bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Perinatal Stress and Maternal Traumatic Stress on the Cortisol Regulation of Preterm Infants
Authors: Habersaat Stephanie , Borghini Ayala , Nessi Jennifer , Forcada‐Guex Margarita , Müller‐Nix Carole , Pierrehumbert Blaise , Ansermet François
Published: August 2014

Preterm infants experience intense stress during the perinatal period because they endure painful and intense medical procedures. Repeated activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis during this period may have long‐term effects on subsequent cortisol regulation. A premature delivery may also be intensely stressful for the parents, and they may develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Usable saliva samples were collected (4 times per day over 2 days, in the morning at awakening, at midday, in the afternoon, and in the evening before going to bed) to assess the diurnal cortisol regulation from 46 preterm infants when the infants were 12 months of corrected age (∼ 14 months after birth). Mothers reported their level of PTSD symptoms. The results showed an interaction between perinatal stress and maternal traumatic stress on the diurnal cortisol slope of preterm infants (R2 = .32). This suggests that the HPA axis of preterm infants exposed to high perinatal stress may be more sensitive to subsequent environmental stress.
Factors Related to Clinician Attitudes Toward Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD
Authors: Ruzek Josef I. , Eftekhari Afsoon , Rosen Craig S. , Crowley Jill J. , Kuhn Eric , Foa Edna B. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Karlin Bradley E.
Published: August 2014

This study examines pretraining attitudes toward prolonged exposure (PE) therapy in a sample of 1,275 mental health clinicians enrolled in a national PE training program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Attitudes assessed via survey included values placed on outcomes targeted by PE, outcome expectancies (positive expectancies for patient improvement and negative expectancies related to patient deterioration, clinician time burden, and clinician emotional burden), and self‐efficacy for delivering PE. Results indicated that clinicians were receptive to learning PE and had positive expectations about the treatment, but expressed concerns that PE might increase patient distress. Responses varied by clinician characteristics with psychologists, clinicians working in specialty PTSD treatment settings (as opposed to those in mental health clinics and other clinic types), and those with a primarily cognitive–behavioral orientation expressing attitudes that were most supportive of learning and implementing PE across various indicators. Implications for addressing attitudinal barriers to implementation of PE therapy are discussed.
Progress in Understanding Low‐Temperature Organic Compound Oxidation Using a Jet‐Stirred Reactor
Authors: Herbinet Olivier , Battin‐Leclerc Frédérique
Published: August 2014

The jet‐stirred reactor (JSR) has become a tool frequently used to study the oxidation of a wide range of reactants and particularly to obtain data for testing detailed kinetic models. This paper aims to discuss recent knowledge pertaining to low‐temperature oxidation of hydrocarbons and oxygenated reactants that has been gained from using a JSR in connection with gas chromatography, especially for the detailed quantification of cyclic ethers. Furthermore, JSR in conjunction with mass spectrometry has been applied to the detection of hydroperoxides, including ketohydroperoxides, acids, and compounds with two carbonyl functions. Finally, along with optical diagnostics, JSR has notably been used for the detection of hydrogen peroxide and OH and HO2 radicals. These aspects are also discussed here.
On the Application of the Pseudophase Model to Excited State Processes: Quenching of Pyrene by the Iodide Ion in β‐Cyclodextrin and Micellar (SDS) Solutions
Authors: Carnerero Jose Maria , Sanchez Francisco , Perez‐Tejeda Pilar
Published: August 2014

The pseudophase model, a two‐state model, is based on the assumption of the existence of an equilibrium between these two states (free and bound), which is not perturbed in the case of a reactive event. This implies that the processes in which these two states participate must be slow, in relation to the exchange processes between these states. This condition does not hold in the case of very rapid photochemical quenching processes. However, for these processes the pseudophase model is formally applicable. In this paper, a treatment that quantitatively explains this formal applicability is presented. This treatment is checked through the study of the quenching of pyrene fluorescence by the iodide ion in solutions containing β‐cyclodextrin and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles.
Thiazolium‐Containing Poly(ionic liquid)s and Ionic Polymers
Authors: Grygiel Konrad , Chabanne Laurent , Men Yongjun , Yuan Jiayin
Published: August 2014

This paper reports on the synthesis of a new type of ionic polymers, including poly(ionic liquid)s, which contain 4‐methylthiazolium‐based ionic liquid pending groups along the polymer chain. The monomers were prepared via simple quaternization reaction of 4‐methyl thiazole with 4‐vinylbenzyl chloride and the subsequentanion exchange with various anions. Free radical polymerization and anion exchange reactions were employed to prepare several 4‐methylthiazolium‐based ionic polymers. These polymers show anion‐dependent tuneable solubility in water and organic solvents. In addition, the new polycations' ability to stabilize single‐walled as well as multi‐walled carbon nanotubes in water and acetone is presented.
Ionic Liquids as Advantageous Reaction Media for Free Radical Polymerization
Authors: Strehmel Veronika , Wetzel Hendrik , Laschewsky André
Published: August 2014

