bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Static and Dynamic Properties of AC4C Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Oh Jeong Seok , Ju W.K. , Wang Yi Qi , Kim Tae Gyu , Song Jung I.
Published: March 2009

The static and dynamic properties on the hoist hook of a vessel are necessary since they are
affected by the damages of a static and dynamic load. Al-Si-Mg casting alloy (AC4C-T6) is widely
used due to its good mechanical properties as well as the light weight and good casting with complex
geometries. This study accomplished a static tension test and an impact test. Based on the test results
and fracture surface analysis, we found that there are great differences between the fracture strain and
yield stress in the different extracted regions of specimen. In tensile test, yield stress were 205 MPa at
a low strain rate of 5 mm/min and 220 MPa at a high strain rate of 25mm/min. In Charpy impact test,
impact properties of AC4C aluminum alloy were analyzed by impacting loading versus displacement
and impacting energy versus displacement. Compared the fracture strains in different strain rates,
maximum fracture strain of low strain rate was mainly 10 % higher than that of high strain rate. There
were more than 20 % differences in the strain rate. The ductile and brittle behaviors were showed in
low strain rate and high strain rate in static tensile test, respectively. The impact energy reached high
when they were extracted from a plane region in the mold. But impact energy reached low when they
were extracted from a curved and edge region. It is demonstrated that mechanical properties and
impact energy of the samples where were extracted from a curved and edge region was lower than that
of the samples where were extracted from a plane region.
Effect of Non-Homogeneity on Limit Bearing Capacity of Rock Block
Authors: Song Li , Xu Tao , Xie Ying Yan
Published: March 2009

Rock is a typical non-homogeneous material. The behavior of a rock block under
compression and the process of micro-fracture in that block are phenomena of considerable interest in
understanding the strength characterization of brittle rock. In this study, the effect of the
non-homogeneity on limit bearing capacity of rock block based on Rock Elasto-Plastic Failure
Process Analysis code (REPFPA) are simulated and investigated. Numerical simulations find out that
there exists a functional relation between the heterogeneity coefficient and the limit bearing capacity
of rock block. For specimens with the same heterogeneity, however, the numerical simulations show
that the failure modes depend greatly on the crack initiation location, which is found to be sensitive to
the local disorder features within the specimen. In addition, the characteristics of acoustic emissions
with the changing of heterogeneity coefficient were also found. These identifications are crucial for
better understanding and interpreting the experimental results and consequently, improve our
concepts in design or analysis of rock engineering structures.
A Constitutive Model of Anchored Jointed Rock Mass and its Application
Authors: Li Xiao Jing , Yang Wei Min , Zhu Wei Shen , Li Shu Cai , Sun Ai Hua
Published: March 2009

The jointed rock mass distributed in the nature widely and its mechanical characteristic
influenced the stability of the rock engineering badly. The cracks propagated and coalesced each
other and macroscopic failure happened. Bolts were a kind of effective reinforcement instrument
and they could prevent the cracks from propagating. However, the anchoring mechanism of bolts
was not realized clearly and their reinforcement could not be reflected effectively in the numerical
simulation yet. Based on the damage mechanics, a constitutive relation and damage equation of
anchored jointed rock mass were presented in this paper. With a project application, the model was
proved to be feasible one.
Study On the Damage Evolution Equation of Rockburst
Authors: Liu Quan Sheng , Liu Bin , Gao Wei
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces the principle of minimum energy dissipation and its general
procedures to establish development equation of internal variable. With the accepted viewpoint that
the damage is only mechanics of energy dissipation during the rockburst and utilizing the total
strength criterion based on released strain energy, the general damage evolution equation is deduced.
Compared with the traditional research method of damage evolution equation, this method has
universal and objective characteristics.
Effect of Initial Stress on the Behavior of Love Waves in an Elastic Half-Space with a Functionally Graded Layer
Authors: Qian Zheng Hua , Jin Feng , Kishimoto Kikuo
Published: March 2009

The propagation behavior of Love waves in a functionally graded material layered
half-space with initial stress is taken into account. The Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB)
asymptotic technique is adopted for the theoretical derivations. The analytical solutions are obtained
for the dispersion relations and the distributions of mechanical displacement and stress along
thickness direction in the layered structure. Firstly, these solutions are used to study effects of the
initial stress on the dispersion relations and phase velocities, then influences of the initial stress on the
distributions of mechanical displacement and shear stresses along thickness direction are discussed in
detail. Numerical results obtained indicate that the phase velocity of Love wave increases with the
increase of the magnitude of the initial tensile stress, while decreases with the increase of the
magnitude of the initial compression stress. The effects on the dispersion relations of the Love wave
propagation are negligible as the magnitudes of the initial stress are less than 100MPa. Some other
results are shown for distributions of field quantities along thickness direction. The results obtained
are not only meaningful for the design of functionally graded structures with high performance but
also effective for the evaluation of residual stress distribution in the layered structures.
Study of Mechanical Properties of the Spider Silk Using a Micro-Tensile System and DIC Methods
Authors: Hua Tao , Xie Hui Min , Zhang Peng , Du Fei Yi , Pan Bing , Dai Fu Long , Chen Peng Wan , Zhang Qing Ming , Huang Feng Lei
Published: March 2009

