bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of lactadherin in intestinal barrier integrity in experimental neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis
Authors: Shen Haiqing , Lei Yihui , He Xuemei , Liu Danyang , He Zhenjuan
Published: July 2019

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most widespread and devastating gastrointestinal diseases in neonates. Destruction of the intestinal barrier is the main underlying cause of NEC. The aim of this study was to determine the role of lactadherin in preventing NEC in a neonatal rat model and investigate the molecular mechanism of lactadherin‐mediated protection of the intestinal barrier. Neonatal rats were divided into three groups: dam feeding (DF), NEC (NEC), and NEC supplemented with 10 μg/(g·day) recombinant human lactadherin (NEC+L). Intestinal permeability, tissue damage, and cell junction protein expression and localization were evaluated. We found that lactadherin reduced weight loss caused by NEC, reduced the incidence of NEC from 100% to 46.7%, and reduced the mean histological score for tissue damage to 1.40 compared with 2.53 in the NEC group. Intestinal permeability of lactadherin‐treated rats was significantly reduced when compared with that of the NEC group. In addition, the expression levels of JAM‐A, claudin 3, and E‐calcium in the ileum of NEC group animals increased compared with those in the ileum of DF group animals, and these levels decreased in the NEC+L group. Lactadherin changed the localization of claudin 3, occludin, and E‐cadherin in epithelial cells. The mechanism underlying lactadherin‐mediated protection of the intestinal barrier might be restoring the correct expression levels and localization of tight junction and adherent junction proteins. These findings suggest a new candidate agent for the prevention of NEC in newborns.
Insights into the riddles of codon usage patterns and codon context signatures in fungal genus Puccinia, a persistent threat to global agriculture
Authors: Roy Ayan , van Staden Johannes
Published: July 2019

The fungal genus Puccinia, comprising of several menacing pathogens, has been a persistent peril to global agriculture. Genome sequencing of various members of Puccinia offers a scope to excavate their genomic riddles. The present study has been addressed at exploring the complex niceties of codon and amino acid usage patterns and subsequent elucidation of the determinants that drive such behavior. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed a complex interplay of natural selection for translation and compositional bias to be operational on the codon usage patterns. Gene expression level was observed to be the most competent factor governing codon usage behavior of the genus. In spite of subtle AT richness of the genus, potential highly expressed gene sets were found to preferentially employ GC rich optimal codons. Estimation of relative dinucleotide abundance revealed preference toward the employment of GpA, CpA, TpC, and TpG dinucleotides and restraint from using TpA dinucleotide among the members of the genus. Extensive codon context analysis revealed that codon pairs with GpA, CpA, TpC, and TpG dinucleotides were over‐represented and codon pairs with TpA dinucleotide were extensively avoided at the codon–codon (cP3–cA1) junctions. Amino acid usage signatures of the genus were found to be influenced considerably by several imperative factors like aromatic and hydrophobic character of the encoded gene products, genomic compositional constraint, and gene expressivity. Detailed know‐how of the potential highly expressed gene sets and associated optimal codons in the genus promise to be informative for the scientific community engaged in combating Puccinia pathogenesis.
Сlass II histone deacetylases in the post‐stroke recovery period—expression, cellular, and subcellular localization—promising targets for neuroprotection
Authors: Demyanenko Svetlana , Berezhnaya Elena , Neginskaya Maria , Rodkin Stanislav , Dzreyan Valentina , Pitinova Maria
Published: July 2019

Histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors can protect nerve cells after a stroke, but it is unclear which HDAC isoform is involved in this effect. We studied cellular and intracellular rearrangement of class II HDACs at late periods after photothrombotic infarct (PTI) in the mouse sensorimotor cortex in the tissue surrounding the ischemia core and in the corresponding region of the contralateral hemisphere. We observed a decrease in HDAC4 in cortical neurons and an increase in its nuclear translocation. HDAC6 expression in neurons was also increased. Moreover, HDAC6‐positive cells had elevated apoptosis. Tubostatin A (Tub A)‐induced decrease in the activity of HDAC6 restored acetylation of α‐tubulin during the early poststroke recovery period and reduced apoptosis of nerve cells thus protecting the brain tissue. Selective inhibition of HDAC6 elevated expression of growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP43), which remained high up to 14 days after stroke and promoted axogenesis and recovery from the PTI‐induced neurological deficit. Selective HDAC6 inhibitor Tub A markedly reduced neuronal death and increased acetylation of α‐tubulin and the level of GAP43. Thus, HDAC6 inhibition could be a promising strategy for modulation of brain recovery as it can increase the intensity and reduce the duration of reparation processes in the brain after stroke.
Neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio and plasma lactate predict 28‐day mortality in patients with sepsis
Authors: Liu Yunlong , Zheng Jie , Zhang Daisong , Jing Liling
Published: July 2019

Objective

The predictive potential of the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and plasma lactate was investigated in regard to the prognosis of patients with sepsis.

Methods

Sixty‐three nonsurgical and nontrauma adult patients with sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) from September 2016 to October 2018 were consecutively included in the study. In addition, healthy subjects were assigned to a control group. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were evaluated via a complete blood count. Plasma lactate, procalcitonin (PCT), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured. The main outcome was 28‐day mortality.

