bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parametric instabilities of trapped upper-hybrid oscillations
Authors: MJØLHUS E.
Published: July 2002

Parametric instabilities of upper-hybrid oscillations trapped in
a

plasma density depletion across an ambient magnetic field are

investigated. Approximate dispersion

relations are derived, which lead to the identification of two

parametric instabilities

of the localized upper-hybrid bounded wave structure. Both are related
to trapped

upper-hybrid oscillation resonances. The first is a decay to a frequency

of a trapped

wave resonance, downshifted from the applied frequency, where the downshift
must

be slightly larger than the lower-hybrid frequency. The second instability
can exist

when the applied frequency is slightly below the arithmetic mean of the
frequencies

of two trapped oscillation resonances; then the antiStokes component of
one is in

resonance with the Stokes component of the other. Both slab and two-dimensional

geometries are considered.
Computer simulation of laser-beam self-focusing
in a plasma
Authors: SUBBARAO D. , SINGH H. , UMA R. , BHASKAR S.
Published: July 2002

Laser-beam or soliton propagation is best modelled for fast computation using
a split-step Fourier method based on an orthogonal transform technique known
as the beam-propagation method. The beam-propagation split-step Fourier-transform technique in one and two dimensions for the propagation of a soliton
or laser beam respectively in a nonlinear plasma and a split-step Hankel-transform-based algorithm for cylindrical-beam propagation close to circular
cross-sectional symmetry and its computational implementation are discussed.
Attention is particularly focused on the verification of the paraxial approximations
of the soliton or the laser beam using these techniques, after a brief
review of the beam-propagation method.
Effect of a highly energetic electron beam on
the electron distribution function in a hot
dense plasma. Application to an argon plasma
Authors: FAUCHER P. , PEYRAUD-CUENCA N. , ROSMEJ F. B.
Published: July 2002

The influence of a highly energetic electron beam on the electron
distribution function (e.d.f.) in a hot dense plasma is investigated by solving the
Boltzmann equation analytically. A plateau is obtained in the tail of the e.d.f. over
an energy range between the excitation threshold and an energy value half that
of the monoenergetic electrons. The importance of this plateau is discussed for a
dense He-like argon plasma.
Food sources, behaviour, and distribution of hydrothermal vent shrimps at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Gebruk A.V. , Southward E.C. , Kennedy H. , Southward A.J.
Published: July 2002

Five species of bresilioid shrimp were investigated at seven hydrothermal sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Menez Gwen, Lucky Strike, Rainbow, Broken Spur, TAG, Snake Pit and Logatchev. Samples were prepared for analysis of stable isotopes, elemental composition and lipids. Shrimp behaviour was observed from the submersible ‘Alvin’ and in the laboratory aboard RV ‘Atlantis’. The distribution and zonation of the shrimp species was recorded. Juvenile shrimp of all species arrive at the vents carrying reserves of photosynthetic origin, built-up in the pelagic larval stages. These reserves are used while the shrimp metamorphose to the adult form and, in Rimicaris exoculata and Chorocaris chacei, while they develop epibiotic bacteria supporting structures, the modified mouthparts and the inside of the carapace. The main food of adult R. exoculata is filamentous bacteria that grow on these structures. The intermediate sizes of C. chacei also feed on such bacteria, but the final stage gets some food by scavenging or predation. Mirocaris species scavenge diverse sources; they are not trophically dependent on either R. exoculata or mussels. Adults of Alvinocaris markensis are predators of other vent animals, including R. exoculata. The dense swarms of R. exoculata, with their exosymbionts, can be compared to endosymbiont-containing animals such as Bathymodiolus and the vestimentiferan tube-worms of the Pacific vents. Such associations, whether endo- or ectosymbiotic, may be necessary for the development of flourishing communities at hydrothermal vents.
The Fourth Gospel and the Jesus of History
Authors: MOLONEY FRANCIS J.
Published: July 2002

In the ‘quest for the historical Jesus’ it has become axiomatic that the Fourth Gospel, with a few notable exceptions (e.g. certain elements in the passion narrative), has little to offer attempts to trace the person and activity of the pre-Easter Jesus. A study of the Johannine presentation of the beginnings of Jesus' ministry, his relationship with the Baptist, the calling of disciples and his presence in the Jerusalem Temple, suggests otherwise. Given the Markan imposition of a ‘framework’ upon the Synoptic tradition, the Johannine tradition may more accurately recall those early events.
WHAT WAS EVERYTHING HE TOLD HER SHE DID? (JOHN 4.17-18, 29, 39)
Authors: GIBLIN CHARLES HOMER
Published: July 2002

Twice (John 4.29, 39), the Samaritan woman is said to have reported to her townspeople that a man had told her ‘everything’ she did. One may surmise that those whom she told knew rather well precisely what the things were that
she had done, for they followed her urging to see this remarkably perceptive stranger. Precisely what did Jesus tell her that so moved her and others, and how did he go about it?
A POOR MAN'S CHRISTOLOGY
Authors: GOULDER MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

