bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Position and integrity of uterine scar are determined by degree of cervical dilatation at time of Cesarean section
Authors: Kamel R. , Eissa T. , Sharaf M. , Negm S. , Thilaganathan B.
Published: April 2020

Objective

Abnormal placental invasion is more common after an elective Cesarean delivery, suggesting that prelabor Cesarean section (CS) increases the likelihood of the CS scar being above the internal cervical os and predisposing to a scar pregnancy in the future. The aim of this study was to assess the location and integrity of the CS scar in postpartum women delivered by CS at different stages of labor.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of women at term who underwent a CS for the first time. In all women, cervical dilatation was determined by digital examination at the time of the CS. All patients had a transvaginal ultrasound examination to assess the location of the CS scar in relation to the internal cervical os, as well as the presence of a scar niche.

Results

A total of 407 pregnant women were recruited into the study: 103 with cervical dilatation ≤ 2 cm, 261 with cervical dilatation 3–7 cm and 43 with cervical dilatation ≥ 8 cm at the time of the CS. A statistically significant correlation was observed between cervical dilatation at the time of the CS and the position of the CS scar. The scar was positioned in the uterus above the internal cervical os in 97.1% (100/103) of women delivered at a cervical dilatation of 0–2 cm, whereas the scar was located at or below the internal cervical os in 97.7% (42/43) of cases delivered at a cervical dilatation of 8–10 cm (P < 0.001). A uterine‐scar defect (niche) was observed in 38.1% (64/168) of women with the scar located above, compared with 18.0% (43/239) of those with the scar situated at or below, the internal cervical os (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Prelabor and early‐labor Cesarean delivery are associated with an increased prevalence of a scar in the uterine cavity as well as a scar niche. CS in late labor is associated with the uterine scar being situated in the endocervical canal and with a lower incidence of a niche. The position and integrity of the CS scar after prelabor and early‐labor Cesarean delivery explain the predisposition to abnormal placental invasion in subsequent pregnancy. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Investigation of photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by anodization method
Authors: Van Anh Nguyen Thi , Xuan Mai Thi , Binh Phan Thi , Thuy Mai Thi Thanh
Published: April 2020

TiO2 nanotube arrays were prepared successfully by anodization of Ti foil in electrolyte containing 0.25 % NH4F, 5 % H2O and 94.75 % ethylene glycol and subsequently calcination at various temperatures from 300 to 600 oC in air. The crystalline structure and surface morphology of samples were determined by X‐ray diffraction and SEM images, respectively. The effect of calcination temperature, anodization time and voltage on the photoelectrochemical property of TiO2 nanotube arrays had been investigated. Based on the obtained results, the highest photocurrent density of 5.29 mA/cm2 was found for TiO2 nanotube arrays synthesized under conditions such as anodization time of 2 hours, anodization voltage of 40 V and calcinated at 500 oC.
Synthesis of furfural from sugarcane bagasse by hydrolysis method using magnetic sulfonated graphene oxide catalyst
Authors: Trung Tran Quoc , Thinh Doan Ba , Anh Trinh Ngoc Minh , Nguyet Do Minh , Quan Tran Hoang , Viet Nguyen Quoc , Tuan Tran Thanh , Dat Nguyen Minh , Nam Hoang Minh , Hieu Nguyen Huu , Phong Mai Thanh
Published: April 2020

Furfural, an important compound applied in many areas, could be synthesized from biomass which is inexpensive and abundant. In this study, magnetic sulfonated graphene oxide (Fe3O4/SGO) was synthesized and used as a catalyst for producing furfural from sugarcane bagasse by co‐precipitation method. The characteristics of the catalyst material were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller specific surface area, and the vibrating‐sample magnetometer. The results showed that Fe3O4/SGO was successfully synthesized with a specific surface area of 121.8 m2/g. The empirical data indicated that under the condition of 190 oC, 90 mins of reaction, the furfural synthesis efficiency could reach 14.07 %. According to the results, Fe3O4/SGO is highly promising for furfural production from biomass.
Change of some characteristics of HDPE pipes tested in Nghe An province seawater
Authors: Chinh Nguyen Thuy , Hiep Nguyen Anh , Thang Dam Xuan , Trang Tran Do Mai , Hoang Thai
Published: April 2020

This paper focuses to study on change of some characteristics of high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes testing in Nghe An province seawater. The investigated characteristics of HDPE pipe before and after testing are structural, morphological, crystal, thermal property and stability. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) methods were used to evaluate the change in characteristics of PE pipes after 10 testing months in Nghe An province seawater. In addition, the change in weight and tensile properties of PE pipes after testing was also investigated. The obtained results showed that the Nghe An province seawater had an influence on the structural, morphological, tensile, crystal and thermal characteristics of PE pipes.
Assessing Cumulative Exposure of Northern Gannets to Offshore Wind Farms
Authors: Goodale M. Wing , Milman Anita
Published: April 2020

