bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new anodic method for the transfer of oxide films from heat‐tinted iron to glass or plastic
Authors: Evans U. R. , Tomlinson R.
Published: July 2010

In the new anodic method, the specimen carrying the oxide film to be transferred is cemented to glass, and the whole of the metal is dissolved away by anodic action, leaving the film attached to the glass. The method has the advantage that large areas of films are transferred to a rigid, transparent support, without any doubt as to which of the two surfaces represents the outer surface of the film as present on the metal. The area of the pieces transferred can be measured, and the metal (or metals) in the films estimated by microanalysis; alternatively by transferring to glass coated with petroleum jelly, the wrinkling or curling of the film gives information about the stresses present in the films when they are clinging to the metal. The validity of the method is shown by the fact that the transparency and appearance of the film depend on the temperature and time of the heating of the metal but are independent of the electrical conditions in the cell.
The biological and therapeutic significance of organic phosphates occurring in nature
Authors: Bergel F.
Published: July 2010

The search for technically applicable methods for the synthesis and preparation of naturally occurring organic phosphates includes finding new ways of phosphorylation and the application of up‐to‐date physico‐chemical methods for purification and analysis. The achievements of Todd and his collaborators in synthesizing pyrimidine and purine nucleotides, including adenosine triphosphate, have contributed greatly to the advances in this field, in which so many others have taken part, including my colleagues and myself.

The purpose of this paper is to present the background of this synthetic adventure—a kind of stocktaking and a story largely dependent on published and printed matter, scattered in many journals and treated in articles and books [e.g. Baldwin, 1947; Lipmann, 1941; Lipmann & Kaplan, 1949; Umbreit, 1947 (added at the proof‐reading stage: Avison & Hawkins, 1951; Lynen & Koenigsberger, 1950, 1951; Oesper, 1950; Hill & Morales, 1950, 1951)], and as such far from complete.
Film resistances in rectification. II
Authors: Storrow J. Anderson
Published: July 2010

Data from the rectification of ethanol–water mixtures in a wetted‐wall column have been analysed using measured values for the diffusion coefficient of ethanol in the liquid phase. The data from differential measurements of the concentration distribution cannot be correlated satisfactorily but the liquid‐film resistance appears to depend on a function of the Hatta group magnified image confirming the conclusions of Chari & Storrow for data on methanol–water mixtures.
Sodium benzoate and other metal benzoates as corrosion‐inhibitors in water and in aqueous solutions
Authors: Wormwell F. , Mercer A. D.
Published: July 2010

Sodium benzoate has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of the corrosion of mild steel in distilled water, a moderately hard mains‐water and very dilute (e.g. 0·03%) sodium chloride solutions. The concentration of benzoate required for inhibition is greater (0·5%) for machined than for emeried surfaces (0·1% in favourable conditions) and for mains water or chloride solutions (1·0 or 1·5%) as compared with distilled water (0·5%).

Movement of the solution, or saturation with oxygen, assists inhibition, but a pH below 6 causes breakdown. Comparisons with sodium chromate show that sodium benzoate is less efficient; it is, however, a ‘safe’ inhibitor since it does not lead to intense localized corrosion when the concentration is just below the minimum for protection. The following benzoates have also been shown to possess inhibitive properties: potassium, lithium, zinc and magnesium. Zinc is partly, and copper and aluminium completely, protected in 0·05% sodium benzoate solution at room temperature.

An unusually high rate of hydrogen gas evolution occurs in dilute sodium chloride solutions containing insufficient sodium benzoate for complete inhibition. A tentative explanation is suggested. The detailed mechanism of the protective action of sodium benzoate is not yet established, but electrode‐potential measurements and film‐stripping experiments provide evidence for the view that anodio inhibition produces and maintains a continuous film. Electron‐diffraction examination of the stripped film has so far yielded definite evidence of γ‐ferric oxide (or Fe3O4) only.
The prevention of corrosion in packaging. II. Temporary protecttves from rubber latex and other aqueous dispersions
Authors: Stroud E. G. , Vernon W. H. J.
Published: July 2010

Metal articles can be given a strippable protective coating by dipping in cold concentrated rubber latex (preferably vulcanized) in which a corrosion‐inhibitor, compatible with the latex, is incorporated. Sodium benzoate is effective for this purpose for steel and certain other metals under adverse conditions of storage or transport. The sodium salts of certain other carboxylic acids may also be used. The best all‐round protection (embracing cast iron, solder, tinplate and non‐ferrous metals except cadmium and magnesium) is afforded by sodium benzoate with a smaller proportion of sodium nitrite.

