bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thoracic Sarcoidosis Mimicking Metastatic Testicular Cancer: Three Case Reports
Authors: Gingerich Joel R. , Czaykowski Piotr M. , Wong Ralph P. , Maksymiuk Andrew W.
Published: September 2017

Recurrence of testicular tumors in young males generally prompts rapid investigation and treatment. We report 3 patients with past histories of treated testicular cancer referred with radiographic evidence suggestive of intrathoracic metastases. In each case chest imaging demonstrated mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy. In one case pulmonary nodules were also identified. In all three patients further work-up revealed non-caseating granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. All patients have since been followed and remain free of testicular cancer. No patient has required therapy for sarcoidosis. Although rare, new intra-thoracic lymphadenopathy in previously treated testicular cancer patients can represent sarcoidosis. Tissue diagnosis is essential when the clinical picture remains unclear.
Utilization of Interferon in Gynecologic and Breast Cancer
Authors: Nomelini Rosekeila Simões , De Carvalho Mardegan Marília , Murta Eddie Fernando Candido
Published: September 2017

The usual treatment of gynecologic cancer has been surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. New therapies are being developed to improve efficacy of treatment. Interferons are inducible secretory glycoproteins that have immunomodulatory, antiviral, anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative effects. Their potential antitumor effect has been demonstrated in many studies. Some patients obtain beneficial effects; in other patients the treatment failure can occur. IFNs can modulate the immune response and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. When any alteration in gene expression occurs, there is modulation of the receptors of other cytokines and enzymes that control cell function. These alterations can influence the differentiation, cell proliferation rate and apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms that control apoptotic cell death can be improved through cancer management using IFN in single, combination or adjuvant treatment. Malignant cells generally present defects in programmed cell death and apoptosis. Immunomodulation and angiogenesis inhibition are indirect antitumor mechanisms mediated by apoptosis. With regard to immunomodulation, IFNs can have antitumor effects through increases in cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. Angiogenesis inhibition can result from endothelial cell apoptosis. This factor is important in inhibiting tumor genesis and forming metastases. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of Interferon in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies/breast cancer and mechanisms of action.
The Effect of Docetaxel (Taxotere®) on Human Gastric Cancer Cells Exhibiting Low-Dose Radiation Hypersensitivity
Authors: Balcer-Kubiczek Elizabeth K. , Attarpour Mona , Wang Jian Z. , Regine William F.
Published: September 2017

Low-dose radiation hypersensitivity (HRS) describes a phenomenon of excessive sensitivity to X ray doses <0.5 Gy. Docetaxel is a taxane shown to arrest cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Some previous studies suggested that HRS might result from the abrogation of the early G2 checkpoint arrest. First we tested whether HRS occurs in gastric cancer—derived cells, and whether pre-treatment of cells with low docetaxel concentrations can enhance the magnitude of HRS in gastric cancer cells. The results demonstrated HRS at ~0.3 Gy and the synergy between 0.3 Gy and docetaxel (3 nM for 24 h), and the additivity of other drug/dose combinations. The synergistic effect was associated with a significant docetaxel-induced G2 accumulation. Next, we evaluated in time-course experiments ATM kinase activity and proteins associated with the induction and maintenance of the early G2 checkpoint. The results of multi-immunoblot analysis demonstrate that HRS does not correlate with the ATM-dependent early G2 checkpoint arrest. We speculate that G2 checkpoint adaptation, a phenomenon associated with a prolonged cell cycle arrest, might be involved in HRS. Our results also suggest a new approach for the improvement the effectiveness of docetaxel-based radiotherapy using low doses per fraction.
Renal Cell Carcinoma with IVC Thrombi; Current Concepts and Future Perspectives
Authors: Nouh Mohammed Ahmed Abdel-Muneem , Inui Masashi , Kakehi Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2017

The incidence of venous extension to the inferior vena cava (IVC) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is markedly increased recently mostly due to the advances in diagnostic modalities. Such vascular invasion implies a heightened biologic behavior and a surgical challenge during the course of treatment. In this study, we reviewed the classification guidelines, recent diagnostic tools and up-to-date therapeutic modalities for RCC with IVC tumor thrombi added to the prognostic significance regarding the pathologic nature of vascular invasion; cephalad extent of thrombi and any associated distant metastasis. Also, we are providing our suggestion regarding the use of angioscopy for removal of IVC thrombi in a relatively bloodless field without aggressive surgical manipulations or shunt techniques for maintenance of hemodynamic stability.
Unusual Malignant Transformation of Recurrent Sebaceoma
Authors: Al-Khashnam Heba , Burezq Hisham , Al-Aradi Ibrahim , Al-Sabah Humoud , Al-Abdulhadi Khalid
Published: September 2017

Sebaceoma is a benign tumor composed of incompletely differentiated sebaceous cells of varying degrees of maturity. Sebaceomas was never reported as a known premalignant lesion.

