bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adios and Happy Trails
Authors: Lorbiecki Marybeth
Published: November 2020

Leopold “wildlifer” Dan Thompson and his research partner were driving south on US Highway 51 on Thursday, April 22, 1948. “When the news of Aldo Leopold’s death came over the radio, we gasped and blankly looked at each other. I turned off the radio, and we drove on for another thirty minutes of silence.” Dan’s thoughts drifted back to the howl of a single wolf he had heard the evening before. He wondered “if the wolf had sensed the passing of a kindred spirit of the wilderness.” Aldo Leopold turned the American Dream upside down. He was born in a mansion and died at a shack; yet the Shack was the home of his greatest riches. Some have dubbed it the most famous chicken coop in the world. Upon his retirement, Aldo had planned to build a year- round home on the property, but instead the Shack was passed on as it was to new generations far beyond his family. Leopold’s book about the Shack and other adventures, “Great Possessions,” was in jeopardy after his death of ever getting published. But comments on the essays were called in from key students, friends, and family members, Luna served as the editor for his father’s writings, and the book was released by Oxford University Press under the title A Sand County Almanac and Sketches from Here and There (1949). In it, Aldo Leopold invited his readers to sit with him on his bench at the Shack, watch as he cut wood, walk with him in the woods and prairies, and loiter at his campfires to think about the question: How can we live on the land without spoiling it? And now even broader: How can we live as part of the earth, and its systems, without spoiling it? The urgency of his questions has only heightened since his death. Leopold anticipated our crises and left us the practical and philosophical wisdom to set our compasses and choose paths toward healthier vistas. Leopold reminded us in all his ecological work, “Pluck a petal from a pasque flower, and you disturb a star.”
Reactions of Alkenes
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Ana C. Fernandes of the Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 1048) an effective Re catalyst for the solvent-free hydrogenation of an alkene 1. Yasushi Imada and Takeshi Naota of Osaka University showed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 32) that a flavin could catalyze the hydrogenation of an alkene 3. Note that the thioether was stable under these conditions. Huanfeng Jian of the South China University of Technology developed (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 2321) a Pd-based protocol for the oxidative cleavage of an alkene 5. The cleavage could be halted at the cis diol. K. C. Nicolaou of Scripps/La Jolla optimized (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 1552) a complemetary cleavage of an alkene 7, again proceeding via the diol. J. R. Falck of UT Southwestern established (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 1701) the Heck-type oxidative silylation of an alkene 9 to the Z -silane 10. Timothy F. Jamison of MIT effected (Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 907) the borylation of an alkene 11. Kálmán Szabó of Stockholm University reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4051) a complementary approach for effecting the same transformation. Cathleen M. Crudden of Queen’s University, Kingston, observed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 131) that Rh-catalyzed hydroboration of 13 delivered the borane 14. Tehshik P. Yoon of the University of Wisconsin used (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 4570) Fe to catalyze the addition of an oxaziridine 16 to an alkene 15. Yasuhiro Shiraishi of Osaka University improved (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 1450) the photochemical addition of acetone to an alkene 18. Chul-Ho Jun of Yonsei University described (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 160) a related procedure. Professor Jamison effected (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 6880) the branching homologation of an alkene to give 21 . F. Dean Toste of the University of California, Berkeley, accomplished (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 8885) the oxidative homologation of an alkene to the ester 22. Markus R. Heinrich of the Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg developed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 1758) the tandem addition of the hydroperoxide 23 and a diazonium salt 24, leading to 25.
Alkene and Alkyne Metathesis: Navenone B (Cossy), (+)-Asperpentyn (Daesung Lee), (-)-Amphidinolide K (Eun Lee), Norhalichondrin B (Phillips)
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

