bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-homogeneous time convolutions, renewal processes and age-dependent mean number of motorcar accidents
Authors: Gismondi Fulvio , Janssen Jacques , Manca Raimondo
Published: August 2014

Non-homogeneous renewal processes are not yet well established. One of the tools necessary for studying these processes is the non-homogeneous time convolution. Renewal theory has great relevance in general in economics and in particular in actuarial science, however, most actuarial problems are connected with the age of the insured person. The introduction of non-homogeneity in the renewal processes brings actuarial applications closer to the real world. This paper will define the non-homogeneous time convolutions and try to give order to the non-homogeneous renewal processes. The numerical aspects of these processes are then dealt with and a real data application to an aspect of motorcar insurance is proposed.
Further evidence of the developmental origins of osteoarthritis: results from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study
Authors: Clynes M. A. , Parsons C. , Edwards M. H. , Jameson K. A. , Harvey N. C. , Aihie Sayer A. , Cooper C. , Dennison E. M.
Published: August 2014

Investigators have suggested a link between birth weight and both hand and lumbar spine osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, we sought to extend these observations by investigating relationships between growth in early life, and clinical and radiological diagnoses of OA at the hand, knee and hip, among participants from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Data were available for 222 men and 222 women. Clinical OA was defined based on American College of Rheumatology criteria. Radiographs were taken of the knees and hips, and graded for the presence of osteophytes and overall Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) score. Lower weight at year one was associated with higher rates of clinical hand OA (OR 1.396, 95% CI 1.05, 1.85, P=0.021). Individuals with lower birth weights were more likely to have hip osteophytes (OR 1.512, 95% CI 1.14, 2.00, P=0.004) and this remained robust after adjustment for confounders. Furthermore, a low weight at one year was also associated with a higher osteophyte number in the lateral compartment of the knee, after adjustment for confounders (OR 1.388, 95% CI 1.01, 1.91, P=0.043). We have found further evidence of a relationship between early life factors and adult OA. These findings accord with previous studies.
Public Health and the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement
Authors: MITCHELL Andrew D. , VOON Tania , WHITTLE Devon
Published: August 2014

The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) has an ambitious agenda and could radically reshape trade in the Asia-Pacific. At the same time, TPP obligations have the potential to significantly restrict the ability of governments to regulate in the interests of public health. This paper examines the impact the TPP could have on two areas of public health regulation—tobacco control and access to medicines. It concludes that a number of legitimate concerns arise from the known content of the TPP, that the inclusion of a general health exception would be the preferable means of safeguarding the regulatory space of governments in relation to public health, and that the United States’ proposals for stronger intellectual property protections be resisted. With negotiations shrouded in secrecy, TPP parties’ desires to promote international trade and investment must not overshadow the need of governments to be able to implement sensible and effective public health policy.
Chronische Diarrhoe
Authors: Stelzer Teresa , Heuss Ludwig Theodor
Published: August 2014

Dem Symptom „chronische Diarrhoe“, von dem man ab einer Dauer von 4 Wochen spricht, begegnet man im klinischen Alltag immer wieder. Die Mehrzahl der Patienten hat eine funktionelle Ursache. Doch auch Motilitätsstörungen trifft man deutlich häufiger an als entzündliche, malabsorptive und/oder sekretorische Ursachen. Es gibt keine allgemein akzeptierte Strategie zur Evaluation von Patienten mit chronischer Diarrhoe. Das Vorgehen sollte sich nach der Prävalenz der ursächlichen Erkrankungen und den zur Verfügung stehenden Möglichkeiten richten. Die Anamnese ist auf die Identifizierung von Patienten mit Reizdarmsyndrom, von Risikopatienten und von Medikamenten-Nebenwirkungen ausgerichtet. Generell empfiehlt sich eine Abklärung mittels Stufenschema. Sollte nach den Basisabklärungen noch keine Diagnose gestellt worden sein, kann eine Stuhlkategorisierung weiterhelfen.
Diarrhoe beim älteren Patienten
Authors: Truninger Kaspar
Published: August 2014

Die Unterscheidung in akute und chronische Durchfallerkrankungen und deren pathogenetische Klassifizierung gilt in allen Altersklassen, hingegen sind Morbidität und Mortalität der Diarrhoe bei älteren Personen viel höher. Den Altersprozess begleitende Veränderungen der intestinalen Physiologie, Komorbidität und Polymedikation, reduziertes Durst- und Hungergefühl, eingeschränkte Kompensationsmöglichkeiten bei Störungen des Flüssigkeits- und Ernährungshaushaltes und atypische klinische Präsentationen von mit Durchfall einhergehenden Krankheiten gilt es in der Diagnostik und Therapie der Diarrhoe bei älteren Personen zu berücksichtigen. Bei dieser Patientengruppe wird die Durchfallerkrankung häufig durch Stuhlinkontinenz kompliziert. Dieser zugrunde liegt bei älteren Personen und besonders Heimbewohnern oft eine Pseudodiarrhoe infolge einer chronischen Obstipation mit Koprostase. Nebst allgemeinen Aspekten der Diarrhoe bei älteren Personen werden die Clostridium difficile Infektion, die ischämische Kolitis, die mikroskopische Kolitis und die Problematik der Koprostase mit Pseudodiarrhoe und Stuhlinkontinenz dargestellt.
Arzneistoffe und Diarrhoe
Authors: Haschke Manuel
Published: August 2014

