bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the demand for demographic policy measures (analysis of the all-russian sociological study)
Authors:   The Institute of Demographic Research of the Federal center of theoretical and applied sociology of the RAS, Rostovskaya T
Published: May 2021

The article analyzes the author's sociological research conducted in 2020 on the demand for demographic policy measures in ten subjects of the Russian Federation. The author notes the need for comprehensive, long-term, effective measures of family policy to build confidence on the part of young people in the reliability and effectiveness of the family policy model.
Strategies for Psychiatric Rehabilitation and their Cognitive Outcomes in Schizophrenia: Review of Last Five-year Studies
Authors: Rampino Antonio , Falcone Rosa M. , Giannuzzi Arianna , Masellis Rita , Antonucci Linda A. , Torretta Silvia
Published: May 2021

Background:

Cognitive deficits are core features of Schizophrenia, showing poor response to antipsychotic treatment, therefore non-pharmacological rehabilitative approaches to such a symptom domain need to be identified. However, since not all patients with Schizophrenia exhibit the same cognitive impairment profile, individualized rehabilitative approaches should be set up.

Objectives:

We explored the last five-year literature addressing the issue of cognitive dysfunction response to rehabilitative methodologies in Schizophrenia to identify possible predictors of response and individualized strategies to treat such a dysfunction.

Conclusion:

A total of 76 studies were reviewed. Possible predictors of cognitive rehabilitation outcome were identified among patient-specific and approach-specific variables and a general overview of rehabilitative strategies used in the last five years has been depicted. Studies suggest the existence of multifaced and multi-domain variables that could significantly predict pro-cognitive effects of cognitive rehabilitation, which could also be useful for identifying individual-specific rehabilitation trajectories over time.

An individualized rehabilitative approach to cognitive impairment in Schizophrenia is possible if taking into account both patient and approach specific predictors of outcomes.
Epidemiology of Bronchiolitis in Hospitalized Infants at Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Al Shibli Amar , Nouredin Muhammad B. , Al Amri Abdulla , Iram Durdana , Narchi Hassib
Published: May 2021

Background:

Bronchiolitis is the commonest lower respiratory tract infection, found worldwide in children < 2 years of age. Over sixty percent of cases are caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). The disease is known to have significant morbidity, mortality and health care costs. Its seasonal variability, manifestations and complications vary between countries. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis in Al Ain City, United Arab Emirates.

Methods:

Retrospective observational chart review was made of an unselected cohort of infants ≤ 2 years admitted to the pediatric department of Tawam hospital over a 3-year period and discharged with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis. Epidemiological data and risk factors were analyzed.

Results:

RSV was the commonest pathogen (51%). Hospitalizations occurred year-round but increased significantly in December and January. The patients’ median age was 5.8 months with a male predominance (male:female ratio of 1.5:1.0). The mean age at admission was 6.6 months and presentation occurred, on average, 2.9 days after the onset of the symptoms. The majority (94%) had respiratory distress on presentation. Chest x-ray was performed in 80% of the patients. Most children received bronchodilator therapy and oxygen therapy was administered to 42%. The mean duration of hospital stay was 3 days.

Conclusion:

Bronchiolitis remains a common reason for hospital admission and carries significant morbidity. RSV is the primarily responsible virus for hospital admissions and morbidity.

A better understanding of the burden of bronchiolitis in our setting would enable better planning and use of hospital resources to minimize its short and long-term sequelae.
Prevalence of Refractive Errors among Children in Saudi Arabia: A Systemic Review
Authors: Alghamdi Waleed
Published: May 2021

Introduction:

The aim of this review was to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors (RE) and uncorrected refractive error (URE) in school-aged children of 4 to 14 years of age in Saudi Arabia.

Methods:

An extensive search was performed for peer-reviewed studies with data from the Saudi population during the past 20 years. The Cochrane Library, Pubmed, and Embase databases were used. Two independent reviewers evaluated publications and extracted the data. The quality of the studies was evaluated based on a critical appraisal tool designed for systematic reviews. The pooled prevalence of refractive error, uncorrected refractive error and different types of refractive error were estimated by using the random-effects meta-analysis.

Results and Discussion:

Eight school-based studies were included in this review. Among the overall pooled population of 12,247childern, the estimated prevalence of refractive error was 17.5% (95% CI: 11.1- 25). In the five studies that reported uncorrected refractive error (N=10,198), the pooled prevalence was 16.8% (95% CI: 11.4 – 21.3). The overall prevalence of refractive errors was very similar among boys, 16.8 (95% CI: 10.8- 24.1), and girls, 17.7% (95% CI: 10.2 – 25.9). Myopia was the most prevalent refractive error and was present in 40.8% (95% CI: 16.1 – 69.9) followed by astigmatism 29.7% (95% CI: 6.1- 61.7) and hyperopia 28.3% (95% CI: 16.9 – 41.2).

