bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Regional Inequality in Ghana: State Elites, Donors and PRSPs
Authors: Abdulai Abdul‐Gafaru , Hulme David
Published: July 2015

Through an analysis of Ghana's HIPC Fund which was established as part of the PRSP process, this article shows how aid‐financed efforts to reduce regional inequality in Ghana have failed. Dominant political elites agreed to policies reducing regional inequality in order to have access to aid funding but, once approved, these funds were allocated on quite different criteria in ways that marginalised the poorest. This analysis reinforces the growing recognition that developmental outcomes in most poor countries are shaped not so much by the design of ‘good’ policies per se, but more importantly by the power relationships within which policy‐implementing institutions are embedded. Aid donors seem unable to grasp this important lesson fully, and so their capacity to contribute to reducing regional inequality remains limited.
Balanced Skills and the City: An Analysis of the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Skill Balance, Thickness, and Innovation
Authors: Bublitz Elisabeth , Fritsch Michael , Wyrwich Michael
Published: July 2015

Entrepreneurs are assumed to be multiskilled, covering a number of skills and achieving in each skill a level as high as possible. Being such a jack‐of‐all‐trades increases the probability of running an entrepreneurial venture successfully, but what happens to the jack‐of‐few‐trades who lacks sufficient skills? This article investigates a possible compensation mechanism between balanced skills and cities and how this compensatory measure relates to performance. Specifically, we test and find support for the idea put forward by Helsley and Strange that high market thickness, such as that found in cities, can compensate for a lack of entrepreneurial skill balance. The results indicate that entrepreneurs with low skill balance benefit more from being located in cities than their counterparts with high skill balance. Innovative firms do not differ from other businesses in this respect.
Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography Combined with Intravascular Ultrasound for the Evaluation of Coronary Veins for Percutaneous Mitral Annulus Repair Using Transcoronary Sinus Devices
Authors: Chen Shasha , Zhu Qian , Ning Zhongping , Wu Yingbiao , Zhang Zhen , Li Xinming
Published: July 2015

Background

Multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) can be used to evaluate the target location of transcoronary sinus devices. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of MDCTA in evaluating the target location of transcoronary sinus devices compared with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).

Materials and Methods

Forty‐two patients planned to undergo mitral valve repair (MVR) were prospectively enrolled at Zhoupu Hospital (China) including 15 with secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) grade ≥3. MDCTA was performed to measure the diameters of coronary sinus ostium (CSO) and proximal anterior interventricular vein (PAIV) and the distance between them.

Results

During MVR, these parameters were measured using IVUS before electrode insertion. There was a strong linear correlation between the diameter of CSO measured by MDCTA and IVUS (r = 0.967, P < 0.001), as well as for PAIV (r = 0.954, P < 0.001) and the distance between them (r = 0.986, P < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the results measured by MDCTA and IVUS. The patients with secondary MR grade ≥3 had significantly larger CSO and PAIV measured by IVUS (P = 0.003 and P = 0.017, respectively), as well as by MDCTA (P = 0.010 and P = 0.008, respectively).

Conclusion

Dual‐source MDCTA might allow the quantitative evaluation of the target location of transcoronary sinus devices with a good accuracy. It may be a good choice for guiding the selection of transcoronary sinus devices.
Left Ventricular Myocardial Mechanics in Cirrhosis: A Speckle Tracking Echocardiographic Study
Authors: Pagourelias Efstathios D. , Sotiriou Panagiota , Papadopoulos Christodoulos E. , Cholongitas Evaggelos , Giouleme Olga , Vassilikos Vassilios
Published: July 2015

Cirrhosis is commonly associated with impaired left ventricular (LV) myocardial contractile reserve to stress and diastolic dysfunction. The aim of this study was to assess LV systolic performance at rest, using both “standard” echocardiographic indices and novel deformation–rotational parameters, in order to elucidate the pathophysiologic basis of cardiac dysfunction in cirrhosis. Seventy‐seven men with cirrhosis (mean age 54.4 ± 9.7) of variable Child–Pugh class (A, B, C) and 20 healthy control subjects were prospectively evaluated by standard as well as speckle tracking echocardiography. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis compared to controls (64.6 ± 5.7% in controls vs. 71 ± 9.5%, 71.2 ± 7.1%, and 73 ± 7% in Child–Pugh classes A, B, and C, respectively, P = 0.002). Interestingly, LV systolic function augmentation was not associated with changes in LV longitudinal deformation (LV strain −19 ± 1.9% in controls vs. −20.1 ± 5.3% in class A vs. −21.3 ± 2.6% in class B vs. −21 ± 3.4% in class C, P = NS), but a statistically significant increase in LV apical systolic rotation and accordingly in LV twist was observed (LV twist 13.0 ± 3° in controls vs. 14.9 ± 5° in class A vs. 16.5 ± 2.8° in class B vs. 18.2 ± 2.9° in class C, P < 0.0005). Despite the increase in LV rotation, time to both basal and apical peak systolic rotation was significantly delayed in patients compared to healthy controls (P = 0.015 and P = 0.017 accordingly). Increased EF in cirrhosis could be attributed to increased LV torsion. Despite the “improved” rotation values at rest, there is a significant time delay in succeeding peak systolic rotation, hampering also the consequent untwisting–diastolic period.
Coexistence of Primary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Right Ventricle and Absence of Right Pulmonary Artery
Authors: Hu Guobing , Song Fang , Zhu Xiangming , Yang Baiyu , Liu Yinhua , Liu Ying
Published: July 2015

