bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
We need to talk: Primary care provider communication at discharge in the era of a shared electronic medical record
Authors: Sheu Leslie , Fung Kelly , Mourad Michelle , Ranji Sumant , Wu Ethel
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Poor communication between hospitalists and outpatient physicians can contribute to adverse events after discharge. Electronic medical records (EMRs) shared by inpatient and outpatient clinicians offer primary care providers (PCPs) better access to information surrounding a patient's hospitalization. However, the PCP experience and subsequent expectations for discharge communication within a shared EMR are unknown.

METHODS

We surveyed PCPs 1 year after a shared EMR was implemented at our institution to assess PCP satisfaction with current discharge communication practices and identify areas for improvement.

RESULTS

Seventy‐five of 124 (60%) clinicians completed the survey. Although most PCPs reported receiving automated discharge notifications (71%), only 39% felt that notifications plus discharge summaries were adequate for safe transitions of care. PCPs expressed that complex hospitalizations necessitated additional communication via e‐mail or telephone; only 31% reported receiving such communication. The content most important in additional communication included medication changes, follow‐up actions, and active medical issues.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite optimized access to information provided by a shared EMR, only 52% of PCPs were satisfied with current discharge communication. PCPs express a continued need for high‐touch communication for safe transitions of care. Further standardization of discharge communication practices is necessary. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:307–310. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Perceived core competency achievements of fellowship and non‐fellowship‐trained early career pediatric hospitalists
Authors: Librizzi Jamie , Winer Jeffrey C , Banach Laurie , Davis Aisha
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

The pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) core competencies were established in 2010 to identify the specific knowledge base and skill set needed to provide the highest quality of care for hospitalized children. The objectives of this study were to examine the perceived core competency achievements of fellowship‐trained and non‐fellowship‐trained early career pediatric hospitalists and identify perceived gaps in our current training models.

METHODS

An anonymous Web‐based survey was distributed in November 2013. Hospitalists within 5 years of their residency graduation reported their perceived competency in select PHM core competencies. χ2 and multiprobit regression analyses were utilized.

RESULTS

One hundred ninety‐seven hospitalists completed the survey and were included; 147 were non‐fellowship‐trained and 50 were PHM fellowship graduates or current PHM fellows. Both groups reported feeling less than competent in sedation and aspects of business practice. Non‐fellowship‐trained hospitalists also reported mean scores in the less than competent range in intravenous access/phlebotomy, technology‐dependent emergencies, performing Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act process and root cause analysis, defining basic statistical terms, and identifying research resources. Non‐fellowship‐trained hospitalists reported mean competency scores greater than fellowship‐trained hospitalists in pain management, newborn care, and transitions in care.

CONCLUSIONS

Early career pediatric hospitalists report deficits in several of the PHM core competencies, which should be considered when designing PHM‐specific training in the future. Fellowship‐trained hospitalists report higher levels of perceived competency in many core areas. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:373–379. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
The psychological contracts of violation victims: A post‐violation model
Authors: Tomprou Maria , Rousseau Denise M. , Hansen Samantha D.
Published: March 2015

Organizations may fail to keep their commitments to their employees, at times leading to psychological contract violation. Although many victims of violation remain with their employer despite such adverse experiences, little research exists on their responses in the aftermath of violation. This paper develops a post‐violation model to explain systematically how violation victims respond to and cope with violation and the effects this process has on their subsequent psychological contract. Central to post‐violation are the victims' beliefs regarding the likelihood of violation resolution and the factors affecting it. The model specifies how the victim engages in a self‐regulation process that results in an array of potential psychological contract outcomes. Possible outcomes include reactivation of the original pre‐violation contract, the formation of a new contract that may be more or less attractive than the original, or a state of dissolution wherein the victim fails to form a functional psychological contract with the employer. The research and practical implications of this model are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double emulsions to improve frankfurter lipid content: impact of perilla oil and pork backfat
Authors: Freire María , Bou Ricard , Cofrades Susana , Solas María Teresa , Jiménez‐Colmenero Francisco
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

The technology involving the use of water‐in‐oil‐in‐water double emulsions (DEs) offers an interesting approach to improve the fat content of foods. With this aim, the effect on frankfurter properties of replacing pork backfat with two different DEs prepared using perilla oil and pork backfat as lipid phases was assessed. This strategy was compared with straightforward addition of the lipid source and addition by means of an oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion.

RESULTS

As compared with all‐pork‐fat frankfurters, the ones with perilla oil had a higher proportion of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Reduced‐fat frankfurters had similar water‐ and fat‐binding properties irrespective of the lipid source or the technological strategy used to incorporate it. Moreover, the oil source but not its mode of incorporation determined the oxidation levels of frankfurters. In reduced‐fat samples, except in the case of frankfurters formulated with a perilla oil‐in‐water emulsion, hardness was unaffected either by the type of fat or by its mode of incorporation. The replacement of pork backfat by perilla oil reduced the overall acceptability of products when perilla oil was added by means of the O/W emulsion and DE approaches.

