bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contact-induced change in the Dongxiang language
Authors: LEFORT Julie
Published: December 2017

Dongxiang is a Mongolic language from a peripheral linguistic branch mainly spoken by 300,000 speakers in Southeast Gansu in the People’s Republic of China. The Dongxiang language has been particularly influenced by the neighboring Chinese variety of Linxia, which has induced important changes on the phonological and lexical systems, while causing only a few changes on the syntactic level. In this paper I will discuss the emerging category of classifiers in the Dongxiang language by comparing different sources available. I will show that, even though measure words are present in all Mongolic languages, the use of classifiers is rare and has been induced by language contacts with Chinese. I will describe the different types of classifiers, borrowed or calqued, and will discuss in particular the use and functions of the classifier kozi. This classifier seems to have appeared quite recently and its origin is uncertain. I will show that it cannot be considered as a lexical item, as it does not always carry the semantic meaning of its Chinese counterpart, and cannot be identified as a structural borrowing either, as its syntactic functions are still unclear.
Mycenaean words related to τρέπω and στρέφω
Authors: Jiménez Delgado José Miguel
Published: December 2017

This paper deals with the Mycenaean representatives of three IE verbal roots: *terk
u̯
- ‘twist’, *trep- ‘turn’ and *streg
u̯h
- ‘turn, rotate’. Mycenaean data show that the derivatives of *terk
u̯
- were still differentiated before the loss of labiovelar stops in post-Mycenaean times and that the verb στρέφω ‘turn, twist, rotate’ stems from *streg
u̯h
-. Semantic interference among these roots is already underway in the Mycenaean period, anticipating the convergence of *terk
u̯
- with *trep- and *streg
u̯h
- in the first millennium.
‘Finite’ infinitives in Ancient Greek
Authors: Keydana Götz
Published: December 2017

In this paper I argue that the unembedded Accusativus cum Infinitivo in Ancient Greek is a case of hearer-induced grammaticalization. AcI embedded under verba dicendi or δοκεῖν in deontic contexts are ambiguous: while the speaker intends the deontic reading as a side meaning of the embedding verb, it can also be attributed to the AcI. If the hearer opts for the latter analysis, a new function of the AcI emerges, which ultimately leads to its de-embedding. I show that this grammaticalization process is parallel to similar reanalyses in sound change. In a short outlook the analysis is extended to the emergence of absolute constructions.
Described from images: The remarkable soldier of Procryptotermes dioscurae Harris (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) from Socotra Island
Authors: SCHEFFRAHN RUDOLF H. , KŘEČEK JAN
Published: December 2017

Procryptotermes Holmgren is a modestly diverse kalotermitid genus endemic to numerous islands and archipelagos of the world’s tropical oceans (Scheffrahn & Křeček 2001). Mainland records from southern India (Bose 1979, Roonwal & Chhotani 1963, Thakur 1975), Queensland Australia (Watson and Abbey 1993), and the Yucatan Peninsula (Scheffrahn and Křeček 2001), also approximate oceanic coastlines. The soldier of Procryptotermes is distinguished from most other kalotermitids by long, sickle-shaped mandibles and a rather weak or absent frontal flange or protuberance (Krishna 1961). The winged imago of Procryptotermes is similar to that of Cryptotermes Banks in which the median vein is unsclerotized and intersects the radial sector near mid-wing. Of the fourteen described species of Procryptotermes (Scheffrahn & Křeček 2001), only one species, P. dioscurae Harris 1954, lacks a description of the soldier caste. It was described from three winged imagos collected from lights on Socotra Island, Yemen. Unlike soldiers, the imago caste is not present in the colony year round and often lacks species-level diagnostic characters. Therefore, the description of the soldier caste is highly desirable for most termite species.
The wasp Flacopimpla varelae Gauld (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), parasitoid of the spider Achaearanea tingo Levi (Theridiidae: Theridiinae), with description of the male wasp
Authors: SOBCZAK JOBER FERNANDO , VILLANUEVA-BONILLA GERMAN ANTONIO , PÁDUA DIEGO GALVÃO DE , MESSAS YURI FANCHINI
Published: December 2017

Parasitoid organisms can manipulate the morphology, physiology and/or behavior of their hosts to increase their own survival (Moore 2002; Korenko et al. 2015a). Wasps of the Polysphincta genus-group sensu Gauld & Dubois, 2006 (hereafter polysphinctine wasps) are well known to act exclusively as koinobiont ectoparasitoids of spiders (Gauld & Dubois 2006). The host range of these wasps is remarkably narrow and often species-specific; individuals of some polysphinctine genera (e.g. Hymenoepimecis, Acrotaphus) usually attack orb-weaver spiders (Pádua et al. 2016), whereas other are specialized on spiders that construct three-dimensional webs. Fritzén (2014), for example, discussed that Oxyrrhexis Föerster, 1869, Zatypota Föerster, 1869 and Flacopimpla Gauld, 1991 are specialized on theridiid hosts, the last two mainly or exclusively on spiders of the subfamily Theridiinae.
Interactions between Hydrological Sensitivity, Radiative Cooling, Stability, and Low-Level Cloud Amount Feedback
Authors: Webb Mark J. , Lock Adrian P. , Lambert F. Hugo
Published: December 2017

