bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paint testing: A survey of some modern techniques Part 6: Corrosion and weather resistance
Authors: Boxall J.
Published: February 2008

Previous articles in this series have described some of the techniques that are used to characterise paint film properties. In many instances results from such tests are used predictively, that is they yield information on the likely performance of the coating during service. It is however, widely accepted that the most accurate way of determing performance is to actually subject the coating‐substrate combination to the service conditions it will meet in practice, or a close approximation to them. Suitability can then be assessed by periodic inspection and/or by taking measurements of some appropriate parameter which might be expected to change with time. A great many techniques have been developed and refined over the years that are intended to replicate service environments in some simplified and reproducible way; an indication of the range of test methods that can be employed to this end can be seen in a recent article by El‐Sawy. Many of these techniques are suitable for the laboratory and range from simple immersion tests in appropriate solutions through to exposure testing in controlled environment cabinets. Because of the problems of interpreting the results from laboratory simulation testing though, exposure of test panels in the natural environment is also widely practiced. This, the last article in this series, will consider some of the recent literature concerning environmental testing, with particular reference to techniques appropriate for assessing the weather, marine and corrosion resistance of coatings.
The metallic soaps of napthenic acids — Part 3
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Cobalt naphthenate has been employed in adhesives for joining metals and rubber e.g. steel cord tyres and conveyor belts, to promote adhesion, and in elastomeric compounds for adhesion to brass‐ plated metals. It has also been employed in hardeners for epoxy resin adhesives, and as a reducing activator in the manufacture of anaerobically‐cured adhesive systems.
Developments in raw materials — Part 1. Colouring pigments
Authors: Boxall J
Published: February 2008

The pace of technical development in the paint industry is seemingly nowhere more rapid than in the field of raw materials, with almost every issue of paint journals containing reports of new products and details of their practical application. In truth many of these new materials are comprised of nothing more radical than standard products with slight changes in some minor detail, but at the other end of the spectrum are those materials which are so novel that whole new avenues of research are opened up. Wherever any new product is placed on the broad spectrum of novelty however, there is no doubting that many new opportunities are constantly being created for paint chemists to utilise. This series of articles will consider some of the literature that has appeared in the technical press in the last three years, and will cover recent developments in the technology of pigments and extenders, convertible and non‐convertible media, as well as solvents and additives. It is hoped that these reviews will enable paint chemists to take full advantage not only of the new products which have recently appeared on the market, but also heighten their awareness of new approaches to formulating with established raw materials. This first article is concerned with colouring pigments which here have been split into two broad categories of white and spectral colours. Later articles will consider developments in anti‐corrosive pigments and extenders.
The protection of dispersions against micro‐biological contamination during production and storage
Authors: Evertsen P.
Published: February 2008

Dispersions are quite sensitive to growth and attack by micro‐organisms. This presents itself by discolouration of the dispersion, a putrid smell, gasformation and alterations of the physical properties of the pH. Total disintegration such as the dispersion seldom occurs. A contaminated product does not have to show all the above mentioned effects but may show only discolouration.
Technical service — marketing's right arm?
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

Despite three generations of military fiascos scattered around the Empire from Afghanistan to the Crimea to the Transvaal, the British officer corps ended the century (1899) with its gallant amateurism intact. Those were indeed the days when the New Imperialism precipitated an environment in which both the European military and those ‘in trade’ could do no wrong (sic). This was the epoch in which some decorative paint salesman used the Clerk of Works Smoking Concert as their panacea. By investing a few gold sovereigns he would get them pie‐ eyed and, without having mentioned business, would send them all fifty gallons of white undercoat next day, or anything else the factory wanted shifting. And so the wheels were oiled until comparatively recently with the customer receiving support made up of nothing more than a superlative product and commercial amateurism, carried out with gentlemanly relish. Indeed, the writer (when very young) can well remember offering to radically modify this service, to receive the reply from a somewhat grizzled and articulate foreman painter: ‘The only technical service I require, is my regular delivery of Scotch whisky so sensibly instituted by your predecessor.’
The use of water‐borne urethane polymers in printing inks
Authors: Tsirovasiles John
Published: February 2008

Water‐borne urethanes for the printing ink industry have increased rapidly because they are the best alternative, and not necessarily because of EPA pressure. New developments in urethane chemistry enable the formulation of urethane water‐borne inks that have the adhesion, abrasion resistance, toughness and other necessary properties. The next generation of polymers is already on the drawing board. Close cooperation between the polymer manufacturer and ink formulator can only expand the horizons for this versatile form of polymer.
Wood preservation and finishes for external woodwork and joinery
Authors: Crookes John
Published: February 2008

Most of the building industry has benefitted from new technical developments and by the introduction of specifications and standards. External woodwork is no exception.
Trends in automotive finishes for metal and plastics
Authors: Lloyd‐Smith Bill
Published: February 2008

