bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Expertise as Cultural Expertise in the World Heritage Protective Framework
Authors: Higgins Noelle
Published: December 2022

This paper focuses on the engagement of Indigenous peoples with the international legal framework which seeks to protect world heritage. Signiﬁcant concerns have been raised as to the role which Indigenous expertise can play in this framework.There have been numerous criticisms regarding the Eurocentric nature of the framework, and concerns over its the decision-making processes, e.g. in respect of inscription of sites on the World Heritage List. All 3 of the UN mechanisms speciﬁc to Indigenous peoples (UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) have called on the World Heritage Committee, UNESCO and heritage advisory bodies to take remedial measures and to expand the role of Indigenous peoples in the protective framework. There have also been recommendations made as to how the World Heritage Committee, UNESCO and States can align the implementation of the World Heritage Convention with the principles and requirements of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. As part of the move to be more inclusive of Indigenous voices, an Indigenous Peoples’ Forum on World Heritage was established in 2017, however an Indigenous expertise deﬁcit still remains within the world heritage framework. As cultural expertise is necessary to appreciate the context and background of cultural sites, and their status as ‘culture’, deserving of recognition under the world heritage framework, this paper addresses the role of Indigenous expertise as cultural expertise in the world heritage framework and underlines why Indigenous expertise is necessary in order to ensure that the framework is representative and valid.
Cultural Experts at the International Criminal Court (ICC)
Authors: Bishay Joshua Isaak
Published: December 2022

This paper extends existing research on cultural expertise in domestic settings to international courtrooms where several cultures, religions and worldviews are represented. This exercise reduces the widespread knowledge gap on the cultural particularities of post-conflict communities. In the interim, such research also can bridge the gap between the Western lawyers who currently are the most prevalent in international courts, and the members of post-conﬂict communities who usually appear on its docket. This article suggests that by including cultural expertise, the ICC can take one more step toward becoming a truly international court.
Autonomous schema markups based on intelligent computing for search engine optimization
Authors: Abbasi Burhan Ud Din , Fatima Iram , Mukhtar Hamid , Khan Sharifullah , Alhumam Abdulaziz , Ahmad Hafiz Farooq
Published: December 2022

With advances in artificial intelligence and semantic technology, search engines are integrating semantics to address complex search queries to improve the results. This requires identification of well-known concepts or entities and their relationship from web page contents. But the increase in complex unstructured data on web pages has made the task of concept identification overly complex. Existing research focuses on entity recognition from the perspective of linguistic structures such as complete sentences and paragraphs, whereas a huge part of the data on web pages exists as unstructured text fragments enclosed in HTML tags. Ontologies provide schemas to structure the data on the web. However, including them in the web pages requires additional resources and expertise from organizations or webmasters and thus becoming a major hindrance in their large-scale adoption. We propose an approach for autonomous identification of entities from short text present in web pages to populate semantic models based on a specific ontology model. The proposed approach has been applied to a public dataset containing academic web pages. We employ a long short-term memory (LSTM) deep learning network and the random forest machine learning algorithm to predict entities. The proposed methodology gives an overall accuracy of 0.94 on the test dataset, indicating a potential for automated prediction even in the case of a limited number of training samples for various entities, thus, significantly reducing the required manual workload in practical applications.
The Effect of Self-efficacy and Career Guidance Mediated by Work Competency on Job Readiness of Students of Smk Negeri 1 Selong Indonesia
Authors: Zainuddin Muhammad , Rijal Muhammad Saifur
Published: December 2022

This study aimed to determine the effect of Self-Efficacy, Career Guidance mediated by Work Competence on the Work Readiness of class XII and XIII students of SMK Negeri 1 Selong. The total population in this study was 500 students; using the Slovin formula, a total sample of 222 respondents. Data collection uses a questionnaire technique, while data processing uses the SMART PLS4 application. R-square results were obtained by 0.681 (68.1%), meaning 68.1% of job readiness is influenced by self-efficacy, career guidance, and work competence, while other variables influence the remaining 31.9%. This study reveals that simultaneously the variables of job readiness are influenced by self-efficacy, career guidance, and work competence. Likewise, partially each variable affects work readiness.
The Effects of Personal Income Tax Evasion on Socio-Economic Development of Nigeria
Authors: Chukwugeku Isoso, Monday , Mmamefune Ogbolu, Lucky
Published: December 2022

The study examined the effects of personal income tax evasion on socio-economic development of Nigeria. The study adopted ex-post-facto research, secondary data covering a period of 10 years. The data collected were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. From the result of the analysis, result finding evidently shows that personal tax evasion has a significant negative implication for socio-economic development of Nigeria. It was found that there is high rate of evasion among tax pay and this needed to be curbed. Hence, it is recommended that Government should make policies that make it easy for all sundry to pay their tax duties without feeling the burden.
Correlation between Fructose Consumption Habits and Insulin Resistance with TyG Index Biomarkers Manifesting Metabolic Syndrome at the Elderly Monjok Integrated Services Post (Posyandu)
Authors: Nabila Callista Qonita Putri , Mudjihartini Ninik
Published: December 2022

Aims: This study aims to prove the relationship between the habit of consuming food and/or drinks containing fructose and the occurrence of insulin resistance which manifests as metabolic syndrome in subjects at the Elderly Monjok Integrated Service Post (Posyandu), Mataram City, Indonesia.

