bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEASURES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIVE PRICES FOR CHINA AND THE USA
Authors: Thomas Charles P. , Marquez Jaime , Fahle Sean
Published: July 2009

Abstract.  In this paper we assemble a measure of international relative prices to gauge the average amount by which prices in China and the USA differ from the prices of their trading partners. Our estimated weighted average of relative prices for China and the USA are the first to use the significantly revised purchasing power parities embodied in the price data from the World Bank's World Development Indicators. Our analysis reveals several findings of interest. First, interactions between the structure of trade and the levels of relative prices are sufficiently important to induce divergences between the weighted average of relative prices and conventional real effective exchange‐rate indexes. Second, revisions embodied in World Development Indicators price data generally lower the estimate of US international relative prices. Third, net exports are inversely related to the estimate of US international relative price, but, for China, the correlation is positive. Estimating this correlation for other countries reveals no systematic pattern related to the level of development alone. Fourth, unlike previous work, using our price measures we find that an increase in US prices relative to Chinese prices raises the share of China's exports to the USA. Finally, there is a distinct possibility of eliminating the long‐standing differential in income elasticities of US trade in empirical applications.
THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CHINA'S LABOUR‐INTENSIVE MANUFACTURING EXPORTS
Authors: Thorbecke Willem , Zhang Hanjiang
Published: July 2009

Abstract.  Chinese policy‐makers fear that an RMB appreciation will reduce low technology exports. We investigate this issue using data on China's exports to 30 countries. We find that an appreciation of the RMB would substantially reduce China's exports of clothing, furniture and footwear. We also find that an increase in foreign income, an increase in the Chinese capital stock, and an appreciation among China's competitors would raise China's exports. Because Europe is the second leading exporter of labour‐intensive manufactures behind China, these results indicate that the appreciation of the euro relative to the RMB since 2001 has crowded out European exports.
Market Efficiency Reloaded: Why Insider Trades do not Reveal Exploitable Information
Authors: Dickgiesser Sebastian , Kaserer Christoph
Published: July 2009

Several studies have emphasized a slow price adjustment to reported insider trades for Germany. The results presented in this paper, though, show that this is mainly caused by a subset of high arbitrage risk stocks. In fact, the abnormal return difference between the quintiles of stocks with highest and lowest idiosyncratic risk is in the range of 2.99-4.90% over a 20-day interval. These results are robust even in the context of a joint generalized least squares approach. By developing a simple zero-investment arbitrage trading strategy mimicking insider trades, it turns out that such a trading strategy, in most cases, generates significant positive returns as long as transaction costs are neglected. However, the out-performance disappears in all risk quintiles, if bid/ask spreads are taken into account.We conclude that the market’s under-reaction to reported insider trades can mainly be explained by the cost of risky arbitrage and is therefore not exploitable.
The ‘best interests of the child’ thesis: some thoughts from Australia
Authors: Hansen Patricia , Ainsworth Frank
Published: July 2009

In the 36 years since the 1973 publication of ‘Beyond the Best Interests of the Child’ by Goldstein, Freud and Solnit, the phase ‘the best interests of the child’ has achieved biblical standing and is now embedded in childcare and protection legislation worldwide. It also resonates through clinical reports and other materials that form the basis for proceedings in Children's Courts and in Family Law Courts. Such is the power of the phrase that it is to be found in Article 18 of the Convention on the Rights of Children that was adopted by the United Nations in September 1989. In 1996, Goldstein, Solnit and Goldstein, with Freud, indicated a preference for the phrase ‘least detrimental alternative’ rather than ‘the best interests of the child’. For this reason, and because the world in 2009 is a far different place from that which existed 36 years ago, we think it is time to re‐examine this classic phrase both in terms of its underlying thesis and how it is used in present‐day childcare and protection proceedings and practice.
Fitness effects and genetic architecture of plant–herbivore interactions in sunflower crop–wild hybrids
Authors: Dechaine Jennifer M. , Burger Jutta C. , Chapman Mark A. , Seiler Gerald J. , Brunick Robert , Knapp Steve J. , Burke John M.
Published: July 2009

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03077.xFeatured paper: See Commentary, p741
Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 modulation of in vivo response of brain hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 to hypoxia/reoxygenation is mediated by nitric oxide and factor inhibiting HIF
Authors: Martínez‐Romero Rubén , Cañuelo Ana , Martínez‐Lara Esther , Javier Oliver Francisco , Cárdenas Sara , Siles Eva
Published: July 2009

Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) is a nuclear protein that once activated by genotoxic agents, modulates its own activity and that of several other nuclear proteins. The absence or pharmacological inhibition of this protein has been proven to be beneficial in the treatment of different diseases involving a hypoxic situation. We previously reported that PARP‐1 modulates the hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) response in vitro, but this effect has not yet been demonstrated in vivo. The brain is especially susceptible to hypoxic injury, and the present study demonstrates that PARP‐1 plays a major role in the post‐hypoxic response of HIF‐1α in the cerebral cortex. Immediate post‐hypoxic HIF‐1α accumulation was higher in the presence of PARP‐1, and this differential response was mediated by nitric oxide and to a lesser extent, reactive oxygen species. PARP‐1 was also found to induce a more rapid but less sustained HIF‐1 transcriptional activity by up‐regulating the factor inhibiting HIF. The implication of PARP‐1 in these results was further demonstrated by pharmacologically inhibiting PARP in wild‐type mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that PARP‐1 has an important regulatory role in the in vivo response of brain HIF‐1 to hypoxia/reoxygenation.
Dysregulation of intracellular copper trafficking pathway in a mouse model of mutant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase‐linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Tokuda Eiichi , Okawa Eriko , Ono Shin‐ichi
Published: July 2009

