bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nutrition of Bacteria, with Special Reference to Bacillus Influenzae (Pfeiffer)
Authors: Shri Kent S. S.
Published: May 2009

The experimental work on which the paper is based was undertaken with the object of investigating the factors which influence the growth of bacteria in various culture media. The B. influenzae was selected as the best organism because of the comparative difficulty of obtaining growth on ordinary media, and the feebleness of the growth when obtained. The importance of food accessory substances, or “Vitamins” for the proper growth and nourishment of animals is generally recognised, and the influence of the same on the nutrition of bacteria has been occupying the attention of various investigators during the last few years.
Some Aspects of Meningococcal Virulence: A Report to The Medical Research Council on Work Carried Out at the University of Cambridge Field Laboratories
Authors: Murray E. G. D.
Published: May 2009

“Virulence” is an ill-defined term and its use frequently gives rise to disputes, which remain unresolved because the disputants have no common basis other than that the term applies to organisms which cause disease. Thus it is imperative that the writer clearly defines the meaning of the term virulence as used in this paper, that the issue may not be confused by the reader approaching the subject from a different point of view.
Duration of Passive Immunity Part IV
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Hopkins Barbara E.
Published: May 2009

1. There is some evidence that an injection of 0·00001 c.c. of horse serum causes an appreciable degree of active immunity to horse serum in rabbits.

2. Rabbits actively immune to horse serum receiving a series of injections of antitoxic horse serum at intervals of three to ten weeks eliminated the antitoxin at rapidly increasing rates.

3. An intravenous injection of antitoxic horse serum given six weeks after the second of a series of 0·5 c.c. in a rabbit already actively immune to horse serum was eliminated so rapidly owing to excess precipitin that less than 1/1000th remained 24 hours after injection.

4. Another rabbit which, six days after a previous injection, was given

serum intravenously, lost over 99 per cent. of the antitoxin within 15 minutes of the injection.

5. The maximum of circulating antitoxin detected after the second subcutaneous injection into a sensitised rabbit was only 1/15,000th of the amount injected.

6. Antitoxic horse serum injected intravenously into rabbits at weekly intervals was rapidly eliminated and less than 2 per cent. could be detected 24 hours after each injection.

7. After 12 daily intravenous injections of antitoxic horse serum into a rabbit, the antitoxic content was only one-half of that after the first injection; later injections were not eliminated so quickly and precipitin formation gradually ceased.

8. The rate of elimination of antitoxic horse serum in a rabbit may be greatly delayed by daily injections of normal horse serum.
On the Concentration of Serum by means of Sodium Sulphate
Authors: MacConkey A. T.
Published: May 2009

The method most commonly employed for the separation of antitoxic globulins is that by means of Ammonium Sulphate, and this was the process used in these laboratories for several years until, at the end of 1917, the supply of the necessary salt was cut off. We were then thrown back on Sodium Sulphate, a salt we had used before the War but which had not given us satisfactory results. A few fresh trials, however, showed us the faults of our previous technique and proved that Na2SO4 could satisfactorily replace Am2SO4 and so, since February 1918, we have used only the former salt. Changes in detail have been made from time to time and we have now established a routine method which has for some time given us satisfactory results.
The Electric Current (Apart from the Heat Generated). A Bacteriologibal Agent in the Sterilization of Milk and Other Fluids
Authors: Beattie J. Martin , Lewis F. C.
Published: May 2009

Though we have, in former papers (1915, 1916, 1920), given details of the apparatus we used in producing sterilisation of milk by the electric current, it will be a convenience to readers to repeat some facts in regard to the arrangements of the electrodes and electrical circuit. The quantity of current used depends on the size of the apparatus, arid the voltage is normally between 3000 and 4000. The alternating current is carried by the milk and is applied by means of three copper electrodes, ⅛th of an inch thick, each enclosed in a glass electrode chamber.
Plague and the Regulation of Numbers in Wild Mammals.
Authors: Elton C. S.
Published: May 2009

1. A short account is given of the occurrence of plague epidemics in wild mammals other than “domestic” rats and mice. Enough is now known to show that such epidemics are often of great practical importance.

2. The method by which most rodents regulate their numbers is as follows: increase in numbers over several years up to a point at which an epidemic of some sort occurs, which kills off a large proportion of the population. Increase then takes place again, and is followed by another epidemic, and so on indefinitely.

3. These periodic fluctuations are probably controlled by widespread climatic fluctuations, the best evidence for this being that in certain cases the former run synchronously in widely separated countries.

4. There appears to be a dominant short period in fluctuation of three to four years, and a larger movement of period ten to eleven years, both in North America and Europe. The fact that the 11-year sunspot cycle roughly corresponds with the larger movement is significant.

5. The data available from Eastern Asia suggest that there too, small mammals fluctuate periodically in numbers, and with similar periods to those of North America and Europe. There is also some evidence that the maxima of the 10–11-year fluctuations coincide in Eastern Asia and in North America, just as those of the 3–4-year period coincide in Northern Canada, Greenland and Norway.