Diarrhoe ist eine häufige unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkung. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen umfassen die Akkumulation von osmotisch aktiven Stoffen im Darmlumen, vermehrte Sekretion oder verminderte Resorption von gastrointestinalen Sekreten, die Aktivierung der Peristaltik oder das Auslösen einer Schleimhautentzündung. Für viele Arzneistoffe ist jedoch der genaue Mechanismus nicht bekannt, der zu Durchfall führt. Eine genaue Anamnese, welche auch nicht rezeptpflichtige Medikamente und typische Durchfall-auslösende Hilfsstoffe einschließt, ist wesentlich für die Identifikation von möglichen Auslösern. Die Symptomatik ist in vielen Fällen leicht und selbstlimitiert. In schwereren Fällen kann eine Flüssigkeits- und Elektrolytsubstitution, eine symptomatische Therapie oder in gewissen Fällen eine spezifische Therapie nötig werden. Zur symptomatischen Therapie der Diarrhoe werden primär Opioide und intraluminale Wirkstoffe (Adsorbentien) eingesetzt. In speziellen Fällen können Octreotid oder Scopolamin eingesetzt werden.
The magnetism of mantle xenoliths and potential implications for sub‐Moho magnetic sources
Authors: Ferré Eric C. , Friedman Sarah A. , Martín‐Hernández Fatíma , Feinberg Joshua M. , Conder James A. , Ionov Dmitri A.
Published: August 2014

Mantle xenoliths provide our clearest look at the magnetic mineral assemblages below the Earth's crust. Previous investigations of mantle xenoliths suggested the absence of magnetite and metals, and proposed that even if such minerals were present, they would be above their Curie temperatures at mantle conditions. Here we use magnetic measurements to examine four exceptionally fresh suites of xenoliths, and show that magnetite occurs systematically, albeit in variable amounts depending on the tectonic setting. Specimens from low geotherm regions hold the largest magnetic remanence. Petrographic evidence shows that this magnetite did not form through serpentinization or other alteration processes. Magnetite, which is generally stable at the P‐T‐fO2 conditions in the uppermost mantle, had to have formed either in the mantle or, less likely, in the volcanic conduit. In some cases, the source of the xenoliths was at temperatures <600°C, which may have allowed this portion of the lithospheric mantle to carry a magnetic remanence. Whether such magnetite carries a remanent magnetization or is simply the source of a strong induced magnetization, these new results suggest that the concept of the Moho as a major magnetic boundary needs to be revisited.
Analysis of trends between solar wind velocity and energetic electron fluxes at geostationary orbit using the reverse arrangement test
Authors: Aryan Homayon , Boynton Richard J. , Walker Simon N.
Published: August 2014

A correlation between solar wind velocity (VSW) and energetic electron fluxes (EEF) at the geosynchronous orbit was first identified more than 30 years ago. However, recent studies have shown that the relation between VSW and EEF is considerably more complex than was previously suggested. The application of process identification technique to the evolution of electron fluxes in the range 1.8 − 3.5 MeV has also revealed peculiarities in the relation between VSW and EEF at the geosynchronous orbit. It has been revealed that for a constant solar wind density, EEF increase with VSW until a saturation velocity is reached. Beyond the saturation velocity, an increase in VSW is statistically not accompanied with EEF enhancement. The present study is devoted to the investigation of saturation velocity and its dependency upon solar wind density using the reverse arrangement test. In general, the results indicate that saturation velocity increases as solar wind density decreases. This implies that solar wind density plays an important role in defining the relationship between VSW and EEF at the geosynchronous orbit.
Effects of cold electron density on the whistler anisotropy instability
Authors: Wu S. , Denton R. E. , Li W.
Published: August 2014

We confirm results from a previous derivation of the linear growth rate of the parallel propagating whistler wave instability when both cold and hot populations are present, and extend previous equations to describe the spatial growth rate. For moderate plasma beta, there is always a peak in the linear growth rate of the dominant mode with respect to the ratio of total plasma density to the hot plasma density. There is a similar peak in the linear convective growth rate for high anisotropy Ahot = T⊥ hot/T∥ hot − 1 but not for low anisotropy. We present these results for a large range of physical parameters. Our results can be used to quickly determine whether the growth rate will increase or decrease with respect to cold plasma density, and we demonstrate this for an event observed recently. We explain the observation that greater cold plasma density leads to a drop in the central frequency of the waves. Model equations can be used to predict the optimal cold plasma density for maximum temporal and spatial growth rate. A relativistic electromagnetic plasma dispersion code is used to show that the analytical formulas are roughly correct in the vicinity of the optimal cold density unless the thermal velocity is highly relativistic ∼0.5 c, where c is the speed of light. Comparison with the electromagnetic dispersion code WHAMP shows that our formulas are adequate for β∥ hot < 1 for realistic anisotropy.
Evaluating CMIP5 models using AIRS tropospheric air temperature and specific humidity climatology
Authors: Tian Baijun , Fetzer Eric J. , Kahn Brian H. , Teixeira Joao , Manning Evan , Hearty Thomas
Published: August 2014