Offshore wind farms are rapidly being permitted along the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Exposure of northern gannet (Morus bassanus) to multiple wind farms could affect the population because gannets are vulnerable to both displacement and collision. A critical question is whether wind‐farm siting decisions can reduce cumulative exposure of gannets. We quantified how 3 different wind‐farm siting scenarios would cumulatively expose gannets. Two independent gannet abundance data sets were used to ensure robustness of the analysis: 1) individual tracking data from birds captured in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States from 2012–2015 and 2) relative abundance models developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from surveys conducted from 1978–2014 along the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Our results indicate that for initial development, projects sited close to shore and in shallow areas exposed gannets at the greatest rates; however, no siting scenario effectively avoided exposing gannets because of the birds’ broad distribution across the outer continental shelf. These findings suggest that gannets will be cumulatively exposed regardless of siting scenario and management actions should focus on efforts to minimize adverse effects at each wind farm rather than avoiding exposure through siting decisions. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
“Costruzione del viadotto”:MA‐XRFin the pictorial executive technique of Agostino Bosia
Authors: Nervo Marco , Romano Francesco P. , Caliri Claudia , Piccirillo Anna , Triolo Paolo , Demonte Daniele , Gatti Alessandro , Vergallo Eleonora , Cardinali Michela , Ferrero Marianna
Published: April 2020

During the restoration process of a huge oil canvas (266 cm × 361 cm × 3 cm) by Agostino Bosia, a deep diagnostic campaign was carried out to characterize the original materials and those stratified over time. The activity was supported by the technologies available today in the field of conservation of the Cultural Heritage. Multispectral analyses (UV fluorescence, infrared reflectography, infrared false‐colour post‐production, digital radiography) associated with punctual (X‐Ray Fluorescence, Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy) and microstratigraphic analyses (visible light and UV fluorescence optical microscopy and SEM–EDX) allowed to accurately reconstruct the artist's creative process and to identify the pictorial materials. The well‐known analytical protocol was finally combined with Macro X‐ray Fluorescence scanning technique (MA‐XRF) in order to consolidate the results of the punctual, non‐invasive analyses over a large area of the canvas.
Multi-boundary entanglement in Chern-Simons theory with finite gauge groups
Authors: Dwivedi Siddharth , Addazi Andrea , Zhou Yang , Sharma Puneet
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We study the multi-boundary entanglement structure of the states prepared in (1+1) and (2+1) dimensional Chern-Simons theory with finite discrete gauge group G. The states in (1+1)-d are associated with Riemann surfaces of genus g with multiple S
1 boundaries and we use replica trick to compute the entanglement entropy for such states. In (2+1)-d, we focus on the states associated with torus link complements which live in the tensor product of Hilbert spaces associated with multiple T
2. We present a quantitative analysis of the entanglement structure for both abelian and non-abelian groups. For all the states considered in this work, we find that the entanglement entropy for direct product of groups is the sum of entropy for individual groups, i.e. EE(G
1
× G
2) = EE(G
1) + EE(G
2). Moreover, the reduced density matrix obtained by tracing out a subset of the total Hilbert space has a positive semidefinite partial transpose on any bi-partition of the remaining Hilbert space.
Management and outcome of traumatic subdural hematoma in 47 infants and children from a single center
Authors: Binder Harald , Tiefenboeck Thomas M. , Majdan Marek , Komjati Micha , Schuster Rupert , Hajdu Stefan , Leitgeb Johannes
Published: April 2020

Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent cause of mortality and acquired neurological impairment in children. It is hypothesized, that with the adequate treatment of SDH in children and adolescence, excellent clinical and functional outcomes can be achieved. The aim of this study was to present the severity and outcome of traumatic SDH in children and adolescence as well as to analyze differences between patients treated surgically and conservatively.

Methods

In this study 47 infants and children with a subdural hematoma (SDH) were treated between 1992 and 2010 at a single level-one trauma center. Data regarding accident, treatment and outcomes were collected retrospectively. To classify the outcomes the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) scores at hospital discharge and at follow-up visits were used. Severity of SDH was classified according to the Rotterdam score.

Results

In total, 47 cases were treated (21 surgically, 26 conservatively), with 10 patients needing delayed surgery. Overall, 89% of the patients were able to leave hospital, 5 patients died, 2 patients (5%) within 24 h, another 2 (5%) after 48 h and 1 (2%) within 7 days. In 25 patients (53%) a good recovery was recorded at the last follow-up visit. Outcome was mainly influenced by the following factors: age, severity of TBI, and neurological status. Overall, in 70% good clinical and neurological outcomes could be achieved.

Conclusion

The results of this study confirmed that pediatric SDH is a rare, but serious condition. Despite a poor prognosis, most patients could be treated with good outcomes, given that the choice of treatment is correct.

