bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
chapter XV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

WE rode across a low ridge of mountains, rocks which looked like iron ore lying about in all directions, and presently arrived at the Kizil Ermak, a broad and rapid stream which runs into the Black Sea, about fifty miles S.E. of Sinope. The distance across the river was at least one hundred yards, the left bank being very precipitous. The depth of the water, owing to the recent rains, was not less than seven feet. There is no bridge in the neighbourhood, the nearest being twentyfour miles higher up the river; I was curious to learn how we

should reach the other shore. The guide soon solved the problem. Riding about half a mile along the bank, he put two fingers in his mouth and whistled. In a few minutes the sound was answered from the opposite side of the river. Six men appeared in sight. Descending the bank, they dragged a triangular-shaped barge from some rushes, and, getting into it, began to pull with all their might in our direction. The current was very swift, the starting-point was nearly half a mile beyond us; but notwithstanding this, the oarsmen overshot their mark. We had to lead our horses some little distance before we reached the boat.
chapter XVI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

ON the track once more; and now we came to a large stone, in the middle of the path. This marked the resting-place of a victim to the recent famine. The poor fellow had fallen down from exhaustion, and had died on this spot. It was too much trouble for the survivors to move his corpse, they had made a hole and buried him where he lay.

My grey horse, which Osman was riding, still went very lame; so I limited our march to six hours, and stopped at the little village of Daili. Here there were only fifteen houses. Many camels and herds of cattle were grazing in the neighbourhood, and the ground appeared to have been cultivated for a considerable distance. On this occasion the fortune of travellers gave us better quarters. The house in which we were lodged was clean. A raised dais of wood was set apart for the servants. Mattresses with cushions were reserved for the proprietor and his guests.
chapter XXX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

SNOW fell heavily during the night. The next morning our path was covered to a depth of quite two feet. In the valley it was as much as our horses could do to force a passage onward; but, as we ascended a mountain path, the snow, though deep, was in a frozen state, and afforded a firm foothold.

The scenery was very picturesque as we gradually climbed the steep. The bushes and pine-trees which studded the mountain’s sides were wreathed in flossy snow; crags of all shapes and colours glinted out above the pale white carpet. A thick veil of azure clouds hung on the peaks of the distant hills; then, gradually dispersed by the rising sun, it broke up into a hundred different forms, and, ascending higher in the sky, opened out other mountains to our vision. Layer upon layer of seemingly ever-ascending ranges barred the way in front. They sparkled beneath the rays of the golden orb. They flashed and glittered like the billows of the mighty deep. My eyeballs acted and felt as if they would burst beneath the glare. The village at our feet disappeared in the distance; shrubs and such-like traces of vegetation were now no longer to be seen. We had arrived in the midst of what seemed to be a vast white ocean. The intensity of the light created a kind of mirage along the surface. The various crests and ranges seemed to rise and fall. They became more wave-like than before. Not a living thing was in sight save
chapter XXXIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

MY host now called out in a loud voice, “Atech!” (fire!) “I want to show you my Russian servant,” he remarked. The

door opened. A man of about fifty years of age, with an unmistakable Calmuck cast of countenance, brought a piece of live charcoal, between a pair of iron tongs, and placed it in the bowl of my host’s chibouk; then, retiring to the end of the room, and crossing his arms, he awaited a fresh order.
chapter XXXV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

I WAS beginning to be a little alarmed about the health of my servant Radford. So far he had not been ill, and had resisted the fatigue of wading through deep snow, of bad sleeping accommodation and indifferent fare. He had complained of a pain in his heart, during our march that morning, and had not been able to walk up-hill save at a very slow rate. On arriving at the farmer’s house, he had lain down in a corner, and, according to Mohammed, was very ill. I went to him, and, feeling his pulse, found that it intermitted. He was feverish, and complained of a pain in the head.

“Would he be able to march the following day?” “He thought he should.”

I was exceedingly doubtful about it; and, leaving word with Mohammed to call me, should his fellow-servant be taken worse in the night, I lay down by the side of our horses and tried to go to sleep.
chapter XLI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

IT was bitterly cold as we gradually climbed the mountains which lie between Erzingan and Erzeroum, and after a nine hours’ march we halted for the night at a little village called Delan. There were only twelve mud hovels. The three hundred Kurds stowed themselves away as best they could. I was fortunate enough to obtain a resting-place in a stable. My horses were packed together as closely as possible on one side of the building. There was just room for my followers and myself on the other.

The inhabitants of this little hamlet were Kurds, and the people did their best to make the newly-arrived soldiers comfortable. The latter were all fed at the expense of the villagers; each inhabitant giving as much bread as he could spare towards the rations of his countrymen. So far as I could learn, none of the soldiers had any money with them, and it was a five days’ march to Erzeroum. But they evidently had solved the problem of how to get on without money; a week later I saw them arrive at their destination, and, with the exception of a few men laid up with frost-bite, they were not much the worse for their journey.
chapter XLII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

AN Armenian, the Pacha’s interpreter, now entered the room. Presently he observed that the Russian Consul at Erzeroum had just received a telegram.

