bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The First 25 Years of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine
Authors: Willoughby Russell A.
Published: March 2010

In a brief period of 25 years the ACVIM has developed from an idea into one of the leading specialties in veterinary medicine. The varied training, experience, and backgrounds of the specialists who designed the College were the necessary basis from which high but attainable standards were established. The continued involvement and interactions of the diplomates with organized veterinary medicine, species and client groups, allied specialty groups, and research organizations have enabled the College to remain at the cutting edge of the clinical sciences. The contacts that undergraduate veterinary students have with diplomates in veterinary teaching hospitals, along with attendance at the ACVIM Forum and the Journal, encourage many to undertake careers in one of the specialties of the College.

The collegial atmosphere within the ACVIM that began in its formative years is a hallmark of the College. That atmosphere continues to be fostered by acquaintances that interns and residents establish during their training programs, during examinations, and while presenting and attending papers at the Forum. Many collaborative educational and research projects have emerged from these networks. In many cases, diplomates have decided to accept positions or pay visits because of these friendships.

The ACVIM is a caring organization that treasures the creation of new knowledge and its ability to share that knowledge with its main public—the veterinary profession and others responsible for the care of animals.

May it always be so.
Prognosis for Neonatal Foals in an Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Furr Martin , Tinker Mary Kay , Edens Lucy
Published: March 2010

This study was conducted to develop an equation for the prediction of outcome in neonatal foals undergoing treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU). Fifty‐three physical examination, historical, and clinicopathologic variables were analyzed from the records of 99 neonatal foals (<14 days of age) treated in the neonatal ICU of the Equine Medical Center. The outcome was recorded and the results were categorized into either surviving or nonsurviving groups. The mean values for the 2 groups were compared, and variables that differed significantly between the two groups were retained and used to construct a logistic regression equation. Retained variables were heart rate, temperature, and neutron phil count. The predictive equation then was tested prospectively in 2 additional groups of foals from 2 separate ICUs. The predicted outcome was compared to the actual outcome, and performance variables were calculated. Sensitivity (.83), specificity (.87), negative predictive value (.72), and positive predictive value (.93) were determined for foals from one neonatal ICU; the sensitivity (.83), specificity (.44), negative predictive value (.44), and positive predictive value (.83) were lower for foals at a second, separate ICU.
Systemic Arterial Dirofilariasis in Five Dogs
Authors: Frank Johanna R. , Nutter Felicia B. , Kyles Andrew E. , Atkins Clarke E. , Sellon Ranee K.
Published: March 2010

Systemic arterial dirofilariasis is an unusual manifestation of heartworm disease of dogs that results from aberrant migration ofDirofilaria immitisinto the peripheral arterial circulation. To expand the clinical characterization of systemic arterial dirofilariasis, 5 dogs evaluated at the North Carolina State University's College of Veterinary Medicine were reviewed. Common clinical presentations included hindlimb lameness, paresthesia of hindlimbs, and interdigital ischemic necrosis resulting from thromboembolic disease. Visualization of heartworms with angiography or ultrasonography confirmed the diagnosis in all cases. All 5 dogs were treated with an adulticide; 3 dogs were treated with thiacetarsamide sodium and 2 with melarsomine dihydrochloride. Four of the 5 dogs survived the initial treatment period; 1 dog died of severe thromboembolic complications after thiacetarsamide sodium therapy. The treatment of systemic arterial dirofilariasis creates a therapeutic challenge because of multiple potential complications resulting from thromboembolic disease.
Muscle Potassium Content and Potassium Gluconate Supplementation in Normokalemic Cats With Naturally Occurring Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Theisen Sharon K. , DiBartola Stephen P. , Radin M. Judith , Chew Dennis J. , Buffington C. A. Tony , Dow Steven W.
Published: March 2010

Muscle potassium content and supplementation with potassium gluconate were evaluated in normokalemic cats with chronic renal failure (CRF). Affected cats received standard medical therapy for renal failure and either placebo (sodium gluconate! or potassium gluconate. At the beginning of the study and after 6 months of supplementation, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were estimated using3H‐inulin and14C‐tetraethylammo‐nium bromide (TEA) clearances. Muscle potassium content was determined in biopsy specimens using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Muscle biopsy samples obtained from cats with CRF before treatment had significantly lower muscle potassium content than did those from normal control cats. Over the 6‐month period of supplementation, muscle potassium content increased both in cats with CRF that received potassium gluconate and in those that received placebo (sodium gluconate). Serum potassium concentration and fractional excretion of potassium remained relatively unchanged in both groups of cats throughout the treatment period. There were no significant differences in the percentage change in GFR and ERPF between treatment groups over the 6‐month time period. Median values for pH, HCO3, and total CO2at 6 months were higher than baseline in the potassium gluconate group but lower than baseline in the sodium gluconate group.
Hepatic Lipidosis in Anorectic, Lactating Holstein Cattle: A Retrospective Study of Serum Biochemical Abnormalities
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Garry Franklyn B. , Getzy David M. , Fettman Martin J.
Published: March 2010

The association between hepatic lipidosis (HL) and disease in 59 anorectic, ketotic, lactating Holstein heifers and cows was investigated. Severe HL, as determined by histologic evaluation of liver tissue, was present in 46 animals; only half of these animals required intensive treatment for ketosis, and only half had serum biochemical evidence of liver disease, as determined by the presence of a test value of 2‐fold or greater than the upper limit of the reference range for at least 2 of the 4 serum tests: gamma‐glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities and bile acid concentrations. Most cattle with biochemical evidence of liver disease and severe HL had been lactating for 14 or more days. Cows that required intensive treatment inconsistently had serum biochemical evidence of liver disease.

