bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les plateformes de ventes sur Internet
Authors: Bounie David , Eang Bora , Waelbroeck Patrick
Published: January 2011

Résumé Cet article compare les meilleures ventes de livres, cd et dvd sur le site français d’Amazon à celles de la plateforme de vente Amazon Marketplace qui met en relation des professionnels et des particuliers intéressés par des produits neufs et d’occasion. Nous montrons que sur la période de mars à août 2006 le catalogue des meilleures ventes d’Amazon et de Marketplace diffère principalement selon deux dimensions. Premièrement, le catalogue des livres, cd et dvd en commun dans les meilleures ventes respectives, n’est que de l’ordre de 20 %. Deuxièmement, au moins 25 % des meilleures ventes de Marketplace ont des dates de sorties antérieures à celles d’Amazon. Ces résultats nous permettent de conclure que la demande de produits culturels sur la plateforme se porte sur des produits du répertoire ancien qui ne sont plus (ou peu) commercialisés sur Amazon et dans les réseaux physiques.
Télémédecine : coup d'envoi de la généralisation
Authors: Holué Catherine
Published: January 2011

Résumé Le décret du 19 octobre 2010 dé?nit et fixe les conditions de mise en œuvre des activités de télémédecine, qui seront portées et financées essentiellement, dans leur phase expérimentale, par les agences régionales de santé (ARS). Quatre types d’actes sont ainsi amenés à se développer dans les années à venir, au service des patients : la téléconsultation, la télé-expertise, la télésurveillance médicale et la télé-assistance médicale. Avant d’y parvenir, de nombreuses questions techniques, juridiques, économiques et éthiques doivent encore être débattues et trouver des réponses. Mais l’exemple des pionniers inspire les différents acteurs.
Les nouvelles informations en santé
Authors: Dupagne Dominique
Published: January 2011

Résumé Les nouvelles technologies de la communication et de l’information ont profondément transformé l’élaboration et la transmission des informations concernant la santé. Les espaces communautaires et les blogs ont modifié la hiérarchie des sources et leur usage par le public. De nouveaux acteurs, comme les “apomédiaires”, supplantent progressivement les journalistes et les experts. Cette révolution douce, qui ne fait que débuter, modifie inexorablement le paysage sanitaire et renforce la capacité du patient à accéder à des soins de qualité.
Internet, tiers nébuleux de la relation patient-médecin
Authors: Méadel Cécile , Akrich Madeleine
Published: January 2011

Résumé Quelle place occupe aujourd’hui Internet dans l’échange entre le médecin et son patient ? Si son formidable réservoir de connaissances est omniprésent dans le cabinet, de manière indirecte, à travers les multiples consultations d’informations sur la santé, tant par les praticiens que par les malades, il n’apparaît pourtant pas comme un moyen d’échange leur permettant de mieux communiquer. Et pourtant, il se révèle souvent comme un accompagnant complémentaire de la relation au médecin. Aussi pourrait-il devenir le support d’une transformation douce des relations entre patients et médecins.
Économie des nouveaux systèmes d'information en santé
Authors: Sauret Jacques
Published: January 2011

Résumé Annoncés comme très prometteurs, les systèmes d’information en santé n’ont pas débouché en France sur toutes les améliorations attendues. L’analyse de la situation montre que les avancées ont été significatives, mais très hétérogènes. La France accuse aujourd’hui un vrai retard sur les pays équivalents. Pour autant, les gains que pourraient apporter des systèmes d’information performants restent très importants, tant pour la qualité des soins que pour les aspects financiers ou pour le pilotage du système. Cependant, la réalisation de ces gains est soumise à certaines conditions, non encore réunies.
Big Brother : la surveillance de la population
Authors: Messi Pamela
Published: January 2011

Résumé Reconstituer le profil médical d’un patient à partir de ses données personnelles présentes sur le web relève de moins en moins de la science-fiction : parce que le futur dossier médical personnel n’offrira jamais toutes les garanties de sécurité possibles, mais également parce que les internautes disséminent des bribes de leur vie un peu partout sur la toile. Une mine d’informations qui fait rêver les assureurs, les banquiers, les employeurs… mais aussi les hackers.
El lugar del paisaje en la geografía moderna
Authors: Ortega Cantero Nicolás
Published: January 2011

El paisaje ha ocupado un lugar destacado en la geografía moderna. Desde sus comienzos, a principios del siglo XIX, la tradición geográfica moderna ha hecho del paisaje uno de sus principales objetos de conocimiento, y ha procurado, al estudiarlo, incorporando el legado romántico, aunar de forma equilibrada la intención explicativa y la comprensiva. La importancia del paisaje en la geografía moderna se ha manifestado además en términos retóricos, en la conformación de discursos capaces de expresar adecuadamente la experiencia paisajística.

