bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The nature of singular vector growth and structure
Authors: Hoskins B. J. , Buizza R. , Badger J.
Published: August 2010

The aim of this paper is to produce a basic understanding of the nature of singular vector growth and structure. The approach is through a sequence of singular vector calculations based on the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Ensemble Prediction System. Comparison is made for a range of cases based on trajectories that are evolving or constant atmosphere states, all cases having the same optimization time interval and resolution in the singular vector calculation. From these it is deduced that the constant or evolutionary nature of the trajectory is not as relevant as the smoothness of the trajectory. Unless the trajectory is very smooth, singular vectors tend to propagate from the upstream end of the storm‐track baroclinic regions into their downstream end. The upscale transfer of energy in singular vector development is seen mostly as a kinematic effect of the strengthening flow in the downstream direction. Short‐optimization‐time singular vectors are found to grow by unshielding potential‐vorticity (PV) structures associated with their compactness in the vertical and by untilting their westward tilted troughs as they propagate upwards. Longer‐optimization‐time singular vectors are lower in the troposphere and their interaction with the near‐surface region enables longer‐term normal‐mode‐like growth through PV coupling in the vertical. The division between short and longer optimization times is consistent with the time taken to propagate to the tropopause.
A comprehensive two‐moment warm microphysical bulk scheme. II: 2D experiments with a non‐hydrostatic model
Authors: Cohard Jean‐Martial , Pinty Jean‐Pierre
Published: August 2010

A new bulk microphysical scheme containing advanced parametrizations to predict both concentration and mixing ratio of cloud droplets and raindrops (see Part I) is implemented in a three‐dimensional non‐hydrostatic model. This paper presents results obtained with the complete scheme for two specific experiments of idealized precipitating clouds. In the first case, an orographic cloud is produced at the windward edge of a plateau. The study focuses on the sensitivity of the microphysical fields and precipitation patterns to the upwind cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation spectrum. In the second case, a heavily precipitating tropical rainband of the Hawaiian Rainband Project is simulated in a kinematic framework. Analysis of simulated radar‐reflectivity time evolution indicates that a realistic development of large raindrops can be obtained as compared to either observations or to results produced by a bin‐resolving model. The overall control of raindrop tail distribution by collisional break‐up is re‐emphasized in the light of earlier results.

The rather simple tests lead to the conclusion that a complete bulk microphysical scheme can simulate warm rain processes with reasonable accuracy. The ability of the model to account for realistic CCN activation spectra with modest programming effort makes the scheme suitable for three‐dimensional precipitation simulations that properly take into consideration aerosol dynamics at mesoscale.
An extended similarity theory for the stably stratified atmospheric surface layer
Authors: Zilitinkevich Sergej , Calanca Pierluigi
Published: August 2010

An advanced similarity‐theory formulation for the wind and temperature profiles in the stably stratified atmospheric surface layer (ASL) is developed with due regard to the effect of the free‐flow static stability on the ASL. In the revised log‐linear profiles, empirical coefficients traditionally considered as universal constants, namely the slope factors in the z‐less stratification layer (beyond the logarithmic sub‐layer), become functions of the dimensionless number S = N L/u*. Here, N is the Brunt‐Väisälä frequency in the free flow, L is the Monin‐Obukhov length, and u* is the friction velocity. The number S indicates how strongly the ASL is affected by the free‐flow stability. This new formulation leaves room for the occurrence of well developed turbulence at much higher Richardson numbers, Ri, than had been suspected. Moreover, it results in a pronounced dependence of the turbulent Prandtl number on Ri in a wide range of Ri, including the z‐less stratification layer, in correspondence with long‐standing empirical evidence. The traditional Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory disregards the above essential features of the stably stratified ASL. New data from measurements over a slightly inclined plateau in West Greenland provide experimental support for the proposed theory.
An overview on oxidative stress parameters in emergency service workers
Authors: Oğuztürk Hakan , Polat Alaadin , Turtay Muhammet Gökhan , Essen Buket
Published: August 2010

The research is planned in order to analyse the physical and mental activities of ED workers on antioxidant system parameters. Enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT), and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) occurring as product of lipid peroxidation were examined in the blood samples taken prior to and after the shift of emergency department workers. Paired t‐test was used to find out differences between pre‐ and post‐shift values. An increase in MDA (1.77 ± 0.33 versus 2.34 ± 0.79 nmol/mL for pre‐ and post‐shift; p < 0.001) and CAT (1.19 ± 0.77 versus 4.33 ± 1.35 K/mL for pre‐ and post‐shift; p < 0.001) levels, and a decrease in SOD (30.34 ± 8.11 versus 20.35 ± 3.65 U/mg for pre‐ and post‐shift; p < 0.001) and GPX (3.41 ± 0.90 versus 1.37 ± 0.38 U/mL for pre‐ and post‐shift; p < 0.001) levels were found in comparison with the measurement levels of the blood samples. The results were found to be statistically significant. Oxygen free radicals play an important role in some degenerative and mental diseases. Accordingly, physicians and the other emergency department workers should be trained regarding the stress in the conditions they work in. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schwingungsmessungen an einer Versenkwalze
Authors: Braun Norman , Lerzer Martin , Richter Markus
Published: August 2010

