bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trial Day Six
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

In the morning, another eyewitness, Padre Masunzu, testifies that he saw the man identified as Bill Kinsey kneeling by a woman with his hands around her throat. After that testimony, the prosecution closes its case. The judge announces that the court will visit Impala Hill in Maswa. Bill Kinsey agrees to testify, although he is not required to under Tanzanian law, and begins his testimony. “My Lord, I would like to cross over to the witness box and make a sworn statement. . . . I loved my wife and never suspected her of infidelity. . . We had met in Peace Corps training, married, and came to Tanzania to teach. . . . The diary contained my notes of interesting passages from books I read.”
Trial Day Ten
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

“Injuries Bear Out Kinsey’s Evidence of Fall—Doctor.” Dr. Dockeray continues his testimony. reviewing his postmortem report, describing the wounds (e.g., two parallel cuts on the top of the head, bruises on the arms, separation of the cranial sutures, and so on) and the likely cause of the injuries. In his view, the injuries were more consistent with a fall from a 20-foot height than from a beating. The state attorney is unable to diminish the power of Dockeray’s testimony and is left complaining that the doctor has failed to get a proper certificate to act in Tanzania. Dr. McHugh begins his testimony with a portrayal of his relationship with the Kinseys and a description of his visit to Impala Hill.
Trial Day Sixteen
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

On September 12, Judge Platt reviews the facts in detail and emphasizes various points of law, which the assessors must use in making their decisions. The judge states that the prosecution’s proof must be beyond a reasonable doubt, but if there is doubt, it must be genuine. If the assessors believe Peppy’s death was an accident, then they must find the accused not guilty. This will also apply to each of the three parts of the definition of murder. The prosecution must prove its case beyond reasonable doubt on each aspect of the case, whereas the defense need only raise a doubt. The judge then asks for their decision. Separately, they provide their analyses and verdicts. The judge says he will announce his verdict on Saturday, September 17.
The Short, Unhappy Life of a High Roller
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

In this chapter we find Patrick conflicted between his new wife, Stephanie, and his desire to make more money to support his family. Tensions arise and Patrick gives up his wildlife career to become a stockbroker and start a business selling wireless phones. He lives the high life for a while until his world comes crashing down. His PTSD is acting up and his wife files for divorce.
Skyler’s Demons
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

Patrick talks to Skyler about getting more professional help with his PTSD. When his son is an out-patient at the Bay Pines VA Hospital, Patrick has an idea. At the time Patrick is heading up the birds of prey program at Boyd Hill in Florida and suggests Skyler come to the park and take a walk with a wounded red tail hawk. Skyler is also a lover of birds of prey and decides to take his father up on the offer. He begins taking long walks in nature with the wounded hawk on his arm and finds his symptoms improving.
Bay Pines VA Hospital’s Gamble
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

After the success Skyler has with his red tail hawk, Patrick has an idea. He decides to see if Bay Pines might be interested in bringing patients to the park so they can walk with some of the wounded birds of prey. By this time, Patrick has moved to the Narrows, another nature park in Largo Florida. The hospital agrees, and soon they were sending patients to the Narrows to walk with screech owls, red tail hawks, and other birds of prey. The program was a huge success and to date more than 4,000 veterans with severe PTSD have taken part in the program.
Přehledová kapitola výzkumů jazykových učebních stylů
Authors: Langerová Petra
Published: January 2021

The paper presents current international research studies on foreign language learning styles. The studies apply learning styles questionnaires on university, secondary and elementary school students, including students of a language institute, mostly with the aim of making language instruction more effective, or for identifying learning styles used in a particular skill.
Design a hodnocení učebnic pro výuku ESP
Authors: Ellederová Eva
Published: January 2021

This study provides a conceptual framework for an ESP coursebook design and evaluation process. The first chapter presents the basic characteristics of high-quality coursebooks from the different authors’ point of view, describes the roles that ESP learning materials fulfil, discusses the issue of their content and authenticity, and deals with factors that should be taken into consideration when designing a coursebook including the role of teachers who design learning materials and work with them. The crucial part of the chapter is formulation of the principles of an ESP coursebook design based on SLA theories and description of a model of an ESP coursebook design concerning both adaptation of the available learning materials and design of new materials as well as the basic steps in designing one lesson of the coursebook. The second chapter draws from general approaches and rules for coursebooks evaluation, discusses the process of an ESP coursebook evaluation and gives examples of checklists whose development is one of the aims of the dissertation project focused on design-based research of an ESP coursebook.
Komplexita, rituál, víra a „bytí spolu“: Zdroje nejistoty a techniky jejího zvládání, případ taneční improvizace
Authors: Fujda Milan
Published: January 2021

