bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Properties of 1,1′-Disubstituted Δ2,2′-Bi-5,6-dihydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-3(2H)-one Dimers with a Twisted C=C Bond
Authors: Irikawa Hajime , Ishikawa Kaori , Akasaka Tomoko
Published: June 2006

1,1′-Dimethyl and 1,1′-dichloro derivatives of the titled dimeric compound were prepared. A twisting of the central C2=C2′ double bond in the above-mentioned dimers was suggested based on the bathochromism observed in the absorption spectra. The 1,1′-dimethyl dimer was autoxidized at the enamine-type C1=C10b double bond to give 1,10b-dioxygenated products, while the 1,1′-dichloro dimer underwent a chlorine–hydrogen exchange to yield a 1,1′-dihydro compound upon heating in n-BuOH and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. These reactions might result from a strain around the twisted C2=C2′ double bond of the 1,1′-disubstituted dimers.
Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds Mediated by N-(Arylseleno)-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide
Authors: Onami Tetsuo , Ikeda Masanori , Woodard Scott S
Published: June 2006

Most secondary alcohols and β,γ-unsaturated primary alcohols have been catalytically oxidized with N-chloro-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide sodium salt to the corresponding carbonyl compounds by the addition of a 0.01—0.03 molar amount of dimethyl 2,2′-diselenodibenzoate in good-to-excellent yields, and a catalytic species, methyl 2-[N-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)aminoseleno]benzoate (8), was isolated from the reaction mixture. The catalytic oxidation cycle for this reaction is proposed; the decomposition of esters, which are produced by the reaction of alcohols with oxidized 8, was found to be the rate-determining step.
Two New Quassinoids, Ailantinols C and D, from Ailanthus Altissima
Authors: Kubota Kengo , Fukamiya Narihiko , Okano Masayoshi , Tagahara Kiyoshi , Lee Kuo-Hsiung
Published: June 2006

Two new quassinoids, ailantinol C and ailantinol D, were isolated from Ailanthus altissima, and their structures were elucidated from spectral evidence.
Control of the Molecular Packing in Guanidinium Monolayers through Binding with Aqueous Polycarboxylates
Authors: Kamino Ayumi , Koyano Hiroshi , Ariga Katsuhiko , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: June 2006

By using newly developed guanylating agents, octadecyl- and dioctadecylguanidinium amphiphiles were synthesized. The interaction between each guanidinium monolayer and polycarboxylates in the subphase was investigated on the basis of the π–A isotherm, FT-IR spectroscopy, and XPS measurements. When linear dicarboxylates were used, the molecular areas of the monolayer increased, as the length of the methylene chain between the carboxylate groups increased. The expansion of the molecular area was greater for the octadecylguanidinium monolayers than for the dioctadecylguanidinium monolayers. The molecular packing was affected by the shape of polycarboxylate molecules in the case of phthalate, cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate, and 1,1-cyclohexanediacetate. It is clear that, the molecular packing in the complexed monolayers is governed by the distance and relative orientation of the two carboxylate groups in a polycarboxylate. With all of the dicarboxylates, excluding oxalate, FT-IR and XPS measurements of the LB films indicated the formation of 1 : 1 guanidinium/carboxylate pairs with hydrogen bonding interactions. Oxalate produced an asymmetric complex where one guanidinium was bound to oxalate through hydrogen bonding, and the other guanidinium existed as a non-hydrogen bonded counter ion. These results are useful for the development of two-dimensional molecular patterns.
Characterization of 9-(p-Substituted Benzylidenehydrazono)fluorenes
Authors: Minabe Masahiro , Takabayashi Yutaka , Setta Yuji , Nakamura Hidenao , Kimura Takao , Tsubota Motohiro
Published: June 2006

