bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of red ginger powder (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) as a feed additive for starter and finisher broiler chicken to increase immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin Y expression and to prevent intestinal injury due to Salmonella enteritidis infection
Authors: Herawati Herawati , Anisa Agri Kaltaria , Widiatmoko Kurnianto Dwi , Alam Setiawan Surya Paku , Diari Islah Asyraf , Naprila Zhella Happy , Kisya Rr. Lintan Ayu , Puspabela Analita , Permata Fajar Shodiq
Published: June 2022

Background and Aim: Salmonellosis is an infectious disease that often occurs in chickens and is caused by Salmonella enteritidis. The use of antibiotics to prevent this disease can result in the development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria, in addition to the presence of antibiotic residues in consumed carcasses. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) has active compounds that potentially act as immunomodulators which increase specific and non-specific immune responses through the induction of cytokine production. This study was conducted to determine the effects of red ginger powder mixed in feed for starter and finisher broiler chickens, based on the evaluation of the expression of immunoglobulin A (IgA), histopathologic description of the ileum and cecum, IgA, and immunoglobulin Y (IgY) expression in the spleen, and the isolation count of S. enteritidis in fresh fecal samples.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 starter and 100 finisher Cobb broiler chickens were divided into four groups, designated as T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively: Group T0 was fed commercial feed with no added 2% red ginger powder or S. enteritidis induction, and served as a negative control; Group T1 was inoculated with a 0.25 mL S. enteritidis oral induction (1 × 107 colony-forming unit [CFU] [0.5 McFarland standard]), and served as a positive control; Group T2 was fed with feed containing 2% red ginger powder; while Group T3 was fed with feed containing 2% red ginger powder and was orally inoculated with S. enteritidis with a dose similar to T1. The normal feed was given on the 1st–7th days. The mixture of 2% red ginger powder was given on the 7th–15th days. The S. enteritidis was induced on the 15th day (1 × 107 CFU). Necropsy was performed on the 16th day and tissues were fixed in 10% formalin and routinely processed for histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance test, Tukey's analysis, and the Mann–Whitney U non-parametric statistical analysis test.

Results: The 2% red ginger powder was found to significantly (p < 0.05) increase IgA expression and additionally decrease tissue damage in the cecum and ileum. It also increased IgA and IgY expression in the spleen. In addition, a decrease was observed in the S. enteritidis number isolated from finisher fresh feces, but none was found in the isolated starter fresh feces.

Conclusion: These findings indicate that the addition of red ginger powder to chicken feed is a potential natural immunomodulator against S. enteritidis infection.
Characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from broiler chickens
Authors: Hassan Esraa Razzaq , Alhatami Abdullah O. , Abdulwahab Husam Muhsen , Schneider Bradly S.
Published: June 2022

Background and Aim: Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella is a public health concern. Fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum beta-lactams are widely used for the treatment of Salmonella infections. This study focused on the detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes among multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica isolated from broilers.

Materials and Methods: A total of 40 non-typhoidal S. enterica isolates were collected from 28 broiler chicken farms in four Iraqi Governorates. These isolates were examined for their susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents by disk-diffusion method followed by polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of PMQR determinants and ESBLs genes.

Results: Salmonella strains revealed high levels of resistance to the following antibiotics: Nalidixic acid 100%, levofloxacin (LEV) 97.5%, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 95.0%, tetracycline 92.5%, and nitrofurantoin 80.0%. Otherwise, all isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. All isolates were MDR, with 15 different profiles observed. Among 38 amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates, 20 (52.6%) had the blaTEM gene, while blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaOXA genes were not detected. Only 5 (12.8%) out of 39 LEV-resistant isolates were positive for qnrB, three of which had blaTEM. No qnrC or qnrD, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qunA, and oqxAB genes were found in any of the tested isolates.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that broiler chickens may be considered a potential source for spreading MDR non-typhoidal Salmonella and ESBL traits in poultry production. Therefore, it is important to continuously monitor ESBL and PMQR genes to avoid the spread of resistant strains in the food chain and impact public health.
What Exactly Are the Intra-Trinitarian Relations?
Authors: Butakov Pavel
Published: June 2022

The core of a Trinitarian model is the internal layout of intra-Trinitarian relations. Depending on different metaphysical interpretations of the nature of the relations, various patristic authors have produced different and oftentimes incompatible Trinitarian models, and, consequently, conflicting expositions of the doctrine of the Trinity. To elucidate the differences in their Trinitarian theologies, I demonstrate the divergence in their understanding of the divine relations using the contemporary philosophical taxonomy of relations. I analyze the models of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory Nazianzen, and Boethius, and their attempted synthesis by Thomas Aquinas. Each of the patristic Trinitarian models, despite being fully orthodox, uses completely different types of relations, which makes them incompatible. One of the results of this incompatibility is the problem of the filioque, which cannot be resolved without addressing the metaphysics of relations.
Light Intensity Promote Pigment Contents, Biomass Production, Total Lipid and Specific Fatty Acid Profile on Nannochloropsis sp. Culture
Authors: Yudiati Ervia , Putri Alifia Nabilla , Harahap Akbar , Azhar Nuril , Suryono Chrisna Adi , Prabowo Danang Ambar , Alghazeer Rabia
Published: June 2022

