bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A fragment of decorated metalwork from Newstead, Roxburghshire
Authors: Clarke David V , McKerrell Hugh
Published: March 2023

A fragment of decorated brass was found on the site of the fort. A border of heart-shaped motifs and a Triton design executed by punching and incision have been enhanced by partial tinning of the surface. The piece has parallels amongst fine military metalwork and may be part of a shield-centre used as parade equipment in the late 1st century AD. AR See also abstract 74/2743.
A Roman intaglio ring from a native fort on Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh
Authors: Stevenson Robert B K
Published: March 2023

NT 275725. An Augustan sardonyx intaglio set in an iron ring was found beneath the tumbled rubble of a wall inside a hitherto unrecognised Iron Age fort on Samson's Ribs, Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh. AR
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was then delivered, covering topics such as Fellowship, Meetings, Excavations and publications. The Treasurer then presented the report on the Society’s accounts. The Council for the following session was then elected and a list of Fellows who died or resigned during 1970-1971 was read.
Some new quernstones from brochs and duns
Authors: MacKie Euan W
Published: March 2023

The primary contexts of rotary querns found on seven broch, semibroch or dun sites are used as a basis for a discussion of the origins of rotary querns in Scotland. Two types were in use from 1st century BC to 3rd century AD: a bun-shaped quern with bipartite hopper and fixed lateral handle, which spread into Scotland initially from N England, and a disc quern with loose upright handle which was introduced direct from S England along with other elements of late Iron Age B cultures. A R
Facts and figures from fieldwork
Authors: Reid R W Kenneth
Published: March 2023

Statistical methods of analysing detailed distribution maps are illustrated by work correlating the spread of ancient monuments with the natural background of geology, superficial deposits, elevation and slope in the Durness area of Sutherland. The use of the available archaeological evidence as an acceptable sample from which to generalise is justified by the application of the Chi-squared test which showed the sample to be almost random in character. A R
An engraved lead disc from the Brough at Birsay, Orkney
Authors: Curle Cecil L
Published: March 2023

A 50mm lead disc, decorated on one side with trumpet-spirals, came from below a complex of Norse houses and is provisionally identified as a casting-pattern and discussed in relation to the two-piece brooch moulds from Birsay with their innovatory pouring-gates.
Donations to and purchases for the Museum and Library, 1972-1973 and 1973-1974
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

A list of acquisitions for the Society's museum and library from 1972 – 1973 and 1973 – 1974.
Meetings of the Society, 1972-3
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

Details of Society meetings held in 1972 – 1973.
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered, covering topics such as Fellowship, Meetings, Excavations and publications. The Treasurer then presented the report on the Society’s accounts. The Council for the following session was then elected and a list of Fellows who died or resigned during 1972-1973 was read.
Meetings of the Society, 1973-4
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

Details of Society meetings held in 1973 – 1974.
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered, covering topics such as Fellowship, Meetings, Excavations and publications. The Treasurer then presented the report on the Society’s accounts. The Council for the following session was then elected and a list of Fellows who died or resigned during 1973-1974 was read.
Small cairns in Argyll: some recent work
Authors: Ritchie J N Graham , Lynch Frances , Marshall Dorothy N , Thornber Iain , Lunt Dorothy A , Rees-Jones Stephen G , Rymer Leslie , Gray D M Rich
Published: March 2023

The first two authors report on the excavation of a series of cairns in the Aline Valley, Morvern: Acharn (NM 702504, NM 697507), Claggan (NM 697493) and Kinlochaline (NM 692474). The latter two sites belong to the kerb-cairn class of monument, and a discussion of kerb-cairns in Argyll, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire and N Wales is provided by Lynch and Ritchie. Charcoal associated with central cremation burials at Claggan gave radiocarbon dates centred on c 1000 bc. D N Marshall reports on the excavation of an allied monument at Portavadie, Cowal (NR 933691). An appendix records mesolithic sites with microburins and microliths at Acharn, Morvern (NM 697504). AR
A murder victim discovered: clothing and other finds from an early 18th century grave on Arnish Moor, Lewis
Authors: Bennett Helen , Ryder M L
Published: March 2023

NB 386305. Describes the ragged clothing and small personal possessions of a young man probably identifiable with one known to have been murdered in early 18th century, and recently retrieved from a peat bog.
A Pictish pin from Golspie, Sutherland
Authors: Close-Brooks Joanna
Published: March 2023

