bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solid waste management in Lake Toba area
Authors: Khair H , Suryati I , Siregar R L , Sibagariang H D. P. , Utami R
Published: March 2021

Lake Toba is a tourist area that continues to be developed, attracting local and foreign tourists. The increase in tourists visiting lake Toba affects the social and economic aspects and impacts the environment, one of which is the increase in waste generation. On the other hand, waste in the Tourist area is not well managed. This study determines the condition of existing waste management in the Lake Toba tourism area. Girsang Sipangan Bolong and Merek sub-districts were chosen as study area. This study found that waste management in both areas is not sustainable. The sources of waste come from residential and non-residential areas. The two regions manage waste independently. Some of the community’s waste handling includes burning, composting, separating kitchen waste for animal feed, and recycling. The two regions’ government is still trying to provide the best service in solid waste management, such as providing communal waste containers in public facilities and waste transportation to landfills. However, it was found that there are still many deficiencies that need to be fixed. Solid waste management in these two regions is still far from Indonesia’s standard.
Performance of Nitrogen Removal in Ceramic Anammox Reactor with Two-Inflow
Authors: Zulkarnaini Z , Silvia S
Published: March 2021

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) converted ammonium into nitrogen gas using nitrite as an electron donor in anaerobic conditions by anammox bacteria. Granular anammox was used commonly to remove ammonium from wastewater. It easy to be broken and tend to settle in the bottom of the reactor in the application. A pored ceramic carrier was proposed to cultivate anammox bacteria with two-inflow substrate feeding. The carrier with a diameter of 1.0 mm was set up in the center of the 1.0 L conical filtering flask reactor. The substrate with 70 mg-N/L of ammonium-supplemented substate was introduced into the reactor through the center of the ceramic carrier from the bottom and 70 mg-N/L nitrite-supplemented substrates into the outside of ceramic carrier with HRT 3 hours. The influent and effluent concentration measured once a week using ion chromatography. The experiment was conducted in the 35°C controlled temperature room. Anammox bacteria grew by filled and covered the ceramic carrier’s pore, and a flock of anammox settled in the reactor. The reactor’s performance achieved a maximum of 76.496 % NRE and 0.901 kg-N/m3·d NRR, respectively.
Analysis of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Analytical Network Process (ANP) Methods at PT. XYZ
Authors: Ginting R , Ishak A , Tarigan R Y , Malik Alfin F.
Published: March 2021

The product under study is a mattress product. The problem at hand is a mismatch with consumer desires. To minimize this mismatch, an analysis was carried out using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Analytical Network Process (ANP) methods. Where QFD is used to determine customer technical desires and then weighting is carried out using the ANP method. From the calculation results, the highest to the lowest technical characteristics are cutting speed, cutting accuracy, product dimensions, component composition, machine capacity, and durability. The value of the difficulty level of cutting speed is 4 and the importance level is 23% and the estimated cost is 20%. Then from these results, the company must pay more attention to these characteristics because it can have a direct effect on the product. The wrong cutting speed will result in reject products so that it can reduce profits for the company or harm the company.
Effect of Particle Size on Adhesion Strength of Bovine Hydroxyapatite Layer on Ti-12Cr Coated by using Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) Method
Authors: Gunawarman  , Mulyadi I H , Arif Z , Nuswantoro N F , Affi J , Niinomi M
Published: March 2021

Hydroxyapatite (HA) extracted from bovine bones (called as natural HA) was used to coat a relatively new developed titanium alloy, Ti-12Cr, by using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. This is to improve biocompatibility and bioactivity properties of the material to achieve optimal osseointegration in orthopaedic implant applications. There are three particle sizes of the natural HA used in this study (25 μm, 63 μm, and 125 μm) which aims to determine their effect on morphology, structure, and the strength of the resulting coating adhesion. The coating process was carried out at a voltage of 5 Volt for 5 minutes. The resulting layer morphologies and surface coverage were observed using an optical microscope. The increase in sample mass was measured using digital scales to determine the amount of the particles deposition. The coating thickness was measured using coating thickness gauges, and adhesion strength the coating layer was measured by using the cross-cut tape test method. The results of this study indicate that the HA particle size influences significantly on the quality of the coating produced after the EPD process. It is found that the coated Ti-12Cr with a small particle size has better surface properties as compared to the coarse one. Therefore, small size natural HA particles seemmore suitablefor implant applications.
Preparation of avocado leaf simplicia macro/nano particles by using high energy ball mill
Authors: Ridwan F , Fadel M
Published: March 2021