The title azine was obtained by a reaction of the corresponding fluorenone hydrazone and p-substituted benzaldehyde. The hydrazone formed from the unsymmetrical fluorenone afforded configurational isomers; the E-isomer was thermodynamically more stable than the Z-isomer. The structure of the title azines, derived from symmetrical fluorenone, was assigned to be (s-trans/E) form. The azines from unsymmetrical fluorenone gave isomeric mixtures due to the 9-iminofluorene moiety. The electronic spectra of these azines show an intramolecular charge transfer; the red shift beyond 250 nm is observed in the case of 9-[p-(diethylamino)benzylidenehydrazono]-2,4,7-trinitrofluorene, compared to the mother azine. 9-[p-(Pentyloxy)benzylidenehydrazono]-2,7-dinitrofluorene and some of the homologs possess a liquid-crystalline property; the phase-transition temperature of the dinitro compound is K (172 °C) M1 (185) M2 (187) I between the crystalline and liquid phases.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Functionalized Secondary Alcohols by Catalytic Ring-Cleavage Reactions of Cyclic Acetals Derived from (R)-1,3-Butanediol
Authors: Kinugasa Motoharu , Harada Toshiro , Egusa Takayuki , Fujita Katsuhiro , Oku Akira
Published: June 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount (0.1—0.2 molar amount) of a 2-phenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidin-5-one, prepared by the reaction of dichlorophenylborane and N-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-l-phenylalanine, and enol silyl ethers ((R2)2C=C(R3)OTMS; R3 = t-BuS, EtS, EtO, Ph) (1.1-1.5 molar amount), chiral cyclic acetals 6 derived from (R)-1,3-butanediol and aldehydes undergo an efficient ring-cleavage reaction with the inversion of the stereochemistry at the acetal carbon to give the anti isomer of the corresponding products with high stereoselectivity. The reaction is applicable to acetals derived from aromatic, aliphatic, and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Not only enol silyl ethers, but also methallyltrimethylsilane and allyltributyltin, can be employed as nucleophiles, leading to the selective formation of the anti isomer of the corresponding allylated ring-cleavage products. Removal of the chiral auxiliary from these ring-cleavage products by a two-step sequence ((i) PCC (ii) Bn2NH2(CF3CO2)) furnishes enantiomerically enriched β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds and homoallyl alcohols. A modest level of kinetic resolution is observed in the ring cleavage of a racemic acetal catalyzed by a phenylboron compound derived from N-mesyl-l-phenylalanine.
O/W-Emulsion Stabilized by Hydrophobized Polysaccharide
Authors: Fukui Hiroki , Akiyoshi Kazunari , Sunamoto Junzo
Published: June 2006

Colloidal stability of oil-in-water (o/w)-emulsion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) with or without trioctanoylglycerol (TriC8) was investigated in the presence of a hydrophobized polysaccharide, cholesteryl-bearing pullulan (CHP). The addition of ALA made the CHP/TriC8-emulsion more colloidally stable. A smaller and more colloidally stable o/w-emulsion was formed with an ALA/TriC8/CHP mixture. Electrophoretic light scattering measurements showed that the surface potential of the CHP/ALA/TriC8-emulsion was approximately zero. Fluorescence depolarization measurement using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled CHP revealed that CHP adsorbs onto the surface of oil droplets and stabilizes the emulsion by a steric repulsion mechanism.
Absorption of Atmospheric Formaldehyde by Deciduous Broad-Leaved, Evergreen Broad-Leaved, and Coniferous Tree Species
Authors: Kondo Takayuki , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Uchida Ryutaro , Onishi Masanori , Mizukami Akihiro , Omasa Kenji
Published: June 2006

To estimate the effect of tree planting on atmospheric formaldehyde, the absorption of formaldehyde by various tree species was examined. The absorption rates varied from 8.6 (Japanese black pine) to 137 ng dm−2 h−1 ppb−1 (Lombardy poplar) at 1000 μmol of photons m−2 s−1, and the absorption rate increased in the following order: deciduous broad-leaved tree species > evergreen broad-leaved tree species > coniferous tree species. In experiments in which the light intensity was varied, a linear relationship between the formaldehyde absorption rate and the transpiration rate was observed for three tree species. From the results obtained from a simplified gas diffusive resistance model, we can conclude that formaldehyde is absorbed through the stomata, and is rapidly metabolized by three tree species. Even at a high concentration of about 2000 ppb, trees have the ability to absorb atmospheric formaldehyde for at least 8 h without any visible foliar injury. We conclude that trees in general could act as an important sink for atmospheric formaldehyde.
Retrievals of sea surface temperature from infrared imagery: origin and form of systematic errors
Authors: Merchant C. J. , Horrocks L. A. , Eyre J. R. , O'carroll A. G.
Published: June 2006

We show that retrievals of sea surface temperature from satellite infrared imagery are prone to two forms of systematic error: prior error (familiar from the theory of atmospheric sounding) and error arising from nonlinearity. These errors have different complex geographical variations, related to the differing geographical distributions of the main geophysical variables that determine clear‐sky brightness‐temperatures over the oceans. We show that such errors arise as an intrinsic consequence of the form of the retrieval (rather than as a consequence of sub‐optimally specified retrieval coefficients, as is often assumed) and that the pattern of observed errors can be simulated in detail using radiative‐transfer modelling. The prior error has the linear form familiar from atmospheric sounding. A quadratic equation for nonlinearity error is derived, and it is verified that the nonlinearity error exhibits predominantly quadratic behaviour in this case. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Secondary initiation of multiple bands of cumulonimbus over southern Britain. I: An observational case‐study
Authors: Morcrette C. J. , Browning K. A. , Blyth A. M. , Bozier K. E. , Clark P. A. , Ladd D. , Norton E. G. , Pavelin E.
Published: June 2006