Trial registration

Research registry 2686
Recycled waste paper–cement composite panels reinforced with kenaf fibres: durability and mechanical properties
Authors: Amiandamhen Stephen Osakue , Osadolor Samson Omokaro
Published: April 2020

There is a growing interest on recycling of waste fibres as an alternative to landfill disposal. The aim of the study was to investigate the durability and mechanical properties of waste paper–cement composite panels reinforced with varying kenaf fibre content (FC, 2–10%). The panels produced were evaluated for properties including modulus of rupture (MOR) and apparent modulus of elasticity (MOE). The resistance of the panels was tested in the field for both termite damage and fungi decay for a period of 24 weeks. Accelerated decay test was also performed on selected samples. The results showed that the mean MOR ranged from 3.17 MPa for samples with 10% FC to 4.84 MPa for samples with 8% FC. The mean MOE ranged from 248 MPa for samples with 10% FC to 1298.1 MPa for samples with 8% FC. Statistical analysis showed that the effect of the fibre content was significant on the properties evaluated (p < 0.05). The study concluded that the optimum fibre content for improving the strength and physical properties of paper–cement composites in a ratio of 1:1 (w/w) using kenaf as reinforcing fibre is 8%. The panels were highly resistant to both termite and fungi attack for the study duration.
Optimization of Female Head–Neck Model with Active Reflexive Cervical Muscles in Low Severity Rear Impact Collisions
Authors: Putra I Putu A. , Iraeus Johan , Sato Fusako , Svensson Mats Y. , Linder Astrid , Thomson Robert
Published: April 2020

ViVA Open Human Body Model (HBM) is an open-source human body model that was developed to fill the gap of currently available models that lacked the average female size. In this study, the head–neck model of ViVA OpenHBM was further developed by adding active muscle controllers for the cervical muscles to represent the human neck muscle reflex system as studies have shown that cervical muscles influence head–neck kinematics during impacts. The muscle controller was calibrated by conducting optimization-based parameter identification of published-volunteer data. The effects of different calibration objectives to head–neck kinematics were analyzed and compared. In general, a model with active neck muscles improved the head–neck kinematics agreement with volunteer responses. The current study highlights the importance of including active muscle response to mimic the volunteer’s kinematics. A simple PD controller has found to be able to represent the behavior of the neck muscle reflex system. The optimum gains that defined the muscle controllers in the present study were able to be identified using optimizations. The present study provides a basis for describing an active muscle controller that can be used in future studies to investigate whiplash injuries in rear impacts
The supplemental value of mammographic screening over breast MRI alone in BRCA2 mutation carriers
Authors:   Hereditary Breast Ovarian Cancer Research Group Netherlands (HEBON), Obdeijn Inge-Marie , Mann Ritse M. , Loo Claudette C. E. , Lobbes Marc , Voormolen Eleonora M. C. , van Deurzen Carolien H. M. , de Bock Geertruida , Hooning Maartje J.
Published: April 2020

Purpose

BRCA2 mutation carriers are offered annual breast screening with MRI and mammography. The aim of this study was to investigate the supplemental value of mammographic screening over MRI screening alone.

Methods

In this multicenter study, proven BRCA2 mutation carriers, who developed breast cancer during screening using both digital mammography and state-of-art breast MRI, were identified. Clinical data were reviewed to classify cases in screen-detected and interval cancers. Imaging was reviewed to assess the diagnostic value of mammography and MRI, using the Breast Imaging and Data System (BI-RADS) classification allocated at the time of diagnosis.

Results

From January 2003 till March 2019, 62 invasive breast cancers and 23 ductal carcinomas in situ were diagnosed in 83 BRCA2 mutation carriers under surveillance. Overall screening sensitivity was 95.2% (81/85). Four interval cancers occurred (4.7% (4/85)). MRI detected 73 of 85 breast cancers (sensitivity 85.8%) and 42 mammography (sensitivity 49.9%) (p < 0.001).

Eight mammography-only lesions occurred. In 1 of 17 women younger than 40 years, a 6-mm grade 3 DCIS, retrospectively visible on MRI, was detected with mammography only in a 38-year-old woman. The other 7 mammography-only breast cancers were diagnosed in women aged 50 years and older, increasing sensitivity in this subgroup from 79.5% (35/44) to 95.5% (42/44) (p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions

In BRCA2 mutation carriers younger than 40 years, the benefit of mammographic screening over MRI was very small. In carriers of 50 years and older, mammographic screening contributed significantly. Hence, we propose to postpone mammographic screening in BRCA2 mutation carriers to at least age 40.
Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography alleviates shadowing artifacts caused by subretinal fluid
Authors: Reich Michael , Boehringer Daniel , Rothaus Kai , Cakir Bertan , Bucher Felicitas , Daniel Moritz , Lang Stefan J. , Lagrèze Wolf A. , Agostini Hansjuergen , Lange Clemens
Published: April 2020

Purpose

To characterize the choriocapillaris (CC) structure in relation to subretinal fluid (SRF) as a possible systematic error source using spectral domain (SD-OCTA) compared to swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA).

Methods

This is a prospective case-control study of 23 eyes. Ten patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), three patients with partial macular-off retinal detachment (RD) and ten healthy, age-matched controls were included. Abnormal CC decorrelation signals were quantitatively compared in CSC and controls by means of custom image processing. To investigate the influence of SRF on CC OCTA signal, the extent of SRF was quantified with a macular heatmap and compared with the corresponding OCTA signal of the CC.

