bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress made towards reconstructing early intervention after trauma: principles of evidence based practice
Authors: ɸrner R J , Schnyder U
Published: November 2023

For the last decade or so, a self-perpetuating debate has raged about the scope and limitations of early intervention (Gist and Woodhall, 1998; Mitchell, 1998; Avery et al. 1999). While controversies were endlessly rehearsed some service providers continued to address the practical imperative of mobilizing systematic help and support for survivors of recent and ongoing trauma. All chapters in the penultimate section of this book add substance to the view that evidence-based early psychosocial intervention is a crucial dimension of comprehensive post-incident care. Format and techniques vary according to the actualities of complex, unfolding situations and the many survivor populations being served.
Palliative Care in Stroke
Authors: Hamann Gerhard F , Rogers Angie , Addington-Hall Julia
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we address the palliative care needs of people who are expected to die soon after a severe stroke. We also consider the particular challenges that the care of these patients-and their families-present for neurologists, stroke physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, and others. The use of palliative care in stroke patients has attracted little attention, and consequently there is very little experience on which to draw, particularly when considering the palliative care problems specinc for stroke. This chapter focuses, therefore, on identifying those stroke patients particularly likely to have palliative care needs, describing these needs and applying general principles of palliative care to their management.
How the gastrointestinal tract does its job
Authors: Levitt Michael
Published: November 2023

The fascinating journey from mouth to anus takes anything from a matter of hours to several days depending on many different factors. What we eat and how much, and our levels of physical exercise, stress, and anxiety (and how we each respond to them!), as well as the medications and treatments of various kinds we are prescribed, all influence the workings of our bowels. The presence of certain diseases—gastroenteritis, for example—may also make a big difference.
Constipation and straining
Authors: Levitt Michael
Published: November 2023

Occasional constipation is almost universal. Even recurring or continuing constipation is common, and, predictably, women are more likely to be affected, having, on average, a naturally more sluggish bowel than do men. Whenever there is an unexpected change in bowel habit (especially in the over-50 age group), careful consideration must be given to excluding serious causes such as colonic cancer. Your doctor is undoubtedly the best person to advise on these matters; this is not something that should be deferred or for which alternative therapies should be tried before you have excluded potentially dangerous causes.
Colonic irrigation and other quackery
Authors: Levitt Michael
Published: November 2023

As already discussed, many complaints arising from bowel and bottom are troublesome but not life-threatening. A nuisance, a bother, an irritation, but not too serious.

And many of these complaints come and go of their own accord whether or not we find out what caused them and whether or not we actually do anything about them. What a perfect arena this is, then, for the well-meaning opportunist or for the charlatan with a view to a quick profit! Regardless of the efficacy of their new ‘wonder’ treatment, the health problem itself is likely to resolve of its own accord sooner or later. And even if it doesn’t, the problem is never likely to be too serious so it’s a case of ‘no harm done’.
Dangerous creatures: Cancer, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis
Authors: Levitt Michael
Published: November 2023

Like every other part of the human body, our gastrointestinal tract can fall victim to serious and life-threatening diseases. In their early stages, many of these diseases produce symptoms that are not unlike those caused by the common anorectal conditions or irritable bowel syndrome as already discussed.

The following accounts of some well-known ‘dangerous creatures’ are, inevitably, only brief. They attempt to explain the causes of these conditions, alert you to their early symptoms, and encourage a sensible approach to whether or not to have further investigations. They also discuss, in simple terms, the treatments available. More detailed information can be obtained from your family doctor or from such organizations as your local cancer foundation or Crohn’s and colitis association.
The future
Authors: Trevor Burke F J , Freeman Ruth
Published: November 2023

The majority of dental professionals, having spent five years or thereabouts at University, enter practice and remain in that environment for the remainder of their career. While there is always the possibility of a career change within, or outwith, dentistry, there is a potential for stagnation because of the repetitive nature of the job. In this respect, the varied challenges provided by patients are what make life interesting, and a considerable proportion of this book has therefore been dedicated to patient management issues. Striving towards excellence is another way of maintaining interest, and, again, this book has dealt with many issues surrounding this, from planning treatment to minimal intervention. However, it could be considered that the ability to follow a career structure and to take steps to prevent boredom are among the best means to happiness and success in dental practice.
Neurologic Emergencies
Authors: Agrawal Manish , Khleif Samir N
Published: November 2023

