bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Spending Allocation, Fiscal Performance and Corruption*
Authors: Moschovis Georgios
Published: May 2010

This paper concentrates on the expenditure side of the budgetary process. It examines the impact of corruption on public spending decision‐making and budget execution, especially in the occurrence of fiscal slippages, also by assessing the characteristics of corrupt behaviours across the various phases of the budgetary process. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the related literature and discuss the impact of corruption on the budget process, through the empirical investigation of fifteen EU countries,2 paying particular attention to Greece. Applying simple econometric techniques on a sample of fifteen old EU members and for the period 1995–2006, two main effects of corruption are considered: corruption influences the decisions on public spending allocation and, is positively correlated on the one hand, with the level of public expenditure allocated for general public services, defence, order and safety, economic affairs and culture, while on the other hand, is negatively correlated with the so‐called social expenditure. A secondary impact of corruption related to the execution phase of the budget, is that corruption affects the accuracy of expenditure, pushing public spending above the budgetary targets and leading to systematic budget expenditure overshooting and thus, to continuous fiscal slippages and poor budgetary performance.
Student Performance in a Large First Year Economics Subject: Which Variables are Significant?*
Authors: Mallik Girijasankar , Lodewijks John
Published: May 2010

The first year experience at university and issues relating to retention rates continue to attract the attention of educationalists. This article investigates the relative importance of a wide range of variables that may impact student performance at the first year level. The multiyear data set covers 2187 students who are enrolled in an introductory economics subject at a major multicampus university. The significant variables detected may assist those currently trying to raise retention rates and raise some questions about the capacity of universities to successfully increase their enrolment rates significantly in the future.
A Cautionary Note on the Use of Socio‐Economic Analyses in Water Planning
Authors: Crase Lin
Published: May 2010

The Murray–Darling Basin Authority is required to deliver a Basin Plan that is consistent with the Commonwealth Water Act 2007. As part of the development of this plan the Authority has sought input on the methodology used to develop sustainable diversion limits, ostensibly designed to maintain and/or improve the ecological health of the Basin. Regrettably, the suggested approach implies mixing multiple and conflicting objectives into a single policy response. In this article some of the problems with this approach are highlighted. In particular questions surrounding the objective of improving ecological outcomes are raised. I conclude that the Plan is unlikely to deliver on the ecological objectives, particularly if the socio‐economic impacts and the less‐rigorous techniques for enumerating them are given excessive weight in decision making. A preferred approach would allow for separate interventions to deliver on the social and economic fronts.
Hepatitis B virus surface antigen interacts with acid alpha‐glucosidase and alters glycogen metabolism
Authors: Hung Jui‐Hsiang , Yan Chiao‐Wen , Su Ih‐Jen , Wang Hui‐Ching , Lei Huan‐Yao , Lin Wan‐Chi , Chang Wen‐Tsan , Huang Wenya , Lu Te‐Jung , Lai Ming‐Derg
Published: May 2010

Aim:  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is highly correlated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Previous studies have reported that expression of hepatitis B virus pre‐S2 mutant surface antigen is related to hepatoma development. An aberrant carbohydrate metabolism is a hallmark of malignant transformation.

Methods:  We performed yeast two‐hybrid screening with HBV pre‐S2‐del large surface protein (pre‐S2Δ) by using human liver cDNA library, and identified the acid alpha‐glucosidase (acid α‐glucosidase) as the novel cellular interacting protein of pre‐S2Δ. The association of pre‐S2Δ with the acid α‐glucosidase was confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence and co‐immunoprecipitation assay. Further, the acid α‐glucosidase activity and glycogen content were analyzed in ML‐1 cells expressing pre‐S2Δ.

Results:  The interaction between HBV large surface protein and acid α‐glucosidase was demonstrated with co‐immunoprecipitation in vitro and in vivo, and the binding was mediated through c‐terminal region 889‐952 amino acid of acid α‐glucosidase. On the other hand, HBV large surface protein interacted with acid α‐glucosidase through N‐terminal region 1–157 amino acid of HBV large surface protein. Expression of HBV large surface protein enhanced acid α‐glucosidase activity and resulted in decrease of cellular glycogen.

Conclusion:  Our result demonstrates that HBV large surface protein interacts with acid α‐glucosidase which plays an important role in glycogen balance. Together, these data suggest a novel pathway by which HBV large surface protein affects carbohydrate metabolism.
Clinical classification of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts
Authors: Kobayashi Noritoshi , Niwa Tetsu , Kirikoshi Hiroyuki , Fujita Koji , Yoneda Masato , Saito Satoru , Nakajima Atsushi
Published: May 2010

Aim:  Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (CEPS) is a rare anomaly in which the enteric blood bypasses the liver and drains into the systemic veins through various venous shunts. Patients with CEPS often have liver tumors and complications such as cardiac or other anomalies, but portosystemic encephalopathy and gastrointestinal bleeding occur only occasionally. The clinical problems differ for each individual with CEPS, and establishing a prognosis can be very difficult.

