bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—On an Ichthyosaurian Paddle Showing the Contour of the Integuments
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1841 Sir R. Owen described and figured a slab of rock from the Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar which showed the impressions of the bones and integuments of a pelvic paddle of an Ichthyosaurus, probably referable to the typical I. communis. In this specimen it appears that the integuments were produced to a greater extent on the posterior than on the anterior side of the bony framework; and that while the anterior margin of the soft parts showed evidence of squamation, the larger posterior flap was marked by oblique striæ extending from the bones to the periphery which appeared to have been caused by parallel bundles of muscular fibres. The distal extremity of the soft fin terminated in a sharp point far below the distal bones.
I.—On the Amygdaloids of the Tynemouth Dyke
Authors: Teall J. J. H.
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for 1884, I gave some account of the Tynemouth Dyke. In that paper, however, I omitted to describe one feature, connected with the microscopic structure of the dyke, because at the time of writing I did not understand it. A short time ago I had occasion to re-examine my preparations, when my attention was again directed to the feature in question; and this time an explanation suggested itself which appears to be in every respect satisfactory. The main object of this communication is to supplement my already published description by giving an account of the feature to which I have referred, and which may be briefly described as the occurrence of spherical patches of interstitial matter. (See Pl. XIV. Fig. 1.)
III.—Terrestrial Magnetism as Modified by the Structure of the Earth's Crust, and Proposals Concerning a Magnetic Survey of the Globe
Authors: Naumann Edmund
Published: May 2009

“The study of any new science,” says Alexander v. Humboldt, “may be compared to a journey to distant lands. Before starting in company with others, the question as to the practicability of the journey is raised; while examining one's own powers, the qualities of fellow-travellers are looked upon with distrust. It is feared—perhaps without just reason—that they might cause unpleasant detention. In our time the difficulties of an undertaking of this kind are much diminished. Any confidence is founded on the bright blossoming state to which natural sciences have grown, their wealth being no more the abundant quantity, but the concatenation of what has been observed.”
VI.—The Paste of Limestones
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

Now that so close attention is being given to the microscopic investigation of rock structures, it is somewhat remarkable that no one should yet have questioned the validity of the views currently received regarding the exact constitution of limestone. Taking account only of those limestones whose original structure has not been obliterated by subsequent changes, the general view isthat nearly the whole mass, in the great majority of cases, is either directly, or indirectly, due to organic agencies. This view is even maintained in the cases where a microscopic examination of the rock fails to reveal more than a few traces of any structure that can be regarded as organic.
Description of Fossils from the Kimberley District, Western Australia
Authors: Foord Arthur H.
Published: May 2009

Several of the tubes of this singular genus are exposed in section on the weathered (water-worn ?) surface of a piece of limestone. The tubes are of an elongate conical form, rather rapidly tapering, and straight or slightly curved, the longest about 10 lines; each contains several smaller tubes one within the other, the last of these little hollow cones being the chamber of habitation. The shell is thick, and has consequently not been crushed, two or three of the inner tubes retaining their cylindrical form, as seen in the section Fig. 1b.
III.—Notes on the Geology of South Bedfordshire
Authors: Saunders James
Published: May 2009

The District included under the term “South Bedfordshire” is that which lies between the escarpment of the Lower Greensand and the extreme southern limit of the county. Within this area the portion that has been most closely examined is that through which the Midland Railway passes, every excavation of which has been visited, in many cases frequently, both during the construction of the line, and also subsequently.
II.—On the Origin of certain Banded Gneisses
Authors: Teall J. J. H.
Published: May 2009

The term gneiss as generally used by geological writers signifies a rock of granitic composition in which a parallel structure in the arrangement of the constituents is more or less apparent. For our present purpose it is important to note that other plutonic rocks besides granite (e.g. diorite, gabbro, and peridotite) have their gneissose equivalents, so that, if we use the term gneiss in a structural rather than in a mineralogical sense, we may speak of diorite-gneiss, gabbro-gneiss, and so on. Now the parallel structure of gneissose rocks is of two kinds. It may consist (1) of a parallel arrangement of certain constituents (e.g. mica plates or porphyritic felspars), or (2) of an alternation of bands of varying chemical and mineralogical composition. It is agreed on all hands that a parallel structure of the first kind may be due either to the deformation of a mass of half-consolidated plutonic rock at the time of intrusion, in which case it is strictly analogous to the flow structure in many volcanic rocks, or to deformation produced by earth-stresses operating on the mass after consolidation.
VI.—Calcium Carbonate and Evolution in Polyzoa
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

In a review in the Geological Magazine for 1913 of an important paper by Cumings on the development and systematic position of the Monticuliporoids, it was pointed out that the elucidation of the post-embryonic stages of that group conclusively proved them to be Polyzoa, and disposed of Kirkpatrick's contention that they were allied to Merlia, a recent siliceous sponge. Thus, further to prove the dissimilarity between the Monticuliporoids and Merlia is to flog a dead horse. Nevertheless we welcome the excellent figures by Cumings and Galloway of the microscopic structure of the two organisms showing that the skeleton of the one is formed of super-posed layers and the other of radiate spicules so adjusted as to form a mesh-work.
II.—A Deep Bore at Seascale in Cumberland
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

