bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problem Solving Appraisal and Its Relationship to Career Decision-Making Difficulties and Psychological Adjustment in China
Authors: Tian Lu , Heppner P. Paul , Hou Zhijin
Published: January 2014

To test the Cultural and Contextual Model of Coping, 2 studies examined the psychometric properties of the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI; Heppner, 1988 ) among Chinese college students. Study 1 ( N = 736) examined the generalizability of the factor structure of the PSI through confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses, as well as its relationship with career decision-making difficulties. A revised 18-item Problem Solving Inventory-Chinese (PSI-CN) revealed similar but slightly different factors: Problem Solving Confidence, Reflective Thinking, and Emotional Control. Moreover, the PSI-CN was found to have good estimates of internal consistency, as well as found to be negatively associated with career decision-making difficulties. Study 2 ( N = 357) examined the stability of the 18-item PSI-CN, as well as a relationship with psychological distress. The confirmatory factor analysis again supported the 3-factor model of the PSI-CN. Additional analyses of psychological distress provided additional construct validity estimates for the PSI-CN; problem solving appraisal was negatively associated with psychological distress. Implications of the PSI-CN factor structure are discussed in a Chinese cultural context. Limitations of current study and future lines of research are also discussed.
Dynamics of BSA adsorption onto a photoablated polymer surface in a dielectric microchip
Authors: kechadi Mohammed , Chaal Lila , Tribollet Bernard , Gamby Jean
Published: January 2014

Impedance sensorgrams of adsorbed proteins on a microchannel obtained using contactless microelectrodes in a dielectric microchip.
Probing subdiffraction limit separations with plasmon coupling microscopy: concepts and applications
Authors: Wu Linxi , Reinhard Björn M.
Published: January 2014

This Tutorial Review introduces the concept of distance dependent plasmon coupling and its application in biosensing and imaging.
DNA replication at the single-molecule level
Authors: Stratmann S. A. , van Oijen A. M.
Published: January 2014

In this review, we highlight recent progress in single-molecule biophysics research that has led to exciting new findings about the mechanism of DNA replication.
Hydrothermal synthesis of zinc indium sulfide microspheres with Ag+doping for enhanced H2production by photocatalytic water splitting under visible light
Authors: Li Fan , Luo Jianheng , Chen Guoping , Fan Yuzun , Huang Qingli , Luo Yanhong , Li Dongmei , Meng Qingbo
Published: January 2014

Two series of ZnInxS1+1.5xand Ag(y)–ZnInxS1+1.5x+0.5ysolid solutions are prepared by hydrothermal methods.
Improving the performance of protein kinase identification via high dimensional protein–protein interactions and substrate structure data
Authors: Xu Xiaoyi , Li Ao , Zou Liang , Shen Yi , Fan Wenwen , Wang Minghui
Published: January 2014

PPI and structure features extracted by a two-step feature selection algorithm can significantly enhance the performance of kinase identification.
Recent progress towards transition metal-catalyzed synthesis of γ-lactams
Authors: Ye Long-Wu , Shu Chao , Gagosz Fabien
Published: January 2014

The scope of transition metal-catalyzed synthesis of functionalized γ-lactams has broadened tremendously in the last decade (see the picture). These metal-catalyzed processes are reviewed by highlighting their specificity and applicability, and the mechanistic rationale is presented where possible.
Novel synthesis of thiazolo/thienoazepine-5,8-diones from dihalo cyclic 1,3-diketones and mercaptonitrile salts
Authors: Luo Laichun , Meng Lanlan , Sun Qi , Ge Zemei , Li Runtao
Published: January 2014

An efficient approach to thiazolo[4,5-b]azepine-5,8-diones and thieno[3,2-b]azepine-5,8-diones has been developed via a domino synthesis of multifunctionalized thiazoles/thiophenes and further intramolecular cyclization.
One-pot synthesis of aluminum oxyhydroxide matrix-entrapped Pt nanoparticles as an excellent catalyst for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene
Authors: Fan Guangyin , Wang Yinhu , Wang Chenyu
Published: January 2014

The Pt/AlO(OH) synthesized by a one-pot procedure from the reduction of Pt4+ and the hydrolysis of Al(O-sec-Bu)3 exhibited an excellent catalytic performance for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes.
The synergistic mechanism of phytic acid monolayers and iodide ions for inhibition of copper corrosion in acidic media
Authors: Shen Shu , Zhu Cheng-di , Guo Xiao-yu , Li Chuan-chuan , Wen Ying , Yang Hai-Feng
Published: January 2014

Electrochemical and Raman observations show synergistic inhibition of phytic acid and I− for copper from corrosion in acid solution.
Performance of steel slag in carbonation–calcination looping for CO2capture from industrial flue gas
Authors: Tian Si-cong , Jiang Jian-guo , Li Kai-min , Yan Feng , Chen Xue-jing
Published: January 2014

The carbonation–calcination looping route of steel slag can significantly improve its CO2capture capacity compared to the conventional route of direct carbonation sequestration, thus providing an alternative and more feasible option for the use of alkaline industrial wastes to capture CO2from industrial flue gases.
Breaking conjugation: unusual regioselectivity with 2-substituted allylic substrates in the Tsuji–Trost reaction
Authors: Kim Byeong-Seon , Hussain Mahmud M. , Norrby Per-Ola , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: January 2014

