bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fate of Clades in a World of Recurrent Climatic Change: Milankovitch Oscillations and Evolution
Authors: Jansson Roland , Dynesius Mats
Published: November 2002

▪ Abstract  Variations in Earth's orbit with periods of 10–100 thousand years (kyr) (Milankovitch oscillations) have led to recurrent and rapid climatic shifts throughout Earth's history. These cause changes in the geographical distributions of clades, which we term orbitally forced range dynamics (ORD). The magnitude of ORD varies geographically, e.g., with latitude. Climatic shifts cause extinction, splitting, and merging of gene pools and clades. They select among individuals and clades for traits enhancing the ability to survive in situ and to establish new populations. There is also nonadaptive sorting caused by the large geographical variation in ORD, as only gene pools that are in the right place when climate shifts survive. ORD lead to sorting at many levels of genealogic inclusiveness. Clades that have survived climatic shifts during at least one entire period of the longest significant Milankovitch oscillations (100 kyr), we name β-clades. The products of more recent cladogenesis are α-clades, which are always nested within a β-clade. We conclude that ORD may promote α-clade formation but curb rates of β-clade formation. In areas with little ORD, where gene pools persist without going extinct or merging, clade splits and divergence may accumulate leading to high rates of β-clade formation and β-anagenesis (evolutionary change persisting >100 kyr). High ORD should lead to low numbers of β-clades, β-clades with low levels of spatial genetic divergence, little geographical subdivision and large ranges, organisms with high vagility and low specialization, high proportions of β-clades formed by polyploidization, and little β-anagenesis. We predict global and interregional geographic patterns in these variables caused by differential ORD. Thus, ORD potentially explains a wide array of patterns, suggesting ORD as a fundamental factor in evolution. The vulnerability of biotas to many human activities should vary with the magnitude of ORD.
The Renaissance of Community-Based Marine Resource Management in Oceania
Authors: Johannes R. E.
Published: November 2002

▪ Abstract  Twenty-five years ago, the centuries-old Pacific Island practice of community-based marine resource management (CBMRM) was in decline, the victim of various impacts of westernization. During the past two decades, however, this decline has reversed in various island countries. Today CBMRM continues to grow, refuting the claim that traditional non-Western attitudes toward nature cannot provide a sound foundation for contemporary natural resource management. Limited entry, marine protected areas, closed areas, closed seasons, and restrictions on damaging or overly efficient fishing methods are some of the methods being used. Factors contributing to the upsurge include a growing perception of scarcity, the restrengthening of traditional village-based authority, and marine tenure by means of legal recognition and government support, better conservation education, and increasingly effective assistance, and advice from regional and national governments and NGOs. Today's CBMRM is thus a form of cooperative management, but one in which the community still makes and acts upon most of the management decisions.
Stable Isotopes in Plant Ecology
Authors: Dawson Todd E. , Mambelli Stefania , Plamboeck Agneta H. , Templer Pamela H. , Tu Kevin P.
Published: November 2002

▪ Abstract  The use of stable isotope techniques in plant ecological research has grown steadily during the past two decades. This trend will continue as investigators realize that stable isotopes can serve as valuable nonradioactive tracers and nondestructive integrators of how plants today and in the past have interacted with and responded to their abiotic and biotic environments. At the center of nearly all plant ecological research which has made use of stable isotope methods are the notions of interactions and the resources that mediate or influence them. Our review, therefore, highlights recent advances in plant ecology that have embraced these notions, particularly at different spatial and temporal scales. Specifically, we review how isotope measurements associated with the critical plant resources carbon, water, and nitrogen have helped deepen our understanding of plant-resource acquisition, plant interactions with other organisms, and the role of plants in ecosystem studies. Where possible we also introduce how stable isotope information has provided insights into plant ecological research being done in a paleontological context. Progress in our understanding of plants in natural environments has shown that the future of plant ecological research will continue to see some of its greatest advances when stable isotope methods are applied.
Wrapping Up Greenhouse Gas Emissions An Assessment of GHG Emission Reduction Related to Efficient Packaging Use: An Assessment of GHG Emission Reduction Related to Efficient Packaging Use
Authors: Hekkert Marko P. , Gielen Dolf J. , Worrell Ernst , Turkenburg Wim C.
Published: November 2002

The use of packaging materials results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through production and transport of materials and packaging and through end‐of‐life management. In this article, we investigate the potential reduction of GHGs that are related to packaging. For this purpose, we use the dynamic MATTER‐MARKAL model in which the western European energy and materials system is modeled. The results show that GHGs related to packaging can technically be reduced by up to 58% in the period 1995–2030. Current European packaging directives will result in a 10% emission reduction. Cost‐effective improved material management 1 that includes lightweighting, reusable packages, material recycling, and related strategies can contribute a 22% GHG emission reduction. An additional 13% reduction becomes cost effective when a GHG emission penalty of 100 euros per metric ton 2 (EUR/ton) is introduced (1 EUR 0.9 USD). Generally speaking, improved material management dominates the gains that can be achieved without a penalty or with low GHG emission penalties (up to 100 EUR/ton CO2 equivalent). By contrast, the reduction of emissions in materials production and waste handling dominate when high GHG penalties are applied (between 100 and 500 EUR/ton CO2 equivalent). Given the significant technical potential and the low costs, more attention should be paid to material efficiency improvement in GHG emission reduction strategies.
Does It Really Pay to Be Green? An Empirical Study of Firm Environmental and Financial Performance: An Empirical Study of Firm Environmental and Financial Performance
Authors: King Andrew A. , Lenox Michael J.
Published: November 2002