During the years 1906 to 1909 a bore was sunk at Seascale on the coast of Cumberland, 9 miles south-eastward from St. Bees, in the hope of reaching a continuation of the Coal-measures which, south of Whitehaven, end against the Trias. This bore reached the depth of 3,200 feet, and it was then still in the Red Sandstone Series, which it entered beneath 20 feet of drift. Owing to the kindness of Mr. Forster Brown, I received a copy of the bore section, and from Mr. Fleming Smith, of Cleator Moor, manager of Vivian's Boring and Exploration Company, Ltd., who carried out the boring, further information regarding the bore, two samples of the core, and a copy of the journal for the lowest 180 feet. As the bore record is of especial geological interest, I am indebted to Mr. Forster Brown for permission to publish it.
VIII.—New Fossiliferous Horizon in the Coniston Grits of Windermere
Authors: Crewdson Canon
Published: May 2009

Fossil remains in the Coniston Grit Series in the Lake District are generally so scarce, except in the flaggy beds exposed in the quarry near Latrigg on Applethwaite Common, that considerable interest attaches to the discovery, made in January of the present year, of a bed which is highly fossiliferous, in a quarry recently opened in connexion with the drainage works of Bowness and indermere. The quarry is close to the shore of the lake, near the outh-west corner of the Calgarth estate.
IV.—The Norite of the Sierra Leone
Authors: Shand S. J.
Published: May 2009

The Sierra Leone, from which the Colony of Sierra Leone takes its name, is a range of palm-covered hills running parallel to the coast (N.N.W.-S.S.E.). It is truncated on the north by the wide mouth of the Roquelle (Rokell) River, which forms the magnificent harbour of Freetown. Towards the south the range terminates at Yawry Bay. The length of the Sierra is therefore about 25 miles and its width, from Kassa Town to Kissy, about 8 miles. On the east side the range descends steeply to the Kwaia plain, from which it is separated by Waterloo Creek. The detachment of the hills from the interior lowland is sufficiently complete to entitle one to speak of the Sierra Leone Peninsula. Freetown is built on the north end of the peninsula, overlooking the harbour, and it straggles up from sea-level to a height of some 800 feet on Wilberforce Hill. The greater part of the peninsula is covered with thick tropical vegetation riglit down to sea-level; and an additional obstacle to geological study is created by the heavy covering of laterite which screens the rocks from observation. In places this laterite mantle is 30 feet thick. But along the northern shore of the peninsula, from Cape Sierra Leone to the mouth of Waterloo Creek, there are nearly continuous exposures of norite, and further useful exposures have been made during the construction of the Hill Railway and along certain of the roads on the hillside. These outcrops make it clear that the whole of the north end of the Sierra is formed of norite, and it would not be surprising to learn that the entire Sierra has the same composition.
II.—On the Integument of Iguanodon bernissartensis, Boulenger, and of Morosaurus becklesii, Mantell
Authors: Hooley Reginald Walter
Published: May 2009

The Iguanodon has been known since 1825, when the genus was first described from teeth by Mantell. Odd bones and various associated portions of the skeleton have been found in England, and in 1878 the skeletons of many individuals were discovered in the Wealden of Bernissart, near Mons, Belgium.
I.—Remarks upon Inversions of Carboniferous Strata in Somersetshire
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

During the past few years Mr. Charles Moore and Mr. J. McMurtrie have called attention to a remarkable inversion of strata, which was indicated by the working of coal under the Mountain Limestone near Vobster, on the north of the Mendip Hills. And this fact renders necessary an important modification in the geological sections of the district.
I.—On the Discovery of a new and very perfect Arachnide from the Ironstone of the Dudley Coal-field
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The “Pennystone Ironstone” Nodules of the Coalbrook-dale Coal-field have long been celebrated for their fossil contents yielding, when split open, impressions of Fern-leaves, fruits of Lepidodendron, King-crabs, and the more rare remains of Insects.
I.—On the Contents of a Hyæna's Den on the Great Doward, Whitchurch, Ross
Authors: Symonds W. S.
Published: May 2009

The hill of the Great Doward rises above the right bank of the river Wye to the N.W. of the well-known limestone escarpment of Symonds Yat. The section of the Great Doward, geologically considered, is best seen by ascending the hill from theMonmouth road, a quarter of a mile from the village of Whitchurch. The basement beds consist of Upper Old Red Sandstone, which thins out considerably in its Southern strike from the Brecon Vans; and we pass upwards over the Old Red Conglomerate, and the Passage beds of the Upper Yellow Sandstones, while the hill itself is capped by the Lower Limestone shale and the Carboniferous Limestone.
III.—Note on a Futile Search for Coal near Northampton
Authors: Sharp Samuel
Published: May 2009

