bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State of the Art Reviews: Glycemic Index, Obesity, and Chronic Disease
Authors: Marsh Kate , Brand-Miller Jennie
Published: January 2008

There is increasing evidence that both the amount and type of carbohydrate play an important role in weight management and risk of chronic disease. Classifying carbohydrates according to their post-prandial glycemic effect (ie, the glycemic index of foods) has yielded more useful insights than the historical distinctions of simple versus complex chemical structure. Diets based on carbohydrate foods that are more slowly digested and absorbed (ie, low glycemic index diets) have been independently linked to reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some types of cancer. In individuals with diabetes, intervention studies have shown improvements in insulin sensitivity and glycated hemoglobin concentration with low glycemic index diets. Research also suggests that low glycemic index diets may assist with weight management through effects on satiety and fuel partitioning. Although ongoing research is needed, the current findings, together with the fact that there are no demonstrated negative effects of a low glycemic index diet, suggest that the glycemic index should be an important consideration in the dietary management and prevention of obesity and chronic disease.
State of the Art Reviews: Nutrition and Lifestyle for a Healthy Pregnancy
Authors: Ricciotti Hope A.
Published: January 2008

Nutrition and lifestyle factors can maximize health in pregnancy and lower future risk of disease for both mother and fetus. Education can make a big difference for patients in pregnancy outcomes, anxiety, and future health. Pregnancy is a time when attention to proper weight gain can reduce the risk of future obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. There is mounting evidence that fetal “programming” for future risk of disease begins in utero and varies with nutritional exposures during different times of pregnancy, although the exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated. It is clear that a few simple precautions and enhancements of diet and lifestyle can prevent birth defects and perinatal infections and may reduce future health risks. Exercise in pregnancy is safe and should be encouraged for healthy women.
Pivotal Advance: Eosinophils mediate early alum adjuvant-elicited B cell priming and IgM production
Authors: Wang Hai-Bin , Weller Peter F
Published: January 2008

Alum, aluminum-hydroxide-containing compounds, long used as adjuvants in human vaccinations, functions by ill-defined, immunostimulatory mechanisms. Antigen-free alum has been shown to act via a previously unidentified, splenic Gr1+, IL-4-expressing myeloid cell population to stimulate early B cell priming. We demonstrate that the alum-elicited and -activated splenic myeloid cells are IL-4-expressing eosinophils that function to prime B cell responses. Eosinophils are the principal Gr1+, IL-4+ cells in the spleens 6 days following i.p. alum administration. Alum-elicited splenic B cell priming, as evidenced by MHC II cross-linking-mediated calcium mobilization developed in wild-type BALB/c mice, was absent in ΔdblGATA BALB/c eosinophil-deficient mice and could be reconstituted by adoptive eosinophil infusions into the eosinophil-deficient mice. Moreover, early antigen-specific IgM antibody responses in alum-antigen-immunized mice were impaired in eosinophil-deficient mice and were restored with adoptive transfers of eosinophils. Thus, eosinophils, leukocytes of the innate immune system that contain preformed cytokines, including IL-4, have novel, immunomodulatory roles in the initial priming of B cells elicited by the adjuvant alum and in the optimal early B cell generation of antigen-specific IgM.
Extemporaneous product use in paediatric patients: a systematic review
Authors: Giam Jennifer A , McLachlan Andrew J
Published: January 2008

Objective

To identify the relative extent of extemporaneous product use reported in the paediatric population and the implications for pharmacy practice.

Method

A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify the prevalence of extemporaneous product use in paediatric patients including those studies examining both ‘off-label’ and unlicensed medicine use from which extemporaneous products were separately identified and compared to licensed drug use.

Key findings

Twenty studies were identified and evaluated in which extemporaneous products prepared by a pharmacy or licensed manufacturer could be identified. Although prescribing of unlicensed drugs and licensed drugs used ‘off-label’ occurs more frequently in younger children and for more serious conditions, the use of extemporaneous products is consistent across all age groups and therapeutic areas. Studies using pharmacy dispensing records identified details of extemporaneous products more accurately than studies using prescribing records. Despite efforts to improve the availability of suitable licensed medicine products for children, extemporaneously prepared products are still needed to ensure that optimal drug therapy is available to children in accurate and effective doses and dosage forms.

Conclusions

Paediatric patients have a continuing need for extemporaneously prepared medicines when suitable dose forms are unavailable from manufacturers. Pharmacists require access to stability, compatibility and formulation information, as well as appropriate training to ensure patients are supplied with high-quality, safe and effective preparations.
Reclassification of omeprazole: a survey of community pharmacists' early experiences and views
Authors: McCaig D , Hansford D , John D N , Cunningham S , Stewart D
Published: January 2008

Objective

To describe community pharmacists' views and early experiences of over-the-counter (OTC) omeprazole.

