bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It’s more than just interoception: The insular cortex involvement in alcohol use disorder
Authors: Campbell Erin J. , Lawrence Andrew J.
Published: January 2021

Understanding brain structures and circuits impacted by alcohol use disorder is critical for improving our future prevention techniques and treatment options. A brain region that has recently gained traction for its involvement in substance use disorder is the insular cortex. This brain region is multi‐functional and spatially complex, resulting in a relative lack of understanding of the involvement of the insular cortex in alcohol use disorder. Here we discuss the role of the insular cortex in alcohol use disorder, particularly during periods of abstinence and in response to alcohol and alcohol‐related cues and contexts. We also discuss a broader role of the insular in alcohol‐associated risky decision making and impulse control. Finally, we canvas potential challenges associated with targeting the insular cortex to treat individuals with alcohol use disorder.

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Effect of melatonin on visceral fat deposition, lipid metabolism and hepatic lipo‐metabolic gene expression in male rats
Authors: Wang Linfeng , McFadden Joseph W. , Yang Gaiqing , Zhu Heshui , Lian Hongxia , Fu Tong , Sun Yu , Gao Tengyun , Li Ming
Published: January 2021

Melatonin (MT) influences lipid metabolism in animals; however, the mechanistic effect of melatonin on liver fat and abdominal adipose deposition requires further clarity. In order to study the effects of melatonin on lipid metabolism, and hepatic fat and abdominal adipose deposition in animals, twenty Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats of 6 weeks of age with similar bodyweight were randomly divided into two groups: control (CTL) and MT‐treated (10 mg/kg/day). During a 60‐day experiment, food intake and bodyweight were measured daily and weekly respectively. At the end of treatment, blood samples were collected to collect plasma to quantify hormones and metabolic indicators of lipid metabolism. In addition, organ and abdominal adipose depots including liver, and omental, perirenal, and epididymal fat were weighed. Liver tissue was sampled for sectioning, long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA) quantification, and gene chip and Real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses. The results showed that liver weight and index (ratio of liver weight to body weight) in MT group reduced by 20.69% and 9.63% respectively; omentum weight and index reduced by 59.88% and 54.93% respectively, and epididymal fat weight reduced by 45.34% (p = 0.049), relative to CTL. Plasma lipid indices, triglyceride (TG), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC) with MT treatment decreased significantly compared with the control. Fat and 8 LCFA content in liver in MT group also decreased. Gene chip and qPCR demonstrated that there were 289 genes up‐regulated and 293 genes down‐regulated by MT. Further analysis found that the mRNA expression of lipolysis‐related genes increased, while the mRNA expression of lipogenesis‐related enzymes decreased (p < 0.05) with MT. This study concluded that melatonin greatly affected fat deposition, and hepatic LCFA supply and the expression of genes associated with lipogenesis and lipolysis.
Linguistic Proximity and the Labour Market Performance of Immigrant Men in Canada
Authors: Adserà Alícia , Ferrer Ana
Published: January 2021

The ability to speak the language of the destination country plays a key role in the labour market performance of immigrants. To assess the influence of language on economic assimilation, we combine large samples of the restricted version of the Canadian Census (1991–2006) with both a measure of proximity to English of the most used language in the immigrant’s country of origin, and information about wages and the occupational skills required for the jobs immigrant men hold. Immigrant men whose language is more distant from English earn lower wages and work in jobs requiring more physical strength and fewer social and analytical skills, than the jobs of similar native‐born workers. More importantly, linguistic distance imposes a relatively larger wage penalty on college‐educated upon entry into the country than on non‐college educated individuals. However, both the wage and the analytical skill requirements of the jobs held by college‐educated immigrant men from linguistically distant countries increase markedly with time in the country, while their physical strength requirements decline moderately. Our analysis suggests that facilitating language acquisition may speed up the labour market assimilation of immigrant men in Canada.
Absolute targets for HCV elimination and national health policy paradigms: Foreseeing future requirements
Authors: Kondili Loreta A. , Craxì Antonio , Aghemo Alessio
Published: January 2021

The World Health Organization (WHO) targets for eliminating HCV by 2030 may be overambitious for many high‐income countries. Recent analyses (ie, data from 2017 to 2019) show that only 11 countries are on track for meeting WHO’s elimination targets. For a country to be truly on track, it is important that the majority of infected individuals be identified and treated. There is still a need for country and population‐specific evaluations within the different HCV screening and treatment strategies available, in order to assess their cost‐effectiveness and sustainability and support an evidence‐based policy for HCV elimination. Any health policy model is affected by the diversity and quality of the available data and by gaps in data. Given the differences among countries, comparing progress based on fixed global targets will not necessarily be suitable in the same measure for each country. In a recent document, the European Collaborators of Polaris Observatory provide insight into the limitations of the current WHO targets. The absolute targets identified by each country in accordance with the measures set by WHO would be essential in reaching the HCV elimination. All analytic models to assess the progress towards HCV elimination are based on projections to 2030 not including the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on hepatitis‐related services. With specific regard to the achievement of WHO hepatitis elimination goals, all measures that will be put in place during and after COVID‐19 pandemic could be transferred in increasing diagnosis and linkage to care of people with hepatitis.
Rodent models of cholestatic liver disease: A practical guide for translational research
Authors: Gijbels Eva , Pieters Alanah , De Muynck Kevin , Vinken Mathieu , Devisscher Lindsey
Published: January 2021