Having had my attention drawn to a communication from H. W. Bristow, Esq., F.R.S., District Surveyor of the Geological Survey of England and Wales, which appeared in the Wells Journal of 12th October, and which relates how he came upon a shaft (with steam-engine, etc., in full operation) that was being sunk for Coal about three-quarters of a mile North of Easton, in Somersetshire, and which shaft penetrated the Old Red Sandstone to a depth of 112 yards, starting at a point from 3,000 to 4,000 feet below the horizon of the lowest strata of the true Coal-measures, I think it not undesirable to make known the fact of an as unwise and hopeless search for Coal in Northamptonshire, at a point probably more removed vertically, but in the opposite direction, from any strata in which Coal wonld be likely to be found.
IV.—On the Foraminifera of the Chalk of Gravesend and Meudon, figured by Prof. Dr. Chr. G. Ehrenberg
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Parker W. K.
Published: May 2009

The Second Edition of Prof. Morris's “Catalogue of British Fossils” appeared in 1854, and in the same year was published Dr. Chr. G. Ehrenberg's “Mikrogeologie,” containing the figures of numerous Foraminifera found by that eminent German mioroscopist, in specimens of Chalk from Gravesend, Kent. A preliminary notice, indeed, of these had been given in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy of Sciences for 1838 (1839), pp. 92, 133–135, 146, pl. iv., fig. IV.; and some of the species were quoted in the “Catalogue;” but a more matured consideration was subsequently given them; and, together with many others from other sources, recent and fossil, they were most carefully figured and enumerated in the abovementioned magnificent work on Microzoa. In its fine folio plates, so richly illustrating the Foraminiferal faunæ of many localities, and of many geological horizons, the artistic work is of high order in the zoologist's eyes; it is faithfully correct as to form, aspect, ornamentation, colour, and all details, modified, however, by the specimens being mostly seen as transparent objects, with the thickness of the walls rather too much pronounced at the edges; the objects, too, are some-what in perspective. It being difficult to combine transparency and perspective in a drawing, especially with the attending minutiæ of pores, tubercles, ridges, internal septa, septal apertures, and other characteristics of Forminifera, the result is that the task of recognizing the real zoological place of the figured forms is difficult, or imposible, except to those who have long studied similar hosts of microzoa, similarly mounted in Canada-balsam. Having had such advantages, we feel called on to add to the list of British fossils, with our own nomenclature, the Cretaceous Foraminifera of Gravesend, figured by Ehrenberg.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Walcott Charles Doolittle
Published: May 2009

Dr. Charles Doolittle Walcott acquired a taste for geology and natural history when very young. As a schoolboy he made large collections in the region of his home, and determined to follow a scientific career if possible.
V.—Notes on Ammonites
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

The following notes were compiled, for the most part, some years ago, but their publication in the present form suggested itself to the writer on the perusal (during a short “leave” from active service) of a number of recent papers ou Ammonites, principally Professor Swinnerton and A. E. Trueman's study of the “Morphology and Development of the Ammonite Septum”. The main part of that inquiry is devoted to the development of the septum, illustrated by successive “septal sections”, and it is claimed that where sutural development cannot be worked out, “septal sections” will to some extent serve as a substitute. The writer lias no intention of discussing the usefulness of “septal sections”; but some of the suggestions put forward, and conclusions arrived at, by the authors, as well as certain opinions, whicli they adopt from other workers on Ammonites, invite critical examination. Since, in the present paper, other recent work on the morphology and physiology of the Ammonite septum and suture-line, not yet embodied in textbooks, is also included, and since the writer ventures to put forward opinions that differ in many essentials from the views of both textbooks and other authors, it is hoped that the paper may prove of general interest.
II.—Notes on Chondrosteus acipenseroides, Agassiz
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

The now well-known Liassic Acipenseroid fish Chondrosteus acipenseroides was named by Agassiz in 1843, but not described by him. It subsequently formed the subject of an elaborate memoir by Sir Philip Grey-Egerton, Bart., in which, besides giving a minute account of the structure of the genus, he named two additional species—C. pachyurus and C. crassior. Putting the results of Sir Philip's investigations as briefly as possible, he maintained that while “in all essential points” Chondrosteus resembled the recent Sturgeon, nevertheless in certain others, and notably in the structure of the opercular and hyoid regions, it constituted a transitional form towards the more ordinary Ganoids. Moreover, the skin of the body presented the same naked condition seen in the recent Polyodon.
I.—Further Notes on the Tertiary Entomostraca of England, with Special Reference to those from the London Clay
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Sherborn C. Davies
Published: May 2009

The Tertiary Entomostraca (Ostracoda) of England, at first treated of in a monograph for the Palæontographical Society in 1856, were revised in the Geological Magazine, 1870, pp. 155–159. The researches of G. O. Sars and G. S. Brady, elucidating the relationships of the genera and species, gave effect in a great degree to that revision; and their continued labours have further helped us.
IV.—Datum-lines in the English Keuper
Authors: Sherlock R. L.
Published: May 2009

