bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shadow Stereo, Image Filtering, and Constraint Propagation
Authors: Brady Michael , Pan Xiao-Bo , Schenk Veit , Terras Melissa , Robertson Paul , Molton Nicholas
Published: February 2012

It is agreed that stilus tablets are very important documentary sources, however they are the most difficult to decipher. The difficulties in deciphering them is due to the rough surface of the tablets, the low brightness contrast of the incisions, the dense wood-grain lines, and the badly stained and pitted nature of the tablets. All of these posit a challenge for conventional two-dimensional (2D) image analysis. This chapter aims to provide a system that would aid the historian in interpreting stilus tablets by improving the legibility of the tablets. It provides novel ways of determining the texts incised on the tablets. One of these is the use of three-dimensional (3D) image analysis techniques. Such a technique is capable of detecting incisions, compared to the 2D image analysis, and is portable and inexpensive. Another method that can be used is the use of shadow stereo. This method employs low raking angle light close to the plane of the tablet at different elevations. The chapter also discusses the image formation process and the process of choosing elevations for each azimuth direction. The chapter also includes a discussion on realizing the shadow stereo algorithm.
At the Foot of Pompey’s Statue: Reconceiving Rome’s Theatrum Lapideum
Authors: Denard Hugh
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the emergence of virtual reality (VR) technologies which have advanced the understanding of ancient structures. In 1998, through the funding of the British Academy and the Leverhulme Trust, a project on determining the structure of Rome's theatre Theatrum Lapideum was started. This Pompey Project benefited as well as contributed to a wider programme of digital research through the application of virtual reality. The VR-enhanced research project contributed to the understanding of the parts of the structure and the aspects of the post-antique history of the Roman theatre. Through VR technology, a graphic reconstruction of the site, 3and D computer models, the digital modelling of the structure and its artefacts were attained. In addition to developing research processes, virtual reality technology has revolutionized the ways in which knowledge is produced. It enables the formation of new knowledge and information by making the knowledge visible.
Modelling Sagalassos: Creation of a 3D Archaeological Virtual Site
Authors: Gool Luc Van , Pollefeys Marc , Proesmans Marc , Zalesny Alexey
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the goals of the Murale project, an Information Society Technologies (IST) project, which is funded by the European Commission in order to advance the use of computer technology in the field of archaeology. The Murale project aims to offer solutions on the basis of photo-realistic modelling tools. The creation of the Murale project allowed archaeologists to solve old tasks with new means. This new technology has been applied to the Sagalassos site in the hopes of creating a convincing impression of how this Turkish province developed over the centuries. In this chapter, the focus is on the work carried out by three of the partners of the Murale: ETH Zurich, Eyetronics, and the University of Leuven. The results of their work predominantly pertain to 3D shape acquisition and image-based texture synthesis.
Three-Dimensional Laser Imaging in an Archaeological Context
Authors: Wallace Andrew M.
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the strengths and weaknesses of techniques of 3D laser imaging based on time of flight and triangulation. Laser scanning by triangulation is a fully developed technology. Through this method, it is now possible to create faithful 3D datasets from a reasonable range of surface materials. However, laser scanning has some certain drawbacks, restricting their universal applicability. For surfaces with concavities or with intricate details, occlusion may occur due to the necessary separation of the viewpoint between the viewing camera and the laser projector. In addition, the data may be corrupted by false and poor returns caused by variable material reflectance. In the time of flight system, the distance is measured by measuring the time for a focused laser beam to impact on and return from the surface of interest. In this method, the distance is computed and a 3D image can be created if the laser beam is scanned across the target. Although, the time of flight method is a more attractive alternative as it eliminates occlusion, it has disadvantages as well. The time resolution necessary to measure the range to sub-millimetre accuracy is difficult to achieve and the measured time is also affected by the magnitude of the returned signal. In addition to reviewing the pros and cons of this current technology, the chapter also discusses the development of a new approach to time-of-flight laser imaging based on time-correlated single photon counting. This new method has various advantages compared to the old methods. It has the ability to make 3D measurements on distance, poorly reflecting or transparent surfaces.
The Potential for Image Analysis in Numismatics
Authors: Howgego Christopher J.
Published: February 2012