Previous empirical work suggests that firms with high environmental performance tend to be profitable, but questions persist about the nature of the relationship. Does stronger environmental performance really lead to better financial performance, or is the observed relationship the outcome of some other underlying firm attribute? Does it pay to have cleanrunning facilities or to have facilities in relatively clean industries? To explore these questions, we analyze 652 U.S. manufacturing firms over the time period 1987–1996. Although we find evidence of an association between lower pollution and higher financial valuation, we find that a firm's fixed characteristics and strategic position might cause this association. Our findings suggest that “When does it pay to be green?” may be a more important question than “Does it pay to be green?”
Survival in second primary malignancies of patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Di Martino Ercole , Sellhaus Bernd , Hausmann Ralf , Minkenberg Ralf , Lohmann Melanie , Esthofen Martin W
Published: November 2002

Second primary tumours occur frequently in patients with a history of head and neck malignancies. Delays in making an early and correct diagnosis can seriously affect the therapy management and survival.

This was a retrospective study of 120 patients with a history of head and neck cancer, presenting with a second primary tumour. Current follow-up strategies and the use of routine sonographic imaging of the head and neck regions were evaluated, and the impact that tumour chronology, the tumour site and the various treatment modalities have on the survival were assessed. Forty-two per cent of patients developed a metachronous second malignancy more than five years after diagnosis of the index tumour. The accuracy of colour-duplex sonography in detection of second primaries in the head and neck was 82.3 per cent. First and second primary tumours located in the larynx were observed to have the highest five-year survival rate. Patients who developed metachronous tumours had a five-year survival rate of 68.9 per cent for the index tumours, and a 26 per cent five-year survival rate with the occurrence of a second neoplasm. With synchronous tumours a mean survival time of 18 months and a five-year survival rate of 11.9 per cent was found (p < 0.0001). Where clinically appropriate an aggressive treatment strategy was employed and yielded the most favourable results with a five-year survival rate of 66.8 per cent and 35.9 per cent for index tumours and second primary malignancies, respectively.

Since more than 40 per cent of the metachronous second primaries in patients with a history of head and neck malignancy occur beyond the five-year follow-up period, an extended protocol with individually adjusted close monitoring of high-risk patients seems appropriate. Colour-duplex sonography is a valuable screening investigation for the early detection of second primary tumours. The treatment of a second primary is often less successful than for the same malignancy occurring primarily. The prognosis of synchronous tumours is significantly lower when compared to malignancies of a metachronous nature, despite some encouraging individual results. Only the early implementation of aggressive treatment methods for second primaries is successful in terms of survival.
Characteristics of Medical School Deans and University Hospital Directors in Japan
Authors: Watari Takashi , Gupta Ashwin , Hayashi Maika , Mizuno Kotoko , Nakano Yasuhisa , Tokuda Yasuharu , Sakaguchi Kota
Published: January 2024

This cross-sectional study investigates characteristics, including sex, postgraduate experience, and specialty, of medical school deans and university hospital directors in Japan.
Liquid Piezoelectric Materials: Linear Electromechanical Effect in Fluid Ferroelectric Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Máthé Marcell Tibor , Himel Md Sakhawat Hossain , Adaka Alex , Gleeson James T. , Sprunt Samuel , Salamon Péter , Jákli Antal
Published: January 2024

The first demonstration of converse piezoelectricity in 3D fluids is presented by measuring a linear electromechanical effect in ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals. The observed piezoelectric coupling constant below 6 kHz electric field is larger than 1 nC/N, comparable to, or better than, values for the strongest solid piezoelectric materials. Symmetry considerations indicate that the alignment of the ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal in the experimental study is not optimized, so the observed signal is likely only a fraction of the theoretically achievable signal. Understanding the electromechanical response of ferroelectric nematics will enable mechanical energy harvesting and open up a new avenue for developing fluid actuators, micro positioners, and electrically tunable optical lenses.
Insights into Targeted and Stimulus‐Responsive Nanocarriers for Brain Cancer Treatment
Authors: Abousalman‐Rezvani Zahra , Refaat Ahmed , Dehghankelishadi Pouya , Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein , Esser Lars , Voelcker Nicolas H.
Published: January 2024

