bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuning the size of supramolecular single‐chain polymer nanoparticles
Authors: Foster E. Johan , Berda Erik B. , Meijer E. W.
Published: November 2010

In this article we further investigate our recently devised method for folding polymer chains into nanoparticles using intramolecular, supramolecular interactions. Specifically, we show a direct relationship between molecular weight of the parent chain and size of the folded nanoparticle. This is investigated both analytically via the separation and subsequent characterization of a polydisperse nanoparticle sample into high and low molecular weight fractions, and by examining a family of poly(norbornenes) deliberately prepared with varying molecular weights. With these polymer nanoparticles in hand their assembly on surfaces is studied where larger structures are formed as a result of the interplay between the movement of the nanoparticles on the surface and the evaporation of solvent. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Opening the psychological black box in genetic counseling. The psychological impact of DNA testing is predicted by the counselees' perception, the medical impact by the pathogenic or uninformative BRCA1/2‐result
Authors: Vos Joël , Gómez‐García Encarna , Oosterwijk Jan C. , Menko Fred H. , Stoel Reinoud D. , van Asperen Christi J. , Jansen Anna M. , Stiggelbout Anne M. , Tibben Aad
Published: November 2010

Background: It has been hypothesized that the Outcomes of DNA testing (O) are better predicted and/or mediated by the counselees' Perception P) than by the actually communicated genetic Information (I). In this study, we aimed at quantifying the effect that perception has in genetic counseling for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer.

Methods: Two hundred and four women, who had previously been tested for BRCA1/2, participated in a retrospective questionnaire study; 93% had cancer. Communicated Information (I) consisted of cancer risks and BRCA1/2 test result category: unclassified variant (n = 76), uninformative (n = 76), pathogenic mutation (n = 51). Four perception variables (P) were included: the counselees' recollections and interpretations of both the cancer risks and the likelihood that the cancer in their family is heritable. The Outcome variables (O) included life changes, counselees' medical decisions, BRCA‐related self‐concept, current psychological well‐being, and quality‐of‐life. Bootstrap mediation analyses determined whether relationships were direct (I→O or P→O) or indirect through the mediation of perception (I→P→O).

Results: The actually communicated pathogenic mutation and uninformative result directly predicted medical decisions (I→O), i.e. intended and performed surgery of breasts/ovaries. All other outcomes were only directly predicted by the counselees' perception (recollection and interpretation) of their cancer risks and heredity likelihood (P→O), or this perception mediated the outcome (I→P→O). However, this perception was significantly different from the actually communicated cancer risks (I→P). Unclassified variants were inaccurately perceived (mostly overestimated); this misperception predicted both psychological outcomes and radical medical decisions.

Discussion: Genetic counselors need to explicitly address the counselee's interpretations and intended medical decisions. In case of misinterpretations, additional counseling might be offered. Communication of unclassified variants needs special attention given the pitfall of overestimation of risk. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distances between couples and the man's and woman's parents
Authors: Blaauboer Marjolein , Mulder Clara H. , Zorlu Aslan
Published: November 2010

Using data from the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study, we investigate the influence of characteristics of the male and female partner in couples and their parents on the distance between the residential location of the couple and of both partners' parents. We find that couples live closer to the man's parents than to the woman's parents. We conclude that the socio‐economic position of the man is more dominant in the location choice of couples than that of the woman, but that when the couple has young children, the family ties of the woman seem to gain importance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ca3 − xBixCo4O9 and Ca1 − ySmyMnO3 thermoelectric materials and their power‐generation devices
Authors: Su Huangming , Jiang Yang , Lan Xinzheng , Liu Xinmei , Zhong Honghai , Yu Dabin
Published: November 2010

The p‐type Ca3 − xBixCo4O9 (p‐Co349/Bix) and n‐type Ca1 − ySmyMnO3 (n‐Mn113/Smy) oxide thermoelectric (TE) materials were synthesized by the self‐ignition method and consolidated by a sintering technique. The effects of Bi and Sm dopant partial substitution on TE properties were investigated. At 973 K, the figures of merit, ZT, for p‐Co349/Bi0.3 and n‐Mn113/Sm0.02 materials are 0.27 and 0.15, respectively. In addition, TE devices containing two pairs of p‐Co349/Bi0.3 and n‐Mn113/Sm0.02 were fabricated. The technology parameters involved in the fabricating process, including the electrical contact, mechanical connection, and high‐temperature durability, were discussed and optimized. The performance of the devices was evaluated in terms of contact resistance, maximum output power, and manufacturing factor (MF). The Pmax and volume power density for the four legs devices reached 51.4 mW and 127.6 mW cm−3 for a ΔT of 525 K, while the contact resistance of 0.21 Ω and a high MF of 66.3% were obtained. Little fluctuant in open‐circuit voltage (V0) and internal resistance (Rin) were observed after six‐time thermocycling tests, implying a high‐temperature durability.
Physical properties of single‐crystalline magnetic intermetallic compounds
Authors: Liu E. K. , Zhu W. , Chen J. L. , Wu G. H.
Published: November 2010