“He read it to me himself,” said the Armenian. “He wants its contents to be made known to you. It is from the Russian Authorities in the Caucasus, and has come via Batoum. It runs as follows: ‘Two months ago, an Englishman, a certain Captain Burnaby, left Constantinople with the object of travelling in Asia Minor. He is a desperate enemy (un ennemi acharne) of Russia. We have lost all traces of him since his departure from Stamboul. We believe that the real object of his journey is to pass the frontier, and enter Russia. Do your best, sir, to discover the whereabouts of this aforesaid Captain. Find means to inform him that in the event of his entering our territory, he will be immediately expelled.’”
chapter XLIV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

ERZEROUM was certainly the land of rumours, or, to use a slang expression, “shaves.” Shortly after returning to my

quarters, the Pacha called and said that he had received a telegram to the effect that England, Germany, and Turkey were to be allies in the coming struggle.

“Do you believe it?” I inquired.

“Well,” replied the Pacha, “the Germans, it is said, do not like the Russians, and Russia is believed to be an ally of France.”

“If Germany does not fight France soon,” observed another Turk, “France will be too strong for Germany.”

“That is what I think,” said the Pacha: “Germany sees the nation that she has beaten making every effort to become strong, so as to revenge herself for her defeat. Bismarck will not be likely to await that event.”

A Turkish engineer officer now entered the room. He informed us that a telegram had arrived to say that the English Parliament had been opened.
chapter XLIX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

ON the morrow we were up before daybreak, and not only ourselves, but almost all the male inhabitants of the village. They had turned out, some on horseback and others with spades and shovels, to try and force a passage through the snow. In addition to these men there were two caravans, comprising between them over 200 camels, and accompanied by fifty Persians. It was very cold. The lieutenant was doubtful whether we should succeed in clearing a way before us. According to the Kurd, there were still six feet of snow in many places along the track.
chapter L
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

WE met with some Armenian lads riding calves, and driving others before them, the driven animals carrying packsaddles, which were laden with sacks of corn. The Christians in this district make use of their cattle as beasts of burden. It is not at all an uncommon sight to see Armenians, man and wife, riding to market on cows and oxen. Buffaloes are much in request with the inhabitants on account of the great strength of these animals. Some of the richer Christians possess from twenty to thirty buffaloes, two of which are considered a fair price for a girl-it being the custom of the was brought up at Bayazid, and afterwards became Caimacan at Toprak Kale. He had lost his life in the affray with the Circassians, which has already been mentioned in this work.
chapter LVII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

I WAS not sorry to reach Kotoor. The track had been very bad for the last half of our journey. An eleven hours’ march made under such circumstances is tiring for man as well as beast. There is a quarantine station in the town. The medical officer in charge has to examine all people travelling from Persia to Turkey by this route. This is done to prevent persons suffering from cholera or plague spreading these maladies throughout the Sultan’s dominions.
chapter LIX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

I NOW walked to an extempore market which the Armenians are making use of until the old one is reconstructed. With the exception of quantities of rough silk brought from Persia, raw cotton, and carbonate of soda, which had been taken from the lake, there was literally nothing to see. It was said that there were 20,000 inhabitants in the town; I am inclined to believe that the number has been exagger- water were reflected in the sky. Presently we crossed a little stream known as the Mahmod Tchai, and after a short march halted at Gull-a small village with thirty houses, half belonging to Armenians, half to Mohammedans.
chapter LXVIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

I NOW learnt that corn is dear in this district, costing two piastres and a half the oke. It is chiefly brought here from the neighbourhood of Ardahan, the difficulty of transport adding enormously to the price. Indian corn is grown in the vicinity of Livana, but it is not easy to procure barley. This last, however, is not so much required, as there are hardly any horses in the neighbourhood. Just above Miradet lie the ruins of an old bridge. At this time of the year, the only way to cross the river is in the cayeks of the peasants. I was informed that in the summer months a horseman could ford the Tschoroch in some places near the village. According to the Mudir, there are iron-mines in the neighbourhood, but the inhabitants did not work them.
With the Sitwells, 1923–9
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

The poignant numbers of Façaderecall that it is a work dating from a time when the world was in a period of violent and sudden change, an old order giving place to new. This was the age, in musical England, that rejected Elgar, not yet being able to hear in his music the sound of the ebbing sea. For a symbolic image of a relevant aspect of this period one may return to those soirees presided over by Frank Schuster which tried after 1918 to pretend that only four years by the calendar separated them from 1914.
In Switzerland, 1931–3
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

The year 1931 was also notable for Walton because it saw the start of Frederick Ashton’s ballet to the music of Façade.This, however, was not the first Façadeballet: Gunter Hess had choreographed it for the German Chamber Dance Theatre in Hagen, Westphalia, in September 1929. Hess visited London the next year and is said to have exchanged ideas with Ashton. The music for the ballet was taken from the orchestral suite. Edith Sitwell had refused to give Ashton permission to use the original entertainment as a ballet, though Walton was willing.
Finished Symphony, 1934–5
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

