bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN APPROACH TO 3D DIGITAL MODELING OF SURFACES WITH POOR TEXTURE BY RANGE IMAGING TECHNIQUES. ‘SHAPE FROM STEREO’ VS. ‘SHAPE FROM SILHOUETTE’ IN DIGITIZING JORGE OTEIZA’S SCULPTURES
Authors: García Fernández J. , Álvaro Tordesillas A. , Barba S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Despite eminent development of digital range imaging techniques, difficulties persist in the virtualization of objects with poor radiometric information, in other words, objects consisting of homogeneous colours (totally white, black, etc.), repetitive patterns, translucence, or materials with specular reflection. This is the case for much of the Jorge Oteiza’s works, particularly in the sculpture collection of the Museo Fundación Jorge Oteiza (Navarra, Spain). The present study intend to analyse and asses the performance of two digital 3D-modeling methods based on imaging techniques, facing cultural heritage in singular cases, determined by radiometric characteristics as mentioned: Shape from Silhouette and Shape from Stereo. On the other hand, the text proposes the definition of a documentation workflow and presents the results of its application in the collection of sculptures created by Oteiza.
Restoring Fort Frontenac in 3D: Effective Usage of 3D Technology for Heritage Visualization
Authors: Yabe M. , Goins E. , Jackson C. , Halbstein D. , Foster S. , Bazely S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This paper is composed of three elements: 3D modeling, web design, and heritage visualization. The aim is to use computer graphics design to inform and create an interest in historical visualization by rebuilding Fort Frontenac using 3D modeling and interactive design. The final model will be integr ated into an interactive website to learn more about the fort’s historic imp ortance. It is apparent that using computer graphics can save time and money when it comes to historical visualization. Visitors do not have to travel to the actual archaeological buildings. They can simply use the Web in their own home to learn about this information virtually. Meticulously following historical records to create a sophisticated restoration of archaeological buildings will draw viewers into visualizations, such as the historical world of Fort Frontenac. As a result, it allows the viewers to effectively understand the fort’s social sy stem, habits, and historical events.
Políticas urbanas y de vivienda y desigualdad social
Authors: Garcia-Almirall M. Pilar , Valdivia Gutiérrez Blanca
Published: March 2015

Editorial de la Sección Especial.

Editorial de la Secció Especial.

Editorial of Special Section.
Transfer effects on training the refraction of light when hitting the target in the water
Authors: Nešić Blagoje
Published: March 2015

This paper presents experimental research of the effects of training students in the principles of light refraction to succeed in hitting the target in the water. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the veracity of the conclusions reached by Judd in 1908, since this experiment has been crucial in educational psychology - it represents the experimental basis of the generalized theory of transfers. Namely, Judd demonstrated that general experience (not identical elements) is transferred in the process of transfer. There were two groups in the research: the experimental and the control group. The following variables were controlled: hitting the target in the air; the knowledge of the refraction of light, age, gender, and number. Unlike the control group, the experimental group received training in the principles of light reflection. Having completed the training of the experimental group, the hitting of the target in the water was performed, firstly at the depth of 50 cm and then at the depth of 20 cm. The sample included two classes of eighth - grade students from the elementary school in Pečenjevac (the experimental group) and Razgojna (the control group). The research was conducted at the beginning of the school year (1975/76). In the process, there were errors in hitting the target. For the processing of data, the analyses of variance and measures of statistical descriptions have shown the following: 1) the success of the experimental group in hitting the targets at the first depth of water is significantly better than the success of the control group F (1,102) = 5.240 , p <0.05; 2) the experimental group has achieved significantly better results than the control group when hitting the targets at the altered depth of water F (1,102) = 27.767 , p <0.01); 3) when comparing the progresses of groups or differences of differences showed that the experimental group was significantly better than the control group F (1,192)=9,5300, p<0.01). Even though this experiment differs from Judd's experiment in terms of methodology, it essentially confirms his findings.
Caricature: Fun, art and scientific contribution
Authors: Todić-Jakšić Tijana , Jevremović Jelena
Published: March 2015

The paper aims to point out on various understandings of the term caricature. Then, we are going to show caricature's place and importance at the time of its origin to this very day. Answering on questions and giving scientific conclusions concerning caricature's usage as stimuli will be also dealt with. This paper will reveal caricature's characteristics as an artistic form which weren't appreciated until now. Origins and development of Serbian satirical press has also been surveyed.
Divine marriage and the image of a politician
Authors: Šerman Elena
Published: March 2015

