bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Method of Orientation of Skull and Camera for Use in Forensic Photographic Investigation
Authors: McKenna JJI
Published: August 2015

The ability to obtain accurate superimposition of the image of the teeth from ante- and post-mortem dentitions is a prerequisite of photographic superimposition. A prototype skull and camera holder is described that enables this to be achieved quickly and simply. The position of the skull relative to the attitude of the face in the photograph can then be documented and hence reproduced as required.
Analysis of Explosives by Liquid Chromatography/Thermospray/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Berberich DW , Yost RA , Fetterolf DD
Published: August 2015

We have investigated the application of liquid chromatography/thermospray/mass spectrometry (LC/TSP/MS) to the separation and identification of commercial and military explosives. The LC was performed using a reverse phase column with an isocratic mobile phase and a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. These conditions resulted in retention times of less than 3 min for common explosives, permitting rapid analysis. The TSP was operated in the filamenton ionization mode which yielded unique spectra for the following explosive compounds: 1,3,5-trinitrotriazacyclohexane (RDX), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,4,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX), trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluene (DNT), pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), nitroglycerin (NG), diphenylamine (DPA), and monomethylaminenitrate (MMAN). The majority of explosives yielded only negative ion thermospray mass spectra, which exhibited a strong [M + CH3COO]−; however, components of double-based smokeless powders also yielded positive ion spectra. An important forensic science application of this work is the identification of commercial and military explosives. Spectra which were obtained from the residues of improvised explosive devices of military C4 and a double-based smokeless powder allowed identification of the pure explosive compounds, LC/TSP(filament-on)/MS provided limits of detection less than 2.5 picograms for PETN.
The Appropriate Educational Background for Entry Level Forensic Scientists: A Survey of Practitioners
Authors: Siegel JA
Published: August 2015

To assess the need to modify its forensic science degree programs, the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University surveyed some of its own students majoring in Forensic Science, the forensic scientists working for the Michigan State Police, and the membership of the American Society of Crime Lab Directors. The results of the surveys showed the educational background most preferred for a carreer in forensic science would consist of a B.S. degree which has a major chemistry component and a Master of Science in Forensic Science. Personal comments sent back with some of the surveys also suggested the need for a strong background in chemistry. Survey results and personal comments also showed a general disdain for the B.S. in Forensic Science as the terminal degree unless it has a strong hard science component.
A Review of Personal Identification from Human Remains
Authors: Hinkes MJ
Published: August 2015

Is it possible for a book to be published without passing editorial review? This book is filled to distraction with run-on sentences, inappropriate subtitles, typographical errors, and misspellings. Parts of it are written in a stream-of-consciousness style that is quite disorganized and results in a great deal of unnecessary repetition.
Repetitive Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Human Genome Variation—A Concise Review Relevant to Forensic Biology
Authors: Fowler JCS , Burgoyne LA , Scott AC , Harding HWJ
Published: August 2015

The various classes of human repetitive deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are described, with particular emphasis being given to their variation in the human genome. The significance of this information to forensic science is discussed.
Heroin, Morphine, and Hydromorphone Determination in Postmortem Material by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Sawyer WR , Waterhouse GAW , Doedens DJ , Forney RB
Published: August 2015

A procedure has been developed for the simultaneous determination of heroin, morphine, and hydromorphone from postmortem tissues by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using electrochemical detection. This method permits the direct determination of unmetabolized heroin from antemortem or postmortem urine as evidence of illegal drug use. Presumptive confirmation of heroin was based on the ability to hydrolyze the HPLC heroin fraction to morphine. Heroin was also confirmed in urine by gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopic (GC/MS) analysis of the HPLC fraction. Analysis of postmortem blood, gastric contents, urine, and injection site tissues have revealed the presence of morphine and hydromorphone, while heroin has only been identified in urine.
An Epidemic of Intravenous Narcoticism Deaths Associated with the Resurgence of Black Tar Heroin
Authors: Sperry K
Published: August 2015

In the latter part of 1985, a dramatic rise in the number of illicit narcotic (heroin) related deaths in the State of New Mexico became apparent, and this increase persisted through the majority of the following year. A careful inspection of samples of narcotics found at the scenes of death, coupled with changes in the illicit drug traffic detected by local and state law enforcement agencies, revealed that the rising death rate corresponded with the distinctively increased availability of a form of heroin that is produced in Mexico, commonly termed “black tar” heroin. An analysis of heroin deaths, comparing characteristics of cumulative deaths in the six years before the increase with those deaths associated with the apparent epidemic, revealed several significant observations. These factors, along with the distinctive physical features of black tar heroin, suggest that the rise in the narcotic abuse death rate may be related to both unfamiliarity with this type of heroin on the part of the user and the inherent difficulty of diluting nonpowdered forms of the drug to sublethal levels.
Transmission and Reflectance Microspectrophotometry of Inks
Authors: Zeichner A , Levin N , Klein A , Novoselsky Y
Published: August 2015

