bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of trehalose and sorbitol fatty acid polyesters by interesterification
Authors: Akoh Casimir C. , Swanson Barry G.
Published: June 2007

Trehalose octaoleate and sorbitol hexaoleate were prepared by a one‐stage solvent‐free interesterification of methyl oleate with trehalose octaacetate (TOAC) and sorbitol hexaacetate (SOHA), respectively, in the presence of 1–2.5% sodium metal as catalyst. The greatest yield of trehalose octaoleate, 97.5%, and sorbitol hexaoleate, 96.0%, were obtained at a mole ratio of methyl oleate: SOHA of 6:1 and methyl oleate:TOAC of 8:1 at a synthesis time of 2.5 hr, and temperatures of 105–115°C. The structure of both trehalose octaoleate and sorbitol hexaoleate was confirmed by infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (C‐13 NMR) spectroscopy. Physical properties such as viscosity, HLB, solubility, color, refractive index, specific gravity and density approximated the physical properties of sucrose polyesters (SPE) and vegetable oils. Trehalose octaoleate and sorbitol hexaoleate, as well as sucrose octaoleate, were not susceptible toin vitro lipolysis, suggesting potential application as low calorie oils.
Cyclic fatty acid monomer: Isolation and purification with solid phase extraction
Authors: Rojo Jose A. , Perkins Edward G.
Published: June 2007

The application of a combined solid phase extraction (SPE)/clean‐up procedure to the isolation of a purified fraction containing all the monomeric cyclic fatty acid methyl esters is described. Extraction of the nonpolar lipid components from nonurea‐adducting (NUA) filtrates is performed on a reverse phase octadecyl bonded silica minicolumn. Stepwise elution of the SPE‐retained materials through silica gel using several solvents allowed the separation of a pure fraction containing the cyclic monomers that can be used for a more reliable quantitative estimation of these compounds in edible fats and oils.
Polymorphic transitions of mixed triglycerides, SOS, in the presence of sorbitan monostearate
Authors: Guth Olga Jacome , Aronhime Judith , Garti Nissim
Published: June 2007

The polymorphic behavior of 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleo glycerol (SOS) has been investigated in the presence of a selected food emulsifier, sorbitan monostearate. Five polymorphs, named α, γ, pseudo‐β′, and β2, and β1 were crystallized and identified by both x‐rays and DSC. Each polymorph was treated using two selected protocols—the “screen cycle” and the “aging cycle.” It has been demonstrated that sorbitan monostearate, when present in the molten fat, will significantly retard the α to γ transition during both the screen cycle and the aging cycle. A retardation effect was not detected for the γ to pseudo‐β′ transition (during the screen or the aging cycle). The emulsifier that is inserted into the fat behaves as a conventional impurity, causing significant reduction in the melting temperatures of each polymorph. As a result, the fat tends to melt prior to its transition. The behavior of SOS in the presence of the sorbitan monostearate is therefore different than that of SSS (tristearin), and may explain, in part, the absence of the strong blooming transition to high melting polymorph that occurs when the fat is rich in SOS. This behavior can also shed some light on the behavior of cocoa butter in the presence of sorbitan esters.
Sal olein and mahua olein for direct edible use
Authors: Adhikari S. , Adhikari (Das Gupta) J.
Published: June 2007

Vegetable butter oleins are obtained as by‐products during the fractionation process employed for making cocoa butter substitutes from sal and mahua. Outlets for these olein portions would not only ensure total utilization of these nontraditional oils, but would also provide an extension of edible oil supplies. The normal analytical characteristics and fatty acid compositions of the olein portions obtained from sal and mahua fats were investigated under appropriate conditions of time and temperature. Sal olein was found to be rich in stearic (33.5–34.0%) and oleic acids (49.1–50.0), whereas mahua olein contained palmitic (18%), stearic (21%) and oleic (38%) acids. Projections from Schaal oven stability studies indicated that even without an antioxidant addition, the oleins could be stored for 4–5 months, and with 0.01% tertiary butyl hydroquinone, the storage life could be prolonged to over one year. Deep‐fat frying experiments indicated that the oleins showed a slow buildup rate of total polar material and are quite suitable for such use.
Ricinoleic acid inArtocarpus integrifolia seed oil
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Mirajkar A. M.
Published: June 2007

Seed oil ofArtocarpus integrifolia syn.Artocarpus heterophyllus belonging to the Moraceae family contains a small amount of ricinoleic acid (7.2%). The identification was made on the basis of TLC, IR, NMR, MS and chemical degradation. The major components of the oil are linoleic acid (40.2% and palmitic acid (30.2%).
A justification for using a whole‐grain oven method to determine soybean moisture content
Authors: Hartwig R. A. , Hurburgh Charles R.
Published: June 2007

Three air‐oven moisture methods, AOCS Ac 2‐41, AACC 44‐18 and the official USDA method, were compared on 20 samples of 1987 crop soybeans. The AOCS method is a whole‐grain method, the other two are two‐stage, ground‐grain methods. The average difference between the AOCS and USDA methods was 0.04 percentage points with a standard deviation of 0.18 points. The AOCS method can be used interchangeably with the USDA method for calibration of moisture devices. The AACC method averaged 0.15 and 0.19 points higher than the AOCS and USDA methods, respectively.
Solvent‐free high active matter alcohol ethoxysulfate/alcohol ethoxylate blends: Preparation and effect of surfactant structure on rheological properties
Authors: Kravetz L. , Benson H. L.
Published: June 2007