Method

A cross-sectional pre-piloted postal questionnaire was sent to 2000 randomly selected community pharmacy premises in Great Britain (approximately 15%). The questionnaire comprised items on: attitudes to OTC omeprazole; continuing education; sales; and general views and experiences. Two reminders were sent. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results

Questionnaires were returned by 1156 community pharmacists (57.8%). Sixty-eight per cent of respondents had not sold any omeprazole in the previous 14 days and a further 12% had sold only a single pack in this period. In total 920/1147 pharmacists (80.2%) had participated in continuing education on omeprazole, 73.4% agreed or strongly agreed that they were entirely confident in selling it, and 78.0% viewed omeprazole as a welcome addition to OTC medicines. Some 17.6% of respondents had recommended purchase of omeprazole in the last 14 days and the vast majority of these recommendations (92.8%) were accepted by the customer. Forty-one pharmacists (3.5%) had refused sales on the basis that it was inappropriate for the presenting condition, or due to a potential drug interaction.

Conclusion

Many responding community pharmacists welcome omeprazole availability OTC and are willing and able to supply it.
Opportunity or threat? General practitioner perceptions of pharmacist prescribing
Authors: Blenkinsopp Alison , Tann Jennifer , Evans Amanda , Grime Janet
Published: January 2008

Objective

In recent years prescribing rights have been extended beyond doctors and dentists in the UK, first to nurses and subsequently to pharmacists. The aim of the study was to explore general practitioner (GP) perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of pharmacist supplementary prescribing and the future introduction of independent prescribing.

Method

A qualitative study was conducted with GPs from three practices, in each of which a pharmacist prescriber was regularly working.

Key findings

The prescribing pharmacists, all of whom were already working in the practice when they qualified as prescribers, had negotiated new areas of work. Not all GPs in the practices referred patients to the prescribing pharmacists. Those GPs who did refer patients generally described benefits from the service, with some ambivalence. There was evidence that the GPs had, to some extent, redefined their professional boundaries, and delegated some routine work which involved no diagnosis and only limited decision making. In this way the GPs exercised control over the interprofessional boundaries.

Conclusion

The study findings indicate selective acceptance of pharmacist prescribing by GPs.
Glaucoma patient receipt of information and instruction on how to use their eye drops
Authors: Sleath Betsy , Byrd John E , Robin Alan L , Covert David , Tudor Gail
Published: January 2008

Objectives

The objectives of the study are: (a) to describe the sources of glaucoma patient's medication information and instruction, and (b) to examine the influence of patient characteristics on the sources of medication information and instruction obtained.

Setting

Four geographically distinct ophthalmology practices in the US.

Method

A survey assessing receipt of information and instruction on how to use eye drops was completed by 324 patients. Multivariable logistic and ordinal regression were used to analyse the data.

Key findings

Fifteen per cent of patients stated that no-one gave them information about their glaucoma medications, and 20% of patients stated that no-one showed them how to use their glaucoma medications. Ophthalmologists were the individuals most likely and ophthalmic technicians were the second-most likely to give the patients information and instruction on how to use their medications. Fourteen per cent of patients stated that pharmacists gave them information about their eye drops. Patients very rarely reported pharmacists or primary care physicians showing them how to use their glaucoma medications. Fourteen per cent of patients reported going to the internet for information. Younger patients were significantly more likely to receive information about glaucoma and glaucoma medications from the internet than older patients.

Conclusion

Patients are receiving information about glaucoma medications from numerous sources, yet almost one out of five glaucoma patients reported receiving no instruction on the instillation of their eye drops. Pharmacists have the opportunity to educate glaucoma patients about using their medications by giving them information and showing them how to administer the medications correctly.
Pharmacy and pharmacists' perceptions of pharmaceutical care in Kazakhstan
Authors: Cordina Maria , Nurmanbetova Farida Nusupzhanovna , Kulmagambetov Iliyas Raikhanovich , Sautenkova Nina
Published: January 2008

Objectives

To investigate the perceived importance that pharmacists in Kazakhstan place on the various activities involved in the delivery of pharmaceutical care, using the modified Behavioural Pharmaceutical Care Scale (BPCS) questionnaire.

Method

The questionnaire consisting of 3 dimensions and 14 domains was translated into Russian and back-translated into English for verification. The Russian version was mailed to a sample of 510 randomly selected pharmacists throughout all the regions of Kazakhstan. Pharmacists were asked to score the importance of each pharmaceutical care activity contained in the modified BPCS Scale on a six-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 5.

Key findings

The overall score for the questionnaire, which illustrated the importance pharmacists attributed to the various aspects of pharmaceutical care, ranged from 46 to 170, with a mean score of 119.2. The highest scored dimension was that of instrumental activities, obtaining 76.7% of the maximum achievable score, while the direct patient care activities dimension obtained the lowest score. The competency improvement domain obtained the highest score and hence was perceived to be the most important pharmaceutical care activity. Younger pharmacists, however, obtained significantly lower scores (P < 0.05 Kruskal—Wallis) in the domains of prescription validation, evaluation of patient satisfaction, and competency improvement, perceiving these instrumental activities to be of lesser importance.