Carrs Paints of Birmingham have been associated with paints for automobiles for 60 years. They are situated on the door step of the giant Austin Rover plant at Longbridge and they therefore consider themselves to be an integral part of the automotive industry.
The development of an easily dispersing organoclay
Authors: Tatum J.P.
Published: February 2008

Organoclay gellants have been well established as stable, effective viscosifying agents for the paint, coatings and ink industries for many years. The conventional organoclays used, however, present some processing difficulties as they require high shear rate mixing and the correct choice and level of a polar additive to achieve maximum performance. In addition, a range of gellants has been necessary to enable systems of differing polarity to be viscosified effectively.
Surface active agents: some applications in surface coatings
Authors: Pryce A
Published: February 2008

Surface active agents are widely used to impart special characteristics to surface coatings formulations. The large variety of “surfactants” now commercially available may leave the coating technologist with the problem of how to choose the best for his particular system. It is hoped that by outlining the relationships between molecular structure and surfactant properties a reasonable working basis for selection of surfactants may be gained.
Economic benefits introduced by hyperdispersants
Authors: Cowley A.C.D.
Published: February 2008

The paint and printing ink industries operate in a very competitive market, where raw materials and production costs account for a high proportion of the total price of the finished goods. Any method of reducing these processing costs or of obtaining better value from the raw materials must produce an immediate economic advantage allowing the manufacturer to improve his profit margin.
The benefits and use of powder coatings for architectural aluminium
Authors: Norwood Derek S.D.
Published: February 2008

In recent years aluminium has become a very widely used material in the construction industry. Light weight, good corrosion resistance and ease of fabrication lends itself to a whole variety of end uses. Although the tendency for aluminium to oxidise in the atmosphere is itself a form of chemical “protection”, improvements in weather and chemical resistance can be gained from the use of a variety of surface coatings. These coating technologies are typically of the following types: polyvinylidine difluoride, water‐borne electro‐paint, conventional solvent‐based paints, powder coatings and anodising. The two most popular technologies in use today are: TGIC (Triglycidyl isocyanurate)/polyester powder coatings and polyvinylidine difluoride (PVDF) solvent‐based coatings. Coated aluminium has the added competition in the window frame and door frame market from uPVC. Only coated aluminium will be discussed in this paper.
Blown (air oxidised) vegetable & marine oils & paint manufacture
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Many vegetable drying, semi‐drying, and non‐drying oils and also marine oils have the property of being able to absorb oxygen as such, or from the air, to varying degrees and thereby become thickened and viscous, and soluble in mineral oils, the commercial acceleration of the process being known as “blowing”, giving blown, oxidised and polymerised oils. Thus blown oils are oils that have been agitated vigorously by having a current of air or oxygen passed through them whilst in a heated state, temperatures of the order of 70/120°C being usually involved, such oils having a long history of application. The degree of oxidation of an oil and degree of reduction in unsaturation depends upon the amount of air/oxygen passed through an oil, the length of time of blowing and temperature, and is in direct proportion to the air/oil interface, and whether or not a catalyst is used. Blown oils are characterised chemically by the presence of C‐O‐C links and C‐C links, with useful terminal groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl. The products of the air oxidation in blown oils, whilst still polymeric, etc, in nature, are quite different from those in oils whose properties have been changed by application only of heat and catalysts i.e. heat‐bodied oils, for use in resin and paint manufacture, the former oils containing hydroxy groups, etc., the films of which are less resistant to alkalies and to water. Many oils which show a tendency to “gumming” are free of this defect after blowing.
Analytic difficulties — solvents
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

Solvents! Will the common vortex be water? Will traditional liquids continue their long and satisfactory reign? Will the need for change be thrust upon the producer of solvents or will he anticipate demand? Where does health and safety slot in? Will local demands soon give way completely to European, transnational, even world demands? What's happening with solvents in that great potential market in the Pacific Basin? What have the oil companies mapped out for us over the next decade? Will solvents become redundant?
S.P.C. by coating thickness measurement
Authors: Latter T.D.T.
Published: February 2008

The new “in‐phrase” in production/quality control is “S.P.C.” or Statistical Process Control. This is the application of statistical prediction techniques to the process producing the products. Such techniques depend upon the rapid collection and evaluation of measurements made upon representative sample batches taken from production. In order for the prediction and subsequent control to be accurate and reliable, it is necessary to correctly evaluate as large an amount of process — representative data as is practically possible. Where coated products are being produced, coating thickness data is of prime importance and, therefore, modern coating thickness computers, even the small hand‐held models, are equipped with facilities for storing and evaluating large amounts of thickness data.
Metering for measuring surface colour
Authors: Stead Linden F
Published: February 2008

