bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE DISTRIBUTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS IN QUEENSLAND CATTLE HERDS WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Rogers R. J. , Donald B. A. , Schultz K.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Of 1,791 tissues submitted from 1975 to 1978 for histological examination for tuberculosis, 78.5% were classified as tuberculosis, 8.1% as club‐forming granulomas, 3.3% as hydatid cysts, 3.4% as other granulomas and 2.4% as squamous cell carcinomas. Cultural examination of 2,682 tissues for mycobacteria yielded Mycobacterium bovis from 42.88%, other mycobacteria from 7.64% and 0.89%Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi. Of 1,478 tissues on which both examinations were performed, culture and histology results were in agreement on 94.1%.

M. bovis was isolated on one or more occasions from 564 herds with the highest herd prevalence being recorded in western areas of the state.

Culture of 1,024 tissues from no visible lesion (NVL) reactors yielded 0.59%M. bovis, 15.04% other mycobacteria and 0.19%R. equi. Of 120 isolates of other mycobacteria from tissues of NVL reactors, 39 were Runyon Group III (20 M. avium complex) and 61 Runyon Group IV. Approximately half of the herds from which NVL tissues were collected were confirmed M. bovis infected properties.
ADAPTABILITY OF LOW COST TICK‐RESISTANT CATTLE FOR GROWTH
Authors: Dowling D. F.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Treatments to reduce costs, for example, extra indicus tick resistance in indicus/taurus strains, may not enhance beef profits. On the other hand, the negative correlation between productivity and adaptability to ticks can be reversed by the alternative use of lean beef carcase characters. Results show that high indicus/lean beef genotypes are significantly (p<0.01) heavier than the cattle without the carcase character. That the right type of cattle for a southern hemisphere situation, that is resistant/high yield genotypes, can be produced has been made clear.
CARPAL ARTHRODESIS IN DOGS
Authors: Johnson K. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Nine dogs, each with a severe carpal sprain injury, were treated by arthrodesis (2 bilateral). The same surgical technique with articular cartilage curettage, autologous bone grafting and compression plate fixation was used for each carpus. Initial treatment with external coaptation had been unsuccessful, but arthrodesis always resulted in resolution of the lameness. Complications included fracture of the compression plate (1 case) and loosening of the implants (2 cases).
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE IN A YOUNG PONY
Authors: Roberts M. C. , Kelly W. R.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A 19‐month‐old pony gelding was presented with chronic renal failure, after deteriorating progressively during the preceding 3 months. There was pronounced azotaemia, hyponatraemia and hypochloraemia, but plasma calcium and phosphorus levels were normal.

At autopsy both kidneys were small and nodular and were characterised by collapsed segments of cortex and medulla interspersed with areas of pale tissue. The latter showed glomerular immaturity associated with a range of degenerative processes involving the glomeruli and tubules.

The condition bore many similarities to that of renal cortical dysplasia in other species.
SPRAY VACCINATION OF CHICKENS USING INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUS
Authors: Clarke J. K. , Robertson G. M. , Purcell D. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Day‐old chickens were vaccinated with the SA2 strain of infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine using a coarse spray and 14‐day‐old chickens were vaccinated using a coarse or a fine (Turbair Vaccinair 240) spray. The Conjunctiva was the most common site of infection in all cases but this almost invariably led to involvement of the nasolacrimal ducts. Other sites in the nasal cavity were affected less frequently. The clinical consequences of infection in day‐old chickens were too severe for field use but the mortality (0 to 1.4% in different experiments) in 14‐day‐old chickens may be acceptable in some circumstances although about 9% developed infection of the trachea.

It is concluded that a less pathogenic vaccine is needed if spray vaccination with ILT is to be recommended as a routine procedure particularly for day‐old chickens.
PERINEAL HERNIA IN DOGS
Authors: Bellenger C. R.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Thirty‐five male dogs with perineal hernia were seen at Sydney University Veterinary Hospital and Clinic over a five‐year period from 1975 to 1979. The Corgi breed was most commonly affected, but Kelpies and Boxers were also over‐presented when compared to the general clinic population. The mean age of affected dogs was 9.4 years and the mean body weight 16 kg. There were 11 bilateral and 24 unilateral herniae. Thirty‐two dogs underwent herniorrhaphy. A recurrence rate of 15.4% was found in 26 dogs followed up for more than six months, this rate comparing favourably with a number of other reported series. The major post‐operative complication was wound infection or breakdown, seen in 28.6% of dogs.
SUSPECTED POISONING OF SHEEP BY IXIOLAENA BREVICOMPTA
Authors: Walker K. H. , Thompson D. R. , Seaman J. T.
Published: March 2008

A mortality in sheep attributed to poisoning by Ixiolaena brevicompta is described. Clinical signs included reduced exercise tolerance, weakness and recumbency or sudden death. Elevated serum creatinine phosphokinase concentration and dystrophic muscle lesions were found consistently. Extensive losses occurred but only in sheep forced to eat herbage in which mature, seeded I. brevicompta predominated.
A COMPARISON OF DIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY AND GIEMSA STAINING FOR THE POST‐MORTEM DIAGNOSIS OF ANAPLASMOSIS
Authors: Johnston L. A. Y. , Trueman K. F. , Leatch G. , Wilson A. J.
Published: March 2008

Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) and Giemsa staining of Anaplasma marginale were compared in smears collected serially at post‐mortem (PM) from 11 experimentally Infected calves. Once smears had been prepared and air‐dried they could be held for at least 5 days before staining with either technique with no noticeable change in staining quality. DFA staining was more sensitive in detecting anaplasms in smears than Giemsa staining. Anaplasma spp could be differentiated from Babesia bovis and B. bigemina by DFA staining but there were cross reactions between A. marginale and A. centrale. Blood smears prepared from subcutaneous vessels in the legs provided better diagnostic material than kidney, heart and lung smears. Brain smears were not suitable for PM diagnosis using either staining technique.
THE ISOLATION OF SALMONELLA FROM JEJUNAL AND CAECAL LYMPH NODES OF SLAUGHTERED ANIMALS
Authors: Moo D. , O'Boyle D. , Mathers W. , Frost A. J.
Published: March 2008

One jejunal and one caecal lymph node were sampled from each of 50 cows, 40 yearling cattle, 25 sheep, 20 lambs and 45 pigs after slaughter. Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus, all organisms which cause food poisoning in man, were sought by direct plating methods. The samples were also enriched and cultured for Salmonella. Organisms were cultured from 208 (58%) of the 360 lymph nodes; aerobic plate counts yielded up to 25,000 organisms per gram of tissue, although from most infected samples less than 1000 organisms per gram were cultured. Salmonella was isolated directly from 5% of samples, with counts up to 1,500 per gram. After enrichment Salmonella was isolated from nodes taken from 15 cows, 2 yearling cattle, one sheep and 8 pigs. Cl. perfringens was isolated from the caecal nodes of 2 yearling cattle and 2 pigs; S. aureus was not isolated from any sample. It was concluded that mesenteric lymph nodes may be a significant reservoir of Salmonella for transfer to meat and meat products.
POLYARTERITIS NODOSA IN A SOW
Authors: Hamir A. N.
Published: March 2008

A case of polyarteritis nodosa in a sow is described. Microscopic lesions of the disease were observed in the kidneys, heart, gastrointestinal tract, meninges, lungs and liver. Pathology records at 2 veterinary schools were reviewed; in one the disease was diagnosed mainly in female pigs.
EXPERIMENTAL POISONING OF HORSES AND CATTLE WITH SWAINSONA CANESCENS VAR HORNIANA
Authors: Locke K. B. , McEwan D. R. , Hamdorf I. J.
Published: March 2008

Horses and cattle fed swainsona (Swainsona canescens var horniana) over a period of 8 to 10 weeks lost condition and became incoordinated and hypersensitive. Histotogical examination of tissues from affected animals revealed the characteristic changes of widespread cellular vacuolation and axonal spheroids in the CNS.

Cattle withdrawn from the toxic plant after being fed for varying periods up to 8 weeks returned to normal.

Serum α‐mannosidase activity declined significantly in cattle during the test period, whereas in horses the activity rose. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels increased significantly in cattle but not in horses.

The similarity of the clinical signs of disease in horses was noted to those seen in Indigofera linnaei poisoning (Birdsville disease). Differential diagnosis can be made by botanical observations and by an increased frequency of vacuolated lymphocytes in the blood in swainsona poisoning.
EFFECT OF FEEDING REGIMEN ON GASTRIC ULCERATION OF THE PARS OESOPHAGEA OF INTENSIVELY RAISED PIGS
Authors: Blackshaw J. K. , Cameron R. D. A. , Kelly W. R.
Published: March 2008

Three groups of pigs (total 23 pigs) were fed ad libitum from weaning until market weight and these were compared with three groups of pigs (total 26 pigs) fed ad libitum until 12 weeks of age, and then fed on a restricted regimen (twice per day) until marketed.

There was a significant difference in degree of ulceration between the two feeding regimens; those pigs fed ad libitum had the most severe gastric ulcers.

The pigs fed ad libitum, had significantly less agonistic interactions per minute than did the restricted fed pigs. Growth rates of the pigs from weaning to market weight did not differ significantly in the two regimens, although the average pig on ad libitum feeding consumed 182.9 kg, and the restricted fed pigs ate 148.2 kg per pig.
CONTROL OF NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN GRAZING HORSES WITH CALCIUM PLUS PHOSPHORUS SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: McKenzie R. A. , Gartner R. J. W. , Blaney B. J. , Glanville R. J.
Published: March 2008

A supplement system for the control of equine nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH) was evaluated on 4 farms in the Arcadia Valley of the Queensland brigalow region. Thirty‐three local stock horses (of which 13 had clinical NSH and 7 were recent introductions) were grazed on buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) for the 6 months from September 1979 to February 1980. Each horse was fed 1.0 kg of a mixture of ground limestone plus dicalcium phosphate (1:2) in 1.5 kg molasses each week. The pasture was hazardous during this time (total oxalate content above 0.5% and calcium: oxalate ratio below 0.5), but no new NSH cases occurred and those horses with clinical NSH improved, most becoming normal. After the first 6 months of supplementation, 3 new cases occurred on one farm. Doubling of the supplement dose and substituting rock phosphate in molasses for the previous mixture corrected the problem. The breakdown was thought to be partly because the supplement dose was slightly inadequate and partly because of behavioural factors.
WHITE LIVER DISEASE IN LAMBS
Authors: Richards R. B. , Harrison M. R.
Published: March 2008

An outbreak of white liver disease in lambs in Western Australia is described. The disease affected 2‐ to 3‐month‐old lambs and was characterised by liver damage, severe ill‐thrift, depression, serous ocular discharge, photosensitisation, and a high mortality rate. Transient central nervous system signs occurred. A positive response to vitamin B12 therapy was demonstrated.
EXAMINATION OF STOCKFEEDS FOR SALMONELLA
Authors: Thomas R. J. , Smeltzer T. I. , Tranter G.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Of 100 stockfeeds examined for Salmonella 45 were positive by pre‐enrichment followed by selective enrichment of 10 times 25 g samples. Forty‐three were positive by selective enrichment of pooled aliquots of the pre‐enrichment broths from the 10 times 25 g samples.