Conclusion:

This review highlights the high prevalence of refractive errors and uncorrected refractive error among children in Saudi Arabia. More studies are required using standardised methods in different regions where there is a lack of information on UREs. It is recommended that vision screening programs of children for RE should be implemented at the community level and integrated into school health programmes in order to detect UREs and prevent amblyopia, which is one of the debilitating consequences of URE.
Is there an association between urinary tract infection and toilet type?
Authors: DAĞCIOĞLU Basri Furkan , ŞİMŞEK Erhan , TEPELİ Ramazan
Published: May 2021

Aim: Many metabolic, physiological, and social factors play a role in the formation of infections. The results of the studies investigating the association between toilet type and urinary tract infection (UTI) are contradictory. This study aims to investigate the relationship between UTI and toilet habits and toilet type used. Methods: A cross-sectional study, including 344 participants between the ages of 18-60, was conducted. Sociodemographic information, toilet preferences, toilet habits, diagnosed chronic diseases, and histories of UTI were questioned with a structured questionnaire. Results: Front-to-back wiping, use of urinals in public places, and use of toilet paper were associated with a history of UTI in some genders. No significant relationship was observed between the parameters of general toilet preference, type of toilet preferred at home, and the frequency of water closet use, and UTI history in both genders. Conclusion: The toilet preference and some toileting habits may play a role in UTI. Further studies are required to reveal the real significance of this association.
The utility of concentration duration curve in CH4 and CO2 risk assessment
Authors:   Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Sciences School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, et al. Nwachukwu
Published: May 2021

Current CH4 and CO2 risk assessment of comparing the single occurrence of worst-case concentration with trigger values of 5% and 1% respectively is often of low resolution but could be improved by the application of the concept of Concentration Duration Curve (CDC). With the aid of the Gasclam (In-borehole continuous gas monitor), four sites were monitored for CH4 and CO2 concentrations, and the time-series datasets used to construct CDC. The result shows that a 5% CH4 concentration is exceeded for 17, 41, 0, and 0% of the monitoring period in sites 1-4 respectively, whilst a 1% CO2 concentration was exceeded for 75, 75.5, 100, and 93% of the time in sites 1-4 respectively. The recorded worst case CH4 concentration are 11.5, 22.1, 2.7, and 1.56% in sites 1-4 respectively while that of CO2 concentration are 8.2, 15.5, 3.3, and 6.71% in sites 1-4 respectively This implies that treating risk in terms of a single occurrence of the worst-case ground-gas concentration rather than any sort of time-weighted function can be defective. While the concept of CDC can be useful in improving risk assessment due to CH4 and CO2, the worst-case ground-gas concentration may not occur during the monitoring period, therefore prediction is required. To predict the worst-case ground-gases concentration requires an understanding of the processes responsible for controlling gas concentration.
Czy życie duchowe jest nadal zasadniczym wstrząsem? Jan Patočka i koncepcja człowieka posthistorycznego
Authors:   Instytut Filozofii Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach, Wieczorek Krzysztof
Published: May 2021

According to Patocka, man is subjectivity set in a specific historical context. To understand man, we must get to know his inner world and his Lebenswelt. Patocka describes the following forms of Lebenswelt: a nonhistorical period, a prehistorical period and history proper, which begins with the “spiritual shock”. The question about the decadence of the scientific and technical civilization suggests that last-mentioned period is nearing its end. Continuing Patocka's thought, the author proposes to introduce the fourth, i.e., the post-historic period, and identifies its characteristics. The central problem is the way in which the inner tension between corporality and spirituality is experienced by the contemporary man. In the author's opinion, it is this relationship, which is marked by an excessive interest in corporeality and a simultaneous reeva- luation of spiritual life understood in the perspective of reductionism, that most clearly distinguishes the post-historic times from the earlier epochs in history.
Proces wycofania hikikomorich na przykładzie 24 hikikomorich japońskich
Authors:   Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Kalita Karolina
Published: May 2021

In this paper I present a fragment of the results of my doctoral thesis, in which assuming in the sociological perspective that I am dealing with an example or a form of one of five types of adaptation to the situation of anomie, named by the American sociologist Robert K. Merton “retreatism”, described on the example of 24 Japanese hikikomori clients a problem being at the center of my scientific interests - the shakaiteki hikikomori (Eng. social withdrawal) in Japan (i.a. the profile of hikikomori person, the retreatism process of hikikomori people, the socio-cultural factors favoring the retreatism option in the form of hikikomori etc.) More specifically, in this paper I present the retreatism process of hikikomori people.
Pojęcie profilaktyki jako działania
Authors:   Uniwersytet Warszawski, Salamucha Agnieszka
Published: May 2021

The paper concerns the concept of social prevention as a special kind of action. My aim is to define the characteristics of this concept (and - indirectly - the phenomenon of social prevention) with the tools of analysis proposed by Nicholas Rescher (1966, 215-220): (1) agent (who did the action?); (2) act-type (what did she do?); (3) modality of action (how did she/he do the action?): a. modality of manner (in what manner did she/he do the action?), b. modality of means (by what means did she/he do the action?); (4) setting of action (in what context did she/he do the action?): a. temporal aspect (when did she/he do the action?), b. spatial aspect (where did she/he do the action?), c. circumstantial aspect (under what circumstances did she/he do the action?); (5) rationale of action (why did she/he do the action?): a. causality (what caused her/him to do the action?), b. finality (with what aim did she/he do the action?), c. intentionality (in what state of mind did she/ he do the action?).
Mobile Delivery of Mindfulness-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment Among Low-Income Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mhende Josephine , Bell Sharrill A , Cottrell-Daniels Cherell , Luong Jackie , Streiff Micah , Dannenfelser Mark , Hayat Matthew J , Spears Claire Adams
Published: May 2021

Background

Smoking is the leading cause of premature death, and low-income adults experience disproportionate burden from tobacco. Mindfulness interventions show promise for improving smoking cessation. A text messaging program “iQuit Mindfully” was developed to deliver just-in-time support for quitting smoking among low-income adults. A pilot study of iQuit Mindfully was conducted in spring 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, among low-income and predominantly African American smokers.