Taguchi method was used to examine high energy ball mill characteristics when producing micro/nano-particles of Simplicia powder using Orthogonal Array (OA) L25. Two factors and five levels were selected for the smallest diameter. The average fineness of the powder produced by high energy ball mill was calculated using the ASTM E11 standard Retsch vibrating sieve machine. The smoothest’s fineness value was obtained at a working time of 30 minutes and a shaft rotation speed of 578 rpm with a powder fineness of 181μm. The coarsest fineness value was obtained at 10 minutes of working time and 488 rpm rotating speed with 336μm powder fineness. Obtained the smallest particle diameter has the potential for better absorption of nutrients into the body.
Effect of Anti-Stripping Agent with Bipolarity to Strip-Ravelling Damage Caused by Surface Shear Stress
Authors: Imai Hiroki , Nakanishi Hiromitsu
Published: March 2021

The stripping is one of serious distresses because it causes the decline in the bearing capacity of the asphalt pavement. As the result of evaluation of the bearing capacity of the pavement by FWD, the dissipation amount of work becomes larger at the stripping area in comparison with non-stripping area. An anti-stripping agent is effective for preventing such stripping in advance. The new anti-stripping agent which used in this research forms the strong electrochemical bonding between the asphalt and the aggregate by giving bipolarity to the asphalt. Furthermore, it is clarified that the new anti-stripping agent can give improve and enhance the shear strength of the asphalt as well. The shear strength is closely related to the rutting and the fretting of the asphalt pavement in accordance with past research. Therefore, enhancing the shear strength should contribute to not only the improvement in the rutting and the fretting but also the prevention of the strip-ravelling that the fine aggregates and the asphalt mortar are washed out from the pavement surface and it often takes place in Malaysia and Asian countries. In this research, we will focus on the strip-ravelling of the asphalt pavement, and simulate the strip-ravelling by using an immersed-wearing tester. As a result, this research clarifies the relationship between the shear strength of the asphalt and the strip-ravelling of the asphalt mixture.
Assessment of RCA with RAP materials for pavement applications
Authors: Jayakody S , Gallage C , Ramanujam J
Published: March 2021

Demolished concretes are being recycled to produce recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in different scales around the world. Therefore, applications of RCA as a construction material are being popular by replacing conventional materials. Many research studies have confirmed the potential use of RCA to be applied as an unbound pavement material. However, presence of constituents such as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in RCA effects on its native properties. Therefore, this study evaluates performance characteristics of RCA with RAP under dynamic loading condition. A series of “repeated load tri-axial (RLT)” test was conducted on RAP blended RCA samples to evaluate the elastic and plastic deformation characteristics with increase of load cycles. The elastic deformation was characterised by resilient modulus and slightly dropped with increase of RAP from 0, 5, 10 to 15% in RCA. Further, it observed a trend of small increase of the plastic deformation of the RCA with the increase of RAP portion. However, presence of RAP up to about 15% in RCA did not significantly affect on the accumulation of permanent strain.
Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements in Germany
Authors: Hristov B , Wellner F , Falla G C , Leischner S
Published: March 2021

The motivation for this research comes from the inadequacy of the methods currently used for sizing and optimization of building materials used in pavement construction based on increasing traffic loading and changing climatic conditions. Using examples, the paper highlights how deficits can be identified by a detailed investigation of the relationships in order to form a foundation for solving these deficits.
Use of Non-Metallic Powder Reclaimed from Waste Printed Circuit Boards in Rigid Concrete Pavement
Authors: Kakria K , Priya S
Published: March 2021

Treating E-Waste is the need of the hour, about 2 million tons of E-Waste with a 5% share of PCB (Printed Circuit Boards) is generated by India out of which only few is treated, majority of which is disposed in water bodies and landfills. The disposal of e-waste is a worldwide concern and to deal with the same we propose to use the e-waste in rigid concrete pavement. India with 43,20,000 km of roads, gives a wide possibility of using e-waste in this industry. This research mainly focuses on the conversion of Non-Metallic Powder (NMP) waste recycled from PCBs into acceptable construction material. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of e-waste as a filler replacement, on the strength parameters of concrete (M40 grade) and used as rigid pavement. NMP from waste PCB is mixed with 0%, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% as an additive and based on Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength test and Impact Resistance test, the most suitable dosage of the additive is then to be calculated. It is observed that there is definite increase in compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength with increase in percentage of NMP up to 9%. Here an attempt is made to use the PCB waste products in rigid road construction, which affect the environment and are difficult to process. The study concludes that 9% of e-waste can be used as filler material in bituminous mixes.
Numerical Comparison between Two Tailpipe Shapes of Valved Pulsejet Engine
Authors: Mohsen Kadim Karim , Hussain Zaid Hashim
Published: March 2021

