bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rare skeletal disorders: a multidisciplinary postnatal approach to diagnosis and management
Authors: Walleczek Nina-Katharina , Förster Kristina , Seyr Martina , Kadrnoska Nadja , Kolar Jennifer , Wasinger-Brandweiner Verena , Vodopiutz Julia
Published: March 2021

Skeletal disorders are inherited disorders with significant skeletal involvement and most of them are rare or extremely rare. Based on the clinical, radiological and genetic phenotype, the group of skeletal disorder comprises more than 450 different and highly heterogeneous disorders. In skeletal disorders rapid and precise diagnoses are urgently needed for patient care and are based on the combination of clinical, radiological and genetic analysis. Novel genetic techniques have revolutionized diagnostics and have a huge impact on counseling of patients and families. Disease-specific long-term management in a multidisciplinary healthcare team in highly specialized centers is recommended to optimize care for these patients. Here we describe a multidisciplinary postnatal approach for the diagnosis and management of patients and families with rare skeletal disorders at the Vienna Bone and Growth Center. We discuss the value of a multidisciplinary diagnostic and management approach in the postnatal setting and provide a diagnostic flowchart for rare skeletal disorders.
Sex differences in coronary plaque changes assessed by serial computed tomography angiography
Authors: El Mahdiui Mohammed , Smit Jeff M. , van Rosendael Alexander R. , Neglia Danilo , Knuuti Juhani , Saraste Antti , Buechel Ronny R. , Teresinska Anna , Pizzi Maria N. , Roque Albert , Magnacca Massimo , Mertens Bart J. , Caselli Chiara , Rocchiccioli Silvia , Parodi Oberdan , Pelosi Gualtiero , Scholte Arthur J.
Published: March 2021

Long-term data on sex-differences in coronary plaque changes over time is lacking in a low-to-intermediate risk population of stable coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of sex on long-term plaque progression and evolution of plaque composition. Furthermore, the influence of menopause on plaque progression and composition was also evaluated. Patients that underwent a coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) were prospectively included to undergo a follow-up coronary CTA. Total and compositional plaque volumes were normalized using the vessel volume to calculate a percentage atheroma volume (PAV). To investigate the influence of menopause on plaque progression, patients were divided into two groups, under and over 55 years of age. In total, 211 patients were included in this analysis, 146 (69%) men. The mean interscan period between baseline and follow-up coronary CTA was 6.2 ± 1.4 years. Women were older, had higher HDL levels and presented more often with atypical chest pain. Men had 434 plaque sites and women 156. On a per-lesion analysis, women had less fibro-fatty PAV compared to men (β -1.3 ± 0.4%; p < 0.001), with no other significant differences. When stratifying patients by 55 years age threshold, fibro-fatty PAV remained higher in men in both age groups (p < 0.05) whilst women younger than 55 years demonstrated more regression of fibrous (β -0.8 ± 0.3% per year; p = 0.002) and non-calcified PAV (β -0.7 ± 0.3% per year; p = 0.027). In a low-to-intermediate risk population of stable CAD patients, no significant sex differences in total PAV increase over time were observed. Fibro-fatty PAV was lower in women at any age and women under 55 years demonstrated significantly greater reduction in fibrous and non-calcified PAV over time compared to age-matched men. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04448691.)
Formulating the history matching problem with consistent error statistics
Authors: Evensen Geir
Published: March 2021

It is common to formulate the history-matching problem using Bayes’ theorem. From Bayes’, the conditional probability density function (pdf) of the uncertain model parameters is proportional to the prior pdf of the model parameters, multiplied by the likelihood of the measurements. The static model parameters are random variables characterizing the reservoir model while the observations include, e.g., historical rates of oil, gas, and water produced from the wells. The reservoir prediction model is assumed perfect, and there are no errors besides those in the static parameters. However, this formulation is flawed. The historical rate data only approximately represent the real production of the reservoir and contain errors. History-matching methods usually take these errors into account in the conditioning but neglect them when forcing the simulation model by the observed rates during the historical integration. Thus, the model prediction depends on some of the same data used in the conditioning. The paper presents a formulation of Bayes’ theorem that considers the data dependency of the simulation model. In the new formulation, one must update both the poorly known model parameters and the rate-data errors. The result is an improved posterior ensemble of prediction models that better cover the observations with more substantial and realistic uncertainty. The implementation accounts correctly for correlated measurement errors and demonstrates the critical role of these correlations in reducing the update’s magnitude. The paper also shows the consistency of the subspace inversion scheme by Evensen (Ocean Dyn.54, 539–560 2004) in the case with correlated measurement errors and demonstrates its accuracy when using a “larger” ensemble of perturbations to represent the measurement error covariance matrix.
Spatial distribution of trace elements (As, Cd, Ni, Pb) from PM10 aerosols and human health impact assessment in an Eastern European country, Romania
Authors: Bodor Katalin , Bodor Zsolt , Szép Róbert
Published: March 2021