[fr] Le paysage a occupé une place importante dans la géographie moderne. Depuis ses débuts, au début du siècle XIX, la tradition géographique moderne a fait du paysage un de ses principaux objets de connaissance, et a essayé, en l’étudiant, en incorporant le legs romantique, unir de manière équilibrée l’intention explicative et ce qui est compréhensive. L’importance du paysage dans la géographie moderne s’est manifestée en outre en termes rhétoriques, dans la conformation de discours capables d’exprimer adéquatement l’expérience paysagistique.
El paisaje en la ordenación del territorio. La experiencia del Observatorio del Paisaje de Cataluña
Authors: Nogué Joan
Published: January 2011

Ante la progresiva degradación de nuestros paisajes se hace necesario, por una parte, incluir el paisaje en la ordenación del territorio y, por otra, incrementar la sensibilización ciudadana sobre los valores del paisaje. Para conseguir este doble objetivo se creó en 2005 el Observatorio del Paisaje de Cataluña, un consorcio público independiente que actúa simultáneamente como entidad de asesoramiento de la Administración y como ente de concienciación de la sociedad en materia de paisaje. Una de sus principales funciones es la elaboración de los catálogos de paisaje de Cataluña, un instrumento novedoso para la incorporación del paisaje en la ordenación del territorio y un elemento clave para facilitar la conexión entre el planeamiento territorial y el urbanístico en lo referente a la implementación de políticas de paisaje. Los catálogos definen líneas estratégicas y directrices concretas que pueden contribuir a mejorar la calidad de los paisajes y, en definitiva, la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos.

[fr] Devant la dégradation progressive de nos paysages, il devient nécessaire, d’une part, d’incorporer le paysage à l’aménagement du territoire et, d’autre part, de sensibiliser davantage les habitants aux valeurs paysagères. C’est pour atteindre ce double objectif que l’Observatoire catalan du paysage a été créé en 2005. Ce consortium public indépendant assiste l’Administration de ses conseils et cherche en même temps à attirer l’attention de la société sur son patrimoine paysager. L’une de ses principales fonctions consiste à élaborer les atlas de paysage en Catalogne, un instrument novateur au service de l’incorporation du paysage à l’aménagement du territoire et décisif à la fois, conçu pour mieux articuler la planification territoriale et l’urbanisme dans le cadre de l’implantation de politiques paysagères. Les atlas définissent des lignes stratégiques et des axes directeurs précis, susceptibles d’améliorer la qualité paysagère et, en définitive, la qualité de vie des habitants.
Patrimoine et construction de territoires par l’image : l’exemple du pays d’Albret (France) et de ses paysages (XIXe- XXIe siècles)
Authors: Bouisset Christine , Degrémont Isabelle , Puyo Jean Yves
Published: January 2011

La patrimonialización es un elemento importante de mediación territorial entre los políticos y sus administrados, y también entre el territorio y el exterior. Transmite imágenes que se apoyan en la identidad del territorio. Esta identidad supone a menudo un retorno al pasado o a cualquier elemento singular. El estudio de las imágenes paisajísticas que se han divulgado sobre el País de Albret a través de diferentes medios (litografías, tarjetas postales, fotografías, etc.) permite analizar a lo largo del tiempo (siglos XIX y XX) la construcción del sentido que una sociedad da a su territorio: las imágenes transmiten identidad, personalidad, valores y ambiente ligados a los lugares patrimoniales y al territorio. Los soportes iconográficos, los paisajes y los lugares destacados, así como la manera de mostrarlos, evolucionan con el paso del tiempo.

[fr] La patrimonialisation est un des éléments majeurs de médiation territoriale entre les décideurs et leurs administrés, tout autant qu’entre le territoire et l’extérieur. Elle véhicule des images qui doivent s’appuyer sur l’identité du territoire. Cette identité passe souvent par un retour sur le passé ou sur tout élément singulier. L’étude d’images paysagères diffusées sur le Pays d’Albret par le biais de différents supports (lithographies, cartes postales, photographies, etc.) permet d’analyser sur le temps long (XIXe-XXIe siècles) la construction du sens qu’une société donne à son territoire : les images véhiculent identité, personnalité, valeurs et ambiance rattachées aux lieux patrimoniaux et au territoire. Les supports iconographiques, les paysages et les lieux mis en avant ainsi que la façon de les montrer évoluent au fil du temps.
Art et géographie dans les représentations modernes du paysage, le cas des Pyrénées
Authors: Saule-Sorbé Hélène
Published: January 2011

La comunicación pretende presentar, a través de los trabajos de tres protagonistas del conocimiento geográfico de los Pirineos, las fusiones que se produjeron entre ciencias y arte desde fines del siglo de las Luces hasta los años 1870. En primer lugar, con Ramond, se ve cómo la divulgación impresa de la observación directa se lleva a cabo mediante los principios estéticos de la pintura de paisaje. Es lo mismo que promueve, pone en práctica y teoriza Humboldt en Cuadros de la Naturaleza y Cosmos. Posteriormente, se conforma una nueva mirada (Viollet-le-Duc, 1833) que, alejándose de las convenciones pictóricas, prefigura la futura imagen fotográfica. El paso de este tipo de visión a la instrumentalización de la mirada encontró en Franz Schrader una expresión singular y brillante, sin abandonar un ideal artístico ligado a la búsqueda de la belleza que remite en muchos aspectos al romanticismo.

