bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepcidin‐dependent and hepcidin‐independent regulation of erythropoiesis in a mouse model of anemia of chronic inflammation
Authors: Langdon Jacqueline M. , Yates Saiah C. , Femnou Laurette K. , McCranor Bryan J. , Cheadle Chris , Xue Qian‐Li , Vaulont Sophie , Civin Curt I. , Walston Jeremy D. , Roy Cindy N.
Published: January 2014

Increased hepcidin antimicrobial peptide correlates with hypoferremia and anemia in various disease states, but its requirement for anemia of inflammation has not been adequately demonstrated. Anemia of inflammation is usually described as normocytic and normochromic, while diseases associated with over expression of hepcidin, alone, are often microcytic and hypochromic. These differences in erythrocyte parameters suggest anemia in many inflammatory states may not be fully explained by hepcidin‐mediated iron sequestration. We used turpentine‐induced sterile abscesses to model chronic inflammation in mice with targeted disruption of Hepcidin 1 [Hepc1 (−/−)] or its positive regulator, Interleukin‐6 [IL‐6 (−/−)], to determine whether these genes are required for features characteristic of anemia of inflammation. Although hemoglobin levels did not decline in Hepc1 (−/−) mice with sterile abscesses, erythrocyte numbers were significantly reduced compared to untreated Hepc1 (−/−) mice. In contrast, both hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte number declined significantly in wild type and IL‐6 (−/−) mice with sterile abscesses. Both Hepc1 (−/−) and IL‐6 (−/−) mice had increased erythrocyte mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin following sterile abscesses, while wild types had no change. Thus, IL‐6 (−/−) mice with sterile abscesses exhibit an intermediate phenotype between wild type and Hepc1 (−/−). Our results demonstrate the requirement of Hepc1 for the development of anemia in this rodent model. Simultaneously, our results demonstrate hepcidin‐independent effects of inflammation on the suppression of erythropoiesis. Our results suggest chronic anemia associated with inflammation may benefit from interventions protecting erythrocyte number in addition to anti‐hepcidin interventions aimed at enhancing iron availability. Am. J. Hematol. 89:470–479, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular structure and vibrational spectra of N‐acetylglycine oligomers and polyglycine I using DFT approach
Authors: Bee Saba , Choudhary Neetu , Gupta Archana , Tandon Poonam
Published: January 2014

We have determined the geometric, vibrational, and electronic properties of N‐acetylglycine oligomers by performing density functional theory quantum chemical calculations. The normal mode analysis was performed and the potential energy distribution was calculated among the internal coordinates. The optically active vibrational modes of PGI have been determined by selecting the modes from the calculated results of the pentamer and the observed vibrational spectra of PGI have been explained. The molecular electrostatic potential surface of N‐acetylglycine pentamer reveals the sites of electrophilic attack and also provides clues for the role of electrostatic interactions involved in the reactivity. Natural bond orbital analysis has been performed to understand the charge transfer and various hyperconjugative interactions in the molecular system. The electronic properties of the oligomers have been discussed by calculating the transitions with the help of time dependent density functional theory method. The global reactivity descriptors such as hardness, chemical potential, and electrophilicity index have also been calculated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 795–813, 2014.
The cellular composition of the marsupial neocortex
Authors: Seelke Adele M.H. , Dooley James C. , Krubitzer Leah A.
Published: January 2014

In the current investigation we examined the number and proportion of neuronal and non‐neuronal cells in the primary sensory areas of the neocortex of a South American marsupial, the short‐tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). The primary somatosensory (S1), auditory (A1), and visual (V1) areas were dissected from the cortical sheet and compared with each other and the remaining neocortex using the isotropic fractionator technique. We found that although the overall sizes of V1, S1, A1, and the remaining cortical regions differed from each other, these divisions of the neocortex contained the same number of neurons, but the remaining cortex contained significantly more non‐neurons than the primary sensory regions. In addition, the percent of neurons was higher in A1 than in the remaining cortex and the cortex as a whole. These results are similar to those seen in non‐human primates. Furthermore, these results indicate that in some respects, such as number of neurons, the neocortex is homogenous across its extent, whereas in other aspects of organization, such as non‐neuronal number and percentage of neurons, there is non‐uniformity. Whereas the overall pattern of neuronal distribution is similar between short‐tailed opossums and eutherian mammals, short‐tailed opossum have a much lower cellular and neuronal density than other eutherian mammals. This suggests that the high neuronal density cortices of mammals such as rodents and primates may be a more recently evolved characteristic that is restricted to eutherians, and likely contributes to the complex behaviors we see in modern mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2286–2298, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calretinin and calbindin distribution patterns specify subpopulations of type I and type II spiral ganglion neurons in postnatal murine cochlea
Authors: Liu Wenke , Davis Robin L.
Published: January 2014

