bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O canto das aves negras: escrita e docência como sonho de liberdade para mulheres negras
Authors: Lima da Silva Alexandra
Published: August 2022

Este artigo procura dar visibilidade às trajetórias de mulheres negras que praticaram a educação como prática  de liberdade. O foco da análise serão as autobiografias escritas ou narradas por mulheres que vivenciaram a traumática e dolorosa experiência da escravização.  Por diferentes caminhos, a palavra escrita, o ativismo e a educação foram compreendidos como sendo instrumentos mais precisos na luta pelo fim da escravidão e pela liberdade nas experiências de tais mulheres. A partir do entendimento de que é preciso “dizer os nomes delas”, o texto reúne as histórias de oito mulheres, a saber: Amanda Berry Smith, Lilly Ann Granderson, Mattie Jackson, Annie L. Burton, Susie King Taylor; Fanny Coppin, Anna Julia Cooper, Ida B. Wells. O trabalho sinaliza para a importância de conhecer as trajetórias de mulheres negras e adverte para a necessidade de compreendê-las a partir do paradigma da pluralidade e das múltiplas subjetividades, mas sem perder o caráter coletivo e engajado destas existências pedagógicas e transgressoras.
A escolarização no compasso da vida: rememorações das sertanejas-idosas do Proeja
Authors: Silva Jailson Costa da , Freitas Marinaide Lima de Queiroz , Silva Miscelânia Da
Published: August 2022

A pesquisa de base deste artigo aconteceu no município Piranhas, AL – um sertão à beira-rio São Francisco. O texto traz memórias de resistências partilhadas por idosas no âmbito de uma investigação que objetivou compreender, a partir das histórias e memórias, as razões da descontinuidade da escolarização das sertanejas-idosas estudantes do Proeja, bem como as motivações que impulsionaram o retorno à escola. Utilizamos a metodologia da história oral, cujas narrativas foram construídas por meio de entrevistas temáticas que propiciaram o desfiar de lembranças. Os achados da pesquisa demonstraram que as interlocutoras foram interditadas do direito à educação desde a infância, e após se casarem, precisaram assumir os serviços domésticos e assegurar o sustento da família; agregue-se ainda a ausência de escolas na região onde moravam. O estudo demonstrou também que, para além da perspectiva do direito, a educação de pessoas idosas promove melhorias na qualidade de vida e liberdade, uma vez que, o retorno à escola, vem dando-lhes novas perspectivas de vida na comunidade sertaneja.
Trajetória de mulheres gestoras universitárias de Iberoamérica: um ensaio sobre a Espanha
Authors: Baldomero Spina Barrio Ángel , Oliveira Marlene De
Published: August 2022

Este ensaio é parte integrante do projeto de tese de doutorado em história da educação e apresenta o resultado do doutorado sanduíche realizado na USAL – Universidade de Salamanca, Espanha, (2021-2022) com a realização de entrevistas com docentes universitárias, que ocupam ou ocuparam cargos de gestão no período de 2010 a 2020 especificamente. O objeto de estudo Mulheres Gestoras Universitárias de Iberoamérica pretende conhecer a trajetória de mulheres em cinco países entre eles: Brasil, Argentina, Espanha, México e Peru. Para este ensaio, o recorte foi realizado do estudo realizado no doutorado sanduíche em Salamanca, Espanha, com a aplicação de entrevistas com sete gestoras universitárias. Pretende-se como problema de pesquisa conhecer: Como têm sido a trajetória de mulheres gestoras universitárias de Iberoamérica de Espanha, no período de 2010 a 2020? A Concepção teórica é baseada em Bourdieu, (1996) que menciona a trajetória social como: o movimento dentro de um campo de possíveis, definido estruturalmente. O aporte metodológico é o da pesquisa qualitativa com narrativa oral, baseada em categorias segundo Bardin (2016), o tratamento desses dados, foi realizado através das TICS (tecnologia de Informação e comunicação, com a utilização do software IRAMUTEQ. IRAMUTEQ. Observamos que as mulheres gestoras universitárias, possuem alta capacitação, através de sua formação acadêmica e apesar de estarem em um número equilibrado em relação aos homens, ainda os altos cargos de gestão continuam a ser ocupados por homens.
História de mulheres e educação: transgressões, resistências e empoderamentos
Authors: Chaves Vasconcelos Maria Celi , Cabral da Silva Márcia , Coimbra Vieira Cristina Maria
Published: August 2022