Nannochloropsis sp is marine microalga and widely cultured for its benefits. Pigments, lipid, and fatty acid compounds of Nannochloropsis sp are essential elements in the industry. This research aimed to determine the best light intensity on the growth rate, cell density and size, biomass, pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids), total lipid and fatty acid profile. Nannochloropsis sp. culture was carried out with three light intensity treatments (100, 155, and 180 μmol), with two replications. Periodicity was set up (16:8) with the ratio of dark (8h) to light (16h). The highest cell density and total pigment content of 180 μmol were significantly different (p<0.05) with 155 and 100 μmol. The highest weight of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids were found from the intensity of 180 treatment (p < 0.05), followed by 155 and 100 μmol as the smallest one. The bigger cell size was reached from 180 and 155 treatments compared to 100 μmol treatment. The higher wet weight was gained from 155 (564 grams) and followed by 180 μmol (549 grams). The 100 μmol light intensity produced the lowest wet weight (490 gr) (p<0.05). The highest total lipid content was obtained from 155 μmol treatment (0.14 g ww). The microalgae contain SFA/Saturated Fatty Acids (Palmitic, Stearic Acid) and UFA/Unsaturated Fatty Acid (Oleic Acid). The microalgae from 180 μmol produced Eicosanoic acid (Omega-6). The production of certain compounds has differed in light intensity. In the future, the light intensity can be adapted as the alternative solution for producing microalgae for industrial approach, whether for pigments or biodiesel production.
Dinoflagellate Cyst Distribution in Relation to the Sediment Composition and Grain Size in the Coastal Area of Pangkajene, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Rachman Arief , Thoha Hikmah , Intan Mariana Destila Bayu , Sianturi Oksto Ridho , Witasari Yunia , Wibowo Singgih Prasetyo Adi , Iwataki Mitsunori
Published: June 2022

Dinoflagellate cysts have an important role for their bloom dynamics, which are commonly deposited along fine sediment grains and become the source of the next bloom. This study aimed to describe the cyst banks species composition, and their relationship with the sediment particles size and plankton composition in the coast of Pangkajene, South Sulawesi. Cysts observed in this study were extracted from seabed sediments collected from 9 sites. A potential cyst bank, with a cyst density of 240 cysts.g-1 sediment wet weight was found at PK-19, located in proximity to a large harbour complex. Although unusual, cyst density was significantly and positively correlated with the percentage of gravel. In contrast, the diversity of cysts seems to be affected by the percentage of fine sediments, such as silt and clay. None of the sediment composition was found strongly and significantly affecting both cyst density and diversity. A southward increase in cyst density was similar to the trend in the cell density of its planktonic form. Cysts of Protoperidinium spp., Scrippsiella spp., and Pheopolykrikos hartmannii were common and abundant in the sediment. Aside from Protoperidinium spp., most dinoflagellate species found in cyst form were absent from the water column. The occurrence of cysts of harmful dinoflagellates with records of devastating blooms in other coastal areas in Indonesia, such as Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Pyrodinium bahamense, and Gymnodinium catenatum, signifies a need to regularly monitor the area around Pangkajene coast to mitigate impacts of future blooms.
Mangrove Habitat Structure of Mud Crabs (Scylla serrata and S. olivacea) in the Bee Jay Bakau Resort Probolinggo, Indonesia
Authors: Putri Audina , Bengen Dietriech Geoffrey , Zamani Neviaty Putri , Salma Ummu , Kusuma Novian Prahandhy , Diningsih Nanda Tiara , Kleinertz Sonja
Published: June 2022

Mud crabs (Scylla serrata and S. olivacea) are important fisheries resources, but their population in nature is decreasing due to anthropogenic activities, like the deforestation of mangrove forests. Hence, it is crucial to conserve this marine biota for future sustainable use and to conserve our marine biodiversity. Conducting studies on the biological interactions of mud crabs in mangrove habitats can be one of the future conservation approaches. Accordingly, an analysis of the functional relationships between Scylla spp. abundance and the respective mangrove habitat have to be carried out. The research was conducted in the mangrove ecosystem of Bee Jay Bakau Resort Probolinggo (BJBR). Data were collected using line transects and quadrant transects. The Associations between mangroves and mud crab habitat structures were analyzed using the Correspondence Analysis (CA) method. The results show that the relationship matrix between Scylla spp. and the structure of the mangrove habitat is centered on the F1 and F2 factorial axes (89.22%). S. serrata of all size classes were associated with dense mangroves (≥15 trees per 100m2) and high salinities (3-4 ppt), while S. olivacea has shown to be associated with rare to very dense mangrove systems. It indicates that S. olivacea tends to have a higher adaptation rate than S. serrata in this mangrove system. This study will provide information and recommendation for the conservation management of mud crabs and mangrove ecosystems to conserve marine biodiversity.
Mitochondrial COI Haplotype Diversity of Rhynchobatus australiae Collected from Ketapang Fish Port, Bangka Belitung Islands
Authors: Putri Novita Permata , Irwani Irwani , Munasik Munasik , Yuneni Ranny Ramadhani , Alghozali Faqih Akbar , Mahardini Angka
Published: June 2022