Results

Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and plasma lactate levels of the patients were significantly higher than those of control subjects: 19.44 (14.3‐34.53) vs 14.09 (8.17‐28.99), P = 0.049; and 3.7 (3‐6.6) vs 2.72 (2.13‐4.3) ng/mL, P = 0.008, respectively. There were no statistical differences in the concentrations of PCT and CRP between nonsurvivors and survivors: 6.1 (3.43‐33.59) vs 9.43 (4.24‐37.68) ng/mL, P = 0.44; and 108 (77.8‐153) vs 114.5 (71.43‐162) ng/mL, P = 0.672, respectively. With an optimal cutoff of 14.08, the sensitivity and specificity of NLR for prediction of 28‐day mortality were 78.3% and 50%, respectively. And the sensitivity and specificity of plasma lactate level to predict 28‐day mortality, at an optimal cutoff value of 2.99 mmol/L, were 82.6% and 55%, respectively.

Conclusions

Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and plasma lactate were associated with poor outcomes in patients with sepsis and predicted mortality.
lncRNA ANRIL protects H9c2 cells against hypoxia‐induced injury through targeting the miR‐7‐5p/SIRT1 axis
Authors: Shu Liliang , Zhang Wanzhe , Huang Chen , Huang Gongcheng , Su Gang , Xu Jing
Published: July 2019

Background

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) occurred in the heart, which underwent long‐term ischemia, and was mainly caused by hypoxia. Recently, studies have uncovered the participation of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of heart disease. Here, we planned to probe the role and molecular basis of ANRIL in hypoxia‐induced H9c2 cell injury.

Methods

Trypan blue exclusion assay and Transwell and flow cytometry assays were conducted to assess hypoxia‐induced injury by determining the viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of H9c2 cells in different conditions, respectively. Gene expressions were evaluated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction or western blot analysis as needed. RNA immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays were applied to confirm the associations among genes.

Results

ANRIL expression was dramatically enhanced in hypoxia‐injured H9c2 cells, and silencing ANRIL aggravated hypoxia‐induced H9c2 cell injury. ANRIL positively regulated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression via competitively binding with miR‐7‐5p. Moreover, inhibition of miR‐7‐5p counteracted ANRIL depletion‐exacerbated injury in hypoxic H9c2 cells, meanwhile, forced SIRT1 expression attenuated the injury‐promoting effect of miR‐7‐5p upregulation on hypoxic H9c2 cells.

Conclusion

Our findings disclosed that ANRIL plays a protective part in hypoxia‐induced H9c2 cell injury via modulating the miR‐7‐5p/SIRT1 axis, suggesting the great potential of ANRIL as a protective target for AMI.
Rapid microscope auto‐focus method for uneven surfaces based on image fusion
Authors: Jiang Min‐shan , Yang Ting , Xu Xiao‐li , Zhang Xue‐dian , Li Feng
Published: July 2019

Microscopic imaging of uneven surfaces is difficult because of the limited depth of field. In this study, we developed a rapid auto‐focus method for uneven surfaces based on image fusion. The Prewitt operator was used to detect the vertical edges of the images. Then, the focus position was theoretically calculated using a Gaussian function, and image fusion was applied to obtain the final in‐focus image. An experiment was designed to verify the developed method. The results revealed that this method is effective for printed circuit boards.
Almost all 5‐regular graphs have a 3‐flow
Authors: Prałat Paweł , Wormald Nick
Published: July 2019

Tutte conjectured in 1972 that every 4‐edge–connected graph has a nowhere‐zero 3‐flow. This has long been known to be equivalent to the conjecture that every 5‐regular 4‐edge–connected graph has an edge orientation in which every in‐degree is either 1 or 4. We show that the assertion of the conjecture holds asymptotically almost surely for random 5‐regular graphs. It follows that the conjecture holds for almost all 4‐edge–connected 5‐regular graphs.
Optimal timing of pancreaticoduodenectomy following preoperative biliary drainage considering major morbidity and postoperative survival
Authors: Shin Sang Hyun , Han In Woong , Ryu Youngju , Kim Naru , Choi Dong Wook , Heo Jin Seok
Published: July 2019

Background

The present study aimed to determine the optimal timing of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) following preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) with consideration of postoperative morbidity and survival.

Methods

Between January 2007 and December 2015, consecutive 1,568 patients underwent PD at a single institution. Their data were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

Of all, 831 patients underwent PBD. The mean duration between drainage and surgery was 16.9 days. Regarding postoperative outcomes, length of hospital stay was longer in the drainage group (P = 0.028). Postoperative pancreatic fistula was not significantly different between the non‐drainage and drainage groups (P = 0.162), but major complications occurred more frequently in the drainage group (P = 0.002). Multivariable analysis showed major complications occurred significantly at third and fourth weeks (odds ratios 1.863 and 2.523) after PBD, whereas early surgery performed in the first 2 weeks did not noticeably increase postoperative complications. In multivariable survival comparison, weekly interval beyond 6 weeks was associated with poor survival in those with pancreatic cancer, while patients with bile duct cancer operated on at the fourth week showed worse prognosis.

