bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of short‐term wind power probabilistic forecasting and a taxonomy focused on input data
Authors: Bazionis Ioannis K. , Karafotis Panagiotis A. , Georgilakis Pavlos S.
Published: November 2021

A review of state‐of‐the‐art short‐term wind power probabilistic forecasting models is the focus here. The improvement of the accuracy and efficiency of probabilistic forecasting models has been in the centre of attention of researchers in recent years, since the need to further comprehend and efficiently use the uncertainty of forecasts is increasing. Since the optimal operation and control of energy systems and electricity markets is one of the important aspects of performing wind power forecasts, this review focuses in short‐term probabilistic forecasting models, which could prove to be useful in the daily planning and operation of power systems. The short‐term concept of forecasts is analysed in detail, along with the case studies and examples proposed by the reviewed literature. The key advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed probabilistic forecasting methodologies are identified. Furthermore, different classifications of the reviewed works according to the data that are used to provide an accurate forecasting model are also provided. Future directions in the field of short‐term wind power probabilistic forecasting are also proposed.
Intrinsic polarization of Wolf-Rayet stars due to the rotational modulation of the stellar wind
Authors: Abdellaoui S. , Krtička J. , Kurfürst P.
Published: November 2021

Context. Fast rotating Wolf-Rayet stars are expected to be progenitors of long duration gamma-ray bursts. However, the observational test of this model is problematic. Spectral lines of Wolf-Rayet stars originate in expanding stellar wind, therefore a reliable spectroscopical determination of their rotational velocities is difficult. Intrinsic polarization of Wolf-Rayet stars due to the rotational modulation of the stellar wind may provide an indirect way to determine the rotational velocities of these stars. However, detailed wind models are required for this purpose.

Aims. We determine the intrinsic polarization of Wolf-Rayet stars from hydrodynamical wind models as a function of rotational velocity.

Methods. We used 2.5D hydrodynamical simulations to calculate the structure of rotating winds of Wolf-Rayet stars. The simulations account for the deformation of the stellar surface due to rotation, gravity darkening, and nonradial forces. From the derived models, we calculated the intrinsic stellar polarization. The mass loss rate was scaled to take realistic wind densities of Wolf-Rayet stars into account.

Results. The hydrodynamical wind models predict a prolate wind structure, which leads to a relatively low level of polarization. Even relatively large rotational velocities are allowed by observational constrains. The obtained wind structure is similar to that obtained previously for rotating optically thin winds.

Conclusions. Derived upper limits of rotational velocities of studied Wolf-Rayet stars are not in conflict with the model of long duration gamma-ray bursts.
How does the background atmosphere affect the onset of the runaway greenhouse?
Authors: Chaverot Guillaume , Turbet Martin , Bolmont Emeline , Leconte Jérémy
Published: November 2021

As the insolation of an Earth-like (exo)planet with a large amount of water increases, its surface and atmospheric temperatures also increase, eventually leading to a catastrophic runaway greenhouse transition. While some studies have shown that the onset of the runaway greenhouse may be delayed due to an overshoot of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) – compared to the Simpson-Nakajima threshold – by radiatively inactive gases, there is still no consensus on whether this is occurring and why. Here, we used a suite of 1D radiative-convective models to study the runaway greenhouse transition, with particular emphasis on taking into account the radical change in the amount of water vapour (from trace gas to dominant gas). The aim of this work is twofold: first, to determine the most important physical processes and parametrisations affecting the OLR; and second, to propose reference OLR curves for N2+H2O atmospheres. Through multiple sensitivity tests, we list and select the main important physical processes and parametrisations that need to be accounted for in 1D radiative-convective models to compute an accurate estimate of the OLR for N2+H2O atmospheres. The reference OLR curve is computed with a 1D model built according to the sensitivity tests. These tests also allow us to interpret the diversity of results already published in the literature. Moreover, we provide a correlated-k table able to reproduce line-by-line calculations with high accuracy. We find that the transition between an N2-dominated atmosphere and an H2O-dominated atmosphere induces an overshoot of the OLR compared to the (pure H2O) Simpson–Nakajima asymptotic limit. This overshoot is first due to a transition between foreign and self-broadening of the water absorption lines, and second to a transition between dry and moist adiabatic lapse rates.
Bowel cleansing efficacy for colonoscopy: prospective, randomized comparative study of same-day dosing with 1-L and 2-L PEG + ascorbate
Authors: Arieira Cátia , Dias de Castro Francisca , Boal Carvalho Pedro , Magalhães Joana , Xavier Sofia , Sousa Carla , Rosa Bruno , Cotter José
Published: November 2021

Background and study aims Polyethylene glycol (PEG) bowel preparations are effective but associated with high ingestion volume. In this study, 1-L PEG and 2-L PEG preparations were compared in a randomized, colonoscopist-blinded, single-center trial.

Patients and methods Patients were aged > 18 years, required colonoscopy, and provided informed consent. Randomization was 1:1 to 1-L PEG or 2-L PEG, based on hospital identification number (odd or even). Preparations were administered using same-day dosing adjusted for colonoscopy start time. The primary endpoint was successful bowel preparation on the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) (no segment scored < 2).

