bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous-Flow Photocatalytic Degradation of Organics Using Modified TiO2 Nanocomposites
Authors: Ali Imran , Kim Jong-Oh
Published: January 2018

In this study, TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) were fabricated on a Ti sheet following the anodic oxidation method and were decorated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO), graphene oxide (GO), and bismuth (Bi) via electrodeposition. The surface morphologies, crystal structures, and compositions of the catalyst were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, photoluminance spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The TNTs loaded with RGO, GO, and Bi were used in a continuous-flow system as photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. It was found that the TNTs are efficient photocatalysts for the removal of color from water; upon UV irradiation on TNTs, the MB removal ratio was ~89%. Moreover, the photocatalytic activities of the decorated TNTs were higher than that of pristine TNTs in visible light. In comparison with TNTs, the rate of MB removal in visible light was increased by a factor of 3.4, 3.2, and 2.9 using RGO-TNTs, Bi-TNTs, and GO-TNTs, respectively. The reusability of the catalysts were investigated, and their quantum efficiencies were also calculated. The cylindrical anodized TNTs were excellent photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants. Thus, it was concluded that the continuous-flow photocatalytic reactor comprising TNTs and modified TNTs is suitable for treating wastewater in textile industries.
Room Temperature Solid State Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of a Zinc Complex with Pyromellitic Acid
Authors: Yang Rong-Gui , Wang Mei-Ling , Liu Ting , Zhong Guo-Qing
Published: January 2018

The complex [Zn2(btca)(H2O)4] was synthesized with 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid (H4btca) and zinc acetate as materials via a room-temperature solid state reaction. The composition and structure of the complex were characterized by elemental analyses (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The index results of X-ray powder diffraction data showed that the crystal structure of the complex belonged to monoclinic system with cell parameters a = 9.882 Å, b = 21.311 Å, c = 15.746 Å, and β = 100.69°. In order to expand the application of the complex, the nanometer zinc oxide was prepared by using the complex as a precursor, and the effect of the thermal decomposition temperature on the preparation of the nanometer zinc oxide was studied. The results showed that the grain size of zinc oxide gradually grew with the increase of the pyrolysis temperature, the obtained nanometer zinc oxide was spherical, and the diameter of the particles was about 25 nm.
Fabrication of Cost-Effective Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Sheet-Like CoS2 Films and Phthaloylchitosan-Based Gel-Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Prasad Saradh , Durairaj Devaraj , AlSalhi Mohamad , Theerthagiri Jayaraman , Arunachalam Prabhakarn , Durai Govindarajan
Published: January 2018

Platinum-free counter electrodes (CE) were developed for use in efficient and cost-effective energy conversion devices, such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Electrochemical deposition of CoS2 on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) formed a hierarchical sheet-like structured CoS2 thin film. This film was engaged as a cost-effective platinum-free and high-efficiency CE for DSSCs. High stability was achieved using a phthaloychitosan-based gel-polymer electrolyte as the redox electrolyte. The electrocatalytic performance of the sheet-like CoS2 film was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The film displayed improved electrocatalytic behavior that can be credited to a low charge-transfer resistance at the CE/electrolyte boundary and improved exchange between triiodide and iodide ions. The fabricated DSSCs with a phthaloychitosan-based gel-polymer electrolyte and sheet-like CoS2 CE had a power conversion efficiency (PCE, η) of 7.29% with a fill factor (FF) of 0.64, Jsc of 17.51 mA/cm2, and a Voc of 0.65 V, which was analogous to that of Pt CE (η = 7.82%). The high PCE of the sheet-like CoS2 CE arises from the enhanced FF and Jsc, which can be attributed to the abundant active electrocatalytic sites and enhanced interfacial charge-transfer by the well-organized surface structure.
Genomic Diversity in the Endosymbiotic Bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum
Authors: Sánchez-Cañizares Carmen , Jorrín Beatriz , Durán David , Nadendla Suvarna , Albareda Marta , Rubio-Sanz Laura , Lanza Mónica , González-Guerrero Manuel , Prieto Rosa , Brito Belén , Giglio Michelle , Rey Luis , Ruiz-Argüeso Tomás , Palacios José , Imperial Juan
Published: January 2018

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae is a soil α-proteobacterium that establishes a diazotrophic symbiosis with different legumes of the Fabeae tribe. The number of genome sequences from rhizobial strains available in public databases is constantly increasing, although complete, fully annotated genome structures from rhizobial genomes are scarce. In this work, we report and analyse the complete genome of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae UPM791. Whole genome sequencing can provide new insights into the genetic features contributing to symbiotically relevant processes such as bacterial adaptation to the rhizosphere, mechanisms for efficient competition with other bacteria, and the ability to establish a complex signalling dialogue with legumes, to enter the root without triggering plant defenses, and, ultimately, to fix nitrogen within the host. Comparison of the complete genome sequences of two strains of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, 3841 and UPM791, highlights the existence of different symbiotic plasmids and a common core chromosome. Specific genomic traits, such as plasmid content or a distinctive regulation, define differential physiological capabilities of these endosymbionts. Among them, strain UPM791 presents unique adaptations for recycling the hydrogen generated in the nitrogen fixation process.
What Works? Toward a New Classification System for Mental Health Supported Accommodation Services: The Simple Taxonomy for Supported Accommodation (STAX-SA)
Authors: McPherson Peter , Krotofil Joanna , Killaspy Helen
Published: January 2018

