bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel approaches and challenges to treatment of central nervous system viral infections
Authors: Nath Avindra , Tyler Kenneth L.
Published: August 2013

Existing and emerging viral central nervous system (CNS) infections are major sources of human morbidity and mortality. Treatments of proven efficacy are currently limited predominantly to herpesviruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Development of new therapies has been hampered by the lack of appropriate animal model systems for some important viruses and by the difficulty in conducting human clinical trials for diseases that may be rare, or in the case of arboviral infections, often have variable seasonal and geographic incidence. Nonetheless, many novel approaches to antiviral therapy are available, including candidate thiazolide and pyrazinecarboxamide derivatives with potential broad‐spectrum antiviral efficacy. New herpesvirus drugs include viral helicase‐primase and terminase inhibitors. The use of antisense oligonucleotides and other strategies to interfere with viral RNA translation has shown efficacy in experimental models of CNS viral disease. Identifying specific molecular targets within viral replication cycles has led to many existing antiviral agents and will undoubtedly continue to be the basis of future drug design. A promising new area of research involves therapies based on enhanced understanding of host antiviral immune responses. Toll‐like receptor agonists and drugs that inhibit specific cytokines as well as interferon preparations have all shown potential therapeutic efficacy. Passive transfer of virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes has been used in humans and may provide an effective therapy for some herpesvirus infections and potentially for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Humanized monoclonal antibodies directed against specific viral proteins have been developed and in several cases evaluated in humans in settings including West Nile virus and HIV infection and in pre‐exposure prophylaxis for rabies. Ann Neurol 2013;74:412–422
Molecularly imprinted polymer beads prepared by pickering emulsion polymerization for steroid recognition
Authors: Zhou Tongchang , Shen Xiantao , Chaudhary Shilpi , Ye Lei
Published: August 2013

Pickering emulsion polymerization was used to synthesize molecularly imprinted polymer beads for the selective recognition of 17‐β‐estradiol under aqueous conditions. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the imprinted polymer beads had a small diameter with a narrow size distribution (18.9 ± 2.3 μm). The reduction in particle size achieved in this study was attributed to the altered polarity of the stabilizing nanoparticles used in the Pickering emulsion. The imprinted polymer beads could be used directly in water and showed a high binding affinity for the template molecule, 17‐β‐estradiol, and its structural analogs. These water‐compatible polymer beads could be used as affinity adsorbents for the extraction and analysis of low‐abundance steroid compounds in aqueous samples. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39606.
Effective immobilization of lipase onto a porous gelatin‐co‐Poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymer and evaluation of its hydrolytic properties
Authors: Kaur Inderjeet , Bhati Pooja , Bala Kiran , Kanwar Shamsher S.
Published: August 2013

Crosslinked copolymers of gelatin and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with excellent water absorption and water retention abilities were successfully synthesized using 60Co γ radiation. Ammonium persulfate (APS), as a water‐soluble initiator and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as a foaming agent were used. The best synthesis conditions were evaluated with regard to the maximum percentage of swelling as a function of the APS concentration, NaHCO3 concentration, amount of water, and reaction time. The maximum swelling percentage (1694.59%) of the copolymer gelatin‐co‐PVA, was obtained at the optimum parameters [APS] = 2.92 × 10−1 mol/L, [NaHCO3] = 7.94 × 10−2 mol/L, and 1.5 mL of water with 31.104 kGy of the γ radiation dose. The copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The SEM analysis showed a highly nanoporous and cellular structure of the copolymer. The copolymer was used as a support for lipase immobilization. The optimization of the reaction conditions, including the pH and temperature for immobilization, on the basis of the hydrolysis of p‐nitrophenyl palmitate, was carried out. An excellent efficiency for protein loading (70%) at pH 8.5 by the copolymer was observed. The results observed during the evaluation of the hydrolytic properties showed excellent activity of the bound lipase. The porous gelatin‐co‐PVA bound lipase was found to be stable at 75°C and pH 8.5; it displayed 2.326 ± 0.005 U/g of lipase activity. The stability and activity of the copolymer‐bound lipase were also studied as a function of the time at 75°C, and the biocatalyst was found to be stable and active up to 1 h, beyond which the activity decreased. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39622.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) micelles: Preparation, characterization, and application as doxorubicin carriers
Authors: Yu Lili , Yao Lin , You Jing , Guo Yihui , Yang Liyan
Published: August 2013

A crosslinked amphiphilic copolymer [poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)–poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)–ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM)] composed of PMMA, PEG, and crosslinking units (EGDM) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization to develop micelles as carriers for hydrophobic drugs. By adjusting the molar ratio of methyl methacrylate and EGDM, three block copolymer samples (P0, P1, and P2) were prepared. The measurement of gel permeation chromatography and 1H‐NMR indicated the formation of crosslinked structures for P1 and P2. Fluorescence spectroscopy measurement indicated that PEG–PMMA–EGDM could self‐assemble to form micelles, and the critical micelle concentration values of the crosslinked polymer were lower than those of linear ones. The prepared PEG–PMMA–EGDM micelles were used to load doxorubicin (DOX). The drug‐loading efficiencies of P1 and P2 were higher than that of P0 because the crosslinking units enhanced the micelles' stability. With increasing drug‐loading contents, DOX release from the micelles in vitro was decreased, and in the crosslinked formulations, the release rate was also slower. An in vitro release study indicated that DOX release from the micelles for the linear samples was faster than that for crosslinked micelles. The drug feeding amount increased and resulted in an increase in the drug‐loading content, and the loading efficiency decreased. These PEG–PMMA–EGDM micelles did not show toxicity in vitro and could reduce the cytotoxicity of DOX in the micelles; this suggested that they are good candidates as stable drug carriers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39623.
Graphene and graphene oxide and their uses in barrier polymers
Authors: Yoo Byung Min , Shin Hye Jin , Yoon Hee Wook , Park Ho Bum
Published: August 2013

