bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formal definition of the MARS method for quantifying the unique target class discoveries of selected machine classifiers
Authors: Restrepo Felipe , Mali Namrata , Abrahams Alan , Ractham Peter
Published: July 2022

Conventional binary classification performance metrics evaluate either general measures (accuracy, F score) or specific aspects (precision, recall) of a model’s classifying ability. As such, these metrics, derived from the model’s confusion matrix, provide crucial insight regarding classifier-data interactions. However, modern- day computational capabilities have allowed for the creation of increasingly complex models that share nearly identical classification performance. While traditional performance metrics remain as essential indicators of a classifier’s individual capabilities, their ability to differentiate between models is limited. In this paper, we present the methodology for MARS (Method for Assessing Relative Sensitivity/ Specificity) ShineThrough and MARS Occlusion scores, two novel binary classification performance metrics, designed to quantify the distinctiveness of a classifier’s predictive successes and failures, relative to alternative classifiers. Being able to quantitatively express classifier uniqueness adds a novel classifier-classifier layer to the process of model evaluation and could improve ensemble model-selection decision making. By calculating both conventional performance measures, and proposed MARS metrics for a simple classifier prediction dataset, we demonstrate that the proposed metrics’ informational strengths synergize well with those of traditional metrics, delivering insight complementary to that of conventional metrics.
Factor puzzles from definition to applications
Authors: Abusaris Raghib , ALHAMI KIFAH
Published: July 2022

Background: Factor puzzles are a salient tool that has been consigned to oblivion.

Methods: In this paper, we introduce factor puzzles and study the existence and uniqueness of solutions along with their connections to other areas of mathematics and real-world applications.

Results: Using concepts from elementary number theory, we prove several theorems pertinent to the existence and uniqueness of a solvable factor puzzle, and the number of solutions. Furthermore, we established connections between factor puzzles and polynomial as well as matrix factorizations. In addition, we demonstrate the importance of factor puzzles in the real world was evidenced by an application in cryptography.

Conclusion: Factor puzzles are a prominent tool with many remarkable connections and real-world applications.
Improving symptom assessment and management in the community through capacity building of primary palliative care: A study protocol of exploratory research
Authors: Nayak Malathi G , Pai Radhika R , Nayak Baby S , Upadya P Sudhakara , Salins Naveen
Published: July 2022

Aim: To determine the effectiveness of capacity building program on palliative care (PC) in enhancing the capacity of the primary health care workers in need assessment and symptom management of cancer patients. 

Background: In India, less than one percent of people living with cancer have access to palliative care since most are from low- and middle-income groups. Accredited social health activist (ASHA) and primary health care workers are grassroots workers who are the first contact with family members and are seldom aware of PC in India. It is essential to train them to give practical and efficient care to needy people.

Design: A quasi-experimental design with follow-up will be conducted using an evaluative approach.

Methods: The study population consists of 1440 Primary Health Care Workers (staff nurses, ANMs, and ASHA workers) of three taluks of Udupi District, Karnataka State, India. Training on PC will be provided for ASHA workers for one day and ANM/Staff nurses for three days. After their training, they are expected to demonstrate the gain in knowledge & skill in providing PC for cancer patients by identifying and implementing PC services using a mobile app at the primary healthcare level. 

Discussion: Palliative home care can give comfort and reduce patients' financial burden, and this training may help to improve the quality of life of needy patients.

Impact: If this palliative care training program succeeds, it can be integrated into the healthcare continuum, making it an essential component of primary healthcare delivery to achieve universal health coverage. Moreover, home-based PC supports patients who want to die at home even though it reduces hospital stay costs.

Trial registration: CTRI/2020/04/024792.
Performance evaluation of the smartphone-based AI cough monitoring app - Hyfe Cough Tracker against solicited respiratory sounds
Authors: Galvosas Mindaugas , Gabaldón-Figueira Juan C. , Keen Eric M. , Orrillo Virginia , Blavia Isabel , Chaccour Juliane , Small Peter M. , Giménez Gerard , Grandjean Lapierre Simon , Chaccour Carlos
Published: July 2022

Background : Emerging technologies to remotely monitor patients’ cough show promise for various clinical applications. Currently available cough detection systems all represent a trade-off between convenience and performance. The accuracy of such technologies is highly contingent on the clinical settings in which they are intended to be used. Moreover, establishing gold standards to measure this accuracy is challenging. Objectives : We present the first performance evaluation study of the Hyfe Cough Tracker app, a passive cough monitoring smartphone application. We evaluate performance for cough detection using continuous audio recordings and cough counting by trained individuals as the gold standard. We propose standard procedures to use multi-observer cough sound annotation from continuous audio recordings as the gold standard for evaluating automated cough detection devices. Methods : This study was embedded in a larger digital acoustic surveillance study (clinicaltrial.gov NCT04762693). Forty-nine participants were included and instructed to produce a diverse series of solicited sounds in 10-minute sessions. Simultaneously, continuous audio recording was performed using a MP3 recorder and two smartphones running Hyfe Cough Tracker app monitored and identified cough events. All continuous audio recordings were independently labeled by three medically-trained researchers. Results : Hyfe Cough Tracker app showed sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 98% with a very high correlation between the cough rate measured by Hyfe and that of human annotators (Pearson correlation of 0.968). A standardized approach to establish an acoustic gold standard for identifying cough sounds with multiple observers is presented. Conclusion:  This is the first performance evaluation of a new smartphone-based cough monitoring system. Hyfe Cough Tracker can detect, record and count coughs from solicited cough-like explosive sounds in controlled acoustic environments with very high accuracy. Additional steps are required to validate the system in clinical and community settings.
EXPORT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FROM THE STATES OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH-EASTERN ASIAN COUNTRIES (ASEAN)
Authors: Aksenov Ilia A. , Afonin Petr N. , Shanazarova Elena V.
Published: July 2022