Study Design: Observational study with a cross-sectional design.

Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Elderly Monjok Integrated Service Post (Posyandu), Mataram City, Indonesia from May to July 2022.

Methodology: The study subjects were 48 people (10 men, 38 women, age range 45-90 years old). Fructose intake was collected using the 24 hours food recall method and assessed using the nutrisurvey software. Insulin Resistance is determined by the TyG Index method. Metabolic Syndrome is determined based on the parameter of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III).

Results: The study results showed that 52.1% of the subjects at the Elderly Monjok Integrated Service Post (Posyandu) Mataram city had insulin resistance and 62.5% had metabolic syndrome. The Chi-Square test showed that there was a significant relationship between fructose consumption habits and the occurrence of insulin resistance (ˆP=0.000) and metabolic syndrome (P=0.001).

Conclusion: This study proves that there is a significant relationship between fructose consumption habits and the occurrence of insulin resistance which manifests as metabolic syndrome, on the subjects at the Elderly Monjok Integrated Service Post (Posyandu), Mataram City, Indonesia.
Testing of Two Different Powered Stationary Diesel Engines and Analysis of Changes in Performance over Usage Time
Authors: Bhelave Kunal , Shrivastava Atul Kumar , Paliwal Rakesh Kumar
Published: December 2022

The engine performance affected by the it’s running life or say total working hours of its utilization. As the engine gets used over the time, the performance of the engine also reduces due to two main factors i.e. mechanical losses and wear and tear. This study was conducted with the hypothesis that even the engine is properly maintained considerable losses are occurred in engine performance as the usage increases. Two engines having power 5 HP and 10 HP were selected for the study. The heat balance method was used and different performance characteristics parameter were analyzed. The maximum rated power of 5 HP engine was found 3.72 kW and the maximum rated power of 10 HP engine equal to 7.4 kW. The main reason of this lower performance are due to poor governing, thermal and mechanical losses. This study helps to analyze and predict the performance of the engine over the years. The maximum rated power of 5 HP engine and 10 HP engine was found to be 3.1 kW and 5.8 kW against the declared value of 3.72 kW and 7.4 kW respectively which may be due to poor governing, thermal and mechanical losses.
Cultural Characteristics and Molecular Confirmation of Ustilaginoidea virens the Incitant of False Smut of Rice
Authors: Nithila G. , Gopalakrishnan C. , Nakkeeran S. , Saraswathi R. , Sivakumar U.
Published: December 2022

Aims: Ustilaginoidea virens, which causes false smut of rice (synonyms: green smut or pseudo smut), is an emerging grain disease around the world. The main aim of the study is to find out suitable culturable medium, carbon sources and pH for the growth of false smut pathogen and molecular confirmation of U. virens isolates.

Place and Duration of Study: The in vitro studies were conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, between December 2020 to April 2021.

Methodology: To study the growth pattern of U.virens, five different carbon sources and mediums were used. Standardization of pH was done using a PSA medium amended with different pH levels. DNA extraction of all 13 isolates were done using the CTAB method. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 12 software.

Results: It is a slow-growing pathogen and grew well in the potato sucrose agar medium with a mycelial growth of about (54.00 mm) after 30 days and sucrose was found to be a good carbon source. The pH of 5 was found to be optimum. PCR reaction was carried out to further validate 13 isolates using three sets of primer pairs ITS 1/ITS 4, US1-5/US3-3, and US 2-5/US 4-3 with amplified products of 560 bp, 380 bp and 260 bp. Accession numbers were obtained for all the isolates.
Vertical Distribution of Available Nutrients in Boudh Block of Boudh District Catena
Authors: Kishore Moruboyina Aditya , Mishra Antaryami , Dash Prava Kiran , Saren Subhashis , Das Tapan K. , Priyadarsini Sasmita , Sethy Harapriya , Sardar Mayuri Sing
Published: December 2022

An investigation was conducted to analyse the distribution of available plant nutrients and to examine the relationships between soil properties and available nutrient status in soil profiles of Eastern India. Three soil profiles were exposed under three different topographic positions. In all the pedons, soil reaction (pH) was increasing and EC was very nominal because there is no accumulation of dissolved salts in the soil pedons. The status of available N was decreasing with soil depth and phosphorus (P) was increased with depth of soil, Organic carbon (OC) was unevenly distributed with the depth of soil, sulphur was also unevenly distributed with depth of soil which is comparable with the (OC). There is similar trend between pH and P.
CD73/NT5E is a Potential Biomarker for Cancer Prognosis and Immunotherapy for Multiple Types of Cancers
Authors: Li Huisheng , Xie Peng , Li Ping , Du Yuheng , Zhu Jiajia , Yuan Yudong , Wu Chao , Shi Yantao , Huang Zhiyong , Wang Xudong , Liu Dongying , Liu Weishuai
Published: December 2022