Results A total of 852 patients were randomized. In the intention-to-treat (ITT) population, significantly more patients had diabetes in the 2-L PEG arm, resulting in the creation of the modified-ITT population (mITT) that excluded diabetic patients to correct the imbalance (1-L PEG, n = 239; 2-L PEG, n = 238). In the mITT, there was no significant difference in successful cleansing between 1-L PEG and 2-L PEG (88.3 % vs. 82.4 %; P = 0.067). Excellent cleansing (BBPS 7–9; no segment < 2) was significantly improved with 1-L PEG (60.7 % vs. 50.4 %; P < 0.024), as were mean scores in the right and left colon (right: 2.47 vs. 2.30; P < 0.008; left: 2.55 vs. 2.39; P = 0.008). Adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity and none resulted in discontinuation. Rates of nausea and vomiting were significantly higher with 1-L PEG, but that did not affect successful cleansing.

Conclusions The lower-volume 1-L PEG was associated with higher levels of excellent bowel cleansing and greater mean segmental scores on the BBPS than 2-L PEG.
Common bile duct size in malignant distal obstruction and lumen-apposing metal stents: a multicenter prospective study
Authors: Rimbaş Mihai , Anderloni Andrea , Napoléon Bertrand , Seicean Andrada , Forti Edoardo , Crinò Stefano Francesco , Tarantino Ilaria , Arcidiacono Paolo Giorgio , Fabbri Carlo , Rizzatti Gianenrico , Amato Arnaldo , Voiosu Theodor , Fugazza Alessandro , Moșteanu Ofelia , Ginès Àngels , de Nucci Germana , Fusaroli Pietro , Nguyen Nam Quoc , Di Mitri Roberto , Minelli Grazioli Leonardo , Mutignani Massimiliano , Archibugi Livia , Binda Cecilia , Cominardi Anna , Barbera Carmelo , Fernández-Esparrach Glòria , Palazzo Laurent , Palazzo Maxime , Poley Jan Werner , Spada Cristiano , Valerii Giorgio , Itoi Takao , Matsunami Yukitoshi , Mateescu Radu Bogdan , Băicuș Cristian , Costamagna Guido , Larghi Alberto
Published: November 2021

Background and study aims Feasibility of EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) using available lumen-apposing stents (LAMS) is limited by the size of the common bile duct (CBD) (≤ 12 mm, cut-off for experts; 15 mm, cut-off for non-experts). We aimed to assess the prevalence and predictive factors associated with CBD size ≥ 12 and 15 mm in naïve patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction (MDBO).

Patients and methods This was a prospective cohort study involving 22 centers with assessment of CBD diameter and subjective feasibility of the EUS-CDS performance in naïve jaundiced patients undergoing EUS evaluation for MDBO.

Results A total of 491 patients (mean age 69 ± 12 years) with mean serum bilirubin of 12.7 ± 6.6 mg/dL entered the final analysis. Dilation of the CBD ≥ 12 and 15 mm was detected in 78.8 % and 51.9 % of cases, respectively. Subjective feasibility of EUS-CDS was expressed by endosonographers in 91.2 % for a CBD ≥ 12 mm and in 96.5 % for a CBD ≥ 15 mm. On multivariate analysis, age (P < 0.01) and bilirubin level (P ≤ 0.001) were the only factors associated with both CBD dilation ≥ 12 and ≥ 15 mm. These variables were poorly associated with the extent of duct dilation; however, based on them a prediction model could be constructed that satisfactorily predicted CBD size ≥ 12 mm in patients at least 70 years and a bilirubin level ≥ 7 mg/dL.

Conclusions Our study showed that at presentation in a large cohort of patients with MDBO, EUS-CDS can be potentially performed in three quarters to half of cases by expert and less experienced endosonographers, respectively. Dedicated stents or devices with different designs able to overcome the limitations of existing electrocautery-enhanced LAMS for EUS-CDS are needed.
Hybrid endoscopic mucosal resection and full-thickness resection for large colonic polyps harboring a small focus of invasive cancer: a case series
Authors: Chua Jamie S. , Dang Hao , Zwager Liselotte W. , Dekkers Nik , Hardwick James C. H. , Langers Alexandra M. J. , van der Kraan Jolein , Perk Lars E. , Bastiaansen Barbara A. J. , Boonstra Jurjen J. ,   on behalf of the Dutch eFTR Working Group
Published: November 2021

Endoscopic treatment of large laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) with a focus of submucosally invasive colorectal cancer (T1 CRC) can be challenging. We evaluated outcomes of a hybrid resection technique using piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection (pEMR) and endoscopic full-thickness resection (eFTR) in patients with large colonic LSTs containing suspected T1 CRC. Six hybrid pEMR-eFTR procedures for T1 CRCs were registered in a nationwide eFTR registry between July 2015 and December 2019. In all cases, the invasive part of the lesion was successfully isolated with eFTR; with eFTR, histologically complete resection of the invasive part was achieved in 5 /6 patients (83.3 %). No adverse events occurred during or after the procedure. The median follow-up time was 10 months (range 6–27), with all patients having undergone ≥ 1 surveillance colonoscopy. One patient had a small adenomatous recurrence, which was removed endoscopically. In conclusion, hybrid pEMR-eFTR is a promising noninvasive treatment modality that seems feasible for a selected group of patients with large LSTs containing a small focus of T1 CRC.
Efficacy of bowel preparation regimens for colon capsule endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bjoersum-Meyer Thomas , Skonieczna-Zydecka Karolina , Cortegoso Valdivia Pablo , Stenfors Irene , Lyutakov Ivan , Rondonotti Emanuele , Pennazio Marco , Marlicz Wojciech , Baatrup Gunnar , Koulaouzidis Anastasios , Toth Ervin
Published: November 2021

Background and study aims Colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) is an alternative to conventional colonoscopy (CC) in specific clinical settings. High completion rates (CRs) and adequate cleanliness rates (ACRs) are fundamental quality parameters if CCE is to be widely implemented as a CC equivalent diagnostic modality. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of different bowel preparations regimens on CR and ACR in CCE.