This paper documents the climatological mean features of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) monthly mean tropospheric air temperature (ta, K) and specific humidity (hus, kg/kg) products as part of the Obs4MIPs project and compares them to those from NASA's Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) for validation and 16 models from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) for CMIP5 model evaluation. MERRA is warmer than AIRS in the free troposphere but colder in the boundary layer with differences typically less than 1 K. MERRA is also drier (~10%) than AIRS in the tropical boundary layer but wetter (~30%) in the tropical free troposphere and the extratropical troposphere. In particular, the large MERRA‐AIRS specific humidity differences are mainly located in the deep convective cloudy regions indicating that the low sampling of AIRS in the cloudy regions may be the main reason for these differences. In comparison to AIRS and MERRA, the sixteen CMIP5 models can generally reproduce the climatological features of tropospheric air temperature and specific humidity well, but several noticeable biases exist. The models have a tropospheric cold bias (around 2 K), especially in the extratropical upper troposphere, and a double‐ITCZ problem in the troposphere from 1000 hPa to 300 hPa, especially in the tropical Pacific. The upper‐tropospheric cold bias exists in the most (13 of 16) models, and the double‐ITCZ bias is found in all 16 CMIP5 models. Both biases are independent of the reference dataset used (AIRS or MERRA).
Are American rivers Tokunaga self‐similar? New results on fluvial network topology and its climatic dependence
Authors: Zanardo S. , Zaliapin I. , Foufoula‐Georgiou E.
Published: August 2014

The topology of river networks has been a subject of intense research in hydro‐geomorphology, with special attention to self‐similar (SS) structures that allow one to develop concise representations and scaling frameworks for hydrological fluxes. Tokunaga self‐similar (TSS) networks represent a particularly popular two‐parameter class of self‐similar models, commonly accepted in hydrology but rarely tested rigorously. In this paper we (a) present a statistical framework for testing the TSS assumption and estimating the Tokunaga parameters; (b) present an improved method for estimating the Horton ratios using the Tokunaga parameters; (c) evaluate the proposed testing and estimation frameworks using synthetic TSS networks with a broad range of parameters; (d) perform self‐similar analysis of 408 river networks of maximum order Ω ≥ 6 from 50 catchments across the US; and (e) use the Tokunaga parameters as discriminatory metrics to explore climate effects on network topology. We find that the TSS assumption cannot be rejected in the majority of the examined river networks. The theoretical expression for the Horton ratios based on the estimated Tokunaga parameters in the TSS networks provides a significantly better approximation to the true ratios than the conventional linear regression approach. A correlation analysis shows that the Tokunaga parameter c, which determines the degree of side‐branching, exhibits significant dependence on the hydroclimatic variables of the basin: storm frequency, storm duration, and mean annual rainfall, offering the possibility of relating climate to landscape dissection. While other possible physical controls have been neglected in this study, this result is intriguing and warrants further analysis.
Does biogeomorphic feedback lead to abrupt shifts between alternative landscape states?: An empirical study on intertidal flats and marshes
Authors: Wang Chen , Temmerman Stijn
Published: August 2014

Low‐elevation bare intertidal flats and high‐lying vegetated marshes are the main components of intertidal areas of estuaries, deltas and coastal embayments. Large‐scale transitions between them have been reported worldwide. Because vegetated marshes provide significant services to coastal societies, predicting transitions between vegetated and unvegetated states is of widespread importance. Previous theoretical and modeling work highlighted the potential bistable nature of intertidal elevations, with low‐elevation bare flats and high‐elevation vegetated marshes being two alternative stable states. However, empirical evidence of this bistable condition is limited. In this study, we tested empirically the hypothesis that bare flats and vegetated marshes can be considered as alternative stable landscape states with the occurrence of rapid catastrophic shifts between them. We analyzed historical records of intertidal elevation surveys and aerial pictures from the macrotidal current‐dominated Western Scheldt estuary (SW Netherlands). We found (1) a bimodal distribution of intertidal elevations corresponding to either a completely bare state or a densely vegetated state. (2) The shift from bare to vegetated state is accompanied with a relatively rapid shift in elevation, i.e., the mean accretion rate during the shift is 2 to 8 times larger than during the equilibrium state. (3) A threshold elevation could be identified above which the shift from bare to vegetated state has a high chance to occur. Hence, our results demonstrate the abrupt nonlinear shift between low‐lying bare flats and high‐elevation vegetated marshes, suggesting that the occurrence of catastrophic shifts between alternative stable states is indeed a potential mechanism in intertidal systems.
Activation of the P2X7 receptor induces the rapid shedding of CD23 from human and murine B cells
Authors: Pupovac Aleta , Geraghty Nicholas J , Watson Debbie , Sluyter Ronald
Published: August 2014

Activation of the P2X7 receptor by the extracellular damage‐associated molecular pattern, adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP), induces the shedding of cell surface molecules including the low‐affinity IgE receptor, CD23, from human leukocytes. A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 10 mediates P2X7‐induced shedding of CD23 from multiple myeloma RPMI 8226 B cells; however, whether this process occurs in primary B cells is unknown. The aim of the current study was to determine whether P2X7 activation induces the rapid shedding of CD23 from primary human and murine B cells. Flow cytometric and ELISA measurements showed that ATP treatment of human and murine B cells induced the rapid shedding of CD23. Treatment of cells with the specific P2X7 antagonist, AZ10606120, near‐completely impaired ATP‐induced CD23 shedding from both human and murine B cells. ATP‐induced CD23 shedding was also impaired in B cells from P2X7 knockout mice. The absence of full‐length, functional P2X7 in the P2X7 knockout mice was confirmed by immunoblotting of splenic cells, and by flow cytometric measurements of ATP‐induced YO‐PRO‐12+ uptake into splenic B and T cells. The broad‐spectrum metalloprotease antagonist, BB‐94, and the ADAM10 antagonist, GI254023X, impaired P2X7‐induced CD23 shedding from both human and murine B cells. These data indicate that P2X7 activation induces the rapid shedding of CD23 from primary human and murine B cells and that this process may be mediated by ADAM10.
Acoustic monitoring of changes in well-defined hyaluronan layers exposed to chondrocytes
Authors: Nilebäck E. , Enochson L. , Altgärde N. , Schnabelrauch M. , Lindahl A. , Svedhem S. , Kunze A.
Published: August 2014

