bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Outcomes of a 2-Year Follow-Up of
Cervical Medial Branch Blocks in Management of
Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind
Controlled Trial
Authors: Manchikanti Laxmaiah
Published: March 2021

Background: Cervical therapeutic intraarticular facet joint injections, therapeutic medial branch
blocks, and radiofrequency neurotomy have been applied in managing chronic neck pain of cervical
facet joint origin. However, the effectiveness of these modalities continues to be debated.
The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical effectiveness of therapeutic cervical medial
branch blocks with or without steroids.
Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.
Setting: An interventional pain management practice, a specialty referral center, a private practice
setting in the United States.
Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of therapeutic cervical medial branch blocks with local
anesthetic with or without steroids in managing chronic neck pain of facet joint origin.
Methods: A total of 120 patients meeting inclusion criteria were included. All of the patients met the
diagnostic criteria of cervical facet joint pain by means of comparative, controlled diagnostic blocks,
with at least 80% relief. Group I consisted of cervical medial branch blocks with bupivacaine only and
Group II consisted of cervical medial branch blocks with bupivacaine and steroid.
Therapeutic cervical medial branch blocks with local anesthetic with or without steroids were
administered. Main outcome measures included numeric pain scores, Neck Disability Index (NDI), opioid
intake, and work status evaluated at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The one-year results of
outcomes were published in 2008. This manuscript describes the 2-year results.
Significant improvement was defined as at least 50% improvement in pain relief and/or functional
status improvement.
Outcomes Assessment: Patient outcomes were measured at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months
post-treatment with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Neck Disability Index (NDI), employment status,
and opioid intake. Decrease of ≥ 50% of NRS scores and Oswestry scores were considered significant.
Results: Eighty-five percent of patients in Group I and 93% of patients in Group II showed significant
pain relief (≥ 50%) at 2 years. The average number of treatments for 2 years was 5.7. The duration
of average pain relief with each procedure was 17-19 weeks on average in both groups. Significant
improvement of pain and function was demonstrated for 83 to 89 weeks over a period of 2 years.
Limitations: The study limitations include the lack of a placebo group.
Conclusions: In this study, therapeutic cervical medial branch blocks instituted after the diagnosis, with
controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks with 80% concordant pain relief, repeated approximately 6
times over a period of 2 years, provided significant improvement over a period of 2 years.
Key words: Chronic neck pain, cervical facet or zygapophysial joint pain, facet joint nerve or medial branch
blocks, comparative controlled local anesthetic blocks, therapeutic cervical facet joint nerve blocks
Flushing Following Interlaminar Lumbar
Epidural Steroid Injection with Dexamethasone
Authors: Kim Chong H.
Published: March 2021

Background: Epidural steroid injections are commonly used in managing radicular pain.
Most complications related to epidural injections are minor and self-limited. Flushing is
considered as one such minor side effect. Flushing has been studied using various steroid
preparations including methylprednisone, triamcinolone, and betamethasone but its
frequency has never been studied using dexamethasone.
Objective: This study evaluates the frequency of flushing associated with fluoroscopyguided lumbar epidural steroid injections using dexamethasone.
Study Design: Retrospective cohort design study. Patients presenting with low back pain
were evaluated and offered a fluoroscopically guided lumbar epidural steroid injection using
dexamethasone via an interlaminar approach as part of a conservative care treatment plan.
Setting: University-based Pain Management Center.
Intervention: All injections were performed consecutively over a 2-month period by one
staff member using 16 mg (4 mg/mL) of dexamethasone. A staff physician specifically asked
each participant about the presence of flushing following the procedure prior to discharge
on the day of injection and again on follow-up within 48 hours after the injections. The
answers were documented as “YES” or “NO.”
Results: A total of 150 participants received fluoroscopically guided interlaminar epidural
steroid injection. All participants received 16 mg (4 mg/mL) of dexamethasone with 2 mL
of 0.2% ropiviciane. Overall incidence of flushing was 42 out of 150 cases (28%). Of the
42 participants who experienced flushing, 12 (28%) experienced the symptom prior to
discharge following the procedure. Twenty-seven of the 42 (64%) were female (P < 0.05).
All the participants who experienced flushing noted resolution by 48 hours. No other major
side effects or complications were noted.
Limitations: Follow-up data were solely based on subjective reports by patients via
telecommunication. Follow-up time was limited to only 48 hours, which overlooks the
possibility that more participants might have noted flushing after the 48 hour limit.
Conclusions: Flushing is commonly reported following epidural steroid injections. With
an incidence of 28%, injections using dexamethasone 16 mg by interlaminar epidural route
appear to be associated with more flushing reaction than previously reported with other
steroid preparations. Additionally, female participants are more likely to experience flushing
though the reactions seem to be self-limiting with resolution by 48 hours.
Key words: flushing, side effects, epidural, back pain, lumbar, steroid, dexamethasone,
injections.
Scapuloplasty Alleviates Scapular Pain
Resulting from Lung Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Kim Kyung-Hoon
Published: March 2021