6. Evidence is given that the plague marmot (Arctomys bobac), and other rodents carrying plague, are liable to these fluctuations. If this proves to be true, it may be possible, when fuller data are available, to forecast with some accuracy the years of epidemics among these animals, and if this can be done we shall have some means of gauging the likelihood of the occurrence of plague outbreaks in the human population of those regions.

7. The available data are admittedly fragmentary, but it is probable that between the years 1931 and 1934 epidemics amongA. bobacin Transbaikalia and Mongolia will be severe, and that these events will lead to an increase of plague mortality in man.
Further Observations on the Rôle of the Twort-d'Herelle Phenomenon in the Epidemic Spread of Mouse-typhoid.
Authors: Topley W. W. C. , Wilson J.
Published: May 2009

In a recent report (Topley, Wilson and Lewis, 1925) we described some observations on the rôle of the Twort-d'Herelle phenomenon in the epidemic spread of mouse-typhoid. In the experiments there recorded the lytic filtrate was administered by the mouth. The results obtained did not suggest that such administration exerted any appreciable influence on the spread of disease. It was shown, in a separate series of experiments, that intraperitoneal inoculation of such a filtrate afforded a marked degree of protection against subsequent inoculation of living cultures of B. aertrycke, provided that sufficient time had elapsed to allow of an immunising response, that no immediate protection was afforded by the inoculation of the lytic filtrate, and that neither immediate protection, nor subsequent immunisation, was afforded by the administration of the lytic filtrate by the mouth.
The Influence of Different Methods of cleansing Dairy Utensils on the Bacterial Content of Churns and on the Keeping Properties of Milk.
Authors: Procter F. , Hoy W. A.
Published: May 2009

In the handling of milk no single factor is of more importance than the cleanliness of the vessels used, and steam sterilisation is an essential part of correct cleansing technique of dairy utensils. Although several hundred dairy farmers have installed apparatus for steam sterilisation, the majority are still content with less efficient methods and rely upon “scalding” as the final operation in washing a utensil, although the water used for scalding is seldom at a sufficiently high temperature to kill many bacteria, and it is usually poured from one vessel to another in the hopes of efficiently finishing the cleansing processes although it is only comfortably warm to the fingers.
The Specific Toxigenic Properties of Haemolytic Streptococci from Scarlatina and other Sources
Authors: McLachlan D. G. S.
Published: May 2009

1. Without exception, ninety-eight strains of haemolytic streptococci isolated from scarlet fever cases have been found to produce a toxic principle which in high dilutions is capable of evoking a cutaneous reaction in sus ceptible persons.

2. A certain proportion of haemolytic streptococci from other sources possess a similar toxigenic property. In the majority of such cases this property is only weakly developed as judged by quantitative tests. In a few instances a “toxin” is produced which is equally active with that of scarlatina strains.

3. Certain non-scarlatina strains produce “toxins” which evoke a cutane ous reaction both in known positive reactors and also in persons who do not react to a standard toxin from a scarlatina strain.

4. In the majority of cases the toxins produced by scarlatina strains are neutralised by the scarlatina antitoxic sera at present being used for therapeutic purposes, but a certain proportion of such toxins are not in the neutralised

5. The “toxins”produced by non-scaralation strains are in the majority of cases neutralised by the antitoxic sera.
Serological Diagnosis of the Enterica by the Method of Qualitative Receptor Analysis
Authors: Stuart G. , Krikorian K. S.
Published: May 2009

Bacteriological diagnosis of the Enterica is only established with certainty on recovery of the infecting organism by recognised laboratory methods. In default, recourse must be made to a serological investigation into the agglutinating power of the patient's serum, when, theoretically, little difficulty ought to be experienced. In enterica suspects, unvaccinated or uninfluenced by previous enterica disease, demonstration of agglutinins reacting with theBact. typhosum, paratyphosumA, B, or C in relatively high dilutions of their sera should be considered adequate evidence. In the vaccinated, elevation of agglutination titre—as determined by repeated examinations during the course of the disease—has been generally accepted as criterion for existence and type of infection. The principle of ascending dilutions, on which such “quantitative serum analysis” is based, is explained by the fact that in an infection with one organism a specific agglutinin is formed for that particular organism and group agglutinin is for other organisms closely related biologically; the specificity, therefore, of the agglutination reaction must be wholly dependent on the basis of dilution, the specific agglutinin being present in greatest quantity and operative in a range much exceeding that of the secondary group agglutinins. Reasonable as this view may seem in principle, it is far from easy of application in practice. Lack of accurate information as to the day of disease on which serum was taken, unreliable case histories in regard to vaccination or previous enterica infections, and inability of private practitioners to induce patients to submit to repeated blood collection constituted here primary difficulties.
The Reaction of Complement Fixation in Foot-and-Mouth Disease as a means of identifying the Different Types of Virus
Authors: Ciuca A.
Published: May 2009