Approximately 15–20 percent of patients with cancer develop neurologic complications during the course of their illness. The incidence of neurologic complications of cancer is increasing in frequency as the disease is being controlled for longer periods of time producing an increased opportunity for metastases to the nervous system to develop. Neurologic complications in patients with cancer are either direct effects of tumor as in compression of/spread to brain, spinal cord, leptomeninges, or peripheral nerves or result from treatments such as chemotherapy, biologic, or radiation therapy. These complications are diverse, varying from acute and life-threatening to more insidious with long-term effects. Virtually any tumor can directly involve the nervous system, however, due to their high prevalence, lung, breast, and prostate tumors are the most frequent culprits.
Hepatic, Biliary, and Pancreatic Emergencies
Authors: Wilson Richard H , Johnston Patrick G
Published: November 2023

There are a wide range of hepato-pancreaticobiliary problems and emergencies encountered in oncologic practice. They may be due to the tumor, therapy or non-related conditions common in the age-matched general population. Problems range from common ones, such as malignant jaundice or ascites to rare ones following allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation such as graft-versus-host disease or hepatic veno- occlusive disease. The following chapter aims to aid the assessment and management of these problems in patients with cancer.
Infectious Diseases Emergencies
Authors: Gea-Banacloche, Juan , Chanock, Stephen J , Walsh Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Infection is frequently the immediate cause of death of the patient with cancer, and many times it constitutes a medical emergency. In this chapter, the main infectious dis- ease syndromes in oncology are presented. Most commonly, the physician has to deal with a clinical problem without precise knowledge of the etiology, and that is why we have favored the syndromic approach. In some cases, most notably in bacteremia, the clinician is provided with some information, often incomplete, from the beginning. We attempt to present a guide that may help to formulate a differential diagnosis and therapeutic strategy under those circumstances. Specific coverage of particular pathogens can be found under the specific clinical entities.
Dermatologic Emergencies
Authors: Eatock Martin M
Published: November 2023

Whilst there are few true oncologic emergencies affecting the skin, patients receiving treatment for cancer are exposed daily to potentially serious hazards to the skin as a result of drug extravasation following chemotherapy or as a result of an acute dermatologic radiation reaction. These problems are not life-threatening, however their early recognition and management are important in order to prevent significant morbidity and functional impairment.
Inorganic structures of life
Authors: Mann Stephen
Published: November 2023

From the nano-world of rusty proteins and magnetic compasses in bacteria to the macroscopic structures of oyster shells, corals, ivory, bone and enamel, biology has evolved a new type of chemistry that brings together the synthesis and construction of hard and soft matter for the design of functionalized inorganic-organic materials. The process that gives rise to these small and large inorganic-based structures of life is called biomineralization. Biomineralization: the study of the formation, structure and properties of inorganic solids deposited in biological systems.
The difficult patient
Authors: Asen Eia
Published: November 2023

Anyone working in primary care will have had their fair share of difficult patients—and probably a paucity of ‘easy ‘ patients. In this chapter we look at patients who are not just difficult, but who are a considerable problem to their doctors or other primary care workers. The first step is to examine the term ‘difficult patient ‘. It is vague and ill defined, and likely to evoke a whole range of associations. For example, aggressive and challenging patients will come to mind for some workers, or those ‘heart sink ‘ patients who turn up seemingly endless times for consultations and who do not respond to any of their doctors ‘ best efforts (Wamoscher 1966). Most annoyingly to their doctors, these patients tend to present with somatic symptoms that wander from one part of the body to another (Van Eijk 1983). Then there are those patients who some doctors find difficult simply because they want to have long explanations for whatever is wrong with them and who repeatedly question the wisdom of their doctors ‘ remedies and prescriptions. It can be seen that what is a difficult patient for one practitioner may be an ordinary one for another. Calling a patient difficult is probably as much a reflection of the doctor ‘s prejudices or tolerance level as having to do with the patient ‘s specific characteristics.
Stress, strain and burnout: support and supervision
Authors: Milton Jane
Published: November 2023

This chapter will address the strains and stresses the general practitioner faces, besides the satisfactions of the job. It will look at how these arise, and then how the doctor can be helped and supported. Relevant questions include: why do people become doctors? What do they expect from their patients? What does society expect from its doctors and how does it regard them? What transactions, conscious and unconscious, happen between doctor and patient, and what can go wrong? Doctors ‘ stress goes beyond the everyday strains of unsocial hours and annoying paperwork, and we need a complex and multilayered way of understanding their tasks and relationships. I use a psychoanalytic frame of reference to inform the discussion about conscious and unconscious aspects of human concerns and relationships, trying to think about them in developmental terms.
Postnatal depression
Authors: Dymond Maret , Murray Lynne , Cooper Peter J
Published: November 2023

