bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facial Reconstruction: Anthropometric Studies Regarding the Morphology of the Nose for Romanian Adult Population I: Nose Width
Authors: Diac Madalina Maria , Earar Kamel , Damian Simona Irina , Knieling Anton , Iov Tatiana , Shrimpton Sarah , Castaneyra-Ruiz Maria , Wilkinson Caroline , Bulgaru Iliescu Diana
Published: September 2020

Craniofacial reconstruction often represents a final step in medico-legal identification and is dependent on facial tissue thickness measurements and feature shape estimation. This study’s aim is to create a reliable and readily reproductible method of predicting the maximum nose width (MNW) based on the maximum nasal aperture width (MAW) for a Romanian adult population. A sample of 55 computer tomography (CT) scans consisting of Romanian adult subjects was selected from the database of a neurosurgery hospital. The craniometrics measured consisted of a first measure of MAW and second one of the MNW using 3D systems Freeform Modelling Plus Software. Correlation analysis indicated a moderate link between the MAW and the MNW. Regression analysis showed that MAW and sex form a statistically significant regression pattern (R2 = 0.340, SEE (Standard Error of Estimate) = 3.801). The preliminary results obtained provide reliable predictions of MNW for facial reconstruction based on MAW measured on the skull.
Creating Incremental Models of Indoor Environments through Omnidirectional Imaging
Authors: Román Vicente , Payá Luis , Cebollada Sergio , Reinoso Óscar
Published: September 2020

In this work, an incremental clustering approach to obtain compact hierarchical models of an environment is developed and evaluated. This process is performed using an omnidirectional vision sensor as the only source of information. The method is structured in two loop closure levels. First, the Node Level Loop Closure process selects the candidate nodes with which the new image can close the loop. Second, the Image Level Loop Closure process detects the most similar image and the node with which the current image closed the loop. The algorithm is based on an incremental clustering framework and leads to a topological model where the images of each zone tend to be clustered in different nodes. In addition, the method evaluates when two nodes are similar and they can be merged in a unique node or when a group of connected images are different enough to the others and they should constitute a new node. To perform the process, omnidirectional images are described with global appearance techniques in order to obtain robust descriptors. The use of such technique in mapping and localization algorithms is less extended than local features description, so this work also evaluates the efficiency in clustering and mapping techniques. The proposed framework is tested with three different public datasets, captured by an omnidirectional vision system mounted on a robot while it traversed three different buildings. This framework is able to build the model incrementally, while the robot explores an unknown environment. Some relevant parameters of the algorithm adapt their value as the robot captures new visual information to fully exploit the features’ space, and the model is updated and/or modified as a consequence. The experimental section shows the robustness and efficiency of the method, comparing it with a batch spectral clustering algorithm.
Modeling Ozone Source Apportionment and Performing Sensitivity Analysis in Summer on the North China Plain
Authors: Zhang Yujing , Zhao Yuncheng , Li Jie , Wu Qizhong , Wang Hui , Du Huiyun , Yang Wenyi , Wang Zifa , Zhu Lili
Published: September 2020

In recent years, air quality issues due to fine particulate matter have been sufficiently treated. However, ozone (O3) has now become the primary pollutant in summer on the North China Plain (NCP). In this study, a three-dimensional chemical transport model (the Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System, NAQPMS) coupled with an online source apportionment module was applied to investigate the sources of O3 pollution over the NCP. Generally, the NAQPMS adequately captured the observed spatiotemporal features of O3 during the period of July 1st to August 31st in 2017 on the NCP. The results of the source apportionment indicated that the contributions of local emissions and transport from the NCP accounted for the largest proportion of O3, with magnitudes of 25% and 39%, respectively. Compared with those in the average monthly results, the local contribution and regional transport during O3 episodes on the NCP increased by 7% and 10%, respectively. Based on sensitivity tests, two thresholds of the sensitivity indicator P(H2O2)/P(HNO3) were detected, at 0.08 and 0.2. Ozone formation in the urban sites of Beijing, Tianjin, and the southern part of Hebei Province was controlled by VOCs, while the other sites were mainly controlled by NOX. Biogenic emissions contributed approximately 18% to O3 formation in July in the southwestern part of Hebei Province.
Helicopter Pilots Encountering Fog: An Analysis of 109 Accidents from 1992 to 2016
Authors: de Voogt Alex , Kalagher Hilary , Diamond Andrew
Published: September 2020

Helicopters have the ability to make maneuvers or precautionary off-airport landings to avoid flights into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) such as fog. Flight accidents in which fog was encountered as well as inadvertent and intentional flights into fog were examined to understand their occurrence. A 25-year period in the United States using the National Transportation Safety Board online database was used to collect 109 accident reports of which 73 (67%) were fatal. Pilots flying intentionally into IMC were more likely to be a part of a fatal accident than those who did so inadvertently. Those pilots who were reported as being under pressure when encountering fog conditions were also more likely to be in an accident. The findings confirm a high prevalence and an added danger to intentional flights into IMC. In addition, decision-making under pressure when encountering IMC conditions is now linked to a higher proportion of fatalities, emphasizing that helicopter pilots should be made aware of these specific decision-making circumstances in their operations.
Some Inequalities for Convex Sets
Authors: Tsintsifas George
Published: September 2020

