bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Control of Correlated Metals as Transparent Conductors
Authors: Stoner Jessica L. , Murgatroyd Philip A. E. , O'Sullivan Marita , Dyer Matthew S. , Manning Troy D. , Claridge John B. , Rosseinsky Matthew J. , Alaria Jonathan
Published: January 2019

Correlated metallic transition metal oxides offer a route to thin film transparent conductors that is distinct from the degenerate doping of broadband wide gap semiconductors. In a correlated metal transparent conductor, interelectron repulsion shifts the plasma frequency out of the visible region to enhance optical transmission, while the high carrier density of a metal retains sufficient conductivity. By exploiting control of the filling, position, and width of the bands derived from the B site transition metal in ABO3 perovskite oxide films, it is shown that pulsed laser deposition‐grown films of cubic SrMoO3 and orthorhombic CaMoO3 based on the second transition series cation 4d2 Mo4+ have superior transparent conductor properties to those of the first transition series 3d1 V4+‐based SrVO3. The increased carrier concentration offered by the greater bandfilling in the molybdates gives higher conductivity while retaining sufficient correlation to keep the plasma edge below the visible region. The reduced binding energy of the n=4 frontier orbitals in the second transition series materials shifts the energies of oxide 2p to metal nd transitions into the near‐ultraviolet to enhance visible transparency. The A site size‐driven rotation of MoO6 octahedra in CaMoO3 optimizes the balance between plasma frequency and conductivity for transparent conductor performance.
From Lead Halide Perovskites to Lead‐Free Metal Halide Perovskites and Perovskite Derivatives
Authors: Xiao Zewen , Song Zhaoning , Yan Yanfa
Published: January 2019

Despite the exciting progress on power conversion efficiencies, the commercialization of the emerging lead (Pb) halide perovskite solar cell technology still faces significant challenges, one of which is the inclusion of toxic Pb. Searching for Pb‐free perovskite solar cell absorbers is currently an attractive research direction. The approaches used for and the consequences of Pb replacement are reviewed herein. Reviews on the theoretical understanding of the electronic, optical, and defect properties of Pb and Pb‐free halide perovskites and perovskite derivatives are provided, as well as the experimental results available in the literature. The theoretical understanding explains well why Pb halide perovskites exhibit superior photovoltaic properties, but Pb‐free perovskites and perovskite derivatives do not.
Synthesis of (2H)‐Indazoles from Azobenzenes Using Paraformaldehyde as a One‐Carbon Synthon
Authors: Chun Rina , Kim Saegun , Han Sang Hoon , Han Sangil , Lee Suk Hun , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Jung Young Hoon , Kim Hyung Sik , Kim In Su
Published: January 2019

Rhodium(III)‐catalyzed hydroxymethylation followed by intramolecular annulation of azobenzenes using paraformaldehyde as a valuable C1‐feedstock is described. The method is readily extended to the coupling reaction between azobenzenes and trifluoroacetaldehyde. This transformation efficiently produces a range of C3‐unsubstituted and C3‐trifluoromethylated (2H)‐indazoles, which are important targets in the development of novel bioactive compounds. Excellent chemoselectivity and functional group tolerance were observed. The synthetic transformation of C3‐unsubstituted (2H)‐indazoles highlights the utility of the developed method.

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Recent Progress in Catalytic Oxidative Transformations of Alcohols by Supported Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Hui Yonghai , Zhang Shiqi , Wang Wentao
Published: January 2019

Catalytic oxidative transformations of alcohols constitute one of the greatly important protocols for the synthesis of various aldehydes, ketones, acids, imines, amides, etc. that are required to make drug intermediates, food additives, plastics, detergents and cosmetics. The potential of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in catalytic oxidation reactions is generally competent owing to their tendency to activate oxygen. Supports play a conspicuous and increasingly important role not only in the preparation and stabilization of Au NPs, but also can address the issues of sustainability by facilitating separation and reusability of the catalyst. This review aims to systematically discuss the impressive developments in catalytic oxidative transformations of alcohols promoted by supported Au NPs in the last five years. These Au NPs exhibit unique electronic properties and crystal structures, which gives us an excellent opportunity to correlate atomic structure with intrinsic catalytic properties over Au NPs. The effect of a support on the significant properties of Au NPs in terms of catalytic activity, selectivity, recyclability, and stability is discussed at length. The tentative reaction mechanisms and the structure‐performance relationships are also discussed at appropriate places, which will provide some clues for the design of efficient Au NPs‐based catalysts.

