bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo surface strain and stereology of the frontal and maxillary bones of sheep: Implications for the structural design of the mammalian skull
Authors: Thomason Jeffrey J. , Grovum Lawrence E. , Deswysen Armand G. , Bignell Warren W.
Published: August 2002

Does the skull of the sheep behave as a tube or as a complex of independent bones linked by sutures? Is the architecture within cranial bones optimized to local strain alignment? We attempted to answer these questions for the sheep by recording from rosette strain gauges on each frontal and maxillary bone and from single‐axis gauges on each dentary of five sheep while they fed on hay. Bone structure was assessed at each rosette gauge site by stereological analysis of high‐resolution radiographs. Structural and strain orientations were tested for statistical agreement. Ranges of strain magnitudes were ±1200 μϵ on the mandible, ±650 μϵ on the frontals, and ±400 μϵ on the maxillae. Each gauge site experienced one strain signal when on the working (chewing) side and a different one when on the balancing (nonchewing) side. The two signals differed in mode, magnitude, and orientation. For example, on the working side, maxillary gauges were under mean compressive strains of –132 μϵ (S.D., 73.3 μϵ), oriented rostroventrally at 25°–70° to the long axis of the skull. On the balancing side, the same gauges were under mean tensile strains of +319 μϵ (S.D., 193.9 μϵ), at greater than 65° to the cranial axis. Strain patterns on the frontals are consistent with torsion and bending of the whole skull, indicating some degree of tube‐like mechanical behavior. Frontal and maxillary strains also showed a degree of individual loading, resulting from modulation of strains across sutures and local effects of muscle activity. The sheep skull seems to behave as a tube made of a complex of independent bones. Structural orientation was in statistically significant agreement with the orientation of working‐side compressive principal strain ϵ2, even though principal tensile strains may be as large or larger. Cranial bone architecture in sheep is not optimized to both strain signals it experiences. Anat Rec 264:325–338, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute effects of intramuscular aponeurotomy and tenotomy on multitendoned rat EDL: Indications for local adaptation of intramuscular connective tissue
Authors: Jaspers R.T. , Brunner R. , Baan G.C. , Huijing P.A.
Published: August 2002

Intervention with the continuity of the tendon and part of the muscle fibers allows investigation of myofascial force transmission. The present study investigates the effects of proximal aponeurotomy on length‐force characteristics and the geometry of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, and compares those effects with the effects of both distal tenotomy (TT) and intramuscular fasciotomy (IF) of the EDL. After proximal aponeurotomy, the intramuscular connective tissue ruptured spontaneously below the location of intervention. Due to this rupturing, a gap developed within the proximal aponeurosis. The fibers that were continuous with the tendon at only one end were substantially shorter than before the intervention. Optimum muscle force was reduced by 29%. After distal TT (of heads II–IV) a gap developed within the muscle belly. This gap increased at higher muscle lengths. However, the length of the gap was much smaller than after aponeurotomy. Despite the TT‐related gap, there was no rupturing of intramuscular connective tissue at the interface between heads IV and V, as there was after proximal aponeurotomy. The effects of TT on length‐force characteristics and on lengths of fibers continuous with the tendon at only one end were much less compared to the effects of aponeurotomy. Subsequent IF for two‐thirds the length of the interface between heads IV and V resulted in changes similar to the effects of proximal aponeurotomy plus rupture. The contrast regarding the occurrence of intramuscular connective tissue rupture indicates increased failure strength of the intramuscular connective tissue at distal locations. It is hypothesized that for multitendoned muscles in vivo, local shear and stress deformations will initiate local adaptation of the intramuscular connective tissue. Anat Rec 266:123–135, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical study of the obturator internus, gemelli and quadratus femoris muscles with special reference to their innervation
Authors: Aung Htar Htar , Sakamoto Hirokazu , Akita Keiichi , Sato Tatsuo
Published: August 2002

The manner of innervation of the obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, and the quadratus femoris in humans (101 pelvic halves) and in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta: 8 pelvic halves) were investigated. In most specimens, the inferior gemellus originated from the lateral surface of the ischial tuberosity and also from the medial surface (intrapelvic origin) just beneath the obturator internus and was covered by the falciform process of the sacrotuberous ligament. The superior gemellus was frequently innervated by the nerve to the obturator internus and the nerve to the quadratus femoris (60.4%), and the inferior gemellus was innervated by the obturator internus nerve in two specimens. The quadratus femoris nerve originated from more cranial segments than the obturator internus nerve, however these nerves had various communication patterns inside and outside the muscles. According to the intramuscular nerve distribution, in some specimens the branches to the superior gemellus from the quadratus femoris nerve extended to the inferior gemellus, and the branches to the inferior gemellus were distributed to the obturator internus. The present findings revealed that the positional relationships among the branches to the obturator internus and gemelli muscles are relatively constant, although the branching patterns and innervation patterns were varied. The various patterns and routes are considered to reflect the variability of the differentiation patterns of the anlage of the muscles. A possible schematic model of the positional relationships between the muscles and the nerves is proposed. Anat Rec 263:41–52, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A strong initial systemic inflammatory response is associated with higher corticosteroid requirements and longer duration of therapy in patients with giant‐cell arteritis
Authors: Hernández‐Rodríguez José , García‐Martínez Ana , Casademont Jordi , Filella Xavier , Esteban María‐José , López‐Soto Alfonso , Fernández‐Solà Joaquim , Urbano‐Márquez Álvaro , Grau Josep M. , Cid Maria C.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To assess whether the intensity of the initial systemic inflammatory response is able to predict response to therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA).

