bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF IRISH POTATO (Solanum tuberasum) PRODUCTION UNDER IRRIGATION SYS- TEM IN KATSINA METROPOLIS, KATSINA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KATSINA STATE
Authors: SANI U. , ABDULLAHI Z. A. , ZEKERI M.
Published: July 2021

A survey on economics analysis of Irish Potato (Solanum tuberasum) Production under irrigation sys- tem in Katsina Metropolis Katsina Local Government Area was carried out. Six communities were purposively selected due to the production of Irish potato. The communities were Kofar Sauri, Kofar Durbi, Kofar Marusa, Filin Samji, Rafukka and Yammawa. A simple random sampling was employed in selecting the farmers were by ten (10) farmers were randomly selected from each community which gave a total of sixty respondents. The data were obtained using structured questionnaire and sub- jected to descriptive statistics, gross margin and net farm income analysis. The research describes the socio economic characteristic of the respondents in which the respondents were within the mean age of 41 years. The result also showed hundred percent of the respondents were male, 66.6% were mar- ried, 30%, 31.6%, 33.3% and 5% had qur«¤??anic, primary, secondary and tertiary education respectively. The result also showed that 90% of the respondents«¤?? source their initial income for production of Irish potato from personal saving and 48.3% source information from mass media. The research also de- scribed the production characteristic of the respondents were majority (51.6%) cultivate 0.2-0.4ha, 81.6% acquired their land by inheritance, 88.3% practice sole cropping and 48.3% used family labor. Net Farm Income analysis revealed that Irish potato production in the study area is profitable with Net Farm Income of N5798.83, «¤?¢Ã21555.35 and «¤?¢Ã65399.48 for 0.2-0.4ha, 0.5-0.7ha and 0.8-1ha. The result further reveals that manure and fuel contributed toward the output for 0.2-0.4ha, manure, fuel, water and labour contributed for 0.5-0.7ha and manure, water and labour for 0.8-1ha. The result also identified some constraints to Irish potato production such as inadequate fertilizer, poor storage facili- ties, pest and diseases, inadequate extension advice, poor canal maintenance, inadequate capital, poor cooperation, adulteration of farm input, and marketing problem. Conclusively, net farm income result shows that Irish potato production is profitable in the study area. It is recommended that re- search into way of improving the method of storage should be promoted.
RISK PERCEPTION AMONG FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN NORTH CENTRAL REGION OF NIGERIA: A LOWER PARTIAL MOMENT APPROACH
Authors: BWALA M. A. , ROSAINE Y. , BAUER S.
Published: July 2021

This study investigated the perception of production and price risk by farm households and the factors that influence their level of perception in North Central Nigeria. The study attempted to capture the opinion of farmers about the quantity of crops they expect to harvest at the end of the season, and the prices they also expect for each of the crop cultivated. It was confirmed that the households do have an opinion for the quantity of crops outputs cultivated and also for the price they expect at the end of every season. The study established that farm households do give negative allowances regarding the quantity expected of a crop for a particular land cultivated, this is also true for prices expected. In other words farm households were found to be aware of the possibility that the final output they get from their farming activity may not commensurate with the inputs invested and so therefore expect less than what should be the potential. Furthermore, it was discovered that household crop specific risk percep- tion varies within the region. Majority of the farm households perceived higher price risks for sorghum, rice, and yam crops.
HAZARD ANALYSIS CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS OF FARMYARD PRODUCTION OF WARA «¤?? A POPULAR NIGERIAN CATTLE MILK FOOD
Authors: OGUNSHE A. A.O. , ADEOLA A. A. , ADETUNJI V. O.
Published: July 2021

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points of the production methods of farmyard-processed Nigerian wara were determined using survey studies and oral interviews. Low to moderate sources of microbial hazards included boiling of fresh cowmilk containing Calotropis procera extracts, transfering of moulded wara into boiled cowmilk whey, included addition of crushed Calotropis procera leaves and stem to fresh cowmilk and transporting wara to market for sale and packaging of wara for sale. High sources of microbial hazards were manual milking of several cows to obtain fresh milk samples, and collection of milk samples from different cows in same containers. Significant preventive control of the identified microbial hazards for wara were- keeping of cows in hygienic farmyards, non-milking of mas- titic / ill cows, proper hygiene by food handlers, usage of clean processing materials, wholesome wa- ter samples and hygienic processing conditions. There is need for effective HACCP for quality control and assurance of farmyard-produced Nigerian wara.
CHALLENGES FACING UNDERGRADUATES ON THE USE OF LIBRARY SERVICES: A CASE STUDY ON FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA
Authors: LASODE A. O. , YUSUF F. A. , KOIKI A. B.
Published: July 2021

