bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remembering and Forgetting the French Revolution: Memories and Memoirs
Authors: Horn Jeff
Published: December 2020

For Rousselin, one of the chief lessons of the French Revolution was that fundamental change took time. He believed that it was the speed and the depth of the crisis of 1793–94 that led to violence. What helped a Revolutionary become a liberal was an acceptance of a slower pace of change. Rousselin used his position and then his time in retirement to try to refine his legacy and avoid further controversy. His choices about what to write and what to publish aimed to propagate a particular vision of the Revolution and his role in it. He wanted to be remembered as a victim not a perpetrator of the Terror. But he could not stop challenges to that vision from appearing; it was love for family that convinced him to retire from the spotlight to contemplate the past and hope for the future.
Conclusion: Satisfactions and Regrets of a Life in Revolution
Authors: Horn Jeff
Published: December 2020

Alexandre Rousselin, comte de Saint-Albin, never escaped the past. In retirement, further evidence of his activities during the Terror were published. Some continued to vilify him even long after his death in 1847. He remained committed to the ideals of the Revolution, but recognized that they would take a long time to fulfill. Obsessed with his legacy, he focused ever more on family. His hopes for the future centered on making sure that his actions did not prevent them from being incorporated into the French elite. If the Revolution was about making a new world, the governments of the nineteenth century saw some of the “new men” of the Revolution achieve social mobility, like Rousselin and his descendants.
Stages
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: December 2020

The chapter analyzes pride scripts by focusing on pride’s constituent parts. Using representative examples as bases for modeling how the functioning of the emotion is envisioned, it examines what causes pride, what kind of behaviors the emotion, once aroused, leads to, and what reactions it is likely to provoke. It shows that pride can be said, in general, to originate in various types of good fortune or personal accomplishment that are overvalued by the person experiencing them compared to how they are viewed externally. The excessive emotion then is seen to lead to a variety of transgressive behaviors, ranging from verbal excess to physical violence. These behaviors form part of the subject’s attempts at impressing this self-valuation on others. The reactions to pride show the greatest variety and are dependent on the relative power of the affected party in the relationship.
Kingship
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: December 2020

This chapter is devoted to kingship as an institution deeply entangled with pride. The author analyze the functioning of the pride script within the kingship discourse in two case studies: accusations of regnum leveled at the early republican ‘pretenders’ (so-called adfectatores regni) and the rhetorical deployment of similar, but more flexible accusations in late republican oratory. I demonstrate that kingship accusations are both a way of conceptualizing certain kinds of political deviancy and, at the same time, a tool for suppressing such behavior. A concluding look at Pliny the Younger’s attacks on Domitian shows the endurance of the discourse into the empire.
Positive Pride in Post-Augustan Literature
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the consequences of Augustan experiments for the discourse of pride as a whole. Where one might have expected a coherent strand of positive pride to have emerged, this turns out not to be the case: the presence of positive pride in later Latin literature is minor, intermittent, and fragmented. The chapter analyzes the identifiable examples of positive pride in four groups, which differ in their organization: the continued expression of poetic pride; its eventual, if qualified extension into public contexts; and two related, but distinct strands that show weaker, less emphatic positive or neutral meanings, as a trope of a place proud of its product (or parent proud of a child) and as a generic epithet in Flavian epic, signifying nobility, luxury, and vague generalized greatness.
Story Structure
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm
Published: December 2020

The second chapter of Style in Narrative illustrates and extends the general theory developed in chapter 1. Specifically, it addresses the level of story structure and the scope of an authorial canon. In connection with this, it considers William Shakespeare’s complex relation to genre, examining the way in which he thoroughly integrates genres, rather than simply adding storylines with different genre affiliations. The presence of such integration in Shakespeare’s works has frequently been noted, but critics have rarely sought to explain it in detail. In order to explore the topic more thoroughly, the chapter focuses on two plays, Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. To clarify what is specifically Shakespearean in these works, Hogan examines the former in relation to Shakespeare’s sources for the play and the latter in relation to a precursor revenge drama, Thomas Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy.
Perceptual Interface and Painterly Cinema
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm
Published: December 2020

The fifth chapter of Style in Narrative in part parallels the second chapter, but with a shift from literature to cinema. Specifically, it takes genre as its scope, though it considers genre in visual representation, rather than story structure. Moreover, in this case, it focuses on an unusual genre, one that is not widely identified as a genre—painterly films, which is to say, films that draw their visual models from non-cinematic forms of visual art. The chapter presents an account of the kinds and functions of painterly film, ranging from mere allusion through imitation of a period or movement, to the cultivation of broader sensitivities characteristic of painting beyond a specific period. This chapter considers works by Luis Buñuel, Éric Rohmer, Deepa Mehta, and M. F. Husain. It focuses particularly on Robert Rodriguez’s remediation of graphic fiction, in part to prepare the way for the treatment of graphic fiction later in the book.
Better Yet
Authors: Tucker Herbert F.
Published: December 2020

