bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hazard ratings for organic peroxides
Authors: Duh Yih‐Shing , Hui wu Xiao , Kao Chen‐Shan
Published: February 2008

Nine of commercially available organic peroxides were assessed with differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and adiabatic calorimeters. These organic peroxides are cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP), methyl‐ethyl‐ketone peroxide (MEKPO), tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), hydrogen peroxide, lauroyl peroxide (LPO), tert‐butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPBZ), and dicumyl peroxide (DCPO). Exothermic onset temperatures, self‐heat temperature and pressure rates, and heats of decomposition were measured and assessed. Adiabatic runaway reaction characteristics were determined by using ARC (accelerating rate calorimeter) and VSP2 (vent sizing package). Incompatibility, tests with several potential contaminants, was made using DSC, VSP2, and microcalorimeter. An incompatibility rating was developed using onset temperature, lowering of the onset temperature, heat of decomposition, maximum self‐heat rate, adiabatic temperature rise, maximum pressure of decomposition, and maximum pressure rising rate, etc. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2008
Hot‐electron energy‐loss rate via LA‐phonon scattering in InGaAs quantum wire
Authors: Vartanian A. L. , Asatryan A. L. , Kirakosyan A. A.
Published: February 2008

The hot‐electron energy‐loss rate conditioned by acoustic (LA) phonon modes for a free‐standing InGaAs cylindrical quantum wire is investigated theoretically. The energy‐loss rate as a function of wire radius, electron density and electron temperature is obtained. The comparison of our theoretical results for energy‐loss rate per electron with the experimental results obtained in the acoustic‐phonon scattering regime shows a sufficient agreement. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic semiconductors in ternary Cd–Mn–Te compounds
Authors: Liu Yong , Liu Bang‐Gui
Published: February 2008

Since Mn‐doped CdTe in zincblende structure has been fabricated for Mn concentrations from 0 to 0.5, we use a first‐principles full‐potential method to study CdTe‐based ternary Cd–Mn–Te compounds for possible magnetic semiconductors. The compounds are constructed by substituting Mn for some Cd atoms in zincblende CdTe. We optimize fully their geometric structures and internal atomic positions, and then study their electronic and magnetic properties. We find that the stable CdMnTe2 and Cd3MnTe4 are antiferromagnetic semiconductors with space groups 160 and 111, and the stable Cd7MnTe8 is a layered ferromagnetic semiconductor with space group 115. Their real lattice constants are a little smaller than CdTe's and an Mn atom contributes 5 Bohr magnetons to their total magnetic moments. The antiferromagnetism for the CdMnTe2 is attributed to the Te‐based superexchange of Mn spins. For the other two, the MnMn spin interactions are dependent on the MnMn distance and the environment. The antiferromagnetism for the Cd3MnTe4 and the layered ferromagnetism for the Cd7MnTe8 can be attributed to two weaker indirect exchange interactions based on both Cd and Te. The Kohn–Sham gaps of the three magnetic semiconductors are 0.52 eV, 0.80 eV, and 1.23 eV, respectively. The real semiconductor gaps may be larger than 1 eV considering the fact that the Kohn–Sham gap of CdTe is 0.55 eV but the experimental semiconductor gap is 1.56 eV at 300 K. These magnetic semiconductors, compatible with semiconductors such as CdTe, could be useful in spintronics applications. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GaAs microcavity exciton‐polaritons in a trap
Authors: Kim Na Young , Lai Chih‐Wei , Utsunomiya Shoko , Roumpos Georgios , Fraser Michael , Deng Hui , Byrnes Tim , Recher Patrik , Kumada Norio , Fujisawa Toshimasa , Yamamoto Yoshihisa
Published: February 2008

We present a simple method to create an in‐plane lateral potential in a semiconductor microcavity using a metal thin‐film. Two types of potential are produced: a circular aperture and a one‐dimensional (1D) periodic grating pattern. The amplitude of the potential induced by a 24 nm – 6 nm Au/Ti film is on the order of a few hundreds of μeV measured at 6–8 K. Since the metal layer makes the electromagnetic fields to be close to zero at the metal–semiconductor interface, the photon mode is confined more inside of the cavity. As a consequence, the effective cavity length is reduced under the metal film, and the corresponding cavity resonance is blue‐shifted. Our experimental results are in a good agreement with theoretical estimates. In addition, by applying a DC electric voltage to the metal film, we are able to modify the quantum well exciton mode due to the quantum confined Stark effect, inducing a ∼1 meV potential at ∼20 kV/cm. Our method produces a controllable in‐plane spatial trap potential for lower exciton‐polaritons (LPs), which can be a building block towards 1D arrays and 2D lattices of LP condensates. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Adapting second‐order response surface designs to specific needs
Authors: Simpson James R. , Landman Drew , Giroux Rupert , Zeisset Michelle , Hall Brian , Rhew Ray D.
Published: February 2008

