bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEMBRANE ANTIGENS RECOGNIZED BY HETEROANTISERA AGAINST MOUSE TUMOURS, TESTED IN CELL LINES OF DIFFERENT H ‐ 2 HAPLOTYPES
Authors: Garcia‐Olivares E. , Garrido F.
Published: April 2007

The pattern of reactivity of two heteroantisera against mouse tumour cells (rabbit anti‐Meth A sarcoma: RAMA; and rabbit anti‐RBL‐5 leukaemia: RAR‐5) has been studied in various cell lines of different H‐2 haplotypes in complement‐dependent cytotoxicity tests using a microadioassay.

RAMA was cytotoxic not only for Meth A (H‐2d) but also for MCG4, P815Y, LSTRA, YC8 (H‐2d), L929, TLC5, Gardner (H‐2k), RBL‐5 and TLX/9 (H‐2b). RAR‐5 similarly killed RBL‐5, as expected, as well as Meth A, P815Y, MCG4, SL2, YC8, LSTRA (H‐2d), L929 (H‐2k), TLX/9, MBL2, Gil IV, EL4 (H‐2b) and YAC (H‐2a).

The cross‐cytotoxicity RAMA‐RBL‐5 and RAR‐5‐Meth A was abolished when RAMA or RAR‐5 were absorbed with allogeneic tissues from C57B1/6, BALB/c, CBA/H, C57B1/10 (B10), B10.BR, B10.D2, but not with rat lymphoid cells. A species‐specific antigen present in these strains of mice thus appeared to be responsible for this cytotoxicity.

The direct killing obtained with RAMA on Meth A and RAR‐5 on RBL‐5 was not absorbed by: (a) allogeneic cells of C57B1/6, CBA/H, AKR, B10, B10.BR, B10.D2 for RAMA, and CBA/H, BALB/c, B10, B10.BR, B10.D2 for RAR‐5; or (b) syngeneic normal lymphoid cells (BALB/c and C57B1/6 respectively).

This suggests the presence of a heteroantibody in the sera recognizing structures at the tumour cell surface that are absent in normal lymphoid cells—a tumour‐specific antigen (TSA).

Finally, the TSA of Meth A (recognized by BALB/c‐absorbed RAMA) did not cross‐react with eight mouse cell lines of different aetiology and origin: MCG4, P815Y, Gardner, TLC5, L929, TLX/9, LSTRA and RBL‐5. However, the TSA of RBL‐5 (recognized by C57B1/6 absorbed RAR‐5) reacted not only with RBL‐5 but also with tumour cells induced by viruses antigenically related to Rauscher, belonging to the group FMR Gi. It reacted also with EL4, a tumour cell line not virus induced, and weakly with SL2, a spontaneous tumour cell line. It did not react with TLX/9 (X‐ray induced) or Meth A (chemically induced).

From these results it is concluded that heteroantisera against mouse tumour cells recognize at least species‐specific antigens and tumour‐specific antigens.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN EVOLUTION: CHEMICAL STUDY OF CLAWED TOAD (XENOPUS LAEVIS) HEAVY AND LIGHT CHAINS
Authors: Wang A. C. , Tung E. , Fudenberg H. H. , Hadji‐Azimi I.
Published: April 2007

NH2, terminal amino acid sequence determinations of clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) immunoglobulins indicate that approximately 30% of the heavy chains and less than 5% of the light chains have unblocked NH2 termini. The major amino acid sequence of the X. laevis 7S immunoglobulin heavy chains is the same as that of the 19S immunoglobulin heavy chains. Thus in the synthesis of the heavy chains, the VH genes coding for unblocked heavy chains can associate with CH genes of both the 19S and 7S classes. This association is particularly important in amphibians because, in contrast to mammals and birds, the majority of amphibian antibody‐producing cells synthesize both 19S and 7S immunoglobulins and do not participate in the ‘genetic switch’ characteristic of lymphocyte differentiation in higher organisms. In X. laevis, the major amino acid sequence at the first twenty‐four positions of the unblocked heavy chains shows approximately 54% difference from the prototype amino acid sequence of the mammalian VHIII subgroup. Thus, the VHIII gene(s) must have started to appear after the evolutionary divergence of the common ancestor of mammals and birds from the amphibian line. The amino acid composition of the X. laevis 7S immunoglobulin heavy chains differs from that of its 19S immunoglobulins as well as those of human IgG and IgA. These data support the concepts (a) that amphibian 7S and 19S immunoglobins belong to distinct classes and (b) that amphibian 7S immunoglobulin does not resemble mammalian IgG or IgA.
THE EFFECT OF FOSTERING NUDE MICE WITH ALLOGENEIC MOTHERS ON SUBSEQUENT MORTALITY
Authors: Hetherington C. M. , Hegan Moira A.
Published: April 2007

Mortality in nude mice fostered by allogeneic mothers was studied. The data failed to support the hypothesis that mortality was due to graft versus host disease resulting from the passage of immunocomponent cells to the young in the mothers' milk. It was apparent that there were significant differences in the ability of mothers of different strains to rear nude mice.
PROBABLE EnaEn HETEROZYGOTES IN TWO BRITISH FAMILIES
Authors: Inglis G. , Anstee D. J. , Giles C. M. , Tanner M. J. A. , Mitchell R.
Published: April 2007

An investigation of the serological and biochemical properties of red cells in two unrelated British families revealed the probable presence of examples of the rare genotype EnαEn.