Conclusions

Early surgery that reduces the operative delay after PBD may improve both short‐ and long‐term postoperative outcomes in cancer patients undergoing PBD.
Design and Synthesis of New Aryloxy‐linked Dimeric 1,2,3‐Triazoles via Click Chemistry Approach: Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Study
Authors: Deshmukh Tejshri R. , Khare Smita P. , Krishna Vagolu S. , Sriram Dharmarajan , Sangshetti Jaiprakash N. , Bhusnure Omprakash , Khedkar Vijay M. , Shingate Bapurao B.
Published: July 2019

A quest for more potent new antitubercular agents has prompted to design and synthesize aryloxy‐linked dimeric 1,2,3‐triazoles (4a–j), from azides (2a‐e) and bis(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yloxy)benzene (3a–b) on 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction via copper (I)‐catalyzed click chemistry approach with good to better yields. The titled compounds (4a–j) were designed using molecular hybridization approach by assembling various bioactive pharmacophoric fragments in a single molecular framework. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their in vitro antitubercular, antifungal, and antioxidant activities against their respective strains. Among them, 4h and 4i show the highest antifungal activity, whereas compounds 4h, 4i, and 4j have revealed promising antitubercular activity against their respective strains. In addition to this, most of the synthesized compounds were found as potent antifungal and antioxidant agents. A significant network of bonded and non‐bonded interactions stabilized these molecules into the active site of fungal CYP51 that is realized from the obtained well‐placed docking poses and the associated thermodynamic interactions with the enzyme. The synthesized compounds have also been analyzed for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties.
Aberrant gray matter volumes and functional connectivity in adolescent patients with ADHD
Authors: Zhao Yue , Cui Dong , Lu Weizhao , Li Hongyu , Zhang Huayu , Qiu Jianfeng
Published: July 2019

Background

Altered gray matter (GM) volumes and functional connectivity (FC) happens in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and the intelligence quotient (IQ) of ADHD patients is generally lower than healthy subjects, while few studies have focused on the association among the three.

Purpose

To investigate the abnormal changes of GM volumes and FC in ADHD patients compared with typically‐developing control (TD‐C), as well as the association between the changes and IQ.

Study Type

Case control.

Population

36 ADHD patients and 36 TD‐C, aged 8–17.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0T/single shot echo planar imaging (EPI).

Assessment

Preprocessing of fMRI data and seed‐based FC calculation using DPABI4.0, and VBM was performed by CAT12.

Statistical Tests

Comparison between groups of smoothed GM volumes was performed using two‐sample t‐test within SPM 12, age and total intracranial volume (TIV) were returned as covariates. Comparison between groups of FCs was performed using a two‐sample t‐test within RESTplus; age was returned as a covariate. False discovery rate (FDR)‐corrected and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Compared with TD‐C, reduced GM volumes occurred in the left superior frontal gyrus (t = –3.61, P < 0.001), right middle frontal gyrus (t = –3.97, P < 0.001), left middle cingulum (t = –3.93, P < 0.001), and left cuneus (t = –4.42, P < 0.001). Decreased FC was found between the left precuneus and left middle cingulum (t = –5.86, P < 0.001), left middle temporal gyrus, and left superior frontal gyrus (t = –5.67, P < 0.001), as well as left medial superior frontal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus (t = –6.73, P < 0.001).

Data Conclusion

The results confirmed that FCs between the regions with declined GM volumes and others were altered in ADHD patients. We speculated that abnormal changes of GM volume and FC maybe used as an imaging metric of ADHD.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 4

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:719–726.
Radiation and energy balance dynamics over a rapidly receding glacier in the central Himalaya
Authors: Singh Nilendu , Singhal Mohit , Chhikara Sudershan , Karakoti Indira , Chauhan Pankaj , Dobhal Dwarika P.
Published: July 2019

Driven by the strength in local land–atmosphere coupling, inter‐annual variability of larger‐scale atmospheric circulations primarily determines a glacier's response to warming in high Asia. In this study, micrometeorological measurements in conjunction with regional reanalysis data set were analysed to examine seasonal land–atmosphere coupling strength at a typical central Himalayan (CH) glacier where the influence of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) predominates relative to winter‐westerlies. Energy–water (E–W) exchange and coupling behaviour were studied for the Pindari glacier based on sub‐hourly measurements of radiative–convective flux, state parameters, and sub‐surface thermal profiles using cross‐correlations between various E–W balance components. Coupling was positive in summer and winter accumulation seasons. However, it remained strongest during ISM. Coupling reversed during seasonal transition phases concurrent with distinct seasonality in E–W components. Lead–lag relation between some variables showed strong association at diurnal‐scale (VPD–Rn; VPD–LE; Rn–G), whereas some persisted beyond months (Rn–LE; Bowen ratio–precipitation; surface–air temperature). Weak association of variation of latent heat flux (LE) and rainfall was found during ISM at local scale than at regional scale, but with a lag, which was more prominent at regional scale. These observations indicate a seasonally variable coupling between E–W balance components through response–feedback mechanisms. Cross‐correlations of daily mean values of energy fluxes and meteorological variables reveal that Rn and air temperature are the prime drivers of energy balance. Net radiative energy (Rn) dominates energy exchanges at the glacier–atmosphere interface (governed primarily by the variation in net shortwave radiation), contributed on average 62% of the melt energy. However, sub‐surface heat flux along with the turbulent fluxes was the energy sinks of 24 and 15%, respectively. This study would help understand and parameterize E–W exchange pathways for ISM dominated CH glaciers in coupled glacier–climate models.
Green marketing strategies in the dairy sector: Consumer‐stated preferences for carbon footprint labels
Authors: Canavari Maurizio , Coderoni Silvia
Published: July 2019

