bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FogFrame: a framework for IoT application execution in the fog
Authors: Skarlat Olena , Schulte Stefan
Published: July 2021

Recently, a multitude of conceptual architectures and theoretical foundations for fog computing have been proposed. Despite this, there is still a lack of concrete frameworks to setup real-world fog landscapes. In this work, we design and implement the fog computing framework FogFrame—a system able to manage and monitor edge and cloud resources in fog landscapes and to execute Internet of Things (IoT) applications. FogFrame provides communication and interaction as well as application management within a fog landscape, namely, decentralized service placement, deployment and execution. For service placement, we formalize a system model, define an objective function and constraints, and solve the problem implementing a greedy algorithm and a genetic algorithm. The framework is evaluated with regard to Quality of Service parameters of IoT applications and the utilization of fog resources using a real-world operational testbed. The evaluation shows that the service placement is adapted according to the demand and the available resources in the fog landscape. The greedy placement leads to the maximum utilization of edge devices keeping at the edge as many services as possible, while the placement based on the genetic algorithm keeps devices from overloads by balancing between the cloud and edge. When comparing edge and cloud deployment, the service deployment time at the edge takes 14% of the deployment time in the cloud. If fog resources are utilized at maximum capacity, and a new application request arrives with the need of certain sensor equipment, service deployment becomes impossible, and the application needs to be delegated to other fog resources. The genetic algorithm allows to better accommodate new applications and keep the utilization of edge devices at about 50% CPU. During the experiments, the framework successfully reacts to runtime events: (i) services are recovered when devices disappear from the fog landscape; (ii) cloud resources and highly utilized devices are released by migrating services to new devices; (iii) and in case of overloads, services are migrated in order to release resources.
Farmers Information Needs on Organic Vegetable Farming in Two Agro-climatic Zones of Assam
Authors: Bora S. , Das P. K. , Barman I. , Deka S. D. , Sonowal D.
Published: July 2021

Most farmers are not aware of the various aspects of organic farming of vegetables despite the fact that the state of Assam is “naturally organic by default”. Besides having tremendous potential to grow crops organically, organic farming is yet to taste success in the state of Assam. Information is currently seen by many as the main limiting factor to growth in the organic sector in the state. Hence, there is need to equip the farmers with the necessary information related to the organic cultivation and certification process with respect to important vegetable crops The study was undertaken in North Bank Plains Zone and Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone of Assam, primarily to understand farmers’ information needs in relation to organic vegetable production. The study also identified the factors influencing the information needs and constraints as perceived by the farmers in meeting their information needs. A multi-stage, purposive cum proportionate random sampling design was adopted for the study in order to select 120 respondents. The study revealed that majority of the respondents (95.83%) expressed that they need information on inspection and certification process on organic vegetable production, followed by the need for information on soil treatment for organic vegetable production, and on the variety/planting material suitable for organic vegetable production. Findings of correlation analysis indicated that among the 10 independent variables, 6 variables showed significant and positive relationship and 4 variables showed significant and negative relationship with the information needs of farmers in relation to organic vegetable production at 0.01 level of probability. Findings revealed that “lack of knowledge about inspection and certification process of organic vegetable production” was the major constraint faced by the respondents with the highest score (PCI-296) and hence was ranked 1st followed by “Lack of knowledge about market linkages’ (PCI-280) and ‘Lack of access to credit facilities’ (PCI-278) which were ranked 2nd and 3rd important constraints faced by them in meeting their information needs. It implies that NGOs, KVKs, various development workers and extension agencies should put more efforts to modify and channel the information needs of organic vegetable farmers in the desirable direction through their preferred medium.
Scientific Contributions of Entrepreneurial Culture and Competitiveness in Markets
Authors: Cabanillas Danilo Santa Cruz
Published: July 2021

This descriptive review seeks to inquire about scientific contributions of entrepreneurial culture and competitiveness in markets in 2020, because the way of doing business in different supply markets, in our times is in a constant dynamic. In this way, an increasing number of people have been identified who start a business, who, in turn, face different established and recognized businesses, which generates strong competition in sales. This review perceives entrepreneurship as a generator of human, economic and social development in merchant’s population of different vegetable markets, generating new opportunities and a better life quality.
Analysis of Flipped Classroom Methodology in Students: A Systematic Review
Authors: Becerra Luz Mirian Ruiz
Published: July 2021

This review article aimed to analyze scientific production of the invested classroom methodology in students from 2017 to 2020, under a bibliographic methodology, as a technique it used the documentary analysis of databases like Ebscohost, Scopus, Eric, Science Direct and Scielo whose sample was 17 articles plus 25 to 30 scientific articles corresponding to years 2017 to 2020. On the other hand, Boolean connectors such as and/or were used, as well as quotes for a more specific search. The prism diagram was used, reaching conclusion on the analysis of selected scientific articles, it is concluded the flipped classroom is a methodology favors the change from traditional teaching process to an interactive teaching-learning process, where it is reinforced with use of technology that attracts attention of students through development of attractive activities promote meaningful learning for student.
Implications of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma to Submandibular Gland: A Systematic Analysis
Authors: Amjad Shaikh , Borle Rajiv M. , Khatib Mahalaqua Nazli , Bhola Nitin
Published: July 2021

Objective: Submandibular Gland (SG) Located in Level ΙB Region of Neck. During neck dissection, it is routinely removed along with level ΙB lymph nodes. Less data is available to represent SMG involvement in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Main objectives of systemic Review are to establish the rate, pattern and pathways of SMG involvement in OSCC.