This is a report of a sixteen year old boy who presented with a malignant transformation of a recurrent sebaceoma which was excised twice by Moh's surgery. Excision was done with a free margin of 1 cm down to the parotid fascia. Reconstruction was performed on the same set by using cervicofascial flap extending down to the supraclavicular area. The patient had an uneventful postoperative period apart from distal marginal necrosis of the flap, which healed nicely with conservative measures and daily dressing and was sent to our cancer centre to start his adjuvant radiotherapy.

Previous literature stated that sebaceoma is a distinctive benign tumor. We have presented a case of an unusual malignant transformation of a preauricular recurrent sebaceoma. This indicates that sebaceoma does have a potential risk of malignant transformation. We believe that managing recurrent sebaceoma more aggressively with wide local excision and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy would provide better prognosis.
Integrated FDG PET/CT: Utility and Applications in Clinical Oncology
Authors: Pinilla Inmaculada , Rodríguez-Vigil Beatriz , Gómez-León Nieves
Published: September 2017

Accurate diagnosis and staging are essential for an optimal management of cancer patients. Positron emision tomography with 2-deoxy-2-fluorine-18-fluoro-D-glucose ( 18 FDG-PET) and, more recently, 18 FDG-PET/computed tomography ( 18 FDG-PET/CT) have emerged as powerful imaging tools in oncology, because of the valuable functional information they provide. The combined acquisition of PET and CT has synergistic advantages over its isolated constituents and minimizes their limitations. It decreases examination times by 25%–40%, leads to a higher patient throughput and unificates two imaging procedures in a single session. There is evidence that 18 FDG-PET/CT is a more accurate test than either of its components for the evaluation of various tumors. It is a particularly valuable tool for detection of recurrence, especially in asymptomatic patients with rising tumor markers and those with negative or equivocal findings on conventional imaging tests. Yet, there are some limitations and areas of uncertainty, mainly regarding the lack of specificity of the 18 FDG uptake and the variable 18 FDG avidity of some cancers. This article reviews the advantages, limitations and main applications of 18 FDG-PET/CT in oncology, with especial emphasis on lung cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphomas, melanoma and head and neck cancers.
Atypical Fibroxanthoma
Authors: Sakamoto Akio
Published: September 2017

Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a nodular dermal ulcerative lesion with a favorable prognosis. AFX most commonly occurs on sun-exposed skin in elderly individuals. AFX is characterized by its association with ultraviolet radiation, not only from a clinical aspect, but also from a molecular aspect. Making a diagnosis of AFX is challenging, and it is important to differentiate it from squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Histological features and combined immunohistochemical markers are necessary for a definitive diagnosis (i.e., an absence of immunostaining for cytokeratins, S100 and HMB45 in AFX is helpful for excluding both squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma). AFX, as well as MFH (malignant fibrous histiocytoma), is a fibrohistiocytic lesion with myofibroblastic differentiation. AFX is considered to be a different lesion from MFH. AFX and MFH might share the same pathway which determines their morphology. However, they may have different pathways in development which determine their biological behavior.
Darbepoetin versus Epoetin Alfa for the Correction of Anemia in Cancer Patients Receiving Radiotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy Treatment
Authors: Ots Pilar M Samper , Carrizosa Concepción López , Pérez Aurora Rodríguez , De Dios Saez Garrido Juan , Delgado Pérez José M
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Anemia is the most frequent hematological disturbance in cancer patients, with prevalence between 30% and 90%, depending on the type of tumor, the antitumor treatment, and other factors (infection, malnutrition, bleeding, tumor infiltration of the bone marrow). A number of erythropoietic agents have shown to be effective in increasing the hemoglobin (Hb) levels, reducing the requirements for transfusion, and improving quality of life. The objective of this study is to compare darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa when used to correct anemia in cancer patients who are receiving radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy.

Material and methods

A prospective study of 125 consecutive patients with anemia (Hb < 13 g/dL in males or < 12 g/dL in females) who were undergoing treatment with radiotherapy (RT) or radiochemotherapy (RCT) in our department were enrolled between March 2003 and March 2005. The treatment for the anemia was either darbepoetin alfa 150 mcg/week (62 patients, group 1) or epoetin alfa 40,000 IU/week (63 patients, group 2). Patients received iron supplements in both groups. Treatment was administered in a consecutive manner depending on tumor type. If the increase in Hb was < 1 g/dL after 4 weeks of treatment, the dose was increased to 300 mcg/week in group 1 or to 60,000 IU/week in group 2. The treatment was terminated when a Hb value of ≥ 15 g/dL was reached during RT treatment, a Hb value of ≥ 14 g/dL was reached if the RT had been completed, or after 16 weeks of treatment whatever the Hb value. The mean age of patients was 63.36 ± 11.27 years, 67% were male. No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in tumor type or stage, previous treatments, or intent to treat with RT or RCT.