NH 824998. A decorated gilt-bronze pin was found in 1974 at Golspie; one side of the flat head is decorated in cast 'chip-carved' technique with a male face, characterized by 'frown-lines' on the brow and prominent ears. The pin is unique in Scotland, but its decoration and technique link it to Pictish stone-carving and metalwork of the 8th and 9th centuries AD, and its findspot lies in an area of known Pictish activity. AR
Placenames and the settlement pattern of Dark Age Scotland
Authors: Whittington Graeme
Published: March 2023

Continues an earlier study of pit placenames: their distribution in E Scotland is seen to correlate with the best agricultural land, and their suffixes with agricultural associations indicate that the Picts practised a mixed farming economy. The unit of land denoted by the pit element appears to have been variable but small. Dating evidence can be interpreted in two ways, one indicating the 9th and 10th centuries AD and the other pointing to an earlier pre-Norse origin and to a wider primary distribution of pit names.
The Viking-age silver and gold hoards of Scandinavian character from Scotland
Authors: Graham-Campbell James A
Published: March 2023

Handlist and discussion of thirty-one Viking-age hoards containing characteristic Scandinavian type rings, ingots or hack-silver (purely native hoards and hoards of stycas are excluded), deposited during 9th to 12th centuries. Fifteen single finds of gold and silver objects are included. These totals fall well below the equivalent figures for Ireland (107 hoards, over 150 single finds) and emphasis is placed upon the insignificance of overseas trade and the absence of urban growth in Viking-age Scotland. 'Ring-money' appears to be a Norse-Scottish product, but analysis of the weights (see 78/5601) does not yet prove its use as currency. AR
Scottish silver arm-rings: an analysis of weights
Authors: Warner R , Graham-Campbell J A
Published: March 2023

The weights of seventy-two silver arm-rings or 'ring-money' from Scotland and the Isle of Man were analysed, and their weight distribution was tested to discover whether any target values were involved. Results gave a target of 24.0 + 0.8gm, equivalent to the Norwegian øre, but there appears to have been considerable flexibility in the manufacture of individual rings. A R. See 78/5592.
Two antler crossbow nuts and some notes on the early development of the crossbow
Authors: MacGregor Arthur
Published: March 2023

Antler crossbow nuts from contexts of possible Early Christian and medieval date respectively from Buston Crannog and Urquhart Castle provide rare examples for the history of the crossbow in Britain. A R. See also 78/5590.
Donations to and purchases for the Museum, 1975-1976
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

A list of acquisitions for the Society's museum and library from 1975 – 1976. Appended are details of Society meetings held in 1975 – 1976.
Coin evidence and the northern frontier in the second century AD
Authors: Shotter David C A
Published: March 2023

Examination of the aggregate chronological pattern of coin evidence from fifteen Antonine Wall sites and from 2nd and 3rd century hoards does not unequivocally support occupation of the Antonine Wall into the 180s. Comparison with the coin evidence from Hadrian's Wall confirms the likelihood that AW II lasted from AD 143 to the 160s. Total absence from AW sites of Severan coins must argue against an early 3rd century date for the final abandonment of AW. AR
Amber beads from the Late Bronze Age hoard from Glentanar, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Pearce Susan M
Published: March 2023

NJ 482953. Additional objects from the Glentanar hoard (see 74/2679) include five amber beads. Amber rarely occurs in LBA contexts in N Britain, though it appears to have been more popular in Ireland. A R
Excavation of Pictish and Viking-age farmsteads at Buckquoy, Orkney
Authors: Ritchie Anna , Noddle Barbara , Bramwell D , Wheeler Alwyne , Evans J G , Spencer Penny , Smith J Hillsdon , Jackson K H , Collins G H , Fanning Thomas
Published: March 2023

HY 243282. Excavation revealed five superimposed farmsteads and quantities of finds. Phases I-II were Pictish, 7th to early 8th centuries, with a distinctive 'figure-of-eight' shaped house plan in II. Phases III-V had typically Norse house plans, and a final date for occupation is provided by a furnished burial made in the ruins of the Phase V house and dated to third quarter of 10th century. A degree of social integration between Pict and Norseman seems evident. Substantial quantities of data on environment and economy are the subject of specialist reports, and among the small finds are a ring-headed pin, gaming boards, and bone combs and animal-headed pins.
Carved stone balls
Authors: Marshall Dorothy N
Published: March 2023

387 carved stone balls are catalogued and classified according to number of knobs and type of decoration, and 42 decorated balls are illustrated. The 240 examples with known provenances are concentrated in NE Scotland; of the few found in archaeological contexts, those from Skara Brae are the most helpful for dating. Proof of function is lacking. A R
A reconsideration of the 'Ardiffery' finds, Cruden, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Kenworthy J B , Harman Mary
Published: March 2023

