bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Duration of Tetanus IgG Titres Following Basic Immunisation of Horses
Authors: Kendall A. , Domeij K. , Gånheim A. , Bergström K.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Recommendations for prophylactic vaccination against tetanus in horses vary greatly between countries and have scarce scientific support in the peer‐reviewed literature. In human medicine, recommended booster vaccination intervals are also very variable, but are considerably longer than for horses.

Objectives

To investigate if the duration of antibody titres previously determined to be protective against tetanus are likely to be longer than indicated by several recommended vaccination intervals for horses.

Study design

Prospective clinical trial.

Methods

Thirty‐four horses were enrolled for basic immunisation with an ISCOM Matrix‐combination vaccine (Equilis® Prequenza TE). Horses received the first vaccination at 5–11 months of age, and the second dose 4 weeks later. A third vaccine dose was given 15–17 months after the second dose. Serum tetanus antibody titres were analysed by ToBi ELISA 2 weeks as well as 14–16 months after the second dose. After the third vaccine dose, titres were checked once yearly for 3 years.

Results

Two weeks after the second dose all horses (34/34) had antibody levels that exceeded 0.03 iu/ml. After 16 months the levels were below 0.03 iu/ml in 5/33 horses. After the third vaccine dose antibody levels remained above 0.03 iu/ml in 25/26 horses for 1 year, 17/17 horses for 2 years, and 9/9 horses for 3 years.

Conclusions

Horses that undergo basic immunisation with 3 doses of vaccine after the age of 6 months are likely to have serum antibody titres consistent with protection against tetanus for more than 3 years.

Ethical animal research: This study was approved by the Uppsala Ethical Committee on Animal Experiments and informed owner's consent was obtained prior to enrolment of horses. Sources of funding: This study was funded by the Intervet Research Foundation. Competing interests: None.
Differential Expression of microRNAs in Equine Sarcoids: Preliminary Results from an In Vitro Model
Authors: Terron‐Canedo N. , Britton C. , Nicolson L. , Nasir L.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing the study

Equine sarcoids are locally aggressive fibroblastic cutaneous tumours, representing the third most common health problem in working horses. In developed countries they also have welfare and economic impact (e.g. prepurchase examination). No current treatment offers 100% success rate. It is now well established that Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) types 1 and 2 play an important role in the pathogenesis of sarcoid tumours. In a number of human cancers, aberrant expression of microRNAs has been linked to the cancerous phenotype. microRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate essential biological and cellular processes. Currently there is much interest in their role as biomarkers and potential therapeutic agents for many diseases.

Objectives

In an attempt to improve our understanding of the pathobiology of sarcoids, we aim to identify specific microRNAs associated with equine sarcoids.

Study design

Differential expression of microRNAs was assessed in control equine fibroblasts (EqPalfs) and EqPalfs transformed with the BPV‐1 genome (S6‐2s).

Methods

Using a commercially available human microarray, 453 microRNAs were interrogated in RNA samples from both cell lines. Each cell line was analysed in triplicate.

Results

219 individual microRNAs were differentially expressed in control (EqPalFs) versus BPV‐transformed cells (S6‐2s) (P<0.05). of these, 148 microRNAs (68%) were underexpressed in S6‐2 cells relative to EqPalfs.

Conclusions

We have shown that BPV‐1 transformed equine cell lines exhibit a different microRNA profile to control equine fibroblasts and the aberrant expression of microRNAs in S6‐2 cells can be attributed to the presence of BPV‐1 genomes. Our future work will focus on studying the expression profiles of a subset of microRNAs in a larger panel of cell lines and sarcoid tumours to help elucidate the significance of the deregulated expression.

Ethical animal research: Local ethical approval was granted to conduct this study. Sources of funding: This work is funded by the Horserace Betting Levy Board with contribution from the Vet Trust Fund (James Herriot Scholarship). Competing interests: None.
Use of Laryngeal Computed Tomography for Noninvasive Assessment of Laryngeal Function in Horses with Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy
Authors: Tulloch L.K. , Piercy R.J. , Troester S. , Carruthers R. , Tast V. , Grimes L. , Perkins J.D.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) is a common equine distal axonopathy associated with neurogenic atrophy of intrinsic laryngeal muscles (particularly the left) causing laryngeal paresis and poor performance. An objective, reliable method of assessing changes in structure that correlates with laryngeal muscle function in vivo is necessary to determine response to novel treatments, including functional electrical stimulation. This study aimed to determine whether laryngeal muscle and nerve morphology (determined by CT and histopathology) correlated with laryngeal function.

Study design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Resting (grades 1–4) and exercising (grades A–C) laryngeal function was graded in adult Thoroughbred horses. Standing CT of the larynx was performed to compare volume, cross‐sectional area (XSA) and tissue density between left and right cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) muscles in 22 horses. CAD muscles and recurrent laryngeal nerves were collected in a subgroup of 10 horses and analysed for fibrosis, fat infiltration and nerve fibre density (axons/μm2).

