bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTASI UPAH MINIMUM KOTA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN PEKERJA DI KOTA KENDARI (Studi di Kota Kendari)
Authors: Putera Zulfikar
Published: February 2020

The implementation of Kendari City Minimum Wage has not gone well, there is no regulation that can accommodate the interests of workers and companies, the interpretation that minimum wages are basic wages and other benefits wages need to be continued that the minimum wage is the basic wage other than the wages of other benefitsKeyword : Minimum Wage, Welfare
Consolidation of the rural medical community in the Tobolsk Governorate in the early 20th century
Authors: Templing V.Ia.
Published: February 2020

The present article is aimed at studying district congresses of rural doctors from the Tobolsk Governorate, a unique phenomenon in the history of the Siberian medical community. Congresses are considered to be an inte-gral part and development indicator of the corporate social initiative, as well as the professional interaction of medical specialists. On the basis of documents being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the author analysed the activity of rural doctors within the paradigm of the general theory of modernisation, as well as characterised the materials of meetings, the range of issues under discussion, main recommendations and re-sults. It is shown that the activity of the medical community was not limited to the work of scientific and practical societies of governorate centres — it was much wider and richer. The fact of holding two provincial and a number of district congresses in the Tobolsk Governorate (from 1903 to 1912) was established. District congresses be-came a place for establishing personal contacts between doctors, sharing opinions and experiences, formulating proposals, which were then discussed at the governorate forum and laid the foundation for administrative deci-sions. They demonstrated a strong motivation of rural specialists in medicine, which in fact began to develop in Siberia only starting from the late 1880s, for professional consolidation and for the development of common ap-proaches to solving regional problems. The materials of district congresses also prove the formation of a new health model among the rural population, characteristic of modern society. A doctor became a familiar and neces-sary element of the social environment for a peasant. It should be noted that district congresses were not large-scale, they were not public mouthpieces, did not become the driving force of reforms and the generator of signifi-cant public projects. Their history was too short; the level of rural medicine and, in general, the entire medicine of the governorate was too low. Nevertheless, the need for professional consolidation and communication turned out to be so strong that it allowed doctors, albeit with the support of the administration, to carry out serious prepara-tory work in districts and hold two governorate congresses. Clearly, this constitutes definite evidence of qualitative changes in the state of the local medical community.
KARAKTERISTIK BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA KELAS VII SMP N 1 KRAGAN DALAM MEMECAHKAN DAN MENGAJUKAN MASALAH MATEMATIKA MATERI PERBANDINGAN DITINJAU DARI GAYA KOGNITIF
Authors: Argarini Dian Fitri , Budiyono Budiyono , Sujadi Imam
Published: February 2020

Abstract: The research objectives were to determine and to describe creative thinking characteristic of 7th grade students of SMP N 1 Kragan in solving and proposing problem at comparative case seen from the cognitive style. This research belonged to descriptive research by qualitative-explorative approach. The sample was taken by purposive sampling technique. The subjects being used in this research were 4, those were 2 students with field dependent cognitive style and 2 students with field independent cognitive style. The subject grouping based on cognitive style was taken by group embedded figures test. There were two instruments that were used to collect the data of this research. The first instrument was solving and proposing problem test instrument. The second was interview guidance. They were validated by using the time triangulation test and the reference fulfillment. The data were analyzed using a Miles and Huberman’s concept, that was data reduction, presentation, and conclusion.. The results of this research show as follows, (1) Creative thinking characteristics of students who had field dependent cognitive style in solving and proposing problem were as follows. The fluency aspect was shown by the students through 4 stages of creative thinking process, both in solving and proposing the problem. The four stages were preparation stage, incubation stage, illumination stage, and verification stage. The flexibility aspect in solving problems appeared when the students gave the other alternative answer, whereas this aspect was not fulfilled in proposing the problems.  The originality aspect was not fulfilled in solving and proposing problems. (2) Creative thinking characteristics of students who had field independent cognitive style in solving and proposing problem were as follows. The fluency aspect was shown by the students through 4 stages of creative thinking process, both in solving and proposing the problem. The four stages were preparation stage, incubation stage, illumination stage, and verification stage. The flexibility aspect in solving problems was shown when the students gave the other alternative answer, while in proposing the problem this aspect was not completed because students were able to make only one question. The originality aspect in solving the problem could be seen when the students gave a new way solution and this  was different from the previous one. Meanwhile in proposing the problems, aspet of originality was not fulfilled.