Cluster of Differentiations 73 (CD73)/ecto‐5'‐nucleotidase (NT5E) is a novel type of immune molecular marker expressed on many tumor cells and involved in regulating the essential immune functions and affecting the prognosis of cancer patients. However, it is not clear how the NT5E is linked to the infiltration levels of the immune cells in pan‐cancer patients and their final prognosis. This study explores the role of NT5E in 33 tumor types using GEPIA, TIMER, Oncomine, BioGPS databases, and several bioinformatic tools. The findings reveal that the NT5E is abnormally expressed in a majority of the types of cancers and can be used for determining the prognosis prediction ability of different cancers. Moreover, NT5E is significantly related to the infiltration status of numerous immune cells, immune‐activated pathways, and immunoregulator expressions. Last, specific inhibitor molecules, like NORNICOTINE, AS‐703026, and FOSTAMATINIB, which inhibit the expression of NT5E in various types of cancers, are screened with the CMap. Thus, it is proposed that NT5E can be utilized as a potential biomarker for predicting the prognosis of cancer patients and determining the infiltration of various immune cells in different types of cancers.
Magnetic Behavior of a Laser Deposited Fe–Ni–Mo Alloy
Authors: Firdosy Samad , Ury Nicholas , Dang Katherine , Narvaez Pablo , Witt Ronald , Berman Joshua , Cooperrider Joelle , Dillon Robert Peter , Ravi Vilupanur A.
Published: December 2022

Magnetic shielding in spacecraft is a mission‐critical issue that must be addressed in a timely and effective manner. The high permeability of Fe–Ni–Mo alloys, makes them excellent candidates for magnetic shielding. This article explores a new and innovative approach, enabled by additive manufacturing (AM), to design, build, and test geometrically complex magnetic shields. A Fe–79.7Ni–4.1Mo alloy is additively manufactured using blown powder laser‐directed energy deposition (DED). AM build conditions are explored in the production of magnetic test rings and magnetic shield prototypes. Magnetic hysteresis test data are obtained, allowing for the determination of magnetic permeability, saturation, and coercivity. Detailed microstructural characterization is carried out. Three different prototype shield designs are printed and magnetic shield attenuation data is obtained. The magnetic field attenuation (shield effectiveness) obtained for the AM components is comparable to wrought equivalents. The values reported here for the magnetic permeability are the highest, and that for the magnetic coercivity the lowest, for any blown powder DED‐printed material currently known. The magnetic behavior is discussed with regard to grain size and orientation, as well as grain boundary effects, with all of these attributes contributing to the ultimate performance.
Holy Water: Photo‐Brightening in Quasi‐2D Perovskite Films under Ambient Enables Highly Performing Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Duan Yanyan , Oropeza Freddy E. , Jin Xueze , Amargós‐Reyes Olivia , Atoini Youssef , Cavinato Luca M. , Nagy Gergely Norbert , Kahaly Mousumi Upadhyay , de la Peña O'Shea Víctor A. , Wang De‐Yi , Costa Rubén D.
Published: December 2022

Quasi‐2D perovskites provide new opportunities for lighting and display applications due to their high radiative recombination and excellent stability. However, seldom attention has been placed on their self‐stability/working operation under ambient storage. Herein, quasi‐2D perovskites/Polyethylene oxide (PEO) films are studied, showing an unforeseen photo‐brightening effect under ambient storage (i.e., an increase of the photoluminescence quantum yield from 55% to 74% after 100 days). In stark contrast, those stored under a dark/inert atmosphere show a significant decrease down to 38%. This counterintuitive phenomenon responds to the increasing radiative recombination rate caused by the passivation of the surface Br vacancies in the presence of physically adsorbed water molecules, as corroborated by in situ/ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Capitalizing on this surprising effect, stable light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) using quasi‐2D perovskites/PEO color filters are fabricated, realizing high stabilities of ≈400 h@10 mA under operating ambient conditions, representing a 20‐fold enhancement compared to LEDs with 3D counter partners. Hence, this study reveals a unique insight into the impact of water passivation on the optical/structural properties of quasi‐2D perovskite films, broadening their applications under operating ambient conditions.
Large‐Area Wide Bandgap Indoor Organic Photovoltaics for Self‐Sustainable IoT Applications
Authors: Jahandar Muhammad , Kim Soyeon , Kim Yong Hyun , Lim Dong Chan
Published: December 2022

Superior spectral responsivity, low open‐circuit voltage losses, and good scalability make organic photovoltaics (OPVs) potential power generating contenders for low‐power consumption electronic devices for indoor self‐sustainable applications. Herein, large‐area organic photovoltaic devices with PBTZT‐stat‐BDTT‐8: PC71PM photoactive layer are fabricated to develop indoor power sources for low‐power, portable, and wireless electronic devices. The better spectral matching of PBTZT‐stat‐BDTT‐8‐based photoactive absorber layer with light‐emitting diode (LED) emission spectra translates a power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 18% for single‐cell (0.38 cm2) device. Whereas, PCEs over 17% and 16% are observed for mini‐module (18.63 cm2) and submodule (40 cm2) under 1000 lux LED (2700 K) illumination, respectively. The emission powers of the LED lamps are carefully analyzed, and integral current densities of photovoltaics cells are calculated with the help of external quantum efficiency and photon flux spectrum to assure the reliability of photovoltaic measurements. Finally, the commercially available programmable Arduino boards and Bluetooth‐based Internet of Things devices integrated with OPVs to build a self‐sustainable communication system that can function well under indoor environment are demonstrated.
Adjusting peanut plant density and potassium fertilization for different production environments
Authors: Cordeiro Carlos Felipe dos Santos , Pilon Cristiane , Echer Fábio Rafael , Albas Renato , Tubbs R. Scott , Harris Glendon H. , Rosolem Ciro Antonio
Published: December 2022

