bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The National Health Service: past and future
Authors: Langlands Alan
Published: May 2017

Alan Langlands is the Chief Executive of the National Health Service in England and the most senior health service manager in the UK. He is the Secretary of State for Health's principal policy adviser for the NHS and is directly accountable to him for the effective stewardship of a revenue budget of £34bn.

He joined the NHS in 1974 as a graduate trainee and has spent his working life in health care management. His experience includes time spent managing major teaching hospitals in London (the Middlesex and University College Hospitals and the Hospital for Women, Soho), running Harrow Health Authority; and developing a Health Care practice within Powers Perrin, an international management consultancy firm. From 1990–1992 he was the Regional General Manager of North West Thames Regional Health Authority; during 1993, he was seconded to the Department of Health as Deputy Chief Executive of the NHS where he was responsible for a major review of the top management of the NHS.

Sir Alan is a science graduate of the University of Glasgow and holds the diploma of the Institute of Health Services Management. He is an Honorary Professor at the University of Warwick Business School and a board member of the Centre for Corporate Strategy and Change at the University. He is also an honorary fellow of the Faculty of Public Health Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians.
Primary care
Authors: Ferguson John J
Published: May 2017

Dr John Ferguson is the current President of the Section of General Practice of the Royal Society of Medicine.

He was in academic general practice in Edinburgh for 20 years and was involved in the continuum of medical education as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of General Practice and an Associate Regional Adviser in General Practice to the Edinburgh Postgraduate Board for Medicine. He is the past Chairman of the Examination Board of the Royal College of General Practitioners in London.

In September 1992, he was appointed to the new post of Medical Director to the Prescription Pricing Authority in Newcastle upon Tyne, which is an NHS Special Health Authority, whose responsibility is to process over 518 million prescriptions per annum in England, and to arrange the payment in excess of £4.94 billion.
Collaborative research and development
Authors: Moncada Salvador
Published: May 2017

Professor Salvador Moncada was born in Honduras. He received a medical degree in El Salvador and came to London in 1971 to do a PhD on the mode of action of aspirin-like drugs at The Royal College of Surgeons. He joined the Wellcome Research Laboratories in 1975 where he worked on the unstable metabolites of arachidonic acid. He obtained a DSc in 1983 and in 1986 was appointed Director of Research at Wellcome. In 1988 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1994 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians as well as a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. In the last decade his major research interest has been the biology of nitric oxide, a substance that he discovered in the cardiovascular system in 1987. In 1995 he became Director of the Cruciform project for Strategic Medical Research at UCL. He has published over 700 papers and edited a number of books on nitric oxide.
Use of complementary therapies by patients attending musculoskeletal clinics
Authors: Chandola A , Young Y , Mcalister J , Axford J S
Published: May 2017

Patients with musculoskeletal disorders commonly seek treatment outside orthodox medicine (complementary therapy). In patients attending hospital clinics we investigated the prevalence of such behaviour and the reasons for it. Patients attending rheumatology and orthopaedic clinics who agreed to participate were interviewed on the same day by means of a structured questionnaire in three sections: the first section about demographic characteristics; the second about the nature and duration of the complaint, the length of any treatment and whether the patient was satisfied with conventional treatment; and the third about the use of complementary medicine, the types of therapy that had been considered and the reasoning behind these decisions. The data were examined by univariate and bivariate analysis as well as logistic regression multivariate analysis.

166 patients were interviewed (99% response rate) and the predominant diagnosis was rheumatoid arthritis (22.3%). 109 patients (63%) were satisfied with conventional medical treatment; 63 (38%) had considered the use of complementary therapies, and 47 (28%) had tried such a therapy. 26 of the 47 who had used complementary therapy said they had gained some benefit. Acupuncture, homoeopathy, osteopathy and herbal medicine were the most popular types of treatment to be considered. Patients of female gender (P=0.009) and patients who had expressed dissatisfaction with current therapies (P=0.01) were most likely to have considered complementary medicine.

These results indicate substantial use of complementary therapy in patients attending musculoskeletal disease clinics. The reasons for dissatisfaction with orthodox treatment deserve further investigation, as does the effectiveness of complementary treatments, which must be demonstrated before they are integrated with orthodox medical practice.
Artificial neural networks: a potential role in osteoporosis
Authors: Rae Sarah A , Wang Wen Jia , Partridge Derek
Published: May 2017

Artificial neural networks are computer software systems that recognize patterns in complex data sets. A recent development in neural computing, multiversion systems (MVS), has led to enhanced analytical power, and this was harnessed to demonstrate the value of risk factors in predicting the result of osteoporosis investigations by quantitative ultrasound.

274 women were screened in an open-access osteoporosis service. A conventional risk factor questionnaire was completed for each patient by the osteoporosis specialist nurse. An MVS was trained on 180 randomly selected data sets and tested on the remaining 94. The results were compared with those from logistic regression analysis in predictive power, both from the selected 20-item questionnaire and for a limited 5-item questionnaire comprising age, height, height loss, weight and years since the menopause.