Notwithstanding several efforts, a satisfactory method of serological diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease has not been arrived at. This uncertainty of serological methods delayed the discovery of the plurality of type of the virus, although the observations of epizootics and the irregular results obtained by active and passive immunisation suggested multiplicity of type. Stimulated by such observations, Vallée and Carré (1922) experimented with two viruses of foot-and-mouth disease, one of which was of German and the other of French origin. They were able to show by experimental infection, confirmed by subsequent testing for active immunity, that cases of foot-and-mouth disease with the same clinical course and symptoms could be caused by two distinct types of virus. These they called A (Allemand) and O (Oise). The only difference between these two types was their inability to produce reciprocal immunity. The existence of more than one type of virus has been confirmed in England by Stockman and Minett (1926), and by Bedson, Maitland and Burbury (1927); in Germany, by Waldmann and Trautwein (1926), and Trautwein (1927); in France, by Lebailly (1926), Olitsky (1927), and in Sweden, by Magnusson and Hermansson (1926).
Studies in Anti-rabies Immunisation
Authors: Stuart G. , Krikorian K. S.
Published: May 2009

1. Statistical evidence and animal experiment have alike proved carbolised killed anti-rabies vaccine to be of undoubted efficacy in both pre-infectional and post-infectional treatment. Statistical evidence is furnished by the results of treatment of 90,000 patients, while experimental proof rests partly on the resistance shown by immunised animals to artificial infections with street virus, and partly on an estimation of degree and duration of rabicidal properties in their sera.

2. The Bordet-Gengou reaction is of no value as a qualitative or quantitative test for the estimation of anti-rabies immunity.

3. The efficacy of killed carbolised vaccine and probably of other antirabies vaccines is largely dependent on the concentration of the dosage and the period within which it is administered. Better results follow the giving of small doses over a number of days than the giving of larger doses over a shorter period.

4. It is impossible to reduce below a certain limit the time over which the total quantity of vaccine ordinarily sufficient for complete immunisation can be usefully administered.

5. The effect on rabbits of the subcutaneous injection of fresh-fixed virus is dependent on the quantity of virus introduced and on the duration of its period of administration. Few inoculations are more likely to cause death than several; repeated inoculations ordinarily confer immunity. Immunity thus acquired must have been produced within 11 or 12 days.
The Shaw-Mackenzie Test for Cancer
Authors: Watchorn Elsie
Published: May 2009

(1) Of 71 cases of malignant growths the Shaw-Mackenzie test was positive in 49, doubtful in 5 and negative in 17. Epitheliomata of the skin all gave negative results, and some cases which had been treated with lead, X-rays or radium, and some cases of advanced inoperable carcinoma in old people also gave negatives.

(2) In 102 cases of various diseases other than growths (malignant or otherwise) negatives were obtained in 65 cases while 19 were doubtful and 18 were definitely positive. The chief conditions likely to give wrong "positives" are venereal disease, heart cases, nephritis, pulmonary tuberculosis, pregnancy and menstruation.

(3) Cloudy sera do not always clear on incubation with co-enzyme of pancreatic lipase, and unless such clearing takes place they should be discarded, as a high percentage of false positive results occurs in these instances.

(4) A 1 per cent, solution of cholin hydrochloride gave very similar results to the carcinoma extract.

I am deeply indebted to the following for supplying me with material, either serum or tumours, and without whose kind co-operation the work could not have been carried out: Dr Cooke, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Dr Varrier-Jones and Dr L. Stott, Papworth Hall, Cambridge; Dr L. King, Cancer Hospital, Fulham Road; Dr Piney, Charing Cross Hospital; Dr Perrin, Dr J. R. Marrack and Dr Sybil Robinson, London Hospital; Professor McIntosh, Middlesex Hospital; Professor F. R. Fraser and Professor G. E. Gask, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Dr Alport, St Mary's Hospital; Professor Maclean and Dr Osmond, St Thomas' Hospital; Professor Choyce, University College Hospital.

I also have to thank Professor Ellis, of the London Hospital, for kindly allowing me to work in the research laboratory on several occasions.
The Relationship of Virulent to Avirulent Diphtheria Bacilli
Authors: Okell C. C.
Published: May 2009

The question of the relationship of the virulent diphtheria bacillus to avirulent forms of similar morphology and fermentative properties has always attracted the interest of bacteriologists. Practically all careful observers agree that avirulent bacilli can never become virulent eitherin vivoorin vitro.It has been also the experience of most observers that no virulent strain can be made avirulent by laboratory methods. Crowell (1926) and Cowan (1927) have however reported that they had succeeded in isolating avirulent variants from a pure culture of a virulent strain. From the nature of Crowell's experiment, which only records one such change, it seems possible that he may have chanced on a true biological (i.e.uncontrolled) variation, but Cowan suggests that it might be possible to isolate with some degree of regularity “rough” avirulent colonies from virulent cultures. As Cowan points out the procedure is both lengthy and difficult. My own experiments in this direction have been entirely negative, although I have on many occasions tried to isolate avirulent variants from virulent cultures by colony selection and other methods. I have not even been successful with the cultures with which Miss Cowan worked and which she very kindly put at my disposal. Individual colonies of the Park 8 strain have been also tested on more than 700 occasions and have always proved fully virulent when pure. Passage both through a large variety of artificial media and through animals failed to engender avirulent variants.
Notes on Organisms Serologically Related to S. Enteritidis Gärtner. I.: The Dublin and Tokyo Types of Salmonella
Authors: Bruce White P.
Published: May 2009