The paper concerns inequalities between fundamental quantities as area, perimeter, diameter and width for convex plane fugures.
Optimization of Co-Culture Conditions for a Human Vascularized Adipose Tissue Model
Authors: Yang Feipeng , Cohen Ronald N. , Brey Eric M.
Published: September 2020

In vitro adipose tissue models can be used to provide insight into fundamental aspects of adipose physiology. These systems may serve as replacements for animal models, which are often poor predictors of obesity and metabolic diseases in humans. Adipose tissue consists of a rich vasculature that is essential to its function. However, the study of endothelial cell–adipocyte interactions has been challenging due to differences in culture conditions required for the survival and function of each cell type. To address this issue, we performed an extensive evaluation of the cell culture media composition to identify the conditions optimal for the co-culture of endothelial cells and adipocytes. The effects of individual media factors on cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation were systematically explored. Several media factors were determined to disrupt the co-culture system. Optimized culture conditions were identified and used to generate a vascularized human adipose microtissue. An interconnected vascular network was established within an adipose micro-tissue, and the networks were anastomosed with perfused channels to form a functional network. In conclusion, media conditions were identified that enabled endothelial cell–adipocyte co-culture and were used to support the formation of a vascularized adipose tissue within a microfluidic device.
Innovative Human Three-Dimensional Tissue-Engineered Models as an Alternative to Animal Testing
Authors: Bédard Patrick , Gauvin Sara , Ferland Karel , Caneparo Christophe , Pellerin Ève , Chabaud Stéphane , Bolduc Stéphane
Published: September 2020

Animal testing has long been used in science to study complex biological phenomena that cannot be investigated using two-dimensional cell cultures in plastic dishes. With time, it appeared that more differences could exist between animal models and even more when translated to human patients. Innovative models became essential to develop more accurate knowledge. Tissue engineering provides some of those models, but it mostly relies on the use of prefabricated scaffolds on which cells are seeded. The self-assembly protocol has recently produced organ-specific human-derived three-dimensional models without the need for exogenous material. This strategy will help to achieve the 3R principles.
Extracellular Vesicles as Nanotherapeutics for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Leggio Loredana , Paternò Greta , Vivarelli Silvia , L’Episcopo Francesca , Tirolo Cataldo , Raciti Gabriele , Pappalardo Fabrizio , Giachino Carmela , Caniglia Salvatore , Serapide Maria Francesca , Marchetti Bianca , Iraci Nunzio
Published: September 2020

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring membranous structures secreted by normal and diseased cells, and carrying a wide range of bioactive molecules. In the central nervous system (CNS), EVs are important in both homeostasis and pathology. Through receptor–ligand interactions, direct fusion, or endocytosis, EVs interact with their target cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that EVs play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), including Parkinson′s disease (PD). PD is the second most common ND, characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons within the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In PD, EVs are secreted by both neurons and glial cells, with either beneficial or detrimental effects, via a complex program of cell-to-cell communication. The functions of EVs in PD range from their etiopathogenetic relevance to their use as diagnostic tools and innovative carriers of therapeutics. Because they can cross the blood–brain barrier, EVs can be engineered to deliver bioactive molecules (e.g., small interfering RNAs, catalase) within the CNS. This review summarizes the latest findings regarding the role played by EVs in PD etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, with a particular focus on their use as novel PD nanotherapeutics.
Oxygen: The Rate-Limiting Factor for Episodic Memory Performance, Even in Healthy Young Individuals
Authors: Suzin Gil , Halpert Frolinger Tom , Yogev Dror , Hadanny Amir , Catalogna Merav , Rassovsky Yuri , Efrati Shai
Published: September 2020

Cognition is a crucial element of human functionality. Like any other physical capability, cognition is both enabled and limited by tissue biology. The aim of this study was to investigate whether oxygen is a rate-limiting factor for any of the main cognitive domains in healthy young individuals. Fifty-six subjects were randomly assigned to either increased oxygen supply using hyperbaric oxygen (two atmospheres of 100% oxygen) or to a “sham” treatment (a simulation of increased pressure in a chamber with normal air). While in the chamber, participants went through a battery of tests evaluating the major cognitive domains including information processing speed, episodic memory, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and attention. The results demonstrated that from all evaluated cognitive domains, a statistically significant improvement was found in the episodic memory of the hyper-oxygenized group. The hyper-oxygenized group demonstrated a better learning curve and a higher resilience to interference. To conclude, oxygen delivery is a rate-limiting factor for memory function even in healthy young individuals under normal conditions. Understanding the biological limitations of our cognitive functions is important for future development of interventional tools that can be used in daily clinical practice.
Cinnamaldehyde and Hyperthermia Co-Treatment Synergistically Induces ROS-Mediated Apoptosis in ACHN Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Ahn Chae Ryeong , Park Jinbong , Kim Jai-Eun , Ahn Kwang Seok , Kim Young Woo , Jeong Minjeong , Kim Hong Jun , Park Sun Hyang , Baek Seung Ho
Published: September 2020