The MVS approach predicted the T-score categorization of the patients from the 20-item questionnaire with 83.0% accuracy, whereas logistic regression yielded an accuracy of only 72.8% (P=0.04). From the 5-item database the MVS yielded a best prediction accuracy of 73.1%, whereas the logistic regression prediction accuracy was 60% (P=0.04).

These results suggest that 20 risk factors can be used by an MVS to predict the outcome of osteoporosis investigations with a power that outperforms conventional statistical methods. Use of this system may improve the selection of patients for osteoporosis investigations, since even with only 5 risk factors the system performs nearly as well as that based on the full 20 factors.
Where do UK health services researchers publish their findings?
Authors: Black Nick , Davies Sally C
Published: May 2017

Health services research has emerged as the third vital requirement for understanding and improving health care, alongside basic science and clinical research. This has coincided with more stringent management of research, in particular by funding bodies. The latter are seeking to use bibliographic databases to aid the monitoring of the output of their investments. The principal source of data in the UK is the Research Outputs Database (ROD) set up by the Wellcome Trust primarily to monitor basic and clinical research. Health services researchers’ output is difficult to monitor in view of the large number and wide variety of journals in which they publish. In addition, nearly half the journals (representing 35% of the articles) are not currently covered by the ROD. Funding bodies will underestimate the quantity of health services researchers’ output unless they take these findings into account.
Antibacterial Activity of Honey against Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus from Infected Wounds
Authors: Cooper R A , Molan P C , Harding K G
Published: May 2017

The antibacterial action of honey in infected wounds does not depend wholly on its high osmolality. We tested the sensitivity of 58 strains of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from infected wounds, to a pasture honey and a manuka honey. There was little variation between the isolates in their sensitivity to honey: minimum inhibitory concentrations were all between 2 and 3% (v/v) for the manuka honey and between 3 and 4% for the pasture honey. Thus, these honeys would prevent growth of S. aureus if diluted by body fluids a further seven-fold to fourteen-fold beyond the point where their osmolarity ceased to be completely inhibitory. The antibacterial action of the pasture honey relied on release of hydrogen peroxide, which in vivo might be reduced by catalase activity in tissues or blood. The action of manuka honey stems partly from a phytochemical component, so this type of honey might be more effective in vivo. Comparative clinical trials with standardized honeys are needed.
Clinical Experience during the Paediatric Undergraduate Course
Authors: Ahmed S F , Hughes I A
Published: May 2017

Medical students at the Cambridge Clinical School are provided with a list of 42 core conditions they should encounter and 20 core skills they should perform during their attachment. By self-completion questionnaires we assessed their clinical experience and the amount of teaching they received, relating the results to marks gained in end-of-attachment assessments.

103 (93%) of 110 students in year one and 123 (96%) of 128 in year two completed the questionnaires. Of the 42 core conditions, 13 were seen by under 70% of the students in year one. In year two, exposure rate increased for 26 core conditions by a median of 7% (range 2–40) and decreased in 13 core conditions by a median value 4% (range 5–13) (P=0.0005, χ2). Only mandatory core skills were performed by over 90% of students. 5% of students did not perform any newborn examinations and under 60% observed neonatal resuscitation or a high-risk delivery. Students' core condition score was associated with their core skill score (r=0.5), hospital grade (r=0.3) and exposure to acute paediatrics (r=0.3) (P<0.005). There was no significant association between clinical experience and the objective examination score or the amount of teaching received. There was an inverse association between the number of students at a hospital and the number of core conditions with an exposure rate above 70% at that hospital (r=0.7, P<0.05).

This study suggests that clinical experience may be better judged by the clinical supervisor than by assessment of theoretical knowledge.
Three Cases of Macroprolactinaemia
Authors: Olukoga A O , Dornan T L , Kane J W
Published: May 2017

A woman with hirsutism but otherwise symptom-free was found to have a raised serum prolactin and a pituitary microadenoma. The hyperprolactinaemia persisted despite bromocriptine therapy and subsequent pituitary surgery, which yielded a non-functioning adenoma. After a further 15 years with persistent hyperprolactinaemia but no symptoms, macroprolactinaemia was diagnosed. Such cases might account for part of the failure rate of pituitary microsurgery for prolactinoma. Testing for macroprolactinaemia is advisable in a woman with hyperprolactinaemia, especially if her ovulatory cycle is normal. Two other cases are reported in which macroprolactinaemia was associated with menstrual disturbances and other hormonal effects: in these, treatment with dopamine agonists suppressed the hyperprolactinaemia and restored normal menstrual cycles.
Acupuncture for vulvodynia
Authors: Powell J , Wojnarowska F
Published: May 2017

Vulvodynia is the sensation of burning and/or pain of the vulva in the absence of abnormal clinical findings. We offered acupuncture to twelve patients with this syndrome. All had experienced severe distress and impairment of sexual function and usual treatments had failed. The patients attended weekly for acupuncture and progress was monitored at each visit by enquiry, a questionnaire and a visual analogue scale for pain. Half had treatment for the first five weeks only, the other half for the second five weeks only.