It is a common place of the contemporary political science that the pattern of the image of a politician contains components based on the archaic cognitive structures. First of all, to such components the archetypes belong. The archetype is in turn intimately associated with the corresponding myth and ritual. Some of the rituals that accompany the realization of an archetype have roots stretching back into the cradle of human civilization, but remain relevant in the 21st century. The paper deals with the technologies of using the mythological motif of the divine (sacred) marriage as a means of cultivation of the image of a politician. As a case studies the marriages of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the leader of the Rumanian extreme right-wing 'Legion of the Archangel Michael' (1926), and of the radical Yugoslav nationalist Željko Ražnatović Arkan, the commander of the 'Serb Volunteer Guard' (1995), are taken. The use of this subject has everything to do with the Jungian archetype which forms the basis of the image of the extreme right-wing politicians, namely, that of the Hero, for the motif of the 'bride acquisition' with the subsequent marriage is one of the culmination points of the corresponding mythological narrative. As the mass media render national importance to the actual marriage, not only does it activate through certain technologies the archaic layers of conscience of the target population, but it also reproduces an old behavioural pattern, i. e. participation in the mystery. In the author's opinion, the success of the activation of the divine marriage motif depends on a series of factors, such as the type of the society (agrarian or semi-agrarian), the charismatic type of the political leader, as well as certain ideology. The successful use of this motif makes it possible not only to sustain the positive image of a politician, but also to create a political myth. The author gives special consideration to the role of mass media in this process.
Psychology between psychological and real reality: Which one is explored by psychology?
Authors: Todorović Milorad , Jović Vladimir
Published: March 2015

There is still no precise answer what is generally considered a reality in psychology and what kind of reality is the object of psychological praxis. This is primarily related to the lack of clarity regarding the relationship between subjectivity and psychic reality. The introduction of psychic reality as the decisive factor in the emergence of pathology and relativization of real reality enabled psychoanalysis to shift the focus from the real, external, objective, and physical to the unconscious fantasies, by which the inner world got its rightful place in the construction of 'mental'. Although psychological reality is located in the unconscious as well, Freud did not intend to declare the whole experience as purely subjective, but he thought that experience reflects unconscious influences, more precisely, unconscious desires and fantasies. Since all forms of knowledge are subjective, therefore, subject to the influence of the unconscious, it seems that psychic reality and subjectivity reflect unconscious influences to varying degrees, i.e. they show varying degrees of objectivity. This is corroborated by conscious states such as guilt and anxiety, which are such only because they are the result of unconscious dynamics triggered by the transfer, switched to an objective situation. It is not debatable that the sensory data as perceptual knowledge of external objects have a greater degree of objectivity than pure fantasies which are largely subjective and are very little based on the objective. Stressing the importance of the psychological reality both for the structure and for the psychology that seeks to understand the same structure, we will stress the ubiquity of that reality based on the ability of an infant to form primitive object relations in reality and in fantasy from the very beginning of life. Already, at the very beginning of life, a child finds himself in a vicious circle where the real experiences inevitably influence the unconscious fantasy, and then the fantasy affects the reality. Such constructed psychic reality remains to exist during a lifetime in each subject. It is completely the same to say that the weight of the pathology determines the importance of the role of psychological reality or that any strengthening of psychic reality is reflected in the production of the pathological.
Oklahoma-Auschwitz: America, Kafka's first novel
Authors: Kostić Dragomir
Published: March 2015

Novel America consists of a series of fragments. It is built on the principles of expansion and compression, where the writer describes in detail what happened to Carl Rosmman, the main character of the novel (for instance, the conversation in the captain's quarters on the ship, the departure and openings in the mansion near New York, the meeting with the Delamars and the Robinsons, the investigation against Carl Robinson, leaving the elevator in the hotel, departure and arrival at Delamars, Robinson and Brunelde), or it runs through certain events and connects them collectively (the time at his uncle's, working at Occidental), when the author describes a space much longer than the elapsed time (in both cases, approximately two months). Rosmann's character is completely built on contrasts and oddities.
Artistic creativity as (un)realized range of national expression of Serbs on the eve of the First World War
Authors: Marković Saša , Antolović Mihael
Published: March 2015

The success of the Kingdom of Serbia in the Balkan Wars 1912-1913 did not bring political stability to the country. On the contrary, certain military circles, encouraged by the success of the war, felt that the time had come for the national political issue to be resolved without hesitation. This situation caused the election crisis in Serbia in early 1914. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Serbs were subjected to ethnic discrimination, especially since 1912. Their conservation of identity amounted to a cultural activity; it was a negligible way of presenting their national feelings. There was a meeting of many Serbian choral societies in Sombor, which was attended by over 1000 participants who sang folk and patriotic songs. This event resonated in all the places where Serbian people lived.
Igra boja u Sent-Egziperijevom romanu Mali princ
Authors: Obradović Radmila
Published: March 2015

