bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Behavior Investigation of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2‐Based Li‐ion Battery under Overcharged Test
Authors: Wang Haiyan , Tang Aidong , Wang Kelong
Published: February 2011

Thermal behavior of its components such as separator, electrolyte, cathode, anode, and each binder were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric (DSC/TG) to explain thermal runaway mechanism of Li‐ion battery under overcharged test. DSC results indicated the decomposition reaction temperature of SEI (solid electrolyte interface) layer in anode was at about 126°C. It was found that heat generation in anode under normal charged state increased obviously with the increasing of charged voltage. When the battery was overcharged to 4.6 V or 5.0 V, the onset temperature and heat generation of thermal reaction in anode changed a little, while those in cathode had large increase. It was proposed that thermal behavior in cathode mainly caused by the reaction of electrolyte with evolutional oxygen played a key role to thermal runaway for the studied Li‐ion battery under overcharged test.
QSPR Analysis of the Patterns Scheme Parameters for the Prediction of Monomer Reactivity Ratios
Authors: Yi Bing , Tan Zhengde , Yu Xinliang
Published: February 2011

Two quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) models were developed to correlate radical chemical structure and the reactivity parameters u and v, respectively, of the revised patterns scheme for the prediction of monomers reactivity ratios. The radicals with structure C1H3–C2HR3· (formed from C1H2C2HR3 and H·) were calculated using the UB3LYP density functional theory (DFT) methods with a 6‐31G(d) basis set. The calculated quantum chemical descriptors were used to construct QSPR models for the reactivity parameters (u, v) by applying the genetic algorithm (GA) method, together with multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. Correlation coefficients for the training sets are 0.941 for the parameter u and 0.947 for the parameter v; correlation coefficients for the test sets are 0.947 for u and 0.934 for v. The results suggest that calculating quantum chemical descriptors from radicals to develop models for parameters u and v is feasible.
Crystal Structure, Thermal Decomposition Behaviors and Sensitivity Properties of a Novel Energetic Compound [Co(DAT)6] (ClO4)2
Authors: Qi Shuyuan , Li Zhimin , Zhou Zunning , Cui Yan , Zhang Guotao , Zhang Tonglai , Zhang Jianguo , Yang Li
Published: February 2011

A novel energetic coordination compound [Co(DAT)6](ClO4)2 has been synthesized by using 1,5‐diaminotetrazole (DAT) as a ligand and its structure has been characterized using X‐ray single crystal diffraction, elemental analysis and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The central cobalt(II) cation is coordinated by six N atoms from six DAT molecules to form a six‐coordinated and distorted octahedral structure. Di‐dimension layer structure was formed by the extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds between DAT ligands and ClO−4 anions along a‐axis and b‐axis. Thermal decomposition mechanism of [Co(DAT)6](ClO4)2 was investigated based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra. The kinetic parameters of the first exothermic process were studied by applying the Kissinger's and Ozawa‐Doyle's methods. Additionally, the sensitivities of this complex were tested. The results of all the studies show that [Co(DAT)6](ClO4)2 has an extreme potential application as an energetic material.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and DNA Cleavage Activity of a Ternary Copper(II) Complex of Dipyrido[3,2‐d:2′,3′‐f]‐quinoxaline and Glycine
Authors: Zhang Shouchun , Chun Xiaogai , Chen Yun , Zhou Jianliang
Published: February 2011

A ternary copper(II) complex, [Cu(Dpq)(Gly)(H2O)]·NO3·1.5H2O (Dpq=dipyrido[3,2‐d:2′,3′‐f]quinoxaline, Gly=glycine), has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The complex crystallized in a triclinic system with space group P‐1, a=6.6979(9) Å, b=7.6351(10) Å, c=18.980(2) Å, α=85.815(2) °, β=88.182(2) °, γ=71.203(2) °. The five‐coordinate copper(II) center is a distorted square pyramid. Absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra and CD spectra showed that there were interactions between the copper complex and DNA through a groove binding mode. The complex exhibited efficient DNA cleavage activity at micromolar concentration in the presence of ascorbate with hydroxyl radicals as the active species.
Ligand‐free Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryltriazenes with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Nan Guangming , Zhu Fanghua , Wei Zhijun
Published: February 2011

The boron trifluoride induced Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling of aryltriazenes with arylboronic acids catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 without added ligands has been achieved for the first time. The reactions performed at room temperature under an argon atmosphere give biaryls in good to excellent yields. It is noteworthy that the reactions were conducted under mild and ligand‐free conditions.
Flavonol Glycoside from Psorospermum androsaemifolium
Authors: Poumale Poumale Herve Martia , Krebs Hans Christoph , Amadou Dawe , Shiono Yoshihito , Guedem Alphonsine Nkapwa , Komguem Justin , Ngadjui Bonaventure Tchaleu , Randrianasolo Rivoarison
Published: February 2011