In recent years the measurement of colour has become very important in many areas, and this is indicated by the fact that there is a multitude of instruments available for measuring surface colour, including the popular range of tristimulus colorimeters marketed by Minolta.
Thermoplastic methacrylate solid resins — production, characteristics, and applications
Authors: Kuhl Gilbert
Published: February 2008

Polymethacrylates are distinguished by transparency as well as by chemical and mechanical resistivity. This overview of the current status of the thermoplastic methacrylate solid resins discusses synthesis, production processes, binder characteristics, and major areas of application.
Cationic UV polymerization of Cyracure cycloaliphatic epoxies
Authors: Pelgrims J.
Published: February 2008

The conventional curing of oxirane containing molecules such as cycloaliphatic epoxies with organic acid anhydrides, organic acids, Lewis acids and blocked Lewis acids is widely practised in the industry and the reaction mechanisms are well documented and described in epoxy resin related books
Environmental protection for concrete
Authors: Stanfield R.F.
Published: February 2008

Decadex is one of only a few products to have a proven case history of protecting reinforced concrete structures from ‘carbonation’, which is substantiated by independent testing, and this is discussed along with other in‐use examples.
Flame retardant oil modified chlorinated alkyd Resins
Authors: Abdel‐Mohsen Fawzia F. , Radwan Mohamed A.
Published: February 2008

Fire retardant oil‐modified alkyd resin based on chlorendic ahnydride (1,4,5,6,7 7‐hexachlorobicyclo‐(2,2,1) hept‐5‐ene‐2,3‐dicarboxylic anhydride) have been synthesized using linseed oil, phthalic anhydride and glycerol. Several paint formulations were designed to study the effect of pigment/binder ratio, antimony trioxide and chlorinated thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers on fire retardancy. Oxygen index method was used to evaluate the fire retardancy of paints. The chlorinated alkyd resin was used as a plasticizer for laroflex MP 35 to improve the fire retardancy of the thermoplastic chlorinated polymer.
Studies on polyesters modified rosin
Authors: Rakhshinda Panda (Mrs) , Panda Himadri
Published: February 2008

Considerable effort has been made by this Laboratory and industry to make polyfunctional derivatives of rosin through the introduction of different groups into the resin acid moiety.
A short history of the UK Paint Industry — update
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

Two principles affect, perhaps govern, the moral, intellectual and commercial world: perpetual progress and the necessary limitations placed upon such progress. If progress was ungoverned nothing would be durable — moral values would be in a state of constant flux, books would never become textbooks and commerce would fulminate to no end. The whole of life, as Gentz remarks, would be given over to winds and waves. It is therefore obvious a balance between progress and reaction should forever be in being, by developing what we can and upholding what we ought.
New class of Metal Pyridino‐porphyrazine pigments
Authors: Abd El‐Ghaffar M.A. , Sabbah I.A. , Moustafa M. , Salman A.A.
Published: February 2008

Cobalt, Nickel and Copper hexaazabiphthalocyanine were prepared by the reaction of pyridine 2,3‐dicarboxylic acid anhydride, pyromillitic acid dianhydride, with urea and metal salt in presence of ammonium molybdate catalyst. The reaction is carried out in an inert solvent [nitrobenzene]. The structure of the prepared compound was confirmed by microanalytical and pectrophotometric methods. Evaluation of the highly coloured products according to international standard methods showed their suitability as excellent pigments for coating applications.
Weathering performance of materials
Authors: Wootton Alan B.
Published: February 2008

Many industries have already established some criteria for predicting the service life of products. Other industries are learning from their experiences but it is quite likely that in the next few years some form of weathering or service performance test will be introduced into most product specifications.
Quality Assurance and the role of the Instrument Manufacturer
Authors: Routs Alan
Published: February 2008

This must have been said before and I apologise for plagiarising and hope I haven't infringed anyone else's copyright!
Target
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

In spite of the ongoing process of the big group philosophy within the paint cum pigment cum resin cum solvent industry, competition remains battle‐zonish. Paint salesmen and their auxiliaries still move around in assault teams; printing ink people are still as active as investigative reporters; resin reps accost at every available opportunity and the solvent boys are as on the ball as any shock troops. Peaceful coexistence is only an abstract phrase to such participants, valid perhaps as a strategy for politicians seeking to put off the dreadful day, but pie‐in‐the‐sky for those who hustle for a living in dear old England, mainland Europe, and indeed, the world.
Development of polyester powder coating systems for outdoor architectural application in Europe
Authors: Bodnar Erwin , Taylor Paul
Published: February 2008