Although cattle with severe HL had significantly higher serum bilirubin concentrations and aspartate aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities than cattle with less severe lipidosis, the specificity of abnormally high serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity or bilirubin concentration for severe lipidosis was only 8%. Abnormally high serum aspartate aminotransferase activity was 83% sensitive and 62% specific for severe lipidosis. Serum glucose and total carbon dioxide concentrations were significantly lower in cattle with severe lipidosis than in those with mild or moderate lipidosis, and low serum glucose or total carbon dioxide concentrations were rare in cattle without severe lipidosis. From these data, we conclude that the use of a single biochemical or histopathologic criterion to define severity of disease or degree of liver compromise in anorectic, ketotic cows results in the misidentification of many animals.
Pheochromocytoma in Dogs: 61 Cases (1984–1995)
Authors: Barthez Paul Y. , Marks Stanley L. , Woo Jenny , Feldman Edward C. , Matteucci Mark
Published: March 2010

This report presents the clinical, laboratory, imaging, and pathologic findings in 61 dogs with pheochromocytoma by retrospective evaluation of medical records. Pheochromocytomas were diagnosed by histopathologic examination of tissue specimens in all dogs. Special stains (chromogranin A and synaptophysin) also were used to confirm the chromaffin cell origin of the tumors. Epidemiologic findings were in agreement with previous studies, indicating that pheochromocytomas affect middle‐aged to older dogs with no apparent gender or breed predilection. The tumor was considered clinical in 21 dogs (34%), was responsible for abnormalities related to a space‐occupying mass in 7 dogs (11%), and was an incidental finding in 35 dogs (57%). The hematologic and biochemical findings were nonspecific. Hypertension was detected in 10 of 23 (43%) dogs tested, but all hypertensive dogs had concurrent diseases that may have contributed to hypertension. Abdominal ultrasonography was the most commonly used imaging procedure, with a mass detected in the region of the adrenal glands in 20 of 40 (50%) dogs examined. In 4 of the 20 dogs (20%), invasion of the caudal vena cava was identified. Surgery was performed in 17 dogs (28%) with immediate death or euthanasia of 5 dogs. Survival after surgery ranged from 1 day to 3.25 years. Pheochromocytomas were locally invasive in 39% of affected dogs and produced metastases in 13% of the cases. Common sites for metastases included regional lymph nodes, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and bone. A high frequency of concurrent neoplasia (54%), including endocrine neoplasia, was identified.
Thrombocytopathia and Light‐Chain Proteinuria in a Dog Naturally Infected WithEhrlichia canis
Authors: Varela Frederic , Font Xavier , Valladares Josep E. , Alberola Jordi
Published: March 2010

A 6–year‐old dog was presented for evaluation of recurrent epistaxis. Platelet counts, biochemical tests, and coagulation tests were within the normal range, but a mucosal bleeding time was prolonged; there was hyperproteinemia and a monoclonal gammopathy. Heterogeneity of light chains appeared in urine, however, thus suggesting that the gammopathy was polyclonal. Platelet aggregation tests showed decreased responsiveness to collagen. AnEhrlichia canisindirect fluorescent‐antibody titer was positive (1:40). Treatment with tetracycline, melphalan, and prednisone resulted in a rapid clinical improvement that persisted for at least 3 years.
Cisapride Stimulates Contraction of Idiopathic Megacolonic Smooth Muscle in Cats
Authors: Hasler Andreas H. , Washabau Robert J.
Published: March 2010

We have previously shown that cisapride, a substituted piperidinyl benzamide, stimulates contraction of healthy feline colonic smooth muscle. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of cisapride on feline idiopathic megacolonic smooth muscle function. Longitudinal smooth muscle strips from ascending and descending colon were obtained from cats with idiopathic megacolon, suspended in a 1.5 mM Ca2+‐HEPES buffer solution (37°C, 100% O2, pH 7.4), attached to isometric force transducers, and stretched to optimal muscle length (L0). Control responses were obtained at each muscle site with acetylcholine (10–8to 104M), substance P (10–11to 10‐7M), or potassium chloride (10 to 80 mM). Muscles were then stimulated with cumulative (10–9to 10–6M) doses of cisapride in the absence or presence of tetrodotoxin (10–6M) and atropine (10–6M), or in a 0 calcium HEPES buffer solution. In cats with idiopathic megacolon, cisapride stimulated contractions of longitudinal smooth muscle from both the ascending and the descending colon. Cisapride‐induced contractions were similar in magnitude to those induced by substance P and acetylcholine in the ascending colon, but were less than those observed in the descending colon. Cisapride‐induced contractions in megacolonic smooth muscle were only partially inhibited by tetrodotoxin and atropine, but were virtually abolished by removal of extracellular calcium. We concluded that cisapride‐induced contractions of feline megacolonic smooth muscle are largely smooth muscle mediated and dependent on influx of extracellular calcium. Cisapride‐induced contractions in megacolonic smooth muscle are only partially dependent on enteric cholinergic nerves. Thus, cisapride may be useful in the treatment of cats with idiopathic megacolon.
Idiopathic Hypocalcemia in Foals
Authors: Beyer Michael J. , Freestone John F. , Reimer Johanna M. , Bernard William V. , Rueve Edward R.
Published: March 2010