The Jerusalem church called itself oι πτωχoι (Gal 2.10), probably from Isa 61.1, and held a prophetic Christology (Acts 3, 7). The Ebionites in Irenaeus and Epiphanius traced their name to Acts 2–5, and held Jesus to have been a prophetic figure, conceived naturally and possessed by the Spirit/‘Christ’ from baptism till before the passion. The same prophetic/possessionist Christology seems to be taught by Jewish Christians opposed by Justin and Ignatius: the ‘docetists’ believed that Christ (not Jesus) seemed to have suffered. It is also opposed by Polycarp, by John (especially in 1 John 4–5), by Paul (dramatically in 1 Cor 12.1–3), and in the pre-Marcan traditions.
Global malnutrition
Authors: STEPHENSON L.S. , LATHAM M.C. , OTTESEN E.A.
Published: July 2002

The four most important forms of malnutrition worldwide (protein-energy malnutrition, iron deficiency and anaemias (IDA), vitamin A deficiency (VAD), and iodine deficiency disorders (IDD)) are examined below in terms of their global and regional prevalences, the age and gender groups most affected, their clinical and public health consequences, and, especially, the recent progress in country and regional quantitation and control. Zinc deficiency, with its accompanying diminished host resistance and increased susceptibility to infections, is also reviewed. WHO estimates that malnutrition (underweight) was associated with over half of all child deaths in developing countries in 1995. The prevalence of stunting in developing countries is expected to decline from 36% in 1995 to 32·5% in 2000; the numbers of children affected (excluding China) are expected to decrease from 196·59millions to 181·92millions. Stunting affects 48% of children in South Central Asia, 48% in Eastern Africa, 38% in South Eastern Asia, and 13–24% in Latin America. IDA affects about 43% of women and 34% of men in developing countries and usually is most serious in pregnant women and children, though non-pregnant women, the elderly, and men in hookworm-endemic areas also comprise groups at risk. Clinical VAD affects at least 2·80million preschool children in over 60 countries, and subclinical VAD is considered a problem for at least 251millions; school-age children and pregnant women are also affected. Globally about 740million people are affected by goitre, and over two billions are considered at risk of IDD. However, mandatory salt iodisation in the last decade in many regions has decreased dramatically the percentage of the population at risk. Two recent major advances in understanding the global importance of malnutrition are (1) the data of 53 countries that links protein-energy malnutrition (assessed by underweight) directly to increased child mortality rates, and (2) the outcome in 6 of 8 large vitamin A supplementation trials showing decreases of 20–50% in child mortality.
Heteroxenous coccidia increase the predation risk of parasitized rodents
Authors: VOŘÍšEK P. , VOTÝPKA J. , ZVÁRA K. , SVOBODOVÁ M.
Published: July 2002

We have investigated the influence of heteroxenous coccidia (Apicomplexa:
Eimeriorina) on the predation risk of
intermediate hosts. Voles infected with Frenkelia spp. were found
more frequently in buzzards' (Buteo buteo) prey than
among snap-trapped rodents. To eliminate the possibility of traps selecting
for uninfected rodents, a laboratory experiment
was performed. Mice experimentally infected with Sarcocystis dispersa
seemed to be more likely caught by the final host,
the long-eared owl (Asio otus); this result was confirmed by a
mathematical model. Field data confirmed the adaptive value
of parasite-induced changes. The increase of predation is directed towards
the specific final host only or is non-specific.
In the populations studied the probability of predation of parasitized
individuals by the specific predator was increased.
In vitro susceptibility of Gabonese wild isolates of
Plasmodium falciparum to artemether, and comparison with
chloroquine, quinine, halofantrine and amodiaquine
Authors: PRADINES B. , MAMFOUMBI M. MABIKA , PARZY D. , MEDANG M. OWONO , LEBEAU C. , MBINA J. R. MOUROU , DOURY J. C. , KOMBILA M.
Published: July 2002

The in vitro activity of artemether against 63 African
isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Libreville, Gabon was
evaluated using an isotopic drug susceptibility semi-microtest. The 50%
inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for
artemether were in a narrow range from 0·8 to 34·8 nm
(mean IC50 5·0 nm) and the 95% confidence interval
(CI95%) was
3·6–6·3 nm. In vitro decreased susceptibility
or resistance were observed with artemether (14%), to chloroquine (90%),

to quinine (32%). Isolate susceptibility to amodiaquine and halofantrine
was high i.e. 100% and 98%, respectively.
There was a significant positive correlation between responses to artemether
and amodiaquine (r2=0·45, P<0·001),

artemether and chloroquine (r2=0·36, P<0·001),
artemether and quinine (r2=0·31, P<0·001),
and artemether and
halofantrine r2=0·19, P<0·01).
Positive correlation between these drugs suggests in vitro cross-resistance
or at least
common features in drug uptake and/or mode of action or resistance.
Clustering of Brugia malayi infection in a community in
South-Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: TERHELL A. J. , HOUWING-DUISTERMAAT J. J. , RUITERMAN Y. , HAARBRINK M. , ABADI K. , YAZDANBAKHSH M.
Published: July 2002