Side-effects were negligible. Two patients felt so much improved that they declared themselves ‘cured’; three believed their symptoms had improved and wished to continue acupuncture; four felt slightly better and judged acupuncture more effective than any other treatment; and three noted no effect at all.

Acupuncture is time-consuming and a large part of its beneficial effect in this study may have come from the regular specialist contact. However, in view of the patients' lack of response to other measures their satisfaction with the acupuncture was surprisingly high.
Hysterosalpingo contrast sonography as a screening test for tubal patency in infertile women
Authors: Killick Stephen R
Published: May 2017

The most informative method for assessing tubal patency in subfertile women is laparoscopy-and-dye. This investigation, however, puts a large burden on services and a screening test is needed that identifies a high likelihood of occlusion. In our infertility programme we introduced hysterosalpingo contrast sonography for this purpose, operated entirely by ultrasonographers. A series of audits indicated that this innovation speeded the process of investigation by several weeks and reduced the number of laparoscopy-and-dye procedures by 75%. The negative predictive value was 89% and the positive predictive value was 44%. The main limitation of the method was the long period required for training, in those without extensive experience of vaginal ultrasonography.
Distributed consensus of a class of networked nonlinear systems by non-uniform sampling with probabilistic transmission delays and its application to two-link manipulators
Authors: Hu Lili , Wang Xinyong , Li Hongmin
Published: May 2017

This paper investigates the primary problem of distributed consensus for Euler–Lagrange systems networked by using non-uniform sampling information with probabilistic transmission delay. In a real-world application, the information is likely to be exchanged in a discrete-time interval manner. Employing sampled-data information can save the energy cost and reduce the communication network burden. For the reasons given above, sampling control is applied in this paper. Meanwhile, we focus on the study of non-uniform sampling information exchanges in the communication network which is described in this paper. In order to verify the distributed consensus of Euler–Lagrange systems, matrix theory, algebraic graph theory and Lyapunov stability theory are applied. A distinctive feature of this paper is that the transmission delay is defined as the probability of time-varying delay. A numerical simulation is given to demonstrate the benefits and effectiveness of the proposed schemes.
Effect of Camera Angle on Perception of Trust and Attractiveness
Authors: Baranowski Andreas Michael , Hecht Heiko
Published: May 2017

Film theories have long proposed that the vertical camera angle influences how the scene and the character in it are interpreted. An elevated camera (high-angle shot) should diminish the qualities of the actor, whereas a lowered camera (low-angle shot) should elevate the actor in perspective as well as in the viewer’s opinion. We were interested in how this holds up for the impression of trustworthiness and attractiveness that the spectator receives of the actor. We filmed 12 actors in a scenario inspired by a TV show called Split or Steal, which features a one-time version of the prisoner’s dilemma. Subjects had to rate trustworthiness and attractiveness of the actors, and also judge if the actors would lie or tell the truth. We found that actors were rated as most trustworthy when filmed from eye-level, and less so when the camera was lowered or raised. Camera elevation had no effect on attractiveness. Also, personality ratings of the actors were not altered by varying camera angle. We conclude that context plays an important role in how camera angle interacts with actor perception.
Numerical tool for hydraulic modelling – An educational approach
Authors: Coelho B , Andrade-Campos A
Published: May 2017

The scientific research devoted to modelling and simulation of water supply systems is, most of the times, dependent on the use of computer simulation programmes that requires a previous understanding on each specific programme particularities. At the same time, such programmes do not demonstrate to be open, with unconcealed data, simple and intuitive enough for teaching practices in the field of hydraulics. Therefore, other educational tools or approach should be taken. A numerical educative tool, developed in an Excel spreadsheet for the modelling and simulation of water networks operations is presented in this article. Intuitive and easy to adapt to several situations, the developed Excel-based tool presents large possibilities, not only for decision-support concerning the application of certain efficiency measures but also for pedagogical activities, allowing to understand with detail and immediately the effect of any control and/or design change in the daily operation of a water network, and hence in the associated daily energetic costs. Additionally, a number of analyses concerning the convenience of applying efficiency measures in such systems (namely the use of variable-speed pumps) is suggested and performed resorting to the developed tool. The developed tool has been applied in Fluid Mechanics classes with large success, demonstrating great potential for educational purposes.
Saint–Venant torsion of anisotropic elliptical bar
Authors: Ecsedi István , Baksa Attila
Published: May 2017