Osteoplasty, a highly effective minimally invasive procedure that alleviates the painful
effects of metastatic bone disease by injecting bone cement to support weakened
bones, provides immediate and substantial pain relief. However, it is rarely performed in
non-weight bearing flat bones such as the scapula.
Fractures of the body of the scapula are rarely treated surgically, except for cases of
marked displacement of fragments that limit the function of the scapula. According to
the reported incidences of operative treatment of different scapula fracture types, 99%
of all isolated scapula body fractures are treated nonoperatively
A 54-year-old man had been experiencing metastatic bone pain in the lateral border,
medial border, and medial infraspinatus fossa of the left scapula for the past 2 months;
this pain originated from adenocarcinoma of the right lung. He could not sleep on his
back even after completion of radiation therapy.
We decided to perform scapuloplasty. The patient was placed in the prone position on
a radiolucent table with an inflatable adjustable axillary pillow. Three 13-gauge, 10-cm
long bone biopsy needles were simultaneously inserted from the 3 different entry points
to fill the osteolytic lesion with the bone cement with fluoroscopic guidance under local
anesthesia and intravenous analgesia. After confirming needle placement and ensuring
that no contrast medium was extravasated, a total of 8 mL of the cement was injected.
Immediately after the operation, the patient could lie on his back without pain.
Scapuloplasty is a new variant of osteoplasty used to alleviate the painful effects of
metastatic bone disease. It may be an option of shoulder motion-preserving minimally
invasive procedure for alleviating intractable pain induced by lying on the back.
Key words: Fluoroscopy; lung neoplasms; neoplasm metastasis; polymethyl
methacrylate; pain; palliative care; scapula; surgical procedures, minimally invasive;
vertebroplasty.
Clinical and Histological Effects of the
Intrathecal Administration of
Methylprednisolone in Dogs
Authors: Lima Rodrigo
Published: March 2021

Background: Methylprednisolone is one of the most commonly used steroids for
management of chronic back pain via epidural injection. Its inadvertent injection into the
intrathecal space is associated with complications such as adhesive arachnoiditis.
Objective: The present study aimed to assess the clinical and histological changes associated
with the injection of methylprednisolone into the intrathecal space of dogs.
Study Design: A randomized, double blind, controlled animal trial.
Methods: After approval by the animal research ethics committee, 14 dogs were studied
in a randomized double blind controlled trial. They were assigned to one of 2 groups:
Group I received 1 mL of 0.9% normal saline; Group II received 1 mL (1.15mg/kg) of
methylprednisolone into the intrathecal space. Animals were clinically evaluated for 21 days,
and then sacrificed. The lumbar and sacral portions of their spinal cords were removed for
histological examination.
Results: In Group I, there were no clinical or histological changes. All animals in Group
II showed no clinical changes but all exhibited histological changes in the spinal cord. The
main histological changes consisted of meningeal thickening and lymphocytic infiltrates in
the blood vessels. In 3 animals, adhesion of pia, arachnoid, and dura matter was noted and
the nerve roots were surrounded by fibrosis. In one animal, necrosis of the spinal cord was
evident.
Limitations: The limitations of the present study include: small sample of animals (n=14),
relative short clinical follow-up (21 days), and use of a commercially available drug solution,
which is not preservative free.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the intrathecal administration of
commercially available methylprednisolone was responsible for causing histological changes
in the spinal cord and meninges of the animals studied.
Key words: Methylprednisolone; intrathecal injection; steroids; adhesive arachnoiditis; low
back pain; epidural injection; spinal cord.
Phantom Radiculitis Effectively Treated by
Fluoroscopically Guided Transforaminal
Epidural Steroid Injections
Authors: DeGregoris Gerard
Published: March 2021

Lower back and extremity pain in the amputee patient can be challenging to
classify and treat. Radicular compression in a patient with lower limb amputation
may present as or be superimposed upon phantom limb pain, creating diagnostic
difficulties. Both patients and physicians classically find it difficult to discern phantom
sensation from phantom limb pain and stump pain; radicular compression is often
not considered. Many studies have shown back pain to be a significant cause of
pain in lower limb amputees, but sciatica has been rarely reported in amputees.
We present a case of L4/5 radiculitis in an above-knee amputee presenting as
phantom radiculitis. Our patient is a 67 year old gentleman with new onset 10/10
pain in a phantom extremity superimposed upon a 40 year history of previously
stable phantom limb pain. MRI showed a central disc herniation at L4/5 with
compression of the traversing left L4 nerve root. Two fluoroscopically guided left
transforaminal epidural steroid injections at the level of the L4 and L5 spinal nerve
roots totally alleviated his new onset pain. At one year post injection, his phantom
radiculitis pain was completely gone, though his underlying phantom limb pain
remained. Lumbar radiculitis in lower extremity amputee patients may be difficult
to differentiate from baseline phantom limb pain. When conservative techniques
fail, fluoroscopically guided spinal nerve injection may be valuable in determining
the etiology of lower extremity pain. Our experience supports the notion that
epidural steroid injections can effectively treat phantom lumbar radiculitis in lower
extremity amputees.
Key words: amputee, phantom pain, phantom sensation, phantom radiculitis,
disc herniation, interlaminar, transforaminal, epidural steroid injection
Management of Pain of Post Lumbar Surgery
Syndrome: One-Year Results of a Randomized,
Double-Blind, Active Controlled Trial of
Fluoroscopic Caudal Epidural Injections
Authors: Manchikanti Laxmaiah
Published: March 2021

