bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The changing institutionalization of social services in England and Wales, France and Germany: is the welfare state on the retreat?
Authors: Bahle Thomas
Published: July 2003

This article analyses the institutionalization of social services in England and Wales, France and Germany in comparative perspective. The focus is on recent changes that include large elements of privatization (in particular in England and Wales) and decentralization (mainly in France). These developments are often regarded as indications of a retreat of the welfare state from the area of social services. The article, however, supports an alternative interpretation that sees behind these developments an attempt by the welfare state to establish more integrated and socially controlled systems of social services. Variations between countries are explained partly by variations in their institutional heritage and partly by country-specific sociopolitical constellations and institutional innovations. The analysis combines the concept of welfare mix with a comparative-historical perspective. This approach offers an alternative to the dominant broad theories of welfare regimes that are less adequate for studying institutional change.
Taxation of social insurance and redistribution: a comparative analysis of ten welfare states
Authors: Ferrarini Tommy , Nelson Kenneth
Published: July 2003

Welfare state regimes vary in their strategies of redistribution. Some welfare states have extensive taxable social insurance schemes, while others rely more on non-taxable means-tested benefits. In order to assess the distributive effects of different programme types, it is necessary to analyse social insurance after taxes, something rarely practised in comparative research. In this paper, we evaluate distributive effects of social insurance after taking taxes into account in 10 welfare states. The main question is to what extent income taxes affect the contribution of social insurance to income inequality. The conclusion is that taxation may have important consequences for both inter- and intra-country comparisons of income redistribution, especially if countries with similar social policy systems are compared. The analyses are based on micro-level income data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS).
Ten Years after, Decade to Come
Authors: Stam Henderikus J.
Published: July 2003

In this editorial article I review the first decade of published papers in Theory & Psychology, particularly noting several tensions and problems manifested in contemporary theory. One of these is the tension between the universal and the particular, another is captured by the way in which the work of James Gibson and Ludwig Wittgenstein is in a limited sense representative of the kinds of problems articulated in the journal. I discuss the changing social context of the academy and the publishing industry and how these are likely to influence journal publishing, and Theory & Psychology, in the next decade. Finally I introduce the papers that make up this special issue and that bring together a broad set of concerns that will likely define the problems of theory for the future.
Emerging Challenges Redux
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J.
Published: July 2003

I return to consider my hopes and visions for Theory & Psychology as expressed in the initial issue. Of special concern are issues of (a) moving beyond empiricism, (b) determining the place of critique, (c) relating theory to cultural practice, and (d) illuminating the historical and cultural context of theoretical intelligibility. While significant strides have been made in each domain, we also confront significant challenges for the future. Primary among these challenges, much theoretical and critical work remains committed to incipient foundationalism and remains too distant from contexts of action.
Post-Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Potter Jonathan
Published: July 2003

This paper speculates about what will, and should, follow cognitivism in psychology in the new century. It highlights the importance of the work of Wittgenstein, Sacks and Edwards for the development of post-cognitive psychology. Cognitivism is criticized for failing to conceptualize practices in a way that recognizes their action orientation and co-construction, and to appreciate how they are given sense through people's categories, formulations and orientations. Discursive psychology focuses on the production of versions of reality and cognition as parts of practices in natural settings. It is offered as one potential successor to cognitivism.
Back to the Drawing Board
Authors: Margolis Joseph
Published: July 2003

The essay demonstrates, by way of a few examples-Kim on supervenience, Dennett on computationality, Churchland on eliminativism that empirical studies in psychology cannot escape the classic mind/body problem, the resolution of which is bound to color those empirical studies themselves.
Just One more `Other' in Psychology?
Authors: Morawski Jill G.
Published: July 2003

Projects to comprehend the conceptions of subjectivity present either implicitly or explicitly in psychological theories should incorporate scrutiny of the subject status of the observer/analyst. Examination of this `other' subjectivity is challenged by the discipline's longstanding practices of purportedly removing, regulating or even disregarding the observer/analyst's subjectivity. Some promising theory templates for interrogating the observer/analyst have been proposed in recent years; that work indicates intriguing epistemological and practical problems for future theory development.
Theory Beyond Theory
Authors: Freeman Mark
Published: July 2003

Drawing on Toulmin's (1990) portrayal of the `dual trajectory of Modernity', the predominant trajectory being tied to Cartesian rationalism and the other to Renaissance humanism, it is suggested that much of contemporary theoretical psychology appears to be congruent with widespread efforts to reappropriate the latter tradition and thereby to `humanize' its inquiries. This apparent congruence notwithstanding, it is also suggested that much of theoretical psychology, in its very theoreticism, remains wedded to the Cartesian project. By moving toward what is here termed a `poetics of the Other', there emerges the opportunity for a portion of the field not only to further extricate itself from the gravitational pull of theory, as ordinarily conceived, but also to explore modes of thinking and writing more closely tied to the humanities. `Theory' remains viable from this point of view, but in a different way than that which is generally operative in current endeavors.
The Century of Theoretical Psychology?
Authors: van Hezewijk Rene
Published: July 2003