Rhynchobatus australiae is a member of the Rhinidae family and can be found in the Indo Pacific. This species is categorized as Critically Endangered according to The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List and listed as Appendix II Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), due to population declines. Sustainable fisheries management is urgently needed. Information related to genetic diversity is one of the most important aspects of information for appropriate sustainable fisheries management. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the genetic diversity of Rhynchobatus australiae collected from Ketapang Fish Port Bangka Belitung Islands. Total 21 samples were collected at Ketapang Fish Port. DNA extraction was carried out using the 10% chelex method and amplification was done through PCR method on the mitochondrial DNA using Fish BCL and Fish BCH primer. Sequences in size of 653 base pairs were successfully obtained from all fish samples showing the existence of 2 clades from the construction of the phylogeny tree with close genetic distance. Results showed high haplotype diversity (Hd: 0.733 ± 0.082) and low nucleotide diversity (π: 0.00176± 0.00036) with 6 polymorphic sites (S) from 7 unique haplotypes (h). This research provides basic information of genetic diversity of Rhynchobatus australiae collected from Ketapang Fish Port and complements other information to better understand the status of the threatened Rhynchobatus australiae population.
Estimation of Plastic and Other Waste Disposed of by Longline and Gillnet Fleets Operating from Cilacap
Authors: Rahman Berri Miraz Kholipah , Mawardi Wazir , Sondita Muhammad Fedi Alfiadi , Proctor Craig
Published: June 2022

Tuna-fishing boats based at the Cilacap Oceanic Fishing Port are potential contributors to marine debris in the Indian Ocean. Without a quantitative assessment of the types and amount of debris, port management cannot develop a strategy to address this problem. This study estimated the quantities of plastics and cartons disposed of by these fisheries in the Indian Ocean. Data were collected through observations and interviews with boat managers/owners or fishermen in the port, from August to November 2019, to evaluate the boat supplies loaded on board in the port and the waste returned to the port. The marine disposal per fishing trip (the difference between the quantity of supplies taken to sea and the quantity of waste returned to port) was calculated for 89 trips of gillnet and longline boats, for a size range of 20 to 90 GT. There was no at-sea disposal of used engine oil, rice plastic sacks, styrofoam boxes, nor plastic gallon bottles. Other plastics and cartons from consumable packaging were disposed of at sea. The estimates of the plastic waste disposed were 0.8-4.4 kg.boat-1.trip-1 or 2,143-12,024 pieces.boat-1.trip-1 while the estimates of the cartons disposed were 3.5-19.4 kg.boat-1.trip-1 or 203-1,140 pieces.boat-1.trip-1. The study concluded that fishers could easily keep the waste onboard for disposal on return to port. In addition, port management should initiate a system in which the amounts of waste returned to boats returning to port are considered in granting future port clearance to those boats.
Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Trees Reconstruction of Blue Swimming Crabs (Decapoda: Portunidae) from Pangpang Bay, Banyuwangi
Authors: Andriyono Sapto , Hidayah Reza Istiqomatul , Sulmartiwi Laksmi , Hidayani Andi Aliah , Alam Md. Jobaidul
Published: June 2022

Crabs are a group of Decapoda (Portunidae) that act as keystone species from Pangpang Bay as the marine benthic organism. Besides having an ecological function, crab also provides essential components for human health. The crab identification technique is usually conducted based on morphology and anatomy characteristics, in which certain body parts as the key for identification. This study used two identification methods, i.e. morphological features and a molecular approach. Although morphological identification has been carried out, the molecular techniques provide better accuracy and, at the same time, provide additional information about the characteristics of mitochondrial DNA. The purpose of this study is to identify the blue swimming crab caught by a traditional fisherman at Pangpang Bay, Banyuwangi, based on mitochondrial DNA sequence on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, and reconstructed the phylogenetic tree including genetic distance also was analysed. The nucleotide sequences of the COI gene were analysed by Chromas, Clustalω, Reverse-Complement, and the MegaX. The phylogenetic tree and genetic distance calculations were carried out using Mega X software through the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) Algorithm with the addition of several sequences from the NCBI online database. This study confirmed that the specimen of Pangpang Bay is Portunus pelagicus (BWIPP001 and BWIPP003) and Portunus sanguinolentus (BWIPP002). The species of P. pelagicus have 99.99% similarities with the same species (KJ168060) from China, while the P. sanguinolentus is close to the same species (EU284144) with a per cent identity is 99.97%. The genetic distance, for P. pelagicus and P. sanguinolentus, were in range of 0.00-0.066 and 0.00-0.005 respectively.
Desain Layout Laboratorium Pneumatik Hidrolik Berbasis Line Produksi Untuk Meningkatkan Skill Otomasi di Era Industri 4.0
Authors: Sukoco Imam , Setiadi Rizki , Gendroyono R. Ambar Kuntoro Mursid
Published: June 2022