In one family the En‐modified red cells carried N‐like determinants associated with s. In the other family M‐like determinants associated with S were found.
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO MAMMALIAN CHYMOTRYPSINS IN MICE
Authors: Young C. R.
Published: April 2007

The primary and secondary immune response to the antigen bovine pancreatic α‐chymotrypsin was investigated in in inbred mice. It was found that strain differences in the immune response only became apparent after secondary immunization. The genetic control of the immune response was investigated in twelve different strains of mice, F1, F2 and F1 backcross hybrids, following secondary immunization. A continous distribution for the mean antibody responsiveness was obtained. High responsiveness was associated with both the H‐2 haplotype and three non‐H‐2 loci. Furthermore the F1 hybrids produced a greater quantitative antibody response to chymotrypsin than either of the corresponding parental strains.
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO MAMMALIAN CHYMOTRYPSINS IN MICEq
Authors: Young C. R.
Published: April 2007

The immune response to the antigen bovine pancreatic α‐chymotrypsin was investigated in ten recombinant strains of mice. Using a fixed antigen‐percentage bound isotope technique, it was found that the quantity of antibody produced was related to the H‐2 haplotype of the responding animal. A continuous distribution for the mean antibody responses was obtained for the ten strains of mice. High responsiveness was associated with the H‐2 haplotype y2. The genetic control of the immune response to this immunogen was found to be both quantitative and qualitative.
THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN‐LIKET‐CELL RECEPTOR: I. IN SITU DEMONSTRATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN Fab‐REGION DETERMINANTS OF RODENT T‐ AND B‐LYMPHOCYTES USING CHICKEN ANTIBODIES*
Authors: Marchalonis J. J. , Warr G. W. , Bucana C. , Hoyer L. C.
Published: April 2007

Antibodies were raised in chickens to the (Fab')2 fragment of normal murine IgG and to the κ‐myeloma protein MOPC 41. Following appropriate absorptions or purification by immune affinity chromatography the chicken antibodies bound specifically to both T‐ and B‐cells of mice, rats and guinea‐pigs as detected by quantitative cytofluorescence, radioactive binding assays and transmission and scanning immunoelectronmicroscopy. These antibodies are directed against polypeptide determinants of the Fab fragment, block antigen binding by purified idiotype‐bearing murine antibodies, and provide useful probes for visualization and analysis of immunoglobulin‐like surface receptors of rodent B‐ and T‐cells.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES AND RESPONSE TO TETANUS TOXOID IN PAPUA, NEW GUINEA
Authors: Schanfield M. S. , Wells J. V. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: April 2007

The data indicates that Papuans with the Austronesian haplotype Gmf,a;b produce significantly higher levels of tetanus specific antibody, than Papuans without this haplotype, suggesting that response to tetanus toxoid in man is associated with the Gm phenotype of the individual. Km (1) status was not related to response.
TWO APPARENTLY HEALTHY JAPANESE INDIVIDUALS OF TYPE MkMk HAVE ERYTHROCYTES WHICH LACK BOTH THE BLOOD GROUP MN AND Ss‐ACTIVE SIALOGLYCOPROTEINS
Authors: Tokunaga E. , Sasakawa S. , Tamaka K. , Kawamata H. , Giles C. M. , Ikin E. W. , Poole J. , Anstee D. J. , Mawby W. , Tanner M. J. A.
Published: April 2007

A Japanese blood donor (H. T.) and his brother (M. S.) are the first homozygous MkMk individuals described; their red cells lack, as expected, known antigens of the MNSs blood group system and also have no demonstrable MN‐active and Ss‐active glycoproteins. Both MkMk individuals have a naturally occurring atypical antibody in their serum. The antibody in the serum of H. T. is inhibited by MNSs‐active glycoprotein preparations from normal erythrocytes.
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HEN'S EGG‐WHITE LYSOZYME IN MICE: I. ANTIBODY AND T‐LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES TO THE NATIVE PROTEIN*
Authors: Okuda K. , Sakata S. , Atassi M. Zouhair , David C. S.
Published: April 2007

We have initiated studies to determine whether the antibody and T‐lymphocyte proliferative responses to lysozyme and its antigenic sites is genetically controlled in mice. Mice of the H‐2f, H‐2k and H‐2p were high responders, while haplotypes H‐2b, H‐2d, H‐2r and H‐2s were low responders. Studies with recombinants indicated that the immune response is controlled by two H‐2I region loci, one being in the I‐A subregion and the other may be in the I‐C subregions.
SEROLOGICAL AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF H‐2 ALLOSPECIFICITIES ON k36, A SYNGENEIC TUMOUR OF AKR
Authors: Schmidt W. , Festenstein H.
Published: April 2007

Expression of H‐2 antigenic specificities on K36, a spontaneous leukaemia originating from AKR (H‐2k) mice, was studied by serology and immunochemistry. Two ascites lines of the tumour, as well as a tissue culture adjusted and cloned tumour line, were used in these studies with similar results being obtained.

K36 expresses on its cell surface D‐region encoded H‐2K antigens but does not express K‐region encoded H‐2K alloantigens. It also expresses on its cell membrane, H‐2 specificities of foreign haplotypes not present on normal AKR lymphoid cells. The molecular basis of the H‐2Dd specificity on K36 (H‐2k was analysed by immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specificity was shown to be present on a glycoprotein of apparent molecular weight 45,000. However, antisera against the H‐2Dd private specificity (H‐2.4) precipitate additional glycoprotein of 45,000D and also 70,000D.

In tryptic peptide maps of the isolated 45,000D fraction precipitated by anti‐H‐2.4 serum from radiolabelled K36 glycoprotein, all H‐2Dd specific peptides were present in the same quantitative ratio. This is consistent with the structural identity of the foreign H‐2Dd from the K36 tumour with normal H‐2Dd and supports the hypothesis of a regulator system controlling the H‐2 allelism. Under certain circumstances such a system could cause suppression of one and derepression of the other H‐2 gene products.
VARIABLE EXPRESSION AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF AN H‐2K‐CODED ALLOANTIGEN ON MURINE TUMOURS
Authors: Imamura M. , Martin W. J.
Published: April 2007