A new flavonol glycoside, 3′‐(4′''‐(3′''',4′'''‐dihydroxyphenoxy)‐2′''‐hydroxyphenoxy)acanthophorin B (1a) together with 3′‐(2′'',4′''‐dihydroxyphenoxy)acanthophorin B (1), acanthophorin B (2), vismiaquinone (3), rheochrysidin (3a), lupeol acetate and fatty acid were isolated from the chloroform extract of the stem bark of Psorospermum androsaemifolium Baker (Clusiaceae). The structure of 1a was determined on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the literature. Compounds 1a and 3a showed moderate antimicrobial activity.
2D‐Π‐A Type Organic Dyes Based on N,N‐Dimethylaryl Amine and Rhodamine‐3‐acetic Acid for Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Tang Kai , Liang Mao , Liu Yongkang , Sun Zhe , Xue Song
Published: February 2011

Three organic dyes XS17–19 based on N,N‐dimethylaryl amine and rhodamine‐3‐acetic acid moieties are designed and synthesized. These dyes were applied into nanocrystalline TiO2 dye‐sensitized solar cells through standard operations, showing strong absorption bands at around 320–650 nm, and exhibiting broad IPCE responses. Cell based on XS17 gave a Jsc of 3.7 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage of 550 mV, and a fill factor of 0.68, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 1.4%. The low overall conversion efficiency is due to the modest IPCE and Voc values, which mainly stem from the acceptor of rhodanine‐3‐acetic acid.
Synthesis of Novel Spiro Thiazolo[3,2‐a][1,3,5]triazines via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylide
Authors: Li Xiaofang , Liu Haochong , Zheng Aiting , Li Zhikui , Li Guobin , Yu Xianyong , Yi Pinggui
Published: February 2011

The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of an azomethine ylide generated by a decarboxylative route from sarcosine and acenaphthenequinone to 7‐arylmethylidene‐3‐aryl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐thiazolo[3,2‐a][1,3,5]triazin‐6(7H)‐ones afforded novel dispiro[acenaphthylene‐1,2′‐pyrrolidine]‐3′,7′ ′‐[1,3]thiazolo[3,2‐a][1,3,5]triazines in moderate yields. The structures of the products were determined and characterized thoroughly by NMR, MS, IR, elemental analysis and X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The results of experiment indicated that this 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition proceeded with high stereoselectivity and regioselectivity.
Implantable Mechanical Circulatory Support: Demystifying Patients With Ventricular Assist Devices and Artificial Hearts
Authors: Shah Keyur B. , Tang Daniel G. , Cooke Richard H. , Harton Suzanne , Flattery Maureen , Katlaps Gundars J. , Kasirajan Vigneshwar , Hess Michael L.
Published: February 2011

Engineering advancements have expanded the role for mechanical circulatory support devices in the patient with heart failure. More patients with mechanical circulatory support are being discharged from the implanting institution and will be seen by clinicians outside the immediate surgical or heart‐failure team. This review provides a practical understanding of device design and physiology, general troubleshooting, and limitations and complications for implantable left ventricular assist devices (pulsatile‐flow and continuous‐flow pumps) and the total artificial heart. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Dr. Vigneshwar Kasirajan and Dr. Michael Hess receives a consulting honorarium from SynCardia Systems, Inc. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
The utility of endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of mediastinal lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Marshall Carrie B. , Jacob Betsy , Patel Shobhana , Sneige Nour , Jimenez Carlos A. , Morice Rudolph C. , Caraway Nancy
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND:

Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) biopsy is routinely used to stage lung cancer; however, its usefulness in diagnosing lymphoproliferative disorders has not been well established. In this retrospective study, we determined the utility of EBUS‐TBNA in evaluating mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with suspected lymphoproliferative disorders.

METHODS:

The authors searched the pathology database at their institution to identify all patients who had undergone EBUS‐TBNA biopsy for possible lymphoproliferative disorders. The cytologic diagnoses were correlated with concurrent and subsequent biopsy findings and clinical follow‐up data.

RESULTS:

Of 886 lymph nodes evaluated by EBUS‐TBNA biopsy, 91 nodes from 33 patients (23 men and 10 women) were eligible. Fourteen patients had a history of lymphoma. Adequate material for diagnosis was obtained in 31 of 34 procedures (1 patient had 2 procedures). The cytologic diagnoses of the 31 adequate procedures included 19 with benign disease (8 reactive lymph nodes and 11 granulomatous inflammation), 8 with lymphoma (2 large B‐cell, 2 small lymphocytic, 2 Hodgkin, 1 mantle cell, and 1 T‐cell lymphoblastic), 2 with cells suspicious for Hodgkin lymphoma, and 2 cases with atypical cells.

CONCLUSIONS:

EBUS‐TBNA proved to be useful for evaluating mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with suspected lymphoproliferative disorders. Its use may decrease the need for invasive diagnostic procedures. Immediate assessment is valuable in these cases because of the need to triage material for immunophenotyping or other studies to determine optimal and clinically meaningful diagnoses. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society
A FRET Sensor for Non‐Invasive Imaging of Amyloid Formation in Vivo
Authors: Kaminski Schierle Gabriele S. , Bertoncini Carlos W. , Chan Fiona T. S. , van der Goot Annemieke T. , Schwedler Stefanie , Skepper Jeremy , Schlachter Simon , van Ham Tjakko , Esposito Alessandro , Kumita Janet R. , Nollen Ellen A. A. , Dobson Christopher M. , Kaminski Clemens F.
Published: February 2011