The spider silk is considered as a new type of biomaterials with its excellent mechanical
properties. The mechanical properties of the spider silk are crucial to their applications. In this study
the mechanical properties of spider silk were studied with a micro-tensile system driven by
magnet-coil force actuator, which is very effective to measure the properties of low dimensional
materials. The Young’s modulus of the spider silk is obtained, the relationship between the
mechanical properties of spider silk and time is also acquired.
Study on a New Type of Analogue Material for Geotechnical Tests and its Applications
Authors: Li Yong , Li Xiao Jing , Zhu Wei Shen , Zhang Qiang Yong
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces many types of analogue materials in China and other countries in
geotechnical model tests. Combined with the study on a few geo-mechanical model tests of
significant tunnels and underground openings in Chinese western areas, this paper recommends a
new type of analogue material, which is made from iron mineral powder, barite powder, quartz
powder and alcoholic solution with rosin. In order to know the physico-mechanical characteristics
of this composite material with different mixture ratios, we use specimens to do lots of mechanical
experiments such as uniaxial compressive test, quasi-triaxial shear test, triaxial test and Brazilian
test. Consequently, the analogue materials with different mixture ratios can be used to physically
model different projects, and this analogue material with a certain mixture ratio has been
successfully used in the model test of a branching-out tunnel. The results of the model test verify
that this new analogue material can be successfully used in all kinds of geotechnical model tests.
Saint-Venant End Effects of Transversely Isotropic Piezoelectric Materials
Authors: Tai Masayuki , Wijeyewickrema Anil C. , Llouquet Olivier
Published: March 2009

In this paper, Saint-Venant end effects for plane deformations of transversely isotropic
piezoelectric materials are investigated. The stress decay rates in linear piezoelectric strips that are
traction free with two kinds of electrical boundary conditions are considered. The characteristic
equations for decay rate are obtained for symmetric and antisymmetric deformations. Numerical
values are given for the roots with the smallest positive real part, which are associated with the
slowest decay. Saint-Venant end effects of piezoelectric materials of crystal class 6mm penetrate
much further into strip than those of elastic isotropic materials.
A simple Representative Model of the Thoracic Aorta
Authors: Kelimu Muhetaer , Saab Antoine , Tran Tan , Thiriet Marc
Published: March 2009

The study has been carried out in the framework of heart perfusion. The myocardium is
usually irrigated by two coronary arteries, the entries of which are located in the Valsalva sinuses of
the aortic root, slightly above the open leaflets of the aortic valve. The present investigation is aimed
at determining a representative model of the thoracic aorta, especially of its ascending segment with
the aortic valve and the coronary arteries, as well as the aortic arch, which commonly gives rise to
three main branches irrigating the upper body parts, and the descending aorta. The model is developed
using a CAD software and then meshed. Finally, steady flow simulations are performed using the
CFD solver Fluent.
An Intelligent Modeling Method Based on Genetic Programming and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Hu Jie , Zhang Xi Nong , Xie Shi Lin
Published: March 2009

This paper utilizes Genetic Programming(GP) and Genetic Algorithm(GA) to analyze
experiment data. The purpose of this research is to establish a function model of the data. The core
methodology of this research is using GP to get the approximate model first, and then optimizes the
parameters and enhance the fitness value of the model by using GA. To validate this method, two
examples are given: one is the reconstruction of permeability-strain equation of the rock in
literature[1]; another example is the function search automatically of the wire cable isolator
experiment data. In the process of programming of parse tree, this paper adopted a new way that
different from three traditional methods, the parse tree is described by matrix of special size, more
significantly, this new method makes the genetic operation of crossover and mutation intuitionstic,
even the pellucid Matlab programming language could implement it.
Improvement of Unstructured Quadrilateral Mesh Quality for Multigrid Analysis
Authors: Wada Yoshitaka , Hayashi Takuji , Kikuchi Masanori , Xu Fei
Published: March 2009

Due to more complex and severe design restrictions, more effective and faster finite
element analyses are demanded. There are several ways to compute FE analysis efficiently: parallel
computing, fast iterative or direct solvers, adaptive analysis and so on. One of the most effective
analysis ways is the combination of adaptive analysis and multigrid iterative solver, because an
adaptive analysis requires several meshes with difference resolutions and multigrid solver utilizes
such meshes to accelerate its computation. However, convergence of multigrid solver is largely
affected by initial shape of each element. An effective mesh improvement method is proposed here. It
is the combination of mesh coarsening and refinement. A good mesh can be obtained by the method to
be applied to an initial mesh, and better convergence is achieved by the improved initial mesh.
A Simple Method in Preventing Numerical Fractures of SPH Computations
Authors: Zhao Yan , Xu Fei , Li Yu Long , Wada Yoshitaka
Published: March 2009

