bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of the dopamine transporter gene on striatal functional connectivity in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Shang Chi-Yung , Lin Hsiang-Yuan , Gau Susan Shur-Fen
Published: January 2020

Background

The dopamine transporter gene (DAT1), striatal network dysfunction, and visual memory deficits have been consistently reported to be associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to examine the effects of theDAT1rs27048 (C)/rs429699 (T) haplotype on striatal functional connectivity and visual memory performance in youths with ADHD.

Method

After excluding those who had excessive head motion, a total of 96 drug-naïve youths with ADHD and 114 typically developing (TD) youths were assessed with the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and the delayed matching to sample (DMS) task for visual memory. We examined the effects of ADHD,DAT1CT haplotype, and the ADHD × CT haplotype interaction on the functional connectivity of five striatal seeds. We also correlated visual memory performance with the functional connectivity of striatal subregions, which showed significant diagnosis × genotype interactions.

Results

Compared with TD youths, ADHD youths showed significant hypoconnectivity of the left dorsal caudate (DC) with bilateral sensorimotor clusters. Significant diagnosis × genotype interactions were found in the connectivity between the left DC and the right sensorimotor cluster, and between the right DC and the left dorsolateral prefrontal/bilateral anterior cingulate clusters. Furthermore, the connectivity of the left DC showing significant diagnosis × genotype interactions was associated with DMS performance in youths with ADHD who carried theDAT1CT haplotype.

Conclusions

A novel gene-brain-behavior association between the left DC functional connectivity and visual memory performance in ADHD youths with theDAT1rs27048 (C)/rs429699 (T) haplotype suggests a differential effect ofDAT1genotype altering specific brain function causing neuropsychological dysfunction in ADHD.
Long-term cardiac outcomes of depression screening, diagnosis and treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome: the DEPACS study
Authors: Kim Jae-Min , Stewart Robert , Kang Hee-Ju , Kim Seon-Young , Kim Ju-Wan , Lee Hee-Joon , Lee Ju-Yeon , Kim Sung-Wan , Shin Il-Seon , Kim Min-Chul , Shin Hee-Young , Hong Young Joon , Ahn Youngkeun , Jeong Myung Ho , Yoon Jin-Sang
Published: January 2020

Background

To investigate the impacts of depression screening, diagnosis and treatment on major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods

Prospective cohort study including a nested 24-week randomised clinical trial for treating depression was performed with 5–12 years after the index ACS. A total of 1152 patients recently hospitalised with ACS were recruited from 2006 to 2012, and were divided by depression screening and diagnosis at baseline and 24-week treatment allocation into five groups: 651 screening negative (N), 55 screening positive but no depressive disorder (S), 149 depressive disorder randomised to escitalopram (E), 151 depressive disorder randomised to placebo (P) and 146 depressive disorder receiving medical treatment only (M).

Results

Cumulative MACE incidences over a median 8.4-year follow-up period were 29.6% in N, 43.6% in S, 40.9% in E, 53.6% in P and 59.6% in M. Compared to N, screening positive was associated with higher incidence of MACE [adjusted hazards ratio 2.15 (95% confidence interval 1.63–2.83)]. No differences were found between screening positive with and without a formal depressive disorder diagnosis. Of those screening positive, E was associated with a lower incidence of MACE than P and M. M had the worst outcomes even compared to P, despite significantly milder depressive symptoms at baseline.

Conclusions

Routine depression screening in patients with recent ACS and subsequent appropriate treatment of depression could improve long-term cardiac outcomes.
Much more than just shyness: the impact of social anxiety disorder on educational performance across the lifespan
Authors: Vilaplana-Pérez Alba , Pérez-Vigil Ana , Sidorchuk Anna , Brander Gustaf , Isomura Kayoko , Hesselmark Eva , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , Larsson Henrik , Mataix-Cols David , Fernández de la Cruz Lorena
Published: January 2020

Background

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) has been linked to academic underachievement, but previous studies had methodological limitations. We investigated the association between SAD and objective indicators of educational performance, controlling for a number of covariates and unmeasured confounders shared between siblings.

Methods

This population-based birth cohort study included 2 238 837 individuals born in Sweden between 1973 and 1997, followed-up until 2013. Within the cohort, 15 755 individuals had a recorded ICD-10 diagnosis of SAD in the Swedish National Patient Register. Logistic regression models tested the association between SAD and educational performance. We also identified 6488 families with full siblings discordant for SAD.

Results

Compared to unexposed individuals, individuals diagnosed with SAD were less likely to pass all subjects in the last year of compulsory education [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) ranging from 0.19 to 0.44] and less likely to be eligible for a vocational or academic programme in upper secondary education [aOR = 0.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30–0.33) and aOR = 0.52 (95% CI 0.50–0.55), respectively], finish upper secondary education [aOR = 0.19 (95% CI 0.19–0.20)], start a university degree [aOR = 0.47 (95% CI 0.45–0.49)], obtain a university degree [aOR = 0.35 (95% CI 0.33–0.37)], and finish postgraduate education [aOR = 0.58 (95% CI 0.43–0.80)]. Results were attenuated but remained statistically significant in adjusted sibling comparison models. When psychiatric comorbidities were taken into account, the results were largely unchanged.