Has psychology been able to fulfill William James' hope that the 20th century was going to be the age of psychology? I argue that James would have been amazed to find that psychological knowledge has grown so much, examples of which are given. However, we know now how much more we do not know than James would have suspected. Next I discuss why so many debates in psychology are threatening its coherence. Two kinds of debate are distinguished, one of which is characterized as tending to the infinite. I conclude with suggestions about theoretical psychology's proper role in psychology in the new century.
The Individual and Society in Psychological Theory
Authors: Markova' Ivana
Published: July 2003

The first part of this article examines the ontological and epistemological presuppositions of various theories concerned with the interdependence between the individual and society. It shows that the majority of theories, namely those of the `constructivist turn', tend to reverse to ontologies which separate the individual and society into two independent units. They cannot, therefore, adequately examine the dynamic relationships between the individual and society in terms of their mutual change. The second part of the article draws attention to theories which adopt the ontologies of interdependent oppositions coming from dialectics. It is suggested that dynamic semiotics based on the study of signs and representations provides a plausible theoretical alternative to all areas of psychology concerned with the study of social change.
The Virtues of International Theoretical Discourse
Authors: Slife Brent D. , Beyers Marissa S.
Published: July 2003

This article reviews the published proceedings of the 1993 and 1995 conferences of the International Society for Theoretical Psychology, namely Trends and Issues of Theoretical Psychology and Problems of Theoretical Psychology. The international diversity of the authors gives rise to a broader treatment of relevant psychological issues and their solutions. The topics covered in these volumes demonstrate fine scholarship and raise many provocative questions and ideas. Topics range from issues that are specifically pertinent to certain subdisciplines of psychology such as linguistics, cognitive science, personality theory, history, social psychology and methodology-to theoretical issues that are relevant to the discipline as a whole. Several individual articles from both volumes are discussed, and general strengths and weaknesses of the books are explored.
`The Hopi in Me'
Authors: Josephs Ingrid E.
Published: July 2003

A `voice', the central concept in the theory of the dialogical self (e.g. Hermans & Kempen, 1993), is located neither `in' the person nor `in' culture, but comes into being as a relation between person and culture. An extensive example of everyday life is presented that on a phenomenological level illustrates the formation of a particular voice: `the Hopi in me'. It is the major goal of this paper to analyze this example in sound theoretical terminology. Both cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology are sub-disciplines that deal with culture in general, and the relation between culture and the individual in particular. The discussion of the different foci of both disciplines leads to the conclusion that only a cultural psychological framework allows for an elaboration of the concept of voice. More specifically, the theoretical approaches of the German sociologist Georg Simmel and the cultural psychologist Ernst Boesch are introduced and applied to the conceptual analysis of the example. `The Hopi in me' is a `cultural voice' as it refers to a cultural collectivity. In the final part of the paper it is asked how cultural voices emerge and interact with each other. One result of this analysis is that the simplistic notion of `having' only one, personally felt national identity can be challenged.
Narrative Structure in Psychosis
Authors: Lysaker Paul Henry , Lysaker John Timothy
Published: July 2003

There is nearly universal acceptance that persons with schizo-phrenia often experience a profound disruption in their basic sense of self. But what does this disruption in sense of self reflect? Is this the result of an internal catastrophe? If so, where and in what manner did this catastrophe occur? To address these issues this paper will review various perspectives on disruptions of self-experience in schizophrenia as well as literature regarding how sense of self among people in general normally develops out of dialogues both within the individual and between the self and others. Following this we will theorize that the subjective experience of personal incoherence in schizophrenia may reflect a collapse of the ability to maintain ongoing dialogue within the self, specifically arguing that as internal dialogues evaporate, self-experience and personal narrative can devolve into one of three forms: (a) a barren and empty self-organization; (b) internal cacophony; or (c) self constructions dominated by rigid, non-evolving monologues. Lastly, implications for treatment and recovery will be discussed, including the potential usefulness of a focus on interventions that might revitalize clients' internal and external dialogue.
Toward Semiotic Dialogism
Authors: Leiman Mikael
Published: July 2003