Inconsistent terminology and variation in service models have made synthesis of the supported accommodation literature challenging. To overcome this, we developed a brief, categorical taxonomy that aimed to capture the defining features of different supported accommodation models: the simple taxonomy for supported accommodation (STAX-SA). Data from a previous review of existing classification systems were used to develop the taxonomy structure. After initial testing and amendments, the STAX-SA and an existing taxonomy were applied to 132 supported accommodation service descriptions drawn from two systematic reviews and their performance compared. To assess external validity, the STAX-SA was distributed to a sample of supported accommodation managers in England and they were asked to use it to classify their services. The final version of the STAX-SA comprised of five supported accommodation ‘types’, based on four domains; Staffing location; Level of support; Emphasis on move-on; and Physical setting. The STAX-SA accurately categorized 71.1% (n = 94) of service descriptions, outperforming the comparison tool, and was not affected by publication date or research design. The STAX-SA effectively discriminated between ‘real world’ service models in England and 53.2% (n = 17) of service managers indicated that the taxonomy was ‘Very effective’ or ‘Extremely effective’ in capturing key characteristics of their service. The STAX-SA is an effective tool for classifying supported accommodation models and represents a promising approach to synthesizing the extant effectiveness literature. The authors recommend the development of reporting guidelines for future supported accommodation publications to facilitate comparison between models.
Optimum Water Quality Monitoring Network Design for Bidirectional River Systems
Authors: Zhu Xiaohui , Yue Yong , Wong Prudence , Zhang Yixin , Tan Jianhong
Published: January 2018

Affected by regular tides, bidirectional water flows play a crucial role in surface river systems. Using optimization theory to design a water quality monitoring network can reduce the redundant monitoring nodes as well as save the costs for building and running a monitoring network. A novel algorithm is proposed to design an optimum water quality monitoring network for tidal rivers with bidirectional water flows. Two optimization objectives of minimum pollution detection time and maximum pollution detection probability are used in our optimization algorithm. We modify the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm and develop new fitness functions to calculate pollution detection time and pollution detection probability in a discrete manner. In addition, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used to simulate hydraulic characteristics and pollution events based on a hypothetical river system studied in the literature. Experimental results show that our algorithm can obtain a better Pareto frontier. The influence of bidirectional water flows to the network design is also identified, which has not been studied in the literature. Besides that, we also find that the probability of bidirectional water flows has no effect on the optimum monitoring network design but slightly changes the mean pollution detection time.
Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases with Molecular Simulations: Understanding the Roles of Artificial and Pathological Missense Mutations in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Related to Pathology
Authors: Coskuner-Weber Orkid , Uversky Vladimir
Published: January 2018

Amyloid-β and α-synuclein are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which are at the center of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease pathologies, respectively. These IDPs are extremely flexible and do not adopt stable structures. Furthermore, both amyloid-β and α-synuclein can form toxic oligomers, amyloid fibrils and other type of aggregates in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Experimentalists face challenges in investigating the structures and thermodynamic properties of these IDPs in their monomeric and oligomeric forms due to the rapid conformational changes, fast aggregation processes and strong solvent effects. Classical molecular dynamics simulations complement experiments and provide structural information at the atomic level with dynamics without facing the same experimental limitations. Artificial missense mutations are employed experimentally and computationally for providing insights into the structure-function relationships of amyloid-β and α-synuclein in relation to the pathologies of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Furthermore, there are several natural genetic variations that play a role in the pathogenesis of familial cases of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, which are related to specific genetic defects inherited in dominant or recessive patterns. The present review summarizes the current understanding of monomeric and oligomeric forms of amyloid-β and α-synuclein, as well as the impacts of artificial and pathological missense mutations on the structural ensembles of these IDPs using molecular dynamics simulations. We also emphasize the recent investigations on residual secondary structure formation in dynamic conformational ensembles of amyloid-β and α-synuclein, such as β-structure linked to the oligomerization and fibrillation mechanisms related to the pathologies of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. This information represents an important foundation for the successful and efficient drug design studies.
Elucidating the Role of CD84 and AHR in Modulation of LPS-Induced Cytokines Production by Cruciferous Vegetable-Derived Compounds Indole-3-Carbinol and 3,3′-Diindolylmethane
Authors: Wang Thomas , Pham Quynhchi , Kim Young
Published: January 2018