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Revisiting Primary Particles in Layered Lithium Transition‐Metal Oxides and Their Impact on Structural Degradation
Authors: Lee Seung‐Yong , Park Gyeong‐Su , Jung Changhoon , Ko Dong‐Su , Park Seong‐Yong , Kim Hee Goo , Hong Seong‐Hyeon , Zhu Yimei , Kim Miyoung
Published: January 2019

Layered lithium transition‐metal oxide materials, e.g., Li(Ni1−x−yCoxMny)O2 (NCM) and Li(Ni1−x−yCoxAly)O2, are the most promising candidates for lithium‐ion battery cathodes. They generally consist of ≈10 µm spherical particles densely packed with smaller particles (0.1–1 µm), called secondary and primary particles, respectively. The micrometer‐ to nanometer‐sized particles are critical to the battery performance because they affect the reaction capability of the cathode. Herein, the crystal structure of the primary particles of NCM materials is revisited. Elaborate transmission electron microscopy investigations reveal that the so‐called primary particles, often considered as single crystals, are in fact polycrystalline secondary particles. They contain low‐angle and exceptionally stable special grain boundaries (GBs) presumably created during aggregation via an oriented attachment mechanism. Therefore, this so‐called primary particle is renamed as primary‐like particle. More importantly, the low‐angle GBs between the smaller true primary particles cause the development of nanocracks within the primary‐like particles of Ni‐rich NCM cathodes after repetitive electrochemical cycles. In addition to rectifying a prevalent misconception about primary particles, this study provides a previously unknown but important origin of structural degradation in Ni‐rich layered cathodes.
Nature Driven Bio‐Piezoelectric/Triboelectric Nanogenerator as Next‐Generation Green Energy Harvester for Smart and Pollution Free Society
Authors: Maiti Sandip , Karan Sumanta Kumar , Kim Jin Kon , Khatua Bhanu Bhusan
Published: January 2019

Electronics wastes (e‐wastes) are the major concern in the rapid expansion of smart/wearable/portable electronics in modern high‐tech society. Informal processing and enormous gathering of e‐wastes can lead to adverse human/animal health effects and environmental pollution worldwide. Currently, these issues are a big headache and require the scientific community to develop effective green energy harvesting technologies using biodegradable/biocompatible materials. Piezoelectric/triboelectric nanogenerators (PNGs/TNGs) are considered one of the most promising renewable green energy sources for the conversion of mechanical/biomechanical energies into electricity. However, organic/inorganic material based PNGs/TNGs are very much incompatible, and considered e‐wastes for their non‐biodegradability. This review covers potential uses of biodegradable/biocompatible materials which are wasted every day as nature driven material based bio‐nanogenerators with a particular focus on their applications in flexible PNGs/TNGs fabrication. Structural investigation and possible working principles are described first in order to outline the basic mechanism of bio‐inspired materials behind energy harvesting. Then, energy harvesting abilities and the mechanical sensing of bio‐inspired integrated flexible devices are discussed under various mechanical/biomechanical activities. Finally, their potential applications in various flexible, wearable, and portable electronic fields are demonstrated. These bio‐inspired energy harvesting devices can make huge changes in fields as diverse as portable electronics, in vitro/in vivo biomedical applications, and many more.
Construction of Hierarchical K1.39Mn3O6 Spheres via AlF3 Coating for High‐Performance Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Shuoqing , Yan Kang , Munroe Paul , Sun Bing , Wang Guoxiu
Published: January 2019

Potassium‐ion batteries are attracting great interest for emerging large‐scale energy storage owing to their advantages such as low cost and high operational voltage. However, they are still suffering from poor cycling stability and sluggish thermodynamic kinetics, which inhibits their practical applications. Herein, the synthesis of hierarchical K1.39Mn3O6 microspheres as cathode materials for potassium‐ion batteries is reported. Additionally, an effective AlF3 surface coating strategy is applied to further improve the electrochemical performance of K1.39Mn3O6 microspheres. The as‐synthesized AlF3 coated K1.39Mn3O6 microspheres show a high reversible capacity (about 110 mA h g−1 at 10 mA g−1), excellent rate capability, and cycling stability. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique results demonstrate that the increased diffusion kinetics of potassium‐ion insertion and extraction during discharge and charge processes benefit from both the hierarchical sphere structure and surface modification. Furthermore, ex situ X‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that the irreversible structure evolution can be significantly mitigated via surface modification. This work sheds light on rational design of high‐performance cathode materials for potassium‐ion batteries.
Isocyanide‐Based Multicomponent Reactions: A Concise Approach to 2‐Amino‐3‐perfluoroalkylfurans Using Methyl Perfluoroalk‐2‐ynoates as Fluorinated Building Blocks
Authors: Wang Yedong , Tao Lili , Chen Jie , He Weimin , Deng Hongmei , Shao Min , Zhang Hui , Cao Weiguo
Published: January 2019

Synthesis of 2‐amino‐3‐perfluoroalkylfurans has been accomplished by isocyanide‐based multicomponent reactions. Using methyl perfluoroalk‐2‐ynoates as the fluorinated build blocks in combination with isocyanides and aromatic aldehydes in one‐pot at room temperature, the perfluoroalkyl‐substituted 2‐aminofurans were obtained in good to excellent yields.
Synthesis of cardanol‐based phthalonitrile monomer and its copolymerization with phenol–aniline‐based benzoxazine
Authors: Chen Yu‐Peng , Dayo Abdul Qadeer , Zhang Hui‐Yan , Wang An‐ran , Wang Jun , Liu Wen‐bin , Yang Yan , Qin Qi‐Rui , Yang Yu‐Gang
Published: January 2019