Special observing facilities have been assembled in southern England as part of the Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) to study the mesoscale and convective‐scale processes that determine precisely where warm‐season convective showers will break out. This paper reports the results of a case‐study during the pilot field campaign of CSIP in July 2004. One purpose of the pilot project was to demonstrate the value of various observational facilities and to evaluate the usefulness of a variety of analysis and synthesis techniques. Amongst other things, the case‐study demonstrates the utility of high‐resolution imagery from the Meteosat Second Generation satellite for tracking the early stages of the convective clouds, and of a new clear‐air scanning radar at Chilbolton for mapping both the top of the boundary layer and the initial growth of the convective cells that penetrate it. The particular event studied involved the triggering of convection that developed into three parallel arcs of showers and thunderstorms. The first arc was triggered along the leading edge of the outflow (density current) from an earlier cluster of showers, but the convection in the second and third arcs was triggered by a different mechanism. The paper describes in detail the way in which this convection broke through the stable layer, or lid, at the top of a boundary layer of variable depth. The strength of the lid decreased and the depth of the boundary layer increased with time as a result of diurnal heating, but the precise locations where convection finally broke through were determined by the spatial variability in boundary‐layer depth. The analysis suggests that a wave‐like modulation of the boundary‐layer depth of amplitude 150 m, perhaps due to a gravity‐wave disturbance from the earlier cluster of showers, had a greater influence on where the convection was triggered than the modest hills (typically 200 m high) in southern England. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2006. Contributions by P. A. Clark and M. E. B. Gray are Crown Copyright.
Multiple‐scattering microwave radiative transfer for data assimilation applications
Authors: Bauer Peter , Moreau Emmanuel , Chevallier Frédéric , O'keeffe Una
Published: June 2006

A multiple‐scattering radiative transfer model for microwave radiance data assimilation in global numerical weather‐prediction models is presented. The model is part of the RTTOV software package and includes forward, tangent‐linear, adjoint and Jacobian models. The model is based on the Eddington approximation to radiative transfer which produces mean errors of less than 0.5 K at the targeted microwave frequencies between 10 and 200 GHz. The simplified treatment of subgrid‐scale cloud cover may produce biased model calculations that show a maximum at 0.5 cloud cover and may reach several degrees K. These errors may be corrected with a simple bias correction. Linearity tests indicate that, given a screening procedure that excludes situations in which the model responds nonlinearly to input perturbations, channels near 50.3, 19.35, 22.235 and 183.31 GHz may be used in global radiance data assimilation. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
New version of the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT off‐line chemical transport model: Intercomparison of stratospheric tracer experiments
Authors: Chipperfield M. P.
Published: June 2006

We describe the development of a new three‐dimensional off‐line chemical transport model (CTM). The CTM has been produced by combining the existing, and closely related, TOMCAT and SLIMCAT models. The new CTM (TOMCAT/SLIMCAT) has a flexible vertical coordinate which can use both σ‐p and σ‐θ levels. A novel approach is used for the σ‐θ coordinate to ensure a smooth transition between levels. The CTM has different options for calculating vertical transport in the stratosphere, depending on the coordinate chosen. The CTM also has different options for other processes such as advection scheme, radiation scheme and meteorological forcing.

We have used different configurations of the new CTM to perform tests on stratospheric tracer transport. Using ECMWF ERA‐40 analyses, the σ‐p coordinate model gives a stratospheric age of air which is much too low, and a tropical tape‐recorder signal which propagates vertically too rapidly. Changing the coordinates to σ‐θ levels, and still using the analyses to calculate the vertical motion, removes spurious vertical mixing and improves the modelled age of air significantly, although it still tends to underestimate the observations. If we use a radiation scheme to calculate the stratospheric diabatic transport in the σ‐θ model we get a greater age of air, and the best overall agreement with the observations of age of air from in situ data and estimates of the tape‐recorder signal from Halogen Occultation Experiment CH4 and H2O data. Based on the model results, interannual variability can cause age of air changes of up to ∼1 year in the mid/high‐latitude lower stratosphere. Similar differences can be caused by changing to winds from the UK Met Office. For the year 2001, where two sets of ECMWF analyses are available, the operational analyses produce a greater stratospheric age of air than the ERA‐40 re‐analyses. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
4D‐Var analysis of potential vorticity pseudo‐observations
Authors: Guerin Roy , Desroziers Gerald , Arbogast Philippe
Published: June 2006

It is shown that a poor forecast of a midlatitude cyclone developing over the western Atlantic Ocean can be significantly improved by potential vorticity (PV) modifications in the vicinity of the dynamical tropopause in the initial conditions, in order to modify the position of the tropopause. Manually built PV corrections are introduced by using the ARPEGE‐IFS 4D‐Var assimilation system. For that purpose, a PV observation operator, its tangent‐linear and adjoint versions, based on a simplified form of Ertel PV, has been implemented. The impact of the PV pseudo‐observations in an optimal system (i.e. analysed using tuned observation‐error statistics) is positive; the maximum positive improvement of the forecast is obtained over western Europe when the cyclone reaches its maximum amplitude. The forecast is never degraded during the model run, whereas another run forced by the pseudo‐observations is characterized by the development of a forecast error pattern downstream to the main pattern of analysis increment. The conditioning of the minimization problem defined as the sparsity (for the non‐diagonal parts) of the Hessian matrix is weakly affected by the PV observation operator leading to quite good convergence. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Classifying dynamical forcing mechanisms using a climatology of extratropical cyclones
Authors: Gray S. L. , Dacre H. F.
Published: June 2006

A climatology of almost 700 extratropical cyclones is compiled by applying an automated feature‐tracking algorithm to a database of objectively identified cyclonic features. Cyclones are classified according to the relative contributions to the midlevel vertical motion of the forcing from upper and lower levels averaged over the cyclone intensification period (average U/L ratio) and also by the horizontal separation between their upper‐level trough and low‐level cyclone (tilt).