In the present study, the concentrations of trace elements in PM10were determined and analyzed at 115 monitoring stations in Romania throughout the period 2009–2018. The spatiotemporal distribution of trace element concentrations of PM10, the source apportionment and health impact assessment, was carried out. The results showed a very high multi-annual mean concentration for PM10and trace elements as well. The multiannual average concentration of PM10was higher by 29.75% than the World Health Organization recommendation. All studied air pollutants showed a decreasing trend during the studied years, showing with 17.84%, 50.21%, 43.36%, 11.27%, and 72.09% lower values for PM10, As-, Cd-, Ni-, and Pb-, respectively, due to environmental regulations. To assess the human health impact, the hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk (CR) were calculated using the health risk model developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Cd and Ni might present a non-carcinogenic risk to both adults and children; however, the hazard quotient values are higher than the safe limit, with 9.53 and 1.93, respectively. In addition, our study results revealed that the inhalation of As, Cd and the dermal absorption of all studied trace elements were considered as the most important risk factors for developing cancer, especially in case of adults.
On Technical Alterity
Authors: Schick Johannes F. M.
Published: March 2021

This commentary introduces the notion of “technical alterity” in order to address the following questions: is it possible that technical objects can become “others” in analogy to Levinas’ ethics and can this relation provide solutions for the subject in the Anthropocene? According to Levinas, the human subject’s only break from having to be itself is in the consumption and enjoyment of things. Objects constitute thus an “other” that can be consumed, i.e., appropriated and be made one’s own. But, in times of the Anthropocene, where the entanglement of human and non-human actors becomes increasingly obvious and intricate, and a question of survival for human beings in the face of the climate crisis, it is necessary to develop a relation with non-human actors that does not reduce them to mere means to an end. This ethical relation with technical objects relies upon an epistemic act, since technical objects precisely do not have a “face” in the Levinasian sense. Technical objects as “technical others” have therefore—in light of Simondon’s philosophy of technology—to be invented.
Developing a novel functional disc emulator to investigate the nucleus pulposus replacement
Authors: Raheem Hassan M. , Rochefort Skip E. , Bay Brian K.
Published: March 2021

We have developed a simple, inexpensive and innovative device for reproducing the global mechanical behavior of spinal motion segments and the local mechanical environment experienced by lumbar intervertebral discs. The device has several broad functions: (1) exploration of the basic mechanics underlying this complex skeletal system, (2) connecting changes in tissue characteristics with overall motion segment function, and (3) evaluation of strategies for repair and replacement of disc components. This “disc emulator” consists of three main parts: (1) an artificial annulus fibrosus (AAF), made out of silicone, with lumbar disc geometry and adjustable material properties, (2) a hydrogel nucleus pulposus (NP) also with lumbar disc geometry and adjustable material properties, and (3) simulated vertebral bodies 3D printed with trabecular bone simulated by a rigid polymer (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, ABS) and end plates crafted from a compliant polymer (Thermoplastic Polyurethane, TPU). Mechanical compression experiments have been conducted using the disc emulator under similar protocols to published studies of human cadaver samples. Bulging of the artificial annulus fibrosus was examined under axial compression loads using digital image correlation (DIC), and results show close agreement. We see this approach of using anatomical geometry and multiple adjustable components as a useful means of creating accurate local stress/strain environments for preliminary material evaluation, without the variability and difficulty inherent indirect testing of cadaveric materials.
Activation of electrospun carbon fibers: the effect of fiber diameter on CO2 and steam reaction kinetics
Authors: Erben Johannes , Heußner Alenica , Thiele Simon , Kerzenmacher Sven
Published: March 2021

First, we present a fabrication process for electrospun carbon fiber mats with mean fiber diameters between 108 nm and 623 nm. The carbon fiber mats were produced by electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solutions and subsequent carbonization. The fiber mats feature small variations of their properties that are required for parameter studies. Second, we investigate the kinetics of steam and CO2 activation with three different activation temperatures and times. Both activation methods result in a surface area increase depending on activation temperature and time. Detailed analysis of the macroscopic properties burn-off, surface area, and conductivity reveals insights into the microscopic activation kinetics. The different fiber diameters of the carbon fiber mats enable the distinction of surface driven and bulk processes. Our results indicate, that CO2 activation kinetics are mass transport controlled, and that steam activation kinetics are reaction rate controlled. The turbostratic nature of PAN derived carbon and the distinct characteristics of the activation agents could explain the nonlinear behavior of the burn-off and surface area development.
Explicit parallel co-simulation approach: analysis and improved coupling method based on H-infinity synthesis
Authors: Chen Weitao , Ran Shenhai , Wu Canhui , Jacobson Bengt
Published: March 2021

Co-simulation is widely used in the industry for the simulation of multidomain systems. Because the coupling variables cannot be communicated continuously, the co-simulation results can be unstable and inaccurate, especially when an explicit parallel approach is applied. To address this issue, new coupling methods to improve the stability and accuracy have been developed in recent years. However, the assessment of their performance is sometimes not straightforward or is even impossible owing to the case-dependent effect. The selection of the coupling method and its tuning cannot be performed before running the co-simulation, especially with a time-varying system.

