bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asian American Realism
Authors: Lee Julia H.
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the use of realism in Asian American literature and the debate surrounding its political and aesthetic meanings in Asian American literary criticism. Even though realist narratives have dominated Asian American literary history, the use and significance of realism nevertheless continue to stir controversy within the field. The chapter explores both sides of the “realism controversy” within Asian American studies and makes the case that realism exposes the contradictions of Asian American identity and that Asian American identity exposes the contradictions of realism. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Hisaye Yamamoto’s short story “The Legend of Miss Sasagawara” (1950), focusing on how the author deploys a realist mode of narration to reveal the historically contingent process by which Japanese American identity and community in the internment era are constituted.
The Campaign for Realism in the New York Periodical Press
Authors: Noonan Mark J.
Published: August 2019

This chapter demonstrates that the fight for greater realism in literature and life was long-lasting and transpired not on a single front but across many battlefields involving a wide variety of actors. Often, war itself was the impetus, first in the rewriting of the “facts” and significance of the Civil War and later as a means of response to the masculine bluster and bloodlust wrought by the Spanish-American War. The gender and class wars of the 1880s and 1890s were also relevant to this embattled genre, as were the effects of industrialization and immigration, which led to the massive growth of New York at this time, where so many of the newspapers and magazines promoting the various strands of realism were based. New York, war, and social issues were all entangled in the emergence of this genre, as numerous New York authors and artists sought to make sense of modern America and mold it to their own visions.
Realism and the Profession of Authorship
Authors: Thompson Graham
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines tensions between authorship and publishing in the era of American literary realism. The publishing industry changed with the emergence of literary agents, the growing financial significance of magazines and syndication, and the increasingly influential role of publishing-house editors. All were signs of a centralizing and marketizing publishing system flexible enough to withstand changes in dominant literary genres, tastes, and fashions. With examples from the careers of well- and lesser-known realists—William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Constance Fenimore Woolson, Charles Chesnutt—authorship remained stubbornly immune to professionalization, in part because writing is better considered as a craft than as a profession and in part because the practices creating authorship’s marketization did not require its professionalization.
Local Color, World-System; or, American Realism at the Periphery
Authors: Storey Mark
Published: August 2019

This chapter employs recent approaches to the study of world literature to offer a new reading of nineteenth-century American regionalism. The huge body of texts usually included in the regional or “local-color” genre often take rural communities as both subject matter and foregrounded setting, communities that are held in a structurally “peripheral” position within the combined and uneven world economy of the late nineteenth century. This chapter argues that such a position is registered in the genre’s distinctive oscillation between realist and “irrealist” literary modes—between the professionalized and ascendant cultural standard of the core and the persistence of nonrealist generic devices and registers. Calling on two of the genre’s quintessential representatives, Hamlin Garland and Sarah Orne Jewett, the chapter ultimately makes a case for reading local-color writing as a form of (semi)peripheral realism within world literature’s expanded geographical and temporal horizons.
American Realism and Photography
Authors: Böger Astrid
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the relationship between realist literature and photography since their emergence in the mid-nineteenth century. Both media responded to the challenges of modernity by contriving new means of representing reality. Whereas photography became the standard for objective reproduction following the pictorial turn, realist authors including Henry James and Paul Laurence Dunbar honed literature’s capacity to focus on inner realities, such as subjective experience and memory, impossible to capture in a photograph. Jacob Riis, in turn, adopted the aesthetic of the urban picturesque for How the Other Half Lives, a photo-textual record of immigrant life in New York serving as a precursor for the documentary books of the Great Depression, which advocated national relief programs to alleviate the distress of rural Americans. Countering such facile approaches to complex realities, James Agee and Walker Evans’s Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, finally, presents a fundamental critique of representation itself.
Realist Literature, Painting, and Immediacy
Authors: Betjemann Peter
Published: August 2019

Literary realism traditionally seems painterly to the degree that it features museums, galleries, and specific works or to the degree that its descriptive qualities parallel the interest of nineteenth-century artists in observed subjects. This chapter, however, connects realist literature and painting less through decorative or observational features than through certain practices of sociocultural critique. The first section, “Visuality,” focuses on a series of shared formal strategies used by writers and painters to depict unconventional women in conventional society, to orient the eye to sociological critique, and to challenge post–Civil War tendencies to sentimentalize unity and harmony. The second section, “Temporality,” focuses on different relations to time in the two mediums: painters tended to minimize narrative sequence even as writers depended on it. Close readings of Henry James’s “A Landscape-Painter” and Edith Wharton’s “The Portrait,” however, reveal that the “instantaneity” of contemporary painting served writers as a point of reference for critically interrogating the sociocultural orientation of realism itself.
Teaching American Realism in Germany
Authors: Schmidt Klaus H.
Published: August 2019

