bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Hope and Religious Coping Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Shamsalinia Abbas , Pourghaznein Tayebe , Parsa Marzie
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: Globally, diabetes is one of the most common non-contagious diseases resulting in severe complications. Fostered hope facilitates coping and improves self-care and one of the Factors affecting hope is religious beliefs. This research investigated the level of hope and its relationship with religious coping among Type 2 diabetes patients.

MATERIAL & METHODS: This correlation, cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 patients with Type 2 diabetes, who had been referred to the Karaj Diabetes Association during the period, March–June 2011, and selected through purposive sampling. A three-part questionnaire including demographic data, the Herth Hope Index, and a short form of religious coping, was used for data collection. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics, including Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the t-test, a one-way ANOVA, and a multiple regression analysis. The set significance level was p<0.05.

RESULTS: The mean hope score was 34.89 (SD±8.75); most of the subjects (46.7%) showed high levels of hope. Positive religious coping, marital status, and social support significantly affected hope fostering(r=0.897, p =0.000). A significant negative relationship was found between hope and age (r=-0.373, p=0.000), and between hope and negative religious coping (r=-0.749, p=0.000).

CONCLUSION: Positive religious coping, married life, and social support significantly affected the development of hope. Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between positive religious coping and social support. So, strengthening social support could lead to increased levels of positive religious coping and fostering of hope.
Prescription, Dispensation, and Generic Medicine Replacement Ratios: Influence on Japanese Medicine Costs
Authors: Yokoi Masayuki , Tashiro Takao
Published: May 2015

This study examined the effect of the separation of dispensing and prescribingmedicines between pharmacies and clinics (the separation system) and thegeneric medicine replacement ratio on the cost of various medicines in Japaneseprefectures. We obtained publiclyavailable data from electronic databases and official web pages of the Japanesegovernment and nonprofit public service corporations. For Japanese medicalinstitutions, participation in the separation system is optional. Consequently,the expansion rate of the separation system for each administrative district ishighly variable. In our multiple regression analysis, various daily medicineswere the objective variable and the expansion rate of the separation system andgeneric medicine replacement ratio were the explanatory variables. The expansion rate of the separation systemshowed a significant negative partial correlation with the daily costs oftotal, internal, single use, and injection medicines as well as medical devices. Moreover,the rate of replacing brand name medicines with generic medicines showed asignificant negative partial correlation with the daily costs of total,internal, and single use medicines. However, the two factors had no significantpartial correlation with external medicine costs. Thus, the separation system was as effective in reducing medicine costs asthe use of generic medicines, except in the case of external medicines. Despitethe latter case, the separation system should be expanded, especially in Asiancountries in which the system is underdeveloped, because the system cancontribute to reduce the total costs of prescriptions.Keywords: generic medicine replacement, economicmotive, multiple regression, separation system
Model of Providing Assistive Technologies in Special Education Schools
Authors: Lersilp Suchitporn , Putthinoi Supawadee , Chakpitak Nopasit
Published: May 2015

Most students diagnosed with disabilities in Thai special education schools received assistive technologies, but this did not guarantee the greatest benefits. The purpose of this study was to survey the provision, use and needs of assistive technologies, as well as the perspectives of key informants regarding a model of providing them in special education schools. The participants were selected by the purposive sampling method, and they comprised 120 students with visual, physical, hearing or intellectual disabilities from four special education schools in Chiang Mai, Thailand; and 24 key informants such as parents or caregivers, teachers, school principals and school therapists. The instruments consisted of an assistive technology checklist and a semi-structured interview. Results showed that a category of assistive technologies was provided for students with disabilities, with the highest being “services”, followed by “media” and then “facilities”. Furthermore, mostly students with physical disabilities were provided with assistive technologies, but those with visual disabilities needed it more. Finally, the model of providing assistive technologies was composed of 5 components: Collaboration; Holistic perspective; Independent management of schools; Learning systems and a production manual for users; and Development of an assistive technology center, driven by 3 major sources such as Government and Private organizations, and Schools.
Vijf jaar bindend Handvest van de Grondrechten: wat heeft het de rechtzoekende opgeleverd?
Authors: Morijn J. , Pahladsingh A. , Palm H.
Published: May 2015

Vijf jaar bindend Handvest van de Grondrechten: wat heeft het de rechtzoekende opgeleverd?

Levert het Handvest van de Grondrechten de rechtzoekende iets op? Om dit te beantwoorden analyseren we allereerst welke procesmatige en inhoudelijke voordelen het inroepen van het Handvest kan hebben ten opzichte van andere mensenrechtenbronnen. Daarna kijken we naar de eerste Nederlandse en Luxemburgse praktijk aangaande het recht op een eerlijk proces en het recht op privéleven en gegevensbescherming. Ook brengen we de wisselwerking in kaart tussen de rechterlijke bescherming gebaseerd op het Handvest en het EVRM. Wij concluderen dat er eerste tekenen van meerwaarde van het Handvest zijn voor de rechtszoekende, maar ook mogelijkheden bestaan zijn potentie nog beter te benutten.
Conceptos básicos y métodos en geoarqueología: geomorfología, estratigrafía y sedimentología
Authors: Benito-Calvo Alfonso , Campaña Lozano Isidoro , Karampaglidis Theodoros
Published: May 2015