Keywords:   creative thinking characteristics, solving  problems, proposing problems, cognitive style
EKSPERIMENTASI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE THINK PAIR SHARE (TPS) DENGAN PROBLEM POSING PADA POKOK BAHASAN PELUANG DITINJAU DARI ADVERSITY QUOTIENT (AQ) SISWA KELAS XI SMK DI KABUPATEN BOYOLALI TAHUN AJARAN 2013/2014
Authors: Bahktiar Hidayat , Usodo Budi , Riyadi Riyadi
Published: February 2020

Abstract: This research aimed to find out: (1) which one gives better in mathematics learning achievement, learning model of Think Pair Share (TPS) with Problem Posing, Think Pair Share (TPS) or conventional, (2) which one have better in mathematics learning achievement, students having climbers, campers or quitters of Adversity Quotient, (3) in each learning model, which one have better mathematics learning achievement, students having climbers, campers or quitters of Adversity Quotient, (4) in each student’s level of Adversity Quotient which one gives better in mathematics learning achievement, learning model of TPS with Problem Posing, TPS or conventional. This research was a quasi-experimental research with 3 x 3 factorial design. The population of the research was all students class XI majors group technology, health and agriculture of SMK in Boyolali. The samples were chosen by using stratified cluster random sampling. The instruments that were used to collect the data were the documentation of mathematics achievement, questionnaire of Adversity Quotient and test of mathematics achievement. The technique of analyzing the data was two-ways ANOVA with unbalanced cells. The result of research showed as follows: (1) learning model of TPS with Problem Posing provided better learning achievement than model of TPS and conventional, learning model of TPS provided better learning achievement than conventional, (2) the students having climbers and campers had same achievement, and the students having climbers and campers had better  achievement than those having quitters, (3) in each learning model, the students having climbers and campers had the same achievement, and the students having climbers and campers had better achievement than those having quitters, (4) in each Adversity Quotient, learning model of TPS with Problem Posing provided better learning achievement than TPS and conventional, learning model of TPS provided better learning achievement than conventional.

Key words: Think Pair Share (TPS), Problem Posing, and Adversity Quotient (AQ)
EKSPERIMENTASI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE JIGSAW DAN NUMBERED HEADS TOGETHER PADA POKOK BAHASAN BANGUN RUANG SISI DATAR DITINJAU DARI KECERDASAN INTERPERSONAL SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI DI KOTA MADIUN
Authors: Kurniawati Kiki Riska Ayu , Budiyono Budiyono , Sari S Dewi Retno
Published: February 2020

Abstract: The aims of this research were to find out the different effect of each categories of learning model, students interpersonal intelligence and their interaction towards students mathematics learning achievement on the subject of plane geometry. The research was quasi experimental with 3×3 factorial design. The population was all students of grade VIII State Junior High School in Madiun City on the second semester of 2013/2014 academic years. Sampling was done by stratified cluster random sampling technique. The sample of this research consisted of the students of SMP N 3 Madiun, SMPN 7 Madiun, and SMPN 10 Madiun. The sample consisted of 260 students. The hypothesis test used unbalanced two ways analysis of variance at the significance level of 0,05. Based on hypothesis test, it can be concluded that: (1) the cooperative learning model of Jigsaw type gives a better mathematics achievement than cooperative learning model of NHT type and direct learning model, and the cooperative learning model of NHT type gives a better mathematics achievement than direct learning model; (2) students with the high interpersonal intelligence had the same achievement as students with the medium interpersonal intelligence, students with the high interpersonal intelligence had better achievement than students with the low interpersonal intelligence and the students with the medium interpersonal intelligence had the same achievement as students with the low interpersonal intelligence; (3) on the cooperative learning model of Jigsaw type, NHT type and direct learning model, students with the high interpersonal intelligence had the same achievement as students with the medium interpersonal intelligence, students with the high interpersonal intelligence had better achievement than students with the low interpersonal intelligence and the students with the medium interpersonal intelligence had the same achievement as students with the low interpersonal intelligence; and (4) on students interpersonal intelligence high, medium and low, the cooperative learning model of Jigsaw type gives a better mathematics achievement than cooperative learning model of NHT type and direct learning model, and the cooperative learning model of NHT type gives a better mathematics achievement than direct learning model.