The provenances and contents are distinguished of two groups of artefacts from Cruden which are commonly confused in archaeological literature. A cist found at Uppermill, Cruden (NK 053370) in 1821 contained partial inhumations of a man and a child, pig bones, a wristguard, seven barbed-and-tanged arrowheads, two flint knives and two beakers of Clarke's Developed Northern (N2) group. The objects found in 1812 at Greenbrae, Cruden (NK 057358) include jet and amber beads and an edge-polished flint axe. A R
Preliminaries
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

Front matter for Volume 108

Table of contents

Office-bearers of the Society 1976-7

Laws of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

List of Honorary Fellows, Fellows and Corresponding and Institutional members of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, November 1978
Quern replacement and the origins of the brochs
Authors: Caulfield Séamas
Published: March 2023

Quern evidence provides a clear separation between the northern brochs, most of which have saddle rather than rotary querns, and the western brochs, where only rotaries are found. The broch tradition must therefore have originated in N Scotland and spread from there into the west. AR
An incised Pictish figure and a new symbol stone from Barflat, Rhynie, Gordon District
Authors: Shepherd Ian A G , Shepherd Alexandra N
Published: March 2023

NJ 497263. Ploughing uncovered a large unbroken stone bearing the incised profile of a bearded man, in long tunic and headdress, carrying an axe; comparisons are made with Golspie and Glamis examples. A fragment from the same field bears the Pictish beast and comb symbols and part of an S-shaped figure. A R
A Roman fort at Inveresk, Midlothian
Authors: Richmond Ian A , Hanson W S , Gillam J P , Simpson Grace , Eckford R J A
Published: March 2023

[NT 3472]. Excavation 1946-7 located the fort, which measured 480 ft by 615-595 over the clay rampart, and dated to the Antonine period. Inside it stone barrack-blocks and a stable, with concrete floors and timber partitions, were located, the latter partly overlying an earlier stone granary. One bath-house lay to the E and a second to the S, possibly within an annexe. D J B
A further fragment of early Christian sculpture from St Mary of the Rock, St Andrews, Fife
Authors: Kenworthy J B
Published: March 2023

A fragment of relief carving depicting an animal head biting the tail of a double outlined ribbon body; stylistic analysis suggests a close relationship with the Durham school of sculpture in the 11th century AD. A R
'Fire pits' at Camelon, Stirlingshire
Authors: Breeze David J , Rich-Gray Denise
Published: March 2023

NS 860810. Six circular pits, containing burnt debris and lying close to an inhumation (77/4444), may have held the fires below funeral pyres. A Roman rather than an Iron Age date is preferable. D J B
Preliminaries
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

Front matter for Volume 112

Office bearers and representatives of the Society, 1981-2

Table of contents
Three Bronze Age burials from Angus
Authors: Sherriff John R
Published: March 2023

Since October 1980 the author has dealt with three Early/Middle Bronze Age burials whilst employed on Manpower Services Projects sponsored by Angus District Council. The discovery of a short cist at Mains of Melgund, near Aberlemno, by farmworkers who searched the grave in April 1980 produced a jet necklace, a flint scraper and the remains of an inhumation. The author re-excavated the cist in October 1980. In February 1982 the author visited the site of a cairn on Baldardo Farm, Forfar, and found that recent ploughing had dislodged the capstone of a short cist. Subsequent excavation produced the cremated remains of a young adult and a flint knife. Probable Beaker sherds and a quantity of burnt bone lay on the N side of the grave and perhaps hint at a re-use of the cist. In June 1982 a small round cairn was excavated by the author on Easter Marcus Farm near Finavon. The site had been disturbed by the ploughing of previous pasture and excavation showed that the cairn covered a spread of dark soil, sherds of cinerary urn, burnt bone and charcoal.
The excavation of a hut circle at Cùl a'Bhaile, Jura
Authors: Stevenson J B , Dickson Camilla A , Stenhouse M J , Whittington G , Wickham-Jones Caroline R
Published: March 2023

Farmstead: multiperiod hut circle in enclosure, late 2nd/early 1st millennium BC.
The date and origin of the Pictish symbols
Authors: Laing Lloyd , Laing Jennifer
Published: March 2023

Argues that certain symbols originated in late 4th/early 5th century, and that some stem from Roman influence. Special reference to Norrie's Law (Fife) hoard: not late 7th but 5th century?
Excavations south of Bernard Street, Leith, 1980
Authors: Holmes Nicholas M McQ , Barnetson Lin , Bennett Helen , Habib Vanessa , Eames Elizabeth , Heppell D , MacAskill N
Published: March 2023

