bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiential Modes and Face Value Contents (a Framework)
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan
Published: October 2021

This chapter outlines a framework for thinking about intentional experiences, in terms of their being distinct experiential modes with contents. First, the notion of an experiential mode is discussed, clarifying what such modes are. Next the discussion focuses on the notion of face value content, which is developed to reflect central ideas about the role of intentional content. The notion of the ‘particular object’ of intentional experience is introduced and face value content is defined as ‘the particular object represented as being as certain way’. This notion of content is then tied to notions of accuracy, epistemic exploitability, phenomenal character, action, and introspection. Finally, some thoughts are offered on the notion of representation as operative in the study.
The Evaluative Content of Emotional Experience
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan
Published: October 2021

This chapter argues at length for a central positive aspect of the view of emotions as feelings-towards-values, namely that the content of emotional experience—understood along the lines of face value content from Chapter 1—is evaluative (hereafter the ECV). It first defends the ‘content-dependency’ claim, namely the idea that emotions are not self-standing relations to their particular objects. It then goes on to argue that emotional experiences, at least in paradigm cases, represent determinate higher-order thick evaluative properties of their objects (e.g. the beautiful, admirable, amusing, disgusting, dangerous). It is then shown how in virtue of having evaluative content emotional experiences have a kind of content that can satisfy the roles outlined for face value content in Chapter 1. The ECV is then defended against several objections and shown to be preferable to certain non-evaluative views.
Cyrus the Great in 1905
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyses Fawwaz’s second novel, asking why she chose to set a fiction in pre-Islamic Persia, focused ostensibly on the ruler Cyrus II, but actually on his mother. The novel is a decentring and gender-bending of traditional notions of (masculinist) heroism, shifting the heroic spotlight from the eponymous hero to his mother and to a lesser extent, his future spouse. Fawwaz almost certainly derived the idea and basic plot of this novel from Herodotus via Arabic treatments of this Greek work. But the mother, a minor player in Herodotus, becomes a major figure and religious leader in her reworking.
Later Life
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

This final chapter focuses on Fawwaz’s later adult life and a few late publications. It returns to the mid-1890s, and the death of her brother, possibly an impetus for her decision to marry, sight unseen, a Damascus journalist-bureaucrat. It was a short marriage. Insisting on a divorce, Fawwaz returned to Cairo. Engaged once again with the publishing scene, it was in this period that she wrote in Mustafa Kamil’s al-Liwa’ and contributed briefly to new women-centred magazines. The chapter focuses especially on her intriguing, at times disturbing, political engagements at this time, which ranged from informing for the khedive to publicly mourning Mustafa Kamil with a eulogy (1908). Some late correspondence tells us that for the last several years of her life, she suffered from an eye condition and was unable to complete a late project. She died in January 1914.
Urban Rehearsals and Novel Plots in the Early American City
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy
Published: October 2021

Urban Rehearsals and Novel Plots in the Early American City sheds new light on the literature of the early US by exploring how texts, theater, architecture, and images worked together to allow readers to imagine themselves as urbanites even before cities developed. In the four decades following the Revolutionary War, the new nation was a loose network of nascent cities connected by print. Before a national culture could develop, local city cultures took shape; literary texts played key roles in helping new Americans become city people. Drawing on extensive archival research, Urban Rehearsals argues that literature, particularly novels and plays, allowed Bostonians to navigate the transition from colonial town to post-revolution city, enabled Philadelphians to grieve their experiences of the 1793 Yellow Fever epidemic and rebuild in the epidemic’s aftermath, and showed New Yorkers how the domestic practices that reinforced their urbanity could be opened to the broader public. Throughout, underrepresented voices and texts call attention to the possibilities for women, immigrants, and Black Americans in developing urban spaces, while showing how those possibilities would be foreclosed as the nation developed. Balancing new readings of canonical texts of the early Republic, including The Power of Sympathy, Charlotte Temple, and Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography, with novels whose depictions of early cities deserve wider readership, such as Ormond, The Boarding-School, Monima, and Kelroy, Urban Rehearsals shows how US cities developed on the pages and stages of the early Republic, building the urban imaginations that would construct the nation’s early cities.
Urban Illuminations in Ormond
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy
Published: October 2021