Patients and methods We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Data were independently extracted per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The primary outcome measures (CR, ACR) were retrieved from the individual studies and pooled event rates were calculated.

Results Thirty-four observational (OBS) studies (n = 3,789) and 12 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) (n = 1,214) comprising a total 5,003 patients were included. The overall CR was 0.798 (95 % CI, 0.764–0.828); the highest CRs were observed with sodium phosphate (NaP) + gastrografin booster (n = 2, CR = 0.931, 95 % CI, 0.820–0.976). The overall ACR was 0.768 (95 % CI, 0.735–0.797); the highest ACRs were observed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) + magnesium citrate (n = 4, ER = 0.953, 95 % CI, 0.896–0.979).

Conclusions In the largest meta-analysis on CCE bowel preparation regimens, we found that both CRs and ACRs are suboptimal compared to the minimum recommended standards for CC. PEG laxative and NaP booster were the most commonly used but were not associated with higher CRs or ACRs. Well-designed studies on CCE should be performed to find the optimal preparation regimen.
Usefulness of a mobile app to improve performance of specialists in responding correctly to CRC screening and surveillance clinical scenarios
Authors: Pereyra Lisandro , Steinberg Leandro , Criniti Juan M. , Luna Pablo , Escobar Rafael , Bun Maximiliano , Yantorno Martín , Esteves Sebastian , Gonzalez Nicolas , Hoffman Pablo , Marcolongo Mariano , Jury Gastón , Topor Javier , Trelles Félix , Nazar Cristina , Arantes Vitor N.
Published: November 2021

Background and study aims The adherence to and knowledge of physicians about colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and surveillance guidelines is still suboptimal, threatening the effectiveness of CRC screening. This study assessed the usefulness of a mobile decision support system (MDSS) to improve physician ability to recommend proper timing of and intervals for CRC screening and surveillance.

Patients and methods This was a binational, single-blinded, randomized clinical trial including gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons from Argentina and Uruguay. The specialists were invited to respond to a questionnaire with 10 CRC screening and surveillance clinical scenarios, randomized into two groups, with and without access to a dedicated app (CaPtyVa). The main outcome measure was the proportion of physicians correctly solving at least 60 % of the clinical cases according to local guidelines.

Results A total of 213 physicians were included. The proportion of physicians responding correctly at least 60 % of the vignettes was higher in the app group as compared to the control group (90 % versus 56 %) (relative risk [RR] 1.6 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.34–1.91). The performance was also higher in the app group for both vignette categories: CRC screening (93 % vs 75 % RR 1.24, 95 %CI 1.01–1.40) and surveillance (85 % vs 47 % RR 1.81 95 %CI 1.46–2.22), respectively. Physicians considered the app easy to use and of great utility in daily practice.

Conclusions A MDSS was shown to be a useful tool that improved specialist performance in solving CRC screening and surveillance clinical scenarios. Its implementation in daily practice may facilitate the adherence of physicians to CRC screening and surveillance guidelines.
Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on turnover time and revenue in the endoscopy unit: single-center experience
Authors: Abdelqader Abdelhai , Sarkar Avik , Shahid Haroon , Tyberg Amy , Sameera Sohini , Gjeorgjievski Mihajlo , Escobedo Karoline , Simon Alexa , Bareket Romy , He Ping , Zhao Eric , Gaidhane Monica , Kahaleh Michel
Published: November 2021

Background and study aims The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic heavily impacted the New York metro area causing most institutions to either reduce case volume or fully close remaining open units incorporated specific guidelines for procedures lockdown potentially leading to a greater turn-over time. We analyzed the quantitative and financial impact of this lost time on our tertiary care center’s endoscopy unit.

Patients and methods This single-center, retrospective study included demographics, procedure details and turn-over times (TOT) from all endoscopic procedures between December 1, 2019 to June 30, 2020. Cases were categorized as pre-COVID-19 group from December 1, 2019 to March 15, 2020 and during COVID-19 (lockdown) group from March 16, 2020 to June 30, 2020. The financial impact was assessed using national averages for reimbursement of outpatient endoscopic procedures provided by Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

Results A total of 3622 procedures were performed during the study period: 2297 in the pre-COVID-19 period, 1325 in the COVID-19 period, representing a 42.32 % decrease. In the COVID-19 lockdown group, there was a significant increase in TOT in both the general endoscopy cases (18.11 minutes, P = 0.000) and advanced endoscopy cases (17.7 minutes, P = 0.000). The 42.3 % decrease in volume equated to at least $1.6 million USD in lost revenue during the lockdown.