Single crystals on a macroscopic scale exhibit microscopic periodicity on an atomic level, which enables us to investigate their intrinsic physical properties and to optimize their functional properties. We have grown various kinds of magnetic single crystals of intermetallic compounds for fundamental research and for applications. In this, much effort has been focused on the growth conditions to satisfy the different requirements, especially for crystals that are hard to grow. In this paper, we review some selected results on various single crystals grown in our institute and illustrate the importance of single‐crystal growth for research and application. Several intrinsic magnetic properties, including magnetocrystallographic anisotropy, spin reorientations, and magnetostriction have been investigated in detail on single crystals of rare‐earth intermetallic compounds. The internal stress induced in crystals of magnetic shape‐memory alloys is utilized to reorient the martensitic microstructure for maximizing the output strain. Combining the self‐flux method with magnetic elevating Czochraski cold‐crucible growth technology, a deeply undercooled environment was achieved to enable (Tb,Dy)Fe2 single crystals to be grown. Some research works on crystal growth, such as solidifying theories, growth dynamics, and phase diagrams, are also discussed.
Electronegativity‐related bulk moduli of crystal materials
Authors: Li Keyan , Ding Zhongsheng , Xue Dongfeng
Published: November 2010

Electronegativity (EN) can be used to estimate the bulk modulus of different types of crystal materials on the basis of a newly proposed bulk modulus model. The bulk moduli of ANB8−N and AmBn type compounds, spinel‐ and chalcopyrite‐structured compounds as well as polymorphic ABO4 compounds are calculated and the results agree well with the experimental values. Upon the concept of EN, bond modulus and effective ionicity are introduced to describe the resisting ability of a chemical bond to compression, which is the origin of the bulk modulus of crystals. The current work allows us to rationally design crystal materials with high bulk modulus on the basis of their element compositions, e.g. the suitable option of EN shown in this work.
Antidiabetic complications and anti‐alzheimer activities of sophoflavescenol, a prenylated flavonol from Sophora flavescens, and its structure–activity relationship
Authors: Jung Hyun Ah , Jin Seong Eun , Park Jun‐Seong , Choi Jae Sue
Published: November 2010

It was previously reported that prenylated flavonols from Sophora flavescens are inhibitors of rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR), human recombinant aldose reductase (HRAR), advanced glycation endproducts (AGE), β‐secretase (BACE1) and cholinesterases (ChE). Based upon structure–activity relationships, 3,4′‐dihydroxy flavonols with a prenyl or lavandulyl group substitution at the C‐8 position, and a hydroxy group at the C‐5, are important for such inhibition. In our ongoing study to isolate active principles from S. flavescens by an activity‐guided isolation procedure, further detailed phytochemical investigations of the CH2Cl2 fraction were conducted via repeated chromatography over silica gel and Sephadex LH‐20 columns. This ultimately resulted in the isolation of a promising active sophoflavescenol with higher inhibitory activities among the current prenylated flavonols isolated from S. flavescens against RLAR, HRAR, AGE, BACE1 and ChEs. The results further support that 3,4′‐dihydroxy flavonols with a prenyl or lavandulyl substitution at the C‐8 position and a methoxy group at C‐5 represent a new class of RLAR, HRAR and AGE inhibitors. Nevertheless, the C‐5 hydroxyl group of prenylated flavonoids is important for inhibition of BACE1 and ChEs, indicating that the hydroxyl group at C‐5 might be the main contributor to the augmentation and/or modification of prenylated flavonol activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An alternative frame‐shear wall model: continuum formulation
Authors: Kazaz İlker , Gülkan Polat
Published: November 2010

The basic assumption of the analysis of wall‐frame structures is that two dissimilar structural systems, deforming in shear and flexural modes, are constrained to act together. The same set of boundary conditions is also assumed to be applicable to both types of components. An inconsistency arises when the rotation at the lower end of the combined beam is assumed to be zero because this boundary condition is applicable only to the flexural component of deformation. For the shear component that is related to the slope of the elastic curve to calculate the force, this assumption results in zero base shear force. In this study, a modified theory is developed on the premise that a frame‐wall system can be separated into two substructures that lie above and below the point of counter‐flexure in the base story columns. Except for a modification to include the effects of link beams, the generalized continuum approach is employed to derive the governing differential equation of the upper substructure. The bottom substructure is used to transmit the applied base boundary conditions to the continuum model, thus allowing a more accurate shear force calculation for each of the components. Comparisons of results calculated from this artifice with other formulations prove the superiority of the proposed improvement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four New Compounds Based on Terephthalate and 2‐(4‐Pyridyl)benzimidazole Ligands
Authors: Xia Chang‐Kun , Wu Yun‐Long , Xie Ji‐Min
Published: November 2010