Background. ASEAN currently forms a solid economic bloc with a combined GDP of US $ 3 trillion, a relatively high share of agriculture in GDP (11.3% in 2010-2020) and an expanding agri-food market based on changing conditions. global and regional trade patterns.

Purpose. It consists in analyzing and identifying the problems of agri-food exports of the states that are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Materials and methods. The research is based on the Declaration on the Establishment of ASEAN (Signed in Bangkok on August 08, 1967), statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ASEAN, and the World Trade Center. In this work, dialectical, systemic, logical research methods were used.

Results. As a result of the analysis carried out in the article on agri-food exports by product, it was revealed that animal, vegetable fats and oils are the most important agricultural products of the ASEAN countries, providing a quarter of regional and more than a third of world exports.

Conclusion. The agro-export policy of the ASEAN countries is largely fragmented. This is mainly due to the internal differences between the states that make up this bloc.
Atletas de Mixed Martial Arts (MMA): Trabalhadores Precários e Invisíveis
Authors: Camilo Juliana Aparecida de Oliveira , Viana-Meireles Livia Gomes
Published: July 2022

A atuação vigorosa dos lutadores de Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), amplamente explorada pelas mídias, patrocinadores e academias, oculta a fragilidade dos vínculos laborais e as condições incertas de trabalho. Mediante este cenário foi nosso objetivo compreender as condições laborais dos lutadores de MMA no Brasil. Metodologicamente, seguimos os pressupostos da etnografia, com observações e conversações, que foram registradas em um diário de campo ao acompanhar a rotina de dois atletas em um evento de expressão nacional. Estes registros foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo e passaram por um processo de síntese, análise e discussão. As análises foram apoiadas na psicodinâmica do trabalho. Compreendemos aqui que o trabalho destes lutadores estava envolvido em uma complexa situação de precariedade e invisibilidade laboral perante diferentes atores sociais: patrocinadores, mídia, academias, fãs e até mesmo para eles próprios. Tal situação gerava a manutenção de extrema exploração, fragilidade em vínculos laborais e a consequente banalização das injustiças sociais por eles sofridas. A precariedade e invisibilidade do trabalho dos lutadores de MMA, a despeito do que a mídia mostra, estampa um contingente de atletas profissionais que estão longe de condições mínimas laborais e/ou das cifras milionárias que constantemente as mídias exibem.
Comportamento Suicida e Políticas Públicas: Estudo Comparativo entre as Atitudes dos Profissionais da Atenção Básica
Authors: Freitas Ana Paula Araújo de , Martins-Borges Lucienne
Published: July 2022

O comportamento suicida é um tema cada vez mais presente nos serviços de Saúde e Assistência Social. Dado sua complexidade, buscou-se investigar as atitudes dos profissionais que atuam na Atenção Básica das políticas de Saúde (n=44) e de Assistência Social (n=36) em relação ao comportamento suicida, uma vez que estas são determinantes para o cuidado. Utilizou-se o Questionário de atitudes em relação ao comportamento suicida (QUACS) e um questionário sociodemográfico. Havia a hipótese que a política pública e a formação profissional seriam variáveis que trariam diferenças entre as atitudes encontradas. Profissionais da Saúde apresentaram atitudes mais positivas em relação ao paciente e maior percepção da sua capacidade profissional. Profissionais da Assistência Social indicaram atitudes menos moralistas em relação ao direito ao suicídio. As variáveis política pública, sexo, formação profissional e religião foram significativas para os fatores da escala, validando a hipótese inicial. Há necessidade de capacitação dos profissionais sobre a temática, uma vez que diferentes atitudes podem indicar fragilidades que interferem na conduta dos profissionais e na oferta de cuidado. Além disso, é preciso fomentar o debate sobre a articulação entre as duas políticas públicas, a fim de garantir a integralidade e construir o trabalho em rede.
Escala de Motivação para Aprendizagem em Universitários: Versão Breve
Authors: Pereira Julia Scalco , Castillo Sérgio Armando López , Zoltowski Ana Paula Couto , Teixeira Marco Antônio Pereira , Salles Jerusa Fumagalli de
Published: July 2022