Conclusion

Pharmacists in Kazakhstan need to become better acquainted with pharmaceutical care and the current international extended practice of pharmacy. This needs to be addressed at both a basic and continuing education stage as well as at national pharmaceutical policy level.
An evaluation of two automated dispensing machines in UK hospital pharmacy
Authors: Franklin Bryony Dean , O'Grady Kara , Voncina Luka , Popoola Janice , Jacklin Ann
Published: January 2008

Objective

To assess the impact of two different automated dispensing machines (‘robots’) on safety, efficiency and staff satisfaction, in a UK hospital setting.

Setting

An NHS teaching hospital trust with two main sites each comprising 450 beds. A Swisslog Pack Picker automated dispensing machine was installed in the dispensary at site 1 in December 2003, and a Rowa Speedcase at site 2 in October 2005.

Method

A before-and-after study design was used on each site, with site 2 acting as a control for site 1. Staff recorded data on dispensing errors identified at the final-check stage; an observer recorded the time taken to label, pick and assemble dispensed items; we recorded turnaround times for the different types of prescription and assessed storage space efficiency. We also used questionnaires to explore staff views.

Key findings

The robot resulted in a significant decrease in dispensing errors on each site (from 2.7 to 1.0% of dispensed items on site 1, and from 1.2 to 0.6% on site 2). Reductions occurred in errors involving wrong content; there was no clear effect on labelling errors. There were reductions in the time required to pick items for dispensing; there was no impact on labelling or assembly times. There was no conclusive effect on turnaround times. Increases in storage capacity occurred on each site; staff on site 2 were more satisfied following introduction of the robot; there was no difference on site 1.

Conclusion

Installation of a dispensary robot has modest benefits in terms of reduced dispensing errors, reduced picking times, increased staff satisfaction and increased storage capacity; there was no conclusive impact on turnaround times. These findings seem to be independent of the type of robot installed.
Translational activation by the noncoding RNA DsrA involves alternative RNase III processing in the rpoS 5′-leader
Authors: Resch Armin , Afonyushkin Taras , Lombo Tania B. , McDowall Kenneth J. , Bläsi Udo , Kaberdin Vladimir R.
Published: January 2008

The intricate regulation of the Escherichia coli rpoS gene, which encodes the stationary phase sigma-factor σS, includes translational activation by the noncoding RNA DsrA. We observed that the stability of rpoS mRNA, and concomitantly the concentration of σS, were significantly higher in an RNase III-deficient mutant. As no decay intermediates corresponding to the in vitro mapped RNase III cleavage site in the rpoS leader could be detected in vivo, the initial RNase III cleavage appears to be decisive for the observed rapid inactivation of rpoS mRNA. In contrast, we show that base-pairing of DsrA with the rpoS leader creates an alternative RNase III cleavage site within the rpoS/DsrA duplex. This study provides new insights into regulation by small regulatory RNAs in that the molecular function of DsrA not only facilitates ribosome loading on rpoS mRNA, but additionally involves an alternative processing of the target.
Signal sequence- and translation-independent mRNA localization to the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Pyhtila Brook , Zheng Tianli , Lager Patrick J. , Keene Jack D. , Reedy Mary C. , Nicchitta Christopher V.
Published: January 2008

The process of mRNA localization typically utilizes cis-targeting elements and trans-recognition factors to direct the compartmental organization of translationally suppressed mRNAs. mRNA localization to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in contrast, occurs via a co-translational, signal sequence/signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent mechanism. We have utilized cell fractionation/cDNA microarray analysis, shRNA-mediated suppression of SRP expression, and mRNA reporter construct studies to define the role of the SRP pathway in ER-directed mRNA localization. Cell fractionation studies of mRNA partitioning between the cytosol and ER demonstrated the expected enrichment of cytosolic/nucleoplasmic protein-encoding mRNAs and secretory/integral membrane protein-encoding mRNAs in the cytosol and ER fractions, respectively, and identified a subpopulation of cytosolic/nucleoplasmic protein-encoding mRNAs in the membrane-bound mRNA pool. The latter finding suggests a signal sequence-independent pathway of ER-directed mRNA localization. Extending from these findings, mRNA partitioning was examined in stable SRP54 shRNA knockdown HeLa cell lines. shRNA-directed reductions in SRP did not globally alter mRNA partitioning patterns, although defects in membrane protein processing were observed, further suggesting the existence of multiple pathways for mRNA localization to the ER. ER localization of GRP94-encoding mRNA was observed when translation was disabled by mutation of the start codon/insertion of a 5′UTR stem–loop structure or upon deletion of the encoded signal sequence. Combined, these data indicate that the mRNA localization to the ER can be conferred independent of the signal sequence/SRP pathway and suggest that mRNA localization to the ER may utilize cis-encoded targeting information.
Generating Objectives: Can Decision Makers Articulate What They Want?
Authors: Bond Samuel D. , Carlson Kurt A. , Keeney Ralph L.
Published: January 2008