Four new compounds based on H2BDC and PyBIm [H2BDC = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylatic acid, PyBIm = 2‐(4‐pyridyl)benzimidazole], (PyBIm)(H2BDC)0.5 (1), Co(PyBIm)2(HBDC)(BDC)0.5 (2), Ni(PyBIm)2(HBDC)(BDC)0.5 (3), and Zn(BDC)(PyBIm)·H2O (4), were synthesized by hydrothermal methods and characterized by X‐ray diffraction. Compound 1 contains two types of hydrogen bonding N–H···N and O–H···N, which connect the molecules into a two‐dimensional (2D) layer. Complex 2 crystallizes isostructural to 3 in triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$, in 1D chains. The hydrogen‐bonding interactions between uncoordinated N, N–H and COOH groups in 2 connect the 1D chains into a 2D layer. Complex 4 displays a 1D structure, which is finally extended to a 3D supramolecular framework by hydrogen bonding and π–π packing interactions. The magnetic properties of compounds 2 and 3 were studied as well.
Enhancing adaptivity via standard dynamic scheduling middleware
Authors: Gill Christopher , Mgeta Louis , Zhang Yuanfang , Torri Stephen , Krishnamurthy Yamuna , Pyarali Irfan , Schmidt Douglas C.
Published: November 2010

This paper makes three contributions to research on QoS-enabled middleware for open distributed real-time embedded (DRE) systems. First, it describes the design and implementation of a dynamic scheduling framework based on the OMG Real-Time CORBA 1.2 specification (RTC1.2) that provides capabilities for (1) propagating QoS parameters and a locus of execution across endsystems via a distributable thread abstraction and (2) enforcing the scheduling of multiple distributable threads dynamically using standard CORBA middleware. Second, it examines the results of empirical studies that show how adaptive dynamic scheduling and management of distributable threads can be enforced efficiently in standard middleware for open DRE systems. Third, it presents results from case studies of multiple adaptive middleware QoS management technologies to monitor and control the quality, timeliness, and criticality of key operations adaptively in a representative DRE avionics system.
A maximum uncertainty LDA-based approach for limited sample size problems — with application to face recognition
Authors: Thomaz Carlos Eduardo , Kitani Edson Caoru , Gillies Duncan Fyfe
Published: November 2010

A critical issue of applying Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is both the singularity and instability of the within-class scatter matrix. In practice, particularly in image recognition applications such as face recognition, there are often a large number of pixels or pre-processed features available, but the total number of training patterns is limited and commonly less than the dimension of the feature space. In this study, a new LDA-based method is proposed. It is based on a straightforward stabilisation approach for the within-class scatter matrix. In order to evaluate its effectiveness, experiments on face recognition using the well-known ORL and FERET face databases were carried out and compared with other LDA-based methods. The classification results indicate that our method improves the LDA classification performance when the within-class scatter matrix is not only singular but also poorly estimated, with or without a Principal Component Analysis intermediate step and using less linear discriminant features. Since statistical discrimination methods are suitable not only for classification but also for characterisation of differences between groups of patterns, further experiments were carried out in order to extend the new LDA-based method to visually analyse the most discriminating hyper-plane separating two populations. The additional results based on frontal face images indicate that the new LDA-based mapping provides an intuitive interpretation of the two-group classification tasks performed, highlighting the group differences captured by the multivariate statistical approach proposed.
Behavioural specification of middleware systems
Authors: Rosa Nelson Souto , Freire Cunha Paulo Roberto
Published: November 2010

The number of open specifications of middleware systems and middleware services is increasing. Despite their complexity, they are traditionally described through APIs (the operation signatures) and informal prose (the behaviour). This fact often leads to ambiguities, whilst making difficult a better understanding of what is actually described. In this paper, we adopt software architecture principles for structuring middleware specifications together with LOTOS for formalising their behaviour. The adoption of software architecture principles makes explicit structural aspects of the middleware. Meanwhile, the formalisation enables us to check behavioural properties of the middleware. In order to illustrate our approach, we present a LOTOS specification of the well-known object-oriented middleware CORBA..
Governing multi-agent systems
Authors: da Silva Viviane Torres , Duran Fernanda , Guedes José , de Lucena Carlos J. P.
Published: November 2010

In order to cope with the heterogeneity, autonomy and diversity of interests among the different agents in open multi-agent systems, several governance mechanisms have been defined. Governance mechanism enforce the behavior of agents by establishing a set of norms that describe actions that agents are prohibited, permitted or obligated to do. In this paper we present a governance mechanism that enforces not only dialogical actions but also non-dialogical ones. Although several governance mechanisms have been proposed, none of them satisfactorily deals with non-dialogical actions. Our proposed mechanism is based on testimonies provided by agents about the behavior of other agents. The governance mechanism provides decisions pointing out if norms have been violated or if false testimonies have been supplied. The decisions are based not only on testimonies and depositions provided by the agents but also on the agents’ reputations supplied by a reputation system that is part of the mechanism.
Agent-based guitar performance simulation
Authors: Costalonga Leandro L. , Vicari Rosa M. , Miletto Evandro M.
Published: November 2010

The goal of this paper is to describe a systemaided performance and composition tool that aims to expand guitarist capacities by providing innovative ways in which the user can interact with the system. In order to achieve that, we decided to use an agentbased approach, independently modeling the active elements involved in a guitar performance as autonomous agents — named Left-Hand, Right-Hand, and Speaker (the guitar itself). These agents are able to communicate to each other in order to make some musical decisions, specially related to the chord’s shape choice. The musical elements (harmony and rhythm) are independently defined respectively by the Left-Hand and Right-Hand agents. The most relevant aspects of this work, however, are the algorithms and strategies to process both harmonic and rhythmic data. Finally, we perform an evaluation of the system and discuss the results of the implemented techniques.
The Computation of Pitch with Vectors
Authors: Arcela Aluizio
Published: November 2010