Methods:  We reviewed the clinical features of 136 reported cases of CEPS and classified these cases according to their portosystemic shunts.

Results:  We classified portal blood flow directly into the inferior vena cava (IVC) as type A (88 cases), portal blood flow into the renal vein as type B (36 cases), and portal blood flow into the iliac vein via an inferior mesenteric vein as type C (12 cases). Type A patients were complicated with cardiac anomalies at a higher rate than other types. Type C patients had lower prevalences of cardiac anomalies and portosystemic encephalopathy than the other types, but the prevalence of gastrointestinal bleeding was significantly higher (P < 0.0001). The prognosis of CEPS has improved, and only six deaths have been previously reported, all of which occurred in type A patients.

Conclusions:  We reviewed the previously reported cases of CEPS. Classification according to the portosystemic shunt system might be useful for investigating the clinical features of CEPS.
Friend or Foe? Foreign Investors and the Liquidity of Six Asian Markets
Authors: Agudelo Diego A.
Published: May 2010

Studying foreign flows and the liquidity of six Asian markets and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, we provide evidence of two contrary effects of foreigners on liquidity. On the one hand, foreign trade has a negative but transitory impact on the overall liquidity of the market on a daily basis, consistent with foreign investors demanding liquidity more aggressively than locals and incorporating market‐wide information. On the other hand, the overall share of foreign ownership in the market is positively related to improved liquidity, consistent with foreigners improving liquidity provision and sending a positive signal to the market on transparency and monitoring. Overall, the results portray foreign investors as aggressively demanding liquidity in the very short term, but having a lasting positive effect on the liquidity of emerging markets.
Recent Publications in Natural History
Authors: Nelson Gareth
Published: May 2010

Principal Review: Darwin, Charles. The Illustrated origin of species. Abridged and introduced by Richard E. Leakey. Consultants W. F. Bynum and J. A. Barrett
Diamond Jenness and the National Museum of Canada: 1930–1947
Authors: RICHLING BARNETT
Published: May 2010

Diamond Jenness (1886–1969), New Zealand born and Oxford educated, is best known in anthropology for his detailed studies of Canadian Inuit and Indian societies and cultures. He published numerous reports and papers and the ground‐breaking The Indians of Canada (1932), a classic of North American ethnology. Less well known is his service (1926–1930, 1937–1947) as chief of the Anthropological Division of the National Museum of Canada (NMC), where he made important contributions to furthering Canadian anthropology before the discipline had gained public acceptance or a secure niche in either academia or government.

Two facts help to explain why little attention has been paid to Jenness's administrative work and the Division's accomplishments during his tenure. First, his career was overshadowed by that of Edward Sapir, among the century's brightest anthropological lights and Jenness's predecessor as chief (1910–1925). Sapir has been the subject of considerable attention in disciplinary history, including assessments of his formative influence on professional anthropology in Canada during his sojourn at NMC (Cowan et al., 1986; Koerner, 1984). Second, Jenness and his colleagues struggled to maintain the Division's viability at a time when economic depression, government bureaucracy, and world war threatened to reduce professional anthropology to insignificance. Though we are not without tangible proofs of the Division's scientific endeavors during the period, perhaps its more notable accomplishment was surviving the onslaught at all.
An Evaluation of Disposable Pens for Permanent Museum Records
Authors: WOOD ROSE M. , WILLIAMS STEPHEN L.
Published: May 2010

Several brands of disposable black ink pens are commercially available, and some are advertised as suitable for archival purposes. The cost and convenience of using disposable pens made it worthwhile to investigate their value for permanent records. Characteristics compared included lightfastness, resistance to fluids, resistance to smearing and flaking, and utility. Results indicate certain types of disposable porous‐plastic‐tipped pens and roller‐ball‐tipped pens have qualities that fulfill some museum needs.
Diversity and the Museum of London
Authors: Kahn David M.
Published: May 2010

Increasingly, some — but not all — urban history museums are facing the challenges of reaching out to and serving growingly diversified populations. Described here is the Museum of London's The Peopling of London, which recognizes the history and contributions of immigrant communities and their descendants. Planning for the exhibition required an about face from the museum's traditional in‐house method of exhibition development — involving members of minority communities. Both the planning process and the resulting exhibition serve as a model for consideration and possibly emulation as urban history museums look at the growing diversification of the populations they serve.
The Exhibition: Lecture or Conversation?
Authors: Spicer Joaneath
Published: May 2010

The problem for art museums of striking a balance between accessibility and scholarship comes to a head in the special exhibition. This article suggests that one way to involve the viewer in this balance is to approach the exhibition not so much as a lecture but as a conversation, with the consequence that the focus is on those issues that are open to verification or resolution by the viewer.
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — A Dialogue with Memory
Authors: Freed James Ingo
Published: May 2010