The archive reveals Tennyson’s creativity as profoundly invested in openness to change, honouring the right if not the duty to differ with oneself, and cherishing the prospect of ongoing improvement. In this he was markedly Victorian. The care with which his many surviving manuscripts show him exercising such a suite of options illustrates in highly granular fashion, and across a career of 70 years, his consummate fitness to act as the laureate of a widespread reading public for whom just these issues of change and choice, writ ethically large, constituted the charter of modernity. After sampling the contents of the manuscripts and discussing several authorial acts of intervention, the chapter takes up this nexus between moral self-correction and poetic self-editing.
Coming of Age
Authors: Coffman Elesha J.
Published: December 2020

In 1925, Mead traveled to Samoa for the fieldwork that would become her first and still most famous book. She sought to discover whether adolescence was always marked by “storm and stress,” suggesting that these struggles were rooted in biology, or whether adolescence might proceed very differently in different societies, suggesting that human experiences were culturally constructed. Sexuality was the “sizzle” that made Coming of Age in Samoa so popular, but its argument in favor of cultural construction was even more significant, withstanding even decades-later attacks on Mead’s research. At the same time that Mead established her academic reputation, her first marriage faltered and she fell in love with a mercurial fellow anthropologist, Reo Fortune. Her Christian faith was buffeted in this period, but she insisted that she never completely lost it.
The Financial Settlement
Authors: Chang Michele
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement on the financial settlement — the money the UK shall pay to the EU in connection to its departure. The financial settlement for the withdrawal of the UK from the EU posed numerous challenges to both parties. For the UK, internal divisions in the ruling Conservative party made it difficult to develop a coherent position. On the one hand, Brexit hardliners saw continued contributions to the EU budget after Brexit as a betrayal of the referendum result. On the other hand, the so-called Remainers favoured maintaining close relations with the EU and paying to ensure access to its markets and various programmes. For the EU, Brexit threatened the budgetary agreement that had been carefully negotiated in the context of the 2014–2020 multi-annual financial framework. Moreover, the exit of the UK from the EU ushers in a new era. Because the UK was, despite its rebates, one of the largest net contributors to the EU budget, Brexit could impair the EU’s ability to finance some of its traditional programmes or to expand into new areas.
The Future of British–Irish Relations after Brexit
Authors: Tannam Etain
Published: December 2020

This chapter assesses the impact of UK withdrawal from the EU on British–Irish relations. It examines yet another possible disintegrative effect of Brexit on the UK system, namely the re-unification of Ireland. The 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement, bringing to a close decades of sectarian violence in Northern Ireland, had created an excellent working relations between Dublin and London. However, Brexit has threated this equilibrium, and has unexpectedly brought back on the agenda a possible border poll. The chapter then looks at the unfolding of the Brexit negotiations from June of 2016 to March of 2020 from the perspectives of British–Irish relations. It also studies the importance of the British–Irish relationship and the EU in the peace process in Northern Ireland, and considers potential methods of managing the relationship after Brexit.
Introduction
Authors: Sarra Janis
Published: December 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the need for effective climate governance in businesses and financial institutions. A variety of concurrent strategies are required to tackle global warming through mitigation and adaptation internationally and domestically. The chapter introduces how the best of current scholarly and business literature on effective governance can guide this transition and offer a coherent normative and practical framework for moving forward. It offers some essential definitions so that readers understand how the terms are used throughout the book, including the Anthropocene, global warming and climate change, greenhouse gas emissions and carbon intensity, systemic risk, climate mitigation and adaptation, net zero carbon emissions, climate resilience, and the circular economy. It provides an overview of the book’s structure and objectives.
Socialist Civic Virtues
Authors: Muldoon James
Published: December 2020

The German council movements struggled not only for the deepening of democracy and the social ownership of the means of production, but also for a broader project of human emancipation couched in terms of ideological transformation and cultural rejuvenation. An overlooked yet significant contribution to this debate was Rosa Luxemburg’s theorization of ‘socialist civic virtues’ as a key element of class struggle and socialist democracy. Luxemburg incorporated republican language and themes into a socialist political ideology of workers’ self-emancipation. She understood that worker-controlled institutions would need to be supported by widespread socialist norms that would be common knowledge and followed as a matter of habit. It would be necessary to direct workers away from the egoism, individualism, and competition that predominated in capitalist societies and towards a socialist culture of self-discipline, public-spiritedness, solidarity, and self-activity. She believed it was primarily through their own political activity and the experience of political struggle that workers could acquire the necessary habits and dispositions of self-government for living in a self-determining society. Her theory of socialist civic virtues helps provide content to the council movements’ vision of the institutional and cultural order of a future socialist society.
Jack Yeats’s Scrapbooks
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