En este trabajo se sintetizan los conceptos y métodos básicos de tres de las ciencias más comunes en geoarqueología, como son la geomorfología, la estratigrafía y la sedimentología. A través de estas ciencias se trata de reconstruir los paisajes y los procesos de formación en torno a las ocupaciones humanas del registro arqueológico. Las distintas metodologías son de diversa naturaleza y escala, combinando técnicas cartográficas, principios geológicos, descripciones de campo y análisis de laboratorio para caracterizar los materiales y medios físicos asociados a las ocupaciones humanas.
Aportaciones de los estudios de fitolitos en la prehistoria: formación, metodología y casos de estudio
Authors: Albert Rosa M. , Portillo Marta
Published: May 2015

En los últimos años los estudios de microfósiles vegetales, y los fitolitos en particular, se han consolidado como herramienta indispensable para reconstruir las condiciones paleoambientales y la paleovegetación, así como para trazar la utilización y explotación de los recursos vegetales en el pasado. En este trabajo se abordan diversas cuestiones metodológicas considerando procesos de formación, composición, producción y preservación de estos microrrestos. Asimismo se incide en la importancia de entender tanto los procesos de formación como los procesos postdeposicionales que pueden haber afectado la preservación de los restos y que son cruciales en la interpretación del registro arqueológico. A través de una selección de casos de estudio articulados en tres ejes temáticos principales (reconstrucción de la paleovegetación, uso del fuego y primeras prácticas agrícolas y ganaderas), se demuestra su enorme potencial y variabilidad de aplicaciones.
Archaeological fieldwork techniques in Stone Age sites. Some case studies
Authors: De la Torre Ignacio , Arroyo Adrián , Proffitt Tomos , Martín Ramos Carmen , Theodoropoulou Angeliki
Published: May 2015

Field techniques used in the excavation of archaeological sites are rarely specified in academic publications, under the tacit understanding that fieldwork methods are standardized enough to make their description unnecessary. Although that is probably the case in commercial archaeology, it is however an unwarranted assumption as far as academic archaeology is concern, and neglects the wide range of different field techniques used during archaeological excavations by each research team. In this paper, we outline field methods used by our research group in the excavation of Palaeolithic sites in Spain and East Africa, from the selection of localities for excavation to the digital processing of the resulting spatial and archaeological data. Our aim is to contribute to consolidating a corpus of standard practices in modern research archaeological excavation, whose quality control is essential to guarantee a successful collection of data used for the interpretation of archaeological remains.
Métodos de excavación: del trabajo de campo a la interpretación arqueológica
Authors: Mora Torcal Rafael , Martínez-Moreno Jorge , Roda Gilabert Xavier , Roy Sunyer Miquel , Vega Bolívar Susana
Published: May 2015

El registro arqueológico es la base material sobre la que se interpreta el pasado. Su recuperación ha sido foco de discusión metodológica y en los últimos años se ha visto impulsado por la irrupción de las nuevas tecnologías. En este trabajo exponemos la metodología de campo seguida por el Centre d’Estudis del Patrimoni Arqueològic de la Prehistòria (CEPAP-UAB). La excavación en extensión se presenta como propuesta metodológica para la recuperación del registro arqueológico. A continuación se expone la sistemática para la adquisición, digitalización, integración de los datos y la posterior generación de mapas temáticos dirigida a interpretar la relación entre los distintos ítems o estructuras. La metodología mostrada sirve como base para la creación de hipótesis de trabajo que se contrastan a lo largo del trabajo de campo y sustentan la base de la investigación.
Métodos y técnicas para la recuperación del registro arqueológico: una mirada desde el presente
Authors: Roda Gilabert Xavier , Mora Torcal Rafael
Published: May 2015

La renovación metodológica que ha surgido en los últimos años en el ámbito de la arqueología prehistórica ha favorecido la aparición de nuevas técnicas y estrategias de excavación que facilitan una mejor comprensión del registro arqueológico. Este volumen recopila una serie de textos que presentan diferentes aspectos metodológicos, cuyo objetivo es servir como introducción de los diferentes técnicas abordadas: geoarqueología, fitolitos, escáner 3D. El recorrido discurre desde la prospección arqueológica hasta las sistemáticas de excavación, repasando las diferentes metodologías que contribuyen a una mejor contextualización y preservación de los restos recuperados.
Study of Bone Marrow and Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment ofEscherichia coliEndotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice
Authors: Hao Qi , Zhu Ying-gang , Monsel Antoine , Gennai Stephane , Lee Travis , Xu Fengyun , Lee Jae-Woo
Published: May 2015

