bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tacca plantaginea (Hence) Drenth (Taccaceae) - A new angiospermic record for Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan MA , Uddin Mohammad Zashim
Published: January 2009

Not available.Key words: Tacca plantaginea, New record, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i1.525 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(1): 71-73, 2007 (June)
Characteristics of the proximal to distal regions of the petioles to identify 15 tree species of Papilionoideae-Fabaceae
Authors: Heneidak Samia , Shaheen Abdel Samai M
Published: January 2009

Comparative studies on the structure of the vascular supply of stem-leaf transitional zone of the petioles were carried out in 15 papilionoid tree species. Anatomical characteristics and changes in the main vascular trace were recorded. The anatomical features of significance include outline; epidermal cell; pericyclic fiber patterns; main petiolar vasculature; presence, number and separation of ridge vascular bundles; presence of additional accessory ridge bundles; crystal types; secretory elements and multicellular trichomes. Erythrina variegata and Pterocarpus indicus show no change in the petiole trace structure throughout their petioles from proximal to distal, while the rest of the species have minor to major changes. Sophora secundiflora has the highest number of ridge vascular bundles (5-6), while these are absent in the two Dalbergia species, E. variegata, Derris robusta, Sophora davidii and S. japonica. Only Derris robusta and Sophora japonica show unusual petiole trace structure by having two additional accessory ridge bundles adaxial of the main trace enclosing with it by a complete ring of pericyclic fibers. The studied species of tribe Millettieae show the presence of secretory cavities lined by epithelial cells. The usefulness of these character states is shown for assessing, identifying and delimiting these examined species. Key words: Accessory ridge bundles, Crystals, Papilionoideae, Petiole anatomy, Petiole vasculature, Ridge bundles, Secretory cavities DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i2.530 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(2): 101-115, 2007 (December)
A taxonomic account on the phytoplankton of a pond receiving textile industrial effluents
Authors: Begum Z.N. Tahmida
Published: January 2009

Phytoplankton from four stations of a large pond receiving effluents from two textile industries have been investigated. A total of 69 taxa were identified out of which 48 belonged to Chlorophyceae followed by 17 to Cyanophyceae. One species from each of Chrysophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Cryptophyceae and Dinophyceae were also recorded. Oscillatoria limnetica Lemm., Anabaena circinalis Rabenh. ex Born. et Flah., Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Born. et Flah. Ankistrodesmus falcatus var. mirabilis (West & West) Lemm. and Scendesmus spp. were found dominant in all the stations.Keywords: Industrial effluents, Phytoplankton, TaxonomyÂ DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v15i2.1742Â Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 15(2): 129-139, 2008 (December)
The genus Heliconia L. of Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Nahid , Hassan Md. Abul
Published: January 2009

The heliconias, now widely grown in Bangladesh as ornamental plants, have been classified into eight species with four cultivars, and two hydrids. Dichotomous bracketed keys to the taxa, detailed taxonomic descriptions with colour photographs, time of flowering and distribution have been provided. English names and chromosome numbers have also been furnished wherever available.Â Keywords: Heliconia, Cultivated, Keys and descriptions, BangladeshÂ DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v15i2.1752Â Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 15(2): 141-153, 2008 (December)
A One-Layer Satellite Surface Energy Balance for Estimating Evapotranspiration Rates and Crop Water Stress Indexes
Authors: Barbagallo Salvatore , Consoli Simona , Russo Alfonso
Published: January 2009

Daily evapotranspiration fluxes over the semi-arid Catania Plain area (Eastern Sicily, Italy) were evaluated using remotely sensed data from Landsat Thematic Mapper TM5 images. A one-source parameterization of the surface sensible heat flux exchange using satellite surface temperature has been used. The transfer of sensible and latent heat is described by aerodynamic resistance and surface resistance. Required model inputs are brightness, temperature, fractional vegetation cover or leaf area index, albedo, crop height, roughness lengths, net radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind speed. The aerodynamic resistance (rah) is formulated on the basis of the Monin-Obukhov surface layer similarity theory and the surface resistance (rs) is evaluated from the energy balance equation. The instantaneous surface flux values were converted into evaporative fraction (EF) over the heterogeneous land surface to derive daily evapotranspiration values. Remote sensing-based assessments of crop water stress (CWSI) were also made in order to identify local irrigation requirements. Evapotranspiration data and crop coefficient values obtained from the approach were compared with: (i) data from the semi-empirical approach “Kc reflectance-based”, which integrates satellite data in the visible and NIR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum with ground-based measurements and (ii) surface energy flux measurements collected from a micrometeorological tower located in the experiment area. The expected variability associated with ET flux measurements suggests that the approach-derived surface fluxes were in acceptable agreement with the observations.
Physician scatter dose in interventional CT fluoroscopy
Authors: Knott Emily A. , Troville Jonathan L. , Reynoso Carlos Alberto , Rose Sean D. , Wagner Martin G. , Lee Fred T. , Radtke Jeffery L. , Anderson Daniel R. , Zlevor Annie , Lubner Meghan G. , Hinshaw J. Louis , Szczykutowicz Timothy P.
Published: April 2024

Purpose

To quantify operator dose in interventional CT fluoroscopy (CTF) procedures and compare to catheterization laboratory and interventional radiology procedures.