Italian consumers’ serveyed revealed a generally positive willingness to pay for milk labeled for lower carbon footprint. Green marketing and related sustainable labels are important devices to convey information to consumers about more sustainable business models. Italian consumers' willingness to pay for milk with lower carbon footprint analyzed through a pilot survey is positive and significant. Consumers' willingness to pay also depends on the importance consumers assign to climate change, price sensitivity, as well as on income.
Attracting employees in developing countries through corporate social responsibility initiatives
Authors: Barbara Latifa , Grolleau Gilles , Mzoughi Naoufel
Published: July 2019

Individuals have mainly preferences for ethical jobs, and companies with bad ethical reputation have to offer higher wages to recruit. Social responsibility concerns are context dependent. Individuals' choices are not all predominantly oriented toward the moral high ground. A significant proportion of respondents refuse to trade‐off ethical preferences for money.
Clinical features, microbiological epidemiology and recommendations for management of cellulitis in extremity lymphedema
Authors: Rodriguez Jose R. , Hsieh Frank , Huang Ching‐Tai , Tsai Tai‐Jung , Chen Courtney , Cheng Ming‐Huei
Published: July 2019

Background

This high volume, single center study investigated the prevalence, bacterial epidemiology, and responsiveness to antibiotic therapy of cellulitis in extremity lymphedema.

Methods

From 2003 to 2018, cellulitis events from a cohort of 420 patients with extremity lymphedema were reviewed. Demographics, lymphedema grading, symptoms, inflammatory markers, cultures and antibiotic therapy regimens were compiled from cellulitis episodes data. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for detailed analysis.

Results

A total of 131 separate episodes of cellulitis were recorded from 43 (81.1%) lower limb and 10 (19.9%) upper limb lymphedema patients. The prevalence and recurrence rates for cellulitis in lymphedema patients were 12.6% (53 of 420) and 56.6% (30 of 53), respectively. The most common findings were increased limb circumference (127 of 131; 96.9%) and abnormal C‐reactive protein (CRP) level (86 of 113; 76.1%). Blood cultures were obtained in 79 (60.3%) incidents, with 9 (11.4%) returning positive. Streptococcus agalactiae was the most isolated bacterium (5 of 9; 55.5%).

Conclusions

The cellulitis prevalence and recurrence rate in extremity lymphedema were 12.6%, and 56.6%, respectively. Strongest indicators of cellulitis were increased affected limb circumference and elevated CRP level. Empiric antibiotic therapy began with coverage for Steptococcus species before broadening to anti‐Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and anti‐Gram negatives if needed for effective treatment of extremity lymphedema cellulitis.
Short or long runs: An exploratory study of odor‐induced fMRI design
Authors: Han Pengfei , Zang Yunpeng , Hummel Cornelia , Faria Vanda , Hummel Thomas
Published: July 2019

Objective

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non‐invasive neuroimaging technique widely used in olfactory research. During a typical fMRI olfactory block‐design, one functional “run” refers to a combination of multiple blocks with continuous brain image acquisition. The current study investigated the length of functional runs on odor‐induced brain response signals (blood oxygen level dependent [BLOD]) within the primary and key secondary olfactory areas.

Methods

Twenty‐five female adults (age range 19 to 30 years, mean age 25 years) underwent a block‐design fMRI measurement with odor stimulation. Twelve participants received the odor stimuli within a short run paradigm (six blocks in each 4‐minute run, eight runs in total), and 13 participants received the odor stimulation with a long‐run paradigm (12 blocks in each 8‐minute run, four runs in total). For each paradigm, two odors (peach and rose) were alternatingly presented between runs. Participants rated odor intensity and pleasantness at the end of each run. Ratings and fMRI data were analyzed for different subsections and compared between groups.

Results

There was a higher level of brain activation in the insula and orbitofrontal cortex during the short‐run paradigm as compared to the long‐run paradigm. However, there was no difference for odor intensity or pleasantness ratings.

Conclusion

The current study suggested the employment of short runs with multiple repetitions for odor stimulation during fMRI research.

Level of Evidence

3

Laryngoscope, 130:1110–1115, 2020
Boundedness of composition operators with mixed homogeneities
Authors: Liao Fanghui , Wang Hongbin
Published: July 2019

Suppose that T1 is a Calderón–Zygmund operator with isotropic homogeneity and T2 is a Calderón–Zygmund operator with non‐isotropic homogeneity. In this note, the boundedness of the composition operator on the Hardy space is presented. The results in this paper extend earlier related results on convolution operators to non‐convolution setting.
Genomic ecology of Marine Group II, the most common marine planktonic Archaea across the surface ocean
Authors: Pereira Olivier , Hochart Corentin , Auguet Jean Christophe , Debroas Didier , Galand Pierre E.
Published: July 2019