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be derived from multiple tissue sources. However, the optimal source of MSCs for cell-based therapy for acute lung injury (ALI) is unclear. In the present experiments, we studied bone marrow (BM)-derived and embryonic stem cell-derived human MSC (ES-MSCs) as a therapeutic agent in Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced ALI in mice. We hypothesized that ES-MSCs would be more potent than BM-MSCs owing to its more primitive source of origin. ALI was induced by the intratracheal instillation of endotoxin at 4 mg/kg into 10–12-week-old C57BL/6 mice with or without BM-MSCs, ES-MSCs, or normal human lung fibroblasts as a cellular control. Compared with the endotoxin-injured mice at 48 hours, the administration of ES-MSCs provided results similar to those of BM-MSCs, significantly reducing the influx of white blood cells and neutrophils and decreasing the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α, in the injured alveolus. BM-MSCs also reduced extravascular lung water, a measure of pulmonary edema, by 60% and the total protein levels, a measure of lung permeability, by 66%. However, surprisingly, ES-MSCs did not have these protective effects, which was partially explained by the increased secretion of matrix metallopeptidase 9 by ES-MSCs, an enzyme known to increase lung protein permeability. In conclusion, both BM-MSCs and ES-MSCs markedly decreased endotoxin-induced inflammation. However, ES-MSCs did not show any beneficial effect on reducing pulmonary edema and lung protein permeability compared with BM-MSCs, suggesting that not all MSCs behave in a similar fashion. Our results highlight the need perhaps for a disease-specific potency assay for MSCs.

Significance

To determine the optimal source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cell-based therapy for acute lung injury, bone marrow (BM)- and embryonic stem cell-derived human MSC (ES-MSCs) were compared as therapeutic agents for Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced lung injury in mice. ES-MSCs behaved similarly to BM-MSCs by markedly decreasing the inflammatory response induced by endotoxin. However, unlike BM-MSCs, ES-MSCs provided no protective effects against increasing lung water and protein permeability, in part because of an increase in expression of matrix metallopeptidase 9 by ES-MSCs. In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, impaired alveolar fluid clearance (i.e., no resolution of pulmonary edema fluid) has been associated with higher mortality rates. Although ES-MSCs might ultimately be found to have properties superior to those of BM-MSCs, such as for immunomodulation, these results highlight the need for a disease-specific potency assay for stem cell-based therapy.
Prevalence and behavioural risks for HIV and HCV infections in a population of drug users of Dakar, Senegal: the ANRS 12243 UDSEN study
Authors: Leprêtre Annie , Ba Idrissa , Lacombe Karine , Maynart Maryvonne , Toufik Abdalla , Ndiaye Ousseynou , Kane Coumba Toure , Gozlan Joël , Tine Judicaël , Ndoye Ibrahim , Raguin Gilles , Girard Pierre‐Marie
Published: May 2015

Objectives

Data on the extent of drug use and associated HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection in West Africa are lacking. The objectives of ANRS12244 UDSEN study were to estimate the size of the heroin and/or cocaine drug user (DU) population living in the Dakar area (Senegal), and assess the prevalence and risk factors of HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), including behavioural determinants in this population, in order to set up an integrated prevention and treatment programme for DUs.

Design and methods

A capture‐recapture method was applied for population size estimation, whereas the respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) method was used to recruit a sample of DUs living in the Dakar area and determine HIV, HBV and HCV prevalence. Behavioural data were gathered during face‐to‐face interviews, and blood samples were collected on dried blood spots for analysis in a central laboratory. Data analysis was performed using the RDS analysis tool, and risk factors were determined by logistic regression. Access to laboratory results was organized for the participants.

Results

The size of the DU population in the Dakar area was estimated to reach 1324 (95% confidence interval (95% CI: 1281–1367)). Based on the 506 DUs included in the study, the HIV, HCV and HBV prevalence were 5.2% (95% CI: 3.8–6.3), 23.3% (95% CI: 21.2–25.2) and 7.9% (95% CI: 5.2–11.1), respectively. In people who inject drugs (PWID), prevalence levels increased to 9.4% for HIV and 38.9% for HCV (p=0.001 when compared to those who never injected). Women were more at risk of being HIV infected (prevalence: 13.04% versus 2.97% in males, p=0.001). Being PWID was a risk factor for HCV and HIV infection (odds ratio, OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.7–4.3, and OR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.7–10.7, respectively), whereas older age and female sex were additional risk factors for HIV infection (10% increase per year of age, p=0.03 and OR: 4.9, 95% CI: 1.6–156, respectively). No specific determinant was associated with the risk of HBV infection.

Conclusions

High HIV and HCV prevalence were estimated in this population of DUs (including non‐injectors) living in the Dakar area, Senegal, whereas HBV prevalence was close to that of the global Senegalese population, reflecting a risk of infection independent of drug use. Women seem to be highly vulnerable and deserve targeted interventions for decreasing exposure to HIV, while behavioural risk factors for HIV and HCV include the use of unsafe injections, reflecting the urgent need for developing harm reduction interventions and access to opioid substitution therapy services.
Piezo1 links mechanical forces to red blood cell volume
Authors: Cahalan Stuart M , Lukacs Viktor , Ranade Sanjeev S , Chien Shu , Bandell Michael , Patapoutian Ardem
Published: May 2015