The frequency distribution of the average U/L ratio of the cyclones contains two significant peaks and a long tail at high U/L ratio. Although discrete categories of cyclones have not been identified, the cyclones comprising the peaks and tail have characteristics that have been shown to be consistent with the type A, B and C cyclones of the threefold classification scheme. Using the thresholds in average U/L ratio determined from the frequency distribution, type A, B and C cyclones account for 30%, 38% and 32% of the total number of cyclones respectively. Cyclones with small average U/L ratio are more likely to be developing cyclones (attain a relative vorticity ≥1.2×10−4 s−1) whereas cyclones with large average U/L ratio are more likely to be non‐developing cyclones (60% of type A cyclones develop whereas 31% of type C cyclones develop). Type A cyclogenesis dominates in the development region east of the Rockies and over the Gulf Stream, type B cyclogenesis dominates in the region off the east coast of the USA, and type C cyclogenesis is more common over the oceans in regions of weaker low‐level baroclinicity. Copyright © Royal Meteorological Society, 2006.
Physical Instability of Frozen Pemetrexed Solutions in PVC Bags
Authors: Zhang Yanping , Trissel Lawrence A
Published: July 2006

Background:

Pemetrexed is a multitargeted antifolate antineoplastic agent indicated for single-agent use in advanced or metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer and in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma not treatable by surgery. Currently, there is no information on the stability of frozen pemetrexed solutions.

Objective:

TO evaluate the stability of pemetrexed admixtures in common infusion solutions frozen at -20 °C to determine the drug stability period up to 90 days.

Methods:

Triplicate samples of pemetrexed were prepared in concentrations of 2, 10, and 20 mg/mL in dextrose 5% and NaCI 0.9% injection in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags. Evaluations for physical and chemical stability were performed initially and over 90 days of frozen storage. Physical stability was assessed using turbidimetric and particulate measurement as well as visual observation. Chemical stability was evaluated by HPLC.

Results:

All pemetrexed solutions remained chemically stable throughout the 90 day study period, with little or no loss of pemetrexed. However, the pemetrexed admixtures in PVC bags developed large numbers of microparticulates during long-term frozen storage.

Conclusions:

Although pemetrexed is chemically stable for 90 days frozen at -20°C, substantial numbers of microparticulates formed in pemetrexed diluted in the infusion solutions in PVC bags upon long-term frozen storage. The avoidance of freezing pemetrexed solutions in PVC bags is therefore warranted.
Nedd4-WW Domain-Binding Protein 5 (Ndfip1) Is Associated with Neuronal Survival after Acute Cortical Brain Injury
Authors: Sang Qian , Kim Mary H. , Kumar Sharad , Bye Nicole , Morganti-Kossman Maria C. , Gunnersen Jenny , Fuller Stephanie , Howitt Jason , Hyde Lavinia , Beissbarth Tim , Scott Hamish S. , Silke John , Tan Seong-Seng
Published: July 2006

Understanding the transcriptional response to neuronal injury after trauma is a necessary prelude to formulation of therapeutic strategies. We used Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) to identify 50,000 sequence tags representing 18,000 expressed genes in the cortex 2 h after traumatic brain injury (TBI). A similar tag library was obtained from sham-operated cortex. The SAGE data were validated on biological replicates using quantitative real-time-PCR on multiple samples at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after TBI. This analysis revealed that the vast majority of genes showed a downward trend in their pattern of expression over 24 h. This was confirmed for a subset of genes usingin situhybridization and immunocytochemistry on brain sections. Of the overexpressed genes in the trauma library, Nedd4-WW (neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated) domain-binding protein 5 (N4WBP5) (also known as Ndfip1) is strongly expressed in surviving neurons around the site of injury. Overexpression of N4WBP5 in cultured cortical neurons increased the number of surviving neurons after gene transfection and growth factor starvation compared with control transfections. These results identify N4WBP5 as a neuroprotective protein and, based on its known interaction with the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4, would suggest protein ubiquitination as a possible survival strategy in neuronal injury.
Testing the efficacy of the cognitive interview in a developing country
Authors: Stein Lilian Milnitsky , Memon Amina
Published: June 2006