Results

SS-OCTA yielded a more homogeneous OCTA signal from the CC than SD-OCTA, offering less signal dispersion and variability in healthy and diseased eyes. Both devices demonstrated CC signal voids in CSC and RD, respectively. In CCS, the voids were predominantly located in the area with SRF. Compared to SD-OCTA, SS-OCTA delivered a more homogenous OCTA signal and reduced signal voids in the CC underneath SRF in both RD and CSC (CSC, 7.6% ± 6.3% vs, 19.7% ± 9.6%, p < 0.01). Despite this significant attenuation of signal voids, SS-OCTA continued to reveal signal voids below SRF and more pixels with reduced OCTA signals in CSC patients compared to controls (7.6% ± 6.3%, 0.1% ± 0.1%, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Understanding OCTA artifacts is critical to ensure accurate clinical evaluations. In this study, we describe the presence of SRF as an important shadow-causing artifact source for CC OCTA analysis which can be mitigated but not completely eliminated by employing SS-OCTA.
Heat and mass transfer and thermodynamic analysis of power-law fluid flow in a porous microchannel
Authors: Javidi Sarafan Mahnaz , Alizadeh Rasool , Fattahi Abolfazl , Valizadeh Ardalan Mostafa , Karimi Nader
Published: April 2020

Transfer of heat and mass and thermodynamic irreversibilities are investigated in a porous, parallel-plate microreactor in which the working fluid is non-Newtonian. The investigated microreactor features thick flat walls with uneven thicknesses, which can be subject to different thermal loads. The dimensionless governing equations of the resultant asymmetric problem are first derived theoretically and then solved numerically by using a finite volume technique. This results in two-dimensional solutions for the velocity, temperature and concentration fields as well as the distributions of Nusselt number and local and total entropy generations. The results clearly demonstrate the significance of the numerical value of the power-law index and departure from Newtonian behavior of the fluid. In particular, it is shown that by increasing the value of power-law index the Nusselt number on the wall decreases. This leads to the intensification of the temperature gradients in the system and therefore magnifies the local and total entropy generations. Also, it is shown that the wall thickness and thermal asymmetry can majorly affect the heat transfer process and thermodynamic irreversibility of the microreactor. It is noted that the current work is the first comprehensive study of heat transfer and entropy generation in porous micro-chemical reactor with non-Newtonian, power-law fluid.
DGPose: Deep Generative Models for Human Body Analysis
Authors: de Bem Rodrigo , Ghosh Arnab , Ajanthan Thalaiyasingam , Miksik Ondrej , Boukhayma Adnane , Siddharth N. , Torr Philip
Published: April 2020

Deep generative modelling for human body analysis is an emerging problem with many interesting applications. However, the latent space learned by such approaches is typically not interpretable, resulting in less flexibility. In this work, we present deep generative models for human body analysis in which the body pose and the visual appearance are disentangled. Such a disentanglement allows independent manipulation of pose and appearance, and hence enables applications such as pose-transfer without specific training for such a task. Our proposed models, the Conditional-DGPose and the Semi-DGPose, have different characteristics. In the first, body pose labels are taken as conditioners, from a fully-supervised training set. In the second, our structured semi-supervised approach allows for pose estimation to be performed by the model itself and relaxes the need for labelled data. Therefore, the Semi-DGPose aims for the joint understanding and generation of people in images. It is not only capable of mapping images to interpretable latent representations but also able to map these representations back to the image space. We compare our models with relevant baselines, the ClothNet-Body and the Pose Guided Person Generation networks, demonstrating their merits on the Human3.6M, ChictopiaPlus and DeepFashion benchmarks.
Gesundheitskompetenz und gesundheitliche Situation von Erzieher/innen
Authors: Pischke Claudia R. , Sill Janna , Steenbock Berit , Siebels Ramona , Kolpatzik Kai , Zeeb Hajo
Published: April 2020

Hintergrund

Erzieher/innen nehmen durch ihre Vorbildfunktion eine Schlüsselrolle bei Interventionen zur Modifikation von Gesundheitsverhalten bei Kindern ein.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel der Arbeit war, Ausprägungen von Gesundheitskompetenz (GK) und -zustand von Erzieher/innen sowie Lebensstilveränderungen im Rahmen der einjährigen Intervention „JolinchenKids – Fit und gesund in der Kita“ zu untersuchen.

Methodik

Im Rahmen einer cluster-kontrollierten Studie an 62 Kitas wurde GK deutschlandweit zu Baseline und Gesundheitsverhalten und -zustand von Erzieher/innen zu Baseline und nach 12 Monaten (T1) per Fragebogen erfasst (n = 132). Erzieher/innen der Interventionskitas (IKs) wurden mit denen an Wartelistenkontrollkitas (WKs) verglichen, wo die Implementierung der Intervention nach Abschluss der Folgeerhebung erfolgte.

Ergebnisse

Eine ausreichende GK wiesen 42,9 % der Erzieher/innen an IK auf im Vergleich zu 52 % an WKs. Rund 90 % der Befragten an IKs und WKs berichteten einen guten bis ausgezeichneten Gesundheitszustand zu beiden Erhebungszeitpunkten. Zu Baseline lag die Prävalenz von Übergewicht/Adipositas bei knapp 38 % an IKs (40 % an WKs) und sank auf 33 % zu T1, wobei sie an WKs unverändert blieb. Ein Viertel der Erzieher/innen an IKs (17 % an WKs) erreichte die von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation empfohlenen 2,5 h moderater körperlicher Aktivität pro Woche zu Baseline, zu T1 waren es 27 % an IKs (20 % an WKs). Nur 8 % der Erzieher/innen an IKs (9 % an WKs) konsumierten die empfohlenen fünf Portionen Obst und Gemüse pro Tag zu Baseline im Vergleich zu 15 % bzw. 13 % zu T1.