Protective films which, however, are hard and generally non‐strippable, may also be obtained by the addition of benzoate to emulsions of other organic high polymers such as polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride and copolymers.
Essential oils of New Zealand podocarpaceae. I. Dacrydium colensoi
Authors: Briasco J. D. , Murray J.
Published: July 2010

The essential oil of Dacrydium colensoi has been fractionated in an efficient column and is shown to contain at least 16 constituents. Ten of these have been identified with known compounds, namely, α‐pinene, myrcene, limonene, terpinolene, longifolene, (?) muurolene, cadinene, macrocarpol, phyllocladene and isophyllocladene. Other constituents include a sesquiterpene similar to aromadendrene and one of the cadalene type. The status of ‘cadinene’ is discussed.
A new synthesis of formamidine
Authors: Brown D. J.
Published: July 2010

Formamidine has been synthesized by a new route, namely by the action of Raney nickel on thiourea.
A fractionating stillhead of improved design
Authors: Payne N. , Perrins L. E.
Published: July 2010

An improved type of all‐glass fractionating stillhead is described; it works on the vapour‐splitting principle, which gives a constant reflux ratio independently of variations in pressure or boil‐up rate.
The assessment of specific surface by single‐observation photo‐extinction methods
Authors: Rose H. E.
Published: July 2010

In previous papers, it has been shown that owing to the variation of the ‘extinction coefficient’ with particle size the specific surface of a powder, as determined from the measurement of the total extinction of a suspension of the material, is subject to errors of considerable magnitude.

Thus, the convenient method based upon a single measurement of the opacity of the suspension is unsatisfactory where results of even moderate accuracy are required and recourse must then be made to the tedious method in which a size‐frequency curve is obtained and the specific surface is then calculated from these data.

In the present paper empirical expressions are derived whereby a value of specific surface in close agreement with that obtained from a size‐frequency analysis may be obtained from a single measurement of the opacity of a suspension of the powder.
The influence of soap‐phase structure on some physical properties of lithium greases
Authors: Evans D. , Hutton J. F. , Matthews J. B.
Published: July 2010

A calorimeter and technique for the differential thermal analysis of soap‐oil systems such as greases are described. Results are given for the temperatures and latent heats of the phase transformations which occur in grease systems made from lithium stearate, lithium 12‐hydroxystearate, or mixtures of these two soaps, and a hydrocarbon lubricating oil. Estimates of the solubilities of the soaps in the oil as functions of temperature have been made on the basis of the latent‐heat data.

Lithium greases have been prepared, varying the temperature conditions during their preparation so that the soap fibres present in the final greases were grown while the system existed in different phase structures. The hardness and the resistance to oil separation are found to be determined by the soap phase existing during the growth of the fibres; this is attributed to the influence of the soap phase structure on the shape and size of the fibres produced.
The chromatographic purification of inorganic salts on activated alumina
Authors: Lister B. A. J.
Published: July 2010

Solutions of zinc, cadmium, manganese, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium salts and of ammonium and sodium tungstates have been freed from trace impurities of iron, copper, silver and lead by one passage through a column packed with activated alumina. In most cases, the contamination in the resulting solutions is below the limits of polarographic or photometric analysis.
Two‐line‐pair nomograph for non‐parallel working curves in spectrographic evaluation
Authors: Flounders J. L.
Published: July 2010

Nomographic evaluation of the two‐line‐pair method of spectrographic analysis [Sanders (1948) and Argyle & Price (1948)] is here extended, by a simple geometric construction, to include non‐parallel working curves such as are obtained when a neutral filter is not used.
On the thermal decomposition of dolomite. IV.thermogravimetric investigation of the dolomite decomposition
Authors: Haul R. A. W. , Markus J.
Published: July 2010

The thermal decomposition of dolomite at various constant temperatures and carbon dioxide pressures has been investigated by the ‘loss‐of‐weight method.’ Depending on these conditions, dolomite can be decomposed either stepwise to magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate (‘half‐burnt dolomite’) with subsequent dissociation of calcium carbonate, or in a single stage to both magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. It is most significant that partial decomposition is independent of the carbon dioxide pressure occurring within the same narrow temperature range, about 680°. If the ambient carbon dioxide pressure is lowered below the dissociation pressure of calcite corresponding to this temperature, then decomposition curves are shifted to lower temperatures. The second stage of the step‐wise decomposition occurs at increasingly higher temperatures with increased carbon dioxide pressure. However, complete decomposition becomes progressively more difficult owing to remaining calcium carbonate. A reaction mechanism of the thermal decomposition of dolomite is propounded based on these thermogravimetric results in conjunction with thermodynamic calculations and X‐ray studies.
The oxidation of carbon by air. I. Catalysis in the oxidation of carbon black by air
Authors: Patai Saul , Hoffmann E. , Rajbenbach L.
Published: July 2010

The oxidation of carbon black by air in a closed system was studied at 367°, in the presence of ten different potassium salts, and of the chlorides of six different metals. The reaction follows overall second‐order kinetics. The apparent activation energy of the air oxidation of carbon black is 24·7 kcal. / mole; this figure is reduced to 22·3 and 15·6 kcal. by the presence of potassium chloride and potassium carbonate respectively. An explanation is presented for the catalytic action of halogenides; the formation of an oxygenated intermediate from the halogenide anion is assumed, which can thus act as an oxygen carrier.
Solvent extraction of phenol from coal‐tar hydrocarbons: The use of glycerol, triethylene glycol and their aqueous solutions as solvents
Authors: Cumming A. P. C. , Morton F.
Published: July 2010