We describe the unusual regioselectivity of the palladium-catalyzed Tsuji–Trost allylic substitution reaction with 1,2,3-trisubstituted allylic substrates.
Modifying the properties of 4f single-ion magnets by peripheral ligand functionalisation
Authors: Pedersen Kasper S. , Ungur Liviu , Sigrist Marc , Sundt Alexander , Schau-Magnussen Magnus , Vieru Veacheslav , Mutka Hannu , Rols Stephane , Weihe Høgni , Waldmann Oliver , Chibotaru Liviu F. , Bendix Jesper , Dreiser Jan
Published: January 2014

Three Er(iii) single-ion magnets which differ in the peripheral ligand sphere but exhibit similar first coordination spheres show profoundly different inelastic neutron scattering spectra and magnetic properties.
Enhanced capacitor effects in polyoxometalate/graphene nanohybrid materials: a synergetic approach to high performance energy storage
Authors: Kume Keita , Kawasaki Naoya , Wang Heng , Yamada Tetsuya , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Awaga Kunio
Published: January 2014

We report a cooperative enhancement of the capacitor effects of RGO induced by nanohybridization with POM.
Exceptional electrochemical performance of porous TiO2–carbon nanofibers for lithium ion battery anodes
Authors: Li Xiaoyan , Chen Yuming , Zhou Limin , Mai Yiu-Wing , Huang Haitao
Published: January 2014

A porous TiO2–carbon nanofiber anode shows a high capacity of ∼680 mA h g−1 after 250 cycles at 0.1 A g−1.
AB–MH (Ammonia Borane–Metal Hydride) composites: systematic understanding of dehydrogenation properties
Authors: Nakagawa Yuki , Isobe Shigehito , Ikarashi Yudai , Ohnuki Somei
Published: January 2014

The Pauling electronegativity of M is a good indicator to predict the amount of by-product gases in AB–MH composites.
Three-dimensional hierarchical MoS2nanoflake array/carbon cloth as high-performance flexible lithium-ion battery anodes
Authors: Yu Hailong , Zhu Chunling , Zhang Kai , Chen Yujin , Li Chunyan , Gao Peng , Yang Piaoping , Ouyang Qiuyun
Published: January 2014

3D hierarchical MoS2nanoflake array/carbon cloth is synthesized with a thickness of MoS2nanoflakes <15 nm. A full Li battery based on the cloth exhibits good electrochemical performance and high flexibility.
Supercapacitors with high capacitance based on reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes/NiO composite electrodes
Authors: Bai Yang , Du Meng , Chang Jie , Sun Jing , Gao Lian
Published: January 2014

An RGO/CNT/NiO hybrid material shows extremely high capacity and cycling performance due to the less aggregation of RGO/NiO caused by the addition of CNTs.
Organoamine-assisted biomimetic synthesis of faceted hexagonal hydroxyapatite nanotubes with prominent stimulation activity for osteoblast proliferation
Authors: Guo Xiangke , Yu Liang , Chen Lanhua , Zhang Heyun , Peng Luming , Guo Xuefeng , Ding Weiping
Published: January 2014

Uniform single-crystalline hydroxyapatite nanotubes are synthesized via a distinctive organoamines-assisted biomimetic route, and exhibit exceptional performance in stimulating osteoblast proliferation.
A bottom-up fabrication method for the production of visible light active photonic crystals
Authors: Padmanabhan Sibu C. , Linehan Keith , O'Brien Shane , Kassim Syara , Doyle Hugh , Povey Ian M. , Schmidt Michael , Pemble Martyn E.
Published: January 2014

A sacrificial polymer templating, simple chemical etching and AACVD is described for the fabrication of robust, large area 3D inverse opals patterned with silicon nanocrystals.
Influence of side chain length and bifurcation point on the crystalline structure and charge transport of diketopyrrolopyrrole-quaterthiophene copolymers (PDQTs)
Authors: Chen Shaoyun , Sun Bin , Hong Wei , Aziz Hany , Meng Yuezhong , Li Yuning
Published: January 2014

Increasing the side chain length and positioning the bifurcation point away from the polymer backbone improve the hole mobility of a DPP polymer to 6.90 cm2 V−1 s−1.
A sequentially switchable molecular dielectric material tuned by the stepwise ordering in diisopropylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Zhou Pan , Sun Zhihua , Zhang Shuquan , Ji Chengmin , Zhao Sangen , Xiong Ren-Gen , Luo Junhua
Published: January 2014

Diisopropylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, a switchable molecular dielectric material, undergoes two sequential phase transitions and exhibits a sequentially switchable dielectric behaviour at around 200 and 340 K respectively.
Thermally induced orientational flipping of cylindrical phase diblock copolymers
Authors: Ferrarese Lupi F. , Giammaria T. J. , Seguini G. , Laus M. , Enrico E. , De Leo N. , Boarino L. , Ober C. K. , Perego M.
Published: January 2014

RTP technology is employed to elucidate the dynamics of BCP ordering within pre-patterned topographic structures with densely packed and nanometer wide trenches defined by conventional top down approaches and arranged to form periodic gratings.
Dual-emission of silicon quantum dots modified by 9-ethylanthracene
Authors: Wang Guan , Ji Jianwei , Xu Xiangxing
Published: January 2014