A variety of antibiotics and immune-suppressive agents contain extended arrays of all- ( E )-polyenes. Samir Bouzbouz of CNS Rouen and Janine Cossy of ESPCI ParisTech devised ( Synlett 2009, 803) a simple iterative route to polyacetates such as 1 and demonstrated that after cross-metathesis, elimination, in this case to give Navenone B 3, was facile. Both ketones and esters can promote the elimination. Daesung Lee of the University of Illinois at Chicago designed (Organic Lett. 2009, 11 , 571) a clever chain-walking ring-closing ene-yne metathesis, cyclizing 4 to 5. Deprotection led to (+)-asperpentyn 6. This should be a general entry to such polyoxygenated cyclohexenes. For the structures of H2 and G2, see Organic Highlights, September 13, 2004. One of the challenges in the synthesis of (-)-amphidinoloide K 10 is the assembly of the complex conjugated diene. Eun Lee of Seoul National University found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 2364) a solution to this problem in the Ru-catalyzed cross-metathesis between the alkyne 7 and the alkene 8. Note that the cross-metathesis proceeded with high regioselectivity and with substantial (7.5:1) control of the product alkene geometry. For the construction of complex natural products such as norhalichondrin B 14, it is important to employ a convergent synthetic strategy. For this to be successful, efficient methods for convergent coupling are required. In the course of a synthesis of 14, Andrew J. Phillips of the University of Colorado showed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 2346) that Ru-mediated cross-metathesis could be used to couple the enone 11 with the alkene 12. A less congested version of H2, designed by Robert H. Grubbs of Caltech, was used for the coupling. The electron-deficient alkene of 11 and the more electron-rich alkene of 12 made a matched set, promoting the cross-coupling. Note again, in this context, the desirability of leaving the allylic alcohol of 12 unprotected to facilitate Ru-catalyzed alkene cross-metathesis.
Establishing Arrays of Stereogenic Centers: The Sato/Chida Synthesis of (-)-Kainic Acid
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Benjamin List of the Max-Planck-Institut, Mülheim, devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 10227) a catalyst system for the stereocontrolled epoxidation of a trisubstituted alkenyl aldehyde 1. Takashi Ooi of Nagoya University effected (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 7562; see also Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4070) enantioselective Henry addition to an alkynyl aldehyde 3. Madeleine M. Joullié of the University of Pennsylvania showed (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4244) that an amine 7 added selectively to an alkynyl aziridine 6. Yutaka Ukaji and Katsuhiko Inomata of Kanazawa University developed (Chem. Lett. 2010, 39, 1036) the enantioselective dipolar cycloaddition of 9 with 10. K. C. Nicolaou of Scripps/La Jolla observed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 5875; see also J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 8658) that the allylic alcohol from enantioselective reduction of 12 could be hydrogenated with high diastereocontrol. Masamichi Ogasawara and Tamotsu Takahashi of Hokkaido University added (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 5736) the allene 14 to the acetal 15 with substantial stereocontrol. Helen C. Hailes of University College London investigated (Chem. Comm. 2010, 46, 7608) the enzyme-mediated addition of 18 to racemic 17. Dawei Ma of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, in the course of a synthesis of oseltamivir (Tamiflu), accomplished (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4656) the enantioselective addition of 21 to 20. Shigeki Matsunaga of the University of Tokyo and Masakatsu Shibasaki of the Institute of Microbial Chemistry developed (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 3246) a Ni catalyst for the enantioselective addition of 23 to 24. Juthanat Kaeobamrung and Jeffrey W. Bode of ETH-Zurich and Marisa C. Kozlowski of the University of Pennsylvania devised (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, 107, 20661) an organocatalyst for the enantioselective addition of 27 to 26. Yihua Zhang of China Pharmaceutical University and Professor Ma effected (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 3827) the related addition of 27 to 29. There have been scattered reports on the stereochemical course of the coupling of cyclic secondary organometallics. In a detailed study, Paul Knochel of Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität München showed (Nat. Chem. 2020, 2, 125) that equatorial bond formation dominated, exemplified by the conversion of 31 to 33.
Organocatalytic Carbocyclic Construction: The Christmann Synthesis of (+)-Rotundial
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Karl Anker Jørgensen of Aarhus University found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 6650) that an organocatalyst could mediate the fragmentation of the prochiral cyclopropane 1 with high ee to the easily epimerized product 2. Guofu Zhong of Nanyang Technological University devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 6089) a dipolar cycloaddition strategy for the organocatalyzed combination of 3 and 4 with PhNHOH to give the highly substituted cyclopentane 5. Professor Jørgensen also established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7338) that conjugate addition of 7 to the prochiral cyclohexenone 6 proceeded with high ee. The initial adduct could be converted into the alkene 8, the alkyne, or the ketone. Wen-Jing Xiao of Central China Normal University, following up on the work of Gong and Cheng, developed (Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 9238) a simple organocatalyst for the desymmetrizing Michael addition of 9 to 10 to give 11 with high de and ee. Control of sidechain chirality is an important aspect of carbocyclic construction. Samuel H. Gellman of the University of Wisconsin demonstrated (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 16018) that the organocatalyzed addition of 13 to 12 proceeded with high facial selectivity and excellent diastereocontrol. In a complementary approach, Alexander J. A. Cobb of the University of Reading optimized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 16016) an organocatalyst for the cyclization of 15 to 16, again with high facial selectivity and excellent diastereocontrol. Ying-Chun Chen of the West China School of Pharmacy established (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 4660) conditions for the organocatalyzed combination of 17 with 18 to give 19. In a related approach, Bor-Cherng Hong of the National Chung Cheng University showed (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 5246) that 20, 21, and 22 could be combined under organocatalysis to give 23 in high ee with excellent diastereocontrol. Both of these approaches, and several others that have been published recently, were carried out with aryl substituents. It remains to be seen whether alkyl substituents, which would be more useful in a target-directed synthesis, would be compatible with these methods for ring construction.
Intramolecular Diels-Alder Cycloaddition: Brombyin II (Lygo), Ptilocaulin (Livinghouse), Bistellettadine A (Snider), (-)-Pycnanthuquinone C (Trauner), (+)-Caribenol A (Li/Yang)
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