Methods

Fifteen studies quantifying operator scatter dose for c‐arm fluoroscopy and CTF were reviewed from a literature survey. The dose provided in each study was normalized to skin entrance air kerma and air kerma rate including backscatter. The average air kerma rate and exposure duration were calculated and compared between c‐arm fluoroscopy and CTF. To enable operator scatter dose calculations in CTF procedures, a model was created which scaled the dose from a reference condition.

Results

Our literature survey indicated that for CTF relative to c‐arm fluoroscopy: (1) the mean air kerma rate is 3.5 times higher, while (2) the mean exposure duration is 31.6 times lower. On average, a physician would have to perform 9.1 times (i.e., 31.6/3.5) more CTF procedures relative to c‐arm fluoroscopy procedure to receive equal operator scatter doses. Our own experimental measurements provided scaling factors allowing physician scatter dose to be obtained at any rotation time, tube current, beam collimation, or beam energy.

Conclusion

Our results shed light onto a currently mis‐understood issue in radiology. Namely, that physicians receive more dose from CT relative to c‐arm fluoroscopy motivating them to retreat from the room during interventional exposures. Our literature review and experimental measurements indicate the opposite it true; interventional CT produces on average nine times less physician dose relative to c‐arm procedures. Our method allows for prospective/retrospective determination of an individual's dose.
Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterial Ink Production Through Laser Ablation Synthesis in Solution for Printed Electronics Applications
Authors: Duryea Devyn , McKibben Nicholas , Manzi Jacob , Brennan Taylor , Subbaraman Harish , Estrada David , Kandadai Nirmala
Published: April 2024

Flexible and printed electronics have become increasingly popular as they make possible the production of flexible, low‐cost, multifunction devices that are unachievable through traditional manufacturing methods. The printed films are significantly impacted and thus limited by the existing ink production process. Herein, an alternate technique of generating high‐quality titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle ink compatible with aerosol jet printing using laser ablation synthesis in solution (LASiS) is showcased. Dynamic light scattering data and transmission electron microscopy confirm the particle size distribution. UV–vis measurements are performed, and the Beer–Lambert relationship is used to determine the concentration of the generated ink. The inks generated at two different repetition rates are compared: 200 kHz and 1 MHz. X‐Ray diffraction analysis of the aerosol jet printed thin film post‐thermal sintering confirms the grain size and phase purity of the printed thin films. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the LASiS technique in producing printable nanoparticle inks with little‐to‐no postprocessing.
Size‐Dependent Blue Emission from Europium‐Doped Strontium Fluoride Nanoscintillators for X‐Ray‐Activated Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Policei Marques Natasha , Isikawa Mileni M. , Muradova Zeinaf , Morris Toby , Berbeco Ross , Guidelli Eder J.
Published: April 2024

Successful implementation of X‐ray‐activated photodynamic therapy (X‐PDT) is challenging because most photosensitizers (PSs) absorb light in the blue region, but few nanoscintillators produce efficient blue scintillation. Here, efficient blue‐emitting SrF2:Eu scintillating nanoparticles (ScNPs) are developed. The optimized synthesis conditions result in cubic nanoparticles with ≈32 nm diameter and blue emission at 416 nm. Coating them with the meso‐tetra(n‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl) porphyrin (TMPyP) in a core–shell structure (SrF@TMPyP) results in maximum singlet oxygen (1O2) generation upon X‐ray irradiation for nanoparticles with 6TMPyP depositions (SrF@6TMPyP). The 1O2 generation is directly proportional to the dose, does not vary in the low‐energy X‐ray range (48–160 kVp), but is 21% higher when irradiated with low‐energy X‐rays than irradiations with higher energy gamma rays. In the clonogenic assay, cancer cells treated with SrF@6TMPyP and exposed to X‐rays present a significantly reduced survival fraction compared to the controls. The SrF2:Eu ScNPs and their conjugates stand out as tunable nanoplatforms for X‐PDT due to the efficient blue emission from the SrF2:Eu cores; the ability to adjust the scintillation emission in terms of color and intensity by controlling the nanoparticle size; the efficient 1O2 production when conjugated to a PS and the efficacy of killing cancer cells.
Molecularly Imprinted Macroporous Hydrogel Promotes Bone Regeneration via Osteogenic Induction and Osteoclastic Inhibition
Authors: Chen Jingxiao , Jing Yihan , Liu Yanhong , Luo Yongxi , He Yutong , Qiu Xiaozhong , Zhang Qingbin , Xu Huiyong
Published: April 2024

Macroporous hydrogels offer physical supportive spaces and bio‐instructive environment for the seeded cells, where cell‐scaffold interactions directly influence cell fates and subsequently affect tissue regeneration post‐implantation. Effectively modifying bioactive motifs at the inner pore surface provides appropriate niches for cell‐scaffold interactions. A molecular imprinting method and sacrificial templates are introduced to prepare inner pore surface modification in the macroporous hydrogels. In detail, acrylated bisphosphonates (Ac‐BPs) chelating to templates (CaCO3 particles) are anchored on the inner pore surface of the methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)‐methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA)‐poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) macroporous hydrogel (GHP) to form a functional hydrogel scaffold (GHP‐int‐BP). GHP‐int‐BP, but not GHP, effectively crafts artificial cell niches to substantially alter cell fates, including osteogenic induction and osteoclastic inhibition, and promote in situ bone regeneration. These findings highlight that molecular imprinting on the inner pore surface in the hydrogel efficiently creates orthogonally additive bio‐instructive scaffolds for bone regeneration.
Surface‐Functionalized Microgels as Artificial Antigen‐Presenting Cells to Regulate Expansion of T Cells
Authors: Lou Junzhe , Meyer Charlotte , Vitner Einat B. , Adu‐Berchie Kwasi , Dacus Mason T. , Bovone Giovanni , Chen Anqi , To Tania , Weitz David A. , Mooney David J.
Published: April 2024