Dual-emissive silicon quantum dots were successfully achieved by surface modification with 9-ethylanthracene as a functional ligand.
Integrin-linked kinase plays a key role in the regulation of angiotensin II-induced renal inflammation
Authors: Alique Matilde , Civantos Esther , Sanchez-Lopez Elsa , Lavoz Carolina , Rayego-Mateos Sandra , Rodrigues-Díez Raquel , García-Redondo Ana Belén , Egido Jesús , Ortiz Alberto , Rodríguez-Puyol Diego , Rodríguez-Puyol Manuel , Ruiz-Ortega Marta
Published: January 2014

ILK (integrin-linked kinase) is an intracellular serine/threonine kinase involved in cell-matrix interactions. ILK dysregulation has been described in chronic renal disease and modulates podocyte function and fibrosis, whereas data about its role in inflammation are scarce. AngII (angiotensin II) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes renal inflammation. AngII blockers are renoprotective and down-regulate ILK in experimental kidney disease, but the involvement of ILK in the actions of AngII in the kidney has not been addressed. Therefore we have investigated whether ILK signalling modulates the kidney response to systemic AngII infusion in wild-type and ILK-conditional knockout mice. In wild-type mice, AngII induced an inflammatory response, characterized by infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes, and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory factors (chemokines, adhesion molecules and cytokines). AngII activated several intracellular signalling mechanisms, such as the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) transcription factor, Akt and production of ROS (reactive oxygen species). All these responses were prevented in AngII-infused ILK-deficient mice. In vitro studies characterized further the mechanisms regulating the inflammatory response modulated by ILK. In cultured tubular epithelial cells ILK blockade, by siRNA, inhibited AngII-induced NF-κB subunit p65 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation. Moreover, ILK gene silencing prevented NF-κB-related pro-inflammatory gene up-regulation. The results of the present study demonstrate that ILK plays a key role in the regulation of renal inflammation by modulating the canonical NF-κB pathway, and suggest a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory renal diseases.
Calibration methodology for proportional counters applied to yield measurements of a neutron burst
Authors: Tarifeño-Saldivia Ariel , Mayer Roberto E. , Pavez Cristian , Soto Leopoldo
Published: January 2014

This paper introduces a methodology for the yield measurement of a neutron burst using neutron proportional counters. This methodology is to be applied when single neutron events cannot be resolved in time by nuclear standard electronics, or when a continuous current cannot be measured at the output of the counter. The methodology is based on the calibration of the counter in pulse mode, and the use of a statistical model to estimate the number of detected events from the accumulated charge resulting from the detection of the burst of neutrons. The model is developed and presented in full detail. For the measurement of fast neutron yields generated from plasma focus experiments using a moderated proportional counter, the implementation of the methodology is herein discussed. An experimental verification of the accuracy of the methodology is presented. An improvement of more than one order of magnitude in the accuracy of the detection system is obtained by using this methodology with respect to previous calibration methods.
Hybrid models of hysteresis for mixed hysteretic loops in heterogeneous magnetic materials
Authors: Dimian M. , Andrei P. , Grayson M.
Published: January 2014

The mixed hysteresis behavior of counter-clockwise and clockwise loops has recently attracted the attention of the magnetics community, due to several experimental findings in inhomogeneous and hetero-structure magnetic systems. Various hybrid models are proposed here to address this behavior based on the superposition of standard hysteresis models and their newly developed clockwise variants. A special attention is also devoted to Bouc-Wen model, a typical clockwise often used by applied mechanics community, and to its relevance for mixed hysteresis. These clockwise and hybrid models have been implemented in an open-access academic software and their performance is illustrated by examples of hysteretic loops, first order reversal curves and diagrams simulated in this framework.
Analysis of rapid increase in the plasma density during the ramp-up phase in a radio frequency negative ion source by large-scale particle simulation
Authors: Yasumoto M. , Ohta M. , Kawamura Y. , Hatayama A.
Published: January 2014

Numerical simulations become useful for the developing RF-ICP (Radio Frequency Inductively Coupled Plasma) negative ion sources. We are developing and parallelizing a two-dimensional three velocity electromagnetic Particle-In-Cell code. The result shows rapid increase in the electron density during the density ramp-up phase. A radial electric field due to the space charge is produced with increase in the electron density and the electron transport in the radial direction is suppressed. As a result, electrons stay for a long period in the region where the inductive electric field is strong, and this leads efficient electron acceleration and a rapid increasing of the electron density.
Current conduction and resistive switching characteristics of Sm2O3 and Lu2O3 thin films for low-power flexible memory applications
Authors: Mondal Somnath , Chueh Ching-Hao , Pan Tung-Ming
Published: January 2014

In this article, the current conduction and resistive switching (RS) behavior in flexible Sm2O3 and Lu2O3 resistive random access memories (ReRAM) are investigated. Amorphous Sm2O3 and Lu2O3 thin films were deposited at room temperature by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering on flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate. The structural morphologies of the Sm2O3 and Lu2O3 thin films strongly depend on the lattice energy of the oxides. The dominant current conduction mechanism in the oxide layer changes from electrode control Schottky emission in Sm2O3 to bulk controlled space-charge-limited-current in Lu2O3. The barrier height extracted from Schottky emission model is 0.96 eV in Sm2O3 thin film, while the activation energy of traps calculated from the Arrhenius plots is about 0.23 eV in Lu2O3 thin film. Additionally, the Ni/Sm2O3/ITO flexible memory device shows promising RS behavior with very low power of operation (∼30 μW) and small distribution of switching parameters. The memory reliability characteristics of switching endurance, data retention, good flexibility, and mechanical endurance show promising for future memory applications. The filament conduction model is adopted to describe the RS behavior in the Sm2O3 and Lu2O3 ReRAM devices. The improved RS performance in Sm2O3 thin film is attributed to the different physical properties of the thin films.
Characterization of very fast states in the vicinity of the conduction band edge at the SiO2/SiC interface by low temperature conductance measurements
Authors: Yoshioka Hironori , Nakamura Takashi , Kimoto Tsunenobu
Published: January 2014