Data Sources: A systematic review of related article were analyzed and articles recognized through  PubMed, Scopus, Medline and Cochrane library were studied until November 2019.

Review Methods: Explanatory features of main primary tumours, key management modalities, rate, pattern and pathway of SMG involvement, existence results. If existent were conveyed, subsequent PRISMA guidelines.

Results: The collected information were investigated and produced 259 articles, 19 out of 259 fulfil the inclusion criteria. 2699 patients in that 3235 SMG resections is selected out of 19 articles. Sixty-four glands (1.97%) had tumour participation. direct SMG infiltration by primary tumour was most common pathway (48 of 64, 1.4%). The subsequent usual method of SMG invasion was from involved peri-glandular lymph nodes (12 of 64, 0.3%). Only 3 resected SMG out of 3235 (0.1%) had metastatic parenchymal involvement from primary tumor.

Conclusion: Scarcity of SMG involvement in OSCC, SMG protection could be practicable in some patients. Decision regarding resection of submandibular glands should be done after visual examination during surgery instead of pre-planned resection. Though, extra analyses is required to assess the function of retained SMGs amongst patients who received postoperative radiotherapy.
Effect of Triclosan and Sodium Monofluorophosphate on Plaque Reduction
Authors: Soomro Seema , Banglani Munir Ahmed , Memon Parveen , Memon Mahwish , Dall Abdul Qadir Khan , Shams Salman
Published: July 2021

Objective:  The aim of the study is to compare the clinical efficacy between two ingredient Triclosan and sodium monofluorophosphate on plaque accumulation.

Material and Methodology: This cross section study was carried out in school (Govt Girls High School Kotri). Total 100 school children were selected, between age ranges 13–16 years, which were divided in to two groups (group A & B) according to dentifrice given.

Group A: Toothpaste containing the active ingredient 0.3% Triclosan.

Group B: Toothpaste containing 0.8% sodium monofluorophosphate.                     

All patients were examined clinically for assessment using the Plaque index (PI) at follow up periods every week. Plaque was evaluated by using the silness-loe index.  Oral examination for dental plaque assessment was carried out at the start of the study and the children were follow up to 10 weeks. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 version and one-way ANOVA test.

Result: Triclosan toothpaste users experienced significant reduction in plaque accumulation as compared to the sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste users.

Conclusion:  At 3-weeks, Triclosan provided statistically signiﬁcantly greater reductions than sodium monofluorophosphate in plaque reduction.
Design, Formulation, and Physicochemical Evaluation of Occimum sanctum Containing Honey Based Hydrogel
Authors: Shewale Akhilesh , Pur Sneha , Bele Rashmi , Fatema Mahvash
Published: July 2021

Background and Aim: The present study aims to formulate a hydrogel containing Tulsi (O. sanctum) and honey, to obtain a pharmaceutical topical preparation having desirable healing effects and antibacterial properties of both the ingredients.

Material and Method: Topical honey hydrogel formulation were prepared using 75%honey and 10% Occimum sanctum (Tulsi) with polymer carbopol 934. The prepared formulation was assessed for its pH, spreadability, swelling index and in-vitro release

Result: The pH and spreadability were in the range of 4.74 ± 0.02 and 7.75 ± 0.04 cm respectively. Carbopol based Honey –Tulsi Formulation showed a concentration-dependent increase in the amount of honey and O. sanctum diffused through dialysis method.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, the results of our present study suggest that the studied Honey –Tulsi based hydrogel could be an economic indigenous substitute which is non-toxic, natural and efficient for clinical application.
Study the Efficacy of Rodhradigana Vasti in the Management of Sthaulya (Overweight)
Authors: Parwe Shweta , Ashtankar Poonam , Bhagwat Piyush , Nisargandha Milind
Published: July 2021

Background: Obesity (Sthaulya) has been one of the primary diseases of the modern period, with its changing lifestyles, climate, and eating habits. Everyone has become a victim of many diseases caused by poor eating habits, and obesity is just one of them. Obesity is the privilege of the new era of robots and materialistic devices. In 2008, the WHO assessed that 1.5 billion individuals, were overweight and more than 200 million men and almost 300 million women were fat.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Rodhradigana Vasti in Sthaulya.

Study Design: This was an open-labelled single-arm interventional clinical study.

Methods: 15 patients of Sthaulya were registered from Panchakarma, and Rodhradigana Vasti was administered for 15 days.

Statistical Analysis: The data were statistically analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for Subjective Parameter and paired t-test for Objective Parameter.

Results: In this study, decreased weight, lipid profile and subjective parameters show positive finding after the intervention of Vasti.

Conclusion: Rodhradigana Vasti is one of the best remedies for relieving Sthaulya.
Cartilage Topography Assessment With Local‐Area Cartilage Segmentation for Knee Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Mathiessen Alexander , Ashbeck Erin L. , Huang Emily , Bedrick Edward John , Kwoh C. Kent , Duryea Jeffrey
Published: July 2021

Objective

Local‐area cartilage segmentation (LACS) software was developed to segment medial femur (MF) cartilage on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our objectives were 1) to extend LACS to the lateral femur (LF), medial tibia (MT), and lateral tibia (LT), 2) to compare LACS to an established manual segmentation method, and 3) to visualize cartilage responsiveness over each cartilage plate.