Postnatal depression is one of the more common mental disorders faced by general practitioners and other primary care professionals: a number of studies show that 10–15% of women are affected (Cox et al. 1993; O ‘Hara and Swain 1996). This figure is even higher under adverse social and economic conditions (Cooper et al. 1999). Not only is postnatal depression extremely distressing for the mother and those around her, it is also well established that it is a risk factor for adverse child emotional and cognitive outcome (see review by Murray and Cooper 1997). For example, children of postnatally depressed mothers have been shown to have significantly raised levels of emotional disturbance when adjusting to school (Alpern and Lyons Ruth 1993; Sinclair and Murray 1998) and, at the same age, are more likely to be reported by their mothers as having behavioural difficulties at home (Murray et al. 1999). In addition, in high-risk groups, there have also been reports of poorer cognitive development in children of mothers who have had postnatal depression (Cogill et al. 1986; Sharp et al. 1995).
Maximum parsimony
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike
Published: November 2023

The maximum parsimony method is a popular technique for reconstructing phylogenetic trees from characters. It can be viewed as a refinement of the maximum compatibility approach described in Chapter 4.
Markov models on trees
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters, we have regarded data such as characters or dissimilarity maps on X as being pre-given, and we have then discussed various ways that such data can be described by an X-tree. This, in turn, led to methods for reconstructing X-trees from characters or dissimilarity maps.
Introduction
Authors: McKenzie Bruce C
Published: November 2023

The Internet is a worldwide network of computer networks (an inter-network) linked by a set of common rules (TCP/IP).

Neighbouring networks co-operate to share information and allow communication across their networks as if they were one entity.

Some computers connect to the Internet via an ordinary telephone line, modem, and a commercial Internet service provider for free or for the cost of a local telephone call.

Others connect via an academic, institutional, or other network, or via newer media such as digital TV.

The speed of any connection is in part determined by the information-carrying capacity of the network (‘bandwidth’).
Your body clock, the waking period, and physical activity
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G
Published: November 2023

We have already considered how the body clock and melatonin secretion, by lowering body temperature in the evening and at night, increase fatigue and decrease alertness, and so help to promote and maintain sleep. This is a time of recuperation, growth, and conservation of energy. In the daytime, the opposite effects take place; we are now alert and ready to be active. Whatever form these activities take, they will require energy. That energy comes from the breakdown of food and is used both for physical and mental activities. These issues will be the topics of this and the next two chapters. Here we consider the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the provision of energy by metabolism, and physical performance.
Long-haul flights and time-zone transitions — the problems
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G
Published: November 2023

The tour operator for a long-haul flight to a distant land will stress the excitement of it all — the new places, people, and lifestyles, and the sense of romance and adventure. Not surprisingly, the discomfort, inconvenience, and disruption caused by such a flight, together with feeling ‘below par’ during the first few days after the flight, will not be discussed as much — if at all.

There are two separate problems associated with long-haul flights — ‘travel fatigue’ and ‘jet lag’. The former refers to sheer tiredness, the latter to a disturbance of the body clock.
Daily rhythms and medicine
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G
Published: November 2023

Hospitals are day-orientated with regard to administrative and consultative business, non-emergency (elective) operations, and treatment. This is to be expected, and is for the convenience of both the staff and patients. Even so, the hospital cannot shut at night; it must continue to look after the in-patients, it must be able to provide them with medical care when- ever required, and it must always be able to deal with emergencies.
Von Neumann Algebra Basics
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to present the basic theory of von Neumann algebras with minimal preparation. The general theory of von Neumann algebras often requires several hundred pages in standard textbooks, and this has been an obstacle for non-operator algebraists to grasp the theory for applications in other fields such as low-dimensional topology or quantum group theory. We present only what is needed in the remainder of the book, and often give ad hoc definitions and make extra assumptions rather than work in full generality. (When we give a non-standard corner-cutting definition, we also explain what the standard definition is.)
Musical cosmology: Kepler and his readers
Authors: Field J V
Published: November 2023

The poem was first published in 1687—making it an exact contemporary of Isaac Newton’s Mathematical principles of natural philosophy—but is now probably best remembered in the magnificent musical setting by Handel, which was given its first performance on Saint Cecilia’s Day (22 November, New Style) in 1738. By then, and indeed at the time Dryden wrote, the reference to celestial music was no more than a literary device.
Composing with fractals
Authors: Johnson Robert Sherlaw
Published: November 2023

A glance through the illustrations in The science of fractal images edited by Peitgen and Saupe, or The beauty of fractals by Peitgen and Richter is sufficient to suggest that it is possible to create unusual and interesting patterns, and even landscape and floral pictures, by computer generation. These works are concerned principally with the visual application of fractals, music receiving only a brief mention in the former book.
Wilful deception as illness behaviour
Authors: Halligan Peter W , Bass, Christopher , Oakley David A
Published: November 2023