Peanut pod yield and its response to fertilizer‐K can be affected by the environment × plant density interaction. Research was conducted with the objective of determining peanut growth and yield response to planting density and fertilizer‐K application under rainfed conditions in Brazil and irrigation in the United States. The effects of plant planting density and K fertilization were more frequent in rainfed areas, compared to irrigated environments. Peanut leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation (DM) increased with increasing plant density (mainly at 30 days after plant emergence—average increments of 70% and 80% for LAI and DM, respectively), whereas the stomatal conductance was decreased, mainly in rainfed fields. In low‐K soil, the application of 50 kg ha−1 of K increased leaf K concentration (12% [Brazil], first‐year area and 28% crop rotation area) and stomatal conductance in rainfed fields, resulting in greater yield (23% [1340 kg ha−1; Brazil], first‐year area) at low plant density. In the irrigated fields, yield increased with plant densities up to 19 plants m−2. For rainfed crops, plant density exceeding 11 plants m−2 resulted in lower yield in the area of adequate K content in the soil. Therefore, in rainfed fields, plant density must be low to assure peanuts response to K. In irrigated environments, high plant density is less detrimental to peanut yield, but no increase is observed with plant density greater than 19 plants m−2. Additionally, there was no yield increase with the application of 50 kg ha−1 of K, in irrigated environments.
Target sequence data shed new light on the infrafamilial classification of Araceae
Authors: Haigh Anna L. , Gibernau Marc , Maurin Olivier , Bailey Paul , Carlsen Mónica M. , Hay Alistair , Leempoel Kevin , McGinnie Catherine , Mayo Simon , Morris Sarah , Pérez‐Escobar Oscar Alejandro , Yeng Wong Sin , Zuluaga Alejandro , Zuntini Alexandre R. , Baker William J. , Forest Félix
Published: December 2022

Premise

Recent phylogenetic studies of the Araceae have confirmed the position of the duckweeds nested within the aroids, and the monophyly of a clade containing all the unisexual flowered aroids plus the bisexual‐floweredCalla palustris. The main objective of the present study was to better resolve the deep phylogenetic relationships among the main lineages within the family, particularly the relationships between the eight currently recognized subfamilies. We also aimed to confirm the phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genusCallain relation to the long‐debated evolutionary transition between bisexual and unisexual flowers in the family.

Methods

Nuclear DNA sequence data were generated for 128 species across 111 genera (78%) of Araceae using target sequence capture and the Angiosperms 353 universal probe set.

Results

The phylogenomic data confirmed the monophyly of the eight Araceae subfamilies, but the phylogenetic position of subfamily Lasioideae remains uncertain. The genusCallais included in subfamily Aroideae, which has also been expanded to include Zamioculcadoideae. The tribe Aglaonemateae is newly defined to include the generaAglaonemaandBoycea.

Conclusions

Our results strongly suggest that new research on African genera (Callopsis,Nephthytis, andAnubias) andCallawill be important for understanding the early evolution of the Aroideae. Also of particular interest are the phylogenetic positions of the isolated generaMontrichardia,Zantedeschia, andAnchomanes, which remain only moderately supported here.
Tooth chipping patterns in Archaeolemur provide insight into diet and behavior
Authors: Towle Ian , Constantino Paul J. , Borths Matthew R. , Loch Carolina
Published: December 2022

Objectives

Archaeolemur is a recently extinct genus of lemur that is often compared to some Cercopithecidae, especially baboons. This is due in part to their derived dentition, with large anterior teeth and reduced bilophodont molars. Research involving comparative morphology, analysis of coprolites, isotopes, and enamel structure, have suggested Archaeolemur had an omnivorous diet involving mechanically challenging items. Yet, microwear analysis of posterior teeth does not necessarily support this conclusion.

Materials and Methods

In this macroscopic study, dental chipping was recorded on permanent teeth of Archaeolemur from different localities (53 individuals; 447 permanent teeth; including both A. edwardsi and A. majori specimens). This study aimed to compare chipping patterns across the dentition of Archaeolemur with chipping in other primates.

Results

The results show enamel chipping was prevalent on the anterior teeth of Archaeolemur (38.9% of anterior teeth showed at least one fracture) yet rare in posterior teeth (9%). There was a decrease in chipping frequency across the dentition, moving distally from incisors (50%; 20/40), through caniniform teeth (30%; 15/50), premolars (9.5%; 16/169), and molars (8.5%; 16/188).

