bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fall
Authors: Image Isabella
Published: August 2017

This chapter presents Hilary’s understanding of the Fall. Hilary uses the ‘historical’ Genesis narrative and apparently rejects Origen’s teaching of the Fall of souls into bodies. His most interesting discussion of the Fall (InMt 10.23–4) sees the scriptural narrative as an allegory for the components of the human person. At the Fall, the human is changed and now comprises body, soul, will, disobedience (infidelitas), and sin; however, Christ’s coming gives the body and soul dominance over the other three elements. This intriguing analogy demonstrates that for Hilary the first sin, disobedience, is also its own punishment (an idea later found in Augustine). The importance of infidelitas in Hilary’s works is demonstrated, as is the role of the will at the Fall.
Introduction
Authors: Fitter Chris
Published: August 2017

Introducing the relatively recent discovery by the ‘new social history’ of an intelligent and sceptical Tudor popular politics, incorporated into the functioning of the state only precariously and provisionally, often insurgent in the sixteenth century, and wooed by discontented elites inadvertently creating a nascent public sphere, this chapter discusses the varied types and fortunes of plebeian resistance. It also surveys the leading ideas of the new historiography, and suggests the need to rethink the politics of Shakespeare’s plays in the light of their exuberant or embittered penetration by plebeian perspectives. Finally, it examines Measure for Measure in the light of its resistance to the polarizing, anti-populist climate of the late Elizabethan ‘reformation of manners’.
Visionary Spenser and the Poetics of Early Modern Platonism
Authors: Borris Kenneth
Published: August 2017

This book defines Platonism’s roles in early modern theories of literature, then turns to reappraise the Platonizing major poet Edmund Spenser. Platonic concerns and conceptions profoundly affected early modern English and continental poetics, yet the effects have had little attention. Literary Platonism energized pursuits of the sublime, and knowledge of this approach to poetry yields cogent new understandings of Spenser’s poetics, his major texts, his poetic vocation, and his cultural influence. By combining Christian resources with doctrines of Platonic poetics such as the poet’s and lover’s inspirational furies, the revelatory significance of beauty, and the importance of imitating exalted ideals rather than the world, he sought to attain a visionary sublimity that would ensure his enduring national significance, and he thereby became a seminal figure in the English literary “line of vision” including Milton and Blake among others. Although readings of Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender typically bypass Plato’s Phaedrus, this text deeply informs the Calender’s treatments of beauty, inspiration, poetry’s psychagogic power, and its national responsibilities. In The Faerie Queene, both heroism and visionary poetics arise from the stimuli of love and beauty conceived Platonically, and idealized mimesis produces its faeryland. Faery’s queen, projected from Elizabeth I as in Platonic idealization of the beloved, not only pertains to temporal governance but also points toward the transcendental Ideas and divinity. Whereas Plato’s Republic valorizes philosophy for bringing enlightenment to counter society’s illusions, Spenser champions the learned and enraptured poetic imagination, and proceeds as such a philosopher-poet.
Platonism in Early Modern Poetics and Spenser’s Poesis
Authors: Borris Kenneth
Published: August 2017

Outlining Platonism’s roles in early modern poetics and literary quests for the sublime, this chapter surveys relevant Italian, French, and English primary sources, whether Latin or vernacular. It distinguishes antipoetic usages of Platonism from “literary Platonism” (Platonizing approaches favorable to imaginative fiction, and their expression in the theory and practice of poetics). To define the latter, three main alternatives are compared: Horatian and Aristotelian poetics, and condemnation of poetry. Six sections address central themes of Platonizing literary advocacy: the true poet’s furor, worthy poetry’s uplifting beauty, its “cosmopoesis” or representation of the cosmos, its legitimacy because of its benefits to readers and communities, its powers of revealing truth through idealized mimesis, and its characteristic allegorism. Each section concludes by examining the Elizabethan literary context accordingly. Knowledge of Renaissance literary Platonism profoundly changes our understanding of the period’s poetics and major fictions, their cultural context, and their reception.
Gloriana’s “True Glorious Type”
Authors: Borris Kenneth
Published: August 2017

Despite the centrality of Spenser’s faery queen for his Faerie Queene and its Platonically idealized mode of mimesis, most studies do not define her symbolic scope or address her transcendental implications, though the poem explicitly evokes them. Elizabeth I was typically represented as God’s image and proxy, and Spenser extrapolates Gloriana from her through Platonic idealization of the beloved (I.pr.4). Just as Gloriana never directly appears in the action and Arthur cannot find her despite his continuing searches, so she is definitively beyond representation. Her role reflects divinity’s paradoxical immanence yet transcendence in Platonic and Judeo-Christian traditions: to some extent mediated, rather as Gloriana’s agents somewhat express her nature; yet still beyond apprehension. Spenser’s engagement with these issues of theology and representation approximates Florentine Platonism’s serio-ludic “poetic theology” involving paradox, wordplay, and riddling fables. By creating this deliberately inconclusive fiction, he audaciously rejected the prevailing requirements of literary narrative so as to adumbrate sublimities beyond the ordinary scope of language.
Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds
Authors: Machery Edouard
Published: August 2017

In Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds, Edouard Machery argues that resolving many traditional and contemporary philosophical issues is beyond our epistemic reach and that philosophy should reorient itself toward more humble, but ultimately more important intellectual endeavors. Attempts to resolve such issues are modally immodest: Any resolution would require an epistemic access to metaphysical possibilities and necessities, which, Edouard Machery argues, we do not have. In effect, then, Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds defends a form of modal skepticism. The book assesses the main philosophical method for acquiring the modal knowledge that the resolution of modally immodest philosophical issues turns on: the method of cases, that is, the consideration of actual or hypothetical situations (which cases or thought experiments describe) in order to determine what facts hold in these situations. Canvassing the extensive work done by experimental philosophers over the last fifteen years, Edouard Machery shows that the method of cases is unreliable and should be rejected. Importantly, the dismissal of modally immodest philosophical issues is no cause for despair: Many important philosophical issues remain within our epistemic reach. In particular, reorienting the course of philosophy would free time and resources for bringing back to prominence a once-central intellectual endeavor: conceptual analysis.
The Method of Cases
Authors: Machery Edouard
Published: August 2017

Many areas of philosophy rely on the method of cases: Philosophers consider actual or hypothetical situations (which cases or thought experiments describe) in order to determine what facts hold in these situations and to bring them to bear on philosophical controversies. Surprisingly, however, the characterization of the method of cases is controversial. Chapter 1 defends a particular characterization of the method of cases and identifies some of the roles it plays in contemporary philosophy. Alternative characterizations, which appeal to notions such as metaphysical or epistemological analyticity, conceptual competence, or intuition, are rejected. Only a minimalist characterization, according to which cases elicit everyday judgments, is philosophically adequate—it does not rely on empty notions or on notions useless to characterize the method of cases—and descriptively adequate—it captures how philosophers really use cases.
Constrained Credit
Authors: Homburg Stefan
Published: August 2017

Chapter 4 considers economies with borrowing constraints. This assumption is motivated by the observation that monetary expansions after the Great Recession did not entail inflation in the expected manner. At the same time, nominal and real interest rates tended to decline in many advanced economies. The text offers an in-depth analysis of credit crunches, liquidity traps, and interest rates at the zero lower bound and demonstrates that borrowing constraints help reconcile theory and evidence. According to the key insight, a binding borrowing constraint detaches money creation from credit creation. In this case, inflation ceases to be a monetary phenomenon, as in standard models, but becomes a credit phenomenon. This finding explains why expansionary monetary policies failed to produce inflation since the Great Recession.
Commercial Banks
Authors: Homburg Stefan
Published: August 2017

Chapter 7 introduces commercial banks as creators of money and integrates them into the general equilibrium framework. The motivation to deviate from the standard approach that neglects commercial banks and entrusts all money creation to a central bank is twofold. First, apart from currency, central banks do not provide money directly but rather supply reserves that enable banks to create deposits. After the Great Recession, this transmission process staggered: increases in reserves outpaced increases in deposits. Any analysis of the monetary expansions starting in 2008 would remain incomplete and unsatisfactory unless it took account of this fact. Second, central banks normally control an overnight interbank interest rate that differs from the market interest rate on bonds. Considering an interbank market and its relationship with the bond market makes it possible to derive a term structure of interest rates. This is important because inverse term structures are good predictors for recessions.
Merchants of Labor
Authors: Martin Philip
Published: August 2017

Merchants of labor are the intermediary recruiters between workers in one country and employers in another. They have a checkered history, often associated with trickery or coercion to fill undesirable jobs, from finding soldiers in ancient Rome and sailors in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to moving low-skilled workers over borders today. Moving workers over borders is a big business, generating at least $10 billion a year from 10 million workers each paying $1,000 to work abroad. UN agencies such as the International Labor Organization want employers to pay all of the costs of the workers they recruit, and the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 call on governments to cooperate to reduce worker-paid migration costs. Governments try to reduce worker-paid migration costs by setting maximum fees that recruiters can charge and punishing violators. However, there are not enough complaints and inspectors to detect overcharging, which can be a victimless crime if workers get what they want, a job abroad that pays higher wages. Merchants of Labor explores the potential of government incentives to encourage recruiters to better protect migrant workers during their recruitment and deployment. Faster processing, exemptions from taxes and subsidies, and awards could be carrots to reduce worker-paid costs rather than rely exclusively on the stick of enforcement.
How to Build a Theory
Authors: Alexandrova Anna
Published: August 2017