Sensitivities and confusion regarding the nature of illness deception continue to be a major feature of modem medicine and social security policy in most Western democracies. Although biomedical models continue to dominate current definitions of illness deception, neither of the standard psychiatric glossaries consider malingering-the intentional production of false or exaggerated symptoms motivated by external incentives-to be a valid diagnostic term. In this chapter, we argue that illness deception does not need to be medicalized in order to be understood as a coherent explanatory construct in its own right. The fact that health and non-health related deception is commonly practiced within society and that public attitudes towards fraud and deception are largely equivocal, suggests that it is reasonable to view illness behaviours from several conceptu ally non-medical perspectives.
Malingering and criminal behaviour as psychopathology
Authors: Raine Adrian
Published: November 2023

Malingering is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-N (DSM-IV; American Psychological Association 1994) as a clinical disorder, but in the appendix it is listed and assigned a ‘V’ code to mark it as a condition that requires further attention and elucidation. In this context, malingering is defined as ‘The intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms, motivated by external incentives such as avoiding military duty, avoiding work, obtaining financial compensation, evading criminal prosecution, or obtaining drugs’ (p. 683). Guidelines are given to suggest malingering would be suspected if it is present in a medicolegal context, if there is a marked discrepancy between claimed stress and disability and objective findings, if the individual lacks cooperation in either evaluation or treatment proto cols, or if there is concomitant presence of Antisocial Personality Disorder. DSM guidelines on malingering have, however, been criticized by Rogers (1990) on the grounds that studies have shown that they correctly identify malingerers in only 20 per cent of cases.
Characteristics of the sick role
Authors: Prior Lindsay , Wood Fiona
Published: November 2023

Parsons’ (1951) conceptualization of the ‘sick role’ identified sickness as a social as much as a physiological event. Yet despite its uses, the model neglects the ways in which sickness is mediated through lay culture. As Freidson (1970) points out, it is usually only after lay consultation (in particular, with family members) that sickness gets presented to medical professionals. Indeed, sickness as a social performance is tied up with lay notions of what does and does not constitute proper illness.
All Change!
Authors: Acheson David
Published: November 2023

All around us, things are changing. Whether the ‘thing’ in question is the position of a tennis racket, the value of a stock market share, or the pressure in a blood vessel, change is everywhere. And the branch of mathematics which is most concerned with change is calculus.
On Being as Small as Possible
Authors: Acheson David
Published: November 2023

Why not try this simple experiment? Take a wire framework of some kind, and dip it into a bowl of soapy water (or washing-up liquid). When you take it out again, you will find a thin soap film spanning the framework. And however complicated this film may be, it has one very interesting property: it always tries to organize itself so that its surface area is as small as possible.
Real or Imaginary?
Authors: Acheson David
Published: November 2023

Once in a while, someone conducts a poll by asking a bunch of mathematicians what they reckon to be the ten most wonderful pieces of mathematics of all time. And while some of the answers depend a bit on when the poll is taken, and who exactly is asked, one particular result always wins.
‘In Denmark I was born ⃛’
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

At Ved Stranden No. 14, facing Christiansborg Castle, the seat of the Danish Parliament, there stands one of Copenhagen’s handsomest mansions. As one enters the front door of the neoclassical building, one sees an archway leading into a courtyard. A plaque inside the archway records its residents since the first buildings were erected there in the middle of the sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century several mayors of Copenhagen made their homes on these grounds. After those early residences were all destroyed in the great Copenhagen fire of 1795 (which laid waste nearly a quarter of the city, about a thousand houses), the present building was constructed during 1796–7.
Boyhood
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Denmark, Europe’s oldest kingdom, is a small country. Its territory (not counting Greenland) is about one-third that of New York State. It had been much larger in earlier times. As late as the beginning of the seventeenth century, it had reigned over large areas, now part of Sweden, covering about one and a halftimes Denmark’s present size. Those lands were lost to Sweden in the wars of 1645 and 1658 that brought Denmark on the verge of ruin. It still had Norway as a union partner, but had to cede that too, in 1814, after the Napoleonic wars. In the 1860s a third catastrophe took place.
Looking into the atomic nucleus
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

