bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of a New Metal Borophosphate: PbII4{Co2[B(OH)2P2O8](PO4)2}Cl
Authors: Yang Miao , Chen Peng , Welz‐Biermann Urs
Published: June 2010

A new metal borophosphate PbII4{Co2[B(OH)2P2O8](PO4)2}Cl (1), containing both Pb2+ cations and Cl– anions, was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, ICP, TG/DTA, and FTIR spectroscopic analyses. The crystal structure determination from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals that compound 1 crystallizes in the trigonal space group R$\bar{3}$c (No. 167), a = 9.7513(7) Å, c = 91.060(13) Å, V = 7498.7(13) Å3 and Z = 18. Its structure features a new cobalt borophosphate layer {Co2[B(OH)2P2O8](PO4)2}7– built up from CoO5 square pyramids, [B(OH)2P2O8]5– borophosphate trimers and PO4 tetrahedra. Extra‐framework Pb2+ and Cl– ions are located at the vacancy of layers to achieve the charge neutrality of the framework. Magnetic measurements indicate that antiferromagnetic interactions exist between Co2+ ions with a negative Weiss constant of –20.3 K.
Electronic monitoring of scoliosis brace wear compliance
Authors: Rahman Tariq , Borkhuu Battugs , Littleton Aaron G. , Sample Whitney , Moran Ed , Campbell Stephen , Rogers Kenneth , Bowen J. Richard
Published: June 2010

Purpose

Accurate evaluation of patient compliance with scoliosis brace usage has been a challenge for physicians treating patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This inability to accurately measure compliance has resulted in difficulty in determining brace treatment efficacy. This prospective study was performed to demonstrate the efficacy of using a new electronic brace compliance monitor, the Cricket.

Methods

The Cricket is a small encased circuit that can be attached to the brace and, by means of a temperature sensor, can record brace wear times. This study included ten subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who were prescribed the Wilmington scoliosis brace (thoraco-lumbo-sacral orthosis) into which the Cricket sensor was incorporated. Subjects kept a diary of brace wear times.

Results

Comparisons of data for the Cricket, subject diaries, and prescribed brace wear were evaluated. The mean error between the diary times and Cricket recording was 2%. Patient compliance was 78%.

Conclusions

The Cricket is a reliable, accurate, and sensitive device to determine patient compliance with scoliosis brace usage.
The Schuman Plan 60 Years Later: A Model for the Middle East?
Authors: Pöttering Hans-Gert
Published: June 2010

Europe has a special responsibility towards Israel and the Palestinian Authority, not only because the EU is the largest aid donor in the region, but also because of Europe's historical legacy. Europe can provide a roadmap on how a region is able to pull itself from centuries of violent conflict to peace and stability through economic cooperation. Granted, European integration cannot be transplanted to the Middle East; however, the plan set in motion by Robert Schuman 60 years ago can provide a starting point for regional cooperation in the Middle East.
Processing of the dynamin Msp1p in S. pombe reveals an evolutionary switch between its orthologs Mgm1p in S. cerevisiae and OPA1 in mammals
Authors: Leroy Ingrid , Khosrobakhsh Farnoosh , Diot Alan , Daloyau Marlène , Arnauné-Pelloquin Laetitia , Cavelier Cindy , Emorine Laurent J. , Belenguer Pascale
Published: June 2010

Mitochondrial fusion depends on the evolutionary conserved dynamin, OPA1/Mgm1p/Msp1p, whose activity is controlled by proteolytic processing. Since processing diverges between Mgm1p (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and OPA1 (mammals), we explored this process in another model, Msp1p in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Generation of the short isoform of Msp1p neither results from the maturation of the long isoform nor correlates with mitochondrial ATP levels. Msp1p is processed by rhomboid and a protease of the matrix ATPase associated with various cellular activities (m‐AAA) family. The former is involved in the generation of short Msp1p and the latter in the stability of long Msp1p. These results reveal that Msp1p processing may represent an evolutionary switch between Mgm1p and OPA1.
Protective effect of N‐acetylcysteine against BDE‐209‐induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured neonatal rat hippocampal neurons in vitro
Authors: Zhang Chunfang , Liu Fuchun , Liu Xianbao , Chen Dunjin
Published: June 2010