Various inks were shown to obey the Beer-Lambert Law as deposits on glass slides. However, spectra of ink traces on paper are subject to scattering and bronzing interferences which cause deviations from the law. Theoretical considerations and experimental results show that there is an inherent advantage of the transmission method over the reflectance method since the former does not suffer from bronzing interference. The deviations from the law may be considerably lower using transmission microspectrophotometry of single inked fibers in a mounting medium instead of the nondestructive transmission method because of large variations in the opacity of paper substrates. In any case, when measuring spectra of ink traces on paper, care must be taken when applying the Beer-Lambert Law to normalize spectra to eliminate concentration differences and substrate background contributions.
Evaluation of the Air Bubbles Present in Polyurethane Shoe Outsoles as Applicable in Footwear Impression Comparisons
Authors: Music DK , Bodziak WJ
Published: August 2015

Polyurethane, an increasingly popular material in the manufacture of shoe outsoles, contains air bubbles which are visible on the surface of the outsole and which may become part of a footwear impression. How to weigh the significance of each air bubble when conducting an examination of these footwear impressions is discussed. The most common methods of manufacture of polyurethane outsoles and how each of these methods affect the resulting air bubble pattern are explained. A summary of the chemical, mechanical, and physical variables influencing the position and contour of these trapped air bubbles is given. These characteristics, alone or in conjunction with the traditional wear patterns and accidental characteristics acquired during the use of the shoe, can help the examiner form a stronger opinion toward the identification of the footwear.
Group Specific Component Subtyping in Bloodstains by Separator Isoelectric Focusing in Micro-Ultrathin Polyacrylamide Gels Followed by Immunoblotting
Authors: Alonso A
Published: August 2015

The identification of group specific component (Gc) subtypes derived from bloodstains by separator isoelectric focusing in micro-ultrathin polyacrylamide gels (interelectrode distance: 50 mm) containing 4.5 to 5.4 pharmalytes is described. The separation achieved between Gc 1F and Gc 1S bands is compared favorably with that obtained using separator isoelectric focusing in conventional polyacrylamide gels dimensions (interelectrode distance: 110 to 120 mm). The technique is rapid and economical, and the immunoblotting method described is more sensitive than immunofixation followed by silver staining.
ABH Antigen Typing in Bone Tissue
Authors: Lee HC , Gaensslen RE , Wayne Carver H , Pagliaro EM , Carroll-Reho J
Published: August 2015

Results obtained from the ABH grouping of bone tissues by the absorption-elution procedure and by a recently described two-dimensional absorption-inhibition procedure are reported. Neither the elution nor the inhibition procedure alone yielded uniformly correct results. A combination procedure consisting of the use of both absorption-elution and two-dimensional absorption-inhibition is proposed for bone ABH grouping. When elution and inhibition were used in combination, specimens yielding concordant results with both techniques were correctly grouped.
Rapid Confirmation of Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT®) Cocaine Positive Urine Samples by Capillary Gas-Liquid Chromatography/Nitrogen Phosphorus Detection (GLC/NPD)
Authors: Verebey K , DePace A
Published: August 2015

A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was developed for the confirmation of benzoylecgonine (BE) positive urine samples screened by the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT®) assay. The procedure is performed by solvent extraction of BE from 0.1 or 0.2 mL of urine, followed by an aqueous wash of the solvent and evaporation. The dried residue was derivatized with 50 µL of pentafluoropropionic anhydride and 25 µL of pentafluoropropropanol at 90°C for 15 min. The derivatizing reagents were evaporated to dryness, and the derivatized BE, and cocaine if present, were reconstituted and injected into the gas chromatograph. The column was a 15-m by 0.2-mm fused silica capillary column, coated with 0.25 µm of DB-1, terminating in a nitrogen phosphorus detector (NPD). Cocaine and the pentafluoro BE derivatives retention times were 3.2 and 2.6 min, respectively. Nalorphine was used as reference or internal standard with a retention time of 4.78 min. The complete procedure can be performed in approximately 1.5 h. The EMIT cutoff between positive and negative urine samples is 300 ng/mL of BE. The lower limit of sensitivity of this method is 25 ng of BE extracted from urine. Validation studies resulted in confirmation of 101 out of 121 EMIT cocaine positive urine samples that could not be confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This represents 84% confirmation efficiency.
Dates of Introduction of Specific Photocopy Machines
Authors: Crown DA
Published: August 2015

The dates of introduction (DOI) of 1504 known photocopy machines/models using diffusion transfer, stabilization, thermal transfer, dye transfer, dual spectrum, indirect electrostatic, and direct electrostatic copy processes are detailed, when known. The DOIs are derived from published listings, yearly compilations of machines available, and publicity releases indicating relative availability.
Temporal Clustering of Heroin Overdoses in Washington, DC
Authors: Kalter HD , Ruttenber AJ , Zack MM
Published: August 2015

