bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Victorious Life
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: January 2022

The revivalists associated with Dwight L. Moody were also shaped by the nineteenth-century holiness movement. Particularly, they appropriated the Keswick holiness teachings that had been developed in England. That helped build alliances with British evangelicals. The Keswick teachings that Moody’s associates embraced differed from the Methodist or Wesleyan holiness movements in that the former avoided claims of perfectionism. Keswick teachers did expect that converts would undergo an experience of “filling” with the Holy Spirit. “Power for service” would be one of the chief results. These views were exemplified in the teaching of Reuben A. Torrey and A. C. Dixon.
Presbyterians and the Truth
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: January 2022

Presbyterians were used to controversies. Since the early nineteenth century, conservative Presbyterians adopted Common Sense Philosophy as a basis for asserting that truth could be discovered by objective inquiry. Princeton Theological Seminary became the intellectual center for promoting that outlook. Charles Hodge presented a view of the Bible as containing “facts” to be discovered. His successor, B. B. Warfield, developed the view that the Bible was “inerrant.” Warfield believed Christianity could prevail through rational argument. Responding to the rise of liberal theology and biblical criticism in the Northern Presbyterian denomination, conservatives in 1910 succeeded in having its general assembly declare five doctrines concerning biblical inerrancy, the miracles and Christ’s nature, and atoning works as “essential to the faith.”
Would the Liberals Be Driven from the Denominations? 1922–1923
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: January 2022

In 1922 and 1923, fundamentalists had high hopes that they could impose their standards on some major northern denominations. Fundamentalists were strongest in the Northern Baptist Convention and in the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. At the Northern Baptist Convention meeting in 1922, they hoped to have the body adopt a traditional creedal statement. But the move was soundly defeated. In 1922 Harry Emerson Fosdick, a modernist Baptist filling a Presbyterian pulpit, preached, “Shall the Fundamentalists Win?” That set off a heated controversy in the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. Conservative William Jennings Bryan narrowly lost election as moderator for the 1923 General Assembly. But the assembly reaffirmed the five-point Presbyterian essential doctrines. Clarence McCartney, a leading conservative preacher, answered Fosdick in a sermon, “Shall Unbelief Win?” J. Gresham Machen issued Christianity and Liberalism in 1923, arguing that traditional Christianity and modernism were really two different religions.
Threatening Urban Informality in the Middle East
Authors: Sharp Deen
Published: January 2022

Urbanization is always embedded within struggles over social power. Who gets to build what, where, and how are political, social, and economic questions that can have far-reaching spatial and temporal consequences. The postcolonial era in the Middle East in the 1950s resulted in an intensification of the processes of industrialization and urbanization. In countries like Egypt, this meant the construction of many factories and industries unaccompanied by programs for the construction of worker housing, ushering in decades of informal settlements. In the contemporary era, the Sisi regime has announced a major intervention into the urban fabric with the elimination of “informal” urban areas. This study focuses on how the concept of urban informality has been weaponized across the Middle East, and especially in Egypt, and how it has been used in contemporary political practice in the region. The framework of urban informality in the Middle East is most often deployed not to improve the urban conditions of vulnerable communities, but to further their marginality through displacement and dispossession. This study emphasizes the issue of targeting the urban poor through the concept of urban informality in Egypt, through which the government has displaced and dispossessed certain urban communities. The rhetoric around urban informality serves as a proxy for other social conflicts around class, politics, and religion.
Conclusion
Authors: Mirgani Suzi
Published: January 2022

As the world is crippled by the novel coronavirus pandemic, countries across the Middle East are bracing for an unprecedented fallout. A region that continues to bear the brunt of many wars, conflicts, and authoritarian oppressions has been held hostage to an invisible virus rampaging through its nations, indiscriminately affecting and infecting all parts of their populations. Already dire socioeconomic situations in many of these countries have been exacerbated by the closure of workspaces and educational facilities, the concomitant rise in redundancies and unemployment, increased social and political frictions, decimation of markets, and a further plummeting of economies. As official livelihood structures crumble under the weight of increasingly impoverished and unsupported populations, the informality of life will only intensify across the Middle East, as it will elsewhere in the world. While informal networks of working, living, and socializing are crucial for the survival of disadvantaged communities across the Middle East, these have taken a direct hit from nation-wide and government-mandated closures and restrictions and increased digital surveillance. These measures, combined with public fears and safety concerns, have largely kept Middle Eastern populations at home and off the streets. It is only a matter of time before these predicaments become intolerable for the many already trying to endure in precarious environments, compelling collective anger and resentment to once again spill out into the open.
Warriors, Victims, and Vulnerable Regions
Authors: Idler Annette
Published: January 2022

