bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical Time Outs in a Combat Zone
Authors: Harrington Jason W.
Published: March 2009

AORN supports the Joint Commission's requirements and guidelines to promote correct site surgery, including preoperative verification, site marking, and conducting and documenting a surgical time out.

This article highlights the success of a well‐implemented surgical time out policy and procedure at a two‐bed combat support hospital in northern Iraq. Policy implementation, training, documentation, and quality management chart checks prevented any incidence of wrong site surgery through the completion of more than 900 procedures on more than 400 patients during a 15‐month period. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 535–537. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Implementation of a Couplet Care Program for Families After a Cesarean Birth
Authors: Spradlin Ludmila R.
Published: March 2009

This article describes the implementation of a couplet care program for patients who have undergone a cesarean delivery. The goals of couplet care (ie, keeping a mother and infant together after the birth) are to facilitate family bonding, support successful breastfeeding, and increase patient satisfaction.

Staff members undertook an investigation to gain information about other facilities that offer couplet care and to establish support for this practice model of recovery. Education programs were devised to help ease staff members' concerns about caring for these surgical patients.

Additional research is needed on the value of couplet care for patients. Potential topics for future research include examining whether this care correlates with reduced postpartum depression and whether there are positive effects on the surgical recovery process. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 553–562. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Steam Sterilization and Internal Count Sheets: Assessing the Potential for Cytotoxicity
Authors: Lucas Anne D. , Chobin Nancy , Conner Ramona , Gordon Edward A. , Mitchell Sheila , Perry Ben , Stratmeyer Mel E.
Published: March 2009

Count sheets, when placed in contact with surgical instruments during steam sterilization, can transfer ink to the instruments.

To explore whether this poses a safety concern, stainless steel instruments were placed on top of completely inked paper and subjected to steam sterilization, extracted, and tested for cytotoxicity. Preprinted labels were examined in a similar fashion.

Extracts from stainless steel devices exposed to ink, toner, or labels showed no significant cytotoxic response, although the ink residue on the devices after steam sterilization is difficult to remove and detrimental to the instrument. Placing a barrier between the count sheet and the devices facilitates reuse of the instruments. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 521–531. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Periopardy: The 21st Century
Authors: Fawcett Debra L. , Dodd Chérie
Published: March 2009

One of the biggest challenges that educators face is capturing the interest of students. The use of games in the classroom can be an effective tool to teach, reinforce learning, and provide healthy competition for participants.

Periopardy is an educational game based on the popular television game show Jeopardy. The five categories featured in the game can be changed to suit the needs of the class, to include topics such as perioperative nursing, infection control, or women's health.

This article provides an overview of how to develop the categories, the rules for playing the game, and web site addresses where readers can download a template of the game board for their own use. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 565–571. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in the Surgical Patient
Authors: Walton‐Geer Patina S.
Published: March 2009

Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a serious health care problem, and it is crucial to assess how patients acquire pressure ulcers after admission to a health care facility. In the OR, factors related to positioning, anesthesia, and the duration of surgery, in addition to patient‐related factors, all can affect PU development.

This article reviews current practices, including AORN recommended practices, regarding pressure ulcer prevention efforts for surgical patients.

All surgical patients should be considered at‐risk for pressure ulcer development; therefore, perioperative departments should develop and implement strategic plans for pressure ulcer prevention. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 538–548. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Emergence Delirium: A Nursing Perspective
Authors: Hudek Kim
Published: March 2009

Emergence delirium is a condition that can affect all segments of the postoperative population, but is seen most often in pediatric and older adult patients.

Most cases of emergence delirium resolve quickly and without incident; however, severe episodes may lead to increased incidence of injury to both patients and staff members and increased costs.

To minimize the incidence of emergence delirium and treat it when it occurs, perioperative nurses must be aware of the risk factors that contribute to this condition, including the patient's age, type of anesthesia, anxiety level, level of postoperative pain, and preexisting medical conditions. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 509–516. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
A GFP trap study uncovers the functions of Gilgamesh protein kinase in Drosophila melanogaster spermatogenesis
Authors: Nerusheva O.O. , Dorogova N.V. , Gubanova N.V. , Yudina O.S. , Omelyanchuk L.V.
Published: March 2009

The function of the gene gilgamesh (89B9‐12) encoding a casein kinase in Drosophila spermatogenesis was studied. The chimeric Gilgamesh–GFP protein in spermatocytes is cortically located. In the polar and apolar spermatocytes, it concentrates at the terminal ends of the fusome, the organelle that passes through the system of ring canals of the spermatocyte cyst. At the stage of spermatid elongation, the protein associates with the nucleus. A spot of the highest Gilgamesh–GFP concentration in the nucleus co‐localizes with γ‐tubulin in the basal body. At later stages, Gilgamesh is localized to the individualization complex (IC), leaving the nuclei somewhat before the IC investment cones, as detected by actin binding. The sterile mutation due to the gilgamesh gene leads to the phenotype of scattered nuclei and altered structure of actin cones in the individualizing spermatid cyst. Ultrastructural evidence confirmed defective spermatid individualization due to the mutation. The phylogenetic origin of the protein, and the connection between vesicular trafficking and spermatid individualization, are discussed.
Establishment of vascular endothelial cell lines from the aortas of wild Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus)
Authors: Inoshima Yasuo , Ishiguro Naotaka
Published: March 2009