The biosynthesis of brombyin III 2 and brombyin II 3, racemic in their natural form, might logically be expected to proceed by thermal cyclization of 1. Barry Lygo of the University of Nottingham observed (Synlett 2010, 618) that the cyclization of 1 in toluene required 165°C. It is intriguing that on water in the presence of the detergent SDS, the cyclization proceeded smoothly at only slightly above ambient temperature. Intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition can also be promoted by transition metal catalysis. Tom Livinghouse of Montana State University optimized (Synlett 2010, 247) a Rh catalyst for the diastereoselective cyclization of the highly substituted Z -triene 4 to 5, setting the stage for the synthesis of ptilocaulin 6. It seemed plausible that the biosynthesis of bistellettadine A 9 was proceeding by intermolecular dimerization of the monomeric carboxylic acid corresponding to 7. Barry B. Snider of Brandeis University found (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 828) that intermolecular dimerization did proceed efficiently, but gave a 5:4 mixture of diastereomers. In contrast, the linked diester 7 cyclized with exclusive diastereocontrol. The product 8 was readily carried on to bistellettadine A 9. This raises the possibility that a chiral template, attached either covalently or through salt formation, could be designed that would direct the absolute configuration of the cycloaddition. It also seemed plausible that (-)-pycnanthuquinone 13 could be derived biosynthetically by cycloaddition of a triene 12, with one of the alkenes of the diene incorporated in a quinone. Dirk Trauner of the University of Munich prepared (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 6199) 12 by Heck coupling of the bromide 10 with commercial linalool 11. In mixed water/ toluene, the cyclization was followed by the addition of water and reoxidation, to directly deliver (-)-pycnanthuquinone 13. Related quinone cycloadditions have been reported (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 5554; Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 5116). Chuang-Chuang Li of the Shenzhen Graduate School and Zhen Yang of Peking University anticipated (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 13608) that it would be possible to prepare (+)-caribenol A 16 by the cyclization of the alkyne 14. Direct thermal cyclization of 14 was not effective, nor were Lewis acid catalysts.
The Trost Synthesis of Bryostatin 16
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

In a showcase for the specific transition metal–catalyzed couplings that he has developed, including the elegant Ru-catalyzed coupling of 1 and 2, Barry M. Trost of Stanford University reported (Nature 2008, 456, 485; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 16403) the total synthesis of the potent anticancer agent, bryostatin 16 4. The preparation of 1 began with commercial 2,2-dimethylpropanediol 5. Brown allylation of the aldehyde 6 followed by protection and oxidative cleavage delivered 8. Condensation (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 11727) with 9 followed by selective reduction and Sn-catalyzed lactonization led to 10, which was carried on to the ketone 1. The aldehyde 6 was also the starting material for the preparation of 2. Addition of the anion 12 followed by hydrolysis established the unsaturated aldehyde, which was combined with 13 to give the racemic alcohol 14. Oxidation followed by Itsuno-Corey reduction then completed the synthesis of 2. What followed was a spectacular sequence of three transition metal–catalyzed transformations. Intermolecular Ru-mediated coupling of 1 with 2 delivered the tetrahydropyran 3. Pd catalysis effected the selective intramolecular coupling of the two alkynes of the derived ester 15, to give 16. The constrained alkynyl alcohol 16 cyclized under Au catalysis to give the dihydropyran 17, completing the construction of the skeleton of bryostatin 16 4. The route to the bryostatins outlined here is short enough (26 linear steps) and flexible enough to allow a thorough search of structure–activity relationships for this potent class of natural products.
The Li/Yang Synthesis of (±)-Maoecrystal V
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Maoecrystal V 3, isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Isodon eriocalyx, shows selective inhibition of HeLa cells at low nanomolar concentration (IC50 = 60 nm). Chuang-Chuang Li of Shenzen Graduate School of Peking University and Zhen Yang of Peking University, Beijing, designed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 16745) the first total synthesis of 3, based on the intramolecular Diels-Alder cyclization of 1 to 2. The preparation of 1 began with the ketone 4. Methoxycarbonylation of 4 followed by with high diastereocontrol to coupling with 6 delivered 7. As expected, hydride reduction of the cyclic β-keto ester proceeded give the undesired trans diastereomer. Fortunately, the bulky tetrabuylammonium borohydride delivered the cis diastereomer, which could be reduced to the diol 8. Rh-catalyzed carbene insertion into the O-H bond followed by condensation with formaldehyde then completed the preparation of the precursor 10. Deprotection of 10 followed by oxidation presumably gave 1. There are two faces to the diene of 1, and then the acetoxylated stereogenic center, so four products are possible. In the event, three of the four were observed, of which 2 was the major. To complete the synthesis of 3, the secondary alcohol of 11 was introduced by allylic bromination followed by radical reduction and trapping with TEMPO. The acetoxy group was reduced off, and then the more reactive alkene was removed by selective hydrogenation. Oxidation and base treatment then delivered the equilibrium mixture of (±)-maoecrystal V 3 and its methyl epimer. The synthesis of 3 as reported led to the racemate of the natural product. The starting cyclohexene 1 can be prepared (Tetrahedron Lett . 2000, 41, 3871) from 2,2-dimethylcyclohexane- 1,3-dione 12. Yeast reduction of the prochiral 12 is known to proceed with high (S)-induction. It may be that a route could be devised from the reduction product 13 to enantiomerically pure 7.
The Funk Synthesis of (-)-Nakadomarin A
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