Methods

Retrospective review of 75 patients (49 women and 26 men) with biopsy‐proven GCA who had regular followup and were treated according to uniform criteria. Four parameters were used to evaluate the baseline inflammatory response at diagnosis: fever, weight loss, erythrocyte sedimentation rate ≥ 85 mm/hour, and hemoglobin < 110 gm/liter. Patients were considered to have a weak inflammatory response if they had 2 or fewer inflammatory parameters (group 1) and a strong inflammatory response if 3 or 4 parameters were present (group 2). Time required to achieve a maintenance dose of less than 10 mg prednisone/day was recorded and analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis method. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) serum levels were also determined in 62 patients and 15 controls.

Results

Forty patients had a weak (group 1) and 35 had a strong (group 2) initial inflammatory response. Patients in group 2 had significantly higher levels of circulating TNFα (31.9 ± 16.8 versus 22.3 ± 9 pg/ml; P = 0.01) and IL‐6 (28.2 ± 17.4 versus 16.6 ± 13 pg/ml; P = 0.004) than patients in group 1. In group 1, 50% of patients required a median of 40 weeks (95% CI 37–43) to reach a maintenance dose of <10 mg, whereas in group 2 a median of 62 weeks (95% CI 42–82) was necessary (P = 0.0062). Patients in group 2 experienced more flares than patients in group 1 (P = 0.01) and received higher cumulative steroid doses (8.974 ± 3.939 gm versus 6.893 ± 3.075 gm; P = 0.01).

Conclusion

GCA patients with a strong initial systemic inflammatory reaction have more elevated circulating levels of IL‐6 and TNFα, have higher and more prolonged corticosteroid requirements, and experience more disease flares during corticosteroid therapy than patients with a weak systemic acute phase response.
Information and information sources in tasks of varying complexity
Authors: Byström Katriina
Published: August 2002

This article presents the research findings of a study on task complexity and information‐seeking activities in real‐life work tasks. The focus was on perceived task complexity, which was determined according to the task performers' prior knowledge about the task ahead. This view on task complexity is closely related to research considering task uncertainty and analyzability. Information‐seeking activities considered were a need to acquire different types of information and the subsequent use of different types of sources. The research data were mainly collected by (1) self‐recorded journals that were filled out by municipal administrators in the course of performing their ordinary work duties (altogether 78 task diaries), and (2) subsequent interviews. The results indicated that there is a relatively strong relationship between types of information and types of sources. The effects of task complexity made experts more attractive as a source than other people and all types of documentary sources.
Random error reduction in analytic hierarchies: a comparison of holistic and decompositional decision strategies
Authors: Morera Osvaldo F. , Budescu David V.
Published: August 2002

The principle of ‘divide and conquer’ (DAC) suggests that complex decision problems should be decomposed into smaller, more manageable parts, and that these parts should be logically aggregated to derive an overall value for each alternative. Decompositional procedures have been contrasted with holistic evaluations that require decision makers to simultaneously consider all the relevant attributes of the alternatives under consideration (Fischer, 1977). One area where decompositional procedures have a clear advantage over holistic procedures is in the reduction of random error (Ravinder, 1992; Ravinder and Kleinmuntz, 1991; Kleinmuntz, 1990). Adopting the framework originally developed by Ravinder and colleagues, this paper details the results of a study of the random error variances associated with another popular multi‐criteria decision‐making technique, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); (Saaty, 1977, 1980), as well as the random error variances of a holistic version of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (Jensen, 1983). In addition, data concerning various psychometric properties (e.g. the convergent validity and temporal stability) and values of AHP inconsistency are reported for both the decompositional and holistic evaluations. The results of the study show that the Ravinder and Kleinmuntz (1991) error‐propagation framework extends to the AHP and decompositional AHP judgments are more consistent than their holistic counterparts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐wideband pulses increase nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 macrophages incubated in nitrate*†
Authors: Seaman Ronald L. , Parker Jill E. , Kiel Johnathan L. , Mathur Satnam P. , Grubbs Teri R. , Prol H. Kenneth
Published: August 2002