Methods

Osteoarthritis Initiative participants with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) were selected, including knees selected at random (n = 40) and knees identified with loss of cartilage based on manual segmentation (Chondrometrics GmbH), an enriched sample of 126 knees. LACS was used to segment cartilage in the MF, LF, MT, and LT on sagittal 3D double‐echo steady‐state MRI scans at baseline and at 2‐year follow‐up. We compared LACS and Chondrometrics average thickness measures by estimating the correlation in each cartilage plate and estimating the standardized response mean (SRM) for 2‐year cartilage change. We illustrated cartilage loss topographically with SRM heatmaps.

Results

The estimated correlation between LACS and Chondrometrics measures was r = 0.91 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.86, 0.94) for LF, r = 0.93 (95% CI 0.89, 0.95) for MF, r = 0.97 (95% CI 0.96, 0.98) for LT, and r = 0.87 (95% CI 0.81, 0.91) for MT. Estimated SRMs for LACS and Chondrometrics measures were similar in the random sample, and SRM heatmaps identified subregions of LACS‐measured cartilage loss.

Conclusion

LACS cartilage thickness measurement in the MF and LF and tibia correlated well with established manual segmentation–based measurement, with similar responsiveness to change, among knees with symptomatic knee OA. LACS measurement of cartilage plate topography enables spatiotemporal analysis of cartilage loss in future knee OA studies.
Wearable Biosupercapacitor: Harvesting and Storing Energy from Sweat
Authors: Lv Jian , Yin Lu , Chen Xiaohong , Jeerapan Itthipon , Silva Cristian A. , Li Yang , Le Minh , Lin Zhihua , Wang Luwen , Trifonov Alexander , Xu Sheng , Cosnier Serge , Wang Joseph
Published: July 2021

This work demonstrates the first example of sweat‐based wearable and stretchable biosupercapacitors (BSCs), capable of generating high‐power pulses from human activity. The all‐printed, dual‐functional, conformal BSC platform can harvest and store energy from sweat lactate. By integrating energy harvesting and storage functionalities on the same footprint of a single epidermal device, the new wearable energy system can deliver high‐power pulses and be rapidly self‐charged by bioenergy conversion of sweat lactate generated from human activity while simplifying the design and fabrication. The mechanical robustness and conformability of the device are realized through island‐bridge patterns and strain‐enduring inks. The enhanced capacitance of the BSC is realized by the synergistic effect of carbon nanotube ink with electrodeposited polypyrrole on the anode and of porous cauliflower‐like platinum on the cathode. In the presence of lactate, the BSC shows high power in pulsed output and stable cycling performance. Furthermore, the wearable device can store energy and deliver high‐power pulses long after the perspiration stopped. The self‐charging hybrid wearable device obtained high power of 1.7 mW cm−2 in vitro, and 343 µW cm−2 on the body during exercise, suggesting considerable potential as a power source for the next generation of wearable electronics.
Current‐Controlled Topological Magnetic Transformations in a Nanostructured Kagome Magnet
Authors: Wei Wensen , Tang Jin , Wu Yaodong , Wang Yihao , Jiang Jialiang , Li Junbo , Soh Yona , Xiong Yimin , Tian Mingliang , Du Haifeng
Published: July 2021

Topological magnetic charge Q is a fundamental parameter that describes the magnetic domains and determines their intriguing electromagnetic properties. The ability to switch Q in a controlled way by electrical methods allows for flexible manipulation of electromagnetic behavior in future spintronic devices. Here, the room‐temperature current‐controlled topological magnetic transformations between Q = −1 skyrmions and Q = 0 stripes or type‐II bubbles in a kagome crystal Fe3Sn2 are reported. It is shown that reproducible and reversible skyrmion–bubble and skyrmion–stripe transformations can be achieved by tuning the density of nanosecond pulsed current of the order of ≈1010 A m−2. Further numerical simulations suggest that spin‐transfer torque combined with Joule thermal heating effects determine the current‐induced topological magnetic transformations.
Ultrathin and Ultrasensitive Direct X‐ray Detector Based on Heterojunction Phototransistors
Authors: Gao Yuanhong , Ge Yongshuai , Wang Xinwei , Liu Jin , Liu Wenquan , Cao Yong , Gu Kaichen , Guo Zheng , Wei Yu‐Ming , Zhou Ni , Yu De , Meng Hong , Yu Xue‐Feng , Zheng Hairong , Huang Wei , Li Jia
Published: July 2021