In this article I analyse the handling of uncertainty in dance improvisation performance. I focus on the sources of uncertainty together with techniques used to manage it. I also show that magic practices are integrated among these techniques and that all the described techniques are pragmatic and reasonable, though they do not provide guaranteed effects. This leads to an analysis of the possible role of belief in ritual practice. The efficiency of ritualist magic in handling uncertainty is ascribed to its ability to create an intimately supportive atmosphere of mutual reliability. Belief regarding the causal efficiency of magic is then shown as an issue emerging only in controversies over the nature of collective enterprise as a way of othering. The complexity of dance and life in general makes uncertainty inevitable. Hence, all theoretical knowledge in terms of consequences of action is provisional. The text then recommends rejecting the knowledge-belief dichotomy and reshaping belief to analytically comprise knowledge as intertwined with uncertainty.
The Reification of the Other as a Social Pathology
Authors: Gros Alexis ,   Zeta Books
Published: January 2021

The present paper constitutes an attempt to articulate, systematize, and further develop the implicit traces of a phenomenological critical theory that, according to Michael Barber’s reading, are to be found in Schutz’s thought. It is my contention that a good way to achieve this aim is by reading Schutz against the background of novel, phenomenologically and hermeneutically informed accounts of Critical Theory in the tradition of the Frankfurt School, such as Hartmut Rosa’s. In order to achieve the stated objective, I will proceed in four steps. First (1), I will briefly reconstruct the mostly negative reception of phenomenology, the interpretive social sciences, and Schutz by both the Frankfurt School and contemporary critical social theory. Second (2), I will present Barber’s alternative reading of Schutzian phenomenology as entailing an implicit ethics and a rudimentary critical theory based thereon. Third (3), I will sketch out Rosa’s formal model of Critical Theory as an heuristic means for articulating Schutz’s unspoken social-critical insights. Finally (4), establishing a dialogue between Barber’s reading of Schutz and Rosa’s account, I will provide a preliminary articulation of Schutz’s rudimentary critical theory.
The Stranger in Immigrant Integration
Authors: Jacobsson Ellen ,   Zeta Books
Published: January 2021

This paper suggests that Alfred Schutz’s account of systems of typi­fication together with Sara Ahmed’s account of the proximity of the stranger allows for a different understanding of social integration. The paper proposes to rethink the political and social relationship of the in-group and the stranger, approached through the face-to-face encounter between an integration counselor and an immigrant. The encounter offers a disruption of what is taken for granted by the in-group and functions as a catalyst for a system of reference to appear at all. Through Ahmed’s account on the familiarity and proximity of the stranger, I argue that integration practices are considered to produce, rather than translate, a coherent system of reference for an in-group. The institutionalization of social integration is consequently risking concealing the “unintegratable” stranger rather than offering a solution for the more epistemological dimensions of social exclusion that we find in the experience of sameness and difference.
Religio-Political Nexus and Political Imaginary in Russia
Authors: Prozorova Yulia ,   Zeta Books
Published: January 2021

The essay contributes to the discussion of the religio-political nexus by examining the interplay between the religious and the political and the dynamics of political imaginary evoked by the Christianization and reception of Christian political theology in Russia. After a cursory overview of theoretical foundations underpinning the religio-political problematic, the essay introduces political theology as a constitutive element of the religio-political nexus and its most emphatic forms of theocracy and sacral rulership. Political theology sheds light on the gravitation between the religious and the political and the meta-institutional potential of the religio-political nexus. The essay focuses on the creative appropriation of religious themes by political imaginary contributing to the institution of autocracy in Russia. Christian monotheism and religious worldviews along with Byzantine political theology introduced theocratic vision and comprised the conceptual-symbolic framework within which autocratic configuration of power was articulated and legitimized. The increasing dependence of the church on the secular authority and reinterpreta­tion of the doctrine of symphonia resulted into the caesaropapism associated with absolute autocracy. ‘Monistic unity’, unification of all powers subjugated and embodied by a sacralised autocratic ruler evolved in Russia as a paradigmatic pattern with long-lasting effects.
A student made MOOC for medical students during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Authors: Ramirez David
Published: January 2021

(1) Antecedentes: América Latina fue una de las últimas regiones del mundo en verse afectada por la pandemia de COVID-19. Como respuesta a la emergencia, se implementó la educación virtual en casi todos los países de la región. (2) Métodos: Se realizó un curso en línea abierto masivo (MOOC) sobre epilepsia utilizando solo software y plataformas de acceso abierto, siguiendo las competencias de la Liga Internacional contra la Epilepsia para la enseñanza de la epileptología. (3) Resultados: 250 estudiantes de salud de 8 países latinoamericanos diferentes se inscribieron en el curso y solo el 17.2 (%) de ellos habían participado previamente en cursos como este. Este curso tuvo una tasa de finalización de 37.2 (%) y, de los estudiantes que completaron el curso, 98.3 (%) participaría en cursos como este en el futuro. (4) Conclusión: los MOOC se pueden implementar fácilmente como una estrategia pedagógica poderosa durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y pueden tener un impacto positivo no solo en sus objetivos de aprendizaje propuestos, sino que pueden ayudar a cerrar la brecha que impide que los estudiantes de salud latinoamericanos adquieran activamente conocimiento a través de ellos.

