe and Its Implications on Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery
Authors: Kucukyuruk Baris , Richardson R. Mark , Wen Hung Tzu , Fernandez-Miranda Juan Carlos , Rhoton Albert L.
Published: May 2012

Objective. We review the neuroanatomical aspects of the temporal lobe related to the temporal lobe epilepsy. The neuronal, the ventricular, and the vascular structures are demonstrated. Methods. The previous articles published from the laboratory of the senior author are reviewed. Results. The temporal lobe has four surfaces. The medial surface has a complicated microanatomy showing close relation to the intraventricular structures, such as the amygdala or the hippocampus. There are many white matter bundles in the temporal lobe showing relation to the extra- and intraventricular structures. The surgical approaches commonly performed to treat temporal lobe epilepsy are discussed under the light of these data. Conclusion. A thorough knowledge of the microanatomy is necessary in cortical, subcortical, and intraventricular structures of the temporal lobe to achieve better results.
Effect of Chronic Inhibition of Converting Enzyme on Renal Handling of Salt and Water: A Study on a Pediatric Population
Authors: Dieguez S.M. , Cánepa C.A. , Amorena C.
Published: May 2012

Background/Aims: The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEi) is amply documented in several pathological conditions. However, there are few reports about the effect of chronic ACEi on salt and water balance. The present work evaluates the effect of chronic ACEi on salt and water balance in a population of children receiving enalapril chronically in order to reduce albuminuria elicited by a uremic hemolytic syndrome. Methods: Nine children aged from 9 to 19 years with normal glomerular filtration rate, normotension and with urinary concentration capacity preserved were treated with enalapril with doses ranging between 0.1 and 0.30 mg/kg/day. Diuresis, urinary absolute and fractional excretion of Na+, K+ and urea, creatinine clearance, osmolal clearance and tubular water reabsorption were measured under three experimental procedures: (1) with free access to water; (2) with a water load and (3) with water restriction. In the last group urinary antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was measured. These tests were performed in a paired way, just before starting ACEi treatment and after 6 months of enalapril treatment. Results: Enalapril treatment diminished the urinary concentration capacity without affecting Na+ and K+ urinary excretion. Creatinine clearance was not modified except in the condition of water load where a fall in it was found after ACEi. ADH increased after enalapril treatment in children under water restriction. Conclusion: In these children chronic ACEi decreases urinary concentration capacity.
Association between Serum Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1α and Long-Term Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Kim Young Seo , Baek Wonki , Kim Mi K. , Kim Hyun Young , Lee Kyu-Yong , Lee Young Joo , Kim Seung Hyun , Chang Dae-Il , Koh Seong-Ho
Published: May 2012

Background: Stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) provides neurotrophic support to neurons. In this prospective study, we investigated the association between SDF-1α and long-term outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: This study included 104 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke, identified within 24 h of symptom onset. Serum samples were collected immediately after admission and 3 months thereafter, as well as from age- and sex-matched normal controls. The correlation between acute-stage serum SDF-1α and stroke severity were analyzed. Finally, the relationship between serum SDF-1α and long-term outcome was evaluated by multivariate analysis. Results: Serum SDF-1α levels were only higher in acute-stage stroke patients compared with the normal control group (p = 0.011). The serum SDF-1α level was increased in proportion to infarct volume (r = 0.220, p = 0.025) and initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (r = 0.275, p = 0.005). After adjustment for covariates, a high initial serum SDF-1α level (OR 1.167, p = 0.023) or second and third tertiles of SDF-1α level compared to first tertile (OR 4.644, p = 0.044 and OR 9.396, p = 0.025, respectively) were significantly associated with a favorable long-term outcome. Conclusions: This prospective study demonstrated a correlation between serum SDF-1α and favorable long-term outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
What Is the Quality of Pre-Dialysis Healthcare in the Czech Republic?
Authors: Smržová Jana , Urbánek Tomáš , Dvořák Martin , Sukeníková Michaela , Nehézová Katarína , Rychlík Ivan
Published: May 2012