Pioneer studies seemed to resolve the organisms of the Salmonella group into four types or groups sharply marked off from one another by their agglutinative reactions: S. typhosus, S. paratyphosus A, S. enteritidis Gärtner and a “paratyphoid B group.” Later work has shown the heterogeneity of the old paratyphoid B group, which approximates to what we may now term the series of diphasic types; and further that S. typhosus and S. paratyphosus A, far from standing in serological isolation, display striking and peculiar relationships to certain members of this series: the flagellar antigen of the typhoid bacillus closely resembles that of the specific phase of the diphasic Stanley type, less closely that of the Bombay type; both in flagellar and somatic antigen S. paratyphosus A coincides with the specific phase of the diphasic Sendai type (typical paratyphus A bacillus of Aoki and Sakai, 1926).
Vitamin A Deficiency and Resistance against a Specific Infection. Preliminary Report
Authors: Lassen H. C. A.
Published: May 2009

Young normal rats are put on vitamin A-free diet and, after development of pronounced xerophthalmic symptoms, inoculated by mouth and by subcutaneous injection with Breslau bacilli (paratyphoid). The course of infection and bacteriological autopsy findings show a marked decrease in the resistance of these animals to this infection as compared with the findings in rats on adequate diet.

The experiments do not show any change in themechanism of infectionin pronounced vitamin A deficiency.
The fate of mineral oils injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice
Authors: Twort C. C. , Twort J. M.
Published: May 2009

Mineral oil injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice tends gradually to disappear. The amount of oil recoverable after a given time depends upon its toxicity, as registered by the carcinogenicity for the skin, refractive index fall, refractivity etc. The 7th day after injection is apparently about the best time to collect the oil.

Loss of body weight of the animal is also a measure of the carcinogenicity for the skin, refractive index fall, refractivity etc. of the oil sample under test. The 3rd day after injection is apparently about the best time to record loss of body weight.

The best animal test for measuring the activity of mineral oils is the injection test, and subsequent determination of the refractive index fall.

The best physical test is to determine the refractive index and viscosity and to combine these in an empirical formula.

A combination of the two tests is the best of all.

The relative amounts of carcinogenic and dermatitic constituents responsible for the general activity can be gauged by a consideration of the viscosity.
The effects of life-long subsistence on diets providing suboptimal amounts of the “Vitamin B complex”
Authors: Drummond J. C. , Baker Audrey Z. , Wright Margaret D. , Marrian Phyllis M. , Singer Eleanor M.
Published: May 2009

1. A comparative study has been made of the life history of two groups of rats, one of which (483 animals) was maintained on an adequate diet whilst the other (556 animals) was given a ration providing a suboptimal intake of “vitamin B”. The chief defect of the second diet was probably in respect to vitamin B1.

2. The duration of life was shortened and reproduction was adversely affected by the deficiency.

3. The examination of the post-mortem records provides clear proof of a significantly greater incidence of gastro-intestinal lesions, particularly ulcerations, in the animals on the deficient diet than in the control group.

4. The deficiency of B1did not influence the incidence or the severity of the chronic lung infection (bronchiectasis) common in laboratory rats.

5. The incidence of all other disorders was about the same in the two groups.

6. No evidence of increased susceptibility to tumours, malignant or innocent, was shown by the animals on the deficient diet. Cancerous developments arising at the site of chronic inflammatory processes (e.g. worm cysts in the liver, caecal ulcers of long standing, etc.) were not appreciably more numerous in one group than in the other.
Excretion of Streptococcus pyogenes in the milk of naturally infected cows
Authors: Bendixen H. C. , Minett F. C.
Published: May 2009

An account is given of two cows which were concerned in milk-borne Streptococcus outbreaks at Mørkøv (Denmark) and Doncaster (England) respectively, and. which were afterwards kept under close observation. The Danish cow excreted Str. pyogenes from the affected quarter for at least 13 months, including a dry period of about 3 months; the other animal excreted similar streptococci for about 6 weeks. In both cases there were stages when symptoms of mastitis were either not evident or not pronounced, although the milk was known to be infective.
Leptospiral infections in rats. The presence of specific leptospiral immune bodies in the serum and their relationship to carrier conditions
Authors: Smith J.
Published: May 2009

1. One hundred and seventeen rats have been examined, and thirty-two or 27·3% were found to harbour virulent Leptospira.

2. The correlation of carrier conditions with the presence of immune bodies in the serum showed:

(a) Leptospira-positive, sero-reaction negative, four or 3·4%.

(b) Leptospira-positive, sero-reaction positive, twenty-eight or 23·8%.

(c) Leptospira-negative, sero-reaction positive, twenty-one or 17·9%.

(d) Leptospira negative, sero-reaction negative, sixty-four or 54·7%.

3. The titres of the immune bodies in their sera have been determined. A positive reaction in the lower dilutions of the serum does not necessarily indicate that the rat is a carrier of virulent Leptospira.

4. There is evidence to show that there is a greater incidence of carriers amongst fully grown animals than in the young rodents.