The cardanol‐based phthalonitrile (PN) monomer was successfully produced via the nucleophilic substitution reaction of cardanol with 4‐nitrophthalonitrile in potassium carbonate media. The conventional methods were employed to predict the chemical structure. The influence of long alkyl chains of cardanol was observed on the thermomechanical properties, recorded values were much below than the poly(Baph) standards. However, the thermal stabilities were recorded in good agreement to PN resin values. Furthermore, the 100 kGy dose of Co60 irradiation does not show any remarkable changes in the studied properties. The copolymers from P‐a benzoxazine and cardanol‐based PN (CPN) on the different wt % blending were prepared. The curing behavior and mechanism of the monomer blends were analyzed. The curing of CPN was improved in the presence of active hydrogen produced from the P‐a polymerization. The T
g and thermal properties of the copolymer were much better than the neat poly(P‐a). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47505.
Synthesis and Investigation of Phthalazinones as Antitubercular Agents
Authors: Santoso Kristiana T. , Cheung Chen‐Yi , Hards Kiel , Cook Gregory M. , Stocker Bridget L. , Timmer Mattie S. M.
Published: January 2019

A series of 2‐ and 7‐substituted phthalazinones was synthesised and their potential as anti‐tubercular drugs assessed via Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mc26230) growth inhibition assays. All phthalazinones tested showed growth inhibitory activity (MIC <100 μm), and those compounds containing lipophilic and electron‐withdrawing groups generally exhibited better anti‐tubercular activity. Several lead compounds were identified, including 7‐((2‐amino‐6‐(4‐fluorophenyl)pyrimidin‐4‐yl)amino)‐2‐heptylphthalazin‐1(2H)‐one (MIC=1.6 μm), 4‐tertbutylphthalazin‐2(1H)‐one (MIC=3 μm), and 7‐nitro‐phthalazin‐1(2H)‐one (MIC=3 μm). Mode of action studies indicated that selected pyrimidinyl‐phthalazinones may interfere with NADH oxidation, however, the mode of action of the lead compound is independent of this enzyme. MIC=minimum inhibitory concentration.
PowerPoints yes, teaching notes no
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: January 2019

Students with disabilities often seek as accommodations copies of a professor's PowerPoint slides and teaching notes. Often, providing accessible copies of PowerPoint slides is an appropriate academic adjustment, but providing copies of a teacher's teaching notes is not, unless the teacher makes them available to the class as a whole.
Dermoscopic clues in the skin lesions of secondary syphilis
Authors: Mathur Mahesh , Acharya Prakash , Karki Alina , Shah Jyoti , KC Nisha
Published: January 2019

Key Clinical Message

Secondary syphilis may have a varied clinical presentation and might pose a diagnostic difficulty when a typical history is absent. We describe the dermoscopic clues of the skin lesions at different stages of the disease which could culminate to a proper diagnosis.
Highly Active and Stable Carbon Nanosheets Supported Iron Oxide for Fischer‐Tropsch to Olefins Synthesis
Authors: Zhou Yunyun , Natesakhawat Sittichai , Nguyen‐Phan Thuy‐Duong , Kauffman Douglas R. , Marin Chris M. , Kisslinger Kim , Lin Ruoqian , Xin Huolin L. , Stavitski Eli , Attenkofer Klaus , Tang Yijie , Guo Yisong , Waluyo Iradwikanari , Roy Amitava , Lekse Jonathan W. , Yu Yang , Baltrus John , Lu Yu , Matranga Christopher , Wang Congjun
Published: January 2019

Light olefins production utilizes the energy intensive process of steam cracking. Fischer‐Tropsch to olefins (FTO) synthesis potentially offers a more sustainable alternative. Here we show a promising FTO catalyst comprised of iron oxide nanoparticles supported on carbon nanosheets (CNS) fabricated from the carbonization of potassium citrate, which incorporates well dispersed K‐promoter throughout the CNS support. This catalyst exhibits, to the best of our knowledge, the highest iron time yield of 1790–1990 μmolCO/gFe ⋅ s reported in the literature, 41 % light olefins selectivity, and over 100 hours stable activity, making it one of the best performing FTO catalysts. Detailed characterization illustrates that the CNS support facilitates iron oxide reduction to metallic iron, leading to efficient transformation to the active iron carbide phase during FTO reaction. Since K is a commonly used promoter, our K‐promoted CNS support potentially has broad utility beyond the FTO reactions demonstrated in the current study.
Carbon‐Derived Supports for Palladium Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Carbon‐Carbon Bonds Formation
Authors: Gholinejad Mohammad , Naghshbandi Zhwan , Nájera Carmen
Published: January 2019

The review considers the variety allotropes of carbon to be used as supports for palladium and investigation of the resulting catalysts for carbon‐carbon forming reactions with focus on the catalyst recovery and effect of the solvent, base and catalyst loading in the efficiency of reactions. Specially, carbon nanotubes, C60 and graphene allowed the covalent functionalization with different ligands for palladium facilitating a lower leaching. Magnetic iron nanoparticles can be easily covered by charcoal, graphene oxide and carbon quantum dots facilitating the recovery of the supported catalyst. These heterogeneous catalysts are able to activate even aryl chlorides in cross‐coupling reactions such as Suzuki‐Miyaura, Mizoroki‐Heck and Sonogashira‐Hagihara in organic but also in aqueous media. All these features favoured the applicability of the materials for industrial processes.
Matrix Coordination Induced Emission in a Three‐Dimensional Silver Cluster‐Assembled Material
Authors: Wei Zhong , Wu Xiao‐Hui , Luo Peng , Wang Jia‐Yin , Li Kai , Zang Shuang‐Quan
Published: January 2019