Modulation of the immune system by cancer protective food bioactives has preventive and therapeutic importance in prostate cancer, but the mechanisms remain largely unclear. The current study tests the hypothesis that the diet-derived cancer protective compounds, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), affect the tumor microenvironment by regulation of inflammatory responses in monocytes and macrophages. We also ask whether I3C and DIM act through the aryl hydrocarbon (AHR)-dependent pathway or the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family protein CD84-mediated pathway. The effect of I3C and DIM was examined using the human THP-1 monocytic cell in its un-differentiated (monocyte) and differentiated (macrophage) state. We observed that I3C and DIM inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of IL-1β mRNA and protein in the monocyte form but not the macrophage form of THP-1. Interestingly, CD84 mRNA but not protein was inhibited by I3C and DIM. AHR siRNA knockdown experiments confirmed that the inhibitory effects of I3C and DIM on IL-1β as well as CD84 mRNA are regulated through AHR-mediated pathways. Additionally, the AHR ligand appeared to differentially regulate other LPS-induced cytokines expression. Hence, cross-talk between AHR and inflammation-mediated pathways, but not CD84-mediated pathways, in monocytes but not macrophages may contribute to the modulation of tumor environments by I3C and DIM in prostate cancer.
Lycopene Attenuates Tulathromycin and Diclofenac Sodium-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Mice
Authors: Abdel-Daim Mohamed , Eltaysh Rasha , Hassan Azza , Mousa Shaker
Published: January 2018

Recent experiments showed a potential cardiotoxic effect of the macrolide antibiotic (tulathromycin). This study was performed to investigate whether diclofenac sodium (DFS) potentiates the cardiotoxicity of tulathromycin and increases the cardioprotective effects of lycopene against DFS and tulathromycin. Seven groups (eight per group) of adult Swiss albino mice received saline (control), tulathromycin (a single subcutaneous dose of 28 mg/kg/bw on day 14), DFS (a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg/bw on day 14), tulathromycin plus DFS, or lycopene (oral, 10 mg/kg/bw daily for 15 d) combined with tulathromycin, DFS, or both. Compared to the control group, the administration of tulathromycin or DFS (individually or in combination) caused significantly elevated (p < 0.05) serum levels of Creatine kinase-myocardial B fraction (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase, and cardiac-specific troponin-T and tissue levels of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde that were accompanied by significantly decreased tissue reduced glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase antioxidant enzyme activity. Upon histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, the mean pathology scores and the percentages of caspase-3-, Bax-, and CK-positive regions were significantly higher in the tulathromycin- and/or DFS-treated groups than in control mice. For all these parameters, the pathological changes were more significant in the tulathromycin–DFS combination group than in mice treated with either drug individually. Interestingly, co-administration of lycopene with tulathromycin and/or DFS significantly ameliorated the changes described above. In conclusion, DFS could potentiate the cardiotoxic effects of tulathromycin, whereas lycopene can serve as a cardioprotective agent against DFS and tulathromycin.
Late-Onset N-Acetylglutamate Synthase Deficiency: Report of a Paradigmatic Adult Case Presenting with Headaches and Review of the Literature
Authors: Cavicchi Catia , Chilleri Chiara , Fioravanti Antonella , Ferri Lorenzo , Ripandelli Francesco , Costa Cinzia , Calabresi Paolo , Prontera Paolo , Pochiero Francesca , Pasquini Elisabetta , Funghini Silvia , La Marca Giancarlo , Donati Maria , Morrone Amelia
Published: January 2018

N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency (NAGSD) is an extremely rare urea cycle disorder (UCD) with few adult cases so far described. Diagnosis of late-onset presentations is difficult and delayed treatment may increase the risk of severe hyperammonemia. We describe a 52-year-old woman with recurrent headaches who experienced an acute onset of NAGSD. As very few papers focus on headaches in UCDs, we also report a literature review of types and pathophysiologic mechanisms of UCD-related headaches. In our case, headaches had been present since puberty (3–4 days a week) and were often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or behavioural changes. Despite three previous episodes of altered consciousness, ammonia was measured for the first time at 52 years and levels were increased. Identification of the new homozygous c.344C>T (p.Ala115Val) NAGS variant allowed the definite diagnosis of NAGSD. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that an order/disorder alteration of the mutated form could affect the arginine-binding site, resulting in poor enzyme activation and late-onset presentation. After optimized treatment for NAGSD, ammonia and amino acid levels were constantly normal and prevented other headache bouts. The manuscript underlies that headache may be the presenting symptom of UCDs and provides clues for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of late-onset NAGSD.
Manufacture of Profiled Amabilis Fir Deckboards with Reduced Susceptibility to Surface Checking
Authors: Cheng Kenneth , Evans Philip
Published: January 2018

Machining grooves and ridges (peaks) into the surface of wooden deckboards reduces undesirable checking that develops when “profiled” boards are exposed to the weather. We aim to develop improved profiles for amabilis fir decking to reduce its susceptibility to checking, and also to examine whether profiling influences distortion (cupping) of deckboards. We systematically varied radii of grooves and peaks, and the heights and widths of peaks in profiled deckboards, exposed them to the weather, and measured checking and cupping of boards. Profiling significantly reduced the numbers and sizes of checks in amabilis fir deckboards, but increased cupping. Profiles with narrow grooves and tall peaks were generally better at restricting checking than profiles with wide grooves and shorter peaks. Our results suggest that one of the profiles we tested would be better at restricting checking than profiles used previously to manufacture profiled decking from amabilis fir. We conclude that the surface checking of profiled amabilis fir decking can be significantly reduced by altering the geometry of surface profiles. In principal, the same approach could be used with other softwood species that have potential to capture a share of the large and important market for wood decking.
An Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian Formulation for Modelling Cavitation in the Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Line Contacts
Authors: De Boer Gregory , Dowson Duncan
Published: January 2018