Keywords:  Jigsaw, NHT, interpersonal intelligence
EKSPERIMENTASI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TEAM ASSISTED INDIVIDUALIZATION DENGAN PENDEKATAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING PADA MATERI POKOK BANGUN RUANG SISI DATAR DITINJAU DARI SIKAP SISWA TERHADAP MATEMATIKA DAN PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA SMP NE
Authors: Ardianzah Ferri , Kusmayadi Tri Atmojo , Usodo Budi
Published: February 2020

Abstract: The aim of the research was to determine the effect of cooperatif learning models viewed from the attitude of students. The learning model compared were TAI-CTL, TAI and direct instruction. This was quasi-experimental research designed by factorial 3x3. The population was 8th grade students of junior high school even semester academic year 2013/2014 in Magetan regency. The sample was taken by using stratified cluster random sampling. Total sample was 231 students, consisted of 77 students as TAI-CTL class, 78 students as TAI class, and 76 students as direct instruction class. Hypothesis testing was performed using two-way analysis of variance with unequal cells. Based on the results of hypothesis testing, it is concluded that: (1) students learns using TAI-CTL and TAI had better achievement than students learnt using direct instruction, students learnt using TAI-CTL had better achievement than students learnt using TAI  (2) positive attitude students had better achievement than those of neutral and negative attitudestudents, neutral attitude students had better achievement than negative attitude students (3) for TAI-CTL and TAI, students with positive attitude had better achievement than neutral and negative attitude, however neutral attitude students had the same achievement as negative attitude students, for direct instruction, positive attitude students had the same achievement as neutral attitude students, meanwhile positive attitude students had better achievement than negative attitudeand students with neutral attitude had the same achievement as negative attitude students (4) for  positive attitude students, students learnt using TAI-CTL had the same achievement as students learnt using TAI, meanwhile students learnt using TAI-CTL and TAI had better achievement than students learnt using direct instruction, for neutral and negative attitude students, students learnt using TAI-CTL, TAI, and direct instruction had the same achievement.
Keywords: TAI-CTL, TAI, Direct Instruction, Attitude
VOLATILITY SPILLOVER EFFECTS FROM GLOBAL AND NATIONAL VARIABLES TO SOVEREIGN CDS SPREADS: EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY
Authors: KURT CİHANGİR Çiğdem
Published: February 2020

In this study global and national variables that affect the sovereign Credit Default Swaps (CDS) spreads for Turkey are examined. The study utilises monthly time-series data, spanning from August of 2009 to September 2018. Empirical analysis is done in two steps: In the first step, the causality relationships between related variables are investigated by the Granger causality test. In the second step, the effect of symmetric and asymmetric spillover effects on sovereign CDS spread is determined. The findings show that both national and global shocks are relevant for Turkey’ sovereign CDS spreads volatility, but national variables tend to have a greater impact. Furthermore, there exist mean asymmetric eﬀects for external fragility, domestic interest rate and the VIX variables. It is tested that sovereign CDS spreads react more sharply to domestic interest rates and VIX bad news than a positive shock of equal size. Generally, both uncertainties in global conditions and the relatively high need for external borrowing of Turkey necessitates a multi-faceted policy-making and management process.
Pressure Interference Correction to the Material Balance Equation for Water-Drive Reservoirs Using a Digital Computer
Authors: Robinson Michael P.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 418–422.

The material balance equation for partial or complete water-drive reservoirs has been re-arranged to include a pressure interference term. This pressure interference term was obtained from the theory established by Mortada. A successful program was devised to solve the resulting equation in a few hours on a medium sized, digital computer. No prior knowledge of the properties of the aquifer is required in the solution. Trial calculations are made using various assumed combinations of aquifer properties. The optimum value of the constant expressing the aquifer properties corresponds to the best fit obtained between observed and calculated field history. Details of the method of calculation are illustrated by an example.

Introduction

A method of calculating the material balance equation for a partial water-drive reservoir completed in an aquifer has been described in the literature. Pressure interference from other pools located in the same aquifer is not taken into account in this solution. When present, the pressure interference effect must be included in order to make a complete performance analysis. A correction for this effect has been developed using the theory established by Mortada.

Manual calculation of the material balance for water-drive reservoirs is a formidable task. Such manual calculation when interference effects are included would be impossible to complete in any reasonable time period. However, a medium-sized stored program, digital computer can be used satisfactorily. The method is described in the following sections.
The Injection of Detergent Slugs in Water Floods
Authors: Taber J.J.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 186–192.