CONCLUSION

This technology is suitable for labelling meat products with specific nutritional and health claims. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Impact of increasing operative time on the incidence of early failure and complications following free tissue transfer? A risk factor analysis of 2,008 patients from the ACS‐NSQIP database
Authors: Offodile Anaeze C. , Aherrera Andrew , Wenger Julia , Rajab Taufiek K. , Guo Lifei
Published: March 2015

Background

There is a scarcity of externally valid data that investigate the utility of operative time, a common clinical parameter, as a predictor of free flap failures. Our aim was to assess whether prolonged operative time correlates with early flap failure following free tissue transfer in the acute care setting using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database.

Methods

The 2005–2011 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program databases were reviewed for encounters that entailed a free tissue transfer via a CPT algorithm. Patients identified as having a flap loss were compared with people who did not with regards to operative time and patient comorbidities. Patients were subdivided into the following cohort groups with regards to operative time: <6 hours, 6–12 hours, and >12 hours. Secondary outcome was association between increasing operative time and postoperative complications.

Results

Of the 2,008 patients identified, 62 (3.1%) had early flap failure. After multivariable analysis, it was found that progressive operative time was associated with an increased risk of flap failure; 6–12 hours odds ratio was 4.64 and >12 hours odds ratio was 5.65 (P = 0.0140). Higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class (P = 0.0042) was also shown to be significantly associated with flap failure. On secondary analysis, increasing operative time was correlated with the following complications: pneumonia, blood transfusions, prolonged ventilation, wound dehiscence, and wound complications.

Conclusion

Our results, one of the largest series in the literature, revealed that prolonged operative time was associated with a stepwise increase in the likelihood of early flap failure as well certain postoperative complications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:12–20, 2017.
Immediate nipple reconstruction with thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in breast reconstruction by latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap in patients with Poland's syndrome
Authors: He Jinguang , Xu Hua , Wang Tao , Qiao Yufei , Zhang Yi , Dong Jiasheng
Published: March 2015

Loss of long‐term projection is the major disadvantage of nipple reconstruction using local flaps. We report a technique of immediate perforator flap nipple reconstruction in breast reconstruction by latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap in patients with Poland's syndrome. From March 2007 to July 2012, 12 female patients (age range, 15–21 years) underwent breast reconstructions and immediate nipple reconstructions. A thoracodorsal artery perforator (TAP) flap was simultaneously raised on the LD muscle flap and folded by itself to form the nipple. Both the LD flap and TAP flaps survived postoperatively. The nipple projection was measured by a caliper, and the average loss was 29% by the 1‐year follow‐up. Eleven patients considered the aesthetic appearance of reconstructed breast and nipple to be very good or good. The immediate nipple reconstruction with TAP flap could be safely performed and results in considerable satisfaction in breast reconstruction by LD myocutaneous flap in patients with Poland's syndrome. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:49–53, 2016.
Feasibility of the internal mammary lymph node flap as a vascularized lymph node transfer: A cadaveric dissection study
Authors: Pannucci Christopher J. , Gerety Patrick A. , Wang Amber R. , Zhang Paul , Mies Carolyn , Kanchwala Suhail K.
Published: March 2015

Background

We performed cadaveric dissections to examine the feasibility of an internal mammary‐based lymph node flap as a donor site for vascularized lymph node transfer. Methods: Internal mammary vessels and adjacent nodes were dissected in ten fresh cadaver specimens. Surgeon inspection and palpation identified the number of nodes in the specimen. Specimens were examined macro‐ and microscopically by a pathologist for correlation of lymph node counts. Kappa statistic correlated surgeon‐ and pathologist‐reported node counts. Results: Surgeon‐ and pathologist‐reported node counts were moderately correlated (kappa 0.57). Inspection and palpation correctly predicted node presence or absence in 80% of specimens. Sixty percent of flaps contained between 1 and 3 nodes, with a mean of 2.0 nodes when nodes were present. Conclusions: Inspection and palpation predicts the presence or absence of nodes in 80% of flaps. Nodes were present in 60% of internal mammary‐based flaps, and one to three nodes can be transferred. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:485–490, 2016.
Diffusion‐weighted stimulated echo acquisition mode (DW‐STEAM) MR spectroscopy to measure fat unsaturation in regions with low proton‐density fat fraction
Authors: Ruschke Stefan , Kienberger Hermine , Baum Thomas , Kooijman Hendrik , Settles Marcus , Haase Axel , Rychlik Michael , Rummeny Ernst J. , Karampinos Dimitrios C.
Published: March 2015

Purpose

To propose and optimize diffusion‐weighted stimulated echo acquisition mode (DW‐STEAM) for measuring fat unsaturation in the presence of a strong water signal by suppressing the water signal based on a shorter T2 and higher diffusivity of water relative to fat.

Methods

A parameter study for point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and STEAM using oil phantoms was performed and correlated with gas chromatography (GC). Simulations of muscle tissue signal behavior using DW‐STEAM and long–echo time (TE) PRESS and a parameter optimization for DW‐STEAM were conducted. DW‐STEAM and long‐TE PRESS were applied in the gastrocnemius muscles of nine healthy subjects.