Discussion

The results support previous research suggesting Archaeolemur had a varied omnivorous diet in which the anterior dentition was used for extensive food processing. This likely included mechanically challenging items such as tough/hard large fruits, small vertebrates, and crustaceans. Such a high rate of chipping in the anterior dentition is uncommon in other primates, with exception of hominins.
Reactive Oxygen Species‐Mediated Pyroptosis with the Help of Nanotechnology: Prospects for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ding Yuan , Ye Binglin , Sun Zhongquan , Mao Zhengwei , Wang Weilin
Published: December 2022

Tumor resistance to apoptosis and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment are two main reasons for the poor outcomes of tumor treatment. Pyroptosis is a newly discovered form of programmed cell death, featuring surprising proinflammatory activity. Recent evidence shows that tumor cell pyroptosis leads to strong inflammatory responses and significant tumor regression, which is different from apoptotic cell death. Strategies based on different types of nanoparticles for pyroptosis induction have become a useful tool for tumor treatment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered an efficient way to cause pyroptosis, and ROS‐based nanotechnologies have been a powerful strategy for pyroptosis induction and cancer treatments. This review covers recent progress in ROS‐induced pyroptosis and nanotherapy to trigger ROS‐mediated pyroptosis in cancer.
Highly Selective Transmembrane Transport of Exogenous Lithium Ions through Rationally Designed Supramolecular Channels
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhang Chenyang , Dong Xin , Dong Zeyuan
Published: December 2022

Lithium ions have been applied in the clinic in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In this work, we report artificial supramolecular lithium channels composed of pore‐containing small aromatic molecules. By adjusting the lumen size and coordination numbers, we found that one of the supramolecular channels developed shows unprecedented transmembrane transport of exogenous lithium ions with a Li+/Na+ selectivity ratio of 23.0, which is in the same level of that of natural Na+ channels. Furthermore, four coordination sites inside channels are found to be the basic requirement for ion transport function. Importantly, this artificial lithium channel displays very low transport of physiological Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions. This highly selective Li+ channel may become an important tool for studying the physiological role of intracellular lithium ions, especially in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Cascade filter system tests for airborne nano‐ and microplastic particle analytics in a laboratory dust chamber
Authors: Miclea Paul‐Tiberiu , Khan Muhammad Zahid , Richter Susanne , Hagendorf Christian
Published: December 2022

Measuring nano‐ and microplastic particle (NMP) loads in air requires suitable analytical filter systems that allow a size‐selective separation of airborne nano‐ and microplastic (NMP) fractions. Previously, various filter materials and setups including nano/micro cascade filtration stacks have been presented (P.‐T. Miclea, 2022). To evaluate these novel filter systems, implementing reliable sampling procedures and instrumentation, as well as sample handling, well‐defined test setups, NMP reference materials, and procedures are of major interest. In this study, a novel triple‐stage silicon (Si) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) cascade filter system for airborne NMP particles is tested in a laboratory environment. Special focus is put on its ability for size‐selective analytical filtration of airborne NMP particles based on a well‐defined mixture of poly‐ and monodisperse NMP reference materials. For this purpose, a laboratory dust test chamber has been adapted for the dispersion of NMP particles in air as well as the vacuum air extraction through the cascade filter system. A defined NMP test material was fabricated from polydisperse polyethylene (PE) and PE terephthalate, and monodisperse polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, spanning a size region from 130 nm to >22 µm. Dispersion and filtration experiments are performed by vacuum extraction under defined temperature, pressure, and humidity conditions on single and triple filtration stages. NMP particle analytics are performed with polydisperse PE particles on a single‐stage filter system with subsequent optical microscopy. Here, the aim is to detect the filtration cutoff for retained particles and transmitted particles referring to initial distribution. A second experiment is run on a triple filtration cascade with mixed poly‐ and monodisperse NMP test material. The different filter stages are equipped with analytical Si and Al2O3 filters with pore sizes of 10 µm, 1 µm, and 100 nm, to test the size selectivity and sealing of the complete cascade setup. The NMP particle size distribution on the individual analytical filter substrates is analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy to assess size selectivity performance of the triple‐stage setup. The obtained results in our laboratory NMP dust‐dispersion test chamber demonstrate requirements and limitation of size‐selective NMP cascade filter systems and the involved analytical procedures. Future applications in real indoor and outdoor environments will be discussed.
Effect of biomass liquefaction on glucose and xylose prices predicted by National Renewable Energy Laboratory biochemical sugar model
Authors: Patil Akash , Engelberth Abigail S. , Ladisch Michael R.
Published: December 2022