Objectives have long been considered a basis for sound decision making. This research examines the ability of decision makers to generate self-relevant objectives for consequential decisions. In three empirical studies, participants consistently omitted nearly half of the objectives that they later identified as personally relevant. More surprisingly, omitted objectives were perceived to be almost as important as those generated by participants on their own. These empirical results were replicated in a real-world case study of strategic decision making at a high-tech firm. Overall, our research suggests that decision makers are considerably deficient in utilizing personal knowledge and values to form objectives for the decisions they face.
Structural Estimation of the Newsvendor Model: An Application to Reserving Operating Room Time
Authors: Olivares Marcelo , Terwiesch Christian , Cassorla Lydia
Published: January 2008

The newsvendor model captures the trade-off faced by a decision maker that needs to place a firm bet prior to the occurrence of a random event. Previous research in operations management has mostly focused on deriving the decision that minimizes the expected mismatch costs. In contrast, we present two methods that estimate the unobservable cost parameters characterizing the mismatch cost function. We present a structural estimation framework that accounts for heterogeneity in the uncertainty faced by the newsvendor as well as in the cost parameters. We develop statistical methods that give consistent estimates of the model primitives, and derive their asymptotic distribution, which is useful to do hypothesis testing. We apply our econometric model to a hospital that balances the costs of reserving too much versus too little operating room capacity to cardiac surgery cases. Our results reveal that the hospital places more emphasis on the tangible costs of having idle capacity than on the costs of schedule overrun and long working hours for the staff. We also extend our structural models to incorporate external information on forecasting biases and mismatch costs reported by the medical literature. Our analysis suggests that overconfidence and incentive conflicts are important drivers of the frequency of schedule overruns observed in our sample.
Is the Tendency to Engage in Entrepreneurship Genetic?
Authors: Nicolaou Nicos , Shane Scott , Cherkas Lynn , Hunkin Janice , Spector Tim D.
Published: January 2008

We used quantitative genetics techniques to compare the entrepreneurial activity of 870 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 857 pairs of same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins from the United Kingdom. We ran model-fitting analyses to estimate the genetic, shared environmental and nonshared environmental effects on the propensity of people to become entrepreneurs. We found relatively high heritabilities for entrepreneurship across different operationalizations of the phenomenon, with little effect of family environment and upbringing. Our findings suggest the importance of considering genetic factors in explanations for why people engage in entrepreneurial activity.
Risk Aversion in Cumulative Prospect Theory
Authors: Schmidt Ulrich , Zank Horst
Published: January 2008

This paper characterizes the conditions for strong risk aversion and second-order stochastic dominance for cumulative prospect theory. Strong risk aversion implies a convex weighting function for gains and a concave one for losses. It does not necessarily imply a concave utility function. The latter does follow if the weighting functions are continuous. By investigating the exact relationship between loss aversion and strong risk aversion, a natural index for the degree of loss aversion is derived.
A Path-Based Approach for Hazmat Transport Network Design
Authors: Verter Vedat , Kara Bahar Y.
Published: January 2008

The people living and working around the roads used for hazardous material (hazmat) shipments face the risk of suffering undesirable consequences of an accident. The main responsibility to mitigate the hazmat transport risk at a population zone belongs to the government agency with jurisdiction over that region. One of the common policy tools is to close certain road links to vehicles carrying hazmats. In effect, the road network available to dangerous goods carriers can be determined by the regulator. The transport risk in the region, however, is determined by the carriers' routing decisions over the available road network. Thus, the regulator needs to make the road closure decisions so that the total risk resulting from the carriers' route choices is minimized. We provide a path-based formulation for this network design problem. Alternative solutions can be generated by varying the routing options included in the model for each shipment. Each solution corresponds to a certain compromise between the two parties in terms of transport risk and economic viability. The proposed framework can be used for identifying mutually agreeable hazmat transport policies. We present two applications of the methodology to illustrate the insights that can be gained through its use: The first application focuses on hazmat shipments through the highway network of Western Ontario, Canada, whereas the second application studies the problem in a much larger geographical region that covers the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
Cultivating Trust and Harvesting Value in Virtual Communities
Authors: Porter Constance Elise , Donthu Naveen
Published: January 2008

Although previous scholars have examined the value of virtual communities to customers, in this study we investigate the role of a firm's efforts in cultivating trust and harvesting value for themselves via the virtual communities that they sponsor. We hypothesize that the perceptions of a firm's efforts to provide quality content, to foster member embeddedness, and to encourage interaction foster favorable customer beliefs about and trust in a virtual community sponsor. Further, we hypothesize that trust motivates customers to behave relationally toward the sponsoring firm by sharing information with, coproducing new products with, and granting loyalty to, the sponsoring firm. Data from 663 customers are analyzed using structural equation modeling techniques. We find that efforts to provide quality content and foster member embeddedness have positive effects on customer beliefs about the sponsor. In fact, fostering member embeddedness has a stronger explanatory effect on customer beliefs than does providing quality content. However, despite the fact that previous studies show that customers value interaction in virtual communities, our findings suggest that firms must do more than encourage interaction among their community members if they hope to create value from their virtual communities.
Maximum Commonality Problems: Applications and Analysis
Authors: Dawande Milind , Kumar Subodha , Mookerjee Vijay , Sriskandarajah Chelliah
Published: January 2008

Recently, an agile software development technique called extreme programming has caught the attention of practitioners and researchers in the software industry. A core practice of extreme programming is pair programming, where two developers work on the same piece of code. We introduce the problem of assigning pairs of developers to modules so as to maximize the commonality—a measure of the extent to which common developers work on related modules—subject to a load-balancing constraint that is motivated by the need to control the completion time of the project. We consider two variants of this problem. In MCAPn, a developer is teamed up with exactly one other developer to form a pair that works together for the entire duration of the project. In MCAPs, we allow a developer to pair with more than one other developer during the project. This “pair-splitting” version of the problem facilitates knowledge dissemination among developers, but can increase the effort needed for a developer to adjust to the work habits of several partners.