Mikhail Bakhtin' s notions of a positioned voice and the polyphonic novel have significantly influenced the concept of the dialogical self. It is argued that introducing the idea of semiotic mediation can further develop the concept. Shotter's conceptualization of semiotic positions is used as a means by which this integrative attempt is carried out. The importance of `the life of the sign' in and for dialogical relationships is obvious in psychotherapy with its collaborative effort to create semiotic tools of self-reflection and self-understanding. Two excerpts from psychotherapeutic work are presented in order to illustrate how signs and dialogical relationships may be integrated into a single unit of analysis.
Forms of Dialogical Relations and Semiotic Autoregulation within the Self
Authors: Valsiner Jaan
Published: July 2003

The dialogical self entails relations between perspectival positions (I-positions) that maintain and develop within the self as a field. A typology of such relations is outlined, and related with the process of semiotic mediation. Semiotic mediation takes the form of flexible control systems that regulate the relations between I-positions. These autoregulatory processes generate both the meaningfulness of the flow of experience, and meta-level meanings that constrain the extent of construcion and loci of application of the direct semiotic regulators to the flow of experience. The dialogical self is an autocatalytic system that orients itself towards the future by either enabling or blocking the emergence of its own new states.
An Archetypal Model of the Self in Dialogue
Authors: Beebe John
Published: July 2003

From the standpoint of Jung's analytical psychology, the empirical, ego-aligned `self is always in dialogue with an ego-alien `other'. By carefully attending to what a client experiences as self and as other, a Jungian analyst can identify various subpersonalities in dialogue. The valuations expressed by subpersonalities can be further differentiated through the use of Jung's theory of psychological type to reveal a definite pattern, which can be represented through an archetypal model that consists of a fourfold self shadowed by a fourfold other. This template is illustrated with an analysis of Woody Allen's movie Husbands and Wives, seen as the film-maker's active imagination of various subpersonalities attempting to establish dialogue with each other through gestures of marriage, separation and remarriage. It is argued that the patterning of subpersonality `complexes' provides a structural basis in the psyche for H.J.M. Hermans's notion of movement within the `dialogical self.
What IQ Tests Test
Authors: Richardson Ken
Published: July 2003

As we approach the centenary of the first practical intelligence test, there is still little scientific agreement about how human intelligence should be described, whether IQ tests actually measure it, and if they don't, what they actually do measure. The controversies and debates that result are well known. This paper brings together results and theory rarely considered (at least in conjunction with one another) in the IQ literature. It suggests that all of the population variance in IQ scores can be described in terms of a nexus of sociocognitive-affective factors that differentially prepares individuals for the cognitive, affective and performance demands of the test—in effect that the test is a measure of social class background, and not one of the ability for complex cognition as such. The rest of the paper shows how such factors can explain the correlational evidence usually thought to validate IQ tests, including associations with educational attainments, occupational performance and elementary cognitive tasks, as well as the intercorrelations among tests themselves.
The Epistemological Meaning of Constraints in the Development of Domain Knowledge
Authors: Castorina Jose A. , Faigenbaum Gustavo
Published: July 2003

This article explores the meaning of the category of `constraint' and the role it plays in contemporary psychological research. First, Chomsky's influential use of this concept is briefly reviewed. Second, the concept of `constraint' is discussed from a metatheoretical point of view. Cognitive approaches usually see constraints as internal to the mind and as logically prior to the process of specific knowledge acquisition. Contextualist approaches consider knowledge processes in terms of a complementary interplay of innate and cultural constraining factors. Third, a reinterpretation of the concept of `constraint' from a constructivist perspective is proposed. A constructivist approach should consider constraints not as `givens', but as dynamic components that may be transformed by the cognitive process itself and that can be made the object of an explicitly epistemological analysis. The argument supports the plausibility and legitimacy of a dialectic or non-dualist approach for interpreting the role of constraints in cognitive development.
Hayek's Sensory Order
Authors: Steele G.R.
Published: July 2003

Friedrich Hayek's theory of mind is shown to have anticipated Modern conceptualizations in neurology, psychology and artificial intelligence research. That theory is also a basis for the fullest understanding of Hayek's intellectual contributions in economics, epistemology, ethics, jurisprudence and politics. Hayek was the leading proponent of 20th-century Austrian microeconomics and the principal scourge of Keynesian macroeconomic demand management. He is also recognized for his antipathy to socialism, and for his association with `Thatcherism' in the UK and `Reagonomics' in the USA. Hayek's advocacy of a competitive market economy is founded upon a liberal ethos that allows individuals to discover most effectively how they might best serve their own ends. Since his death in 1992, Hayek's scholarship has become the subject of an extensive reappraisal. In this, a previously neglected work-The Sensory Order-has crucial importance.
Psychotherapy and Moral Inquiry
Authors: Eaton John
Published: July 2003