In August 1928 George Gamow, a native of Odessa (he became a US citizen in 1940), was about to conclude a postdoctoral fellowship in Gottingen. It was then and there that he obtained a result that marks the beginning of modern theoretical nuclear physics: the interpretation of ll-radioactivity (also called ll-decay) as a quantum mechanical effect. In September the same result was obtained independently in Princeton by Ronald Gurney and Edward Condon, who wrote in their letter to Nature: ‘It has hitherto been necessary to postulate some special arbitrary “instability” of the nucleus; but in the following note it is pointed out that disintegration is a natural consequence of the laws of quantum mechanics without any special hypothesis.’ *
Occupancy and urn models
Authors: Barbour A D , Holst Lars , Janson Svante
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the general results on Poisson approximation are applied to problems connected with urn models; in particular occupancy problems are studied. Urn models have a long history going back to the early development of probability theory. General references on the subject are Johnson and Kotz (1977), Kolchin, Sevast’yanov and Chistyakov (1978) and the classic Feller (1968). In Section 6.1, the Poisson approximation of the hypergeometric distribution is considered. The number of boxes with given contents in the urn model with a multinomial allocation rule is studied in detail in Section 6.2. In Section 6.3, urn models, negative association and general occupancy problems are discussed. Finally, a matrix occupancy problem is investigated in Section 6.4.
Exceedances and extremes
Authors: Barbour A D , Holst Lars , Janson Svante
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we study the Poisson approximation of .ℒ (W) using the Stein-Chen method and coupling. In Section 8.1, the X’s are assumed to have a jointly Gaussian distribution. The upper bound for the variation distance between .ℒ (W) and Po(𝔼W) given in Theorem 2.1 is further developed, and applied in the context of stationary Gaussian sequences. In Section 8.2 we study the scan statistic, that is, the number of clusters of close points, for the Poisson process. The couplings needed are explicitly constructed in a way similar to that used for spacings in Chapter 7. Associated random variables, in particular moving averages of independent random variables with non-negative weights, are studied in Section 8.3. The existence of good couplings now follows directly from the FKG inequality (2.2.1). Although the scan statistic for the Poisson process is a special case of such moving averages, it is illuminating to consider it first, before discussing the general case, because the couplings can be made explicit. In Section 8.4, counts of runs and other patterns in sequences of independent random letters are examined, and the last section is concerned with the number of visits of an ergodic Markov chain to a rare set.
GLM with random coefficients
Authors: Longford Nicholas T
Published: November 2023

Generalized linear models (GLM) are an extension of the linear regression models beyond the realm of the normal distribution. Their unified formulation, as opposed to a set of distinct methods for different distributional assumptions, is due to Nelder and Wedderburn (1972) and Wedderburn (1974).
Developments in Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Flury Bernard D
Published: November 2023

Principal Component Analysis is an old statistical technique, and most of the important mathematical results have been known for some 40 or more years. Routine practical applications became possible by the development of good software for extracting eigenvectors and eigenvalues of symmetric matrices. Since the sixties of this century, many interesting applications of principal component analysis have appeared in the literature, most prominently in biology, but also in social sciences. To the pioneers in the development of the theory of principal component analysis (like Pearson 1901, Hotelling 1933, Anderson 1963), it may have been almost unthinkable that people would some day perform analyses with dozens, if not hundreds, of variables. Indeed, the availability of efficient software has not always bene fitted science, because investigators are tempted to let the computer do the thinking. Too many people use principal component analysis (and other multivariate techniques) to study too many variables, hoping that putting ever more data into an existing algorithm will lead to valid scientific conclusions.
Manova Biplots For Two-Way Contingency Tables
Authors: Gabriel K R
Published: November 2023

A graphical display should show features of data that help in their inter pretation. The biplots discussed in this chapter provide a view of two-way contingency tables as a set of samples distributed into categories. They display sample proportions in the categories, dissimilarities of samples and analogues of two-sample tests of homogeneity. This is a useful way to view a contingency table, though not the only one.
Basic notions
Authors: Jensen Jens Ledet
Published: November 2023

In this introduction we will look at two examples to illustrate why saddlepoint aproximations are important and to illustrate how accurate they often are. After that, an outline of the book will be given. Saddlepoint approximations, or saddlepoint expansions, provide good approximations to very small tail probabilities or to the density in the tails of the distributions. By a ‘good’ approximation, here we imply one with a small relative error. If, for example, the true probability is 0.01 it is not of much help to know that the approximation has absolute error O(n-1) when n is smaller than 100, say. When, instead, the relative error is O(n-1) we have a much more useful statement. It is quite common in statistical practice to consider test probabilities of the order of I%, but even smaller probabilities are of interest in certain test situations. If, for example. one wishes to investigate whether a chemical substance causes cancer, one will be interested in very small test probabilities to make a convincing case. In other field,, small probabilities are the rule rather than the exception. Two examples are the calculation of the probability of a defect item passing an inspection system and the calculation of the reliability of a system.
Saddlepoint approximations for i.i.d. sums
Authors: Jensen Jens Ledet
Published: November 2023