The interaction of human-derived chondrocytes and thin hyaluronan layers was studied using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) technique combined with light microscopy.
Dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction based on an ionic liquid ferrofluid
Authors: Gharehbaghi Maysam , Farahani Malihe Davoudabadi , Shemirani Farzaneh
Published: August 2014

A novel, fast and efficient ionic liquid-based dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction (IL-D-SPE) method was developed and applied for preconcentration of Cd(ii) (as a model analyte) from aqueous solutions as a prior step to its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).
Affecting surface chirality via multicomponent adsorption of chiral and achiral molecules
Authors: Guo Zongxia , De Cat Inge , Van Averbeke Bernard , Lin Jianbin , Wang Guojie , Xu Hong , Lazzaroni Roberto , Beljonne David , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , De Feyter Steven
Published: August 2014

Here we report on the apparent reduction in surface chirality upon co-assembling a chiral and achiral molecule into a physisorbed self-assembled monolayer at the liquid/solid interface as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).
Oligopeptide-decorated liquid crystal droplets for detecting proteases
Authors: Chang Chung-Yun , Chen Chih-Hsin
Published: August 2014

We prepared the oligopeptide-decorated liquid crystal (LC) droplets for detecting proteases through the transition of LC configuration inside the droplets.
The use of the sterically demanding IPr* and related ligands in catalysis
Authors: Izquierdo Frédéric , Manzini Simone , Nolan Steven P.
Published: August 2014

This account highlights the synthesis and applications of one of the very bulky NHC ligands, IPr* (1,3-bis(2,6-bis(diphenylmethyl)-4-methylphenyl)imidazo-2-ylidene).
Solid phase microextraction (SPME)-transmission mode (TM) pushes down detection limits in direct analysis in real time (DART)
Authors: Gómez-Ríos Germán Augusto , Pawliszyn Janusz
Published: August 2014

A simple, integrated and rapid approach for the quantitation of target analytes in complex matrices using SPME-TM and DART-MS/MS is described.
N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed double acylation of enones with benzils
Authors: Takaki Ken , Ohno Akira , Hino Makoto , Shitaoka Takashi , Komeyama Kimihiro , Yoshida Hiroto
Published: August 2014

Thiazolium carbene-catalyzed reaction of aromatic 1,2-diketones with enones in aprotic solvents gave double acylation products in good yields, whereas hydroacylation products were not detected at all.
Light-driven Au(iii)-promoted cleavage of triazole-bearing amine derivatives and its application in the detection of ionic gold
Authors: Yim Dajeong , Yoon Hongsik , Lee Chi-Hwa , Jang Woo-Dong
Published: August 2014

Light-driven Au(iii)-promoted oxidative cleavage of triazole-bearing amine derivatives is utilized for the detection of ionic gold in aqueous media.
Formation of organic molecular nanocrystals under rigid confinement with analysis by solid state NMR
Authors: Yang X. , Ong T. C. , Michaelis V. K. , Heng S. , Huang J. , Griffin R. G. , Myerson A. S.
Published: August 2014

Using a simple formulation method, we successfully demonstrated the production of nano-crystalline ibuprofen, fenofibrate and griseofulvin in nano-porous silica particles.
Self-organization of Ge(111)/Al/glass structures through layer exchange in metal-induced crystallization
Authors: Toko K. , Nakazawa K. , Saitoh N. , Yoshizawa N. , Suemasu T.
Published: August 2014

Al-induced crystallization enabled the self-organization of high-quality Ge/Al/glass structures through layer exchange at a low temperature of 325 °C.
The dominant {001} facet-dependent enhanced visible-light photoactivity of ultrathin BiOBr nanosheets
Authors: Chen Jing , Guan Meili , Cai Weizheng , Guo Jinju , Xiao Chong , Zhang Gaoke
Published: August 2014

Ultrathin BiOBr nanosheets with atomic thickness were successfully synthesized through a simple solvothermal method realizing significantly promoted visible-light photocatalytic activity.
A comprehensive study of isomerization and protonation reactions in the photocycle of the photoactive yellow protein
Authors: Wei Lili , Wang Hongjuan , Chen Xuebo , Fang Weihai , Wang Haobin
Published: August 2014

A comprehensive picture of the overall photocycle was obtained to reveal a wide range of structural signals in the photoactive yellow protein.
Near-infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging: non-destructive analysis of biological materials
Authors: Manley Marena
Published: August 2014

Principles, interpretation and applications of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and NIR hyperspectral imaging are reviewed.
Phosphine substitution reactions of (η5-cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium bis(triarylphosphine) chloride, CpRu(PAr3)2Cl {PAr3= PPh3, P(p-CH3C6H4)3, P(p-FC6H4)3, P(p-CH3OC6H4)3, and PPh2(p-CH3C6H4)}: a tale of two mechanisms
Authors: Verschoor-Kirss Michael J. , Hendricks Olivia , Renna Lawrence , Hill David , Kirss Rein U.
Published: August 2014