Misfolding and aggregation of amyloidogenic polypeptides lie at the root of many neurodegenerative diseases. Whilst protein aggregation can be readily studied in vitro by established biophysical techniques, direct observation of the nature and kinetics of aggregation processes taking place in vivo is much more challenging. We describe here, however, a Förster resonance energy transfer sensor that permits the aggregation kinetics of amyloidogenic proteins to be quantified in living systems by exploiting our observation that amyloid assemblies can act as energy acceptors for variants of fluorescent proteins. The observed lifetime reduction can be attributed to fluorescence energy transfer to intrinsic energy states associated with the growing amyloid species. Indeed, for α‐synuclein, a protein whose aggregation is linked to Parkinson′s disease, we have used this sensor to follow the kinetics of the self‐association reactions taking place in vitro and in vivo and to reveal the nature of the ensuing aggregated species. Experiments were conducted in vitro, in cells in culture and in living Caenorhabditis elegans. For the latter the readout correlates directly with the appearance of a toxic phenotype. The ability to measure the appearance and development of pathogenic amyloid species in a living animal and the ability to relate such data to similar processes observed in vitro provides a powerful new tool in the study of the pathology of the family of misfolding disorders. Our study confirms the importance of the molecular environment in which aggregation reactions take place, highlighting similarities as well as differences between the processes occurring in vitro and in vivo, and their significance for defining the molecular physiology of the diseases with which they are associated.
Liver lesions in children and adolescents: Cytopathologic analysis and clinical correlates in 44 cases
Authors: Laiq Zenab , Bishop Justin A. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: February 2011

The role of fine needle aspiration (FNA) as a first‐line diagnostic modality is well‐established for neoplastic and nonneoplastic liver masses in adults. However, cytopathologic analysis of such lesions in children and adolescents has not been well studied. An 18‐year retrospective review of the cytopathology archives at The Johns Hopkins Hospital identified 44 cases of hepatic FNA in children and adolescents (i.e., 21 years and younger). The cytopathologic material was reviewed and correlated with subsequent surgical pathology diagnoses and/or clinical follow‐up. Among the 44 FNAs studied, 40 (90.9%) were deemed diagnostic for evaluation and 4 (9.1%) were nondiagnostic. Twenty four (60%) of the diagnostic FNAs were neoplasms, 10 (25%) were nonneoplastic lesions, and 6 (15%) were “atypical” or “suspicious.” There were 21 (87.5%) malignant and 3 (12.5%) benign tumors. Among the malignant cases, metastases/secondary tumors accounted for 12 (54.5%) followed by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)—7 (38.1%). The types of metastatic/secondary neoplasms were Wilms tumor (2), germ cell tumor (2), acute leukemias (2), and miscellaneous others (6). Among the nonneoplastic lesions focal nodular hyperplasia was most common—4 (40%). Among the “atypical” cases, 4 (66.6%) turned out to be benign on follow‐up, 2 were HCC, and 1 was Hodgkin lymphoma. Immunoperoxidase (IPOX) studies were done in 20 (45.5%) cases to confirm the cytopathologic diagnoses. Overall, FNA showed a sensitivity of 95.2% and a specificity of 100% for a malignant diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endometriosis of sigmoid colon mimicking malignant tumor diagnosed by intraoperative imprint cytology
Authors: Ohsaki Hiroyuki , Nakamura Muneo , Arie Keiji , Hirakawa Eiichiro , Haba Reiji , Norimatsu Yoshiaki
Published: February 2011

A case of endometriosis of the sigmoid colon on imprint cytology from an intraoperative biopsy is discussed. Cytologic specimens showed sheets or tubular epithelial clusters and stromal fragments. The epithelial cell nuclei were small and round to ovoid with finely granular chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. The background showed a few scattered spindle‐type stromal cells without pigment‐laden histiocytes. A definitive diagnosis of endometriosis can be based on cytology, provided that the cytologic findings are interpreted in the appropriate clinical context. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An atypical morphologic presentation of coccidioides spp. in fine‐needle aspiration of lung
Authors: Schuetz Audrey N. , Pisapia David , Yan Jiong , Hoda Rana S.
Published: February 2011

Infection due to Coccidioides spp., a dimorphic fungal pathogen, usually presents as a chronic pulmonary disease, occasionally with pulmonary nodules. On cytology, large spherules filled with endospores are typically seen. We report an unusual case of coccidioidomycosis in a 39‐year‐old female from an area nonendemic for Coccidioides and without other known risk factors for infection. Fine‐needle aspiration of the patient's cavitary lung lesion revealed Coccidioides spp., which demonstrated atypical delicate septate hyphal forms and chains of conidia, with none of the large spherules typical of Coccidioides spp. Atypical hyphal and other forms of Coccidioides spp. have been reported in several studies, primarily from biopsy or tissue resection specimens. However, this is the first case to our knowledge that the organism has presented solely as conidial and atypical hyphal forms in an aspirated specimen. Pathologists who are unfamiliar with this atypical hyphal formation may misdiagnose the organism as several different fungi, including Aspergillus spp. or Fusarium spp. It is important to differentiate among fungi, as antifungal treatments may vary. Cytologists should be aware of the diverse morphologies demonstrated by Coccidioides spp. and include this organism in their differential diagnosis, even in patients seemingly devoid of pertinent risk factors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fractal dimension of chromatin texture of squamous intraepithelial lesions of cervix
Authors: Dey Pranab , Banik Tarak
Published: February 2011