A one-time commercial illustrator, a playwright and a fiction writer, Jack Yeats spent much of his early adult life in in Devon, where he lived before he moved to Greystones, County Wicklow, in 1910. He loved to swim and to sail, and the characteristic he valued most was a wildness that he associated with a natural freedom, a liberty that drew him to paint travellers, fishermen, and circus performers. Wildness for Yeats was a freedom from self-consciousness and a capacity to act gaily, a characteristic he drew with vigor in his sketches of jockeys, boxers, and pirates for his children’s theatre. This last represented a freedom of the port and sea that was anchored in a much older culture of oceanic trade and discovery and the portals of this maritime world were a threshold between the diverse cultures that Yeats inhabited, which this chapter reads through his scrapbook collection.
Conclusion
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

The cultural histories of the coastal margins that shape Seatangled point to new, and sometimes revived, understandings of what it means to live by the sea, even as the chemistry of the oceans changes before us. It may be then that a turn towards the coast is a turn also towards a more sustainable, and a smaller-scale, sense of community, capable at the same time of holding the planet in view. If the sea has recently been more remote from the immediate experience of everyday life than it was a century ago, the representation of its tidal margins remains a rich resource for images of self, sovereignty and the blurred boundaries between reality and the imagination, one example of which the conclusion studies is Sean Scully’s exhibition Sea Star, at the National Gallery in London.
The Fall of the Honest Broker
Authors: Paterson Sarah
Published: December 2020

Thus far, this book has focused on concepts which have played a crucial role in formulating the debate between economically minded and progressively minded scholars about the policy and content of corporate reorganization law. In contrast with these earlier chapters, Chapter 8 is concerned with a concept which has not divided corporate reorganization law scholars to date, but which now interacts with another corporate law field in a new way. The relevant concept is the concept of transparency and disclosure, and the proximate field in question is the law of insider trading. Chapter 8 explores why shifts in identities in the finance field raise entirely new questions about the implications of transparency and disclosure for insider trading and market abuse liability in both the US and England.
Looking to the Future
Authors: Paterson Sarah
Published: December 2020

It is an organizing principle of the book that modern corporate reorganization law responds to different patterns of fact in diverse and complex ways, and this chapter explores other types of corporate reorganization case beyond financial restructuring. It argues that the analysis of these types of case may depend more fundamentally on the lens through which they are viewed. Furthermore, it suggests that there are reasons to suspect that there may be an increase in some of these other types of case over the next decade. This provides the framework in which to investigate the claim in the book that English scholars, practitioners, judges, and the legislature may face challenges in connecting concepts which are well adapted to a reorganization of loan, bond, and equity finance arrangements to new adaptations of corporate reorganization law.
Conclusion
Authors: Walker Nathaniel Robert
Published: December 2020

The diverse horde of nineteenth-century utopian visions was united by a consistent call to abolish urbanism and replace it with a future in gardens. A short discussion of the consequences of these visions in real landscapes of the twentieth century is presented in this conclusion: the suburban revolution has evolved in ways that would probably have prompted ambivalence in the minds of many Victorians, had they lived to see their dreams come true in some ways, and fail in others. Their longing for reform was often motivated by genuine desires to improve the lives of their fellow beings, although it is also a tragic fact that their altruism was often tarnished by bigotry, arrogance, simplistic thinking, and other corrupting influences. In the end, perhaps the most valuable legacy of the Victorian utopian visionaries is their demonstration of the incredible power of human dreams to change our world—and the need for humans to continue dreaming, with compassion and humility, to make the world better, in part by undoing the damage of old dreams that have become modern nightmares.
Coda
Authors: Ferraro Thomas J.
Published: December 2020

The coda to Transgression & Redemption considers how the knowledges, methods, and values of the book might contribute to further considerations of the American novel, with immediate emphasis on several canonical masterpieces of the 1930s, including William Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom! (1936), Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), and Nathanael West’s The Day of the Locust (1939); how, alternatively, the critical repertoire of this book might contribute to Hollywood scholarship beyond poststructuralist feminist critique, with emphasis split between the erotic-spiritual edginess of individual Criterion-canonized masterpieces (the not happily-ever-after: Casablanca, All About Eve, Blue Velvet) and the luminous achievement of “sexually ever after” in serial Hollywood films, featuring Bogey and Bacall, Katherine Hepburn and one of her men, or Myrna Loy and William Powell; and how, finally, the book’s critical reorientation can reveal the mythopoetic force of American popular music, beginning for illustration’s sake with the two greatest vocalists in that history, Billie Holiday and Frank Sinatra, whose vocalized radiance, entailing bent notes and captured lyric, express obsessively the twin dimensions of incarnate passion, sex and sentiment. Or, as the two of them (sort of Catholics, Marian both) liked to put it, body and soul.
Desire and the spiritual ascent
Authors: Hole Sam
Published: December 2020