Phosphine substitution in CpRu(PAr3)2Cl complexes occurs by competing mechanisms and in some cases is accelerated by added chloride.
Multicycle water vapour stability of microporous breathing MOF aluminium isophthalate CAU-10-H
Authors: Fröhlich Dominik , Henninger Stefan Kai , Janiak Christoph
Published: August 2014

A long-time water vapour stability over 700 sorption cycles is proven for the first time for a breathing MOF, here CAU-10-H.
Nitrogen aspects of hydrological processes: a case study in Likeng landfill, Guangzhou, China
Authors: Chen Jianyao , Zhu Aiping , Tang Changyuan , Luo Yinglin , Zhang Yizhang
Published: August 2014

The nitrogen aspects of hydrological processes must be determined to identify nitrogen sources and relevant mechanisms.
Targeting specific nutrient deficiencies in protein-restricted diets: some practical facts in PKU dietary management
Authors: Pimentel Filipa B. , Alves Rita C. , Oliva-Teles M. Teresa , Costa Anabela S. G. , Fernandes Telmo J. R. , Almeida Manuela F. , Torres Duarte , Delerue-Matos Cristina , Oliveira M. Beatriz. P. P.
Published: August 2014

Among aminoacidopathies, phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most prevalent one.
Efficient one-pot click synthesis of β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles catalyzed by copper(i)@phosphorated SiO2via multicomponent reaction in aqueous media
Authors: Naeimi Hossein , Nejadshafiee Vajihe
Published: August 2014

Cu(i)@phosphorated SiO2 as novel, eco-friendly, easy to prepare, recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles in water is reported.
A multi-pronged mechanistic study of the phosphine-mediated conjugate addition of an alcohol to an acetylenic ester
Authors: Stoddard Rhonda L. , Luo Jingwei , van der Wal Nicole , O'Rourke Natasha F. , Wulff Jeremy E. , McIndoe J. Scott
Published: August 2014

The conjugate addition of an alcohol to a butynoate ester using an organophosphine catalyst was monitored using pressurized sample infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-ESI-MS), together with 31P and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Authors: Robertson Jeremy , Stevens Kiri
Published: August 2014

This review focuses on the isolation and synthesis of natural products containing a 1-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane core (July 2001 to December 2012).
Zinc mediated activation of terminal alkynes: stereoselective synthesis of alkynyl glycosides
Authors: Tatina Madhu Babu , Kusunuru Anil Kumar , Yousuf Syed Khalid , Mukherjee Debaraj
Published: August 2014

Zinc mediated alkynylation reaction was studied for the preparation of C-glycosides from unactivated aromatic and aliphatic acetylenes. Different glycosyl donors such as glycals and anomeric acetates were tested towards in situ generated alkynyl zinc reagent using zinc dust and ethyl bromoacetate. The method provides a simple, mild and stereoselective access of alkynyl glycosides.
Pd(ii)-catalyzed ligand controlled synthesis of pyrazole-4-carboxylates and benzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylates
Authors: Dhage Yogesh Daulat , Daimon Hiroki , Peng Cheng , Kusakabe Taichi , Takahashi Keisuke , Kanno Yuichiro , Inouye Yoshio , Kato Keisuke
Published: August 2014

A simple change of the ligand and solvent allows controlled, effective switching between cyclization–carbonylation–cyclization-coupling (CCC-coupling) and cyclization–carbonylation reactions.
Low bandgap poly(thienylenemethine) derivatives bearing terarylene moieties in the side chains
Authors: Ahn Sangbum , Yabumoto Kazuki , Jeong Yongsoo , Akagi Kazuo
Published: August 2014

Novel low bandgap poly(thienylenemethine) derivatives bearing terphenylene moieties in the side chains were synthesised. The bandgaps were controlled by introducing quinoidal structures into the benzonoidal main chains.
Revealing the ameliorating effect of chromium oxide on a carbon nanotube catalyst in propane oxidative dehydrogenation
Authors: Ma Fei , Chen Shu , Zhou Hang , Li Yanhua , Lu Weimin
Published: August 2014

Schematic view of PODH reaction on CrOx doped CNT.
Theoretical and experimental studies of the corrosion inhibition effect of nitrotetrazolium blue chloride on copper in 0.1 M H2SO4
Authors: Liu Anmin , Ren Xuefeng , Zhang Jie , Wang Chong , Yang Peixia , Zhang Jinqiu , An Maozhong , Higgins Drew , Li Qing , Wu Gang
Published: August 2014

Theoretical and experimental studies of the corrosion inhibition effect of nitrotetrazolium blue chloride on copper in 0.1 M H2SO4.
Excellent electrochemical performance of tin monosulphide (SnS) as a sodium-ion battery anode
Authors: Dutta Prasit Kumar , Sen Uttam Kumar , Mitra Sagar
Published: August 2014

SnS nanostructured anode for high performance sodium ion battery without any in situ conductive coating and expensive additive stabilizer in electrolyte.
n-Type small aromatic core diimides flanked with electron donating thienylethyl moieties and electrical responses in organic devices
Authors: Palai Akshaya Kumar , Kim Sangwook , Shim Hyunseok , Cho Sungwoo , Kumar Amit , Kwon Jaehyuk , Park Seung-Un , Pyo Seungmoon
Published: August 2014