The Z alkene of nakadomarin A 3 suggested to Raymond L. Funk an approach (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4912) based on ring-closing alkyne metathesis. The efficient assembly of 3 he reported illustrates the power of convergent design in target-directed synthesis. A practical limit on applications of alkyne metathesis is the requirement for internal alkynes, necessitating methyl capping of a terminal alkyne. In an alternative approach, Professor Funk took advantage of the long-known ( J. Chem. Soc. 1954 , 3201) equilibration of a terminal alkyne 4 to the internal alkyne 5. Homologation of 5 with the phosphonate 6, followed by condensation with the ketone 7, then delivered the furan 8. The assembly of the other half of 1 began with the commercial alcohol derived by reduction of D -pyroglutamic acid. Protection gave 9, which on hydride addition and dehydration was converted to 10. One-carbon homologation with the Vilsmeier-Haack reagent proceeded with the expected regiocontrol. This set the stage for the triply convergent assembly of 14 , first reductive amination of the aldehyde 11 with 12 , then acylation of the resulting secondary amine with 13. The nucleophilic 14 was condensed with the aldehyde 8 to give an enone (not illustrated). Exposure of the enone to InCl 3 initiated an elegant cascade cyclization, first of the enamide in a conjugate sense to the enone, then Friedel-Crafts addition of the resulting N-stabilized carbocation to the furan, to deliver 15. The pendant silyloxymethyl group exerted the hoped-for diastereocontrol, allowing the direct construction of the central tetracycle of 3. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation completed the assembly of the diyne 1. Initially, it was found that exposure of 1 to a molybdenum catalyst delivered 2 in only modest yield. As an alternative, they employed the technically more challenging tungsten-based Schrock catalyst. Later, they found that the recently developed Fürstner Mo protocol also worked well. The amide 2 could readily be carried on to the triene 18. With the first-generation Grubbs catalyst G1, kinetic ring-closing metathesis of 18, to complete the assembly of (-)-nakadomarin 3, could be effected without jeopardizing the existing Z alkene.
The Overman Synthesis of (-)-Actinophyllic Acid
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

(-)-Actinophyllic acid 3, isolated from Alstonia actinophylla, is a promising inhibitor of TAFIa/hippicuricase (0.84 μm). Larry E. Overman of the University of California, Irvine, envisioned (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 4894) a bold route to 3 based on the aza-Cope/ intramolecular Mannich reorganization of 1 to 3. The absolute configuration of 1 and thus of 3 was set by Noyori hydrogenation of the enone 4. Ozonolysis followed by acetylation delivered the pyridone 6 as an inconsequential mixture of diastereomers. The ketone 9 was assembled by condensation of dimethyl malonate 8 with the acid chloride 7. Cyclization then followed directly on reduction of the nitro group to the amine, to give the crystalline indole 10. Under Lewis acid catalysis, 10 coupled smoothly with the diacetate 6, to give 11 . Selective reduction of the acetate was followed by oxidation, leading to 12. The ketone 12 has only a single acidic stereogenic center. It was not clear whether it could be cyclized without epimerization. A preliminary study with material resolved by enantioselective chromatography, however, showed that this in fact worked well. The LDA kinetically deprotonated the ketone away from the N, at the same time deprotonating the malonate, to give a dianion that underwent smooth oxidative coupling to 13. With 13 in hand, it remained to differentiate the two esters derived from the malonate. This was succinctly accomplished by the addition of vinyl magnesium bromide. Selective reduction of the spontaneously formed lactone 14 cleanly delivered 1. The topological connection between 1 and 3 is not necessarily obvious. Exposure of 1 to HCl gave the amine hydrochloride. Condensation with formaldehyde then gave 15, poised for aza-Cope rearrangement to 2. The enol 2 , then, proceeded via intramolecular Mannich condensation directly to (-)-actinophyllic acid 3.
Collaborating in Choosing Treatment Options: Medicine and Other Psychiatric Resources
Authors: Hamkins SuEllen
Published: November 2020

