bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Medical Rehabilitation Needs of 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Victims: Adıyaman Example
Authors: Akbaş Esin , Bayramlar Kezban
Published: November 2024

Background

Natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, result in numerous injuries, including spinal cord injuries, traumatic brain injuries, limb amputations, fractures, and peripheral nerve injuries. This study aimed to investigate the types of orthopedic injuries sustained by earthquake survivors who require long‐term rehabilitation, as well as to assess the rehabilitation programs, orthoses, prostheses, and assistive devices employed.

Methods

This descriptive analysis was conducted at a physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic. Data on earthquake survivors were recorded retrospectively. The study included survivors who presented to the clinic between April 15, 2023, and May 1, 2024, with injuries sustained during the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes that occurred on February 6, 2023. The types of orthopedic injuries, rehabilitation programs, and orthoses‐prostheses used were documented.

Results

Data from 223 earthquake survivors were analyzed. Among these, 97 (43.5%) had compartment syndrome, 65 (29.1%) had amputations, 57 (25.6%) had fractures, 20 (9%) had peripheral nerve injuries, 12 (5.4%) had soft tissue injuries, and two (0.9%) had dislocations. Physiotherapy was provided to 211 (94.6%) patients, occupational therapy to 56 (25.1%), amputation rehabilitation to 65 (29.1%), and electrotherapy to 12 (5.3%). Prostheses were fitted for 37 (16.5%) amputees, orthoses were used by 57 (25.6%) patients, and 103 (46.1%) required assistive devices.

Conclusion

Among earthquake‐related injuries requiring medical rehabilitation, compartment syndrome was the most common. The rehabilitation process of patients who developed compartment syndrome and amputation continues 1 year after the earthquake. Adults were the most frequently affected age group. The data obtained in this study will help plan local health services to coordinate medical rehabilitation in earthquakes.
Synthesis of antibiofilm (1R,4S)‐(−)‐fenchone derivatives to control Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
Authors: Wang Delong , Li Yunpeng , Li Linjing , Chen Yizhe , Min Shuoling , Wang Yong , Feng Juntao , Zhou Jianbo , Zhang Zhijia , Fang Yali
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

Biofilm plays a crucial role in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) infection. We identified (1R,4S)‐(−)‐fenchone (FCH) as the most potent antibiofilm agent against Pst among 39 essential oil compounds. Subsequently, we synthesized a series of FCH oxime ester and acylhydrazine derivatives to explore more potent derivatives.

RESULTS

II3 was screened out as the most potent derivative, exhibiting a minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration of 60 μg mL−1 and a lowest concentration with maximal biofilm inhibition (LCMBI) of 200 μg mL−1, lower than those of FCH (80 and 500 μg mL−1, respectively). II3 and FCH showed minimum inhibitory concentration values >1000 μg mL−1 and similar maximal biofilm inhibition extents of 48.7% and 49.5% at their respective LCMBIs, respectively. Meanwhile, neither of them influenced cell viability or the activity of metabolic enzymes at their respective LCMBIs. II3 at its LCMBI significantly reduced biofilm thickness, extracellular polysaccharide content, and pectinase and cellulase production indices. In vivo assay results indicated that II3 could preventatively reduce the bacterial contents in tomato leaves at its LCMBI, and when combined with kasugamycin (KSG) (10 μg mL−1), II3 achieved the same level of bacterial reduction as the sole application of KSG (70 μg mL−1), thereby reducing the required dosage of KSG. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that II3 can down‐regulate biofilm‐related genes and inhibit PsyR/PsyI quorum sensing system, which differs from the bactericidal mechanisms.

CONCLUSION

These results underscore the potential of II3 as an antibiofilm agent for the control of Pst or FCH as a promising natural candidate for future in‐depth optimization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Pharmacometric and statistical considerations for dose optimization
Authors: Chotsiri Palang , Yodsawat Prasert , Hoglund Richard M. , Simpson Julie A. , Tarning Joel
Published: November 2024

The probability of target attainment (PTA) is a common metric in drug dose optimization, but it requires a specific known target concentration threshold. Such target thresholds are not always available for some treatments, and patient and disease groups, particularly when treating children. This study performed pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic (PKPD) simulations to explore different statistical approaches for determining the optimal dose for unknown PK and PKPD targets. To determine an optimal dose, PK and PKPD outcomes in typical patients with a standard adult dosing regimen were simulated and set as the reference profile, and compared to simulated outcomes for different dosing regimens in the population of interest. Statistical distances between the empirical cumulative distribution functions of the outcomes from all possible dosing regimens were calculated and compared to the reference profile. An optimal dose for known PK and PKPD target outcomes was selected to maintain the outcome above the assigned target, while optimal dosing in a population of interest with an unknown target was selected to generate equivalent PK and PKPD outcomes as the typical population. All of the dose optimization methods with commonly used PK and PKPD models and covariates were implemented as an open source freely available Shiny web‐application. The developed pharmacometric method for dose optimization in populations with known and unknown target levels were robust and reproducible, and the implementation of a freely accessible Shiny web‐application ensures widespread use and could be a useful tool for dose optimization in populations of interest.
Robotic Assisted Ultrasound‐Guided Endovascular Stent Implantation in a Vascular Model
Authors: Scheibert Alexandra , Preuss Mark , Osburg Jonas , Ernst Floris , Kleemann Markus , Horn Marco
Published: November 2024

Background

Endovascular procedures are the preferred method for treating peripheral arterial disease. However, limited imaging options during these procedures, such as X‐rays and contrast media, expose patients and healthcare professionals to potentially harmful radiation. This study introduces a robotic ultrasound system (RUSS) for navigating endovascular procedures in order to reduce radiation and provide additional information.