Diskussion

Die GK war bei Erzieher/innen ähnlich verteilt wie in der deutschen Allgemeinbevölkerung. Die Mehrheit wies einen guten Gesundheitszustand auf. Veränderungen im Gesundheitsverhalten bleiben weiterhin ein Interventionsziel.
Transparency goes a long way: information transparency and its effect on job satisfaction and turnover intentions of the professoriate
Authors: Hofmann Yvette E. , Strobel Maria
Published: April 2020

Research and higher education institutions are becoming increasingly transparent with the adoption of the governance mechanisms of New Public Management and digital technologies. As transparency research has documented both positive and negative effects of transparency within organizations, it is not clear how transparency might affect faculty members and their job attitudes. To address this question, we develop and test hypotheses regarding the effect of perceived transparency on professors’ job satisfaction and intent to leave their university. Our results, based on the answers of over 1600 professors, support our hypothesized positive relationship between transparency and job satisfaction, a negative relationship between transparency and intent to leave, and an indirect effect of transparency on intent to leave via job satisfaction. Exploratory moderation analyses indicated that the effects of transparency are present across two different types of universities (research universities and universities of applied sciences). We discuss results regarding their implications for the management of higher education and research institutions as well as for the retention of faculty members.
Effects of front-of-pack labels on the nutritional quality of supermarket food purchases: evidence from a large-scale randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dubois Pierre , Albuquerque Paulo , Allais Olivier , Bonnet Céline , Bertail Patrice , Combris Pierre , Lahlou Saadi , Rigal Natalie , Ruffieux Bernard , Chandon Pierre
Published: April 2020

To examine whether four pre-selected front-of-pack nutrition labels improve food purchases in real-life grocery shopping settings, we put 1.9 million labels on 1266 food products in four categories in 60 supermarkets and analyzed the nutritional quality of 1,668,301 purchases using the FSA nutrient profiling score. Effect sizes were 17 times smaller on average than those found in comparable laboratory studies. The most effective nutrition label, Nutri-Score, increased the purchases of foods in the top third of their category nutrition-wise by 14%, but had no impact on the purchases of foods with medium, low, or unlabeled nutrition quality. Therefore, Nutri-Score only improved the nutritional quality of the basket of labeled foods purchased by 2.5% (−0.142 FSA points). Nutri-Score’s performance improved with the variance (but not the mean) of the nutritional quality of the category. In-store surveys suggest that Nutri-Score’s ability to attract attention and help shoppers rank products by nutritional quality may explain its performance.
Profiling of Patients with COPD for Adequate Referral to Exercise-Based Care: The Dutch Model
Authors: Spruit Martijn A. , Van’t Hul Alex , Vreeken Hilde L. , Beekman Emmylou , Post Maria H. T. , Meerhoff Guus A. , Van der Valk Anne-Loes , Zagers Cor , Sillen Maurice J. H. , Vooijs Martijn , Custers Jan , Muris Jean , Langer Daniel , Donkers Jos , Bregman Marleen , Tissink Leendert , Bergkamp Erik , Wempe Johan , Houben-Wilke Sarah , Augustin Ingrid M. L. , Bij de Vaate Eline , Franssen Frits F. M. , Van Ranst Dirk , Van der Vaart Hester , Antons Jeanine , Van Doormaal Mitchell , Koolen Eleonore H. , Van der Wees Philip , Van Snippenburg Renée , Janssen Daisy J. A. , Simons Sami
Published: April 2020

A loss of physical functioning (i.e., a low physical capacity and/or a low physical activity) is a common feature in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To date, the primary care physiotherapy and specialized pulmonary rehabilitation are clearly underused, and limited to patients with a moderate to very severe degree of airflow limitation (GOLD stage 2 or higher). However, improved referral rates are a necessity to lower the burden for patients with COPD and for society. Therefore, a multidisciplinary group of healthcare professionals and scientists proposes a new model for referral of patients with COPD to the right type of exercise-based care, irrespective of the degree of airflow limitation. Indeed, disease instability (recent hospitalization, yes/no), the burden of disease (no/low, mild/moderate or high), physical capacity (low or preserved) and physical activity (low or preserved) need to be used to allocate patients to one of the six distinct patient profiles. Patients with profile 1 or 2 will not be referred for physiotherapy; patients with profiles 3–5 will be referred for primary care physiotherapy; and patients with profile 6 will be referred for screening for specialized pulmonary rehabilitation. The proposed Dutch model has the intention to get the right patient with COPD allocated to the right type of exercise-based care and at the right moment.
How and How Much, Do Harvesting Activities Affect Forest Soil, Regeneration and Stands?
Authors: Picchio Rodolfo , Mederski Piotr S. , Tavankar Farzam
Published: April 2020

Purpose of Review

Lowering the impact of forest utilisation on the forest environment is a part of the improvement in sustainable forest management. As part of forest utilisation, timber harvesting can also cause environmental implications. The main impact of forest operations is on the soil, on regeneration and on the residual stand. The aim of the present review was to identify the state of the art in forest utilisation, identifying how and how much forest operations affect forest soil, regeneration and the remaining stand. Particular attention was paid to the level of impact and potential to limit this.