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents the most common form of kidney cancer, which accounts for 3–5% newly diagnosed cancer cases. Since limited therapies are available for RCC, a search for new options is required. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the combination effect of cinnamaldehyde (CNM) and hyperthermia treatment. CNM treatment combined with 43 °C hyperthermia synergistically increased cytotoxicity in RCC cell line ACHN cells. Through Western blot assays, we observed increased apoptosis signaling and decreased proliferation/metastasis signaling, along with a repressed heat shock protein 70 level. In flow cytometry analyses, CNM and hyperthermia combination clearly induced apoptosis and mitochondrial potential of ACHN cells, while arresting the cell cycle. Investigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) suggested a significant increase of ROS generation by CNM and 43 °C hyperthermia co-treatment. We could verify that ROS is crucial in the apoptotic action of combination treatment with CNM and hyperthermia through further experiments regarding an ROS scavenger. Overall, we suggest CNM and hyperthermia combination treatment as an alternative option of anticancer strategies for RCC.
Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation Post Endovascular Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Sheriff Faheem , Castro Pedro , Kozberg Mariel , LaRose Sarah , Monk Andrew , Azevedo Elsa , Li Karen , Jafari Sameen , Rao Shyam , Otite Fadar Oliver , Khawaja Ayaz , Sorond Farzaneh , Feske Steven , Tan Can Ozan , Vaitkevicius Henrikas
Published: September 2020

The development of the endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) technique has revolutionized acute stroke management for patients with large vessel occlusions (LVOs). The impact of successful recanalization using an EVT on autoregulatory profiles is unknown. A more complete understanding of cerebral autoregulation in the context of EVT may assist with post-procedure hemodynamic optimization to prevent complications. We examined cerebral autoregulation in 107 patients with an LVO in the anterior circulation (proximal middle cerebral artery (M1/2) and internal cerebral artery (ICA) terminus) who had been treated using an EVT. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation was assessed at multiple time points, ranging from less than 24 hours to 5 days following last seen well (LSW) time, using transcranial Doppler ultrasound recordings and transfer function analysis. Complete (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 3) recanalization was associated with a more favorable autoregulation profile compared with TICI 2b or poorer recanalization (p < 0.05), which is an effect that was present after accounting for differences in the infarct volumes. Less effective autoregulation in the first 24 h following the LSW time was associated with increased rates of parenchymal hematoma types 1 and 2 hemorrhagic transformations (PH1–PH2). These data suggest that patients with incomplete recanalization and poor autoregulation (especially within the first 24 h post-LSW time) may warrant closer blood pressure monitoring and control in the first few days post ictus.
DMC-Mediated Copolymerization of CO2 and PO—Mechanistic Aspects Derived from Feed and Polymer Composition
Authors: Stahl Sarah-Franziska , Luinstra Gerrit
Published: September 2020

The influence of composition of liquid phase on composition of poly(propylene ether carbonates) in the copolymerization of CO2 with propylene oxide (PO), mediated by a zinc chloride cobalt double metal cyanide, was monitored by FT-IR/CO2 uptake/size exclusion chromatography in batch and semi-batch mode. The ratio of mol fractions of carbonate to ether linkages F (~0.15) was found virtually independent on the feed between 60 and 120 °C. The presence of CO2 lowers the catalytic activity but yields more narrowly distributed poly(propylene ether carbonates). Hints on diffusion and chemistry-related restrictions were found underlying, broadening the distribution. The incorporation of CO2 seems to proceed in a metal-based insertion chain process, ether linkages are generated stepwise after external nucleophilic attack. The presence of amines resulted in lower activities and no change in F. An exchange of chloride for nitrate in the catalyst led to a higher F of max. 0.45. The observations are interpreted in a mechanistic scheme, comprising surface-base-assisted nucleophilic attack of external weak nucleophiles and of mobile surface-bound carboxylato entities on activated PO in competition to protonation of surface-bound alkoxide intermediates by poly(propylene ether carbonate) glycols or by surface-bound protons. Basic entities on the catalyst may promote CO2 incorporation.
Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Syngas on Bifunctional Hybrid Catalysts Based on Supported H3PW12O40 and Cu-ZnO(Al): Effect of Heteropolyacid Loading on Hybrid Structure and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Millán Elena , Mota Noelia , Guil-López Rut , Pawelec Bárbara , García Fierro José L. , Navarro Rufino M.
Published: September 2020