A major obstacle to the use of wetting agents in secondary recovery by water flooding is the adsorption of the agents on the sand. As a result of adsorption, the surfactant always lags behind the floodwater front. Consideration of the chromatographic theory of adsorption indicates that the detergents will not lag as much if used in very high concentrations. An investigation was made of the possibility of using high concentrations economically by flowing slugs of wetting agents followed by normal flood water. The experiments consisted of adsorption studies on Alundum powder and Berea sandstone. Flow tests on a 12-in. Alundum core and 22-in. Berea core were used to determine rate of detergent movement. The results of the flow experiments indicate that the relative rate of surfactant advance is, indeed, sensitive to the concentration of the agent. A 10 per cent slug moved with a rate that was 78 to 95 per cent as fast as the rate of advance of the flood water. By contrast, one with 25 ppm (the number of parts of commercial detergent in a million parts of water on a weight basis) concentration moved less than one-fourth as fast as the flood water, and calculations indicate that in very long porous systems the rate of movement of the lower concentrations will be a small fraction of the rate of advance of the flood front.

The results of the adsorption studies were utilized to calculate the rate of advance of the detergent when only the initial concentration was known. The calculated rates showed substantial agreement with the experimental flow tests in the high concentration ranges. The adsorption results were also used to estimate the cost of the materials for a slug-type surfactant flood in the field.

In addition to the faster rates of movement, the concentrated detergent slugs removed much more oil than the dilute solutions. However, the effectiveness of the slug process depends on many variables. The quantity of oil removed is increased markedly by increasing the flooding rate. The efficiency is also influenced by the type of crude, type of reservoir rock and initial water saturation. Therefore, a careful analysis of each reservoir system is required before the economic value of the process can be determined.
On the Streaming Potential Problem in Well Logging
Authors: Wyllie M.R.J. , de Witte A.J. , Warren J.E.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 409–417.

It has been suggested that streaming potentials are not normally logged because the streaming potentials known to be generated across mud filter cakes are substantially cancelled by streaming potentials generated in contiguous shale beds. Laboratory measurements of streaming potentials across hand specimens of shale have been adduced as evidence to support the suggestion. The experiments show that streaming potential depends on the resistivity of the equilibrating solution and on pressure drop. Measurements were made perpendicular to the bedding planes of the shales.

The mechanism of streaming potential generation in shale which the suggested cancellation theory implies has been critically examined. Conclusions reached are tested by comparing self potentials logged before and immediately after changing the resistivity (but not the weight) of mud in a borehole. The resultant SP change is found to equal the theoretical electrochemical potential change, i.e., cancellation of streaming potential is independent of mud resistivity. Since streaming potentials generated across mud filter cakes depend critically upon mud resistivity, shale streaming potential in situ must be equally sensitive.

Using plausible values for the permeability, porosity and compressibility of shale, the van Everdingen-Hurst approach shows that the pressure drop between borehole pressure and formation pressure in a radially homogeneous shale is unlikely to coincide with the zone of filtrate invasion. If, perchance, this coincidence occurs with one mud a change to a second must result in noncoincidence, i.e., a SP logged in the second mud should show a streaming potential. The dilemma may be overcome by postulating:permeabilities of shales parallel to their bedding planes greatly exceed their cross-bedding permeabilities;a resistivity-sensitive mud cake of low permeability forms either on the face of, or probably in the laminations of, many shales.

These postulates are examined with reference to the pressure and SP histories of the McClosky and Aux Vases zones in the Illinois Basin and some support for them found.

It is concluded that a definitive solution to the streaming potential problem does not exist.
Effect of Fractures on Sweep-out Pattern
Authors: Dyes A.B. , Kemp C.E. , Caudle B.H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 245–249.

It has been suggested that formation fractures created by well stimulation treatments will adversely affect sweep-out efficiency in injection operations. Fluid-flow model studies involving vertical fractures of various lengths and fluid systems of various mobility ratios have been carried out to study this subject. In addition, limited data have been obtained on one model containing a horizontal fracture. It was found that relatively long and highly conductive fractures (not generally obtained in fracturing operations) were required to affect the sweep-out efficiency substantially.

In a given case in the field an approximate distinction can be made between the presence of long conductive fractures and shorter or less conductive ones. This is done with pressure build-up analyses along with data on the relationship of fracture length and conductivity to well productivity. This type analysis shows that usually the fractures induced are either short or of limited conductivity and therefore do not damage sweep-out efficiency.

Introduction

Improved well productivity and injectivity can frequently be exploited in injection operations. Higher total throughput can yield improved economics. On occasion, the achievement of an increased productivity or injectivity in specific wells can bring about a more uniform sweep of the reservoir.
Velocity Log Characteristics
Authors: Stripling A.A.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 207–212.