This article describes the author's personal/professional experience in designing the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, a building that must “fit” in the context of the National Mall, express the spirit of the Holocaust, and become a permanent, living memorial. “The [building] did not pose the familiar problem of the container and the contained. This [must be] a building where the contained (the historical exhibition) works on the container (the architectural shell) and where the container has to join with the contained.”
Wanted: An Effective Director
Authors: Boyd Willard L.
Published: May 2010

The role of museum director is increasingly discussed and reported inside and outside the museum community. Turnover grows as museum missions expand and funding sources and amounts decrease. Finding a new director who will be effective when confronted by these pressures requires a realistic assessment by the searching institution of the job to be done. That realistic assessment requires recognition — not necessarily agreement — by both staff and trustees of what the problems and priorities are. There is no perfect director. But there are effective directors. This essay addresses some of the issues facing boards, staffs, search firms, and candidates — as seen from the limited perspective of one person.
Native Hawaiians and Bishop Museum: Negotiating Ownership of the Island Past
Authors: Kelly Marjorie
Published: May 2010

Increasingly, museums are seeking to incorporate indigenous perspectives into their exhibits, programs, and collections management policies. Despite its history and close proximity to Hawaiians, Bishop Museum has neither a long nor an unblemished record of consulting the indigenous community. Within the last three years, there has been a theft/removal of sacred objects, a lawsuit involving repatriation of Hawaiian remains, demonstrations and state government hearings concerning the Bishop's interpretation of archaeological sites, as well as more positive activity; e.g., a renewed interest in exhibiting Hawaiian culture. While factionalism within the indigenous community complicates matters, many of the museum's problems are an outgrowth of its own decisions: lucrative contracts have not been without cost, and internal dissension has resulted in such high staff turnover that the museum's professional capability has been publicly called into question by Hawaiians (and others). As Hawaiians assume a more active role, their 106‐year relationship with Bishop Museum is being redefined.

(Note: “Hawai'i” is used here to refer to the southernmost island in the chain; “Hawaii” designates the entire chain, the state).
Family Learning in Museums: A Bibliographic Review
Authors: Borun Minda , Cleghom Ann , Garfield Caren
Published: May 2010

The literature on family behavior in informal science settings consists primarily of observational studies of behavior, focusing on generation and gender roles and learning strategies. Much effort has been expended studying the family visit, building the foundation for further study. A question that remains is: Can we infer learning from observations of learning behavior among family members?

The literature in this annotated bibliography addresses issues involved in understanding the family learning process — what a family is, why families visit museums, how they behave in museums, how they learn in museums, and measuring learning.
Previous Possessions, New Obligations: A Commitment by Australian Museums†
Authors: Griffin Des
Published: May 2010

In 1993, Museums Australia, representing museums and the Australian museum community, adopted a policy covering relations between museums and Australia's indigenous peoples. Previous Possessions, New Obligations is based on 13 principles, the first of which recognizes the right to self‐determination of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in respect of their cultural property. The policy recognizes a multiplicity of interests in indigenous peoples' cultural property but emphasizes Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' primary role.

The policy was developed through consultation with indigenous people and communities, museums, professional associations, and governments. It covers human remains, secret/sacred material, and collections in general. It also deals with museums' public programs and issues of staffing, training, and governance. It emphasizes the importance of consultation between museum staff and appropriate persons and communities when museums are dealing with indigenous cultures.

This paper traces the history of museums' dealings with indigenous peoples in several countries, especially Australia. The development of this policy from mid‐1991 is traced.

Museums Australia, in collaboration with the Australian government, is pursuing the policy, especially the provenancing of human remains and secret/sacred material, to assist in returning such material when requested and appropriate. Museums Australia is also reviewing the effect the policy has had over the last two years. While the policy is an important document, there is still much progress to be made.
Zoos in Transition: Enriching Conservation Education for a New Generation
Authors: Wineman Jean , Piper Craig , Maple Terry L.
Published: May 2010

As zoos undertake transformations to address issues of conservation education, questions arise as to the most effective means to engage all zoo visitors. This article suggests that zoos are missing opportunities to capture the attention and involvement of the full range of zoo visitors, particularly the youngest children and teenagers, who make up approximately 17 percent of zoo visitors. This article considers the needs of these two groups and provides design guidance and examples of programs to meet those needs.

The Children's Zoo Design Project (CZDP) was initiated in 1992 by Zoo Atlanta and Georgia Institute of Technology and funded by the National Endowment for the Arts. The purpose of the project was to provide a central resource to which zoos contemplating design change might turn. The article is based on the research of the CZDP and also includes surveys of zoos, site visits, and the thinking and conclusions of a workshop/seminar participated in by students, zoo professionals, and others involved in zoo design and education.
Curating and Controlling Zuni Photographic Images
Authors: Holman Nigel
Published: May 2010

