bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alters-, diagnose- und fachübergreifende stationäre Behandlung für Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene (16 – 25 Jahre) in der Adoleszenzpsychiatrie
Authors: Karow Anne , Lipp Michael , Schweigert Eva , Sengutta Mary , Wiltfang Gaby , Wittmann Linus , Lambert Martin , Bindt Carola , Gallinat Jürgen , Schulte-Markwort Michael
Published: December 2017

Ziel Die Untersuchung transitionsmedizinisch relevanter klinischer Charakteristika von Patienten aus der stationären Adoleszenzpsychiatrie.

Methodik Verlaufsuntersuchung von N = 229 Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen (Alter 16 – 25) mit psychischen Erkrankungen.

Ergebnisse Es zeigt sich ein hoher Anteil früher, schwerer psychischer Erkrankungen und Komorbiditäten mit alltagsbezogenen, sozialen und familiären Belastungsfaktoren und ein anhaltend hoher Unterstützungs- und Behandlungsbedarf trotz signifikanter Verlaufsverbesserung.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die Notwendigkeit einer fachübergreifenden Zusammenarbeit und gemeinsamen Entwicklung transitionsmedizinischer Versorgungsstrukturen.
Soziologie als Impuls für die Psychiatrie-Enquete in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland?
Authors: Söhner Felicitas , Fangerau Heiner , Becker Thomas
Published: December 2017

Anliegen Untersuchung des Einflusses der Soziologie im Vorfeld der Psychiatrie-Enquete in der BRD.

Methode Qualitative Sekundäranalyse von leitfadengestützten Zeitzeugeninterviews sowie Dokumentenanalyse.1

Ergebnisse Aus der Soziologie gab es theoretische und empirische Impulse zur Fundierung von Psychiatriereform und Enquete. Soziologen arbeiteten in der Enquete-Kommission mit.

Schlussfolgerungen Der transdisziplinäre Austausch zwischen klinisch tätigen Psychiatern und Soziologen, die Adaptation soziologischer Ansätze und Befunde aus der Institutionensoziologie beförderten die Reformbereitschaft in der deutschen Psychiatrie auf dem Weg zur Psychiatrie-Enquete. Auf übergeordneter Ebene zeigt dieses Beispiel, wie Beharrungstendenzen des psychiatrischen Denkkollektivs auf intellektueller und institutioneller Ebene durch die „Ideenansteckung“ (Rothschuh) aus einem anderen Denkkollektiv abgeschwächt bzw. modifiziert werden konnten und in der Folge eine Evolution psychiatrischen Wissens und psychiatrischer Praxis erfolgen konnte.
See-saw motion of thermal boundary layer under vibrations: An implication of forced piston effect
Authors: Sharma D. , Erriguible A. , Amiroudine S.
Published: December 2017

The phenomenon of piston effect is well known in supercritical fluids wherein the thermal homogenization of the bulk occurs on a very short time scale due to pressure change caused by expansion or contraction of the fluid in the thermal boundary layer. In this article, we highlight an interesting phenomenon wherein by the application of external forces (vibration) normal to the temperature gradient, see-saw motion of the thermal boundary layer is observed in weightlessness conditions. This is attributed to the thermomechanical coupling caused by the temperature change due to external forces. We term this change in the temperature field due to external forces as forced piston effect (FPE). A detailed investigation of this intriguing behavior shows that the see-saw motion is attributed to the variation of the relative thickness of the thermal boundary layer, defined on the basis of relative local bulk temperature, along the direction of vibration. This change in the temperature field, which is observed to be caused by FPE in vibration, is shown to depend on the compressibility (and thus proximity to the critical point), the imposed acceleration and the cell size. It is also found that see-saw motion persists in the presence of gravity and thus is described ubiquitous in nature for all conditions. A plot illustrating the maximum change in the temperature as a function of these parameters is further proposed.
Hydrogen sulfide may function downstream of hydrogen peroxide in mediating darkness-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba
Authors: Ma Yinli , Niu Jiao , Zhang Wei , Wu Xiang
Published: December 2017

The relationship between hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during darkness-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba L. was investigated by using pharmacological, spectrophotographic and lasers canning confocal microscopic approaches. Darkness-induced stomatal closure was inhibited by H2S scavenger hypotaurine (HT), H2S synthesis inhibitors aminooxy acetic acid (AOA) and hydroxylamine (NH2OH) and potassium pyruvate (N3H3KO3) and ammonia (NH3), which are the products of L-/D-cysteine desulfhydrase (L-/D-CDes). Moreover, darkness induced H2S generation and increased L-/D-CDes activity in leaves of V. faba. H2O2 scavenger and synthesis inhibitors suppressed darkness-induced increase of H2S levels and L-/D-CDes activity as well as stomatal closure in leaves of V. faba. However, H2S scavenger and synthesis inhibitors had no effect on darkness-induced H2O2 accumulation in guard cells of V. faba. From these data it can be deduced that H2S is involved in darkness-induced stomatal closure and acts downstream of H2O2 in V. faba.
The unicity of types for depth-zero supercuspidal representations
Authors: Latham Peter
Published: December 2017