Background: Post lumbar surgery syndrome represents a cluster of nomenclature and syndromes
following spine surgery wherein the expectations of the patient and spine surgeon are not met, with
persistent pain following lumbar surgery. Multiple causes have been speculated to cause pain after
lumbar surgery. Epidural steroid injections are most commonly used in managing post surgical pain in
the lumbar spine. However, there is a paucity of evidence of epidural injections in managing chronic
low back pain with or without lower extremity pain in post surgery syndrome.
Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, active controlled trial.
Setting: An interventional pain management practice, a specialty referral center, a private
practice setting in the United States.
Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of caudal epidural injections in patients with chronic low
back and lower extremity pain after surgical intervention with post lumbar surgery syndrome.
Methods: One-hundred forty patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups; Group
I patients received caudal epidural injections with local anesthetic (lidocaine 0.5%), whereas
Group II patients received caudal epidural injections with 0.5% lidocaine 9 mL mixed with 1
mL of 6 mg non-particulate Celestone. Randomization was performed by computer-generated
random allocation sequence by simple randomization.
Outcomes Assessment: Multiple outcome measures were utilized which included the Numeric
Rating Scale (NRS), the Oswestry Disability Index 2.0 (ODI), employment status, and opioid intake
with assessment at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months post-treatment. Significant pain relief and
disability reduction were described as 50% or more reduction in scores from baseline.
Results: Combined pain relief (≥50%) and disability reduction was recorded in 53% of the
patients in the local anesthetic group, and 59% of patients in the local anesthetic and steroid
group with no significant differences noted with or without steroid over a period of one-year.
However, the data from the successful group showed improvement in 70% of patients in Group
I and 75% of patients in Group II. The average procedures per year were 4 with an average total
relief per year of 38.1 ± 14.5 weeks in Group I and 38.4 ± 13.2 weeks in Group II over a period
of 52 weeks in the successful group.
Limitations: The results of this study are limited by the lack of a placebo group and one-year
outcomes.
Conclusion: Caudal epidural injections in chronic function-limiting low back pain in post
surgery syndrome without facet joint pain may be effective in a significant proportion of patients
with improvement in functional status and significant pain relief.
Key words: Post lumbar surgery syndrome, post lumbar laminectomy syndrome, chronic
low back pain, epidural adhesions, epidural steroid injections, epidural fibrosis, recurrent disc
herniation, spinal stenosis
Retrospective Review of Patient Self-Reported
Improvement and Post-Procedure Findings
for mild® (Minimally Invasive Lumbar
Decompression)
Authors: Grider Jay S
Published: March 2021

Background: Lumbar spinal stenosis and neurogenic claudication functionally impact
thousands of patients per year. Those who fail conservative therapies and are not surgical
candidates due to co-morbid conditions have few interventional options available. The recently
described mild® procedure (Minimally Invasive Lumbar Decompression) is a candidate to fill
this void. While 2 studies have reported no major adverse events with this procedure, the
typical post-procedure patient course has not been previously described.
Objective: To examine the minor adverse events and periprocedural course associated with
mild. Additionally, to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure with regard to pain relief and
functional status.
Design: Retrospective evaluation.
Methods: Forty-two consecutive patients meeting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
criteria for mild underwent the procedure performed by 2 interventional pain management
physicians working at the same center. The pre and post procedure visual analog scale (VAS)
as well as markers of global function were recorded. Major and minor adverse events were
tracked and patient outcomes reported.
Results: There were no major adverse events reported. Of the minor adverse events, soreness
lasting 3.8 days was most frequently reported. No patients required overnight observation and
only 5 required postoperative opioid analgesics. Patients self-reported improvement in function
as assessed by ability to stand and ambulate for greater than 15 minutes, whereas prior to the
procedure 98% reported significant limitations in these markers of global functioning. Visual
analog pain scores were significantly decreased by 40% from baseline. Eighty-six percent of the
patients reported that they would recommend the mild procedure to others.
Conclusions: The mild procedure appears to be a safe and likely effective option for
treatment of neruogenic claudication in patients who have failed conservative therapy and have
ligamentum flavum hypertrophy as the primary distinguishing component of the stenosis.
Key words: Minimally invasive lumbar decompression, lumbar spinal stenosis, neurogenic
claudication, fluoroscopy, ligamentum flavum
I Balcani occidentali tra romanico e bizantino
Authors: Filipović Aleksandra
Published: March 2021