The difference between the commonality achieved with and without pair splitting crucially depends on the underlying structure of the problem. For trees, we show that the value of the maximum commonality is the same for both MCAPn and MCAPs. Additionally, we obtain polynomial-time algorithms for both of these variants. For general graphs, both problems MCAPn and MCAPs are shown to be strongly NP-complete. We prove that the maximum commonality for MCAPs is at most 3/2 times the maximum commonality of MCAPn. We also provide polynomial-time algorithms and approximation results for a number of special cases of these problems.
A Queueing Analysis to Determine How Many Additional Beds Are Needed for the Detention and Removal of Illegal Aliens
Authors: Liu Yifan , Wein Lawrence M.
Published: January 2008

Due to lack of detention capacity (the U.S. government measures capacity by the number of detention beds), tens of thousands of apprehended illegal aliens are released into the U.S. interior each year, instead of being removed from the country. This vulnerability can be exploited by terrorist groups wanting to enter the United States. We construct a queueing model of the U.S. detention and removal operations, and derive approximate analytical expressions for key performance measures, including a simple normal approximation for the required number of beds. Due to shortcomings in the U.S. government's data collection procedures, we cannot directly estimate all of the model's parameter values. Consequently, we use the approximate analytical expressions and the 2003 U.S. government data quantifying these key performance measures to estimate several unknown parameter values. Although current funding is for approximately 21,000 detention beds, we estimate that approximately 34,500 beds are needed to remove all potential detainees (this does not include nonviolent, noncriminal Mexicans, who are returned to Mexico within several hours) based on 2003 data. The dramatic increase in the arrivals of potential detainees since 2003 suggests that approximately 50,000 beds are currently required, although the estimation of future arrival rates is very difficult due to uncertainties about the future direction of U.S. immigration policy. Our estimated bed requirements are approximately 25% higher than naive estimates that fail to account for right censoring of residence times due to some detainees being released from detention before removal to make way for higher-priority detainees.
Erratum—The Debate on Influencing Doctors' Decisions: Are Drug Characteristics the Missing Link?
Authors: Venkataraman Sriram , Stremersch Stefan
Published: January 2008

The affiliation of Stefan Stremersch was incorrectly set in Management Science, Vol. 53, No. 11, November 2007, pp. 1688–1701. The correct affiliation appears above and in the online version.
Getting Along with Teachers and Parents: The Yields of Good Relationships for Students' Achievement Motivation and Self-Esteem
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , Marsh Herbert W. , McInerney Dennis M. , Green Jasmine , Dowson Martin
Published: January 2008

The aim of the present study was to better understand the combined and unique effects of teacher–student and parent–child relationships in students' achievement motivation and self-esteem. Participants were 3450 high school students administered items assessing their interpersonal relationships, academic motivation and engagement, academic self-concept, and general self-esteem. Preliminary correlations showed that both teacher–student and parent–child relationships are significantly associated with achievement motivation and general self-esteem. Importantly, however, when using appropriate structural equation models to control for shared variance amongst predictors, findings showed that although teachers and parents are clearly influential, after controlling for gender, age, and the presence of both interpersonal relationships in the one model, teacher effects are stronger than parent effects, particularly in the academic domain.
Supportive and Stressful Relationships With Teachers, Peers and Family and Their Influence on Students' Social/Emotional and Academic Experience of School
Authors: Murray-Harvey Rosalind , Slee Phillip T.
Published: January 2008

Judgments about the quality of students' experience of school generally focus on their academic performance and indeed this is an important indicator but closer attention needs to be paid to equally important, more broadly based outcomes that include social/emotional adjustment as they also are shown to impact on students' lives at, and beyond school. In this study, students' academic performance and social/emotional adjustment were informed by data collected from both students and teachers. Teachers of years 5 to 9 students in 58 separate classes across 21 South Australia schools reported on randomly selected students in each of their classes yielding data for 888 students who themselves reported through a questionnaire on (a) the extent to which they perceived relationships with family, peers and teachers as sources of stress or support at school; (b) their psychological health; (c) coping strategies; (d) experience of bullying and victimisation; (e) their academic performance; and (f) feelings about and sense of belonging to school. Data were used to estimate direct and indirect effects of a path model of hypothesised influences on students' social/emotional adjustment to school. The model fit the data well. The quality of a student's experience of school is most accurately represented by the inter-relationship of both academic and social/emotional outcomes which are influenced in large part by the quality of the relationships (supportive or stressful) among students, not only with peers and families but also with teachers who exert just as strong, and a sometimes stronger influence, on students' wellbeing.
Sudanese Adolescent Refugees: Acculturation and Acculturative Stress
Authors: Poppitt Gillian , Frey Ron
Published: January 2008

