bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Spiritual Dilemma Of The Middle Class
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Betsy Swedborg, forty-six, is a single mother who works as a community education specialist. She lives in a small house with her teenaged son in a Midwestern city that prides itself on good schools, ample social services, low taxes, and full employment. Her income is slightly above average for this part of the country, and she definitely considers herself part of the middle class. Yet life is a constant struggle. Her son was only four when she and her husband filed for divorce. With only a year of college, she began working as a secretary and gradually moved up the ranks of the community services hierarchy to her present position. Taking night classes, she spent a decade finishing her college degree, and she is now taking master’s-degree level courses that are required for a certificate she must have if she is to keep her job. She works at least fifty hours each week, including four evening meetings and some Saturday meetings.
Working For Social Justice
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

I have argued that the churches are experiencing difficulties keeping themselves solvent and helping the needy because they fail to communicate clearly the implications of faith for the ways in which their members work, value money, spend their money, and think about material possessions. One important way in which the churches might focus on these implications is speaking out more forthrightly about social justice. In the past, religious leaders have often found precedents within their own traditions and in the Bible itself for doing this. They preached critically against social practices that exploited the poor, gave unfair advantages to the rich, and discriminated against oppressed and disadvantaged minority groups. The churches were in the forefront of efforts to protect the rights of all citizens, ensure equality of opportunity, and reduce the systemic evils associated with huge disparities of wealth and power.
Characteristics of Ritual-like Activities
Authors: Bell Catherine
Published: November 2023

In modern Western society, we tend to think of ritual as a matter of special activities inherently different from daily routine action and closely linked to the sacralities of tradition and organized religion. Such connections encourage us to regard ritual as somewhat antiquated and, consequently, as somewhat at odds with modernity. Hence, ritual often seems to have more to do with other times and places than with daily life as we know it in postindustrial Europe and America. This view is borne out to a great extent by the examples in the previous section, which focused on those rituals that most people would tend to agree are good examples of what ritual is about. They are sufficiently distinctive and colorful that even a particularly dense foreigner dropped into the middle of things would not mistake a Shī‘ī procession or a Korean kut for just another routine event in the daily life in those communities. With the examples that follow, however, the perspective is different. It will focus on a variety of common activities that are “ritualized” to greater or lesser degrees. Instead of ritual as a separate category or an essentially different type of activity, the examples described here illustrate general processes of ritualization as flexible and strategic ways of acting.
Violence and the Growth of Crime: Some Lessons from Recent History
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: November 2023

The logic of historical comparison is straightforward. If general levels of crime determine the rate of lethal violence, then increases or decreases in crime should result in parallel increases or decreases in lethal violence. Even a high correlation between crime and violence cannot prove causation, of course, because some third force can be the cause of changes in both crime and lethal violence. If social disorganization or riots cause increases in both theft and murder, the correlation between theft and murder will be high, but the social disruption is the true cause of each.
New Perspectives on African-American Violence
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: November 2023

Every aspect of serious violence in the United States is linked with statistical and policy questions involving race. And very few of the important aspects of race relations are not connected to concerns about violence: its incidence, its consequences, and attitudes toward it. One cannot be concerned about relations between blacks and whites in the United States without also being concerned about African-American violence. One cannot be seriously concerned about violence in the United States without encountering a large number of questions that arise because of the substantial share of American violence that is black violence.
Date
Authors: Bergren Theodore A
Published: November 2023

Sixth Ezra was probably composed between 95 and 313 C.E. The terminus post quern is set by the apparent date of the Book of Revelation, which book 6 Ezra almost certainly knows. Even if 6 Ezra’s dependence on Revelation is not admitted, 6 Ezra cannot have been written before 70 C.E., since the book’s allusions to “Babylon” (15:43, 46, 60; 16:1) almost certainly denote Rome, and since the identification between Rome and Babylon in Jewish and Christian circles most likely postdated the Roman destruction of the Jerusalem temple.
Serenity and Torment
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E
Published: November 2023

William Ellery Channing, Edwards A. Park, Charles Hodge, and Archibald Alexander Hodge Serenity is the distinguishing trait of the God of neoclassical theism. He is serene because he experiences no inner conflict or complexity. All of his attributes, even his judgment of sin, are brought into harmony by his one encompassing trait—his love. And this love makes him serene because it is neoclassical love or, more precisely, benevolence—a harmonious fusion of feeling and reason. The classic statement of this is Edwards Park’s sermon “All the Moral Attributes of God Are Comprehended in His Love.”
Modernism and Literature
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E
Published: November 2023