Concerned that the city’s water supply might have contributed to the devastating 1793 yellow fever outbreak, Philadelphia embarked on the nation’s first urban public works project, a waterworks that connected its citizens to one another even as it raised new fears about these links. Charles Brockden Brown dramatizes these fears in Ormond; his surprising connections to the waterworks shed new light on the novel and on the dirty work behind urban improvement. Chapter 4 explores whether a novel might play a role in shaping a city’s infrastructure. Five years after the 1793 epidemic, and after having suffered his own bout with yellow fever in New York, Brockden Brown published Ormond (1799), a novel that tracks its heroine Constantia’s emergence from enclosed domestic space to city streets of connection and contagion, characterized by deceptions, concealment, and architectural trompe l’oeil. Ormond straddles the worlds of the theatre and infrastructure, exposing a new urban ideology that covers the mechanics of urban engineering with illusionistic design, a dynamic especially visible in two Philadelphia buildings: Mathew Carey’s old haunt, the Chestnut Street Theatre, which Benjamin Henry Latrobe renovated between 1801 and 1805, and Latrobe’s neoclassical Centre Square pump house, which housed the steam engines that powered the city’s new municipal waterworks. In Ormond, urban connection takes on a threatening cast, but paradoxically offers the only hope for Philadelphia’s future. As he reflects on Philadelphia’s recovery, Brockden Brown reveals that the neighborliness the epidemic engenders is tenuous and fleeting.
Obliged to Wander
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy
Published: October 2021

Urbanity did not just travel through pipes or print. It also spread via the mobile bodies of people who immersed themselves in unfamiliar cultures, carried their versions of these new cultures to other settings, and adapted them anew. Chapter 5, “Obliged to Wander,” focuses on two largely forgotten novels that explore women’s movement within and among cites: Sally Sayward Barrell Keating Wood’s Dorval, or the Speculator (1800), and Martha Read’s Monima, or the Beggar Girl (1802). Through mobility both free and forced, these novels’ protagonists traverse numerous developing cities including Boston, New York, and Philadelphia; inhabit a variety of urban domestic and institutional settings ranging from palaces to prisons; and call attention to the complex causes of urban poverty. They also move outside of the US to Europe, the Americas, and San Domingo, positioning women as key participants in the dissemination and transformation of urbanity. In so doing, Dorval and Monima revise gender and genre expectations to construct the liminal city as a space of active self-making for women as writers, readers, and characters; the texts both highlight this space’s potential and foreshadow its end.
Kelroy’s Shifting City
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy
Published: October 2021

Chapter 6, “Kelroy’s Shifting City,” centers on Rebecca Rush’s 1812 Philadelphia novel Kelroy, which charts Philadelphia’s transition from a cosmopolitan urbanity where family, blood, and inheritance are reliable indicators of class and status, to a more fluid and performative urbanity. In Kelroy, Rebecca Rush constructs—and distorts—a Philadelphia of the past that offers a useful window on fantasies and anxieties about US urban life and urban spaces on the cusp of great political and cultural change. Set in 1790s Philadelphia, which by 1812 was fading into memory, Kelroy actively frames and fictionalizes a vision of a past Philadelphia that looks toward a different future than earlier authors imagined. Kelroy teaches cosmopolitan codes of gentility but violently undermines them as well. The novel thus reveals and emphasizes the limits of self-making, especially for the women, immigrants, and working-class people who might benefit most from performative modes of status and power. Kelroy gestures toward a developing US urbanity that includes characters of diverse classes, races, and ethnicities, but paradoxically reasserts the power of white men, foreshadowing dynamics that would structure the literature and culture of the Jacksonian period.
Introduction
Authors: Cowen Orlin Lena
Published: October 2021

To introduce both the subject of the book and its methodological approach, the Introduction takes up the case study of the date of Shakespeare’s baptism: 26 April 1564. Those who want to believe that the national poet was born on the national feast day (23 April, or St George’s Day), have compiled ‘evidence’ to prove it, but under close analysis the evidence disintegrates. We know his day of baptism but cannot know his birthday. Much of Shakespeare’s biography has been built out of similar ‘evidence clusters’. The book interrogates many of these old clusters and also assembles new ones. This involves close reading familiar historical documents contextually, referring to other examples from the same record classes to show how their conventions and textual practices shape their meaning. A further strategy is to include mini-biographies for some of Shakespeare’s cognates in Stratford-upon-Avon, the stories of parallel lives through which we can learn more about his own. The chapter also introduces the members of Shakespeare’s natal family.
23 January 1577
Authors: Cowen Orlin Lena
Published: October 2021

The chapter tells the story of William Shakespeare’s father John, the aspirational son of a tenant farmer who moved to the market town of Stratford-upon-Avon and trained to become a skilled glove maker. He married an heiress to some arable lands, himself acquired property in Stratford (including the building known as ‘Shakespeare’s Birthplace’), and expanded his businesses to include moneylending and wool wholesaling (or ‘brogging’). He became a civic leader, serving a term as Stratford’s chief justice and bailiff (essentially, the mayor). In 1577, as Shakespeare turned 13, John Shakespeare suffered a financial collapse, sold Mary Arden’s legacy, and withdrew from public life. For the next twenty years John Shakespeare was pursued by creditors, including the Crown, continually at risk of being jailed for debt. Shakespeare may have spent his earliest years imagining that he would emulate his successful father, but the crash of 1577 set him on a different path. In Stratford’s King Edward VI grammar school he was given a classical education, reading Virgil and Ovid, and learned to write.
25 March 1616
Authors: Cowen Orlin Lena
Published: October 2021

