Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight
Authors:   NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), Iurilli Maria LC , Zhou Bin , Bennett James E , Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M , Sophiea Marisa K , Rodriguez-Martinez Andrea , Bixby Honor , Solomon Bethlehem D , Taddei Cristina , Danaei Goodarz , Di Cesare Mariachiara , Stevens Gretchen A , Riley Leanne M , Savin Stefan , Cowan Melanie J , Bovet Pascal , Damasceno Albertino , Chirita-Emandi Adela , Hayes Alison J , Ikeda Nayu , Jackson Rod T , Khang Young-Ho , Laxmaiah Avula , Liu Jing , Miranda J Jaime , Saidi Olfa , Sebert Sylvain , Sorić Maroje , Starc Gregor , Gregg Edward W , Abarca-Gómez Leandra , Abdeen Ziad A , Abdrakhmanova Shynar , Ghaffar Suhaila Abdul , Rahim Hanan F Abdul , Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M , Garba Jamila Abubakar , Acosta-Cazares Benjamin , Adams Robert J , Aekplakorn Wichai , Afsana Kaosar , Afzal Shoaib , Agdeppa Imelda A , Aghazadeh-Attari Javad , Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A , Agyemang Charles , Ahmad Mohamad Hasnan , Ahmad Noor Ani , Ahmadi Ali , Ahmadi Naser , Ahmed Soheir H , Ahrens Wolfgang , Aitmurzaeva Gulmira , Ajlouni Kamel , Al-Hazzaa Hazzaa M , Al-Lahou Badreya , Al-Raddadi Rajaa , Alarouj Monira , AlBuhairan Fadia , AlDhukair Shahla , Ali Mohamed M , Alkandari Abdullah , Alkerwi Ala'a , Allin Kristine , Alvarez-Pedrerol Mar , Aly Eman , Amarapurkar Deepak N , Amiri Parisa , Amougou Norbert , Amouyel Philippe , Bo Andersen Lars , Anderssen Sigmund A , Ängquist Lars , Anjana Ranjit Mohan , Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza , Aounallah-Skhiri Hajer , Araújo Joana , Ariansen Inger , Aris Tahir , Arku Raphael E , Arlappa Nimmathota , Aryal Krishna K , Aspelund Thor , Assah Felix K , Assunção Maria Cecília F , Aung May Soe , Auvinen Juha , Avdicová Mária , Avi Shina , Azevedo Ana , Azimi-Nezhad Mohsen , Azizi Fereidoun , Azmin Mehrdad , Babu Bontha V , Jørgensen Maja Bæksgaard , Baharudin Azli , Bahijri Suhad , Baker Jennifer L , Balakrishna Nagalla , Bamoshmoosh Mohamed , Banach Maciej , Bandosz Piotr , Banegas José R , Baran Joanna , Barbagallo Carlo M , Barceló Alberto , Barkat Amina , Barros Aluisio JD , Barros Mauro Virgílio Gomes , Basit Abdul , Bastos Joao Luiz D , Bata Iqbal , Batieha Anwar M , Batista Rosangela L , Battakova Zhamilya , Batyrbek Assembekov , Baur Louise A , Beaglehole Robert , Bel-Serrat Silvia , Belavendra Antonisamy , Romdhane Habiba Ben , Benedics Judith , Benet Mikhail , Bergh Ingunn Holden , Berkinbayev Salim , Bernabe-Ortiz Antonio , Bernotiene Gailute , Bettiol Heloísa , Bezerra Jorge , Bhagyalaxmi Aroor , Bharadwaj Sumit , Bhargava Santosh K , Bhutta Zulfiqar A , Bi Hongsheng , Bi Yufang , Bia Daniel , Lele Elysée Claude Bika , Bikbov Mukharram M , Bista Bihungum , Bjelica Dusko J , Bjerregaard Peter , Bjertness Espen , Bjertness Marius B , Björkelund Cecilia , Bloch Katia V , Blokstra Anneke , Bo Simona , Bobak Martin , Boddy Lynne M , Boehm Bernhard O , Boeing Heiner , Boggia Jose G , Bogova Elena , Boissonnet Carlos P , Bojesen Stig E , Bonaccio Marialaura , Bongard Vanina , Bonilla-Vargas Alice , Bopp Matthias , Borghs Herman , Braeckevelt Lien , Braeckman Lutgart , Bragt Marjolijn CE , Brajkovich Imperia , Branca Francesco , Breckenkamp Juergen , Breda João , Brenner Hermann , Brewster Lizzy M , Brian Garry R , Brinduse Lacramioara , Brophy Sinead , Bruno Graziella , Bueno-de-Mesquita H Bas , Bugge Anna , Buoncristiano Marta , Burazeri Genc , Burns Con , de León Antonio Cabrera , Cacciottolo Joseph , Cai Hui , Cama Tilema , Cameron Christine , Camolas José , Can Günay , Cândido Ana Paula C , Cañete Felicia , Capanzana Mario V , Capková Nadežda , Capuano Eduardo , Capuano Vincenzo , Cardol Marloes , Cardoso Viviane C , Carlsson Axel C , Carmuega Esteban , Carvalho Joana , Casajús José A , Casanueva Felipe F , Celikcan Ertugrul , Censi Laura , Cervantes-Loaiza Marvin , Cesar Juraci A , Chamukuttan Snehalatha , Chan Angelique W , Chan Queenie , Chaturvedi Himanshu K , Chaturvedi Nish , Rahim Norsyamlina Che Abdul , Li Chee Miao , Chen Chien-Jen , Chen Fangfang , Chen Huashuai , Chen Shuohua , Chen Zhengming , Cheng Ching-Yu , Cheraghian Bahman , Chetrit Angela , Chikova-Iscener Ekaterina , Chiolero Arnaud , Chiou Shu-Ti , Chirlaque María-Dolores , Cho Belong , Christensen Kaare , Christofaro Diego G , Chudek Jerzy , Cifkova Renata , Cilia Michelle , Cinteza Eliza , Claessens Frank , Clarke Janine , Clays Els , Cohen Emmanuel , Concin Hans , Confortin Susana C , Cooper Cyrus , Coppinger Tara C , Corpeleijn Eva , Costanzo Simona , Cottel Dominique , Cowell Chris , Craig Cora L , Crampin Amelia C , Crujeiras Ana B , Csilla Semánová , Cucu Alexandra M , Cui Liufu , Cureau Felipe V , Czenczek-Lewandowska Ewelina , D'Arrigo Graziella , d'Orsi Eleonora , Dacica Liliana , Re Saavedra María Ángeles Dal , Dallongeville Jean , Damsgaard Camilla T , Dankner Rachel , Dantoft Thomas M , Dasgupta Parasmani , Dastgiri Saeed , Dauchet Luc , Davletov Kairat , De Backer Guy , De Bacquer Dirk , de Gaetano Giovanni , De Henauw Stefaan , de Oliveira Paula Duarte , De Ridder David , De Ridder Karin , de Rooij Susanne R , De Smedt Delphine , Deepa Mohan , Deev Alexander D , Jr DeGennaro Vincent , Dehghan Abbas , Delisle Hélène , Delpeuch Francis , Demarest Stefaan , Dennison Elaine , Dereń Katarzyna , Deschamps Valérie , Dhimal Meghnath , Di Castelnuovo Augusto F , Dias-da-Costa Juvenal Soares , Díaz-Sánchez María Elena , Diaz Alejandro , Dika Zivka , Djalalinia Shirin , Djordjic Visnja , Do Ha TP , Dobson Annette J , Donati Maria Benedetta , Donfrancesco Chiara , Donoso Silvana P , Döring Angela , Dorobantu Maria , Dorosty Ahmad Reza , Doua Kouamelan , Dragano Nico , Drygas Wojciech , Li Duan Jia , Duante Charmaine A , Duboz Priscilla , Duda Rosemary B , Duleva Vesselka , Dulskiene Virginija , Dumith Samuel C , Dushpanova Anar , Dzerve Vilnis , Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk Elzbieta , Eddie Ricky , Eftekhar Ebrahim , Egbagbe Eruke E , Eggertsen Robert , Eghtesad Sareh , Eiben Gabriele , Ekelund Ulf , El-Khateeb Mohammad , El Ati Jalila , Eldemire-Shearer Denise , Eliasen Marie , Elliott Paul , Engle-Stone Reina , Enguerran Macia , Erasmus Rajiv T , Erbel Raimund , Erem Cihangir , Eriksen Louise , Eriksson Johan G , la Peña Jorge Escobedo-de , Eslami Saeid , Esmaeili Ali , Evans Alun , Faeh David , Fakhretdinova Albina A , Fall Caroline H , Faramarzi Elnaz , Farjam Mojtaba , Sant'Angelo Victoria Farrugia , Farzadfar Farshad , Fattahi Mohammad Reza , Fawwad Asher , Felix-Redondo Francisco J , Ferguson Trevor S , Fernandes Romulo A , Fernández-Bergés Daniel , Ferrante Daniel , Ferrao Thomas , Ferrari Marika , Ferrario Marco M , Ferreccio Catterina , Ferrer Eldridge , Ferrieres Jean , Figueiró Thamara Hubler , Fijalkowska Anna , Fink Günther , Fischer Krista , Foo Leng Huat , Forsner Maria , Fouad Heba M , Francis Damian K , do Carmo Franco Maria , Frikke-Schmidt Ruth , Frontera Guillermo , Fuchs Flavio D , Fuchs Sandra C , Fujiati Isti I , Fujita Yuki , Fumihiko Matsuda , Furusawa Takuro , Gaciong Zbigniew , Gafencu Mihai , Galbarczyk Andrzej , Galenkamp Henrike , Galeone Daniela , Galfo Myriam , Galvano Fabio , Gao Jingli , Garcia-de-la-Hera Manoli , García-Solano Marta , Gareta Dickman , Garnett Sarah P , Gaspoz Jean-Michel , Gasull Magda , Gaya Adroaldo Cesar Araujo , Gaya Anelise Reis , Gazzinelli Andrea , Gehring Ulrike , Geiger Harald , Geleijnse Johanna M , Ghanbari Ali , Ghasemi Erfan , Gheorghe-Fronea Oana-Florentina , Giampaoli Simona , Gianfagna Francesco , Gill Tiffany K , Giovannelli Jonathan , Gironella Glen , Giwercman Aleksander , Gkiouras Konstantinos , Godos Justyna , Gogen Sibel , Goldberg Marcel , Goldsmith Rebecca A , Goltzman David , Gómez Santiago F , Gomula Aleksandra , da Silva Bruna Goncalves Cordeiro , Gonçalves Helen , Gonzalez-Chica David A , Gonzalez-Gross Marcela , González-Leon Margot , González-Rivas Juan P , González-Villalpando Clicerio , González-Villalpando María-Elena , Gonzalez Angel R , Gottrand Frederic , Graça Antonio Pedro , Graff-Iversen Sidsel , Grafnetter Dušan , Grajda Aneta , Grammatikopoulou Maria G , Gregor Ronald D , Grodzicki Tomasz , Grøholt Else Karin , Grøntved Anders , Grosso Giuseppe , Gruden Gabriella , Gu Dongfeng , Gualdi-Russo Emanuela , Guallar-Castillón Pilar , Gualtieri Andrea , Gudmundsson Elias F , Gudnason Vilmundur , Guerrero Ramiro , Guessous Idris , Guimaraes Andre L , Gulliford Martin C , Gunnlaugsdottir Johanna , Gunter Marc J , Guo Xiu-Hua , Guo Yin , Gupta Prakash C , Gupta Rajeev , Gureje Oye , Gurzkowska Beata , Gutiérrez-González Enrique , Gutierrez Laura , Gutzwiller Felix , Ha Seongjun , Hadaegh Farzad , Hadjigeorgiou Charalambos A , Haghshenas Rosa , Hakimi Hamid , Halkjær Jytte , Hambleton Ian R , Hamzeh Behrooz , Hange Dominique , Hanif Abu AM , Hantunen Sari , Hao Jie , Kumar Rachakulla Hari , Hashemi-Shahri Seyed Mohammad , Hassapidou Maria , Hata Jun , Haugsgjerd Teresa , He Jiang , He Yuan , He Yuna , Heidinger-Felso Regina , Heinen Mirjam , Hejgaard Tatjana , Hendriks Marleen Elisabeth , dos Santos Henrique Rafael , Henriques Ana , Cadena Leticia Hernandez , Herrala Sauli , Herrera Victor M , Herter-Aeberli Isabelle , Heshmat Ramin , Hill Allan G , Ho Sai Yin , Ho Suzanne C , Hobbs Michael , Holdsworth Michelle , Homayounfar Reza , Homs Clara , Hopman Wilma M , Horimoto Andrea RVR , Hormiga Claudia M , Horta Bernardo L , Houti Leila , Howitt Christina , Htay Thein Thein , Htet Aung Soe , Htike Maung Maung Than , Hu Yonghua , Huerta José María , Huhtaniemi Ilpo Tapani , Huiart Laetitia , Petrescu Constanta Huidumac , Huisman Martijn , Husseini Abdullatif , Huu Chinh Nguyen , Huybrechts Inge , Hwalla Nahla , Hyska Jolanda , Iacoviello Licia , Ibarluzea Jesús M , Ibrahim Mohsen M , Wong Norazizah Ibrahim , Ikram M Arfan , Iotova Violeta , Irazola Vilma E , Ishida Takafumi , Islam Muhammad , Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful , Iwasaki Masanori , Jacobs Jeremy M , Jaddou Hashem Y , Jafar Tazeen , James Kenneth , Jamil Kazi M , Jamrozik Konrad , Janszky Imre , Janus Edward , Jarani Juel , Jarvelin Marjo-Riitta , Jasienska Grazyna , Jelakovic Ana , Jelakovic Bojan , Jennings Garry , Jha Anjani Kumar , Jiang Chao Qiang , Jimenez Ramon O , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Joffres Michel , Johansson Mattias , Jokelainen Jari J , Jonas Jost B , Jonnagaddala Jitendra , Jørgensen Torben , Joshi Pradeep , Joukar Farahnaz , Jovic Dragana P , Jóźwiak Jacek J , Juolevi Anne , Jurak Gregor , Simina Iulia Jurca , Juresa Vesna , Kaaks Rudolf , Kaducu Felix O , Kafatos Anthony , Kajantie Eero O , Kalmatayeva Zhanna , Kalter-Leibovici Ofra , Kameli Yves , Kampmann Freja B , Kanala Kodanda R , Kannan Srinivasan , Kapantais Efthymios , Karakosta Argyro , Kårhus Line L , Karki Khem B , Katibeh Marzieh , Katz Joanne , Katzmarzyk Peter T , Kauhanen Jussi , Kaur Prabhdeep , Kavousi Maryam , Kazakbaeva Gyulli M , Keil Ulrich , Boker Lital Keinan , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Kelishadi Roya , Kelleher Cecily , Kemper Han CG , Kengne Andre P , Keramati Maryam , Kerimkulova Alina , Kersting Mathilde , Key Timothy , Khader Yousef Saleh , Khalili Davood , Khaw Kay-Tee , Kheiri Bahareh , Kheradmand Motahareh , Khosravi Alireza , Khouw Ilse MSL , Kiechl-Kohlendorfer Ursula , Kiechl Stefan , Killewo Japhet , Kim Dong Wook , Kim Hyeon Chang , Kim Jeongseon , Kindblom Jenny M , Klakk Heidi , Klimek Magdalena , Klimont Jeannette , Klumbiene Jurate , Knoflach Michael , Koirala Bhawesh , Kolle Elin , Kolsteren Patrick , König Jürgen , Korpelainen Raija , Korrovits Paul , Korzycka Magdalena , Kos Jelena , Koskinen Seppo , Kouda Katsuyasu , Kovacs Viktoria A , Kowlessur Sudhir , Koziel Slawomir , Kratenova Jana , Kratzer Wolfgang , Kriemler Susi , Kristensen Peter Lund , Krokstad Steinar , Kromhout Daan , Kruger Herculina S , Kubinova Ruzena , Kuciene Renata , Kujala Urho M , Kujundzic Enisa , Kulaga Zbigniew , Kumar R Krishna , Kunešová Marie , Kurjata Pawel , Kusuma Yadlapalli S , Kuulasmaa Kari , Kyobutungi Catherine , La Quang Ngoc , Laamiri Fatima Zahra , Laatikainen Tiina , Lachat Carl , Laid Youcef , Lam Tai Hing , Lambrinou Christina-Paulina , Landais Edwige , Lanska Vera , Lappas Georg , Larijani Bagher , Latt Tint Swe , Lauria Laura , Lazo-Porras Maria , Le Coroller Gwenaëlle , Le Nguyen Bao Khanh , Le Port Agnès , Le Tuyen D , Lee Jeannette , Lee Jeonghee , Lee Paul H , Lehmann Nils , Lehtimäki Terho , Lemogoum Daniel , Levitt Naomi S , Li Yanping , Liivak Merike , Lilly Christa L , Lim Wei-Yen , Lima-Costa M Fernanda , Lin Hsien-Ho , Lin Xu , Lin Yi-Ting , Lind Lars , Linneberg Allan , Lissner Lauren , Litwin Mieczyslaw , Liu Lijuan , Lo Wei-Cheng , Loit Helle-Mai , Long Khuong Quynh , Lopes Luis , Lopes Oscar , Lopez-Garcia Esther , Lopez Tania , Lotufo Paulo A , Lozano José Eugenio , Lukrafka Janice L , Luksiene Dalia , Lundqvist Annamari , Lundqvist Robert , Lunet Nuno , Lunogelo Charles , Lustigová Michala , Łuszczki Edyta , Ma Guansheng , Ma Jun , Ma Xu , Machado-Coelho George LL , Machado-Rodrigues Aristides M , Macieira Luisa M , Madar Ahmed A , Maggi Stefania , Magliano Dianna J , Magnacca Sara , Magriplis Emmanuella , Mahasampath Gowri , Maire Bernard , Majer Marjeta , Makdisse Marcia , Mäki Päivi , Malekzadeh Fatemeh , Malekzadeh Reza , Malhotra Rahul , Rao Kodavanti Mallikharjuna , Malyutina Sofia K , Maniego Lynell V , Manios Yannis , Mann Jim I , Mansour-Ghanaei Fariborz , Manzato Enzo , Margozzini Paula , Markaki Anastasia , Markey Oonagh , Ioannidou Eliza Markidou , Marques-Vidal Pedro , Marques Larissa Pruner , Marrugat Jaume , Martin-Prevel Yves , Martin Rosemarie , Martorell Reynaldo , Martos Eva , Maruszczak Katharina , Marventano Stefano , Mascarenhas Luis P , Masoodi Shariq R , Mathiesen Ellisiv B , Mathur Prashant , Matijasevich Alicia , Matsha Tandi E , Mavrogianni Christina , Mazur Artur , Mbanya Jean Claude N , McFarlane Shelly R , McGarvey Stephen T , McKee Martin , McLachlan Stela , McLean Rachael M , McLean Scott B , McNulty Breige A , Benchekor Sounnia Mediene , Medzioniene Jurate , Mehdipour Parinaz , Mehlig Kirsten , Mehrparvar Amir Houshang , Meirhaeghe Aline , Meisfjord Jørgen , Meisinger Christa , Menezes Ana Maria B , Menon Geetha R , Mensink Gert BM , Menzano Maria Teresa , Mereke Alibek , Meshram Indrapal I , Metspalu Andres , Meyer Haakon E , Mi Jie , Michaelsen Kim F , Michels Nathalie , Mikkel Kairit , Milkowska Karolina , Miller Jody C , Minderico Cláudia S , Mini GK , Miquel Juan Francisco , Mirjalili Mohammad Reza , Mirkopoulou Daphne , Mirrakhimov Erkin , Mišigoj-Durakovic Marjeta , Mistretta Antonio , Mocanu Veronica , Modesti Pietro A , Moghaddam Sahar Saeedi , Mohajer Bahram , Mohamed Mostafa K , Mohamed Shukri F , Mohammad Kazem , Mohammadi Zahra , Mohammadifard Noushin , Mohammadpourhodki Reza , Mohan Viswanathan , Mohanna Salim , Yusoff Muhammad Fadhli Mohd , Mohebbi Iraj , Mohebi Farnam , Moitry Marie , Molbo Drude , Møllehave Line T , Møller Niels C , Molnár Dénes , Momenan Amirabbas , Mondo Charles K , Monroy-Valle Michele , Monterrubio-Flores Eric , Monyeki Kotsedi Daniel K , Moon Jin Soo , Moosazadeh Mahmood , Moreira Leila B , Morejon Alain , Moreno Luis A , Morgan Karen , Morin Suzanne N , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Moschonis George , Mossakowska Malgorzata , Mostafa Aya , Mota-Pinto Anabela , Mota Jorge , Motlagh Mohammad Esmaeel , Motta Jorge , Moura-dos-Santos Marcos André , Mridha Malay K , Msyamboza Kelias P , Mu Thet Thet , Muc Magdalena , Mugoša Boban , Muiesan Maria L , Mukhtorova Parvina , Müller-Nurasyid Martina , Murphy Neil , Mursu Jaakko , Murtagh Elaine M , Musa Kamarul Imran , Milanovic Sanja Music , Musil Vera , Mustafa Norlaila , Nabipour Iraj , Naderimagham Shohreh , Nagel Gabriele , Naidu Balkish M , Najafi Farid , Nakamura Harunobu , Námešná Jana , Ei K Nang Ei , Nangia Vinay B , Nankap Martin , Narake Sameer , Nardone Paola , Nauck Matthias , Neal William A , Nejatizadeh Azim , Nekkantti Chandini , Nelis Keiu , Nelis Liis , Nenko Ilona , Neovius Martin , Nervi Flavio , Nguyen Chung T , Nguyen Nguyen D , Nguyen Quang Ngoc , Nieto-Martínez Ramfis E , Nikitin Yury P , Ning Guang , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Nishtar Sania , Noale Marianna , Noboa Oscar A , Nogueira Helena , Norat Teresa , Nordendahl Maria , Nordestgaard Børge G , Noto Davide , Nowak-Szczepanska Natalia , Al Nsour Mohannad , Nuhoglu Irfan , Nurk Eha , O'Neill Terence W , O'Reilly Dermot , Obreja Galina , Ochimana Caleb , Ochoa-Avilés Angélica M , Oda Eiji , Oh Kyungwon , Ohara Kumiko , Ohlsson Claes , Ohtsuka Ryutaro , Olafsson Örn , Olinto Maria Teresa A , Oliveira Isabel O , Omar Mohd Azahadi , Onat Altan , Ong Sok King , Ono Lariane M , Ordunez Pedro , Ornelas Rui , Ortiz Ana P , Ortiz Pedro J , Osler Merete , Osmond Clive , Ostojic Sergej M , Ostovar Afshin , Otero Johanna A , Overvad Kim , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Paccaud Fred Michel , Padez Cristina , Pagkalos Ioannis , Pahomova Elena , de Paiva Karina Mary , Pajak Andrzej , Palli Domenico , Palloni Alberto , Palmieri Luigi , Pan Wen-Harn , Panda-Jonas Songhomitra , Pandey Arvind , Panza Francesco , Papandreou Dimitrios , Park Soon-Woo , Park Suyeon , Parnell Winsome R , Parsaeian Mahboubeh , Pascanu Ionela M , Pasquet Patrick , Patel Nikhil D , Pecin Ivan , Pednekar Mangesh S , Peer Nasheeta , Pei Gao , Peixoto Sergio Viana , Peltonen Markku , Pereira Alexandre C , Peres Marco A , Pérez-Farinós Napoleón , Pérez Cynthia M , Peterkova Valentina , Peters Annette , Petersmann Astrid , Petkeviciene Janina , Petrauskiene Ausra , Pettenuzzo Emanuela , Peykari Niloofar , Pham Son Thai , Pichardo Rafael N , Pierannunzio Daniela , Pigeot Iris , Pikhart Hynek , Pilav Aida , Pilotto Lorenza , Pistelli Francesco , Pitakaka Freda , Piwonska Aleksandra , Pizarro Andreia N , Plans-Rubió Pedro , Poh Bee Koon , Pohlabeln Hermann , Pop Raluca M , Popovic Stevo R , Porta Miquel , Posch Georg , Poudyal Anil , Poulimeneas Dimitrios , Pouraram Hamed , Pourfarzi Farhad , Pourshams Akram , Poustchi Hossein , Pradeepa Rajendra , Price Alison J , Price Jacqueline F , Providencia Rui , Puder Jardena J , Pudule Iveta , Puhakka Soile E , Puiu Maria , Punab Margus , Qasrawi Radwan F , Qorbani Mostafa , Bao Tran Quoc , Radic Ivana , Radisauskas Ricardas , Rahimikazerooni Salar , Rahman Mahfuzar , Rahman Mahmudur , Raitakari Olli , Raj Manu , Rakhimova Ellina , Rakhmatulloev Sherali , Rakovac Ivo , Rao Sudha Ramachandra , Ramachandran Ambady , Ramke Jacqueline , Ramos Elisabete , Ramos Rafel , Rampal Lekhraj , Rampal Sanjay , Rarra Vayia , Rascon-Pacheco Ramon A , Rasmussen Mette , Rech Cassiano Ricardo , Redon Josep , Reganit Paul Ferdinand M , Regecová Valéria , Revilla Luis , Rezaianzadeh Abbas , Ribas-Barba Lourdes , Ribeiro Robespierre , Riboli Elio , Richter Adrian , Rigo Fernando , Rinaldo Natascia , de Wit Tobias F Rinke , Rito Ana , Ritti-Dias Raphael M , Rivera Juan A , Robitaille Cynthia , Roccaldo Romana , Rodrigues Daniela , Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando , del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez María , Rodríguez-Villamizar Laura A , Roggenbuck Ulla , Rojas-Martinez Rosalba , Rojroongwasinkul Nipa , Romaguera Dora , Romeo Elisabetta L , Rosario Rafaela V , Rosengren Annika , Rouse Ian , Roy Joel GR , Rubinstein Adolfo , Rühli Frank J , Ruidavets Jean-Bernard , Ruiz-Betancourt Blanca Sandra , Ruiz-Castell Maria , Moreno Emma Ruiz , Rusakova Iuliia A , Jonsson Kenisha