Psychotherapy is necessarily an investigation into questions concerning individual intentions, purposes and the pursuit of the good life. Therapeutic inquiries centre on the motives-implicit and explicit-that underpin clients' actions. The motives examined may be formulated by the therapist in terms of theoretical or everyday vocabularies of motive. Investigations of such motives for their moral and practical adequacy will constitute an apprenticeship in therapy for the client, leading to the pursuit of those virtues proposed by the therapeutic approach in question. In order to foster the therapeutic ideals of autonomy and personal decision, some hermeneutic reflection on the status of motive interpretations in therapy is desired. Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics offer a means of reflecting on therapeutic method, making the moral thrust of psychotherapy more explicit, and avoiding premature constructions of the subject.
Psychology, Psychologism and Logic
Authors: Wetherick N. E.
Published: July 2003

This paper seeks to show that logic and psychology imply each other and that syllogistic logic may legitimately be regarded as fundamental. This is hardly surprising since it was described 2000 years before the existence of any other kind was suspected. In the 19th century, psychology was concerned mainly with states of consciousness that, being evanescent and unique to the individual, could not form a foundation for logic. Logicians looked elsewhere, frequently to postulate sets, as a foundation for propositional logic from which predicate logic could be derived. Propositions, true or false but without descriptive content, may, however, be thought too abstract to furnish a satisfactory foundation; we are ordinarily acquainted only with propositions that have content-the kind with which syllogistic logic is concerned. Contemporary psychology and the logic of George Spencer Brown (1969) show, jointly, how logic may be implicit in behaviour, and account satisfactorily for the possibility of logical error in human problem solvers.
The Rationality of Risky Decisions
Authors: Kuhberger Anton
Published: July 2003

Over the years research in risky decision making has diagnosed variable degrees of irrationality in people's judgements and choices. In the 1960s an optimistic view dominated of a widely rational decision maker. The work of Tversky and Kahneman at the beginning of the 1970s led to a pessimistic view of basically flawed decision processes that frequently end up in `cognitive illusions'. In the 1980s a movement gained strength that pointed to the adaptiveness of seemingly irrational decisions. Recent work demonstrates that seemingly irrational choices may be due to different task construal between experimenters and participants. The respective evaluative change in what the rationality issue is generally taken to show is overdue, however. The negative message of fundamentally flawed human decision making has to be replaced by a more positive picture that acknowledges that some reactions to task and context are advantages rather than disadvantages of human decision making. Recent work on systems of thinking shows that different task construals can be meaningfully related to different systems of thinking, thus enabling a more unbiased treatment of the rationality issue.
Explaining Routinized Decision Making
Authors: Betsch Tilmann , Haberstroh Susanne , Hohle Cornelia
Published: July 2003

We review theories of preferential decision making and apply them to explain and predict the choices made by experienced individuals. Specifically, we focus on decision problems for which the actor already has a potential solution or routine available. We start with a brief overview of research evidencing the manifold ways in which such routines can influence the decision-making process. We then develop a classification of decision theories and examine their explanatory power, that is, the extent to which they can give post hoc explanations for routine effects. Finally, we narrow the analysis down to those theories that explicitly address routinized decision making and examine to what extent they are able to make a-priori predictions of routinized decision making. The review reveals that the arsenal of theories as a whole possesses a high potential to derive post-hoc explanations of routine effects with the help of some auxiliary assumptions. However, there are only a few decision theories that explicitly incorporate the influence of routines on choice. Examination of their predictive power reveals that we currently are not able to precisely predict information search, evaluation and context influences on choice in routinized decision making.
Introduction: Varieties of Social Constructionism and the Rituals of Critique
Authors: Stam Henderikus J.
Published: July 2003

The articles in this issue represent a broad range of positions that nonetheless coalesce into a set of clearly defined but contested claims concerning the ritual of debate, the realism-social constructionism divide, and the relational nature of human sociality. I foreground these issues by contextualizing the question of academic debate and historicizing the social constructionist movement. Much remains to be done to understand the psychological and moral dimensions of social and personal being as these are articulated in the social constructionist literature, not least of which involves understanding the `double participation' of the professional in the world.
Public Sources of the Personal Mind
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: July 2003