As the first neural element in the auditory pathway, neurons in the spiral ganglion shape the initial coding of sound stimuli for subsequent processing. Within the ganglion, type I and type II neurons form divergent and convergent innervation patterns, respectively, with their hair cell sensory receptors, indicating that very different information is gathered and conveyed. Layered onto these basic innervation patterns are structural and electrophysiological features that provide additional levels of processing multifaceted sound stimuli. To understand the nature of this additional complexity of signal coding, we characterized the distribution of calretinin and calbindin, two regulators of intracellular calcium that serve as markers for neuronal subpopulations. We showed in acute preparations and in vitro that calretinin and calbindin staining levels were heterogeneous. Immunocytochemical analysis of colocalization further showed that high levels of staining for the two molecules rarely overlapped. Although varied amounts of calbindin and calretinin were found within each tonotopic location and neuronal type, some distinct subdistributions were noted. For example, calretinin levels were highest in neurons innervating the midcochlea region, whereas calbindin levels were similar across the entire ganglion. Furthermore, we noted that apical type II neurons, identified by antiperipherin labeling, had significantly lower levels of calretinin and higher levels of calbindin. We also established that the endogenous firing feature of onset tau of the subthreshold response showed a pattern related to quantified calretinin and calbindin staining levels. Taken together, our results suggest an additional dimension of complexity within the spiral ganglion beyond that currently categorized. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2299–2318, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early fear memory defects are associated with altered synaptic plasticity and molecular architecture in the TgCRND8 Alzheimer's disease mouse model
Authors: Steele John W. , Brautigam Hannah , Short Jennifer A. , Sowa Allison , Shi Mengxi , Yadav Aniruddha , Weaver Christina M. , Westaway David , Fraser Paul E. , St George‐Hyslop Peter H. , Gandy Sam , Hof Patrick R. , Dickstein Dara L.
Published: January 2014

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and slowly progressing dementing disorder that results in neuronal and synaptic loss, deposition in brain of aberrantly folded proteins, and impairment of spatial and episodic memory. Most studies of mouse models of AD have employed analyses of cognitive status and assessment of amyloid burden, gliosis, and molecular pathology during disease progression. Here we sought to understand the behavioral, cellular, ultrastructural, and molecular changes that occur at a pathological stage equivalent to the early stages of human AD. We studied the TgCRND8 mouse, a model of aggressive AD amyloidosis, at an early stage of plaque pathology (3 months of age) in comparison to their wildtype littermates and assessed changes in cognition, neuron and spine structure, and expression of synaptic glutamate receptor proteins. We found that, at this age, TgCRND8 mice display substantial plaque deposition in the neocortex and hippocampus and impairment on cued and contextual memory tasks. Of particular interest, we also observed a significant decrease in the number of neurons in the hippocampus. Furthermore, analysis of CA1 neurons revealed significant changes in apical and basal dendritic spine types, as well as altered expression of GluN1 and GluA2 receptors. This change in molecular architecture within the hippocampus may reflect a rising representation of inherently less stable thin spine populations, which can cause cognitive decline. These changes, taken together with toxic insults from amyloid‐β protein, may underlie the observed neuronal loss. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2319–2335, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attempted DNA extraction from a Rancho La Brea Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi): prospects for ancient DNA from asphalt deposits
Authors: Gold David A. , Robinson Jacqueline , Farrell Aisling B. , Harris John M. , Thalmann Olaf , Jacobs David K.
Published: January 2014

Fossil‐bearing asphalt deposits are an understudied and potentially significant source of ancient DNA. Previous attempts to extract DNA from skeletons preserved at the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles, California, have proven unsuccessful, but it is unclear whether this is due to a lack of endogenous DNA, or if the problem is caused by asphalt‐mediated inhibition. In an attempt to test these hypotheses, a recently recovered Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) skeleton with an unusual pattern of asphalt impregnation was studied. Ultimately, none of the bone samples tested successfully amplified M. columbi DNA. Our work suggests that reagents typically used to remove asphalt from ancient samples also inhibit DNA extraction. Ultimately, we conclude that the probability of recovering ancient DNA from fossils in asphalt deposits is strongly (perhaps fatally) hindered by the organic compounds that permeate the bones and that at the Rancho La Brea tar pits, environmental conditions might not have been ideal for the general preservation of genetic material.
Environmental impact studies of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas in india by life cycle assessment
Authors: Kalaivani K. , Ravikumar G. , Balasubramanian N.
Published: January 2014

Environmental performance of biodiesel derived from Jatropha curcas seed was studied by life cycle assessment methodology in India. This paper also compares the environmental impact of Jatropha‐based biodiesel and its blends (20% and 50%) with diesel fuel. The lifecycle of Jatropha‐based biodiesel production includes the stages of cultivation, oil extraction, biodiesel production, and transportation to the fuel station. The functional unit of this study was 1 ton of biodiesel production and the impact categories studied were carcinogens, respiratory organics and inorganics, climate change, radiation, ozone layer depletion, ecotoxicity, acidification/eutrophication, land use, mineral use, and fossil fuels. The results revealed that among all the stages, emission from soil and air caused by cultivation process of Jatropha is the largest contributors to most of environmental impact categories. The categories with greater impacts are carcinogens, ecotoxicity, respiratory inorganics, acidification, eutrophication, and land use with the percentage of 80%, 72%, 71%, 66.7%, and 63%, respectively. Comparison results of biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel showed that increase of biodiesel blends have minimal effect on the environment. Moreover, lifecycle assessment of biodiesel production has a positive contribution to climate change than the fossil fuel. The results suggest the enhanced usage of this renewable fuel in future with inclusion of further technological improvement in farming practices and production process. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1340–1349, 2014
Effect of mechanical fractionation on the torrefaction of grass
Authors: Joshi Yash , Mangkusaputra Vini , de Vries Hans , de Jong Wiebren
Published: January 2014