Artificial antigen‐presenting cells (aAPCs) are currently used to manufacture T cells for adoptive therapy in cancer treatment, but a readily tunable and modular system can enable both rapid T cell expansion and control over T cell phenotype. Here, it is shown that microgels with tailored surface biochemical properties can serve as aAPCs to mediate T cell activation and expansion. Surface functionalization of microgels is achieved via layer‐by‐layer coating using oppositely charged polymers, forming a thin but dense polymer layer on the surface. This facile and versatile approach is compatible with a variety of coating polymers and allows efficient and flexible surface‐specific conjugation of defined peptides or proteins. The authors demonstrate that tethering appropriate stimulatory ligands on the microgel surface efficiently activates T cells for polyclonal and antigen‐specific expansion. The expansion, phenotype, and functional outcome of primary mouse and human T cells can be regulated by modulating the concentration, ratio, and distribution of stimulatory ligands presented on microgel surfaces as well as the stiffness and viscoelasticity of the microgels.
Interface Reactive Sputtering of Transparent Electrode for High‐Performance Monolithic and Stacked Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Dong Yiman , Yu Runnan , Su Gangfeng , Ma Zongwen , He Zhangwei , Wang Ruyue , Zhang Yuling , Yang Jing , Gong Yongshuai , Li Minghua , Tan Zhan'ao
Published: April 2024

Sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) fulfills the requirements of top transparent electrodes (TTEs) in semitransparent perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and stacked tandem solar cells (TSCs), as well as of the recombination layers in monolithic TSCs. However, the high‐energy ITO particles will cause damage to the devices. Herein, the interface reactive sputtering strategy is proposed to construct cost‐effective TTEs with high transmittance and excellent carrier transporting ability. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is chosen as the interface reactant that can react with sputtered ITO nanoparticles, so that, coordination compounds can be formed during the deposition process, facilitating the carrier transport at the interface of C60/PEI/ITO. Besides, the impact force of energetic ITO particles is greatly alleviated, and the intactness of the underlying C60 layer and perovskite layer is guaranteed. Thus, the prepared semitransparent subcells achieve a significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.17%, surpassing those based on C60/ITO (11.64%). Moreover, the PEI‐based devices demonstrate excellent storage stability, which maintains 98% of their original PCEs after 2000 h. On the strength of the interface reactive sputtering ITO electrode, a stacked all‐perovskite TSC with a PCE of 26.89% and a monolithic perovskite–organic TSC with a PCE of 24.33% are successfully fabricated.
Monodispersed and Organic Amine Modified La(OH)3 Nanocrystals for Superior Advanced Phosphate Removal
Authors: Hu Lufa , Zhan Guangming , Zhao Long , Dai Jie , Zou Xingyue , Wang Jiaxian , Hou Wei , Li Hao , Yao Yancai , Zhang Lizhi
Published: April 2024

Advanced phosphate removal is critical for alleviating the serious and widespread aquatic eutrophication, strongly depending on the development of superior adsorption materials to overcome low chemical affinity and sluggish mass transfer at low phosphate concentrations. Herein, the first synthesis of monodispersed and organic amine modified lanthanum hydroxide nanocrystals (OA‐La(OH)3) for advanced phosphate removal by modulating inner Helmholtz plane (IHP), is reported. These OA‐La(OH)3 nanocrystals with positively charged surfaces and abundant exposed La sites exhibit specific affinity toward phosphate, delivering a maximum adsorption capacity of 168 mg P g⁻1 and a wide pH adaptability from 3.0 to 11.0, as well as a robust anti‐interference performance, far surpassing those of documented phosphate removal materials. The superior phosphate removal performance of OA‐La(OH)3 is attributed to its protonated organic amine in IHP, which enhances the electrostatic attraction around the adsorbent‐solution interface. Impressively, OA‐La(OH)3 can treat ≈5 000 and ≈3 200 bed volumes of simulated and real phosphate‐containing wastewater to below extremely strict standard (0.1 mg L⁻1) in a fixed‐bed adsorption mode, exhibiting great potential for advanced phosphate removal. This study offers a facile modification strategy to improve phosphate removal performance of nanoscale adsorbents, and sheds light on the structure‐reactivity relationship of La‐based materials.
Transmembrane Potential Monitoring Using a Field‐Effect Transistor‐Based Flexible Device System
Authors: Xue Qiannan , Zhou Feng , Guo Wenlan , Sun Chen , Duan Xuexin
Published: April 2024