Over the last few years, the share of powder coatings used for the protection of aluminium extrusions and claddings for architectural uses in competition with conventional liquid paints and as an alternative to anodising has sharply increased. In 1987, about 47 million m2 or 135 thousand tons of aluminium used in outdoor architecture have been powder coated in France, Germany, Italy and United Kingdom. This paper gives a thorough description of the latest developments of the polyester powder coating systems used for aluminium extrusions and claddings in Europe, underlining the criteria of the choice of the weathering resistant powders, the importance of metal pretreatment and of the coating process itself as well as of the quality control in this industry. A comparison with competitive coating technologies is also given.
Advantages of radiation cured silicone based release coatings
Authors: Weitemeyer C. , Jachmann J. , Allstadt D. , Brus H.
Published: February 2008

Silicone based heat curing release coatings for paper and plastics have been on the market for more than 30 years. The most important and proven systems are solvent based condensation curing, although 100% solvent‐free, platinum catalyzed products were introduced to the market some years ago. For some applications emulsions are also suitable. All these systems cure by heat.
Synthetic lamellar iron oxide: a new pigment for anticorrosive primers
Authors: Carter Eric
Published: February 2008

The need for environmentally acceptable anti‐corrosive pigments to replace those based on lead and chromates in priming paints has stimulated the emergence of phosphate, molybdate and borate types and many others. However there are widespread doubts about the ability of these “non‐toxic” alternatives to provide the same degree of corrosion‐resistance as the lead and chrome pigments. This has encouraged a search for ways and means of boosting the inhibitive action of the newer pigments, for instance by mixing with other ingredients that might promote a synergistic effect. There has been a growing interest in utilising inert “barrier” pigments for this purpose and the development of synthetic iron oxide with a flake‐like crystalline structure is a significant step forward in this context.
Never mind the flow‐rate, feel the surface area!
Authors: Gilbey G.J.
Published: February 2008

In some respects, it is a pity that the filter‐pump i.e. the combination of a filter with a pump as a single unit, was ever devised. True, it reduces the plumbing of two separate pieces of equipment and the manufacturer sells, in effect, two items where he might otherwise only sell one. But the existence of standard combined filter/pump units has taken away recognition by the user that he should specify not only the average flow‐rate required but also the effective filtering surface area since this directly relates to the frequency at which blocked media must be renewed in order to maintain that flow‐rate.
Important development in remote colour measurement
Authors: Bradley J.A.C.
Published: February 2008

The Macbeth Eagle‐Eye, a pulsed‐xenon sensing unit can measure colour on substrates upto 20 feet away and still maintain the same degree of accuracy achieved from a conventional spectrophotometer.
A Polish process for pentaerythritol manufacture
Authors: Trybula Stanislaw , Terelak Kazimierz
Published: February 2008

Pentaerythritol is a synthetic polyalcohol with the formula C 2OH)4, obtained in the reaction of one acetaldehyde molecule with four molecules of formaldehyde. This reaction takes place in a dilute aqueous solution in the presence of alkaline catalysts. Besides the pentaerythritol a salt of formic acid, most often sodium formate, is the by‐product obtained.
Preparation and evaluation of some polyester‐aluminium oxide composites
Authors: Abd El‐Hakim A.A. , Badran A.S. , Helaly F.M.
Published: February 2008

Surface of aluminium oxide was modified using the adsorption of stearic acid molecules from benzene solution. The adsorption isotherm and the sedimentation properties of the aluminium oxide in the organic medium were determined. Commercial unsaturated polyester was cured to a cross‐linked structure using styrene, methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate monomers as cross‐linking agents, and small amounts of peroxidic initiator to initiate the curing process. Different composite materials of polyester‐modified surface aluminium oxide were prepared, and the physicomechanical properties of the prepared composites were measured for the products in the form of cast laminates and rods.
Modern antifouling compositions ‐ Part IV: Controlled release, less hazardous, low cost highly efficient antifouling compositions
Authors: Abd El‐Malek Mounir M. , Messiha Nagi N. , Ayoub Magdy M.H.
Published: February 2008

Two sets of formulations based on three copolymer and three terpolymer systems involving tributyltin methacrylate(BTMA),methyl methacrylate(MMA) and acrylonitrile (AN) with variable tin contents of 7, 15 and 22% were prepared. There is only one varient in each formulation of the six prepared, that is the type of organotin polymer whether it is a copolymer or terpolymer of a definite tin content 7 or 15 or 22%. The binder mixture is a blend consisting of the organotin polymer, a vinyl copolymer and its external plasticizer and little amount of rosin. A moderate and fixed amount of cuprous oxide was introduced into all formulations as a supplementary toxin with organotin polymer. Leaching rates of micro amounts of copper and tin were determined. Panel exposure test in the sea was performed at Port Said. Best antifouling efficiency was obtained from formultions containing organotin copolymer or terpolymer of 22% tin content and that containing organotin copolymer of 15% tin.
Measuring gloss with statistical novogloss
Authors: Davies Mike
Published: February 2008