A avaliação da motivação para aprender é um aspecto relevante em contextos educacionais, pois a motivação pode influenciar o engajamento dos estudantes, sua aprendizagem e seu desempenho em tarefas acadêmicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi propor uma versão breve da Escala de Motivação para Aprendizagem em Universitários (EMAPRE-U Breve). A EMAPRE-U é uma escala de 28 itens que avalia três dimensões motivacionais: meta aprender, meta performance-aproximação e meta performance-evitação. Participaram do estudo 525 universitários do primeiro ano de graduação de uma universidade pública. Através de análises fatoriais exploratórias e de conteúdo dos itens chegou-se a uma versão com 15 itens. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias e de correlação com construtos relacionados forneceram evidências de validade para a medida breve, e indicaram um bom ajuste dos dados ao modelo trifatorial. Os resultados sugerem que o instrumento tem o potencial de contribuir para a avaliação da motivação para aprendizagem na educação superior, ainda que aprimoramentos possam ser feitos no futuro.
The role of the district nurse in managing blocked urinary catheters
Authors: Jordan Deborah Anne
Published: July 2022

This article will investigate the district nurse's role in managing urinary catheter blockages, looking at why people require long-term catheterisation and the causes of blockages and then reviewing treatment methods. Current practice will be critically analysed and compared to the most up to date research and literature to inform district nurses of best evidence-based practice in the hopes of improving service user outcomes and quality of life and reducing the impact this problem has upon district nursing services with regards to time and resources.
Riding On Waves and Filling the Cracks: Toward an Inclusive and Sustainable Sino-Thai Longan Supply Chain Management in Upper Thailand
Authors:   School of Public Policy, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, Shao Nairong
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT This paper examines the resilience of the upper Thailand longan supply chain’s management in lens of nominee Sino-enterprises' impact over present and future disruption that caused the weaknesses and strengths of the supply chain. The nominee Sino-enterprises contributed the upper Thailand longan supply chain in terms of promoting the production efficiency and advanced technology utilizing, however, they could also be a disruption in the supply chain while dealing with the future competitions and changing future labor structure of Thailand. The nominee Sino-enterprises have brought both positive and negative impacts to the supply chain, utilize the strengths and avoid the weaknesses of the longan supply chain in upper Thailand would be a strategy of the supply chain riding the waves of nominee Sino-enterprises have brought and filling in the cracks of the future challenges of the supply chain. Therefore, the local, regional and subregional governments should take corresponding policies to achieve inclusive and sustainable development in upper Thailand. Keywords: Nominee Sino-enterprises, Longan supply chain, Upper Thailand, Future Challenges, Policy recommendations
Oxidized zirconium versus cobalt-chrome femoral heads in total hip arthroplasty: a multicentre prospective randomized controlled trial with ten years’ follow-up
Authors: Kayani Babar , Baawa-Ameyaw Joanna , Fontalis Andreas , Tahmassebi Jenni , Wardle Nick , Middleton Robert , Stephen Arthur , Hutchinson James , Haddad Fares S.
Published: July 2022

Aims

This study reports the ten-year wear rates, incidence of osteolysis, clinical outcomes, and complications of a multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing oxidized zirconium (OxZr) versus cobalt-chrome (CoCr) femoral heads with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and highly cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) liners in total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Methods

Patients undergoing primary THA were recruited from four institutions and prospectively allocated to the following treatment groups: Group A, CoCr femoral head with XLPE liner; Group B, OxZr femoral head with XLPE liner; and Group C, OxZr femoral head with UHMWPE liner. All study patients and assessors recording outcomes were blinded to the treatment groups. The outcomes of 262 study patients were analyzed at ten years’ follow-up.

Results

Patients in Group C were associated with increased mean liner wear rates compared to patients in Group A (0.133 mm/yr (SD 0.21) vs 0.031 mm/yr (SD 0.07), respectively; p < 0.001) and Group B (0.133 mm/yr (SD 0.21) vs 0.022 mm/yr (SD 0.05), respectively; p < 0.001) at ten years’ follow-up. Patients in Group C were also associated with increased risk of osteolysis and aseptic loosening requiring revision surgery, compared with patients in Group A (7/133 vs 0/133, respectively; p = 0.007) and Group B (7/133 vs 0/135, respectively; p = 0.007). There was a non-statistically significant trend towards increased mean liner wear rates in Group A compared with Group B (0.031 mm/yr (SD 0.07) vs 0.022 mm/yr (SD 0.05), respectively; p = 0.128). All three groups were statistically comparable preoperatively and at ten years’ follow-up when measuring normalized Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (p = 0.410), 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (p = 0.465 mental, p = 0.713 physical), and pain scale scores (p = 0.451).