This article explores the history of photography in Zuni and provides a context for the forthcoming request from Zuni religious leaders that they be allowed to exercise some control over sensitive images held by museums. This request is part of the debate over whether Native Americans should exercise some degree of control over historic photographs of their religious ceremonies. Some Zuni community members always considered photography of religious ceremonies to be inappropriate. How it happened sheds light on how Zunis incorporated the then‐new technology into their traditional beliefs and social organization. Similarly, existing museum policy toward sensitive images is a result of the way photography has been incorporated into European and American legal and ethical thinking. In addition to lending weight to the contention that forthcoming requests from Native Americans are based on long‐held beliefs rather than simply contemporary political expediency, history also suggests the parameters for an equitable solution to this issue.
Paying Attention: The Duration and Allocation of Visitors' Time in Museum Exhibitions
Authors: Serrell Beverly
Published: May 2010

The amount of time visitors spend and the number of stops they make in exhibitions are systematic measures that can be indicators of learning. Previous authors have made assumptions about the amount of attention visitors pay to exhibitions based on observations of behavior at single exhibits or other small data samples. This study offers a large database from a comparative investigation of the duration and allocation of visitors' time in 108 exhibitions, and it establishes numerical indexes that reflect patterns of visitor use of the exhibition. These indexes—sweep rate (SRI) and percentage of diligent visitors (%DV)—can be used to compare one exhibition to another, or to compare the same exhibition under two (or more) different circumstances. Patterns of visitor behavior found in many of the study sites included: (1) visitors typically spend less than 20 minutes in exhibitions, regardless of the topic or size; (2) the majority of visitors are not “diligent visitors”—those who stop at more than half of the available elements; (3) on average, visitors use exhibitions at a rate of 200 to 400 square feet per minute; and (4) visitors typically spend less time per unit area in larger exhibitions and diorama halls than in smaller or nondiorama exhibitions. The two indexes (SRI and %DV) may be useful measures for diagnosing and improving the effectiveness of exhibitions, and further study could help identify characteristics of “thoroughly‐used” (i.e., successful) exhibitions.
Prevention of Substance Abuse: Can Museums Make a Difference?
Authors: Cartmill Randi S. , Day Lucille Lang
Published: May 2010

After declining during the 1980s, use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs is again rising in junior and senior high schools nationwide. A field‐trip program developed at the Hall of Health (HOH) in Berkeley, California, attempts to reverse or lessen this trend by communicating in a museum setting the dangers of drugs and addiction.

Pre‐visit and post‐visit surveys collected from 823 students in fifth through eighth grade showed the HOH program had an immediate, significant impact on statements of intent to use alcohol, tobacco, diet pills, downers, and inhalants as well as illegal drugs in high school. Two weeks after the field trip in a follow‐up study of 172 students, those who initially intended to experiment with drugs still showed a significant reduction in their original intent (as indicated in their pre‐visit survey) to use 12 of 15 drugs. The program may serve as a model for museums desirous of reversing the trend toward drug use by young people.
The Effect of Visitors ‘ Agendas on Museum Learning
Authors: FALK JOHN H. , MOUSSOURI THEANO , COULSON DOUGLAS
Published: May 2010

It has been argued that visitors' pre‐visit “agendas” directly influence visits. This study attempted to directly test the effects of different museum visit agendas on visitor learning. Two new tools were developed for this purpose: (1) a tool for measuring visitor agendas; and (2) a tool for measuring visitor learning (Personal Meaning Mapping). Visitor agenda was defined as having two dimensions: motivations and strategies. Personal Meaning Mapping is a constructivist approach that measures change in understanding along four semi‐independent dimensions: extent, breadth, depth, and mastery. The study looked at 40 randomly‐selected adults who were visiting the National Museum of Natural History's Geology, Gems and Minerals exhibition. Visitor agendas did significantly impact how, what, and how much individuals learned. Results are discussed in terms of the current debate about education vs. entertainment.
A Taxonomy of Museum Program Opportunities—Adapting a Model from Natural Resource Management
Authors: WELLS MARCELLA , LOOMIS ROSS J.
Published: May 2010

This paper describes a conceptual framework for the way museum managers might categorize different kinds of program opportunities, both existing and potential. This systematic approach to program planning may be useful to managers in museums seeking to expand their programs' scope and scale. The basis for this concept is borrowed from the outdoor recreation discipline, which sought, in the 1970s, to find a common language to describe supply and demand for recreation opportunities and to understand recreation opportunities in a geographic context of available natural resources.