For the formulas of Section 1.4 we will now choose the parameter 0 in such a way that the approximation problem becomes centered. Let X1, ..., Xn be i.i.d. random vectors in ℝd with Laplace transform φ( θ), and let Pθ be the measure in (1.2.1). When we require an approximation at the point x we choose, if possible, θ [ineq], determined by Let X have a standard normal density and let Y have an exponential density with parameter A, with X and Y being independent.
Asymptotic expansions of integrals
Authors: Jensen Jens Ledet
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter we gave the classical saddlepoint approximations for densities and tail probabilities for sums of independent random variables. In applications we will often want to go a step further and perform an integration to obtain a marginal distribution or a mean value, say. In this chapter we discuss general methods for expanding the integrals of a particular structure. We consider the expansion of an integral that is dependent on α; in the limit α → ∞ Consider the integral
One-way frequency tables
Authors: Lindsey J k.
Published: November 2023

This is a book on modelling categorical data, often called discrete data analysis. Such observations involve enumerating one or more types of event. A variable can be defined by an exhaustive and mutually exclusive list of these types. If these events all occur independently on different units or individuals, we call the enumerated results frequencies. This is the subject of the first part of the book. On the other hand, if several events from the same variable are observed on the same unit, they will be called counts. In the latter case, we would expect some kind of dependency among the repeating events. The second part of the book looks at this type of event observation. Thus, if we study the number of children in families, these values (0, 1, 2, ... ) would be counts within each family unit, while the number of independent families with, say, k children would be a frequency.
Regression models
Authors: Lindsey J k.
Published: November 2023

The general approach to entering explanatory variables into a model is through a regression. This is effectively what we were doing in Chapter 1, having the frequencies depend on time, season, etc. Nominal explanatory variables are a special case. Normally, a set of zero-one indicator variables would have to be specified for the different categories of the variable. However, generalized linear model software generally handles this automatically, by factor variables, as is also indicated by the notation which we have been using. In this chapter, we shall investigate some more complex models containing quantitative explanatory variables, which one may not want to include as categorical variables.
Motor aspects of unilateral neglect and related disorders
Authors: Fink Gereon R , Marshall John C
Published: November 2023

Many patients who survive brain damage (due to stroke or traumatic brain injury, for example) are left with a variety of cognitive impairments which adversely affect their treatment, management, and subsequent recovery. Unilateral neglect is one such cognitive deficit which severely limits the effectiveness of rehabilitation and curtails many aspects of everyday life (Halligan and Cockburn 1993). Neglect is not a well-defined syndrome but rather a family of different behavioural manifestations characterized by the patient’s failure to spontaneously report, respond, or even orient to objects and events in the hemispace contralateral to a brain lesion, and which cannot be attributed to either primary sensory or motor deficits (Heilman et al. 1993).
Delusions of control: a disorder of forward models of the motor system
Authors: Blakemore Sarah-Jayne
Published: November 2023

How do we know that our own actions belong to us? How are we able to distinguish self-generated sensory events from those that arise externally? In this chapter I evaluate one class of symptoms associated with schizophrenia that are characterized by a confusion between the self and other: a delusion of control. It has been proposed that this symptom arises because of a failure in the mechanism by which the predicted consequences of self-produced actions are derived from an internal forward model.
Abundance structure
Authors: Gaston Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Position and size are two important descriptors of the structure of the geographic range of a species (Chapters 2 and 3). Nonetheless, they are but crude indices of the distribution of individuals across the land (or sea) scape. Whilst they are all that have been determined about the ranges of many species—and for the majority not even these quantities have as yet been measured (a high proportion of species that are doubtless much more widespread remain known from only a single locality; Andersen et al. 1997; Stork 1997)—they entirely ignore any patterns of spatial distribution of individuals that occur within the geographic limits to their occurrence or crude scale occupancy.
Algebraic Preliminaries
Authors: Reiner I
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews some basic algebraic techniques. Proof are often omitted, especially when they are readily available in standard references, or when they are too long or too detailed to warrant their inclusion in this preliminary chapter. Many readers may wish to glance briefly at the contents of this chapter, referring back to the relevant sections when they are needed later. Occasionally. results are stated somewhat more generally than necessary for later use Each ring considered below will be assumed to have a unity element, and each ring homomorphism preserves unity elements.
Simple Algebras Over Global Fields
Authors: Reiner I
Published: November 2023

Throughout this chapter let K denote a global field (see §4e). Our aim is to study central simple K-algebras, and ideal class groups of maximal orders in such algebras. As general references for the topics considered below, the reader may consult Albert [I], Cassels-FrÖ hlich [l], Deuring [I], Roggenkamp [l], Roggenkamp, Huber-Dyson [I], Swan-Evans [I], Weil [IJ We shall state without proof two basic results from class field theory, namely the Hasse Nonn Theorem and the Grunwald-Wang Theorem To include the proofs of these results in this book would require several additional chapter!>, and would adversely affect the proper balance of the subject matter covered in this book. Apart from these two theorems, however, the rest of the exposition is self-contained.
Control constructs
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: November 2023

