bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations of Forest Cover, Fragment Area, and Connectivity with Neotropical Understory Bird Species Richness and Abundance
Authors: Martensen Alexandre Camargo , Ribeiro Milton Cezar , Banks‐Leite Cristina , Prado Paulo Inácio , Metzger Jean Paul
Published: September 2012

Theoretical and empirical studies demonstrate that the total amount of forest and the size and connectivity of fragments have nonlinear effects on species survival. We tested how habitat amount and configuration affect understory bird species richness and abundance. We used mist nets (almost 34,000 net hours) to sample birds in 53 Atlantic Forest fragments in southeastern Brazil. Fragments were distributed among 3 10,800‐ha landscapes. The remaining forest in these landscapes was below (10% forest cover), similar to (30%), and above (50%) the theoretical fragmentation threshold (approximately 30%) below which the effects of fragmentation should be intensified. Species‐richness estimates were significantly higher (F= 3715, p =0.00) where 50% of the forest remained, which suggests a species occurrence threshold of 30–50% forest, which is higher than usually occurs (<30%). Relations between forest cover and species richness differed depending on species sensitivity to forest conversion and fragmentation. For less sensitive species, species richness decreased as forest cover increased, whereas for highly sensitive species the opposite occurred. For sensitive species, species richness and the amount of forest cover were positively related, particularly when forest cover was 30–50%. Fragment size and connectivity were related to species richness and abundance in all landscapes, not just below the 30% threshold. Where 10% of the forest remained, fragment size was more related to species richness and abundance than connectivity. However, the relation between connectivity and species richness and abundance was stronger where 30% of the landscape was forested. Where 50% of the landscape was forested, fragment size and connectivity were both related to species richness and abundance. Our results demonstrated a rapid loss of species at relatively high levels of forest cover (30–50%). Highly sensitive species were 3‐4 times more common above the 30–50% threshold than below it; however, our results do not support a unique fragmentation threshold.

Asociaciones de la Cobertura Forestal, Superficie del Fragmento y Conectividad con la Riqueza y Abundancia de Aves Neotropicales de Sotobosque
Treatment of Primary Follicular Mucinosis with Imiquimod 5% Cream
Authors: Alonso de Celada Ricardo M. , Feito Rodriguez Marta , Noguera Morel Lucero , Beato Merino Maria Jose , De Lucas Laguna Raúl
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  Follicular mucinosis can develop as a primary form or associated with other benign or malignant skin conditions. We present a case of primary follicular mucinosis in which complete clinical remission was achieved after treatment with topical imiquimod 5%. Primary follicular mucinosis (PFM), also called idiopathic alopecia mucinosa, is considered a distinct entity, the clinical course of which is usually benign, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. There is no standard treatment for PFM, and a wide variety of therapies have been described. There are no previous reports of treatment of PFM with imiquimod.
Pentoxifylline and Cyclosporine in the Treatment of Febrile Ulceronecrotic Mucha‐Habermann Disease
Authors: Uzoma Miranda A. , Wilkerson Michael G. , Carr Vicki L. , Westhoven Gail S. , Raimer Sharon A. S.
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  We describe two pediatric cases of febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha‐Habermann disease (FUMHD) with response to pentoxifylline and cyclosporine therapies. Based on our review of the literature, we are presenting the first case of FUMHD treated with pentoxifylline and the third case of FUMHD successfully treated with cyclosporine. These agents may be of therapeutic benefit in the treatment of FUMHD, in part by suppressing tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, which we believe may mediate the disease process.
Emergence of Multiresistant Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Two Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Requiring Linezolid Treatment
Authors: Rosa Jaime S. , Ross Lawrence A. , Ong Peck Y.
Published: September 2012

We report two patients with atopic dermatitis who developed methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections resistant to clindamycin and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole requiring repeated linezolid treatment. For one patient and family members who received an aggressive regimen of staphylococcal decolonization, including intranasal mupirocin, dilute bleach baths, and bleach cleansing of household items and surfaces, subsequent culture results demonstrated methicillin‐susceptible S. aureus colonization and infection. These findings underscore the challenges presented by multiresistant MRSA infections in children with atopic dermatitis.
Persistent Pediatric Contact Leukoderma After Exposure to Butterfly Electrocardiogram Back Pad: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Gordon Shayna , LaTorre Andrea , Witman Patricia
Published: September 2012

Contact leukoderma or chemical leukoderma refers to hypopigmentation related to the application of chemical compounds to the skin. Hypopigmentation can occur with or without preceding inflammatory eczematous changes. We present three cases of contact leukoderma associated with exposure to a new type of electrocardiogram electrode back pad.
Self‐Reported Sleep Characteristics and Mortality in Older Adults of Mexican Origin: Results from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly
Authors: Howrey Bret T. , Peek M. Kristen , Raji Mukaila A. , Ray Laura A. , Ottenbacher Kenneth J.
Published: September 2012

Objectives

To determine how poor sleep affects the health of older ethnic minorities.