The laboratory is a means of student learning in improving competence. Competence is one of the important elements in determining the quality of human resources, especially in facing challenges in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 which relies entirely on technology and speed. This study aims to design a production line-based Pneumatic Hydraulic Laboratory to improve the automation skills of students majoring in mechanical engineering in the industrial era 4.0. The method in this study uses descriptive quantitative research. Collecting data through observation, design, pretest and posttest. The analysis uses descriptive statistics to describe the results of improving student skills. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that a production line-based laboratory layout design is indispensable in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. The planned production design in the study is an automation system for drilling, pressing, conveyor, pick and place robots with PLC and HMI, the application of layout design can increase the average value of automation knowledge and skills (programming and automation simulation). The increase in the average value of knowledge is 22.72%. Meanwhile, the increase in automation competence was 29.23%.
Interferensi Metabisulfit Pada Pengukuran Kadar Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) di Udara Menggunakan Metode Tetrachloromercurat/Parasosanilin
Authors: Sudalma S , Sumarni Sri
Published: June 2022

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an irritant gas at concentrations above 250 g/m3 which can cause respiratory problems. Sources of SO2 come from burning fuel containing sulfur. Measurement of SO2 levels in the air using the Tetrachloromercurate (TCM)/Pararosanilin method. PT "B" is a processed wood product company with production using sodium metabisulfite as a mixture for making glue for one type of process product. The purpose of this study was to study the interference of sodium metabisulfite in the measurement of SO2 in the air using the Tetrachloromercurate (TCM)/Pararosanilin method. This research is descriptive observational to explain the phenomena found in monitoring the concentration of SO2 based on SNI 7119-7:2017. The SO2 concentration in the 2017 – 2019 RKL-RPL monitoring results at the glue mixing location was 7-191 g/m3. In the second semester of 2020 measurement, the SO2 concentration was measured at the glue mixing location when the product used sodium metabisulfite as an additive. The activation of SO2 is as follows: activation of the mixer after the process is 646 g/m3, filling the glue mixer is 291 - 314 g/m3, the activity without the use of sodium metabisulfite is 11 - 13 g/m3. The results showed that the concentration of SO2 when the product used a mixture of sodium metabisulfite was higher than the concentration of SO2 when the product did not use sodium metabisulfite. Based on the results and analysis, it can be said that there is an interference of metabisulfite compounds in SO2 measurement due to the absorption of sodium metabisulfite by TCM. This research is helpful for contamination parameters in the workplace  and the threshold determination and reducing the accident and occupational illness caused by exposure to chemicals through controlling and controlling potential hazards.
Pemanfaatan Limbah Bahan Khusus Laboratorium Pengujian Fisis untuk Pembuatan Produk Strap Tali Jam Tangan
Authors: Nuraini Eko , Lestari Fajar
Published: June 2022

Crafts made from tanned leather can be of various kinds. Wallets, bags or other forms of crafts include using leather as raw materials. Likewise, many watch straps are made with various models and colors, but until now there have not been many watch strap products made from leather scraps. Practical activities at the Physical Testing Laboratory of the Yogyakarta ATK Polytechnic have produced by-products in the form of leather scraps. irregular in shape and size. So far, the Physical Testing Laboratory has not carried out the management process. So that there is a buildup that can result in the accumulation of the amount of residue. The purpose of this study is to utilize the remaining pieces of leather to make higher-value products. The benefits of research add to the contribution of the Education Laboratory Institution by increasing their creativity in managing laboratory waste into a more useful product. This research method is a qualitative descriptive, the equipment used is a sewing machine, cutting mat, cutter, scissors, ruler, silver ink, glue, manila paper and a hole punch. The process of making a watch strap begins with making a pattern, cutting, thinning, gluing, sewing and finally installing the buckle, spring bar and making holes according to the size of the buckle. Produced watch strap products made of leather scraps from the waste of practicum which have high economic value and can reduce waste pollution
UTILIZATION OF EMPTY SPACE UNDER FLY OVER AS AN OPEN PUBLIC SPACE
Authors: Jamila Rona Fika , Wijayaningsih Retno
Published: June 2022

The development of transportation facilities is also important to accommodate the mobility of city residents both by private vehicles and by public transportation. One way to break up the transportation complications is to build an overpass or commonly known as a fly over, and this effort is usually quite successful. However, there is another side that often escapes the government's fly over planning, namely the creation of new spaces under the overpass that are not clearly utilized, so that spontaneously, the spaces that are formed are used "at will" by the community. The purpose of this study is to obtain a variety of shapes and dimensions, as well as where the location of residual space under the fly over, Obtaining community use of residual space under the fly over, Obtaining community behavior in utilizing the residual space under the fly overThis research is a basic research that has a Level of Technology 1 and has a target output in the form of national accredited national journals.
Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation of Musa acuminata cv. Vaibalhla (AAA)
Authors: Hrahsel Lalremsiami , Thangjam Robert
Published: June 2022

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation of Musa acuminata cv. Vaibalhla (AAA) was successfully carried out using A. rhizogenes strain A4 harboring the binary vector pCAMBIA2301with VrNHX1gene. In the study, male flowers of M. acuminata cv. Vaibalhla were used as explants to obtain white bud-like structures by culturing on MS basal medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.5 mg/l 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The subsequent shoot induction and plantlet regeneration were carried out in MS medium supplemented with Kinetin (2 mg/l) and NAA (0.5 mg/l). For the genetic transformation, in vitro raised plantlets were inoculated with A. rhizogenes strain A4 harboring pCAMBIA2301VrNHX1 for 30 min followed by 2 days of co-cultivation in the dark in a semi solid MS basal medium. The treated plants were then transferred and maintained in MS basal medium supplemented with ascorbic acid (75 mg/l), kanamycin (150 mg/l) and cefotaxime (400 mg/l). Initiation of hairy roots were observed within 2 days of transfer which were evaluated for GUS activity and the subsequent GUS+ roots were assayed for transient transformation by PCR using nptII and NHX1 gene specific primers. The transfer of the plasmid as well as the gene was confirmed with positive bands observed at 540 bp and 1.6 kb respectively.
An improved test of the constant rate hypothesis: late Modern American English possessive have
Authors: Zimmermann Richard
Published: June 2022