We have investigated the unique interface states (NI) generated by NO annealing at the SiO2/SiC interfaces by low-temperature conductance measurements, which is more suitable for characterization of very fast interface states than high-frequency conductance measurements at room temperature. Although only a part of the NI states can be evaluated by measurements at room temperature, the whole picture of the NI states, especially near the conduction band edge (0.07 eV ≤ EC−ET), has been revealed by the low temperature measurements. The NI peak was present at the interface even without NO annealing. The NI density increased with NO annealing temperature. The NI density at the energy levels shallower than 0.2 eV exceeded 1012 cm−2eV−1 after NO annealing. The capture cross section of the NI states is uniquely larger than that of conventional interface states.
Impact of capping layer type on emission of InAs quantum dots embedded in InGaAs/InxAlyGazAs/GaAs quantum wells
Authors: Torchynska T. V. , Casas Espinola J. L. , Stintz A.
Published: January 2014

The optical and structural properties of In0.15Ga0.85As/InxAlyGazAs/GaAs quantum wells with embedded InAs quantum dots (QDs) were investigated by the photoluminescence (PL), its temperature dependence, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high resolution (HR-XRD) methods in dependence on the composition of capping InxAlyGazAs layers. Three types of capping layers (Al0.3Ga0.7As, Al0.10Ga0.75In0.15As, and Al0.40Ga0.45In0.15As) have been used and their impact on PL parameters has been compared. Temperature dependences of PL peak positions in QDs have been analyzed in the range of 10–500 K and to compare with the temperature shrinkage of band gap in the bulk InAs crystal. This permits to investigate the QD material composition and the efficiency of Ga(Al)/In inter diffusion in dependence on the type of InxAlyGazAs capping layers. XRD and HR-XRD used to control the composition of quantum well layers. It is shown that QD material composition is closer to InAs in the structure with the Al0.40Ga0.45In0.15As capping layer and for this structure the emission 1.3 μm is detected at 300 K. The thermal decay of the integrated PL intensity has been studied as well. It is revealed the fast 102-fold thermal decay of the integrated PL intensity in the structure with the Al0.10Ga0.75In0.15As capping layer in comparison with 10-fold decay in other structures. Finally, the reasons of PL spectrum transformation and the mechanism of PL thermal decay for different capping layers have been analyzed and discussed.
Statistical electric field and switching time distributions in PZT 1Nb2Sr ceramics: Crystal- and microstructure effects
Authors: Zhukov Sergey , Kungl Hans , Genenko Yuri A. , von Seggern Heinz
Published: January 2014

Dispersive polarization response of ferroelectric PZT ceramics is analyzed assuming the inhomogeneous field mechanism of polarization switching. In terms of this model, the local polarization switching proceeds according to the Kolmogorov-Avrami-Ishibashi scenario with the switching time determined by the local electric field. As a result, the total polarization reversal is dominated by the statistical distribution of the local field magnitudes. Microscopic parameters of this model (the high-field switching time and the activation field) as well as the statistical field and consequent switching time distributions due to disorder at a mesoscopic scale can be directly determined from a set of experiments measuring the time dependence of the total polarization switching, when applying electric fields of different magnitudes. PZT 1Nb2Sr ceramics with Zr/Ti ratios 51.5/48.5, 52.25/47.75, and 60/40 with four different grain sizes each were analyzed following this approach. Pronounced differences of field and switching time distributions were found depending on the Zr/Ti ratios. Varying grain size also affects polarization reversal parameters, but in another way. The field distributions remain almost constant with grain size whereas switching times and activation field tend to decrease with increasing grain size. The quantitative changes of the latter parameters with grain size are very different depending on composition. The origin of the effects on the field and switching time distributions are related to differences in structural and microstructural characteristics of the materials and are discussed with respect to the hysteresis loops observed under bipolar electrical cycling.
Immigration and social interaction
Authors: Petermann Sören , Schönwälder Karen
Published: January 2014

The article investigates to what extent the presence of immigrants in urban environments is reflected in the personal social interactions of their residents. Starting from the assumption that social interactions are complex products of contextual conditions, individual characteristics and personal preferences, we examine potentially varying effects of the presence of immigrants in a neighbourhood and city on different forms of social interaction, i.e., on neighbourhood contacts as well as on weak and strong ties. The article contributes to the literatures on social interactions and on consequences of immigration. The analysis is based on a unique data set for a random sample of German urban neighbourhoods. We can show that, in German cities, interaction between the long-term residents and those of immigrant background is frequent and common – in the neighbourhoods and in the social networks more generally. However, evidence regarding the impact of the neighbourhood as opportunity context for encounters and ensuing closer interactions is mixed. While a higher immigration-related diversity of the residential environment increases the frequency of inter-group contact in these environments, effects of differing opportunities for interaction in the residential environment on network ties could not be demonstrated. We suggest that this may be explained by a possibly limited importance of neighbourhood, as compared with other social contexts, and by the relative recency of immigration.
The thyroid hormone receptor β induces DNA damage and premature senescence
Authors: Zambrano Alberto , García-Carpizo Verónica , Gallardo María Esther , Villamuera Raquel , Gómez-Ferrería Maria Ana , Pascual Angel , Buisine Nicolas , Sachs Laurent M. , Garesse Rafael , Aranda Ana
Published: January 2014

