bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: AZARI-HAMIDIAN SHAHYAD , HARBACH RALF E.
Published: July 2019

Taxonomic keys are provided for the identification of the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of Iranian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), which include 64 species and three subspecies belonging to seven genera. The keys also include 12 species recorded in old literature that have not been collected recently, but are known to occur elsewhere in southwestern Asia. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is not known to occur in Iran, but it is included in the keys because it has been established in many countries in the region during recent decades, and it is medically important. Newly recorded species, new characters, drawings illustrating characters used in the keys, and some notes are included to aid the identification of the species. The keys are based on recently collected specimens and museum collections, as well as taxonomic literature.
Species-group concepts and biogeography of the genus Crotonia (Acari: Oribatida: Crotoniidae), with new species from South and Central America
Authors: COLLOFF MATTHEW J.
Published: July 2019

Five new species of oribatid mite belonging to the Gondwanan genus Crotonia are described from South and Central America: C. macfadyeni sp. nov. from the Falkland Islands, C. carioca sp. nov. from Brazil, C. valdivia sp. nov. and C. wallworki sp. nov. both from Chile, and C. aculeata sp. nov. from Guatemala. The nymphal stages of C. macfadyeni are also described. The species-groups of Crotonia delineated by Luxton (1982) are redefined in relation to these new species and a re-evaluation of characters. Previously, the primary character for defining species-groups was the arrangement of the caudal apophyses. Greater emphasis is placed herein on the fusion of the dorsal shield with the rest of the notogaster and the presence or absence of a lateral hyaline region. The Nukuhivae group is merged into the Unguifera group (containing C. carioca sp. nov., C. cervicornia, C. melanesiae, C. nukuhivae and C. unguifera) and the Caudalis group into the Obtecta group (containing C. blaszaki, C. obtecta, C. pulchra, C. caudalis, C. cupulata, C. longibulba and C. tuberculata). The biogeography of Crotonia is re-assessed based on 43 recognised species. The redefined Obtecta group has a disjunct trans-Pacific distribution. The Unguifera group, present in the Neotropics, is also found in an arc from New Zealand to the Philippines and has also dispersed to the mid-Pacific Marquesas Islands. Three new speciesgroups are established. The Flagellata group, containing C. flagellata and C. reticulata, also has a disjunct trans-Pacific distribution. The Lanceolata group is dominated by species from oceanic islands and contains C. brassicae, C. lanceolata and C. perforata from St. Helena, C. brevicornuta from Campbell Island, and C. ovata from Tasmania. The Capistrata group contains those species which possess the full complement of setae in the c series (C. alluaudi, C. americana, C. ardala, C. borbora, C. capistrata, C. dicella, C. ecphyla, C. pauropelor, C. tasmaniana and C. tryjanowskii). It has a disjunct continental distribution represented in the Neotropical, Afrotropical and Australasian regions. The Cophinaria group (C. aculeata sp. nov., C. brachyrostrum, C. chiloensis, C. cophinaria, C. jethurmerae, C. lyrata, C. macfadyeni sp. nov., C. marlenae, C. pyemaireneri, C. ramus, C. rothschildi, C. valdivia sp. nov. and C. wallworki sp. nov.) has a similar distribution to the Capistrata group. The Afrotropical region has lowest diversity (two species-groups, six
Longibrachium arariensis, a new species of Onuphidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the shallow water of Izu Peninsula, central Japan, with notes on its feeding behavior
Authors: NISHI EIJIROH , KATO TETSUYA
Published: July 2019

A new species, Longibrachium arariensis, is described from shallow sandy bottoms, at the western side of Izu Peninsula, Shizuoka Prefecture, Pacific side of central Honshu, Japan. Longibrachium arariensis most closely resembles the Australian L. longipes Paxton, 1986 and European L. falcigerum Paxton and Gillet, 2004 in having a combination of large and small hooks in its prolonged parapodia. The new species can be distinguished from these two species by having shorter antennae and recurved hooks with differently arranged spines. This is the first record of the genus from Japan. We are reporting a unique collecting method of this large onuphid worm using hook and line and illustrating with underwater photographs the feeding behavior of the new species.
Contributions to a List of First Reviser actions: ornithology
Authors: DAVID NORMAND , DICKINSON EDWARD , GREGORY STEVEN
Published: July 2019

A record of First Reviser actions is needed and ZooBank is apparently expected to collect these. In support of this we provide some contributions both to assist with the creation of the appropriate data fields within ZooBank and to stimulate greater awareness of the retroactivity of Art. 24.2.4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Of 66 cases collected relating to ornithology, and solely to dual or multiple original spellings, 45 are cases where, in consequence of this Article, under the Principle of Priority, an earlier nomenclatural act requires recognition in replacement of more recent acts. In just a few cases the consequence is a spelling that has not been in recent use. We also act as First Revisers in 10 additional cases discovered during our research.
A new species of Palaemon (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from West Africa, with a re-description of Palaemon maculatus (Thallwitz, 1892)
Authors: ASHELBY CHRISTOPHER W. , DE GRAVE SAMMY
Published: July 2019