Results

STEAM with TE and mixing time (TM) up to 45 ms exhibited R2 correlations above 0.98 with GC and little T2‐weighting and J‐modulation for the quantified olefinic/methylene peak ratio. The optimal parameters for muscle tissue using DW‐STEAM were b‐value = 1800 s/mm2, TE = 33 ms, TM = 30 ms, and repetition time = 2300 ms. In vivo measured mean olefinic signal‐to‐noise ratios were 72 and 40, mean apparent olefinic water fractions were 0.19 and 0.11 for DW‐STEAM and long‐TE PRESS, respectively.

Conclusion

Optimized DW‐STEAM MR spectroscopy is superior to long‐TE PRESS for measuring fat unsaturation, if a strong water peak prevents the olefinic fat signal's quantification at shorter TEs and water's tissue specific ADC is substantially higher than fat. Magn Reson Med 75:32–41, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiofrequency energy deposition and radiofrequency power requirements in parallel transmission with increasing distance from the coil to the sample
Authors: Deniz Cem M. , Vaidya Manushka V. , Sodickson Daniel K. , Lattanzi Riccardo
Published: March 2015

Purpose

We investigated global specific absorption rate (SAR) and radiofrequency (RF) power requirements in parallel transmission as the distance between the transmit coils and the sample was increased.

Methods

We calculated ultimate intrinsic SAR (UISAR), which depends on object geometry and electrical properties but not on coil design, and we used it as the reference to compare the performance of various transmit arrays. We investigated the case of fixing coil size and increasing the number of coils while moving the array away from the sample, as well as the case of fixing coil number and scaling coil dimensions. We also investigated RF power requirements as a function of lift‐off, and tracked local SAR distributions associated with global SAR optima.

Results

In all cases, the target excitation profile was achieved and global SAR (as well as associated maximum local SAR) decreased with lift‐off, approaching UISAR, which was constant for all lift‐offs. We observed a lift‐off value that optimizes the balance between global SAR and power losses in coil conductors. We showed that, using parallel transmission, global SAR can decrease at ultra high fields for finite arrays with a sufficient number of transmit elements.

Conclusion

For parallel transmission, the distance between coils and object can be optimized to reduce SAR and minimize RF power requirements associated with homogeneous excitation. Magn Reson Med 75:423–432, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of adipocyte FADS1 and FADS2 expression and function
Authors: Ralston Jessica C. , Matravadia Sarthak , Gaudio Nicholas , Holloway Graham P. , Mutch David M.
Published: March 2015

Objective

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) regulate fatty acid desaturase (FADS1, FADS2) expression in the liver; however, it is unknown whether PUFAs regulate FADS in adipocytes. This is important to study considering reports that link altered desaturase activity with adipose tissue PUFA profiles, body weight, and whole‐body glucose homeostasis. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the direct effects of PUFAs on FADS expression in differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes.

Methods

Differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were treated with either α‐linolenic (ALA), linoleic (LA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), or arachidonic acid (AA). Gene expression, protein abundance, and cellular PUFA content were analyzed by real‐time RT‐PCR, Western blotting, and gas chromatography, respectively.

Results

Fads1 and Fads2 gene expression was reduced by EPA and AA, but not ALA or LA. Reductions in gene expression were reflected in FADS2 protein levels, but not FADS1. Treating cells with ALA and LA led to significant increases in the cellular content of downstream PUFAs. Neither ALA nor EPA changed docosahexaenoic acid content.

Conclusions

Differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes have a functional FADS pathway that can be regulated by PUFA. Therefore, this common adipocyte model is suitable to study dietary regulation of the FADS pathway.
Imino(phenoxide) compounds of magnesium: Synthesis, structural characterization, and polymerization studies
Authors: Ghosh Swarup , Chakraborty Debashis , Ramkumar Venkatachalam
Published: March 2015

A plethora of magnesium compounds containing imino(phenoxide) (1–4) and bis(imino)phenoxide (5–10) ligand backbone have been synthesized via the reaction of diethyl magnesium with two equivalent of the corresponding ligand. These compounds were completely characterized by different spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses. The monomeric nature of the magnesium complexes 3, 5, 6, 9, and 10 were further confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The magnesium centers posses distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The controlled hydrolysis compound Mg7O8 (C22H28NO2)6 (11) was adequately characterized using 1H, 13C NMR, ESI‐MS, and the biscubane structure was further confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The Mg7O8 core is deeply embedded with the ligand periphery. These compounds (1–10) were found to be active towards the bulk ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactides, yielding polymers with high number average molecular weight (Mn) and controlled molecular weight distributions (MWDs). In addition, these compounds have been shown to be highly active toward the copolymerization of carbon dioxide with cyclohexene oxide and styrene oxide. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1474–1491
Novel pendent thiophene side‐chained benzodithiophene for polymer solar cells
Authors: Sheng Ruiying , Liu Qian , Xiao Manjun , Gu Chunyang , Hu Tong , Ren Junzhen , Sun Mingliang , Yang Renqiang
Published: March 2015

