bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EMG of the digastric muscle in gibbon and orangutan: Functional consequences of the loss of the anterior digastric in orangutans
Authors: Wall Christine E. , Larson Susan G. , Stern Jack T.
Published: February 2006

Unlike all other primates, the digastric muscle of the orangutan lacks an anterior belly; the posterior belly, while present, inserts directly onto the mandible. To understand the functional consequences of this morphologic novelty, the EMG activity patterns of the digastric muscle and other potential mandibular depressors were studied in a gibbon and an orangutan. The results suggest a significant degree of functional differentiation between the two digastric bellies. In the gibbon, the recruitment pattern of the posterior digastric during mastication is typically biphasic. It is an important mandibular depressor, active in this role during mastication and wide opening. It also acts with the anterior suprahyoid muscles to move the hyoid prior to jaw opening during mastication. The recruitment patterns of the anterior digastric suggest that it is functionally allied to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid. For example, although it transmits the force of the posterior digastric during mandibular depression, it functions independent of the posterior digastric during swallowing. Of the muscles studied, the posterior digastric was the only muscle to exhibit major differences in recruitment pattern between the two species. The posterior digastric retains its function as a mandibular depressor in orangutans, but is never recruited biphasically, and is not active prior to opening. The unique anatomy of the digastric muscle in orangutans results in decoupling of the mechanisms for hyoid movement and mandibular depression, and during unilateral activity it potentially contributes to substantial transverse movements of the mandible. Hypotheses to explain the loss of the anterior digastric should incorporate these functional conclusions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of ingestive behavior and anterior tooth use differences in sympatric anthropoid primates
Authors: Ungar Peter S.
Published: February 2006

Little research has been directed towards the examination of ingestive behaviors in wild primates. This paper describes a naturalistic study of anterior tooth use in four sympatric anthropoid species: Hylobates lar, Macaca fascicularis, Pongo pygmaeus, and Presbytis thomasi. Instantaneous group scan data were collected during nearly 1,800 hours of observation between August 1990 and July 1991 at the Ketambe Research Station in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Ingestive behaviors are documented for specific food items and compared among the primate taxa. Results indicate significant differences among the species in preferred methods of food ingestion. These differences are related in part to dietary differences, and in part to other aspects of each primate's biology and ecology. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Major gene for percent of oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin in Tibetan highlanders
Authors: Beall Cynthia M. , Blangero John , Williams‐Blangero Sarah , Goldstein Melvyn C.
Published: February 2006

This report employs a statistical genetic approach to analyze quantitative oxygen transport variables in a high‐altitude (4,850–5,450 m) native Tibetan population and demonstrates the presence of a major gene influencing % O2 saturation of arterial hemoglobin. This result suggests the hypothesis that individuals with the dominant allele for higher % O2 saturation have a selective advantage at high altitude. Studies of the biologically distinctive Himalayan and Andean populations have greatly influenced thinking about ongoing human evolution and adaptation; this is the first statistical evidence for a major gene enhancing oxygen transport in a highaltitude native population. © 1994 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detecting clinal and balanced selection using spatial autocorrelation analysis under kin‐structured migration
Authors: Fix Alan G.
Published: February 2006

Recently spatial autocorrelation has been employed to infer microevolutionary processes from patterns of genetic variation. In theory, different processes should show characteristic signature correlograms; e. g., clinal selection should produce correlograms decreasing from positive to negative autocorrelation, whereas uniform balanced selection should lead to no spatial autocorrelation.

The ability of a statistical method such as spatial autocorrelation analysis to distinguish between these selective regimes or even to detect departures from neutrality is dependent on the strength of the evolutionary force and the population structure. Weak selection or migration will not be apparent against the expected background of stochastic noise. Moreover, the population structure may generate sufficient stochastic variation such that even strong evolutionary forces may fail to be detected.

This study uses computer simulation to examine the effects of kin‐structured migration and three different selective regimes on the shape of spatial correlograms to assess the ability of this technique to detect different microevolutionary processes. Genetic variation among 8 loci is simulated in a linear set of 25 artificial populations. Kin‐structured stepping‐stone migration among adjacent populations is modeled; directional, balanced, and clinal selection, as well as neutral loci are considered.

These experiments show that strong selection produces correlograms of the predicted shape. However, with an anthropologically reasonable population structure, considerable stochastic variation among correlograms for different alleles may still exist. This suggests the need for caution in inferring genetic process from spatial patterns. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantifying phalangeal curvature: An empirical comparison of alternative methods
Authors: Stern Jack T. , Jungers William L. , Susman Randall L.
Published: February 2006