Chapter 2 explores the distinctiveness of John’s writing, examining the various theological and non-theological traditions by which John’s notion of desire was informed. A brief biography of John, to give the reader entirely unfamiliar with John an initial understanding of his context, is offered. John’s appropriation of Thomas Aquinas’s anthropology is inspected. John’s thought was also rooted in a sixteenth-century reappraisal of the Augustinian tradition that emphasized the spiritual ascent as undergone through the transformation of the interior faculties of the soul. In addition, John was influenced by his reading of late medieval Dionysian traditions, with their heightened sense of the metaphysical rootedness of the soul’s appetites in the desiring quality of divine love. It is, of course, difficult to speak uncomplicatedly of a Dionysian, Augustinian, or Thomist understanding of any given theological topic. Accordingly, the chapter pays particular attention to John’s late medieval intellectual and monastic context, examining how these diverse traditions may have been transmitted to John and received by him. At the end of Chapter 2 the elevated attention that John pays to the potential and limits of language is examined. John’s depiction of the significance of language on the ascent is influenced by Dionysian thought, by non-theological poetic traditions and by traditions of allegorical exegesis of the Song of Songs. John’s thought, in short, draws creatively on a range of theological and non-theological traditions that themselves draw in diverse fashion on biblical, Christian, and Platonic understandings of desire.
Context and Empirical Patterns
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: December 2020

This chapter provides the context for the rest of the book and establishes the outcomes to be explained. It first outlines the pre-crisis regulation of derivatives markets, which were mostly subject to private sector governance. It then argues that the international regulation of derivatives can be considered as a regime complex that is not a silo-like nor a hierarchal regime, by showing that a variety of international standard-setting bodies were involved, jointly or separately, with no clear hierarchical structure. These bodies issued a panoply of international standards, which were often nested, overlapping, parallel, or interlinking. Finally, this chapter provides an overview of the vast array of post-crisis international standards concerning derivatives and examines the precision, stringency, and consistency of various elemental regimes on derivatives.
The Resilience of the Computational Theory of Cognition
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero
Published: December 2020

The Computational Theory of Cognition (CTC) is controversial. It faces two types of objection. According to insufficiency objections, computation is insufficient for some cognitive phenomenon X. According to objections from neural realization, cognitive processes are realized by neural processes, but neural processes have feature Y and having Y is incompatible with being (or realizing) computations. This chapter explains why CTC survives these objections. Insufficiency objections are at best partial: for all they establish, computation may be sufficient for cognitive phenomena other than X, part of the explanation for X, or both. Objections from neural realization are based on a false contrast between feature Y and computation.
Descriptive Moral Theories
Authors: Christensen Anne-Marie Søndergaard
Published: December 2020

This chapter develops an alternative, descriptive understanding of moral theory in order to reconcile two apparently conflicting insights; the insight of the critics of moral theory into the problems of the dominant conception of moral theory and the insight into the relevance that we still attribute to the positions traditionally conceived as theories such as Kantianism and utilitarianism. Building on the work of theory-critics, but without giving up the notion of moral theory, the chapter presents a view according to which theories are descriptive rather than prescriptive and serve heuristic and elucidatory purposes. Inspired by the notion of grammar found in the later work of Ludwig Wittgenstein, it is furthermore claimed that theories are descriptions which provide overviews of various normative structures of concerns—or moral grammars—and which may serve two different purposes, providing either general descriptions of the logic of our moral language or descriptions that elucidate a specific moral problem. According to this view, moral philosophers must accept the co-existence of a plurality of moral theories that describe a plurality of moral grammars, and they must give up the idea that moral theories are mutually exclusive. Moreover, the development of the second purpose reveals that theories cannot be the sole tool of moral philosophy, they need to be supplemented with grammatical investigations of the particularities involved in moral problems. Moral theories can be helpful, but they are never sufficient when addressing a problem in moral philosophy.
Essays in Analytic Theology
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

This book is the first of two volumes collecting together the most substantial work in analytic theology that I have done between 2003 and 2018. The essays in this volume focus on the nature of God, whereas the essays in the companion volume focus on humanity and the human condition. The essays in the first part of this volume deal with issues in the philosophy of theology having to do with discourse about God and the authority of scripture; the essays in the second part focus on divine attributes; and the essays in the third part discuss the doctrine of the trinity and related issues. The book includes one new essay, another essay that was previously published only in German translation, and new postscripts to two of the essays.
Theology without Idolatry or Violence
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