This volume focuses on the ecclesiastical architecture of 12th-century Nemaniad origins (Mother of God, Saint Nicholas and Saint George) by examining the layout preferences of the client and the workforce of diverse cultural backgrounds. The author discusses the monuments' construction techniques as a primary instrument for shaping space by taking into consideration the visual effects of the domed space of Romanesque architecture as diametrically opposed to architectural elements present in the Byzantine world. The analysis of the different construction phases of the churches considered is carried out based on archival documents, on a survey carried out in the field, and a reconstruction of their realities within a historical context. What emerges in this analysis is that a regional architecture’s selection choices for construction should not be understood as an either-or scenario between Byzantium and the West, but rather as the result of a synthesis of different local architectural traditions that comes to fruition in Medieval Serbia.
Il patrimonio fotografico dell’Archivio Storico delle Gallerie Fiorentine: ragioni e provenienza di alcune fotografie dello stabilimento Brogi
Authors: Naldi Chiara
Published: March 2021

This essay considers a selection of painting reproductions made by Brogi in the 1870s, as part of a larger study on the historical archive of the Florentine Galleries held by the Superintendence of Archaeology, Fine Arts and Landscape in Florence. Cross-referencing these photographs with written documents in the same archive and the commercial catalogs published by Brogi between 1863 and 1901, it is possible to determine that they were originally delivered in compliance with legal deposit regulations established by the new Ministry of Public Education in 1867. At the same time, this case study sheds new light on the connections between commercial photographers and art institutions in Italy in the second half of the 19th century, especially regarding the creation of public photographic archives and the role played by Corrado Ricci, the director of the Uffizi Galleries between 1903 and 1906.
Recensione di Christina Riggs, Photographing Tutankhamun: Archaeology, Ancient Egypt, and the Archive, London, Bloomsbury, 2019, ISBN 9780857855077
Authors: Leonardi Nicoletta
Published: March 2021

.
Pun in the Poetry of the Mamluki Era and it is Effect on Intensifying the Meaning
Authors: Abdu-All Al-Luha Asst. Prof. Dr. Hussein
Published: March 2021

Pun is regarded as one of the sophisticated and most important art of eloquence and the higher in rank. It depends on the ambiguity in meaning in a way that the intended meaning is referred indirectly. It was highly used by the poets during the Mammalia era in a way that they were well known for using it and we rarely see one of their poets that do not use it in his writing. Choosing this period in particular was because they used pun a lot in a way that they were highly known for using it till the point that it became a characteristic of their poetry. The poets competed with each other in using pun and they were indulged in it more than any other time. This is not an excuse to underestimate the value of their poetic production; because being fond of pun is part of their literary style which they adopted in a way that it became a prominent feature of their literature regarding it a necessity to elaborate speech. The most prominent feature of pun in this era is its richness and variety; it is an image of the culture where the aesthetic touches which pun creates through the profoundness of the meaning which creates an intellectual continuity between the text and the recipient by digging deep for the intended meaning. This is what confirmed the importance of the subject to be researched and make a scientific work related to eloquence. The poets of that time used pun a lot to express their feelings; through it the poet can reveal his creativity, sensation and sophisticated artistic taste in using the utterance to refer to more than one meaning, as well as the meditation it arouse and comparisons it leads to indicating a great energy of creativity and a wide artistic ability in investing in this art suitable for the meaning which the poet does not want to reveal.The rhetoricians declared anonymously that pun has two basic cornerstones; the explicit meaning and the hidden meaning, the intended one. Based on that, the rhetoricians have divided pun into several types
Occation in Iraq Imodernity poem From celebration text to text celebration
Authors: Alkhate Assisst .Prof .Dr.  Ali Ezzldeen
Published: March 2021

We can  say that  accession in modernity poem is a present state. The study proved this throughout the group of texts, it is not only an those poets who give life to these poem , because poetry in any time and place must have an occasion and the modern poem has a national or so must have an occasion .but it has a new poem that has the following :                                                                                          

The absence of utterances of the occasion of the occasion.

The absence of mojesticity images.

It describes only the praised person 

The poem is reality poem to a great extent.

This poem is an objective one.

Its structure is within the structure of short poem and very short ones.