(1) Background: Latin America was one of the last regions of the world to become affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a response to the emergency, virtual education was implemented in almost every country of the region. (2) Methods: A massive open online course about epilepsy was made using only open access software and platforms following the international league against epilepsy competence-based domains for epileptology teaching. (3) Results: 250 healthcare students from 8 different Latin American countries enrolled in the course and only 17.2(%) of them had previously participated in courses like this one. This course had a completion rate of 37.2(%) and, of the students that completed the course, 98.3(%) would participate in course like this in the future. (4) Conclusion: In conclusion, MOOCs can be easily implemented as a powerful pedagogic strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic and can have a positive impact not only in in its proposed learning objectives but it can help in closing the gap that prevent Latin American healthcare students to acquire actively knowledge trough them.
Un droit promotionnel de la diversité culturelle « en montagnes russes » : l’Union européenne et le Canada du cycle d’Uruguay à l’Accord Canada‒États-Unis‒Mexique (ACEUM)
Authors: Bellucci Lucia
Published: January 2021

Le présent article vise à analyser les enjeux liés au droit à fonction promotionnelle, dont la théorisation revient tout particulièrement à Norberto Bobbio, dans les domaines de la culture, face au commerce multilatéral et bilatéral. Cet article vise à analyser les négociations multilatérales au sein de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, les accords de libre-échange (ALE) et, plus généralement, les « étapes juridiquement pertinentes » les plus significatives pour l’UE et le Canada en matière de protection et de promotion de la culture dans leurs relations commerciales extérieures. Pour ce qui est des ALE, il considère l’AECG, le PTP, le PTPGP et l’ACEUM ainsi que les négociations du PTCI. L’article soutient que les positions respectives de l’UE et du Canada sur la protection et la promotion culturelle ne peuvent plus être considérées comme étant constantes dans le temps : elles varient au contraire sensiblement. Depuis l’adoption des ALE, selon les négociations ou les accords, les mesures d’incitation concernant l’audiovisuel, ou plus généralement les industries culturelles, se trouvent plus ou moins protégées et connaissent des « hauts » et des « bas ». Pour ce qui est de la possibilité pour l’UE et le Canada de garder des techniques d’incitation à la diversité culturelle et d’en introduire des nouvelles, l’article suggère la métaphore d’un droit promotionnel de la diversité culturelle « en montagnes russes ». L’analyse de chaque négociation, accord ou « étape » devient donc essentielle pour appréhender comment l’UE et le Canada relèvent le défi d’un droit promotionnel de la diversité culturelle face au commerce mondial. Cela se fait en particulier par une approche contextuelle du droit, qui permet de dévoiler les enjeux et les intérêts sociopolitiques et économiques concernés. L’article s’interroge également sur les défis, pour un droit promotionnel de la diversité culturelle, du cadre géopolitique élargi, dans lequel la Chine est devenue un acteur majeur du commerce mondial, et de l’environnement numérique. Il développe enfin une conclusion sur ces thèmes, en soulignant qu’ils seront très probablement à l’origine de conflits dans la mise en oeuvre d’ALE et dans des négociations futures.
Ley de Economía Social y Solidaria en Uruguay: texto y contexto
Authors: Guerra Pablo , Reyes Lavega Sergio
Published: January 2021

Este artículo analiza la Ley 19.848 de Economía Social y Solidaria del Uruguay, aprobada el 10 de diciembre de 2019 por mayoría en ambas Cámaras, luego de un amplio período de discusión que se remonta a 2008, cuando la Ley 18407 (Ley General de Cooperativismo) incluye entre las potestades del flamante INACOOP, realizar propuestas de regulación de “otras formas de economía social y solidaria”.Se trata de una Ley que permitirá por primera vez en el país, instrumentar políticas públicas de fomento y desarrollo a un sector amplio de la economía que reunirá cooperativas, mutuales, empresas autogestionadas por sus trabajadores, redes de producción artesanal, sociedades de fomento rural, asociaciones así como otros emprendimientos de producción ecológica o de comercio justo que cumplan con una serie de principios rectores.
Unificación del sector cooperativo cubano. Apuntes críticos a la luz de los principios cooperativos
Authors: Rodríguez Musa Orestes , Hernández Aguilar Orisel
Published: January 2021