Russell , Russo Paola , Rust Petra , Rutkowski Marcin , Sabanayagam Charumathi , Sacchini Elena , Sachdev Harshpal S , Sadjadi Alireza , Safarpour Ali Reza , Safiri Saeid , Saki Nader , Salanave Benoit , Martinez Eduardo Salazar , Salmerón Diego , Salomaa Veikko , Salonen Jukka T , Salvetti Massimo , Samoutian Margarita , Sánchez-Abanto Jose , Sandjaja  , Sans Susana , Marina Loreto Santa , Santos Diana A , Santos Ina S , Santos Lèlita C , Santos Maria Paula , Santos Osvaldo , Santos Rute , Sanz Sara Santos , Saramies Jouko L , Sardinha Luis B , Sarrafzadegan Nizal , Sathish Thirunavukkarasu , Saum Kai-Uwe , Savva Savvas , Savy Mathilde , Sawada Norie , Sbaraini Mariana , Scazufca Marcia , Schaan Beatriz D , Rosario Angelika Schaffrath , Schargrodsky Herman , Schienkiewitz Anja , Schipf Sabine , Schmidt Carsten O , Schmidt Ida Maria , Schnohr Peter , Schöttker Ben , Schramm Sara , Schramm Stine , Schröder Helmut , Schultsz Constance , Schutte Aletta E , Sein Aye Aye , Selamat Rusidah , Sember Vedrana , Sen Abhijit , Senbanjo Idowu O , Sepanlou Sadaf G , Sequera Victor , Serra-Majem Luis , Servais Jennifer , Ševcíková Ludmila , Shalnova Svetlana A , Shamah-Levy Teresa , Shamshirgaran Morteza , Shanthirani Coimbatore Subramaniam , Sharafkhah Maryam , Sharma Sanjib K , Shaw Jonathan E , Shayanrad Amaneh , Shayesteh Ali Akbar , Shengelia Lela , Shi Zumin , Shibuya Kenji , Shimizu-Furusawa Hana , Shin Dong Wook , Shirani Majid , Shiri Rahman , Shrestha Namuna , Si-Ramlee Khairil , Siani Alfonso , Siantar Rosalynn , Sibai Abla M , Silva Antonio M , Silva Diego Augusto Santos , Simon Mary , Simons Judith , Simons Leon A , Sjöberg Agneta , Sjöström Michael , Skodje Gry , Slowikowska-Hilczer Jolanta , Slusarczyk Przemyslaw , Smeeth Liam , So Hung-Kwan , Soares Fernanda Cunha , Sobek Grzegorz , Sobngwi Eugène , Sodemann Morten , Söderberg Stefan , Soekatri Moesijanti YE , Soemantri Agustinus , Sofat Reecha , Solfrizzi Vincenzo , Somi Mohammad Hossein , Sonestedt Emily , Song Yi , Sørensen Thorkild IA , Sørgjerd Elin P , Jérome Charles Sossa , Soto-Rojas Victoria E , Soumaré Aïcha , Sovic Slavica , Sparboe-Nilsen Bente , Sparrenberger Karen , Spinelli Angela , Spiroski Igor , Staessen Jan A , Stamm Hanspeter , Stathopoulou Maria G , Staub Kaspar , Stavreski Bill , Steene-Johannessen Jostein , Stehle Peter , Stein Aryeh D , Stergiou George S , Stessman Jochanan , Stevanovic Ranko , Stieber Jutta , Stöckl Doris , Stocks Tanja , Stokwiszewski Jakub , Stoyanova Ekaterina , Stratton Gareth , Stronks Karien , Strufaldi Maria Wany , Sturua Lela , Suárez-Medina Ramón , Suka Machi , Sun Chien-An , Sundström Johan , Sung Yn-Tz , Sunyer Jordi , Suriyawongpaisal Paibul , Swinburn Boyd A , Sy Rody G , Syddall Holly E , Sylva René Charles , Szklo Moyses , Szponar Lucjan , Tai E Shyong , Tammesoo Mari-Liis , Tamosiunas Abdonas , Tan Eng Joo , Tang Xun , Tanrygulyyeva Maya , Tanser Frank , Tao Yong , Tarawneh Mohammed Rasoul , Tarp Jakob , Tarqui-Mamani Carolina B , Braunerová Radka Taxová , Taylor Anne , Taylor Julie , Tchibindat Félicité , Tebar William R , Tell Grethe S , Tello Tania , Tham Yih Chung , Thankappan KR , Theobald Holger , Theodoridis Xenophon , Thijs Lutgarde , Thomas Nihal , Thuesen Betina H , Tichá Lubica , Timmermans Erik J , Tjonneland Anne , Tolonen Hanna K , Tolstrup Janne S , Topbas Murat , Topór-Madry Roman , Torheim Liv Elin , Tormo María José , Tornaritis Michael J , Torrent Maties , Torres-Collado Laura , Toselli Stefania , Touloumi Giota , Traissac Pierre , Tran Thi Tuyet-Hanh , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Trichopoulou Antonia , Trinh Oanh TH , Trivedi Atul , Tshepo Lechaba , Tsigga Maria , Tsugane Shoichiro , Tuliakova Azaliia M , Tulloch-Reid Marshall K , Tullu Fikru , Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Turley Maria L , Twig Gilad , Tynelius Per , Tzotzas Themistoklis , Tzourio Christophe , Ueda Peter , Ugel Eunice , Ukoli Flora AM , Ulmer Hanno , Unal Belgin , Usupova Zhamyila , Uusitalo Hannu MT , Uysal Nalan , Vaitkeviciute Justina , Valdivia Gonzalo , Vale Susana , Valvi Damaskini , van Dam Rob M , Van der Heyden Johan , van der Schouw Yvonne T , Van Herck Koen , Van Minh Hoang , Van Schoor Natasja M , van Valkengoed Irene GM , Vanderschueren Dirk , Vanuzzo Diego , Varbo Anette , Varela-Moreiras Gregorio , Varona-Pérez Patricia , Vasan Senthil K , Vega Tomas , Veidebaum Toomas , Velasquez-Melendez Gustavo , Velika Biruta , Veronesi Giovanni , Verschuren WM Monique , Victora Cesar G , Viegi Giovanni , Viet Lucie , Villalpando Salvador , Vineis Paolo , Vioque Jesus , Virtanen Jyrki K , Visser Marjolein , Visvikis-Siest Sophie , Viswanathan Bharathi , Vladulescu Mihaela , Vlasoff Tiina , Vocanec Dorja , Vollenweider Peter , Völzke Henry , Voutilainen Ari , Voutilainen Sari , Vrijheid Martine , Vrijkotte Tanja GM , Wade Alisha N , Wagner Aline , Waldhör Thomas , Walton Janette , Wambiya Elvis OA , Bebakar Wan Mohamad Wan , Mohamud Wan Nazaimoon Wan , de Souza Wanderley Júnior Rildo , Wang Ming-Dong , Wang Ningli , Wang Qian , Wang Xiangjun , Wang Ya Xing , Wang Ying-Wei , Wannamethee S Goya , Wareham Nicholas , Weber Adelheid , Wedderkopp Niels , Weerasekera Deepa , Weghuber Daniel , Wei Wenbin , Weres Aneta , Werner Bo , Whincup Peter H , Widhalm Kurt , Widyahening Indah S , Wiecek Andrzej , Wilks Rainford J , Willeit Johann , Willeit Peter , Williams Julianne , Wilsgaard Tom , Wojtyniak Bogdan , Wong-McClure Roy A , Wong Andrew , Wong Jyh Eiin , Wong Tien Yin , Woo Jean , Woodward Mark , Wu Frederick C , Wu Jianfeng , Wu Li Juan , Wu Shouling , Xu Haiquan , Xu Liang , Yaacob Nor Azwany , Yamborisut Uruwan , Yan Weili , Yang Ling , Yang Xiaoguang , Yang Yang , Yardim Nazan , Yaseri Mehdi , Yasuharu Tabara , Ye Xingwang , Yiallouros Panayiotis K , Yoosefi Moein , Yoshihara Akihiro , You Qi Sheng , You San-Lin , Younger-Coleman Novie O , Md Yusof Safiah , Yusoff Ahmad Faudzi , Zaccagni Luciana , Zafiropulos Vassilis , Zainuddin Ahmad A , Zakavi Seyed Rasoul , Zamani Farhad , Zambon Sabina , Zampelas Antonis , Zamrazilová Hana , Zapata Maria Elisa , Zargar Abdul Hamid , Ko Zaw Ko , Zdrojewski Tomasz , Zejglicova Kristyna , Vrkic Tajana Zeljkovic , Zeng Yi , Zhang Luxia , Zhang Zhen-Yu , Zhao Dong , Zhao Ming-Hui , Zhao Wenhua , Zhen Shiqi , Zheng Wei , Zheng Yingfeng , Zholdin Bekbolat , Zhou Maigeng , Zhu Dan , Zins Marie , Zitt Emanuel , Zocalo Yanina , Cisneros Julio Zuñiga , Zuziak Monika , Ezzati Majid , Filippi Sarah 
Published: March 2021

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.