Globally, brominated diphenyl ether‐209 (BDE‐209) is the most widely used polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs). It has been reported that BDE‐209 induces developmental neurotoxicity in vivo. The purpose of this study was to use an antioxidant, N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), as an antidote for the neurotoxic effect of BDE‐209. We used primary hippocampal neurons from rats for the in vitro cultures. BDE‐209 was added to the cultures in increasing concentrations and co‐cultured with NAC in order to assess the effect of NAC on BDE‐209‐induced neurotoxicity. We measured cell viability, apoptosis, expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK), intracellular calcium content, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The difference between the BDE‐209 groups without NAC and the blank control groups was significant (P < 0.05). The difference between the NAC treatment groups and the BDE‐209 groups without NAC was also significant (P < 0.05), showing that BDE‐209 increased apoptosis, the expression of p38 MAPK, the calcium ion concentration, and the ROS level and decreased cell viability. In contrast, NAC reduced the degree of cellular cytotoxicity induced by BDE‐209. The results suggested that NAC may be able to attenuate BDE‐209‐induced neurotoxicity.
Paleoclimatic implications of the spatial patterns of modern and LGM European land-snail shell δ18O
Authors: Kehrwald Natalie M. , McCoy William D. , Thibeault Jeanne , Burns Stephen J. , Oches Eric A.
Published: June 2010

The oxygen isotopic composition of land-snail shells may provide insight into the source region and trajectory of precipitation. Last glacial maximum (LGM) gastropod shells were sampled from loess from Belgium to Serbia and modern land-snail shells both record δ18O values between 0‰ and − 5‰. There are significant differences in mean fossil shell δ18O between sites but not among genera at a single location. Therefore, we group δ18O values from different genera together to map the spatial distribution of δ18O in shell carbonate. Shell δ18O values reflect the spatial variation in the isotopic composition of precipitation and incorporate the snails' preferential sampling of precipitation during the warm season. Modern shell δ18O decreases in Europe along a N–S gradient from the North Sea inland toward the Alps. Modern observed data of isotopes in precipitation (GNIP) demonstrate a similar trend for low-altitude sites. LGM shell δ18O data show a different gradient with δ18O declining toward the ENE, implying a mid-Atlantic source due to increased sea ice and a possible southern displacement of the westerly jet stream. Balkan LGM samples show the influence of a Mediterranean source, with δ18O values decreasing northward.
The Science and Practice of Welding
Authors: Davies A. C.
Published: June 2010

The Science and Practice of Welding, now in its tenth edition and published in two volumes, is an introduction to the theory and practice of welding processes and their applications. Volume 2, The Practice of Welding, is a comprehensive survey of the welding methods in use today and gives up-to-date information on all types of welding methods and tools. Processes described include manual metal arc welding (MMA or SMAW); gas shielded metal arc welding (MIG, MAG or GMAW); tungsten inert gas shielded welding (TIG or GTAW) and plasma arc (PA) and cutting. Resistance, flash butt and oxy-acetylene welding are also included. Cutting processes are given a separate chapter. This new edition has been brought right up-to-date with a new chapter on the welding of plastics, and new sections on the welding of duplex stainless steel and air plasma cutting. The text is illustrated by up-to-date photographs of plant and equipment. As in previous editions, the appendices bring together a wealth of essential information, including British and American welding symbols, tables of conversion, information on proprietary welding gases and mixtures, testing practices, safety features and tables of brazing alloys and fluxes. Both volumes contain numerous questions of the type set at craftsman and technician grade of the City and Guilds of London Institute examinations.
Whistler and Alfvén Mode Cyclotron Masers in Space
Authors: Trakhtengerts V. Y. , Rycroft M. J.
Published: June 2010

The subject of wave-particle interactions occurring in space plasmas has developed strongly, both observationally and theoretically, since the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts of energetic charged particles trapped in the Earth's magnetosphere over forty years ago. These wave-particle interactions are recognized today as being a most important research topic in space plasma physics. This book provides a full and systematic description of the physical theory of whistler and Alfvén cyclotron masers acting in planetary magnetospheres, and in the Sun's outer atmosphere. The book introduces research topics by examining significant problems in the subject. It gives sufficient detail on the topic that readers can go on to apply the methods presented to new problems, helping them with their own research. This book is a valuable reference for researchers and graduate students working in space science, solar-terrestrial physics, plasma physics, and planetary sciences.
After Socialism
Authors: Paul Ellen Frankel , Miller Fred D. , Paul Jeffrey
Published: June 2010

In this collection, twelve philosophers, historians, and political philosophers-scholars with a diverse set of disciplinary and political leanings-assess aspects of socialism in light of its recent reversals. Some of the essays consider what made the socialist project seem compelling to its advocates, examining the moral and political values that made socialism appealing to intellectuals. Others evaluate whether there are aspects of socialism that ought to be preserved, such as its quest for equality and community. Some essays examine whether free-market systems need to be further modified in response to ongoing socialist critiques. Several others argue for the continuing validity of socialism in its social democratic incarnation, suggesting ways in which socialism may still have a productive future. Still others condemn the socialist project as inherently misguided in theory, while also portraying 'really existing socialism' as cataclysmic in practice.
Palaeopathology of Aboriginal Australians
Authors: Webb Stephen
Published: June 2010