The systematic study of coinage at the level of individually engraved die revolutionized numismatics; however the laborious nature of such work has severely limited its application. Die studies are important for attribution and chronology as well as for quantification. Exhaustive study on coinage reveals great evidences particularly in economic history. This chapter discusses the potential posed by image analysis and photography on the field of numismatics. It discusses the principal technique challenges, with a view to stimulating discussion as to the best way forward.
Sibe Music
Authors: Harris Rachel
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the styles of song, instrumental music, and opera of the Sibe people in demonstrate aspects of change and continuity in Sibe music during their 240-year residence in Xinjiang, China. It aims to show that contrary to the conclusions of Chinese and Sibe musicologists, Sibe music in Xinjiang has undergone a great degree of change and innovation, and has been substantially influenced by other musical styles in the region. The chapter discusses existing accounts of Sibe music and comments on the approaches and agendas that underlie them.
Sowing New Seeds, Ploughing Old Furrows: Agrarismo, 1915–29
Authors: Butler Matthew
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the history of agrarian revolts in Michoacán, Mexico during the period from 1915 to 1919. It explains that after Emiliano Zapata's famous 1911 revolt, agrarian revolts plagued the north-west portion of Michoacán where many people initially associated land reform with church-burning villistas and zapatistas. It suggests that the success of agrarismo depended largely on the extent to which the defining elements of local culture could be revolutionized in response to new political opportunities. It also discusses the influence the agrarian revolts on the rise of anticlericalism.
Peter, Mary, and Jack: Parish Life, 1920–5
Authors: Butler Matthew
Published: February 2012

This chapter explores the divergent forms of religious culture and parish life which characterised the region of Michoacán, Mexico in the 1920s. It explains that the despite the best efforts to revolutionary priest-baiters, the Church exercised an omnipresent influence in 1920s Michoacán and the landscape was everywhere dotted with roadside crosses, church towers, and village sanctuaries. By the mid-1920s, Michoacán was not simply a divided political constituency but a mosaic of mutable parish identities which were based on varying degrees of religious participation, distinct popular attitudes to the sacraments and varying relationships to the parish clergy.
Arthur Hilary Armstrong 1909–1997
Authors: Long A. A.
Published: February 2012

Hilary Armstrong changed the subject of ancient philosophy by devoting much of his long life to promoting the study of the Neoplatonist philosopher Plotinus. When Armstrong graduated from Cambridge University in 1932, Plotinus was widely regarded in the English speaking world as an obscurely mystical thinker, a minority interest at best, and certainly not a philosopher remotely comparable in intellect and rigour to Plato and Aristotle. Today, thanks to Armstrong's prolific output, especially his seven-volume text and translation of the Enneads, no serious scholar of ancient philosophy can afford to neglect Plotinus. As well as being a leading scholar of ancient philosophy, Armstrong was a devout, active, and increasingly idiosyncratic Christian; or perhaps better, a free-thinking Christian Platonist. His religious outlook consistently informed his view of Plotinus. As he grew older, he became increasingly ecumenical, critical of ecclesiastical hierarchy, and sympathetic to the religious experience of other faiths. He published extensively both on contemporary theological issues and also on early Christian thought and its relation to Greek philosophy, especially Platonism.
Edmund Boleslaw Fryde 1923–1999
Authors: Huws Daniel
Published: February 2012

Edmund Fryde liked to dwell on the quirks of fate. It was a game. He liked to explain how by some round-about chain of causation you, his friend, came to be where you were because of some long-past chance action on his part. That Edmund himself, the gifted Jewish boy of cosmopolitan upbringing from Warsaw, should have spent over fifty years of his life in Aberystwyth, resigned to having been stranded there and, in his later years, increasingly content with his fate, was not to be predicted. For much of his time at Aberystwyth he was active in the affairs of the College, as a member of the Senate, on the Finance Committee, the Library Committee, acting as secretary of the Staff House. Edmund was also an inspirational teacher. In the lecture theatre, as in conversation, he had a remarkable ability to bring characters to life. His lectures on subjects outside his specialities, subjects upon which he never wrote, were as gripping as any. Apart from art, these included 18th-century French history — Edmund was in essence a child of the Enlightenment — and 19th- and 20th-century Russian history.
Jean Gottmann 1915–1994
Authors: Clout Hugh , Hall Peter
Published: February 2012

Jean Gottmann was one of the great human geographers of a generation reared in the classic school of French regional study. His achievement was to apply the insights and synthetic capacities of that school to illuminate the geography of the United States, his second adopted country. He came to Britain to make his third academic home, receiving there the highest academic accolade his hosts could confer upon him; altogether, a true academician. No other geographer was simultaneously Fellow of the British Academy and Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur.
Henry David Jocelyn 1933–2000
Authors: Adams J. N.
Published: February 2012

Distinguished Australian Latinist Henry David Jocelyn was a character larger than life. He was warm hearted and amusing and extremely loyal to his friends, of whom there were many, and equally he inspired great affection and loyalty in those with whom he came into close contact. It may be some time before his achievements as one of the foremost Latin scholars of his time can be properly assessed, as his articles are scattered far and wide and in many cases difficult to access. A collection of some of his major pieces would reveal important contributions to the study of a very wide range of Latin authors, particularly but not exclusively of the Republic, and particularly in some of the less fashionable genres. Jocelyn also devoted an immense amount of time to reviews, of which he published more than 130 between 1965 and 1988. Many are of books on or editions of Republican Latin authors, particularly Plautus.
Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster 1905–1974
Authors: Handley Eric
Published: February 2012