Blends of alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES) and alcohol ethoxylates (AE) at high active matter content (90%) have been prepared. These blends contain no solvents other than water and have sufficiently low viscosities enabling the pumping of them from storage vessels to mix tanks. In addition, they may be diluted into aqueous solutions with less gel formation tendencies than shown by AE or AES alone. Specific AE/AES blend ratios, alkyl and polyoxyethylene chain lengths are important selection parameters for achieving desired rheological properties.
Model microemulsions containing vegetable oils part 1: Nonionic surfactant systems
Authors: Alander Jari , Warnheim Torbjorn
Published: June 2007

Nonionic microemulsions containing triglycerides and fatty acid esters as lipophilic components have been studied. The phase inversion temperature (PIT) of the systems was determined by a conductometric method. Partial phase diagrams were constructed in the phase inversion temperature range. Water solubilization capacity of the nonionic surfactant systems studied was dependent on surfactant and oil types in analogy to ordinary hydrocarbon systems. The PIT:s increased with increased molecular weight for both esters and triglycerides.
Model microemulsions containing vegetable oils 2. Ionic surfactant systems
Authors: Alander Jari , Wärnheim Torbjörn
Published: June 2007

The phase behavior and the structure of ionic microemulsions, stabilized by sodium oleate and different alcohol cosurfactants, containing fatty acid esters or triglycerides as lipophilic components, have been investigated. Microemulsions containing triglycerides display a smaller stability region than microemulsions containing hydrocarbons or fatty acid esters. From structural investigations, using the NMR FT pulsed gradient spin echo method for measuring self‐diffusion coefficients, differences in the microstructure are revealed as well. Adding an ester (or a hydrocarbon) to a microemulsion containing sodium oleate/pentanol will at certain compositions lead to a gradual transition from a bicontinuous to an oilcontinuous system, while this behavior cannot be detected when adding a triglyceride. Instead, a phase‐separation occurs, and it is suggested that the larger molecular size of the triglyceride is responsible for the difference.
Studies on leguminous seeds
Authors: Chowdhury A. R. , Banerji R. , Misra G. , Nigam S. K.
Published: June 2007

The seeds of 8 plant species of Mimosaceae were studied for their fat and protein contents and fatty acid and mineral compositions. The oil fromEntada phaseoloides contained 14 newly identified acids in addition to 8 previously reported. Six seed oils were rich in oleic and linoleic acid as the sum of 18:1 and 18:2 ranged from 64.4–78.5%.
A comparison of the stability of oils from Brazil nut, para rubber and passion fruit seeds
Authors: Assunção F. P. , Bentes M. H. S. , Serruya H.
Published: June 2007

The oxidation at 46 C of oils from Brazil nut,Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.—Lecythidaceae (BNO), and from seeds of Para rubber,Hevea brasiliensis—Euphorbiaceae (PRO), and passion fruit,Passiflora edulis—f. flavicarpa—Passifloraceae (PFO), was followed over 115 days through the measurement of peroxide, acidity values, refractive indices, combustion energies and infrared (IR) spectra. The addition of 3 ppm Cu2+ to PFO oil shortened the induction period by 12%. The oxidation of BNO and PRO exhibited first‐order kinetics in the production of hydroperoxide (RO2 H), up to the maximum values of the concentration of RO2 H. On the other hand, the oxidation of PFO and PFO+Cu2+ displayed first‐order kinetics at higher concentrations of RO2 H and possibly half‐order kinetics at low hydroperoxide concentrations in the first 15 days. Therefore, the 3 oils studied and PFO+Cu2+ did not show the same stability pattern over the 115 days of the experiment. The application of kinetic data, a side from the other parameters, allows the definition of 2 different stability patterns. From 0–15 days the oxidation rates led to the following order of stability: PFO+Cu2+<PFO<BNO<PRO. From the 15th day to the end of the period corresponding to the maximum concentration of RO2 H, the rate constants led to the pattern: PFO+Cu2+<BNO<PFO<PRO. Considering the whole period of the experiment, the changes in viscosity and the values of the induction periods point toward the first‐mentioned stability pattern, demonstrating that without kinetic data these 2 parameters are insufficient to determine such patterns.
Preliminary studies on processing of sunflower seed to obtain edible protein concentrates
Authors: Shamanthaka Sastry M. C. , Subramanian N.
Published: June 2007

A process for obtaining edible‐grade sunflower protein concentrate has been standardized. Dehulling the seed and removing polyphenols were accomplished using a centrifugal sheller and treating the kernels with acidified sodium chloride solution. The sunflower protein concentrate had a protein content of 60%, available lysine of 3.4 g/16 g N and was free from polyphenols. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of the concentrate was 2.4 and in vitro digestibility was 90%.
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine as a synergist for primary antioxidants in edible oils
Authors: Dziedzic S. Z. , Hudson B. J. F.
Published: June 2007

Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPE) is a potent synergist for a wide range of primary antioxidants in edible oils at elevated temperature, i.e., above 80 C. At lower temperatures it has very little synergistic action. At 120 C the synergistic effect increases progressively as the concentration of synergist increases from 0.025% to 0.25%. At a given level of synergist, its effect is proportionately greater at low rather than high levels of primary antioxidant.
Triglyceride composition of olive oil, cottonseed oil and their mixtures by low temperature crystallization and gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Synouri‐Vrettakou S. , Komaitis M. E. , Voudouris E. C.
Published: June 2007