Five thoroughbred foals (4 fillies and 1 colt), all in good to excellent body condition, ranging in age from 4 days to 5 weeks at the time of onset of signs, were presented to 2 Kentucky equine hospitals from 1992 through 1996. All 5 foals presented with tachycardia, hyperhidrosis, diarrhea or a recent history of diarrhea, and muscle rigidity or stiff gait. Four of the 5 foals presented for recumbency, seizure‐like activity with opisthotonos, or pronounced extensor muscle rigidity. All 5 foals were hypocalcemic. All foals either died or had euthanasia performed. None responded to oral calcium supplementation. The cause of the hypocalcemia was unknown. Different idiopathic hypocalcemia syndromes may exist in foals.
Duration of Effects of Phenylbutazone on Serum Total Thyroxine and Free Thyroxine Concentrations in Horses
Authors: Ramirez Sammy , Wolfsheimer Karen J. , Moore Rustin M. , Mora Francisco , Bueno AIoisio C. , Mirza Taskeen
Published: March 2010

The objectives of this study were to determine if phenylbutazone decreased serum thyroxine (TT4) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations using radioimmunoassay and equilibrium dialysis techniques in horses, and, if so, an additional objective was to determine the duration of this decreased concentration once phenylbutazone administration was discontinued. Serum TT4and FT4concentrations were determined before and after administration of 4.4 mg/kg of phenylbutazone IV bid for 5 days. Treatment with phenylbutazone caused a significant decrease in TT4and FT4concentrations (P< .05). Serum TT4concentration significantly decreased after day 4 of treatment and remained significantly below baseline value for 10 days after discontinuing phenylbutazone administration; it returned to a value not different from the baseline value by the 11th day. Serum FT4concentration significantly decreased after day 4 of treatment and remained significantly below the baseline value for only 1 day after phenylbutazone administration was discontinued; it returned to a value not different from the baseline value by the 3rd day after discontinuation of phenylbutazone. These results indicate that serum TT4and FT4should not be used to evaluate thyroid function in horses receiving phenylbutazone. In addition, results should be interpreted cautiously when phenylbutazone has been administered within 2 days (for FT4) or within 10 days (for TT4) of sample collection.
Omeprazole in a Dog With Gastrinoma
Authors: Brooks Dana , Watson Gary L.
Published: March 2010

A 9‐year‐old male German Shepherd Dog was presented with the primary complaints of vomiting, profuse watery diarrhea, anorexia, and severe weight loss. The dog developed hematemesis and melena, which were unresponsive to treatment with an H2‐receptor antagonist and a gastrointestinal protectant. A marked neutrophilia, panhypoproteinemia, hypokalemia, and mildly increased activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase were the only relevant abnormalities found on a CBC, serum biochemical profile, and urinalysis. An exploratory laparotomy revealed several small nonresectable masses at the root of the mesentery, which were identified histologically as a neuroendocrine neoplasm. Immunohistochemical staining of the neoplasm was positive for gastrin and negative for insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Fasting serum gastrin concentrations were high. Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome was diagnosed, and the dog was treated with omeprazole, an H+, K+‐ATPase inhibitor. All clinical signs resolved, and the dog remains asymptomatic 2 years later. Omeprazole may be the gastric acid antisecretory drug of choice for dogs with gastrinoma.
Response to Insulin Treatment and Survival in 104 Cats with Diabetes Mellitus (1985–1995)
Authors: Goossens Mariëlle M.C. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Edward C. , Griffey Stephen M.
Published: March 2010

Medical records of 104 cats with diabetes mellitus were reviewed. Information from 54 cats that had multiple blood glucose concentrations evaluated at least 5 times over a minimum of 3 months, beginning at the time insulin treatment was initiated, was used to evaluate the efficacy of insulin in treating diabetes mellitus. Fourteen of 54 cats were treated with protamine zinc insulin (PZI), 26 with ultralente insulin, and 14 with lente insulin. Six, 29, and 19 cats had good, mediocre, and poor glycemic control, respectively, based on mean blood glucose concentrations, whereas 31, 21, and 2 owners thought clinical response was good, mediocre, and poor, respectively. No significant difference was found in glycemic control among cats treated with PZI, ultralente, or lente insulin. Glycemic control was significantly (P< .05) better in 33 cats without than in 21 cats with concurrent disease. All 104 cats were used to calculate survival data. Fifty‐one of 104 cats were alive at the time of the study. Mean (± standard deviation [SD]) and median survival times were 24 (± 16) and 20 months, respectively, in the 51 cats still alive at the end of the evaluation, and 25 (± 4) and 17 months, respectively, in the 53 cats that had died during the period of evaluation. Pancreatic abnormalities identified in 37 cats that underwent necropsy included chronic pancreatitis (n = 17), acute to subacute pancreatitis (n = 2), exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 7) and adenoma (n = 1), islet cell atrophy and vacuolar degeneration (n = 27), and islet amyloidosis (n = 8). No association was found between glycemic control and islet amyloidosis or exocrine pancreatic neoplasia, or between survival time and chronic pancreatitis, islet amyloidosis, or exocrine pancreatic neoplasia. In conclusion, diabetic cats evaluated in this study showed a variable response to exogenously administered insulin, ranging from excellent to poor. By maintaining mean blood glucose concentrations under 300 mg/dL, clinical signs were improved, and owners were satisfied with insulin treatment. Concurrent potentially insulin‐antagonistic diseases were common and deleteriously affected glycemic control and survival time.
Renal Calculi in Dogs and Cats: Prevalence, Mineral Type, Breed, Age, and Gender Interrelationships (1981–1993)
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Ruby Annette L. , Johnson Deedra L. , Thurmond Mark , Franti Charles E.
Published: March 2010