This study explored acculturation and acculturative stress in Sudanese adolescent refugees living in Brisbane. Twenty Sudanese adolescents participated in semi-structured interviews which revealed that the main source of acculturative stress was related to concern over English language proficiency, issues of parental control and conflicting cultural rules. However, optimism for the future was also evident in all the interviews. The results suggested the need for culture specific counselling practices and ongoing English language and cultural support for Sudanese refugee children in mainstream schools.
Cross-Cultural Counselling With International Students
Authors: Barletta John , Kobayashi Yumi
Published: January 2008

This article explores the issues for counsellors working with international students, particularly Asian international students. As globalisation has expanded people have tended to study overseas in great numbers, hence the increasing importance for professionals to examine counselling in this cultural speciality. In order to understand effective counselling, this article discusses the major problems faced by international students and suggests specific counselling strategies in the context of general guidelines for cross-cultural counselling.
Aderência dos Cursos de Graduação em Enfermagem às Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais
Authors: Lopes Neto David , Teixeira Elizabeth , Vale Euclea Gomes , Cunha Fátima Scarparo , Xavier Iara de Moraes , Fernandes Josicleia Dumêt , Shiratori Kaneji , Reibnitz Kenya Schimidt , Sordi Maria Regina Lemes de , Barbieri Márcia , Bocardi Maria Inês Brandão
Published: January 2008

Esta investigação teve como objetivo identificar a aderência dos Projetos Pedagógicos dos Cursos de Graduação em Enfermagem (PPC/ENF) às Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) para esses cursos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, comparativo, entre os dados presentes nos PPC/ENF e os propostos nas DCN, tendo como base os relatórios dos processos avaliativos conduzidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa do Ministério da Educação e Cultura e disponibilizados para este estudo. A amostra foi constituída pelos relatórios para fins de reconhecimento e renovação de reconhecimento, realizados no período de 2002 a 2006, relativos a 110 cursos de graduação. Foram relacionados 60 aspectos do instrumento e destes foram selecionados 10. O estudo revelou que o índice de aderência dos cursos de enfermagem às DCN/ENF foi 72%, considerado baixo, o que aponta para a necessidade das escolas/cursos buscarem melhor vinculação entre a adoção das bases epistemológicas presentes nas DCN/ENF e as propostas nos PPC/ENF.
Formação docente e o ensino de Pós-Graduação em Saúde: uma experiência na UNIFESP
Authors: Freitas Maria Aparecida de Oliveira , Seiffert Otília Maria Lúcia Barbosa
Published: January 2008

O artigo trata do significado atribuído à Disciplina de Formação Didático-Pedagógica em Saúde por egressos, nos Programas de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu da UNIFESP. O percurso metodológico compreendeu pesquisa bibliográfica sobre docência universitária; pesquisa documental à legislação nacional sobre ensino superior, docência e pós-graduação, e documentos relacionados à Disciplina; mapeamento dos egressos no período de 1998 a 2003, para composição da amostra dos sujeitos que estivessem exercendo a docência; aplicação de questionário semi-estruturado a 112 egressos e análise dos dados orientada pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados revelam influência da Disciplina na atuação da docência desses egressos, indicando sua importância para o processo de formação docente para o magistério superior em saúde.
O percurso do "doente oncológico": a (re)conceptualização do acto informativo
Authors: Laranjeira Carlos António
Published: January 2008

A adaptação do doente às condições de cronicidade configura a informação prestada ao doente como uma das estratégias mais poderosas, susceptível de contribuir para a mudança da representação social do doente, de mero caso clínico à condição de ser holístico. O objectivo deste estudo foi investigar a produção científica em periódicos indexados nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs, sobre o acto informativo e as modalidades de que se reveste a informação prestada ao doente oncológico, no período de 1990-2006. A análise da literatura, permite constatar um incremento nas publicações, sublinhando o papel do doente oncológico enquanto potenciador da emergência de estratégias de ajustamento psicossocial revelando o seu protagonismo no estatuto de "doente profissional".
Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the State of Pernambuco, 1995-2006
Authors: Cordeiro Marli Tenório , Schatzmayr Hermann Gonçalves , Nogueira Rita Maria Ribeiro , Oliveira Valdete Felix de , Melo Wellinton Tavares de , Carvalho Eduardo Freese de
Published: January 2008