Mutations in copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are responsible for 20% of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis through a gain‐of‐toxic function. We have recently shown that ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, an intracellular copper‐chelating reagent, has an excellent therapeutic benefit in a mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This finding suggests that mutant SOD1 might disrupt intracellular copper homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the effects of mutant SOD1 on the components of the copper trafficking pathway, which regulate intracellular copper homeostasis. We found that mutant, but not wild‐type, SOD1 shifts intracellular copper homeostasis toward copper accumulation in the spinal cord during disease progression: copper influx increases, copper chaperones are up‐regulated, and copper efflux decreases. This dysregulation was observed within spinal motor neurons and was proportionally associated with an age‐dependent increase in spinal copper ion levels. We also found that a subset of the copper trafficking pathway constituents co‐aggregated with mutant SOD1. These results indicate that the nature of mutant SOD1 toxicity might involve the dysregulation of the copper trafficking pathway, resulting in the disruption of intracellular copper homeostasis.
Outpatient Satisfaction: The Role of Nominal versus Perceived Communication
Authors: Beckett Megan K. , Elliott Marc N. , Richardson Andrea , Mangione‐Smith Rita
Published: July 2009

Objective. To examine the simultaneous associations of parent and coder assessments of communication events with parent satisfaction.

Study Setting. Five hundred twenty‐two pediatrician–patient encounters.

Study Design. Parents reported on post‐visit satisfaction with care and whether four communication events occurred. Raters also coded communication events from videotapes. Multivariate analyses predicted parent satisfaction.

Principal Findings. Satisfaction was greater when parents perceived at least three communication events. Parent and coder reports were nearly uncorrelated. Coder‐assessed communication events not perceived by parents were unrelated to parent satisfaction.

Conclusions. Parents are more satisfied when most or all of the expected parent–physician communications occur. A successful pediatrician–parent communication event is one that a parent recognizes as having occurred; it is not merely one that a trained observer says occurred.
Hospice Characteristics and the Disenrollment of Patients with Cancer
Authors: Carlson Melissa D. A. , Herrin Jeph , Du Qingling , Epstein Andrew J. , Cherlin Emily , Morrison R. Sean , Bradley Elizabeth H.
Published: July 2009

Objective. To characterize the types of hospices with higher rates of patient disenrollment from the Medicare Hospice Benefit and the markets in which these hospices operate.

Data Source. Secondary analyses of Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results‐Medicare data. Analyses included patients who died of cancer from 1998 to 2002 and who used hospice (n=90,826).

Study Design. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate the association of patient disenrollment with hospice size, years since Medicare certification, ownership, staff mix, competition, urban/rural status, region, and fiscal intermediary. Other covariates included patient demographic and clinical characteristics.

Principal Findings. Patients were more likely to disenroll from hospice if they were served by newer hospices (OR=1.14; 95 percent CI 1.03, 1.26), by smaller hospices (OR=1.11; 95 percent CI 1.02, 1.20), or by hospices in more competitive markets (OR=1.17; 95 percent CI 1.03, 1.35). There was an independent effect of the hospice's fiscal intermediary on disenrollment, particularly disenrollment after 6 months with hospice (Wald χ2=21.2, p=.007).

Conclusions. The reasons for higher disenrollment rates for newer hospices, for smaller hospices, and for hospices in highly competitive markets are likely complex; however, results suggest that there are organizational‐level barriers to keeping patients with cancer enrolled with hospice. Variation across fiscal intermediaries may indicate that regulatory oversight, particularly of long‐stay patients, influences hospice disenrollment.
Implications of the Growing Use of Wireless Telephones for Health Care Opinion Polls
Authors: Cantor Joel C. , Brownlee Susan , Zukin Cliff , Boyle John M.
Published: July 2009

Objective. To assess the effect of wireless telephone substitution in a survey of health care reform opinions.

Data Source. Survey of New Jersey adults conducted by landline and wireless telephones from June 1 to July 9, 2007.

Study Design. Eighty‐one survey measures are compared by wireless status. Logistic regression is used to confirm landline–wireless gaps in support for coverage reforms, controlling for population differences. Weights adjust for selection probability, complex sample design, and demographic distributions.

Principal Findings. Significant differences by wireless status were found in many survey measures. Wireless users were significantly more likely to favor coverage reforms. Higher support for government‐sponsored universal coverage, income‐related state coverage subsidies, and an individual mandate remain after adjustment for demographic variables.

Conclusions. Opinion polls excluding wireless users are likely to understate support for coverage reforms.
Measuring Racial/Ethnic Disparities across the Distribution of Health Care Expenditures
Authors: Cook Benjamin Lê , Manning Willard G.
Published: July 2009

Objective. To assess whether black–white and Hispanic–white disparities increase or abate in the upper quantiles of total health care expenditure, conditional on covariates.