Ionic liquids are attractive solvents for polymer synthesis because their properties can be easily and broadly tuned by varying the structure of both the cation and the anion. Application of ionic liquids as reaction medium for free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers, such as methacrylates or styrene, results in high yields and high molecular weights of the polymers. Reasons for these effects are only partially due to the high viscosity of ionic liquids, which may reduce bimolecular termination of the propagating chains, but are also due to solvent cage effects that differ from those in traditional organic solvents because of strong ionic interactions between the individual ions of the ionic liquids. Furthermore, the high dissolving power of ionic liquids for both weakly polar as well as highly polar monomers makes ionic liquids interesting as solvents for statistical copolymerization. Interestingly, variation of the alkyl chain length of substituents at the cation of the ionic liquid allows altering of copolymer composition.
Influence of Counterion on Thermal, Viscoelastic, and Ion Conductive Properties of Phosphonium Ionenes
Authors: Abdulahad Asem I. , Jangu Chainika , Hemp Sean T. , Long Timothy E.
Published: August 2014

Anion metathesis enabled a systematic study focused on the thermal, viscoelastic, and conductivity properties of a 4P,12 phosphonium ionenes with various counterions. Aqueous size exclusion chromatography confirmed the well‐defined synthesis of 4P,12‐Br from the step‐growth polymerization of 1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphino) butane and 1,12‐dibromododecane at a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. Subsequent anion‐exchange employing a dialysis method exchanged the Br‐ counterion to trifluoromethanesulfonate (TfO‐), bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (Tf2N‐), and tetrafluoroborate (BF4‐) counterion. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the 4P,12 ionenes showed a distinct upfield chemical shift for methylene protons adjacent to the phosphonium cation after anion‐exchange. Thermal characterization using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry probed the thermal properties of the phosphonium ionenes. Counterion exchange to more bulky and delocalized anions led to improved thermal stabilities and lower glass transition temperatures. Rheological characterization facilitated the generation of time‐temperature superposition (TTSp) master curves and pseudo‐master curves for each 4P,12 ionene. TTSp revealed two distinct relaxation modes attributed to long‐range segmental motion and electrostatic interactions. Anion‐exchange resulted in a shift of these two modes of relaxation to higher shear rates. The calculated melt flow activation energy and thermal expansion coefficients were also observed to decrease and increase, respectively. Melt rheological characterization also probed the temperature dependence of the storage and loss moduli and suggested that the counterions have a plasticizing effect on the viscoelasticity of the 4P,12 ionene. Ionic conductivity increased with increasing size of the counterion (Br‐ < BF4‐< TfO‐< Tf2N‐) and demonstrated the viability of these novel materials as potential anion‐exchange ionomeric membranes.
Multivariate Analysis of Side Effects of Drug Molecules Based on Knowledge of Protein Bindings and ProteinProtein Interactions
Authors: Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Funatsu Kimito
Published: August 2014

Here, we examined the relationships between 969 side effects associated with 658 drugs and their 1368 human protein targets using our hybrid approaches. Firstly, L‐shaped PLS (LPLS) was used to construct a multivariate model of side effects and protein bindings of drug molecules. LPLS is an extension of standard PLS regression, where, in addition to the response matrix Y and the regressor matrix X, an extra data matrix Z is constructed that summarizes the background information of X. X and Y are matrices comprising drugs‐target proteins, and drugs‐side effects, respectively. The Z matrix is the proteinprotein interaction data. From the loading plot of Y, we could identify two remarkable side effects (urinary incontinence and increased salivation) From the corresponding loading plot of X, the responsible protein targets causing each side effect could be estimated (sodium channels and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors). The loading plot of the Z matrix indicated that the GABA receptors interact with each other and they heavily influence the side effect of increased salivation. Secondly, Bayesian classifier methods were separately applied to the cases of the two side effects. That is, the Bayesian classifier method was used to classify drug molecules as binding or not binding to the responsible protein targets associated with each side effect. Using atom‐coloring techniques, it was possible to estimate which fragments on the drug molecule might cause the specific side effects. This information is valuable for drug design to avoid specific side effects.
Reducing view‐sharing using compressed sensing in time‐resolved contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography
Authors: Rapacchi Stanislas , Natsuaki Yutaka , Plotnik Adam , Gabriel Simon , Laub Gerhard , Finn J. Paul , Hu Peng
Published: August 2014

Purpose

To study temporal and spatial blurring artifacts from k‐space view‐sharing in time‐resolved MR angiography (MRA) and to propose a technique for reducing these artifacts.

Methods

We acquired k‐space data sets using a three‐dimensional time‐resolved MRA view‐sharing sequence and retrospectively reformatted them into two reconstruction frameworks: full view‐sharing via time‐resolved imaging with stochastic trajectories (TWIST) and minimal k‐space view‐sharing and compressed sensing (CS‐TWIST). The two imaging series differed in temporal footprint but not in temporal frame rate. The artifacts from view‐sharing were compared qualitatively and quantitatively in nine patients in addition to a phantom experiment.