A non-triangulation inserting particle method is presented to prevent numerical fractures of
SPH computations. The particles in those regions in which numerical fractures may occur are chosen
at the beginning of SPH computations. And, the chosen particles are arrayed by the two different rules
respectively according to the particle position relations. When the distance between each two chosen
connected particles exceeds a certain value and neither of the corresponding two particles has
fractured in SPH computations, a new particle is generated between those two ones and the position
relation of particles is updated. The physical quantities that the new particle carries are obtained
according to some given rules. The method and the same type of method in the reference are
compared. The application of the method is analyzed. Conservation of mass and Conservation of
momentum of the whole system are kept in this method. Several examples are given to validate the
efficiency of the method to prevent numerical fractures.
An Information-Theoretic Approach for Computational Material Modeling
Authors: Furukawa Tomonari , Michopoulos John G.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an information-theoretic approach for computational material
modeling, which characterizes materials by effectively utilizing all the known information including
prior and empirical information. The approach is built within the framework of recursive Bayesian
estimation where various inverse analysis techniques, such as Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
and Kalman Filter (KF) can be implemented. Numerical examples first investigate the validity of the
proposed approach via parametric studies. The proposed approach has been then successfully applied
to the identification of a composite specimen using a triaxial testing machine.
From Frosen Image-Based Bioflow Simulations to Integrative Modeling of Living Interfaces
Authors: Kelimu Muhetaer , Thiriet Marc
Published: March 2009

Air and blood flow in a set of deformable conduits. Nowadays, computational models of biofluid
flow are based on zoomed domains reconstructed from medical image processing. Such modeling is already
very useful in medical practice. However it splits the domain of interest from the remaining parts of the
network. Most often, crude boundary conditions are used (stress free outlet BCs). Moreover, the living system
corresponds to a frosen state, although physiological flows interact with cell lining the interface between fluid
and solid. Therefore, computational models of flow in normal and damaged bioconduits require couplings. The
talk will illustrate cases for which the nanoscale must be incorporate for future research.
Analysis of Stick-Slip Motion by the Rate-Dependent Friction Model
Authors: Ozaki S. , Hashiguchi Koichi , Chen D.H.
Published: March 2009

In this study, the rate-dependent subloading-friction model, which can rationally describe
the reciprocal transition of static-kinetic frictions by the unified formulation, is proposed. Then, the
one-dimensional model of spring-mass system is implemented by incorporating the present friction
model, and is applied to simulations of stick-slip motion. Further, we verified the validity of the
present approach for the stick-slip motion by numerical experiments under various dynamic conditions.
Different Delamination Cracks during Fracture and Their Influences on the Fracture of X70 Pipeline Steel
Authors: Yang Zheng , Beom Hyeon Gyu , Kim Chang Boo , Cho Chong Du
Published: March 2009

Single or multiple of delaminations have been found frequently on the fracture surface of
X70 pipeline steel. In this study, the delamination cracks and their influence on the fracture of
pipeline are investigated by both experiment and three-dimensional fracture analyses. It is shown that
the three-dimensional stress state is prerequisite for delamination crack and the strength distribution
of material influences the form and direction of delamination crack. The delamination cracks are
produced on the weak interfaces among the material by the tensile stress perpendicular to them before
the fracture passes. The direction of delamination crack depends on the three-dimensional stress fields
and strength distribution of material near the crack tip or notch root. The delamination cracks of the
fracture through thickness of pipe wall make the effective thickness decrease and the delamination
cracks of surface crack are perpendicular to the direction of fracture propagation direction. The
delamination cracks reduce the stress triaxiality near crack tip and in turn, improve the fracture
toughness of X70 pipeline steel.
Atomistic Simulations of Nanoindentation on Cu (111) with a Void
Authors: Tan Chung Ming , Jeng Yeau Ren , Chiou Yung Chuan
Published: March 2009

This paper employs static atomistic simulations to investigate the effect of a void on the
nanoindentation of Cu(111). The simulations minimize the potential energy of the complete system
via finite element formulation to identify the equilibrium configuration of any deformed state. The
size and depth of the void are treated as two variable parameters. The numerical results reveal that
the void disappears when the indentation depth is sufficiently large. A stress concentration is
observed at the internal surface of the void in all simulations cases. The results indicate that the
presence of a void has a significant influence on the nanohardness extracted from the
nanoindentation tests.
Probe-Type Microforce Sensor for Mirco/Nano Experimental Mechanics
Authors: Li Xi De , Zhang Zhao
Published: March 2009

In recent years with the development of MEMS and NEMS, various micro and nano scale
experiments are required. In general, the smaller the sample, the smaller the force is in the
measurement. But it is difficult to load and measure such small force. We developed a probe-type
loading and force sensor system to measure micro/nano samples. The system employs a
semiconductor strain gauge of a cantilever type sensor and a micro manipulator. A highly sensitive,
stable sensing cantilever beam made of single crystal silicon is ion implanted to form the P-type
resistor (strain sensor). A tungsten probe with 100 nm radius of curvature was attached to the end of
the cantilever as the micro loading tip. We constructed the measurement system and investigated its
properties, such as linearity, dynamic response and stability. We also employed microspeckle
interferometry to calibrate the force sensor. In preliminary experiments, we successfully obtained the
force resolution 0.7 μN and applied our probe-type microforce sensor to calibrate an atomic force
microscope (AFM) probe beam and test a single silkworm filament.
Measurement of Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio of Thin Film by Combination of Bulge Test and Nano-Indentation
Authors: Jung Bong Bu , Ko Seong Hyun , Lee Hun Kee , Park Hyun Chul
Published: March 2009