In this work, the co-simulation system is analyzed in the frequency domain as a sampled-data interconnection. Then a new coupling method based on the H-infinity synthesis is developed. The method intends to reconstruct the coupling variable by adding a compensator and smoother at the interface and to minimize the error from the sample-hold process. A convergence analysis in the frequency domain shows that the coupling error can be reduced in a wide frequency range, which implies good robustness. The new method is verified using two co-simulation cases. The first case is a dual mass–spring–damper system with random parameters and the second case is a co-simulation of a multibody dynamic (MBD) vehicle model and an electric power-assisted steering (EPAS) system model. Experimental results show that the method can improve the stability and accuracy, which enables a larger communication step to speed up the explicit parallel co-simulation.
Sectionally Pseudocomplemented Posets
Authors: Chajda Ivan , Länger Helmut , Paseka Jan
Published: March 2021

The concept of a sectionally pseudocomplemented lattice was introduced in Birkhoff (1979) as an extension of relative pseudocomplementation for not necessarily distributive lattices. The typical example of such a lattice is the non-modular lattice N5. The aim of this paper is to extend the concept of sectional pseudocomplementation from lattices to posets. At first we show that the class of sectionally pseudocomplemented lattices forms a variety of lattices which can be described by two simple identities. This variety has nice congruence properties. We summarize properties of sectionally pseudocomplemented posets and show differences to relative pseudocomplementation. We prove that every sectionally pseudocomplemented poset is completelyL-semidistributive. We introduce the concept of congruence on these posets and show when the quotient structure becomes a poset again. Finally, we study the Dedekind-MacNeille completion of sectionally pseudocomplemented posets. We show that contrary to the case of relatively pseudocomplemented posets, this completion need not be sectionally pseudocomplemented but we present the construction of a so-called generalized ordinal sum which enables us to construct the Dedekind-MacNeille completion provided the completions of the summands are known.
Arylnaphthalene lactones: structures and pharmacological potentials
Authors: Park Soyoung , Kim Seungsu , Shin Dongyun
Published: March 2021

Natural arylnaphthalene lactones are representative lignans that are found in various dietary and medicinal plants. Their unique structural features and significant pharmacological activity have attracted considerable attention from both synthetic and medicinal chemists. Owing to their unique structural features such as relative rigid tetracyclic skeleton, structural diversity of more than five substituents, and no chiral center, arylnaphthalene lactones are recognized as a valuable scaffold for drug discovery, in addition to their significant pharmacological activities. This review covers the structures and isolation of all naturally occurring arylnaphthalene lactone congeners reported. Based on the aryl substituents, they were categorized as Type I and Type II and further classified according to the oxidation state of the ring and glycosylation level. Special attention has been paid to natural arylnaphthalene lactones owing to their broad spectrum of biological activities such as cytotoxic, antiplatelet, antiviral, anti-HIV, antifungal, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. All the products were reorganized based on their biological activities, and selected data are presented.
Log-logistic parameters estimation using moving extremes ranked set sampling design
Authors: He Xiao-fang , Chen Wang-xue , Yang Rui
Published: March 2021

In statistical parameter estimation problems, how well the parameters are estimated largely depends on the sampling design used. In the current paper, a modification of ranked set sampling (RSS) called moving extremes RSS (MERSS) is considered for the estimation of the scale and shape parameters for the log-logistic distribution. Several traditional estimators and ad hoc estimators will be studied under MERSS. The estimators under MERSS are compared to the corresponding ones under SRS. The simulation results show that the estimators under MERSS are significantly more efficient than the ones under SRS.
Tracy-Widom distribution, Airy2 process and its sample path properties
Authors: Su Zhong-gen , Lei Yu-huan , Shen Tian
Published: March 2021

Tracy-Widom distribution was first discovered in the study of largest eigenvalues of high dimensional Gaussian unitary ensembles (GUE), and since then it has appeared in a number of apparently distinct research fields. It is believed that Tracy-Widom distribution have a universal feature like classic normal distribution. Airy2process is defined through finite dimensional distributions with Tracy-Widom distribution as its marginal distributions. In this introductory survey, we will briefly review some basic notions, intuitive background and fundamental properties concerning Tracy-Widom distribution and Airy2process. For sake of reading, the paper starts with some simple and well-known facts about normal distributions, Gaussian processes and their sample path properties.
Smart healthcare system-a brain-like computing approach for analyzing the performance of detectron2 and PoseNet models for anomalous action detection in aged people with movement impairments
Authors: Divya R. , Peter J. Dinesh
Published: March 2021