Introduction

This paper discusses the characteristics of the velocity logs now available to the petroleum industry, and some of their advantages and limitations. The velocity log was designed as an aid to the geophysicist to determine velocity layering in the earth and to provide fast, accurate and economical vertical travel time data. After a number of logs had been made, studies were carried out on their use in correlating strata in adjacent wells. It was found that adjacent strata usually show sufficient velocity contrast to make it possible to correlate these from well to well, even in areas where electric or radioactive logs fall. In addition, velocity logs have been useful in the determination of porosity and thickness of reservoir rock. These uses for velocity logs require an understanding of the characteristics of the log in response to the changes in velocity and in borehole conditions encountered normally in logging.

General Discussion of Instrumentation

The measurement made in velocity logging is more accurately described as a measurement of nine rather than velocity. Ideally the log is obtained by measuring the length of time required for compressional sound waves to travel through a fixed distance in the formation. In practice, the time measurement may be made accurately but the distance through which the waves have traveled may vary slightly. Changes in borehole diameter are responsible largely for the difficulty in maintaining a fixed distance, especially if the diameter variations are so abrupt and frequent that the borehole instrument cannot follow contours of the hole. Several service companies have velocity logging equipment available or under development which have different transmitters, receivers, and measuring systems. While these differences are important, there are actually only two systems in use at the present time (Fig. 1). The first system initiates a pulse at a transmitter and detects it at a single receiver. The transmitter and receiver are separated by a fixed distance, called the spacing. The time measured is that between the initiation of the pulse and the first arrival of acoustical energy at the receiver.
A Correlation of the Electrical Properties of Drilling Fluids with Solids Content
Authors: Overton Harold L. , Lipson Leonard B.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 333–336.

An approach to the study of the electrical properties of drilling muds, their cakes and their filtrates was made by treating the drilling fluid as a porous medium. During this study it was found that the weight parameter was omitted from previous investigations on electrical properties. Patnode in 1949 made a similar approach to this investigation. His work showed that there was a variation of resistivity relationships with per cent fluid present in a given suspension. This present study extends Patnode's investigation to one in terms of the solids fraction of the drilling fluids. Previous investigations were made on low weight muds where the effect of the solids fraction was obscured. The following equations were fitted to data taken from 94 field muds and 47 laboratory muds (see Tables 1 and 2).

Introduction

It is generally recognized that the materials present in drilling muds affect the relationship between mud filtrate and mud resistivities. However, most electric log interpretations proceed with the assumption that the mud resistivity and temperature are the only important parameters needed to obtain a filtrate resistivity or a mud cake resistivity.

Lamont suggests that only average relationships exist between mud cake, mud filtrate and mud resistivities. He indicates that there is limited accuracy when these intercorrelated factors are used since no other measurable variable is apparent. A previous paper by Patnode indicates that drilling fluids may be considered to be a system of fluids in solid particles which may be correlated electrically in a manner similar to rock solids.

Experimental

The measurements of mud weight, fluid and solids resistivity, alkalinity, and chloride content of mud samples were made in this research. Mud samples representing drilling fluids from 94 Louisiana and Texas wells (Table 1) and 47 laboratory-constructed systems (Table 2) were used in the experimentation. The measurements of the mud properties were made both in the field and in the laboratory.

The tests on the properties of weight, alkalinity and chloride ion were standard tests as described by API specifications. The resistivity measuring devices were constructed in the laboratory for this study. For details on the resistivity equipment see Fig. 1.
Field Results of South Belridge Thermal Recovery Experiment
Authors: Gates C.F. , Ramey H.J.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 236–244.

Results of a field research project on the thermal recovery of oil by movement of a combustion front are presented. This field test was conducted in the South Belridge field, Calif. The test pattern was a single 2.5-acre five-spot pattern in the 700-ft deep Tulare sand.

Results of this project indicate the technical feasibility of producing high viscosity, low-gravity crude oils by thermal means. It was demonstrated that heavy oils could be moved rapidly over considerable distances by thermal drive, and that high percentage recoveries of oil could be effected. The bulk of the oil recovery came after arrival of the burning front at a production well. However, rapid corrosion and high-temperature failure of conventional pipe and equipment both below and above surface occurred. Stainless steels gave more satisfactory performance under these conditions than did conventional steels.

Oxygen was seldom observed in gas from wells ahead of the burning front, and it appears that the front was continuous throughout the life of the experiment.