In Pernambuco, the first dengue cases occurred in 1987. After a seven-year interval without autochthonous cases, a new epidemic occurred in 1995. Important aspects of the dengue epidemics during the period 1995-2006 have been analyzed here, using epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data. A total of 378,374 cases were notified, with 612 confirmed cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever and 33 deaths. The mortality rate was 5.4%. The incidence rate increased from 134 to 1,438/100,000 inhabitants, corresponding to the epidemics due to serotypes 2 and 3, in 1995 and 2002, respectively. Dengue mainly affected adults (20-49 years); 40.7% were male and 59.3% were female. From 2003 onwards, the number of cases among individuals younger than 15 years old increased. Out of 225 dengue hemorrhagic fever cases, 42.7% primary and 57.3% secondary infections were identified (p = 0.0279). Neurological manifestations were also observed. From 2002 onwards, serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were circulating; serotype 3 was predominant.
Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti (L) to the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron and methoprene in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais
Authors: Silva Juliana Junqueira da , Mendes Júlio
Published: January 2008

Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) was reared in several concentrations of diflubenzuron and methoprene under laboratory conditions in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Characteristics such as LC50 and LC95, the susceptibility of immature stages of different ages to these insect growth regulators and their residual effects were studied. The LC50 and LC95 of diflubenzuron and methoprene were 5.19 and 12.24 ppb; 19.95 and 72.08 ppb, respectively. While diflubenzuron caused great mortality in all larval instars, methoprene was more effective when the mosquito was exposed from the start of the fourth larval instar onwards. Commercial concentrations of these two insect growth regulators close to LC95 presented greater residual activity than did their respective technical formulations. The parameters were compared with those obtained elsewhere. The characteristics investigated here indicate that these insect growth regulators are effective alternatives for controlling the dengue vector in the Uberlândia region.
Clinical and radiographic features of HIV-related pulmonary tuberculosis according to the level of immunosuppression
Authors: Garcia Guilherme Freire , Moura Alexandre Sampaio , Ferreira Cid Sérgio , Rocha Manoel Otávio da Costa
Published: January 2008

Medical charts and radiographs from 38 HIV-infected patients with positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage were reviewed in order to compare the clinical, radiographic, and sputum bacilloscopy characteristics of HIV-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis according to CD4+ lymphocyte count (CD4). The mean age of the patients was 32 years and 76% were male. The median CD4 was 106 cells/mm³ and 71% had CD4 < 200 cells/mm³. Sputum bacilloscopy was positive in 45% of the patients. Patients with CD4 < 200 cells/mm³ showed significantly less post-primary pattern (7% vs. 63%; p = 0.02) and more frequently reported weight loss (p = 0.04). Although not statistically significant, patients with lower CD4 showed lower positivity of sputum bacilloscopy (37% vs. 64%; p = 0.18). HIV-infected patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis had a high proportion of non-post-primary pattern in thoracic radiographs. Patients with CD4 lower than 200 cells/mm³ showed post-primary patterns less frequently and reported weight loss more frequently.
Identificação da Leptospira interrogans sorovar pomona em camundongos geneticamente selecionados, para a alta e baixa produção de anticorpos, através da técnica de imunoperoxidase em tecido renal e isolamento bacteriano em meio de Fletcher
Authors: Haanwinckel Maria Cristina Santos , Cavalheiro Juliana Semin , Oliveira Silvio Luis de
Published: January 2008

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar a presença da Leptospira interrogans sorovar pomona em camundongos geneticamente selecionados para a alta e baixa resposta a anticorpos. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao isolamento bacteriano, imunohistoquímica (imunoperoxidase) em cortes de tecido renal e coloração através da hematoxilina-eosina. A técnica de imunoperoxidase apresentou-se pouco mais sensível em relação ao cultivo, entretanto, ambas foram bons parâmetros de identificação do agente. Presença de lesões renais mais intensas ocorreram em períodos em que houve maior número de bactérias isoladas em meio de cultivo. Camundongos da linhagem HIV-A conseguiram eliminar as leptospiras com maior eficiência e rapidez em relação as linhagem LIV-A, entretanto o estudo demonstrou que ambas linhagens da seleção IV-A foram eficientes em controlar o processo infeccioso.
Depressão e ansiedade em adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas
Authors: Jatobá Joana D’Arc Vila Nova , Bastos Othon
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Identificar prevalência de depressão e de ansiedade em adolescentes matriculados e freqüentando escolas públicas e privadas da cidade do Recife - Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Por meio de estudo de prevalência, de base populacional, admitindo população de 10.414 alunos das redes pública e privada, prevalência de depressão e transtornos depressivos de 20,3%, precisão de 5% e nível de significância de 0,05, a amostragem aleatória e estratificada incluiu 243 alunos, do ensino fundamental e médio de 11 escolas, com idade de 14 a 16 anos. As variáveis foram: idade, religião, tipo, adscrição e porte da escola, escolaridade, tempo de estudo, condição estudantil e laboral, características do núcleo familiar, sexo, estado civil, tipo de pele segundo escala de Fitzpatrick (investigadas por questionário demográfico) e grau de depressão e de ansiedade pelas escalas de Hamilton. Para análise estatística, empregou-se programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences. RESULTADOS: As prevalências de sintomas depressivos expressivos e de ansiedade igualaram-se a 59,9% e 19,9%, respectivamente. Foram significativas as associações de sintomas depressivos de intensidade grave com o sexo feminino e a crença religiosa diferentes da corrente do cristianismo. A ideação suicida/tentativa de suicídio foi referida por 34,3% dos estudantes. Houve associação significativa de ideação suicida com grau leve ou moderado de sintomas depressivos e moderado de ansiedade, assim como de tentativa de suicídio com sintomas depressivos graves, estudo em escola privada e ansiedade severa. CONCLUSÕES: A gravidade das características psicopatológicas em uma idade tão jovem está a merecer uma intervenção psicossocial para reduzir suas repercussões para o futuro.
Sonolência diurna excessiva em pré-vestibulandos
Authors: Souza José Carlos , Souza Neomar , Arashiro Ester Shiori Hirai , Schaedler Rafaela
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: O sono é um fenômeno que interfere nos aspectos cognitivos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência da sonolência diurna excessiva (SDE) em pré-vestibulandos de Campo Grande, MS. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 378 alunos com a escala de sonolência Epworth (ESE). As variáveis foram: sexo, uso esporádico de bebidas alcoólicas e fumo, relato de sinais e sintomas depressivos, renda familiar total dos membros do lar e idade. Foram empregados os testes qui-quadrado e de análise de variância. RESULTADOS: Em relação ao gênero, 50,3% eram homens e 49,7% mulheres; 39,2% ingeriam álcool; 6,6% fumavam e 33% já tinham tido depressão na vida. Entre os alunos, 55,8% tinham SDE, 5,3% eram indicativos de ter distúrbio respiratório ou síndrome da apnéia do sono. Foram detectadas associações entre as variáveis consumo de álcool e tabagismo, em relação à ESE. CONCLUSÕES: Foi alta a prevalência de SDE, sendo detectadas associações entre as variáveis uso esporádico de álcool e fumo, em relação à ESE. Novos estudos devem ser realizados a fim de prevenir as alterações cognitivas entre os pré-vestibulandos que apresentam SDE ou outro distúrbio do sono.
O papel da tecnologia da informação na gestão do conhecimento
Authors: Rossetti Adroaldo , Morales Aran Bey
Published: January 2008