Chapter 1 develops the concepts and themes that theoretically underpin the book. They help move beyond the dichotomous understanding of drug policies as the securitized status quo of the War on Drugs on the one hand, and the desecuritization of drug policies on the other. The chapter proposes a framework constructed around three main features, which allows to analytically unpack the distinct repercussions of the world drug problem at multiple levels. These features include (i) the concept of global security that includes people, in addition to political entities, as referent objects; (ii) the relevance of a ‘glocal’ analysis that links a bottom-up approach with a macro-perspective on the illicit production, trade, and use of drugs; and (iii) a focus on vulnerable regions across the globe and their societies’ perspectives on how to best tackle the world drug problem. The chapter discusses why these features are conducive to more effective drug policies and serve as entry points to transform the War on Drugs. The chapter demonstrates the analytical utility of a critical approach to drug policies.
Building the Global Drug Regime
Authors: Gootenberg Paul
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 asserts that, once the International Drug Control Regime was established after the 1960s, drug consumption rates rose and drug supplies, trafficking routes, and trafficking organizations expanded and diversified. The chapter highlights three historical developments related to the current debate and crisis of the International Drug Control Regime. First, it presents the major treaties and institutions that influenced the evolution of the International Drug Control Regime; second, it analyzes the special role of the United States in the creation of norms and politics of the International Drug Control Regime; and third, it surveys the long-term impacts of the International Drug Control Regime on patterns of supply and use of two classes of global drugs, opiates, and cocaine. The chapter finds that the global history of opiates since 1900 under the International Drug Control Regime hardly represents a success story. Moreover, illicit cocaine expanded to unprecedented heights under the militarized International Drug Control Regime.
Health and Human Rights Challenges for the International Drug Control Regime
Authors: Barrett Damon , Malinowska-Sempruch Kasia
Published: January 2022

Chapter 12 calls into question the dichotomy of securitization and desecuritization of the International Drug Control Regime. It demonstrates the International Drug Control Regime’s impacts on people’s security by highlighting systematic human rights abuses, most notably in drug control. Despite governments’ efforts to contain human rights violations in several countries and regions, the ramifications for vulnerable groups continue to be a cause for concern. On the desecuritization side, the chapter discusses the need for accountability in the implementation of health measures, arguing that punitive approaches hamper harm reduction. It concludes that a treaty reform is necessary to undo historical injustices, amend undemocratic procedures, and reform the disproven theories underpinning contemporary international drug control.
Defenders of Japan
Authors: Mulloy Garren
Published: January 2022

Japan's post-war armed forces are a paradox, both embarrassing remnants of the past and valuable repositories of experience. This book charts the development of the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) from 1954 as both unorthodox military institutions and servants of a civil society that decries militarism. Investigating JSDF contributions to Japanese and global security, the evolution of such contributions during and after the Cold War, and their possible reconfiguration for Japan's security needs ahead, Garren Mulloy offers insight into the Forces' past, present and future. He explores the characteristics and contradictions of Japanese policy, including novel approaches in response to an increasingly assertive China, the latent threat of North Korea and contributory pressure from the US. Though the American alliance remains the core of Japanese security, new partnerships and international overtures will also shape the Forces' place in Prime Minister Abe's new vision of 'proactive contributions to peace'. Defenders of Japan deconstructs how the JSDF have adapted and will continue to adapt within domestic norms, caught between unresolved legacies of Japan's imperial past and a dynamically shifting balance of future global power.
Transition to Post-Cold War Challenges
Authors: Mulloy Garren
Published: January 2022

Three main post-Cold War challenges in Japanese defense can be identified: socio-economic factors, pressure to send the Forces overseas, and regional security factors in East Asia. This chapter examines all three, from Japan’s extended post-bubble economic slump, relative economic decline, and absolute population decline, through the Gulf War crisis that resulted in Japan’s first Overseas Dispatch Operations and beyond, to problematic relations with Russia, China, and North Korea. Japan’s overseas missions were initially highly controversial but eventually became accepted as combining elements of realist security management with asserting liberal international credentials through United Nations peacekeeping as well as unilateral humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations. Such operations, however, did little to improve once cordial relations with Russia, the long-term tensions arising from rising China’s increasing regional and security assertiveness, and the alarming reliance of North Korea upon ballistic missiles and nuclear weapon development. The chapter demonstrates that despite the Forces’ development they would face the dilemma of facing increasingly diverse and intensive security challenges and commitments from an increasingly insecure socio-economic base.
The Face of Contemporary War
Authors: Messner Evgeny Eduardovich
Published: January 2022