Results

Horses with grade C RLN on exercising endoscopy had significantly (P<0.005) smaller left CAD muscles and reduced nerve fibre density than horses with grades A or B. Horses with grade 4 RLN on resting endoscopy had significantly (P<0.005) smaller left CAD muscles than horses with grades 1 or 2. Left CAD muscles had significantly more collagen than the right in horses with grade C RLN. CT measurements of the CAD muscles were significantly associated with % collagen/fat and nerve fibre density (P<0.05).

Conclusions

Laryngeal CT results correlate with laryngeal function at rest and exercise in the horse and provide a noninvasive method of monitoring changes in CAD morphology in response to novel treatments. CAD CT appearance is dependent on % collagen and fat in the muscle and is associated with nerve fibre density.

Ethical animal research: Horses destined for euthanasia were recruited for this study with approval of the Institutional Ethical Committee and under UK Home Office Licence. Sources of funding: Med‐El Elektro‐medizinische Geräte GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria. Competing interests: None.
Dimensions of 65 Extracted Equine First Premolar (Wolf) Teeth
Authors: Hole S.L. , Manfredi J.M. , Clayton H.M.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

The maxillary first premolar (wolf tooth) is present in a significant proportion (13–40%) of horses and is frequently extracted. The size of these teeth has been reported to vary but the authors are not aware of published descriptions of the dimensions of these teeth.

Objectives

To measure the dimensions of a sample of equine first premolar teeth and to seek correlations between dimensions of the crown and the root.

Study design

A retrospective descriptive study.

Methods

Calipers were used to measure total length, root length, crown height, and crown width of 65 first premolar teeth extracted in their entirety from 2 populations of horses (UK population: n = 30, USA population: n = 35). Most of the variables were not normally distributed so nonparametric statistics (Spearman correlation coefficients) were used to describe tooth size and seek correlations between different measurements.

Results

Dimensions expressed as median (range) were total length: 21 (12–34) mm; root length: 13.2 (0–19.6) mm; crown height 7 (2–20) mm; and crown width 7 (2.6–16) mm. Root length was longer than crown height in 61/65 teeth. Total length was poorly correlated with crown height (r = 0.443) but had a good correlation with root length (r = 0.799). Crown height and crown width were poorly correlated with root length (r = ‐0.093 and r = 0.463), respectively.

Conclusions

The dimensions of 65 first premolar teeth indicate that the root is usually longer than the crown but that the dimensions of the clinical crown of the tooth do not provide a good estimate of the length of the root.

Ethical animal research: Ethical committee oversight not currently required by this congress: material was collected as part of clinical procedures. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
Clinical Experiences with Desflurane Inhalational Anaesthesia in Horses
Authors: Parker R.A. , Hollis R.A.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Equine general anaesthesia carries a higher risk of perioperative fatality compared with humans and companion animals. Multiple studies have examined the risk factors associated with general anaesthesia, most notably the ongoing confidential enquiry into perioperative equine fatalities (CEPEF) studies initially published by Johnston et al. [1]. Desflurane is a modern inhalational anaesthetic with low solubility and potentially beneficial reduced cardiorespiratory effects, but its use in a large number of horses has not been investigated.

Objectives

To evaluate the perioperative mortality rates of horses undergoing general anaesthesia maintained using desflurane.

Study design

Retrospective analysis.

Methods

Anaesthetic records of all horses undergoing general anaesthesia over a 4‐year period at a single hospital were retrospectively examined. Horses were excluded if general anaesthesia was not maintained using inhaled desflurane. Outcome variables of dead (anaesthetic related), alive or euthanased (for other reasons) were recorded consistent with previous CEPEF studies.

Results

427 horses met the inclusion criteria, of which 406 (95.1%) were alive at 7 days post operatively, 16 (3.7%) were euthanased and 5 (1.2%) died. Four of the perioperative fatalities suffered cardiac arrest, one suffered a catastrophic fracture. Mean age was 7.6 years (range 1 month–26 years), mean weight was 503.3 kg (range 60–828 kg). Mean duration of anaesthesia was 63.0 min (range 15–200 min). Mean recovery time to standing was 28.3 min (range 5–70 min) with mean recovery score 1.4/5 (range 1–4).

Conclusions

Use of desflurane led to comparable mortality rates to other inhalational anaesthetics in this small number of horses at a single hospital. Further multicentre studies with larger numbers are warranted to examine any potential benefits.

Ethical animal research: Ethical committee approval not currently required by this congress: retrospective study of clinical records. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
Comprehensive Protein Profiling of Synovial Fluid in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Peffers M. , Riggs C. , McDermott B. , Clegg P.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Synovial fluid (SF) is located in joint cavities, tendon sheaths and bursae. In joints it comprises a serum filtrate with additional contributions from articular cartilage, synovium and bone. It represents a potential source of disease specific proteins that could aid in the understanding of the pathogenesis of joint disease and be used in the early diagnosis of disease.

Objectives

To comprehensively profile the protein complement of SF in health and osteoarthritis (OA) using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) and identify potential OA biomarkers.