Currently, there is great interest in graphene‐based devices and applications because graphene has unique electronic and material properties, which can lead to enhanced material performance. Graphene may be used in a wide variety of potential applications from next‐generation transistors to lightweight and high‐strength polymeric composite materials. Graphene, which has atomic thickness and two‐dimensional sizes in the tens of micrometer range or larger, has also been considered a promising nanomaterial in gas‐ or liquid‐barrier applications because perfect graphene sheets do not allow diffusion of small gases or liquids through its plane. Recent molecular simulations and experiments have demonstrated that graphene and its derivatives can be used for barrier applications. In general, graphene and its derivatives can be applied via two major routes for barrier polymer applications. One is the transfer or coating of few‐layered, ultrathin graphene and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), on polymeric substrates. The other is the incorporation of fully exfoliated GO or rGO nanosheets into the polymeric matrix. In this article, we review the state‐of‐the‐art research on the use of graphene, GO, and rGO for barrier applications, including few‐layered graphene or its derivatives in coated polymeric films and polymer nanocomposites consisting of chemically exfoliated GO and rGO nanosheets, and their gas‐barrier properties. As compared to other nanomaterials being used for barrier applications, the advantages and current limitations are discussed to highlight challenging issues for future research and the potential applications of graphene/polymer, GO/polymer, and rGO/polymer composites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 39628.
Fabrication of large‐scale superhydrophobic composite films with enhanced tensile properties by multinozzle conveyor belt electrospinning
Authors: Wang Shuai , Yang Yubo , Zhang Yang , Fei Xiaoliang , Zhou Chen , Zhang Yue , Li Yaoxian , Yang Qingbiao , Song Yan
Published: August 2013

Large‐scale superhydrophobic composite films with enhanced tensile properties were prepared by multinozzle conveyor belt electrospinning. First, a strategy of conveyor belt electrospinning was introduced for large‐scale fabrication since the conveyor belt can expand the electrospinning area unlimitedly. During the electrospinning (or electrospraying) process, certain kinds of fibers are combined on the conveyor belt in one electrospinning (or electrospraying) step. The superhydrophobicity of electrospun film can be achieved by the presence of PS beads and bead‐on‐string PVDF fibers, while submicron PAN fibers are responsible for the improvement of mechanical properties. The result shows that CA value of the surface comprising of PS beads and bead‐on‐string PVDF fibers could reach up to 155.0°. As the submicron PAN fibers increased, the value of CA decreased, changing from 155.0° to 140.0°, meanwhile the tensile strength of composite film was enhanced from 1.14 to 4.12 MPa correspondingly which is beneficial to putting the films into practice. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39735.
Mesomorphic phase formation of plasticized poly(l‐lactic acid)
Authors: Koido Shunsuke , Kawai Takahiko , Kuroda Shinichi , Nishida Koji , Kanaya Toshiji , Kato Makoto , Kurose Takashi , Nakajima Katsuhiko
Published: August 2013

The effects of the crystallization temperature, Tc, on the crystal structure as well as its thermal behavior of plasticized poly(l‐lactic acid) were investigated by means of wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). PLLA blended with succinic acid‐bis[2‐[2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl] ester (SAE) showed clear difference in Tc dependence of crystalline form compared to PLLA homopolymer. PLLA with 26 wt % SAE crystallized into orthorhombic α form for Tc above 80°C, while a peculiar disordered structure (mesophase) was obtained for Tc at 40°C. A detailed FTIR analysis of the mesophase of PLLA, focusing on the intra‐ and inter‐chain interaction in the structure, indicated that mesophase had a large degree of disorder in 10/3 helical conformation as well as its packing manner of disordered 10/3 helical chain. Upon heating, mesophase showed a steep exothermic peak at 80°C in DSC thermogram, indicating the phase transformation from mesophase to a form crystal. FTIR results showed that the degree of interchain interaction of C=O in PLLA started to decrease above 60°C, followed by steep increase at 80°C due to the recrystallization into a form. Melt‐recrystallization process in mesophase‐α transformation was clarified. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39762.
A commercial phosphorous–nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant for thermoplastic polyurethane
Authors: Xue Meng , Zhang Xian , Wu Zhaofeng , Wang Huan , Gu Zhen , Bao Chao , Tian Xingyou
Published: August 2013

The aim of this work is to develop a halogen‐free thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite with significantly improved fire performance by using a highly commercial phosphorous–nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant (P–N IFR). Based on the characterizations of thermogravimetric analysis and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectra, P–N IFR powder was proved a desired flame retardant for TPU in theory and the thermal degradation property of PU/PNIFR composites at elevated temperatures was investigated as well. Fire performance was evaluated by limiting oxygen index, underwriters laboratories 94 testing and char residue morphologies. Results showed that the addition of P–N IFR promotes the formation of char residues which were covered on the surface of polymer composites resulting in the improvement of thermal stability and flame retardancy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39772.
Three‐dimensional Modelling of Archaeological Sites Using Close‐range Automatic Correlation Photogrammetry and Low‐altitude Imagery
Authors: Ortiz Juan , Gil Ma Luz , Martínez Santiago , Rego Teresa , Meijide Gonzalo
Published: August 2013