By the late nineteenth century, the God of cosmopolitan theology was becoming vague. He was losing details and becoming a hollow God. Consider Exodus 3:14 again, the passage where God declares, “I am that I am.” We have seen that Edwards Park, a neoclassical theist, used it to ascribe a magnificent serenity to God. Stowe, a sentimental incarnationalist, used an allusion to Exodus 3:14 in the Gospels to ascribe a poignant alienation to Jesus. And finally we have seen that Shedd, a romantic anthropomorphist, used Exodus 3:14 to ascribe an energizing vitality to God. Despite their different literary styles, each of these writers used the verse to get inside God. They used it to say something about his character.
‘‘Where is the evidence of your revival of religion?” Critiques of the Revival’s Social Impact
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa
Published: November 2023

As Suggested In The introduction to chapter 5, the most important sustained critique of the newly “spiritualized” public theology associated with the 1857-58 Revival came from two groups of disaffected New Englanders: non evangelical abolitionists and evangelical antislavery radicals.1 Abolitionists had long condemned as unchristian the timid attitude of many northern Protestants toward slavery, and the prohibition of prayers concerning slavery from the union meetings under the “no controversy” policy did nothing to change their opinion. The radical evangelicals were less willing to reject the revival outright, but they opposed its abdication of moral responsibility. In particular, they viewed the retrenchment of the American Tract Society after bitter debates throughout the spring of 18 58 as proof that revival piety did little to transform “worldly prudence.” The arguments of each group of critics, articulated most effectively by Unitarian Theodore Parker and Congregationalist George B. Cheever, reflected the moral absolutism of the New England tradition and a continuing allegiance to the goal of community moral reform.
Between (the Presence of) Violence and (the Possibility of) Justice :Lawyering against Capital Punishment
Authors: Sarat Austin
Published: November 2023

“Legal interpretation demands that we remember the future.” Drucilla Cornell, “From the Lighthouse: The Promise of Redemption and the Possibility of Legal Interpretation” “The ideality of the Good is an anticipatory ideal, but one in which anticipation will prove itself to be a memory.” Judith Butler, “Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice” “[L]egal systems try to make the future by redesigning the past and their connection with it.” Robert Gordon, “Undoing Historical Injustice” “[E]vil is the obliteration of personhood and hence the deprivation of all the personal and political rights of one, few, some or many.”
All or Nothing: An Inquiry into the (Im)Possibility of Cause Lawyering under Cuban Socialism
Authors: Michalowski Raymond
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines whether or not possibilities for cause lawyering can exist within the context of Cuba’s socialist legal system. In particular, it addresses whether cause lawyering is a unique characteristic of liberal-democratic states or if there exists a socialist analog to the more typical image of cause lawyering. Most discussions of cause lawyering have focused on attorneys who pursue social change by making “a self-conscious choice to give priority to causes rather than to client service.” Studies of cause lawyering characteristically examine attorneys who represent social movements or activists targeted by the state for prosecution or harassment, or who defend disadvantaged individuals against putative violations of their rights. This understanding of cause lawyering presumes first a structural and ideological relationship between state and civil society that permits at least minimal development of independent social movements, and second a political and the legal construction of human rights that permits lawyers to contest the meaning, implementation, and/or inclusiveness of these rights. In short, the common image of cause lawyering assumes that these lawyers are operating within the structure and the ideals of at least a rudimentary liberal-democratic state.
Juan De La Rosa
Authors: Aguirre Nataniel , Waisman Sergio Gabriel , Paz-Soldan Alba Maria
Published: November 2023

Nataniel Aguirre (1843-1888) was a statesman and active participant in shaping Bolivian politics and economics. His novel, Juan de la Rosa (1885) functionalizes the memories of the last soldier of the Wars of Independence. The story is told as the reminiscences of Colonel de la Rosa whose memories take him back to his childhood on the eve of Independence and his youth fighting in the Bolivian army. Jaun grows up an orphan and his individual struggle allegorizes the national quest for a modern identity. The novel exemplifies 19th-century thinking on racial issues and offers an unusual perspective on the Independence period. Sergio Waisman's recent translation of Ricardo Piglia's Nombre Falso won the Meritorious Achievement Award in the 1995 Eugene M. Kayden National Translation Contest.
Congregationalism in Crisis: The Halfway Covenant
Authors: Cooper James F
Published: November 2023

Speaking IN Boston IN 1667, New Haven pastor John Davenport addressed a simmering controversy in Massachusetts churches that, he warned, threatened to develop into a crisis of colony wide proportions. Failure to maintain unanimity in purpose and practice, he averred, stood to jeopardize the entire Congregational sys tem the Puritans had so painstakingly created: Davenport’s “forwarnings” proved prophetic. The three decades of relative harmony among churchgoers in Massachusetts Bay ended abruptly in the 1660s, as ripples of disagreement over Congregational practices rose to a tidal wave of conflict within individual churches.
Last Rites For Commanding Relationships
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle
Published: November 2023