During the 5-day period from 28 Feb. 1985 through 4 March 1985, 24 heroin overdoses occurred in the District of Columbia. Statistical tests for clustering of fatal and nonfatal overdoses during this interval identified 7 heroin-related deaths that occurred on March 1 to 2 as a statistically significant cluster (p = 0.007). An extension of the analysis for clustering to a 15-month period identified 2 additional clusters, 1 of fatal overdoses and 1 of nonfatal ones. When all victims of fatal overdose in cluster intervals were combined and compared with all other heroin-related deaths, no significant differences were noted for levels of morphine or ethanol in blood. However, bile morphine concentrations of cluster decedents were significantly lower than those of noncluster decedents (p = 0.033), suggesting that these decedents were less tolerant to the effects of narcotics than the comparison group. Heroin concentrations in street-level heroin samples collected during clusters did not differ from those collected during comparison intervals. These data conflict with the traditional explanation of overdose clusters, which attributes these events to unusually potent street-level heroin.
Forensic Science Applications of Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): V. Direct Analysis of Metallic Paints—Screening of Panels
Authors: Suzuki EM , Brown JA
Published: August 2015

Direct sampling using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) is particularly useful for rapidly screening metallic reference panels in some hit-and-run cases. For panels with finishes having high densities of metallic flakes, spectra identical to those obtained using conventional transmittance techniques may be obtained with DRIFTS and relatively minor spectral features may be used to distinguish between different topcoats. For panels with finishes having low densities of metallic flakes, information about the minor constitutents of the topcoat and the presence of specific pigments in the undercoats is also obtained in certain cases. These data, likewise, may serve to differentiate between different finish systems.
Comparison of Chemical Methods for Determining Postmortem Interval
Authors: Larry Sparks D , Oeltgen PR , Kryscio RJ , Hunsaker JC
Published: August 2015

Accurate determination of postmortem interval (PMI) is a problem for the forensic thanatologist, especially in unwitnessed deaths. A number of objective chemical methods for determining PMI have been developed, the most widely used being accumulation of potassium in the vitreous humor. The authors previously have reported a chemical method for determining PMI from the predictable accumulation or clearance of the dopaminergic metabolite 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) in the putamen of the brain.

They have extended their previous study to compare directly the accuracy of determining PMI from the level of 3-MT in putamen with the level of potassium in vitreous humor. The data indicate that 3-MT is at least as accurate as, if not more accurate than, potassium accumulation in vitreous humor, although 3-MT levels can be affected by the cause of death and drugs present at the time of death. Nevertheless, determination of both the 3-MT and potassium levels can afford the most accurate method of determining PMI; preliminary nomograms for determining PMI from both variables are presented.
A Study of Sex Identification of Trace, Dried Bloodstains Using a Y-Chromosome-Specific Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Probe
Authors: He Z-N , Jiang X-H , Lu S-H , Wang G-L , Zhu Y-W , Wang S-W , Shen Y , Gao Q-S , Liu J-Z , Wu G-Y
Published: August 2015

A new method is discussed which examines trace, dried bloodstains by gel in situ hybridization using a Y-chromosome-specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probe to determine the sex of the bloodstain for forensic medicine application. The complete DNA is transferred directly by electrophoresis onto the gel intact, bypassing the possibilities of impurities contaminating the sample and of DNA degradation. The method has proven accurate for small (2.5-mm-diameter) samples aged up to eight years and is quick, simple, and easily read.
Class Characteristics of Hispanic Writing in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Muehlberger RJ
Published: August 2015

Handwriting exemplars of Hispanic writers, who were born in a Latin American country and who now reside in the southeastern United States, were examined to discern class characteristics. Embellishments, pen-lifts, and variety of letter forms and writing movements were common features found in the handwriting of Hispanics. Although Hispanic writing reflected a “foreign” influence, determination as to the writer's country of origin was not possible.
Cocaine- and Methamphetamine-Related Deaths in San Diego County (1987): Homicides and Accidental Overdoses
Authors: Bailey DN , Shaw RF
Published: August 2015

Cocaine- and methamphetamine-related homicides and fatal accidental overdoses in San Diego County were studied retrospectively for the 1987 calendar year. Cocaine was involved in 66 cases (39 homicides, 27 accidental overdoses), methamphetamine in 32 cases (23 homicides, 9 accidental overdoses), and a combination of cocaine and methamphetamine in 10 cases (4 homicides, 6 accidental overdoses). The composite for cocaine-related deaths was a 30-year-old black man in whom was also found at least 1 other drug, usually ethanol or morphine. The composite for methamphetamine-related deaths was a 32-year-old Caucasian man who used methamphetamine with at least 1 other drug (usually ethanol). For cases involving both cocaine and methamphetamine, the composite was a 36-year-old Caucasian man in whom was also found at least 1 other drug, usually ethanol, codeine, or morphine. Mean tissue concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine were significantly higher in accidental overdoses than in homicides except for cocaine concentrations in liver, which did not differ significantly between the two groups. For methamphetamine-related deaths there was no significant difference between mean tissue concentrations in accidental overdoses and in homicides. Cocaine or methamphetamine or both were involved in approximately one third of homicides in San Diego County in 1987, and when fatal accidental overdoses were included, cocaine was involved in twice as many cases as methamphetamine.
A Preliminary Classification of the Writing Elements of Chinese Characters
Authors: Hanna GA
Published: August 2015