It has been generally assumed and theoretically argued that the curvature of finger and toe bones seen in some nonhuman primates is associated with cheiridial use in an arboreal setting. Assessment of such curvature in fossil primates has been used to infer the positional behavior of these animals. Several methods of quantifying curvature of bones have been proposed. The measure most commonly applied to phalanges is that of in cluded angle, but this has come under some criticism. We consider various other approaches for quantifying phalangeal curvature, demonstrating that some are equivalent to use of included angle, but that one—normalized curva ture moment arm (NCMA)—represents a true alternative. A comparison of NCMA to included angle, both calculated on manual and pedal proximal phalanges of humans, apes, some monkeys, and the Hadar fossils, revealed that these two different measures of curvature are highly correlated and result in very similar distributional patterns. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic reorganization and disrupted chromosomal synteny in the siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Koehler Udo , Arnold Norbert , Wienberg Johannes , Tofanelli Sergio , Stanyon Roscoe
Published: February 2006

We employed in situ hybridization (“chromosome painting”) of chromosome‐specific DNA libraries of all human chromosomes to establish homologies between the human and siamang karyotypes (Hylobates syndactylus, 2n = 50). Numerous intra‐ and interchromosomal rearrangements have led to a massive reorganization of the siamang karyotype. There have been a minimum of 33 translocations. The 24 siamang autosomes are composed of 60 recognizable segments that show DNA homology to regions of the 22 human autosomes. Only two autosomes have not been involved in translocations. The siamang presents a case, in a primate closely related to humans, in which chromosome morphology and synteny are highly disturbed in a manner similar to that encountered among rodents. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex estimation using the first cervical vertebra
Authors: Marino Eugene A.
Published: February 2006

The articular surfaces and vertebral foramen area of the first cervical vertebra are sexually dimorphic and can be used to sex complete or fragmentary specimens. Eight measurements were taken from the articular regions (superior and inferior) of 100 first cervical vertebrae from Terry collection specimens housed at the Smithsonian Institution. Seven regression and seven discriminant function equations were created that predict sex with 77–85% and 75–85% accuracy, respectively. In separate control tests, measurements from 100 first cervical vertebrae from Hamann‐Todd collection individuals (Cleveland Museum of Natural History) and from 34 archaeological specimens were used with the Terry equations. The control samples were sexed with 60—85% accuracy. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age determination from dental microstructure in juveniles
Authors: Huda Tushar F. J. , Bowman J. E.
Published: February 2006

The crypts outside St Bride's Church, London, contain a documented collection of skeletal remains dating from the mid‐18th century. Some of these remains became mixed during post‐war restoration work on the church. The worst example of such mixing involves ten infants that were boxed all together with their corresponding coffin plates. All the infants were aged between 1 and 4 years at death. Recognized skeletal aging criteria proved unsuccessful in identifying the bodies. A more precise method of age estimation was utilized in order to separate these individuals. Age was determined using the incremental markers found in dental microstructure which are thought to be formed in circadian and circaseptan rhythms. The resulting age estimates were compared with the real ages obtained from the coffin plates and death certificates. Confident identification was achieved in eight out of ten cases. This study illustrates the potential value of a little‐known aging method in circumstances where commonly used methods have proved unsuccessful. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A case of congenital syphilis during the colonial period in Mexico City
Authors: Mansilla Josefina , Pijoan Carmen M.
Published: February 2006

Congenital syphilis has been diagnosed very seldom in ancient populations. The case that we examined comes from San Jeronimo's Church (17th and 18th centuries AD; Mexico City). Coffin 43 contained an incomplete skeleton of an approximately 2‐year‐old infant. The pathological lesions of this skeleton include bilateral osteochondritis, diaphyseal osteomyelitis, and osteitis and/or periostitis on the long bones. The radiographic appearance depicts symmetrical osteomyelitic foci, particularly at the proximal extremity of both tibiae (Wimberger's sign). The skull exhibits hydroceph‐aly and periosteal changes on the vault, and the unerupted upper incisors evince dental hypoplasia and other pathological alterations reminiscent of Hutchinson's incisors. All these features strongly suggest a case of early Congenital syphilis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postcranial estimates of body weight in Proconsul, with a note on a distal tibia of P. major from Napak, Uganda
Authors: Rafferty Katherine L. , Walker Alan , Ruff Christopher B. , Rose Michael D. , Andrews Peter J.
Published: February 2006

A distal tibia of Proconsul major from Napak, Uganda, is described. It is morphologically similar to other Proconsul tibiae, only much larger in size. This specimen and others are used to estimate the body weight ofP. major from postcrania for the first time. Body weight is predicted from articular and diaphyseal dimensions using regression equations derived from a modern comparative sample of catarrhine primates. The estimated body weight of P. major based on the Napak tibia is 86.7 kg, whereas two other P. major specimens are smaller, giving a total range of 63.4–86.7 kg and an average of 75.1 kg. The regression equations are also used to predict the body weight of specimens from Rusinga/Mfangano belonging to P. nyanzae and P. heseloni. As the body weight estimates generated here are consistent with previous postcranial‐based estimates for Proconsul species, the two sets of estimates are pooled to give means of 10.9 kg for P. heseloni (n = 6) and 35.6 kg for P. nyanzae (n = 12). These findings support the traditional assignment of two species at Rusinga/Mfangano. The postcranial body weight estimates for the three species of Proconsul are compared to body weights estimated from M1 area in order to investigate possible differences in scaling between the teeth and limbs in these species. Despite being based on a smaller sample size, the postcranial estimates clearly differentiate the three taxa, whereas the dental estimates form a more continuous distribution. Molar area overestimates body weight in P. heseloni, indicating that it is megadont compared to a large sample of modern anthropoid primates. In contrast, molar area underestimates body weight in P. nyanzae and especially P. major, suggesting relative microdonty in these taxa. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New characters for the functional interpretation of primate scapulae and proximal humeri
Authors: Larson Susan G.
Published: February 2006