Red blood cells (RBCs) experience significant mechanical forces while recirculating, but the consequences of these forces are not fully understood. Recent work has shown that gain-of-function mutations in mechanically activated Piezo1 cation channels are associated with the dehydrating RBC disease xerocytosis, implicating a role of mechanotransduction in RBC volume regulation. However, the mechanisms by which these mutations result in RBC dehydration are unknown. In this study, we show that RBCs exhibit robust calcium entry in response to mechanical stretch and that this entry is dependent on Piezo1 expression. Furthermore, RBCs from blood-cell-specific Piezo1 conditional knockout mice are overhydrated and exhibit increased fragility both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we show that Yoda1, a chemical activator of Piezo1, causes calcium influx and subsequent dehydration of RBCs via downstream activation of the KCa3.1 Gardos channel, directly implicating Piezo1 signaling in RBC volume control. Therefore, mechanically activated Piezo1 plays an essential role in RBC volume homeostasis.
PLANO DE AÇÕES ARTICULADAS (PAR): um estudo sobre a liberação de recursos financeiros nos primeiros anos
Authors: Robl Fabiane
Published: May 2015

O presente texto tem por objetivo verificar a liberação de recursos financeiros decorrentes da elaboração do Plano de Ações Articuladas – PAR, integrante do Plano de Metas Compromisso Todos pela Educação, instituído pelo Decreto nº. 6.094/2007. Num primeiro momento, ainda em 2007, o Ministério da Educação priorizou o atendimento, tanto para a assistência financeira quanto para a assistência técnica, aos municípios com os baixos índices de desenvolvimento da educação básica– IDEB. No entanto, no mesmo ano foi criado o GT Capitais e Grandes Cidades, este tinha o objetivo de dar conseqüência às ações postas pelo PDE e às 28 diretrizes e metas estipuladas pelo Plano de Metas Compromisso Todos pela Educação. Este GT reunia, em 2007, 174 municípios com mais de 150 mil habitantes, incluindo as capitais dos estados brasileiros. Com isso, o principal objetivo deste texto é comparar os recursos financeiros repassados pelo MEC/FNDE aos municípios prioritários e aos municípios integrantes do GT Capitais e Grandes Cidades, nos primeiros anos de implementação do PAR.
ESTRATÉGIAS DE EDUCAÇÃO FINANCEIRA PARA CRIANÇAS: construindo situações didáticas de economia em sala de aula
Authors: Hofmann Ruth , Carneiro Soares Maria Tereza
Published: May 2015

Seguindo uma trajetória internacional de reconhecimento da importância formativa de competências econômicas e financeiras da população mundial, a institucionalização da educação financeira no Brasil, dada pelo Decreto no 7.397 de 22 de dezembro de 2010, prevê um conjunto de medidas pedagógicas de letramento financeiro voltadas ao público adulto, jovem e infantil. Tendo sido abordada em no ensino médio em diferentes Estados brasileiros em 2010, a perspectiva é de expansão da iniciativa para as crianças brasileiras. É nesse contexto que o presente trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir para o delineamento de metodologias do ensino de finanças para crianças mediante a construção de situações didáticas de economia em sala de aula. Parte-se do pressuposto de que à construção do conhecimento financeiro é imprescindível o conhecimento econômico, sendo este entendido contexto maior capaz de conferir significado aos conceitos e às noções financeiras. As estratégias de abordagem de educação financeira propostas neste artigo foram inspiradas em estudos que analisam a construção infantil de noções econômicas. Para tanto, selecionaram-se trabalhos que empregam, em seu método de coleta de dados, técnicas que envolvem predominantemente atividades capazes de mobilizar conhecimentos econômicos. Argumentou-se que o método clínico crítico, preponderante dentre os trabalhos descritos anteriormente, possibilita a combinação de diferentes técnicas, e que essa combinação pode resultar na criação algumas situações com potencial didático para o ensino de conceitos econômicos.
RESSIGNIFICAÇÕES DA PRÁTICA DOCENTE QUANTO AO USO DAS TIC A PARTIR DA EXPERIÊNCIA DO LIFE/UEL
Authors: De Lorena Stanzani Enio , Dias Broietti Fabiele Cristiane , Foletto de Moraes Dirce Aparecida , Eire de Melo Diene
Published: May 2015

O LIFE/UEL − Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Formação de Educadores da Universidade Estadual de Londrina − tem como objetivo sistematizar e congregar ações das diversas licenciaturas tendo como foco o uso das TIC − Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação − na Educação Básica. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar quais as influências provocadas pelo LIFE/UEL no que diz respeito à utilização das TIC na elaboração e desenvolvimento das atividades realizadas em sala de aula por uma professora de química. A abordagem é predominantemente de cunho qualitativo e o percurso metodológico recai na análise de uma entrevista semiestruturada realizada com uma das professoras participantes do projeto. A entrevista foi composta de cinco questões que abordavam sobre a prática docente e o uso das TIC a partir da experiência vivenciada no LIFE/UEL. Como resultado, destacamos a ruptura de uma visão em que a tecnologia se coloca como obstáculo e não como mais uma possibilidade de aprendizagem e a ressignificação, por parte da professora participante da investigação, de fazer uso das TIC em busca de novas concepções e práticas pedagógicas.
RESENHA CRÍTICA DO LIVRO “AVALIAÇÃO: POLÍTICAS EDUCACIONAIS E REFORMAS DA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR”, DE JOSÉ DIAS SOBRINHO - PARA UM DEBATE ATUAL SOBRE AVALIAÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR NO BRASIL.
Authors: Ferreira Ma Janaína
Published: May 2015