Finally, it identifies an important phenomenon in modern poetry with a suitable poem. and bring bank the occasion to the occasion when it hard to talk about . so it is recommended to be studied academically.
The Impact of Modulation Style Extinguish Negative in Reducing Social Exclusion for the Widows
Authors: Hamad Dr. Nadira jameel
Published: March 2021

The widows of the  woman  most exposed to stress  and traumatic events, because the  husband represents the force that is based upon the wife in the exercise of her life all this leads to psychological damage affect them a starting point for many mental disorders, so the goal of current research to know the level of social exclusion and building program  and counseling  know the effect of the counseling program in reducing social exclusion, so the researcher used the scale Alttiara 2011 extracted validity and  reliability to him and extracted item discrimination  and statistical methods used by the researcher is testing Mann Whitney and chi square test and T- test samples  for one sample and the use of the bag statistical Spss  well as the researcher has built a  counseling program in a  Modulation style extinguish negative  for Beck consists of 10 sessions for   45 minutes session on women, widows, and the researcher found that the effect of extension of the program to reduce social exclusion among widows and reached a number of recommendations and proposal
Following the model of Buxton in the acquisition of geographical concepts and keep them at the second grade average students
Authors: AL_fartousi Mohammad hashim muniss
Published: March 2021

The Present study aims at Finding out the (The effect Buxton Model in acquiring Geographical Concepts and Retaining them for Second intermediate class students ).

   A partial control experimental design with post test experimental control groups, The sample is deliberately selected from first AL-Rusafah Directorate General of Education in Baghdad.

   Intermediate school AL.khulfau AL.Rashedeen for boys is the assigned school for  the experimental work. Two sections are randomly selected from the lst stage(B)is assigned as the experimental group where while (C)is assigned at the control group,.

  The total number of sample (67) male students distributed into (33) students in the experimental group and(34) students in the control group .

   The two groups are equalized in the following variables ; prior knowledge ,age , IQ, ,students scores in Geography on the previous academic year . Several external factors are controlled during the experiment.

          The teaching material is specified in three chapters selected from the prescribed textbook for the Second intermediate stage which is entitled for the academic year 2013 -2014 in Iraq Content analysis is done to identify the major and miner concepts which totaled (97) concepts .In the light of the concepts, behavioral objectives are formulated totaling(51) ones based on Blooms taxonomy on the following levels ;identifying, recognizing , applying.(40)lesson plans are prepared ,20 per group. and prepared test for acquiring geography concepts including (50) Test items, after three months ,at the end of the experimental work. T-test formula for two independent samples is used to process data and find out results . show the following;

There are statistically significant difference on a level of significance of (0,05) in acquiring geography concepts between the two groups in favour of the experimental group.

There are statistically significant difference on a level of significance of (0,05) in retaining geography concepts between the two groups in favour of the experimental group.
Contributions to the nation's scientists in the Quran sciences through Covenant Albuehi
Authors: Anbuge Dr. Shaima Fadil Abdul Hamid
Published: March 2021

After the completion of this research is marked with (per nation's scientists in the Quran sciences through Covenant Albuehi), concluded that some of the results, namely: Despite the interest built tin science all, especially the Koran Science and encourage a large number of scientists, Vmnhohm freedom of intellectual and ideological and doctrinal wide, but that science did not witness what is distinctive and accomplished through Albuehi Testament as what we compare other religious science, as scientists continued mimicking his scientists who them and focused effort, mostly on the subject of the readings, but their efforts are no longer something extraordinary is striking, strange subject that most interested in the science of the readings were linguists or Nhoyen, as some of them did not is a specialist knowledge of the Koran .. The two sects are working side by side to show studies and achievements in the science of the Quran, and have had good outcomes and attempts are ok, because the bulk of the attention of scientists focused on theology and jurisprudence, the Koran, Hadith They were as much as possible follow the two approach conversations sayings of the Prophet and the companions and followers, they did not follow the mental approach of dealing in them, but this was the practice in other sciences curriculum (whether verbal or fiqh). A search Przna Koran scholars names of the year and the most important realizations taxonomic or Altalevah in the field of science of the Quran, as we found that they have great freedom in scientific achievement despite the doctrine built tin, and this brings us to the built tin Their goal was not to suppress talent, but they work various ways to contribute to the seriousness in the field of cognitive sciences and all the terms of reference .. wanted to perpetuate their existence and their role through the promotion of science and supplement the Islamic civilization, what is new.  However these were not the contributions of scientists and other contributions to the level of other religious sciences.
The Ultimate Fox in Lillian Hellman’s The Little Foxes
Authors: Mohammed Instructor Marwa Ghazi
Published: March 2021

Lillian Hellman was an American playwright whose name was associated with the moral values of the early twentieth century. Her plays were remarkable for the moral themes that dealt with the evil. They were distinguished, as well, for the depiction of characters who are still alive in the American drama for their vivid personalities, effective roles and realistic portrayal. This paper studies Lillian Hellman’s The Little Foxes as a criticism of the American society in the early twentieth-century. Though America was a country built on hopes and dreams of freedom and happiness. During the Great Depression, happiness was certainly not present in many people's lives. The presence of alternate political ideas, decay of love and values increased life's problems, and considered a stress inducing factor were popular themes to be explored during the Great Depression. America, the land of promises, became an empty world revolving around money and material well-being and which turned the people bereft of love, and human values. Hellman’s play presents the real fox, represented by the political and material world, as the one responsible for the raise of new kind of people, the little foxes, and the decline of human value.
Representations of the Oriental Woman in Lord Byron’s “Turkish Tales”
Authors: Mahdi Dr. Basma Harbi , Kareem Assist. Lecturer Suaad Abd Ali
Published: March 2021