The possible effects of ultra‐wideband (UWB) pulses on cellular nitric oxide production were tested by measuring nitrite in the medium bathing UWB exposed RAW 264.7 macrophages. A 30 min exposure to 1 ns UWB pulses, repeated at 600 Hz with an estimated SAR of 0.106 W/kg, did not change nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 cells, with or without stimulation by gamma interferon and lipopolysaccharide. However, when nitrate was added to the medium of stimulated cells, nitric oxide production increased after UWB exposure, indicating a possible action of UWB pulses on induced nitric oxide synthase under certain conditions. Bioelectromagnetics 23:83–87, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vetulicolians—are they deuterostomes? chordates?
Authors: Lacalli Thurston C.
Published: August 2002

A recent paper by Shu et al.(1) reinterprets the fossil Vetulicola and related forms, all from the Lower Cambrian, as basal deuterostomes, assigning them their own phylum, Vetulicolia. Their conclusion is based on the presence of structures resembling gill slits and a trunk‐like region that shows evidence of segmentation. This report summarizes the fossil evidence for their interpretation and evaluates a possible alternative, that vetulicolians may instead be tunicate‐like chordates. Implications for our understanding of the nature of the primitive deuterostome (and chordate) body plan are discussed. BioEssays 24:208–211, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.; DOI 10.1002/bies.10064
The tree of life and the rock of ages: Are we getting better at estimating phylogeny?
Authors: Wills Matthew A.
Published: August 2002

In a recent paper,(1) palaeontologist Mike Benton claimed that our ability to reconstruct accurately the tree of Life may not have improved significantly over the last 100 years. This implies that the cladistic and molecular revolutions may have promulgated as much bad “black box” science as rigorous investigation. Benton's assessment was based on the extent to which cladograms (typically constructed with reference only to distributions of character states) convey the same narrative as the geochronological ages of fossil taxa (an independent data set). Fossil record quality varies greatly between major clades, and the palaeontological dating “yardstick” may be more appropriate for some groups than others. BioEssays 24:203–207, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.; DOI 10.1002/bies.10065.
Helicase homologues maintain cytosine methylation in plants and mammals
Authors: Bourc'his Déborah , Bestor Timothy H.
Published: August 2002

The Arabidopsis DDM1 gene is required for the maintenance of genomic methylation patterns but is a helicase homolog of the SWI2/SNF2 family rather than a DNA methyltransferase.(1) Dennis et al.(2) have shown that disruption of the mouse Lsh gene, the mammalian gene most closely related to DDM1, causes demethylation of the mouse genome. This result suggests that the mechanisms that maintain methylation patterns in the genomes of mammals and flowering plants are more conserved than previously suspected. BioEssays 24:297–299, 2002. ©2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Innate immunity and its evasion and suppression by hymenopteran endoparasitoids
Authors: Schmidt Otto , Theopold Uli , Strand Mike
Published: August 2002

Recent studies suggest that insects use pattern recognition molecules to distinguish prokaryotic pathogens and fungi from “self” structures. Less understood is how the innate immune system of insects recognizes endoparasitic Hymenoptera and other eukaryotic invaders as foreign. Here we discuss candidate recognition factors and the strategies used by parasitoids to overcome host defense responses. We suggest that host–parasitoid systems are important experimental models for studying how the innate immune system of insects recognizes foreign invaders that are phylogenetically more closely related to their hosts. The strategies used by parasitoids suggest that insects may employ “hidden‐self” recognition molecules for attacking foreign objects intruding the open circulatory system. BioEssays 23:344–351, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Drosophila peripodial cells, more than meets the eye?
Authors: Gibson Matthew C. , Schubiger Gerold
Published: August 2002

Drosophila imaginal discs (appendage primordia) have proved invaluable for deciphering cellular and molecular mechanisms of animal development. By combining the accessibility of the discs with the genetic tractability of the fruit fly, researchers have discovered key mechanisms of growth control, pattern formation and long‐range signaling. One of the principal experimental attractions of discs is their anatomical simplicity — they have long been considered to be cellular monolayers. During larval stages, however, the growing discs are 2‐sided sacs composed of a columnar epithelium on one side and a squamous ‘peripodial’ epithelium on the other. Recent studies suggest important roles for peripodial epithelia in processes previously assumed to be confined to columnar cell monolayers. BioEssays 23:691–697, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Regulation of meiotic recombination and prophase I progression in mammals
Authors: Cohen Paula E. , Pollard Jeffrey W.
Published: August 2002

Meiosis is the process by which diploid germ cells divide to produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. The process is highly conserved in eukaryotes, however the recent availability of mouse models for meiotic recombination has revealed surprising regulatory differences between simple unicellular organisms and those with increasingly complex genomes. Moreover, in these higher eukaryotes, the intervention of physiological and sex‐specific factors may also influence how meiotic recombination and progression are monitored and regulated. This review will focus on the recent studies involving mouse mutants for meiosis, and will highlight important differences between traditional model systems for meiosis (such as yeast) and those involving more complex cellular, physiological and genetic criteria. BioEssays 23:996–1009, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of interferon‐α on production of reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils
Authors: Koie Takuya , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Shimoyama Tadashi , Umeda Takashi , Nakaji Shigeyuki , Sugawara Kazuo
Published: August 2002