This study investigated the challenges facing undergraduates on the use of library services in Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB). The objectives were to assess the attitude and level of satisfaction of undergraduates as well as the challenges they face on the use of library services. This study adopted the descriptive survey design. The sample of 180 respondents, who were undergradu- ates, was randomly selected from all Colleges of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. The instrument used to elicit responses from the respondents was a questionnaire designed by the authors while descriptive statistic was employed to analyse the data. Findings of this study revealed that ma- jority of the respondents (55.00%) agreed that there is enough space in the library, 75.00% agreed that there is adequate number of staff in the library, 76.67% agreed that there are spacious shelves to house books, and 85.00% agreed that the library is conducive for learning. On the other hand, majority of the respondents (64.45%) disagreed that the library has current textbooks and 83.89% disagreed that the internet services in the library are accessible. Students«¤?? attitude towards the use of library varied, majority of the respondents (78.33%) agreed that the library is meant for reading or studying and not only during examination period. The major challenges identified by undergraduates in the use of the library services are inadequate up-to-date books in the library and tight academic schedules of students while the minor challenges include poor infrastructural facilities and insufficient space to ac- commodate users. It was recommended that libraries should ensure that adequate orientation and training are given to students on the use of the library services.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD RESPONSE OF SOME UPLAND RICE VARIETIES TO RE-WATERING AFTER IMPOSED SOIL MOISTURE STRESS
Authors: SAKARIYAWO O. S. , OLAGUNJU S. O. , ATAYESE M. O. , OKELEYE K. A. , SOREMI P. A.S., , ADERIBIGBE S. G. , OKONJI C. J. , OYEKANMI A. A.
Published: July 2021

A pot experiment was conducted in the Screen house of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, October, 2011 (late dry season) to study drought recovery ability of 13 upland rice varieties exposed to soil moisture stress (20 days) at three growth stages (vegetative, reproductive and grain filling stage). The experiment was in completely randomized design, with three replicates. Under moisture stress significantly higher growth recovery, more erect canopy and flatter leaf surface were obtained in all the rice varieties at vegetative growth stage than other growth stages with increasing duration of re-watering. Under stress condition NERICA 4 maintained a significantly higher leaf area (27.50 cm2 and 40.18 cm2), plant height (53.45 cm and 67.62 cm) and number of tillers (1.67 and 1.67), but with a depressed number of leaf, slanted leaf posture and curved leaf especially during the later stage of its growth (Reproductive and grain filling stage respectively). It could be concluded that NERICA 4 had higher recovery ability than other rice varieties in drought prone upland ecology.
CONTRIBUTION OF PERI-URBAN FORESTS TO NEIGHBOURHOOD LIVELIHOODS IN ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: SOAGA J. A. , ADEDOKUN M. O. , SEGBENU S. N.
Published: July 2021

The study examined the contribution of peri-urban forest to neighbourhood livelihoods in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Stratified sampling technique was adopted for the study. Four strata represent-ing different communities were selected; Ajegule, Ibode Olude, Ilugun Titun and Mawuko. From each stratum, twenty five respondents were randomly selected with a total of 100 respondents from the neighbourhood. Questionnaire was used as the instrument of data collection. The result showed that poverty line was N8,871.41 monthly and 41% of the respondents were categorised as poor (Poverty incidence). Household assets acquisition as poverty indicator showed that majority of the respondents could not afford luxury items such as cars (89%), generators (71%) and electric cookers (99%). Liveli-hood activities identified in peri-urban forest with respondents distribution were firewood collection 24%, wages 24%, snail gathering 7%, medicinal leaves collection 5%, hunting 8%, teak leaves collec-tion 21% and geological materials extraction 11%. The earnings and income shares by source indi-cated that forest contributed 17% of total income in Ajegunle, 15% in Ibode Olude, 18% in Ilugun Titun and 15% in Mawuko. This showed the contribution of peri-urban forest to welfare of the respondents in the neighbourhood. Consequently, it is recommended that conservation efforts must increase through forest policy for peri-urban forests coupled with adult literacy for adequate education to reduce de-pendence on forests in peri-urban areas to enable the forest impact positively through eco-services on the lives of residents in the locality.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INCOME AND POVERTY STATUS OF WOMEN IN KOKORO (CORN SNACK) PRODUCTION AND ARABLE CROPS PRODUCTION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: KOLADE V. O. , SOAGA J. A. , MOMOH S. , ADEGBITE D. A. , ELEMO K. A.
Published: July 2021

The study analyzed the poverty status of women producing Kokoro (Corn snack) and women producing arable crops in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 208 respondents made up of 106 women producing Kokoro (Corn snack) and 102 women producing arable crops to serve as control group were selected. The respondents were selected based on non- probability method. Purposive sampling technique with Snowball method was used. Data were obtained by structured interview schedule. Data collected were analysed using FGT poverty index, costs and return and t-test statistics. The results indicated that 34.9kg of maize were processed into 128 dozens of Kokoro (Corn snack) per production run over an average of five (5) days, with six (6) production runs per month for nine months for the period of the research. The mean Kokoro (Corn snack) production cost was N42, 769.41/ respondent/ month with average revenue of N92, 253.60/ respondent/ month and net income of N49, 484.19/ respondent/ month. Income from Kokoro (Corn snack) production accounted for 53.4% of the total household income of N721,323.67 of an average woman engaged in Kokoro (Corn snack) production while farm income  accounted for 67.9% of the total household income of N418, 935.10 of an average woman producing arable crops. The study also revealed that households of Kokoro (Corn snack) producers had mean per capita household income of N282.32 per person per day which was significantly higher (p<0.01) than those of women producing arable crops, N191.29 per person per day. Thus Kokoro (Corn snack) production has the potentials to enhance income and reduce poverty among households of rural women. The study thus recommends promotion of value- adding activities, such as maize processing into Kokoro as a means of enhancing income and reduces poverty among the rural folks.
PRICE INTEGRATION AND TRANSMISSION OF FOOD GRAINS MARKETS IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA (2004-2013)
Authors: ADEKUNLE C. P.
Published: July 2021