Cholestatic liver disease denotes any situation associated with impaired bile flow concomitant with a noxious bile acid accumulation in the liver and/or systemic circulation. Cholestatic liver disease can be subdivided into different types according to its clinical phenotype, such as biliary atresia, drug‐induced cholestasis, gallstone liver disease, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Considerable effort has been devoted to elucidating underlying mechanisms of cholestatic liver injuries and explore novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies using animal models. Animal models employed according to their appropriate applicability domain herein play a crucial role. This review provides an overview of currently available in vivo animal models, fit‐for‐purpose in modelling different types of cholestatic liver diseases. Moreover, a practical guide and workflow is provided which can be used for translational research purposes, including all advantages and disadvantages of currently available in vivo animal models.
An improved, versatile and efficient modular plasmid assembly system for expression analyses of genes in Xanthomonas oryzae
Authors: Zou Lifang , Zhang Cuiping , Li Yilang , Yang Xiaofei , Wang Yanyan , Yan Yichao , Yang Ruihuan , Huang Mengsang , Haq Fazal , Yang Ching‐Hong , Chen Gongyou
Published: January 2021

Xanthomonas oryzae pathovars oryzae (Xoo) and oryzicola (Xoc) infect rice, causing bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak, respectively, which are two economically important bacterial diseases in paddy fields. The interactions of Xoo and Xoc with rice can be used as models for studying fundamental aspects of bacterial pathogenesis and host tissue specificity. However, an improved vector system for gene expression analysis is desired for Xoo and Xoc because some broad host range vectors that can replicate stably in X. oryzae pathovars are low‐copy number plasmids. To overcome this limitation, we developed a modular plasmid assembly system to transfer the functional DNA modules from the entry vectors into the pHM1‐derived backbone vectors on a high‐copy number basis. We demonstrated the feasibility of our vector system for protein detection, and quantification of virulence gene expression under laboratory conditions and in association with host rice and nonhost tobacco cells. This system also allows execution of a mutant complementation equivalent to the single‐copy chromosomal integration system and tracing of pathogens in rice leaf. Based on this assembly system, we constructed a series of protein expression and promoter‐probe vectors suitable for classical double restriction enzyme cloning. These vector systems enable cloning of all genes or promoters of interest from Xoo and Xoc strains. Our modular assembly system represents a versatile and highly efficient toolkit for gene expression analysis that will accelerate studies on interactions of X. oryzae with rice.
RNAi‐mediated stable silencing of TaCSN5 confers broad‐spectrum resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Authors: Bai Xingxuan , Huang Xueling , Tian Shuxin , Peng Huan , Zhan Gangming , Goher Farhan , Guo Jia , Kang Zhensheng , Guo Jun
Published: January 2021

The constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN) is a versatile regulator of plant growth, development, and response to diverse pathogens. However, little research has been done to understand the function of those CSN genes in broad‐spectrum resistance to pathogens. In this study, we found that the transcript levels of wheat TaCSN5 were induced in response to inoculation with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and treatment with salicylic acid (SA). Overexpression of TaCSN5 in Arabidopsis resulted in increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection accompanied by down‐regulation of AtPR1 expression. Overexpression of TaCSN5 in wheat lines significantly increased susceptibility to Pst accompanied by decreased SA accumulation, whereas TaCSN5‐RNAi wheat lines exhibited opposite trends. Moreover, we found that TaCSN5 negatively regulated TaG3NPR1 genes involved in the SA signalling pathway. In addition, TaCSN5‐RNAi lines showed increased resistance to multiple races of Pst. Taken together, we demonstrate that TaCSN5 contributes to negative regulation of wheat resistance to Pst in an SA‐dependent manner.
Spatiotemporal patterns of intracellular Ca2+ signalling govern hypo‐osmotic stress resilience in marine diatoms
Authors: Helliwell Katherine E. , Kleiner Friedrich H. , Hardstaff Hayley , Chrachri Abdul , Gaikwad Trupti , Salmon Deborah , Smirnoff Nicholas , Wheeler Glen L. , Brownlee Colin
Published: January 2021

Diatoms are globally important phytoplankton that dominate coastal and polar‐ice assemblages. These environments exhibit substantial changes in salinity over dynamic spatiotemporal regimes. Rapid sensory systems are vital to mitigate the harmful consequences of osmotic stress. Population‐based analyses have suggested that Ca2+ signalling is involved in diatom osmotic sensing. However, mechanistic insight of the role of osmotic Ca2+ signalling is limited.

Here, we show that Phaeodactylum Ca2+ elevations are essential for surviving hypo‐osmotic shock. Moreover, employing novel single‐cell imaging techniques we have characterised real‐time Ca2+ signalling responses in single diatom cells to environmental osmotic perturbations.

We observe that intracellular spatiotemporal patterns of osmotic‐induced Ca2+ elevations encode vital information regarding the nature of the osmotic stimulus. Localised Ca2+ signals evoked by mild or gradual hypo‐osmotic shocks are propagated globally from the apical cell tips, enabling fine‐tuned cell volume regulation across the whole cell.