Results

Comparing group 1 and group 2 by intent to treat, the mean Hb at the start of treatment with the study drug was 12.1 g/dL vs 11.8 g/dL, the proportion of patients whose dose was increased was19.7% vs 24.6%, the need for transfusion was 3.2% in each group, the duration of erythropoietic treatment was 6.5 weeks in both groups, and 2 patients in group 2 restarted treatment with epoetin alfa. The percentage of patients who responded (defined as an increase in the Hb ≥ 2 g/dL in the absence of transfusions) was of 72.6% and 66.7%, respectively. Four vascular adverse events were observed, 2 in each group. No significant differences were observed with respect to the baseline, week 4, and week 12 levels of endogenous erythropoietin, serum iron,% saturation, and ferritin. The increase in Hb 1 month after the final administration of the study drug was 2.21 g/dL in group 1 and 2.46 g/dL in group 2 (p = ns).

Conclusions

The results of our study demonstrate that both treatments are equally effective in correcting anemia in cancer patients undergoing RT or RCT.
Evaluation of Image Enhancement Method on Target Registration Using Cone Beam CT in Radiation Therapy
Authors: Yan Hui , Lei Ren , Wu Jackie , Di Fu , Yin Fang-Fang
Published: September 2017

An intensity based six-degree image registration algorithm between cone-beam CT (CBCT) and planning CT has been developed for image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). CT images of an anthropomorphic chest phantom were acquired using conventional CT scanner and corresponding CBCT was reconstructed based on projection images acquired by an on-board imager (OBI). Both sets of images were initially registered to each other using attached fudicial markers to achieve a golden standard registration. Starting from this point, an offset was applied to one set of images, and the matching result was found by a gray-value based registration method. Finally, The registration error was evaluated by comparing the detected shifts with the known shift. Three window-level (WL) combinations commonly used for image enhancement were examined to investigate the effect of anatomical information of Bony only (B), Bone+Tissue (BT), and Bone+Tissue+Air (BTA) on the accuracy and robustness of gray-value based registration algorithm. Extensive tests were performed in searching for the attraction range of registration algorithm. The widest attraction range was achieved with the WL combination of BTA. The average attraction ranges of this combination were 73.3 mm and 81.6 degree in the translation and rotation dimensions, respectively, and the average registration errors were 0.15 mm and 0.32 degree. The WL combination of BT shows the secondary largest attraction ranges. The WL combination of B shows limited convergence property and its attraction range was the smallest among the three examined combinations (on average 33.3 mm and 25.0 degree). If two sets of 3D images in original size (512 x 512) were used, registration could be accomplished within 10~20 minutes by current algorithm, which is only acceptable for off-line reviewing purpose. As the size of image set reduced by a factor of 2~4, the registration time would be 2~4 minutes which is feasible for on-line target localization.
The Metastasectomy and Timing of Pulmonary Metastases on the Outcome of Osteosarcoma Patients
Authors: Huang Yu-Min , Hou Chun-Han , Hou Sheng-Mou , Yang Rong-Sen
Published: September 2017

Background

The author intended to clarify the therapeutic effect and prognostic factors of metastasectomy and timing of pulmonary metastases in osteosarcoma patents.

Methods

Data was obtained retrospectively on all consecutive osteosarcoma patients from 1985 to 2005 in author's institute. Fifty-two patients with pulmonary nodules were identified, including 24 patients undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy treatment. These patients were categorized into four groups: group 1, patients with lung metastases at the initial presentation; group 2, lung metastases identified during the period of pre-operative chemotherapy; group 3, lung metastases identified during period of the post-operative chemotherapy; group 4, lung metastases identified after therapy for the primary osteosarcoma completed.

Results

In our study, the 2-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates for 52 patients were 49%, 39% and 20%. The 2-year overall survival rates were 18% for group 1, 32% for group 3, and 70% for group 4 (p < 0.001). The 5-year overall survival rate was 34% for group 4. Patients who underwent metastesectomy showed a better survival outcome as compared with the patients not undergoing metastasectomy (p = 0.003). The 2-year and 5-year overall survival rates of only one lung metastatic nodule were 62% and 50%, and for initially multiple lung metastatic nodules, 45% and 5%, respectively. In addition, the patients presented with lung metastases had a worse prognosis as compared with those without initial lung metastases (p = 0.0001).

Conclusions

The patients having single metastatic nodule showed a better prognosis than those with multiple lung nodules. Furthermore, those patients who underwent metastasectomy survived longer than those not undergoing metastasectomy. Patients who had late metastases after complete chemotherapy had a better prognosis; whereas those who had metastases identified at the initial presentation predicted a poor prognosis.
Phase II Clinical Trial of GM-CSF Treatment in Patients with Hormone-Refractory or Hormone-Naïve Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: Amato Robert J. , Hernandez-Mcclain Joan
Published: September 2017