Child well-being is one of the most researched and measured outcomes today. Much of this work proceeds in the absence of explicit theory and wrongly so. This chapter illustrates the process of building a mid-level theory for the case of children. Such a theory cannot be simply derived from the available high theories, be it hedonism, subjectivism, or objective list. Instead it should be built up using the best suited version of objective list theory (developmentalism), plus also an account of the nature of childhood, all the while respecting the constraints of scientific practice. On the view defended child well-being consists in, first, future-directed and environmentally suited development of capacities of the child (a process known as well-becoming) and, second, in present engagement with the world in child-appropriate ways.
On the British Reception of Ken Russell’s Mahler
Authors: Papanikolaou Eftychia
Published: August 2017

Ken Russell’s Mahler (1974) constitutes aesthetically and historically one of the most idiosyncratic and rewarding composer biopics. With a train as locus of the diegesis, the narrative provides overlapping flashbacks interspersed with fantasy and dream sequences. The viewer must put together Mahler’s life as if in a temporal puzzle, in a non-teleological fashion that contrasts with the linear progression of time implied by the train’s journey. Despite historical inconsistencies and extravagant presentation, the film offers commentary on a composer still being discovered. Its visual and aural synchronisations between Mahler’s memories and his music re-construct and manipulate Mahler’s—and also the audiences’—memories, and comment on the reception of Mahler’s life and music at that particular point in time, thus perpetuating existing images and ideologies. Rather than a study in myth-making, making encapsulates and appropriates the reception of the Mahler myth.
The Particularity of the Moment
Authors: Johnson Julian
Published: August 2017

Mahler’s symphonies are marked by sudden intrusions, moments of self-awareness that imply reflection upon the symphonic discourse which they interrupt. This is not only a matter of musical form and material process, but also a matter of temporality—of the subjective construction and experience of time. The focus of this essay is Mahler’s inheritance of the defining and constitutive tension of Beethoven’s music—between the claims of the particular and the logic of the whole—and the manner in which his symphonic music stages a kind of terminal exacerbation of this tension within the Austro-German symphony. In this, Mahler’s music continues to differentiate itself from that of Schoenberg for which it has so often been heard as a precursor. Among the Schoenberg circle perhaps only Berg fully grasped this aspect of Mahler’s music, a deep-seated similarity which accounts for the fact that neither composer sits easily in the prevalent taxonomies of modernism.
Planting the Seed
Authors: Alarie Benjamin , Green Andrew J.
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines one of the most central issues: the appointment process. Appointment processes vary considerably across countries—from very open, political procedures to secretive, closed processes—and even self-selection by judges. The discussion includes appointment by the executive and processes that combine the judicial, executive, and/or legislative branches, such as occurs with “advice and consent” in the United States. It questions whether there is a connection between the appointments process and decision-making, whether political processes lead to political judges, whether judges are dispersed, whether appointers replicate themselves, and whether a balanced process leads to cooperative judges. This chapter reveals that there is some broad correlation between these design elements and whether judges on a court are polarized, are consistent in their decisions across areas of law, and tend to dissent in appeals.
The Influence of the Parties on Judges
Authors: Alarie Benjamin , Green Andrew J.
Published: August 2017

High courts differ in the processes for choosing who sits on the court, the size and composition of panels, and the cases the court hears. Once the case is before the court, a judge may also be influenced by the parties that appear in the appeal. This chapter examines this influence. The government, for example, tends to be more successful in many cases than other parties. This success may be due, for example, to the government having more resources than other parties or being a repeat player in front of the court. Further, judges seem to at least be modestly influenced by interveners, who are not actually the parties to the appeal but seek to provide additional information. Judges appear to consider the information provided by the interveners in some contexts, though the presence of interveners also appears connected to an increase in the probability of a judge dissenting.
Marcel Sembat and the Daily Life of Socialism
Authors: Wright Julian
Published: August 2017

The concepts of ‘experience’ and ‘enthusiasm’ were set out by Marcel Sembat as ways of focusing intensely on the present and the nature of socialist party activity. Sembat had been close to the ‘Blanquist’ wing of the French socialist movement, with its emphasis on revolutionary rupture. But his wide reading and interest in psychology, sociology, and physiology led him to seek a present-minded focus for his socialist militancy, through his work in the eighteenth arrondissement and his long reflections in his private diary. His passionate enthusiasm for the life of the socialist party was also a visceral, daily experience of engagement, and the divides that shook the party in the First World War and with the split at the Congress of Tours in 1920 gravely affected him. This chapter assesses the present in the thought of an intellectual who was at the heart of Jaurès’ socialist party.
The Photomultiplier Handbook
Authors: Wright A. G.
Published: August 2017