The aim of this study was to explore the role of fractal dimension (FD) of chromatin texture in routinely stained Papanicolaou's smears and to distinguish the different grades of cervical intraepithelial lesions and normal cervical cells. We selected 14 each cases of normal, low grade cervical intra epithelial lesions (LSIL), and high‐grade cervical intra epithelial lesions (HSIL) of Papanicolaou's stained cervical smears. Fractal dimension of the pseudo three‐dimensional grey image of the nuclear chromatin was measured in 140 nuclei of each group. Mean FD of the normal cases, LSIL cases, and HSIL cases were 2.4225 ± 0.06410, 2.5159 ± 0.03291, and 2.5905 ± 0.06840, respectively. ANOVA test showed significant differences of mean FD in all these three groups (P < 0.000). Fractal dimension of the chromatin texture is easy to perform and can be done in routinely stained Papanicolaou's smear. It is reproducible and gives valuable information about the chromatin texture of the nucleus. In future, this promising variable can be incorporated along with other image morphometric features for accurate classification of dysplastic cells in cervical smear. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dedifferentiation and the role of sall4 in reprogramming and patterning during amphibian limb regeneration
Authors: Neff Anton W. , King Michael W. , Mescher Anthony L.
Published: February 2011

A central feature of epimorphic regeneration during amphibian limb regeneration is cellular dedifferentiation. Two questions are discussed. First, what is the origin and nature of the soluble factors involved in triggering local cellular and tissue dedifferentiation? Secondly, what role does the key stem cell transcription factor Sall4 play in reprogramming gene expression during dedifferentiation? The pattern of Sall4 expression during Xenopus hindlimb regeneration is consistent with the hypothesis that Sall4 plays a role in dedifferentiation (reprogramming) and in maintaining limb blastema cells in an undifferentiated state. Sall4 is involved in maintenance of ESC pluripotency, is a major repressor of differentiation, plays a major role in reprogramming differentiated cells into iPSCs, and is a component of the stemness regulatory circuit of pluripotent ESCs and iPSCs. These functions suggest Sall4 as an excellent candidate to regulate reprogramming events that produce and maintain dedifferentiated blastema cells required for epimorphic regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 240:979–989, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nodal‐mediated epigenesis requires dynamin‐mediated endocytosis
Authors: Ertl Robin P. , Robertson Anthony J. , Saunders Diane , Coffman James A.
Published: February 2011

Nodal proteins are diffusible morphogens that drive pattern formation via short‐range feedback activation coupled to long‐range Lefty‐mediated inhibition. In the sea urchin embryo, specification of the secondary (oral‐aboral) axis occurs via zygotic expression of nodal, which is localized to the prospective oral ectoderm at early blastula stage. In mid‐blastula stage embryos treated with low micromolar nickel or zinc, nodal expression expands progressively beyond the confines of this localized domain to encompass the entire equatorial circumference of the embryo, producing radialized embryos lacking an oral‐aboral axis. RNAseq analysis of embryos treated with nickel, zinc, or cadmium (which does not radialize embryos) showed that several genes involved in endocytosis were similarly perturbed by nickel and zinc but not cadmium. Inhibiting dynamin, a GTPase required for receptor‐mediated endocytosis, phenocopies the effects of nickel and zinc, suggesting that dynamin‐mediated endocytosis is required as a sink to limit the range of Nodal signaling. Developmental Dynamics 240:704–711, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic analysis of BMP‐responsive smad activity in live zebrafish embryos
Authors: Laux Derek W. , Febbo Jennifer A. , Roman Beth L.
Published: February 2011

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are critical players in development and disease, regulating such diverse processes as dorsoventral patterning, palate formation, and ossification. These ligands are classically considered to signal via BMP receptor‐specific Smad proteins 1, 5, and 8. To determine the spatiotemporal pattern of Smad1/5/8 activity and thus canonical BMP signaling in the developing zebrafish embryo, we generated a transgenic line expressing EGFP under the control of a BMP‐responsive element. EGFP is expressed in many established BMP signaling domains and is responsive to alterations in BMP type I receptor activity and smad1 and smad5 expression. This transgenic Smad1/5/8 reporter line will be useful for determining ligand and receptor requirements for specific domains of BMP activity, as well as for genetic and pharmacological screens aimed at identifying enhancers or suppressors of canonical BMP signaling. Developmental Dynamics 240:682–694, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sulfated is a negative feedback regulator of wingless in Drosophila
Authors: You Jia , Belenkaya Tatyana , Lin Xinhua
Published: February 2011

Drosophila Wingless (Wg) acts as a morphogen to control pattern formation in a concentration dependent manner. Previous studies demonstrated important roles of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in controlling Wg signaling and distribution. Here, we examined the role of Sulfated (Sulf1), a Drosophila homolog of vertebrate heparan sulfate 6‐O endosulfatase, in Wg signaling and distribution. We show that sulf1 is specifically up‐regulated by Wg signaling in the wing disc. We found that expression of Wg target gene senseless (sens) was elevated in the sulf1 mutant wing discs. Sulf1 also negatively regulate extracellular levels of Wg. Genetic interaction experiments indicate that Wg antagonist Notum may work synergistically with Sulf1 to restrict Wg signaling, and Dally, a member of Drosophila HSPGs, is a potential target of Sulf1. Our results demonstrate that sulf1 is a novel Wg target gene and by a feedback mechanism, it negatively regulated Wg signaling and distribution in vivo. Developmental Dynamics 240:640–648, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic smad‐mediated BMP signaling revealed through transgenic zebrafish
Authors: Collery Ross F. , Link Brian A.
Published: February 2011

Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is fundamental to development, injury response, and homeostasis. We have developed transgenic zebrafish that report Smad‐mediated BMP signaling in embryos and adults. These lines express either enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), destabilized eGFP, or destabilized Kusabira Orange 2 (KO2) under the well‐characterized BMP Response Element (BRE). These fluorescent proteins were found to be expressed dynamically in regions of known BMP signaling including the developing tail bud, hematopoietic lineage, dorsal eye, brain structures, heart, jaw, fins, and somites, as well as other tissues. Responsiveness to changes in BMP signaling was confirmed by observing fluorescence after activation in an hsp70:bmp2b transgenic background or by inhibition in an hsp70:nog3 background. We further demonstrated faithful reportage by the BRE transgenic lines following chemical repression of BMP signaling using an inhibitor of BMP receptor activity, dorsomorphin. Overall, these lines will serve as valuable tools to explore the mechanisms and regulation of BMP signal during embryogenesis, in tissue maintenance, and during disease. Developmental Dynamics 240:712–722, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental arrest of scNT‐derived fetuses by disruption of the developing endometrial gland as a result of impaired trophoblast migration and invasiveness
Authors: Kim Jae‐Hwan , Park Jong‐Yi , Park Mi‐Rung , Hwang Kyu‐Chan , Park Keun‐Kyu , Park Chankyu , Cho Seong‐Keun , Lee Hwi‐Cheul , Song Hyuk , Park Soo‐Bong , Kim Teoan , Kim Jin‐Hoi
Published: February 2011

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (scNT)‐derived pig placenta tissues of gestational day 30 displayed avascularization and hypovascularization. Most of the cytotrophoblast‐like cells of the developing scNT‐derived placenta villi were improperly localized or exhibited impaired migration to their targeting loci. Id‐2, Met, MMP‐9, and MCM‐7 were barely detectable in the cytotrophoblast cells of the scNT‐derived placenta villi. Active MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression was significantly down‐regulated in the scNT‐embryo transferred recipient uteri. scNT clones exhibited a hypermethylated pattern within the pig MMP‐9 promoter region and the significance of GC box in the regulation of MMP‐9 promoter activity. Marked apoptosis was observed in the developing endometrial gland of scNT‐embryo transferred recipient uteri. Collectively, our data strongly indicated that early gestational death of scNT clones is caused, at least in part, by disruption of the developing endometrial gland as a result of impaired trophoblast migration and invasiveness due to the down‐regulation of active MMP‐9 expression. Developmental Dynamics 240:627–639, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different requirements for GATA factors in cardiogenesis are mediated by non‐canonical Wnt signaling
Authors: Afouda Boni A. , Hoppler Stefan
Published: February 2011

GATA factors and Wnt signals are key regulators of vertebrate cardiogenesis, but specific roles for individual GATA factors and how they interact with Wnt signaling remain unknown. We use loss of function and overexpression approaches to elucidate how these molecules regulate early cardiogenesis in Xenopus. In order to minimize indirect effects due to abnormal early embryogenesis, we use pluripotent embryonic tissues as cardiogenic assays. We confirm central roles for GATA4, 5, and 6 in cardiogenesis, but also discover individual and different requirements. We show that GATA4 or 6 regulate both cardiogenic potential and subsequent cardiomyocyte differentiation but that GATA5 is involved in regulating cardiomyocyte differentiation. We also show that Wnt11b signaling can rescue reduced cardiac differentiation resulting from loss of function of GATA4 and 6 but not GATA5. We conclude that Wnt11b mediates the differential requirements for GATA factors during vertebrate cardiogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 240:649–662, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C. elegans meg‐1 and meg‐2 differentially interact with nanos family members to either promote or inhibit germ cell proliferation and survival
Authors: Kapelle William S. , Reinke Valerie
Published: February 2011

The closely related C. elegans MEG‐1 and MEG‐2 proteins localize to P granules during a brief period of embryogenesis when the germ lineage is being separated from the soma. Embryonic primordial germ cells still develop in the absence of MEG activity, but major defects emerge during larval stages when germ cells fail to proliferate or differentiate normally, resulting in sterility. To investigate meg‐1 function, we conducted a targeted RNAi screen for enhancers and suppressors of meg‐1 sterility. Here, we show that meg‐1 interacts with multiple pathways that promote germ cell proliferation and survival. Surprisingly, we found that two nanos family members had opposing effects on the meg‐1 phenotype. Loss of nos‐3 suppressed the meg‐1 phenotype, restoring fertility, while loss of nos‐2 enhanced the meg‐1 phenotype, abolishing proliferation and causing early and pronounced germ cell degeneration. Together, our analyses suggest that, under circumstances that favor proliferation, MEG function is not essential for germ cells to proliferate, although it is important for optimal proliferation. Additionally, MEG activity is likely more directly involved in germ cell survival than previously thought. genesis 49:380–391, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A phenotype‐driven ENU mutagenesis screen identifies novel alleles with functional roles in early mouse craniofacial development
Authors: Sandell Lisa L. , Iulianella Angelo , Melton Kristin R. , Lynn Megan , Walker Macie , Inman Kimberly E. , Bhatt Shachi , Leroux‐Berger Margot , Crawford Michelle , Jones Natalie C. , Dennis Jennifer F. , Trainor Paul A.
Published: February 2011