The object of this article is the Saint–Venant torsion of anisotropic, homogeneous bar with solid elliptical cross section. A general solution of the Saint–Venant torsion for anisotropic elliptical cross section is presented and some known results are reformulated. The case of non-warping cross section is analysed.
Effectiveness of the progestin-only pill for migraine treatment in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Warhurst Samantha , Rofe Christopher J , Brew Bruce J , Bateson Deborah , McGeechan Kevin , Merki-Feld Gabriele S , Garrick Raymond , Tomlinson Susan E
Published: May 2017

Background

Migraine is highly prevalent in women (18%). Peak morbidity affects their most productive years, coinciding with peak fertility. Hormonal contraception is often tailored for migraine prevention. Estrogen-containing contraceptives may be contraindicated in women experiencing migraine with aura due to the risk of vascular events. While improvements in migraine with a progestin-only pill (POP), which inhibits ovulation are documented, the strength and quality of evidence has not been formally evaluated.

Objectives

To determine the effectiveness of progestin-only contraceptives for migraine treatment by systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources and selection

MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Libraries were searched (1980 to September 2016) for studies on progestin-only treatments for migraine. Studies in English on >4 non-menopausal women aged 18–50 with migraine diagnosed by formal criteria were included.

Data extraction and analysis

Data were quality-assessed using the GRADE system. A random effects model was used for pooled analyses.

Results

Pooled analyses of four studies demonstrated that desogestrel 75 mcg/day, POP significantly but modestly reduced the number of migraine attacks and migraine days. Reduced intensity and duration, reduced analgesic and triptan use were observed, along with improved headache-related quality of life. GRADE analysis indicated evidence was low to very low for each outcome measure. Adverse effects resulted in treatment cessation for <10% of participants. Two studies compared desogestrel POP to a combined oral contraceptive, demonstrating similar migraine outcomes for both treatments.

Conclusions

The desogestrel POP shows promise in improving migraine in women. Current evidence is observational and based on small samples of women using only one oral progestin-only formulation. Further randomized trials on additional progestin-only contraceptives are required to confirm their role in migraine management.
Biological Considerations on the Use of Zirconia for Dental Devices
Authors: Manicone P.F. , Iommetti P. Rossi , Raffaelli L. , Paolantonio M. , Rossi G. , Berardi D. , Perfetti G.
Published: May 2017

Zirconium oxide, known as zirconia, is a ceramic material with optimal esthetical and mechanical properties. Zirconia stabilized with yttrium oxide has the best properties for medical uses. A stress on ZrO2 surface creates a crystalline modification that opposes to propagation of cracks. Zirconia core for fixed partial dentures (FPD) on anterior and posterior teeth and on implants are now available. Clinical evaluations after 3 years report good percentage of success for zirconia fixed partial denture. Zirconia biocompatibility was studied in vivo and in vitro by orthopedic research; no adverse responses were reported on insertion of ZrO2 samples in bone or muscle. In vitro experimentation showed absence of mutation and a good viability of cells cultured on this material.
Sem and Fractography Analysis of Screw Thread Loosening in Dental Implants
Authors: Scarano A. , Quaranta M. , Traini T. , Piattelli M. , Piattelli A.
Published: May 2017

Biological and technical failures of implants have already been reported. Mechanical factors are certainly of importance in implant failures, even if their exact nature has not yet been established. The abutment screw fracture or loosening represents a rare, but quite unpleasant failure. The aim of the present research is an analysis and structural examination of screw thread or abutment loosening compared with screw threads or abutment without loosening. The loosening of screw threads was compared to screw thread without loosening of three different implant systems; Branemark (Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden), T.B.R. implant systems (Benax, Ancona, Italy) and Restore (Lifecore Biomedical, Chaska, Minnesota, USA). In this study broken screws were excluded. A total of 16 screw thread loosenings were observed (Group I) (4 Branemark, 4 T.B.R and 5 Restore), 10 screw threads without loosening were removed (Group II), and 6 screw threads as received by the manufacturer (unused) (Group III) were used as control (2 Branemark, 2 T.B.R and 2 Restore). The loosened abutment screws were retrieved and analyzed under SEM. Many alterations and deformations were present in concavities and convexities of screw threads in group I. No macroscopic alterations or deformations were observed in groups II and III. A statistical difference of the presence of microcracks were observed between screw threads with an abutment loosening and screw threads without an abutment loosening.
Correlation between Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) with Clinical and Histological Aspects of Dental Implants Removed for Mobility
Authors: Scarano A. , Carinci F. , Quaranta A. , Iezzi G. , Piattelli M. , Piattelli A.
Published: May 2017