In this article, pendent thiophene (2‐butyl‐5‐octylthiophene) side chain is used to modify the backbone of the polymers containing benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) and thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD). Compared with the dodecyloxy side‐chained polymer (P1), pendent thiophene‐based polymers (P2 and P3) show similar number‐average molecular weight (Mn), polydispersity index, thermal stability (Td ∼ 334–337 °C), and optical band gaps (
) (∼1.8 eV). Polymer (P2)‐based BDT with pendent thiophene and ethylhexyl‐modified TPD shows relatively low‐lying HOMO energy level (−5.52 eV) and nearly 1 V high open circuit voltage (VOC). The polymer solar cell devices based on three copolymers show power conversion efficiencies from 2.01% to 4.13%. The hole mobility of these polymers tested by space charge limited current method range from 3.4 × 10−4 to 9.2 × 10−4 cm2V−1s−1. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1558–1566
Whispering gallery modes in intrinsic TiO2 microspheres coupling to the defect‐related photoluminescence after visible excitation
Authors: Paunoiu Andreea , Moirangthem Rakesh Singh , Erbe Andreas
Published: March 2015

Defect‐caused visible photoluminescence after visible excitation in anatase TiO2 microresonators couples to whispering gallery modes (WGMs). Spherical anatase TiO2 of a radius between 1.5 µm and 4 µm have been prepared by a sol–gel technique based on hydrolysis of titanium tetrabutoxide. The observation of WGMs in intrinsic anatase TiO2 without additional dopant offers new perspectives for the localisation of light at TiO2 surfaces for the design of photocatalysts.

WGMs show up as narrow peaks in the photoluminescence spectra of TiO2 microparticles after visible excitation.

magnified image

WGMs show up as narrow peaks in the photoluminescence spectra of TiO2 microparticles after visible excitation.

(© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Apoptotic Effect of Galbanic Acid via Activation of Caspases and Inhibition of Mcl‐1 in H460 Non‐Small Lung Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Oh Bum‐Seok , Shin Eun Ah , Jung Ji Hoon , Jung Deok‐Beom , Kim Bonglee , Shim Bum Sang , Yazdi Mahsa Chitsazian , Iranshahi Mehrdad , Kim Sung‐Hoon
Published: March 2015

Galbanic acid (GBA), a major compound of Ferula assafoetida, was known to have cytotoxic, anti‐angiogenic and apoptotic effects in prostate cancer and murine Lewis lung cancer cells; the underling apoptotic mechanism of GBA still remains unclear so far. Thus, in the present study, the apoptotic mechanism of GBA was investigated mainly in H460 non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells because H460 cells were most susceptible to GBA than A549, PC‐9 and HCC827 NSCLC cells. Galbanic acid showed cytotoxicity in wild EGFR type H460 and A549 cells better than other mutant type PC‐9 and HCC827 NSCLC cells. Also, GBA significantly increased the number of Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells and sub G1 population in H460 cells. Western blotting revealed that GBA cleaved poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), activated Bax and caspase 9, attenuated the expression of Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xL, and Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl‐1) in H460 cells. However, interestingly, overexpression of Mcl‐1 blocked the ability of GBA to exert cytotoxicity, activate caspase9 and Bax, cleave PARP, and increase sub G1 accumulation in H460 cells. Overall, these findings suggest that GBA induces apoptosis in H460 cells via caspase activation and Mcl‐1 inhibition in H460 cells as a potent anticancer agent for NSCLC treatment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum confinement in hydrogen bond
Authors: dos Santos Carlos da Silva , Drigo Filho Elso , Ricotta Regina Maria
Published: March 2015

In this work, the quantum confinement effect is proposed as the cause of the displacement of the vibrational spectrum of molecular groups that involve hydrogen bonds. In this approach, the hydrogen bond imposes a space barrier to hydrogen and constrains its oscillatory motion. We studied the vibrational transitions through the Morse potential, for the NH and OH molecular groups inside macromolecules in situation of confinement (when hydrogen bonding is formed) and nonconfinement (when there is no hydrogen bonding). The energies were obtained through the variational method with the trial wave functions obtained from supersymmetric quantum mechanics formalism. The results indicate that it is possible to distinguish the emission peaks related to the existence of the hydrogen bonds. These analytical results were satisfactorily compared with experimental results obtained from infrared spectroscopy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association
Authors: Doorbar John , Egawa Nagayasu , Griffin Heather , Kranjec Christian , Murakami Isao
Published: March 2015

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have evolved over millions of years to propagate themselves in a range of different animal species including humans. Viruses that have co‐evolved slowly in this way typically cause chronic inapparent infections, with virion production in the absence of apparent disease. This is the case for many Beta and Gamma HPV types. The Alpha papillomavirus types have however evolved immunoevasion strategies that allow them to cause persistent visible papillomas. These viruses activate the cell cycle as the infected epithelial cell differentiates in order to create a replication competent environment that allows viral genome amplification and packaging into infectious particles. This is mediated by the viral E6, E7, and E5 proteins. High‐risk E6 and E7 proteins differ from their low‐risk counterparts however in being able to drive cell cycle entry in the upper epithelial layers and also to stimulate cell proliferation in the basal and parabasal layers. Deregulated expression of these cell cycle regulators underlies neoplasia and the eventual progression to cancer in individuals who cannot resolve high‐risk HPV infection. Most work to date has focused on the study of high‐risk HPV types such as HPV 16 and 18, which has led to an understanding of the molecular pathways subverted by these viruses. Such approaches will lead to the development of better strategies for disease treatment, including targeted antivirals and immunotherapeutics. Priorities are now focused toward understanding HPV neoplasias at sites other than the cervix (e.g. tonsils, other transformation zones) and toward understanding the mechanisms by which low‐risk HPV types can sometimes give rise to papillomatosis and under certain situations even cancers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The content of a training package in diagnostic ultrasound for physiotherapists
Authors: McKiernan Sharmaine , Chiarelli Pauline , Warren‐Forward Helen
Published: March 2015