Aliquots of the pre‐enrichment broths from the 10 times 25 g samples of 77 of the feeds were stored at 4°C and retested after 6 days. One hundred and ten of these (770) subsamples were found to contain salmonellas initially, and 107 were found to contain salmonellas after storage for 6 days.

The testing of feeds by the examination of multiple 25 g samples and pooled pre‐enrichment broths is recommended. Aliquots of the pre‐enrichment broths may be stored at 4°C for 6 days and retested if an estimation of the numbers in the feed is required. Further pre‐enrichment after cold storage is not required.
TERMINATION OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN EWES BY USE OF A PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUE AND SUBSEQUENT FERTILITY
Authors: Tyrrell R. N. , Lane J. G. , Nancarrow C. D. , Connell P. J.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Of 87 Dorset ewes injected at 20 to 60 days of pregnancy with either 125 μg or 250 μg of the prostaglandin F2α analogue, cloprostenol, 72 (83%) were detected in oestrus by teaser rams within 7 days. A total of 60 ewes mated with fertile rams 14 to 28 days after treatment and 36 of these (60%) subsequently lambed. Thirty‐eight ewes mated with fertile rams 29 to 56 days after treatment and 30 of these (79%) subsequently lambed. The difference in fertility between the 2 periods was not significant.

Six additional ewes which did not respond to the cloprostenol lambed normally within 6 weeks. They were more than 100 days pregnant when treated.

In ewes which first exhibited oestrus by 7 days of treatment, plasma progesterone concentrations fell from near 4 ng/ml to 0.6 ng/ml within 48 h of treatment. In ewes not detected in oestrus progesterone concentrations did not decrease to similar low levels (1.4 ng/ml; t‐test p < 0.005). Concentrations in the 6 ewes treated near 100 days of pregnancy dropped from 7.4 to 4.4 ng/ml over 48 h. Overall, the progesterone concentrations indicated that 92% of ewes treated at 20 to 60 days of pregnancy experienced rapid luteolysis in response to the cloprostenol.

There were no differences between the 2 doses of cloprostenol in the responses or subsequent fertility of the ewes.
THE ISOLATION OF A FIELD STRAIN OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS IN QUEENSLAND SHOWING MULTIPLE ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE
Authors: Green P. E. , Forsyth B. A. , Rowan K. J. , Payne G.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Following the apparent failure of levamisole to control infections of Haemonchus contortus in sheep at Lawes in south eastern Queensland, a strain of this parasite was isolated at the Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly. This strain was used to infect sheep at Yeerongpilly and the Merrindale Research Station, Victoria where four experiments to classify the resistance pattern of the parasite were carried out. Resistance to thiabendazole was first suspected in 1969, and these experiments confirmed that resistance to this drug was still present. They also showed that a strong degree of resistance had been developed to both levamisole and morantel tartrate. Other benzimidazole anthelmintics and also the organophosphorus compound naphthalophos were only moderately effective against the original isolate but rafoxanide, nitroxynil and phenothiazine were almost 100% effective. Other highly effective chemicals were disophenol and closantel. After passaging the strain for four generations with both levamisole and albendazole, resistance to both naphthalophos and the newer benzimidazole anthelmintics increased dramatically. This is the first report of a field strain of H. contortus exhibiting resistance to benzimidazole, non‐benzimidazole and organophosphorus anthelmintics.
AN OUTBREAK OF LISTERIAL MENINGO‐ENCEPHALITIS IN SHEEP
Authors: Vandegraaff R. , Borland N. A. , Browning J. W.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An outbreak of ovine listerial meningo‐encephalitis on sheep farms in eastern Gippsland, Victoria, during winter and spring 1978, is recorded. Cases were confirmed by histology of brain or by culture of Listeria monocytogenes from sheep on 21 farms. The morbidity rate in affected flocks ranged from 0.2% to 8.0%, and the case fatality rate was almost 100%. The peak incidence of disease followed a period of continuous heavy rain and flooding of grazing pasture, and the majority of affected flocks were located on poorly drained coastal sandy soil. There was evidence of concurrent debilitating disease in many of the cases submitted for laboratory confirmation of listeriosis.
RESISTANCE TO BENZIMIDAZOLE ANTHELMINTICS IN EQUINE STRONGYLES
Authors: Kelly J. D. , Webster J. H. , Griffin D. L. , Whitlock H. V. , Martin I. C. A. , Gunawan M.
Published: March 2008

A survey was conducted to determine whether benzimidazole resistant populations of equine strongyles are present in New South Wales and north central Victoria; what is their frequency and geographical distribution; which species are involved; and whether different methods of parasite control could be related to the occurrence and frequency of anthelmintic resistant populations.

Resistant populations of strongyles were found over wide areas of New South Wales and in north central Victoria. There was no relationship between geographical location and the occurrence of benzimidazole resistance. The species involved were small strongyles of the sub‐family Cyathostominae. There was a direct correlation between the occurrence of resistance (including the level at which it is present) and the frequency of use of benzimidazole anthelmintics.