Torrefaction is seen as an effective means of ameliorating the properties of biomass as a fuel, which however requires the feedstock being completely dried prior to pyrolysis. To reduce the energy required in thermally drying wet grass, the raw biomass can be subjected to a preceding mechanical fractionation process to extract a biomass “juice.” This study examines the effect of mechanical fractionation using a commercial screw press on the torrefaction behavior of grass. The composition of biomass before and after torrefaction is determined using differential thermo‐gravimetric analysis of the solid and liquid fractions undergoing pyrolysis. Mineral composition of both the grass juice and pressed grass is determined with inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. It is found that there is not a significant difference in the torrefaction yields before and after fractionation despite the loss of hemicelluloses and extractives from the biomass, signifying that the pretreatment can partially undertake the function of torrefaction. Furthermore, it is observed that significant quantities of minerals are leached from the solids to the biomass “juice,” leading to an improvement in the ash behavior of the pretreated fuel. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 721–725, 2014
Coke formation in the catalytic cracking of bio‐oil model compounds
Authors: Li Shanling , Zhang Suping , Feng Zhanyuan , Yan Yongjie
Published: January 2014

Catalytic cracking plays an important role in upgrading crude bio‐oil. However, coke formation during the upgrading of bio‐oil can deactivate catalysts and is a major problem. In this work, the catalytic cracking of bio‐oil models was conducted to study the coke formation using a fixed‐bed reactor. The reaction conditions including temperature and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) have significant influence on the coke yield. The liquid product was analyzed to illustrate the main reaction pathway occurring in the catalytic cracking of the oxygenated compounds in the bio‐oil. In order to clarify the molecular structure of the coke precursor, the trichloromethane extraction of the deactivated catalyst was analyzed by 13C NMR. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 240–247, 2015
Green synthesis of nano‐silicalite‐1: Biomass fly ash as a silica source and mother liquid recycling
Authors: Pengthamkeerati P. , Kraewong W. , Meesuk L.
Published: January 2014

This study investigated the effect of silica from biomass fly ash, template (tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide; TPAOH) reduction, and mother liquid recycling on the synthesis of nano‐silicalite‐1 by the clear gel solution method. The results showed that nano‐silicalite‐1 was synthesized by using silica from the biomass fly ash at the appropriate Si:TPAOH mole ratios, e.g., 25Si:9TPAOH and 30Si:9TPAOH, and synthesis conditions (80°C and 96 h). An increased ratio from 25Si:9TPAOH:0.16NaOH to 30Si:9TPAOH:0.16NaOH was suspected to increased gel viscosity. An increased NaOH content in the 30Si:9TPAOH:0.64NaOH increased the silicalite‐1 yield, possibly by reducing silica polymerization. Decreasing the TPAOH content increased silicalite‐1 yields, but provided unfavorable conditions for nanoparticles. Increasing the reaction time increased the silicalite‐1 yield, but the crystals tended to agglomerate. For the 25Si:7TPAOH, lower reaction temperature (70°C) gave a decreased silicalite‐1 yield and a smaller crystal size than the higher temperature (80°C). Adding silica residues and zeolite nuclei in the mother liquid recycling from the first synthesis batch increased the silicalite‐1 yield. For 25Si:9TPAOH, mother liquid recycling had less effect on the crystal size, which was attributed to there being a sufficient amount of TPAOH for synthesizing nanocrystal silicalite‐1. However, a considerable crystal size reduction was observed when using 25Si:5TPAOH with mother liquid recycling, due to more nuclei being added from the mother liquid. Therefore, a greener and more efficient synthesis for nano‐silicalite‐1 could be performed by using an alternative silica source from biomass fly ash and by recycling of the mother liquid. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 188–193, 2015
DNA methylation functions as a critical regulator of Kir4.1 expression during CNS development
Authors: Nwaobi Sinifunanya E. , Lin Erica , Peramsetty Sasank R. , Olsen Michelle L.
Published: January 2014