Transmembrane transport analysis is essential for understanding cell physiological processes. Based on an artificial simulation of internal and external cellular environment, this paper introduces an innovative approach to investigate the microscopic behavior of small molecules through porin protein under mechanical curvature of lipid membrane. A flexible device system is developed, enabling quantitative electronic transmembrane analysis. The key transistor comprises a flexible, microporous electrode covered with the support lipid bilayers (SLBs) to mimic artificial cellular membrane, serving as an extended gate of the field‐effect transistor (FET). The transmembrane behaviors of charged ions and small molecules can be effectively monitored in real time by this FET‐based flexible device system. The flexibility of the electrode allows analyzing the transmembrane behavior under different mechanical bends. In this study, the developed flexible device is employed for the first time to simulate the mechanical bending of cellular membrane embedded with channel proteins and to monitor the transmembrane behavior of small molecules, thus providing a more authentic representation of membrane protein at a curved state. This approach holds the potential to contribute as a platform‐based technological advancement, supporting research into toxicological mechanisms and facilitating drug screening endeavors.
Microfluidic Droplet‐Based Tailorable Porous GelMA Microspheres for 3D Spatio Controllable Cell Coculture
Authors: Wang Yaolei , Du Ting , Hao Xin , Wang Yilan , Yang Feng , He Huatao , Yang Menghan , Hong Meiying , Wang Guanxiong , Liu Hong , Guo Jianxiu
Published: April 2024

For the construction of accurate 3D tissue models in vitro, the 3D coculture model formed by spatio‐controlled distribution of multiple cells is essential. Despite the benefits of porous microspheres with low density, large surface area, and high permeability, exact spatio‐controlled distribution fails to appear in 3D coculture models by using porous microspheres as carriers. Herein, a facile method is proposed to construct a 3D coculture model with heterogeneous cell spatio‐tailored distribution using GelMA microspheres with customizable porosity structure and size based on droplet microfluidics in combination with placeholders. ATPS emulsions, containing two biocompatible immiscible aqueous phases of cell/Alg /dextran (Dex) mixture and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution, are used as the templates to generate the placeholders. The micron‐sized porous GelMA microspheres are prepared by UV crosslinking of droplets prepared in microfluidic devices, followed by chelation of the placeholders. As a proof of concept, the 3D coculture hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model with HepG2 encapsulated outside the pores and HUVEC inside the pores is established. Noteworthy, the cells in the 3D coculture HCC model exhibit greater cell activity and proliferation, enhanced functionalities, and drug resistance than the control group. In conclusion, this straightforward method provides a novel approach for constructing 3D coculture models in vitro.
Crowd Evacuation Management with Optimal Time‐Multiplexed Exit‐Choice Recommendations through Simulation Optimization
Authors: Lopez‐Carmona Miguel A. , Paricio‐Garcia Alvaro
Published: April 2024

Exit‐choice behavior significantly influences the performance of egress operations in crowded spaces. Thus, strategically issuing active exit‐choice recommendations that provide clear and concise guidance to pedestrians can help improve evacuation safety and efficiency. This study investigates how to optimally regulate pedestrian density at the exits by generating time‐multiplexed exit‐choice recommendations. The study develops a simulated crowd evacuation scenario with multiple exits, where pedestrians receive periodic sequences of exit‐choice instructions. The optimal period for each instruction is obtained through simulation‐optimization processes with three minimization objectives: evacuation time, cumulative density, and cumulative density variance. First, the effect of collective behaviors on evacuation performance is studied, which justifies the need for active mechanisms to improve exit‐choice decision‐making coordination. Then, several optimal plans for the different objectives are obtained and evaluated regarding evacuation time and cumulative density performance. Finally, the influence of adoption rate and collective commitment to instructions are evaluated. This study suggests that static plans, defined as time‐multiplexed exit‐choice instructions obtained through simulation‐optimization, reasonably represent a first step in the real deployment of intelligent crowd management systems.
COAP‐Pd Catalyzed Asymmetric Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition for Optically Active Multistereogenic Spiro Cyclopentane‐Indandiones Bearing CyclicN‐Sulfonyl Ketimine Skeletons
Authors: Song Jia‐Yu , Sun Xing‐Yun , Wang Bai‐Lin , Zhou Sheng‐Suo , Song Jia‐Xin , Zhang Bu‐Hong , Wang Xing‐Wang
Published: April 2024

We reported a chiral oxamide‐phosphine ligand (COAP−Ph)‐Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between vinyl cyclopropane compounds derived from 1,3‐indanedione and 2‐vinylcyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates with cyclic sulfonyl 1‐azadienes. The corresponding reactions provided a series of enantiomerically active spiro cyclopentane‐indandione and cyclopentane structures bearing three consecutive stereogenic centers in good yields with good diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. The COAP−Pd complex serves not only to promote generation of chiralπ‐allyl‐palladium intermediates and induce the asymmetry of the reaction, but also depress the background reaction.
Feuchtemonitoring eines Flachdaches in Holzbauweise mit Holzfaser‐Zwischensparrendämmung
Authors: Hartmann Günther , Grön Sönke
Published: April 2024

Holzfaser‐Dämmstoffe sind kapillaraktiv. Sie können große Feuchtemengen aufnehmen, zwischenspeichern und wieder abgeben. Und sie transportieren gespeicherte Feuchte zu den trockneren Bereichen, verteilen sie also im Material. Ein Hersteller hat dies genauer untersucht und misst seit über zehn Jahren die Feuchte in einem Flachdach seiner Unternehmenszentrale.
Successful management of cervical tuberculosis and severe kyphosis using polyetheretherketone expandable cage and titanium plate: A case report
Authors: Iqbal Javeed , Khan Muhammad Mohsin , Thabet Abdulnasser , Mohammed Kazim , Scalia Gianluca , Chaurasia Bipin
Published: April 2024

Key Clinical Message

Successful management of cervical tuberculosis and severe kyphosis was achieved using a PEEK expandable cage and titanium plate, demonstrating favorable outcomes in restoring cervical alignment and stability. This approach represents a promising alternative for addressing complex cervical pathologies, highlighting the potential of PEEK‐based interventions in surgical management.