Design

Cross‐sectional study involving a population‐based survey.

Setting

Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (H‐EPESE) survey conducted in the southwestern United States.

Participants

Two thousand two hundred fifty‐six Mexican‐American men and women aged 65 and older.

Measurements

The association between self‐reported sleep problems and mortality over a 15‐year period in a population based sample of older Mexican Americans was examined. Using five waves of data (1993–2008) from the H‐EPESE, Cox proportional hazard models stratified according to sex were used to model the risk of death as a function of chronic sleep problems.

Results

Having any sleeping problems during the last month was associated with greater risk of mortality (hazard ratio = 1.14, 95% confidence interval = 1.00–1.29) in unadjusted models, although the association was attenuated after accounting for covariates.

Conclusions

Similar factors explained the association between sleep and mortality in men and women: health behaviors, depressive symptoms, and health conditions. These factors are related to stress, and both may lead to poor sleep quality. Research is needed to better understand the factors moderating the relationship between sleep, mortality, and sex.
Mobility Stress Test Approach to Predicting Frailty, Disability, and Mortality in High‐Functioning Older Adults
Authors: Verghese Joe , Holtzer Roee , Lipton Richard B. , Wang Cuiling
Published: September 2012

Objectives

To examine the validity of the Walking While Talking Test (WWT), a mobility stress test, to predict frailty, disability, and death in high‐functioning older adults.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Community sample.

Participants

Six hundred thirty‐one community‐residing adults aged 70 and older participating in the Einstein Aging Study (mean follow‐up 32 months). High‐functioning status at baseline was defined as absence of disability and dementia and normal walking speeds.

Measurements

Hazard ratios (HRs) for frailty, disability, and all‐cause mortality. Frailty was defined as presence of three out of the following five attributes: weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, low physical activity, and slow gait. The predictive validity of the WWT was also compared with that of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) for study outcomes.

Results

Two hundred eighteen participants developed frailty, 88 developed disability, and 49 died. Each 10‐cm/s decrease in WWT speed was associated with greater risk of frailty (HR = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06–1.18), disability (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.03–1.23), and mortality (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01–1.27). Most associations remained robust even after accounting for potential confounders and gait speed. Comparisons of HRs and model fit suggest that the WWT may better predict frailty whereas SPPB may better predict disability.

Conclusion

Mobility stress tests such as the WWT are robust predictors of risk of frailty, disability, and mortality in high‐functioning older adults.
Decline in Physical Function and Risk of Elder Abuse Reported to Social Services in a Community‐Dwelling Population of Older Adults
Authors: Dong XinQi , Simon Melissa , Evans Denis
Published: September 2012

Objectives

To examine the longitudinal association between decline in physical function and risk of elder abuse.

Design

Prospective population‐based study.

Setting

Geographically defined community in Chicago.

Participants

One hundred forty‐three Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP) participants who had elder abuse reported to a social services agency from 1993 to 2010 were identified.

Participants

The primary independent variable was objectively assessed physical function using decline in physical performance testing (tandem stand, measured walk, and chair stand). Secondary independent variables were assessed using decline in self‐reported Katz, Nagi, and Rosow‐Breslau scale scores. Dependent variables were reported and confirmed elder abuse and specific subtypes of elder abuse (physical, psychological, caregiver neglect, and financial exploitation). Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between decline in physical function measures and risk of elder abuse.

Results

After adjusting for potential confounders, decline in physical performance testing (odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06–1.19), Katz impairment (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.15–1.45), Nagi impairment (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.13–1.49), and Rosow Breslau impairment (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.15–1.74) was associated with greater risk for elder abuse. The lowest tertile of physical performance testing (OR = 4.92, 95% CI = 1.39–17.46) and the highest tertiles of Katz impairment (OR = 3.99, 95% CI = 2.18–7.31), Nagi impairment (2.37, 95% CI = 1.08–5.23), and Rosow Breslau impairment (OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.39–5.84) were associated with greater risk of elder abuse.

Conclusion

Decline in objectively assessed physical function and self‐reported physical function are associated with greater risk for elder abuse.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression in Older People: A Meta‐Analysis and Meta‐Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Gould Rebecca L. , Coulson Mark C. , Howard Robert J.
Published: September 2012

Objectives

To review the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression in older people, together with factors associated with its efficacy.

Design

Online literature databases and registers were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CBT for depression in older people. Random‐effects meta‐analysis and meta‐regression were conducted.

Setting

Studies involving participants from the community and inpatient and outpatient clinical settings were included in the meta‐analysis.

Participants

Older people with major or minor depression, dysthymia, or depressive symptoms.

Measurements

Evidence‐based outcome measures of depression.