Chinese writing from 100 Asians who recently migrated to the United States was collected and intercompared to determine the frequency of handwriting characteristics. The general elements of handwriting form and execution were assessed in each sample. They include: system, style, size, slant, proportions, angularity, skill, speed, pressure, arrangement, spacing, and alignment. The basic strokes of Chinese characters are delineated, and the methods and application of foreign writing comparison are summarized.
Use of Glue Gun in Forensic Anthropology and Pathologic Bone Reconstruction Cases
Authors: Stephens BG , Heglar R
Published: August 2015

Fragmented “wet” bone material can be rapidly reconstructed with a minimum amount of specimen preparation using hot melt adhesives and commercially available electric glue guns. The reconstruction of fragmented bone aids in the analysis and interpretation of extensive trauma cases.
Fatal Intoxication by Remoxipride
Authors: Segerberg-Konttinen M , Vuori E , Lukkari I , Penttilä A
Published: August 2015

The case history and toxicologic findings of a 23-year-old woman who committed suicide with Remoxipride are described. Remoxipride® is a recently developed neuroleptic drug of the benzamide type. Remoxipride was detected in the liver, stomach content, blood, and urine. The concentration of Remoxipride in the blood was 230 mg/L. The recommended therapeutic level for Remoxipride should not exceed 7 to 8 mg/L. The victim had no blood alcohol, but an ethanol concentration of 0.048 g/100 L was detected in the urine. The mechanism of death from Remoxipride intoxication is not known. In clinical studies, sinus bradycardia and infrequent supraventricular and ventricular ectopic beats have been noted.
A Review of Poison Detection in Human Organs
Authors: Cravey RH
Published: August 2015

As with previous editions of Poison Detection in Human Organs, the basic tenet in the book has been kept, which is that the analyst does not know the drug or other toxicant involved in the case, and if you don't look, you don't find.
The Differentiation of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) from N-Methyl-N-Propyl and N-Butyl Amides of Lysergic Acid
Authors: Clark CC
Published: August 2015

The N-methyl-N-propyl, N-methyl-N-isopropy, N-butyl, N-isobutyl, N-sec-butyl and N-tert-butyl amides of lysergic acid were synthesized to determine the specificity of electron impact mass spectroscopy (EI/MS), when combined with other analytical techniques, for the identification of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). After separation of the C8 axial and equatorial isomers by preparative thin-layer chromatography, the amides were subjected to gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and EI/MS. EI/MS, when combined with other analytical techniques, is shown to be capable of differentiating LSD from any of the other compounds included in this study.
A Simple Laboratory Test for the Determination of the Chemical Form of Cocaine
Authors: Logan BK , Steve Nichols H , Stafford DT
Published: August 2015

The authors describe a simple chemical test to determine whether a suspect specimen contains cocaine and if so whether it is present as free base cocaine or in a salt form. The distinction is based on the relative solubility of the two compounds in aqueous or organic solvent. The test, based on the widely accepted cobalt thiocyanate color reaction, is performed in three stages to make the interpretation as complete as possible.
Fatal Arrow Wounds
Authors: Hain JR
Published: August 2015

Two instances of fatal arrow wounds are described, one by a field-tip (target arrowhead), the other by a broadhead (large-game hunting arrowhead). The essential characteristics of the two types of wounds are discussed. In particular, the field-tip can closely simulate a bullet wound by causing a circular entrance hole with abraded margins, whereas the broadhead can create unusual radiating incised wounds.
Prevalence and Impact of Ethical Problems in Forensic Science
Authors: Saks MJ
Published: August 2015

The prevalence of ethical problems in the forensic sciences is difficult to discover because of the limited sources of this information. A clear understanding of ethical violations is essential to establish the extent to which justice is hindered by unethical conduct among forensic scientists and then to improve the ethical state of the profession by addressing these specific problems. Seven major classes of evidence of ethical conduct and examples of each are examined: proficiency testing studies, self-report surveys and focus groups, complaints to forensic science associations, court cases, content analysis of ethical codes, anecdotal data (news reports, the professional literature, and case studies), and circumstantial evidence. Three main categories of ethical problems emerged from the data: problems of competency, individual misbehavior, and problems of practicing science in an adversary system. There is a need for more studies and various data collections to improve understanding of ethical problems in the forensic sciences and to seek to ameliorate them.
A Review of Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives
Authors: Drucker F
Published: August 2015

This is an exciting book. Written by two Special Agents of the FBI and a Professor of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, it presents in detail extensive data concerning 36 convicted, incarcerated sexual murderers. Primarily for law enforcement personnel, this volume provides an excellent perspective of criminal personality profiling, a technique developed by the FBI to help identify, apprehend, and convict violent criminal offenders. The authors demonstrate many ways in which these techniques have assisted in the apprehension, identification, and conviction of offenders. They show the social, environmental, and behavioral antecedents to sexual homicides; the relationship between the crime and the surroundings; the motivation leading to the criminal behaviors; and the factors assessed in legal and psychiatric investigations. These myriad elements ultimately cohere leading to criminal conviction and incarceration.
Studies on the Stability and Detection of Cocaine, Benzoylecgonine, and 11-Nor-Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-Carboxylic Acid in Whole Blood Using Abuscreen® Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Horton McCurdy H , Callahan LS , Williams RD
Published: August 2015