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) published a model in 2017 that enables the minimum selling price of lignocellulosic sugar to be calculated. The model can be modified to suit any biomass feedstock and operational design. In the present case, the model is used to understand the economics of a process configuration that incorporates liquefaction as a preprocessing step in corn‐stover‐fed biorefinery. This study demonstrates a quantitative approach utilizing an existing biorefinery setup to simulate the biomass liquefaction technique while estimating the price of the resulting sugar product. The objective is to understand whether the addition of liquefaction methodology – and the substitution of acid pretreatment – can reduce the cost of lignocellulosic sugars. The reason for setting up a liquefaction unit at the start is to reduce the yield stress of biomass slurry so that the flow remains unrestricted downstream. The liquefaction process is also unique because it uses no chemicals and saves the cost of pretreatment. The pretreatment step is bypassed because the output of liquefaction can be fed into enzyme hydrolysis just after simple cooking. The liquefaction process can be performed in three modes: enzyme, enzyme mimetic, and a combination of enzyme and enzyme mimetic. The results from the BC1707 model indicate the minimum cost for the enzyme liquefaction route. © 2022 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Towards Selective Delivery of a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex‐Containing Bombesin Conjugate into Cancer Cells
Authors: Silva Maria J. S. A. , Vinck Robin , Wang Youchao , Saubaméa Bruno , Tharaud Mickaël , Dominguez‐Jurado Elena , Karges Johannes , Gois Pedro M. P. , Gasser Gilles
Published: December 2022

An increasing number of novel Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes have been successfully applied as photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Despite recent advances in optimized PSs with refined photophysical properties, the lack of tumoral selectivity is often a major hurdle for their clinical development. Here, classical maleimide and versatile NHS‐activated acrylamide strategies were employed to site‐selectively conjugate a promising Ru(II) polypyridyl complex to the N‐terminally Cys‐modified Bombesin (BBN) targeting unit. Surprisingly, the decreased cell uptake of these novel Ru‐BBN conjugates in cancer cells did not hamper the high phototoxic activity of the Ru‐containing bioconjugates and even decreased the toxicity of the constructs in the absence of light irradiation. Overall, although deceiving in terms of selectivity, our new bioconjugates could still be useful for advanced cancer treatment due to their nontoxicity in the dark.
Prime editing: A potential treatment option for β‐thalassemia
Authors: Arif Taqdees , Farooq Aroosa , Ahmad Fridoon Jawad , Akhtar Muhammad , Choudhery Mahmood S.
Published: December 2022

The potential to therapeutically alter the genome is one of the remarkable scientific developments in recent years. Genome editing technologies have provided an opportunity to precisely alter genomic sequence(s) in eukaryotic cells as a treatment option for various genetic disorders. These technologies allow the correction of harmful mutations in patients by precise nucleotide editing. Genome editing technologies such as CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) and base editors have greatly contributed to the practical applications of gene editing. However, these technologies have certain limitations, including imperfect editing, undesirable mutations, off‐target effects, and lack of potential to simultaneously edit multiple loci. Recently, prime editing (PE) has emerged as a new gene editing technology with the potential to overcome the above‐mentioned limitations. Interestingly, PE not only has higher specificity but also does not require double‐strand breaks. In addition, a minimum possibility of potential off‐target mutant sites makes PE a preferred choice for therapeutic gene editing. Furthermore, PE has the potential to introduce insertion and deletions of all 12 single‐base mutations at target sequences. Considering its potential, PE has been applied as a treatment option for genetic diseases including hemoglobinopathies. β‐Thalassemia, for example, one of the most significant blood disorders characterized by reduced levels of functional hemoglobin, could potentially be treated using PE. Therapeutic reactivation of the γ‐globin gene in adult β‐thalassemia patients through PE technology is considered a promising therapeutic strategy. The current review aims to briefly discuss the genome editing strategies and potential applications of PE for the treatment of β‐thalassemia. In addition, the review will also focus on challenges associated with the use of PE.
Suzuki Coupling in Tröger's Bases: Overcoming Challenging Substrates through Aqueous Micellar Catalysis
Authors: Boeira Eduam O. , Plá Caroline B. , Rodembusch Fabiano S. , Moro Angélica V.
Published: December 2022

Herein we report the arylation of Tröger's base via the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction through aqueous micellar catalysis. The developed reaction conditions enabled us to prepare a variety of different derivatives with Tröger's base skeleton, using a low catalytic loading of the readily available Pd(OAc)2 catalyst and under environmentally friendly aqueous conditions.
Chiroptical Activity of An Achiral Emissive Eu Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Li Yuan , Ma Xiaojie , Xu Xiaojun , Ye Yuqing , Wang Bo
Published: December 2022

Chiroptical activity of achiral crystals is theoretically allowed but very unusual. There is a particularly scarcity of empirical studies on optically active achiral metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Herein we report an achiral emissive Eu MOF and its chiroptical properties both in the ground and excited states. The framework crystallizes in an achiral space group (Pna21) belonging to the polar point group (mm2), where the asymmetric arrangement of racemic trinuclear Eu‐oxo clusters is responsible for the optical activity. A pair of circular dichroisms (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) peaks with opposite signs were observed for single crystals. Importantly, the luminescence dissymmetry factor can reach up to 1.1×10−3, which is comparable in magnitude to the value of most of the chiral‐linker‐bridged MOFs. This work gives the first example of achiral MOFs with CPL response and should be instructive for the discovery of more CPL emitters from racemic MOF family.
Functionalized lactic acid macromonomers via polycondensation as an alternative to ring opening polymerization
Authors: Zanoni Arianna , Tollini Flavio , Casiraghi Cora , Storti Giuseppe , Sponchioni Mattia , Moscatelli Davide
Published: December 2022