The symphony had two further performances in its incomplete form, at Courtauld-Sargent concerts on 1 and 2 April 1935. Walton resumed work on the Finale around this time. He still did not know what to do about the middle of the movement. According to Walton himself, he rang up Lambert, who suggested a fugue. ‘But I don’t know how to write one.’ ‘There are a couple of rather good pages on the subject in Grove’s Dictionary.’ So he read the Grove entry and wrote the fugue. But using it still worried him, perhaps because Vaughan Williams had also resorted to a fugue in the Finale of his Fourth Symphony, which had its first performance on 10 April 1935. Writing to Foss from Sacheverell Sitwell’s home at Towcester on 9 July, Walton sent him ten bars of the main fugue subject, saying he had produced it within the previous ten days and describing it as ‘the third subject’.
Making An Opera, 1948–52
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

Reticent as always, Walton wrote no letter in which he expressed his feelings about the death of Alice Wimborne. Work was his therapy. He resumed composition of the sonata Roy Douglas’s diary for 21 June 1948 records: ‘William is writing a new Violin Sonata.’ He also undertook a considerable revision of the score of Belshazzar’sFeast.In February 1948 Douglas had told Oxford University Press that there were over eighty errors in the full score. As a result, Walton went through it and in the process took out much of the percussion and drastically rescored the music between rehearsal cue numbers 62 and 65 and between 74 and 77 and also adjusted the scoring elsewhere. The first performance of the revised version was given on 8 March 1950, conducted by Sargent. Later, before the study score was published in 1957, Walton entirely rescored the last fourteen bars, extending them to eighteen, using full orchestra and adding the upper octaves instead of only the lower instruments.
Coronation Interlude, 1952–3
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

The Troiluscorrespondence shows that it was the composer—as it was Verdi, Strauss, Britten—who was constantly concerned about the timings of scenes and arias and the practical business of staging the opera. Walton would challenge Hassan about a character’s entrance, for instance: why bring them on at that point and give them nothing to sing for ten minutes? It was Walton who kept altering the stage action and demanding lines to cover the new situations. For a man writing his first opera, he showed an astonishing appreciation and knowledge of what could or should be feasible on the stage, all of which suggests he was potentially the dramatist Tovey had suspected as a result of hearing the Viola Concerto and Belshazzar’s Feast.On 6 March 1952 he was still worrying about the love duet and asking for two extra verses.
Finishing An Opera, 1953–4
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

Walton’s first letter to Hassall since May 1953 was written on 8 December. ‘At long last I’m getting down to write to you. I’ve been scoring away like mad and have completed Act I and am now immersed in Act II which I fear will take me to the end of June (a month behind schedule!).’ He was still altering small details of the plot, cutting and omitting lines and verses of the libretto. Auden had again addressed himself to Act III.
Cello Concerto, 1955–7
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

The reason Laurence Olivier withdrew from his intention of producing Troilus and Cressidabecame evident in May 1954 when he announced that he was to make a film of Shake· speare’s Richard III,a part he had played on stage with conspicuous success. Walton had agreed to compose the music, which he wrote in some haste during February and March 1955, having been ordered not to produce a score until the recording of the music was being undertaken at Shepperton Studios. He enjoyed working with Olivier.
Bletchley Park
Authors: Stripp Alan
Published: November 2023

After the First World War the British government reviewed the lessons learnt in breaking German codes. It decided to establish a new unit called the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), ostensibly ‘to advise as to the security of codes and cyphers used by all Government departments and to assist in their provision’ but also, in a secret clause, ‘to study the methods of cypher communications used by foreign powers’: in other words to break and read their signals traffic. GC&CS, an inter-service unit, was to operate under the overall control of the Admiralty in the person of its Director of Naval Intelligence, Commodore (later Admiral) Hugh Sinclair, nicknamed ‘Quex’. The connection with the Royal Navy was no accident; their Room 40 had been notably successful in breaking German naval codes in the 1914—18 war and was anxious not to lose its expertise in peacetime; The operational head was to be Alistair Denniston, a former member of Room 40, with Edward Travis as deputy and a team which included William Clarke, Dillwyn Knox, Oliver Strachey and the Russian and Japanese experts Felix Fetterlein and Ernest Hobart-Hampden. It also contained Leslie Lambert, better known as the short-story writer A.J. Alan. The establishment was twenty-five, with forty-six assistants.
What did they tell us?
Authors: Stripp Alan
Published: November 2023