Tom Webster grew up in London and lived there for twenty years in middle and later life, when he was Professor of Greek in the University at University College, the scene of much of his most fruitful work. For seventeen years before that, he was Hulme Professor of Greek at Manchester, taking up his appointment at the age of twenty-six, as the University recalled with pride and affection when it made him, in 1965, an honorary Doctor of Letters. He began his academic career with eight years (mainly) at Oxford, as an undergraduate and then a young don at Christ Church, with a fruitful interlude at Leipzig; he ended it with six years at Stanford, as Professor of Classics and then Emeritus. At and after the end of the First World War he was a schoolboy at Charterhouse; during the Second World War he served as an officer in Military Intelligence.
Elizabeth Mary Wilkinson 1909–2001
Authors: Stephenson R. H.
Published: February 2012

Professor Elizabeth M. Wilkinson was one of the greatest, and — across the whole spectrum of the humanities — one of the most highly regarded, scholars of German culture the United Kingdom has produced, in particular because of her illuminating work, both historical and theoretical, on German Classicism, which did much to bring home its living significance. All who knew her were impressed by the depth and breadth of mind that she brought to bear on her work. She is fondly remembered as a teacher of genius who combined in a uniquely charismatic way sheer intellectual excitement, tender (and patient) regard for the development of individual students, and a passionate — sometimes fierce — dedication to the resolution of first-order problems.
Shakespeare and the Anagram
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: February 2012

This lecture attempts to make a good claim on behalf of anagrams as capable of being a true assistance to art. This claim asks what the lecture proffers to be something of an anthology. It recollects that a particular period, the Shakespearian moment, is the heyday of the anagram, especially in its religious intimations. The lecture also tries to illustrate from Shakespeare's Sonnets the secular felicities to which the anagrammatic may variously give rise.
‘This Small Island’: Britain, Size and Empire
Authors: Colley Linda
Published: February 2012

This lecture discusses the British Empire and how it has generally been imagined and presented in history books and atlases. It draws attention to the connections over the centuries between size, national self-image, power, and British Empire. The lecture was prompted by a conviction that British domestic historians must look more closely and imaginatively at imperial and global connections. One of the realizations presented in this lecture is that it was Britain's small size that prompted them to engage in overseas aggression and invasions.
Special Paths or Main Roads? Making Sense of German History
Authors: Pulzer Peter
Published: February 2012

This lecture discusses the problems raised by the German special development, also termed as ‘Sonderentwicklung’. It considers all of the content of the debates in Germany over the last two-hundred years regarding the character of this alleged special development. It looks at the response to this debate outside of Germany, and concludes with a discussion on what these debates tell about the way people look at the histories of nations.
Theological and religious studies at the founding of the British academy
Authors: Nicholson Ernest
Published: February 2012

This introductory chapter discusses theological and religious studies at the founding of the British Academy. The first section focuses on the rise of critical methods in British theology during the late nineteenth century. This is followed by an account of the founding of the British Academy and the changing agendas after 1902.
The New Testament
Authors: Horbury William
Published: February 2012

This chapter provides a review of New Testament work since 1902, looking mostly at the movements in British scholarship, but considering their continental European and North American background. It examines the manifold setting of New Testament study during the century, which is followed by comments that arose successively from three periods: 1902–32, 1932–77, and 1977–2002. The interaction of the two principal sides of New Testament study – the theological and the philological – are also discussed.
Philosophy of religion in the twentieth century
Authors: Sutherland Stewart
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the philosophy of religion during the twentieth century. The influence of Immanuel Kant and David Hume on the discussion of theological and religious issues by philosophers is examined in the first section. The dual role of philosophy and the main forms of interaction between philosophy and theology are discussed in the next section. The chapter also examines three main themes: the nature and significance of religious experience, the attempts in the twentieth century to deal with some of the links between religion and reason, and the interaction between religious and moral beliefs.
From Protolanguage to Language
Authors: Bickerton Derek
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the singularity of human language. Although evolution is normally conceived of as a gradual process, it can produce an appearance of catastrophism where functions change or where gradual changes in two or more components impinge on one another. The fossil and archaeological records argue strongly for some such development in the case of human language. The discussion argues that language as people know it requires the conjunction of three things: an event structure derived from reciprocal altruism; the capacity to use unstructured symbolic units (protolanguage); and sufficient ‘spare’ neurones to maintain the coherence of internally generated messages in brains designed by evolution to attend primarily to the environment. These developments co-occurred only in the human species, accounting for the uniqueness of human language.
Bihemispheric Language: How the Two Hemispheres Collaborate in the Processing of Language
Authors: Cook Norman D.
Published: February 2012