In this article an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation for modelling cavitation in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is derived and applied to line contact geometry. The method is developed in order to locate the position of cavitation onset along the length of the contacting region which gives the transition from liquid to vapour in the fluid. The ALE is implemented by introducing a spatial frame of reference in which the solution is required and a material frame of reference in which the governing equations are solved. The spatial frame is moved from the material frame according to the error in the Neumann pressure gradient constraint required at the cavitation location when Dirichlet constraints are imposed for pressure in the liquid phase. Results are calculated under both steady-state and transient operating conditions using a multigrid solver. The solutions obtained are compared to established literature and conventional approaches to modelling cavitation which show that the ALE formulation is an alternative, straightforward and accurate means of implementing such conditions in EHL. This is achieved without the penalties associated with the numerical modelling of Heaviside functions or free boundaries.
Dielectric, Piezoelectric, and Vibration Properties of the LiF-Doped (Ba0.95Ca0.05)(Ti0.93Sn0.07)O3 Lead-Free Piezoceramic Sheets
Authors: Cheng Chien-Min , Chen Kai-Huang , Lee Da-Huei , Jong Fuh-Cheng , Chen Mei-Li , Chang Jhih-Kai
Published: January 2018

By the conventional solid state reaction method, a small amount of lithium fluoride (LiF) was used as the sintering promoter to improve the sintering and piezoelectric characteristics of (Ba0.95Ca0.05)(Ti0.93Sn0.07)O3 (BCTS) lead-free piezoceramic sheets. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the inferences of the crystalline and surface microstructures were obtained and analyzed. Then, the impedance analyzer and d33-meter were used to measure the dielectric and piezoelectric characteristics. In this study, the optimum sintering temperature of the BCTS sheets decreased from 1450 °C to 1390 °C due to LiF doping. For the 0.07 wt % LiF-doped BCTS sheets sintered at 1390 °C, the piezoelectric constant (d33) is 413 pC/N, the electric–mechanical coupling coefficient (kp) is 47.5%, the dielectric loss (tan δ) is 3.9%, and the dielectric constant (εr) is 8100, which are all close to or even better than that of the pure undoped BCTS ceramics. The Curie temperature also improved, from 85 °C for pure BCTS to 140 °C for BCTS–0.07 LiF sheets. Furthermore, by using the vibration system and fixing 1.5 g tip mass at the end of the sheets, as the vibration frequency is 20 Hz, the proposed piezoelectric ceramic sheets also reveal a good energy harvesting performance at the maximum output peak voltage of 4.6 V, which is large enough and can be applied in modern low-power electronic products.
Xeniaphyllane-Derived Terpenoids from Soft Coral Sinularia nanolobata
Authors: Hsu Fu-Yun , Wang Shang-Kwei , Duh Chang-Yih
Published: January 2018

A novel tetranorditerpenoid, sinubatin A (1) (having an unprecedented carbon skeleton), a new norditerpenoid, sinubatin B (2) (a 4,5-epoxycaryophyllene possessing an unusual methylfuran moiety side chain), and a known diterpenoid, gibberosin J (3) were isolated from soft coral Sinularia nanolobata. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data.
Influence of Pin Length and Electrochemical Platings on the Mechanical Strength and Macroscopic Defect Formation in Stationary Shoulder Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium to Copper
Authors: Regensburg Anna , Schürer René , Weigl Markus , Bergmann Jean
Published: January 2018

The fabrication of dissimilar joints for electrical applications raises challenges for conventional joining technologies. Within solid-state processes, friction stir welding (FSW) provides numerous advantages to realize different joint configurations. However, depending on the intermixing of the materials, defects like hooking and significant intermetallic compound formation around copper fragments are observed and lead to a decrease in joint properties. Therefore, stationary shoulder FSW was applied to produce 2 mm EN AW1050/CW024A lap joints with minimized intermixing at the interface. Compared to conventional FSW, the range of the friction-based heat input can be increased without risking excessive plastification under the tool shoulder. The influence of the pin length on the interfacial structure as well as the mechanical properties were investigated. A pin length of 2.2 mm and hence a plunging of approximately 0.2 mm into the lower copper sheet was found to obtain the highest failure load. A further increase caused the formation of hooking defects, which led to void formation at the interface and failure within the area of the thinned aluminium sheet. The results were also transferred to lap joints with a tin and silver interlayer of 10 µm and also showed good results in terms of bond strength and contact area.
Comparative Analysis of the Strength Distribution for Irregular Particles of Carbonates, Shale, and Sandstone Ore
Authors: Nad Alona , Saramak Daniel
Published: January 2018