A new species of Palaemon, P. powelli sp. nov., is described from tropical West Africa. The new species is characterised by the shape and proportions of its chelae, the shape of the rostrum, spacing between dorsal rostral teeth and a poorly developed grooming brush on the fifth pereiopod. Palaemon maculatus (Thallwitz, 1892) is redescribed and can be separated from other eastern Atlantic members of the genus by the form of the rostrum, the proportions of the segments of pereiopod 2 and the large number of rows of setae in the grooming brush on the fifth pereiopod.
Calappoidea and Leucosioidea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from Luzon, Philippines, with descriptions of two new species of Mursia
Authors: GALIL BELLA S. , NG PETER K. L.
Published: July 2019

Twenty-two species of calappoid and leucosioid crabs were identified among the material collected off Aurora Province, western coast of Luzon, Philippines, in 1987. This includes two new species of calappids, Mursia aurorae n. sp., and M. steinhardti n. sp. Two leucosioid species are new records for the Philippines: Iphiculus convexus Ihle, 1918 (Iphiculidae), and Myra digitata Galil, 2004 (Leucosiidae).
A new mud shrimp species of Calastacus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea) from the South China Sea
Authors: KOMAI TOMOYUKI , LIN FENG-JIAU , CHAN TIN-YAM
Published: July 2019

A new mud shrimp species of the deepwater calocaridid genus Calastacus Faxon, 1893, C. inflatus, is described on the basis of a single specimen from the South China Sea off the Pratas Islands. It is unique in the genus in having a faint cervical groove on the carapace, lacking spiniform projection at the dorsolateral distal angle of the second segment of the antennal peduncle, the possession of only one spine on the ventral margin of the merus of the cheliped, and the unarmed suture on the uropodal exopod. With the addition of the present new species, two species of the genus are now known from the West Pacific.
Aegla manuinflata, a new species of freshwater anomuran (Decapoda: Anomura: Aeglidae) from Brazil, determined by morphological and molecular characters
Authors: SANTOS SANDRO , BOND-BUCKUP GEORGINA , PÉREZ-LOSADA MARCOS , BARTHOLOMEI-SANTOS MARLISE LADVOCAT , BUCKUP LUDWIG
Published: July 2019

A new species of freshwater anomuran, Aegla manuinflata n. sp. (Decapoda: Anomura: Aeglidae), is described from the Ibicuí River basin, a tributary of the Uruguay River, from the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It can be distinguished from its congeners based on both morphological and molecular (mitochondrial gene — COII) evidence. Morphologically, the new species partly resembles A. inermis and A. uruguayana, but differs in having an inflated cheliped propodus and more elongated dactyls, besides other features. Our molecular results showed a high degree of genetic divergence between A. manuinflata and its sister group (composed of A. singularis, A. uruguayana, A. rossiana and A. platensis), an indication of species distinctness within the Aeglidae.
Carybdea branchi, sp. nov., a new box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) from South Africa
Authors: GERSHWIN LISA-ANN , GIBBONS MARK J.
Published: July 2019

A common and conspicuous member of the medusan fauna of South Africa has been the subject of repeated taxonomic confusion. After having been mistakenly identified by earlier workers as either Carybdea alata or Tamoya haplonema, this large and colourful carybdeid is described herein as Carybdea branchi, sp. nov. It is distinguished from its congeners on numerous characters: body to about 8cm in life, densely scattered with nematocyst warts over the whole body and abaxial keels of the pedalia; a bulge or lateral thorn on the pedalial canal bend; with 2 dendritic velarial canals per octant, highly diverticulated; with a long manubrium; with greatly bushy epaulette-like phacellae, comprising 20 or more roots tightly clustered; with well developed mesenteries; and with conspicuous brownish pigmented areas over the proximal and distal regions of the pedalia and over the phacellae. A comparative table of the primary diagnostic characters of species in the genus Carybdea is given.
Notes on six microcaddisfly species (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) recorded for Japan, one a newly described species
Authors: ITO TOMIKO , SHIMURA NORIYOSHI
Published: July 2019