We establish the unicity of types for depth-zero supercuspidal representations of an arbitrary

p
p

-adic group

G
G

, showing that each depth-zero supercuspidal representation of

G
G

contains a unique conjugacy class of typical representations of maximal compact subgroups of

G
G

. As a corollary, we obtain an inertial Langlands correspondence for these representations via the Langlands correspondence of DeBacker and Reeder.
An Arf6- and caveolae-dependent pathway links hemidesmosome remodeling and mechanoresponse
Authors: Osmani Naël , Pontabry Julien , Comelles Jordi , Fekonja Nina , Goetz Jacky G. , Riveline Daniel , Georges-Labouesse Elisabeth , Labouesse Michel
Published: December 2017

Hemidesmosomes (HDs) are epithelial-specific cell–matrix adhesions that stably anchor the intracellular keratin network to the extracellular matrix. Although their main role is to protect the epithelial sheet from external mechanical strain, how HDs respond to mechanical stress remains poorly understood. Here we identify a pathway essential for HD remodeling and outline its role with respect to α6β4 integrin recycling. We find that α6β4 integrin chains localize to the plasma membrane, caveolae, and ADP-ribosylation factor-6+ (Arf6+) endocytic compartments. Based on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and endocytosis assays, integrin recycling between both sites requires the small GTPase Arf6 but neither caveolin1 (Cav1) nor Cavin1. Strikingly, when keratinocytes are stretched or hypo-osmotically shocked, α6β4 integrin accumulates at cell edges, whereas Cav1 disappears from it. This process, which is isotropic relative to the orientation of stretch, depends on Arf6, Cav1, and Cavin1. We propose that mechanically induced HD growth involves the isotropic flattening of caveolae (known for their mechanical buffering role) associated with integrin diffusion and turnover.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition enhances Notch1 recycling
Authors: Zheng Li , Conner Sean D.
Published: December 2017

The Notch signaling pathway is essential throughout development and remains active into adulthood, where it performs a critical role in tissue homeostasis. The fact that defects in signaling can lead to malignancy illustrates the need to control Notch activity tightly. GSK3β is an established regulator of the Notch signaling pathway, although its mechanism of action remains unclear. Given the emerging role for GSK3β in receptor trafficking, we tested the idea that GSK3β controls signaling by regulating Notch transport. Consistent with published reports, we find that GSK3β inhibition enhances Notch1 signaling activity. Immunolocalization analysis reveals that Notch1 localization within a tubulovesicular compartment is altered when GSK3β activity is disrupted. We also find that receptor cell surface levels increase following acute GSK3β inhibition. This is followed by elevated Notch intra­cellular domain (NICD) production and a corresponding increase in signaling activity. Moreover, Notch transport assays reveal that receptor recycling rates increase when GSK3β activity is inhibited. Collectively, results presented here support a model where GSK3β regulates signaling by controlling postendocytic transport of Notch1. Given that GSK3β activity is suppressed following stimulation by multiple signal transduction pathways, our findings also suggest that cells can modulate Notch1 activity in response to extracellular signals by mobilizing Notch1 from endosomal stores.
MC2: a two-phase algorithm for leveraged matrix completion
Authors: Eftekhari Armin , Wakin Michael B , Ward Rachel A
Published: December 2017

Leverage scores, loosely speaking, reflect the importance of the rows and columns of a matrix. Ideally, given the leverage scores of a rank-r matrix $M\in \mathbb{R}^{n\times n}$, that matrix can be reliably completed from just $O (rn\log ^{2}n )$ samples if the samples are chosen randomly from a non-uniform distribution induced by the leverage scores. In practice, however, the leverage scores are often unknown a priori. As such, the sample complexity in uniform matrix completion—using uniform random sampling—increases to $O(\eta (M)\cdot rn\log ^{2}n)$, where η(M) is the largest leverage score of M. In this paper, we propose a two-phase algorithm called MC2 for matrix completion: in the first phase, the leverage scores are estimated based on uniform random samples, and then in the second phase the matrix is resampled non-uniformly based on the estimated leverage scores and then completed. For well-conditioned matrices, the total sample complexity of MC2 is no worse than uniform matrix completion, and for certain classes of well-conditioned matrices—namely, reasonably coherent matrices whose leverage scores exhibit mild decay—MC2 requires substantially fewer samples. Numerical simulations suggest that the algorithm outperforms uniform matrix completion in a broad class of matrices and, in particular, is much less sensitive to the condition number than our theory currently requires.
Monitoring Haloperidol Plasma Concentration and Associated Adverse Events in Critically Ill Children With Delirium: First Results of a Clinical Protocol Aimed to Monitor Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Slooff Valerie D. , van den Dungen Desley K. , van Beusekom Babette S. , Jessurun Naomi , Ista Erwin , Tibboel Dick , de Wildt Saskia N.
Published: December 2017

Objectives:

As delirium in critically ill children is increasingly recognized, more children are treated with the antipsychotic drug haloperidol, while current dosing guidelines are lacking solid evidence and appear to be associated with a high risk of adverse events. We aim to report on the safety and efficacy of a recently implemented clinical dose-titration protocol with active monitoring of adverse events.