The article presents the results of investigations on three lithological types of Polish copper ore: sandstone ore, carbonate ore, and shale ore. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, sandstone samples can be classified as sandstone with dolomite binder and partly clay binder; shale—as dolomitic slate with a high proportion of clay with elevated organic matter content; while dolomite has a high organic content. Five particle-sized fractions (16–18 mm, 18–20 mm, 20–25 mm, 25–31.5 mm, and 31.5–45 mm) of each lithological type were prepared. A single-axis slow-compression test was performed on single particles to determine the value of the crushing force. The Weibull distribution was used to approximate the strength distribution models and cumulative strength distribution functions for each of the materials. The residual deviation and non-linear correlation coefficient were calculated in order to assess the fitting of the model function to empirical data. In addition, the impact of particle size on the strength of the raw material was separately investigated for the hard (dolomite and shale) and soft brittle material (sandstone).
Indole-3-Carbonitriles as DYRK1A Inhibitors by Fragment-Based Drug Design
Authors: Meine Rosanna , Becker Walter , Falke Hannes , Preu Lutz , Loaëc Nadège , Meijer Laurent , Kunick Conrad
Published: January 2018

Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is a potential drug target because of its role in the development of Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. The selective DYRK1A inhibitor 10-iodo-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid (KuFal194), a large, flat and lipophilic molecule, suffers from poor water solubility, limiting its use as chemical probe in cellular assays and animal models. Based on the structure of KuFal194, 7-chloro-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile was selected as fragment template for the development of smaller and less lipophilic DYRK1A inhibitors. By modification of this fragment, a series of indole-3-carbonitriles was designed and evaluated as potential DYRK1A ligands by molecular docking studies. Synthesis and in vitro assays on DYRK1A and related protein kinases identified novel double-digit nanomolar inhibitors with submicromolar activity in cell culture assays.
The Integrative Method Based on the Module-Network for Identifying Driver Genes in Cancer Subtypes
Authors: Lu Xinguo , Li Xing , Liu Ping , Qian Xin , Miao Qiumai , Peng Shaoliang
Published: January 2018

With advances in next-generation sequencing(NGS) technologies, a large number of multiple types of high-throughput genomics data are available. A great challenge in exploring cancer progression is to identify the driver genes from the variant genes by analyzing and integrating multi-types genomics data. Breast cancer is known as a heterogeneous disease. The identification of subtype-specific driver genes is critical to guide the diagnosis, assessment of prognosis and treatment of breast cancer. We developed an integrated frame based on gene expression profiles and copy number variation (CNV) data to identify breast cancer subtype-specific driver genes. In this frame, we employed statistical machine-learning method to select gene subsets and utilized an module-network analysis method to identify potential candidate driver genes. The final subtype-specific driver genes were acquired by paired-wise comparison in subtypes. To validate specificity of the driver genes, the gene expression data of these genes were applied to classify the patient samples with 10-fold cross validation and the enrichment analysis were also conducted on the identified driver genes. The experimental results show that the proposed integrative method can identify the potential driver genes and the classifier with these genes acquired better performance than with genes identified by other methods.
Informing Efforts to Develop Nitroreductase for Amine Production
Authors: Miller Anne-Frances , Park Jonathan , Ferguson Kyle , Pitsawong Warintra , Bommarius Andreas
Published: January 2018

Nitroreductases (NRs) hold promise for converting nitroaromatics to aromatic amines. Nitroaromatic reduction rate increases with Hammett substituent constant for NRs from two different subgroups, confirming substrate identity as a key determinant of reactivity. Amine yields were low, but compounds yielding amines tend to have a large π system and electron withdrawing substituents. Therefore, we also assessed the prospects of varying the enzyme. Several different subgroups of NRs include members able to produce aromatic amines. Comparison of four NR subgroups shows that they provide contrasting substrate binding cavities with distinct constraints on substrate position relative to the flavin. The unique architecture of the NR dimer produces an enormous contact area which we propose provides the stabilization needed to offset the costs of insertion of the active sites between the monomers. Thus, we propose that the functional diversity included in the NR superfamily stems from the chemical versatility of the flavin cofactor in conjunction with a structure that permits tremendous active site variability. These complementary properties make NRs exceptionally promising enzymes for development for biocatalysis in prodrug activation and conversion of nitroaromatics to valuable aromatic amines. We provide a framework for identifying NRs and substrates with the greatest potential to advance.
Enhanced Solubilization of Fluoranthene by Hydroxypropyl β-Cyclodextrin Oligomer for Bioremediation
Authors: Park Kyeong , Choi Jae , Cho Eunae , Jung Seunho
Published: January 2018