Engineered polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles synthesized from oligo(lactic acid) macromonomers have been studied over the last decades for controlled drug delivery. These macromonomers are typically produced via ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of the cyclic dimer lactide, initiated by 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). This reaction route, despite leading to well‐defined macromonomers, relies on the production of lactide from lactic acid, which burdens the ROP overall cost for more than 30%. In this work, we report the synthesis of PLA‐based macromonomers by direct polycondensation of lactic acid in the presence of HEMA as a valuable alternative to ROP. In particular, we compare the two processes side by side, focusing on the production of three HEMA‐LAn macromonomers, with n = 2, 4, and 6. Detailed kinetic models are developed for both reaction systems, and the corresponding parameters are estimated by fitting the experimental data. Through these models, the reaction kinetics as well as the time evolution of the entire chain length distributions of the products from polycondensation and ROP could be reliably predicted. This way, we demonstrated that polycondensation is a valuable alternative to ROP only for macromonomers with an average chain length of up to 4 and that ROP remains the main route to longer chains, when a strict control over the chain length distribution is required.
Limit Set of Branching Random Walks on Hyperbolic Groups
Authors: Sidoravicius Vladas , Wang Longmin , Xiang Kainan
Published: December 2022

Let Γ be a nonelementary hyperbolic group with a word metric d and ∂Γ its hyperbolic boundary equipped with a visual metric
for some parameter
. Fix a superexponential symmetric probability μ on Γ whose support generates Γ as a semigroup, and denote by ρ the spectral radius of the random walk Y on Γ with step distribution μ. Let ν be a probability on
with mean
. Let
be the branching random walk on Γ with offspring distribution ν and base motion Y , and let
be the volume growth rate for the trace of
. We prove for
that the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set Λ , which is the random subset of
consisting of all accumulation points of the trace of
, is given by
. Furthermore, we prove that
is almost surely a deterministic, strictly increasing, and continuous function of
, is bounded by the square root of the volume growth rate of Γ , and has critical exponent 1/2 at

in the sense that

for some positive constant C. We conjecture that the Hausdorff dimension of Λ in the critical case
is
almost surely. This has been confirmed on free groups or the free product (by amalgamation) of finitely many finite groups equipped with the word metric d defined by the standard generating set. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Fertilizers
Authors: Bremer Eric
Published: December 2022

Elemental sulfur (S) is produced in large quantities in both the U.S. and Canada as a by‐product of fossil fuel production. However, this form of S must be oxidized to sulfate (SO42–) by soil microorganisms before crops can utilize it and therefore may not meet crop S requirements in the year of application. Rapid oxidation can be obtained if elemental sulfur particles are less than 20 μm in size and effectively dispersed in soil under favorable moisture and temperature conditions. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading the article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
Reduction of Pertechnetate by Chemical and Photochemical Approaches and Incorporation of Tc(IV) into Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Radivojevic Jovanovic Ivana , Gallagher Colleen M. B. , Salcedo Ramsey , Elshendidi Hossam , Samson Jacopo , Drain Charles M. , McGregor Donna , Lukens Wayne W. , Burton‐Pye Benjamin P. , Francesconi Lynn C.
Published: December 2022

Technetium‐99 is a prevalent fission product from nuclear waste. The long half‐life (211,000 yr) and environmental mobility of pertechnetate (TcO4−) render Tc particularly challenging to isolate and stabilize. Here we present two approaches for development of potential wasteforms using titanium dioxide, TiO2. Approach 1 is a low temperature chemical synthesis of TiO2 doped with Tc(IV) from TcO4− intended to mimic the Tc waste stream from the UREX family of separations and removes 98.5 % of the Tc, mainly present as edge‐shared Tc(IV) pairs. Approach 2 utilizes TiO2 to photocatalytically reduce TcO4− to Tc(IV) stabilized on the surface of or within the TiO2 lattice. The %Tc removed from solution and adsorbed to TiO2 is pH dependent, with the maximum Tc(IV) adsorbed at pH 3–4 as either TcO2 or edge‐sharing Tc(IV) octahedra. The Tc(IV)‐TiO2 composites materials formed by both approaches are suitable for consolidation into a dense wasteform by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing).
Prevalence and risk factors for pain‐specific school absenteeism in adolescents with recurrent pain: A prospective population‐based design
Authors: Owiredua Christiana , Flink Ida , Boersma Katja
Published: December 2022

Background

Adolescents with recurrent pain miss out from school more often than pain‐free peers. Research has so far used cross‐sectional designs, focusing on non‐specific absenteeism in clinical samples. Hence, it is unknown whether estimates of absenteeism are specifically linked to the pain itself or reflects the characteristics of clinical samples.

Objectives

This study aimed to prospectively explore pain‐related school absenteeism in a non‐clinical sample, its variance and potential risk factors.

Methods

This prospective study followed a cohort of 1300 Sweden‐based adolescents (mean age = 16.9; 17.2% immigrants; 62.7% girls) with recurrent pain (headache, abdominal and/or musculoskeletal pain) through self‐reports at two assessment points 12 months apart.