The performance of bifunctional hybrid catalysts based on phosphotungstic acid (H3PW12O40, HPW) supported on TiO2 combined with Cu-ZnO(Al) catalyst in the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas has been investigated. We studied the effect of the HPW loading on TiO2 (from 1.4 to 2.7 monolayers) on the dispersion and acid characteristics of the HPW clusters. When the concentration of the heteropoliacid is slightly higher than the monolayer (1.4 monolayers) the acidity of the clusters is perturbed by the surface of titania, while for concentration higher than 1.7 monolayers results in the formation of three-dimensional HPW nanocrystals with acidity similar to the bulk heteropolyacid. Physical hybridization of supported heteropolyacids with the Cu-ZnO(Al) catalyst modifies both the acid characteristics of the supported heteropolyacids and the copper surface area of the Cu-ZnO(Al) catalyst. Hybridization gives rise to a decrease in the copper surface area and the disappearance of the strong acidic sites typical of HPW nanocrystals, showing all hybrids similar acid sites of weak or medium strength. The activity of the hybrids was tested for direct DME synthesis from syngas at 30 bar and 250 °C; only the hybrids with HPW loading higher than 1.4 monolayers showed activity for the direct synthesis of DME, showing that the sample loaded with 2.7 monolayers of heteropolyacid had higher activity than the reference hybrid representative of the most widely applied catalysts based on the combination of Cu-ZnO(Al) with HZSM-5. In spite of the high activity of the hybrids, they show a moderate loss in the DME production with TOS that denotes some kind of deactivation of the acidity function under reaction conditions.
Lessons from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Harnessing Trained Immunity for Vaccine Development
Authors: Pasco Samuel T. , Anguita Juan
Published: September 2020

Vaccine design traditionally focuses on inducing adaptive immune responses against a sole target pathogen. Considering that many microbes evade innate immune mechanisms to initiate infection, and in light of the discovery of epigenetically mediated innate immune training, the paradigm of vaccine design has the potential to change. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine induces some level of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) while stimulating trained immunity that correlates with lower mortality and increased protection against unrelated pathogens. This review will explore BCG-induced trained immunity, including the required pathways to establish this phenotype. Additionally, potential methods to improve or expand BCG trained immunity effects through alternative vaccine delivery and formulation methods will be discussed. Finally, advances in new anti-Mtb vaccines, other antimicrobial uses for BCG, and “innate memory-based vaccines” will be examined.
Exercise-Induced Changes in Bioactive Lipids Might Serve as Potential Predictors of Post-Exercise Hypotension. A Pilot Study in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Wolters Miriam C. , Schmetzer Julia , Möser Christine V. , Hahnefeld Lisa , Angioni Carlo , Thomas Dominique , Ferreirós Nerea , Geisslinger Gerd , Niederberger Ellen
Published: September 2020

Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is the phenomenon of lowered blood pressure after a single bout of exercise. Only a fraction of people develops PEH but its occurrence correlates well with long-term effects of sports on blood pressure. Therefore, PEH has been suggested as a suitable predictor for the effectivity of exercise as therapy in hypertension. Local vascular bioactive lipids might play a potential role in this context. We performed a cross-over clinical pilot study with 18 healthy volunteers to investigate the occurrence of PEH after a single short-term endurance exercise. Furthermore, we investigated the plasma lipid profile with focus on arachidonic acid (AA)-derived metabolites as potential biomarkers of PEH. A single bout of ergometer cycling induced a significant PEH in healthy volunteers with the expected high inter-individual variability. Targeted lipid spectrum analysis revealed significant upregulation of several lipids in the direct post-exercise phase. Among these changes, only 15- hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid (HETE) correlated significantly with the extent of PEH but in an AA-independent manner, suggesting that 15-HETE might act as specific PEH-marker. Our data indicate that specific lipid modulation might facilitate the identification of patients who will benefit from exercise activity in hypertension therapy. However, larger trials including hypertonic patients are necessary to verify the clinical value of this hypothesis.
Hedgehog Signaling and Truncated GLI1 in Cancer
Authors: Doheny Daniel , Manore Sara G. , Wong Grace L. , Lo Hui-Wen
Published: September 2020

The hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway regulates normal cell growth and differentiation. As a consequence of improper control, aberrant HH signaling results in tumorigenesis and supports aggressive phenotypes of human cancers, such as neoplastic transformation, tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Canonical activation of HH signaling occurs through binding of HH ligands to the transmembrane receptor Patched 1 (PTCH1), which derepresses the transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO). Consequently, the glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) zinc-finger transcription factors, the terminal effectors of the HH pathway, are released from suppressor of fused (SUFU)-mediated cytoplasmic sequestration, permitting nuclear translocation and activation of target genes. Aberrant activation of this pathway has been implicated in several cancer types, including medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, basal cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, and cancers of lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, ovarian, and breast. Therefore, several components of the HH pathway are under investigation for targeted cancer therapy, particularly GLI1 and SMO. GLI1 transcripts are reported to undergo alternative splicing to produce truncated variants: loss-of-function GLI1ΔN and gain-of-function truncated GLI1 (tGLI1). This review covers the biochemical steps necessary for propagation of the HH activating signal and the involvement of aberrant HH signaling in human cancers, with a highlight on the tumor-specific gain-of-function tGLI1 isoform.
Thin Niobium and Niobium Nitride PVD Coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel as Bipolar Plates for PEMFCs
Authors: Atapour Masoud , Rajaei Vahid , Trasatti Stefano , Casaletto Maria Pia , Chiarello Gian Luca
Published: September 2020