Cervical tuberculosis can lead to severe vertebral destruction and kyphosis, posing challenges in surgical management. Recent advancements, including the use of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) expandable cages and titanium plates, show promise in addressing multilevel cervical pathologies. This report details the successful treatment of a 27‐year‐old male with cervical tuberculosis and severe kyphosis. Surgical intervention involved prevertebral abscess evacuation, C5‐C7 corpectomy, and insertion of a PEEK expandable cage with an anterior titanium plate. Postoperative care included a Philadelphia collar, and follow‐up demonstrated restored cervical alignment and stability. The use of PEEK‐based surgical interventions, as demonstrated in this case, represents a significant evolution in managing complex cervical conditions. The successful outcome highlights the potential benefits of PEEK expandable cages in addressing cervical tuberculosis and kyphosis. Further research is needed to validate these findings and establish PEEK‐based interventions as a viable alternative in such cases.
Cover Image
Authors: Peng Tao , Zhong Yunlong , Lin Xiaodong , Jiang Bingyan , Wang Ping , Jia Yanwei
Published: April 2024

The cover image is based on the Research Article Analysis and numerical investigation of bile flow dynamics within the strictured biliary duct by Tao Peng et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.3790.

image
Microwave Depolymerization of Lignin via Dynamic Vapor Flow Reaction System: HCOOH as Pretreatment Solvent or Reforming Solvent Vapor
Authors: Wang Wenliang , Fu Yishuai , Chen Yutong , Miao Hui , Zheng Hui , Pan Jiawen , Wang Ziwei , Liu Yuchen , Jiang Weikun
Published: April 2024

Different forms of HCOOH in the depolymerization system play an important role in governing the monomeric products from lignin. We reported two strategies for the introduction of HCOOH to enrich the monophenols from kraft lignin by microwave‐assisted depolymerization. The reaction of lignin models showed that HCOOH was in favor of the cleavage of C−O bonds (β‐O‐4 typically) and partial C−C bonds (Cα−Cβ). Subsequently, Microwave‐assisted depolymerization of lignin with two strategies was conducted via a designed dynamic vapor flow reaction system. Strategy A with HCOOH as pretreatment solvent showed excellent monophenols enrichment with total mass yields of 193.71 mg/g (lignin basis). Strategy B using HCOOH as reforming solvent vapor significantly increased the monophenols selectivity. It presented unique reforming and upgrading performance by generating catechol (42.59 mg/g, lignin basis) and homovanillic acid (17.58 mg/g, lignin basis). This study provided potential strategies for the efficient conversion of kraft lignin into high‐value platform chemicals.
Triflic Acid‐Assisted Regioselective Bromination of Quinoxaline Derivatives Enables a Facile Synthesis of Polymer PTQ10
Authors: Kang Junmo , Yeong Kim Shin , Hee Jo Hwan , Zong Kyukwan
Published: April 2024

Poly[(thiophene)‐alt‐(6,7‐difluoro‐2(2‐hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline)] (PTQ10) emerges as a promising candidate for donor materials in organic solar cells (OSCs) due to its high efficiency, simplified synthesis, and cost‐effectiveness. The acceptor unit of PTQ10 is derived from the alkylation of 5,8‐dibromo‐6,7‐difluoroquinoxaline‐2‐ol, emphasizing the importance of its economical synthesis for commercial viability. This study investigates triflic acid‐assisted regioselective bromination of quinoxaline derivatives and proposes an alternative synthetic pathway for PTQ10. The developed route benefits from concise synthetic steps, a dependable procedure, and high overall yield. Starting with the condensation of 4,5‐difluorobenzene‐1,2‐diamine with ethyl oxoacetate to yield 6,7‐difluoroquinoxaline‐2‐ol, subsequent triflic acid‐assisted regioselective bromination produces 5,8‐dibromo‐6,7‐difluoroquinoxaline‐2‐ol in high yield. Alkylation under Mitsunobu reaction conditions yields 5,8‐dibromo‐6,7‐difluoro‐2‐(2‐hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline, followed by polymerization with 2,5‐distannylated thiophene under Stille reaction conditions to afford PTQ10. This research provides insights into efficient synthetic strategies for PTQ10, advancing its potential for commercial application in OSCs.
Assessing the Cooperating Ability of 6‐Hydroxypicolinic Acid and Pyridyl‐Amide Ligands in Palladium‐Mediated C−H Activation
Authors: Pinilla Cintya , Albéniz Ana C.
Published: April 2024