Conclusions

Treatment-seeking individuals with SAD have substantially impaired academic performance throughout the formative years. Early detection and intervention are warranted to minimise the long-term socioeconomic impact of the disorder.
Characterizing the phenomenology of passive suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, correlates, and comparisons with active suicidal ideation
Authors: Liu Richard T. , Bettis Alexandra H. , Burke Taylor A.
Published: January 2020

Background

Compared to active ideation, passive ideation remains relatively understudied and its clinical importance poorly defined. The weight that should be accorded passive ideation in clinical risk assessment is therefore unclear.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of passive ideation, its psychiatric comorbidity, associated sociodemographic characteristics, as well as psychological and environmental correlates. For reference, pooled effects were also calculated for direct comparisons of passive and active ideation with respect to potential correlates. Relevant articles published since inception to 9 September 2019 were identified through a systematic search of MEDLINE and PsycINFO.

Results

A total of 86 studies were included in this review. The prevalence of passive ideation was high across sample types, ranging from 5.8% for 1-year prevalence to 10.6% for lifetime prevalence in the general population. Passive ideation was strongly associated with sexual minority status, psychiatric comorbidity, psychological characteristics implicated in risk, and suicide attempts. Preliminary evidence exists for a large association with suicide deaths. The effect sizes for individual correlates of passive and active ideation were largely equivalent and mostly non-significant in head-to-head comparisons.

Conclusions

Passive ideation is a prevalent clinical phenomenon associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity. Current evidence also suggests notable similarities exist between passive and active ideation in terms of psychiatric comorbidity and psychological and other characteristics traditionally associated with risk.
Hišām's ʾIbrāhām: Evidence for a Canonical Quranic Reading Based on the Rasm
Authors: VAN PUTTEN MARIJN
Published: January 2020

In early quranic Manuscripts the name of the prophet ʾIbrāhīm occurs in two different spellings either ابرهم or ابرهيم . These two spellings are spread haphazardly throughout the Quran. Close examination of the patterns in the manuscript, however, show that the distribution of this spelling is not random or up to the whims of the scribe. The location where one spelling or the other occurs is highly correlated across the early manuscripts. Moreover, the location of one spelling or the other is highly correlated to where the quranic reader Hišām reads the name as ʾIbrāhām or ʾIbrāhīm. This paper argues that this is not because these manuscripts have been written in the reading of Hišām, but rather that Hišām based his reading on the rasm of the quranic text.
The Hungarian Twin Registry Update: Turning From a Voluntary to a Population-Based Registry
Authors: Tarnoki Adam D. , Tarnoki David L. , Forgo Bianka , Szabo Helga , Melicher Dora , Metneki Julia , Littvay Levente
Published: January 2020

Since our last report on the voluntary Hungarian Twin Registry (HTR) in 2012, the number of pairs or multiplets included increased from 310 to 1044. Efforts to turn the registry into a population-based one are on the way. Nearly 128,000 twins living in Hungary (98,500 adults) will be mailed information on how to register on the new HTR website. Twins will be asked to invite their spouses and immediate family members. Meanwhile, strong cooperation through exchange programs has been developed with other foreign twin registries. Current research focuses on radiogenomics, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, gut microbiome as well as basic molecular research and yielded new awards and further publications.
Subseafloor Cross‐Hole Tracer Experiment Reveals Hydrologic Properties, Heterogeneities, and Reactions in Slow‐Spreading Oceanic Crust
Authors: Wheat C. Geoffrey , Becker Keir , Villinger Heinrich , Orcutt Beth N. , Fournier Trevor , Hartwell Anne , Paul Claudia
Published: January 2020

The permeability, connectivity, and reactivity of fluid reservoirs in oceanic crust are poorly constrained, yet these reservoirs are pathways for about a quarter of the Earth's heat loss, and seawater‐rock exchange within them impact ocean chemical cycles. We present results from the second ever cross‐hole tracer experiment within oceanic crust and the first conducted during a single expedition and in slow‐spreading crust west of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at North Pond. Here we employed boreholes that were drilled by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (Sites U1382 and U1383) that were instrumented and sealed. A cesium salt solution and bottom seawater tracer experiment provided a measure of the minimum Darcy fluid velocity (2 to 41 m/day) within the upper volcanic crust, constraining the minimum permeability of 10−11 to 10−9 m2. We also document chemical heterogeneities in crustal fluid compositions, rebound from drilling disturbances, and nitrification within the basaltic crust, based on systematic differences in borehole fluid compositions over a 5‐year period. These results also show heterogeneous fluid compositions with depth in the borehole, indicating that hydrothermal circulation is not vigorous enough to homogenize the fluid composition in the upper permeable basaltic basement, at least not on the time scale of 5 years. Our work verifies the potential for future manipulative experiments to characterize hydrologic, biogeochemical, and microbial process within the upper basaltic crust.
Direct Evidence for Electron Acceleration Within Ion‐Scale Flux Rope
Authors: Zhong Z.H. , Zhou M. , Tang R.X. , Deng X.H. , Turner D.L. , Cohen I.J. , Pang Y. , Man H.Y. , Russell C.T. , Giles B.L. , Paterson W.R. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Burch J.L.
Published: January 2020