In this paper, Nb, NbN, and Nb/NbN thin films were successfully deposited on AISI 304 stainless steel (304 SS) as the bipolar plate (BPP) for proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) by employing a radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering system. Corrosion assessments in simulated PEMFC operating conditions (1 M H2SO4 + 2 mg/kg HF, 70 °C) revealed that the Nb and NbN coatings significantly improved the corrosion resistance of the 304 SS substrates. The Nb and NbN deposited samples at 350 °C exhibited superior corrosion resistance compared to those coated at 25 °C. Potentiostatic tests were also performed at the constant potentials of +0.644 and −0.056 V vs. Ag/AgCl to simulate the cathodic and anodic PEMFC conditions, respectively. The minimum current densities were recorded for the Nb coating in both anodic and cathodic conditions. Compared with the 304 SS substrate, all coatings showed lower interfacial contact resistance (ICR) and higher hydrophobicity. Among the tested coatings, the Nb coating exhibited the smallest ICR (9 mΩ·cm2 at 140 N/cm2). The results of this investigation revealed that the Nb and NbN coatings deposited by RF magnetron sputtering on 304 SS can be regarded as promising candidates for BPPs in PEMFCs.
In Vitro Analysis of Quality of Dental Adhesive Bond Systems Applied in Various Conditions
Authors: Trzcionka Agata , Narbutaite Ruta , Pranckeviciene Alma , Maskeliūnas Rytis , Damaševičius Robertas , Narvydas Gintautas , Połap Dawid , Mocny-Pachońska Katarzyna , Wozniak Marcin , Tanasiewicz Marta
Published: September 2020

Introduction: There are several methods of reducing a microleakage, and one of them is choosing appropriate adhesive material. The aim of the work was the in vitro analysis of 4 bonds: 3M ESPE “Single bond”, Dentsply “Prime and Bond Active”, Coltene “One Coat 7 Universal”, and Kuraray “Clearfil Universal Bond Quick”. Material and methods: 136 healthy molar teeth were collected and randomly split into 4 groups and Vth Class cavities were prepared. Chosen adhesives were used in four groups of teeth with the same composite. Teeth were the thermocycled, sealed, covered with lacquer, and submerged in 1% methylene blue solution for 24 h. After the thermocycling, the vertices of each tooth were sealed using dental wax. Each tooth was then fully covered with lacquer. All teeth were then submerged into 1% methylene blue solution for 24 h in room temperature. In the next step they were transversely cut through a center of restoration. The Olympus BX43 microscope was used to photograph each cut tooth. With the usage of Olympus stream software, measurement of the dye’s leakage was performed. Results. The statistical analysis proved that the most effective material when applied to ideally prepared cavity surface was Dentsply “Prime and Bond Active”. The second material was 3M ESPE “Single Bond”, third—Coltene “One Coat 7 Universal” and fourth—Kuraray “Clearfil Universal Bond Quick”. The most effective material applied to a too-dry surface was Dentsply “Prime and Bond Active”, second—3M ESPE “Single Bond”, third—Coltene “One Coat 7 Universal” and fourth—Kuraray “Clearfil Universal Bond Quick”. When it comes to too damp surfaces the best results were obtained with Dentsply “Prime and Bond Active” then Coltene “One Coat 7 Universal”, 3M ESPE “Single Bond” and Kuraray “Clearfil Universal Bond Quick”. Conclusion: The level of cavity dampness influences the quality of adhesives. Better results are obtained with over-dried surfaces than over-damp, which is connected with the dilution of the material.
Carbon Deposition on Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Nanocubes by Annealing in the Air: Morphology Study with Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS)
Authors: Kim Chang-Yong
Published: September 2020

GISAXS has been used to study morphology change of α-Fe2O3 nanocubes after annealing processes. A submonolayer of the nanocubes was deposited on a Si(100) substrate. While an annealing at 400 °C in vacuum does not change a GISAXS pattern from as-prepared nanocubes submonolayer, subsequent annealing in air at the same temperature altered the GISAXS pattern significantly. SEM images showed that the air-annealed nanocubes were coated with thin layers which were identified as amorphous carbon layers based on Raman measurements. GISAXS simulations from morphologies of nanocube with 38 nm side-length and core-shell (nanocube-core and 7 nm thick carbon-shell) reproduced measured patterns from the vacuum- and the air-annealed nanocubes, respectively. The current study provides new approach for in-situ characterization of carbon deposition on a uniform shape nanoparticle through monitoring of deposited carbon thickness.
Polymer-Derived Si-Based Ceramics: Recent Developments and Perspectives
Authors: Xia Aidong , Yin Jie , Chen Xiao , Liu Xuejian , Huang Zhengren
Published: September 2020