5. Rodents which have been killed prior to examination in the laboratory are unsuitable for the determination of the presence of Leptospira.
The effect of withdrawing mice from an infected herd at varying intervals
Authors: Greenwood M. , Hill A. Bradford , Topley W. W. C. , Wilson Joyce
Published: May 2009

In a recent report (Greenwood et al. 1936) we included a short discussion of the few scattered observations that we had made on the effects of the dispersal of an infected herd (pp. 189–92). Briefly, we had found that the division of a herd, in which an epidemic due to Bact. typhi-murium was under way, into small isolated groups was followed by a greatly decreased rate of mortality in those groups when the dispersal was carried out at the beginning of the beginning of the epidemic period. Reaggregation of the groups resulted in a fresh spread of the disease, but the final mortality was lower than in a similar herd which had not been dispersed during the earlier stages of cage life (Topley, 1922). In a subsequent experiment (Topley & Wilson, 1925) dispersal was carried out at a later stage of epidemic spread, and very different results were obtained. For the first three weeks or so after division into small groups there was no material difference between the mortality experienced by the dispersed and not-dispersed mice. But at about the 25th day the death-rate in each of the dispersed herds showed a definite decline, while that in the undispersed herds continued unabated for some further length of time.
Bacterium paratyphosumC as a cause of enteric fever in Egypt
Authors: Nabih M. S.
Published: May 2009

1. The paper records, for the first time, the isolation ofBact. paratyphosumC in Egypt.

2. It has been isolated from the urine of nine patients and the faeces of two patients suffering from enteric fever during the summer of 1937 and the early part of the present year.

3. Its frequency is comparable with that ofBact. paratyphosumA, and may exceed that ofBact. paratyphosumB.

4. Its inclusion in prophylactic vaccines, along with the usual “T.A.B”. vaccine is worthy of serious consideration.
The susceptibility of the golden hamster (Cricetus auratus) to bovine, human and avian tubercle bacilli and to the vole strain of acid-fast bacillus (Wells)
Authors: Griffith A. Stanley , Pagel W.
Published: May 2009

All the four types of acid-fast bacilli used in this investigation have proved virulent for the golden hamster. Of the four types the bovine is the most virulent for the species and, after subcutaneous inoculation, gives rise to severe generalized progressive tuberculosis, the lesions containing enormous numbers of tubercle bacilli. The human type is also highly virulent for the hamster and produces general progressive tuberculosis closely resembling that set up by bovine bacilli. Caseation of the lesions in the organs was, however, less extensive in the human than in the bovine infections but there was little difference in this respect between the glandular lesions of the two infections, and multiplication of bacilli was as profuse in one as in the other. Avian bacilli can readily multiply in the tissues of the hamster and cause death, but appear unable to give rise to macroscopic tuberculous lesions. Only one hamster was injected with avian bacilli and the result of this experiment is not in accord with those of Balfour-Jones already quoted. The vole bacillus is less virulent for the hamster than either the bovine or the human type of bacillus. Of the two hamsters injected with this type of bacillus one was killed 152 days later, its general condition then being good and its body showing plenty of subcutaneous fat. Nevertheless the organs were found to contain tuberculosis-like lesions, numerous in the spleen and liver, and the lymphatic glands generally were enlarged. The remaining hamster died 188 days after inoculation and showed generalized disease very similar to that in the last hamster. The glandular and visceral lesions of both hamsters contained very numerous acid-fast bacilli but, in striking contrast to those produced by bovine and human bacilli, showed no evidence of caseation.

Acid-fast bacilli were present in the faeces of all the hamsters; they were numerous in those of hamsters 3, 4, 5 and 2 and relatively sparse in those of hamsters 1 and 6.
Observations concerning bacillary food infection in Dundee during the period 1923–38
Authors: Tulloch W. J.
Published: May 2009

1. The most common cause of bacillary food infection in this area is the aertrycke bacillus which has been responsible for most of the sporadic and familial outbreaks of so-called food poisoning. It was also responsible for one, the largest, outbreak of this condition in Dundee during the period under consideration.

2. The other sporadic cases were caused by different members of the group of Salmonella organisms—stanley, potsdam, senftenberg, while two cases were possibly due to a micro-organism having somatic relationship with the aberdeen bacillus although not possessed to the “i” flagellar antigen. It is probable, therefore, that these less frequently encountered Salmonellas are of wide distribution.

3. Two extensive outbreaks of milk-borne bacillary food infection due to the dublin type of the gaertner bacillus are described. In both, the source of infection was determined and proved to be a cow which had indubitably suffered from a septicaemic infection due to that micro-organism.

These two dublin outbreaks are of special interest in view of the findings of Conybeare & Thornton (1938) concerning the presence of antibodies to this bacillus in the blood of bovines and its presence in dejecta of a cow which, in view of the absence of evidence of illness, could only be regarded as a “carrier”.

If there be an appreciable number of carriers among bovines such observations as those of Montgomery (1938) concerning sporadic infantile meningitis due to the dublin bacillus are comprehensible though, of course, no explanation can be offered concerning the peculiar tendency to invade the meninges exhibited by this particular Salmonella.
The effects of morphine, diacetylmorphine and some related alkaloids upon the alimentary tract: Part II. Small intestine and ileo-colic sphincter
Authors: Myers G. Norman
Published: May 2009

1. The effects of morphine upon the small intestine are an increase in the tone and peristaltic movements. The frequency of peristaltic movements is slightly increased at first, but later decreased. The frequency of the rhythmical contractions remains more or less constant while their amplitude is increased. The tone and movements of the ileo-colic sphincter are increased.