Data Source. Nationally representative adult population of non‐Hispanic whites, African Americans, and Hispanics from the 2001–2005 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys.

Study Design. We examine unadjusted racial/ethnic differences across the distribution of expenditures. We apply quantile regression to measure disparities at the median, 75th, 90th, and 95th quantiles, testing for differences over the distribution of health care expenditures and across income and education categories. We test the sensitivity of the results to comparisons based only on health status and estimate a two‐part model to ensure that results are not driven by an extremely skewed distribution of expenditures with a large zero mass.

Principal Findings. Black–white and Hispanic–white disparities diminish in the upper quantiles of expenditure, but expenditures for blacks and Hispanics remain significantly lower than for whites throughout the distribution. For most education and income categories, disparities exist at the median and decline, but remain significant even with increased education and income.

Conclusions. Blacks and Hispanics receive significantly disparate care at high expenditure levels, suggesting prioritization of improved access to quality care among minorities with critical health issues.
Differential Effect of the State Children's Health Insurance Program Expansions by Children's Age
Authors: Lurie Ithai Zvi
Published: July 2009

Research Objective. This paper tests for differences in the effect of State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) on children's insurance coverage and physician visits across three age groups: pre‐elementary school‐aged children (pre‐ESA), ESA children, and post‐ESA children.

Data Source. The study uses two cross sections of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) from the 1996 and 2001 panels.

Study Design. A difference‐in‐differences approach is used to estimate the effect of SCHIP on coverage and physician visits of newly eligible children of different age groups.

Data Collection. Demographic, insurance, and physician visit information for children in families with income below 300 percent of federal poverty line were extracted from the SIPP.

Principal Findings. Uninsurance rates for post‐ESA children declined due to SCHIP while public coverage and the likelihood of visiting a physician increased. Estimates of cross‐age differences show that post‐ESA children experienced a larger decline in uninsurance rates compared with pre‐ESA and ESA children and a larger increase in physician visits compared with ESA children.

Conclusions. The higher rate of physician visits for post‐ESA children due to SCHIP demonstrates the importance of extending insurance coverage to teens as well as young children.
Using Nonfinancial Measures to Assess Fraud Risk
Authors: BRAZEL JOSEPH F. , JONES KEITH L. , ZIMBELMAN MARK F.
Published: July 2009

This study examines whether auditors can effectively use nonfinancial measures (NFMs) to assess the reasonableness of financial performance and, thereby, help detect financial statement fraud (hereafter, fraud). If auditors or other interested parties (e.g., directors, lenders, investors, or regulators) can identify NFMs (e.g., facilities growth) that are correlated with financial measures (e.g., revenue growth), inconsistent patterns between the NFMs and financial measures can be used to detect firms with high fraud risk. We find that the difference between financial and nonfinancial performance is significantly greater for firms that committed fraud than for their nonfraud competitors. We also find that this difference is a significant fraud indicator when included in a model containing variables that have previously been linked to the likelihood of fraud. Overall, our results provide empirical evidence suggesting that NFMs can be effectively used to assess fraud risk.
Diaphragmatic hernia in horses: 44 cases (1986–2006)
Authors: Hart Samantha K. , Brown Jennifer A.
Published: July 2009

Objectives –To present a case series of horses diagnosed with diaphragmatic hernia, and to determine the significance of (1) historical information, examination findings, and laboratory data; and (2) exploratory laparotomy or necropsy findings on short‐ and long‐term outcome.

Setting –University Referral Hospital.

Design –Retrospective study.

Animals –Forty‐four horses/foals admitted between 1986 and 2006 with a diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia made either at exploratory laparotomy or necropsy.

Interventions –None.

Measurements and Main Results –Information from the medical records included history, clinical examination findings at presentation, and findings of exploratory laparotomy or necropsy. Logistic regression or the Fisher exact test was used to determine factors associated with survival. Outcome was defined as survival to discharge (short‐term survival), and long‐term survival was defined as horses alive at least 1‐year post surgery. Of the 44 horses, 18 died or were euthanized before surgery. Twenty‐six were taken to surgery, 17 were euthanized. Nine horses recovered from anesthesia, 7 of which survived to hospital discharge. Of these, 5 were alive at long‐term follow‐up. Survival was significantly associated with the age of the horse (≤2 y old) at presentation, presence of normal peritoneal fluid at presentation, amount of compromised viscera at surgery (<50% small intestine), and the size (<10 cm) and location (ventral) of the diaphragmatic tear.

Conclusion –This study confirms that size and location of the lesion do play a significant role in prognosis. And, although the prognosis for horses with diaphragmatic hernia is poor, if horses have operable lesions there is a fair prognosis for long‐term survival.
Creativity: Delusions, Realities, Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Steers John
Published: July 2009

This article considers the background and provisions of the New Secondary Curriculum in England. Attention is drawn to the extent of the policy changes by comparing the ten‐year old demands of the Swift & Steers ‘Manifesto for art in schools’ (1999) with the new legislation and guidance. In particular, while there is strong support for overdue recognition of the importance of creativity in the curriculum it is argued that its inclusion remains problematic because the ‘risky thinking’ involved will be difficult in the many schools that have become risk averse in the face of ever increasing accountability. Nevertheless, there are very significant opportunities for art and design provided a number of key challenges are faced and acted upon.
The Artist‐Led Pedagogic Process in the Contemporary Art Gallery: Developing a Meaning Making Framework
Authors: Pringle Emily
Published: July 2009