Low-level cloud feedbacks vary in magnitude but are positive in most climate models, due to reductions in low-level cloud fraction. This study explores the impact of surface evaporation on low-level cloud fraction feedback by performing climate change experiments with the aquaplanet configuration of the HadGEM2-A climate model, forcing surface evaporation to increase at different rates in two ways. Forcing the evaporation diagnosed in the surface scheme to increase at 7% K−1with warming (more than doubling the hydrological sensitivity) results in an increase in global mean low-level cloud fraction and a negative global cloud feedback, reversing the signs of these responses compared to the standard experiments. The estimated inversion strength (EIS) increases more rapidly in these surface evaporation forced experiments, which is attributed to additional latent heat release and enhanced warming of the free troposphere. Stimulating a 7% K−1increase in surface evaporation via enhanced atmospheric radiative cooling, however, results in a weaker EIS increase compared to the standard experiments and a slightly stronger low-level cloud reduction. The low-level cloud fraction response is predicted better by EIS than surface evaporation across all experiments. This suggests that surface-forced increases in evaporation increase low-level cloud fraction mainly by increasing EIS. Additionally, the results herein show that increases in surface evaporation can have a very substantial impact on the rate of increase in radiative cooling with warming, by modifying the temperature and humidity structure of the atmosphere. This has implications for understanding the factors controlling hydrological sensitivity.
Hemispheric Asymmetry in the Ventilated Thermocline of the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Kuntz L. B. , Schrag D. P.
Published: December 2017

To understand sources of variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific, a region integral to modulating global temperatures, the waters upwelling from the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) are characterized. Past work is updated using temperature and salinity measurements from the Argo array and current measurements from Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoys. A larger hemispheric asymmetry is found in the water mass contribution through the ventilated thermocline to the EUC than previously reported, with 80%–90% of waters in the western Pacific originating from the Southern Hemisphere. South Pacific subtropical waters are the dominant source feeding the EUC, although in the central equatorial Pacific upper layers of the EUC experience freshening due to the addition of North Pacific waters. Anomalous volume transport, advection of anomalous waters, and shifts in hemispheric contributions contribute to variability in the EUC. These results suggest that variability in the EUC caused by anomalies in the South Pacific ventilated thermocline can explain variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific.
Turning the Law into a Tool Rather than a Barrier to the Use of Administrative Data for Evidence-Based Policy
Authors: Petrila John
Published: December 2017

“The law” is too often viewed as an impenetrable barrier to the use of administrative data to create and evaluate evidence-based policy. There are various reasons for this, including complexities of the law, organizational and cultural norms in government agencies that restrict data sharing, a lack of adequate legal expertise among potential data providers, and a lack of political support for the use of administrative data. However, an emerging political consensus on the importance of the use of administrative data, growing interest among funders, and efforts to create resources for lawyers working in this field provide a foundation for a fundamental shift in attitude about “the law,” making the law an essential tool to data sharing and use, rather than a barrier to these efforts.
Crossed Czerny–Turner Spectrometer with Extended Spectrum Using Movable Planar Mirrors
Authors: Sze Jyh-Rou , Wei An-Chi
Published: December 2017

This study reports a crossed Czerny–Turner spectrometer with multiple mirrors to extend the inspected spectrum. A design example with two movable mirrors and a stationary planar mirror is experimentally demonstrated to offer two additional spectral bands, thereby leading to thrice the spectral range of the original Czerny–Turner spectrometer. The results indicate that the configurations to measure the three bands have almost identical parameters. The moving direction of the planar mirror and the plane of incidence are orthogonal; thus, the influence of mirror movement on the repeatability of the spectrum is minimized. In addition to the merits of cost-effectiveness and rapid inspection, the reported mechanism of mirror movement is applied to general spectrometers to extend the spectral coverage without sacrificing the resolution.
An Application for the Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Tablets Using a Rapid Switching System Between a Near-Infrared Spectrometer and a Portable Near-Infrared Imaging System Equipped with Fiber Optics
Authors: Murayama Kodai , Ishikawa Daitaro , Genkawa Takuma , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: December 2017