2. Atropine modifies the effects of morphine by producing a decrease in tone and movements of the intestine, for varying periods of time. The subsequent injection of morphine during the period of inhibition produces, however, a further increase in tone and movements. Adrenalin causes a temporary inhibition of tone and movements after morphine.

3. Diacetylmorphine and dihydromorphinone produce similar effects; but are more active than morphine. Dihydromorphinone is approximately 10 times more active, and diacetylmorphine 11/2 times more active than morphine.

4. Dihydrocodeinone, codeine and dihydro-oxycodeinone produce similar effects to morphine but are much weaker, especially in so far as the production of increased tone is concerned. Regarding relative activities dihydrocodeinone lies between morphine and codeine, while dihydro-oxycodeinone is placed after codeinone.
The udder as a possible source of coliform organisms in milk
Authors: Rowlands A.
Published: May 2009

1. It seems to be the general opinion of veterinary contributors on the subject that infection of the udder with coliform organisms is rapidly followed by clinical symptoms of mastitis, and marked changes in the appearance of the secretion. There would therefore appear to be little danger of contamination of bulk milk from such sources except during the few hours between infection and the appearance of the clinical symptoms.

2. Injury to the teats or quarters may result in infection of milk with coliform organisms owing to the difficulty of thorough cleaning of the malformed tissue.

3. Several cases of infection of quarters in the entire absence of clinical or other symptoms of disease have been cited. There is no evidence that such cases can be classed as subclinical forms of the disease as is the case in streptococcic mastitis. The evidence in two cases cited indicates that milk drawn from a quarter can remain infected with coliform organisms for a considerable period with no apparent clinical or other symptoms of disease.

4. There is sufficient evidence to warrant the examination of quarter samples in cases where infection of bulk milk with coliform organisms from other more common sources appears to be unlikely.
The influence of germicides on the dehydrogenases ofBact. Coli: Part I. The succinic acid dehydrogenase ofBact. Coli
Authors: Sykes George
Published: May 2009

1. The effect of alcohols and of phenol on the succinic acid dehydrogenase ofBact. coli, hitherto recorded qualitatively in the literature, has been studied in greater detail.

2. The effect of heat and ofp−chloro−m−cresol, hexyl resorcinol,p−butyl phenol and amyl−m−cresol, has also been studied.

3. The concentrations of these germicides required to inhibit completely the succinic dehydrogenase is such as to allow for a slight excess over the concentrations which are lethal toBact. coli.
A method of testing the stability of finely divided emulsions of oils and fats, with reference to the value of yolk of egg, and decoctum chondri as emulsifying agents
Authors: Myers G. Norman
Published: May 2009

1. A new test for the stability of emulsions of oils or fats is described. It is based on the observation that, when stable emulsions of oils and fats in a fine state of division are mixed with lethal quantities of bacterial toxins and incubated for 30 min. at body temperature, and the mixtures when injected into guinea-pigs do not cause death.

2. Emulsions of olive oil (50%) made with either egg yolk or Irish moss do not protect animals against the effects of lethal doses of bacterial toxins, and are therefore regarded as unstable as judged by this standard.
Laboratory notes on pneumonia in Kenya
Authors: de Smidt F. P. G.
Published: May 2009

A laboratory investigation of 776 cases of labor pneumonia, mainly among Kenya Africans, over a period of 5 years, revealed a remarkable preponderance of infections due to group IV pneumococci.

Comparison of the total case mortality rate with the case mortality of group IV pneumonia infections suggests that Kenya Africans are not specially susceptible to pneumonia, and that many of the group IV pneumococci which cause pneumonia in Kenya are of high virulence and penetrative power.

A considerable number of group IV pneumococcal types capable of causing severe lobar pneumonia were serologically isolated. A few of these were identified with pneumococcal types prevalent in New York and South Africa.

An experiment was made on a fairly large scale with prophylactic antipneumonia vaccine, made in the same way as Sir Spencer Lister's pneumonia prophylactic which is used with success in the Rand mines, but constituted of the pneumococcal types which had been found to be most prevalent in pneumonia in the Nairobi district. Extensive trials with this vaccine have been made on the labourers of the Kenya gold fields, and elsewhere, and very encouraging reports on the effects of this vaccine in reducing the incidence and case mortality of pneumonia have been received from medical officers who carried out the inoculations.

A technique is described for the use of surface culture suspensions of pneumococci for serological and bile-solubility tests, and advantages are claimed on specified grounds for the use of surface culture suspensions in preparing agglutinating and therapeutic pneumococcal sera.

A method is described for the use of formol-saline suspensions of surface cultures for preserving collections of pneumococcal types, and for correlating pneumococcal types prevalent in different countries.
The sulphanilamide treatment of scarlet fever
Authors: French Jane O.
Published: May 2009

1. A series of 340 cases of scarlet fever was treated under controlled conditions, (a) with sulphanilamide or benzyl-sulphanilamide, and (b) without sulphanilamide.