Colonel Evgeny Eduardovich Messner (1891–1974) represents a younger generation of military thinkers in exile, who fought against the Bolsheviks twice (in the Civil War and in the World War II) and lived through the first half of the Cold War. Together with other Russian émigré military and political thinkers, his works were rediscovered and popularized after the collapse of the Soviet Union, becoming one of the conceptual foundations of modern-day Russian understanding of political subversion. This chapter is based on the translation of selected chapters from his Lik sovremennoy voyny [The face of contemporary war], in which he outlines his views on geopolitical trends, the role of propaganda, and the character of war in the age of thermonuclear weapons.
Negotiating Survival
Authors: Jackson Ashley
Published: January 2022

Two decades on from 9/11, the Taliban now control more than half of Afghanistan. Few would have foreseen such an outcome, and there is little understanding of how Afghans living in Taliban territory have navigated life under insurgent rule.Based on over 400 interviews with Taliban and civilians, this book tells the story of how civilians have not only bargained with the Taliban for their survival, but also ultimately influenced the course of the war in Afghanistan. While the Taliban have the power of violence on their side, they nonetheless need civilians to comply with their authority. Both strategically and by necessity, civilians have leveraged this reliance on their obedience in order to influence Taliban behavior.Challenging prevailing beliefs about civilians in wartime, Negotiating Survival presents a new model for understanding how civilian agency can shape the conduct of insurgencies. It also provides timely insights into Taliban strategy and objectives, explaining how the organization has so nearly triumphed on the battlefield and in peace talks. While Afghanistan's future is deeply unpredictable, there is one certainty: it is as critical as ever to understand the Taliban--and how civilians survive their rule.
Introduction
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the core argument: that some versions of populism are inconsistent with constitutionalism and some are not. It emphasizes that ordinarily evaluating populism’s relation to constitutionalism ultimately depends upon making an essentially political judgment about the merits of particular populist programs. It describes our comparative and sociolegal methodological approach, using case studies of individual countries and on specific topics. It briefly describes the book’s contents, and mentions specifically the problems associated with examining issues on a disaggregated basis, and with the “selection bias” in some of the previous scholarly work on the topic.
Populism and Constitutionalism
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines several themes in populism. Against the claim that framing politics as a struggle between “the people” and “the elites” threatens constitutionalism, it counters those suggestions by observing that casting politics in terms of “us versus them” is quite natural and not distinctively associated with populism, and that the elites who populists criticize have indeed sometimes pursued policies that protected them and hurt the wider public. Populists respond not only with alternative policies but, because they sometimes find themselves blocked by existing institutions and veto gates, with constitutional changes, including alterations in media regulation and the composition of the courts. Against the claim that populists are anti-pluralist, the chapter responds by pointing out that at least some populisms are expressly pluralist. And, to the extent that anti-pluralism is said to prevent compromise and accommodation with one’s opponents, the chapter points to examples of populist accommodations with opponents in Spain and Italy. It points out as well that the role of populist leaders, even charismatic ones, varies; their power sometimes depends upon their support from within their parties or from social movements that they lead. It agrees with populism’s critics that populists tend to be impatient with entrenched institutions, but argues that specific constitutional reforms must be evaluated on their merits.
Power to the People: Empowered Democracy
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan
Published: January 2022

After explaining why populists are not committed in principle to solely plebiscitary democracy, this chapter explores recent innovations in democratic design that allow for expanded participation by the people in their own governance. A thought experiment about direct popular design of responses to the Covid-19 pandemic is followed by a detailed analysis of referendums that acknowledges some difficulties associated with them, including the possibility of bad design and the risk that majorities will override minority rights but explains that the anti-institutionalism said to be associated with populism does not preclude populists from developing and implementing “best practices” for referendums, always on an ad hoc and contextual basis. The chapter then briefly describes deliberative polling and citizen assemblies, concluding with case studies of direct popular participation in constitutional reform in Ireland and Iceland.
The Early Years (1902–1910)
Authors: Giudice Christian
Published: January 2022

This chapter deals with Reghini’s early life and can be divided into two main sections: on the one hand, it scrutinizes the occultist’s heavy involvement with the Florentine avant-garde movements of his day, namely the Scapigliatura developed by radical thinkers such as Giovanni Papini and Giuseppe Prezzolini and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti’s Futurismo. Great attention will be placed on the idea that both movements, though representing the artistic avant-garde of the day, also harbored strong anti-modern sentiments and were against some of the core tenets of modernity detailed in Chapter 1. The second section, on the other hand, deals with Reghini’s first forays into the world of Italian occultism and chronicles his involvement with the Italian branch of the Theosophical Society. Both sections are enriched by a textual analysis of Reghini’s writings on the avant-garde and occult journals of the day, such as Leonardo, Lacerba, and Ultra.
Extremist Islam
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar
Published: January 2022