Infolge Durchströmung kommt es an Stahlwasserbauten zu dynamischen Beanspruchungen, die auf Dauer zu einer Materialermüdung führen können. Im vorliegenden Beispiel wurden Schwingungsmessungen an den Seitenschilden und am Walzenkörper einer Versenkwalze durchgeführt, um die Ursache von Schäden zu untersuchen. Die Sensoren an den Seitenschilden befanden sich im Betriebszustand der Walze sechs bis sieben Meter unter der Wasseroberfläche. Der Aufsatz beschreibt die Durchführung und die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Messungen. Die Wehr‐ und Schleusenanlage unterliegt dem Wasser‐ und Schifffahrtsamt Schweinfurt (WSA Sft) und befindet sich am Main‐km 200, 80 nahe der Stadt Lohr.

Vibration measurements at a submersible roller gate. Due to flow hydraulic steel structures are exposed to dynamic stresses which in the long run can lead to material fatigue. Regarding the present example vibration measurements were carried out at the side plates and at the body of a submersible roller in order to investigate the cause of damages. In the operating state of the roller the sensors at the side plates were six to seven meters below the water surface. This paper deals with the performance and the results of the measurements. The responsibility for this weir and sluice system is by the Schweinfurt Water and Shipping Authority (WSA Sft). The system is located at Main‐km 200.80 near the city of Lohr.
Klimahaus 8° Ost in Bremerhaven
Authors: Brux Gunther
Published: August 2010

Das Klimahaus 8° Ost wurde im maritimen Zentrum Bremerhavens errichtet und hat im Jahr über eine halbe Million Besucher. Das Dach und die Fassade aus Verbundglasscheiben sind auf Stahlkonstruktionen erstellt, die nach Anbringen des Korrosionsschutzes mit Dämmschichtbildnern für den vorbeugenden Brandschutz beschichtet sind, ohne die Architektur zu beeinträchtigen. Das Klimahaus 8° Ost in Bremerhaven ist wegen seiner gelungenen Form und Ausführung mit dem European Steel Award 2009 ausgezeichnet worden.
The effect of cooking on the antibacterial activity of the dialdehyde starch suspensions
Authors: Song Le , Sang Yijun , Cai Liming , Shi Yong‐Cheng , Farrah Samuel R. , Baney Ronald H.
Published: August 2010

Dialdehyde starch (DAS) has been found to show a significant antibacterial activity after cooking. A study of the antibacterial efficiency of the DAS suspensions was performed on a Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli and a Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. After heating at 90–95°C in deionized water for 2 h, the as‐prepared DAS aqueous suspension (DAS‐AS) demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against the test bacteria, whereas the DAS granular suspension showed very limited antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of the DAS suspension is mainly attributed to the reactivity of its dialdehyde functional groups, which is related to the dispersion and the pH values of the test media. The physicochemical changes of DAS‐AS were determined by particle size, dispersibility, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–Vis measurements. Upon heating, the dispersibility of DAS in deionized water significantly increased. Meanwhile, the granules of DAS were disintegrated with significantly decreasing the DAS particle size. The soluble parts of DAS‐AS and the as‐received DAS (DAS‐R) had similar molecular weight distribution as determined by GPC analysis. DAS‐AS had more soluble materials in GPC medium (DMSO) than DAS‐R, suggesting that DAS‐AS and DAS‐R were different. Chemical changes of DAS during cooking such as the formation of the conjugated aldehyde and carboxylic acid functions were observed by the FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis.
Elective Open versus Laparoscopic Sigmoid Colectomy for Diverticular Disease: A Meta‐Analysis with the Sigma Trial
Authors: Siddiqui Muhammed R. S. , Sajid Muhammed S. , Khatri Kamran , Cheek Elizabeth , Baig Mirza K.
Published: August 2010

Background

A meta‐analysis of published literature comparing open versus laparoscopic elective sigmoid resections for diverticular disease was conducted.

Methods

Electronic databases were searched for data from January 1991 to March 2009. A systematic review was performed to obtain a summative outcome.

Results

Twenty‐two comparative studies involving 10,898 patients were analyzed; 1538 patients were in the laparoscopic group and 9360 were in the open group. The operative time for laparoscopic sigmoid resection (LSR) is longer than open resections (OSR) [random‐effects model: SMD = 1.94, 95% CI = (1.14, 2.74), z = 4.74, p < 0.001]. However, patients who undergo LSR have earlier return to passage of feces [random‐effects model: SMD = −1.01, 95% CI (−1.80, −0.22), z = −2.50, p = 0.013] and shorter hospital stay [random‐effects model: SMD = −7.65, 95% CI (−10.96, −4.32), z = −4.52, p < 0.001]. Overall morbidity was higher in the OSR group [random‐effects model: RR = 0.56, 95% CI (0.40, 0.80), z = −3.24, p < 0.001] and no difference in mortality rates was observed (p = 0.81).