Results

Overall, 64.2% reported any absenteeism at follow‐up and about half of these (26.2%) reported frequent absenteeism. Adolescents who indicated missing school were more often girls, slightly older and had a higher overall pain burden and stressor levels. Yet, after adjusting for previous absenteeism, independent predictors were age, pain intensity, medication use and stress associated with school attendance. Further to this, immigrant status predicted frequent absenteeism.

Conclusions

Many adolescents with pain frequently miss out from school due to pain. Identified risk factors points at pain characteristics and coping, stressors associated with participation and advancing age. Taken together, the burden of pain and its correlates emerge earlier and escalate with increasing age hence, early interventions targeting broader domains are needed.

Significance

This study adds substantially to the field by estimating the prevalence of pain‐specific school absenteeism in a large sample of adolescents with recurrent pain in the general population using a prospective design. Furthermore, it identifies risk factors of pain‐specific absenteeism from a broader context of the adolescent's life with independent predictors being the previous history of absenteeism, age, immigrant status, pain intensity, medication use and stress related to school attendance.
Highly Reversible Zinc Anode Achieved by Surface Polyimide Coating for High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Lang , Wang Xinyu , Song Binxin , Wang Zhe , Wan Fang
Published: December 2022

Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are developing rapidly, due to the merits of rich resources, superior security, high theoretical capacity, and attractively low price of zinc anodes. Nevertheless, the growth of zinc dendrite and hydrogen evolution leads to the unstable and poor cycling life in ZIB systems, thus impeding the development of ZIBs. Herein, a facile polymer coating approach is applied to establish an artificial solid–electrolyte interface to restrain the frenzied growth of zinc dendrites and hydrogen evolution. The –CO–N–CO– group in polyimide (PI) has strong interaction with Zn2+. Therefore, PI coating significantly improves the wettability between anode and electrolyte and realizes rapid Zn2+ transfer kinetics. As a result, the PI‐Zn symmetrical battery not only reaches a stable cycling performance more than 900 h at 1 mA cm−2, but also owns a smaller overpotential than bare Zn. When integrating the PI‐Zn anode with a CaV8O20 cathode, the PI‐Zn//CaV8O20 battery maintains a capacity of 306.5 mA h g−1 after 2000 cycles, which is much higher than that (198 mA h g−1) of a Zn//CaV8O20 battery. This work provides a simple, yet effective method to improve the electrochemical performance of ZIBs.
Retracted: Preparation and optimization of soy (Katul cultivar) protein isolate cold‐set gels induced by CaCl2 and transglutaminase
Authors: Shokrollahi Yanchemeh Behdad , Varidi Mehdi , Razavi Seyed Mohammad Ali , Sohbatzadeh Farshad , Mohammadifar Mohammad Amin
Published: December 2022

Preparation and optimization of soy (Katul cultivar) protein isolate cold‐set gels induced by CaCl2 and transglutaminase. Food Science & Nutrition, https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3158. The above article, published online on December 8, 2022 in Wiley Online Library (https://wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief Y. Martin Lo, and Wiley Periodicals LLC. The retraction has been agreed upon due to an error in which the incorrect version of the article was published.
Use of benzodiazepine and Z‐drugs and mortality in older adults after myocardial infarction
Authors: Liu Shengxin , Soedamah‐Muthu Sabita S. , van Meerten Seia C. , Kromhout Daan , Geleijnse Johanna M. , Giltay Erik J.
Published: December 2022

Background

The adverse cardiovascular effects of benzodiazepines and Z‐drugs (jointly referred as BZDRs) have been of concern. Yet, little is known about the use of BZDRs in relation to mortality risk among older adults with myocardial infarction history (post‐MI).

Methods

This study is a secondary analysis of the Alpha Omega Cohort study, comprising post‐MI patients aged 40–60 years. Self‐reported information on the use of BZDRs, including types and dose, was collected at baseline. Four categories of mortality were examined, namely all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular (CVD) mortality, cancer mortality, and non‐CVD/non‐cancer mortality. Associations between BZDRs use, by types and doses, and mortality were estimated with Cox regression models, adjusted for demographic and classic cardiovascular risk factors.

Results

A total of 433 (8.9%) out of 4837 (21.8% females) patients reported BZDRs use at baseline. During a median follow‐up of 12.4 years, 2287 deaths were documented, of which 825 (36.1%) were due to CVD. BZDRs use was related to a statistically significantly higher risk of all‐cause and CVD mortality; adjusted hazard ratios [95% CI] were (1.31 [1.41, 1.52]) and (1.43 [1.14, 1.81]), respectively. These relationships were dose‐dependent—patients using BZDRs on an as‐needed basis had similar risks compared to the non‐uses, whereas patients with a daily use schedule and increasing doses had higher risks (p‐value for trend: <0.001).

Conclusion

BZDRs use was independently associated with a higher risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in older post‐MI patients, and there was evidence for a dose‐dependent relationship.

Clinical trial registration

NCT00127452 (www.ClinicalTrials.gov).