Experimental design strategies most often involve an initial choice of a classic factorial or response surface design and adapt that design to meet restrictions or unique requirements of the system under study. One such experience is described here, in which the objective was to develop an efficient experimental design strategy that would facilitate building second‐order response models with excellent prediction capabilities. In development, careful consideration was paid to the desirable properties of response surface designs. Once developed, the proposed design was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation to prove the concept, a pilot implementation of the design carried out to evaluate the accuracy of the response models, and a set of validation runs enacted to look for potential weaknesses in the approach. The purpose of the exercise was to develop a procedure to efficiently and effectively calibrate strain‐gauge balances to be used in wind tunnel testing. The current calibration testing procedure is based on a time‐intensive one‐factor‐at‐a‐time method. In this study, response surface methods were used to reduce the number of calibration runs required during the labor‐intensive heavy load calibration, to leverage the prediction capabilities of response surface designs, and to provide an estimate of uncertainty for the calibration models. Results of the three‐phased approach for design evaluation are presented. The new calibration process will require significantly fewer tests to achieve the same or improved levels of precision in balance calibration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New generation smallpox vaccines: a review of preclinical and clinical data
Authors: Artenstein Andrew W.
Published: February 2008

The recognition that smallpox is a potential threat agent of bioterrorism has engendered renewed interest in the development of improved vaccines against this pathogen. The purpose of this paper is to review current data regarding novel approaches to smallpox vaccines in comparison with traditional vaccine strategies. The method used is a literature search using overlapping search terms and citations from the relevant, published literature. Substantial animal and limited human data suggest that selected second and third generation smallpox vaccines, specifically tissue‐cultured vaccinia virus and replication‐competent, highly attenuated vaccinia virus possess immunogenicity and surrogate efficacy profiles similar to those of first generation New York City Board of Health and Lister vaccines. Replication‐defective, attenuated vaccinia appears to be less immunogenic in both animals and humans but may have utility as a priming agent in those with contraindications to live vaccinia. There is a clear risk of myopericarditis with first and second generation products, but the relative risk of this complication among various vaccine approaches cannot as yet be determined. The incidence of other serious, albeit uncommon, adverse events of smallpox vaccines cannot be determined for newer vaccine approaches because these agents have not yet been deployed on a scale large enough to discern rare events. Since 2001, progress towards improved smallpox vaccines has been accelerated, spurred on by the threat of bioterrorism. Among newer vaccine candidates, replication‐competent, highly attenuated vaccinia and tissue culture‐derived live vaccinia appear to offer the greatest potential for efficacy, although it is unclear whether these products offer a safer alternative to existing first generation vaccines. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finding science in the school body: Reflections on transgressing the boundaries of science education and the social studies of science
Authors: Weinstein Matthew
Published: February 2008

This paper examines the framings that the fields of the social studies of science and science education use for each other. It is shown that the social studies of science frames science education as passive and timeless. Science education frames science studies as a set of representations to better capture how science works. The paper then proceeds to sketch an alternative in which schools are understood, drawing on actor‐network theory and cultural studies of science, as constituted through contesting scientific practices and discourses and, therefore, are proper objects of study within science studies frameworks. The curricular implications are briefly developed, emphasizing the need for much more reflection upon and activism within science education regarding the technoscientific constitution of students and schools. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed92:389–403, 2008
Improving Youth Mentoring Interventions Through Research‐based Practice
Authors: Rhodes Jean E.
Published: February 2008

Youth mentoring programs are in the limelight. Over three million young people have a Big Brother, a Big Sister, or a similar adult volunteer involved in their lives–a sixfold increase from just a decade ago–and generous federal funding continues to fuel new initiatives. This expansion speaks volumes about the faith our society places in one‐on‐one relationships between vulnerable young people and caring adults. But what do we know about the effectiveness of this intervention strategy? A better understanding of the research evidence for youth mentoring, including findings from reviews, evaluations, and meta‐analyses, provides a basis for a more informed, practically applicable approach to strengthening youth mentoring interventions.
How Culture Impacts the Dissemination and Implementation of Innovation: A Case Study of the Families and Schools Together Program (FAST) for Preventing Violence with Immigrant Latino Youth
Authors: Guerra Nancy G. , Knox Lyndee
Published: February 2008

We consider how culture impacts the translation of research into practice, focusing on the culture of the client and the culture of the agency implementing selected programs. We build on lessons learned from a pilot study of an evidence‐based family‐school partnership, Families and Schools Together (FAST), to prevent youth violence with low‐income, immigrant Latino families in Southern California. We examine the impact of cultural characteristics on the translation of this innovation into practice at the community level, relying on an interactive systems framework developed recently by Wandersman and colleagues (2008, American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(3–4), in press) discussed in this issue. As we point out, the culture of the client and the culture of the agency can facilitate or impede connections within and across these interactive systems.
Individual variation in migratory and exploratory movements and habitat use by adult red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in a mountainous temperate forest
Authors: Pépin Dominique , Adrados Christophe , Janeau Georges , Joachim Jean , Mann Carole
Published: February 2008