Conclusion

The use of UHMWPE was associated with progressively increased annual liner wear rates after THA compared to XLPE. At ten years’ follow-up, the group receiving UHMWPE demonstrated an increased incidence of osteolysis and aseptic loosening requiring revision surgery compared to XLPE. Femoral heads composed of OxZr were associated with trend towards reduced wear rates compared to CoCr, but this did not reach statistical significance and did not translate to any differences in osteolysis, functional outcomes, or revision surgery between the two femoral head components. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(7):833–843.
Effective single-stage revision using intra-articular antibiotic infusion after multiple failed surgery for periprosthetic joint infection
Authors: Ji Baochao , Li Guoqing , Zhang Xiaogang , Xu Boyong , Wang Yang , Chen Yongjie , Cao Li
Published: July 2022

Aims

Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) with prior multiple failed surgery for reinfection represent a huge challenge for surgeons because of poor vascular supply and biofilm formation. This study aims to determine the results of single-stage revision using intra-articular antibiotic infusion in treating this condition.

Methods

A retrospective analysis included 78 PJI patients (29 hips; 49 knees) who had undergone multiple prior surgical interventions. Our cohort was treated with single-stage revision using a supplementary intra-articular antibiotic infusion. Of these 78 patients, 59 had undergone more than two prior failed debridement and implant retentions, 12 patients had a failed arthroplasty resection, three hips had previously undergone failed two-stage revision, and four had a failed one-stage revision before their single-stage revision. Previous failure was defined as infection recurrence requiring surgical intervention. Besides intravenous pathogen-sensitive agents, an intra-articular infusion of vancomycin, imipenem, or voriconazole was performed postoperatively. The antibiotic solution was soaked into the joint for 24 hours for a mean of 16 days (12 to 21), then extracted before next injection. Recurrence of infection and clinical outcomes were evaluated.

Results

A total of 68 patients (87.1%) were free of infection at a mean follow-up time of 85 months (24 to 133). The seven-year infection-free survival was 87.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 79.4 to 95.8). No significant difference in infection-free survival was observed between hip and knee PJIs (91.5% (95% CI 79.9 to 100) vs 84.7% (95% CI 73.1 to 96.3); p = 0.648). The mean postoperative Harris Hip Score was 76.1 points (63.2 to 92.4) and Hospital for Special Surgery score was 78. 2 (63.2 to 92.4) at the most recent assessment. Polymicrobial and fungal infections accounted for 14.1% (11/78) and 9.0% (7/78) of all cases, respectively.

Conclusion

Single-stage revision with intra-articular antibiotic infusion can provide high antibiotic concentration in synovial fluid, thereby overcoming reduced vascular supply and biofilm formation. This supplementary route of administration may be a viable option in treating PJI after multiple failed prior surgeries for reinfection. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(7):867–874.
Treatment patterns and clinical and economic burden of hip dislocation following primary total hip arthroplasty in England
Authors: Galvain Thibaut , Mantel Jack , Kakade Onkar , Board Tim N.
Published: July 2022

Aims

The aim of this study was to estimate the clinical and economic burden of dislocation following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) in England.

Methods

This retrospective evaluation used data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink database. Patients were eligible if they underwent a primary THA (index date) and had medical records available 90 days pre-index and 180 days post-index. Bilateral THAs were excluded. Healthcare costs and resource use were evaluated over two years. Changes (pre- vs post-THA) in generic quality of life (QoL) and joint-specific disability were evaluated. Propensity score matching controlled for baseline differences between patients with and without THA dislocation.

Results

Among 13,044 patients (mean age 69.2 years (SD 11.4), 60.9% female), 191 (1.5%) had THA dislocation. Two-year median direct medical costs were £15,333 (interquartile range (IQR) 14,437 to 16,156) higher for patients with THA dislocation. Patients underwent revision surgery after a mean of 1.5 dislocations (1 to 5). Two-year costs increased to £54,088 (IQR 34,126 to 59,117) for patients with multiple closed reductions and a revision procedure. On average, patients with dislocation had greater healthcare resource use and less improvement in EuroQol five-dimension index (mean 0.24 (SD 0.35) vs 0.44 (SD 0.35); p < 0.001) and visual analogue scale (0.95 vs 8.85; p = 0.038) scores, and Oxford Hip Scores (12.93 vs 21.19; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The cost, resource use, and QoL burden of THA dislocation in England are substantial. Further research is required to understand optimal timing of revision after dislocation, with regard to cost-effectiveness and impact on QoL. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(7):811–819.
20-year hip survivorship and patient-reported outcome measures after transpositional osteotomy of the acetabulum for dysplastic hips
Authors: Nakashima Yasuharu , Ishibashi Shojiro , Kitamura Kenji , Yamate Satoshi , Motomura Goro , Hamai Satoshi , Ikemura Satoshi , Fujii Masanori
Published: July 2022

Aims

Although periacetabular osteotomies are widely used for the treatment of symptomatic dysplastic hips, long-term surgical outcomes and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are still unclear. Accordingly, we assessed hip survival and PROMs at 20 years after transpositional osteotomy of the acetabulum (TOA).

Methods

A total of 172 hips in 159 patients who underwent TOA were followed up at a mean of 21.02 years (16.6 to 24.6) postoperatively. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess survivorship with an endpoint of total hip arthroplasty (THA). PROMs included the visual analogue scale (VAS) Satisfaction, VAS Pain, Oxford Hip Score (OHS), and Forgotten Joint Score-12 (FJS-12). Thresholds for favourable outcomes for OHS (≥ 42) and FJS-12 (≥ 51) were obtained using the receiver operating characteristic curve with VAS Satisfaction ≥ 50 and VAS Pain < 20 as anchors.