A pitch model is proposed which is supported by a vector representation of tones. First, an algorithm capable of performing the vector addition of the spectral components of two-tone harmonic complexes is introduced which initially converts the amplitude, frequency, and phase (AFP) parameters into coordinates of the here introduced quotient, distance in octaves, and loudness (QOL) tone space. As QOL is isomorphic to the hue, saturation, and value (HSV) color space, a transformation from QOL to the red, green, and blue (RGB) vector space can be formulated so that the vector addition of two pure tones is conceived by analogy with color mixing operations. Since the QOL to RGB transformation is invertible, the resulting RGB vector sum can be transformed back to QOL. Then, by converting QOL coordinates back to AFP parameters, a tone is found whose frequency supposedly corresponds to the pitch evoked by the original two-tone complex. As for complexes having more than two components, the algorithm is to be sequentially applied to pairs of vectors in such a way that initially the first two vector tones are added together, then the resulting vector is added to the third vector tone, and so on.
Abundance estimate for a threatened population of franciscana dolphins in southern coastal Brazil: uncertainties and management implications
Authors: Danilewicz Daniel , Moreno Ignacio B. , Ott Paulo H. , Tavares Maurício , Azevedo Alexandre F. , Secchi Eduardo R. , Andriolo Artur
Published: November 2010

The franciscana dolphin has been considered the most threatened small cetacean in the south-western Atlantic Ocean due to gillnet by-catch. The estimation of the species' abundance has been recommended as the highest research priority. A line transect aerial survey to estimate franciscana abundance in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, was carried out in February 2004. The overall surveyed area comprised 13,341 km2and at least 20 transect lines. Abundance was estimated using distance sampling methods and assuming g(0) = 0.304. The corrected density is 0.51 franciscanas/km2, resulting in an abundance estimation of 6839 franciscanas (CV = 32%; 95% CI = 3709–12,594) for the surveyed area in Rio Grande do Sul. To improve this estimate: (a) perception bias should be determined; (b) the parameters influencing availability bias should be identified and quantified; and (c) survey sample size should be increased. While the lack of data to correct for perception bias and group size underestimation in this aerial survey is likely to yield an underestimate of franciscana abundance, the use of surfacing and diving time data from boat and land-based surveys to correct for availability bias is likely to cause its overestimation. Alternative values of the g0group-size estimates and rates of increase were incorporated in the analyses, creating 240 different estimates of annual increment for this franciscana population. Even in the most optimistic scenario, the annual increment of franciscanas is not sustainable with the current levels of by-catch in Rio Grande do Sul, and fishery management to reduce by-catch must be initiated promptly.
A new deep-sea species ofChloeia(Polychaeta: Amphinomidae) from southern Brazil
Authors: Barroso Rômulo , Paiva Paulo Cesar
Published: November 2010

A new species ofChloeia(Annelida: Amphinomidae) is described from deep water (750–1045 m) off southern Brazil.Chloeia kudenovisp. nov. differ from previously described species by the extremely elongated neuropodial cirri of the second chaetiger, number and position of noto- and neuroaciculae and lack of body pigmentation. This study provides additional data on the morphological diversity of the genus.
Grotowski's First Tour Abroad: The Constant Prince in Scandinavia
Authors: Perrelli Franco
Published: November 2010

Little attention has been paid to the fact that Grotowski's first tour abroad with the Laboratory Theatre was to the Scandinavian countries rather than to Paris, as is often imagined. In this article, Franco Perrelli focuses on the responses of critics, especially in Sweden, to performances of The Constant Prince and to the seminars and other discussions accompanying the tour. He thus provides a comprehensive account of the impact made by Grotowski and his actors in their first encounter with spectators outside Poland. A specialist in Scandinavian theatre, Franco Perrelli is Chair of Performing Arts and Head of the Doctoral School in the Department of Art, Music, Theatre and Cinema (DAMS) at the University of Turin. His books include Echi nordici di grandi attori italiani (2004), La seconda creazione. Fondamenti della regia teatrale (2005), I maestri della ricerca teatrale. Il Living, Grotowki, Barba e Brook (2007), and Strindberg: la scrittura e la scena (2009).
Still a Revolutionary …
Authors: Baraka Amiri
Published: November 2010

The conversation below is a follow-up to Christopher Bigsby's interview with Amiri Baraka, published in Theatre Quarterly three decades ago, in 1978. It was recorded in the artist's backstage room in Katowice, Poland, immediately after a moving performance of the Amiri Baraka Speech Quartet in the Hipnoza Jazz Club in Katowice, during the ‘Ars Cameralis Silesiae Superioris’ Festival in 2009. The interlocutors were accompanied by a leading jazz pianist, Dave Burrell, and an excellent double bass player, William Parker. The interview, originally carried out for the Er(r)go: Journal of Theory, Culture and Literary Studies, was possible thanks to the help and encouragement of one of the most inspiring Polish contemporary poets, Bartek Majzel, an unswerving propagator of culture in Silesia and throughout Poland. Paweł Jędrzejko is an Assistant Professor at the University of Silesia in Katowice. He is the author of Liquidity and Existence: the Experience of the Land and the Sea in Herman Melville's Thought (Sosnowiec-Katowice-Zabrze: BananaArt.Pl/ExMachina/MStudio, 2008). He is also a co-founder and co-editor of the Review of International American Studies and regularly works with Er(r)go Quarterly.
Public Theatre, Community Theatre, and Collaboration: Two Case Studies
Authors: Lev-Aladgem Shulamith
Published: November 2010