Energetic electrons have frequently been observed in small‐scale flux ropes. However, whether these energetic electrons were energized directly within the flux rope or not is unknown. In this paper, we present concrete evidence provided by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission that a secondary flux rope provided strong acceleration for electrons expelled by the reconnection X line. We find that the energetic electron fluxes inside the ion‐scale flux rope were larger than those outside the flux rope. Electrons were adiabatically accelerated by betatron and Fermi mechanisms inside the flux rope. The highest energy electrons (>100 keV) were produced by betatron acceleration, whereas Fermi acceleration was unable to accelerate the electrons to high energy probably due to the finite distance of the acceleration region along the field‐aligned direction. These results confirm the essential role of ion‐scale flux ropes in producing energetic electrons.
Combining thermodynamics with tensor completion techniques to enable multicomponent microstructure prediction
Authors: Coutinho Yuri Amorim , Vervliet Nico , De Lathauwer Lieven , Moelans Nele
Published: January 2020

Multicomponent alloys show intricate microstructure evolution, providing materials engineers with a nearly inexhaustible variety of solutions to enhance material properties. Multicomponent microstructure evolution simulations are indispensable to exploit these opportunities. These simulations, however, require the handling of high-dimensional and prohibitively large data sets of thermodynamic quantities, of which the size grows exponentially with the number of elements in the alloy, making it virtually impossible to handle the effects of four or more elements. In this paper, we introduce the use of tensor completion for high-dimensional data sets in materials science as a general and elegant solution to this problem. We show that we can obtain an accurate representation of the composition dependence of high-dimensional thermodynamic quantities, and that the decomposed tensor representation can be evaluated very efficiently in microstructure simulations. This realization enables true multicomponent thermodynamic and microstructure modeling for alloy design.
Effects of centrifugation and whole-body vibrations on blood–brain barrier permeability in mice
Authors: Dubayle David , Vanden-Bossche Arnaud , Beraneck Mathieu , Vico Laurence , Morel Jean-Luc
Published: January 2020

Modifications of gravity levels induce generalized adaptation of mammalian physiology, including vascular, brain, muscle, bone and immunity functions. As a crucial interface between the vascular system and the brain, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) acts as a filter to protect neurons from pathogens and inflammation. Here we compare the effects of several protocols of hypergravity induced by centrifugation and whole-body vibrations (WBV) on BBB integrity. The immunohistochemistry revealed immunoglobulin G (IgG) extravasation from blood to hippocampal parenchyma of mice centrifuged at 2 × g during 1 or 50 days, whereas short exposures to higher hypergravity mimicking the profiles of spaceflight landing and take-off (short exposures to 5 × g) had no effects. These results suggest prolonged centrifugation (>1 days) at 2 × g induced a BBB leakage. Moreover, WBV were similarly tested. The short exposure to +2 × g vibrations (900 s/day at 90 Hz) repeated for 63 days induced IgG extravasation in hippocampal parenchyma, whereas the progressive increase of vibrations from +0.5 to +2 × g for 63 days was not able to affect the IgG crossing through the BBB. Overall, these results suggest that the BBB permeability is sensitive to prolonged external accelerations. In conclusion, we advise that the protocols of WBV and centrifugation, proposed as countermeasure to spaceflight, should be designed with progressively increasing exposure to reduce potential side effects on the BBB.
A high-selectivity fluorescent probe for hypoxia imaging in cells and a tumor-bearing mouse model
Authors: Wang Yue , Han Xiaoyue , Zhang Xia , Zhang Li , Chen Lingxin
Published: January 2020

A two-photon fluorescent probe, hTP-NNO2, is developed for hypoxia evaluationviaNTR detection.
A facile and universal strategy to endow implant materials with antibacterial ability via alkalinity disturbing bacterial respiration
Authors: Tan Ji , Liu Zixiao , Wang Donghui , Zhang Xianming , Qian Shi , Liu Xuanyong
Published: January 2020

A novel antibacterial strategy based on disturbing bacterial respiration was proposed, and we demonstrated a facile and universal method of magnetron sputtering alkaline magnesium oxide films to endow various implants with antibacterial ability.
Enhanced red luminescence in CaAl12O19:Mn4+via doping Ga3+ for plant growth lighting
Authors: Kong Li , Liu Yingying , Dong Langping , Zhang Liang , Qiao Lu , Wang Wensheng , You Hongpeng
Published: January 2020

The chemical unit was engineered by substituting Ga3+ for Al3+ in CaAl12O19:Mn4+.
Supramolecular solvents for the valorization of coffee wastewater
Authors: Torres-Valenzuela Laura Sofia , Ballesteros-Gomez Ana , Serna Johanna , Arango Andrea , Rubio Soledad
Published: January 2020

Supramolecular solvents (SUPRASs) were investigated for the recovery of bioactives from coffee wastewater (CWW), an abundant residue in the wet and semi-wet processing methods of coffee beans.
Cerium photocatalyzed dehydrogenative lactonization of 2-arylbenzoic acids
Authors: Wadekar Ketan , Aswale Suraj , Yatham Veera Reddy
Published: January 2020

Cerium photocatalytic dehydrogenative lactonization of 2-arylbenzoic acids yields synthetically useful benzo-3,4-coumarin derivatives in gram scale under mild reaction conditions.
Patterned, morphing composites via maskless photo-click lithography
Authors: Lyu Shida , Zheng Fei , Aguilar-Tadeo Julio Adrian , Lin Fei , Wu Rui , Derby Brian , Kinloch Ian A. , Soutis Constantinos , Gresil Matthieu , Blaker Jonny J.
Published: January 2020