Već na prvi pogled može se videti da je svet koji u svom romanu Le petit prince (Mali princ) gradi Antoan de Sent-Egziperi daleko siromašniji u pogledu boja nego taj isti svet prikazan na akvarelima kojima je on ilustrovao ovu svoju knjigu. Dakle, naspram bogatstva boja spoljašnjeg sveta koji autor zapaža i prikazuje na svojim akvarelima, svet koji nam opisuje ili pak, njegov unutrašnji svet, sveden je u pogledu boja. 'Naša analiza otkriva da bi relativno sužen broj boja kao i reči sa kojima se one povezuju u ovom romanu, koji predstavlja' mešavinu fantazije, satire, filozofije, poezije, nauke, mašte i dečje naivnosti' i koji 'može da bude analiziran na više različitih nivoa', iako u funkciji mesta na kome se odvija radnja ovog romana, mogao da odražava unutrašnji svet autora, to jest da otkriva njegove slutnje i predosećanja kao i njegova skrivena osećanja i potisnute ideje. I to utoliko pre što se autor svojim čitaocima, deci i odraslima, obraća preko malog princa, imaginarne ličnosti, kroz koju govori dete koje je bio on sam.
The diagnosis of psychopathy: Why psychiatrists and psychologists need to know ethical doctrines
Authors: Alečković-Nikolić Mila
Published: March 2015

This paper analyzes the problem of the nature of the most difficult nosologic psychopathological diagnosis - psychopathy in all its features, the neurological and psychological, the social and the political. The paper also analyzes the analogy: the character of the society vis-à vis the character of the individual. In the second part, this work develops the concept of psychopathy as a general 'picture of the world,' a period of time and the community, with special reference to the harsh financial Darwinism and the Serbian society today (2014). The conclusion of the paper is that it is impossible to diagnose any disease as psychopathy if the psychiatric and psychological analysis does not include an analysis of sociologists, pedagogues, and especially psychologists of morality and ethicists. Finally, the attitude of the author is that every psychiatrist and psychologist who meet with psychopathy and judge it absolutely needs to know the most important ethical doctrine (deontology and utilitarianism), their opposition, as well as their consequences.
Methodological institutionalism in the context of economic science evolution
Authors: Gligorijević Nemanja , Pavlović Miloš , Vujović Tanja
Published: March 2015

As the achievements of the modern civilization and the result of the dominant trend of modern science, the existing methodological concepts of scientific progress analysis are incomplete and inadequate. Institutionalization of science comes to redefining the hierarchy and heterarchy in the organization of scientific research, which raises the level of cognitive effects from the individual to the collective level, leading to the establishment of a new relationship between the individual, the scientific, and ideological institutions. Contradictions between cognitive status and interests of each of the agents (operative, scientific, and ideological institutions) must be reflected in a scientific paper and thus the overall trend of progress in science. Rationality of an agent is a function that influences cognitive and institutional interests.
Miloš Crnjanski's metahistorical projection of war
Authors: Andrejević Danica , Andrejević Ana
Published: March 2015

The Great War triggered the establishment of the Serbian literary avant-garde, which was determined against tradition, history, and conventional aesthetics. With a completely new expression, writers of the literary avant-garde articulated the change of consciousness about the world, metamorphosis of the narrative structure of the text, and the modernization of the novelistic form. In the context of the European literature, as well as the Anglo-American, the return of the soldiers from the war was the prominent topic in the works of the so-called 'Lost generation' (Gertrude Stein, E. Hemingway and S. Fitzgerald). The themes of war also occupied writers such as W. Faulkner, T. Wolfe and H. Miller. The greatest poet of the Serbian literature between the two world wars, Miloš Crnjanski, presented the suprahistorical projection of the war and considered the return of the soldiers to be the saddest event in a man's life. The first Serbian modern, lyrical novel, 'Journal of Čarnojević' (Dnevnik o Čarnojeviću), gives a metaphysical picture of history and intimately understood picture of the wartime world, nation and being. This paper follows Crnjanski's views on history and war through the main character, Petar Rajić, and his counterpart of sorts, Čarnojević. Poetics of this modernistic text rests on the fictionalization of fact, metaphorization of war and aestheticization of history. As a resigned pacifist and disappointed melancholic, Rajić perceives the war completely anti-traditionally in comparison to a hero of a classical history novel. Visualization of events and the relativization of war and chronotope in the lyrical discourse of Miloš Crnjanski allow history to disperse into poetry, into the essence of being and the ontological plane of this metahistorical novel.
Governorship and infrastructural development in Upper-Illyric
Authors: Mlađenović Marijana , Samardžić Gligor
Published: March 2015

The paper presents the data on the governorship of Publius Cornelius Dolabella (14 to 20 A. D.) in the province Gornji Ilirik/Dalmatia. The significant number of epigraphic monuments indicates his activity in this area. These testimonies have important historical value, because they explain political and economic aspects of the West Balkans in the period of the early Principate. At the beginning of his governing career, he started to alleviate the consequences of the conflicts between the Romans and the locals. In his actions and projects in the province of Dalmatia, he had in mind the Roman strategic interests and the interests of the inhabitants as well. Peace and development of the province were his main aims. His governorship symbolizes the beginning of the new age in the area of Dalmatia. Numerous epigraphic monuments show the developed system of administration for the regulation of territorial and land-ownership relations (inscriptions and forma Dolabelliana). The great infrastructure was built during his governorship, and in this manner, the neglected area of Illyria was approachable and urban again. This undoubtedly influenced domestic people and their living in comparison to the previous period. It could be said that the Dolabella united Roman and local interests, thus bridging the gap between these interests. The big projects were completed during Dolabella's governorship; therefore the domestic people began to adopt values and achievements of the developed civilizations. It is sure that Publius Cornelius Dolabella contributed to the consolidation of the organization and structure of the Roman province Gornji Ilirik/Dalmatia. In the historical context, this province approved its functionality; it was a long-lasting administrative formation.
On sacrificing and self-preservation: One interpretation
Authors: Jovanović Đokica
Published: March 2015