On a full-moon night in the Tamil month of Mii.ci (February), Nagaji scheduled Laksmi’s “removal ” rite.1 The breeze during my motorscooter ride to his sanctuary east of Gingee was cool and dry. The path was utterly deserted; in the late hours when Nagaji conducted these rituals every one was fast asleep. Nor were these rituals casual spectacles; people without business there avoided them. Only some dogs barked at my silent passage through a succession of villages leading me to the ciimi’s grove. Laksmi and her father were standing motionless with several other visitors around a camp fire. That night two women (including Laksmi) and seven men had arrived together with clusters of immediate relatives. No one talked, but they stared wide-eyed at me, completely bewildered why I would record such an inauspicious even dangerous ritual. But Nagaji, who understood and even exploited my research for his own ends, explained that I was learning how he dealt with enemy sorcerers and their demons. His job was to stop spells, mine was to be an attentive but neutral spectator. His patients nodded in approval. As Nagaji waited for the midnight hour the air of expectation only intensified. That was when the original spells were cast, he once told me. Since Nagaji considered each ritual a counterattack on an opposing sorcerer, he had to strike back at the same time and in like manner. When I pointed out that he had personally not witnessed the evil sorcerer’s ritual, Nagaji explained that the tutelary goddess guided his actions.2 But for this healing, his supernatural assistant was not the goddess Sakti who regularly spoke during his biweekly divining seances, but the goddess Kali-well known throughout Tamilnadu for her bloody battles against demons. Yet when acting as exorcist he did not identify with Ka.Ii but retained his own male, human consciousness and personality.
Learning to Live With A Split Self
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle
Published: November 2023

In the South Arcot district of Tamilnadu human beings who meet untimely deaths through suicide, murder, or sudden accidents cannot exactly die. Their ghosts linger on earth where they entrap the living and inflict various pathologies that are usually “cured ” by means of the demonchasing ritual we have just seen. But possessions by these untimely dead do not always call for such programmatic, definitive resolutions. To understand these exceptions we must pay renewed attention to the matter of social context, or more specifically, kinship. Most of my consultants gave consistent, almost generic responses to the question of what happened to people who died in bus accidents or other traumatic circumstances. Invariably they stressed the spirits’ demonic side and the clear imperative to “make them run away. ” But when I asked about the fate of their relatives who died in such an untimely fashion, their answers strayed from these hard and fast explanations. None would accept responsibility for declaring that their kin had become pey. “Bad death ” seemed to demonize Tamil human beings only in the abstract, and it always afflicted someone else’s relatives. never one’s own. When it came to the tragic fate of their loved ones, my consultants came up with inventive, revisionist interpretations. It was said that the accident that prematurely cut short the life of a son or father was written by the creator, Lord Brahma, on the forehead of the person upon his or her birth. Ensuing from this divine mandate, such a death hardly disrupted the cosmic plan; it could pass as a “natural ” end to life.
Proclamation and Organization 1937—1939
Authors: Warren Heather A
Published: November 2023

ON THE EVE OF THE Life and Work and Faith and Order world conferences in July 1937, thirty-five men from twelve countries representing the five Christian international organizations met at Westfield College in northwest London to plan the future of the ecumenical movement. Their expectations were modest. At most it was thought they would devise a plan for cooperation. Because they did not think anything momentous would happen, they did not appoint a secretary to record their discussion. Oldham, however, had in mind the creation of a World Christian Counsel that yoked Life and Work with Faith and Order in study projects leading to church unity. He had privately approached W. A. Visser ‘t Hooft, secretary-general of the World’s Student Christian Federation, to consider serving as the executive officer of such a body.-’ That was as far as it got.
Contribution to Philosophy
Authors: McEvoy James
Published: November 2023

Grosseteste’s output was vast and diversified; it has not been completely edited as yet. It is difficult to construct an overview of it, and the chronology of his writings still remains subject to disagreement among scholars. Only occasionally can we glimpse a classroom setting behind a page of his writings. His intellectual life was marked by rich development, as new books (or translations of books) arrived to add interests that supervened upon his thought, without obliterating what they covered. So far as we know, his major publications appeared late in his academic career and followed each other into circulation in quick succession. The further back we go in his life, in consequence, the less we can say with certainty concerning his intellectual activities. His mental life cannot be divided into watertight periods (e.g., philosopher, exegete, pastoral theologian), nor can the strands that made up its rich texture be separated out without an unacceptable degree of artificiality. However, it is impossible to talk about everything at once. For purposes of exposition I will say something about Grosseteste’s philosophical interests, beginning with his numerous contributions to the liberal arts.
The Dating of Aseneth Reconsidered
Authors: Wolff Christian
Published: November 2023