Introduction

In recent years, the use of diagnostic ultrasound has expanded into the physiotherapy profession; however, training in the use of the modality is limited. It is widely accepted that ultrasound imaging is a user‐dependent modality, so without training, physiotherapists are likely to struggle with its use within their profession. The purpose of this study is to report on the content of a training package for physiotherapists in diagnostic ultrasound.

Method

Physiotherapists training needs were previously explored using focus groups and a national survey. Insight gained was then used to develop a training package to cover the basic theory of ultrasound and scanning of the abdominal muscles, multifidus and pelvic floor. A combination of lectures, practical scanning sessions and image interpretation was used to deliver the curriculum.

Results

The training package was developed to be delivered flexibly using two methods: workshop and DVD. The same content was covered in both formats with recorded lectures, video footage and cine clips used on the DVD to replace the live content of the workshop.

Discussion

A training package in diagnostic ultrasound for physiotherapists was developed, and from participant feedback, the content can be said to have improved participant knowledge and confidence when using diagnostic ultrasound. © 2015 Australasian Sonographers Association
YAP1 Regulates OCT4 Activity and SOX2 Expression to Facilitate Self-Renewal and Vascular Mimicry of Stem-Like Cells
Authors: Bora-Singhal Namrata , Nguyen Jonathan , Schaal Courtney , Perumal Deepak , Singh Sandeep , Coppola Domenico , Chellappan Srikumar
Published: March 2015

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is highly correlated with smoking and has very low survival rates. Multiple studies have shown that stem-like cells contribute to the genesis and progression of NSCLC. Our results show that the transcriptional coactivator yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), which is the oncogenic component of the Hippo signaling pathway, is elevated in the stem-like cells from NSCLC and contributes to their self-renewal and ability to form angiogenic tubules. Inhibition of YAP1 by a small molecule or depletion of YAP1 by siRNAs suppressed self-renewal and vascular mimicry of stem-like cells. These effects of YAP1 were mediated through the embryonic stem cell transcription factor, Sox2. YAP1 could transcriptionally induce Sox2 through a physical interaction with Oct4; Sox2 induction occurred independent of TEAD2 transcription factor, which is the predominant mediator of YAP1 functions. The binding of Oct4 to YAP1 could be detected in cell lines as well as tumor tissues; the interaction was elevated in NSCLC samples compared to normal tissue as seen by proximity ligation assays. YAP1 bound to Oct4 through the WW domain, and a peptide corresponding to this region could disrupt the interaction. Delivery of the WW domain peptide to stem-like cells disrupted the interaction and abrogated Sox2 expression, self-renewal, and vascular mimicry. Depleting YAP1 reduced the expression of multiple epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes and prevented the growth and metastasis of tumor xenografts in mice; overexpression of Sox2 in YAP1 null cells rescued these functions. These results demonstrate a novel regulation of stem-like functions by YAP1, through the modulation of Sox2 expression. Stem Cells  2015;33:1705–1718
High‐resolution scanning transmission soft X‐ray microscopy for rapid probing of nanoparticle distribution and sufferance features in exposed cells
Authors: Kourousias G. , Pascolo L. , Marmorato P. , Ponti J. , Ceccone G. , Kiskinova M. , Gianoncelli A.
Published: March 2015

Refraction and absorption properties of soft X‐rays provide distinct advantages for ‘fast’ imaging of matter consisting of light elements, as biological samples, with sensitivity better than conventional light microscopy. This is very attractive for nanotoxicology, in particular for rapid screening of nanoparticle distribution and their effects on exposed cells at submicrometer length scales. In this paper, we report on the first trials demonstrating the potential of scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy to monitor morphological and chemical changes induced in Balb 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells exposed to CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. This research uses the complementary imaging methods of an advanced synchrotron soft X‐ray microscopy instrument implementing a novel approach based on high‐resolution absorption and phase contrast imaging for the identification of important cellular changes induced by the presence of nanoparticles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of N,N‐Di‐substituted Acylthiourea Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Wu Su‐Yun , Zhao Xiao‐Ya , Li Hai‐Pu , Yang Ying , Roesky Herbert W.
Published: March 2015