One of the initial points of departure is actually an idea by Branko Lazarević, an almost forgotten writer and critic, who stated that 'sacrifice and the only pure self-denial', adding that we are witness to two types of sacrifice: 'Bearing a cross signifies to a victim that one still remains on the other (non-spiritual, author's note) side'. Sacrificing therefore means that one has entered this (spiritual, author's note) side. In this paper the author is discussing the phenomenon of the so-called transparent, visible sacrifice, i.e. those sacrifices that are on 'this side', which, as such, is the only one detectable in sociological investigations. The basic premise of the paper claims that the basis of the phenomenon of sacrifice there is a need for co-participation, submissiveness towerds authority (be it military, religious, political…) which is a condition for coexistence in a community. Survival is possible only as an extension of physical existence or as a participating part of a commemorative culture. The paper also analyses the assumption that the culture of sacrifice, among other things, constitutes itself under a set of possible punitive measures (physical or moral). Among others, some ideas by Russian authors stating that the institution of a sacrifice develops in a state of fear caused by ritual murder of a state's subjects, smerds, before the dead body of their supreme leader. The Russian writers naturally do not rule out a practice of ritual killing of subjects in different and older cultures other than that of Proto-Slavic ones.
On the (possible) range of the category house
Authors: Dilparić Branislava
Published: March 2015

This paper reports a study whose aim was to determine whether / confirm that the category house also includes those buildings divided into (many) separate dwelling units and consisted of a (very large) number of storeys and whether / that they can also serve as a whole decomposed in the research on the house meronomy. The study was based on general dictionaries of the English language, picture dictionaries, dictionaries of architecture and building construction, as well as various non-dictionary sources dealing with houses, buildings, structures and/or offering examples of use of the lexeme house in its basic sense. The results of the study show that 'house' is indifferent to the observed physical features of the structures made for human habitation.
Bio-psycho-social concept of ageing
Authors: Prodović Tanja , Ignjatović-Ristić Dragana , Prodović-Milojković Biljana
Published: March 2015

The paper focuses thematically on one of the essential issues of human existence, a complex and a mysterious phenomenon of ageing. The old people with their biological and psychological features, with their social position and other aspects, are the inexhaustible source of professional research of doctors and sociologists. As opposed to the usual pessimistic attitude of ageing and the old age, the paper points, within the humanist and social work frame, to man's awareness of overcoming the transience of human existence by cultivating a sense and a beauty of life. By elaborating on the concept of ageing, the authors stress the length and the quality of life, which could be advanced by the interaction of three groups of factors: social engagement and participation, the reduction of illness and the improvement of the high level of psychological and mental functions.
'Ni tamo ni ovamo' - jezičke manifestacije raspolućenog identiteta ili greške u samopoimanju
Authors: Reljić Mitra
Published: March 2015

Osim, već poduže vreme aktuelnih, rasprava o identitetu čiji je cilj da, sa različitih aspekata, objasne samu suštinu čovekove ličnosti, prisutne su i one u kojima se postulira krajnja 'labavost', tj. dezintegrisanost i nekoherentnost datog fenomena, pa on čak i negira kao nešto nepostojeće, kao puka konstrukcija o 'jastvu'. U disputima ove vrste, teorijske zaključke najčešće diktira vlastita životna praksa koja laska aktuelnoj moći i poziva na konvertitstvo svake vrste, ne bi li se nepostojanost (obezličenost) promovisala kao princip čovekova života. Rezultat toga 'učenja' ilustruju, između ostalog, jezičke krilatice poput i tamo i ovamo (ni tamo ni ovamo) i dr. koje u jednim slučajevima potvrđuju bolnu raspolućenost savremenih konvertita, a u drugim se koriste, bez prevelikog unošenja u njihovo značenje, zarad pukog deklarativnog svrstavanja u tabor postmodernista.
Profetsko pismo Borislava Pekića - novi Jerusalim ili novi Vavilon? - vreme i prostor u Zlatnom runu
Authors: Lazić Nebojša
Published: March 2015