The objective of this Phase II clinical trial was to determine the effects of chronic GM-CSF dosing on PSA levels in men with hormone-refractory or hormone-naïve prostate cancer. Six hormone-refractory and 10 hormone-naïve patients were recruited from an institutional practice and were treated with 250 and 125 μg/m2 of GM-CSF, respectively, 3 times per week for continuous 12-week treatment cycles until evidence of disease progression, as indicated by 2 consecutive rising PSA levels. PSA levels were measured every 6 weeks. Of the 6 hormone-refractory patients, 2 were classified with progressive disease after 4 months and 1 after 1.75 months. The best PSA responses for the remaining 3 patients were 3%, 12%, and 32% declines which lasted from 1.75 to 8.5 months. Of the 10 hormone-naïve patients, 2 were classified with progressive disease after 3 and 12 months, and 1 patient met the criteria for stable disease after 7.75 months. The best PSA response for the remaining 7 patients ranged from 7% to 42% declines which lasted from 0.5 to 10 months. These results indicate that further study of GM-CSF administration is not warranted for hormone-refractory patients but is recommended for hormone-naïve patients using a chronic dosing regimen.
Bead-Selected Antitumor Genetic Cell Vaccines
Authors: Mj Herrero , Botella R , Algás R , Marco FM , Sf Aliño
Published: September 2017

Cancer vaccines have always been in the scope of gene therapy research. One of the most successful approaches has been working with genetically modified tumor cells. However, to become a clinical reality, tumor cells must suffer a long and risky process from the extraction from the patient to the reimplantation as a vaccine. In this work, we explain our group's approach to reduce the cell number required to achieve an immune response against a melanoma murine model, employing bead-selected B16 tumor cells expressing GM-CSF and B7.2.
Article Commentary: Should We Consider Cancers as Embryonic Diseases or as Consequences of Stem-Cell Deregulation?
Authors: Bastid Jérémy , Puisieux Alain , Ansieau Stéphane
Published: September 2017

Cancers have long been described as the result of successive selections of somatic cells progressively acquiring growth and survival advantages. Such a model was hardly compatible with the obvious heterogeneity of the cancer cell population present in tumors. This heterogeneity rather suggests that mutations hint multipotent cells that, in addition to the resulting proliferation and survival advantages, display differentiation capabilities. Adult stem cells or progenitors display similar properties, supporting the concept that cancers actually originate from these cells. The recent observation that differentiated cells can dedifferentiate and acquire stemness properties suggests an alternative and additional explanation for the origin of “cancer-initiating” cells and reopens the debate of the contribution of somatic cells to cancer progression.
Phase II Study of S-1 Monotherapy as a First-line, Combination Therapy of S-1 plus Cisplatin as a Second-line, and Weekly Paclitaxel Monotherapy as a Third-line Therapy in Patients with Advanced Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Rino Yasushi , Yukawa Norio , Wada Nobuyuki , Suzuki Makoto , Murakami Hitoshi , Yamada Takanobu , Nakayama Hirotaka , Yamamoto Naoto , Sato Tsutomu , Yamada Roppei , Ohshima Takashi , Masuda Munetaka , Imada Toshio
Published: September 2017

Background

We conducted a pilot phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of S-1 as a first-line, S-1 plus cisplatin as a second-line, and weekly paclitaxel as a third-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer.

Patients and Methods

Between 2002 and 2005, 19 patients were enrolled in this study. Chemotherapy consisted of either 60 mg/m2 of S-1 for 4 weeks at 6 weeks interval, a combination of 60 mg/m2 S-1 for 3 weeks and 60 mg/m2 cisplatin on day 8 at 5 weeks interval, or 60 mg/m2 paclitaxel at day 1, 8, 15, at 4 weeks interval. The regimen was repeated until the occurrence of unacceptable toxicities, disease progression, or patient refusal. The primary end point was the overall survival.

Results

The response rates were 33.3%, 12.5%, and 0% after the first, second, and third line chemotherapy, respectively. The mean overall survival time was 994 days. The median survival time could not be calculated because 12 out of 19 patients were still alive when the study was concluded. Regarding hematological toxicity, the major adverse effect was leukopenia, which reached grades 3–4 in all lines of chemotherapy investigated. In addition, regarding non-hematological toxicities, the major adverse effect was anorexia, which reached grade 3–4 in the second line chemotherapy, and no deaths were attributable to the adverse effects of the drugs.

Conclusion

This sequential therapy was an effective treatment for advanced gastric cancer with acceptable toxic side-effects. We considered this sequential therapy to be effective because of the smooth switch to the next regimen.
Leptomeningeal Metastases in a Patient with an Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor
Authors: Kinebuchi Yoshiaki , Ishikawa Masakuni , Ishizuka Osamu , Nishizawa Osamu , Hongo Kazuhiro
Published: September 2017

We present a case of leptomeningeal metastases in a 30-year-old man with an extragonadal germ cell tumor. The patient was referred to our hospital for treatment of an occipital brain metastasis. This lesion was resected, followed by whole brain radiotherapy and further chemotherapy, and a temporary complete remission was achieved. However, leptomeningeal recurrence developed, and despite salvage chemotherapy, the patient died of disease. Although multidisciplinary treatment is given to treat brain metastases of germ cell tumors, the patients’ prognosis has been unsatisfactory. The identification of a standard/effective treatment is required.
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP)—Juvenile Onset
Authors: Dyrstad Sara W. , Rao Krishna A.
Published: September 2017