Recent Findings

There are a large number of publications tackling forest harvesting, but most of them do not give a comprehensive framework and they mainly focus on one or very few aspects of forest damage. In order to improve general knowledge of the impact of forest operations, it was proposed that the scope of recent findings should be examined and a compilation of the available results from different regions should be presented in one paper.

It was found that the least impactful machine-based forest operations were harvester–forwarder technologies, while a larger scale of damage could be expected from ground-based extraction systems (skidders) and cable yarders. Animal power, if applicable, tended to be very neutral to the forest environment. A decrease in damage is possible by optimising skid trail and strip road planning, careful completion of forest operations and training for operators. The existence of legal documents controlling post-harvesting stand damage are rare and have been implemented in only two countries; there is no post-harvesting control on soil damage and natural regeneration.
The Nash Solution as a von Neumann–Morgenstern Utility Function on Bargaining Games
Authors: Gerber Anke
Published: April 2020

In this paper we prove that the symmetric Nash solution is a risk neutral von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function on the class of pure bargaining games. Our result corrects an error in Roth (Econometrica 46:587–594, 983, 1978) and generalizes Roth’s result to bargaining games with arbitrary status quo.
E-Sexual Health: A Position Statement of the European Society for Sexual Medicine
Authors: Kirana Paraskevi-Sofia , Gudeloglu Ahmet , Sansone Andrea , Fode Mikkel , Reisman Yacov , Corona Giovanni , Burri Andrea
Published: April 2020

Background

Opportunities and pitfalls of e-health have been described and assessed in various health domains, but in the field of sexual health, the respective literature is limited.

Aim

The aim of this document is to present the European Society of Sexual Medicine’s (ESSM) current position statement on e-sexual health.

Methods

This statement article is an expert opinion–based proposal that was developed under the auspices of the ESSM with input from the e-sexual health subcommittee of the ESSM Scientific Committee.

Outcomes

ESSM statements were provided on four domains: health information for patients, e-learning for professionals, health interventions, and health research.

Results

e-Sexual health is the use of information and communication technologies for sexual health including sexual health care, surveillance, education, knowledge, and research. Quality indicators have to be applied on Web pages that provide sexual health information, e-learning can increase educational opportunities for professionals, online treatment interventions can be effective but needs to be available to the public, and online health research can provide access to difficult to reach populations.

Clinical Implications

The ESSM acknowledges the necessity for the use of information and communication technologies to meet the sexual health needs of citizens and patients and also the professional needs of sexual healthcare providers, in an evidence-based manner.

Strengths & Limitations

ESSM statements on this topic were provided based on expert opinion and summarize the ESSM position in this field.

Conclusion

The ESSM believes that e-sexual health can provide opportunities for the improvement of the sexual health of the population.
Reflections on the anomalous ANITA events: the Antarctic subsurface as a possible explanation
Authors: Shoemaker Ian M. , Kusenko Alexander , Kuipers Munneke Peter , Romero-Wolf Andrew , Schroeder Dustin M. , Siegert Martin J.
Published: April 2020

The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) balloon experiment was designed to detect radio signals initiated by high-energy neutrinos and cosmic ray (CR) air showers. These signals are typically discriminated by the polarization and phase inversions of the radio signal. The reflected signal from CRs suffer phase inversion compared to a direct ‘tau neutrino’ event. In this paper, we study subsurface reflection, which can occur without phase inversion, in the context of the two anomalous up-going events reported by ANITA. It is found that subsurface layers and firn density inversions may plausibly account for the events, while ice fabric layers and wind ablation crusts could also play a role. This hypothesis can be tested with radar surveying of the Antarctic region in the vicinity of the anomalous ANITA events. Future experiments should not use phase inversion as a sole criterion to discriminate between down-going and up-going events, unless the subsurface reflection properties are well understood.
The Cost-Effectiveness of 5-ALA in High-Grade Glioma Surgery: A Quality-Based Systematic Review
Authors: Warsi Nebras M. , Zewude Rahel , Karmur Brij , Pirouzmand Neda , Hachem Laureen , Mansouri Alireza
Published: April 2020

Background:

High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are aggressive tumors that inevitably recur due to their diffusely infiltrative nature. Intraoperative adjuncts such as 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) have shown promise in increasing extent of resection. As the prospect of increased use of 5-ALA rises, a systematic overview of the health economics of this adjunct is critical.

Methods:

Medline, EMBASE, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, EconPapers, and Cochrane databases were searched for keywords relating to glioma, cost-effectiveness, and 5-ALA. Primary studies reporting on the health economics or cost-effectiveness of 5-ALA compared to white light surgery in HGG were included. Quality was assessed using the British Medical Journal guidelines.