Most contemporary X‐ray detectors adopt device structures with non/low‐gain energy conversion, such that a fairly thick X‐ray photoconductor or scintillator is required to generate sufficient X‐ray‐induced charges, and thus numerous merits for thin devices, such as mechanical flexibility and high spatial resolution, have to be compromised. This dilemma is overcome by adopting a new high‐gain device concept of a heterojunction X‐ray phototransistor. In contrast to conventional detectors, X‐ray phototransistors allow both electrical gating and photodoping for effective carrier‐density modulation, leading to high photoconductive gain and low noise. As a result, ultrahigh sensitivities of over 105 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 with low detection limit are achieved by just using an ≈50 nm thin photoconductor. The employment of ultrathin photoconductors also endows the detectors with superior flexibility and high imaging resolution. This concept offers great promise in realizing well‐balanced detection performance, mechanical flexibility, integration, and cost for next‐generation X‐ray detectors.
Defect‐Engineered Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction and Electric‐Field‐Switchable Topological Spin Texture in SrRuO3
Authors: Lu Jingdi , Si Liang , Zhang Qinghua , Tian Chengfeng , Liu Xin , Song Chuangye , Dong Shouzhe , Wang Jie , Cheng Sheng , Qu Lili , Zhang Kexuan , Shi Youguo , Huang Houbing , Zhu Tao , Mi Wenbo , Zhong Zhicheng , Gu Lin , Held Karsten , Wang Lingfei , Zhang Jinxing
Published: July 2021

In situ electrical control of the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) is one of the central but challenging goals toward skyrmion‐based device applications. An atomic design of defective interfaces in spin–orbit‐coupled transition‐metal oxides can be an appealing strategy to achieve this goal. In this work, by utilizing the distinct formation energies and diffusion barriers of oxygen vacancies at SrRuO3/SrTiO3(001), a sharp interface is constructed between oxygen‐deficient and stoichiometric SrRuO3. This interfacial inversion‐symmetry breaking leads to a sizable DMI, which can induce skyrmionic magnetic bubbles and the topological Hall effect in a more than 10 unit‐cell‐thick SrRuO3. This topological spin texture can be reversibly manipulated through the migration of oxygen vacancies under electric gating. In particular, the topological Hall signal can be deterministically switched ON and OFF. This result implies that the defect‐engineered topological spin textures may offer an alternate perspective for future skyrmion‐based memristor and synaptic devices.
Single‐Shot Interaction and Synchronization of Random Microcavity Lasers
Authors: Zhu Hongyang , Zhang Weili , Zhang Jinchuan , Ma Rui , Wang Zhao , Rao Yunjiang , Li Xiaofeng
Published: July 2021

Control coupling and synchronization of lasers has been a promising topic, while complex lasers in disordered system make this more challenging and interesting for their potential applications in the internet of everything. Here, a way to realize the interaction and synchronization of random microcavity lasers, is proposed. The lasers are developed based on homemade amorphous microcavities, performing as nodes that can work in a single‐shot coherent random lasing regime. The nodes connect with each other by multimode fibers with variable coupling strength, and their multiple lasing modes can be well‐synchronized pulse‐by‐pulse through injection locking. A spectral coding method is demonstrated, providing an attractive way to generate and share information between disordered nodes. The synchronization is also extended to a one‐to‐many network, laying a solid foundation for the study of photonic interconnection and networking of complex systems.
Quasi‐Static and Time‐Modulated Optical Phased Arrays: Beamforming Analysis and Comparative Study
Authors: Sabri Raana , Salary Mohammad Mahdi , Mosallaei Hossein
Published: July 2021

Herein, design procedures of the quasi‐static and time‐modulated optical phased arrays (OPAs) operating at near‐infrared spectrum are proposed and a comparative analysis over their dynamic beam‐steering functionalities is conducted. A metal–insulator–metal configuration integrated with indium tin oxide is considered as a building block of the reflective OPA. First, beamforming performance of the quasi‐static OPA, designed using the intuition‐based forward approach, is analytically studied and its main shortcomings posed by nonideal unit cell performance are highlighted. To surmount these limitations, an optimization‐based inverse design algorithm using multiobjective evolutionary optimization technique is proposed, which outputs non‐intuitive amplitude and phase profiles of the metal–insulator–metal supercells and identifies optimal beamforming tradeoffs between gain and sidelobe ratio of the quasi‐static OPA. Then, beam‐steering functionality of the time‐modulated OPA is investigated. Time‐modulated OPA affords 2π dispersionless phase shift, and constant amplitude at the sidebands, which lead to enhanced spectral and angular bandwidth, wide angle‐of‐view, and suppressed sidelobes. Following the fact that amplitude and phase of the sideband signals can be independently controlled through depth and phase delay of modulation, Taylor one‐parameter distribution is used to implement amplitude tapering for engineering the beamforming tradeoffs between gain and sidelobe levels of the time‐modulated OPAs.
Photoactive Hybrid Materials based on Conjugated Porous Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles
Authors: González-Béjar María
Published: July 2021

This review explores the current state‐of‐the‐art for functional photoactive hybrids containing inorganic nanoparticles (magnetic and metal) and conjugated organic porous polymers (CPPs). Albeit new in the field, with the first hybrid material of this kind reported in 2012, those materials have gained increasing interest in applications such as sensing, heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis, and lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). This review describes the two main synthetic strategies for those materials, namely, 1) using the chemical and morphological features (e.g., porosity and complexation sites) of CPPs to in situ form nanoparticles and 2) fabricating the nanoparticle for templating CPPs. Also, some selected applications for those hybrid materials are revised and discussed.
An updated infra‐familial classification of Sapindaceae based on targeted enrichment data
Authors: Buerki Sven , Callmander Martin W. , Acevedo‐Rodriguez Pedro , Lowry Porter P. , Munzinger Jérôme , Bailey Paul , Maurin Olivier , Brewer Grace E. , Epitawalage Niroshini , Baker William J. , Forest Félix
Published: July 2021

Premise

The economically important, cosmopolitan soapberry family (Sapindaceae) comprises ca. 1900 species in 144 genera. Since the seminal work of Radlkofer, several authors have attempted to overcome challenges presented by the family’s complex infra‐familial classification. With the advent of molecular systematics, revisions of the various proposed groupings have provided significant momentum, but we still lack a formal classification system rooted in an evolutionary framework.