Endothelial cell lines were established from the aortas of wild Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus) by transfection of a simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen gene. The cloned cell lines, designed SeET (Japanese serow endothelial‐SV40T) cells, express SV40T antigen and retain cobblestone‐like morphology. Although von Willbrand Factor (vWF) is expressed in the cells, the expression rate and the quantity are lower than in serow primary endothelial cells. The SeET cells exhibit positive uptake of acetylated low density lipoprotein and dose‐dependent cell proliferation upon exposure to vascular endothelial growth factor. These results suggest that these SeET cells have preserved endothelial phenotypes and able to function with decreased expression of vWF. The SeET cell line will be a valuable tool for in vitro studies on the physiological properties of endothelial cells and for the propagation of viruses and parasites of Japanese serows.
Study of the insulin signaling pathways in the regulation of ACAT1 expression in cultured macrophages
Authors: Xin Chen , Yan‐Fu Wang , Ping He , Jing Ge , Jing‐Jing Wan , Chun‐Li Mei , Wei Liu , Bei Cheng
Published: March 2009

Objective: To determine the signaling pathways and components involved in insulin‐mediated regulation of Acyl‐CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase1 (ACAT1).

Methods: THP‐1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium and were induced into macrophages in the presence of 160 nM phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA). Before insulin was added in, macrophages were preincubated with the inhibitors of the insulin signaling pathway, including wortmannin, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3 K) inhibitor; PD98059, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor; SB203580, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) inhibitor; SP600125, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor and U73122, phospholipase C‐γ (PLC‐γ) inhibitor. ACAT1 mRNA and protein expression level in macrophages were determined by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively.

Results: Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting demonstrated that PD98059, SB203580 or SP600125 down‐regulated the expression of ACAT1 in a dose‐dependent manner. However, no obvious alteration was found in wortmannin and U73122 groups.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the ERK, p38MAPK and JNK signaling pathways may be involved in insulin‐mediated regulation of ACAT1, but no PI3K and PLC‐γ signaling pathways were involved in the present study.
Bcl‐2 is an integral component of mitotic chromosomes
Authors: Barboule Nadia , Demeter Katalin , Benmeradi Nacer , Larminat Florence
Published: March 2009

We previously demonstrated that phospho‐Thr56 Bcl‐2 colocalizes with Ki‐67 and nucleolin in nuclear structures in prophase cells and is detected on mitotic chromosomes in later mitotic phases. To gain insight into the fine localization of Bcl‐2 on mitotic chromosomes, we further investigated Bcl‐2 localization by immunostaining of Bcl‐2 with known components of metaphase chromosomes and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Immunofluorescence analysis on HeLa mitotic cells together with chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that Bcl‐2 is associated with the condensed chromatin. Co‐immunostaining experiments performed on mitotic chromosome spreads demonstrated that Bcl‐2 is not localized on the longitudinal axis of chromatids with the condensin complex, but partially colocalizes with histone H3 on some regions of the mitotic chromosome. Finally, most of the Bcl‐2 staining overlaps with Ki‐67 staining at the chromosome periphery. Bcl‐2 localization at the periphery and over the mitotic chromosome was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy on mitotic cells.

Our results indicate that Bcl‐2 is an integral component of the mitotic chromosome.
A network medicine approach to human disease
Authors: Zanzoni Andreas , Soler-López Montserrat , Aloy Patrick
Published: March 2009

High‐throughput interaction discovery initiatives are providing thousands of novel protein interactions which are unveiling many unexpected links between apparently unrelated biological processes. In particular, analyses of the first draft human interactomes highlight a strong association between protein network connectivity and disease. Indeed, recent exciting studies have exploited the information contained within protein networks to disclose some of the molecular mechanisms underlying complex pathological processes. These findings suggest that both protein–protein interactions and the networks themselves could emerge as a new class of targetable entities, boosting the quest for novel therapeutic strategies.
Protein complementation assays: Approaches for the in vivo analysis of protein interactions
Authors: Morell Montse , Ventura Salvador , Avilés Francesc X.
Published: March 2009

The in vivo identification and characterization of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are essential to understand cellular events in living organisms. In this review, we focus on protein complementation assays (PCAs) that have been developed to detect in vivo protein interactions as well as their modulation or spatial and temporal changes. The uses of PCAs are increasing, spanning different areas such as the study of biochemical networks, screening for protein inhibitors and determination of drug effects. Emphasis is given to approaches that rely on signals of spectroscopic nature (i.e. fluorescence or luminescence), the ones that are more directly related to bioimaging.
Astroglia genesis in vitro: distinct effects of retinoic acid in different phases of neural stem cell differentiaion
Authors: Hádinger Nóra , Varga Balázs V. , Berzsenyi Sára , Környei Zsuzsanna , Madarász Emília , Herberth Balázs
Published: March 2009