While their health has suffered enormously because of the arrival of the Europeans, it is assumed that Aboriginal people enjoyed good health before 1788. Using data collected from all parts of the continent, this 1995 book studies the health of Australia's original inhabitants over 50,000 years. It represents the first continental survey of its kind and is the first to quantify and describe key aspects of Australian hunter-gatherer health. The book takes a theoretical approach to Upper Pleistocene regional epidemiology and presents empirical data of the health of late Pleistocene and Holocene populations. Major categories of disease described are: stress, osteoarthritis, fractures, congenital deformations, neoplasms and non-specific and treponemal infections. The author also describes surgical techniques used by Aboriginal people. Offering fresh insight into the study of Australian prehistory and Aboriginal culture, this book will be accessible to specialists and general readers alike. It illuminates the origins of human disease, and will fill a gap in our knowledge of health in the Australasian region.
The Sources of Normativity
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. , O'Neill Onora
Published: June 2010

Ethical concepts are, or purport to be, normative. They make claims on us: they command, oblige, recommend, or guide. Or at least when we invoke them, we make claims on one another; but where does their authority over us - or ours over one another - come from? Christine Korsgaard identifies four accounts of the source of normativity that have been advocated by modern moral philosophers: voluntarism, realism, reflective endorsement, and the appeal to autonomy. She traces their history, showing how each developed in response to the prior one and comparing their early versions with those on the contemporary philosophical scene. Kant's theory that normativity springs from our own autonomy emerges as a synthesis of the other three, and Korsgaard concludes with her own version of the Kantian account. Her discussion is followed by commentary from G. A. Cohen, Raymond Geuss, Thomas Nagel, and Bernard Williams, and a reply by Korsgaard.
Verstehen and Humane Understanding
Authors: O'Hear Anthony
Published: June 2010

This 1997 collection of essays addresses topics that are of crucial importance to the lives of us all. Is there a mode of thinking peculiar to human life and its concerns, which is different from and irreducible to scientific rationality? Is historical understanding different from scientific understanding? Do psychology, religion and aesthetics have their own forms of rationality? Can you be rational about human life without being scientific? The contributors address these and related questions, some focusing on the history of the development of the notion of Verstehen, others examining particular areas of discourse and practice.
e-Enterprise
Authors: Hoque Faisal
Published: June 2010

E-commerce is still a new and volatile industry, but each day a new enterprise pops up promising to be the next big thing. The real challenge is to understand what is involved in using the Internet as a means to building a successful business. Rather than coming up with marketing hooks and product innovations, e-Enterprise: Business Models, Architecture, and Components demystifies e-commerce and describes how a business should determine its own future by taking the next step and becoming an agile 'e-enterprise'. Faisal Hoque introduces the concept of high-level abstraction of business processes and application functionality that result in reusable business and technology components. He provides a methodology that is critical for all business leaders and technologists trying to build an enterprise on the Internet.
Democratic Politics and Economic Reform in India
Authors: Jenkins Rob
Published: June 2010

Successive Indian governments, from right and left, have remained committed to market-oriented reform since its introduction in 1991. In a well-argued, accessible and sometimes controversial examination of the political dynamics which underlie that commitment, Rob Jenkins challenges existing theories of the relationship between democracy and economic liberalisation. He contends that while democracy and liberalisation are no longer considered incompatible, theorizing over-emphasizes democracy's more wholesome aspects while underestimating its practioners' reliance on obfuscating tactics to defuse political resistance to policy shifts. By focusing on formal political systems, existing research ignores the value of informal institutions. In India it is these institutions which have driven economic elites towards negotiation, while allowing governing elites to divide the opponents of reform through a range of political tactics. In fact, the author argues, it is precisely through such political manoeuvring that democracy survives.
Decisions and Elections
Authors: Saari Donald G.
Published: June 2010

It is not uncommon to be frustrated by the outcome of an election or a decision in voting, law, economics, engineering, and other fields. Does this 'bad' result reflect poor data or poorly informed voters? Or does the disturbing conclusion reflect the choice of the decision/election procedure? Nobel Laureate Kenneth Arrow's famed theorem has been interpreted to mean 'no decision procedure is without flaws'. Similarly, Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen dashes hope for individual liberties by showing their incompatibility with societal needs. This highly accessible book offers a new, different interpretation and resolution of Arrow's and Sen's theorems. Using simple mathematics, it shows that these negative conclusions arise because, in each case, some of their assumptions negate other crucial assumptions. Once this is understood, not only do the conclusions become expected, but a wide class of other phenomena can also be anticipated.
The Phonological Structure of Words
Authors: Ewen Colin J. , Hulst Harry van der
Published: June 2010

This book is designed to provide students of phonology with an accessible introduction to the phonological architecture of words. It offers a thorough discussion of the basic building blocks of phonology - in particular features, sounds, syllables and feet - and deals with a range of different theories about these units. Colin Ewen and Harry van der Hulst present their study within a non-linear framework, discussing the contributions of autosegmental phonology, dependency phonology, government phonology and metrical phonology, among others. Their coherent, integrated approach reveals that the differences between these models are not as great as is sometimes believed. The book provides a more detailed analysis of this subject than previously available in introductory textbooks and is an invaluable and indispensable first step towards understanding the major theoretical issues in modern phonology at the word level.
Introduction to Numerical Analysis
Authors: Neumaier Arnold
Published: June 2010