Conclusions COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in TOT with overall reduced procedure volume and a negative effect on revenue. Providing continued endoscopic management during a pandemic avoids delays in reopening the endoscopy unit and hampers the post-pandemic surge of delayed cases and its financial impact.
Evaluation of timed barium esophagram after per-oral endoscopic myotomy to predict clinical response
Authors: DeWitt John M. , Siwiec Robert M. , Perkins Anthony , Baik Daniel , Kessler William R. , Nowak Thomas V. , Wo John M. , James-Stevenson Toyia , Mendez Martha , Dickson Destenee , Stainko Sarah , Akisik Fatih , Lappas John , Al-Haddad Mohammad A.
Published: November 2021

Background and study aims The aim of this study was to evaluate whether timed barium esophagram within 24 hours post-per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) (TBE-PP) could predict clinical outcomes.

Patients and methods This was a single-center retrospective study of prospectively collected data on consecutive patients with ≥ 6-month follow-up who underwent POEM followed by TBE-PP. Esophageal contrast retention 2 minutes after TBE-PP was assessed as Grade 1 (< 10 %), 2 (10 %–49 %), 3 (50 %–89 %) or 4 (> 90 %). Eckardt score, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), high-resolution manometry (HRM) and function lumen imaging probe (FLIP) of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) were obtained at baseline. These tests along with pH testing of antisecretory therapy were repeated 6 and 24 months after POEM. Clinical response by Eckardt score ≤ 3, EGJ-distensibility index (EGJ-DI) > 2.8 mm2/mm Hg, and integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) < 15 mm Hg and incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) were compared by transit time.

Results Of 181 patients (58 % male, mean 53 ± 17 yr), TBE-PP was classified as Grade 1 in 122 (67.4 %), Grade 2 in 41 (22.7 %), Grade 3 in 14 (7.7 %) and Grade 4 in 4 (2.2 %). At 6 months, overall clinical response by ES (91.7 %), IRP (86.6 %), EGJ-DI (95.7 %) and the diagnosis of GERD (68.6 %) was similar between Grade 1 and Grade 2–4 TBE-PP. At 24 months, Grade 1 had a higher frequency of a normal IRP compared to Grades 2–4 (95.7 % vs. 60 %, P = 0.021) but overall response by ES (91.2 %), EGJ-DI (92.3 %) and the diagnosis of GERD (74.3 %) were similar.

Conclusions Contrast emptying rate by esophagram after POEM has limited utility to predict clinical response or risk of post-procedure GERD.
The learning curve for transoral incisionless fundoplication
Authors: Dbouk Mohamad , Brewer Gutierrez Olaya I. , Kannadath Bijun Sai , Camilion Jose Valentin , Ngamruengphong Saowanee , Kumbhari Vivek , Khashab Mouen , Murray Michael , Janu Peter , Ihde Glenn , Chang Kenneth , Thosani Nirav , Canto Marcia Irene
Published: November 2021

Background and study aims Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) is a safe and effective minimally invasive endoscopic technique for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The learning curve for this technique has not been reported. We studied the learning curve for TIF when performed by a gastroenterologist by identifying the threshold number of procedures needed to achieve consistent technical success or proficiency (consistent creation of TIF valve ≥ 270 degrees in circumference, ≥ 2 cm long) and efficiency after didactic, hands-on and case observation experience.

Patients and methods We analyzed prospectively collected data from patients who had TIF performed by a single therapeutic endoscopist within 17 months after basic training. We determined thresholds for procedural learning using cumulative sum of means (CUSUM) analysis to detect changes in achievement rates over time. We used breakpoint analysis to calculate procedure metrics related to proficiency and efficiency.

Results A total of 69 patients had 72 TIFs. The most common indications were refractory GERD (44.7 %) and proton pump inhbitor intolerance (23.6 %). Proficiency was achieved at the 18th to 20th procedure. The maximum efficiency for performing a plication was achieved after the 26th procedure, when mean time per plication decreased to 2.7 from 5.1 minutes (P < 0.0001). TIF procedures time varied until the 44th procedure, after which it decreased significantly from 53.7 minutes to 39.4 minutes (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions TIF can be safely, successfully, and efficiently performed in the endoscopy suite by a therapeutic endoscopist. The TIF learning curve is steep but proficiency can be achieved after a basic training experience and 18 to 20 independently performed procedures.
Durability of per-oral endoscopic myotomy beyond 6 years
Authors: AbiMansour Jad P. , Ichkhanian Yervant , Minami Hitomi , Familiari Pietro , Landi Rosario , Costamagna Guido , Seewald Stefan , Callahan Zachary M. , Ujiki Michael B. , Pioche Mathieu , Ponchon Thierry , Roman Sabine , Cho Joo Young , Yoo In Kyung , Sippey Megan , Marks Jeffrey M. , Eleftheriadis Nikolas , Khumbari Vivek , Gutierrez Olaya I. Brewer , Khashab Mouen A.
Published: November 2021

Background and study aims The aim of this study was to assess long-term clinical outcomes beyond 6 years in patients who underwent per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for the treatment of achalasia.

Patients and methods Patients with achalasia who underwent POEM between 2010 and 2012 and had follow-up of at least 6 years were retrospectively identified at eight tertiary care centers. The primary outcome evaluated was clinical success defined by an Eckardt symptom score (ESS) ≤ 3 for the duration of the follow-up period. The clinical success cohort was compared to failure (ESS > 3 at any time during follow-up) in order to identify characteristics associated with symptom relapse. The incidence of patient-reported gastroesophageal reflux (GER) was also evaluated.