Methods

The RUSS comprises a seven‐degree‐of‐freedom robotic arm that navigates an ultrasound transducer across a specific region of interest. The system is controlled by a self‐programed software designed to navigate the robotic arm in a methodical and reproducible manner using a foot switch.

Results

An endovascular surgeon investigated the guidance and visibility of various guidewires and successfully implanted three stents in a vascular leg phantom using the RUSS without further radiation exposure.

Conclusions

The innovative set‐up has several potential applications, including radiation‐free endovascular procedures as well as health screening and diagnostic support in vascular medicine.
Human–River Relationships
Authors: Allan C. , Flint C. G. , Thoms M. C. , Watts R. J.
Published: November 2024

Rivers and people are tightly coupled. How people relate to rivers dictates their understanding of rivers and approaches to river management. The numerous ways people interact with rivers create complex patterns of social–ecological relationships and interdependencies. Despite this tight coupling, rivers and humans are often studied and managed as separate entities, to the detriment of river environments. Conceptual pluralism is required to move beyond existing practice to avoid irretrievable loss of ways of framing and working with our river environments. The articles in this special issue approach human–river relationships from three perspectives. First, there is a subset that enters the discussions via the human aspects of relationships with rivers, particularly the human frames, metaphors, definitions, or concepts used to reflect on human activities related to rivers. The second subset approaches relationships via the river dimensions, with particular focus on the impacts of human modifications to river ecosystems. Finally, the third subset more fully emphasizes the relationships between humans and rivers. The wide‐ranging dialogue provided in these articles highlights the need for a wider research agenda for rivers that embraces social–ecological systems and other integrative, inclusive ways of understanding. As a collective, these articles advocate the value of creating new river knowledge embedded within a social–ecological context, action, and advocacy.
Featured Cover
Authors: Allan C. , Flint C. G. , Thoms M. C. , Watts R. J.
Published: November 2024

The cover image is based on the article Human – River Relationships by Catherine Allan et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.4379.

image
Randomly Twisted Hypercubes: Between Structure and Randomness
Authors: Benjamini Itai , Dikstein Yotam , Gross Renan , Zhukovskii Maksim
Published: November 2024

Twisted hypercubes are generalizations of the Boolean hypercube, obtained by iteratively connecting two instances of a graph by a uniformly random perfect matching. Dudek et al. showed that when the two instances are independent, these graphs have optimal diameter. We study twisted hypercubes in the setting where the instances can have general dependence, and also in the particular case where they are identical. We show that the resultant graph shares properties with random regular graphs, including small diameter, large vertex expansion, a semicircle law for its eigenvalues and no non‐trivial automorphisms. However, in contrast to random regular graphs, twisted hypercubes allow for short routing schemes.
Revisiting the sustainable industrialization paradigm in Africa: Exploring the influence of digitalization
Authors: Ketchoua Germain Stephane , Avenyo Elvis K. , Tregenna Fiona
Published: November 2024

This research contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding the sustainable industrialization of African nations, a pivotal aspect emphasized by the United Nations within the Sustainable Development Goals. Drawing inspiration from the burgeoning digitalization trends across Africa, this study examines the role of digitalization in mediating the environmental repercussions of industrialization within the 45 African countries spanning the years 2000–2022. The assessment of environmental sustainability is gauged through ecological footprint and biocapacity. Employing the Environmental Kuznets Curve, and the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology framework, empirical analyses leverage the Generalized Method of Moments and the mediation analysis using structural equation modeling to unveil insightful findings. The research findings highlight the detrimental impact of industrialization on ecological health, evidenced by its correlation with an increase in ecological footprint and a decrease in biocapacity. Conversely, digitalization emerges as a positive influence on environmental well‐being. These findings remain consistent across diverse categorizations of digitalization, and ecological balance. Further examination of their interplay reveals a discernible favorable impact on environmental sustainability, with mediation analysis suggesting that digitalization mitigates approximately 4% and 6% of the overall impact of industrialization on ecological footprint and biocapacity, respectively. Additionally, our analysis lends credence to the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. As a result, it is imperative for governments to incentivize industries to adopt eco‐friendly practices and technologies in order to mitigate their ecological footprint. At the same time, policies that promote digitalization should be encouraged to further enhance environmental quality.
Polymeric Adsorbent for the Effective Removal of Toxic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Modeling
Authors: Oter Cigdem , Gokkus Kutalmis , Gur Mahmut , Butun Vural
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the adsorption behavior of anionic (Congo red, Eosin yellow) and cationic (Malachite green) dyes on synthesized TD polymer particles, highlighting the material's potential as an effective adsorbent for industrial wastewater treatment. Key operational parameters, including initial solution's pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature, were systematically evaluated to determine their influence on adsorption efficiency. The experimental data demonstrated that the Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit for all three dyes, indicating monolayer adsorption with maximum adsorption capacities of 153.8 mg/g for Malachite green, 49.36 mg/g for Congo red, and 227.9 mg/g for Eosin yellow. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption of Malachite green and Congo red followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetics, while Eosin yellow adsorption was better described by the intra‐particle diffusion model. Thermodynamic assessments, including Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°), confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption processes for Malachite green and Eosin yellow, contrasting with the exothermic behavior observed for Congo red. These findings underscore the versatility and effectiveness of TD polymer particles in removing both anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions. Further research could explore material optimization and real‐world applications to broaden their utility in sustainable water treatment strategies.
New Binary Adducts of Panobinostat with Different Carboxylic Acid Based NSAIDs: Structural Analysis and Physicochemical Properties Investigation
Authors: Kenguva Gowtham , Rout Smruti Rekha , Kar Ananya , Giri Lopamudra , Shaikh Tabrez R. , Jadab Madhusmita , Pal Satyanarayan , Dandela Rambabu
Published: November 2024