[fr] La communication s’est attaché à présenter, à travers les travaux de trois acteurs de la connaissance géographique des Pyrénées, les fusions qui ont pu se jouer entre sciences et art de la toute fin du siècle des Lumières aux années 1870. Dans un premier temps avec Ramond, on voit comment l’observation directe est relayée par les principes esthétiques de la peinture de paysage pour sa vulgarisation imprimée. C’est cela même qu’Humboldt préconise, met en pratique et théorise à travers Tableaux de la Nature et Cosmos. Dans un second temps, un nouveau regard se fait jour (Viollet-le-Duc, 1833) qui, débarrassé des conventions picturales, préfigure la future saisie photographique. Le passage de ce type de vision à l’instrumentalisation du regard connaît chez Franz Schrader une expression singulière et brillante, sans pour autant que soit abandonné une un idéal artistique liée à une quête de la beauté qui se rattache par maints aspects au romantisme.
El paisaje en la literatura francesa a partir del siglo XIX y sus relaciones con la pintura
Authors: Leguen Brigitte
Published: January 2011

Este artículo aborda los valores del paisaje tal y como aparece en la literatura francesa a partir del siglo XIX y sus conexiones con la pintura del mismo período. El paisaje campestre que nos hace descubrir los ingleses y los alemanes y el paisaje urbano que cambia radicalmente a partir de la revolución industrial, ofrecen una dimensión simbólica y social que se proyecta en el campo literario y artístico. La sociedad francesa del siglo XIX experimenta importantes cambios socio-políticos que repercuten obviamente en toda la literatura desde el Romanticismo hasta los grandes replanteamientos de la post-modernidad.
El siglo XIX es en Francia el gran siglo de la literatura; los escritores más relevantes, Chateaubriand, Stendhal, Hugo, Balzac se detienen en la contemplación del paisaje y establecen nuevas relaciones y correspondencias con la naturaleza. La recuperación de los espacios y su polisemia concierne también todo el siglo XX y el período actual. Poetas, escritores y pintores siguen integrando el paisaje en su creación. Ya lo decía Fernand Braudel, los paisajes y los espacios no son únicamente realidades del presente pero también y sobre todo supervivencias del pasado; «la terre est, comme notre peau, condamnée à conserver la trace des blessures anciennes».

[fr] Cet article aborde les valeurs attribuées au paysage telles qu´on les trouve dans la littérature française à partir du XIXº siècle ainsi que les connexions qui s´établissent avec la peinture durant la même période. Le paysage champêtre que nous font découvrir les anglais et les allemands, et le paysage urbain qui change radicalement à partir de la révolution industrielle, offre une dimension symbolique et sociale qui se projette dans le champ littéraire et artistique. La société française du XIX traverse d´importants changements socio-politiques qui influencent de toute évidence la littérature à partir du Romantisme et jusqu´à la Post-Modernité.
Le XIX siècle est en France le grand siècle du roman; les écrivains les plus connus, Chateaubriand, Stendhal, Hugo, Balzac, contemplent les paysages et établissent de nouvelles relations et correspondances avec la nature. La récupération des espaces et leur polysémie concerne aussi le XXº siècle et la période actuelle. Poètes, écrivains et peintres continuent à intégrer le paysage dans leurs créations. Fernand Braudel disait déjà que les paysages et les espaces ne sont pas uniquement des réalités du présent mais aussi et surtout des survivances du passé: «La terre est, comme mnotre peau, condamnée à conserver la trace des blessures anciennes».
El paisaje urbano
Authors: Maderuelo Javier
Published: January 2011

Partiendo de la idea de paisaje como constructo cultural, se pueden analizar las diferentes maneras como se ha visto e interpretado la ciudad en cada época en Occidente, lo que ilustra sobre el lento proceso que ha conducido en nuestra cultura a la formulación del concepto «paisaje urbano». En este sentido, los dibujos, la cartografía, la pintura, las narraciones literarias, las ilustraciones, la fotografía y otras manifestaciones de carácter cultural, entre ellas la arquitectura, son las herramientas que nos permiten realizar esta investigación. En ese proceso se ha pasado de una visión antropomórfica de la ciudad, en el Renacimiento, a una interpretación escenográfica en el Barroco, que, muy lentamente ha ido derivando, gracias a los pintores, en una visión paisajística de la ciudad, pero, cuando parecía que este proceso se completaba, la banalización implícita en los procesos de la globalización, ponen en riesgo esta posibilidad.

[fr] En partant de l’idée de paysage comme constructo culturel, on peut analyser les différentes manières comme a été et interprétée la ville à chaque époque en Occident, ce qui illustre sur le processus lent qui a conduit dans notre culture à la formulation du concept « paysage urbain ». En ce sens, les dessins, la cartographie, la peinture, les narrations littéraires, les illustrations, la photographie et d’autres manifestations à caractère culturelle, entre elles l’architecture, sont les outils qui nous permettent d’effectuer cette recherche. Dans ce processus il est été passé d’une vision anthropomorphe de la ville, dans la Renaissance, à une interprétation scénographique dans ce qui est Baroque, que, il a très lentement dérivé, grâce aux peintres, dans une vision paysagistique de la ville, mais, quand il paraissait que ce processus était complété, la banalisation implicite dans les processus de la globalisation, mettent en risque cette possibilité.
El paisaje de las Obras Públicas
Authors: Aguiló Miguel
Published: January 2011

La percepción es el peculiar filtro de esa especial relación del individuo con el mundo, que es el paisaje. Al entenderla —con Bergson— como selección de estímulos para la acción, en vez de simple contemplación, se dibuja con nitidez el doble papel del paisaje como memoria de la presencia del hombre y como mediación en su actual relación con el mundo. Aceptando con Heidegger que construir es habitar, las obras públicas adquieren un especial protagonismo en ambos papeles. Al satisfacer necesidades primarias del hombre, como extender, elevar, salvar, atemperar, abrigar o convivir, muestran su profundo sentido. Como productos del construir, el camino, la torre, el puente, la presa, el puerto o la ciudad ayudan a entender anteriores conductas de confrontación con la naturaleza. Y como pautas conocidas de la acción, sirven para activar eficazmente los resortes de nuestro contacto cotidiano con el mundo. Para entender el paisaje deberían estudiarse y comprenderse mejor.