Crystallization and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) have been used to characterize the triglyceride composition of olive and cottonseed oil and their precipitates from acetone or methanol/acetone (10:90, v/v) at −2 C. The precipitate obtained after a 24 hr crystallization of a 5% (w/v) solution of the sample in acetone or methanol/acetone (10:90, v/v) at −2 C was named Precipitate I (P‐I); that isolated after 2 successive crystallizations under identical conditions was named Precipitate II (P‐II). In each case, the ratio of oleic to linoleic acid (O/L) was calculated and proved to be a useful index for detecting adulteration of olive oil with cottonseed oil. In olive oil, the ratio O/L increased from the original sample to its precipitates, whereas in cottonseed oil and the adulterated samples the ratio O/L was lower in the precipitates than in the original sample. For olive oil P‐II, the lowest value of the ratio O/L was 8.4; for the adulterated samples it was 7.6. On the basis of this index, adulteration of olive with cottonseed oil as low as 10% can be detected. Hydrolysis of P‐1 by porcine pancreatic lipase and analysis of the fatty acids of the sn‐2 position showed that the enrichment factor of linoleic acid varied between 1.11–1.30 for olive oil and between 1.55–1.90 for the adulterated samples. Even for adulteration with 5% cottonseed oil, the enrichment factor appears to increase (1.55–1.57) and can be used as a criterion for adulteration.
Cottonseed flavonoids as lipid antioxidants
Authors: Whittern Carleen Cairns , Miller Evelyn E. , Pratt Dan E.
Published: June 2007

Methanolic extracts of cottonseeds were found to possess antioxidant activity. Separation of antioxidant components was achieved by paper, thin layer (TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and spectral analysis. Chromatographic technique indicated that the flavonoids quercetin and rutin were the major flavonoids present. GLC analysis of the cottonseed extract eluted from TLC plates, developed in n‐butanol/acetic acid/water (4:1:5, v/v/v) and ethyl acetate/methyl ethyl ketone/formic acid/water (5:3:1:1, v/v/v) solvents, corresponded in retention times to the rutin standard (10−4 M). TMS derivatives of the aglycone fraction, prepared by acid hydrolysis, correlated to the retention time of quercetin. Spectral analysis of the aglycone fraction also indicated quercetin derivatives to be present in cottonseed. The glycosyl substitution of the flavonoids were identified by the 3 chromatographic procedures to be glucose and rhamnose. Chromogenic spray reagents were used to further characterize the cottonseed flavonoids and flavonoid components on TLC and paper chromatography. The investigation, therefore, demonstrated that quercetin derivatives appear to be the main flavonoid species in cottonseed. Rutin was found to be one of the major quercetin glycosides. Quercetin and rutin are shown to possess potent antioxidant activity.
Synthesis and polymorphism of 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐3‐acyl‐sn‐glycerols
Authors: Kodali Dharma R. , Atkinson David , Redgrave Trevor G. , Small Donald M.
Published: June 2007

Stereospecific 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycerol and 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐3‐acyl‐sn‐glycerols with even‐carbon saturated fatty acyl chains of 2–16 carbons in length were synthesized. The polymorphic behavior and packing arrangements of the most stable crystal form obtained, from the solvent of crystallization, were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and powder X‐ray diffraction. Three different layered packing modes were identified: (a) double‐layer diglyceride‐type; (b) triple‐layer triglyceride‐type; (c) double‐layer triglyceride‐type. The first type of packing was represented by 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐3‐unsubstituted, 3‐acetyl and 3‐butyryl‐sn‐glycerols packed in a bilayer with their long hydrocarbon chains in a parallel arrangement. In the second type of packing, shown by 1,2‐dipalmitoyl 3‐hexanoyl and 3‐octanoyl‐sn‐glycerols, the shorter acyl chains formed a middle layer interposed between 2 layers of the 1,2‐palmitoyl chains ofsn‐glycerol. The third type of crystal packing was exhibited by 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐3‐dodecanoyl and 3‐tetradecanoyl‐sn‐glycerols and tripalmitin, was analogous to trilaurin in which the acyl chains at the 1 and 2 positions of glycerol formed an extended, nearly straight line and the 3‐acyl chain was folded to lie parallel and alongside the acyl chain at the 1 position. The intermediate member of the series, 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐3‐decanoyl‐sn‐glycerol, exhibited both the second and the third type of chain packings when obtained from different solvents of crystallization.
Facile dehydrobromination ofvic‐dibromo fatty acids: A one‐vessel bromination‐dehydrobromination of oleic acid to stearolic acid
Authors: Silbert Leonard S.
Published: June 2007