In 1986 professional theatre practitioners working in two underprivileged neighbourhoods in greater Tel Aviv in Israel created in collaboration with the local residents two large-scale productions. In this article Shulamith Lev-Aladgem studies these rare encounters between professional public theatre and amateur, community-based theatre in Israel, employing a method similar to that of the historian who employs micro-history in order to reveal the excluded past of muted groups in a given society. Both productions – including the intentions of their creators and participants, the power struggles, and the results – serve as an historical record rich in information regarding Israeli society; and through the micro-history presented here the social and cultural role of the institutional theatre in general, and in Israel in particular, is also explored. Shulamith Lev-Aladgem is a senior lecturer, researcher, and practitioner, chair of the Faculty MA Program of Expressivity and Creativity in the Arts, and Head of Community-Based Theatre Studies in the Theatre Department of Tel Aviv University. She is also a community-based theatre facilitator/director and a trained actress who uses her acting experience in her research and teaching. Her recent publications include articles in Theatre Research International, Theory and Criticism, Social Identities, Israeli Sociology, and Research in Drama Education, and the full-length studies, Standing Front Stage: Resistance, Celebration and Subversion in Israeli Community-Based Theatre (Haifa University Press, 2010) and Theatre in Co-Communities: Articulating Power (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
Acute coronary syndrome in adult patients with coronary artery lesions caused by Kawasaki disease: review of case reports
Authors: Tsuda Etsuko , Abe Tadaaki , Tamaki Wataru
Published: November 2010

Information about acute coronary syndrome caused by Kawasaki disease-related coronary artery lesions in adults is sketchy. We reviewed the clinical features of 50 adult patients who had an acute coronary syndrome caused by coronary artery lesions due to Kawasaki disease or probable Kawasaki disease from 1980 to 2008. Of the 50 patients, 43 (90%) were male and seven were female (10%). Their ages at the onset of acute coronary syndrome ranged from 18 to 69 years, with a median of 28 years. The culprit lesion in 43 patients was thrombotic occlusion of an aneurysm, and 40 patients had giant aneurysms. In the three patients in whom no aneurysms were seen in coronary angiograms performed at the time of acute myocardial infarction, either giant aneurysms or aneurysms had been visualised in childhood. The initial treatment of acute coronary syndrome was as follows: intracoronary thrombolysis, 11; primary percutaneous coronary intervention, 9; emergency coronary artery bypass grafting, 3; and medication, 26. Elective coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 15 patients. Three patients (6%) died. Of the 27 patients with additional coronary risk factors, 20 were smokers. Giant aneurysms due to Kawasaki disease continued to cause acute coronary syndrome in adult life with onset at a younger age than typifies that due to atherosclerosis in the general population, especially in male population rather than female population. Even when giant aneurysms regressed after the acute phase, a few patients still developed acute coronary syndrome in adult life. Smoking appears to be the most prominent additional risk factor.
Weight change in infants with a functionally univentricular heart: from surgical intervention to hospital discharge
Authors: Medoff-Cooper Barbara , Irving Sharon Y. , Marino Bradley S. , García-España J. Felipe , Ravishankar Chitra , Bird Geoffrey L. , Stallings Virginia A.
Published: November 2010

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess the pattern of weight change from surgical intervention to home discharge and to determine predictors of poor growth in this population of infants with congenital cardiac disease.

Methods

Neonates with functionally univentricular physiology enrolled in a prospective cohort study examining growth between March, 2003 and May, 2007 were included. Weights were collected at birth, before surgical intervention, and at hospital discharge. In addition, retrospective echocardiographic data and data about post-operative complications were reviewed. Primary outcome variables were weight-for-age z-score at discharge and change in weight-for-age z-score between surgery and discharge.

Results

A total of 61 infants met the inclusion criteria. The mean change in weight-for-age z-score between surgery and hospital discharge was minus 1.5 plus or minus 0.8. Bivariate analysis revealed a significant difference in weight-for-age z-score between infants who were discharged on oral feeds, minus 1.1 plus or minus 0.8 compared to infants with feeding device support minus 1.7 plus or minus 0.7, p-value equal to 0.01. Lower weight-for-age z-score at birth, presence of moderate or greater atrioventricular valve regurgitation, post-operative ventilation time, and placement of an additional central venous line were associated with 60% of the variance in weight-for-age z-score change.