The Constant Rate Hypothesis (CRH) predicts that a linguistic innovation should spread at identical rates of change in all grammatical contexts in which it is used (Kroch 1989. Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change. Language Variation and Change 1(3). 199–244). Weaknesses in previous tests of the CRH are identified. A new study is conducted that improves upon them. It utilizes a syntactic change in late Modern American English possessive have, which altered its realization in the grammar-theoretically related contexts negation, inversion, VP-adjunction and VP-ellipsis. Data sets are collected from the Corpus of Historical American English (Davies 2010. The corpus of historical American English: 400 million words, 1810-2009. http://corpus.byu.edu/coha/ (accessed 10 September 2016)) and analyzed with mixed-effects logistic regression models. The statistical analysis reveals that it is indeed plausible to assume that each of the contexts innovates the use of possessive have at the same speed. Implications of the findings for the CRH are discussed.
A comparative Study of Agnes Grey’s Spanish Translations
Authors: Fernández Pérez María del Rocío
Published: June 2022

Writers use a certain style to create their literary works and translators should transmit such style to the target audience as faithfully as possible. This article is based on the novel Agnes Grey by Anne Brontë and makes a comparative analysis between the two existing Spanish translations – in 1997 by Menchu Gutiérrez López and in 2000 by Elizabeth Power – focusing on the style used by the English author. Although the examples presented through these pages show the translators’ fidelity to the content of the source text, both translations reflect how the target audience could influence the translation itself. The results show that the source text is translated differently according to the goal of each translation, although the two translations were first published almost at the same time by the publishing houses Alba Editorial and Ediciones Cátedra in 1997 and 2000, respectively.
Ecolawriors: Knights of the Green Law Consciousness
Authors: Fisher Ryan J
Published: June 2022

This article introduces the connected concepts of ecolawfare—legal challenges to violations and violators of environmental law—and ecolawriors, its practitioners. These concepts are extensions of lawfare and lawriors, terms that emerged in this century’s first decade in a military context. The article examines sociological, political economic, and legal literature, as well as black letter law, and argues that many non-US jurisdictions have been eco-friendly trendsetters in law. The article examines the relationships of ecolawfare and ecolawriors with Green social movements, presents a Marxian perspective on intergenerational equity, the public trust doctrine, and rights of nature against the backdrop of capitalist extraction, the climate crisis, and related litigation, and posits a legal parallel between protecting ecosystems and protecting civil rights. The article argues that the climate crisis demands radically new approaches to the law, including lawyers who do not think like traditional lawyers.
Oil-con hybrids as a potential tool to prevent eared dove damage to sunflower crops
Authors: Zuil Sebastian Gustavo , Canavelli Sonia Beatriz , Addy Orduna Laura
Published: June 2022

Eared doves (Zenaida auriculata) cause significant economic damage to mature sunflower in Argentina. Empirical evidences indicate that some sunflower hybrids (e.g. confectionary and stripped oilseed) might be less susceptible to bird damage than others (e.g. black oilseed). However, these less susceptible hybrids could imply a trade-off between damage reduction and oil content on the seeds. In this work, we investigated the potential of a new oil-con hybrid types (OC: oilseed × confectionary cross) as a tool to prevent eared dove damage to sunflower crops. We compared the performance (damage values), morphological characteristics and nutritive quality of this hybrid compared to other three standard sunflower hybrids (BO: black oilseed, SO: striped oilseed, and CON: confectionary), both in the field and in cages. In both tests, doves significantly selected BO and SO hybrids over CON and OC hybrids. The OC hybrid was not selected, despite its high nutritional value. Results suggest that achene size could be an important morphological trait influenced eared dove selection of hybrids, independently of other seed characteristics. Based on these results, the OC hybrid tested in this study seems to be a promising tool for preventing eared dove damage to sunflower in Argentina.
A comprehensive study on radio over fiber systems: present evaluations and future challenges
Authors: Kaur Harminder , Bhamrah Manjit Singh , Kaur Baljeet
Published: June 2022