Examination of management practices showed that resistance is not an important problem on farms where different chemical classes of anthelminitcs were used in a slow rotation programme; combination anthelmintic therapy (for example, benzimidazole/piperazine/organophosphates) was used and anthelmintic treatment was given at intervals of not less than 16 weeks. Tentative suggestions are made for the control of small strongyles in the light of an emerging resistance problem.
CLINICAL SIGNS, RADIOLOGY AND TISSUE LEAD DISTRIBUTION OF DOGS ADMINISTERED A MIXTURE OF LEAD CHLORIDE, LEAD BROMIDE AND LEAD SULPHATE
Authors: Hamir A. N. , Sullivan N. D. , Handson P. D. , Wilkinson J. S. , Lavelle R. B.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Eight‐month‐old dogs maintained on a high‐fat‐low‐calcium diet were administered a mixture of lead chloride, lead bromide and lead sulphate for prolonged periods at 4 different dose levels. Dogs on high levels of lead showed marked weight loss and gastrointestinal symptoms followed by death. Two dogs on low lead levels developed neurological signs. Radiological investigations showed radiopaque particles in 27 per cent of abdominal radiographs and ‘lead lines’ in the distal radius of 3 dogs. Highest tissue lead levels were found in bones followed by liver and kidney, brain and spinal cord.
STEPHANOFILARIASIS IN CATTLE
Authors: Johnson S. J. , Parker R. J. , Norton J. H. , Jaques P. A. , Grimshaw A. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A species of Stephanofilaria closely resembling S. stilesi is recorded as the cause of lesions on the head, neck and sternum of cattle in northern Queensland. Macroscopic and histopathological descriptions of the lesions are given, together with a brief description of the parasite.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF NATURAL AND AMPROLIUM‐INDUCED POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA IN SHEEP
Authors: Spicer E. M. , Horton B. J.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) induced in sheep was compared with the disease found in naturally occurring cases. Blood biochemical indicators measured were pyruvate, lactate, glucose, erythrocyte transketolase (TK) and stimulation of TK by addition of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP effect). Faeces and rumen contents were assayed for thiaminase activity. The effect of treating affected sheep with thiamine was also noted.

It was found that amprolium treatment could induce thrombocytopenia, but once the sheep became accustomed to amprolium in the diet they seemed to be resistant to this effect. In sheep receiving amprolium significant weight losses preceded the onset of clinical signs. Further weight loss continued throughout the recovery period despite removal of amprolium from the diet and treatment with thiamine. Blood glucose was variable, and was elevated only when marked clinical signs were present. Pyruvate and lactate levels showed marked variation throughout the trial. TK values were depressed and TPP effects increased well before the onset of clinical signs, although some naturally occurring cases had normal levels. Faecal thiaminase activity was negligible in all the sheep on the amprolium trial but most field cases had a high level. High faecal thiaminase was observed in about 5% of clinically normal animals from affected flocks. Depression of erythrocyte TK activity coupled with the presence of faecal thiaminase appeared to be the most reliable diagnostic biochemical parameters for PEM. Treatment of PEM affected sheep with thiamine rapidly brought the biochemical status of the animals to normal. However where advanced brain lesions were present the damage was permanent and such sheep treated with thiamine remained partially decorticate.
ISOLATION OF A HAEMAGGLUTINATING ADENO‐LIKE VIRUS RELATED TO VIRUS 127 FROM AN AUSTRALIAN POULTRY FLOCK WITH AN EGG DROP SYNDROME
Authors: Firth G. A. , Hall M. J. , McFerran J. B.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An egg drop syndrome within Australian broiler poultry is described. The syndrome was characterised by delayed onset of laying, a lower peak in egg production and a drop in egg production shortly after reaching peak production.

Antibody to virus 127 was detected in 102 of 106 fowl serums tested. Two haemagglutinating viruses were isolated from one affected flock and one was subjected to further study. It was adenovirus‐like on electron‐microscopic examination and haemagglutination was not inhibited by a specific antiserum to Newcastle disease virus. An antiserum was raised in White Leghorn fowl against the isolate and this antiserum was found to cross‐react with virus 127, a prototype virus of Egg Drop Syndrome 76.
USE OF A FLOTATION TANK TO SLING HORSES AND CATTLE UNDERGCING SURGERY TO THE LIMBS
Authors: Smith W. N.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A system using a suitably sized flotation tank has been developed to reduce the weight that horses and cattle place upon their legs after undergoing surgery to their limbs. The system overcomes the need for the patient to lie down for long periods, thus preventing decubitus. The system is well tolerated with few side effects; after prolonged flotation alopecia may occur on those parts of the patient which remain continuously immersed in water. The method is now commonly referred to as the ‘Queensland Sling’.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE PERINEAL REGION OF SHEEP
Authors: Hawkins C. D. , Swan R. A. , Chapman H. M.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A high prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of ewes was detected in the wheat belt area of Western Australia. A postal survey of 80 farms was conducted in the area, seeking information on the epidemiology of the condition, based on the farmers identification of the disease. Eighty‐two per cent of flocks surveyed were affected, the mean prevalence in ewes of all ages being 2.29% (range 0.12% to 4.0%). The prevalence increased with age, from 0.05% in 1‐ to 2‐year‐old ewes to 3.09% in ewes over 5 years of age. The prevalence in the population of 121,605 ewes on all farms (affected and unaffected) surveyed, was 0.93%. The majority of lesions (88.9%) involved the vulva. The tail was affected in 23.8% of cases and the perineum in 12.8%. Affected ewes were usually destroyed and were a direct financial loss. Only 2 farmers reported the condition in rams, and 5 in wethers. Causal factors were not identified, although the radical Mules operation, time of shearing, and solar radiation were implicated.
?‐MANNOSIDASE DEFICIENCY IN ANGLO NUBIAN GOATS
Authors: Healy P. J. , Seaman J. T. , Gardner I. A. , Sewell C. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Two newly‐born Anglo Nubian kids with clinical evidence of a severe neurological condition were examined. Pathological examination revealed extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation in neural tissue and in localised areas in the kidney, pancreas and lymphoid tissue. Biochemical investigations demonstrated a deficiency of ?T‐mannosidase in tissues and blood serum.
FEMORAL FRACTURES IN PIGS ASSOCIATED WITH CALCIUM DEFICIENCY
Authors: Rousseaux C. G. , Gill I. , Payne‐Crosten A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Fermoral fractures were diagnosed in 20 pigs from a 60‐sow piggery over a 6‐month period. Aetiology of the outbreak was probably multifactorial, however, feed analysis suggested that inadequate calcium and phosphorus levels may have played a significant role.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BODY STRIKE AND DERMATOPHILOSIS OF SHEEP UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Authors: Gherardi S. G. , Monzu N. , Sutherland S. S. , Johnson K. G. , Robertson G. M.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The assocation of dermatophilosis with body strike of sheep caused by Lucilia cuprina was studied in a controlled environment.