In order to examine that the effects of interferon alpha (IFN‐α) on the production of reactive oxygen species from human neutrophils, we investigated in vitro effects of IFN‐α on neutrophil chemiluminescence responses. Human neutrophils were incubated with 0–1 × 105 IU/mL IFN‐α for 10–60 min just before stimulation with opsonized zymosan and phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate. Luminol‐dependent (LmCL) and lucigenin‐dependent (LgCL) chemiluminescence responses were measured using a Lumi Box H‐1000. The LmCL response was inhibited by pre‐incubation with high concentrations of IFN‐α (more than 1 × 104 IU/mL). In contrast, LgCL response was increased when neutrophils were pre‐incubated with high concentration of IFN‐α. Effects of pre‐incubation of IFN‐α were similar between CL responses stimulated with OZ and PMA. The increase of LgCL might be due to the inhibitory effect of IFN‐α on myeloperoxidase degranulation, in view of the decreased LmCL responses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman signatures of ligand binding and allosteric conformation change in hexameric insulin
Authors: Ferrari Davide , Diers James R. , Bocian David F. , Kaarsholm Niels C. , Dunn Michael F.
Published: August 2002

Hexameric insulin is an allosteric protein that undergoes transitions between three conformational states (T6, T3R3, and R6). These allosteric states are stabilized by the binding of ligands to the phenolic pockets and by the coordination of anions to the His B10 metal sites. Raman difference (RD) spectroscopy is utilized to examine the binding of phenolic ligands and the binding of thiocyanate, p‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA), or 4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrobenzoic acid (4H3N) to the allosteric sites of T3R3 and R6. The RD spectroscopic studies show changes in the amide I and III bands for the transition of residues B1–B8 from a meandering coil to an α helix in the T–R transitions and identify the Raman signatures of the structural differences among the T6, T3R3, and R6 states. Evidence of the altered environment caused by the ∼30 Å displacement of phenylalanine (Phe) B1 is clearly seen from changes in the Raman bands of the Phe ring. Raman signatures arising from the coordination of PABA or 4H3N to the histidine (His) B10 Zn(II) sites show these carboxylates give distorted, asymmetric coordination to Zn(II). The RD spectra also reveal the importance of the position and the type of substituents for designing aromatic carboxylates with high affinity for the His B10 metal site. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 249–260, 2001
Quantification of random motility and chemotaxis bacterial transport coefficients using individual‐cell and population‐scale assays
Authors: Lewus Paul , Ford Roseanne M.
Published: August 2002

A number of individual‐cell and population‐scale assays have been introduced to quantify bacterial motility and chemotaxis. The transport coefficients reported in the literature, however, span several orders of magnitude, making it difficult to ascertain to what degree variations in bacterial species/strain, growth medium, growth and experimental conditions, and experiment type contribute to the reported differences in coefficient values. We quantified the random motility of Escherichia coli AW405 using the capillary assay, stopped‐flow diffusion chamber (SFDC), and tracking microscope. We obtained good agreement for the random motility coefficient between these assays when using the same bacterial strain and consistent growth and experimental conditions. Chemotaxis of E. coli toward the attractant α‐methylaspartate was quantified using the SFDC and capillary assay. Good agreement for the chemotactic sensitivity coefficient between the SFDC and the capillary assay was obtained across a limited attractant concentration range. Three different mathematical models were considered for analyzing capillary assay data to obtain a chemotactic sensitivity coefficient. These models differed by their treatment of the bacterial concentration in the chamber and the attractant concentration at the mouth. Results from our study indicate that the capillary assay, the most commonly used bacterial random motility and chemotaxis assay, can be used to accurately quantify bacterial transport coefficients over a limited range of attractant concentrations, provided experiments are performed carefully and appropriate mathematical models are used to interpret the experimental data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 292–304, 2001.
Microencapsulation of an anti‐VE–cadherin antibody secreting 1B5 hybridoma cells
Authors: Orive G. , Hernández R. M. , Gascón A. R. , Igartua M. , Rojas A. , Pedraz J. L.
Published: August 2002

Accumulating experimental evidence demonstrates that tumor growth and lethality are dependent on angiogenesis. Based on this concept, there is growing interest in the use of antiangiogenesis agents to inhibit tumor expansion. Compelling data implicate vascular endothelium (VE)–cadherin (an endothelium specific protein) as a key factor in the last step of angiogenesis, where the endothelial cells join one to each other and form microtubules (future blood vessels). We propose a novel approach to the inhibition of angiogenesis by immobilizing VE–cadherin‐secreting hybridoma cells in alginate–agarose microcapsules. Hybridoma cells can be protected with biocompatible and semipermeable membranes that permit exit of anti‐VE–cadherin monoclonal antibodies but not entry of cellular immune mediators. Stability studies were performed to select the suitable microcapsule for cell immobilization. Alginate and agarose solid beads coated with poly‐L‐lysine and alginate were chosen according to their stability and diffusional properties. 1B5 hybridoma cells were grown within the microcapsules and secreted anti‐VE–cadherin antibodies during the 9 days of culture, reaching a cumulative concentration of 1.7 μg/mL. This antibody concentration inhibited microtubule formation (87%) in the in vitro angiogenesis Matrigel assay. Moreover, the antiangiogenic effect observed was antibody concentration related. These findings open a new alternative for the inhibition or prevention of angiogenesis and demonstrates the feasibility of using microencapsulated cells as a control‐drug delivery system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 285–294, 2001.
Precursor‐directed production of erythromycin analogs by Saccharopolyspora erythraea
Authors: Frykman Scott , Leaf Timothy , Carreras Chris , Licari Peter
Published: August 2002