This handbook is aimed at helping users of PMTs who are faced with the challenge of designing sensitive light detectors for scientific and industrial purposes. The raison d’être for photomultipliers (PMTs) stems from four intrinsic attributes: large detection area, high, and noiseless gain, and wide bandwidth. Detection involves a conversion process from photons to photoelectrons at the photocathode. Photoelectrons are subsequently collected and increased in number by the action of an incorporated electron multiplier. Photon detection, charge multiplication, and many PMT applications are statistical in nature. For this reason appropriate statistical treatments are provided and derived from first principles. PMTs are characterized by a range of photocathodes offering detection over UV to infra-red wavelengths, the sensitivities of which can be calibrated by National Laboratories. The optical interface between light sources and PMTs, particularly for diffuse or uncollimated light, is sparsely covered in the scientific literature. The theory of light guides, Winston cones, and other light concentrators points to means for optimizing light collection subject to the constraints of Liouville’s theorem (étandue). Certain PMTs can detect single photons but are restricted by the limitations of unwanted background ranging in magnitude from a fraction of a photoelectron equivalent to hundreds of photoelectrons. These sources, together with their correlated nature, are examined in detail. Photomultiplier biasing requires a voltage divider comprising a series of resistors or active components, such as FETs. Correct biasing provides the key to linear operation and so considerable attention is given to the treatment of this topic. Electronic circuits and modules that perform the functions of charge to voltage conversion, pulse shaping, and impedance matching are analysed in detail.
Why photomultipliers?
Authors: Wright A. G.
Published: August 2017

Photon detectors transform information, carried by light, to an electrical analogue. Signals contain information on the time of occurrence and the intensity in terms of the number of photons involved. Photon rates may be constant with time, slowly varying, or transient in the form of pulses. The time response is specified in terms of some property of the pulse shape, such as its rise time, or it may be expressed in terms of bandwidth. Light detector applications fall into two categories: imaging and non-imaging; however, only the latter are considered. Detectors can be further divided into vacuum and solid state devices. Vacuum devices include photomultipliers (PMTs), microchannel plate PMTs (MCPPMTs), and hybrid devices in which a silicon device replaces the discrete dynode multiplier. PIN diodes, avalanche photodiodes (APDs), pixelated silicon PMTs (SiPMs), and charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are examples of solid state light detectors.
Photocathodes
Authors: Wright A. G.
Published: August 2017

Optical properties of photocathodes and their characterization in terms of absorptance, transparency, and reflectance in mixed dielectric media are presented. Photometric units and international standards are based on a specified white light source. The electromagnetic spectrum covers about a decade in wavelength and there is a relationship between photon energy and wavelength. Spectral responsivity can be specified in milliamps per watt or as quantum efficiency, η‎(λ‎), in terms of photoelectrons per incident photon. Empirical specifications, based on filtered light from a standard white light source give a measure of the photocathode response to blue, red, and infrared light. Bialkali photocathodes laid on a conducting substrate can operate at ultra-low temperatures approaching absolute zero, while others can survive operation at 200 °C. End window and side window photomultipliers are available in a range of diameters and photocathode types.
The optical interface to PMTs
Authors: Wright A. G.
Published: August 2017

The optical interface between a light source and a detector is important. In most practical realizations the aim should be to collect the maximum light possible. Lens systems seldom do this efficiently, especially where the light source is diffuse. Underlying any attempt at concentrating or guiding light is subject to a fundamental limitation referred to as étendue (phase space cannot be squeezed). Light collection from small volume scintillators of high refractive index may approach 50 %, while collection from large-area scintillators is typically less than a few per cent. Incorporation of wavelength-shifting light guides and fibres leads to enhanced performance. Efficiency measurements by the author in terms of photoelectrons per keV are presented for selected configurations. Optical recycling derived from total internal reflection provides enhancement in effective quantum efficiency by a factor of up to 10. Concepts such as escape cones, adiabatic light guides, and trapped light are covered in detail.
Coalitional Clash, Export Mobilization, and Executive Agency
Authors: Shadlen Kenneth C.
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyzes over-compliance in Brazil’s introduction of pharmaceutical patents in the 1990s. Extensive legislative deliberation and societal mobilization delayed and diluted this outcome, but could not prevent it. Brazil’s national pharmaceutical sector was able to tap into a network of social movements around the environmental and ethical dimensions of patenting to resist over-compliance. Yet, ultimately, the Executive secured over-compliance by using the country’s vulnerability to trade sanctions to mobilize exporters in support of this campaign. Comparative perspective reveals the conditional importance of external pressures and Executive preferences. Like Argentina, Brazil was subject to threats of trade sanctions and considerable intervention by the United States, and by mid-1990s both countries had Presidents that were committed to satisfying these external demands. What sets Brazil apart, however, was a different social structure that allowed the Executive and its societal allies to use these external pressures to build a broad coalition for over-compliance.
Patent Policy in the Shadows of Over-Compliance
Authors: Shadlen Kenneth C.
Published: August 2017