Adoption of multitarget, cost‐effective fixed‐dose medication combinations can help lower the pill load without increasing the risk of adverse events. In this study, three new 1:1 drug‐drug binary solid forms of panobinostat (PNB) and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were effectively synthesized by liquid‐assisted grinding and slow evaporation crystallization techniques. The obtained solid forms were extensively characterized by various analytical techniques. The structural investigation revealed that all molecular adducts formed salt with a comparable (10) graph set pattern created by heteromeric interactions formed between PNB and corresponding salt formers. To determine the dissolving behavior of the newly developed adducts, solubility tests were performed at various pH levels (pH 1.2 and pH 7), and the results indicated that the solubility of all forms is increased at pH 7.0, particularly PNB.NIF has a solubility of 0.195 mg/mL, which is seven times higher than the parent drug. Furthermore, PXRD was used to assess the stability of the synthesized adduct at varied temperature and humidity levels and it was found that all the adducts are stable. Based on the findings, we hope that the newly found PNB drug‐drug binary adducts have possible potential to broaden the use of drug combinations without changing the chemical structures.
MoS2–CdS Composite Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation: Enhanced Apparent Quantum Yield and Reduced Energy Consumption
Authors: Ghosh Susanta , Pal Tanusri , Ghosh Surajit
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the visible light‐assisted photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (Rh B) dye using MoS2–CdS nanocomposite. Two crucial operational parameters, illumination time and the weight ratio of MoS2 to CdS, are systematically examined. Approximately, 91.9% of Rh B solution with a concentration of 10 mg/L is degraded by the MoS2–CdS photocatalyst under 60 min of illumination, with a photocatalyst dosage of 0.5 g/L. The results are consistent with a pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model, wherein the degradation rate constant of CdS increases fourfold after amalgamation with MoS2. The formation of the composite with MoS2 results in 1.72 times increase in the apparent quantum yield and 3.15 times decrease in the electrical energy consumption per order of CdS nanorods under similar experimental conditions. The investigation also comprehensively explores the reactive species responsible for Rh B degradation under visible light in the presence of MoS2–CdS photocatalyst. This analysis confirms that both hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals play a dominant role in Rh B degradation. These findings underscore the potential practical applications of MoS2–CdS nanorods in eco‐friendly water treatment technologies, offering efficient and sustainable solutions to contemporary environmental challenges.
Intermolecular Ipso Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution of Electron‐Deficient Aryl Sulfonyl Chlorides
Authors: Mondal Sandip , Roy Sayanta , Sikdar Asmita , Bodar Angel , Paul Ankita , Mandal Bhubaneswar
Published: November 2024

A mild and efficient approach is described for generating substitution products of electron‐deficient benzenesulfonyl chlorides via intermolecular ipso aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction. Various amines and thiols effectively undergo a transition‐metal‐free coupling process, leading to diaryl or arylalkyl amines and thioethers with the formation of C─N and C─S bonds. The regioselective attack of N‐nucleophiles produces sulfonamides in the absence of a base. This reaction generates the Smiles rearrangement products. However, a series of mechanistic investigations point toward the intermolecular pathway in contrast to the intramolecular ipso substitution, known as Smiles rearrangement.
The Influence of Dye Stimulation on Etched TiO2/ENR/PVC for Elevating Photocatalytic Activity and Photoelectrochemical Properties
Authors: Hamzah Siti Raihan , Rosli Muhammad Afiq , Muhamad Nur Aien , Natar Nadiah Sabihah , Ghani Nureel Imanina Abdul , Ramli Azliana. , Azami Mohammad Saifulddin , Ishak Mohd Azlan Mohd , Nordin Razif , Ismail Khudzir , Nawawi Wan Izhan
Published: November 2024