Kir4.1, a glial‐specific K+ channel, is critical for normal CNS development. Studies using both global and glial‐specific knockout of Kir4.1 reveal abnormal CNS development with the loss of the channel. Specifically, Kir4.1 knockout animals are characterized by ataxia, severe hypomyelination, and early postnatal death. Additionally, Kir4.1 has emerged as a key player in several CNS diseases. Notably, decreased Kir4.1 protein expression occurs in several human CNS pathologies including CNS ischemic injury, spinal cord injury, epilepsy, ALS, and Alzheimer's disease. Despite the emerging significance of Kir4.1 in normal and pathological conditions, its mechanisms of regulation are unknown. Here, we report the first epigenetic regulation of a K+ channel in the CNS. Robust developmental upregulation of Kir4.1 expression in rats is coincident with reductions in DNA methylation of the Kir4.1 gene, KCNJ10. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals a dynamic interaction between KCNJ10 and DNA methyltransferase 1 during development. Finally, demethylation of the KCNJ10 promoter is necessary for transcription. These findings indicate DNA methylation is a key regulator of Kir4.1 transcription. Given the essential role of Kir4.1 in normal CNS development, understanding the regulation of this K+ channel is critical to understanding normal glial biology. GLIA 2014;62:411–427
Cancer cachexia update in head and neck cancer: Definitions and diagnostic features
Authors: Couch Marion E. , Dittus Kim , Toth Michael J. , Willis Monte S. , Guttridge Denis C. , George Jonathan R. , Barnes Christie A. , Gourin Christine G. , Der‐Torossian Hirak
Published: January 2014

Cachexia is a profoundly debilitating wasting syndrome that affects patients with head and neck cancer and often contributes to their demise. A comprehensive literature search was performed up to April 2013 using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and the Google search engine. For the meta‐analyses, pooled prevalence estimates were calculated with a confidence interval of 95% (95% CI) by using random effects modeling. In this review, we outlined the unique challenges of cancer cachexia among patients with head and neck cancer by reviewing its impacts on quality of life (QOL), morbidity, and mortality. We explored the prevalence of different clinical markers of cachexia at the time of diagnosis and before and after treatment. Finally, we present updates regarding the diagnosis of cancer cachexia and recent findings, such as cardiac dysfunction that warrant clinical attention to more carefully identify patients at risk and potentially lead to better outcomes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 594–604, 2015
AN OPTIMIZATION SCHEME OF IRRIGATION ADVICE: A CASE STUDY, SUGAR BEET IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY
Authors: Landeras Gorka , Ortiz‐Barredo Amaia , López José Javier
Published: January 2014

Irrigation advice is usually based on the optimization of crop yield, which sometimes does not meet the objective of economic optimization. In some regions, the information provided by irrigation scheduling schemes based on crop production optimization is not completely reliable if there are economic or environmental constraints. The objective of the present study is the development of an optimization scheme of irrigation advice based on economic optimization under different scenarios of water availability. The optimization scheme presented in this study is focused on the minimization of the economic losses related to the cost of water and the economic yield loss associated with different irrigation strategies. As a case study the developed scheme was applied to the optimization of irrigation advice on sugar beet in the Basque country (northern Spain). A comparison has been performed between the optimized and the actual irrigation strategies in the area of study. As a result of this comparison the adoption by an Irrigation Advisory Service of the developed optimization scheme seems adequate in the area of study. This comparison reveals the utility of the developed scheme for the optimization of irrigation advice under specific scenarios of water constraints. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passive air breathing flat‐plate microbial fuel cell operation
Authors: Kazemi Sona , Mohseni Madjid , Fatih Khalid
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

High cost and ohmic loss are two issues that microbial fuel cells (MFC) face before becoming economically viable. To address the high cost and ohmic loss issues, a flat‐plate MFC (FPMFC) configuration applying a passive air‐breathing cathode and a three‐dimensional anode was introduced. Electricity generation was examined in the FPMFC through operation in the presence and absence of a proton exchange membrane (PEM), and in batch and continuous modes.

RESULTS

Continuous operation of the FPMFC in the presence of a PEM favored power generation, mainly due to elimination of oxygen and biomass in the anode. Peak power density of 18 Wm‐3 was produced in the presence of a PEM (ohmic resistance 40 Ω cm2), which was more than 5‐fold higher than that with J‐cloth. During batch operation, the power density increased and reached maximum in the third batch (18 W m‐3 at 60 A m‐3). Greater stability was observed during continuous operation resulting in a 2.5‐fold increase in peak power density (44 W m‐3 at 146 A m‐3).

CONCLUSION

The passive air‐breathing FPMFC showed promising performance, offering a more economically viable configuration than the conventional FPMFCs using active (air, ferricyanide, and ferric iron) cathodes. © 2014 Crown copyright. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Single-center experience and long-term outcomes of duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction in infantile living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Yamamoto Hidekazu , Hayashida Shintaro , Asonuma Katsuhiro , Honda Masaki , Suda Hiroko , Murokawa Takahiro , Ohya Yuki , Lee Kwang-Jong , Takeichi Takayuki , Inomata Yukihiro
Published: January 2014

The indications for duct-to-duct (DD) biliary reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for small children are still controversial. In this study, the feasibility of DD biliary reconstruction versus Roux-en-Y (RY) biliary reconstruction was investigated in terms of long-term outcomes. Fifty-six children who consecutively underwent LDLT with a weight less than or equal to 10.0 kg were enrolled. Biliary reconstruction was performed in a DD fashion for 20 patients and in an RY fashion for 36 patients. During a minimum follow-up of 2 years, the incidence of biliary strictures was 5.0% in the DD group and 11.1% in the RY group. Cholangitis during the posttransplant period was observed in the RY group only. There were no deaths related to biliary problems. This study shows that DD reconstruction in LDLT for small children (weighing 10.0 kg or less) is a feasible option for biliary reconstruction. Liver Transpl 20:347-354, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
The use of aircraft for meteorological research in the United Kingdom
Authors: McBeath Kirsty
Published: January 2014