Objective

This pilot study examined the acceptability and feasibility of delivering Mindfulness-Based Addiction Treatment via mHealth during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

Participants were adult cigarette smokers (n=23), of whom 8 (34.8%) were female, 19 (82.6%) were African American, and 18 (78.3%) had an annual income of <US $24,000. They were randomly assigned to either 8 weeks of iQuit Mindfully as a fully automated standalone intervention or iQuit Mindfully in combination with therapist-led in-person group treatment. For participant safety, in-person mindfulness groups were transitioned to the internet and assessments also took place over the internet. Survey questions asked participants about changes in their stress, smoking habits and quit attempts, and their perceptions of the mindfulness and text messaging intervention in the context of the pandemic.

Results

Most participants (n=15 of 21, 71.4%) indicated a change in stress due to the pandemic, of whom 14 (93.3%) indicated higher stress. Participants shared concerns about finances, homelessness, health, and social isolation. Most (n=17 of 21, 80.9%) believed that smoking increases the risk of contracting COVID-19, and although that was motivating for some, others expressed lower motivation to quit smoking because of higher stress. Most (n=18 of 21, 85.7%) stated that practicing mindfulness was helpful during the pandemic. Mean ratings of the helpfulness of text messages and the extent to which they would recommend the program to others were 7.1 (median 8 on a 10-point scale, SD 2.9) and 8.2 (median 9, SD 2.5), respectively. Through open-ended program evaluations, participants shared details about how mindfulness practices and the text messages helped them manage stress and feel a sense of social support during the pandemic. Moreover, 10 of 19 (52.6%) of participants achieved 7-day abstinence from smoking, with no differences between conditions.

Conclusions

This study supports the promise of text messaging and the use of teleconferencing to provide mindfulness and smoking cessation services to underserved populations during a pandemic.
Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of Virtual Reality as a Pain Management Modality in Academic, Community, and Safety-Net Settings: Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Sarkar Urmimala , Lee Jane E , Nguyen Kim H , Lisker Sarah , Lyles Courtney R
Published: May 2021

Background

Prior studies have shown that virtual reality (VR) is an efficacious treatment modality for opioid-sparing pain management. However, the majority of these studies were conducted among primarily White, relatively advantaged populations and in well-resourced settings.

Objective

We conducted a qualitative, theory-informed implementation science study to assess the readiness for VR in safety-net settings.

Methods

Using the theoretical lens of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) framework, we conducted semistructured interviews with current VR users and nonusers based in safety-net health systems (n=15). We investigated barriers and facilitators to a commercially available, previously validated VR technology platform AppliedVR (Los Angeles, CA, USA). We used deductive qualitative analysis using the overarching domains of the CFIR framework and performed open, inductive coding to identify specific themes within each domain.

Results

Interviewees deemed the VR intervention to be useful, scalable, and an appealing alternative to existing pain management approaches. Both users and nonusers identified a lack of reimbursement for VR as a significant challenge for adoption. Current users cited positive patient feedback, but safety-net stakeholders voiced concern that existing VR content may not be relevant or appealing to diverse patients. All respondents acknowledged the challenge of integrating and maintaining VR in current pain management workflows across a range of clinical settings, and this adoption challenge was particularly acute, given resource and staffing constraints in safety-net settings.

Conclusions

VR for pain management holds interest for frontline pain management clinicians and leadership in safety-net health settings but will require significant tailoring and adaption to address the needs of diverse populations. Integration into complex workflows for pain management is a significant barrier to adoption, and participants cited structural cost and reimbursement concerns as impediments to initial implementation and scaling of VR use.
Addressing Biodisaster X Threats With Artificial Intelligence and 6G Technologies: Literature Review and Critical Insights (Preprint)
Authors: Su Zhaohui , McDonnell Dean , Bentley Barry L , He Jiguang , Shi Feng , Cheshmehzangi Ali , Ahmad Junaid , Jia Peng
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

With advances in science and technology, biotechnology is becoming more accessible to people of all demographics. These advances inevitably hold the promise to improve personal and population well-being and welfare substantially. It is paradoxical that while greater access to biotechnology on a population level has many advantages, it may also increase the likelihood and frequency of biodisasters due to accidental or malicious use. Similar to “Disease X” (describing unknown naturally emerging pathogenic diseases with a pandemic potential), we term this unknown risk from biotechnologies “Biodisaster X.” To date, no studies have examined the potential role of information technologies in preventing and mitigating Biodisaster X.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore (1) what Biodisaster X might entail and (2) solutions that use artificial intelligence (AI) and emerging 6G technologies to help monitor and manage Biodisaster X threats.