Notes are provided for six microcaddisfly species (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) in the Japanese fauna. One is a new species, Hydroptila nago Ito sp. nov., described from southern Japan. The second and third, Hydroptila dorsoprocessuata Botosaneanu 1993, previously known from eastern Russia, and Hydroptila introspinata Zhou and Sun 2009, known from northeastern China and Korea, are recorded from Japan for the first time and redescribed. A fourth, Hydroptila parapiculata Yang and Xue 1994, is known from central and southeastern China and central Japan; the male is redescribed. By synonymizing Ugandatrichia shinshiroensis Ito et al. 2018, described from central Japan, with a Chinese species, Allotrichia rhynchophyllum Zhou et al. 2016, we record the genus Allotrichia McLachlan from Japan for the first time. For a sixth species, Stactobia distinguenda Nozaki and Botosaneanu 1996, previously known in Japan from the male only, the larva and its case are described.
Two new species of the genus Derisemias Jordan (Coleoptera, Anthribidae) from Japan and Taiwan
Authors: IMADA SHUNSUKE
Published: July 2019

Derisemias tsutsumiuchii sp. nov. and Derisemias kojimai sp. nov. are described from Japan and Taiwan, respectively. These new species are easily distinguished from the known species by positions and sizes of tufts on elytral disc and color pattern of body surface.
Revision of the Agrilus vittatus species-group (Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Agrilinae)
Authors: JENDEK EDUARD , NAKLÁDAL OTO
Published: July 2019

The Agrilus vittatus species-group comprising fifteen species from the Oriental region is defined and revised. A key to species is provided and complemented with illustrations of habitus and genitalia. Five new species are described: Agrilus acacivorus sp. nov. (Myanmar); A. albizivorus sp. nov. (North India, Nepal); A. coco sp. nov. (Philippines); A. monadikos sp. nov. (Laos) and A. occultus sp. nov. (Laos, Thailand). Seven new junior subjective synonyms are proposed for following taxa: Agrilus babaulti Théry, 1930 (= bonadonai Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963 syn.nov.); A. terraereginae Blackburn, 1892 (= deerratus Curletti, 2006 syn.nov.) and A. viridicupreus Saunders, 1866 (= cylindratus Kerremans, 1896 syn.nov., = albizziae Fisher, 1935 syn.nov., = javicola Fisher, 1935 syn.nov., = cariosulus Obenberger, 1935 syn.nov., = theodasae Baudon, 1968 syn.nov.).
A taxonomic review of the genus Dicranorhina Shuckard (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Crabroninae) from the Indian subcontinent with the description of three new species from Southern Western Ghats
Authors: MAWADDA N.V. AYISHA , KUMAR P. GIRISH , SURESHAN P.M. , RAJAN TESSY
Published: July 2019

The genus Dicranorhina Shuckard, 1840, is reviewed from the Indian subcontinent. Three new species namely D. dinesani Mawadda, Girish Kumar & Sureshan sp. nov., D. georgei Mawadda, Girish Kumar & Sureshan sp. nov., and D. sreeramani Mawadda, Girish Kumar & Sureshan sp. nov., are described from the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala. Differences to similar species are given and a revised key to species of the Indo-Australian and Pacific regions is provided.
A new species of the flower bug genus Orius Wolff (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) cryptically inhabiting Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae)
Authors: YASUNAGA TOMOHIDE
Published: July 2019

A new species of the anthocorid genus Orius Wolff (subgenus Heterorius Wagner), O. (H.) hibiscus sp. n., is described, based on specimens recently found from the coastal area of Okinawa Island, Ryukyus, Japan. This new species, evidently most related to Orius (Heterorius) strigicollis (Poppius), was found to prefer cryptic habitat, or bract and flower bud of Hibiscus tiliaceus (L.) (Malvaceae) planted at urbanized zones in Naha City. Diagnostic characters of the new species are described, comparing with those of other Japanese members of Heterorius, based on detailed observation using a SEM. An updated checklist and revised key are provided to aid in identification of all known Japanese Orius species.
Approaches to Understanding Sustainable Peace: Qualitative Causal Loop Diagrams and Quantitative Mathematical Models
Authors: Liebovitch Larry S. , Coleman Peter T. , Fisher Joshua
Published: July 2019

Scholarly research on peace has overwhelmingly focused on negative peace, or the absence of conflict, aggression, violence, and war. We seek to understand holistic peace systems, the political, economic, and social systems that sustain peaceful societies. We show how two methods can help us understand the properties and dynamics of such complex peace systems. Each method provides insights from different perspectives to help understand sustaining peace. The causal loop diagram helps us to identify the peace factors and the connections between them. The mathematical model helps us determine the quantitative results of the interactions between all the peace factors. Using these methods, we found that there is no single “leverage” factor that is the lynchpin in creating sustainable peace. Rather, the small effects of a large number of positive peace factors that support peace can collectively overcome the stronger emotional response to the negative conflict factors that jeopardize peace.
Three Cases of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Combined With Reduced Exhaled Nitric Oxide
Authors: Han Sung Min , Hwang Chi Sang , Jeon Hyun Jong , Lee Ho Young , Cho Hyung-Ju , Park Dong-Joon
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

The diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is often delayed in part related to the limitations of the available diagnostic tests. We present 3 cases of PCD diagnosed using an exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) measurement.

Methods:

Three cases with a clinical phenotype consistent with PCD were evaluated using an eNO assay with additional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and/or genetic panel testing.

Results:

One male and 2 female patients presented with common symptoms included recurrent respiratory infection from early childhood and a history of neonatal respiratory distress as term newborn. Two of them had situs inversus totalis. Fractional eNO measurement revealed extremely low NO levels, and subsequently, TEM analysis confirmed ciliary ultrastructural defects in all patients. One patient had compound heterozygous mutation of the PCD-causative gene ( DNAH5) identified using next generation sequencing.

Conclusion:

Our report stresses the reliability of eNO measurement in the diagnosis of PCD, accompanied by clinical phenotypes and additional diagnostic tools, such as TEM analysis and genetic testing.
Interplay Between Silicon Nanocrystal Size and Local Environment Within Porous Silicon on the Analyte-Dependent Photoluminescence Response
Authors: Matthews Samantha , Bright Frank V.
Published: July 2019

Porous silicon (pSi) exhibits strong photoluminescence (PL) and its PL is often exploited for chemical sensor development. However, the sensor response is not uniform across a pSi specimen. We use co-localized confocal PL and Raman scattering mapping to establish a relationship between the analyte-induced PL response and the silicon nanocrystallite size, size distribution, and amorphous silicon (aSi) contribution across a pSi specimen. Using toluene as a model analyte, high analyte-induced PL response is associated with areas within the specimen that have (i) low aSi content, (ii) silicon nanocrystallites having diameters between 2 and 5 nm, and (iii) silicon nanocrystallites that exhibit a narrow size distributions (≤1% relative standard deviation).
Testing the “China Model” of Meritocratic Promotions: Do Democracies Reward Less Competent Ministers Than Autocracies?
Authors: Lee Don S. , Schuler Paul
Published: July 2019

Proponents of the “China Model” suggest that autocracies, particularly in East Asia, reward competence more than democracies. However, a competing literature argues that autocracies are less likely to reward competence because autocrats fear that competent officials could challenge for power. We argue that autocracies do not fear technical competence; they fear political competence. As such, autocracies may promote ministers with technical competence but punish the politically competent. Democracies, by contrast, place a premium on political competence when deciding whom to promote. We provide the first test of this theory on how ministerial behavior is rewarded using a unique data set of political performance and promotions in nine East Asian countries. Our findings show that autocracies promote officials with technical competence as long as the ministers limit their political behavior. In democracies, parliamentary and presidential democracies promote those displaying political competence.
Hardware and software integrated coursework as a way of engineering ability training in the learning of digital electronics
Authors: Zhang Chengchang , Gong Yuwen , Luo Yuan , Zhang Huayu , Yan Dangui
Published: July 2019

A new way oriented to engineering ability training by field programmable gate array-based hardware and software integrated coursework in the learning of digital electronics course in communication engineering is presented. This coursework is implemented in two stages during six weeks, the task of the first stage is hardware design, and the second stage task is the software design; all students are divided into several small teams with three or four persons in the process. A scheme for storing and configuring four different programs by a single programmable read-only memory (PROM)is given in hardware design. In the software design, it emphasizes the selection of the optimization scheme for different design schemes. Through competitive and engineering oriented design evaluation, the students are guided to combine theory with practice more closely to solve the actual engineering problems in the design.
Impact damage assessment of carbon fiber reinforced composite with different stacking sequence
Authors: Sikarwar Rahul S , Velmurugan R
Published: July 2019

This work examines the experimental and analytical investigation of impact on the carbon/epoxy laminates of various stacking sequence. The impact tests were carried out by using gas gun equipped with high-speed camera. Projectile velocities selected were 80 m/s and 30 m/s where 80 m/s was above ballistic limit velocity and 30 m/s was below ballistic limit velocity. The impact process was recorded with high-speed camera which facilitated to identify different energy absorbing mechanisms. High-speed images were also used to measure pre-impact and post-impact velocities of the projectile accompanied by photo diode and aluminum foil method. Total energy absorbed by the laminates, which is the difference between pre-impact and post-impact kinetic energy of the projectile, was calculated for the laminates with different stacking sequences. Damage extent in the laminates of different stacking sequences were also assessed by C-Scan of the laminates. Then effect of stacking sequences on damage extent and energy absorbing capacity was established. An analytical model was proposed to predict the residual velocity of the projectile at above ballistic limit velocity, which was based on the total energy absorbed by different energy absorption mechanisms. The analytical model was validated with experimental results for different stacking sequences. Additionally, effect of fiber orientation on damage shape at below ballistic limit velocity was also studied.
Reconstructing unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter
Authors: Leigh Gavin
Published: July 2019

In the last three decades, unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter has been subject to contradictory recommendations for reform. The debate has been dominated in that time by disagreement over the change of normative position, considered when attempting to justify liability for causing death in the commission of a crime with the objective risk of injury in the circumstances. The article suggests that this current definition of unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter is defensible if appropriately interpreted by the Supreme Court. The interpretation requires an intended unlawful act and the foreseeable risk of injury from a specific circumstance known to the defendant before the unlawful act.
From Mediated Fieldwork to Co-Constructed Partnerships: A Framework for Guiding and Reflecting on P-12 School–University Partnerships
Authors: Burroughs Greer , Lewis Amy , Battey Dan , Curran Mary , Hyland Nora E. , Ryan Sharon
Published: July 2019

An essential component of teacher preparation is clinical practice that allows teacher candidates (TCs) to observe, reflect upon, test their ideas, and adjust and improve their methods in classrooms. Weaknesses in the structure and organization between coursework and clinical practice in teacher preparation programs often present barriers from fully achieving these goals. University–school partnerships have the potential to overcome these challenges and create spaces for mutually beneficial learning opportunities for all stakeholders. In this article, we identify six levels to illustrate the continua of work with schools in the preparation of TCs that describe how a program might move from current partnership practice to the kinds of partnership practice described by McDonald and colleagues and the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP). While developing partnerships with schools is work that has inherent challenges, the potential of this work to meaningfully transform the preparation of teachers is crucial.
Rethinking social media for qualitative research: The use of Facebook Activity Logs and Search History in interview settings
Authors: Gangneux Justine
Published: July 2019

Following calls to rethink the repertoires of social research and take advantage of the new possibilities opened by digital data and devices, this article discusses the opportunities and challenges of using Facebook Activity Logs (FAL) and Search History (FSH) as digital probes during interviews. Drawing on empirical data, the article outlines the value of using social media features in qualitative research with regard to generating thick data and encouraging people to reflect upon the range of everyday practices captured by the platforms. This article argues, however, that to use social media features and data in interview settings researchers need to carefully identify and examine the different forms of liveliness generated by their use and the ways in which liveliness mediates and affects the research data and the situation of the interview itself. The article contends that critically engaging with the liveliness generated by these types of probes in interview settings will allow researchers to better discern how digital platforms and data can inform social enquiry while simultaneously forming a part of how we know social lives and practices.
If They Come Here, Will They Fit? A Case Study of an Urban No-Excuses Charter Management Organization’s Teacher Hiring Process
Authors: Torres A. Chris
Published: July 2019

This case study of one “no-excuses” charter management organization (CMO) uses teacher surveys and interviews with principals, central office staff, and teachers to examine how a realistic job preview is enacted during the hiring process, and how newly hired teachers perceive their fit with the job and the organization before and after starting the position. Findings show a strong emphasis on honestly and clearly communicating expectations during the hiring process. Consequently, teachers’ perceptions of the job and the organization were initially high at the time of hire. However, these perceptions decreased most significantly in views of student discipline, a key contextual feature of the no-excuses model.
Similarity and Consistency in Hotel Online Ratings across Platforms
Authors: Bigné Enrique , William Edu , Soria-Olivas Emilio
Published: July 2019

Online ratings are a major driver of hotel choice. There are many ratings platforms, and the number of evaluations is huge. This article analyzes if hotel ratings vary across platforms, vary over time, and if consistency in ratings can be observed. Longitudinal online ratings taken from 11 platforms over a two-year period were analyzed through Self-Organizing Maps. The findings suggest a similar pattern of online ratings across most of the platforms, except for Yelp and HolidayCheck. In addition, the evaluation patterns are stable over time, and the analyzed attributes do not contribute decisively to explain the overall evaluation of hotels, which implies that tourists use a noncompensatory evaluation model. More interestingly, there is no difference between the evaluation patterns of the platforms that require proof of prior reservation and those that do not. The results were confirmed by means of two qualitative studies undertaken with hotel managers.
Regulating Australia’s ‘Gangmasters’ through Labour Hire Licensing
Authors: Forsyth Anthony
Published: July 2019

This article examines the recent introduction of state-based regulation to address the increasingly prominent problem of exploitation of vulnerable workers by labour hire providers around Australia. Mounting evidence of underpayments and other breaches of workplace laws has emerged from a range of state and federal inquiries into the labour hire sector in recent years. The article draws parallels between these abuses and the exploitative activities of ‘gangmasters’ in industrial-era Britain. It then closely analyses and compares the labour hire licensing schemes introduced in Victoria, Queensland and South Australia, which aim to combat noncompliance by introducing barriers to entry and eliminate ‘rogue’ operators from the labour hire market. The article assesses the effectiveness of similar licensing and registration schemes in several overseas jurisdictions, especially the gangmasters licensing scheme operating in the United Kingdom since 2004. The article concludes that the licensing schemes introduced under the three state laws are a timely and, most likely, effective new approach to tackling the problem of noncompliance with workplace and other laws. Alternative responses to exploitation at the federal level are also considered, including the 2017 Vulnerable Workers legislation introduced largely in response to systemic underpayments in the 7-Eleven franchise network. Finally, the article observes that federal reform of the labour hire sector may emerge in the near future, given the Labor Opposition’s policy commitment to introduce a national labour hire licensing scheme. In the meantime, the state labour hire licensing schemes examined in this article represent an important step forward in regulation to combat worker exploitation by contemporary Australian ‘gangmasters’.
Sexual violence experiences among black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and transgender women in South African townships: contributing factors and implications for health
Authors: Kaighobadi Farnaz , Collier Kate L , Reddy Vasu , Lane Tim , Sandfort Theo GM
Published: July 2019

This study examined experiences with sexual violence among black African gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and transgender women in townships surrounding Pretoria, South Africa. Of 81 gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and transgender women interviewed, 17 reported to have experienced sexual violence perpetrated by other men. Qualitative analysis of interviews revealed the social and relational contexts of these experiences as well as their psychological and health consequences. The described context included single- and multiple-perpetrator attacks in private and public spaces, bias-motivated attacks, and violence from known partners. Several participants reported refusing propositions for sex as a reason for being victimized. HIV-positive individuals were overrepresented among survivors compared with the sample as a whole. Following victimization, participants described feelings of pain, fear, anger, and self-blame. The results demonstrate the need for interventions designed to (a) prevent sexual violence against gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and transgender women in this population, and (b) reduce the negative psychological and health outcomes of sexual victimization. The discussion also highlights the need to examine more closely the link between experiences of sexual violence and the risk for HIV infection.
Updates in insomnia diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Bragg Scott , Benich JJ , Christian Natalie , Visserman Josh , Freedy John
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Insomnia is the most commonly reported sleep disorder and remains undertreated in many patients. New changes to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, have changed the way insomnia is diagnosed. In patients who suffer from insomnia, a number of available treatment options exist including both behavioral therapy and medications. Literature Review: First line therapy for insomnia should always include behavioral modifications such as sleep hygiene and insomnia-oriented cognitive behavioral therapy. In patients deemed to need pharmacotherapy, first line medications include nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (i.e., z-drugs) and antidepressants depending on the patients’ needs and comorbidities. The risk of next day impairment, parasomnias, and central nervous system depression are some of the most feared side effects with z-drugs. Second line drug therapy includes melatonin and suvorexant. Several concerns exist for suvorexant similar to other insomnia medications, but melatonin remains one of the safest medication alternatives. Other medication options such as benzodiazepines, antihistamines, and antipsychotics should rarely be used because of weak effectiveness data or serious safety concerns.

Discussion

The most appropriate treatment plan needs to be tailored to meet the needs of individual patients. Many patient factors (e.g., age, other comorbidities, specific problems with sleep) need to be considered before prescribing drug therapy for patients suffering from insomnia. Medications with the best evidence and fewest safety concerns should be prioritized when clinicians work with patients to determine the most appropriate treatment plan.

Conclusions

Nondrug treatment should be the emphasis for managing insomnia, but several options exist for patients needing multimodal therapy to improve their symptoms and maximize their quality of life. Z-drugs and antidepressants are first line medications options, but other options may be considered when tailored to individual patients. Medications should only be used intermittently and short term until nondrug treatments help to change a patient’s sleep routine.
Finding and fueling your professional passion
Authors: Ruddy Nancy B
Published: July 2019

Burnout among physician faculty in academic family medicine and other specialties has been measured at “epidemic” levels. No parallel research has been completed on behavioral science faculty in family medicine. Behavioral science faculty face many of the same stressors as their physician colleagues and have a high potential for professional isolation. Therefore, it seems likely that burnout is an issue for behaviorists, as well. This paper will describe the stressors that behaviorists in family medicine may face and briefly reviews some of the literature on burnout in physicians. The potential roles of meaning making, professional affiliation with one’s “discipline of origin,” and of engaging in a “passion project” are reviewed. The author shares experiences with these strategies and highlights how a “passion project” can facilitate engagement and meaning making even under challenging circumstances. In addition, she reviews the opportunities and challenges inherent in increased engagement, focusing on timing, peer support, and subject matter factors that should be considered before undertaking any major project. After reviewing Vallerand’s work on “harmonious” versus “”obsessive” passion, the author notes how behaviorists can monitor their own level of career engagement and ensure that their passion projects remain a source of “harmonious” passion.
Judicial visibility under responsive authoritarianism: a study of the live broadcasting of court trials in China
Authors: Fan Hua , Lee Francis Lap Fung
Published: July 2019

While the presence of cameras in courtrooms is controversial in the West, the Chinese government has promoted the live broadcasting of court trials via digital media platforms. This study situates the practice under China’s responsive authoritarianism and sees it as part of a broader governing strategy aiming at enhancing the legitimacy of the regime. An analysis of a trial surrounding the online video software QvodPlayer, supplemented with analyses of other cases, reveals the production and the possible tension involved in the live broadcast process. The analysis illustrates how court trials are typically narrated as non-eventful episodes in the official live streams, but it also demonstrates the possibility of Internet users exercising their agency through poaching the official live stream, thereby turning a trial into a real-time ‘satirefest’. Implications of the analysis on China’s evolving governing techniques and on understandings of liveness in the digital media environment are discussed.
Autophagy of Sensory Neurons in the Trigeminal and Dorsal Root Ganglia of Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Butt Mark , Fuji Reina , Reichelt Mike , Sharma Alok K. , Cramer Sarah
Published: July 2019

Although necrosis and apoptosis are uncommon, autophagy of sensory neurons (ASN) in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia is a very common, spontaneous finding in cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis). Data from one author’s (Butt) laboratory showed 12 of 22 studies (year range 2017 to 2019) that included the evaluation of sensory ganglia from cynomolgus monkeys had at least one control animal with ASN. Autophagy of sensory neurons is characterized by a distinct cell membrane, cytoplasm filled with autolysosomes, disintegrated nuclear membrane, and/or globules of degraded chromatin. Since these changes are consistent with autophagy and indicate an irreversible state, a diagnosis of autophagy is preferred instead of necrosis or degeneration. Sensory ganglia are not commonly evaluated in nonclinical toxicology investigations so many pathologists may be unaware of this common change. Especially due to the typically small group size of monkey studies, the observation of this change in sensory ganglia may lead to a faulty interpretation that this change is due to the test article. This article describes the light microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of neuronal autophagy in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia and provides historical control data of the incidence of this change in cynomolgus monkeys.
Do Emigrants Self-Select Along Cultural Traits? Evidence from the MENA Countries
Authors: Docquier Frédéric , Tansel Aysit , Turati Riccardo
Published: July 2019

This article empirically investigates whether emigrants from MENA (Middle East and North Africa) countries self-select along two cultural traits: religiosity and gender-egalitarian attitudes. Using Gallup World Poll data on individual opinions and beliefs and migration aspirations, we find that individuals who intend to emigrate to high-income countries exhibit significantly lower levels of religiosity than the rest of the population. They also share more gender-egalitarian views, although this effect holds only among the young (aged 15 to 30), among single women, and in countries with a Sunni minority. For countries most affected by the Arab Spring, the intensity of cultural selection has decreased since 2011. Still, the aggregate effects of cultural selection should not be overestimated. Self-selection along cultural traits has statistically significant but limited effects on the cultural distance between people (i.e., between migrants and natives at destination or between non-migrants in origin and destination countries). Emigration could even reverse the selection effect and lead to cultural convergence if migrants abroad transfer more progressive norms and beliefs to their home country, a mechanism that deserves more attention in future research.
Swiping for trouble: Problematic dating application use among psychosocially distraught individuals and the paths to negative outcomes
Authors: Coduto Kathryn D. , Lee-Won Roselyn J. , Baek Young Min
Published: July 2019

More and more individuals hunt for information on and reach out to potential romantic partners through mobile dating applications available on their smartphones. Although these emerging technologies offer social benefits, certain individuals become overly dependent on such applications and suffer from negative outcomes. Relatively little research in online dating to date has investigated what predicts problematic use of such social technologies. Building upon the cognitive-behavioral model of problematic Internet use and the social skill model, we examined the relationship between social anxiety, the problematic use of dating applications, and the possible moderating role of loneliness with an online survey ( N = 269) conducted with a college student sample. The data did not provide support for serial mediation predicted by the social skills model (social anxiety influencing negative outcomes serially through preference for online social interaction (POSI) and compulsive use) but provided support for moderated serial mediation. Specifically, the serial mediation predicted by the social skills model was significant only among those high in loneliness, with the positive association between POSI and compulsive use being significant among those high in loneliness. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
The effect on subjective quality of life of occupational therapy based on adjusting the challenge–skill balance: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yoshida Ippei , Hirao Kazuki , Kobayashi Ryuji
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To verify the effect of adjusting the challenge–skill balance with respect to rehabilitation process.

Design:

A single-blind, two-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Recovery rehabilitation unit of Harue Hospital, Japan.

Subjects:

The trial included 72 clients (mean (SD): age, 74.64 (9.51) years; Functional Independence Measure score, 98.26 (15.27)) with cerebral or spinal disease or musculoskeletal disease.

Interventions:

Clients were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group, who received occupational therapy with adjustment of the challenge–skill balance, and the control group who received conventional occupational therapy. Time from admission to discharge was considered the implementation period; the final evaluation was conducted at three months after discharge.

Main measures:

The primary outcome was subjective quality of life (Ikigai-9). Secondary outcomes were the health-related quality of life (EuroQol–5 Dimensions, Five Levels (EQ-5D-5L)), the Flow State Scale for Occupational Tasks, and the Functional Independence Measure. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using total cost and quality-adjusted life-year based on the EQ-5D-5L.

Results:

Significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups with respect to the Ikigai-9 score ( P = 0.008) and EQ-5D-5L ( P = 0.038), and the effect sizes were 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27–1.24) and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.14–1.10), respectively. No significant between-group differences in other outcomes were observed, for example, the Functional Independence Measure score improved in both experimental and control groups (119.80 (5.50) and 118.84 (6.97), respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was US$5518.38.

Conclusions:

Adjusting the challenge–skill balance may be a useful approach to improve the participant’s subjective quality of life in the rehabilitation process.
British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders: An update
Authors: Wilson Sue , Anderson Kirstie , Baldwin David , Dijk Derk-Jan , Espie Audrey , Espie Colin , Gringras Paul , Krystal Andrew , Nutt David , Selsick Hugh , Sharpley Ann
Published: July 2019

This British Association for Psychopharmacology guideline replaces the original version published in 2010, and contains updated information and recommendations. A consensus meeting was held in London in October 2017 attended by recognised experts and advocates in the field. They were asked to provide a review of the literature and identification of the standard of evidence in their area, with an emphasis on meta-analyses, systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials where available, plus updates on current clinical practice. Each presentation was followed by discussion, aiming to reach consensus where the evidence and/or clinical experience was considered adequate, or otherwise to flag the area as a direction for future research. A draft of the proceedings was circulated to all speakers for comments, which were incorporated into the final statement.
Participation patterns of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder compared to their peers: Parents’ perspectives
Authors: Lamash Liron , Bedell Gary , Josman Naomi
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Although participation is an important outcome of rehabilitation interventions and a critical indicator of quality of life, few studies have focused on the participation patterns of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in their daily activities or the environmental factors that influence such participation. This study aims to describe the participation characteristics of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder compared with typically developing peers in home, school and community and to identify supporting or hindering environmental features.

Method

The Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth was administered to 59 parents of adolescents ( M = 14.51 years) with autism spectrum disorder and a control group of 188 parents of typically developing adolescents in Israel, and the results were compared.

Results

Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder showed lower participation levels at home and school, and much lower levels in the community, preferring solitary activities that involve technology. Their typically developing peers participated in more activities that involved social interaction skill. In addition, parents of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder rated more environmental factors as barriers in all environments.

Conclusion

Participation gaps between adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and their typically developing peers should be considered when developing interventions, allocating services and creating policies to meet the unique needs of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.
Visualizing disparities in park access for the elderly in Shanghai, China
Authors: Ouyang Linxin , Yin Zhenxuan , Wang De
Published: July 2019

With China ageing rapidly, the health of the elderly has become a public concern. Access to urban parks, offering both physical and psychological health benefits to people, is critical for the elderly. To explore whether there are disparities in park access for the elderly, we collected and processed population data, point of interest and travel time from census tracts to parks by public transport in Shanghai. The visuals based on the data indicate that, in Shanghai, most of the elderly are able to reach large parks in 30 minutes, but gaps remain in the number of accessible parks. Although the ageing population living between the inner ring road and the external ring road is as large as that inside the inner ring road, the number of accessible parks for this population is much lower than for the latter.
Measuring Changes in the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Motorcycle Fatalities in the U.S.
Authors: Lamb David S. , Lee Chanyoung
Published: July 2019

Motorcycle safety is usually included in the emphasis areas of Strategic Highway Safety Plans because of the over-representation in fatal traffic crashes relative to the proportion of motorcycle registrations. Understanding the trends and patterns of motorcycle fatalities requires unique considerations because, unlike passenger vehicles, trip purpose causes their riding patterns to be irregular. Most studies of motorcycle fatalities focus on trends at the national or state levels; however, concentrating on changes at the county level allows for more targeted intervention strategies. As this study shows, state patterns can be quite variable, with a small number of counties accounting for most motorcycle fatalities. This paper seeks to identify spatial and temporal patterns in total motorcycle fatalities at multiple scales (state and county). This research focuses on 3-year aggregates of 2004–2006 pre-recession and 2014–2016 post-recession total motorcycle fatalities from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. To examine spatial patterns of change in total motorcycle fatalities, a stochastic gradient boosted random forest model from 2004 to 2006 was trained to predict the aggregate values in 2014 to 2016. The model was trained on variables that encompass economic, demographic, and climate factors. The results demonstrate the disaggregated variability in total fatalities. This approach identified several counties that had a significantly higher-than-expected increase in the number of fatalities that population increases cannot explain. Also, the approach shows potential as a method of setting targets for Safety Performance Management.