In this article, the valved pulsejet engine has been numerically investigated using Ansys/fluent (CFD) program. The designed model has a 1400 cm length and 17 cm combustion chamber diameter connected with one of two different shapes of exhaust pipe that has the same length (45 cm). The first shape has a 12 cm constant diameter abbreviated by the constant D; the second has a differential diameter in which the near and far ends are having 12 cm and 15 cm, respectively, and also denoted by different D. The conclusion was the maximum velocity is the same value (46 m/s) in the two cases but centered at the beginning of different D case. In the constant D case, the velocity was distributed in the last 45cm of the exhaust pipe. The maximum pressure generated in the combustion chamber in the constant D case is twice the value compared to the second case. In the case of different D, the pressure curve has a rather strange behavior. The temperature distribution exhibits the same behavior in both cases, but the engine has a different diameter tailpipe generate temperature more significant than the second case by 10%.
The Quality of Drinking Wat between Ozone Sterilization Technology and Home Treatment System in Kirkuk Governorate
Authors: Hameed Estabraq Ali , Al-Falahi Hamed A F
Published: March 2021

This research deals with three sources for supplying pure drinking water and within the limitations. The first source is drinking water disinfected with chlorine, the second is domestic and imported water sterilized with ozone, and the third source is water for household systems. In this research, the models’ physiochemical specifications were evaluated and compared with the modern Iraqi standard number 417. The first source results showed deviations in the values of turbidity, hardness, chlorine, and bromine. The deviations in the values were treated through an improved coagulation technique using ferric chloride. As for the second source results, they were within the specifications except for the deviation in the value of the sulfate ion for one of the models, and that deficiencies in the treatment processes caused the presence of the sulfate ion in a high percentage. Despite the different types of the third source systems, it gave good results, except for an increase in the percentage of chlorine and bromine, which needs periodic treatment, as the dose of chlorine during sterilization and removal of the bromide ion from raw water are joints of great importance and have environmental and health implications.
Temperature Distribution on Rectangular Composite Plate under Thermal Gradient Loading Environment: Experiment and Simulation
Authors: Jameel A N , Yousuf L S
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the problem is how to calculate the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties. These properties are a function of the temperature at each conditioning load stage. This paper aims to investigate the influence of temperature distribution on a normal deflection through the plate thickness. In the numerical simulation, ANSYS software Ver. 18.2 is used. Both mechanical and thermal properties have been used as inputs in ANSYS software to simulate each point’s temperature distribution on the composite plate. The purpose of this paper is to show that the temperature distribution is crucial in the phases of thermal fatigue (self-heating, thermomechanical degradation, and crack propagation). The composite laminate plate is exposed to out-off plane temperatures in which the temperature gradient is varied between (60 C° and -15 C°). The experiment setup’s potential is the heating and cooling rig environment and the thermocouple connected to an analog interface card. The implication of temperature distribution is in diesel engine design based on durability and reliability. Points (1, 2, 3) have a regular heating and cooling rate (1.574 C/min or -1.574 C/min), while points (4, 5, 6) have an irregular rate of heating and cooling.
Central Receivers Design in Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Plants: A review
Authors: Mahdi Mohanad Salih , Khudheyer Ahmed Fakhrey
Published: March 2021

Fossil fuel has been used for electric power generation for many decades, due to CO2 emission and its effect on climatic change, besides its massive effect on human health caused by environmental pollution and the high operation cost. As a result, researches and development studies rose to change this type of energy source to another clean source; a solar thermal power plant is one of the promises options. This paper focused on the significant component studies during the past ten years of central receiver tower (CRT) design in concentrating solar power (CSP) technology to enhance the amount of absorbed heat from the sun. After an introduction to solar thermal power plants concepts, a detailed survey of developing technologies that been done on external central receivers design, the last section contains the novelty of our upcoming study, by designing an external receiver with a variable inclination angles configuration system used in CRT technology and investigate the inclination effect numerically and experimentally on the solar receiver efficiency.
Visible Light Communication Design and Implementation
Authors: Al-Azzawi Waleed Khalid , Khalid Raaed , Al-Dulaimi Aymen Mohammed Khodayer
Published: March 2021

There have been many recent technological developments in wireless communication and exponential growth in demand such as lack of sufficient space, bandwidth restriction, and interference. Radio waves have been used to interact conventionally, and there is a growing obligation to look for new technology because of this challenge. Therefore, contact using light is a very motivating vision of wireless communication to solve most challenge. LiFi (Light Fidelity) is the modern contact approach. Visible Light Communication (VLC) simultaneously addresses enlightenment and communication problems. In this paper, a VLC concept was conceived and implemented.
The Role of Technology in Enhancing Place Attachment in Public Place
Authors: Rutha Nibras Mohammad Hadi , Abbas Sana Sati
Published: March 2021