Using data from a global positioning system (GPS), seven adult red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) were tracked in the Parc National des Cévennes, southern France, between November 1998 and December 2000 to assess the factors affecting large‐range movement patterns and habitat use. The home range varied from a single compact area for females to three distinct seasonal ranges for males, which used alternative migratory strategies (i.e. non‐, downward‐ and upward‐migrants). The migrants used mainly southerly and easterly aspects, and wintered in areas having steeper slopes than were used during summer or the rut season. For males, the time of rut migration was mid‐September and they finally entered wintering ranges from mid‐December to the beginning of January. Exploratory behaviour (i.e. individuals found outside the limits of their familiar area but returning to it a few days later) occurred in both sexes and for all individuals monitored during at least a 6‐month period. Velocity and efficiency of exploratory movements were higher than usual movements. During these exploratory movements, hinds may have used different landscape attributes (elevation, slope, canopy cover) while stags did not. These results provide new empirical information that could be used for building and applying broad‐scale spatial and landscape use models in ecological research.
FDG autoradiography reveals developmental and pathological effects of mutant amyloid in PDAPP transgenic mice
Authors: Valla Jon , Gonzalez‐Lima Francisco , Reiman Eric M.
Published: February 2008

Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) show some characteristic features of the disease, and we aim to further bridge the gap between studies of humans with AD, those at risk, and these murine models by providing shared markers of disease which could be used to track progression and assess future interventions. Brain imaging measurements may prove useful in this regard. We previously found that the homozygous PDAPP mouse model of AD showed significant declines in glucose uptake with age in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), an area homologous to the human posterior cingulate, which shows significant declines in AD and in those at risk for AD. To further evaluate this potential biomarker and its correlation across age, we used fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) autoradiography at two ages (2 and 12 months) in wildtype, heterozygous, and homozygous PDAPP mice. We found significant posterior cingulate fluorodeoxyglucose uptake declines again in homozygous PDAPP mice, but at both ages assessed. There was a strong effect of gene dose; homozygous mice showed larger and earlier effects. These results, in conjunction with our previous analyses, indicate a nonlinear progression stemming from synergistic effects of the overexpressed mutant gene, both developmental and pathological. The posterior cingulate is preferentially vulnerable to both effects of transgene in the PDAPP mouse, and both are independent of amyloid deposition.
DECLINE IN SEX RATIO AT BIRTH AFTER BAM (KERMAN PROVINCE, SOUTHERN IRAN) EARTHQUAKE
Authors: SAADAT MOSTAFA
Published: February 2008

On 26th December 2003, a severe earthquake hit the city of Bam in Kerman province, southern Iran. It destroyed around 90% of houses and at least 60% of the public buildings, and claimed the lives of more than 20,000 persons. To investigate whether acute stress caused by the Bam earthquake could alter the sex ratio at birth (SRB) 6–12 months later, the present study was done. The number of live births by sex was obtained from the National Organization for Civil Registration (Kerman province). The SRB was expressed as the male proportion. A prominent decline in the SRB (̃0·467) 11 months after the earthquake was observed (χ2=6·68, df=1, p=0·009). There was no significant difference between Bam and Kerman province (excluding Bam) for SRB (χ2=0·44, df=1, p=0·51) for a period of 33 month before the earthquake (from April 2001 to December 2003). It might be concluded that psychological tensions and stress are associated with a decrease in SRB.
Expression of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and heat shock protein 70 in nasal mucosal smears of patients with allergic rhinitis: investigation using a liquid-based method
Authors: Chalastras T , Nicolopoulou-Stamati P , Patsouris E , Eleftheriadou A , Kandiloros D , Yiotakis I , Gonidi M , Athanassiadou P
Published: February 2008

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate expression of the neuropeptides substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and heat shock protein 70 in the nasal mucosa cells of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, in order to obtain more information on the pathophysiological and immunological role of these markers in allergic rhinitis.

Material and methods:

Nasal epithelium specimens obtained from 42 patients with allergic rhinitis were studied, using Shandon's Papspin liquid-based cytology method. Smears were immunostained with antibodies against substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and heat shock protein 70, and the results were correlated with the clinical features of seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Results:

A positive reaction for substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and heat shock protein 70 was observed in 73.8, 66.7 and 69.0 per cent of the allergic rhinitis mucosal smears, respectively. The Pearson chi-square test showed that 40.5 per cent of the immunostained smears had a positive reaction for one or two of the markers studied (i.e. substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide or heat shock protein 70), and that 47.6 per cent of the smears had a positive reaction for all the markers (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

We found a high level of expression of substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the nasal mucosa smears of patients suffering from allergic rhinitis. This indicates a role for these neuropeptides in the neuroregulation of immunity and hypersensivity in this disease. Furthermore, expression of heat shock protein 70 may contribute to the development of allergic rhinitis.
Sensorineural hearing loss in systemic lupus erythematosus: case report and literature review
Authors: Khalidi N A , Rebello R , Robertson D D
Published: February 2008

Objectives:

We present a case of systemic lupus erythematosus with symptomatic sensorineural hearing loss which was successfully treated with azathioprine, as assessed both clinically and radiologically. We also present a review of the relevant literature.