There is increasing evidence that the thyroid hormone (TH) receptors (THRs) can play a role in aging, cancer and degenerative diseases. In this paper, we demonstrate that binding of TH T3 (triiodothyronine) to THRB induces senescence and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in cultured cells and in tissues of young hyperthyroid mice. T3 induces a rapid activation of ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated)/PRKAA (adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase) signal transduction and recruitment of the NRF1 (nuclear respiratory factor 1) and THRB to the promoters of genes with a key role on mitochondrial respiration. Increased respiration leads to production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, which in turn causes oxidative stress and DNA double-strand breaks and triggers a DNA damage response that ultimately leads to premature senescence of susceptible cells. Our findings provide a mechanism for integrating metabolic effects of THs with the tumor suppressor activity of THRB, the effect of thyroidal status on longevity, and the occurrence of tissue damage in hyperthyroidism.
Presynaptic CK2 promotes synapse organization and stability by targeting Ankyrin2
Authors: Bulat Victoria , Rast Melanie , Pielage Jan
Published: January 2014

The precise regulation of synapse maintenance is critical to the development and function of neuronal circuits. Using an in vivo RNAi screen targeting the Drosophila kinome and phosphatome, we identify 11 kinases and phosphatases controlling synapse stability by regulating cytoskeletal, phospholipid, or metabolic signaling. We focus on casein kinase 2 (CK2) and demonstrate that the regulatory (β) and catalytic (α) subunits of CK2 are essential for synapse maintenance. CK2α kinase activity is required in the presynaptic motoneuron, and its interaction with CK2β, mediated cooperatively by two N-terminal residues of CK2α, is essential for CK2 holoenzyme complex stability and function in vivo. Using genetic and biochemical approaches we identify Ankyrin2 as a key presynaptic target of CK2 to maintain synapse stability. In addition, CK2 activity controls the subcellular organization of individual synaptic release sites within the presynaptic nerve terminal. Our study identifies phosphorylation of structural synaptic components as a compelling mechanism to actively control the development and longevity of synaptic connections.
The Schwarz lemma in Clifford analysis
Authors: Zhang Zhongxiang
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we first give the Cauchy type integral representation for harmonic functions in the Clifford analysis framework, and by using integral representations for harmonic functions in Clifford analysis, the Poisson integral formula for harmonic functions is represented. As its application, the mean value theorems and the maximum modulus theorem for Clifford-valued harmonic functions are presented. Second, some properties of Möbius transformations are given, and a close relation between the monogenic functions and Möbius transformations is shown. Finally, by using the integral representations for harmonic functions and the properties of Möbius transformations, Schwarz type lemmas for harmonic functions and monogenic functions are established.
Familial pancreatic cancer: genetic advances
Authors: Rustgi Anil K.
Published: January 2014

Beset by poor prognosis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is classified as familial or sporadic. This review elaborates on the known genetic syndromes that underlie familial pancreatic cancer, where there are opportunities for genetic counseling and testing as well as clinical monitoring of at-risk patients. Such subsets of familial pancreatic cancer involve germline cationic trypsinogen or PRSS1 mutations (hereditary pancreatitis), BRCA2 mutations (usually in association with hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome), CDKN2 mutations (familial atypical mole and multiple melanoma), or DNA repair gene mutations (e.g., ATM and PALB2, apart from those in BRCA2). However, the vast majority of familial pancreatic cancer cases have yet to have their genetic underpinnings elucidated, waiting in part for the results of deep sequencing efforts.
Leaf hydraulic capacity and drought vulnerability: possible trade‐offs and correlations with climate across three major biomes
Authors: Nardini Andrea , Luglio Jessica
Published: January 2014

Leaf hydraulic capacity and vulnerability to drought stress are key determinants of plant competitive ability and productivity. Yet, it is not clear how these traits correlate to climatic variables across biomes and whether a trade‐off exists between them.

We collected leaf hydraulics data for 130 woody angiosperms from selected published articles. Species‐specific values of leaf hydraulic capacity on a leaf area (Kleaf_area) and dry mass (Kleaf_mass) basis, leaf water potential inducing 50% loss of Kleaf (P50), as well as climatic variables (mean annual temperature, MAT and precipitation, MAP) for study sites were collected. Species were classified as belonging to three major biomes, that is dry sclerophyllous forests (DSF), temperate forests (TMF) and tropical forests (TRF).

Significant differences were observed between biomes, with DSF species displaying the lowest hydraulic efficiency (low Kleaf) and the highest resistance to drought stress (low P50). P50 was correlated with both MAP and MAT, with species from low precipitation habitats having the lowest P50 values. Both Kleaf_area and Kleaf_mass were positively correlated with MAP and MAT. Leaf gas exchange rates were positively correlated with both Kleaf_area and Kleaf_mass. Although no correlation was found between P50 and Kleaf_area, a weak trade‐off between leaf hydraulic safety and capacity emerged when P50 was plotted versus Kleaf_mass.