A study was undertaken to assess the stability and the radioimmunoassay (RIA) detection of cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BZE), and 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in whole blood while stored in 4 different kinds of blood collection tubes for up to 30 days at refrigeration and room temperatures. At various intervals, the tubes were sampled and analyzed using Abuscreen® RIA. Also, semi-quantitative data derived from RIA analysis of forensic blood specimens were compared with quantitative data acquired using gas chromatography (GC) or GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) on the same specimens. RIA and chromatographic studies revealed that BZE and THC-COOH were stable in blood under all conditions studied. Cocaine, however, was found not to be stable in blood, especially when stored at room temperatures. Despite cocaine's instability in blood, RIA was able to detect the presence of cocaine and its breakdown products in blood under all conditions studied.
The Characterization of Some 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (MDA) Analogs
Authors: Dal Cason TA
Published: August 2015

The seizure in 1986 of a large-scale clandestine laboratory producing both the N-ethyl and the N,N-dimethyl analogs of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine [MDA]) and the recent identification of N-hydroxy MDA hydrochloride (HCl) indicate an interest by illegal laboratory operators in the synthesis of noncontrolled MDA analogs. Currently, identification of these new analogs may be hampered due to lack of available standards or reference data or both. This potential problem prompted the synthesis of the following N-substituted MDA analogs: N-methyl, N-ethyl, N-propyl, N-isopropyl, N-hydroxy, and N,N-dimethyl MDA. Each compound was prepared by reductive amination of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP-2-P) using the appropriate amine hydrochloride and sodium cyanoborohydride. In addition, the acetyl derivatives of MDA, N-hydroxy MDA, and MDP-2-P oxime are reported. Spectral and chromatographic data are presented for each of the compounds synthesized.
Isotopic Analogue as the Internal Standard for Quantitative Determination of Benzoylecgonine: Concerns with Isotopic Purity and Concentration Level
Authors: Liu RH , Diane Baugh L , Ellen Allen E , Salud SC , Fentress JG , Chadha H , Walia AS
Published: August 2015

Empirical data is used to demonstrate the observation and quantification of benzoylecgonine in negative test samples when high concentrations of deuterated benzoylecgonine are used as the internal standard in the assay process. On the quantitative determination of true positive samples, inaccuracy introduced by the isotopic impurity of the internal standard is calculated as a function of the impurity and the concentration levels of the internal standard used.
The Use of Radiocarbon (14C) to Identify Human Skeletal Materials of Forensic Science Interest
Authors: Taylor RE , Myers Suchey J , Payen LA , Slota PJ
Published: August 2015

The radiocarbon (14C) method is a well-known isotopic dating technique by which age can be assigned to organic materials, including human bone. Natural and anthropogenic anomalies in 14C activity in the biosphere over the last few centuries, including the presence of artificial or “bomb” 14C after 1950, can be used as an isotopic tracer to assign human bone samples with high degrees of probability to one of three temporal periods within the recent past: a Non-modern period (before about A.D. 1650) of no forensic science interest, a Pre-modern period (A.D. 1650 to 1950) of possible or potential forensic science interest, and a Modern period (A.D. 1950 to the present) of definite forensic science interest. We illustrate the use of the 14C method to assign human bone in five forensic science cases to one of these time periods.
A Review of Kirk's Fire Investigation
Authors: Tontarski RE
Published: August 2015

The review of Kirk's Fire Investigation is very simple. It is a “must have” for both fire investigators and laboratory examiners working in the field. The author's objective was to expand on Paul Kirk's original work and simplify some of the technical concepts presented.
A Study on the Standard for Forensic Anthropologic Identification of Skull-Image Superimposition
Authors: Dong-Sheng C , Yu-Wen L , Cheng T , Run-Ji G , Yong-Chuan M , Jian-Hai F , Wei-Dong W , Jiang Z
Published: August 2015

By means of X-ray photography tests were made of 224 (100 males and 124 females) volunteer Chinese adults of Han nationality to study the related regular patterns of superimposed projection of face landmarks onto the skull. On the basis of these tests, the present article reveals from a forensic anthropology angle the related regular patterns of plane projection of the human face with its skull. Study shows that there exist a strict individual identity and exclusiveness in relation between the human face and skull. The related regularity of displacement of face landmarks appears in projection of the skull with the human head at different photographic positions and angles. On the basis of this discovery, 52 indexes in 4 groups were established as a standard for judging the identification of a skull's body origin by means of skull-image superimposition. Based on forensic anthropology, the technique has raised to a great extent the credibility of unknown skull identification. In the past 8 years, 89 unknown skulls have been identified with their body origins which provided important and accurate evidence for the solution of murders with dismembered bodies, skeletonized bodies, and unidentified dead bodies.
Recovery and Identification of World War II Dead: American Graves Registration Activities in Europe
Authors: Wood WR , Stanley LA
Published: August 2015