This book seeks to understand why, despite almost two decades of strong law enforcement and security force pressure since the October 2002 Bali terror attacks, terrorist networks in Southeast Asia motivated by violent extremist interpretations of Islam remain resilient and dangerous. Arguing that focusing on the physical threat posed by terrorism has failed to address the totality of the problem, the book—through detailed case studies of four Southeast Asian extremists—encourages a shift away from the threat groups themselves, to a focus on the wider ideological ecosystems of closely interlocking persons, places, and platforms that sustain such groups and their acolytes. Challenging controversial notions that Islam per se is a “religion of violence,” the book argues that the theological-ideological amalgam of what has been called “Salafabism” is the more useful lens for recognizing closed-minded extremist currents in Islam. It argues that supposedly nonviolent, soft Salafabist Islamists do not actually counter, but complement and potentially sustain, violent hard Salafabist, Salafi Jihadis—because both constituencies share a common extremist ideological DNA. That said, the book carefully distinguishes between relatively open-minded Salafabist radicals—whom governments and civil societies can co-opt and embrace—and the system-subverting, closed-minded Salafabist extremists of the aforementioned soft and hard varieties, who should rightly attract policy concern. The book concludes by outlining a comprehensive strategy for promoting theologically sound yet culturally authentic alternative narratives to Salafabist extremism—thereby defending the complex, richly textured tapestry of the moderate Islam Nusantara of Southeast Asia.
Introduction
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar
Published: January 2022

This chapter contextualizes the book, offering examples of how Southeast Asian terror networks motivated by violent extremist interpretations of Islam have capitalized on the COVID-19 pandemic to launch attacks on distracted security forces and to inspire more followers. It sets outs the book’s core aims: to better understand the conceptual distinctions and interconnections between oft-used terms applied to regional terror networks, ranging from “fundamentalism” and “radicalism” to “Wahhabism” and “Islamism.” It also sets out the plan of the book, explaining how it will be argued that it is the theological-ideological amalgam of Salafabism that is the more precise lens for recognizing extremism in Islam; that both supposedly nonviolent soft Salafabist Islamists and violent hard Salafabist Salafi Jihadis in fact share a common extremist ideological DNA; and that the role of ideological ecosystems in sustaining the challenge of Salafabist extremism and the need for alternative narratives to the latter require closer study.
Recognizing Religious Extremism II
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar
Published: January 2022

This chapter distinguishes between two forms of religious fundamentalism: radicalism and extremism, arguing that while relatively open-minded radicalism can be accommodated, close-minded extremism is inherently more predisposed to violence and more dangerous. Drawing upon Galtung’s concept of structural violence, the chapter explains why religious extremism is best understood as a fundamentalist belief system that legitimizes the structural violence of an in-group against relevant out-groups. Seven key attributes of a religious extremist are identified and are illustrated via a concise examination of Buddhist extremism in Myanmar, before being applied to Islam. The chapter argues that the extremist theological-ideological amalgam of Salafabism is the more precise lens for recognizing extremism in Islam. In particular, both supposedly nonviolent, soft Salafabist Islamists and violent, hard Salafabist Salafi Jihadis share a common extremist ideological DNA. The chapter argues that Salafabist ecosystems comprising interlocking combinations of persons, places, and platforms, sustain the challenge of Salafabist extremism.
Navalny
Authors: Dollbaum Jan Matti , Lallouet Morvan , Noble Ben
Published: January 2022

Alexei Navalny—the anti-corruption activist and leading figure of the Russian opposition—was poisoned in August 2020. Following recovery in Germany, he returned to Russia in January 2021 in the full glare of the world’s media. But who exactly is Navalny? To some, he is a democratic hero. To others, he is a traitor. To others still, he is a dangerous nationalist. Media portrayals of Navalny are often black and white—of Navalny versus Vladimir Putin, democrat versus dictator, good versus evil. The book challenges these simple framings, exploring the many nuances and shades of grey. The book charts Navalny's successive attempts to challenge Vladimir Putin and Russia’s authoritarian regime as an anti-corruption activist, politician, and protest leader. By following these three threads, Navalny: Putin’s Nemesis, Russia’s Future? sheds light on both the life of this central opposition figure and on twenty years of Russian politics. The book provides insights into Navalny’s movement, drawing on surveys and interview data from activists on the ground. Finally, it analyses the dynamic interaction between Navalny and the Kremlin. Rather than a traditional biography, therefore, the book provides a political portrait of Navalny the man alongside his team and the movement he built, placing him in his political and social context. To understand modern-day Russia, we need to understand Navalny.
The Anti-Corruption Activist
Authors: Dollbaum Jan Matti , Lallouet Morvan , Noble Ben
Published: January 2022