This chapter is a close reading of William Shakespeare’s last will of 25 March 1616. The three-page document, signed by Shakespeare on each page, comprises one page from an earlier will and two new pages. Thorough revision was required in consequence of the February marriage of Shakespeare’s daughter Judith to Thomas Quiney, the son of Richard and Elizabeth Quiney. Shakespeare ensured that Judith was provided for and protected in the eventuality of her husband’s death. His principal heir was his older daughter Susanna, who had married the physician John Hall. The chapter reviews many aspects of early modern inheritance, including the duties of executors, customs surrounding children’s ‘portions’, and dower rights for widows. While other biographers doubt that Anne Shakespeare would have been protected by dower law, in fact her dower rights in the family’s property holdings were assured. Shakespeare also bequeathed her his second-best bed, and the chapter reviews evidence from other wills of the period about best beds, second-best beds, third- and fourth-best beds, and worst beds; it concludes that these were identifying terms (how to tell one bed from another) and not expressions of approval or disapproval. Like all men of property, Shakespeare concentrated on the distribution of property, and he made very few direct chattel gifts. For this reason, the goods he gave may have had personal meaning, and the chapter speculates about what that significance may have been.
Legal and Constitutional Theory of the European Union
Authors: Walker Neil
Published: October 2021

The chapter’s overview of the constitutional theory and general legal theory of the EU reflects two different manifestations of the still limited cultivation of theory within EU law. The discussion of the relatively crowded field of EU constitutional theory, both explanatory and normative, reveals the abiding importance of the relationship of different positions (affirmative and critical) to the received state tradition of constitutional practice and theory as a distinguishing mark and point of opposition. The discussion of the wider contribution of legal theory to the study of EU legal doctrine more generally is more developmental. While acknowledging work that is explicit and systematic in its theorization, it is mainly concerned with how this more sparsely populated intellectual landscape might be filled by teasing out the fuller theoretical significance of the quite different background suppositions—positivist, idealist, culturalist, and pragmatic—of how law works that ground EU legal studies.
(Br)Exit From the European Union—Control, Autonomy, and the Evolution of EU Law
Authors: Armstrong Kenneth A
Published: October 2021

(Br)Exit from the European Union offers a novel interpretation of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union (EU). Rather than emphasizing the rupture and the exceptionalism of ‘Brexit’, this chapter argues that much can be understood about the evolution of EU law through the experience of the UK’s membership and eventual withdrawal from the EU. Section A evaluates whether the legal history of its membership—its encounter with EU rule-making and adjudication—can explain the UK’s preference for a ‘differentiated membership’ of the EU and eventual demands for control over its own laws. Section B focuses on the Article 50 TEU withdrawal process. It underscores that compliance with ‘constitutional requirements’ throughout the Article 50 process evidences co-evolution of the EU and domestic constitutional and legal orders even up to the moment of withdrawal. Section C projects forward to the evolving future relationship. It suggests that as the UK asserts its sovereignty outside of EU legal and institutional disciplines, the EU wants protection for its own autonomy.
EU Criminal Law and Police Cooperation
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: October 2021

EU Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) law has been subject to a complex institutional evolution, culminating in the application (to a large degree) of the ‘Community’ approach to decision-making, legal instruments, and jurisdiction of the Court of Justice with the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. The trade-off for this evolution has been (as with the creation of monetary union) an opt-out for those Member States with misgivings about applying a supranational institutional framework to this area. The evolution of EU policy in relation to criminal law and police cooperation has been less dramatic, although it is clear that to date, different models have been followed in different areas of JHA law (visas/borders, asylum, irregular immigration, legal immigration, and criminal law), with some degree of evolution in the models followed, particularly as regards asylum and legal migration. In particular, there are interesting points of comparison between this area and some of the principles underlying the development of the internal market. This chapter considers the evolution of EU law in temporal terms. This is followed by consideration of the evolution of policy concerning criminal law and cooperation and analysis of the role of the CJEU in this area.
Civil Justice Extending its Tentacles
Authors: Storskrubb Eva
Published: October 2021

‘Civil Justice Extending its Tentacles’ deals with the constitutional and regulatory challenges shaping EU civil justice including the challenges of multi-level regulation and pressures towards further harmonization. It presents the full strands of civil justice evolution, from primary rules and case law principles, to secondary rules and non-binding mechanisms. It shows how the tentacles of EU procedural law extend gradually into domestic law, triggered by the need to both enforce substance EU rights and support the fundamental EU market freedoms. Finally, it raises the EU internal and external forces shaping the future of civil justice evolution including the rule of law and mutual trust debates as well as the digitalization of justice.
Exegesis
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: October 2021