The effects of time and temperature on the dehydrobromination by alcoholic KOH of 9,10‐dibromostearic acid to 9(10)‐bromo‐9‐octadecenoic and stearolic acid (9‐octadecynoic acid) have been studied. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in n‐propanol‐KOH solution has been found to be an effective cosolvent‐catalyst. In the absence of DMSO, the first monodehydrobromination step to the ethenylene bromide is quantitative in 5 min at 60 C and the second dehydrobromination step to the acetylenic acid is complete in about 6 hr at 100 C. In the presence of DMSO, the dehydrobromination to stearolic acid is quantitative at 100 C in 1–2 hr. A 1‐vessel oleic acid bromination‐dehydrobromination has been devised to give stearolic acid in 98% yield and purity.
Quality control in edible oil processing
Authors: Roden A. , Ullyot G.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a Q.C. program for the manufacture of edible products from crude degummed oil. Tests done at various stages in the production are discussed, including test methods used and what is considered as acceptable results. Processes covered include receiving oil, alkali refining, bleaching, hydrogenation, deodorization, bulk shipping and packaged finished product.
Influence of dialkyl ethers on the surface properties of homogeneous nonionic surfactants
Authors: Tabata Yujin , Ueno Minoru , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: June 2007

Influence of the trace amounts of the corresponding dialkylethers on the surface and colloidal properties of the pure polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers were studied. The dialkyl ether, undetected by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) was found by gel permeation chromatogram (GPC) as the corresponding impurity in homogeneous pure polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and confirmed using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS). After removing the corresponding impurity in each surfactant with a GPC separation column, the minima in the surface tension curves disappeared completely. Adding the corresponding dialkyl ether to the pure surfactant produced the minima in the surface tension curves and large values for surface aging, cloud points were lowered more than for the pure surfactants and foam height and foam stability for the aqueous solutions decreased gradually.
A new concept for determining triglyceride composition of fats and oils by liquid chromatography
Authors: Takahashi K. , Hirano T. , Zama K.
Published: June 2007

The matrix concept was used to characterize the chromatographic rules in the elution of molecular species of triglyceride. To prove the hypothesis experimentally, cacao butter, palm oil, linseed oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil and triglyceride of “Ogonori” (Gracilaria verrucosa) were examined. A matrix model was suggested to help determine the individual molecular species of naturally occurring triglycerides.
Adiabatic reactor for simulating storage‐damaged soybeans
Authors: Bitner E. Duane , Snyder J. M. , Friedrich J. P. , Mounts T. L.
Published: June 2007

An adiabatic reactor was constructed to simulate conditions that lead to storage‐damaged soybeans. The heart of the system is an electronic temperature controller that causes the reactor temperature to closely follow intrinsic heating of the soybeans. Using moisture concentrations between 17% and 20%, we observed intrinsic heating ranging from 47 C to 52 C after 3–13 weeks. Quality of the extracted oil was determined by analyses for triglyceride (TG) composition, total phosphorus (P), peroxide value and free fatty acid (FFA). Higher FFA and lower P and linolenic acid concentrations in the damaged beans compared with undamaged beans agree with the literature and indicate reliability of the adiabatic reactor for further studies, e.g., the effect of enzymatic activity on the quality of resulting soybean oil.
Changes in lipid class and fatty acid compositions during maturation ofHibiscus esculentus andHibiscus cannabinus seeds
Authors: Lakshminarayana G. , Kaimal T. N. B. , Gopalakrishnan N.
Published: June 2007

The major lipid classes and their constituent fatty acids were analyzed in maturing seeds ofHibiscus esculentus andH. cannabinus. The seeds matured in 40 and 45 days, respectively. The active accumulation period was from the 13th to 25th and 15th to 30th day after flowering, respectively. While a continuous increase in the content of triacylglycerols (TAG) was noticed inH. esculentus, TAG was at its peak inH. cannabinus on the 20th day after flowering. The contents of polar lipids were high in the immature seeds but decreased during maturation. The major fatty acids in both species were palmitic, oleic and linoleic. Cyclopropane fatty acids were present only in TAG of both species throughout maturation period. Cyclopropene and epoxy acids appeared in TAG in traces at the final stages of seed maturation. Oleic and linoleic acids were preferentially esterified at the secondary positions of TAG. The contents of palmitic and stearic acids at the secondary positions were sharply reduced as TAG accumulated.
Evaluation of extractive contact units for oil extraction from dehulled sunflower seed
Authors: Tranchino L. , Melle F.
Published: June 2007

The efficiency of an extractive system generally depends on kinetic, thermodynamic and technological parameters. Each of these factors affects the extractive effectiveness, although the overall result depends on their interaction. In the present work this interaction is analyzed for oil extraction from dehulled sunflower seed. Experiments on laboratory scale were made to calculate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the extraction. The behavior of the system in 2 typical contact units (mixer‐settler and semicontinuous extractor) was studied and models assuming equilibrium conditions were formulated. The soundness of the models was checked by pilot‐plant tests and good agreement was obtained as long as the residual oil concentration in the solid was higher than ca 0.01 cso At lower oil concentrations the contact time becomes the main factor of the process, and the extraction is much less affected by the extraction ratio and the composition of the liquid.
Optimization of nonionic surfactants for hard‐surface cleaning
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Matson Ted P.
Published: June 2007