In this era of artificial intelligence, a wide variety of techniques are available in healthcare industry especially to study about various changes happening in the human body. Intelligent assistance using brain-like framework helps to understand and analyze various types of complex data by utilizing most recent innovations such as deep learning and computer vision. Activities are complex practices, including continuous actions as well as interleaved actions that could be processed with fully interconnected neuron-like processing machine in a way the human brain works. Human postures have the ability to express different body movements in different environments. An optimal method is required to identify and analyze different kinds of postures so that the recognition rate has to be increased. The system should handle ambiguous circumstances that include diverse body movements, multiple views and changes in the environments. The objective of this research is to apply real-time pose estimation models for object detection and abnormal activity recognition with vision-based complex key point analysis. Object detection based on bounding box with a mask is successfully implemented with detectron2 deep learning model. Using PoseNet model, normal and abnormal activities are successfully distinguished, and the performance is evaluated. The proposed system implemented a state of the art computing model for the development of public healthcare industry. The experimental results show that the models have high levels of accuracy for detecting sudden changes in movements under varying environments.
Cryogenic Exfoliation of 2D Stanene Nanosheets for Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Ouyang Jiang , Zhang Ling , Li Leijiao , Chen Wei , Tang Zhongmin , Ji Xiaoyuan , Feng Chan , Tao Na , Kong Na , Chen Tianfeng , Liu You-Nian , Tao Wei
Published: March 2021

Stanene (Sn)-based materials have been extensively applied in industrial production and daily life, but their potential biomedical application remains largely unexplored, which is due to the absence of the appropriate and effective methods for fabricating Sn-based biomaterials. Herein, we explored a new approach combining cryogenic exfoliation and liquid-phase exfoliation to successfully manufacture two-dimensional (2D) Sn nanosheets (SnNSs). The obtained SnNSs exhibited a typical sheet-like structure with an average size of ~ 100 nm and a thickness of ~ 5.1 nm. After PEGylation, the resulting PEGylated SnNSs (SnNSs@PEG) exhibited good stability, superior biocompatibility, and excellent photothermal performance, which could serve as robust photothermal agents for multi-modal imaging (fluorescence/photoacoustic/photothermal imaging)-guided photothermal elimination of cancer. Furthermore, we also used first-principles density functional theory calculations to investigate the photothermal mechanism of SnNSs, revealing that the free electrons in upper and lower layers of SnNSs contribute to the conversion of the photo to thermal. This work not only introduces a new approach to fabricate 2D SnNSs but also establishes the SnNSs-based nanomedicines for photonic cancer theranostics. This new type of SnNSs with great potential in the field of nanomedicines may spur a wave of developing Sn-based biological materials to benefit biomedical applications.
Ocean Mixing
Authors: Gregg Michael C.
Published: March 2021

The stratified ocean mixes episodically in small patches where energy is dissipated and density smoothed over scales of centimeters. The net effect of these countless events effects the shape of the ocean's thermocline, how heat is transported from the sea surface to the interior, and how dense bottom water is lifted into the global overturning circulation. This book explores the primary factors affecting mixing, beginning with the thermodynamics of seawater, how they vary in the ocean and how they depend on the physical properties of seawater. Turbulence and double diffusion are then discussed, which determines how mixing evolves and the different impacts it has on velocity, temperature, and salinity. It reviews insights from both laboratory studies and numerical modelling, emphasising the assumptions and limitations of these methods. This is an excellent reference for researchers and graduate students working to advance our understanding of mixing, including oceanographers, atmospheric scientists and limnologists.
Chronic sources of low cocoa production in Ghana: new insights from meta-analysis of old survey data
Authors: Tsiboe Francis
Published: March 2021

Several studies have tried to estimate the productivity and input use efficiency of cocoa farmers in Ghana, but they shed limited light on their chronic nature and other sources of low production. This study extends the literature by analyzing a unique nationally representative sample that constitutes 30 years of production. The results showed that pure farmer technical inefficiency is not only 8 percent points larger than the regional technology gap, but also consistently dominated the overall performance of farmers from 1987-2017. The policy implication of this finding at face value suggests that improving farmer managerial skills could increase output.
Gigantic scaphopods (Mollusca) from the Permian Akasaka Limestone, central Japan
Authors: Asato Kaito , Kase Tomoki
Published: March 2021