In this article, we describe the treatment of long standing juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) with eventual transformation to carcinoma in a patient who lived to the age of 73. Treatment modalities consisted of bronchoscopy and local excision initially. Later, YAG and CO2 laser debulking were used. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy with carboplatin (300 mg/m2) and 5-FU (600 mg/m2), oral methotrexate (5–7.5 mg/week), pegylated Interferon, indole-3-carbamide, and intralesional cidofovir were also utilized in the treatment of this patient. Except for methotrexate, each of the treatment regimens used in this patient, initially decreased growth of the papillomas and improved symptoms experienced by the patient. Interestingly, we found that this patient's long standing JORRP initially responded to a chemotherapy regimen of 4 cycles of carboplatin (300 mg/m2) and 5-FU (600 mg/m2) as well. Ultimately, the disease became resistant to all forms of treatment and progressed. The patient eventually succumbed to the disease after an approximate 77 year course.
The Presence of Precursors of Benign Pre-B Lymphoblasts (Hematogones) in the Bone Marrow of a Paediatric Patient with Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Moreno-Madrid F , Uberos J , Díaz-Molina M , Ramírez-Arredondo A , Jiménez-Gámiz P , Molina-Carballo A
Published: September 2017

Hematogones are normal B-lymphoid precursors that multiply in the bone marrow of small children and of adults with ferropenic anaemia, neuroblastoma or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. They are not normally found in peripheral blood, and the immunophenotype is virtually indistinguishable from that of B lymphoblasts. We discuss the case of a 3-month infant with an active cytomegalovirus infection, with hepatitis and pancytopenia associated with 13% hematogones in the bone marrow.
Increased Incidence of Loco-Regional Recurrences among African American Women with Terminal Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Colón-Otero Gerardo , King Sherry , Smith Vandelyn , Bieber Carolyn , Crook Julia , Solberg Lawrence A. , Shannon Robert , Perez Edith A.
Published: September 2017

A prospective analysis of women with terminal breast cancer admitted to CHNE from November 2006-August 2007 evaluated anecdotal observations that African American (AA) women are likelier than Caucasian women to evidence loco-regional recurrences (LRR). Women with terminal breast cancer who were admitted to CHNE, a not-for-profit hospice serving over 90% of Northeast Florida hospice patients, were eligible for participation. 134 terminal breast cancer patients were assessed by hospice nurses for LRR presence via chest wall examination. 80% of them (107) were Caucasian, 17% (23) were AA and 3% (4) were of other ethnicities. Evidence of LRR were noted in 13% of the women (17/134). The proportion of patients with LRR was higher in AA women than Caucasian women (26% vs. 10%, 6/23 vs. 11/107, respectively), although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). The majority of Caucasian women with LRR consented to a medical record review, but a minority of AA women consented (8/11 vs. 2/6, respectively, p = 0.16).

Conclusion

Evaluating disparities in breast cancer care outcomes is possible by reviewing data from patients served by hospice programs that aid a majority of patients within a community. This pilot data suggests that AA women with breast cancer have a higher incidence of loco-regional failure as a component of their terminal breast cancer disease than Caucasian women. A smaller proportion of AA patients and families agreed to participate in a medical record review study than Caucasians. Larger studies are necessary to confirm these findings, to elucidate factors contributing to disparities and to develop potential solutions.
Pediatric Obesity: It's Time for Prevention before Conception Can Maternal Obesity Program Pediatric Obesity?
Authors: Ferraro Zach , Adamo Kristi B.
Published: September 2017

Global increases in obesity have led public health experts to declare this disease a pandemic. Although prevalent in all ages, the dire consequences associated with maternal obesity have a pronounced impact on the long-term health of their children as a result of the intergenerational effects of developmental programming. Previously, fetal under-nutrition has been linked to the predisposition to pediatric obesity explained by the adiposity rebound and ‘catch-up’ growth that occurs when a child born to a nutrient deprived mother is exposed to the obesogenic environment of present day. Given the recent increase in maternal overweight/obesity (OW/OB) our attention has shifted from nutrient restriction to overabundance and excess during pregnancy. Consideration must now be given to interventions that could mitigate pregravid body mass index (BMI), attenuate gestational weight gain (GWG) and reduce postpartum weight retention (PPWR) in an attempt to prevent the downstream signaling of pediatric obesity and halt the intergenerational cycle of weight related disease currently plaguing our world. Thus, this paper will briefly review current research that best highlights the proposed mechanisms responsible for the development of child OW/OB and related sequalae (e.g. type II diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD)) resulting from maternal obesity.
Detection of Oxacillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from the Neonatal and Pediatric Units of a Brazilian Teaching Hospital
Authors: Pereira Valéria Cataneli , Martins André , Suppo de Souza Rugolo Lígia Maria , de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha Maria
Published: September 2017

Objective

To determine, by phenotypic and genotypic methods, oxacillin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit patients seen at the University Hospital of the Botucatu School of Medicine.