Digital light processing to realise patterned and gradient bilayered composites that self-fold in response to near infra-red triggers.
The potency of lncRNA MALAT1/miR-155/CTLA4 axis in altering Th1/Th2 balance of asthma
Authors: Liang Zhijun , Tang Fenglian
Published: January 2020

Objectives: The present study examined if the metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)/miR-155/CTLA-4 axis was involved in modifying Th1/Th2 balance, a critical indicator for asthma progression. Methods: Altogether 772 asthma patients and 441 healthy controls were recruited, and their blood samples were collected to determine expressional levels of MALAT1, miR-155, CTLA-4, T-bet, GATA3, Th1-type cytokines and Th2-type cytokines. The CD4+ T cells were administered with pcDNA3.1-MALAT1, si-MALAT1, miR-155 mimic and miR-155 inhibitor to assess their effects on cytokine release. The luciferase reporter gene assay was also adopted to evaluate the sponging relationships between MALAT1 and miR-155, as well as between miR-155 and CTLA-4. Results: Over-expressed MALAT1 and under-expressed miR-155 were more frequently detected among asthma patients who showed traits of reduced forced expiratory failure volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1% of predicted (P<0.05). Moreover, MALAT1 expression was negatively expressed with the Th1/Th2 and T-bet/GATA3 ratios, yet miR-155 expression displayed a positively correlation with the ratios (P<0.05). Additionally, the IFN-γ, IL-2 and T-bet levels were reduced under the influence of pcDNA3.1-MALAT1 and miR-155 inhibitor, while levels of IL-4, IL-10 and GATA3 were raised under identical settings (P<0.05). Furthermore, MALAT1 constrained expression of miR-155 within CD4+ T cells by sponging it, and CTLA-4 could interfere with the effects of MALAT1 and miR-155 on Th1/Th2 balance and T-bet/Gata3 ratio (P<0.05). Conclusion: MALAT1 sponging miR-155 was involved with regulation of Th1/Th2 balance within CD4+ T cells, which might aid to develop therapies for amelioration of asthmatic inflammation.
Adaptive state feedback stabilisation for more general switched stochastic non‐linear systems under arbitrary switchings
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhu Quanxin
Published: January 2020

In this study, the problem of adaptive state feedback stabilisation of switched stochastic non‐linear systems is addressed. To overcome the uncertainty of arbitrary switchings, a novel common Lyapunov function is constructed in the authors' control scheme. By integrating adaptive control technique and homogeneity with monotone degrees into backstepping framework, a common state feedback control law independent of switching signal is designed recursively under weaker non‐linear growth conditions. A distinct feature of non‐linear conditions is that the parameters () can be chosen as different values rather than a unified value in the existing literature. Finally, a simulation example is presented to show the effectiveness of their control scheme.
Structural and behavioural evaluation of renewable energy power plants' impacts on transmission network congestion using an analytical approach
Authors: Poursalimi Jaghargh Mohammad Javad , Rajabi Mashhadi Habib
Published: January 2020

Renewable energy support schemes implementation increases the significance of renewable energy power plants (REPPs) in studying power market characteristics. In this study, an analytical approach is presented to investigate the impact of REPPs on transmission lines congestion. For this purpose, considering REPPs, social welfare maximisation problem corresponding to the spot electricity market should be solved by the independent system operator. A closed‐form expression of the Lagrange multiplier (LM) of each congested line is presented to analytically demonstrate the role of the power system structure and strategic behaviour of conventional generation companies (GenCos) on the network congestion. The structural part of LM expression is decomposed into four components to distinguish the impact of GenCos from the impact of REPPs. The GenCos' strategic behaviour in the spot market bidding problem is simulated using well‐known Q‐Learning algorithm. The results confirm that REPPs deployment can remarkably affect both the structural and behavioural parts of the LM and emphasise the significance of the GenCos strategic behaviour on the occurrence of congestion. The results illustrate that since renewable energy support schemes may increase the possibility of congestion and GenCos' strategic behaviour, it is essential to take power system characteristics into account in their design.
Responsible scientific research at Inserm: a field study
Authors: Estienne Monique , Chevalier Catherine , Fagard Catherine , Letondal Patricia , Giesen Eva
Published: January 2020