In Theology without Metaphysics, Kevin Hector offers a broadly Wittgensteinian theory about the nature and deployment of human concepts and predicates with the goal of showing how both can be applied to God in a non-metaphysical way. In this way, he hopes to show that cataphatic theology is not inherently metaphysical, and that one can therefore engage in it without falling into idolatry or violence. After brief clarification of the ‘idolatry’ and ‘violence’ objections against metaphysics, followed by an explanation of the way in which Hector’s proposal is supposed to provide a non-metaphysical way of doing substantive, cataphatic theology, this chapter identifies five difficulties that beset Hector’s view.
Essays in Analytic Theology
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

This book is the second of two volumes collecting together the most substantial work in analytic theology that I have done between 2003 and 2018. The first volume contains essays focused, broadly speaking, on the nature of God; this second volume contains essays focused more on doctrines about humanity, the human condition, and how human beings relate to God. The essays in the first part deal with the doctrines of the incarnation, original sin, and atonement; the essays in the second part discuss the problem of evil, the problem of divine hiddenness, and a theological problem that arises in connection with the idea God not only tolerates but validates a response of angry protest in the face of these problems.
Private Equity Demystified
Authors: Gilligan John , Wright Mike
Published: December 2020

This book deals with risk capital provided for established firms outside the stock market, private equity. It has grown rapidly over the last three decades, yet it is largely poorly understood. Although private equity has often been criticised in the public mind as being short-termist and having adverse consequence for employment, in reality this is far from the case. Dispelling some of the biggest myths and misconceptions about private equity, the book explains in detail what private equity involves and provides a review of the systematic evidence of what the impact of private equity has been. Written in a highly accessible style, it takes the reader through what private equity means, the different actors involved, and issues concerning sourcing, checking out, valuing, and structuring deals. The book contains summary tables of the academic research carried out over the past three decades across the private equity landscape, including the returns to investors, economic performance, impact on R&D and employees, and the longevity and life-cycle of private equity backed deal.
The New Needs of the Retail Enterprise
Authors: Treadgold Alan , Reynolds Jonathan
Published: December 2020

All retailers need to revisit the extent to which their skills and capabilities are aligned to the new needs of their enterprises in the very changed landscapes in which they are seeking to engage shoppers, realize new opportunities, and resist much more intense and diverse competitive challenges. This is the focus of Chapter 9, in which we suggest that there are four territories in particular that retailers will need to focus on. Organizational and even ownership structures may need to change also in order for the needs of the enterprise to be better aligned to the new operating landscape.
Conclusions
Authors: Treadgold Alan , Reynolds Jonathan
Published: December 2020

A central defining thesis has framed the content of this book; namely that the retail industry globally is in the early stages of a transformation which will be more profound and far-reaching than any which has gone before. This chapter summarizes the key themes explored in the book. It is suggested that, for many, the opportunities in the new landscape of retailing are likely to be greater than the challenges presented. It is also suggested that there is no single roadmap for achieving success in the new landscape. There are, however, building blocks that retail enterprises and their leaders will need to have if they are to be successful. The chapter identifies and discusses five: being truly customer centric; being digitally skilled; embracing innovation; emphasizing strong, clear company values and demonstrating effective leadership.
From Explosive Vent Opening to Effusive Outpouring: Mineral Constraints on Magma Dynamics and Timescales at Paricutin Monogenetic Volcano
Authors: Larrea Patricia , Albert Helena , Ubide Teresa , Costa Fidel , Colás Vanessa , Widom Elisabeth , Siebe Claus
Published: December 2020

Paricutin volcano is the youngest monogenetic cone of the Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field (Mexico), with an excellent historical eruption record from February 1943 to March 1952. The magma emitted during the 9 years of activity was compositionally zoned from basaltic andesite to andesite. This eruption has been considered a classic example of magma differentiation controlled by crustal assimilation combined with fractional crystallization. However, a recent geochemical study of the eruption products points to mantle source heterogeneity and fractional crystallization as the key processes involved in the compositional variability of the magmas. Here we present a detailed petrological characterization of the minerals [olivine, plagioclase, pyroxene, Cr-spinel, and (Ti-)magnetite] to shed light on the processes that led to the chemical evolution of the eruptive products. Our sample set includes the early tephra from the first weeks or months of eruption and the whole sequence of lava flows that followed. The mineral assemblage, their texture, and chemical composition show a systematic evolution between the products from the opening of the explosive vent to the effusive stage. The early tephra are basaltic andesites with oscillatory-zoned olivine and plagioclase, zoned Cr-spinel, and rare pyroxene xenocrysts. In contrast, later erupted tephra and post-January 1944 lavas are basaltic andesites and andesites with normally zoned olivine, Cr-spinel inclusions in equilibrium with the host olivine, and frequent orthopyroxene (after December 1947) with minor chemical zoning. Mineral chemistry data and olivine diffusion timescales, together with whole-rock geochemistry, suggest a convective magma regime with large temperature and oxygen fugacity gradients characterized by short timescales (few days) during the opening stage, followed by a steadier magma regime with longer timescales (few months) and including periodic magma recharge, mixing, and fractional crystallization. In addition, the mineralogical evidence we have gathered does not support considerable crustal assimilation at Paricutin. This study shows that monogenetic eruptions are far from being geochemically simple, and instead involve multiple magma batches with complex storage and mixing stages before eruption.
Mortality in SLE patients compared with population controls in Finland in years 2000–2015
Authors: Elfving Pia , Kariniemi Simo , Kautiainen Hannu , Virta Lauri J , Kaipiainen-Seppänen Oili , Puolakka Kari
Published: December 2020