Finally, we demonstrate that diatoms adopt Ca2+‐independent and dependent mechanisms for osmoregulation. We find that efflux of organic osmolytes occurs in a Ca2+‐independent manner, but this response is insufficient to mitigate cell damage during hypo‐osmotic shock. By comparison, Ca2+‐dependent signalling is necessary to prevent cell bursting via precise coordination of K+ transport, and therefore is likely to underpin survival in dynamic osmotic environments.
Age‐related dental phenotypes and tooth characteristics of FAM83H‐associated hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Sriwattanapong Kanokwan , Nitayavardhana Issree , Theerapanon Thanakorn , Thaweesapphithak Sermporn , Chantarawaratit Pintu‐On , Garuyakich Rakkierti , Phokaew Chureerat , Porntaveetus Thantrira , Shotelersuk Vorasuk
Published: January 2021

Objectives

Autosomal‐dominant hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (ADHCAI) shows phenotypic heterogeneity. Our aim was to characterise the ADHCAI phenotypes, tooth properties and genotypes.

Methods

Three unrelated ADHCAI probands and seven additional affected members of the three families were recruited. Mutations were identified by exome and Sanger sequencing, and haplotypes by SNP array. Tooth colour, roughness, density, nanohardness, minerals and ultrastructure were investigated.

Results

Ten participants were heterozygous for the FAM83H mutation c.1387C>T (p.Gln463*). All shared a 3.43 Mbp region on chromosome 8q24.3 encompassing the FAM83H variant, indicating a common ancestry. The c.1387C>T was estimated to be 23.8 generations or 600 years. The FAM83H enamel had higher roughness and lower lightness, density, nanohardness, and calcium and phosphorus levels than controls. Blunted enamel rods, wide interrod spaces and disorganised dentinoenamel junctions were observed. Evaluating the patients with the same mutation and reviewing others with different mutations in FAM83H revealed that the FAM83H heterogeneous phenotypes are age‐influenced. Tooth colour and surface texture change with ageing.

Conclusions

FAM83H enamel demonstrated decreased lightness, density, hardness, calcium, phosphorus and defective ultrastructure. We have identified that the phenotypic variation in FAM83H‐associated ADHCAI is age‐related. Awareness of the correlation between age and clinical features of FAM83H‐ADHCAI can help dentists make an accurate diagnosis.
The systemic inflammation response index predicts the survival of patients with clinical T1‐2N0 oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Song Fan , Cai Hongshi , Liao Yan , Huang Shuojin , Jiang Yaoqi , Liang Jianfeng , Xie Nan , Hou Jinsong
Published: January 2021

Objective

The systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) is an independent prognostic factor for many malignant tumors. However, the value of this factor in patients with clinical T1‐2N0 (cT1‐2N0) oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is still unclear.

Methods

We calculated SIRI of 235 cT1‐2N0 OSCC patients from 2013 to 2017. Multivariate cox regression analysis was applied to verify the prognostic significance of SIRI. Kaplan–Meier curves were plotted to analyze the overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) for cT1‐2N0 OSCC patients.

Results

According to the optimal cutoff point of SIRI, we divided cT1‐2N0 OSCC patients into high SIRI group (SIRI ≥ 1.3) and low SIRI group (SIRI < 1.3). SIRI was an independent prognostic indicator for OS (HR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.35–6.10; p = .006) and DSS (HR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.10–4.27; p = .025). High SIRI had a significantly poorer OS (p = .001) and DSS (p = .007) in survival analysis than the low SIRI. Moreover, the prognostic value of SIRI was significantly stronger than neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR).

Conclusions

Preoperative SIRI can be regarded as a meaningful indicator for poor survival of cT1‐2N0 OSCC patients, and it is a promising tool to formulate the best individualized treatment for high‐risk patients.
The impact of community nurse‐led interventions on the need for hospital use among older adults: An integrative review
Authors: Dunn Thea , Bliss Julie , Ryrie Iain
Published: January 2021

Background

Hospital avoidance services are important for older people who risk deteriorating health and independence when in hospital. However, the evidence base for nurse‐led community services is equivocal.

Objectives

To determine the impact of community nurse‐led interventions on the need for hospital use among older adults.

Methods

The integrative review method of Whittemore and Knafl was employed and reported in accordance with PRIMSA guidelines. Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched from January 2011 to January 2019. Outcomes were coded and findings reported by outcome domain to provide an integrated, narrative synthesis.

Results

Nine studies were included in the review. Whilst disparities in the evidence base persist, specialist high‐intensity, team‐based hospital‐at‐home services were significantly more likely to reduce hospital admissions than standard care. An individual case management services that incorporated self‐help education for chronic disease management also reduced hospital admissions. Financial data suggest that whilst high‐intensity services are costly, they can lead to significant efficiency savings in the longer‐term.

Conclusion

This topic remains an important area for further investment, managerial support and research because of the risks faced by older people when admitted to hospital, for whom health, quality of life and independence are vital considerations.