Conclusions

Laparoscopic sigmoid resection takes longer to perform than open procedures; however, it is safe and has lower overall morbidity, earlier return of bowel function, and shorter hospital stays. This approach should be considered for elective cases but more randomized controlled trials are required to strengthen the evidence.
Investigation of Nucleation Mechanism and Tapering Observed in ZnO Nanowire Growth by Carbothermal Reduction Technique
Authors: Kar Ayan , Low Ke-Bin , Oye Michael , Stroscio Michael A , Dutta Mitra , Nicholls Alan , Meyyappan M
Published: August 2010

ZnO nanowire nucleation mechanism and initial stages of nanowire growth using the carbothermal reduction technique are studied confirming the involvement of the catalyst at the tip in the growth process. Role of the Au catalyst is further confirmed when the tapering observed in the nanowires can be explained by the change in the shape of the catalyst causing a variation of the contact area at the liquid–solid interface of the nanowires. The rate of decrease in nanowire diameter with length on the average is found to be 0.36 nm/s and this rate is larger near the base. Variation in the ZnO nanowire diameter with length is further explained on the basis of the rate at which Zn atoms are supplied as well as the droplet stability at the high flow rates and temperature. Further, saw-tooth faceting is noticed in tapered nanowires, and the formation is analyzed crystallographically.
γ‐Tocotrienol Reduces Squalene Hydroperoxide‐Induced Inflammatory Responses in HaCaT Keratinocytes
Authors: Nakagawa Kiyotaka , Shibata Akira , Maruko Toru , Sookwong Phumon , Tsuduki Tsuyoshi , Kawakami Kayoko , Nishida Hiroshi , Miyazawa Teruo
Published: August 2010

Squalene hydroperoxide (SQ‐OOH), the primary peroxidation product of squalene (SQ), accumulates at the surface of sunlight‐exposed human skin. There are however only a few studies on the pathogenic actions (i.e., inflammatory stimuli) of SQ‐OOH. Here, we evaluated whether SQ‐OOH induced inflammatory responses in immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT). We found that SQ‐OOH caused an increase in the expression of inflammatory genes such as the interleukins as well as cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). In concordance with the upregulation of COX‐2 mRNA, SQ‐OOH enhanced reactive oxygen species generation, nuclear factor kappa B activation, COX‐2 protein expression, and prostaglandin E2 production. Therefore, the pro‐inflammatory effects of SQ‐OOH may be mediated in part via COX‐2. On the other hand, γ‐tocotrienol (γ‐T3, an unsaturated form of vitamin E) was found to ameliorate the SQ‐OOH actions. These results suggest that SQ‐OOH induces inflammatory responses in HaCaT, implying that SQ‐OOH plays an important role in inflammatory skin disorders. As a preventive strategy, inflammation could be reduced via the use of γ‐T3.
When there’s smoke there’s.….CCN2
Authors: Leask Andrew
Published: August 2010

Smoking causes oral fibrosis. In a recent report, Takeuchi and colleagues (J Dent Res 89:34–9, 2010) evaluate whether nicotine can directly elevate collagen production in gingival fibroblasts. They show that CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor, CTGF) is elevated in response to nicotine and that a neutralizing CCN2 antibody reduces the ability of nicotine to promote collagen production. These data suggest that nicotine from smoking may promote periodontal fibrosis via CCN2. This commentary summarizes these findings.
Improving the letter of recommendation
Authors: Prager Jeremy D. , Myer Charles M. , Pensak Myles L.
Published: August 2010

The selection of applicants to otolaryngology training programs is a challenging task. Applicants and their evaluators rely on objective and subjective data to facilitate the selection process. Unfortunately, data are often less helpful than either side assumes, suffering from poor validity and reliability in predicting future performance. The traditional resume‐based letter of recommendation bears some responsibility in this. It is often a lengthy reiteration of already available objective data and contains nonstandardized, superlative evaluations of personal attributes. As a result, many letters are similar, describing “excellent” candidates who have done well on previous examinations and clerkships. Research has indicated improved reliability and satisfaction as well as decreased time expenditure using standardized letters of recommendation. These letters demonstrate how basic, easy‐to‐implement improvements can create letters that provide accurate information, separate applicants, and improve the selection process. Consideration should be given to adopting these improvements at the program director and/or educational committee level.

© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Utilizing computed tomography as a road map for designing selective and superselective neck dissection after chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Goguen Laura A. , Chapuy Claudia I. , Sher David J. , Israel David A. , Blinder Russell A. , Norris Charles M. , Tishler Roy B. , Haddad Robert I. , Annino Donald J.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether computed tomography can distinguish low risk neck levels that can be omitted when neck dissection is undertaken after chemoradiotherapy.

STUDY DESIGN

Case series with chart review.

SETTING

Tertiary care center.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients undergoing neck dissection after chemoradiotherapy between January 1998 and June 2008. We compared computed tomography findings after chemoradiotherapy with neck dissection pathology results; used primary location and computed tomography findings to design selective or superselective neck dissection; and determined whether these surgeries would have contained all metastatic disease.