The success of market reforms in developing countries depends to a large extent on the strength of price signals transmitted between different level of markets reflecting extent of market integration and extent to which markets function efficiently. Market integration is an indicator that efficiency exists within the flow of information between markets. This study examined price  integration and transmission of food grains markets in Southwest, Nigeria. Time series data of rural and urban retail prices of local and imported rice, cowpea and maize between 2004 to 2013 were obtained from the Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) Offices in selected States. The degree of price transmission was analyzed within the framework of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test results revealed that the price series were stationary at first difference.  Johansen cointegration results showed that even though two Cointegrating Equations (CEs) exist between linear combinations, some stable long run equilibrium relationships exist among the price series. The study concluded that  Rural Price of Local Rice in Lagos State (RPLRLS), Rural Price of Cowpea in Oyo State (RPCOYS) and Rural Price of Maize in Lagos State (RPMLS) occupied the leadership position in price formation and transmission. The study therefore, recommended that policy measures aimed at increasing consumption of local rice, cowpea and maize be implemented, in identifying the leader markets.
GENDER ANALYSIS OF ASSET DISTRIBUTION AND CHILDREN’S SCHOOLING AMONG RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OYEDEPO E. O. , AFOLAMI C. A. , AFOLAMI C. A. , OBAYELU A. E.
Published: July 2021

There is growing evidence that the gender distribution of wealth matters especially considering the fact that asset ownership is related to wellbeing, women empowerment and poverty alleviation. Not much is known about the gender distribution of wealth in the rural areas in Ogun state, Nigeria. This study assessed gender and asset distribution in Ogun State, South-west Nigeria using cross-sectional data collected from a total of 260 households selected through a five stage sampling procedure. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis. The findings from the study shows that an average rural household in the sample was made up of six persons and households were predominantly headed by males (88%). The mean worth of households’ physical assets was ₦1,402,791.00, about 15% of which was owned by women. The ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis revealed that women’s share of assets had a positive influence (P<0.05) on the number of years of formal education completed by children below eighteen years. The education of father and mother were also significant at (P < 0.05) and (P < 0.01) respectively and these show that children have longer access to education when parents have at least secondary school education. Some identified constraints to women asset ownership in the study area were lack of capital (67%), domestic challenges (65%), cultural barriers to female inheritance (56%), and unemployment (52%). Based on these findings it is recommended that women should be encouraged to own more assets so as to be able to positively affect their children’s welfare in terms of education. The economic situation of women can be enhanced by promoting their access to productive assets through indigenous savings and credit associations. The rural households should further be exposed to awareness talks through extension agents stressing the values of education to all in our contemporary world.
ASSESSMENT OF RURAL CHILDREN’S INVOLVEMENT IN FISHERY ACTIVITIES IN OGUN WATERSIDE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: ASHIMOLOWO O. R. , AWOTUNDE E. D. , OJEBIYI W. G. , OOSE M. O.
Published: July 2021

The study assessed rural children’s involvement in fishery activities in Ogun waterside Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Eighty rural children were sampled from four fishing communities across two wards in the LGA through the use of multistage sampling technique. Data were collected with structured interview schedule. The study identified fishery activities involved in by rural children, determined their level of involvement, identified their educational activities and also identified reasons for children’s involvement in fishery activities. The results indicated that majority of the rural children were male (71.25%) with mean age of 14 years, Christians (61.25%) and had large household sizes between 6 and 10 persons (77.50%).Smoking of fish (96.25%), fish catching (93.75%), firewood gathering (92.5%) and selling of fish (88.75%) were some of the fishery activities involved in by rural children. The study also revealed that high level of involvement was observed with fish processing and fish marketing activities. Despite children’s involvement in fishery activities, their educational activities were not affected. The results of Chi-square analysis also showed significant associations between rural children’s involvement in fishing activities (χ2 = 210.772, p<0.05), fish marketing activities (χ2 = 163.547, p<0.05) and their educational activities. The study concludes that if children’s level of involvement in fishery activities is low, their educational performance will not be affected. It is therefore recommended that children’s involvement in fishery activities should only be tailored towards socializing the children and not for children to be exploited through child labour.
SELECTED WELFARE PARAMETERS OF BROILER CHICKENS ON DIFFERENT FEED QUANTITY AND TIME
Authors: BELLO K. O. , BODE-KASEEM T. S. , LALA A. O. , OLADELE S. O. , SOGUNLE O. m. , IREKHORE O. T. , ILORI B. M.
Published: July 2021