The present study was undertaken in village Karondang in South-Sulawesi, Indonesia, to investigate the influences of
genetic, household and environmental factors on Brugia malayi infection. Infection status was determined by measuring
both microfilariae in night blood and anti-filarial IgG4, as a marker for detection of active filarial infection. A total of 171
residents participated in the study; familial relationships between subjects were registered to construct pedigrees and
distances between households were measured. The data were analysed using a test statistic for familial aggregation. For
distribution of microfilariae over the study population a genetic influence on infection susceptibility was favoured over the
household and environmental effects. For anti-filarial IgG4, all 3 clustering models gave significant results, suggesting that
genetic, household and/or environmental factors influence specific IgG4 antibodies.
Population structure and genetic typing of Trypanosoma
cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease: a multilocus enzyme
electrophoresis approach
Authors: BARNABÉ C. , BRISSE S. , TIBAYRENC M.
Published: July 2002

A set of 434 Trypanosoma cruzi stocks from a wide ecogeographical range was analysed by Multilocus Enzyme
Electrophoresis for 22 genetic loci. Strong linkage disequilibrium, not associated with geographical distance, and 2 main genetic
clusters each considerably heterogeneous, was observed. These results support the hypotheses previously proposed that
T. cruzi natural populations are composed of highly diversified genetic clones distributed into 2 main phylogenetic
lineages: lineage 1, the most ubiquitous in the endemic area, was more frequently observed in sylvatic cycles, whereas
lineage 2, predominant in humans and domestic cycles, in the southern part of the area surveyed, was further partitioned
into 5 lesser genetic subdivisions. T. cruzi appears therefore subdivided into at least 6 ‘discrete typing units’ or DTUs
(Tibayrenc, 1998a–c). We have identified various specific isoenzyme markers (‘tags’; Tibayrenc, op. cit.) suitable for the
routine identification of these DTUs for epidemiological tracking purposes. We discuss the correspondence with previous
classifications and with the recent recommendations of the 90th anniversary of the discovery of Chagas disease symposium,
as well as the impact of T. cruzi genetic variability on this parasite's biomedical diversity.
Onchocerca ochengi infections in cattle as a model for
human onchocerciasis: recent developments
Authors: TREES A. J. , GRAHAM S. P. , RENZ A. , BIANCO A. E. , TANYA V.
Published: July 2002

The bovine parasite Onchocerca ochengi is a nodule-dwelling filarial nematode, closely related to O. volvulus, the causal
agent of human River Blindness, and, sharing with it, the same vector. This brief review, based on a presentation at the
BSP Autumn Symposium 1999, describes recent work supported by the WHO Drug Development Research Macrofil
programme and the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation vaccine development programme, to research the chemotherapy
and immunology of onchocerciasis utilising this model system, with experimental infections in Liverpool and field
infections in northern Cameroon. In a series of chemotherapeutic trials involving 10 compounds in 20 treatment regimes,
the comparability of drug efficacy against O. ochengi with that described against O. volvulus has been demonstrated.
Repeated, long-term treatment with oxytetracycline has been shown to be macrofilaricidal and the effect is hypothesized
to be related to action on Wolbachia endobacteria, abundant in O. ochengi. Avermectins/milbemycins are not macrofilaricidal
(even in high and repeated long-term treatments) but induce sustained abrogation of embryogenesis. In
prospective, field exposure experiments with naive calves, prophylactic treatments with ivermectin and moxidectin
prevented the development of adult worm infection, raising the possibility that drug-attenuated larval challenge infections
may induce immunity. Putatively immune adult cattle exist in endemically exposed populations, and these have been
shown to be significantly less susceptible to challenge than age-matched naive controls, whereas radically drug-cured,
previously patently-infected cattle were not. Experimental infections with O. ochengi have revealed the kinetics of the
immune response in relation to parasite development and demonstrate analogous responses to those reported in O. volvulus
infection in humans and chimpanzees. In an immunization experiment with irradiated L3 larvae, cattle were significantly
protected against experimental challenge – the first such demonstration of the experimental induction of immunity in a
natural Onchocerca host–parasite system. Taken collectively, these studies not only demonstrate the similarity between the
host–parasite relationships of O. ochengi in cattle and O. volvulus in humans, but promise to advance options for the control
of human onchocerciasis.
Phylogenetic relationships of human and wildlife
piroplasm isolates in the western United States inferred
from the 18S nuclear small subunit RNA gene
Authors: KJEMTRUP A. M. , THOMFORD J. , ROBINSON T. , CONRAD P. A.
Published: July 2002

The 18S nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of piroplasms from wildlife and human cases of babesiosis in the
western USA were isolated by PCR and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences and comparisons with
sequences from other Babesia and Theileria species revealed that piroplasm isolates from the human cases were indistinguishable
from some of the isolates from the western wildlife species, most notably the isolates from mule deer
(Odocoileus hemionus). These results suggest that large ungulates may serve as reservoirs for human piroplasm infection.
The western piroplasm isolates from humans and wildlife formed a distinct clade, separate from other piroplasms found
worldwide.
Neuroscience and Anna; a Reply to Glenn Hartz
Authors: Radford Colin
Published: July 2002

Glen Hartz argues, that neuroscience reveals that persons moved or frightened by fictional characters believe that they are real, so such behaviour is not irrational.

But these beliefs, if they exist, are not rational and, in any case inconsistent with our conscious rational beliefs that fictional characters are not real. So his argument fails to establish that we are not irrational or incoherent when moved or frightened by such characters. It powerfully reinforces the contrary view.
Verbal self-monitoring and auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: JOHNS L. C. , ROSSELL S. , FRITH C. , AHMAD F. , HEMSLEY D. , KUIPERS E. , McGUIRE P. K.
Published: July 2002

Background. Contemporary cognitive models of auditory verbal hallucinations propose that they arise through defective self-monitoring. We used a paradigm that engages verbal self-monitoring to investigate this theory in patients with schizophrenia.