This paper will discuss two different techniques to measure mechanical properties of thin
film, bulge test and nano-indentation test. In the bulge test, uniform pressure applies to one side of
thin film. Measurement of the membrane deflection as a function of the applied pressure allows one to
determine the mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus and the residual stress.
Nano-indentation measurements are accomplished by pushing the indenter tip into a sample and then
withdrawing it, recording the force required as a function of position. . In this study, modified King’s
model can be used to estimate the mechanical properties of the thin film in order to avoid the effect of
substrates. Both techniques can be used to determine Young’s modulus or Poisson’s ratio, but in both
cases knowledge of the other variables is needed. However, the mathematical relationship between
the modulus and Poisson's ratio is different for the two experimental techniques. Hence, achieving
agreement between the techniques means that the modulus and Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus
of thin films can be determined with no a priori knowledge of either.
Wireless Sensors with Advanced Detection and Prognostic Capabilities for Corrosion Health Management
Authors: Kwan Kevin , Caldwell Benjamin , Morse Jeffrey , O'Day John , Laskowski Bernard C. , Ooi Teng K. , Corder Aaron
Published: March 2009

Analatom, Inc. is developing the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system using its
Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) corrosion sensors combined with a Texas Instruments
MSP430 microprocessor for lower weight, lower power, higher sensitivity, and lower cost than
conventional sensor systems. The system provides both strain and corrosion measurements in a
package a few mils thick. This combination of data provides critical assessment of structural
health, leading to prediction of failure. The MEMS sensors are permanently installed in a highvalued
structure, such as a building, bridge or aircraft, and are connected to a data acquisition node.
Data transmission and downloading uses a MaxStream ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 compliant chip for a
wireless, self-organizing network that has low power requirements. The sensor network provides a
low-cost, non-intrusive way to detect failures, or to signal ahead of time that preventative
maintenance needs to be undertaken to prevent future more expensive replacement.
Analatom, Inc. has developed the basic technology for a Portable Maintenance Support Tool
(PMST). The device is unique and novel in that it uses a Micro Controller Unit in a handheld
device to perform data analysis whilst maintaining a link with a Personal Computer based database
for further support. The handheld prototype with a Liquid Crystal Display (LED) touch screen
GUI takes readings from a variety of sensors and transfers the data wirelessly to a central PC hub.
The handheld unit using the downloaded data from the sensor network can then provide a graphic
display and additionally transfer those data to a workstation for further data analysis. Analatom,
Inc. builds on its corrosion system platform (sensors, data acquisition unit, data storage) to develop
a multiplexed system to obtain data from a variety of sensors, while further developing real time
intelligent algorithms to monitor corrosion rates.
Pyrrole-Based Silane Primer for Corrosion Protection of Commercial AA 2024 T3
Authors: Trueba Monica , Trasatti Stefano P.
Published: March 2009

An alternative approach was developed for surface treatment of as-received
commercial AA 2024 T3 by using a pyrrole-based silane (SiPy). For film deposition, just one
immersion step is enough, followed by curing. SiPy layer structure contains both polysiloxane
bonds and pyrrole oligomers, with some degree of doping, giving a highly coherent layer. The
superior film quality with respect to simple polysiloxane, is probably the main reason for the better
corrosion performance obtained for SiPy on 2024.
Acoustic Leak Survey of the Underground Potable Water System at a CONUS Army Installation
Authors: Morefield Sean , Carlyle John
Published: March 2009

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center,
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL), and Carlyle Consulting’s John
Carlyle conducted a leak detection survey at a U.S. Army Installation. The age of pipes in the
distribution system ranged from 20 to 60 years. The thrust of the work was to acoustically survey
all of the underground pipelines constituting the installation’s potable water distribution system and
find any leaks. The results of the survey were that 6 leaks were discovered in the main lines, 63
leaks associated with fire hydrants, freeze proof hose bibs, water meters, etc., and 33 leaks inside
buildings. Over two thousand acoustic measurements were made in order to obtain these results.
Use of Fiber Optic Sensors for Monitoring Crack Growth in Fatigue and Corrosion-Fatigue Tests
Authors: Brotzu Andrea , Felli F. , Paolozzi A. , Caputo L. , Passeggio F. , Gaeta S.
Published: March 2009

Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBGs) are optical strain gages manufactured directly inside the fiber core.
They provide several advantages with respect to conventional strain gages. In particular it is
possible to put several FBGs along the same fibre (multiplexing), they are immune to corrosive
environments and to electromagnetic interferences. They can be embedded in almost all types of
materials and are very useful in Structural Health Monitoring.
An innovative approach for testing specimens in this area is reported in this work. An aluminium
alloy 2024-T3 CT specimen has been manufactured with one small feed-through hole and a
superficial groove. Two FBG sensors, multiplexed on the same fibre, have been glued one inside
the hole and one inside the groove. Fatigue test has been carried out monitoring the crack length
both with standard measure system and with the FBG strain sensors placed in front of the crack tip.
In Situ Lining of a Pre-Action Fire Suppression System to Prevent Pitting Corrosion of the Carrier Pipe
Authors: Marshall Orange
Published: March 2009