In this paper, the concept is adapted for museums and museum going as a leisure activity. The article first explores the linkages between museum supply and demand as they relate to a larger leisure marketplace. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) is then described as it is used for outdoor recreation decision making. Following this practice, museum demand opportunities are defined and elaborated by example, and a “Visitor Opportunity System”—modeled after ROS—is presented. Specific examples are provided for applying this system approach to a variety of museum practices and planning scenarios.
Effective Management of Museums in the 1990s
Authors: GRIFFIN DES , ABRAHAM MORRIE , CRAWFORD JOHN
Published: May 2010

A survey of thirty‐three museums of various kinds in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States sought to identify the features distinguishing the more effective organizations as assessed by independent experts. Staff at each museum responded to a questionnaire about features common to all organizations as well as some particular to museums. Teamwork, a concern for quality, and an emphasis on public programming are common to effective museums. Executive leadership champions a vision, models appropriate behavior, and works together effectively. Board members use their skills and knowledge to advance the organization's mission. There is a concern for quality, shared goals, good communication, respect for the contribution of others, attention to training, strategic allocation of resources, and an integrated, flexible, and responsive structure. Public programming emphasizes strategic approaches to achieving positive outcomes for visitors, including provision of a variety of learning strategies.
Challenges for Directors of University Natural Science Museums
Authors: GENOWAYS HUGH H.
Published: May 2010

Universities and natural science museums have a long, productive history; however, this has been an uneasy alliance in the United States at least since the 1880s. Decreasing resources and increasing expectations have made the position of all museum directors extremely difficult, but the situation for university natural science museum directors is probably the most complicated among these because they direct museums that are small administrative units within larger university organizations. Some of their challenges include conflict between museum and university missions, governance issues, relationship between director and the university administrator/board member, lack of understanding of museum functions, middle management role of the director, lack of control of staff time, lack of staff support, public access to museum, and limited public and fiscal support. Solutions offered to meet these challenges include a written mission statement, recognition of education as the primary goal of the museum, a written strategic plan, accreditation, a highly active faculty/staff, documentation of the museum's economic impact, the creation and building of a public support organization, the formation of alliances with local cultural organizations, continuing education for staff, and an open decision‐making process.
Advances in Data Capture for Museum Collections
Authors: SABOURIN KRISTOPHER J. , FINNAMORE ALBERT T. , NAGEL JOE
Published: May 2010

The article presents and compares three methodologies for the capture, or digitization, of data associated with specimens or artifacts in museum collections and describes the “grassroots” level application of computer technology. This approach of data capture is strategic and businesslike, uses the best tools available at the time, and is highly cost‐effective. We suggest that the benefits are so significant that getting up‐to‐date equipment and training workers to use it should be given a high priority. Such equipment is frequently present, but is being used in a way that provides far less real benefit than is possible using the techniques described in this article.
“When I Grow Up I'd Like to Work in a Place Like This”: Museum Professionals' Narratives of Early Interest in Museums
Authors: SPOCK MICHAEL
Published: May 2010

As part of an exploratory research study, museum professionals were asked to share their stories about pivotal learning experiences in museums. Several offered personal narratives of how they first became interested in museums and started down the path toward careers in museum work, or had their imaginations opened to the possibility of broader life horizons. This group of stories seemed to be grounded in particularly vivid memories and frequently elicited strong emotions in the telling. The narratives are evidence of the impact of early museum experiences on people who later found their way into museum careers, and suggest avenues for further study of the roots of museum careers as well as other ways museums profoundly affect people's lives. The stories can also reveal to the teller, as well as to researchers and others, what stands out in their memories and the importance they assign to those memories. By attending to the thematic and emotional content of these narratives, both narrator and colleagues can find clues about where their beliefs and values really lie and, therefore, where their and the profession's time and resources might be most productively invested.
Impact of National Aquarium in Baltimore on Visitors' Conservation Attitudes, Behavior, and Knowledge
Authors: ADELMAN LESLIE M. , FALK JOHN H. , JAMES SYLVIA
Published: May 2010

This study at the National Aquarium in Baltimore (NAIB) was conducted to assess four key aspects of the visitor experience: (1) incoming conservation knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of NAIB visitors; (2) patterns of use and interaction with exhibition components throughout the NAIB; (3) exiting conservation knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of visitors; and (4) over time, how the NAIB experience altered or affected individuals' conservation knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.

Three hundred six visitors participated in the study, which was conducted from March through July, 1999. The study utilized four data‐collection techniques: (1) face‐to‐face interviews, (2) Personal Meaning Mapping (PMM), (3) tracking, and (4) follow‐up telephone interviews. Participants were a self‐selected population and were generally more knowledgeable about, more concerned about, and more involved in conservation‐related issues than the general public. However, they were far from conservationists. Visitors in this study clearly absorbed the fundamental conservation message at the NAIB. In fact, the NAIB visit appeared to focus visitors' conservation‐related thoughts, while also broadening their understanding of conservation.