Ao longo da história, as mulheres, resistindo ao discurso e às instituições que as subalternizavam, conseguiram exercer atividades criadoras e promover deslocamentos da posição que as circunscrevia ao casamento, à maternidade e à vida doméstica. Trabalhadoras da indústria têxtil, enfermeiras, professoras, ativistas foram alguns dos postos que ocuparam a partir do acesso à leitura e à educação. Contudo, para elas, muitas foram as lutas travadas no campo social, sobretudo, quando se tratava de mulheres das classes trabalhadoras e de mulheres negras, discriminadas pelo preconceito que sobrepunha classe, raça e gênero. Nesta Seção Temática, cujo foco são histórias de mulheres em diálogo com a educação, reunimos artigos que contribuem para refletir e questionar as relações que se estabeleceram entre as mulheres e a sociedade, em diversos contextos e temporalidades. A partir da ampliação de pesquisas sobre a história de mulheres, dão-se a conhecer protagonistas que se destacaram em diversos campos do conhecimento, muitas, inclusive, pela arte e pela escrita, bem como aquelas que se projetaram na sociedade utilizando a tribuna para reivindicar os direitos civis e de cidadania que lhe tenham sido subtraídos.
A ATUAÇÃO DO IBAD EM GOIÁS. O PAPEL DOS DIÁRIOS ASSOCIADOS NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 1962: UM ESTUDO DE CASO DO JORNAL FOLHA DE GOYAZ
Authors: Magri Pedro Henrique Rodrigues
Published: August 2022

Em 1961, o Instituto Brasileiro de Ação Democrática (IBAD) recebeu do governo dos Estados Unidos mais de 2 bilhões de dólares para financiar a campanha de diversos candidatos que concorreram às eleições de 1962 no Brasil. Com o objetivo de ampliar a base de oposição ao presidente João Goulart no país, o IBAD subornou importantes veículos de comunicação para apoiar a campanha destes cadidatos. Por meio de um estudo de caso, realizado em um dos principais veículos impressos de Goiás durante a década de 1960: o jornal Folha de Goyaz (propriedade grupo Diários Associados), o presente artigo identificará quem foram os candidatos financiados pelo IBAD e como o jornal buscou apoiá-los nos meses que antecederam ao pleito.
ENCONTROS E DESENCONTROS DO MOVIMENTO MAPUCHE NA VIA CHILENA AO SOCIALISMO: UM BALANÇO DA QUESTÃO INDÍGENA NO GOVERNO ALLENDE A PARTIR DA TEMÁTICA DA PARTICIPAÇÃO INDÍGENA
Authors: Da Silva Danielle Freire
Published: August 2022

O presente artigo busca discutir a mobilização social no campo indígena chileno durante os anos de 1970-1973. Pretende-se adentrar a questão da participação política e social mapuche no processo político em curso e suas interlocuções com o campo da esquerda, seja ele com o governo popular, seja com o movimento social no campo, com destaque para a atuação do Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR) e Movimiento Campesino Revolucionario (MCR). Objetiva-se, de maneira geral, refletir sobre o significado da via chilena ao socialismo para o mundo indígena. Para isso, discutiremos a política indigenista implementada pelo Estado, inserida no projeto político, econômico e social global do governo, em sua maior ou menor participação do movimento indígena. Concomitantemente, pretendemos compreender a dinamização das práticas de poder político no campo indígena.
ECOS DE WARISATA: A MOBILIZAÇÃO INDÍGENA NA BUSCA POR UMA CIDADANIA BOLIVIANA ATRAVÉS DA DIFERENÇA
Authors: Araujo Bruno Azambuja
Published: August 2022

A experiência da Escuela-Ayllu de Warisata (1931-1940) foi mobilizada diversas vezes na história recente da Bolívia. A última e mais destacada delas ocorreu com a Lei Geral Avelino Siñani e Elizardo Pérez de Educação, publicada em 2010, no contexto do recém instituído Estado Plurinacional. Seguindo preceitos que vão da educação intercultural à organização sócio comunitária, a lei traz também elementos silenciados que ainda hoje necessitariam ser repensados. São eles: a luta pela terra e pelo reconhecimento dos saberes indígena colocados no sentido do Ayllu andino. O presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a mobilização indígena sobre os ideais educacionais que constituíram a experiência de Warisata durante as primeiras décadas do século XX, observando que qualquer projeto educacional voltado para a população indígena passa pela atuação constante das próprias comunidades desde a sua concepção.
SURUÍ-AIKEWARA: DAS REINVENÇÕES DITATORIAIS DA LÓGICA COLONIAL AOS LIMITES DA JUSTIÇA DE TRANSIÇÃO
Authors: Magalhães Alex Bruno Feitoza Feitoza
Published: August 2022

O presente trabalho se constitui em refletir sobre a atualidade da ferida ditatorial do Povo Indígena Aikewara, bem como, os limites da justiça de transição. O texto encara as narrativas testemunhais dos indígenas como vetor que explicita que a ditadura militar naturalizou estruturas e formas de atuação que se perfazem em códigos coloniais, quais sejam: a índole colonial dos agentes da ditatura militar; as figurações coloniais da subjetividade indígena; o controle colonial dos corpos e as repercussões de gênero. Num segundo momento, propõe campos de reflexão à justiça de transição, como: a identificação de enquadramentos justransicionais; por uma justiça anamnética; e adoção de um juízo étnico-coletivo para os processos de reparação. Ao final, situa a Comissão de Anistia como burocracia colonial.
VIOLÊNCIA ESTATAL E RESISTÊNCIA INDÍGENA NA PRIMEIRA REPÚBLICA E NA DITADURA CIVIL-MILITAR BRASILEIRA
Authors: Evangelista Breno Luiz Tommasi
Published: August 2022