The study of muscle function in nonhuman primates through the technique of electromyography (EMG) has facilitated the identification of specific functional roles for muscles in particular behaviors. This has led to a more complete understanding of the biomechanics of certain regions of the musculoskeletal system, and should facilitate our ability to identify morphological features useful in the functional interpretation of fossil material. The current paper represents one such investigation of a new set of morphometric characters of the scapula and proximal humerus suggested by EMG analyses of shoulder muscle function.

A set of new metric variables were examined on the scapulae and proximal humeri of 25 species of extant anthropoid primates, as well as on casts of scapulae and humeri of three fossil primate taxa. The variables are primarily related to the line of action and attachments of the rotator cuff muscles. The position of the scapular spine, the degree of lateral expansion of the subscapular fossa, the size and shape of the subscapularis insertion facet on the lesser tubercle, and the orientation of the infraspinatus insertion facet on the greater tubercle all appear to successfully sort the extant taxa into locomotor groups. Their appearance on the fossil specimens generally supports previous functional interpretations of each taxon's locomotor abilities based on a variety of other characters, suggesting that these traits are equally applicable to fossil material. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐Columbian tuberculosis in Northern Chile: Molecular and skeletal evidence
Authors: Arriaza Bernardo T. , Salo Wilmar , Aufderheide Arthur C. , Holcomb Todd A.
Published: February 2006

Analysis of 483 skeletons from Arica (Chile) and review of mummy dissection records demonstrates an overall 1% prevalence rate for tuberculosis between 2000 B.C. and A.D. 1500. Tuberculosis cases cluster in the period A.D. 500–1000 which correlates with fully agropastoral societies. Considering only these agropastoral societies, about 2% of their members show tuberculosis lesions. A segment of DNA unique to Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified in an extract from the vertebral lesion of a 12‐year‐old girl with Pott's disease from about A.D. 1000, establishing the pre‐Columbian presence of tuberculosis with the most specific evidence currently available. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A genetic study of 2,000‐year‐old human remains from Japan using mitochondrial DNA sequences
Authors: Oota Hiroki , Saitou Naruya , Matsushita Takayuki , Ueda Shintaroh
Published: February 2006

We present nucleotide sequence data for mitochondrial DNA extracted from ancient human skeletons of the Yayoi era (ca. 2,000 BP) excavated from the Takuta‐Nishibun site in northern Kyushu of Japan. Nucleotide sequence diversity showed that the Yayoi people of the Takuta‐Nishibun site were not a genetically homogeneous population. This site shows a diversity in the burial style. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a statistically significant correlation between burial style and the genetic background of the Takuta‐Nishibun individuals, and revealed no discrete clustering patterns for the Yayoi individuals, for early modern Ainu, or for the Jomon people. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric vault modification in Hopi crania
Authors: Kohn Luci Ann P. , Leigh Steven R. , Cheverud James M.
Published: February 2006

Cradleboarding was practiced by numerous prehistoric and historic populations, including the Hopi. In this group, one result of cra‐dleboarding was bilateral or asymmetric flattening of the posterior occipital. We test whether cradleboarding had significant effects on the morphology of the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Additionally, we examine associations between direction of flattening and asymmetric craniofacial growth.

A skeletal sample of Hopi from the Old Walpi site includes both nonmodified (N = 43) and modified individuals (N = 39). Three‐dimensional coordinates of 53 landmarks were obtained using a diagraph. Thirty‐six landmarks were used to define nine finite elements in the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Finite element scaling was used to compare average nonmodified individuals, with averages of bilaterally, right, and left modified individuals. The significance of variation among “treatment” groups was evaluated using a bootstrap test. Pearson product‐moment correlations test the association of asymmetry with direction of modification.