Methods. Ten patients with auditory verbal hallucinations and delusions (hallucinators), eight patients with delusions but no hallucinations (non-hallucinators), and 20 non-psychiatric control subjects were tested. Participants read single adjectives aloud, under the following randomized conditions: reading aloud; reading aloud with acoustic distortion of their own voice; reading aloud with alien feedback (someone else's voice); and reading aloud with distorted alien feedback. Immediately after articulating each word, participants identified the source of the speech they heard (‘self’/‘other’/‘unsure’), via a button press. Response choice and reaction time were recorded.

Results. When reading aloud with distorted feedback of their own voice, patients in both groups made more errors than controls; they either misidentified its source or were unsure. Hallucinators were particularly prone to misattributing their distorted voice to someone else, and were more likely to make errors when the words presented were derogatory. Both patient groups made faster decisions than controls about the source of distorted or alien speech, but faster responses were only associated with errors in the former condition.

Conclusions. Impaired verbal self-monitoring was evident in both hallucinators and non-hallucinators. As both groups had delusions, the results suggest an association between delusions and impaired judgements about ambiguous sensory stimuli. The specific tendency of hallucinators to misattribute their distorted voice to someone else may reflect impaired awareness of internally generated verbal material.
Regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland: a study of birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969
Authors: HAUKKA J. , SUVISAARI J. , VARILO T. , LÖNNQVIST J.
Published: July 2002

Background. We investigated whether there is regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia and if so, whether it is caused by urban–rural differences, larger spatial clustering, or both. To control for the effect of migration, we examined regional variation in the incidence according to place of birth.

Methods. Finnish birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969 were followed in the National Hospital Discharge Register from 1969 until 1991, and all cases of schizophrenia (ICD-8 or ICD-9 295) were identified (N = 14828). Forty-eight of the 559 municipalities were classified as urban and 25% of the Finnish population lived in these municipalities in 1960. For the analysis of spatial clustering, municipalities were grouped into 57 functional small-areas. We used Poisson regression model with the number of births of individuals who later developed schizophrenia as a response variable, and place of birth (urban/rural), birth cohort (1950–54, 1955–9, 1960–64, and 1965–9), functional small-area units, and sex as response variables.

Results. The incidence was slightly higher among the rural-born in the oldest birth cohort. In the other cohorts, it was higher among the urban-born, and the difference between urban and rural born increased in the youngest cohorts. Significant spatial clustering of schizophrenia was observed in eastern Finland.

Conclusions. Urban birth is a risk factor for schizophrenia in Finland in cohorts born since 1955. However, genuine spatial clustering of schizophrenia in eastern Finland was also observed, possibly caused by genetic isolation.
Twin studies of adult psychiatric and substance
dependence disorders: are they biased by differences
in the environmental experiences of monozygotic and
dizygotic twins in childhood and adolescence?
Authors: KENDLER KENNETH S. , GARDNER CHARLES O.
Published: July 2002

Background. Twin studies have long been used to disentangle

the role of genetic and environmental
factors in the aetiology of psychiatric disorders. However, the validity

of the twin method depends
on the equal environment assumption – that monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic
(DZ) twins are
equally correlated in their exposure to environmental factors of
aetiological importance for the disorder under study.

Methods. Both members of 822 female–female twin
pairs from a population-based registry
previously assessed for a range of psychiatric and substance use disorders

were asked 12 questions
assessing the similarity of their environmental experiences in childhood
and adolescence. We
examined whether the similarity of environmental experiences
predicted concordance for psychiatric
and substance abuse disorders by both a ‘pair-wise’ and
‘individual’ method utilizing logistic
regression. We also examined smoking initiation, where prior evidence suggested
a role for
adolescent social environment.

Results. Three factors were derived from these items:
‘Childhood treatment’, ‘Co-socialization’
and ‘Similitude’. Members of twin pairs agreed substantially

in their recollections of these
experiences. Compared with DZ twins, MZ twins reported comparable resemblance
in their
childhood treatment, but socialized together more frequently and
reported that parents, teachers
and friends more commonly emphasized their similarities. None of
these three factors significantly
predicted twin resemblance for major depression, generalized anxiety disorder,
panic disorder,
phobias, nicotine dependence or alcohol dependence. However, co-socialization
significantly
predicted twin resemblance for smoking initiation and perhaps for bulimia.

Conclusion. Differential environmental experiences of MZ and
DZ
twins in childhood and
adolescence are unlikely to represent a substantial bias in twin studies

of most major psychiatric and
substance dependence disorders but may influence twin similarity for the

initiation of substance use.
An assessment of the Standardized Assessment of Personality as a
screening instrument for the International Personality Disorder
Examination: a comparison of informant and patient assessment for
personality disorder
Authors: MANN A. H. , RAVEN P. , PILGRIM J. , KHANNA S. , VELAYUDHAM A. , SURESH K. P. , CHANNABASAVANNA S. M. , JANCA A. , SARTORIUS N.
Published: July 2002

Background. The International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) has been developed as a
standardized interview for personality disorders. While it has good psychometric properties, its
length makes it difficult to use in the community in population research, particularly outside
psychiatric settings. The informant-based Standard Assessment of Personality (SAP), which has
been in use since 1981, could serve as a valid screen to detect likely personality disordered
individuals who would then receive a definitive diagnosis by IPDE. This study aimed to compare
the two instruments in their capacity to detect personality disorder according to ICD-10 taxonomy
and to estimate the efficiency of the use of the two together in a case-finding exercise.