Social constructionism emphasizes the social and interactive aspects of the development of higher-order cognitive functions, in the manner of Vygotsky. Nevertheless, the general character of the human organism sets limits to the kind and level of functions which can be appropriated. On the question of the nature of psychological and especially cognitive phenomena, social constructionism points to the many cases in which a type of psychological phenomenon, such as remembering, is at least as much an attribute of a discursive interaction as it is an attribute of an individual mind. If this reflects etiological priority, then we must also exchange explanations in terms of laws for explanations in terms of social and especially semantic conventions. Positioning theory, as a development of the general social constructionist viewpoint, puts considerable stress on the way assumed and ascribed rights and duties to think and act in certain ways work as constraints on human thought and action. Postmodernism and critical realism, with its emphasis on the intractable reality and causal efficacy of social structures (whatever they may be), are at opposite poles, the former requiring that all be malleable and the latter that nothing be. Social constructionism, while denying the efficacy of social structures, affirms the reality of the discursive domain without falling into the fallacy of supposing that because many aspects of our lives are our own constructions, all must be.
Clearing Away the Self
Authors: Michel A. Alexandra , Wortham Stanton E.F.
Published: July 2003

One of constructionism's chief pragmatic goals is to facilitate relationships that have transformative potential. According to Kenneth Gergen, one important theoretical tool towards that end is relational theory, the construing of human behavior in terms of dialogic processes. We trace the meaning of `dialogic' and `transformative' through different constructionist traditions and argue that these terms are used in a relatively narrow sense, as compared to an alternative approach we are suggesting. Moreover, we propose that the usual narrow construal of these concepts has the unintended consequence of undermining the central constructionist goal of facilitating transformative relationships. We present an empirical example that illustrates (1) how people's conception of their self as a collection of social scripts draws their attention to and reinforces the accretion of scripts; (2) how this accretion can get in the way of transformation; and (3) how a broader conception of a `dialogic' self can open up more direct, transformative relational possibilities.
What Follows?
Authors: Held Barbara S.
Published: July 2003

In the June 2001 special issue of this journal devoted to `Social Constructionism and Its Critics', some critics take (strong) constructionism to task for its many problems and internal contradictions-most notably, the failure of its advocates to acknowledge their own (ontological and epistemological) commitments and realism. Other critics attempt to save constructionism from these charges by finding a less strident form of realism-what I will call a `quasi-realism'-within constructionism. After examining Gergen's insistence that we attend not to the truth of any given discourse but rather to the question `what follows?' when we adopt any given discourse, I consider each critic's own view about what epistemology necessarily follows (and does not follow) from the ontological doctrine he or she seeks to defend. I focus my attention on the epistemological consequences, including the potential for fallibility/error, that follow from the investigation of those ontological entities understood to be human kinds, kinds that are mind-dependent in diverse ways and so must be understood with more ontological clarity. I conclude with discussion of the striving for transcendence (by way of defending some form of human agency) that often seems to fuel the constructionist campaign.
The Construction of `Social Constructionism'
Authors: Katzko Michael W.
Published: July 2003

There is a dimension to the ongoing debate on `constructionism' that deserves closer scrutiny. In this paper I wish to draw attention to some features of the debate as movements in opposition, illustrated with examples comparing the articles in Theory & Psychology, 11(3), with literature outside psychology. One unfortunate consequence of this type of debate is that it works against the best of what `constructionism' has to offer to psychology. I also draw attention to a wider literature on some of the background historical and philosophical issues. What is substantively of the most value to the discipline of psychology is being lost in the parochial focus on one kind of `postmodern' theory developed in other disciplines.
Gergen's Social Constructionism
Authors: Mather Ronald
Published: July 2003

There has been increasing interest in the epistemological and ontological implications of social constructionism. The debate has been conducted on almost overwhelmingly neo-Kantian terms: Do concepts (social practices, discourse, narratives) constitute objects? What are the consequences for things as they are in themselves? How are social actors to be understood in the light of their mode of epistemological access to this world? The following argues for a reorientation of social constructionism in the direction of questions around the nature of group dynamics and intersubjectivity.
Social Constructionism and the Legacy of James' Pragmatism
Authors: Hastings Brad M.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this paper is to delineate the role that American philosophy has played in opening the door for social constructionist thought. I assert that James' pragmatism is the main, American, theoretical precursor of the present-day social constructionist movement. More specifically, I compare and contrast William James' work on pragmatism with Kenneth Gergen's approach to social constructionism. There are four main parallels between Gergen's social constructionism and James' pragmatism. The first concerns the importance of `utility' as a method for evaluating truth. Second, James and Gergen both embrace philosophical pluralism. Third, each theorist examines the social construction of knowledge within his respective era. Finally, I examine the parallels of how `progress and knowledge' are viewed within social constructionism and pragmatism. A fuller appreciation of the parallels between pragmatism and social constructionism may lead social constructionists to re-examine the value of James' pragmatism.
Governmentality and Gender Violence in Hawai‘i in Historical Perspective
Authors: Merry Sally Engle
Published: July 2003