A pre-action fire suppression system was installed in a portion of a US Army Reserve
Component Headquarters building in the Southeastern United States, when the structure was
constructed in 1995. A pre-action fire suppression system, which is normally kept at a standard
internal air pressure using air compressors in the basement electrical-mechanical room, is designed
to remain dry and only have water in it in the event of a fire. The installed pre-action system
developed pinhole leaks due to what appeared to be galvanic corrosion. An in-situ epoxy lining
technique was used to stop the corrosion and restore the integrity of the fire suppression system
piping. The work included lining of all interior pre-action piping mains, risers, branch laterals and
service piping to individual sprinkler head locations, installing new ½” sprinkler heads on the preaction
system followed by recertification of the pre-action system. This presentation describes the
in-place epoxy lining process and presents before and after photographs of the coated system used
to eliminate the pin hole leak problem.
Microbial Contamination and Associated Corrosion in Fuels, during Storage, Distribution and Use
Authors: Hill Edward C. , Hill Graham C.
Published: March 2009

Microbial contamination and growth in distillate fuels has been described for seventy
years. The consequences have ranged from fouling of filters and injectors, to engine malfunction
and damage, fuel gauge malfunctions and aggravated corrosion of engines, fuel tanks, equipment
and facilities. The types of microbes present vary with the differences in fuel composition and
differences in storage and use conditions. Anti-microbial strategies have traditionally included
prevention by ‘good housekeeping’ and ‘fire-brigade’ applications of biocides when there are
operational problems. Since 2002, first the aviation industry and later fuel suppliers and some
militaries, have used simple on-site microbiological tests to monitor fuel and fuel systems and use
the results to take remedial actions before operational problems occur. This paper will review our
latest knowledge of microbially influenced corrosion and of the new anti-microbial strategies which
are being successfully implemented to prevent it.
LBW of Similar and Dissimilar Skin-Stringer Joints Part II: Electrochemical Characterization
Authors: Castagnola G. , Squillace Antonio , Montuori M. , Marzocchi V. , Casanova V. , Mastronardi P. , Campanile G. , Bellucci Francesco
Published: March 2009

The durability of metal structures depends most upon the corrosion behaviour of its
materials as well as the on the electrochemical behaviour of joints and the technology employed to
construct the joints itself.
This work describes the effect of Laser Beam Welding (LBW) technology on the electrochemical
and corrosion behaviour of parent materials and bead of several aluminium alloy joints.
Investigation was carried out by using dc electrochemical techniques (open circuit potential
monitoring, OCP, and anodic polarization) on selected micro areas of parent materials and bead by
means of a suitable electrochemical microcell. With regards to the corrosion behaviour of heat
affected zone (HAZ), no data has been presented due to the small area of HAZ when compared to
the microcapillary area adopted in this study. Alloys investigated in this work are the AA 2139 and
AA 6156 as skin in the form of rolled sheets, and AA 2139 and PA 765 as stringer, in form of
extruded parts. In addition, the AA 4047 has been used as filler material in form of wire.
Results obtained in this investigation indicated that no major corrosion concerns arise from the
LBW of both laminated AA 2139 skin with extruded AA 2139 stringer and laminated AA 6156 skin
with extruded AA 2139 stringer. In the former case, the bead exhibits corrosion potential nobler
than that exhibited by the skin and stringer of circa 100 mV for the AA 6156 skin with extruded AA
2139 joint. This result is attributed to the presence of Si in the bead due to the process parameters
adopted for such a weld. Quite similar corrosion behaviour was observed for the skin, stringer and
bead in the latter case.
Attention must be paid when laminated AA 2139 skin with extruded PA 765 stringer, and laminated
AA 6156 skin with extruded PA 765 stringer are joined by LBW. In this case low potential and high
surface activity were observed on the stringer and bead and attributed to the excess of Zn in the PA
765 alloy.
Black Layers on Aluminum Substrate – Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior
Authors: Anicai L. , Pertache A. , Buda M. , Visan T.
Published: March 2009

The paper presents some preliminary experimental results dealing with electrochemical
synthesis and corrosion behavior of various black layers types onto Al substrates, suitable to be used
as selective absorber coatings in the case of thermal energy production from solar energy, involving
several different procedures, respectively: (i) electrodeposition of black Ni-Mo alloy after an initial
anodizing in nitric acid electrolyte that offers a very good adherence of the further applied coatings;
(ii) cathodic deposition of black Mo based layers after an initial double zincating procedure; (iii)
black coatings through a.c. electrochemical coloring of aluminum anodic oxides, using
AgNO3/H2SO4, NiSO4 based solutions; (iv) black composite polypyrrole films.
The obtained black layers are characterized by a good throwing power, homogeneity, smoothness
and adherence, as shown by SEM and AFM investigations. Also, they present a good solar
absorption and low values of infrared emittance. To evaluate the resistance of black coating layers
against corrosion, several accelerated corrosion tests have been performed, respectively: (i)
continuous immersion in 0.5M NaCl for 408 hours with intermediary visual examinations and
recording of corrosion potential; (ii) potentiodynamic polarization curves in 0.5M NaCl; (iii)
impedance spectra in 0.5M NaCl at open circuit potential using a Zahner IM6e potentiostatic
equipment. The corrosion performances are discussed taking into account the applied preparation
procedures.
Effect of Flow Disturbed Condition and MEA Inhibitor on Corrosion Behavior of an API 5L Grade A Steel
Authors: Fako Raluca , Soare M.
Published: March 2009