Signals intelligence, like all intelligence, is most fruitful and most reliable when it is carefully co-ordinated, so that the products of several crypto systems are interwoven and matched with information coming in from other sources such as captured documents, prisoner interrogation and aerial reconnaissance. But I shall start by giving typical messages from single crypto systems. Notice that the phrase ‘X groups lost’ means that an error has crept in at som’e stage between the initial encoding and reciphering of the message and its final breaking and translating by the intercept and codebreaking unit. Sometimes the nature of the error may be obvious; then the codebreaker’s emendation will be shown, but in brackets, to stress that it is conjectural. Similarly remarks like ‘strong indications Mandalay’ or ‘fair indications Meiktila’ will be found when the text has been mangled, or when the message hints at something not explicitly stated, which the person collating and evaluating the message, rather than the cryptographer-translator, wishes to add for the benefit of the intelligence staff at headquarters. It is not the codebreaker’s job to make such conjectures on the basis of what he believes to be operational probability although he will naturally have that in mind when he casts up possible restorations of the text.
What is so special about signals intelligence?
Authors: Stripp Alan
Published: November 2023

Why this great emphasis on sigint? What is so special about it? What about the other ways of finding out what the enemy, ‘the man over the hill’, to use the Duke of Wellington’s words, is up to? Surely spies, captured documents and the interrogation of prisoners are all tried and tested methods, joined more recently by aerial photography and, even nearer to our own times, satellite surveillance? The answer is that all of these have their value, and intelligence is at its best when it draws together the results of all reliable probings, both to complement and to check each other. But most of the other methods have inbuilt limitations which hardly apply to sigint.
Revival and Survival
Authors: Riley-Smith Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The crusades are remembered today wherever there is ideological conflict, and the images and language associated with them or their counter the jihad are regularly called to mind in violence which involves Christians and Muslims in the Balkans or the Near East. Indeed the Maronites in Lebanon, whose Church was united to Rome in 1181, have always retained a nostalgic attachment to the centuries of western settlement, an era their historians came to see as a golden age.
Taking leave
Authors: Robinson Jane
Published: November 2023

Only a Jenny could have written that. Jenny was the name given to a character expressly designed, in a jaunty little pamphlet of 1869, to tempt away Britain’s surplus females to the colonies. She was a paragon: feminine, strong, enterprising, hard-working, intellectual enough to satisfy (without surpassing) any potential husband’s needs—and ignorant.
Matters Domestic
Authors: Robinson Jane
Published: November 2023

It must have been difficult for a conscientious lady like Mrs Houstoun: on the one hand, she had a moral and social obligation to keep servants in their place. God forbid they should become corrupted with this American notion of domestic democracy: people like her had a duty to protect simple souls from such inconvenient ‘charms and delusions’. Yet, she knew that, for an emigrant British gentlewoman, emigrant British servants were essential. And in cripplingly short supply.
Triumph and Delight
Authors: Robinson Jane
Published: November 2023

She sounds quite disappointed. It was an ‘Emigrant Lady’ from Muskoka a couple of chapters ago who said that she used to long for things to happen: things like bears leaping through the window, or hurricanes blowing, just to break the lonely tedium of being an emigrant Englishwoman in the back-woods.
Twenty Degrees below Zero—Provisions—Wolves in the Neighbourhood—Our Troika—Driving along the Volga—Price of Com—Bridge being built over the River—The Sterlet—The Cossacks of the Ural—How to Catch Sturgeon —The Three Kinds of Caviare.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

“You had better put on plenty of clothes,” was the friendly caution I received from my companion as I entered the dressing-room. “ The thermometer marks 20 degrees below zero (Reaumur), and there is a wind.” People in this country who have never experienced a Russian winter have little idea of the difference even a slight breeze makes when the mercury stands low in the thermometer, for the wind then cuts through you, furs and all, and penetrates to the very bones. Determining to be on my guard against the frost, I dressed myself, as I thought, as warmly as possible, and so as to be utterly impervious to the elements.
A Hole in the Ice— The two Alternatives—Being Dragged through the Water— Preparing for the Leap—Price of Land—Our First Halting-place—Winnowing Com—Russian Idols.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The road now changed its course, and our driver directed his steeds towards the bank. Suddenly we discovered that immediately in front of us the ice had broken beneath a horse and sleigh, and that the animal was struggling in the water. The river here was fortunately only about four feet deep, so there would not be much difficulty in extracting the quadruped, but what to ourselves seemed far more important was to solve the knotty problem of how to get to land. For between our sleigh and the shore was a wide gulf, and there seemed to be no possibility of driving through it without a wetting. “ Pleasant,” muttered my companion, “ pleasant, very; let us get out and have a good look round, to see if we cannot find a place where we can get across in safety.”
Pins-and-Needles—Spoiled Horses—Driver’s idea of distance—The Halting-place —Our Fellow Travellers—A Devout but Unwashed Pedlar—A Glorious Sunrise—A Bargain is a Bargain.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