Although gender violence was not a major public issue in 19th-century Hawai‘i, a substantial number of cases arrived at the lower courts. Offenders were typically prosecuted promptly and punished. Like contemporary legal interventions in gender violence, the punishments were minimal. But unlike contemporary practice, punishments were largely small fines designed to deter quarrelling. There was nothing like the contemporary effort to retrain offenders into more egalitarian conceptions of masculinity. Despite frequent convictions for wife battering, the courts primarily reinforced a notion of marriage as an enduring and sexually exclusive relationship. Judges urged couples to live in peace but made no further efforts to change batterers. This historical study of court records on a small town in Hawai‘i shows that 19th-century punishment focused on maintaining marriages rather than reforming batterers, leaving the patriarchal power of the batterer unchallenged. As this study demonstrates, the shape of legal intervention depended on the cultural conceptions of marriage that were being reinforced and the overarching logics of punishment in play at the time.
Far Beyond ‘The Early Morning Crowing of a Farmyard Cock’: Revisiting the Place of Nuisance within Legal and Political Discourse
Authors: Cooper Davina
Published: July 2003

Private and public nuisance have been the subject of extensive legal scholarship; however, far less has been said about nuisance as a sociolegal and political concept. Bringing a normative perspective to the analysis of nuisance claims, this article seeks to draw together discussions of nuisance in very different contexts - from the tortious injuries caused by sounds, vibrations and odours crossing property boundaries to the everyday claims that particular identities or statuses represent an impediment to the pursuit of legitimate interests. In attempting to determine the common ground, if any, that exists between these different nuisance usages, the article focuses on the ways in which freedom, control, responsibility, attention, purpose and place have been articulated. My aim in doing so is threefold: first, to analyse the norms and values underlying nuisance as a discourse and regulatory technique; second, to consider whether engaging in nuisance conduct has anything to offer a progressive or radical politics; and third, to consider the limits and potential in reconceptualizing nuisance to designate new, counterhegemonic common senses.
Calculating ‘Public Interest’: Common Law and the Legal Governance of the Environment
Authors: Goodie Jo , Wickham Gary
Published: July 2003

Drawing inspiration from O’Malley’s very recent attempt to introduce greater subtlety into governmentality thinking about the operation of the common law of contract (O’Malley, 2000), this article seeks to explore some of the nuances of the common law’s way of calculating interests. O’Malley argues that the law of contract developed in a more pragmatic fashion than an understanding of law within liberal economic theory allows. He says that contract law developed on the basis of the force of uncertainty and practical experience, as much as it did on the basis of the abstract and quantifiable calculations of the rational risk manager - a ‘pragmatic and situational’ form of calculation rather than an rational, abstract one (O’Malley, 2000: 477-8). We argue, using mainly Australian examples concerned with the legal governance of the environment, that non-pecuniary public interests are also subject to this type of ‘pragmatic and situated’ calculation within the common law, one we refer to as ‘rhetorical’.
International Students in Higher Education: Identification of Needs and Implications for Policy and Practice
Authors: Hanassab Shideh , Tidwell Romeria
Published: July 2003

This study assesses the needs of international students in higher education and examines their overall experiences since entering an institution of higher learning in the United States. More specifically, the investigation focuses on the similarities and differences of the students as a function of their geographical region and other demo-graphic factors such as gender, degree objective, and field of study. Survey feedback was received from 640 volunteer respondents. The results indicate that female students typically have greater needs than the male international students for campus services and that the international students from various regions differ in their needs. The undergraduate international students reported a greater need for services than did the graduate international students. The findings also indicate that international students majoring in science fields have the highest needs. Students with higher grade point averages reported fewer needs. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Cross-Cultural Partnerships between Home and International Students
Authors: Pritchard Rosalind M. O. , Skinner Barbara
Published: July 2003

Many international students fail to establish satisfactory relationships with home students or local people when they come to study in the United Kingdom. This study aimed to help them overcome isolation and concurrently diagnose what their principal areas of difficulty were. To this purpose, cross-cultural partnerships were formed and the international students were given six existential tasks to carry out with home students or local people. Their written and oral feedback about these activities were subject to analysis using NUD*IST software and produced 15 categories, of which the most important were food, cultural identity, gender role, and friendship. Their attitudes upon entry to and exit from the scheme were also assessed, and despite some negativity, the project resulted in the formation of some durable friendships and increased enjoyment of cross-cultural interaction on the part of the internationals, as well a greater confidence in their ability to engage in it successfully.
International Education and Internationalisation are not the Same as Globalisation: Emerging Issues for Secondary Schools
Authors: Matthews Julie
Published: July 2003