Three hundred seventeen specimens of urinary calculi of renal origin from 214 female dogs and 103 male dogs, and 71 specimens of urinary calculi of renal origin from 38 female cats and 33 male cats were submitted for mineral analysis between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 1993. Among dogs, 45 breeds were affected with renal calculi. Thirty‐three breeds and a crossbred group were represented among females, but 8 breeds and the crossbred group accounted for 81% of the total. Among male dogs, 30 breeds and a crossbred group were represented, but 7 breeds and the crossbred group accounted for 69% of the total. Among cats, 10 breeds and a crossbred group were represented. Dogs and cats with renal calculi were older than those of 2 comparison population groups. More than one‐half of the renal calculi in both dogs and cats were from the 1st known episode of urolithiasis. The risk of formation of renal calculi was found to be higher for cats than for dogs, when compared to other stone‐forming cats and dogs (approximately 4.95 per 100 stone‐forming cats and 2.88 per 100 stone‐forming dogs). Among dogs, breeds at highest risk of developing renal calculi were Miniature Schnauzers, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apsos, Yorkshire Terriers, and female Pugs. Also at high risk were male Dalmatians and male Basset Hounds. Among small dogs, females generally were at higher risk of developing renal calculi than were males. Regardless of size, terrier breed males generally were at higher risk of developing renal calculi. Breeds of dogs at low risk for development of renal calculi included crossbreds, German Shepherd Dogs, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and female Dachshunds. When only 1 kidney was involved, the risk of left renal calculus was greatest for both dogs and cats, but bilateral renal involvement was relatively common in both species (19% and 9%, respectively). Among dogs, specimens composed of 1 mineral substance (eg, struvite) occurred more often in males (58.3%) than in females (37.9%). Female dogs formed renal calculi containing struvite or oxalate more often than did males; males formed calculi containing urate more often than did females. Calculi containing oxalate, apatite, or some combination of these minerals predominated among cats; only 1 specimen from 38 female cats and only 4 specimens from 33 male cats contained neither oxalate nor apatite. Crossbred cats were significantly less likely to have renal calculi than were other breeds. A single renal calculus specimen was identified in several uncommon breeds including Tonkinese and Birman cats, and Affenpinscher, Clumber Spaniel, English Shepherd, and Field Spaniel dogs. No significant differences were observed between male and female dogs or between male and female cats with regard to mineral type of the specimen and the presence of urinary tract infection.
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses Elicited by Tone‐Burst Stimuli in Clinically Normal Dogs
Authors: Uzuka Yuji , Fukaki Megumi , Hara Yukio , Matsumoto Haruyasu
Published: March 2010

Brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) to click and tone‐burst stimuli (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz) were recorded from 32 ears in 16 adult Beagles. BAERs were used to establish a normative database and describe response thresholds and latencies (wave I‐IV) for the different stimuli. The frequencies of sound used were 8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 kHz. Sound stimuli were delivered by a closed headphone and masking stimuli were not applied. The BAER waveforms obtained were similar to those reported previously, except for a frequency‐following response evoked by 1‐kHz tone‐bursts. The threshold was lowest when clicks and 4‐kHz tone‐bursts were used. Significant differences were observed between the mean values of the peak latencies for clicks and 4‐and 8‐kHz tone‐bursts. The tone‐burst stimulation used in our experiment was shown to be an appropriate method for detecting the BAERs. Thus, for investigating the frequency‐specificity of the auditory sense, BAER data obtained using tone‐burst sound in dogs may be meaningful.
Neonatal Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Infection on a Thoroughbred Breeding Farm
Authors: Murray Michael J. , del Piero Fabio , Jeffrey Stuart C. , Davis Michael S. , Furr Martin O. , Dubovi Edward J. , Mayo John A.
Published: March 2010

Of 17 foals born on a Thoroughbred breeding farm between March and April 1995, infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) was associated with neonatal morbidity in 5 foals, 3 of which died or were euthanized. Morbidity and mortality were associated with pulmonary inflammation, and EHV‐1 was identified in the lungs of the 3 foals that died. All neonatal EHV‐1 infections occurred in foals of mares housed in the same pasture and barn. No other clinical manifestations of EHV‐1 infection (eg, abortion, neurologic disease, or respiratory disease) occurred during this outbreak. Three foals were treated with acyclovir (1 died, 2 survived), which may have influenced the clinical outcome in the surviving foals.
Efficacy of Fresh‐Frozen Plasma and Cryoprecipitate in Dogs with von Willebrand's Disease or Hemophilia A
Authors: Stokol Tracy , Parry Bruce W.
Published: March 2010