[fr] La perception est le filtre particulier de cette spéciale relation de l’homme avec le monde, qui est le paysage. Si on prend cette relation —avec Bergson— comme une sélection d’incitations pour l’action au lieu de simple contemplation, le double rôle du paysage, comme dépôt de la présence de l’homme et comme médiation de son rapport réel avec le monde, se dessine alors avec précision. Si on accepte avec Heidegger que «bâtir c’est habiter», les Travaux Publics présentent un spécial rôle protagoniste dans les deux aspects. En satisfaisant les besoins primaires de l’home, comme étendre, élever, sauver, modérer, abriter, vivre ensemble, ils montrent son plus profond sens. Comme produits de la construction, le chemin, la tour, le pont, le barrage, le port ou la ville aident à comprendre des conduites précédentes de confrontation avec la nature. Et comme règles connues de l’action, les Travaux Publics servent pour activer les ressorts de notre contact quotidien avec le monde. Pour comprendre le paysage, ils devraient s’étudier mieux.
La práctica del paisajismo
Authors: Medina Muro María
Published: January 2011

La práctica del paisajismo se entiende mejor si se aclara quién es hoy un paisajista, en que ámbito profesional puede trabajar, y cuáles son sus obras. Si tenemos en cuenta la posibilidad que tiene un paisajista de actuar o participar en trabajos que abarcan tanto el paisaje natural, el rural como el urbano, su ámbito de trabajo puede ser muy amplio: desde diseñar un pequeño patio a realizar un estudio de impacto medioambiental.
Me voy a referir preferentemente, y basándome en mis conocimientos y experiencia profesional, a aquellos paisajes que en la práctica he podido desarrollar: restauración de jardines y paisajes históricos; paisajes urbanos; y jardines privados, citando y mostrando algunos ejemplos de trabajos realizados por profesionales del paisaje. Por último, destacaré la importancia de los jardines y la relación entre ecología y tradición en la práctica del paisajismo.

[fr] La pratique du l’aménagement paysager est mieux comprise en précisant qui est aujourd’hui un paysagiste, dans lequel cadre professionnel peut travailler, et quelles sont ses oeuvres. Si nous tenons compte de la possibilité qui a un paysagiste d’agir ou prendre part des travaux qui comprennent le paysage naturel, rural et urbain, son cadre de travail peut être très large: depuis concevoir une petite cour à effectuer une étude d’impact à l’environnement.
Je parlerai principalement, et en me basant mes connaissances et expérience professionnelle, à ces paysages que dans la pratique j’ai pu développer: restauration jardins et paysages historiques; paysages urbains; et jardins privés, citant et en montrant quelques exemples de travaux effectués par des professionnels du paysage. Finalement, je soulignerai l’importance des jardins et la relation entre écologie et tradition dans la pratique du paisajismo.
Los estudios sobre paisaje en Estudios Geográficos (1940-2009)
Authors: Arroyo Ilera Fernando , Martín Lou Mª Asunción
Published: January 2011

Los doscientos sesenta y nueve números editados de esta revista son un excelente banco de pruebas donde observar la evolución y los cambios experimentados por la Geografía española, en los últimos setenta años en los que Estudios Geográficos (EG) se viene publicando ininterrumpidamente. La sucesión de temas, su tratamiento y enfoque, las citas bibliográficas, etc., constituyen una excelente referencia de gran interés para cualquier ciencia y, en especial para la nuestra, que ya en otras ocasiones ha sido utilizada para valorar la evolución metodológica de la Geografía.
The role of Information Technology trends in planning an Information Technology led development strategy for Sri Lanka
Authors: Munasinghe L , Jayawardena DPW
Published: January 2011

Keywords: IT application areas; IT trends; Software industry; IT education and trainingDOI: 10.4038/josuk.v1i0.2758J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 1 (2003): 99-117
Haematological parameters of three species of wild caught microchiropteran bats, Miniopterus schreibersii, Taphozous melanopogon and Hipposideros lankadiva in Sri Lanka
Authors: Ratnasooriya WD , Udagama-Randeniya PV , Yapa WB , Digana PMCB , Dharmasiri MG
Published: January 2011

Key words: haematology; microchiroptera; Miniopterus schreibersii; Taphozous melanopogon; Hipposideros lankadivaDOI: 10.4038/josuk.v2i0.2744J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 2 (2005): 27-40
Oxygen partial pressure dependence of the coercivity of sputtered polycrystalline nickel ferrite films
Authors: Samarasekara P
Published: January 2011

Key Words: nickel ferrite films; magnetic & structural properties; oxygen partial pressure; rf sputtering; thin films; soft ferrites; coercivity; crystallitesDOI: 10.4038/josuk.v2i0.2747J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 2 (2005): 73-83
Comparison between ultrasonic acoustic emission (UAE) and hydraulically measured loss of hydraulic conductance in Eucalyptus spp. Clone GU210
Authors: Manoharan P , Pammenter W
Published: January 2011

Key Words: Eucalyptus; stem xylem cavitation; ultrasonic acoustic emissions; hydraulic methodDOI: 10.4038/josuk.v2i0.2748J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 2 (2005): 85-104
Examination performance of undergraduates in relation to attendance at lectures
Authors: Hewapathirana TK
Published: January 2011