Photogrammetry is a commonly used technique in three‐dimensional image‐based modelling for cultural heritage documentation. Three‐dimensional image‐based techniques that combine close‐range photogrammetry and automatic image matching are presently attracting a great deal of interest. This paper evaluates the feasibility of the application of photogrammetric three‐dimensional modelling of an archaeological site with close‐range automatic image‐matching software and a consumer‐grade digital camera. In order to correctly model upward‐facing surfaces using this technique, the photographs were taken from the air with the camera in low‐oblique position. A mast pole was used as camera platform to obtain low‐altitude imagery. To verify the usefulness of this method it was applied to the hill fort ‘Castro de Formigueiros’, located in Lugo, Spain. In this case, low‐cost automatic image‐correlation photogrammetry has proved to be a powerful, cost‐effective and versatile technique for the documentation, analysis and cultural dissemination of archaeological mapping. The mast used is inexpensive, easily transported and handled on site, and allows oblique photographs of the ground and wall‐tops to be obtained at distances similar to photographs of vertical wall faces taken from the ground. As a result, the resolution and accuracy of the point clouds of all the surfaces of the final model are similar. Given the geometric peculiarities of hill forts (the occupied surface area, height, volume and distribution of the objects) and the relief (they are generally located in areas difficult to access and often on high ground), the mast is particularly suitable for photographing low‐altitude imagery at archaeological sites, as the final accuracy of the three‐dimensional model demonstrates. The tools that have been applied to the final digital model of the hill fort show the information analysis potential that can be obtained for archaeological work. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the CMD Mini‐Explorer, a New Low‐frequency Multi‐coil Electromagnetic Device, for Archaeological Investigations
Authors: Bonsall James , Fry Robert , Gaffney Chris , Armit Ian , Beck Anthony , Gaffney Vince
Published: August 2013

In this article we assess the abilities of a new electromagnetic (EM) system, the CMD Mini‐Explorer, for prospecting of archaeological features in Ireland and the UK. The Mini‐Explorer is an EM probe which is primarily aimed at the environmental/geological prospecting market for the detection of pipes and geology. It has long been evident from the use of other EM devices that such an instrument might be suitable for shallow soil studies and applicable for archaeological prospecting. Of particular interest for the archaeological surveyor is the fact that the Mini‐Explorer simultaneously obtains both quadrature (‘conductivity’) and in‐phase (relative to ‘magnetic susceptibility’) data from three depth levels. As the maximum depth range is probably about 1.5 m, a comprehensive analysis of the subsoil within that range is possible. As with all EM devices the measurements require no contact with the ground, thereby negating the problem of high contact resistance that often besets earth resistance data during dry spells. The use of the CMD Mini‐Explorer at a number of sites has demonstrated that it has the potential to detect a range of archaeological features and produces high‐quality data that are comparable in quality to those obtained from standard earth resistance and magnetometer techniques. In theory the ability to measure two phenomena at three depths suggests that this type of instrument could reduce the number of poor outcomes that are the result of single measurement surveys. The high success rate reported here in the identification of buried archaeology using a multi‐depth device that responds to the two most commonly mapped geophysical phenomena has implications for evaluation style surveys. © 2013 The Authors.Archaeological Prospectionpublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Tragsicherheitsbewertung einer Mauerwerksgewölbebrücke mittels nichtlinearer Finite‐Elemente‐Simulationen
Authors: Franck Stephanie A. , Kothmayer Herbert , Schulz Ali , Bretschneider Nick , Slowik Volker
Published: August 2013

Am Beispiel einer Bahnbrücke wird eine mögliche Vorgehensweise zur Tragsicherheitsbewertung bestehender Mauerwerksgewölbebrücken vorgestellt. Das betreffende Bauwerk sollte trotz höherer Nutzungsanforderungen erhalten und weiter genutzt werden. Eine Nachrechnung mit konventionellen Stabwerksmodellen wurde als nicht Erfolg versprechend angesehen. Mithilfe nichtlinearer Finite‐Elemente‐Simulationen konnten jedoch Tragreserven erschlossen werden. Um das Tragverhalten möglichst wirklichkeitsnah nachzubilden, fand für das Mauerwerk ein bruchmechanisches Materialmodell Anwendung und der an das Bauwerk angrenzende Boden wurde in das Finite‐Elemente‐Modell einbezogen. Die im Grundriss gekrümmte Brückenachse sowie verkehrs‐ und baulich bedingte Außermittigkeiten erforderten eine dreidimensionale Modellierung. Mithilfe der numerischen Simulationen war es möglich, die Tragsicherheit der Brücke bei zukünftig vorgesehenen Schwerlasttransporten nachzuweisen und mögliche Ursachen für am Bauwerk vorhandene Schäden aufzuzeigen.

Safety evaluation of a masonry arch bridge by nonlinear finite element simulations

Using the example of a railway bridge, a procedure for the safety evaluation of existing masonry arch bridges is presented. The investigated bridge was to be preserved and utilized under increased usage requirements. A conventional frame‐work based analysis was not considered to be a promising approach for this particular problem. By nonlinear finite element simulations, however, it was possible to reveal an additional load‐carrying capacity. In order to simulate the mechanical behavior of the structure as realistic as possible, the adjacent soil was incorporated in the finite element model. Nonlinear material laws were used for both masonry and soil. For the masonry, the smeared crack approach of nonlinear fracture mechanics has been adopted. The curved bridge axis, lateral loads, and eccentricities of the vertical loads required a 3D modeling. The simulation results allowed to prove structural safety even under exceptional traffic loads anticipated for the future. In addition, possible causes for the existing damage pattern could be identified.
Gebäudeklima – Langzeitmessung zur Bestimmung der Auswirkungen auf Feuchtegradienten in Holzbauteilen
Authors: Gamper Andreas , Dietsch Philipp , Merk Michael , Winter Stefan
Published: August 2013