The application of polymer blends such as epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in immobilizing titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts has enticed many researchers. However, the presence of polymer limits the photocatalytic activity by hindering the surface‐active site of the immobilized TiO2. In this study, photoetching treatment with the presence of dye was successfully applied on the immobilized TiO2/ENR/PVC (TEP) to enhance the photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. Priorly, a dip coating technique was used to immobilize the TEP. The dye photoetching treatment was performed for several cycles to determine the reusability of the immobilized TEP. Furthermore, it demonstrated a significant enhancement of photocatalytic activity at which the best performance with the pseudo‐first‐order rate constant, k value of 0.1483 min−1 at the 13th cycle. The nonetched, photoetched TEP without dye and dye photoetched TEP have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and PEC. It is believed that the dye photoetched TEP will produce a good photocatalytic activity and PEC performance due to the presence of dye stimulant during the photoetching treatment.
Supramolecular Polymerization of Pseudo[2]rotaxanes Formation of per‐Imidazole Pillar[5]arene‐based Host–Guest Complexations and Halogen Bonding Interactions
Authors: Li Zhengxiang , Cheng Channi , Wang Kaixuan , Zhao Dezhi , Meng Qingguo , Han Chengyou
Published: November 2024

In this study, we reported the construction of 3D supramolecular polymeric networks using per‐imidazole pillar[5]arene (DIMP5) as a host and 1,4‐diiodotetrafluorobenzene (L) as a halogen bond donor in chloroform. The supramolecular polymerization process was characterized by 1H NMR, 19F NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray single crystal analysis. The C─I⋯N distance (2.78 Å) and C─I⋯N angle (177°) clearly indicated the formation of halogen bonds in the crystal structure. Meanwhile, by introducing adiponitrile (G) as the guest, a supramolecular polymerization of pseudo[2]rotaxanes was also prepared, which was driven by DIMP5‐based host–guest complexations and halogen bonding interactions.
A Single‐Crystal Antimony Trioxide Dielectric for 2D Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Wang Dainan , Dong Weikang , Wang Ping , Hu Qingmei , Li Dian , Lv Lu , Yang Yang , Jia Lin , Na Rui , Zheng Shoujun , Miao Jinshui , Sun Hui , Xiong Yan , Zhou Jiadong
Published: November 2024

The remarkable potential of two‐dimensional (2D) materials in sustaining Moore's law has sparked a research frenzy. Extensive efforts have been made in the research of utilizing 2D semiconductors as channel materials in field‐effect transistors. However, the next generation of integrated devices requires the integration of gate dielectrics with wider bandgaps and higher dielectric constants. Here, insulating α‐Sb2O3 single‐crystal nanosheets are synthesized by one‐step chemical vapor deposition method. Importantly, the α‐Sb2O3 single‐crystal dielectric exhibits a high dielectric constant of 11.8 and a wide bandgap of 3.78 eV. Besides, the atomically smooth interface between α‐Sb2O3 and MoS2 enables the fabrication of dual‐gated field‐effect transistors with the top gate dielectric of α‐Sb2O3 nanosheets. The field‐effect transistors exhibit a switching ratio of exceeding 108, which achieves the manipulation of field‐effect transistors by using 2D dielectric materials. These results hold significant implications for optimizing the performances of 2D devices and innovating microelectronics.
Sodium‐Rich, Co‐Ni‐Free P2‐Layered Manganese Oxide Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zulkifli  , Sambandam Balaji , Fahri Ahmad Nurul , Lestari Kiki Rezki , Lee Seunggyeong , Kim Jaekook
Published: November 2024

The rapid capacity loss attributed to irreversible phase reactions and structural instability has consistently affected the development of P2‐layered cathode materials. Moreover, the introduction of costly elements such as single or multiple dopants has failed to resolve the sustainability challenges in designing an optimal Mn‐based layered oxide cathode. This study proposes a Co‐Ni‐free, poly‐elemental doping strategy (Li, Mg, and Cu) combined with high sodium content for an Mn‐based P2‐layered cathode designed for Na+ ion storage. In situ X‐ray diffraction analysis confirms the absence of P2 – O2 phase transitions during cycling for both NLMMC87 (Na0.87Li0.1Mg0.1Mn0.7Cu0.1O2) and NLMMC77 (Na0.77Li0.1Mg0.1Mn0.7Cu0.1O2). This can be attributed to the co‐substitution of the electronegative Cu element and the stabilizing dopants Li and Mg, which suppress oxygen evolution. Simultaneously, the high sodium content within the host structure promotes high reversible capacity, enhances structural stability, and minimizes internal stress due to volume changes. Moreover, NLMMC87 demonstrates a reversible capacity of 167.9 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C (97% Coulombic efficiency) and maintains excellent stability across various current rates. Further investigations into the practical application of NLMMC87 in a sodium full cell will be a critical step toward realizing an ideal cathode for sodium‐ion batteries.
Fundamentals of Flexoelectricity, Materials and Emerging Opportunities Toward Strain‐Driven Nanocatalysts
Authors: Kołodziej Mieszko , Ojha Niwesh , Budziałowski Michał , Załęski Karol , Fina Ignasi , Mishra Yogendra Kumar , Pant Kamal Kishore , Coy Emerson
Published: November 2024