Leaf hydraulics emerge as an important functional trait underlying plant adaptation to different habitats and contributing to shape vegetation features in different biomes.
Whose Right toJerusalem?
Authors: Rosen Gillad , Shlay Anne B.
Published: January 2014

Jerusalem is a city mired in spatial conflict. Its contested spaces represent deep conflicts among groups that vary by national identity, religion, religiosity and gender. The omnipresent nature of these conflicts provides an opportunity to look at HenriLefebvre's concept of the right to the city (RTC). TheRTChas been adopted and celebrated as a political tool for positive change, enabling communities to take control of space. Based on extensive fieldwork and in‐depth interviews, this article explores the complexity of theRTCprinciples and examines three urban battlefields inJerusalem —Bar‐IlanStreet, theKotel and theOrientHouse. TheRTCis a powerful idea, providing the opportunity to examine people's everyday activities within the context of how space can be used to support their lives. YetJerusalem's myriad divisions produce claims by different groups to different parts of the city. InJerusalem, theRTCis not a clear vision but a kaleidoscope of rights that produces a fragmented landscape within a religious and ethno‐national context governed by the nation state —Israel. The growth of cultural and ethnic diversity in urban areas may limit the possibility for a unifiedRTCto emerge in an urban sea of demands framed by difference. Space‐based cultural conflict exemplifies urban divisions and exacerbates claims to ‘myJerusalem’, not ‘ourJerusalem’. Identity‐based claims to theRTCappear to work against, not for, a universalisticRTC.
Pregnancy dating by fetal crown–rump length: a systematic review of charts
Authors: Napolitano R , Dhami J , Ohuma EO , Ioannou C , Conde‐Agudelo A , Kennedy SH , Villar J , Papageorghiou AT
Published: January 2014

Background

Fetal crown–rump length (CRL) measurement by ultrasound in the first trimester is the standard method for pregnancy dating; however, a multitude of CRL equations to estimate gestational age (GA) are reported in the literature.

Objective

To evaluate the methodological quality used in studies reporting CRL equations to estimate GA using a set of predefined criteria.

Search strategy

Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases, from 1948 to 31 January 2011, and secondary reference sources, were performed.

Selection criteria

Observational ultrasound studies, where the primary aim was to create equations for GA estimation using a CRL measurement.

Data collection and analysis

Included studies were scored against predefined independently agreed methodological criteria: an overall quality score was calculated for each study.

Main results

The searches yielded 1142 citations. Two reviewers screened the papers and independently assessed the full‐text versions of 29 eligible studies. The highest potential for bias was noted in inclusion and exclusion criteria, and in maternal demographic characteristics. No studies had systematic ultrasound quality‐control measures. The four studies with the highest scores (lowest risk of bias) satisfied 18 or more of the 29 criteria; these showed lower variation in GA estimation than the remaining, lower‐scoring studies. This was particularly evident at the extremes of GA.

Author's conclusions

Considerable methodological heterogeneity and limitations exist in studies reporting CRL equations for estimating GA, and these result in a wide range of estimated GAs for any given CRL; however, when studies with the highest methodological quality are used, this range is reduced.
State of Undergraduate Education in Emergency Medicine: A National Survey of Clerkship Directors
Authors: Khandelwal Sorabh , Way David P. , Wald David A. , Fisher Jonathan , Ander Douglas S. , Thibodeau Lorraine , Manthey David E.
Published: January 2014

Background

The discipline of emergency medicine (EM) has rapidly changed over the past 10 years, resulting in greater involvement of the specialty in undergraduate medical education.

Objectives

The authors sought to present a review of how, when, and where EM is currently taught in U.S. medical schools and to include general program characteristics, such as number of required clerkships, clinical expectations and experiences, use of the national curriculum guide, didactic content, and methods of assessment and grading.

Methods

The authors surveyed representatives of the 128 U.S. allopathic medical schools on medical education in 2010. Contacts were drawn from established databases, direct inquiries, and medical school websites. Up to five attempts were made to contact representatives through e‐mail and telephone. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data.

Results

The survey response rate was 83.6%. Fifty‐two percent of medical schools now require students to complete EM clerkships. Required EM clerkships usually last 4 weeks and take place during the fourth year of medical school. They require students to complete a mean (±SD) of 14.3 (±2.8) shifts, which average 8.9 (±1.4) hours in length. Programs include a mean (±SD) of 18 (±10.4) hours of didactics. Approximately 60% of respondents report that both residents and attending physicians precept students. Assessments of students primarily include written clinical performance assessments and end‐of‐rotation written tests. These assessments contribute 66.8 and 24.5%, respectively, to the clerkship grade.

Conclusions

Currently more than half of all U.S. medical schools require EM clerkships in their undergraduate medical curricula. This article reports an overview of EM programs at the undergraduate level.
Review article: the prevention and reversal of hepatic fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Czaja A. J.
Published: January 2014

Background

Immunosuppressive treatment of autoimmune hepatitis can prevent or reverse hepatic fibrosis, but these anti‐fibrotic effects are inconsistent secondary gains.

Aim

To describe the anti‐fibrotic effects of current therapies for autoimmune hepatitis, discuss the pathogenic mechanisms of hepatic fibrosis that might be targeted by anti‐fibrotic interventions, indicate the non‐invasive diagnostic tests of hepatic fibrosis that must be validated in autoimmune hepatitis and to suggest promising treatment opportunities.