Results

THA was performed on 37 hips (21.5%) by the latest follow-up. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the hip survival rate at 20 years was 79.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 73.7 to 86.3). Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative Tönnis grade significantly influenced hip survival. Tönnis grades 0, 1, and 2 were associated with 20-year survival rates of 93.3% (95% CI 84.8 to 100), 86.7% (95% CI 79.8 to 94.3), and 54.8% (95% CI 41.5 to 72.3), respectively. More than 60% of the patients exhibited favourable PROMs. An advanced Tönnis grade at the latest follow-up and a higher BMI were both significantly associated with unfavourable OHS, but not with other PROMs.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the durability of TOA for hips with Tönnis grades 0 to 1 at 20 years. While the presence of advanced osteoarthritis and higher BMI was associated with lower hip functions (OHS), it was not necessarily associated with worse patient satisfaction and joint awareness. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(7):767–774.
Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in hip fracture mortality in Norway, 2014 to 2018
Authors: Kjærvik Cato , Gjertsen Jan-Erik , Stensland Eva , Saltyte-Benth Jurate , Soereide Odd
Published: July 2022

Aims

This study aimed to identify risk factors (patient, healthcare system, and socioeconomic) for mortality after hip fractures and estimate their relative importance. Further, we aimed to elucidate mortality and survival patterns following fractures and the duration of excess mortality.

Methods

Data on 37,394 hip fractures in the Norwegian Hip Fracture Register from January 2014 to December 2018 were linked to data from the Norwegian Patient Registry, Statistics Norway, and characteristics of acute care hospitals. Cox regression analysis was performed to estimate risk factors associated with mortality. The Wald statistic was used to estimate and illustrate relative importance of risk factors, which were categorized in modifiable (healthcare-related) and non-modifiable (patient-related and socioeconomic). We calculated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) comparing deaths among hip fracture patients to expected deaths in a standardized reference population.

Results

Mean age was 80.2 years (SD 11.4) and 67.5% (n = 25,251) were female. Patient factors (male sex, increasing comorbidity (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade and Charlson Comorbidity Index)), socioeconomic factors (low income, low education level, living in a healthcare facility), and healthcare factors (hip fracture volume, availability of orthogeriatric services) were associated with increased mortality. Non-modifiable risk factors were more strongly associated with mortality than modifiable risk factors. The SMR analysis suggested that cumulative excess mortality among hip fracture patients was 16% in the first year and 41% at six years. SMR was 2.48 for the six-year observation period, most pronounced in the first year, and fell from 10.92 in the first month to 3.53 after 12 months and 2.48 after six years. Substantial differences in median survival time were found, particularly for patient-related factors.

Conclusion

Socioeconomic, patient-, and healthcare-related factors all contributed to excess mortality, and non-modifiable factors had stronger association than modifiable ones. Hip fractures contributed to substantial excess mortality. Apparently small survival differences translate into substantial disparity in median survival time in this elderly population. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(7):884–893.
La iniciación a la docencia: análisis de la percepción sobre los futuros problemas de enseñanza de los alumnos de Magisterio y del Máster del Profesorado
Authors: Sanz Ponce Roberto , Giménez Beut Juan Antonio , López-Luján Elena
Published: July 2022

INTRODUCCIÓN. La formación inicial y continua del profesorado es un elemento clave para adecuar las competencias docentes a los retos actuales. Múltiples estudios analizan las dificultades de los profesores noveles. Estas dificultades tienen relación con su identidad profesional, construida a través de su experiencia personal, su formación universitaria y sus primeros años de ejercicio docente. Este artículo se centra en el análisis de las principales dificultades de enseñanza que autoperciben los alumnos de Magisterio y del Máster del Profesorado, como momento fundamental en la construcción de su propia identidad profesional. MÉTODO. El instrumento utilizado ha sido el Inventario de Problemas de la Enseñanza, aplicado a 352 alumnos de la Comunidad Valenciana. Se han realizado análisis descriptivos de frecuencias absolutas y relativas, analizado la varianza para comparar las puntuaciones en función de las variables independientes, empleando pruebas t y ANOVAs y calculado el tamaño del efecto a través de la d de Cohen. RESULTADOS. Finalmente, se presenta Modelo de path análisis para determinar el potencial rol mediador de la edad y el curso en la relación con tener un máster. Las principales dificultades detectadas giran en torno a problemas de relación con familias, alumnos y compañeros. También, la ratio, la disciplina, los estilos docentes y el rechazo a las nuevas metodologías aparecen como dificultades. Los estudios comparados muestran ciertas diferencias significativas en función de las variables analizadas. DISCUSIÓN. Como propuestas se plantea la necesidad de desarrollar ciertas competencias profesionales, implementar sistemas de mentoría y potenciar una formación específica en Tutoría.
IMF Support Arrangement for Pakistan: (July 2019-September 2022)
Authors: Uddin Fasih
Published: July 2022