In the developing CNS, the manifestation of the macroglial phenotypes is delayed behind the formation of neurons. The “neurons first – glia second” principle seems to be valid for neural tissue differentiation throughout the neuraxis, but the reasons behind are far from clear. In the presented study, the mechanisms of this timing were investigated in vitro, in the course of the neural differentiation of one cell derived NE‐4C neuroectodermal stem and P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. The data demonstrated that astrocyte formation coincided in time with the maturation of postmitotic neurons, but the close vicinity of neurons did not initate astrocyte formation before schedule. All‐trans retinoic acid, a well‐known inducer of neuronal differentiation, on the other hand, blocked effectively the astroglia production if present in defined stages of the in vitro neuroectodermal cell differentiation. According to the data, retinoic acid plays at least a dual role in astrogliogenesis: while it is needed for committing neural progenitors for a future production of astrocytes, it prevents premature astrogliogenesis by inhibiting the differentiation of primed glial progenitors.
The function of value in self‐regulation
Authors: Fishbach Ayelet
Published: March 2009

This commentary argues for a functional perspective of the value–engagement relationship, proposing that evaluation determines engagement. I compare this causal direction—from value to engagement—to regulatory engagement theory, which proposes that engagement determines evaluation. I demonstrate the functional view in self‐control research, which finds that people overcome obstacles for goal pursuit, including low probabilities of success, by increasing the value of adhering to an overriding goal. I further suggest that whereas both causal directions—from value to engagement and from engagement to value—are theoretically plausible, empirical studies should provide better ways to distinguish between these conceptually different underlying models.
European civil society: Between participation, representation and discourse
Authors: Trenz Hans-Jörg
Published: March 2009

Institutional designs of governance in the European Union frequently underlie a dichotomy between participation as the realm of civil society and representation as the realm of national governments and parliaments. The aim of this paper is to consider organised civil society not as distinct from but as part of the multi-level representative field that is emerging in the EU. This is done by distinguishing two distinct mechanisms of political representation in aggregating individual preferences or in integrating the political community of the EU. In order to spell out this latter integrative function of political representation as a creative practice, the notion of representative claims-making will be introduced. The practice of representative claims-making can then be analysed, first of all, as a way of distributing the social capital of the actors and institutions that populate the European field of civil society activism. Secondly, the practice of representative claims-making can be analysed as a way of building new forms of cultural and symbolic capital of civil society that are needed to occupy the new transnational positions that are made available by European integration.
Project financing: Deal or no deal
Authors: An Yunbi , Cheung Keith
Published: March 2009

Most research on project financing focuses mainly on structuring and financing issues. In this paper we propose a model that incorporates the effects of the management efforts on market outcomes in its framework. Thus, we can examine project financing from the perspective of managerial incentives. The model highlights a set of conditions under which corporations prefer off‐balance‐sheet project financing. The choice is driven by the required amount of investment and the extent of uncertainty. Companies tend to choose project financing when managers' efforts have a significant impact on the magnitude and likelihood of favorable outcomes. Further, the larger the capital amount, the more likely it is that companies will use outside project financing.
The addition of monosodium glutamate and inosine monophosphate-5 to high-protein meals: effects on satiety, and energy and macronutrient intakes
Authors: Luscombe-Marsh Natalie D. , Smeets Astrid J. P. G. , Westerterp-Plantenga Margriet S.
Published: March 2009

In a fed and orally stimulated state, whether the addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) (alone or in combination with inosine monophosphate-5 (IMP-5)) to a high-protein (HP) meal leads to early satiety and a difference in energy intake at a second course was investigated. Ten men and twelve women consumed, in random order, a first-course meal consisting of: (1) water (control); (2) a HP meal with 0·6 % MSG and 0·25 % IMP-5; (3) a HP meal with no additives; (4) a HP meal with MSG only; (5) a sham-fed meal 2 (oral-stimulation). Appetite perceptions, plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose and insulin, and energy intake at a buffet (i.e. a second course) were measured before and after each condition. Changes in appetite, and in GLP-1, glucose and insulin, were similar for the three fed HP conditions and all were greater (post hoc all P < 0·01) than the control and sham conditions. Energy intake was not different following the HP+MSG+IMP (1·86 (sem 0·3) MJ) as compared with the HP+MSG-only (2·24 (sem 0·28) MJ) condition (P = 0·08), or for the HP+MSG+IMP compared with the HP no-additives condition (1·60 (sem 0·29) MJ) (P = 0·21). Following the HP+MSG-only condition, 0·64 (sem 0·20) MJ more energy was consumed compared with the HP no-additives condition (P = 0·005). We conclude that the addition of MSG to a HP meal does not influence perceptions of satiety and it may increase energy intake at a second course. Cephalic responses after the sham condition were of similar magnitude to the control and therefore just tasting food is not enough to influence appetite and energy intake.
The Art of Piety and Profit at Pompeii: A New Interpretation of the Painted Shop Façade at ix.7.1–2
Authors: POTTS CHARLOTTE R.
Published: March 2009