RESULTS

A total of 104 patients were identified, providing 110 heminecks, 531 neck levels, and 3009 lymph nodes for analysis. Neck dissections were positive in 20 (19%) of 104 patients, corresponding to 20 hemineck dissections, 31 neck levels, and 53 lymph nodes. The negative predictive value for computed tomography was 95 percent. The negative predictive value for computed tomography per neck level was as follows: I, 100 percent; II, 96 percent; III, 96 percent; IV, 97 percent; and V, 96 percent. A selective neck dissection or a superselective neck dissection, guided by level specific computed tomography findings and limited to necks with post treatment partial response in one level, would have captured all disease in 52 (95%) of 55 and 51 (93%) of 55 heminecks.

CONCLUSION

Negative computed tomography accurately predicts pathologic complete response at neck dissection. Neck dissection can be avoided in these patients. Additionally, computed tomography reliably identifies low risk neck levels that do not require dissection, permitting selective neck dissection or superselective neck dissection in partial response patients with limited residual disease.

© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Esophageal pathology in patients after treatment for head and neck cancer
Authors: Farwell D. Gregory , Rees Catherine J. , Mouadeb Debbie A. , Allen Jacqueline , Chen Allen M. , Enepekides Danny J. , Belafsky Peter C.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of esophageal pathology following treatment for primary head and neck cancer (HNCA).

STUDY DESIGN

Case series with planned data collection.

SETTING

Academic medical practice.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Subjects comprised HNCA survivors. Esophagoscopy was prospectively performed on 100 patients at least three months after treatment for HNCA. Patient demographics including cancer stage, cancer treatment, use of reflux medications, symptoms surveys, and esophageal findings were prospectively determined.

RESULTS

The mean age of the cohort was 64 (± 10) years; 75 percent were male. The mean time between the end of treatment and endoscopy was 40 (± 51) months. Eighty‐one percent of HNCA was advanced stage (3 or 4). The distribution of site of the primary HNCA was as follows: oropharynx (38%), larynx (33%), oral cavity (17%), unknown primary (10%), hypopharynx (1%), and nasopharynx (1%). Treatment modalities included surgery alone (15%), surgery with radiation (34%), radiation alone (6%), chemoradiation alone (24%), and chemoradiation with surgery (20%). The findings on esophagoscopy included peptic esophagitis (63%), stricture (23%), candidiasis (9%), Barrett metaplasia (8%), gastritis (4%), and carcinoma (4%). Only 13 percent had a normal esophagoscopy.

CONCLUSION

Esophageal pathology is extremely common in patients treated for HNCA. These findings support routine esophageal screening after HNCA treatment.

© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Hesperidin stimulates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator‐mediated chloride secretion and ciliary beat frequency in sinonasal epithelium
Authors: Azbell Christopher , Zhang Shaoyan , Skinner Daniel , Fortenberry James , Sorscher Eric J. , Woodworth Bradford A.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

Pharmacologic agents designed to promote mucociliary clearance (MCC) in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) represent a novel therapeutic strategy. The objectives of the present study were to investigate whether the natural bioflavonoid hesperidin 1) increases transepithelial chloride (Cl−) secretion in vitro and in vivo, 2) enhances ciliary beat frequency (CBF), and 3) exerts its mechanistic effects through cAMP/PKA‐dependent pathways.

STUDY DESIGN

In vitro and in vivo study.

SETTING

Laboratory.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Transepithelial Cl−transport (Ussing chamber) and CBF were investigated in primary murine nasal septal (MNSE) and human sinonasal epithelial (HSNE) cultures. In vivo activity was measured using the murine nasal potential difference (NPD) assay, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) R‐domain phosphorylation, and cAMP levels were investigated to rule out a cAMP/PKA‐dependent mechanism of activation.

RESULTS

Hesperidin significantly increased CFTR‐mediated Cl−transport (change in short‐circuit current, ΔISC) in both MNSE (13.51 ± 0.77 vs 4.4 ± 0.66 [control];P< 0.05) and HSNE (12.28 ± 1.08 vs 0.69 ± 0.32 [control];P± 0.05). Cl−transport across in vivo murine nasal epithelium was also significantly enhanced with hesperidin (−2.3 ± 1.0 vs −0.8 ± 0.8 mV [control],P± 0.05). There was no increase in cellular cAMP or phosphorylation of the CFTR R‐domain. Hesperidin significantly increased CBF (ratio of pretreatment to post‐treatment) with both basal (1.31 ± 0.07 vs 0.93 ± 0.06 [control];P± 0.05), apical (1.72 ± 0.09 vs 1.40 ± 0.07 [control];P< 0.05), and basal + apical delivery (2.26 ± 0.18 vs 1.60 ± 0.21, respectively;P< 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our in vitro and in vivo investigations provide strong support for future testing of this robust Cl−secretagogue and CBF activator in human clinical trials for CRS.

© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Clinical, histopathologic, and radiographic indicators of malignancy in head and neck paragangliomas
Authors: Chapman D. Brandon , Lippert Dylan , Geer Carol P. , Edwards Henry D. , Russell Gregory B. , Rees Catherine J. , Browne J. Dale
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study is to review our series of head and neck paragangliomas to identify factors that may help in predicting malignancy.

STUDY DESIGN

Case series with chart review.

SETTING

Academic medical center.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Subjects with head and neck paragangliomas at our institution from 1976 to current were reviewed. In addition to statistical comparisons of epidemiologic factors, pathologic and radiographic characteristics were reviewed.