Place attachment fulfills people’s emotional, social and environmental needs as cultural beings. It creats distinctive places that reveal the locality of the place, the political and economic reality of the society and interactive places It enhances urban perceptual factors such as sounds and smells and visual pleasure. It adapts to the factors of time and the spirit of the times and keeping place with advanced technology. Finally, the legibility through Information (cues, messages, Signals) achive the interaction of public place, environment quality, safety and security. This research aims to find the role of technology in increasing the sense of place in public places, and how the dynamic of technology can lead to place attachment and. It presents technology as an interactive dimension in public place,. By developing a theoretical framework for the vocabulary of attachment to place (the formal, conceptual and symbolic components of place), the human experience, interaction and the relationship of technology (function, program and design) by strengthening the interactive process between place and technology at the level of urban space, and the approach of analyzing urban projects that achieved connection with place was adopted by attracting the local and global community to apply these vocabulary and enhance research through it and show that technology represents the interactive dimension in public places by achieving human needs and achieving a diverse urban environment through (form and function) by applying new and developed programs. This does not reduce the attachment to the place, but rather enhances the feeling of interaction and physical and spiritual attachment.
Review on the Interface Pressure Measurement for Below Knee Prosthetic Socket
Authors: Abbod Esraa A , Resan Kadhim K
Published: March 2021

The prosthesis consists of several essential parts such as socket, shank, ankle, and foot. A socket is an important part of prosthetic limbs; it is an interface between the residual limb and prosthetic parts. Biomechanics of socket-residual limb interface, particularly the effect of pressure and force distribution, has on the amputee regarding comfort and function. The most demanding process is designing and fitting of the socket. This is because each patient’s residual limb is unique and complex. It is very significant to take into account the interface pressure of an amputee patient. The prosthetic socket dispenses the entire weight of the amputee’s torso while in the walking cycle. This is why it is vital to measure the quantity of these interface stresses to measure the amount of damage the socket imposes on the residual limb tissues. Different types of methods have been utilized to identify the locations of extreme stresses that might cause skin breakdown. A comparison of stress distributed in a number of socket designs was made to assess interface cushioning and suspension systems, among others.
Transient Analysis of Laminated composite Plate using New Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory
Authors: Ali Ahmed H , Majeed Widad I
Published: March 2021

This work develops transient analysis using a new higher-order displacement function for simply supported cross-ply laminated plates. Muntari’s higher-order shear deformation method for elastic composite plates is used to investigate the composite laminated thick and thin plate’s transient response. The current theory accounts for an approximately parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains on the plate boundary surface through the thickness and tangential stress-free boundary conditions. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived by employing the principle of virtual work. These equations are solved using closed-form solutions of a Navier’s type, plates are subjected to a different distribution of transient loadings such as step pulse, triangular pulse, and sinusoidal pulse, and many design parameters are studied, as expected minimum deflection is obtained for thick, antisymmetric, and has high orthotropy ratio laminated plate. The results obtained theoretically are compared with those available in various literature and showed a high agreement.
Trajectory Circular and Zigzag paths for 3DOF Planar Robot by using Matlab
Authors: Habl Saadi Talib , Obeid Hatem Hadi , Jaleel Abdul-Kareem
Published: March 2021

The Denavit-Hardenberg (D-H) method is widely used to calculate the kinematic properties of various types of robots, where it is possible to obtain a complete description of the robot’s operation. Based on this method’s parameters, it is possible to provide the typical arrangement of all robotic joints. In this work, the kinematic properties such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a 3DOF Planar Robot are analyzed using MATLAB software. Two types of paths are traced in this paper, the straight path, and the zigzag path.
Some Properties of RCC Containing Silica Sand Powder Exposed to MgSo4Solution
Authors: Khan Zahraa Alaa M A Ali , Abbas Zena K
Published: March 2021

Roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a special type of concrete with zero or even negative slump consistency. This work has been targeted to produce and investigate the durability of an RCC mix suitable for roads paving with better engineering properties. Different RCC mixes have been prepared using micro natural silica sand powder (SSP) as a partial substitution by weight of sulfate resistant Portland cement, i.e., [0% (M-R), 5% (M-SSP5), 10% (M-SSP10), and 20% (M-SSP20)]. Additionally, M-sand, crushed stone (NMSA of 19.0 mm), filler, and water were used. Materials have been proportioned according to ASTM D1557. Slabs prepared and cast in molds with dimensions of 38×38×10cm using a vibrating table and manually operated human-made rolling device. Sawing was made after 28 days of normal curing to obtain cubes of 10×10×10cm and prisms of 10×10×38cm used for different tests. Continuous full immersion in 5% MgSO4solution at a temperature of (23±2)°C for 60 and 120 days was implemented to investigate the durability of RCC specimens. The compressive strength(f’cu)of M-SSP5 increased by 7.35% and 7.14%, and the flexural strength(fr)increased by 32.1% and 33.67%, after 60 and 120 days of exposure, respectively, compared to the control mix.
Behaviour of RC Beams with Strengthened Web Openings under Vertical Loads
Authors: Hamad Sarah A , Shakir Qasim M
Published: March 2021