When sheep with areas of wet normal fleece and areas of wet fleece containing scabs induced by infection of the skin with Dermatophilus congolensis were exposed to gravid L. cuprina the flies oviposited only on dermatophilosis‐affected areas.

In wet dermatophilosis‐affected fleece, naturally oviposited L. cuprina eggs hatched and the larvae developed to the second instar stage.

Artificially implanted L. cuprina eggs hatched in both wet dermatophilosis‐affected fleece and wet normal fleece. In wet dermatophilosis‐affected fleece the larvae from implanted eggs developed normally but in wet normal fleece they did not develop past the first instar stage.

It was concluded that wet but otherwise uncomplicated dermatophilosis lesions are attractive to L. cuprina and provide sufficient protein to allow larval development to take place.
MYCOTOXINS IN ANIMAL FEEDS AND TOXIC FUNGI IN QUEENSLAND 1971–80
Authors: Connole M. D. , Blaney B. J. , McEwan T.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY During the years 1971 to 1980, 355 samples of animal feeds submitted to this laboratory in connection with suspected mycotoxicoses were analysed for aflatoxins. Most major Queensland agricultural crops were represented. Aflatoxins were detected in 67 samples, 45 of which were peanut meals and by‐products (55% of all peanut materials analysed). Of 200 Aspergillus flavus isolates cultured on maize meal, aflatoxins were produced by 49%. Ochratoxin A was detected in one sample of another 25 feeds analysed for the compound. Ochratoxin A was produced by 28% of 47 A. ochraceus isolates, and two Fusarium equiseti isolates produced zearalenone. The present situation with regard to mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in Queensland is briefly reviewed.
HELMINTH PARASITES AND ARTHROPODS OF FERAL CATS
Authors: Coman B.J. , Jones E.H. , Driesen M.A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The prevalence (%) of helminth parasites in 327 mainly adult feral cats from 3 habitat groupings in Victoria and New South Wales was determined. The cestodes Taenia taeniaeformis (33%) and Spirometra erinacei (33%) were common; Dipylidium caninum was rare (2%). The nematodes Toxocara cati (28%), Cyathospirura dasyuridis and Cylicospirura felineus combined (27%) and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (14%) were common but their prevalence differed markedly between habitats. Ollulanus tricuspis (5%), Gnathostoma spinigerum (<1%) and an Acanthocephala, Onicola sp (19%), also occurred.

Arthropod parasites were collected from 204 of these cats, Ctenocephalides felis (16%) and Echidnophaga spp. (28%) were common. Spilopsyllus cuniculi (3%) and Ctenocephalides canis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus (<1% each) were rare. Other rare ectoparasites were the louse, Felicola subrostrata (4%), the mites, Otodectes cynotis, Cheyletiella sp and a trombiculid (<1% each); and the tick Ixodes tasmani (<1%).

There was no correlation between degree of parasitism and general condition of the cats.
SURGICAL CORRECTION OF BILATERAL URETERAL ECTOPIA IN A MALE APPALOOSA FOAL
Authors: Christie B. , Haywood N. , Hilbert B. , Lavelle R. , Reynolds W. , Van Veenendaal J. , Wrigley R.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A case of urinary incontinence in a young Appaloosa colt is described. The incontinence was associated with bilateral ureteral ectopia. A definitive diagnosis was made radiographically, and surgery to relocate the ureters into the bladder was performed. Resolution of the incontinence was immediate and lasting.
SENECIO LAUTUS TOXICITY IN CATTLE
Authors: Walker K. H. , Kirkland P. D.
Published: March 2008