Planktonic Archaea have been detected in all the world's oceans and are found from surface waters to the deep sea. The two most common Archaea phyla are Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Euryarchaeota are generally more common in surface waters, but very little is known about their ecology and their potential metabolisms. In this study, we explore the genomic ecology of the Marine Group II (MGII), the main marine planktonic Euryarchaeota, and test if it is composed of different ecologically relevant units. We re‐analyzed Tara Oceans metagenomes from the photic layer and the deep ocean by annotating sequences against a custom MGII database and by mapping gene co‐occurrences. Our data provide a global view of the distribution of Euryarchaeota, and more specifically of MGII subgroups, and reveal their association to a number of gene‐coding sequences. In particular, we show that MGII proteorhodopsins were detected in both the surface and the deep chlorophyll maximum layer and that different clusters of these light harvesting proteins were present. Our approach helped describing the set of genes found together with specific MGII subgroups. We could thus define genomic environments that could theoretically describe ecologically meaningful units and the ecological niche that they occupy.
A shear flow problem for compressible viscous micropolar fluid: Uniqueness of a generalized solution
Authors: Simčić Loredana
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we consider the nonstationary shear flow of a compressible, viscous, and heat‐conducting micropolar fluid. The mathematical model is set up in Lagrangian description in the form of initial‐boundary problem with inhomogeneous boundary conditions for velocity and standard homogeneous boundary conditions for microrotation and heat flux. Under the assumptions that this problem has a generalized solution and that the initial mass density, temperature, the velocity, and microrotation vectors are smooth enough functions, we prove that this solution is unique.
Quantifying the impact of lead doping on plastic scintillator response to radiation
Authors: Nusrat Humza , Pang Geordi , Ahmad Syed Bilal , Keller Brian , Sarfehnia Arman
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Through the addition of high‐Z dopants, the sensitivity of plastic scintillators to low‐energy radiation can be increased. This study quantifies this change in sensitivity as a function of dopant concentration.

Methods

Measurements were conducted using four different lead‐doped scintillators (0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 5% Pb) in high‐energy electrons (6 to 15 MeV) and low‐energy photon (100 to 300 kVp) radiation fields. High‐energy and low‐energy irradiations were done using a clinical linear accelerator and an orthovoltage unit, respectively. Light emitted by the scintillator was quantified using a photosensor module. The experimental setup was replicated in Geant4.10.3 Monte Carlo and scintillator parameters (Quenching parameter: kB and the light yield: L0) were varied until agreement between measured and simulated results was reached. Monoenergetic electrons were used to simulate the high‐energy electron beam while a spectrum generated using SpekCalc® software was used in the low‐energy simulations. Light produced by the scintillator was quantified using a flux scorer sensitive only to photons in the visible wavelength range. In order to compare measured and simulated results, the light produced by the scintillator was normalized to the absorbed dose‐to‐water at the point of measurement.

Results

At high lead dopant concentrations, the scintillator's sensitivity to the 100 kVp beam increased by 474% relative to the 15 MeV electron beam; the scintillator's kB parameter increased from 0.126 to 0.27 mm/MeV. A model quantifying the change in kB and L0 as a function of Zeff was derived; presenting a modified Birks' Law for metal‐doped plastic scintillators.

Conclusion

The impact of high‐Z doping on plastic scintillator response was quantified; this can allow for the controlled induction of energy dependence in plastic scintillator detectors.
Practical consequences of model misfit when using rating scales to assess the severity of attention problems in children
Authors: Crișan Daniela R. , Tendeiro Jorge N. , Wanders Rob B.K. , van Ravenzwaaij Don , Meijer Rob R. , Hartman Catharina A.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

In this study, we examined the consequences of ignoring violations of assumptions underlying the use of sum scores in assessing attention problems (AP) and if psychometrically more refined models improve predictions of relevant outcomes in adulthood.

Methods

Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives data were used. AP symptom properties were examined using the AP scale of the Child Behavior Checklist at age 11. Consequences of model violations were evaluated in relation to psychopathology, educational attainment, financial status, and ability to form relationships in adulthood.

Results

Results showed that symptoms differed with respect to information and difficulty. Moreover, evidence of multidimensionality was found, with two groups of items measuring sluggish cognitive tempo and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Item response theory analyses indicated that a bifactor model fitted these data better than other competing models. In terms of accuracy of predicting functional outcomes, sum scores were robust against violations of assumptions in some situations. Nevertheless, AP scores derived from the bifactor model showed some superiority over sum scores.

Conclusion

These findings show that more accurate predictions of later‐life difficulties can be made if one uses a more suitable psychometric model to assess AP severity in children. This has important implications for research and clinical practice.
Super‐resolution for upper abdominal MRI: Acquisition and post‐processing protocol optimization using brain MRI control data and expert reader validation
Authors: Ebner Michael , Patel Premal A. , Atkinson David , Caselton Lucy , Firmin Louisa , Amin Zahir , Bainbridge Alan , De Coppi Paolo , Taylor Stuart A. , Ourselin Sébastien , Chouhan Manil D. , Vercauteren Tom
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is an established specialist method for imaging the upper abdomen and biliary/pancreatic ducts. Due to limitations of either MR image contrast or low through‐plane resolution, patients may require further evaluation with contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) images. However, CT fails to offer the high tissue‐ductal‐vessel contrast‐to‐noise ratio available on T2‐weighted MR imaging.

Methods

MR super‐resolution reconstruction (SRR) frameworks have the potential to provide high‐resolution visualizations from multiple low through‐plane resolution single‐shot T2‐weighted (SST2W) images as currently used during MRCP studies. Here, we (i) optimize the source image acquisition protocols by establishing the ideal number and orientation of SST2W series for MRCP SRR generation, (ii) optimize post‐processing protocols for two motion correction candidate frameworks for MRCP SRR, and (iii) perform an extensive validation of the overall potential of upper abdominal SRR, using four expert readers with subspeciality interest in hepato‐pancreatico‐biliary imaging.