We have learnt in the previous chapter how assignment statements may be written, and how these may be ordered one after the other to form a sequence of code which is executed step by step. In most computations, however, this simple sequence of statements is by itself inadequate for the formulation of the problem. For instance, we may wish to follow one of two possible paths through a section of code, depending on whether a calculated value is positive or negative. We may wish to sum 1000 elements of an array, and to do this by writing 1000 additions and assignments is clearly tedious; the ability to iterate over a single addition is required instead. We may wish to pass control from one part of a program to another, or even stop processing altogether.
Data transfer
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: November 2023

Fortran has, in comparison with most other high-level programming languages, a particularly rich set of facilities for input/output (I/O), but it is an area of Fortran into which not all programmers need to delve very deeply. For most small-scale programs it is sufficient to know how to read a few data records containing input variables, and how to transmit to a terminal or printer the results of a calculation. In large-scale data processing, on the other hand, the programs often have to deal with huge streams of data to and from many files; in these cases it is essential that great attention be paid to the way in which the I/O is designed and coded, as otherwise both the execution time and the real time spent in the program can suffer dramatically. The term file is used for a collection of data outside the main memory and a file is always organized into a sequence of records.
Follow-up and assessment protocols for myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Rogers Mark T , Mathieu Jean
Published: November 2023

The first crucial factor in the initial planning of health care management for a patient with a neuromuscular disorder is a correct diagnosis and the second is knowledge of the natural history. The diagnosis and knowledge of the natural history together make it possible to plan specific management and treatment, allowing the individual to understand the long-term impact of their disorder. While this chapter applies mainly to patients with the DM l mutation, it is likely that the general approaches will also be relevant to those with type 2 myotonic dystrophy/PROMM, at least until more data are available for the natural history of this form.
Problems in applying discriminant analysis in credit-scoring models
Authors: Eisenbeis Robert A
Published: November 2023

Since the mid- and late-1960s credit scoring and related loan review procedures have been applied with increasing frequency by financial institutions and other creditors. Chandler and Coffman (1977). for example, report that credit-scoring systems are in wide use today. However. given the proprietary nature of these systems, precious little is known about the specific content of the models. There have been several credit-scoring systems constructed by academics that have appeared in the journals. If these are representative of the types of systems actually being employed in industry, then it would appear that a number of these systems could be expected to suffer from methodological and statistical problems which may have significant implications for the hundreds employing the models.

As Chandler and Coffman (1977) point out, these problems take on increasing importance given (a) the passage of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) in 1974, which prohibited discrimination in the granting of credit on the basis of sex or marital status and the amendments on March 1976. which added seven other prohibited factors including race, color. religion, national origin. age, receipt of public assistance benefits, and the good faith exercise of rights under the Consumer Credit
Updating scorecards: removing the mystique
Authors: Lucas Alan
Published: November 2023

In what follows it is assumed that we are examining a credit book with one scorecard either in place or about to be installed, operating on the whole book or on a well defined subpopulation. The objectives of this chapter are threefold: to expound on a monitoring theme which will determine whether the scorecard is working ‘optimally ‘; to suggest ways of updating the scorecard if it is not perfect; third. if the scorecard is deemed to need amendment. to explain how the basic principle embodied within this chapter can be used to quantify expert opinion in situations where there is not enough data to undertake a full statistical inference (including new book situations).
Can reject inference ever work?
Authors: Hand David J , Henley William E
Published: November 2023

When applicants apply for credit. they are assessed using a scoring instrument and either accepted or rejected. The accepted ones are followed up, and their true good or bad creditworthiness can be determined. However, the rejected ones are not followed up, so that their true status is unknown. ‘Reject inference ‘ is the process of attempting to infer the true creditworthiness status of the rejected applicants.