Introduction

During late 1953 and early 1954, industry-wide attention was focused on the thermal recovery of oil by movement of a combustion front through an oil zone. Two separate Oklahoma field tests were described in publications by. Kuhn and Koch, and Grant and Szasz. To obtain basic information needed for making engineering and economic appraisals of commercial recovery of heavy oil by this thermal recovery method, a new field research project was started May 31, 1955. Twelve oil companies contributed to this project with General Petroleum Corp. as operator.

Since combustion recovery experiments with heavy oils in other areas had been conducted In small patterns, an important purpose of this test was to determine whether the process could be operated in a pattern of near-commercial well spacing. The South Belridge field, located 30 miles north of Taft, Calif., was chosen because its oil sands are similar to many heavy oil sands which typically have low primary recovery and leave a large amount of oil in place. Such fields are not particularly suited for common secondary recovery methods.
Effect of a Partial Monolayer of Propping Agent on Fracture Flow Capacity
Authors: Darin S.R. , Huitt J.L.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, 1960, Vol. 219, pages 31–37. Paper presented at 34th Annual Fall Meeting of SPE, Oct. 4–7, 1959 in Dallas.

The use of a partial monolayer of propping agent to obtain a high flow capacity for a hydraulically induced fracture is discussed. From the results of laboratory work it was shown that a modified form of the Kozeny-Carman relation could be used to describe the flow in the partial monolayer propped fracture. With equations presented in the paper, the density pattern of the propping agent (number of particles per unit of fracture surface) that results in the maximum flow capacity for the fracture can be determined. The maximum flow capacity obtained with a partial monolayer is often an order of magnitude greater than the flow capacity obtained in greater width fractures containing multilayers of the propping agent.

Introduction

One of the predominant factors controlling the success of a hydraulic fracturing operation is the propping of the fracture. The trend in hydraulic fracturing recently has been an increase in the ratio of propping agent-to-fluid. The primary purpose of this increased ratio is to sustain a propped fracture of greater width. It was shown in a recent study that for some formations low concentrations Of propping agent would result in "closing" or "healing" of the fracture. In some cases, in an effort to insure sufficient propping agent concentration, the fracturing operation is designed to obtain a pack of the propping agent in the fracture. The placing of a pack of propping agent in the fracture provides a fracture of maximum width; however, the width alone does not control the flow capacity of the fracture. The flow capacity is dependent on the permeability of the fracture, as well as the fracture width. Thus, increasing the permeability to obtain larger flow capacities is as important as obtaining a greater width fracture.
Production Behavior of a Water-Blocked Oil Well
Authors: Ribe K.H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 1–6.

Water often enters an oil reservoir during completion of workover operations on a well and forms a partial "water block" to oil production. A mathematical study of radial two-phase flow, neglecting capillary effects, has been employed to study the formation of such a water block and subsequent removal by production from the well. The effects of reduced oil permeability about the well on the well productivity were studied. The fluid saturation distributions about the well during formation and removal of the water block have also been computed. Several relative permeability relations and viscosity ratios were employed.

If water has invaded the formation, its influence through relative permeability effects alone can cause the following.Oil productivity will be depressed for extended periods after production is resumed and will build up only gradually as the water is removed.Oil injected for treatment of water blocking will delay rather than promote restoration of full well productivity by enlarging the region invaded by water.

Thus, unless the specific action of chemicals contained in the oil is needed, oil injection appears undesirable.

Introduction

During oilwell workover operations, water may enter the oil-bearing formation from the wellbore. When production is resumed, oil must flow through the region invaded by this water. The presence of this region can cause both well productivity and oil production rate to be low and oil to be produced with high water-oil ratio for some time after production is initiated. This situation is sometimes described as a water block.

The introduction of water into the formation may result in other actions which also lead to reduction in well productivity and which are also usually included in the connotation of the broad term, water block.
Estimation of Primary Oil Reserves for Lansing-Kansas City Reservoirs
Authors: Volosin J.H.
Published: February 2020

Kansas Waterflood Symposium of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME,19 November, Great Bend, Kansas

The purpose of this paper is to present a method of making initial primary reserve estimates for Lansing-Kansas City reservoirs occurring within the confines of the Central Kansas Uplift. Hypothetical charts presenting reservoir fluid characteristics were prepared, based upon the comparison of a reservoir fluid sample and previously published fluid correlations. The method of predicting primary reserves is based upon the past performance of a number of Lansing-Kansas City wells. Also presented are formulae which permit the calculation of reservoir saturation conditions during, or at the end of the reservoirs primary life, which are necessary before reliable secondary estimates can be made.