Study design

SF was used from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 9 normal and 9 OA Thoroughbred horses following macroscopic, microscopic and synovitis scoring.

Methods

Samples were analysed with LC‐MS/MS using a NanoAcquity LC coupled to a LTQ Orbitrap Velos. ProgenesisTM LC‐MS software was used for label‐free quantification with data searched using Mascot in the Ensembl database for horse. Adjusted ANOVA values of P<0.05 and regulation of >2‐fold were regarded as significant.

Results

754 proteins were identified in SF. Thus ProteominerTM beads concentrated the lower abundance proteins enabling the most comprehensive SF proteome to date. Proteins identified included those relating to matrix proteins, inflammatory factors, complement activation proteins and proteases. A subset of 10 proteins was identified which were differentially expressed in OA SF.

Conclusions

A number of proteins were identified for the first time in SF which may be involved in the pathogenesis of OA. We identified a distinct set of proteins that may act as potential biomarkers to distinguish between normal and OA joints. S100‐A10, a calcium binding protein has upregulated in OA. This may have a role in the synthesis and activation of matrix degrading proteases. CD109 is a TGF‐β co‐receptor, released from the chondrocyte cell surface that inhibits TGF‐β signalling. Its contribution to the disregulation of TGF‐β is unknown.

Ethical animal research: Ethical committee oversight not currently required by this congress: the study was performed on material collected during post mortem examination. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Sources of funding: Horserace Betting Levy Board, Wellcome Trust. Competing interests: None.
Validation of a Technique for Measuring Muscle Protein Synthesis In Vivo in the Horse
Authors: Naylor R.J. , Smith K. , Blake V. , Rankin D. , Atherton P. , Piercy R.J.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing the study

Measurement of incorporation of stable isotope‐containing amino acids into muscle is the gold‐standard technique for measuring muscle protein synthesis (MPS), but its use in horses has not been evaluated.

Objectives

1) To establish a technique for measuring MPS in vivo in the horse using a labelled amino acid tracer and 2) to determine basal MPS in the horse using this technique.

Methods

Three mature Thoroughbred geldings received 0.1 mg/kg bwt D5‐phenylalanine (D5‐Phe) i.v. and plasma D5‐Phe enrichment was measured over 3 h. Pharmacokinetic modelling determined the rate of appearance and phenylalanine pool size, from which a loading dose and infusion rate that would achieve a steady 5–10% plasma enrichment were calculated. Subsequently, steady‐state was confirmed by measuring plasma enrichment during 6 h of infusion and the effect of treadmill exercise and sedation (0.4 mg/kg bwt) were also determined. Horses subsequently received the calculated D5‐Phe infusion rate and skeletal muscle biopsy samples were collected after 1 and 3 h, allowing basal MPS to be calculated. Precursor intramuscular phe labelling was measured by GC‐MS and tracer phe incorporation into muscle myofibrillar protein was determined using GC‐pyrolysis‐IRMS to calculate fractional synthetic rate.

Results

The mean rate of whole body phenylalanine appearance in the horse was 56 μmol/kg bwt/h (s.d. 24) and mean phenylalanine pool size 41 μmol/kg bwt (s.d. 8.8). From this a priming dose of 3.3 μmol/kg bwt and an infusion rate of 4.5 μmol/kg bwt/h D5‐Phenylalanine was calculated and subsequently confirmed to achieve steady state tracer enrichment from 5.6–9.1 APE in sedentary horses. Exercise caused a transitory, and sedation a more prolonged reduction in plasma enrichment (up to 20%). D5‐Phe incorporation revealed a basal FSR of 0.029%/h (s.d. 0.013) in the horse.

Conclusions

D5‐Phenylalanine is a suitable amino acid tracer for measurement of MPS in the horse yielding rates of MPS in line with other large mammals.

Ethical animal research: The study was performed with local Ethics Committee approval and Home Office project license (PPL 70/7523) under the UK A(SP)A Act 1986. Sources of funding: This work was generously funded by Boehringer Ingelheim. Competing interests: None.
The Relationship Between Foot Conformation, Foot Placement and Motion Symmetry in the Equine Hindlimb
Authors: Agass R.F. , Wilson A.M. , Weller R. , Pfau T.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

The relationships between hind foot conformation, placement and motion symmetry in the equine hindlimb are poorly defined. Little research has been carried out into the potential interactions between these variables despite the commonality of hindlimb lameness in sports and leisure horses.

Objectives

To determine hind foot placement and describe the relationships between hind foot conformation, placement and motion symmetry.

Study design

Observational study.

Methods

Overall foot placement of 43 horses was determined from simultaneous orthogonal filming at walk and trot, foot conformation was measured from digital photographs and motion symmetry data was collected using horse mounted inertial sensors.

Results

Left and right hind foot conformation differed significantly (P = 0.001–0.036). Foot placement was not significantly different between left and right feet, despite these conformational differences. Foot placement was significantly different between walk and trot (P<0.001). Lateral heel landing was the most common landing pattern observed at walk (55.81%) and trot (43.12%). Lateral and lateral toe landings were more common at trot, though relatively uncommon at both gaits. Foot conformation was significantly associated with motion symmetry (P<0.001–0.007) and with placement at trot (P = 0.002–0.005) but not walk.