Results Seventy-three patients with 6-year follow-up data were identified. Sustained clinical remission was noted in 89 % (65/73) at 6-years. Mean ESS decreased from 7.1 ± 2.3 pre-procedure to 1.1 ± 1.1 at 6 years (P < 0.001). Symptomatic reflux was reported by 27 of 72 patients (37.5 %). Type I achalasia (OR 10.8, P = 0.04) was found to be associated with clinical failure on logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions In patients with achalasia, POEM provides high initial clinical success with excellent long-term outcomes. There are high rates of patient-reported gastroesophageal reflux post-procedure which persist at long-term follow-up.
C-Reactive Protein-to-Albumin Ratio: A Novel Inflammatory Marker and
Disease Activity Sign in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Onder Mustafa Erkut , Orucoglu Nurdan , Omar Firat , Canataroglu Abdullah
Published: November 2021

Objective A novel inflammation-based score, C-reactive protein
(CRP)-to-albumin ratio (CAR), has been shown to have an association with the
inflammatory status in several diseases. We aimed to analyse the association
between CAR and disease activity in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis
(RA) and to determine the cut-off value of CAR in early and established RA.

Methods A total of 177 patients with RA and 111 age and gender-matched
healthy controls were included in this study. Cases with a disease duration of
less than 1 year were classified as early RA. Serum albumin, CRP, erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR), Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS-28-ESR), Clinical
Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) scores
were recorded.

Results CAR was 2.44 (0.21–30.83) in the RA group and 0.45
(0.21–10.47) in the control group (p<0.001). Eighty-seven
(49.15%) of the RA cases were classified as early RA. The analyses
indicated that the ESR, CRP and CAR values were higher in patients with early RA
than in those with established RA and controls. CAR was correlated with albumin,
CRP, ESH, DAS-28 and HAQ scores in both early RA and established RA groups. The
receiver operating characteristic curves revealed a CAR cut-off value of 2.67
(80% sensitivity and 85% specificity) and 1.63 (77%
sensitivity and 72% specificity) for the prediction of early and
established RA, respectively.

Conclusion CAR, a formulated ratio, has been described as a predictor for
disease activity in patients with early RA as well as in those with established
RA. However, CAR has higher sensitivity and specificity for early RA than for
established RA.
Association of Antenatal Terbutaline and Respiratory Support Requirements in Preterm Neonates
Authors: Kittiarpornpon Visanu , Siripattanapipong Pitiporn , Bowornkitiwong Walaiporn , Kitsommart Ratchada , Ngerncham Sopapan , Wongsiridach Pimol , Yangthara Buranee
Published: November 2021

Background Before the advent of antenatal steroids, early non-invasive respiratory support (NIV), and intratracheal surfactant, antenatal terbutaline was also used to improve lung compliance and reduce the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

Objectives The objective of this paper was to study the association between antenatal terbutaline and endotracheal intubation (ET) within the first 24 hours of life, RDS, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in infants with the gestational age (GA) of <32 weeks, and to study the association between antenatal terbutaline, and ET or NIV within the first 24 hours of life, and RDS in infants with the GA of 32 to 36 weeks.

Method This was a retrospective medical record review of preterm infants delivered at a single tertiary care center from October 2016 to December 2020. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the association between antenatal terbutaline and neonatal respiratory support.

Result 1,794 infants were included, 234 (13.0%) had the GA of <32 weeks and 1,560 (86.9%) had the GA of 32 to 36 weeks. Antenatal terbutaline, corticosteroid, or both agents were administered in 561 (31.3%), 1,461 (81.4%), and 555 (30.9%), respectively. Antenatal terbutaline was significantly associated with a reduction in ET (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.40, 95% confident interval [CI] 0.19–0.82, p = 0.012) in infants with the GA of <32 weeks, but not in infants with the GA of 32–36 weeks. Antenatal terbutaline was not associated with RDS or BPD but was significantly associated with a reduction in grade III-IV IVH (aOR 0.11, CI 0.01–0.98; p = 0.048), in infants with the GA of <32 weeks.

Conclusion In a state-of-the-art neonatal care setting, antenatal terbutaline was associated with a reduction in ET during the first 24 hours in infants with the GA of <32 weeks. The use of antenatal terbutaline to improve acute neonatal respiratory outcomes merits reconsideration.

Key Points
Transient Bacteremia Promotes Catheter-Related Central Venous Thrombosis through Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Authors: Chen Jeng-Wei , Hsu Chih-Chieh , Su Chien-Chia , Hsu Ron-Bin , Chiu Yen-Ling , Jung Chiau-Jing , Chia Jean-San
Published: November 2021

Formation of intravenous catheter-related thrombosis leads to central venous stenosis in patients requiring renal replacement therapy or chemotherapy infusion, yet the triggers or mechanisms remain unclear, especially in patients without symptoms of infection. In this study, we found that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) could be detected in the fibrin sheaths from dialysis patients without clinical manifestations of infection. Confocal microscopy revealed bacteria imbedded in NETs in the fibrin sheaths. Thirty-nine of 50 (78%) fibrin sheath specimens contained bacteria detectable by 16S ribosomal RNA genome typing with a predominance of Staphylococcus aureus (69%). In rat models, transient bacteremia of S. aureus induced NETs in enlarged fibrin sheaths, and treatment with DNase I alone significantly reduced both NET and fibrin sheath formation surrounding the catheter. Therefore, transient bacteremia could be a silent trigger that induces NET-related immunothrombosis enhancing catheter-related central venous stenosis.
Total Synthesis of Resolvin T4
Authors: Ogawa Narihito , Arai Kohei , Kobayashi Yuichi
Published: November 2021