Until a few years ago, glossmeters drifted; accurate measurement of gloss was difficult if not impossible. Either the zero drifted or high value readings drifted, or both. Even today there are glossmeters which suffer from these problems. Control features built into the Rhopoint Novo‐Gloss and Lab‐Gloss have reduced both long and short term drift to negligible proportions. Errors in reading due to Infra Red reflection have been effectively eliminated.
Laser curing of finishing systems
Authors: Poullos Mark
Published: February 2008

When Albert Einstein theoretically proved the possibility of laser action in 1917, who could have thought it would come to this? Yes, once again scientists have applied the laser to another previously unchallenged area of industry — curing of coatings. It was once said “that a laser was developed as an answer looking for a problem.” However poking fun at laser techniques has not stopped them from leading part of the fastest‐growing sector of the metal and plastic cutting and welding industry.
Oleochemicals in resin production and usage: Part 2
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Guanidine stearate will function as a lubricant for melamine/formaldehyde resins (and guanamine/formaldehyde resins), and glyceryl monostearate can improve the mechanical properties of the former. Laurie acid can be applied to the production of high grade baking enemel resins in combination with melamine. Stearic acid can be used in the manufacture of melamine resins, e.g. by reaction with formaldehyde and butanol, to give resins for lacquers, and to yield moulding resins. Sodium myristate is usable as a chain transfer agent in the emulsion polymerisation of methyl methacrylate. Copolymerisation of methacrolein dibutyrate and methyl methacrylate has given resins that can be moulded or used in varnishes, and reaction products of stearic acid with methacrylic acid and neodymium oxide has given transparent optical resins. Cellulose laurate can produce extensibilities of nitrocellulose of the order of 100%, and cetyl acetate can act similarly in film, having little tendency to yellowing, but it has also little stability to exterior exposure. When ethylene glycol monmethyl ether acetyl ricinoleate is incorporated into nitrocellulose as a plasticizer, it gives films that are clear, tough and flexible. Stearic acid can act as a stabilizer for nitrocellulose. Lauryl phosphate has been applied as a catalyst in the modification of olefinic petroleum results, by reaction with acrylic resins, and distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite can function as a heat stabilizer in petroleum resins.
Oleochemical monographs (41)
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Polyoxyethylated hydroxy benzyl oleamide has found use in lubricants to prevent adhesion in moulds during the production of vulcanizates of natural and of synthetic rubbers. Polyoxyethylated oleamide acts as a mould lubricant for synthetic rubbers, whilst polyglycol 400 dilaurate can be used to reduce the time and temperature necessary for the recovery of old vulcanizates using paraffin oil and bitumen. Anti‐fogging properties can be sustained in rubber hydrochloride films by the use of polyglycol 1500 dilaurate, and improved percentage elongation can be promoted in intimate blends of polystyrene and SBR rubbers by the inclusion of polyglycol 4000 monostearate. Polyoxyethylated sorbitan monostearate acts as an emulsifer in the emulsion polymerisation of styrene, butadiene and styrene/ butadiene copolymer rubbers, and it can perform as an anti‐static for the latter. Polyoxyethylated stearylamine can be incorporated into lubricants designed to prevent adhesion in moulds during production of vulcanizates of synthetic and of natural rubber, and rubber latexes and other aqueous dispersions of rubber can be rendered more stable by the employment of polyoxyethylated stearyl alcohol, and thus allow storage in untreated containers for long periods of time. Polyoxypropylated sorbitan monopalmitate will serve as a parting agent, releasing aid, for unvulcanized rubber and vulcanized rubber, without interfering with further bonding and coating of rubber.
Synthesis and study of phenols‐furfural resin from Egyptian cotton straw
Authors: Hassan E.A. , Motawie A.M. , Kamel M.M.
Published: February 2008

Phenols‐furfural resin (analogous to novolake type phenol‐formaldehyde) was obtained from condensation reaction between cotton straw powder and phenolic product in presence of an inorganic acid. The optimum conditions for resin formation were confermed by infrared spectra and its characteristics were determined.
Quality control in surface coatings needs reproducible test panels
Authors: Routs Alan
Published: February 2008

All technical or commercial developments in the Surface Coatings Industry, will inevitably prominently feature R&D and more particularly Quality Control.
Infra red and ultra violet curing methods
Authors: Pelling David
Published: February 2008