Hopi cradleboarding has a significant effect on growth of the cranial vault, but does not affect morphology of the cranial base or face. Bilateral flattening of the cranial vault leads to decreased length and increased width of the cranial vault. Flattening of the right or left cranial vault results in ipsilaterally decreased length and width coupled with a corresponding increased length and width on the contralateral side of the cranial vault. There is a significant correlation of size asymmetry with direction of modification in the cranial vault, but not with size or shape change in the cranial base or face. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrilineal distribution of louse egg‐handling techniques during grooming in free‐ranging Japanese macaques
Authors: Tanaka Ichirou
Published: February 2006

Grooming behavior of which the primary function appears to be the removal of lice on others (Tanaka and Takefushi [1993] Anthropological Science 101:187–193) was studied in Japanese macaques at Jigokudani Monkey Park, Japan, June 1990–July 1993. Several louse egg‐handling techniques used during grooming were identified (with differences in efficiency) in a freeranging group. In the low‐ranking maternal lineages, the distribution of these techniques is quite homogeneous, suggesting social transmission with goal emulation (one form of social learning) based on maternal kin. However, there is considerable variation in the high‐ranking matriline. The social system of dominance—the tendency of subordinates to groom more often than to be groomed—may result in oblique transmission of more effective techniques from low‐ranking monkeys to some offspring of high‐ranking females. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Earliest cranial surgery in North America
Authors: Richards Gary D.
Published: February 2006

The archaeological evidence of ancient cranial surgery is limited to cases of trepanation and cauterization. I report here on the only known case of cranial surgery in direct association with the osseous image of a nontrauma‐induced soft tissue lesion (sinus pericranii). This case, from Alameda County, California (Late Middle Period, ca. 300–500 AD), is the earliest and only definitive evidence of invasive surgery from prehistoric North America.

Throughout this work, all reference to North American evidence excludes cases from south of the border between the United States and Mexico.

Because this individual presents the only bony evidence of cranial surgery other than trepanation or cauterization, it contributes substantially to our extremely limited understanding of medical practices in preliterate societies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlates of breastfeeding frequency among nomadic pastoralists of Turkana, Kenya: A retrospective study
Authors: Gray Sandra J.
Published: February 2006

Recent research has shown that significant variation in breast‐feeding behavior exists among natural fertility populations, all of whom have been characterized as practicing “on‐demand” breastfeeding. A number of recent prospective studies have contributed to a better understanding of breastfeeding structure and of its consequences for population differences in fertility. Currently, there is a growing interest in quantifying the complex environmental and biocultural interactions which influence that structure; in other words, in establishing an ecology of breastfeeding.

In this paper, a carefully structured retrospective study of breastfeeding behavior among nomadic Turkana is used to identify environmental, biobehavioral, and socioeconomic factors associated with variation in breastfeeding frequency among Turkana women. In agreement with the results of a prospective study conducted as part of the same research, the age (growth) and physical development of nurslings show significant correlations with breastfeeding frequency. Maternal physical status, the depth of the maternal social network, and, to a lesser degree, rainfall patterns are also significant. All of these factors appear to influence breastfeeding through their effects on maternal participation in herding activities and related absences from camp. Finally, the study also presents new strategies for collecting and utilizing retrospective data, which are notoriously unreliable and difficult to classify according to operational definitions recently developed for prospective studies. Results of the present study suggest methods by which the quality and reliability of recall data may be enhanced. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental pathology in Pongo satyrus borneensis
Authors: Stoner Kathryn Elizabeth
Published: February 2006

The Selenka orangutan collection obtained from 1892 to 1896 from wild‐shot specimens in West Borneo, provides an excellent opportunity to examine dental pathology in free‐ranging primates. Two hundred and twenty‐three skulls from this collection were analyzed for dental conditions, including carious lesions, local infections (infra‐alveolar and periapical osseous defects), horizontal bone loss, and premortem tooth loss. Specimens were sexed, divided into three broad age groups, and compared to ascertain sex‐related or age‐related differences in occurrence of dental pathology.

None of the subadults displays any evidence of dental disease. One individual (2%) in the young adult group has a periapical osseous defect and evidence of horizontal bone loss, and another (2%) has two adjacent interproximal carious lesions. The old adults have a much higher prevalence of individuals afflicted with dental pathologies, including 6% carious lesions, 26% local infections, 23% horizontal bone loss, and 3% premortem tooth loss. The differences between the young and old adults in number of individuals afflicted with dental pathologies is statistically significant for local infections and horizontal bone loss. When compared by sex, the old adult group reveals that females have a higher occurrence of dental pathologies than males in all types of lesions recorded and these differences are statistically significant for local infections and horizontal bone loss. Considering the importance diet plays in the development of dental disease, it is suggested that ecological separation of the sexes, with the subsequent dietary differences, could be an important factor determining the higher prevalence of dental lesions observed in female orangutans. Additionally, the importance of local ecological factors, which may affect dietary patterns, are recognized as a potential source of variation in dental pathologies among different samples of orangutans. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional morphology of indrid lumbar vertebrae
Authors: Shapiro Liza
Published: February 2006

Indrids are primarily vertical clingers and leapers but also engage to various extents in climbing, suspensory postures, bimanual movement, bipedal hopping, and quadrupedalism. It has been demonstrated that these behaviors are well reflected in the appendicular anatomy of these primates, while indrid vertebral anatomy has received relatively little attention. In this morphometric study, biomechanically relevant aspects of the lumbar vertebrae of Indri indri, Propithecus diadema, and Propithecus verreauxi were compared to those of Varecia variegata, a large‐bodied predominantly pronograde and quadrupedal lemur. Results indicate that, compared to Varecia, the indrids have relatively shorter lumbar vertebral bodies, shorter lumbar regions, more dorsally projecting lumbar spinous processes, and more dorsally positioned lumbar transverse process tips. In addition, indrid lumbar spinous and transverse processes are oriented differently than those of Varecia. Overall, indrid lumbar vertebral morphology converges with that of hominoids, atelines, and possibly lorids,