Methods

A total of 100 S. aureus strains isolated from the following materials were studied: 25 blood cultures, 21 secretions, 12 catheters, 3 cannulae and one chest drain from 62 patients in the neonatal unit, and 36 blood cultures, one pleural fluid sample and one peritoneal fluid sample from 38 patients in the pediatric unit. Resistance of the S. aureus isolates to oxacillin was evaluated by the disk diffusion method with oxacillin (1 μg) and cefoxitin (30 μg), agar screening test using Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 6 μg/ml oxacillin and 4% NaCl, and detection of the mecA gene by PCR. In addition, the isolates were tested for β-lactamase production using disks impregnated with Nitrocefin and hyperproduction of β-lactamase using amoxicillin (20 μg) and clavulanic acid (10 μg) disks.

Results

Among the 100 S. aureus strains included in the study, 18.0% were resistant to oxacillin, with 16.1% MRSA being detected in the neonatal unit and 21.0% in the pediatric unit. The oxacillin (1 μg) and cefoxitin (30 μg) disk diffusion methods presented 94.4% and 100% sensitivity, respectively, and 98.8% specificity. The screening test showed 100% sensitivity and 98.8% specificity. All isolates produced β-lactamase and one of these strains was considered to be a hyperproducer.

Conclusions

The 30 μg cefoxitin disk diffusion method presented the best result when compared to the 1 μg oxacillin disk. The sensitivity of the agar screening test was similar to that of the cefoxitin disk diffusion method and higher than that of the oxacillin disk diffusion method. We observed variations in the percentage of oxacillin-resistant isolates during the study period, with a decline over the last years which might be related to improved nosocomial infection control and the rational use of antibiotics.
Association between Polymorphisms in Genes Related to Common Adult Diseases and Fetal Growth
Authors: Osada Hisao
Published: September 2017

A close relationship between size at birth and occurrence of common adult diseases has been reported. As an explanation of this relationship, it has been hypothesized that the thrifty genotypes cause changes in growth efficiency during fetal period and diseases in later life. In the present study, we examined the association of fetal growth with genetic polymorphisms within the IGF2-INS-TH region and in the G protein gene. Analysis of the genes in the IGF2-INS-TH region suggests that thrifty genotype has the effect of accelerating fetal growth, but at the same time a genomic imprinting mechanism is also involved. Analysis of the G protein β3 subunit gene unveiled that the 825T allele in the mother may exert influence on fetal metabolic environment. By extending the analysis to other genomic regions related to common adult diseases using the same technique, the detailed role of genetic polymorphisms may be elucidated.
Pediatric Weight Management Program Outcomes in a Largely Minority, Low Socioeconomic Status Population
Authors: Demeule-Hayes Michelle , Winters Matthew W. , Getzoff Elizabeth A. , Schwimmer Bradley A. , Rogers Vicky S. , Scheimann Ann O.
Published: September 2017

This article describes the outcomes of a pediatric weight management program for a population primarily composed of minority ethnic groups and those from a lower socioeconomic status group. As these groups are disproportionally affected by pediatric obesity and overweight complicated by higher rates of attrition and poorer response to intervention, it is important that adequate and effective treatment exists for patients in these groups. Further research is needed to analyze the outcomes and attrition in these high-risk populations.
Lemierre Syndrome: Two Preschool Children with Cerebral Infarcts
Authors: Santschi Miriam , David Michèle , Garel Laurent , Vanasse Michel , Gauvin France
Published: September 2017

We report two children who developed hemiparesis secondary to cerebral infarcts complicating Lemierre syndrome. The first case is a one-year-old patient who presented a left internal jugular vein thrombosis and a left carotid compression due to retropharyngeal cellulitis. The second case is a five-year-old girl who presented a left internal jugular vein and a right carotid artery thrombosis associated with an oropharyngeal cellulitis. Etiologic agents involved were Staphylococus aureus in the first case and Fusobacterium necrophorum in the second case.

These cases call for vigilance among physicians for this rare syndrome, its unusual presentation and its associated severe complications.
Body Dissatisfaction Measured with a Figure Preference Task and Self-Esteem in 8 Year Old Children—a Study within the ABIS-Project
Authors: Koch F.S. , Ludvigsson J. , Sepa A.
Published: September 2017

Body dissatisfaction has been related to low self-esteem and depression in adolescents. With regard to the current world wide rise in childhood obesity and common stigmatization of adults and children with obesity, easy to use and cost effective measurements of body dissatisfaction would be helpful in epidemiological research. In the current study, detailed data on body measurements with regard to perceived and ideal body size and body dissatisfaction, as measured with the figure preference task, are presented for a population based sample of 3837 children. Perceived body size correlations to weight, body mass index [BMI], and waist circumference were between 0.41 and 0.54; and to height between 0.12 and 0.21. Odds ratios for lower self-esteem increased with increase in body dissatisfaction. Gender differences in body dissatisfaction were present but not found in relation to self-esteem. It is concluded that the figure preference task yields valuable information in epidemiological studies of children as young as 7.5 years of age. It is argued, that the figure preference task is an additional measurement which theoretically relates to psychological stress in childhood.
A Case Definition for Children with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Porter Nicole , Shelleby Elizabeth , Bell David S. , Lapp Charles W. , Rowe Kathy , De Meirleir Kenny
Published: September 2017