Dull as discussions of dating usually are, even for specialists, much hinges on the dating of the Aseneth stories. Aseneth is extant principally in Greek, which was almost certainly the language of its composition, and in Latin, Slavic, Armenian, and Roumanian, all in manuscripts that date no earlier than the tenth century C.E. Two Syriac manuscripts that date to the sixth or seventh centuries C.E. contain a translation of Aseneth as part of an anonymous historical compilation of twelve books covering the period from creation through 569 C.E., known as the Church History or the Syriac Chronicle of Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor. The same Chronicle prefaces the translation of Aseneth with two chapters. The first is an anonymous letter to one Moses, reporting the discovery of a little Greek book called the Book of Asyath and requesting a translation into Syriac; the second is a response by Moses sending the requested translation. This Moses is apparently one Moses of Inghila, who is known to have translated another Greek work into Syriac in the second half of the sixth century. Taken together, the identification of the translator as Moses of Inghila and the inclusion of the material in the Syriac Chronicle suggest that
A Congregation of One
Authors: Parsons William b.
Published: November 2023

Our efforts up to this point have aimed at elucidating the issues entertained and perspectives offered by Freud and Rolland during the course of their debate on mysticism. The result has been the deconstruction of the common understanding of Freud’s views on mysticism. Certainly the latter were more subtle, complex, and interesting than has been acknowledged. At the same time attention can be drawn to the disjointed and “unfinished” character of the Freud-Rolland debate. Our analysis seems to have raised as many new questions as it dispensed with misleading interpretations. The debate could well have used a mediator who could have clatified muddled issues, adjudicated misundrstandings, and attempted to further the cause of a series of highly interesting but ultimately unresolved conversations. On the other hand, it is here where opportunity lies for anyone pursuing a revisionist agenda.
Mysticism East and West
Authors: Parsons William b.
Published: November 2023

In order to interpretative justice to the reconstructed version of Rolland’s mysticism, it 1s clear that the two avenues of analysis suggested by Freud-one championing a view of mysticism as regressive arid defensive; the other as therapeutic and adaptive—need to be expanded and developed, if riot altogether superseded. New resources must be found to not only ground a fresh interpretation of Rolland’s mysticism but to help rethink the relationship between psychoanalysis and the interdisciplinary study of mysticism as a whole.
Explanations
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

The old lieutenant colonel, albeit virtuous and good, nonetheless bore on his conscience a tolerable pair of sins, of the sort referred to as “of the flesh,” which must not be called into account-sins not of today when age had made him inoffensive but rather of his youth. The result of one of them was a child that he had left behind in Lisbon, fruit of a late love that he had had at the age of thirty-six. As punishment the child had come out nothing like the father, and neither the advice nor the care nor the example of the latter directed him to the good path. At the age of twenty, having enlisted, he was an unruly cadet, a gambler, and the most insubordinate member of his regiment.
Endeavors
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

The comadres first step was to take herself to the major’s house to intercede on Leonardo’s behale The major, however, proved inflexible: The case was a serious one, discipline could not be challenged more than once with impunity, the punishment must be unfailing and great. The comadre, who had gone full of hopes, found out from the major something of which she was unaware and did not even suspect: Leonardo would not only remain a prisoner for a longer time but he also would be flogged.... As soon as the major told her this, the poor woman fell to her knees, wept, wailed-all, however, in vain. She left in despair and, her mantilla drooping, all disheveled, flew to Dona Maria’s house. When she saw her enter in such a state, Dona Maria rose from her small bench and put down her lace cushion.

“But now,” Dona Maria interrupted, “the business requires all possible haste because they could lay on the poor boy’s back at any time, and after that not even Santo Antonio could take it back.”

“Nothing to worry about: We can still get there on time, with the grace of God. To be absolutely certain, let’s all three of us go right from here to the major’s house, and we’ll each do everything in our power to get the young man freed.”
Conclusion
Authors: Mahaffey Vicki
Published: November 2023

Antioedipal reading, like antioedipal loving, is predicated on an emphatic refusal to shun “mistakes,” or deviations, and on an acute appreciation of volitional errors as portals of discovery. What Wilde, Yeats, Joyce, Deleuze, and Guattari all valorize is less the accumulation of prestige than the generation of energy via rapidly shifting mechanisms for verbal and physical connection and uncoupling. Instead of striving to purge the foreignness of matter within (and outside) ourselves, or within (or in the exchange of) words, these Irish writers, like Deleuze and Guattari, suggest that we multiply it, and they differently demonstrate the vitality of the fortuitous and yet rigorous recombinations that result. Similarly, for the “love letter” that is literary criticism, what matters is not the critic’s dominance over the text, but her ability to use it, to extend it, to allow the variousness of the unconscious to unfold itself across the tracings of the known. As Deleuze concludes,
Edna St. Vincent Millay
Authors: Miller Nina
Published: November 2023