Keywords: student performance; attendance; university examinationsDOI: 10.4038/josuk.v2i0.2750J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 2 (2005): 115-134
HIV Replication in CD4+ T Lymphocytes in the Presence and Absence of Follicular Dendritic Cells: Inhibition of Replication Mediated by α-1-Antitrypsin through Altered IκBα Ubiquitination
Authors: Zhou Xueyuan , Shapiro Leland , Fellingham Gilbert , Willardson Barry M. , Burton Gregory F.
Published: January 2011

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) increase HIV replication and virus production in lymphocytes by increasing the activation of NF-κB in infected cells. Because α-1-antitrypsin (AAT) decreases HIV replication in PBMCs and monocytic cells and decreases NF-κB activity, we postulated that AAT might also block FDC-mediated HIV replication. Primary CD4+ T cells were infected with HIV and cultured with FDCs or their supernatant with or without AAT, and ensuing viral RNA and p24 production were monitored. NF-κB activation in the infected cells was also assessed. Virus production was increased in the presence of FDC supernatant, but the addition of AAT at concentrations >0.5 mg/ml inhibited virus replication. AAT blocked the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50/p65 despite an unexpected elevation in associated phosphorylated and ubiquitinated IκBα (Ub-IκBα). In the presence of AAT, degradation of cytoplasmic IκBα was dramatically inhibited compared with control cultures. AAT did not inhibit the proteasome; however, it altered the pattern of ubiquitination of IκBα. AAT decreased IκBα polyubiquitination linked through ubiquitin lysine residue 48 and increased ubiquitination linked through lysine residue 63. Moreover, lysine reside 63-linked Ub-IκBα degradation was substantially slower than lysine residue 48-linked Ub-IκBα in the presence of AAT, correlating altered ubiquitination with a prolonged IκBα t1/2. Because AAT is naturally occurring and available clinically, examination of its use as an inhibitory agent in HIV-infected subjects may be informative and lead to the development of similar agents that inhibit HIV replication using a novel mechanism.
Current and Potential Distribution Modeling for Cathodic Protection of Tank Bottoms
Authors: Bazzoni B. , Lorenzi S. , Marcassoli P. , Pastore T.
Published: January 2011

Aboveground tanks for the storage of liquid hydrocarbon are often erected with a secondary containment membrane installed below the tank bottom to prevent soil contamination in case of leakage. The design of impressed current cathodic protection in the presence of the plastic membrane is based on distributed anodes installed in the space between the tank bottom and the membrane; among available anodes, the most commonly used are the titanium grid or ribbon activated with noble metal oxides. The configuration of the grid or ribbon anode system confined in the closed space between the bottom and membrane creates specific issues concerning the electrochemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode, the ohmic drops in the anode system, and the potential and current distribution at the cathode. Results of a number of numeric simulations performed to predict the actual distribution of current and potential are given. Design criteria are discussed.
High solubility of SO2: evidence in an intensive fog event measured in the NCP region, China
Authors: Zhang Q. , Tie X.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. A field experiment was conducted in a heavy SO2 pollution area located in north China plain (NCP). During the experiment, SO2 and other air pollutants, liquid water content (LWC) of fog droplets, and basic meteorological parameters were measured. During the experiment, an intensive fog event occurred between 5 and 8 November 2009. During the fog period, the concentrations of SO2 showed a strong variability, and the variability was closely correlated to the appearances of fogs and LWC. For example, the averaged concentration of SO2 during the non-fog period was about 25 ppbv. By contrast, during the fog period, the concentration of SO2 reduced to about 4–7 ppbv. The large reduction of SO2 suggests that a majority of SO2 (about 70–80%) had been converted from gas-phase to aqueous-phase, showing a high solubility of SO2. However, according to the value of Henry Law constant, the solubility of SO2 is modest, which cannot explain the measured large reduction of SO2. This study highlights that the aqueous reactions of SO2 in the droplets of fogs play important roles to enhance the solubility of SO2. To account for the effect of aqueous reactions on the solubility of SO2, an "effective" Henry Law constant of SO2 is proposed in this study. The study shows that without considering aqueous reactions of SO2 in fog droplets, the estimate of the partitioning of SO2 in droplets is significantly lower than the measured values. By contrast, when the "effective" Henry Law constant is applied in the calculation, the calculated SO2 concentrations are significantly improved, showing that the aqueous reactions of SO2 play important roles in controlling the solubility of SO2, and should be considered in model calculations.
Interhemispheric gradient of atmospheric radiocarbon reveals natural variability of Southern Ocean winds
Authors: Rodgers K. B. , Fletcher S. E. M. , Bianchi D. , Beaulieu C. , Galbraith E. D. , Gnanadesikan A. , Hogg A. G. , Iudicone D. , Lintner B. , Naegler T. , Reimer P. J. , Sarmiento J. L. , Slater R. D.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Tree ring Δ14C data (Reimer et al., 2004; McCormac et al., 2004) indicate that atmospheric Δ14C varied on multi-decadal to centennial timescales, in both hemispheres, over the pre-industrial period AD 950–1830. Although the Northern and Southern Hemispheric Δ14C records display similar variability, it is difficult from these data alone to distinguish between variations driven by 14CO2 production in the upper atmosphere (Stuiver, 1980) and exchanges between carbon reservoirs (Siegenthaler, 1980). Here we consider rather the Interhemispheric Gradient in atmospheric Δ14C as revealing of the background pre-bomb air-sea Disequilbrium Flux between 14CO2 and CO2. As the global maximum of the Disequilibrium Flux is squarely centered in the open ocean regions of the Southern Ocean, relatively modest perturbations to the winds over this region drive significant perturbations to the Interhemispheric Gradient. The analysis presented here implies that changes to Southern Ocean windspeeds are likely a main driver of the observed variability in the Interhemispheric Gradient over 950–1830, and further, that this variability may be larger than the Southern Ocean wind trends that have been reported for recent decades (notably 1980–2004). This interpretation also implies a significant weakening of the winds over the Southern Ocean within a few decades of AD 1375, associated with the transition between the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age. The driving forces that could have produced such a shift in the winds remain unkown.
Regional flow duration curves for ungauged sites in Sicily
Authors: Viola F. , Noto L. V. , Cannarozzo M. , La Loggia G.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Flow duration curves are simple and powerful tools to deal with many hydrological and environmental problems related to water quality assessment, water-use assessment and water allocation. Unfortunately the scarcity of streamflow data enables the use of these instruments only for gauged basins. A regional model is developed here for estimating flow duration curves at ungauged basins in Sicily, Italy. Due to the complex ephemeral behavior of the examined region, this study distinguishes dry periods, when flows are zero, from wet periods using a three parameters power law to describe the frequency distribution of flows. A large dataset of streamflows has been analyzed and the parameters of flow duration curves have been derived for about fifty basins. Regional regression equations have been developed to derive flow duration curves starting from morphological basin characteristics.
THE PROCESS OF BREASTFEEDING MY BABY: WHAT I FELT, LEARNT AND DISCOVERED
Authors: Pereira Wilma Suely Batista
Published: January 2011