Changes in visitors' conservation knowledge, understanding, and interests by and large persisted over six to eight weeks after visiting NAIB. The NAIB experience also connected to visitors' lives in a variety of ways following their visit. However, these personal experiences rarely resulted in new conservation actions. In fact, their enthusiasm and emotional commitment to conservation (inspired during the NAIB visit) generally fell back to original levels, presumably in the absence of reinforcing experiences. The findings of this study are guiding subsequent investigations at the NAIB. More generally, the results suggest strategies to enhance current understanding of the impact free‐choice learning institutions have on their visiting public.
Visitor Behavior and Experiences in the Four Permanent Galleries at The Tech Museum of Innovation
Authors: Korn Randi , Jones Johanna
Published: May 2010

This article presents a few salient findings from Phase I of an evaluation conducted at The Tech Museum of Innovation. Phase I focused on articulating visitors' behaviors and experiences in each of the four permanent galleries. Observations showed that visitors are spending about the same amount of time in the galleries as they spend in other museums' nondiorama exhibits, but they visit fewer components. Because some galleries performed better than others, this manuscript provides a rationale for the range of behavioral data by examining behaviors at various component types. In‐depth interviews provide another perspective on the visitor experience. They showed that in some cases visitors are not grasping the individual messages of the galleries. Observation data suggest why visitors failed to obtain the galleries' big ideas. The challenge for The Tech is to consider the unique behaviors that the exhibits promote and to rework their exhibits so they more strongly reflect and convey each gallery's big idea.
Ten Years of Evaluating Science Theater at the Museum of Science, Boston
Authors: BAUM LYNN , HUGHES CATHERINE
Published: May 2010

This paper is a meta‐analysis of a series of theatre program evaluations carried out at the Museum of Science in Boston, Massachusetts over ten years. The evaluations, conducted independently of each other, had varying goals and used a range of methodologies. Nonetheless, looked at together, the aggregate results of these evaluations reflect a compelling, positive theatre experience for visitors. There is collective evidence of cognitive gain for visitors attending performances. In summary, the overview of ten years of evaluations portrays theater as a successful format for communicating information and ideas on many levels, which visitors enjoy and remember. Much remains to be learned about the effectiveness and impact of theater in museums. It is the intention of this paper to use the collective results of these studies as a foundation, and to move the conversation from basic evaluation to further research examining the learning potential of this medium in greater depth.
From Period Rooms to Public Trust: The Authority Debate and Art Museum Leadership in America
Authors: DUNCAN SALLY ANNE
Published: May 2010

A recent lecture series at the Harvard University Art Museums titled “Art Museums and the Public Trust” marked the eightieth anniversary of the founding of Harvard's famed Museum Course. A graduate seminar begun in 1921 by the Fogg Art Museum's associate director, Paul J. Sachs, the Museum Course became the primary training ground for art museum leadership in the first half of the twentieth century. The 2001 commemorative lecture series was intended to foster a healthy debate on the place of the art museum in Anglo‐American culture. Instead, the speakers, veteran directors of America's and England's most prestigious art museums, invariably returned to one concern: authority—theirs and that of the art museum itself in contemporary society. Authority was at the heart of the Museum Course decades earlier, tellingly explored in annual debates around two significant topics. The first debate involved the pros and cons of including period rooms in American museums. In the second, students argued about whether America's established art institutions should collect the work of living artists. Questions of how museums should respond to the interests of audiences and communities, their responsibility to contemporary artists, and the meaning of a public trust trouble America's museum leadership now as then. This article explores the common ground between the Museum Course debates of the 1930s and Harvard's recent commemorative “debates” by America's contemporary museum leaders and comments on its significance for today's museums.
Proteins Required for Centrosome Clustering in Cancer Cells
Authors: Leber Blanka , Maier Bettina , Fuchs Florian , Chi Jing , Riffel Phillip , Anderhub Simon , Wagner Ludmila , Ho Anthony D. , Salisbury Jeffrey L. , Boutros Michael , Krämer Alwin
Published: May 2010

Identified in an RNA interference screen, proteins that prevent spindle multipolarity in human cancer cells may prove to be promising drug targets.
Rong’s Numbers: Accelerating Progress in HCV Therapeutic Research
Authors: Wyles David L. , Schooley Robert T.
Published: May 2010

Therapeutic research on hepatitis C virus should be expedited with hypothesis-driven clinical trials that are supported by state-of-the-art translational research tools and mathematical modeling, as was done 15 years ago for AIDS.
Crime Is Its Own Reward
Authors: Minzenberg Michael J.
Published: May 2010

Excessive dopamine signaling in the brain’s reward system may underlie antisocial behavior.
Differentiation Block in Glioma
Authors: Morozov Alexei
Published: May 2010

The glioma genome project leads to the discovery of an oncogene that may promote tumor formation by blocking differentiation of neural stem cells.
Could Interleukin-33 Be the Stopgap Against Sepsis?
Authors: Buettner Christoph
Published: May 2010

Interleukin-33 improves survival in mice with sepsis and is low in patients who did not survive sepsis.
Development of a longitudinal injury prevention curriculum for undergraduate medical students: Table 1
Authors: Graham James , Newton Bruce W , Gaddy Dana , Tariq Sara , Aitken Mary E
Published: May 2010