Esta resenha tem por objetivo fazer uma reflexão sobre o livro “Avaliação: Políticas Educacionais e Reformas da Educação Superior” (2003), de José Dias Sobrinho, destacando suas principais contribuições e atualidades, tendo em vista o caminho percorrido pela política de avaliação da educação superior no Brasil nos últimos dez anos.
Decadal and seasonal changes in temperature, salinity, nitrate, and chlorophyll in inshore and offshore waters along southeast Australia
Authors: Kelly Paige , Clementson Lesley , Lyne Vincent
Published: May 2015

Sixty years of oceanographic in situ data at Port Hacking (34°S) and Maria Island (42°S) and 15 years of satellite‐derived chlorophyll a (chl a) in inshore and offshore waters of southeast Australia show changes in the seasonality and trend of water properties consistent with long‐term intensification and southerly extensions of East Australian Current (EAC) water. Decadal analyses reveal that the EAC extension water at Maria Island increased gradually from the 1940s to 1980s, followed by a rapid increase since the 1990s. This acceleration coincided with enhanced winter nitrate, implying increased injections of subantarctic water at Maria Island. Satellite‐derived chl a at six coastal sites and offshore companion sites in the western Tasman Sea showed significant inshore‐offshore variations in seasonal cycle and long‐term trend. After 2004–2005, the Maria Island seasonal cycle became increasingly similar to those of Bass Strait and St. Helens, suggesting that the EAC extension water was extending further southward. Comparative analyses of inshore‐offshore sites showed that the presence of EAC extension water declined offshore. Seasonal cycles at Maria Island show a recent shift away from the traditional spring bloom, toward increased winter biomass, and enhanced primary productivity consistent with extensions of warm, energetic EAC extension water and more frequent injections of cooler, fresher nitrate‐replete waters. Overall, we find complex temporal, latitudinal, and inshore‐offshore changes in multiple water masses, particularly at Maria Island, and changes in primary productivity that will profoundly impact fisheries and ecosystems.
The interactions between anthropogenic aerosols and the East Asian summer monsoon using RegCCMS
Authors: Wang T. J. , Zhuang B. L. , Li S. , Liu J. , Xie M. , Yin C. Q. , Zhang Y. , Yuan C. , Zhu J. L. , Ji L. Q. , Han Y.
Published: May 2015

An online coupled regional climate‐chemistry model called RegCCMS is used to investigate the interactions between anthropogenic aerosols and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) over East Asia. The simulation results show that the mean aerosol loading and optical depth over the region are 17.87 mg/m2 and 0.25, respectively. Sulfate and black carbon (BC) account for approximately 61.2% and 7.8% of the total aerosols, respectively. The regional mean radiative forcing (RF) is approximately −3.64, −0.55, and +0.88 W/m2 at the top of the atmosphere for the total aerosol effect, the total aerosol direct effect, and the BC direct effect, respectively. The surface direct RF of BC accounts for approximately 31% of the total RF of all aerosols. Because of the total aerosol effect, both the energy budgets and air temperature are considerably reduced in the region with high aerosol loadings, leading to decreases in the land‐ocean air temperature gradient in summer. The total column‐absorbed solar radiation and surface air temperature decrease by 8.4 W/m2 and 0.31 K, respectively. This cooling effect weakens horizontal and vertical atmospheric circulations over East Asia. The wind speed at 850 hPa decreases by 0.18 m/s, and the precipitation decreases by 0.29 mm/d. The small responses of solar radiation, air temperature, and atmospheric circulations to the BC warming effect are opposite to those of the total aerosol effect. The BC‐induced enhancement of atmospheric circulation can increase local floods in south China, while droughts in north China may worsen in response to the BC semidirect effect. The total aerosol effect is much more significant than the BC direct effect. The East Asian summer monsoon becomes weaker due to the total aerosol effect. However, this weakness could be partially offset by the BC warming effect. Sensitivity analyses further indicate that the influence of aerosols on the EASM might be more substantial in years when the southerlies or southwesterlies at 850 hPa are weak compared with years when the winds are strong. Changes in the EASM can induce variations in the distribution and magnitude of aerosols. Aerosols in the lower troposphere over the region can increase by 3.07 and 1.04 µg/m3 due to the total aerosol effect and the BC warming effect, respectively.
On kinematics and flow velocity prediction in step‐pool channels
Authors: D'Agostino V. , Michelini T.
Published: May 2015

This paper verifies methods for the prediction of mean flow velocity at the reach scale in mountain streams, investigating the kinematics of a series of two small‐scale artificial step‐pool sequences and a transitional reach between plane‐bed and step‐pool under well‐controlled hydraulic conditions, and improving the estimation of the energy expenditure between the step crest and the downstream pool. Experimental data were collected using three fish ladder reaches with slopes between 2.6 and 10%. Four types of field measurements were conducted: topographical surveys to extract the thalweg profiles and cross‐sectional geometry of reference cross sections; grain size analyses of the bed surface; steady state runs with a given flow rate (0.005–0.234 m3/s), and surveying of the water profile in the most significant cross sections. The following main conclusions were reached: (i) the dominance of spill resistance at the lowest discharge (pool water depth‐step height ratios of 0.4) causes primary dimensionless head losses of up to 80%, and these losses progressively decrease to approximately 40% when the water discharge and related pool water depth submerge the upstream step height. A specific predictive equation for the head loss was calibrated and then verified via data from the Rio Cordon. (ii) The verification of literature‐sourced equations to predict the reach‐averaged flow velocity provided suitable results for several of these equations indicating that the use of a specific step‐pool equation does not appear to be crucial to achieving accurate predictions.
Did phosphorus derived from the weathering of large igneous provinces fertilize the Neoproterozoic ocean?
Authors: Horton Forrest
Published: May 2015