Flexoelectricity, an intrinsic property observed in materials under nonuniform deformation, entails a coupling between polarization and strain gradients. Recent catalyst advancements have reignited interest in flexoelectricity, particularly at the nanoscale, where pronounced strain gradients promote robust flexoelectric effects. This paper comprehensively examines flexoelectricity, encompassing methodologies for precise measurement, elucidating its distinctions from related phenomena, and exploring its potential applications in augmenting catalytic properties. So far, the greatest potentials are based on lead strontium titanate (PST) and other metallic titanates such as titania (TiO2), strontium titanate (STO), barium strontium titanate (BST) sulfates (MoS2, ZnS) and halide perovskites (with archetype XPbI3). This review explores the promise of flexoelectric properties in addressing material and photocatalytic challenges, such as charge carrier recombination and ineffective surface charge separation. Additionally, it sheds light on the synergy with emerging paradigms like photo‐flexo catalysis and synergistic flexo‐piezo catalysis, specifically focusing on selective chemical transformations like green hydrogen production. Current limitations related to the usage of photoflexoelectricity for photocatalysis are mostly the stability of the used substance (susceptibility to photodegradation) or the voltage values, which represent the inferior potential for specific practical applications. This work underscores the indispensable role of flexoelectricity in catalysis and its capacity to steer future research and technological advancement.
Comprehensive and Robust Anti‐Jamming Dual‐Electrode Pair Sensor
Authors: Chen Yanlin , Feng Tangfeng , Li Changfeng , Qin Faxiang
Published: November 2024

Capacitive flexible sensors often encounter instability caused by temperature fluctuations, electromagnetic interference, stray capacitance effects, and signal noise induced by ubiquitous vibrations. The challenge lies in achieving comprehensive anti‐jamming abilities while preserving a simplistic structure and manufacturing process. To tackle this dilemma, a straightforward and effective design is utilized to achieve comprehensive and robust anti‐jamming properties in capacitive sensors. Electrospinning thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fiber mats soak with ionic liquid (IL) to create a co‐continuous structure (TPU@IL) with high ionic conductivity and dielectric constant, which acts as the sensing units. The sensing mechanism of the TPU@IL with multiple electrode pairs encapsulated by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is systematically elucidated. The optimal dual‐electrode pair design for capacitive and resistive sensors, which have different sensitivities to temperature and stress, simultaneous realizes temperature‐stress dual‐mode sensing. Remarkably, the sensitivity curve of the TPU@IL/PET capacitive sensor exhibits an intriguing rarely reported S‐shape with an adjustable step stress point. No liquid leakage even during extensive stress–strain cycling (>4000 cycles). Despite a slight compromise in sensitivity and response time, the TPU@IL/PET sensor demonstrates exceptional electromechanical stability, reliability, and powerful anti‐jamming abilities against various interferences. A simple yet innovative sensor design enhances the performance and applicability of capacitive sensors in challenging environments.
Electrically Controlled Smart Window for Seasonally Adaptive Thermal Management in Buildings
Authors: Feng Kai , Ma Yanfei , Zhang Lina , Liu Yubo , Liu Yizhe , Xing Zhencai , Pei Xiaowei , Wu Yang , Zhou Feng
Published: November 2024

Smart windows offer a sustainable solution for energy‐efficient buildings by adapting to various weather conditions. However, the challenge lies in achieving precise control over specific sunlight bands to effectively respond to complex weather changes and individual needs. Herein, a novel electrochromic smart window fabricated by integrating a self‐assembled cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) layer with an electrochromic poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) layer is reported, which exhibits high near‐infrared transmittance, low solar reflectivity (26%), and infrared emissivity (20%) in winter, and low near‐infrared transmittance, high solar reflectivity (91%), and infrared emissivity (≈94%) in summer. Interestingly, the material offers dynamic temperature control based on its photothermal properties, maintaining the internal temperature of buildings within a comfortable range of 20–25 °C from morning to night, particularly in winter with significant daily temperature fluctuations. Simulations show that the CNC‐PED device demonstrates excellent energy‐saving and CO2 emission reduction capacities across various global climate zones. This study presents a feasible pathway for constructing season‐adaptive smart windows, making them suitable for energy‐efficient buildings.
Stereo‐Hindrance Induced Conformal Self‐Assembled Monolayer for High Efficiency Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Su Ziru , Cui Meijie , Dong Bitao , Zhang Yueshuai , Ran Yanbiao , Qi Guangyu , Yang Yingguo , Edvinsson Tomas , Hagfeldt Anders , Jiang Long , Fan Qunping , Ma Wei , Liu Yuhang
Published: November 2024

Self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) are employed as hole‐selective contacts in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and have achieved record power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 26%. However, the tendency of extensively employed SAM [2‐(3,6‐Dimethoxy‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid to aggregate leads to its uneven coverage to the transparent conducting oxide substrate, which subsequently compromises the photovoltaic performance. Herein, a novel tert‐butyl functionalized phosphonic acid carbazole SAM is developed, i.e., (4‐(3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (tBu‐4PACz), and introduced to a mixed SAM system as the hole‐extraction layer in inverted PSCs. The stereo‐hindrance of the bulky tert‐butyl group prevents undesired aggregation and leads to better conformality, which facilitates more efficient hole‐extraction and suppresses interfacial recombination losses. The tBu‐4PACz SAM‐based inverted PSC has achieved record level PCE of 26.25% (26.21%, certificated) with outstanding fill factors over 86%. Moreover, the mixed SAM based inverted PSC devices maintained over 94.7% of their initial efficiency after 500 h continuous maximum power‐point tracking under simulation 1‐sun irradiation.
Nanoparticles in Subunit Vaccines: Immunological Foundations, Categories, and Applications
Authors: Liang Jiale , Yao Lan , Liu Zhiqiang , Chen Ye , Lin Yunfeng , Tian Taoran
Published: November 2024