Brain cancers, especially glioblastoma multiforme, are associated with poor prognosis due to the limited efficacy of current therapies. Nanomedicine has emerged as a versatile technology to treat various diseases, including cancers, and has played an indispensable role in combatting the COVID‐19 pandemic as evidenced by the role that lipid nanocarrier‐based vaccines have played. The tunability of nanocarrier physicochemical properties —including size, shape, surface chemistry, and drug release kinetics— has resulted in the development of a wide range of nanocarriers for brain cancer treatment. These nanocarriers can improve the pharmacokinetics of drugs, increase blood‐brain barrier transfer efficiency, and specifically target brain cancer cells. These unique features would potentially allow for more efficient treatment of brain cancer with fewer side effects and better therapeutic outcomes. This review provides an overview of brain cancers, current therapeutic options, and challenges to efficient brain cancer treatment. The latest advances in nanomedicine strategies are investigated with an emphasis on targeted and stimulus‐responsive nanocarriers and their potential for clinical translation.
Flexible Artificial Mechanoreceptor Based on Microwave Annealed Morphotropic Phase Boundary of HfxZr1‐xO2 Thin Film
Authors: Jung Minhyun , Kim Seungyeob , Hwang Junghyeon , Kim Hye Jin , Kim Yunjeong , Ahn Jinho , Jeon Sanghun
Published: January 2024

The development of artificial tactile receptor systems is important in the fields of prosthetic devices, interfaces for the metaverse, and sensors. A pressure sensor and memory device may be used in this system to replicate the tactile detecting capabilities of human skin. The implementation of systems that take into account mass production and miniaturization is still difficult. Here, a flexible artificial tactile receptor built using conventional semiconductor processes that combine a vertically stacked piezoelectric sensor with neuromorphic memory is presented. As a fundamental component for both sensors and memory, hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO) formed by using semiconductor deposition technique is introduced. Due to its exceptional piezoelectric performance, the morphotropic phase boundary of HZO is studied. The entire materials and processes are highly compatible with conventional semiconductor processes, including microwave annealing‐based low‐temperature crystallization. Even after 10,000 times of bending stress, the sensor and memory constructed on a flexible substrate exhibit consistent pressure detection characteristics over a wide range of 2–25 kPa. The feasibility of the approach is further demonstrated by a deep neural network simulation, which reached 90.8% braille recognition accuracy. Wearable electronics and medical devices are two examples of industrial domains that can use these flexible, exceptionally durable devices.
A High‐Efficiency Bioorthogonal Tumor‐Membrane Reactor for In Situ Selective and Sustained Prodrug Activation
Authors: Ma Yu , Zhou Yunyun , Long Jiaqin , Sun Qi , Luo Zijiang , Wang Wenjie , Hou Ting , Yin Li , Zhao Lingzhi , Peng Juanjuan , Ding Ya
Published: January 2024

The site‐specific activation of bioorthogonal prodrugs has provided great opportunities for reducing the severe side effects of chemotherapy. However, the precise control of activation location, sustained drug production at the target site, and high bioorthogonal reaction efficiency in vivo remain great challenges. Here, we propose the construction of tumor cell membrane reactors in vivo to solve the above problems. Specifically, tumor‐targeted liposomes with efficient membrane fusion capabilities are generated to install the bioorthogonal trigger, the amphiphilic tetrazine derivative, on the surface of tumor cells. These predecorated tumor cells act as many living reactors, transforming the tumor into a “drug factory” that in situ activates an externally delivered bioorthogonal prodrug, for example intratumorally injected transcyclooctene‐caged doxorubicin. In contrast to the rapid elimination of cargo that is encapsulated and delivered by liposomes, these reactors permit stable retention of bioorthogonal triggers in tumor for 96 h after a single dose of liposomes via intravenous injection, allowing sustained generation of doxorubicin. Interestingly, an additional supplement of liposomes will compensate for the trigger consumed by the reaction and significantly improve the efficiency of the local reaction. This strategy provides a solution to the efficacy versus safety dilemma of tumor chemotherapy.
Synthesis and surface modification of sunflower oil‐based non‐isocyanate polyurethane: Physicochemical and antibacterial properties
Authors: del Pilar Maya María , Torres Susana , Gartner Carmiña
Published: January 2024

In this work, non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) films are synthesized from sunflower oil (SFO) with the object of using a renewable resource and establishing a nonpolluting process. SFO also has the advantage of having a higher level of unsaturation than other commercial oils, which provides more reactive sites to be chemically modified. This feature enables a higher degree of conversion to the two monomers, cyclocarbonate, and polyamine‐polyol. NIPU is obtained from their mixture and further crosslinking at 90°C allows the films with suitable mechanical properties to be used in biomedical applications. However, NIPU does not show antibacterial activity, so the surface must be modified. Two methods are used: layer‐by‐layer coating of alginate‐chitosan, and immersion in tea tree oil (TTO), previously activating the surface with acrylic acid (AANIPU). Surface modifications are confirmed by increased hydrophilicity, thermochemical changes, and a drop in mechanical performance. TTO on NIPU films inhibits bacterial growth against S. aureus and E. Coli. NIPU and AANIPU can be accepted as noncytotoxic, while incorporation of the two agents can produce cytotoxicity. No previous reports of such modifications have been found on NIPU films, which appear as promising alternatives for biomedical applications.
Impact on casting die diameter size on microstructure and fractographic studies of Al2024 alloy reinforced with fly ash and SiC hybrid composites
Authors: Kumar Subbaraya M. , Konanur Vishwanathaiah Mahendra , Achuta Roa Bharatish , Basavanappa Manjunath , Namadev Nagaraj , Nagaral Madeva
Published: January 2024