Very soon that so-called “ pins-and-needles “ sensation, recalling some snowballing episodes of my boyish days, began once more to make itself felt. I found myself commencing a sort of double shuffle against the boards of the vehicle. The snow was falling in thick flakes. With great difficulty our driver could keep the track. His jaded horses sometimes sank up to the traces in the rapidly-forming drifts. They floundered heavily along the now thoroughly hidden road. The cracks of his whip sounded like pistol-shots against their jaded flanks. Volumes of invectives issued from his lips.
A Sheepskin Suit—Servant Hunting—A Tartar Dwarf—Nazar—Packing the Sleigh—Kirghiz Camels—Ural Mountains—Krasnogorsk—Bouran—Off the Track—Hamess Broken—Driver Loses his Way—Nazar Famished—Keeping Awake under Difficulties—The Rescue—Nazar’s Culinary Composition— Benighted Travellers—The Courier—An Officer and his Wife—The Doctor —Bleeding—Curiosity—Tropical Heat or Extreme Cold, which is the worst to bear ?
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The excitement created in the household by the prisoner’s arrival having calmed down, I set out with my friend G— to see if I could purchase a sheepskin suit such as is worn by the Russian peasantry. In the meantime, Bektchourin very good- naturedly went off in search of a servant. “ I must get you one,” he said. “ You shall not go alone. It shall not be said that there is not one honest Tartar servant in Orenburg.” G— drove me to a street mainly inhabited by dealers in sheepskin. On entering one of the shops, we were nearly compelled to beat a retreat, owing to the smell. A few years ago the Thames on a hot summer’s afternoon, and at low water, had a bouquet peculiarly its own, and one which startled the olfactory nerves; but the odour in this little Russian shop was infinitely more disgusting. The sheepskins were in every stage of preparation.
Ncmad Tribes—A Picture of Desolation—Nazar is Worn Out—The Inspector— Price of Land, Cattle, and Provisions—The Cattle Pest—Vaccinating the Animals—The Kirghiz do not Believe in Doctors—Small Pox—Strict Orders to Prevent Englishmen travelling in Russian Asia—The Cost of Post Horses :—Robbing Peter to pay Paul—Postal Track let out to Contractors—Fort Karabootak—Filthy Stations—Horses wanted—Whipping, the Order of the Day—The Emperor Nicholas—A Snow Storm—Asleep in the Sleigh— Frostbites—Physical Pain—Mental Agony—Cossack Soldiers—Brothers in Misfortune.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The aspect of the country now underwent an entire change. We had left all traces of civilisation behind us, and were regularly upon the steppes; Not the steppes as they are described to us in the summer months. Then hundreds of nomad tribes, like their forefathers of old, migrate from place to place, with their families, flocks, and herds. The dreary aspect of this vast flat expanse is relieved by picturesque kibitkas, or tents, and hundreds of horses, grazing on the rich grass, are a source of considerable wealth to the Kirghiz proprietors.
A Priest—Only one Wife allowed—Russian Bread—The Telegraph in Turkistan —General Milutin might change his Mind—Horse-dealing—Five Pounds for a Horse, Saddle and Bridle, &c.—A Guide—The Expedition to Khiva—The Russian Troops on the March—Forty degrees below Zero, Fahrenheit.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

On returning to the Governor’s I found that gentleman awaiting me for dinner. In the course of conversation he said that the Kirghiz officer had sent round to inform his compatriots that I wished to purchase some horses, and that several animals would be brought for my inspection on the following morning.
The Guide’s Retaliation—Horses’ Nostrils stuffed up with Icicles—Endurance of the Horses—The Brother-in-Law’s Horses—Kalenderhana—A Sudden Thought—Stchi—” The Women expose their Faces “—The Kirghiz Poetry— Sheep—A Sign of Manhood in the Bridegroom—Jealous Females—Feasting —A Peculiar Pocket—Games—Horse Races—The Girls and their Admirers —The Prettiest Girl in the Tribe—A Simple Marriage Ceremony—”But supposing she would not have you ? “
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The sun now arose bright and glorious. All the colours of the rainbow lit up the sky. The wind had calmed. The cold became less searching. Presently my little caravan loomed in sight. Nazar was fast asleep, and stretched out at full length on the top of a gigantic camel. The little Tartar’s legs dangled on each side of the saddle, whilst, for better security, he had strapped himself to a corn-sack.
Disobedience of Orders—A Lesson—A Song about a Sheep—The Importance of a Traveller gauged in Russia by his Furs, in Asia by his Retinue—Worn Out—The Pretty Ice-bearer—Moon-faced Girls—Seville—Gitanas—Buying a Sheep—”Fat!”—A Beautiful Butcher—a Kirghiz Pipe—Kirghiz Tobacco— Heart Disease—Desultory Warfare—Progress of Russia—The Sword and the Gibbet—Christianity and the Bible—A Filthy Habit—Snow for Horses instead of Water—In the Misty Gloom of Awakening Day—Stretching a Point—” We will go to Kalenderhana “—Ootch Ootkool—Tan Sooloo—Tooz —A Small Salt Lake.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The afternoon was now drawing to a close. By this time the guide and myself had ridden on considerably ahead of the Khivan and his party ; the merchant, who spoke a little Russian, having sometimes acted as interpreter between myself and my follower, I had previously desired Nazar to continue marching with the Turkoman and our three camels until they came up to us.
Oogentch—The Town—The Bazaar—A Barber’s Shop—’’These Infidels have Strange Customs “—” Please God you do not get your Throat cut! “—Breakfast with a Khivan Merchant—India a Mine of Wealth in the Eyes of the Russians in Tashkent—”There are many Roads to India”—A Fort at Merve— Shabbatat Canal—The Bridge—The Cemetery—The Tombs— Fearful Scenes —”Who began the War?”—The Kazabat Canal—Shamahoolhoor—A Sportsman—” You have not got a Wife ? “—A Breechloader—” The Khan has now no Soldiers.”
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