Results

CS‐TWIST was able to reduce the imaging temporal footprint by two‐ to three‐fold compared with TWIST, and the overall subjective image quality of CS‐TWIST was higher than that for TWIST (P < 0.05). View sharing caused a delay in the visualization of small blood vessels, and the mean transit time of the carotid artery calculated based on TWIST reconstruction was 0.6 s longer than that for CS‐TWIST (P < 0.01). In thoracic MRA, the shorter temporal footprint decreased the sensitivity to physiological motion blurring, and vessel sharpness was improved by 8.8% ± 6.0% using CS‐TWIST (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

In time‐resolved MRA, the longer temporal footprint due to view‐sharing causes spatial and temporal artifacts. CS‐TWIST is a promising method for reducing these artifacts. Magn Reson Med 74:474–481, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tilt optimized flip uniformity (TOFU) RF pulse for uniform image contrast at low specific absorption rate levels in combination with a surface breast coil at 7 Tesla
Authors: van Kalleveen Irene M.L. , Boer Vincent O. , Luijten Peter R. , Klomp Dennis W.J.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Going to ultrahigh field MRI (e.g., 7 Tesla [T]), the nonuniformity of thefield and the increased radiofrequency (RF) power deposition become challenging. While surface coils improve the power efficiency in, its field remains nonuniform. In this work, an RF pulse was designed that uses the slab selection to compensate the inhomogeneousfield of a surface coil without a substantial increase in specific absorption rate (SAR).

Theory and Methods

A breast surface coil was used with a decayingfield in the anterior–posterior direction of the human breast. Slab selective RF pulses were designed and compared with adiabatic and spokes RF pulses. Proof of principle was demonstrated with FFE andmaps of the human breast.

Results

In vivo measurements obtained with the breast surface coil show that the tilt optimized flip uniformity (TOFU) RF pulses can improve the flip angle homogeneity by 31%, while the SAR will be lower compared with BIR‐4 and spokes RF pulses.

Conclusion

By applying TOFU RF pulses to the breast surface coil, we are able to compensate the inhomogeneousfield, while keeping the SAR low. Therefore strongerT1‐weighting in FFE sequences can be obtained, while pulse durations can remain short, as shown in the human breast at 7T. Magn Reson Med 74:482–488, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Centroidal bases in graphs
Authors: Foucaud Florent , Klasing Ralf , Slater Peter J.
Published: August 2014

We introduce the notion of a centroidal locating set of a graph G, that is, a set L of vertices such that all vertices in G are uniquely determined by their relative distances to the vertices of L. A centroidal locating set of G of minimum size is called a centroidal basis, and its size is the centroidal dimension . This notion, which is related to previous concepts, gives a new way of identifying the vertices of a graph. The centroidal dimension of a graph G is lower‐ and upper‐bounded by the metric dimension and twice the location‐domination number of G, respectively. The latter two parameters are standard and well‐studied notions in the field of graph identification. We show that for any graph G with n vertices and maximum degree at least 2, . We discuss the tightness of these bounds and in particular, we characterize the set of graphs reaching the upper bound. We then show that for graphs in which every pair of vertices is connected via a bounded number of paths, , the bound being tight for paths and cycles. We finally investigate the computational complexity of determining for an input graph G, showing that the problem is hard and cannot even be approximated efficiently up to a factor of . We also give an ‐approximation algorithm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 64(2), 96–108 2014
IL‐17A produced by both γδ T and Th17 cells promotes renal fibrosis via RANTES‐mediated leukocyte infiltration after renal obstruction
Authors: Peng Xiaogang , Xiao Zhicheng , Zhang Jing , Li Yulin , Dong Yanjun , Du Jie
Published: August 2014

IL‐17A‐producing T lymphocytes play a crucial role in inflammatory kidney diseases, but their role in renal fibrosis remains to be explored. Here, we demonstrated that up‐regulation of IL‐17A was associated with the development of obstructive kidney injury. The primary source of IL‐17A production in obstructed kidneys was infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes and CD4+ T cells. IL‐17A‐deficient mice were protected from myofibroblast activation and extracellular matrix deposition, leading to reduced kidney fibrosis in response to obstructive injury. Mechanistically, IL‐17A deficiency suppressed the expression of the chemokine RANTES in infiltrated CD3+ T cells and peritubular inflammation following renal obstruction. Administration of RANTES‐neutralizing antibody significantly reduced the accumulation of T cells and macrophages, and of collagen deposition in obstructed kidneys. Taken together, our results indicate that IL‐17A contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis by regulating RANTES‐mediated inflammatory cell infiltration. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Permeability measurements and flow simulation for polyaniline carbon nanofibers modified nanopaper on glass fiber preform
Authors: Zhao Ziwei , Liao Wei‐Ching , Bhagavatula Narayan , Lee L. James , Castro Jose M.
Published: August 2014