Case report:

A woman with systemic lupus erythematosus presented with sensorineural hearing loss, initially on the right and subsequently developing on the left over several months. An audiogram revealed profound neurosensory hearing loss bilaterally. The patient was treated with prednisone 60 mg daily and azathioprine 200 mg daily. An improvement on the left was noted on follow-up audiography as well as on magnetic resonance imaging of the internal auditory canals and surrounding structures.

Conclusion:

Sensorineural hearing loss has been described in autoimmune disorders but is rare. Aural symptoms have been described, with varying incidences (0–57.5 per cent), in systemic lupus erythematosus. However, symptomatic sensorineural hearing loss is rare in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prednisone appears essential when an immunological or vasculitic cause is found. The use of azathioprine should be considered, as well as follow-up with magnetic resonance imaging to detect improvement.
Rhinosporidiosis of trachea: a clinical cause for concern
Authors: Arora R , Gupta R , Dinda Amit Kumar
Published: February 2008

Background:

Rhinosporidiosis is a granulomatous infection usually affecting the nasal mucosa and conjunctiva. The disease is widely prevalent in India and Sri Lanka. Tracheo-bronchial involvement is extremely rare and is potentially life threatening. Diagnosis of tracheal involvement is a challenge due to the risk of bleeding during attempted bronchoscopic biopsy.

Case:

A 73-year-old man was admitted with severe respiratory distress, for which emergency tracheostomy was performed. At tracheostomy, a fleshy mass was seen emerging from the wound. Pathological examination of the mass confirmed rhinosporidiosis involving the trachea. Complete excision of the mass was performed after initial stabilisation of the patient.

Conclusion:

Tracheo-bronchial rhinosporidiosis, a rare complication of nasopharyngeal infection, should be considered in a known case presenting with severe respiratory distress.
Kinematic models and isotropy analysis of wheeled mobile robots
Authors: Gracia Luis , Tornero Josep
Published: February 2008

This research presents a comprehensive and useful survey of the kinematic models of wheeled mobile robots and their optimal configurations. The kinematic modeling of wheeled mobile robots with no-slip is presented, by considering four common types of wheels: fixed, orientable, castor, and Swedish. Next, the accuracy of the kinematic models is discussed considering their sensitivity or relative error amplification, giving rise to the isotropy concept. As practical application of the previous theory, all types of three-wheeled mobile robots are modeled and their optimal (isotropic) configurations for no error amplification are obtained. Finally, three practical examples of error amplification are developed for several types of wheeled mobile robots in order to illustrate the benefits and limitations of the isotropic configurations.
Resisting Urges to Self-Injure
Authors: Klonsky E. David , Glenn Catherine R.
Published: February 2008

The present study explored whether and how self-injurers attempt to resist urges to harm themselves. Participants were 39 young adults with a history of skin cutting and other non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors. A structured interview assessed the prevalence and perceived helpfulness of 48 methods for resisting self-injurious urges. Ninety percent of participants indicated that they had made efforts to resist urges to self-injure. These individuals had used an average of 16 different methods, and reported that they were successful in resisting the urges most of the time. “Keeping busy” and “Being around friends” were the most common methods used to resist self-injurious urges. However, “Doing sports or exercise” and “Removing the means/instruments typically used to self-harm from the home” were rated as being the most helpful for resisting self-injurious urges. Findings have implications for enhancing treatment and guiding future research.
Estimated longevity and changes in spirituality in the context of advanced congestive heart failure
Authors: Park Crystal L.
Published: February 2008

Objective:

To examine (1) advanced congestive heart failure (CHF) patients' estimates of their longevity and changes in these estimates over time; (2) clinical, functional, and psychological adjustment correlates of these longevity estimates; and (3) correspondence of changes in longevity and changes in multiple dimensions of spirituality over time.

Methods:

Longitudinal questionnaire-based study of 111 patients diagnosed with severe CHF assessed at two time points separated by 6 months.

Results:

Nearly half of the participants estimated their longevity as at least 5–10 years, and there was very little change in estimates across the assessment periods. Longevity estimates were minimally related to clinical or functional indicators, but longer estimates were related to fewer depressive symptoms and higher levels of life satisfaction. Multivariate regression analyses indicated that shifting longevity estimates toward less time or toward uncertainty was related to increases in religious life meaning and forgiveness and to decreased spiritual struggle over the 6-month interval. No effects were observed for daily spiritual experiences.

Significance of results:

Because very little is known about how individuals estimate their remaining life span, these results establish information regarding their basis (i.e., not clinical or functional) and stability, at least in the context of advanced heart failure. In addition, the notion that individuals become more spiritual as they perceive the approach of death was borne out in terms of multiple aspects of spirituality.
The surrogate's experience in authorizing a do not resuscitate order
Authors: Handy Catherine M. , Sulmasy Daniel P. , Merkel Cindy K. , Ury Wayne A.
Published: February 2008

Objective:

Little is known about the subjective experience of surrogates who authorize do not resuscitate (DNR) orders. This experience seems especially acute in settings such as New York State, where patients and surrogates generally give written consent for DNR orders. The goal of this study is to investigate the subjective and emotional experience of surrogates who authorize DNR orders in this setting.