RESULTS

Of the 84 subjects, there were seven malignant paragangliomas (8%). Age was found to be significantly different between the benign and malignant subgroups, with an average age of 54 ± 16 and 40 ± 12 years, respectively (P = 0.02). Pain was a presenting complaint in five patients with benign disease (6%), and five of the seven malignant patients (71%) presented with pain, showing a significant association between pain and disease type (P <0.0001). The odds ratio for a patient with pain having a malignant tumor was 36 (95% CI: 5.5–234). Enlarging neck mass was noted in all cases of malignant disease, but only in 31 percent of cases of benign disease (P < 0.0001). In a secondary analysis of carotid body tumors alone, enlarging neck mass was not found to be significant between benign and malignant disease (P = 0.14). However, pain continued to be significantly different, with 67 percent of malignant lesions demonstrating pain, compared with only 11 percent of benign lesions (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that pain, a rapidly enlarging neck mass, and younger age are predictive factors of underlying malignancy, which should prompt one to consider an aggressive diagnostic and management approach.
Sinogenic orbital and subperiosteal abscesses: Microbiology and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus incidence
Authors: Liao Selena , Durand Marlene L. , Cunningham Michael J.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

To assess the current bacteriology and the incidence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in orbital and subperiosteal abscesses of paranasal sinus disease origin.

STUDY DESIGN

Case series with chart review.

SETTING

An otolaryngology and ophthalmology specialty hospital.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Fifty‐three patients were treated between 1994 and 2008 for orbital or subperiosteal abscess and paranasal sinusitis, confirmed by imaging and surgical intervention; 46 had operative culture specimens and comprise the study cohort.

RESULTS

The mean patient age was 28 years; one third were younger than 18. Nearly twice as many patients had subperiosteal (n = 30) as had orbital abscesses (n = 16). In 12 patients (26%), cultures were negative or grew only skin flora contaminants (coagulase‐negative staphylococci, diphtheroids, and Propionibacterium acnes). Fifteen patients (33%) grew more than one pathogen. Streptococci were isolated in 17 of the 46 cases (37%), S. aureus in 13 (28.3%), gram‐negative bacilli in eight (17.4%), and anaerobes in nine (19.6%). Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus accounted for three (23.1%) of the S. aureus isolates and 6.5 percent of the total cases.

CONCLUSION

Abscess cultures grew a mixture of bacteria, including gram‐positive cocci, gram‐negative bacilli, and anaerobes. Although streptococci were the most common genus of bacteria isolated, S. aureus was the single most common pathogen recovered and one fourth of these cases were methicillin‐resistant S. aureus. Given the significant morbidity that may result from inadequate treatment, an antibiotic active against methicillin‐resistant S. aureus should be included in the initial broad‐spectrum antimicrobial treatment regimen of orbital and subperiosteal abscesses of sinusitis origin until culture results are available.

© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo secondary to inner ear disease
Authors: Lee No‐Hee , Ban Jae‐Ho , Lee Kyung‐Chul , Kim Su Mi
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES

To contrast clinical characteristics of secondary benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (s‐BPPV) with idiopathic BPPV (i‐BPPV).

STUDY DESIGN

Case series with chart review.

SETTING

University hospital.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A total of 718 patients whose medical records were reviewed had BPPV. Sixty‐nine patients had existing inner ear diseases and thus were considered to have s‐BPPV. We reviewed demographics, concurrent causative disorders, involved area, and response to particle repositioning maneuvers for these s‐BPPV patients in comparison with i‐BPPV subjects.

RESULTS

Female subjects with i‐BPPV outnumbered male subjects by a ratio of 1.9:1, but there was no significant sex difference for s‐BPPV patients. The diseases associated with s‐BPPV were idiopathic sudden sensory hearing loss (ISSHL, 50.7%), Ménière's disease (MD, 28.9%) and unilateral vestibulopathy such as acute vestibular neuronitis and herpes zoster oticus (20.2%). The posterior canal was most commonly involved in both i‐BPPV and s‐BPPV. The horizontal canal was the second most common, followed by multi‐canal involvement. However, MDassociated BPPV most commonly involved the lateral canal. The mean durations of treatment for i‐BPPV and s‐BPPV were 2.28 and 4.87 days, respectively. The mean duration of treatment was 6.28 days for ISSHL with BPPV, 5.07 days for BPPV with unilateral vestibulopathy, and 2.28 days for BPPV with MD.

CONCLUSION

The mean duration of treatment for BPPV with ISSHL or unilateral vestibulopathy was longer than for other groups. The different pathophysiologies of s‐BPPV associated with different inner ear diseases may explain its diverse clinical features and courses.

© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Nationalism, identity and civil society in Ukraine: Understanding the Orange Revolution
Authors: Kuzio Taras
Published: August 2010

This article is the first to study the positive correlation between nationalism and democratic revolutions using Ukraine’s 2004 Orange Revolution as a case study. The Orange Revolution mobilized the largest number of participants of any democratic revolution and lasted the longest, 17 days. But, the Orange Revolution was also the most regionally divided of democratic revolutions with western and central Ukrainians dominating the protestors and eastern Ukrainians opposing the protests. The civic nationalism that underpinned the Orange Revolution is rooted in Ukraine’s path dependence that has made civil society stronger in western Ukraine where Austro-Hungarian rule permitted the emergence of a Ukrainian national identity that was stymied in eastern Ukraine by the Tsarist empire.
Retroactive Law and Proactive Justice: Debating Crimes against Humanity in Germany, 1945–1950
Authors: Pendas Devin O.
Published: August 2010

The Nuremberg Trial may well be the most famous trial of the twentieth century, which is as it should be. After all, the Nuremberg Trial, while perhaps not as unprecedented as is frequently assumed, did mark a decisive turning point in the history of international law. It marked the first broadly successful attempt to impose the rule of law not just on the conduct of war but also, in a limited way, on domestic atrocities as well. The fame of this single trial has had the unfortunate side-effect of overshadowing the literally thousands of other Nazi trials that took place after World War II, however. These additional trials can be divided into three categories: those that took place in the domestic courts of victim nations, those that took place in occupation courts, and, perhaps least well-known, those that took place inGermancourts.
The Realist–Pacifist Summit Meeting of March 1942 and the Political Reorientation of Ecumenical Protestantism in the United States
Authors: Hollinger David A.
Published: August 2010

“I hope that the matter of the agreement not to discuss the war can be satisfactorily clarified,” Walter M. Horton wrote to the office of the Federal Council of Churches in November of 1941, referring to a meeting of several hundred liberal Protestant leaders the FCC was planning for the following March. “I found some questioning about it” at a recent meeting of peace advocates, some of whom, Horton continued, expressed fear that if they went to the conference they would be obliged “to swear an oath not to say a word about the dominant reality on the horizon.” The distinguished Oberlin theologian worried that the question of “a just and durable peace” that was to be addressed at the “Delaware Conference”—so named on account of its being held on the Delaware, Ohio, campus of Ohio Wesleyan University—might not be effectively engaged because opponents of American entry into World War II were being asked to shut up in the presence of the self-styled “political realists” who were chiefly behind the conclave.
Numerical study of a vortex ring impacting a flat wall
Authors: CHENG MING , LOU JING , LUO LI-SHI
Published: August 2010

We numerically study a vortex ring impacting a flat wall with an angle of incidence θ ≥ 0°) in three dimensions by using the lattice Boltzmann equation. The hydrodynamic behaviour of the ring–wall interacting flow is investigated by systematically varying the angle of incidence θ in the range of 0° ≤ θ ≤ 40° and the Reynolds number in the range of 100 ≤ Re ≤ 1000, where the Reynolds number Re is based on the translational speed and initial diameter of the vortex ring. We quantify the effects of θ and Re on the evolution of the vortex structure in three dimensions and other flow fields in two dimensions. We observe three distinctive flow regions in the θ–Re parameter space. First, in the low-Reynolds-number region, the ring–wall interaction dissipates the ring without generating any secondary rings. Second, with a moderate Reynolds number Re and a small angle of incidence θ, the ring–wall interaction generates a complete secondary vortex ring, and even a tertiary ring at higher Reynolds numbers. The secondary vortex ring is convected to the centre region of the primary ring and develops azimuthal instabilities, which eventually lead to the development of hairpin-like small vortices through ring–ring interaction. And finally, with a moderate Reynolds number and a sufficiently large angle of incidence θ, only a secondary vortex ring is generated. The secondary vortex wraps around the primary ring and propagates from the near end of the primary ring, which touches the wall first, to the far end, which touches the wall last. The rings develop a helical structure. Our results from the present study confirm some existing experimental observations made in the previous studies.
On liquid films on an inclined plate
Authors: BENILOV E. S. , CHAPMAN S. J. , MCLEOD J. B. , OCKENDON J. R. , ZUBKOV V. S.
Published: August 2010

This paper examines two related problems from liquid-film theory. Firstly, a steady-state flow of a liquid film down a pre-wetted plate is considered, in which there is a precursor film in front of the main film. Assuming the former to be thin, a full asymptotic description of the problem is developed and simple analytical estimates for the extent and depth of the precursor film's influence on the main film are provided. Secondly, the so-called drag-out problem is considered, where an inclined plate is withdrawn from a pool of liquid. Using a combination of numerical and asymptotic means, the parameter range where the classical Landau–Levich–Wilson solution is not unique is determined.
Powers – mengist – and peasants in rural Ethiopia: the post-2005 interlude
Authors: Lefort René
Published: August 2010

Most of the reports about the reaction of the Ethiopian regime to the blow that it suffered in the 2005 elections focus on its institutional evolution, and conclude that it took a turn towards even stronger authoritarianism. Observations made in a rural community in south-east Amhara State reveal that it reacted first, until the end of 2009, by a whole range of the deepest reforms since its takeover in 1991. These combined a stronger grip of the ruling party in all areas with a ‘liberalisation’ of the rural development strategy and first steps towards local ‘good governance’. They were embodied in the rise of the traditional rural elite which had been ostracised for years, as if the regime was trying to build its new constituency on it. But at the end of 2009 the local authorities suddenly returned to the all-encompassing authoritarian attitude characteristic of the pre-2005 period. This ‘liberalisation’ could thus be seen as merely a tactical interlude, conceded by a ruling party still driven by its Leninist legacy and the Abyssinian ‘culture of power’.
Struggles with activism: NGO engagements with land tenure reform in post-apartheid South Africa
Authors: Fortin Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