METHODS

A review of the literature on applying AI and 6G technologies for monitoring and managing biodisasters was conducted on PubMed, using articles published from database inception through to November 16, 2020.

RESULTS

Our findings show that Biodisaster X has the potential to upend lives and livelihoods and destroy economies, essentially posing a looming risk for civilizations worldwide. To shed light on Biodisaster X threats, we detailed effective AI and 6G-enabled strategies, ranging from natural language processing to deep learning–based image analysis to address issues ranging from early Biodisaster X detection (eg, identification of suspicious behaviors), remote design and development of pharmaceuticals (eg, treatment development), and public health interventions (eg, reactive shelter-at-home mandate enforcement), as well as disaster recovery (eg, sentiment analysis of social media posts to shed light on the public’s feelings and readiness for recovery building).

CONCLUSIONS

Biodisaster X is a looming but avoidable catastrophe. Considering the potential human and economic consequences Biodisaster X could cause, actions that can effectively monitor and manage Biodisaster X threats must be taken promptly and proactively. Rather than solely depending on overstretched professional attention of health experts and government officials, it is perhaps more cost-effective and practical to deploy technology-based solutions to prevent and control Biodisaster X threats. This study discusses what Biodisaster X could entail and emphasizes the importance of monitoring and managing Biodisaster X threats by AI techniques and 6G technologies. Future studies could explore how the convergence of AI and 6G systems may further advance the preparedness for high-impact, less likely events beyond Biodisaster X.
The Future of Virtual Care for Older Ethnic Adults Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic (Preprint)
Authors: Pham Quynh , El-Dassouki Noor , Lohani Raima , Jebanesan Aravinth , Young Karen
Published: May 2021

UNSTRUCTURED

The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed how Canadians access health care. Although it is undeniable that the rapid adoption of virtual care has played a critical role in reducing viral transmission, the gap in equitable access to virtual care remains pervasive for Canada’s aging and ethnocultural minority communities. Existing virtual care solutions are designed for the English-speaking, health-literate, and tech-savvy patient population, excluding older ethnic adults who often do not see themselves reflected in these identities. In acknowledging the permanency of virtual care brought on by the pandemic, we have a collective responsibility to co-design new models that serve our older ethnic patients who have been historically marginalized by the status quo. Building on existing foundations of caregiving within ethnocultural minority communities, one viable strategy to realize culturally equitable virtual care may be to engage the highly motivated and skilled family caregivers of older ethnic adults as partners in the technology-mediated management of their chronic disease. The time is now to build a model of shared virtual care that embraces Canada’s diverse cultures, while also providing its older ethnic adults with access to health innovations in partnership with equally invested family caregivers who have their health at heart.
openEHR Archetypes Reuse Analysis of Clinical Knowledge Manager Instances: Case Study (Preprint)
Authors: Min Lingtong , Liu Xiangang , Zhou Deyun , Zhi Yuanjie , Li Xiaoyang , Lv Qinyi
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Electronic health record information systems' continuous application has accumulated enormous medical data with potential value. Semantic interoperability is the premise of mining and realizing these values by sharing and reusing vast scattered, heterogeneous, and multi-source clinical data. Several initiatives have been developing information models to realize and improve semantic interoperability, among which the openEHR model is one of the outstanding information models. Reusing archetypes from Clinical Knowledge Manager (CKM) instances is the backbone of achieving semantic interoperability based on the openEHR approach. Archetype reuse among different CKMs is of great significance to achieve a broader range of semantic interoperability. However, the reuse of archetypes among different existing CKMs is still unclear.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the reuse of openEHR archetypes across the CKMs approved by openEHR International for achieving and improving semantic interoperability.

METHODS

This study analyzes and compares archetype reuse across the given five CKMs (Fi-CKMs) and across the four CKMs (Fo-CKMs), respectively. Firstly, the analysis and comparison of reused archetypes are executed in terms of: archetype reuse number and archetype reuse ratio. Then, data elements of the given 25 reused archetypes were analyzed and compared across the Fi-CKMs and across the Fo-CKMs, including the type, number and ratio of the reused data elements.

RESULTS

The archetype reuse numbers across the Fi-CKMs and the Fo-CKMs are 25 and 58, respectively. Comparison of archetype reuse ratio showed that reducing one CKM increased the archetype reuse ratio from 5.56% - 19.23% to 12.89% - 44.62%. The analysis and comparison of data elements across the Fi-CKMs and the Fo-CKMs show that reducing one CKM increased the reusable data elements from 231 to 355, increased the data element reuse ratio from 54.20% - 70.64% to 90.33% - 100%, and increased the data element direct ratio from 89% to 100%.