We were about four versts from Oogentch, the first town the traveller arrives at in Khivan territory, if going from Kalenderhana to the capital. There was a singular dearth of rising ground throughout the route. If it had not been for the hundreds of dykes which traversed the country on every side, I should have imagined myself back upon the steppes. The snow, too, which had almost disappeared as we passed through the defile in the Kazan-Tor of mountains, now lay thick and flaky on the ground, whilst the cold, in spite of the latitude to which we had attained, was as intense as ever.
Translations
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: November 2023

In the final section of James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) Stephen Dedalus walks the streets of Dublin quoting Ben Jonson, considering the ‘heaps of dead language’ on advertising hoardings, and meditating on the haunting story of sexual invitation and refusal recently told him by his friend Davin, the rural student nationalist and speaker of Irish, for whom Stephen has a tenderness quite exceptional in his relationships with his peers.
A Slight Inflection: Representations of the Big House
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: November 2023

The literature of the Irish ‘Big House’-of, that is, the social and cultural organization of the Anglo-Irish or Protestant Ascendancy class in their houses and on their estates or ‘demesnes’ extends from Maria Edgeworth’s Castle Rackrent, published in 1800, to contemporary fictions such as those of Jennifer Johnston and John Banville. A significant sub-genre in Irish writing, it is predominantly a novelistic tradition.
Lyrical Fields and Featherbeds: Representations of the Rural and the Provincial
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: November 2023

One of the main aims of the Irish Literary Revival had been to establish a literature in English which was nevertheless distinctively Irish; and one of the primary ways in which this aim had been advanced, notably in Yeats’s poetry, was by providing an image of Irish rural life-particularly of life in the West-which would act as a model for various types of moral and artistic behaviour.
Views of Dublin
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: November 2023

Talking to his friend Frank Budgen, James Joyce once famously remarked that his aim in Ulysses was to ‘give a picture of Dublin so complete that if the city one day suddenly disappeared from the earth it could be reconstructed out of my book’. In many ways the city of Dublin as it was in Joyce’s day has in fact disappeared from the earth, victim of heavy urban development and reconstruction since the 1960s; but the encyclopaedic comprehensiveness of Joyce’s depiction of it in his novel has acted as both goad and inhibition to many subsequent writers.
Ulsters of the Mind: The Writing of Northern Ireland
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: November 2023

Introducing Sam Thompson’s Belfast play Over the Bridge (1960) for an edition published in 1970, Stewart Parker said that ‘if making “works of fiction” is not treated as an honest day’s work in western society at large, in Northern Ireland it’s scarcely countenanced as a furtive hobby’. This is consonant with Derek Mahon’s satirical evocation, in 1972, of ‘that once birdless, if still benighted province’. Nevertheless, since the late 1960s writing from the North of Ireland has come to be widely regarded as among the most significant contemporary work in the English language.
mario piazzesi, The Squadrlstl as the Revolutionaries of the New Italy
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

For some time’, he said to me, ‘a new Italy has been forming, an Italy born of professionals, petty bourgeois artisans, peasants, the common people, of all those who fought in the war, and have patiently put up with things. But after a period of uncertainty it is realizing what it has achieved and experiencing a vague feeling of pride at having destroyed a huge empire, for having overcome the age-old awe of the foreigner who for centuries was able to roam at will pillaging our country, at having shaken off a certain sense of inferiority with regard to other Europeans. It feels that the spirit ofVictory is an idea which can nourish even simple souls.
Sergio Panunzio, The New State Born of Syndicalism and Statism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The State, which seemed, especially after the strenuous exertions of Hegelian dialectic and German academic journals, a monumentum aere perennius,” is in a which lives eternally and never dies, the symbol and expression of the juridic need for social unity, living incarnation of the social idea, the only thing that, while Kingdoms, Republics, and Empires dissolve, never dies or fades away.
Benito Mussolini, The Achievements of the Fascist Revolution
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