We describe the imaging features of a 48‐year‐old woman with primary sarcomatoid carcinoma originating from right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and isolated absence of right pulmonary artery (RPA). Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) demonstrated the absence of RPA. Both transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and CTPA revealed multiple masses filling and obstructing the RVOT. A palliative operation was performed on the patient, and the postoperative histopathology and immunohistochemical examination confirmed primary sarcomatoid carcinoma originating from the RVOT. The operation also confirmed the absence of RPA.
Z‐Value of Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion Is a Useful Indicator to Predict Left Ventricular Stroke Volume in Children: Comparing Longitudinal and Radial Contractions
Authors: Hashimoto Ikuo , Watanabe Kazuhiro
Published: July 2015

Background

The purpose of our study was to explore the pumping mechanism of the left ventricle (LV) and to examine the role of longitudinal LV contraction in LV stroke volume (LVSV) compared to a radial LV contraction.

Methods and Results

We examined 890 consecutive children without structural heart disease including 395 patients with a history of Kawasaki disease (KD). We measured the mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), the LV end‐diastolic and end‐systolic dimension (LVDd), the LV radial wall displacement (LVRWD) and the LV stroke volume (LVSV). The LVSV was determined by the Doppler method. The z‐values of MAPSE, LVDd, LVRWD and LVSV were calculated by the mean values and standard deviations (SDs) based upon BSA every 0.1 m2. We evaluated the relationship between the z‐LVSV and the geometrical factors. The z‐value of the MAPSE was the most powerful determinant for the z‐values of the LVSV of all of the geometrical factors (β = 0.36, P < 0.0001). However, the z‐values of the LVRWD did not contribute to those of the LVSV.

Conclusions

The longitudinal LV contraction contributes more to the LVSV than the radial LV contraction, even in subjects without heart failure. Evaluation of longitudinal LV contraction using the MAPSE z‐value is useful for assessing global LV function in children with various body sizes.
Strategic colonies and economic development: real wages in Cyprus, Gibraltar, and Malta, 1836–1913
Authors: Caruana‐Galizia Paul
Published: July 2015

What if a colony is neither extractive nor settler material? European powers colonized some areas for military reasons: to keep those areas out of rivals' hands or to have geographically strategic outposts. In these cases, European settlement was low and there was nothing to extract. This article examines the extent to which living standards, as measured by real wages, among three such examples—Cyprus, Gibraltar, and Malta—can be explained by British rule. These highly comparable Mediterranean islands did not enjoy democratic governments nor did they endure authoritarian ones. Colonial institutions worked through ensuring an environment in which Mediterranean trade could flourish. This adds another layer to our understanding of the economic impact of colonization, extending the simple settler versus extractive dichotomy. It also contradicts the historiography's claims that living standards were low, and determined by British military expenditure. Living standards in these countries were in fact at the European average.
Diagnostic reference range of κ/λ free light chain ratio to screen for Bence Jones proteinuria is not significantly influenced by GFR
Authors: Schmidt‐Hieltjes Yvonne , Elshof Clemens , Roovers Lian , Ruinemans‐Koerts Janneke
Published: July 2015

Objectives

The aim of our study was to analyse whether the κ/λ free light chain ratio reference range for screening for Bence Jones proteinuria should be dependent on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Methods

The serum κ/λ free light chain ratio, eGFR, serum M‐protein and Bence Jones protein were measured in 544 patients for whom Bence Jones protein analysis was ordered.

Results

In the population of patients without Bence Jones proteinuria or a M‐protein (n = 402), there is no gradual increase in κ/λ free light chain ratio with diminishing eGFR. The κ/λ free light chain ratio in this group was 0.56–1.86 (95% interval). With this diagnostic reference range of the κ/λ ratio, 105 of the 110 patients with Bence Jones protein could be identified correctly. Only five patients with Bence Jones proteinuria (<0.17 g/L) were missed, without diagnostic or therapeutic consequences. In 36 patients (6.6%), an abnormal κ/λ free light chain ratio was measured without the presence of Bence Jones proteinuria.