A total synthesis of resolvin T4 was achieved by connecting three intermediates by Wittig reactions. The enal in the C1–C10 part was constructed through reduction of a propargylic alcohol with Red-Al followed by oxidation. The enal moiety in the C11–C16 part was synthesized by a ring-opening reaction of a silyl epoxide followed by a Peterson elimination. The chiral centers at C7 and C13 were constructed by ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation.
Preparation, Standardization and Anti-plasmodial Efficacy of Novel Malaria Nosodes
Authors: Suri Mansi , Walter Neha Sylvia , Katnoria Sapna , Gorki Varun , Manchanda Raj Kumar , Khurana Anil , Nayak Debadatta , Bagai Upma , Kaur Sukhbir
Published: November 2021

Background Resistance to artemisinin and its partner drugs has threatened the sustainability of continuing the global efforts to curb malaria, which urges the need to look for newer therapies to control the disease without any adverse side effects. In the present study, novel homeopathic nosodes were prepared from Plasmodium falciparum and also assessed for their in vitro and in vivo anti-plasmodial activity.

Methods Three nosodes were prepared from P. falciparum (chloroquine [CQ]-sensitive [3D7] and CQ-resistant [RKL-9] strains) as per the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India, viz. cell-free parasite nosode, infected RBCs nosode, mixture nosode. In vitro anti-malarial activity was assessed by schizont maturation inhibition assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Knight and Peter's method was used to determine in vivo suppressive activity. Mice were inoculated with P. berghei-infected erythrocytes on day 1 and treatment was initiated on the same day. Biochemical, cytokine and histopathological analyses were carried out using standard methods.

Results In vitro: the nosodes exhibited considerable activity against P. falciparum with maximum 71.42% (3D7) and 68.57% (RKL-9) inhibition by mixture nosode followed by cell-free parasite nosode (62.85% 3D7 and 60% RKL-9) and infected RBCs nosode (60.61% 3D7 and 57.14% RKL-9). The nosodes were non-toxic to RAW macrophage cell line with >70% cell viability. In vivo: Considerable suppressive efficacy was observed in mixture nosode-treated mice, with 0.005 ± 0.001% parasitemia on day 35. Levels of liver and kidney function biomarkers were within the normal range in the mixture nosode-treated groups. Cytokine analysis revealed increased levels of IL-4 and IL-10, whilst a decline in IL-17 and IFN-γ was evident in the mixture nosode-treated mice.

Conclusion The mixture nosode exhibited promising anti-malarial activity against P. falciparum and P. berghei. Biochemical and histopathological studies also highlighted the safety of the nosode for the rodent host. The study provides valuable insight into a novel medicament that has potential for use in the treatment of malaria.
Análise da exposição intraoperatória ao raio X e do tempo cirúrgico em diferentes técnicas de fixação das fraturas transtrocanterianas do fêmur
Authors: Guerra Lucas Carneiro Curty Bastos , Chiarelli Leo Ribeiro
Published: November 2021

Objetivo Avaliar e comparar o tempo total do procedimento cirúrgico e a exposição ao raio X no intraoperatório em diferentes técnicas de fixação das fraturas transtrocanterianas do fêmur em pacientes idosos, utilizando técnicas extramedulares e intramedulares baseadas em parafuso de tração cefálico.

Métodos Foram avaliados no serviço de ortopedia e traumatologia do nosso hospital 107 pacientes com fraturas transtrocanterianas, sendo 34 do sexo masculino e 73 do sexo feminino, com idade mínima de 61 anos e máxima de 101 anos. As fraturas fixadas, utilizando a técnica com dynamic hip system (DHS, na sigla em inglês) somaram 21 pacientes; em 55 pacientes, foi utilizado o proximal femur nail (PFN, na sigla em inglês) standard; e em 31 idosos, foi optado pelo uso do gama nail standard. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados pelo mesmo cirurgião acompanhado de sua equipe de auxiliares de enfermagem, assim como pelo mesmo técnico de radiologia manuseando o mesmo intensificador de imagens. Foram avaliados o tempo total da cirurgia (em minutos) e a emissão de raios X medida em centigrays.

Resultados A fixação das fraturas transtrocanterianas com PFN proporciona um menor tempo cirúrgico com uma diferença estatística significativa (p = 0,013), quando comparada com as demais técnicas utilizadas entre os grupos envolvidos. Foi observada, também, uma menor exposição intraoperatória aos raios X (p = 0,015), a qual foi estatisticamente relevante quando utilizado o DHS como método de fixação comparado com o gama nail e o PFN.