In the almost complete absence of fossils in the British Keuper there has been a lack of datum-lines in that formation by which we may compare the horizons of different sections. Yet in such a thick and widely spread deposit it is very desirable to have subdivisions enabling us to give the particular part of the Keuper to which a section belongs. In deposits such as the New Red formations too great stress has been laid on lithology, inevitable perhaps in the scarcity of fossils, but a source of grave errors in correlation. For example, Mr. L. J. Wills thinks that fossils found in the Keuper of Warwick have affinity, not with the Keuper, but with the Muschelkalk of Germany. Again, there are strata in the Permo-Bunter of Nottinghamshire which might be mistaken for Keuper Waterstones, if only lithology was considered. Over small areas a band of sandstone with some peculiarities may be used as a datum-line, as in the Arden district of Warwickshire and in Nottinghamshire, but these are of local value only.
V.—A Note on Isostasy
Authors: Davies A. Mokley
Published: May 2009

There is a regrettable tendency to looseness of thought among geologists on the subject of isostasy. I give no quotations in support of this assertion, firstly because, being always in the form of casual allusions to the principle, they would require long hunting down; and secondly because, if given, they would fasten upon a few individual geologists a criticism which should be more general. The usual form in which the looseness of thought shows itself is in explanations of shallow-water deposits of thickness greater than their depth of accumulation. We are frequently told that such thick deposits result from local subsidence due to the loading of the sea-floor by the great weight of sediment, and reference is made to the principle of isostasy as justifying this explanation.
I.—On some Palæolithic Flake-implements from the High Level Terraces of the Thames Valley
Authors: Dewey Henry
Published: May 2009

Over most of North-Western Europe the occurrence of river-terrace deposits containing Palæolithic implements has been long known, and the establishment of a sequence of forms among these implements has resulted from the researches of Continental, and especially of French archæologists. With the pioneer work the name of M. Boucher de Perthes, of Amiens, will always be associated. His was the task of convincing unwilling minds of the human workmanship of the ancient flint-weapons found in the gravel-pits of the Somme Valley. For the next great advance we owe a debt of gratitude to another French savant, the late Professor Victor Commont, for his life-work was the taking up of the researches of his predecessor and establishing the sequence of cultural types and their relative chronology.
V.—Suggestions on Sites for Coal-search in the South East of England
Authors: Whitaker W.
Published: May 2009

The general question of the rise of older rocks beneath the Cretaceous beds of south-eastern England is now so familiar to geologists that there is no need to discuss it here: it is enough to note that the Secondary beds (beneath the Gault) thin northward, for many miles, from the axis of the Weald. The practical application of our knowledge of the subject is however in its infancy, and our knowledge stops short at the Wealden axis; for we do not know what happens south of it.
VI.—Selenology
Authors: Peal S. E.
Published: May 2009

As one who has for many years made a special study of the lunar surface, and who is thoroughly convinced that the geologist alone can now extricate selenology from the slough in which it has hopelessly stuck fast, I venture very briefly to lay the case before your readers, in the hope that some one will come forward and help us.
III.—The Gneissose-Granite of the Himalayas
Authors: McMahon C. A.
Published: May 2009

The cause, or causes, which result in the foliation of igneous rocks is a subject which at present occupies the attention of many geologists, and seems likely, in the near future, to lead to some discussion. In view of this, a short account of the foliated granite of the Himalayas may be of interest. It may be as well, however, to preface my remarks by saying that I believe that foliation may be produced in several distinct ways, and the explanation which I offer of the mode in which the foliation of the Himalayan granite has been brought about is only intended to apply to the case of that granite.

In the following pages I propose to give a brief summary only of some of the more important results worked out in detail in a series of papers published in the Eecords of the Geological Survey of India; and to add thereto a brief consideration of the question whether the foliation of the gneissose-granite of the Himalayas
I.—On some Inclusions in the Great Whin Sill of Northumberland
Authors: Smythe John Armstrong
Published: May 2009

The inclusions to be described in this paper occur in the Whin Sill at Snook Point on the coast of Northumberland. This is the most northerly exposure of the whin in the coast-section which stretches from Cullernose Point, through Dunstanburgh, to Beadnell Sands; and it is here that the outcrop leaves the coast and sweeps out to sea, to reappear further north in the Fame Islands and, on the mainland, at Bamburgh.
IV.—Gypsum and Anhydrite in Genetic Relationship
Authors: Wallace Robert C.
Published: May 2009

In certain geological horizons where there is evidence of continuous deposition of salts from the waters of inland basins, gypsum and anhydrite are found closely associated, while in other similar horizons gypsum may occur with apparently no trace of anhydrite. Some Upper Silurian occurrences in North America, the Lower Carboniferous of Eastern Canada, and the Zechstein of Northern Germany are illustrative of the association of both minerals, while in more recent gypsum horizons anhydrite seems to appear less frequently. Even in the one horizon anhydrite is found to be of only local occurrence. In New York and in Michigan the Salina formation contains both gypsum and salt deposits, but practically no anhydrite. In Manitoba, on the other hand, in an Upper Silurian formation which cannot be definitely correlated with the Salina of New York, but which is at any rate of approximately the same age, gypsum and anhydrite occur in the most intimate relationship.
I.—Some Observations on the Supposed Internal Fluidity of the Earth
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