Such dramatic national success had tangible effects on Millay’s status among New Yorkers, naturally enough. Yet in this fact we also glimpse the dynamic circuit in which New York took cues from the national culture even while dictating most of its terms. Millay had an enormous literary and personal influence among the New York literati. Greenwich Village regarded her “with awe” even before her arrival there, on the strength of one passionate poem;’ John Peale Bishop and Edmund Wilson, young poets and literary editors at the middle-brow journal Vanity Fair, made it a personal mission to bring her work before a wide reading public;• Genevieve Taggard and the other editors of the high-art little magazine Measure took Millay as their unofficial poet laureate; Countee Cullen, favorite son of the Harlem Renaissance, wrote his undergraduate thesis on Millay and pursued his professional career along distinctly lyrical and traditional lines;’ and even Dorothy Parker, embodiment of midtown urbanity, described her own significant (and significantly national) career as a matter of following Millay’s example.
Aestheticized Love and Sexual Violence
Authors: Miller Nina
Published: November 2023

In her anonymous essay for the Nation, “Poet out of Pioneer,” Taggard reflected at length on what she saw as the severe disparity in strength and power between her parents, quite explicitly treating their situation as paradigmatic of “the problem” of heterosexual relationships. Several of the other women invited to contribute to the Nation’s 1926 series on “These Modern Women” gave similar attention to the dynamics between their par­ ents and similarly seemed to assume that marriage was a site of conflict between a strong and thwarted woman and a man who fails to “be a man.” Any number of contemporaneous influences might have fostered this com­ mon perception, for though they were all “modern” as professional and independent women, these essayists had widely varying backgrounds. But sexology certainly made its subtle, scientific contribution to the general climate. Havelock Ellis, for example, warned that a woman’s “frequently repeated orgasms ... render her vigorous and radiant [but] exert a depressing effect on her husband,” whose pride and health she must learn to protect.
“Bible and Liturgy”: Danielou’s Work Revisited
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

IF ONE WERE TO NAME JEAN DANIEWU1S ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE, IT WOULD probably be patristics. As a patrologist, he recalled attention, by his monographic studies, to those fertile if eccentric giants, Origen and Gregory of Nyssa. As a historian of dogma, he recounted the development of Christian doctrine and thought in a way that did greater justice to semitic strands in the early church (Jewish and Syrian), without neglecting the more familiar currents in the Greek and Latin areas. Yet Danielou was no narrow student of the Fathers and the councils of the first centuries. In his many writings he brought together a number of academic disciplines and ecclesiastical movements that coalesced in the 1940s, 50s and early 60s to provide, as it turned out, the intellectual foundations for the Second Vatican Council. Besides his patristic interests, Danielou drew on and contributed to biblical theology, liturgics, ecclesiology, and ecumenism. How “deliberately” ecumenical Danielou himself was, I (as a Protestant) do not know; but certainly his work benefited from, and helped to shape, the convergence that developed among Catholics, Orthodox, and classical Protestants in matters of Scripture and Tradition in those years, and which has made possible the continuing serious doctrinal efforts in the various interconfessional bilateral dialogues since Vatican II and in the multilateral context of Faith and Order (for example, Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry and Towards the Common Expression of the Apostolic Faith Today).
Renewing Worship: The Recovery of Classical Patterns
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