This chapter tackles the first dimension of Navalny—as an anti-corruption activist—opening with a discussion of his ‘Putin’s Palace’ investigation. The chapter then describes Navalny’s early activities as a minority shareholder activist and blogger, investigating allegations of corruption in large Russian corporations. As Navalny’s activities have been intentionally provocative, the chapter discusses his apparent motivations—and reactions from the Russian state and subjects of his investigations. The chapter also provides the broader context for Navalny’s activities, discussing the role of corruption in post-Soviet Russia, including whether the country is a kleptocracy. The chapter charts how Navalny built his team—with people such as Lyubov Sobol, Leonid Volkov, and Georgy Alburov—as well as his key organisations, such as the Anti-Corruption Foundation. It also shows how Navalny has used social media to spread his message and help build his following. The chapter ends by discussing the increasing pressure faced by Navalny and his team.
An Uneasy Embrace
Authors: Shankar Shobana
Published: January 2022

The entwined histories of Blacks and Indians defy easy explanation. From Ghanaian protests over Gandhi statues to American Vice President Kamala Harris's story, this relationship--notwithstanding moments of common struggle--seethes with conflicts that reveal how race reverberates throughout the modern world. Shobana Shankar's groundbreaking intellectual history tackles the controversial question of how Africans and Indians make and unmake their differences. Drawing on archival and oral sources from seven countries, she traces how economic tensions surrounding the Indian diaspora in East and Southern Africa collided with widening Indian networks in West Africa and the Black Atlantic, forcing a racial reckoning over the course of the twentieth century. While decolonization brought Africans and Indians together to challenge Euro-American white supremacy, discord over caste, religion, sex and skin color simmered beneath the rhetoric of Afro-Asian solidarity. This book examines the cultural movements, including Pan-Africanism and popular devotionalism, through which Africans and Indians made race consciousness, alongside economic cooperation, a moral priority. Yet rising wealth and nationalist amnesia now threaten this postcolonial ethos. Calls to dismantle statues, from Dakar to Delhi, are not mere symbolism. They express new solidarities which seek to salvage dissenting histories and to preserve the possibility of alternative futures.
Négritude beats Bollywood
Authors: Shankar Shobana
Published: January 2022

An African-Indian cultural economy continues to grow through music, dance, film, and fashion. This chapter focuses on Senegalese-Indian connections following the arrival of the first Senegalese scholars to Annamalai University in the 1970s and their negritude/Afrocentric politics. Senegalese love of Indian films grew into a wider media explosion of Indouphilie. While the trend emerged in local cinema-viewing societies, dance clubs, and arts schools, African global cultures came into their own, intersecting with and diverging from Bollywood and Bharatanatyam (Indian classical dance). Some West African performers like Germaine Acogny and Nollywood filmmakers have become highly critical of obsession with India, and they uphold Africa as a cultural mecca. African critiques of Indian cultural forms challenge consumerism, beauty defined by fair skin, and, at times, mimicry of the West and have begun to influence the Indian diaspora in Senegal and young Indians in India.
The Almoravids and the Almohads
Authors: Rodgers Helen , Cavendish Stephen
Published: January 2022

This chapter tells of Granada under two North African dynasties – the Almoravids and the Almohads. The veiled Almoravid warriors, led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, conquered Granada at the end of the eleventh century and imposed a far more austere interpretation of Islam on the city than had existed during the cultural heyday of the Zirid era. Intellectuals such as the Hebrew poet Ibn Ezra fled the city and such was the frustration of Granada’s religious minorities that the Mozarabs, Christians living under Muslim rule, invited King Alfonso ‘the Battler’ of Aragon to invade the city. The Almoravids were eventually overthrown by the Almohads, and they too would see rebellion, this time from the Jews. The lover of one of al-Andalus’s most celebrated poetesses, Hafsa bint al-Haj al-Rakuniyya, joined this rebellion that saw the Murcian leader Ibn Mardanish enter Granada with Christian troops. The Almohads won on that occasion but would later themselves be defeated with the resurgence of the Christian kingdoms to the north, as battles took place across the region leaving Granada alone and surrounded by Christian lands.
Civil War and Dictatorship
Authors: Rodgers Helen , Cavendish Stephen
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the rapid fall of Granada to the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent years of dictatorship. Among the many victims of this period of conflict was Federico Garcia Lorca, whose poetry had brought international fame to the city and whose body was allegedly never recovered. The post-war years saw Granada welcome a victorious Franco to the city, but resistance to the Nationalists in those early years continued, most famously that of four brothers, the Hermanos Quero, who disbursed the ransoms of kidnapped rich supporters of the regime to the poor. Meanwhile, changes to the layout of the city that had started in earlier times continued. Traditional neighborhoods began to be replaced by soulless streets and a rise in the population led to the expansion of urban Granada into its fabled, fertile Vega. Floods in the 1960s saw the destruction of large parts of the Sacromonte and the displacement of many of the gypsy families whose home this had been for centuries.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Gregory
Published: January 2022