The hard‐surface cleaning performance of various nonionic homologs was evaluated as a function of carbon chain length, ethylene oxide (EO) content, blending and concentration. Results show carbon chain length to be very important to hard‐surface cleaning. Performance significantly increases as carbon‐chain length decreases, probably as a result of an increase in solvency properties as carbon chain length is decreased. EO content is also important, particularly if nonionics with longer carbon chain lengths are used. Surfactant concentration (dilution) has little effect on the optimum ethylene oxide content but significantly affects the optimum carbon chain length of the hydrophobe. With 5% homolog solutions, the optimally performing nonionic contains a C6 hydrophobe, but with 0.2% solutions, the optimal carbon chain length is shifted to the C8–C10 range. This is thought to result from a trade‐off between the surfactant and solvent properties of the nonionic. Overall results show the optimal nonionic for hard‐surface cleaning to consist of a blend of C6, C8 and C10 alcohols ethoxylated to a 50% EO level. Commonly used surfactant systems, e.g., alkylphenol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE)‐butyl cellosolve (BC) blends, were also examined. Results show that alkylphenol ethoxylates give relatively poor performance compared with lower molecular weight linear nonionics because of the large size of their hydrophobe. Under concentrated use, a synergism does exist between APE and BC, but under dilute conditions, the addition of BC is ineffective. BC does not help the performance of low molecular weight nonionics. Surfactant‐soil diffusion studies indicate that surfactant penetration of the soil may be the primary mechanism involved in the hard‐surface cleaning of solid soils.
Effects of amino compounds on the formation of γ‐tocopherol reducing dimers in autoxidizing linoleate
Authors: Ishikawa Y.
Published: June 2007

The effects of various amino compounds trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), tri‐n‐octylamine (TOA), phosphatidyl choline (PC), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) on the oxidative decomposition of γ‐tocopherol (γ‐Toc) and on the formation of its reducing dimers were investigated during the autoxidation of methyl linoleate (ML). In general, γ‐Toc diphenyl ether dimer (γ‐TED) was formed in preference to two atropisomers of γ‐Toc biphenyl dimers [γ‐TBD(H) and (L)] in autoxidizing ML. This relationship, however, was reversed when TMAO was added. As the presence of TOA, PC, or PE did not promote the formation of γ‐TBD, the preferential formation of γ‐TBD was believed to be based on the interaction between TMAO and oxidation products formed from γ‐Toc. Effects of TMAO and TOA on the interconversion of γ‐Toc reducing dimers were investigated. γ‐TED was found to be converted into γ‐Toc and γ‐TBD(L) in autoxidizing ML. But γ‐TBD(H) could not be detected, and the amount of γ‐TBD(L) formed was very small. γ‐TBD(H) and (L) were formed from their respective atropisomers. In this case, the formations of γ‐Toc and γ‐TED could not be detected. Therefore, it was concluded that the conversion of γ‐TED into γ‐TBD and vice versa can be neglected in any event.
Hydrogenation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids occurring in cottonseed oil
Authors: Zarins Z. M. , White J. L. , Willich R. K. , Feuge R. O.
Published: June 2007

The hydrogenation of cyclopropenoid acids and their relative reactivities during hydrogenation as compared to linoleic and oleic acids were examined. Pure methyl sterculate and purifiedSterculia foetida oil and its methyl esters, which have a cyclopropene content more than 60 times that of cottonseed oil, were used for the hydrogenation experiments. Nickel, palladium and platinum catalysts were used. The effect of temperature and type of catalyst were demonstrated in a series of hydrogenation experiments of safflower andS. foetida oil mixtures, and methyl oleate and methyl dihydrosterculate mixtures. Partial hydrogenation of methyl sterculate formed as many as twenty compounds in addition to the cyclopropenoid derivatives. Most of these compounds were monounsaturated. The cyclopropene group hydrogenated very readily compared to the 9,12‐diene system in linoleate. The cyclopropane group obtained by hydrogenating the cyclopropenoid acids group was quite resistant to further attack by hydrogen and nickel catalyst had little effect. With palladium catalyst, a temperature of 180 C was necessary for the reaction to go to completion. Platinum in acetic acid was a good system for hydrogenolysis of the cyclopropane group at 80 C.
A gas chromatographic reactor to measure the effectiveness of antioxidants for polyunsaturated lipids
Authors: Faria J. A. F.
Published: June 2007

A method and apparatus consisting of a gas chromatographic reactor was developed to study the effect of antioxidants on lipid‐containing systems. The oxygen uptake during the oxidation tests was continuously measured. The relative efficiencies, expressed as protective index, for butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG), α‐tocopherol, citric acid, and ascorbic acid on the oxidation of linoleic acid at 85 C and 55 mmHg were determined. The effect of increasing the concentration of BHT (0.025, 0.05, and 0.1%) on the oxidation of safflower oil at 70 C and 45 mmHgO2 was observed. The method was found to be a rapid and reproducible approach to investigate the effect of antioxidants on polyunsaturated lipids.
Quantitative determination of BHT in soap products by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Goldstein M. M. , Molever K. , Lok W. P.
Published: June 2007

A simple and rapid capillary gas chromatography (GC) method is described for the quantitative determination of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol (BHT) antioxidant in soap bars, fatty acids, and related intermediates. The procedure involves blending the sample with dimethylformamide in the presence of 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol (DTBP) internal standard, filtering the mixture, silylating an aliquot with BSTFA (bis‐trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide) and quantifying by capillary GC using flame ionization detection. The silyl derivatization and nonpolar capillary column (12 m, methyl silicone, fused silica) provided resolution of BHT from certain fragrance component interferences. The method has a detection limit of approximately 10 ppm. Soaps fortified with BHT showed recoveries of 97.1±3.7% at the 200 ppm level and 92.3 ± 2.2% when spiked at the 75 ppm level. The effect of bar soap storage time on BHT content is also demonstrated.
Effects of cultivar and tempering procedures on crude soybean oil volatiles
Authors: Engeseth Nicki J. , Perkins Edward G. , Klein Barbara P.
Published: June 2007