Polymer derived ceramics (PDCs) are promising candidates for usages as the functionalization of inorganic Si-based materials. Compared with traditional ceramics preparation methods, it is easier to prepare and functionalize ceramics with complex shapes by using the PDCs technique, thereby broadening the application fields of inorganic Si-based ceramics. In this article, we summarized the research progress and the trends of PDCs in recent years, especially most recent three years. Fabrication techniques (traditional preparation, 3D printing, template method, freezing casting techniques, etc.), microstructural tailoring mainly via additive doping, and properties (mechanical, thermal, electrical, as well as dielectric and electromagnetic wave absorption properties) of Si-based PDCs were explicated. Meanwhile, challenges and perspectives for PDCs techniques were proposed as well, with the purpose to enlighten multiple functionalized applications of polymer-derived Si-based ceramics.
Thermal Stability of PS-PVD YSZ Coatings with Typical Dense Layered and Columnar Structures
Authors: Cheng Zefei , Yang Jiasheng , Shao Fang , Zhong Xinghua , Zhao Huayu , Zhuang Yin , Sheng Jing , Ni Jinxing , Tao Shunyan
Published: September 2020

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings with typical pyramid columnar and dense layered structure were prepared by plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD). The evolution behavior of microstructure and crystallography of the coatings before and after thermal aging treatment were observed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Results showed that the as-deposited coatings exhibited many types of structures and were mainly composed of a nonequilibrium tetragonal (t’-ZrO2) phase. With the prolonging of thermal exposure time, the initial nonequilibrium tetragonal phase of YSZ coatings gradually transformed into a monoclinic (m-ZrO2) phase. During the process of stationary deposition, at a proper spraying distance, each column exhibited a certain preferred orientation, but the ceramic topcoat did not exhibit distinct preferred orientation statistically.
Crystal Growth by the Floating Zone Method of Ce-Substituted Crystals of the Topological Kondo Insulator SmB6
Authors: Ciomaga Hatnean Monica , Ahmad Talha , Walker Marc , Lees Martin R. , Balakrishnan Geetha
Published: September 2020

SmB6 is a mixed valence topological Kondo insulator. To investigate the effect of substituting Sm with magnetic Ce ions on the physical properties of samarium hexaboride, Ce-substituted SmB6 crystals were grown by the floating zone method for the first time as large, good quality single crystal boules. The crystal growth conditions are reported. Structural, magnetic and transport properties of single crystals of Sm1−xCexB6 (x=0.05, 0.10 and 0.20) were investigated using X-ray diffraction techniques, electrical resistivity and magnetisation measurements. Phase composition analysis of the powder X-ray diffraction data collected on the as-grown boules revealed that the main phase was that of the parent compound, SmB6. Substitution of Sm ions with magnetic Ce ions does not lead to long-range magnetic ordering in the Sm1−xCexB6 crystals. The substitution with 5% Ce and above suppresses the cross-over from bulk conductivity at high temperatures to surface-only conductivity at low temperatures.
A Novel Hybrid Approach for Partial Discharge Signal Detection Based on Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise and Approximate Entropy
Authors: Shang Haikun , Li Yucai , Xu Junyan , Qi Bing , Yin Jinliang
Published: September 2020

To eliminate the influence of white noise in partial discharge (PD) detection, we propose a novel method based on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) and approximate entropy (ApEn). By introducing adaptive noise into the decomposition process, CEEMDAN can effectively separate the original signal into different intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) with distinctive frequency scales. Afterward, the approximate entropy value of each IMF is calculated to eliminate noisy IMFs. Then, correlation coefficient analysis is employed to select useful IMFs that represent dominant PD features. Finally, real IMFs are extracted for PD signal reconstruction. On the basis of EEMD, CEEMDAN can further improve reconstruction accuracy and reduce iteration numbers to solve mode mixing problems. The results on both simulated and on-site PD signals show that the proposed method can be effectively employed for noise suppression and successfully extract PD pulses. The fusion algorithm combines the CEEMDAN algorithm and the ApEn algorithm with their respective advantages and has a better de-noising effect than EMD and EEMD.
State-of-Health Prediction for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on a Novel Hybrid Approach
Authors: Yun Zhonghua , Qin Wenhu , Shi Weipeng , Ping Peng
Published: September 2020

Generally, the State-of-Health (SOH) monitoring and Remaining Useful Life (RUL) prediction and assessment of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries need to use sensors to obtain the degradation test data of the same type of batteries and establish the degradation model for reference. However, when the battery type is unknown, a usable reference model cannot be obtained, so its prediction and evaluation may be relatively inconvenient. In this paper, the State of-Health prediction for lithium-ion batteries based on a novel hybrid scheme is proposed. Firstly, historical charge/discharge time series and capacity series are extracted to analyze and construct Health Indicators, then using Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) to decompose the Health Indicator series into the trend and non-trend terms. Among them, the relatively smooth trend item data series uses the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (ARIMA) for prediction; when dealing with the data series of non-trend items which are obviously non-smooth and seemingly random, the residuals predicted by ARIMA and the non-trend items obtained by CEEMDAN decomposition are combined into new non-trend items; then the least square support vector machine (LSSVM) is introduced to build a nonlinear prediction model and make predictions. Finally, combining the prediction results of the trend item data series and the non-trend item data series as a reference for the assessment of the state of health and remaining useful life. The 13 experimental results of 3 batteries verify the effectiveness of the scheme.
Power Flow Tracing for Active Congestion Management in Modern Power Systems
Authors: Baczyńska Aleksandra , Niewiadomski Waldemar
Published: September 2020