Allow me to make a few remarks on the two interesting papers contained in your last number,—one by M. Delaunay, on the Supposed Internal Fluidity of the Earth, the other by Mr. Shaler, on the Formation of Mountain Chains. I wish, in the first place, to protest against the assumption contained in the first paper (pp. 507 and 509) that the internal fluidity of the globe is “generally accepted by geologists,” on the evidence of its high internal temperature. No doubt the arguments employed in that paper go to shew that, whether fluid or rigid within, the precession and nutation of its axis would remain equally unaffected. So far, therefore, the well-known astronomical argument of Mr. Hopkins and Sir W. Thomson, as to its entire or nearly entire solidity, must be considered to be invalidated. But as Mr. Shaler justly remarks in the second paper, p. 512, “the proved increase of temperature from the surface towards the centre, and the extreme elevation of heat which must exist at considerable depths (as shewn in volcanic and other igneous phonomena) cannot be regarded as evidence of general fluidity, until it has been shown that the internal pressure has not a greater influence in preventing liguefaction than internal heat in producing that condition.”
III.—On a Genus and Species of Sauroid Fish (Ditaxiodus impar, Ow.) from the Kimmeridge Clay of Culham, Oxfordshire
Authors: Owen
Published: May 2009

The generic name of the Sauroid Fish, here indicated by portions of jaws, relates to the unusually well-marked arrangement of the teeth on the dentary bone in two almost parallel ranks along the whole of its alveolar border. The outer rank (Plate V. fig. 1) consisting of few and large teeth; the inner rank of small ones in greater number.
II.—Cretaceous Mollusca from New Zealand
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

Owing to incomplete palæontological knowledge, the true age and correlation of the various divisions of the great Mesozoic series of New Zealand, which, together with the Maitai Series, forms such an important element in the structure of the country, has long remained a matter of uncertainty. In consequence the idea has to some extent taken hold among New Zealand geologists that the Mesozoic faunas, owing to supposed conditions of isolation, show archaic features. It was explained that certain Permian forms occurred in the Trias and that Trias forms may have persisted into Jurassic times, and to a still greater extent that a Cretaceous fauna lived on in this portion of the earth into the Tertiary period.
IV.—On some new Terebratulidæ from Upware
Authors: Walker J. F.
Published: May 2009

In my paper published in the July Number of this Magazine I gave a list of the Terebratulidæ from the Upware deposit; since then I have further examined them, especially with regard to the shell I named Terebrirostra neocomiensis. There are clearly certain well-marked differences between the Upware species and that fossil. The shell I called T. hippopus also proves to be a new species. Some of the specimens of the small variety of T. oblonga closely correspond with T. Fittoni of Meyer, which was described in the first volume of this Magazine; it was found at Godalming in Surrey. I have also some specimens of T. Dutempleana from the Upware bed; and I have no doubt the affinities of that shell with T. prœlonga (a species not uncommon at Upware) will be able to be determined. (See Cretaceous Brachiopoda, by T. Davidson, page 59).
V.—On the Ferruginous Sands of Buckinghamshire, with Remarks on the Distribution of the equivalent Strata
Authors: Morris J.
Published: May 2009

The coarse ferruginous sands at the base of the Cretaceous series, in the countries of Bedford and Cambridge, have of late years attracted considerable notice, not only as sources of iron ore, but also of phosphatic matter. To these deposits the attention of geologists has been directed, and among other valuable papers, may be mentioned some by Messrs. Seeley and Walker,1 who have treated of their general physical characters, and also of their interesting fossil contents. It may be useful to some of the readers of the Geological Magazine, who are interested in tracing out the range of this deposit, and the peculiar conditions under which it was accumulated in some parts of the area, to point out briefly its characters and contents in the adjoining county of Buckingham; i.e., around Aylesbury: more especially so, as these sands have been considered to be partly equivalent in time, or the marine conditions of the Wealden and Purbeck strata.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Lamplugh George William
Published: May 2009

It has frequently been asserted that the “born geologist”—as distinguished from the geologist made by education and training—owes his conception chiefly to the formation on which he happens to be born. Nor is it the beauty of the scenery and the attractiveness of firth and fell, mountain and glen, that usually give the impulse in the making of the geologist. It comes in most cases from the fossils he sees strewn around him in quarry or hillside—things that can be collected and fascinate the youthful mind even more than the rocks themselves. But whether the strata or the fossils are the stimulus required, it is beyond dispute that Yorkshire—in which both are conspicuous — takes a leading place in England as the birthplace of so many eminent geologists in the past century, and amongst them the subject of our present sketch worthily deserves to find a place.
I.—Non-German Sources of Potash
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

Abyssinian Deposits.—During 1911 an Italian resident in Eritrea discovered a remarkable occurrence of potash salts in the Piano del Sale, near the provisional boundary between the Italian colony and Abyssinia. On account of its equivocal situation, development was somewhat handicapped during the early stages by Abyssinian hostility. Fortunately these preliminary difficulties were successfully overcome, and the deposit proved to be of great assistance to the Allied Powers during the war. The rate of production has gradually increased, and the estimated output for 1918 is stated to be equivalent to 50,000 tons of KCl.
II.—Cyclones and Climate
Authors: Deeley R. Mountford
Published: May 2009