Conclusion

Neonates undergoing staged surgical repair for univentricular physiology are at significant risk for growth failure between surgery and hospital discharge. Haemodynamically significant atrioventricular valve regurgitation and a complex post-operative course were risk factors for poor post-operative weight gain. Feeding device support appears to be insufficient to ensure adequate weight gain during post-operative hospitalisation.
ENDOGENOUS GROWTH, BACKSTOP TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION, AND OPTIMAL JUMPS
Authors: Valente Simone
Published: November 2010

This paper analyzes a two-phase endogenous growth model in which the adoption of a backstop technology (e.g., solar) yields a sustained supply of essential energy inputs previously obtained from exhaustible resources (e.g., oil). Growth is knowledge-driven and the optimal timing of technology switching is determined by welfare maximization. The optimal path exhibits discrete jumps in endogenous variables: technology switching implies sudden reductions in consumption and output, an increase in the growth rate, and instantaneous adjustments in saving rates. Due to the positive growth effect, it is optimal to implement the new technology when its current consumption benefits are substantially lower than those generated by old technologies.
Development and validation of reflective inventories: assisting radiation therapists with reflective practice
Authors: Findlay Naomi , Dempsey Shane E. , Warren-Forward Helen M.
Published: November 2010

Objective:Freeform reflective writing is one way that radiation therapists can document their development. Barriers to this form of writing include the fact that some radiation therapists do not know what to write or how to begin this writing process. This paper outlines the development and validation of guided inventories called the Newcastle Reflective Inventories and the validation of the Newcastle Reflective Analysis Tool as an effective tool for assessing short-form guided reflective writing.

Method:The Newcastle Reflective Inventories consist of a series of questions that guides the user through the reflective writing process. Validation of the Newcastle Reflective Inventories involved comparing the evidence of reflection in 14 freeform journals to that of 14 inventories completed on the same topic. Validation of the Newcastle Reflective Analysis Tool included the assessment of 30 Newcastle Reflective Inventories.

Results:There was a highly statistically significant difference (p< 0.001) in the high levels of reflection evident in the inventories when compared to the lower levels of reflection in the freeform journals. Good levels of agreement were achieved between the coders.

Discussion:These results show that the Newcastle Reflective Inventories are effective tools in promoting reflective writing when compared with freeform journaling.
Personalising margins for bladder radiotherapy
Authors: Sale CA , ffrench T , Voss R
Published: November 2010

This patient case study represents the introduction of adaptive radiotherapy (ART) at the Andrew Love Cancer Centre (ALCC) with non-uniform margins for invasive bladder cancer treatment. Invasive bladder cancer has historically had poor local control with radiotherapy treatment; however, with the introduction of cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) and adaptive treatment, there is potential for improvements in disease control and reduced toxicities.
Microstructural investigation of the Carancas meteorite
Authors: Rauf Kani , Hann Anthony , Wickramasinghe Chandra , DiGregorio Barry E.
Published: November 2010

Particles in the Carancas meteorite were examined by electron microscopy (transmission electron microscopy/scanning electron microscopy), energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopical observations reveal that the particles of variable sizes have a stony appearance. Many of these particles show fractures in places, thus confirming an ealier observation that the meteorite was subjected to a high-velocity impact. The outer rim of many aggregates displays a mud crack-like texture. At high magifications, this texture shows ovoid and elongated features, which appear similar to microfossils found in other meteorites.

As revealed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy, some particles show three clearly marked zones, distinguishable by their differences in electron density and texture: a light zone, a dark zone and an intermediate zone. The EDAX analysis of these particles shows that the light zone is composed of silicates rich in Fe, Ni and S (the elements of troilite and pentlandite). The dark zone contains high concentrations of Mg and Si (the major elements of high-temperature minerals, such as forsterite, Mg2SiO4 and enstatite, MgSiO3) intermixed with carbonates and traces of Al, Ca and Na. The intermediate zone also contains high-temperature minerals and Fe-Ni rich silicates.

The Carancas meteorite produces an infrared waveband showing prominent features of some carbonate species, amorphous and crystalline silicates, and olivine groups. Hydrated silicates and hydroxyl groups are less abundant, as shown by the presence of small humps between 2.5 and 8.0 μm.

The abundance of high-temperature minerals and iron-rich metal confirms an earlier observation that the meteorite is an ordinary H4/5 chondrite. Some particles in the Carancas meteorite are found to have structural and chemical characteristics similar to those of the 81P/Wild 2 comet.
Observation of non‐spherical ultragiant aerosol using a microwave radar
Authors: Madonna F. , Amodeo A. , D'Amico G. , Mona L. , Pappalardo G.
Published: November 2010

Observations of ultragiant aerosol particles performed at the CNR‐IMAA Atmospheric Observatory using a Ka‐Band Doppler radar in four different periods from 19 April to 13 May 2010 are presented. In the reported cases, the aerosol radar signatures are characterized by a similar scenario. In particular, the linear depolarization ratio shows values higher than −4 dB probably related to the effect of bulk density and to the non‐sphericity of the ultragiant particles. During the same period, volcanic aerosol layers coming from Eyjafjallajökull volcano were observed over most of European countries, including Southern Italy, using lidar technique. The observation of volcanic layers over Potenza by multi‐wavelength Raman lidar measurements suggests a volcanic origin of the ultragiant aerosol particles observed by the radar, revealing that these particles might travel in the atmosphere for more than 4000 km after their injection in the atmosphere.
A benthic δ13C‐based proxy for atmospheric pCO2 over the last 1.5 Myr
Authors: Lisiecki L. E.
Published: November 2010