This study aims to investigate experimentally the behavior of self-compacting reinforced concrete beams with in-plane loaded openings strengthened with different techniques in the opening zone. The experimental program consists of testing five specimens with a rectangular opening at the midspan, one of the beams serves as a control beam (without strengthening), and four beams are strengthened at the opening zone with several methods including steel fibers, semi-rhombus crossed bars, jacketing with steel plates, and utilizing the composite section technique. The response has been discussed in terms of the first cracking load, ultimate load, maximum deflection, failure modes, loading history, crack patterns, toughness value, ductility index, and crack width to recognize the best strengthening proposal opening. Test results indicate that the technique of strengthening the WT-rolled steel recorded an increase in the ultimate load capacity, toughness, and ductility of about 21%, 91%, 44 %, respectively, relative to the control beam. However, the beam strengthened by steel fiber reinforced concrete around the opening yielded an increase in the cracking and the load-carrying capacity of about 33.3%, 10.95%, respectively. Concerning the specimen strengthened by the crossed steel bar making a semi-rhombus shape around the opening yields a slight enhancement in the loading capacity of about 8.5%. Furthermore, strengthening the opening with steel plates increases the beam’s load-carrying capacity by about 11.23% compared to the control beam.
Notch Effect on Aluminium Alloy Rod under Rotating Bend Fatigue Load
Authors: Al-Turaihi Ali , Bader Qasim Hasan , Basim Ameen
Published: March 2021

Aluminum alloys have a wide range of applications, such as the aerospace and automotive industries. The effect of V-notch on fatigue life of cylindrical beam made of aluminum alloys under rotating bending fatigue load has been investigated experimentally and numerically. The experimental work involved the tensile strength, hardness, impact test, and fatigue life behavior at room temperature. The fatigue life test was conducted with a fully reversed cycle with a mean stress ratio (R= -1). The experimental data were compared with the numerical result, and a good agreement was found. The results show that the notch has reduced the fatigue life of aluminum alloy beams.
Experimental Investigation on CFRP-Confined Low Strength Concrete after High-Temperatures Exposure
Authors: Shlla Riffa D , Mohammad Khalaf I
Published: March 2021

The current research studies the effect of high temperatures on the behavior of low-strength concrete after wrapping it with one layer of polymer carbon fiber(CFRP) for strengthening. Eighty-four specimens were examined, 42 wrapped with fiber CFRP sheets and 42 un-wrapped, where the study was conducted on cylindrical specimens (150 × 300 mm) that were exposed to different temperatures ranging from (100 to 600°C) for 1 and 2 hours as a period of exposure to heat. The behavior of low strength concrete represented by compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and weight loss are the focus of the practical part of the study. The results revealed, the compressive strength of the wrapped specimens increased by (35%) and (49%) when exposed to temperature (200°C) and for a period of one and two hours, respectively, compared to the unwrapped specimens and at the same degree. Also, the external strengthening with CFRP sheets acted as a protective layer for the concrete, which led to an improvement in the behavior of the low strength concrete.
The Impact of using the Pneumatic Structures on the Sustainability of Iraqi Cities During Religious Events
Authors: Dhumad Ammar Kareem
Published: March 2021

Pneumatic structures are recyclable structures characterized by adaptability and flexibility. They are an excellent solution for designing structures intended for quick or temporary gatherings. Pneumatic structures are used for sporting, entertainment, military and other events. It is also distinguished by its light weight, ease of installation and disassembly. Also, some cities in Iraq suffer from excessive randomness during religious occasions as a result of creating places of gathering and overnighting in irregular ways and using heavy construction materials that sometimes need digging. This affects the aesthetics of the city and damages the infrastructure. Therefore, the importance of the current research lies in the intent of improving the gathering environment, sustainability of cities, and their appearance during those occasions through the use of pneumatic structures. The study addresses the concept of pneumatic structures and the most important types used to create temporary gathering and accommodation places, in a consistent manner with the nature of the occasion and the environment of Iraqi cities during pilgrimages.
A Framework Questionnaire for Diagnosing Infectious Disease Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Thary Hayder Hussein , Zidan Khamis A
Published: March 2021