Atmospheric observations from aircraft have played an important role in meteorological research for many years; this paper presents an overview of meteorological research done with research aircraft in the United Kingdom. Key developments from throughout the history of meteorological research flying in the United Kingdom are presented, along with highlights of UK atmospheric research flying done in the last decade using the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe‐146 aircraft. The work presented includes research into thermodynamics, cloud processes, atmospheric aerosol, radiative transfer and atmospheric chemistry. Research aircraft provide a unique platform for the observation of atmospheric processes, allowing targeted measurement of specific parameters at a range of altitudes throughout the atmosphere. These measurements have improved greatly the understanding of the Earth's atmosphere, and the impact of these measurements has been seen through improvements in the representation of physical processes within numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. Research aircraft have also been used extensively for the calibration and validation of remote sensing measurements, providing a unique test‐bed for satellite observations. This research has led to improved use of satellite observations that have enhanced greatly how the atmosphere is viewed. Many developments in atmospheric research would not have been possible without the use of aircraft measurements, and these measurements will continue to play a key role in future developments of meteorological observation and prediction, as the complexity and resolution of weather and climate models increases.
Pain location and intensity impacts function in persons with myotonic dystrophy type 1 and facioscapulohumeral dystrophy with chronic pain
Authors: Miró Jordi , Gertz Kevin J. , Carter Gregory T. , Jensen Mark P.
Published: January 2014

Introduction: We examined the effects of pain site and intensity on function in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and chronic pain. Methods: Questionnaires assessing pain sites, pain extent (number of sites), pain intensity, and pain interference were completed by 182 individuals with DM1 (43%) or FSHD (57%) and chronic pain. Results: There was a positive association between pain extent and intensity with pain interference, and a negative association with psychological functioning in both DM1 and FSHD. Pain intensity at specific sites had differential impact beyond the effects of pain intensity alone. Head pain intensity independently affected psychological functioning, whereas leg, foot, hip, and knee pain contributed independently to the prediction of pain interference. Conclusions: Pain site and intensity differentially modulates the effect of chronic pain on function in DM1 and FSHD patients. Researchers and clinicians should consider these factors when assessing and treating pain. Muscle Nerve 49: 900–905, 2014
A distinct element method numerical investigation of compaction processes in highly porous cemented granular materials
Authors: Dattola G. , di Prisco C. , Redaelli I. , Utili S.
Published: January 2014

In this paper, the results of an oedometric numerical test campaign, performed by means of a 3D Discrete Element Code on idealised cemented granular cylindrical specimens, are illustrated. The idealised microstructure taken into account is characterised by the following: (i) rigid grains bonded to one another; (ii) a high void ratio; and (iii) two different families of voids: the micro and the macro‐voids.

The compaction process developing within the specimens, as well as the localization along tabular zones of pure compressive deformation (compaction banding) that in some cases takes place, are discussed. The influence on the evolution of this peculiar strain localization process of many microstructural/numerical parameters like material porosity, macro‐void size, the constitutive relationship adopted for the bonds and the bond damage rate is analysed.

Tests for different values of porosity were run. Below a certain porosity threshold value, the onset of mixed modes of localisation was detected whereas the increase in the macro‐void size is observed to favour the onset of instability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motivations to Pursue Accreditation in Children's Mental Health Care: A Multiple Case Study
Authors: Lee Madeline Y.
Published: January 2014

Accreditation is a growing, worldwide phenomenon that has spread to a range of industries and fields, including nonprofit social services and mental health care. Thousands of organizations are accredited, but it is not known what is driving the growth of this phenomenon. Using a multiple case study design, this exploratory study aimed to understand children's mental health agencies' motivations to pursue accreditation. In‐depth interviews, focus groups, document reviews, and limited observations were conducted at five children's mental health agencies that had recently undergone or were undergoing the Council on Accreditation process. Agencies were influenced by external factors, such as policies that require accreditation, wanting to assert their positions in the field, and the need to increase funding opportunities. Other factors were internal, related to agency leadership using accreditation as a platform for change and agencies' genuine intent to improve services. Implications for agencies, accreditors, and future research are offered.
A new boundary layer equation and its application to the flow in turbo‐machinery
Authors: Li Kaitai , Chen Hao , Zhang Yin , Wang Shangjin
Published: January 2014