In France, Inserm (National Institute of Health And Medical Research) puts considerable effort into scientific integrity and quality management since more than 10 yr. Quality managers are present in about one hundred of the three hundred Inserm Units (the “Unit” at Inserm is an individualized research laboratory, with a head which is nominated by the President of Inserm and a defined life span. Usually, Units are the result of partnerships of Inserm with universities, university hospitals and other research organizations). When Quality management audits are performed, various dysfunctions are noted. Some of these are related to scientific integrity and Questionable Research Practice. Since an increasing number of Inserm Units disposes of Quality management systems according to the ISO 9001 standard, Inserm promotes since several years ISO 9001 management concepts and tools to improve scientific integrity. “Scientific integrity” as used in the missions of the (American) Office of Research Integrity (ORI, https://ori.hhs.gov/policies-ori-mission) and materialized in the Singapore statement on Research integrity (https://wcrif.org/statement). The Singapore Statement is not a regulatory document and does not represent the official policies of the countries represented at the conference. Rather, the intent of the Singapore Statement is to provide ethical guidance which research organizations, governments, and scientists can use to develop policies, regulations, and codes of conduct (World Conference on Research Integrity, https://wcrif.org/statement). Inserm, like others (Bouter, Account. Res. 22, 148–161 (2015)), believes that ISO 9001 research management favors good quality and integrity of research. In this field study the degree of awareness and whether scientists in Inserm Units are ready to make specific efforts to foster integrity and quality of their research was investigated. This study shows that a majority of scientists considers integrity and quality as being necessary. However, it appears that knowledge and understanding of integrity and quality in research should be improved. An effort has to be made to increase this level, specific actions have to be taken but scientists at Inserm are willing to make this effort.
Study on fatigue strength of SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal sliding bearing material prepared by MIG brazing
Authors: Wang Xinbo , Yin Zhongwei , Chen Yonghong
Published: January 2020

The babbitt-steel bimetal sliding bearing material prepared by the MIG brazing has been applied in many fields. In the application, usually only the bonding force is tested, and the fatigue strength is not evaluated. For this reason, this study referred to the test method for the fatigue strength of bearing materials of internal combustion engines, used the sapphire test machine (Dana Glacier Vandervell Bearings, UK) to inspect the SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal material prepared by MIG brazing, and analyzed the test results in depth. The test results show that, the fatigue strength of the bimetal material is more than 40 MPa. In comparison, according to the same test method and conditions on the same sapphire test machine, the fatigue strength of the SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal bearing material obtained by the centrifugal casting method after optimizing process was usually around 35 MPa. Therefore, the MIG brazing could produce higher fatigue strength for SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal bearing material. In addition, in this study, the process of fatigue failure was usually that after the microcracks were generated on the surface, they expanded to the inside of the lining, thereby resulting in spalling. This study has guiding significance for engineering practice and scientific research.
Computer-aided design and loaded tooth contact analyses of bevel gear pair having straight teeth by different loaded torques
Authors: Bodzás Sándor
Published: January 2020

The aim of this publication is to show how to integrate the designing process of straight bevel gears into a computer software so it can be further used for making the three-dimensional (CAD) model of the gear pair. During meshing the driven and the driving gears engage gradually so contact points can be mathematically determined between the element pairs according to the developed coordinate system's arrangement. With my-developed computer software, I designed a certain bevel gear pair having straight teeth. Naturally, many different types of this pair could be designed. After that Loaded Tooth Contact Analysis (LTCA) have been done − by normal stress, normal deformation and normal elastic strain parameters. The aim of the LTCA is the analysis of the connection tooth zone in mechanical aspects by different loads. If the received parameters are not appropriate, you can return to the mechanical designing process where the starting parameters of the gear could be modified. Different load torques were used to determine the established mechanical parameters of the elements.
Tribological evaluation and lubrication mechanisms of nanoparticles enhanced lubricants in cold rolling
Authors: Hao Liang , Wang Zheng , Zhang Guoyuan , Zhao Yangyang , Duan Qingjuan , Wang Zhenni , Chen Yongqin , Li Tuanjie
Published: January 2020

Base oils containing different nanoparticles with varying concentrations are prepared, in which SiO2, TiO2 and ZnO (20 nm) nanoparticles are employed to improve the lubrication performance. Their tribological properties are evaluated on a ball-on-disk tribometer. The results show that the nano-additive lubricants exhibit a good friction reduction and anti-wear ability at the optimal concentration of 1.0 wt.%, in which SiO2 nanoparticles can reduce the coefficient of friction (COF) and the area of wear scar (AWS) by 45.6% and 35%, respectively. The SiO2 nanoparticles exhibit the best potential additive tested. The lubrication mechanisms of the nanoparticles can be attributed to the rolling, mending and the protective films.
Bleeding from Small Intestine: No Man's Land
Authors: Sahakian Ara , Lee Sang W. , Shin Joongho
Published: January 2020

Bleedings from small intestine account for 5% of all gastrointestinal bleeding. With advanced endoscopic tools, such as video capsule endoscopy and deep enteroscopy, accurate diagnosis and treatment is possible in majority of cases with low mortality and morbidity. Nonoperative management includes endoscopic hemostasis and angiographic embolization. Recurrence after initial treatment is relatively common. Surgery is reserved for the cases that are refractory to endoscopic or angiographic treatment, bleeding from tumor or mass lesions, or hemodynamic instability. At the time of surgical exploration, unless the lesion has been marked by endoscopic tattoo or clip, intraoperative enteroscopy is often necessary to localize the lesion.
Syphilis Immunoassay Signal Strength Correlates with Active Infection in Pregnant Women
Authors: Zofkie Amanda C. , Seasely Angela R. , Gaffney Donna , Rogers Vanessa L. , Mcintire Donald D. , Roberts Scott W. , Adhikari Emily H.
Published: January 2020

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the association of ARCHITECT chemiluminescent immunoassay (CIA) signal strength (signal-to-cutoff [S/CO] ratio), with maternal syphilis stage, rapid plasma reagin (RPR) reactivity, and congenital syphilis.