Fluoranthene (FT) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), consisting of naphthalene and benzene rings connected by a five-member ring. It is widespread in the environment. The hydrophobicity of FT limits its availability for biological uptake and degradation. In this study, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin oligomers (HP-β-CD-ol) were synthesized with epichlorohydrin (EP), while the solubility enhancement of FT by HP-β-CD-ol was investigated in water. The synthesized HP-β-CD-ol was characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS), 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The solubility of FT increased 178-fold due to the complex formation with HP-β-CD oligomers. The inclusion complexes of FT/HP-β-CD-ol were analyzed using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance (NOESY NMR) spectroscopy. On the basis of these results, HP-β-CD-ol is recommended as a potential solubilizer for the development of PAH removal systems.
Exploring the Psoriatic Arthritis Proteome in Search of Novel Biomarkers
Authors: Mahendran Shalini , Chandran Vinod
Published: January 2018

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory arthritis which develops in up to one-third of patients suffering from the cutaneous disorder, psoriasis. The complex and heterogeneous nature of PsA renders it difficult to diagnose, leading to poor outcomes and, therefore, warrants an examination into soluble biomarkers, which may facilitate early detection of the disease. Protein biomarkers are a dynamic resource of pathophysiological information able to provide an immediate reflection of pathological changes caused by disease. Investigations of the serum and synovial fluid of PsA patients has provided new insights into the molecular basis of this disease and led to the identification of sensitive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The collection of novel PsA biomarkers identified through proteomic studies has been reviewed below.
A Multi-Scale Validation Strategy for Albedo Products over Rugged Terrain and Preliminary Application in Heihe River Basin, China
Authors: Lin Xingwen , Wen Jianguang , Liu Qinhuo , Xiao Qing , You Dongqin , Wu Shengbiao , Hao Dalei , Wu Xiaodan
Published: January 2018

The issue for the validation of land surface remote sensing albedo products over rugged terrain is the scale effects between the reference albedo measurements and coarse scale albedo products, which is caused by the complex topography. This paper illustrates a multi-scale validation strategy specified for coarse scale albedo validation over rugged terrain. A Mountain-Radiation-Transfer-based (MRT-based) albedo upscaling model was proposed in the process of multi-scale validation strategy for aggregating fine scale albedo to coarse scale. The simulated data of both the reference coarse scale albedo and fine scale albedo were used to assess the performance and uncertainties of the MRT-based albedo upscaling model. The results showed that the MRT-based model could reflect the albedo scale effects over rugged terrain and provided a robust solution for albedo upscaling from fine scale to coarse scale with different mean slopes and different solar zenith angles. The upscaled coarse scale albedos had the great agreements with the simulated coarse scale albedo with a Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) of 0.0029 and 0.0017 for black sky albedo (BSA) and white sky albedo (WSA), respectively. Then the MRT-based model was preliminarily applied for the assessment of daily MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Albedo Collection V006 products (MCD43A3 C6) over rugged terrain. Results showed that the MRT-based model was effective and suitable for conducting the validation of MODIS albedo products over rugged terrain. In this research area, it was shown that the MCD43A3 C6 products with full inversion algorithm, were generally in agreement with the aggregated coarse scale reference albedos over rugged terrain in the Heihe River Basin, with the BSA RMSE of 0.0305 and WSA RMSE of 0.0321, respectively, which were slightly higher than those over flat terrain.
New Fault Recognition Method for Rotary Machinery Based on Information Entropy and a Probabilistic Neural Network
Authors: Jiang Quansheng , Shen Yehu , Li Hua , Xu Fengyu
Published: January 2018

Feature recognition and fault diagnosis plays an important role in equipment safety and stable operation of rotating machinery. In order to cope with the complexity problem of the vibration signal of rotating machinery, a feature fusion model based on information entropy and probabilistic neural network is proposed in this paper. The new method first uses information entropy theory to extract three kinds of characteristics entropy in vibration signals, namely, singular spectrum entropy, power spectrum entropy, and approximate entropy. Then the feature fusion model is constructed to classify and diagnose the fault signals. The proposed approach can combine comprehensive information from different aspects and is more sensitive to the fault features. The experimental results on simulated fault signals verified better performances of our proposed approach. In real two-span rotor data, the fault detection accuracy of the new method is more than 10% higher compared with the methods using three kinds of information entropy separately. The new approach is proved to be an effective fault recognition method for rotating machinery.
Carbon Neutral by 2021: The Past and Present of Costa Rica’s Unusual Political Tradition
Authors: Flagg Julia
Published: January 2018

Costa Rica has pledged to become the first nation to become carbon neutral. This event raises the important question of how to understand this contemporary form of climate politics, given that Costa Rica has made an almost negligible contribution to the problem of global climate change. To understand this pledge, a case study spanning about 200 years situates the pledge within the country’s unique historical profile. An analysis of interview data, archival research, and secondary data reveals that the pledge is the latest instance in Costa Rica’s unusual political tradition. This political tradition dates back to the area’s experience as a Spanish colony and as a newly independent nation. Several events, including the abolition of the army, the work on green development, and being awarded a Nobel Peace Prize were all foundational in forming Costa Rica’s tradition as a place that leads by example and stands for peace and protection of nature. The carbon neutral pledge extends the political tradition that has been established through these earlier events. This case highlights the importance of understanding contemporary environmental politics through an analysis of long-term, historical data.
Assessment of Geohazards and Preventative Countermeasures Using AHP Incorporated with GIS in Lanzhou, China
Authors: Lyu Hai-Min , Shen Jack , Arulrajah Arul
Published: January 2018