Implications for practice

The provision of high‐intensity team‐based services and self‐help education can optimise health outcomes and reduce the need for hospital use among older adults living in the community.
Ectodermal dysplasia with congenital adermatoglyphia (Basan syndrome): Report of two cases presenting with extensive congenital milia
Authors: Nieto‐Benito Lula María , Molina‐López Irene , Feito‐Rodríguez Marta , Martínez‐González Víctor , Suárez‐Fernández Ricardo , Campos‐Dominguez Minia
Published: January 2021

Basan syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis, characterized by rapidly healing congenital acral bullae, congenital milia and adermatoglyphia (lack of finger and toeprints). This type of ectodermal dysplasia has been infrequently reported in the literature. A pathogenic mutation in the SMARCAD1 gene has been demonstrated to cause this rare disorder.
Improving patient education for atopic dermatitis: A randomized controlled trial of a caregiver handbook
Authors: LeBovidge Jennifer S. , Timmons Karol , Delano Sophia , Greco Kimberly F. , DeFreitas Frances , Chan Felice , Jeong Tiffany , Rosen Melissa , Rea Corinna , Schneider Lynda C.
Published: January 2021

Background/Objectives

Patient education is important to families’ ability to manage and cope with pediatric atopic dermatitis (AD). We evaluated whether an educational handbook could improve AD symptoms, caregiver confidence in AD management skills, and AD‐related quality of life.

Methods

Caregivers of children with AD ages 1 month to 16 years were randomly assigned to the intervention arm (handbook in addition to standard AD management) or the control arm (standard management alone). Caregivers completed self‐report outcome questionnaires prior to a clinical visit for AD and at 3‐month follow‐up.

Results

175 caregivers completed questionnaires at baseline and follow‐up. AD symptoms measured by the Patient‐Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) improved in both the handbook and control arms. However, the decrease in the mean POEM score in the handbook arm (−4.4, 95% CI [−5.8, −3.0]) did not differ from that in the control arm (−3.4, 95% CI [−4.8, −2.03]; P = .343). Change in quality of life did not differ between study arms. Among caregivers attending a new patient visit for AD, mean confidence scores (measured from 0 to 100) increased more in the handbook arm (67 [95% CI {60, 74}] to 83 [95% CI {77, 88}]) relative to the control arm (74 [95% CI {65, 82}] to 75 [95% CI {67, 83}]; P = .012). The majority of caregivers rated the handbook as helpful in managing the child's AD.

Conclusions

Despite an adequate sample size, the handbook did not improve AD symptoms more than standard management alone. The handbook improved confidence in management skills for families attending new patient visits for AD.
Treatment practices in the management of scabies in infants younger than two months
Authors: Thomas Cristina , Rehmus Wingfield , Chang Aileen Y.
Published: January 2021

Background/Objectives

Efficacy and safety data of scabies treatments in infants are limited. Although topical permethrin is used in the treatment of scabies in adults, it is not approved for use in infants younger than 2 months of age in many parts of the world. This study aimed to describe treatment practices in the management of scabies in infants younger than 2 months.

Methods

An online survey was developed and distributed to physicians worldwide through the Society of Pediatric Dermatology and the Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance. Data collected included demographics, medication availability, experience using medications, deterrents to medication use, medication administration preferences, perceived and experienced medication side effects, and preferred treatment agent in this population.

Results

In total, 57 physicians from seven countries responded. The majority of respondents were board‐certified in pediatric dermatology (48/57, 84.2%) and resided in the United States (44/57, 77.2%). Respondents had experience using permethrin (47/57, 82.5%) and precipitated sulfur (35/57, 61.4%) most frequently. Most (38/57, 66.7%) preferred permethrin as their treatment of choice. Among those who did not use permethrin, potential side effects (8/10, 80%) were most frequently reported as a deterrent from its use. However, only 4.3% (22/47) of those who used permethrin reported side effects, including itching, erythema, and xerosis.

Conclusions

Permethrin is frequently used in the treatment of infants younger than 2 months with scabies. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that permethrin is the preferred treatment agent among sampled dermatologists for infants younger than 2 months. Few side effects were reported, and none were serious.
Net‐like superficial lymphatic malformation
Authors: Iznardo Helena , Baselga Eulalia , Mozos Anna , Szafranska Justyna , Orellana‐Fernández Ruth , Roé Esther
Published: January 2021

The net‐like superficial lymphatic malformation (LM) is a newly described entity with distinctive clinical, dermoscopic, and histologic characteristics. Clinical picture consists of red to purplish macules with a finely reticulated pattern of vascular structures. Dermoscopy shows arborizing telangiectatic vessels. Histology is characterized by a vascular proliferation composed of thin‐walled vessels, located in the upper dermis, that stains positive with podoplanin (D2‐40). We report a new case of LM with an additional clinical feature, hypopigmented areas.
The five aspect meal model as a conceptual framework for children with a gastrostomy tube in paediatric care
Authors: Mårtensson Ulrika , Jenholt Nolbris Margaretha , Mellgren Karin , Wijk Helle , Nilsson Stefan
Published: January 2021

Background

Cancer treatments may induce side effects and cause eating problems. A gastrostomy tube may be required in order to maintain and optimise the child's nutritional needs. Despite the use of a gastrostomy tube, it is important to maintain a natural and attractive mealtime for the child. The Five Aspect Meal Model is age neutral and originally designed to improve restaurant visits. Its five aspects conceptualise what is necessary to ensure a complete meal experience. To date, there is lack of knowledge to guided model development about mealtimes adapted to children and limited knowledge regarding mealtime experiences for children with a gastrostomy tube.