Design:

From July 2014 until June 2015, when a potential delirium was identified by regular delirium scores and confirmed by a child psychiatrist, haloperidol was prescribed according to the Dutch Pediatric Formulary. Daily, adverse events were systematically assessed, haloperidol plasma concentrations were measured, and delirium symptoms followed. Dependent on the clinical response, plasma concentration, and adverse event, the dose was adjusted.

Setting:

A 28-bed tertiary PICU in the Netherlands.

Patients:

All patients admitted to the PICU diagnosed with delirium.

Intervention:

Treatment with haloperidol according to a dose-titration protocol

Measurements and Main Results:

Thirteen children (median age [range] 8.3 yr [0.4–13.8 yr]) received haloperidol, predominantly IV (median dose [range] 0.027 mg/kg/d [0.005–0.085 mg/kg/d]). In all patients, pediatric delirium resolved, but five of 13 patients developed possible adverse event. These were reversed after biperiden (n = 2), discontinuing (n = 3), and/or lowering the dose (n = 3). Plasma concentrations were all below the presumed therapeutic threshold of 3–12 µg/L.

Conclusions:

Prospective systematic monitoring of adverse event in critically ill children receiving haloperidol revealed a significant proportion of possible adverse events. Adverse event developed despite low plasma concentrations and recommended dose administration in the majority of the patients. Our data suggest that haloperidol can potentially improve pediatric delirium, but it might also put patients at risk for developing adverse events.
Inferiorly Pedicled Nasolabial Flap for Reconstruction of Anterior Maxilla Defects Class I and II
Authors: Chen Qingli , Abasi Keremu , Gong Zhongcheng , Ling Bin , Liu Hui , Shao Bo
Published: December 2017

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to present the use of inferiorly pedicled nasolabial flap (IPNF) in the reconstruction of anterior maxilla defects class I and II.

Methods:

Seven patients, 4 females and 3 males, aging from 38 to 75 (mean = 55.9) years old, from 2014 to 2017 reconstructed anterior part of maxilla with or without oronasal communication were included in this study. Five patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma, 1 patient presented with epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, and 1 patient had ameloblastoma. The IPNFs were harvested in 7 patients. Follow-up data were collected for a period ranging from 9 to 26 months. Speech, mastication, and aesthetic outcomes were evaluated with a questionnaire in interview.

Results:

All patients healed without infection, flap loss, and flap failure. Five patients without prothetic treatment had little pronunciation problem (score: 1 to 3 points), while 2 patients with removable partial denture had excellent speech clarity (score: 1 to 2 points). All patients had no problem with mastication (score: 1 to 2 points). Aesthetic outcomes were acceptable in all patients (score: 1 to 3 points).

Conclusion:

The IPNF is a good option for reconstruction of anterior maxilla defects class I and II.
Preparation of new diatomite–chitosan composite materials and their adsorption properties and mechanism of Hg(II)
Authors: Fu Yong , Xu Xiaoxu , Huang Yue , Hu Jianshe , Chen Qifan , Wu Yaoqing
Published: December 2017

A new composite absorbent with multifunctional and environmental-friendly structures was prepared using chitosan, diatomite and polyvinyl alcohol as the raw materials, and glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The structure and morphology of the composite absorbent, and its adsorption properties of Hg(II) in water were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) measurements and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra. The effect of the pH value and contact time on the removal rate and absorbance of Hg(II) was discussed. The adsorption kinetic model and static adsorption isotherm and regeneration of the obtained composite absorbent were investigated. The results indicated that the removal of Hg(II) on the composite absorbent followed a rapid adsorption for 50 min, and was close to the adsorption saturation after 1 h, which is in accord with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. When the pH value, contact time and the mass of the composite absorbent was 3, 1 h and 100 mg, respectively, the removal rate of Hg(II) on the composite absorbent reached 77%, and the maximum adsorption capacity of Hg(II) reached 195.7 mg g
−1
.
Atypical experiences of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are associated with higher hair cortisol concentrations as adults
Authors: Jacobson S. L. , Freeman H. D. , Santymire R. M. , Ross S. R.
Published: December 2017

Experiences during early development are influential on the lives of human and non-human primates into adulthood. The population of captive chimpanzees in the USA can provide insight into this relationship, as collectively they have experienced a wide range of exposure to both conspecifics (those raised in natal groups) and humans (those raised as personal pets or performers). Our study investigated chimpanzee exposure to humans using a continuous measure of categorization, the chimpanzee–human interaction index, and the relationship between this experience and cortisol concentrations in adulthood. Historical records and hair samples were collected from 60 chimpanzees which were socially housed in 13 zoos and sanctuaries. We found that more human exposure throughout the life of a chimpanzee was associated with higher hair cortisol concentrations in adulthood. Sex was also a significant factor affecting cortisol concentration, with male chimpanzees having higher cortisol concentrations than female chimpanzees. These results build upon the extensive literature about aversive effects of atypical social histories for chimpanzees and emphasize to managers the importance of monitoring potential negative health consequences and social deficits these individuals may exhibit.
Beaked whales demonstrate a marked acoustic response to the use of shipboard echosounders
Authors: Cholewiak Danielle , DeAngelis Annamaria I. , Palka Debra , Corkeron Peter J. , Van Parijs Sofie M.
Published: December 2017