Embora a Gestão do Conhecimento (GC) seja função comum nas organizações, muitas não têm visão clara de como incorporá-la e transformá-la em vantagem competitiva. A escassez de estudos comprovando que a GC faz diferença no desempenho organizacional, e a cultura, talvez sejam os fatores mais influentes na promoção ou inibição de práticas de GC. Há empresas que usam ferramentas de Tecnologia da Informação (TI) como fator de competitividade, confundindo-as com GC. Outras acreditam que a TI sozinha possa servir para gerenciar o conhecimento, o que é um equívoco. A razão disso pode estar no surgimento da TI antes da GC, ou na escassez da literatura abordando a função da TI na GC. Daí a falta de clara distinção entre TI e GC que vise à interação adequada entre ambas. O papel principal da TI é dar suporte à GC, ampliando o alcance e acelerando a velocidade de transferência do conhecimento. É identificar, desenvolver e implantar tecnologias que apóiem a comunicação empresarial, o compartilhamento e a gestão dos ativos de conhecimento. A TI desempenha papel de infra-estrutura, a GC envolve aspectos humanos e gerenciais. Este artigo discute a interação entre TI e GC como instrumentos de gestão estratégica e desempenho organizacional.
Tecnologias da informação e da comunicação e a polêmica sobre direito autoral: o caso Google Book Search
Authors: Brittes Juçara Gorski , Pereira Joanicy Leandra
Published: January 2008

Anotamos, neste trabalho, reflexões sobre as conseqüências das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TICs) para o direito autoral e sobre os atores do processo informativo. Partimos da lei do direito autoral vigente no Brasil, perguntando-nos como tais normas protegem as obras intelectuais no contexto digital e até que ponto há legalidade e legitimidade na digitalização de livros protegidos, disponibilizados on-line, tomando como exemplo o caso "Google Book Search". Constatamos que a lei atual pouco defende os direitos dos autores e dos leitores, pois se volta para a proteção dos interesses privados comerciais, e que a sociedade civil encontra formas de ampliar o fluxo comunicativo em decorrência da facilidade de reprodução e distribuição de cópias de obras intelectuais proporcionada pelas TICs.
Base de dados de informações jornalísticas sobre a Amazônia: ciência, tecnologia e meio ambiente - BDIJAm: em busca da qualidade
Authors: Rodrigues Anderson , Silva Ana Rosa
Published: January 2008

Apresenta a avaliação da qualidade da Base de Dados de Informações Jornalísticas sobre a Amazônia: Ciência, Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente - BDIJAm. O estudo integra o Projeto Temáticas Amazônicas: Dossiês Comentados e Qualidade da Informação sobre Ciência, Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente, do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Foram aplicados questionários aos usuários para identificação dos pontos positivos e possíveis lacunas do serviço. Como principais resultados foram apontadas a relevância dos temas da Base e a necessidade de se desenvolver ações que visem aperfeiçoar a estrutura de recuperação da informação. Conclui que toda base de dados deve ser continuamente aperfeiçoada e os usuários consideram a BDIJam um instrumento de suma importância para a sociedade como recurso de preservação da memória social da Amazônia.