Proper craniofacial development begins during gastrulation and requires the coordinated integration of each germ layer tissue (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and its derivatives in concert with the precise regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Neural crest cells, which are derived from ectoderm, are a migratory progenitor cell population that generates most of the cartilage, bone, and connective tissue of the head and face. Neural crest cell development is regulated by a combination of intrinsic cell autonomous signals acquired during their formation, balanced with extrinsic signals from tissues with which the neural crest cells interact during their migration and differentiation. Although craniofacial anomalies are typically attributed to defects in neural crest cell development, the cause may be intrinsic or extrinsic. Therefore, we performed a phenotype‐driven ENU mutagenesis screen in mice with the aim of identifying novel alleles in an unbiased manner, that are critically required for early craniofacial development. Here we describe 10 new mutant lines, which exhibit phenotypes affecting frontonasal and pharyngeal arch patterning, neural and vascular development as well as sensory organ morphogenesis. Interestingly, our data imply that neural crest cells and endothelial cells may employ similar developmental programs and be interdependent during early embryogenesis, which collectively is critical for normal craniofacial morphogenesis. Furthermore our novel mutants that model human conditions such as exencephaly, craniorachischisis, DiGeorge, and Velocardiofacial sydnromes could be very useful in furthering our understanding of the complexities of specific human diseases. genesis 49:342–359, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time‐lapse imaging of neural development: Zebrafish lead the way into the fourth dimension
Authors: Rieger Sandra , Wang Fang , Sagasti Alvaro
Published: February 2011

Time‐lapse imaging is often the only way to appreciate fully the many dynamic cell movements critical to neural development. Zebrafish possess many advantages that make them the best vertebrate model organism for live imaging of dynamic development events. This review will discuss technical considerations of time‐lapse imaging experiments in zebrafish, describe selected examples of imaging studies in zebrafish that revealed new features or principles of neural development, and consider the promise and challenges of future time‐lapse studies of neural development in zebrafish embryos and adults. genesis 49:534–545, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FOXP3+CD4+ Tregs lose suppressive potential but remain anergic during transient inflammation in human
Authors: Schadenberg Alvin W. L. , Vastert Sebastiaan J. , Evens Fabiola C. M. , Kuis Wietse , van Vught Adrianus J. , Jansen Nicolaas J. G. , Prakken Berent J.
Published: February 2011

Tregs are crucial in controlling inflammation. Although the transcription factor FOXP3 is the most applicable phenotype marker of Tregs, it does not indisputably characterize suppressive function during T‐cell activation in vitro. A question that remains is: what is the functionality of FOXP3+ T cells during inflammation in vivo? We studied FOXP3+ T cells in a human model of acute inflammation due to cardiac surgery. Twenty‐five children who underwent cardiac surgery for correction of a septum defect were included. Following surgery, we observed a transient systemic inflammatory response accompanied by an increased proportion of CD25bright T cells with sustained Treg phenotype. During this transient immune activation, both the percentage of CD4+FOXP3+ cells and the level of expression of FOXP3 in the CD4+CD25brightCD127low population increased. While Tregs remained present during systemic inflammation and continued to be anergic, the capacity to suppress effector T cells was reduced. The reduced suppressive state of Tregs could be induced in vitro by plasma obtained during the peak of inflammation after surgery. These data show that inflammation inhibits Treg function through soluble factors present in plasma. These results underscore the functional role of FOXP3+ Tregs during inflammation in vivo.
Syntheses and Reactions of 2,5‐Disulfobenzene‐1‐diazonium Salts: Towards Functionalized Sulfonate Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Muesmann Thomas W. T. , Ohlert Jan , Wickleder Mathias S. , Christoffers Jens
Published: February 2011

A preparation, separation, and purification protocol for 2‐substituted 1,4‐benzenedisulfonic acids by exploiting crystallization of the barium salts and their subsequent protonation with cation‐exchange resin was developed. This technique was applied to the preparation of 2‐chloro‐, 2‐bromo‐, 2‐iodo‐, and 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐benzenedisulfonic acids. The iodo derivative was submitted to Suzuki coupling reactions with Pd/C as the catalyst, and the respective biphenyl derivatives were subsequently isolated. The copper(II) salt of the iododisulfonic acid was prepared. In the solid state, it was found to form polymeric chains, which interlock in two‐dimensional layers. The material was found to be thermally stable up to 400 °C above which point the salt decomposed to afford CuI.
Synthesis of 4,6‐Dichloro‐ and 4,6‐Difluorophthalides: a Systematic Study on the Lithiation of 3,5‐Dihalo‐N,N‐diisopropylbenzamides
Authors: Molnár Balázs , Simig Gyula , Volk Balázs
Published: February 2011