The K region of the H‐2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of mice of H‐2Kk haplotype codes for two distinct alloantigens. One of these alloantigens, designated k‐common, is expressed by C3HfB/HeN mice (C3Hf). The other alloantigen, designated k‐unique, is not expressed by C3Hf mice. The H‐2 haplotype of C3Hf mice has been classified as kv1 and the variant antigen distinguishing this strain from mice of H‐2Kk haplotype has been designated kv1‐unique. Several transplacentally‐induced lung tumours of C3Hf mice express the k‐unique, rather than the expected kv1‐unique, antigen. The immunogenicity of the k‐unique antigen on C3Hf‐derived lung tumours varies with different tumours. In particular, the capacity of the k‐unique antigen to induce radioresistant immunity in C3Hf mice appears to be lost on long term cultured tumour cells even though the tumour remains susceptible to in vivo immune responses directed against the k‐unique antigen. Alterations in expression and in immunogenicity of unique H‐2‐coded antigens may dictate the nature and efficacy of immune surveillance of autochthanous tumours.
HUMAN AND MURINE TUMOURS: CHANGES IN CELL SURFACE STRUCTURES CODED BY THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX REGION
Authors: Ferrone S. , Pellegrino M. A. , Callahan G. N.
Published: April 2007

Serological and structural changes of surface markers involved in immune reactions may occur in human and murine tumour systems. Thus nine out of twenty‐one human tumour cell lines and SV40‐transformed fibroblasts differed from autologous lymphoblastoid cells or fibroblasts in their reactivity with HLA allonatisera. H‐2 antigens isolated from the murine tumour cells 6C3HED and TP 1422, undergo structural changes. An alien HLA‐B7 was detected in sera from two melanoma patients. The serologic activity on H‐2 antigens was significantly increased in the serum and ascites fluid of tumour bearing mice. Additionally, human SV40‐transformed fibroblatsts acquire receptors for monkey red blood cells and the murine lymphosarcoma cells 6C3HED express receptors for sheep red blood cells.
H‐2D CONTROL OF LEUKAEMIA SUSCEPTIBILITY: MECHANISM AND IMPLICATIONS*
Authors: Meruelo D.
Published: April 2007

Genes in the D region of the murine major histocompatibility complex, H‐2, confer resistance to radiation‐induced leukaemia virus. H‐2D gene control appears to ensue at a step subsequent to virus infection, since elimination of virus infected cells does not become apparent until 3‐5 weeks after virus infection. Nonetheless, almost immediately after virus infection, expression of H‐2D‐coded antigens is markedly elevated on the surface of thymocytes from resistant (H‐2Dd) but not susceptible mice (H‐2Ds or H‐2Dq). This increased H‐2D antigen expression triggers a vigorous cell‐mediated immune response which probably plays a key role in resistance to leukaemia via elimination of virus‐infected cells. A hypothesis is put forth to explain the induction of increased sythesis and expression of H‐2D antigens. This hypothesis postulates that the oncogenic segment of RadLV bears a close resemblance to H‐2.4, the private specificity for H‐2Dd, allowing it to integrate at or near the H‐2Dd murine gene. Subsequent to integration, the rates of transcription and translation are altered with a resulting increase in cell surface antigen expression. Other possibilities are also discussed.
PUBLIC H‐2 SPECIFICITIES ARE TARGET DETERMINANTS FOR ALLOREACTIVE CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Vazquez A. , Senik Anna , Fridman W. H. , Neauport‐Sautes Catherine
Published: April 2007

The specificity of he corss‐killing exerted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL's) generated against H‐2 region products was investigated in a 51Cr release assay on a panel of target cells from a number of different H‐2 haplotypes.

Their pattern of reaction shows that: (1) The target cells, expressing public specificities (H‐2.28, H‐2.1, H‐2.5, H‐2.3 or H‐2.8) which should, theoretically, be recognized by the CTL's were killed, while those expressing no public specificities, recognized according to the H‐2 chart by the CTL's wer not killed. (2) The CTL's generated against the H‐2.28 specificity expressed on the D region products cross react with target cells expressing this specificity in their K region products and vice versa. The same phenomenon was observed with the H‐2.1 specificity. These results provide evidence that public specificities are targets for CTL's. Antiserum reacting against the public specificity recognized by the CTL's was found to block the cross‐killing, however, to the same extent as antisera directed against any specificity recognized by the CTL's was found to block the cross‐killing, however, to the same extent as antisera directed against any specificity (private or public) expressed on the same molecule as the target determinant. Finally both the inhibition studies using anti‐H‐2 antisera and the direct cytotoxic assays showed that the public specificities of the H‐2.28 family carried by the H‐2.D and H‐2.L molecules were recognized by different subpopulations of CTL's.
THE ROLE OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX IN THE PRODUCTION DURING PREGNANCY OF A SERUM FACTOR INHIBITING MACROPHAGE MIGRATION
Authors: Gill T. J. , Kunz H. W.
Published: April 2007

The response by the mother to the paternal antigens of her foetus was evaluated in the rat by the production of a serum factor which inhibits macrophage migration (serum inhibitory factor, SIF). The SIF response depended upon antigenic differences controlled by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), as demonstrated by the use of congenic strains. Differences between mother and foetus within the RT1.A* region of the MHC led to SIF stimulation, whereas, differences in the RT1.B region did not. The SIF response followed the course of the pregnancy: it began at the time of implantation, reached a maximum at birth and then fell precipitously. In contrast, the SIF response to skin grafting did not correlate with differences in the MHC. Thus, the antigenic factors stimulating this maternal response to foetal antigens appear to depend upon a unique type of genetic difference, and this may be a factor in the apparent immunologic privilege enjoyed by the foetus during gestation.
XENOANTISERA TO DRw ALLOSPECIFICITIES
Authors: Belvedere M. , Pellegrino M. A. , Ferrone S.
Published: April 2007

The specificity of DR xenoantisera was assessed by testing them with a panel of HLA typed B‐lymphocytes in a cytotoxic test with rabbit or human complement. The pattern of reactions of some xenoantisera correlated with DR allospecificities. These results confirm that injection of DR antigens across species barrier can elicit antibodies to DR allospecificities.
A NEW GENETIC MARKER OF HUMAN T LYMPHOID CELLS DETECTED BY A XENOGENIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
Authors: Spitz M. , Fainboim L. , Leeuwen A. van
Published: April 2007