We present a rapid switching system between a newly developed near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer and its imaging system to select the spot size of a diffuse reflectance (DR) probe. In a previous study, we developed a portable NIR imaging system, known as D-NIRs, which has significant advantages over other systems. Its high speed, high spectral resolution, and portability are particularly useful in the process of monitoring pharmaceutical tablets. However, the spectral accuracies relating to the changes in the formulation of the pharmaceutical tablets have not been fully discussed. Therefore, we improved the rapid optical switching system and present a new model of D-NIRs (ND-NIRs) here. This system can automatically switch the optical paths of the DR and NIR imaging probes, greatly contributing to the simultaneous measurement of both the imaging and spot. The NIR spectra of the model tablets, including 0–10% ascorbic acid, were measured and simultaneous NIR images of the tablets were obtained. The predicted results using spot sizes for the DR probe of 1 and 5 mm diameter, resulted in concentrations of R2 = 0.79 and 0.94, with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 1.78 and 0.89, respectively. For tablets with a high concentration of ascorbic acid, the NIR imaging results showed inhomogeneity in concentration. However, the predicted values for the low concentration samples appeared higher than the known concentration of the tablets, although the homogeneity of the concentration was confirmed. In addition, the optimal spot size using NIR imaging data was estimated to be 5–7 mm. The results obtained in this study show that the spot size of the fiber probe, attached to a spectrometer, is important in developing a highly reliable model to determine the component concentration of a tablet.
Science with a Soul
Authors: Manson Deborah K.
Published: December 2017

From the 1840s through to the end of his life in 1888, James Freeman Clarke’s influence permeated newspapers, churches, and lecture halls in Boston. A graduate of Harvard Divinity School, Clarke was an educated and active participant in his community and a respected voice amongst Boston intellectuals. At a time when sciences of the mind were rapidly expanding, Clarke neither ceded authority nor turned a blind eye. Instead, he studied emerging psychologies himself, approaching them as ways to enhance his understanding of the human being—body, soul, and spirit. In his private writings, including journals and letters, Clarke discusses his applications of experimental science, and he appears especially enthusiastic about mesmerism. However, from the pulpit and the lectern, Clarke was almost silent on the topic. This article examines Clarke’s private letters, journals, and sermon notes, accessed in the archives at the Massachusetts Historical Society, for evidence of the role mesmerism played in Clarke’s religious ideology, specifically his concept of man’s physical and spiritual constitution. For Clarke, mesmerism allowed an intimate incorporation of the body with theology, for through it the body became a conduit to the soul and to individual character. Clarke’s interest in and practice of mesmerism reveals it as an underground force that not only shaped his thoughts and theology, but also influenced a number of fellow theologians and intellectuals during the mid-nineteenth century.
The Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion and Job Satisfaction on the Relationship Between Job Demands and Instigated Workplace Incivility
Authors: Koon Vui-Yee , Pun Pui-Yi
Published: December 2017

High job demands are considered a risk factor for uncivil behavior in the workplace but the mechanism behind this relationship remains unclear. The current study aimed to analyze emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction as sequential mediators of the relationship between job demands and instigated workplace incivility within the integrative framework of affective events theory and the job demand–control model. Data were collected from 102 university academic staff in Klang Valley, Malaysia, via snowball sampling method. The results supported the predicted three-path mediation model with age, gender, and employment contract type as covariates. High job demands led to emotional exhaustion, which, in turn, led to a decrease in job satisfaction level and as a result gave rise to instigated workplace incivility. Implications, limitations of these findings, and directions for future research are further discussed on how to enhance and establish a civil and respectful workplace.
Demonstration of the Use of Remote Temperature Monitoring Devices in Vaccine Refrigerators in Haiti
Authors: Cavallaro Kathleen F. , Francois Jeannot , Jacques Roody , Mentor Derline , Yalcouye Idrissa , Wilkins Karen , Mueller Nathan , Turner Rebecca , Wallace Aaron , Tohme Rania A.
Published: December 2017

After the 2010 earthquake, Haiti committed to introducing 4 new antigens into its routine immunization schedule, which required improving its cold chain (ie, temperature-controlled supply chain) and increasing vaccine storage capacity by installing new refrigerators. We tested the feasibility of using remote temperature monitoring devices (RTMDs) in Haiti in a sample of vaccine refrigerators fueled by solar panels, propane gas, or electricity. We analyzed data from 16 RTMDs monitoring 24 refrigerators in 15 sites from March through August 2014. Although 5 of the 16 RTMDs exhibited intermittent data gaps, we identified typical temperature patterns consistent with refrigerator door opening and closing, propane depletion, thermostat insufficiency, and overstocking. Actual start-up, annual maintenance, and annual electricity costs for using RTMDs were $686, $179, and $9 per refrigerator, respectively. In Haiti, RTMD use was feasible. RTMDs could be prioritized for use with existing refrigerators with high volumes of vaccines and new refrigerators to certify their functionality before use. Vaccine vial monitors could provide additional useful information about cumulative heat exposure and possible vaccine denaturation.
Excess Clinical Comorbidity Among HIV-Infected Patients Accessing Primary Care in US Community Health Centers
Authors: Mayer Kenneth H. , Loo Stephanie , Crawford Phillip M. , Crane Heidi M. , Leo Michael , DenOuden Paul , Houlberg Magda , Schmidt Mark , Quach Thu , Ruhs Sebastian , Vandermeer Meredith , Grasso Chris , McBurnie Mary Ann
Published: December 2017

Objectives:

As the life expectancy of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has increased, the spectrum of illness has evolved. We evaluated whether people living with HIV accessing primary care in US community health centers had higher morbidity compared with HIV-uninfected patients receiving care at the same sites.