RESUMONeste ensaio interpreto o fenômeno aleitamento materno a partir de minha própria vivência, como enfermeira e mulher, quando do nascimento do meu primeiro filho. Revivo toda a experiência amparada por autores que reforçam o a importância do conhecimento da realidade sentida pela mulher e sua família para a oferta de um cuidado mais adequado à mulher que amamenta. Defendo o conceito de cuidado compadecido diferenciando-o da assistência pelo forte conteúdo humano, de troca, envolvimento e solidariedade que traz para oferecer à pessoa em cuidado, conclamando o profissional a sair de uma postura asséptica para a perturbadora proximidade física e emocional.Descritores: Amamentação; Cuidado compadecido; Ética.ABSTRACTIn this essay I interpret the maternal nursing phenomenon form my own experience, as a nurse and a woman, with de birth of my first son. I revive all experience supported by authors who reinforce the importance of knowing the reality felt by the woman and her family, aiming to offer a more adequate way of caring the woman who breastfeeds. I defend the concept of compassionate care, differing from the assistance by the strong human content, exchange, involvement and solidarity brought to the person under care, clamoring the professional to come out from an aseptic posture and get into a perturbed physical and emotional proximity.Descriptors: Breastfeeding; Compassionate care; Ethics.RESUMENEn este ensayo interpreto el fenómeno del amantamiento a partir de mi propia vivencia, como enfermera y mujer, con el nacimiento de mi primer hijo. Revivo toda la experiencia apoyada por los autores que refuerzan la importancia del conocimiento de la realidad sentida por la mujer y su familia, para ofrecer un cuidado más adecuado a la mujer que amamanta. Defiendo el concepto del cuidado compasivo, diferenciándolo de la asistencia por el fuerte contenido humano, de intercambio, implicación y solidaridad que trae para ofrecer  a la persona cuidada, demandando al profesional salir de una postura aséptica para una  perturbadora proximidad física y emocional. Descriptores: Amamantamiento; Cuidado compasivo; El ética.
The genetics behind osteoarthritis: Asian focus
Authors: Tammachote Rachaneekorn
Published: January 2011

Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of arthritis in the elderly. Problems arising from the condition are not only health, physical, and psychological, but also economical and social. OA is a complex disease causes by environmental factors (obesity, female gender, advancing age) and genetics. A strong genetic contribution to primary OA has been observed in several studies. Asian population is undoubtedly genetically different from European, whom most studies have been performed. This review systematically compares results of molecules involved with OA from studies performed on Asian and Caucasian populations. The clear differences between Asian and Caucasian populations may be from the sex- and ethnic-specific nature of the disease, as well as from the inclusion criteria of the studies. Global collaboration is highly significant in understanding genetic underlying OA. Knowledge gained from genetic study is important to the development of prevention and therapeutic intervention, and to identify individuals at risk of developing severe or progressive OA.
The City as a Project: Types, Typical Objects and Typologies
Authors: Lathouri Marina
Published: January 2011

Marina Lathouri provides a critical overview of the historiography of typology, tracing the word ‘type’ back to its 18th‐century origins and through to its re‐emergence as a standardised objet‐type in the Modernist era. She closes by questioning the pertinence of type and typology today.
Brasilia's Superquadra: Prototypical Design and the Project of the City
Authors: Tattara Martino
Published: January 2011

The prototype for Brasilia was captured by Lucio Costa's 1957 competition entry that constituted no more than a written description, a few sketches and a drawing of the superquadra. Martino Tattara describes Costa's vision for the city's residential blocks that so effectively defined the urban realm of Brazil's new capital.
A Simple Heart: Architecture on the Ruins of the Post‐Fordist City
Authors:   DOGMA (Pier Vittorio Aureli and Martino Tattara)
Published: January 2011