This study deals with the representations of the oriental woman in the Western narrative on orient. The Western representations of oriental woman are products of specific moments and developments in culture. For their own rhetorical and political purposes, the Western writers employ a discourse representing an Eastern woman, whose Otherness is always subject to qualification and change. The concern of this study is to reveal how this narrative is revolved around certain concept that the oriental woman is victimized. Byron’s conception of the oriental woman is shaped by these Orientalist ideas. In “Turkish Tales,” Byron uses the figure of the Oriental woman and the harem system. What we find in these tales is oriental women who are both domestic and disobedient, and who try to resist their bounded existence; the harem. Byron often portrays the harem as a confined domestic space against which women may reasonably rebel. But their acts of rebellion almost always end in failure.
Evaluating the English Textbook for the 6th Stage of Preparatory and Secondary Schools
Authors: Musa Assist. instructor: Hasan Mahdi
Published: March 2021

Although textbooks maintain an important role in the EFL context, their sovereignty on teaching has been challenged and the belief that teachers can blindly rely on them has been questioned. Textbook evaluation has become a necessary practice in the field of teaching, seeking to assist in the choice of the best suitable book for a specific context, promote teachers’ awareness on the actual contents of a book and facilitate them to make necessary adaptations. The present study investigated the suitability of the textbook used for 6th stage of preparatory and secondary schools. The results of the study suggested that the strengths of the book could be identified in areas of organization, thematic content and inclusion of all the language skills. However, the problematic areas related to authentic language, integration of skills, nature of tasks and materials for assessment. We need to evaluate textbooks for helping the teacher or program developer in making decisions on selecting the appropriate textbook. Furthermore, evaluation of the merits and demerits of a textbook will familiarize the teacher with its probable weaknesses and strengths. This will enable teachers to make appropriate adaptations to the material in their future instruction.
The Domination of Mother in August Strindberg's The Father and Arthur kopit's Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma’s Hung You in the Closet and I’m Feelin’ So Sad
Authors: Mahdi Instr.Dr. Sanaa Mohammed
Published: March 2021

Works of art present several types of mothers one of them is the dominant. This research deals with this type of mothers. It aims at highlighting the bad effect of mother's domination over her children and others. It is divided into three sections and a conclusion. Section one; the introduction illustrates the types of mothers and the patriarchal society during the 19th and 20th centuries. Section two discusses the monstrous mother in August Strindberg's The Father and how her excessive domination leads to the madness of the father. Section three sheds light on the monstrous mother in Arthur kopit's  Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma’s Hung You in the Closet and I’m Feelin’ So Sad (hereafter Oh Dad) in which the mother turns her son into a killer due to her desire of dominance. The conclusion sums up that both can be considered femmes fatal because of their pernicious impact on those around them, especially members of their families.
Manifestations of Persian civilization among the Arabs before Islam from Islamic poetry telescope
Authors: Muhtadi Dr. Hussein
Published: March 2021

The Arab and Persian peoples since the old Testament neighbors, some of whom have contacted the other is better communication, particularly in the pre-Islamic and pre-Islamic times. The question that comes to mind is: What are the components that saved us pre-Islamic poetry manifestations of Persian civilization among the Arabs before Islam? Is poetry managed to convey the image of Persian culture that were common in the Arabian Peninsula? This article has addresses through poems ignorance manifestations of Persian culture in the lives of the Arabs before Islam. And it is designed to detect a relationship gallop capacity Arabs before Islam. Have we come to that Arabs were not Bmnazl events neighbor sophisticated, they even Aguetpsoa many landmarks his or her own and used it in all walks of life. The importance of this research look like when we did not find any source for the study of Persian civilization and culture of ancient pre-Islam, but rarely. As this study has shown us how civilizational and cultural friction between the Persians and the Arabs, they are extracted from the belly of the history of literature. The pre-Islamic poetry Kdioan Arabs keeping us through history tells us about the relationship between people of the Persian Bjarhm in ignorance. Researcher has adopted in his study on the descriptive approach of this article and will go on the descriptive and analytical.
The Word "Baal" in the old Testament (A Comparative Semitic Linguistic Study)
Authors: Rashid Assist prof. Dr. Qusay Abdulhadi
Published: March 2021

The word "baal" means "husband", and the plural form is "baoola". The wife is likewise called "baal" or "baala". "Baal" is a Semitic noun for a Canaanite god or a god's son and husband to goddess "baala" or "Asheera" or "Ishtaroot". He was known as the god Hood who was a god of fields and cattle fertility.