Dental implants are a successful treatment modality for missing teeth; however, failures do occur. These failures can occur early in the healing process after primary stability has been achieved at the time of implant placement, or after initial bone remodeling and new bone growth have taken place. The ability to detect implants that are failing or will fail is still not possible. The aim of the present study is to see if correlations exist between RFA values and histologic and histochemical evaluation of the human retrieved implants for failure. In a 5 year period, 37 root form implants were retrieved because of mobility and underwent histological examination. Thin ground sections were obtained from each implant. All the implants had been removed with a 5 mm trephine. In all cases a peri-implant radiolucency was present. Before implant retrieval, the implant stability was evaluated with OsstellTM (Integration Diagnostics AB, Gothenburg, Sweden). All the implants were not osseointegrated clinically and mobility was present. Radiographically, bone loss was observed around the implants and the mean ISQ values was 37 (+/- 2.7). A scarce inflammatory cell infiltrate was present in the connective tissue of some specimens. In about 10% of specimens, the epithelium tended to surround the total perimeter of the implant. These data suggest that implants with an ISQ <40 are irretrievably lost and there is no possibility to save them. A statistically significant correlation was found between an ISQ<36 and irretrievably failed implants.
Complex stiffness method for damping properties of woven composites
Authors: Yu Hang , Zhou Chuwei
Published: May 2017

Damping is a significant feature of the dynamic behavior of composites to control resonant response. While some methods work effectively in forecasting the damping of laminated composites, few damping prediction approaches have been developed for woven composites. Based on the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle, an effective method called the complex stiffness method is presented to determine the damping properties of woven composites. The effect of damping of fiber phase in fiber tows is considered to improve the accuracy of the predictions. Experiments were performed to validate the proposed model and good agreements are achieved between test data and predictions.
Toxicokinetics and Bioavailability of Paraquat in Rats following Different Routes of Administration
Authors: Chui Yun-Cheung , Poon Grace , Law Francis
Published: May 2017

The toxicokinetics and bioavailability of[14C]paraquat were examined in rats which had received a single dose (11.6 μg/kg) of the herbicide by the iv, intragastric, dermal or pulmonary route. In the pulmonary route studies, rats were exposed to an aqueous solution or liquid aerosols of[14C]paraquat through a tracheal cannula or [14C]paraquat aerosols in a nose-only inhalation chamber. After intratracheal, intragastric, and dermal administration of[14C]paraquat to the rat, the average bioavailabilities were 0.45 ± 0.22, 0.12 ± 0.03, and 0.038 ± 0.027, which corresponded to 20.3 nmol, 5.4 nmol and 1.7 nmol of[14C]paraquat, respectively. Since the dose administered to the rat in the [14C]paraquat aerosol studies was unknown, the bioavailability for this exposure route could not be determined. However, about 27.5 nmol of[14C]paraquat was absorbed into the systemic circulation of the rat after inhaling [14C]paraquat aerosols through a tracheal cannula. [14C]paraquat administered to the rat iv was eliminated from the blood with a half-life of about 68 min. Urine and feces were the major excretion routes. The radioactivity absorbed into the systemic circulation of the rat was approximately equal to that excreted in the urine; about 23.8 nmol, 8.5 nmol and 1.5 nmol of[14C]paraquat were recovered from the urine of the rat after inhalation of[14C]paraquat aerosols in a nose-only exposure chamber, intragastric injection and dermal absorption of [14C]paraquat, respectively. Tissue distribution studies showed that the bulk of the [14C]paraquat administered to the rat by the inhalation and dermal routes remained at the sites of administration.
Pesticide Sorption on Geologic Material of Varying Organic Carbon Content
Authors: Bouchard Dermont C. , Wood Alvin L.
Published: May 2017

Sorption of three pesticides on geologic material ranging in organic carbon content from 0.33 to 6.9 g kg-1 was measured in soil columns using a miscible displacement technique. An octanol-water partitioning model was shown to be inappropriate for predicting sorption of the less hydrophobic pesticides on the low organic carbon materials.
Similar Carcinogenic Actions of Nitrosoalkylureas of Varying Structure Given to Rats by Gavage
Authors: Lijinsky W. , Kovatch R. M.
Published: May 2017

To relate the tumorigenic effects of directly acting alkylating nitrosoalkylureas to their chemical structure, a series of these compounds was given to F344 rats by gavage at approximately equimolar doses. In some cases, more than one dose rate was used. Potency, as measured by time to death with tumors, was similar for nitrosomethylurea and nitrosoethylurea, although the tumor pattern was different between the two. Nitrosoallylurea was of similar potency, and induced a spectrum of tumors similar to nitrosoethylurea. Nitroso-n-butyl-, n-amyl- and n-hexyl-ureas were less potent than nitrosoethylurea, but induced a similar pattern of tumors. All of the nitrosoureas induced tumors of the forestomach, usually in high incidence, except nitroso-2-hydroxypropylurea, which caused death of the rats with thymic lymphoma within 6 months. Nitroso-3-hydroxypropylurea was much less potent than its 2-isomer, but induced no tumors of the thymus and was the only one of this group to induce tumors of the glandular stomach. Only nitrosomethylurea induced a high incidence of tumors of the nervous system, but no mammary carcinomas, which most of the other nitrosoureas induced in high incidence in females. Tumors of the lung, duodenum, colon and intestines were induced by several of the compounds, more commonly in males than in females, but a high incidence of liver tumors was found only in rats of both sexes given nitroso-2-phenylethylurea.
Production of Free Radicals Arising from the Surface Activity of Minerals and Oxygen. Part I. Iron Mine Ores
Authors: Costa Dominique , Guignard Joelle , Zalma Roger , Pezerat Henri
Published: May 2017