African governments have long lists of investment ideas that are vital for improved standards of living. These exceed current available financing, so African countries need a greater share of global capital. Borrowing is an important source of self-financed development, although debt risks are elevated. In light of the risks and challenges, urgent action is needed to encourage more responsible lending and borrowing. The potential for African countries to raise living standards over the coming decades is enormous, if the larger debt slips can be avoided. A repeat of the debt relief of the early 2000s would be positive for many of the poorest countries already cut off from capital. But encouraging an exit from global capital markets would be bad advice for most frontier African economies and terrible advice for Africa’s larger emerging markets. Instead of these swings in sentiment, a calmer, more balanced approach is needed.
Conclusion
Authors: Vignal Leïla
Published: January 2022

Our houses are destroyed, we are dispersed across the world. There is not one Syrian family that has not lost a loved one…The only thing that hasn’t changed is the regime (nizam). It’s still there, like before, it hasn’t changed a bit. … and we should go back, under its rule, as if nothing had happened? It’s not possible. Before, all the money we earned here,...
Reclaiming The Queer Body
Authors: van Klinken Adriaan , Chitando Ezra
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on life-story telling as a method adopted by African LGBT activists to counter the stigmatization of their bodies and the silencing of their voices, and to reclaim and affirm their embodied existence. As a case in point, it discusses the collection Blessed Body (2016), edited by the Nigerian writer and activist Unoma Azuah, which presents 37 life-stories of members of the Nigerian LGBT community. Embedding the discussion in broader literature about narrative methods, and in the context of the politics of sexuality in Nigeria, the chapter highlights autobiographical storytelling as an act of agency, creativity and resistance. It specifically explores the ways in which storytellers criticise the church but simultaneously express faith and embed queer theologies in their life stories in order to reclaim their bodies as divinely blessed.
A Strategy of Securitised Hegemony
Authors: Roque Paula Cristina
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 contextualizes the emergence of the President’s securitized policy. It begins with the breakdown of the 1992 peace process and the securitized strategies that undermined efforts for political resolution on both sides of the conflict. The chapter provides the background to the last decade of war and the shifting priorities of elite survival that informed the post-war rebuilding strategy. It briefly describes the steps taken by the presidency to ensure an outright military victory over UNITA. This chapter explains Angola’s post-conflict stabilization strategy, bringing to the fore the many contradictions that began to take root. The ‘Angola rising’ perspective was crafted on the ambitions of a self-defined exceptionalist stance of modernity, development, and untouchability. The country transitioned from armed conflict to armed peace.
The Time of Monsters
Authors: Roque Paula Cristina
Published: January 2022

Chapter 6 is dedicated to Angola’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. When the 2020 coronavirus pandemic struck, the country was ill-prepared and unable to implement the measures needed to save lives and livelihoods. The fragilities created by Dos Santos began unravelling as the twin shocks of the oil crisis and the pandemic plunged Angolans into greater poverty and despair. Signs of social rupture and an increase in protests suggested that change could come from the demands of the street not the tempered reforms of the palace. Lourenços’ governing mistakes were also a sign of his unwillingness to de-securitize.
Conclusion
Authors: Roque Paula Cristina
Published: January 2022

The concluding chapter looks at the broader issue of securitization and its legacies. The country is facing a difficult crossroads. Policies enacted could either lead it down a path of entrenched securitization and militarization or to a process of de-securitization and democratic emancipation. Either way, politics as usual will have to end.
Iraq’s 2010 Parliamentary Elections
Authors: Harvey Katherine
Published: January 2022