2. There was an even distribution of the individual cases in respect of factors known to influence the course of the disease, such as (a) the duration of the disease before admission to hospital, and (b) the severity of the infection.

3. Treatment was carried out during the whole period of 4 weeks, which constitutes the average period of hospitalization in scarlet fever.

4. The dose employed was large: (a) patients 5 years of age and over receiving 1 g. 4 hourly (i.e. 5 g. a day) for the first 14 days in hospital, thereafter 1 g. t.i.d. (i.e. 3 g. a day) for 14 days; a maximum total dose of 112 g., and (b) patients under 5 years of age receiving 0.5 g. 4 hourly (i.e. 2.5 g. a day) for the first 14 days in hospital, thereafter 0.5 g., t.i.d. (i.e. 1.5 g. a day) for 14 days; a maximum total dosage of 56 g.

5. The results show that sulphanilamide had no significant effect upon the initial symptoms of scarlet fever, or upon the kind, incidence, or duration of later complications.

6. A large number of toxic reactions followed the use of both sulphanilamide and benzyl-sulphanilamide.

7. In view of all the evidence submitted, it is considered that there is no justification for the employment of sulphanilamide and benzyl-sulphanilamide in the treatment of scarlet fever.
The bactericidal action of X-rays, neutrons and radioactive radiations
Authors: Lea D. E. , Haines R. B. , Bretscher E.
Published: May 2009

Experiments are reported in which the bactericidal effect of α-, β- and γ-rays of radium, X-rays of various wave-lengths, and neutrons, has been observed, particularly on Bact. coli and spores of B. mesentericus. It is shown that the survival curves are exponential and that the lethal dose is independent of the intensity of the radiation and of the temperature during the irradiation. The lethal dose varies for different radiations, being, in the case of vegetative bacteria, greatest for those radiations, particularly α-rays, which produce their ionizations close together.

These experimental facts can all be explained on the view that the “lethal” action of radiation is really the production of lethal mutations. It is deduced that the number of “genes” in Bact. coli is of the order of 1000.
Sulphonamide compounds and acute rheumatism
Authors: Glazebrook A. J. , Thomson Scott
Published: May 2009

1. In a controlled experiment prontosil was used in the treatment of four cases of streptococcal tonsillitis. These cases subsequently developed acute rheumatism.

2. Two cases of otitis media and one case of streptococcal pneumonia, not in the controlled experiment, were treated with sulphonamide and sulphapyridine respectively. These cases developed rheumatism as a complication.

3. Haemolytic streptococci were recovered from twelve cases of respiratory tract infection which subsequently developed acute rheumatic fever.
The cleaning and sterilization of milk bottles
Authors: Hobbs Betty C. , Wilson G. S.
Published: May 2009

The results just described for Greater London compare very favourably with those of similar surveys carried out in the United States by Hopkins & Kelly (1919), Smith (1923), and Layson, Huffer & Brannon (1936) (see also Report, 1934). The figures recorded in Table 7 show that approximately 50% of bottles from the large, the small rotary, and the steam sterilization plants conformed to a standard of less than 600 colonies per pint bottle, or approximately 1 colony per ml. capacity.

The figures for the small rotary plants were not so good as for the large plants, there being a greater proportion of high counts among these. The same was even truer of the steam sterilization plants, in which about a quarter of the bottles were grossly contaminated. The results with the plants using hand-washing only were bad, none of them falling below the 2500 mark.

The general conclusions to be drawn from this survey are that equally good results may be obtained in large or in small rotary plants relying on treatment with hot caustic detergent as in plants employing steam sterilization, and that the uniformly best results are obtained in properly designed and operated plants of the spray type.
On the calculation of the error of biological assays
Authors: Irwin J. O.
Published: May 2009

It is now realized by a number of workers that the formula which it has been customary to use hitherto for calculating the limits of error of the dose corresponding to a given response (e.g. the median effective dose) or of the result of a biological assay is only approximate. The usual method gives an approximation to the standard error of the logarithm of the dose in question, or of the result, and then uses it in conjunction with the table of the normal probability integral to find the limits of error. The approximation is obtained by the usual statistical method of treating, as Karl Pearson used to say, statistical differentials as mathematical differentials. Bliss (1935) was, I think, the first to realize that exact fiducial limits could be obtained and actually calculated them in a numerical example—but without discussing their theoretical and practical implications. Their mathematical derivation was first published for particular cases by C. Eisenhart (1939) and by E. C. Fieller (1940) in the appendix to his important paper on the biological standardization of insulin. Fieller also gave the general result with a promise (if circumstances allow) to discuss it more fully elsewhere. Later a method for calculating exact fiducial limits was given in the ‘British Standard Method for the biological assay of vitamin D3 by the chick test’ (1940).
A review of some recent work on papillary variation in bacteria and bacterial cytology
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: May 2009

Some recent advances in the subject of bacterial variation and cytology are:

(1) The white race ofBact. coli-mutabilecontains lactase, inhibited by some cause unknown (Deereet al.1939). Deere (1939) suggests that the cells of the white race may be impermeable to lactose while the lactase system is intracellular.