U radu analiziramo profetski ton u romanu Zlatno runo Borislava Pekića, njegove uvide o budućnosti čoveka kao vrste. Istražujemo odnos ovog sedmotomnog romana prema najvažnijim civilizacijskim pitanjima kao što su ljudska sloboda ili odnos prema religiji. Razmatramo dalje kako vreme i prostor determinišu stavove Borislava Pekića prema idealu slobode, brojnim pokušajima njegove realizacije i stalnim osujećenjima u dugom hodu istorije civilizacije. Pokušavamo da proniknemo u način na koji su tradicija biblijskog proroštva ili profetski zanos pojedinih književnika koji mu prethode mogli uticati na piščeve apodiktičke sudove koje srećemo na stranicama Zlatnog runa.
Modern experimental prose through the prism of psychoanalytical theories
Authors: Lončar-Vujnović Mirjana
Published: March 2015

The balance between the subjective and the objective perspectives in experimental prose must be accomplished in order to achieve the effect of intensive reflective and spiritual reality. Deleuze and Guattari take the method of William Burroughs and James Joyce as examples of the so- called 'butchered text method' which refers to the temporal-spatial perspective. Furthermore, they mention Nietzsche's interlocking of 'eternal return of the present as something that opinion does not know' and the theory of Stephen Mallarme, who combines well known, fragmented style with alchemical dream. According to him, the primary purpose of the modern text is to get closer to the reader so that any reader can interpret it in his own way. Trying to demystify scientific fantasy of objectivity, Lacan does not attribute impersonality and exteriority to art, but science and theory. According to him, a text without the influence of psychological factors, which make both life and characters more realistic, is not art. The connection between the external world and a man is expressed through a mirror, which Lacan tentatively calls 'imago'. Imago of the outside world or one's appearance is present in hallucinations or dreams, always reflecting the internal condition of the individual, its fragility (senility) or its fair projection, thereby making this 'subjective-objective' relationship unbreakable.
Kinetic Study on Catalytic Cracking of Rubber Seed (Hevea brasiliensis) Oil to Liquid Fuels
Authors: Rengga Wara Dyah Pita , Handayani Prima Astuti , Kadarwati Sri , Feinnudin Agung
Published: March 2015

Reaction kinetics of catalytic cracking of rubber seed oil to liquid fuels has been investigated. The reac-tion was performed with sulfuric acid as catalyst at temperatures of 350-450 oC and the ratio of oil-catalyst of 0-2 wt.% for 30-90 minutes. Kinetics was studied using the model of 6-lump parameters. The parameters were rubber seed oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, gas, and coke. Analysis of experimen-tal data using regression models to obtain reaction rate constants. Activation energies and pre-exponential factors were then calculated based on the Arrhenius equation. The simulation result illus-trated that the six-lump kinetic model can well predict the product yields of rubber seed oil catalytic cracking. The product has high selectivity for gasoline fraction as liquid fuel and the smallest amount of coke. The constant indicates that secondary reactions occurred in diesel products compared to gaso-line and kerosene. The predicted results indicate that catalytic cracking of rubber seed oil had better be conducted at 450 oC for 90 minutes using 0.5 wt.% catalyst. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Hydrocracking of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil With Non-sulfide CoMo Catalysts
Authors: Rasyid Rismawati , Prihartantyo Adrianto , Mahfud Mahfud , Roesyadi Achmad
Published: March 2015

This research was aimed to convert Calophyllum inophyllum kernel oil into liquid fuel through hydro-cracking process using non-sulfide CoMo catalysts. The experiment was carried out in a pressurized re-actor operated at temperature and pressure up to 350 oC and 30 bar, respectively. The CoMo catalysts used in the experiment were prepared by 10 wt.% loading of cobalt and molybdenum solutions over various supports, i.e. γ-Al2O3, SiO2, and γ-Al2O3-SiO2 through impregnation method. It is figured out from the experiment that non-sulfide CoMo based catalysts have functioned well in the hydrocracking conversion of Calophyllum inophyllum kernel oil into fuels, such as gasoline, kerosene, and gasoil. The CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst resulted higher conversion than CoMo/SiO2 and CoMo/γ-Al2O3-SiO2. The fuel yields were 25.63% gasoline, 17.31% kerosene, and 38.59% gasoil. The fuels obtained in this research do not contain sulfur compounds so that they can be categorized as environmentally friendly fuels. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Preparation of Reducing Sugar Hydrolyzed from High-Lignin Coconut Coir Dust Pretreated by the Recycled Ionic Liquid [mmim][dmp] and Combination with Alkaline
Authors: Sangian Hanny F. , Kristian Junaidi , Rahma Sukmawati , Dewi Hellen Kartika , Puspasari Debra Arlin , Agnesty Silvya Yusnica , Gunawan Setiyo , Widjaja Arief
Published: March 2015