Brazil altered course in the second period of patent politics, as successive governments introduced revisions to the new patent system to address the consequences of over-compliance in the 1990s. This chapter examines the complementary steps taken to revise how the patent regime functions, including reforms to the compulsory licensing provisions and a new system for examining pharmaceutical patent applications, along with innovation–industrial policy measures to help local firms acquire new production capabilities and adjust to the new status quo of pharmaceutical patents. The chapter examines the political economy of both dimensions of Brazil’s “neo-developmental” response. The analysis shows how these two dimensions of policy have created distinct and rival sets of interests regarding the role of pharmaceutical patents in development, and how these conflicting interests create challenges for a government intent on balancing the dual objectives.
IP Rights in International Environmental Law
Authors: Grosse Ruse-Khan Henning
Published: August 2017

This chapter focusses on the two core aspects of the relationship between intellectual property (IP) rights and international environmental law. This interface is embodied in two related, but discernible rule systems. On the one hand, natural and biological resources are increasingly serving as important input or source for innovative human activities, often leading to IP rights granted over the resulting technology. On the other, whenever IP rights are granted over technologies or plant varieties that involve genetic resources, conflicts between the property rights of an individual IP holder and those who claim ownership (such as a state) over the biological resources may arise. The main international treaties applicable here are the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (NP).
What is Rhetoric?
Authors: Meyer Michel
Published: August 2017

What Is Rhetoric? offers a new synthesis of the principles and functioning of rhetoric. In everyday life, questions are often debated or simply discussed. Rhetoric is the way we answer questions in an interpersonal context, in which we want to have an effect on our interlocutors. These interlocutors can be convinced or charmed, persuaded or influenced, and the language used can range from reasoning to the use of narratives, whether literary or not. This book purports to be a breakthrough in the field by offering a systematic and unified view of rhetoric. It combines the social aspects of negotiation and interpersonal distance with the theory of emotions. All principal authors from Plato and Aristotle to contemporary theorists are integrated in what is here called the “problematological” conception of rhetoric, based on the primacy of questioning and answering in language and thought.
Rhetoric and argumentation: the unity of the field
Authors: Meyer Michel
Published: August 2017

Rhetoric has always been torn between the rhetoric of figures and the rhetoric of conflicts or arguments, as if rhetoric were exclusively one or the other. This is a false dilemma. Both types of rhetoric hinge on the same structure. A common formula is provided in Chapter 3 which unifies rhetoric stricto sensu and rhetoric as argumentation as two distinct but related strategies adopted according to the level of problematicity of the questions at stake, thereby giving unity to the field called “Rhetoric.” Highly problematic questions require arguments to justify their answers; non-divisive ones can be treated rhetorically through their answers as if they were self-evident. Another classic problem is how to understand the difference between logic and rhetoric. The difference between the two is due to the presence of questions explicitly answered in the premises in logic and only suggested (or remaining indeterminate) in rhetoric.
The common operators in figures and arguments
Authors: Meyer Michel
Published: August 2017

There are four basic operators common to figurative speech and argumentation—approval, disapproval, and between the two, modification and addition. These operate at different levels: as identity, difference, inference, and opposition; as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony; and they can also define the four possible types of audience responses. Four sets of operators, =, +, ±, and – span the spectrum from acquiescence to rejection, and correspond to four types of audiences which perform these acts of adherence, requalification, addition, and contradiction. These four basic operators can already be found in Aristotle, but they are also present in contemporary rhetoric (e.g. the General Rhetoric of the Group Mu). Figures and arguments, though different, are for the same reason divided into four basic classes.
The elements of rhetoric stricto sensu: the figures of speech
Authors: Meyer Michel
Published: August 2017

After argumentation comes figurative speech. How many elementary figures should we accept? Four classes of figures, three in the figures of language and one in the figures of thought have given rise to a variety of more or less scholastic catalogs we must learn to set aside. The four basic operators cross over into the four classes of figures and engender the most basic list of possible and necessary figures. This analysis of figurative speech is the springboard into literary rhetoric. Four basic figures are sufficient to derive all others, superseding the impasse created by all past treatises of rhetoric which have disagreed on the right catalog to establish. Chapter 6 settles this question by going back to the classic distinction: figures of sound, figures of grammar, tropes, and figures of thought (Quintilian), corresponding to the four basic operators of thought.
The rhetoric of the arts
Authors: Meyer Michel
Published: August 2017