Results

Four hundred eighty‐five studies were identified, of which 23 were included. At the end of the intervention, CBT was significantly more effective at reducing depressive symptoms (irrespective of whether rated by clinicians or participants) than treatment as usual (TAU) or being on a waiting list but not than active controls. The same pattern of results was found for 6‐month follow‐up. At all other time‐points, pooled effect sizes in favor of CBT were nonsignificant. Clinician‐rated outcome measures resulted in larger effect sizes in favor of CBT than self‐rated measures. No significant differences in efficacy were found between CBT and other treatment (pharmacotherapy and other psychotherapies). Meta‐regression analyses revealed four factors that predicted effect sizes for comparisons between CBT and control conditions, including whether concurrent pharmacotherapy was allowed.

Conclusion

CBT for depression in older people is more effective than waiting list or TAU, but greater efficacy than active controls or other treatment has not been demonstrated. More high‐quality RCTs comparing CBT with active controls need to be conducted before firm conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy of CBT for depression in older people. Other treatment approaches that could be contrasted with or augment CBT (e.g., pharmacotherapy) also need to be explored further.
Is Growing Up Affluent Risky for Adolescents or Is the Problem Growing Up in an Affluent Neighborhood?
Authors: Lund Terese J. , Dearing Eric
Published: September 2012

Community studies indicating that affluence has social‐emotional consequences for youth have conflated family and neighborhood wealth. We examined adolescent boys' delinquency and adolescent girls' anxiety‐depression as a function of family, neighborhood, and cumulative affluence in a sample that is primarily of European–American descent, but geographically and economically diverse (N = 1,364). Boys in affluent neighborhoods reported higher levels of delinquency and girls in affluent neighborhoods reported higher levels of anxiety‐depression compared with youth in middle‐class neighborhoods. Neither family affluence nor cumulative affluence, however, placed boys or girls at risk in these domains. Indeed, boys' delinquency and girls' anxiety‐depression levels were lowest for those in affluent families living in middle‐class neighborhoods.
The role of failure modes and effects analysis in showing the benefits of automation in the blood bank
Authors: Han Tae Hee , Kim Moon Jung , Kim Shinyoung , Kim Hyun Ok , Lee Mi Ae , Choi Ji Seon , Hur Mina , St John Andrew
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND: Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a risk management tool used by the manufacturing industry but now being applied in laboratories.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Teams from six South Korean blood banks used this tool to map their manual and automated blood grouping processes and determine the risk priority numbers (RPNs) as a total measure of error risk.

RESULTS: The RPNs determined by each of the teams consistently showed that the use of automation dramatically reduced the RPN compared to manual processes. In addition, FMEA showed where the major risks occur in each of the manual processes and where attention should be prioritized to improve the process. Despite no previous experience with FMEA, the teams found the technique relatively easy to use and the subjectivity associated with assigning risk numbers did not affect the validity of the data.

CONCLUSION: FMEA should become a routine technique for improving processes in laboratories.
Public Management by Numbers as a Performance‐Enhancing Drug: Two Hypotheses
Authors: Hood Christopher
Published: September 2012

“Public management by numbers” has experienced an international policy boom in recent decades, and big claims have been made about its performance‐enhancing effects. But it is hard to assess such claims systematically, even though we can find dramatic anecdotes of cases in which management by numbers seems to have had performance‐weakening as well as performance‐enhancing effects. In an attempt to build on studies that have gone beyond critiquing the statistical validity and reliability of performance numbers for public services, this article develops two hypotheses about performance enhancement, arguing that (1) the performance‐enhancing (or ‐obstructing) effects of management by numbers will vary according to whether the numbers are used for the purposes of targets, rankings, or “intelligence,” and (2) the performance‐enhancing (or ‐obstructing) effects of those three applications will vary according to the culture in which they operate, working differently in hierarchist, egalitarian, individualist, and fatalist settings.
Intracardiac Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Thrombus Formation in the Left Atrial Appendage: A Complementary Role to Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Ren Jian‐Fang , Marchlinski Francis E. , Supple Gregory E. , Hutchinson Mathew D. , Garcia Fermin C. , Riley Michael P. , Lin David , Zado Erica S. , Callans David J. , Ferrari Victor A.
Published: September 2012

Background

We sought to develop and validate an intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) imaging strategy for evaluation of left atrial (LA) appendage (LAA) anatomy and function to clarify equivocal findings of LAA thrombus with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).

Methods

A total of 56 patients with ICE imaging of the LAA for thrombus evaluation before atrial fibrillation (AF) or ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation were included for analysis. Serial views of the LAA were obtained for evaluating anatomic structures and flow as the ICE transducer was advanced from the right ventricular outflow tract to the pulmonary artery. ICE imaging of the LAA was selectively performed in 9 of 56 patients following equivocal findings of thrombus on TEE in order to evaluate the complementary role of ICE to TEE in the diagnosis of LAA thrombus.

Results

ICE imaging of the LAA in 56 patients with AF (n = 42) or VT (n = 14) measured the long‐(5.0 ± 1.0 cm) and short‐axis dimension (1.8 ± 0.5 cm), and peak emptying flow velocity (50 ± 23 cm/s). Of 56 patients, 47 had ICE imaging of LAA with no thrombus. In the remaining 9 patients, 6 had “equivocal” LAA thrombus on TEE, with 3 of these 6 showing marked spontaneous echo contrast (SEC), whereas ICE detected one patient with LAA thrombus and the other 5 without thrombus (two with severe SEC/sluggish flow); the remaining 3 had “high suspicion” for thrombus detected by TEE, whereas ICE detected only one with LAA thrombus. Based on ICE diagnosis, two patients with LAA thrombus had the procedure cancelled, and all others had successful completion of the scheduled procedures.