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) nanopapers have shown great potential to improve the surface of fiber‐reinforced polymeric composites, including providing electromagnetic interference shielding and erosion resistance. During typical resin transfer molding (RTM) process, the CNF nanopaper is incorporated into the fiber preform as a surface layer. To learn how resin flows through the fiber preform and nanopaper layer, permeabilities of the fiber preform and nanopaper need to be measured. As is well known, measuring the permeability of fiber preforms is experimentally challenging. Results usually exhibit large experimental variability. Measuring permeability of nanopapers is even more complicated. To improve the accuracy of results, permeability of CNF‐based nanopapers was measured using different experimental setups. In‐plane permeability of nanopaper was measured by both unidirectional microslit flow and radial flow approaches. Trans‐plane permeability was measured as well, using a trans‐plane flow cell and a flow visualization mold. In this article, we discuss the methods used and provide experimental results. We also conducted computational fluid dynamics simulations to study the detailed flow patterns of the nanopaper/RTM process and compared the simulated effect of the nanopaper on retarding the flow (length of the lag) with respect to the glass preform with flow visualization results. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:435–445, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesizing multi‐walled carbon nanotube‐polymethyl methacrylate conductive composites and poly(lactic acid) based composites
Authors: Wu Xueli , Qiu Jianhui , Zhang Wenjuan , Zang Limin , Sakai Eiichi , Liu Peng
Published: August 2014

Multi‐walled carbon nanotube was modified with polymethyl methacrylate (MWCNT‐PMMA) by in situ solution radical polymerization in the presence of 2,2′‐Azobis (isobutyronitrile) as an initiator. The products with different addition of methyl methacrylate (MMA) were pressed into slices to prepare specimens for electrical conductivity testing. It was found that the MWCNT‐PMMA nanocomposites demonstrate excellent electrical conductivity. To investigate the microsphere morphology and the colloidal surfactant of MWCNTs in MWCNT‐PMMA composites, samples were submitted to scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The thermogravimetric analysis of the prepared composites confirmed that MWCNTs as a thermal stabilizer for PMMA, which could have a wide range of potential applications, such as in catalysts, sensors, environmental remediation, and energy storage. Two series of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) based biocomposites with different MMA additions and MWCNT‐PMMA composites contents were prepared with twin‐screw extruding and injection molding. The results show the mechanical properties changed a little with the MMA and MWCNT‐PMMA composites contents increasing, which suggested the well compatibility between MWCNT‐PMMA composites and PLA. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:503–511, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Spatial power fluctuation correlations in urban rooftop photovoltaic systems
Authors: Elsinga Boudewijn , van Sark Wilfried
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we investigate the spatial dependence of variations in power output of small residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in a densely populated urban area (≈100km2) in and around Utrecht, the Netherlands. Research into the geo‐statistical behavior of this kind of randomly spaced collection of PV systems is complementary to other studies in the field of compact regularly spaced MW‐scale PV plants. Fluctuations in power output between PV systems are correlated up to a certain decorrelation length. Decorrelation is reached (within 1 − e−3≈95%) in an exponential model and the spatial scale ranges from 100 m to approx. 15 km, with a mean value 0.34(±0.2), 2.6(±0.3), and 5.0(±0.5) km for measurement time step of the time series of respectively 1, 5, and 15 min. These length scales are typical for an urban environment and is important for reduction of variability in aggregated output variability of PV systems. Furthermore, the distance‐independent variability still itself was found to be strictly linearly dependent on daily mean variability values. This is a good validation of the decorrelation of inter‐system ramp rate correlation over distances longer than the characteristic decorrelation length. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated approach using multistep enzyme digestion, TiO2 enrichment, and database search for in‐depth phosphoproteomic profiling
Authors: Han Dohyun , Jin Jonghwa , Yu Jiyoung , Kim Kyunggon , Kim Youngsoo
Published: August 2014

Protein phosphorylation is a major PTM that regulates important cell signaling mechanisms. In‐depth phosphoproteomic analysis provides a method of examining this complex interplay, yielding a mechanistic understanding of the cellular processes and pathogenesis of various diseases. However, the analysis of protein phosphorylation is challenging, due to the low concentration of phosphoproteins in highly complex mixtures and the high variability of phosphorylation sites. Thus, typical phosphoproteome studies that are based on MS require large amounts of starting material and extensive fractionation steps to reduce the sample complexity. To this end, we present a simple strategy (integrated multistep enzyme digestion, enrichment, database search–iMEED) to improve coverage of the phosphoproteome from lower sample amounts which is faster than other commonly used approaches. It is inexpensive and adaptable to low sample amounts and saves time and effort with regard to sample preparation and mass spectrometric analysis, allowing samples to be prepared without prefractionation or specific instruments, such as HPLC. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001033 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001033).
Tetraoxanes as a new class of efficient herbicides comparable with commercial products
Authors: Cusati Raphael C , Barbosa Luiz CA , Maltha Célia RA , Demuner Antônio J , Oliveros‐Bastidas Alberto , Silva Antônio A
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Several 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes were synthesised, and their herbicidal activity was tested against weeds and compared with the activity of commercial herbicides glyphosate and imazethapyr.