All scholars agree that Origen has an exegetical hermeneutic—that is, a stated set of principles for reading—which promotes reading scripture in a straightforward or literal way, and also in an allegorical or metaphorical way. In fact, Origen himself sets out in On First Principles not just two but three senses in this hermeneutic. In addition to the literal (‘somatic’) reading, he distinguishes between two different types of allegorical reading, one which focuses on moral concerns (‘psychic’) and one which focuses on mystical concerns (‘pneumatic’). Most scholars therefore believe that this tripartite hermeneutic structured most of Origen’s writing and thinking about scripture. However, this chapter shows that Origen means the hermeneutic to be applicable to other subjects as well as scripture—in particular, for the ‘reading’ of philosophical concepts or branches of knowledge. In the second half of this chapter, it is argued that prophecy was one such concept. The tripartite hermeneutic applies to prophecy in two ways. First, and most straightforwardly, it applies to prophecy as scripture: Origen takes scriptural verses that are explicitly prophecies as particularly conducive to analysis under the tripartite hermeneutic. Additionally, Origen appears to consider each and every verse of scripture to be, in at least one of its three readings, a prophecy.
Mapping the uncertain world
Authors: Hanning Robert W.
Published: October 2021

Agency achieved, or at least sought, in the radically uncertain world of the Decameron and the Canterbury Tales requires the exercise of pragmatic prudence, which replicates many aspects of phrònesis, practical wisdom, as analyzed in Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics and disseminated, as prudentia, by Cicero, but lacks its necessarily moral dimension. Boccaccio and Chaucer could have modeled their amoral version on the realities of contemporaneous European governance, international commerce, and, counterintuitively, the Church’s requirement of mandatory sacramental confession. The resulting story collections, differing in their respective social functions—constitutive (Decameron) vs. competitive (Canterbury Tales)—share multiple interests, including: how fabulists in both deal with the key questions of what, how, and whether to tell a tale; the inevitability of divergent opinion as direct consequence of an uncertain world; and the sequence of responses—opportunistic, appropriate, and decisive—that trigger the successful pursuit of agency in the face of such uncertainty.
The consistency of arithmetic, continued
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard
Published: October 2021

By assigning ordinal notations to proofs in classical arithmetic it is possible to show that each step in the simplification process making up the consistency proof, the complexity of proofs, as measured by the associated ordinal notation, successively decreases. Since the system of ordinal notations is well-ordered, it is not possible to have an infinite decreasing sequence. The reduction process described in Chapter 7 therefore must bring down the ordinal notations assigned to the successive transformed proofs, and must ultimately end with a proof whose ordinal notation is less than ω, i.e. a “simple” proof. Since “simple” proofs cannot be proofs of a contradiction, this establishes the consistency of classical arithmetic.
The New Kremlinology
Authors: Baturo Alexander , Elkink Jos
Published: October 2021

The New Kremlinology is the first in-depth examination of the development of regime personalisation in Russia. In the post-Cold War period, many previously democratising countries experienced authoritarian reversals whereby incumbent leaders took over and gravitated towards personalist rule. Scholars have predominantly focused on the authoritarian turn, as opposed to the type of authoritarian rule emerging from it. In a departure from accounts centred on the failure of democratisation in Russia, this book's argument begins from a basic assumption that the political regime of Vladimir Putin is a personalist regime in the making. Focusing on the politics within the Russian ruling coalition since 1999, The New Kremlinology describes the process of regime personalisation, that is, the acquisition of personal power by a leader. Drawing from comparative evidence and theories of personalist rule, the investigation is based on four components of regime personalisation: patronage networks, deinstitutionalisation, media personalisation, and establishing permanency in office. The fact that Russia has gradually acquired many---but not all---of the characteristics associated with a personalist regime, underscores the complexity of political change and that we need to unpack the concept of personalism to understand it better. The lessons of the book extend beyond Russia and illuminate how other personalist and personalising regimes emerge and develop. Furthermore, the title of the book, The New Kremlinology, is chosen to emphasise not only the subject matter, the what, but also the how --- the battery of innovative methods employed to study the black box of non-democratic politics.
Understanding Regime Personalization
Authors: Baturo Alexander , Elkink Johan A.
Published: October 2021