Proponho neste artigo apresentar as principais consequências da política indigenista adotada pelo Estado brasileiro em dois períodos específicos da história do país: a Primeira República e a ditadura civil-militar. A análise desses dois momentos intenciona demonstrar as características do tratamento dado às comunidades indígenas na fase de formação da política indigenista, com a criação do Serviço de Proteção aos Índios (1910), e de transformação dessa política com a criação da Fundação Nacional do Índio (1968), ressaltando as similaridades e as diferenças entre ambos os processos.
NOVOS PARADIGMAS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO PARA A AMÉRICA LATINA: (RE)EMERGÊNCIA ÉTNICA E RESISTÊNCIA INDÍGENA NO TEMPO PRESENTE
Authors: Seixlack Alessandra Gonzalez de Carvalho , Vale Castro Fernando Luiz , Da Silva Lays Corrêa
Published: August 2022

APRESENTAÇÃO E SUMÁRIO
High-resolution phase-shifting Ronchi test
Authors: Luna Esteban , Salas Luis , Sohn Erika , Ruiz Elfego , Herrera Joel , Valdez Jorge , López Eduardo , Quirós Fernando
Published: August 2022

A method adding phase-shifting capacity in two mutually perpendicular axes to the Ronchi test is presented in this work. The phase of the object with the position of the reflected ray on the grating was identified and used to solve the equation of reflection in two orthogonal directions. In this manner, the test-surface figure was obtained. The procedure was demonstrated with an inverse qualitative test and a direct, quantitative test. Both tests give results comparable to Fizeau interferometry, with the precision of the order of 25 nm peak to valley. This technique is a good alternative to interferometry because, in addition to its inherent high-resolution, it is possible to obtain the radius of curvature and conic constant, which interferometers, requiring auxiliary optics, cannot provide. This method also has a high dynamic range and is not as susceptible to vibrations or turbulence. The setup can be built with low-cost, readily available components, is easily aligned, uses a white light source, and can be made very lightweight and compact, which makes it ideal for mounting onto existing polishing machines in any optical fabrication workshop, to perform in situ surface metrology.
Two-layer integrated photonic architectures with multiport photodetectors for high-fidelity and energy-efficient matrix multiplications
Authors: Tang Rui , Okano Makoto , Toprasertpong Kasidit , Takagi Shinichi , Englund Dirk , Takenaka Mitsuru
Published: August 2022

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are emerging as a promising tool for accelerating matrix multiplications in deep learning. Previous PIC architectures, primarily focusing on the matrix-vector multiplication (MVM), have large hardware errors that increase with the device scale. In this work, we propose a novel PIC architecture for MVM, which features an intrinsically small hardware error that does not increase with the device scale. Moreover, we further develop this concept and propose a PIC architecture for the general matrix-matrix multiplication (GEMM), which allows the GEMM to be directly performed on a photonic chip with a high energy efficiency unattainable by parallel or sequential MVMs. This work provides a promising approach to realize a high fidelity and high energy efficiency optical computing platform.
Silicon metasurface embedded Fabry–Perot cavity enables the high-quality transmission structural color
Authors: Wei Yunxuan , Zhao Ming , Yang Zhenyu
Published: August 2022

While nanoscale color generations have been studied for years, the high-performance transmission structural color, simultaneously equipped with large gamut, high resolution, and optical multiplexing abilities, still remains as a hanging issue. Here, a silicon metasurface embedded Fabry–Perot cavity is demonstrated to address this problem. By changing the planar geometries of meta-atoms, the cavities provide transmission colors with 194% sRGB gamut coverage and 141,111 DPI resolution, along with more than 300% enhanced angular tolerance. Such high density allows two-dimensional color mixing at the diffraction limit scale. Benefitting from the polarization manipulation capacity of the metasurface, arbitrary color arrangements between cyan and red for two orthogonal linear polarizations are also realized. Our proposed cavities can be used in filters, printings, optical storage, and many other applications in need of high quality and density colors.
Luminescence properties of Tb-doped Ba3Y2O5Cl2
Authors: Su Yu , Iwasa Yuki , Yanagida Takayuki , Tsujimoto Yoshihiro , Luo Shunqin , Ogino Hiraku
Published: August 2022

Herein, we report the synthesis and luminescence properties of Tb-doped layered perovskite oxychloride, Ba3Y2O5Cl2. Similar to Ba3Y2O5Cl2:Eu3+, single-phase Ba3Y2O5Cl2:Tb3+ was successfully synthesized through a solid-state reaction. The luminescence properties were studied and compared with those of Y2O3:Tb3+. There was only one excitation peak due to the 4f-5d transition of Tb3+, which was different from that of Y2O3:Tb3+ that comprises two peaks. Green emissions from Tb3+ 4f−4f transitions were observed for both the samples. The luminescence properties at different doping concentrations were investigated. Concentration quenching at 8% was found, which is rather high, owing to the specially separated layered structure. The decay times of luminescence were also studied, which are consistent with the concentration quenching. In addition, energy diagram for the luminescence mechanism were also proposed. Considering the photoluminescence spectra and high concentration quenching, this compound is a potential mother compound for optical materials, especially for the green phosphors.
Challenge of a dual burden in rapidly aging Delaware: Comorbid chronic conditions and subjective cognitive decline
Authors: Gupta Sangeeta
Published: August 2022

Background

Epidemiologic trends forecast a “dual burden”- increase in both physical chronic diseases and Alzheimer’s disease (AD)- for Delaware. Estimating the burden and characteristics of this “dual burden” is critical. Cognizant of the unavailability of precise models to measure AD, SCD—a population-based measure- was used as an alternative. The primary objective was to delineate selected chronic conditions among Delaware adults with SCD in order to present: (i) prevalence of SCD by select sociodemographic characteristics, (ii) compare the prevalence of chronic conditions among people with and without SCD, and (iii) compare the prevalence of SCD associated functional limitations in Delawareans with and without comorbid chronic conditions.