Starting with a critical introduction to the problematic beginnings and US-supported rise of American studies in pre– and post–WWII Germany, this chapter looks at the teaching of American realism and its development in a nation strongly influenced by US culture. Based on archival research, a statistical evaluation of annual bulletins, and information collected from fifty practitioners, the chapter offers the first quantitative and thematic analysis of course offerings at German universities (1953–2016), the first comparison of the relative importance of American realist literature in German university courses and research publications from German-speaking countries (2000–2015), and the first survey of German Americanists on methods and experiences of teaching US realism and naturalism in the Federal Republic (2017). The chapter concludes by calling for new didactic approaches to illustrate the continuing relevance of writers active in the core period of the realist tradition.
Realism as Modernism
Authors: Evans Brad
Published: August 2019

American realism and modernism were coevolving literary movements with roots in the second half of the nineteenth century. The critical reluctance to recognize this fact and the recasting of realism in pejorative terms were shaped by the emergence of the romance theory of the American novel in the 1920s. A wide variety of modern artists were active in the United States in the 1890s. They were especially visible in the period’s little magazines, known as “ephemeral bibelots.” The fad for these magazines was international and expressly antirealist. Concurrently, American realist writing consistently framed “new” and “modern” art as being foreign in content and style.
Ethnic Caricature and the Comic Sensibility
Authors: Cole Jean Lee
Published: August 2019

When realists engage in comedy, they are hardly ever funny. Their comic efforts strike the reader as clumsy intrusions into a world that is otherwise governed by natural or societal forces. Yet the comic mode, and an aspect of the comic that could be called the comic sensibility, can be contextualized within and against realism. Liminal and transgressive, the comic sensibility solved some of the representative conundrums of realism, disrupting its smooth surfaces and thumbing its nose at determinism. The comic sensibility depended heavily on caricature—specifically, ethnic caricature—and while ethnic caricature usually denigrated its subjects, in notable cases, as in the work of Charles Chesnutt, Stephen Crane, Bruno Lessing (Rudolph Block), vaudeville comedians, and comic-strip artists, the comic sensibility provided openings for ethnic and racial minorities to make meaning, form a collective identity, and foster solidarity.
Inside the Black Box
Authors: Ryan Richard M.
Published: August 2019

Historical trends in the study of human motivation reveal a movement away from an exclusive focus on external reinforcements and punishments in shaping behavior and toward the understanding, first, of internal mediating mechanisms and processes, and second, of the internal sources of motivation reflecting our evolved propensities and natures. The contributions in this volume are especially strong regarding these internal sources of motivation and mediational processes, with contributions focused on biological underpinnings, the dynamics of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, implicit and explicit cognition and self-appraisals, the roles of expectancies and goals, and the environmental and social factors that influence or moderate these motivation-relevant mechanisms and processes. Contributions also highlight the applied significance of contemporary motivation research, which is influencing practice and outcomes in domains such as parenting, education, physical activity, sport, work and organizations, and psychotherapy.
Flow
Authors: Nakamura Jeanne , Tse Dwight C.K. , Shankland Shannon
Published: August 2019

Flow is an optimal psychological state characterized by the enjoyment of deep absorption in what one is doing. This psychological state is autotelic (i.e., rewarding in itself); experiencing flow intrinsically motivates individuals to engage in activities that are conducive to it. Research on the flow experience has shed light on the phenomenology of intrinsic motivation since Csikszentmihalyi (1975) first introduced the flow concept. This chapter (a) describes the dimensions and conditions of the flow experience, (b) reviews research on its psychological covariates, (c) highlights conceptual and operational differences among four flow-related constructs, (d) discusses theory and research on the temporal dynamics of flow experience, and (e) summarizes research on the neurophysiology of the flow state.
Implicit–Explicit Motive Congruence and Moderating Factors
Authors: Thrash Todd M. , Wadsworth Lena M. , Sim Yoon Young , Wan Xiaoqing , Everidge Channing E.
Published: August 2019