Conclusions

A κ/λ free light chain ratio in serum can be used safely and efficiently to select urine samples which should be analysed for Bence Jones proteinuria with an electrophoresis/immunofixation technique. Using this diagnostic reference range, the number of urine samples which should be analysed by electrophoresis/immunofixation could be reduced by 74%. The diagnostic reference interval can be determined best in a group of patients for whom Bence Jones analysis is indicated. For calculation of this reference range, the eGFR value does not need to be taken into account.
Identification and modelling of fast and slow Ih current components in vestibular ganglion neurons
Authors: Michel Christophe B. , Azevedo Coste Christine , Desmadryl Gilles , Puel Jean‐Luc , Bourien Jerome , Graham Bruce P.
Published: July 2015

Previous experimental data indicates the hyperpolarization‐activated cation (Ih) current, in the inner ear, consists of two components [different hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) subunits] which are impossible to pharmacologically isolate. To confirm the presence of these two components in vestibular ganglion neurons we have applied a parameter identification algorithm which is able to discriminate the parameters of the two components from experimental data. Using simulated data we have shown that this algorithm is able to identify the parameters of two populations of non‐inactivated ionic channels more accurately than a classical method. Moreover, the algorithm was demonstrated to be insensitive to the key parameter variations. We then applied this algorithm to Ih current recordings from mouse vestibular ganglion neurons. The algorithm revealed the presence of a high‐voltage‐activated slow component and a low‐voltage‐activated fast component. Finally, the electrophysiological significance of these two Ih components was tested individually in computational vestibular ganglion neuron models (sustained and transient), in the control case and in the presence of cAMP, an intracellular cyclic nucleotide that modulates HCN channel activity. The results suggest that, first, the fast and slow components modulate differently the action potential excitability and the excitatory postsynaptic potentials in both sustained and transient vestibular neurons and, second, the fast and slow components, in the control case, provide different information about characteristics of the stimulation and this information is significantly modified after modulation by cAMP.
Geogenic CO2 affects stabilization of soil organic matter
Authors: Rennert T. , Pfanz H.
Published: July 2015

The soil on mofette sites is affected by ascending geogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), which partially fills the soil atmosphere. We hypothesized that geogenic CO2 affects the stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM) at lower partial pressures than had been discussed previously for mofette sites. We studied loamy Ah horizons (n = 22; pH 3.4–4) of the soil along a transect on a grassland mofette site in the northwest Czech Republic with CO2 partial pressures (p(CO2)) of up to 0.52. The samples were fractionated by particle size, density and solubility (water‐soluble organic matter (WSOM)), and analysed quantitatively for organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) and qualitatively (13C‐NMR spectroscopy). Soil OM with a narrower C:N ratio accumulated in the clay fraction, but at p(CO2) less than approximately 0.1 the proportion of SOM in the clay fraction relative to total SOM tended to decrease with increasing p(CO2), whereas that of particulate organic matter (POM) fractions increased with increasing p(CO2). We attribute the distribution of SOM among the mineral soil and POM to decreased interactions with minerals of the clay fraction. The formation of iron (Fe) hydroxides, which potentially sorb SOM, was not affected negatively by CO2. The potential reactivity of Fe hydroxides was even positively affected by increased p(CO2). Export of dissolved SOM into the subsoil might increase at mofette sites because of the large amounts of WSOM and decreasing interactions with minerals of the clay fraction. Therefore, our results show negative effects of CO2 on SOM stabilization even at moderate p(CO2).
Beyond a physical symptom: the importance of psychosocial factors in multiple sclerosis pain
Authors: Harrison A. M. , Silber E. , McCracken L. M. , Moss‐Morris R.
Published: July 2015

Background and purpose

Pain affects around two‐thirds of people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS). Biomedical treatments show limited efficacy. A recently developed cognitive‐behavioural model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pain suggests several psychosocial factors may worsen pain and related disability. The current study investigated whether psychosocial factors drawn from this model explain significant amounts of the variance in pain severity and interference over and above measures of disease severity and pain subtype.

Methods

Six hundred and twelve pwMS experiencing pain completed a UK wide cross‐sectional survey including valid and reliable psychometric questionnaires. Hierarchical regressions determined the relative contribution of disease severity and psychosocial factors to predicting pain severity and interference.

Results

All psychosocial factors including distress, negative beliefs about pain and its consequences, and avoidance of activity, were related to pain outcomes, explaining a further 24% and 30% of the variance in pain severity and interference after controlling for demographic and disease variables. Findings were similar for neuropathic and non‐neuropathic pain subgroups.

Conclusions

All pwMS reported significant pain and associated disability even though over 90% were taking pain medication. Psychosocial factors identified as important in predicting pain severity and, to a greater extent, pain interference are potentially modifiable and may be important treatment targets for both pain subtypes.
Patterns of anti‐inflammatory drug use and risk of dementia: a matched case–control study
Authors: Dregan A. , Chowienczyk P. , Armstrong D.
Published: July 2015

Background and purpose

There is limited primary‐care‐based evidence about a potential association between anti‐inflammatory therapy and dementia subtypes. The present study addressed this limitation by using electronic health records from a large primary care database.

Method

A case–control study was implemented using electronic medical records. Cases had a diagnosis of dementia between 1992 and 2014. Up to four controls matched on age, gender, family practice and index date were selected for each case. Use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoid drugs represented the exposure variables. Primary outcome measures included all‐cause dementia and main dementia subtypes, including Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD). Data were analysed using conditional logistic regression.