Infectious diseases weigh down the communities in the world and scientists to spend more effort via keeping tracking of evolving treatment and detecting methods. These diseases may lead to harm life of people. Early diagnosis could significantly support healthcare specialists to save more lives. Additionally, the pandemic leads to maximizing hospitals visits, medical clinics and healthcare centres. The international health organizations also have shown that there has been a rapid growth of infected cases. Therefore, correct diagnosis has become a pressing problem. Consequently, automated diagnosis becomes a sensible solution to the problem of these diagnosis challenges. This study was conducted to identify the most common infectious diseases in the Iraqi society using a well-designed questionnaire and a proposed automated diagnostic technique. Firstly, the top diseases questionnaire is distributed around the city of Baghdad to different medical clinics. The results from the preliminary analysis of the collected responses (115 responses) showed that the most common widespread diseases in the Iraqi community are diabetes, flu, and typhoid. This was followed by another questionnaire for the identification of symptoms and blood test variables for these diseases. It is worth pointing out that there are not sufficient and updated studies dealing with the diseases that attack the Iraqi community. Toward the automated diagnosis, both infectious diseases (flu and typhoid), identified symptoms are employed as feature space with one of the machine learning techniques. For the results evaluation different measures, such as accuracy, confusion matrix, and efficient verification via ROC, have been used to indicate the system performance. The result shows that typhoid disease has significant diagnosis accuracy of 98% compared to the others. While three machine learning systems named (Native Bayes, Linear discriminant, and Ensemble (subspace discriminant)) were used to diagnose flu disease. The resulting accuracy of all three models are 92% which shows good performing. Therefore, the proposed method shows precise accuracy and systematic manner for analyzing infectious diseases.
A Review Study for Measurement, Analysis and Evaluation Four Bar Polycentric Knee
Authors: Al-Maliky Firas Thair , Chiad Jumaa Salman
Published: March 2021

When a transfemoral amputee missing his knee joint, a polycentric mechanism is used as technical substitute to restore the gait function. The motion ability of transfemoral amputee is dependent on the performance of prosthetic knee. Recent results on the kinematic analysis of four-bar polycentric knee mechanism are reviewed in this article. Different experimental tests on data of above-knee prosthetic limb such as F-socket, gait analysis, ground reaction force, static loading, fatigue life and static prosthetic alignment, etc., were used to analyse the gait cycle and to improve the comfortability of amputee after using prosthetic limb, and to increase the stability of prosthetic knee after using. Finally, the optimization techniques included selection of the optimum dimension of polycentric knee is dependent on the data of ICR trajectory estimated from kinematic analysis of four-bar mechanism. These optimization techniques have significant effect on improving the mechanical properties of polycentric knee and reducing its cost.
Walsh Hadamard Code and Wavelength Division Multiplexing Designed and Implemented Using Array FBGs
Authors: Ibrahim Isam A , Mansour Tahreer S
Published: March 2021

Array fiber Bragg grating (AFBGs) was produced using an advanced fabrication technique to write many fibers Bragg gratings (FBGs) in a single strand of optical fiber without any splicing points. AFBG was used to assign a unique signature code for each user in a multiple access technique such as spectral amplitude encoding, optical code division, and multiple access (SAE-OCDMA). A number of bits have been assigned to the signature code including zero bits or one bits. Thus, by using FBG, the zeros bits can be achieved. Then, Walsh Hadamard (WH) code represents one of the smart encoding techniques that can be implemented by AFBGs. In addition, AFBG was applied to isolate the accompanying wavelength of the multiplexed signal. Likewise, AFBG was used to implement wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Therefore, SAE can be improved by using AFBG. As a result, the code words (1 0 1 0), (1 1 0 0) and (1 0 0 1) for users 1, 2 and 3, respectively, are assigned by using AFBGs. The proposed experimental results are presented using a super luminescent diode (SLD), coupler, AFBGs, optical circulator, and fiber Bragg grating analyzer (FBGA). The proposed simulation results are presented using commercial software OptiGrating version 4.2 and OptiSystemTM version 7.0 from Optiwave.
Spatial Pavement Condition for Specific Urban Roads in Karbala City
Authors: Hussein Ewadh A , Almuhanna Raid R A , Zuhair Zahraa
Published: March 2021

Roadway pavements are an important structural element in most countries. For preserving the status of pavements at a satisfactory level of service, attention should be paid to managing maintenance work and applying it in the appropriate time. The survey of the pavement distress and status, significantly helps improving the system of managing the pavement (PMS) capabilities. This research aims to conduct spatial analysis for pavement conditions at arterial streets. Two major roads were selected in the city of Karbala, AL-Mulhaq and Dhbat Al-Osra street. The data collection process was performed based on the type of distress, severity and quantity. Analyzing the collected data and evaluating the index of pavement conditions (PCI) was carried out by software PAVER version 6.5.7. Consequently, estimation of position intensity was conducted by ArcGIS software: a spatial analysis using Points Density Estimation (PDE) and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW). PDE for applications of pavement status allows the distress density extractions and visualizations in elected location or road or network that grants the decision-maker an advanced view of the problem in the region. In this study, PDE is applied to create a map for possible distress hotspots depending on selected distress data. The outcome of this study indicates the appropriateness of the entitlement maintenance heat map for a specific road, which provides a clear denotation of the pavement layers damage on the heat map displayed in relation to the colors intensity. For example, a segment of high PCI score can include very degrading units of low PCI score owing to many faults. Thus, it could be inferred that the PCI segment at all units reflects the truth of pavement condition. The heat map established explains degradation situations for all units and supplies the last vision of pavement condition at the arterial positions surveyed.
Dynamic Analysis of Damaged Carbon Nanotubes Micro-Beam Structures
Authors: Uwayed Ahmed , Alden Arz Y Qwam
Published: March 2021