Aim: The PREPARE study (PRE-dialysis healthcare in PAtients initiating Renal rEplacement therapy and its consequences) evaluates the quality of pre-dialysis healthcare in patients commencing dialysis treatment in the Czech Republic. Methods: 48% of Czech dialysis centers participating in this prospective multicenter observational study provided data on all consecutive patients starting renal replacement therapy during 24 weeks. Results: 68% out of 303 patients had nephrological pre-dialysis care lasting >6 months (57% diabetics). Peritoneal dialysis (PD) was chosen by 11.2%. 23.6% of patients were receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents while the mean hemoglobin level was 98.3 ±15.6 g/l. 36.1% of patients were taking phosphate binders while serum phosphates reached 1.90 ±0.61 mmol/l. 64.4% of patients had a functional arteriovenous fistula or PD catheter. 91.8% of the patients felt they were well informed about hemodialysis and 51.6% about PD. Physicians reported poor compliance of patients in 15.1% of cases, while the patients evaluated their own compliance as 9.4%. Conclusions: To conclude: (1) better pre-dialysis care and information are needed; (2) higher awareness on PD might increase its low popularity; (3) particular attention should be paid to diabetics due to their higher morbidity, a lower proportion considered for transplantation and a lower proportion referred to nephrologists by diabetologists, and (4) preemptive transplantation should be considered more often.
Endoscopic Closure of Iatrogenic Gastrointestinal Tract Perforations with the Over-the-Scope Clip
Authors: Gubler Christoph , Bauerfeind Peter
Published: May 2012

Background: Newer techniques such as mucosal resection, submucosal dissection and risky polypectomy will probably lead to increasing numbers of iatrogenic perforations. Reliable immediate closure of these lesions would increase safety and acceptance of the interventions. Methods: All acute directly observed perforations during diagnostic or therapeutic endoscopy were treated by the application of an over-the-scope clip. All consecutive patients from 2009 to August 2011 were followed in our tertiary referral center. The main outcome was technically successful closure of the perforation during endoscopy with a subsequent clinical observation for 24 h. Results: During the observation period, acute perforation occurred in 14 patients. All but 1 patient had technically successful treatment. Due to persistent abdominal pain, 3 patients had to be sent to the theater for laparoscopic evaluation after colon perforation. These 3 lesions were proven to be sealed and no resection of the colon was indicated. One patient with gastric adenocarcinoma had to be resected subtotally following endoscopic mucosal resection. Hospital stay ranged from 2 to 21 days. Conclusion: Directly observed perforations up to 30 mm diameter during endoscopy should be treated by deploying an over-the-scope clip. Endoscopists should be encouraged to be trained and to use over-the-scope clips in the stomach, duodenum and colon.
Assessment of Post-Stroke Fatigue: The Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions
Authors: Hubacher Martina , Calabrese Pasquale , Bassetti Claudio , Carota Antonio , Stöcklin Markus , Penner Iris-Katharina
Published: May 2012

Background/Aims: Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is an important but still controversial issue since knowledge on its nature is still humble. The aim of the present study was to characterize PSF beyond the subacute phase. Methods: Thirty-one stroke patients (gender: 6 female, 25 male; age range: 35–76 years; 28 patients with ischemic stroke, 3 patients with hemorrhagic stroke; mean delay after stroke: 50.65 ± 31.57 days) were recruited and assessed by measures of fatigue (Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions [FSMC], Fatigue Severity Scale, and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale), depression (Beck Depression Inventory Fast Screen), cognition (Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests) and upper and lower extremity functions (Nine-Hole Peg Test and 25-foot walk). Results: Depending on the different scales, PSF prevalence ranged from 16.1 to 58.1%. Depression measures correlated significantly (r(29) ≥ 0.46; p < 0.01) with the results of all fatigue scales. Seventy-one percent of patients showed cognitive deficits in at least one cognitive domain. Cognitive fatigue measured by one subscale of the FSMC correlated most significantly with mental speed, working memory, and verbal short-term memory, while the motor subscale was associated with upper and lower extremity functions, mental speed, visual short-term memory, and working memory. A differentiation between lesion localization and fatigue severity in the motor or cognitive domain was only possible when applying the FSMC. Patients with cortical lesions scored higher on the cognitive subscale, while patients with subcortical lesions showed higher physical subscale scores. Conclusion: The present pilot study revealed differences between lesion localization and subdomains of fatigue after stroke by applying a new fatigue scale (FSMC). The results underline the necessity for separate assessment of motor and cognitive fatigue in stroke patients.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Revealed by a Logopenic Variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia
Authors: Martory M.D. , Roth S. , Lövblad K.O. , Neumann M. , Lobrinus J.A. , Assal F.
Published: May 2012

Logopenic aphasia, mainly characterized by word anomia, sentence and phrase comprehension difficulties secondary to phonological loop deficits but relatively preserved single word comprehension and no agrammatism, is one of the 3 main variants of primary progressive aphasia (PPA). We describe the first case of PPA that fulfilled clinical criteria of logopenic aphasia but showed abnormal DWI hyperintensities that were predominant on the left hemisphere and compatible with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). After abnormally long isolated language deficits, the patient rapidly worsened and died. Autopsy performed 18 months after onset of language difficulties confirmed the diagnosis. We therefore advocate performing DWI sequences in any suspicion of PPA in order to rule out CJD.
Alterations of Deadenylase Expression in Acute Leukemias: Evidence for Poly(A)-Specific Ribonuclease as a Potential Biomarker
Authors: Maragozidis Panayiotis , Karangeli Maria , Labrou Maria , Dimoulou Georgia , Papaspyrou Konstantia , Salataj Eralda , Pournaras Spyridon , Matsouka Panagiota , Gourgoulianis Konstantinos I. , Balatsos Nikolaos A.A.
Published: May 2012