There are seventy-four catalogued examples of figured art painted on Pompeian façades, almost all of a religious or talismanic nature. This street art appeared near compital altars and entrances to shops and houses, and contributed to a vibrant street aesthetic. Exterior figured paintings have not received a great deal of scholarly attention, however, with studies tending to focus on iconography rather than considering how street art may have functioned in its original setting. The potential value of painted façades as evidence for religious, commercial, and civic values, for which there are scant literary sources, has consequently been overlooked.
Understanding the effect of a triazole with anti-gibberellin activity on the growth and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: BERRY P. M. , SPINK J. H.
Published: March 2009

The effects of the anti-gibberellin triazole metconazole on yield, lodging resistance, seeds/m2 (sink size) and rooting in the presence of negligible amounts of disease were investigated using five multi-site experiments carried out in the UK between 1999 and 2007. The green area index (GAI) of the crop at the time of application had the greatest influence on the yield response across 173 comparisons between metconazole-treated and untreated crops. Crops with a GAI in March (growth stage (GS) 3·3–3·5 ‘green bud’) of 0·8–2·8, which represented moderate to large sized UK commercial crops, had an average response of +0·21 t/ha to metconazole applied at the full recommended rate of 1·2 litres/ha. Crops with a GAI of less than 0·8, which represented small commercial crops, had an average response of −0·14 t/ha. Applications between green bud and early flowering gave the greatest yield increase. Positive yield responses were associated with a reduction in lodging, or more seeds/m2, or a combination of both. The proportional area lodged was reduced by 0·1 for each 50 mm reduction in crop height (R2=0·60; P<0·001). Across six field trials, metconazole applied in spring increased root length density between soil depths of 0·40 and 1·00 m from an average of 0·478 to 0·601 cm/cm3 (P<0·05). It was estimated that this could increase yield by 0·2–0·3 t/ha in a dry season. The results show that the growth regulatory properties of metconazole can be used to improve several key aspects of growth that are believed to restrict current farm yields.
Inertial confinement fusion research by particle beams at ILE Osaka
Authors: Nakai S. , Imasaki K. , Miyamoto S. , Higaki S. , Ozaki T. , Yoshinouchi A. , Fujita H. , Mima K. , Nishihara K. , Yabe T. , Ido S. , Ohgaki Y. , Yamanaka C.
Published: March 2009

Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) research has been extensively advanced with the increase of the focusable power on target by the development of glass laser technology and its higher harmonic generation (Yamanaka & Kato et al. 1981) and by CO2 lasers (Yamanaka & Nakai et al. 1981) which cover the wavelength range from 10 μm to 0·25 μm and power densities up to 1017 W/cm2. With improved understanding of the implosion in the fuel pellet, breakeven conditions, or ignition, are expected to be achieved within the 1980's with the construction of lasers in the region of 100 kJ and 100 TW output power.
Targets for x-ray laser experiments
Authors: Steinman D. A. , Lee R. A. , Hillegas W. J.
Published: March 2009

A photolithographic process to fabricate the transition metal targets used in X-ray laser experiments is described.
A numerical investigation of laser pressure effects in underdense plasmas
Authors: Tallents G. J.
Published: March 2009

The one-dimensional Lagrangian code MEDUSA has been adapted to model the pressure of laser photons and the transfer of laser light momentum to underdense plasma investigated using the modified code. It is shown for lasers of wavelength ≃ 1μm that the plasma electron density needs to be close to the critical density (1021cm−3) and that the laser intensity needs to be greater than ∼1016Wcm−2 for significant laser momentum transfer to plasma. It was found that small plasmas (scale-length = 1 μm) result in the best ‘signature’ of laser light momentum transfer to plasma (more enhanced expansion velocities) but that the largest momentum transfer is for the largest plasmas considered (scale-length = 100 μm). The formation of suitable underdense plasmas for momentum transfer by a laser pre-pulse onto a foil target is investigated using a two-dimensional Eulerian code.
A fundamental theory of high power thyratrons I: The electron temperature
Authors: Kunc J. A. , Guha S. , Gundersen M. A.
Published: March 2009

This paper is a part of a series intended to develop a detailed understanding of the physics of hydrogen thyratrons. This theory is needed, because the improvement of electrical switches such as the thyratron are now necessary for the development of high power lasers and other devices. In this paper, a detailed analysis of many different electron, atomic and molecular collisional and radiative processes is made, in order to determine the electron temperature in a thyratron plasma. Calculations of the rates for production of Balmer lines are made and the results are summarized in a way that can be used for in situ measurements.
A fundamental theory of high power thyratrons II: The production of atomic hydrogen and positive ions
Authors: Kunc J. A. , Gundersen M. A.
Published: March 2009

The production of atomic hydrogen and positive ions in a typical hydrogen thyratron plasma is considered through an analysis of radiative and collisional processes. The production of atomic hydrogen and positive ions in devices such as hydrogen thyratrons is an important and sensitive factor in determining the operational limitations.
Shock wave generation in thin foils using lasers and ion beams. II 2-D expansion effects and planarity considerations
Authors: Thompson P. C. , Roberts P. D.
Published: March 2009

The shock pressures generated in the interaction of lasers and light ion beams with thin foils are calculated using a two-dimensional, axisymmetric hydrodynamic code. For lasers, finite spot sizes produce a significant decrease in the pressure generated, compared to previous 1-D estimates. The effect is closely related to the coupling of the critical density with the ablation surface and is less important at shorter wavelengths, the appropriate parameter beingIλ2. For 0·5 TW red light and a 100 μm radius spot pressures are limited to 30 Mb. Perturbations across the beam profile are discussed and it is demonstrated that beam uniformity of 30% (25% for green light) is required to achieve velocity modulation of less than 2%, such as would be necessary for an equation of state measurement.