This study aims to produce reducing sugar hydrolyzed from substrate, coconut coir dust pretreated by recycled ionic liquid and its combination with alkaline. The 1H NMR and FTIR were performed to ver-ify the synthesized ionic liquid methylmethylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate ([mmim][dmp]). The structure of pretreated substrates was analyzed by XRD measurement. The used ionic liquid was recy-cled twice to re-employ for substrate pretreatment. The treated- and untreated-coconut coir dust were hydrolyzed into sugars using pure cellulase. The reaction, which called an enzymatic hydrolysis, was conducted at 60 °C, pH 3, for 48 h. The yields of sugar hydrolyzed from fresh IL-pretreated, 1R*IL-pretreated and 2R*IL-pretreated substrates were of 0.19, 0.15 and 0.15 g sugar / g cellu-lose+hemicellulose, respectively. Pretreatment with NaOH or the combination of NaOH+IL resulted in yields of reducing sugars of 0.25, 0.28 g/g, respectively. When alkaline combined with the recycled ionic liquids, NaOH+1R*IL, NaOH+2R*IL in the pretreatment, the yields of sugar were relatively similar to those obtained using alkaline followed by fresh ionic liquid. If the mixture enzymes, cellu-lase+xylanase, used to liberate sugars from fresh IL-pretreated, or recycled IL-pretreated substrates, the amount of sugar (concentration or yield) increased slightly compared to that employing a single cel-lulase. These findings showed that recycled IL pretreatment of the high-lignin lignocellulose, coconut coir dust, is a new prospect for the economical manufacture of fermentable sugars and biofuel in the coming years. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Synthesis of 4-tert-Butyltoluene by Vapor Phase tert-Butylation of Toluene with tert-Butylalcohol over USY Zeolite
Authors: Shen Yanming , Yuan Shan , Fan Lihui , Liu Dongbin , Li Shifeng
Published: March 2015

Vapour phase tert-butylation of toluene with tert-butylalcohol was studied over ultra-stable Y zeolite (USY) catalyst. The effects of reaction temperature, toluene/TBA molar ratio and liquid space velocity on conversion of toluene and selectivity for 4-tert-butyltoluene were studied. The deactivation and regeneration of the catalyst was also investigated. The results showed that the USY zeolite catalyst offered better toluene conversion of about 30 % and 4-tert-butyltoluene selectivity of about 89 % at the suitable reaction condition as follows: reaction temperature of 120 oC, toluene/TBA ratio of 2:1 and liquid space velocity of 2 ml/g·h. The clogging of mocropores by the formed carbon or oligomers was the main reason for the deactivation of the catalyst. By combustion at 550 oC, the catalyst just lost about 5 % in toluene conversion and about 2 % in PTBT selectivity. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Selective hydrogenation of Dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether over highly active monodisperse Ru/γ-Al2O3 nanocatalyst
Authors: Suryawanshi Y. R. , Chakrabortya M. , Jauhari S. , Mukhopadhyay S. , Shenoy K. T. , Sen D.
Published: March 2015

Ru/γ-Al2O3 nanocatalyst with different metal loading was synthesized by microwave irradiated sol-vothermal technique. Synthesized nanocatalyst (4-14 nm of metal particle size)was then successfully implemented for the hydrogenation of Dibenzocrown-18-crown-6 ether (DB18C6) at 9 MPa, 393 K tem-perature and 3.5 h. It was observed that the metallic small nanoclusters produced at 4 wt% metal con-centration exhibited higher catalytic activity and resulted 96.7% conversion with 100% selectivity to-wards cis-syn-cis-dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 ether (CSC DCH18C6). © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Application of Ionic Liquid [DMIM]DMP Pretreatment in the Hydrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse for Biofuel Production
Authors: Widjaja Arief , Agnesty Silvya Yusnica , Sangian Hanny F. , Gunawan Setiyo
Published: March 2015

Sugarcane bagasse is one of lignocellulose materials that can be converted to biofuel. This work was aimed to develop new pretreatment combination methods to process sugarcane bagasse lignocellulose into biofuel (bio-hydrogen). Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse using NaOH solution in combination with ionic liquid [DMIM]DMP enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis significantly. After the pretreat-ment, the content of cellulose and hemicellulose increased by 29.31% compared to the untreated one. Cellulose and hemicelluloses were used as raw materials to produce reducing sugars, that can be con-verted to bio-hydrogen via fermentation. After being subjected to combined pretreatment processes, the crystalline index of sugarcane bagasse decreased significantly compared to solely NaOH pretratment. This indicates a more amorphous structure of the sugarcane bagasse, which makes it is easier to be hy-drolyzed into reducing sugars. The recovery of cellulose + hemicellulose after pretreatment for 20 min and 120 °C was 92%, and the yield obtained was 0.556 g sugars/g (cellulose + hemicellulose) after 12 h and the bio-hydrogen yield was 0.46 mol H2/mol sugars consumed after 48 h fermentation. The use of recycled of ionic liquid showed similar performance compared to the use of fresh ionic liquid. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Struvite Precipitation and Phosphorous Removal from Urine Synthetic Solution: Reaction Kinetic Study
Authors: Shalaby Marwa Saied , El-Rafie Shadia
Published: March 2015