Ternary solubility data for the systems glycerol‐phenol‐hydrocarbons and triethylene glycolphenol‐hydrocarbons at 20°, 40° and 60° and phase‐equilibrium data for the same systems are presented. The hydrocarbon fraction used, prepared from a high‐temperature tar, had a boiling range 173–180° and was free from phenols and bases. It is shown that the addition of water to glycerol reduces the efficiency of the separation, but with triethylene glycol a limited addition gives an improved product. The data are compared with published data for the system 70% methanol‐water‐hydrocarbon‐phenol, which is the basis of the Metasolvan process.
The determination of fluorine in polytetrafluoroethylene
Authors: Haslam J. , Whettem S. M. A.
Published: July 2010

A method has been developed for the determination of fluorine in polytetrafluoroethylene. In this method the sample is fused with sodium peroxide in a Parr bomb and the aqueous extract of the melt is distilled with perchloric acid in the presence of silica. The fluoride in the distillate is titrated at a controlled pH of 3·0 with thorium nitrate solution using sodium alizarinsulphonate as indicator; the end‐point in the titration is determined by comparison with a colour standard containing thorium fluoride, cobalt sulphate and potassium dichromate. The thorium nitrate is standardized against pure sodium fluoride which has been submitted to the peroxide fusion and perchloric acid distillation process.
Pyrazolyltetrazoles
Authors: Scott F. L. , O'Donovan D. G. , Reilly J.
Published: July 2010

The prototype of a new class of tetrazoles, the 5‐1′‐pyrazolyls, has been synthesized. This substance, 5‐3′: 5′‐dimethyl‐1′‐pyrazolyltetrazole, in its reactions with the halogens substitutes in the 4‐position of the 1:2‐diazole ring without displacement of the 1‐5′‐tetrazolyl substituent.

Reduction of azidonitroamidine to the monoazide of diaminoguanidine, followed by cyclization, could lead to 5‐hydrazinotetrazole, the starting point in the above pyrazole synthesis. With even the weakly basic reducing agents used, however, nitroguanidine resulted.

When hydrazine and some of its derivatives (namely phenylhydrazine and 4:4‐diphenylsemicarbazide) were used, hydrazinolysis occurred. With other hydrazines, e.g. semicarbazide hydrochloride, methylhydrazine sulphate, 2:4‐dinitrophenylsemicarbazide and 2‐quinolylhydrazine, anomalous results are obtained. With 2:4‐dinitrophenyl‐ or p‐nitrophenyl‐hydrazines no reaction resulted.
A physical method of analysing sulphur dichloride
Authors: Whiting G. H.
Published: July 2010

A physical method of analysing samples of sulphur dichloride is described. It required the determination of density to 0·0001 g./ml., and of refractive index to 0·0001. Density was found by means of a submerged float with an iron core, and refractive index by a protected critical‐angle refractometer.

The properties of sulphur dichloride and of sulphur monochloride were as follows:
magnified image

By determining the densities and refractive indices of mixtures of the two chlorides with each other and with chlorine, a nomogram was constructed that related the percentage of sulphur monochloride and of chlorine, in any preparation of sulphur dichloride, to its density and refractive index. The analysis, accurate to 0·2% of each impurity, could be carried out in 15 minutes.
An apparatus for the direct measurement of the saturation temperatures of solutions
Authors: Dauncey L. A. , Still J. E.
Published: July 2010

Apparatus (The General Electric Co. Ltd., 1950) is described whereby the saturation temperature (with respect to a given solute) of a solution of known or unknown composition can be measured while the bulk of the solution is at a temperature several degrees above or below that of saturation. There is no need to bring the whole of the solution into equilibrium with excess of solute at any time or to change its temperature. In the apparatus, a current of the solution is passed through an adjustable heater to a cell containing a piece of solute, and the measurement is based on observation of the refractive‐index gradient in the solution near the solid.

The method is of particular value for measuring the degree of supersaturation maintained in a crystal‐growing tank, and also for the construction of solubility curves.
Physico‐chemical studies on dusts. III. Factors affecting the wetting of airborne silica dusts
Authors: Sprays Aqueous
Published: July 2010

In the mixing of prepared casein glues with water in quantity, the difficulties met with, namely lump‐formation and air‐entrainment, arise from difficulties experienced by the particles in penetrating the water surface, especially if the water already has part of the casein dissolved in it. It is shown that the mixing problem can be solved by carrying out the operation on a continuous basis, and using centrifugal forces to submerge the particles; a machine has been built in which correctly proportioned streams of casein powder and water are passed into a specially designed centrifuge cup, continuously discharged at the top through a scoop‐tube; a scraper provides reflux near the base, and air is removed centripetally as the materials ascend the divergent walls. The machine absorbed only 1/15 h.p. and yielded a virtually faultless mix at rates up to 20 1b. per minute.
The bulk polymerization of styrene
Authors: Vaughan M. F.
Published: July 2010

A study of the kinetics of the bulk polymerization of styrene throughout the range from o to 100% conversion was carried out under conditions likely to be realized on an industrial scale. From the initial rates of polymerization, Ro, of polymerization carried out in an atmosphere of nitrogen, a value of 20.7 kcal./mole was calculated for the activation energy of the overall polymerization process.