A high‐resolution marine proxy for atmospheric pCO2 is needed to clarify the phase lag between pCO2 and marine climate proxies and to provide a record of orbital‐scale pCO2 variations before the oldest ice core measurement at 800 ka. Benthic δ13C data should record deep ocean carbon storage and, thus, atmospheric pCO2. This study finds that a modified δ13C gradient between the deep Pacific and intermediate North Atlantic (Δδ13CP−) correlates well with pCO2. Δδ13CP− reproduces characteristic differences between pCO2 and ice volume during Late Pleistocene glaciations and indicates that pCO2 usually leads terminations by 0.2–3.7 kyr but lags by 3–10 kyr during two “failed” terminations at 535 and 745 ka. Δδ13CP− gradually transitions from 41‐ to 100‐kyr cyclicity from 1.3–0.7 Ma but has no secular trend in mean or amplitude since 1.5 Ma. The minimum pCO2 of the last 1.5 Myr is estimated to be 155 ppm at ∼920 ka.
Evolution of low‐altitude and ring current ENA emissions from a moderate magnetospheric storm: Continuous and simultaneous TWINS observations
Authors: Valek P. , Brandt P. C. , Buzulukova N. , Fok M.‐C. , Goldstein J. , McComas D. J. , Perez J. D. , Roelof E. , Skoug R.
Published: November 2010

The moderate storm of 22 July 2009 is the largest measured during the extended solar minimum between December 2006 and March 2010. We present observations of this storm made by the two wide‐angle imaging neutral‐atom spectrometers (TWINS) mission. The TWINS mission measures energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) using sensors mounted on two separate spacecrafts. Because the two spacecrafts' orbital planes are significantly offset, the pair provides a nearly optimal combination of continuous magnetospheric observations from at least one of the TWINS platforms with several hours of simultaneous, dual‐platform viewing over each orbit. The ENA imaging study presented in this paper is the first reported magnetospheric storm for which both continuous coverage and stereoscopic imaging were available. Two populations of ENAs are observed during this storm. The first are emissions from the ring current and come from a parent population of trapped ions in the inner magnetosphere. The second, low‐altitude emissions (LAEs), are the result of precipitating ions which undergo multiple charge exchange and stripping collisions with the oxygen exosphere. The temporal evolution of this storm shows that the LAEs begin earlier and are the brightest emissions seen during the main phase, while later, during the recovery, the LAE is only as bright as the bulk ring current emissions.
A detailed aerosol particle plume analysis
Authors: Klemm Otto , Ziemba Luke D. , Griffin Robert J. , Sive Barkley C. , Whitlow Sallie , Carpenter Kevan , Klemm Kerstin I. , Talbot Robert
Published: November 2010

Aerosol particle dynamics were observed in the summertime marine boundary layer 10 km offshore of the northeast American coast. Particle dynamics were observed using a scanning mobility particle sizer for observation of the number‐based size distribution, and a quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer (Q‐AMS) for quantification of the mass‐based size distributions and bulk particle mass loadings of nonrefractory components. Analysis was supported by meteorological data, extensive trace gas data, and aerosol Berner impactor data. No new particle formation with clearly identifiable growth of ultrafine particles was identified. One event exhibited a clear banana‐shaped evolution of the number‐based size distribution. However, the conditions were nonstationary in various aspects. In some phases of the event, particle growth mechanisms could not be confirmed despite an increase of the geometric mean of the number‐based size distribution. Air mass changes and dilution of boundary layer air are possible causes for the observed dynamics. The observation of particle number‐based size distributions did not provide sufficient proof for the occurrence of a growth event. Continental organics were the predominant species driving particle dynamics. The contribution of industrial sulfate also was important. The mass size distributions of the Q‐AMS and the impactor agreed reasonably well for the species analyzed. Overall, we conclude that a detailed analysis of aerosol plume dynamics and temporal evolution, including both meteorology and chemistry, reveals much more detail about the aerosol evolution that could be deduced from the number size distribution alone.
Predicting attachment efficiency of colloid deposition under unfavorable attachment conditions
Authors: Shen Chongyang , Huang Yuanfang , Li Baoguo , Jin Yan
Published: November 2010

This study presents an a priori model for predicting attachment efficiency of colloid deposition in porous media under unfavorable conditions. The model takes into account coupled effects of diffusion and hydrodynamic forces on colloid attachment efficiency that result from both primary and secondary minimum deposition. Effect of diffusion was quantified using the Maxwell approach, and influence of hydrodynamic drag was determined by comparing adhesive and hydrodynamic torques that act on the attached colloids. Main findings from this study include (1) the attachment efficiency does not change with increase of flow velocity until it reaches a critical value at which the attachment efficiency decreases as flow velocity further increases and (2) the attachment efficiency increases with increasing collector diameter when the condition that adhesive torque is greater than hydrodynamic torque is not guaranteed over the entire collector surface. Whereas the classic filtration theory only takes into account the effects of system hydrodynamics on single collector contact efficiency, we show additionally their effects on attachment efficiency. Furthermore, results of this study imply that in addition to the important role that collector size plays in the straining process, which has been the focus of many recent studies, it also influences the attachment process thus must be considered when describing colloid retention and transport in porous media under unfavorable attachment conditions.
Structures of neuropeptide γ from goldfish and mammalian neuropeptide γ, as determined by1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Lee K. , Lee S. , Kim Y. , Park N.G.
Published: November 2010