From time to time I have been given an opportunity to discuss in the Geological Magazine the question of the cause or causes of climatic variations. The subject is one of deep interest to the geologist. Even Lyell, in the first edition of his Principles of Geology, gave a good deal of space to it, but contented himself with merely pointing out that variations in the distribution of the land would lead to changes in the climate. He wisely limited himself to this aspect of the question, for, at that time, the directions of the winds in middle latitudes were not such as meteorological theory would have led us to expect.
IV.—Notes on Ammonites
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

The variability and occasional instability of the Ammonoid suture-line, to which attention has been drawn, the recurrence of similar types, and the frequent asymmetry of the opposing halves of a given suture-line, which is apparent not only in the Dactylioceras commune, figured by Swinnerton & Trueman (fig. 9 on p. 42), but also in the development of the suture-line in e.g. Pseudosageceras multilobatum, Noetling, in Indoceras baluchistanense, Noetling, or in Oxynoticeras oxynotum, Quenstedt, sp., to mention only a few well-illustrated examples, might be thought to impair the usefulness of the suture-line for the classification of Ammonoids. Yet, long before there was any subdivision of “Ammonites” at all, the greatest importance had been attached to the foldings of the suture-line, and Pictet stated in 1854 that “the lobes in their essential traits furnished very constant and very valuable characters”. Von Buch's group of “Arietes” was well characterized by the general plan of the suture-line, namely, the deep siphonal lobe and the short external saddle, only most authors would put more reliance on the ornamentation of the shell and put such a form as Asteroceras sagittarium, Blake, sp., into the genus “Aegoceras.” The writer would even go so far as to say that the type of suture-line given by Mr. Buckman for “Defossiceras” defossum, Simpson, sp., should not be found at the horizon stated, and that the form probably will turn out to be an Arietid (Agassiceras) of semicostatum age.
VI.—The Bekinkinite of Barshaw (Renfrewshire), and the Associated Rocks
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

The chemical composition of the Barshaw bekinkinite has been determined by Mr. E. G. Radley, of the Geological Survey (Table I). In the Glasgow Memoir (pp. 134–5) Mr. Bailey points out the general similarity of this analysis to those of picrite, nepheline-basalt, and Hillhouse basalt, from the Lower Carboniferous of the Midland Valley of Scotland, and also to the type bekinkinites of Madagascar.The Barshaw rock, however, is distinctly richer in lime and alumina than the other Scottish rocks, indicating a greater richness in the anorthite molecule. This is well brought out in the calculation of the mineral composition from the chemical analysis (see later). The ultrabasic end-differentiates of the Scottish analcite rocks tend either to be enriched in the bisilicate minerals or in olivine. The former type includes the Barshaw bekinkinite, the picrites, and some Ayrshire theralites; the latter includes peridotites, kylites, and certain nepheline- and analcite-basalts. Chemically the bisilicate type tends to be rich, in lime and ferrous iron, and comparatively poor in magnesia, with, for the silica percentage, a rather large amount of alkalies. The olivinic types are rich in magnesia, with low silica and alkalies. In the American Quantitative Classification the Barshaw bekinkinite falls into the subrang III, 6.4.5 (named ‘papenoose’ by Lacroix), whereas the bekinkinites of Madagascar fall into the neighbouring eubrangs III, 6.3.4 (limburgose) and III, 6.3.5 (unnamed). The majority of the Scottish analcite rocks fall into limburgose (III, 6.3.4), monchiquose (III, 6.2.4), or camptonose (III, 5.3.4), subrangs whose clear relationships are shown by their numerical symbols.
I.—On Labechia rotunda, a new species of Stromatoporoid, from the Wenlock Limestone of Shropshire
Authors: Johnston M. S.
Published: May 2009

Whilst working at the fossils connected with our paper “A Study of Ballstone and the Associated Beds in theWenlock Limestone of Shropshire”, my colleague, Miss M. C.Crosfield, and I became much interested in a small round form of Labechia. We did not find many specimens, about a dozen in all,although we spent a considerable time in collecting, and these wereobtained at only three quarries, which contain otherwise a prolificfauna, viz. Bradley Rock and Shadwell Rock, Much Wenlock, andat Knole Quarry, Presthope. The tops of these quarries are in thehighest beds of the Wenlock Limestone series and are of bands ofirregularly shaped nodules of various sizes, with shale partings andof a light-brown colour (this latter fact distinguishes the beds fromthe rest of the limestone). It is only in these upper beds that this Labechia is found, but Labechia conferta, Lonsd., is found, often in greatnumbers and size, everywhere throughout the limestone, thoughperhaps slightly diminishing in quantity at the top. So far, I havenot been able satisfactorily to identify this species. Nicholson, in his monograph, mentions and figures a young example of L. conferta, which he records as only being 2 to 3 cm. in diameter and 1 mm. inthickness.
III.—Notes on the North-Western Region of Charnwood Forest
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Charnwood Forest, since 1891, the date of the last paper by Canon E. Hill and myself, has been investigated by the Geological Survey. Though part of their map and the accompanying memoir have not yet been published, the general results of their work have been announced by Professor W. W. Watts, by whom most of it was executed. As we stated at the time, we were far from being satisfied with some important points in our own conclusions; so that since my return to Cambridge I have studied my specimens and slices from the north-western region, which had presented to us the more serious difficulties. In 1891 I had been led to regard the characteristic rocks of Peldar Tor and High Sharpley as lava-flows, but considered the dominant rocks of Bardon Hill to be mainly pyroclastic. Professor Watts, however, maintained the intrusive character of the first and second, while taking the same view as myself about the third. The lava-flow hypothesis had appeared to me the more probable, because I doubted whether a mass so large as the Peldar-Bardon porphyroid, if intrusive, could have maintained throughout a texture so uniformly fine-grained, and I had found in the Bardon quarries fragments of it embedded in rock which I then supposed to be a somewhat altered tuff, closely related to the High Sharpley lava.
III.—A Cidarid from the Hartwell Clay
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Remains of Echinoderms are so rare in the Hartwell Clay of Buckinghamshire, and when found so fragmentary, that it may be worth while drawing attention to a small piece of an Echinoid test recently obtained from the Hartwell Brick-pit by Mr. Edwin Hollis, F.Z.S., curator of the Aylesbury Museum, and presented by him to the national collection (Brit. Mus., Geol. Dept., E 12241). The terminology of the following description is that defined on pages 59–65 of my “Triassic Echinoderms of Bakony”, Budapest, 1909.
I.—The Search for Subterranean “Oil-pools” in the British Isles
Authors: Illing V. C.
Published: May 2009