Although injury is a major cause of death and disability, concepts of injury prevention have not been present in the curricula of most medical schools. There have been recent calls in the literature, including a 2005 report from the Association of American Medical Colleges, for the addition of injury prevention concepts into medical school education. This report describes the process of development of a longitudinal injury prevention curriculum in one medical school. The curriculum committee felt that adding the material in a longitudinal fashion would better correlate the material to the rest of the curriculum as well as provide efficiency in the already crowded undergraduate programme of study. The report describes the content of the longitudinal curriculum developed as well as initial evaluation of the material.
Diagnostic utility of glypican-3 for hepatocellular carcinoma on liver needle biopsy
Authors: Wang Feng Hua , Yip Yuk Ching , Zhang Meng , Vong Heong Ting , Chan Kin Iong , Wai Kit Cheng , Wen Jian Ming
Published: May 2010

Aims

Glypican 3 (GPC3) is a heparan sulphate proteoglycan that shows elevated levels in the serum of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but not in healthy blood donors or patients with benign liver disease. This study explores the value of GPC3 expression for diagnosis of HCC by immunohistochemistry in liver needle biopsy specimens.

Methods

Archival material of liver needle biopsies from 54 patients with HCC, nine with focal nodular hyperplasia or focal liver cell dysplasia, five with cirrhosis, seven with hepatitis B or unremarkable liver tissue, seven with cholangiocarcinoma, and 30 with metastatic tumours, was retrieved for immunohistochemical staining with GPC3 antibody and appropriate positive and negative controls.

Results

Forty-five out of 54 cases of HCC showed positive GPC3 staining (83.4%). In contrast, all 58 non-HCC cases of liver biopsies, including focal nodular hyperplasia, focal liver cell dysplasia, cirrhosis, hepatitis B or unremarkable liver tissue, cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic tumours, were negative for GPC3. The sensitivity and specificity of GPC3 in HCCs were 83.4% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusions

GPC3 is a valuable diagnostic marker for diagnosing HCC on liver needle biopsy. It can be used to distinguish HCC from other benign hepatic conditions and metastatic tumours in the liver.
Genetic population structure of broad whitefish, Coregonus nasus, from the Mackenzie River, Northwest Territories: implications for subsistence fishery management
Authors: Harris Les N. , Taylor Eric B.
Published: May 2010

We assayed microsatellite DNA variation among 1013 broad whitefish, Coregonus nasus , from 36 localities within the lower Mackenzie River (Northwest Territories, Canada) to provide the first assessment of fine-scale population structuring of broad whitefish in this large system. Among sampling locations, averaged across all loci, the number of alleles ranged from 3.00 to 6.71 and heterozygosity averaged 0.54. Population subdivision was generally low, but significant (θ = 0.026, P < 0.05), although pairwise comparisons indicated that overall significance was heavily influenced by comparisons between anadromous and lacustrine groups. Bayesian-based STRUCTURE analysis suggested that there are two main genetic groups within our study area: anadromous and lacustrine broad whitefish. A mixture analysis indicated that all populations contribute to the lower Mackenzie River subsistence fishery, yet catches were dominated by Peel River fish, highlighting the importance of this tributary. Our data also supported the idea that there are several units of conservation among Mackenzie River system broad whitefish populations and that management strategies should be implemented accordingly.
Complex migration routes of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) question current population structure paradigm
Authors: Galuardi Benjamin , Royer François , Golet Walt , Logan John , Neilson John , Lutcavage Molly
Published: May 2010

Movements of Atlantic bluefin tuna ( Thunnus thynnus , ABFT) from specific western Atlantic forage grounds are not well described, and the extent of their spawning areas is mainly surmised. In 2005 and 2006, we deployed 41 pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) on adult Atlantic bluefin tuna off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, and on Georges Bank. During the assumed spawning period, 56% of the tagged ABFT occupied a known spawning area, while 44% were located in distant oceanic regions. Assuming obligate annual spawning, these results are inconsistent with the notion of spawning site fidelity to the Gulf of Mexico. The ocean-wide migrations of adult ABFT tagged on a common forage ground suggest evidence of a metapopulation requiring more spatially explicit management than the current simple two-stock structure.
Mantle cavity water oxygen partial pressure (Po2) in marine molluscs aligns with lifestyle
Authors: Abele Doris , Kruppe Melanie , Philipp Eva E. R. , Brey Thomas
Published: May 2010

Marine invertebrates with open circulatory system establish low and constant oxygen partial pressure (Po2) around their tissues. We hypothesized that as a first step towards maintenance of low haemolymph and tissue oxygenation, the Po2in molluscan mantle cavity water should be lowered against normoxic (21 kPa) seawater Po2, but balanced high enough to meet the energetic requirements in a given species. We recorded Po2in mantle cavity water of five molluscan species with different lifestyles, two pectinids ( Aequipecten opercularis , Pecten maximus ), two mud clams ( Arctica islandica , Mya arenaria ), and a limpet ( Patella vulgata ). All species maintain mantle cavity water oxygenation below normoxic Po2. Average mantle cavity water Po2correlates positively with standard metabolic rate (SMR): highest in scallops and lowest in mud clams. Scallops show typical Po2frequency distribution, with peaks between 3 and 10 kPa, whereas mud clams and limpets maintain mantle water Po2mostly <5 kPa. Only A. islandica and P. vulgata display distinguishable temporal patterns in Po2time series. Adjustment of mantle cavity Po2to lower than ambient levels through controlled pumping prevents high oxygen gradients between bivalve tissues and surrounding fluid, limiting oxygen flux across the body surface. The patterns of Po2in mantle cavity water correspond to molluscan ecotypes.
Population estimation of bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) based on larval production
Authors: Ralston Stephen , MacFarlane Bruce R.
Published: May 2010