Methods

Combined data (2016 and 2020) for Delaware were obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Analyses included 4,897 respondents aged 45 years or older who answered the SCD screening question as “yes” (n = 430) or “no” (n = 4,467). Descriptive statistics examined sociodemographic characteristics and chronic conditions in Delawareans with and without SCD.

Results

Overall, 8.4% (CI: 7.4–9.5) of Delaware adults reported SCD. Delawareans with SCD were more likely to be in the younger age group (45–54 years), less educated, low income and living alone. Over 68 percent had not discussed cognitive decline with a health care professional. More than three in four Delawareans with SCD had a 1.5 times higher prevalence of having any one of the nine select chronic conditions as compared to those without SCD. Adults with SCD and at least one comorbid chronic condition were more likely to report SCD-related functional limitations.

Conclusions

Delaware cannot afford to postpone public policies to address the dual burden of SCD and chronic conditions. Results from this study can help public health stakeholders in Delaware to be informed and prepared for the challenges associated with cognitive decline and comorbidity.
Larval dispersal of Brachyura in one of the largest estuarine/marine systems in the world
Authors: de Lima Francielly Alcântara , Butturi-Gomes Davi , das Neves Pantoja Marcela Helena , Martinelli-Lemos Jussara Moretto
Published: August 2022

The Amazon Continental Shelf (ACS) is a complex habitat that receives a large annual freshwater discharge into the ocean, producing a superficial plume and carrying with it large amounts of nutrients to the continental shelf along thousands of kilometers while sustaining high biodiversity in the estuary–ocean continuum. For the first time, this study monitored six sites in a wide transect with approximately 240 km radius on the ACS every 2–4 months. The objectives were (1) to analyze the composition of larval Brachyuran crabs and (2) to predict the importance of environmental parameters (temperature, salinity and chlorophyll-a) in structuring their abundance. A total of 17,759 larvae identified were distributed in 8 families and 24 taxa. The water salinity was the best predictor of larval distribution. The statistical models used indicated that Panopeidae and Portunidae larvae are more frequent and more likely to occur in shallow water layers, while Calappidae occur in deeper layers, and Grapsidae, Ocypodidae, Sesarmidae, Pinnotheridae and Leucosiidae occur similarly in both strata. The larval dispersal extent varies among families and throughout the year while the groups are distributed in different salinities along the platform. The probability of occurrence of Portunidae is higher in ocean water (≥ 33.5); Grapsidae, Panopeidae, and Pinnotheridae is higher in intermediate and ocean salinity waters (25.5 to 33.5); Ocypodidae, Sesarmidae and Calappidae is higher in estuarine and intermediate salinity waters (5 to 25.5), whereas Leucosiidae, euryhaline, occur in all salinities (5 to 33.5). Furthermore, the Amazon River seasonal flow and plume movement throughout the year not only regulate the larval distribution and dispersion of estuarine species but are also fundamental for the ACS species, providing the necessary nutrient input for larval development in the region.
Pathogenomics and clinical recurrence influence biofilm capacity of Escherichia coli isolated from canine urinary tract infections
Authors: Ballash Gregory A. , Mollenkopf Dixie F. , Diaz-Campos Dubraska , van Balen Joany C. , Cianciolo Rachel E. , Wittum Thomas E.
Published: August 2022

Biofilm formation enhances bacteria’s ability to colonize unique niches while protecting themselves from environmental stressors.Escherichia colithat colonize the urinary tract can protect themselves from the harsh bladder environment by forming biofilms. These biofilms promote persistence that can lead to chronic and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI). While biofilm formation is frequently studied among urinaryE.coli, its association with other pathogenic mechanisms and adaptations in certain host populations remains poorly understood. Here we utilized whole genome sequencing and retrospective medical record analysis to investigate associations between the population structure, phenotypic resistance, resistome, virulome, and patient demographic and clinical findings of 104 unique urinaryE.coliand their capacity to form biofilms. We show that population structure including multilocus sequence typing and Clermont phylogrouping had no association with biofilm capacity. Among clinical factors, exposure to multiple antibiotics within that past 30 days and a clinical history of recurrent UTIs were positively associated with biofilm formation. In contrast, phenotypic antimicrobial reduced susceptibility and corresponding acquired resistance genes were negatively associated with biofilm formation. While biofilm formation was associated with increased virulence genes within the cumulative virulome, individual virulence genes did not influence biofilm capacity. We identified unique virulotypes among different strata of biofilm formation and associated the presence of thetosA/R-ibeAgene combination with moderate to strong biofilm formation. Our findings suggest thatE.colicausing UTI in dogs utilize a heterogenous mixture of virulence genes to reach a biofilm phenotype, some of which may promote robust biofilm capacity. Antimicrobial use may select for two populations, non-biofilm formers that maintain an arsenal of antimicrobial resistance genes to nullify treatment and a second that forms durable biofilms to avoid therapeutic insults.
HIV patients’ perceptions of a potential multi-component mindfulness-based smoking cessation smartphone application intervention
Authors: Asfar Taghrid , Alcaide Maria Luisa , Jones Deborah L. , McClure Laura A. , Brewer Judson , Lee David J. , Carrico Adam
Published: August 2022