Conclusions

Hind feet land preferentially laterally and heel first at both the walk and trot. Foot conformation appeared to be associated with landing patterns at the trot but not walk. Foot conformation was also associated with motion symmetry, although it is difficult to say whether conformation affects symmetry or vice versa. Multiple factors contribute to equine locomotion, foot conformation, landing patterns and the maintenance of orthopaedic health.

Ethical animal research: This study was granted approval by the Royal Veterinary College Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all owners involved. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
The Effect of Hindlimb Studs on Movement Symmetry in Horses During Lungeing
Authors: Sharp H. , Pfau T. , Hopkins S.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Horseshoe studs are commonly used to increase traction between the foot and the ground in competition horses. Here we investigate the question of how hindlimb studs alter limb function by quantifying upper body kinematics during circular motion (lungeing).

Objectives

This study quantified the effects of studs placed in the hind shoes on head and pelvic movement symmetry parameters commonly used for objective assessment of lameness.

Study design

Prospective longitudinal interventional study.

Methods

15 horses were trotted on the straight and lunged on left and right circles on turf with/without a pair of studs in both hind shoes. Movement symmetry was assessed using inertial sensors mounted on poll, os sacrum and left and right tuber coxae. To eliminate the influence of the number of left/right asymmetrical horses in the sample, symmetry values were standardised to show left fore and/or right hind asymmetry on the straight. Differences in standardised head and pelvic symmetry index (SI) with and without studs were calculated and paired t tests were used to compare SI values with and without studs on the straight and on both reins.

Results

Use of studs resulted in a significant difference (P = 0.02) in pelvic SI on the right lunge only but no difference for straight line and left lunge (both P>0.05). No significant difference was found for head movement symmetry (all P>0.05).

Conclusions

Pelvic movement was altered with the ‘weaker’ right hindlimb (based on the calculation of standardised SI values) on the inside of the circle creating an increased ‘hip hike’. In general, horses show increased limb angles and lower peak vertical force with the inside limb; our kinematic results show that this effect is exacerbated with studs. Future studies should investigate whether this ‘intervention’ is of diagnostic potential in sub‐clinically hindlimb lame horses.

Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the owners and trainers whose horses were used in this study.

Ethical animal research: The Royal Veterinary College Ethics and Welfare Committee approved this study and all procedures were performed with informed owner consent. Sources of funding: Funding was provided by The Royal Veterinary College for Harriet Sharp and Sophie Hopkins’ research projects. Competing interests: None.
Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Equine Colic
Authors: Curtis L. , Bayes T.C. , England G.C.W. , Burford J.H. , Freeman S.L.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing the study

There are several epidemiological studies that have reported on risk factors for colic, this data has not been systematically reviewed.

Objectives

To systematically review the current evidence on risk factors for colic in the horse.

Study design

Systematic review in compliance with PRISMA guidelines.

Methods

The primary literature search was conducted in CAB Winner of Voorjaarsdagen Award 2014 (1910–2012), Web of Science (1950–2012) and MEDLINE (1946–2012) (between 23–26 November 2012), using the following terms: (horses OR horse OR equine OR equines OR equus OR equidae OR equids OR equid) AND colic. Publications were assessed independently against inclusion criteria (peer‐reviewed articles relating to risk, causes, aetiology or predictors of colic) and exclusion criteria (nongastrointestinal or specific conditions, <3 cases) by LC and SF. Those selected were reviewed using a specifically developed quality assessment criteria (QAC) scoring system. Articles were ranked according to the QAC with those scoring greater than a specific critical threshold considered to be of the highest level of evidence.

Results

The search identified 1385 publications; 90 related to risk factors, 36 met the inclusion criteria and were assessed using the QAC. Nine publications were selected for final evaluation. Eight studies were based in the USA, and one multi‐centre study in Europe. Individual papers identified risk factors pertaining to signalment, use of horse, clinical history, diet and other management details; however, there was inconclusive agreement for the majority of factors investigated. Consistent consensus between ≥3 studies identified increasing age, Arab and Thoroughbred breeds, recent change in diet or housing and a previous history of colic as significant risk factors for colic.

Conclusions

Evidence for many risk factors is weak and inconsistent, with a variety of confounders and interactions across the studies. There is strong evidence for age, breed, management changes and recent clinical history as risk factors.

Ethical animal research: The study was reviewed and approved by the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Ethics Committee. Sources of funding: Laila Curtis was funded by the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham. Competing interests: None.
Equine Grass Sickness in Scotland: A Case–Control Study of Environmental Geochemical Risk Factors
Authors: Wylie C.E. , Shaw D.J. , Fordyce F.M. , Lilly A. , McGorum B.C.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Epidemiological investigations suggest that soil macro‐ and micro‐nutrients may be a trigger for the occurrence of equine grass sickness (EGS). However, there is limited information regarding relationships between exposure to geochemical elements and the occurrence of EGS.