La Constitución de la República de Cuba de 2019 formuló un reconocimiento general de la cooperativa. Ese mismo año, se promulgaron nuevas normas ordenadoras de los dos sectores del cooperativismo nacional y, aunque ninguna manifestó la pretensión de acercar las dos modalidades existentes, en tanto están al amparo del precepto unificador de la carta magna, es pertinente cuestionarse la aproximación entre ellas. En consecuencia, el objetivo asumido en este trabajo tiene una doble implicación: valorar el grado de unificación del cooperativismo cubano, tomando como referencia los principios enarbolados por la ACI y, consecuentemente, analizar el nivel de recepción de estos en las normativas patrias.
Disrupting enzyme fluidity
Authors: Anand Ganesh Srinivasan
Published: January 2021

A combination of X-ray crystallography, NMR, and mass spectrometry has revealed how diverse small-molecule inhibitors bind Bruton’s tyrosine kinase and alter the conformation of this enzyme.
A Phonological Awareness Test in Arabic Language for Young Learners: Validation Study
Authors: Almehrizi Rashid S. , Al Barwani Thuwayba A. , El Shourbagi Sahar , Al Mahrouqi Badriya , Al Mandhari Raya , Al Sinani Yousra , Al-Kiyoumi Amal , Al Zameli Ali
Published: January 2021