Mortalities and a poor growth syndrome in cattle in the Hunter River valley of New South Wales were associated with pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity caused by Senecio lautus (common fireweed). A clinical problem of poor growth rate on a large property, where S. lautus was very common, was associated with consistent evidence of some degree of hepatic pyrrolizidine alkaloid lesions in young growing cattle and cows. S. lautus subsp maritimus from this property caused the death of 2 experimentally fed calves within 77 days and depressed growth rate in a third calf. Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis was evident histopathologically in the liver, biliary tree and gall bladder and other organs, especially kidney, of these calves. Histopathology of liver biopsy samples was the most sensitive monitoring technique of those used to indicate exposure to pyrrolizidine alkaloids in this investigation.
THE USE OF AMITRAZ IN THE CONTROL OF AN OUTBREAK OF SARCOPTIC MANGE IN A COLONY OF KOALAS
Authors: BROWN A. S. , SEAWRIGHT A. A. , WILKINSON G. T.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: An outbreak of sarcoptic mange in a colony of koalas was effectively controlled by the topical application of amitraz as a 0.025% aqueous suspension. Several koalas died in the 9 months preceding treatment, with lesions suggestive of Sarcoptes scabiei; however, no further deaths occurred following treatment and there was complete recovery of all affected animals.
CLINICO‐PATHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS SEROTYPE 20 IN SHEEP
Authors: UREN M. F. , SQUIRE K. R. E.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Fifty‐four Merino crossbred sheep were inoculated with bluetongue virus serotype 20 (BTV‐20) by the intravenous, subcutaneous and intradermal routes. BTV‐20 was successfully transmitted by Culicoides (Avaritia) spp. No. 5 to two additional sheep. Clinical and pathological effects were studied. In the artificially infected sheep, clinical signs were observed after an incubation period of 6 to 10 days and consisted of pyrexia, oral and subcutaneous hyperaemia mild oedema of the ears, face and lips, and coronitis. The major internal pathological changes were petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages in the tunica media of the pulmonary artery near its junction with the heart and mild haemorrhage and mild oedema in the intestines, coronet, lips, cheeks and ears. Viraemia was detected between day 2 and day 14 post inoculation. The two sheep infected by insect transmission were mildly affected and became viraemic between 16 and 19 days after transmission. No deaths occurred and under experimental conditions BTV‐20 caused only mild disease in housed sheep. To date there has been no reported outbreak of natural bluetongue infection in Australia. Compared to other serotypes BTV‐20 appears to be of low pathogenicity in sheep.
ENTERITIS IN FOALS INDUCED BY ROTAVIRUS AND ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: TZIPORI S. , MAKIN T. , SMITH M. , KRAUTIL F.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Colostrum‐deprived, colostrum‐fed or suckling foals were orally inoculated with foal rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli derived from a calf. Neither agent given alone caused diarrhoea in foals aged 1 or 2 days, although with rotavirus, 2 of the 3 inoculated foals became depressed 3 days after inoculation and all 3 were excreting rotavirus in the faeces. Inoculation of both agents induced diarrhoea in colostrum‐deprived, colostrumfed or suckling foals aged up to 16 days. There was an apparent age‐related resistance to diarrhoea which developed between 2 and 3 weeks of age. it was related to failure of rotavirus to establish apparent infection in older foals and was independent of preinoculation maternal antibody.
MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER IN FARMED RUSA DEER (CERVUS TIMORENSIS): 1. Clinico‐Pathological Observations
Authors: Denholm L. J. , Westbury H. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A sporadic fatal disease is described in 7 Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) from 5 deer farms in Victoria. Bilateral ophthalmia and wasting were the most significant signs in a clinical course varying from 4 to 34 days.

Bilateral hypopyon, peripheral corneal opacities and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration of the renal cortex with pronounced mural thickening and dilatation of vessels at the cortico‐medullary junction were the only consistent lesions. Haemorrhagic ileitis, colitis and typhlitis were the major lesions in two deer that died 4 and 6 days after onset of clinical disease. Ecchymotic haemorrhages and sub‐serosal haematomas on the intestines and mesentery were the main finding in cases with a longer clinical course. Other gross lesions varied between cases.

The most significant histological lesion was fibrinoid necrotising vasculitis with adventitial lymphoid cell infiltration characteristic of bovine malignant catarrhal fever. Mucosal erosions seen in protracted cases of this disease were associated with lymphoid cell infiltration into foci of degenerating epithelial cells. In many lymph nodes there was severe follicular necroses. In chromic cases extensive proliferation of lymphoblastoid cells was seen in the parafollicular cortex and medullary sinuses of nodes which also showed discrete follicular necrosis.
FIELD TESTING OF A KILLED HAEMOPHILUS PARAHAEMOLYTICUS VACCINE IN PIGS
Authors: Mason R. W. , McKay R. W. , Corbould A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Piglets immunised with a formalin inactivated alum precipitated vaccine prepared from Haemophilus parahaemolyticus serotype 1 and born to sows treated before farrowing with an alum hydroxide adjuvant vaccine had a lower mortality rate and death rate from pleuropneumonia than control piglets.
POSTNATAL MORTALITY, BODYWEIGHT GAIN AND WOOL PRODUCTION TO TWO YEARS OF AGE OF LAMBS SURVIVING CAESAREAN OR STRESSFUL VAGINAL BIRTH
Authors: Haughey K. G.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY This experiment tested the hypothesis that prolonged, stressful vaginal birth in sheep results in injury to the fetal CNS manifest by meningeal haemorhage, thereby causing increased neonatal mortality or depressed production of affected survivors. Mortality, bodyweight gain and wool production to 740 days of age were measured in single‐reared Merino lambs surviving caesarean (caesarean group) or artificially prolonged vaginal birth (delayed group). Total mortality of live births in the delayed group was higher than that in the caesarean group (38.7% v. 23.7%, p < 0.025). Virtually all the difference was due to higher neonatal mortality in the delayed group within 7 days of birth compared to the caesarean group (34.2% v. 17.1%, p < 0.01). As meningeal haemorrhage was detected at autopsy of the delayed group only, the additional mortality was attributed to birth injury to the fetal CNS. Fifty‐three per cent were affected, at prevalences relative to time of death after birth strongly suggestive of a dose‐response to varying levels of birth injury. Meningeal lesions were present in all lambs dying within 3 hours of delivery and in 32% of those dying over the next 7 days. In the latter the lesions were associated invariably with evidence of starvation and cold injury, implying a causal relationship between the presence of meningeal haemorrhage and impaired feeding activity and cold injury. Although stressful birth and presumed sub‐lethal injury to the fetal CNS had no permanent adverse effect on the growth and wool production of survivors, there was equivocal evidence of a birth related temporary residual handicap, as the mean growth rate of the delayed group born in 1973 was significantly lower than that of the caesarean group during a three‐monthly period of pasture shortage.