The development of metal matrix composites is important for industrial applications that require lightweight materials with high strength, stiffness, and wear resistance. In this investigation, Al2024 alloy was reinforced with fly ash and silicon (SiC) carbide hybrid composites using the stir‐squeeze cast technique. Two sets of composites were fabricated: one with 3 wt% fly ash and 3 wt% SiC, and the other with 3 wt% fly ash, 5 wt% SiC, and 3 wt% fly ash, 7 wt% SiC The composites were prepared using 25 and 75 mm diameter dies. Microstructural characterization of the specimens was performed using scanning electron microscope, X‐ray powder diffraction, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis. Mechanical properties, such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and hardness, were determined according to American Society for Testing and Materials standards. The hybrid composites fabricated in the 25 mm diameter cast iron molds exhibited superior mechanical properties compared to those prepared in the 75 mm diameter molds. The addition of fly ash and SiC particulates enhanced the mechanical properties of the Al2024 alloy. These composites showed improved strength, toughness, and ductility.
Combatting conspiracies in the classroom: Teacher strategies and perceived outcomes
Authors: Jerome Lee , Kisby Ben , McKay Steve
Published: January 2024

This article draws on data from a specially commissioned representative survey, which elicited responses from 7691 teachers in primary and secondary schools in England, to examine how teachers perceive young people's engagement with a variety of different conspiracy theories in school settings and how they respond to them. Approximately 40% of teachers report encountering students who supported conspiracy theories. In response, teachers use a wide range of contradictory strategies, including opening up discussion, closing it down, challenging students in class and reporting individuals as safeguarding concerns. The research evidence suggests that several of these strategies are likely to be ineffective or even backfire to reinforce conspiracy thinking. Unsurprisingly then, few teachers report successful responses. The article concludes that the evidence of possible negative impacts of unprepared teachers confronting conspiracy theories at school means that teachers need to be better equipped through training, support and further research.
Harnessing tumor‐derived exosomes: A promising approach for the expansion of clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic outcome of prostate cancer
Authors: Pirouzpanah Mohammad‐Bagher , Babaie Soraya , Pourzeinali Samira , Valizadeh Hamed , Malekeh Samira , Şahin Fikrettin , Farshbaf‐Khalili Azizeh
Published: January 2024

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of men's death worldwide. Although early diagnosis and therapy for localized prostate cancer have improved, the majority of men with metastatic disease die from prostate cancer annually. Therefore, identification of the cellular‐molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of prostate cancer is essential for overcoming controlled proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that mediate most cells' interactions and contain membrane proteins, cytosolic and nuclear proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids. Exosomes play an essential role in paracrine pathways, potentially influencing Prostate cancer progression through a wide variety of mechanisms. In the present review, we outline and discuss recent progress in our understanding of the role of exosomes in the Prostate cancer microenvironment, like their involvement in prostate cancer occurrence, progression, angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and drug resistance. We also present the latest findings regarding the function of exosomes as biomarkers, direct therapeutic targets in prostate cancer, and the challenges and advantages associated with using exosomes as natural carriers and in exosome‐based immunotherapy. These findings are a promising avenue for the expansion of potential clinical approaches.
Insight gained via ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics: Protective effect of Artemisia argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot essential oil on lipopolysaccharide‐induced liver injury mice
Authors: Zhou Hui , Rong Ying , Liu Fanglin , Yu Tong , Cui Weiqi , Cao Qianwen , Liu Luyao , Qin Zhaolong , Ma Xiaoge , Zhang Nan , Tang Youcai , Xu Xia
Published: January 2024

Artemisia argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot essential oil (AAEO) has shown pharmacological effects such as anti‐inflammation, antioxidant, and anti‐tumor properties. However, the protective effect of AAEO on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced liver injury and its potential protective mechanism are still unclear. In this study, we used ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics techniques to investigate the changes in liver tissue metabolites in mice exposed to LPS with or without AAEO treatment for 14 days. The biochemical results showed that compared with the control group, AAEO significantly reduced the levels of liver functional enzymes, suggesting a significant improvement in liver injury. In addition, the 18 differential metabolites identified by metabolomics were mainly involved in the reprogramming of arachidonic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and purine metabolism. AAEO could significantly inhibit the expression of COX‐2, IDO1, and NF‐κB; enhance the body's anti‐inflammatory ability; and alleviate liver injury. In summary, our study identified the protective mechanism of AAEO on LPS‐induced liver injury at the level of small molecular metabolites, providing a potential liver protective agent for the treatment of LPS‐induced liver injury.
Exploring enablers and inhibitors of AI‐enabled drones for manufacturing process audits: A mixed‐method approach
Authors: Shankar Amit , Behl Abhishek , Pereira Vijay , Chavan Meena , Chirico Francesco
Published: January 2024