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Kai Li and Shuang‐Quan Zang at Zhengzhou University. The image depicts how the quantum yield of an organic ligand is enhanced through immobilization in a rigid MOF containing silver–chalcogenolate clusters. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201805381.
MicroRNAs 342 and 450 together with NOX‐4 activity and their association with coronary artery disease in diabetes
Authors: Seleem Mae , Shabayek Marwa , Ewida Heba A.
Published: January 2019

Background

Dysregulation of miRNAs has been associated with many clinical conditions, including coronary artery disease (CAD). MiRNAs roles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) with or without CAD, however, have not been clearly understood. Therefore we studied the expression of miRNAs 342 and 450 and the activity of the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX‐4), and their association with anthropometric and biochemical parameters of hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia.

Subjects and Methods

Blood was collected from 200 outpatient subjects, divided into four groups of 50 individuals including control, T2D, CAD, and T2D with CAD. CAD was further divided based on CAD with angina, CAD clots, and CAD ischaemia to differentiate the primary cause of CAD. We measured the miRNAs 342 and 450 expression and NOX‐4 activity, in addition to routine parameters.

Results

The expression of miRNAs 342 and 450 and NOX‐4 activity was significantly different between groups. Furthermore, they presented significant correlations with routine parameters, providing evidence of a potentially beneficial role in stratifying the risk for CAD in patients with T2D.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that the expression of miRNAs 342 and 450 and NOX‐4 activity may help identify those individuals with T2D at high risk for developing CAD as well as the prognosis in those with established CAD.
Asymmetric introgression between fishes in the Red River basin of Texas is associated with variation in water quality
Authors: Alex Sotola V. , Ruppel David S. , Bonner Timothy H. , Nice Chris C. , Martin Noland H.
Published: January 2019

When ecologically divergent taxa encounter one another, hybrid zones can form when reproductive isolation is incomplete. The location of such hybrid zones can be influenced by environmental variables, and an ecological context can provide unique insights into the mechanisms by which species diverge and are maintained. Two ecologically differentiated species of small benthic fishes, the endemic and imperiled prairie chub,Macrhybopsis australis, and the shoal chub,Macrhybopsis hyostoma, are locally sympatric within the upper Red River Basin of Texas. We integrated population genomic data and environmental data to investigate species divergence and the maintenance of species boundaries in these two species. We found evidence of advanced‐generation asymmetric hybridization and introgression, with shoal chub alleles introgressing more frequently into prairie chubs than the reciprocal. Using a Bayesian Genomic Cline framework, patterns of genomic introgression were revealed to be quite heterogeneous, yet shoal chub alleles were found to have likely selectively introgressed across species boundaries significantly more often than prairie chub alleles, potentially explaining some of the observed asymmetry in hybridization. These patterns were remarkably consistent across two sampled geographic regions of hybridization. Several environmental variables were found to significantly predict individual admixture, suggesting ecological isolation might maintain species boundaries.
Seed germination responses to seasonal temperature and drought stress are species‐specific but not related to seed size in a desert steppe: Implications for effect of climate change on community structure
Authors: Yi Fengyan , Wang Zhaoren , Baskin Carol C. , Baskin Jerry M. , Ye Ruhan , Sun Hailian , Zhang Yuanyuan , Ye Xuehua , Liu Guofang , Yang Xuejun , Huang Zhenying
Published: January 2019

Investigating how seed germination of multiple species in an ecosystem responds to environmental conditions is crucial for understanding the mechanisms for community structure and biodiversity maintenance. However, knowledge of seed germination response of species to environmental conditions is still scarce at the community level. We hypothesized that responses of seed germination to environmental conditions differ among species at the community level, and that germination response is not correlated with seed size. To test this hypothesis, we determined the response of seed germination of 20 common species in the Siziwang Desert Steppe, China, to seasonal temperature regimes (representing April, May, June, and July) and drought stress (0, −0.003, −0.027, −0.155, and −0.87 MPa). Seed germination percentage increased with increasing temperature regime, but Allium ramosum, Allium tenuissimum, Artemisia annua, Artemisia mongolica, Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia sieversiana, Bassia dasyphylla, Kochia prastrata, and Neopallasia pectinata germinated to >60% in the lowest temperature regime (April). Germination decreased with increasing water stress, but Allium ramosum, Artemisia annua, Artemisia scoparia, Bassia dasyphylla, Heteropappus altaicus, Kochia prastrata, Neopallasia pectinata, and Potentilla tanacetifolia germinated to near 60% at −0.87 MPa. Among these eight species, germination of six was tolerant to both temperature and water stress. Mean germination percentage in the four temperature regimes and the five water potentials was not significantly correlated with seed mass or seed area, which were highly correlated. Our results suggest that the species‐specific germination responses to environmental conditions are important in structuring the desert steppe community and have implications for predicting community structure under climate change. Thus, the predicted warmer and dryer climate will favor germination of drought‐tolerant species, resulting in altered proportions of germinants of different species and subsequently change in community composition of the desert steppe.
Variation in spawning phenology within salmon populations influences landscape‐level patterns of brown bear activity
Authors: Deacy William W. , Leacock William B. , Stanford Jack A. , Armstrong Jonathan B.
Published: January 2019