Aim

The aim was to investigate whether the Five Aspect Meal Model could be appropriate to be used for children with a gastrostomy tube in caring science and paediatric care.

Methods

The design followed steps retrieved from Renjith and colleagues. Seven interviews were performed with the Five Aspect Meal Model as a base in the interview guide. The transcripts were analysed by using a qualitative directed content analysis with a deductive approach, which finally passed into a more inductive one.

Findings

All aspects of the Five Aspect Meal Model were represented in the interviews. There were also experiences related to the gastrostomy tube and the mealtimes that did not fit into any of the five predetermined categories. As a result, the modified version was developed, an adapted prescribing practice model that includes seven aspects, whereof bodily discomfort and time for change and acceptance are specific to children with a gastrostomy tube.

Conclusion

Based on children and their parent's experiences, the Five Aspect Meal Model has been developed and adapted into a modified version, which includes seven aspects. The modified version seems to be appropriate to use within caring science and paediatric care.
Behind therapists’ emotional responses to suicidal patients: A study of the narrative crisis model of suicide and clinicians’ emotions
Authors: Ying Gelan , Chennapragada Lakshmi , Musser Erica D. , Galynker Igor
Published: January 2021

Objective

Clinicians’ negative emotional responses to suicidal patients are predictive of near‐term suicidality. This study aimed to explore the underlying pathway of this association by investigating the potential relationship between clinicians’ emotional responses and the Narrative Crisis Model of suicide, which comprises long‐term risk factors (LTRF) of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, Suicidal Narrative, and the Suicide Crisis Syndrome (SCS), a presuicidal affective state.

Method

One thousand and One patient participants and 169 clinician participants were recruited. Patients’ Suicidal Narrative, SCS, and LTRF were assessed at intake using the Suicidal Narrative Inventory (SNI), the Suicide Crisis Inventory, and a composite score of three separate scales, respectively. Clinicians’ emotional responses were measured immediately after patient intake using the Therapist Response Questionnaire‐Suicide Form (TRQ‐SF).

Results

Multilevel regression analyses, which controlled for clinician differences, found that only patients’ SNI total score and perceived burdensomeness subscale score were significantly associated with clinicians’ TRQ‐SF total score. Furthermore, a higher SNI total score was significantly related to higher distress and lower affiliation scores among clinicians.

Conclusions

Clinicians appear to respond emotionally to patients’ Suicidal Narrative, and thus, future investigation of Suicidal Narrative and its potential to improve imminent suicide risk assessment is warranted.
Suicide ideation, suicide plan, and suicide attempt among left‐behind children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Qu Guangbo , Shu Liqin , Zhang Jian , Wu Yile , Ma Shaodi , Han Tiantian , Zhang Huimei , Wang Jun , Sun Yehuan
Published: January 2021

Objective

There are an increasing number of studies that discussed suicide ideation (SI), suicide plan (SP), and suicide attempt (SA) among left‐behind children (LBC). However, the prevalence of these indicators of LBC has not been synthesized and the true correlation between these indicators and left‐behind status remains unclear.

Methods

Electronic databases were comprehensively searched, and eligible observational studies were selected to extract useful data. We pooled the rates and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to determine the prevalence of SI, SP, and SA among LBC. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated to reflect the association between left‐behind status and risk of SI, SP, and SA.

Results

Among LBC, the pooled prevalence was 18.7% (95% CI: 15.4–21.9) for SI, 6.4% (95% CI: 4.7–8.1) for SP, and 3.1% (95% CI: 2.6–3.6) for SA. Compared to non‐LBC, LBC was at higher risk of SI (OR = 1.26), SP (OR = 1.20), and SA (OR = 1.14), but only the effect for SI achieved statistical significance.

Conclusion

Overall, the prevalence of SI, SP, and SA is common among LBC, and parental migration has a significant impact on the SI of LBC. Intervention plans and programs are urgently needed to prevent suicidality of this vulnerable group.
A multi‐measure examination of interoception in people with recent nonsuicidal self‐injury
Authors: Forrest Lauren N. , Smith April R.
Published: January 2021

Objective

Self‐injurious behaviors (SIB) are highly dangerous, yet prediction remains weak. Novel SIB correlates must be identified, such as impaired interoception. This study examined whether two forms of interoceptive processing (accuracy and sensibility) for multiple sensations (general, cardiac, and pain) differed between people with and without recent nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI).

Method

Participants were adults with recent (n = 48) NSSI and with no history of SIBs (n = 55). Interoceptive sensibility was assessed with self‐reports. Interoceptive accuracy for cardiac sensations was assessed using the heartbeat tracking task. Interoceptive accuracy for pain was assessed with a novel metric that mirrored the heartbeat tracking test.