Jenkins (1987) notes that Indridae (Burnett. 1828) and Loridae (Gray, 1821) have priority over Indriidae and Lorsidae according to Article 29(b)(ii) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. See Godfrey et al. (1995) for a more detailed discussion of this issue.

suggesting a lumbar adaptation to upright or “antipronograde” postures that require a reduction in spinal flexibility. The dorsally projecting spinous processes may be related to back muscle extensor power during leaping and/or the maintenance of upright postures. By contrast, the lumbar vertebrae of Varecia resemble those of primates and other mammals that have habitually pronograde postures and emphasize spinal flexibility in the sagittal plane during locomotion. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determinants of postnatal weight in infant rhesus monkeys: Implications for the study of interindividual differences in neonatal growth
Authors: Johnson Rodney L. , Kapsalis Ellen
Published: February 2006

This paper provides an analysis of infant body weights obtained from a sample of 38 rhesus monkey infants (Macaco mulatta) aged 29–165 days, i.e., animals still nutritionally dependent on their mothers. We examine the data on neonatal weights in relation to a number of factors, most notably, the sex of the infants, and the age and adiposity of their mothers. The infant body weights represent cross‐sectional rather than longitudinal data; because they were mostly free‐ranging animals, the infants were weighed just once each. Nevertheless, the results of our analysis strongly suggest that early postnatal growth in free‐ranging rhesus is dependent on both maternal fatness and age. They also suggest that, although male infants are generally heavier than like‐aged female infants, they do not grow any faster during the early postnatal period. Here, we speculate that the associations between infant size and both maternal age and adiposity are the result of between‐mother differences in lactational output. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simulation test of Smith's “degrees of freedom” correction for comparative studies
Authors: Nunn Charles L.
Published: February 2006

Computer simulation was used to test Smith's (1994) correction for phylogenetic nonindependence in comparative studies. Smith's method finds effective N, which is computed using nested analysis of variance, and uses this value in place of observed N as the baseline degrees of freedom (df) for calculating statistical significance levels. If Smith's formula finds the correct df, distributions of computer‐generated statistics from simulations with observed N nonindependent species should match theoretical distributions (from statistical tables) with the df based on effective N.

The computer program developed to test Smith's method simulates character evolution down user‐specified phylogenies. Parameters were systematically varied to discover their effects on Smith's method. In simulations in which the phylogeny and taxonomy were identical (tests of narrow‐sense validity), Smith's method always gave conservative statistical results when the taxonomy had fewer than five levels. This conservative departure gave way to a liberal deviation in type I error rates in simulations using more than five taxonomic levels, except when species values were nearly independent. Reducing the number of taxonomic levels used in the analysis, and thereby eliminating available information regarding evolutionary relationships, also increased type I error rates (broad‐sense validity), indicating that this may be inappropriate under conditions shown to have high type I error rates. However, the use of taxonomic categories over more accurate phylogenies did not create a liberal bias in all cases in the analysis performed here. The effect of correlated trait evolution was ambiguous but, relative to other parameters, negligible. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal evidence of operations on cadavers from Sens (Yonne, France) at the end of the XVTH century
Authors: Valentin Frederique , d'Errico Francesco
Published: February 2006

Human remains giving direct evidence concerning the history of dissection practices are rare. Thirteen cranial fragments which bear evidence of having been purposely cut and sawn were discovered in a crypt during excavations undertaken in Sens (Yonne, France). Ceramics date these remains to the period from the end of the XIVth to the end of the XVIth centuries. Nine individuals are represented: one adolescent and eight adults of both sexes. The position of the cutmarks, which' were produced by a long, sharp cutting tool, show that the scalp was completely removed from the skull. The sawing, which was done with a large‐toothed saw, was both clockwise and counterclockwise in direction. The sawn surfaces reveal a deliberate attempt not to damage the brain. This procedure is compared to that of modern autopsies. The remains from Sens are also compared with several other sawn cranial fragments recently discovered in France and England. Three hypotheses are discussed: embalmment, autopsy, and anatomical studies. Analysis of these remains and historical documentation suggest embalmment and/or autopsy as the probable purpose of the opening of the skull. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of the four founding lineage haplotypes in native Americans suggests a single wave of migration for the New World
Authors: Merriwether D. Andrew , Rothhammer Francisco , Ferrell Robert E.
Published: February 2006