A hybrid cell line R3/41‐10 was produced by fusing a mouse myeloma line with spleen cells from CBA/H mice which had previously been immunized with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from a single donor. Hybrid secreting antibodies to lymphocyte antigens were detected by assaying the culture supernatant for antibody binding to the donor PBL. Those lymphocytes binding more than ten times the background were cloned in soft agar and transferred to micro‐culture plates (Limbro). Antibodies from some wells lost their binding activity. Antibodies from other clones, although retaining their binding capacity, were multispecific in cytotoxicity experiments, killing all the lympoid cells from a panel of normal donors; yet a third kind gave specific limited reactions. Supernatants from clones R3/41‐10 and R3/41‐13 gave concordant cytotoxic reactions killing 20‐40% of the PBL. There was no cytotoxicity of Ig+ cells (B cells). Lymphocytes from seven out of fourteen normal donors reacted with the antibody. The specificity of the antibody produced by clone R3/41‐10 was confirmed by absorption studies.

The monoclonal antibodies (Mc+b) described in this communication are shown to react with a subpopulation of T lymphocytes of some individuals and not others, suggesting that they are detecting a polymorphic system of alloantigens like the Ly system in the mouse, provisionally designated HT‐Ly. l.
GENETIC REGULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF H‐2K.5 ANTIGEN ON ERYTHROID CELLS BY H‐2K END
Authors: Shiroishi T. , Moriwaki K.
Published: April 2007

Difference in the amounts of H‐2K.5 antigens present on erythrocytes was observed, using quantitative absorption method, among several B10 congenic strains. However, no such variation was seen on the lymphocytes and lung cells. The variability in the amount of this antigen on the erythrocyte surface was primarily dependent on the haplotype of the H‐2K end in the B10 recombinant strains examined. This suggests that the regulator of H‐2 expression on erythrocytes is in this region. Further genetic analysis confirmed that this regulation functions in the cis‐position. Finally, the H‐2K.5 antigenic activity was expressed on the reticulocytes of all strains tested, but appeared lower in the type 2 group indicating that the regulation begins early in erythropoietic differentiation and eventually results in a complete loss of detectable activity.
TOLERANCE INDUCTION IN MICE SELECTED FOR HIGH OR LOW ANTIBODY RESPONSIVENESS
Authors: Heumann Anne‐Marie , Stiffel C.
Published: April 2007

Induction of tolerance to bovine serum albumin was studied in mice selected for high (H) or low (L) antibody responsiveness and in their F1 hybrids. No high or low zone tolerances were obtained in H mice whereas L mice were susceptible to tolerance induction by the two schedules. H mice were immunized by repeated injections of tolerogenic BSA for low zone tolerance induction but not after the administration of a single high dose of tolerogenic BSA. Resistance to tolerance induction is dominant in F1 hybrids.
THE INCIDENCE OF Gm ALLOTYPES IN A GROUP OF IRAQI ARABS
Authors: Shakib F. , Barr D.
Published: April 2007

Immunoglobulin allotypes were studied in a group of Iraqi Arabs. Results showed that the incidence of the Gm and Km markers investigated fall into the ranges quoted for Caucasian populations, except for the G3m(t) factor which was shown to have an incidence higher than that found in Caucasian groups.
COELIAC DISEASE AND HLA: A FAMILY STUDY
Authors: Robinson B. N. , Roberts D. F. , Mather B. A. , Nelson R. , Rowlatt A. S.
Published: April 2007

In a family study of coeliac disease, HLA types in fifty‐three patients and their relatives were examined. There are no differences in HLA frequencies between child and adult patients. Comparison with a random series of normal controls shows increases frequencies in patients of HLA‐A1 and B8, while the family material shows that there is also an excess of haplotype I‐8. The excess of homozygotes is thought not to be a factor in the aetiology. Intrafamilial analysis shows that only B8 is significantly associated with the disorder. It is argued that the HLA association does not indicate a ‘coeliac gene’ but that the B8 allele is a major gene in a polygenic system affecting the disorder.
CELL MEMBRANE ALLOANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS OF SEVERAL UNUSUAL MOUSE STRAINS
Authors: Morgan Gillian M. , McKenzie I. F. C.
Published: April 2007

Several interesting and clinically important strains of Mus musculus were serotyped with alloantisera recognizing the different alleles of the Thy‐1, Ly‐1, Ly‐2, Ly‐3, Ly‐4, Ly‐5, Ly‐6 and Ly‐7 loci. The strains were the Biozzi high and low responder strains, of importance in immune responsiveness studies, and the strains BXSB, MRL and MRL—lpr/lpr—strains which spontaneously develop immune complex disease. In addition the related species Mus musculus castaneus was typed with the same reagents. The knowledge of the cell surface phenotype should prove useful in various functional studies involving these interesting strains.
FUNCTIONAL ANTIGEN BINDING BY THE DEFECTIVE B CELLS OF CBA/N x C3H/HeN F1 MALE MICE
Authors: Snippe H. , Merchant B. , Lizzio E. , Inman J. K.
Published: April 2007

CBA/N mice have an X‐linked B cell defect which prevents them from responding to non‐mitogenic thymic independent (TI‐II) antigens such as dinitrophenylated (DNP‐AGG) Ficoll. The F1 male progeny of CBA/N female mice express the same defect. Spleen cell suspensions from such defective mice (CBA/N X C3H/HeN F1 males) could not respond to DNP‐AGG‐Ficoll following in vitro immunization and subsequent transfer into irradiated, syngeneic, F1 male recipients as expected. In contrast, normal CBA/N X C3H/HeN F1 female spleen cells could respond and effect a ‘rescue'; they mounted strong plaque‐foriming cell 7 days after in vitro exposure to DNP‐AGG‐Ficoll and subsequent transfer into irradiated F1 male recipients. Defective F1 male spleen cells could bind significant quantities of DNP‐AGG‐Ficoll, however, after, in vitro exposure. Extensive washing of these spleen cells could not reverse this binding. Such DNP‐AGG‐Ficoll‐exposed and washed F1 male spleen cells could, after transfer, aid normal untreated F1 female cells in their rescue function. The defective F1 male spleen cells could convey immunogenic quantities of DNP‐AGG‐Ficoll to the ‘rescuing’ F1 female cells.