Slough based Spectral Technology Ltd is the world's largest manufacturer of accelerated drying equipment, and along with its lamp manufacturing subsidiary Primarc Ltd has been involved in the development of UV and drying technology since the 1970's. The Group manufactures products employed for the drying and curing of inks and other surface coatings in the widest range of applications: from printing to wood finishing and printed circuit boards.
Oleochemicals and the processing of polymeric resins — Part 5
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Polymers which do not normally dissolve in water can usually be dispersed in sodium oleate solutions, the polymer adsorbing surfactant to give a complex similar to polymer electrolytes. Molten palmitic acid will serve as a solvent in which to polymerise acrylic compounds, and benzyl butyrate has been examined as a solvent in which to polymerise benzyl methacrylate. Ethyl palmitate has been applied to aid the reduction of the carbon tetrachloride content of solutions of chlorinated polyisoprene, when this is removed from the polymer by steam or hot water.
The influence of defoamers and deaerators on the efficiency of water‐borne coatings systems
Authors: Heiten W. , Vltavsky H.
Published: February 2008

Foam problems in aqueous systems often arise in production and during use. Causes for foam generation in these systems and the characteristics of foams have been and are subject to multiple articles.
Ceramic blue pigment from Iranian materials
Authors: Moztarzadeh F. , Boghozian S. , Halek F.
Published: February 2008

Pigments are fine solid particles which when exposed to light they emit different colours, depending on the nature of substances they are composed of.
Protection of Marine Environment against Toxic Anticorrosive Coatings
Authors: Botros Tadros Aida
Published: February 2008

The anticorrosive action of the two compounds: 4‐(p‐chlorobenzylidene‐amino)‐3‐hydrazino‐5‐thio‐1,2, 4‐triazole (I) and 4‐(p‐chloro‐benzylideneamino)‐3‐(p‐chlorobenzy‐lidenehydrazino)‐5‐thio‐1,2,4‐triazole (II) against marine corrosion have been tested using four different marine paint compositions containing the compounds. The paints were applied on steel panels and tested in a sea‐water medium. The same paint formulations were tested for antifouling activity by applying the paints containing the compounds on PVC panels and immersing them in the water of Alexandria western harbour. The formulations based on compounds (I) showed better steel protection than their analogue containing compound (II), and protect their surfaces from marine corrosion for about seven months.
Vernonia and Epoxidized Linseed and Soybean Oils
Authors: Muturi‐Mwangi P. , Dirlikov S. , Gitu P.M.
Published: February 2008

Yellowing of vegetable oils in coatings continue to be a problem to paint formulators and users and to resin manufacturers. This characteristic occurs in coatings where there is unsaturation in the triglyceride fatty acid residues of the oils used in the resin or binder. Yellowing is the single most important factor which limits the use of linseed oil‐based white paints and enamels for external use in buildings. A thorough understanding of this phenomenon is necessary to the resin manufacturer and paint formulator. Unfortunately, yellowing of vegetable oils in coatings is still a controversial subject. The chemistry behind the process is not yet known. Many factors have been attributed to causing or related to the onset and degree of yellowing. These include:
Polyfunctionally Pyrazole Azo Dyes
Authors: ElKholy Y.M. , Abd El‐Hafiz S.A.
Published: February 2008

In recent years heterocyclic azo dyes have been the subject of an intense research by dye manufacturers. Even so, little has been devoted to technical properties, so we have recently directed our research activities towards studying the ability of thiazole azo and hydrazono disperse dyes for dyeing of polyester and cellulose acetate.
Characterizing Active Surfactants in Three Dimensions
Authors: Janule Victor P.
Published: February 2008

The SensaDyne Tensiometer uses a patented technology that is a refinement of the maximum bubble pressure method. This method was first suggested by Simon in 1851 and later developed by Jaeger in 1917. The first viable commercial instrument was introduced in 1982, and a subsequent design interfaced to the personal computer several years later, allowing us now to use software tools which make three‐dimensional studies relatively straightforward.
Steel‐protective Paints Free of Anti‐corrosive Pigments
Authors: El‐Sawy S.M. , El‐Sanabary A.A. , Badran B.M.
Published: February 2008

The application of organic coatings is the most extensive way of protecting metal products from corrosion. Developments of organic coatings and their applications are subject to the effects of many factors at present. The most important among these factors are ecological requirements aimed at the protection of the living and working environments, and the lack of raw materials and energy.
Bayer investment in Eastern Germany
Authors: Savage Terry
Published: February 2008

The expansion of Bayer's new production site at Bitterfeld is continuing apace. Just three months after federal chancellor Dr Helmut Kohl and the chairman of the Board of Management of Bayer AG Dr Manfred Schneider started up the first production plant with the symbolic press of a button, the new coating resins plant of Bayer Bitterfeld GmbH was the second project to come on stream at a recent opening ceremony. Wilhelm Held, general manager of the Coating Raw Materials and Speciality Products Business Group, explained the choice of location for the new plant in his opening address: “We chose Bitterfeld for political reasons. We want this project to be a positive symbol for eastern Germany, a symbol of reconstruction — especially in this traditional chemical manufacturing area — through the creation of modern jobs for skilled personnel. The expectation is that other investors will follow suit.”
Ammonium persulphate/thiourea redox system
Authors: Abdel‐Hafiz S.A.
Published: February 2008