The effects of soybean cultivar and tempering procedures on crude soybean oil volatiles were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Varietal differences in volatiles were not obvious. Trends in volatile contents due to tempering were noted primarily when comparing mean peak areas of these compounds in oils stored 16 days at 60°C. Differences in volatiles in response to tempering were not apparent in oils that had not been stored. Equilibration of beans with water resulted in oils with higher volatile contents than those from untempered beans. Steaming lowered volatiles from equilibrated values, and pressure steaming had an even more dramatic lowering effect.
Volatile compounds in oils after deep frying or stir frying and subsequent storage
Authors: Wu Chung‐May , Chen Shu‐Yueh
Published: June 2007

Soybean oil (900 g) was heated by deep frying at 200°C for 1 h with the addition of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mL water, and then stored at 55°C for 26 weeks. Soybean oil, corn oil and lard were heated by stir frying and then stored at 55°C for 30 weeks. The volatiles and peroxide values of these samples were monitored. All samples contained aldehydes as major volatiles. During heating and storage, total volatiles increased 260‐1100‐fold. However, aldehyde content decreased from 62–87% to 47–67%, while volatile acid content increased from 1–6% to 12–33%; especially hexanoic acid which increased to 26–350 ppm in the oils after the storage period was completed. Water addition to the oils heated by deep frying tended to retard the formation of volatile compounds. The total amount of volatile constituents of lard heated by stir frying increased more during storage than that of corn oil or soybean oil. Peroxide values did not reflect the changes of volatile content in the samples.
Characteristics and performance of some commercial shortenings
Authors: NorAini I. , Embong M. S. , Abdullah A. , Flingoh C. H. Oh
Published: June 2007

Six different brands of commercial shortenings were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics and baking performance of cakes and biscuits (cookies). Three of the samples were locally made shortenings supplied by three different refineries (coded A, B and C), and the other three samples were imported shortenings obtained from supermarkets in Kuala Lumpur (D, E and F). Analyses and evaluations included slip melting point, solid fat content, fatty acid composition, triglyceride composition, creaming power and baking performance. All of the shortenings had slip melting points above 40°C. Sample A had the highest solid fat content at all temperatures. However, in terms of baking performance in cakes, sample C gave the highest volume, followed closely by samples B and A. Results indicated that the cakes were significantly different (P < 0.05) in terms of grain size and eating quality. Sensory evaluation on biscuits indicated that samples made with shortening D were preferred by a majority of the sensory panel, followed by those made with shortening C. The third, in order of panel preference, was biscuits made with shortening E.
Studies on the antioxygenic properties of wheat germ phosphatides
Authors: Privett O. S. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: June 2007

1. In accelerated stability tests wheat germ phosphatides were shown to prevent the accumulation of peroxides in both fresh and partially oxidized wheat germ oil.

2. The phosphatides as well as phosphoric acid apparently reacted with fatty peroxides to form complex polymeric substances.

3. Oxygen absorption by highly purified wheat germ phosphatides proceeded without the accumulation of titratable peroxides and without the liberation of free (water‐extractable) phosphoric acid. Polymers appeared to be the chief product of the oxidation.
A laboratory distillation method for the evaluation of crude glycerin
Authors: Schlachter F. A. , Hoffman H. D.
Published: June 2007

A laboratory distillation method for evaluation of crude glycerol was developed to supplement the analytical data. In addition to obtaining a yield value of a crude by this method, one is able to observe the distillation behavior under conditions simulating plant conditions in order to evaluate better different types of crude material. The authors distilled 50 different soap lye and saponification crudes. It was found that the Na2O equivalent of the organic matter of a crude correlated well with the distillation yield in that yields increased with decreased Na2O equivalent. This method has proved to be a valuable tool in not only supplementing the analytical information but in studying polymerization factors that are normally involved in the distillation of crude glycerin.
The determination of small amounts of trimethylene glycol in high gravity and chemically pure glycerine
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Tierney S. E.
Published: June 2007

A method has been developed for the determination of small amounts of trimethylene glycol together with similar constituents in C.P. and high gravity glycerines. The various constituents in known mixtures were determined within 0.2% of the amount present. The method is simple and accurate and utilizes proven A.O.C.S. Methods.
The function of fatty acids in metallic soaps
Authors: Licata Francis J.
Published: June 2007

Conclusion

The above consideration of metallic soaps has been conducted from the point of view of the fatty acid used. It is evident that the fatty acid does play an important function in determining the method of preparation, the physical properties, and ultimately the use of metallic soaps.
Inter‐ and intramolecular polymerization in heat‐bodied linseed oil
Authors: Paschke R. F. , Wheeler D. H.
Published: June 2007

1. Linseed oil has been polymerized at 300° for 1.5, 3, and 6 hours. The polymeric glycerides have been separated from the monomeric glycerides, and the derived methyl esters of each fraction have been analyzed for monomer, dimer, and trimer.

2. The monomeric glycerides show very little intradimerization, ranging from 1.3 to 6% of their acid groups, or 3 to 4% of the total polymeric acid groups in the whole oil.

3. The polymeric glycerides show appreciable intradimerization, from 10 to 20% of their total polymeric acid groups.

4. There is no evidence that a shift from intra‐ to interdimerization is the major cause of the sudden increase in viscosity in the later stages of thermal polymerization.