Diketide N‐acetylcysteamine (diketide NAC) thioester precursors were fed to 6‐Deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) ketosynthase‐1 inactivated (KS1°) Saccharopolyspora erythraea strains to produce 13‐substituted erythromycin analogs. This direct feeding process potentially represents a simplified production process over the current analog production system. Titers of these analogs were observed to increase linearly with the diketide concentration up to a precursor‐specific saturation level. However, the rate of product formation was lower and the rate of diketide consumption higher with S. erythraea than was previously observed with a recombinant strain of Streptomyces coelicolor. Several strategies were pursued to address the issue of these high diketide consumption rates: (1) elucidation of the locale of diketide degradation, (2) addition of β‐oxidation inhibitors to the cultures, and (3) addition of a sacrificial diketide enantiomer to occupy putative degradative enzymes. Additionally, repeated addition of diketide to an S. erythraea KS1° culture indicated that the titer of these erythromycin analogs is also currently limited by a shorter production period than observed during erythromycin synthesis by the parent strain. These results indicate potential avenues for expanding the use of this precursor‐directed system from the generation of limited quantities of erythromycin analogs to a large‐scale production system for these compounds. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng. 76: 303–310, 2001.
Preparation of luciferase‐bacterial magnetic particle complex by artificial integration of MagA‐luciferase fusion protein into the bacterial magnetic particle membrane
Authors: Matsunaga Tadashi , Arakaki Atsushi , Takahoko Mikako
Published: August 2002

MagA is an iron‐translocating protein found in the membranes of magnetic bacterium. Luciferase‐bacterial magnetic particle (BMP) complexes were prepared by artificially inserting MagA‐luciferase fusion proteins into the membranes of BMPs fromMagnetospirillum magneticumstrain AMB‐1. Fusion proteins were from recombinantEscherichia colimembranes. MagA‐Luc fusion proteins were integrated by sonication in vitro. Successful integration of fusion proteins was confirmed by luciferase luminescence on BMPs. Maximum luminescence was obtained after sonication for 3 min with a solution containing 300 mMNaCl, and is 18 times higher compared with recombinant Luc‐BMPs generated using previously reported gene fusion techniques. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 614–618, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10114
Affinity purification of fibrinogen using a ligand from a peptide library
Authors: Kaufman Deborah B. , Hentsch Marc E. , Baumbach George A. , Buettner Joseph A. , Dadd Christopher A. , Huang Ping Y. , Hammond David J. , Carbonell Ruben G.
Published: August 2002

An affinity resin containing the peptide ligand Phe‐Leu‐Leu‐Val‐Pro‐Leu (FLLVPL) has been developed for the purification of fibrinogen. The ligand was identified by screening a solid‐phase combinatorial peptide library using an immunostaining technique. The specific binding of fibrinogen to the ligand has been characterized by isothermal calorimetry and adsorption isotherms and is dominated by both hydrophobic interactions and ionic interactions with the N‐terminal free amino group. The effective association constant of fibrinogen was substantially higher when the peptide was immobilized on the resin than in solution; moreover, it increased with increasing peptide density, suggesting a cooperative binding effect. A low ionic strength buffer at pH 4 was used successfully to elute adsorbed fibrinogen from the column with high purity, retention of factor XIII crosslinking activity, and minimal, if any, loss of biological function. This general approach to ligand selection and characterization can be used to develop peptide ligands for the affinity purification of diverse proteins on a large scale. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 278–289, 2002.
Coordination of cell growth in cocultures by a genetic proliferation control system
Authors: Schroeder Katharina , Koschmieder Steffen , Ottmann Oliver G. , Hoelzer Dieter , Hauser Hansjörg , Mueller Peter P.
Published: August 2002