The use of commercial echosounders for scientific and industrial purposes is steadily increasing. In addition to traditional navigational and fisheries uses, commercial sonars are used extensively for oceanographic research, benthic habitat mapping, geophysical exploration, and ecosystem studies. Little is known about the effects of these acoustic sources on marine animals, though several studies have already demonstrated behavioural responses of cetaceans to shipboard echosounders. Some species of cetaceans are known to be particularly sensitive to acoustic disturbance, including beaked whales. In 2011 and 2013, we conducted cetacean assessment surveys in the western North Atlantic in which a suite of Simrad EK60 echosounders was used to characterize the distribution of prey along survey tracklines. Echosounders were alternated daily between active and passive mode, to determine whether their use affected visual and acoustic detection rates of beaked whales. A total of 256 groups of beaked whales were sighted, and 118 definitive acoustic detections were recorded. Regression analyses using generalized linear models (GLM) found that sea state and region were primary factors in determining visual sighting rates, while echosounder state was the primary driver for acoustic detections, with significantly fewer detections (only 3%) occurring when echosounders were active. These results indicate that beaked whales both detect and change their behaviour in response to commercial echosounders. The mechanism of this response is unknown, but could indicate interruption of foraging activity or vessel avoidance, with potential implications for management and mitigation of anthropogenic impacts.
Structurally conserved primate lncRNAs are transiently expressed during human cortical differentiation and influence cell type specific genes
Authors: Field Andrew R. , Jacobs Frank M.J. , Fiddes Ian T. , Phillips Alex P.R. , Reyes-Ortiz Andrea M. , LaMontagne Erin , Whitehead Lila , Meng Vincent , Rosenkrantz Jimi L. , Haeussler Maximillian , Katzman Sol , Salama Sofie R. , Haussler David
Published: December 2017

The cerebral cortex has expanded in size and complexity in primates, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are obscure. We generated cortical organoids from human, chimpanzee, orangutan, and rhesus pluripotent stem cells and sequenced their transcriptomes at weekly time points for comparative analysis. We used transcript structure and expression conservation to discover thousands of expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Of 2,975 human, multi-exonic lncRNAs, 2,143 were structurally conserved to chimpanzee, 1,731 to orangutan, and 1,290 to rhesus. 386 human lncRNAs were transiently expressed (TrEx) and a similar expression pattern was often observed in great apes (46%) and rhesus (31%). Many TrEx lncRNAs were associated with neuroepithelium, radial glia, or Cajal-Retzius cells by single cell RNA-sequencing. 3/8 tested by ectopic expression showed ≥2-fold effects on neural genes. This rich resource of primate expression data in early cortical development provides a framework for identifying new, potentially functional lncRNAs.
Structural basis for endotoxin neutralization and anti-inflammatory activity of thrombin-derived C-terminal peptides
Authors: Saravanan Rathi , Holdbrook Daniel A , Petrlova Jitka , Singh Shalini , Berglund Nils A , Choong Yeu Khai , Bond Peter J , Malmsten Martin , Schmidtchen Artur
Published: December 2017

Thrombin-derived C-terminal peptides (TCP) of about 2 kDa are present in wounds, where they exert anti-endotoxic functions. In an effort to elucidate the structural and molecular aspects of these functions, we here employ a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), ellipsometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) measurements, andin silicomultiscale modeling to define interactions and the bound conformation of a TCP generated by neutrophil elastase, HVF18 (HVFRLKKWIQKVIDQFGE) in complex with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast to the disordered state of HVF18 in aqueous solution, its binding to LPS leads to a structural transition, wherein the N- terminus of the peptide forms a unique ß-turn whilst the C-terminus becomes helical.In silicomodelling and simulations demonstrated that HVF18, as well as related peptides, target the LPS-binding site of CD14, and this interaction was experimentally supported using microscale thermophoresis. Collectively, the results demonstrate the role of structural transitions in LPS complex formation as well as in CD 14 interaction, and provide a molecular explanation for the previously observed therapeutic effects of TCPs in experimental models of bacterial sepsis and endotoxin shock.

Significance

Thrombin-derived C-terminal peptides (TCPs) of various sizes are present in human wounds, where they bind bacteria as well as “free” lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and thereby reduce inflammation. In this work, employing a combination of cellular, biophysical and structural studies, combined within silicomultiscale modeling, we present the molecular structure of a TCP in association with LPS, and define a previously undisclosed interaction between TCPs and CD14. Further, we show that TCPs exhibit relatively weak but specific affinities, all in the μM range, to both LPS and CD14. These novel structural insights into the function of this class of host-defense molecules will facilitate rational design of novel “dual function” anti-infectives, which target both bacteria and inflammatory signaling.
Apparent diffusion in nucleus pulposus is associated with pain and mobility improvements after spinal mobilization for acute low back pain
Authors: Thiry Paul , Reumont Francois , Brismée Jean-Michel , Dierick Frédéric
Published: December 2017