Results

The study identified 31 083 patients with AD, 23 465 with VaD and 1694 with LBD. Ever‐used NSAIDs were associated with a modest increase in the risk of all‐cause dementia (odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.05, P < 0.006), whilst no association was apparent for ever‐used glucocorticoids (0.98, 0.96–1.01, P = 0.152). There was no evidence for an association between NSAIDs and AD (1.03, 0.99–1.06, P = 0.07) or LBD (1.13, 0.99–1.29, P = 0.08). However, a significant increase in the risk for VaD (1.33, 1.29–1.38, P < 0.001) was observed. Similar patterns emerged for glucocorticoid therapy.

Conclusion

In a large primary care population, there was no robust evidence for a potential association between anti‐inflammatory drugs and risk of AD or LBD. NSAIDs and glucocorticoid drugs were associated with higher risk of VaD.
Some Further Thoughts on the Entrepreneurial Personality
Authors: DeNisi Angelo S.
Published: July 2015

This article seeks to extend the discussion begun by Danny Miller (2015) in his editorial entitled, “A Downside to Entrepreneurial Personality?”
Guttural pouch perforation caused during nasogastric intubation
Authors: Gillen A. , Cuming R. , Schumacher J. , Taylor D. , Munsterman A.
Published: July 2015

A 19‐year‐old gelding presented with swelling of the pharyngeal region following evaluation for an episode of colic. Endoscopy, radiography and ultrasonography were utilised in diagnosis of a guttural pouch perforation, secondary to nasogastric intubation. Conservative treatment resulted in a fibrin seal over the perforation. Unfortunately, the horse succumbed to colitis and was subjected to euthanasia before resolution of the injury.
A recombinant fusion protein derived from dog hookworm inhibits autoantibody‐induced dermal–epidermal separation ex vivo
Authors: Kemmer Annette , Bieber Katja , Abadpour Aida , Yu Xinhua , Mitschker Nina , Roth Sara , Kauderer Claudia , Ludwig Ralf J. , Seeger Karsten , Köhl Jörg , Zillikens Detlef , Recke Andreas
Published: July 2015

The proteins secreted by parasitic nematodes are evolutionarily optimized molecules with unique capabilities of suppressing the immune response of the host organism. Neutrophil inhibitory factor (NIF), which is secreted by the dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum, binds to the β2 integrin CD11b/CD18, which is expressed on human neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages and inhibits neutrophil‐dependent lung injury and neutrophil invasion of ischaemic brain tissue. Neutrophils are key players in the pathogenesis of subepidermal autoimmune blistering diseases (sAIBDs), and their pathogenic activities are crucially dependent on β2 integrin functionality. Based on the template of single‐stranded, dimerizing antibody derivatives, which are already used in cancer treatment, we designed a novel biologic, NIF‐IGHE‐CH4, comprising NIF and the dimerizing but otherwise inert constant heavy subdomain 4 (CH4) of human IgE (IGHE). This molecule was evaluated in a variety of in vitro assays, demonstrating its ability to inhibit pathogenically relevant neutrophil functions such as migration, adhesion and spreading, and release of reactive oxygen species. Finally, we confirmed that NIF‐IGHE‐CH4 inhibits blister formation in an ex vivo assay of sAIBD. These results suggest that NIF‐IGHE‐CH4 is a novel potential anti‐inflammatory drug for the treatment of neutrophil‐mediated diseases such as sAIBDs. This study promotes the drugs from bugs concept and encourages further research and development focused on turning parasite proteins into useful anti‐inflammatory biologics.
Identification of a possible susceptibility locus for UVB‐induced skin tanning phenotype in Korean females using genomewide association study
Authors: Kwak Taek‐Jong , Chang Yun‐Hee , Shin Young‐Ah , Shin Jung‐Min , Kim Ji‐Hye , Lim Seul‐Ki , Lee Sang‐Hwha , Lee Min‐Geol , Yoon Tae‐Jin , Kim Chang‐Deok , Lee Jeung‐Hoon , Koh Jae Sook , Seo Young Kyoung , Chang Min‐Youl , Lee Young
Published: July 2015

A two‐stage genomewide association (GWA) analysis was conducted to investigate the genetic factors influencing ultraviolet (UV)‐induced skin pigmentation in Korean females after UV exposure. Previously, a GWA study evaluating ~500 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 99 Korean females identified eight SNPs that were highly associated with tanning ability. To confirm these associations, we genotyped the SNPs in an independent replication study (112 Korean females). We found that a novel SNP in the intron of the WW domain‐containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene yielded significant replicated associations with skin tanning ability (P‐value = 1.16 × 10−4). To understand the functional consequences of this locus located in the non‐coding region, we investigated the role of WWOX in human melanocytes using a recombinant adenovirus expressing a microRNA specific for WWOX. Inhibition of WWOX expression significantly increased the expression and activity of tyrosinase in human melanocytes. Taken together, our results suggest that genetic variants in the intronic region of WWOX could be determinants in the UV‐induced tanning ability of Korean females. WWOX represents a new candidate gene to evaluate the molecular basis of the UV‐induced tanning ability in individuals.
ATF4 mediates necrosis induced by glucose deprivation and apoptosis induced by 2‐deoxyglucose in the same cells
Authors: León‐Annicchiarico Clara Lucía , Ramírez‐Peinado Silvia , Domínguez‐Villanueva Dídac , Gonsberg Anika , Lampidis Theodore J. , Muñoz‐Pinedo Cristina
Published: July 2015

Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer that opens new therapeutic possibilities. 2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DG) is a non‐metabolizable glucose analog tested in clinical trials and is frequently used in experimental settings to mimic glucose starvation. However, in the present study, conducted in a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, we find that 2‐DG induces classical nuclear apoptotic morphology and caspase‐dependent cell death, whereas glucose deprivation drives cells toward necrotic cell death. Necrosis induced by glucose deprivation did not resemble necroptosis or ferroptosis and was not prevented by antioxidants. Both stimuli promote endoplasmic reticulum stress. Moreover, the transcription factor ATF4 is found to mediate both the apoptosis induced by 2‐DG and the glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin, as well as the necrosis provoked by glucose withdrawal. Several hexoses partially prevented glucose deprivation‐induced necrosis in rhabdomyosarcoma, although only mannose prevented apoptosis induced by 2‐DG. In both cases, a reduction of cell death was associated with decreased levels of ATF4. Our results confirm previous data indicating the differential effects of these two forms with respect to inhibiting glucose metabolism, and they place endoplasmic reticulum stress as the critical mediator of glucose starvation‐induced cell death.
Priority threat management of invasive animals to protect biodiversity under climate change
Authors: Firn Jennifer , Maggini Ramona , Chadès Iadine , Nicol Sam , Walters Belinda , Reeson Andy , Martin Tara G. , Possingham Hugh P. , Pichancourt Jean‐Baptiste , Ponce‐Reyes Rocio , Carwardine Josie
Published: July 2015

Climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity, and its impacts can act synergistically to heighten the severity of other threats. Most research on projecting species range shifts under climate change has not been translated to informing priority management strategies on the ground. We develop a prioritization framework to assess strategies for managing threats to biodiversity under climate change and apply it to the management of invasive animal species across one‐sixth of the Australian continent, the Lake Eyre Basin. We collected information from key stakeholders and experts on the impacts of invasive animals on 148 of the region's most threatened species and 11 potential strategies. Assisted by models of current distributions of threatened species and their projected distributions, experts estimated the cost, feasibility, and potential benefits of each strategy for improving the persistence of threatened species with and without climate change. We discover that the relative cost‐effectiveness of invasive animal control strategies is robust to climate change, with the management of feral pigs being the highest priority for conserving threatened species overall. Complementary sets of strategies to protect as many threatened species as possible under limited budgets change when climate change is considered, with additional strategies required to avoid impending extinctions from the region. Overall, we find that the ranking of strategies by cost‐effectiveness was relatively unaffected by including climate change into decision‐making, even though the benefits of the strategies were lower. Future climate conditions and impacts on range shifts become most important to consider when designing comprehensive management plans for the control of invasive animals under limited budgets to maximize the number of threatened species that can be protected.
Community assembly on isolated islands: macroecology meets evolution
Authors: Rominger A. J. , Goodman K. R. , Lim J. Y. , Armstrong E. E. , Becking L. E. , Bennett G. M , Brewer M. S. , Cotoras D. D. , Ewing C. P. , Harte J. , Martinez N. D. , O'Grady P. M. , Percy D. M. , Price D. K. , Roderick G. K. , Shaw K. L. , Valdovinos F. S. , Gruner D. S. , Gillespie R. G.
Published: July 2015

Aim

Understanding how ecological and evolutionary processes together determine patterns of biodiversity remains a central aim in biology. Guided by ecological theory, we use data from multiple arthropod lineages across the Hawaiian archipelago to explore the interplay between ecological (population dynamics, dispersal, trophic interactions) and evolutionary (genetic structuring, adaptation, speciation, extinction) processes. Our goal is to show how communities develop from the dynamic feedbacks that operate at different temporal and spatial scales.

Location

The Hawaiian islands (19–22° N, 155–160° W).

Methods

We synthesize genetic data from selected arthropods across the Hawaiian archipelago to determine the relative role of dispersal and in situ differentiation across the island chronosequence. From four sites on three high islands with geological ages ranging from < 1 Ma to 5 Ma, we also generate ecological metrics on plant–herbivore bipartite networks drawn from the literature. We compare the structure of these networks with predictions derived from the principle of maximum information entropy.

Results

From the perspective of the island chronosequence we show that species at lower trophic levels develop population genetic structure at smaller temporal and spatial scales than species at higher trophic levels. Network nestedness decreases while modularity increases with habitat age. Single‐island endemics exhibit more specialization than broadly distributed species, but both show the least specialization in communities on middle‐aged substrates. Plant–herbivore networks also show the least deviation from theoretical predictions in middle‐aged communities.