Future power systems will be based on the more active role of distribution system and its cooperation with transmission system. The main issue, which will appear in the network, is the congestion. Congestion management will become one of the crucial elements of power system operation since Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) will be playing a more important role in power systems. Moreover, the evolution also changed the character of the systems to be more dynamic—the need for precise description of power flow and shares of particular nodes in line flows will emerge. This paper presents the potential solution to the congestion management problem by using the active role of the distribution system, which may dismantle the congestions by offering flexibility services. The tools which will be indispensable in this process will be Power Flow Tracing (PFT) methods. The main goal of this paper is to present modification of PFT method and its possible applications. The correctness of the Modified Inage Domain (MID) method is verified. The identification, verification and possible applications of the new MID method are also shown in the paper. It has been proven that the new method may be used in applications of allocation of transmission cost and in application in modern power systems for advanced congestion management.
Prediction of the Suitable Area of the Chinese White Pines (Pinus subsect. Strobus) under Climate Changes and Implications for Their Conservation
Authors: Lin Lele , He Jian , Xie Lei , Cui Guofa
Published: September 2020

White pines (Pinus subsect. Strobus) play important roles in forest ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere. Species of this group are narrowly distributed or endangered in China. In this study, we used a species distribution model (SDM) to project and predict the distribution patterns of the 12 species of Chinese white pine under a variety of paleoclimatic and future climate change scenarios based on 39 high-resolution environmental variables and 1459 distribution records. We also computed the centroid shift, range expansion/contraction, and suitability change of the current distribution area to assess the potential risk to each species in the future. The modeling results revealed that the suitable habitat of each species is consistent with but slightly larger than its actual distribution range and that temperature, precipitation, and UV radiation are important determining factors for the distribution of different white pine species. The results indicate that the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) greatly affected the current distribution of the Chinese white pine species. Additionally, it was predicted that under the future climate change scenarios, there will be a reduction in the area of habitats suitable for P. armandii, P. morrisonicola, and P. mastersiana. Furthermore, some of the current distribution sites of P. armandii, P. kwangtungensis, P. mastersiana, P. morrisonicola, P. sibirica, and P. wallichiana were predicted to become more unsuitable under these scenarios. These results indicate that some Chinese white pine species, such as P. armandii, P. morrisonicola, and P. mastersiana, may have a very high risk of population shrinkage in the future. Overall, this study provided relevant data for the long-term conservation (both in situ and ex situ) and sustainable management of Chinese white pine species.
Allowing Users to Benefit from Tree Shading: Using a Smartphone App to Allow Adaptive Route Planning during Extreme Heat
Authors: Deilami Kaveh , Rudner Julie , Butt Andrew , MacLeod Tania , Williams Geoff , Romeijn Harmen , Amati Marco
Published: September 2020

This paper presents the outcomes from a joint research project that aims to develop a smartphone application/online platform to model the most thermally comfortable active transport route to a planned destination using heat information and tree shading (Shadeway). Here, we provide a summary of our systematic review of academic literature and applications from the Google Play and Apple App Store, to identify current knowledge about personal adaptation strategies when navigating travel in cities during high temperatures. The review identifies that there is a lack of attention regarding the use of smartphone applications to address urban thermal comfort for active transport by government and private industry. We then present the initial results of original research from three community focus groups and an online survey that elicited participants’ opinions about Shadeways in the City of Greater Bendigo (CoGB), Australia. The results clearly show the need for better management of Shadeways in CoGB. For example, 52.3% of the routes traveled by participants suffer from either no or poor levels of shading, and 53 of the shaded areas were located along routes that also experience heavy traffic, which can have an adverse effect on perceptions and actual safety. It is expected that this study will contribute to improve understanding of the methods used to identify adaptation strategies to increasingly extreme temperatures.
The Invasive Box Tree Moth Five Years after Introduction in Slovakia: Damage Risk to Box Trees in Urban Habitats
Authors: Kulfan Ján , Zach Peter , Holec Juraj , Brown Peter M.J. , Sarvašová Lenka , Skuhrovec Jiří , Martinková Zdenka , Honěk Alois , Váľka Jozef , Holecová Milada , Saniga Miroslav
Published: September 2020

The box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an invasive species in Europe and a serious pest of box trees (Buxus spp.). In Slovakia, Central Europe, it was first reported in 2012 within the low elevation region with a warm climate. We hypothesize that the cold mountain region of Slovakia would provide less suitable conditions for the spread of this species, indicated by no or only slight damage to box trees. Five years after C. perspectalis was first recorded in Slovakia, we assessed the probability of occurrence of the moth and the probability of damage to box trees (Buxus sempervirens) by its larvae, using temperature and altitude data as predictors. In June and July 2017, at 156 locations (towns and villages) between the altitudes of 109 and 888 m, we recorded damage and categorized the intensity of damage to box trees by C. perspectalis using a four-point scale. Box trees infested by C. perspectalis were recorded in most locations at altitudes between 110 and 400 m with the mean annual temperature varying between 10.5 and 7.9 °C. High damage to box trees was found in locations up to 340 m a.s.l. characterized by mean annual temperatures above 8.5 °C. Our results suggested high probability (>60%) of any damage to box trees for the area up to approximately 300 m a.s.l. (mean annual temperature above 8.4 °C), and high probability (>60%) of high damage for the area up to approximately 250 m a.s.l. (mean annual temperature above 9 °C). The area where damage to box trees was predicted using the altitude showed great overlap with the area predicted using the mean annual temperature. The area with the probability of any damage was only slightly larger than the area with the probability of high damage.
TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Promoter Drives Ubiquitous Expression of Marker Transgene in the Adult Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis
Authors: Admoni Yael , Kozlovski Itamar , Lewandowska Magda , Moran Yehu
Published: September 2020