Abstract:Neuropeptide γ belongs to tachykinin families which have a common C‐terminal amino acid sequence (Phe‐X‐Leu‐Met‐NH2) and which induce various biological responses including salivation, hypotension, and contraction of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary smooth muscle. In the present study, we present the solution structures of neuropeptide γ (NPγ) from gold fish (G‐NPγ) and mammalian NPγ (M‐NPγ), as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in 50% trifluoroethanol (TFE)/water (1 : 1, v/v) solution and 200 mmsodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles.

In aqueous TFE solution, G‐NPγ has a α‐helical conformation in the region of His12–Met21and a short helix in the N‐terminal region, and has a β‐turn from Arg9to Arg11in between. In aqueous TFE solution, M‐NPγ also has α‐helical conformations both in the C‐terminal region and the N‐terminal region and a β‐turn from His9to Arg11in between. In SDS micelle, the structure of G‐NPγ contains a stable α‐helix from His12to Met21and a β‐turn from Arg9to Arg11, while M‐NPγ has a short helix from Ser16to Met21. The region from His12to Met21corresponds to the amino acid sequence of neurokinin A. Neuropeptide γ may act as a precursor of neurokinin A and the post‐translational processing of this peptide involves the enzymatic attack of the basic β‐turn region from residue 9 to residue 11 in the middle. From our relaxation study, it could be suggested that in fish system G‐NPγ induces the biological actions corresponding to those of substance P in mammalian system. The structures of G‐NPγ and M‐NPγ contain α‐helical structures at the C‐terminus and this helix seems to promote the affinity for NK1and/or NK2receptor.
The interface between the ubiquitin family and the DNA damage response
Authors: Lukas Jiri
Published: November 2010

This EMBO workshop took place between September 1 and 5 in Croatia. It brought together researchers from both fields to give them a forum to present their data, interact with fellow scientists and form new collaborations.
Inhibition of human β‐tryptase by Bowman–Birk inhibitor derived peptides
Authors: Scarpi D. , McBride J.D. , Leatherbarrow R.J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract: Four 11‐residue peptides based on the Bowman–Birk inhibitor (BBI) structure were synthesized. These were tested for their ability to inhibit human β‐tryptase. Peptides with a basic residue at P1 inhibited tryptase even though the intact BBI protein is inactive. This result is interpreted in terms of the unique structural arrangement of active sites in tryptase which prevent access by large protein inhibitors.
Die Nosode Anthracinum
Authors: Rottler Gaby
Published: November 2010

Nosoden werden diejenigen Arzneimittel genannt, die aus Krankheitsprodukten oder Krankheitserregern gewonnen werden. Im Falle der Nosode Anthracinum handelt es sich um den Milzbranderreger, der heute meist aus dem Leberextrakt von milzbrandkranken Kaninchen oder der Milz eines infizierten Schafes stammt. Ausführlich wird auf Ätiologie, Klinik und Pathogenese des Milzbrands eingegangen, bevor die Besonderheiten im Repertorium aufgelistet werden. Den Abschluss bilden Kasuistiken aus der Veterinärmedizin.
Therapie akuter und chronischer Hufrehe mit Laserakupunktur
Authors: Petermann Uwe
Published: November 2010

Laserakupunktur wird als eine sehr wirkungsvolle Therapie bei Erkrankungen der Huflederhaut des Pferdes beschrieben. Der Anwendungsbereich der Laserakupunktur reicht von der gestörten Demarkation bei Hufgeschwüren über akute und chronische Hufrehe bis hin zur Behandlung von großflächig nekrotisierenden Huflederhautentzündungen. Hervorgehoben wird die lokal durchblutungsfördernde, demarkationsfördernde und entzündungshemmende Wirkung der Lasertherapie und die allgemein regulierende Wirkung der Akupunktur. Die Vorgehensweise in der Laserakupunktur, der Verlauf der Erkrankung während der Therapie und die hervorragende Wirkung werden anhand einiger Fallbeispiele näher beschrieben.
Teeth in the Line of Fracture: To Retain or Remove?
Authors: Samson Jimson , John Reena , Jayakumar Shalini
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze mandibular fracture site, relationship of the fracture line to the periodontium, vitality of teeth, displacement of the fracture segments and their implications, and determine whether to retain or remove the teeth in the fracture line. Fifty patients with 62 fractures were involved in this study. An electric pulp tester was used to measure the pulpal response. The degree of fracture displacement and the relationship of the fracture line to the periodontium were evaluated using panoramic radiographs. Fractures of the parasymphysis region constituted a majority of 60.87% in the gross displacement category. Four of 50 patients showed no response presurgically and minimal response postoperatively on pulp vitality testing. Patients with teeth in the fracture line showing no response on pulp vitality testing should be advised extraction to avoid further complications.