Numerical analysis is an increasingly important link between pure mathematics and its application in science and technology. This textbook provides an introduction to the justification and development of constructive methods that provide sufficiently accurate approximations to the solution of numerical problems, and the analysis of the influence that errors in data, finite-precision calculations, and approximation formulas have on results, problem formulation and the choice of method. It also serves as an introduction to scientific programming in MATLAB, including many simple and difficult, theoretical and computational exercises. A unique feature of this book is the consequent development of interval analysis as a tool for rigorous computation and computer assisted proofs, along with the traditional material.
Towards a New Paradigm in Monetary Economics
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph , Greenwald Bruce
Published: June 2010

Towards a New Paradigm for Monetary Economics presents a pioneer treatment of critical topics in monetary economics. Unlike the prevailing monetary theory, this book focuses not on the role of money in facilitating transactions, but on the role of credit in facilitating economic activities more broadly. The 'new paradigm' emphasizes the demand and supply of loanable funds, which in turn requires the understanding of the imperfections of information and the role of banks. One enlightening view is that credit is quite different from other commodities in the sense that the former is based on information and default risk. The book consists of two parts. The first part develops a basic model of credit based on banks' portfolio choices. The second part is dedicated to the policy implications, among which are the liberalization of financial markets, the East Asian Crisis, the 1991 US recession and the subsequent recovery.
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
Authors: Murphy Denis
Published: June 2010

This comprehensive 2007 survey of modern plant breeding traces its history from the earliest experiments at the dawn of the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century to the present day and the existence of high tech agribusiness. Murphy tells the story from the perspective of a scientist working in this field, offering a rationale and evidence-based insight into its development. Crop improvement is examined from both a scientific and socio-economic perspective and the ways in which these factors interact and impact on agricultural development are discussed, including debates on genetically-modified food. Murphy highlights concerns over the future of plant breeding, as well as potential options to enable us to meet the challenges of feeding the world in the 21st century. This thoroughly interdisciplinary and balanced account serves as an essential resource for everyone involved with plant breeding research, policy and funding, as well as those wishing to engage with current debates.
Tales of Hi and Bye
Authors: Lundmark Torbjörn
Published: June 2010

We do it over and over again, day after day, and never seem to get enough of it. Albanians do it. Zulus do it. Movie stars and plumbers do it. All around the world, people say hi and bye in innumerable languages and countless ways: they wave and bow and curtsey and shake hands and rub noses and fist-bump and mwah-mwah and perform a vast array of greeting and farewell rituals, so common and natural that no-one stops to notice … Tales of Hi and Bye provides a delightful, witty, and intriguing insight into the sometimes strange and often wonderful customs associated with an ordinary, everyday event.
For more information, book extracts and cartoons visit www.talesofhiandbye.com
Intrinsic Value
Authors: Lemos Noah M.
Published: June 2010

This book addresses some basic questions about intrinsic value: What is it? What has it? What justifies our beliefs about it? In the first six chapters the author defends the existence of a plurality of intrinsic goods, the thesis of organic unities, the view that some goods are 'higher' than others, and the view that intrinsic value can be explicated in terms of 'fitting' emotional attitudes. The final three chapters explore the justification of our beliefs about intrinsic value, including coherence theories and the idea that some value beliefs are warranted on the basis of emotional experience. Professor Lemos defends the view that some value beliefs enjoy 'modest' a priori justification. The book is intended primarily for professional philosophers and their graduate students working in ethics, value theory and epistemology.
America's Global Advantage
Authors: Norrlof Carla
Published: June 2010

For over sixty years the United States has been the largest economy and most powerful country in the world. However, there is growing speculation that this era of hegemony is under threat as it faces huge trade deficits, a weaker currency, and stretched military resources. America's Global Advantage argues that, despite these difficulties, the US will maintain its privileged position. In this original and important contribution to a central subject in International Relations, Carla Norrlof challenges the prevailing wisdom that other states benefit more from US hegemony than the United States itself. By analysing America's structural advantages in trade, money, and security, and the ways in which these advantages reinforce one another, Norrlof shows how and why America benefits from being the dominant power in the world. Contrary to predictions of American decline, she argues that American hegemony will endure for the foreseeable future.
SBAs for the Final FRCA
Authors: Nickells James , Everett Tobias , Walton Benjamin
Published: June 2010