Stressful vaginal birth clearly increased the level of neonatal mortality. The results also demonstrated the pathological significance of meningeal haemorrhage as an index of stressful birth and presumed damage to the fetal CNS, and strongly suggested the probable role of such injury in the pathogenesis of the starvation‐mismothering‐exposure complex.
WHITE LIVER DISEASE OF SHEEP
Authors: Mitchell P. J. , McOrist S. , Thomas K. W. , McCausland I. P.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Outbreaks of ovine white liver disease (WLD) on 7 farms in eastern Victoria were investigated. Most occurred in late spring and mainly affected lambs 3 to 6 months old, with a morbidity of 20 to 100% and mortality of 8 to 15%. Clinically affected lambs showed illthrift, emaciation and bilateral, serous, ocular discharge. Clinical pathology showed mild anaemia, elevated serum liver enzymes (GGT, OCT, AST) and low levels of serum vitamin B12. Grossly, the livers were pale, fatty and friable; microscopically there was parenchymal fatty change, bile duct proliferation and ceroid pigmentation. Liver cobalt values were consistently low (mean 0.4 ± 0.4 μmol/kg D.W.). Levels of cobalt in pasture from 2 properties were very low (0.34 μmol/kg D.W.). The diagnosis of white liver disease was made on the basis of clinical features, specific liver pathology and low cobalt status.

Treatment trials established that cobalt injections or oral bullet administration resulted in clinical improvement, significant weight gains, and improved serum vitamin B12 levels. WLD did not recur in previously affected sheep using these treatments. However, when blocks containing cobalt were available continuously, WLD recurred 2 years after the initial outbreak.
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ON EQUINE PHYCOMYCOSIS
Authors: Miller R. I. , Campbell R. S. F.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY During a clinical study of equine phycomycosis in tropical northern Australia 3 specific forms of phycomycosis were identified. Of 266 cases diagnosed in 5 different laboratories, hyphomycosis caused by Hyphomyces destruens was responsible for 76.7%, basidiobolomycosis caused by Basidiobolus haptosporus for 18.0%, and entomophthoramycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus for 5.3%.

Most cases of hyphomycosis were observed between March and July, that is after the monsoonal wet summer, but were calculated from clinical histories to originate in the wet season between November and May. Basidiobolomycosis and entomophthoramycosis occurred regularly during the year and no seasonal incidence could be determined. All of these conditions occurred in horses in similar tropical regions of Queensland and the Northern Territory. No breed, sex or age predisposition was found but significant differences between the 3 fungal diseases in site of infection and appearance and size of the lesion were observed.

Hyphomycosis was seen as an ulcerative granuloma containing characteristic coral‐like kunkers. Lesions were most commonly found on the legs and ventral parts of the chest and abdomen, areas where contact with swamp water was apparent. Basidiobolomycosis was clinically similar to hyphomycosis but was mostly found on the lateral parts of the trunk and face where contact with contaminated soil might be expected. All lesions of entomophthoramycosis were located in the nasal region thus suggesting infection by inhalation.
VITAMIN B12 AND COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION IN BEEF CALVES
Authors: Judson G. J. , McFarlane J. D. , Riley M. J. , Milne M. L. , Horne A. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Bodyweight responses to subcutaneous injections of vitamin B12 and copper were investigated using Hereford calves in the southeast of South Australia, an area known to produce cobalt and copper deficient sheep. Calves were allocated to one of four groups: control; copper; vitamin B12; copper plus vitamin B12. Responses in bodyweight gain to vitamin B12, and to copper were obtained during the trial of one year. The results of biochemical analysis of blood, hair and faeces from calves and of dam's milk are reported. It is concluded that calves raised on cobalt‐deficient pastures will require cobalt or vitamin B12 supplementation prior to weaning.
RENAL CALCULI IN APPARENTLY NORMAL SHEEP
Authors: Nottle M. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The incidence of renal calculi in sheep was determined and the effects of season, sex and difference between left and right kidneys were considered. Examinations for calculi were made by x‐ray photography and stereomicroscopy.

The seasonal study extended from June 1972 to June 1973. The lowest incidence of calculi, occurred from November to February (25 to 35%) and the highest, in June 1972 (61%) and May 1973 (63%); in other months it generally ranged from 40 to 50%. These differences were highly significant (P < 0.001).

The incidence of calculi greater than 2 mm diameter was 0% and 3% in January and February and, except for 18% in June 1972 values were about 8%. Subepithelial deposits ranged from 2% (April) to 25% (June 1972) about a mean of 11%.

Calculi were found most frequently in the middle third of the kidney and near the fornices. Of kidneys with microcalculi (<0.05 mm diameter) visual assessment showed 64% contained silica, 29% oxalate, 15% carbonate and 5% material of undetermined nature.

Differences in the incidence of calculi between ewes and wethers and between left and right kidneys were not significant and the distribution of calculi within these kidneys was similar to that in the seasonal study.