Objectives

Cigarette smoking rates among people living with HIV (PLWH) in the US is triple that of the general population. PLWH smokers are a high-risk group for smoking-related health disparities and should be a prime focus for smoking cessation efforts. Our team has developed a novel evidence-based Mindfulness Training (MT) smoking cessation smartphone application (app), “Craving-to-Quit.” Using qualitative focus groups among PLWH smokers, this study aims to tailor and optimize the app’s content and design to PLWH’s unique psychosocial profile and needs.

Methods

We conducted 8 focus groups among PLWH smokers (n = 59; 47.5% females; ≥18 years) to gain insight into participants’ perceptions about the app, MT, and the feasibility and acceptability of adding two additional strategies (CM: Contingency Management; self-monitoring of anti-retroviral therapies intake [ART]) to further optimize the app. Participants were asked to practice MTs and watch videos from the app presented on a screen in the conference room to discuss their experience. Sessions were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically using NVivo.

Results

Most participants were non-Hispanic black (67.8%), on a federal health insurance program (61.0%). Participants considered it easy to learn the app and thought that MT is helpful in reducing stress and motivating quit attempts and were supportive of adding CM and recommended providing $20-$50 weekly cash incentives to help in quitting. Participants felt that adding self-monitoring of ART is helpful but were concerned about confidentiality in case they lost their phone. Participants recommended making the app cost-free and adding information about smoking cessation medications and the negative effects of smoking among PLWH.

Conclusions

Findings will guide the development of a novel multi-component smoking cessation intervention app integrating MT, CM, and ART self-monitoring strategies. This intervention has the potential to address several barriers to quitting in PLWH. Further clinical research is needed to test this intervention.
Bacterial surface interactions with organic colloidal particles: Nanoscale hotspots of organic matter in the ocean
Authors: Patel Nirav , Guillemette Ryan , Lal Ratnesh , Azam Farooq
Published: August 2022

Colloidal particles constitute a substantial fraction of organic matter in the global ocean and an abundant component of the organic matter interacting with bacterial surfaces. Using E. coli ribosomes as model colloidal particles, we applied high-resolution atomic force microscopy to probe bacterial surface interactions with organic colloids to investigate particle attachment and relevant surface features. We observed the formation of ribosome films associating with marine bacteria isolates and natural seawater assemblages, and that bacteria readily utilized the added ribosomes as growth substrate. In exposure experiments ribosomes directly attached onto bacterial surfaces as 40–200 nm clusters and patches of individual particles. We found that certain bacterial cells expressed surface corrugations that range from 50–100 nm in size, and 20 nm deep. Furthermore, our AFM studies revealed surface pits in select bacteria that range between 50–300 nm in width, and 10–50 nm in depth. Our findings suggest novel adaptive strategies of pelagic marine bacteria for colloid capture and utilization as nutrients, as well as storage as nanoscale hotspots of DOM.
Infectious disease surveillance in U.S. jails: Findings from a national survey
Authors: Maner Morgan , Omori Marisa , Brinkley-Rubinstein Lauren , Beckwith Curt G. , Nowotny Kathryn
Published: August 2022

While infectious diseases (ID) are a well-documented public health issue in carceral settings, research on ID screening and treatment in jails is lacking. A survey was sent to 1,126 jails in the United States to identify the prevalence of health screenings at intake and characteristics of care for ID; 371 surveys were completed correctly and analyzed. Despite conflicting Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidance, only seven percent of surveyed jails test individuals for HIV at admission. In 46% of jails, non-healthcare personnel perform ID screenings. Jails in less urban areas were more likely to report healthcare screenings performed by correctional officers. Survey findings indicate that HIV, HCV and TB testing during jail admissions and access to PrEP are severely lacking in less urban jails in particular. Recommendations are provided to improve ID surveillance and address the burden of ID in correctional facilities.
Costs of implementing universal test and treat in three correctional facilities in South Africa and Zambia
Authors: Mukora Rachel , Smith Helene J. , Herce Michael E. , Chimoyi Lucy , Hausler Harry , Fielding Katherine L. , Charalambous Salome , Hoffmann Christopher J.
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Universal test and treat (UTT) is a population-based strategy that aims to ensure widespread HIV testing and rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all who have tested positive regardless of CD4 count to decrease HIV incidence and improve health outcomes. Little is known about the specific resources required to implement UTT in correctional facilities for incarcerated people. The primary aim of this study was to describe the resources used to implement UTT and to provide detailed costing to inform UTT scale-up in similar settings.