A series of six N,N‐di‐substituted acylthiourea ArC(O)NHC(S)NRR′ ligands (denoted as HLn) [Ar = 1‐Naph: NRR′ = NPh2, HL1 (1); N(iPr)Ph, HL2 (2). Ar = Mes: NRR′ = NPh2, HL4 (3); N(iPr)Ph, HL5 (4); NEt2, HL6 (5). Ar = Ph: NRR′ = N(iPr)Ph, HL8 (6)] were synthesized and characterized. These ligands were deprotonated to form CuII complexes through metathesis or combined redox reaction with copper halides. The structures of the complexes were investigated with single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The reaction of the 1‐naphthalene derivative HL1 (1) with CuBr in the presence of sodium acetate produced cis‐CuL12 (7), where the deprotonated ligand is bound to the CuII atom in a bidentate‐(O, S) coordination mode. Similarly treatment of HL2 (2) with NaOAc and CuCl resulted in the formation of the cis‐arranged product [cis‐CuL22 (8)]. The reaction of mesityl derivative HL4 (3) and CuBr with and without the addition of NaOAc gave the cis‐CuL42 (9) and cis‐(HL4)2CuBr (10), respectively. In contrast, reaction of HL5 (4) and CuI in the presence of NaOAc resulted in trans‐CuL52 (11). Alternatively trans‐CuL62 (12) was obtained by the reaction of diethyl‐substituted HL6 (5) with CuCl2 in the absence of a base.
Skeletal muscle quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance imaging follow‐up of adult Pompe patients
Authors: Carlier Pierre G. , Azzabou Noura , de Sousa Paulo Loureiro , Hicks Arnaud , Boisserie Jean‐Marc , Amadon Alexis , Carlier Robert‐Yves , Wary Claire , Orlikowski David , Laforêt Pascal
Published: March 2015

Adult late‐onset Pompe disease is most often a slowly progressive limb‐girdle and spine extensor muscle dystrophy, due to defective lysosomal acid maltase. With the exception of the few patients who present with a dramatically accelerated clinical course, standard diagnostic imaging fail to detect and evaluate disease progression between two successive visits. In muscle dystrophy of very rapid evolution, like the Duchenne disease, quantitative NMR imaging has successfully demonstrated its capacity to objectivate both disease activity and degenerative changes progression over short follow‐up periods. The purpose of this retrospective monocentric open‐label study was to investigate whether quantitative NMR imaging can monitor disease progression in adult Pompe patients despite its very slow nature. Quantitative imaging of Pompe patients succeeded in demonstrating that muscle fatty infiltration increased on average by 0.9 %/year, with the hamstring and adductor muscles showing the fastest degradation. Muscle water T2 mapping revealed that 32 % of all muscles had abnormally high T2 in at least one of two successive examinations. When muscle water T2 was abnormal, fatty degenerative changes were further increased by 0.61 %/year. Enzyme replacement therapy resulted in 0.68 %/year slowdown of the muscle fatty infiltration, in both muscles with normal and high T2s.
Blood Transfusions May Have Limited Effect on Muscle Oxygenation after Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Memtsoudis Stavros G. , Danninger Thomas , Stundner Ottokar , Yoo Daniel , Girardi Federico P. , Boettner Friedrich , Kao Isabelle , Fields Kara G. , Urban Michael K. , Heard Stephen O. , Walz J. Matthias
Published: March 2015

Background

Traditionally, blood transfusions in the perioperative setting are used to maintain adequate delivery of nutrients and oxygen to organs. However, the effect of blood administration on tissue oxygenation in the perioperative setting remains poorly understood.

Questions/Purposes

The aim of this study was to determine changes in muscle tissue oxygenation saturation (SmO2) in response to perioperative blood transfusions.

Patients and Methods

Patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were enrolled. SmO2, continuous hemoglobin (SpHb), stroke volume (SV), cardiac index, and standard hemodynamic parameters including heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and arterial oxygen saturation (SO2) were recorded. To assess fluid responsiveness, a passive leg raise (PLR) test was performed before the transfusions were started.

Results

Twenty-eight patients were included in the analysis. Mean (±SD) SmO2 before transfusion was 63.18 ± 10.04%, SpHb was 9.27 ± 1.16 g/dl, and cardiac index was 2.62 ± 0.75 L/min/m2. A significant increase during the course of blood transfusion was found for SmO2 (+3.44 ± 5.81% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04 to 5.84], p = 0.007), SpHb (0.74 ± 0.92 g/dl [95% CI 0.35 to 1.12], p < 0.001), and cardiac index (0.38 ± 0.51 L/min/m2 [95% CI 0.15 to 0.60], p = 0.002), respectively. However, the correlation between SmO2 and SpHb over the course of the transfusion was negligible ( ρ = 0.25 [95% CI −0.03 to 0.48]). A similar lack of correlation was found when analyzing data of those patients who showed a positive leg raise test before the start of the transfusion ( ρ = 0.37 [95% CI −0.11 to 0.84]).