Speech production in most people is strongly lateralized to the left hemisphere (LH), but language understanding is generally a bilateral activity. At every level of linguistic processing that has been investigated experimentally, the right hemisphere (RH) has been found to make characteristic contributions, from the processing of the affective aspects of intonation, through the appreciation of word connotations, the decoding of the meaning of metaphors and figures of speech, to the understanding of the overall coherency of verbal humour, paragraphs and short stories. If both hemispheres are indeed engaged in linguistic decoding and both processes are required to achieve a normal level of understanding, a central question concerns how the separate language functions on the left and right are integrated. This chapter reviews relevant studies on the hemispheric contributions to language processing and the role of interhemispheric communications in cognition.
Do the Hominid-Specific Regions of X–Y Homology Contain Candidate Genes Potentially Involved in a Critical Event Linked to Speciation?
Authors: Sargent Carole A. , Blanco Patricia , Affara Nabeel A.
Published: February 2012

It has been postulated that the critical events leading to major differences between humans and the great apes are associated with major changes on sex chromosomes. Regions of homology between the human sex chromosomes have arisen at different points during mammalian evolution. The two largest blocks are specific to hominids, having appeared at some time after the divergence of humans and chimpanzees. These are the second pairing region found at the telomeres of the sex chromosome long arms and a region of homology between Xq21.3 (X chromosome long arm) and Yp11 (Y chromosome short arm). Questions arise as to whether these regions of the sex chromosomes contain functional genes and these genes might be candidates for the differences in cognitive function that distinguish modern humans from their ancestors. Furthermore, divergence between functional sequences on the X and the Y may lead to a more subtle sexually dimorphic variation.
Introduction: The British Academy Centenary Lectures
Authors: Morrill John
Published: February 2012

This introductory chapter explains the theme of the volume, which is the lectures delivered as part of the centenary celebration of the British Academy. It discusses the creation of the Academy in August 8, 1902 for the promotion of historical, philosophical and philological studies. The chapters in this volume are offered as a series of reflections on the analytical tools and techniques that have been developed to help us to make sense of the records men and create about their lives and about how we make the knowledge gained known and accessible.
The Adventures of the Optic Nerve
Authors: Elderfield John
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the text of a lecture on the role of visual medium in art-historical study. It addresses the relationship of art history to the existential acts of painting and looking at painting and describes how the so-called story of modern art has been narrated in the history literature. It also considers how modern histories can accommodate the unfamiliar that is normally part of the story.
Victims’ Rights in England and Wales at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Rock Paul
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the way in which the victim of crime, the ‘forgotten party’ of the criminal justice system has started to regain something of the standing of an interested party with recognised rights in the justice system. A number of causal narratives are involved in this gradual process of change. First, there have been outside influences with statements and declarations of individual rights from the United Nations, North America and Europe which saw the eventual enactment of the Human Rights Act in 1998. Second, the ‘new managerialism’ of recent Conservative and Labour governments gave rise to the idea of the citizen as a customer in a market of services delivered by the state. Third, is the notion of reintegrative shaming, modelled on Maori justice in New Zealand, and intended to lead to a rapprochement in which the victim is no longer so fearful or angry and the offender better understands the impact of his actions and is reunited with the moral community rather than outlawed from it.
From Biography to Hagiography: Some Stable Patterns in the Greek and Latin Tradition of Lives, including Lives of the Saints
Authors: Averintsev Sergei S.
Published: February 2012

Biography and hagiography are both Greek words, coined at different periods. Biographica was created in the sixth century AD, while hagiographos or hagiographhia was of frequent use in the early Christian literature, although it has nothing to do with the Lives of the Saints. Rather, it denotes theological assessment. Different as they are, in Greek-speaking and Latin-speaking people, the designation of the two terms pertain to bios or vita or life. This chapter discusses biography and hagiography. It focuses on the implications of the word bios in the oldest biographical and hagiographical literature.
Yury Tynyanov and the ‘Literary Fact’
Authors: Pyman Avril
Published: February 2012