In sum, worshipping "baal" was common among the peoples of the East in the old time; that is why, we find he had different names. The reason was that each nation used a name that was known among its people. Any of his names would often start with "baal" and end with the name of that land or city. Alternatively, it would start with something attached to it, such as "baalfaghoor" or "Beelzebub". "Baal" had many priests who used to cheat people with their magic and sorcery which they relate to their god.
Safariya Revolutions in the Maghreb Countries 122 AH - 143 AH / 740-760 Ad))
Authors: A- Jarrar Assist. prof. Dr. Abd Al-Raouf
Published: March 2021

This research deals with the revolutions of the Safariya  in the Maghreb from the year 122 AH - 143 AH / 740-760 Ad . it presents the beginning of the emergence of the Safarian group, and its beliefs in the  Arab Orient countries, then the research discusses the transfer of the principles of Safariya to the Maghreb countries, escaping the Umayyad state after    Bloody revolutions which failed to achieve their goals in changing the regime, or control of a territory.  Al-Safriya had chosen  the Arab Maghreb countries  for its distance from the centre of the Islamic Caliphate, and its knowledge of the  acceptance of principles and ideas hostile to the Umayyad state. He also reviewed the revolutions of Al-Safriya during the reign of Abdullah bin Habab, and the battles fought by their adversaries, as well as the role of Hanthalah bin Safwan in resisting the Safriya, and victory over them, as well as  the role of Abdulrahman bin Habib Fahri in suppressing the Safriya, and victory over them, and the role of Abu Al- Ibadi in addressing the Safriya  , highlighting himself as the Imam who is Zahed, believer and defender of  blood of Muslims, and their money, after committing Safriya violent crimes  when they took control of Kairouan. And then the death of Abu al-Khatab by Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i, which was approved by al-Mansur on the mandate of Morocco to eliminate the sedition and revolutions that emerged in the Maghreb. And finally the establishment of the safriyan state, which was later known as the state of Bani Madrar or Bani Wasul, and had taken from Sigalmassa as its capital
Soviet-German Conflict over Finland1941-1945
Authors: Alsheweli Dr.Zaydan Hassan Hawi
Published: March 2021

Soviet-German Conflict over Finland 1941-1944 is another phase of challenges that faced Finland to keep it's independence and sovereignty.It started as a result of German Barbarossa against Soviet Union in June 22nd,1941 and lasted for four years,when ended by armistice agreement signed in September 19th,1944.As what happened in the previous winter war,Finland  lost many  territories in her southern border,paid war indemnity of 300 million american dollar to Soviet Union,and the most important, it kept Finland behave wisely and peacefully along the next years.
Post Catastrophe Fallouts and Challenges to Swim to Safety (Particularly in the Post Covid-19 Impasse)
Authors: Dash Devidutta , Agarwal Arun , Agarwal Kabita , Misra Gourav
Published: March 2021

The continuing dangers presented by the current pandemic affects the events due to the COVID-19. The economy has imploded like never before. The most advanced countries were ignorant, except for possible measures such as lockdowns and hastily imposed precautionary legislation. The entire world came to a halt and the people were suffered, businesses have been crippled and life became constrained and perplexing. Most of the people were jobless, fatal accidents, and so on. The virus made no differentiation and those who had a strong immune system and were fortunate enough to survive. Human suffering is on an unbelievable and indefinable scale. The jobless suffered in life because transportation was crippled.
The Study of Consumer Preferences and Advertising Effectiveness Analysis Towards Studio Hikari Instagram Story Video Ads
Authors: Fakhradyan Dovan
Published: March 2021

Currently, one of the fastest-growing platforms for advertisement is Instagram stories. With this relatively new format, Studio Hikari is having difficulties in developing an effective advertisement for its Instagram stories. This research aims to understand factors that influence viewer preferences toward Instagram stories advertisement, assess the Instagram story advertising effectiveness, and give recommendations to Studio Hikari regarding their upcoming advertisement in an Instagram story. This study was conducted with an online survey method, to test the advertising preferences and effectiveness of 7 different planned Instagram story advertisements from Studio Hikari that has a unique combination of three variables (duration, color of background, level of informativeness). The result of this study shows that the most preferred combination is the Instagram story with a duration of 15 seconds, yellow background color, and a medium level of informativeness. For advertising effectiveness, it is found that there is a significant difference between ad effectiveness and the 7 Instagram stories advertisement. The limitations of this research are that the number of variables tested are limited, which is only 3 variables, and all of the respondents are Studio Hikari's target market.
Remembering Financial Crises: The Risk Implications of the Rise of Institutional Investors in Project Finance
Authors: Park David
Published: March 2021

Barely a decade ago, a cascading sequence of market failures threatened to topple the global financial system. Public responses to the recent Financial Crisis were immediate and drastic to resuscitate the global economy while attempting to make the markets safer. Many financial services sectors have since recovered to pre-crisis levels. One such industry is project finance, which comprises various financing arrangements often used to fund long-term infrastructure or industrial projects. Curiously, significant post-crisis banking regulations and other global credit enhancement initiatives are pushing banks out of project finance and giving rise to institutional investors. This Comment argues that animated institutional activity in project finance may increase both financial and, more notably, governance risks. Further, increased institutional investment in project finance shifts the risk intended to be captured under new banking regulations to unregulated markets and makes the financial system more complex and interconnected. Ultimately, public responses to the Financial Crisis may have the unintended consequence of increasing project-level risks and injecting seemingly regulated systemic risk back into the global financial system.
Neither Limited nor Simplified: A Proposal for Reform of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 222(B)
Authors: Smith Michael
Published: March 2021