This chapter places the study of regime personalisation in Russia in a theoretical and comparative context. It draws from literatures on personalism and neopatrimonialism to develop a novel perspective that is primarily empirically driven, concerned with the detection of personalism in real-life political settings. Because the ruler's concentration of power is largely unknowable, scholars need to detect its implications for power relations within the ruling coalition, that occur as part of the process of regime personalisation. Personalisation can be studied indirectly, by observing changes on four pillars of personalisation: patronage personalisation, deinstitutionalisation, media personalisation, and permanency in office. Personalisation is the process through which the perception of the ruler as indispensable, irreplaceable, and most powerful actor is reinforced, through personal control over the most important institutional and elite segments of the ruling coalition. This is achieved primarily by relying on informal patronage networks and regime deinstitutionalisation. The perception of single leadership is further reinforced when the ruler’s public image dominates other actors individually and collectively. In the extreme, this dominance acquires the characteristics of a cult of personality. Another important aspect is that the person of the leader will be perceived as permanent in office, even irrespective of the office such person occupies. This chapter includes schematic representations of low and high values on the four pillars of personalisation. By assessing change on four pillars over time, one can tentatively distinguish between three stages of personalisation.
Attachment Theory and Moral Development
Authors: Thompson Ross A.
Published: October 2021

Can attachment theory offer the basis for a new and contemporary portrayal of moral development? This chapter seeks to answer this question in several steps. First, the basic tenets of attachment theory are outlined, especially with respect to secure and insecure parent–child relationships and their implications for moral growth. Second, research on attachment relationships is summarized to assess the extent to which a secure attachment contributes to the characteristics supporting moral growth and virtuous character. Third, the empirical evidence concerning the attributes of parenting leading to a secure attachment is discussed to determine whether these attributes also promote moral development. The chapter closes with reflections on what an attachment theory of moral development might look like.
Beyond Virtue
Authors: Belsky Jay
Published: October 2021

Modern evolutionary theory with its emphasis on inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism challenges the universalistic view of virtues promulgated by Aristotle. And this is because that which is virtuous depends upon contexts of development. This critique also applies to several classical and contemporary theories and perspectives on human psychology and development considered herein, as they, too, romanticize and idealize human nature. In support of this argument, theory and evidence is reviewed underscoring the fact that what could be considered virtuous depends on the degree of safety and security to which children and adults are exposed. Ultimately, humans are on this planet for the same reason that are all other life forms: to make more life that is genetically related to individuals alive at any point in time. Homo sapiens are thus not designed to realize some inherent—and admirable—nature, but to reproduce, again, just like all other living things. This does not mean that realizing Aristotelian virtues is a waste of time and effort. When cooperation with and care for those with whom we do not share genes yields the reciprocation of mutual benefit, then this is a reproductively strategic—and virtuous—way to behave. But as such enlightened conditions do not always characterize the human condition, then it is evolutionarily virtuous to behave differently. We may not like or prefer this theory of human nature, with its less romantic view of human virtues, but it is the one we have been bequeathed.
An Aetiology of Recognition
Authors: Denham A. E
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the suggestion that early attachment underpins the human capacity for empathy, and that empathy, in turn, is a condition of moral competence. We are disposed by nature to seek intimacy with our human conspecifics: the securely attached child learns that, whatever perils the world may hold, his well-being is shielded within the private sphere of personal intimacy. But why should secure attachment also favour—as it does—recognition of moral obligations towards those with whom we have no special standing and share no personal destiny—recognition that the claims of persons as such merit our attention and regard? One answer to this question looks beyond the fact of secure attachment to a further psychological capacity, our capacity for empathy: secure attachment promotes susceptibility to empathy, and an appropriate susceptibility to empathy is a condition of basic moral competence. The chapter proposes that the deeper and more persisting significance of empathy to morality can be understood from a developmental perspective. Looking to mentalization-based attachment theory allows us to understand how empathic mirroring enters into our earliest intimate, interactions with other persons, securing our default commitment to recognizing their reality as bound up with our own. In this way, empathy constitutes one of the natural foundations on which the more complex architecture of moral experience is constructed. Attachment theory helps us to understand the indispensable role empathy plays at the beginning of the circuitous road to virtue.
The Virtual Other: Empathy in the Age of Virtuality
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: October 2021

In an age of growing virtual communication, the question arises what role human empathy plays in virtual relations. In order to answer this question, the paper distinguishes between: (1) primary, intercorporeal empathy; (2) extended empathy which is based perspective-taking; and (3) fictional empathy which is directed to imagined or fictitious persons. Based on these analyses, the paper investigates the impact of the growing virtualization in present culture. This is captured by the notions of: (1) “phantomization” as a media-based simulation of direct reality, and (2) disembodied communication which shifts the modes of empathy toward the fictional pole, at the risk of merely projecting one’s own feelings onto the other.
Healing through Self-Compassion
Authors: Sherman Nancy
Published: October 2021