At the lower temperatures, marked ‘gel’ effects (i.e. simultaneous increments in R and p, the chain length of the polymer formed) were observed between 10% and 30% conversion; in the later stages, R and P appeared to decrease. It is suggested that these effects are due to the termination and propagation reactions, in turn, becoming diffusion controlled.

The comparison of the results obtained from parallel polymerizations carried out in the presence of nitrogen and air indicated that, in the presence of air, the oxygen is converted to a monomeric hydroperoxide which acts both as a polymerization catalyst and a centre for chain‐branching.
Alkali extraction of carbon disulphide from benzole
Authors: Mapstone Geo. E. , Chodkiewicz W. J.
Published: July 2010

The extraction of carbon disulphide from its solution in benzene by means of sodium hydroxide solution is a first‐order reaction with respect to the carbon disulphide content, and appears to be diffusion‐controlled (E = 3·43 kcal.). The rate of extraction is a function of the extent of mixing, the sodium hydroxide concentration, and temperature; the rate may be increased appreciably by the addition of a wetting agent and/or glycol, sucrose or molasses.
A simple helical packing for laboratory fractionating columns
Authors: Shorland F. B.
Published: July 2010

It has been found that a closely coiled spring wound as a single layer on a central core of sealed Pyrex tubing, and with its adjacent turns separated by one or more turns of a loosely coiled spring, constitutes an efficient packing for fractional distillation. To secure a good fit between the packing and the outer Pyrex tube of the column the latter is shrunk on the packing under vacuum by gently heating with a hand torch, using the air blast only.
Some mechanical properties of a commercial polymethyl methacrylate
Authors: Hoff E. A. W.
Published: July 2010

The mechanical properties of thermoplastics are strongly interdependent and sensitive to changes of temperature and straining rate. These and other, less general, factors have an important bearing on the choice of testing techniques which can very often not merely be taken over from the established metal‐testing practice. These points are discussed in detail, taking a few tests on the acrylic thermoplastic Perspex (polymethyl methacrylate) as instances. Some numerical values of the properties of Perspex in compression, tension, fatigue and impact are also given, mostly in graphical form.
The solvent action of organic substances on polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Walker E. E.
Published: July 2010

The facts concerning the solvent action of organic substances on polyacrylonitrile have been collected from diverse sources and new observations have been made. A new relationship between the boiling points of organic compounds and their latent heats of evaporation has been devised which is more accurate than the Hildebrand function, and this, together with new calculations and measurements of latent heats of evaporation, has been used to elucidate the relationship between the cohesive energy densities (C.E.D.) of organic compounds and their solvent power for polyacrylonitrile.

All solvents for polyacrylonitrile are highly polar in character. Most of the best solvents have very high C.E.D.s in the neighbourhood of 220 to 230 cal./c.c. A separate calculation shows that this is approximately the C.E.D. of the polymer. It is believed that the molecules of such solvents have no greater attraction for the polymer molecules than they have for their own kind, solution being brought about by the increase in entropy. N‐Disubstituted amides, and probably cyclic sulphones possess strong solvent action at lower C.E.D.s (116–170 cal./c.c.), and this is probably because the molecules of these substances have a slightly greater attraction for the polymer molecules than they have for their own kind. Most strongly hydrogen‐bonded substances, such as alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, unsubstituted amides, and monosubstituted open‐chain amides are non‐solvents at all levels of C.E.D. The powerful attraction of the molecules of such substances for each other is not matched by an equally powerful attraction for the polymer molecules, and solution cannot therefore take place. In some cases these hydrogen‐bonded substances make a strong contribution to the solvent power of mixtures.

If the C.E.D. of the polyacrylonitrile is reduced by interpolymerization with a polymerizable hydrocarbon, solvents such as open‐chain esters, ketones, and mono‐reactive nitriles possessing lower C.E.D.s will attack it. This shows that ketones, open‐chain esters, and mono‐reactive nitriles fail to dissolve polyacrylonitrile because none of these substances possesses the necessary high C.E.D. The failure is not due to their polar groups having less attraction for the nitrile groups of the polymer than they have for their own kind.

A modified equation for linking solvent power with the C.E.D. of the solvent in a semi‐quantitative manner has been devised. This contains an arbitrary constant K, but the value of this varies only within narrow limits.
Some aspects of the chemistry of coal tars. I. Chemical nature
Authors: Vahrman M.
Published: July 2010

The chemical, and to a more limited extent the physical, properties of coal tars of different origins are reviewed to serve as a background to the work to be described in later parts, mainly on tars derived from down‐jet combustion of bituminous coal. To the same end, the chemistry of the amorphous constituents of coal tars is separately considered, and a classification on the basis of known data is given.
The separation of the anhydrous chlorides of iron and aluminium by formation of graphite complexes
Authors: Croft R. C.
Published: July 2010