A wide variety of tests measures phonemic and phonological awareness in different languages. There are very few tools of phonemic and phonological awareness in Arabic language. Such tools help to identify students’ weaknesses and strengths especially in early stages of their schooling for better instruction and intervention. Although Arabic phonetically maps between letters and sounds, it is not an easy language to read because of challenges inherent to the structure of the language itself. This paper explores a validation study of Arabic phonological awareness tests for kindergartners and first graders in Oman. Two different tests of phonological awareness and common skills were developed for two samples: kindergartners (n = 113) and first graders (n = 70). Results support the validity and reliability of the two tests and suggest that they can be used as diagnostic tools to identify children with low phonological awareness and help initiate appropriate reading intervention programs for them.
Homelands and Change in a Stateless Nation
Authors: Shelef Nadav G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how the drawing of a new border failed to resolve the conflict over Palestine. It shows, however, that the same domestic political mechanisms that governed changes to the definition of the homeland in the German and Italian contexts operated in the setting of a stateless nationalist movement as well. Focusing on the extent (and limits) of the changes in the territorial claims of the main Palestinian nationalist movements, the chapter expands one's view beyond the conventional focus on states in studies of territorial conflict. Doing so is useful because, by definition, the main actors in most secessionist conflicts are stateless. A more complete understanding of the role homelands play in conflict thus requires including those secessionist movements that are conventionally excluded from analyses pitched at the level of the state.
Losing Homelands and Conflict
Authors: Shelef Nadav G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter uses the measure of the homeland status of lost lands to test the critical implication of the argument that homelands matter. It demonstrates that the rhetorical delineation of the homeland is not inconsequential talk. Losing territory that is discursively defined as part of the homeland is associated with more subsequent conflict than losing territory that is not categorized as part of the homeland, even when the material (economic, strategic, and demographic) aspects of the territory and the characteristics of the states facing each other across the new border are accounted for. The converse is also true. The withdrawal of homeland territoriality from lost lands is also associated with a reduction in many forms of international conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Rabe Stephen G.
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of U.S. policies toward Latin America during Henry Kissinger's career as national security adviser and secretary of state. Henri Kissinger directed inter-American relations between 1969 and 1977. Like his predecessors, Kissinger judged relations with Western Europe, the Soviet Union, and China as strategically more important than relations with Latin America. But Kissinger launched noteworthy initiatives, such as the attempt to normalize relations with Cuba and to transfer the canal to Panama. The Kissinger years were also historically significant for Latin Americans. The 1970s represented the most violent period in the history of post-independence (1825) South America. This book provides a comprehensive investigation of the foreign policies of the Nixon and Ford administrations toward Latin America and Kissinger's central role in formulating and implementing those policies.
Mass Murder and International Assassination
Authors: Rabe Stephen G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the grotesque policies of the military commanders of Argentina and Chile. Argentina emulated its South American neighbors when the military seized power in March of 1976. Argentina's military rulers thought it would be in the nation's best interest to eliminate 50,000 Argentines. Secretary Henry Kissinger was made aware of the Argentine military's campaign of mass murder by U.S. officials in Washington and Buenos Aires. His aides further warned him that Argentina's murderers and torturers targeted Argentina's Jewish population. The chapter then looks at Secretary Kissinger's response to Operation Condor, a conspiracy of South American military dictatorships that perpetrated international assassinations and terrorism.
Phenomenological Aspects on Life-World and Technization
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses Hans Blumenberg's first extensive discussion of the concept of the life-world, “Phenomenological Aspects on Life-World and Technization” (1963). The problem of technology is such a characteristic element of modern, contemporary thought, even though the problem of technology has not yet been clearly distinguished from the problems of technology. The century or so of what called itself philosophy of technology has produced a sense of obviousness of what in the case of technology was “the thing itself” — a sense that is already highly suspicious. According to Ernst Kapp, “all of human history, upon close scrutiny, ultimately resolves into the history of the invention of better tools.” Correspondingly, the term “technology” evokes a colorful series of images: devices, vehicles, propulsion motors, storage units, manual and automatic instruments, and so forth — in short, a universe of things that are at work all around us, whose complete classification has often been attempted to little success, whose unifying factor, which the concept “technology” signifies, seems impossible to grasp, and which is therefore rendered unquestionable in a nominalistic way. With the appropriate conceptual frugality, “technization” is then to be understood as the constant multiplication and condensation of this thing-world.
Socrates and the objet ambigu
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines Hans Blumenberg's “Socrates and the objet ambigu: Paul Valéry's Discussion of the Ontology of the Aesthetic Object and Its Tradition” (1964). It discusses the origin story of Paul Valéry's dialogue Eupalinos. More than ten years after his letter to Paul Souday, Valéry returns to this prehistory and confirms that he had chosen the form of the dialogue for its elasticity and malleability. And there can be no doubt that it is this form that led to Socrates carrying the dialogue. All this, including the choice of the name “Eupalinos” — an ancient architect Valéry found in an encyclopedia — is of paramount facticity, which, if not labored, was certainly perceived as adequate. But this facticity, which befell the poet, was at the same time provoked by the needs of his poetic self-understanding — and was, of course, stylized in retrospect.
Pensiveness