Objective

To estimate the risk of mortality in the Finnish incident SLE cohort in a 16-year period compared with the general population.

Methods

Adults with new-onset SLE between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2014 identified from the national drug reimbursement register and their individually matched controls from the Population Register Centre were followed up until death or 31 December 2015. Data on deaths were retrieved from the national causes of death register. Comorbidities and education were obtained by linkage to the other national registries.

Results

A total of 1006 patients with incident SLE and 3005 population controls were found (mean follow-up 8.6 years). Of these, 98 SLE patients subsequently died. Their 5 -, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were 95.0% (95% CI: 93.3, 96.2), 88.8% (86.2, 91.0), and 82.1% (77.6, 85.8), respectively. Crude hazard ratio (HR) was 1.61 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.06), adjusted for education level was almost the same 1.61 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.05). After adjustment for comorbidities and education at baseline, the difference in mortality disappeared: HR 1.14 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.48). The leading causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (33%), malignancies (27%) and neurological diseases (10%). Subhazard ratio for CVD deaths was 1.28 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.93), adjusted for comorbidities and education 0.88 (95% CI: 0.56, 1.39).

Conclusions

These results suggest that the increased mortality in SLE patients is highly associated with comorbidities present at diagnosis. This underlines the importance to screen and treat comorbidities and disease actively without delays.
Crystal deposition measured with dual-energy computed tomography: association with mortality and cardiovascular risks in gout
Authors: Marty-Ané Anne , Norberciak Laurène , Andrès Mariano , Houvenagel Eric , Ducoulombier Vincent , Legrand Julie , Budzik Jean-François , Pascart Tristan
Published: December 2020

Objectives

To determine whether the volume of monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition measured with dual-energy CT (DECT) is predictive of short-term mortality and development of cardiovascular comorbidities and diabetes mellitus.

Methods

Patients with a diagnosis of gout having had baseline DECT scans of their knees and feet to measure the volume of MSU crystal deposition were included to undergo a follow-up visit. Risk factors for mortality and a composite variable (onset of any cardio-metabolic event) were examined using multivariable Cox models.

Results

A total of 128 patients aged 66.1 (14.0) years with gout durations of 11.4 (10.4) years were included; most were naïve of urate lowering therapy (61.7%), with a follow-up visit at 24 (12, 36) months. Baseline serum urate (SU) level was 7.44 (2.29) mg/dl and DECT volume of MSU crystals was 0.2 (0, 0.9) cm3. A total of 14 patients died during follow-up, 6/14 from a cardiovascular cause, and 17 patients presented a new cardio-metabolic comorbidity. Factors associated with mortality risk were baseline DECT volume of MSU crystals [hazard ratio (HR) 1.02, 95% CI: 1.002, 1.03] and baseline SU level (HR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.003, 1.06). DECT volume of MSU crystals was the only factor associated with the onset of cardio-metabolic comorbidities with a HR of 1.014 (95% CI: 1.001, 1.03).

Conclusions

Volume of MSU crystals measured with DECT is a biomarker for the risk of developing new cardio-metabolic diseases and for all-cause mortality.
Metagenomics of black grains: new highlights in the understanding of eumycetoma
Authors: Santona Antonella , Mhmoud Najwa A , Siddig Emmanuel Edwar , Deligios Massimo , Fiamma Maura , Bakhiet Sahar Mubarak , Barac Aleksandra , Paglietti Bianca , Rubino Salvatore , Fahal Ahmed Hassan
Published: December 2020

Background

Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous granulomatous disease that is endemic in Sudan and other countries. It can be caused by eight different fungal orders. The gold standard diagnostic test is culture, however, culture-independent methods such as imaging, histopathological and molecular techniques can support diagnosis, especially in cases of negative cultures.

Methods

The amplicon-based internal transcribed spacer 2 metagenomic technique was used to study black grains isolated from 14 tissue biopsies from patients with mycetoma. Furthermore, mycological culture and surgical biopsy histopathological examinations of grains were performed.