The objective of this study is to explore the enablers and inhibitors of AI‐enabled drone adoption for manufacturing process audit using a mixed‐method design. A qualitative study was performed to explore the enablers and inhibitors. Further, based on the findings of the qualitative studies, a framework was proposed, and proposed hypotheses were examined using a survey‐based study. The results indicated that function, environmental, and epistemic values are major enablers, whereas vulnerability and sunk cost barriers are major inhibitors to adoption intention. The initial trust and inertia were crucial mediators, and organizations' technological innovativeness played a crucial moderating role. This study enriches the literature on technological adoption for sustainability and helps audit service providers design strategies to enhance AI‐enabled drone adoption for process audits.
A protocol for a randomized trial evaluating the role of carbon‐ion radiation therapy plus camrelizumab for patients with locoregionally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Hu Jiyi , Huang Qingting , Hu Weixu , Gao Jing , Yang Jing , Zhang Haojiong , Lu Jiade Jay , Kong Lin
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Management of locoregionally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LR NPC) is difficult. Although carbon‐ion radiation therapy (CIRT) could substantially improve the overall survival (OS) of those patients, around 40% of the patients may still develop local failure. Further improvement of the disease control is necessary. Immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) becomes a promising antitumor treatment. The role of ICIs was proved in head and neck cancers including recurrent/metastatic NPC. Preclinical studies indicated potential synergistic effects between radiation therapy and ICIs. Therefore, we conduct a randomized phase 2 trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of camrelizumab, an anti‐PD‐1 monoclonal antibody, along with CIRT in patients with LR NPC.

Methods

Patients will be randomly assigned at 1:1 to receive either standard CIRT with 63 Gy (relatively biological effectiveness, [RBE]) in 21 fractions, or standard CIRT plus concurrent camrelizumab. Camrelizumab will be administered intravenously with a dose of 200 mg, every 2 week, for a maximum of 1 year. We estimate addition of camrelizumab will improve the 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) from 45% to 60%. A total of 146 patients (with a 5% lost to follow‐up rate) is required to yield a type I error of 0.2, and a power of 0.8.

Results and Conclusion

The results of the trial may shed insights on the combined therapy with ICIs and CIRT.
A prospective study of the relationship between illness perception, depression, anxiety, and quality of life in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients
Authors: Ames Steven C. , Lange Lori , Ames Gretchen E. , Heckman Michael G. , White Launia J. , Roy Vivek , Foran James M.
Published: January 2024

Aim

The aim of study was to investigate whether depression and anxiety symptoms and illness perception prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) predict health related quality of life (HRQOL) at Day 100 and 1 year following HSCT.

Methods

A total of 205 patients who underwent HSCT (N = 127 autologous transplants, N = 78 allogeneic transplants) were included in this prospective study. Baseline assessment was assessed prior to transplantation and post HSCT data were collected at Day 100 and 1 year. At baseline we assessed depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire‐9), anxiety symptoms (Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7), illness perception (Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire), and HRQOL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐BMT).

Results

Patients who expressed a greater level of concern about the severity, course, and ability to exert control over one's illness (i.e., illness perception) and who reported a greater level of depression and anxiety symptoms prior to HSCT reported lower HRQOL at both Day 100 and 1 year posttransplant, with a similar degree of association observed at the two follow‐up time points.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that pretransplant perceptions about their illness and negative mood are significant predictors of HRQOL following HSCT. Illness perception, depression, and anxiety are potentially modifiable risk factors for less than optimal outcome after HCSCT and intervention strategies should be explored.
Comprehensive Review on Herbal Medicine: Emphasis on Current Therapy and Role of Phytoconstituents for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Sharma Alok Nath , Dewangan Hitesh Kumar , Upadhyay Prabhat Kumar
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Cancer poses a significant public health challenge in both developed and developing nations, with a rising global incidence of patients facing the threat of death due to abnormal cell proliferation. Aim: Review explores the utilization of different parts of herbal medicinal plants and their active pharmaceutical constituents in the prevention and treatment of various types of cancer. Methodology: Various anticancer medicinal plants have been identified, demonstrating their therapeutic effects by inhibiting cancer‐stimulating enzymes and hormones, activating DNA repair processes, boosting the synthesis of protective stimulants, reducing the formation of free radicals, and enhancing individual immunity. Data for this study were gathered from diverse online bibliographic and databases, including Google, Google Scholar, Mendeley, Springer Link, Research Gate, and PubMed. Result: Herbal drugs have a huge contribution to the inhibition of the progression of cancer.A large volume of clinical studies has reported the beneficial effects of herbal medicines on the survival, immune modulation, and quality of life (QOL) of cancer patients, when these herbal medicines are used in combination with conventional therapeutics. Conclusion: The latest medicines for the clinical purpose (Above 50 %) are derived from herbal products. Furthermore, combination of these herbs with nanotechnology shows promise in treating specific carcinomas.
Flavonol Derivatives Containing a Quinazolinone Moiety: Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral Activity
Authors: Gong Chenyu , Meng Kaini , Sun Zhiling , Zeng Wei , An Youshan , Zou Hongqian , Qiu Yujiao , Liu Da , Xue Wei
Published: January 2024