Advanced cell culture systems such as organotypic cultures or stem cell expansion often involve cocultivation of two or more different cell types. A typical situation is the use of a feeder cell line that supports survival, growth or controls the differentiation status of primary cells. Unequal proliferation capacities result in unbalanced cell growth, such as the undesired expansion of immortalized cells at the expense of the primary cells. We utilized a genetic regulatory system to coordinate cell growth in cocultures. Proliferation control of a feeder cell line by a recombinant transcription factor was employed to prevent feeder cells from overgrowing cocultured stem cells, thereby avoiding premature media exhaustion. Relevant characteristic cell‐surface proteins present on the parental feeder cell line were preserved. No special equipment was required and cell‐type specific growth could be adjusted even during coculture. When compared to a conventional gamma‐irradiation procedure, genetic proliferation control was superior with respect to ease of use, robustness, cell adherence, morphology and viability. The results demonstrate the applicability of genetic proliferation control to coordinate growth of different cell types in cocultures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 346–352, 2002.
Cell separation mediated by differential rolling adhesion
Authors: Greenberg Adam W. , Hammer Daniel A.
Published: August 2002

Recently, we showed a correlation between the maturity of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells during development and rolling efficiency on selectins. These findings motivated us to explore a novel separation that exploits differences in selectin‐mediated rolling adhesion between populations of cells. We extend the use of a previously developed cell‐free system to study the separation of populations of sialyl Lewis x (sLex)‐coated microspheres designed to roll with different average velocities on L‐selectin chimeric substrates under well‐defined flow. Results show that a separation that exploits differences in average rolling velocities between cell or microsphere populations is attainable. Excellent recovery and purity values for the slower rolling, or more desirable, populations are obtained and can be estimated from rolling velocity measurements. We also assess the feasibility of a selectin‐mediated separation of adult bone marrow cell populations using previously obtained rolling velocity and rolling flux data for CD34+ and CD34− adult bone marrow cells on L‐selectin substrates. We believe that a cell separation mediated by differential rolling adhesion can be used to enrich populations of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from an adult bone marrow cell preparation and that this method possesses several major advantages over existing antibody‐mediated cell‐affinity chromatography technologies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 111–124, 2001.
Explicit oxygen concentration expression for estimating extant biodegradation kinetics from respirometric experiments
Authors: Goudar Chetan T. , Ellis Timothy G.
Published: August 2002

We present a simple method for estimating extant biodegradation kinetic parameters from oxygen uptake data obtained during respirometric experiments. Specifically, a novel closed‐form solution based on the Lambert W function is presented for the differential equation describing substrate biodegradation based on the Monod equation. Unlike the existing implicit solution, this novel solution is explicit with respect to the substrate concentration and, when coupled with the oxygen uptake equation, results in a simple algebraic expression for dissolved oxygen concentration in respirometric experiments. This new solution provided highly accurate estimates of dissolved oxygen concentrations with accuracy on the order of 10−15 for calculations performed using double precision arithmetic. The applicability of this approach for estimating extant biodegradation kinetic parameters was verified using synthetic dissolved oxygen concentration data that incorporated normally distributed noise to mimic experimental data. A combination of the W function description of oxygen concentration and a nonlinear optimization routine resulted in estimates of the Monod kinetic parameters, μm and Ks, that were close to the actual values, indicating the suitability of this approach for extant kinetic parameter estimation. This approach was subsequently tested on experimental oxygen concentration data obtained during ethylene‐glycol biodegradation in respirometric experiments. The availability of simple algorithms for evaluating the W function makes the new solution easier to compute than current methods that rely on numerical solution of differential or nonlinear equations. The simplicity and accuracy associated with use of the W function to describe oxygen concentration data should make it an attractive approach for estimating extant Monod biodegradation kinetic parameters from respirometric experiments. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 74–81, 2001.
Stochastic kinetic analysis of the Escherichia coli stress circuit using σ32‐targeted antisense
Authors: Srivastava R. , Peterson M. S. , Bentley W. E.
Published: August 2002

A stochastic Petri net model was developed for simulating the σ32 stress circuit in E. coli. Transcription factor σ32 is the principal regulator of the response of E. coli to heat shock. Stochastic Petri net (SPN) models are well suited for kinetics characterization of fluxes in biochemical pathways. Notably, there exists a one‐to‐one mapping of model tokens and places to molecules of particular species. Our model was validated against experiments in which ethanol (inducer of heat shock response) and σ32‐targeted antisense (downward regulator) were used to perturb the σ32 regulatory pathway. The model was also extended to simulate the effects of recombinant protein production. Results show that the stress response depends heavily on the partitioning of σ32 within the cell; that is, σ32 becomes immediately available to mediate a stress response because it exists primarily in a sequestered, inactive form, complexed with chaperones DnaK, DnaJ, and GrpE. Recombinant proteins, however, also compete for chaperone proteins, particularly when folded improperly. Our simulations indicate that when the expression of recombinant protein has a low requirement for DnaK, DnaJ, and GrpE, the overall σ32 levels may drop, but the level of heat shock proteins will increase. Conversely, when the overexpressed recombinant protein has a strong requirement for the chaperones, a severe response is predicted. Interestingly, both cases were observed experimentally. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 120–129, 2001.
Application of statistically‐based experimental designs for the optimization of eicosapentaenoic acid production by the diatom Nitzschia laevis
Authors: Wen Zhi‐You , Chen Feng
Published: August 2002