Introduction

The initial estimation of primary oil reserves for a Lansing-Kansas City reservoir is in most instances a difficult problem for the petroleum engineer to solve. This difficulty arises not from a difference in production or reservoir energy concepts, but from the fact that the reserves discovered do not justify the collection of sufficient engineering data such as core analysis, relative permeability ratios, reservoir fluid samples, pressure histories, etc., to permit a reserve evaluation of these predominately undersaturated solution gas drive reservoirs, by normal material balance methods.

Therefore the purpose of this paper is to present correlations of the various reservoir fluid properties of the Lansing-Kansas City crude in conjunction with a method of making initial primary reserve estimates that is based on the past performance of a number of Lansing-Kansas City reservoirs.

Reservoir Fluid Correlations

Prior to making reservoir calculations a knowledge of the physical properties of the reservoir fluid is required. This data is best obtained from the PVT analysis of a sample of the reservoir fluid, which in the case of Lansing-Kansas City reservoirs is a rarity. We are therefore forced to rely upon a correlation of some easily obtainable surface parameters with these reservoir fluid properties to permit reliable reserve calculations.

Various authors have presented correlations concerned with the prediction of oil viscosity, solubility and shrinkage of numerous crude samples with various reservoir properties. In order to obtain a relationship between this published data and an available Lansing-Kansas City reservoir fluid sample, the original data presented by Katz and Beal was plotted in conjunction with this data and the published correlation curves were shifted to match the sample, as stated in the following discussion.
Some Aspects of Unitized or Cooperative Waterflood Development
Authors: Hockaday D.E.
Published: February 2020

Kansas Waterflood Symposium of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME,19 November, Great Bend, Kansas

This paper examines the use of voluntary Unitization Agreements and Cooperative Agreements in forming waterflood projects in the Lansing-Kansas City formation. General characteristics and probable types of floods are discussed in relation to the two basic types of agreements.

It is concluded that both types of agreements will find a place in Lansing, Kansas City water flood operation but that the fully unitized operation is usually the superior method.

A compulsory unitization law in Kansas would greatly expedite the formation of unitized projects.

Introduction

During the past decade, the oil industry has made great technical strides in the fields of drilling, geology, geophysics, equipment development and reservoir engineering. These advances coupled with wise regulatory body regulations have enabled the industry to operate profitably and still provide the public with unlimited supplies of petroleum products at reasonable prices. This goal has been achieved even though the cost of replacing reserves has constantly increased due to deeper drilling, increased labor and material costs and a decline in the exploratory discovery ratio. One of the major factors involved in this accomplishment has been the increased use of secondary recovery by waterflooding. It is apparent that in the more mature producing provinces, current primary oil discoveries are relatively unimportant and the secondary recovery mechanisms are contributing an increasingly great portion of the domestic production. As previous papers presented here today have pointed out, the water flood possibilities of reservoirs in the Lansing-Kansas City group appear to be very attractive. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of unitized and cooperative agreements in developing these waterfloods.

While this is necessarily a broad subject, I have attempted to restrict my comments to areas which will specifically apply to Lansing and Kansas City problems.
Natural and Accidental Waterflooding of the Lansing-Kansas City Limestone in the Hall-Gurney Field, Russell County, Kansas
Authors: Huff Ray V.
Published: February 2020

Kansas Waterflood Symposium of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME,19 November, Great Bend, Kansas

The Lansing-Kansas City formation, most prolific of several oil producing formations in the Hall-Gurney field, lies at a depth of about 2,900 feet and structurally is a relatively flat anticline.

Originally only wells in structural troughs along the edges of the field produced water with the oil, but by 1959 more than half of the wells produced appreciable quantities of water. Studies of the oil and water production histories of these wells, together with studies of analyses of produced water, indicate several natural and accidental floods. Waters entering through leaky casings and from improperly plugged wells have greatly complicated a correct interpretation. On many leases oil recoveries were increased as a result of these accidental floods.

Future water-flood development should consider the past oil and water production histories of the property as it relates to probable oil and water saturation of the several oil productive zones.

Introduction

The geology and production history of the Hall-Gurney field in Russell County, Kans., have been studied by Bureau of Mines engineers with a view toward suggesting methods to increase oil recovery. Waterflooding is one of the more successful methods commonly used for increasing oil recoveries and should have wide application in this field. In the consideration of properties for flooding, a knowledge of the oil and water contents of the oil productive zones is important. If the oil content is too low or the water saturation is too high, the flood will be unprofitable. Usually oil and water-production histories are valuable guides to the probable oil and water saturations of a property. However, in an old field, an increase in water production does not necessarily mean natural encroachment of edge or bottom formation waters. Leaky casings or faulty bottom-hole plugs may allow extraneous waters to enter the well or wells.