For the larger targets used with light ion beams, two-dimensional effects prove to be less of a problem, and for high-Z materials the initial 1-D estimates of peak pressure are adequate. In order to obtain the shock planarity requisite for equation of state measurements in a high-Z target an intensity uniformity of ±15% would be required. However, use of a composite target enables this to be relaxed to ±25% whilst obtaining slightly higher pressures.
Target study for heavy ion beam fusion
Authors: Metzler N. , Meyer-Ter-Vehn J.
Published: March 2009

Heavy ion beam driven implosion of multilayered, single-shell targets for inertial confinement fusion are investigated by ID-simulation. Features characteristic of heavy ion energy deposition are studied. The ion beam energy and the tamper/absorber configuration which give optimum hydrodynamic efficiency and fuel ignition are found for a reactor-size target. A comparison of different pulse shapes with and without prepulse is presented. Implosion by a single-box pulse is found to give superior hydrodynamic efficiency and spherical stability. In addition to these specific results, general features of ion driven implosions are discussed and a brief description of the target code MINIHY is given.
Hydrodynamic simulations of light ion beam-matter interactions: ablative acceleration of thin foils
Authors: Devore C. R. , Gardner J. H. , Boris J. P. , Mosher D.
Published: March 2009

A one-dimensional model is used to study the hydrodynamic response of thin foils to bombardment by an intense proton beam. The beam targets are single- and multilayer planar foils of gold and polystyrene. The main conclusion of the study is that the efficiency of conversion of incident beam energy to directed kinetic energy of the target is maximized by using a multilayer design. For beam parameters associated with the Gamble II device at the Naval Research Laboratory, the simulations yield payload velocities of over 5 cm/μs and energy conversion efficiencies of over 30%. We discus the implications of these results for inertial confinement fusion research.
The use of attachers in electron-beam sustained discharge switches—theoretical considerations
Authors: Schaefer G. , Schoenbach K. H. , Krompholz H. , Kristiansen M. , Guenther A. H.
Published: March 2009

Electron-beam sustained discharges can be used in opening and closing switch applications for producing bursts of energy in pulsed power systems. The incorporation of admixtures of attachers with low attachment rate at low values ofE/Nand high attachment rate at high values ofE/Nin the gaseous switch dielectric has been proposed to achieve low forward voltage drop in the conduction phase as well as rapid opening when the sustaining e-beam is terminated. This paper presents model calculations on the characteristics and transient behavior of an electron-beam sustained discharge in the high current density regime in N2. The influence of an attacher (N2O), with the property described above, and of the circuit parameters on the discharge is investigated as an illustrative example. The advantage of using such an attacher is demonstrated for the steady state conduction phases and for the opening phase, while the closing process is obstructed by the attacher. Additional possible control mechanisms, such as photodetachment to aid the closing process are discussed.
Pellet fusion gain calculations modified by electric double layers and by spin polarized nuclei
Authors: Cicchitelli L. , Elijah J. S. , Eliezer S. , Ghatak A. K. , Goldsworthy M. P. , Hora H. , Lalousis P.
Published: March 2009

All preceding hydrodynamic computations of plasmas need correction if the thermal conductivity is used because electronic thermal conductivity is decreased on plasma inhomogeneities due to electrostatic double layers. In the worst case, ionic conductivity remains. We compare this with a possible electronic conductivity by the fast tail of the energy distribution. Using the volume ignition for fusion gain computations, we study the increase of gain by spin-polarization of nuclei for theDTreaction especially in nonlinear ranges. Gain can increase by a factor of 3·1.
Electron-beam sustained discharge XeCl laser
Authors: Fiorentino E. , Letardi T. , Marino A. , Sabia E. , Vannini M.
Published: March 2009

In this work the construction characteristics and performances of a laser system operating with an e-beam sustained discharge are described. Operating with XeCl, the laser pulse energy is over 4 J. Details of the measurements on the system are also reported.
A proposal and calculation of a benchmark problem for inertial fusion computer codes
Authors: Tahir N. A. , Long K. A.
Published: March 2009

We have proposed and calculated a ‘benchmark problem’ for inertial confinement fusion computer codes. The target and the input parameters for this problem together with the simulation results are presented in this paper. Users of other computer codes who are interested in a comparison between the results of different computer codes could easily run this test problem and use our results to ‘benchmark’ their code results.
Superradiance for the study of gamma ray lasers in a system with a change of angular momentum
Authors: Kudenko Yu. A. , Kuz'min E. V.
Published: March 2009