In this article, the intact and damaged multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) models were performed in micro-beam structures to detect the damaged parts. To that end, numerical analysis using ABAQUS software was implemented to achieve free vibration including the calculating of natural frequencies and normalized mode shapes. Vibration-based damage detection techniques were proposed to assess and localize the damaged parts. Within this study, the damage was presented in terms of reducing the local stiffness at 10%, 20%, and 30% Ec at each location. Then to accomplish the detection task, the irregularity of the higher derivative index was calculated. According to the computed results, the peak of the irregularity index precisely shows the effect of the defect, although it was unseen in the mode shape.
Investigation Wear Behaviour of Tin Bronze Alloy Prepared by Different Casting Techniques
Authors: kadhim Hawraa Abdulhussaien , Abed Iman Jabber
Published: March 2021

The cement industry is one of the essential industries in Iraq that has taken a wide range of attention in many applied fields, but this industry faces some technical and engineering problems. One of these problems may cause consumption sliding bearing used in the kiln rotary of the Kufa cement plant. In this study, the effect of Antimony as an alloying element on the wear resistance behavior of tin bronze alloys produced by die and sand mold casting technique was investigated. The alloying element (Sb) was added with a percentage of 3, 5, and 8 wt. %. Wear tests were carried out using pin-on-disc. In the wear test, the applied load and rotating speed were selected to be 10, 20, 30 N, and 250 rpm, respectively. The prepared alloys have been characterized using the SEM and XRD techniques. It was concluded that the loss of CuSn12 alloy produced by the die mold casting technique was lower due to its higher hardness and wear resistance increased in general with increasing the applied load. The tin bronze + 8 wt% Sb has more wear resistance than tin bronze +5 wt% Sb, tin bronze +3 wt% Sb, and tin bronze alloys.
Effect of Wool Fiber on Structural and Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Copolymer
Authors: Alwaan I M , Sabah Fatima
Published: March 2021

In this work, a blend of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) filled with wool fiber (WF) was successfully prepared through compression molding using tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) as a catalyst. The WF mixing to SBR with the proportion varying from 25 to 150 phr concerning the total weight of SBR. The effect of adding WF on the mechanical properties was examined. Also, the morphology and chemical structure properties were examined by used a scanning microscope (SEM) and Fourier infrared (FTIR), respectively. The results showed that the tensile strength and the elongation at the breaking stage are gradually reduced with the adding of WF. This may be due to WF are blended with the rubber randomly. The SEM images of WF/SBR blends showed some voids in the SBR matrix and weak adhesion between WF and SBR interface. The FTIR results revealed that the reaction of WF with the SBR matrix occurred to confirm the WF grafting SBR.
A Spline Shape Deep Drawing using Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Work Test
Authors: Mukhirmesh Kadhim H , Jawad Waleed K
Published: March 2021

In the current research, an analysis study was conducted to process of design of spline cup drawing. Deep-drawing tools (dies and punches) were designed and manufactured to implement the experimental work required to produce a spline cup with inner dimensions are height h=3 mm, width W=9.64 mm, and diameter d=34 mm, drawn from a circular blank of a di ameter D b = 8 0 mm, and thicknes s t = 0 . 7 mm made of low carbon steel (1008-AISI). To simulate the spline shape deep-drawing process, a commercial finite element program code ANSYS 19.0 Workbench was employed. The research aims to produce the spline shape and study the effect of the punch wall curvature radius on the drawing force, thickness distribution, and effective strains across the sidewall, major and minor axis curvature of a completely drawn spline cup using experimental testing and finite element modeling. From the comparisons between the experimental and finite element results, it was shown that the numerical results of a spline cup deep-drawing are good agreement with the results of the experiment and lie within an average of (4% - 8%). The drawing force and thinning for the small punch wall curvature radius is higher than the large punch wall curvature radius. The maximum drawing force and maximum thinning with the smallest punch wall curvature radius (0.5) at the minor axis curvature of a completely drawn spline cup. The maximum effective strain with the smallest punch wall curvature radius (0.5) at the minor axis curvature region at the completely drawn spline cup rim.
Study of Wear Properties of Recycled Composite Zn-Al Alloy Reinforced with Hybrid Nanoparticles
Authors: Yawer Aveen K , Abdulkader Niveen J , Zainalaadbeen Ahmed A
Published: March 2021