Methods:

A qualitative, phenomenological research design was used. Surrogates of patients on the medical service were approached no earlier than 1 day and no later than 7 days after authorizing a DNR order. The interview guide was open-ended and included general prompts. Interviews were taped and transcribed. Researchers then coded the transcripts and examined the data for clusters of themes. They then met to discuss and recode disagreements.

Results:

Saturation was met after 10 subjects were interviewed. The following major surrogate themes were found: (1) Signing a DNR order is a process, not an isolated act. (2) The presence or absence of good quality communication and psychological support from health care personnel are among the most important factors in this process. (3) The process of signing a DNR order can raise many negative emotions including guilt, ambivalence, and conflict. (4) Prior discussions, documents such as living wills, and consensus among family members make it easier to determine the patient's wishes and carry them out by signing the DNR. (5) The surrogates believed that signing a DNR order is a prerequisite to obtaining adequate opioid analgesia.

Significance of results:

The experience of authorizing a DNR order is a complex and emotional decision-making process. Evidence of the patient's prior wishes and support from health care personnel make the process easier. It is disconcerting that surrogates viewed DNR orders as a prerequisite to obtaining relief for a patient's pain or suffering.
Clinical experience of the modified nurse-assisted screening and psychiatric referral program
Authors: Shimizu Ken , Akizuki Nobuya , Akechi Tatsuo , Okamura Masako , Oba Akira , Shimamoto Masaya , Inagaki Masatoshi , Uchitomi Yosuke
Published: February 2008

Objective:

We previously reported that the nurse-assisted screening and psychiatric referral program (NASPRP) facilitated the psychiatric treatment of depressive patients, but the high refusal rate was a problem even though referral was recommended by the nurse to all positively screened patients. We modified the program so that the nurses could judge the final eligibility of referral using the result of the screening. This study assessed if the modified NASPRP led to more psychiatric referral of depressive patients.

Method:

We retrospectively evaluated the annual change of the psychiatric referral proportion and compared the findings among the usual care term, the NASPRP term, and the modified NASPRP terms.

Results:

The referral proportions of the modified NASPRP terms were 4.4% and 3.9%. These were not significantly higher than the usual care term (2.5%), and significantly lower than the NASPRP term (11.5%).

Significant of results:

The modified NASPRP did not facilitate psychiatric treatment of depressive patients and another approach is needed.
A case of respiratory akathisia in a cancer patient: A case report
Authors: Sunakawa Yu , Wada Makoto , Nishida Tomomi , Wada MEI , Araki Kazuhiro , Endo Hisashi , Nagashima Fumio , Ichikawa Wataru , Miya Toshimichi , Onishi Hideki , Narabayashi Masaru , Sasaki Yasutsuna
Published: February 2008

Objective:

It has been reported that akathisia is a neurological side effect induced by antiemetic drugs and/or antipsychotics. Akathisia can occur in any area of the body, but respiratory akathisia is an unusual type of akathisia. Cases of respiratory akathisia in cancer patients taking antiemetic drugs have not previously been reported.

Methods:

We report on a case of a cancer patient taking prochlorperazine as an antiemetic drug who experienced dyspnea accompanied by severe restlessness associated with respiration. By administration of biperiden, his restlessness in respiration and dyspnea promptly disappeared.

Results:

This finding led us to conclude that this cancer patient was experiencing respiratory akathisia.

Significance of results:

Respiratory akathisia is uncommon. It is important for cancer patients that dyspnea induced by disease progression be ruled out as a cause of the respiratory restlessness. It is necessary to consider the possibility of akathisia in patients that complain of vague anxiety, chest discomfort, or dyspnea following antipsychotic medication.
Evidence-based indications for thrombophilia screening
Authors: Lindhoff-Last  , Luxembourg
Published: February 2008

Thrombophilic defects have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis, fetal loss, and gestational complications. The knowledge about the clinical relevance of thrombophilic defects is increasing, and evidence-based indications for thrombophilia screening are therefore discussed in this review. Selective thrombophilia screening based on previous personal and/or family history of venous thromboembolism is more cost-effective than universal screening in all patient groups evaluated. In the majority of patients with acute venous thrombosis, the results of thrombophilia screening do not influence the duration of oral anticoagulation. The only patient population who clearly profits from thrombophilia screening in this situation are patients with a newly diagnosed antiphospholipid syndrome, because prolonged anticoagulation can avoid the high incidence of recurrence in this patient population. Because of the increased risk of venous thrombosis during pregnancy and the puerperium, thrombophilia screening is indicated in selected patients with a previous history of venous thrombosis or a positive family history. Significant associations with early and late pregnancy loss are observed for carriers of the heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation, the heterozygous prothrombin-mutation G20210A and anticardiolipin antibodies, while protein S deficiency is significantly associated with late pregnancy loss. Antithrombotic drugs like UFH, LMWH or low-dose aspirin may have a potential therapeutic benefit in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and thrombophilia, but placebo-controlled, multicenter trials are urgently needed to clarify this issue. Although a supra-additive effect for the risk of venous thrombosis is observed between oral contraceptives and some thrombophilias, the absolute incidence of venous thromboembolism is low in premenopausal women and mass screening strategies are therefore unlikely to be effective. While antiphospholipid antibodies are known to be associated with arterial thrombosis, screening for heritable thrombophilias is not useful in arterial thrombosis, although subgroup analysis indicates that they may play a role particularly in young patients and children.
Superficial vein thrombophlebitis – serious concern or much ado about little?
Authors: Blättler  , Schwarzenbach  , Largiadèr
Published: February 2008