RESULTS

The compounds were prepared by reacting carbonyl compounds with hydrogen peroxide under acid catalysis, affording 1,1‐dihydroperoxides (36–91%) that were further converted into 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes (10–52%) under similar reaction conditions. All products were evaluated against Sorghum bicolor and Cucumis sativus at 0.0125–1.0 mM, and several tetraoxanes caused >70% inhibition of the growth of roots and aerial parts. The most active products were evaluated against the weeds Sorghum arundinaceum, Euphorbia heterophylla, Brachiaria brizantha and Bidens pilosa. Some compounds were highly effective (>80% inhibition at 1.0 mM) against the weeds, showing activity comparable with that of glyphosate or imazethapyr. One of the tetraoxanes was selective, being inactive against dicotyledonous species while inhibiting the roots and aerial parts of monocotyledonous species by 92.9–97.5%, which is comparable with the effect of glyphosate.

CONCLUSIONS

Tetraoxanes constitute a new class of effective herbicides with great potential for commercial development. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecule‐adapted basis sets optimized with a quantum Monte Carlo method
Authors: Mendes Arruda Priscilla , Canal Neto Antônio , Martins Campos Mauro Cesar , Coelho da Cruz Henrique Raulino , dos Santos Fábio Alves
Published: August 2014

The Monte Carlo simulated annealing method is adapted to optimize correlated Gaussian‐type functions in nonrelativistic molecular environments. Starting from an atom‐centered atomic Gaussian basis set, the uncontracted functions are reoptimized in the molecular environments corresponding to the H2O, CN−, N2, CO, BF, NO+, CO2, and CS systems. These new molecular adapted basis sets are used to calculate total energies, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and equilibrium geometries at a correlated level of theory. The present methodology is a simple and effective way to improve molecular correlated wave functions, without the need to enlarge the molecular basis set. Additionally, this methodology can be used to generate hierarchical sequences of molecular basis sets with increasing size, which are relevant to establish complete basis set limits. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Haptic Object Recognition in Underwater and Deep‐sea Environments
Authors: Aggarwal Achint , Kampmann Peter , Lemburg Johannes , Kirchner Frank
Published: August 2014

Tactile sensors, because of their intrinsic insensitivity to lighting conditions and water turbidity, provide promising opportunities for perception and object recognition in underwater and deep‐sea environments. However, the limited availability of tactile sensors for underwater use has led to limited research in this domain. Recently, we have developed a deep‐sea‐capable tactile sensing system, with high spatial and force resolutions, which has made underwater haptic exploration possible for the first time. This paper presents a tactile sensor‐based object recognition and localization methodology for structured underwater and deep‐sea applications. Our approach is based on database matching using a local feature‐based Random Sampling and Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm, and sequentially evolving the resulting hypotheses over the course of object exploration. It can handle a large database of three‐dimensional objects of complex shapes, and it performs a complete six degree of freedom localization of a static object. An approach to utilize both contact and free‐space measurements is presented. Extensive experimentation is performed in underwater environments for validating both the sensor system and the algorithms. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of haptic object recognition and localization in underwater and deep‐sea environments.
Effects of Water Temperature on Breeding Phenology, Growth, and Metamorphosis of Foothill Yellow‐Legged Frogs (Rana boylii): A Case Study of the Regulated Mainstem and Unregulated Tributaries of California's Trinity River
Authors: Wheeler C. A. , Bettaso J. B. , Ashton D. T. , Welsh H. H.
Published: August 2014

Many riverine organisms are well adapted to seasonally dynamic environments, but extreme changes in flow and thermal regimes can threaten sustainability of their populations in regulated rivers. Altered thermal regimes may limit recruitment to populations by shifting the timing of breeding activities and affecting the growth and development of early life stages. Stream‐dwelling anurans such as the foothill yellow‐legged frog (Rana boylii) in the Trinity River of northern California are model subjects for examining associations between water temperature and the timing of oviposition, hatching, and metamorphosis, and body condition and size of tadpoles and metamorphs. Breeding activity, hatching success, and metamorphosis occurred later, and metamorphs were smaller and leaner along the regulated and colder mainstem relative to six unregulated tributaries of the Trinity River. Persistently depressed summer water temperatures appear to play a seminal role in inhibited tadpole growth on the regulated mainstem and may be a causative factor in the pronounced decline of this population. Environmental flow assessments should account for the influence of the thermal regime on the development of vulnerable embryonic and larval life stages to improve outcomes for declining amphibian populations. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Paternity testing using microsatellite DNA markers in captive Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae)
Authors: Sakaoka Ken , Suzuki Isao , Kasugai Naeko , Fukumoto Yohei
Published: August 2014