In this research, the stir casting technique used to produce ZA-12 alloy hybrid composites reinforced by nanoparticles (SiC and BN) with different weight percentages. Pin on disk used for the wear test for ZA-12 alloy and its composites. It is found that the nanoparticles improved the hardness and the wear properties of alloys. Since nanoparticles impede dislocations movement, causing an enhancement in the mechanical properties. The microstructure and the phases formed were analyzed using an optical microscope with various magnifications. SEM analysis denotes the uniform distribution of the different weight percentages of SiC and BN nanoparticles in the based alloy, which explains the improvement in the wear properties.
Properties of Materials and Models of Prosthetic Feet: A Review
Authors: Oleiwi Jawad K , Hadi Ahmed Namah
Published: March 2021

Prosthetic limbs fabricate devices that provide amputees with a replacement for their missing limbs, restoring some function. These artificial feet are not as multifunctional as natural feet, but they improve the patient’s performance level. Considering prosthetic feet, in particular, selecting a device is based on how favorably a device matches the human foot’s characteristics. Prosthetic feet are designed to meet required values for tensile strength, density, corrosion resistance, shear strength, flexibility, durability, and cost-efficiency. The above considerations depend on the properties of the material used, the foot’s design, and the manufacturing process applied. In the manufacture of the prosthetic foot, polymers composite reinforced with fibers have been used. Their characteristics confirm a constant and low weight structure that makes it possible for agglomeration, distribution, and energy storage through walking, making a certain rise in gait effectiveness. Depending on the composite’s adjustment in terms of fiber choice, their system, type of mixture and mass content, and the prosthesis design, the foot gets change effectiveness as the ratio of energy unconfined to energy assembled. In this paper, the biomechanics, materials, and models of the prosthetic foot have been reviewed.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Cutting Parameters, Coated and Uncoated Tools on Surface Roughness During Turning Operation
Authors: Khleif Ali Abbar , Othman Farhad M , Thamer Frzdaq Nabeel
Published: March 2021

Surface roughness consistency is one of the challenges for producing high-quality goods in the industry. Surface predicting efficiency plays a vital role in correctly managing the machining parameters during turning operations. Selecting the correct cutting instrument is considered one of the most critical factors influencing the machined surface’s consistency. Accordingly, this work investigates the effect of cutting tool form, coating material, and cutting parameters on surface roughness during the AISI 1045 turning process. Coated (TIN) and uncoated cutting tools were used. The operation was conducted on a computer numerically controlled (CNC) turning unit. The experiments were carried out using cutting speed, feed rate, tool type as process parameters. Taguchi method was used with three factors and two levels, which are the spindle speed (800, 1100, and 1400) rpm, feed rate (0.05. 0.1, 0.15) mm/rev, and the depth of cut (3) mm. The results revealed that the most important consideration for surface roughness is cutting speed, followed by the feed rate and tool coating, respectively.
Review on Nanomaterials Properties Produced by Laser Technique
Authors: Khdr Noor Fakher , Rasheed Bassam G , Ahmed Baida M
Published: March 2021

The optical properties such as scattering and absorption as well as the morphological properties such as shape and size for the nanomaterials produced by laser were studied in details by different researchers. They used different laser techniques to produce nanoparticles such as Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), Pulse Laser Ablation (PLA), and Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL). These laser techniques were used to prepare different nanomaterials such as gold, silver, cadmium, zinc sulfide, titanium, and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The optical and morphological properties were studied using different testing techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Diffraction X-ray (SEM-EDX).
Experimental and Numerical Measurement of the Impact Strength of Poly-lactic Acid through a Low-velocity Impact
Authors: Al-Behadili Ali Jasim Mohammed , Bedaiwi Bashar Owaid
Published: March 2021

This paper presents the results obtained through experimental work and numerical simulation of the kinetic energy dissipation of lactic acid after application of the impact load. The experimental tests were performed according to ASTM standards using the motion drop arrow test. It has been designed according to the standard ASTMD7136.The specimens were plates completely constrained with two edges by the clamping fixture. Two energy absorption parameters (namely saturation impact energy and damage degree), and two relevant characteristic values of the impact force history (namely the first damage force and the maximum force) were included. The impact energy of 2.4 J was measured by the difference in the thickness mode. The finite element method was used by FE symbol (Abaqus/Explicit Dynamic) implemented by a User Defined Sub routine (VUMAT). The results showed areas of shock injury and sample tolerance, and there was a match between the experimental and numerical results. Diagrams are presented to show the history of relevant kinematical, dynamic and energetic quantities, both to synthesize the dependency of the energy parameters and force threshold values on the impact velocity. This study will help to measure the absorbed and kinetic energy of polymers, thus, it will help define the properties of polymers used in critical applications such as medicine.