Mitomycin treatment of F1 male cells did not interfere with their conveyor function. Goat anti‐mouse μ serum impeded the passive antigen conveyor function of defective F1 male cells as did prior exposure to high concentrations of free DNP‐AGG hapten. Our data support the view that the B cell defect of CBA/N X C3H/HeN F1 male mice does not relate to antigen binding, but rather to an inability to be effectively triggered by certain cell‐bound polymeric antigens.
Ir GENE TESTING IN H‐2 MUTANTS
Authors: Morgan G. M. , McKenzie I. F. C. , Goding J. , Melvold R.
Published: April 2007

Four different C57BL/6 mutants, each with a mutation presumably in the H‐2Kb locus, were studied to determine whether the mutations had affected Ir gene function. When tested with the antigens, (TG)‐A‐L, ovalbumin (OA), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH8), there was no difference in the antibody response of the mutants when compared to the parental C57BL/6 strain and there was also no difference in the response to the histocompatibility H‐Y antigen. The responses to these antigens have been mapped, wholly or partially in the K‐IA, IA or IB subregions and therefore the identical response of parent and mutants may provisionally exclude H‐2Kb as a site of Ir gene function for the four antigens tested. In addition, the BALB/c‐dm2 mutant, a mutation in the H‐2Ld locus, gave identical responses to the parental BALB/cKh strain.
NON‐H‐2‐LINKED GENETIC CONTROL OF RESISTANCE TO BALB/c FIBROSARCOMA METH‐A
Authors: Mizushima Y. , Sendo F. , Takeichi N. , Kobayashi H.
Published: April 2007

The genetic control of hybrid resistance to BALB/c fibrosarcoma Meth‐A was investigated. A Meth‐A tumour grew slower in (BALB/c X C57BL/6)F1 and reciprocal hybrid mice than in syngeneic BALB/c mice and was also found to grow slower in females than in males. Significant F1 resistance was demonstrated after both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection of tumour cells. However, (BALB/c X DBA/2)F1 mice did not show any significant resistance to Meth‐A. In H‐2 linkage studies of [BALB/c X (BALB/c X C57BL/6)] backcross mice, no statistically significant differences in the resistance of H‐2 heterozygotes and homozygotes to Meth‐A were observed. These results indicated that F1 hybrid resistance to Meth‐A was controlled by non‐H‐2‐linked resistance factor(s). No linkage was observed between resistance to Meth‐A and coat colour c‐ and b‐loci.
THE ROLE OF EXTRACELLULAR DNA IN THE TRANSFER OF INFORMATION FROM T TO B HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES IN THE COURSE OF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: A.nker P. , Jachertz D. , Stroun M. , Brögger Renée , Lederrey Christine , Henri Jacqueline , Maurice P. A.
Published: April 2007

Human lymphocytes obtained from donors exhibiting different allotypes were separated into B‐ and T‐enriched subpopulations and cultured in the presence or absence of Herpes simplex virus inactivated by U.V. Isolated B or T cell suspensions did not produce any antiherpetic activity. The B lymphocytes cultruredl in the presence of the supernatant collected from virus‐exposed T cells or in the presence of DNA extracted from this supernatant, synthesized an antiherpetic antibody carrying allotypic marker of the T cell donor.
DISCONTINUOUS GENES AND DNA SEQUENCE TRANSPOSITION: A MODEL FOR IMMUNOGLOBULIN CHAIN SYNTHESIS
Authors: Lefranc G. , Lefranc Marie‐Paule
Published: April 2007

An attempt is made to account for immunoglobulin chain synthesis in terms of genetic events involving IS or controlling elements analogous to those found in bacteria, maize and drosophila. Transposition of variable and constant genes and normal immunoglobulin chain synthesis as well as qualitative and quantitative abnormalities might be explained by such regulatory elements. Intrachromosomal transpositions over short distances would be expressed as apparent hypermutability or redundancy of the variable DNA segment. The constant gene might comprise four sequences coding for the three homology domains and the hinge, separated by intervening sequences. A strong preference for shortrange transposition on the same chromosome and immobilization of the controlling element in the end might account for allelic exclusion.
THE GUINEA‐PIG I‐REGION: III. DISTRIBUTION OF Ia ANTIGENS IN INBRED AND PARTIALLY INBRED STRAINS
Authors: Shevach E. M. , Geczy A. F. , Weck A. de , Schwartz B. D.
Published: April 2007

We have used a combined serologic and structural approach to study the distribution of I‐region associated (Ia) antigens in nine strains of inbred and partially inbred guinea‐pigs. All of the inbred strains studied with the exception of strain 2 animals were found to share one or more I‐subregions with inbred strain 13 animals. The BIOAD, R9, OM3, and BIOAC strains have the same I‐region as strain 13 animals; the B/Lac strain has two subregions in common with strain 13, while the BIOB strain has a single subregion in common with strain 13. The availability of a number of different guinea‐pig strains with well characterized major histocompatibility complexes should facilitate the continuing use of this species in studies of immunogenetics, transplantation, and tumour immunology.
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF H‐2Kk ANTIGENS
Authors: Eskinazi D. P. , Molinaro G. A. , Reisfeld R. A. , Ferrone S.
Published: April 2007