We investigated the paternity of 39 Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) hatched at the Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium between 1995 and 2005 breeding seasons using microsatellite DNA markers. Among the 13 microsatellite marker loci tested in this study, eight markers amplified and were found to be polymorphic in the colony's founders of the captive population (n = 26). Multiple marker analysis confirmed that all the hatchlings shared alleles with their social fathers and that none of them were sired by any male (all males ≥4 years old in the exhibit tank during each reproductive season; n = 9–15) other than the one carrying out parental duties, except in the case of two inbred hatchlings whose half‐sibling parents shared the same father. These results demonstrated that extra‐pair paternity (EPP) did not occur in this captive population and that even if EPP has been detected among them, the probability of excluding all other possible fathers in the exhibit tank is extremely high based on paternity exclusion probabilities across the investigated loci. The paternity exclusion probabilities were almost the same between 1994 and 2005. The probability of identity across the investigated loci declined between the two time points, but was still high. These results are reflected in a very short history of breeding in this captive population. In other words, the parentage analyses using a suite of microsatellite markers will be less effective as generations change in small closed populations, such as zoo and aquarium populations. Zoo Biol. 33:463–470, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
American Indian Historical Trauma: Community Perspectives from Two Great Plains Medicine Men
Authors: Hartmann William E. , Gone Joseph P.
Published: August 2014

The field of community psychology has long been interested in the relations between how community problems are defined, what interventions are developed in response, and to what degree power is distributed as a result. Tensions around these issues have come to the fore in debates over the influence of historical trauma (HT) in American Indian (AI) communities. After interviewing the two most influential medicine men on a Great Plains reservation to investigate how these tensions were being resolved, we found that both respondents were engaging with their own unique elaboration of HT theory. The first, George, engaged in a therapeutic discourse that reconfigured HT as a recognizable but malleable term that could help to communicate his “spiritual perspective” on distress and the need for healing in the reservation community. The second, Henry, engaged in a nation‐building discourse that shifted attention away from past colonial military violence toward ongoing systemic oppression and the need for sociostructural change. These two interviews located HT at the heart of important tensions between globalization and indigeneity while opening the door for constructive but critical reflection within AI communities, as well as dialogue with allied social scientists, to consider how emerging discourses surrounding behavioral health disparities might be helpful for promoting healing and/or sociostructural change.
The change in energy absorbed post removal of metalwork in a simulated paediatric long bone fracture
Authors: Howieson Alan J. , Jones Michael D. , Theobald Peter S.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

The surgical treatment of paediatric fractures is increasing. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with plates and screws is long established, whilst the use of elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) has become increasingly popular. This study quantifies, in terms of the energy required to produce a fracture, the biomechanical sequelae of both techniques post removal of metalwork, to provide clinicians with evidence to guide post-operative advice.

Methods

An immature bovine model was adopted to ascertain whether these techniques exposed the bone to a greater re-fracture risk following removal of the device. Bones were prepared to reflect ORIF or ESIN techniques, or prepared intact for the acquisition of control data. Each bone was tested to failure at 90 °/s, with the absorbed energy then being calculated to determine the relative difference between each technique and versus control data. Data describing peak shear stress and torque were recorded.

Results

Absorbed energy was reduced by 47 % in the ORIF group compared to both the control ( p = 0.011) and ESIN ( p = 0.018) groups. The peak shear stress and torque were also significantly different. All ORIF bones failed through drill holes, suggesting stress localisation around the defects.

Conclusion

This study suggests that there is a significantly higher re-fracture risk following the removal of ORIF plates when compared to both ESIN and the control environment. Whilst this may reflect the intuitive view of many clinicians, this study provides a quantitative value of the reduction in strength and should help clinicians to appropriately caution patients and parents prior to surgery.
Tribological behaviour of the green anode paste with a steel plate at 150 °C
Authors: Thibodeau Stéphane , Alamdari Houshang D. , Ziegler Donald P. , Fafard Mario
Published: August 2014

In order to accurately predict the mechanical behaviour of paste during forming process, the friction law between the carbon paste and the mould wall is an important parameter to be determined. This paper presents the tribological behaviour of the lubricated paste/steel interface subjected to high stress conditions at the anode forming temperature of 150 °C. A method to characterize the tribological behaviour has been developed and an apparatus was built. The method is based on the comparison of two successive experiments. In the first experiment, the paste is in contact with the friction plate. In the second one, a layer of Teflon is placed under the paste in order to excite another parameter thereby allowing the identification of the friction coefficient between the paste and steel wall. These experiments were performed with a paste under different normal loads. The static and kinetic friction coefficients of the Teflon/steel, steel/steel and paste/steel interfaces have been estimated. The static and kinetic friction coefficients of the Teflon/steel are respectively 0.17 and 0.13. The steel/steel friction coefficients were evaluated twice which gave a static coefficient that varies between 0.22 and 0.30. The kinetic coefficient varies between 0.18 and 0.25. The static and kinetic paste/steel friction coefficients obtained from both experiments are clearly similar. Their values are 0.15 and 0.13 respectively.
Caudal Blockade for Children Undergoing Infra‐abdominal Surgery
Authors: Keyser Chantal Yvette
Published: August 2014