Methods

The costing study was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in three correctional complexes, Johannesburg Correctional Facility in Johannesburg (>4000 inmates) South Africa, and Brandvlei (~3000 inmates), South Africa and Lusaka Central (~1400 inmates), Zambia. Costing was determined through a survey conducted between September and December 2017 that identified materials and labour used for three separate components of UTT: HIV testing services (HTS), ART initiation, and ART maintenance. Our study participants were staff working in the correctional facilities involved in any activity related to UTT implementation. Unit costs were reported as cost per client served while total costs were reported for all clients seen over a 12-month period.

Results

The cost of HIV testing services (HTS) per client was $ 92.12 at Brandvlei, $ 73.82 at Johannesburg, and $ 65.15 at Lusaka. The largest cost driver for HIV testing at Brandvlei were staff costs at 55.6% of the total cost, while at Johannesburg (56.5%) and Lusaka (86.6%) supplies were the largest contributor. The cost per client initiated on ART was $917 for Brandvlei, $421.8 for Johannesburg, and $252.1 for Lusaka. The activity cost drivers were adherence counselling at Brandvlei (59%), and at Johannesburg and Lusaka it was the actual ART initiation at 75.6% and 75.8%, respectively. The annual unit cost for ART maintenance was $2,640.6 for Brandvlei, $710 for Johannesburg, and $385.5 for Lusaka. The activity cost drivers for all three facilities were side effect monitoring, and initiation of isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT), cotrimoxazole, and fluconazole, with this comprising 44.7% of the total cost at Brandvlei, 88.9% at Johannesburg, and 50.5% at Lusaka.

Conclusion

Given the needs of this population, the opportunity to reach inmates at high risk for HIV, and overall national and global 95-95-95 goals, the UTT policies for incarcerated individuals are of vital importance. Our findings provide comparator costing data and highlight key drivers of UTT cost by facility.
“Classifying-together” phenomenon in fish (Xenotoca eiseni): Simultaneous exposure to visual stimuli impairs subsequent discrimination learning
Authors: Sovrano Valeria Anna , Baratti Greta , Potrich Davide , Rosà Tania , Mazza Veronica
Published: August 2022

When animals are previously exposed to two different visual stimuli simultaneously, their learning performance at discriminating those stimuli delays: such a phenomenon is known as “classifying-together” or “Bateson effect”. However, the consistency of this phenomenon has not been wholly endorsed, especially considering the evidence collected in several vertebrates. The current study addressed whether a teleost fish, Xenotoca eiseni, was liable to the Bateson effect. Three experiments were designed, by handling the visual stimuli (i.e., a full red disk, an amputated red disk, a red cross) and the presence of an exposure phase, before performing a discriminative learning task (Exp. 1: full red disk vs. amputated red disk; Exp. 2: full red disk vs. red cross). In the exposure phase, three conditions per pairs of training stimuli were arranged: “congruence”, where fish were exposed and trained to choose the same stimulus; “wide-incongruence”, where fish were exposed to one stimulus and trained to choose the other one; “narrow-incongruence”, where fish were exposed to both the stimuli and trained to choose one of them. In the absence of exposure (Exp. 3), the discrimination learning task was carried out to establish a baseline performance as regards the full red disk vs. amputated red disk, and the full red disk vs. red cross. Results showed that fish ran into retardation effects at learning when trained to choose a novel stimulus with respect to the one experienced during the exposure-phase (wide-incongruence condition), as well as after being simultaneously exposed to both stimuli (narrow-incongruence condition). Furthermore, there were no facilitation effects due to the congruence compared with the baseline: in such a case, familiar stimuli did not ease the performance at learning. The study provides the first evidence about the consistency of the classifying-together effect in a fish species, further highlighting the impact of visual similarities on discrimination processes.
Exploring the impact of trait number and type on functional diversity metrics in real-world ecosystems
Authors: Ohlert Timothy , Kimmel Kaitlin , Avolio Meghan , Chang Cynthia , Forrestel Elisabeth , Gerstner Benjamin , Hobbie Sarah E. , Komastu Kimberly , Reich Peter , Whitney Kenneth
Published: August 2022

The use of trait-based approaches to understand ecological communities has increased in the past two decades because of their promise to preserve more information about community structure than taxonomic methods and their potential to connect community responses to subsequent effects of ecosystem functioning. Though trait-based approaches are a powerful tool for describing ecological communities, many important properties of commonly-used trait metrics remain unexamined. Previous work in studies that simulate communities and trait distributions show consistent sensitivity of functional richness and evenness measures to the number of traits used to calculate them, but these relationships have yet to be studied in actual plant communities with a realistic distribution of trait values, ecologically meaningful covariation of traits, and a realistic number of traits available for analysis. Therefore, we propose to test how the number of traits used and the correlation between traits used in the calculation of functional diversity indices impacts the magnitude of eight functional diversity metrics in real plant communities. We will use trait data from three grassland plant communities in the US to assess the generality of our findings across ecosystems and experiments. We will determine how eight functional diversity metrics (functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, functional dispersion, kernel density estimation (KDE) richness, KDE evenness, KDE dispersion, Rao’s Q) differ based on the number of traits used in the metric calculation and on the correlation of traits when holding the number of traits constant. Without a firm understanding of how a scientist’s choices impact these metric, it will be difficult to compare results among studies with different metric parametrization and thus, limit robust conclusions about functional composition of communities across systems.
Mind the context—The relevance of personality for face-to-face and computer-mediated communication
Authors: Schulze Julian , Zagorscak Pavle , West Stephen G. , Schultze Martin , Krumm Stefan
Published: August 2022