Chapter 8 extends the problematological approach to the arts and their rhetoric, identifying the complementary structure of all the arts, literary or plastic. Literature is then included in a broader scheme. Novels, poetry, drama, but also architecture, sculpture, and painting are structurally related according to the emphasis they put on ethos, pathos, or logos. The duality of figurative language and realistic language is essential to the understanding of the history of arts and to their internal evolution. This duality gives rise to new arts when the figurative modes of speech have been exhausted—theater in France, baroque painting in Italy—or opera as the counterpart of the two, as it arose in response to the figurative language of music in Germany, where opera was first banned for being too representational according to the Protestant ethic of the eighteenth century.
Gestalt Shifts in the Liar orWhy KT4M Is the Logic of Semantic Modalities
Authors: Bobzien Susanne , Armour-Garb Bradley , Armour-Garb Bradley
Published: August 2017

This chapter offers a revenge-free solution to the liar paradox and presents a formal representation of truth in, or for, a natural language like English, which proposes to show both why (and how) truth is coherent and how it appears to be incoherent, while preserving classical logic and most principles that some philosophers have taken to be central to the concept of truth and our use of that notion. The chapter argues that, by using a truth operator rather than truth predicate, it is possible to provide a coherent, model-theoretic representation of truth with various desirable features. After investigating what features of liar sentences are responsible for their paradoxicality, the chapter identifies the logic as the normal modal logic KT4M. Drawing on the structure of KT4M, the author proposes that, pace deflationism, truth has content, that the content of truth is bivalence, and that the notions of both truth and bivalence are semideterminable.
I-Languages and T-Sentences
Authors: Pietroski Paul M. , Armour-Garb Bradley
Published: August 2017

This chapter argues that liar sentences reveal a fundamental problem for the project of characterizing linguistic meaning in terms of truth. It further argues that weak-logic solutions to the Foster problem for Davidsonian theories are exacerbated by the Liar. According to the chapter, liar sentences have no truth conditions, and any theory that has its instances of the T-schema as a theorem is just false. The author urges that liar sentences illustrate a deep difficulty for truth-theoretic conceptions of meaning for Human Languages and that we should find a different conception of meaning according to which expressions of Human Languages—I-Languages—are not among the truth-evaluable things.
Functional capacity depends on lower limb muscle strength rather than on abdominal obesity in active postmenopausal women
Authors: Dulac Maude C. , Carvalho Livia Pinheiro , Aubertin-Leheudre Mylène
Published: August 2017

Objective:

An association has been found between abdominal obesity and functional capacity (FC) in the literature where waist circumference has been used to infer abdominal obesity. However, most studies focused on evaluating predictors of FC and functional disabilities only in sedentary people. This study aimed to examine whether abdominal obesity is associated with FC in physically active postmenopausal women.

Methods:

Forty-four active (>7,500 steps/d) postmenopausal women were recruited. Body composition and distribution (DXA), FC (chair-stand/alternate-step/one-leg-stance), handgrip strength and knee extensor strength (dynamometry), steps/d (accelerometer), and cardiorespiratory function (spirometry/VO2max) were measured. The cohort was divided into groups based on a FC score (1-4 scale using quartiles). Pearson's correlation, t test, and linear regression were applied using SPSS (17.0).

Results:

There was no correlation for body composition or BMI with FC score. However, waist circumference (r = −0.34, P = 0.024), handgrip (r = 0.32, P = 0.036), knee extensor strength (r = 0.43, P = 0.003), and VO2max (r = 0.41, P = 0.006) were significantly correlated with FC score. In addition, when the highest quartile group was compared with the lowest one, a significant difference was observed for knee extensor strength (P = 0.003), which was also the only variable inserted into the FC prediction equation derived from the stepwise regression model (r
2 = 0.19, F = 9.582, P = 0.003).

Conclusions:

Our results demonstrate an association between abdominal obesity and FC in active postmenopausal women and that the strongest association and the best predictor of FC was lower limb muscle strength. Thus, active postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity may not necessarily have a reduced FC if lower limb muscle strength is preserved.
Effects of oral versus transdermal menopausal hormone treatments on self-reported sleep domains and their association with vasomotor symptoms in recently menopausal women enrolled in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS)
Authors: Cintron Dahima , Lahr Brian D. , Bailey Kent R. , Santoro Nanette , Lloyd Robin , Manson JoAnn E. , Neal-Perry Genevieve , Pal Lubna , Taylor Hugh S. , Wharton Whitney , Naftolin Fredrick , Harman S. Mitchell , Miller Virginia M.
Published: August 2017

Objective:

This study determined whether two different formulations of hormone therapy (HT): oral conjugated equine estrogens (o-CEE; 0.45 mg/d, n = 209), transdermal 17β-estradiol (t-E2; 50 μg/d, n = 201) plus cyclic progesterone (Prometrium, 200 mg) or placebo (PBO, n = 243) affected sleep domains in participants of the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study.