Here we report the comparative efficacy of fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) and Cryoprecipitate in the treatment of 2 inherited bleeding disorders in dogs. The dogs were divided into 3 groups, consisting of 4 Doberman Pinschers with type I von Willebrand's disease (vWD) (group I), 1 Scottish Terrier with type III vWD (group 2), and 4 German Shepherd Dogs with hemophilia A (group 3). In vWD, therapeutic efficacy was determined by the ability of the products to increase von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) concentrations above 35 canine units (CU)/dL and to correct the prolonged buccal mucosal bleeding time. Therapeutic efficacy in hemophilia A was assessed by the ability of the products to increase the factor VIII coagulant (FVIII:C) activity above 30 CU/dL. In both groups 1 and 2, higher increases in vWf:Ag were achieved with Cryoprecipitate than with FFP, despite a significantly smaller total amount of vWf:Ag (in CU) being infused with Cryoprecipitate. The maximum vWf:Ag attained after infusion in group 1 was dependent on both the baseline vWf:Ag concentration and on the type of infusion product. The dogs with vWD in both groups also displayed a delayed increase in FVIII:C activity after infusion of both plasma products, which is characteristic of the disease. In group 3, Cryoprecipitate achieved similar increases in FVIII:C activity compared to FFP, although a significantly lesser amount of FVIII:C (in CU) was delivered with Cryoprecipitate. Six of the 9 dogs treated with FFP experienced adverse effects ranging from mild pruritus to pallor and weakness, whereas none of the 9 dogs treated with Cryoprecipitate had any observable adverse reactions (P= .009). Based on its efficacy and safety, we recommend Cryoprecipitate over FFP for treatment or prophylaxis of hemorrhagic episodes in dogs with vWD or hemophilia A.
Possible Late Potentials in 4 Dogs with Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Kraus Marc , Jacobs Gilbert , Kushner Lynne
Published: March 2010

Signal‐averaged electrocardiograms (SAEKGs) were performed on 4 dogs with sustained ventricular tachycardia. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of SAEKGs were consistent with the presence of late potentials. Two of the 4 dogs subsequently died suddenly, and ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation were observed in 1 dog. High‐frequency QRS durations (75–90 milliseconds), duration of low amplitude (less than 40 μV) signals during the terminal QRS complex (LAS40) (28–40 milliseconds), root mean square voltages of the terminal 40 milliseconds of the QRS complex (RMS40) (124–6.5 μV), and root mean square voltages of the terminal 30 milliseconds of the QRS complex (RMS30) (13–2.1 μV) differed from results obtained in 68 of 70 control dogs. Echocardiographic data suggested dilated cardiomyopathy in 2 dogs and the cause of the arrhythmia in 2 dogs was not determined. The SAEKG may be a useful adjunct in identifying a subset of dogs with ventricular tachyarrhythmias that are at high risk for sustained ventricular tachycardia and sudden death. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracies of the technique remain to be determined.
Relation between Habitual Diet and Canine Mammary Tumors in a Case‐Control Study
Authors: Alenza Dolores Pérez , Rutteman Gerard R. , Peña Laura , Beynen Anton C. , Cuesta Pedro
Published: March 2010

In the present case‐control study several dietary and nutritional factors were investigated to determine if a relationship exists between diet and development of mammary tumors in female dogs. Control female dogs (n = 86) were compared with a case group of dogs (n = 102) with dysplasias or tumors of the mammary gland. A questionnaire providing information on the dog's body conformation and dietary and reproductive histories was answered by the owners. Serum selenium and retinol concentrations and the fatty acid profile in subcutaneous adipose tissue were analyzed as indicators of nutritional status. Obesity at 1 year of age and 1 year before the diagnosis of mammary nodules was found to be significantly related to a higher prevalence of mammary tumors and dysplasias. The intake of homemade meals (compared to that of commercial foods) was also significantly related to a higher incidence of tumors and dysplasias. Other significant risk factors were a high intake of red meat, especially beef and pork, and a low intake of chicken. The subcutaneous fatty acid profile and the serum selenium concentration were not significantly different in the cases and the controls, with the exception of C18:1 fatty acid (oleic acid) content, which was significantly higher in the cases than in healthy controls. Serum retinol concentration was significantly lower in the cases than in the controls. In the multivariate analysis, older age, obesity at 1 year of age, and a high red meat intake were independently and significantly associated with the risk of developing mammary tumor and dysplasias.
Amlodipine: A Randomized, Blinded Clinical Trial in 9 Cats with Systemic Hypertension
Authors: Snyder Patti S.
Published: March 2010