Study Design A prospective observational study of reverse syphilis screening was conducted. Pregnant women were screened with CIA. Reactive CIA was reflexed to RPR; particle agglutination test (Treponema pallidum particle agglutination [TPPA]) was performed for CIA+/RPR− results. Clinical staging with history and physical was performed, and disease stage was determined. Prior treatment was confirmed. We compared S/CO ratio and neonatal outcomes among the following groups:

Group 1: CIA+/RPR+/TPPA+ or CIA+/RPR−/TPPA+ with active syphilis;

Group 2: CIA+/RPR−/TPPA+ or CIA+/serofast RPR/TPPA+, previously treated;

Group 3: CIA+/RPR−/TPPA+, no history of treatment or active disease;

Group 4: CIA+/RPR−/TPPA−, false-positive CIA.

Results A total of 144 women delivered with reactive CIA: 38 (26%) in Group 1, 69 (48%) in Group 2, 20 (14%) in Group 3, and 17 (12%) in Group 4. Mean (±standard deviation) S/CO ratio was 18.3 ± 5.4, 12.1 ± 5.3, 9.1 ± 4.6, and 1.9 ± 0.8, respectively (p < 0.001). Neonates with overt congenital syphilis occurred exclusively in Group 1.

Conclusion Women with active syphilis based on treatment history, clinical staging, and laboratory indices have higher CIA S/CO ratio and are more likely to deliver neonates with overt evidence of congenital syphilis.
On revolutions
Authors: Leroi Armand M. , Lambert Ben , Mauch Matthias , Papadopoulou Marina , Ananiadou Sophia , Lindberg Staffan I. , Lindenfors Patrik
Published: January 2020

Sometimes the normal course of events is disrupted by a particularly swift and profound change. Historians have often referred to such changes as “revolutions”, and, though they have identified many of them, they have rarely supported their claims with statistical evidence. Here, we present a method to identify revolutions based on a measure of multivariate rate of change called Foote novelty. We define revolutions as those periods of time when the value of this measure is, by a non-parametric test, shown to significantly exceed the background rate. Our method also identifies conservative periods when the rate of change is unusually low. We apply it to several quantitative data sets that capture long-term political, social and cultural changes and, in some of them, identify revolutions — both well known and not. Our method is general and can be applied to any phenomenon captured by multivariate time series data of sufficient quality.
Born series for the photon diffusion equation perturbing the Robin boundary condition
Authors: Machida Manabu , Nakamura Gen
Published: January 2020

The photon diffusion equation is solved making use of the Born series for the Robin boundary condition. We develop a general theory for arbitrary domains with smooth enough boundaries and explore the convergence. The proposed Born series is validated by numerical calculation in the three-dimensional half space. It is shown that in this case, the Born series converges regardless the value of the impedance term in the Robin boundary condition.
Stability of traveling wave for the relativistic string equation in de Sitter spacetime
Authors: He Chun-Lei , Huang Shou-Jun , Wei Changhua
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we are concerned with the relativistic string equations in de Sitter spacetime. Since the background spacetime is nonflat, the governing system of equations is semilinear under the usual isothermal coordinates, contrary to the linear wave equations in the Minkowski spacetime. Based on the null condition enjoyed by the system and the method of [Luli et al., Adv. Math 329, 174–188 (2018)], we succeeded in proving the stability of the traveling wave solution to the relativistic string equations. We note that the traveling wave solution should be small in the sense of weighted energy.
Comment on “Ion velocity analysis of rotating structures in a magnetic linear plasma device” [Phys. Plasmas 25, 061203 (2018)]
Authors: Pierre Thiéry
Published: January 2020

In a recent paper [Phys. Plasmas 25, 061203 (2018)], the authors have presented the analysis of the electric ion drift velocity experienced by heavy ions created in a plasma submitted to a low magnetic field. Unfortunately, they have used the classical E × B drift formula that is valid only in slab geometry. The authors have not taken into account that the cylindrical geometry induces a slow electric drift of the ions around the axis of the column. Moreover, the low magnetization of the ions induces a Larmor radius that is larger than the diameter of the plasma column. The movement of the ions immediately after their creation is parallel to the local electric field, not perpendicular as indicated by the authors. Most often, the ions are neutralized before experiencing the electric drift calculated along the classical guiding center theory. This has not been taken into account carefully by the authors so that the theoretical analysis of the Laser Induced Fluorescence measurements presented in this paper is clearly invalid.
Implementation of a point spread function method to analyze flash radiography images: Image enhancement, movie generation, and projection detangling
Authors: Zellner Michael B. , Uhlig W. Casey
Published: January 2020