Objectives

To determine whether the geographical distribution of EGS cases referred to the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies was associated with the presence or absence of particular geochemical elements in the environment.

Study design

A retrospective time‐matched case–control study.

Methods

455 EGS geo‐referenced cases were identified between 1 January 1990 and 1 June 2006. Each case had 2 time‐matched geo‐referenced controls (n = 910). For study purposes, cases or controls originating outwith Scotland were excluded. Environmental concentrations of a range of elements, most with known biological function, were collated from 2 geochemical point datasets and spatially extrapolated giving continuous cover across Scotland: the British Geological Survey (BGS) Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment (G‐BASE) stream sediment dataset and the James Hutton Institute (JHI), National Soil Inventory of Scotland (NSIS). Data were analysed using multivariable conditional logistic regression.

Results

Statistically significant associations were obtained between the distribution of EGS cases and (i) higher environmental levels of Ca, K, Mo, Na, Se and Ti, and (ii) lower environmental levels of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb. This study identified no association between EGS cases and the environmental concentrations of Ba, Ga, Fe, Mg, Mn, P or Sr.

Conclusions

A number of statistically significant associations were identified between EGS cases and element concentrations in the spatially extrapolated stream sediment and soil data. This information will assist future studies on the aetiology of EGS, with further research suggested to focus on those identified significant associations with greatest biological plausibility such as reduced levels of Cu and Zn, and higher levels of K and Se.

Ethical animal research: Informed client consent was obtained for the use of clinical records. Sources of funding: Part‐funded by The BGS University Funding Initiative. A.L. is funded by the Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division. C.E.W. is supported by The Margaret Giffen Trust. F.F. is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). Competing interests: None.
Identifying a Critical Case of Equine Colic at Primary Examination – Results from a Prospective Multi‐Centre Study
Authors: Thomas J.S.M. , Curtis L. , Freeman S.L. , England G.C.W. , Burford J.H.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

There is no current evidence on how mild and critical cases of colic can be differentiated at primary examination. Previous research has focused on clinical variables assessed post referral.

Objectives

To identify features of the primary clinical presentation which differentiate between a critical and mild‐medical colic.

Study design

Prospective multi‐centre cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Paper‐based and online questionnaires were distributed to 850 practices which treat horses, to collect data on the primary presentation of colic cases over 13 months. Critical cases were defined as horses which died, were subjected to euthanasia, had surgery, or required intensive care. Mild‐medical cases were defined as those resolving with medical treatment on a single visit. Descriptive analysis was used to evaluate the data. Univariable analysis was performed using Mann‐Whitney U tests and Chi‐squared tests to assess the degree of association between clinical variables and the dependant variables ‘critical’ and ‘mild‐medical’.

Results

161 veterinarians submitted 1048 colic case forms; 240 critical cases and 535 mild‐medical cases were identified. There was evidence of difference (P<0.000) for cardiovascular variables (heart and respiratory rates, capillary refill time, and mucous membrane colour), signs of pain and abdominal borborygmi between mild‐medical and critical cases. Critical cases had a higher mean heart rate (60 beats/min [range 21–125]) than mild‐medical cases (42 beats/min [range 18–120]). The median total abdominal borborygmi score was lower at 3 (range 0–12) for critical, compared with 7 (range 0–12) for mild‐medical cases. The use of diagnostic tests were significantly different (P<0.0001), with more tests performed in critical cases. Rectal examination and nasogastric intubation were not performed in 17.5% and 52.6% of critical cases, respectively.

Conclusions

There were significant differences in the primary presentation of critical and mild‐medical colic cases. Veterinary surgeons’ diagnostic approach varied between cases.

Ethical animal research: The study was reviewed and approved by the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Ethics Committee. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Sources of funding: Laila Curtis was funded by the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham. The survey was supported by a grant from the Petplan Charitable Trust. Boehringer Ingelheim assisted with survey distribution. Competing interests: None.
Cytokine Concentration in Foals’ Serum Pre‐ and Post Suckling
Authors: Mariella J. , Castagnetti C. , Prosperi A. , Scagliarini A. , Adriani G. , Peli A.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Colostrum acts as a source of immunomodulatory molecules for the neonate. Little information is available about the transfer of cytokines via colostrum in the foal.

Objectives

To investigate the transfer via colostrum of IL‐4, IL‐13, IL‐8 and IFN‐γ.

Study design

Prospective observational study.

Methods

Jugular venous blood pre‐ (T0) and post suckling (T24) and colostrum were collected from 14 healthy foals and their dams. The cytokines’ concentration was measured with an ELISA test. Serum IgG concentration was measured in foals at T24 with an immunoturbidimetric assay. Since data were not normally distributed, nonparametric tests for statistical analysis were used. The Wilcoxon t test evaluated the difference in each cytokine concentration between T0 and T24. Spearman rank correlation tested the association between cytokines’ concentration in T24 serum and in colostrum, between T24–T0 (ΔT) serum concentration and colostrum concentration, and between cytokines serum concentration at T24 and IgG concentration.