Main conclusions

The application of ecological theory to island chronosequences can illuminate feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary processes in community assembly. We show how patterns of population genetic structure, decreasing network nestedness, increasing network modularity and increased specialization shift from early assembly driven by immigration, to in situ diversification after > 1 Myr. Herbivore–plant communities only transiently achieve statistical steady state during assembly, presumably due to incomplete assembly from dispersal in the early stages, and the increasing influence of island ontogeny on older islands.
Ecological predictors of spider sociality in theAmericas
Authors: Guevara Jennifer , Avilés Leticia
Published: July 2015

Aim

To evaluate the relative importance of environmental factors relevant to specific hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the distribution of social and subsocialAnelosimusspiders in the American continent andEcuador. For social species, we test the seasonality and prey size hypotheses, which posit that species forming long‐lived multifemale colonies require aseasonal conditions and warm and productive environments in which large insects can develop. For subsocial species, we test the rain intensity and predation risk hypotheses, which posit that species whose colonies contain a single female and her offspring cannot occupy areas where strong rains cause frequent damage to their webs and where warm temperatures and high productivity promote greater predation.

Location

America,Ecuador.

Methods

Using generalized linear models, hierarchical variance partitioning,Maxent distribution modelling and phylogenetically controlled regressions, we analysed the relative importance of environmental variables that either directly or indirectly relate to these non‐exclusive hypotheses – temperature and precipitation seasonality (seasonality hypothesis), annual temperature and net primary productivity (insect size and predation hypotheses) and rain intensity (rain intensity hypothesis).

Results

Temperature seasonality, followed by annual temperature and rain intensity, were the most important predictors of the distribution of spider sociality across America, whereas temperature and rain intensity predominated in the largely aseasonalEcuador. In general, social species were associated with lower temperature seasonality, warmer temperatures and higher rain intensity than subsocial species.

Main conclusion

The association of socialAnelosimuswith warm and wet areas in the tropics is consistent with both the seasonality and prey size hypotheses, i.e. both aseasonal conditions and warm temperatures, which allow large insects to develop, are needed for large social colonies to form. That subsocialAnelosimusdrop‐out from tropical areas with warm temperatures and high rain intensity is consistent with the hypotheses that high predation risk and disturbance by strong rains exclude subsocialAnelosimusfrom the lowland rain forest.
Efficacy of emergency department‐based interventions designed to reduce repeat visits and other adverse outcomes for older patients after discharge: A systematic review
Authors: Karam Grace , Radden Zoe , Berall Laura E , Cheng Catherine , Gruneir Andrea
Published: July 2015

Aim

There is an urgent need for effective geriatric interventions to meet the health service demands of the growing older population. In this paper, we systematically review and update existing literature on interventions within emergency departments (ED) targeted towards reducing ED re‐visits, hospitalizations, nursing home admissions and deaths in older patients after initial ED discharge.

Methods

Databases Medline, CINAHL, Embase and Web of Science were searched to identify all articles published up to June 2012 that focused on older adults in the ED, included a comparison group, and reported quantitative results in four primary outcomes: ED re‐visits, hospitalizations, nursing home admissions and death after initial ED discharge.

Results

Of the 2826 titles screened, just nine studies met our inclusion criteria. The studies varied in their design and outcome measurements such that results could not be combined. Two trends surfaced: (i) more intensive interventions more frequently resulted in reduced adverse outcomes than did simple referral intervention types; and (ii) among the lowest intensity, referral‐based interventions, studies that used a validated prediction tool to identify high‐risk patients more frequently reported improved outcomes than those that did not use such a tool.

Conclusion

Of the few studies that met the inclusion criteria, there was a lack of consistency and clarity in study designs and evaluative outcomes. Despite this, more intensive interventions that followed patients beyond a referral and the use of a clinical risk prediction tool appeared to be associated with improved outcomes. The dearth of rigorous evaluations with standardized methodologies precludes further recommendations. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 1107–1117.
Utility of video consultation to improve the outcomes of home enteral nutrition in a population of frail older patients
Authors: Orlandoni Paolo , Jukic Peladic Nikolina , Spazzafumo Liana , Venturini Claudia , Cola Claudia , Sparvoli Debora , Giorgini Natascia , Basile Redenta , Fagnani Donata
Published: July 2015

Aim

To determine whether the outcomes of home enteral nutrition for frail older patients can be improved by video consultation between home visiting staff and a hospital physician, specialized in clinical nutrition, during monthly home visits.

Methods

A randomized prospective study out of patients aged older than 65 years receiving home enteral nutrition from the Department of Clinical Nutrition of an Italian geriatric hospital in 2013 was carried. A total of 100 patients were randomly assigned to receive video consultation in addition to regular monthly home visits, 88 patients only had regular monthly home visits. Therapy outcomes – incidence rates of complications, outpatient hospital visits and hospitalizations – were compared between two groups. A logistic regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the usefulness of the video consultation to improve therapy outcomes.

Results

Incidence rates for metabolic and gastrointestinal complications were significantly lower for patients who received a video consultation, respectively: 0.032/year “video consultation” versus 0.055/year “no video consultation” (P = 0.0001) and 0.006/year “video consultation” versus 0.028/year “no video consultation” (P < 0.0001). No differences were found for incidence rates of mechanical complications, outpatient hospital visits and hospitalizations. Logistic regression showed that the video consultation was significantly correlated with a reduction of metabolic complications (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.00–6.91; P = 0.049 after adjustment for duration of home enteral nutrition and diabetes mellitus 2).