Method. Ninety psychiatric out-patients in Bangalore, India, were assessed for personality disorder
using the two methods. Assessment was conducted by a pair of trained interviewers in random order
and by random allocation to interviewer.

Results. Overall agreement between the two instruments in the detection of ICD-10 personality
disorder was modest (kappa = 0·4). The level of agreement varied according to personality
category, ranging from kappa 07·66 (dependent) to kappa 0·09 (dyssocial). The SAP proved to have
a high negative predictive value (97%) for IPDE as the gold standard, suggesting its potential as
a screen in samples where the expected prevalence of personality disorder is low.

Conclusion. A two-stage approach to epidemiological studies of personality disorder may be
practicable.
The onset of common mental disorders in primary
care attenders in Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: TODD C. , PATEL V. , SIMUNYU E. , GWANZURA F. , ACUDA W. , WINSTON M. , MANN A.
Published: July 2002

Background. This study aimed to investigate the onset
and predictors of common mental disorders
(CMD) in primary-care attenders in Harare, Zimbabwe.

Method. Two (T1) and 12-month (T2) follow-up of a cohort of
primary-care attenders without a
common mental disorder (N=197) as defined by the Shona Symposium
Questionnaire (SSQ),
recruited from primary health care clinics, traditional medical practitioner
clinics and general
practitioner surgeries. Outcome measure was caseness as determined by scores
on the SSQ at follow-up.

Results. Follow-up rate was 86% at 2 months and 75% at 12 months.
Onset of CMD was recorded
in 16% at T1 and T2. Higher psychological morbidity scores at recruitment,
death of a first-degree
relative and disability predicted the presence of a CMD at both follow-up
points. While female
gender and economic difficulties predicted onset only in the short-term,
belief in supernatural
causation was strongly predictive of CMD at T2. Caseness at both follow-up
points was associated
with economic problems and disability at those follow-up points.

Conclusions. Policy initiatives to reduce economic deprivation
and targeting interventions to
primary-care attenders who are subclinical cases and those who have been
bereaved or who are
disabled may reduce the onset of new cases of CMD. Closer collaboration
between biomedical and
traditional medical practitioners may provide avenues for developing methods
of intervention for
persons with supernatural illness models.
Acute tryptophan depletion in healthy young women
with a family history of major affective disorder
Authors: ELLENBOGEN M. A. , YOUNG S. N. , DEAN P. , PALMOUR R. M. , BENKELFAT C.
Published: July 2002

Background. Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), a means
of reducing brain serotonin synthesis,
lowers mood in normal males with a multi-generational family history of
major affective disorder
(MAD) and in normal women devoid of any family history of psychiatric illness.
As both a family
history of MAD and female sex are factors predisposing to depression, the
hypothesis that a mood
lowering response to ATD may reflect a susceptibility to depression was
further investigated in
young women with an extensive, multi-generational family history of MAD.
In addition, the
temporal stability of mood change following repeated trials of ATD was
also assessed in this study.

Methods. To deplete tryptophan, a tryptophan deficient amino
acid mixture was ingested on two
separate occasions. The control treatment, administered on a third occasion,
was a nutritionally
balanced amino acid mixture containing tryptophan.

Results. A marked lowering of plasma tryptophan (85–90%)
was achieved by both depletions. In
comparison to the balanced condition, family history positive (FH+) women
showed no lowering
of mood to either the first or second ATD (N=13) and N=12,
respectively). Mood change
between the two ATD trials (N=13) exhibited poor temporal stability.

Conclusions. These results may indicate that serotonin responsiveness
is not an important
characteristic of vulnerability to depression in these women. Alternately,
these negative results may
be due to the exclusion of a large number of FH+ women who had already
experienced an episode
of depression, resulting in the selection of a biased FH+ sample who are
resistant to the mood
lowering effects of ATD.
Apathy and depressed mood in acquired brain
damage: relationship to lesion localization and
psychophysiological reactivity
Authors: ANDERSSON S. , KROGSTAD J. M. , FINSET A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Apathy is a frequent neurobehavioural sequel
in patients with acquired brain damage
and it may seriously affect outcome of rehabilitation.

Methods. Patients with traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular
insults and hypoxic brain injury,
categorized into four lesion localization groups: left hemisphere damage
(LHD); right hemisphere
damage (RHD); bilateral hemispheric damage (BHD); and subcortical damage
(SCD) were
assessed with the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) and Montgomery and Åsberg
Depression Rating
Scale (MADRS). Heart rate and electrodermal activity were recorded in an
experimental situation
that exposed the patients to mental stressors in order to measure psychophysiological
reactivity.