Prior research has shown that the cognitive interview (CI) can be used to elicit a more complete and accurate report from eyewitnesses, but the bulk of the research has involved testing witnesses with high levels of education. In the present experiment, we examined whether the CI was effective with witnesses who were not college educated. Employees of the cleaning service of a University in Brazil witnessed a simulated armed abduction. They were then interviewed with a CI or standard interview (SI). Replicating earlier research, there was a significant increase in the number of correct details reported when witnesses were interviewed using CI with no cost to accuracy. This experiment provides the first test of the CI in a developing country and the implications for police interviewing practices in Latin America will be discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remembering pragmatic inferences
Authors: Chan Jason C. K. , McDermott Kathleen B.
Published: June 2006

After hearing that ‘the flimsy shelf weakened under the weight of the books,’ people often remember having heard that the shelf broke–an inference that is not logically necessitated by the statement. Indeed, when asked to choose which word was heard—weakened or broke—people often mistakenly choose broke, a pragmatic inference, as having been heard (McDermott & Chan, 2006). On what basis are these decisions made? The present study explored the subjective experience accompanying memory for pragmatic inferences with remember/know/guess classifications (Gardiner & Java, 1991; Tulving, 1985). The phenomenological experiences accompanying such false memories were indistinguishable from those of true memories. The dual process signal detection account proposed by Wixted and Stretch (2004) provides a framework for understanding our results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elaboration inflation: how your ideas become mine
Authors: Stark Louisa‐Jayne , Perfect Timothy J.
Published: June 2006

Unconscious plagiarism occurs when individuals claim previously experienced ideas as their own. Using an adaptation of Brown and Murphy's (1989) three‐stage paradigm, participant elaboration was investigated using the Alternate Uses Test at generation. Following generation, ideas were imagined and rated (imagery‐elaboration), improved in three ways (generative‐elaboration), improved by another participant and then imagined and rated (rich imagery‐elaboration) or not re‐presented. A week later, participants recalled their original ideas and generated new ideas. Relative to control, elaborating or imagining an idea previously generated by someone else improved recall and reduced plagiarism in the generate‐new task. However, in the recall‐own task, generative‐elaboration alone led to high levels of plagiarism in the recall‐own task. Consequently, it is the generative nature of the elaboration performed on an idea that influences later idea appropriation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing belief in the experience of an invasive procedure that never happened: the role of plausibility and schematicity
Authors: Hart Rhiannon E. , Schooler Jonathan W.
Published: June 2006

Numerous studies have increased people's confidence in the occurrence of various childhood events, however, Pezdek, Finger, and Hodge (1997) were able to successfully increase participants' confidence in one event (e.g., being lost in a mall), but not another (e.g., having received an enema). Two experiments considered two factors, plausibility and schematicity, as explanations for this differential suggestibility. In Experiment 1, participants completed a questionnaire regarding the likelihood of experiencing various childhood events, including receiving an enema. Two weeks later, they were given schematic or plausibility information about enemas, or both, or neither. Finally, participants again completed the previous questionnaire regarding childhood experiences. Only plausibility increased participants' beliefs that they had experienced an enema during childhood. In Experiment 2, participants were additionally asked about whether they had a memory of the event. While participants still responded with greater confidence that they had experienced an enema when given plausibility information, it did not increase their memory for the event, and schematicity actually decreased reported memory for the experience. The potential implications of these findings for the formation of false memories of sexual abuse are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Mind the gap’: false memories for missing aspects of an event
Authors: Gerrie Matthew P. , Belcher Louise E. , Garry Maryanne
Published: June 2006

Numerous eyewitness testimony studies have shown that people can falsely remember parts of an event after being exposed to misleading suggestion about it (Loftus, Miller, & Burns, 1978); however, few researchers have examined whether people falsely remember parts of an event when there is no such suggestion. Across two studies, we show that people systematically develop false memories for unseen aspects of an event. In Experiment 1, subjects saw a movie of a woman making a sandwich; some actions were missing. In a memory test, subjects confidently but falsely remembered 17% of unseen information from the event. In Experiment 2, subjects saw the same event, but the missing actions were either crucial or not crucial. Subjects were more likely to falsely remember the missing noncrucial than missing crucial information. Theoretically, our results fit with a source monitoring account of false memories. Practically, our results suggest a means by which we can predict what aspects of an event are likely to be falsely remembered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Working memory capacity and attention network test performance
Authors: Redick Thomas S. , Engle Randall W.
Published: June 2006

Complex span tasks are predictive of many aspects of behavior, in both experimental and applied areas of cognitive psychology. Our view is that these tasks measure primarily working memory capacity (WMC), which we argue is the ability to control attention. The development of the Attention Network Test (ANT) provided the opportunity to study the relationship between WMC and specific types of attention. Extreme WMC‐span groups differed in the executive control network but not in the alerting or orienting networks, supporting the view that individual differences in WMC reflect variation in the ability to control attention. We discuss problems with the design of the ANT that limit its appropriateness for applied research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualizing the scientific world and its evolution
Authors: Samoylenko I. , Chao T.‐C. , Liu W.‐C. , Chen C.‐M.
Published: June 2006