Conclusion

ICE can provide serial assessment, multiple views, and detailed imaging of the LAA to reliably diagnose the presence of thrombus. Our findings support the use of ICE when equivocal TEE findings require confirmation prior to electrophysiological procedures.
A Note on Two‐Sample Tests for Comparing Intra‐Individual Genetic Sequence Diversity between Populations
Authors: Giorgi E. E. , Bhattacharya T.
Published: September 2012

Summary Gilbert, Rossini, and Shankarappa (2005, Biometrics 61, 106‐117) present four U‐statistic based tests to compare genetic diversity between different samples. The proposed tests improved upon previously used methods by accounting for the correlations in the data. We find, however, that the same correlations introduce an unacceptable bias in the sample estimators used for the variance and covariance of the inter‐sequence genetic distances for modest sample sizes. Here, we compute unbiased estimators for these and test the resulting improvement using simulated data. We also show that, contrary to the claims in Gilbert et al., it is not always possible to apply the Welch–Satterthwaite approximate t‐test, and we provide explicit formulas for the degrees of freedom to be used when, on the other hand, such approximation is indeed possible.
Bivariate Marker Measurements and ROC Analysis
Authors: Wang Mei‐Cheng , Li Shanshan
Published: September 2012

SummaryThis article considers receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for bivariate marker measurements. The research interest is to extend tools and rules from univariate marker to bivariate marker setting for evaluating predictive accuracy of markers using a tree‐based classification rule. Using an and–or classifier, an ROC function together with a weighted ROC function (WROC) and their conjugate counterparts are proposed for examining the performance of bivariate markers. The proposed functions evaluate the performance of and–or classifiers among all possible combinations of marker values, and are ideal measures for understanding the predictability of biomarkers in target population. Specific features of ROC and WROC functions and other related statistics are discussed in comparison with those familiar properties for univariate marker. Nonparametric methods are developed for estimating ROC‐related functions (partial) area under curve and concordance probability. With emphasis on average performance of markers, the proposed procedures and inferential results are useful for evaluating marker predictability based on a single or bivariate marker (or test) measurements with different choices of markers, and for evaluating different and–or combinations in classifiers. The inferential results developed in this article also extend to multivariate markers with a sequence of arbitrarily combined and–or classifier.
Bayesian Hypothesis Testing in Two‐Arm Trials with Dichotomous Outcomes
Authors: Zaslavsky Boris G.
Published: September 2012

This article is motivated by an interest in comparing inferences made when using a Bayesian or frequentist statistical approach. The article addresses the study of one‐sided superiority and noninferiority Bayesian tests. These tests are stated in terms of the posterior probability that the null hypothesis is true for the binomial distribution and in terms of one‐sided credible limits. We restrict our considerations to conjugate beta priors with integer parameters. Under this assumption, the posterior probabilities of tested hypotheses can be transformed into the frequentist probabilities of Bernoulli trials with an adjusted number of events and population sizes. The method resembles a standard frequentist problem formulation. By using an appropriate choice of prior parameters, the posterior probabilities of the null hypothesis can be made smaller or larger than thep‐values of frequentist tests.
Modeling Seroadaptation and Sexual Behavior Among HIV+ Study Participants with a Simultaneously Multilevel and Multivariate Longitudinal Count Model
Authors: Zhu Yuda , Weiss Robert E.
Published: September 2012

Longitudinal behavioral intervention trials to reduce HIV transmission risk collect complex multilevel and multivariate data longitudinally for each subject with important correlation structures across time, level, and variables. Accurately assessing the effects of these trials are critical for determining which interventions are effective. Both numbers of partners and numbers of sex acts with each partner are reported at each time point. Sex acts with each partner are further differentiated into protected and unprotected acts with correspondingly differing risks of HIV/STD transmission. These trials generally also have eligibility criteria limiting enrollment to participants with some minimal level of risky sexual behavior tied directly to the outcome of interest. The combination of these factors makes it difficult to quantify sexual behaviors and the effects of intervention. We propose a multivariate multilevel count model that simultaneously models the number of partners, acts within partners, and accounts for recruitment eligibility. Our methods are useful in the evaluation of intervention trials and provide a more accurate and complete model for sexual behavior. We illustrate the contributions of our model by examining seroadaptive behavior defined as risk reducing behavior that depends on the serostatus of the partner. Several forms of seroadaptive risk reducing behavior are quantified and distinguished from nonseroadaptive risk reducing behavior.
Quantitative Fractography of Mixed‐Mode Fracture in Soda Lime Silica Glass
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Karthik , Mecholsky John J.
Published: September 2012