In this article, a new boundary layer equation (BLE) in turbomachinery flow is established using semigeodesic coordinate system (S‐coordinate) on the curved two‐dimensional surface of the blade. BLE are a nonlinear partial differential equations for unknown normal gradient of the velocity and pressure on the blade, which could be applied in the blade shape optimal control. Furthermore the existence of solution of BLE and a finite element algorithm based on approximate inertial manifold are provided and numerical example of flow in a centrifugal impeller is also presented. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 1455–1483, 2014
Race modifies the association between adiposity and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease: Findings from the chronic renal insufficiency cohort study
Authors: Wing Maria R. , Yang Wei , Teal Valerie , Navaneethan Sankar , Tao Kaixiang , Ojo Akinlolu , Guzman Nicolas N. , Reilly Muredach , Wolman Melanie , Rosas Sylvia E. , Cuevas Magda , Fischer Michael , Lustigova Eva , Master Stephen R. , Xie Dawei , Appleby Dina , Joffe Marshall , Kusek John , Feldman Harold I , Raj Dominic S. ,   for the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study
Published: January 2014

Objective

The race‐specific association of inflammation with adiposity and muscle mass in subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) was examined.

Methods

Plasma concentration of interleukin (IL)−1β, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA), IL‐6, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, TGF‐β, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), fibrinogen, and serum albumin was measured in 3,939 Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study participants. Bioelectric impedance analysis was used to determine body fat mass (BFM) and fat‐free mass (FFM).

Results

Plasma levels of hs‐CRP, fibrinogen, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, and TNF‐α increased and serum albumin decreased across the quartiles of body mass index. In multivariable analysis, BFM and FFM were positively associated with hs‐CRP, fibrinogen, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, and IL‐6. One standard deviation (SD) increase in BFM and FFM was associated with 0.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.33, 0.39) and 0.26 (95% CI = 0.22, 0.30) SD increase in log‐transformed hs‐CRP, respectively (P < 0.001). Race stratified analysis showed that the association between biomarkers and BFM and FFM differed by race, with Caucasians, demonstrating a stronger association with markers of inflammation than African Americans.

Conclusions

BFA and FFM are positively associated with markers of inflammation in patients with CKD. Race stratified analysis showed that Caucasians have a stronger association with markers of inflammation compared to African Americans.
Child eating behavior outcomes of an early feeding intervention to reduce risk indicators for child obesity: The NOURISH RCT
Authors: Daniels Lynne Allison , Mallan Kimberley Margaret , Battistutta Diana , Nicholson Jan Maree , Meedeniya Josephine Emma , Bayer Jordana Kim , Magarey Anthea
Published: January 2014

Objective

The objective was to describe parent‐reported child eating behavior and maternal parenting impact outcomes of an infant feeding intervention to reduce child obesity risk.

Methods

An assessor masked Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) with concealed allocation of individual mother–infant dyads. The NOURISH RCT enrolled 698 first‐time mothers (mean age 30.1 years, SD = 5.3) with healthy term infants (51% female) aged 4.3 months (SD = 1.0) at baseline. Outcomes were assessed 6 months post‐intervention when the children were 2 years old. Mothers reported on child eating behaviors using the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), food preferences, and dietary intake using a 24‐hour telephone recall. Parenting was assessed using five scales validated for use in Australia.

Results

Intervention effects were evident on the CEBQ overall (MANOVA P = 0.002) and 4/8 subscales: child satiety responsiveness (P = 0.03), fussiness (P = 0.01), emotional overeating (P < 0.01), and food responsiveness (P = 0.06). Intervention children “liked” more fruits (P < 0.01) and fewer non‐core foods and beverages (P = 0.06, 0.03). The intervention mothers reported greater “autonomy encouragement” (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Anticipatory guidance on protective feeding practices appears to have modest positive impacts on child eating behaviors that are postulated to reduce future obesity risk.
Predictors of health‐related quality of life in 500 severely obese patients
Authors: Warkentin Lindsey M. , Majumdar Sumit R. , Johnson Jeffrey A. , Agborsangaya Calypse B. , Rueda‐Clausen Christian F. , Sharma Arya M. , Klarenbach Scott W. , Birch Daniel W. , Karmali Shahzeer , McCargar Linda , Fassbender Konrad , Padwal Raj S.
Published: January 2014

Objective

To characterize health‐related quality of life (HRQL) impairment in severely obese subjects, using several validated instruments.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis of 500 severely obese subjects was completed. Short‐Form (SF)‐12 [Physical (PCS) and Mental (MCS) component summary scores], EuroQol (EQ)‐5D [Index and Visual Analog Scale (VAS)], and Impact of Weight on Quality of Life (IWQOL)‐Lite were administered. Multivariable linear regression models were performed to identify independent predictors of HRQL.

Results

Increasing BMI was associated with lower PCS (−1.33 points per 5 kg/m2 heavier; P < 0.001), EQ‐index (−0.02; P < 0.001), EQ‐VAS (−1.71; P = 0.003), and IWQOL‐Lite (−3.72; P = 0.002), but not MCS (P = 0.69). The strongest predictors (all P < 0.005) for impairment in each instrument were: fibromyalgia for PCS (−5.84 points), depression for MCS (−7.49 points), stroke for EQ‐index (−0.17 points), less than full‐time employment for EQ‐VAS (−7.06 points), and coronary disease for IWQOL‐Lite (−10.86 points). Chronic pain, depression, and sleep apnea were associated with reduced HRQL using all instruments.