This chapter reviews the literature on congruence between implicit (unconscious) and explicit (conscious) motives. The conventional wisdom that implicit and explicit motives are statistically independent is shown to be incorrect. Meta-analyses of past studies indicate that, on average, implicit and explicit motives are weakly positively correlated rather than uncorrelated. The correlation becomes stronger when methodological shortcomings of past research, such as unreliability of measurement, are overcome. Nevertheless, the relation remains modest enough that the discrepancy between implicit and explicit motives carries important information about personality congruence. The relation between implicit and explicit motives has been found to vary systematically as a function of substantive moderator variables, such as self-determination, self-monitoring, and body awareness. Motive congruence is predicted distally by satisfaction of basic needs during childhood and proximally by stress among individuals who have difficulty regulating affect. Motive congruence predicts important outcomes, including volitional strength, flow, well-being, healthy eating, and relationship stability. The chapter closes with a discussion of future research directions, such as the distinction between congruence and integration constructs.
Does Goal Pursuit Require Conscious Awareness?
Authors: Custers Ruud , Vermeent Stefan , Aarts Henk
Published: August 2019

Human behavior is directed at goals. Although goal pursuit is traditionally regarded as an endeavor that requires conscious awareness, experimental evidence in psychology suggests that human goal pursuit can originate and unfold in the unconscious. Accordingly, goal-directed behavior could be motivated outside conscious awareness in the current situation or environment. This chapter reviews past and current research examining the evidence for such unconscious motivation of goal-directed behavior. The review is organized around two themes. The first theme deals with research that analyzes goal pursuit as automated behaviors, thereby addressing the operational function of repetition for motivated processes in directing and controlling behavior in the absence of conscious awareness. The second theme concerns the quest of understanding the unconscious sources of human goal pursuit and includes a discussion of recent work on reward cueing, aimed at addressing the question of how reward signals in the environment can motivate behavior outside awareness.
The Five Pillars of Self-Enhancement and Self-Protection
Authors: Sedikides Constantine , Alicke Mark D.
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses two self-evaluation motives, self-enhancement (to pursue, maintain, or augment the positivity of self-views—more so than objective standards would warrant) and self-protection (to avoid, repair, or minimize the negativity of self-views—even at the expense of truthful feedback). Under the self-centrality breeds self-enhancement principle (i.e., self-enhancement and self-protection will be particularly influential in personally important domains), the chapter elaborates on five pillars of the two motives: self-serving bias, better-than-average effect, selective self-memory, socially desirable responding, and overclaiming. The chapter also considers other reasons for why self-enhancement and self-protection are motivated (e.g., fluctuations in motive strength as a function of self-threat and self-affirmation) and rules out nonmotivational explanations (e.g., expectancies, egocentrism, focalism). Self-enhancement and self-protection are worthy of a place in the pantheon of human motivation.
The Gendered Body Project
Authors: Roberts Tomi-Ann , Waters Patricia L.
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores motivational questions that arise when the psychology of girls and women is viewed through the lens of objectification theory, which highlights the centrality of appearance concerns, or body projects, for girls and women in the early 21st century. The chapter examines three theoretical perspectives for what motivates sexually objectifying views and treatment of women and women’s own participation in self-objectifying body projects, which have garnered compelling evidence: a power-related motivation, an existential motivation, and a system-justifying motivation. It then investigates the cultivation, through developmental processes and immersion in objectifying environments, of self-objectification at a trait level, as well as the more direct situational experiences that induce states of self-objectification. And, finally, it reviews evidence that self-objectification, though motivating in itself, carries significant consequences for girls’ and women’s health, well-being, and full participation in the world.
Relatedness Between Children and Parents
Authors: Pomerantz Eva M. , Cheung Cecilia Sin-Sze , Qin Lili
Published: August 2019

A significant goal in many countries around the world is promoting children’s motivation so that they may achieve at their full potential. There is much evidence supporting the idea that parents play a significant role in either facilitating or undermining children’s motivation. The focus of this chapter is on how relatedness between children and their parents shapes the development of children’s motivation and ultimately achievement. Three sets of ideas about how relatedness between children and their parents contributes to children’s motivation are reviewed. An integration of the three sets of ideas is provided to highlight key themes as well as suggest innovative directions for future research.
Motivation in Education
Authors: Wigfield Allan , Turci Lara , Cambria Jenna , Eccles Jacquelynne S.
Published: August 2019

This chapter begins with a discussion of the nature of children’s achievement motivation and how it develops over the school years, with a focus on the competence-related belief, value, goal, interest, and intrinsic motivation aspects of motivation that have been emphasized in much recent research on motivation. Following is a discussion of how different aspects of classroom and school practices influence motivation and how teacher–student relationships and peer relationships impact students’ motivation. Next is a consideration of how school transitions influence students’ motivation, describing important differences in the structure and organization of schools at different levels of schooling. The chapter describes some recent intervention work to boost children’s motivation in different ways. The final section concerns how recommendations from motivation researchers align with, or in some cases do not align with, state and national policies for improving student achievement. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research, such as the need for more research on motivation in diverse groups of children and the next steps in motivation intervention research, and provides further thoughts on motivation research–educational policy links.
Work Motivation
Authors: Van den Broeck Anja , Carpini Joseph A. , Diefendorff James
Published: August 2019