(2) Variation from non-lactose-fermenter to lactose fermenter inBact. coli-mutabiletakes place on lactose only (Stewart, 1942).

(3) The nucleus ofMyxococcus xanthusconsists of definite chromatin masses. A process resembling karyokinesis and autogamic conjugation precedes spore formation (Beebe, 1941).

(4) The nucleus of vegetative bacterial cells consists of a pair of dumbbell-shaped chromatinic bodies, which split longitudinally before cell division. The dumbbell bodies are comparable to the chromosomes of animals and plants (Robinow, 1942).

(5) Careful plating provides unquestionably pure lines in the coliform group (Stewart, 1942).
The selective action of tetrathionate in bacteriological media: A report to the medical research council
Authors: Knox R. , Gell P. G. H. , Pollock M. R.
Published: May 2009

The chemical and biological properties of the constituents of tetrathionate media have been investigated.

(1) The selective properties of thiosulphate and tetrathionate are expressed in graphic form, a method which clearly illustrates their differential effect on various intestinal organisms and is of value in preparing media to suit particular needs.

(2) Thiosulphate, tetrathionate, iodide and, indirectly, chalk all have some selective action, but the most important single constituent is tetrathionate.

(3) The discovery that certain organisms, mainly of the Salmonella group, are capable of reducing tetrathionate rapidly to thiosulphate suggests that in tetrathionate media part at least of the selective action is due to the ability of the tetrathionate to act as an alternative hydrogen acceptor to oxygen.

(4) In the light of these facts many of the defects and puzzling features of tetrathionate media can be explained, especially the frequent heavy growth ofProteus.

(5) A medium containing balanced tetrathionate shows a different kind of selectivity from media of Muller's type and has given consistent results as a routine solid medium for plating of faecal specimens.

(6) A diminution in the amount of thiosulphate in media of Muller's type is desirable, sinceBact. typhosumis relatively sensitive to thiosulphate.

(7) The possible value of a biochemical approach to the study of selective media is emphasized.

It is a pleasure to thank Prof. M. E. Delafield and Prof. G. S. Wilson for constructive criticism of this paper, and we are much indebted to Dr C. Hamilton Willkie for taking the photograph.
Bantu immunity to scarlet-fever toxin
Authors: Murray J. F.
Published: May 2009

1. Dick tests on 743 Bantu children aged 6–20 years showed 5·0% positive reactors.

2. Throat swabs from 200 urban native children showed 19% carriers of Lancefield's group A Streptococcus haemolyticus.

3. The basis of Bantu immunity to scarlet fever is discussed.

I am indebted to Dr E. H. Cluver, Director, and Dr G. Buchanan, Deputy Director of the South African Institute for Medical Research, for their continued interest in the progress of this work, and I am especially grateful to Dr D. Ordman of this Institute who isolated and typed the streptococci for me. My thanks are also due to Dr Marcus, Kanye, Bechuanaland Protectorate, and to Dr Prestwich and Dr Xuma, of Alexandra Township, for making it possible to examine the requisite number of Bantu children. The travelling expenses involved in this investigation were defrayed by a grant from the National Research Board.
Studies on air-borne virus infections: III. The killing of aerial suspensions of influenza virus by hypochlorous acid
Authors: Edward D. G. ff. , Lidwell O. M.
Published: May 2009

Experiments are described for determining the effect of hypochlorite mists and hypochlorous acid gas on aerosols of influenza A virus.

The virus aerosol is shown to be at least as easily killed by hypochlorite mists as Streptococcus salivarius. It is also killed by liberating hypochlorous acid gas itself into the atmosphere. A concentration of 1 vol. of gas in 2 million vol. of air is probably effective in destroying 99% or more of virus particles when the proportion of these in the air is small.

Preliminary experiments on mice and cats are recorded which failed to reveal any toxic effects produced by inhaling the gas in relatively high concentrations or for prolonged periods. Acute irritation of mucous membranes only was found. This did not appear to lead to any increased susceptibility of mice to subsequent infection with influenza.

We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to the late Sir Patrick Laidlaw and to Dr R. J. V. Pulvertaft in co-operation with whom the earlier experiments were made. We also wish to thank Dr W. J. Elford, Dr F. C. MacIntosh, Dr R. K. Callow and Dr T. S. Work for their assistance and advice in parts of the investigation.
Typhoid carriers and Vi agglutinins
Authors: Pijper Adrianus , Crocker Clarice G.
Published: May 2009

Seven more carriers, all possessing appreciable quantities of Vi agglutinins, are added to those already known.

Vi agglutination tests performed on 2526 inhabitants of the Transvaal, both native and white, showed that 5·3 % had similar quantities of Vi agglutinins.

A fair number of these positive reactors were further examined for the presence of typhoid bacilli in their excreta, but the number of positive findings was very small.

It is argued that there are a large number of typhoid faecal carriers who are such minimal excreters that the typhoid bacilli in their stools escape detection.

We wish to thank Dr T. Lötter, Acting Medical Officer of Health of Pretoria, and his staff, for their kindly help in collecting the material for this paper. Our special thanks are due to Lieut.-Col. H. Nelson, Medical Officer of Health of Pretoria, now on active service, for his never-failing interest in our work which has been such a great encouragement.