In order to serve the explosive demands of triple play services or multimedia services with high quality of data transmission in Fifth Generation (5G) communication systems which has availability of large spectrum unlike Fourth Generation (4G), low latency, improved transmission, and increased reliability, an access networks with optical fiber distribution network and wireless enabled technology is urgently needed and therefore, a prominent technology known as Radio over Fiber (RoF) is suggested by researcher/Scientists due to a perfect blend of flexible fiber technology and wireless mobility. RoF technology is helping the data transmission systems from last thirty years with great success and has numerous advantages such as scalability, transparency, antenna site complexity reduction, low installation cost, accessibility of radio carrier by diverse antenna sites dynamically. Millimeter waves (Mm waves) integration in 5G wireless RoF systems comes out to be an encouraging candidate to cater the bandwidth hungry current as well as future generation internet application such as high definition TV (HDTV), online games, video conferencing, and voice over IP (VoIP) etc. For the prolonged reach, economical installations, and improved performance, optimal Mm wave generation methods should be incorporated in 5G such as employing multi carrier generation technique (MCG). Deployment of single mode fiber (SMF) in 5G offers high speed, large capacity, improved security, etc., but also has a prominent limitation of nonlinear effects and it is unwanted phenomenon which degrade the system performance by introducing intermodulation distortion, distortion of signal phase, harmonic distortion, and interference in the neighbouring channels. Minimum modifications of architecture and minimum cost should be spent on the compensation of nonlinear effects or Kerr’s effects in RoF systems and recently mode division multiplexing has emerged as an ultimate solution. In this review article, detailed discussion of an evolutionary technology, i.e., RoF is presented with a literature review, present evaluations, and future challenges. Our utmost goal is to enrich the young researchers with precious aspects for RoF technology on single platform and also encourage them to conduct the technology advancement research works in various fields such as nonlinear compensation, Mm wave generation, dispersion compensation, cost reduction, complexity reduction, and security enhancements for 5G RoF systems.
Bile-acid levels and lung maturity test in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Authors: Futterman Itamar D. , Minkoff Howard , Lee-Hwang Gladys , Mays Jonathan C.
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Prolonged fetal exposure to maternal bile acids have been linked to fetal lung injury, but it is not known if it affects production of surfactant or fetal lung maturity tests. We set out to determine if elevated total bile acid (TBA) levels predict delayed fetal lung maturity (FLM) in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study examining patients with ICP who underwent amniocentesis between 36+0 and 37+6 between 2005 and 2014. Primary goal was to identify if a relationship exists between TBA levels and FLM defined as Lecithin:Sphingomyelin >2.5, detectable Phosphatidylglycerol, or lamellar body count of >50,000.

Results

Among the 113 patients, there was no statistically significant difference in TBA levels between women with FLM and those with immaturity (31.3 [21.6, 44.5] μmol/L and 34.9 [23.9, 62.3] μmol/L respectively; p=0.16). Logistic regression performed using predefined TBA levels of 20, 30, 40 and 50 μmol/L revealed that TBA levels did not predict a negative FLM test at time of amniocentesis.

Conclusions

TBA levels do no predict presence or absence of FLM between 36+0 and 37+6 weeks of gestation. Though certain pregnancy complications can affect FLM, we could not identify a correlation between TBA levels and an accelerated or delayed lung maturation process.
Geometry-dependent skin effects in reciprocal photonic crystals
Authors: Fang Zhening , Hu Mengying , Zhou Lei , Ding Kun
Published: June 2022

Skin effect that all eigenmodes within a frequency range become edge states is dictated by the topological properties of complex eigenvalues unique in non-Hermitian systems. The prevailing attempts to realize such a fascinating effect are confined to either one-dimensional or nonreciprocal systems exhibiting asymmetric couplings. Here, inspired by a recent model Hamiltonian theory, we propose a realistic reciprocal two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PhC) system that shows the desired skin effect. Specifically, we establish a routine for designing such non-Hermitian systems via revealing the inherent connections between the nontrivial eigenvalue topology of order-2 exceptional points (EPs) and the skin effects. Guided by the proposed strategy, we successfully design a 2D PhC that possesses the EPs with nonzero eigenvalue winding numbers. The spectral area along a specific wavevector direction is then formed by leveraging the symmetry of the macroscopic geometry and the unit cell. The projected-band-structure calculations are performed to demonstrate that the desired skin effect exists at the specific crystalline interfaces. We finally employ time-domain simulations to vividly illustrate this phenomenon by exciting a pulse at the center of a finite-sized PhC. Our results form a solid basis for further experimental confirmations and applications of the skin effect.
Influence of season and rangeland-type on serum biochemistry of indigenous Zulu sheep
Authors: Xulu Thembinkosi G. , Ncobela Cyprial N. , Kunene Nokuthula W.
Published: June 2022

There is a paucity of information on the serum biochemistry of indigenous Zulu sheep in different seasons and rangeland type. Twenty clinically healthy Zulu rams aged at least 12 months were selected in different rangeland type, namely, Moist Coast Forest and Thornveld (MCT), Dry Highland Sourveld (DHS), Moist Zululand Thornveld (MZT), Natal Sour Sandveld (NSS), and Lowveld (LV) in KwaZulu-Natal from November 2014 to June 2015. Sheep with highest body weights were observed in LV and NSS (P < 0.05). Sheep with highest body condition score were found in MCT, LV, and DHS (P < 0.05). The concentration of albumin was high (P < 0.05) in MZT and DHS and low (P < 0.05) in NSS. Globulin and total protein concentrations were high (P < 0.05) in NSS. Albumin, total protein, and creatinine levels were higher in dry season (P < 0.05). Glucose and blood urea nitrogen were higher in rainy season (P < 0.05). In LV, albumin concentration was high in rainy season than in dry season (P < 0.05). In NSS, albumin concentration was high in dry season than in rainy season (P < 0.05). Globulin concentration was higher during dry season in MCT (P < 0.05). In MCT, there was a higher total protein concentration in dry season than in rainy season (P < 0.05). In NSS, the concentration of β-hydroxyl-butyrate was significantly higher in rainy season compared to dry season. Creatinine concentration was significantly high during dry season in LV, NSS, and MCT. There was a positive correlation on body weight against globulin, total protein, creatinine, and β-hydroxyl-butyrate (P < 0.05). Serum biochemistry of Zulu sheep varied with rangeland type, season, and their interactive effect.
Modeling extreme value data with an upside down bathtub-shaped failure rate model
Authors: Shrahili Mansour , Kayid Mohamed
Published: June 2022