Die Auswertung von Schäden an weitgespannten Holztragwerken zeigt als überwiegend festgestelltes Schadensbild ausgeprägte Rissbildungen in Klebefugen und Lamellen von Brettschichtholzbauteilen. Ein wesentlicher Anteil an der Entstehung dieser Schäden wird starken klimatischen Schwankungen innerhalb von Gebäuden und den damit verbundenen Schwind‐ und Quellvorgängen in den Holzbauteilen zugesprochen. Im Hinblick auf diesen Sachverhalt wurden mittels Langzeitmessserien klimatische Bedingungen in für den Holzbau typischen Gebäudetypen und ‐nutzungen sowie den daraus resultierenden Holzfeuchten in unterschiedlichen Bauteiltiefen ermittelt. Die gemessenen Holzfeuchten ermöglichen Rückschlüsse auf die Größe und Geschwindigkeit ihrer jahreszeitlichen Anpassung an sich ändernde Umgebungsbedingungen. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse der einzelnen Nutzungen bestätigt die erwartete große Bandbreite der möglichen klimatischen Bedingungen in Gebäuden mit Holztragwerken. Die Ergebnisse erlauben die Angabe von Bereichen sich einstellender Ausgleichsfeuchten in Abhängigkeit der konkreten Nutzung, wodurch ein Einbau des Holzes mit einer vorher angepassten Holzfeuchte ermöglicht wird. Sie unterstützen zudem die Entwicklung entsprechender Monitoringsysteme, die z.B. in Form von Frühwarnsystemen auf Basis von Klimamessungen eingesetzt werden könnten. Es werden konkrete Vorschläge für die praktische Anwendung der Forschungsergebnisse gegeben.

Building Climate – long‐term measurements to determine the effect on the moisture gradient in large‐span timber structures

The evaluation of damages in large‐span timber structures indicates that the predominantly observed damage pattern is pronounced cracking in the lamellas of glued‐laminated timber elements. A significant proportion of these cracks is attributed to the seasonal and use‐related variations of the internal climate within large buildings and the associated inhomogeneous shrinkage and swelling processes in the timber elements. To evaluate that matter, long‐term measurements of climate data and timber moisture content were generated in large‐span timber structures in buildings of typical construction type and use to draw conclusions on the size and speed of adjustment of the moisture distribution to changing climatic conditions. A comparison of the results of the individual types of building use confirms the expected large range of possible climatic conditions in buildings with timber structures. They allow for a more precise indication of range of resulting equilibrium moisture content for the specific use, enabling the installation of timber elements with adjusted moisture content. They also support the development of suitable monitoring systems which could be applied in form of early warning systems on the basis of climate measurements. Proposals for the practical implementation of the results are given.
Ertüchtigung der Tragkonstruktion der Empore eines denkmalgeschützten Gebäudes in Cottbus
Authors: Glaser Ronny
Published: August 2013

Im Folgenden wird erläutert, wie durch eine Lastumverteilung sowie lokale Verstärkungsmaßnahmen an den Hauptträgern die Tragkonstruktion der Empore des Stadthauses in Cottbus für neue Nutzungsanforderungen ertüchtigt wurde. Es wird gezeigt, wie eine ca. 100 Jahre alte Stahlbetonkonstruktion mit einfachen baulichen Mitteln und unter Berücksichtigung der Forderungen des Denkmalschutzes wirtschaftlich ertüchtigt werden kann.

Improvement of the existing load carrying system of the gallery in a historic building in Cottbus

The following explanations show, how the load bearing system of the gallery in the town hall of Cottbus could be adjusted to new requirements of utilization by local reinforcements of the gallery's principal girders and load redistribution.

Besides this example demonstrates that an approximate 100 year old reinforce concrete construction can be efficiently improved by elementary measures and in line with the regulations of historic monument protection.
Dauerhafte Schutzschichten aus Textilbeton für Bauwerksoberflächen im Wasserbau
Authors: Büttner Till , Morales Cruz Cynthia , Raupach Michael
Published: August 2013

Für einen dauerhaften Schutz von Bauwerksoberflächen im Wasserbau mit gleichzeitiger Rissüberbrückungsfähigkeit wurde im Rahmen von Forschungsarbeiten am Institut für Bauforschung der RWTH Aachen University eine innovative und dauerhafte Schutzschicht aus Textilbeton entwickelt. Diese ist mit sogenannten technischen Textilien bewehrt und mörtelbasiert. Aufgrund der Verwendung ausgewählter Materialien ermöglicht diese Schutzschicht eine dauerhafte, wasserundurchlässige und rissüberbrückende Instandsetzung. Das Material wird im Folgenden als DURTEX bezeichnet (DURTEX: dauerhafter, wasserundurchlässiger, rissüberbrückender Textilbeton). Die Anwendung kann bei Bauwerken aus verschiedenen Baustoffen, wie z.B. Stahlbeton‐ oder Natursteinbauwerken, erfolgen. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung stellt sowohl das Konzept der Schutzschicht aus DURTEX und aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse als auch die praktische Umsetzung an einem Wehrbauwerk des Neckars dar.