Synthesis and electrical characteristics of two new n-type small aromatic core diimide derivatives functionalized with an electron donating moiety are reported.
A novel silver nanoparticle embedded mesoporous polyaniline (mPANI/Ag) nanocomposite as a recyclable catalyst in the acylation of amines and alcohols under solvent free conditions
Authors: Mandi Usha , Roy Anupam Singha , Banerjee Biplab , Islam Sk. Manirul
Published: August 2014

Highly dispersed silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been embedded into a mesoporous organic polymer (mPANI) and the material showed high catalytic activity in the acylation of amines and alcohols using acetic acid.
A straight forward synthesis of 4-aryl substituted 2-quinolones via Heck reaction
Authors: Gupta Sumanta , Ganguly Bhaskar , Das Sajal
Published: August 2014

Pd–NHC catalyzed one pot synthesis of 4-aryl-2-quinolones through the Heck reaction followed by cyclization. Additionally an efficient methodology has been developed for Heck reaction with a wide range of arylhalides and olefins.
A ratiometric fluorescent probe for rapid and sensitive visualization of hypochlorite in living cells
Authors: Zha Jiayu , Fu Boqiao , Qin Caiqin , Zeng Lintao , Hu Xichao
Published: August 2014

A novel fluorescent probe displayed a colorimetric response to ClO− with high selectivity, fast response and a low detection limit (0.08 μM).
Third-generation solar cells: a review and comparison of polymer:fullerene, hybrid polymer and perovskite solar cells
Authors: Yan Junfeng , Saunders Brian R.
Published: August 2014

Third-generation solar cells have excellent potential for delivering large scale, low-cost solar electricity. We review and compare the current understanding of the operation principles, performance improvements and future prospects for polymer:fullerene, hybrid polymer and perovskite solar cells.
Syntheses of selenoesters through C–H selenation of aldehydes with diselenides under metal-free and solvent-free conditions
Authors: Liou Jyun-Cyuan , Badsara Satpal Singh , Huang Yu-Ting , Lee Chin-Fa
Published: August 2014

A DTBP-promoted C–H selenation of aldehydes with diselenides under metal-free and solvent-free conditions is described.
Decoration of homopolymer vesicles by antibacterial ultrafine silver nanoparticles
Authors: Sun Hui , Fan Lang , Zou Kaidian , Zhu Hongshi , Du Jianzhong
Published: August 2014

Silver nanoparticles have been successfully decorated on the poly(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate) (PEEA) homopolymer vesicles, exhibiting good antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Charge-induced phase separation in lipid membranes
Authors: Himeno Hiroki , Shimokawa Naofumi , Komura Shigeyuki , Andelman David , Hamada Tsutomu , Takagi Masahiro
Published: August 2014

Phase separation in lipid bilayers is examined. We observed phase-separated structures in various lipid mixtures and determined membrane miscibility temperatures. It was found that a combination of negatively-charged heads and saturation of hydrocarbon tails is dominant for the stability of membrane phase separation.
Co-nonsolvency of PNiPAM at the transition between solvation mechanisms
Authors: Bischofberger I. , Calzolari D. C. E. , Trappe V.
Published: August 2014

For PNiPAM in water–alcohol mixtures addition of alcohol to water suppresses hydrophobic hydration and addition of water to alcohols decreases the solvent quality, which leads to the phenomenon of co-nonsolvency.
Superhydrophobic surfaces with near-zero sliding angles realized from solvent relative permittivity mediated silica nanoparticle aggregation
Authors: Lee Dae Ho , Jeong Jin , Han Se Won , Kang Dong Pil
Published: August 2014

Superhydrophobic surfaces with near-zero sliding angles are generated by solvent ε-mediated silica particle aggregation and formation of multi-scale roughness.
Efficient hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells with a broad light harvester NH2CHNH2PbI3
Authors: Hu Min , Liu Linfeng , Mei Anyi , Yang Ying , Liu Tongfa , Han Hongwei
Published: August 2014

Formamidinium lead trihalide perovskite (FAPbI3) was successfully introduced into hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells with a carbon counter electrode.
Organic semiconducting layers fabricated by self-metered slot-die coating for solution-processable organic light-emitting devices
Authors: Park Byoungchoo , Kwon O. Eun , Yun Soo Hong , Jeon Hong Goo , Huh Yoon Ho
Published: August 2014

Strip-patternable organic semiconducting thin layers are successfully deposited by self-metered slot-die coating to achieve bright and efficient solution-processable OLEDs.
Textures of cholesteric droplets controlled by photo-switching chirality at the molecular level
Authors: Chen Jiawen , Lacaze Emmanuelle , Brasselet Etienne , Harutyunyan Syuzanna R. , Katsonis Nathalie , Feringa Ben L.
Published: August 2014

Ultra-sensitive detection of chirality is demonstrated experimentally by investigating photo-induced structural transitions in sessile droplets of cholesteric liquid crystals.
MondoA deficiency enhances sprint performance in mice
Authors: Imamura Minako , Chang Benny Hung-Junn , Kohjima Motoyuki , Li Ming , Hwang Byounghoon , Taegtmeyer Heinrich , Harris Robert A. , Chan Lawrence
Published: August 2014