The excess incidence of lung cancers observed in many metal mines probably is not only correlated with radioactivity but also with the inhaled dusts. In an attempt to determine a possible mechanism of carcinogenicity related to the surface activity of dusts, using the spin-trapping agent and ESR spectroscopy, one can demonstrate that some mineral dusts from iron ore mines are very active in an oxidative process in aqueous medium, implying the formation of radical oxygen species on reducing surface sites of the solid. This reducing surface activity of the dusts depends on the presence of Fe2+ ion in the lattice and on the process of activation and passivation of the surface sites. The more simple process of activation is the dissolution of the oxidized coating on the particle surface. Among the oxides, oxyhydroxides, carbonates, and silicates, the magnesium-iron phyllosilicates (chlorite, biotite, berthierine) appear the most active. The siderite FeCO3 is also active, but the iron oxides and oxyhydroxides are generally nonactive.
Recent Progress in the Eye Irritation Test
Authors: Chu Ih , Toft Peter
Published: May 2017

The rabbit eye irritation test based on the Draize method is required for the hazard assessment of chemicals and products that may come into contact with the eye. Due to the potential for the suffering of animals and subjectivity of the test, many modifications of the method have been made that involved a reduction in the number of animals and a refinement of techniques. Additionally, there has been significant development of in vitro alternatives. This paper reviews recent advances in the in vivo test and in vitro alternatives, as well as regulatory requirements. While the refinement of in vivo protocols has resulted in a reduction in the number and discomfort on animals, the development of in vitro alternatives could lead to an eventual replacement of animal studies. In view of the inherent simplicity of many in vitro methods, some of which comprise cell cultures, further research into the relevance/mechanism of effects is required. Batteries of in vitro tests, when properly validated, may be considered as replacements for animal testing.
Airborne Fiber Concentrations during Splitting Open and Boxing Bags of Asbestos
Authors: Esmen Nurtan A. , Corn Morton
Published: May 2017

Measured airborne concentrations of asbestos are often unavailable to assess different epidemiologic estimates of past personal exposure levels or concentrations near specific operations involving handling asbestos. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential use of a laboratory study in estimating exposure to asbestos in operations that ceased for many years. The asbestos transfer operations were simulated by splitting and boxing 4.5-kg paper bags of chrysotile asbestos in an enclosed chamber ventilated at 28.2 air changes per hour (ACH). Two recirculation fans achieved chamber air mixing. The airborne concentration of asbestos fibers was determined by sampling air through membrane filters at a rate of 10 l/min and by analysing fibers by phase contrast optical microscopy to determine 15-min average airborne concentrations. Samplers were located at four equidistant locations from the operation. Opening a maximum of seven bags in 15 min was associated with an asbestos-in-air concentration of less than 2 × 10-6 fibers/m3 (f/m3) in splitting open and boxing and less than 0.85 × 10-6 f/m3 in boxing of pre-split bags. The measured airborne asbestos concentration exhibited a linear trend with the number of bags opened per 15 min. The empirical results were utilised to model fiber concentrations for various ventilation rates. It was concluded that the distribution of the operation within the workday and the ventilation rate are the two most important variables in the determination of the estimated time-weighted average concentration. Splitting open and boxing 32 bags of asbestos over an 8-h period at a rate of 4 bags / h over an 8-h period results in a calculated time-weighted average exposure of about 1 × 10-6 f / m3 in a work space with 20 ACH and approximately 7 × 10-6 f / m3 in a work space with 2 ACH. Splitting open and boxing at a rate of 12 bags / h for 2 h and 45 min yielded calculated concentrations less than one-half of the abovementioned values. These results should serve as a useful benchmark for epidemiologists concerned with the magnitude of exposure in historically dusty industrial tasks.
Ammonia Exposure: A Common Cause for Sinusitis a Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Brautbar Nachman
Published: May 2017

Sinuses are a part of the upper respiratory system and sinusitis has been well-defined as an inflammation of the mucous membrane. Sinusitis occurs commonly as a result of allergies, polyps, common cold and environmental pollution. Reports of sinusitis secondary to ammonia exposure, while common clinically from a reporting point of view, have not been described extensively in the literature. We describe here a patient who was exposed to ammonia gas and developed chronic relapsing sinusitis. The mechanism of injury and review of the world literature indicate that although common clinically, chronic sinusitis as a result of ammonia exposure has not been described extensively.
Hyaluronic acid and Arg-Gly-Asp peptide modified Graphene oxide with dual receptor-targeting function for cancer therapy
Authors: Guo Yufeng , Xu Haixing , Li Yiping , Wu Fengzheng , Li Yixuan , Bao Yun , Yan Xiumei , Huang Zhijun , Xu Peihu
Published: May 2017