Textile reinforced concrete layers for a durable protection of building surfaces in hydraulic constructions

An innovative and durable protective layer for concrete surfaces with simultaneous crack‐bridging properties was developed during research at the Institute of Building Materials Research, Aachen University. This layer is composed of cement mortar and is reinforced with textile structures. The combination of these materials allows a durable, waterproof and crack‐bridging repair. This innovative layer has been named DURTEX (in German DURTEX: durable, waterproof, crack‐bridging textile reinforced concrete). The following paper presents the concept behind DURTEX, recent research results and the repair concept on the weir Horkheim.
Rissinstandsetzung eines Zuckersilos
Authors: Weiland Silvio , Schladitz Frank , Schütze Elisabeth , Timmers Regine , Curbach Manfred
Published: August 2013

Ein großer Teil der weltweit vorhandenen Silos ist über 50 Jahre alt und bedarf in den kommenden Jahren einer Erneuerung oder Sanierung. So war bei einem im Jahr 1962 erbauten Doppelkammersilo aus Spannbeton mit einem Fassungsvermögen von 20 000 t Zucker eine Rissinstandsetzung erforderlich. Im Rahmen einer Voruntersuchung wurde hierfür ein Vergleich möglicher Instandsetzungsverfahren durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis wurde die Verstärkung mit Textilbeton gewählt. Für die ca. 3 100 m2 große Sanierungsfläche wurden ca. 14 000 m2 textile Bewehrung sowie ca. 150 t Feinbeton verbaut.

Crack repair of a sugar silo

Worldwide, a great part of the existing silos is older than 50 years and require renovation in the coming years. For example, crack repair was necessary for a twin compartment silo, which is made of prestressed concrete and can hold up to 20 000 t of sugar, from 1962. In this context, a preliminary investigation was made with the aim of comparing the different possibilities for restoration. Eventually, strengthening through textile reinforced concrete was chosen. Approximately 14 000 m2 of textile reinforcement and 150 t of fine grained concrete were used for approximately 3 100 m2 restoration area.
Bau‐Ingenieur‐Kultur
Authors: Möller Eberhard
Published: August 2013

Vom 15. Juni bis zum 1. September 2013 bietet das Deutsche Architekturmuseum (DAM) in Frankfurt am Main Einblick in die Arbeit des weltweit renommierten Frankfurter Ingenieurbüros Bollinger + Grohmann. Dem Titel der Ausstellung “Bollinger + Grohmann. Hinter den Kulissen” zufolge stehen dabei eher die Prozesse des Erarbeitens, des Entwickelns und des Realisierens von Projekten im Vordergrund – und nicht, wie sonst so oft, das fertige Resultat (Bild 1).

Parallel zur Ausstellung erscheint die Monografie “Bollinger + Grohmann” in der Reihe engineering des Detail‐Verlags. Als Band 3 rücken die beiden Ingenieure Klaus Bollinger und Manfred Grohmann mit ihrem Büro also neben die Ingenieurbüros Schlaich Bergermann und Partner (Band 1) sowie Arup (Band 2).

Civil Engineering Culture not only “behind the scenes”

From June 15th to September 1st, 2013, the Deutsches Architekturmuseum (DAM) in Frankfurt presents the work of world‐renowned Frankfurt structural engineers Bollinger + Grohmann. The exhibition “Bollinger + Grohmann – Behind the scenes” reveals the processes that ordinarily take place behind building site fences.

Parallel to the exhibition the third volume of the DETAIL engineering series presents the engineering office Bollinger + Grohmann.
Succinic acid production derived from carbohydrates: An energy and greenhouse gas assessment of a platform chemical toward a bio‐based economy
Authors: Cok Benjamin , Tsiropoulos Ioannis , Roes Alexander L. , Patel Martin K.
Published: August 2013

Bio‐based succinic acid has the potential to become a platform chemical, i.e. a key building block for deriving both commodity and high‐value chemicals, which makes it an attractive compound in a bio‐based economy. A few companies and industrial consortia have begun to develop its industrial production on a large scale. A life cycle assessment of different bio‐based succinic acid production processes, based on dextrose from corn, was performed to investigate their non‐renewable energy use (NREU) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, from cradle‐to‐factory gate in Europe. Three processes were studied, i.e. (i) low pH yeast fermentation with downstream processing (DSP) by direct crystallization, (ii) anaerobic fermentation to succinate salt at neutral pH (pH7) and subsequent DSP by electrodialysis, and (iii) a similar process producing ammonium sulfate as co‐product in DSP. These processes are compared to the production of petrochemical maleic anhydride, succinic acid, and adipic acid. Low pH yeast fermentation to succinic acid with direct crystallization was found to have significantly lower GHG emissions and NREU, compared to other fermentation routes and three petrochemical routes. However, the disparity in GHG emissions between this process and the electrodialysis process becomes less prominent if one considers a cleaner electricity mix than the current European production mix. Moreover, this study highlights that the allocation approach in corn wet milling and the succinic acid plant location strongly influence the results. Overall, the results suggest that low pH yeast fermentation with direct crystallization is the most beneficial process to bio‐based succinic acid from an environmental perspective. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Potential of general practice data for congenital anomaly research: Comparison with registry data in the united kingdom
Authors: Sokal Rachel , Fleming Kate M. , Tata Laila J.
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND

General practice data provide large population‐based cohorts of individuals with prospectively collected medical information with promising potential for studying the causes and consequences of congenital anomalies (CAs). We sought to validate these data through comparison with CA registries.

METHODS

Our study population was 794,209 children in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) primary care database, born between 1990 and 2009 with a median follow‐up of 6.7 years. We compared the birth prevalence of any major and system‐specific CAs with the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) United Kingdom registries.