Results:

Three studies were identified. All were European and conducted from the perspective of national healthcare systems. Two studies demonstrated the cost-utility of 5-ALA compared to white light (C$12,817 and C$13,508/quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs)). One assessed the cost-utility per gross total resection (C$6,813). Both these values were below the national cost-effectiveness thresholds for each respective study. The third study demonstrated no significant difference in cost of 5-ALA in glioblastoma resection (C$14,732) compared to prior to its routine use (C$15,936). The quality of these studies ranged from moderate to average. None of these studies considered patient perspective or indirect costs in their analysis.

Conclusions:

Growing evidence exists examining the health economic benefit of 5-ALA as an intraoperative adjunct for HGG resection. Additional studies within the Canadian context using 5-ALA, specifically incorporating patient and societal perspectives into the cost-utility analyses, are necessary to solidify this line of evidence.
Lessons learned about harmonizing survey measures for the CSER consortium
Authors: Goddard Katrina A.B. , Angelo Frank A.N. , Ackerman Sara L. , Berg Jonathan S. , Biesecker Barbara B. , Danila Maria I. , East Kelly M. , Hindorff Lucia A. , Horowitz Carol R. , Hunter Jessica Ezzell , Joseph Galen , Knight Sara J. , McGuire Amy , Muessig Kristin R. , Ou Jeffrey , Outram Simon , Rahn Elizabeth J. , Ramos Michelle A. , Rini Christine , Robinson Jill O. , Smith Hadley Stevens , Waltz Margaret , Lee Sandra Soo-Jin
Published: April 2020

Introduction:

Implementation of genome-scale sequencing in clinical care has significant challenges: the technology is highly dimensional with many kinds of potential results, results interpretation and delivery require expertise and coordination across multiple medical specialties, clinical utility may be uncertain, and there may be broader familial or societal implications beyond the individual participant. Transdisciplinary consortia and collaborative team science are well poised to address these challenges. However, understanding the complex web of organizational, institutional, physical, environmental, technologic, and other political and societal factors that influence the effectiveness of consortia is understudied. We describe our experience working in the Clinical Sequencing Evidence-Generating Research (CSER) consortium, a multi-institutional translational genomics consortium.

Methods:

A key aspect of the CSER consortium was the juxtaposition of site-specific measures with the need to identify consensus measures related to clinical utility and to create a core set of harmonized measures. During this harmonization process, we sought to minimize participant burden, accommodate project-specific choices, and use validated measures that allow data sharing.

Results:

Identifying platforms to ensure swift communication between teams and management of materials and data were essential to our harmonization efforts. Funding agencies can help consortia by clarifying key study design elements across projects during the proposal preparation phase and by providing a framework for data sharing data across participating projects.

Conclusions:

In summary, time and resources must be devoted to developing and implementing collaborative practices as preparatory work at the beginning of project timelines to improve the effectiveness of research consortia.
Calibrate your confidence in research findings: A tutorial on improving research methods and practices
Authors: da Silva Frost Aline , Ledgerwood Alison
Published: April 2020

This article provides an accessible tutorial with concrete guidance for how to start improving research methods and practices in your lab. Following recent calls to improve research methods and practices within and beyond the borders of psychological science, resources have proliferated across book chapters, journal articles, and online media. Many researchers are interested in learning more about cutting-edge methods and practices but are unsure where to begin. In this tutorial, we describe specific tools that help researchers calibrate their confidence in a given set of findings. In Part I, we describe strategies for assessing the likely statistical power of a study, including when and how to conduct different types of power calculations, how to estimate effect sizes, and how to think about power for detecting interactions. In Part II, we provide strategies for assessing the likely type I error rate of a study, including distinguishing clearly between data-independent (“confirmatory”) and data-dependent (“exploratory”) analyses and thinking carefully about different forms and functions of preregistration.
KENYA'S SOUTH AFRICANS AND THE POLITICS OF DECOLONIZATION
Authors: KHAN INAYA
Published: April 2020

This article examines the political impact of decolonization upon the South African community in Kenya in 1963. It stresses that the end of British rule in Kenya had different implications for different groups of South Africans in Kenya. The community has been broadly delineated into three groups. The first group is the Afrikaner farmers’ community in Kenya – a numerically small but economically strategic section of the white community which produced nearly 70 per cent of the country's wheat. The second includes those working for firms and with business interests in Nairobi, and the third includes those employed in the service of the crown. The three state actors, Britain, South Africa, and Kenya, consciously used this opportunity to define and reinforce their state ideology in opposition to one other in an intra-African theatre. South Africa attempted to establish itself as the preferred white man's dominion in Africa, while Kenya used it to entrench its anti-apartheid position whilst taking the stand that Afrikaners who renounced apartheid could stay on in Kenya. Britain prioritized the interests and demands of the British settlers in Kenya as well as its new comprehensive strategic alliance with the new Kenyan government, and made concessions to Afrikaners within this framework.
Unravelling the taxonomic identity ofOphiothelaVerrill, 1867 (Ophiuroidea) along the Brazilian coast
Authors: Alitto Renata A. S. , Granadier Gabriela , Christensen Ana B. , O'Hara Timothy , Di Domenico Maikon , Borges Michela
Published: April 2020