THE RECOVERY OF THE CLASSICAL SUBSTANCE AND FORMS OF CHRISTIAN worship was an aim, and to a considerable degree the achievement, of the modern liturgical movement in both its Catholic and its Protestant manifestations. Never an end in itself, the recovery subserved the active, intelligent participation of the people of God in worship that expressed the Gospel and the faith in their purity and their richness.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of February 1922
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Immediately after the Board meeting on January 9 the Secretary left for Washington. On Tuesday, January IO, the Bill was taken up in the House but the debate was not continued on Wednesday, nor for several days thereafter, on account of the Post Office Appropriation Bill. During this time the Secretary had a number of conferences regarding the measure with leaders in Congress. He spent much time in looking up references and data to aid Senator Burton of Ohio in getting together material for his argument in favor of the Bill. Senator Burton requested the Secretary to assist him also by looking up and verifying certain legal references which he required for his speech. This the Secretary in turn requested Mr. James A. Cobb to do. Mr. Cobb kindly consented and gave a great deal of his time to the work. Mr. Cobb and the Secretary went to Senator’s Burton’s home, at his request, on Sunday night, January 15, and conferred with him about two hours. On January 17 debate on the Bill was resumed, and Mr. Burton made a strong argument for the constitutionality of the measure, during which he got a great deal of valuable material into the Congressional Record.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of October 1923
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Annual Conference At the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Association held at Kansas City, Kansas, August 29-September 4, the following report of the Committee on Recommendations to the National Body was adopted:
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of October 1927
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Extradition Case During the past month the attention of the National Office has been called to three cases in which Southern states are seeking to have returned to their juris diction for trial colored men charged with crime. In two of these cases the National Office has aided. The third case was handled by the District of Columbia Branch. The Edward Glass Case At the September meeting of the Board the Secretary reported regarding the efforts being made by the San Francisco and Northern California Branches to prevent the extradition of Edward Glass to Sapulpa, Oklahoma. This case is still pending. At the request of Mr. Edward D. Mabson, attorney in the case, the National Office wired Governor C. C. Young of California, on September 7, urging that he grant a delay of thirty days in the proceedings in order to permit the presentation of facts and arguments. The National Office also sent data regarding lynchings in the United States and a sworn affidavit regarding lynching in the State of Oklahoma since 1889.
Speeches, Essays, and Articles, 1920-1937
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Atlanta University’s male students founded the Phi Kappa Society in 1878. The society sponsored debates and other programs on topics of current interest. When James Weldon Johnson entered Atlanta University as a freshman in 1890, he joined the Phi Kappa Society. Elected president of the society in 1893, he became one of the best debaters in the university. During his student years at Atlanta, he was the recipient of numerous awards for his oratory skills, creative writing, and polemic essays. Johnson would ply his talent as a writer again on a regular basis as editor of the New York Age. Beginning in 1914, for nearly ten years he wrote a weekly column for the Age, the oldest of the New York black papers and one of the most influential in the nation. In the pages of the Age, he was exemplar as an agitator, a philosopher, a literary critic, and a mentor to aspiring creative artists. For seven years he was concurrently an editorial writer for the Age and an NAACP official. As an NAACP official he wrote for a number of publications, including the Crisis, American Mercury, the Nation, Harper’s Magazine, the New York Herald Tribune, and the Amsterdam News. In the following selection of speeches, essays, and articles, Johnson consistently attempted to educate Americans in general. and black Americans in particular-as an essential for generating public opinion, which was indispensable for building the early civil rights movement.
Haiti and Our Latin-American Policy
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

In this address Johnson raises the question, “Why is America in Haiti?” He discusses America’s sinister and insidious reasons for occupying the island country. He further condemns America for its weak and insincere rationalization of the seizure of Haiti. This address was delivered at the “World Tomorrow Dinner” in New York City on March 31, 1924. I could begin to talk on the subject assigned to me first by rehearsing something of Haiti’s history for the one hundred and ten years of her independence; how through the valor and heroism of her own people she abolished slavery, threw off the French yoke and made herself the second in point of time of all the independent republics in the western world; how, due entirely to her aid and assistance, Bolivar was able to set up the first republic on the South American continent and how she asked nothing in return for her help except that the great liberator of South America should abolish slavery forever. I could summarize Haiti’s long struggle to maintain her independence in the face of the intrigue of European powers and the utter lack of sympathy of the United States. This lack of sympathy on the part of the United States is easily explained by the fact that the black slaves of Haiti in rising up and chopping off the heads of their masters had set a dangerous example. How she maintained her independence in spite of isolation by language and race, and in spite of the most malicious. cruel, and, on the whole, most misleading propaganda ever aimed at a weak and un effective nation.
Report on Civil Rights
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

The year 1951 was the year of the hate bomb. It had been most widely used in Florida. In a frantic attempt to stop the progress made by the NAACP and its allies, the hate bomb became a new instrument of terror. On Christ mas night of 1951, NAACP Florida coordinator Harry T. Moore and his wife were murdered by a bomb planted beneath their house. Florida was not alone in this evil. Hate bombs exploded in Birmingham, Dallas, Atlanta, Nashville, and in California. Other forms of violence erupted in Cicero, Illinois, in Louisiana, and in other places. Despite the horrific atrocities, there were some important gains made this year, such as acquittal of four of the six men in the Trenton Six case, eradication of segregation in the army in Korea, and the slowing down of segregation in publicly financed institutions of higher education in the South. During this year the Legal Defense and Educational Fund handled 702 cases, 77 of which were brought to trial. With the catapulting of legal attack on segregated public elementary and secondary schools in Atlanta, Georgia; Clarendon County, South Carolina; Topeka, Kansas; and Wilmington, Delaware, the Legal Department opened a new phase in its quest for “equality under the law.” In the following report, White discusses the gains and setbacks and the goals of the NAACP at the close of 1951.
N.A.A.C.P. Forty-second Annual Meeting Speech
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