Russian Formalist theory argued that biography should be studied scientifically as the history of form, rather than as a history of personalities, ideas, or content. In other words, the study of literature is not philosophy, sociology, theology, or mythology, but an exact science of the primary matter of text: the word, the language, the speech, and the stylistic device. Biographies of authors were thought of as belonging to the separate ‘series’ parallel to the evolution of literature. However, in practice, the lives and times of the writers were often found not so much to run parallel to as to be contingent upon the texts they produce, in a way that made it increasingly difficult to preserve the clinical purity of the ‘science’ of literature. Hence, to deal with this, Formalists formulated new terms such as ‘literary facts’ and ‘literary milieu’. This chapter discusses Yury Tynyanov, who sought to distinguish his books about the writers' lives from his ‘scientific’ works of theory and research by writing them in the form of novels that were closely associated with film scenarios and historical fiction. It examines his Pushkin, an unfinished biography that culminated his achievements and which marked the beginning of the merging of literary-historical research, biography, and fiction.
Shaping the Truth
Authors: Seymour Miranda
Published: February 2012

Humans who are governed by emotional states have the capacity to establish, develop, and retain different interpretations of the people familiar to them. Hence it is the part of the biographer to examine these untethered interpretations and create from them a portrait that will be identifiable from all angles. A biography cannot present a life in the unclear and multi-faceted form that is its familiar and daily form. A biography in this sense is therefore an illusion. This chapter discusses the challenge of shaping biographies. In it, possible flaws of the biographical genre, including the invasion of privacy to the delivery of truths to one's life story, are considered. The chapter also discusses the standard rules governing the biographer's manner of using confidential information or documents. Particular focus is on the ethics of biography, the rights and the wrongs of presentation of those to whom death affords little protection.
Administrative Law
Authors: Jowell Jeffrey
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the stages of development of administrative law in Great Britain during the twentieth century, describing the different attitudes towards the exercise of state power and its legal control over the century. It explains that the century began with a concern for procedural justice and a particular concept of the rule of law, and ended with judicial constraints upon both the procedures and the substance of official decisions, justified by constitutional rights.
The Demise of Local Government
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the so-called demise of local government in Great Britain during the twentieth century, suggesting that the cumulative impact of twentieth-century developments has resulted in a disintegration of the constitutional tradition of local government. It discusses Parliament's loss of direct influence over the local government and the breakdown of the link between local council and parliamentary constituencies.
Conclusion
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon
Published: February 2012

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of the British constitution in the twentieth century. The findings reveal that while there was widespread confidence in the virtues of the constitution at the beginning of the twentieth century, that confidence seemed to have evaporated. This loss of confidence coincided with a collapse of national self-confidence that had begun in the 1960s when British political and intellectual elites began to come to terms with the fact that Great Britain was falling economically behind her continental competitors.
John Harold Plumb, 1911–2001
Authors: Cannadine David
Published: February 2012

Sir John Plumb was a commanding figure, both within academe and also far beyond. He was as much read in the United States as in the United Kingdom; he was a great enabler, patron, fixer and entrepreneur; he belonged to the smart social set both in Mayfair and Manhattan; a race horse was named after him in England and the stars and the stripes were once flown above the US Capitol in his honour; and he appeared, thinly disguised but inadequately depicted, in the fiction of Angus Wilson, William Cooper and C. P. Snow. Yet one important aspect of Plumb's career has been repeatedly ignored and overlooked: for while his life was an unusually long one, his productive period as a significant historian was surprisingly, almost indecently, brief.
Nicolai Rubinstein, 1911–2002
Authors: Waley Daniel
Published: February 2012

Nicolai Rubinstein was appointed to a Lectureship at Westfield College (University of London) in 1945, which was to be his academic home up to the time of his retirement in 1978 (he was promoted to Reader in 1962 and to Professor in 1965). At Westfield he taught European history 400–1500 ad, the History of Political Thought from the classical to the early modern period, and a ‘special subject’ (studied in Italian texts) ‘Florence and the Renaissance, 1464–1532’. He also, from 1949, conducted a weekly seminar at the London University Institute of Historical Research and came to have close links with the Warburg Institute. In his Westfield years Rubinstein supervised a considerable number of doctoral candidates and many of these pupils are now familiar names in the world of Renaissance studies.
John Michael Wallace-Hadrill, 1916–1985
Authors: Wood Ian
Published: February 2012

John Michael Wallace–Hadrill's career was marked by a series of distinctions, notably an Oxford D.Litt. in 1967, his election to the British Academy in 1969, and his CBE in 1982. He would also later hold two prestigious chairs, in Manchester and Oxford. It is, however, through his publications that he is best known. The first of these appeared during his first years at Merton. The earliest article was a piece for the Manchester Guardian, on ‘Alfred the Great, 849–899, his European setting’. Although a slight piece, it already announced concerns that would recur throughout his work: Alfred would receive attention in Early Germanic Kingship. More important was the insistence on seeing English history in a Continental context.
William Smith Watt, 1913–2002
Authors: Nisbet R. G. M.
Published: February 2012