Results. Significant differences in level of apathy were found
between diagnostic groups as well as
between localization subgroups. SCD and RHD patients displayed most apathy.
Factor analysis of
MADRS revealed a three-factor solution; depressed mood, somatic symptoms
and negative
symptoms. Apathy was significantly correlated with negative symptoms in
all localization
subgroups, except among the BHD patients. Apathy was not correlated with
depressed mood or
somatic symptoms. Moreover, apathy was significantly correlated with heart
rate reactivity, but not
with electrodermal reactivity.

Conclusion. Apathy is common, its severity depending on diagnosis
and localization of lesion.
Apathy and depression in brain damaged patients share common features,
but may be differentiated.
The significant relationship between apathy and heart rate may provide
a psychophysiological
correlation of the disengagement, lack of interest and absence of emotional
responsivity typically
seen in apathy. The results have implications for the theoretical understanding
of apathy and related
negative symptoms, and for rehabilitation practice.
Globalisation, Welfare Retrenchment and ‘the Logic of No
Alternative’: Why Second-best Won't Do
Authors: HAY COLIN
Published: July 2002

Peter Taylor-Gooby's recent contribution to the debate on
globalisation
and the logic of welfare retrenchment with which it has come to be so
closely associated (1997), represents a valuable and timely intervention

in a debate whose significance can scarcely be over-stated. Our assessment

of the extent to which the contours of the contemporary global
political economy circumscribe the parameters of the politically and economically

possible is crucial to our understanding of the trajectory and
future of the welfare state in a post-Keynesian era, as it is to any attempt

to reclaim a positive agenda for welfare reform in a context in which
social policy is increasingly being subordinated to the perceived imperative(s)

of economic competitiveness. Yet, despite its important challenge
to the equation of globalisation, ‘new times’ (however labelled)
and
welfare retrenchment, Taylor-Gooby's intervention is not unproblematic.

The counterposing of an ‘old sociology’ concerned with class,
capital and
the state with a ‘new sociology’ of fragmentation and diversity
(a sociology
of and for new times) is ultimately unhelpful. It presents
an artificially
stark choice between a celebration of the novel that threatens to prove

complicit with contemporary welfare reform on the one hand, and a
reassertion of continuity and the continuing relevance of ‘second-best

theory’ on the other. It is the argument of this brief response that
is only
by rejecting the dualistic pairings of ‘old’ and ‘new’
sociology, ‘old’ and
‘new’ times alike, that we can fashion a sociology and attendant
political
economy capable of detailing the complex and contingent processes
currently restructuring the welfare state and of charting the space for

positive alternative trajectories of welfare reform. In so doing we must

resist the temptation to make do with second-best.
Miranda Stewart, The Spanish language today.
London & New York: Routledge, 1999. Pp. xiv, 237. Pb
$25.99.
Authors: Lipski John M.
Published: July 2002

This book sets out to describe the Spanish language as
it is used in the world today, including regional and
social variation, pedagogical and political issues, mass
media and communication, and language planning. The book
is divided into nine chapters, a glossary, and a bibliography.
Feed-forward and the evolution of social behavior
Authors: Slobodchikoff C. N.
Published: July 2002

Feed-forward Pavlovian conditioning can serve as a proximate mechanism for the evolution of social behavior. Feed-forward can provide the impetus for animals to associate other individuals' presence, and cooperation with them, with the acquisition of resources, whether or not the animals are genetically related. Other social behaviors such as play and grooming may develop as conditioned stimuli in feed-forward social systems.
An integrative approach to the modeling of behavior
Authors: Timberlake William , Pecoraro Norman , Tinsley Matthew
Published: July 2002

Theorists of learning, regulation, and evolution explain behavior using remarkably different concepts because of pressures toward specialization, a focus on testing simple causal theories that underconceptualize the contributions of the organism and its environment, and the absence of a working model capable of surviving in a complex environment. We add suggestions for the development and testing of such a model.
A new approach for explaining dreaming and REM sleep mechanisms
Authors: Khambalia Amina , Shapiro Colin M.
Published: July 2002

The following review summarizes and examines Mark Solms's article Dreaming and REM Sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms, which argues why the understanding of REM sleep as the physiological equivalent of dreaming needs to be re-analyzed. An analysis of Solms's article demonstrates that he makes a convincing argument against the paradigmatic activation-synthesis model proposed by Hobson and McCarley and provides provocative evidence to support his claim that REM and dreaming are dissociable states. In addition, to situate Solms's findings in concurrent research, other studies are mentioned that are further elucidated by his argument.

[Solms]
A neurophysioiogical account of working memory limits: Between-item segregation and within-chunk integration
Authors: Raffone Antonino , Wolters Gezinus , Murre Jacob M.
Published: July 2002

We suggest a neurophysiological account of the short-term memory capacity limit based on a model of visual working memory (Raffone & Wolters, in press). Simulations have revealed a critical capacity limit of about four independent patterns. The model mechanisms may be applicable to working memory in general and they allow a reinterpretation of some of the issues discussed by Cowan.
Individual differences in age preferences in mates: Taking a closer look
Authors: Einon Dorothy
Published: July 2002

British marriage statistics (N = 311,564) suggest
that women of breeding age choose young men. Women past breeding
age who could still be raising children extend choices to include
older men. After this, women do not marry. The choices of men over
50 are restricted to women between 40 and 55: past breeding but
young enough to be raising children; the few men over 50 that marry
choose women in this age range.
Extracting higher-level relationships in connectionist models
Authors: Marcus Gary F.
Published: July 2002