Superficial vein thrombophlebitis (SVTP) appears in two distinct forms: varicose vein thrombophlebitis (TP) represents the principal cause. It is characterized by a large thrombus in a varicose vein and a modest inflammatory process localized in the vessel surrounding but not in its wall. Rarely, SVTP affects a non-varicose vein. Abundant intima proliferation and media fibrosis with non-important thrombosis are the hallmark of this form which may be associated with a systemic disease. Although SVTP is perceived as trivial and benign coexistence of (mostly distal) deep venous thrombosis (DVT), propagation to popliteal or femoral DVT, and even pulmonary embolism (PE) have been reported. Data for prevalence vary greatly: 6–53% for coexistence, 2.6–15% for propagation, and 0–33% for (asymptomatic) PE. Risk factors for these complications are those known for DVT. SVTP is diagnosed in a clinical setting but ultrasonography is useful to check for concomitant DVT. Anticoagulant treatment is mandatory if DVT is present and thrombectomy should be considered in cases of thrombus propagation into the deep veins. Historical therapy of uncomplicated SVTP consists of compression with bandages or stockings and local or systemic anti-inflammatory agents. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has been given in high-prophylactic doses and found equally effective when compared with anti-inflammatory agents and full-therapeutic dose LMWH. Prophylactic saphenous vein ligation alone was found less effective than conservative therapy. Ligation combined with stripping proved the potential of eliminating at once all problems associated with SVTP but was associated with a complication rate of 10% or higher. Careful patient selection and saphenous vein thrombectomy prior to stripping may be the clue for better results.
Lymphoedema and lipoedema of the extremities
Authors: Kröger
Published: February 2008

Lymphoedema is a clinical manifestation of an impaired lymphatic drainage with accumulation of lymphatic fluid. Lipoedema is characterized by bilateral enlargement of the legs and / or arms due to abnormal deposition of fatty tissue, which accumulates fluid. Conservative treatment including compressions garments and lymphatic drainage is suitable to prevent ongoing clinical deterioration although both diseases cannot be cured. The ability to properly diagnose lymphoedema and lipoedema is crucial to prevent the significant morbidity and loss of quality of life that is associated with this condition. It is imperative that patients with lymphoedema are referred to specially trained healthcare professionals to ensure optimal treatment. Continuous therapy with strict compliance of the patients is essential, and premature interruption is the most frequent mistake. Lipoedema is a different entity but patients are still fighting for acceptance. The mutual relation of lipoedema and obesity and the poor knowledge of the underlying mechanisms limit the acceptance of lipoedema as a relevant disease.
Surgery of inferior vena cava associated malignant tumor lesions
Authors: Eder  , Halloul  , Meyer  , Huth  , Lippert
Published: February 2008

Background: Tumor lesions of the inferior vena cava (IVC) can originate from the vein or can develop by malignant tumor infiltration from the surrounding tissue. In this context, particular attention should be paid to tumor lesions with pegs into or within the IVC. The aim of this series of a single surgical center was to analyze the perioperative management, the individual-specific and -adapted surgical technique, as well as the outcome including prognostic considerations in IVC-associated malignant tumor lesions. Patients and methods: Over a 6-year time period, all consecutive patients with IVC-associated malignant tumor lesions and their patient- and finding-specific characteristics were registered, data and parameters of the diagnostic and therapeutic management were documented, and both the short- and long-term outcomes (complication rate, perioperative morbidity/mortality, tumor recurrence rate, survival) were assessed with periodic follow-up investigations. Results: Overall, 12 patients were enrolled in the study from 1/1/2001–31/12/2006: 6 primary IVC-tumors (leiomyosarcomas, 50%) and 6 secondary IVC-tumors (2 retroperitoneal tumor lesions, 16.7%, 3 renal cell carcinomas 25% and 1 carcinoma of the adrenal gland, 8.3%). 4 of the secondary tumors had pegs into the IVC. The R0 resection rate was 83%. The perioperative morbidity was 33%; whereas, the hospital mortality was 8.3% (n = 1). Surgical reconstruction of IVC was achieved in each case (100%). There was a mean postoperative observation period of 20 months (range, 1–58 months). Complete follow-up documentation was obtained for all of the patients (100%). Three patients experienced recurrent tumor growth (27.5% out of n = 11). While the overall mortality through the follow up observation period was 27.5%, the tumor-specific mortality was 16%. Conclusions: The primary surgical aim is R0 resection to provide a long-term outcome with no tumor recurrence including the reconstruction of the IVC based on a reasonable risk-to-benefit ratio. The favorable outcome of this case series demonstrates that IVC-associated tumor lesions can be approached if there is an appropriate expertise of the surgical team, a sufficient perioperative management and an adequate financial background with a reasonable survival rate. The variable prognosis of the various tumor lesions depends on tumor entity, stage, resection status and individual risk factors.
Hemodialysis access surgery – Is there an increased risk of acquiring hepatitis C virus compared to other elective vascular interventions?
Authors: Assadian  , Assadian  , Holak  , Watkins-Riedel  , Senekowitsch  , Kovarik  , Hagmüller
Published: February 2008