Paleozoic scaphopods are among the most poorly known mollusks because of their featureless tubular shell morphology and fragmentary preservation. An apical orifice at the posterior end of a conch is a diagnostic character of Scaphopoda that distinguishes them from other groups of animals that produce similar calcareous tubes, but this structure is rarely preserved. A rich molluscan fauna from the Permian Akasaka Limestone in central Japan includes scaphopod shells, and past studies have reported four species, all of which were based on fragmentary specimens. This study recognizes six species in the Akasaka Limestone mainly on the basis of museum/institution collections, and a new genus (Minodentalium) and three species (Prodentalium onoi,M.hayasakai, andM.okumurai) are described, two known species (P.akasakensisandP.neornatum) are redescribed in more detail, and one species (Prodentaliumsp.) is described under open nomenclature. The following eight known species are allocated to the new genusMinodentalium:Plagioglypta furcataWaterhouse, 1980;Pl.girtyiKnight, 1940;Pl.subannulataEaston, 1962;Dentalium ingensDe Koninck, 1843;D. meekianumGeinitz, 1866;Pl.prosseriMorningstar, 1922;Dentalium priscumMünster in Goldfuss, 1842; andD.herculeumDe Koninck, 1863. All the species, except forM.hayasakai, are gigantic, reaching 200 mm or more in length. The species richness is the greatest known from a single locality/formation worldwide.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/35405b9d-3ba7-40bf-87c5-3f2b550b1a6d
The roles actors play in policy networks: Central positions in strongly institutionalized fields
Authors: Ingold Karin , Fischer Manuel , Christopoulos Dimitris
Published: March 2021

Centralities are a widely studied phenomenon in network science. In policy networks, central actors are of interest because they are assumed to control information flows, to link opposing coalitions and to directly impact decision-making. First, we study what type of actor (e.g., state authorities or interest groups) is able to occupy central positions in the highly institutionalized context of policy networks. Second, we then ask whether bonding or bridging centralities prove to be more stable over time. Third, we investigate how these types of centrality influence actors’ positions in a network over time. We therefore adopt a longitudinal perspective and run exponential random graph models, including lagged central network positions at t1 as the main independent variable for actors’ activity and popularity at t2. Results confirm that very few actors are able to maintain central positions over time.
Intermittent fasting with a high-protein diet mitigated osteoarthritis symptoms by increasing lean body mass and reducing inflammation in osteoarthritic rats with Alzheimer’s disease-like dementia
Authors: Park Sunmin , Shin Bae Kun
Published: March 2021

Menopausal women are susceptible to osteoarthritis(OA) and memory impairment. We hypothesised that Alzheimer’s-like disease(AD) exacerbates OA and that intermittent fasting(IMF) with a high-protein(H-P) diet would enhance memory function and relieve OA symptoms in oestrogen-deficient animals induced AD and OA. The action mechanism was also explored. Ovariectomised Sprague–Dawley rats were fed high-fat(H-F) or H-P diets for 2 weeks, and then they had a hippocampal infusion of β-amyloid(25–35) for 4 weeks to induce AD and an injection of monoidoacetate(MIA) into the articular cartilage to induce OA. Non-AD groups had non-AD symptoms by hippocampal amyloid-β(35–25) infusion. IMF suppressed memory impairment in AD rats, especially those fed H-P diets. Compared with non-AD, AD exacerbated OA symptoms, including swelling, limping, slowed treadmill running speed, and uneven weight distribution in the left leg. The exacerbations were linked to increased inflammation and pain, but IMF and H-P lessened the exacerbation. Lean body mass(LBM) decreased with AD, but H-P protected against LBM loss. Histological examination of the knee joint revealed the degree of the cellular invasion into the middle zone, and the changes in the tidemark plateau were greatest in the AD-AL with H-F, while non-AD-IMF improved the cellular invasion to as much as non-AD-AL. H-P reduced the infiltration into the middle zone of the knee and promoted collagen production. In conclusion, AD exacerbated the articular cartilage deterioration and memory impairment, and IMF with H-P alleviated the memory impairment and osteoarthritic symptoms by decreasing hippocampal amyloid-β deposition and proinflammatory cytokine expressions and by increasing LBM.
SEEING AND HEARING DISABILITY IN MAURICIO KAGEL'S REPERTOIRE FROM STAATSTHEATER
Authors: Younge Bethany
Published: March 2021

This article adopts a disability studies perspective to evaluate the ways in which Mauricio Kagel's Repertoire from Staatstheater reimagines human bodies. Objects and bodies interact in myriad ways within the one hundred vignettes of Repertoire: some objects hinder or aid the bodies on stage, while others become incorporated within the body, acting as a single expressive unit. My analysis demonstrates the ways in which both objects and bodies transform their traditional roles as ascribed by society, rejecting procrustean physiques. Using disability studies concepts such as embodiment and experientialism I evaluate sound and physical action as inextricable expressions of imaginative corporealities. Reflecting upon Kagel's identity as an outsider of the European avant-garde, as well as his irreverence for oppressive social institutions, I evince that other forms of hierarchical disruptions are at play, namely that abled bodies do not preside over disabled ones and notions of beauty hold no clout.
Designing speaking interaction in LMOOCs: An eTandem approach
Authors: Appel Christine , Pujolà Joan-Tomàs
Published: March 2021