Drawing on recent research which examined how selected artist educators perceive themselves as arts practitioners and analysed how these constructions inform their pedagogy, this article proposes a framework of meaning making in the art gallery. Art practice is defined as a process of conceptual and experiential enquiry which embraces inspiration, looking, questioning, making, reflective thinking and the building of meanings. The pedagogic process instigated in the gallery resembles art practice in that artists seek to ‘teach’ skills including questioning and critical reflection and promote experiential learning. Hence artist educators function as facilitators enabling learners to engage directly with art works (which are seen to embody the knowledge of the artist creator and contribute actively to the construction of meaning), whilst sharing their knowledge through dialogic exchange. The devised Meaning Making in the Gallery (MMG) framework encapsulates the pedagogic relation‐ship between artist, learners and artworks in the gallery and proposes a model of creative teaching and learning which has potential application within cultural institutions and beyond.
The Way They See It: An Evaluation of the Arts Across the Curriculum Project
Authors: Coutts Glen , Soden Rebecca , Seagraves Liz
Published: July 2009

This article reports on an evaluation to interrogate the efficacy of a Scottish Government sponsored initiative to introduce an arts‐infused education model to primary (elementary) and secondary (high) schools called Arts Across the Curriculum. Between April 2005 and December 2007 the evaluation team gathered data about this three‐year pilot project, using a variety of instruments including surveys, structured observations, interviews and video diaries. This article presents some of the findings from the evaluation and in particular it focuses on the artists' views of the efficacy of the project; in short we wanted to know how they ‘saw it’. It should be noted that the research team that evaluated the initiative had no say in the design of the project.
Pregnancy in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Aggarwal Neelam , Sawhney Harjeet , Vasishta Kala , Chopra Seema , Bambery Pardeep
Published: July 2009

Summary: We reviewed the obstetrical performance and outcome of 15 pregnancies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (study group) and compared them with 45 age and parity‐matched normal pregnancies (control group). Eleven women (73.8%) were in remission phase and 4 (26.7%) had active disease at the time of conception. The time interval between disease diagnosis and the index pregnancy was 4.2 ± 2.5 years. Two patients with renal involvement had lupus flare‐up during the antenatal period. There was no case of lupus flare‐up in the postpartum period. Gestational age at delivery was significantly lower in SLE patients (35.9 ± 2.5 weeks) compared to the control group (37.4 ± 2.2 weeks). The incidence of intrauterine growth retardation was significantly higher in the SLE patients (40%). There was no case of neonatal lupus or congenital heart block.
Modelling the evolution of vein microstructure with phase‐field techniques – a first look
Authors: HUBERT J. , EMMERICH H. , URAI J. L.
Published: July 2009

Vein microstructures in the Earth's crust contain a wealth of information on the physical conditions of crystal growth, but correct interpretation requires an improved understanding of the processes involved. In this paper the processes involved in the formation of veins are briefly reviewed, and the possibilities of modelling these processes using the phase‐field method are discussed. This technique, which is established in the computational materials science community to investigate crystallization processes, is shown to be a powerful tool to describe processes during vein formation and other geological processes involving crystal growth.
Daily Frustration, Cognitive Coping and Coping Efficacy in Adolescent Headache: A Daily Diary Study
Authors: Massey Emma K. , Garnefski Nadia , Gebhardt Winifred A. , Van Der Leeden Rien
Published: July 2009

Objective.— To investigate both concurrent and prospective relationships between daily frustration, cognitive coping and coping efficacy on the one hand and daily headache occurrence on the other.

Methods.— Eighty‐nine adolescents aged 13‐21 completed an online daily diary for 3 weeks. Data were analyzed using multilevel modeling.

Results.— Daily frustration of goal pursuits was significantly related to both same day and next day headache occurrence. Coping efficacy beliefs were significantly related to lower next day headache occurrence (no same day relationship was found). None of the cognitive coping strategies used in response to daily frustration were related to headache occurrence on the same or next day.

Conclusions.— Daily frustration to goal pursuit is suggested to be an important stressor contributing to concurrent and prospective headache occurrence. Furthermore, the extent to which adolescents believe in their ability to cope also appears to influence experience of subsequent headache. Further prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings and to further unravel the possibly reciprocal relations between these factors. These findings offer useful insights into the dynamic interplay between daily stressful experiences and headache in youths.
Proton Spectroscopy in Patients With Post‐Traumatic Headache Attributed to Mild Head Injury
Authors: Sarmento Elder , Moreira Pedro , Brito Claudio , Souza Jano , Jevoux Carla , Bigal Marcelo
Published: July 2009

Background.— Post traumatic headaches (PTH) following mild head injury (MHI) impose important diagnostic challenges to clinicians, and are often the scope of litigation.

Objective.— To investigate whether spectroscopy magnetic resonance imaging (MRS) demonstrates markers of PTH following MHI.