To evaluate whether dedicated access surgeons might have a significantly higher risk of acquiring hepatitis C infection compared to other vascular surgeons by assessing the prevalence of hepatitis C patients who are on chronic hemodialysis and to compare the frequency to patients undergoing elective vascular interventions. Patients and methods: A retrospective chart and data analysis of all patients on chronic hemodialysis was conducted. As a comparative group, the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies and positive HCV RNA PCR among patients admitted for elective vascular surgery was assessed. Results: Of 285 patients on chronic hemodialysis, 202 (71%) were had both tests (antibody test for HCV and specific HCV RNA PCR testing). 5% (n = 11; CI95 = 3–10%) were antibody positive, and 4% (n = 8; CI95 = 2–8%) were also PCR positive and therefore infectious. One patient was acutely infected. Of 4963 vascular surgical patients, 1141 (23%) had an anti-HCV antibody ELISA test and specific HCV RNA PCR testing. 0.4% (n = 4; CI95 = 0.1–1%) were antibody positive and 0.2% (n = 2; CI95 = 0.03–0.7%) were also PCR positive and hence infectious. No acutely infected patient was detected in this population. The chance of operating on a HCV positive and infectious patient among hemodialysis patients was almost 27 times higher than among elective vascular surgical patients (P < 0.0001; OR = 26.56; CI95 = 5.42–253.40). Conclusions: Dedicated hemodialysis access surgeons have a higher risk to acquire hepatitis C infection compared to vascular surgeons performing all other elective vascular surgical interventions. To identify early infected surgeons operating on high risk HCV patient collectives and to start rapid treatment, PCR testing at regular intervals would be advisable.
Symptomatic bilateral carotid artery stenoses 7 years after coronary artery bypass surgery in a young patient with familial hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Tok  , Güvener  , Çekirge  , Pasaoglu
Published: February 2008

We present a patient suffering from homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, who developed coronary artery disease in the age of 15 treated with three vessels coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) operation. 7 years after CABG surgery symptomatic bilateral carotid artery stenoses were observed. Both internal carotid arteries were stented. The combination of pharmacologic therapy with life-long LDL-apheresis is the current treatment of choice.
Rôle de l´angiologue
Authors: Depairon M.
Published: February 2008

Ulzera der unteren Extremität sind meistens vaskulärer Natur und treten als Komplikation einer oft schon lange bestehenden venösen oder arteriellen Pathologie oder einer Störung der Mikrozirkulation auf. Diagnostisch weisen der Aspekt des Ulkus, dessen Lokalisation, der Zustand des umgebenden Gewebes und die Durchblutung der betroffenen Extremität auf die vaskuläre Ursache hin.
Insuffisance veineuse chronique stade III: Prise en charge physiothérapeutique
Authors: Larcinese A. , Giordano F. , Tomson D.
Published: February 2008

Das venöse Ulkus steht am Ende eines langen pathologischen Prozesses, dessen Hauptursache die venöse Stase ist. Der Physiotherapeut kann mittels verschiedener Behandlungen nicht nur die vaskulären Störungen der betroffenen Patienten gezielt angehen sondern auch deren Gelenk- und respiratorischen Probleme.
Vorzeitige koronare Herzkrankheit
Authors: Stierle-Wirz C. , Zimmerli L.
Published: February 2008

Bei einem sportlichen 49-jährigen Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit zeigt sich in der Familienanamnese ein gehäuftes Auftreten kardiovaskulärer Ereignisse. In weiteren Abklärungen können bei den drei Kindern des Patienten Dyslipidämien diagnostiziert werden. Beim Indexpatienten kann eine heterozygote Mutation des Apolipoprotein B-100 gefunden werden.Bei Patienten mit einer prämaturen koronaren Herzkrankheit sollte die Familienanamnese genau erhoben und insbesondere nach Dyslipidämien gesucht werden.
80-jährige Patientin mit Mumps?
Authors: Batard-Pampuch B.
Published: February 2008

Beim «Jodmumps» handelt es sich um eine bilaterale Parotisschwellung, die 1–2 Tage nach Gabe von jodhaltigem Kontrastmittel auftritt. Sie ist bedingt durch eine jodinduzierte Sialadenitis der Parotis- und z.T. Submandibularoder Sublingnaldrüsen. Die Symptome sind innerhalb einer Woche spontan regredient, selten tritt als Komplikation eine periphere Fazialisparese auf. Therapeutische Möglichkeiten sind Steroide oder Antihistaminika, insbesondere bei kutaner Begleitvaskulitis. Eine Diagnosestellung verhindert zusätzliche Abklärungen.
Precipitation thresholds for CO2 uptake in grass and shrub plant communities on Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed
Authors: Emmerich William E. , Verdugo Charmaine L.
Published: February 2008