Based on an account of the internationalisation of education in Australian government schools, this article challenges the enthusiastic recruitment of full-fee-paying students in the state sector. The author argues that a major problem for state schooling is the implementation of policies and practices arising from the context of higher education such as the idea that internationalisation invariably strengthens international and intercultural relationships and the idea that the competitive market-driven approach is an inevitable effect of globalisation. The author contends that issues raised in the context of state schools highlight existing orthodoxies and the need to move beyond the neoliberal priorities of international education to explore strategic and innovative new directions.
Ethical Decision Making in International Nursing Research
Authors: Mill Judy E. , Ogilvie Linda D.
Published: July 2003

Researchers in international settings must continually examine cross-cultural ethical issues to ensure that their work is ethically sound. In this article, the authors discuss the process of ethical decision making in international nursing research. They draw on research in Ghana during 1999 involving HIV seropositive women to document this process. Referring to this experience, they argue that international research involving human beings must meet two related but distinct ethical tests: It must meet international ethical standards for the protection of human participants but, at the same time, acknowledge the ethical standards related to the institutional setting and cultural environment in which the research takes place.
Focus Groups in Rural Gujarat, India: A Modified Approach
Authors: Vissandjée Bilkis , Abdool Shelly N. , Dupéré Sophie
Published: July 2003

Focus groups have become increasingly popular in health research. However, their feasibility depends on the context of such research. Through discussion of focus groups they conducted in rural India, the authors argue that successful focus groups in rural contexts must be culturally sensitive, with a research team that goes beyond the mere technicalities of collecting data. A culturally competent focus group can result when the research team has geographic, political, economic, and sociocultural knowledge related to the research area and its population. With extensive local collaboration, foreign researchers are better able to conduct data collection respectfully. The authors provide recommendations for future studies toward increasing the cultural appropriateness of focus groups in areas such as rural India.
Asian Underground Banking Scheme
Authors: Lambert Larry
Published: July 2003

Underground or relationship banking is the oldest method of transmitting value securely, secretly, privately, and well beyond the ability of governments to monitor or control it. In underground banking transactions, physical money rarely, if ever, moves. It provides a means for honest and dishonest alike to transmit value secretly. Secrecy is a form of power. The ability to protect one's privacy is also a form of power. Princes and paupers used this method of transferring value long before the time of Christ and they will continue to use it long after we who read this article are dust.
Transnational Financial Crime
Authors: Block Alan A. , Griffin Sean Patrick
Published: July 2003

Serious transnational organized criminals must always be on the alert for prospective places to hide and to secure their ill-gotten proceeds. Offshore havens have long been the harbor of choice for these criminals, as well as for legitimate businesspersons who evade taxes. The authors chronicle and analyze several case studies of grand-scale fraud and other crimes, complete with analysis of noteworthy criminals. The article concludes with an examination of the many permutations of the social networks that are necessary to carry out these schemes.
The Black Hand
Authors: Lombardo Robert M.
Published: July 2003

The alien conspiracy theory argues that organized crime in American society evolved in a linear fashion beginning with the Mafia in Sicily, emerging in the form of the Black Hand in America's immigrant colonies, and culminating in the development of the Cosa Nostra in America's urban centers. This research challenges the alien conspiracy theory by reviewing the history of Black Hand activity in the city of Chicago and argues that the development of Black Hand extortion was not related to the emergence of the Sicilian Mafia but was rooted in the social structure of American society.
Goal Setting And Team Performance In Innovative Projects:
Authors: Hoegl Martin , Parboteeah K. Praveen
Published: July 2003

Previous research has identified goal setting as an important determinant of the performance of teams with innovative tasks. This study aims to further the understanding of how teams successfully perform goal setting given the collaborative nature of innovative projects. The authors argue that the quality of teamwork serves as an important facilitator to the successful enactment of goal setting in team projects. Using data from 575 members, leaders, and managers of 145 software development teams, they test direct and moderated relationships between goal setting and effectiveness (quality) and efficiency (schedule, budget). Results indicate that goal setting is directly related to both effectiveness and efficiency. Furthermore, hierarchical regression analyses show that teamwork quality moderates these relationships. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Perceived Collective Efficacy, Subjective Well-Being And Task Performance Among Electronic Work Groups
Authors: Salanova Marisa , Llorens Susana , Cifre Eva , Martínez Isabel M. , Schaufeli Wilmar B.
Published: July 2003