RESULTS

The birth prevalence of any major CA for children in THIN diagnosed before 1 year of age was 198 per 10,000 (95% confidence interval, 195–201), which was slightly higher than the EUROCAT prevalence of 167 per 10,000 (relative risk, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.16–1.20). Absolute differences in prevalence between THIN and EUROCAT were small across 16 system‐specific anomaly groups. The majority of children in THIN with major CAs had recorded diagnoses before 1 year of age (72%), but including children diagnosed at any age increased the overall prevalence to 277 per 10,000 births.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of CAs in THIN was consistent with EUROCAT for early diagnoses, demonstrating THIN to be a valuable source of data in which to investigate CAs. Age of diagnosis is an important factor in explaining a higher overall prevalence in THIN; the inclusion of diagnoses made after 1 year of age substantially improves capture of diagnoses. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:546‐553, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In‐vitro exposure of neuronal networks to the GSM‐1800 signal
Authors: Moretti Daniela , Garenne André , Haro Emmanuelle , Poulletier de Gannes Florence , Lagroye Isabelle , Lévêque Philippe , Veyret Bernard , Lewis Noëlle
Published: August 2013

The central nervous system is the most likely target of mobile telephony radiofrequency (RF) field exposure in terms of biological effects. Several electroencephalography (EEG) studies have reported variations in the alpha‐band power spectrum during and/or after RF exposure, in resting EEG and during sleep. In this context, the observation of the spontaneous electrical activity of neuronal networks under RF exposure can be an efficient tool to detect the occurrence of low‐level RF effects on the nervous system. Our research group has developed a dedicated experimental setup in the GHz range for the simultaneous exposure of neuronal networks and monitoring of electrical activity. A transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell was used to expose the neuronal networks to GSM‐1800 signals at a SAR level of 3.2 W/kg. Recording of the neuronal electrical activity and detection of the extracellular spikes and bursts under exposure were performed using microelectrode arrays (MEAs). This work provides the proof of feasibility and preliminary results of the integrated investigation regarding exposure setup, culture of the neuronal network, recording of the electrical activity, and analysis of the signals obtained under RF exposure. In this pilot study on 16 cultures, there was a 30% reversible decrease in firing rate (FR) and bursting rate (BR) during a 3 min exposure to RF. Additional experiments are needed to further characterize this effect. Bioelectromagnetics 34:571–578, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An invertebrate stomach's view on vertebrate ecology
Authors: Calvignac‐Spencer Sébastien , Leendertz Fabian H. , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Schubert Grit
Published: August 2013

Recent studies suggest that vertebrate genetic material ingested by invertebrates (iDNA) can be used to investigate vertebrate ecology. Given the ubiquity of invertebrates that feed on vertebrates across the globe, iDNA might qualify as a very powerful tool for 21st century population and conservation biologists. Here, we identify some invertebrate characteristics that will likely influence iDNA retrieval and elaborate on the potential uses of invertebrate‐derived information. We hypothesize that beyond inventorying local faunal diversity, iDNA should allow for more profound insights into wildlife population density, size, mortality, and infectious agents. Based on the similarities of iDNA with other low‐quality sources of DNA, a general technical framework for iDNA analyses is proposed. As it is likely that no such thing as a single ideal iDNA sampler exists, forthcoming research efforts should aim at cataloguing invertebrate properties relevant to iDNA retrieval so as to guide future usage of the invertebrate tool box.
Selenoprotein W expression and regulation in mouse brain and neurons
Authors: Raman Arjun V. , Pitts Matthew W. , Seyedali Ali , Hashimoto Ann C. , Bellinger Frederick P. , Berry Marla J.
Published: August 2013

Background

Selenoprotein W (Sepw1) is a selenium‐containing protein that is abundant in brain and muscle of vertebrate animals. Muscular expression of Sepw1 is reduced by dietary selenium (Se) deficiency in mammals, whereas brain expression is maintained. However, expression of Sepw1 depends on the Se transporter selenoprotein P (Sepp1).

Methods

We assessed the regional and cellular expression of Sepw1 in the mouse brain and neuronal cultures.

Results

We found that Sepw1 is widespread in neurons and neuropil of mouse brain and appears in both the soma and processes of neurons in culture. Pyramidal neurons of cortex and hippocampus express high levels of Sepw1. It is also abundant in Purkinje neurons and their dendritic arbors in the cerebellum. Analysis of synaptosome fractions prepared from mice brains indicated that Sepw1 is present at synapses, as were several proteins involved in selenoprotein synthesis. Synaptic expression of Sepw1 expression is reduced in mice lacking Sepp1 compared with control mice, although selenoprotein synthesis factors were similarly expressed in both genotypes. Lastly, Sepw1 mRNA coimmunoprecipitates with Staufen 2 protein in a human neuronal cell line.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that Sepw1 may be locally synthesized in distal compartments of neurons including synapses.
Design and Experimental Investigation of Calcium Looping Process for 3‐kWth and 1.9‐MWth Facilities
Authors: Chang M.‐H. , Huang C.‐M. , Liu W.‐H. , Chen W.‐C. , Cheng J.‐Y. , Chen W. , Wen T.‐W. , Ouyang S. , Shen C.‐H. , Hsu H.‐W.
Published: August 2013

The calcium looping CO2 capture process using calcium oxide as a regenerable solid sorbent has been under development at the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) of Taiwan for several years. The 3‐kWth test facility built at ITRI is mainly composed of a fluidized‐bed carbonator and a rotary kiln calciner. The calcination efficiency, the CO2 capture efficiency, and operating stability were investigated. In addition, a cold model test facility has been constructed and a 1.9‐MWth pilot plant designed by ITRI is currently being erected. The combination of calcium looping and cement manufacturing process reduces the cost of adsorbent and calcination energy consumption.
Visualization and establishment of partial uniqueness and uniqueness rules in parallel factor analysis
Authors: Omidikia Nematollah , Abdollahi Hamid , Kompany‐Zareh Mohsen
Published: August 2013

Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) is believed to be one of the most widely used multiway curve resolution techniques. The superiority of PARAFAC is due to its uniqueness property that is provided under mild assumptions. Unambiguously recovered chemically and physically meaningful profiles by PARAFAC are reliable for quantitative and qualitative application. The essential uniqueness condition of PARAFAC breaks totally or partially in data sets with linearly dependent loadings. PARAFAC uniqueness levels include full uniqueness, partial uniqueness, uni‐mode uniqueness, and full non‐uniqueness. Although PARAFAC uniqueness conditions are more or less known, they cannot cover the whole of existing uniqueness problems, especially complex rank‐deficient systems.

The questions investigated here are as follows: Under which conditions is PARAFAC still unique and what is the extent of deterioration of PARAFAC uniqueness by linearly dependent loadings? These are among the most important points in dealing with three‐way data arrays with PARAFAC models. Direct visualization of feasible bands using an explicit, well‐defined, and trustworthy method is a key feature of our approach to the investigation of uniqueness and recasting partial uniqueness rules in this study. Different simulated examples with different uniqueness levels were designed, and rotational ambiguity was calculated for each case. In this way, the full implication of partial uniqueness was investigated. Direct visualization of feasible bands is beneficial not only for confirmation of previous rules of uniqueness and partial uniqueness but also for development of new theorems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Self‐Assembly of NCN‐Pincer Pd‐Complex‐Bound Norvalines
Authors: Ogata Kazuki , Sasano Daisuke , Yokoi Tomoya , Isozaki Katsuhiro , Yoshida Ryota , Takenaka Toshio , Seike Hirofumi , Ogawa Tetsuya , Kurata Hiroki , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Takaya Hikaru , Nakamura Masaharu
Published: August 2013

The NCN‐pincer Pd‐complex‐bound norvalines Boc‐D/L‐[PdCl(dpb)]Nva‐OMe (1) were synthesized in multigram quantities. The molecular structure and absolute configuration of 1 were unequivocally determined by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis. The robustness of 1 under acidic/basic conditions provides a wide range of N‐/C‐terminus convertibility based on the related synthetic transformations. Installation of a variety of functional groups into the N‐/C‐terminus of 1 was readily carried out through N‐Boc‐ or C‐methyl ester deprotection and subsequent condensations with carboxylic acids, R1COOH, or amines, R2NH2, to give the corresponding N‐/C‐functionalized norvalines R1‐D/L‐[PdCl(dpb)]Nva‐R2 2–9. The dipeptide bearing two Pd units 10 was successfully synthesized through the condensation of C‐free 1 with N‐free 1. The robustness of these Pd‐bound norvalines was adequately demonstrated by the preservation of the optical purity and Pd unit during the synthetic transformations. The lipophilic Pd‐bound norvalines L‐2, Boc‐L‐[PdCl(dpb)]Nva‐NH‐n‐C11H23, and L‐4, n‐C4H9CO‐L‐[PdCl(dpb)]Nva‐NH‐n‐C11H23, self‐assembled in aromatic solvents to afford supramolecular gels. The assembled structures in a thermodynamically stable single crystal of L‐2 and kinetically stable supramolecular aggregates of L‐2 were precisely elucidated by cryo‐TEM, WAX, SAXS, UV/Vis, IR analyses, and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. An antiparallel β‐sheet‐type aggregate consisting of an infinite one‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonding network of amide groups and π‐stacking of PdCl(dpb) moieties was observed in the supramolecular gel fiber of L‐2, even though discrete dimers are assembled through hydrogen bonding in the thermodynamically stable single crystal of L‐2. The disparate DSC profiles of the single crystal and xerogel of L‐2 indicate different thermodynamics of the molecular assembly process.
ChemInform Abstract: Bi2O3—CuO—P2O5 System: Two Novel Compounds Built from the Intergrowths Oxocentered Polycationic 1D‐Ribbons.
Authors: Colmont Marie , Endara Diana , Aliev Almaz , Terryn Christine , Huve Marielle , Mentre Olivier
Published: August 2013

Single crystals of Bi29.4Cu9.29O32 (PO4)16Cu2.63 and Bi37.2Cu18.8O44 (PO4)24Cu5 are obtained from a melt containing Bi2O3, CuO, and (NH4)2HPO4 in molar ratio of 1:1:1 (alumina crucible, 950 °C, 2 °C/h cooling rate).
ChemInform Abstract: Sr—Fresnoite Determined from Synchrotron X‐Ray Powder Diffraction Data.
Authors: Bell Anthony M. T. , Henderson Michael B.
Published: August 2013

Sr2TiO(Si2O7), the Sr analogue of the mineral fresnoite Ba2TiO(Si2O7), is prepared by quenching a stoichiometric melt of SrCO3, TiO2, and SiO2 followed by annealing at 1323 K (7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: New Rock Salt‐Related Oxides Li3M2RuO6 (M: Co, Ni): Synthesis, Structure, Magnetism and Electrochemistry.
Authors: Moran E. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2013

Li3Co2RuO6 (I) and Li3Ni2RuO6 (II) are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Li2CO3, CoC2O4 or NiC2O4, and RuO2 (1.
ChemInform Abstract: Open Frameworks Based on Mono‐Lanthanide‐Substituted Polyoxometaloaluminate Building Units: Synthesis, Structures and Properties.
Authors: Li Xin‐Xiong , Cheng Lin , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: August 2013