The behavior of 6‐hydroxypicolinic acid (pic‐6‐OH) and pyridyl‐amides as cooperating ligands in the C−H activation of arenes has been studied experimentally. When deprotonated, both compounds are chelating ligands and bear either a pyridone moiety or an N‐acyl substituent that can assist the C−H cleavage in the same way as the successful bipyridone ligands and MPAAs do. In addition, they are easily available, commercially or via straightforward syntheses. Palladium complexes of formula (NBu4)[Pd(κ2‐O, N‐pic‐6‐O)(C6F5)py] (2) and [Pd(κ2‐N, N‐ py‐CH2N(COCF3)(C6F5)py] (6) have been synthesized and their decomposition in the presence of an arene gives the C6F5‐arene coupling product, showing that the ligands enable the C−H activation of the arene (arene=pyridine, toluene, ethyl benzoate). The amount of C6F5‐arene products observed leads to the following trend in cooperating ability: pic‐6‐OH > pyridyl‐amide. DFT calculations on the pyridine activation are consistent with the experimental findings. The C−H activation does not occur for the isomeric complex (NBu4)[Pd(κ2‐O, N‐pic‐4‐O)(C6F5)py] (4) with the pyridone oxygen far from the metal, showing the involvement of this moiety in the C−H cleavage. The performance of these ligands in the direct arylation of arenes has been evaluated.
Ultrafast Self‐Powered Ti–Zn–N Photodetector‐Based Optocoupler for Power Electronics Applications
Authors: George Jeena , Vikraman Hajeesh Kumar , Sivalingam Yuvaraj , Varadharaj Eswaramoorthy K. , Mangalampalli S. R. N. Kiran
Published: April 2024

This study presents an early exploration into the application of a self‐powered photodetector based on titanium zinc nitride (TiZnN) films in power electronics, aiming to overcome inherent limitations of conventional optocouplers such as low switching speed and specific operating voltage requirements. The fabricated device demonstrates excellent performance metrics, including photosensitivity of 136, the responsivity of 3.22 mA W−1at −8 V bias, and a peak detectivity of 1.76 × 108Jones at 0 V bias. Remarkably, ultrafast rise (τs) and decay times (τd) of 0.11 and 0.10 ms, respectively, are achieved, alongside broad‐band spectral absorption characteristics. Experimental validation showcases the efficacy of the TiZnN‐based optocoupler in practical applications, notably in power electronics triggerable relay systems and AC–AC converters. Leveraging the self‐powering capability inherent to the TiZnN photodetector, this optocoupler eliminates external power source dependencies, thereby enhancing its versatility and applicability in diverse electronic systems. The rapid response time of the device and broad spectral absorption further underscore its suitability for high‐speed signal transmission across varied operating conditions. This research paves a path for developing stable, cost‐effective, and self‐powered ultrafast optocouplers, eliminating concerns about compromising electrical signal transit. These advancements hold significant implications for enhancing electronic system performance, reliability, and functionality in critical applications.
Experimental generation of patina on glass
Authors: Clifford Penelope , Semeniuk Vic
Published: April 2024

Patina formed on ancient glass holds potential to be a useful tool in determining the age of patina and to interpreting its formative environment climatically, pedogenically, hydrochemically and biologically. To date, its usefulness in this regard appears to have been underestimated. However, if patina is to be used as a reliable indicator of age and the environmental conditions underpinning its formation, there needs to be a systematic examination and understanding of its development under controlled laboratory conditions using various types of glass and with various climate types and soil types. As such, to calibrate and interpret the age of patina, processes of its development and products of its formation, we believe that it is useful to produce patina under varying experimental conditions in the laboratory. This paper focuses on the successful experimental development of patina on glass under controlled laboratory conditions and paves the way for further exploration of the rich resource of information that can result from such experimentation. We cannot produce in detail the full range of long‐term products of patination.
Role of financial stability, environmental regulations and uncertain economic policies in CO2 emission and investment in renewable energy: Evidence from China
Authors: Subhani Ghulam , Sakina  , Batool Masooma , Khan Shumaila Mazhar
Published: April 2024

Carbon emissions, ecological pollution and a steadily rising global temperature have been widely acknowledged as the most severe risks to human survival in the last few decades. Alarming increases in global temperature and sudden climatic shifts are nature's way of warning us to curb the use of fossil fuels and adopt more sustainable practices. Therefore, the present study investigates the impact of financial stability, environmental regulations and uncertain economic policies on carbon emissions and investment in renewable energy. The study used a nonparametric DEA‐DDF technique to fulfil this objective using a balanced panel dataset comprising 28 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2021. Overall results demonstrated that financial stability reduces carbon emissions and accelerates investment in renewable energy projects. The findings imply that a financially stable economy like China encourages businesses to invest in cutting‐edge, environmentally friendly technology to boost productivity while reducing carbon emissions. Likewise, results show that stringent ecological regulations decrease carbon emissions and promote investment in renewable energy. Hence, stakeholders are keen to comply with environmental regulations in China to reduce carbon emissions by investing in renewable energy resources to avoid penalties. Finally, results suggest that uncertain economic policies increase carbon emissions and restrict access to credit from financial institutions for investment in renewable energy purposes in China. Findings imply that uncertainty in economic policies could lead to less environmentally friendly production practices that may increase carbon emissions and reduce the demand for renewable energy products.
Moiré superlattice effects on interfacial mechanical behavior: A concise review
Authors: Yan Weidong , Liu Jiangtao , Ouyang Wengen , Liu Ze
Published: April 2024