Pain perception, trunk mobility in flexion, extension, and lateral flexion, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) within nucleus pulposus of all lumbar discs were collected before and after posterior-to-anterior mobilization in 16 adults with acute low back pain. ADC was computed from diffusion maps and 3 specific portions of the nucleus pulposus were investigated: anterior (ADCant), middle (ADCmid), and posterior (ADCpost), and their mean as ADCall, a summary measure of ADC within nucleus pulposus. Pain ratings were significantly reduced after mobilization, and mobility of the trunk was significantly increased. Concomitantly, a significant increase in ADCall values was observed. The greatest ADCall changes were observed at the L3-L4 and L4-L5 levels and were mainly explained by changes in ADCant and ADCpost. The simultaneous reduction in pain and increase of water diffusion within nucleus pulposus has has been previously observed in subjects with chronic conditions and exists in the acute phase of the disease. Since the largest changes in ADC were observed at the periphery of the nucleus pulposus, and taken together with pain decrease, our results suggest that increased peripheral random motion of water molecules is implicated in the modulation of the intervertebral disc nociceptive response.
Predictions of Protein-Protein Interactions inSchistosoma Mansoni
Authors: Bear Javona White , McKerrow James H.
Published: December 2017

Background

Schistosoma mansoniinvasion of the human host involves a variety of cross-species protein-protein interactions. The pathogen expresses a diverse arsenal of proteins that facilitate the breach of physical and biochemical barriers present in skin, evasion of the immune system, and digestion of human hemoglobin, allowing schistosomes to reside in the host for years. However, only a small number of specific interactions betweenS. mansoniand human proteins have been identified. We present and apply a protocol that generates testable predictions ofS. mansoni-human protein interactions.

Methods

In this study, we first predictS. mansoni-human protein interactions based on similarity to known protein complexes. Putative interactions were then scored and assessed using several contextual filters, including the use of annotation automatically derived from literature using a simple natural language processing methodology. Our method predicted 7 out of the 10 previously known cross-species interactions.

Conclusions

Several predictions that warrant experimental follow-up were presented and discussed, including interactions involving potential vaccine candidate antigens, protease inhibition, and immune evasion. The application framework provides an integrated methodology for investigation of host-pathogen interactions and an extensive source of orthogonal data for experimental analysis. We have made the predictions available online for community perusal.

Author Summary

TheS. mansoniparasite is the etiological agent of the disease Schistomiasis. However, protein-protein interactions have been experimentally characterized that relate to pathogenesis and establishment of infection. As with many pathogens, the understanding of these interactions is a key component for the development of new vaccines. In this project, we have applied a computational whole-genome comparative approach to aid in the prediction of interactions betweenS. mansoniand human proteins and to identify important proteins involved in infection. The results of applying this method recapitulate several previously characterized interactions, as well as suggest additional ones as potential therapeutic targets.
The Changing Role of Sound‐Symbolism for Small Versus Large Vocabularies
Authors: Brand James , Monaghan Padraic , Walker Peter
Published: December 2017

Natural language contains many examples of sound‐symbolism, where the form of the word carries information about its meaning. Such systematicity is more prevalent in the words children acquire first, but arbitrariness dominates during later vocabulary development. Furthermore, systematicity appears to promote learning category distinctions, which may become more important as the vocabulary grows. In this study, we tested the relative costs and benefits of sound‐symbolism for word learning as vocabulary size varies. Participants learned form‐meaning mappings for words which were either congruent or incongruent with regard to sound‐symbolic relations. For the smaller vocabulary, sound‐symbolism facilitated learning individual words, whereas for larger vocabularies sound‐symbolism supported learning category distinctions. The changing properties of form‐meaning mappings according to vocabulary size may reflect the different ways in which language is learned at different stages of development.
Social mobility among Christian Africans: evidence from Anglican marriage registers in Uganda, 1895–2011
Authors: Meier zu Selhausen Felix , van Leeuwen Marco H. D. , Weisdorf Jacob L.
Published: December 2017

This article uses Anglican marriage registers from colonial and post‐colonial Uganda to investigate long‐term trends and determinants of intergenerational social mobility and colonial elite formation among Christian African men. It shows that the colonial era opened up new labour opportunities for these African converts, enabling them to take large steps up the social ladder regardless of their social origin. Contrary to the widespread belief that British indirect rule perpetuated the power of African political elites (chiefs), this article shows that a remarkably fluid colonial labour economy actually undermined their social advantages. Sons of chiefs gradually lost their high social‐status monopoly to a new, commercially orientated, and well‐educated class of Anglican Ugandans, who mostly came from non‐elite and sometimes even lower‐class backgrounds. The study also documents that the colonial administration and the Anglican mission functioned as key steps on the ladder to upward mobility. Mission education helped provide the skills and social reference needed to climb the ladder in exchange for compliance with the laws of the Anglican Church. These social mobility patterns persisted throughout the post‐colonial era, despite rising levels of informal labour during Idi Amin's dictatorship.
Gender differences in first self‐perceived signs and symptoms in patients with an at‐risk mental state and first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Heitz Ulrike , Studerus Erich , Menghini‐Müller Stephanie , Papmeyer Martina , Egloff Laura , Ittig Sarah , Navarra Astrid , Andreou Christina , Riecher‐Rössler Anita
Published: December 2017

Aim

Gender differences in the current symptomatology of patients with psychotic disorders have previously been described in the literature. However, it has not yet been investigated whether gender differences exist in the very first self‐perceived signs or symptoms of illness onset. The aim of this study was to investigate this aspect in at‐risk mental state (ARMS) and first‐episode psychosis (FEP) patients.