The efficacy of amlodipine (AML) was tested in hypertensive cats in a placebo‐controlled, randomized, blinded clinical trial. Five cats were randomized to receive 0.625 mg AML once daily and 4 cats to receive placebo (PLA) once daily. The average systolic blood pressure (SBP) recorded by the Doppler method on day 0 was 212 ± 21 mm Hg in the AML group and 216 ± 32 mm Hg in the PLA group. On day 7, the cats receiving AML had a significantly lower average daily SBP (160 ± 30 mm Hg) but SBP in the PLA group was unchanged (207 ± 31 mm Hg). On day 7, all cats receiving PLA and one cat receiving AML were crossed over to the other group because of inadequate response. Blood pressure did not decrease adequately in 3 cats by day 14 (7 days of PLA and 7 days AML) and the treatment code was broken. Each of these cats was subsequently administered 1.25 mg AML daily. Cats requiring 1.25 mg AML once daily (6.1 kg ± 0.7 kg) weighed significantly more than cats that responded to 0.625 mg AML once daily (4.1 ± 0.7 kg). The average daily SBP recorded in the 6 cats that completed the study was significantly lower after 16 weeks of treatment (152 ± 14 mm Hg) compared to day 0 (221 ± 24 mm Hg). Three cats were euthanized before completion of the study. All 3 cats were responders to AML on day 7. SBPs measured 24 hours after AML administration were similar to the average daily SBP, suggesting that AML effectively controlled SBP for a 24‐hour period. AML was shown to be an effective once‐daily antihypertensive agent when administered to cats at a dosage of 0.18 ± 0.03 mg/kg sid.
Pulmonary Eosinophilia Associated with Increased Airway Responsiveness in Young Racing Horses
Authors: Hare Jonathan E. , Viel Laurent
Published: March 2010

Horses are known to acquire small airway disease (SAD), an allergen‐induced naturally occurring syndrome of reversible obstructive lung disease accompanied by airway hyperresponsiveness and increased inflammatory cell numbers on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). This disorder has received scant attention in young racehorses. The purpose of the present report was to examine the effect of BAL eosinophilia in young racehorses on clinical examination, BAL, hematology, airway responsiveness, and on pulmonary function at rest and after a standardized exercise challenge. Five (3 males, 2 females; age 2.6 ± 0.9 years) with a history of respiratory compromise and BAL eosinophil differential count <5% and 6 controls (4 males, 2 females; age 3.5 ± 1.0 years) training and performing to expectation with normal BAL cell differential (eosinophils < 1%) were studied. Respiratory system clinical examination was performed and expressed as a clinical score. Arterial blood gas measurements, CBC, and pulmonary function testing were performed at rest. Pulmonary mechanics measurements were repeated 1 hour and 20 hours after a standardized treadmill exercise challenge. Incremental histamine inhalation challenge was performed and the concentration of histamine effecting a 35% decrease in dynamic compliance (PC35CDyn) was determined. Significant differences were noted between and controls with regard to clinical score (P= .01), blood eosinophils (P= .04), BAL cell count (P= .04), BAL macrophage differential (P= .04), PC35CDyn(P= .008), and tidal volume and respiratory rate at 20 hours following exercise challenge (P= .05). We conclude that pulmonary eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness are manifest in some young horses without overt airway obstruction at rest. We speculate that these may be early events in the natural progression of heaves.
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis: A Review
Authors: Brown Michael H. , Brightman AIan H. , Fenwick Bradley W. , Rider Maureen A.
Published: March 2010

The economic impact of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) warrants continued investigation of the mechanisms by whichMoraxella bovissurvives on and colonizes the corneal surface. Virulent strains ofM bovisproduce hemolysin and exhibit different plasmid profiles than nonvirulent strains. Interactions among host, environment, vector, season, and concurrent infection influence the prevalence of IBK.Mycoplasmasp. or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus may enhance or hasten the disease process. The manifestations of IBK may range from mild conjunctivitis to severe ulceration, corneal perforation, and blindness. Treatment of IBK is dictated by economic considerations, intended animal use, and feasibility of administration. Antibiotic therapy is aimed at achieving drug concentrations in tears to meet or exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration for prolonged periods. At present, IBK is not a preventable disease. Affected animals must be separated from the herd and vector control vigorously instituted. Carrier animals must be identified and removed from the herd. Vaccination trials have been unsuccessful because of pili antigen crossreactivity, variable strains, and uncontrolled environmental factors. Recent investigations have determined thatM bovismay utilize host iron sources via iron‐repressible outer membrane proteins and siderophores for growth. Elucidation of normal defense mechanisms of the bovine eye may lead to new strategies to enhance the immune response againstM bovis.
Use of Body Surface Area to Calculate Chemotherapeutic Drug Dose in Dogs: II. Limitations Imposed by Pharmacokinetic Factors
Authors: Frazier Donita L. , Price G. Sylvester
Published: March 2010

Anticancer drug dosages that specify the maximum dose and minimum dosing interval that are tolerated in a population of dogs are commonly recommended. Because the differences between the effective and toxic doses of most cancer chemotherapeutics is slight, it is important to achieve therapeutic concentrations in tumor tissues at the same time that concentrations in nontarget tissues are minimized. In order to determine the dosage regimen that will most likely accomplish these goals, similar drug concentrations must be achieved in all patients dosed according to a specific regimen. Dosing based on body surface area (BSA) is generally used in an effort to normalize drug concentrations. This is because it is well recognized that measures of many physiologic parameters that are responsible for drug disposition, including renal function and energy expenditure, can be normalized by use of BSA. However, there is substantial evidence that drug disposition is not always proportional to BSA. Differences in distribution, metabolism, and excretion pathways may preclude dose extrapolation among species or among individuals within a species based on BSA. Moreover, genetic differences in drug metabolism are well recognized in humans and in laboratory animals, and it is likely that similar differences exist among breeds of dogs. A review of the pharmacokinetic disposition of several cancer chemotherapeutics suggests that studies are needed to determine the most effective method to achieve equivalent anticancer drug concentrations in diverse veterinary patients.
Abnormalities of the Thoracic Bellows: Stress Fractures of the Ribs and Hiatal Hernia
Authors: Hardie Elizabeth M. , Ramirez Oscar , Clary Erik M. , Kornegay Joseph N. , Correa Maria T. , Feimster R. Alan , Robertson Emily R.
Published: March 2010