Up to 70% of mouse spleen cells expressing H‐2Kk alloantigens reacted with the monoclonal anti‐H‐2Kk antibody 11‐4.1 in an indirect rosetting assay. When the cells that rosetted with the monoclonal antibody 11‐4.1 were removed by density centrifugation, the residual unreactive cells reacted with the polyclonal anti‐H‐2Kk alloantiserum D23 but not with the monoclonal antibody 11‐4.1 indicating the existence of two cell populations. In sequential immunoprecipitation experimens, the glycoprotein fraction of NP40 extracts from H‐2Kk cells, after removal of antigens reacting with the monoclonal antibody 11‐4.1 still contained structures reactive with the alloantiserum. Therefore, there are at least two antigenically distinct H‐2Kk molecules which are differentially expressed on two subpopulations of spleen cells.
STUDY OF CONGENITALLY IMMUNOLOGIC MUTANT NEW ZEALAND MICE: V. B CELL FUNCTION OF NZB‐Xld MICE
Authors: Ohsugi Y. , Gershwin M. E. , Ahmed A.
Published: April 2007

NZB mice bearing the CBA/N X chromosome linked defect were generated by repetitive backcrossing and selection of the Xld gene. The male offspring resulting from the cross of NZB with CBA/N were selected as being XldY on the basis of sera IgM and IgG3 levels and responsiveness to DNP‐Lys‐Ficoll. Following this inbreeding protocol, 6th generation backcross NZB XldY mice were compared to littermate controls with respect to B cell function. Sera immunoglobulin levels of IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgA were similar in XldY and XY mice. In contrast, levels of IgM and IgG3, from XldY mice were approximately 15% and 50%, respectively, of values found in littermates. Furthermore, XldY mice failed to respond to DNP‐Lys‐Ficoll and had less than 3% splenic Lyb 5.1‐bearing cells. Splenic immunoglobulin cell surface profiles, obtained by the fluorescent activated cell sorter, indicated a significant reduction in the frequency of Ig bearing cells in Xld animals. Such profiles were similar to those obtained for spleen cells from reference control CBA/N mice. Finally, an elevated number of splenic, lymph node and bone marrow background and lipopolysaccharide‐induced B cell clones in semi‐solid phase agar was found in NZB but not C57BL/6, C3H, BALB/c and DBA/2 controls. In contrast, NZB XldY mice had virtually no detectable B cell colonies. This data, obtained on significantly inbred XldY NZB mice, suggests that the Xid gene is dominant over several aspects of polyclonal B cell activation in NZB mice and indicates that serial observation of these mice will be valuable in understanding the interactions of genetic immunologic mutations and cellular function in autoimmunity.
CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN TERATOMA CELL LINES FOR THEIR IN VITRO DEVELOPMENTAL PROPERTIES AND EXPRESSION OF EMBRYONIC AND MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY LOCUS‐ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS
Authors: Avner P. , Bono R. , Berger R. , Fellous M.
Published: April 2007

Five human teratoma cell lines have been characterized for the presence of a certain number of marker antigens whose presence or absence has been shown to be characteristic of mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. Four out of the five lines have been shown to respond to at least some of the criteria associated with murine EC cells even though only limited in vitro differentiation could be demonstrated. The significance of certain unusual marker antigen combinations present on the cell line Tera I and its clones and so far unobserved for the murine model is discussed. The observation in Tera I populations of cells carrying simultaneously both the F9 and β2‐microglobulin or HLA antigens, suggest that the human cell lines may represent a novel material for the study of mammalian differentiation.
A MARMOSET T‐LYMPHOCYTE PROTEIN RELATED TO DEFINED HUMAN SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN AND FRAGMENTS
Authors: Marchalonis J. J. , Wang A. C.
Published: April 2007

Current concepts of the antigen‐specific receptor of thymus‐derived (T) lymphocytes suggest that this molecule bears immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V) regions, but does not represent a classical serum antibody. We immunized rabbits with a globulin fraction obtained from an in vitro cultured marmoset T cell lymphoma line which expressed surface components related to immunoglobulins. Quantitative immunoprecipitation and competition radioimmunoassay studies carried out using characterized monoclonal human Igs and their chains and fragments show that this rabbit antiserum, raised aginst a T cell product, reacts with a particular, conformational VH‐determinant which is formed by interaction with λ light chains and with two μ chain (IgM) related determinants. Neither μ chain determinant is a major isotype specific marker, and each occurs only on certain distinct subsets of serum μ chains. One is located in the Fc fragment; the location of the other μ related determinant is not known. These results show that this rabbit antiserum recognizes both variable and constant region determinants on the T cell receptor heavy chain. Rabbit antibody to the T cell product which cross‐reacts with serum μ chain was isolated by immune affinity chromatography on Sepharose‐derivatized covalently with one particular reactive IgM protein, the Waldenstrom macroglobulin Can (kμ). This antibody precipitated a biosynthetically‐labelled component of approximate M. W. 70,000 as assessed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in Na Dod SO4‐containing buffers. These data support the conclusion that certain T cells express and synthesize a molecule related to Ig VH‐regions which also has a constant region sharing antigenic markers with IgM subpopulations.
GENETIC CONTROL OF ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES IN MICE INOCULATED WITH THE MOLONEY LEUKAEMIA VIRUS
Authors: Piatier D. , Debre P. , Mach P. S. , Gisselbrecht S.
Published: April 2007

The production of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) was studied after inoculation with Moloney leukaemia virus (M‐MuLV) in different H‐2 congenic strains of mice. Using a new sensitive method for ANA detection, it was demonstrated that M‐MuLV‐induced ANA were genetically controlled by several different factors. A high viral production was first required for ANA triggering. Among viremic animals both high and low ANA producers were observed. H‐2 and non‐H‐2‐linked genes were involved in the control of M‐MuLV‐induced ANA; these genes were different from those involved in the control of viremia. The H‐2b haplotype was associated with an increased ANA response, the transmission of the responder phenotype being intermediate. Non‐H‐2‐linked genes must also control M‐MuLV‐induced ANA, as demonstrated in mice having the same H‐2 haplotypes, since with equivalent viremias they produced different amounts of ANA. No linkage with X chromosome was found.
THE B REGION‐ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS AND MLR PHENOTYPES IN THE JAPANESE INBRED STRAINS OF RATS
Authors: Ohhashi T. , Iwabuchi K. , Natori T. , Nakagawa H. , Kikuchi Y. , Aizawa M.
Published: April 2007