Methods.— We imaged individuals with PTH following MHI (n = 17), as well as controls (n = 12), using Proton MRS (1‐HS MRI). We estimated the metabolic ratios of N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) and choline (Cho), relative to creatine (Cr). Compared with controls, individuals with PTH following MHI had reduced values of NAA in the right (1.64 ppm vs 2.05 ppm, P = .012) and left anterior regions of the frontal lobe white matter (1.52 ppm vs 2.10 ppm; P = .024); anterior (1.52 ppm vs 1.78 ppm; P = .0155) and posterior medial region of the frontal lobes (1.6 ppm vs 2.07 ppm; P = .0045), and medial region of parietal lobes (1.76 ppm vs 2.23 ppm; P = .0065). Contrasted to controls, Cho measures were statistically increased in the posterior region of the white matter of the right side fontal lobe (1.18 ppm vs 0.99 ppm; P = .0095), anterior medial region of the frontal lobe (1.20 ppm; vs 1.07 ppm; P = .0265), and medial region of the parietal lobes (0.92 ppm vs 0.65 ppm; P = .0005).

Conclusions.— Proton MRS may be useful as an imaging marker for PTH following mild injury. Future studies should contrast PTH following mild vs severe trauma, as well as PTH with other forms of headache, to clarify if the findings are specific of the disease, may be correlated with disease severity, or if they are unspecific headache markers.
Middle Meningeal Artery Dilatation in Migraine
Authors: Shevel Elliot
Published: July 2009

Objective.— To show that migraine pain is not related to dilatation of the dural meningeal arteries.

Background.— The origin of the pain in migraine has not yet been adequately explained and remains the subject of vigorous debate. Current theories implicate changes in the trigeminovascular system, which is defined as comprising the large intracranial vessels, and in particular, the dural meningeal vessels, the dura mater, and their neural connections.

Methods.— The anatomical relationships of the dural meningeal arteries to the dura mater and the inner surface of the calvarium are described.

Results.— The dural meningeal arteries lie in grooves in the inner table of the calvarium, are encased in the unyielding fibrous dura mater, and are consequently unable to dilate.

Conclusion.— The pain of migraine is not related to dilatation of the dural meningeal arteries.
Clinical Assessment of Topiramate Therapy in Patients With Migrainous Vertigo
Authors: Gode Sercan , Celebisoy Nese , Kirazli Tayfun , Akyuz Aycan , Bilgen Cem , Karapolat Hale , Sirin Hadiye , Gokcay Figen
Published: July 2009

(Headache 2010;50:77‐84)

Objective.— To assess the efficacy of topiramate in reducing both the frequency and the severity of vertigo and headache attacks in patients with migrainous vertigo and to compare 50 and 100 mg/day doses of the drug.

Methods.— Thirty patients diagnosed as definite migrainous vertigo were recruited in the study. Vertigo and headache frequency was determined as the monthly number of attacks whereas severity was determined by visual analog scales measured in millimeters from 0 to 100. Patients were randomized to either 50 or 100 mg/day topiramate for 6 months. Vertigo and headache frequency and severity were evaluated at the end of the study period.

Results.— Number of mothly vertigo attacks decreased significantly in the overall group after treatment (median from 5.5 to 1; P < .01). The same was true for monthly headache attacks (median from 4 to 1; P < .01). A statically significant improvement in vertigo severity was noted (median from 80 to 20 mm; P < .01). Headache severity showed significant improvement as well (median from 60 to 30 mm; P < .01). No statistically significant difference between high‐ and low‐dose groups was present regarding efficacy (P > .05). Four patients in the high‐dose group discontinued treatment at the end of the first month because of adverse effects.

Conclusions.— In the overall group, topiramate was found to be effective in reducing the frequency and the severity of vertigo and headache attacks. Both doses of the drug were equally efficacious. The 50 mg/day dose seems to be appropriate as higher adverse effects were noted when 100 mg/day was used.
Sexual Headache in Young Adolescence: A Case Report
Authors: Evers Stefan , Peikert Andreas , Frese Achim
Published: July 2009

We present the case of a boy who first experienced typical primary headache associated with sexual activity, orgasmic type, at age 12. Neurological examination and brain imaging were normal. A family history of migraine existed. The case shows the broad age spectrum of this primary headache disorder.
Working and Episodic Memory in HIV Infection, Alcoholism, and Their Comorbidity: Baseline and 1‐Year Follow‐Up Examinations
Authors: Fama Rosemary , Rosenbloom Margaret J. , Nichols B. Nolan , Pfefferbaum Adolf , Sullivan Edith V.
Published: July 2009

Background:  Selective memory deficits occur in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and those with chronic alcoholism, but the potential compounded effect of these conditions is seldom considered, despite the high prevalence of alcohol use disorders in HIV infection.

Methods:  Here, we examined component processes of working and episodic memory in HIV infection and chronic alcoholism (ALC) in 4 subject groups (HIV, ALC, HIV + ALC, and normal controls) at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up. Accuracy scores, response times, and rate of information processing were assessed with subtests of the computerized neuropsychological test battery, the MicroCog.

Results:  Although individuals with either HIV infection or alcoholism generally performed at normal levels, individuals comorbid with HIV infection and alcoholism were impaired relative to controls and to the single diagnosis groups on selective memory processes. Immediate episodic memory was impaired, whereas working memory remained intact. Ability to retain information over time was not impaired in the clinical groups. Little performance change between groups was detected over 1 year. Results could not be explained by amount of alcohol consumed over a lifetime, CD4 cell count, AIDS diagnosis, or HAART medication.