Results

Participants with recent NSSI reported significantly lower interoceptive sensibility for general sensations relative to people without SIBs. Groups did not differ on interoceptive sensibility for cardiac sensations or pain. Groups also did not differ on interoceptive accuracy for cardiac sensations. The NSSI group exhibited significantly lower interoceptive accuracy for pain compared with the No SIB group.

Conclusions

Interoceptive impairment in people with NSSI may vary by interoceptive domain and sensation type. Diminished interoceptive accuracy for sensations relevant to the pathophysiology of self‐injury may be a novel SIB correlate.
Correlates of dual trajectories of physical activity and sedentary time in youth: The UP & DOWN longitudinal study
Authors: Parker Kate , Timperio Anna , Salmon Jo , Villanueva Karen , Brown Helen , Esteban‐Cornejo Irene , Cabanas‐Sánchez Verónica , Castro‐Piñero José , Sánchez‐Oliva David , Veiga Oscar L.
Published: January 2021

Trajectories of physical activity and sedentary time (SED) may differ between subgroups of youth. The aim of this study was to identify group‐based dual trajectories of physical activity and SED and explore individual, social, and environmental correlates of these trajectories. Longitudinal data (three time points, baseline 2011‐2012) of Spanish youth (n = 1597, mean age = 11.94 ± 2.52, 50.9% boys) were used. Moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and SED were assessed objectively at each time point, and 21 potential correlates were self‐reported at baseline. Parallel process growth mixture models identified shared categorical latent groups, adjusting for school and age. Multinomial logistic regression models identified baseline correlates of a given trajectory. Four shared categorical latent groups were identified: (1) stable MVPA and decreasing SED (4%); (2) stable MVPA and increasing SED (3%); (3) consistently higher MVPA (18%); and (4) stable low MVPA and slight increase in SED (75%). Multinomial logistic regression models with group 3 as reference found: negative affect (RRR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.84‐0.97), parental screen‐time rules (RRR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.00‐1.33), and household media equipment (RRR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.05‐1.30) predicted likelihood of group 1 membership; cons of reducing SED (RRR = 2.70, 95% CI 1.77‐4.10) predicted likelihood of group 2 membership; and co‐participation in physical activity with friends (RRR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.69‐0.94), fathers’ modeling of TV viewing (RRR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.02‐1.47), and household media equipment (RRR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.02‐1.31) predicted likelihood of group 4 membership. Results suggest that strategies to improve MVPA and SED behaviors among youth may need to be multifaceted, targeting all levels of influence.
Police Drones and the Air: Towards a Volumetric Geopolitics of Security
Authors: Klauser Francisco
Published: January 2021

The paper explores the aerial dimension of policing and surveillance. It does so by drawing upon select results from a large‐scale survey conducted in 2017 among professional (public and private) drone users in Switzerland. Focusing in particular on the police, the paper shows that the technology not only generates novel ways of looking down from above, but also of looking up from below, thus instilling a kind of air‐mindedness among the police. In making the airspace explicit as an object, and stake of imaginaries, concerns and practices, drones mediate novel ways of relating to the air, understanding it, approaching it and acting in relation to it.
Description of two new HLA alleles: HLA‐A*24:517N and HLA‐B*46:86
Authors: Loginova Maria , Smirnova Daria , Kashin Konstantin , Paramonov Igor
Published: January 2021

Novel HLA alleles HLA‐A*24:517N and HLA‐B*46:86 are identified in two Kalmyk individuals.
Stasis disguised as motion: Waiting, endurance and the camouflaging of austerity in mental health services
Authors: Kiely Ed
Published: January 2021

This paper develops an account of the camouflaging of austerity as an institutional strategy. In doing so it brings together and advances geographical literatures on mental health, waiting, and austerity. Where geographers have tended to focus on moments when austerity surfaces in everyday life, this paper addresses those moments where austerity is made to recede. Presenting evidence from interviews with mental health service users/survivors, I argue that stasis is a central feature of encounters with the austere state. Such periods of durative waiting can make austerity apparent, so institutions are incentivised to camouflage them, in order to legitimate their claims of providing care. I advance the concept of the “holding pattern” to capture the mobile cycles of waiting that service users/survivors endure, arguing that these circulations inculcate cruelly optimistic affects by exploiting the immanent potentiality of waiting. These affects engender a belief that the time of care and of progress is imminent. For those held within it, the holding pattern is experienced as a form of stasis disguised as motion. The paper then analyses how people endure this travel without a destination. I demonstrate that, like the holding pattern, these practices of endurance make use of potentiality. Some cast themselves as responsibilised neoliberal subjects, to blame for the lack of meaningful care they receive; others reclaim the potentiality that fuels the holding pattern, engaging in ongoing practices that are sustaining despite their seeming uneventfulness. The paper highlights the centrality of austerity to contemporary mental health geographies; develops a critical account of the politics of stasis and waiting; and argues that the camouflaging of austerity will prove increasingly important to the legitimation of beleaguered “universalist” social services. I conclude with some reflections on the potentiality of a grinding politics of resistance to austerity.
Blood‐flow‐restricted exercise: Strategies for enhancing muscle adaptation and performance in the endurance‐trained athlete
Authors: Ferguson Richard A. , Mitchell Emma A. , Taylor Conor W. , Bishop David J. , Christiansen Danny
Published: January 2021

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

Blood‐flow‐restricted (BFR) exercise represents a potential approach to augment the adaptive response to training and improve performance in endurance‐trained individuals.