Since 2012, whenOphiothelawas first described in the Atlantic, there has been no consensus regarding its identification. It has been described asO.mirabilis,O. cf.mirabilis,O.danae, or onlyOphiothelasp. In order to fill these gaps, our aim was to test if specimens from Brazil areOphiothela mirabilisand/orOphiothela danae. Syntypes from the Museum of Comparative Zoology and United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, were used. We examined species boundaries of the small six-rayed brittle starOphiothelausing independent character sets utilizing morphology (external morphology and morphometry) and molecular data (16S and COI). Concordance was found between the analyses indicating thatOphiothelasp. from Brazil (BR),Ophiothela mirabilisandOphiothela danaeare closely related. We suggest thatO.danaeshould be considered as a junior synonym ofO.mirabilis. A detailed description ofO.mirabilisBR is presented using external morphology and microstructural ossicles (arm plates, vertebra, dental and oral plates). This description includes new diagnostic features, particularly regarding its microstructures: (i) transspondylous articulation (first record in Ophiotrichidae); (ii) eight smooth knobs on the dorsal surface of the vertebrae (to date only inOphiothela); (iii) vertebrae with distal keel divided into two separate end processes matching the two large dorsal grooves proximally (first time in the literature); and (iv) an opening on both sides of the oral plate (as seen in other fissiparous speciesOphiactis savignyiandOphiocomella ophiactoides).
Jumping to conclusions, general intelligence, and psychosis liability: findings from the multi-centre EU-GEI case-control study
Authors: Tripoli Giada , Quattrone Diego , Ferraro Laura , Gayer-Anderson Charlotte , Rodriguez Victoria , La Cascia Caterina , La Barbera Daniele , Sartorio Crocettarachele , Seminerio Fabio , Tarricone Ilaria , Berardi Domenico , Szöke Andrei , Arango Celso , Tortelli Andrea , Llorca Pierre-Michel , de Haan Lieuwe , Velthorst Eva , Bobes Julio , Bernardo Miguel , Sanjuán Julio , Santos Jose Luis , Arrojo Manuel , Del-Ben Cristina Marta , Menezes Paulo Rossi , Selten Jean-Paul ,   EU-GEI WP2 Group, Jones Peter B. , Jongsma Hannah E , Kirkbride James B , Lasalvia Antonio , Tosato Sarah , Richards Alex , O’Donovan Michael , Rutten Bart PF , Os Jim van , Morgan Craig , Sham Pak C , Murray Robin M. , Murray Graham K. , Di Forti Marta
Published: April 2020

Background

The ‘jumping to conclusions’ (JTC) bias is associated with both psychosis and general cognition but their relationship is unclear. In this study, we set out to clarify the relationship between the JTC bias, IQ, psychosis and polygenic liability to schizophrenia and IQ.

Methods

A total of 817 first episode psychosis patients and 1294 population-based controls completed assessments of general intelligence (IQ), and JTC, and provided blood or saliva samples from which we extracted DNA and computed polygenic risk scores for IQ and schizophrenia.

Results

The estimated proportion of the total effect of case/control differences on JTC mediated by IQ was 79%. Schizophrenia polygenic risk score was non-significantly associated with a higher number of beads drawn (B = 0.47, 95% CI −0.21 to 1.16, p = 0.17); whereas IQ PRS (B = 0.51, 95% CI 0.25–0.76, p < 0.001) significantly predicted the number of beads drawn, and was thus associated with reduced JTC bias. The JTC was more strongly associated with the higher level of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in controls, including after controlling for IQ (B = −1.7, 95% CI −2.8 to −0.5, p = 0.006), but did not relate to delusions in patients.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the JTC reasoning bias in psychosis might not be a specific cognitive deficit but rather a manifestation or consequence, of general cognitive impairment. Whereas, in the general population, the JTC bias is related to PLEs, independent of IQ. The work has the potential to inform interventions targeting cognitive biases in early psychosis.
Proscribing the “Spiritually Japanese”: Nationalist Indignation, Authoritarian Responsiveness and Regime Legitimation in China Today
Authors: Gries Peter , Wang Yi
Published: April 2020

In spring 2018 China, indignant popular nationalists demanded that the “spiritually Japanese” activities of a fringe group of young Chinese who figure themselves as Japanese be proscribed. The National People's Congress quickly complied, passing legislation that made it illegal to “beautify the war of invasion.” Exploring how and why the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) responded to the demands of popular nationalists, we suggest that authoritarian representation occurs in China even beyond the bounds of everyday apolitical issues like education and healthcare. Indeed, because the CCP relies upon a nationalist claim to legitimate rule, authoritarian legislators may respond to the public on politically sensitive issues like nationalism as well. Journalists and lawyers, furthermore, can play a vital mediating role between elites and masses, facilitating the transmission of the information and expertise needed for authoritarian responsiveness. Implications for our understanding of Chinese nationalism, authoritarian responsiveness and state legitimation in China today are discussed.
Transfer, Entanglement and Regnal Traditions. The Mobility of Ideas, or How to Define Princely Rank in England and the Empire in the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Peltzer Jörg
Published: April 2020

This paper addresses the theme of mobility in the context of late medieval political thought, more specifically, the rhetoric of royal charters issued in England and the Holy Roman Empire in the fourteenth century.