NAACP branches across the country held memorial meetings to pay tribute to the martyred Harry T. Moore and his wife, and to reconfirm their commitment to the struggle to achieve the goal for which the Moores died. At a meeting in Jacksonville, Florida, NAACP branch officials representing fifteen southern states made plans for southwide action to eradicate terror and intimidation against black citizens. In the following address to the NAACP Annual Meeting in January 1952, Walter White asserts that the accomplishments gained by the NAACP have created a climate for hate mongers to react. The greatest task ahead for the Association, he proclaims, is to overcome ignorance, misinformation, and fear. In no recent year have Negro Americans had to fight so hard to hold on to their faith in democracy as in 1951. The cold-blooded fiendish bomb slaying at Mims, Florida, on Christmas night of Mr. and Mrs. Harry T. Moore ended in shame and horror twelve months of almost totally unpunished mob violence in Florida, Illinois, Texas, Louisiana, Virginia, Alabama, and other states. The year produced attempted legal lynching for “rape at 75 feet” in North Carolina and equally fantastic intimidation efforts in courts of law, both North and South. It saw development of a new and sinister technique-efforts to bar N.A.A.C.P. and other lawyers in Florida, Missouri, and North Carolina from courts when they sought through proper judicial procedures to protect basic constitutional rights of minorities.
Selected Reports of the Secretary to the Board of Directors, 1955-1973
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

When a New York City district attorney informed Roy Wilkins that he was a target of an alleged assassination plot by a black extremist group known as Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), he wasn’t at all phased by the news. He refused police protection and continued to take the subway to the NAACP offices each morning alone.’ This attitude was so typical of Roy Wilkins because he disliked fuss and fanfare. As secretary, his frugality with NAACP funds was legend among staff. He was concerned for those who had sacrificed to pay the two-dollar membership fee because it was these dues-paying members who kept the NAACP sol vent. When he joined the staff of the NAACP in 1931, America was in the tight grip of the “separate but equal” doctrine. Lynchings were rampant across the South and in some border states. Jim Crow ruled in movie theaters, public accommodations, restaurants, hotels, and public transportation. By the time he became secretary in 1955, the doctrine “separate but equal” had been overturned, and lynchings had ceased across the South. At this time the NAACP had an impressive record, but it still faced the tasks of implementing school desegregation, abolishing the poll tax, acquiring federal protection for voting rights, and ending discrimination in public accommodations, housing, and jobs.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of May 1955
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Some 800 delegates are expected to attend the Forty-sixth Annual Convention to be held in Atlantic City, N.J., June 21-26. Sessions will be held in the Atlantic City High School. Albany and Atlantic Avenues. The opening mass meeting on Tuesday evening, June 21, will be a Walter White Memorial meeting with the President of the New Jersey State Conference, presiding, and with remarks by the President of the Association, Arthur B. Spingarn; the Executive Secretary, Roy Wilkins; Vice President Miss L. Pearl Mitchell, and Channing H. Tobias, Chairman of the Board of Directors. There will be a dramatic presentation on Wednesday evening at 8 P.M. The mass meeting that night will be addressed by Secretary-Treasurer of the A.EL. William Schitzler, and Special Counsel Thurgood Marshall. On Thursday evening delegates from some forty states will submit their semi-annual reports on funds raised to accelerate the campaign for complete emancipation by 1963, at the Freedom Fund Dinner. The Honorable Robert B. Mayner, Governor of New Jersey, will speak on Friday evening. The Executive Secretary will speak at the closing mass meeting Sunday afternoon.
Report of the Executive Secretary for the Board Meeting May and June, 1963
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

On Friday, May 3r. the Secretary arrived in Jackson, Miss., to address a mass meeting and to assure the community of full support of the drive for desegregation of public facilities. On Saturday, June r, while picketing in front of Woolworth’s he was arrested along with Medgar Evers and Mrs. Helen Wilcher. All three were later released on $1,000 bail each. The stepped-up movement for immediate desegregation of public facilities and an end to discriminatory practice in stores and other businesses was initiated at a meeting of the Mississippi State Conference on May 12. The demands were made in a resolution adopted at the executive board meeting.
Report of the Executive Director for the Board Meeting of March 1965
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Speaking Engagements During the month of March, the Executive Director continued to fill speaking engagements, and appear on radio and television, as follows: On March 1, he testified before the Senate Rules Committee in Washington, D.C., on revision of Rule 22; on March 2, also in Washington, D.C., conferred with President Lyndon B. Johnson on voting legislation, with Vice President Hum phrey and Attorney General Katzenback on the same subject, and on March 3 with Secretary of State Rusk with reference to the United States’ policy on Africa. On March 6, spoke in Danbury, Conn., at a branch fund-raising affair; on March 7, he accepted the Guardian’s (N.Y.C. Police) Ninth Annual Achievement Award in Brooklyn, N.Y.; on March 12 spoke for the Dayton, Ohio, Branch banquet; on March 14, spoke at the invitation of our branch president’s at the city’s memorial service in Casper, Wyo., for Rev. James J. Reeb; Unitarian minister fatally beaten in Selma, Ala.; attended funeral services for Board member Mrs. Daisy Lampkin in Pittsburgh on March 15; was present in Washington, D.C., on March 15 (night)
Report of the Executive Director for the Board Meeting of June, July, and August 1965
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Due to absence from the office on vacation of several National Office staff members, much of the time of the Executive Director was of necessity spent handling mail, administrative details, and other work usually handled by other staff.
Address Given at the National Negro Publishers’ Association
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Roy Wilkins believed that no one person could adequately represent black America as its leader. He further contended that the goal for full equality was a complex and multifaceted struggle that required many group leaders with specialized skills. In this address to the National Negro Publishers’ Association Wilkins speaks about “leadership.” He argues that no so-called “race leader” in the traditional sense can be expected to have the wisdom and skill to speak and act on behalf of all black Americans. He contends, however, that there are numerous convergent areas that should bring black leaders together. This speech was given on May r8, 1958. Let our nation get on with desegregation not by hamstringing the N.A.A.C.P. and other groups who are working for civil rights, or by shutting up individuals who fight for the cause, but by acting to secure for all our citizens those rights to which they are entitled, and by aiding those who want to obey the courts.
Mr. Wilkins Replies
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