A limited and simplified discovery system should broaden access to courts, resolve disputes quickly, and expedite relief to injured parties. It should not incentivize procedural gamesmanship or increase the system’s complexity. Regrettably, Illinois’s “limited and simplified” discovery system does both. The initiation procedure for the simplified system, Rule 222(b), creates procedural traps and perverse incentives for both plaintiffs and defendants, and conflicting appellate interpretations of the Rule intensify the problem. This Note examines the flaws underlying the current simplified discovery scheme and argues for reform. It examines simplified discovery schemes in other states to recommend a new system for initiating and exiting limited and simplified discovery in Illinois. It also identifies lessons that other states can take from Illinois to improve their own discovery procedures. The proposed reforms would improve cost savings by broadening the Illinois scheme’s applicability and increase transparency and fairness for all litigants.
The Uneasy Case for Patent Law
Authors: Sachs Rachel
Published: March 2021

A central tenet of patent law scholarship holds that if any scientific field truly needs patents to stimulate progress, it is pharmaceuticals. Patents are thought to be critical in encouraging pharmaceutical companies to develop and commercialize new therapies, due to the high costs of researching diseases, developing treatments, and bringing drugs through the complex, expensive approval process. Scholars and policymakers often point to patent law’s apparent success in the pharmaceutical industry to justify broader calls for more expansive patent rights.

This Article challenges this conventional wisdom about the centrality of patents to drug development by presenting a case study of the role of patents in the emerging field of microbiome research. Scientists have recently begun to appreciate the important role played by the human microbiome, the community of microbes that lives within each of our bodies, in preventing and treating disease. The microbiome has been linked to autoimmune disorders, mental health conditions, and a range of conditions affecting our intestinal systems. Put simply, research involving the microbiome has the potential to change the future of medicine.

There’s just one problem: the microbiome can’t meaningfully be patented. Several doctrines within patent law will make it extremely difficult for companies to obtain and enforce patents like the ones that are so readily available in most areas of medicine. Drawing on patent doctrine, patent searches, and interviews with scientists and lawyers, this Article demonstrates that companies are developing microbiome-based therapies largely in the absence of patent protection. Instead, the companies are relying on other innovation incentives to fill the gap.

The microbiome’s unpatentability presents an opportunity to evaluate whether patents are truly necessary for the development of new drugs. Congress, the NIH, and the FDA have implemented many innovation incentives throughout the development process, and we should not be astonished that removing a single such incentive, patent law, does not disrupt the entire system. Perhaps scholars should reconsider, if only selectively, our focus on patents as an irreplaceable driver of pharmaceutical innovation.
How Do We Get Along? International Economic Law and the Nation-State
Authors: Shaffer Gregory
Published: March 2021

Review of Dani Rodrik's Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy.
What Corporate Veil?
Authors: Macey Joshua
Published: March 2021

Review of Adam Winkler's We the Corporations: How American Business Won Their Civil Rights.
Which Radicals?
Authors: Sunstein Cass
Published: March 2021

Review of Jeremy McCarter's Young Radicals: In the War for American Ideals.
Study on the Character Building Strategy of the Film Adapted from News Events
Authors: Kong Weineng , Zhang Huiqian
Published: March 2021

News events become one of the sources of inspiration for movies, which well interprets the view that “art comes from life”. In this paper, based on the analysis of numerous news events adapted films, combining with their own creative experience, we aims to explore the main character shaping strategy of news events adapted from films.
A Study of American Cultural Export to China From 1910 ---1949
Authors: Lin Yijie
Published: March 2021

Since the Opium War, China has gradually degenerated into a semi colonial and semi feudal society, and the major powers of the world have invaded China one after another to seize various privileges and interests. As an emerging capitalist country, the United States has different ways of aggression. This was related to the national strength and world situation of the United States at that time, but it was more based on the consideration of the national strategic interests of the United States. Based on the historical facts, this paper mainly studies the cultural export of ancient China from the perspective of American education and medical treatment, so as to further explore the purpose of this cultural export and its impact on Chinese society.
On the Enlightenment of Humanistic Curriculum Theory to the Reform of Ideological and Political Theory Course in Colleges and Universities
Authors: Chen Jing
Published: March 2021

Humanistic curriculum theory has important guiding significance for the reform of Ideological and political theory course in Colleges and universities. This paper expounds the basic point of view of the humanistic curriculum theory, analyzes the problems existing in the teaching content, teaching methods and teaching evaluation of the ideological and political theory course in Colleges and universities at this stage, and puts forward some suggestions on the reform of the ideological and political course in Colleges and Universities under the guidance of the humanistic curriculum theory.