This study was conducted to determine welfare of broiler chickens fed ad libitum and restricted feed during early (08.00hour) and late (16:00hour) of the day. One hundred and eighty (21d old) broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 4 treatments in a 2x2 factorial arrangement comprising of ad libitum and restricted feeding (75% of ad libitum) quantity at 8 and 16 hours feeding time in three replicates. Data were collected on leg problem, dust bathing, body temperature, mortality and haematology. Result revealed that neither feed quantity nor time had significant (P>0.05) effect on leg problem, dust bathing and mortality of broiler chickens. Broiler chickens under ad lib feed quantity and 16:00hours feeding time had (P<0.05) highest body temperature (40.93oC) while those under ad libitum morning (08:00hours) recorded the least (40.75°C). Pack Cell Volume had similar (P>0.05) increase from 26.75% at the beginning (21d) to 31.25 (%) at 56d with broiler chickens under restricted feeding and fed at 16:00hours feeding time. Basophil count reduced from a range of 0.5-2% (P<0.05) to 1% (P>0.05) with restricted feeding. Also eosinophil reduced from 2-4% (P<0.05) range to 0-2.5% (P>0.05) with restricted feeding while birds under ad lib increased from 0-1% (P<0.05) at 21d to 2.75% (P>0.05) at 56d. Better welfare (good body temperature) of broiler chicken could be achieved with early feeding time irrespective of quantity. However, restricted feeding could be explored in broiler production where reduced basophil, eosinophil and stress are vital for enhanced welfare and performance.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL AND DEGRADED SAWDUST ON GROWTH AND YIELD CHARACTER OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM SPP)
Authors: AKINTOKUN P. O. , AKINTOKUN A. K. , AWOLUMATE O. A. , OSHO M. R. , OYEBADE B. A. , AMUOFU U. O.
Published: July 2021

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza  and degraded sawdust on growth and yield characters of bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.)  The experiment was 2x4 factorial arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD)) with four replicates. The eight treatments were combinations of two early maturing varieties of bell peppers (PEP and Gombe) and soil amendments (degraded sawdust, Glomus etunicatum and steam sterilized homogenous soil as control (C). The two varieties of bell pepper differed significantly in growth and fruit parameters. Variety Gombe had higher plant  height (22.2cm) and produced more fruits of bell pepper (1.7) than variety PEP inspite of its larger leaf area (23.1cm2) by the latter. The results also showed that soil amendment with degraded sawdust alone and combination with Glomus etunicatum improved the growth parameters such as plant height, stem girth, leaf area as well as numbers of flowers and fruits of bell pepper. The interaction of pepper and soil amendments was significant on all the growth and yield parameters with varieties exhibiting differential reactions to the soil amendment treatments. Soil amendments with degraded sawdust and combination of degraded sawdust with Arbuscular mycorrhiza  had positive effects on the growth and yield characters of both varieties of pepper used (PEP and Gombe).
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF Moringa oleifera AND ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE CHLORIDE IN GREYWATER TREATMENT IN ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.
Authors: ADEKITAN A. A. , MARTINS O. , AWOMESO J. A. , OJEKUNLE Z. O.
Published: July 2021

Two methods of treating water using a natural coagulant and a chemical coagulant were assessed. The natural coagulant was Moringa oleifera seeds (a forest plant) i.e Treatment ‘A’ while the chemical used was Aluminum hydroxide chloride i.e Treatment ‘B’. The aim of this study was to compare the use of a natural coagulant with a chemical coagulant.  Samples were collected at Omida,  Ibara, Mama Cass, Mr Bigg’s and Sidipon village respectively. The filtrate of   Moringa oleifera seed extract was dosed into the greywater sample at 10% dosing range and made to run through a greywater treatment plant while Aluminum Hydroxide Chloride was also dosed at 10% dosing range and made to run through the treatment plant respectively. The greywater treatment plant   is a self designed treatment plant made to treat both water and wastewater. The raw water was firstly analyzed, after which the treated samples were taken to the laboratory for analysis.  Result for the physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis of treatment ‘A’ before and after treatment were as follows: pH (9.3, 9.7), EC (2995, 1175μs), Temperature (27.7, 27.6oc) , TDS (365, 155ppm),  TSS (0.32, 0.30ppm), TS (376, 155ppm), Sulphate (588, 314mg/l), Magnesium (400, 260mg/l), Nitrate (7.5, 6.1mg/l), Phosphate (285, 12mg/l) and total coliform count after treatment is given as (2.8x103 cfu/ml), while that of treatment ‘B’ before and after treatment were as follows: pH(11, 9.9), EC (3000,630), Temperature (27.7, 27.6oc), TDS (0.47, 0.45ppm), TS (416, 320ppm), Sulphate (571, 246mg/l), Magnesium (820,  860mg/l), Nitrate (4.4, 6.0mg/l), Phosphate(169, 6.1mg/l)  the  total coliform count after treatment was  given as ; (3.0x103cfu/ml). One-way Anova test was used to determine differences between results obtained using the two coagulants. The result indicated no significant difference at p=0.05 between the two treatments. Hence, result was further compared with World Health Organization Standard for Drinking Water.  Comparatively, the analysis obtained from water treated with Moringa oleifera was found to be more effective than the chemical coagulant, and can be easily made available for the use of the populace.
ANALYSIS OF NUTRITIONAL LABEL USE ON PACKAGED FOODS AMONG URBAN HOMEMAKERS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OKE F. O. , DIPEOLU O. A. , AKINBODE S. O.
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the type of food label information used by homemakers in Abeokuta while pur- chasing packaged foods and the socio-economic characteristics influencing its usage. Structured questionnaire was use to elicit information from 149 homemakers drawn by multi-stage sampling tech- niques. The study found that majority (87.20%) of the homemakers were females with mean age of 40.2 years. About two-third (65.40%) of the homemakers considered information on food labels before purchasing packaged foods. The most commonly considered food label information was found to be the NAFDAC (National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control) number (63.8%), fol- lowed by the expiry date (59.1 %), brand name (57%), country of manufacture (51.7%) and nutritional facts (51.0%). Results from logit regression models showed that sex, education, marital status, occu- pation, income and health status were the key factors that significantly (p<0.05) influenced nutritional label use.
ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS OF PROFIT FROM COCOA BEANS MARKETING IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: AROWOLO A. O. , SHUAIBU S. M. , SANUSI M. M. , FANIMO D. O.
Published: July 2021