Pakistan is a prolonged user of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) resources under medium-term support arrangements that began in 1982 to address recurring external economic problems and ensure economic stability through medium-term reforms. Initially, the ruling regimes in each of these times had reservations about certain IMF conditions, but they were ultimately compelled into having an arrangement by the harsh domestic realities as push factors and quick disbursement and concessional terms as pull factors. Borrowing from the IMF was considered more favorable than borrowing from the World Bank or other sources.
Strategic Posturing of China in IOR
Authors: Khan Maliha Zeba
Published: July 2022

China has been working on a modernization plan for its military. Particularly, the People’s Liberation Army-Navy (PLAN) has been the focus of modernization due to China’s seaward economic growth and development for protecting its maritime economic interests. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an example of strategic envisioning which has multiple facades besides dividends. Since China has a massive trade volume transiting Indian Ocean Region, PLAN has increased engagement in this region. Its modernization including its naval capabilities, surface and underwater vessels, unmanned maritime vehicles (UMVs), acoustic systems for information, and other technological advancements has made China’s strategic posture in IOR dynamic and is threatening India’s intrinsic naval supremacy in the region with certain implications over regional peace and stability. This is exploratory research conducted to determine the nature of naval competition and the resulting balance of power to identify implications for regional peace and stability.
Renewable Energy-Based Distributed Generation in Pakistan
Authors: Naeem Muhammad Hamza , Riaz Lubna
Published: July 2022

Renewable energy improves energy security, provides reliable power supply, and ensures fuel diversification. It also offers a solution to the problem of circular debt which has lately become a major concern for the power sector of Pakistan. At present, the share of renewable energy resources in the energy mix is significantly low and the Government of Pakistan (GoP) is urging the drivers and enablers to boost clean and green energy generation and distribution. The power sector, especially the distribution companies, are facing numerous issues in transmission and distribution of power, and recovery of losses. Distributed generation (DG) can play a vital role in overcoming these issues. The effectiveness of solar PV systems, the active role of the capital market, and environmental concerns are among the major factors that prompt the adoption of net-metered solar systems. Apart from traditional alternate energy sources through sunlight and wind, Pakistan has enormous potential for biomass fuel if it could develop proper facilities for biomass-based electrification. For issues related to grid coverage and technical losses in far-flung rural areas, mini-, and micro-hydro power-based distributed generation can serve the purpose. Distributed generation can play a vital role in steering the national power sector toward power sources that offer clean, green, and cheap energy. Huge opportunities for prosperity in rural areas can be also created through carbon-free atmosphere and a sustainable energy sector.
Parenting in the pandemic: exploring the experiences of families with children on Universal Credit before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Wood Marsha , Bennett Fran
Published: July 2022

The expansion of the UK’s support for families with children from the late 1990s was put into reverse over the decade from 2010. Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, therefore, parents may have felt that they had less support from the government and increased private responsibility in bringing up the next generation. Drawing on qualitative interviews with parents in England and Scotland claiming Universal Credit, this article analyses parenting experiences for low-income families during the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular concerning the costs of looking after children, caring for children, and family relationships/mental health. Our findings suggest that the privatisation of parenting in the UK has been further reinforced during the pandemic, with largely negative implications for families with children. The positive experiences for some with families must be supported by public policy change to persist.
‘This statement is true to the best of my knowledge and belief’: a provisional assessment of the utility of police victim statements in the qualitative understanding of domestic violence and abuse
Authors: Hopkins Anna , Miller Paul K.
Published: July 2022

Understanding the factors that influence the decisions made by victims of domestic violence and abuse (DVA) has, for some time, been a key area of focus for professionals working within the Criminal Justice System and academic researchers alike. Using female victims’ reported decision-making around incidences of DVA as an illustrative case study, this article analyses N=120 police victim statements (PVSs), collected by officers in one force in Northwest England. The usefulness of a PVS as a form of qualitative research data to better understand DVA is examined by means of a deductive content analysis.

Drawing on the literature addressing decision-making by victims in DVA, a simple coding frame was developed to provide a structure for the initial investigation of the PVSs to examine the type of data contained in these legal documents. Findings suggest that, while they have some limitations, PVSs are a valuable and currently under-utilised form of qualitative data to research and understand victim decision-making in DVA.
The logistics of fear: violence and the stratifying power of emotion
Authors: Villarreal Ana
Published: July 2022

This article contributes to growing sociological interest in theorising fear by providing cross-class evidence of what people do when they are afraid and how their emotion strategies matter for broader inequalities. Drawing on and extending pragmatist approaches to the study of emotion, I conceptualise the logistics of fear as the strategies that people employ to manage fear when prompted by a large-scale threat at the societal level. I argue that fear in such contexts can quickly exacerbate inequality by means of the unequal resources people draw on to solve or manage fear on a daily basis. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork conducted in the midst of a violent criminal war in urban Mexico, I trace the restructuring of metropolitan nightlife as a three-stage process: destruction, dispersion, and classed re-concentration. Attention to classed variations in emotion strategies over time provides evidence of the destructive and creative facets of fear, as well as of its stratifying power. More broadly, this research puts forth a pragmatist approach to the study of emotion that centres emotion as a problem and social process.
Governing through hope: an exploration of hope and social change in an asylum context
Authors: Herz Marcus , Lalander Philip , Elsrud Torun
Published: July 2022