The distribution of the four founding lineage haplogroups in Native Americans from North, Central, and South America shows a north to south increase in the frequency of lineage B and a North to South decrease in the frequency of lineage A. All four founding lineage haplogroups were detected in North, Central, and South America, and in Greenberg et al.'s ([1986] Curr. Anthropol. 27:477–497) three major linguistic groups (Amerind, NaDene, and Eskaleut), with all four haplogroups often found within a single population. Lineage A was the most common lineage in North America, regardless of language group. This overall distribution is most parsimonious with a single wave of migration into the New World which included multiple variants of all four founding lineage types. Torroni et al.'s ([1993a] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53:563–590) report that lineage B has a more recent divergence time than theother three lineages can best be explained by multiple variants of lineagesA, C, and D, and fewer variants of lineage B entering the New World. Alternatively, there could have been multiple waves of migration from a single parent population in Asia/Siberia which repeatedly reintroduced the same lineages to the New World. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New notharctine (primates, adapiformes) skull from the Uintan (middle Eocene) of San Diego County, California
Authors: Gunnell Gregg F.
Published: February 2006

A new genus and species of notharctine primate, Hesperolemur actius, is described from Uintan (middle Eocene) aged rocks of San Diego County, California. Hesperolemur differs from all previously described adapiforms in having the anterior third of the ectotympanic anulus fused to the internal lateral wall of the auditory bulla. In this feature Hesperolemur superficially resembles extant cheirogaleids. Hesperolemur also differs from previously known adapiforms in lacking bony canals that transmit the internal carotid artery through the tympanic cavity. Hesperolemur, like the later occurring North American cercamoniine Mahgarita stevensi, appears to have lacked a stapedial artery. Evidence from newly discovered skulls of Notharctus and Smilodectes, along with Hesperolemur, Mahgarita, and Adapis, indicates that the tympanic arterial circulatory pattern of these adapiforms is characterized by stapedial arteries that are smaller than promontory arteries, a feature shared with extant tarsiers and anthropoids and one of the characteristics often used to support the existence of a haplorhine‐strepsirhine dichotomy among extant primates. The existence of such a dichotomy among Eocene primates is not supported by any compelling evidence. Hesperolemur is the latest occurring notharctine primate known from North America and is the only notharctine represented among a relatively diverse primate fauna from southern California. The coastal lowlands of southern California presumably served as a refuge area for primates during the middle and later Eocene as climates deteriorated in the continental interior. Hesperolemur probably was an immigrant taxon that entered California from either the northern (Wyoming/Utah) or southern (New Mexico) western interior during the middle Eocene © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elemental signatures of human diets from the Georgia Bight
Authors: Ezzo Joseph A. , Larsen Clark Spencer , Burton James H.
Published: February 2006

Multielement analysis was performed on bone samples extracted from the femora of 39 adults from three mortuary sites (Johns Mound, Santa Catalina de Guale, and Santa Catalina de Guale de Santa Meria) and time periods (late preagricultural, early contact, and late contact) in the Georgia Bight. This study was used to investigate whether elemental analysis would support or contradict other lines of data regarding diets and dietary change previously generated for the region. The data are in agreement with an earlier interpretation, based on stable isotopes, that dietary maize increases through time but fails to support the idea that marine resources decreased in importance. Rather, it appears that the wild plant food component of the diets decreases as maize increases in importance; throughout the sequence, marine resources comprise a significant portion of the diets. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative study of the prevalence of maxillary sinusitis in later Medieval urban and rural populations in Northern England
Authors: Lewis M. E. , Roberts C. A. , Manchester K
Published: February 2006

Six hundred sixty‐three Medieval individuals from Wharram Percy, a rural settlement in the Yorkshire Wolds, and 1,042 individuals from St. Helen‐on‐the‐Walls, a poor parish in the Medieval city of York, were examined in order to test the hypothesis that maxillary sinusitis would be more prevalent in an urban population due to social and environmental conditions characteristic of an industrialized settlement. The results showed that the individuals from St. Helen‐on‐the‐Walls, living in the urban environment, had a greater prevalence of maxillary sinusitis than the rural population; 39% (106) of the individuals from Wharram Percy had evidence of sinusitis compared to 55% (134) of the individuals from St. Helen‐on‐the‐Walls. It is suggested that this pattern may be attributed to occupation and industrial air pollution in the Medieval city of York. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoplastic area method for analyzing dental enamel hypoplasia
Authors: Ensor Bradley E. , Irish Joel D.
Published: February 2006

Most analyses of dental enamel hypoplasia compare frequencies of disturbed tooth types, which do not account for variability in the area of affected enamel. An alternate methodology, hypoplastic area, is presented here that accounts for this variability by combining acute and continuous enamel hypoplasia into an interval‐level variable. The method compares samples based on individuals, by multiple tooth type variables, or by a single value rather than by tooth types. Use of the hypoplastic area method is illustrated by analyzing human skeletal dentitions in three archaeological samples: Meroitic Nubians from Semna South, Sudan; Anasazi from Navajo Reservoir, New Mexico; and Mogollon from Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona. Both univariate and multivariate statistical tests are employed to assess variation in defects between individuals and samples. By incorporating measurements of continuous defects, the hypoplastic area method provides information beyond that of frequency data in comparing levels of stress. Flexibility of the method is also discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some observations on enamel thickness and enamel prism packing in the miocene hominoid Otavipithecus namibiensis
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. , Lichtman Jeff W. , Martin Lawrence B.
Published: February 2006