Conclusion

The present study provides evidence that a video consultation between home visiting staff and hospital physicians specialized in clinical nutrition during monthly home visits is associated with a reduction of metabolic complications in a population of frail older patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; ●●: ●●–●●.
Implementing global framework agreements: the limits of social partnership
Authors: FICHTER MICHAEL , MCCALLUM JAMIE K.
Published: July 2015

Global framework agreements, negotiated between representatives of transnational corporations and trade unions, are a form of private regulation of labour relations on a global scale. Conceived and promoted by the global union federations, their numbers have increased considerably over the past two decades. However, as empirical research has shown, their record of implementation has been poor. We attribute this to them having been negotiated within the limits of a labour‐management relationship based on ‘social partnership’. This highly institutionalized setting of dialogue contrasts markedly with the widespread incidence of contested labour relations in subsidiaries of transnational corporations and in particular throughout their global production networks. Yet, workers and their unions at such sites, where global framework agreements are most needed, have mostly not been involved in their negotiation. Instead of relying on ‘social partnership’, we argue for unions to embrace a ‘conflict partnership’ approach, one that recognizes and addresses the tension between dialogue and conflict in labour relations. To highlight our arguments, we present two contrasting case studies from the service sector.
Geostatistical Borehole Image‐Based Mapping of Karst‐Carbonate Aquifer Pores
Authors: Sukop Michael C. , Cunningham Kevin J.
Published: July 2015

Quantification of the character and spatial distribution of porosity in carbonate aquifers is important as input into computer models used in the calculation of intrinsic permeability and for next‐generation, high‐resolution groundwater flow simulations. Digital, optical, borehole‐wall image data from three closely spaced boreholes in the karst‐carbonate Biscayne aquifer in southeastern Florida are used in geostatistical experiments to assess the capabilities of various methods to create realistic two‐dimensional models of vuggy megaporosity and matrix‐porosity distribution in the limestone that composes the aquifer. When the borehole image data alone were used as the model training image, multiple‐point geostatistics failed to detect the known spatial autocorrelation of vuggy megaporosity and matrix porosity among the three boreholes, which were only 10 m apart. Variogram analysis and subsequent Gaussian simulation produced results that showed a realistic conceptualization of horizontal continuity of strata dominated by vuggy megaporosity and matrix porosity among the three boreholes.
Comparison of several von Willebrand factor (VWF) activity assays for monitoring patients undergoing treatment with VWF/FVIII concentrates: improved performance with a new modified automated method
Authors: Hillarp A. , Friedman K. D. , Adcock‐Funk D. , Tiefenbacher S. , Nichols W. L. , Chen D. , Stadler M. , Schwartz B. A.
Published: July 2015

Background

The ability of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to bind platelet GP Ib and promote platelet plug formation is measured in vitro using the ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo) assay. Automated assay systems make testing more accessible for diagnosis, but do not necessarily improve sensitivity and accuracy.

Objective

We assessed the performance of a modified automated VWF:RCo assay protocol for the Behring Coagulation System (BCS®) compared to other available assay methods.

Methods

Results from different VWF:RCo assays in a number of specialized commercial and research testing laboratories were compared using plasma samples with varying VWF:RCo activities (0–1.2 IU mL−1). Samples were prepared by mixing VWF concentrate or plasma standard into VWF‐depleted plasma. Commercially available lyophilized standard human plasma was also studied. Emphasis was put on the low measuring range. VWF:RCo accuracy was calculated based on the expected values, whereas precision was obtained from repeated measurements.

Results

In the physiological concentration range, most of the automated tests resulted in acceptable accuracy, with varying reproducibility dependent on the method. However, several assays were inaccurate in the low measuring range. Only the modified BCS protocol showed acceptable accuracy over the entire measuring range with improved reproducibility.

Conclusions

A modified BCS® VWF:RCo method can improve sensitivity and thus enhances the measuring range. Furthermore, the modified BCS® assay displayed good precision. This study indicates that the specific modifications − namely the combination of increased ristocetin concentration, reduced platelet content, VWF‐depleted plasma as on‐board diluent and a two‐curve calculation mode − reduces the issues seen with current VWF:RCo activity assays.
Factor for felons: how can we provide haemophilia care to the incarcerated?
Authors: Lambing A. , Kachalsky E. , Mueller L. M. , Kuriakose P.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

In 2011, 6.98‐million offenders were documented in the adult correctional system, with state operating costs designated 12% towards medical care ($11.97 day per inmate) for the general population. Common co‐existing health problems identified are: arthritis (13%), hypertension (11%), asthma (10%) and heart problems (6%). Less than 5% of inmates have health issues related to cancer, diabetes, liver or renal problems and communicable diseases. The leading cause of death is suicide (33.2%), followed by heart disease (26.1%). Despite these statistics quality is lacking. Given these statistics, one would expect that a small proportion of patients from Hemophilia Treatment Center (HTC) will spend some time within the justice system. Currently there are no data addressing haemophilia care needs while incarcerated.

Methods

This article will review the current health care issues in the adult correctional system. Additionally, six case reports of incarcerated haemophiliacs will be highlighted exploring the successes and challenges with maintaining haemophilia care addressing the priority of meeting the haemophilia care needs verses the penal system regulations.