What advances does it highlight?

When combined with low‐load resistance exercise, low‐ and moderate‐intensity endurance exercise and sprint interval exercise, BFR can provide an augmented acute stimulus for angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. These augmented acute responses can translate into enhanced capillary supply and mitochondrial function, and subsequent endurance‐type performance, although this might depend on the nature of the exercise stimulus. There is a requirement to clarify whether BFR training interventions can be used by high‐performance endurance athletes within their structured training programme.

A key objective of the training programme for an endurance athlete is to optimize the underlying physiological determinants of performance. Training‐induced adaptations are governed by physiological and metabolic stressors, which initiate transcriptional and translational signalling cascades to increase the abundance and/or function of proteins to improve physiological function. One important consideration is that training adaptations are reduced as training status increases, which is reflected at the molecular level as a blunting of the acute signalling response to exercise. This review examines blood‐flow‐restricted (BFR) exercise as a strategy for augmenting exercise‐induced stressors and subsequent molecular signalling responses to enhance the physiological characteristics of the endurance athlete. Focus is placed on the processes of capillary growth and mitochondrial biogenesis. Recent evidence supports that BFR exercise presents an intensified training stimulus beyond that of performing the same exercise alone. We suggest that this has the potential to induce enhanced physiological adaptations, including increases in capillary supply and mitochondrial function, which can contribute to an improvement in performance of endurance exercise. There is, however, a lack of consensus regarding the potency of BFR training, which is invariably attributable to the different modes, intensities and durations of exercise and BFR methods. Further studies are needed to confirm its potential in the endurance‐trained athlete.
A Deep Lifelong Learning Method for Digital Twin-Driven Defect Recognition With Novel Classes
Authors: Yiping Gao , Xinyu Li , Gao Liang
Published: January 2021

Recently, digital twins (DTs) have become a research hotspot in smart manufacturing, and using DTs to assist defect recognition has also become a development trend. Real-time data collection is one of the advantages of DTs, and it can help the realization of real-time defect recognition. However, DT-driven defect recognition cannot be realized unless some bottlenecks of the recognition models, such as the time efficiency, have been solved. To improve the time efficiency, novel defect class recognition is an essential problem. Most of the existing methods can only recognize the known defect classes, which are available during training. For new incoming classes, known as novel classes, these models must be rebuilt, which is time-consuming and costly. This greatly impedes the realization of DT-driven defect recognition. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a deep lifelong learning method for novel class recognition. The proposed method uses a two-level deep learning architecture to detect and recognize novel classes, and uses a lifelong learning strategy, weight imprinting, to upgrade the model. With these improvements, the proposed method can handle novel classes timely. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves good results for the novel classes, and it has almost no delay for production. Compared with the rebuilt methods, the time cost is reduced by at least 200 times. This result suggests that the proposed method has good potential in the realization of DT-driven defect recognition.
Predicting Sequential Design Decisions Using the Function-Behavior-Structure Design Process Model and Recurrent Neural Networks
Authors: Rahman Molla Hafizur , Xie Charles , Sha Zhenghui
Published: January 2021

In engineering systems design, designers iteratively go back and forth between different design stages to explore the design space and search for the best design solution that satisfies all design constraints. For complex design problems, human has shown surprising capability in effectively reducing the dimensionality of design space and quickly converging it to a reasonable range for algorithms to step in and continue the search process. Therefore, modeling how human designers make decisions in such a sequential design process can help discover beneficial design patterns, strategies, and heuristics, which are essential to the development of new algorithms embedded with human intelligence to augment the computational design. In this paper, we develop a deep learning-based approach to model and predict designers’ sequential decisions in the systems design context. The core of this approach is an integration of the function-behavior-structure (FBS) model for design process characterization and the long short-term memory unit (LSTM) model for deep leaning. This approach is demonstrated in two case studies on solar energy system design, and its prediction accuracy is evaluated benchmarking on several commonly used models for sequential design decisions, such as the Markov Chain model, the Hidden Markov Chain model, and the random sequence generation model. The results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms the other traditional models. This implies that during a system design task, designers are very likely to rely on both short-term and long-term memory of past design decisions in guiding their future decision-making in the design process. Our approach can support human–computer interactions in design and is general to be applied in other design contexts as long as the sequential data of design actions are available.
Virtual Fixture Generation for Task Planning With Complex Geometries
Authors: Sharp Andrew , Pryor Mitch
Published: January 2021