Fracture surfaces of soda lime silica glass failed from controlled surface cracks in diametral compression, under mixed‐mode loading conditions were studied using fractography. Mode mixity was introduced by orienting indent precracks in different directions with respect to the loading axis. The mixed‐mode fracture surfaces were characterized by an absence of the mist region. The hackle markings on the mixed‐mode fracture surfaces appear as lances and differ from those observed on surfaces failed in pure mode I. Atomic force microscopy on the mixed‐mode fracture surfaces revealed that the features at different regions are similar and differ only by scale. Fracture surface measurements for mixed‐mode loading are compared to the measurements for mode I loading. The stress intensity at microbranching was determined to be a constant irrespective of the loading conditions. The practical implications of these observations are that forensic analyses can be used without a priori knowledge of the loading conditions.
Positive interactions between the lichen Usnea antarctica (Parmeliaceae) and the native flora in Maritime Antarctica
Authors: Molina‐Montenegro Marco A. , Ricote‐Martínez Natalia , Muñoz‐Ramírez Carlos , Gómez‐González Susana , Torres‐Díaz Cristian , Salgado‐Luarte Cristian , Gianoli Ernesto
Published: September 2012

Questions

Is the macrolichen Usnea antarctica a ‘nurse’ species to Antarctic flora? Are positive plant–plant interactions more frequent than negative interactions in Antarctic ecosystems? Are microclimatic modifications by cushions of U. antarctica responsible for the nurse effect?

Location

Two sites in Antarctica: King George Island, South Shetland (62°11′ S, 58°56′ W; 62°11′ S, 58°59′ W).

Methods

We evaluated the association of plant species with U. antarctica cushions by recording species growing – in equivalent areas – within and outside U. antarctica cushions. Additionally, we performed transplant experiments with Deschampsia antarctica individuals to assess if U. antarctica cushions enhance plant survival. In both study sites we monitored temperature, moisture and nutrient status of soil outside and within the cushions to provide insights into potential mechanisms underlying possible interactions between U. antarctica and other plant species.

Results

Eight out of 13 species were positively associated with cushions of the widespread lichen U. antarctica, while only one species (U. aurantiaco‐atra) showed a negative association with U. antarctica. Survival of Deschampsia was enhanced when growing associated with U. antarctica cushions. Our results indicate that cushions ameliorated the extreme conditions of Antarctic islands through increased temperature and soil moisture, decreased radiation and evaporative water loss and increased nutrient availability.

Conclusions

The nurse effect of U. antarctica is verified. Cushions of this macrolichen may be a key component in structuring the Antarctic landscape and maintaining local species richness, and their presence might influence range expansion of other species.
Relative validation of Block Kids Food Screener for dietary assessment in children and adolescents
Authors: Hunsberger Monica , O'Malley Jean , Block Torin , Norris Jean C.
Published: September 2012

Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are less time consuming and inexpensive instruments for collecting dietary intake when compared with 24‐h dietary recalls or double‐labelled water; however, the validation of FFQ is important as incorrect information may lead to biased conclusions about associations. Therefore, the relative validity of the Block Kids Food Screener (BKFS) developed for use with children was examined in a convenience sample of 99 youth recruited from the Portland, OR metropolitan area. Three 24‐h dietary recalls served as the reference. The relative validity was analysed after natural log transformation of all variables except glycaemic index prior to correlation analysis. Daily cup equivalent totals from the BKFS and ‘servings’ from 24‐h recalls were used to compute average daily intake of fruits, vegetables, potatoes, whole grains, legumes, meat/fish/poultry and dairy. Protein grams (g), total kcalories, glycaemic index (glucose reference), glycaemic load (glucose reference), total saturated fat (g) and added sugar (g) were also calculated by each instrument. The correlation between data obtained from the two instruments was corrected for the within‐subject variation in food intake reported by the 24‐h recalls using standard nutritional assessment methodology. The de‐attenuated correlations in nutritional intake between the two dietary assessment instruments ranged from 0.526 for vegetables, to 0.878 for potatoes. The 24‐h recall estimated higher levels of saturated fat and added sugar consumption, higher glycaemic loads and glycaemic indices; the de‐attenuatted correlations of these measures ranged from 0.478 to 0.768. Assessment of Bland–Altman plots indicated no systematic difference between the two instruments for vegetable, dairy and meat/fish/poultry fat consumption. BKFS is a useful dietary assessment instrument for the nutrients and food groups it was designed to assess in children age 10–17 years.
American Academy of Nurse Practitioners National Nurse Practitioner Sample Survey: Focus on acute care
Authors: Kleinpell Ruth , Goolsby Mary Jo
Published: September 2012

National survey data on the practice of nurse practitioners (NPs) provides valuable information on role components, practice patterns, and specialty practice descriptions. The American Academy of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) has been conducting NP surveys since 1988. The most recent AANP Sample Survey was conducted in 2009–2010 with responses from over 13,000 NPs, 962 of who were acute care NPs (ACNPs). This article reports on the findings of the 2009–2010 AANP National NP Sample Survey related to ACNP practice.
Comparison of demographic, psychosocial, and clinical characteristics among younger and older persons with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Yammine Luba , Frazier Lorraine
Published: September 2012

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine the differences in demographic, psychosocial (depression), and clinical profiles among younger (males ≤50 years of age and females ≤55 years of age) and older (males >50 years of age and females >55 years of age) patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Data sources

This study is a preliminary analysis of data collected from 1140 patients with ACS enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal investigation.