Conclusions:  This study provides behavioral support for adverse synergism of HIV infection and chronic alcoholism on brain function and is consistent with neuroimaging reports of compromised hippocampal and associated memory structures related to episodic memory processes in these 2 conditions.
Influence of Canal Preparation Depth on the Incidence of Femoral Medullary Infarction with Zurich Cementless Canine Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: HANEY DAVIDA R. , PECK JEFFREY N.
Published: July 2009

Objective—To determine the incidence of femoral medullary infarction after modifying the depth of femoral reaming and filing when performing total hip replacement (THR) using the Zurich Cementless Total Hip Replacement system (ZCTHR).

Study Design—Case series.

Animals—Dogs (n=31) that had ZCTHR (34).

Methods—Thirty‐one dogs (34 THR) had ZCTHR (May 2003–September 2006) and with >1 year radiographic (craniocaudal, mediolateral views) follow‐up after THR were evaluated for the presence of femoral medullary infarcts. Incidence was compared with a previous study performed before the technique modification.

Results—Femoral medullary infarction occurred in 1 femur (2.9%; dog <18 months at THR) compared with 19.5% before the technique change, a significant decrease (P<.001).

Conclusion—Limiting the depth of reaming and filing of the medullary canal resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of femoral medullary infarction.

Clinical Relevance—Depth of reaming and filing the medullary canal should be limited when performing THR using the ZCTHR.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of Dynamic Condylar Screw Plate Combined with a Dorsal Plate and Double Plate Fixation of Distal Diaphyseal Radial Osteotomies in Adult Horses
Authors: JANICEK JOHN C. , WILSON DAVID A. , CARSON WILLIAM L. , KRAMER JOANNE
Published: July 2009

Objective—To compare stiffness and strength of a dynamic condylar screw plate combined with dorsal broad dynamic compression plate (DCS–bDCP) fixation with double broad dynamic compression plate (dbDCP) fixation used to repair oblique distal fractures of adult equine radii.

Study Design—Experimental.

Sample Population—Adult equine radii (n=10 pair).

Methods—An unconstrained three‐dimensional loading–measurement system was used to determine stiffness of a 50 mm long intact, and then DCS–bDCP or dbDCP‐plated osteotomized/ostectomized segment of radii when subjected to a nondestructive sequence of compression, torsion, and lateral‐to‐medial (LM), medial‐to‐lateral (ML), cranial‐to‐caudal (CrCa), and caudal‐to‐cranial (CaCr) bending. Uniform load over the entire length of construct identified its weakest characteristics during torsion and LM and CrCa bending to failure.

Results—No difference was observed between osteotomized/ostectomized DCS–bDCP and dbDCP construct stiffness for all 6 loading modes, and strength for all 3 failure loads. Ostectomized DCS–bDCP and dbDCP construct stiffness was significantly lower than osteotomized radii, the latter approaching intact for axial, LM, and CrCa bending. Most frequent failure was bone fracture through exit site of a screw located adjacent to osteotomy/ostectomy.

Conclusions—DCS–DCP and dbDCP constructs had comparable strength and stiffness when repairing osteotomies/ostectomies in equine adult radius bone. Fracture reduction increased stiffness that approached intact bone for loads that placed the unplated side in compression.

Clinical Relevance—DCS–bDCP and dbDCP constructs are comparable in stiffness and strength when applied to oblique distal diaphyseal osteotomies/ostectomies in equine radius bone. However, the DCS's localized effect on distal epiphyseal structure because of additional bone removal remains to be investigated under in vivo articular loading conditions.
Mapping of Split‐Line Pattern and Cartilage Thickness of Selected Donor and Recipient Sites for Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation in the Canine Stifle Joint
Authors: BÖTTCHER PETER , ZEISSLER MARKUS , MAIERL JOHANN , GREVEL VERA , OECHTERING GERHARD
Published: July 2009

Objective— To characterize donor and recipient sites for autologous osteochondral transplantation in the canine stifle joint with respect to split‐line pattern and cartilage thickness.

Study Design— In vitro study.

Sample Population— Stifle joints (n=30) of dogs >20 kg.

Methods— Collagen network orientation of the hyaline cartilage coverage of the distal femur was assessed using split‐line technique (n=10). Cartilage thickness was measured radiographically on osteochondral plugs harvested at the abaxial and axial surfaces of the femoropatellar joint (n=15), the most proximal abaxial aspect of the medial condyle (CO; n=5) and at both femoral condyles (n=15).

Results— Cartilage within the femoropatellar joint and both femoral condyles had mostly transversely orientated pattern of split‐lines. Abaxial to the femoropatellar joint split‐lines were absent. All donor sites had significantly thinner cartilage than the medial condyle (CM). Only the distal trochlea had cartilage thickness comparable to the lateral condyle (CL). The thinnest cartilage was found abaxial to the femoropatellar joint followed by CO, which was ∼2–3 times thinner than the cartilage at both condyles.

Conclusions— None of the investigated donor sites provided transplants of comparable cartilage thickness to CM. Transplants from within the femoropatellar joint should be harvested in priority as they reach cartilage morphology comparable to CL.