Many robotic processes require the system to maintain a tool’s orientation and distance from a surface. To do so, researchers often use virtual fixtures (VFs) to either guide the robot along a path or forbid it from leaving the workspace. Previous efforts relied on volumetric primitives (planes, cylinders, etc.) or raw sensor data to define VFs. However, those approaches only work for a small subset of real-world objects. Extending this approach is complicated not only by VF generation but also by generalizing user traversal of the VF to command a robot trajectory remotely. In this study, we present the concept of task VFs, which convert layers of point cloud-based Guidance VF into a bidirectional graph structure and pair it with a Forbidden Region VF. These VFs are hardware-agnostic and can be generated from virtually any source data, including from parametric objects (superellipsoids, supertoroids, etc.), meshes (including from computer-aided design (CAD)), and real-time sensor data for open-world scenarios. We address surface convexity and concavity since these and distance to the task surface determine the size and resolution of VF layers. This article then presents the manipulator-to-task transform tool for task VF visualization and to limit human–robot interaction ambiguities. Testing confirmed generation success and users performed spatially discrete experiments to evaluate task VF usability complex geometries, which showed their interpretability. The manipulator-to-task transform tool applies many robotic applications, including collision avoidance, process design, training, task definition, etc. for virtually any geometry.
Area-selective atomic layer deposition of noble metals: Polymerized fluorocarbon layers as effective growth inhibitors
Authors: Deminskyi Petro , Haider Ali , Eren Hamit , Khan Talha M. , Biyikli Necmi
Published: January 2021

The increasingly complex nanoscale three-dimensional and multilayered structures utilized in nanoelectronic, catalytic, and energy conversion/storage devices necessitate novel substrate-selective material deposition approaches featuring bottom-up and self-aligned precision processing. Here, we demonstrate the area-selective atomic layer deposition (AS-ALD) of two noble metals, Pt and Pd, by using a plasma-polymerized fluorocarbon layer as growth inhibition surfaces. The contact angle, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy measurements were performed to investigate the blocking ability of polymerized fluorocarbon (CFx) layers against ALD-grown metal films. Both Pt and Pd showed significant nucleation delays on fluorocarbon surfaces. Self-aligned film deposition is confirmed using this strategy by growing Pt and Pd on the microscale lithographically patterned CFx/Si samples. CFx blocking layer degradation during ozone exposure was analyzed using XPS measurements, which confirmed the oxygen physisorption as the main responsible surface reaction with further hydroxyl group formation on the CFx surface. Our work reveals that the CFx layer is compatible with an ozone coreactant until the blocking polymer cannot withstand oxygen physisorption. Our results could potentially be used to investigate and develop radical-assisted AS-ALD processes for a wider selection of materials.
Amorphization in extreme deformation of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy
Authors: Zhao Shiteng , Li Zezhou , Zhu Chaoyi , Yang Wen , Zhang Zhouran , Armstrong David E. J. , Grant Patrick S. , Ritchie Robert O. , Meyers Marc A.
Published: January 2021

Extreme deformation of high-entropy alloys increases toughness by converting crystalline structures to amorphous zones.
Extensive tissue-specific expression variation and novel regulators underlying circadian behavior
Authors: Litovchenko Maria , Meireles-Filho Antonio C. A. , Frochaux Michael V. , Bevers Roel P. J. , Prunotto Alessio , Anduaga Ane Martin , Hollis Brian , Gardeux Vincent , Braman Virginie S. , Russeil Julie M. C. , Kadener Sebastian , dal Peraro Matteo , Deplancke Bart
Published: January 2021

A dataset of >700 tissue-specific transcriptomes of
D. melanogaster
reveals population-level molecular circadian clock variation.
Radiation-induced eosinophils improve cytotoxic T lymphocyte recruitment and response to immunotherapy
Authors: Cheng Jia-Nan , Luo Wen , Sun Chengdu , Jin Zheng , Zeng Xianghua , Alexander Peter B. , Gong Zhihua , Xia Xin , Ding Xiaofang , Xu Shouxia , Zou Ping , Wan Yisong Y. , Jia Qingzhu , Li Qi-Jing , Zhu Bo
Published: January 2021

Eosinophil can be considered as a mechanistically relevant biomarker for predicting the effectiveness of radio-immunotherapy.
Novel trophic interactions under climate change promote alpine plant coexistence
Authors: Descombes Patrice , Pitteloud Camille , Glauser Gaëtan , Defossez Emmanuel , Kergunteuil Alan , Allard Pierre-Marie , Rasmann Sergio , Pellissier Loïc
Published: January 2021

Mountain ecology under climate change

Climate warming causes shifts in the distributions of organisms and different organisms may move at different rates, resulting in changes in the composition and functioning of ecological communities. These effects are rarely considered in forecasts about the effects of climate change on biodiversity. Using experimental translocations, Descombes
et al.
investigated how differential upslope migration in alpine plants and their insect herbivores affects community interactions. Lowland herbivores modify the three-dimensional vegetation structure at higher altitudes, and this modified vegetation structure favors the coexistence of plant species, especially by favoring small-stature species. Reorganized trophic interactions will play an important role in driving plant community changes under future climate change.

Science
, this issue p.
1469
Contribution of resident and circulating precursors to tumor-infiltrating CD8
+
T cell populations in lung cancer
Authors: Gueguen Paul , Metoikidou Christina , Dupic Thomas , Lawand Myriam , Goudot Christel , Baulande Sylvain , Lameiras Sonia , Lantz Olivier , Girard Nicolas , Seguin-Givelet Agathe , Lefevre Marine , Mora Thierry , Walczak Aleksandra M. , Waterfall Joshua J. , Amigorena Sebastian
Published: January 2021

CD8
+
T cells in lung tumors differentiate through convergent pathways to an expanded and actively cycling terminal state.