Primary productivity and organic carbon burial rates in the Precambrian were highly sensitive to fluxes of phosphorus (P) from the weathering of continental crust. Large igneous provinces (LIPs)—containing substantial P and highly susceptible to chemical weathering—occurred regularly during the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent, and flood basalts probably covered 3.7–7.4 × 106 km2 at a time when a low‐latitude continental configuration expedited weathering. Assuming chemical weathering liberated much of the P contained in the flood basalts, an estimated 1–4 × 1017 mol of biologically available P entered the ocean from LIPs between 900 and 500 Ma. Especially, voluminous LIP magmatism began at ∼850 Ma and culminated with the Franklin Province at 720 Ma, after which an estimated bioavailable P flux from flood basalts of 1–5 × 109 mol/yr may have been sustained for millions of years, elevating primary production and organic carbon burial rates. P enrichment of LIP magmas prior to eruption could have contributed to efficient reactive P delivery to the ocean: liquid‐crystal fractionation beneath thick cratonic lithosphere and the incorporation of metasomatic P potentially enriched Neoproterozoic LIP magmas more than anytime previously. Thus, a unique convergence of tectonic conditions—supercontinent breakup, voluminous mafic volcanism containing abundant P, and a low‐latitude continental configuration—may have facilitated an unprecedented flux of bioavailable P to the ocean that was capable of triggering oxidation of the ocean‐atmosphere system and enabling accelerated biologic diversification.
Pressure disequilibria induced by rapid valve closure in noble gas extraction lines
Authors: Morgan Leah E. , Davidheiser‐Kroll Brett
Published: May 2015

Pressure disequilibria during rapid valve closures can affect calculated molar quantities for a range of gas abundance measurements (e.g., K‐Ar geochronology, (U‐Th)/He geochronology, noble gas cosmogenic chronology). Modeling indicates this effect in a system with a 10 L reservoir reaches a bias of 1% before 1000 pipette aliquants have been removed from the system, and a bias of 10% before 10,000 aliquants. Herein we explore the causes and effects of this problem, which is the result of volume changes during valve closure. We also present a solution in the form of an electropneumatic pressure regulator that can precisely control valve motion. This solution reduces the effect to ∼0.3% even after 10,000 aliquants have been removed from a 10 L reservoir.
The influence of different turbulence models on the diffusion coefficients of energetic particles
Authors: Hussein M. , Tautz R. C. , Shalchi A.
Published: May 2015

We explore the influence of turbulence on the transport of energetic particles by using test particle simulations. We compute parallel and perpendicular diffusion coefficients for two‐component turbulence, isotropic turbulence, a model based on Goldreich‐Sridhar scaling, noisy reduced magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, and a noisy slab model. We show that diffusion coefficients have a similar rigidity dependence regardless which turbulence model is used, and thus, we conclude that the influence of turbulence on particle transport is not as strong as originally thought. Only fundamental quantities such as particle rigidity and the Kubo number are relevant. In the current paper we also confirm the unified nonlinear transport theory for noisy slab turbulence. To double check the validity and accuracy of our numerical results, we use a second test particle code. We show that both codes provide very similar results confirming the validity of our conclusions.
Causes of the longitudinal differences in the equatorial vertical E × B drift during the 2013 SSW period as simulated by the TIME‐GCM
Authors: Maute A. , Hagan M. E. , Yudin V. , Liu H.‐L. , Yizengaw E.
Published: May 2015

During stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) periods large changes in the low‐latitude vertical drift have been observed at Jicamarca as well as in other longitudinal sectors. In general, a strengthening of the daytime maximum vertical drift with a shift from prenoon to the afternoon is observed. During the January 2013 stratospheric warming significant longitudinal differences in the equatorial vertical drift were observed. At Jicamarca the previously reported SSW behavior prevails; however, no shift of the daytime maximum drift was exhibited in the African sector. Using the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME‐GCM) the possible causes for the longitudinal difference are examined. The timing of the strong SSW effect in the vertical drift (15–20 January) coincides with moderate geomagnetic activity. The simulation indicates that approximately half of the daytime vertical drift increase in the American sector may be related to the moderate geophysical conditions (Kp = 4) with the effect being negligible in the African sector. The simulation suggests that the wind dynamo accounts for approximately 50% of the daytime vertical drift in the American sector and almost 100% in the African sector. The simulation agrees with previous findings that the migrating solar tides and the semidiurnal westward propagating tide with zonal wave number 1 (SW1) mainly contribute to the daytime wind dynamo and vertical drift. Numerical experiments suggest that the neutral wind and the geomagnetic main field contribute to the presence (absence) of a local time shift in the daytime maximum drift in the American (African) sector.
A regional ionospheric TEC mapping technique over China and adjacent areas on the basis of data assimilation
Authors: Aa Ercha , Huang Wengeng , Yu Shimei , Liu Siqing , Shi Liqin , Gong Jiancun , Chen Yanhong , Shen Hua
Published: May 2015