5. The rapid rise in viscosity is due to the nature of the relationship of viscosity to molecular weight and of molecular weight to extent of reaction in the difunctional polymerization system present.
Continuous countercurrent vacuum bleaching
Authors: Singleton W. A. , McMichael C. E.
Published: June 2007

The Votator continuous countercurrent vacuum bleaching system has been described and compared with older methods of bleaching. Data have been presented, comparing the performance of batch open kettle‐, batch vacuum‐, and continuous countercurrent vacuum‐bleaching systems. These data indicate that the vacuum methods of bleaching result in a superior quality bleached oil with the use of less adsorbent. They also prove the value of countercurrent contacting of oil and adsorbent as practiced in the Votator system.

The economic aspects of bleaching have been discussed, proving that the continuous countercurrent vacuum‐bleaching system, due to its automatic operation, compactness, and savings in adsorbent operates at a considerably lower cost than either batch method. Data have been offered to show the qualitative advantages of vacuum‐bleached oils over atmospheric‐bleached oils.
Component fatty acids of Indian shark liver oil
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Pande G. D.
Published: June 2007

A sample of liver oil of an Indian shark (Carcharias melanopterus) from the Arabian Sea has been studied.

Tsujimoto's lithium salt acetone method has been adopted for the separation of the highly unsaturated acids from the mixed acids, which were further resolved into simpler groups with the help of Hilditch's modified lead salt ethanol method. The efficient column (E.H.P.) of Longenecker has been employed for fractionation in the present work.

The present oil is found to belong to the IV group of Tsujimoto's classification of the Elasmobranch fish liver oils.

The abnormal saturated acid content is discussed. The present analysis provides an additional instance of this peculiar group of Elasmobranch liver oils.
Pilot‐plant production, tempering, and evaluation of global edible spreads from vegetable oils
Authors: Lancaster E. B. , Beal R. E. , Jones E. P. , Dutton H. J. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

Global spread of improved plasticity characteristics has now been produced on a pilot‐plant scale. Chilling equipment similar to that used in margarine production was slightly modified; and because of the scale of operation, throughput was reduced to one‐fifth the rated capacity.

Global spread produced by the formulation previously described suffered the defect of becoming progressively firmer when stored, consequently both the “mouth feel” and general acceptability were impaired. This deficiency was largely overcome by tempering at 112°F. (44°C.) for 24hrs. in the presence of 0.2% oil‐free soybean phosphatides which softens the spread and slows the hardening process which occurs during prolonged storage at elevated temperatures. Spreads currently being produced compare favorably with commercial margarines in general acceptability when evaluated at room temperature and are superior in plasticity characteristics when compared at low and high temperatures.
Solvent extraction of meat offal
Authors: Arnold L. K. , Arvidson H. C.
Published: June 2007

Data are presented to show the effect of the various operating variables on the extraction of meat and bone scrap both in the laboratory and in a pilot plant model of the Iowa State College extractor. From the data presented it has been concluded that the extraction takes place mainly by a washing process with slight diffusion. A possible correlation is suggested for comparing laboratory and pilot plant data.
A modification of the p‐anisidine method for the determination of free and total gossypol
Authors: Miller W. J.
Published: June 2007

A modification of the Pons and Guthrie method for determining free gossypol in cottonseed materials is presented. The use of aniline, rather than p‐anisidine, as the color‐producing reagent is necessary if meals containing dianilinogossypol are to be analyzed correctly. Increasing the reaction temperature eliminates a serious weakness in the method and results in greater accuracy. The proposed method is applicable to all types of cottonseed meal now marketed.

A slight modification of the Pons method for total gossypol is also presented. By doubling the strength of the oxalic acid used to hydrolyze bound gossypol and by using aniline to develop the color, the method is made applicable to chemically treated meals containing dianilinogossypol.
Reinforcement of Endocrine Surgery Training: Impact of Telemedicine Technology in a Developing Country Context
Authors: Pradeep P. V. , Mishra Anjali , Mohanty B. N. , Mohapatra K. C. , Agarwal Gaurav , Mishra Saroj Kanta
Published: June 2007

Aims and Objectives

Technology‐based outreach programs for knowledge sharing and skill development using telemedicine is a novel approach to developing subspecialties in regions where there is a lack of specialists and dedicated departments. Endocrine surgery is one such emerging subspecialty. There are few dedicated surgeons and centers even in the developed world. India has only one such center. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and impact of telemedicine on the reinforcement of endocrine surgery training at distant places to develop this subspecialty in a developing country such as India.

Material and Methods

Two faculty members from the General Surgery Department at SCB Medical College in Cuttack, Orissa, India registered at Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences in Lucknow for a short 3‐month training course in endocrine surgery in 1998 and thereafter consulted through telephone calls and e‐mail when required. Telemedicine‐based mentoring was introduced in 2001 as a reinforcement method for continuing training and skills development. Various training modules were used, including tele‐consultation, case presentation, treatment planning, tele‐radiology, tele‐pathology, and tele‐continuing medical education (CME) programs and workshops. The outcome was assessed in terms of the increase in the number of patients with endocrine disorders seen and operated on by trainees and the complication rates.