Otavipithecus namibiensis is currently the sole representative of a Miocene hominoid radiation in subequatorial Africa. Several nondestructive techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and confocal microscopy (CFM), can provide useful information about dental characteristics in this southern African Miocene hominoid. Our studies suggest that the molars of Otavipithecus are characterized by (1) thin enamel and (2) a predominance of pattern 1 enamel prism. Together, these findings provide little support for the recent suggestion of an Afropithecini clade consisting of Otavipithecus, Heliopithecus, and Afropithecus. Instead, they lend some (though not conclusive) support to the suggestion of an Otavipithecus/African ape clade distinct from Afropithecus. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new pleistocene hominid‐bearing locality at Hoedjiespunt, South Africa
Authors: Berger Lee R. , Parkington John E.
Published: February 2006

HDP1 is an archaeological and faunal site located on the Hoedjiespunt peninsula at Saldanha Bay, South Africa, that has recently yielded fossil human remains. Artefacts from the associated archaeological deposits are identified as being Middle Stone Age. U series analysis of capping calcretes and analysis of the foraminifera and fauna associated with the human fossils indicate an age for the deposit in excess of 74,000 years before present, and it most probably dates to around 300,000 years before present. The fossil human teeth from in situ deposits at Hoedjiespunt are described and found to be large by comparison with modern humans but smaller than the known upper dentitions of southern African “archaic” Homo sapiens. The Hoedjiespunt molars are found to be morphologically within the range of variation observed in the teeth of modern Homo sapiens. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myocardial ischemia tolerance in the newborn rat involving opioid receptors and mitochondrial k+ channels
Authors: Mühlfeld Christian , Urru Michele , Rümelin Randi , Mirzaie Masoud , Schöndube Friedrich , Richter Joachim , Dörge Hilmar
Published: February 2006

Neonatal rat hearts are more tolerant to ischemia compared to adult rat hearts. We hypothesized that opioid receptors and mitochondrial potassium channels are involved in the elevated ischemia tolerance of neonatal rats. Newborn rats were treated by an intraperitoneal injection with sodium chloride (placebo, Pla; n = 7), naloxone (Nal; n = 8), or K+ (ATP) channel blocker 5‐hydroxydecanoate (HD; n = 8), or were left untreated (sham; n = 8). Thirty minutes after injection, the rats were sacrificed and hearts were arrested cardioplegically and fixed with aldehyde fixative 90 min after global ischemia at room temperature. For control, newborn rat hearts were fixed immediately after sacrifice. Ventricular tissue blocks were prepared for electron microscopy. Mitochondrial (volume‐weighted mean volume of mitochondria) and cardiomyocyte volume (cellular edema index, CEI) were estimated to quantify the ischemic injury. Compared to control myocardium, CEI was increased by 244% ± 39% in sham, 173% ± 28% in Nal, 142% ± 25% in HD, and 101% ± 24% in Pla (P < 0.05 between groups). Volume‐weighted mean volume of mitochondria was increased by 514% ± 235% in sham, 341% ± 110% in Nal, 458% ± 149% in HD, and 175% ± 70% in Pla. Differences between Pla and other groups were significant (P < 0.01 for all). No significant difference was observed between the other groups. Thus, ischemic injury was smallest with placebo, indicating a mechanism similar to preconditioning induced by the intraperitoneal injection. This response was attenuated by blockade of opioid receptors and mitochondrial potassium channels, suggesting their involvement in the elevated ischemia tolerance of newborn rat hearts. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Merger origin of radio galaxies investigated with HI observations
Authors: Emonts B. H. C. , Morganti R. , Oosterloo T. A. , Van Der Hulst J. M. , Tadhunter C. N. , Van Moorsel G. , Holt J.
Published: February 2006

We present results of an HI study of a complete sample of nearby radio galaxies. Our goal is to investigate whether merger or interaction events could be at the origin of the radio‐AGN activity. Around five of our radio galaxies, hosted mainly by early‐type galaxies, we detect extended HI in emission. In most cases this HI is distributed in large (up to 190 kpc) and massive (up to M HI ∼ 1010 M⊙) disk‐ or ring‐like structures, that show fairly regular rotation around the host galaxy. This suggests that in these systems a major merger likely occurred, but at least several Gyr ago. For the HI‐rich radio galaxy B2 0648+27 we confirm such a merger origin through the detection of a post‐starburst stellar population that dominates the visible light throughout this system. The timescale of the current episode of radio‐AGN activity in our HI‐rich radio galaxies is several orders of magnitude smaller than the merger timescales. Therefore the radio‐AGN activity either started late in the lifetime of the merger event, or is not directly related to the merger event at all. Another intriguing result is that the HI‐rich (>109 M⊙) radio galaxies in our sample all have compact radio sources, while none of the extended radio sources contain these amounts of extended H I. This strongly suggests that there is a relation between the size of the radio jet and the presence of large amounts of neutral gas associated with the host galaxy. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The absorbing haloes of high‐redshift radio galaxies and Lyα blobs
Authors: Wilman R. J.
Published: February 2006