Radiation of a system of isomer nuclei due to an electromagnetic transition with change of momentum J2–J1 and directly connected to exchange of a magnetic interaction was investigated. Such an interaction may be a magnetic exchange interaction of the Ruderman-Kittel or Sull-Nakamura type as well as any other type of interaction resulting in nuclear ferromagnetism at T<Tc. The initial state of the system is prepared by the quick cooling technique at T lower than Tc, the nuclear ferromagnetic temperature. It is shown that this initial state has a full symmetric wave function (which is the eigenfunction of the whole Hamiltonian as well as operators R2, Rz, J2,JZ) and the maximum value of the cooperation number. This method of initial state preparation in this range of frequencies replaces the π/2-impulse technique in optics. The superradiance intensity of the system from a waveguide is found, assuming |κ| = const for angles from zero to the Bragg angle.
Magnetic focusing of an intense microsecond relativistic electron beam
Authors: Chikunov V. V. , Knyazev B. A. , Koidan V. S. , Konyukhov V. V. , Lebedev S. V. , Mekler K. I. , Shcheglov M. A. , Voropajev S. G.
Published: March 2009

Experimental results are presented on the focusing of an intense microsecond relativistic electron beam. The beam is generated in a high-voltage quasi-planar diode (E = 600–800 keV, τ = 3–5 μsec). It is then magnetically – focused by longitudinal injection into a magnetic mirror. The total energy of the beam is about 50 kJ. The focusing chamber is filled with argon under a pressure varying from 3 × 10−5 to 1 torr. The results include investigations of beam focusing under various conditions, the dynamics of the return current in the plasma as well as the influence of the reflected beam electrons on the operation of the accelerator diode. A 20-fold focused beam with a 4 cm diameter, 46 kJ energy content, and current density up to 3 kA/cm2 was obtained.
Photoconductive switch pulse shaping device for the Nova master oscillator
Authors: Wilcox R. B.
Published: March 2009

We have compensated for gain saturation in the Nova amplifiers by producing shaped input optical pulses. A silicon switch device generates kilovolt electrical pulses for driving pockels cells. The pulse shape is easily controllable with subnanosecond resolution.
Fusion by hypervelocity impact
Authors: Pozwolski A. E.
Published: March 2009

The conversion of kinetic energy into heat is a possible approach to get the very high temperatures needed for controlled fusion. Various techniques leading to hypervelocities are considered. Some particular geometries and constitutions of liners allowing velocity amplification and superheating are described.
Iodine photodissociation laser with plasma mirror
Authors: Schmiedberger J. , Vrbová M.
Published: March 2009

First experimental results with a pulsed iodine photodissociation laser controlled by target plasma reflectivity are reported. One of the laser mirrors is substituted for a focusing lens and a solid tilted target is located in its focal region. The laser dynamics depends on the geometry of the set-up. Laser pulse durations from 200 to 5 ns were observed if the resonator length was changed from 2 to 5 meters. Simultaneous mode-locking and Q-switching took place if the resonators were longer than 3 meters. Peak power densities of up to 1011 W/cm2 on the target and about a 1 per cent plasma reflectivity, increasing with increasing power density, were measured. A theoretical explanation of the laser behaviour and a comparison of our observations with previous results obtained with TEA-CO2 and Nd-glass amplifiers are presented.
Time-resolved x-ray emission from laser-produced plasmas with timing fiducial
Authors: Lampart W. , Balmer J. E.
Published: March 2009

High-temperature plasmas were produced by focusing 1·05 μm, 100 psec laser pulses onto Al layer targets at a mean irradiation of 3·1013 Watt/cm2. By means of simultaneous measurements of the thermal x-ray emission and the frequency-quadrupled laser pulse we observe a 20 ± 15 psec delay of the x-ray peak relative to the peak of the incident laser pulse. In addition, modulations on the trailing edge of the driving pulse appear strongly enhanced in the x-ray signature.
Determination of the imploded mass in laser-imploded shell targets
Authors: Denus S. , Farny J. , Grudzień M. , Mróz W. , Wołowski J. , Karnauhov A. A. , Shikanov A. S. , Sklizkov G. V. , Zakharenkov Yu. A.
Published: March 2009

A new method of experimental measurement of the imploded mass of laser-imploded shell targets is proposed. This method is based on simultaneous measurements of the velocity spectrum of the neutral atom flux emitted from the imploded part of the target, and the total energy carried by them. A semiconductor diode with a shallowly located p – n junction was used as the low energy neutral particle detector. By means of the time of flight method neutral atom fluxes with velocities υ ∼ (0·6 − 1·8) × 107cm/s were registered in experiments carried out on the 6-beam laser system “Delfin”.
Experimental study of laser-driven compression of spherical microshells
Authors: Denus S. , Fiedorowicz H. , Nagraba S. , Patron Z. , Pawłowicz W. , Wilczyński A. , Wołowski J. , Kostierin A. V. , Zakharenkov Yu. A. , Shikanov A. S. , Sklizkov G. V. , Rupasov A. A. , Osipov M. V.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the results of laser-produced plasma investigations at an intensity of 1014W/cm2. Shadowgraphy, interferometry and second harmonic emission measurements were done to evaluate the main hydrodynamic parameters of the plasma.
Conference report on the ‘First International Colloquium on X-ray Lasers’ 14–17 April 1986 at Aussois, France
Authors: Hora Heinrich
Published: March 2009