Seven different alloantisera absorbed with red blood cells (RBC) from appropriate strains of rats detected a series of B cell alloantigenic specificities that could be divided into two groups, presumably coded for by at least two different closely‐linked loci in the rat major histocompatibility complex (MHC), RT1. The one locus had two allele codes for a broad specificity and the other locus codes for a unique specificity that was found only in the restricted strains of rats that shared the same mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) phenotype. RBC‐absorbed alloantisera were monitored against a panel of B cell fractions obtained from sixteen inbred strains. Two alloantisera, ACI anti‐W and W anti‐TO detected two broad specificities, into either of which all inbred strains tested were classified. Two broad RT1‐B region‐associated specificities were thus designated provisionally as Ba‐1.1 and ‐1.2. Another five alloantisera detected four respective specificities which have a narrower strain distribution. Sixteen inbred strains were classified into one of five specificities detected by W anti‐F344, F344 anti‐SDJ, WKA anti‐ACI, W anti‐BUF and ACI anti‐W absorbed with LEJ lymph node cells. Each specificity was designated provisionally as Ba‐2.1, ‐2.2, ‐2.4, ‐2.6, ‐2.7, respectively. A complete association of Ba‐2 specificities with MLR phenotype was observed. Antigenic specificities of Ba‐2.1, ‐2.2 and ‐2.4 were all classified in a group of Ba‐1.1 specificity, whereas Ba‐2.6 and ‐2.7 specificities were associated with Ba‐1.2 specificity. This relationship suggested a linkage disequilibrium between the two loci for the Ba antigens.
AN AMPHIOXUS LANCEOLATUS AGGLUTINATING FACTOR FOR HUMAN RED CELLS
Authors: Benedictis Giovanna De , Capalbo P.
Published: April 2007

Humoral proteins from Amphioxus lanceolatus showed a considerable agglutinating activity for human red cells. The haemagglutinating factor eluted in the macroglobulin peak on Sephadex G200 and resulted ConA‐ at affinity chromatography on Sepharose ConA. Immunoelectrophoresis, carried out using a specific antiserum produced in rabbit, revealed α mobility for the agglutinating factor, thus suggesting that it was an α macroglobulin.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: EVIDENCE FOR AN H‐2‐LINKED Ir GENE REGULATING THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO A TI‐2 ANTIGEN, DNP‐FICOLL
Authors: Schott C. F. , Lizzio Elaine F. , Merchant B.
Published: April 2007

Various H‐2 congenic mouse pairs were immunized with 10 μg of DNP53‐Ficoll, a thymic independent (TI‐2) antigen. Four‐day primary splenic immune responses were measured by a DNP‐reactive PFC assay. Significantly different responses were noted between partners of many congenic pairs. An H‐2‐linked Ir gene for DNP‐Ficoll appears likely.
INTERSPECIFIC DISTRIBUTION OF ALLOTYPIC MINK (MUSTELA VISION) IgG ANTIGENS
Authors: Baranov O. K. , Fomicheva I. I. , Ternovsky D. V. , Ternovskaya J. G.
Published: April 2007

The antigenic specificities of six (1‐6) IgG allotypes of the domestic mink were tested in the sera of closely related species of Mustelidae family and distant mammalian species. It was found that allotypes 1 and 5 are ancient. Their antigenic specificities were established not only in Mustelidae, but also in other taxonomic orders of mammals. Allotypes 3 and 2 are phylogenetically younger; they were detected only in Mustelidae. Allotypes 4 and 6 appear to be unique to the domestic mink.

The instantaneous evolutionary emergence of complex allotypes 4 and 6 is difficult to explain by a rapid accumulation of gene point mutations during phylogenesis. Activation in the domestic mink of those immunoglobulin genes, which are silent or poorly expressed in closely related Mustelidae, is suggested as a more plausible explanation.
THE OCCURRENCE OF THOMSEN‐ FRIEDENREICH RECEPTORS IN BOVINE ERYTHROCYTES OF VARIOUS FV GENOTYPES
Authors: Sellei J.
Published: April 2007

In the V/V type of bovine erythrocytes (BE), the antigen IM and the Thomsen‐Friedenreich (TF) receptors, which reacted with a TF‐specific agglutinin from human sera and the lectin from Helix pomatia, were all destroyed by treatment with trypsin. Unlike the V/V, in the F/F type of BE the antigen IM and these TF receptors were not only not destroyed by trypsin, but this enzyme treatment was, in fact, necessary to make them amenable to the corresponding agglutinins.

Another TF receptor, which reacted with the lectin from peanuts, was identified on a trypsin‐resistant component of all BE and independently of the FV genotypes.
COMPOSITION AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCOPROTEINS WITH ANTI‐B AGGLUTININ ACTIVITY ISOLATED FROM EUONYMUS SIEBOLDIANA SEEDS
Authors: Yamamoto S. , Sakai I.
Published: April 2007