Background/Aims: The degradation of mRNA is a key process in the control of gene expression correlated to anomalous cell proliferation. The rate-limiting step of mRNA degradation is the removal of the poly(A) tail by deadenylases. However, studies on deadenylase expression in cancer are limited. Herein, we analyzed the expression of several deadenylases from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods: Clinical samples from patients diagnosed with ALL and AML were the source of leukemic cells. Extracts from leukemic and control cells were analyzed for deadenylase mRNA levels using qRT-PCR, and the protein levels of PARN and CNOT7 deadenylases using immunoblotting. Results: RT-PCR analysis revealed altered expression for CNOT6, CNOT6L, CNOT7 and PARN deadenylases. The most significant alterations were observed for PARN and CNOT7 mRNA levels, which also reflect on the cognate protein level. Further analysis revealed that a significant amount of PARN is phosphorylated in ALL. Conclusions: We show that the expression of several deadenylases in acute leukemias is altered. The increase of PARN expression and the alteration of its phosphorylation status indicate important regulatory events. These data suggest that the role of deadenylases as auxiliary biomarkers and therapeutic targets should be meticulously investigated.
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Chorioamnionitis Is Confined to One Amniotic Compartment in Twin Pregnant Sheep
Authors: Gantert Markus , Jellema Reint K. , Heineman Heike , Gantert Julia , Collins Jennifer J.P. , Seehase Matthias , Lambermont Verena A.C. , Keck Alexander , Garnier Yves , Zimmermann Luc J.I. , Kadyrov Mahmed , Gavilanes A.W. Danilo , Kramer Boris W.
Published: May 2012

Background: Chorioamnionitis is a major risk factor for preterm birth in multifetal pregnancies. However, there is little clinical data whether chorioamnionitis is restricted to one amniotic compartment in multifetal pregnancies. Objective: To explore whether chorioamnionitis is confined to the exposed compartment and does not cross to the unaffected fetus in twin pregnancy. Methods: In twin pregnant sheep, one of the twins was exposed to either 2 or 14 days of intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) while the co-twin was exposed to either 2 or 14 days of intra-amniotic saline (n = 3 for each exposure). Singletons were included in this study to compare the grade of inflammation with twins. All fetuses were delivered at 125 days of gestation (term = 150 days). Chorioamnionitis was confirmed by histological examination. Lung inflammation was assessed by cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage. Lung compliance was assessed at 40 cm H2O. Results were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a post-hoc Tukey analysis. Results: Inflammation in placenta, membranes and lung of LPS-exposed twins was significantly higher after 2 and 14 days of exposure when compared to the saline-exposed co-twins. Lung compliance in LPS-exposed twins was significantly increased after 14 days when compared to saline-exposed co-twins. Intrauterine LPS exposure increased lung compliance and inflammation in the membranes, placenta and lung to the same extent in twins as in singletons. Conclusion: In twin pregnant sheep, inflammation of the membranes, placenta and fetal lung was strictly limited to the exposed fetus in the amniotic compartment in which the LPS was injected.
Performing Cytoreductive Nephrectomy following Targeted Sunitinib Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Surgical Perspective
Authors: Shaw Greg L. , Hussain Mahreen , Nair Rajesh , Bycroft John , Beltran Luis , Green James S.A. , Powles Thomas , Peters John L.
Published: May 2012

Objective: To describe for surgeons contemplating performing cytoreductive nephrectomy (CRN) on patients after neoadjuvant sunitinib compared to a benchmark of open radical nephrectomy, describing technical difficulties, safety and feasibility. Patients and Methods: We compared measurable surgical parameters and perioperative complications in 22 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) undergoing CRN after neoadjuvant sunitinib, with 28 patients who underwent open radical nephrectomy for non-metastatic disease (nmRCC). Results: Median blood loss (320 vs. 775 ml), median operative time (128 vs. 195 min) and median length of stay (5 vs. 7 days) were greater in the mRCC group. Surgery after sunitinib was technically challenging due to fibrosis, loss of the tissue planes that usually facilitate radical nephrectomy and abnormal blood vessel formation. Side effects of sunitinib resulted in predictable complications. Conclusion: CRN after treatment with sunitinib is safe and feasible in our hands, although the surgery is more time-consuming and technically demanding. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory.
Association of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Cognitive Decline in Very Elderly Men
Authors: Zhou Guoqing , Liu Jinxia , Sun Fang , Xin Xiaofeng , Duan Lihui , Zhu Xiaowei , Shi Zhaorong
Published: May 2012