The excavation located an extensive midden, laid down in the second half of the 15th century to reclaim an area previously below the tide-line of the Firth of Forth. Some contemporary and later structural evidence also survived. Finds included an important hoard of 15th-century billon pennies.
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Membership, Meetings, Research and publications. The Council reported on the National Heritage (Scotland) Act and what this means for the new Royal Museum of Scotland. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s accounts. The Council for the following session was then elected and a list of Fellows who died during 1984-1985 was presented.
The excavation of a Mesolithic horizon at 13-24 Castle Street, Inverness
Authors: Wordsworth Jonathan , Bradley Rosemary , Dickson Camilla , Harman Mary , Máté I , Harden Gillian
Published: March 2023

A microlithic flint industry dating to c 5000 be was found, containing 137 retouched pieces and 4700 other fragments. No structures were identified. The occupation level in which the flints were found was sealed by a complex soil horizon that included two marine transgressions.
The procurement and use of stone for flaked tools in prehistoric Scotland
Authors: Wickham-Jones Caroline R
Published: March 2023

Throughout prehistory a wide variety of stones have provided the raw material for the manufacture of flaked  tools. In western Europe, however, the abundance of fine quality, nodular flint led to its dominance as a lithic

resource with the result that modern archaeological attention in this area has concentrated upon the use of flint in prehistory, often to the exclusion of anything else. 

 

Scotland lacks any primary sources of flint nodules in situ and there is no evidence that flint was imported on any scale, although well-developed exchange networks have been documented elsewhere in Europe (Balcer  1981). A wide variety of alternative materials were available in Scotland but this traditional preoccupation with  flint as a raw material has meant that, until recently, they were given little attention and Scottish assemblages  were regarded as somewhat impoverished. Increasing awareness of this variety has improved the recovery by

excavation of lithic assemblages and their subsequent analysis. 

 

Such analysis poses its own problems. Knapping techniques may produce different detachment characteristics  upon different raw materials and the development of regional comparisons is not as straightforward as in areas where only one, homogeneous, source of flint was utilized. As techniques develop, however, the variety of methods employed to utilize lithic resources is revealed and a sophisticated pattern of exploitation throughout prehistoric Scotland is emerging.
A late Celtic enamelled mount from Galson, Isle of Lewis
Authors: Graham-Campbell James
Published: March 2023

Close parallels in 8th/9th century contexts in the Isle of Man, Ireland, and Norway are adduced. Au
Four Scottish crosiers and their relation to the Irish tradition
Authors: Michelli Perette E
Published: March 2023

The four fragments are the only known Early Christian (11th-12th century) Scottish crosiers. They are so closely related to those of pre-Norman N Ireland, but with a lag of 50 to 100 years, as to suggest that Irish craftsmen settled in Scotland and continued to work in the style current when they migrated. Lost examples are listed. F B
Early church architecture in Scotland
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: March 2023

Early ecclesiastical monuments at Abernethy, Brechin, Egilsay, Restenneth, Edinburgh Castle, and St Andrews, usually dated between 8th and 12th century, are reassigned to the period c 1090-c 1130. Au (abr)
Kilconquhar Loch, Fife: an historical and palynological investigation
Authors: Whittington Graeme , Jarvis J
Published: March 2023

Investigations reveal the loch's origins as lying in human exploitation of peat deposits combined with extreme natural events which culminated during 1st millennium AD. Au (abr)
Deserted farms and shealings in the Braemar area of Deeside, Grampian Region
Authors: Smith John S
Published: March 2023

Survey revealed about seventy settlement clusters. From 330 to 500m above sea level are deserted farmsteads, many associated with field systems and corn kilns; above 500m, shealings and enclosures associated with the summering of stock. An attempt is made to relate their chronology to population distribution and the development of the deer forests. Au (abr)
A note on two gold lunulae
Authors: Wallace Colin R
Published: March 2023

Scottish provenance cannot be proved for these lunulae of Taylor's Classical group, so the three found in Cornwall are still the only certain Irish exports. F B
Some recent finds of Bronze-Age metalwork from Perthshire
Authors: Cowie Trevor , Reid Alison
Published: March 2023

Several bronze axes; a flanged chisel or hammer; a leaf-shaped sword; an important BA hoard from Clockmaden Farm, Collace (early Ewart Park phase, 9th-8th century BC); all in Perth Museum. F B
Cecil L Curle
Authors: Ritchie Anna
Published: March 2023