Methods

Nuclear DNA sequence data were generated for 123 genera (86%) of Sapindaceae using target sequence capture with the Angiosperms353 universal probe set. HybPiper was used to produce aligned DNA matrices. Phylogenetic inferences were obtained using coalescence‐based and concatenated methods. The clades recovered are discussed in light of both benchmark studies to identify synapomorphies and distributional evidence to underpin an updated infra‐familial classification.

Key Results

Coalescence‐based and concatenated phylogenetic trees had identical topologies and node support, except for the placement of Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. Twenty‐one clades were recovered, which serve as the basis for a revised infra‐familial classification.

Conclusions

Twenty tribes are recognized in four subfamilies: two tribes in Hippocastanoideae, two in Dodonaeoideae, and 16 in Sapindoideae (no tribes are recognized in the monotypic subfamily Xanthoceratoideae). Within Sapindoideae, six new tribes are described: Blomieae Buerki & Callm.; Guindilieae Buerki, Callm. & Acev.‐Rodr.; Haplocoeleae Buerki & Callm.; Stadmanieae Buerki & Callm.; Tristiropsideae Buerki & Callm.; and Ungnadieae Buerki & Callm. This updated classification provides a backbone for further research and conservation efforts on this family.
Potassium Tert‐Butoxide‐Promoted Synthesis of Fluorescent β‐Carboline Tethered 1,3,5‐Triazines and Assessment of Their Luminescent Properties
Authors: Singh Manpreet , Jamra Rahul , Mehra Saloni , Rattan Sunita , Singh Virender
Published: July 2021

A transition metal‐free, base‐mediated efficient synthesis of novel β‐carboline C1(3) tethered triazines has been accomplished by using β‐carboline alkaloid; Kumujian C as a template for reaction with readily available amidines. The strategy has been found compatible with diverse 1(3)‐formyl β‐carbolines and amidines, providing access to wide variety of novel β‐carboline linked 1,3,5‐triazines in good to excellent yields. The methodology is also amenable to gram scale synthesis of triazines. The presented methodology features sustainable reaction conditions, clean and simple methodology, low environmental impact, wide substrate scope and high atom economy with good to excellent yields. Moreover, the light emitting properties of these fluorescent β‐carboline linked triazine derivatives were investigated for the first time where quantum yield (ΦF) up to 60% was obtained.
Enantiospecific Detection of D‐Amino Acid through Synergistic Upconversion Energy Transfer
Authors: Tang Yongan , Zhong Xiaoyan , Yan Shuangqian , Liu Xiaowang , Cheng Liang , Wang Yu , Liu Xiaogang
Published: July 2021

D‐amino acids (DAAs) are indispensable in regulating diverse metabolic pathways. Selective and sensitive detection of DAAs is crucial for understanding the complexity of metabolic processes and managing associated diseases. However, current DAA detection strategies mainly rely on bulky instrumentation or electrochemical probes, limiting their cellular and animal applications. Here we report an enzyme‐coupled nanoprobe that can detect enantiospecific DAAs through synergistic energy transfer. This nanoprobe offers near‐infrared upconversion capability, a wide dynamic detection range, and a detection limit of 2.2 μM, providing a versatile platform for in vivo noninvasive detection of DAAs with high enantioselectivity. These results potentially allow real‐time monitoring of biomolecular handedness in living animals, as well as developing antipsychotic treatment strategies.
Chromoselektive Synthese von Sulfonylchloriden und Sulfonamiden mit Kalium‐Poly(heptazinimid)‐Photokatalysator
Authors: Markushyna Yevheniia , Schüßlbauer Christoph M. , Ullrich Tobias , Guldi Dirk M. , Antonietti Markus , Savateev Aleksandr
Published: July 2021

Unter den zur Förderung einer chemischen Reaktion verwendeten externen Reizen, besitzt die Photokatalyse einen einzigartigen – Licht. Photonen sind spurlose Reagenzien, die eine exklusive Möglichkeit bieten, die Chemoselektivität der photokatalytischen Reaktion durch Variation der Farbe des einfallenden Lichts zu verändern. Durch die Verwendung eines Sensibilisators, welcher in der Lage ist einen spezifischen Reaktionsweg in Abhängigkeit des Anregungslichts zu aktivieren, kann diese Strategie implementiert werden. Hier verwenden wir Kalium‐Poly(heptazinimid) (K‐PHI), eine Art der Kohlenstoffnitride, um selektiv drei verschiedene Produkte aus S‐Arylthioacetaten zu erzeugen, indem wir, unter ansonsten identischen Bedingungen, einfach die Wellenlänge des Anregungslichts variieren. Dabei werden Arylchloride unter UV/violettem, Sulfonylchloride mit blau/weißem und Diaryldisulfide bei grünem bis rotem Licht erzeugt. Es wird gezeigt, dass eine Kombination aus dem negativ geladenen Polyanion, dem hochpositiven Potential des Valenzbandes, dem Vorhandensein von Intraband‐Zuständen, der Fähigkeit, Singulett‐Sauerstoff zu sensibilisieren, und dem Multi‐Elektronentransfer diese chromoselektive Umwandlung von Thioacetaten ermöglicht.
Der Mechanismus von dehydatisierenden Bimodulen in der trans‐Acyltransferase‐Polketidbiosynthese: Eine Modellstudie am hepatoprotektiven Hangtaimycin
Authors: Luo Minghe , Xu Houchao , Dong Yulu , Shen Kun , Lu Junlei , Yin Zhiyong , Qi Miaomiao , Sun Guo , Tang Lingjie , Xiang Jin , Deng Zixin , Dickschat Jeroen S. , Sun Yuhui
Published: July 2021