Five major glycoproteins with anti‐B agglutinin activity were isolated from seeds of Euonymus Sieboldiana by a procedure based on precipitation with ammonium sulphate, Sepharose 4B gel filtration, CM‐ and DEAE‐Sepharose chromatography and Sephacryl S‐200 gel filtration. The purified glycoproteins each gave a single symmetrical peak on Sephacryl S‐200 gel filtration with elution volumes corresponding to molecular weights of approximately 15,000 to 130,000, each forming a single precipitin line on gel diffusion plates with anti‐E. Sieboldiana antibody. These anti‐B glycoproteins were rich in acidic amino acids without cysteine and methionine and contained about 8‐36% carbohydrate, of which galactose, arabinose and glucose were the predominant sugars, with small amounts of glucosamine, rhamnose, fucose, xylose, mannose and ribose. The most anti‐B active lectin agglutinated human B red blood cells at a concentration of 2 μg/ml and was strongly inhibited by melibiose. The three other lectins with anti‐B agglutinin activity, however, were not inhibited by any galactose‐containing glycosides.
PERSISTENCE OF CYTOTOXIC ANTIBODIES TO HLA‐A,B,C ANTIGENS AND TO Ia‐LIKE ANTIGENS IN PAROUS WOMEN
Authors: Curtoni E. S. , Pellegrino M. A. , Indiveri F. , Borelli I. , Ferrone S.
Published: April 2007

Cytotoxic antibodies to HLA‐A,B,C and to Ia‐like antigens were detected in about 8% of sera drawn from 1312 women several years after their last pregnancy. In the majority of sera anti Ia‐like antigen antibodies were not associated with anti HLA‐A,B,C antibodies. Persistence of both types of antibodies was not correlated with the number of pregnancies and with the time interval between the last immunizing stimulus and the drawing of the sample. Testing of the sera with a panel of HLA typed lymphocytes identified 20 sera specific for HLA‐A,B alloantigens and 7 specific for Ia‐like alloantigens.
THE ROLE OF H‐2 I REGION GENES IN REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE *
Authors: McDevitt H. O.
Published: April 2007

The evidence of the past 10 years indicates that genes mapping in the I region of the mouse major histocompatibility complex (H‐2) regulate a bewildering array of immunologic functions. A survey of H‐2‐linked specific immune response (Ir) genes shows that the phenotypic effect of these genes is to enable a particular inbred strain to discriminate and recognize remarkably precise chemical specificities, such as one or two amino acid interchanges in a polypeptide chain. The only I region gene products which have been identified to date are the Ia antigens. These include five readily detectable polypeptide chains (Aa, Ab, Ae, Eα, and Ii) and several other serologically distinct entities which are selectively expressed on functionally distinct T cell subsets (J1, J2?, J3? and C). The specificity of recognition of Ir genes would seem to require a larger number of I region gene products than can be generated even by combinatorial association of the four readily identifiable peptides (to give eight combinatorial associations) and the other serologically identified gene products. If the Ia antigens are to function as an antigen specific receptor system, separate from immunoglobulin molecules, there must be other, as yet undetected, I region gene products (e.g. Ia antigens). Alternatively, the known I region gene products could function by any one of several postulated mechanisms to generate an antigen specific T cell receptor system. The available evidence for the total number of I region gene products is reviewed, and the alternate possibilities are briefly discussed in this presentation.
COMPARISON OF THE HAPLOTYPES OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX IN THE RAT: V. A SEROLOGICAL, GENETIC AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE RT1.A REGION ANTIGENS
Authors: Arenas O. , Wagener D. K. , Kunz H. W. , Gill T. J.
Published: April 2007

The classification of the RT1.A phenotypes of a large number of inbred and congenic strains of rats, including those prototypic for all of the known RT1.A phenotypes, was done by examining the reactivity of a variety of unabsorbed antisera with cells of the different strains. The data were analysed by the techniques of numerical taxonomy without reference to the previous classification by the classical serological methods. The most effective way of analysing the data was the use of the Jaccard correlation coefficient and the average linkage method of statistical analysis. Four conclusions were drawn from this study. First, the RT2 antigens must be matched in the donor and recipient pair used to raise the anti‐RT1 (MHC) antiserum or spurious typing results can occur due to the presence of anti‐RT2 antibodies. Second, using anti‐RT1 antisera raised in RT2 compatible pairs of rats, the classification of inbred and congenic strains into the RT1.A phenotypes on the basis of classical serological studies was confirmed. Third, two groups of closely related RT1.Ac phenytopes were found (a, f, d and b, m). Fourth, the AUG and PVG strains, both of which carry the the RT1.Ac phenotype, are quite distantly related on the basis of this taxonomic analysis and the RTl.Ag and RT1.An phenotypes are the most distantly related compared to all of the other rat strains and to each other. These data provide further evidence that the RT1 polymorphism of the rat is very limited, especially in respect of man and mouse.
EVIDENCE FOR EXPRESSION OF Ly ‐ 6.2 ON NON‐BONE MARROW‐DERIVED CELLS IN KIDNEY, SKIN AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Authors: HALLORAN P. F. , RICHARDS R. R. , STUBBS MARLENE , GIDON M.
Published: April 2007

Mouse alloantigen Ly‐6.2 is detectable in various non‐lymphoid tissues such as kidney, but it is not clear whether or not this expression is due to bone‐marrow derived passenger leukocytes. To determine whether non‐marrow derived cells express Ly‐6.2, we examined the expression of this antigen in kidney and on isolated connective tissue and epidermal cells. Studies in radiation chimeras demonstrated that the kidney did not become Ly‐6.2 positive when negative animals were reconstituted with positive marrow. Thus, passenger leukocytes cannot account for the renal expression of Ly‐6.2, indicating that most of this antigen is on non‐marrow‐derived (parenchymal) cells in kidney. Various isolated cell types‐fibroblasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes and skin epidermal cells‐were found to be Ly‐6.2 positive. Indeed, absorption and cytotoxicity results suggested that the amount of Ly‐6.2 on fibroblasts exceeded the amount of an H‐2 antigen on these cells. Comparison of fibroblast to lymphocytes indicated that fibroblastts had 13‐60 times more Ly‐6.2 than spleen cells and three times more than PHA blasts. The results indicate that the Ly‐6.2 detected in non‐lymphoid tissues is predominantly on the parenchymal or connective tissue elements of those tissues.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Marchalonis John J.
Published: April 2007

J. L. TURK; Delayed Hypersensitivity.