Results

Madurella mycetomatis (n=5) and Falciformispora spp. (n=4) organisms were identified by culture and confirmed by metagenomics. Metagenomics recognised, at the species level, Falciformispora as Falciformispora tompkinsii (n=3) and Falciformispora senegalensis (n=1), while in culture-negative cases (n=5), Madurella mycetomatis (n=3), Falciformispora senegalensis (n=1) and Fusarium spp. (n=1) were identified. Interestingly, the metagenomics results showed a ‘consortium’ of different fungi in each sample, mainly Ascomycota phylum, including various species associated with eumycetoma. The microbial co-occurrence in eumycetoma showed the co-presence of Madurella with Trichoderma, Chaetomium, Malasseziales and Sordariales spp., while Falciformispora co-presented with Inocybe and Alternaria and was in mutual exclusion with Subramaniula, Aspergillus and Trichothecium.

Conclusion

Metagenomics provides new insights into the aetiology of eumycetoma in samples with negative culture and into the diversity and complexity of grains mycobiota, calling into question the accuracy of traditional culture for the identification of causative agents.
Mycetoma imaging: the best practice
Authors: Bahar Mustafa Elnour , Bakheet Osama E L Hadi , Fahal Ahmed Hassan
Published: December 2020

Mycetoma is a recognised neglected tropical disease that for a long time has been accorded inadequate attention across the globe. It is a chronic destructive inflammatory disease caused by fungi (eumycetoma) or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). Mycetoma treatment depends on an accurate and precise diagnosis. The cornerstone for proper disease diagnosis is identification of the causative organisms, but also critical for diagnosis and management planning is determination of its extent along and across tissue planes. An initial diagnosis is made after clinical assessment. Clinical examination alone does not identify the causative organism nor does it detect the spread of disease along the different tissue planes and bone. Imaging techniques, such as radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging can be used to determine the extent of lesions. In this communication, the Mycetoma Research Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Mycetoma, University of Khartoum, presents its experience and recommendations on mycetoma diagnostic imaging.
Puerto Rico
Authors: Duany Jorge
Published: December 2020

Puerto Rico, acquired by the United States from Spain in 1898, has a peculiar status among Latin American and Caribbean countries. As a Commonwealth, the island enjoys limited autonomy over local matters, but the U.S. has essentially dominated it militarily, politically, and economically for much of its history. Though they are citizens, Puerto Ricans do not have their own voting representatives in Congress and cannot vote for the president or VP. The island's status is a topic of perennial debate, evidenced by the 2012 referendum, in which a majority voted for statehood for the first time. More recently, the island's colossal public debt has sparked an economic crisis that is the focus of an upcoming Supreme Court case. The issue is intimately tied to the question of status, and consensus on the solution has proven elusive. Despite their ongoing colonial dilemma, Puerto Ricans display a strong national identity-after 118 years of occupation, the Island remains a Spanish-speaking, Afro-Hispanic-Caribbean nation. At the same time, the island's population is constantly in flux, with an estimated 60.7% of boricuas living stateside, while many others are also returning to the island. Despite the island's popularity as a tourist destination, few beyond its shores are familiar with its history. Puerto Rico: What Everyone Needs to Know provides a succinct, authoritative, and well-documented introduction to the Island's rich history, culture, politics, and economy. Jorge Duany, takes on the task of educating readers on the most important facets of the unique, troubled, but much beloved isla del encanto.
Overfishing
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: December 2020

Over the past twenty years considerable public attention has been focused on the decline of marine fisheries, the sustainability of world fish production, and the impacts of fishing on marine ecosystems. Many have voiced their concerns about marine conservation, as well as the sustainable and ethical consumption of fish. But are fisheries in danger of collapse? Will we soon need to find ways to replace this food system? Should we be worried that we could be fishing certain species to extinction? Can commercial fishing be carried out in a sustainable way? While overblown prognoses concerning the dire state of fisheries are plentiful, clear scientific explanations of the basic issues surrounding overfishing are less so - and there remains great confusion about the actual amount of overfishing and its ecological impact. Overfishing: What Everyone Needs to Know will provide a balanced explanation of the broad issues associated with overfishing. Guiding readers through the scientific, political, economic, and ethical issues associated with harvesting fish from the ocean, it will provide answers to questions about which fisheries are sustainably managed and which are not. Ray and Ulrike Hilborn address topics including historical overfishing, high seas fisheries, recreational fisheries, illegal fishing, climate and fisheries, trawling, economic and biological overfishing, and marine protected areas. In order to illustrate the effects of each of these issues, they will incorporate case studies of different species of fish. Overall, the authors present a hopeful view of the future of fisheries. Most of the world's fisheries are not overfished, and many once overfished stocks are now rebuilding. In fact, we can learn from the management failures and successes to ensure that fisheries are sustainable and contribute to national wealth and food security. Concise and clear, this book presents a compelling "big picture " of the state of oceans and the solutions to ending overfishing.
Methyldopa Versus Nifedipine or No Medication for Treatment of Chronic Hypertension During Pregnancy: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Salama Mohamed , Rezk Mohamed , Gaber Wael , Hamza Haitham , Marawan Hala , Gamal Awni , Abdallah Sameh
Published: December 2020