Greco-Roman Stoicism is a natural fit for the military. Yet it’s in tension with what many experts now acknowledge as a pervasive psychological fact of war and after war. And that is moral injury. Can a modern military Stoicism rooted in ancient teachings find room for moral injury and post-traumatic growth? Cicero, in dialogue with the Stoics in the Tusculan Disputations, insists that one needs to leave room for moral distress and the anguished emotions that go with it. He recalls the tears of Alcibiades, a military leader bent on too much glory, and feeling the shame of his missteps, especially in the presence of his teacher Socrates. Shame becomes a prod for taking responsibility to do better. But it can be an all too vigorous and punishing impulse, admits Cicero. Mercy is a way to temper it, and it is the theme of Seneca’s Trojan Women. Self-mercy or self-compassion can help heal the festering wounds of moral injury.
The No-brainer
Authors: Rohling Eelco J.
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses the need for combined transition to renewable energy sources, reduction of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, and avoidance of any new emissions. Climate cannot be restored back to lower CO2 conditions than today if we don’t stop humanity’s enormous greenhouse gas emissions. But activating more and more emissions-reducing measures won’t suffice if we allow our total energy hunger and general consumerism, and thus emissions, to keep increasing year on year. Therefore, we also need strategies for avoiding addition of new emissions associated with the progressive growth and development of society, and with humanity's tendency for excessive consumerism. Finally, as with all large-scale developments, renewable alternatives have downsides and face challenges to their implementation. These are discussed in the final section of this chapter.
Reconsidering Reparations
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O.
Published: October 2021

A consistent theme in movements for Black liberation is a focus on self-determination as an organizing principle. Despite this, much of the philosophical literature on reparations does not address this aspect of reparatory justice. In this chapter, the author first responds to existing arguments for reparations by philosophers and then briefly sketches the philosophical features of a distributive justice-based argument for reparations that articulates what is called the “constructive view” of reparations. The constructive view of reparations takes an approach to self-determination that is rooted in a historically informed perspective on distributive justice. The author draws from the Movement for Black Lives policy platform, Nkechi Taifa and the Republic of New Afrika, and others in the history of Black activism to sketch the constructive view.
The Role of Asking and Answering Questions in Language Acquisition
Authors: Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: October 2021

This chapter challenges teachers to change their focus from eliciting answers from children to helping them learn how to ask questions themselves. Some children who are deaf or hard of hearing, including those in higher grades, struggle with the idea of asking a question. How does one answer a question if one does not know how to ask one? This chapter examines the purposes for asking questions, why questions are difficult to learn, which questions to teach first, and how question asking and answering should be taught. It also explores how detrimental poor questioning skills are for older deaf or hard-of-hearing learners, provides tools for enhancing question asking in conversation, and discusses conversational repair strategies. The chapter ends with a list of takeaways" for teachers as well as questions for caseload application.
English and American Sign Language Grammar
Authors: Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: October 2021

This chapter describes the structures of English and of American Sign Language in proximity to one another so the reader may see similarities and differences when attempting to prepare an instructional sequence. Whereas the previous sections described how to teach language, this section addresses what to teach. Therefore it is a resource chapter the teacher will return to often in designing objectives and instruction. Nouns, noun phrases and advanced nominals, verbs, verb phrases and advanced verb forms, adjectives, adjectival phrases and advanced adjectival forms, adverbs, adverbial phrases and advanced adverbial forms, and negation are examined in depth. The individualized education plan for every deaf and hard-of-hearing learner should list prominently those specific instructional objectives identified as missing through assessment.
Theorizing NGO Mediation in Global Governance
Authors: Henry Laura A. , Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh
Published: October 2021

This theoretical chapter summarizes how scholars in international relations and comparative politics have conceptualized the roles of NGOs in global governance and offers a new approach for studying NGO mediation. First, it surveys literatures on transnational advocacy networks, INGOs, and global governance institutions. Next, it introduces the concept of NGO mediation and incorporates insights from scholarship on regime type, state-society relations, and domestic social movements to enhance our insights into how NGOs mediate between domestic and global levels of governance. NGO mediation involves adapting and translating global governance norms and principles to domestic contexts. We identify three common mediation challenges and link these challenges to features of the domestic political context. Finally, the chapter previews the book’s argument and describes our research design.
Conclusion
Authors: Henry Laura A. , Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh
Published: October 2021

This chapter concludes the book by encapsulating and summarizing the findings on factors shaping NGO capacity to engage in effective mediation across our case studies and how the three dilemmas of mediation operate across the cases. Factors shaping NGO mediation include the degree of authority a global governance institution offers to participating NGOs and within domestic contexts, enduring elements of state-society relations, the political and legal operating environment for NGOs, and issue-specific aspects of each particular area of global governance. The chapter reflects on what the book’s comparative analysis reveals about the Russian case in particular and on the contributions that comparative politics approaches can bring to our understanding of global governance.
Complicity and Solidarity
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala
Published: October 2021