A series of flavonol derivatives containing quinazolinone were designed and synthesized, and their antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were evaluated. The results of the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) test against TMV showed that the EC50 value of curative activity of K5 was 139.6 μg/mL, which was better than that of the commercial drug ningnanmycin (NNM) 296.0 μg/mL, and the EC50 value of protective activity of K5 was 120.6 μg/mL, which was superior to that of NNM 207.0 μg/mL. The interaction of K5 with TMV coat protein (TMV‐CP) was investigated using microscale thermophoresis (MST) and molecular docking and the results showed that K5 can combine with TMV‐CP more strongly to TMV‐CP than that NNM can. Furthermore, the assay measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) content indicated that K5 had the ability to improve the disease resistance of tobacco. Hence, this study offers strong evidence that flavonol derivatives have potential as novel antiviral agents.
Illuminating the Path to Enhanced Bioimaging by Phosphole‐based Fluorophores
Authors: Schenk Mareike , König Nils , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G.
Published: January 2024

As the research of biological systems becomes increasingly complex, there is a growing demand for fluorophores with a diverse range of wavelengths. In this study, we introduce phosphole‐based fluorophores that surpass existing options like dansyl chloride. The reactive S−Cl bond in chlorosulfonylimino‐5‐phenylphosphole derivatives allows rapid and direct coupling to peptides making the fluorophores easily introducible to peptides. This coupling process occurs under mild conditions, demonstrated for [F7,P34]‐NPY and its shorter analogues. Peptides linked with our fluorophores exhibit similar receptor activation to the control peptide, while maintaining high stability and low toxicity, making them ideal biolabeling reagents. In fluorescence microscopy experiments, they can be easily visualized even at low concentrations, without suffering from the typical issue of bleaching. These phosphole‐based fluorophores represent a significant leap forward in the field. Their versatility, ease of modification, superior performance, and applicability in biological labeling make them a promising choice for researchers seeking advanced tools to unravel the details of complex biological systems.
A Look into the Boil‐Off Gas Reliquefaction in Propane Storage Plants
Authors: Panjehshahin Ahmad , Moradparsaei Mohammad , Bastan Farzad , Mohebi Somayeh , Dalvand Mohammadhossein
Published: January 2024

The reliquefaction process of boil‐off gas (BOG) in a propane plant using the reverse Brayton cooling cycle was examined by simulating the operational parameters and system performance of a propane reliquefaction plant in Aspen HYSYS software. The simulation considered various process and design parameters and their effects on the BOG production rate, energy consumption demand, and coefficient of performance (COP) of the cycle. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of methane in the propane product has a considerable impact on the generation of BOG, but this comes at a cost because power consumption increases significantly and the cycle's COP decreases. Furthermore, heat transmission from the surrounding air through the tank insulation and the temperature at which propane is returned from the jetty influence the BOG generation.
Mechanical ventilation core outcome set uptake in Cochrane systematic reviews: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Garegnani Luis , Ivaldi Diego , Burgos Mariana , Oltra Gisela , Escobar Liquitay Camila M.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

The Cochrane Handbook acknowledges core outcome sets' (COS) relevance in defining review questions and planning systematic reviews. We aimed to assess the uptake of the mechanical ventilation (MV) COS in Cochrane systematic reviews of interventions.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study. We included Cochrane systematic reviews and protocols of Cochrane systematic reviews of any intervention related to mechanically ventilated patients through a search in the Cochrane database of systematic reviews. We did not apply restrictions based on age or setting. One reviewer assessed the studies for eligibility and extracted data. Both processes were validated by a second author.

Results

We identified 233 reviews and protocols through our search strategy. We finally included 36 records. Thirty‐four (94.44%) were Cochrane reviews and two (5.56%) were protocols. The included Cochrane reviews and protocols assessed a median of 13 (interquartile range [IQR]: 9–17) outcomes, with 35 (97.22%) reviews reporting at least one outcome from the MV COS. The median number of outcomes from the MV COS reported in the Cochrane reviews and protocols was 2.5 (IQR: 2–3). Only one (2.78%) study reported all the outcomes from the MV COS. None of the included Cochrane reviews and protocols cited the MV COS publication.