The moiré superlattice, arising from the interface of mismatched single crystals, intricately regulates the physical and mechanical properties of materials, giving rise to phenomena such as superconductivity and superlubricity. This study delves into the profound impact of moiré superlattices on the interfacial mechanical behavior of van der Waals (vdW) layered materials, with a particular focus on tribological properties. A comprehensive review of continuum modeling approaches for vdW layered materials is presented, accentuating the incorporation of moiré superlattice effects in theoretical models to unravel their distinctive interfacial frictional behavior and thermodynamic properties. The exploration of moiré superlattices has significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of interface phenomena in vdW layered materials. This progress provides crucial theoretical insights that can inform the design of multifunctional devices based on the unique properties of twisted layered materials.
Chemical kinetics and thermodynamics of PPO activity, colour changes and microbial degradation during blanching of the sugarcane billets
Authors: Singh Priyanka , Anam  , Singh Pushpa , Chaurasia Saachi , Kumar Dilip
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

Sugarcane juice, which has a short shelf life, is a popular thirst‐quenching and rejuvenating beverage worldwide. The limited shelf life is a result of changes in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, total plate count (TPC) and color attributes (L*, a* and b*‐values). We hypothesized that chemical kinetics and thermodynamics of blanched sugarcane cane juice causing alterations in PPO, TPC, and L, a* and b*‐values will address the challenges of sugarcane juice preservation.

RESULTS

Sugarcane billets were blanched at variable time–temperature combinations in the range 0–20 min and 70–90 °C. Reaction rates increased with increasing temperature; PPO activity, TPC and colour followed first‐order kinetics. PPO activity had an activation energy (Ea) of 81 kJ mol−1. The half life (t½) dropped from 16.5 to 3.47 min and decimal reduction time (D‐values) dropped from 54.83 to 11.52 min. Thus reactions were temperature‐sensitive. Thermodynamic studies indicated an endothermic (positive enthalpy values, ΔH > 0; 78.10 kJ mol−1) and reversible process (negative entropy values ΔS < 0; −0.044 kJmol−1 K−1). Michaeli–Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) of PPO activity were determined by adding variable lemon juice concentrations in sugarcane juice. As the Km values increased (from 5.53 to 15.81 mm) and Vmax values decreased (from 666.67 to 384.61 UmL−1), a Lineweaver–Burk plot suggested decreased PPO affinity of sugarcane juice.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study indicate that studies on chemical kinetics and thermodynamics (PPO, TPC and L, a* and b*‐values) of blanched sugarcane cane juice shall mitigate challenges of sugarcane juice preservation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Malrotated lateral knee radiographs do not allow for a proper assessment of medial or lateral posterior tibial slope
Authors: Vieider Romed P. , Mehl Julian , Rab Peter , Brunner Moritz , Schulz Phillip , Rupp Marco‐Christopher , Siebenlist Sebastian , Hinz Maximilian
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate whether malrotation of lateral knee radiographs influences posterior tibial slope (PTS) measurements.

Methods

Lateral knee radiographs of all patients who underwent knee surgery at a single institution between June 2022 and January 2023 and received multiple lateral knee radiographs were included. Radiographs were categorised as malrotated lateral knee radiographs or lateral knee radiographs based on the radiographic distance between the medial and lateral posterior femoral condyles. Medial PTS (MPTS) and lateral PTS (LPTS) were evaluated on malrotated lateral knee radiographs and lateral knee radiographs and compared using the paired t test. Intra‐ and interrater reliability between four raters were assessed for MPTS and LPTS measurements.

Results

A total of 92 lateral knee radiographs (46 pairs of malrotated lateral knee radiographs and lateral knee radiographs; 50.0% right side) from 46 patients (33.2 ± 12.4 years, 69.6% male) were included. Mean posterior femoral condyle distance in malrotated lateral knee radiographs was 8.1 ± 4.4 mm. Overall, MPTS and LPTS were significantly higher on malrotated lateral knee radiographs versus lateral knee radiographs (medial: 10.5 ± 3.2° vs. 9.7 ± 3.5°, p < 0.05; lateral: 10.6 ± 3.4° vs. 9.7 ± 3.3°, p < 0.05). Mean absolute difference between MPTS and LPTS on malrotated lateral knee radiographs versus lateral knee radiographs were |1.9| ± |1.5|° and |2.0| ± |1.8|°, respectively. Intrarater reliability was ‘moderate’ and interrater reliability was ‘good’ for both MPTS and LPTS.

Conclusion

Malrotation of lateral knee radiographs led to a significant distortion of both the MPTS and LPTS. In clinical practice, attention should be placed on the (mal)rotation of lateral knee radiographs, especially in patients for whom a slope‐correcting osteotomy is being discussed.

Level of Evidence

Level IV.
ACE24 Offers a Robust Small Systems Program
Authors: Lusk Randy , Elliott Stephanie
Published: April 2024

AWWA's Small Systems Division helps small communities develop the technical, managerial, and financial capabilities to sustainably manage water services. The division invites small water system staff to take advantage of the full slate of valuable technical sessions at AWWA's 2024 Annual Conference & Exposition (ACE24), which will be held June 10‐13 in Anaheim, Calif.
Intensity and retention time prediction improves the rescoring of protein‐nucleic acid cross‐links
Authors: Siraj Arslan , Bouwmeester Robbin , Declercq Arthur , Welp Luisa , Chernev Aleksandar , Wulf Alexander , Urlaub Henning , Martens Lennart , Degroeve Sven , Kohlbacher Oliver , Sachsenberg Timo
Published: April 2024