The results of a failure investigation performed on a transportation pipeline for oil
products (aromatics – water – DEG) are presented.
The damage phenomena of the material were attributed to corrosion – erosion, and secondary to
stress corrosion cracking.
The analysis aims to identify the mechanisms responsible for service failure of an API 5L grade A
pipe after about two years and, also, to mitigate further damage phenomena by a proper
identification of the contribution of mechanical, metallurgical and environmental factors (focusing
both on technological fluids characteristics and inhibition scheme).
Expert report conclusion and other field data give premises for re-designing the maintenance,
operating and corrosion-monitoring program in order to avoid future hazards.
Fracture Resistant and Wear Corrosion Performance of CrN/ZrN Bilayers Deposited onto AISI 420 Stainless Steel
Authors: de Sánchez N.A. , Jaramillo Suárez (1) Héctor Enrique , Vivas Z. , Aperador W. , Amaya C. , Caicedo J.C.
Published: March 2009

CrN/ZrN (1, 8, 15, and 30) bilayers were deposited onto AISI 420 steel substrates at
250 °C and 6.6x10-3 mbar with gas ratio Ar/N2 50:3.0 as gas mixture and bias -60V were applied.
AFM analysis presented different morphologies, showing that the coatings with 15 bilayers had an
average grain size of 49 nm; while the 30-bilayer coating exhibited grain sizes of 99 nm. Coating
thicknesses were 3 μm, approximately. The Vickers Test revealed that coatings with 8, 15, and 30
bilayers bore better impact resistance than coatings with 1 bilayer. This result is considered,
bearing in mind that in many bilayers propagation of fissures is slower, because the presence of
layer inter-phases leads to fissures straying in other directions. Slight corrosion specks are present,
but mass loss was around 40 mg. in one bilayer, a higher value than for the coatings with 15
bilayers that was near 18 mg. Homogeneity, grain size, fracture resistance, and corrosion resistance
of the coatings with 15 and 30 bilayers are suitable for mechanical applications of these types of
coatings, as shown in mechanical measurements. These results indicate that for engineering
applications under corrosive environments, the use of these types of bilayer coatings on AISI 420
stainless steel is highly recommended.
Basicity or Ionicity – A New Approach for Understanding Glass Properties
Authors: Volceanov Adrian
Published: March 2009

Basicity of glass is still a challenge in spite of various attempts to measure or calculate it.
The values assigned for basicity of glasses, either calculated or experimentally determined, are not
always in full agreement with actual facts, and discrepancies among the theoretical ones are not
unusual. For instance, SiO2 is described by a single basicity value even if the polymorphs of SiO2
are quite different. Only few attempts were made to face this challenge. Present paper deals with a
novel approach on theoretical ionicity / basicity based on electronic energy levels or band structure
of solids. Another major adjustment takes into account the possibility of decomposing ionicity of
complex chemical bondings into a sum of binary bondings. Considering the distribution of the
interbonding angles specific for vitreous systems, it is possible to estimate both a local ionicity
(basicity) of bondings and a global (mean) basicity of glass.
The variation of basicity (ionicity) with temperature is also presented, this finding being able
to open a new view on thermal history of glass considered through chemical character of bondings.
A new Experimental Way to Obtain Information about Glass Nano-Heterogeneous Structure
Authors: Baltă Petru
Published: March 2009

The heterogeneous character of the glass structure is, from long-time, in the attention of
researchers. Some calculation methods for obtaining information concerning the nature and
distribution of nano aggregates in glass were published in the middle of the 20th century. The
experimental methods borrowed from other fields of chemistry are hardly useful the results are
mostly qualitative and their use to select the calculation method giving closer to reality data is
practically impossible. For these reasons, a new combined experimental and calculation method was
imagined, allowing the obtainment of quantitative data about the concentration and distribution of
nano-aggregates in glasses. By means of the method for experimental determination of the basicity
of glass, with Cu2+ as probe ion, relationships were deduced allowing obtaining the composition and
the amount of each nano-aggregate in glass from the recorded maximum of the charge transfer
transition absorption. The results obtained for some silicate glasses, compared with the theoretical
calculated data, seem to validate this approaching way. By means of the new experimental method,
the direct following of the technological parameters influence on glass structure and properties
become possible.
Glass Property Databases: Their History, Present State, and Prospects for Further Development
Authors: Priven A.I. , Mazurin O.V.
Published: March 2009