The Pareto model corresponds to the power law widely used in physics, biology, and many other fields. In this article, a new generalized Pareto model with a heavy right tail is introduced and studied. It exhibits an upside-down bathtub-shaped failure rate (FR) function. The moments, quantiles, FR function, and mean remaining life function are examined. Then, its parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood, least squared error, and Anderson–Darling (a weighted least squared error) approaches. A simulation study is conducted to verify the efficiency and consistency of the discussed estimators. Analysis of Floyd River flood discharges in James, Iowa, USA, from 1935 to 1973 shows that the proposed model can be quite useful in real applications, especially for extreme value data.
Nonlinear dynamics for different nonautonomous wave structure solutions
Authors: Li Kun-Qiong
Published: June 2022

Based on the positive quadratic function method, the rich nonautonomous solutions of a generalized (2+1)-dimensional variable-coefficient breaking soliton equation with different wave structures are given. In this case, due to the influence of nonlinearity and dispersion, the characteristics, amplitude and velocity of nonautonomous wave will change with time. The breather wave and the interaction among lump wave, solitary wave and periodic wave solutions are studied. For different choices of arbitrary functions in these solutions, the corresponding dynamic properties are demonstrated.
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)’nın dört yabani domates türü üzerinde yaşam çizelgesi parametreleri
Authors: ASLAN Baran , BİRGÜCÜ Ali Kemal , ULUIŞIK Selman , KARACA İsmail
Published: June 2022

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) önemli bir domates zararlısıdır ve Solanaceae familyasındaki diğer konukçu bitkiler ile de beslenebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada dört yabani domates türü (Solanum arcanum Peralta, Solanum habrochaites S.Knapp & D.M.Spooner, Solanum peruvianum L., Solanum pimpinellifolium L.) ve iki Solanum lycopersicum L. (LA0292 ve cv. 112-432) aksesyonunun T. absoluta'nın yaşam tablosu parametreleri üzerindeki etkileri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca larva gelişim süresi, yaşam süresi, pupa dönemi, doğurganlık ve yaşam ömrü de hesaplanmıştır. Çalışma Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü (Isparta, Türkiye)’nde 2020-2021 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Solanum lycopersicum, T. absoluta’nın gelişmesi bakımından en uygun tür olarak belirlenmiştir. Yabani domates türlerinden, kalıtsal üreme yeteneği için S. pimpinellifolium, net üreme gücü için S. arcanum ve S. pimpinellifolium, ortalama döl süresi ve popülasyonun ikiye katlanma süresi için S. habrochaites ve S. pimpinellifolium, artış oranı sınırı için S. pimpinellifolium ve S. arcanum türleri en etkili konukçular olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, çalışılan yabani domates türlerinde önemli farklılıklar göstermiş olmasına rağmen S. pimpinellifolium ve S. arcanum en etkili yabani konukçu türler olarak belirlenmiştir.
Samsun İli (Türkiye) kivi bahçelerindeki kök-ur nematodlarının yaygınlığı ve meyve verimine etkileri
Authors: AYDINLI Gökhan , MENNAN Sevilhan
Published: June 2022

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Samsun İli (Türkiye) kivi bahçelerinde kök-ur nematodlarının (Meloidogyne spp.) dağılımının belirlenmesi ve doğal olarak bulaşık bahçelerde meyve verimi üzerine Meloidogyne spp.’nin etkisinin değerlendirilmesidir. Sürvey 2017 yılı Eylül-Kasım aylarında 25 kivi bahçesinde yürütülmüştür. Ayrıca, 2018 yılı hasat zamanında iki bahçede meyve verimlerine ilişkin veriler elde edilmiştir. Bulaşık bahçelerden 56 toprak ve kök örneği alınmıştır. Tür teşhisleri esteraz fenotipi ve türe özgü primerler ile yapılan PCR ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Meloidogyne spp., sürvey yapılan bahçelerin %92’sinde bulunmuştur. Örneklerin %59'unda Meloidogyne luci (Carneiro et al., 2014) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) tespit edilmiş, bunu %41 ile Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood, 1949), %27 ile Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) ve %2 ile Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) izlemiştir. Meloidogyne spp.’nin kivi bahçelerindeki dağılımı ile ilgili olarak, bulaşık bahçelerin %74'ünde M. luci, %57'sinde M. hapla, %39'unda M. arenaria ve %4'ünde M. incognita bulunmuştur. Meloidogyne luci, Türkiye'deki kivi bahçelerinde ilk kez bu çalışmada bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, Meloidogyne spp.’nin kivi bahçelerinde önemli verim kayıplarına neden olduğu ve Meloidogyne spp. ile bulaşık iki bahçede sırasıyla %36 ve %49 verim kaybı olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Yarıkurak sahalarda referans evaporanstpirasyonun (Eto) alansal dağılımı ve zamansal değişimi: Şanlıurfa örneği
Authors: KUM Gülşen
Published: June 2022