We propose an approach to visualizing the scientific world and its evolution by constructing minimum spanning trees (MSTs) and a two‐dimensional map of scientific journals using the database of the Science Citation Index (SCI) during 1994–2001. The structures of constructed MSTs are consistent with the sorting of SCI categories. The map of science is constructed based on our MST results. Such a map shows the relation among various knowledge clusters and their citation properties. The temporal evolution of the scientific world can also be delineated in the map. In particular, this map clearly shows a linear structure of the scientific world, which contains three major domains including physical sciences, life sciences, and medical sciences. The interaction of various knowledge fields can be clearly seen from this scientific world map. This approach can be applied to various levels of knowledge domains.
Toward a model of the everyday life information needs of urban teenagers, Part 2: Empirical model
Authors: Agosto Denise E. , Hughes‐Hassell Sandra
Published: June 2006

This is the second part of a two‐part article that presents a theoretical and an empirical model of the everyday life information needs of urban teenagers. Part 2 focuses on the derivation of the empirical model and on its relationship to the theoretical model presented in Part 1. Part 2 also provides examples from the project data to support each of the components of the empirical model, which ties 28 information needs topics to the seven independent variables in the theoretical model. Comparison of the empirical model to the results of past youth information behavior research shows that the participants in this study tended to have the same types of information needs as previous researchers have found with more advantaged, nonminority groups of teens. This finding is significant because it suggests that teenagers have similar information needs across socioeconomic, ethnic, cultural, and geographic boundaries. Due to the exploratory nature of this study, however, additional research is necessary to confirm this possibility.
Metabolic analysis of adaptive evolution for in silico‐designed lactate‐producing strains
Authors: Hua Qiang , Joyce Andrew R. , Fong Stephen S. , Palsson Bernhard Ø.
Published: June 2006

Experimental evolution is now frequently applied to many biological systems to achieve desired objectives. To obtain optimized performance for metabolite production, a successful strategy has been recently developed that couples metabolic engineering techniques with laboratory evolution of microorganisms. Previously, we reported the growth characteristics of three lactate‐producing, adaptively evolved Escherichia coli mutant strains designed by the OptKnock computational algorithm. Here, we describe the use of 13C‐labeled experiments and mass distribution measurements to study the evolutionary effects on the fluxome of these differently designed strains. Metabolic flux ratios and intracellular flux distributions as well as physiological data were used to elucidate metabolic responses over the course of adaptive evolution and metabolic differences among strains. The study of 3 unevolved and 12 evolved engineered strains as well as a wild‐type strain suggests that evolution resulted in remarkable improvements in both substrate utilization rate and the proportion of glycolytic flux to total glucose utilization flux. Among three strain designs, the most significant increases in the fraction of glucose catabolized through glycolysis (>50%) and the glycolytic fluxes (>twofold) were observed in phosphotransacetylase and phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) double deletion (pta‐ pfkA) strains, which were likely attributed to the dramatic evolutionary increase in gene expression and catalytic activity of the minor PFK encoded by pfkB. These fluxomic studies also revealed the important role of acetate synthetic pathway in anaerobic lactate production. Moreover, flux analysis suggested that independent of genetic background, optimal relative flux distributions in cells could be achieved faster than physiological parameters such as nutrient utilization rate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Media presentation of the mental health bill and representations of mental health problems
Authors: Foster Juliet L. H.
Published: June 2006

This paper discusses the findings of a study that examined the way in which the Mental Health Bill of June 2002 was presented in the British national and local media over a 3‐year period. A Lexis Nexis search yielded 256 articles, which were then analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. Overall, and perhaps contrary to what might have been expected given previous studies' conclusions regarding the media's negative portrayal of mental ill health, most articles tended to present a negative view of the Bill as unnecessarily repressive, and consequently were more sympathetic towards mental heath service clients, although this was not the case for tabloid articles. However, this paper then considers the more implicit representations found within the articles. It focuses particularly on the continued linking of mental ill health and violence, and also on the way in which the mental health service user might be portrayed as passive and rather pitiful as an alternative to violent and dangerous. It is suggested that the continued use of such images may stem from the fact that mental health problems have long been constructed as ‘Other’, and are therefore deeply engrained in our society. The implications of this for anti‐stigma campaigns are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying social psychology to the study of environmental concern and environmental worldviews: contributions from the social representations approach
Authors: Castro Paula
Published: June 2006