In semiarid ecosystems, precipitation is the major driving force for carbon uptake and subsequent plant growth. The hypothesis for this study was that the timing, frequency, and precipitation amount would produce different precipitation thresholds for uptake of carbon dioxide in grass and shrub plant communities. Eight years of precipitation data were used to determine the amount needed for carbon dioxide uptake thresholds in spring and summer seasons. Bowen ratio energy balance systems were used to measure carbon dioxide and moisture fluxes. In spring at the shrub site, close to or above long‐term average spring precipitation of 59 mm was required to produce an uptake response. At the grass site a minimum of 23 mm was needed to produce an uptake response, which was much less than the long‐term precipitation average of 68 mm. At both sites, spring or multiple summer responses reduced the threshold values for a summer response. Summer threshold ranges for the shrub site were 57–94 mm with a spring response and 123–140 mm without. Grass site summer thresholds were 51–95 mm with a spring response and 80–148 mm without. Summer precipitation threshold values were higher than spring values relating to the high summer evapotranspiration demand. The influence and variability of precipitation timing and frequency on carbon dioxide uptake threshold values resulted in no definitive conclusions as to differences between the grass and shrub plant communities, except that the grass site had slightly lower thresholds. Precipitation timing and frequency influence on total carbon uptake in some situations were more important than total precipitation. The lower grass site threshold values, along with a shift in climate toward more frequent and smaller precipitation events, may give grass ecosystems a competitive growth advantage.
Derived operating rules for a reservoir operation system: Comparison of decision trees, neural decision trees and fuzzy decision trees
Authors: Wei Chih‐Chiang , Hsu Nien‐Sheng
Published: February 2008

This article compares the decision‐tree algorithm (C5.0), neural decision‐tree algorithm (NDT) and fuzzy decision‐tree algorithm (FIDs) for addressing reservoir operations regarding water supply during normal periods. The conventional decision‐tree algorithm, such as ID3 and C5.0, executes rapidly and can easily be translated into if‐then‐else rules. However, the C5.0 algorithm cannot discover dependencies among attributes and cannot treat the non‐axis‐parallel class boundaries of data. The basic concepts of the two algorithms presented are: (1) NDT algorithm combines the neural network technologies and conventional decision‐tree algorithm capabilities, and (2) FIDs algorithm extends to apply fuzzy sets for all attributes with membership function grades and generates a fuzzy decision tree. In order to obtain higher classification rates in FIDs, the flexible trapezoid fuzzy sets are employed to define membership functions. Furthermore, an intelligent genetic algorithm is utilized to optimize the large number of variables in fuzzy decision‐tree design. The applicability of the presented algorithms is demonstrated through a case study of the Shihmen Reservoir system. A network flow optimization model for analyzing long‐term supply demand is employed to generate the input‐output patterns. Findings show superior performance of the FIDs model in contrast with C5.0, NDT and current reservoir operating rules.
HiRISE observations of fractured mounds: Possible Martian pingos
Authors: Dundas Colin M. , Mellon Michael T. , McEwen Alfred S. , Lefort Alexandra , Keszthelyi Laszlo P. , Thomas Nicolas
Published: February 2008

Early images from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera have revealed small fractured mounds in the Martian mid‐latitudes. HiRISE resolves fractures on the mound surfaces, indicating uplift, and shows that the mound surface material resembles that of the surrounding landscape. Analysis of Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images shows that in Utopia Planitia the mounds lie almost exclusively between 35–45°N. This range coincides with the peak‐abundance latitudes of several landforms attributed to ground water or ice, including gullies, and suggests a ground ice‐related origin. The best terrestrial analogues for the observed mound morphology are pingos, although some differences are noted. The presence of uncollapsed pingos would indicate the presence of near‐surface ground ice in the Martian mid‐latitudes, at depths greater than the ∼1 meter sampled by orbital spectrometers. Pingo formation may require near‐surface liquid water, which is consistent with a shallow groundwater model for the origin of gullies.
Coseismic and early postseismic slip for the 2003 Tokachi‐oki earthquake sequence inferred from GPS data
Authors: Miyazaki Shin'ichi , Larson Kristine M.
Published: February 2008

Early afterslip following the 2003 Tokachi‐oki earthquake is investigated using subdaily GPS time series. Afterslip results are compared with the coseismic slip for the M8 mainshock and the M7.4 aftershock. Afterslip between those two earthquakes is inferred at the southwestern adjacent region of the mainshock, between two epicentral regions, which possibly triggered the aftershock in the southwest. Subsequently, deeper slip occurs. The afterslip loci are distinct from the rupture regions. The non‐uniform propagation of afterslip may reflect the depth‐dependence of the effective normal stress and the distance between the closest unstable slip patches.