Mrs Cecil L Curle, FSA, FSA Scot, died in Jedburgh after a short illness on 12 April 1987, at the age of 85.
Hoddom Castle: a reappraisal of its architecture and place in history
Authors: Maxwell-Irving Alastair M T
Published: March 2023

A 16th century L-plan towerhouse set within a courtyard. A R
John P Gillam
Authors: Breeze David J
Published: March 2023

John Pearson Gillam died on New Year's Eve 1986 aged 69.
The ancient sundials of Scotland
Authors: Somerville Andrew R
Published: March 2023

An update of an 1890 article about sundials in Scotland by Thomas Ross, including an updated catalogue of Scottish sundials. The article describes the different styles of sundial found in Scotland and speculates on the dates in which these designs may have been fashionable during the 17th and 18th centuries. The author then considers the reasons why Scotland might have developed such a strong interest in sundials during this period, including the potential influence of European styles and the impact of Renaissance and Calvinist thought.
Mesolithic occupation at Castlehill of Strachan, Kincardine and Deeside
Authors: Dalwood C H
Published: March 2023

A few flints from a natural mound later adapted for a medieval motte. A R
Typology and chronology in the later prehistoric pottery assemblages of the Western Isles
Authors: Topping Patrick G
Published: March 2023

A re-examination of the pottery from major sites in the Western Isles, taking into account the problems of calibration of the 14C dates and the dating of the small finds, suggests that typologies based on form and decoration are over-simplistic. (Au)
Preliminaries
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

Front matter for Volume 118

Table of Contents

Honorary Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

Office Bearers and Representatives of the Society, 1986–7
The history of the Antonine Wall - a reappraisal
Authors: Mann John C
Published: March 2023

Literary, epigraphic, and numismatic sources are analysed to provide a framework by which the archaeological material may be tentatively dated: Antonine l, c 142-c 158; Antonine 2, c 184-c 195. Au (adpAR)
Excavations on Tòrr an Aba, Iona, Argyll
Authors: Fowler Elizabeth , Fowler P J
Published: March 2023

Excavations (1956-7) on a rock outcrop immediately west of Iona Abbey revealed a sub-rectangular building and a later cross-base. The possible identification of the building with one of the cells of St Columba is considered. Au (abr)
Iona: some results from recent work
Authors: Haggarty Alison M , Shiel Robert , Lane Alan , Campbell Ewan , Askew G P
Published: March 2023

A service trench east of the Abbey confirmed the presence of the plaggen soil encountered previously (a high-quality soil deliberately introduced to the site). Important group of early medieval pottery with stratified contexts and a 14C date. A R (Pottery is discussed in relation to Souterrain ware - Ed)
Fragments of a fifth crosier from Scotland
Authors: Michelli Perette E
Published: March 2023

An unpublished drop and crest in the British Museum may come from a crosier made in Scotland in the second half of the 12th century. Two further lost crosiers are noted. Au (sl abr A R)
The Scottish medieval towerhouse as lordly residence in the light of recent excavation
Authors: Tabraham Christopher J
Published: March 2023

Excavations at Threave and Smailholm argue against the conventional model of the free-standing and self-contained towerhouse by demonstrating the presence alongside of additional residential and service buildings. Analysis of the floor areas of three Douglas towerhouses (Threave, Newark and Hermitage) shows the accommodation within the towerhouse to have been inadequate for the needs of the Douglas family. A R
Market regulation in the early 16th-century burgh
Authors: Symms Peter
Published: March 2023

Records kept in the royal burgh of Selkirk concerning the regulation of staple foodstuffs, markets, weights and measures and craft guilds show the importance of co-operation and self-regulation within the trade community. A R
Lecture summaries
Authors: Hanson W S , Slade H Gordon , Macfarlane Leslie J , Willsher Betty , Baldwin John R
Published: March 2023

Five lecture summaries:Elginhaugh: A Roman fort and its environsThe greater medieval burgh kirksWilliam Elphinstone, bishop and founder of the University of AberdeenScottish graveyardsA hard-won wilderness: man and environment on Foula, Shetland and Western Faroe
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Membership, Meetings, Research and publications. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s accounts. The Council for the following session was then elected and a list of Fellows who died during 1987-1988 was presented.
Archaeological and palynological studies at the Mesolithic pitchstone and flint site of Auchareoch, Isle of Arran
Authors: Affleck Thomas L , Edwards Kevin , Clarke Ann
Published: March 2023