Animal consumers track spatial variation in resource phenology (i.e., resource waves) to prolong their access to ephemeral foods. While recent work has revealed how animals move across landscapes to exploit phenological variation among discrete foraging patches, much less is known about how variation nested within patches influences the spatiotemporal pattern of foraging opportunities and the behavior of consumers. Local, within‐patch, variation in phenology influences levels of resource ephemerality and could dictate how frequently consumers must move to continuously exploit a pulsed food source. Here, we explore how within‐site (stream) phenological variation relates to the duration of salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) runs and its consequences for brown bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi) foraging behavior. We accurately quantified salmon run duration across a large number of spawning streams (21 site‐year combinations). We found that salmon run duration varied threefold among spawning sites and that the source of prolonged runs was within‐site variation in spawning phenology (i.e., the timing of arrival at spawning grounds). Although the estimated reproductive lifespan varied among sites, a simulation suggested that reproductive lifespan has little influence on salmon run duration. Salmon run duration strongly predicted the duration of site occupancy by bears, demonstrating that phenological variation within salmon populations compliments among‐population variation to alleviate time constraints on salmon consumption. To explore whether within‐population variation in salmon phenology was related to spatial variation in habitat conditions (as is the case with among‐population phenological variation), we monitored water temperature, salmon availability, and bear activity across a longitudinal gradient in Connecticut Creek, the study stream with the most prolonged salmon run. Spawn timing varied spatially, occurring first in cold headwater reaches and later in warmer downstream reaches. Patterns of bear presence closely tracked this spawning sequence, suggesting they “surf salmon waves” not only across landscapes but also within spawning sites. However, a coarser analysis across multiple sites suggests phenological variation within salmon populations may not always be spatially structured. Our results demonstrate one way in which local variation in phenology can influence consumer foraging behavior, highlighting the need to understand the causes and consequences of phenological variation at multiple scales.
A New Cadmium‐Based Pb2Cd3(PO4)2(P2O7) with Two Types of Isolated P–O Groups
Authors: Chen Wenqiang , Jing Qun , Zhang Qiaoqiao , Lee Ming‐Hsien , Lu Xuefang , Wei Ping , Chen Zhaohui
Published: January 2019

Introduction transition metal with d10 electrons and lone pair cations with large radius into phosphate systems are helpful to get new crystal structure configuration. Guided by the above method, the first lead cadmium phosphate, Pb2Cd3(PO4)2(P2O7), was synthesized. Pb2Cd3(PO4)2(P2O7) features a three‐dimensional (3D) structure, in which Pb(1)2O8 dimer and Pb(2)O5 polyhedra are filled between the two‐dimensional (2D) layers, which are composed of unique [Cd6P8O30] groups. In the PbIIMIIPO (MII = without or divalent metal ions) systems, the title compound is the first phosphate containing two different P–O groups simultaneously. The ratios of cation/phosphorus (C/P) and polymerization modes of P–O anions have a close relationship by many structural comparisons. Thermal analysis shows that Pb2Cd3(PO4)2(P2O7) melts congruently and is thermally stable. In addition, the UV/Vis‐IR diffuse reflectance spectrum and infrared (IR) spectrum have been reported. The relationship between electronic structure and optical properties was clarified by first‐principles studies.
An edge re‐encryption‐based access control mechanism in NDN
Authors: Zhu Yi , Huang Ruilan , Tao Yu , Wang Xinping
Published: January 2019

Content privacy is one of the key issues in named data networking. Implementing content access control by encrypting the content key with the user's public key is the major method currently. However, this method brings extra retrieving delay because the user needs to obtain the encrypted key from the producer after requesting data packet. Focusing on this problem, this paper proposes an edge re‐encryption‐based access control (ERE‐AC), in which the content is encrypted using a symmetric key, and the content key will be encrypted twice by the producer and edge router. Using edge re‐encryption, only the authorized user can decrypt the re‐encrypted content key with its own private key and thus obtaining the plaintext of content. This mechanism makes the encrypted content and content key stored in the network that are available for all users. It achieves two advantages, one is that the user does not need to fetch content key from the producer and can shorten the retrieving time; another is that no replica redundancy exists in the network. The simulation results of ndnSIM show that compared with encryption and probability‐based access control model, ERE‐AC can effectively shorten the content retrieving delay while slightly increasing the hit rate.
Chronic neurodegeneration induces type I interferon synthesis via STING, shaping microglial phenotype and accelerating disease progression
Authors: Nazmi Arshed , Field Robert H. , Griffin Eadaoin W. , Haugh Orla , Hennessy Edel , Cox Donal , Reis Renata , Tortorelli Lucas , Murray Carol L. , Lopez‐Rodriguez Ana Belen , Jin Lei , Lavelle Ed C. , Dunne Aisling , Cunningham Colm
Published: January 2019