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores Hans Blumenberg's “Pensiveness” (1980). When confronted by a question, every form of life strives to supply an answer without delay or deliberation. The model of stimulus/response is a drastic simplification of things and events, yet it is the latent ideal for the behavior of organisms. Man alone demonstrates the opposite tendency; he is the creature who hesitates. Pensiveness is considered an unseemly, idle use of time. Thought and thought about thought may bestow competence in a field; pensiveness is not claimed as a part of any profession or discipline. One of the descriptions of pensiveness is that whatever comes to mind is allowed to pass through one's head unaltered. Pensiveness is an experience of freedom, especially the freedom of digression. The reactions of bystanders faced with the digression of the pensive man range from the high points of humor to the exasperation of those whose point is to reach a goal.
Turfgrass in the Modern Environment
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an overview of turfgrasses. Turfgrass typically refers to an individual plant or species and turf refers to a uniform stand of grass or a mixture of grasses mowed at a relatively low height, usually less than 10 cm and serving various ornamental, recreational, and functional uses. Residential lawns, golf courses, athletic fields, cemeteries, parks, and arboretums all benefit from healthy, lush stands of turf. Many grass species used for turf are also found in pasture, field, and forage production associated with the livestock industry. The chapter then details the structure and climatic adaptations of turfgrasses, and identifies the major turfgrasses in the United States and Canada. It also describes dichondra lawns and considers the relationship between drought dormancy and turfgrass insect damage, as well as the economic impact of turgrass culture.
Insects and Mites: Turf Association
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the habitats of turfgrass insects. Destructive turfgrass insects and mites can be grouped according to the habitat in which the destructive stage of the arthropod spends most of its life in the turfgrass ecosystem. In a great many cases, this is the larval or nymphal stage, but in a few instances the adults are also destructive. There are three turf habitats occupied by turfgrass-damaging insects: leaf and stem; thatch; and root zone/soil. The leaf and stem habitat includes insects and mites that feed on upper leaves and stems. Insects with sucking mouthparts, such as the chinch bugs, tend to prefer the thatch for feeding and hiding sites. Many soil-inhabiting insects also spend significant periods of time in the thatch, particularly at the soil–thatch interface. The scarabaeid grubs dominate this group.
Orthopteran Pests: Family Gryllotalpidae
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Orthopteran pests. The southern mole cricket and the tawny mole cricket are members of the order Orthoptera, family Gryllotalpidae, subfamily Gryllotalpinae. Two genera are listed in this subfamily. The genus Neoscapteriscus can be distinguished by the front tibia with two dactyls; the genus Gryllotalpa has front tibia with four dactyls. The southern mole cricket and the tawny mole cricket are the most destructive insect pests of bahiagrass and bermudagrass turfgrass and pastures in the southeastern United States, and they attack and damage most other warm-season grasses as well. Golf courses are among the areas most heavily affected, but home lawns, athletic fields, and other areas also sustain serious damage.
Lepidopteran Pests: Family Noctuidae
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes cutworms and armyworms. The popular names cutworm and armyworm describe larval habits of certain caterpillars. In many vegetable and field crops, cutworms sever young plants at or near ground level and proceed to the next plant to repeat the process. This feeding pattern contributes greatly to the highly destructive nature of these insects. In turfgrasses, cutworms may sever grass stems, but they usually feed on grass stems and leaves, which causes thinning of turf or “pockmarks,” which appear as sunken areas where the grass blades and stems have been eaten down to the thatch. The chapter then looks at the black cutworm, the variegated cutworm, the winter cutworm, the bronzed cutworm, the fall armyworm, the yellow-striped armyworm, and the lawn armyworm.
Scarabaeid Pests: Subfamily Dynastinae
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines masked chafers, which belong to the large genus of North and South American beetles, the Cyclocephala, in the order Coleoptera, family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Dynastinae, tribe Cyclocephalini. Approximately a dozen of these species occur in North America, but only five species are regularly associated with turfgrass cultivation: the northern masked chafer; the southern masked chafer; Cyclocephala pasadenae (Casey); Cyclocephala hirta LeConte; and Cyclocephala parallela Casey. Masked chafer grubs are important turfgrass-infesting species, causing extensive damage to cultivated turf during late summer and early fall. They are the most injurious root-feeding pests of turfgrass throughout much of the Ohio River Valley and the midwestern United States. Adult masked chafers have blunt spatulate mandibles that are unsuited for feeding on plant tissues; as far as is known, they do not feed.
Coleopteran Pests: Family Curculionidae
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses several species of billbugs and weevils which damage turfgrass in North America. These insects have historically been classified in the family Curculionidae. At least 11 species of billbugs attack managed turfgrass in North America, including the bluegrass billbug; the lesser billbug; S. venatus (Say); S. inaequalis (Say); the hunting billbug; the Phoenix (or Phoenician) billbug; the Rocky Mountain (formerly Denver) billbug; S. coesifrons Gyllenhal; and S. apicalis (LeConte). The bluegrass billbug and hunting billbug are the most widely recognized and serious billbug pests on turfgrass. The chapter also looks at the annual bluegrass weevil, which is a pest exclusively of golf course fairways, tees, greens and collars, and of tennis court turf.
Turfgrass-Associated Arthropods and Near Relatives
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights turfgrass-associated arthropods and near relatives. Some arthropods cause no injury to turfgrass but are present in the turfgrass ecosystem for a variety of reasons. Some are attracted to the usually damp soil surface with a protective cover that makes an ideal habitat for feeding and hiding. Others use turfgrass areas mainly as a resting place when they are not on the wing. Others that are parasitic on warm-blooded animals are present in lawns because pets rest there. The chapter looks at turfgrass-associated invertebrates, arthropods, and insects. Many of these insects and arthropods are beneficial to the turf environment because they prey directly on pest species. The chapter then considers the effect of insecticides on nontarget arthropods.
Vertebrate Pests