In practicing narratively, the doctor and patient can examine together what the doctor’s kit of psychiatry might have to offer in light of the values and preferences of the person seeking consultation, which authorizes the patient as the arbiter of what is helpful and what is not. Narrative psychiatry holds the perspective that while the doctor may have specialized knowledge about treatments, the patient is the expert on his or her life, and medicine or other treatments can be evaluated according to the values and preferences of the patient. In its nuanced approach to effective collaboration, narrative psychiatry offers ways to more fully manifest the intentions of the mental health recovery movement. This chapter will show how to collaborate with patients in considering and choosing among psychiatric resources such as psychotropic medications. In doing so, it will touch on the range of competing discourses about psychiatric treatments that may be influencing our patients and us. The story we have come to hold about who the patient is and what the problem is determines the therapeutic options we consider. All the skills described in the previous chapters—emotional attunement; developing a rich portrait of who the person is separate from the problem; clarifying the patient’s vision for his or her life; creating an externalized, experience-near description of the problem and its effects; and cultivating a narrative of how the person is resisting the problem and how that is linked to personal hopes and values—are prerequisites for being able to collaboratively consider which resources might best meet the patient’s needs. From our initial consultation on, we cultivate very different stories about the patient and the problem depending on the questions we ask—or don’t ask. Creating narratives that articulate our patients’ personal experiences of their problems and that honor their resiliencies, skills, and preferences sets the stage for considering treatments that will be most effective and life enhancing. When we have a collaborative therapeutic stance, we can look side by side with our patients at the wealth of treatment options that might be helpful and weigh the pros and cons together.
Finding Lost Stories of Love: Remembering Love and Legacy amid Loss
Authors: Hamkins SuEllen
Published: November 2020

“‘I have no son Danny,’” Daniel said, with bitterness. “That’s what my father said to me when he was near death. Thirteen years ago, I go to see him in the hospital, and he’s there in the bed with tubes coming out of him. I go up to him and he says, ‘Who’s that?’ and I say, ‘It’s your son, Danny’, and he says, ‘Danny who? I have no son Danny.’” Daniel’s face bore traces of sadness and anger. “Just before he died he denied me.” Daniel Francis O’Conner, a spirited man of sixty-seven, sat perched in the middle of the couch in my bright, airy private-practice office. He had the time and resources to engage in weekly, open-ended psychotherapy with me. With a short white beard, sparkling blue eyes, a quick smile that lit up his whole face, and a readiness to laugh at himself and the world, Daniel had an equal readiness to hold himself and the world to high standards of generosity, morality, and justice. I looked forward to our meetings, in which Daniel moved from one story of his life to another with eloquence, grit, irony and humor like a true seanachaí , an Irish storyteller. A lifelong resident of Holyoke, a tough little city in Massachusetts known for its historic mills and factories, Daniel shared the feisty passion of its Irish-immigrant residents. He was married to his beloved wife, Molly, and they had two grown children, Brigid, age 30, and James, 25. A published poet who was newly retired from thirty-two years as an awardwinning high school English teacher and long retired from boxing, Daniel was exploring a new career as a psychotherapist. He had met me at a workshop on narrative psychiatry that I had given at The Family Institute of Cambridge (the one in which I had presented my work with Elena, from chapter 5), and wanted to work with me, with hopes of taking stock of what his legacy might be as he prepared to enter his seventies.
Conclusion
Authors: Hamkins SuEllen
Published: November 2020

Narrative psychiatry is the North Star that guides me in my work. Whether I am conducting fifteen-minute appointments at a community mental health center, weekly psychotherapy in my private practice, or a college student’s first psychiatric consultation, the principles and practices of narrative psychiatry offer me direction and support. In every psychiatric context in which I practice, I seek to enhance my patients’ awareness of their strengths and values and assist them in taking steps toward their vision of well-being in the context of a collaborative and compassionate therapeutic relationship. It’s time to bring greater humanity back into the day-to-day practice of psychiatry. Just as primary care practitioners are seeking to attend more fully to their patients’ stories and lives, so, too, can we in psychiatry, especially in contexts such as med checks and hospital rounds. Narrative psychiatry offers the person-centered, recovery-oriented care and “positive psychiatry” that the leaders in our field are calling for. What narrative psychiatry needs to move forward is to train more narrative practitioners and to conduct more research to establish a stronger empirical foundation. Case-based, qualitative evidence of the efficacy of narrative approaches to mental health treatment is rich, such as that presented in this book and in two decades of articles and books published by White, Epston, Madsen, Freedman, Combs, Russell, Gaddis, Kronbichter, Maisel, Ncube, Speedy, and many others. Quantitative studies that have been completed to date, such as Lynette Vromans and Robert Schweitzer’s study of narrative treatment of major depression, and Mim Weber, Kierrynn Davis, and Lisa McPhie’s study of narrative treatment of eating disorders, while supporting efficacy, are limited by small sample sizes. Exciting research studies are currently underway. John Stillman has developed a narrative trauma treatment manual expressly for the purpose of defining core narrative therapy principles and practices so that their efficacy can be researched. He and Christopher Erbe have completed a pilot study demonstrating the reliability of scales used by observers rating whether therapy sessions were consistent with the practices described by the manual; that is, whether the treatment was actually narrative.
The Politics of Energy in Turkey
Authors: Özkaynak Begüm , Turhan Ethemcan , Aydın Cem İskender
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the politics of energy in post-1980 Turkey from a social science perspective. In particular, it offers an explanation of the decisions characterizing Turkey’s high-carbon energy pathway over the years, by building on some conceptual lenses: geopolitical interstate relations, sociopolitical and sociotechnical imaginaries, production of socioeconomic inequalities, and formation of new political collective identities. A thorough reading of the energy politics literature in Turkey suggests that all these dimensions are helpful to understanding not only the country’s past energy choices but also contemporary energy debates and conflicts under the “new Turkey.” Three points come to the fore in Turkey’s relationship with energy from the 1980s onward. (1) Turkey has pursued high modernist ambitions to be a regional energy hub and provide uninterrupted supply for its economic growth goals. (2) Energy choices and policies were formed politically as governments in coalition with domestic and foreign private capital have primarily promoted particular private interests and instrumentalized a technocratic discourse to establish political hegemony and marginalize public criticism. (3) Energy-related decisions have been insulated from public participation, resulting in intense sociospatial and socioeconomic inequalities and conflicts. A historical and interdisciplinary perspective also helps to explain how different energy resources generate power symbolically as well as materially and reproduce hegemony through concepts such as energy scarcity, security of supply, and energy independence. The chapter concludes with a critical assessment of the challenges Turkey faces for a transition to fair and environmentally sustainable energy systems.
Britain and Ireland
Authors: Murray Alex
Published: November 2020