Recently some social psychological approaches have intensified their contributions to research in the environmental domain, helping it to focus more consistently on the shared aspects of all environment related experiences. The goal of this paper is that of joining these efforts, exploring the contributions of the social representations approach to research on environmental concern and environmental thought, as another area for applying social psychological knowledge. The paper first sketches how the environmental concern of the publics emerged in the 70s as a problem for the social sciences and proceeds to summarizing the main characteristics of this research, focusing on three problematic areas: (1) incipient theoretical integration among the frameworks dominating research; (2) insufficient reflection about the assumptions and measurement of the concepts employed; (3) a need for new research questions that push studies beyond the analysis of the socio‐demographical correlates of beliefs. Afterwards a presentation of social representations theory will be undertaken and the usefulness of the approach to deal with some aspects of the problematic areas identified will be explored, with examples from recent research, and highlighting the importance of focusing on contradiction, polyphasia, and the articulation of the local and the global. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived discrimination and well‐being: a victim study of different immigrant groups
Authors: Jasinskaja‐Lahti, Inga , Liebkind Karmela , Perhoniemi Riku
Published: June 2006

In this study, we compared perceived discrimination and its influence on psychological stress symptoms, and general health status in a nation‐wide probability sample of immigrants in Finland (N = 3595, 42% males, 58% females). The study represents an expansion of a previous work (Liebkind, K., & Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I. (2000a). Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 10, 1–16) by drawing on a representative sample of the adult immigrant population (age group 18–65), and by assessing not only perceived ethnic discrimination but also experiences of racist crimes. The results obtained regarding group differences in perceived discrimination were consistent with previous studies, with results from attitude surveys indicating the hierarchy among the host population regarding preferred immigrant groups, and with our predictions based on the length of residence, cultural distance and visibility of the different immigrant groups studied. Perceived racism and discrimination, especially everyday racism, was highly predictive of the psychological well‐being and general health status of the immigrants. The differences between grouping are discussed in the light of additional factors potentially mediating and moderating the effects of perceived discrimination on well‐being and general health. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘I think motherhood for me was a bit like a double‐edged sword’: the narratives of older mothers
Authors: Shelton Nikki , Johnson Sally
Published: June 2006

It is assumed in Western society that women want to become mothers. This desire is situated within the ideology of the ‘perfect mother’. However, feminists have highlighted contradictions between this ideology and the reality of mothering. A trend towards later motherhood has recently been identified. Delayed motherhood has been associated with a number of advantages such as a sense of psychological readiness, however this may mask some of its negative aspects. The aim of the study reported here was to explore the transition to, and lived experience of, delayed motherhood. Five women who were over 30 prior to the birth of their first child were interviewed. A narrative analysis at the personal, interpersonal and societal levels was conducted. At the personal level, diverse stories which contained both problems in adapting to motherhood and also progressive aspects of positive experiences and integration of maternal identities were told. At the interpersonal level, the prominence of the ‘double‐edged’ tone conveyed maternal ambivalence. At the societal level, dominant ideologies of the ‘good mother’ and normative development were identified. Though the women actively constructed their stories and attempted to resist dominant representations, this analysis emphasises the need for more realistic portrayals of delayed motherhood. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layered Double Hydroxides Containing Intercalated Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Wu Guoqing , Wang Lianying , Evans David G. , Duan Xue
Published: June 2006

Nanosized ZnS has been synthesized in the interlayer galleries of Mg–Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) by a process involving ion exchange of a Mg2Al‐NO3 LDH precursor with a zinc–citrate complex {Na2[Zn(C6H4O7)]·3 H2O} followed by reaction between the intercalated [Zn(C6H4O7)]2– anions and H2S. The materials have been characterized by elemental analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy, and UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and structural models have been proposed. The XRD diffraction patterns indicate that the layered structure is maintained and that the basal spacing in the intercalated materials depends on the orientation of the citrate moiety. The results confirm that cubic ZnS (sphalerite) is formed in the interlamellar domain rather than on the external surfaces and is co‐intercalated with citrate dianions. The growth of ZnS particles is constrained by the layers of the LDH resulting in a large blue shift in the bandgap compared with the bulk material. The thermal decomposition process of the hybrid material has been characterized by in situ high‐temperature powder XRD and thermogravimetry‐differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) coupled with mass spectrometry. The thermal stability of the zinc–citrate complex anions intercalated in LDHs is lower than that in the sodium salt. Thermal treatment below 270 °C leads to a reorientation of the citrate anions in the interlayer galleries associated with a significant interlayer contraction. No obvious changes in the XRD peaks corresponding to ZnS are apparent below 400 °C, indicating that sintering to form larger particles is successfully inhibited by the layered host; at higher temperatures the ZnS is oxidized with evolution of SO2. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Real Time Insights into Bioprocesses Using Calorimetry: State of the Art and Potential
Authors: Maskow T. , Harms H.
Published: June 2006

The potential of calorimetry is analyzed to give insights into dynamic biological processes and to use this information to control technical and natural systems. The first part explains how calorimetry provides information of the stoichiometry and metabolic fluxes of microbial processes. Changing heat production reflects metabolic shifts in real time while being measurably non‐invasive. Applying the first law of thermodynamics, calorimetry permits to test whether process heat is in accordance with assumed metabolic pathways and to detect unknown reactions. Possible reasons for the negligence of this powerful technique by those being involved in biochemical research or those dealing with controlling processes are discussed and optimal measurement principles for different purposes are proposed. The second part introduces technically applicable measurement principles, their peculiarities and consequences for the elucidation of stoichiometry and bioprocess control. The paper concludes with an outlook to the future of calorimetry as a scientific tool and in technical applications.
Microbial Fuel Cells in Relation to Conventional Anaerobic Digestion Technology
Authors: Pham T. H. , Rabaey K. , Aelterman P. , Clauwaert P. , De Schamphelaire L. , Boon N. , Verstraete W.
Published: June 2006