CONCLUSIONS

A large number of archetypes have been accumulated in the existing CKM instances, which provides an important foundation for the reuse of archetypes needed for semantic interoperability. With the decrease of the involving person, archetype reuse is improved, including the number of the reused archetype, the number of data element reuse, and the ratio of data element direct reused. A more effective coordination mechanism between multiple CKMs needs to be established to promote archetypes reuse across CKMs.
The Contact Dermatitis Quality of Life Index (CDQL): Survey Development and Content Validity Assessment (Preprint)
Authors: Hill Mary K , Laughter Melissa R , Harmange Cecile I , Dellavalle Robert P , Rundle Chandler W , Dunnick Cory A
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

There is limited measurement and reporting of quality of life (QoL) outcomes for patients with contact dermatitis (CD).

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study is to develop a standardized Contact Dermatitis Quality of Life index (CDQL) for adult patients.

METHODS

A list of 81 topics was compiled from a review of QoL measures used previously in CD research. A total of 2 rounds of web-based Delphi surveys were sent to physicians who registered to attend the 2018 American Contact Dermatitis Society meeting, asking that they rank the relevance of topics for measuring QoL in CD using a 4-point scale. Items met consensus for inclusion if at least 78% of respondents ranked them as relevant or very relevant, and their median score was ≥3.25.

RESULTS

Of the 210 physicians contacted, 34 physicians completed the initial survey and 17 completed the follow-up survey. A total of 22 topics met consensus for inclusion in the CDQL, addressing symptoms, emotions, functions of daily living, social and physical functions, work/school functions, and treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

This study was limited by the following factors: few open-ended questions in the initial survey, a lack of direct patient feedback, and long survey length, which likely contributed to lower survey participation. The CDQL is a comprehensive, CD-specific QoL measure developed on the basis of expert consensus via a modified Delphi process to be used by physicians and other health care professionals who care for adult patients with contact dermatitis.
Factors Affecting the Extent of Patients’ Electronic Medical Record Use: An Empirical Study Focusing on System and Patient Characteristics (Preprint)
Authors: Agrawal Lavlin , Ndabu Theophile , Mulgund Pavankumar , Sharman Raj
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Patients’ access to and use of electronic medical records (EMRs) places greater information in their hands, which helps them better comanage their health, leading to better clinical outcomes. Despite numerous benefits that promote health and well-being, patients’ acceptance and use of EMRs remains low. We study the impact of predictors that affect the use of EMR by patients to understand better the underlying causal factors for the lower use of EMR.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to examine the critical system (eg, performance expectancy and effort expectancy) and patient characteristics (eg, health condition, issue involvement, preventive health behaviors, and caregiving status) that influence the extent of patients’ EMR use.

METHODS

We used secondary data collected by Health Information National Trends Survey 5 cycle 3 and performed survey data analysis using structural equation modeling technique to test our hypotheses. Structural equation modeling is a technique commonly used to measure and analyze the relationships of observed and latent variables. We also addressed common method bias to understand if there was any systematic effect on the observed correlation between the measures for the predictor and predicted variables.

RESULTS

The statistically significant drivers of the extent of EMR use were performance expectancy (β=.253; P<.001), perceived behavior control (β=.236; P<.001), health knowledge (β=–.071; P=.007), caregiving status (β=.059; P=.013), issue involvement (β=.356; P<.001), chronic conditions (β=.071; P=.016), and preventive health behavior (β=.076; P=.005). The model accounted for 32.9% of the variance in the extent of EMR use.

CONCLUSIONS

The study found that health characteristics, such as chronic conditions and patient disposition (eg, preventive health behavior and issue involvement), directly affect the extent of EMR use. The study also revealed that issue involvement mediates the impact of preventive health behaviors and the presence of chronic conditions on the extent of patients’ EMR use.
The Effectiveness of Social Media Use as a Supplement Media of Clinical Skills Lab Learning for Undergraduate Medical Students in Low- and Middle-Income Countries during COVID-19 (Preprint)
Authors: Fathiyya Zahira Noor , Utama Muhammad Reza , Levani Yelvi , Rahmawati Yuli Wahyu
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Before COVID-19, it was recommended that medical education be conducted using the blended learning method in order to achieve an effective learning experience. However, it seems that distance learning is currently the best alternative to the previous learning method. Clinical skills lab activities, which are one of the learning methods in medical education, must adapt because they cannot be administered in-person. Social media has been proven giving a potential to supplement formal medical education for undergraduate student.

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review aims to examine the effectiveness of media social use as a supplement for clinical skills lab learning on undergraduate medical students in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

We designed a protocol for creating a systematic review on the effectiveness of social media as a supplement media in clinical skills lab learning for undergraduate medical students in LMIC during COVID-19. We will be extracting information from appropriate sources online obtained from journal websites’ databases guided by the PRISMA-S checklist in accordance with the research problem. The included sources include randomized controlled trials, systematic review, and meta-analysis published between 2020-2021.

RESULTS

This manuscript is still a protocol and has not been implemented.