Graphene oxide (GO) modified with hyaluronic acid (HA) and Arg-gly-asp peptide (RGD) was designed as a dual-receptor targeting drug delivery system to enhance the specificity and efficiency of anticancer drug delivery. Firstly, GO-HA-RGD conjugate was characterized to reveal its structure and morphology. Whereafter, doxorubicin (Dox) as a model drug was loaded on GO-HA-RGD carrier, which displayed a high loading rate (72.9%, GO:Dox (w/w) = 1:1), pH-response and sustained drug release behavior. Cytotoxicity experiments showed that GO-HA-RGD possessed excellent biocompatibility towards SKOV-3 and HOSEpiC cells. Additionally, the GO-HA-RGD/Dox had a stronger cytotoxicity for SKOV-3 cells than either GO-HA/Dox (single receptor) or GO/Dox (no receptor). Moreover, celluar uptake studies illustrated that GO-HA-RGD conjugate could be effectively taken up by SKOV-3 cells via a synergic effect of CD44-HA and integrin-RGD mediated endocytosis. Hence, GO-HA-RGD nanocarrier is able to be a promising platform for targeted cancer therapeutic.
Characterizing acoustic emission signals for the online monitoring of a fluid magnetic abrasives finishing process
Authors: Sun Huanwu , Wang Juan , Longstaff Andrew , Gu Fengshou
Published: May 2017

To implement an automated fluid magnetic abrasive finishing process, an online monitoring scheme is proposed based on characterizing acoustic emission signals in this paper. According to the material removal mechanisms during the fluid magnetic abrasive finishing process, the acoustic emission generation and characteristics are predicted analytically to be dominated by the interactions between the surface asperities and the abrasive particles. Moreover, the interactions and corresponding acoustic emission events will become weaker as the finishing process progresses and the surface becomes smoother. Experimental studies show that the amplitude and the occurrence rate of continuous acoustic emission waves and intermediate bursts reduce gradually with the progression of the finishing process. Based on these features, root mean squared values and burst occurrence rates, being of the lowest computational requirements, are suggested as online monitoring parameters for an automated and intelligent finishing in fluid magnetic abrasive manufacturing. The proposed method is verified experimentally, showing that the root mean squared values are highly consistent with the measured surface roughness values, which confirms the dynamic mechanisms between the fluid magnetic abrasive finishing and acoustic emission generation sources examined.
Investigation into a stepped-piston engine solution for automotive range-extender vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles to meet future green transportation objectives
Authors: Hooper Peter R
Published: May 2017

Securing the objectives for future high-efficiency low-carbon-dioxide vehicles is a key target for automotive manufacturers. This paper considers a high-durability two-stroke cycle engine in terms of performance and computational modelling of the emissions characteristics for automotive range-extender or hybrid electric vehicle power plant application. The engine uses novel segregated pump charging via the application of stepped pistons, and a comparison of the engine characteristics is made with those of a comparable four-stroke cycle engine of similar expected power output (more than 60 kW/l). In the interests of cost minimisation, both engines are limited to parallel two-cylinder in-line configurations with the intention of still being able to achieve acceptably low noise, vibration and harshness characteristics. In order to achieve low engine exhaust emissions, computational modelling of direct injection is considered for the stepped-piston engine. A significant reduction in the nitrogen oxide emissions of between 31% and 55% is observed.
A device for testing the dynamic performance of in situ force plates
Authors: East Rebecca H , Noble Jonathan J , Arscott Richard A , Shortland Adam P
Published: May 2017

Force plates are often incorporated into motion capture systems for the calculation of joint kinetic variables and other data. This project aimed to create a system that could be used to check the dynamic performance of force plate in situ. The proposed solution involved the design and development of an eccentrically loaded wheel mounted on a weighted frame. The frame was designed to hold a wheel mounted in two orthogonal positions. The wheel was placed on the force plate and spun. A VICON™ motion analysis system captured the positional data of the markers placed around the rim of the wheel which was used to create a simulated force profile, and the force profile was dependent on spin speed. The root mean square error between the simulated force profile and the force plate measurement was calculated. For nine trials conducted, the root mean square error between the two simultaneous measures of force was calculated. The difference between the force profiles in the x- and y-directions is approximately 2%. The difference in the z-direction was under 0.5%. The eccentrically loaded wheel produced a predictable centripetal force in the plane of the wheel which varied in direction as the wheel was spun and magnitude dependent on the spin speed. There are three important advantages to the eccentrically loaded wheel: (1) it does not rely on force measurements made from other devices, (2) the tests require only 15 min to complete per force plate and (3) the forces exerted on the plate are similar to those of paediatric gait.
Validation of the use of Bayesian Analysis in the Optimization of Gentamicin Therapy from the Commencement of Dosing
Authors: Chrystyn Henry
Published: May 2017