W. S. Watt, known to his friends as Bill, was one of the leading Latin scholars of his time. His long and energetic life makes an impressive story. To look back at it prompts reflection on the changing patterns of education and scholarship in the 20th century. In 1952 Watt was appointed Regius Professor of Humanity in the University of Aberdeen. He became an excellent lecturer who made the right answer very clear even to the less experienced. He gave thought to the future of his best honours students, some of whom with his encouragement moved on to Oxford or Cambridge and pursued successful careers in classics or other fields. He still based his teaching on prepared books and prose composition, following the tradition that was changing in other universities; essays on Latin literature (as opposed to ancient history) were not required, but in later years he set passages for linguistic and literary comment, a form of exercise that is perhaps not practised enough.
Industrial towns and townships, 1750–1840
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses sports and pastimes that were enjoyed in two contrasting communities in the early nineteenth century: the west Midlands and the West Riding of Yorkshire. It demonstrates the very different patterns of popular recreations that prevailed in each. The chapter also sets out to consider how such marked divergences between the cultural practices of the two regions had been formed. It explores popular recreation from the viewpoint of the regions.
The demise of bull-baiting
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the demise of bull-baiting. It describes and explains the eventual disappearance of bull-baiting. It states that it is unlikely that the reforming endeavours of the middle classes were the reason of this happening. Social conflicts in Birmingham and the west Midlands due to the disappearance of bull-baiting are discussed, as well as the various interpretations of how bull-baiting slowly disappeared.
Conclusion
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: February 2012

This chapter emphasizes several concluding remarks. It pinpoints a few interesting points for criticism, such as the omission of horse-racing and fighting sports. The chapter highlights the fact that popular culture emerged as the outcome of negotiations between different sections of society. These negotiations were sometimes considered as acrimonious or harmonious, but are always complex.
A taste for the classics
Authors: Easterling Pat
Published: February 2012

This chapter looks at the way the concept of ‘classic authors’ changes over time by constant redefinition. What has been emerging, along with new and more capacious definitions of ‘the ancient world’, has been a closer understanding of the complex processes of reception. The recognition that the canon is open to reinvention, and that even the most ‘central’ texts themselves are infinitely mutable has had the effect of releasing new energies. The discussion explores aspects of the debate about canonicity, first by reviewing some basic ‘canonical’ vocabulary, then by taking a test case (the use of quotations) to illustrate the tensions inherent in the notion of literary authority, in the ancient world and in the Renaissance.
Indifference readings: Plato and the Stoa on Socratic ethics
Authors: McCabe Mary Margaret
Published: February 2012

In trying to understand Plato, this chapter suggests that Plato himself may be used as a guide to reading Plato, and that such a guide does indeed lead to a philosophical destination of which the analytic tradition might approve. A comparison of two short and markedly different passages, one from the Meno and the other from the Euthydemus shows us that the difference may be one between a Socratic view (the Meno), and its Platonic replacement in the Euthydemus. This account, however, seems not to meet the present case: in particular because both the two passages are significantly indeterminate. The indeterminacy of the Meno, this chapter argues, is teased out by the Euthydemus; it is this feature that should encourage one to see the latter as a ‘reading’ of the former.
Thinking in Threes: The Triad in Early Irish Literature
Authors: Kelly Fergus
Published: February 2012

This lecture discusses the most extensive collection found in Irish language. It consists of 214 triads and several nonads, tetrads, duads, and single items. An anonymous author composed this collection sometime during the ninth century AD, and included general observations on law, nature, geography, human behaviour, and the Church. Some of the triads in this collection were adapted from earlier sources, but most of them display the vivid style of the author.
The Crescent and the City of the Sun: Islam and the Renaissance Utopia of Tommaso Campanella
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: February 2012

This lecture discusses a new interpretation of Tommaso Campanella's most famous work, the Città del sole, as well as the motivation for the anti-Spanish rebellion in 1599. Campanella, along with a number of writers during the Counter-Reformation, had a rather special interest in the Ottoman Empire. The Città del sole incorporates many features of the Ottoman society and Islamic practice into its idealised picture of a natural human existence.
Economics for Consumer Policy
Authors: Vickers John
Published: February 2012

This lecture reviews the economic foundations for consumer policy, including rationales for public constraints on freedom of contract. It emphasises parallels and some possible tensions that exist between competition and consumer policies. The overall theme of the lecture is that economics has much more to offer to public policy for consumers.
The Geography of Descent
Authors: Feeley-Harnik Gillian
Published: February 2012

This lecture discusses and uses Radcliffe-Brown's insights to perform an ethnography of the science and popular culture of descent in the fertile decades of the mid-nineteenth-century. It focuses on Darwin's work with people outside scholarly circles, such as artisans and tradespeople.
Mainake: the Legend and the New Archaeological Evidence
Authors: Aubet Maria Eugenia
Published: February 2012