This research investigates geohazards and preventative countermeasures for Lanzhou City, China. To investigate the factors related to the development of geohazards in Lanzhou, the regional geological conditions around Lanzhou were investigated. The geomorphology of the region is comprised of a loess landform underlying quaternary loess deposits. A large number of faults induced by strong neotectonic movements are present in the area. Therefore, earthquakes frequently occur around Lanzhou. Earthquakes cause numerous rock falls and landslides, with landslide masses found scattered on the upper middle level of the area’s mountains. When intense rainfall occurs, a lot of loose deposits are brought together along steep gullies, forming debris flows; hence, a disaster chain of earthquake–landslide–debris flow is formed. To evaluate the georisks around Lanzhou, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to assess geohazards. The spatial distribution of the evaluated georisk levels was mapped using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on the assessed results, about 55% of the urban area and 44% of Gaolan County have high or very high-risk levels. The ratio of relatively high disaster risk levels is up to 31% of the total area. To mitigate these geohazards, both strategic decision making and technical countermeasures should be implemented.
Analysis of Blue and Green Water Consumption at the Irrigation District Scale
Authors: Liu Jing , Cao Xinchun , Li Binquan , Yu Zhongbo
Published: January 2018

The concepts of virtual water and water footprint bring a new perspective for water management. Previous studies mainly focus on one type of water and the relationship between water footprint and water availability. In this study, three indicators were proposed to show water consumption and the influences of virtual water flows at the Hetao irrigation district, China, during 2001–2010, considering both blue and green water. Results indicate that the ratio of blue water footprint and blue water availability was 0.642 in 2010 and the value for green water was 0.148, coefficients on contribution of regional production on consumption in other areas were about 0.9, and coefficients on influences of trades from other regions to the district on regional water consumption were 0.528 (blue water) and 0.433 (green water), respectively. Government should promote water pricing policies that can encourage the adoption of irrigation technologies and water-saving practices. Besides, the adjustment of the crop sowing date or the cultivation of new varieties may be helpful in using more rainfall. Lastly, a compensation mechanism for virtual water export should be built in the future, and virtual water importing can be advocated. Before actions are taken, the possible influences and related constraints should be considered.
Assessment of Water Quality in Roof-Harvested Rainwater Barrels in Greater Philadelphia
Authors: Hamilton Kerry , Parrish Kerrianne , Ahmed Warish , Haas Charles
Published: January 2018

A study of water quality parameters was conducted in 38 small-scale roof-harvested rainwater barrels (RHRB) located in urban and peri-urban Philadelphia, USA in winter (November–December) 2014 and summer (June–August 2016). Parameters included two fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.) measured using culture-based methods, eight potential enteric and opportunistic pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni, Acanthamoeba spp., Legionella spp., L. pneumophila, Naegleria fowleri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare) measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and two metals (lead and zinc) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Fecal indicator bacteria were detected in greater than 60% RHRB samples and concentrations (up to >103 per 100 mL) exceeded US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) irrigation water quality standards. Among the enteric and opportunistic pathogens tested, 57.9, 44.7, 21.1, 18.4, 5 and 3% were PCR positive for Legionella spp., M. intracellulare, M. avium, Acanthamoeba spp., P. aeruginosa, and C. jejuni, respectively. N. fowleri and L. pneumophila were not detected in any sample. The concentrations of enteric and opportunistic pathogens ranged from 102 to 107 gene copies/L of barrel water. Lead and zinc were each observed in 88.5% of RHRB but the concentrations did not exceed US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards for irrigating produce, with the exception of one zinc observation (2660 µg/L). Based on these data, it appears that the risk associated with metals in RHRB is likely to be low, as these barrels are only used for gardening and non-potable purposes. However, risks due to fecal and opportunistic pathogens may be higher due to exposure to aerosols during gardening activities and produce consumed raw, and should be investigated further.
Le gouffre Jean-Bernard (-1602 m, Haute-Savoie), écoulements souterrains et formation du réseau
Authors: Lips Bernard , Gresse Alain , Delamette M , Maire Richard
Published: January 2018

With its depth of 1602 m and development of more than 20 km, the lean-Bernard network provides a clear view of an alpine karst system : with a steep gradient and reduced watershed (4 km2). Over the last 30 years, hundreds of explorations led by the caving club Vulcain (Lyon) have resulted in a thorough knowledge of the cave. The network develops in a syncline formed from urgonian limestone (Lower Cretaceous). Two parts may be distinguished : a complex upper network with numerous dry phreatic tubes, and a lower network which restricts itself to a high meander. A tracing carried out in 1992 has allowed us to locale the outlet in the bed of the Clévieux (alt. 780 m). The I former spring of the upper network : must have been situated on the level of the lower entrances (about 1800 | m) and could date back to the end of the Tertiary when the valley was less deep. The Quaternary period is responsible for the hollowing of the old galleries, for the destruction of speleothems and the genesis of the lower "subterranean delta", between , -1400 and -1600 m.
Rospo Mare (Adriatique) : un paléokarst pétrolier du domaine méditerranéen
Authors: Dubois Paul , Sorriaux P , Soudet Henri- Jean
Published: January 2018