An inland kame terrace site extends over some 300-400 m2, with features including fire-spots and a pit and yielding more than 4400 finds of flint (90%), pitchstone (9.4%), quartz, agate, and possible mudstone. The environmental data demonstrate the limitations imposed by soil pollen and charcoal studies but suggest possible hunter-gathering and agricultural activities preceding soil deterioration and peat growth. Au(adp AR)
A beaker child burial from Catterline, Kincardine and Deeside
Authors: Small Alan , Bruce Margaret F , Shepherd Ian A G
Published: March 2023

Cist burial of a six or seven year old, accompanied by a Late Northern/Step 5 beaker; evidence complicated by the presence in the beaker of a fragment of lead glass. A R
A buried wall in peatland by Sheshader, Isle of Lewis
Authors: Newell P J
Published: March 2023

Reports growing evidence for the enclosure of open moorland in northern and western Scotland in the early 1st millennium bc. Some trace of cereal cultivation nearby. A R
The flag of legion II Augusta on the Bridgeness distance slab
Authors: Breeze David J
Published: March 2023

A vexillum may have been a normal legionary standard as well as a detachment standard. AR
The hall and motte at Courthill, Dalry, Ayrshire
Authors: Scott J G
Published: March 2023

Courthill has been interpreted both as a Dark Age hall covered by a motte and as a prehistoric structure covered by a barrow; here argued that a timber hall was destroyed and quickly succeeded in the 12th century AD by a motte. AR
Lecture summaries
Authors: Smith Christopher , Foster Sally M , Richards Eric
Published: March 2023

Three lecture summaries:Cave dwelling in Mid-Argyll: recent and more distant pastThe spatial and social context of craft specialization in the Atlantic Province of Scotland from the time of the brochs to the arrival of the NorseCromartie: The survival of a Highland estate and its people 1700-1914
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Membership, Meetings, Research and publications. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s accounts. The Council for the following session was then elected and a list of Fellows who died during 1988-1989 was presented.
What Is Glioblastoma?
Authors: Marcus Revital
Published: March 2023

This JAMA Patient Page describes glioblastoma, a malignant type of brain tumor, and its symptoms,
Burnout, Professionalism, and the Quality of US Health Care
Authors: Khullar Dhruv
Published: March 2023

This Viewpoint discusses the consequences of physician burnout and offers insights for its prevention.
Evaluation of Training to Increase Knowledge of the Addendum Guidelines for the Prevention of Peanut Allergy in the US
Authors: Samady Waheeda , Bilaver Lucy A. , Jiang Jialing , Iyer Anahita , Laurienzo Panza Joy , Togias Alkis , Gupta Ruchi S.
Published: March 2023

This survey study examines changes in pediatric clinicians’ knowledge of eczema identification and the 2017 Addendum Guidelines for the Prevention of Peanut Allergy after an educational intervention.
After the X‐waiver: Next steps to increase access
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: March 2023

The Foundation for Opioid Response Efforts (FORE), a national grant‐making organization, in a March 9 webinar focused on access to treatment to buprenorphine. FORE recognized early on (when it launched its grant‐making three years ago) that removing the X‐waiver may not increase access to treatment. The X‐waiver was removed, and the next step is to increase access to treatment, according to webinar participants.
Self‐Powered Syringe Pump for Insulin Pump Therapy Based on High‐Voltage Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Dielectric Elastomer Actuator
Authors: Wei Yi , Wu Wenjie , Wang Yuhao , Chen Xiangyu , Wang Zhong Lin , Yang Dan
Published: March 2023

Insulin pump therapy (IPT) is commonly utilized for treating type 1 diabetes. However, the insulin pump is generally rigid, and its prolonged use can cause discomfort to patients. Additionally, the device suffers from other drawbacks such as limited battery life. Herein, an IPT system consisting of a dielectric elastomer‐based soft syringe pump (DE‐SSP) and a high‐voltage triboelectric nanogenerator (H‐TENG) is introduced, which can achieve stable and adjustable liquid output depending on real‐time blood glucose. The maximum pump volume of this IPT can reach 262.4 or 303.7 µL when powered by a DC source or H‐TENG, respectively, which is generally sufficient to meet the requirements of the therapy. H‐TENG possesses a sensitive self‐protection mechanism that minimizes the risk of electrical damage and it can be easily fabricated or repaired and flexibly designed according to the application environment. The proposed IPT system is compatible with different placement angles and utilizes compliant electrodes with good biocompatibility that ensure its safety. It also overcomes common issues including rigidness, relatively fixed bolus delivery options, and short battery life associated with traditional insulin pumps. This study not only demonstrates a combination of H‐TENG and DE‐based actuators but also opens new avenues for microelectromechanical systems micropumps.
Brightening Blue Photoluminescence in Nonemission MOF‐2 by Pressure Treatment Engineering
Authors: Zhang Ting , Yong Xue , Yu Jingkun , Wang Yixuan , Wu Min , Yang Qing , Hou Xuyuan , Liu Zhaodong , Wang Kai , Yang Xinyi , Lu Siyu , Zou Bo
Published: March 2023