Methods:

Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index at baseline and during the intervention at 6, 18, 36, and 48 months. Global sleep quality and individual sleep domain scores were compared between treatments using analysis of covariance, and correlated with vasomotor symptom (VMS) scores using Spearman correlation coefficients.

Results:

Global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores (mean 6.3; 24% with score >8) were similar across groups at baseline and were reduced (improved sleep quality) by both HT (average change −1.27 [o-CEE] and −1.32 [t-E2]) when compared with PBO (−0.60; P = 0.001 [o-CEE vs PBO] and P = 0.002 [t-E2 vs PBO]). Domain scores for sleep satisfaction and latency improved with both HT. The domain score for sleep disturbances improved more with t-E2 than o-CEE or PBO. Global sleep scores significantly correlated with VMS severity (r
s = 0.170, P < 0.001 for hot flashes; r
s = 0.177, P < 0.001 for night sweats). Change in scores for all domains except sleep latency and sleep efficiency correlated with change in severity of VMS.

Conclusions:

Poor sleep quality is common in recently menopausal women. Sleep quality improved with both HT formulations. The relationship of VMS with domains of sleep suggests that assessing severity of symptoms and domains of sleep may help direct therapy to improve sleep for postmenopausal women.
Different features of the histopathological subtypes of ovarian tumors in pre- and postmenopausal women
Authors: Jung Eun Jung , Eom Hye Mi , Byun Jung Mi , Kim Young Nam , Lee Kyung Bok , Sung Moon Su , Kim Ki Tae , Jeong Dae Hoon
Published: August 2017

Objective:

To date, epidemiological evidence has consistently supported a link between ovarian cancer risk and menopause. However, little is known about how menopause status affects the risk of specific histological subtypes of ovarian tumors. We aimed to analyze the differences in various histopathological subtypes of ovarian tumors between pre- and postmenopausal women.

Methods:

We reviewed the medical records of women who underwent surgery for ovarian tumors and received histopathological confirmation at the Busan Paik Hospital between January 1997 and October 2016. Pathological findings were regrouped according to 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) classification and subdivided into the following five main categories: epithelial, germ cell, sex cord-stromal, tumor-like lesions, and secondary tumors.

Results:

A total of 4,683 cases (3,404 premenopausal and 1,279 postmenopausal) were included in this study. Among the 4,683 neoplasms, epithelial tumors accounted for 52.6%, germ cell tumors for 27.1%, sex cord-stromal tumors (SCSTs) for 4.1%, tumor-like lesions for 14.0%, and secondary tumors for 0.8%. Among the epithelial tumors, malignant epithelial tumors were significantly associated with postmenopausal women (5.4% vs 22.1%, P < 0.0001), whereas benign epithelial tumors were significantly associated with premenopausal women (40.5% vs 31.9%, P < 0.0001). Among the 1,271 cases of germ cell tumors, most (97.6%) were benign mature teratoma and 2.4% were malignant germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors were noted more frequently in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women (31.3% vs 16.1%, P < 0.0001). Among the 194 cases of SCSTs, fibrothecoma was the most common (71.6%) followed by adult granulosa cell tumor (12.9%). The majority of SCSTs occurred in postmenopausal women (2.1% vs 9.5%, P < 0.0001). Among the 656 cases of tumor-like ovarian lesions, corpus luteum cyst was the most common (31.9%) followed by tubo-ovarian abscess (27.6%). Tumor-like ovarian lesions were significantly associated with premenopausal women (15.2% vs 10.7%, P = 0.0001). Among the 36 cases of secondary tumors, 66.7% of the metastatic ovarian tumors were Krukenberg tumors. There was no significant difference in the incidence of secondary tumors between the groups.

Conclusions:

We demonstrated the differences in diverse histological subtypes of ovarian tumors according to the menopause status based on the new WHO classification for Korean women.
Using Electrically-evoked Compound Action Potentials to Estimate Perceptive Levels in Experienced Adult Cochlear Implant Users
Authors: Joly Charles-Alexandre , Péan Vincent , Hermann Ruben , Seldran Fabien , Thai-Van Hung , Truy Eric
Published: August 2017

Hypothesis:

The cochlear implant (CI) fitting level prediction accuracy of electrically-evoked compound action potential (ECAP) should be enhanced by the addition of demographic data in models.

Introduction:

No accurate automated fitting of CI based on ECAP has yet been proposed.

Methods:

We recorded ECAP in 45 adults who had been using MED-EL CIs for more than 11 months and collected the most comfortable loudness level (MCL) used for CI fitting (prog-MCL), perception thresholds (meas-THR), and MCL (meas-MCL) measured with the stimulation used for ECAP recording. Linear mixed models taking into account cochlear site factors were computed to explain prog-MCL, meas-MCL, and meas-THR.