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses vertebrate pests. Vertebrates become destructive to turfgrass in most cases simply because an attractive food supply exists in the turfgrass or soil below. Most often that food is insects or earthworms. Vertebrate pests are usually either birds or mammals. The chapter explains the biology and distribution of these pests. It also provides recommendations for the control of avian and mammalian pests. To control turf-damaging birds, eliminating the attractive food supply is necessary. The control of mammalian pests, apart from eliminating the attractive food supply of turfgrass insects, is explored briefly, since the various methods of control are longstanding and not subject to frequent changes.
Principles of Integrated Pest Management
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the principles of integrated pest management (IPM). IPM often is defined as a program that, in the context of the environment and the population dynamics of pests, uses many different techniques and strategies in as compatible a manner as possible to maintain pest population levels below those causing economic injury. The concept of IPM was initially developed in traditional agriculture, where the success of a crop was measured in economic yield (quantity and quality of produce). The key to such agricultural IPM programs has always been establishing consistent and reliable “economic thresholds” — pest populations at which the cost of expected crop damage exceeds the cost of implementing control. In turf, the expected economic benefit from reducing a pest population usually is much more difficult to measure than in agriculture. It is difficult, if not impossible, to determine the economic value of suppressing pest insects. As a result, “economic thresholds” in turf IPM usually are more accurately described as “tolerance levels,” or “action thresholds.” In a turf IPM program, the turf manager must determine what pest populations can be tolerated without incurring unacceptable damage. The basic components of an IPM approach include assessing a site, monitoring and predicting pest activity, setting thresholds, managing turf stress, identifying and optimizing management options, and evaluating the results.
Chemical Control Strategies
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores chemical control strategies. Despite promising recent developments in insect-resistant cultivars, biological control strategies, and improved cultural practices, turf managers in the United States often find that circumstances dictate the use of a traditional insecticide. The pressure to use insecticides to manage turf insect populations often comes from clients or golfers who have come to expect and demand virtually pest-free turf and assume that using an insecticide will produce the desired result. When heavy infestation of a pest insect is sudden and unexpected, there often is no alternative but to depend on a traditional insecticide to reduce the population in a timely manner. The chapter then considers the effect of insecticides on nontarget organisms, as well as the environment fate of pesticides.
The Ubiquity of Oil
Authors: Kelanic Rosemary A.
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between oil and great power politics. For over a hundred years, oil has been ubiquitous as both an object of political intrigue and a feature of everyday life, yet its effects on the behavior of major powers remain poorly understood. This book focuses on one particular aspect of oil: its coercive potential. Across time and space, great powers have feared that dependence on imported petroleum might make them vulnerable to coercion by hostile actors. They worry that an enemy could cut off oil to weaken them militarily or punish them economically, and then use this threat as a basis for political blackmail. Oil is so essential to great powers that taking a state's imports hostage could give an enemy significant leverage in a dispute. The book presents the first systematic framework to understand how fears of oil coercion shape international affairs. Great powers counter prospective threats with costly and risky policies that lessen vulnerability, ideally, before the country can be targeted. These measures, which can be called “anticipatory strategies,” vary enormously, from self-sufficiency efforts to actions as extreme as launching wars.
American Efforts to Avoid Vulnerability
Authors: Kelanic Rosemary A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter traces U.S. coercive vulnerability, which fluctuated across six distinct cases from 1918 until the volatile 1970s. Though blessed with generous oil resources, the United States nevertheless encountered periods where its oil security was threatened by a substantial petroleum deficit, a possible disruption of Persian Gulf oil, or both, creating a need for strategic anticipation. The United States never resorted to direct control because, thanks to its singular oil endowment, coercive vulnerability never exceeded moderate levels. This remained true even when the United States assumed the mantle of defender of Europe after World War II, which substantially increased its petroleum demand. Yet, the United States did pursue a sustained policy of indirect control to protect Free World access to Middle East oil from potential Soviet interference. The country also embraced self-sufficiency at two junctures of lesser vulnerability, when flawed geological studies suggested that a mild petroleum deficit would soon emerge.
Making a Founding Father out of a French Jesuit
Authors: Moran Katherine D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the development in the upper Midwest from the 1870s to the 1910s of a commemorative culture focusing on Jacques Marquette, the French Jesuit missionary who explored the Mississippi with Louis Jolliet in 1673. It analyzes commemorative culture, with particular attention to race and commerce where Marquette was most often described as the “first white man” of the Midwest. It also explains the idea of a common whiteness and broadly defined Christianity that allowed Marquette's admirers to argue that he was essentially similar to other national founding figures. The chapter ends with an examination of the way Marquette's elevation as a regional founder intersected with the growing midwestern economy. It demonstrates how Marquette is not only recognized as a regional symbol and brand but also how his pious example was mobilized to provide a spiritual gloss to the materialism of a developing center of industry and commerce.
Envisioning Catholic Colonial Order
Authors: Moran Katherine D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how American writers described the Spanish friars as imperial models. Like Jacques Marquette and Junípero Serra, the friars were cast as benevolent civilizers but were particularly lauded for what many Americans believed to be their ability to maintain social order. It describes how the Spanish friars preserved existing state of affairs by upholding orthodoxy against Philippine transformations of Roman Catholicism, religiously inspired anticolonial rebellions, and establishing the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, a nationalist Catholic church. The chapter also talks about the many Americans that embraced the idea of Americanist Catholicism, which was embodied by U.S.-trained priests, as a tool for ensuring order while promoting religious liberty. It points out the lessons American writers and officials imagined the Catholic history of the Philippines might provide for the advancement of the U.S. colonial state.
Internal States in the UK