Specific features of two global glass property databases, Interglad and SciGlass, are
described. It is shown that the Interglad database is more convenient for specialists who use
commercial glasses in practice and are to know the properties of these glasses and particular details
of their usage, whereas the SciGlass database is more helpful for scientists who investigate glass
properties and develop new glasses. Some prospects of further development of glass property
databases are characterized.
Stress Strain Testing of the Strand of E-Glass Fibers
Authors: Chromčíková Mária , Liška Marek
Published: March 2009

The mathematical model of the stress-strain curve of the strand of glass fibers was
proposed and applied on the experimental data obtained for E glass fibers. The model reflects the
lognormal continuous distribution of the unstrained lengths of glass fibers and the Weibull
distribution of the fibers strength. The regression treatment of experimental data provided the
statistically robust estimates of the parameters of the lognormal length distribution, of the Young
modulus, and of the parameters of the Weibull glass fibers strength distribution. It was shown that
neglecting of the continuous unstrained length distribution leads to serious errors in estimates of the
fiber strength distribution.
Structure and Properties of Selected Zirconia Silicate Glasses
Authors: Karell Radovan , Chromčíková Mária , Liška Marek
Published: March 2009

Viscosity, density, thermal expansion, glass transition temperature, refractive index,
molar refraction, and chemical durability of selected compositional series of Na2O-K2O-ZnO-CaOZrO2-
SiO2 glasses containing 1 and 3 mol. % ZrO2 were measured and interpreted according to the
network-forming / -modifying activities of particular oxides. The influence of ZrO2 / SiO2,
ZnO / CaO, and K2O / Na2O substitution on measured physical and chemical properties was
discussed.
Y2O3 – Al2O3 Binary Glass Microspheres: Synthesis and Characterisation
Authors: Prnová Anna , Karell Radovan , Galusek Dušan
Published: March 2009

The work reports on the preparation and properties of binary alumina-rare-earth
oxide glass microspheres with high contents of aluminium oxide. Because Al2O3 is not a typical
glass former, preparation of these glasses in bulk is difficult due to high melting temperatures and
high tendency to crystallisation, which requires high cooling rates. One of the possibilities is
preparation of glass microspheres by flame synthesis and rapid quenching of microspheres by
spraying them with water. Microspheres with dimensions ~10 µm and with various compositions
from the systems RE2O3-Al2O3 (RE = Y, Yb, La) have been prepared with the use of an in-house
built equipment. The prepared microspheres have been characterised by SEM-EDX, IR, XRD and
DTA.
Introduction of Silver in Poled Sodium and Niobium Borophosphate Glasses: Characterization by Electrical Transmitted Current and SHG Measurements
Authors: Fargin Evelyne , Dussauze Marc , Malakho Artem , Delestre Aurelien , Rodriguez Vincent , Adamietz Frederic
Published: March 2009

Monovalent silver ions have been introduced in a sodium niobium borophosphate glass by poling
the glass under heating and high voltage. A silver thin film electrode was previously deposited on
the glass surface and put in contact with the anode. Second harmonic generation (SHG) has been
obtained after the thermal poling treatment. The SHG signal has been studied through an analysis of
transmitted polarized Maker-fringe patterns. The transmitted current curves during poling are
registered and compared to the curves obtained from poling of the natural glass by the use of ndoped
silicon anode. It indicates a complex space-charge-migration process during the poling
treatment resulting in modification of the nonlinear SHG glasses signal profile.
7- and 19-Element-Core Bend-Resistant Microstructured Fibers
Authors: Dukel`skii K.V. , Komarov A.V. , Khokhlov A.V. , Ter-Nersesyantz E.V. , Shevandin V.S.
Published: March 2009

The conception of main role of the lattice pitch value in bend-induced short-wavelength
optical losses is presented. There is shown that creation of the fiber core by substitution with seven
or nineteen central elements leads to the essential expansion of spectral working range in
microstructured large core optical fibers.
Effects of Dispersed Al2O3 Particles on Sintering of LTCC
Authors: Müller Ralf , Reinsch Stefan , Eberstein Markus , Deubener Joachim , Thiel A. , Schiller Wolfgang A.
Published: March 2009

The sintering of Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics prepared from alumoborosilicate
glass- and Al2O3 powders of similar small particle size was studied by dilatometry, heating microscopy,
microstructure analysis, glass- and effective viscosity measurements. The steric effect of
Al3O3 inclusions was studied using a “non-reactive” model composite. With increasing Al3O3 volume
fraction ( Φ ≤ 0.45), sintering decelerates and its final stage shifts to higher temperature. The
attainable shrinkage is reduced as Al2O3 particle clusters bearing residual pores become more frequent.
The kinetics of sintering could be described formally superposing the weighed contributions
of differentially sized and randomly composed glass-crystal particle clusters and assuming a sintering
rate controlled by the effective matrix viscosity, which increases with Φ and with progressive
wetting of Al2O3 particles during densification. The “reactive” model composite shows significant
dissolution of Al2O3 into the glass, which has two opposed effects on sintering: reducing Φ and increasing
glass viscosity. For the present case ( Φ = 0.25), the latter effect dominates and sintering is
retarded by Al2O3 dissolution. Crystallization of wollastonite starts after full densification. Dissolution
of Al2O3 was found to promote the subsequent growth of anorthite.
β-Spodumene Glass-Ceramic with Anomalous Low Thermal Expansion
Authors: Sakamoto Akihiko , Himei Yusuke , Hashibe Yoshio
Published: March 2009