British decadence has long been identified with London, the home of theaters and publishing houses. Most decadent writers lived and worked in the city, setting many of the great works of British decadence in its streets and squares. Yet decadence, as a literary style and a cultural concept, reached all parts of the United Kingdom, and in the process changed the nature of this literary tradition. Moving from Cornwall and Wales to the north of Ireland and Scotland, this essay charts a British decadence with close ties to the Celtic Revival, one that embraces nature and that looks to a future beyond the autumn of decline. From writers vacationing in the west of Britain, to the Ulster literary revival, to the embrace of natural cycles as an antidote to metropolitan ennui in Scotland, the writing examined here demonstrates the variety of forms that British decadence could take.
The Political Economy of Peaceful Change
Authors: Skålnes Lars S.
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the role of economic interdependence and economic statecraft in promoting peaceful change. The rise of China and other emerging powers has rekindled interest among policy makers and scholars alike in the role foreign economic policies can play as strategic instruments. Trade wars, the emerging discipline of geoeconomics, and the new interdependence approach are examples of the increased attention being paid to asymmetric interdependence and economic discrimination. The use of such instruments, however, takes place in a globalized economy that is still characterized by high levels of economic interdependence. Several aspects of the modern globalized economy tend to promote an open world economy, higher trade, and peaceful relations such as intra-industry trade and globalized value chains. Preferential trade agreements and particularly regional trade agreements have more ambiguous effects, as they tend to be discriminatory and as such have the potential to increase international tension.
Indonesia’s ContributionS to Peaceful Change in International Affairs
Authors: Anwar Dewi Fortuna
Published: November 2020

Transforming its foreign policy from confrontation to cooperation with its closest neighbors in 1967, and in 1998 carrying out a peaceful transition from authoritarian rule to democracy, Indonesia has made significant contributions to peaceful change in Southeast Asia. The regime change, from Sukarno’s “Guided Democracy,” which had carried out Konfrontasi or confrontation against Malaysia, to the military-dominated “New Order” government under Suharto, was far from peaceful, marked by one of the worst massacres in Indonesia’s history. Nevertheless, the New Order government imposed order and stability and greatly improved the socioeconomic welfare of the Indonesian people, transforming the country from a fragile state to one of the economic miracles in Asia, until the onset of the Asian financial crisis in 1997. Suharto’s focus on internal stability and economic development led to Indonesia becoming a founder and leader of Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) regional cooperation. Both Indonesia’s internal stability and its commitment to ASEAN as the cornerstone of its foreign policy have helped transform Southeast Asia from a highly divided and unstable region to one that is becoming a security community. The collapse of the New Order government amid the Asian financial crisis has ushered in a new era of democracy in Indonesia, with a commitment to resolving internal conflicts through peaceful means as well as a continuing determination to maintain a peaceful regional order. This chapter looks at the nexus between Indonesian domestic politics and foreign policy and its contributions to peaceful change.
Origins and Evolution of the North American Stable Peace
Authors: Haglund David G.
Published: November 2020

Interstate relations among the North American countries have been irenic for so long that the continent is often assumed to have little if anything to contribute to scholarly debates on peaceful change. In good measure, this can be attributed to the way in which discussions of peaceful change often become intertwined with a different kind of inquiry among international relations scholars, one focused upon the origins and denotative characteristics of “pluralistic security communities.” Given that it is generally (though not necessarily accurately) considered that such security communities first arose in Western Europe, it is not difficult to understand why the North American regional-security story so regularly takes an analytical back seat to what is considered to be the far more interesting European one. This article challenges the idea that there is little to learn from the North American experience, inter alia by stressing three leading theoretical clusters within which can be situated the scholarly corpus of works attempting to assess the causes of peaceful change on the continent. Although the primary focus is on the Canada–US relationship, the article includes a brief discussion of where Mexico might be said to fit in the regional-security order.
Temporal Focus
Authors: Shipp Abbie J.
Published: November 2020