Authors: Wood Alex J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses internal states in the United Kingdom, focusing on PartnershipCo. It investigates the workplace institutions at PartnershipCo that act to repress and transform conflict. A number of internal institutions limit the ability of managers to secure control via traditional forms of despotism in important ways. In particular, the labor union policed disciplinary and grievance procedures, rationalized discipline, and provided workers with employment protection. The chapter then highlights how the union at PartnershipCo operated as an ideological element of the internal state that had a normative (if unreliable) control function. The presence of collective bargaining and significant union presence at PartnershipCo raise the question of whether the internal state was hegemonic.
Despotic Time in the UK
Authors: Wood Alex J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter traces the historical evolution of working time and internal labor markets in the United Kingdom. The term “internal labor market” refers to the shielding of employment relations from the external labor market through mechanisms such as seniority policies, employment protections, internal promotion ladders, and differentiated job structures based on skill and knowledge development. The chapter then looks at the temporal organization of labor at PartnershipCo. It considers wage rates and pay structure, employment protections, mobility, and promotion opportunities, but finds that flexible scheduling is the most significant means of securing control. Flexible scheduling was found to be highly manager-controlled, even when institutionalized working time regulations were present.
Introduction
Authors: Woods Colleen
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter discusses how global anticommunism in the Philippines worked to affirm the processes of global decolonization while simultaneously containing challenges to colonial rule. Because enemies of the Philippine Left used anticommunism as a way to discredit and marginalize challenges to elite rule, Filipino elites and their U.S. allies made U.S. imperial exceptionalism and anticommunist politics—two ideological formations that took shape in the colonial period—defining features of the postcolonial relationship between the two nations. From the early 1930s to the late 1950s, U.S. policymakers, state agents, and Filipino elites used anticommunist policies to quash leftist opposition locally and internationally and to explain how U.S. intervention could exist alongside Philippine independence. Ultimately, the investment of U.S. policymakers, and Filipino elites, in defining and controlling the meaning of Philippine independence—and the relationship between the United States and the Philippines—reveals the entanglement of Philippine colonial history with the expansion of U.S. global power in the context of emerging Cold War global politics and the era of decolonization. Tracing the development and deployment of two specific operations of anticommunism—maintaining an ideology of imperial exceptionalism and repressing political dissent—this book details how Filipinos and their U.S. allies transformed local political struggles into sites of global communist revolution and international warfare.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Cara L.
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of modernism. Modernism has long been understood as a particularly active period for interarts exchange, and recent interventions have made clear exactly how deeply modernism engaged with new and popular media, from film to radio and phonography. Modernist intermediality extends beyond biography and beyond ekphrasis, and visual and plastic media can make themselves felt without reference to preexisting, definable artworks. They do so, as this book demonstrates, in visual motifs, evocations of specific genres, and considerations of how people experience art. This book shows how such an expanded, nuanced sense of modernist intermediality produces an altogether different understanding of modernist form from the one that circulates today.
Footsteps through the City
Authors: Trnka Susanna
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins by traversing the streets of Prague, following in the footsteps of pilgrims and city dwellers alike as they celebrate the religious holiday of Saint Václav, also known as “Good King Wenceslas.” Going through time, national identity, and state politics, the chapter examines the phenomenological dimensions and symbolic meanings of the urban spaces that humans have walked through for over a millennium. It considers how time adheres to the body, shaping its movement through the spaces of the contemporary. The chapter questions what ways people create and deconstruct history and what the current possibilities of “living in truth” are. It also talks about why Muslim refugees and other “aliens” came to be constituted as undesirable in the Czech Republic today.
Toward Flexible Care and Secure Work in Intimate Labor
Authors: Cranford Cynthia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the importance of deeply democratic alliances between domestic personal support workers and recipients that negotiate tensions at the intimate level of the labor process. Disabled people have long had support from their own advocacy organizations, like independent living centers (ILCs), on ways to be a fair employer and attain quality services. Yet, despite such support, informality can creep in to individual relationships due to the complexity of labor legislation in this sector and to the lack of enforcement. Alliances between recipient organizations and the labor movement could address these issues in creative ways. If the goal is security with flexibility, workers need critical education about how the locations of disability and age shape people's quest for ongoing input into their services, and they need training and support on how to negotiate this. What kinds of organizing models can engage deeply and continuously with workers and recipients to address tensions in the labor process? Community-based labor organizing provides inspiration.
Conclusion
Authors: Lieber Keir A. , Press Daryl G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter summarizes key findings in the proponents of the “theory of the nuclear revolution,” which contend that nuclear weapons are transformative because they greatly reduce the need for countries to engage in intense security competition. It emphasizes that although nuclear weapons are the greatest tools of deterrence ever created, they do not automatically confer national security benefits on their owners, much less guarantee enduring safety from foreign threats. The chapter looks into the unfortunate reality of international politics in the shadow of nuclear weapons, in which countries must still pay close attention to the balance of power, search for ways to change the balance when they find themselves at a disadvantage and contemplate and plan for war in order to protect vital national interests. It explains how fears that tragically drove international politics for centuries still exist and how those fears are justified. The nuclear age remains an age of power politics.