The behaviour of chemically modified cellulose towards dyeing is an interesting subject. Cellulose undergoes substantial changes in its chemical and physical properties by chemical modification. Some investigations were carried out to study the effect of these changes on dyeing and dyeing properties of cellulose. Previous reports have disclosed that the dyeability of chemically modified cellulose differs significantly when compared with the unmodified cellulose. Among the modified cellulose studied were partially acetylated cellulose, cyanoethylated cellulose, carboxymethylated cellulose, cellulose tiaocarbonate and cellulose copolymerized with various vinyl monomers.
The use of water‐based epoxies for anti‐corrosive primers
Authors: Howarth Graham
Published: February 2008

For many years now, two‐component epoxy coatings have been used in a wide range of industrial applications, including traditional market areas such as floor paints and concrete sealers. Originally, the majority of such products were thinned with petroleum‐based solvents, but in the 1970s, Thomas Swan introduced Casamid 360, a water‐based polyaminoamide permitting significant reductions in volatile organic content while allowing basic characteristics to remain largely unchanged.
Advances in powder coatings technology for automotive applications
Authors: Osmond M.S.
Published: February 2008

Powder coatings, one of the fastest growing sectors of the world coatings market, is breaking new ground every year as it continues to increase its penetration of all areas of surface finishing. Powder technology has a proven track record in the most demanding applications. From drum coating to architectural metalwork, powders provide both functional and decorative protection.
Furan‐amino resins as wood adhesives
Authors: Abd El Mohsen F.F. , Mohsen R.M. , Abu Ayana Y.M.
Published: February 2008

Modern glues are manufactured with high moisture and water resistance; urea‐formaldehyde resins for gluing purposes are based on the fact that excellent control of the condensation reaction is possible by variation of pH, which can be applied easily at the production process. Among conclusions is that the shear stress of these resins is twice that of the unmodified type.
Calcium stearate in resins and resinous polymers: part 2
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

The second in a two‐part series, describes various applications of calcium stearate in resins and resinous polymers. Focuses in particular on its use in polypropylenes and stynenes (e.g. as a slip agent, a dispersing agent, a light stabilizer, or a nucleating agent) and in polyvinyl chlorides (e.g. as a pure‐proofing agent, to enhance ageing and heat resistance or as a non‐toxic stabilizer against acid, heat and light). Also considers the different applications of various stearate blends.
Achieving dominance
Authors: Harland Peter
Published: February 2008

Chronicles how five acquisitions in 24 months transformed Croda Paints from a medium‐sized paint maker with no noteworthy market share, to a major company with at least 20 per cent of the UK's offshore and onshore heavy‐duty coatings market — plus about 25 per cent of the general industrial paint market. Discusses the background to this transformation, and relates the company's acquisition strategy, costing £15.5 million. Describes the results of the endeavour and briefly considers plans for the future.
Painting plastics
Authors: Langham Chris
Published: February 2008

Presents an update on paints for plastics, including automotive industry components. Answers the questions: why do we need to paint plastics? What are the markets for them? What type of paint is used for which type of plastic? What are the typical problems and how can they be overcome?
Coatings for the building industry: water‐based and solvent‐free protective coatings
Authors: Cargill Andrew
Published: February 2008

Highlights the work carried out by the author's company, Thortex, in developing water‐based and solvent‐free coating products. Briefly defines the benefits of water‐based coatings and lists some of their applications.
Manufacturing business systems: MRP and MRPII explained
Authors: Davies Gerald
Published: February 2008

Explains the principles of the material requirements planning (MRP) systems, answering all the basic questions in this connection. Tackles the problems inherent in the process, showing how they stimulated the evolution from MRP to MRPII (manufacturing resource planning), which now includes links to strategic and business plans through tools to help marketing and sales through demand management processes and tools to improve support for the master scheduling process.
Backward with James
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: February 2008

The James Commission, it is widely asserted, will recommend the creation of a two‐year course, to be called ‘the Diploma in Higher Education’, which will be provided by existing Colleges of Education, and perhaps other institutions. If this vacuous title is finally adopted for the new qualification, we shall doubtless refer to it as the DHE.
Work Study
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: February 2008

A choice of school or college, and the right to opt for employment for half the year. Gerry Fowler argues that this is the only way to introduce compulsory education to the age of 18.
A question of degree
Authors: Avent Catherine
Published: February 2008

Catherine Avent looks at a conference report which highlights the growing discrepancy between degree‐level work in science and the needs of employers.
CORROSION IN FOOD PACKAGING
Authors: SUMMER W.
Published: February 2008