Eine durch Bioassay geleitete Fraktionierung führte zur Isolierung von Hangtaimycin (HTM) aus Streptomyces spectabilis CCTCC M2017417 und zur Entdeckung seiner hepatoprotektiven Eigenschaften. Die Strukturaufklärung per NMR zeigte die Notwendigkeit einer Strukturrevision. Ein putatives Abbauprodukt von HTM wurde ebenfalls isoliert und dessen Struktur wurde durch Totalsynthese bestätigt. Der Biosynthesegencluster wurde identifiziert und entspricht einer hybriden trans‐AT‐PKS/NRPS Biosynthesemaschinerie, dessen erstes PKS‐Enzym ein internes dehydatisierendes Bimodul enthält, welche in anderen trans‐AT PKSs üblicherweise gespalten vorliegen. Die Mechanismen solcher dehydatisierender Bimodule wurden oft vorgeschlagen, aber niemals genau untersucht. Hier präsentieren wir in vivo‐Mutationen und enzymatische in vitro‐Experimente, die erste und detaillierte Einblicke in die Katalyse durch dehydatisierende Bimodule geben.
Critical information for fisheries monitoring may be available in social media
Authors: Roos Natalia C. , Longo Guilherme O.
Published: July 2021

Fisheries monitoring is essential to evaluate and manage fish populations. Effective monitoring is particularly challenging in low‐ and middle‐income countries where fisheries often occur at large spatial scales and include multiple techniques. Recreational spearfishing, for instance, can be detrimental to fish populations and is often underrepresented in management strategies due to the lack of data.

Because recreational fishers frequently share pictures of their catches online, social media can harbour valuable information. As a case study, freely available pictures in social media were used to assess the impacts of spearfishing on the endemic and endangered Brazilian parrotfish, Scarus trispinosus, that has experienced a sharp population decline in recent decades due to overfishing.

It was found that S. trispinosus is widely captured by recreational spearfishing and at larger sizes when compared to artisanal fisheries, revealing complementary fishing pressures operating on different life stages of this species and a lack of compliance to current regulations. The number of users sharing these contents increased between 2007 and 2018, but declined thereafter until 2020.

Identifying where spearfishing is more intense and the most targeted life‐stages can inform prioritization of management strategies. Social media can be a rapid and low‐cost tool to obtain nationwide fisheries information, especially for recreational fishing activities that have a flawed monitoring.

The public disclosure of ‘trophy fishes’ can reveal lack of compliance to existing regulations and help fill critical information gaps on complementary fishing pressures. This approach may be applicable for many species and types of trophy fishing, providing valuable and useful information for management and conservation.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Assessed Subchondral Cysts and Incident Knee Pain and Knee Osteoarthritis: Data From the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study
Authors: Perry Thomas A. , O'Neill Terence W. , Tolstykh Irina , Lynch John , Felson David T. , Arden Nigel K. , Nevitt Michael C.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To examine whether knee subchondral cysts, measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are associated with incident knee osteoarthritis (OA) outcomes.

Methods

We used longitudinal data from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study, a community‐based cohort of subjects with risk factors for knee OA. Participants without a history of knee surgery and/or inflammatory arthritis (i.e., rheumatoid arthritis and gout) were followed up for 84 months for the following incident outcomes: 1) radiographic knee OA (Kellgren/Lawrence grade ≥2), 2) symptomatic radiographic knee OA (radiographic knee OA and frequent knee pain), and 3) frequent knee pain (with or without radiographic knee OA). In a subset of participants, subchondral cysts were scored on baseline MRIs of 1 knee. Multiple logistic regression, with adjustment for participant characteristics and other baseline knee MRI findings, was used to assess whether subchondral cysts were predictive of incident outcomes.

Results

Among the participants with knees eligible for analyses of outcomes over 84 months, incident radiographic knee OA occurred in 22.8% of knees with no baseline radiographic knee OA, symptomatic radiographic knee OA occurred in 17.0% of knees with no baseline symptomatic radiographic knee OA, and frequent knee pain (with or without radiographic knee OA) occurred in 28.8% of knees with no baseline radiographic knee OA and 43.7% of knees with baseline radiographic knee OA. With adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, the presence of subchondral cysts was not associated with incident radiographic knee OA but was associated with increased odds of incident symptomatic radiographic knee OA (odds ratio 1.92 [95% confidence interval 1.16–3.19]) and increased odds of incident frequent knee pain in those who had radiographic knee OA at baseline (odds ratio 2.11 [95% confidence interval 0.87–5.12]). Stronger and significant associations were observed for outcomes based on consistent reports of frequent knee pain within ~1 month of the study visit.