When Mussolini gave this speech on the ‘state of the nation’ in 1929, the eradication of liberalism and socialism as political threats was complete and institutional foundations of the Fascist state were in place, including the recently signed Lateran Pacts. These for the first time since the Risorgimento reconciled the Vatican to the Italian state. It would be simplistic to dismiss such a passage simply as propaganda, for it captures a feeling which
Giovanni giurati, The Role of Youth under Fascism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The Fascist Party must be aristocratic, in the sense that it must embrace the flower of the race in terms of moral purity, intellectual training, discipline, devotion to the Duce, dedication to the Fatherland. But it must also be a mass party if it wants to provide tens of thousands of Blackshirts able to hold the supreme offices of the State, run the local councils and provinces, regiment the working masses, instruct the youth, in a word bear the enormous burden of constructing a modem State. All the more burdensome because the Party does not want to be the cretinous copy of the type familiar from the past. It wants to be a model to all those who must one day embrace the principles of the Fascist Revolution.
Safeguarding Europe’s Birthright against the Jewish Conspiracy
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Judaism, now that it has succeeded in infiltrating the richest countries in the world, the United States and England, is able to communicate its political directives to its communities in other nations to influence their regimes so as to achieve ever greater penetration into finance, into commerce, into the war industry, into agriculture, into mining, and into high State offices. The English plutocracy had two armies to maintain its ascendancy, one armed and open, the other covertly and insidiously co-operating with its plans for domination.
Introduction
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Once we cross the Alps we leave behind us thesole area ofgeneric fascism which poses no taxonomic problems, and enter the far more contentious sphere of the German ultra-right. In the past there has been considerable debate about whether Nazism can be fruitfully approached as a manifestation of fascism, and some major scholars exercised by the problems of defining this concept have expressed doubts on the issue, notably Renzo De Felice and Ledeen (1976), Zeev Sternhell (1979), and Gilbert Allardyce (see Text 166), doubts shared by a number of major German historians whose starting-point is the study of Nazism itself, including Klaus Hildebrand and Andreas Hillgruber. It is not swprising then if the seminal text on the scholarly debate over the nature of the Third Reich, Ian Kershaw’s The Nazi Dictatorship (1993), includes in the chapter on the ‘Essence of Nazism’ a sustained discussion as to whether it is to be considered a ‘unique phenomenon’ or a ‘form of fascism’.
Ernst Junger, The Great War: Father Of A New Age
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

There are moments when from above the horizon of the mind a new constellation dazzles the eyes of all those who cannot find inner peace, an annunciation and storm-siren betokening a turning-point in world history, just as it once did for the kings from the East. From this point on the surrounding stars are engulfed in a fiery blaze, idols shatter into shards of clay, and everything that has taken shape hitherto is melted down in a thousand furnaces to be cast into new values.
Ernst Von Salomon, The Germany Of The Freikorps
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Ernst von Salomon (1902-72) took part in Freikorps fights with Communists in the Eastern provinces as weU as in the abortive On I April 1919, Bismarck’s birthday-the right-wing parties were holding patriotic celebrations, we left Weimar and the regiment, twenty-eight men with Lieutenant Kay at the head, without any permission or an order to do so, and travelled to the Baltic.
Oswald Spengler, The Prussian Spirit: Salvation Of The White Race
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

make history through amorphous and unique expressions of force. The legions of Caesar are reawakening. Here, perhaps even in this century, the final decisions are waiting for the man to take them. In front of him the petty goals and concepts of today’s politics count as nothing. Whoever holds the sword which wrests victory now will be lord of the world. There lie the dice of this monstrous game.
Franz Pfeffer Von Salomon, Barren Trees
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

First of all I share with Strasser and all revolutionaries the view that property in Germany is wrongly distributed: property, power, culture are in the wrong hands, misery and ruin are suffered by the wrong people, and this situation is growing and consolidating itself to such an extent that only the most drastic, ruthless intervention can force German life and culture [Volkstum] back into the right paths. Immediately after this common assumption, however, the thinking diverges.
Gregor Strasser, Motherhood And Warriorhood As The Key To A National Socialism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

We are socialists. We are enemies, deadly enemies, of today’s capitalist economic system with its exploitation of the economically weak, its unfair wage system, its immoral way of judging the worth of human beings in terms of their wealth and their money, instead of their responsibility and performance, and we are determined to destroy this system whatever happens![... ] And yet it is not enough just to change the system, to replace one economic system by another; what is needed above all is to change the spirit! The spirit to be overcome is the spirit of materialism![... ] We must learn that work means more than possessions! Performance is more than dividends! It is the most wretched legacy of this capitalist system that the criterion for everything’s value is money, wealth, possessions! The decline of a people is the inevitable consequence of the use of this yardstick, because selection on the basis of property is the arch-enemy of race, blood, life! We have never left any doubts about the fact that our national socialism [nationaler Sozialismus] puts an end to the privileges of wealth, and that the emancipation of the worker involves participation in profits, property, and management.
Robert ley, The Joy of the National Socialist Economy
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Fortune has shone on us. It is as if fate wanted to compensate us a little for all the pain and the shame which we had to bear for years: first there was the enormous blood sacrifice which we had to make like no other people!26 And yet we still were denied victory; we still were defeated! And after suffering the heaviest losses of all time we had to endure the shame of defeat, subjugation, occupation. And now fate wants to make up everything to this so sorely tested people.
Heinrich Himmler, Moral Dilemmas
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