In protein‐RNA cross‐linking mass spectrometry, UV or chemical cross‐linking introduces stable bonds between amino acids and nucleic acids in protein‐RNA complexes that are then analyzed and detected in mass spectra. This analytical tool delivers valuable information about RNA‐protein interactions and RNA docking sites in proteins, both in vitro and in vivo. The identification of cross‐linked peptides with oligonucleotides of different length leads to a combinatorial increase in search space. We demonstrate that the peptide retention time prediction tasks can be transferred to the task of cross‐linked peptide retention time prediction using a simple amino acid composition encoding, yielding improved identification rates when the prediction error is included in rescoring. For the more challenging task of including fragment intensity prediction of cross‐linked peptides in the rescoring, we obtain, on average, a similar improvement. Further improvement in the encoding and fine‐tuning of retention time and intensity prediction models might lead to further gains, and merit further research.
Weathering the storms of climate change: Preparing persons with disabilities and the physiatrists who provide their care for extreme hurricanes
Authors: Andreae Mollie , Shultz James M. , Shepherd J. Marshall , Espinel Zelde , Shapiro Lauren T.
Published: April 2024

Climate‐driven disasters have disproportionate and often devastating consequences on individuals with disabilities. Warming ocean and air temperatures are fueling more extreme tropical cyclones, further endangering those living in at‐risk regions. Although hurricane preparedness is particularly critical for those with functional impairments and/or special medical needs, studies show such persons are less ready for disasters than the general population. This review calls attention to the time‐urgent need to improve hurricane readiness among persons with disabilities. It summarizes evidence that climate change is resulting in cyclonic storms that are increasingly jeopardizing the health and safety of affected persons and reflects on how this trend may compound the particular hardships those with disabilities experience during times of disaster. It identifies unique storm‐related challenges faced by patient populations commonly cared for by physiatrists, including those with stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and limb loss. Available research pertaining to the gaps in emergency preparedness practices among persons with disabilities is reviewed as are potential strategies to mitigate barriers to achieving disaster readiness and resilience. Lastly, the review provides physiatrists with a comprehensive guide for optimally safeguarding their patients before, during, and after catastrophic hurricanes.
Analysis of the water‐energy‐carbon nexus for sustainable development of the selected industries
Authors: Naing Pyae Mon , Babel Mukand S. , Karthe Daniel , Stamm Jürgen
Published: April 2024

Industries consume 20% and 50% of global water and energy, contributing 25% of total greenhouse gas emissions. They strive to become more efficient in water and energy usage and reduce carbon emissions. This study analyzed water, energy, and carbon footprints of five manufacturing industries—automobile, cement, chemical, pulp and paper, and steel. Multi‐linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between production, water use, energy use, and carbon emission. The study also explored the potential to reduce carbon emissions by reducing water and energy usage. Among the selected industries, pulp and paper, and steel industries have higher water, energy, and carbon footprints. On average, it takes 5.58 m3 of water and 17.11 GJ of energy to produce a ton of paper, and 4.03 m3 of water and 19.52 GJ of energy to produce a ton of steel. The analysis also shows that water and energy use are closely related to production in all industries. Carbon emission is closely related to the production processes in cement, pulp and paper, and steel, and to reduce the emissions, both water and energy usage have to be reduced. The automobile industry has the highest potential to reduce carbon emissions by reducing water and energy uses, followed by steel and cement industries. By reducing 3% of their water and energy uses, automobile and steel industries, on average, have the potential to reduce 11% and 2.6% of their carbon emissions, respectively. The study explored the existing policies and recommendations for industries to achieve sustainable development goals.
Quality of life following repair of large hiatal hernia is not influenced by the use of mesh—Longer‐term follow‐up from a randomized trial
Authors: Amprayil Mathew A. , Irvine Tanya , Thompson Sarah K. , Bright Tim , Aly Ahmad , Devitt Peter G. , Jamieson Glyn G. , Watson David I.
Published: April 2024

Introduction

The use of prosthetic mesh in laparoscopic repair of large hiatus hernias remains controversial. Clinical and quality of life outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of mesh versus suture repair previously showed few differences at early follow‐up. This study evaluated longer‐term quality of life outcomes from that trial.

Methods

A prospective, multicentre, double blind randomized controlled trial assessed three methods of repair for large hiatus hernias: sutures‐only versus absorbable mesh versus non‐absorbable mesh. Quality of life was assessed using the Short‐Form 36 (SF‐36) questionnaire which was completed preoperatively and then at 3, 6, 12 months following surgery and annually thereafter. SF‐36 outcomes were compared across the three repair techniques at longer‐term follow‐up (3–6 years), and to earlier baseline and 12‐month outcomes.

Results

126 patients were randomized; 43—suture‐only, 41—absorbable mesh and 42—non‐absorbable mesh. Questionnaires were completed by 118 patients preoperatively, 115 at 12 months and 98 at longer‐term follow‐up (median 5 years). There were no significant differences between the repair techniques for the subscale and composite scores at longer‐term follow‐up. The mental component score improved significantly after surgery and was sustained across follow‐up for all techniques. The physical component score also improved significantly but was lower at longer‐term follow‐up compared to the 12‐month follow up in both mesh groups.

Conclusion

Surgical repair of large hiatus hernias provides sustained long‐term improvement in quality of life. The addition of mesh does not improve quality of life.

Trial Registration

This trial is registered with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12605000725662.