Methods

ARMS and FEP were recruited via the early detection of psychosis (FePsy) clinic Basel, Switzerland. The Basel Interview for Psychosis (BIP) was used to retrospectively assess the first 3 self‐perceived signs and symptoms at illness onset. Differences between gender and patient groups on single item and symptom cluster levels were analysed using logistic regression models.

Results

One‐hundred‐thirty six ARMS (91 men, 45 women) and 89 FEP patients (63 men, 26 women) could be recruited for this study. On a single item level, women more frequently reported “unusual anxiety, fears” and men (at a trend level) “social withdrawal” as being among their 3 first self‐perceived symptoms, independent of diagnostic group. On the symptom cluster level, women more frequently reported “increased worrying/anxiety” and (sub‐threshold) “hallucinations”, independent of diagnostic group. Problems with “thinking, concentration” were reported more frequently by men in the ARMS group only.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that only few and relatively small gender differences exist in the first self‐perceived signs and symptoms. While men initially mainly notice negative/cognitive symptoms, women first notice (sub‐threshold) positive and affective symptoms.
Measuring Spousal Forgiveness: German Version of the Marital Offence‐Specific Forgiveness Scale (MOFS‐German)
Authors: Haversath Julia , Kliem Sören , Kröger Christoph
Published: December 2017

Objective

To validate the German version of the Marital Offence—Specific Forgiveness Scale (MOFS‐German).

Background

Forgiveness has positive effects on several relational variables. The MOFS (Paleari et al., 2009) is a useful instrument for measuring forgiveness in romantic relationships.

Method

Using a representative sample of individuals in the German population (N = 1,396), we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and analyzed internal consistency as well as associations with other measures. Then, using a sample of couples (N = 348), we analyzed dyadic data with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) for convergent validity and subgroup differences.

Results

The two‐factor structure was replicated in the CFA. The dimensions Benevolence and Resentment/Avoidance showed acceptable internal consistency values, and their associations to other self‐report measures supported convergent validity. Couples in counseling reported less Benevolence and more Resentment/Avoidance than couples not in counseling, and men reported more Benevolence and less Resentment/Avoidance than women.

Conclusions

Findings support the MOFS‐German's ability to assess spousal forgiveness, including differences between men and women as well as between couples in counseling and couples not in counseling.

Implications

The MOFS‐German may now be used in the standardized assessment of marital forgiveness by clinicians and researchers.
‘The way we do the things we do’ – decision making transparency at the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Authors: Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J.S.
Published: December 2017

As in life generally, so in scholarly publishing, the turn of the year inevitably encourages editors to reflect soberly and take honest stock of the progress their journals have made over the previous 12 months. In this frame of mind, my own thoughts turned to our beloved Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.

Of course I say ours because we who currently work at the journal, know it actually belongs to you, the world‐wide community of child and adolescent psychologists and psychiatrists: We are only its stewards. We hold it in trust for the whole field. We understand the important role that it has served, in shaping the field of scientific child psychology and psychiatry. We know it has a special place in both your intellectual and working lives. We are aware how important it is to you that the journal continues, on your behalf, to help drive the promotion of science‐driven and evidence‐based solutions to the great, and, in some aspects, growing, burden of suffering imposed by childhood mental and neuro‐developmental disorders. It is vital that we have your confidence that we do this in a transparent and fair way – without fear or favour – not letting our own preconceptions, prejudices or vested interests influence the content of what we publish – unless it is our prejudice towards, and vested interest in, finding out ‘the truth of the matter’. We are acutely aware of the responsibility that all this places on our shoulders – a yoke we feel privileged to bear.
Effect of Metabolic Syndrome on Late‐Life Depression: Associations with Disease Severity and Treatment Resistance
Authors: Mulvahill John S. , Nicol Ginger E. , Dixon David , Lenze Eric J. , Karp Jordan F. , Reynolds Charles F. , Blumberger Daniel M. , Mulsant Benoit H.
Published: December 2017

Background/Objectives

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the co‐occurrence of obesity and metabolic derangements. Prior research implicates MetS in prolongation of the course of depression in older adults, but its effect on antidepressant response is unknown in this population. The objective was to determine whether MetS and related metabolic dyscrasias are associated with decreased rate of remission from depression in older adults treated pharmacologically for depression.

Design

Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Three academic medical centers in North America.

Participants

Adults aged 60 and older (mean age 69.1) with major depressive disorder (MDD) (N = 435).

Intervention

Open‐label, protocolized treatment with extended‐release venlafaxine for 12 or more weeks.

Measurements

Time to remission from depression, with remission defined as a Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of 10 or less at last two visits.