King Abdullah’s decision not to engage with Nuri al-Maliki derived to a large degree from a stereotype – that of the Arab Shia being loyal to Iran – and in fact, a core argument in social psychology is that inaccurate social stereotypes often become self-fulfilling prophecies through the interaction of perceivers and targets: perceivers, treating targets in line with an inaccurate stereotype of the targets’ social group, often elicit a change in targets’ behavior consistent with the stereotype. This chapter examines how such a self-fulfilling prophecy came to fruition in the aftermath of Iraq’s 2010 parliamentary elections, with Maliki beginning to align with Iran because of the threat he perceived from the Saudis. Prior to the elections, Maliki resisted pressure to join an Iranian-backed Shia Islamist coalition to establish his own nationalist list. Nevertheless, Maliki’s coalition suffered a narrow defeat to a third coalition, backed by Saudi Arabia. In Maliki’s perception, the winning coalition represented a Saudi-led effort to restore some semblance of Sunni Arab power in Baghdad. In the aftermath of the election, Maliki reversed his previous behavior – he now closed ranks with Iran and the Shia Islamists – in a way that fulfilled Saudi expectations of him.
Hopelessness and Future-Making through Irregular Migration in Tigray, Ethiopia
Authors: Gebresenbet Fana
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on non-material explanations of migration, and argues that international irregular migration is a spatial response to a temporal problem faced by Ethiopia’s unemployed youth. Unemployment brings a temporal problem in the present, in the form of ‘passing’ or ‘killing’ ‘overabundant’ amounts of ‘unstructured’ time. This pushes the chances of reaching the aspired future down, leading to experiences of boredom, often characterized as a lack of change and progress, and with that, hopelessness. Hopelessness is a common and pervasive feeling of the youth in the study areas, and one of the few ways to escape it is irregular migration. Thus, irregular migration is conceptualized as fleeing from excruciating hopelessness and a frustrated future, and working towards a socially acceptable future, thereby transitioning to adulthood. This argument is made based on fieldwork done in Tigray in January and October of 2017.
Irregular Migration among a Kambata Community in Ethiopia
Authors: Debalke Mulugeta Gashaw
Published: January 2022

The analysis of irregular migration has been largely focused on the macro-level, with prevailing attention to its negative effects and the purpose of controlling it. National and global official framings have resulted in analyses that are largely short of the perspectives and experiences of migrants, returnees, their families and communities. And the discourse based on these analyses continues in the face of peoples’ interpretations of the causes and outcomes of irregular migration not necessarily fitting the macro perspectives-in face quite opposed to these. This book chapter, based on empirical evidence from an Ethiopian community sending irregular migrants to Republic of South Africa and the Sudan, argues that the views from below are important in many respects to complement, enrich and correct the views from above, with the nuances and complexities of the micro-level.
The Changing C-Suite
Authors: Alvarez José Luis , Svejenova Silviya
Published: January 2022

This book is about changing corporate power structures. We examine the evolving ways in which power at the apex of complex organizations is structured through roles and relationships in anticipation of and in response to diverse contingencies and interests. Our focus is the changing C-suite, a term denoting the most important senior executives in an organization, characterized by the proliferation of and variation in new Chief X Officer (CXO) roles, where ‘X’ stands for a specific domain, such as sustainability, communication, digital, human resources, finance, etc. By exploring the emergence and evolution of these CXO roles, we seek to understand these elites’ new command posts, sources of expertise and identity, competition and collaboration, and ways of getting things done—what we call their ‘style’—thereby extending the political perspective of organizations, which has largely overlooked the changing structure and dynamics underlying executive power and actions. It is in moments of structural transformation, such as the ongoing incorporation of a plethora of new CXO roles on executive committees, that the political model of organizations is better revealed and assessed. The book develops a theoretical account, combined with a rich empirical illustration, of the C-suite’s transformation over the last two decades: its magnitude and meaning, its co-construction by different interests, and its potential significance for corporate control. As C-suite incumbents have more leeway to construct their roles than managers at any other organizational layer, special attention is placed on their social and political action styles.
Executive Expertise and Identity
Authors: Alvarez José Luis , Svejenova Silviya
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the ability of CXOs to accomplish tasks along two dimensions. First, it discusses the shared action orientation of executive expertise, highlighting the theorized ability of professionalized managers to define and develop solutions for newly constructed problems not fully specifiable by legal and accounting rules. This action orientation is illustrated using three main aspects of the ‘vocabulary’ used in reports on CXO roles: value, strategy, and transformation. Second, the chapter elaborates on the volatility of the CXO’s role identity, distinguishing its evolving nature as a shared feature and its distinctive aspects (assertiveness and endurance). The chapter then focuses on CXOs that are perpetually seeking identity, particularly the Chief Human Resource Officersbefore discussing how the shared action orientation of executive expertise is countered by differences in the volatility of executive role identities, creating a tension that contributes to weak professionalization of executive roles.
The Style of Executive Power
Authors: Alvarez José Luis , Svejenova Silviya
Published: January 2022

This chapter defines and discusses the style of executive power. First, it presents some reflections on why neo-institutional scholars have not invested enough effort in studying the upper echelons of organizations, the domain of most CXOs. Second, the chapter provides numerous examples of the CXO style and what it should be, according to consulting and executive search firms, by engaging in ‘CXO rhetoric watching’. The chapter proposes that the most distinct components of CXO style are the incessant building of social capital via networking and of political capital via reputation. Third, networking and influencing activities are related to research on boundary spanning roles, and it is suggested that these roles are predecessors of CXOs. Finally, the chapter argues that there is a distinct psychological profile for individuals who exhibit the CXO style, but that it is a scarce resource that reduces the pool of candidates for CXO roles.
The Oxford History of Life-Writing
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