Type I interferons (IFN‐I) are the principal antiviral molecules of the innate immune system and can be made by most cell types, including central nervous system cells. IFN‐I has been implicated in neuroinflammation during neurodegeneration, but its mechanism of induction and its consequences remain unclear. In the current study, we assessed expression of IFN‐I in murine prion disease (ME7) and examined the contribution of the IFN‐I receptor IFNAR1 to disease progression. The data indicate a robust IFNβ response, specifically in microglia, with evidence of IFN‐dependent genes in both microglia and astrocytes. This IFN‐I response was absent in stimulator of interferon genes (STING−/−) mice. Microglia showed increased numbers and activated morphology independent of genotype, but transcriptional signatures indicated an IFNAR1‐dependent neuroinflammatory phenotype. Isolation of microglia and astrocytes demonstrated disease‐associated microglial induction of Tnfα, Tgfb1, and of phagolysosomal system transcripts including those for cathepsins, Cd68, C1qa, C3, and Trem2, which were diminished in IFNAR1 and STING deficient mice. Microglial increases in activated cathepsin D, and CD68 were significantly reduced in IFNAR1−/− mice, particularly in white matter, and increases in COX‐1 expression, and prostaglandin synthesis were significantly mitigated. Disease progressed more slowly in IFNAR1−/− mice, with diminished synaptic and neuronal loss and delayed onset of neurological signs and death but without effect on proteinase K‐resistant PrP levels. Therefore, STING‐dependent IFN‐I influences microglial phenotype and influences neurodegenerative progression despite occurring secondary to initial degenerative changes. These data expand our mechanistic understanding of IFN‐I induction and its impact on microglial function during chronic neurodegeneration.
Detection of laryngeal carcinoma in the U.S. elderly population with gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Riley Charles A. , Marino Michael J. , Hsieh Mei‐Chin , Wu Eric L. , Wu Xiao‐Cheng , McCoul Edward D.
Published: January 2019

Background

An association is suggested between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and malignancy of the larynx in elderly patients in the United States. Early detection with flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FFL) or CT remains poorly defined.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare linked database was queried from 2003 to 2011.A case‐cohort design evaluated patients aged 66 and older with a diagnosis of GERD and/or LPR for the occurrence of FFL or CT within 6 months of the exposure diagnosis.

Results

Of a total 156 426 Medicare beneficiaries, the relative risk of early cancer diagnosis with FFL was 14.61(95% confidence interval [CI], 13.59‐15.70), corresponding to a number needed to detect (NND) a case of cancer of 13(95% CI, 13‐14). The relative risk of an early cancer diagnosis with CT was 31.83 (95% CI, 29.57‐34.26), with a NND of 5 (95% CI, 5‐5).

Conclusions

Early FFL and CT are associated with a higher likelihood of laryngeal cancer diagnosis in elderly individuals with a diagnosis of reflux. Screening trials are necessary to establish this relationship.
Low Risk of Variceal Bleeding in Patients With Cirrhosis After Variceal Screening Stratified by Liver/Spleen Stiffness
Authors: Wong Grace Lai‐Hung , Liang Lilian Yan , Kwok Raymond , Hui Aric Josun , Tse Yee‐Kit , Chan Henry Lik‐Yuen , Wong Vincent Wai‐Sun
Published: January 2019

We previously demonstrated the possible noninferiority of a screening strategy for varices guided by liver and spleen stiffness measurement (LSSM) compared to universal endoscopic screening in detecting clinically significant varices in patients with cirrhosis. We now report the long‐term outcome of the patients recruited in this trial for incident variceal bleeding and other hepatic events. This was a prospective follow‐up study of a noninferiority, open‐label, randomized controlled trial (NCT02024347) of 548 adult patients with known chronic liver diseases, radiological evidence of liver cirrhosis, and compensated liver function. The primary outcome of this prospective study was incident variceal bleeding confirmed with upper endoscopy. Between October 2013 and June 2016, 548 patients were randomized to an LSSM arm (n = 274) and a conventional arm (n = 274). Patients in both study arms were predominantly middle‐aged men (mean age 59 years, male 68.9%) with viral hepatitis–related cirrhosis (85%). Upper endoscopy examination was performed in 127 (46.4%) patients in the LSSM arm and 263 (96.0%) in the conventional arm. During the follow‐up period of 41.3 ± 12.6 months, 12/274 patients in the LSSM arm (4.4%) and 11/274 in the conventional arm (4.0%) developed incident variceal bleeding (log‐rank test P = 0.724). The incident rates of hepatic events were also similar in both arms (P = 0.327). Conclusions: Patients with liver cirrhosis who had undergone LSSM‐guided variceal screening were at similarly low risk of incident variceal bleeding in the future; patients with cirrhosis may first have LSSM measured to save up to half of the upper endoscopy examinations.
Assessing constructive supervisor behavior: Development and evaluation of a brief follower‐rated scale
Authors: Mharapara Tago L. , Cooper‐Thomas Helena D. , Hutchison Ann , Callahan Jamie L.
Published: January 2019

Followers are thought to be keenly attuned to supervisor behaviors because these can affect their learning, well‐being, and performance at work. However, a practical and empirically tested measure of constructive supervisor behaviors that are valued by followers is not available in the literature. We develop a Constructive Supervisor Behavior Scale (CSBS) that is suitable for human resource development purposes and we assess its psychometric properties across three studies. In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis is conducted on data collected from employees in New Zealand and the United States (N = 333). This resulted in a four‐factor structure comprising ethical conduct, networking, clarifying, and recognizing behaviors. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analyses are used to assess the four‐factor structure of the CSBS on New Zealand‐based employees (N = 250). In Study 3, the convergent and discriminant validity of the CSBS are examined on office‐based employees in the United States (N = 342); additional measurement invariance analyses are conducted with the New Zealand and U.S. samples.
Using Applied Theater Practices in Classrooms to Challenge Religious Discrimination Among Students
Authors: Bhatia Kiran Vinod , Pathak‐Shelat Manisha
Published: January 2019