The assessment and management of pain in children can be complicated by their inability to communicate effectively; therefore, it is important that every attempt be made to circumvent the undertreatment of pain. Caudal blockade is associated with excellent pain relief and minimal side effects, and it is an established technique used in conjunction with general anesthesia for children undergoing infra‐abdominal surgery. Available local anesthetic agents have a relatively short analgesic duration period, so anesthesia professionals often combine their use with adjuvant medications (eg, epinephrine, clonidine, fentanyl, morphine, preservative‐free ketamine, neostigmine). Additional consideration should be given to intraoperative care, postoperative observation (eg, measuring sedation, motor blockade, postoperative nausea and vomiting, pain), and discharge instructions for the patient's caregiver.
Endovascular Aortoiliac Aneurysm Repair: Surgical Progress Through New Treatment Paradigms and Innovative Endograft Design
Authors: Buckley Shirley D. , Buckley Clifford J.
Published: August 2014

Effective treatment for patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) began more than 50 years ago through the development of prosthetic grafts, which were used to replace aneurysmal segments of diseased arteries. Open surgical repair of AAAs became the gold standard for treating this disease. In 1999, two device manufacturers received US Food and Drug Administration approval for their endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) devices to treat selected patients with AAA. During the next 10 years, multiple other EVAR devices received US Food and Drug Administration approval, and, now, EVAR rivals open surgical repair as the standard for treating aortoiliac aneurysm disease. The purpose of this article is to outline advances in the device technology used for EVAR procedures, identify historical progress of treatment options, recognize complications after EVAR, describe improvements in device design, and specify related nursing implications.
Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: The Role of Endovascular Repair
Authors: Gordon Phyllis A. , Toursarkissian Boulos
Published: August 2014

Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a significant cause of mortality in the United States. Often asymptomatic, AAA is considered a silent killer because it frequently remains undiagnosed until the time of rupture or the patient's death. Major risk factors, such as smoking, age, sex, race, and family history of aortic aneurysm, affect the formation of AAAs. National screening recommendations and advancements in treatment modalities during the past 20 years have improved morbidity and mortality, especially with the introduction of stent grafts for endovascular repair of the aorta. Endovascular aneurysm repair is less invasive than open surgical repair. This article describes the major risk factors, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of AAA; patient selection for endovascular repair; common adverse events and complications; and perioperative implications for the patient undergoing endovascular repair of an AAA. Knowing the treatment options for patients with AAA who are at high risk for rupture should allow clinicians to determine the best course of immediate and long‐term care. Patients who undergo endovascular repair of an AAA should receive lifelong monitoring for complications, especially endoleaks.
Back to Basics: Positioning the Patient
Authors: Spruce Lisa , Van Wicklin Sharon A.
Published: August 2014

Positioning the surgical patient requires special attention from the entire surgical team because anesthetized or sedated patients are not able to reposition themselves when needed to relieve discomfort or alert team members of the need for repositioning. Perioperative nurses must pay attention to positioning details and the possibility of injury at all times during the patient's procedure. This includes assessing the patient's circulatory, respiratory, integumentary, musculoskeletal, and neurological structures to help ensure that the patient is properly positioned and safe from injury. Working as a member of the surgical team, the perioperative RN is key to speaking up when positioning issues need to be addressed and helping to minimize the risk of injury to the patient. This “Back to Basics” article discusses positioning the patient in the prone position.
Clinical Issues‐September 2014
Authors: Burlingame Byron L.
Published: August 2014

This Month

OR staffing requirements

Key words: OR staffing, on‐call, calculating full‐time equivalents, FTEs.

OR temperature requirements

Key words: OR temperature; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; HVAC.

High humidity in the OR

Key words: heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; HVAC; humidity; temperature.
10 Management Considerations for Implementing an Endovascular Hybrid OR
Authors: Eder Sheryl P. , Register Jennifer L.
Published: August 2014

A hybrid procedure is the use of procedural techniques from different specialties to accomplish a shared procedural goal. Hybrid interventional suites combine the capabilities of an OR with the technologies of interventional radiology, thereby offering a modern solution to the care of patients with complex vascular pathology by using the least‐invasive procedure possible. Management considerations for successful implementation of an endovascular hybrid OR suite include environment of care, design, retrofitting, equipment, personnel, anesthesia, procedural care, radiation protection, and financial planning.
Massless Wigner particles in conformal field theory are free
Authors: TANIMOTO YOH
Published: August 2014