This paper examined the factors that influenced profit from cocoa beans marketing in Ogun State, Nigeria. Fifty (50) cocoa beans marketers were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire designed to solicit information on the socio-economic characteristics of the cocoa beans marketers, their operating costs and return and problems associated with cocoa beans marketing in the study area. Descriptive statistics, marketing margin analysis, gross margin analysis and the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression technique were em-ployed in the analysis of the study data. The study revealed that men (84%) are more involved in co-coa beans marketing than women. Further, the study finds cocoa beans marketing to be a profitable venture in the study area having a gross margin of ₦137,719.27 (US $ 885.51) per month and a mar-keting margin of N40,600 (US $ 261.94). The percentage marketing margin was 34.73% which implies that the cocoa beans marketers realize a margin of 34.76% of the farm price. The result of the OLS regression analysis revealed that cost of transportation, communication cost, volume of cocoa traded and membership of market union are the significant determinants of the profit margin that accrue to the cocoa beans marketer. The identified constraints to cocoa beans marketing in the study area in-clude low quality of cocoa beans, poor transportation facilities and inadequate capital. The study con-cluded that cocoa beans marketing is economically rewarding in the study area. It recommends that the government should help to provide good transportation facilities. Also, agricultural and commercial banks as well as other micro credit financial institutions should assist in providing credit facility to the marketers as this will enable them expand their scope of marketing and consequently improve their profit margin.
MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAIL Archachatina marginata ovum (Pfeiffer) (Pulmonata: Achatinidae) FOUND IN ILE-IFE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA.
Authors: OLA S I. , AKINLADE O. , BAMIDELE G. O.
Published: July 2021

The morphometry of the reproductive organs of the giant African land snail, Archachatina marginata ovum from wild collection at Ile-Ife, southwest Nigeria, was assessed during March - May (early rainy season) and August – October (late rainy season) of 2010. A total 134 snails were dissected and clas-sified into one of five different reproductive states (low mating readiness; high mating readiness; egg production; gravid and post reproductive). The five states were observed in snails collected during the early rainy season, whereas the gravid state was not observed in the collections during late rainy sea-son. Albumen gland was considerably enlarged at egg production state forming about 60 % of the total weight of the reproductive system, while vas deferens was significantly longer in snails at high mating readiness state. The sizes of the reproductive organs were not substantially related to the size of the snail as the coefficient of determination (r2) of the relationship were in most cases below 0.5. The over-all results indicated that variations in the morphology of the reproductive organs of A. marginata ovum are mostly state dependent and less related to the size of the snail and thus could be used reliably to categorise the snails into reproductive states.
HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF Archachatina marginata ovum (GASTROPODA: ACHATINIDAE) AT DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE STATES
Authors: OLA S. I. , AKINLADE O. , ADEYEMI D. O.
Published: July 2021

The histological and histochemical variation in association with morphological variation in the repro-ductive system of Archachatina marginata ovum was the target of this investigation. Forty- five snails were dissected and categorized into 5 different reproductive stages (low mating, high mating, high egg, gravid and post reproductive). The reproductive tracts which include: hermaphroditic duct, albu-men gland, spermoviduct and spermatheca and the ovotestis were processed for histological and histochemical staining. There were some variations in the architecture of the reproductive organs be-tween the active (high mating, high egg and gravid) and non active stages (low mating and post repro-ductive) states. The active states were generally associated with colloidal or granular secretions. Gly-cogen and alkaline phosphatase activities were associated together throughout the epithelium of the reproductive system of A. marginata ovum and they were more strongly indicated in tissues that are intimately connected to the growth and development of gametes. It was concluded that morphological variation in the secreting glands of the reproductive system of A. marginata ovum is closely associated with changes in the functional secretory activities of the glands.
EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF WASTEWATER GENERATED FROM CATFISH PONDS ON THE QUALITY OF SOIL IN LAGOS, NIGERIA
Authors: OMOFUNMI O. E. , ADEWUMI J. .K. , ADISA A .F. , ALEGBELEYE S. O.
Published: July 2021