Aim: To determine the change in cognitive function in very elderly men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) over a 3-year period relative to age- and education-matched controls. Methods: In this hospital-based, prospective case-control study, we evaluated a consecutive series of 110 very elderly men with COPD and 110 control subjects who were hospitalized between January and December 2007. All the subjects performed cognitive tests at baseline and underwent annual evaluations (for 3 years), which included the Mini-Mental State Examination, word list recall, delayed recall, animal category fluency, and the symbol digit modalities test. Results: In mixed-effects models adjusted for hypertension and coronary heart disease, COPD was associated with a more rapid rate of cognitive decline based on the Mini-Mental State Examination, word list recall, delayed recall, animal category fluency, and the symbol digit modalities test (all p < 0.01) compared to controls. Conclusion: COPD is associated with a more rapid rate of cognitive decline in very elderly persons.
ESI LC-MS and MS/MS Characterization of Antifungal Cyclic Lipopeptides Produced by Bacillus subtilis XF-1
Authors: Li Xing-Yu , Mao Zi-Chao , Wang Yue-Hu , Wu Yi-Xing , He Yue-Qiu , Long Chun-Lin
Published: May 2012

Bacillus subtilis XF-1 (CGMCC No. 2357), a patent strain with good effects for controlling the clubroot of crucifer and many pathogenic fungi, was predicted to produce cyclic lipopeptide (CLP) antibiotics based on its genomic analysis. In this study, the CLPs were purified and determined with the following protocol: the supernatant of XF-1 cultivating mixture was firstly precipitated, then the precipitants were extracted with methanol and further separated by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography to test its antifungal activities. Fungi-inhibiting fractions were further characterized with LC/ESI-MS and LC/ESI-MS/MS. The results show that four molecular ion peaks [M+H]+ (m/z 1,464, 1,478, 1,492 and 1,506) from fungi suppression fraction were identified as fengycin A with fatty acid of C16–C19, fengycin B (C14–C17), fengycin C (C15–C18), fengycin D (C15–C18) and fengycin S (C15–C18). Fengycin C (C15 and C18), fengycin D (C15, C16 and C18) and fengycin S (C15, C16 and C18) were reported for the first time. The diversity of the fengycins that exist in this strain will help the elucidation of their biocontrol mechanisms.
Study of the Influence of the Penetration Enhancer Isopropyl Myristate on the Nanostructure of Stratum Corneum Lipid Model Membranes Using Neutron Diffraction and Deuterium Labelling
Authors: Engelbrecht T.N. , Demé B. , Dobner B. , Neubert R.H.H.
Published: May 2012

In order to elucidate the mode of action of the lipophilic penetration enhancer isopropyl myristate (IPM) on a molecular scale, we investigated oriented quaternary stratum corneum (SC) lipid model membranes based on ceramide AP, cholesterol, palmitic acid and cholesterol sulfate containing 10 wt% IPM by means of neutron diffraction. Our results indicate that IPM affects the lamellar lipid assembly in terms of bilayer perturbation and disordering. Phase segregation occurred, indicating that IPM is not likely to mix properly with the other SC lipids due to its branched structure. We used selective deuterium labelling to localize the penetration enhancer, and could successfully prove the presence of IPM in the two coexisting lamellar phases. We conclude that IPM’s mode of action as penetration promoter is presumably based on incorporation into the SC lipid matrix, extraction of certain SC lipids into a separate phase and perturbation of the multilamellar lipid assembly.
The Right Ventricle in Health and Disease: Insights into Physiology, Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Management
Authors: Apostolakis Stavros , Konstantinides Stavros
Published: May 2012

Until recently, the right ventricle (RV) received little attention in adult patients with congenital heart disease and even less attention in the setting of acquired heart failure. However, in the last two decades, our perspective towards the right side of the heart has begun to change. Advances in imaging modalities have permitted the accurate study of RV physiology and made it apparent that RV function is an important determinant of prognosis in heart failure irrespective of the underlying etiology. This article summarizes the existing data on the unique anatomical and physiological features of the RV. The hemodynamic conditions and cellular and biochemical pathways that lead to right heart failure are presented. Moreover, the imaging modalities that aid in the assessment of RV structure and function are described and the importance of the diagnostic and prognostic information they provide is discussed.