Results

Two hundred twenty‐two participants (51%) met criteria for MetS at baseline; MetS was associated with greater severity (MADRS score) and chronicity of depression at baseline. Remission was achieved in 182 participants (42%). In the unadjusted analysis, MetS was associated with prolonged time to remission (hazard ratio for remission = 0.71, 95% confidence interval = 0.52–0.95), but this relationship was not significant in the adjusted model; greater number of MetS components and lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol had similar effects. Only diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was a significant predictor of time to remission before and after adjustment, with higher DBP predicting longer time to remission. Insulin sensitivity did not predict time to remission.

Conclusion

The presence of MetS in older adults with depression was associated with greater symptom severity and chronicity of depression, which appears to have accounted for the poorer antidepressant response observed in those with MetS. Additionally, our preliminary finding of an association between higher DBP and poorer antidepressant response bears further examination and replication.
Influence of Particle and Air‐Abrasion Moment on Y‐TZP Surface Characterization and Bond Strength
Authors: Martins Samira Branco , Abi‐Rached Filipe de Oliveira , Adabo Gelson Luis , Baldissara Paolo , Fonseca Renata Garcia
Published: December 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the influence of particle and air‐abrasion on the surface characterization and shear bond strength (SBS) of a Y‐TZP ceramic with a resin cement.

Materials and Methods

Y‐TZP specimens were air‐abraded with 50 μm alumina particles; 120 μm alumina particles; 30 μm silica‐coated alumina particles (Rocatec Soft); 110 μm silica‐coated alumina particles (Rocatec Plus). Air‐abrasion was performed before (BS); after (AS); before and after (BAS) zirconia sintering. Surface characterization included roughness (n = 10), wettability (n = 10), morphology (n = 2), and elemental composition (n = 2). For SBS (n = 11), composite resin discs were bonded to the air‐abraded and silane‐treated zirconia surface, with the resin cement RelyX ARC. Failure mode was determined. Roughness, wettability, and SBS data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with pairwise interaction and Tukey's test (α = 0.05).

Results

Air‐abrasion performed with coarser particles at BS and BAS moments provided the highest roughness values, while the lowest roughness values were observed with particles combined with AS moment (p < 0.01). Rocatec Plus provided lower contact angle than the 120 μm alumina particles (p = 0.013), and BAS exhibited lower contact angle than BS (p = 0.002). The combinations 120 μm/BS and the silica‐coated alumina particles/AS and /BAS showed the highest SBS (p < 0.05). The combination of each particle/BAS was statistically similar to the same particle/AS. Failure mode was 100% adhesive for all groups. The interaction particle size/air‐abrasion moment determined the morphological pattern. Silicon was observed only in the Rocatec groups.

Conclusions

Roughness was influenced by the particle size and was higher when the zirconia was air‐abraded in its green stage. The particle composition played an important role in the wettability and both studied air‐abrasion moments provided similar wettability than the one in which air‐abrasion is usually performed. The highest SBS values were observed in the three moments, by using certain particles for each moment.
Plasma‐activated medium (PAM) kills human cancer‐initiating cells
Authors: Ikeda Jun‐ichiro , Tanaka Hiromasa , Ishikawa Kenji , Sakakita Hajime , Ikehara Yuzuru , Hori Masaru
Published: December 2017

Medical non‐thermal plasma (NTP) treatments for various types of cancers have been reported. Cells with tumorigenic potential (cancer‐initiating cells; CICs) are few in number in many types of tumors. CICs efficiently eliminate anti‐cancer chemicals and exhibit high‐level aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. We previously examined the effects of direct irradiation via NTP on cancer cells; even though we targeted CICs expressing high levels of ALDH, such treatment affected both non‐CICs and CICs. Recent studies have shown that plasma‐activated medium (PAM) (culture medium irradiated by NTP) selectively induces apoptotic death of cancer but not normal cells. Therefore, we explored the anti‐cancer effects of PAM on CICs among endometrioid carcinoma and gastric cancer cells. PAM reduced the viability of cells expressing both low and high levels of ALDH. Combined PAM/cisplatin appeared to kill cancer cells more efficiently than did PAM or cisplatin alone. In a mouse tumor xenograft model, PAM exerted an anti‐cancer effect on CICs. Thus, our results suggest that PAM effectively kills both non‐CICs and CICs, as does NTP. Therefore, PAM may be a useful new anti‐cancer therapy, targeting various cancer cells including CICs.
Genome Sequence Analysis of a G2P[4] Group A Rotavirus Strain with an Unusual Canine-Origin NSP1 A15 Genotype
Authors: Lee Chung-Chan , Chen Shih-Yen , Tsai Chi-Neu , Chiu Cheng-Hsun
Published: December 2017

Here, we disclose the complete genomic sequence of a rare rotavirus group A G2P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A15-N2-T2-E2-H2 strain detected in a fecal specimen from a rotaviral acute gastroenteritis patient who had previously received the Rotarix vaccine.
Zoonotic Transfer of Clostridium difficile Harboring Antimicrobial Resistance between Farm Animals and Humans
Authors: Knetsch C. W. , Kumar N. , Forster S. C. , Connor T. R. , Browne H. P. , Harmanus C. , Sanders I. M. , Harris S. R. , Turner L. , Morris T. , Perry M. , Miyajima F. , Roberts P. , Pirmohamed M. , Songer J. G. , Weese J. S. , Indra A. , Corver J. , Rupnik M. , Wren B. W. , Riley T. V. , Kuijper E. J. , Lawley T. D.
Published: December 2017