Conclusions

As compared to their older counterparts, younger ACS patients were significantly more likely to be obese (p < .001), to smoke (p < .001), to have a higher BDI‐II depression score (p < .001), and to feel depressed in the last year (p < .001). In contrast, younger ACS patients were significantly less likely to be dyslipidemic (p < .001), diabetic (p = 0.025), or hypertensive (p < .001) than their older counterparts.

Implications for practice

Clinicians need to be persistent in promoting the importance of weight loss and smoking cessation. Screening and treating depression in younger persons is a prudent approach. The significance of regular screening and aggressive treatment of other risk factors (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) should not be overlooked.
Moyamoya disease: A case of vanishing cerebral vessels
Authors: Thanavaro Joanne L. , Nemani Nimish , Price Hilton I.
Published: September 2012

Purpose

To provide an overview of moyamoya disease (MMD) including pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

Data sources

Selected clinical and epidemiological studies, review articles, and diagnostic guidelines for MMD.

Conclusions

MMD is a rare cerebrovascular disease characterized by progressive stenosis of the distal internal carotid arteries and their major branches. The dilated and fragile basal collateral circulations display a “puff of smoke” appearance and thus are called moyamoya vessels. Other unique features of MMD include 2:1 female preponderance and its peak incidence in two age groups: early childhood and adults in their mid‐40s. The pathophysiology of MMD is unclear and possible causes include genetic linkage, angiogenesis, autoimmune disease, cranial radiation, and infection of the head and neck. Most patients are symptomatic and may present with ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes, seizure, or headache. The diagnosis depends on clinical presentation and radiographic imaging, and disease progression may be halted with direct or indirect cerebral revascularization.

Implications for practice

It is important to make a correct diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with MMD. A prompt referral for possible surgical revascularization offers the best chance to reduce additional cerebral injuries and improve clinical outcomes.
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos)
Authors: Lee EJ , Dawood KE , Brudar R , Philbey AW
Published: September 2012

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare, familial disease of unknown aetiology characterised by intra‐alveolar formation and accumulation of microliths. Multiple formalin‐fixed tissues were submitted from a 5‐month‐old female alpaca that died suddenly without significant clinical signs. No gross abnormalities were observed on postmortem examination. Histological findings included PAM and severe centrilobular hepatic necrosis. Although the hepatic lesion was the likely cause of death, PAM was an incidental finding that has not been reported previously in alpacas. An overview of PAM, including pathogenesis and histopathological characteristics, are discussed in relation to the concurrent hepatic disease in the present case.
Effects of Sex, Sexual Orientation, Infidelity Expectations, and Love on Distress related to Emotional and Sexual Infidelity
Authors: Leeker Olivia , Carlozzi Al
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of participant sex, sexual orientation, infidelity expectations, and love on emotional responses to emotional and sexual infidelity. Participants (72 lesbian women, 114 heterosexual women, 53 gay men, and 57 heterosexual men) completed a demographic form, continuous emotion ratings in response to hypothetical infidelity scenarios, the Infidelity Expectations Questionnaire (IEQ), and the Triangular Love Scale. Sex, sexual orientation, and commitment and intimacy among partners were significant predictors of various emotional responses to sexual and emotional infidelity. Alternatively, passion among partners and expectations about a partner's likelihood of committing infidelity were not significant predictors of emotional reactions to infidelity. Across participants, sexual infidelity elicited more distressing feelings than emotional infidelity. Group differences were also found, with women responding with stronger emotions to emotional and sexual infidelity than men, and heterosexuals rating emotional and sexual infidelity as more emotionally distressing than lesbian and gay individuals. Sex and sexual orientation differences emerged regarding the degree to which specific emotions were reported in response to sexual and emotional infidelity. Clinical implications are offered, including how mental health professionals might use these findings to help clients cope with the negative effects of infidelity on romantic relationships.
El efecto redistributivo de los programas de transferencias sociales y de los impuestos: un análisis por países
Authors: Wang Chen , Caminada Koen , Goudswaard Kees
Published: September 2012

El propósito del presente artículo es ofrecer información detallada sobre la repercusión redistributiva que tendrán los impuestos y los programas de transferencias sociales en veintiocho países miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), para lo que se utilizan datos informatizados extraídos de la base de microdatos del Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). Se aprecia que, por término medio, la protección social reduce la desigualdad un 35 por ciento. La repercusión de las prestaciones sociales en la redistribución es mayor que la de los impuestos. En lo que respecta a los programas sociales las pensiones públicas presentan la mayor reducción de la desigualdad de ingresos, aunque el modelo varía entre países. En menor medida, la asistencia social y las prestaciones familiares y de invalidez también contribuyen a que las disparidades entre ingresos sean menores.
El ingreso de solidaridad activa y los incentivos para la reintegración al trabajo en Francia
Authors: Anne Denis , L'Horty Yannick
Published: September 2012