This is the first book dedicated to providing exam practice in the new required single best answer question style for the FRCA. It contains 300 single best answer multiple choice questions and advice on how to approach revision and sitting the exam. There are also four 75-question exam papers, each with an answer section containing detailed explanations of the reasoning behind the answer and providing background information about each topic. SBAs for the Final FRCA may be used for examination practice and as a source of knowledge on many of the key topics in the syllabus. From the writing team behind SAQs for the Final FRCA, this book uses a similar style of challenging questions and well researched explanations to help the candidate through the new FRCA written paper. This is an invaluable tool for your exam preparation.
Femtosecond Biophotonics
Authors: Gu Min , Bird Damian , Day Daniel , Fu Ling , Morrish Dru
Published: June 2010

The introduction of femtosecond pulse lasers has provided numerous new methods for non-destructive diagnostic analysis of biological samples. This book is the first to provide a focused and systematic treatment of femtosecond biophotonic methods. Each chapter combines theory, practice and applications, walking the reader through imaging, manipulation and fabrication techniques. Beginning with an explanation of nonlinear and multiphoton microscopy, subsequent chapters address the techniques for optical trapping and the development of laser tweezers. In a conclusion that brings together the various topics of the book, the authors discuss the growing field of femtosecond micro-engineering. The wide range of applications for femtosecond biophotonics means this book will appeal to researchers and practitioners in the fields of biomedical engineering, biophysics, life sciences and medicine.
Petrarch's Humanism and the Care of the Self
Authors: Zak Gur
Published: June 2010

Petrarch was one of the founding fathers of Renaissance humanism, yet the nature and significance of his ideas are still widely debated. In this book, Gur Zak examines two central issues in Petrarch's works - his humanist philosophy and his concept of the self. Zak argues that both are defined by Petrarch's idea of care for the self. Overcome by a strong sense of fragmentation, Petrarch turned to the ancient idea that philosophy can bring harmony and wholeness to the soul through the use of spiritual exercises in the form of writing. Examining his vernacular poetry and his Latin works from both literary and historical perspectives, Zak explores Petrarch's attempts to use writing as a spiritual exercise, how his spiritual techniques absorbed and transformed ancient and medieval traditions of writing, and the tensions that arose from his efforts to care for the self through writing.
Political Thought in Medieval Islam
Authors: Rosenthal Erwin I. J.
Published: June 2010

Muhammad founded a World-State as well as a faith; as Islam spread from its first centres, Muslim political thinkers had to apply the divinely revealed law of the Prophet to new circumstances. They had to relate new realities of power and authority to the ideal constitution which he had laid down and which his immediate successors had elaborated. Against this background Dr Rosenthal discusses the later Muslim philosophers who were influenced by the political thought of Plato and Aristotle. He shows how Greek thought modified the Islamic and yet was always subordinated to Muslim categories of thought and political needs. Dr Rosenthal thus surveys the chief traditions of Islamic political thought from the eighth to the end of the fifteenth centuries. He emphasises the basic unity given by the shared faith of the writers, without diminishing the individuality of each. Orientalists will welcome the book; so will historians of the medieval West, for it shows them the religious, political and intellectual positions underlying the expansion of Islam.
Miners, Peasants and Entrepreneurs
Authors: Long Norman , Roberts Bryan
Published: June 2010

This volume traces the development of the central highlands, one of Peru's major mining regions. It draws on extensive fieldwork carried out in Peru between 1970 and 1982, spanning a reforming military government, reaction and a return to civilian politics under Belaunde. Through historical material combined with field studies of villages and of the major town of the region, Huancayo, the book examines the economic and cultural processes underlying the 'progressive' reputation of the region in Peru and in the literature on development. Since the major enterprise of the region, the Cerro de Pasco Mining Corporation, was, until the 1970s, foreign owned, a persisting theme is the type of economic growth associated with and the distortions produced by, foreign capitalist economic enclaves on predominantly peasant economies. The political consequences are examined, showing the weakness of regional interest groups and the failure of contemporary regional development policies.
Single Crystal Diffractometry
Authors: Arndt U. W. , Willis B. T. M.
Published: June 2010

The first stage in the determination of a crystal structure is the measurement of the intensities of the Bragg reflexions. This book is concerned with counter-methods of measuring these intensities. The use of counter methods has spread rapidly in recent years with the development of quantum detectors and of automatically controlled diffractometers. The authors of this book were among the first workers to design and operate automatic X-ray and neutron diffractometers; they have visited laboratories throughout the world where such instruments have been installed. Originally published in 1966, this book covers all aspects of single crystal diffractometry. A discussion of the geometrical principles of diffraction by single crystals is followed by a description of diffractometers and of their component parts, including radiation detectors and detector circuits.
Were They Pushed or Did They Jump?
Authors: Gambetta Diego
Published: June 2010