Statistically based experimental designs were applied to the optimization of medium components and environmental factors for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production by the diatom Nitzschia laevis in heterotrophic conditions. First, the Plackett‐Burman design was used to evaluate the effects of variables including medium components and environmental factors on cell growth and EPA production. Among these variables, NaCl, CaCl2, PI metal solution, pH, and temperature were identified to have the significant effects (with confidence level > 90 %). Subsequently, the concentrations of NaCl, CaCl2, PI metal solution as well as the values of pH and temperature were optimized using central composite design. The cell growth and EPA production were found to respectively correlate to NaCl, CaCl2, pH, and temperature that could be represented by second‐order polynomial models. The optimal values of the four parameters were determined by response surface and numerical analyses as 8 g/L NaCl, 0.10 g/L CaCl2, pH 8.5 and 19.8°C for cell dry weight (DW), and 14 g/L NaCl, 0.10 g/L CaCl2, pH 8.5 and 18°C for EPA production, respectively. The subsequent verification experiments confirmed the validity of the models. This optimization strategy led to a DW of 9 g/L, an EPA yield of 280 mg/L and an EPA productivity of 28 mg/L/d, respectively, which were considerably higher than those obtained in the previous studies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 159–169, 2001.
Isolation and expression of a Bacillus cereus gene encoding benzil reductase
Authors: Maruyama Reiji , Nishizawa Mikio , Itoi Yasushi , Ito Seiji , Inoue Masami
Published: August 2002

Benzil was reduced stereospecifically to (S)‐benzoin by Bacillus cereus strain Tim‐r01. To isolate the gene responsible for asymmetric reduction, we constructed a library consisting of Escherichia coli clones that harbored plasmids expressing Bacillus cereus genes. The library was screened using the halo formation assay, and one clone showed benzil reduction to (S)‐benzoin. Thus, this clone seemed to carry a plasmid encoding a Bacillus cereus benzil reductase. The deduced amino acid sequence had marked homologies to the Bacillus subtilis yueD protein (41% identity), the yeast open reading frame YIR036C protein (31%), and the mammalian sepiapterin reductases (28% to 30%), suggesting that benzil reductase is a novel short‐chain de‐hydrogenases/ reductase. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 630–633, 2001.
Environmental commitment and manufacturing excellence: a comparative study within Canadian industry
Authors: Roy Marie‐Josée , Boiral Olivier , Lagacé Denis
Published: August 2002

The development of an environmental policy represents the cornerstone of an environmental management system (EMS), an essential tool that helps companies both systematically manage their environmental obligations and risks, and promote these objectives throughout the entire organization. The implementation of such policies must rest not solely upon the development of specific pollution‐reduction programmes but also upon more encompassing issues dealing with the examination of existing management systems and work procedures. This paper presents the results of a study conducted in 250 manufacturing firms. It examines factors such as manufacturing policies and competitive positioning in their role as driving forces behind environmental commitment. The study's results demonstrate that environmental commitment is often linked to sound management practices. Good relations with both employees and suppliers, participatory management and total quality management programmes appear to be intimately correlated with the existence of an environmental policy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Voluntary adoption of ISO 14001 in Japan: mechanisms, stages and effects
Authors: Welch Eric W. , Mori Yasuhumi , Aoyagi‐Usui Midori
Published: August 2002

This paper seeks to understand what factors contribute to voluntary adoption of the ISO 14001 environmental management system by private sector facilities in Japan. A model based on regulatory, competitiveness, social responsibility and organization theory is applied to 1999 survey data. Analysis shows systematically different factors to be important indicators of voluntarism in different industries and for facilities at different stages of certification. First adopters and second adopters appear to be fundamentally different types of organizations driven by different internal and external factors. Although results do not indicate a clear causal linkage between ISO adoption and greening activity, evidence shows that at least two different stages of adoption have taken place in Japan and that ISO adoption is associated with environmental action. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
The defense of extreme emotional disturbance in New York County: pleas and outcomes
Authors: Kirschner Stuart M. , Galperin Gary J.
Published: August 2002

A number of studies have investigated the use of the insanity defense; however, there are few reports on the use of other types of psychiatric defenses. This study explored the use of the affirmative psychiatric defense of extreme emotional disturbance (EED) in New York County (one of the five counties which comprise New York City). The results of the study indicate that, as in the case of the insanity defense, EED is rarely proffered by criminal defendants (plea rate 0.84%). The defense only prevailed on one occasion at a jury trial. While the EED defense was successful 39% of the time that it was entered, this was usually only when the prosecutor accepted the argument that was offered by the defense. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unique case of trifurcation of the brachial artery: Its Clinical Significance
Authors: Malcic‐Gürbüz Jasna , Gürünlüoĝlu Raffi , Özdoĝmuş Ömer , Yalin Aymelek
Published: August 2002