Conclusion

The clinical impact of BMI on physical and general HRQL was small, and mental health scores were not associated with BMI. Chronic pain, depression, and sleep apnea were consistently associated with lower HRQL.
Inflammatory biomarker pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in relation to obesity, body fat depots and weight loss
Authors: Witasp Anna , Carrero Juan Jesús , Michaëlsson Karl , Ahlström Håkan , Kullberg Joel , Adamsson Viola , Risérus Ulf , Larsson Anders , Helmersson‐Karlqvist Johanna , Lind Lars , Stenvinkel Peter , Ärnlöv Johan
Published: January 2014

Objective

The relation between inflammatory markers, adiposity and disease is under extensive study. Here we tested the hypothesis that the immunomodulatory protein pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is associated with adiposity in the general population.

Methods

Serum PTX3 concentrations, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and fat depots, as quantified by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging, were assessed in three community‐based cohorts: ULSAM, n = 790, mean age 78 years; PIVUS, n = 1003, mean age 70 years, women 50%; and the NORDIET‐trial, n = 86, mean age 53 years, women 63%. Participants were re‐examined after 5 years (PIVUS, n = 804) or following a 6‐week randomized controlled dietary intervention (NORDIET).

Results

PTX3 levels were inversely associated with BMI and WC as well as with total and visceral fat (P < 0.05 for all; adjusted for age, inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular risk factors). The association between PTX3 and BMI appeared even stronger in nonobese individuals. A decrease in BMI over 5 years as well as weight loss following the NORDIET intervention were associated with increased serum PTX3 concentrations (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

These consistent data support an inverse association between circulating PTX3 and anthropometrical measures, calling for further mechanistic studies of the link between PTX3 and fat.
Breath acetone to monitor life style interventions in field conditions: An exploratory study
Authors: Samudrala Devasena , Lammers Gerwen , Mandon Julien , Blanchet Lionel , Schreuder Tim H.A. , Hopman Maria T. , Harren Frans J.M. , Tappy Luc , Cristescu Simona M.
Published: January 2014

Objective

To assess whether breath acetone concentration can be used to monitor the effects of a prolonged physical activity on whole body lipolysis and hepatic ketogenesis in field conditions.

Methods

Twenty‐three non‐diabetic, 11 type 1 diabetic, and 17 type 2 diabetic subjects provided breath and blood samples for this study. Samples were collected during the International Four Days Marches, in the Netherlands. For each participant, breath acetone concentration was measured using proton transfer reaction ion trap mass spectrometry, before and after a 30‐50 km walk on four consecutive days. Blood non‐esterified free fatty acid (NEFA), beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BOHB), and glucose concentrations were measured after walking.

Results

Breath acetone concentration was significantly higher after than before walking, and was positively correlated with blood NEFA and BOHB concentrations. The effect of walking on breath acetone concentration was repeatedly observed on all four consecutive days. Breath acetone concentrations were higher in type 1 diabetic subjects and lower in type 2 diabetic subjects than in control subjects.

Conclusions

Breath acetone can be used to monitor hepatic ketogenesis during walking under field conditions. It may, therefore, provide real‐time information on fat burning, which may be of use for monitoring the lifestyle interventions.
Cigarette smoking and obesity are associated with decreased fat perception in women
Authors: Pepino Marta Yanina , Mennella Julie A.
Published: January 2014

Objective

Smoking and obesity are independently associated with high consumption of high‐fat foods in women. We tested whether the co‐occurrence of smoking and obesity associates with reduced oral fat perception.

Methods

Four groups of women (14 obese smokers, 11 obese never‐smokers, 10 normal‐weight smokers, 12 normal‐weight never‐smokers) rated vanilla puddings that varied in fat content for perceived intensity of creaminess and sweetness, using the general Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS), and degree of pleasantness, using the hedonic gLMS. To determine the role of retronasal smell, subjects rated puddings with and without noseclips.

Results

For all groups, perception of creaminess grew with increasing fat concentrations; puddings with any amount of fat were perceived as sweeter than fat‐free pudding, and sweetness was enhanced when tasted without noseclips. Overall, obese smokers perceived less creaminess, sweetness, and pleasure while tasting the puddings than did the other three groups (all P values < 0.02).

Conclusion

The ability to perceive fat and sweetness in and derive pleasure from foods is particularly compromised in obese women who smoke, which could contribute to excess calorie intake in this population already at high risk for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Retronasal olfaction appears not to contribute to blunted flavor perception observed in obese smokers.
Modelling photovoltaic modules with neural networks using angle of incidence and clearness index
Authors: Piliougine Michel , Elizondo David , Mora‐López Llanos , Sidrach‐de‐Cardona Mariano
Published: January 2014