Mediante un inventario de las transferencias locales o no obligatorias proporcionadas en trece pueblos y ciudades francesas, en el presente artículo se ponen en consideración, ante todo, las ventajas que supone reintegrarse a trabajar para los beneficiarios de las prestaciones nacionales, obligatorias y sujetas a la verificación de recursos del ingreso mínimo de inserción (RMI), y del subsidio por progenitor único (API) por tipo de hogar y según datos anteriores a 2009. Las reformas de las prestaciones nacionales obligatorias llevadas a cabo durante la primera década del siglo xxi, en particular, las que afectaron a la bonificación fiscal por empleo (PPE), no lograron asegurar que los beneficiarios de las prestaciones sujetas a la verificación de recursos siempre obtuvieran una mejora económica al reintegrarse a trabajar. En la mayor parte de las localidades y para casi todos los tipos de hogares, aceptar un empleo a tiempo parcial remunerado con el salario mínimo representaba una pérdida de ingresos respecto a los que se hubieran obtenido de seguir acogiéndose a la protección social, y un empleo a tiempo completo no siempre resultaba rentable. Los efectos de las reformas fueron contrarrestados por los efectos de otras medidas, como la concesión generalizada de subsidios de movilidad por parte de los consejos regionales, el desarrollo de tarifas sociales para el teléfono y el servicio público de electricidad y la exención del canon de televisión. A continuación, se simulan los efectos de la introducción del ingreso de solidaridad activa (RSA), que sustituyó al RMI en 2009, y se analiza la forma en que se modificaron las transferencias locales o no obligatorias tras el aumento de las transferencias nacionales obligatorias. Se observa que el RSA elimina los desincentivos económicos de la reintegración al trabajo en lo que respecta a casi todas las localidades y tipos de hogares. En el presente artículo se demuestra que la tasa marginal de imposición del 38 por ciento adoptada por el Gobierno está muy cerca del límite superior compatible con el incentivo de la reintegración al trabajo.
Landscape and local effects on multiparasitoid coexistence
Authors: László Zoltán , Tóthmérész Béla
Published: September 2012

When resources are spatially fragmented, strength of competition between species is diminished by alternative patterns of resource use and parasitoids of the same host species become potential competitors. The coexistence of competing species in spatially fragmented habitats may be achieved, however, due to niche partitioning and alternative responses to patch characteristics. To evaluate responses to resource patterns facilitating coexistence, we examined the resource use patterns of four parasitoid species (Orthopelma mediator, Pteromalus bedeguaris, Torymus bedeguaris and Glyphomerus stigma) of the gall inducer Diplolepis rosae at both landscape and local scales.

Parasitoid species of rose gall communities behave differently at landscape and local scales. Parasitism rates and parasitoid incidence showed correlations with local characteristics in some cases, with landscape characteristics in others and, in some other cases with both.

Species responses to the examined characteristics depend rather on life history traits of parasitoids than on their frequency within the community. The examined parasitoids responded differently to landscape and local characteristics, while their phenology corresponded with their responses. Species emerging earlier in spring (O. mediator and P. bedeguaris) responded only to local variations, while later emerging species (T. bedeguaris and G. stigma) were sensitive to landscape characteristics as well.

Differences between species‐specific and overall responses highlight the importance of species characteristics when considering multiparasitoid communities, and support both fine and coarse partitioning between different species coexisting in the community.
Prostate cancer in magnetic resonance imaging: diagnostic utilities of spectroscopic sequences
Authors: Caivano Rocchina , Cirillo Patrizia , Balestra Antonio , Lotumolo Antonella , Fortunato Giovanna , Macarini Luca , Zandolino Alexis , Vita Giulia , Cammarota Aldo
Published: September 2012

Objective

The aim of our work is to determine the efficacy of a combined study 3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (3T MRI), with phased‐array coil, for the detection of prostate cancer using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion‐weighted images (DWI) in identifying doubt nodules.

Subjects and Methods

In this study, we prospectively studied 46 patients who consecutively underwent digital‐rectal exploration for high doses of prostate specific antigen (PSA), as well as a MRI examination and a subsequent rectal biopsy. The study of magnetic resonance imaging was performed with a Philips Achieva 3T scanner and phased‐array coil. The images were obtained with turbo spin‐echo sequences T2‐weighted images, T1‐weighted before and after the administration of contrast medium, DWI sequences and 3D spectroscopic sequences. The ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy was performed approximately 15 days after the MRI. The data obtained from MR images and spectroscopy were correlated with histological data.