As equally essential as the synthesis of new materials, maneuvering new structure configurations can endow the brand‐new functional properties to existing materials, which is also one of the core goals in the synthesis community. In this respect, pressure‐induced emission (PIE) that triggers photoluminescence (PL) in nonemission materials is an emerging stimuli‐responsive smart materials technology. In the PIE paradigms, harvesting bright PL at ambient conditions, however, has remained elusive. Herein, a remarkable PIE phenomenon is reported in initially nonemission Zn(BDC)(DMF)(H2O) (MOF‐2), which shows bright blue‐emission at 455 nm under pressure. Intriguingly, the bright blue PL with an excellent photoluminescence quantum yield up to 70.4% is unprecedentedly retained to ambient conditions upon decompression from 16.2 GPa. The detailed structural analyses combined with density functional theory calculations reveal that hydrogen bonding cooperativity effect elevates powerfully the rotational barrier of the linker rotor to 3.87 eV mol−1 from initial 0.91 eV mol−1 through pressure treatment. The downgrade rotational freedom turns on PL of MOF‐2 after releasing pressure completely. This is the first case of harvesting PIE to ambient conditions. These findings offer a new platform for the creation of promising alternatives to high‐performance PL materials based on initially nonemission counterparts.
Porous Metal–Organic Framework/ReS2 Heterojunction Phototransistor for Polarization‐Sensitive Visual Adaptation Emulation
Authors: Xie Dingdong , Gao Ge , Tian Bobo , Shu Zhiwen , Duan Huigao , Zhao Wei‐Wei , He Jun , Jiang Jie
Published: March 2023

Visual adaptation allows organisms to accurately perceive the external world even in dramatically changing environments, from dim starlight to bright sunlight. In particular, polarization‐sensitive visual adaptation can effectively process the polarized visual information that is ubiquitous in nature. However, such an intriguing characteristic still remains a great challenge in semiconductor devices. Herein, a novel porous metal–organic‐framework phototransistor with anisotropic‐ReS2‐based heterojunction is demonstrated for polarization‐sensitive visual adaptation emulation. The device exhibits intriguing polarized sensitivity and an adaptive ability due to its strong anisotropic and trapping–detrapping characteristics, respectively. A series of polarization‐sensitive neuromorphic behaviors like polarization‐perceptual excitatory postsynaptic current, multimode adjustable dichroic ratio and reconfigurable sensory adaption, are experimentally demonstrated through this porous heterojunction phototransistor. More importantly, with the polarization–electricity cooperation strategy, advanced polarization‐sensitive visual adaptation with strong bottom‐gate control and environment dependence is successfully realized. These results represent a significant step toward the new generation of intelligent visual perception systems in autonomous navigation and human–machine interaction, etc.
A Ritter‐Type Route to Diarylmethane Amides from para‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Akyildiz Volkan , Saracoglu Nurullah
Published: March 2023

1,6‐Conjugate addition/Ritter‐type amidation of para‐quinone methides (p‐QMs) with nitriles is described. This transformation is an environmentally friendly approach by the use of NaHSO4 as a low‐loading, inexpensive, green, and recyclable catalyst. Diarylmethane amides are afforded in excellent yields through a one‐pot process from p‐QMs and nitrile derivatives under mild reaction conditions.
The Ruskin Speech and Great Debate in English education, 1976–1979: A study of motivation
Authors: Silverwood James , Wolstencroft Peter
Published: March 2023

James Callaghan's speech at Ruskin College, Oxford in October 1976 is widely considered a pivotal moment in modern English educational policy. Whilst it is not our intention to challenge this fundamental point, the paper will critically interrogate some long‐held assumptions about the motivation that led Callaghan to deliver his speech at Ruskin College. Specifically, the paper will argue that the Ruskin Speech, which spawned a subsequent great debate on education, was motivated by a desire to protect and support comprehensive education, rather than generate more fundamental and radical educational reform away from those principles. Where successive governments have referred back to the ideals espoused by the speech as justification for subsequent educational transformation away from comprehensive ideals, this has only served to imbue the Ruskin Speech and Great Debate with motivations that were not shared at the time by Callaghan and his Labour government.
Visualizing Pollution: Representations of Biological Data in Water Pollution Control in the United States, 1948–1962
Authors: Hearty Ryan
Published: March 2023