The study was performed to examine catfish (Clarias gariepinus) effluents on the quality of soil in La-gos State, Nigeria. Five fish farms with highest stock density were selected for evaluation. The soil sampling was collected at 10 metres apart before the effluent discharged site; at the effluent dis-charged site; 10 metres after the effluent discharged site and Non-effluent discharged site (control) denoted as SA, SB, SC and SD respectively. Analysis of the required soil physical and chemical prop-erties were performed at 5 cm depth from 0 – 20 cm. Results showed that the effluents discharged site and Non-effluents discharged site indicated that they contained Temperature (26.5±0.1, 27.5±0.1 oC), pH ( 6.7±0.1, 6.2±0.1), Water Holding Capacity (WHC) (36.4±2.1, 21.4±1.2%), Organic carbon (10.8±0.1, 7.4±0.1 mg/kg), TN (26.4±2.2, 22.4±2.1 mg/kg), TP (7.3±0.1, 6.1±0.1 mg/kg), Potassium (3.4±0.1, 3.1±0.1 mg/kg), Calcium (9.5±0.1, 5.9±0.1 mg/kg), Sodium (1.6±0.1, 0.9±0.1 mg/kg), mag-nesium (8.8±0.1, 7.2±0.1 mg/kg), Zinc (3.3±0.1, 3.0±0.1 mg/kg), Iron (58.7±4.2, 55.8±3.2 mg/kg) and Manganese (23.6±2.3, 21.1±2.2 mg/kg) respectively and were significant different (p≥0.05). Both soil nutrients at the immediate environment of effluents discharged site were within critical range of soil fertility for arable crop production.
FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF SOME FISH SPECIES IN OGUN STATE COASTAL ESTUARY, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: ABDUL W. O. , OMONIYI I. T. , AGBON A. O. , ADEOSUN F. I. , OLOWE O. S. , ADEKOYA E. O.
Published: July 2021

The food and feeding habits of eight (8) fish species Elops lacerta, Chrysichthys auratus, Schilbe mys-tus, Sardinella maderensis, Synodontis schall, Hepsetus odoe, Tilapia zillii and Mugil cephalus in Ogun estuary, Ogun State, Nigeria were studied and estimated for six months, between February and July, 2014. A total of 470 fishes were randomly collected from the commercial fishermen during the study. Results from the stomach contents analysed using frequency of occurrence and numerical methods showed that S. mystus, E. lacerta, S. maderensis, H. odoe, S. schall, T. zillii, M. cephalus and C. auratus were predators, piscivores, herbivores, piscivores, omnivores, herbivores, herbivores and omnivores respectively while H. odoe and S.mystus partly fed on E. lacerta and T. zillii respec-tively. The Diet Breadth (D) ranged from 0.76 to 0.88 and the percentage Gut Repletion Index (GRI), a reflection of frequency of feeding, ranged between 60-100%.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A DEVELOPED PADDLE AERATOR ON CATFISH EFFLUENTS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OMOFUNMI O. E. , ADEWUMI J. K. . , ADISA A. F. , ALEGBELEYE S. O.
Published: July 2021

Catfish production is one of the largest segments of fish culture in Lagos State, Nigeria. However, catfish effluents, which usually deteriorate the environment, need to be controlled. The effect of paddle-wheel aerator in catfish effluent was evaluated. The volume of catfish effluent was collected into two basins and diluted at given ratios. The paddle-wheel aerator was installed in one basin, while another basin served as control in determining the impact of paddle wheel aerator on catfish effluents. Water qualities such as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Ammonia (TNH3) and Nitrite (NO2-N) and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) examined and ana-lysed. Results indicated that paddle-wheel aerator reduced TSS (24.4±1.5 %), TN2-N (53.3±1.2 %) , TNH3-N (65.2±1.2 %) , NO2-N (97.1±1.1 %) , TP (61.8±1.1 %) and BOD5 (54 ±1.5 %). com-pared with natural purification 33.9±1.6 % of TSS, 22.7±1.4 % of TN2-N, 29.3±1.6 % of TNH3-N, 53.9±1.2 % of NO2-N, 21.6±1.5 % of TP and 15.4±1.6 % of BOD5 at the same dilution ratio There were significant different (P ≤0.05) between paddle wheel aerator and natural purification in concen-trations reduction. The paddle wheel aerator was found to be relevant in the water quality improve-ment and thus recommend for small and medium scale fish farmers in controlling effluents.
INFLUENCE OF INTER-ROW SPACING AND WEED CONTROL METHODS IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogeal (L.)
Authors: ADIGUN J. A. , ADEYEMI O. R. , LAGOKE S. T. O., , OLORUNMAIYE P. M. , DARAMOLA O. S. , BABATUNDE A. O.
Published: July 2021