This was the first international meeting for unclassified research worldwide on X-ray lasers. There were 86 participants from 10 countries. It was organized most perfectly in the French Alps just before the end of the skiing season by Pierre Jaegle (Universite Paris-Sud, Orsay) who himself may be considered as one of the first, in the field of X-ray lasers. Jeagle et al. published, in 1971, a paper on the extraordinary increase of the 117 angstrom aluminium lines when a target was irradiated by laser and a comparison with cases emitted from different volumes. His result was highlighted in 1973 by Benjamin Lax and Art Guenther (1974): ‘The most definitive evidence of non-equilibrium population of excited atomic states in a laser-produced plasma was obtained by Jaegle et al. at the University of Paris in Orsay’.
High-resolution X-ray spectroscopic diagnostics of laser-heated and ICF plasmas
Authors: Hauer A. A. , Delamater N. D. , Koenig Z. M.
Published: March 2009

This article presents a review of X-ray spectroscopic diagnostic and measurement techniques as applied to laser plasma interaction and laser fusion studies. As a matter of definition we restrict our attention to the range of a several hundred eV to about 100 keV. We deal with both the basic measurement concepts and the instrumental techniques. First a brief review of the physical phenomena and parameter ranges involved is given. We then deal with specific X-ray spectroscopic instruments and methods that are useful in laser plasma X-ray spectroscopy. A discussion is given of various modeling techniques and how they can be compared with experimental measurements.
Radiation-induced conductivity: High-speed detection of X rays and neutrons
Authors: Kania D. R.
Published: March 2009

Radiation-induced conductivity (RIC) is a generalized term for photoconductivity expanded to include nonelectromagnetic radiation. RIC offers several distinct advantages for the detection of high-energy radiation: (i) the speed of response of a detector is determined by a bulk property of the material, the carrier lifetime; (ii) the detector can be directly illuminated by the signal radiation-no dead layer; and (iii) the selection of the detector material and its geometry is very flexible. This paper will discuss the principles of RIC for X rays and neutrons, the fabrication of detectors, and applications. RIC detectors have been fabricated from Si, InP, GaAs, and diamond. Bulk and thin film materials have been used. The carrier lifetime was varied by the introduction of trapping sites in the material. This can be done in the material production process in the case of doping (e.g., Fe in InP) and thin films or produced from radiation damage of a pure crystalline material. Lifetimes as short as a few picoseconds have been observed. A variety of detectors have been tested using pulsed optical, X ray, and neutron sources. Absolute sensitivities and temporal response has been measured and compared to theoretical models of the detector's performance for both X rays and neutrons. Finally, applications of these detectors to inertial confinement fusion measurement will be shown.
Neutron penumbral imaging of laser-fusion targets
Authors: Lerche R. A. , Ress D. , Ellis R. J. , Lane S. M. , Nugent K. A.
Published: March 2009

A camera has been developed that directly measures the deuterium-tritium burn region of laser-driven inertial confinement fusion targets. Images are formed by 14-MeV thermonuclear neutrons emitted from the targets. Our demonstration instrument is based on a coded-aperture imaging technique known as penumbral imaging, and has produced images of high-yield (> 1012 neutrons) direct-drive targets with resolutions of 80 μm. The camera consists of four major components: the penumbral aperture, alignment hardware, detector system, and image analysis software.
Review of secondary and tertiary reactions, and neutron scattering as diagnostic techniques for inertial confinement fusion targets
Authors: Azechi H. , Cable M. D. , Stapf R. O.
Published: March 2009

Fuel areal density, 〈ρR〉, is a fundamental quantity for ICF implosions. For current and future targets, areal densities are large enough that a variety of neutron based diagnostic techniques can be used to determine fuel 〈ρR〉. These include measurements based on the secondary production of DT neutrons from initially pure deuterium fuel and, for higher 〈ρR〉 values, techniques utilizing high energy tertiary neutrons or lower energy scattered neutrons. This paper describes these techniques and gives an overview of the current experimental status.
Transport phenomena in laser created plasma with non-Maxwellian electronic distribution
Authors: Deck D.
Published: March 2009

We investigate the Fokker–Planck Equation (FPE) in which we retain electron–ion and electron–electron collision terms, as well as the inverse-bremsstrahlung absorption term. We exhibit asymptotic solutions, which are then used in a linear perturbation theory ‘à la Spitzer’, to calculate local transport coefficients. Their values can differ drastically from classical results, which in turn alters hydrocode simulations.
Conditions for double layers in the Earth's magnetosphere and perhaps in other astrophysical objects
Authors: Lyons L. R.
Published: March 2009

Double layers (i.e., electric fields parallel to B) form along auroral field lines in the Earth's magnetosphere. They form in order to maintain current continuity in the ionosphere in the presence of a magnetospheric electric field E with ∇. E ≠ 0. Features which govern the formation of the double layers are: 1) the divergence of E; 2) the conductivity of the ionosphere; and 3) the current-voltage characteristics of auroral magnetic field lines. Astrophysical situations where ∇. E ≠ 0 is applied to a conducting plasma similar to the Earth's ionosphere are potential candidates for the formation of double layers. The region with ∇. E ≠ 0 can be generated within, or along field lines connected to, the conducting plasma. In addition to ∇. E, shear neutral flow in the conducting plasma can also form double layers.
The formation of a double layer leading to the critical velocity phenomenon
Authors: Williams A. C.
Published: March 2009