Conclusão Apesar do PFN ter o menor tempo de cirurgia, a técnica do DHS se mostrou com menores níveis de exposição dentro da amostra estudada.
Fluorescence thermometry application of photoluminescence image from Cr-doped YAG
Authors: Katsumata Toru , Hanami Nobuyuki , Aizawa Hiroaki
Published: November 2021

The temperature dependence of a photoluminescence (PL) image from a Cr-doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG:Cr) crystal was evaluated for a fluorescence thermometry application. The brightness of a red PL image of YAG:Cr was found to be increased by increasing the temperature. Temperature variations of the peak intensity and peak area of red PL related to the PL peaks at λ = 680, 690, 708, and 725 nm were evaluated to reveal the cause of the increase in brightness of the PL image. While intensities of the PL peaks at λ = 690, 690, and 708 nm decreased with temperature due to thermal quenching, the peak intensity at λ = 725 nm and the peak area increased with temperature up to 250 °C. The latter factor greatly affects the temperature variation of the brightness of PL images. The increase in the brightness of the PL image with temperature is evidently linked with the thermal excitation of electrons at the 2E level responsible for the increase in the PL peak area. Cr concentration suitable for the temperature sensor is suggested based on the temperature variation of the PL peak area.
Quasi-steady testing approach for high-power Hall thrusters
Authors: Brieda Lubos , Raitses Yevgeny , Choueiri Edgar , Myers Roger , Keidar Michael
Published: November 2021

Hall effect thrusters operating at power levels in excess of several hundreds of kilowatts have been identified as enabling technologies for applications such as lunar tugs, large satellite orbital transfer vehicles, and solar system exploration. These large thrusters introduce significant testing challenges due to the propellant flow rate exceeding the pumping speed available in most laboratories. Even with proposed upgrades in mind, the likelihood that multiple vacuum facilities will exist in the near future to allow long duration testing of high-power Hall thrusters operating at power levels in excess of 100 kW remains extremely low. In this article, we numerically explore the feasibility of testing Hall thrusters in a quasi-steady mode defined by pulsing the mass flow rate between a nominal and a low value. Our simulations indicate that sub-second durations available before the chamber reaches critical pressure are sufficiently long to achieve the steady-state current and flow field distributions, allowing us to characterize thruster performance and the near plume region.
Roller Coasters in Physics Education
Authors: Mårtensson-Pendrill Ann-Marie
Published: November 2021

Roller coasters are often unique, adapted to space and local topography. They include many different elements, involving forces and acceleration in one, two and three dimensions. Roller coasters involve many aspects of physics, from the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy in hills and valleys, to the forces acting on your body in valleys, upside down, and in twists and turns before coming to a stop at the brake. This chapter focuses on the forces on the body in the accelerated motion of various elements, including the first drop and valley, airtime hills, loops, inversions, and helices. The motions are studied with accelerometers, rotation and barometer sensor data, video tracking, a few drawing excerpts, and theoretical analyses. The tasks and analyses presented in this chapter are a result of repeated visits to find different camera angles and to collect data. They have been used with several different student groups.
Lessons learned from urgent computing in Europe: Tackling the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: López Núria , Del Debbio Luigi , Baaden Marc , Praprotnik Matej , Grigori Laura , Simões Catarina , Bogaerts Serge , Berberich Florian , Lippert Thomas , Ignatius Janne , Lavocat Philippe , Pineda Oriol , Giuffreda Maria Grazia , Girona Sergi , Kranzlmüller Dieter , Resch Michael M. , Scipione Gabriella , Schulthess Thomas
Published: November 2021

PRACE (Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe), an international not-for-profit association that brings together the five largest European supercomputing centers and involves 26 European countries, has allocated more than half a billion core hours to computer simulations to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. Alongside experiments, these simulations are a pillar of research to assess the risks of different scenarios and investigate mitigation strategies. While the world deals with the subsequent waves of the pandemic, we present a reflection on the use of urgent supercomputing for global societal challenges and crisis management.
Csi-let-7a-5p delivered by extracellular vesicles from a liver fluke activates M1-like macrophages and exacerbates biliary injuries
Authors: Yan Chao , Zhou Qian-Yang , Wu Jing , Xu Na , Du Ying , Li Jing , Liu Ji-Xin , Koda Stephane , Zhang Bei-Bei , Yu Qian , Yang Hui-Min , Li Xiang-Yang , Zhang Bo , Xu Yin-Hai , Chen Jia-Xu , Wu Zhongdao , Zhu Xing-Quan , Tang Ren-Xian , Zheng Kui-Yang
Published: November 2021

Significance

Infection with liver flukes (such asClonorchis sinensis) can induce severe biliary injuries. But we don’t know how it happens. Here, we find that a microRNA Csi-let-7a-5p delivered by extracellular vesicles fromC. sinensisis prone to M1-like activation of macrophages, thus leading to biliary proinflammatory responses and biliary injuries. These findings indicate a molecular mechanism contributing to biliary injuries caused byC. sinensis.
Haplotype-aware inference of human chromosome abnormalities
Authors: Ariad Daniel , Yan Stephanie M. , Victor Andrea R. , Barnes Frank L. , Zouves Christo G. , Viotti Manuel , McCoy Rajiv C.
Published: November 2021

Significance

Whole-chromosome gains and losses (aneuploidies) are the leading cause of human pregnancy loss and congenital disorders. Recent work has demonstrated that in addition to harmful meiotic aneuploidies, mitotic aneuploidies (which lead to mosaic embryos harboring cells with different numbers of chromosomes) may also be common in preimplantation embryos but potentially compatible with healthy birth. Here we developed and tested a method for distinguishing these forms of aneuploidy using genetic testing data from 8,154 in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos. We reclassified embryos based on signatures of meiotic and mitotic error, while also revealing lethal forms of chromosome abnormality that were previously hidden. Our method complements standard protocols for preimplantation genetic testing, while offering insight into the biology of early development.
Crony capitalism in Nigeria: the case of patronage funding of the Peoples Democratic Party and the power sector reform, 1999–2015
Authors: Albert Okorie , Abada Ifeanyichukwu , Adibe Raymond
Published: November 2021