This book explores the factors which govern the range of educational decisions confronting individuals between compulsory school education and university. The data on which it draws come from two surveys conducted in north-west Italy, one of unemployed young people and one of high-school pupils. The author is in effect testing the two fundamental and opposed paradigms of explanation which are generally applied in the sociology of education; one which holds that the individual agents are essentially passive, being either constrained by lack of alternatives or pushed by causal factors of which they are unaware; and the other in which they are regarded as capable of purposive action, of weighing the available alternatives with respect to some future rewards.
Rethinking Performance Measurement
Authors: Meyer Marshall W.
Published: June 2010

Performance measurement remains a vexing problem for business firms and other kinds of organisations. This book explains why: the performance we want to measure (long-term cash flows, long-term viability) and the performance we can measure (current cash flows, customer satisfaction, etc.) are not the same. The 'balanced scorecard', which has been widely adopted by US firms, does not solve these underlying problems of performance measurement and may exacerbate them because it provides no guidance on how to combine dissimilar measures into an overall appraisal of performance. A measurement technique called activity-based profitability analysis (ABPA) is suggested as a partial solution, especially to the problem of combining dissimilar measures. ABPA estimates the revenue consequences of each activity performed for the customer, allowing firms to compare revenues with costs for these activities and hence to discriminate between activities that are ultimately profitable and those that are not.
Asset Pricing for Dynamic Economies
Authors: Altug Sumru , Labadie Pamela
Published: June 2010

This introduction to general equilibrium modelling takes an integrated approach to the analysis of macroeconomics and finance. It provides students, practitioners, and policymakers with an easily accessible set of tools that can be used to analyze a wide range of economic phenomena. Key features:
• Provides a consistent framework for understanding dynamic economic models
• Introduces key concepts in finance in a discrete time setting
• Develops simple recursive approach for analyzing a variety of problems in a dynamic, stochastic environment
• Sequentially builds up the analysis of consumption, production, and investment models to study their implications for allocations and asset prices
• Reviews business cycle analysis and the business cycle implications of monetary and international models
• Covers latest research on asset pricing in overlapping generations models and on models with borrowing constraints and transaction costs
• Includes end-of-chapter exercises allowing readers to monitor their understanding of each topic
Online resources are available at www.cambridge.org/altug_labadie
Basic Structural Theory
Authors: Heyman Jacques
Published: June 2010

This text introduces the basic equations of the theory of structures. Conventional presentations of these equations follow the ideas of elastic analysis, introduced nearly two hundred years ago. The book is written against the background of advances made in structural theory during the last fifty years, notably by the introduction of so-called plastic theory. The emphasis throughout is on the derivation and application of the structural equations, rather than on details of their solution (nowadays best done by computer), and the numerical examples are deliberately kept simple.
Molecular and Cellular Biophysics
Authors: Jackson Meyer B.
Published: June 2010

Molecular and Cellular Biophysics provides advanced undergraduate and graduate students with a foundation in the basic concepts of biophysics. Students who have taken physical chemistry and calculus courses will find this book an accessible and valuable aid in learning how these concepts can be used in biological research. The text provides a rigorous treatment of the fundamental theories in biophysics and illustrates their application with examples. Conformational transitions of proteins are studied first using thermodynamics, and subsequently with kinetics. Allosteric theory is developed as the synthesis of conformational transitions and association reactions. Basic ideas of thermodynamics and kinetics are applied to topics such as protein folding, enzyme catalysis and ion channel permeation. These concepts are then used as the building blocks in a treatment of membrane excitability. Through these examples, students will gain an understanding of the general importance and broad applicability of biophysical principles to biological problems.
Chinese
Authors: Sun Chaofen
Published: June 2010

Chinese is spoken by more people than any other language in the world, and has a rich social, cultural and historical background. This 2006 book is a comprehensive guide to the linguistic structure of Chinese, providing an accessible introduction to each of the key areas. It describes the fundamentals of its writing system, its pronunciation and tonal sound system, its morphology (how words are structured), and its syntax (how sentences are formed) - as well as its historical development, and the diverse ways in which it interacts with other languages. Setting the discussion of all aspects of Chinese firmly within the context of the language in use, Chinese: A Linguistic Introduction will be of great benefit to learners wishing to extend their knowledge and competence in the language, and their teachers. It will also be a useful starting point for students of linguistics beginning work on the structure of this major world language.
The American Era
Authors: Lieber Robert J.
Published: June 2010

The American Era makes a provocative argument about America's world role. It sets out the case for a grand strategy that recognizes American preponderance as necessary and desirable for coping with the perils of the post-9/11 world. The book argues firstly that, Militant Islamic terrorism and weapons of mass destruction pose a threat which requires us to alter the way we think about the pre-emptive and preventive use of force. Secondly, the UN and other international bodies are incapable of acting on these urgent problems. Thirdly, in an international system with no true central authority other countries will inevitably look for leadership to the US. The book argues that if America does not respond actively to terrorist threats, no one else will take the initiative.
Violence and Democracy
Authors: Keane John
Published: June 2010