CONCLUSIONS

In this systematic review, we will discuss the effectiveness of social media as a clinical skills lab learning for undergraduate medical students in LMIC during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Gender-Equality Concerns and Political Attitudes toward Women in the 2019 Legislative Election: Evidence from Pelalawan
Authors: Saputra Andhik Beni , Setiawan Azhari , Febriani Citra Puspita
Published: May 2021

The presence of women in Indonesian politics remains underrepresented whereas cultural and societal aspects pose critical influence in determining voter behavior toward female candidates. The aim of this article is to examine voter behavior regarding female candidates and the probability for them to be elected as members of parliament. We apply quantitative method by developing three models representing three combinations of predictor variables, (i) socio-demography, (ii) gender- equality concern, and (iii) political attitude towards female candidates as determinants towards female candidate electability. The study took place in Pelalawan Regency in Riau Province, by analyzing 400 respondents with equal numbers of men and women from various socio-economic backgrounds through clustered random sampling method. We tested these hypotheses and our three models by utilizing logistic regression analysis. The result shows that political attitude toward female candidates (Model 3) are the strongest coefficient and most significant determinant for female candidate electability. The study also revealed that female candidate’s electability in Pelalawan Regency is lower than male candidate’s electability among male respondents. On the other hand, female candidate’s electability is higher than male candidate’s electability among female respondents. Moreover, we also found that education determines female candidate’s electability where the more educated an individual is, the more he/she tends to vote for female candidates.
РАЗРАБОТКА РЕГУЛИРУЕМЫХ ЭЛЕКТРОПРИВОДОВ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ
Authors: Слепцов В. , Скворцов С. , Орлов А. , Ковалева Н. , Романов А. , Швец П.
Published: May 2021

Рассмотрены вопросы анализа технических характеристик электроприводов с двигателями постоянного тока на стадии проектирования.
Fundamentos jurídicos y de análisis económico para la aplicación de responsabilidad civil por incumplimiento de deberes matrimoniales en el derecho chileno
Authors: Castro Azócar Felipe Javier
Published: May 2021

It seeks to defend the appropriateness of compensation for damages for breach of marital duties, under the statute of the figure of moral damages and cause of guilt divorce established in Law No. 19.947. In order to do so, arguments are gathered from national and comparative legislation, as well as from doctrine and jurisprudence, also incorporating foundations of economic analysis of the law.
Ocean effects on weather and climate
Authors: Adem Julian
Published: May 2021

Un modelo termodinámico se usa, para el hemisferio norte, en enero y en julio, para evaluar en el sistema Atmósfera-Océano-Continente las contribuciones, en los campos de temperatura, de la evaporación y del calor sensible dado a la atmósfera de la superficie de los océanos; así como del almacenamiento de energía en los mismos. Se presentan cálculos de la respuesta del sistema Atmósfera-Océano-Continente a una anomalía inicial de 2°C en la temperatura de la superficie de los océanos. Los resultados muestran que importantes anomalías aparecen en la temperatura, las funciones de calentamiento y la circulación atmosférica, que dependen de la estación del año. Se hace una estimación cuantitativa de los efectos del océano en la respuesta del Sistema Atmósfera-Océano-Continente a un aumento de 2% en la constante solar, para el hemisferio norte.
The Canadian Cordillera
Authors: Stacey Roger A.
Published: May 2021

Se discuten las subdivisiones fisiográficas y geológicas de la Cordillera del Canadá, y se definen los límites actuales entre las Placas de las Américas, del Pacífico y de Juan de Fuca. Se propone una interpretación preliminar de la historia geológica de la Cordillera desde el Proterozoico, en base a la teoría de placas. Se pasa revista a las mediciones aeromagnéticas, de variación magnética, de gravedad y de flujo térmico, a los experimentos de refracción sísmica y a los estudios sismológicos en la región cordillerana y el Oceana Pacífico adyacente, y se presenta una tentativa de relacionar estos datos con la historia tectónica de la Cordillera. Los temas de mayor interés son los límites actuales entre las placas de las Américas, del Pacífico y de Juan de Fuca, y la historia reciente del punto triple entre estas placas que se encuentra al NW de la Isla Vancouver. Al interior de la Cordillera los problemas de especial interés son las evidencias de antiguos límites de placas, y el estudio de las características físicas de la corteza y del manto superior.
Anisotropy and crustal structure of the Cocos plate
Authors: Shor, Jr. George G. , Raitt Russel W. , Henry M. , Bentley L. R. , Sution G. H.
Published: May 2021

Mediante un estudio sísmico de dos zonas en la Placa de Cocos, al SE y al NW de la Cresta de Tehuantepec, se encontró una anisotropía significativa con una dirección NE-SW de las altas velocidades. En la misma región se encontraron profundidades pequeñas hasta el manto, junta a bajas profundidades del océano y bajo flujo térmico. Las profundidades hasta el manto son de 8 a 8.5 km en toda la región comprendida entre la Fractura de Clipperton y la Fractura de Guerrero en latitud 13.5° N. Pasado este punto, desciende a profundidades de unos 9.5 km.
The concept of a lithosphere
Authors: Tozer David C.
Published: May 2021