MondoA is a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)/leucine zipper (ZIP) transcription factor that is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle. Studies in vitro suggest that the Max-like protein X (MondoA:Mlx) heterodimer senses the intracellular energy status and directly targets the promoter region of thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip) and possibly glycolytic enzymes. We generated MondoA-inactivated (MondoA−/−) mice by gene targeting. MondoA−/− mice had normal body weight at birth, exhibited normal growth and appeared to be healthy. However, they exhibited unique metabolic characteristics. MondoA−/− mice built up serum lactate and alanine levels and utilized fatty acids for fuel during exercise. Gene expression and promoter analysis suggested that MondoA functionally represses peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α)–mediated activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK-4) transcription. PDK4 normally down-regulates the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, an enzyme complex that catalyses the decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA for entry into the Krebs cycle; in the absence of MondoA, pyruvate is diverted towards lactate and alanine, both products of glycolysis. Dynamic testing revealed that MondoA−/− mice excel in sprinting as their skeletal muscles display an enhanced glycolytic capacity. Our studies uncover a hitherto unappreciated function of MondoA in fuel selection in vivo. Lack of MondoA results in enhanced exercise capacity with sprinting.
Crystal structure of the mouse interleukin-3 β-receptor: insights into interleukin-3 binding and receptor activation
Authors: Carr Paul D. , Ewens Cameron L. , Dai Jin , Ollis David L. , Murphy James M. , Jackson Colin J. , Young Ian G.
Published: August 2014

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a cytokine secreted by mast cells and activated T-cells known to be an important regulator of differentiation, survival, proliferation and activation of a range of haemopoietic lineages. The effects of IL-3 on target cells are mediated by a transmembrane receptor system composed of a cytokine-specific α-subunit and a β-subunit, the principal signalling entity. In the mouse, two β-subunits have co-evolved: a common β-subunit (βc) shared between IL-3 and the related cytokines IL-5 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); and an IL-3-specific β-subunit (βIL-3). βIL-3 differs from βc in its specificity for IL-3 and its capacity to bind IL-3 directly in the absence of an α-subunit, and, in the absence of structural information, the basis for these properties has remained enigmatic. In the present study, we have solved the crystal structure of the βIL-3 ectodomain at 3.45 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution. This structure provides the first evidence that βIL-3 adopts an arch-shaped intertwined homodimer with similar topology to the paralogous βc structure. In contrast with apo-βc, however, the ligand-binding interface of βIL-3 appears to pre-exist in a conformation receptive to IL-3 engagement. Molecular modelling of the IL-3–βIL-3 interface, in conjunction with previous mutational studies, suggests that divergent evolution of both βIL-3 and IL-3 underlies their unique capacity for direct interaction and specificity.
Carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interactions between α2,3-linked sialic acids on α2 integrin subunits and asialo-GM1 underlie the bone metastatic behaviour of LNCAP-derivative C4-2B prostate cancer cells
Authors: Van Slambrouck Séverine , Groux-Degroote Sophie , Krzewinski-Recchi Marie-Ange , Cazet Aurélie , Delannoy Philippe , Steelant Wim F. A.
Published: August 2014

Complex interplays among proteins, lipids and carbohydrates can alter the phenotype and are suggested to have a crucial role in tumour metastasis. Our previous studies indicated that a complex of the GSLs (glycosphingolipids), AsGM1 (asialo-GM1), which lacks α2,3-linked sialic acid, and α2β1 integrin receptors is responsible for the metastatic behaviour of C4-2B prostate cancer cells. Herein, we identified and addressed the functional significance of changes in sialylation during prostate cancer progression. We observed an increase in α2,3-linked sialic acid residues on α2 subunits of α2β1 integrin receptors, correlating with increased gene expression of α2,3-STs (sialyltransferases), particularly ST3GAL3. Cell surface α2,3-sialylation of α2 subunits was required for the integrin α2β1-dependent cell adhesion to collagen type I and the same α2,3-linked sialic acid residues on the integrin receptor were responsible for the interaction with the carbohydrate moiety of AsGM1, explaining the complex formation between AsGM1 and α2β1 integrin receptors. These results provide novel insights into the role of sialic acids in the organization and function of important membrane components in invasion and metastatic processes.
Comparing the Effects of Articulation and Syntax Programs on Syntax and Articulation Improvement
Authors: Matheny Nancy , Panagos John M.
Published: August 2014

This study investigated the influence of interventive programs for syntax and articulation on the articulatory and syntactic skills of public school children with multiple-linguistic problems. One group received a program of syntax exclusively, a second received a program of articulation exclusively, and a third received no intervention. Pre- and posttesting revealed that the two experimental groups made significant gains in both syntax and articulatory skills, while the control subjects made no significant gains.
Language Remediation with Primary School-Age Children
Authors: Dally Anne
Published: August 2014

Primary school-age children with auditory-oral language problems were enrolled in a self-contained language-disability classroom in Montgomery County, Maryland. A program was designed to teach them verbal speech through written speech and rebus symbols. This article describes the initial steps of this approach and its applications to auditory-oral language remediation. The advantage of exposing the language-disabled child to visual symbols is discussed in terms of later class placement.
Single Word versus Connected Speech Articulation Testing
Authors: Johnson John P. , Winney Betty L. , Pederson Olen T.
Published: August 2014