To survey new method for controlling thermal expansion of glass-ceramic material, we
studied the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the microstructure of β-spodumene
glass-ceramics. We found that the CTE of the β-spodumene glass-ceramics is remarkably reduced by
introducing interstices at the boundary between the crystalline and glass phases. Despite its relatively
low crystallinity (45vol%), a newly developed glass-ceramic showed an anomalous low thermal
expansion of 7x10-7 /oC, which compares to that of silica glass. The mechanical strength of this
glass-ceramic was at the same level as that of natural stones: marble and granite.
Electron Microscopic Investigations of Electrochemically Induced Mullite Crystallization in a Glassy Matrix
Authors: Carl Robert , Völksch Günter , Rüssel Christian
Published: March 2009

The electrochemically induced nucleation and crystallization in a glass with the basic
composition (mol%) 52.6 SiO2 · 18.7 Al2O3 · 14.3 MgO · 7.8 TiO2 · 4.7 B2O3 · 2.0 CaO leads to the
formation of oriented mullite crystals. Electron microscopy techniques (energydispersive X-ray
microanalysis and electron backscatter diffraction) were used to analyze the composition and the
orientation of the crystals in the glassy matrix. The mean composition of the mullite crystals
matches the formula Al4,65Ti0,11Si1,24O9,675. The electron backscatter diffraction pattern is consistent
with data from the literature that needle-like mullite crystals are fast-growing parallel to the
crystallographic c-axis [001]. The composition of the melt grown mullite crystals does not depend
on the melting temperature in the range between 1230 °C and 1350 °C.
Developments in Glass Melting Furnace Design, Energy and Environmental Management
Authors: Bayram Jülide , Kaya Levent , Orhan Barış
Published: March 2009

This paper covers the experiences of the authors based on the studies and developments made
within the company over the years, where improvements on furnace design have always been a
major issue. Developments have been achieved by driving forces like requirements for higher glass
quality, different products, and increased number of product changes, energy efficiencies, lower
investment cost and environmental challenges. Although in the glass world today there are studies
and projects to develop different radical melting techniques, like plasma melting, submerged
combustion, segmented melter and vacuum refiners being the most promising among the many, the
progress going from pilot to full scale is slow and not all the glass manufacturers are giving enough
funds to support these projects. Even though the conventional furnace technology is quite mature
and energy performances of the most energy efficient furnaces [1] and pull rates are approaching
near to the limits, there are still differences between the energy consumptions, pull rates and life of
furnaces in glass industry today. Many small steps can be taken at different areas like optimizing
furnace design criteria, refractory selection, use of additional equipments, and development of
sensors, better combustion equipment, advanced control systems.
These all add to continuous incremental developments for each project and give us opportunity to
progress with feedback from onsite applications.
Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal Ions in Glass Forming Melts: Spectroscopic and Physical-Chemical Study
Authors: Anan’ev A. , Maksimov L.
Published: March 2009

Spatial distribution of heavy metal ions (HMI) in inorganic glass forming melts was
studied by measuring HMI distribution coefficient between two unmixable melts: sodium-borate
glass forming melt and non-glass forming molten sodium sulfate. Combining the data on glass host
composition dependence of HMI distribution coefficient with the data of Rayleigh and
Mandel’shtam-Brillouin scattering (RMBS) spectroscopy of glasses doped with HMI and undoped
ones made it possible to evidence the segregation of HMI into alkali-enriched inhomogeneities of
glass hosts and offer the approach to choosing compositions of glass host in which HMI segregation
will be minimized.
The Influence of Glass Melt Flow Character on the Bubble Removal Process
Authors: Cincibusová Petra , Nĕmec Lubomír , Brada Jiří
Published: March 2009

The high utilization of the melting space for the bubble removal processes asks for the
detailed examination of fining space geometry and glass flow character inside the space. The
relative significance of the space utilization for fining may be assessed from simplified models of
bubble removal from fining spaces. This work demonstrates how the temperature distribution and
resulting glass flow patterns in the simple melting space (horizontal channel) affect the character of
bubble removal from the melt due to variable utilization of the space for the process. In performed
calculations, the fining performance of the channel producing no bubble defects is the followed
technological quantity. The experimentally measured bubble growth rates in the TV model glass
were used to evaluate the fining process. To appreciate the impact of glass flow character on the
fining efficiency, the numerical model (Glass furnace model – Glass Service, Inc.) was applied,
providing the temperature and melt velocity fields, as well as bubble pathways in the channel under
given temperature boundary conditions. The results have shown that the character of glass melt
flow and the space utilization from the point of view of the bubble removal process may be
described by two quantities: the virtual height of bubble rising (the height which the bubble has to
rise against downward glass melt flow to the level) and the virtual fraction of dead space for the
bubble removal process (the space ineffective for the removal of the critical bubble). The results are
intended to assist in developing new concepts of industrial fining spaces.