Results:

Cochlear region and ECAP threshold were predictors of the three levels. In addition, significant predictors were the ECAP amplitude for the prog-MCL and the duration of deafness for the prog-MCL and the meas-THR. Estimations were more accurate for the meas-THR, then the meas-MCL, and finally the prog-MCL.

Conclusion:

These results show that 1) ECAP thresholds are more closely related to perception threshold than to comfort level, 2) predictions are more accurate when the inter-subject and cochlear regions variations are considered, and 3) differences between the stimulations used for ECAP recording and for CI fitting make it difficult to accurately predict the prog-MCL from the ECAP recording. Predicted prog-MCL could be used as bases for fitting but should be used with care to avoid any uncomfortable or painful stimulation.
Advantages of Routine Ultrasound Combined With Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Diagnosing Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Li Fengsheng , Wang Yunmei , Bai Baoyan , Wang Shengli , Liu Shuguang
Published: August 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the advantages of routine ultrasound (US), contrast-enhanced US (CEUS), and the combination of these 2 methods in diagnosing papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We subjected 89 patients with calcified thyroid nodules to conventional US and CEUS and then retrospectively analyzed the US and CEUS features of 89 patients with single, solid PTC. On this basis, we then evaluated the ability of US, CEUS, and their combination to diagnose PTC. In the 89 patients with thyroid nodules, US findings differed significantly from CEUS findings (P < 0.05). In the US group, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 87.5%, 78.8%, and 88.0%, respectively; in the CEUS group, these values were 92.9% (P < 0.05), 87.9% (P < 0.05), and 92.9% (P < 0.05), respectively; and when the methods were combined, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 96.7%, 92.7%, and 94.9%, respectively. A typical PTC nodule can be definitively diagnosed using US and CEUS; more specifically, the features of slow progression, late enhancement, and low enhancement were highly associated with a diagnosis of PTC. When these features were combined, they exhibited higher diagnostic performance than any individual method.
Analysis of Orbital Volume Measurements Following Reduction and Internal Fixation Using Absorbable Mesh Plates and Screws for Patients With Orbital Floor Blowout Fractures
Authors: Hwang Won Joo , Lee Do Heon , Choi Won , Hwang Jae Ha , Kim Kwang Seog , Lee Sam Yong
Published: August 2017

Introduction:

Hinge-shaped fractures are common type of orbital floor blowout fractures, for which reduction and internal fixation is ideal. Nonetheless, orbital floor reconstruction using alloplastic materials without reducing the number of bone fragments is the most frequently used procedure. Therefore, this study analyzed and compared the outcomes between open reduction and internal fixation using absorbable mesh plates and screws, and orbital floor reconstruction, by measuring the orbital volume before and after surgery.

Method:

Among patients with orbital floor blowout fractures, this study was conducted on 28 patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation, and 27 patients who underwent orbital floor reconstruction from December 2008 to September 2015. The mechanism of injury, ophthalmic symptoms before and after surgery, and the degree of enophthalmos were examined; subsequently, the volumes of the affected and unaffected sides were measured before and after surgery based on computed tomography images. This study compared the degree of recovery in the correction rate of the orbital volume, ophthalmic symptoms, and enophthalmos between the 2 groups.

Result:

The patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation, and the patients who underwent orbital floor reconstruction showed average correction rates of 100.36% and 105.24%, respectively. Open reduction and internal fixation showed statistically, significantly superior treatment outcomes compared with orbital floor reconstruction. The ophthalmic symptoms and incidence of enophthalmos completely resolved in both groups.

Conclusion:

For orbital floor blowout fractures, open reduction and internal fixation using absorbable mesh plates and screws was a feasible alternative to orbital floor reconstruction.
Prediction of Late Enophthalmos Using Preoperative Orbital Volume and Fracture Area Measurements in Blowout Fracture
Authors: Choi Su Hyun , Kang Dong Hee
Published: August 2017

Enophthalmos caused by orbital volume expansion is the traditional indication for blowout fracture operation, but it may not appear immediately after orbital trauma due to periorbital swelling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations of the orbital volume ratio (OVR) and, orbital fracture area (OFA) with the late enophthalmos measurement in unilateral pure blowout fracture. Seventy-two patients who had experienced a blowout fracture were divided into 2 groups, the conservative treatment group (n = 40) and the operative treatment group (n = 32). The authors measured the preoperative OVR and OFA using three-dimensional facial bone computed tomography and investigated their relationship with late enophthalmos that obtained 6 months after orbital trauma. In both conservative and operative groups, there were significant positive correlations between the OVR and OFA (P < 0.05). In the conservative group, both the OVR and OFA showed significant positive correlations with late enophthalmos, but the OVR (r = 0.777) was more closely correlated with enophthalmos than the OFA (r = 0.739). Quantitative measurements of OVR and OFA are useful parameters that can predict the extent of late enophthalmos and are useful in planning the treatment of blowout fracture.