Methods:

We compared data from electronic health records for 12 837 HIV-infected and 227 012 HIV-uninfected patients to evaluate the relative prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and malignancies by HIV serostatus. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate differences. Participants were patients aged ≥18 who were followed for ≥3 years (from January 2006 to December 2016) in 1 of 17 community health centers belonging to the Community Health Applied Research Network.

Results:

Nearly two-thirds of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients lived in poverty. Compared with HIV-uninfected patients, HIV-infected patients were significantly more likely to be diagnosed and/or treated for diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-1.41), hypertension (OR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.31-1.46), dyslipidemia (OR = 2.30; 95% CI, 2.17-2.43), chronic kidney disease (OR = 4.75; 95% CI, 4.23-5.34), lymphomas (OR = 4.02; 95% CI, 2.86-5.67), cancers related to human papillomavirus (OR = 5.05; 95% CI, 3.77-6.78), or other cancers (OR = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10-1.42). The prevalence of stroke was higher among HIV-infected patients (OR = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.63) than among HIV-uninfected patients, but the prevalence of myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease did not differ between the 2 groups.

Conclusions:

As HIV-infected patients live longer, the increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases may complicate their clinical management, requiring primary care providers to be trained in chronic disease management for this population.
Dyeing property of fluorescent pigment latex on cationic knitted cotton fabrics
Authors: Li Min , Zhang Liping , Qiu Minghui , Zhang Yi , Fu Shaohai
Published: December 2017

The recognized difficulties of pigment dyeing on cotton fabric are the large particle size of the pigment and low affinity between pigment particles and cotton fabric. The dispersion stability of the pigment and binding force between pigment particles and cotton fabric are important factors. To increase the stability of pigment dispersion, fluorescent pigment latex was prepared by encapsulating poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) on the surface of C.I. Solvent Yellow 43. As a reactive emulsifier, allyloxy nonyl alcohol polyoxyethylene (10) ether sulfate can copolymerize with methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate to endow the fluorescent pigment latex with negative charges. To improve the binding force between pigment particles and cotton fabric, the knitted cotton fabric was cationized. The prepared fluorescent pigment latex was further applied to dyeing of cationic fabrics by the exhaust dyeing process. Moreover, pseudo first- and second-order kinetic models were used to examine the adsorption kinetic data of fluorescent pigment latex on cationic cotton fabric. The results showed that the adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model, which indicated that the chemical sorption is a rate-limiting step, rather than mass transfer. The activation parameters were also evaluated to confirm the thermodynamic feasibility and spontaneous nature of cationic cotton dyeing with fluorescent pigment latex.
An anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model for plain weave fabric considering biaxial tension coupling
Authors: Yao Yuan , Huang Xiaoshuang , Peng Xiongqi , Liu Pengfei , Youkun Gong
Published: December 2017

A nonlinear anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model is developed for plain weave fabrics by considering biaxial tensile coupling. The strain energy function is decomposed into two parts to represent tensile energy, including the biaxial tensile coupling effect from fiber elongation and shearing energy from relative rotation between warp and weft yarns. A simple and efficient material parameter identification method is proposed. The model is exemplified on a balanced plain weave glass fabric. Experimental data from the literature are used to identify material parameters in the constitutive model. Model validation is implemented by comparing numerical results with various experimental data, including biaxial tension tests under different stretch ratios and the picture frame shearing test. The developed constitutive model is applied to numerical simulation of a double-dome stamping of the plain weave fabric. The influences of binder force and initial fiber yarn orientation on forming are investigated. Numerical results demonstrated that the biaxial tensile coupling effect could not be neglected in forming simulation. The developed constitutive model is suitable to characterize the nonlinear behavior of plain weave fabrics under large deformation.
Do African Lives Matter to Black Lives Matter? Youth Uprisings and the Borders of Solidarity
Authors: Strong Krystal
Published: December 2017

Despite experiencing a proliferation of youth-led mobilizations in recent years, Africa remains peripheral to the analysis of the U.S.-centered Movement for Black Lives (M4BL). This article explores points of convergence and tension between African uprisings and the M4BL, with a focus on two movements at the intersection of education and activism: Nigerian “Occupy” protests and the “Fees Must Fall” movement in South Africa. Ultimately, I make the case for more engagement on the part of U.S. scholars and activists with struggles in Africa and other global contexts, in the interest of research and solidarity practices that value Black lives everywhere.
‘Mental capacity’, ‘sufficient maturity’, and ‘capable of understanding’ in relation to children: how should health professionals interpret these terms?
Authors: Pillay Basil J , Singh Jerome A
Published: December 2017