This chapter re-examines the location of the legendary city of Mainake. The main source of information about Mainake is the fourth-century poem Ora Maritima and the older anonymous text concerning a periplous. These sources contradict the findings of archaeological studies. This chapter suggests that if it is to be accepted that Mainake was ancient Malaka, and geo-archaeological evidence taken into consideration, then there would be two stages in the socio-political and urban formation of one and the same city. The earliest or colonial stage would be situated on the islet of Villar, while the other on the mainland, in the cover of Malaga.
Chapter Eight The Evolution and Dissemination of Historical Knowledge
Authors: Bentley Michael
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the nature and development of historical knowledge and understanding in Victorian Britain. It describes the pervasive tendencies within the period as a whole with respect to what needed to be taught and learned. Historians preserved an eighteenth-century tradition throughout the 1820s — the parliamentary history and Catholic vision of English history from the Romans to the Glorious Revolution. Narratives concentrated on the Norman conquest, Magna Carta, the reign of Henry VII, the seventeenth-century constitution, the English Civil War and the apotheosis of whiggery in the eighteenth century. Later versions faltered in face of the need to demonstrate deeper knowledge of events and a denser narrative texture. Thereafter, histories of England, written in the grand manner and across many centuries, petered out until after the turn of the century, and prompted treatments of more modern periods.
The Organisation of Literary Knowledge: The Study of English in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Atherton Carol
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the emergence of English as an academic subject in the nineteenth century. It demonstrates how the early degree courses in English literature at a number of English universities were characterised by attempts to make the subject fulfil the disciplinary criteria that it should be rigorous, teachable and objective. It also analyses the series of debates that surrounded the teaching of English literature at Oxford, King’s College in London and Owens College in Manchester.
‘Old Studies and New’: The Organisation of Knowledge in University Curriculum
Authors: Gibbins John R.
Published: February 2012

This chapter focuses on the organisation of knowledge within the university and the transfer of power over curriculum. Universities make the ultimate decisions on how knowledge should be organised, and what status should be attached to different knowledge areas. The success of the universities and of scholars in transmitting knowledge was due to two factors: the inherited authority that the curriculum gave within and without the universities and the growing organisation of university curriculum that developed and extended over the century.
Civic Cultures and Civic Colleges in Victorian England*
Authors: Alberti Samuel J. M. M.
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the role played by civic colleges in the emergence of autonomous professional groups associated with new disciplines between 1860 and the Great War. It also discusses the role of local learned societies, particularly literary and philosophical societies in the founding and support of the young colleges and their impact on college growth and curricula.
The Strange Late Birth of the British Academy
Authors: Drayton Richard
Published: February 2012

The British Academy was founded in 1902. In November 1899, the Council of the Royal Society sent a letter to prominent scholars suggesting the formation of some body to represent Britain in disciplines other than the natural sciences. A meeting of the scholars gave its support for a suggestion that the Royal Society might give room to literary and human sciences in a special section, or support the foundation of a separate body. For over a year, the Royal Society deliberated, but concluded in June of 1901 that it could neither include the literary sciences within it, nor initiate the establishing of a British academy. It was thus the scientists who provided both stimulus and constraint for the mobilisation of human knowledge in the British Academy and to welcome all branches of intellectual enterprise within one temple.
The Main Staff of the Second Army and the Development of Russian Military Thought, 1815–1834
Authors: Bitis Alexander
Published: February 2012

Research into the Greek revolution was only one of the tasks that Kiselev had assigned to his Main Staff. Kiselev was also committed to two much larger projects — the writing of a complete history of previous Russo-Turkish wars and the making of preparations for a possible future one. This chapter deals with the Second Army's research into previous Russo-Turkish wars (1711–1812) in an attempt to arrive at strategic and tactical innovations for future conflicts. The discussion traces the development of this process within the Russian army, with particular reference to the search of the Second Army for guidance in a future Russo-Turkish war. It also covers the military ideas of I. P. Liprandi and the impact of KiseIev's empirical school.
Introduction: From Last Empress to First Minister
Authors: Miller William L.
Published: February 2012

This book outlines the association between Scotland and England since the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Individual chapters range in focus from the late nineteenth century to the foreseeable future. They cover topics from the monarchy, constitution, parliamentary procedure, public policy and finance to the attitudes, experiences and identities of the ordinary Scots and English — both as majorities and as minorities in each other's country. They also include the natural inequality of the union in consequence of population sizes; trends in culture and identity; the changing role of the state; cross-border sympathy; and the pressure of adversarial politics. Gini's ‘Coefficient of Inequality’ is used to calculate the concentration of income or wealth within countries. Culture and identity are not merely conceptually and empirically distinct, they seem to be trending in opposite directions: cultures are merging, identities diverging. An overview of the chapters included in this book is shown.
Re-inventing the Union: Dicey, Devolution, and the Union
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: February 2012