A large body of research has examined the link between personality and face-to-face (FtF) communication knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs). With the rise of digital media, text-based computer-mediated (CM) communication KSAOs have gained increasing attention. We conducted two studies to investigate how personality relates to KSAOs in the different contexts of FtFandCM communication. Contrasting perspectives hypothesize that the results in the FtF and CM contexts would be very similar or distinctly different. In Study 1 (n= 454), an online panel study, the Big Five personality dimensions were assessed and their relationships to FtF and CM communication KSAOs were investigated. Structural equation models and relative weight regression analyses showed that these personality dimensions, mostly extraversion and neuroticism, explained more variance in FtF as compared to CM communication KSAOs. Study 2 (n= 173), conducted in a laboratory context, showed similar results compared to Study 1. In addition, when the Big Five personality dimensions were assessed with a CM frame of reference, more variance was explained in CM than in FtF communication KSAOs. These results point to the importance of considering context effects in communication and in personality research: FtF and CM communication KSAOs need to be differentiated. If not properly contextualized, the relevance of personality and communication competencies in predicting criteria may be underestimated due to contextual mismatches.
Identifying single-item faked responses in personality tests: A new TF-IDF-based method
Authors: Purpura Alberto , Giorgianni Dora , Orrù Graziella , Melis Giulia , Sartori Giuseppe
Published: August 2022

Faking in a psychological test is often observed whenever an examinee may gain an advantage from it. Although techniques are available to identify a faker, they cannot identify the specific questions distorted by faking. This work evaluates the effectiveness of term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF)—an information retrieval mathematical tool used in search engines and language representations—in identifying single-item faked responses. We validated the technique on three datasets containing responses to the 10-item Big Five questionnaire (total of 694 participants, respectively 221, 243, and 230) in three faking situations. Each participant responded twice, once faking to achieve an objective in one of three contexts (one to obtain child custody and two to land a job) and once honestly. The proposed TF-IDF model has proven very effective in separating honest from dishonest responses—with the honest ones having low TF-IDF values and the dishonest ones having higher values—and in identifying which of the 10 responses to the questionnaire were distorted in the dishonest condition. We also provide examples of the technique in a single-case evaluation.
A practical evaluation of correlation filter-based object trackers with new features
Authors: Mohamed Islam , Elhenawy Ibrahim , Sallam Ahmed W. , Gatt Andrew , Salah Ahmad
Published: August 2022

Visual object tracking is a critical problem in the field of computer vision. The visual object tracker methods can be divided into Correlation Filters (CF) and non-correlation filters trackers. The main advantage of CF-based trackers is that they have an accepted real-time tracking response. In this article, we will focus on CF-based trackers, due to their key role in online applications such as an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), through two contributions. In the first contribution, we proposed a set of new video sequences to address two uncovered issues of the existing standard datasets. The first issue is to create two video sequence that is difficult to be tracked by a human being for the movement of the Amoeba under the microscope; these two proposed video sequences include a new feature that combined background clutter and occlusion features in a unique way; we called it hard-to-follow-by-human. The second issue is to increase the difficulty of the existing sequences by increasing the displacement of the tracked object. Then, we proposed a thorough, practical evaluation of eight CF-base trackers, with the top performance, on the existing sequence features such as out-of-view, background clutters, and fast motion. The evaluation utilized the well-known OTB-2013 dataset as well as the proposed video sequences. The overall assessment of the eight trackers on the standard evaluation metrics, e.g., precision and success rates, revealed that the Large Displacement Estimation of Similarity transformation (LDES) tracker is the best CF-based tracker among the trackers of comparison. On the contrary, with a deeper analysis, the results of the proposed video sequences show an average performance of the LDES tracker among the other trackers. The eight trackers failed to capture the moving objects in every frame of the proposed Amoeba movement video sequences while the same trackers managed to capture the object in almost every frame of the sequences of the standard dataset. These results outline the need to improve the CF-based object trackers to be able to process sequences with the proposed feature (i.e., hard-to-follow-by-human).
Exploring the knowledge, attitude and practice towards disaster medicine preparedness and readiness: A prescriptive insight by the community pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Jairoun Ammar Abdulrahman , Al-Hemyari Sabaa Saleh , Shahwan Moyad , Alorfi Nsser M. , El-Dahiyat Faris , Hossain Md. Sanower , Jairoun Miamona , Jaber Ammar Ali Saleh
Published: August 2022

Background

Proper disaster preparedness by community pharmacists has the potential to counter many of the factors that cause threats and high-risk outcomes. Their preparedness and awareness may also help health practitioners and governments to improve disaster response planning.