The authors illustrate how applied theater practices were used in media literacy classes to educate students about acts of religious discrimination in their societies. These practices helped students acknowledge their role in reifying or dismantling these prejudices in and through their classroom interactions with their peers from other religions (in academic discourse, the religious other). The analysis demonstrates how students created and performed plays in interfaith teams with the objective of examining their prejudice about the other. In scripting and performing together, students developed new, affective bonds based on personal experiences of working as teammates. This change in their interpersonal relations with their classmates encouraged students to imagine new possibilities of coexisting with differences.
Exposure to cadmium and mono‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate induce biochemical changes in rat liver, spleen, lung and kidney as determined by attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Zhu Li , Duan Peng , Hu Xiuxue , Wang Yu , Chen Chunling , Wan Jiang , Dai Mengyi , Liang Xiaoling , Li Junyi , Tan Yan
Published: January 2019

Attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy is a label‐free, non‐destructive analytical technique for biochemical analysis of macromolecular components within tissue samples. Cadmium (Cd) and mono‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), a primary metabolite of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, are present ubiquitously in the environment and in organisms, and have adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. Herein we employed ATR‐FTIR analysis to identify biomolecular changes in rat liver, spleen, lung and kidney after prepubertal exposure to Cd and MEHP. Our results showed clear segregations between the 3 mg/kg Cd‐, 10 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg MEHP‐ and binary mixture‐treated groups vs. the solvent control group. Following principal components analysis coupled with linear discriminant analysis, biochemical alterations associated with different doses of Cd and MEHP were attributed mainly to lipids, proteins, phosphates and carbohydrates. In addition, the ratios of lipid/protein, C=O stretching/CH2 methylene (lipid oxidation level), amide I/amide II, α‐helix/β‐sheet and CH3 methyl/CH2 methylene (acetylation level) in target organs were affected by these toxicants. There seems to be no dose‐response effect of Cd and MEHP on target organs. We observed hardly any joint toxic action of these toxicants. This is the first study showing the application of ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy to the assessment of toxicity of Cd and MEHP. Possibly, destruction of cell membrane structure and integrity could be the common mechanism of Cd and MEHP toxicity in liver, spleen, lung and kidney.
Trans‐counseling: A case series of transgender individuals at high risk for BRCA1 pathogenic variants
Authors: Sacca Rosalba E. , Koeller Diane R. , Rana Huma Q. , Garber Judy E. , Morganstern Daniel E.
Published: January 2019

Transgender individuals comprise a growing patient population in genetic counseling practice. The identification of a pathogenic variant in a cancer susceptibility gene may impact a transgender person's decisions regarding hormonal and/or surgical transition. Limited scientific literature exists on specific genetic counseling needs and medical management strategies for transgender individuals. In addition, most genetic counselors have had limited experience and training in conducting genetic counseling sessions with transgender patients. In this report, we describe three cases of transgender individuals who underwent genetic counseling and testing in our clinic. All were at ≥50% risk to carry a familial BRCA1 pathogenic variant. Case 1 is a 20‐year‐old transgender female initiating hormonal agents. Case 2 is a 19‐year‐old transgender male considering surgical decisions who has a BRCA1 pathogenic variant on both sides of the family. Case 3 is a 24‐year‐old transgender male who had previously undergone gender‐affirming mastectomy (top surgery) and is taking androgen therapy. Unique aspects of genetic testing, psychosocial counseling, and medical management of transgender individuals have arisen in the course of their care. In this report, we discuss our experiences and practices of case preparation, case management, appropriate genetic testing, and medical management such as screening, surgical decisions, and coordination of care. There is a need for more research in this area and more transgender‐specific training for genetic counselors.
Genetic Literacy of pregnant women and their use of prenatal screening and diagnostic tests in Turkey
Authors: Seven Memnun , Paşalak Şeyma İnciser , Sahin Eda , Akyuz Aygul
Published: January 2019

This study evaluated how genetic literacy of pregnant women in Turkey affects their use of prenatal screening and diagnostic tests. As a descriptive cross‐sectional study, a Participant Identification Form and the Genetic literacy and Comprehension Measure (GLAC) were used to collect data. The sample of study consisted of 189 pregnant women who made regular antenatal care visits in Giresun, Turkey. The mean age was 29.5 ± 5.9 years and mean gestational week was 34.9 ± 5.09. Of the women, 76.7% had undergone prenatal screening tests, and 85.5% of them had learned about the tests from their doctors. The mean GLAC score of familiarity was 3.67 ± 1.78 (out of seven), and the genetic concepts answered correctly were 5.30 ± 1.79 (out of eight). No statistically significant relationship emerged between the women's genetic literacy and their use of prenatal screening or diagnostic tests. However, relationships were statistically significant between the genetic literacy of the women and the educational levels of the women themselves or their spouses, consanguineous marital status, parity, and use of folic acid supplements. Primiparous women who were highly educated, had a highly educated spouse, were not in consanguineous marriages, and had taken folic acid supplements during pregnancy were more literate in genetics. There is a need for more educational opportunities in order for women to increase their familiarity with genetic terms. Educating women will improve their understanding of genetics‐related health services and increase their awareness of genetic diseases, which will allow them to take the appropriate actions for primary prevention.
Design, Synthesis, In Vitro Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Study of Novel Benzimidazole and Benzoxazole Derivatives
Authors: Kashid Bharat B. , Ghanwat Anil A. , Khedkar Vijay M. , Dongare Balasaheb B. , Shaikh Mubarak H. , Deshpande Prathmesh P. , Wakchaure Yogesh B.
Published: January 2019