South Africa’s Children’s Act 38 of 2005 requires health professionals to determine whether a child possesses ‘sufficient maturity’ and ‘mental capacity’ to make decisions about themselves in relation to surgery, treatment, and HIV testing. Similarly, the National Health Act 61 of 2003 requires a child to be ‘capable of understanding’ to provide informed consent in research. However, neither the Children’s Act nor the National Health Act defines these terms. Moreover, there is no common definition of ‘sufficient maturity’ among healthcare professionals in South Africa. Appreciating how foreign law interprets ‘mental capacity’ and how different healthcare professionals evaluate ‘maturity’ could prove illuminative in respect to how these terms could be interpreted by health professionals in South Africa, and elsewhere.
The Roles of Antisociality and Neurodevelopmental Problems in Criminal Violence and Clinical Outcomes Among Male Forensic Inpatients
Authors: Hilton N. Zoe , Ham Elke , Green Michelle M.
Published: December 2017

Research has identified developmental pathways linking childhood abuse and poor parenting to cognitive impairment or general antisociality in adolescence. We examined pathways in adult offenders, aiming to reproduce pathways identified in the limited existing research with male forensic inpatients and testing their robustness and relation to clinical outcomes. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we examined antisociality, neurodevelopmental problems, and antisocial parenting as statistical predictors of criminal violence, in 638 cases. Using exploratory factor analysis and SEM, we developed and tested similar models for health status on admission and institutional outcomes (symptoms and aggressive behaviors) in subsamples of 269 and 335 cases. A three-factor measurement model was obtained, replicating previous work and supporting antisociality and neurodevelopmental problems as pathways to criminal violence and poor adult health. Models of institutional outcomes were not well supported. Findings indicate robustness of antisocial development and neurodevelopmental pathways.
Engaging African American Adolescents and Stakeholders to Adapt Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Weight Gain Prevention
Authors: Cassidy Omni , Eichen Dawn M. , Burke Natasha L. , Patmore Jacqueline , Shore Allison , Radin Rachel M. , Sbrocco Tracy , Shomaker Lauren B. , Mirza Nazrat , Young Jami F. , Wilfley Denise E. , Tanofsky-Kraff Marian
Published: December 2017

Developing culturally appropriate obesity prevention programs for African American (AA) adolescent girls that account for psychological risk factors is paramount to addressing health disparities. The current study was part of an investigation utilizing a community-based participatory research framework to gather qualitative data from urban AA girls, their caregivers, and community health liaisons to develop a novel obesity prevention program based on interpersonal psychotherapy for the prevention of excessive weight gain (IPT-WG). In the current study with urban AAs, data from seven focus groups (total sample size, N = 40) were analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants identified problematic eating behaviors, including binge or loss of control eating; highlighted the importance of interpersonal relationships, mood functioning, and eating; and supported the tenets of IPT-WG. While features of IPT-WG generally resonated with participants, culturally based modifications were suggested. These data will be used to inform the development of a culturally relevant IPT-WG program.
The Longue Durée of School Governance in Boston
Authors: DiGaetano Alan
Published: December 2017

This article develops a longue durée study of Boston school governance based on the concept of strands of institutional development. The study identifies two strands of political development—rationalizing and democratic—that have operated on distinctly different logics in the formation and reformation of school governing arrangements. To explain institutional change in school governance, I adopt a conceptual framework that integrates structural (economic, social, and political context) and agency (local political actors) levels of analysis. This inquiry into political development conceives of governing institutions as instruments of collective problem solving, whose form and function are the product of the interactions between the urban environment and local political actors.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Multiple Versions of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Matrix App for Well-Being
Authors: Krafft Jennifer , Potts Sarah , Schoendorff Benjamin , Levin Michael E.
Published: December 2017

Mobile apps may be useful in teaching psychological skills in a high-frequency, low-intensity intervention. The acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) matrix is a visual tool to help develop psychological flexibility by categorizing moment-to-moment experience and is well suited to a mobile app. This pilot study tested the effects of a simple and complex version of a novel app using the ACT matrix in two distinct samples: help-seeking individuals ( n = 35) and students receiving SONA credit ( n = 63). Findings indicated no differences between app conditions and a waitlist condition in the SONA credit sample. However, in the help-seeking sample, improvements were found on well-being and valued action in participants who used the app, with greater improvements and app adoption for those using a complex version with additional skills. A mobile app based on the ACT matrix has benefits for help-seeking individuals, but supplementary features may be necessary to support consistent use and benefits.
Elucidating the Dark Side of Envy: Distinctive Links of Benign and Malicious Envy With Dark Personalities
Authors: Lange Jens , Paulhus Delroy L. , Crusius Jan
Published: December 2017

Researchers have recently drawn a contrast between two forms of envy: benign and malicious envy. In three studies (total N = 3,123), we challenge the assumption that malicious envy is destructive, whereas benign envy is entirely constructive. Instead, both forms have links with the Dark Triad of personality. Benign envy is associated with Machiavellian behaviors, whereas malicious envy is associated with both Machiavellian and psychopathic behaviors. In Study 1, this pattern emerged from meta-analyzed trait correlations. In Study 2, a manipulation affecting the envy forms mediated an effect on antisocial behavioral intentions. Study 3 replicated these patterns by linking envy to specific antisocial behaviors and their impact on status in the workplace. Together, our correlational and experimental results suggest that the two forms of envy can both be malevolent. Instead of evaluating envy’s morality, we propose to focus on its functional value.
Assessing accuracy in close relationships research
Authors: Stern Chadly , West Tessa V.
Published: December 2017