In this provocative book, first published in 2004, John Keane calls for a fresh understanding of the vexed relationship between democracy and violence. Taking issue with the common sense view that 'human nature' is violent, Keane shows why mature democracies do not wage war upon each other, and why they are unusually sensitive to violence. He argues that we need to think more discriminatingly about the origins of violence, its consequences, its uses and remedies. He probes the disputed meanings of the term violence, and asks why violence is the greatest enemy of democracy, and why today's global 'triangle of violence' is tempting politicians to invoke undemocratic emergency powers. Throughout, Keane gives prominence to ethical questions, such as the circumstances in which violence can be justified, and argues that violent behaviour and means of violence can and should be 'democratised' - made publicly accountable to others, so encouraging efforts to erase surplus violence from the world.
The Politics of Official Apologies
Authors: Nobles Melissa
Published: June 2010

Intense interest in past injustice lies at the centre of contemporary world politics. Most scholarly and public attention has focused on truth commissions, trials, lustration, and other related decisions, following political transitions. This book examines the political uses of official apologies in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. It explores why minority groups demand such apologies and why governments do or do not offer them. Nobles argues that apologies can help to alter the terms and meanings of national membership. Minority groups demand apologies in order to focus attention on historical injustices. Similarly, state actors support apologies for ideological and moral reasons, driven by their support of group rights, responsiveness to group demands, and belief that acknowledgment is due. Apologies, as employed by political actors, play an important, if underappreciated, role in bringing certain views about history and moral obligation to bear in public life.
Non-Newtonian fluid displacements in horizontal narrow eccentric annuli: effects of slow motion of the inner cylinder
Authors: CARRASCO-TEJA M. , FRIGAARD I. A.
Published: June 2010

We study non-Newtonian fluid displacements in horizontal narrow eccentric annuli in the situation where the inner cylinder is moving. This represents a practically important extension of the model analysed by Carrasco-Teja et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 605, 2008, pp. 293–327). When motion of the inner cylinder is included, the Hele-Shaw model closure becomes significantly more complex and extremely costly to compute, except for Newtonian fluids. In the first part of the paper we address the model derivation and closure relations. The second part of the paper considers the limit of large buoyancy number, in which the interface elongates along the annulus. We derive a lubrication-style model for this situation, showing that the leading-order interface is symmetric. Rotation of the inner cylinder only affects the length of the leading-order interface, and this occurs only for non-Newtonian fluids via shear-thinning effects. At first order, casing rotation manifests in an asymmetrical ‘shift’ of the interface in the direction of the rotation. We also derive conditions on the eccentricity, fluid rheology and inner cylinder velocity, under which we are able to find steady travelling wave displacement solutions.
Three-dimensional simulation of a flapping flag in a uniform flow
Authors: HUANG WEI-XI , SUNG HYUNG JIN
Published: June 2010

A three-dimensional computational model is developed for simulating the flag motion in a uniform flow. The nonlinear dynamics of the coupled fluid–flag system after setting up of flapping is investigated by a series of numerical tests. At low Reynolds numbers, the flag flaps symmetrically about its centreline when gravity is excluded, and the bending in the spanwise direction is observed near the corners on the trailing edge. As the Reynolds number increases, the spanwise bending is flattened due to the decrease of the positive pressure near the side edges as well as the viscous force of the fluid. At a certain critical Reynolds number, the flag loses its symmetry about the centreline, which is shown to be related to the coupled fluid–flag instability. The three-dimensional vortical structures shed from the flag show a significant difference from the results of two-dimensional simulations. Hairpin or O-shaped vortical structures are formed behind the flag by connecting those generated at the flag side edges and the trailing edge. Such vortical structures have a stabilization effect on the flag by reducing the pressure difference across the flag. Moreover, the positive pressure near the side edges is significantly reduced as compared with that in the center region, causing the spanwise bending. The Strouhal number defined based on the flag length is slightly dependent on the Reynolds number and the flag width, but scales with the density ratio as St ~ ρ−1/2). On the other hand, the flapping-amplitude-based Strouhal number remains close to 0.2, consistent with the values reported for flying or swimming animals. A flag flapping under gravity is then simulated, which is directed along the negative spanwise direction. The sagging down of the flag and the rolling motion of the upper corner are observed. The dual effects of gravity are demonstrated, i.e. the destabilization effect like the flag inertia and the stabilization effect by increasing the longitudinal tension force.
Inertial range Eulerian and Lagrangian statistics from numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence
Authors: BENZI R. , BIFERALE L. , FISHER R. , LAMB D. Q. , TOSCHI F.
Published: June 2010