La actual tendencia de definir la litósfera como una región de propiedades elásticas características, puede distorsionar un importante aspecto cualitativo de los procesos tectónicos en un planeta. Si se admite a escala de laboratorio que un mismo material puede comportarse casi clásticamente (como un sólido) o casi viscosamente (como un líquido) según el régimen de carga, podemos sugerir el término “litósfera" para designar aquella región de un planeta (si la hay) que se comporta en forma casi elástica bajo la acción de los esfuerzos asociados al proceso de transferencia de calor. Al definirse una región de este tipo es necesario entrar a discutir el comportamiento anclástico del material planetario. Esta idea es desarrollada para el caso particular de la Tierra, aunque se hace referencia también a otros planetas. Una litósfera así definida es mucho más delgada que la basada en la profundidad de la "capa de baja velocidad", y su espesor puede ser varias veces mayor bajo los continentes que bajo los océanos. Esto afecta significativamente la estabilidad (y por ende la edad radiogénica) de la litósfera en ambas regiones. Se propone una exploración muy diferente de la capa de baja velocidad bajo los océanos.
Driving mechanisms for plate tectonics
Authors: Turcotte Donald L.
Published: May 2021

Esta generalmente aceptada la idea de que el motor de la tectónica de placas sea algún tipo de convección térmica. La fuerza impelente puede aplicarse dentro de la placa, o bien puede transmitirse a la placa desde abajo. Las siguientes fuerzas actúan sobre una placa: 1) el exceso de peso específico y la mayor elevación de los límites de fase en la placa descendente, 2) el deslizamiento gravitacional de la placa desde las crestas oceánicas. Ambas fuerzas pueden calcularse con relativa precisión. Las fuerzas transmitidas a la placa por esfuerzos de corte aplicados en la base son mucho más difíciles de estimar. No se conoce la forma del flujo convectivo en el manto y las cifras estimativas sobre la viscosidad pueden variar en órdenes de magnitud. La posibilidad de que tales fuerzas contribuyan al mecanismo motriz de la tectónica de placas pertenece al dominio de la especulación.
On the axisymetric, steady state structure of the atmosphere
Authors: Perez-Discerni Maria R. , Wun-Nielsen Aksel C.
Published: May 2021

El estado estacionario y con simetría axial de la atmósfera se calcula usando un modelo cuasi geostrófico .de dos niveles. La función de calentamiento determinada por Fuenzalida (1973) ha sido usada y la circulación calculada de esta manera se compara con cálculos similares basados en varias parametrizaciones del calentamiento. Se presentan análisis detallados usando calentamiento newtoniano con consideraciones radiactivas únicamente e incorporando otros procesos físicos.
Precipitation dependence on synoptic-scale conditions and cloud seeding
Authors: Estoque M. A. , Fernández Partagas J. J.
Published: May 2021

Se analizó, mediante el uso de radar, la precipitación sobre el sur de la Florida para determinar su dependencia de las condiciones sinópticas y de la siembra de nubes. Los parámetros sinópticos que se usan son: el flujo predominante, la humedad, la estabilidad y el cizallamiento vertical del viento. Los resultados indican que la variación en las condiciones sinópticas es mucho más importante que la siembra múltiple de nubes en la determinación de la precipitación. Estos resultados también indican que aquellos experimentos de siembra de nubes en la Florida, que no toman en cuenta el efecto de las condiciones sinópticas, pueden conducir a conclusiones equivocadas.
Climate models and variations in the solar constant
Authors: Sellers William D.
Published: May 2021

Se da un resumen de los resultados obtenidos por varios autores, que usan modelos climáticos simples con promedios zonales y anuales. Se demuestra que la mayoría de estos resultados puede explicarse fácilmente usando un modelo promediado globalmente. Se demuestra también que, según la parametrización usada, el porcentaje de cambio de constante solar, relativo al valor actual, requerido en el modelo (a) para iniciar una época glacial es de -2 a -5 por ciento, (b) para producir una tierra cubierta de hielo es -6 a -14 por ciento, y (c) para iniciar el proceso de derretimiento en una tierra cubierta de hielo es de -8 a + 33 por ciento. Por lo tanto, el margen de posible error aumenta significativamente al alejarse de las condiciones actuales.
Climatology and energy budget of the northern hemisphere middle stratosphere durind 1972
Authors: Tahnk William R. , Newell Reginald E.
Published: May 2021

La capa atmosférica de 10-2 mb (~30-43 km) recibe en invierno energía de dos fuentes diferentes: energía mecánica es llevada hacia arriba desde la tropósfera y desde la estratósfera baja, mientras que energía es generada in situ por las gradientes de calentamientos y enfriamientos radiactivos. Demostramos aquí, según datos para 1972, que la última energía gobierna en forma primaria el balance de energía de la estratósfera media al principio del invierno, mientras que la primera llega a ser de tamaño comparable, y a menudo dominante, a la mitad y al final del invierno. Las fuentes de energía radiactiva para el hemisferio de verano son muy pequeñas, ya que hay considerable compensación entre el calentamiento solar a través de la absorción por ozono y enfriamiento infrarrojo par bióxido de carbono y ozono. Ondas estacionarias y en movimiento aparecen claramente a los 5 y a los 2 mb en invierno, ya que mucho del caos de regiones bajas se filtra en la estratósfera baja; las ondas estacionarias a los 2 mb reflejan propiedades de la superficie más efectivamente que las configuraciones de flujo en niveles más bajos. Una onda moviéndose hacia el oeste, con un período aproximado de un mes se manifestó a principios de 1972.
On the dominating processes in the formation and maintenance of long-term atmospheric fluctuations
Authors: Kurbatkin G. P.
Published: May 2021