Subunit vaccines, significant in next‐generation vaccine development, offer precise targeting of immune responses by focusing on specific antigens. However, this precision often comes at the cost of eliciting strong and durable immunity, posing a great challenge to vaccine design. To address this limitation, recent advancements in nanoparticles (NPs) are utilized to enhance antigen delivery efficiency and boost vaccine efficacy. This review examines how the physicochemical properties of NPs influence various stages of the immune response during vaccine delivery and analyzes how different NP types contribute to immune activation and enhance vaccine performance. It then explores the unique characteristics and immune activation mechanisms of these NPs, along with their recent advancements, and highlights their application in subunit vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer. Finally, it discusses the challenges in NP‐based vaccine development and proposes future directions for innovation in this promising field.
Tailoring the d‑Band Center of High‐Entropy Perovskite Oxide Nanotubes for Enhanced Nitrate Electroreduction
Authors: Chen Cun , Xu Zhen , Hai Guangtong , Huang Wei‐Hsiang , Pao Chih‐Wen , Li Hanjun , Jiang Kezhu , Zhang Nan , Liu Tianxi
Published: November 2024

High‐entropy perovskite oxides exhibit promising application prospects in the field of electrocatalysis, owing to their flexible elemental composition, plentiful active sites, and superior structural stability. Herein, high‐entropy perovskite oxide nanotubes are prepared with La, Nd, Pr, Er, Eu at A‐site by electrospinning as efficient electrocatalysts for nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR). Electrochemical tests demonstrate that LaNd0.25Pr0.25Er0.25Eu0.25CuO4 nanotubes (LNPEEC NTs) display outstanding NO3RR performance, achieving a NH3 Faraday efficiency (FENH3) of 100% at −0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a yield rateNH3 of 1378 µg h−1 mg−1cat. at −1.0 VRHE, outperforming Nd2CuO4 nanotubes (NC NTs). Furthermore, LNPEEC NTs also exhibit excellent stability even after 10 cycles at −0.7 VRHE and −1.0 VRHE. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy confirms that multi‐component regulation of A‐site optimizes the coordination environment of Cu at B‐site, increasing the unsaturated Cu sites and thus providing more active sites. Additionally, density functional theory calculations reveal that the doping of multi‐component rare‐earth elements at A‐site in LNPEEC NTs modulates the d‐band center of Cu at B‐site and reduces the reaction energy barrier of the rate‐determining step, thus enhancing the adsorption of NO3− and promoting the NO3RR performance.
From Backlogs to Bots: Generative AI's Impact on Agile Role Evolution
Authors: Diebold Philipp
Published: November 2024

This position paper investigates the transformative impact of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) on Agile roles. Focusing on the product owner, developer, and scrum master, we analyze how GenAI redefines traditional tasks, encouraging a shift towards more strategic and creative functions. Through practical experience, we illustrate AI's role in enhancing Agile processes, its practices and emphasize the need for Agile practitioners to integrate AI understanding. These results highlight the balance between GenAI's efficiencies and Agile's human‐centric principles, proposing research directions for AI‐enriched Agile practices that promise to drive innovation and maintain the agility in a technologically progressive era.
Estimating average treatment effects with only discrete covariates
Authors: Gu Jingping , Jansen Dennis W. , Li Xiaoyu
Published: November 2024

We propose a kernel smoothing method to estimate average treatment effects (ATE) when covariates are all discrete variables. This approach is based on Ouyang et al. (2009), who developed a Econometric Theory, 2009;25: 1–42 who developed least squares cross‐validation (CV) kernel smoothing method dealing with discrete covariates. This method automatically smoothes the irrelevant variables out of the regression model with a high probability, and avoids the problem of loss of efficiency related to the traditional nonparametric frequency‐based method. We derive the asymptotic distribution of our proposed ATE estimator. Monte Carlo simulations and empirical applications showcase the usefulness of the proposed method.
Effect of Solution Aging Heat Treatment on Tribological Properties of Selective Laser Melted WC/18Ni300 Composite
Authors: Teng Baoren , Fan Huili , Yao Bibo , Li Zhenhua , Shang Xiaobiao
Published: November 2024

Different contents of WC particle‐reinforced 18Ni300 composites are prepared by selective laser melting method, and the tribological properties are comparatively studied before and after solution aging heat treatment. The results show that a part of WC particles are dissolved, and no obvious pore defects appear. With the increase of WC content, the microstructure gradually transforms from cellular and fine columnar α‐Fe martensite to γ‐Fe austenite. After solution aging heat treatment, the phase is transformed into acicular martensite. The grain size significantly decreases, and the Vickers hardness increases. The grain size decreases and the hardness increases with increasing WC contents. For the as‐built composite, the friction coefficient first decreases and then increases, and the wear rate first increases and then decreases with the increase of WC content. With WC content increasing, the wear rate first decreases and then increases. After heat treatment, the tribological properties are improved. The groove of the specimens before heat treatment is deep with large delaminated craters, and the wear mechanism is dominated by adhesive and abrasive wear. The grooves become shallower, and the adhesive trace becomes lighter after heat treatment. The wear mechanism is mainly adhesive wear and abrasive wear, accompanying with oxidative wear.
Effects of Nb Solute and Precipitates on the Continuous Cooling and Isothermal Transformation of Pearlite in High‐Carbon Steel Wire Rods
Authors: Lu Chao , Xu Chaoyong , Gan Zijing , Luo Hanyu , Wang Zhenchuan , Cao Jianchun , Zhao Weinan
Published: November 2024