The article argues that cronyism in the funding of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) explains the dismal record of the recent power sector reforms in Nigeria. It implies that the reforms were packaged by the then PDP-led government to benefit their major campaign financiers with contracts; thus, within this period the party financiers were able to assume a commanding position in the sector. The article further contends that the funding regime in the party reinforces corruption as financiers leveraged on their contributions to the party to ensure that the reform processes and outcomes reflected their economic interests. The case exemplifies the crony relationship between the business and the political class (that ought to act as the regulatory body), which is skewed towards primitive accumulation.
Islam, nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus
Authors: Yemelianova Galina
Published: November 2021

Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991 the Muslim peoples of the Caucasus – corresponding to present-day Azerbaijan and the Russian North Caucasus – have been in a continuous process of renegotiating their Islamic identity and the role of Islam in the processes of nation-building. This has involved a complex set of factors, including the correlation between the rise of Islam and socio-economic well-being (or the lack of it), the level and longevity of Islamic heritage, the relationship between Islam and the nature of the ruling post-Soviet Caucasian regimes, and the degree of susceptibility to the region’s exposure to foreign influences, Islamic and Western. This article examines some of these factors from an historical perspective, concentrating on how the political elites and the populace variously dealt with essentially external influences in the course of their centuries-long incorporation within successive political empires. From the seventh century AD these were Islamic, emanating from the Umayyad, Abbasid, Timurid, Ottoman and Safavid empires; and from the nineteenth century, Russian Orthodox and Soviet atheist. An analysis of the dynamics set up by these influences and the distinctively Caucasian Muslim responses to them is crucial in understanding how current elites and their antagonists in the region embrace, reject and otherwise instrumentalise Islam.
Between ideology and pragmatism: social democracy and the economic transition in Georgia 1918-21
Authors: Jones Stephen
Published: November 2021

The Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-21) was a novel experiment in social democracy in the most unexpected time and place. Georgia was rural and mostly illiterate, and its leaders faced the complex tasks of nation and state building in conditions of external threat, internal conflict, and global economic depression. The first democratically elected social democratic government in Europe, it confronted the inevitable tensions between market principles and socialist ideals. The new government’s economic policies reflected the dilemmas and contradictions faced by all social democratic parties in a capitalist environment. The new leaders created a mixed economy, framed by social democratic goals, but driven by pragmatism. Economic pioneers, how successful were they in creating a sustainable economic system and a model for other European socialists to follow?
Власть, историографическое сообщество и социальная память о депортации: опыт преодоления прошлого в балкарской и карачаевской историографии
Authors: РАХАЕВ ДЖ. Я.
Published: November 2021

В статье, посвященной опыту конструирования «официальной памяти» о Второй мировой войне и депортации в северокавказской историографии делается вывод о том, что в пространстве советской идентичности поиск компромисса в интерпретации сложных и трагических эпизодов совместной истории практически невозможен. Показано, что позитивная программа формирования национальной идентичности может быть запущена лишь при условии совместного переосмысления травмирующего прошлого XX века политическими элитами и историографическим сообществом.
Molecular mechanisms responsible for the sexual dimorphism in pancreatic β-cell insulin release
Authors: Jacobo-Piqueras Noelia , Theiner Tamara , Geisler Stefanie M. , Tuluc Petronel
Published: November 2021

In humans, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a higher incidence in males compared to females, a phenotype recapitulated by many rodent models. While the sex difference in insulin sensitivity partially accounts for this phenomenon, hitherto uncharacterized differences in pancreatic β-cell insulin release strongly contribute. Here, we show that stepwise increase in extracellular glucose concentration (2, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 mM) induced electrical activity in β cells of both sexes with similar glucose sensitivity (female, EC50 = 9.45 ± 0.15 mM; male, EC50 = 9.42 ± 0.16 mM). However, female β cells’ resting membrane potential (RMP) and inter-spike potential (IP) were significantly higher compared to males (e.g., at 15 mM glucose: male RMP = −82.7 ± 6.3, IP = −74.3 ± 6.8 mV; female RMP = −50.0 ± 7.1, IP = −41.2 ± 7.3 mV). Females also showed higher frequency of trains of action potential (AP; at 10 mM glucose: male F = 1.13 ± 0.15 trains/min; female F = 1.78 ± 0.25 trains/min) and longer AP-burst duration (e.g., at 10 mM glucose: male, 241 ± 30.8 ms; female, 419 ± 60.2 ms). The higher RMP in females reduced the voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV) availability by ∼60%. This explains the paradoxical observation that, despite identical CaV expression levels and higher electrical activity, the islet Ca2+ transients were smaller in females compared to males. Interestingly, the different RMPs are not caused by altered KATP, TASK, or TALK K+ currents. However, stromatoxin-1–sensitive KV2.1 K+ current amplitude was almost double in males (IK = 130.93 ± 7.05 pA/pF) compared to females (IK = 75.85 ± 11.3 pA/pF) when measured at +80 mV. Our results are in agreement with previous findings showing that KV2.1 genetic deletion or pharmacological block leads to higher insulin release and β-cell survival. Therefore, we propose the sex-specific expression of KV2.1 to be the mechanism underlying the observed sexual dimorphism in insulin release and the incidence of T2DM.