Work motivation is a crucial, yet complex resource for employees and organizations. Scholars have investigated motivation at work through many theoretical lenses that are often examined in isolation from one another. This chapter seeks to bridge these various perspectives, first by providing a review of dominant theoretical lenses and second by presenting an integrative framework. The historical review includes a consideration of reinforcement theory, Maslow’s need hierarchy, valence–instrumentality–expectancy theory, the theory of planned behavior, goal-setting theory, self-regulation theories, achievement goal theory, regulatory fit theory, and self-determination theory. Together, these theories identify key mechanisms through which work motivation directs and regulates behavior, as well as antecedents and consequences of motivation. The integrative motivation framework distills insights from the various motivational theories, providing a heuristic to understand what (goal choice: characteristics and content), how (goal striving: macro- and microprocesses), where, and when (antecedents: personal and contextual) employees will be motivated to work.
Envisioning Progress and Perils
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Bradshaw Emma L.
Published: August 2019

This final chapter reflects on the rich contributions within this Handbook of Human Motivation on diverse topics including self-regulation, biological mechanisms, awareness, defensiveness and oppression, and the facilitation of engagement, learning, and behavior change. These processes are examined within broad theoretical frameworks, as well as in specific domains such as close relationships, physical activity, work, education, and psychotherapy. Building on these contributions, the chapter projects forward in time to ask the question of whether future scientists and practitioners will think these authors from the early 21st century were asking the right questions. The chapter includes speculation on how developments in technology, research methodologies, big data, and globalization, among other trends, will reshape the science of motivation not only in its focus and efficacy, but also in its ethics and applications to the formidable problems likely to be faced by our species on a warming and crowded planet.
Ego Depletion
Authors: Muraven Mark , Buczny Jacek , Law Kyle F.
Published: August 2019

Self-control all too often fails. Despite people’s best intentions and considerable negative outcomes, people often find themselves at the losing end of resisting temptation, combating urges, and changing their behavior. One reason for these failures may be that exerting self-control depletes a limited resource (ego depletion) that is necessary for the success of self-control. Hence, after exerting self-control, individuals are less able resist temptations, fight urges, or stop a behavior that results in a loss of self-control. This chapter reviews the evidence for this theory in a wide variety of domains and examines what behaviors appear to deplete ego strength and how depletion affects behavior. A comprehensive theory that examines how depletion operates is put forth and used to examine some factors that might moderate the depletion effect.
Curiosity and Motivation
Authors: Silvia Paul J.
Published: August 2019

Curiosity is an old, intriguing, and vexing construct in the psychology of motivation. This chapter reviews the major strands of thought on curiosity and motivation. These strands include: (a) curiosity as a motive to reduce negative states, such as uncertainty, novelty, arousal, drive, or information gaps; (b) curiosity as a source of intrinsic motivation that fosters learning and exploring for their own sakes; and (c) curiosity as a stable motivational difference between people that leads to differences in knowledge, goals, achievement, and experience. The scope of psychological thought on curiosity defies a simple integration, but it offers inspiration for researchers curious about why people learn and explore in the absence of obvious external rewards.
Stress and Mental Health: Epilogue
Authors: Hayden Elizabeth P. , Harkness Kate L.
Published: August 2019

In this epilogue, the editors of this volume provide a synthesis of the preceding chapters. In addition to highlighting the current state of the scientific literature, future directions for the rapidly evolving field of stress and mental health are outlined, with an emphasis on key issues surrounding the development of new methods and levels of analysis, improvements in assessment approaches, and how training and collaboration can evolve toward the goal of facilitating new insights. Prominent conceptual issues requiring consideration and clarification are discussed, with a particular focus on the fundamental principles that underlie models of stress and mental health, as well as resilience.
Introduction
Authors: Harkness Kate L. , Hayden Elizabeth P.
Published: August 2019

In this introductory chapter, we provide an overview of The Handbook of Stress and Mental Health. We begin by introducing the scope of the issue and critically operationally defining the construct of stress. We then provide a description of the chapters included in the volume, as well as an outline of the purpose of each of the five major sections: Assessment and Definitional Issues, Stress Exposure and Mental Health, Psychological Models, Neurobiological Models, and Stress Resilience and Treatment. The contributors represent international leaders in the field of stress and provide authoritative and integrative review and analysis of the evidence base in this crucial area of study.
Educating English Learners
Authors: Mavrogordato Madeline , White Rachel S.
Published: August 2019