Results

Obtained SRRs show demonstrable advantages over traditional SST2W MRCP data in terms of anatomical clarity and subjective radiologists’ preference scores for a range of anatomical regions that are especially critical for the management of cancer patients.

Conclusions

Our results underline the potential of using SRR alongside traditional MRCP data for improved clinical diagnosis.
Fishers' Knowledge and Perceptions of the Emerging Southern New England Jonah Crab Fishery
Authors: Truesdale Corinne L. , Dalton Tracey M. , McManus M. Conor
Published: July 2019

Jonah crab Cancer borealis commercial landings in southern New England have increased approximately fivefold since the early 2000s. However, management of the Jonah crab fishery was not initiated until 2015, and it lacks the fisheries-independent data and life history information necessary to conduct a thorough stock assessment. To directly assess data gaps and address perspectives on the species and its fishery, we collected fishers' knowledge by interviewing 15 participants in the southern New England Jonah crab commercial fishery. Fishers' knowledge provided insight into biology and life history aspects of the species that are not well characterized in the scientific literature, including its habitat preferences and seasonal distribution. The interviews also identified topics that remain poorly understood by both scientists and harvesters, including stock structure and spawning seasonality. Fishery management perceptions and concerns varied among participants, but several predominant themes emerged, including a divergence in management concerns between fishers working on small, inshore vessels and those working on large, offshore vessels. Such findings emphasize the need to consider the Jonah crab fishing industry substructure when implementing management strategies. This study demonstrates the utility of fishers' knowledge for providing insight on species' biology and life history, unique insight into the structure of fishing industries, and pertinent information for future management considerations.
A correction method for finding lower bounds of eigenvalues of the second‐order elliptic and Stokes operators
Authors: Zhang Yu , Yang Yidu
Published: July 2019

In this paper, for the second‐order elliptic and Stokes eigenvalue problems with variable coefficients, we propose a correction method to nonconforming eigenvalue approximations and prove that the corrected eigenvalues converge to the exact ones asymptotically from below. In particular, the asymptotic lower bound property of corrected eigenvalues is always valid whether the eigenfunctions are smooth or singular. Finally, we prove that the convergence order of corrected eigenvalues is still the same as that of uncorrected eigenvalues.
A nattokinase carrier bonding with polyglutamic acid peptide dendrimer for improved thrombolysis
Authors: Huang Mengjie , Lü Shaoyu , Ji Yanzheng , Wang Zengqiang , Zhang Shao‐Fei , Qi Taomei , Yan Jia , Li Tao , Liu Yongming , Liu Mingzhu
Published: July 2019

Thrombosis has become one of the major diseases harmful to human health. The new‐generation thrombolytic drug nattokinase (NK) has been used in the treatment of thrombosis because of its high safety, small side effects, and good thrombolytic effect. However, its application is limited because of its short half‐life and inactivation in external environments. Therefore, it is necessary to retain the enzyme activity of NK to improve its environmental stability. In this study, NK was decorated by bonding peptide dendrimers to improve its enzymatic activity. Polyglutamic acid dendrimers of generation 2 were firstly synthesized, and then the targeting molecule arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) was linked to dendrimers by reaction of carboxyl and amino groups. Subsequently, polyglutamic dendrimer particles were bonded on the periphery of NK by chemical reaction and were used as carriers for NK. The carriers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and their size and morphology were evaluated. Their enzyme activity at different pH and temperature was determined, and improved NK activity was achieved after bonding with dendrimers under acid and alkaline conditions and high temperature. Their thrombolytic properties were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo thrombolytic experiments. Effective thrombolytic effect was observed. This study indicated that the NK carrier prepared by chemical bonding may have applications in the treatment of thrombosis.
Fabrication, characterization, and drug release study of vitamin C–loaded alginate/polyethylene oxide nanofibers for the treatment of a skin disorder
Authors: Rezaei Sanaz , Valipouri Afsaneh , Hosseini Ravandi Seyed Abdolkarim , Kouhi Monireh , Ghasemi Mobarakeh Laleh
Published: July 2019

Pigmented purpuric dermatosis (PPD) is a skin disorder mainly seen in the lower limbs. The nanofibrous web has been shown to be an appropriate alternative for the treatment of skin diseases as a drug delivery vehicle. In this study, sodium alginate (SA)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers containing vitamin C (VC) were fabricated using both blended electrospinning and core/shell electrospinning. The resultant nanofibers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Enhancing the VC content resulted in increasing the nanofibers diameter. Also, the degradation rate and drug release were investigated. Drug release was evaluated using the in vitro dissolution and permeation method. The degradation rate and the drug release of the core/shell nanofibers were found to be lower than those of the blended nanofibers. The drug release of the extended nanofibers followed a different pattern, indicating that the extension of the nanofibers could be a promising way to control the drug release.
Cold atmospheric plasma modulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase signalling and enhances burn wound neovascularisation
Authors: Duchesne Constance , Banzet Sébastien , Lataillade Jean‐Jacques , Rousseau Antoine , Frescaline Nadira
Published: July 2019