The variability of the arteries in the upper extremity is considerable. This case is a report of a trifurcation of the brachial artery that divided into radial, ulnar, and superior ulnar collateral arteries high in the arm; the length of the brachial artery was only 4.9 cm. Because the upper extremity is a frequent site of injury, various surgical and invasive procedures are performed in this region; consequently, it is of utmost importance to be aware of arterial variations. For some medical procedures, there may be an increased risk of complications because of variant vessels; however, for other procedures, they may be beneficial. In addition to presenting a detailed anatomic study of the case, the clinical significance of the variation has been addressed. Clin. Anat. 15:224–227, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Real‐time computer simulation workshops for the process control education of undergraduate chemical engineers
Authors: Young B. R. , Mahoney D. P. , Svrcek W. Y.
Published: August 2002

Realistic workshops involving real‐time simulation of chemical processes are introduced for an undergraduate process‐control course in chemical engineering. The workshops are based on fundamental‐process models of industrial unit operations and are designed for the “hands‐on” learning of process control. These workshops can be used in a computer laboratory under all readily available commercial process simulation software, namely, HYSYS, Aspen Dynamics, and MATLAB. This paper reviews these workshops and how they are used for effective process control education of chemical engineers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 9: 57–62, 2001
Empowerment and mental health in community: narratives of psychiatric consumer/survivors
Authors: Nelson Geoffrey , Lord John , Ochocka Joanna
Published: August 2002

This paper clarifies the concepts of empowerment and mental health and examines their inter‐ relationships in a qualitative study of psychiatric consumer/survivors participating in three innovative community mental health programmes. Focus group interviews with 59 stakeholders and in‐depth stories of six consumer/survivors served as the data base. We defined mental health as the development of choice, control, and community integration and the acquisition of valued resources, and our research identified indicators of each of these qualities. Moreover, we found empowering processes at the micro, meso, and macro levels of analysis that facilitated the recovery of mental health, as well as disempowering processes that impeded mental health. The findings are discussed in the context of the literature on innovative practices and the emergence of an alternative paradigm in community mental health. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remediation at the Community College: Pressing Issues, Uncertain Solutions
Authors: Oudenhoven Betsy
Published: August 2002

Community colleges welcome traditional‐age and adult students who are not prepared to do college‐level work, but there is a lack of consensus about how they should be assessed, placed, and taught.
Provisional stenting for symptomatic intracranial stenosis using a multidisciplinary approach: Acute results, unexpected benefit, and one‐year outcome
Authors: Ramee Stephen R. , Dawson Robert , McKinley Kevin L. , Felberg Robert , Collins Tyrone J. , Jenkins J. Stephen , Awaad Mohammed I. , White Christopher J.
Published: August 2002

Percutaneous techniques have dramatically changed our approach to coronary and peripheral revascularization. Intracranial atherosclerosis is a highly morbid disease; however, techniques for revascularization are still in evolution. The authors comprise a multidisciplinary team of neurologists, neuroradiologists, and interventional cardiologists who have collaborated in treating fifteen patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis who have failed medical therapy. The acute success rate (100%) and one‐year freedom from death and stroke (93.4%) using balloon angioplasty and provisional stenting are encouraging. A surprising observation in this patient cohort was that 53% of patients had improvement or resolution of a deficit that was chronic and presumed to be permanent and irreversible. This type of chronic but reversible deficit is termed “brain angina”. The background, rationale for a multidisciplinary team, techniques, and preliminary results of intracranial angioplasty with provisional stenting are presented. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;52:457–467. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abciximab for the treatment of acute distal embolization associated with internal carotid artery angioplasty
Authors: Kittusamy Prem K. , Koenigsberg Robert A. , McCormick Daniel J.
Published: August 2002

Carotid artery angioplasty and stent placement (CAS) can be complicated by procedure‐related distal embolization and thrombus formation, potentially resulting in neurological sequelae. Patient A had CAS of left internal carotid artery and had loss of vision in the left eye with no flow in the left ophthalmic artery. Patient B had CAS of right internal carotid artery and developed left sided hemiparesis with total occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. A selective intra‐arterial injection of 5 mg of abciximab locally followed by a bolus of 5 mg of abciximab intravenously resulted in complete resolution of the filling defect on repeat angiography after 10 min in both patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:221–233. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous chiral separation in noncovalent molecular clusters
Authors: Hodyss Robert , Julian Ryan R. , Beauchamp J. L.
Published: August 2002

A new method is introduced to determine the extent to which spontaneous chiral separation occurs in small noncovalently bound clusters. Soft‐sampling electrospray ionization was used to transfer noncovalent complexes from solution to the gas phase. Mixing D and L enantiomers with one of the pair isotopically labeled reveals the effect of chirality on cluster stability. The observed cluster distribution is compared to the predicted statistical distribution to determine any preference for homo‐ or heterochirality. Arginine, for example, forms a stable trimer with no preference for the chirality of the individual amino acids. Serine, however, forms a protonated octamer with a pronounced preference for homochirality. The implications of these results for the structures of the complexes are discussed along with the broader implications for the origins of homochirality in living systems (homochirogenesis). Chirality 13:703–706, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.