This study compared the productions of 35 articulation impaired children obtained by picture elicited single word and connected speech sampling methods. Productions were compared on the basis of both the number and type of errors made under the two testing conditions. Data analyses revealed significant differences in the number and type of errors and the prevalent error patterns revealed by the two sampling methods. The implications are discussed.
Teaching Parents to Encourage Independent Problem Solving in Preschool-Age Children
Authors: Thompson Ronald W. , Hixson Peter K.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a parent training program designed to teach parents to encourage their preschool language-delayed children to solve household problems independently. Six mother-child pairs participated in the study. The children were enrolled in a preschool language therapy program. The training program consisted of five parent group sessions during which videotape demonstration and role playing were used as instructional techniques. Videotapes made before and after training were rated by two independent judges. Analysis of results indicated that the training program was effective in teaching parents to encourage independent problem solving with these young children. Finally, implications for children's language development and social adjustment were discussed.
Unilateral Hearing Loss
Authors: Oyler Robert F. , Oyler Anne L. , Matkin Noel D.
Published: August 2014

This article presents the findings of a two-fold investigation. First, the demographic distribution of unilateral hearing loss in a large school district having approximately 54,000 students is reported. Second, the academic performance of the unilaterally hearing-impaired students is presented. The findings suggest that a unilateral hearing loss may have an adverse effect on some students' performance, contrary to the conventional attitude regarding this disorder.
Four Measures of Vocabulary Ability Compared in Older Preschool Children
Authors: Channell Ron W. , Peek Michelle S.
Published: August 2014

Thirty-six normal-hearing older preschool children each received four commonly used vocabulary measures. The measures were the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R), the Picture Vocabulary subtest of the Test of Oral Language Development, the Expressive One Word Vocabulary Test, and the Receptive One Word Vocabulary Test. Results indicated moderate correlations to exist among the four tests. Scores on all tests were found to be associated with the age but not the sex of the children. Patterns of association among tests remained stable even when effects of age were removed using either partial correlations among raw scores or correlations among standardized scores. Forms L and M of the PPVT-R differed slightly in their correlations to the other tests. The finding of only moderate correlations among these tests implies that a child might pass one test but fail on another. The clinical use of multiple vocabulary measures is therefore suggested.
Functional Communication Goals for Adolescents and Adults Who are Severely and Moderately Mentally Handicapped
Authors: Mire Stephen P. , Chisholm Rebecca Wise
Published: August 2014

Developing functional communication goals for adolescents and adults who are mentally handicapped has been a challenge for speech-language pathologists. Due to differences in chronological age and mental age functioning, many "developmental" skills are inappropriate. A lack of generalization of these skills to real-life situations is often reported. This paper presents goals to develop specific communication skills needed to function independently in the community. The goals are situation-specific, outcome-oriented, and were designed to teach functional skills elicited in natural environments.
Morphological Development and Writing Ability in Children and Adults
Authors: Rubin Hyla , Patterson Patricia A. , Kantor Miriam
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate morphological knowledge in spoken language and its relationship to written representation of morphemes by normally achieving second graders, language-learning disabled children, and adults with literacy problems. Research dealing with the written expression of populations with language-learning difficulties has consistently indicated that these populations tend to make morphemic errors when spelling words. If a deficit in morphological knowledge is an underlying factor, then these individuals might also be expected to perform poorly on tasks that require them to apply morphological rules in spoken language (an implicit level of morphological knowledge) or to analyze the morphemic structure of spoken words (an explicit level of morphological knowledge). Analyses found both these levels of morphological knowledge to be highly related to morpheme use in written language samples, and suggest that morphological knowledge does not develop solely as a function of maturation or exposure to language. Implications of these findings for assessment and intervention are addressed.
Vocal Abuse Behaviors in Young Children
Authors: Saniga Richard D. , Carlin Margaret F.
Published: August 2014

To determine if use of specific vocal behaviors was perceived to change across age, parents of 834 children, aged 3 to 7 years, rated 16 voice usage items for frequency of occurrence. Results of the data analysis indicated that parental perception of voice usage was directly related to a child's age. Specifically, as the child's age increased, voice usage became more conservative. Frequency tables for vocal behaviors across age were developed.
Enhancing Communication
Authors: Cheng Li-Rong Lilly
Published: August 2014

Difficult discourse is a term that describes sociological and psychological difficulties that arise in the conflict of culture, language, and ideology between the American educational system and minority language students. This article will address the discourse demands of students and families in school, the changing demographics requiring our understanding of difficult discourse, and philosophies/controversies in bilingual education. Furthermore, it will focus on the difficulties of children who are limited English proficient and their parents in comprehending school discourse, school culture, and expected interactional styles. Additionally, examples of difficult discourse and a case example will be provided. Finally, specific strategies for reducing difficult discourse will be introduced.
The Generalization and Maintenance of the Peer Social Behaviors of Young Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Antia Shirin D. , Kreimeyer Kathryn H.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a social skills and comparison intervention on peer social behaviours of 43 young children who were deaf and hard of hearing (D/HH). Both interventions were conducted in small groups consisting of children who were D/HH and hearing. Data were obtained on 15 social behaviors in four categories: peer interaction, play, child initiations/peer responses, and peer initiations/child responses. Social behaviors were recorded during free play (a) before the intervention, (b) immediately after the intervention ceased, and (c) 4 weeks after the intervention ceased. Children receiving the social skills intervention decreased their frequency of solitary and parallel play. These changes were maintained of year later in an outdoor play setting.