Weed competition has been identified as one of the major obstacles in crop production. The produc-tion of groundnut is limited by high weed infestation resulting in yield losses ranging from 50 - 80% in Nigeria. Hence, the need to evaluate integrated weed control in its production. Field trials were there-fore conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (7o 20’ N, 30 23’ E) to evaluate the influence of inter-row spacing and weed control methods on growth and yield of groundnut during the wet seasons in 2009 and 2010. The experiment was a Randomised Complete Design (RCBD) laid out in a split plot with three replications. The main plot treatment con-sisted of three inter-row spacings of 60 cm, 75 cm and 90 cm while the subplots included five weed control treatments of commercial formulation of metolachlor plus promethyne mixture (codal) at 1.0 kg a.i/ha, codal at 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by supplementary hoe weeding at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS), codal at 2 kg a.i./ha, hoe weeding at 3, 6 and 9 WAS and a weedy check. Inter-row spacings of 60 cm and 75 cm reduced weed growth with consequent higher yields compared to the inter-row spacings of 90 cm in the early season of 2009. Application of codal at 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by supplementary hoe weeding at 6 WAS combined with 60cm inter-row spacing gave effective weed control and higher groundnut pod yield than hoe-weeded control in both years of experimentation.
TUBE GRAFTING REDUCES INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF BACTERIAL WILT IN TWO TOMATO CULTIVARS IN ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA
Authors: GANIYU, A S. , POPOOLA, R A. , ENIKUOMEHIN, A O. , BODUNDE, G J.
Published: July 2021

Bacterial wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum, causes severe loss of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pro-duction in Nigeria. Tube grafting of two tomato cultivars (Beske and UC82-B) on bacterial wilt-resistant tomato landrace rootstock (Tomachiva) was conducted to reduce incidence of bacterial wilt and in-crease the yield in the two cultivars. The experiments were laid in Randomized Complete Block De-sign (RCBD). Percentage incidence and Percentage Severity Index (PSI) of grafted tomato were 0.00% each in the early planting season. Incidence (1.70%) and PSI (1.50%) of grafted tomato were observed in late planting season. Non-grafted tomato had higher significant values of 42.50% and 38.80% in incidence and percentage severity index in late planting season. Grafting on Tomachiva effectively reduced the incidence and severity of bacterial wilt in two cultivars of tomato in southwest Nigeria
CATTLE HANDLING, HYGIENE AND SLAUGHTERING TECHNIQUES IN SELECTED CATTLE MARKETS IN ABEOKUTA AND ENVIRONS, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: FASAE O. A. , BAKARE M. O.
Published: July 2021

The handling, hygiene and slaughtering techniques of cattle in selected cattle markets of Atokun, Randa and Odo-Eran in Abeokuta and environs, Ogun state, Nigeria were assessed. Questionnaires were administered with personal visits to cattle handlers to assess the handling practices and relevant information relating to cattle welfare and slaughtering. Data obtained from this study on the cattle handlers, showed that the literacy level of the rearers and butchers was low, with majority (48.90%) having primary education. The general sanitary conditions at the cattle markets in addition to hygienic practices by the butchers were generally poor. Handling of cattle from the lairage to slaughter slabs was unethical, with the employment of humane practices in the rearing, handling, transporting and slaughtering of cattle rarely observed across the cattle markets. High range of total bacteria count of 6.50 and 8.40 x 105cfu/g and coliform counts of 4.28 to 4.85 x 105cfu/g were observed in the thirty (30) beef samples collected across cattle markets with major isolated organisms being Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp. across the abattoirs under study. Results of this study suggest that the welfare of animals in the selected cattle markets is inadequate due to poor housing facilities, inadequate feeding, low medical attention and low literacy level of handlers as well as indiscriminate slaughtering resulting to contamination of beef cuts of the carcass from which they are derived.
THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE SUITABILITY OF AFRICAN CATFISH EFFLUENT AS IRRIGATION WATER SOURCE IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA
Authors: OMOFUNMI O. E.
Published: July 2021

The reuse of catfish pond effluent by irrigation can make a significant contribution to the integrated management of our water resources. The study was done to evaluate African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) quality pond effluent quality and its suitability for irrigation. Forty (40) samples were collected from five ponds. Physical and chemical parameters of catfish effluent samples from selected earthen ponds were determined in accordance with the American Public Health Association standards. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that there were variations in the chemical constituents of the effluent measured in the selected ponds. The mean values of physical and chemical parameters ranged as pH (6.2 – 8.1), total dissolved solids (140 -307 mg/l); suspended solids (32 – 78 mg/l), electrical conductivity of water (0.21 – 0.48 mmhos/cm), alkalinity (45 – 138 mg/l), total nitrogen (4.5 – 6.9 mg/l), total phosphorus (0.11 – 0.35 mg/l), sodium (11 -31 mg/l), calcium (24.1 – 69.0 mg/l), potassium (0.16 – 0.41 mg/l), magnesium (8.2 -12.0 mg/l), carbonate (8 -40 mg/l), bicarbonate (20 – 95 mg/l), chloride (10.4 – 25.8 mg/l), boron (0.2 – 0.4 mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (4.4 – 8.2 mg/l). All were within acceptable limits. The African catfish effluents in the studied earthen ponds are classified as C1 – S1 water. Hence there are none degree of restriction in the application of catfish effluent for irrigation.
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF MODAL SOIL IN RELATION TO POND CONSTRUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA
Authors: OMOFUNMI O. E. , OLORUNNISOLA O. A.
Published: July 2021