The chemical and physical characteristics of each extraneous water differ somewhat from those of water from the oil-productive zone. These differences can be determined and emphasized by a careful study of analyses of samples of produced waters.

This paper describes the use of water analyses and water-production data in determining the nature and extent of natural and accidental flooding of the Lansing-Kansas City limestone in the Hall-Gurney field. Six such flooded areas are described where oil and water production rates have been increased. Although some additional oil has been recovered by these floods, accompanying changes in the oil and water saturations of the oil producing zones seriously limit the potentialities of the areas for further planned development.
Macro-Rheology and Micro-Rheological Study of Composite Polymer Gel at High Salinity and Acidic Conditions for CO2 Shut Off Treatment in Harsh Reservoirs for Improving Oil Recovery
Authors: Lashari Zeeshan Ali , Kang Wanli , Yang Hongbin , Zhang Hongwen , Sarsenbekuly Bauyrzhan
Published: February 2020

In Enhanced oil recovery methods, CO2 is an excellent injecting fluid than water because of its prominent properties which includes non-flammability, non-polarity and non-toxicity. The reservoir pressure is over minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), it also provides for miscible displacement process of multi-contact. The CO2 injection process has been widely practiced in oil industry in the last decades. In the fractured or heterogeneous reservoirs, the injected gas will mostly passage through the fractures or high permeability layers which present the minimum flow resistance, leaving much of crude oil unrecovered in the low permeability rock-matrix.

In this research, a composite polymer gel was proposed for harsh reservoir conditions, such as high salinity (NaCl 15.0 wt%, Ca2+ 0.8wt% and Mg2+ 0.8wt %), acid conditions (pH 3.25) and analyzed systematically at laboratory scale, consisting of polymer, cross linker and nanoparticles (silica dioxide). The gel system was characterized by different parameters like viscosity (μ), loss modulus (G″) and elastic modulus (G′) by varying polymer concentration, cross-linker concentration, silica dioxide (SiO2) concentration by using macro-rheology. The micro-rheology was used to calculate mean square displacement (MSD) and elasticity index (EI) of composite gel system. The bottle testing method was used for characterizing the gelation time of composite, gelation code and synergistic mechanism.

The macro-rheological results of composite polymer gel proved that elastic modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of composite gel system tends to increase with increment in silica dioxide (SiO2), polymer, cross linker and salinity concentrations. The results of G′ and G″ showed that composite gel have good elasticity at high salinity and acidic conditions. The gelation time observed was 6 days, which is sufficient to pump the gel into targeted zone. The gel code obtained was G at the temperature of 60°C. The elasticity index (EI) in micro-rheological results showed that gel has good elasticity, and MSD curve showed gelling fluid is elastic fluid and bears good stability. The composite polymer gel bears very low syneresis in acid conditions for 60 days at the temperature of 60°C, and having good thermal stability.

The laboratory scale research indicates that newly formulated composite polymer gel can be efficiently applied to heterogeneous reservoirs for harsh reservoir conditions and CO2 shut-off problems, and can decrease the water or gas breakthrough problems by plugging the highly permeable channels and increasing the sweep efficiency from low permeable reservoir to produce the residual oil and ultimately increase the production of oil.
Wellbore Stability Analysis in Anisotropic Shale Formations
Authors: Parkash Dayal , Deangeli Chiara
Published: February 2020

Serious stability problems in boreholes drilled in transversely isotropic rocks have led to several studies related to the combined effect of wellbore trajectory and weakness plane inclination. The stability analyses of wellbores drilled in fields that were affected by slip along the weakness planes were carried out with software based on the weakness plane model. However, this model is discontinuous and cannot capture features of some transversely isotropic rocks. The Hoek & Brown criterion, adapted to anisotropic rocks, is a continuous criterion that can predict mud pressures in a complete range of inclination of the weakness planes. However, this criterion requires a consistent number of triaxial tests, for the determination of the controlling parameters at various inclinations of the weakness planes. Here we propose a novel procedure for the prediction of wellbore pressures in transversely isotropic rocks (typically shales) with the Hoek & Brown criterion coupled with the weakness plane model. The procedure requires a set of uniaxial compression tests performed on rock specimens at different inclinations of the weakness planes and one triaxial test carried out at an inclination of the weakness planes in the range 50°-60°. For our purposes we used the results of lab tests carried out on Opalinus clay.