The aim of this article is to elaborate, theoretically, on the ambiguity of hope and its relation to social change in the asylum context. This ambiguity involves two different perspectives of hope. One more mundane view of hope where it is considered an emotion used to overcome complex issues and move towards a better situation in the future. A perspective often used by social and migration authorities to urge people to hope for a future should they submit to the authorities’ logic. The other perspective, more common in some research, challenges such positive connotations and argues that hope can put people in a position of suffering where hope may hinder or slow down the realisation of social change. With the aid of scholars who have theorised about hope and ethnographic cases from our research on hope in the asylum context, we develop a theoretical perspective on hope and social change. Our perspective includes concepts such as the governmentality of hope, fragmentation of hope and glimmers of hope. To grasp the relationship between hope and social change, we must account for several mixed emotions, such as feelings of despair, fear and bitterness, as well as glimmers of hope. Such mixtures of emotions may be essential to initiate and create social change. A central argument in this article is that an analysis of hope when people risk being governed by hope would benefit from a parallel analysis of social change.
The new feeling rules of emotion work in heterosexual couple relationships
Authors: McQueen Fiona
Published: July 2022

This article suggests that the new feeling rules of intimacy within heterosexual couple relationships are widely recognised and reflect the contention that an androgynisation of the value of emotion is taking place (Illouz, 2008), whereby men are expected to disclose emotion and provide emotional support to female partners. Simultaneously, the new feeling rules are recognised to be difficult to follow for men due to the highly gendered nature of emotion work in heterosexual relationships suggesting talk of emotion has changed while the practice has not. Drawing on interview data collected in the UK (13 male and 15 female), this article suggests that the new feeling rules can be broken down into three distinct areas associated with the highly desirable status of being a ‘good partner’: (a) being ‘emotionally skilled’, (b) disclosing emotion and (c) performing relational emotion work. This analysis enables a critical appreciation of how the inequalities of emotion work can be reproduced as part of the pursuit of having a ‘good relationship’ (mainly unquestioningly) and sets out a new way of looking at the relationship between emotion work, gender and equality.
Heralded single-photon source based on an ensemble of Raman-active molecules
Authors: Panyukov I. V. , Shishkov V. Yu. , Andrianov E. S.
Published: July 2022

Light with high mutual correlations at different frequencies can be used to create heralded single-photon sources, which may serve as the basic elements of existing quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation schemes. One of the important examples in natural systems of light with high mutual correlations is the light produced by spontaneous Raman scattering on an ensemble of molecules. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using Raman light to create a heralded single-photon source. We show that when using Stokes scattered light for postselection of anti-Stokes scattered light, the latter may possess single-photon properties. We analyze the influence of various negative factors on the characteristics of such a heralded single-photon source, which include a time delay between Stokes and anti-Stokes photons, the finiteness of the correlation radius of an external source, and background radiation. We show that the low value of the second-order autocorrelation function of the single-photon source is preserved even when the flow of uncorrelated photons exceeds the flow of correlated photons in scattered Raman light by an order of magnitude.
Polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system without mechanical moving parts
Authors: Nakagawa Mayuri , Okano Makoto , Watanabe Shinichi
Published: July 2022

We report on the measurement of terahertz electric-field vector waveforms by using a system that contains no mechanical moving parts. It is known that two phase-locked femtosecond lasers with different repetition rates can be used to perform time-domain spectroscopy without using a mechanical delay stage. Furthermore, an electro-optic modulator can be used to perform polarization measurements without rotating any polarizers or waveplates. We experimentally demonstrate the combination of these two methods and explain the analysis of data obtained by such a system. Such a system provides a robust platform that can promote the usage of polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in basic science and practical applications. For the experimental demonstration, we alter the polarization of a terahertz wave with a polarizer.
Spectral tailoring of photon pairs from microstructured suspended-core optical fibers with liquid-filled nanochannels
Authors: Afsharnia Mina , Lyu Zhouping , Pertsch Thomas , Schmidt Markus A. , Saravi Sina , Setzpfandt Frank
Published: July 2022

We theoretically study the generation of photon pairs via spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in a liquid-filled microstructured suspended-core optical fiber. We show that it is possible to control the wavelength, group velocity, and bandwidths of the two-photon states. Our proposed fiber structure shows a large number of degrees of freedom to engineer the two-photon state. Here, we focus on the factorable state, which shows no spectral correlation in the two-photon components of the state, and allows the heralding of a single-photon pure state without the need for spectral post-filtering.
Photonic crystal backbone for light trapping inside an ultrathin, low absorbing layer
Authors: El-Jallal Said , Hochedel Marion , Capitolis Jerôme , Nguyen Hai-Son , Chevalier Céline , Leclercq Jean-Louis , Amara Mohamed , Seassal Christian , Drouard Emmanuel
Published: July 2022