The thoracic bellows mechanism consists of the rib cage and the diaphragm. The purpose of this study was to determine if nontraumatically acquired lesions of the bellows were secondary to underlying disease. Abnormalities of the bellows, specifically stress fractures of the ribs and hiatal hernia, were found in 21 dogs and cats with underlying cardiopulmonary disease, neuromuscular disease, or metabolic disease. A case‐control study of Bulldogs demonstrated that hiatal hernia was associated with the more severe manifestations of brachycephalic syndrome. Stress fractures occurred mostly in females and in cats, and involved multiple ribs. Fractures were usually related to severe respiratory effort, but also occurred in association with metabolic disease. Hiatal hernia was also associated with severe respiratory effort, but may be exacerbated if a neuromuscular disorder affecting the diaphragm is present. Abnormalities of the thoracic bellows, such as rib stress fractures and hiatal hernia, may be signs of underlying disease, rather than being primary causes of disease.
Electrophysiologic Assessment of Acute Polyradiculoneuropathy in Dogs: Comparison with Guillain‐Barré Syndrome in People
Authors: Cuddon Paul A.
Published: March 2010

Electrophysiologic investigations of motor and sensory nerve as well as ventral nerve root function were performed on 12 dogs with suspected acute canine polyradiculoneuropathy (ACP) at different stages and with different severity of disease. The most reliable electrophysiologic indicators of ACP were electromyographic changes (occurring in 100% of affected dogs), significantly decreased compound muscle action potential amplitudes (in 75, 90, and 100% of affected dogs at all sites along the sciatic/tibial, radial, and ulnar nerves, respectively), increased minimum F‐wave latencies (67%), increased F ratios (92%), and decreased F‐wave amplitudes (67%). These findings suggest that ACP represents a peripheral motor axonopathy, with demyelination and axonal involvement also occurring in ventral nerve roots. Evidence of peripheral demyelination was present in some dogs although it was overshadowed by the prominent axonopathy. ACP more closely resembles the acute axonal or intermediate forms of Guillain‐Barré syndrome in people.
Hypomagnesemia in 188 Dogs: A Hospital Population‐Based Prevalence Study
Authors: Khanna Chand , Lund Elizabeth M. , Raffe Marc , Armstrong P. Jane
Published: March 2010

Magnesium is a divalent cation involved in more than 300 metabolic processes. Magnesium acts as an intracellular regulator of most energy‐demanding pathways. Clinical investigation in the human medical field has determined risk factors for hypomagnesemia and its relationship to a number of disease processes. Experimental studies have established the effects of hypomagnesemia in dogs, but little is known of its prevalence, risk factors, or clinical associations in a hospital population of dogs. To study the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical associations of hypomagnesemia in dogs, a retrospective cross‐sectional study of dogs admitted to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Teaching Hospital over a 2.5‐year period was undertaken. The prevalence of hypomagnesemia in the study population was 6.1% (188 of 3,102 dogs). Using both categorical and continuous variables in a univariate analysis, significant associations with hypomagnesemia were identified and used to construct a multivariate analysis of the relative risk of hypomagnesemia. Results from evaluation of 3,102 dogs indicate that the most significant predictors of hypomagnesemia were albumin (P≤ .0001; odds ratio [OR] = 0.2), potassium (P≤ .0001; OR = 0.5), total CO2(P≤.05; OR = 0.9), and blood urea nitrogen concentrations (P< .0001; OR = 0.9), a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (P< .02; OR = 1.9); and being a Collie (P< .02; OR = 3.9) or German Shepherd Dog (P< .002; OR = 2.2). These results can be used to better understand and predict hypomagnesemia in dogs.
Measurement of the Lateral Thoracic Reflex Latency in Ponies
Authors: Hahn Caroline N. , Mayhew Ian G. , Washboume Julia R.
Published: March 2010

Lateral thoracic nerve reflex latencies values were measured in ponies using a simple, non‐invasive technique. The reflex was elicited using an external triggering hammer attached to an electrodiagnostic unit. The resulting evoked, compound muscle action potentials were recorded with electrodes, which were placed over the 6th ribs or 11th rib level with the axilla. Two superimposed repeats of 4 signal‐averaged sweeps of 50 or 100 milliseconds were recorded and the estimated reflex pathway was measured for each subject in order to calculate the reflex latencies and latency velocities. Mean left and right 6th rib peak latencies were not significantly different from each other (P= .609), but left 6th rib latencies were shorter than those recorded from the 11th rib (P< .0001), substantiating the existence of an indirect (central) pathway to the reflex. The calculated left and right 6th rib latency velocities were not significantly different from each other (P= .58) but left 6th rib latency velocities were different from left 11th rib (P= .009). The calculated latency velocities were within the broad range for corticospinal tract motor conduction velocities and comparable to magnetic motor evoked latency velocities. The use of lateral thoracic reflex latency measurements to objectively identify the site of spinal cord lesions is discussed.
Ultrasound‐Guided Fine‐Needle Aspiration of Focal Parenchymal Lesions of the Lung in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Wood Emilia F. , O'Brien Robert T. , Young Karen M.
Published: March 2010

Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of the lung was performed on 16 dogs and 3 cats with consolidated pulmonary lesions or masses identified on thoracic radiographs. The cytologic results from the FNA were confirmed by histopathology, response to treatment, or microscopic identification ofBlastomycesorganisms. Neoplasia was identified correctly by FNA cytology in 10 of 11 animals, and no false positive results occurred, yielding a positive predictive value of 100%. Of 8 animals with infectious disease, 5 of 6 had blastomycosis and 1 had a bacterial infection, based on cytologic evaluation. Eight animals required sedation for the procedure, and none had clinical complications. We conclude that ultrasound‐guided FNA of pulmonary mass lesions is an inexpensive, safe, and accurate method for diagnosing blastomycosis or neoplasia, especially carcinomas, in dogs and cats.
Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone Stimulation Tests in Cardiomyopathic Doberman Pinschers: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Jacobs Gilbert J. , Medleau Linda , Pickus Cynthia W. , Brown John , McDermott Michelle
Published: March 2010

Thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) response tests were performed in 152 Doberman Pinschers. Seventy‐nine dogs had cardiomyopathy (46 were in congestive heart failure [CHF] and 33 were not in CHF). Seventy‐three dogs were presented for noncardiac problems (15 with skin disease, 21 with neurologic disease, 20 with internal medicine disorders, and 17 with other problems), although some may have had cardiomyopathy. The TSH response test results in the cardiomyopathic group were interpreted as normal or euthyroid‐sick in 45 (57%) dogs, abnormal in 23 (29%) dogs, and equivocal in 11 (14%) dogs. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the CHF and non‐CHF cardiomyopathy groups was not different. Among the dogs presented for noncardiac problems, 27 (37%) were assessed as normal or euthyroid‐sick, 29 (40%) as hypothyroid, and 17 (23%) as equivocal. No significant differences were found in the prevalence of hypothyroid test results among the subgroups of these dogs. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was not higher in the cardiomyopathic group compared to the other group, and 63 and 49% of cardiomyopathic dogs with or without CHF, respectively, tested as either euthyroid or euthyroid‐sick.
Feline Lymphoma (145 Cases): Proliferation Indices, Cluster of Differentiation 3 Immunoreactivity, and Their Association with Prognosis in 90 Cats
Authors: Vail David M. , Moore Antony S. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Volk Lynn M.
Published: March 2010

Paraffin‐embedded, formalin‐fixed tissue samples from 145 cats with lymphoma were analyzed for cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3, a surface antigen) immunoreactivity, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) frequency, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index (PCNA‐LI). This information along with signalment, anatomic site, and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen status was used to determine the potential of these indicators to predict response to therapy, remission, and survival times, and to characterize cats with lymphoma in the era of general availability of FeLV testing and vaccination. Alimentary lymphoma, primarily occurring in older, FeLV‐negative cats, was the most common site of involvement. Although the majority of tumors from FeLV‐positive cats were CD3‐immunoreactive, only one half of CD3‐immunoreactive tumors occurred in FeLV‐positive cats. Median remission duration and survival times were 126 days and 143 days, respectively, for all cats. Measures of tumor cell proliferation (AgNOR frequency and PCNA‐LI) and CD3‐immunoreactivity were not predictive of outcome. When all prognostic factors were accounted for by multivariate analysis, response to therapy, FeLV status, and clinical substage were predictive of outcome. FeLV‐negative cats that achieved a complete response following induction therapy were likely to have durable (ie, > 6‐month) responses, particularly when doxorubicin was included in the chemotherapy protocol. However, FeLV‐positive cats had significantly shorter remission and survival times with available chemotherapeutic protocols.
Clinical and Clinicopathologic Features in 11 Cats withCuterebraLarvae Myiasis of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Glass Eric N. , Cometta Angelyn M. , DeLahunta AIexander , Center Sharon A. , Kent Marc
Published: March 2010

The medical records of 11 cats with histopathologic findings consistent with central nervous system (CNS)Cuterebralarvae myiasis were retrospectively examined to determine if clinical features could identify this disorder antemortem. Young to middleaged indoor‐outdoor domestic shorthaired cats presenting with acute neurologic signs from July through September predominated. Many cats recently had clinical signs consistent with upper respiratory disease. Most cats presented for depression, lethargy, or seizures. Almost all cats had abnormal rectal temperatures, either hyperthermia or hypothermia. Peripheral leukocytosis and eosinophilia were not characteristic of cats with CNS cuterebriasis. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis did not consistently disclose evidence of inflammation. Common neurologic deficits included blindness, abnormal mentation, and signs of unilateral prosencephalic disease. No specific clinical or clinicopathologic test was diagnostic for CNS cuterebriasis.