Promoting speaking interaction remains a challenge for language massive open online courses (LMOOCs), both from a pedagogical and technological standpoint. This paper describes the design process of the tandemMOOC, which exploits the massive, open and online features of MOOCs in order to offer language learners online speaking interaction practice with native speakers of their target language. The course is based on eTandem language learning principles and equips learners with the necessary competences to be able to cope with online second language (L2) speaking opportunities. Following a design-based research approach, this paper presents an analysis and discussion of seven components of the design: learning environment, facilitation dynamics, dyad configuration, task types, task topics, feedback provision, and gamification components. The analysis of the implementation of these elements results in a set of key features for the integration of L2 speaking interaction activities in LMOOCs.
The psychological experience of pediatric oncology patients facing life-threatening situations: A systematic review with narrative synthesis
Authors: Comas Carbonell Emília , Mateo-Ortega Dolors , Busquets-Alibés Ester
Published: March 2021

Objective

The purpose of this systematic review is to describe the elements of the psychological experience of pediatric oncology patients facing life-threatening situations and the corresponding care needs.

Methods

The study design is a systematic review following the PRISMA standard of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research. The review was conducted using multiple databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO. The risk of bias of the articles was evaluated with the “Critical Appraisal Skills Programme.”

Results

A total of 21 articles met inclusion criteria. The analysis of the evidence revealed that the psychological experience involves changes in relationships, thoughts about death, emotional changes, physical symptoms, spiritual changes, and feelings of uncertainty.

Significance of results

The care needs identified are maintaining normality, controlling physical and psychological symptoms, and that maintaining hope is an important aspect for children. Whether or not the children want to talk about death is another important aspect that needs to be reflected upon, and it would be appropriate to consider, on an individual level, involving patients in the discussion on the diagnosis and treatment of the illness. Future research should be conducted from the children's perspective since most existing research is from the perspective of the family members or health professionals. Furthermore, it is recommended to take into account qualitative approaches that provide more detailed information on the patients’ subjectivity.
Experimental Measurement of Misperception in Political Beliefs
Authors: Carlson Taylor N. , Hill Seth J.
Published: March 2021

Recent research suggests widespread misperception about the political views of others. Measuring perceptions often relies on instruments that do not separate uncertainty from inaccuracy. We present new experimental measures of second-order political beliefs. To carefully measure political (mis)perceptions, we have subjects report beliefs as probabilities. To encourage accuracy, we provide micro-incentives for each response. To measure learning, we provide information sequentially about the perception of interest. We illustrate our method by applying it to perceptions of vote choice in the 2016 presidential election. Subjects made inferences about randomly selected American National Election Study (ANES) respondents. Before and after receiving information about the other, subjects reported a probabilistic belief about the other’s vote. We find that perceptions are less biased than in previous work on second-order beliefs. Accuracy increased most with the delivery of party identification and report of a most important problem. We also find evidence of modest egocentric and different-trait bias.
Two‐Dimensional Velocity of the Magnetic Structure Observed on July 11, 2017 by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Spacecraft
Authors: Denton Richard E. , Torbert Roy B. , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Genestreti Kevin J. , Manuzzo Roberto , Belmont Gerard , Rezeau Laurence , Califano Francesco , Nakamura Rumi , Egedal Jan , Le Contel Olivier , Burch James L. , Gershman Daniel J. , Dors Ivan , Argall Matthew R. , Russell Christopher T. , Strangeway Robert J. , Giles Barbara L.
Published: March 2021

In order to determine particle velocities and electric field in the frame of the magnetic structure, one first needs to determine the velocity of the magnetic structure in the frame of the spacecraft observations. Here, we demonstrate two methods to determine a two‐dimensional magnetic structure velocity for the magnetic reconnection event observed in the magnetotail by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft on July 11, 2017, Spatio‐Temporal Difference (STD) and the recently developed polynomial reconstruction method. Both of these methods use the magnetic field measurements; the reconstruction technique also uses the current density measured by the particle instrument. We find rough agreement between the results of our methods and with other velocity determinations previously published. We also explain a number of features of STD and show that the polynomial reconstruction technique is most likely to be valid within a distance of 2 spacecraft spacings from the centroid of the MMS spacecraft. Both of these methods are susceptible to contamination by magnetometer calibration errors.
Validation and Improvement of NeQuick Topside Ionospheric Formulation Using COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3 Data
Authors: Singh Arun Kumar , Haralambous Haris , Oikonomou Christina
Published: March 2021