There are several reasons for being interested in this. A straightforward one is a wish to determine the number of good credit risks rejected by the scoring instrument. Another, more subtle, involves the effort to develop improved scoring instruments. In general, the only data available on which to develop new instruments will be: (a) the applicants ‘ responses to the individual items comprising the scoring instrument (these will be available for both accepted and rejected applicants), and (b) the true good or bad status of those accepted (but not of those rejected). Unfortunately, as outlined below, instruments based solely on the accepted applicants could be biased. This observation has led to the idea that, if one can use reject inference to infer the status of those rejected, then perhaps this information could be combined with the known status of those accepted to reduce the bias in the new instrument. Reject inference has attracted a great deal of interest. and many methods have been proposed. Much of the work seems to have been based on a poor understanding of what can be achieved using the rejects. The aim of this chapter is to clarify this. and to describe some proposed methods of reject inference.
Principles and best practice model of psychogeriatric service delivery
Authors: Chiu Edmond
Published: November 2023

The early principles of psychogeriatric service delivery were established in the United Kingdom in the 1960s (see Chapter I) by pioneers such as Tom Arie, Brice Pitt, David Jolly and Felix Post. Pitt in his Psychogeriatrics: -an introduction to the psychiatry of old age (1982) said: The principal aim of a psychogeriatric service must be to meet the needs of old people in its community. Usually the service operates from the psychiatric hospital or unit of the area, but it is concerned not nearly or even mostly with old people already in hospital, but with the development of comprehe11sive assessment, treatment a11d care for the elderly mentally ill at large. (My emphasis)Tom Arie, since the 1970s, has consistently affirmed and taught ‘services have concerned themselves not only with the best interest of those who are patients, but also with the population of potential patients within a local community ‘ (Jolly and Arie, 1992).
Involvement of carers, consumers and the broader community
Authors: Brodaty Henry , Low Lee-Fay
Published: November 2023

This chapter will examine the consumer movement as it relates to psychogeriatric services and will include practical suggestions about how to appropriately involve consumers and carers in service planning, management and delivery. Ethical and medico-legal issues will be covered. A carer, also called a caregiver or caretaker, is defined as a family member (or friend), helping someone on a regular (usually daily) basis with tasks necessary for independent living (Zarit and Edwards, 1996, p. 334). Carers are vital partners in the care of older persons. They have roles in assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and medico-legal functions and are also legitimate targets for interventions in their own right. From a service viewpoint, acknowledgement of the need to provide for carers, even if not of an older age themselves, is crucial in organizing service loads.
Principles of preventive pharmacotherapy in primary headache
Authors: Goadsby P J
Published: November 2023

Preventive management for recurrent headache syndromes is one of the key tasks for physicians interested in headache. This review was commissioned to provide a backdrop for the discussions that will follow so it will be general, drawing on specific examples when appropriate, but will not be an exhaustive treatise on preventive therapies. Textbooks have been written and much of what follows in this volume will cover the details of preventive therapy. Invariably, principles in medicine have a personal flavour and I am aware that much of what is written is couched in the first person. This chapter is an amalgam of my mentor’s views,2 the views of my colleagues, many of whom I have written with and collaborated with, and balanced by mistakes I have made myself and learnt from. Some principles are so generic that they apply across all primary headaches, applying as effectively in Chronic Migraine as they do in Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing (SUNCT).
Preventive treatment of migraine headache with rofecoxib
Authors: Visser W H , Malbecq W , Strohmaier K , Lines, C , Reines S A
Published: November 2023

The current choices for the prophylactic treatment of migraine include 6 major medication groups: -adrenergic blockers, antidepressants, calcium channel blockers, selective serotonin receptor antagonists, anticonvulsants, and NSAIDs. The mode of action of most of these classes of drugs in migraine prophylaxis is not fully understood. Due to a lack of scientific rigor in many of the reported trials, it is not clear which agents are the most effective in preventing migraine. All of these agents carry the risk of side effects, which can be significant in some cases. For example, non-selective NSAIDs are associated with an increased risk of gastro intestinal side effects, such as ulcers, which are thought to be due to inhibition of the COX-1 enzyme. The recent development of agents which are selective inhibitors of COX-2, such as rofecoxib, raises the possibility that these new agents may be effective for migraine prophylaxis with an improved gastrointestinal tolerability profile compared with non-selective NSAIDs. We therefore performed a clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of rofecoxib for migraine prophylaxis.
Survey on expenditure for analgesics in chronic tension headache and its changes following botulinum toxin type A preventive treatment
Authors: Coloprisco G , Filippis S De , Santi P G , Fiore G , Rodio, A , Martelletti P
Published: November 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the use of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A; BOTOX® Allergan, Inc.; Irvine, CA) as preventive treatment of chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) on analgesic use and expenditure. This was a prospective, single-center, I-year, open-label study of the effect of BoNT-A treatment on acute analgesic use and expenditure in CTTH patients. A headache questionnaire, which included questions about medication costs, was completed by CTTH patients attending a specialist headache clinic in Rome prior to BoNT-A injections. Repeat injections were administered every 3 months for up to 1 year. Patients were required to complete the questionnaire prior to each injection cycle. A pharmacoeconomic analysis was performed at each assessment to determine the effect of BoNT-A treatment on analgesic use and expenditure.