A study was carried out for five weeks to examine physical and chemical parameters of modal soil in selected areas in relation to pond setting and productivity in Lagos State, Nigeria. Physical (water temperature, soil permeability, bulk density and textural) and chemical parameters (pH, nitrogen and phosphorus) were determined according to standard. Results showed that the soil of the study area belongs to four different textural classes: sandy, sandy clay, clay loam and sandy clay loam. The sandy clay was dominant with 38 % proportion, sandy (28 %), sandy loam (28 %) and sandy clay loam was least with 6 % proportion of the prevalent soil textural class in the study area. Soil permeability (6.2 – 24.9 mm/hr) exceeded the permissible value 4mm/hr, Soil bulk density and pH (1.20 – 1.57g/cm3) and (5.3 – 7.3) were within acceptable limits of 1,4g/cm3 and 7.5 respectively. Nitrogen (20.20 – 29.30 ppm) and phosphorus (1.93 – 6.57 ppm) contents for different soil locations were less than the recommended values of 50.0 and 9.0ppm respectively. These results revealed that the soil locations were not suitable for pond construction and productivity. Pond to be built in these areas requires special techniques such as building of clay core, puddle and compaction and application of lime and fertilizer.
DETERMINANTS OF UTILIZATION AND PARTICIPATION IN THE COLLECTION AND SALES OF FOREST PLANT LEAVES IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: IDOWU S. D, , OLUWALANA S. A. , MOMOH S. , OLUWALANA S. A. , IDOWU A. O.
Published: July 2021

Determinants of participation in the collection and sales of forest plant leaves in Ogun state were investigated. Multistage sampling procedure was employed to select three hundred (300) respondents for the study. A structure questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, logit regression and budgetary analysis. The logit regression analysis results showed that the likelihood of utilization of the forest plant leaves is significantly determined by nature of the respondents occupation (farming and NTFPs) and their household size while the likelihood of participation in the collection and sales of forest plant leaves is significantly determined by nearness to the forest plant leaves, income realized from the leaves and gender. Sales of leaves were profitable with an average net profit of N14,179.17/month/respondent. Enlighten programs on forest plant leaves activities as means of livelihood and alleviation of poverty should be embarked upon for rural folks.
DETERMINANTS OF AWARENESS AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR MORINGA LEAVE AS VEGETABLE IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA
Authors: OYEKALE T. O.
Published: July 2021

Moringa oleifera is a nutritious tree plant that has several uses. Moringa leaves contain Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Calcium, Iron, Potassium, and it has good quality protein.  Moringa leave could be used in treating malnutrition. It also contains antioxidants which could help in treating certain diseases. This study examined the factors influencing awareness and willingness to pay for moringa. A multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting the respondents.  Data were analyzed using Recursive Bivariate Probit Model. The result shows that mean age of respondents was 44 years and the mean household size was 5. The result further revealed that 80.5 percent of the respondents were aware of moringa while 80.1 percent were willing to pay for moringa. The result of the model of awareness of moringa revealed that awareness increases willingness to pay for moringa (p<0.01). The factors that influences awareness were age and occupation of the respondents, knowledge of the nutritive benefits of moringa, perception of respondents that moringa vegetable is too expensive and respondents preference for other vegetable while the factors that influences willingness to pay for moringa were occupation of the respondents, knowledge of other uses of moringa, respondents perception that moringa vegetable is sweet,  non availability of fresh moringa vegetable and respondents preference for other vegetable. There is need to increase the awareness of nutritive benefits of moringa vegetable and encourage the availability of fresh moringa foe sale in the local markets.
DETERMINANTS OF SUSTAINABLE INCOME GENERATION AMONG FISH PROCESSORS IN ABEOKUTA METROPOLIS, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OMOARE A. M. , OYEDIRAN W. O.
Published: July 2021

This study was carried out to assess determinants of sustainable income generation among fish processors in Abeokuta Metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria. Eighty fish processors were randomly selected from five communities. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that majority (71.3%) used traditional kiln for processing their fish while 23.7% fried fish in hot vegetable oil. Respondents sourced credit from personal savings (48.8%), cooperatives (27.5%), and friends and family (17.5%) for fish processing activities. Respondents generated an average monthly income (gross profit) of ₦28,000.00 from roasted fish, ₦14,000.00 from dried fish, and ₦20,800.00 from fried fish. However, inadequate processing equipment (95.0%) affected fish processing in the study area. Results of regression showed that personal characteristics of the respondents, processing methods and constraints have influence on income generated at p < 0.05 level of significance. The study therefore recommends that fish processors should adopt modern method of fish processing while subsidized equipment should be made available by the government to the fish processors in the study area.
COMPOSTED MUNICIPAL WASTE AS A SUBSTITUTE TO FURADAN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF Meloidogyne incognita INFECTION ON COWPEA
Authors: ODEYEMI ISHOLA SEGUN
Published: July 2021

There is a worldwide search for alternatives to synthetic pesticides in management of Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White 1919, Chitwood, 1949).  Screen-house studies were conducted to compare effects of composted municipal waste (CMW) and furadan on Root-knot nematode infection on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), var. Ife brown.  Treatment significantly reduced the number of M. incognita in the soil with furadan being the most effective followed by CMW. Growth and yield of cowpea was improved in all treatments compared with untreated plants.  Plants treated with CMW produced the best growth and highest yield.  Use of CMW may be a viable soil amendment for management of Root-knot nematode.