It is curious how readily the public misconceives even the most simple of scientific problems. A plausible theory, no matter how fallacious, will gain an immediate currency which it is difficult to undermine until it has run its course. Such theories do harm to the public, to industry, and to science, and they should be combated rather than avoided, so that the mischief may be curtailed, if not entirely eliminated.
IV.—On the Genera of Trilobites Asaphus and Ogygia and the Sub-Genus Ptychopyge
Authors: Wyatt-Edgell H.
Published: May 2009

By the able investigations of Mr. J. W. Salter, the various species of British Trilobites are now being systematically described, and referred to the genera to which they properly belong, the Asaphidœ with the rest; but there seems to be still some doubt as to the true differences between Asaphus and Ogygia. The feature apparently considered distinctive in the masterly work alluded to, is the form of the labrum; which, if furcate, is to be set down to Asaphus; if obtusely pointed, to be the distinguishing mark of Ogygia. How Ogygia peltata (Woodcut, Fig. 5) can be reconciled to this division, I do not see; but the main difficulty in the way of this classification is the sub-genus Ptychopyge of Angelin—distinguished by “having the facial suture within the margin in front.” This sub-genus Mr. Salter shows to be represented in Britain by Ogygia Corndensis, Murchison (Woodcut, Fig. 1): it is called Asaphus by Angelin, and has the wide axis, short and broad pleural furrows and simple caudal ribs of that genus. In addition to these features, the course of the facial suture finds a parallel' in the sub-genera of Asaphus, Isotelus, (Dekay) and Cryptonymus (Eichwald); Mr. Salter cites but one species of Ogygia that bears resemblance in this respect. Yet with all the stamp of an Asaphus, Ptychopyge Corndensis has the obtusely-pointed labrum common to Ogygia Buchii and O. Selwynii.
V.—On the Distribution beyond the Tertiary Districts of White Clays and Sands subjacent to the Boulder-clay Drifts
Authors: Maw George
Published: May 2009

The Pipe-clay beds of Tipperary appear so closely to resemble in character and position the deposits of the Mountain Limestone district of North Wales and North Staffordshire, that it may not be out of place to record some observations made by Mr. C. D. Blake, on Newton Abbot, in 1862, and kindly communicated to me. There are also one or two previously published notices of these deposits, to which reference must be made.
VII.—On some new Coprolite Workings in the Fens
Authors: Walker J. F.
Published: May 2009

On the evening before I left Cambridge last term, I was informed by a man who brings me fossils, that some new coprolite diggings had been opened in the Fens. I was unfortunately unable to visit the workings then, but since my return to Cambridge, I have explored them in company with Mr. Moore, of St.Catherine's College. The workings are situate about a mile from Upware, which lies about twelve miles from Cambridge, and seven from Ely.
III.—On the Identity of Heterophyllia Lyelli and H. mirabilis of Duncan
Authors: Young John
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Dr. Duncan has figured and described six new species of Carboniferous corals, belonging to the genus Hetero-phyllia of M'Coy, from specimens found in Scottish Carboniferous limestone strata. Of these species two H. Lyelli and H. mirabilis, seem to be founded on portions, which the careful examination of better preserved specimens would have shown to belong to only one good species.
I.—On a Newly-discovered Long-eyed Calymene from the Wenlock Limestone, Dudley
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

It is more than a century since the “Dudley Locust,” or ‘Trilobite,’ was first figured and described, 1 and the locality where it it is found, is rendered famous by the researchs and writings of Sedgwick, Phillips, Forbes, Murchison, Salter, Davidson, and a host of other geologists and palæontologists, who have been attracted thither at various times by the grand geological features of the district or by the matchless beauty and endless diversity of its well-preserved organic remains.
II.–On the Elevation of Mountain Chains, with a Speculation on the Cause of Volcanic Action
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