About two thirds of the 281 000 Americans who died in World War II (WWII) fell in the European Theater. Of the 148 000 bodies recovered from Europe, nearly 99% were identified. Through the efforts of the Graves Registration Service and the American Graves Registration Command, more than 171 000 Americans who died overseas worldwide during WWII were eventually returned to the United States for final burial. The procedures used at the Central Identification Point in Strasbourg, France, for the identification of unknown remains is illustrated by the case of an Eighth Air Force crewman killed over Germany in 1943 whose body was recovered in 1947.
The Identification of Domestic and Foreign Automobile Manufacturers Through Body Primer Characterization
Authors: Dabdoub G , Severin P
Published: August 2015

Primer layers of domestic and foreign automobiles were studied according to color and layer sequences used by the various manufacturers. This was achieved by collecting paint samples, sanding them, examining them under a stereomicroscope, and performing various spot tests. The data were tabularized and grouped according to color and layer sequences. This method is expected to aid in the identification of many automobiles.
The Discovery Process in Drug Use Testing Litigation
Authors: Long KL
Published: August 2015

The war on illegal drug use has spread to public as well as private employers. Employers have tightened terms and conditions of employment related to drug use; consequently, drug use testing has emerged as a primary means of determining whether an employee has used a drug or drugs prohibited by an employer. Litigation in this area has increased dramatically. This article focuses on the broad legal principles implicated by employer reliance on drug use testing and the role of discovery in litigation in this area. A discovery checklist highlights points that should be examined by the individual charged with the responsibility of evaluating a testing program, possible litigation exposure, or in preparing for discovery in litigation.
A Review of Road Users and Traffic Safety
Authors: Tate LR
Published: August 2015

The nine chapters of Road Users and Traffic Safety represent material originally presented at Groningen, Netherlands in 1987 for the Second International Conference on Road Safety. The editors seek to make accessible information that would not otherwise be available either because the original language of the paper was not one of great universality or because the research was performed within a particular agency and would not generally be dispersed beyond that agency. The editors have succeeded in their goal.
Fluorescent Metal-Ruhemann's Purple Coordination Compounds: Applications to Latent Fingerprint Detection
Authors: Menzel ER , Bartsch RA , Hallman JL
Published: August 2015

Ruhemann's Purple (RP), the reaction product of ninhydrin with amino acids, forms coordination compounds with many metals. However, only a few of them fluoresce. A model for the structural and photophysical features that underlie the formation of fluorescent metal-RP compounds has been developed to establish guidelines for the design of optimized ninhydrin analogs and metal-RP complexes. The application of such complexes to the detection of latent fingerprints, a special surface analytical chemistry problem, is discussed.
Evaluation of a Nonequilibrium Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) Method for the Simultaneous Typing of Esterase D (EsD), Red Cell Acid Phosphatase (AcP1), Phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), Adenylate Kinase (AK), and Adenosine Deaminase (ADA)
Authors: Stockwell DC , Gregonis DJ , Jones DT
Published: August 2015

A nonequilibrium isoelectric focusing method incorporating the chemical spacers MOPS and HEPES was developed and subsequently evaluated for its ability to reliably discriminate common and rare phenotypes in the esterase D (EsD), red cell acid phosphatase (AcP1), phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), adenylate kinase (AK), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) isoenzyme systems. The validation procedures used were blind testing, comparison of results to conventional methods, and evaluation of known rare variant phenotypes. This method proved to be a quick and reliable method for typing all five isoenzyme systems, while providing an excellent probability of discrimination (PD = 0.96).
Comparison of Fingernail Ridge Patterns of Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Diaz AA , Boehm AF , Rowe WF
Published: August 2015

The ridge patterns on the fingernails of corresponding fingers of a pair of twins were compared microscopically and found to be readily distinguishable from one another. Based on blood grouping in six blood group systems (ABO, Rhesus, Ss, Duffy, Kidd, and Kell), the probability that the twins were monozygotic was calculated to be 89.1%.
Disappearing Ink: Its Use, Abuse, and Detection
Authors: Throckmorton GJ
Published: August 2015

A personal check was cashed by a local merchant in the amount of $200.00, but when the check was eventually processed by the bank, it reflected only $2.00. The subsequent investigation and research verified the use of an easily accessible disappearing ink that is commonly used throughout the United States by numerous people. This paper will trace the method involved in executing and also detecting this particular type of fraud. The strengths and weaknesses in detecting this type of activity will also be discussed as they pertain to the questioned document examiner.
A Review of The Controlled Substances Act: A Resource Manual of the Current Status of the Federal Drug Laws
Authors: Hearn WL
Published: August 2015

In compiling this reference work, Dr. Shulgin has done a great service for those who work in drug enforcement. This should be a valuable reference for the criminalist who must know the legal status of substances detected in the crime laboratory and drug enforcement agents, attorneys, judges, and legislators who must make sense of the complex laws dealing with drugs. It will also save a vast amount of time and energy of those who must research the history and current status of drug law.
An Investigation of Known Blue, Red, and Black Dyes Used in the Coloration of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Grieve MC , Dunlop J , Haddock P
Published: August 2015

Previous work on blue, red, and black cotton samples dyed with unknown dyes showed that, within a color class, the use of microspectrophotometry can give a significantly higher degree of discrimination than is possible using microscopy alone. The present study was undertaken (1) to assess the frequency of matching spectra being produced from dyes known to be different; (2) to show what extra level of discrimination, if any, is obtained when thin-layer chromatography (TLC) can be carried out on the extracted dyes; and (3) to examine the extent of intrasample spectral variation.