In this introductory article a general survey is given of the corrosion problems facing food packers and canners. This is a large subject entailing many processes and materials and having technological aspects which sometimes find common ground only in the overriding importance of corrosion prevention. A look is given here at many of these aspects; biochemical and physiological data being supplied where necessary.
TESTS FOR BACTERIA AS CAUSES OF DETERIORATION
Authors: Harris John O.
Published: February 2008

The Professor of Bacteriology at the Kansas Agricultural Experimental station gives here a survey of the modes of action of specified bacteria in causing materials breakdown, with particular reference to pipe coatings, and also covers the test procedures used and the reasons for their selection. The article contains the main substance of a paper published recently by Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; the latter is closely associated with large‐scale projects in the investigation of underground corrosion.
aspects of the use of CORROSION INHIBITORS IN WATER SYSTEMS
Authors: Smith C.O.
Published: February 2008

It would be difficult to give a precise definition of an inhibitor, but broadly speaking, its effect in most cases is to interpose a barrier between a metal and an aggressive environment. Desirable characteristics are that the barrier formed should be thin, so that heat conductivity is not appreciably affected; that it be reasonably stable to mechanical and thermal stress; and that it can be quickly repaired by the reserve or excess which is in solution.
British reference books
Authors: Harvey Anthony P.
Published: February 2008

This column inaugurates a new facet of the coverage of reference materials contained in RSR: the inclusion of sections devoted to reviews of useful reference books published around the world. Inasmuch as RSR's emphasis is on American reference sources and American libraries, the titles selected for evaluation were chosen on the basis of their appeal and relevance to libraries both in the U.S. and in other countries.
Editorial
Authors: Wall C. Edward
Published: February 2008

Reference Services Review continues to grow rapidly in content and, we hope, in quality. If quality can be measured in terms of those associated with RSR (and those who will be joining us in forthcoming issues) and by their accomplishments, this assessment is certainly true.
The birth and acceptance of serials
Authors: Wall C. Edward
Published: February 2008

In this day of rapid inflation and increasing pressure on the acquisitions dollar, the introduction of a new serial is approached with mixed emotions and much trepidation by prospective publishers and librarians alike. Competing for monies already committed to serial subscriptions, the selection and addition of a new serial often requires the hard decision to drop a title which has been held by the library for some time. There is a natural reluctance among librarians to break a pattern that has been successful in order to add an up‐start periodical that has unproved history and an uncertain character. There is a temptation to resist adding a new serial, however good it may first appear to be, simply to see if it will survive the first volume—an act which, when compounded by the fact that other libraries are doing the same thing, decreases the probability of survival, and vindicates the tendency to “wait and see.”
Business reference review
Authors: McKee David H.
Published: February 2008

David H. McKee is Acting Head of the Business Library at Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo. He will be interested to receive communications from persons knowledgeable in the business field, for purposes of submitting reviews. Business Reference Review will attempt to review recent reference materials in the form of books and other media. The intent is to review the contents of business reference sources, enabling those engaged in the selection of these materials to make better judgements, thus utilizing their book budgets more efficiently.
British reference books
Authors: Harvey Anthony P.
Published: February 2008

1. Anderson, T. W., Das Gupta, S. & Styan, G. P. H. A Bibliography of Multivariate Statistical Analysis.
In Memoriam: Thomas Shuler Shaw, 1906–1975
Authors: Wall C. Edward
Published: February 2008

It is with great sadness that I note the passing of Thomas Shuler Shaw, a member of our Editorial Board. A knowledgeable and indefatigable bibliographer, specialist in documents, author and reviewer, librarian and educator, he will be missed by the profession as a whole. We were made richer for his presence, by his ideas, his efforts and humanism, and—although the pace of life sometimes diminishes our immediate awareness of such virtues so unassumingly given—we were indeed fortunate that our lives coincided with his. I will personally miss him more than words can express. As I said so many times to Tom as we parted company at ALA Conferences, “Thank you for your time…. So long.”
British reference books
Authors: Harvey Anthony P.
Published: February 2008

1. British Scientific Documentation Services. London, The British Council, 1974. 72p.Ll. This is a selective list of secondary services produced by all types of organisations, such as, publishers, information centres and research associations, in the broad fields of science and technology. Details given for each entry include full name and address, telex and telephone numbers of the producer, name of the publication, details of coverage, frequency, number of abstracts per annum, indexes, cost, mailing, back‐up services, and contact within the organisation. The contents list acts as a services index and there are product and subject indexes. Although all types of secondary services, for example, current contents, indexing and abstracting publications, are included it is not a comprehensive list of UK products in this field. Also excluded are those sections of primary journals which act as secondary services. Nevertheless this is a valuable guide to locating suitable services and its usefulness is not confined to reference libraries in the UK.