It can be expected that at some point, the HTC will experience a patient incarcerated for some period of time. The HTC will continue to advocate for their patient within this system, despite the many challenges faced.

Conclusions

Despite the challenges outlined, ongoing communication and education with the correctional system, education of the medical personnel and prison personnel remains the priority as we advocate for our patients. Continued strategies in these areas are paramount.
Five in one therapy for graded treatment of haemophilic arthritis
Authors: Liu S. X. , Li P. B. , Liu Y. G. , Wang P. H.
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Haemophilic arthritis is the most universal clinical appearance of haemophilia. Treatment of this disease has become an important and difficult issue worldwide until recently.

Objective

To investigate the efficacy and safety of five in one therapy for graded treatment of haemophilic arthritis.

Methods

Haemophilic arthritis was classified into grades I–IV according to severity and the standards of De Palma and Cotler. Under no application of FVIII/FIX replacement therapy state, the effect of five in one therapy (intra‐articular cavity drug injection, oral drug preparation, physiotherapy, and prevention of haemorrhage and infection evoked by puncture) was observed in 1527 affected joints of 750 cases of haemophilic arthritis.

Results

After 20 days treatment, all grade I and II, 94.98% of grade III and 56.16% of grade IV affected joints were completely relieved; 5.02% of grade III and 41.47% of grade IV affected joints were basically relieved; and 2.38% of grade IV were partially relieved. This resulted in short‐term complete and basic relief of 98.56% (1505/1527) of all affected joints. After follow‐up of 1–6 years, 86.97% of the affected joints were completely relieved, without any adverse reaction or complication.

Conclusion

The results suggest that five in one therapy is safe and effective for treatment of haemophilic arthritis, and provides a convenient, cost‐effective way of preventing and treating deformity caused by haemophilic arthritis.
Generation and optimization of the self‐administered bleeding assessment tool and its validation as a screening test for von Willebrand disease
Authors: Deforest M. , Grabell J. , Albert S. , Young J. , Tuttle A. , Hopman W. M. , James P. D.
Published: July 2015

Introduction/Aim

Our aim was to generate, optimize and validate a self‐administered bleeding assessment tool (self‐BAT) for von Willebrand disease (VWD).

Methods

In Phase 1, medical terminology in the expert‐administered International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH)‐BAT was converted into a Grade 4 reading level to produce the first version of the Self‐BAT which was then optimized to ensure agreement with the ISTH‐BAT. In Phase 2, the normal range of bleeding scores (BSs) was determined and test–retest reliability analysed. In Phase 3, the optimized Self‐BAT was tested as a screening tool for first time referrals to the Haematology clinic.

Results

Bleeding score from the final optimized version of the Self‐BAT showed an excellent intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.87 with ISTH‐BAT BS in Phase 1. In Phase 2, the normal range of BSs for the optimized Self‐BAT was determined to be 0 to +5 for females and 0 to +3 for males and excellent test–retest reliability was shown (ICC = 0.95). In Phase 3, we showed that a positive Self‐BAT BS (≥6 for females, ≥4 for males) has a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 23%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.15 and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.86 for VWD; these figures improved when just the females were analysed; sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 21%, PPV = 0.17 and NPV = 1.0.

Conclusion

We show an optimized Self‐BAT can generate comparable BS to the expert‐administered ISTH‐BAT and is a reliable, effective screening tool to incorporate into the assessment of individuals, particularly women, referred for a possible bleeding disorder.
Reimbursement‐Based Economics – What Is It and How Can We Use It to Inform Drug Policy Reform?
Authors: Coyle Doug , Lee Karen M. , Mamdani Muhammad , Sabarre Kelley‐Anne , Tingley Kylie
Published: July 2015

Background

In Ontario, approximately $3.8 billion is spent annually on publicly funded drug programs. The annual growth in Ontario Public Drug Program (OPDP) expenditure has been limited to 1.2% over the course of 3 years. Concurrently, the Ontario Drug Policy Research Network (ODPRN) was appointed to conduct drug class review research relating to formulary modernization within the OPDP. Drug class reviews by ODPRN incorporate a novel methodological technique called reimbursement‐based economics, which focuses on reimbursement strategies and may be particularly relevant for policy‐makers.

Objectives

To describe the reimbursement‐based economics approach.

Methods

Reimbursement‐based economics aims to identify the optimal reimbursement strategy for drug classes by incorporating a review of economic literature, comprehensive budget impact analyses, and consideration of cost‐effectiveness. This 3‐step approach is novel in its focus on the economic impact of alternate reimbursement strategies rather than individual therapies.

Results

The methods involved within the reimbursement‐based approach are detailed. To facilitate the description, summary methods and findings from a recent application to formulary modernization with respect to the drug class tryptamine‐based selective serotonin receptor agonists (triptans) used to treat migraine headaches are presented.

Conclusions

The application of reimbursement‐based economics in drug policy reforms allows policy‐makers to consider the cost‐effectiveness and budget impact of different reimbursement strategies allowing consideration of the trade‐off between potential cost savings vs increased access to cost‐effective treatments.