The case definition for chronic fatigue syndrome was developed for adults (Fukuda et al. 1994), and this case definition may not be appropriate for use with children and adolescents. The lack of application of a consistent pediatric definition for this illness and the lack of a reliable instrument to assess it might lead to studies which lack sensitivity and specificity. In this article, a case definition is presented that has been endorsed by the International Association of ME/CFS.
Neurosteroid Biosynthesis and Action in the Purkinje Cell
Authors: Tsutsui Kazuyoshi
Published: September 2017

It is now clearly established that steroids can be synthesized de novo by the vertebrate brain. Such steroids are called neurosteroids. To understand neurosteroid action in the brain, data on the regio- and temporal-specific synthesis of neurosteroids are needed. In the middle 1990s, the Purkinje cell, an important cerebellar neuron, was identified as a major site for neurosteroid formation in vertebrates. This discovery has allowed deeper insights into neuronal neurosteroidogenesis and biological actions of neurosteroids have become clear by the studies using the Purkinje cell as an excellent cellular model, which is known to play an important role in memory and learning processes. From the past 10 years of research on mammals, we now know that the Purkinje cell actively synthesizes progesterone and estradiol de novo from cholesterol during neonatal life, when cerebellar neuronal circuit formation occurs. Both progesterone and estradiol promote dendritic growth, spinogenesis, and synaptogenesis via each cognate nuclear receptor in the developing Purkinje cell. Such neurosteroid actions that may be mediated by neurotrophic factors contribute to the formation of cerebellar neuronal circuit during neonatal life. Allopregnanolone, a progesterone metabolite, is also synthesized in the cerebellum and acts on Purkinje cell survival in the neonate. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the biosynthesis and biological actions of neurosteroids in the Purkinje cell during development.
Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID): An Acute Response to Ocular Insult Protects from Future Immune-Mediated Damage?
Authors: Cone Robert E. , Pais Roshan
Published: September 2017

The “immune privilege” that inhibits immune defense mechanisms that could lead to damage to sensitive ocular tissue is based on the expression of immunosuppressive factors on ocular tissue and in ocular fluids. In addition to this environmental protection, the injection of antigen into the anterior chamber or infection in the anterior chamber induces a systemic suppression of potentially damaging cell-mediated and humoral responses to the antigen. Here we discuss evidence that suggests that Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID)a is initiated by an ocular response to moderate inflammation that leads to a systemic immunoregulatory response. Injection into the anterior chamber induces a rise in TNF-α and MCP-1 in aqueous humor and an infiltration of circulating F4/80+ monocytes that home to the iris. The induction of ACAID is dependent on this infiltration of circulating monocytes that eventually emigrate to the thymus and spleen where they induce regulatory T cells that inhibit the inductive or effector phases of a cell-mediated immune response. ACAID therefore protects the eye from the collateral damage of an immune response to infection by suppressing a future potentially damaging response to infection.
More financial burden-sharing for developing countries that host refugees
Authors: Luecke Matthias , Schneiderheinze Claas
Published: September 2017

The authors call on G20 leaders to extend more predictable and substantial support to lowand- middle-income countries that host refugees, in recognition of the global public good that these countries provide. Together with other high-income countries, G20 countries should fully cover the cost of providing for the basic and social needs of refugees. They should also help to expand public services and infrastructure for refugees as well as resident populations. Such international support for the economic integration and social inclusion of refugees will be most effective if host countries grant refugees a firm legal status with access to employment and entrepreneurship.
Oxygenated volatile organic carbon in the western Pacific convective center: ocean cycling, air–sea gas exchange and atmospheric transport
Authors: Schlundt Cathleen , Tegtmeier Susann , Lennartz Sinikka T. , Bracher Astrid , Cheah Wee , Krüger Kirstin , Quack Birgit , Marandino Christa A.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. A suite of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs – acetaldehyde, acetone, propanal, butanal and butanone) were measured concurrently in the surface water and atmosphere of the South China Sea and Sulu Sea in November 2011. A strong correlation was observed between all OVOC concentrations in the surface seawater along the entire cruise track, except for acetaldehyde, suggesting similar sources and sinks in the surface ocean. Additionally, several phytoplankton groups, such as haptophytes or pelagophytes, were also correlated to all OVOCs, indicating that phytoplankton may be an important source of marine OVOCs in the South China and Sulu seas. Humic- and protein-like fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) components seemed to be additional precursors for butanone and acetaldehyde. The measurement-inferred OVOC fluxes generally showed an uptake of atmospheric OVOCs by the ocean for all gases, except for butanal. A few important exceptions were found along the Borneo coast, where OVOC fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere were inferred. The atmospheric OVOC mixing ratios over the northern coast of Borneo were relatively high compared with literature values, suggesting that this coastal region is a local hotspot for atmospheric OVOCs. The calculated amount of OVOCs entrained into the ocean seemed to be an important source of OVOCs to the surface ocean. When the fluxes were out of the ocean, marine OVOCs were found to be enough to control the locally measured OVOC distribution in the atmosphere. Based on our model calculations, at least 0.4 ppb of marine-derived acetone and butanone can reach the upper troposphere, where they may have an important influence on hydrogen oxide radical formation over the western Pacific Ocean.
Contributions of transported Prudhoe Bay oil field emissions to the aerosol population in Utqiaġvik, Alaska
Authors: Gunsch Matthew J. , Kirpes Rachel M. , Kolesar Katheryn R. , Barrett Tate E. , China Swarup , Sheesley Rebecca J. , Laskin Alexander , Wiedensohler Alfred , Tuch Thomas , Pratt Kerri A.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Loss of sea ice is opening the Arctic to increasing development involving oil and gas extraction and shipping. Given the significant impacts of absorbing aerosol and secondary aerosol precursors emitted within the rapidly warming Arctic region, it is necessary to characterize local anthropogenic aerosol sources and compare to natural conditions. From August to September 2015 in Utqiaġvik (Barrow), AK, the chemical composition of individual atmospheric particles was measured by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (0.13–4 µm projected area diameter) and real-time single-particle mass spectrometry (0.2–1.5 µm vacuum aerodynamic diameter). During periods influenced by the Arctic Ocean (70 % of the study), our results show that fresh sea spray aerosol contributed  ∼ 20 %, by number, of particles between 0.13 and 0.4 µm, 40–70 % between 0.4 and 1 µm, and 80–100 % between 1 and 4 µm particles. In contrast, for periods influenced by emissions from Prudhoe Bay (10 % of the study), the third largest oil field in North America, there was a strong influence from submicron (0.13–1 µm) combustion-derived particles (20–50 % organic carbon, by number; 5–10 % soot by number). While sea spray aerosol still comprised a large fraction of particles (90 % by number from 1 to 4 µm) detected under Prudhoe Bay influence, these particles were internally mixed with sulfate and nitrate indicative of aging processes during transport. In addition, the overall mode of the particle size number distribution shifted from 76 nm during Arctic Ocean influence to 27 nm during Prudhoe Bay influence, with particle concentrations increasing from 130 to 920 cm−3 due to transported particle emissions from the oil fields. The increased contributions of carbonaceous combustion products and partially aged sea spray aerosol should be considered in future Arctic atmospheric composition and climate simulations.
Revisiting internal gravity waves analysis using GPS RO density profiles: comparison with temperature profiles and application for wave field stability study
Authors: Pisoft Petr , Sacha Petr , Miksovsky Jiri , Huszar Peter , Scherllin-Pirscher Barbara , Foelsche Ulrich
Published: September 2017

Abstract. We revise selected findings regarding the utilization of Global Positioning System radio occultation (GPS RO) density profiles for the analysis of internal gravity waves (IGW), introduced by Sacha et al. (2014). Using various GPS RO datasets, we show that the previously detected differences in the IGW spectra between dry temperature and density profiles are found only in the one specific data version that was used for the original study mentioned above. The differences between temperature and density perturbations do not have any physical origin and there is no information loss of IGW activity due to the GPS RO retrieval. We investigate the previously discussed question of the temperature perturbations character when utilizing GPS RO dry temperature profiles, derived by integration of the hydrostatic balance. Using radiosonde profiles as proxy for GPS RO, we provide strong evidence that the differences in IGW perturbations between the real and retrieved temperature profiles (which are based on the assumption of hydrostatic balance) include a significant nonhydrostatic component that is present sporadically and might be either positive or negative. The detected differences in related spectra of IGW temperature perturbations are found to be mostly about ±10 %. The paper also presents a detailed study on the utilization of GPS RO density profiles for the characterization of the wave field stability. We have analyzed selected stability parameters derived from the density profiles together with a study of the vertical rotation of the wind direction. Regarding the Northern Hemisphere the results point to the western border of the Aleutian High where potential IGW breaking is detected. These findings are also supported by an analysis of temperature and wind velocity profiles. Our results confirm advantages of the utilization of the density profiles for IGW analysis.
Deriving principal channel metrics from bank and long-profile geometry with the R package cmgo
Authors: Golly Antonius , Turowski Jens M.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Landscape patterns result from landscape forming processes. This link can be exploited in geomorphological research by reversely analyzing the geometrical content of landscapes to develop or confirm theories of the underlying processes. Since rivers represent a dominant control on landscape formation, there is a particular interest in examining channel metrics in a quantitative and objective manner. For example, river cross-section geometry is required to model local flow hydraulics, which in turn determine erosion and thus channel dynamics. Similarly, channel geometry is crucial for engineering purposes, water resource management, and ecological restoration efforts. These applications require a framework to capture and derive the data. In this paper we present an open-source software tool that performs the calculation of several channel metrics (length, slope, width, bank retreat, knickpoints, etc.) in an objective and reproducible way based on principal bank geometry that can be measured in the field or in a GIS. Furthermore, the software provides a framework to integrate spatial features, for example the abundance of species or the occurrence of knickpoints. The program is available at https://github.com/AntoniusGolly/cmgo and is free to use, modify, and redistribute under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3 as published by the Free Software Foundation.