In this paper, a regional total electron content (TEC) mapping technique over China and adjacent areas (70°E–140°E and 15°N–55°N) is developed on the basis of a Kalman filter data assimilation scheme driven by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China and International GNSS Service. The regional TEC maps can be generated accordingly with the spatial and temporal resolution being 1°×1° and 5 min, respectively. The accuracy and quality of the TEC mapping technique have been validated through the comparison with GNSS observations, the International Reference Ionosphere model values, the global ionosphere maps from Center for Orbit Determination of Europe, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Automated Processing of GPS TEC data from Madrigal database. The verification results indicate that great systematic improvements can be obtained when data are assimilated into the background model, which demonstrates the effectiveness of this technique in providing accurate regional specification of the ionospheric TEC over China and adjacent areas.
Effects of modeled ionospheric conductance and electron loss on self‐consistent ring current simulations during the 5–7 April 2010 storm
Authors: Chen Margaret W. , Lemon Colby L. , Guild Timothy B. , Keesee Amy M. , Lui Anthony , Goldstein Jerry , Rodriguez Juan V. , Anderson Phillip C.
Published: May 2015

We investigate the effects of different ionospheric conductance and electron loss models on ring current dynamics during the large magnetic storm of 5–7 April 2010 using the magnetically and electrically self‐consistent Rice Convection Model–Equilibrium (RCM‐E). The time‐varying RCM‐E proton distribution boundary conditions are specified using a combination of TWINS 1 and 2 ion temperature maps and in situ THEMIS and GOES spectral measurements in the plasma sheet. With strong electron pitch‐angle diffusion, the simulated equatorial ring current electron pressure is weak with (1) uniform conductance or (2) conductance based on parameters from the International Reference Ionosphere 2007 and the feedback of simulated precipitating electrons. With the Chen and Schulz electron loss model that includes strong diffusion in the plasma sheet and weak diffusion in the plasmasphere, the stormtime equatorial RCM‐E electron pressure is enhanced in the inner magnetosphere from midnight through dawn to the dayside. The enhancement extends to lower geocentric distance with uniform conductance than with the more realistic ionospheric conductance model due to electric field shielding effects. Electron losses affect not only the simulated electron pressures, but through magnetospheric‐ionospheric coupling, the redistributed electric and magnetic fields affect the ring current proton transport. The simulations reproduced features observed by in situ magnetic field and proton flux data, and TWINS global ENA observations. The simulated stormtime ring current energization can vary significantly depending on the ionospheric conductance and electron loss model used. Thus, it is important to incorporate realistic descriptions of ionospheric conductance and electron losses in inner magnetospheric models.
Studies on the Reaction of Aryl Glyoxals with l‐Prolinol: Unexpected Formation of Morpholin‐2‐one Derivatives and Stereoselective Trifluoromethylation of the Bicyclic System
Authors: Mlostoń Grzegorz , Wróblewska Aneta , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: May 2015

Reactions of l‐prolinol with aryl glyoxals lead to labile bicyclic 2‐aryloyl‐1,3‐oxazolidines, which smoothly undergo isomerization in the presence of an acid via a cascade of reactions involving a 1,2‐aryl shift. The products formed thereby were identified as bicyclic derivatives of morpholin‐2‐one. Both 1,3‐oxazolidines and morpholin‐2‐ones were used for the nucleophilic trifluoromethylation by treatment with trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (Ruppert–Prakash reagent) in the presence of a catalytic amount of CsF. Whereas in the case of the 1,3‐oxazolidines only modest diastereoselectivity was achieved, the reactions with the morpholinone derivatives occurred with complete stereoselectivity.
The Anatomy of the Mummy: Mortui Viventes Docent—When Ancient Mummies Speak to Modern Doctors
Authors: Monge Janet M. , Rühli Frank
Published: May 2015

There is almost a universal fascination with prehistoric, protohistoric, and historic human remains that preserve the soft tissues (nonskeletal) of the body (general definition of a mummy). While most people within the general public engage with mummies as part of a museum exhibit process, many scientists have taken that fascination much further. Starting as a general fascination with mummification, the scientific process involved in the study of mummies began in earnest in the late 18th Century AD. This issue of the Anatomical Record was conceived and formulated to bring together a series of researchers to highlight their most groundbreaking research on the scientific advances that surround the 21st Century AD study of these preserved biological beings including an illumination of the cultural processes that purposefully or inadvertently are preserved either within their tissues or are present within the context (archaeological) in which they are found (excavated). Twenty‐six research articles are presented in this volume on a variety of topics all related to the rich transdisciplinary fields that are now directing their research efforts to the state‐of‐the art analysis of human mummified remains. Anat Rec, 298:935–940, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Radiologic Study of an Ancient Egyptian Mummy with a Prosthetic Toe
Authors: Brier Bob , Vinh Phuong , Schuster Michael , Mayforth Howard , Johnson Chapin Emily
Published: May 2015