These results are discussed in relation to urinary tract obstruction in grazing sheep and to possible factors affecting the retention in and movement of calculi from the kidney.
VAGINAL PROLAPSE IN A SOUTH AUSTRALIAN SEA LION (NEOPHOCA NOVE HOLLANDIA)
Authors: Read R. A. , Reynolds W. T. , Griffiths D. J. , Reilly J. S.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A case of vaginal prolapse in a South Australian Sea Lion is described. Conservative treatment proved unsuccessful, and an ovariohysterectomy was performed. Problems concerning anaesthesia, surgery and post‐operative management of this marine species are discussed.
Ocular inserts for application of drugs to bovine eyes—in vivo and in vitro studies on the release of gentamicin from collagen inserts
Authors: SLATTER D. H. , COSTA N. D. , EDWARDS M. E.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Retention trials with collagen ocular inserts are described followed by gentamicin concentrations achieved in vitro and in vivo with the inserts. Concentrations in the precorneal film during the 24 h after insertion approximated the minimum inhibitory concentrations for gentamicin. The potential of sustained release drug delivery systems for the therapy of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis is discussed.
Laboratory evaluation of a living attenuated vaccine against bluetongue type 20 virus
Authors: WARK M. C. , SHEPHERD‐CLARK M. B. , SMITH H. V. , COLLINS W. D.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Living attenuated bluetongue Type 20 virus vaccine was tested in 9 to 12 month‐old Australian Merino sheep, held in air conditioned, insect‐free accommodation. The vaccine appeared avirulent and immunogenic and protected against infection with a second dose of homologous vaccine virus. No enhancement of virulence or significant change in immunogenicity was observed when the vaccine virus was passaged 3 times through sheep without antibody to bluetongue virus.
Bluetongue virus serotype 20 infection in pregnant Merino sheep
Authors: FLANAGAN M. , WILSON A. J. , TRUEMAN K. F. , SHEPHERD M. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Eleven maiden Merino ewes, free of antibody to bluetongue virus serotype 20 (BTV‐20) in agar gel immunodiffusion and serum neutralisation tests, were mated once with a ram. Ten ewes were inoculated with BTV‐20 35 to 42 days after service, and one ewe was left as an uninoculated control. One of the inoculated ewes and the control ewe remained uninfected throughout the experiment. Eight of the remaining 9 ewes showed clinical signs ranging from mild to moderate, and the other showed no clinical signs of infection. BTV‐20 viraemia was detected in ewes between days 3 and 11 post inoculation, and the serum antibody response was followed. The control ewe and 5 of the 9 infected ewes were pregnant when examined 90 to 97 days after service. Each of these animals produced a normal lamb. There was no evidence of abortion in the remaining 5 ewes, and no transplacental transfer of virus was detected in the lambs of the 5 infected ewes. At necropsy, 46 days after the birth of the last lamb, no gross or microscopic lesions were observed in either the ewes or lambs.
Pulmonary haemorrhage in standardbred horses after racing
Authors: SPEIRS V. C. , van VEENENDAAL J. C. , HARRISON I. W. , SMYTH G. B. , ANDERSON G. A. , WILSON D. V. , GILBO B.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Endoscopic examinations of the upper respiratory tract were done on 92 of 314 Standardbred horses that raced one or more times at 4 consecutive, weekly race meetings. Although participation was voluntary, the characteristics of the population of horses examined were not statistically different from those of all horses that raced. No horse showed epistaxis, but 34 (32.4%) examinations of the trachea revealed blood that ranged from a trace in the tracheal mucus to large amounts scattered over the tracheal walls. Forty‐four horses exhibited minor degrees of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, 2 had asynchronous movement of the left arytenoid cartilage and 15 had grains of sand in the respiratory tract. There was no association between bleeding and age, sex, distance of race, place in race or date of race. Mucus and mucopurulent material occurred less often after longer races and more often on the last 3 race nights.
A national survey of the occurrence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: SLATTER D. H. , EDWARDS M. E. , HAWKINS C. D. , WILCOX G. E.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A national mail survey of 4880 beef and dairy producers was undertaken to record details of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. One thousand four hundred and fifty eight (29.8%) questionnaires were returned. The survey confirmed the widespread nature of the disease with higher prevalence in the summer months, in calves and dairy cattle, and in Bos taurus breeds. The constant prevalence contrasts with the disease in New Zealand where it is increasing.
A national survey of the clinical features, treatment and importance of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: SLATTER D. H. , EDWARDS M. E. , HAWKINS C. D. , WILCOX G. E.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A postal survey of cattle producers throughout Australia was conducted to obtain information concerning the occurrence, signs and treatment of infectious bovine keratocojunctivitis, animal breeds, animal numbers and types, environmental conditions under which the animals were kept and management routines and systems of the animals (Slatter et al 1982).

The most common clinical signs reported were ocular discharge (43.9%), corneal opacity (9.9%), or both (46.1%). The majority of respondents (54.8%) indicated duration of infections of at least 3 weeks. The condition was predominantly unilateral (74.7%) but 22.3% of respondents reported an equal occurrence of the condition unilaterally and bilaterally.

The most frequently used drugs were homidium bromide (26.7%), oxytetracycline hydrochloride (22.8%), chloramphenicol derivatives (13.7%) and penicillin derivatives (13.5%). However, described treatment regimes indicated that therapeutic levels of antibiotics would not be maintained in the eyes of treated animals.

Producers considered that 75% of affected animals showed reduced rates of weight gain, and 64% indicated they were more difficult to handle. An approximate figure of $22,000,000 was determined for loss of national production due to the disease, based on producers' estimates. In addition, a further cost of $1,566,500 was estimated for the labour involved in current treatment regimes. Beef and dairy producers spent different amounts on medications and treated for different durations. The economic significance of the disease justifies further studies on production losses due to the disease and cost effective methods of treatment.