This chapter addresses the fictions and reshaping of the United Kingdom constitution over the twentieth century. It also examines the territorial nature of the UK, making use of the most significant contributor to the creation of fictions concerned with territorial politics. Albert Venn Dicey contributed to the creation of one fiction — that of parliamentary sovereignty. He also contributed largely through popularising the notion. The chapter starts by describing the territorial nature of the UK. The caricatures, polemics and principles of Dicey are reported. His work, thinking and interpretations have been influential in two related respects, though these two are often conflated. First, Dicey has been influential in informing how the constitution operated and operates, and secondly how it ought to operate: he has been both descriptively and prescriptively influential. The three watchwords by Dicey comprise a pluralist fiction which has informed constitutional debate. These watchwords remain important but the balance has altered fundamentally.
Devolution, Social Citizenship, and Territorial Culture: Equity and Diversity in the Anglo-Scottish Relationship
Authors: Jeffery Charlie
Published: February 2012

This chapter addresses the ‘blunt’ question: ‘why should taxpayers in the southern half of England pay for everyone else's needs?’ Devolution changes the content of UK citizenship. It also argues that some quite good indicators are available of how the Scots view these relationships and express their expectations of multi-level government. The tensions which can exist between statewide commonality and territorial variation of policy standards, as exemplified in particular in the relationship of Quebec to Anglophone Canada, are investigated. It then considers how citizens as voters plot their ways through multi-level government by studying how far and why voters behave differently at territorial as compared to statewide elections. Moreover, the findings to Scottish-English relationships in the UK are applied, emphasizing first on territorial policy variation and ‘multi-level voting’, then on the importance of territorial financial arrangements in expressing ideas about the statewide solidarity of citizens in all territories.
Brought Together or Driven Apart?
Authors: Curtice John
Published: February 2012

This chapter illustrates that the ‘West Lothian Question’ is not an issue between the Scottish and English public. It explains how the attitudes of those living on both sides of the border have developed in the immediate wake of the creation of the Scottish Parliament. It specifically highlights the three sets of attitudes that might be thought to be central to the relationship between two countries that share the same state: constitutional preferences, policy preferences and identities. The extent to which people in the two countries have similar or different constitutional preferences is investigated. The chapter then explores how far people in England and Scotland do or do not share similar policy preferences. It further looks at how far people in England and Scotland do or do not have a set of identities and symbols in common. Devolution has so far not helped to drive England and Scotland apart from each other. They lack on strong common commitment to a shared set of identities and symbols, but even they appear to have enough in common for them to be capable of sharing the same multinational state.
Devolution and Communications Policy in Scotland
Authors: Schlesinger Philip
Published: February 2012

This chapter illustrates how ‘most of the Holyrood political class has been reluctant to explore the boundaries between the devolved and the reserved’, even on less life-and-death issues such as broadcasting. Conversely, it also tells of at least one post-devolution success story for classic informal pre-devolution-style ‘Scottish lobbying’ in Westminster. Scotland is presently one of the UK's leading audiovisual production centres, with Glasgow as the linchpin. The capacity of the Scottish Parliament to debate questions of media concentration but also its incapacity to act legislatively has been observed. There are both political and economic calculations behind the refusal to devolve powers over the media via the Communications Act 2003. Ofcom now has a key role in policing the terms of trade for regional production that falls within a public service broadcaster's target across the UK. The BBC's position as the principal vehicle of public service broadcasting has come increasingly under question. The Gaelic Media Service set up under the Communications Act 2003 has a line of responsibility to Ofcom in London. Scottish Advisory Committee on Telecommunications (SACOT) determined four key regulatory issues needing future attention by Ofcom.
The Language and Style of the Fragmentary Republican Historians
Authors: Briscoe J.
Published: February 2012

This chapter starts by describing the nature of the evidence of the language and style of the fragmentary republican historians. It also refers to a number of usages which are absent, or virtually absent, from Cicero and Caesar: some of these are found in Latin – primarily, of course, in poetry – of a time before that of the historian concerned, while others occur for the first time in the author in question. The chapter specifically discusses archaisms and neologisms. It also reports the successors of Cato I. The verbatim fragments of L. Cassius Hemina, Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus, L. Calpurnius Piso, C. Fannius and Cn. Gellius, L. Coelius Antipater, Sempronius Asellio, Q. Claudius Quadrigarius, Valerius Antias, L. Cornelius Sisenna, and C. Licinius Macer are then explored. The surviving longer fragments, with a few exceptions, exhibit a simple sentence structure, with a minimum of subordination.