Conclusion

We detected a statistically significant increase in SmO2 during the course of a single unit blood transfusion compared to baseline. However, there was no evidence of a correlation between longitudinal SmO2 and SpHb measurements.
Age at Migration, Language Proficiency, and Socioeconomic Outcomes: Evidence From Australia
Authors: Guven Cahit , Islam Asadul
Published: March 2015

This study estimates the causal effects of language proficiency on the economic and social integration of Australian immigrants. Identifying the effects of languages on socioeconomic outcomes is inherently difficult owing to the endogeneity of language skills. Using the phenomenon that younger children learn languages more easily than older children, we construct an instrumental variable for language proficiency. To achieve this, we consider the age at arrival of immigrants who came as children from Anglophone and non-Anglophone countries. We find a significant positive effect of English proficiency on wages and promotions among adults who immigrated to Australia as children. Higher levels of English proficiency are associated with increased risk-taking, more smoking, and more exercise for men, but have considerable health benefits for women. English language proficiency has a significant influence on partner choice and a number of social outcomes, as well as on children’s outcomes, including their levels of academic achievement. The results are robust to alternative specifications, including accounting for between-sibling differences and alternative measures of English skills.
The depression distress amplification model in adolescents: A longitudinal examination of anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns, depression and suicidal ideation
Authors: Capron Daniel W. , Allan Nicholas P. , Ialongo Nicholas S. , Leen‐Feldner Ellen , Schmidt Norman B.
Published: March 2015

Adolescents with comorbid anxiety and depression are at significantly increased risk of suicide. The recently proposed depression distress amplification model appears to have promise for explaining the relations between anxiety, depression, and suicidality, but it has not been tested in adolescents. Participants were 524 adolescents followed over two years. Baseline data for the current report were collected by trained interviewers while the adolescents were in eighth grade. Data were obtained in the same manner when the adolescents were in tenth grade. Baseline anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns significantly predicted suicidal ideation two years later, above and beyond baseline suicidal ideation and depression. Further, consistent with the depression distress amplification model, anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns interacted with depressive symptoms to predict suicidal ideation. This report extends the empirical and theoretical support for a relationship between anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns and suicidality.
Brief report: Contextual predictors of African American adolescents' ethnic‐racial identity affirmation‐belonging and resistance to peer pressure☆
Authors: Derlan Chelsea L. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J.
Published: March 2015

The current study examined whether contextual factors (i.e., familial cultural socialization, percentage of same‐ethnicity friends in high school, and neighborhood ethnic‐racial composition) predicted ethnic‐racial identity affirmation‐belonging and, in turn, resistance to peer pressure to engage in problem behavior. Participants were 250 African American adolescents (M age = 15.57 years; SD = 1.22). Consistent with ecological theory, findings indicated that familial cultural socialization and percentage of same‐ethnicity friends predicted greater ethnic‐racial identity affirmation‐belonging. Furthermore, consistent with notions from social identity theory, youth who reported higher ethnic‐racial identity affirmation‐belonging also reported greater resistance to peer pressure. Findings highlight the significance of the family and school context, as well as the importance of ethnic‐racial identity affirmation‐belonging, for African American youths' positive development.
Age, sex and personality in early cannabis use
Authors: Muro i Rodríguez A.
Published: March 2015

Previous studies analysing personality and cannabis use in adult samples suggest that cannabis users show significant higher levels of impulsivity, sensation seeking and schizotypy. However, there are few studies exploring this relationship in adolescence using psychobiological models of personality. Given the relevance of identifying individual differences that lead adolescents to early cannabis use to prevent future health problems, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between age, sex, personality and early cannabis use using a psychobiological model of personality in a sample of 415 students (51.8% boys) from 12 to 18 years. Chi2 tests showed significant higher prevalence of cannabis use in boys and in the group aged 15–18 years. Multiple analysis of variance showed significant higher scores in psychoticism, sensation seeking and in all its subscales in cannabis users group, while an interaction with age was found for extraversion and neuroticism: cannabis users scored higher than non-users in the youngest group (12–14 years) but lower in the oldest group in both dimensions. Finally, regression analysis showed that narrower traits of sensation seeking (experience seeking and disinhibition) were the most associated to early cannabis use. Results are discussed in terms of early cannabis users’ personality profiles and in terms of the self-medication theory.
Deriving Effective Sweep Width for Air-scent Dog Teams
Authors: Chiacchia Kenneth B. , Houlahan Heather E. , Hostetter Rebecca S.
Published: March 2015

Objective

We sought to obtain the first effective sweep widths (ESWs) ever measured for an air-scent search dog unit to compare their performance to historical data from human searchers and to initially test the validity of atmospheric convection as a limiting factor in air-scent search.

Methods

We used GPS tracks and waypoints to measure lateral hit and miss distances for the dog teams during blinded, randomized training tasks during a 6-year period, calculating ESW using the crossover method. During the tasks we collected weather data for determining convection. We used nonparametric statistics and least-square regression to compare the dog ESW data with historical human data and weather conditions.

Results

The mean value of ESW for the 4 teams under all conditions was 95 m (95% CI, 44 to 145). The dog teams’ performance was statistically superior to human visual searchers in detecting search subjects in low-visibility colors, but not subjects in high-visibility colors. A nonparametric correlation test of ESW vs convection gave P < .05, suggesting that convection may be an operationally significant factor in air-scent dog performance.