Conclusion

Subchondral cysts are likely to be a secondary phenomenon, rather than a primary trigger, of radiographic knee OA, and may predict symptoms in knees with existing disease.
Fuel property improvement and exhaust emission reduction, including noise emissions, using an oxygenated additive to waste plastic oil in a diesel engine
Authors: Hussam Wisam K. , Nabi Md. Nurun , Chowdhury Md. Wahid , Hoque Md. Emdadul , Rashid Adib Bin , Islam Mohammad Towhidul
Published: July 2021

This work reports on an extensive investigation of the physicochemical properties, engine performance, exhaust emissions, and fundamental energy and exergy parameters of waste‐plastic oils blended with an additive, diethyl ether and diesel. A four‐stroke single‐cylinder diesel engine was used for the engine experiments. The seven fuels in this study include a neat diesel, a neat waste plastic oil, two binary blends of diesel‐waste plastic oil, and three ternary blends of diesel with waste plastic oil and diethyl ether. The justification for selecting diethyl ether was to augment fuel properties in the blend and to further reduce emissions. The reasons for choosing waste plastic are not only to harness energy from waste plastic but also to offer an effective solution to the plastic waste management issue. The choice of diesel was to use it as a reference fuel for comparison with other fuels. Fuel properties were observed to be similar, and in some cases better, with the blends. Notable reductions in emissions with identical engine performance and energy and exergy parameters were observed with the five oxygenated blends (plastic oil blends) than with a reference diesel fuel. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Role of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on the Radical Pair Mechanism
Authors: Castello Pablo , Jimenez Pablo , Martino Carlos F.
Published: July 2021

In recent decades, the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) in therapeutics has been one of the main fields of activity in the bioelectromagnetics arena. Nevertheless, progress in this area has been hindered by the lack of consensus on a biophysical mechanism of interaction that can satisfactorily explain how low‐level, non‐thermal electromagnetic fields would be able to sufficiently affect chemistry as to elicit biological effects in living organisms. This specifically applies in cases where the induced electric fields are too small to generate a biological response of any consequence. A growing body of experimental observations that would explain the nature of these effects speaks strongly about the involvement of a theory known as the radical pair mechanism (RPM). This mechanism explains how a pair of reactive oxygen species with distinct chemical fate can be influenced by a low‐level external magnetic field through Zeeman and hyperfine interactions. So far, a study of the effects of complex spatiotemporal signals within the context of the RPM has not been performed. Here, we present a computational investigation of such effects by utilizing a generic PEMF test signal and RPM models of different complexity. Surprisingly, our results show how substantially different chemical results can be obtained within ranges that depend on the specific orientation of the PEMF test signal with respect to the background static magnetic field, its waveform, and both of their amplitudes. These results provide a basis for explaining the distinctive biological relevance of PEMF signals on radical pair chemical reactions. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Towards integrated production of an influenza A vaccine candidate with MDCK suspension cells
Authors: Bissinger Thomas , Wu Yixiao , Marichal‐Gallardo Pavel , Riedel Dietmar , Liu Xuping , Genzel Yvonne , Tan Wen‐Song , Reichl Udo
Published: July 2021

Seasonal influenza epidemics occur both in northern and southern hemispheres every year. Despite the differences in influenza virus surface antigens and virulence of seasonal subtypes, manufacturers are well‐adapted to respond to this periodical vaccine demand. Due to decades of influenza virus research, the development of new influenza vaccines is relatively straight forward. In similarity with the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, vaccine manufacturing is a major bottleneck for a rapid supply of the billions of doses required worldwide. In particular, egg‐based vaccine production would be difficult to schedule and shortages of other egg‐based vaccines with high demands also have to be anticipated. Cell culture‐based production systems enable the manufacturing of large amounts of vaccines within a short time frame and expand significantly our options to respond to pandemics and emerging viral diseases. In this study, we present an integrated process for the production of inactivated influenza A virus vaccines based on a Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) suspension cell line cultivated in a chemically defined medium. Very high titers of 3.6 log10(HAU/100 µl) were achieved using fast‐growing MDCK cells at concentrations up to 9.5 × 106 cells/ml infected with influenza A/PR/8/34 H1N1 virus in 1 L stirred tank bioreactors. A combination of membrane‐based steric‐exclusion chromatography followed by pseudo‐affinity chromatography with a sulfated cellulose membrane adsorber enabled full recovery for the virus capture step and up to 80% recovery for the virus polishing step. Purified virus particles showed a homogenous size distribution with a mean diameter of 80 nm. Based on a monovalent dose of 15 µg hemagglutinin (single‐radial immunodiffusion assay), the level of total protein and host cell DNA was 58 µg and 10 ng, respectively. Furthermore, all process steps can be fully scaled up to industrial quantities for commercial manufacturing of either seasonal or pandemic influenza virus vaccines. Fast production of up to 300 vaccine doses per liter within 4–5 days makes this process competitive not only to other cell‐based processes but to egg‐based processes as well.
Identification of Novel Histone Deacetylase 6‐Selective Inhibitors Bearing 3,3,3‐Trifluorolactic Amide (TFLAM) Motif as a Zinc Binding Group
Authors: Kurohara Takashi , Tanaka Keita , Takahashi Daisuke , Ueda Satoshi , Yamashita Yasunobu , Takada Yuri , Takeshima Hirokazu , Yu Shengwang , Itoh Yukihiro , Hase Koji , Suzuki Takayoshi
Published: July 2021

Pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is an effective therapeutic strategy for cancer and immunological diseases. Most of the previously reported HDAC6 inhibitors have a hydroxamate group as a zinc binding group (ZBG), which coordinates to the catalytic zinc ion of HDAC6. The hydroxamate group is liable to metabolically generate mutagenetic hydroxylamine; therefore, non‐hydroxamate HDAC6 inhibitors would be advantageous. In this study, to identify novel non‐hydroxamate HDAC6‐selective inhibitors, screening of a chemical library and the subsequent structural optimization were performed, which led to the identification of HDAC6‐selective inhibitors with 3,3,3‐trifluorolactic amide (TFLAM) as a novel ZBG. The identified inhibitor showed potent and selective HDAC6‐inhibitory activity in cells and induced regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation.
Suicide hotlines: Perception, practice, and possibilities
Authors: Gajewski‐Nemes Julia A. , Nugent Nicole R.
Published: July 2021

In the fall of 2020, with widespread support from mental health providers, crisis line users, and families impacted by suicide, the United States congress passed the National Suicide Hotline Designation Act. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, calls to national suicide crisis hotlines surged, potentially filling the gaps as need for mental health support expanded beyond capacity in many communities (Edwards et al., 2020). As tele‐psych‐ and text message‐based interventions become more widely adopted and the waitlists for receiving services continue to grow, the potential for hotlines to meet critical and growing needs is clear. At hand are key remaining questions: (1) How are they being deployed in practice? (2) How are they experienced by users? and (3) Do they reduce risk?
Shock indices in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Dangas George D. , Tomey Matthew I.
Published: July 2021

Key Points

A novel STEMI Shock Index incorporating age, heart rate and coronary perfusion pressure predicts mortality after STEMI.

The study reinforces the importance of attention to age, heart rate, and blood pressure in early identification of STEMI patients at risk for mortality.

Larger studies of STEMI patients with complete hemodynamic data are needed to better define the utility of specific invasive hemodynamic measures for predicting mortality and guiding management.
TAVR in patients with end stage liver and renal disease: Lifesaving and increasing transplant eligibility
Authors: Cilingiroglu Mehmet , Okutucu Sercan
Published: July 2021

Key Points

Data regarding outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and/or end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) is limited.

In well‐selected group of patients with ESRD or ESLD, TAVR seems to have same short‐term mortality as control group with an increased trend for long‐term mortality as expected. Thus, TAVR is an option for AS with ESRD and/or ESLD in order to overcome cardiac barriers to solid organ transplantation.

There is need to for larger studies to evaluate TAVR for AS in pretransplant patients with ESLD and ESRD, particularly as a separate cohort.
Intravascular ultrasound: Beneficial even with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Seto Arnold H. , Tehrani David M.
Published: July 2021

Key Points

Intravascular ultrasound reduces MACE, target vessel revascularization, and stent thrombosis in percutaneous coronary intervention, but limited data exist for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.

This analysis from the Nationwide Readmissions Database suggests that intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) use at the time of STEMI is associated with lower rates of readmission due to acute MI and mortality at 11 months.

There are multiple reasons to believe that the effect of IVUS would be beneficial in STEMI, and this study contributes some circumstantial evidence.
Design, Synthesis, Evaluation and Structure of Allenic 1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogs with Locked Mobility at C‐17
Authors: Fraga Ramón , Len Kateryna , Lutzing Regis , Laverny Gilles , Loureiro Julian , Maestro Miguel A. , Rochel Natacha , Rodriguez‐Borges Enrique , Mouriño Antonio
Published: July 2021

Vitamin D receptor ligands have potential for the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases and disorders related to the immune system. However, hypercalcemic effects limit their therapeutical uses and call for the development of tissue‐selective new analogs. We have designed and synthesized the first examples of 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs bearing an allenic unit attached to the D ring to restrict the side‐chain conformational mobility. The triene system was constructed by a Pd0‐mediated cyclization/Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling process in the presence of an allenic side chain. The allenic moiety was built through an orthoester‐Claisen rearrangement of a propargylic alcohol. The biological activity and structure of (22S)‐1α,25‐dihydroxy‐17,20‐dien‐24‐homo‐21‐nor‐vitamin D3 bound to binding domain of the vitamin D receptor, provide information concerning side‐chain conformational requirements for biological activity.
A Fluorometric CYP19A1 (Aromatase) Activity Assay in Live Cells
Authors: Heidary David K. , Kriger Sarah M. , Hachey Austin C. , Glazer Edith C.
Published: July 2021

Inhibition of estrogen synthesis is an integral component of the frontline pharmacologic therapy for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive cancers. However, there is currently no direct, high‐throughput‐ready assay for aromatase (also known as CYP19A1) that can be performed in live cells. Herein we present a cell‐based assay that allows for multiplexed assessment of enzyme activity, protein half‐life, cell viability, and identification of inhibitors with slow off‐rates.