A few tens of nanometre thick ultrathin materials may suffer from a very low absorption at their band edges. In this work, we investigate a photonic crystal (PC) made of a lowcost, transparent patterned silicon nitride (SiNx) layer, conformally covered with an ultrathin active layer (e.g., 20 nm TiO2) in view of its use in various applications such as photocatalysis. A fair estimation of the absorption enhancement, considering the volume of the active material, is calculated using RCWA. A remarkable enhancement (more than ten-folds) in absorptance in the near UV range and a very high transmittance over the visible range are observed. A detailed modal analysis of the structures-of-interest unravels the Light Trapping (LT) mechanisms and allows the derivation of key design guidelines. Optical measurements on a patterned sample provide a first proof-of-concept of such possible photonic backbone structures suitable for highly efficient depollution and artificial photosynthesis for solar fuels production.
Series of ultra-low loss and ultra-compact multichannel silicon waveguide crossing
Authors: Peng Zheng , Feng Junbo , Du Te , Cheng Wei , Wang Yan , Zang Shengyin , Cheng Hao , Ren Xiaodong , Shuai Yubei , Liu Hao , Wu Jiagui , Yang Junbo
Published: July 2022

Ultra-compact waveguide crossing (UC-WC) is a basic component in optoelectronic fusion chip solutions, as its footprint is smaller in the orders of magnitude than that of traditional photonic integrated circuits (PICs). However, a large loss of UC-WC (decibel level) becomes a barrier to scaling and practicality. Here, we propose a series of ultra-low loss UC-WC silicon devices using an advanced hybrid design that combines the adjoint method with the direct binary search (DBS) algorithm. Simulation results show that our 2 × 2 UC-WC has an insertion loss as low as 0.04 dB at 1550 nm, which is about ten times lower than the previous UC-WC results. In the valuable C-band (1530–1565 nm), the insertion loss of UC-WC is lower than -0.05 dB, and the channel crosstalk is lower than -34 dB. Furthermore, for the 3 × 3 UC-WC device, the highest insertion loss in the entire C-band is approximately -0.07 dB, and the highest channel crosstalk is lower than -33 dB. Additionally, the 4 × 4 and more complex 8 × 8 UC-WC devices were also analyzed. The highest insertion loss for 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 UC-WC in the C-band is only -0.19 dB and -0.20 dB, respectively, and the highest channel crosstalk is approximately -22dB and -28 dB, respectively. These results confirm that the designed devices possess two attractive features simultaneously: ultra-compactness and ultra-low insertion loss, which may be of great value in future large-scale optoelectronic fusion chips.
Tunable color generation in CdTe-doped silicate glass enabled by ultrashort laser pulses: interior coloring and multilevel encryption
Authors: Shen Danyang , Qian Jing , Wang Guande , Jiao Yujie , Jiao Yan , Zhao Quanzhong
Published: July 2022

The launch of the big data era puts forward challenges for information security. Herein, a new kind of silicate glass system co-doped with CdO and ZnTe, capable of achieving the controllable generation of intrinsic color centers (brown and green) and tiny nuclei of CdTe via direct laser writing (DLW), is developed. The controlled growth of CdTe QDs thermally, leads to a permanent color of orange at the cost of accelerated aging of the color centers of brown and green. On the one hand, going beyond traditional 2D surface coloration, the high transparency of the studied bulk medium makes 3D volumetric interior coloration possible. On the other hand, by encoding ciphertext into the tiny nuclei of CdTe, a strategy of color encryption and heat decryption is established, which brings about the merits of expanded storage capacity and improved information security. The demonstration application confirmed the user-defined multiscale interior coloration and an unprecedented multidimensional color-encryption scheme with a high-security level. The present work highlights a great leap in transparent materials for color encryption and hopefully stimulates the development of new color division multiplexing encryptions.
Real-time FPGA prototyping of a 15GBaud SP-16QAM coherent optical receiver with optimal interpolating for clock recovery and equalization
Authors: Song Jingwei , Li Yan , Qiu Jifang , Zuo Yong , Li Wei , Hong Xiaobin , Guo Hongxiang , Wu Jian
Published: July 2022

We demonstrate a real-time coherent optical receiver based on a single field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip. To strike the balance between the performance and hardware resources, we use a clock recovery scheme using the optimal interpolation (OI). The performance and complexity of the OI-based scheme and the traditional schemes are compared and discussed via offline digital signal processing. And a real-time 15GBaud single-polarization 16QAM transmission experiment under different received optical power using the FPGA-based receiver is carried out to demonstrate the overall performance of different clock recovery and equalization schemes. The result proves that, compared to the traditional scheme with a cubic interpolator and a 7-tap equalizer, the optimal interpolator significantly lowers the utilization of LUT, CARRY8, and DSP48 by 35%, 50%, and 11%, respectively, and can work properly under a received optical power of -40dBm.