A series of novel Ln‐substituted polyoxometaloaluminates, K2(H2O)4Ln(H2O)7 [Ln(H2O)3HAlW11O39]· nH2O (Ln: Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, n = 7; Ln: Pr, n = 8; and Ln: Sm, n = 9) are hydrothermally prepared from K9[AlW11O39], Ln(NO3)3, and H2O together with MnCl2 and 2‐picolinic acid acting as buffer and complexant, resp.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Temperature, High‐Pressure Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of a Salt‐Inclusion Mixed‐Valence Uranium(V,VI) Silicate: [Na9F2] [(UVO2)(UVIO2)2 (Si2O7)2].
Authors: Chang Yu‐Chih , Chang Wen‐Jung , Boudin Sophie , Lii Kwang‐Hwa
Published: August 2013

The title compound is hydrothermally synthesized from an aqueous mixture of UO3, NaOH, NaF, Na2HPO4, and Na2SiO3 in a molar ratio of Na:F:U:P:Si = 39:5:1:2:10 (autoclave, 160 MPa, 585 °C, 2 d, 71% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported Oligoethylene Glycols as Heterogeneous Multifunctional Catalysts for Nucleophilic Substitution.
Authors: Jadhav Vinod H. , Jeong Hwan‐Jeong , Lim Seok Tae , Sohn Myung‐Hee , Song Choong Eui , Kim Dong Wook
Published: August 2013

Polystyrene‐supported oligoethylene glycol is applied as heterogenous catalyst for nucleophilic substitutions using alkali metal salts.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,2′‐Bisbenzofurans Using Cuprous Chloride as a Catalyst.
Authors: Pan Wen‐Bin , Chen Chin‐Chau , Wei Li‐Lan , Wei Li‐Mei , Wu Ming‐Jung
Published: August 2013

The novel and convenient synthesis of bisbenzofurans, which are of interest in material and life sciences, proceeds via homocoupling—annulation of silanes (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydrodehalogenation of Aryl Halides.
Authors: Weidauer Maik , Irran Elisabeth , Someya Chika I. , Haberberger Michael , Enthaler Stephan
Published: August 2013

The dehalogenation of aryl and alkyl halides with isopropyl zinc bromide or tert‐butylmagnesium chloride occurs in the presence of a well‐defined nickel complex as pre‐catalyst to afford the dehalogenated products chemoselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric NHC‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Fluoroamides from Readily Accessible α‐Fluoroenals.
Authors: Wheeler Philip , Vora Harit U. , Rovis Tomislav
Published: August 2013

Various functionalized enantioenriched α‐fluoroamides can be obtained under mild reaction conditions by using the title catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Arenes and Olefins Through a Biomimetic Approach.
Authors: Babu Beneesh P. , Meng Xu , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: August 2013

The title reaction proceeds with a relatively low catalyst loading.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Spiro[4.5]cyclohexadienones with an Allene Motif via a Base‐Promoted Intramolecular ipso‐Friedel—Crafts Addition of Phenols to Propargyl Bromides.
Authors: Nemoto Tetsuhiro , Wu Riliga , Zhao Zengduo , Yokosaka Takuya , Hamada Yasumasa
Published: August 2013

A novel method which affords the different substituted title compounds is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane‐Based Bis(thiourea) Catalyst: Application to Asymmetric Henry Reaction.
Authors: Kitagaki Shinji , Ueda Takahiro , Mukai Chisato
Published: August 2013

A planar chiral bis(thiourea) catalyst is designed and synthesized, which allows for highly enantioselective Henry reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrazine‐Mediated Reduction of Nitro and Azide Functionalities Catalyzed by Highly Active and Reusable Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanocrystals.
Authors: Cantillo David , Moghaddam Mojtaba Mirhosseini , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: August 2013

This method uses in situ generated highly active Fe3O4 nanocrystals as catalyst and hydrazine as hydrogen source under microwave conditions, thus avoiding the need for a precious metal catalyst and hydrogen gas.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic C—H Bond Arylation of Aldehydes to Bis‐heteroaryl Ketones.
Authors: Toh Qiao Yan , McNally Andrew , Vera Silvia , Erdmann Nico , Gaunt Matthew J.
Published: August 2013

A wide range of heteroaromatic and an aliphatic aldehyde are applied in the reaction with symmetrical iodonium salts [(II), (VI)] to afford the ketones in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl Ketones via Tandem Claisen Condensation and Retro‐Claisen C—C Bond‐Cleavage Reaction.
Authors: Yang Dongmei , Zhou Yuhan , Xue Na , Qu Jingping
Published: August 2013

The highly efficient, operationally simple synthesis of the title compounds uses readily available starting materials and can also be extended to the preparation of perfluoroalkyl ketones (IX) in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,5,7‐Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐1‐ene‐Mediated Acetylene Dicarboxylation and Alkyne Carboxylation Using Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Wang Xi , Lim Yu Na , Lee Chan , Jang Hye‐Young , Lee Bun Yeoul
Published: August 2013

The free acids are obtained by chromatography of the carboxylate salts.
ChemInform Abstract: Methyl Formate as a Carbonylating Agent for the Catalytic Conversion of Phenol to Methyl Phenyl Carbonate.
Authors: Yalfani Mohammed S. , Lolli Giulio , Wolf Aurel , Mleczko Leslaw , Mueller Thomas E. , Leitner Walter
Published: August 2013

A new protocol for the formation of methyl phenyl carbonate by oxidative carbonylation of phenol with methyl formate is developed, which does not require the use of toxic CO gas.