This study investigates the effects of e-groups on well-being and performance, using a collective approach and an objective performance indicator. Furthermore, it includes collective efficacy as a moderator and negative (anxiety) as well as positive (engagement) well-being. A lab experiment with an interval of 3 weeks was performed among 140 students who were randomly distributed across 18 groups using a chat-internet program and 10 groups working face to face. Half the groups performed under time pressure. Results confirm the moderating role of perceived collective efficacy on well-being and task performance. All groups working under time pressure and low in collective efficacy show an increase in collective anxiety. Chat-internet groups under time pressure show an increase in collective engagement but only when they feel high in collective efficacy. Finally, task performance was poorer in chat groups, working under time pressure, and with low levels of collective efficacy than in the other groups.
The Effects Of Justice And Cooperation On Team Effectiveness
Authors: Sinclair Andrea L.
Published: July 2003

This study investigates the relation between two distributive justice rules (equity and equality) and team effectiveness, and the relation between procedural justice (PJ) and team effectiveness. The extent to which cooperation mediates these relations is examined. Results from 132 teams working on an interdependent task indicate that teams operating under equality rules were more cooperative, which led to fewer errors and better quality. Results also indicate that teams exposed to higher PJ were more cooperative. The increased cooperation in teams exposed to higher PJ led to better quality and higher ratings of team viability; these effects occurred regardless of whether an equity rule or an equality rule was used to allocate rewards. Areas for future research and implications for team rewards are discussed.
Reconciling Incompatibilities: A Grounded Theory of HIV Medication Adherence and Symptom Management
Authors: Wilson Holly Skodol , Hutchinson Sally A. , Holzemer William L.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to explain how ethnically diverse men and women living with HIV manage their interacting illness symptoms, medication side effects, and treatment adherence choices. The authors used the constant comparative method to analyze textual data from in-depth interviews with 66 HIV-infected people representing the changing HIV demographic profile in the San Francisco Bay area and generate a theory of Reconciling Incompatibilities. Adherence options of complying, not complying, or self-tailoring occurred in a context of attributional uncertainty as to whether distress was illness-or treatment-related, a sometimes silent virus, and perceived fickle medical markers. Conditions, including self-identity, illness ideology, concurrent treatment regimens, the meaning of time, medication burden and side effects, and lifestyle, coalesced to produce a state of mind that shaped adherence choices on a dose-by-dose basis. This theory offers a basis for interventions designed to promote optimal adherence choices concerning HIV therapies.
Cognitive Representations of AIDS: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth H. , Spencer Margaret Hull
Published: July 2003

Cognitive representations of illness determine behavior. How persons living with AIDS image their disease might be key to understanding medication adherence and other health behaviors. The authors’ purpose was to describe AIDS patients’ cognitive representations of their illness. A purposive sample of 58 men and women with AIDS were interviewed. Using Colaizzi’s (1978) phenomenological method, rigor was established through application of verification, validation, and validity. From 175 significant statements, 11 themes emerged. Cognitive representations included imaging AIDS as death, bodily destruction, and just a disease. Coping focused on wiping AIDS out of the mind, hoping for the right drug, and caring for oneself. Inquiring about a patient’s image of AIDS might help nurses assess coping processes and enhance nurse-patient relationships.
To Work or Not to Work: Combination Therapies and HIV
Authors: Maticka-Tyndale Eleanor , Adam Barry D. , Cohen Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2003

The authors describe the labor force experiences of people living with HIV and AIDS (PHAs) who are taking combination therapies using information from in-depth interviews conducted in 1999 and 2000 in the Windsor and Essex County region of Canada with 35 PHAs. They analyze labor force experience contextually, setting it within the contexts of personal illness experience (including disease trajectory and treatment history), workplace structure and discrimination, the labor market, and the structure of health and social service systems. Barriers to returning to or remaining in the labor force are numerous and require a specific commitment to overcome. Existing workplace and government policies and programs and labor market conditions impede labor force participation for PHAs who have recovered from serious illness and are now able and willing to work.
The Social Construction of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in South African Communities
Authors: Shefer Tamara , Strebel Anna , Wilson T. , Shabalala N. , Simbayi L. , Ratele K. , Potgieter C. , Andipatin M.
Published: July 2003

Since the medical link between sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS was established, there has been an increased focus on the spread of STIs in South Africa. The aim of this study was to provide an in-depth picture of the dynamics involved in sexuality and the spread of STIs and HIV/AIDS. The authors present the findings of a focus group study, which was a part of a larger, national project addressing the broad question of health-care seeking behavior for STIs. A discourse analysis carried out on 10 focus groups reveals complex and rich narratives on the way in which STIs are constructed in South African communities. The dominant discourses focused on the continuing stigmatization of STIs, causal explanations, and prevention strategies. The analysis raises important recommendations for both educational interventions and health services toward the challenge of halting the spread of STIs and HIV/AIDS.