This work investigates how one can postprocess a series of flash-generated X-ray radiographs with known point spread functions and collection geometries to produce radiographs with enhanced image quality and/or to approximate a multiframe X-ray movie by spatially correlating temporally sequenced images. To produce images with enhanced quality, one collects multiple individual projections, simultaneously, and then uses the known point spread function and acquisition geometry to correlate and integrate the numerous projections as if they were acquired from approximately the same perspective. If using sources of similar spectral characteristics, the outcome correlates with that which would be produced from a multiflash integration, where one benefits from an increase in flux of X-ray photons. If using sources of different spectral characteristics, a composite radiograph can be produced where the unique source spectrum can be matched to known material absorption cross-sections to accentuate radiographic features within the target material. To produce multiframe movies, similar mathematics are applied to images collected throughout a timespan over which the object changes. The aforementioned processes’ mathematics and examples are demonstrated for the case in which the individual projections are completely separable on the detector with no overlap. Finally, a potential method is discussed for separation of images in the case where multiple radiograph projections are overlapped and entangled on the detector.
Coulomb blockade in monolithic and monocrystalline Al-Ge-Al nanowire heterostructures
Authors: Sistani M. , Delaforce J. , Bharadwaj K. , Luong M. , Nacenta Mendivil J. , Roch N. , den Hertog M. , Kramer R. B. G. , Buisson O. , Lugstein A. , Naud C.
Published: January 2020

We report the realization of Ge single-hole transistors based on Al-Ge-Al nanowire (NW) heterostructures. The formation of these axial structures is enabled by a thermally induced exchange reaction at 350 °C between the initial Ge NW and Al contact pads, leading to a monolithic and monocrystalline Al-Ge-Al NW. The 25 nm-diameter Ge segment is a quasi-1D hole channel. Its length is defined by two abrupt Al-Ge Schottky tunnel barriers. At low temperatures, the device shows a single hole transistor signature with well pronounced Coulomb oscillations. The barrier strength between the Ge segment and the Al leads can be tuned as a function of the gate voltage VG. It leads to a zero conductance at VG= 0 V to a few quantum conductance at VG= –15 V. When the gate voltage increases from –5 V to –3 V, the charging energy is extracted and it varies from 0.39 meV to 2.42 meV.
Selective ablation of cancer cells with low intensity pulsed ultrasound
Authors: Mittelstein David R. , Ye Jian , Schibber Erika F. , Roychoudhury Ankita , Martinez Leyre Troyas , Fekrazad M. Houman , Ortiz Michael , Lee Peter P. , Shapiro Mikhail G. , Gharib Morteza
Published: January 2020

Ultrasound can be focused into deep tissues with millimeter precision to perform noninvasive ablative therapy for diseases such as cancer. In most cases, this ablation uses high intensity ultrasound to deposit nonselective thermal or mechanical energy at the ultrasound focus, damaging both healthy bystander tissue and cancer cells. Here, we describe an alternative low intensity (ISPTA < 5 W/cm2) pulsed ultrasound approach that leverages the distinct mechanical properties of neoplastic cells to achieve inherent cancer selectivity. We show that ultrasound applied at a frequency of 0.5–0.67 MHz and a pulse duration of >20 ms causes selective disruption of a panel of breast, colon, and leukemia cancer cell models in suspension without significantly damaging healthy immune or red blood cells. Mechanistic experiments reveal that the formation of acoustic standing waves and the emergence of cell-seeded cavitation lead to cytoskeletal disruption, expression of apoptotic markers, and cell death. The inherent selectivity of this low intensity pulsed ultrasound approach offers a potentially safer and thus more broadly applicable alternative to nonselective high intensity ultrasound ablation.
Percolating transition to acoustic wave turbulence in dusty plasmas
Authors: Lin Po-Cheng , Chen Weng-Ji , I Lin
Published: January 2020

In various nonlinear extended media, increasing driving causes the transition from the ordered state to the turbulent state. For the hydrodynamic flow, the transition starts with spreading and decaying intermittent turbulent puffs in the laminar background, followed by the emergence of one percolating turbulent puff leading to full turbulence. Nevertheless, for nonlinear waves, the transition scenario and the corresponding spatiotemporal waveform dynamics from the ordered wave to wave turbulence still remain elusive. Here, these issues are experimentally explored in three dimensional traveling dust acoustic waves of the dusty plasma system through direct visualization. Turbulent sites (TSs) with a wide instantaneous bandwidth in the 2 + 1D spatiotemporal space are identified through wavelet transform. It is found that the transition from the plane wave to the weakly disordered states starts with a small fraction of emerging and decaying TSs mainly clustering around defect filaments with null wave amplitude, in the ordered wave background. Further transition to turbulence with a smooth rapid increase in the fraction of TSs, which exhibit scale-free cluster size distributions and eventually percolate through the 2 + 1D space, is similar to the percolating turbulent transition in hydrodynamic flows.
SDiff(S2) and the orbit method
Authors: Penna Robert
Published: January 2020

The group of area preserving diffeomorphisms of the two sphere, SDiff(S2), is one of the simplest examples of an infinite dimensional Lie group. It plays a key role in incompressible hydrodynamics and it recently appeared in general relativity as a subgroup of two closely related, newly defined symmetry groups. We investigate its representation theory using the method of coadjoint orbits. We describe the Casimir functions and the Cartan algebra. Then we evaluate the trace of a simple SDiff(S2) operator using the Atiyah-Bott fixed point formula. The trace is divergent but we show that it has well-defined truncations related to the structure of SDiff(S2). Finally, we relate our results back to the recent appearances of SDiff(S2) in black hole physics.
Novel metabolomic method to assess the effect-based removal efficiency of advanced wastewater treatment techniques
Authors: Späth Jana , Nording Malin , Lindberg Richard , Brodin Tomas , Jansson Stina , Yang Jun , Wan Debin , Hammock Bruce , Fick Jerker
Published: January 2020