Utilizando datos reales, se obtiene un modelo espectral no-adiabático modificado con la ayuda de métodos estadísticos para simular en la forma más aproximada las fluctuaciones no regulares. Dicho modelo se aplica para reproducir las ondas atmosféricas más largas. Los resultados se usan para estimar el papel de los factores dinámicos y el efecto del calor del océano en los cambios geopotenciales no-periódicos de escalas planetarias para los periodos de tres días a un mes, con el objeto de estimar los tiempos característicos del efecto de los factores no-lineales y lineales sobre la evolución de la circulación hemisférica, así como para estudiar métodos de parametrización de los movimientos de escala de sub-rejilla. Se analizan un modelo turbulento de la interacción con un mecanismo no lineal de viscosidad turbulenta y un modelo de atmósferaocéano para la predicción meteorológica a largo plazo, en ausencia de datos iniciales en el océano.
Estudio meteorológico de las inundaciones de diciembre de 1970 en Costa Rica
Authors: Grandoso Hector
Published: May 2021

Se analiza la situación meteorológica del 3 y 4 de diciembre de 1970, que produjo grandes lluvias e inundaciones en la Vertiente del Caribe de Costa Rica. Las cartas de la troposfera inferior no muestran ningún sistema sinóptico significativo, pero destaca la presencia de un disturbio de importancia desde el nivel 500 mb para arriba. Se trata de una vaguada en los Oestes de latitudes medias que se profundiza y se extiende en las latitudes tropicales hasta Costa Rica. En los trópicos la vaguada de altura toma una orientación NE-SW y da lugar a una línea de cortante o una bajada segregada. El sistema orográfico de Costa Rica actúa como generador de lluvias abundantes al producirse un flujo anómalo del NE en la troposfera superior y al aumentar el espesor de la capa potencialmente inestable por encima de sus valores normales. Por otra parte, las montañas bloquean el flujo en la capa superficial a barlovento, dando lugar a una corriente de retorno del Oeste contrario al flujo sinóptico del NE.Las precipitaciones máximas del orden de 350 mm en un día, de 700 mm en dos días y de 800 mm en tres días son del tipo continúo moderado y no conectivo. Se propone un mecanismo de liberación gradual de la inestabilidad potencial por el ascenso orográfico. Se destaca que precipitaciones de esta magnitud son mayores que las producidas por cualquier otro disturbio sinóptico, incluyendo los huracanes, en América Central.
Análisis espectral del bióxido de azufre en la ciudad de México y su relación con algunos parámetros meteorológicos
Authors: Klaus Dieter , Jáuregui Ernesto
Published: May 2021

Se utilizan los métodos de componentes principales y de espectro para examinar las variaciones espaciales y temporales del bióxido de azufre en cl área urbana de la ciudad de México. El análisis demuestra que existe una periodicidad diurna en las variaciones de las concentraciones del SO2.Estas variaciones están asociadas con distribuciones espaciales características (tipos ] a 6) y pueden explicarse, por medio de la circulación de) aire superficial. Las correlaciones múltiples permiten la posibilidad de: intentar un pronostico a corto plazo de los niveles de concentración dcl S02 con datos del viento.
Effects of low temperature sea-floor weathering On the rare earth elements of tholeiitic basalts
Authors: Urrutia-Fucugauchi Jaime
Published: May 2021

El presente trabajo se basa en resultados de elementos de tierras raras obtenidos de basaltos toleíticos provenientes de la boca del Golfo de California, México. Los basaltos fueron muestreados durante una opcración de dragado a la latitud de 23° N.Los elementos de tierras raras fueron obtenidos por el método instrumental de activación por neutrones (Lopez et al .. 1978). Las muestras fueron tomadas entre la cresta de la Dorsal del Pacífico Este y la plataforma continental de la península de Baja California. Las edades asignadas a las mues tras con base en datos de anomalías magnéticas y de la relación batimetríaedad del fondo oceánico son de 0, 1.7 y 3.5 millones de años. Los datos son empleados en este trabajo para evaluar el comportamiento de las tierras raras durante procesos de alteración a bajas temperaturas. Fue usado un procedimiento de normalización propuesto por Ludden y Thompson (1978) para datos de basaltos de la dorsal del Atlántico Medio (23° N). No obstante que el valor de normalización (esto es, la abundancia de Yb para basaltos sin alteración) puede no ser válido para los basaltos de la Dorsal del Pacifico Este (23° N), los resultados obtenidos son consistentes y reflejan los efectos de alteración. Dichos resultados están de acuerdo con el modelo propuesto por Ludden y Thompson. Las muestras reflejan un enriquecimiento progresivo de las tierras raras ligeras (La a Sm) con la alteración (edad). Por otro lado, las diferencias observadas con respecto a los resultados anteriores indican que las tierras raras no se comportan de igual forma en todos los ambientes de alteración. En particular, el elemento Ce muestra anomalías positivas y negativas, contrario a lo esperado del modelo propuesto que predice anomalías negativas. El agua de mar tiene una anomalía negativa, de aquí que este comportamiento puede ser interpretado en términos de la abundancia de Ce en el agua de mar o bien su fraccionamiento del agua de mar.