Spectra were recorded from 77 blue, 32 red, and 26 black cotton samples dyed with known examples of sulfur, leucosulfur, direct, reactive, and vat dyes. TLC was attempted on all spectrally matching samples. Spectral variations (shifts of peak maxima and peak reversals) were noted for each sample.

The occurrence of matching spectra from different dyes in each color class was very small (0.2% for blue dyes, 1.5% for red dyes, and 1.5% for black dyes). TLC was only effective in separating 5 out of 21 spectrally matching sample pairs. All color classes showed occasional examples of peak reversal, especially in pale blue and pale black samples. Shifts of absorption maxima were sometimes considerable. The casework implications of these results are discussed.
Synthesis and Spectral Properties of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Ethoxyamphetamine and Its Precursors
Authors: By AW , Dawson BA , Lodge BA , Neville GA , Sy WW , Zamecnik J
Published: August 2015

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine (MEM) was synthesized by two routes. The gas liquid chromatographic data and ultraviolet, infrared, proton magnetic resonance, carbon-13 magnetic resonance, and mass spectra are presented for this amphetamine as well as its precursors. This amphetamine was found to be identical to the sample submitted by the police.
Identifying Simulations: Practical Considerations
Authors: Muehlberger RJ
Published: August 2015

The characteristics of simulated forgeries and the conditions that allow for the comparison of simulations with handwriting of suspected forgers are discussed.
The Polygraph and Psychiatrists
Authors: Goldzband MG
Published: August 2015

The use of the polygraph as a supposed lie detector is reviewed, as well as some of the literature purporting to uphold claims of scientific reliability and validity for the technique. Interviews with individuals involved with polygraphic lie detection indicate that any effectiveness of the technique may be, in the main, due to the suggestibility of the examinees and the coercive mystique of the instrument. The 1988 Polygraph Protection Act may have placed some effective restrictions on what was formerly untrammeled and overtly abusive use of the polygraph in private industry. However, considerable potential for current and future abuse continues to exist. Psychiatrists and all mental health experts are especially warned about the ethical problems resulting therefrom.
A Modification of the Microplate Method for Reverse ABO Typing of Bloodstains and Additional Validation Studies
Authors: Mudd JL , Adams DE
Published: August 2015

The results of additional validation studies of a sensitive microplate hemagglutination assay for ABO reverse grouping of bloodstains are presented. The results of the validation study demonstrate the reliability of the microplate assay for the in routine serological casework. Based on these studies, the microplate assay has now replaced the Lattes crust test for ABO reverse grouping of bloodstains in the FBI Laboratory.
The Effects of Heat Upon the Glyoxalase I Isoenzyme
Authors: Parigian MJ , Schaeffer MA
Published: August 2015

It was observed during the course of routine casework that different bloodstains from the same individual could produce anomalies in the glyoxalase I band patterns. Blood-stains were heated at different temperatures for periods of 4 and 6 h and then examined using electrophoretic techniques. It was demonstrated that upon heating, band alterations in the glyoxalase I Type 1 phenotype can occur, causing the analyst to render the results inconclusive.
Single Wound Produced by Simultaneous Discharge of Both Shells from a Double-Barrel Shotgun
Authors: Medich MG , Cohle SD , Burritt M , Davison P
Published: August 2015

We present the case of a man who was killed by simultaneous discharge of both barrels of a double-barrel shotgun. Externally, there was a single wound simulating a wound made by a discharge of a single barrel. Test-firing of the shotgun against cloth, paper, and naugahyde targets revealed defects similar in shape to the wound in the victim. Simultaneous discharge of both barrels from a double-barrel shotgun may simulate the wound made by discharge of a single barrel.
Killer Pop Machines
Authors: Spitz DJ , Spitz WU
Published: August 2015

Abuse and misuse of soda vending machines has resulted in a considerable number of injuries and deaths. The machines fall forward when rocked or tilted and crush those in front. These accidents are all preventable by a simple and cheap device. There should be a law compelling safety requirements for these machines. This is a report of a recent case in which a young man was crushed to death.
Abuse of Smoking Methamphetamine Mixed with Tobacco: II. The Formation Mechanism of Pyrolysis Products
Authors: Sekine H , Nakahara Y
Published: August 2015