We examine systematic differences between topside electron density measurements and different topside model formulations including α‐Chapman, NeQuick, and an improved NeQuick (NeQuick‐corr) topside formulation, recently proposed. The global topside electron density data set used, was extracted from Radio Occultation (RO) topside electron density profiles on board Low‐Earth Orbit satellites from the COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3 (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate and Formosa Satellite) mission. By using RO topside electron density measurements collocated with digisonde stations, we ensure that our investigation is based on two independent data sets (RO and digisondes). A subset of these profiles, with matched (within 5%) peak RO‐digisonde characteristics (foF2 and hmF2) is also exploited. This subset is exploited to extend the investigation on the basis of a higher quality validation data set. The comparison demonstrates that α‐Chapman and NeQuick‐corr underestimate, whereas NeQuick overestimates COSMIC topside electron density observations. The main outcome of this study is the significant NeQuick topside representation improvement that can be achieved near the F region peak, if the key parameter g, which controls the change of scale height with respect to altitude, is optimized to a value of 0.15 (compared to a currently adopted value of 0.125). The NeQuick‐corr topside formulation using the optimized g value of 0.15 outperforms all other topside formulations.
Energetics‐Based Estimation of the Diapycnal Mixing Induced by Internal Tides in the Andaman Sea
Authors: Peng Shiqiu , Liao Jiawen , Wang Xiaowei , Liu Zhiyu , Liu Yanliang , Zhu Yuhang , Li Bingtian , Khokiattiwong Somkiat , Yu Weidong
Published: March 2021

The Andaman Sea (AS) is characterized by surprisingly weak stratification in its deep basin in drastic contrast to the nearby Bay of Bengal (BoB), presumably due to strong diapycnal mixing fertilized by the dissipation of internal tides. Here, we report on the first estimates of tidal mixing in the AS using idealized numerical simulations resolving the generation and evolution of low‐mode internal tides. The estimation is based on a diagnostic analysis of the energetics of the simulated internal tides of both local and non‐local origins. The results highlight the dominant role of the internal tides generated in the channels along the western boundary island chain in energizing diapycnal mixing in the entire AS. Tidal dissipation and mixing in the deep basin of the AS are found to be highly elevated, with the depth‐integrated dissipation rate and the diapycnal diffusivity being O(10−2–10 ) W m−2 and O(10−3–10−2) m2 s−1, respectively, both of which are 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than those in the deep BoB. These model‐based estimates of tidal mixing are in general consistent with those from in situ conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) measurements using the fine‐scale parameterization. Our results suggest that the oft‐used tidal mixing parameterization considering only local internal tide generation would underestimate the depth‐integrated tidal dissipation in the AS by several orders of magnitude, highlighting therefore the necessity of considering contributions of non‐local internal tides in parameterizing tidal dissipation and mixing in marginal seas like the AS.
Comparing Satellite‐ and Ground‐Based Observations of Cloud Occurrence Over High Southern Latitudes
Authors: McErlich Cameron , McDonald Adrian , Schuddeboom Alex , Silber Israel
Published: March 2021

The 2B‐CLDCLASS‐LIDAR R05 (2BCL5) and the raDAR/liDAR (DARDAR) satellite retrievals of cloud occurrence are compared as a function of altitude and latitude. The largest disparities are observed at low altitudes over high southern latitudes. These data sets are cross referenced to ground‐based measurements from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) West Antarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE) campaign at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Compared with AWARE observations, both 2BCL5 and DARDAR underestimate cloud occurrence below 1.5 km, with 2BCL5 and DARDAR distinguishing roughly one third of cloud occurrences observed by AWARE at 0.5 km. While DARDAR identifies greater cloud occurrences than 2BCL5 below 1.5 km, cloud occurrence values for the two data sets have similar differences relative to ground‐based measurements. Therefore, the DARDAR retrievals of greater cloud occurrence at low altitudes are likely due to a larger quantity of false positives associated with radar ground clutter or attenuated lidar retrievals. DARDAR cloud occurrences match better with AWARE than 2BCL5 above 5 km. However, the likely underestimation of ground‐based measurements at higher altitudes suggests DARDAR may underestimate high level cloud occurrence. Finally, both data sets indicate the presence of liquid containing clouds at temperatures within the homogeneous freezing regime, despite the fact that the ECMWF‐AUX data set implemented in their processing clearly indicates temperatures below −38°C. Using AWARE radiosonde (ECMWF‐AUX) temperature data, we find that 2BCL5 detects 13.3% (13.8%) of mixed phase clouds below −38°C, while DARDAR detects 5.7% (6.6%) of mixed phase and 1.1% (1.3%) of liquid phase clouds below −38°C.
Spatial Patterns of Diffusive Methane Emissions Across Sediment Deposited Riparian Zones in Hydropower Reservoirs
Authors: Shi Wenqing , Chen Qiuwen , Zhang Jianyun , Lu Ji , Chen Yuchen , Pang Bohui , Yu Juhua , Van Dam Bryce R.
Published: March 2021