The emergence of
Clostridium difficile
as a significant human diarrheal pathogen is associated with the production of highly transmissible spores and the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors. Unlike the hospital-associated
C. difficile
RT027 lineage, the community-associated
C. difficile
RT078 lineage is isolated from both humans and farm animals; however, the geographical population structure and transmission networks remain unknown. Here, we applied whole-genome phylogenetic analysis of 248
C. difficile
RT078 strains from 22 countries. Our results demonstrate limited geographical clustering for
C. difficile
RT078 and extensive coclustering of human and animal strains, thereby revealing a highly linked intercontinental transmission network between humans and animals. Comparative whole-genome analysis reveals indistinguishable accessory genomes between human and animal strains and a variety of antimicrobial resistance genes in the pangenome of
C. difficile
RT078. Thus, bidirectional spread of
C. difficile
RT078 between farm animals and humans may represent an unappreciated route disseminating antimicrobial resistance genes between humans and animals. These results highlight the importance of the “One Health” concept to monitor infectious disease emergence and the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes.
Mammalian Adaptation of an Avian Influenza A Virus Involves Stepwise Changes in NS1
Authors: Chauché C. , Nogales A. , Zhu H. , Goldfarb D. , Ahmad Shanizza A. I. , Gu Q. , Parrish C. R. , Martínez-Sobrido L. , Marshall J. F. , Murcia P. R.
Published: December 2017

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are common pathogens of birds that occasionally establish endemic infections in mammals. The processes and mechanisms that result in IAV mammalian adaptation are poorly understood. The viral nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein counteracts the interferon (IFN) response, a central component of the host species barrier. We characterized the NS1 proteins of equine influenza virus (EIV), a mammalian IAV lineage of avian origin. We showed that evolutionarily distinct NS1 proteins counteract the IFN response using different and mutually exclusive mechanisms: while the NS1 proteins of early EIVs block general gene expression by binding to cellular polyadenylation-specific factor 30 (CPSF30), NS1 proteins from more evolved EIVs specifically block the induction of IFN-stimulated genes by interfering with the JAK/STAT pathway. These contrasting anti-IFN strategies are associated with two mutations that appeared sequentially and were rapidly selected for during EIV evolution, highlighting the importance of evolutionary processes in immune evasion mechanisms during IAV adaptation.

IMPORTANCE
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect certain avian reservoir species and occasionally transfer to and cause epidemics of infections in some mammalian hosts. However, the processes by which IAVs gain the ability to efficiently infect and transmit in mammals remain unclear. H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) is an avian-origin virus that successfully established a new lineage in horses in the early 1960s and is currently circulating worldwide in the equine population. Here, we analyzed the molecular evolution of the virulence factor nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and show that NS1 proteins from different time periods after EIV emergence counteract the host innate immune response using contrasting strategies, which are associated with two mutations that appeared sequentially during EIV evolution. The results shown here indicate that the interplay between virus evolution and immune evasion plays a key role in IAV mammalian adaptation.
Vaccination with a Recombinant H7 Hemagglutinin-Based Influenza Virus Vaccine Induces Broadly Reactive Antibodies in Humans
Authors: Stadlbauer Daniel , Rajabhathor Arvind , Amanat Fatima , Kaplan Daniel , Masud Abusaleh , Treanor John J. , Izikson Ruvim , Cox Manon M. , Nachbagauer Raffael , Krammer Florian
Published: December 2017

Zoonotic infections with high case fatality rates caused by avian H7N9 influenza viruses have been reported since early 2013 in China. Since then, the fifth wave of the H7N9 epidemic emerged in China, resulting in higher numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases than in previous years. Recently, H7N9 has started to antigenically drift and split into two new lineages, the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta clades, which do not match stockpiled H7 vaccines well. Humans are immunologically naive to these subtypes, and an H7N9 strain that acquires the capability of efficient human-to-human transmission poses a credible pandemic threat. Other characteristics of H7N9 are raising concerns as well, like its ability to bind to receptors in the human upper respiratory tract, the recent emergence of highly pathogenic variants, and the ability to quickly gain resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors. Therefore, developing and testing H7N9 vaccines constitutes a priority for pandemic preparedness.
Orthogonal Gyroexpansion in Möbius Gyrovector Spaces
Authors: Watanabe Keiichi
Published: December 2017

We investigate the Möbius gyrovector spaces which are open balls centered at the origin in a real Hilbert space with the Möbius addition, the Möbius scalar multiplication, and the Poincaré metric introduced by Ungar. In particular, for an arbitrary point, we can easily obtain the unique closest point in any closed gyrovector subspace, by using the ordinary orthogonal decomposition. Further, we show that each element has the orthogonal gyroexpansion with respect to any orthogonal basis in a Möbius gyrovector space, which is similar to each element in a Hilbert space having the orthogonal expansion with respect to any orthonormal basis. Moreover, we present a concrete procedure to calculate the gyrocoefficients of the orthogonal gyroexpansion.