As the fastest-growing student population in U.S. public schools, students who are English learners (ELs) have increasingly shifted to the center of key education law, policy, and practice discussions at the local, state, and national level. This chapter lays a foundation for those interested in understanding what it means to be an EL and historical federal statutory efforts and key judicial decisions related to inequalities and inequities in educational opportunities for ELs. Additionally, this chapter takes up the contemporary legal context for EL students, with the authors contending that policy and legal trends suggest a number of important legal shifts: from a binary to a multifarious understanding of the EL student population and from questions of equitable educational inputs to questions of equitable educational outputs for EL students.
Unruly Bodies
Authors: Hohle Randolph
Published: August 2019

This chapter outlines a methodological approach to studying the body and embodiment in political and historical sociology. The advantage of incorporating the body into the study of political and historical sociology is that it captures how the body exerts causal effects on political outcomes. In particular, it will show how embodiment explains (1) the importance of affect on the formation of political knowledge, (2) how bodies produce meanings independent of their original construct and persist after the social group dissolves, and (3) a specific connection point between mobilization and the state response to the social movement. To illustrate, this chapter shows how the racially threatening embodied performance was both vital to the Black Panther Party’s success and served as the focal point for elite white and state actors to mobilize against racial equality in the post–civil rights era.
Classic Models of Persuasion
Authors: Lau Richard R.
Published: August 2019

Persuasion is an active, intentional attempt to change nonverifiable evaluations, feeling, values, norms, and related behaviors. Historically, there have been two major programs of attitude change research in social psychology, one a learning theory approach associated with Carl Hovland, the second a cognitive consistency approach associated with Gestalt psychology and the research of Fritz Heider and the many students of Kurt Lewin. More recently, dual process theories of attitude change point to two different paths by which persuasion can occur, one a central route based on a relatively deep, systematic, conscious processing of the arguments in a persuasive message; the second a peripheral route based on more shallow, heuristic, and sometimes almost automatic processing of a persuasive message. Attitudes are frequently an important—but rarely the only—determinant of behavior; and behavior, sometimes, can be an important determinant of attitudes.
Networks and Media Influence
Authors: Siegel David A.
Published: August 2019

Citizens’ electoral choices are subject to persuasion from numerous sources, including their social networks, media outlets, candidates’ campaigns, and interest groups. Extensive literatures address the isolated effects of each source, with mechanisms as diverse as information, influence, and sanctioning driving these effects. Understanding these isolated effects is sufficient to the extent that each effect is independent of all others. However, this is not typically the case when social networks are involved, due to the feedback inherent in the propagation of persuasion across networks. This feedback implies that network structure conditions the effects of other sources of persuasion. Consequently, failure to consider social network structure in studies of political persuasion risks biased accounts of the effects of persuasion. This essay elaborates on this point and discusses its consequences for the study and practice of electoral persuasion.
The Incentives and Effects of Independent and Government-Controlled Media in the Developing World
Authors: Larreguy Horacio , Marshall John
Published: August 2019

The rise of broadcast and then digital media has had important political implications across the developing world. First considering independent media outlets, we review evidence showing that the media’s editorial content, revelation of information about candidates, and capacity to provide a platform for politicians can significantly shape electoral outcomes and mobilization. Unlike established democracies, the media is often used to buttress and oppose autocratic regimes. With respect to government control of the media, we review evidence of media bias, as well as its determinants and effectiveness at reducing opposition. With respect to media’s liberation potential, we examine how broadcast and internet-based technologies are—not without difficulties—providing new opportunities for facilitating dissent and change. We highlight methodological innovations, the challenges of isolating theoretical mechanisms, and avenues for future research throughout.
The Utility and Content of Traditional Ads
Authors: Franz Michael
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on traditional political ads in US elections, in particular those most often airing on broadcast television stations, investigating three key questions: Have traditional political ads reached a tipping point, as new technologies and voter targeting opportunities shift the resource allocation of campaigns? Do traditional political ads work in changing minds and mobilizing voters, and how might those opportunities for persuasion and mobilization change as media engagement diversifies? Finally, what is the issue content of traditional political ads, and how does the content vary across platforms? All told, despite fast-developing change in opportunities for political actors to reach voters, television advertising remains a critically important strategy for campaigns and their political allies.
Persuasion and Non-Party Groups in the Digital Age
Authors: Rohlinger Deana A.
Published: August 2019