Connectionist networks excel at extracting statistical
regularities but have trouble extracting higher-order relationships.
Clark & Thornton suggest that a solution to this problem might
come from Elman (1993), but I argue that the success of Elman's
single recurrent network is illusory, and show that it cannot in fact
represent abstract relationships that can be generalized to novel
instances, undermining Clark & Thornton's key
arguments.
In search of the unicorn: Where is the invariance in speech?
Authors: Greenberg Steven
Published: July 2002

Understanding spoken language involves far more than
decoding a linear sequence of phonetic elements. In view of the
inherent variability of the acoustic signal in spontaneous speech,
it is not entirely clear that the sort of representation derived from
locus equations is sufficient to account for the robustness of spoken
language understanding under real-world conditions. An alternative
representation, based on the low-frequency modulation spectrum,
provides a more plausible neural foundation for spoken language
processing.
The case for general mechanisms in concept formation
Authors: Livingston Kenneth R.
Published: July 2002

Reasons are given for believing that it is premature to
abandon the idea that domain-general models of concept learning
can explain how human beings understand the biological world.
Questions are raised about whether the evidence for domain
specificity is convincing, and it is suggested that two constraints
on domain-general concept learning models may be sufficient
to account for the available data.
The role of executive control in saccade generation
Authors: Gooding Diane C.
Published: July 2002

The Findlay & Walker model of saccade generation does not appear to account fully for saccadic performance deficits observed in schizophrenia patients. It would be enhanced by inclusion of a frontally mediated, central executive function system. A review of schizophrenia patients' antisaccade task deficits provides an example of the role of higher cortical functioning in saccade generation.
Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), a disembodied learning machine, acquires human word meaning vicariously from language alone
Authors: Landauer Thomas K.
Published: July 2002

The hypothesis that perceptual mechanisms could have more
representational and logical power than usually assumed is interesting
and provocative, especially with regard to brain evolution. However,
the importance of embodiment and grounding is exaggerated, and the
implication that there is no highly abstract representation at all,
and that human-like knowledge cannot be learned or represented without
human bodies, is very doubtful. A machine-learning model, Latent
Semantic Analysis (LSA) that closely mimics human word and passage
meaning relations is offered as a counterexample.
A view from cognitive linguistics
Authors: Langacker Ronald W.
Published: July 2002

Barsalou's contribution converges with basic ideas and
empirical findings of cognitive linguistics. They posit the same general
architecture. The perceptual grounding of conceptual structure is a
central tenet of cognitive linguistics. Our capacity to construe the
same situation in alternate ways is fundamental to cognitive semantics,
and numerous parallels are discernible between conceptual construal and
visual perception. Grammar is meaningful, consisting of schematized
patterns for the pairing of semantic and phonological structures. The
meanings of grammatical elements reside primarily in the construal they
impose on conceptual content. This view of linguistic structure appears
to be compatible with Barsalou's proposals.
Expert perceivers and perceptual learning
Authors: Sowden Paul T.
Published: July 2002

Expert perceivers may learn more than just where to apply
visual processing, or which part of the output from the visual system
to attend to. Their early visual system may be modified, as a result
of their specific needs, through a process of early visual learning.
We argue that this is, in effect, a form of long-term, indirect
cognitive penetration of early vision.
Transfer operators for coupled analytic maps
Authors: FISCHER TORSTEN , RUGH HANS HENRIK
Published: July 2002

We consider analytically coupled circle maps (uniformly expanding and analytic) on the ${\mathbb Z}^d$-lattice with exponentially decaying interaction. We introduce Banach spaces for the infinite-dimensional system that include measures whose finite-dimensional marginals have analytic, exponentially bounded densities. Using residue calculus and ‘cluster expansion’-like techniques we define transfer operators on these Banach spaces. We get a unique (in the considered Banach spaces) probability measure that exhibits exponential decay of correlations.
Dynamical entropy for Bogoliubov actions of torsion-free abelian groups on the CAR-algebra
Authors: GOLODETS VALENTIN YA. , NESHVEYEV SERGEY V.
Published: July 2002

We compute dynamical entropy in Connes, Narnhofer and Thirring sense for a Bogoliubov action of a torsion-free abelian group $G$ on the CAR-algebra. A formula analogous to that found by Størmer and Voiculescu in the case $G={\Bbb Z}$ is obtained. The singular part of a unitary representation of $G$ is shown to give zero contribution to the entropy. A proof of these results requires new arguments since a torsion-free group may have no finite index proper subgroups. Our approach allows us to overcome these difficulties, it differs from that of Størmer–Voiculescu.
A second derivative formula of the Liouville entropy at
spaces of constant negative curvature
Authors: KNIEPER GERHARD
Published: July 2002

In this paper we study a new functional on the space of metrics
with negative curvature on a compact manifold. It is a linear
combination of Liouville entropy and total scalar curvature.
Locally symmetric spaces are critical points of this functional.
We provide an explicit formula for its second derivative at
metrics of constant negative curvature. In particular, this shows
that a metric of constant curvature is a local maximum.
The existence of absolutely continuous invariant measures is not a topological invariant for unimodal maps
Authors: BRUIN HENK
Published: July 2002