Do people accurately perceive their romantic partner? What are the implications of perceiving one’s partner accurately or inaccurately? These questions are frequently debated and researched in psychology, and so researchers need to have methods for assessing accuracy that are flexible enough to answer different theoretical questions. Researchers frequently utilize a variety of different approaches to assess two different forms of accuracy: mean-level bias and correlational accuracy. The main goal of this article is to provide recommendations for the best approaches that relationship researchers can use to assess these types of accuracy. We focus on statistical approaches employing advances in multilevel modeling and, in particular, how West and Kenny’s Truth and Bias model can be especially useful for testing questions of bias and accuracy in perceptions in close relationships. We provide step-by-step approaches of how to implement the models we outline.
The experiences of stroke survivors with managing eating 6 months post stroke
Authors: Jones Natalie , Nasr Nasrin
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Stroke affects activities of daily living such as eating. Little is known about how stroke survivors cope with eating difficulties in the long term. This research conducted in the United Kingdom explores the complex phenomenon of eating difficulties 6 months post stroke.

Method: This qualitative study used a participatory approach to explore the experiences of seven stroke survivors using a focus group and visual methods of photography, to explore the lived experiences of managing eating with a stroke disability.

Findings: Participants ( n = 8) identified barriers to managing eating including physical, social, environmental and emotional issues. Participants recognised that sustaining eating activities regardless of their disabilities was important for their wellbeing. Stroke survivors sought opportunities to participate in occupations that revolved around eating, which enabled them to experience mastery over eating activities. Participants viewed eating activities as a way to self-monitor recovery and progression.

Conclusion: This study informs occupational therapy practice about how people living with stroke strive to adapt to eating difficulties.
Goal-directed occupational therapy for children with unilateral cerebral palsy: Categorising and quantifying session content
Authors: Branjerdporn Nataya , Ziviani Jenny , Sakzewski Leanne
Published: December 2017

Introduction

There is strong evidence that goal-directed occupational therapy achieves improvements in motor and self-care outcomes for children with unilateral cerebral palsy. This pilot study aimed to describe collaborative goals set in occupational therapy sessions, develop categories to describe session content and determine the percentage of in-session time spent addressing goal practice for children with unilateral cerebral palsy.

Method

Videos of 10 therapy sessions with 10 unique child–therapist dyads were analysed. Session content was categorised into goal practice (goal-directed therapy, meaningful goal-supporting activity) and other activity (non-goal-related, child engagement and behavioural support, parent engagement, transition). Descriptive statistics determined the percentage of in-session time spent in goal practice.

Results

Forty-three goals were set and 41 (95%) were activity focused. Mean percentage of time spent in-session on goal practice was 47.5% (SD 31.1%, range 0%–88.1%). Child behavioural support (4.9%), engaging parents (3.2%), transitioning between activities (6.7%) and non-goal-related activity (45.3%) comprised the remaining session time.

Conclusion

Less than half of session time was spent in goal practice, despite being conducted under a goal-directed framework. Non-goal-related activities comprised nearly half of in-session time. Therapists need to consider how to maximise time spent in goal practice during therapy sessions.
Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food Made From Locally Available Food Ingredients Is Well Accepted by Children Having Severe Acute Malnutrition in Bangladesh
Authors: Choudhury Nuzhat , Ahmed Tahmeed , Hossain Md Iqbal , Islam M. Munirul , Sarker Shafiqul A. , Zeilani Mamane , Clemens John David
Published: December 2017

Background:

With a prevalence of 3.1%, approximately, 450 000 children in Bangladesh are having severe acute malnutrition (SAM). There is currently no national community-based program run by government to take care of these children, one of the reasons being lack of access to ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF).

Objective:

To develop RUTF using locally available food ingredients and test its acceptability.

Methods:

A checklist was prepared for all food ingredients available and commonly consumed in Bangladesh that have the potential of being used for developing a RUTF. Linear programming was used to identify the combinations of nutrients that would result in an ideal RUTF. To test the acceptability of 2 local RUTFs compared to the prototype RUTF, Plumpy’Nut, a clinical trial with a crossover design was conducted among 30 children in the Dhaka Hospital of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. The acceptability was determined by using the mean proportion of offered food consumed by the children themselves.

Results:

Two RUTFs were developed, one based on chickpea and the other on rice–lentils. The total energy content of 100 g of chickpea and rice–lentil-based RUTF were 537.4 and 534.5 kcal, protein 12.9 and 13.5 g, and fat 31.8 and 31.1 g, respectively, without any significant difference among the group. On an average, 85.7% of the offered RUTF amount was consumed by the children in 3 different RUTF groups which implies that all types of RUTF were well accepted by the children.