In A Simple Heart, DOGMA (Pier Vittorio Aureli and Martino Tattara) develops an archetype for the contemporary European city. An ‘Edufactory’ of 22 residential units, it has its direct antecedent in Cedric Price's Potteries Thinkbelt (1964–6) project that proposed transforming a redundant railway network in North Staffordshire into a university campus.
Xi'an Horticultural Masterplan, Xi'an, China
Authors: Architects Serie
Published: January 2011

In this masterplan for a horticultural expo, a single architectural structure was used by Serie Architects to address the issue of centrality on a site at the city's edge. The city wall is revived as a typological device to both mark the centre of the park and connect it the main entrance of the park.
Zinc Sulfide Nanostructure Arrays: ZnS Nanostructure Arrays: A Developing Material Star (Adv. Mater. 5/2011)
Authors: Fang Xiaosheng , Wu Limin , Hu Linfeng
Published: January 2011

Semiconductor nanostructure arrays are of great scientific and technical interest because of the strong non‐linear and electro‐optic effects that occur due to carrier confinement in three dimensions. The use of such nanostructure arrays with tailored geometry, array density, and length‐diameter‐ratio as building blocks are expected to play a crucial role in future nanoscale devices. With the unique properties of a direct wide‐bandgap semiconductor, such as the presence of polar surfaces, excellent transport properties, good thermal stability, and high electronic mobility, ZnS nanostructure arrays has been a developing material star. The research on ZnS nanostructure arrays has seen remarkable progress over the last five years due to the unique properties and important potential applications of nanostructure arrays, which are summarized here. Firstly, a survey of various methods to the synthesis of ZnS nanostructure arrays will be introduced. Next recent efforts on exploiting the unique properties and applications of ZnS nanostructure arrays are discussed. Potential future directions of this research field are also highlighted.
Health impact of pneumoconiosis in Mongolia: Estimation of losses in life expectancy and quality adjusted life expectancy
Authors: Oyunbileg Shagdarsuren , Wang Jung‐Der , Sumberzul Nyamjav , Chang Yu‐Yin , Erdenchimeg Erdenebayar
Published: January 2011

Objective

To estimate the life expectancy (LE), quality‐adjusted life expectancy (QALE), and their losses, in patients with pneumoconiosis in Mongolia.

Methods and Materials

All patients (n = 432) diagnosed with occupational pneumoconiosis during 1986–2006 were recruited from the registry of the National Research Center of Occupational Diseases, which was linked to the National Mortality Registry of Mongolia to obtain the survival function. We simulated age and gender matched referents group based on the life table in 2000. The survival ratio between patients and referents was used to extrapolate and calculate the LE. The average expected years of life loss (EYLL) of pneumoconiosis were calculated as the mean survival difference between patients and referents. We adopted utility values for workers with pneumoconiosis and multiplied them with the survival function to estimate the QALE, which was then used to calculate the loss of QALE.

Results

The life expectancy and EYLL of a patient with pneumoconiosis were 18.1 and 9.5 years respectively. QALE and loss of QALE were 15.1 and 12.5 QALYs (quality‐adjusted life years), respectively, indicating a health gap of 45%.

Conclusion

The health inequality suffered by miners in Mongolia must be addressed through prevention, including exposure monitoring and control, early diagnosis and case management and rehabilitation of pneumoconiosis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:285–292, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic determinants in hepatitis C virus–associated mixed cryoglobulinemia: Role of polymorphic variants of BAFF promoter and Fcγ receptors
Authors: Gragnani Laura , Piluso Alessia , Giannini Carlo , Caini Patrizio , Fognani Elisa , Monti Monica , Petrarca Antonio , Ranieri Jessica , Razzolini Giulia , Froio Valentina , Laffi Giacomo , Zignego Anna Linda
Published: January 2011

Objective

Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is a hepatitis C virus (HCV)–related immune complex disorder. Only some HCV‐infected patients develop MC, which suggests that the genetic background of the host plays a key role. This study was undertaken to evaluate the contribution of host genetic factors in the pathogenesis of HCV‐associated MC (HCV‐MC) by analyzing allelic variants of low‐affinity Fcγ receptor (FcγR) genes and BAFF promoter.

Methods

FcγR polymorphisms (FCGR2A 131 R/H, FCGR2B 232 I/T, FCGR3A 176 V/F, and FCGR3B NA1/NA2) and BAFF promoter polymorphism −871 C/T were analyzed in 102 patients with HCV‐MC and 108 patients with HCV without MC, using polymerase chain reaction–based techniques.

Results

A higher prevalence of −871 T/T homozygosity (31% versus 16%; P = 0.001) and a greater frequency of T alleles of the BAFF promoter (80% versus 57%; P = 0.004) were found in the HCV‐MC group than in the HCV group. A significant increase in serum BAFF concentration was significantly associated with the higher frequency of the T allele in HCV‐MC (mean ± SD 4.12 ± 1.29 versus 2.09 ± 0.81 ng/ml; P < 0.0005). The distribution of the FcγR genotypes was not significantly different. In the 21 HCV‐MC patients treated with rituximab, the response was strictly related to F allele homozygosity (significantly reduced in 5 of 5 patients with the FCGR3A F/F genotype versus 4 of 16 with V/V or V/F; P < 0.0005).