Nematostella vectensis has emerged as one as the most established models of the phylum Cnidaria (sea anemones, corals, hydroids and jellyfish) for studying animal evolution. The availability of a reference genome and the relative ease of culturing and genetically manipulating this organism make it an attractive model for addressing questions regarding the evolution of venom, development, regeneration and other interesting understudied questions. We and others have previously reported the use of tissue-specific promoters for investigating the function of a tissue or a cell type of interest in vivo. However, to our knowledge, genetic regulators at the whole organism level have not been reported yet. Here we report the identification and utilization of a ubiquitous promoter to drive a wide and robust expression of the fluorescent protein mCherry. We generated animals containing a TATA binding protein (TBP) promoter upstream of the mCherry gene. Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy revealed expression of mCherry in diverse cell types, accounting for more than 90% of adult animal cells. Furthermore, we detected a stable mCherry expression at different life stages and throughout generations. This tool will expand the existing experimental toolbox to facilitate genetic engineering and functional studies at the whole organism level.
Integrated Stratigraphy of the Marine Early Pleistocene in Umbria
Authors: Bizzarri Roberto , Baldanza Angela
Published: September 2020

Through time, the wide area between southeastern Tuscany, northeastern Latium, and western Umbria has been revealed as a crucial area for understanding the evolution of Neogene basins in northern Apennine. In this study, the results of twenty years of research on the marine early Pleistocene deposits are summarized, and the biological and physical events are presented and discussed in order to propose an integrated stratigraphic scheme. The proposed reconstruction is also included in a wider context, taking into account both the local and regional geological evolution.
Measurement of Personal Experienced Temperature Variations in Rural Households Using Wearable Monitors: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ma Rongjiang , Fu Yu , Deng Mengsi , Ding Xingli , Baumgartner Jill , Shan Ming , Yang Xudong
Published: September 2020

The time-varying data of air temperatures experienced by people in their daily lives is an important basis for studying human thermal sensation, adaptation, comfort, and health. It is also very important for designing targeted strategies to help people reduce uncomfortable experience. In this study, a small (98 mm × 49 mm × 25 mm), lightweight (~100 g), and portable temperature logger with a wide measurement range (−40 to 100 °C) and appropriate accuracy (±0.3 °C precision) was combined with a phone holder that was adapted as an armband sleeve to constitute a wearable monitor. Fourteen monitors were worn by 14 residents in 6 different households in rural Beijing, China, to monitor their personal thermal environment. In the context of having very similar living habits in winter and coping strategies for thermal discomfort, the temperatures that 14 residents experienced exhibited wide ranges and large variations during the two-day test period. The highest and lowest temperatures experienced by residents reached 30.6 and −16.6 °C, respectively. This paper provided new data and evidences about various temperatures experienced by residents, even though they were from the same family and lived together for decades. In terms of methodology, as an exploration, the present study indicated that using personal wearable monitors is a viable method to capture the real experienced thermal environment, which extended the method for collecting data regarding complex experiences in different environments to aid the study of human responses to the real-world thermal environment.
SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Results from an Observational Study in Primary Care in Belgium
Authors: Ceulemans Michael , Verbakel Jan Y. , Van Calsteren Kristel , Eerdekens An , Allegaert Karel , Foulon Veerle
Published: September 2020

COVID-19 also affects pregnant and breastfeeding women. Hence, clinicians and policymakers require reliable evidence on COVID-19 epidemiology and consequences in this population. We aimed to assess the susceptibility of pregnant women to SARS-CoV-2 and women’s perceived impact of the pandemic on their breastfeeding practices, medical counseling and social support. We performed a cross-sectional study using an online survey in primary care in Belgium. Pregnant and breastfeeding women and women who breastfed in the preceding four weeks were eligible to participate. The survey was distributed through social media in April 2020. In total, 6470 women participated (i.e., 2647 pregnant and 3823 breastfeeding women). Overall, 0.3% of all respondents reported to have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, not indicating a higher susceptibility of pregnant women to contracting COVID-19. More than 90% refuted that the pandemic affected their breastfeeding practices, nor indicated that the coronavirus was responsible for breastfeeding cessation. Half of the women even considered giving longer breastmilk because of the coronavirus. In contrast, women’s medical counseling and social support were negatively affected by the lockdown. Women without previous breastfeeding experience and in the early postpartum period experienced a higher burden in terms of reduced medical counseling and support. In the future, more consideration and alternative supportive measures such as tele-visits by midwives or perinatal organizations are required for these women.