To investigate the influence mechanism of Nb solute and precipitates on pearlite transformation, the effects of Nb content and heat‐treatment process on pearlite transformation and microstructure in high‐carbon steel wire rods are analyzed in this article. During the austenite deformation stage, the increase in solute Nb and strain‐induced precipitates (SIPs) suppresses austenite recrystallization, while the decrease in prior austenite grain size promotes the reduction of refined pearlite colonies size. During the continuous cooling transformation process, an increase in Nb content and cooling rate increases the supercooling of pearlite transformation and refines the interlamellar spacing (ILS) of pearlite. During the isothermal transformation process, the increase in isothermal temperature increases the incubation period of pearlite transformation and slows down the rate of pearlite transformation. With the increase in Nb content, the incubation period of pearlite transformation lengthens. But uneven distribution of C in austenite is caused by the SIP, which promotes interface migration, and shorts the pearlite transformation time. In high‐carbon steel wire rods, the refinement of pearlite colonies and pearlite ILS is achieved by increasing the Nb content, raising the cooling rate, and lowering the isothermal temperature, thereby increasing the content of precipitates and improving their mechanical properties.
Decompositions of Information Criteria in Joint Model Under Probit Link for Response
Authors: Liu Fang , Cao Lei
Published: November 2024

The item response and response time are naturally encountered in variety of computerized testing, which are jointly analysed to achieve efficient model fitting. Several novel Bayesian assessment criteria, which quantify the enhancement in the fit of one dataset given the other, are proposed by utilizing decompositions of the deviance information criterion (DIC) and the logarithm of the pseudo‐marginal likelihood (LPML) under a logistic link. However, the calculation of these criteria under a probit link, a commonly employed alternative, remains unexplored. Moreover, decomposing DIC and LPML under probit link presents greater challenges than in the logistic model due to the intricate additional dimension integral. This paper addresses this gap by demonstrating the application of Bayesian model assessment criteria with a normal ogive model in the context of item response data within a joint modelling framework. Additionally, we also illustrate how to implement Bayesian sampling via a powerful R package ‘nimble’. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the empirical performance of those criteria. Further, a detailed analysis of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data is carried out to illustrate the methodology.
Impact of Nanoparticles Synthesized From Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) for Targeted Control of Malarial, Dengue, and Filariasis Vectors With Minimized Aquatic Toxicity
Authors: Vivekanandhan Perumal , Almansour Mansour I , Alharbi Sulaiman Ali , Ansari Mohammad Javed
Published: November 2024

In the present study, biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Azadirachta indica leaf extract were evaluated for their toxic effects on both target and non‐target species. The botanical synthesized nanoparticles were tested against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus and non‐targeted species Artemia salina and Eudrilus eugeniae at 24 h posttreatment. AgNPs were characterized using the following analytical techniques: UV‐Vis spectroscopy, FT‐IR, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Results showed that AgNPs caused larvicidal activity with 90.66% mortality in An. stephensi, 97.33% in Ae. aegypti, and 93.33% in Cx. quinquefasciatus at 24 h posttreatment. A. indica‐derived AgNPs had lower LC50 (lethal concentration 50) and LC90 (lethal concentration 90) values of 44.803 and 252.886 ppm/mL in An. stephensi, 18.358 and 189.553 ppm/mL in Ae. Aegypti, and 36.492 and 219.800 ppm/mL in Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. Furthermore, AgNPs demonstrated lower toxicity effects with 50.66% mortality in A. salina and 38.66% mortality in E. eugeniae at 24 h posttreatment. Additionally, they exhibited lower LC50 and LC90 values of 240.996 and 533.618 ppm/mL in A. salina and 301.122 and 548.944 ppm/kg in E. eugeniae at 24 h posttreatment, respectively. The findings conclude that green‐synthesized AgNPs from plants offer a promising, cost‐effective, and target‐specific alternative for eco‐friendly mosquito larvicides. Future work should focus on developing these plant‐based agents with minimal non‐target toxicity to support sustainable pest control. Further research may explore large‐scale applications and assess the long‐term environmental impacts of AgNPs in integrated vector management programs.
Supporting Emotional Intelligence and Inferential Comprehension Using Character Analysis in Picturebooks
Authors: Griffith Robin , Davison Kate , Kight Lexxa , Stanmore Iman
Published: November 2024

This Teaching and Learning Guide highlights how early childhood teachers can support emotional intelligence and inferential comprehension by drawing children's attention to characters' feelings and by asking students to notice evidence from the illustrations and text.
Optimising Growth, Immunity, and Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens Through Dietary Threonine Levels and Oil Inclusion
Authors: El‐Katcha Mohamed I. , Soltan Mosaad A. , Ghamry Heba I. , El‐Nahas Abeer F. , Al‐Shuraym Laila A. , Mihaela Ostan , Olga Rada , Azab Rasha E. , Abdeen Ahmed , Shukry Mustafa , El‐Shobokshy Set A.
Published: November 2024

Background

The inclusion of synthetic amino acids in poultry nutrition plays a crucial role in both enhancing the synthesis of immunoglobulins and elevating the overall comprehensiveness of the amino acid profile.