In dammed rivers, sediment accumulation creates potential methane emission hotspots, which have been extensively studied at sediments deposited on the riverbed. However, methane emissions from sediment deposited riparian zones at the land‐water interface remain poorly understood. We investigated the spatial pattern of diffusive methane emissions from a riparian zone on a sediment‐deposited island in the heavily dammed Upper Mekong River. High diffusive methane emissions (maximum 10.4 mg h−1 m−2) were observed at the island center, while low‐to‐negative diffusive methane emission was found around the island periphery, whose flux varied between −0.2 and 1.6 mg h−1 m−2. The low‐to‐negative diffusive methane emission zone accounted for 89.1% of the island area, of which 9.1% was a methane sink zone. Microbial processes in the riparian zone, affected by hydrological variations, were responsible for the low methane flux in this area. Under reservoir operation, the water level in the reservoir frequently fluctuated with a maximum oscillation of 2.54 m, which enhanced hyporheic exchange and created dissolved oxygen (DO) gradients along the hyporheic flow path. From the island periphery to the island center, there was a decrease in DO (from 4.8 to 0.43 mg L−1) in hyporheic water, an increase in sediment methanogen abundance for methane production and a decrease in sediment methanotroph abundance for methane oxidation. This study adds to our understanding of methane emissions from dammed rivers and helps to evaluate their contributions to global methane emissions from inland waters.
Carbon Sink of a Very High Marshland on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Qi Yahui , Wei Da , Zhao Hui , Wang Xiaodan
Published: March 2021

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is home to the most extensive alpine permafrost, where there are over 30% of China's marshlands. Though climate warming of 0.26°C per decade may have altered the carbon (C) balance by promoting permafrost C release. To date, most studies have been conducted in the eastern TP region (<3,500 m in altitude), even though 51% of the TP's marshlands are located at altitudes above 4,500 m, where climate warming is even faster than at lower altitudes. Thus, we set up an eddy covariance system at a very high marshland (4,760 m in altitude) in the hinterland of the TP and recorded observations for three consecutive years. The results showed that the marshland functioned as a net C sink (187 ± 29 g C m−2 yr−1, Mean ± SD), which is even stronger than at lower altitude marshlands, possibly because of cold‐constraints on respiration. Temperature and vapor pressure deficit together dominated the variation in C exchanges. Moreover, the ecosystem functioned as a net C sink when the average daily temperature exceeded 8°C. Photosynthesis was consistently more sensitive to temperature variation, compared with C release, at the annual, seasonal, and daily scales, which was then validated across other marshlands on the TP. All these pieces of evidence suggest that high‐altitude marshlands on the TP are still functioning as C sinks, and photosynthesis is more sensitive to temperature than C release implies that a warmer climate will benefit the C accumulation, before there is too much soil C loss.
On the Construction of Phenomenological Coronal Mass Ejection Models
Authors: Peregoudov D. V.
Published: March 2021

We consider recently developed 3DCORE coronal mass ejection (CME) model. We find that the magnetic field of 3DCORE violates both Maxwellian equations: the one for absence of magnetic monopoles and the other one for Faraday induction (“frozen‐in” condition). We recall basic heliospheric magnetohydrodynamical equations and show that they lead to a number of conservation laws. These conservation laws should be taken into account when developing a phenomenological CME model. We show that conservation laws take extremely simple form when written in Lagrange coordinates frozen into plasma. Thus, these are easy to conform and practically, there are no reasons not to conform them. We propose a modification of 3DCORE magnetic field that satisfies Maxwellian equations.
Eocene Metamorphism and Anatexis in the Kathmandu Klippe, Central Nepal: Implications for Early Crustal Thickening and Initial Rise of the Himalaya
Authors: Khanal Gautam Prashad , Wang Jia‐Min , Larson Kyle Patrick , Wu Fu‐Yuan , Rai Santa Man , Wang Jian‐Gang , Yang Lei
Published: March 2021

The continental collision between India and Asia has been ongoing since early Eocene time, but the orogenic record is typically dominated by Miocene and younger deformation and metamorphism that largely overprinted earlier Eocene‐Oligocene events. This hinders our understanding of how crustal thickening responds to initial collision and when the Himalayan mountains initially rise. The advancement of spatially precise petrochronology techniques, however, has provided the means to see through the Miocene overprint and enabled the characterization of Eocene metamorphism in different parts of the Himalaya. The current study presents new monazite petrochronology and paired thermobarometry from the Kathmandu klippe in the central Nepalese Himalaya. These data reveal Eocene prograde metamorphism (44‐38 Ma) and partial melting (38‐35 Ma) under peak P‐T conditions of 730 °C–760 °C and up to 10.5 kbar. The migmatites within the Kathmandu klippe is equivalent to the Upper or Uppermost Greater Himalayan Crystallines and should have been exhumed during Eocene‐Oligocene. The new evidence of Eocene metamorphism and anatexis presented herein adds to a growing body of data detailing initial crustal thickening during the early continent collision. The mid‐Eocene crustal thickening event indicates that the Himalayan felsic crust was thickened to a depth of ∼35 km shortly within 10–20 Myr of the initial collision, which was probably responsible for the initial topographic rise of the Himalayan proto‐mountains. Characterizing the effects of this early orogenesis is critical in understanding the Himalayan architecture prior to the better‐preserved Miocene metamorphism and anatexis record and how the orogen may have been preconditioned for the younger stage.