Conclusion

Completed Cochrane systematic reviews and protocols of Cochrane systematic reviews of interventions related to mechanically ventilated patients have an overall limited uptake of the MV COS so far. Mortality and duration of stay were the most reported outcomes, while extubation and reintubation were the least informed. These findings may serve as a starting point for the Cochrane Critical Care community to develop dissemination strategies for improving the MV COS uptake.
CBe2H5−: Unprecedented 2σ/2π Double Aromaticity and Dynamic Structural Fluxionality in a Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Cluster
Authors: Jin Bo , Yan Miao , Feng Lin‐Yan , Miao Chang‐Qing , Wang Ying‐Jin
Published: January 2024

A 14‐electron ternary anionic CBe2H5− cluster containing a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) atom is designed herein. Remarkably, it can be stabilized by only two beryllium atoms with both π‐acceptor/σ‐donor properties and two hydrogen atoms, which means that the conversion from planar methane (transition state) to ptC species (global minimum) requires the substitution of only two hydrogen atoms. Moreover, two ligand H atoms exhibit alternate rotation, giving rise to interesting dynamic fluxionality in this cluster. The electronic structure analysis reveals the flexible bonding positions of ligand H atoms due to C−H localized bonds, highlighting the rotational fluxionality in the cluster, and two CBe2 3c–2e delocalized bonds endow its rare 2σ/2π double aromaticity. Unprecedentedly, the fluxional process exhibits a conversion in the type of bonding (σ bond↔π bond), which is an uncommon fluxional mechanism. The cluster can be seen as an attempt to apply planar hypercoordinate carbon species to molecular motors.
Large‐Scale Production and Integrated Application of Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Xie Yanting , Zhang Haitao , Hu Haitao , He Zhengyou
Published: January 2024

Micro‐supercapacitors, emerging as promising micro‐energy storage devices, have attracted significant attention due to their unique features. This comprehensive review focuses on two key aspects: the scalable fabrication of MSCs and their diverse applications. The review begins by elucidating the energy storage mechanisms and guiding principles for designing high‐performance devices. It subsequently explores recent advancements in scalable fabrication techniques for electrode materials and micro‐nano fabrication technologies for micro‐devices. The discussion encompasses critical application domains, including multifunctional MSCs, energy storage integration, integrated power generation, and integrated applications. Despite notable progress, there are still some challenges such as large‐scale production of electrode material, well‐controlled fabrication technology, and scalable integrated manufacture. The summary concludes by emphasizing the need for future research to enhance micro‐supercapacitor performance, reduce production costs, achieve large‐scale production, and explore synergies with other energy storage technologies. This collective effort aims to propel MSCs from laboratory innovation to market viability, providing robust energy storage solutions for MEMS and portable electronics.
Probing the in‐plane dipole moment vector between ground and excited state of single molecules by the Stark effect
Authors: Smit Robert , Ristanović Zoran , Deperasińska Irena , Kozankiewicz Bolesław , Orrit Michel
Published: January 2024

Single molecules, embedded inside a well‐defined insertion site of a single‐crystalline host matrix, are sensitive probes of electric field via the induced Stark shift on their lifetime‐limited electronic transition. Though the response of molecules to electric field has been shown to be relatively homogeneous, crystal symmetry allows for several, spectroscopically‐indistinguishable, orientations of the net permanent dipole moment between the ground and excited state – the dipole vector – and this is problematic for measuring field orientation and magnitude. In this work, we measure for each terrylene molecule, embedded inside a new host matrix, the dipole vector independently by an electric field that we can rotate in the plane of the crystal. This single crystal host matrix, called [1]BenzoThieno[3,2‐b]BenzoThiophene, induces a moderate symmetry breaking of the embedded centrosymmetric terrylene molecule, and gives rise to a net dipole moment of 0.28±0.09 Debye. Based on quantum chemistry calculations we propose an insertion site that best matches the experimental findings.
A model predictive fault‐tolerant control strategy for non‐redundant T‐inverters with multiphysics‐circuit coupling loss analysis
Authors: Dou Zhifeng , Tian Ye , Zhang Changai , Gao Haorui , Lu Falong
Published: January 2024

This paper presents a multiobjective optimal power prediction fault‐tolerant control (MO2PPC) approach for mitigating DC link neutral‐point voltage imbalance and current ripple problems in three‐level T‐type inverter (3LT2I). Additionally, an auxiliary thyristor is employed to isolate and reconstruct the faulty phase into an 8ST2I for ensuring uninterrupted operation during phase failure. A method called injected bias current‐MO2PPC (IBC‐MO2PPC) fault‐tolerant strategy is proposed for this structure. This approach eliminates the need for DC or AC current sensors to reconstruct the three‐phase current, thereby reducing neutral‐point oscillation caused by phase deficiency and ensuring full power output after failure. Additionally, nonfaulty phase power loss is compared and analyzed to verify the stability of this method following a phase fault. The internal losses and temperature distribution of an IGBT module in a bridge arm before and after a fault are verified through a multiphysics‐circuit model in COMSOL‐Simulink coupling simulation presented last. The model shows reduced conduction losses and overall lower temperature distribution in the IGBT module after fault reconstruction. Experiments and multiphysics simulations have demonstrated that this approach displays exceptional robustness and sustainability throughout the entire fault cycle.
Trajectory of multimorbidity before dementia: A 24‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Guo Jing , Gao Bin , Huang Yun , Song Suhang
Published: January 2024

INTRODUCTION

Although the multimorbidity–dementia association has been widely addressed, little is known on the long‐term trajectory of multimorbidity (TOM) in preclinical dementia.