The ethics of our individual consumer behavior regarding the work of immoral artists is complex. Some commentators claim that it is morally wrong to continue engaging with the work of artists who commit immoral acts. After dismissing consequentialist arguments in favor of this position, this chapter argues that we have considerable moral latitude when it comes to our private choices about art consumption. Our public art consumption, on the other hand, can have a social meaning that is independent of our intentions. The chapter argues that, ultimately, ethical consumption of art is about how we engage with art rather than what art we engage with.
Muslims and the Making of Modern Europe
Authors: Greble Emily
Published: October 2021

Muslims have lived in Europe for hundreds of years. Only in 1878, however, did many of them become formal citizens of European states. Muslims and the Making of Europe shows how this massive shift in citizenship rights transformed both Muslims’ daily lives and European laws and societies. Starting with the Treaty of Berlin and ending with the eradication of the Shari’a legal system in communist Yugoslavia, this book centers Muslim voices and perspectives in an analysis of the twists and turns of nineteenth- and twentieth- century European history, from early nation-building projects to the shattering of the European imperial order after World War I, through the interwar political experiments of liberal democracy and authoritarianism, and into the Second World War, when Muslims, like other Europeans, were caught between occupation and civil conflict, and the ideological programs of fascism and communism. Its focus moves from Ottoman Europe in the late nineteenth century to Yugoslavia, a multi-confessional, multi-lingual state founded after World War I. Throughout these decades, Muslims negotiated with state authorities over the boundaries of Islamic law, the nature of religious freedom, and the meaning of minority rights. As they did so, Muslims helped to shape emergent political, social, and legal projects in Europe.
Second- or Third-Class Citizens
Authors: Greble Emily
Published: October 2021

After the First World War, the Paris Peace Treaties introduced a new legal order in Europe. Guided by ideas of self-determination, nationalizing states replaced Europe’s multi-confessional land empires in central and southeastern Europe. The new boundaries of nation-states created large classes of stateless, marginalized, and minority subjects. To respond to this, international statesmen created a system of minority rights and protections to manage and protect minorities. Where would Europe’s Muslims fit in this system? Were they a minority? Were they multiple minorities? Diverse communities of Muslims living in southeastern Europe and the Middle East responded differently to these questions. Focusing on Muslims living in the new state of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (often referred to by its later name, Yugoslavia), this chapter explores how Balkan Muslim leaders combined lessons from negotiating in Serbia, Montenegro, and Austria-Hungary with new international languages of minority rights and protections to secure confessional sovereignty and property rights. Yugoslavia, alone among European states, enshrined a Shari’a judiciary in its first constitution.
Islamic Legal Revivalism and the Crisis of Europe
Authors: Greble Emily
Published: October 2021

This chapter investigates how Islamic activist movements began to propose new ways of thinking about law and society in interwar Yugoslavia. Drawing from and participating in global conversations on the oppression of Muslims, these movements sought to centralize Islamic practice and the idea of what constituted Islamic values and norms. These movements were part of a global story of political Islam. They developed strategies for revising the place of Islam in politics and society. As these movements proliferated in Yugoslavia, they shifted Muslim political and religious thought toward socially conservative and Islamist ideas that decried modernization and assimilation and sought to limit the boundaries of the Muslim community in order to protect it.
Conclusion
Authors: Greble Emily
Published: October 2021

If Muslims were always part of European history, why are they still so often depicted as outsiders to it: foreigners, migrants, interlopers, or vestiges of the Ottoman past? The answer lies in orientalist misrepresentations, both within European societies as they developed over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and within the writing of history. From the Enlightenment’s construct of the “East” to colonial civilizing missions that justified the subjugation of Muslims to European rule, Muslims were framed by a wide range of (non-Muslim) Europeans as anti-modern religious zealots who base their laws on seventh-century morals and are thus incompatible with European laws, societies, and ethics. This belief structure contributed to the evolution of distinct legal structures for Muslims, as well as the development of Islamic institutions that operated in parallel to or in opposition to other European legal structures. The conclusion calls attention to how and why Muslims have been erased from European histories and historiographies, and proposes a different way of thinking about Muslims’ place in European history. It also challenges existing paradigms for thinking about the relationship between European secularism, liberalism, and nation-building.
Facts and Values
Authors: Lipscomb Benjamin J.B.
Published: October 2021