By taking advantage of the N,N‐diisopropylcarbamoyl moiety as a versatile ortho‐directing lithiation group, the preparation of 4,6‐dichloro‐ and 4,6‐difluorophthalides, starting from the corresponding 3,5‐dihalo‐N,N‐diisopropylbenzamides, is described here. The role of the lithiating agent, the formation of kinetically and thermodynamically favored products, and the marked difference between the dichloro and difluoro derivatives are discussed in detail.
Acute oral toxicity of the organophosphorus pesticide fenitrothion to fat-tailed and stripe-faced dunnarts and its relevance for pesticide risk assessments in Australia
Authors: Story Paul , Hooper Michael J , Astheimer Lee B , Buttemer William A
Published: February 2011

The scarcity of information on the effects of pesticides on native Australian vertebrates constrains the development of biologically relevant risk assessments in Australia for the registration of pesticides. The concern that endemically old and unique Australian vertebrate fauna might display high sensitivity to pesticides used for locust control provoked examination of the acute oral toxicity of the organophosphorus pesticide fenitrothion for the fat-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Gould 1844), and the stripe-faced dunnart, S. macroura (Gould 1845). By using the up-and-down method for determining acute oral toxicity, S. crassicaudata and S. macroura were found to have estimated median lethal doses (LD50s) of 129 mg/kg (95% confidence interval [CI] = 74.2–159.0) and 97 mg/kg (95% CI = 88.3–120.0), respectively. These values are 10 to 14 times lower than the reported LD50 values for a similar-sized eutherian mammal, Mus musculus (L. 1758; LD50 = 1,100–1,400 mg/kg) and lower than all other reported mammalian LD50 values. Such wide interspecific variation in sensitivity to fenitrothion may be a consequence of underlying differences in the metabolic pathway for fenitrothion detoxification in mammals and a possible explanation for the increased toxicity of fenitrothion to dunnarts, compared with other mammals, is proposed. The unexpectedly high sensitivity of these Australian marsupials to fenitrothion emphasises the importance of adequately evaluating the risks of pesticides to endemic Australian fauna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1163–1169. © 2011 SETAC
Estrogenic activity of tropical fish food can alter baseline vitellogenin concentrations in male fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Beresford Nicola , Brian Jayne V , Runnalls Tamsin J , Sumpter John P , Jobling Susan
Published: February 2011

Vitellogenin (VTG) is a precursor of egg-yolk protein and is therefore present at high concentrations in the plasma of female fish. In male fish, VTG concentrations are usually undetectable or low but can be induced upon exposure to estrogenic substances either via the water or the diet. This work was performed to determine the reason for the apparently elevated VTG concentrations in unexposed stock male fathead minnow maintained in our laboratory. The results showed clearly that some of the food given to the fish was estrogenic and that replacement of this with nonestrogenic food led to a significant reduction in the basal VTG levels measured in male fish after a six-month period. This reduction in male VTG concentrations drastically increased the sensitivity of the VTG test in further studies carried out with these fish. Moreover, a review of published concentrations of VTG in unexposed male fathead minnow suggests that this problem may exist in other laboratories. The fathead minnow is a standard ecotoxicological fish test species, so these findings will be of interest to any laboratory carrying out fish tests on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1139–1145. © 2011 SETAC
Binding of pyrene to fulvic acid fractions isolated by polarity-based sequential elution
Authors: Li Aimin , Wang Xuejun
Published: February 2011

Binding between pyrene and four fulvic acid factions sequentially eluted by 0.01 M HCl (F1), 0.01 M HCl + 20% methanol (F2), 0.01 M HCl + 40% methanol (F3), and 0.01 M HCl + 100% methanol (F4) was measured by fluorescence quenching. The influences of the functional groups of the fractions under different pH conditions on the binding behavior are discussed. The results showed that the binding coefficient (log KDOC) of pyrene for F1 to F4 increased from 4.19 to 5.3. Log KDOC was positively correlated with the aromaticity of fulvic acid fractions but negatively correlated with the ratio of (O + N)/C and the ratio of UV absorption at 250 nm and 365 nm (E2/E3). As an indicator of polarity around the pyrene molecule, the ratio of intensity of pyrene at 374 nm and 384 nm (I1/I3) decreased with the increase of fulvic acid fraction concentrations. All fractions decreased in ability to quench as the pH increased. For a given pH value, the quenching ability followed the order of F1 < F2 < F3 < F4. The differences in the effects of pH on the quenching ability of fulvic acid fractions could be attributed mainly to the conformation of the fulvic acid fractions. Hydrophobic effect and the interactions of π-electrons from the aromatic regions of the fulvic acid and pyrene played dominant roles in the binding process. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1079–1085. © 2011 SETAC
Persistency assessment and aerobic biodegradation of selected cyclic sesquiterpenes present in essential oils
Authors: Jenner Karen J , Kreutzer Georg , Racine Philippe
Published: February 2011