Phosphorus, like oil, is a non-renewable resource that must be harvested from finite resources in the earth’s crust. An essential element for life, phosphorus is becoming increasingly scarce, contaminated, and difficult to extract. Struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) is a white, crystalline phosphate mineral that can be used as a bio-available fertilizer. The main objective of this research is to indicate the most important operating parameters affecting struvite precipitation by means of chemical reaction kinetics. The present study explores struvite precipitation by chemical method under different starting molar ratios, pH and SSR. It is shown that an increase of starting Mg: PO4: NH4 with respect to magnesium (1.6:1:1) strongly influences the growth rate of struvite and so the efficiency of the phosphate removal. This was attributed to the effect of magnesium on the struvite solubility product and on the reached supersaturation Super Saturation Ratio at optimum starting molar ratio and pH. It was also shown, by using chemical precipitation method that the determined Super Saturation Ratio (SSR) values of struvite, at 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 and 10 are 1.314, 4.29, 8.89, 9.87 and 14.89 respectively are close to those presented in the literature for different origins of wastewater streams. The results show that SSR , pH, and starting molar ratio strongly influences the kinetics of precipitation and so phosphorous removal to reach 93% removal percent , 5.95 mg/lit as a minimum PO4 remained in solution, and 7.9 gm precipitated struvite from feed synthetic solution of 750 ml . The product was subjected to chemical analysis by means of EDIX-FTIR, SEM and XRD showing conformity with published literature. First-order kinetics was found to be sufficient to describe the rate data. The rates increased with increasing pH and so SSR and the apparent rate constants for the reaction were determined.  © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Mass Transfer and Chemical Reaction Approach of the Kinetics of the Acetylation of Gadung Flour using Glacial Acetic Acid
Authors: Kumoro Andri Cahyo , Amalia Rizka
Published: March 2015

Acetylation is one of the common methods of modifying starch properties by introducing acetil (CH3CO) groups to starch molecules at low temperatures. While most acetylation is conducted using starch as anhidroglucose source and acetic anhydride or vinyl acetate as nucleophilic agents, this work employ reactants, namely flour and glacial acetic acid. The purpose of this work are to study the effect of pH reaction and GAA/GF mass ratio on the rate of acetylation reaction and to determine its rate constants. The acetylation of gadung flour with glacial acetic acid in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a homogenous catalyst was studied at ambient temperature with pH ranging from 8-10 and different mass ratio of acetic acid : gadung flour (1:3; 1:4; and 1:5). It was found that increasing pH, lead to increase the degree of substitution, while increasing GAA/GF mass ratio caused such decreases in the degree of substitution, due to the hydrolysis of the acetylated starch. The desired starch acetylation reaction is accompanied by undesirable hydrolysis reaction of the acetylated starch after 40-50 minutes reaction time. Investigation of kinetics of the reaction observed that the value of mass transfer rate constant (Kcs) is smaller than the surface reaction rate constant (k). Thus, it can be concluded that rate controlling step is mass transfer. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Selective Synthesis of Benzaldehydes by Hypochlorite Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols under Phase Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Bijudas K. , Bashpa P. , Bibin V. P. , Nair Lakshmi , Priya A. P. , Aswathy M. , Krishnendu C. , Lisha P.
Published: March 2015

The selective synthesis of benazaldehyde and substituted benzaldehydes from corresponding benzyl al-cohols has been carried out by using hypochlorite as an oxidant in organic medium under phase trans-fer catalysis. The reaction is highly selective since no traces of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids have been detected and the yield is found to be more than 90%. The products obtained were precipi-tated as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone and the recrystallised products were characterized by melting point and by spectrophotometric techniques like infra red and UV-Visible analysis. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Preparation of TiO2-SiO2 using Rice Husk Ash as Silica Source and The Kinetics Study as Photocatalyst in Methyl Violet Decolorization
Authors: Fatimah Is , Said Ahmad , Hasanah Uun Ayil
Published: March 2015

Preparation, characterization and utilization of TiO2-SiO2 as photocatalyst for methyl violet (MV) decolorization has been conducted. In this research, preparation of TiO2-SiO2 was developed based on natural renewable silica source; rice husk ash (RHA) via a sol-gel technique. The composite was formed by the dispersing of titanium isopropoxide as titania precursor into the gel of silica followed by aging, drying and calcination. The TiO2-SiO2 sample was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance-UV Visible spectrophotometric analysis (DRUV-Vis), gas sorption analyzer and Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) before its utilization as photocatalyst in methyl violet photooxidation. As comparison to the physicochemical character study, the synthesis of TiO2-SiO2 by using tetraethyl ortosilicate (TEOS) was performed as a confirmation. Result showed that prepared TiO2-SiO2 has the character similar to TiO2-SiO2 as synthesized by TEOS precursor. The formation of crystalline titania in anatase and rutile phase was identified with increasing surface porosity data and the value of band gap energy which sufficiently contribute to a photocatalytic mechanism. The character data are in line with the kinetic data of methyl violet decolorization. From the compared photooxidation, photolysis, photocatalysis and adsorption process, it can be concluded that TiO2-SiO2 acts efficiently as a photocatalyst. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Stopped Flow Kinetics of MnII Catalysed Periodate Oxidation of 2, 3- dimethylaniline - Evaluation of Stability Constant of the Ternary Intermediate Complex
Authors: Kaushik Rajneesh D. , Agarwal Richa , Tyagi Priyanka , Singh Om , Singh Jaspal
Published: March 2015