Methods

Studies cited in PubMed from 1972 to 2013 for autoimmune hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, anti‐fibrotic therapy and non‐invasive tests of hepatic fibrosis were selected.

Results

Hepatic fibrosis improves in 53–57% of corticosteroid‐treated patients with autoimmune hepatitis; progressive fibrosis slows or is prevented in 79%; and cirrhosis may be reversed. Progressive hepatic fibrosis is associated with liver inflammation, and the inability to fully suppress inflammatory activity within 12 months is associated with progression to cirrhosis (54%) and death or need for liver transplantation (15%). Liver tissue examination remains the gold standard for assessing hepatic fibrosis, but laboratory and radiological tests may be useful non‐invasive methods to measure the fibrotic response. Severe liver inflammation can confound radiological assessments, and the preferred non‐invasive test in autoimmune hepatitis is uncertain. Individualised treatment adjustments and adjunctive anti‐fibrotic therapies are poised for study in this disease.

Conclusions

The prevention and reversal of hepatic fibrosis are achievable objectives in autoimmune hepatitis. Strategies that evaluate individualised therapies adjusted to the rapidity and completeness of the inflammatory response, and the use of adjunctive anti‐fibrotic interventions, must be evaluated.
Mapping learning and game mechanics for serious games analysis
Authors: Arnab Sylvester , Lim Theodore , Carvalho Maira B. , Bellotti Francesco , de Freitas Sara , Louchart Sandy , Suttie Neil , Berta Riccardo , De Gloria Alessandro
Published: January 2014

Although there is a consensus on the instructional potential of Serious Games (SGs), there is still a lack of methodologies and tools not only for design but also to support analysis and assessment. Filling this gap is one of the main aims of the Games and Learning Alliance (http://www.galanoe.eu) European Network of Excellence on Serious Games, which has a focus upon pedagogy‐driven SGs. This paper relies on the assumption that the fundamental aspect of SG design consists in the translation of learning goals/practices into mechanical element of gameplay, serving to an instructional purpose beside that of play and fun. This paper proposes the Learning Mechanics–Game Mechanics (LM‐GM) model, which supports SG analysis and design by allowing reflection on the various pedagogical and game elements in an SG. The LM‐GM model includes a set of pre‐defined game mechanics and pedagogical elements that we have abstracted from literature on game studies and learning theories.

Designers and analysts can exploit these mechanics to draw the LM‐GM map for a game, so as to identify and highlight its main pedagogical and entertainment features, and their interrelations. The tool may also be useful for teachers to evaluate the effectiveness of a given game and better understand how to implement it in educational settings. A case study is reported to illustrate the framework's support in determining how gameplay and pedagogy intertwine in an SG. Finally, the paper presents the results of two comparative user tests demonstrating the advantages of the proposed model with respect to a similar state‐of‐the‐art framework.
How I treat thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Authors: Scully Marie , Goodship Tim
Published: January 2014

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) are acute, rare life‐threatening thrombotic microangiopathies that require rapid diagnosis and treatment. They are defined by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia, with renal involvement primarily in aHUS and neurological and cardiological sequelae in TTP. Prompt treatment for most cases of both conditions is with plasma exchange initially and monoclonal therapy (rituximab in TTP and eculizumab in aHUS) as the mainstay of therapy. Here we discuss the diagnosis and therapy for both disorders.
Long-term follow-up of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab
Authors: Koudriavtseva T , Sbardella E , Trento E , Bordignon V , D'Agosto G , Cordiali-Fei P
Published: January 2014

Natalizumab, an anti-alpha4 integrin monoclonal antibody inhibiting the adhesion of lymphocytes to the endothelium, is a widely accepted drug treatment for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). A peripheral increase of T and B lymphocytes has already been observed as an early treatment effect. This retrospective observational study was aimed to evaluate the peripheral lymphocyte subsets during a long-term treatment follow-up. We included 23 RRMS patients treated with natalizumab for at least 24–48 months who had pretreatment lymphocyte evaluation. Baseline values of lymphocyte subsets and CD4/CD8 ratio did not differ significantly from the 23 matched healthy subjects. The periodic (every 3–6 months) assessment of immune cell subsets was performed by flow cytometry on peripheral blood collected before drug injection. Therapy with natalizumab was confirmed to be effective during the observational period. For all patients, the increase in lymphocytes during natalizumab therapy compared to baseline at every assessment was significantly higher compared to that of overall white blood cells (2·1- and 1·3-fold, respectively, P < 0·0001). Both T cell subsets were proportionally modified and the CD4/CD8 ratio did not change significantly, while B cells increased significantly compared to T and NK cells (3·2-, 1·88- and 1·92-fold, respectively, P < 0·0001). These changes remained constant throughout the 25–48-month period of therapy. In conclusion, effective natalizumab treatment of RRMS patients was associated with the persistence of its biological effects through a stable increase of peripheral lymphocytes, mainly B cells, and an unchanged proportion of T cell subsets in long-term follow-up.
Alleles underlying larval foraging behaviour influence adult dispersal in nature
Authors: Edelsparre Allan H. , Vesterberg Anders , Lim Jang H. , Anwari Milad , Fitzpatrick Mark J.
Published: January 2014