In 2004, a long-awaited piece of post-apartheid legislation, the Communal Land Rights Act – to reform the land tenure of those living in the former ‘homelands’ of South Africa – was passed into law unanimously by parliament. This unanimity, however, conceals the extent to which the process towards this moment was deeply contested. Exploring the efforts by land sector NGOs to secure legitimacy in their engagements with this process reveals the extent to which wider power relations and contestations have determined their positioning. Those within the non-governmental land sector who opposed the legislation pitted themselves against African National Congress politicians and high-profile traditional leaders. However, the adoption of a Mamdani-inspired discourse to contest such politics and oppose the proposed legislation contributed to reinscribing narrow readings of knowledge considered to be legitimate. Their engagements were also shaped by changes in the NGO sector. Reduced funding for land sector NGOs and an increasingly ambivalent relationship between them and government contributed to contestations between NGOs and among people working within them. Their strategic engagements in such wider and internal politics influenced both the frames within which such policy change could be debated and the ways in which individuals working for NGOs consequently positioned themselves in relation to their constituents.
Globalization and educational inequality during the 18thto 20thcenturies: Latin America in global comparison
Authors: Baten Joerg , Mumme Christina
Published: August 2010

This paper explores the inequality of numeracy and education by studying school years and numeracy of the rich and poor, as well as of tall and short individuals. To estimate numeracy, the age-heaping method is used for the 18thto early 20thcenturies. Testing the hypothesis that globalization might have increased the inequality of education, we find evidence that 19thcentury globalization actually increased inequality in Latin America, but 20thcentury globalization had positive effects by reducing educational inequality in a broader sample of developing countries. Moreover, we find strong evidence for Kuznets’s inverted U hypothesis, that is, rising educational inequality with GDP per capita in the period until 1913 and the opposite after 1945.
The Dwelling-Type Choices of Older Canadians and Future Housing Demand: An Investigation Using the Aging and Social Support Survey (GSS16)
Authors: Perks Thomas , Haan Michael
Published: August 2010

Cette étude examina comment les réseaux de soutien socials, la santé, et les caractéristiques économiques ont façonné les choix résidentiels des Canadiens âgés et prédit comment ils sont susceptibles de le faire à l’avenir, en faisant usage de L’Enquête sociale generale: Le soutien social et le vieillissement (ESG), la logique de régression multinomiale et les techniques de projection de la cohorte-composant. Il est axé sur la distribution des personnes âgées de 55-à-75-ans habitant trois types de logement privé: communauté vivant, le logement limité à l’âge et logement limité à l’âge avec soins infirmiers. L’analyse montre que les caractéristiques de soutien social sont les plus forts indicateurs du type de logement, ce qui signifie que les individus apparaissent choisir leurs logements en grande partie sur la base de leurs besoins et désirs sociaux, plutôt que selon leurs caractéristiques économiques ou de santé. L’analyse indique également une demande accrue spécifique à l’âge pour tous les types de logement à l’avenir, mais avec une réduction de plus de 2 millions de Canadiens plus âgés qui vivent dans des logements dans la communauté en générale entre 2002 et 2022.
Unmanageable Risks:MacPherson v. Buickand the Emergence of a Mass Consumer Market
Authors: Clarke Sally H.
Published: August 2010

On May 17, 1910, Donald C. MacPherson purchased a Buick runabout from the Close Brothers dealership of Schenectady, New York. The new rig sported a “four cylinder, twenty-two and a half horse power” engine, allowing it to reach a speed of fifty miles per hour. Its body had been painted “French gray” and a similar gray color coated the wooden wheels. The runabout accommodated two passengers in the front seat and one in the rumble seat. Though smaller and slower than other cars on the market in 1910, the Buick served MacPherson's purposes. During the summer and fall, he drove the machine to various places in the vicinity of Saratoga Springs for his business as a stone cutter who specialized in making grave stones.
WhyTerra Nullius?Anthropology and Property Law in Early Australia
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: August 2010

The British treated Australia asterra nullius—as unowned land. Under British colonial law, aboriginal Australians had no property rights in the land, and colonization accordingly vested ownership of the entire continent in the British government. The doctrine ofterra nulliusremained the law in Australia throughout the colonial period, and indeed right up to 1992.
Record-Keeping and Other Troublemaking: Thomas Lechford and Law Reform in Colonial Massachusetts
Authors: Fernandez Angela
Published: August 2010