Sesquiterpenes are ubiquitous in essential oils but an assessment of their environmental behavior is still required for their use as components of natural fragrance ingredients and oral care flavors. Persistency plays a key role in hazard and risk assessment, but the current knowledge on the biodegradation of sesquiterpenes in the aquatic environment is limited. This could have important consequences for the persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) assessment of essential oils because most of the sesquiterpene components have a log KOW of >4.5 and are identified as potentially bioaccumulating according to REACH screening criteria. In the present study, a persistency screening assessment was conducted on 11 cyclic sesquiterpenes selected from 10 different families of sesquiterpenes characterized by their carbon skeleton. Current biodegradation prediction models (BioWin™, BioHCwin, and Catalogic) were found to be of limited use because most of the sesquiterpenes studied were outside the structural domain of the models. Aerobic biodegradation was measured in a standard or prolonged Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 301F Manometric Respirometry test for ready biodegradability. α-Bisabolol, α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, α-cedrene, cedrol, longifolene, and δ-cadinene exceeded the pass level of 60% degradation and can be regarded as not persistent. Alpha-gurjunene, himachalenes (α, β, γ), and (−)-thujopsene almost achieved the pass level reaching between 51% and 56% ultimate biodegradation. Although germacrene D only achieved 24% ultimate biodegradation, specific analysis at the end of the test did indicate complete primary degradation. Given that the shape of the biodegradation curves indicates poor bioavailability and ready biodegradability tests are very stringent, it is expected that all the sesquiterpenes tested in the present study would be degraded under environmental conditions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1096–1108. © 2011 SETAC
Test of significant toxicity: A statistical application for assessing whether an effluent or site water is truly toxic
Authors: Denton Debra L , Diamond Jerry , Zheng Lei
Published: February 2011

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and state agencies implement the Clean Water Act, in part, by evaluating the toxicity of effluent and surface water samples. A common goal for both regulatory authorities and permittees is confidence in an individual test result (e.g., no-observed-effect concentration [NOEC], pass/fail, 25% effective concentration [EC25]), which is used to make regulatory decisions, such as reasonable potential determinations, permit compliance, and watershed assessments. This paper discusses an additional statistical approach (test of significant toxicity [TST]), based on bioequivalence hypothesis testing, or, more appropriately, test of noninferiority, which examines whether there is a nontoxic effect at a single concentration of concern compared with a control. Unlike the traditional hypothesis testing approach in whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing, TST is designed to incorporate explicitly both α and β error rates at levels of toxicity that are unacceptable and acceptable, given routine laboratory test performance for a given test method. Regulatory management decisions are used to identify unacceptable toxicity levels for acute and chronic tests, and the null hypothesis is constructed such that test power is associated with the ability to declare correctly a truly nontoxic sample as acceptable. This approach provides a positive incentive to generate high-quality WET data to make informed decisions regarding regulatory decisions. This paper illustrates how α and β error rates were established for specific test method designs and tests the TST approach using both simulation analyses and actual WET data. In general, those WET test endpoints having higher routine (e.g., 50th percentile) within-test control variation, on average, have higher method-specific α values (type I error rate), to maintain a desired type II error rate. This paper delineates the technical underpinnings of this approach and demonstrates the benefits to both regulatory authorities and permitted entities. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1117–1126. © 2011 SETAC
A novel halogen‐free and formaldehyde‐free flame retardant for cotton fabrics
Authors: Yang Zongyue , Fei Bin , Wang Xiaowen , Xin John H.
Published: February 2011

A novel halogen‐free and formaldehyde‐free flame retardant (FR), which contains phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon, was synthesized for cotton fabrics considering the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon. The structure of the new FR was characterized by Fourier‐trans‐form infrared spectroscopy, and the surface morphology of the treated fibre was observed using scanning electron microscope. The thermal property of the FR treated cotton fabric was studied through thermal gravimetric analysis. The TG results indicate that the FR can protect cotton fabric from fire to a certain degree. The vertical flammability test and limiting oxygen index results further indicate that the FR has excellent FR properties. Finally, the durability and other performance properties of the treated fabric were studied and the results show that the new materials can be used as a semi‐durable FR for cellulosic fibres. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the usage of NURBS as interface representation in free‐surface flows
Authors: Elgeti S. , Sauerland H. , Pauli L. , Behr M.
Published: February 2011

When simulating free‐surface flows using the finite element method, there are many cases where the governing equations require information which must be derived from the available discretized geometry. Examples are curvature or normal vectors. The accurate computation of this information directly from the finite element mesh often requires a high degree of refinement—which is not necessarily required to obtain an accurate flow solution. As a remedy and an option to be able to use coarser meshes, the representation of the free surface using non‐uniform rational B‐splines (NURBS) curves or surfaces is investigated in this work. The advantages of a NURBS parameterization in comparison with the standard approach are discussed. In addition, it is explored how the pressure jump resulting from surface tension effects can be handled using doubled interface nodes. Numerical examples include the computation of surface tension in a two‐phase flow as well as the computation of normal vectors as a basis for mesh deformation methods. For these examples, the improvement of the numerical solution compared with the standard approaches on identical meshes is shown. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analytical formula for VIX futures and its applications
Authors: Zhu Song‐Ping , Lian Guang‐Hua
Published: February 2011

In this study we present a closed‐form, exact solution for the pricing of VIX futures in a stochastic volatility model with simultaneous jumps in both the asset price and volatility processes. The newly derived formula is then used to show that the well‐known convexity correction approximations can sometimes lead to large errors. Utilizing the newly derived formula, we also conduct an empirical study, the results of which demonstrate that the Heston stochastic volatility model is a good candidate for the pricing of VIX futures. While incorporating jumps into the underlying price can further improve the pricing of VIX futures, adding jumps to the volatility process appears to contribute little improvement for pricing VIX futures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark