bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladium@Platinum Concave Nanocubes with Enhanced Catalytic Activity toward Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Lee Sujin R. , Park Jinho , Gilroy Kyle D. , Yang Xuan , Figueroa‐Cosme Legna , Ding Yong , Xia Younan
Published: September 2016

We report the facile synthesis of Pd@Pt core–shell nanocubes with concave facets on the surface and their enhanced activities toward the oxygen reduction reaction. The success of this synthesis depends critically on our ability to manipulate both the deposition rate of atoms and the surface diffusion rate of the adatoms. In the first step, Pd nanocubes with side faces capped by Br− ions are transformed into concave nanocubes by seed‐mediated growth. The PdCl42− precursor is added in one shot, and the growth is conducted at 40 °C to accelerate deposition and decelerate surface diffusion. For the synthesis of Pd@Pt core–shell concave nanocubes, the PtCl42− precursor is added dropwise into a suspension of the Pd concave nanocubes and reduced by citric acid at 90 °C. As such, we can deposit an ultrathin Pt shell on the surface of each Pd concave nanocube. Despite their much larger size, the Pd@Pt concave nanocubes exhibit greater specific electrochemical surface areas than a commercial Pt/C catalyst, which implies the more efficient dispersion of Pt atoms on the surface. In addition to excellent durability, the catalyst based on Pd@Pt concave nanocubes shows enhanced catalytic activities toward the oxygen reduction reaction.
Phosphine‐Catalyzed Direct δ‐Carbon Addition of Alkynones to Electron‐Deficient Carbonyl‐Group‐Containing Compounds: Preparation of Conjugated Dienes
Authors: Sun Yao‐Liang , Zhang Xiao‐Nan , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: September 2016

The formerly unexplored δ‐carbon of alkynones could be activated as a nucleophilic reaction site and trapped by electron‐deficient carbonyl‐group‐containing compounds upon phosphine catalysis, which provided three kinds of δ‐addition and isomerization products in moderate to excellent yields. Plausible mechanisms were proposed on the basis of deuterium‐labeling experiments. Thus, a novel strategy for phosphine‐catalyzed δ‐carbon addition of alkynones to electron‐deficient carbonyl groups was developed, affording the corresponding substituted 3,5‐dien‐2‐one derivatives under mild conditions.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Career Development and Intervention in Chinese Contexts
Authors: Fan Weiqiao , Leong Frederick T. L.
Published: September 2016

Career development and career intervention have been affected by globalization in culture, politics, and economics. Career development among Chinese people, especially youth, shows particular characteristics with the influences of Chinese cultural features such as collectivistic values. The authors review the challenges of career development and intervention in different types of Chinese societies, including a shortage of indigenous theoretical models and assessment instruments; a lack of professional training and education for researchers, practitioners, educators, and counselors; and less positive attitudes toward career counseling and education. The authors then overview the content of this special issue, focusing on career development and intervention of Chinese people living in Shanghai, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, the United States, Canada, and Singapore. The articles address specific challenges, barriers, and features of career intervention, education, and development in these Chinese societies. Approaches and strategies for improving career development and intervention in these different contexts are discussed.
Career Guidance in Hong Kong: From Policy Ideal to School Practice
Authors: Ho Yuk Fan , Leung Seung Ming Alvin
Published: September 2016

This article reviews the recent development of the career guidance paradigm in Hong Kong. In so doing, the article responds to several global and local factors, drawing evidence from 2 surveys to study perceptions of career guidance educators toward the policy initiatives and schools' initial response in terms of changes in resource and service deployment. The findings provide insights into opportunities for and challenges to betterment of life planning education and career guidance in Hong Kong in the future.
Unfolding Case‐Based Practicum Curriculum Infusing Crisis, Trauma, and Disaster Preparation
Authors: Greene Catie A. , Williams Amy E. , Harris Pamela N. , Travis Sterling P. , Kim Sharon Y.
Published: September 2016

The authors evaluated an unfolding case‐based approach to a practicum in counseling course infusing crisis, trauma, and disaster preparation for changes in students’ crisis self‐efficacy across a semester. The course, informed by constructivist‐developmental pedagogy and centered on the unfolding case, resulted in significant increases in students’ crisis self‐efficacy.
ChemInform Abstract: (Thiolan‐2‐yl)diphenylmethyl Benzyl Ether/N,N′‐Diarylurea Cocatalyzed Asymmetric Aziridination of Cinnamyl Bromide and Aryl Aldimine
Authors: Wang Shang‐Hua , Chein Rong‐Jie
Published: September 2016

15 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐Substituted Acrylic Acids Catalyzed by a Ruthenocenyl Phosphino‐Oxazoline—Ruthenium Complex.
Authors: Li Jing , Shen Jiefeng , Xia Chao , Wang Yanzhao , Liu Delong , Zhang Wanbin
Published: September 2016

The asymmetric hydrogenation protocol affords α‐substituted propanoic acids with enantioselectivities up to 99.9%.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Borane Reduction of Ketones Catalyzed by Tricyclic 1,3,2‐Oxazaborolidines.
Authors: Kaldun Johannes , Krimalowski Alexander , Breuning Matthias
Published: September 2016

Novel tricyclic oxazaborolidines are synthesized in seven steps from methyl Boc‐L‐pyroglutamate and utilized as catalyst in the asymmetric borane reduction of various ketones with excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Story of an Age‐Old Reagent: An Electrophilic Chlorination of Arenes and Heterocycles by 1‐Chloro‐1,2‐benziodoxol‐3‐one.
Authors: Wang Mengzhou , Zhang Yanyan , Wang Tao , Wang Chao , Xue Dong , Xiao Jianliang
Published: September 2016

The reaction has a very broad substrate scope and tolerates a range of heterocycles such as pyrrole, indole, thiazole, pyrazole, pyridine, quinoline and pyrimidine derivatives as well as various arenes, which may contain diverse functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed C(sp2)—H Difluoroalkylation of Aldehyde Derived Hydrazones with Diboron as Reductant.
Authors: Ke Miaolin , Song Qiuling
Published: September 2016

The scalable reaction has a broad substrate scope.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Mono‐Selective ortho‐Trifluoromethylation of Benzamides via 8‐Aminoquinoline Assisted Cu‐Promoted C—H Activations.
Authors: Hu Liang , Chen Xiang , Gui Qingwen , Tan Ze , Zhu Gangguo
Published: September 2016

A trifluoromethylation of benzamides with Togni reagent II provides the corresponding aromatic mono(trifluoromethyl) amides by using a quinolinylamino group as directing group.
ChemInform Abstract: Chan—Evans—Lam Amination of Boronic Acid Pinacol (BPin) Esters: Overcoming the Aryl Amine Problem.
Authors: Vantourout Julien C. , Law Robert P. , Isidro‐Llobet Albert , Atkinson Stephen J. , Watson Allan J. B.
Published: September 2016

The reaction conditions for Chan—Evans—Lam amination of alkyl and aryl amines with aryl boronic acid pinacol esters are revised.
ChemInform Abstract: “On Water” Organocatalyzed [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Enones and Nitro Dienes for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Densely Substituted Cyclohexanones.
Authors: Vamisetti Ganga B. , Chowdhury Raghunath , Kumar Mukesh , Ghosh Sunil K.
Published: September 2016

The reaction proceeds with high diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of N‐Aryl Hydroxamic Acids via Insertion of Arynes.
Authors: Zhang Lanlan , Geng Yu , Jin Zhong
Published: September 2016

The scalable title synthesis is successfully performed starting from aryl, hetaryl alkenyl and alkyl amides as well as N‐protected amino acid and peptide derived amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen‐Promoted Pd/C‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Reaction of Potassium Aryltrifluoroborates.
Authors: Liu Chun , Liu Chao , Li Xin‐Min , Gao Zhan‐Ming , Jin Zi‐Lin
Published: September 2016

A simple, efficient and ligand‐free protocol for the Suzuki—Miyaura reaction is developed and successfully applied for the synthesis of aryl‐substituted 9‐phenylcarbazole derivatives such as (IIIi) and (IIIj).
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential, One‐Pot Access to Arylated Benzoquinones/Naphthoquinones from Phenols/Naphthols.
Authors: Jiang Jia‐Heng , Boominathan Siva Senthil Kumar , Hu Wan‐Ping , Chen Chung‐Yu , Vandavasi Jaya Kishore , Lin Ying‐Ting , Wang Jeh‐Jeng
Published: September 2016

Oxidation of 1‐naphthols to naphthoquinones and subsequent TFA‐catalyzed coupling with electron‐rich benzenes and N‐heterocycles results in regioselective C‐H arylation to produce 2‐substituted 1,4‐naphthoquinones.
ChemInform Abstract: Bromodifluoromethylation of Heteroaromatics with Sodium Bromodifluoromethanesulfinate.
Authors: Zhang Jin , Xu Xiu‐Hua , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: September 2016

The first examples of using sulfinate (II) as bromodifluoromethylating agent are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted Aminocatalyzed [3 + 2] Annulation Between α‐Iminonitriles and Succinaldehyde: Synthesis of Pyrrole‐3‐methanols and Related Polycyclic Ring Systems.
Authors: Mir Nisar A. , Choudhary Sachin , Ramaraju Panduga , Singh Deepika , Kumar Indresh
Published: September 2016

The described one‐pot approach proceeds through amino catalyzed direct Mannich reaction‐cyclization‐dehydrocyanation followed by NaBH4 reduction sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Preparation of γ‐Lactam Derivatives via Ring Expansion of cis and trans β‐Lactam Derivatives: α‐Substituent Effect of β‐Lactam Derivatives.
Authors: Lee Mi‐Ji , Ahn Chuljin
Published: September 2016

In the case of aryl substituents in trans or cis β‐lactam derivatives, only the trans γ‐lactam derivative is obtained, whereas trans or cis β‐lactams with alkyl substituents lead to the corresponding trans or cis γ‐lactam, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid and Fluoroalcohol Mediated Nucleophilic Addition to the C2 Position of Indoles.
Authors: Morimoto Naoki , Morioku Kumika , Suzuki Hideyuki , Takeuchi Yasuo , Nishina Yuta
Published: September 2016

The formation of indolium is described allowing for the 2‐selective inter‐ as well as intramolecular highly regioselective nucleophilic addition of electron rich aromatic compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Two‐Step Synthesis of N‐Arylcarbazole‐Based Skeleton.
Authors: Tao Sheng , Liu Ning , Dai Bin
Published: September 2016

Carbazole preferentially reacts with the fluorine group of fluorinated iodoarenes to form iodinated N‐arylcarbazole intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Syntheses of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors Through I2‐ or NIS‐Promoted Amidiniumation of N‐Alkenyl Formamidines.
Authors: Li Jing , Jiao Jiajun , Zhang Caiyun , Shi Min , Zhang Jun
Published: September 2016

An oxidative cyclization of N‐alkenyl formamidines leads to the corresponding cyclic formamidinium salts.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to Isoquinolines and Isoquinolin‐3‐ols via Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Coupling/Cyclization Cascade Reaction of Arylimidates and Diazo Compounds.
Authors: Li Xing Guang , Sun Min , Jin Qiao , Liu Kai , Liu Pei Nian
Published: September 2016

An oxidant‐free, Rh(III)‐catalyzed coupling/cyclization cascade reaction yielding isoquinolines via C—H activation is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: TEMPO‐Mediated Aza‐Diels—Alder Reaction: Synthesis of Tetrahydropyridazines Using Ketohydrazones and Olefins.
Authors: Yang Xiu‐Long , Peng Xie‐Xue , Chen Fei , Han Bing
Published: September 2016

The scalable, metal‐free title reaction tolerates aryl, hetaryl and alkylmethyl hydrazones, as well as various acrylates, styrene derivatives and 1,1‐disubstituted alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereodivergent Silylzincation of α‐Heteroatom‐Substituted Alkynes.
Authors: Fopp Carolin , Romain Elise , Isaac Kevin , Chemla Fabrice , Ferreira Franck , Jackowski Olivier , Oestreich Martin , Perez‐Luna Alejandro
Published: September 2016

A catalyst‐free regio‐ and stereoselective addition of Zn‐Si reagents onto nitrogen‐, sulfur‐, oxygen‐ and phosphorus‐substituted terminal alkynes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfated Glucosides of an Aliphatic Alcohol and Monoterpenes, and Megastigmanes from the Leaves of Meliosma pinnata spp. arnottiana
Authors: Uemura Yuka , Kawakami Susumu , Sugimoto Sachiko , Matsunami Katsuyoshi , Otsuka Hideaki , Shinzato Takakazu
Published: September 2016

isolation and structure determination
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Selective Deoxygenation of Polyols Using the B(C6F5)3/Silane System
Authors: Drosos Nikolaos , Ozkal Erhan , Morandi Bill
Published: September 2016

Review: [14 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of 2,4,6‐Trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine (TCT) as Organic Catalyst in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Jain Sonika , Dwivedi Jaya , Jain Pankaj , Kishore Dharma
Published: September 2016

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Challenges and Perspectives in Designing Artificial Photosynthetic Systems
Authors: Zhou Han , Yan Runyu , Zhang Di , Fan Tongxiang
Published: September 2016

Review: [83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical and Semisynthetic Approaches to Study and Target Deubiquitinases
Authors: Gopinath Pushparathinam , Ohayon Shimrit , Nawatha Mickal , Brik Ashraf
Published: September 2016

Review: 197 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hybrid Two‐Dimensional Materials in Rechargeable Battery Applications and Their Microscopic Mechanisms
Authors: Wang Xi , Weng Qunhong , Yang Yijun , Bando Yoshio , Golberg Dmitri
Published: September 2016

Review: 305 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Nanoparticles: a Subject for Both Fundamental Research and Applications
Authors: Bedanta S. , Barman A. , Kleemann W. , Petracic O. , Seki T.
Published: September 2016

Review: 167 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Sulfide Ion Exchangers: Superior Sorbents for the Capture of Toxic and Nuclear Waste‐Related Metal Ions
Authors: Manos Manolis J. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: September 2016

Review: [55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A ′Bottom Up′, ab initio Computational Approach to Understanding Fundamental Photophysical Processes in Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles, DNA Bases and Base Pairs
Authors: Marchetti Barbara , Karsili Tolga N. V. , Ashfold Michael N. R. , Domcke Wolfgang
Published: September 2016

Review: 207 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Overview of Recent Electrochemical Immunosensing Strategies for Mycotoxins Detection
Authors: Catanante Gaelle , Rhouati Amina , Hayat Akhtar , Marty Jean Louis
Published: September 2016

Review: [97 refs.
Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure (S)‐(−)‐1‐(1′‐naphthyl)‐ethanol by the Fungus Alternaria alternata
Authors: Zilbeyaz Kani , Kurbanoglu Esabi Basaran , Kilic Hamdullah
Published: September 2016

(S)‐(−)‐1‐(1′‐napthyl)‐ethanol (S‐NE) is an important intermediate for the preparation of mevinic acid analogs, which is used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. The objectives of the study were to isolate a microorganism that could effectively reduce 1‐acetonaphthone (1‐ACN) to S‐NE, to determine the influence that the physicochemical parameters would have on the reduction by the isolated microorganism, and to attempt large‐scale studies with the microorganism. Over the years fungi have been considered a promising biocatalyst and it has been presumed that many fungal species have not been isolated and therefore the current study focused on possible isolation of these microorganisms. A total of 72 fungal isolates were screened for their ability to reduce 1‐ACN to its corresponding alcohol. The isolate, EBK‐62, identified as Alternaria alternata, was found to be the most successful at reducing the ketone to the corresponding alcohol in the submerged culture. The reaction conditions were systematically optimized for the reducing agent A. alternata EBK‐62, which showed high stereospecificity and good conversion for the reduction. The preparative scale study was carried out in a 2 L bioreactor and a total of 4.9 g of S‐NE in optically pure form (>99% enantiomeric excess) was produced in 48 h. Chirality 28:669–673, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ATP‐dependent interplay between local and global conformational changes in the myosin motor
Authors: Kiani Farooq Ahmad , Fischer Stefan
Published: September 2016

The ATPase active site of myosin is located at the core of the motor head. During the Lymn‐Taylor actomyosin contractile cycle, small conformational changes in the active site upon ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis and ADP/Pi release are accompanied by large conformational transitions of the motor domains, such as opening and closing of the actin binding cleft and the movement of lever arm. Here, our previous computational studies of myosin are summarized in a comprehensive model at the level of atomic detail. Molecular movies show how the successive domain motions during the ATP induced actin dissociation and the recovery stroke are coupled with the precise positioning of the key catalytic groups in the active site. This leads to a precise timing of the activation of the ATPase function: it allows ATP hydrolysis only after unbinding from actin and the priming of the lever arm, both pre‐requisites for an efficient functioning of the motor during the subsequent power stroke. These coupling mechanisms constitute essential principles of every myosin motor, of which the ATP‐site can be seen as the central allosteric control unit. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Melanin‐concentrating hormone axons, but not orexin or tyrosine hydroxylase axons, innervate the claustrum in the rat: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Barbier Marie , Houdayer Christophe , Franchi Gabrielle , Poncet Fabrice , Risold Pierre‐Yves
Published: September 2016

The claustrum is a small, elongated nucleus close to the external capsule and deep in the insular cortex. In rodents, this nucleus is characterized by a dense cluster of parvalbumin labeling. The claustrum is connected with the cerebral cortex. It does not project to the brainstem, but brainstem structures can influence this nucleus. To identify some specific projections from the lateral hypothalamus and midbrain, we analyzed the distribution of projections labeled with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH), and hypocretin (Hcrt) in the region of the claustrum. The claustrum contains a significant projection by MCH axons, whereas it is devoid of TH projections. Unlike TH and MCH axons, Hcrt axons are scattered throughout the region. This observation is discussed mainly with regard to the role of the claustrum in cognitive functions and that of MCH in REM sleep. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1489–1498, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Natural‐Cellulose‐Derived Tin‐Nanoparticle/Carbon‐Nanofiber Composite as Anodic Material in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Kun , Wang Mengya , Huang Jianguo
Published: September 2016

A series of tin‐nanoparticle/carbon‐nanofiber composites with varied tin content were synthesized by employing natural cellulose (e.g., ordinary laboratory filter paper) as both the structural scaffold and carbon source. The nanocomposites were obtained through hydrogen reduction of nanofibrous tin‐oxide/carbon hybrids that were prepared by a self‐assembly technique based on the surface sol–gel process. The nanocomposite with 16 wt % tin content was composed of fine metallic tin nanocrystallites with sizes of 20–50 nm that were uniformly immobilized on the surface of the cellulose‐derived carbon nanofibers. When employed as an anodic material for lithium‐ion batteries, because of its unique three‐dimensionally hierarchical porous structures and the buffering effect of the carbon matrix, it showed a stable discharge capacity of ca. 430 mAh g−1 after 200 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1, which was close to the calculated theoretical capacity of the electrode. In addition, its structural stability upon extensive charge/discharge cycling processes is outstanding.
Detection of Explosive Vapors: The Roles of Exciton and Molecular Diffusion in Real‐Time Sensing
Authors: Ali Mohammad A. , Shoaee Safa , Fan Shengqiang , Burn Paul L. , Gentle Ian R. , Meredith Paul , Shaw Paul E.
Published: September 2016

Time‐resolved quartz crystal microbalance with in situ fluorescence measurements are used to monitor the sorption of the nitroaromatic (explosive) vapor, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT) into a porous pentiptycene‐containing poly(phenyleneethynylene) sensing film. Correlation of the nitroaromatic mass uptake with fluorescence quenching shows that the analyte diffusion follows the Case‐II transport model, a film‐swelling‐limited process, in which a sharp diffusional front propagates at a constant velocity through the film. At a low vapor pressure of DNT of ≈16 ppb, the analyte concentration in the front is sufficiently high to give an average fluorophore–analyte separation of ≈1.5 nm. Hence, a long exciton diffusion length is not required for real‐time sensing in the solid state. Rather the diffusion behavior of the analyte and the strength of the binding interaction between the analyte and the polymer play first‐order roles in the fluorescence quenching process.
How Ions Arrange in Solution: Detailed Insight from NMR Spectroscopy of Paramagnetic Ion Pairs
Authors: Damjanović Marko , Morita Takaumi , Horii Yoji , Katoh Keiichi , Yamashita Masahiro , Enders Markus
Published: September 2016

Ion pairing between the paramagnetic anion [Tb(obPc)2]− (obPc=2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24‐octabutoxyphthalocyaninato), which has a very large magnetic anisotropy, with various diamagnetic counterions [P(Ph)4]+ (1 a), [As(Ph)4]+ (1 b), bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium ([PPN]+, 1 c) and tetra‐n‐butylammonium ([TBA]+, 1 d) was studied by means of 1H, 13C, 14N, and 31P NMR spectroscopy in solution at various temperatures. The influence of the paramagnetic anion on the NMR spectroscopy properties of the diamagnetic cations allowed a detailed insight into the distances and relative orientations of the paired ions. Isotropic tumbling models for the description of the quaternary cations are inaccurate, particularly for [TBA]+ with its flexible butyl chains. The effects of temperature and concentration were also assessed. The advantage of this technique is that relatively large distances and the orientation between molecules or ions in solution can be studied.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Oligodeoxynucleotide Analogs Containing Phosphorodithioate Linkages
Authors: Yang Xianbin
Published: September 2016

The oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorodithioate modification (PS2‐ODN) uses two sulfur atoms to replace two non‐bridging oxygen atoms at an internucleotide phosphordiester backbone linkage. Like a natural phosphodiester ODN backbone linkage, a PS2‐modified backbone linkage is achiral at phosphorus. PS2‐ODNs are highly stable to nucleases and numerous in vitro assays have demonstrated their biological activity. For example, PS2‐ODNs activated RNase H in vitro, strongly inhibited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase, induced B‐cell proliferation and differentiation, and bound to protein targets in the form of PS2‐aptamers (thioaptamers). Thus, the interest in and promise of PS2‐ODNs has spawned a variety of strategies for synthesizing, isolating, and characterizing this compounds. ODN‐thiophosphoramidite monomers are commercially available from either AM Biotechnologies or Glen Research and this unit describes an effective methodology for solid‐phase synthesis, deprotection, and purification of ODNs having PS2 internucleotide linkages. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of 4′‐Methoxy 2′‐Deoxynucleoside Phosphoramidites for Incorporation into Oligonucleotides
Authors: Petrová Magdalena , Rosenberg Ivan
Published: September 2016

This unit contains detailed synthetic protocols for the preparation of 4′‐methoxy 2′‐deoxynucleoside phosphoramidite monomers for A, G, C, T, and U. First, 3′‐silyl‐protected 2′‐deoxynucleosides (dNs) are converted in two steps to 4′,5′‐enol acetates as the key starting compounds. Next, 4′‐methoxy dNs are prepared by a one‐pot procedure comprising N‐iodosuccinimide‐promoted methoxylation, hydrolysis, and reduction of the formed intermediates. Finally, 3′‐phosphoramidites of 4′‐methoxy dNs are obtained by a routine three‐step procedure. Title phosphoramidite monomers are suitable for the synthesis of oligonucleotides on solid phase according to conventional amidite chemistry. 4′‐Methoxy substitution represents a simple modification of the sugar part of dNs, where β‐D‐erythro epimers preferentially adopt N‐type (C3′‐endo, RNA‐like) conformation. Moreover, it imparts superior chemical stability, nuclease resistance, and excellent hybridization properties to modified 4′‐methoxyoligodeoxynucleotides. The strong tendency toward RNA‐selective hybridization suggests its potential utilization in antisense and/or RNAi technologies. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization to Maize (Zea mays) Chromosomes
Authors: McCaw Morgan , Graham Nathaniel , Cody Jon , Swyers Nathan , Zhao Changzeng , Birchler James
Published: September 2016

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) is the annealing of fluorescent DNA probes to their complementary sequences on prepared chromosomes and subsequent visualization with a fluorescent microscope. In maize, FISH is useful for distinguishing each of the ten chromosomes in different accessions (karyotyping), roughly mapping single genes, transposable elements, transgene insertions, and identifying various chromosomal alterations. FISH can also be used to distinguish chromosomes between different Zea species in interspecific hybrids by use of retroelement painting. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Indole Derivatives as Deaza Analogues of Potent Human Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitors
Authors: Crocetti Letizia , Schepetkin Igor A. , Ciciani Giovanna , Giovannoni Maria Paola , Guerrini Gabriella , Iacovone Antonella , Khlebnikov Andrei I. , Kirpotina Liliya N. , Quinn Mark T. , Vergelli Claudia
Published: September 2016

Preclinical Research

A number of N‐benzoylindoles were designed and synthesized as deaza analogs of previously reported potent and selective HNE inhibitors with an indazole scaffold. The new compounds containing substituents and functions that were most active in the previous series were active in the micromolar range (the most potent had IC50 = 3.8 μM) or inactive. These results demonstrated the importance of N‐2 in the indazole nucleus. Docking studies performed on several compounds containing the same substituents but with an indole or an indazole scaffold, respectively, highlight interesting aspects concerning the molecule orientation and H‐bonding interactions, which could help to explain the lower activity of this new series. Drug Dev Res, 2016.   © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diploid male production correlates with genetic diversity in the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens: a genetic approach with new microsatellite markers
Authors: Collet Marie , Vayssade Chloé , Auguste Alexandra , Mouton Laurence , Desouhant Emmanuel , Malausa Thibaut , Fauvergue Xavier
Published: September 2016

Sex determination is ruled by haplodiploidy in Hymenoptera, with haploid males arising from unfertilized eggs and diploid females from fertilized eggs. However, diploid males with null fitness are produced under complementary sex determination (CSD), when individuals are homozygous for this locus. Diploid males are expected to be more frequent in genetically eroded populations (such as islands and captive populations), as genetic diversity at the csd locus should be low. However, only a few studies have focused on the relation between population size, genetic diversity, and the proportion of diploid males in the field. Here, we developed new microsatellite markers in order to assess and compare genetic diversity and diploid male proportion (DMP) in populations from three distinct habitat types – mainland, island, or captive –, in the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens. Eroded genetic diversity and higher DMP were found in island and captive populations, and habitat type had large effect on genetic diversity. Therefore, DMP reflects the decreasing genetic diversity in small and isolated populations. Thus, Hymenopteran populations can be at high extinction risk due to habitat destruction or fragmentation.
Heterotrophy mitigates the response of the temperate coral Oculina arbuscula to temperature stress
Authors: Aichelman Hannah E. , Townsend Joseph E. , Courtney Travis A. , Baumann Justin H. , Davies Sarah W. , Castillo Karl D.
Published: September 2016

Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration have caused global average sea surface temperature (SST) to increase by approximately 0.11°C per decade between 1971 and 2010 – a trend that is projected to continue through the 21st century. A multitude of research studies have demonstrated that increased SSTs compromise the coral holobiont (cnidarian host and its symbiotic algae) by reducing both host calcification and symbiont density, among other variables. However, we still do not fully understand the role of heterotrophy in the response of the coral holobiont to elevated temperature, particularly for temperate corals. Here, we conducted a pair of independent experiments to investigate the influence of heterotrophy on the response of the temperate scleractinian coral Oculina arbuscula to thermal stress. Colonies of O. arbuscula from Radio Island, North Carolina, were exposed to four feeding treatments (zero, low, moderate, and high concentrations of newly hatched Artemia sp. nauplii) across two independent temperature experiments (average annual SST (20°C) and average summer temperature (28°C) for the interval 2005–2012) to quantify the effects of heterotrophy on coral skeletal growth and symbiont density. Results suggest that heterotrophy mitigated both reduced skeletal growth and decreased symbiont density observed for unfed corals reared at 28°C. This study highlights the importance of heterotrophy in maintaining coral holobiont fitness under thermal stress and has important implications for the interpretation of coral response to climate change.
Synthesis of Lewis Base Adducts of Barium Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide]
Authors: Müller Christoph , Krieck Sven , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: September 2016

Transmetalation of Sn{N(SiMe3)2}2 with barium metal in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME) yields [(dme)2Ba{N(SiMe3)2}2] (1). The neutral ether ligand can be substituted by stronger Lewis bases such as tetramethylethylenediamine (tmeda) and pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (pmdeta) leading to the formation of [(tmeda)Ba{N(SiMe3)2}2] (2) and [(pmdeta)Ba{N(SiMe3)2}2] (3). The tetrahydropyran adduct [(thp)3Ba{N(SiMe3)2}2] (4) can be isolated after addition of tetrahydropyran (thp) to coligand‐free [Ba{N(SiMe3)2}{µ‐N(SiMe3)2}]2. The Ba–N bond lengths to the amido ligands are dictated by the coordination number of the metal atom. A comparitive analysis with alternative methods of preparation shows that the metathetical approach requires the use of exact stoichiometry because bariates form with any excess KN(SiMe3)2.
Electroanalytical Application of Amine‐grafted Attapulgite to the Sensitive Quantification of the Bioactive Compound Mangiferin
Authors: Melataguia Tchieno Francis Merlin , Guenang Sonfack Leopoldine , Ymelé Ervice , Ngameni Emmanuel , Kenfack Tonle Ignas
Published: September 2016

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) coated with a thin film of organoattapulgite was used for the voltammetric detection and quantification of mangiferin (MG), a bioactive xanthone with several therapeutic properties. The used modified attapulgite was prepared by surface grafting of [3‐(2‐aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane. The grafted clay was characterised by SEM, CHN elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and XRD techniques. The electrochemical behaviour of MG was first investigated on bare GCE by cyclic voltammetry which showed a single irreversible oxidation peak at ca 0.770 V (vs Ag/AgCl) in HCl/KCl buffer at pH 1. When the GCE was covered by the organoattapulgite, the electrode response for MG increased significantly due to favourable electrostatic interactions between MG and the protonated organoclay. A sensitive voltammetric method for the determination of MG, based on adsorptive stripping voltammetry was then developed. A linear variation of MG concentration with peak current was obtained in the range from 0.61 to 10.57 μM, with a detection limit of 2.75×10−7 M (S/N=3). Kinetic and chronocoulometric studies were also performed to characterise the diffusion of MG at the organoclay modified electrode. The interfering effect of some compounds likely to affect the stripping signal of MG was also evaluated, followed by the application of the developed method to a real biological sample.
Development and Evaluation of Zeolites and Metal–Organic Frameworks for Carbon Dioxide Separation and Capture
Authors: Abu Ghalia Mustafa , Dahman Yaser
Published: September 2016

With increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the combustion of fossil‐based fuels, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is growing at 407.54 parts per million, as released in May 2016. Accordingly, the reduction of CO2 emissions is an essential issue for global climate changes. Tremendous efforts have been directed towards the goal of CO2 separation and capture. These have led to the development of novel classes of porous materials that possess unique potential applications in the capture and sequestration of CO2. Hence, this comprehensive review focuses on studying and analyzing newly developed methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to sequester CO2 released from anthropogenic activities. It compares and analyzes, in terms of storage capacity and adsorption selectivity, the innovative technologies that capture CO2. Also described are the key advancements in CO2 capture from chemical absorption post‐ and precombustion industrial units and its subsequent physical adsorption by using various zeolites and metal–organic framework (MOF) materials for CO2 adsorption, storage, and separation. Current progress in MOF materials for CO2 capture is considered, and the potentials and limitations of new discoveries in the area are addressed, as it is a rapidly growing area. Furthermore, trends in the design of various kinds of porous structures with tailored macro‐ and microstructures and target surface properties are examined.
High‐Performance Flexible Solid‐State Asymmetric Supercapacitors based on Ordered Mesoporous Cobalt Oxide
Authors: Zheng Mingbo , Li Lulu , Gu Peng , Lin Zixia , Du Weimin , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan
Published: September 2016

Asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) have attracted growing interest and attention in the field of supercapacitors owing to their high energy density and power density. In this work, ordered mesoporous Co3O4 samples with different pore sizes (ca. 20 nm and ca. 70 nm) are prepared via a hard template method. Flexible solid‐state ASC devices based on mesoporous Co3O4 with pore size of 20 nm and activated carbon possesses a specific capacitance of 215 mF cm−2 (at 1.5 mA cm−2) and show excellent cycling performance. Electrochemical tests reveal that the mesoporous material with a larger specific surface area, that is, a smaller primary particle size, is more suitable for solid‐state ASC device. The results provide a potential electrode material for ACSs.
Toxicity reference values for methylmercury effects on avian reproduction: Critical review and analysis
Authors: Fuchsman Phyllis C. , Brown Lauren E. , Henning Miranda H. , Bock Michael J. , Magar Victor S.
Published: September 2016

Effects of mercury (Hg) on birds have been studied extensively and with increasing frequency in recent years. The authors conducted a comprehensive review of methylmercury (MeHg) effects on bird reproduction, evaluating laboratory and field studies in which observed effects could be attributed primarily to Hg. The review focuses on exposures via diet and maternal transfer in which observed effects (or lack thereof) were reported relative to Hg concentrations in diet, eggs, or adult blood. Applicable data were identified for 23 species. From this data set, the authors identified ranges of toxicity reference values suitable for risk-assessment applications. Typical ranges of Hg effect thresholds are approximately 0.2 mg/kg to >1.4 mg/kg in diet, 0.05 mg/kg/d to 0.5 mg/kg/d on a dose basis, 0.6 mg/kg to 2.7 mg/kg in eggs, and 2.1 mg/kg to >6.7 mg/kg in parental blood (all concentrations on a wet wt basis). For Hg in avian blood, the review represents the first broad compilation of relevant toxicity data. For dietary exposures, the current data support TRVs that are greater than older, commonly used TRVs. The older diet-based TRVs incorporate conservative assumptions and uncertainty factors that are no longer justified, although they generally were appropriate when originally derived, because of past data limitations. The egg-based TRVs identified from the review are more similar to other previously derived TRVs but have been updated to incorporate new information from recent studies. While important research needs remain, a key recommendation is that species not yet tested for MeHg toxicity should be evaluated using toxicity data from tested species with similar body weights. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:294–319. © 2016 SETAC
Changing disturbance regimes, ecological memory, and forest resilience
Authors: Johnstone Jill F , Allen Craig D , Franklin Jerry F , Frelich Lee E , Harvey Brian J , Higuera Philip E , Mack Michelle C , Meentemeyer Ross K , Metz Margaret R , Perry George LW , Schoennagel Tania , Turner Monica G
Published: September 2016

Ecological memory is central to how ecosystems respond to disturbance and is maintained by two types of legacies – information and material. Species life‐history traits represent an adaptive response to disturbance and are an information legacy; in contrast, the abiotic and biotic structures (such as seeds or nutrients) produced by single disturbance events are material legacies. Disturbance characteristics that support or maintain these legacies enhance ecological resilience and maintain a “safe operating space” for ecosystem recovery. However, legacies can be lost or diminished as disturbance regimes and environmental conditions change, generating a “resilience debt” that manifests only after the system is disturbed. Strong effects of ecological memory on post‐disturbance dynamics imply that contingencies (effects that cannot be predicted with certainty) of individual disturbances, interactions among disturbances, and climate variability combine to affect ecosystem resilience. We illustrate these concepts and introduce a novel ecosystem resilience framework with examples of forest disturbances, primarily from North America. Identifying legacies that support resilience in a particular ecosystem can help scientists and resource managers anticipate when disturbances may trigger abrupt shifts in forest ecosystems, and when forests are likely to be resilient.
Predator control should not be a shot in the dark
Authors: Treves Adrian , Krofel Miha , McManus Jeannine
Published: September 2016

Livestock owners traditionally use various non‐lethal and lethal methods to protect their domestic animals from wild predators. However, many of these methods are implemented without first considering experimental evidence of their effectiveness in mitigating predation‐related threats or avoiding ecological degradation. To inform future policy and research on predators, we systematically evaluated evidence for interventions against carnivore (canid, felid, and ursid) predation on livestock in North American and European farms. We also reviewed a selection of tests from other continents to help assess the global generality of our findings. Twelve published tests – representing five non‐lethal methods and 7 lethal methods – met the accepted standard of scientific inference (random assignment or quasi‐experimental case‐control) without bias in sampling, treatment, measurement, or reporting. Of those twelve, prevention of livestock predation was demonstrated in six tests (four non‐lethal and two lethal), whereas counterintuitive increases in predation were shown in two tests (zero non‐lethal and two lethal); the remaining four (one non‐lethal and three lethal) showed no effect on predation. Only two non‐lethal methods (one associated with livestock‐guarding dogs and the other with a visual deterrent termed “fladry”) assigned treatments randomly, provided reliable inference, and demonstrated preventive effects. We recommend that policy makers suspend predator control efforts that lack evidence for functional effectiveness and that scientists focus on stringent standards of evidence in tests of predator control.
Being BOLD: The neural dynamics of face perception
Authors: Gentile Francesco , Ales Justin , Rossion Bruno
Published: September 2016

According to a non‐hierarchical view of human cortical face processing, selective responses to faces may emerge in a higher‐order area of the hierarchy, in the lateral part of the middle fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area [FFA]) independently from face‐selective responses in the lateral inferior occipital gyrus (occipital face area [OFA]), a lower order area. Here we provide a stringent test of this hypothesis by gradually revealing segmented face stimuli throughout strict linear descrambling of phase information [Ales et al., 2012]. Using a short sampling rate (500 ms) of fMRI acquisition and single subject statistical analysis, we show a face‐selective responses emerging earlier, that is, at a lower level of structural (i.e., phase) information, in the FFA compared with the OFA. In both regions, a face detection response emerging at a lower level of structural information for upright than inverted faces, both in the FFA and OFA, in line with behavioral responses and with previous findings of delayed responses to inverted faces with direct recordings of neural activity were also reported. Overall, these results support the non‐hierarchical view of human cortical face processing and open new perspectives for time‐resolved analysis at the single subject level of fMRI data obtained during continuously evolving visual stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 38:120–139, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of hippocampal functional connectivity during childhood
Authors: Blankenship Sarah L. , Redcay Elizabeth , Dougherty Lea R. , Riggins Tracy
Published: September 2016

The hippocampus is a medial temporal lobe structure involved in memory, spatial navigation, and regulation of stress responses, making it a structure critical to daily functioning. However, little is known about the functional development of the hippocampus during childhood due to methodological challenges of acquiring neuroimaging data in young participants. This is a critical gap given evidence that hippocampally‐mediated behaviors (e.g., episodic memory) undergo rapid and important changes during childhood. To address this gap, the present investigation collected resting‐state fMRI scans in 97, 4‐ to 10‐year‐old children. Whole brain seed‐based analyses of anterior, posterior, and whole hippocampal connectivity were performed to identify regions demonstrating stable (i.e., age‐controlled) connectivity profiles as well as age‐related differences in connectivity. Results reveal that the hippocampus is a highly connected structure of the brain and that most of the major components of the adult network are evident during childhood, including both unique and overlapping connectivity between anterior and posterior regions. Despite widespread age‐controlled connectivity, the strength of hippocampal connectivity with regions of lateral temporal lobes and the anterior cingulate increased throughout the studied age range. These findings have implications for future investigations of the development of hippocampally‐mediated behaviors and methodological applications for the appropriateness of whole versus segmented hippocampal seeds in connectivity analyses. Hum Brain Mapp 38:182–201, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinct roles of hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in spatial and nonspatial memory
Authors: Sapiurka Maya , Squire Larry R. , Clark Robert E.
Published: September 2016

In earlier work, patients with hippocampal damage successfully path integrated, apparently by maintaining spatial information in working memory. In contrast, rats with hippocampal damage were unable to path integrate, even when the paths were simple and working memory might have been expected to support performance. We considered possible ways to understand these findings. We tested rats with either hippocampal lesions or lesions of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) on three tasks of spatial or nonspatial memory: path integration, spatial alternation, and a nonspatial alternation task. Rats with mPFC lesions were impaired on both spatial and nonspatial alternation but performed normally on path integration. By contrast, rats with hippocampal lesions were impaired on path integration and spatial alternation but performed normally on nonspatial alternation. We propose that rodent neocortex is limited in its ability to construct a coherent spatial working memory of complex environments. Accordingly, in tasks such as path integration and spatial alternation, working memory cannot depend on neocortex alone. Rats may accomplish many spatial memory tasks by relying on long‐term memory. Alternatively, they may accomplish these tasks within working memory through sustained coordination between hippocampus and other cortical brain regions such as mPFC, in the case of spatial alternation, or parietal cortex in the case of path integration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functionalized Ionic (Poly)Styrenes and their Application as Catalysts in the Cycloaddition of CO2 to Epoxides
Authors: Bobbink Felix D. , Fei Zhaofu , Scopelliti Rosario , Das Shoubhik , Dyson Paul J.
Published: September 2016

Valorization of CO2, an abundant C(1) synthon, into platform chemicals is of growing interest. In this context, a key reaction is the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides to form carbonates (CCE). A series of organocatalysts for this reaction, based on imidazolium salts modified with a styrene functional group and a second variable functional group, were prepared and characterized. Both the ionic salts and ionic polymers derived from the salts were evaluated in this reaction. In general, the monomers perform slightly better than the polymers; however, the latter are considerably more convenient to use. Of the catalysts studied, the ionic polystyrene imidazolium salt with an ammonium functionality shows highest activity, tolerates a range of epoxides, and can be recycled multiple times without loss of activity.
Employee Voice, Supervisor Support, and Engagement: The Mediating Role of Trust
Authors: Holland Peter , Cooper Brian , Sheehan Cathy
Published: September 2016

Developing employee engagement has been one of the major areas of interest in the field of human resource management (HRM), and research identifies the positive effect that engagement has on both employee and organizational performance. However, while research on engagement has been substantial, there have been limited studies on key variables such as supervisor support, voice, and trust. We examined the role of supervisor support and direct voice on engagement experienced by nurses and the mediating role trust plays in those relationships. Data were collected though an online survey of 1,039 Australian nurses and analyzed using structural equation modeling. As hypothesized, results showed that both supervisor support and direct voice are positively associated with employee engagement, and these relationships are mediated by supervisory and senior management trust, respectively. The implications of the results for human resource (HR) practitioners are discussed and include the challenge of resourcing effective direct voice systems and enlisting the support of supervisors in order to impact on the engagement of nurses who are the “front line” of the health sector. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.