Historians have long discussed the different ways in which the first professional lawyer to practice in Massachusetts Bay Colony, Thomas Lechford, was at odds with colony authorities in his three-year stay there—from June 27, 1638 to August 3, 1641. Some accounts have focused on his religious views, since Lechford disagreed with the strict forms of church membership prescribed by the colony's religion, Congregationalism. When he returned to England, Lechford wrote a book called Plain Dealing in which he argued against this form of religious organization, claiming that he had received enough first-hand experience to recommend a return to the Church of England. This book has been an important source of information on religious and political arrangements in colonial Massachusetts, and so for many, the picture of Lechford as religious dissenter is familiar. Another important picture of Lechford, especially familiar to historians of the American legal profession, is Lechford the impecunious lawyer disbarred for the unethical practice of law. Lechford himself had written, “I am…forced to get my living by writing petty things, which scarce finds me bread.” He had been disbarred for “embracery,” pleading to a jury out of court, and it was assumed that this combination of circumstances forced him to return to England. James Savage wrote under his biographical entry for Lechford: “left here, aft. vain attempt to earn bread.” Other nineteenth-century scholars of colonial Massachusetts said much the same thing. William Whitmore, in an introduction to a collection of Massachusetts colonial laws, wrote that Lechford “was finally starved into returning to England.”
“Restless Movements Characteristic of Childhood”: The Legal Construction of Child Labor in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts
Authors: Schmidt James D.
Published: August 2010

Elias Berdos had not yet reached the age of fourteen when he arrived in the United States in the first decade of the twentieth century. Three weeks after debarking, he applied to Tremont and Suffolk Mills in Lowell, Massachusetts and was put to work in the textile factory's spinning room, tending the mules as many boys his age did. Inexperienced at factory labor and unable to speak English, he ventured forth into the helter-skelter world of a cotton mill. About four weeks later, Elias stood in the spinning room, waiting for the workday to begin. With his back turned to the machinery, he rested his hand on a guard that covered the spinning frame's gears. When his hand slipped into the rotating metal, Elias joined the tens of thousands of workers injured in the process of American industrialization. Like many of those workers, Elias and his family sued the company for damages, but unlike many of his fellow laborers, Elias relied on Massachusetts's statutory prohibitions against child labor to maintain a cause of action. Losing in the lower courts, Elias appealed to the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. His case led the court to examine the development of child labor law in Massachusetts, looking into both its statutory genesis and legislative intent.
The Sympathetic State
Authors: Dauber Michele Landis
Published: August 2010

In 1962, Francis Perkins, Franklin Roosevelt's secretary of labor, recalled the “Roots of Social Security” for an audience of Social Security Administration staff members. The Committee on Economic Security, which had broad agreement on most issues, “broke out into a row because the legal problems were so terrible.” According to Perkins, the legal committee had deadlocked in the summer of 1934 over the crucial question of the constitutional basis for federal authority over unemployment and old age insurance. Then, as Perkins told the crowd, she paid a social call on Justice Harlan Fiske Stone's wife. The justice himself sat down to tea and asked how she was getting on. She seized the opportunity and laid before him the problem that was occupying the Committee:

Well, you know, we are having big troubles, Mr. Justice, because we don't know in this draft of the Economic Security Act, which we are working on—we are not quite sure, you know, what will be a wise method of establishing this law. It is a very difficult constitutional problem you know. We are guided by this, that, and the other case. [Justice Stone] looked around to see if anyone was listening. Then he put his hand up like this, confidentially, and he said, “The taxing power, my dear, the taxing power. You can do anything under the taxing power.”
Manor Court Procedures, Debt Litigation Levels, and Rural Credit Provision in England, c.1290—c.1380
Authors: Briggs Chris
Published: August 2010

In the last two decades or so, questions of law have moved back to the top of the research agenda in work on medieval English manor courts. This marks a shift away from the 1960s to the mid-1980s, when the historians on both sides of the Atlantic who established the court roll as the pre-eminent source for everyday life in the countryside sought inspiration from the social sciences rather than legal history. The court roll studies published in that period generated much methodological debate about use of these records to study peasants and their communities. Nonetheless, in most of those studies, consideration of the manor court as a legal forum first and foremost, or of the implications of reliance on a legal source to study social and economic history, was secondary to analysis of the data in the rolls. More recently, though, scholars have started once again to look at the court roll from the perspective adopted by Maitland in hisSelect Pleas in Manorial and Other Seigniorial Courts. These historians are concerned with defining and characterizing “customary law”: that is, with the nature and principles of the law applied in manor courts; the extent to which those principles were malleable or unchanging; the relationship between the rulings pronounced in the manor courts and those recorded in other areas of the legal system, most importantly the common law courts; and the machinery of manor courts with respect to procedures, personnel, and record keeping.
Introduction
Authors: Kalman Laura
Published: August 2010

“She was always poking holes in balloons,” a friend said of the late and justly beloved Kathryn Preyer. These two outstanding articles, the first winners of the Preyer Competition, do that too. Together, they suggest that the Cold War affected domestic life in different ways than we have assumed.
The Administrative State, Front and Center: Studying Law and Administration in Postwar America
Authors: Schiller Reuel E.
Published: August 2010

More than any other case from the postwar period,Brown v. Board of Educationhas captured the attention of historians and the public alike. The case itself, and the NAACP's campaign that led to it, have been the subject of books and articles beyond counting. In many history textbooks it is the only court case mentioned between the end of World War II and the early 1960s. It is one of a handful of cases that is recognized by the public at large and is surely the only Supreme Court case that has its own National Historic Site.