Conclusion

These results indicate the importance of host genetic background in the development of HCV‐MC, suggesting that mechanisms enhancing Ig production and B cell survival may play a relevant role. Genetic FcγR variants seem to be crucial to the effectiveness of rituximab therapy.
CoPE: Enabling collaborative privacy management in online social networks
Authors: Squicciarini Anna C. , Xu Heng , Zhang Xiaolong (Luke)
Published: January 2011

Online Social Networks (OSNs) facilitate the creation and maintenance of interpersonal online relationships. Unfortunately, the availability of personal data on social networks may unwittingly expose users to numerous privacy risks. As a result, establishing effective methods to control personal data and maintain privacy within these OSNs have become increasingly important. This research extends the current access control mechanisms employed by OSNs to protect private information shared among users of OSNs. The proposed approach presents a system of collaborative content management that relies on an extended notion of a “content stakeholder.” A tool, Collaborative Privacy Management (CoPE), is implemented as an application within a popular social‐networking site, facebook.com, to ensure the protection of shared images generated by users. We present a user study of our CoPE tool through a survey‐based study (n=80). The results demonstrate that regardless of whether Facebook users are worried about their privacy, they like the idea of collaborative privacy management and believe that a tool such as CoPE would be useful to manage their personal information shared within a social network.
Developing metrics to characterize Flickr groups
Authors: Cox Andrew , Clough Paul , Siersdorfer Stefan
Published: January 2011

Flickr, the large‐scale online photo sharing website, is often viewed as one of the ‘classic’ examples of Web2.0 applications through which researchers are able to observe the social behavior of online communities. One of the main features of Flickr is groups. These provide a means to organize, share and discuss photos of potential interest to group members. This paper explores the scale of group creation on Flickr and proposes a new set of metrics for characterizing groups on Flickr looking at aspects of membership, communication activity, and communication structure. Data collected from a sample of 1,000 groups was used to confirm the metrics and provide new insights into group formation in Flickr, such as the nature of larger and smaller groups. The contributions of the article are as follows: a set of metrics for characterizing online groups that extend existing schemes; an approach for sampling Flickr to estimate the number of groups; new insights into Flickr groups based on results from analyzing 1,000 randomly selected groups; and reflections on our experiences with using publicly accessible, automatically collected data to characterize the types of groups on Flickr.
Probing phenylalanine environments in oligomeric structures with pentafluorophenylalanine and cyclohexylalanine
Authors: Nomura Takao , Kamada Rui , Ito Issaku , Sakamoto Koichi , Chuman Yoshiro , Ishimori Koichiro , Shimohigashi Yasuyuki , Sakaguchi Kazuyasu
Published: January 2011

Stabilization of protein structures and protein–protein interactions are critical in the engineering of industrially useful enzymes and in the design of pharmaceutically valuable ligands. Hydrophobic interactions involving phenylalanine residues play crucial roles in protein stability and protein–protein/peptide interactions. To establish an effective method to explore the hydrophobic environments of phenylalanine residues, we present a strategy that uses pentafluorophenylalanine (F5Phe) and cyclohexylalanine (Cha). In this study, substitution of F5Phe or Cha for three Phe residues at positions 328, 338, and 341 in the tetramerization domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53 was performed. These residues are located at the interfaces of p53–p53 interactions and are important in the stabilization of the tetrameric structure. The stability of the p53 tetrameric structure did not change significantly when F5Phe‐containing peptides at positions Phe328 or Phe338 were used. In contrast, the substitution of Cha for Phe341 in the hydrophobic core enhanced the stability of the tetrameric structure with a Tm value of ∼100°C. Phe328 and Phe338 interact with each other through π‐interactions, whereas Phe341 is buried in the surrounding alkyl side‐chains of the hydrophobic core of the p53 tetramerization domain. Furthermore, high pressure‐assisted denaturation analysis indicated improvement in the occupancy of the hydrophobic core. Considerable stabilization of the p53 tetramer was achieved by filling the identified cavity in the hydrophobic core of the p53 tetramer. The results indicate the status of the Phe residues, indicating that the “pair substitution” of Cha and F5Phe is highly suitable for probing the environments of Phe residues. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 410–419, 2011
Recurrence-free survival more than 10 years after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors:   Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan, Eguchi S , Kanematsu T , Arii S , Omata M , Kudo M , Sakamoto M , Takayasu K , Makuuchi M , Matsuyama Y , Monden M
Published: January 2011

Background

High recurrence rates after liver resection with curative intent for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain a problem. The characterization of long-term survivors without recurrence after liver resection may help improve the therapeutic strategy for HCC.

Methods

A nationwide Japanese database was used to analyse 20 811 patients with HCC who underwent liver resection with curative intent.

Results

The 10-year recurrence-free survival rate after liver resection for HCC with curative intent was 22·4 per cent. Some 281 patients were recurrence-free after more than 10 years. The HCCs measured less than 5 cm in 83·2 per cent, a single lesion was present in 91·7 per cent, and a simple nodular macroscopic appearance was found in 73·3 per cent of these patients; histologically, most HCCs showed no vascular invasion or intrahepatic metastases. Multivariable analysis revealed tumour differentiation as the strongest predictor of death from recurrent HCC within 5 years.

Conclusion

Long-term recurrence-free survival is possible after liver resection for HCC, particularly in patients with a single lesion measuring less than 5 cm with a simple nodular appearance and low tumour marker levels.