Results

All the foals had a complete transfer of passive immunity. A statistically significant difference was found between serum IL‐4 concentration at T0 and at T24. The significant correlations found were: serum IL‐4 concentration at T24 with IL‐4 concentration in colostrum, serum IL‐13 concentration at T24 with IgG serum concentration, and IL‐4 concentration in colostrum with ΔT serum IL‐4 concentration.

Conclusions

The results support the hypothesis that IL‐4 is transferred via colostrum to the foal, as reported for TNF‐α [1]. The presence of IL‐8 in the foal's serum at T0 suggests an endogenous production. The IL‐13 concentration is close to zero for the major part of serum and colostrum samples suggesting a subject‐dependent immunologic response. The IFN‐γ is present both in colostrum and in T0 serum suggesting that foals are not deficient at birth.

Ethical animal reasearch: Studies approved by the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna. Oral informed consent was given by the owners. Sources of funding: University of Bologna. Competing interests: None.
Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalance of Five Commercially Available Formulations of Omeprazole: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Sykes B.W. , Underwood C. , Mills P.C.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

The pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of different formulations of omeprazole have not been published.

Objectives

To compare the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 4 commercially available formulations of omeprazole to an existing reference formulation.

Study design

A single dose cross‐over bioequivalence study.

Methods

Six adult Thoroughbred horses were used. Two generic buffered formulations (OG and AG), one commercial enteric coated formulation (GZ) and one compounded enteric coated formulation (BO) were compared to the reference buffered formulation (GG). Each formulation was administered at a total dose of 2 g (equivalent to 4 mg/kg bwt for a 500 kg horse) in a cross‐over design. Blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300 and 360 min, the plasma was separated and frozen. Plasma omeprazole concentrations were determined by UPLC‐MS. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using PK Solver.

Results

The mean (± s.d.) area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC0‐t/0‐inf_obs) (μg/ml*min), Cmax (μg) and Tmax (min) for each formulation was; OG – 59.4 ± 20.1, 0.37 ± 0.12, 87.5 ± 38.4; AG – 77.3 ± 53.7, 0.34 ± 0.24, 170.0 ± 62.0; GZ – 102.9 ± 51.1, 0.86 ± 0.68, 67.5 ± 29.6; BO – 88.0 ± 37.4, 0.59 ± 0.39, 95.0 ± 47.1; GG – 57.5 ± 35.3, 0.41 ± 0.22, 57.5 ± 19.9.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that differences are present between commercially available formulations of omeprazole. Caution should be exercised in extrapolating results of clinical studies from one formulation to another.

Ethical animal research: This study was performed under an ethics permit issued by the NSW Department of Primary Industries and in accordance with relevant state laws and legislation. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Sources of funding: This study was funded by a grant from the Grayson‐Jockey Club Research Foundation. Competing interests: The manufacturers of Gastrozol (GZ), Abgard (AG) and BOVA (BO) have previously funded research by B.W. Sykes. None of the companies contributed to the present study.
Ultra‐High Field MRI Clinical Anatomy of the Equine Fetlock to Aid Clinical Image Interpretation
Authors: Al Mohamad Z.A. , Voute L.C. , Marshall J.F.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Interpretation of clinical diagnostic imaging of the equine musculoskeletal system requires accurate reference anatomical materials. In the case of MRI, this includes images acquired from low and high field systems. Using ultra‐high field MRI, higher resolution images with small slice thickness and gap suitable for reconstruction in any anatomical plane can be produced.

Objectives

To describe the normal equine metacarpophalangeal joint using ultra‐high field MRI and compare ultra‐high and high field MR images.

Study design

Limbs (n = 14) from horses (n = 5) with no history of orthopaedic disease were frozen at ‐20°C until imaging. Fetlock joints were scanned using an ultra‐high field (7T) MRI unit. T1 (280 slices, thickness = 0.356 mm) and T2 (140 slices, thickness = 0.713 mm) weighted sequences were acquired. Limbs were scanned using a 1.5T MRI unit in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes using T1 (60 slices, thickness 2.2–3.5 mm) and T2 (60 slices, thickness 2.2–3.5 mm) sequences. Images were analysed using OsiriX software.

Results

Ultra‐high field MR images visualised the fine detail of trabecular and subchondral bone, the articular cartilage surface of P1 and McIII, the short, oblique, straight and oblique sesamoidean ligaments including origins and insertions, the fasicular structure of superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon and ligaments and the regional neurovascular structures. Whilst T1 high field images visualised the majority of tissues, structural detail was reduced compared to ultra‐high field imaging, margins were less well defined in some instances, e.g. articular cartilage, and a number of smaller structures were indistinct, e.g. short and cruciate sesamoidean ligaments.

Conclusions

7T MRI produced images of the fetlock with excellent anatomical detail. Future publication of open‐source ultra‐high field MRI files could aid the interpretation of 0.3T and 1.5T field MR images, especially with the capacity to reconstruct image slices orientated exactly to match those of interest.