The formation of a double layer is proposed as the mechanism which produces the critical velocity phenomenon. We examine this hypothesis, qualitatively, and find that the double layer can be a very efficient mechanism for transferring the kinetic energy of the neutral gas into the kinetic energy of electrons which, in turn, will ionize the neutral gas if the critical velocity has been reached or exceeded.
Ion phase-space vortices and their relation to small amplitude double-layers
Authors: Pécseli Hans L.
Published: March 2009

The properties of ion phase-space vortices are reviewed with particular attention to their role in the formation of small amplitude double-layers in current-carrying plasmas. In a one-dimensional analysis, many such double-layers simply add up to produce a large voltage drop. A laboratory experiment is carried out in order to investigate the properties of ion phase-space vortices in three dimensions. Their lifetime is significantly reduced as compared with similar results from one-dimensional numerical simulations of the problem.
Formation mechanisms of laboratory double layers in triple plasma devices
Authors: Chan Chung
Published: March 2009

The evolution processes of double-layers have been studied in a series of laboratory experiments using a triple plasma device. It was found that the existence of virtual cathode type potential wells at the electron injection boundary was the dominant triggering mechanism. The rapid growth of the potential well led to collisionless ion trapping and the establishment of the necessary trapped ion population. For double layers with small potential drops, collisionless ion trapping actually induced ion–ion streaming instabilities and the formation of ion phase-space vortices. In this regime, the system often exhibited relaxation type oscillations which corresponded to the disruption and the recovery of the double layers.
Pumping potential wells
Authors: Hershkowitz N. , Forest C. , Wang E. Y. , Intrator T.
Published: March 2009

Nonmonotonic plasma potential structures are a common feature of many double layers and sheaths. Steady state plasma potential wells separating regions having different plasma potentials are often found in laboratory experiments. In order to exist, such structures all must find a solution to a common problem. Ions created by charge exchange or ionization in the region of the potential well are electrostatically confined and tend to accumulate and fill up the potential well. The increase in positive charge should eliminate the well. Nevertheless, steady state structures are found in which the wells do not fill up. This means that it is important to take into account processes which ‘pump’ ions from the well. As examples of ion pumping of plasma wells, we consider potential dips in front of a positively biased electron collecting anode in a relatively cold, low density multidipole plasma. Pumping is provided by ion leaks from the edges of the potential dip or by oscillating the applied potential. In the former case the two dimensional character of the problem is shown to be important.
Muonic x-ray laser assisted by catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium
Authors: Tajima T. , Eliezer S.
Published: March 2009

The possibility of an X-ray laser by irradiation of muon beams on a thin rod of deuterium-tritium mixture is discussed. The excited state of dtμ-mesomolecules (J, v) = (1, 0) can be induced to make radiative chain transitions with photon energy of 90 eV to the ground state (0, 0), evacuated by fusion.
PBFA II ion diode theory and implications
Authors: Vandevender J. P. , Slutz S. A. , Seidel D. B. , Coats R. S. , Miller P. A. , Mendel C. W. , Quintenz J. P.
Published: March 2009

Fully electromagnetic, relativistic, two-dimensional, particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of barrel-type and extractor-type Applied-B ion diodes have increased our confidence in the design of present and future diodes for the Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II). In addition, the data from various experiments on Pro to I, Proto II, and PBFA I Applied-B ion diodes are inconsistent with previous models of diode operation, based on anode-cathode gap closure from expanding plasmas. A new model has been devised and applied to the PBFA II diode to explain the diode impedance and its time history, and to suggest methods for controlling the impedance.
Plasma erosion opening switch research for ICF
Authors: Weber B. V. , Boller J. R. , Colombant D. G. , Commisso R. J. , Cooperstein G. , Grossmann J. M. , Hinshelwood D. D. , Meger R. A. , Mosher D. , Neri J. M. , Oliphant W. F. , Ottinger P. F. , Scherrer V. E. , Stephanakis S. J. , Young F. C. , Stinnett R. W. , Gray E. W. , McDaniel D. H. , Renk T. J. , Rochau G.
Published: March 2009

Inertial confinement fusion using light ion beams requires fast rise time, high power drivers. One technique to enhance a conventional pulsed power generator is to use a plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS) between the generator and the ion diode. Ideally, the PEOS conducts current until a current threshold is reached, then rapidly opens and delivers the inductively stored energy to the load on a short time scale. Experiments at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) used a PEOS to improve the Gamble II current rise time from 60 ns to 10 ns at 1 MA. Load voltages over 4 MV have been obtained (>2× the matched load voltage).

Based on these experiments and theoretical predictions, a PEOS system has been incorporated into the PBFA II experiment at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). The PEOS on PBFA II is ultimately to provide a 6 to 8-MA, 30-MV pulse with 10-ns rise time into an “applied B” ion diode. This is a large extrapolation of present experiments. The PEOS system on PBFA II is described here and theoretical predictions are given.