A radiologic examination (both CT and traditional X‐ray) of two mummies curated at the Albany Institute of History and Art revealed the identity of the mummified remains as well as details of the person's life style parameters (markers of occupational stress). These mummies, brought to the Institute over 100 years ago, were unstudied until 1989. This preliminary study led to the misappropriation of the remains, and subsequent switching of the remains within their coffins. Recent and more detailed analyses lead to the correct identification of sex, a re‐association of the remains to their interment coffins, as well as a detailed analysis of occupational markers. A prosthetic toe was identified in one of the mummies which lead to the functional exploration of prosthetics in the past including their use as part of funerary processing in ancient Egypt. Finally, details of the embalming process place the wrapped mummy within the time frame identified on the coffin of the mummy identified as Ankhefenmut as well as confirming his social status. Anat Rec, 298:1047–1058, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Joseon Funerary Texts Tested Using Ancient DNA Analysis of a Korean Mummy
Authors: Oh Chang Seok , Koh Bou‐Ja , Yoo Dong Soo , Park Jun Bum , Min So Ri , Kim Yi‐Suk , Lee Sang Sup , Ge Jianye , Seo Seung Bum , Shin Dong Hoon
Published: May 2015

In Korea, ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis has been applied to investigations into the genetic affiliations of mummies found in Joseon Dynasty tombs (1392–1910 CE), becoming now indispensable tool for researches studying human remains from archaeological sites. In the course of our recent examinations on a Korean mummy of Joseon Dynasty, we discovered many teeth contained in a pouch. And in fact, the historical literature on the topic of Joseon funerals contain general accounts of pouches in which an individual's lost teeth were collected over the course of a lifetime and, after death, placed in the coffin with the body. To test the veracity of the historical texts, the present study undertook aDNA analyses and compared the results between specifically questioned (Q) samples (teeth) and known (K) samples (brain and bone) from the mummy to ensure that they came from the same individual. Although the Q‐K comparison of autosomal short tandem repeat results did not show full concordance due to allelic drop‐outs in some loci, our statistical calculation indicated that the teeth in the pouch are highly likely those of the mummy. Additionally, Q‐K comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequence results showed 100% matches between samples. There results, in short, could not gainsay the conjecture that the teeth samples originated from the person buried in the tomb; and if so, he must have kept his teeth for a long time after their loss. As the application of aDNA analysis to Korean mummy studies develops, there will be other opportunities to test historical documents, particularly those referring to funerary rites. Anat Rec, 298:1191–1207, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revealing the Face of an Ancient Egyptian: Synthesis of Current and Traditional Approaches to Evidence‐Based Facial Approximation
Authors: Lindsay Kaitlin E. , Rühli Frank J. , Deleon Valerie Burke
Published: May 2015

The technique of forensic facial approximation, or reconstruction, is one of many facets of the field of mummy studies. Although far from a rigorous scientific technique, evidence‐based visualization of antemortem appearance may supplement radiological, chemical, histological, and epidemiological studies of ancient remains. Published guidelines exist for creating facial approximations, but few approximations are published with documentation of the specific process and references used. Additionally, significant new research has taken place in recent years which helps define best practices in the field. This case study records the facial approximation of a 3,000‐year‐old ancient Egyptian woman using medical imaging data and the digital sculpting program, ZBrush. It represents a synthesis of current published techniques based on the most solid anatomical and/or statistical evidence. Through this study, it was found that although certain improvements have been made in developing repeatable, evidence‐based guidelines for facial approximation, there are many proposed methods still awaiting confirmation from comprehensive studies. This study attempts to assist artists, anthropologists, and forensic investigators working in facial approximation by presenting the recommended methods in a chronological and usable format. Anat Rec, 298:1144–1161, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histology of a Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) Preserved in Permafrost, Yamal Peninsula, Northwest Siberia
Authors: Papageorgopoulou Christina , Link Karl , Rühli Frank J.
Published: May 2015

In 2007, the baby woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) named Lyuba was found frozen in the Siberian tundra permafrost along the Yuribey River. She was proclaimed the best‐preserved mammoth discovery. As part of the endoscopic examination of Lyuba, tissue samples of hair, muscle, and internal organs were taken. The sectioned biopsies were stained using standard and special histological stains. In general, the microscopic preservation of the tissue was good although no clearly identifiable cell nuclei were found by standard staining methods. Only a few cell nuclei could be identified in some samples when fluorescence stained with DAPI. The best‐preserved structures were collagen fibers and muscle tissue, which gave some structural resemblance to the organs. In the hairs, evidence of pigmentation, a scaly surface, diagonal intra‐hair structures, and a medulla were seen. Fat droplets could be identified with Sudan Red in the subcutaneous fat sample and in several organs. Bacteria were seen on the lumen side of the small intestine and caecum, and in the liver and lung tissue. In addition, fungi and pollen were seen in the lung sample. In the wall of the caecum and small intestine, blood vessels and nerves were visualized. Iron was identified in the vivianite sample. Some biopsies compared well structurally with the African elephant tissue sections. The histological findings support the theory that Lyuba drowned in muddy water. The microscopic tissue preservation and cell nuclei destruction indicate that Lyuba's body underwent at least one freeze‐thaw cycle. Anat Rec, 298:1059–1071, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.