Environmental contextAdvanced wastewater treatment is required to remove pharmaceuticals and many other consumer chemicals from wastewater effluent. There are conflicting findings, however, on the toxicity of treated effluent, and its effect on living organisms is often neglected. We show that the effect-based removal efficiency of wastewater treatment technologies can be assessed by metabolomic methods, and that this approach contributes to a safer and more controlled water quality.
AbstractThere are conflicting findings on the toxicity of effluent from wastewater treatment plants, and only limited possibilities for assessing the effect-based removal efficiency (EBRE) of different treatment techniques. We describe a metabolomics approach to detect perturbations in fatty acid catabolic pathways as a proxy for biological effects. Metabolites in three fatty acid pathways were analysed in a common damselfly larva (Coenagrion hastulatum) by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The larvae were exposed for one week to either conventionally treated effluent (activated sludge treatment), effluent additionally treated with ozone, or effluent additionally treated with biochar filtration, and results were compared with those from tap water control exposure. Five lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins (9,10,13-TriHOME, 9,12,13-TriHOME, 9-HODE, 9-HOTrE, and 13-HOTrE) decreased in response to conventionally treated effluent exposure. By using an additional treatment step, oxylipin levels were restored with exception of 9,10,13-TriHOME (ozonated effluent), and 9-HOTrE and 13-HOTrE (effluent filtered with biochar). Thus, exposure to wastewater effluent affected fatty acid metabolite levels in damselfly larvae, and a subset of the analysed metabolites may serve as indicators for biological effects in biota in response to effluent exposure. To that effect, our findings suggest a new metabolomics protocol for assessing EBRE.
Oxidized micrometeorites suggest either high
p
CO
2
or low
p
N
2
during the Neoarchean
Authors: Payne Rebecca C. , Brownlee Don , Kasting James F.
Published: January 2020

Significance

Paleosols (ancient soils) have been used to estimate CO
2
concentrations during the Archean Eon, 4.0 to 2.5 Ga. However, different paleosol studies disagree with each other and with climate model estimates for ancient CO
2
levels. Oxidized iron micrometeorites dated at 2.7 Ga represent a new CO
2
proxy with which to compare. These meteorites suggest that CO
2
constituted 25 to 50% of the atmosphere at that time. This is easiest to explain if the N
2
partial pressure was lower than today so that the atmospheric greenhouse effect was modest and the climate was cool, consistent with evidence for contemporaneous glaciation.
A compartment size-dependent selective threshold limits mutation accumulation in hierarchical tissues
Authors: Grajzel Dániel , Derényi Imre , Szöllősi Gergely J.
Published: January 2020

Significance

Renewed tissues of multicellular organism accumulate mutations that lead to aging and cancer. To mitigate these effects, self-renewing tissues produce cells along differentiation hierarchies, which have been shown to suppress somatic evolution both by limiting the number of cell divisions, and thus reducing mutational load, and by differentiation “washing out” mutations. Our analytical results reveal the existence of a third mechanism: a compartment size-dependent threshold in proliferative advantage, below which mutations cannot persist, but are rapidly expelled from the tissue by differentiation. In sufficiently small compartments, the resulting selective barrier can greatly slow down somatic evolution and reduce the risk of cancer by preventing the accumulation of mutations even if even they confer substantial proliferative advantage.
Short solvent model for ion correlations and hydrophobic association
Authors: Gao Ang , Remsing Richard C. , Weeks John D.
Published: January 2020

Coulomb interactions play a major role in determining the thermodynamics, structure, and dynamics of condensed-phase systems, but often present significant challenges. Computer simulations usually use periodic boundary conditions to minimize corrections from finite cell boundaries but the long range of the Coulomb interactions generates significant contributions from distant periodic images of the simulation cell, usually calculated by Ewald sum techniques. This can add significant overhead to computer simulations and hampers the development of intuitive local pictures and simple analytic theory. In this paper, we present a general framework based on local molecular field theory to accurately determine the contributions from long-ranged Coulomb interactions to the potential of mean force between ionic or apolar hydrophobic solutes in dilute aqueous solutions described by standard classical point charge water models. The simplest approximation leads to a short solvent (SS) model, with truncated solvent–solvent and solute–solvent Coulomb interactions and long-ranged but screened Coulomb interactions only between charged solutes. The SS model accurately describes the interplay between strong short-ranged solute core interactions, local hydrogen-bond configurations, and long-ranged dielectric screening of distant charges, competing effects that are difficult to capture in standard implicit solvent models.
Partially Overlapped Dual Laser Beams to Reduce Ablation Craters*
Authors: Wang Meng-Han , Qu Jun-Le , Zhu Ming
Published: January 2020

We present our experimental ablation results for partially overlapped dual nanosecond laser beams (PO-DB) on metal and glass surfaces. Numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the crater reduction potential of the PO-DB setup. Damage probability experiments proved the collaboration of two beams within the overlap region. Bright-field and three-dimensional profile measurements verify the reduced ablation area from the proposed PO-DB scheme. Laser-induced plasma is generated when transparent glass is ablated. Atomic emission of Na I (∼589.95 nm) shows comparable signal between the PO-DB set and the traditional single laser beam set. The proposed PO-DB ablation mechanism could also be applied to femtosecond laser systems.