A computer program based on the statistical technique of Bayesian analysis has been adapted to run on several microcomputers. The clinical application of this method for gentamicin has been validated in 13 patients with varying degrees of renal function by a comparison of the accuracy of this method to a predictive algorithm method and one using standard pharmacokinetic principles. Blood samples for serum gentamicin analysis were taken after the administraiton of an intravenous loading dose of gentamicin. The results produced by each method were used to predict the peak and trough values measured on day 3 of therapy. Of the three methods studied, Bayesian analysis, using a serum gentamicin concentration drawn four hours after the initial dose, was the least biased and the most precise method for predicting the observed levels. The mean prediction error of the Bayesian analysis method, using the four-hour sample, was −0.03 mg/L for the peak serum concentration and −0.07 mg/L for the trough level on day 3. Using this method the corresponding root mean squared prediction error was 0.60 mg/L and 0.36 mg/L for the peak and trough levels, respectively.
Detection and Prevention of Deep Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Melamed Andra J. , Suarez Jeanette
Published: May 2017

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a significant problem in the postoperative course of high-risk patients. Risk factors that further predispose patients to DVT include obesity, age over 40 years, smoking, dehydration, and a prior history of thromboembolism. Diagnosis of DVT by physical examination and medical history is difficult; objective diagnostic techniques are often required. Considerable emphasis has been placed on the cost-effectiveness of implementing prophylactic measures in patients who are at high risk for developing DVT. Physical maneuvers attempt to reduce stasis and enhance venous return and pharmacologic approaches alter blood coagulability. The drug therapy used in preventing DVT consists of dextran, low-dose heparin, a combination of low-dose heparin and dihydroergotamine, and warfarin. Effective prophylactic regimens differ according to the type of patients at risk. Prophylactic therapy should be tailored according to the patient's disease and degree of risk.
Bizarre Behavior following the Ingestion of Levo-Desoxyephedrine
Authors: Ferrando Richard L. , McCorvey Eddie , Simon Wayne A. , Stewart Doris M.
Published: May 2017

This is the first reported case of transvestism in a heterosexual male that occurred only after ingestion of the contents of six to eight Vicks inhalers. The patient's gender cross-dressing was associated with sexual excitement and masturbatory behavior. This case is consistent with other cases of gender cross-dressing and sexual excitement following inhaler abuse, but in the previous cases reported the subjects were homosexual men. Levo-desoxyephedrine, also known as levo-methamphetamine, the main active ingredient in Vicks Inhalers, is known to have amphetamine-like properties. Stereotypic behavior is consistent with behavior that follows the use of amphetamine. Transvestism has traditionally been thought to be based on a psychodynamic model; however, the authors postulate several biochemical mechanisms whereby levo-desoxyephedrine may play a role in the bizarre behavior exhibited by this 32-year-old man. It is suggested that inhalers be placed in a new class of drugs that can be dispensed only by a pharmacist or physician.
Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Burlingame Mark B. , Delafuente Jeffrey C.
Published: May 2017

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with clinical manifestations involving a multitude of tissue sites. This article describes the pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, and therapy of SLE, and focuses mainly on drugs used in SLE treatment. The reader will be able to identify which pharmacologic agents are used in SLE and list the drugs that are useful for specific clinical manifestations. The reader will also be able to describe the common adverse drug reactions seen from SLE treatment and the potential risks involved with these therapies. Information on expected outcomes from drug therapy that will aid in monitoring patients receiving treatment for SLE is provided.
Evaluation of Ganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Disease
Authors: Fletcher Courtney V. , Balfour Henry H.
Published: May 2017

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. Ganciclovir is an acyclic deoxyguanosine analog structurally similar to acyclovir but with superior activity against CMV. The median ganciclovir concentration required to inhibit viral replication by 50 percent is 2.15 μmol versus 72 μmol for acyclovir. Pharmacokinetic properties of ganciclovir include biexponential decay with a terminal half-life of 2.5 hours, tissue uptake, cerebrospinal fluid penetration, and renal dependence for elimination. CMV treatment approaches have commonly used dosages of 3–15 mg/kg/d. In uncontrolled trials, the response rate of CMV retinitis is approximately 80 percent. The overall response rate for CMV pneumonitis has been approximately 50 percent. However, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and other immunosuppressed patients appear to respond more favorably (~ 70 percent) than do marrow transplant recipients. Relapse is common once ganciclovir is stopped and maintenance therapy may be required for sustained benefit. Neutropenia appears to be the drug-limiting adverse reaction. Although the development of ganciclovir-resistant CMV, risk factors for neutropenia, and alternative administration strategies all need further study, ganciclovir appears to have a role in the treatment of cytomegalovirus disease.