Within the class of S-unimodal maps with fixed critical order it is shown that the existence of an absolutely continuous invariant probability measure is not a topological invariant.
Reduced ${\bi C}^*$-crossed products by free shifts
Authors: CHODA MARIE , NATSUME TOSHIKAZU
Published: July 2002

The free shift $\alpha$ of the reduced free product $C^*$-algebra $A$ is studied from both the analytic and non-commutative ergodic theoretic viewpoints. For an automorphism $\beta$ of $B$, we show that the entropy of $\mathop{\rm Ad}\nolimits u(\alpha \otimes \beta)$ is equal to the entropy of $\mathop{\rm Ad}\nolimits u(\beta)$. We also show that if $B$ is unital, nuclear, and simple, and if the crossed product $B \rtimes_\beta {\Bbb Z}$ is simple and purely infinite, then $(O_\infty \otimes B)\rtimes_{\alpha \otimes \beta} {\Bbb Z}$ is isomorphic to $B \rtimes_\beta {\Bbb Z}$.
Standard orbit factors and entropy-free Vershik equivalence
Authors: FELDMAN J.
Published: July 2002

1. Let ${\bf r}=(r_1,r_2,\dots)$ be a sequence of integers greater than one. Then every ${\bf r}$-adic reverse filtration has a maximal standard orbit factor.

2. For ‘entropy-free’ ${\bf r}$, $a\geqq 0$, and any free action $A$ of the group $G=(Z/r_1Z)+(Z/r_2Z)+\dotsb$, there is a free ergodic action $A'$ of $G$ with $h(A')=a$ and such that the reverse filtration produced by $A'$ is isomorphic to that produced by $A$.
Housing wealth, income and financial wealth of older people in Britain
Authors: HANCOCK RUTH
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the housing wealth of older people in Britain
in relation
to their incomes and financial wealth. Family Expenditure Survey data for

1992/3 to 1993/4 are used to assess the extent to which housing
wealth could
alleviate income poverty in old age. A range of poverty and housing wealth

thresholds are used. Although housing wealth increases with both income
and
financial wealth, the analysis suggests that there are non-negligible proportions

of low income older people who could generate small supplements to their

incomes by converting the wealth tied up in their homes into an income

stream, but in few cases would this be sufficient to pay for long-term
residential
care for any length of time.
Cultural diversity and international political theory: from the Requirement to ‘Mutual Respect’?
Authors: BROWN CHRIS
Published: July 2002

From the time of the Conquistadors through to New Labour's ethical foreign policy of ‘mutual respect’, Modern Europe has found it difficult to identify the appropriate ethical framework for understanding its relationship with the non-European world, a difficulty increasingly apparent in the post-Cold War world. Some argue that late-modern or ‘postmodern’ thought can provide a better framework than the discourses of classical modernity, but a more fruitful alternative may be found in the revival of premodern ways of posing ethical questions.
A Reply to A.G. Hopkins
Authors: WARNER CAROLYN M.
Published: July 2002

The political scientist who relies upon historiographic sources to propose and test
hypotheses runs the risk of riling up not only her peers in the discipline, but also the
historians upon whose work she must rely to provide the materials for these hypotheses.
It was intellectually satisfying and stimulating to learn that my work has been
read not only by scholars in ‘my’ discipline, but also by those in the discipline which
made my own analysis possible, and I am grateful for Professor Hopkins' extensive
comments. As Hopkins notes, there are differences in the orientation of the two
disciplines: political science has as one of its central concerns ‘the state’, while
historians are more interested ‘in charting changing relativities in international
relations’. As a political scientist, I am indeed interested in identifying the factors
which lead to such changes.
‘Funky Drummer’: New Orleans, James Brown and the rhythmic transformation of American popular music
Authors: Stewart Alexander
Published: July 2002

The singular style of rhythm & blues (R&B) that emerged from New Orleans in the years after World War II played an important role in the development of funk. In a related development, the underlying rhythms of American popular music underwent a basic, yet generally unacknowledged transition from triplet or shuffle feel (12/8) to even or straight eighth notes (8/8). Many jazz historians have shown interest in the process whereby jazz musicians learned to swing (for example, the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra through Louis Armstrong's 1924 arrival in New York), but there has been little analysis of the reverse development – the change back to ‘straighter’ rhythms. The earliest forms of rock 'n' roll, such as the R&B songs that first acquired this label and styles like rockabilly that soon followed, continued to be predominantly in shuffle rhythms. By the 1960s, division of the beat into equal halves had become common practice in the new driving style of rock, and the occurrence of 12/8 metre relatively scarce. Although the move from triplets to even eighths might be seen as a simplification of metre, this shift supported further subdivision to sixteenth-note rhythms that were exploited in New Orleans R&B and funk.
Indoor robot motion based on monocular images
Authors: Ortín D. , Montiel J. M. M.
Published: July 2002

The estimation

of the 2D relative motion of an indoor robot using

monocular vision is presented. The camera calibration is known, and

its motion is limited to be planar. These constraints are

included in the robust regression of epipolar geometry from point

matches. Motion is derived from the epipolar geometry. A sequence

of 54 real images is used to test the algorithm.

Accurate motion, both in rotation and translation angles of 0.4

and 1.7 deg, is successfully derived.