The pyrolysis products of smoking methamphetamine mixed with tobacco were determined by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods. The mainstream smoke contained methamphetamine (14.5% of the initial methamphetamine), phenylacetone (3.1%), N-cyanomethylmethamphetamine (1.9%), trans-β-methylstyrene (1.7%), N-formylmethamphetamine (1.5%), and other products (each <1%). The amount of each pyrolysis product in the sidestream smoke was less than that in the mainstream smoke by a factor of over 5, except for methamphetamine (10.5%) and N-formylmethamphetamine (1.4%). The formation mechanism of these products was investigated, by use of a pyrolyzer, from the standpoint of the material, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis atmosphere. Although several products (for example, dimethylamphetamine and trans-β-methylstyrene) were formed by thermal self-decomposition of methamphetamine alone, most of the products, except N-cyanomethylmethamphetamine, were formed chiefly by the thermal reaction of methamphetamine with cigarette components. The formation of N-cyanomethylmethamphetamine required air and a high pyrolysis temperature. Air and a high pyrolysis temperature generally accelerated the formation of the pyrolysis products.
Stature Estimation from Fragmentary Femora: A Revision of the Steele Method
Authors: Simmons T , Jantz RL , Bass WM
Published: August 2015

The skeletal remains presented to forensic anthropologists are often fragmentary. Previously described methods of estimating stature from segments of long bones have not proved satisfactory because of the difficulty involved in identifying the precise anatomical landmarks by which they are defined. This study represents an assessment of the feasibility of stature estimation from fragmentary femora. A sample of 200 males and females, blacks and whites (total sample = 800), was obtained from the Terry Collection. New regression equations for the estimation of maximum femur length and stature from three well-defined and easy-to-measure segments of the femur are presented. This technique represents an improvement over methods currently in use for estimating stature from femur fragments; the location of the anatomical landmarks and the accuracy of the prediction are enhanced. The applicability of these formulae to a modern forensic sample is addressed with regard to secular trends in stature increase and changes in body segment proportions.
Independent Instances of “Souvenir” Asian Skulls from the Tampa Bay Area
Authors: Wienker CW , Wood JE , Diggs CA
Published: August 2015

In the summer of 1984, police in Pinellas County, Florida, confiscated six identically colored imported Asian skulls (in a shipping case) from a private citizen. In May 1988, in nearby Hillsborough County, police confiscated a very similar skull from another private citizen, who allegedly had found it in an abandoned house. Aside from slight color differences between the six found in Pinellas County and the one found in Hillsborough County, the skulls are virtually identical in their osteological characteristics and condition and in the vital statistics derived from each. Each skull is as clean and dry as those typically sold by commercial scientific supply outlets in the United States. Each is edentulous (primarily premortem), between approximately 20 and 60 years of age at death, and morphologically Asian. Five of the seven are morphologically male, one is morphologically female, and one is a mosaic with respect to gender-related features. Police, medical examiners, coroners, and forensic anthropologists should be aware of such “souvenir” specimens, in the event that they encounter similar skulls. Discriminant function analyses for race and sex yield considerably conflicting results, which underscores the need for using extreme caution when interpreting forensic science estimates based on such techniques.
A Reevaluation of the Aerospace Corporation Final Report on Particle Analysis—When to Stop Searching for Gunshot Residue (GSR)?
Authors: Owens AD
Published: August 2015

Although the technique of scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) has gained widespread acceptance for the identification of gunshot residues (GSR), the time required (especially for manual searches) is still considered excessive. As a result, statistical considerations are commonly used to justify a reduction in the total specimen area to be searched. A detailed statistical analysis was presented in the Aerospace Corporation Final Report on Particle Analysis for Gunshot Residue Detection published in September 1977, and its conclusions have had significant influence in the forensic science community as concerns the determination of acceptable particle analysis search areas. A close examination of the Aerospace Corporation report has revealed a significant programming error which resulted in statistical probability errors ranging from 30% to well over ten orders of magnitude. Corrected results, presented in this paper, suggest that a great deal of caution should be exercised in applying statistical analysis to justify a reduction in search area. In particular, the probability of a false negative report increases rapidly as the number of gunshot residue (GSR) particles assumed to be present decreases. Since the investigator cannot know in advance the number of GSR particles present on a sample, the corrected Aerospace analysis suggests that statistical considerations may not provide sufficient justification for any significant reduction in the sample area to be searched.
Sulfide Concentrations in Postmortem Mammalian Tissues
Authors: Nagata T , Kage S , Kimura K , Kudo K , Noda M
Published: August 2015

Postmortem changes in sulfide concentrations in body tissues were examined in autopsied rats exposed to hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 550 to 650 ppm, and in nonexposed rats and humans. Analyses were made by gas chromatography, following an extractive alkylation. Sulfide concentrations in the blood, liver, and kidneys of rats increased in both the exposed and nonexposed groups, depending on the lapse of time after death. On the other hand, the lung, brain, and muscle showed little or no change in sulfide concentration with elapse of time after death. The data obtained from human tissues were almost the same as those for rats, except data for blood, in which no or little increase of sulfide was observed.