An investigation was made of the possibility of separating ferric and aluminium chlorides by heating mixtures of these chlorides with graphite. This scheme of separation was based on reports of other investigators who claimed that graphite formed lamellar complexes with ferric chloride but not with aluminium chloride. It was found, however, that graphite occludes aluminium chloride and also aluminium chloride and ferric chloride together. The stabilities of both these new complexes were examined and the compositions of the mixed ferric chloride–aluminium chloride complexes were also studied. It was concluded, from distribution studies, that a separation of both chlorides by heating mixtures of them with amounts of graphite in suitable proportion to the ferric chloride present is feasible, and of possible value in the industrial chlorination of ferruginous aluminium ores.
The reaction between ferric oxide and anhydrous aluminium chloride
Authors: Croft R. C.
Published: July 2010

A reaction between ferric oxide and anhydrous aluminium chloride has been shown to be thermodynamically favourable at temperatures between 25° and 285°. An experimental investigation of this reaction showed that it proceeded slowly at 200°, but rapidly at temperatures in the range 250° to 350°. Experimentally determined equilibrium constants did not agree with calculated constants, which were greater. This discrepancy is attributed to false equilibria being attained at experimental temperatures below the triple point of ferric chloride, 285°. Equilibrium at 300° and 350° corresponded with complete conversion of the ferric oxide to ferric chloride.
The cause of the chemical resistance of stainless steel
Authors: Berwick I. D. G. , Evans U. R.
Published: July 2010

(1) The corrosion of stainless steel by dilute sulphuric acid is accelerated by anodic treatment (when the chromium enters the solution in the sexivalent state) or by cathodic treatment (when it enters as tervalent ions). (2) In acid containing oxygen, the corrosion is negligible and the potential positive; in acid freed from oxygen with hydrogen, nitrogen or argon, corrosion is relatively rapid and the potential negative. (3) After short exposure to oxygen‐containing acid, the replacement of oxygen by another gas produces activity; the time required for the change increases as the preliminary exposure to oxygen is prolonged; if the preliminary exopsure exceeds a certain critical period, passivity persists for long periods after the oxygen has been removed. (4) The time needed for active stainless steel to become passive depends on the amount of oxygen introduced; below a certain concentration, it never becomes passive; above it, the reciprocal of the time needed is a rectilinear function of the oxygen added. The relation can be interpreted by taking the view that an oxide film is formed according to the logarithmic law. (5) The attack on stainless steel in 20% acid is increased by junction to carbon over which oxygen is passed; the direction of the current generated shows that the stainless steel is being drained of electrons which, according to the electron theory, should tend to render it passive.
A modified ‘short iodide’ method for the determination of copper in ores and concentrator products to allow recovery of the reagents
Authors: Willcocks R. G. W.
Published: July 2010

1. A modification of the ‘short iodide’ method for the determination of copper in ore and concentrator products is described.

2. A mixture of potassium iodide and sodium acetate is recovered from the titrated solutions and is used again.

3. The modification coupled with suitable semi‐automatic apparatus permits the handling of large numbers of routine copper‐ore samples with considerable economy in time and reagents.
The behaviour of wool wax and its constituents in water‐in‐oil emulsions
Authors: Tiedt J. , Truter E. V.
Published: July 2010

It is shown that the esters of wool wax are devoid of emulsifying power, and that the ability of lanolin to hold water in the form of a water‐in‐oil emulsion is due, almost entirely, to the free alcohol content. Of the constituents of lanolin, the most powerful emulsifying agents are members of the αβ‐glycol series. The emulsifying powers of cholesterol and of isocholesterol have been measured at various concentrations in liquid paraffin, and the confusion with regard to their relative efficiencies has been resolved. The intensifying action of esters upon their respective alcohols has been investigated and an explanation of the mechanism of the phenomenon is advanced.
The determination of the specific surface of barium sulphate: A comparison of results by different methods
Authors: Jopling D. W.
Published: July 2010

A description is given of the pipette and centrifuge methods of determining grain‐size distributions by sedimentation, and results are presented for a number of barium sulphate powders. From the size‐distribution curves, the specific surfaces are calculated and compared with values obtained by air permeability, dye adsorption and a light‐extinction method. The results for the dye‐adsorption and air‐permeability methods are shown to be in good agreement with each other, but do not always agree with the values calculated from the size distribution. It is suggested that this is due to aggregates, instead of discreet particles, settling in the sedimentation analysis, and this view is supported by electron‐micrographs. The failure of the optical method is attributed to the fineness of the powders.
The physical toxicity of chemicals. III. A systematic treatment of physical toxicity in aqueous solutions
Authors: McGowan J. C.
Published: July 2010

(1) The factors influencing the toxicity of a physically‐toxic organic compound in different biological tests are discussed. (2) Toxic concentrations in aqueous solutions for 26 sets of biological experiments have been collected from the literature, arranged under the names of the 269 compounds listed in alphabetical order, and compared with the toxic concentrations calculated by means of the equation previously given (see Part 11).
Studies on the penetration of cooking liquors into bamboo chips
Authors: Singh Kartar
Published: July 2010

Bamboo is now a major raw material for the Indian pulp and paper industry. The investigations described in this paper concern the improvement in the process of manufacture of pulp from bamboo.

One of the greatest difficulties in the production of good‐quality pulp from bamboo at an economic yield lies in its great resistance to the penetration of cooking liquors into the interior of the chips. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyse the resistance to flow of liquids into the interior of bamboo chips by investigating: (i) void space in bamboo blocks, (ii) directional permeability, (iii) the penetrations under forced flow of the liquids, and (iv) the effect of various factors on the rate of penetration. The results have been compared with those from coniferous woods.