Ethical animal research: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated but permission was given for post mortem examination and the use of materials in research. Sources of funding: The Royal Saudi Arabia Cultural Bureau. Competing interests: None.
Interobserver Agreement of Standing Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessment of Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Pathology
Authors: Whitmore J.K. , Dakin S.G. , Weller R. , Mair T.S. , Sherlock C.E.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Standing magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) is commonly used to evaluate the distal aspect of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) of lame horses. There is paucity of information comparing interobserver agreement of this imaging modality.

Objectives

To determine the interobserver agreement for assessment of the DDFT on sMRI using a newly developed grading system. It was hypothesised that different lesion types would be more frequently observed at different anatomical locations of the DDFT, and that interobserver agreement would be better for the presence of a lesion compared to lesion grading.

Study design

A retrospective study assessing interobserver agreement.

Methods

sMRI studies of 40 equine front feet were retrospectively graded by 2 observer teams using a newly developed grading system based on previous studies. Individual DDFT parameters and an overall DDFT grade were scored. A Pearson's Chi‐square test quantified the association between anatomical location and lesion type and interobserver agreement was quantified by calculating weighted‐kappa statistic.

Results

Observer team B found a statistically significant association between anatomical location and lesion type but observer team A did not. Interobserver agreement was fair to moderate for the majority of individual DDFT parameters. For most parameters, better interobserver agreement was found for presence of a lesion than for lesion grading. Interobserver agreement was fair for the overall DDFT grade.

Conclusions

Interobserver agreement was acceptable for overall DDFT grade and was better for the presence of an overall grade. Interobserver agreement was also acceptable for most DDFT parameters and was better for assessing whether a lesion was present compared to the grading of lesions. This study highlights the value of a standardised grading system for assessing the DDFT on sMRI, and provides a method to improve the repeatibilty and reliability of future studies using sMRI.

Ethical animal research: This project was granted ethical approval by the RVC Ethics and Welfare Committee as part of James Whitmore's final year research project. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
An Online Survey to Characterise Spending Patterns of Horse Owners and to Quantify the Impact of Equine Lameness on a Pleasure Horse Population
Authors: Uprichard K.L. , Boden L.A. , Marshall J.F.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Treatment of equine lameness frequently requires a period of rest and restricted exercise. The financial impact of restricted exercise should be considered when making investigation and treatment decisions.

Objectives

To describe and quantify the cost and time commitment associated with horse maintenance in the UK and to quantify the incidence of lameness and number of days of exercise lost.

Study design

Online survey of UK horse owners.

Methods

An online survey was performed between June and November 2013. The questionnaire contained 35 open and closed questions related to 1) owner age, gender, geographical location; and 2) type and use of horse, purchase price, location, travel, healthcare and maintenance costs; and 3) lameness episodes within the last 12 months.

Results

560 respondents fully completed the questionnaire, 98.2% were female aged between 16 and 54 years old. Horses (62.5% geldings, 37.1% mares, 0.8% stallions) were of mixed breed with a median age of 13 years. Horses were predominantly used for general purpose riding. Most horses were kept on or within 5 miles of the owner's residence (77.4%) and 65% of owners spent >10 h per week on horse maintenance. Median basic maintenance cost was £2660 per year or £7.29 per day including routine healthcare, dentistry, farriery, feed, housing, and insurance fees. Most horses (71.3%) experienced an episode of lameness within the previous 12 months. The median duration of restricted exercise (days wasted) was 70 (range 0–880) days.

Conclusions

This unique dataset quantifies the financial and time outlay required with horse ownership. Determining the number of wasted days and basic average cost per day has allowed us to quantify the cost of inactivity. Considerable cost is associated with a period of inactivity following an episode of lameness, which should be taken into account when considering investigation and treatment options.

Ethical animal research: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow. Sources of funding: The Geoffrey Serth Charitable Trust. Competing interests: None.
Tarsocrural Arthroscopy for Osteochondrosis Dissecans: Clinical Features of a Referral Hospital Population and Prevalence of Abnormalities within the Plantar Pouch
Authors: James O.A. , Payne R.J. , Bathe A.P. , Greet T.R.C. , Wylie C.E.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

There is limited information on tarsocrural arthroscopy for osteochondrosis dissecans lesions (OCD) in Great Britain, and routine examination of the plantar pouch has not been described.

Objectives

To describe clinical features of cases undergoing tarsocrural arthroscopy for OCD and estimate the prevalence of abnormalities within the plantar pouch.

Study design

Retrospective case review.

Methods

Case records of all horses that had tarsocrural arthroscopy for OCD at Rossdales Equine Hospital between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2013 were included (n = 99). Descriptive data and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were constructed in Microsoft Excel.