METHODS

Based on the Health and Retirement Study, burden of multimorbidity was quantified with the total number of eight long‐term conditions (LTC). Patterns of TOM before dementia diagnosis were investigated with mixed‐effects models.

RESULTS

In 1752 dementia cases and 5256 matched controls, cases showed higher and faster increasing predicted number of LTC than controls, with a significant case–control difference from 20 years prior to dementia diagnosis. Larger increases in number of LTC during preclinical phase of dementia were found in White participants, females, those whose age at dementia onset was younger, and those who were less educated.

DISCUSSION

Our findings emphasize the faster accumulation of multimorbidity in prodromal dementia than in natural aging, as well as effect modifications by age and sex.

Highlights

TOM increased faster in prodromal dementia than in natural ageing.

Patterns of TOM by dementia status diverged at 20 years before dementia diagnosis.

Patterns of TOM were modified by age and sex.
Long‐term outcomes and reverse remodelling in recently diagnosed unexplained left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Authors: Kuchynka Petr , Podzimkova Jana , Marek Josef , Danek Barbara Anna , Vitkova Ivana , Kreidlova Miluse , Roblova Lenka , Kovarnik Tomas , Simek Stanislav , Horak Jan , Habasko Jan , Linhart Ales , Palecek Tomas
Published: January 2024

Aims

In patients with recently diagnosed non‐ischaemic LV systolic dysfunction, left ventricular reverse remodelling (LVRR) and favourable prognosis has been documented in studies with short‐term follow‐up. The aim of our study was to assess the long‐term clinical course and stability of LVRR in these patients.

Methods and results

We prospectively studied 133 patients (37 women; 55 [interquartile range 46, 61] years) with recently diagnosed unexplained LV systolic dysfunction, with heart failure symptoms lasting <6 months and LV ejection fraction <40% persisting after at least 1 week of therapy. All patients underwent endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) at the time of diagnosis and serial echocardiographic and clinical follow‐up over 5 years. LVRR was defined as the combined presence of (1) LVEF ≥ 50% or increase in LVEF ≥ 10% points and (2) decrease in LV end‐diastolic diameter index (LVEDDi) ≥ 10% or (3) LVEDDi ≤ 33 mm/m2. LVRR was observed in 46% patients at 1 year, in 60% at 2 years and 50% at 5 years. Additionally, 2% of patients underwent heart transplantation and 12% experienced heart failure hospitalization. During 5‐year follow‐up, 23 (17%) of the study cohort died. In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of mortality were baseline right atrial size (OR 1.097, CI 1.007–1.196), logBNP level (OR 2.02, CI 1.14–3.56), and PR interval (OR 1.02, CI 1.006–1.035) (P < 0.05 for all). The number of macrophages on EMB was associated with overall survival in univariate analysis only. LVRR at 1 year of follow‐up was associated with a lower rate of mortality and heart failure hospitalization (P = 0.025). In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of LVRR were left ventricular end‐diastolic volume index (OR 0.97, CI 0.946–0.988), LVEF (OR 0.89, CI 0.83–0.96), and diastolic blood pressure (OR 1.04, CI 1.01–1.08) (P < 0.05 for all).

Conclusions

LVRR occurs in over half of patients with recent onset unexplained LV systolic dysfunction during first 2 years of optimally guided heart failure therapy and then remains relatively stable during 5‐year follow‐up. Normalization of adverse LV remodelling corresponds to a low rate of mortality and heart failure hospitalizations during long‐term follow‐up.
Prevalence of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy in pacemaker patients
Authors: Aaseth Eirik , Christiansen Jon R.
Published: January 2024

Aims

Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR‐CM) is characterized by increased wall thickness, diastolic dysfunction and progressive heart failure symptoms. The disease may infiltrate the conduction system leading to conduction disturbances requiring an implantation of permanent cardiac pacemaker (PM), but the extent is unknown. Here, we report the prevalence of ATTR‐CM in patients ≥65 years with PM.

Methods and results

In this prospective, cross‐sectional single‐centre study patients were recruited from our out‐patient pacemaker clinic. Eligibility criteria were age above 65 years, permanent cardiac pacemaker and competent to give informed consent. Patients underwent echocardiography at the pacemaker visit and were referred to 99mTc‐DPD‐scintigraphy (DPD) and blood samples if septum thickness was ≥12 mm, defined as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Fifty eight of the 128 patients had LVH on echocardiography. Eleven patients had a DPD‐scintigraphy based diagnosis of ATTR‐CM, which represent 19% of patients with LVH and 9% of the total cohort. Patients diagnosed with ATTR‐CM had higher concentrations of cardiac biomarkers (P < 0.001), higher E/E′ (P = 0.001), and lower global longitudinal strain (P = 0.003) on echocardiography and more heart failure symptoms (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

The prevalence of ATTR‐CM in elderly patients with PM and LVH on echocardiography was 19%.