A neural network for modelling photovoltaic modules using angle of incidence and clearness index is proposed. Engineers require methods to estimate the output of a photovoltaic plant depending on meteorological conditions. Therefore, models for the grid inverter and the generator must be provided, and their outputs must be combined. The connection between both models is related to the maximum power point of the generator and how it is tracked by the inverter. That maximum power point under specific conditions of irradiance and module temperature is determined by the I–V curve of the module, which must be simulated under those conditions. Algebraic procedures were used to simulate the I–V curve. Recently, neural networks have been used for the same purpose. Previous methods only take into account the irradiance and the module temperature. The model proposed is based on neural networks, and it uses not only the irradiance and the module temperature but also the angle of incidence and the instantaneous clearness index as additional inputs. The normalised clearness replaces the standard clearness index because it allows the removal of the hourly trend found in this last index. This new model improves the results obtained with previous ones as it can distinguish amongst samples with the same solar irradiance and temperature values but with different angle of incidence and instantaneous clearness index. Results show that this model could be used to improve the accuracy of the tools used to forecast the output of photovoltaic plants. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomistic mechanisms of huntingtin N‐terminal fragment insertion on a phospholipid bilayer revealed by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Côté Sébastien , Wei Guanghong , Mousseau Normand
Published: January 2014

The huntingtin protein is characterized by a segment of consecutive glutamines (QN) that is responsible for its fibrillation. As with other amyloid proteins, misfolding of huntingtin is related to Huntington's disease through pathways that can involve interactions with phospholipid membranes. Experimental results suggest that the N‐terminal 17‐amino‐acid sequence (httNT) positioned just before the QN region is important for the binding of huntingtin to membranes. Through all‐atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations, we unveil the structure and dynamics of the httNTQN fragment on a phospholipid membrane at the atomic level. We observe that the insertion dynamics of this peptide can be described by four main steps—approach, reorganization, anchoring, and insertion—that are very diverse at the atomic level. On the membrane, the httNT peptide forms a stable α‐helix essentially parallel to the membrane with its nonpolar side‐chains—mainly Leu‐4, Leu‐7, Phe‐11 and Leu‐14—positioned in the hydrophobic core of the membrane. Salt‐bridges involving Glu‐5, Glu‐12, Lys‐6, and Lys‐15, as well as hydrogen bonds involving Thr‐3 and Ser‐13 with the phospholipids also stabilize the structure and orientation of the httNT peptide. These observations do not significantly change upon adding the QN region whose role is rather to provide, through its hydrogen bonds with the phospholipids' head group, a stable scaffold facilitating the partitioning of the httNT region in the membrane. Moreover, by staying accessible to the solvent, the amyloidogenic QN region could also play a key role for the oligomerization of httNTQN on phospholipid membranes. Proteins 2014; 82:1409–1427. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uncertainty quantification in thermochemistry, benchmarking electronic structure computations, and Active Thermochemical Tables
Authors: Ruscic Branko
Published: January 2014

The accepted convention for expressing uncertainties of thermochemical quantities, followed by virtually all thermochemical tabulations, is to provide earnest estimates of 95% confidence intervals. Theoretical studies frequently ignore this convention, and, instead, provide the mean absolute deviation, which underestimates the recommended thermochemical uncertainty by a factor of 2.5–3.5 or even more, and thus may vitiate claims that “chemical accuracy” (ability to predict thermochemical quantities within ±1 kcal/mol) has been achieved. Furthermore, copropagating underestimated uncertainties for theoretical values with uncertainties found in thermochemical compilations produces invalid uncertainties for reaction enthalpies. Two groups of procedures for determining the accuracy of computed thermochemical quantities are outlined: one relying on estimates that are based on experience, the other on benchmarking. Benchmarking procedures require a source of thermochemical data that is as accurate and reliable as possible. The role of Active Thermochemical Tables in benchmarking state‐of‐the‐art electronic structure methods is discussed. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two promising alkaline β-glucosidases isolated by functional metagenomics from agricultural soil, including one showing high tolerance towards harsh detergents, oxidants and glucose
Authors: Biver Sophie , Stroobants Aurore , Portetelle Daniel , Vandenbol Micheline
Published: January 2014

New β-glucosidase activities were identified by screening metagenomic libraries constructed with DNA isolated from the topsoil of a winter wheat field. Two of the corresponding proteins, displaying an unusual preference for alkaline conditions, were selected for purification by Ni-NTA chromatography. AS-Esc6, a 762-amino-acid enzyme belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 3, proved to be a mesophilic aryl-β-glucosidase with maximal activity around pH 8 and 40 °C. A similar pH optimum was found for AS-Esc10, a 475-amino-acid GH1-family enzyme, but this enzyme remained significantly active across a wider pH range and was also markedly more stable than AS-Esc6 at pH greater than 10. AS-Esc10 was found to degrade cellobiose and diverse aryl glycosides, with an optimal temperature of 60 °C and good stability up to 50 °C. Unlike AS-Esc6, which showed a classically low inhibitory constant for glucose (14 mM), AS-Esc10 showed enhanced activity in the presence of molar concentrations of glucose. AS-Esc10 was highly tolerant to hydrogen peroxide and also to sodium dodecyl sulfate, this being indicative of kinetic stability. This unique combination of properties makes AS-Esc10 a particularly promising candidate whose potential in biotechnological applications is worth exploring further.