These investigations show that the void space in blocks of bamboo is much smaller comparatively than in coniferous woods. This void space is not easily accessible to cooking liquors. Most of the mass movement of the liquor takes place through the vessels along the grain and the rest of the structure offers great resistance to penetration.

The only effective means of securing complete penetration of blocks of bamboo has been found to be the application of hydrostatic pressure of the order of 100 lb./sq. in. In contrast with this, for coniferous woods the evacuation treatment is far more effective than pressure. It is suggested that application of pressure during the early stages of the process of digestion would help to overcome most of the difficulties encountered in the pulping of bamboo.
The catalytic hydrolysis of hydrogen cyanide to ammonia
Authors: Marsh J. D. F. , Newling W. B. S. , Rich J.
Published: July 2010

Catalytic hydrolysis of hydrogen cyanide in the gas phase to ammonia is shown to be a practicable method for the removal of this undesirable constituent from hydrogen sulphide concentrates produced from coal gas. Results obtained using various catalysts at 400° are given, and the kinetics of the reaction on alumina in the range 200–300° are described.
The corrosion of mild steel and brass in chlorinated water
Authors: Wormwell F. , Nurse T. J.
Published: July 2010

The corrosion of mild steel and brass sheet in flowing water has been investigated in the laboratory and at four outside stations. The apparatus specially designed for the tests is considered to be generally suited for experiments in flowing waters. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of chlorination, rate of flow, period of test and temperature. In general the effect of chlorination (up to 0·4 p.p.m. free chlorine) of the various waters was not marked, either for mild steel or brass–a result of considerable practical importance. An appreciable increase in the rate of corrosion of brass was observed, however, in one ‘raw’ hard water, and in another water the corrosion of brass was increased by chlorination at water speeds of about 50 ft./sec.
The heat treatment of dolomite. II. The ‘activity’ of dolime in relation to its temperature of preparation from dolomite
Authors: Britton H. T. S. , Gregg S. J. , Winsor G. W. , Willing E. G. J.
Published: July 2010

Samples of dolomite have been calcined for two hours at a succession of fixed temperatures in the range 600° to 1400°. The ‘activity’ of the product–assessed by measurements of the rate of dissolution in water, the rate of slaking, the bulk volume and the sedimentation volume in carbon tetrachloride–was a maximum after treatment at about 1000°. An explanation is suggested.
‘Stalactite’ formation in a boiler
Authors: Greener C. H.
Published: July 2010

An unusual case of ‘stalactite’ formation, in a water‐tube steam‐boiler, is described and an explanation to account for the phenomenon is advanced.
The effect of climate and atmospheric pollution on corrosion
Authors: Hudson J. C. , Stanners J. F.
Published: July 2010

The results of routine observations on the corrosion of the small reference specimens of ingot iron and of zinc exposed at the atmospheric testing stations of the Corrosion Committee all over the world are presented and discussed. The data, which relate to more than 20 sites and to up to 20 separate annual tests at each, provide a good indication of the effect of climatic differences on atmospheric corrosion.

In Great Britain, where for most of the year the climate is sufficiently humid to promote corrosion, the determining factor for its severity is the sulphur pollution of the air. Tests made in collaboration with the Fuel Research Station at 16 sites where the atmospheric pollution is measured have shown an almost perfect correlation between the amount of sulphur dioxide taken up from the atmosphere by lead peroxide pollution gauges and the rale of corrosion, both for steel and zinc.

In the absence of sulphur pollution, corrosion at the sites overseas is generally slight; in dry climates it is negligible. For example, tests at Delhi indicate that the resistance of the Delhi pillar to corrosion is to be attributed to the mildness of the corrosive conditions there rather than to any superiority of the iron itself.

Corrosion on surf beaches in the tropics may, however, be exceptionally severe. At Lighthouse Beach, Lagos, Nigeria and at Kure Beach, N.C., U.S.A., the rates of corrosion for steel are about five times greater than those in the most corrosive industrial atmospheres in Great Britain. The severe corrosion at these places is associated with the salt spray from the sea, and the rate of corrosion falls off rapidly with increasing distance from the surf line.

Preliminary tests on specimens exposed at different heights on the Sutton Coldfield television mast suggest that the effect of distance from the ground is secondary to the natural variations in rates of corrosion from one year to another.