Results

MRI revealed sensitivity and specificity of 88% and 61% respectively and positive predictive value (PPV) of 73%, negative predicted value (NPV) of 81% and accuracy of 76%. In identifying the location of prostate cancer, the sensitivity of 3T MRS was 92%, with a specificity of 89%, PPV of 87%, NPV of 88% and accuracy of 87%; DWI showed a sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 61%, PPV of 73%, NPV of 81% and accuracy of 76%.

Conclusions

The 3T MR study with phased‐array coil and the use of DWI and spectroscopic sequences, in addition to T2‐weighted sequences, revealed to be accurate in the diagnosis of prostate cancer and in the identification of nodules to be biopsied. It may be indicated as a resolute way before biopsy in patients with elevated PSA value and can be proposed in the staging and follow‐up.
Essential Roles of Heparin‐Binding Epidermal Growth Factor‐Like Growth Factor in the Brain
Authors: Oyagi Atsushi , Hara Hideaki
Published: September 2012

Heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor‐like growth factor (HB‐EGF) is a member of the EGF family of growth factors, which interacts with the EGF receptor to exert mitogenic activity for various types of cells. Through its interactions with various molecules, it is involved in diverse biological processes, including wound healing, blast implantation, and tumor formation. At the same time, HB‐EGF is widely expressed in the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and is considered to play pivotal roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Because HB‐EGF protein levels in the brain are much higher than those of TGF‐α and EGF, it is possible that HB‐EGF serves as a major physiologic ligand for the EGF receptor (ErbB1) within the central nervous system. Recent studies indicate that HB‐EGF contributes to the neuronal survival and proliferation of glial/stem cells. HB‐EGF also promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons, an action mediated by mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well as by the Akt signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the implications of HB‐EGF in higher brain functions of the central nervous system.
Value of Maximum Urethral Closure Pressure in Predicting the Outcome of Tension‐Free Vaginal Tape and Transobturator Tape Procedure
Authors: TOMOE Hikaru
Published: September 2012

Objectives: The short‐term results for the tension‐free vaginal tape procedure (TVT) and the transobturator tape procedure (TOT) for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) were compared using the preoperative maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP).

Methods: A total of 278 patients treated for SUI was considered: 165 who underwent TVT and 113 who underwent TOT retrospectively. The MUCP in a preoperative urodynamic study before and 3 months after surgery were evaluated.

Results: At 3 months after TVT, 159 patients (96.4%) were cured and four patients failed. The mean MUCP of the patients who failed was 22.5 ± 5.3 cmH2O, which was significantly lower than that among the cured patients (P < 0.007). At 3 months after TOT, 100 patients (88.5%) were cured and seven patients failed. The mean MUCP of the patients who failed was 27 ± 6.3 cmH2O, which was significantly lower than that among the cured patients (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean MUCP among the patients who were cured after TOT was significantly higher than that among the patients who were cured after TVT (P < 0.01). A further analysis using a ROC curve indicated that the MUCP value in the successful patients after TVT was ≧ 24 cmH2O and that in the failures after TOT was ≦ 30 cmH2O with selection sensitivity at 80%.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the failure cases after TVT or TOT are often found in SUI with a low MUCP and that TVT might be superior to TOT in SUI with a MUCP ≦ 30 cmH2O.
Prediction of significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in hepatitis B e‐antigen negative patients with chronic hepatitis B using routine parameters
Authors: Wang Yan , Xu Ming‐Yi , Zheng Rui‐Dan , Xian Jian‐Chun , Xu Hong‐Tao , Shi Jun‐Ping , Li Shi‐Bo , Qu Ying , Dong Yu‐Wei , Lu Lun‐Gen
Published: September 2012

Aim

As liver biopsy has considerable limitations in the assessment of liver fibrosis, non‐invasive models have achieved great progress in the past. However, many tests consist of variables that are not readily available, and there are few data about patients with hepatitis B e‐antigen (HBeAg) negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The aim of this study was to develop a model using routine data to predict liver fibrosis in HBeAg negative CHB patients.

Methods

We randomly divided 349 patients who underwent liver biopsy into training (n = 200) and validation (n = 149) sets. Multivariable logistic regression and receiver–operator curve (ROC) analyses were used to develop a model for predicting both significant fibrosis (stages 2–4) and cirrhosis (stage 4) in the training set. The model was validated in 149 patients in comparison to FIB‐4, Forn's, S and aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index indices using ROC.

Results

Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the parameters of the model for predicting both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis included sex, age, prothrombin time, platelet count, cholesterol and γ‐glutamyltransferase. In the training set, the areas under the ROC (AUC) for predicting significant fibrosis and cirrhosis were 0.856 and 0.956, respectively. In the validation group, the AUC for predicting significant fibrosis and cirrhosis were 0.889 and 0.937, respectively. Using the best cut‐off values, significant fibrosis and cirrhosis can be accurately predicted in 40.9% and 91.3% of patients, respectively.

Conclusion

Our model can accurately predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis and may decrease the need of liver biopsy in a considerable proportion of patients with HBeAg negative CHB.