In this context and within this intimate circle I can refer to an issue which you, my fellow Party comrades, have all accepted as self-evident, but which has become for me the most difficult issue of my life, the Jewish issue. You all take it for granted as a self-evident and gratifying fact that there are no more Jews in your Gau. All Germans-with a few exceptions-are clear in their minds that we would not have held out against aerial bombardments and the pressures imposed by a fourth year of war, and maybe the fifth and sixth that lie in store, if we still had this plague destroying our people. The few words of the sentence ‘theJews must be exterminated’ are easy to say. Yet for those who must carry out what it demands it is the hardest and most difficult thing there is. You see, of course they are Jews, it is obvious, they are only Jews, but think yourselves how many-even Party members-have made their famous request to me or some other authority stating that of course allJews are swines, only that so-and-so is a decentJew and should not be harmed.[... ] In Germany we have so many millions of people each of whom knows decent Jews that this figure is already bigger than the actual number of Jews.
Oswald Mosley, Christ, Nietzsche, And Caesar
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Our opponents allege that Fascism has no historic background or philosophy, and it is my task this afternoon to suggest that Fascism has roots deep in history and has been sustained by some of the finest flights of the speculative mind. I am, of course, aware that not much philosophy attaches to our activities in the columns of the daily press, and when you read that I was to lecture on ‘The Philosophy of Fascism’, probably many of you said: ‘What has this gangster to do with philosophy?’ However, I trust you will believe that those great mirrors of the public mind do not always give a very accurate reflection, and while you only read of the more stirring moments of our progress, yet there are other moments, which have some depth in thought and constructive conception.[... ]
E d. Randell, britain awake!
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Comrades: the voices of the dead battalions Of those who fell that Britain might be great, Join in our song, for they still march in spirit with us And urge us on to gain the Fascist State! We’re of their blood, and spirit of their spirit, Sprung from that soil for whose dear sake they bled; ‘Gainst vested powers, Red Front, and massed ranks of Reaction We lead the fight for freedom and for bread! The streets are still; the final struggle’s ended; Flushed with the fight we proudly hail the dawn! See, over all the streets the Fascist banners wavmgTriumphant standard of a race reborn.
Vidkun Quisling, A Greater Norway
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Just how totally Quisling’s fascism had accommodated Nazism once Norway was occupied can be seen from his collection of speeches and articles published in translation by the Third Reich in1942, from which this extract is taken. The explanation of the war is the standard.
Gustavs Celmi S,A Latvian Latvia
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

This extract is taken from a speech by theYerkonkrusts’ leader Gustavs Celmi,,J reported in the movement’s newspaper six months after the liberal government had tried unsuccessfully to ban it.

Today the Latvian people ask us: are you the ones who will make the Latvian master in his own land, who will save our nation from misery and collapse?[... ] We are the ones![... ] Our programme with its explanations is sufficient to form the foundation on which a Latvian State for Latvians can be built. These four principles make up the Perkonkrust’s political platform:
Ferenc Szalasi, Hungarism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

original journey inland from the Cape was staged, led to the creation of an authentic fascist movement in the shape of the Ossewabrandwag (OB; Ox-Wagon Sentinel). Its vision of South Africa’s transformation into a ‘Christian Nationalist’ state soon attracted enough members for its leader, van Rensburg, to be able to offer Nazi agents a deal once Germany was at war with Britain. If supplied with enough arms by the Third Reich the 170,000 OB members, or rather its paramilitary formation, the Stormjaers, would stage a coup to overthrow the government, split between pro-British interventionists and neutralists. South Africa would then annex Southern Rhodesia and three British protectorates in exchange for naval and air bases. This led to Operation Weissdom to topple Smuts’s Government in 1941, plans for which were well under way before they were foiled by astute police action. Henceforth the OB ceased to be a credible revolutionary force, but remained a significant source of pro-Nazi Afrikaner ultra-nationalism till the war turned against the Third Reich. It also exerted considerable influence on the Afrikaner Werstandsbeweging formed after the war (see Text 206).
Carlos Keller, Chilean Actum And National Regeneration
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

This sample of MNS ideology is taken from an article in the first issue of the movement’s newspaper Chilean Action, written by its leading ideologue, Hispano-German Carlos Keller in the heady days of its initial expansion.

Since the Pacific W ar’4 and the revolution of 1891,15 the Chilean people has entered a period of decadence, characterized by the prevalence of negative factors.

There is no doubt that the material progress which we have witnessed since the Pacific War is a consequence of the wealth it brought us. But this material progress.
Introduction
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

ow that some impression has been given of the sheer variety of fascisms which had sprung up before 1945, it is appropriate to review some of the approaches adopted by commentators and scholars intent on making sense of this new ‘ism’ which had burst so dramatically onto the scene. If they were not so varied, and in many cases contradictory, this would be unnecessary. However, as was indicated in the General Introduction, the phenomena denoted by the term ‘fascism’ shrink, expand, and change in their historical and geopolitical extension according to which ideal type is applied.