Temporal focus is the individual tendency to characteristically think more or less about the past, present, and future. Although originally rooted in early work from psychology, research on temporal focus has been steadily growing in a number of research areas, particularly since Zimbardo and Boyd’s (1999) influential article on the topic. This chapter will review temporal focus research from the past to the present, including how temporal focus has been conceptualized and measured, and which correlates and outcomes have been tested in terms of well-being and behavior. Based on this review, an agenda for research is created to direct temporal focus research in the future.
The Deuteronomistic History as Literature of Trauma
Authors: Janzen David
Published: November 2020

The study of trauma in early twentieth-century psychoanalysis concluded that trauma survivors have been overwhelmed by traumatic events and so are unable to experience them and form memories of them, and thus unable to know the trauma. Trauma is thus relived rather than remembered, repetitively and uncontrollably forcing itself into victims’ lives through literal dreams of the events, flashbacks, and so on, appearing to the survivor as a foreign body that stands outside of the self. The study of trauma within the field of literary criticism developed out of psychoanalytical conclusions about it, and points out that literature of trauma reflects these psychological effects. In such literature, then, we find trauma continually repeating and, since it cannot be known, refusing to be controlled by narrative explanation. Trauma, in short, is anti-narrative. The study of trauma within sociology, however, is based on an understanding of trauma as something created by a society in order to explain past events and solidify social bonds. A sociological reading of trauma in the Deuteronomistic History (Dtr) focuses on the ways in which Dtr’s narrative makes the exiles’ traumatic experience of defeat and exile understandable and meaningful. This kind of explanation, however, has no real interest in healing the exiles’ psychological wounds. A literary reading of trauma in Dtr reveals trauma to be present in absences of explanation, deconstructing Dtr’s narrative certainty. It appears as intrusions into Dtr’s totalizing narrative, intrusions that put the writing’s explanatory certainties of divine justice on trial while refusing to provide a verdict.
Reading the Historical Books as Part of the Primary History
Authors: Briggs Richard S.
Published: November 2020

The tendency of biblical scholarship to focus on details and short passages has obscured ways in which the Historical Books are cast into interesting relationship with the Pentateuch when considered as part of one over-arching “primary history.” Following the work of David Noel Freedman and others, this article explores the hermeneutical impact of a “primary history” reading, which has similarities and differences with seeing the books as part of a Deuteronomistic history. Two case studies of intertextual readings in the primary history are offered to illustrate the implications of such a framing: one concerning kingship and the links between Deut. 17:14–20 and Solomon; the other exploring the vastly differing profiles of priesthood in the Pentateuch and the Historical Books. A concluding discussion of themes in the primary history, following David Clines, considers matters such as earth/land; “original sin”; and promise/obedience.
Deborah in Reception History
Authors: Schroeder Joy A.
Published: November 2020

Judges 4–5 features the protagonist Deborah, a prophet, judge, war leader, singer, and “mother in Israel” (Judg. 5:7.) Interpreters treated Deborah in literary, musical, and artistic works found in a variety of genres and venues: rabbinic texts, letters, sermons, prayers, polemical treatises, church instructions, scholastic treatises, commentaries, novels, paintings, and oratorios. In Jewish and Christian reception of Deborah’s story, gender concerns are prominent. The same themes recur through the centuries: the meaning of Deborah’s name (“bee”) and designation (“wife of Lappidoth” or “woman of torches”); spiritual equality of male and female; the appropriateness of educating women; questions about women’s civil, religious, and military leadership; domesticity; maternity; and proper female deportment. Some interpreters presented Deborah as a model of a submissive wife and tender mother in order to reinforce gender norms; others criticized her for being outspoken. Women frequently used Deborah as biblical warrant for female education, preaching, rabbinic ministry, political leadership, and publishing activity. Those who sought biblical precedent for women’s expanded roles in society, politics, and religious communities found Deborah’s story to be a powerful source of personal inspiration and a compelling scriptural justification for institutional change.
The So-called Deuteronomistic History and Its Theories of Composition
Authors: Römer Thomas
Published: November 2020

The idea of the Deuteronomistic History was invented by Martin Noth during the Second World War in order to explain the presence and the aim of deuteronomistic texts in the books of Deuteronomy to Kings. He came to the conclusion that the Deuteronomist (who was at the same time author and redactor) wrote his history shortly after 586 bce in order to explain the reasons for the fall of Jerusalem and the Babylonian Exile. In North America, Cross transformed Noth’s theory by pointing out that many deuteronomistic texts should be understood as reflecting the reign of King Josiah. The first edition of the Deuteronomistic History became in the view of Cross and his numerous followers a propaganda work for the reign of Josiah. In Europe, Rudolf Smend and his students set up a theory of three exilic and postexilic layers of the Deuteronomistic History, whereas in the last decades many other scholars reject the theory of a Deuteronomistic History. This article will try to show that the best approach to Noth’s theory is to combine the models of Cross and Smend. Instead of a Deuteronomistic History, one should better speak of a “Deuteronomistic library” which was compiled in three stages in the seventh century bce, during the Babylonian exile, and in the first decades of the Persian period.
Early Israel’s Origins, Settlement, and Ethnogenesis
Authors: Killebrew Ann E.
Published: November 2020