İklimdeki değişimlerin, kuraklığın yıl içerisinde uzun süre devam ettiği sahalarda hidrolojik döngüve su temini üzerine etkisinin araştırıldığı bu çalışmada Şanlıurfa ili sınırları içerisinde yeralan 8 istasyona ait (Şanlıurfa, Akçakale, Birecik, Bozova, Ceylanpınar, Hilvan, Siverek ve Viranşehir)1980-2020 yılları arası aylık minimum sıcaklık, maksimum sıcaklık, toplam yağış, ortalamarüzgar hızı, güneşlenme süresi, ortalama nispi nem ve radyasyon şiddeti verileri kullanılarakETo değerlerinin alansal ve zamansal değişimleri ortaya konulmuştur. FAO-Penmann-Monteithreferans evapotranspirasyon (ETo) değerleri, FAO tarafından geliştirilen CROPWAT yazılımıkullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen ETo değerlerinin alansal ve zamansal olarak değişiminigösteren haritaların oluşturulmasında ise ArcGIS yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Özellikle tarımsal etkinliğinyoğun olduğu güney istasyonlarda ETo değerlerinin eğilimlerinde istatistiksel olarak oldukçakuvvetli pozitif artışlar gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, Aridity Index kuraklık hesaplama yöntemi ile sahadayarıkurak şartların hakim olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. GAP’ın önemli ayaklarından biri olan Şanlıurfa’datarımsal faaliyelerde kullanılacak su ihtiyacının belirlenmesinde ETo değerlerinin bilinmesielzemdir. Bu sebeple FAO tarafından önerilen Penmann-Monteith yönteminin planlamaçalışmalarında göz önünde bulundurulması faydalı olacaktır. Su isteğinin bitkiden bitkiye ve herbitkinin de vejetasyon devresinin dönemine bağlı olarak değişmesi ETo değerlerinin ürüne görespesifik olarak hesaplanmasını gerekli kılmaktadır.
Background in forest engineering to work in urban forestry
Authors: De Sousa Kelly Iapuque Rodrigues , De Melo Lucas Amaral , Reis Michele Valquíria Dos
Published: June 2022

Urban Forestry provides multiple ecosystem services and contributes to the resilience of cities. However there are no studies that discuss the background of professionals who work in this field. Thus, it was proposed to analyze the presence of the subject of Urban Forestry in Forest Engineering courses in Brazil. Searches were carried out in the e-MEC Registry to locate the Universities, and on their websites to find the Pedagogical Project or the Curriculum Matrix. To analyze the contents of the Syllabus, the IRAMUTEQ software was used. 68 Forest Engineering courses were located, which are offered by 60 universities and cover 24 states of the country, highlighting the North and Southeast regions, which offer 20 and 16 courses, respectively. 59 Pedagogical Projects were found and there was a lack of standard in the structure and content of the document. In the Curriculum Matrices, 79 subjects on Urban Forestry were identified, but only 27 exclusively address the theme. It was noticed that most of the subjects offered are complementary; only 12 are mandatory and, at the same time, only on Urban Forestry. The subject "Urban Forestry and Landscaping" appears 25 times. However, the two themes have different approaches and, in this case, the main focus was on Landscaping. The analysis of Text Segments of the 65 Syllabuses showed that most of the texts were about Landscaping. It was concluded that there is a deficiency in the background in Forest Engineering in Brazil concerning Urban Forestry, due to the low number of compulsory subjects offered.
Breve cartografía de la forestación en aceras en Cuiabá: el caso de los barrios Jardim das Américas y Araés.
Authors: Cox Elisa Pagliarini
Published: June 2022

Se hace cada vez más común ver árboles topiados y con poda severa en las aceras de Cuiabá-MT, los que llaman la atención tanto por su uniformidad y simetría, como por ser el resultado en ambiente inhóspito, dentro de una ciudad de temperaturas extremadamente altas todo el año. Este fenómeno contradice estudios que demuestran cuán fundamental es la arborización de vías públicas para la composición del verde urbano, así como indispensable a la calidad ambiental y, consecuentemente, a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Luego, este artículo tiene por objetivo comprender cómo el fenómeno de arbustificación y (des) arborización de aceras urbanas se hace tangible espacialmente en la ciudad de Cuiabá-MT. Para ello, se busca, por medio de un mapeo in situ de arborización en aceras urbanas de dos barrios – uno tradicional y uno nuevo, describir la configuración espacial de este fenómeno, considerando sus relaciones con el tipo de uso de las construcciones, con el perfil de poder adquisitivo del local, con el histórico del barrio, etc. Por medio del mapeo se observa que los árboles topiados aparecen, con mayor frecuencia en las aceras, paralelamente con la verticalización de los barrios y también cerca de áreas de comercio y servicios. Aun, se observa que tales árboles se perciben como señal de distinción y status por la población local, haciendo con que esta práctica de poda sea imitada y adoptada por gran parte de los moradores de Cuiabá, a pesar del calor escaldante de la ciudad y que el buen sentido pidan la plantación y mantenimiento de árboles frondosos.