(Abstracted from Pregnancy Hypertens 2019;17:54–58)

Pregnant women with chronic hypertension are at increased risk of pregnancy complications. Yet, it is unclear whether antihypertensive treatments lower the risks of maternal morbidity and mortality.
Lidocaine Use in Vaginal Surgery and Risk of Toxicity
Authors: Willis-Gray Marcella G. , Husk Katherine E. , Brueseke Taylor J. , Connolly AnnaMarie , Geller Elizabeth J.
Published: December 2020

(Abstracted from Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2020;26:546–549)

Intravenous (IV) lidocaine is often given by anesthesiologists during induction of anesthesia to reduce pain caused by the injection of propofol. Although useful during surgery, local anesthetics are not without risks.
Huanglian Jiedu Decoction for treatment of multiple myeloma
Authors: An Na , Li Yiwei , Huang Xilian , Chen Can , Xie Yaping
Published: December 2020

Background:

Multiple myeloma can lead to lots of clinical problems including pain, fatigue, anemia, infections, renal failure, and so on. Huanglian Jiedu Decoction is a common conservative treatment for this disease in China. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the efficacy of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction in the treatment of multiple myeloma.

Methods:

A systematic literature search for studies will be performed in 8 databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane library, ClinicalTrials.gov databases, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Wanfang database, and VIP database. The methodological quality of the included studies using the risk bias assessment tool of Cochrane. And the level of evidence for results is assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method. Statistical analysis is conducted with Revman 5.3.

Results:

This systematic review and meta-analysis will provide a synthesis of existed evidences for Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on multiple myeloma.

Conclusion:

The conclusion of this study will provide evidence to assess effectiveness of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on multiple myeloma, which can further guide clinical decision-making.

INPLASY registration number:

INPLASY202060094
Quantitative assessment-based nursing intervention improves bowel function in patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury
Authors: Yin Qionghua , Wang Can , Yu Jianhong , Zhang Qiufang
Published: December 2020

Background:

The neurogenic bowel dysfunction is a kind of familiar sequelae of the spinal cord injury (SCI), occurring in 70 to 80 percent of the SCI patients. The nursing intervention based on quantitative evaluation is to fully consider and assess the disease condition of patients, implement the personalized programs of nursing intervention, meet the patient's nursing needs to the maximum extent, improve the quality of nursing, and then facilitate the rehabilitation of patients. Our aim is to implement this program to evaluate the impact of this nursing intervention based on quantitative evaluation on the quality of life and bowel function in the neurogenic bowel dysfunction patients after SCI.

Methods:

The experiment is a randomized clinical research which will be implemented from May 2021 to October 2021 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. The experiment was granted through the Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (No.100238765). Fifty neurogenic bowel dysfunction patients after SCI confirmed via the imaging are included in this study. The patients with the history of bowel diseases or patients who are unwilling to cooperate with the evaluation will be excluded. The primary outcomes are bowel function recovery and satisfaction of the patients. The secondary outcomes are quality of life evaluated by SF-36 questionnaire. The questionnaire involves physical pain, role physiology, physiological functions, social functions, vitality, general health, mental health and role-motional.

Results:

Comparison of clinical parameters between the 2 groups will be shown in Table 1.

Conclusion:

Nursing intervention based on the quantitative evaluation can improve the quality of life and recovery of intestinal function for the neurogenic intestinal dysfunction patients after SCI.

Trial registration number:

researchregistry6143
Analysis of factors and corresponding interactions influencing clinical management assistant ability using competency model in China
Authors: Zheng Xin , Shi Jia , Wu Jinyi
Published: December 2020

The clinical management assistant (CMA) is an innovative and practical way to help manage a hospital, so the selection of CMA is important. This research is to find the influencing factors on the competency of CMA and help to select proper candidate of CMA.

Based on the items of competency theory using the structural equation model, the data of 600 hospital managers from Shanghai, Guangzhou and Wuhan were identified by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In further analysis, the interactions among the factors were evaluated.

A total of 20 items were identified as critical to CMA capability, which were further tested and divided into 3 factors: (1) personal characteristics; (2) competence; (3) thinking. The subsequent analysis showed that all factors had significant impact on CMA's ability, and competence contributed the most to the formation of CMA's ability, while the intermediary role of personal characteristics and thinking could not be ignored in practice. The results showed that the competency model contained these 3 factors and had the same structure as the classic competency model.

This study presented a tentative approach for assessing CMA's competency, as well as provided the criteria to find and evaluate a CMA.