The search for biblical Israel in the textual and archaeological record has been a focus of scholarly research for over a century. Using as their starting point the books of Exodus, Joshua, and Judges, Albright’s unified conquest and Alt’s peaceful infiltration models emphasize the external, or foreign, origin of Israel as presented in the biblical narrative. More recent suggestions highlight the indigenous nature and role of Late Bronze Age Canaan in Israel’s emergence. These approaches, including the social revolution, pastoral Canaanite, and mixed multitude models, enlist, to varying degrees, biblical and Egyptian sources (principally the Merneptah Stela), archaeological evidence, and a variety of sociological, anthropological, environmental, and other approaches to reconstruct the complex process of early Israel’s ethnogenesis.
1 Esdras: Structure, Composition, and Significance
Authors: de Troyer Kristin
Published: November 2020

This article surveys the scholarship on the relation between the book of 1 Esdras and its canonical sister, Ezra-Nehemiah. The survey deals with questions about the origin and function of the story of the three youths/bodyguards, the language of 1 Esdras, and the value of 1 Esdras as a historical document and/or a rewritten text. The article argues that 1 Esdras is a rewritten text, based on the Hebrew-Aramaic texts found in 2 Chronicles 35–36, Ezra-Nehemiah, and 2 Kings 22–23. The author not only composed the story using the aforementioned sources, but also reorganized source material and inserted new material into the story. That rewritten story was the basis for the Greek translator who translated the now lost Hebrew-Aramaic Vorlage into Greek.
Israelite State Formation and Early Monarchy in History and Biblical Historiography
Authors: Dietrich Walter
Published: November 2020

Six biblical books deal with the early monarchy in Israel. All of them show a mixture of fact and fiction. Most fictitious is the description in Chronicles, written about seven hundred years post festum. Judges is partly anti-monarchic and partly pro-monarchic, reflecting divergent positions within the deuteronomistic movement. Samuel contains the most factual presentation, but not without fictional elements. The most influential literary stratum in Samuel stems from a “court narrator” near the end of the eighth century bce. This narrator combined and enriched several older sources resulting in a multiperspectival picture of the early kingdom. The portrait of Solomon in 1 Kings fluctuates between admiration and critique. As for the actual history of the tenth century bce, portions of Samuel and Kings contain reliable information that can be used through critical analysis. The role of Saul may have been more important than depicted in the texts, and the rise of David less marvelous, his reign less glorious, and his realm less expansive. These observations are applicable to Solomon, as well. Nonetheless, these three kings laid the foundation for a period of nearly half a millennium of Israelite and Judahite statehood that was formative for the people and for the world of the Bible.
Samson in Reception History
Authors: Murphy Kelly J.
Published: November 2020

As one of the most famous figures from the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible, rivaled perhaps only by King David, the reception histories of Samson and the women of Judges 13–16 are extensive. The major events in the narrative found in Judges 13–16 involve not only Samson but also the women of the story: an unnamed mother, an unnamed Philistine wife, an unnamed prostitute, and, perhaps most illustrious of all, the named Delilah. This essay briefly outlines some of the major questions and concerns voiced by the many later readers and interpreters of Samson, revealing how the story of Samson, both in and outside the biblical text, is also a story about the women who appear in this account.
Engineering Perspective of Tornadoes
Authors: Mehta Kishor C.
Published: November 2020

This chapter is an introduction to tornado storms from an engineering perspective. The material included here relates to warnings and subsequent response by people, the chance of tornado hazard at a location, tornado–structure interaction, and building design for tornadoes for life safety. Other chapters in this handbook, referenced here, give details on interrelated subjects, in this chapter, reader will gain an overview of the available knowledge on tornadoes from an engineering perspective. Other chapters of this handbook and the references at the end of this chapter can provide in-depth understanding of engineering other aspects of tornado.
The Epistemic Role of Technical Functions
Authors: Preston Beth
Published: November 2020

Technical functions of artifacts are commonly distinguished from their social functions and from biological functions of organisms. Schemes for classifying functions often encounter what the author calls the continuum problem—the imperceptible merger of function kinds. This is a special case of a debate about natural kinds in philosophy of science, which has resulted in a turn to an epistemological construal of kinds, in contrast to the traditional, purely ontological construal. The author argues for an epistemic analysis of function kinds along the lines of John Dupré’s (1993) “promiscuous realism.” This provides leverage for asking new and important questions about the epistemic purposes served by our various schemes for classifying artifact functions, and about the epistemic role of technical functions in particular. The author argues that the common classification into technical, social, and biological functions has more disadvantages than it has advantages.