Conclusion:

Ready-to-use therapeutic foods were developed using locally available food ingredients—rice, lentil, and chickpeas. Chickpea-based and rice–lentil-based RUTF were well accepted by children with SAM.
De l’indétermination de la traduction – le cas de la traduction du mot « honneur » en chinois
Authors: Wenrui LI
Published: December 2017

Translation is a subject that can never be spoken of sufficiently, especially at a time when exchanges and conflicts between cultures are intensifying with globalization. Starting from the possibility (or the impossibility) of translation, this article does not reflect upon the old question of the opposition between the fidelity and freedom of the translator, or the theories of foreignization and domestication, but rather focuses on the role of the translator in the relations of otherness. In the face of indetermination, we seek, through the example of the translation of a word ‘honor’, full of historical and cultural connotations in the French language, to prove that grasping meaning is fundamental in order to produce a good translation. In order for that, the translator should be a linguist to grasp meaning and significance in the vast semantic fields, then be a scientist who knows how to reappropriate the conceptual tools proposed by other social sciences. These two roles guarantee the understanding and the demonstration of the otherness, which can only come from a systematic structuring of the culture of departure.
Phase Relationship between DLMO and Sleep Onset and the Risk of Metabolic Disease among Normal Weight and Overweight/Obese Adults
Authors: Baron Kelly Glazer , Reid Kathryn J. , Wolfe Lisa F. , Attarian Hrayr , Zee Phyllis C.
Published: December 2017

Circadian misalignment is hypothesized to contribute to increased diabetes and obesity among shift workers and individuals with late sleep timing. Accordingly, the goal of our study was to identify—among normal and overweight/obese adults—associations between circadian timing (dim light melatonin onset; DLMO) and circadian misalignment (the interval between DLMO and sleep onset) with metabolic disease risk. This was a secondary analysis of data from a larger study. Participants ages 18 to 50 years without depression, diabetes, or shift work, with sleep duration 6.5 h or more, completed the following evaluations: 7 days of wrist actigraphy, circadian timing assessment (DLMO), and a fasting blood draw to measure glucose and insulin and calculate the Homeostatic Model of Assessment–Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Data were analyzed using correlation and regression analyses controlling for age, sex, DLMO, and sleep duration. Analyses were conducted for the entire sample ( n = 54) and stratified by normal weight ( n = 36) and overweight/obese groups ( n = 18). Mean age was 26.4 years (SD = 7.1 years). Average sleep duration was 436.2 min (SD = 55.1 min), DLMO was 2250h (SD = 01:31), and interval between DLMO and sleep onset was 2 h 18 min (SD = 53 min). Average BMI was 24.3 kg/m2 (SD = 4.5 kg/m2). Circadian timing and interval between DLMO and sleep onset were not associated with glucose, insulin, or HOMA-IR in the main analyses. Among overweight/obese participants, a shorter interval between DLMO and sleep onset was associated with higher insulin ( B[SE] = −5.12 [2.24], p = 0.04) and HOMA-IR ( B[SE] = −1.32 [0.57], p = 0.04). Results of our multivariable model indicated that among overweight/obese participants, insulin was 5.1 pmol/L higher and HOMA was 1.3 µU/mL higher for every hour closer that sleep onset was to DLMO. The strengths of this study include the use of objective measures of circadian timing, but results should be considered hypothesis generating due to the small sample size and use of subgroup analyses.
The Evolving Jurisprudence of the European Convention concerning the Right to Life
Authors: Aolain Fionnuala Ni
Published: December 2017

Article 2 of the European Convention protects the foremost of all rights – the right to life. Until recently it has received little judicial attention from the European Court and Commission. This article argues that before the McCann vs United Kingdom decision the European Human Rights regime was hesitant and conservative in its approach to the appropriate level of protection for the right to life. McCann was a turning point. The Court widened protection for life by placing obligations on the state in its planning and execution of law enforcement operations. The article charts the progressively tighter standards being drawn by the Court since McCann. These include strict standards of review for investigative procedures after a death; a coalescence of European and United Nations investigative standards; and the confirmation that situations of emergency do not discharge States of their obligations to protect the right to life. In a series of joined cases now pending before the European Court (Kelly, Jordan, McKerr and Shanaghan vs United Kingdom) the article asserts that the Court has a unique opportunity to consolidate its jurisprudence on procedural protections for the right to life. It advocates a move towards articulating specific measures and principles which link investigation of the violation with the substantive protection of the right to life itself. Such measures and principles are outlined and evaluated.
Race Discrimination and the European Union Anno 1996: From Rhetoric to Legal Remedy?
Authors: Curtin Deirdre , Geurts Mark
Published: December 2017