Conventional anaerobic digestion based bioconversion processes produce biogas and have as such been widely applied for the production of renewable energy so far. An innovative technology, based on the use of microbial fuel cells, is considered as a new pathway for bioconversion processes towards electricity. In comparison with conventional anaerobic digestion, the microbial fuel cell technology holds some specific advantages, such as its applicability for the treatment of low concentration substrates at temperatures below 20 °C, where anaerobic digestion generally fails to function. This provides some specific application niches of the microbial fuel cell technology where it does not compete with but complements the anaerobic digestion technology. However, microbial fuel cells still face important limitations in terms of large‐scale application. The limitations involve the investment costs, upscale technical issues and the factors limiting the performance, both in terms of anodic and cathodic electron transfer. Research to render the microbial fuel cell technology more economically feasible and applicable should focus on reactor configuration, power density and the material costs.
Development of a New Biotechnological Basis for Improving Industrial Sustainability in Japan
Authors: Ohtake H. , Yamashita S. , Kato J.
Published: June 2006

Human activities have profound impacts on the world's environment as well as on the quality of life. There is a growing awareness that industrial sustainability is a key means of bringing about a reduction of environmental impacts and an improvement of the quality of our life. The integration of biotechnology into chemical manufacturing has the potential to reduce material and energy consumption as well as the emission of substances hazardous to health and the environment. In 2000, the Japanese government launched a new research and development project “Development of a Technological Infrastructure for Industrial Bioprocesses”. This national project aimed at creating a new biotechnological basis for making a contribution to lowering energy consumption in production, primarily in chemical production, expanded use of renewable biomass resources, and a decrease of waste and pollution. This paper describes an overview of this national project, focusing on the development of basic technologies for environmentally friendly industrial bioprocesses.
Earthworms as a Transient Heaven for Terrestrial Denitrifying Microbes: a Review
Authors: Drake H. L. , Horn M. A.
Published: June 2006

The state‐of‐the‐art on processes by which earthworms emit nitrous oxide (N2O) and dinitrogen (N2) are presented by this review. The emission of these nitrogenous gases appears to be primarily due to soil‐derived denitrifying bacteria when they are subjected to the unique in situ conditions of the earthworm gut. The in situ factors of the earthworm gut that contribute to the stimulation of ingested denitrifiers include anoxia, high quality organic carbon, and nitrate or nitrite. Functional gene analyses corroborate cultivation‐based studies that indicate denitrifiers of soil and gut microbial biomes are phylogenetically similar. In addition to effecting the in vivo emission of nitrogenous gases, the unique microenvironment of the earthworm gut might also affect the fitness and diversity of certain members of the soil microbial biome.
Microbially Driven Redox Reactions in Anoxic Environments: Pathways, Energetics, and Biochemical Consequences
Authors: Schink B.
Published: June 2006

After consumption of molecular oxygen, anaerobic microbial communities can use a continuum of alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate, manganese oxides, iron oxides, sulfate or CO2, with decreasing spans of available free energy. The electron transfer to insoluble metal oxides or to partner organisms such as methanogens may require the employment of electron carrier systems such as soil organic matter or sulfur compounds, with consequences for the reaction kinetics. The redox potentials of the electron acceptor systems do not only influence the reaction energetics but may also determine the pathways of degradation, especially in the degradation of organic contaminants. These aspects are discussed with examples of aromatic compounds, in particular phenols and cresols. The results demonstrate that beyond the mere lack of oxygen availability also the redox potential of the electron acceptor system in play determines to a large extent the kinetics, energetics and biochemistry of anaerobic transformation processes.
A Dual‐Color Bacterial Reporter Strain for the Detection of Toxic and Genotoxic Effects
Authors: Hever N. , Belkin S.
Published: June 2006

To genetically engineer a bacterial whole cell dual‐function toxicity/genotoxicity bioreporter system, a plasmid was constructed containing two independent fusions of stress‐responsive promoters (of the recA and grpE genes) to green and red fluorescent protein reporter genes, respectively. An Escherichia coli strain harboring this plasmid exhibited distinct green fluorescence in response to the presence of the SOS inducing agent nalidixic acid, and red fluorescence in reaction to ethanol. The different fluorescent responses, which exhibited little or no overlap, were quantified by microtiter plate fluorometry, confocal microscopy, and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. Mutations in lexA and rpoH, which affected the E. coli SOS and heat shock systems, respectively, abolished the green and red fluorescence. Similar constructs may serve as biological entities in future whole‐cell toxicity/genotoxicity biosensor systems.