Clinical Relevance— Adjusting for cartilage thickness and split‐line pattern may improve long‐term outcome after autologous osteochondral transplantation. But surface curvature and donor‐site morbidity have to be considered as well when choosing the most suitable donor site.
Efficacy of Adhesive Incise Drapes in Preventing Bacterial Contamination of Clean Canine Surgical Wounds
Authors: OWEN LAURA J. , GINES J. ALBERTO , KNOWLES TOBY G. , HOLT PETER E.
Published: July 2009

Objective—To investigate the efficacy of adhesive incise drapes in reducing bacterial contamination of clean canine surgical wounds.

Study Design—Randomized clinical trial.

Animals—Dogs (n=100) having elective ovariohysterectomy or stifle surgery.

Methods—Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: drape or no drape. Swabs obtained from the inner edge of the surgical wound at the beginning (swab 1) and end (swab 2) of surgery were submitted for microbial culture. Number of colony forming units was counted for all positive cultures and change in bacterial counts between swabs 1 and 2 was calculated. Percentage adhesive drape adherence at the end of surgery was calculated from a digital photograph of the surgical site. Duration of surgery/anesthesia and the anesthetic induction agent used were recorded.

Results—There was a significant increase in bacterial counts between swabs 1 and 2 (P=.001). Wound contamination was 14% (6 drape; 8 no drape;P=0.78) withStaphylococcusspp. most commonly isolated. Median percentage drape adherence at the end of surgery was 89.3% (0–100%). Duration of anesthesia was significantly related to wound contamination (P=.013), but duration of surgery and anesthesia induction agent were not.

Conclusions—Adhesive incise drapes did not reduce wound contamination of clean canine surgical wounds.

Clinical Relevance—Use of adhesive incise drapes in clean surgical procedures is of questionable benefit in dogs.
Cervical Spine Locking Plate Fixation for Treatment of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy in Large Breed Dogs
Authors: TROTTER ERIC J.
Published: July 2009

Objective—To describe indirect decompression by means of cervical spine locking plate (CSLP) fixation with vertebral distraction, discectomy, and cancellous block bone grafting in large breed dogs with single caudal cervical dynamic spondylotic lesions diagnosed by myelography with linear traction to the cervical spine, and contrast‐enhanced computed tomography.

Study Design—Prospective clinical study.

Animals—Dogs (n=12) with caudal cervical spondylotic myelopathy because of a single dynamic, traction‐responsive lesion.

Methods—Single, traction‐responsive, caudal cervical spondylotic lesions were treated by vertebral distraction, discectomy, cancellous block bone grafting, and CSLP fixation. Follow‐up was obtained by sequential recheck examination by the author or referring veterinarian or by telephone inquiries.

Results—Ten dogs had neurologic improvement after surgery. Indirect decompression by maintained distraction with cancellous block grafting and CSLP fixation was readily accomplished with less risk of blood loss or iatrogenic spinal cord injury than that associated with direct (ventral) decompression. There were no complications of graft intrusion, extrusion or subsidence, implant loosening, foraminal impingement, or end‐plate failure. Two dogs that had satisfactory short‐term recoveries developed clinical signs associated with adjacent segment disease and were euthanatized. At long‐term follow‐up, 8 dogs had satisfactory function, either a normal gait or one with slight to moderate proprioceptive deficits.

Conclusions—CSLP fixation with cancellous block interbody grafting is an effective and perhaps safer method of treating single‐level, traction‐responsive cervical spondylosis in large breed dogs.

Clinical Relevance—CSLP fixation with interbody bone grafting is a viable alternative to other techniques for treatment of single‐level, traction‐responsive cervical spondylosis.
Prospective Evaluation of Two Intracorporeally Sutured Prophylactic Laparoscopic Gastropexy Techniques Compared with Laparoscopic‐Assisted Gastropexy in Dogs
Authors: MAYHEW PHILIPP D. , BROWN DOROTHY CIMINO
Published: July 2009

Objective— To report technique, surgical time, complication rate, and postoperative activity in dogs undergoing 2 intracorporeally‐sutured total laparoscopic gastropexy (TLG) techniques compared with a laparoscopic‐assisted gastropexy (LAG) technique.

Study Design— Randomized clinical trial.

Animals— Dogs (n=30) weighing >25 kg.

Methods— Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. Two TLG techniques were performed using a median 3 portal technique. One of 2 suturing techniques was used to approximate corresponding incisions made in the stomach and body wall; using intracorporeal hand‐suturing or a suture‐assist device (Endostitch™). In a 3rd group, a previously reported LAG technique was used. All dogs had an activity monitor placed for 7 days pre‐ and postoperatively. Linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of surgical procedure on gastropexy time and the percentage change in activity counts.

Results— Median gastropexy time was 28 minutes (range, 20–41 minutes) for LAG, 48 minutes (range, 39–61 minutes) for the hand suture TLG technique, and 56 minutes (range, 30–90 minutes) for the Endostitch™ TLG technique. LAG was performed faster than TLG (P<.05). LAG dogs had a greater decrease in postoperative activity than TLG dogs (P=.005); however there was no difference in surgical time or postoperative activity between TLG techniques.

Conclusions— TLG can be performed safely and effectively in dogs and although it takes longer, it has less impact on postoperative activity compared with LAG.