This chapter introduces the first of the four main subjects of the book, Philippa Foot, as well as sketching the philosophical outlook against which all four would argue in later years. A young Foot, recently returned to Oxford, confronts for the first time the horrors of the Nazi regime, through a newsreel exposing conditions in the concentration camps. For Foot, this moment encapsulated a major failing of philosophical ethics in the mid-twentieth century: its inability to grapple with real evil. The contemporary philosophy against which Foot and her friends would revolt depended on a background picture, the “billiard-ball” picture of the universe as nothing but inert, value-free matter. A fact–value dichotomy was grounded in this picture, positing that no ethical propositions can validly derive from fact statements; these together led to what Lipscomb calls the “Dawkins sublime”—the Romantic view that adults must bravely face this harsh and denuded world.
Prepare for Concurrent, Consecutive, and Compounding Disasters
Authors: Hill Alice C.
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores how reinforcing and amplifying emergency preparedness could blunt the trauma that climate impacts spread. The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a warning that catastrophic risks do not honor geopolitical or jurisdictional boundaries. Thus, current approaches for disaster response require an overhaul to address climate change. Four crucial steps can help countries prepare for a future of concurrent, consecutive, and compounding disasters. First, acting before disaster strikes lessens damage and allows communities to bounce back faster. Second, protecting supply chains avoids panic and economic loss. Third, stockpiling acts as an extra level of insurance when compounding events occur. Fourth, bolstering emergency response capabilities to ensure that aid arrives earlier can lead to speedier recoveries. In addition, treating every disaster as a “no more” moment drives continuous improvement in disaster recovery capabilities. Taking these steps offers better protection for communities, including thwarting criminality that may take root when disaster response fails.
Jumpstart Resilience
Authors: Hill Alice C.
Published: October 2021

For those communities that can manage to muster the political will to act in the absence of “no more” moments, this chapter identifies the easy wins for building resilience. One crucial step is requiring companies to disclose climate risk, giving them a deeper understanding of what they are up against and what they might need to do to prepare. Another is using scenario analysis to test operations against different imagined futures. More generally, all investments, policies, plans, and programs should be routinely screened for climate resilience. At a minimum, to avoid wasting precious resources, any investments in long-lived infrastructure should both implement the lessons from past disasters and account for future climate-worsened calamities. Ultimately, the choices we make now—especially with regard to infrastructure and land use—can help us thrive even as climate change unleashes unfamiliar weather extremes on the planet.
The Press Fights Back
Authors: Carlson Matt , Robinson Sue , Lewis Seth C.
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyzes a coordinated, collective effort in August 2018 to produce newspaper editorials defending journalism, which provides a rare public moment of focused attention on the press’s roles and identities. Hundreds of newspapers, from small-town newspapers to large metro dailies, defended the role of the press against the attacks of Donald Trump. In this response, journalists fall back to the grand—yet flailing—narrative placing journalism at the heart of democracy. But in scrutinizing these missives, behind their facade of unity, the chapter identifies a fracturing of this narrative—reflective of a broader change that has been occurring for quite some time. It argues that journalists’ endeavors for relevancy must downplay their institutional ties to instead focus on community relationships. Importantly, this shift also should lead journalists to learn from their previous failings and make restitution to build trust with groups they have long ignored or misjudged.
Journalistic Moralities
Authors: Carlson Matt , Robinson Sue , Lewis Seth C.
Published: October 2021

This chapter questions the degree to which a professionalized adherence to objectivity has led journalists to engage in false equivalencies rather than identify Donald Trump’s statements as being lies or racist. This rhetorical void allows powerful actors—such as Trump, polarizing pundits, and other partisans—to shape political lies into “facts” by maligning the press. Journalists have publicly debated how they should respond, with some prominent journalists advocating for the traditional values that have propped up journalism for the past century, and others arguing that journalists need to be more willing to render moral judgments explicitly to avoid being the handmaidens of Trump and other anti-journalism leaders. These debates reveal larger fissures about how journalism ought to operate in a changing media culture and in response to constant political critiques. These political, cultural, and rhetorical fissures open up space to imagine how journalism might operate differently, with a moral code premised not on detached objectivity but on engaged problem-solving with communities, an assertive defense of democracy, and a willingness to challenge structural harms and inequities in society.
Anger ManagementAn Alternative View
Authors: Cherry Myisha
Published: October 2021

This chapter is about anger management. It argues that since Lordean rage is appropriate, productive, and motivational, and breaks racial rules, then those with Lordean rage should strive to manage rather than banish their anger. The chapter begins by criticizing traditional anger management techniques for primarily focusing on the proportionality of anger. The text then suggests that taking anger management too far, as it’s typically understood, blocks some needed productive, important, justice-fighting forms of anger. The alternative view of anger management offered here is a cognitive and behavioral plan that helps us manage Lordean rage in ways that do not eliminate or reduce it but make use of its positive features. The techniques include the expression technique, solidarity technique, goals and plans technique, and resistance technique. The chapter ends by showing readers how to implement the techniques.