Some details of experimental technique are discussed. Work, in which American investigators have collaborated, has confirmed that at low copper contents variations of a few hundredths of one per cent, in copper content have a marked effect on the corrosion‐resistance of ingot iron. Because of the increasing difficulty in controlling the copper content of different batches of ingot iron, the small reference specimens used in the Corrosion Committee's most recent tests have been made of coppersteel instead of ingot iron. The copper‐steel now in use contains about 0·3% of copper; minor deviations from this figure should not affect the corrosion rate within the experimental error. It has also been found that, although it is advisable to stit the inhibited hydrochloric acid solution (Clarke's solution) used for derusting iron or steel specimens after exposure, failure to do so does not impair the accuracy of the results, at least for ingot iron or copper‐steel.
Acetylene studies. IV. Dehydration of dialkylethynylcarbinols
Authors: Bergmann Ernst D. , Sprinzak Y.
Published: July 2010

The direction of the dehydration in unsymmetrically substituted dialkylethynylcarbinols has been studied, with the help of infra‐red spectra, for isobutylethynylmethylcarbinol; for comparison, the dehydration of diethylethynylcarbinol has been investigated, in which a non‐conjugated hydrocarbon is one of the dehydration products.
The test for the apparent specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate
Authors: Shergold F. A.
Published: July 2010

The British Standard test for the apparent specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate (B.S. 812:1951) has been found to give variable results. The present paper describes an investigation made to devise a test that would not suffer from this variability.

The factors thought to affect the results of the test were studied, and it has been found that the following modifications to the standard procedure are desirable:

The size of aggregate tested should preferably be 3/4–1/2 in.

Before the aggregate is weighed in water it should be jolted at least 25 times under the water to remove entrapped air.

The aggregate should be soaked, and the saturated weights determined before oven‐drying, instead of after.

Two cloths should be used to surface‐dry the aggregate, which should be exposed to the atmosphere for at least 10 minutes before the saturated surface‐dry weight is determined.

Proposals for a method of test incorporating these and some minor modifications are given in the Appendix.
The influence of ferrous iron on bacterial corrosion
Authors: Adams Mary E. , Farrer T. W.
Published: July 2010

The rate of corrosion of cast iron by the action of sulphate‐reducing bacteria is increased by the addition of ferrous iron alone or the combined addition of ferrous iron and yeast extract. The addition of yeast extract alone, however, has a retarding effect upon corrosion. The specific action of the added ferrous iron is discussed and the rates of corrosion in heterotrophic conditions are compared with those in autotrophic conditions.
Sodium benzoate and sodium nitrite as corrosion‐inhibitors in ethylene glycol anti‐freeze solutions. II. Investigations in working vehicles
Authors: Wormwell F. , Mercer A. D. , Ison H. C. K.
Published: July 2010

Some 60 tests have been carried out in working vehicles to establish the efficiency of the benzoate/nitrite corrosion‐inhibitor in service conditions. The testing technique and the method of assessment of results are described. Of special importance is the need to carry out parallel tests in several vehicles, because of the varying rates of corrosion in different vehicles carrying the same coolant. The tests have shown that the addition of 1·5% of sodium benzoate with 0·1% of sodium nitrite to 20% or 33 1/3% solutions of ethylene glycol will effectively prevent corrosion of the cast iron of the cylinder block or head in the usual engine system. Corrosion of the radiator unit will also be prevented. The benzoate/nitrite inhibitor does not always prevent the corrosion of aluminium alloys.
Tests of the protective value of metallic coatings under sheltered conditions (marine atmosphere)
Authors: Clarke S. G. , Bradshaw W. N.
Published: July 2010

Results of tests on the corrosion of a range of coatings on steel (electroplated zinc, cadmium, tin, lead, silver, lead‐tin, tin‐zinc and sprayed aluminium) and of silver coatings on aluminium are presented; the tests were carried out with special reference to the behaviour of parts that are to be used or stored inside unsealed boxes, lockers or cabinets in a marine environment.

The common coating‐metals corrode very slowly to a similar degree, but, owing to local penetrative action by salt particles, the thickness of the coating layer required to prevent rusting is greater than if the corrosion were uniform. Metals anodic to steel, e.g. zinc and cadmium, by repressing rusting at local perforations, are fully protective in layers thinner than those of cathodic metals, e.g. tin or lead. The effect of sulphurous pollution from industrial and domestic combustion products is far‐reaching, and produces a strong sulphate component in a marine test‐location remote from large towns.
The effect of impurities in the metal on the rate of corrosion of zinc and galvanized coatings in the atmosphere
Authors: Gilbert P. T.
Published: July 2010

Results of atmospheric exposure tests on zinc and galvanized coatings are summarized under two headings : (i) the effect of additions to the galvanizing bath on the corrosion‐resistance of hot‐dipped coatings, and (ii) the behaviour of rolled zinc sheets of differing purity. In general the effect of impurities in the metal on the rate of corrosion was very slight. However, zinc‐2%‐copper alloy sheet corroded less than pure zinc sheet.
Temperature distribution in an ion‐exchange column
Authors: Short J. F. , Smith P. G. , Twigg G. H.
Published: July 2010

From theoretical considerations, an expression has been derived for the instantaneous temperature distribution in an ion‐exchange column. The theory predicts a ‘hot spot’ which will move along the tube with uniform velocity, and whose peak temperature will attain a steady value as it passes along the tube. With increasing concentration of regenerant this steady value increases; the time required to reach this steady value also increases, until at a critical concentration the temperature continues to increase indefinitely. At concentrations exceeding this critical value, the steady value will fall, so that a low maximum temperature is found for both low and high concentrations.

Experiments with varying regenerant concentrations confirmed these results regarding the behaviour of the steady value, and agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the peak velocity was within the limits of experimental error, in the range of concentrations likely in practice.