Treatment with cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been reported to promote wound healing in animals. However, how this process is mediated remains unclear. In this study we examined the mechanisms which underlie the improved wound healing effects of CAP and the roles of associated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which are generated by plasma. By using in vitro models which mimicked various steps of angiogenesis, we demonstrated that CAP triggered the production of nitric oxide (NO), and enhanced cell migration and the assembly of endothelial cells into vessel‐like structures. These are both hallmarks of the proliferative phase of wound healing. Using a mouse model of a third‐degree burn wound, we went on to show that CAP treatment was associated with enhanced angiogenesis, characterised by accelerated in vivo wound healing and increased cellular proliferation. Here, CAP significantly increased the in vivo production of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), an enzyme that catalyses NO synthesis in endothelial cells, and significantly increased the expression of pro‐angiogenic PDGFRβ and CD31 markers in mouse wounds. Mechanistically, we showed that CAP induced eNOS phosphorylation and activation, thereby increasing the levels of endogenous NO in endothelial cells. Increased NO generation facilitated by CAP further stimulated important pro‐angiogenic VEGFA/VEGFR2 signalling in vitro. This proof‐of‐concept study may guide future efforts aimed at addressing the use of physical plasma and its therapeutic applications in a variety of pathological scenarios. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital malformation syndromes associated with peripheral neuroblastic tumors: A systematic review
Authors: Sznewajs Aimee , Pon Elizabeth , Matthay Katherine K.
Published: July 2019

Malformation syndromes with predisposition to peripheral neuroblastic tumors (pNT), including neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma, may provide clues to critical mutations influencing pNT development. Our objective was to identify and characterize features of pNT associated with specific malformation syndromes. A systematic review of the literature was performed using MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science. We identified 154 of 1014 papers that met eligibility, comprising 207 cases. The patient's age, tumor histology, and frequency of multiple primary tumors varied by malformation syndrome. Genomic studies and systematized reporting are necessary to elucidate cancer risk and the distinct clinical and biological pNT patterns within syndromes.
Ecofriendly microwave‐assisted reaction and extraction of bioactive compounds from hawthorn leaf
Authors: Hu Yu‐Han , Peng Li‐Qing , Wang Qiu‐Yan , Yang Juan , Dong Xin , Wang Shu‐Ling , Cao Jun , Liu Fang‐Ming
Published: July 2019

Introduction

The main active components in hawthorn leaves possess various biological activities such as anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic effects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective and reliable extraction method to extract these active compounds from hawthorn leaves.

Objective

To establish a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for extraction and determination of polyphenolic compounds from hawthorn leaves.

Methods

In this study, a microwave‐assisted reaction and extraction (MARE) combined with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector method was established to extract and determine the polyphenolic compounds in hawthorn leaves. The solid reagent aqueous solutions were applied as extraction solvents, preventing the use of organic solvents. The target analytes were identified by quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry. Several experimental parameters that can significantly affect the extraction efficiency were evaluated and optimised.

Results

The optimal conditions were as follows: 0.1 g of sodium carbonate was used as solid reagent, the amount of sodium borate was set at 0.01 g, extraction time was 10 min, extraction temperature was set at 50°C, pH value was adjusted to 7. The validation experiments demonstrated that the method had high sensitivity with the limits of detection in the range 26.5–37.7 ng/mL. The average recoveries ranged from 80.22% to 93.27%.

Conclusion

In this work, the proposed MARE method was successfully applied to extract and determine polyphenolic compounds in hawthorn leaf samples. Compared with other reported methods, the present method was faster, greener, and more sensitive.
Balance auf Bändern
Authors: Thaller Sigrid , Mathelitsch Leopold
Published: July 2019

Man kann sie im Zirkus, über Schluchten und immer häufiger in Parks bewundern: Menschen, die auf Seilen oder Bändern balancieren und dabei anscheinend mühelos das Gleichgewicht halten können. Die Physik spielt dabei eine gewichtige Rolle, von der Spannung in den Seilen bis zur optimalen Positionierung des Schwerpunktes. Anders als beim klassischen Seiltanz auf straff gespannten Stahlseilen hängen die elastischen Slacklines stark durch. Damit kann man beim Balancieren keine seitlichen Gegenkräfte mehr nutzen. Der Sportler lässt sich als invertiertes Pendel beschreiben, dessen Fußpunkt sich annähernd auf einer Kreisbahn bewegt.
Nicht mehr lang allein im All?
Authors: Angerhausen Daniel
Published: July 2019

Das Feld der Entdeckung und Charakterisierung von extrasolaren Planeten und die zukünftige Suche nach Leben entwickelt sich derzeit rasant. Unser gewachsenes Wissen über potenzielle Lebenszeichen in den Atmosphären und auf den Oberflächen dieser Planeten zusammen mit der technischen Entwicklung beim Bau der nötigen Teleskope könnten es ermöglichen, dass wir in den nächsten 10 bis 20 Jahren extrasolares Leben aufspüren. Bis dahin müssen noch viele Puzzleteile aus verschiedenen Wissenschaften zusammengefügt werden, um die spektroskopischen Merkmale in ihrem Kontext zu verstehen. Wir sind die erste Generation in der Menschheitsgeschichte, die eine realistische Chance hat, die uralte Frage nach Leben im All zu beantworten.
Das Higgs‐Teilchen unter der Lupe
Authors: Wolf Roger
Published: July 2019