It is some months since I read a paper at the Cambridge Philosophical Society, to which reference has been made in your pages by Mr. Maw. I do not think that I shall be out of order in sending you a short outline of the substance of it.
III.—On the “Lingula Flags,” or “Festiniog Group” of the Dolgelly District. Part III
Authors: Belt Thomas
Published: May 2009

Having described in some detail, the rocks of the Maentwrog, Festiniog, and Dolgelly groups, and given a list of the fossils found in each, I shall now make some general remarks upon the fauna. In Part I. I have mentioned that out of all the numerous Trilobites from the Lower Cambrian rocks, only two genera, Agnostus and Conocoryphe, have been found in higher strata. Strictly speaking, this is only true of Agnostus, which passes unchanged in type from the Menevian to the Caradoc strata. On the contrary, the species of Conocoryphe from the Lower Cambrian rocks are of essentially different type from those that have been placed in that genus from higher beds. The latter have, I believe, been referred to the genus Conocoryphe rather from superficial resemblances than from true affinity.
IV.—On Brecciated Concretions
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: May 2009

The states of semi-crystalline silica are so various, and so connected in their variety, that the best recent authorities have been content to group them all with quartz, giving to each only a few words of special notice; even the important chapters of Bischof describe rather their states of decomposition and transition than the minerals themselves. Nevertheless, as central types, five conditions of silica are definable, structurally, if not chemically, distinct; and forming true species: and in entering on any detailed examination of agatescent arrangements, it is quite necessary to define with precision these typical substances, and their relation to crystalline quartz.
IV.—The Ophiolithic Groups of the Ligurian Apennines. I. Western Liguria
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

The groups of ophiolithic, that is, crystalline ferro-magnesian rocks in the comprehensive sense, to be dealt with in this and the subsequent paper are those west and east of Genoa. Of these the principal western or Voltri group was already referred to in the preceding paper as being, on its western margin, contiguous to the crystalline massif of Savona, and as constituting with the latter the geological contact-zone of the Alps and the Apennines. The anomaly of its position and petrological character is enhanced by the abrupt, clean-cut division of its eastern margin from the adjacent, more recent, and smaller ophiolithic group of Sestri and Isoverde, which is coeval with the groups of Eastern Liguria.
V.—Mining in the Federated Malay States
Authors: W. R. J.
Published: May 2009

[In the Geological Magazine for June last, p. 255, Mr. W. R. Jones refers to a Preliminary Report of Mining in the Main Granite Range, Federated Malay States, 1913. This report bore a slightly different title, and was not published. It is the property of the Federated Malay States Government, but I have the permission of the Chief Secretary to forward to you a typescript marked “Office Copy” and initialled by Mr. Jones, and to ask you to publish that portion of the report which refers to Gunong Bakau.—J. B. Scrivenor, Geologist to the F.M.S. Government. Geologist's Office, Batu Gajah, July 14, 1916.]
III.—On the Classification of the Terebratellidæ
Authors: Thomson J. Allan
Published: May 2009

The observations presented by Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson (1916) on my paper on “Brachiopod Morphology”, published in this Magazine in 1915, are very welcome as furnishing many important details omitted by Davidson and other writers in the description of species. The error into which I fell as regards the types of folding of Dallina and Dalinella illustrates the danger of relying on figures when specimens are not available, but it was worth while making such an error when the correction of it brought forward so many useful observations on other points, particularly on the prevalence of dental plates in the Dallininæ and the relationships of Mühlfeldtia. These observations pave the way for a further advance in the natural or genetic grouping of species and genera. At the same time, while admitting that Dallina is ventrally biplicate, I am not disposed to agree with Mr. Jackson that the folding is exactly comparable to the ventral biplication exhibited in some species of Magellania, but probably arose in a different way. I refrain from a further statement on this point, as I understand that Mr. S. S. Buckman is discussing the subject of types of folding fully in his forthcoming memoir on the Jurassic Brachiopods of Burma. In what follows I shall have again, through lack of specimens in Colonial museums, to rely on figures to some extent, and may possibly again err from this cause, and if so hope the correction will be applied as promptly and informatively as in the former case.
I.—On a New Cephalaspis Discovered in America, etc.
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: May 2009

Principal Dawson, of Montreal,. Canada, has placed in my hands for description a remarkably interesting specimen, indicating a species of the genus Cephalaspis in transatlantic Silurio-Devonian beds. He writes, “The specimen was found by one of my assistants, Mr. G. F. Kennedy, B.A., when collecting with me, in a bed charged with remains of Psilophyton, on the north side of Gaspé Bay. The geological horizon is below the middle of the Gaspé Sandstones, but several hundreds of feet above their actual base, so that the specimen may be regarded as either Lower Devonian or Lower Middle Devonian.
III.—On The Pleistocene Deposits of North Shropshire
Authors: Eyton Charlotte
Published: May 2009

In Professor Harkness's very interesting paper “On the Middle Pleistocene Deposits,” he alludes to the beds described by Mr. George Maw, “in the valley of the Severn, between Bridgenorth and Shrewsbury, which seem to accord with the shell-bearing beds of Ireland”