The dispersal and migration of organisms have resulted in the colonisation of nearly every possible habitat and ultimately the extraordinary diversity of life. Animal dispersal tendencies are commonly heterogeneous (e.g. long vs. short) and non‐random suggesting that phenotypic and genotypic variability between individuals can contribute to population‐level heterogeneity in dispersal. Using laboratory and field experiments, we demonstrate that natural allelic variation in a gene underlying a foraging polymorphism in larval fruit flies (for), also influences their dispersal tendencies as adults. Rover flies (forR; higher foraging activity) have consistently greater dispersal tendencies and are more likely to disperse longer distances than sitter flies (fors; lower foraging activity). Increasingforexpression in the brain and nervous system increases dispersal in sitter flies. Our study supports the notion that variation in dispersal can be driven by intrinsic variation in food‐dependent search behaviours and confirms that single gene pleiotropic effects can contribute to population‐level heterogeneity in dispersal.
Redescription of Papilloma luteum and description of a new Praon species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae; Aphidiinae) parasitic on Kurisakia querciphila (Homoptera: Aphididae: Thelaxinae) in Japan, with notes on synonymy and life cycle of P. luteum
Authors: Takada Hajimu
Published: January 2014

Two aphidiine species were found to be associated with a thelaxine aphid, Kurisakia querciphila on Quercus serrata and Q. acutissima in Japan. One of them is identified as Papilloma luteum and redescribed, and the other is described as a new species, Praon kurisakiae. Sinoaphidius zhejiangensis is synonymized with P. luteum. Papilloma luteum aestivated within a unique shaped and black “diapausing mummy”. Aestivating adults of P. luteum emerging from “diapausing mummies” in the autumn were darker and smaller than non‐aestivating ones. The aphidiine parasitoids of Thelaxinae are reviewed; the systematic position of Papilloma and life cycles of K. querciphila and P. luteum are discussed.
The Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera) of Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of five new species and a world checklist
Authors: Iwasa Mitsuhiro , Evenhuis Neal L.
Published: January 2014

Eight species of the Strongylophthalmyiidae are reported from Papua New Guinea. Of these, five species (Strongylophthalmyia gigantica sp. nov., S. papuana sp. nov., S. rubella sp. nov., S. sedlaceki sp. nov. and S. shatalkini sp. nov.) are described as new to science. Strongylophthalmyia puncticollis Frey is recorded for the first time from Papua New Guinea. Faunistic remarks, a key to the species of the Strongylophthalmyia in Papua New Guinea and a world checklist are provided.
Closely related freshwater macrophyte species, Ceratophyllum demersum and C. submersum, differ in temperature response
Authors: Hyldgaard Benita , Sorrell Brian , Brix Hans
Published: January 2014

The importance of temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration in determining species distributions was compared in two closely related freshwater macrophytes, Ceratophyllum demersum and C. submersum. The two species differed significantly in response to temperature in the short and long term, despite being collected in the same geographical region, near Aarhus, Denmark.

The distribution of C. submersum is narrower globally and does not extend as far north as C. demersum, which is a cosmopolitan species. Results from short‐term (within minutes) temperature‐response curves and distributional patterns corresponded well with the long‐term (weeks) results obtained, but with some important deviations. The long‐term responses of the two species to low temperature (12 °C) were more similar than expected. In contrast, high temperature (35 °C), which stimulated photosynthesis in C. submersum in the short term, inhibited photosynthesis in the long term and resulted in lower growth rates of C. submersum, both compared to C. demersum and to growth rates at intermediate temperatures (18 and 25 °C).

The long‐term acclimation strategy differed between the two species. Ceratophyllum demersum achieved homeostasis in photosynthesis and respiration rates, and the temperature optimum for photosynthesis changed according to its acclimation temperature. In contrast, C. submersum had a homeostatic response to the ratio of dark respiration to gross photosynthetic capacity and did not change its temperature optimum. Hence, this study highlights key issues that need to be examined carefully to improve models predicting future temperature responses of aquatic plants.
Effect of Urban Aquifer Exploitation on Subsurface Temperature and Water Quality
Authors: Abe Hiroaki , Tang Changyuan , Kondoh Akihiko
Published: January 2014

Groundwater pumping induces changes in the hydrodynamics of aquifer systems. Rapid urbanization and pumping‐induced changes in local groundwater flow can change the natural heat and chemical balances of an aquifer. In the Nagaoka Plain, Japan, groundwater is being extracted at 145 × 106 m3/year from a highly permeable aquifer consisting of coarse‐grained sediments of Late Pleistocene to Holocene age. We used land‐cover and groundwater analyses to investigate the processes that change subsurface temperature and water quality induced by urbanization and intensive groundwater extraction. Comparison of temperature and water quality measurements in 2009 with measurements made between 1977 and 2000 revealed an increase in subsurface temperature (at 18 m depth) of 0.050 °C/year in the main urban area of the Nagaoka Plain, which is equivalent to the rate of increase of mean air temperature during that period. The effects of surface warming are apparent as a warm zone under the urban area. An area with low saturation index of calcite (−3.0 to −2.0) was centered around urban areas in 2009, whereas in 2000 the index there was higher (−1.5 to −0.5). The decrease in this index in the center of Nagaoka City over the last decade is consistent with continuous dissolution of carbonates induced there by changes in recharge water sources due to groundwater pumping. These findings suggest that urbanization, intensive groundwater extraction, and recharge with chemically modified surface water are responsible for changes in thermal and chemical properties under the urban area of the Nagaoka Plain.