Results

A total of 70 telemedicine sessions were held between 2001 and 2005. They included tele‐education and surgical treatment planning (n = 44), tele‐consultation including tele‐pathology and tele‐radiology (n = 26), and tele‐surgical conferences/CME (n = 6). The number of endocrine surgical cases performed by trainees after training (phase II) increased significantly compared to those before training (phase I), with a further increase after starting telemedicine‐enabled mentoring (phase III). Most of the patients operated on by the trainees had thyroid problems, although these surgeons started operating on a few patients with parathyroid and adrenal disorders as well. The morbidity figures for the thyroidectomy operations (including total thyroidectomy) were comparable to those at the training institution.

Conclusion

The concept of training a group of motivated general surgeons to practice safe endocrine surgery at a remote center via telemedicine‐aided reinforcement of their training is thus feasible. This is particularly true in the case of thyroidectomy operations, which constitute the major workload of endocrine surgery in our country. The same program might be applicable to the development of other medical subspecialties in a developing country as well.
Rheology and stability of phospholipid‐stabilized emulsions
Authors: Zhang F. , Proctor A.
Published: June 2007

Lecithin in cosmetic emulsions produces a unique “skin feel,” which can be related to its rheological properties. In this study, water‐in‐oil (w/o) and oil‐in‐water (o/w) emulsions were made from a cosmetic‐grade caprylic/capric triglyceride with deoiled lecithin and hydroxylated lecithin. Synthetic surfactants commonly used in commercial cosmetic products were used as controls. Optical light microscope investigation showed significant differences in the structures of the w/o and o/w emulsions made with the lecithins. Freeze/thaw tests were conducted to evaluate emulsion stability. The o/w emulsion (oil/water = 20:80) was stable with 3% hydroxylated lecithin at room temperature. However, 4% hydroxylated lecithin was needed for stabilizing the emulsion with an oil‐to‐water ratio of 20:80 or 30:70 through the freeze/thaw treatments. With 4% deoiled lecithin, the w/o emulsion showed a water‐holding capacity up to 80%, which was also stable through two freeze/thaw cycles. All emulsions in this study exhibited pseudoplastic flow, in which a minimum shearing stress, a yield value, was required before flow became linear. In general, the emulsion viscosity increased as lecithin content increased. Changing the oil‐to‐water ratio also affected the emulsion viscosity. The deoiled lecithin‐based w/o emulsions had higher yield values than hydroxylated lecithin‐based o/w emulsions. Therefore, more force was needed to spread the w/o emulsions. In addition, because w/o emulsions had more viscous continuous phases and a greater volume of internal phases, the w/o emulsions were more viscous than the o/w emulsions.
Enzymatic syntheses of N‐lauroyl‐β‐alanine homologs in organic media
Authors: Izumi Taeko , Yagimuma Yoshihiro , Haga Masanori
Published: June 2007

Enyzmatic amidation of the primary amines β‐alanine ethyl ester and 3‐aminopropionitrile with methyl laurate by means of immobilized lipase (Candida antarctica lipase, CAL) resulted in the formation in good yield of N‐lauroyl‐β‐alanine ethyl ester and 3‐(N‐lauroylamino)‐propionitrile, respectively. When 3‐amino‐propionitrile was used as substrate, diisopropyl ether was a suitable solvent. Changing the reaction temperature (12–80°C) did not affect the yields, and room temperature was a suitable temperature for this reaction. In the investigation of reaction conditions, the use of equimolar amounts (5 mmol) of substrate and ester, along with 0.5 g of CAL, in diisopropyl ether gave the best yield (99.3%) after 24 h of incubation at 24°C. The enzyme activity in the amidation reaction did not decrease even after six uses. With β‐alanine ethyl ester hydrochloride as substrate, diisopropyl ether was unsuited as a solvent owing to the low solubility of the substrate in this solvent.

In this reaction, the best yield (82.0%) was attained by using dioxane as solvent. CAL achieved higher extents of amide synthesis with long‐chain than with short‐chain ester substrates. The enzyme accepted only nonbulky primary amines as substrates.
Utilization of molasses for biosurfactant production by two Bacillus strains at thermophilic conditions
Authors: Makkar Randhir S. , Cameotra Swaranjit S.
Published: June 2007

Traditionally, biosurfactants have been produced from hydrocarbons. Some possible substitutes for microbial growth and biosurfactant production include urban wastes, peat hydrolysate, and agro‐industrial by‐products. Molasses, a nonconventional substrate (agro‐industrial by‐product) can also be used for biosurfactant production. It has been utilized by two strains of Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 2423 and MTCC1427) for biosurfactant production and growth at 45°C. As a result of biosurfactant accumulation, the surface tension of the medium was lowered to 29 and 31 dynes/cm by the two strains, respectively. This is the first report of biosurfactant production by strains of B. subtilis at 45°C. Potential application of the biosurfactant in microbial enhanced oil recovery is also presented.
Generation of Maillard‐type compounds from triethanolamine alone
Authors: Yano Hiroyuki , Noda Akira , Hukuhara Tadao , Miyazawa Kiyoshi
Published: June 2007

The mechanism of triethanolamine (TEA) soap browning has been uncovered. The reaction proceeds as follows. Firstly, TEA is degraded into diethanolamine and acetaldehyde. Secondly, diethanolamine is further degraded into monoethanolamine and acetaldehyde. Thirdly, two molecules of acetaldehyde dimerize to crotonaldehyde, which reacts with monoethanolamine to generate brownish products with conjugated double bonds. Thus, TEA alone generates Maillard‐type products through a series of degradation and recombination reactions.