Sieben Jahre nach der Entdeckung des Higgs‐Bosons am LHC sind seine Eigenschaften weitestgehend gesichert. Es besitzt die Quantenzahlen des Vakuums und zeigt wie erwartet ein einzigartiges Kopplungsverhalten mit allen bekannten Teilchen des Standardmodells, deren Kopplung derzeit am LHC nachweisbar ist. Dieses Kopplungsverhalten konnte mit einer Messgenauigkeit von 10 bis 16 % nachgewiesen werden. Mit zunehmender Datenmenge wird diese Messgenauigkeit in den Bereich weniger Prozent vordringen. Zu den noch offenen Fragen zählen die Selbstwechselwirkung des Higgs‐Teilchens und die Suche nach weiteren Higgs‐Bosonen als Bestandteil einer Theorie jenseits des Standardmodells.
Kühlen Kopf bewahren
Authors: Annaheim Simon
Published: July 2019

Für die Akzeptanz von Fahrradhelmen ist der Tragekomfort ein wichtiger Faktor. Damit verknüpft sind eine gute Belüftung zur Kühlung des Kopfes und der Schutz gegen Sonnenstrahlung. Um wissenschaftlich zu untersuchen, wie ein Helm den Wärmeaustausch am Kopf mit der Umwelt beeinflusst, hat das Eidgenössische Forschungsinstitut für Materialwissenschaften und Technologie (Empa) ein thermisches Kopfmanikin, ein Kopfmodell, entwickelt. Damit können die separaten Wärmetransportarten wie konvektiver Wärmetransport, evaporative Kühlwirkung und Strahlungswärmeeintrag am Kopf quantifiziert werden. Eine Einteilung in Zonen erlaubt auch die Untersuchung lokaler Regionen am Kopf. Darüber hinaus wurde das thermische Kopfmanikin mit einem mathematischen Modell zur Simulation des thermischen Zustands des menschlichen Körpers gekoppelt. Das ermöglicht Aussagen zum thermischen Komfort, vom Alltag bis zum Leistungssport.
Mondgestein – Archiv des Sonnensystems
Authors: Hiesinger Harald
Published: July 2019

Der Mond ist ein fundamental wichtiger Körper für unser Verständnis des gesamten Sonnensystems. Auch 50 Jahre nach den Apollo‐Missionen sind deren zur Erde gebrachten Mondgesteine noch immer von unschätzbarem Wert für die Wissenschaft. So erlauben sie uns, neuartige Fernerkundungsmethoden zur globalen Erkundung des Monds zu kalibrieren und durch eine verfeinerte Analytik alte Hypothesen zur Entstehung und Entwicklung des Monds zu testen und neue zu entwickeln.
Ein Radioteleskop wird zum weltbesten Blitz‐Interferometer
Authors: Nelles Anna , Hare Brian M.
Published: July 2019

Mit dem digitalen Radioteleskop Low‐Frequency Array (LOFAR) in den Niederlanden ist es Forschern gelungen, hochauflösende 3D‐Bilder eines Blitzes zu machen [1]. Diese Messungen erklären besser, wie sich Blitze in der Atmosphäre ausbreiten und warum es an derselben Stelle mehrfach blitzen kann.
Am Ende des Regenbogens zweiter Ordnung
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim
Published: July 2019

Bei aufmerksamer Betrachtung eines Springbrunnens lassen sich in den Tropfen Fragmente eines Regenbogens erkennen, auch wenn die Sonne schon relativ hoch steht.
Aus Hahnium wurde Dubnium
Authors: Blaum Klaus , Block Michael
Published: July 2019

Im ersten Jahrgang von Physik in unserer Zeit im Jahre 1970 erschien eine Meldung zur Namensgebung des superschweren Elements 105. Was wurde daraus, und wo stehen wir heute?
Mit Lochkarten ausrechnen, wo der Mond steht
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: July 2019

Jupiter ist nicht allein: In der Nähe seiner Bahn kreisen etwa siebentausend Asteroiden um die Sonne, die Trojaner. Sie bilden zwei Lager: das griechische und das trojanische. 588 Achilles (im griechischen Lager) und 617 Patroclus (im trojanischen Lager) werden als erste Trojaner entdeckt, beide 1906. Im Jahr darauf kommt im griechischen Lager einer dazu: 624 Hektor. Etwa ein Vierteljahrhundert später veröffentlicht der Gesuchte eine Doktorarbeit über ihn.
Galileische Dialoge
Authors: Mecke Klaus
Published: July 2019

„Wissenschaft entsteht im Gespräch“ sagte Werner Heisenberg. Sein Plädoyer für eine dialogische Wissenschaft geht auf Plato und Galilei zurück, die den Dialog als wissenschaftliche Literaturform in Umbruchzeiten prägten, um viele Funktionen zugleich zu erfüllen: wissenschaftspolitische, didaktische und epistemische.
The Evaluation of Secondary Amine Protecting Groups for Nitration
Authors: Chafin Andrew P. , Bottaro Jeffrey , Rosenkoetter Kyle E.
Published: July 2019

Nitramines (for example RDX, HMX and CL‐20) are frequently made by nitrolyzing tertiary amides. While generally high yielding, sometimes the amides can be difficult to remove while keeping any ring systems intact. This study investigates twelve acyl hexahydro‐s‐triazines for their ease of conversion into nitramines using four common nitration conditions. Several new amide protecting group have been examined and one (cyclopropanecarboxamide) has been found to be better than those amides currently employed. The amide groups have been found to be nitrolyzable in the following order: Cyclopropyl>Ethyl>Propyl>Methyl>i‐Propyl≈t‐Butyl≈Methoxymethyl≫Hydrogen>Pentafluorophenyl.