. The oil field of Rospo Mare is located in the Adriatic Sea, 20 km of the Italian coast. The reservoir lies at a depth j of 1300 m and consists of a paleokarst of Oligocene to Miocene age which developed within cretaceous limestones, now covered by 1200 m of mio-pliocene sequences. The oil column is about 140 m high. The karstic nature of the reservoir was identified through vertical, cored drill holes which allowed the analysis of the various solution features and the sedimentary infilling (spe-leothems, terra rossa, marine clays), as well as their vertical distribution. Erosion morphology at the top of the karst is highly irregular, including more especially paleoval-leys as well as many pit-shaped sinkholes. Observations concerning the upper part of the reservoir were compared to a paléokarst of the same age, outcropping widely, onshore, in quarries located nearby. Detailed knowledge of that morphology through geophysics helped to optimize the development of the field through horizontal drilling. The paléokarst of Rospo Mare is an integral part of the ante miocene paléokarst assemblages of the periphery of the Mediterranean which were formed in tropical conditions.
Mondmilchloch : la cavité type du Mondmilch (Obwalden, Suisse)
Authors: Fischer H.
Published: January 2018

Mondmilch (moonmilk) is originally a local term for a type of calcific spe-leothem which contains more than 95 % calcareous carbonate. The characteristic site for mondmilch, first mentioned by Gesner (1555), is a cave named Mondmilchioch ("moonmilk hole") situated at South-Pi I a tus (municipality of Alpnach, canton Obwalden, Switzerland) at an altitude of 1710 m a.s.l.
Coloration de la grotte-perte du Camp de l'Ubac (Gorges de la Jonte, Lozère, France)
Authors: André Daniel , Vanara Nathalie
Published: January 2018

Within the framework of a master's degree dissertation on the Jonte basin, in the French département of Lozère, experiments were carried out in the highest sinkhole known of the underground course of this river. The result of the injection of the fluorescent dye into the Puits du Regard stream (Camp de l'Ubac , -13 m) on May 2nd 1990 confirmed that this stream belongs to the subterranean network of the Jonte river. After travelling approximately 9 km, the dye re-ermerged 43 hours later in the different resurgences of the Les Douzes spring. The experiment showed that the zoater travelled at a high speed : 2 00 m/h. This high speed means that the sinkhole at le Camp de l'Ubac is near the main underground collector and that the streams are neither hindered by vast reservoirs nor held by narrow passages.
Nouveaux traçages sur le massif de la pierre Saint-Martin (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Choix d'un site pour l'implantation d'une nouvelle station d'épuration
Authors: Douat Michel , Salomon Jean-Noël , Lesclaux  , Belin Colette
Published: January 2018

En 1982, 1990 et 1992 des spéléos constatent une pollution dans les rivières souterraines du B3 et du Couey Lotge qui émergent aux sources d'Issaux. Cette contamination doit être causée par les effluents de la station d'épuration de la Pierre Saint-Martin qui sont re jetés directement dans une fissure du karst. L' ARSIP et le LGPA de l'Université de Bordeaux 3 sont chargés par la DDA de Pau de faire une étude afin de préciser la limite des bassins-versants karstiques dans le secteur de Guillers dans le but de construire une nouvelle station d'épuration. Trois traçages à la fluores-céine sont effectués : effluent de la station d'épuration, rivière souterraine du gouffre B3 (siphon de -305 m) et gouffre BG 106 dans la Coume de Cagastié. Les deux premiers ressortent aux sources d'Issaux (commune d'Osse-en-Aspe), le troisième à Bentia (commune de Sainte-Engrâce). Ces colorations confirment la rapidité du drainage souterrain (42 à 105 m/h), la vulnérabilité des aquifères karstiques de montagne et la limite des bassins karstiques d'Issaux et de Saint-Vincent dans le secteur de Guillers.
Ventral Slot Surgery to Manage Cervical Intervertebral Disc Disease in Three Cats
Authors: Cappello Rodolfo , Alexander Akash , De Decker Steven , Crawford Abbe
Published: January 2018

Objective This case series describes the clinical presentation, management and outcome of three cats diagnosed with cervical intervertebral disc disease that underwent decompressive ventral slot surgery.

Methods This is a retrospective case series evaluating client-owned cats undergoing a ventral slot surgical procedure to manage cervical intervertebral disc disease (n = 3).

Results A routine ventral slot surgery was performed in each case without complication, resulting in postoperative neurological improvement in all three cases.

Clinical Significance Ventral slot surgery can be used to achieve effective cervical spinal cord decompression with a good long-term outcome in the management of feline cervical intervertebral disc herniation. To avoid creating an excessively wide slot with the potential for postoperative complications including vertebral sinus haemorrhage, vertebral instability or ventral slot collapse, careful surgical planning was performed with preoperative measurement of the desired maximum slot dimensions.