The question of the legal competence of the EU to adopt binding measures to assist in combatting racial discrimination has traditionally not received much attention. The Treaty on European Union does not include a general prohibition of discrimination but only of (pay related) sex discrimination. Moreover, the Treaty provision outlawing discrimination on grounds of nationality has generally been interpreted as limited to discrimination between nationals of the Member States. For the rest, if anything, the Treaty provisions actually reinforce unequal treatment between the legal situation of migrants with the nationality of a Member State and ‘third country nationals’ (in particular the free movement of persons provisions and the definition of European Union citizenship, as introduced by the Maastricht Treaty). This not only risks feeding xenophobia, it is also an unacceptable starting-point to combat the disgraceful manifestations of racism in the territory of the Member States of the European Union. It is significant that in the run up to the Inter-Governmental Conference to amend the terms of the Treaty, a widely made proposal is to include a prohibition on discrimination on grounds inter alia of race and ethnic origin. A tandem proposal is to provide equal treatment for established third country nationals in certain respects. This article examines both the current situation (possible judicial and legislative approaches) as well as the desirable Treaty amendments.
Equality Rights and Non-Citizens in Europe and America: The Promise, the Practice and Some Remaining Issues
Authors: Clark Tom , Niessen Jan
Published: December 2017

The article discusses the fundamental role played by the notion of equality and shows that a general promise of equality is a hallmark of the UN system to which non-citizens’ may lay claim. Recent international juridical practice shows a progressive move towards equality between citizens and non-citizens in civil and social rights. An international human rights doctrine and norms have been established for distinguishing between differentiation which is legitimate and discrimination. The article examines the effect of the international test and doctrine of equality for some of the key rights at issue in practice for several categories of non-citizens. The article reflects on the interpretative power of the texts of regional human rights treaties on State obligations under a ratified human rights treaty. When States enter into treaties involving human beings for whatever purpose, for example the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or the Treaty on European Union (EU), they do not do so in a legal vacuum. Human beings attract human rights from treaties at the international and regional level. Many States have entered one or more of these human rights treaties so that any other additional treaty must be consonant with the existing human rights treaty obligations. One of the human rights treaty promises is that of human rights in equality. The article argues that when States jointly grant rights or benefits under a further treaty, the further treaty must ensure that the rights jointly granted must be granted in equality. The article concludes that to ensure the promise of non-discrimination for non-citizens requires further initiatives and suggests efforts to ensure treaties impacting non-citizens are ratified (especially those relating to economic and social rights and migrant workers), a review of existing treaties involving non-citizens, a more careful application of non-discrimination provisions by human rights treaty bodies and further efforts to establish the equality doctrine and norms in international human rights law by seeking to use the doctrine in complaints and reporting mechanisms.
Human Rights, Environmental Degradation and Oil Multinational Companies in Nigeria: The Ogoniland Episode
Authors: Idowu Amos Adeoye
Published: December 2017

Although Nigeria is among the leading nations which has ratified various international conventions for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, more emphasis is on civil and political rights entrenched in the Constitution than on the ‘third generation rights’ which include the right to a clean and healthy environment. The activities of some oil multinational companies, especially the Shell Petroleum Development Company, had started in Nigeria in 1958. However, the present unbearable level of environmental degradation in the major oil producing areas of Nigeria, especially the Ogoniland of Rivers State, has seriously sensitised the people to embark on protests to defend their rights even in the face of government stiff opposition. It was in the course of the people's struggle in Ogoniland that Ken-Saro Wiwa and eight other Ogoni human rights activists were arrested, tried, condemned to death and executed. It is true that the Nigerian Government cannot afford to toil with the production of crude oil since it is the major source of revenue for the country, our contention is that total neglect of the right of the people to a clean and pollution-free environment will be more disastrous to all economic gains which exploitation of crude oil can consolidate.
A Pacifist Way of Living: Introductory Essay
Authors: von Sass Hartmut
Published: December 2017

This introductory essay differentiates between divergent forms of pacifism, concerning their background assumptions, status, scope, justification and political implications. Then, it presents two versions of criticising pacifism, one external, one internal way. Finally, it will be discussed whether there is a specific coalition between religious faith and pacifism and what form that relation might take.
Improving the flame retardancy and thermal property of organotitanate-modified epoxy resin for electronic application via a simple method
Authors: Zeng Birong , Yang Li , Chen Jinmei , Liu Xinyu , Wu Haiyang , Zheng Wei , Chen Guorong , Xu Yiting , Dai Lizong
Published: December 2017

The development of halogen-free epoxy resins (EPs) has become a major concern in the field of electronic packaging materials because flame retardants containing halogen release toxic chemicals during combustion. In this article, a type of modified EP possessing multiple functionalities, including high flame retardancy and thermal property as well as low hygroscopicity, was prepared via a simple method by taking advantage of synergistic effects of organotitanate and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The mechanical and thermal properties of the as-prepared EP/titanium (Ti)/DOPO system were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis, glass transition temperature, differential scanning calorimetry, and so on. The results showed that the incorporation of organotitanate and DOPO into EP can not only enhance the decomposition temperature and residual char but also increase the glass transition temperature and limiting oxygen index (LOI) value. The EP/Ti/DOPO system reached UL94 V-0 rating with an LOI of 34.7%. Compared to pure epoxy, the peak heat release rate, heat release capacity, and total heat release of EP/Ti/DOPO were decreased by 33.3%, 35.1%, and 16.7%, respectively.