We show that the massless particle spectrum in a four-dimensional conformal Haag–Kastler net is generated by a free field subnet. If the massless particle spectrum is scalar, then the free field subnet decouples as a tensor product component.
Radical “Citizens of the World,” 1790–95: The Early Career of Henry Redhead Yorke
Authors: Goodrich Amanda
Published: August 2014

This article takes a new look at British radicalism in the 1790s and explores it within broad geographical and cultural frameworks and through the early career of Henry Redhead Yorke, a West Indian Creole who became a radical in England but frequently recanted his politics. It views radicalism within the Atlantic World and provides a broader interpretation of the excluded majority than as an English working class. It examines the radical “citizens of the world” and sheds new light on the apparent conflict within English radicalism between universalist and constitutionalist ideologies. Politicization and identity are the key themes here examined within micro- and macro-histories.
Performing Multiculturalism: The Commonwealth Arts Festival of 1965
Authors: Natarajan Radhika
Published: August 2014

The Commonwealth Arts Festival of 1965 was an important moment of postimperial reengagement. Over three weeks, Britain hosted visual artists, musicians, dancers, poets, and writers representing national cultures, who together presented a diverse Commonwealth assembled in terms of egalitarian multiculturalism. This article examines the investments of individual nations in participating in this festival to argue for the transnational production of multiculturalism at the end of empire. As a postimperial phenomenon, Commonwealth multiculturalism depended on the legibility of distinct national cultures assembled through an equitable framework. Governments sponsored representative cultural forms in response to domestic political circumstances and international economic needs, and against the imperial aesthetic hierarchies of the past. Examining the diverse interests assembled through the festival is essential to understanding the legacies of imperial power for more seemingly democratic frameworks of difference.
An Anglo-Irish Radical in the Late Georgian Metropolis: Peter Finnerty and the Politics of Contempt
Authors: Wright Jonathan Jeffrey
Published: August 2014

This article focuses on the Irish-born metropolitan radical and parliamentary journalist Peter Finnerty, exploring, in particular, the distinctive nature of his political engagement. Chiefly remembered as a friend of William Hazlitt and an implacable opponent of Lord Castlereagh, Finnerty was an influential figure in his own right, who moved between a range of social and political spaces. Framing him as an unrepentant Irish radical, indifferent to the coercive power of authority, this article will examine Finnerty's involvement in a range of scandals, controversies, and causes célèbres, and will highlight the ways in which he succeeded, through enacting a contempt for authority, in subverting both the courtroom and Parliament itself.
Helicity in the Ekman boundary layer
Authors: Deusebio Enrico , Lindborg Erik
Published: August 2014

Helicity, which is defined as the scalar product of velocity and vorticity, $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}{\mathcal{H}} = {\boldsymbol {u}} \boldsymbol {\cdot }\boldsymbol{\omega}$, is an inviscidly conserved quantity in a barotropic fluid. Mean helicity is zero in flows that are parity invariant. System rotation breaks parity invariance and has therefore the potential of giving rise to non-zero mean helicity. In this paper we study the helicity dynamics in the incompressible Ekman boundary layer. Evolution equations for the mean field helicity and the mean turbulent helicity are derived and it is shown that pressure flux injects helicity at a rate $ 2 \varOmega G^2 $ over the total depth of the Ekman layer, where $ G $ is the geostrophic wind far from the wall and $ {\boldsymbol{\Omega}} = \varOmega {\boldsymbol {e}}_y $ is the rotation vector and $ {\boldsymbol {e}}_y $ is the wall-normal unit vector. Thus right-handed/left-handed helicity will be injected if $ \varOmega $ is positive/negative. We also show that in the uppermost part of the boundary layer there is a net helicity injection with opposite sign as compared with the totally integrated injection. Isotropic relations for the helicity dissipation and the helicity spectrum are derived and it is shown that it is sufficient to measure two transverse velocity components and use Taylor’s hypothesis in the mean flow direction in order to measure the isotropic helicity spectrum. We compare the theoretical predictions with a direct numerical simulation of an Ekman boundary layer and confirm that there is a preference for right-handed helicity in the lower part of the Ekman layer and left-handed helicity in the uppermost part when $ \varOmega > 0 $. In the logarithmic range, the helicity dissipation conforms to isotropic relations. On the other hand, spectra show significant departures from isotropic conditions, suggesting that the Reynolds number considered in the study is not sufficiently large for isotropy to be valid in a wide range of scales. Our analytical and numerical results strongly suggest that there is a turbulent helicity cascade of right-handed helicity in the logarithmic range of the atmospheric boundary layer when $\varOmega >0$, consistent with recent measurements by Koprov, Koprov, Ponomarev & Chkhetiani (Dokl. Phys., vol. 50, 2005, pp. 419–422). The isotropic relations which are derived may facilitate future measurements of the helicity spectrum in the atmospheric boundary layer as well as in controlled wind tunnel experiments.