With the growing urgency of questions about how to claim identity and achieve authenticity, life-writing started to acquire an unprecedented cultural importance. A range of social and economic developments, from the publishing boom in memoir writing to the rise of the internet, transformed the possibilities for self-expression. By the end of the timespan covered in this book life-writing was no longer something done mainly by important individuals who wrote their autobiography, or by sensitive souls who kept a diary. It became a truly ubiquitous phenomenon, part and parcel of the everyday formation of selfhood. The Oxford History of Life-Writing Volume 7: Postwar to Contemporary explores the emergence of modern identity as a distinctive but ambivalent cultural achievement, unsettlingly poised across a range of intellectual faultlines, social pressures, and moral conundrums. Considering a diverse range of texts from across the English-speaking world, this volume places life-writing in relation to wider debates about the sociology and philosophy of selfhood, and to the changing marketplace of publishing and bookselling. Yet in doing so it seeks above all to credit the extraordinary literary inventiveness which the pursuit of self-knowledge inspired in this period.
Prospect: Human 2.0?
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

With the rise of social networking and ‘Web 2.0’ it became easy as never before to write and broadcast a slickly-presented version of your life for public consumption. Having a social media presence became a central adolescent socialization rite, and the developing routines of the modern workplace increasingly required employees to be active on apps such as Facebook and Twitter. The intimate and the corporate were increasingly blurred; experience and commentary upon it became ever harder to disentangle. In response a diverse range of intellectuals, from technology gurus (such as Jaron Lanier) to social psychiatrists (including Sherry Turkle and Shoshana Zuboff), issued warnings about the unprecedented power of Web 2.0 to instrumentalize and commodify human experience. This chapter explores some of the evaluative discourses that have tried to make sense of this transformative new technology, placing insights derived from empirical and psychological research in relation to responses made by imaginative writers, including Ben Lerner, Gary Schteyngart, and Dennis Cooper.
Conclusion
Authors: Steinmo Sven , D’Attoma John
Published: January 2022

The Conclusion sums up our empirical findings regarding the huge variations so commonly observed in tax compliance across countries. Taking what we call a “Reasonable Choice Approach” we show how three variables (institutions, norms, and values) provide a substantially more complete explanation for this variation than the classical Rational Choice approach. We then push the implications of this approach beyond tax compliance, and suggest that it helps explain why some societies are generally more socially cooperative and, ultimately, more successful than others. In the end, we hope that this simple explanation for social cooperation can be useful to scholars beyond the study of tax compliance. We also hope that these findings can be useful to governments and policymakers who want to devise strategies to improve tax compliance.
The Structure of Central Bank Operations
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: January 2022

Central bank operations are structured in practice by the goals set by the government, from control of interest rates at different maturities, advocated by the Radcliffe Report, to the narrower regulation of short-term interest rates in order to control inflation, under more recent inflation-targeting. But monetary policy cannot be separated from the management of government debt. Some of the techniques of open market operations, such as ‘operation twist’ to manipulate long-term interest rates, were described by Kalecki as techniques of controlling financing costs. In the end, such techniques depend on the structure of the financial system in which the central bank operates.
Non-Binding Norms in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Crawford Emily
Published: January 2022

This book examines and analyses the phenomenon of non-binding instruments (also known as ‘soft law’) in the law of armed conflict, or international humanitarian law (IHL). In the past 30 years, there have been a number of non-binding instruments created, designed as either ‘best practice’ guidelines, or (re)statements of applicable law. These instruments are not treaties, but they nevertheless put themselves forward as authoritative statements of what the law is and, in some instances, what the law should be. Soft law instruments can be dynamic, prompt, and responsive measures to address pressing issues in armed conflicts. By drawing on the skill of a small group of experts, these instruments can be debated and drafted in a timelier manner than if these issues were to be left to the international community of 194 States to resolve. Furthermore, because these instruments do not have to be sent for debate to an international conference of States, it means that the provisions are not subject to the usual revisions, reservations, and dilutions that come with attempting to reach consensus. However, there are also potential and actual problems with these instruments and the processes that bring them to fruition, and how they are received in practice by States and other stakeholders. This book looks at the benefits and drawbacks for States and non-State actors with regards to soft law, whether they are effective additions to the law of armed conflict, analysing the development through the lens of theories of legitimacy and legality in international law.