Owing to experimental difficulties in determining the fraction void and in interpreting bed‐volume figures and the effects of the swelling that occurs with many resins, quantitative prediction of maximum temperatures and of velocities may not be satisfactory until more information about the physical behaviour of ion‐exchangers is available.
Physicochemical studies on dusts. VI. Electron‐optical examination of finely ground silica
Authors: Gibb J. G. , Ritchie P. D. , Sharpe J. W.
Published: July 2010

Changes in surface structure brought about by removal of the high‐solubility layer from crystallinequartz and fused‐silica (Vitreosil) dusts by 40% hydrofluoric acid, and from Lochaline‐sand dust by a borate buffer (pH 7·5), are studied by electron‐optical methods. The accompanying changes in electron‐diffraction pattern show that the original surface‐layer is amorphous (estimated mean thickness about 0·03–0·06 μ); for quartz and Lochaline‐sand dusts there is some evidence of an intermediate layer of very minute crystallites between the amorphous‐layer and the crystalline core.
Chemical treatment of low‐grade manganese ores: Conversion of manganese dioxide into manganese sulphate
Authors: Blumberg Ruth , Morgan T. D.
Published: July 2010

A new method is described for converting manganese dioxide into manganous sulphate by treating manganese wad with gaseous sulphur dioxide. The reaction proceeds over a wide range of temperatures and sulphur dioxide partial pressures, but above 400° the reaction between iron and sulphur dioxide becomes appreciable. At lower temperatures the utilization of sulphur dioxide for sulphate ion formation approaches 100%, and sulphate ion corresponds stoicheiometrically to manganous ion. At furnace temperatures of 300–400°, using a gaseous reactant containing 15% of sulphur dioxide, 60–70% of the manganese in the wad is converted into soluble sulphate, the limiting factor being the decreasing concentration of manganese dioxide as reaction proceeds. For higher conversions, the reaction temperature may be increased, a richer gas may be used, or the sulphate first formed may be removed by leaching and the residue resubmitted to reaction with sulphur dioxide.
New ω‐substituted anisoles. I. Aryloxymethanesulphonates: Condensation of halogenomethanesulphonates with phenols and thiophenols
Authors: Barber H. J. , Cottrell H. J. , Fuller R. F. , Green M. B.
Published: July 2010

Sodium aryloxymethanesulphonates are formed in good yield when a mixture of equimolecular proportions of sodium chloromethanesulphonate, a phenol and sodium hydroxide is heated for four hours at 200–220°. The reaction is a general one and has been applied to a whole range of substituted phenols. Sodium arylthiomethanesulphonates are similarly obtained from thiophenols.
New ω‐substituted anisoles: III. Aryloxymethyl halides: Their preparation and reactions
Authors: Barber H. J. , Fuller R. F. , Green M. B. , Zwartouw H. T.
Published: July 2010

Aryloxymethanesulphonic acids, ArO·CH2·SO3H, or their salts react readily at room temperature with chlorinating agents such as phosphorus pentachloride or thionyl chloride. Sulphur dioxide is eliminated and the hitherto unknown aryloxymethyl chlorides, ArO·CH2Cl, are formed in high yield. These chlorides readily undergo a variety of metathetical reactions, e.g. with sodium alkoxides to form aryloxymethyl alkyl ethers, with sodium phenoxide to form bisaryloxymethanes, with sodium salts of carboxylic acids to form aryloxymethyl esters, with sodium cyanide to form aryloxyacetonitriles, with sodium thiocyanate to form aryloxymethyl thiocyanates, with potassiophthalimide to form aryloxymethyl‐phthalimides, and with tertiary amines to form quaternaryaryloxymethyl ammonium salts. With primary and secondary amines they break down to the parent phenol, and with ethyl sodiomalonate they give bisaryloxymethane and methylenebismalonic ester.
The corrosion of mild steel moving rapidly in salt solutions and natural waters
Authors: Wormwell F. , Nurse T. J. , Ison H. C. K.
Published: July 2010

The use of the high‐speed rotor apparatus for corrosion tests at speeds of 32·7 ft./sec. (about 20 knots) on uncoated specimens is described. Modifications for special purposes have been made, including provision for the measurement of electrode potentials. The passivity, characterized by relatively noble potentials, of mild steel moving rapidly in fresh water has been studied. Weight‐loss/time curves have been obtained at 25° for mild steel in sodium chloride solutions, and natural and artificial sea‐water. The rate of corrosion of mild steel increases with concentration of sodium chloride up to the maximum value (0·5N) investigated. Rates of corrosion in sea‐water are high, although lower than those in 0·5N‐sodium chloride.
Studies in ion exchange. III. Study of sulphonated cashew‐nut‐shell liquid and bhilawan‐shell liquid polymers
Authors: Shah H. A. , Bafna S. L.
Published: July 2010

Cation‐exchange resins, prepared by sulphonating the polymers obtained from commercial cashew‐nut‐shell liquid and bhilawan‐shell liquid either by polymerization in the presence of sulphuric acid as catalyst or by condensation with formaldehyde, with caustic soda as catalyst, have relatively high capacity and contain all the three types of ionogenic groups—sulphonic, carboxyl and hydroxyl.