A series of novel 2‐substituted benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives as a potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agent were synthesized via coupling of N‐methyl‐o‐phenylenediamine or 2‐amino‐phenol with aromatic aldehyde and acid in the presence of polyphosphoric acid as an efficient catalyst as well as solvent by conventional method in short reaction times with excellent yield. The newly synthesized benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives were evaluated for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and exhibited excellent to good activities compared to the standard drugs. Furthermore, the theoretical predictions based on molecular docking against microbial DNA gyrase could provide an insight into the plausible mechanism of action and establish a link between the observed antimicrobial activity and the binding affinity shedding light on specific thermodynamic (bonded and nonbonded) interactions governing the activity. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were analyzed for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties and exhibited potential properties to build up as good oral drug candidates.
Absence of dentate nucleus resting‐state functional connectivity changes in nonneurological patients with gadolinium‐related hyperintensity on T1‐weighted images
Authors: Mallio Carlo A. , Piervincenzi Claudia , Gianolio Eliana , Cirimele Vincenzo , Papparella Luigi G. , Marano Massimo , Quintiliani Livia , Aime Silvio , Carducci Filippo , Parizel Paul M. , Quattrocchi Carlo C.
Published: January 2019

Background

The dentate nuclei of the cerebellum are the areas where gadolinium predominantly accumulates. It is not yet known whether gadolinium deposition affects brain functions.

Purpose/Hypothesis

To assess whether gadolinium‐dependent high signal intensity of the cerebellum on T1‐weighted images of nonneurological adult patients with Crohn's disease is associated with modifications of resting‐state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the cerebellum and dentate nucleus.

Study Type

Observational, cross‐sectional.

Population

Fifteen patients affected by Crohn's disease were compared with 16 healthy age‐ and gender‐matched control subjects. All participants underwent neurological, neurocognitive‐psychological assessment, and blood sampling.

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5‐T magnet blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) functional MRI.

Assessment

High signal intensity on T1‐weighted images, cerebellum functional connectivity, neurocognitive performance, and blood circulating gadolinium levels.

Statistical Tests

An unpaired two‐sample t‐test (age and sex were nuisance variables) was used to investigate between‐group differences in cerebellar and dentate nucleus functional connectivity. Z‐statistical images were set using clusters determined by Z > 2.3 and a familywise error (FWE)‐corrected cluster significance threshold of P = 0.05.

Results

Dentate nuclei RSFC was not different (P = n.s.) between patients with gadolinium‐dependent high signal intensity on T1‐weighted images and controls. Pre‐ and postcentral gyrus bilaterally and the right supplementary motor cortex showed a decrease of RSFC with the cerebellum hemispheres (P < 0.05 FWE‐corrected) and was related to disease duration but not to gadodiamide cumulative doses (P = n.s.).

Data Conclusion

Crohn's disease patients with gadolinium‐dependent hyperintense dentate nuclei on unenhanced T1‐weighted images do not show dentate nucleus RSFC changes.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy Stage: 5

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:445–455.
Differential impacts on multiple forms of spatial and contextual memory in diazepam binding inhibitor knockout mice
Authors: Ujjainwala Ammar L. , Courtney Connor D. , Wojnowski Natalia M. , Rhodes Justin S. , Christian Catherine A.
Published: January 2019

Learning and memory are fundamental processes that are disrupted in many neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. The hippocampus plays an integral role in these functions, and modulation of synaptic transmission mediated by γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) type‐A receptors (GABAARs) impacts hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory. The protein diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) differentially modulates GABAARs in various brain regions, including hippocampus, and changes in DBI levels may be linked to altered learning and memory. The effects of genetic loss of DBI signaling on these processes, however, have not been determined. In these studies, we examined male and female constitutive DBI knockout mice and wild‐type littermates to investigate the role of DBI signaling in modulating multiple forms of hippocampus‐dependent spatial learning and memory. DBI knockout mice did not show impaired discrimination of objects in familiar and novel locations in an object location memory test, but did exhibit reduced time spent exploring the objects. Multiple parameters of Barnes maze performance, testing the capability to utilize spatial reference cues, were disrupted in DBI knockout mice. Furthermore, whereas most wild‐type mice adopted a direct search strategy upon learning the location of the target hole, knockout mice showed higher rates of using an inefficient random strategy. In addition, DBI knockout mice displayed typical levels of contextual fear conditioning, but lacked a sex difference observed in wild‐type mice. Together, these data suggest that DBI selectively influences certain forms of spatial learning and memory, indicating novel roles for DBI signaling in modulating hippocampus‐dependent behavior in a task‐specific manner.