Results are summarized from a program of VLT‐UVES echelle spectroscopy on the HI Lyα absorption in z > 2 radio galaxies. The nature and incidence of this absorption are reviewed, along with scenarios for its origin. Comparison is made with integral field spectroscopy of the two radio‐quiet 100 kpc‐scale Lyα haloes in the z = 3.09 SSA22 protocluster–the Steidel Lyα blobs. The emphasis is on using such absorption to study the injection of energy and metals from radio jets and starburst superwinds, processes considered vital to the formation of the most massive galaxies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanodiamond dust and the energy distribution of quasars
Authors: Binette L. , Andersen A. C. , Mutschke H. , Haro‐Corzo S.
Published: February 2006

The spectral energy distribution of quasars shows a sharp steepening of the continuum shortward of ≃1100 Å. The steepening could be a result of dust absorption. We present a dust extinction model which considers crystalline carbon grains and compare it with SMC‐like dust extinction consisting of a mixture of silicate grains with graphite or amorphous carbon grains. We show that the sharp break seen in individual quasar spectra of intermediate redshift ∼1–2 can be reproduced by dust absorption provided the extinction curve consists of nanodiamonds, composed of terrestial cubic diamonds or of diamonds similar to the presolar nanodiamonds found in primitive meteorites. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
AGN or starburst powered? Untangling the pan‐spectral SEDsof the high‐redshift radio galaxies and sub‐mm galaxies
Authors: Dopita M. A. , Reuland M. , Groves B. , Röttgering H. , van Breugel W.
Published: February 2006

Here we show how theoretical pan‐spectral modelling is beginning to decode the physical parameters of the interstellar medium of starburst and high‐redshift galaxies, is revealing the star formation rate, identifying the bolometric contribution due to an embedded AGN and is determining the attenuation of the galaxian light due to foreground dust. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new technique for decoupling the host and nuclear spectra of type I AGNs using integral field spectroscopy
Authors: Sánchez S. F. , García‐Lorenzo B. , Jahnke K. , Mediavilla E. , González‐Serrano J. I. , Christensen L. , Wisotzki L.
Published: February 2006

We have developed a new technique to decouple the spectra of the host and the nucleus of type I AGNs using integral field spectroscopy (IFS) data. The technique is a simple extension of methods widely tested in 2D imaging. We present here the results from applying the technique to data taken with INTEGRAL at the 4.2 m WHT telescope on the Seyfert 1 radio‐galaxy 3C 120. We obtained, for the first time, a clean spectra of the host galaxy, without contamination from the nuclear source. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the evolution of the black‐hole/spheroid mass ratio
Authors: Mclure R. J. , Jarvis M. J. , Targett T. A. , Dunlop J. S. , Best P. N.
Published: February 2006

We present the results of a study which uses the 3CRR sample of radio‐loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) to investigate the evolution of the black‐hole:spheroid relation in the most massive early‐type galaxies from 0 < z < 2. Radioloud unification is exploited to obtain virial (line‐width) black‐hole mass estimates from the 3CRR quasars, and stellar mass estimates from the 3CRR radio galaxies, thereby providing black‐hole and stellar mass estimates for a single population of early‐type galaxies. At low redshift (z < 1) the 3CRR sample is consistent with a black‐hole:spheroid ratio ofM bh/M sph ≃ 0.002, in good agreement with that observed locally for quiescent galaxies of similar stellar mass (M sph ≃ 5 × 1011 M⊙). However, over the redshift interval 0 < z < 2 the 3CRR black‐hole:spheroid ratio is found to evolve as M bh/M sph ∝ (1 + z )2.07±0.76, reaching M bh/M sph ≃ 0.008 by redshift z ≃ 2. This evolution is found to be inconsistent with the local black‐hole:spheroid ratio remaining constant at a moderately significant level (98%). If confirmed, the detection of evolution in the 3CRR black‐hole:spheroid mass ratio further strengthens the evidence that, at least for massive early‐type galaxies, the growth of the central supermassive black hole may be completed before that of the host spheroid. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray and radio emission in the nuclei of radio galaxies and thedisk‐jet connection
Authors: Marscher A. P.
Published: February 2006

It appears that relativistic jets are produced by accreting black holes. We might therefore expect that events observed in jets, such as the appearance of bright radio knots moving at apparent superluminal speeds, originate as disturbances in the central engine. This is observed in a number of compact X‐ray binary systems in our Galaxy, manifested as changes in the X‐ray emission state followed by superluminal ejections. The author and collaborators have detected somewhat similar events in the radio galaxies 3C 120 (type Fanaroff‐Riley I) and 3C 111 (FR II). The data both confirm the disk‐jet connection in accreting supermassive black holes and provide constraints on the structure of the jet between the central engine and the millimeter‐wave core. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)