Results

Warmbloods/Warmblood‐crosses were significantly over‐represented compared to the normal hospital population, comprising 42.4% (CI 32.7–52.2%) of the study (P<0.001), followed by Thoroughbreds/Thoroughbred‐crosses (33.7%, CI 25.0–43.7%), 22 other horse breeds and one pony. Cases were predominantly male (70.7%, CI 63.6–81.3%) with 48.5% geldings, 19.2% colts and 3.0% stallions. Median age was 2.9 years (0.1–13.5 years) and median weight was 523 kg (112–919 kg). Most were nonracing sports horses (40.4%, CI 30.7–50.1%), or unbroken (27.0%, CI 18.5–36.0%) with the remainder used for breeding, general purpose or racing. Reasons for presentation were lameness (52.7%, CI 42.5–63.0%), effusion (36.3%, CI 26.4–46.1%), or survey radiographs (11.0%, CI 4.6–17.4%). Tarsocrural arthroscopy was most frequently performed bilaterally (41.8%, CI 32.1–51.6%), followed by left hind (35.7%, CI 26.2–45.2%), then right hind (22.4%, CI 14.2–30.7%). Irrespective of pathology in the dorsal pouch, examination of the plantar pouch was performed in 70 joints (50 horses), and in 78.0% (CI 66.5–89.5%) abnormalities were found. Of these, 10 required removal of organised fibrinous debris or osteochondral fragments (25.6% CI 11.9–39.3%), none of which were recorded using diagnostic imaging presurgery.

Conclusions

Investigation of the plantar pouch is indicated in routine tarsocrural arthroscopy for OCD as it often reveals additional pathology, which may necessitate surgical intervention. Further work will evaluate how plantar pouch pathology may influence prognosis.

Ethical animal research: Ethical approval obtained, project number AHT48‐2013. Explicit informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Sources of funding: C.E.W. is supported by The Margaret Giffen Trust. Competing interests: None.
Outcome Following Surgical Treatment of 23 Cases of Primary Plantar/Palmar Annular Ligament Desmopathy: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Nieuwenhuis G.M. , O'Meara B.J. , James F.M. , Bladon B.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Little exists in the literature regarding the outcome of endoscopically‐guided desmotomy of the palmar/plantar annular ligament (PAL) where injury to the PAL was the only diagnosis.

Objectives

To report the return to previous level of exercise in horses treated with endoscopically guided PAL resection in which PAL injury was considered to be the primary condition.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

Medical records of surgical cases at Donnington Grove Veterinary Surgery between 2005 and 2013 were reviewed. The inclusion criteria were cases that had undergone surgical transection of the palmar/plantar annular ligament under general anaesthesia and endoscopic guidance using a No. 12 scalpel blade where annular ligament injury was the only notable finding at surgery. Follow‐up was obtained by a telephone questionnaire.

Results

Twenty‐three horses were included in the study. Twenty horses were noted to have restriction to passage of the arthroscope within the digital flexor tendon sheath at the time of surgery. Following the initial 3‐month post operative rest period 21 horses were sound. Three horses did not return to their previous level of activity due to unrelated lameness issues and 2 returned to a lower level of competition due to owner preference. Of the remaining 18 horses, 16 returned to their previous level of athletic performance. Two horses had recurrent or persistent lameness associated with the residual PAL desmopathy.

Conclusions

In this case series surgical treatment of primary PAL injury carries a good prognosis (89% return to previous level of exercise) in contrast to a previously reported study (<50% of horses were able to return to athletic function) [1].

Ethical animal research: Ethical committee approval not currently required by this congress: retrospective study of clinical records. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
The aquarium hobby: can sinners become saints in freshwater fish conservation?
Authors: Maceda‐Veiga Alberto , Domínguez‐Domínguez Omar , Escribano‐Alacid Josep , Lyons John
Published: September 2014

The aquarium hobby is popular worldwide, but it has positives and negatives for freshwater fish conservation. The most damaging impacts of the aquarium trade on ecosystems are overharvesting and invasive species. Consequently, many conservationists and academics have the perception that aquarium hobbyists are generally harmful to species conservation. Without overlooking these major drawbacks of the aquarium hobby, we aim to establish common ground between hobbyists and conservationists by correcting some misconceptions and showing the benefits of serious aquarium hobbyists in the conservation of freshwater fishes and their habitats. Our overview illustrates that the aquarium hobby is not insensitive to the pernicious effects of this enduring hobby on natural systems and that serious aquarists and their associations can directly assist and fund scientific research, increase conservation awareness among the general public and even participate in ex situ and in situ conservation programmes for native fish species at national or international levels. Whilst the relationship between conservationists and the aquarium hobby has often been antagonistic in recent years, ultimately most biologists and aquarists share a love of the species they study or maintain, and this common interest could be the basis for a more positive and productive relationship.
Pharmacology and mechanisms of action of new oral anticoagulants
Authors: Salem Joe‐Elie , Sabouret Pierre , Funck‐Brentano Christian , Hulot Jean‐Sebastien
Published: September 2014

The new oral anticoagulants are announced as an important therapeutic revolution, particularly after their approval by authorities for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. However, the pharmacology of these new drugs is not homogeneous. In this review, we summarize the main pharmacological characteristics of the new direct anti‐Xa and anti‐IIa agents.