Non-party groups increasingly go after the electorate in their efforts to force politicians to take up their issues. Internet Communication Technologies (ICTs), which allow non-party groups to communicate with voters directly, aid in their efforts. How non-party groups try to tip the political scales in their favor is the topic of this chapter. This chapter outlines three ways that non-party groups, or groups that are not affiliated with, based on, or representing a political party, influence politicians and political parties in the digital age: framing issues; mobilizing consensus among a broad swatch of the populace; and mobilizing some subset of the electorate to action. The chapter begins by distinguishing three types of non-party groups—grassroots organizations, social movement organizations, and astroturf organizations—which vary in resources and capacity. It argues that these differences affect not only how groups use mass media, and ICTs specifically, to affect political change, but also how they frame issues and mobilize the electorate to action. The chapter concludes with a call for additional research. Social scientists need to pay close attention to astroturf groups, which seem to coopt legitimate political change projects for their own purposes.
Low-Resource Candidates and Fundraising Appeals
Authors: Johnson Richard
Published: August 2019

One of the audiences to whom political candidates must make persuasive appeals is campaign donors. US elections require private financing and are the most expensive in the democratic world. Candidates without personal wealth are, therefore, compelled to make appeals to potential donors on a regular basis. This chapter considers the barriers that low-resource candidates face in appealing to these donors to fund their campaigns and how candidates attempt to surmount these obstacles. While much attention has been given to the role of money in shaping policy outcomes, less attention has been given to how the process of raising money itself impacts candidates from the working-class. A striking aspect of US politics is the skewed class composition of its senior politicians. Not a single member of the US Senate lacks a four-year college degree, while two-thirds of Americans over the age of 25 are without degrees. This chapter argues that these facts are not unrelated, but shows that low-resource candidates do try to compensate through other bespoke, persuasive appeals to donors, especially ones which emphasize, rather than conceal, their outsider status and which appeal to non-traditional donors.
The Politics of Energy Justice
Authors: Fuller Sara
Published: August 2019

Energy justice is a concept that describes and explains how issues of justice relate to energy systems. It draws on long-standing justice theory and is particularly elaborated within the environmental justice literature in relation to distributive, procedural, and recognition justice to explore the costs and benefits of energy systems. This chapter explores the two strands of literature that have emerged: one around the dynamics of energy consumption in terms of access and affordability and the second around the politics of energy production, largely in relation to infrastructure. It sets out an agenda for future research across three broad themes: connection and multiplicity, framing and discourses, and transitions and responsibility.
The Energy Politics of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Steinberg Jessica
Published: August 2019

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the practice in which firms voluntarily provide social and economic goods to communities affected by their operations. This chapter addresses several questions related specifically to CSR in the energy and natural resources sector. How is CSR in the energy sector unique relative to other sectors? What about the energy sector is likely to affect the way CSR among energy or extractive firms is conceived, implemented, and studied? This chapter provides a critical literature review and lays the groundwork for a research agenda in the area of CSR in the energy sector.
The Constructivist Sartorial Utopia and Its Revolutionary Potential
Authors: Bartlett Djurdja
Published: August 2019

In the early 1920s, the new geometrical lines of the constructivist-proposed dress and textile designs were a sartorial expression of the sweeping Bolshevik political program and its rejection of the past following the 1917 October Revolution. The essay explores the trajectory of the constructivist revolutionary ideas, and their various sartorial expressions, in both political and commercial variants. Its political versions appeared within the movement known as International Modernism in the late 1920s, from Bauhaus to the Czech functionalist modernism, but are also present in work of some contemporary fashion designers who draw on the original constructivist ideals. On the one hand, fashion could only denigrate the noble utopian ideals. On the other hand, the constructivist-inspired collections by the leading Western fashion designers have time and again showed that the aspiration to utopia nonetheless survives.
“Socialist Realist” Critiques of Neoliberal “Shock Therapy”
Authors: Eisman April A.
Published: August 2019

This article focuses on the East German artistic response to the 1973 putsch in Chile, an event now recognized as foundational in the development of neoliberalism. Outraged and saddened, artists in East Germany responded to the putsch with thousands of works of art. These works disrupt Western expectations for East German art, which was far more modern and complex than the term “socialist realism” might suggest. They also offer insight into the horrors of the putsch and remind us that there have been—and can once again be—alternatives to neoliberal capitalism. In addition to creating prints, paintings, and sculptures, East German artists organized solidarity events to raise money for Chile and spearheaded a book project with artists from sixteen communist and capitalist countries to document the event and losses suffered. This article ultimately shows that communist visual culture can serve as a model for art as an activist practice.
Visual Regimes of Juche Ideology in North Korea’s The Country I Saw
Authors: Workman Travis
Published: August 2019