Conclusions

The ESW methodology is applicable to air-scent dog teams, potentially allowing search managers to make decisions in applying resources operationally, as well as improving accuracy of planning calculations. In addition, the methods described appear to be capable, given more widely representative data, of making valid statistical comparisons between different search modalities and weather and other factors.
Inviscid versus viscous instability mechanism of an air–water mixing layer
Authors: Matas Jean-Philippe
Published: March 2015

We study how confinement affects the viscous spatiotemporal instability of a two-phase mixing layer. We show that the absolute instability triggered by the inclusion of finite liquid and gas thicknesses leads to a good prediction of experimental data. In addition, this new mechanism provides a justification for the relevance of both simplified inviscid scaling laws and more sophisticated viscous approaches.
Numerical and experimental study of mechanisms responsible for turbulent secondary flows in boundary layer flows over spanwise heterogeneous roughness
Authors: Anderson William , Barros Julio M. , Christensen Kenneth T. , Awasthi Ankit
Published: March 2015

We study the dynamics of turbulent boundary layer flow over a heterogeneous topography composed of roughness patches exhibiting relatively high and low correlation in the streamwise and spanwise directions, respectively (i.e. the roughness appears as streamwise-aligned ‘strips’). It has been reported that such roughness induces a spanwise-wall normal mean secondary flow in the form of mean streamwise vorticity associated with counter-rotating boundary-layer-scale circulations. Here, we demonstrate that this mean secondary flow is Prandtl’s secondary flow of the second kind, both driven and sustained by spatial gradients in the Reynolds-stress components, which cause a subsequent imbalance between production and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy that necessitates secondary advective velocities. In reaching this conclusion, we study (i) secondary circulations due to spatial gradients of turbulent kinetic energy, and (ii) the production budgets of mean streamwise vorticity by gradients of the Reynolds stresses. We attribute the secondary flow phenomena to extreme peaks of surface stress on the relatively high-roughness regions and associated elevated turbulence production in the fluid immediately above. An optimized state is attained by entrainment of fluid exhibiting the lowest turbulent stresses – from above – and subsequent lateral ejection in order to preserve conservation of mass.
From holism to compositionality: memes and the evolution of segmentation, syntax, and signification in music and language
Authors: JAN STEVEN
Published: March 2015

abstract

Steven Mithen argues that language evolved from an antecedent he terms “Hmmmmm, [meaning it was]Holistic,manipulative,multi-modal,musical andmimetic”. Owing to certain innate and learned factors, a capacity for segmentation and cross-stream mapping in earlyHomo sapiensbroke the continuous line of Hmmmmm, creating discrete replicated units which, with the initial support of Hmmmmm, eventually became the semantically freighted words of modern language. That which remained after what was a bifurcation of Hmmmmm arguably survived as music, existing as a sound stream segmented into discrete units, although one without the explicit and relatively fixed semantic content of language. All three types of utterance – the parent Hmmmmm, language, and music – are amenable to a memetic interpretation which applies Universal Darwinism to what are understood as language and musical memes. On the basis of Peter Carruthers’ distinction between ‘cognitivism’ and ‘communicativism’ in language, and William Calvin’s theories of cortical information encoding, a framework is hypothesized for the semantic and syntactic associations between, on the one hand, the sonic patterns of language memes (‘lexemes’) and of musical memes (‘musemes’) and, on the other hand, ‘mentalese’ conceptual structures, in Chomsky’s ‘Logical Form’ (LF).
ON GROUPS PRESENTED BY MONADIC REWRITING SYSTEMS WITH GENERATORS OF FINITE ORDER
Authors: PIGGOTT ADAM
Published: March 2015

We prove that the groups presented by finite convergent monadic rewriting systems with generators of finite order are exactly the free products of finitely many finite groups, thereby confirming Gilman’s conjecture in a special case. We also prove that the finite cyclic groups of order at least three are the only finite groups admitting a presentation by more than one finite convergent monadic rewriting system (up to relabelling), and these admit presentation by exactly two such rewriting systems.
Synergistic effects of high dietary calcium and exogenous parathyroid hormone in promoting osteoblastic bone formation in mice
Authors: Feng Yuxu , Zhou Min , Zhang Qunhu , Liu Huan , Xu Yong , Shu Lei , Zhang Jue , Miao Dengshun , Ren Yongxin
Published: March 2015

In the present study, we investigated whether high dietary Ca and exogenous parathyroid hormone 1–34 fragments (PTH 1–34) have synergistic effects on bone formation in adult mice, and explored the related mechanisms. Adult male mice were fed a normal diet, a high-Ca diet, a PTH-treated diet, or a high-Ca diet combined with subcutaneously injected PTH 1–34 (80 μg/kg per d) for 4 weeks. Bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume, osteoblast number, alkaline phosphatase (ALP)- and type I collagen-positive areas, and the expression levels of osteoblastic bone formation-related genes and proteins were increased significantly in mice fed the high-Ca diet, the PTH-treated diet, and, even more dramatically, the high-Ca diet combined with PTH. Osteoclast number and surface and the ratio of receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL):osteoprotegerin (OPG) were decreased in the high-Ca diet treatment group, increased in the PTH treatment group, but not in the combined treatment group. Furthermore, third-passage osteoblasts were treated with high Ca (5 mm), PTH 1–34 (10− 8m) or high Ca combined with PTH 1–34. Osteoblast viability and ALP activity were increased in either the high Ca-treated or PTH-treated cultures and, even more dramatically, in the cultures treated with high Ca plus PTH, with consistent up-regulation of the expression levels of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation-related genes and proteins. These results indicate that dietary Ca and PTH play synergistic roles in promoting osteoblastic bone formation by stimulating osteoblast proliferation and differentiation.