We estimate the stock size of bocaccio ( Sebastes paucispinis ) in the Southern California Bight based on the production of larvae. Area-weighted total length compositions of preflexion larvae in 2002 and 2003 were determined from ichthyoplankton survey data. Larval length-to-age transition matrices were estimated from data derived from the enumeration of daily otolith increments. In combination, these results were used to estimate daily rates of larval production and mortality during surveys conducted in those years. Daily rates of larval production were expanded to annual production rates using information developed from the long-term seasonal distribution of larvae in CalCOFI surveys. Total annual larval production was translated to total spawning biomass by calculation of the female population weight-specific fecundity derived from a length-based life table analysis of adult reproductive parameters. Our results indicate that there were 6953 – 10 656 metric tons of bocaccio biomass (males and females >16 cm fork length) in the Southern California Bight during the survey years, which agrees with biomass estimates from a traditional stock assessment. Unique and problematic aspects of the reproductive biology of Sebastes are discussed, including multiple spawning, weight-specific fecundity that depends on size, and bias in fecundity data gathered from vitellogenic ovaries.
Contaminant migration in a sand aquifer near an inactive uranium tailings impoundment, Elliot Lake, Ontario
Authors: Morin K. A. , Cherry J. A. , LIM T. P. , Vivyurka A. J.
Published: May 2010

An investigation of the movement of contaminated groundwater from inactive uranium tailings through a sand aquifer is being conducted at the Nordic Main tailings impoundment near Elliot Lake, Ontario. During 1979 and 1980, multilevel bundle-type piezometers were installed at several locations around the edge of the tailings impoundment. Chemical analysis of water samples from the bundle piezometers indicate that a major contaminant plume extends outward through a sand aquifer from the southeastern part of the Nordic Main impoundment dam.In the vicinity of the contaminant plume, the sand aquifer varies in thickness from about 9 to 15 m. The plume has two distinct segments, referred to as the inner core and the outer zone. The inner core, which has a pH of 4.3–5.0 and extends about 15 m from the foot of the tailings dam, contains several grams per litre of iron and sulfate, and tens of pCi/L of 226Ra and 210Pb. Water levels in piezometers within the inner core show that groundwater is moving horizontally, away from the tailings impoundment, with a velocity of up to several hundred metres per year. The outer zone, which extends a few hundred metres downgradient from the dam, is characterized by hundreds to thousands of milligrams per litre of iron and sulfate, less than 15 pCi/L of 226Ra, and a pH greater than 5.7. Comparison of 1979 and 1980 data shows that the front of the inner core is advancing a few metres per year, which is less than a few percent of the groundwater velocity. This retardation of movement of the inner core is caused by neutralization of the acidic water as a result of dissolution of calcium carbonate in the sand. With the rise in pH, precipitation of iron carbonate and possibly some iron hydroxide occurs and the contaminants of main concern such as 226Ra, 210Pb, and uranium are removed from solution by adsorption or coprecipitation.
Allowable pressure from loading tests on Kuwaiti soils
Authors: Ismael Nabil F.
Published: May 2010

The results of recent loading tests on Kuwaiti sandy soils at seven sites are analyzed. The tests were carried out on small concrete footings ranging in size from 0.25 to 1 m. The effects of several variables on the pressure–settlement diagrams were investigated. These include footing size, overburden pressure, footing material, soil disturbance, and soil properties. The results indicate that the effect of overburden pressure and of footing material is less significant than that of the other variables. Standard penetration tests were carried out at all sites and the allowable pressures were obtained based on the different empirical methods commonly used by the practicing engineers. A comparison was made between the predicted soil pressure values and actual measurements for the purpose of determining the most suitable design methods for sandy soils. Key words: load tests, sands, footing, allowable pressure, settlement, methods of calculation, overburden pressure, soil disturbance.
The temporal and spatial variation of snow pressure on structures
Authors: Larsen Jan Otto , McClung David M. , Hansen Svein Borg
Published: May 2010

Measurements of snow creep pressure on an avalanche-defence structure in western Norway are presented. Two different types of measurement methods are described and evaluated. Pressure data from four winters are correlated with the following measured snowpack properties: density, snow depth, snowpack temperature, and snowpack stiffness. The results show that maximum and average pressures are strongly dependent on the product of density and snow depth as well as snowpack stiffness. The highest pressures were observed in spring prior to melting of the snowpack. Key words: snow pressure, snowpack parameters, slope inclination, structures.