This article discusses the North Korean film series The Country I Saw, focusing on transformations in the function of the Japanese colonial gaze in post–Cold War North Korean media. By comparing and contrasting the representation of fact-based empiricist journalism in Part One (1988) with the expression of a mediated sovereign exceptionality in the sequels (2009–2010), the essay shows how the series gives aesthetic form to North Korean juche ideology and spectacles of a realized communist utopia in the decolonized DPRK only through the repetition of generally modern visual regimes that are integrally tied to the history of Japanese colonialism and US neocolonialism. It asks us to rethink the history of communist visual cultures, particularly in formerly colonized countries, in relation to this kind of repetition and appropriation of colonial ways of seeing within the media of communist, postcolonial nation-states.
Soviet Wall Newspapers
Authors: Pristed Birgitte Beck
Published: August 2019

The article examines Soviet wall newspapers (stengazety) as a nonelectronic, low-tech medium to discuss the social, material, and visual implications not of its ideological content, but of this genuine socialist medium as such. As a peer-to-peer network for social organization, it assembled readers/writers, educated their political vision, and forced them to act and react, but not always as the mass-printed press and editorial manuals imagined it. At its worst, the wall newspaper incarnated totalitarian socialism and contributed to a totalitarian communication system, not by forbidding citizens to express themselves but by forcing them to do so, not by denying citizens information access but by insisting that citizens should become informal informants themselves. At its best, its encouragement of underprivileged collectives of participatory readers/writers to reuse, appropriate, and remix any material at hand to co-create the unfinished and unfinishable picture of communism represented socialism in its most open and nonauthoritative form.
Figuring Out How Others See Us
Authors: Elsaadawy Norhan , Carlson Erika N.
Published: August 2019

We have a natural desire to know what other people think of us and, thus, we form beliefs regarding other people’s impressions of us, called meta-perceptions. The extent to which these beliefs are accurate is called meta-accuracy, and is related to whether people like us, as well as the quality of our relationships with others. As a result, meta-accuracy has become a topic of interest in the literature on personality judgment. This chapter reviews how researchers study and index meta-accuracy and the results of the existing work on meta-accuracy. Further, it proposes studying meta-accuracy by using the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) as a framework. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we use the RAM to outline the cues used in the formation of meta-perceptions, the potential moderators of meta-accuracy, and future avenues of research.
The Good Target of Personality Judgments
Authors: Mignault Marie-Catherine , Human Lauren J.
Published: August 2019

Being a good target, judgeable, or high in expressive accuracy plays a fundamental role in the accuracy of personality judgments. In line with Funder’s realistic accuracy model (RAM), targets are responsible for the quality and quantity of information—or cues—they provide to judges, and have the potential to influence how much attention and cognitive resources judges dedicate to those cues. In this chapter, target characteristics are discussed, such as psychological adjustment and social skills, which influence each stage of the RAM, thereby distinguishing good targets from targets that are more elusive or difficult to read. To conclude, possible intra- and inter-personal benefits of expressive accuracy and potential ways to enhance expressive accuracy are considered.
Characteristics of Traits That Are Related to Accuracy of Personality Judgments
Authors: Krzyzaniak Sheherezade L. , Letzring Tera D.
Published: August 2019

Personality traits are characteristics of individuals that predict patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior over time. Research focusing on accuracy of judgments of the traits of others has found that certain traits are more easily judged than others. Traits such as extraversion tend to be judged with high levels of accuracy, while other traits such as neuroticism and openness to experience are more difficult to judge. Several factors play a role in these findings, such as the observability and ratability of traits, favorability and evaluativeness of traits, and the types of situations and relationships in which judgments are made. In this chapter, research investigating how these factors are related to accuracy of judgments for different traits is described, potential ways to improve accuracy of less easily judged traits are proposed, and directions for future research are identified.
Introduction
Authors: Schmid Monika S. , Köpke Barbara
Published: August 2019

This volume is the first handbook dedicated to language attrition, the study of how a speaker’s language may be affected by cross-linguistic interference and non-use. The effects of language attrition can be felt in all aspects of language knowledge, processing, and production, and can offer unique insights into the mind of bilingual language users. In this book, international experts in the field explore a comprehensive range of topics in language attrition, examining its theoretical implications, psycho- and neurolinguistic approaches, linguistic and extralinguistic factors, second language (L2) attrition, and heritage languages. The chapters summarize current research and draw on insights from related fields such as child language development, language contact, language change, pathological developments, and second language acquisition.
Linguistic Regression in Bilingual Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Barkat-Defradas Melissa , Gayraud Frédérique , Köpke Barbara , Lefebvre Laurent
Published: August 2019