At the end of an hour-long documentary report on the school desegregation issue in Atlanta, aired on February 1, 1959, Chet Huntley, television commentator of the National Broadcasting Company, came to the shocking conclusion that “there would be more chance of desegregating schools if there were less reliance on the courts and on the federal power.” In terms of this issue, that “the NAACP may have outlived itself,” and “militant Negro leadership must be abandoned.” In the following televised address of February 8, 1959, Roy Wilkins replies to Chet Huntley.
Mayor Tom Bradley of Los Angeles
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Tom Bradley (1912-1998) was born in Culvert, Texas, and moved to Los Angeles in 1919. In 1940 he joined the Los Angeles police department, where he remained for twenty-two years and rose to the rank of lieutenant-the highest ranking position ever held by an African American. In 1973 he became the first black mayor of Los Angeles. In the following article, Roy Wilkins hails Tom Bradley on his mayoral victory. The white voters of Los Angeles, the nation’s third largest city, have combined with the black voters and the Mexican-American ones to elect Tom Bradley as the city’s first black mayor. In doing this voters piled up a margin of 97,000 votes for the former Texas sharecropper, police lieutenant and city councilman over the total of Mayor Sam Yorty, who has occupied the office for twelve years.
How Old the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

When Roy Wilkins wrote the following article in 1975, the NAACP was in its sixty-sixth year. But for many young black activists, the civil rights movement began when three college students sat down at a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, on February l, 1960. In this essay he emphasizes the Association’s many years of work in the civil rights movement and acknowledges that the seventeenth-century slave revolts started the civil rights movement. It is good to know that someone recognizes that something was afoot on the civil rights front before 1960. If one reads about civil rights these days, one would get the clear message that before February 1, 1960, when four Negro young men sat down in a restaurant in Greensboro, N.C., nothing had happened. They say it all started there. The daily press, radio, and television have fed the idea.
A Chinese Woman’s Response to Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior
Authors: Zhang Ya-Jie
Published: November 2023

However, it did not appeal to me when I read it for the first time, because the stories in it seemed somewhat twisted, Chinese perhaps in origin but not really Chinese any more, full of American imagination. Furthermore, some of Kingston’s remarks offended my sense of national pride as well as my idea of personal discretion. The first chapter, “No Name Woman,” reads as if it could have been true in old China, but a Chinese writer would have told it differently without the imagined situations. In the chapter, “The White Tigers,” Kingston has actually interwoven two ancient Chinese stories: the story ofYue Fei, a very famous hero and general in the Song Dynasty, and Hua Mu Lan.
Filiality and Woman’s Autobiographical Storytelling
Authors: Smith Sidonie
Published: November 2023

Since harrict mart1ne Au wrote her autobiography in 1856, many hundreds of women have contributed the story of their lives to the cultural heritage. Writers, artists, political figures, intellectuals, businesswomen, actors, athletes all these and more have marked history in their own way, both as they lived their lives and as they wrote about them. A tradition so rich and various presents a challenge to the critic of twentiethcentury autobiography. There is much to be written about the works; indeed, studies of twentieth-century autobiography are beginning to emerge. Articles now abound. I do not want to conclude this study of women’s autobiographies without attention to a contemporary work; but I also realize that there are many choices that would have served my critical purposes. Nonetheless, for me at least, no single work captures so powerfully the relationship of gender to genre in twentieth-century autobiography as Maxine Hong Kingston’s Woman Warrior.