We present a study of Eulerian and Lagrangian statistics from a high-resolution numerical simulation of isotropic and homogeneous turbulence using the FLASH code, with an estimated Taylor microscale Reynolds number of around 600. Statistics are evaluated over a data set with 18563 spatial grid points and with 2563 = 16.8 million particles, followed for about one large-scale eddy turnover time. We present data for the Eulerian and Lagrangian structure functions up to the tenth order. We analyze the local scaling properties in the inertial range. The Eulerian velocity field results show good agreement with previous data and confirm the puzzling differences previously found between the scaling of the transverse and the longitudinal structure functions. On the other hand, accurate measurements of sixth-and-higher-order Lagrangian structure functions allow us to highlight some discrepancies from earlier experimental and numerical results. We interpret this result in terms of a possible contamination from the viscous scale, which may have affected estimates of the scaling properties in previous studies. We show that a simple bridge relation based on a multifractal theory is able to connect scaling properties of both Eulerian and Lagrangian observables, provided that the small differences between intermittency of transverse and longitudinal Eulerian structure functions are properly considered.
Characterising and quantifying outcomes in rhinology out-patients: measurements in the ‘real world’
Authors: Yeo J C L , Hilmi O J , McGarry G W
Published: June 2010

Aims:

We aimed to evaluate a practical, computerised database for collection of patient-reported and clinical outcome data, introduced as a means of characterising our patient population and assessing the effect of our interventions.

Methods:

A prospectively updated, computerised database was used to detail each patient's coded and structured diagnosis and clinical findings. Response to treatment was recorded using the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 and changes in graded clinical examination findings.

Results:

Data for 770 patients were prospectively entered into the database. Patients were grouped diagnostically as follows: rhinitis (20.4 per cent), chronic rhinosinusitis (12.2 per cent), chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps (24.7 per cent), anatomical anomaly (22.7 per cent), epistaxis (3.4 per cent) and ‘other’ (18.4 per cent). Following initial medical intervention, the greatest improvement in the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 score was seen in the chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps group (−11.3), followed by the rhinitis group (−6.1) and the chronic rhinosinusitis group (−5.4).

Conclusions:

The tested rhinology database provides a simple, effective and practical tool for integrating the recording of clinical and patient-reported outcome measures during the out-patient visit. It enables characterisation of the patient population, and accurately monitors and records treatment responses.
The future of early disease detection? Applications of electronic nose technology in otolaryngology
Authors: Charaklias N , Raja H , Humphreys M L , Magan N , Kendall C A
Published: June 2010

Introduction:

Recent advances in electronic nose technology, and successful clinical applications, are facilitating the development of new methods for rapid, bedside diagnosis of disease. There is a real clinical need for such new diagnostic tools in otolaryngology.

Materials and methods:

We present a critical review of recent advances in electronic nose technology and current applications in otolaryngology.

Results:

The literature reports evidence of accurate diagnosis of common otolaryngological conditions such as sinusitis (acute and chronic), chronic suppurative otitis media, otitis externa and nasal vestibulitis. A significant recent development is the successful identification of biofilm-producing versus non-biofilm-producing pseudomonas and staphylococcus species.

Conclusion:

Electronic nose technology holds significant potential for enabling rapid, non-invasive, bedside diagnosis of otolaryngological disease.
Oncogenic impact of human papilloma virus in head and neck cancer
Authors: Heffernan C B , O'Neill J P , Timon C
Published: June 2010

There is considerable debate within the literature about the significance of human papilloma virus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and its potential influence on the prevention, diagnosis, grading, treatment and prognosis of these cancers. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption have traditionally been cited as the main risk factors for head and neck cancers. However, human papilloma virus, normally associated with cervical and other genital carcinomas, has emerged as a possible key aetiological factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, especially oropharyngeal cancers. These cancers pose a significant financial burden on health resources and are increasing in incidence. The recent introduction of vaccines targeted against human papilloma virus types 16 and 18, to prevent cervical cancer, has highlighted the need for ongoing research into the importance of human papilloma virus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Parotidectomy in children: indications and complications
Authors: Xie C Meiling , Kubba H
Published: June 2010

Background:

Parotidectomy in children is uncommon, and surgeons face specific challenges not encountered in adult practice.

Method:

Retrospective review of parotidectomies performed in our paediatric hospital over a 10-year period (1999–2008).

Results:

Twenty-one children underwent 22 parotidectomies, of which six were total. The following pathology was encountered: atypical mycobacterial infection (8.38 per cent), pleomorphic adenoma (4.19 per cent), lymphatic malformation (2.10 per cent), haemangioma (2 per cent), first branchial cleft anomaly (2 per cent), follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (2 per cent) and lipoblastoma (1.5 per cent). No cases of permanent facial nerve palsy occurred. Mild transient facial nerve palsy occurred in five patients (23 per cent), gustatory sweating in four (19 per cent) and hypertrophic scarring in three (14 per cent).

Conclusion:

We discuss the range of parotid pathology found in children, the approach to investigation, the surgical difficulties encountered, and ways to reduce the apparently higher rate of complications encountered. Parotid surgery in children should be concentrated in the hands of a small number of surgeons with a particular interest in this area.