Objectives

This aims to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards disaster medicine preparedness and readiness among community pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Method

A cross-sectional study was conducted over the ten months among licensed community pharmacists who had three months’ professional experience or more. Face-to-face interviews were carried out and a structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Logistic regression models were used to determine the factors influencing aboucine preparedness and readiness. SPSS Version 24 was used to analyze the data collected.

Results

A total of 500 community pharmacists participated in the study. The average knowledge score was 25.6% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of [21.7%, 29.4%]. Better knowledge scores were observed in the male gender (OR 2.43; 95% CI 1.05–3.72), participants aged ≥ 31 years old (OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.16–7.6), postgraduates (OR 4.36; 95% CI 2.6–7.3), participants from independent Pharmacies (OR 6.5; 95% CI 4.04–10.4 3), chief pharmacists (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.86–5.07), participants with 16 years and more experience years (OR 2.42; 95% CI 1.063–5.522) and participants who graduated from regional/international universities (OR 5.92; 95% CI 2.65–13.2). Better attitude and practice about disaster medicine preparedness were observed in postgraduates (OR 2.54; 95% CI 1.26–pharmacists from independent pharmacies (OR 1.35; 95% CI 2.43–2,.66), and chief pharmacists (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.17–1.35).

Conclusions

It’s essential to provide a continuing education program using different educational strategies urgently needed to improve community pharmacy competencies (e.g. knowledge attitudes, and perceptions) to improve the skills and practices regarding disaster medicine preparedness and readiness.
Mass testing of healthcare workers for COVID-19—A single institution experience in Sabah, East Malaysia
Authors: Wong Wei Kong , Chong Audrey Shuk Lan , Kueh Bing-Ling , Mannan Amirul Mohd Sallehuddin Bin , Aziz Muhammad Ubaidullah Arasy Bin , Lim Zhi-Yiu Hiang-Weang , Abdul Hamid Faulzan Bin , Netto Marcus , Tan Bee Hwai
Published: August 2022

Approximately 1.29 million COVID-19 cases involving healthcare workers (HCWs) have been reported globally, leading to several hospitals conducting mass testing for early detection of infected HCWs. This study was conducted to report our experience and findings from the mass testing of HCWs from a public hospital in Sabah, Malaysia. The mass testing was conducted from 1st March 2020 to 30th June 2020, and involved self-reported data and laboratory results of 2089 HCWs. All HCWs who took at least two nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 testing at two different time intervals during the study period were included. Throughout the mass testing period, various strategies such as practices of the new norm, daily temperature and symptom checking, wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), identification of high-risk areas and travel declaration of staffs were within the hospital for prevention of COVID-19 transmission. We observed a small percentage of COVID-19 infected HCWs (n = 19, 0.91%) from the mass testing. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 HCWs were almost equal in number. A majority of those infected were nurses (n = 16, 0.77%) who had contact exposure to COVID-19 positive person or person under investigation (PUI) (n = 15, 0.72%). Four of the COVID-19 infected HCWs (n = 4/19, 21.05%) had no contact exposure. These HCWs were not identified through contact tracing. Fortunately, they were detected during the mass testing and were isolated promptly. In conclusion, mass testing of HCWs helped in early identification of COVID-19 infected HCWs not identified through contact tracing. Strategies such as stratified mass testing, strict compliance to new norm, appropriate PPE usage and identification of high-risk area were effective in the prevention of COVID-19 infection among HCWs.
Going their own way–male recreational runners and running-related injuries: A qualitative thematic analysis
Authors: Peterson Benjamin , Searle Angela , Spink Martin , Hawke Fiona , Callister Robin , Chuter Vivienne
Published: August 2022

Objective

Recreational running is one of the most common physical leisure activities worldwide and is associated with high rates of running related injury (RRI). Little is known of the perceptions of male recreational runners regarding the aetiology and management of RRI.

Design

Utilising an interpretive phenomenological analysis framework, qualitative data was gathered from participants via interview, and reflexive thematic analysis was used to develop insights into the experiences and perceptions of the participants in relation to RRI.

Materials and methods

Two focus groups with a total of six (mean age 37.8 ± 9.5 years, 16.5 ± 13.1 years running experience) male recreational runners were used to obtain data regarding their understanding of RRI causation, prevention and management. Interviews were evaluated using a six-phase reflexive thematic analysis approach to generate and interpret themes within the data.

Results

Three themes (Mind, Body and Education) were identified by the analysis as critical to RRI avoidance. Mind refers to the self-understanding and self-management of personal limits required for RRI prevention. Body reflects a degree of physical conditioning necessary for injury free running, while Education indicates an understanding of how to correctly structure a running program. When viewed together these themes can be seen to form an ‘internal locus of injury’ model which highlights the runners’ beliefs that RRI are related to their decisions regarding training and running, and that avoidance of injury lies within their personal control.

Conclusion

Recreational runners rely on self-management, in preference to professional advice, to manage training loads, fitness and RRI. Health care professionals involved with this population may consider the use of online resources, a preferred option of runners, to assist runners to build their knowledge base and support their development to experienced runners.