Since attrition is generally defined as non-pathological loss of a language, comparisons with acquired language disorders, namely Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), however fruitful they may be, are a largely neglected area in attrition research. One of the characteristics of neurogenerative diseases is the gradual continuous loss of cognitive skills raising theoretical questions which are also highlighted by language attrition research. The vulnerability of languages acquired at different moments of life (L1, L2, L3…) has received most attention. Another question concerns the evolution of cognitive skills related to language control in demented patients as reflected in the specificities of code-mixing behaviour in bilinguals with AD. The hypothesis of protective effects of bilingualism in healthy and pathological cognitive ageing is then discussed. We suggest that further taking into account of the interaction between memory and language in cognition and language processing, as in studies on AD, may be beneficial for attrition research.
Introduction to Linguistic Factors in Language Attrition
Authors: Schmid Monika S. , de Leeuw Esther
Published: August 2019

At the heart of most investigations into language attrition are the actual linguistic manifestations of the process: observable phenomena of how a particular individual uses or comprehends language differently after becoming bilingual from how they used or comprehended it in the past, or from how other monolingual speakers do this. This chapter gives a brief introduction to how research into these phenomena has unfolded and developed historically, and also presents a ‘sneak preview’ to some aspects of ongoing research, particularly in the area of phonetics/phonology and lexical access. It then introduces the contributions to the present section.
Phonetic Attrition
Authors: de Leeuw Esther
Published: August 2019

Phonetic attrition, that is changes in native speech upon acquisition of a second language or dialect post adolescence, reflects malleability of the native language system, with potential trickle down effects initially evidenced in phonological attrition. Examining a range of studies into segmental and prosodic attrition, this chapter discusses phonetic attrition as it occurs in native speech and reflects on interpersonal differences, as well as different developmental processes which underlie phonetic attrition.
Morphological Attrition
Authors: Schmitt Elena
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides a review of research on morphological aspects of first language (L1) attrition, focusing on derivational and inflectional morphology in various languages. Morphological attrition is considered from perspectives of the Markedness Theory (e.g., Sharwood Smith, 1994), Regression Hypothesis (e.g., Keijzer, 2010a), Activation Threshold Hypothesis (e.g., Paradis, 2007), Interface Hypothesis (e.g., Sorace, 2011), and 4-M Model (e.g., Myers-Scotton & Jake, 2017). Two main directions in accounting for differential susceptibility of morphemes to attrition are identified: a) focus on inherent properties of morphemes; and b) focus on mechanisms underlying morphological processing. The chapter concludes by considering challenges faced by morphological studies, including lack of consistency in types of informants, data, and data collection techniques, and limitations of the available theoretical approaches for the analysis of the complexity and variety of morphological operations and morphemes that become restructured, modified, and ultimately lost in the course of L1 attrition.
Lexical Attrition
Authors: Jarvis Scott
Published: August 2019

This chapter clarifies what first language (L1) lexical attrition is and synthesizes the literature that describes its varied manifestations as well as the three most prominent hypotheses that have been formulated to account for how, why, when, and where L1 lexical attrition will occur. These include the dormant language hypothesis, threshold hypothesis, and interference hypothesis. The chapter also discusses the findings of past studies that have investigated the potential effects of linguistic, social, and psycholinguistic variables on the L1 lexical fluency and accuracy of language learners, bilinguals, and multilinguals. Additionally, the chapter describes the proper use of existing methods for measuring L1 lexical attrition in relation to lexical accuracy, fluency, and complexity through tasks designed to elicit free-production, controlled, and paralinguistic (e.g., reaction-time) data, and through the use of instruments specially designed to measure lexical complexity in free-production data. The chapter concludes with recommendations for necessary future research.
The Impact of Frequency of Use and Length of Residence on L1 Attrition
Authors: Schmid Monika S.
Published: August 2019

The present chapter offers a review the empirical evidence on the impact of frequency of first language (L1) use and length of residence in the country where that is the primary language spoken on language development in an attrition setting. The chapter starts out by outlining the relevant theoretical frameworks of forgetting and maintaining knowledge and then it presents a summary of existing empirical research on language attrition. The chapter then concludes by suggesting that the available evidence points to a complex picture of interaction among external and predictor variables across the range of linguistic skills available to an individual, but that, in part due to methodological inconsistencies and limitations, no full and comprehensive picture has been arrived at to date.