Clinical Relevance— TLG techniques may have advantages over LAG as measured by a greater willingness of dogs to move around postoperatively.
Long‐Term Efficacy of a Percutaneously Adjustable Hydraulic Urethral Sphincter for Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Four Dogs
Authors: ROSE SCOTT A. , ADIN CHRISTOPHER A. , ELLISON GARY W. , SEREDA COLIN W. , ARCHER LINDA L.
Published: July 2009

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of a surgically placed, static hydraulic urethral sphincter (SHUS) for treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetency (USMI).

Study Design—Prospective study.

Animals—Spayed female dogs (n=4) with acquired USMI.

Methods—Urinary incontinence was assessed using a subjective continence score before and after implantation of an SHUS on the proximal urethra via ventral median celiotomy. Dogs were assessed for urinary continence, urinary tract infections, and implant‐associated complications for 30 months. Residual incontinence was treated with percutaneous inflation of the SHUS with sterile saline solution through a biocompatible subcutaneous administration port.

Results—At last follow‐up (26–30 months after surgery), continence scores improved from a median preoperative score of 3/10 to a median postoperative score of 10. One dog developed wound drainage over the subcutaneously placed administration port but remained continent after port removal. Three occluders were percutaneously filled with additional saline (median, 0.18 mL; mean, 0.16 mL) to improve continence after surgery.

Conclusions—Application and adjustment of an SHUS provided sustained improvements in continence score in all dogs.

Clinical Relevance—In this pilot study, 3 of 4 dogs with hydraulic urethral sphincter implantation had successful percutaneous adjustment and maintained improved continence scores for 2 years after surgery. Continence was maintained in the 4th dog even after administration port removal. Based on this pilot study, the SHUS warrants further clinical evaluation for treatment of dogs with USMI unresponsive to medical management.
Correlation of Surface Electromyography of the Vastus Lateralis Muscle in Dogs at a Walk with Joint Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces
Authors: BOCKSTAHLER BARBARA B. , GESKY ROLAND , MUELLER MARION , THALHAMMER JOHANN G. , PEHAM CHRISTIAN , PODBREGAR I.
Published: July 2009

Objective—To describe the activity pattern of the vastus lateralis muscle in dogs at walk measured by surface electromyography (EMG) in relation to kinematics and kinetics of the pelvic limb.

Study Design—Experimental.

Animals—Malinois dogs (n=11).

Methods—Dogs (mean ± SD age, 5.5 ± 2.9 years; weight, 27.3 ± 3.8 kg; shoulder height, 62.7 ± 3.3 cm) walked on a treadmill system with integrated force plates, which allowed simultaneous analysis of kinematics, kinetics, and EMG data from all limbs. The maxima, minima, and their time of occurrence in the motion cycle of the EMG and the pelvic limb kinematics and kinetics were calculated; correlations between joint movement patterns, ground reaction forces (GRF), and activity pattern of the muscle group were investigated.

Results—The vastus lateralis muscle had an activity pattern with 2 peaks and a close positive correlation with GRF. The 1st peak occurred in early stance, followed by a decrease in activity during mid‐stance. The 2nd peak occurred directly before the quick activity decrease in late stance phase, reaching its minimum early in swing phase.

Conclusions—These results suggest that the vastus lateralis muscle supports the vertical position and elevation of the pelvis during stance and push‐off. During early stance, the muscle acts as a coantagonist to the hamstring muscle group and the gastrocnemius muscle, and restrains flexion during the late stance.

Clinical Relevance—Results of this study could enhance diagnosis of locomotor system disorders and facilitate monitoring effects of treatments (e.g., therapeutic exercises) on gait ability and muscle function.
A Lateral Approach to the Repair of Propagating Fractures of the Medial Condyle of the Third Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bone in 18 Racehorses
Authors: WRIGHT IAN M. , SMITH MATTHEW R. W.
Published: July 2009

Objectives—To report the technique, observations on fracture configurations and results of treatment by fixation lag screw following the fracture plane determined by an approach to the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone (MC3/MT3) that begins laterally over the metacarpo(metatarso)phalangeal joint and extends dorsally over the diaphysis of the bone.

Study Design—Case series.

Animals—Thoroughbred horses (n=18) with propagating fractures of the medial condyle of MC3/MT3.

Methods—Retrospective analysis of case records of horses with fractures of the medial condyle of MC3/MT3 that propagated sagittaly or in a spiral configuration into the diaphysis, repaired surgically under general anesthesia by screw fixation in lag fashion through a lateral approach with periosteal reflection.

Results—Fractures were readily identified at surgery, enabling screw fixation in lag fashion following the fracture plane. Fracture configurations varied and could be classified as sagittal and spiral fractures with fractures within each group generally following a similar course. All horses recovered relatively uneventfully from general anesthesia and surgery, and all fractures healed well. Thirteen horses returned to training; 5 subsequently raced.

Conclusions—Repair of propagating sagittal and spiral fractures of the medial condyle of MC3/MT3 with diaphyseal involvement, through a lateral approach with periosteal reflection permits stable fixation with minimal complications. In this series there were no catastrophic failures.

Clinical relevance—Fractures of the medial condyle of MC3/MT3 that propagate either sagittaly or in a spiral configuration into the diaphysis can be successfully repaired with screw fixation in lag fashion using a lateral approach with periosteal reflection.