Objectives

This research examined the effects of consuming threonine (Thr) in various forms levels with low or high oil on broiler chickens' growth and immunity.

Methods

We investigate the growth performance, feed efficiency, immune response, intestinal morphology, absorptive capacity, and expression of some genes related to the feed intake (Pro‐opiomelanocortin [POMC]), fatty acid synthesis (Acetyl‐CoA Carboxylase [ACC]), immunity (lipopolysaccharide‐induced tumour necrosis like alpha factor [LITAF]), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Eight groups of chicks were used, including four dietary Thr levels (100%, 115%, 130%, or 145%) with two oil levels (mixture of sunflower 50% and soybean oils 50%): (control) and high.

Results

The higher dietary Thr level (145%) with high oil inclusion significantly increased ACC and POMC gene expression, resulting in the lowest feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), and liver fat content. Combining high oil with 115% Thr was the optimum for the broilers. The birds have significant (p ≤ .05) growth performance, immune parameters, and intestinal health, as well as the lowest expression of ACC, POMC, HSP70, and LITAF, which was reflected in better feed conversion ratio and lower incidence of fatty liver, thermo‐resistance, and immune status of the birds.

Conclusions

The combination of high oil and 115% Thr levels optimises broiler health and productivity, enhancing growth, immune function, and gut health. This diet lowers the expression of genes associated with fatty liver and stress, leading to better feed efficiency, thermo‐resistance, and overall well‐being. Adopting these dietary adjustments can improve broiler performance and economic viability in poultry farming by enhancing essential productivity metrics.
Modeling tree responses to soil water variability guides irrigation to account for soil winter reserves
Authors: Sperling Or , Kamai Tamir , Gardi Ido , A Zwieniecki Maciej , Marino Giulia
Published: November 2024

High‐yield almond (Prunus amygdalus) production requires irrigation to support soil water availability throughout the summer. We aimed to develop tools that project almond trees’ water requirements and then integrate them into irrigation management. We postulated that deficit irrigation would limit root allocation and reduce irrigation efficiency. Thus, we monitored soil water availability (soil water content and potential evapotranspiration) and tree physiology (transpiration and trunk circumference) under 600, 900, or 1250 mm summer irrigations. A soil‐tree model was trained to predict trees’ transpiration as the soil dried between irrigation events. The model included an empirical function for tree transpiration at variable soil water potentials (50% loss by −1 MPa). Field records corroborated the soil‐tree model projections that 600 mm irrigation reduces soil water potential to −1 MPa and limits transpiration after winter soil water reserves deplete. Trees at deficit irrigation did grow deep roots to extract soil winter reserves, thus disputing our original notion. A 900 mm irrigation matched transpiration and maintained soil at −0.6 MPa. The 1250 mm irrigation exceeded transpiration and narrowed trees’ water uptake to the upper 50 cm. The reciprocity between soil water and transpiration dictates that predetermined irrigation would limit or exceed transpiration. The soil‐tree model could project transpiration responses to soil water variability, thereby supporting irrigation by trees’ transpiration. The model uses soil water dynamics, rather than insular water potential measures, to account for spatial discrepancies between water application and uptake depths. Hence, the soil‐tree model lays a computational framework for precision irrigation by automated sensory.
A Review of Life Cycle Assessment Methods to Inform the Scale‐Up of Carbon Dioxide Removal Interventions
Authors: Butnar Isabela , Lynch John , Vetter Sylvia , Gamaralalage Disni , Tang Yuzhou , McKechnie Jon , Foteinis Spyros , Rodway‐Dyer Sue , Röder Mirjam , Sogbesan Samuel , Hastings Astley , Renforth Phil , Brander Matthew , House Jo
Published: November 2024

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods are increasingly used for policy decision‐making in the context of identifying and scaling up sustainable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) interventions. This article critically reviews CDR LCA case‐studies through three key lenses relevant to policy decision‐making on sustainable CDR scale‐up, namely comparability across CDR assessments, assessment of the climatic merit of a CDR intervention, and consideration of wider CDR co‐benefits and impacts. Our results show that while providing valuable life cycle understanding, current practices utilize diverse methods, usually attributional in nature, which are CDR and time‐specific. As a result, they do not allow comprehensive cross‐comparison between CDRs, nor reveal the potential consequences of scaling up CDRs in the future. We suggest CDR LCA design requires clearer definitions of the study scope and goal, the use of more consistent functional units, greater comprehensiveness in system boundaries, and explicit baseline definitions. This would allow for robust assessments, facilitating comparison with other CDR methods, and better evidencing net climate benefits. The inventory should collect time‐dependent data on the full CDR life cycle and baseline, and report background assumptions. The impact assessment phase should evidence the climatic merits, co‐benefits, and trade‐offs potentially caused by the expanding CDR. Finally, to ensure a sustainable scale‐up of CDR, consequential analyses should be performed, and interpretation involves the comparison of all selected metrics and the permanence of carbon storage against a baseline scenario.