The formation of ternary intermediate unstable complex during the oxidation of aromatic amines by periodate ion catalysed by MnII has been proposed in case of some anilines. This paper is the first report on stopped-flow kinetic study and evaluation of stability constant of ternary complex forming in the MnII - catalysed periodate oxidation of 2, 3-dimethylaniline (D) in acetone-water medium. Stop-flow spectrophotometric method was used to study the ternary complex formation and to determine its stability constant. The stop-flow trace shows the reaction to occur in two steps. The first step, which is presumably the formation of ternary complex, is relatively fast while the second stage is relatively quite slow. The stability constant evaluated for D - MnII - IO4- ternary complex by determining  equilibrium absorbance is (2.2 ± 1.0) × 105. Kinetics of ternary complex formation was defined by the rate law(A)  under pseudo first order conditions.ln{[C2]eq / ( [C2]eq -[C2])} = kobs . t (A)where, kobs is the pseudo first order rate constant, [C2] is concentration of ternary complex at given time t, and [C2]eq is the equilibrium concentration of ternary complex.
Preparation, Characterization and NO-CO Redox Reaction Studies over Palladium and Rhodium Oxides Supported on Manganese Dioxide
Authors: Fal Desai M. S. , Kunkalekar R. K. , Salker A. V.
Published: March 2015

The catalytic activity of PdO/MnO2 and Rh2O3/MnO2 is investigated for NO-CO redox reaction. Supported catalysts are prepared by wet impregnation method. Among the tested catalysts, PdO/MnO2 shows higher activity for this reaction. Active metal dispersion on MnO2 enhances the selectivity for N2 over N2O in this reaction. The XRD substantiate the formation of MnO2 monophasic phase. SEM images show the formation of elongated particles. TEM images indicate nano-size rod-like morphologies. An increase in the catalytic activity is observed on supported Pd and Rh oxides on MnO2. Temperature programed desorption studies with NO and CO are undertaken to investigate the catalytic surface studies. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
Authors: Istadi Istadi
Published: March 2015

Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
Generation of Human Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Xenografts for Use in Oncology Drug Discovery
Authors: Holmfeldt Linda , Mullighan Charles G.
Published: March 2015

The establishment of reproducible mouse models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is necessary to provide in vivo therapeutic test systems that recapitulate human ALL, and for amplification of limited amounts of primary tumor material. A popular assay is the primary xenograft model that utilizes immunocompromised mice. The protocol includes injection of primary patient tumor specimens into mice with subsequent serial passaging of the tumors by retransplants of cells harvested from the mouse bone marrow and spleen. The tumors generated are then used for genomic profiling, ex vivo compound testing, mechanistic studies and retransplantation. Detailed in this unit are procedures for the establishment and maintenance of primary ALL xenograft panels for use in basic research and translational studies. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation and Culture of Spinal Cord Motor Neurons
Authors: Klausmeyer Alice , Stern D. , Wiese S.
Published: March 2015

Isolated spinal motoneurons are a powerful tool for studying basic mechanisms of neurite growth and survival. Since motoneurons are a minor population of developing spinal cord cells, they need to be purified and enriched to separate them from non‐neuronal cells. Therefore, the particular feature of embryonic motoneurons to express the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR is used to separate the motoneurons from other contaminating cells. Two ways are described to isolate embryonic motoneurons: the basic protocol taking advantage of the ability of p75NTR to bind lectin, and an alternative method using an antibody against p75NTR for a panning procedure. These protocols comprise suggestions for the cultivation of the isolated motoneurons for experiments regarding neural outgrowth and survival as well as instruction for the preparation of proteins of the cells. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adhesive Micropatterns to Study Intermediate Filament Function in Nuclear Positioning
Authors: Dupin Isabelle , Elric Julien , Etienne‐Manneville Sandrine
Published: March 2015

The nucleus is generally found near the cell center; however its position can vary in response to extracellular or intracellular signals, leading to a polarized intracellular organization. Nuclear movement is mediated by the cytoskeleton and its associated motors. While the role of actin and microtubule cytoskeletons in nuclear positioning has been assessed in various systems, the contribution of intermediate filaments is less established due in part to the lack of tools to study intermediate filament functions. The methods described here use micropatterned substrates to impose reproducible cell shape and nucleus position. Intermediate filament organization can be perturbed using gene downregulation or upregulation; intermediate filaments can also be visualized using fluorescent intermediate filament proteins. This protocol is valuable for characterizing the role of intermediate filaments in a variety of live or fixed adherent cells. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.