After the United States Congress passed the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, biologists played an increasingly significant role in scientific studies of water pollution. Biologists interacted with other experts, notably engineers, who managed the public agencies devoted to water pollution control. Although biologists were at first marginalized within these agencies, the situation began to change by the early 1960s. Biological data became an integral part of water pollution control. While changing societal values, stimulated by an emerging ecological awareness, may explain broader shifts in expert opinion during the 1960s, this article explores how graphs changed experts’ perceptions of water pollution. Experts communicated with each other via reports, journal articles, and conference speeches. Those sources reveal that biologists began experimenting with new graphical methods to simplify the complex ecological data they collected from the field. Biologists, I argue, followed the engineers’ lead by developing graphical methods that were concise and quantitative. Their need to collaborate with engineers forced them to communicate, negotiate, and overcome conflicts and misunderstandings. By meeting engineers’ expectations and promoting the value of their data through images as much as words, biologists asserted their authority within water pollution control by the early 1960s.
miR96‐ and miR182‐driven regulation of cytoskeleton results in inhibition of glioblastoma motility
Authors: Akdaş Enes Yağız , Temizci Benan , Karabay Arzu
Published: March 2023

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common forms of brain tumor. As an excessively invasive tumor type, GBM cannot be fully cured due to its invasion ability into healthy brain tissues. Therefore, molecular mechanisms behind GBM migration and invasion need to be deeply investigated for the development of effective GBM treatments. Cellular motility and invasion are strictly associated with the cytoskeleton, especially with actins and tubulins. Palladin, an actin‐binding protein, tightly bundles actins during initial invadopodia and contraction fiber formations, which are essential for cellular motility. Spastin, a microtubule‐binding protein, cuts microtubules into small pieces and acts on invadopodia elongation and cellular trafficking of invadopodia‐associated proteins. Regulation of proteins such as spastin and palladin involved in dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton, are rapidly carried out by microRNAs at the posttranscriptional level. Therefore, determining possible regulatory miRNAs of spastin and palladin is critical to elucidate GBM motility. miR96 and miR182 down‐regulate SPAST and PALLD at both transcript and protein levels. Over‐expression of miR96 and miR182 resulted in inhibition of the motility. However, over‐expression of spastin and palladin induced the motility. Spastin and palladin rescue of miR96‐ or miR182‐transfected U251 MG cells resulted in diminished effects of the miRNAs and rescued the motility. Our results demonstrate that miR96 and miR182 over‐expressions inhibit GBM motility by regulating cytoskeleton through spastin and palladin. These findings suggest that miR96 and miR182 should be investigated in more detail for their potential use in GBM therapy.
Boosting solid–solid conversion kinetics of sulfurized polyacrylonitrile via MoS2 doping for high‐rate and long‐life Li‐S batteries
Authors: Wang Linjun , Shi Haodong , Xie Yingpeng , Wu Zhong‐Shuai
Published: March 2023

Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) with a “solid‐solid” conversion mechanism in carbonated‐based electrolyte eradicating the polysulfides shutting issue is considered as an ideal cathode for stabilizing lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics and less sulfur content of the SPAN limit its practical application. Herein, the MoS2 doped SPAN (MoS2@SPAN) is demonstrated to rapidly accelerate the solid–solid conversion kinetics of SPAN for remarkably boosting high‐power and long‐life Li‐S batteries. Benefitting from the accelerated lithium‐ion (Li+) transfer rate, a fast ion transport channel and enhanced redox reaction kinetics of sulfur to Li2S2/Li2S is realized via MoS2 catalysis, and excellent electrochemical performance is achieved. Consequently, MoS2@SPAN delivers a high capacity of 626 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and simultaneously shows ultralong cycling life of 500 cycles with only 0.089% capacity decay rate at 2 A g−1. Moreover, a superb capacity of 321 mAh g−1 at ultrahigh current density of 5 A g−1 is offered, outperforming most of the reported SPAN cathodes. This work provides a general and reliable strategy on the reliable design of SPAN cathode for high‐rate and long‐term Li‐S batteries.
Modeling a novel heuristic model for handling vehicle routing using multiobjective optimization
Authors: Velusamy Praveen , Periasamy Keerthika , Gurusamy Sivapriya , Kuppusamy Sangeetha
Published: March 2023

Electric vehicles (EVs) are drastically growing, and their emergence is more popular. Moreover, with the constraint driving range, the batteries of these vehicles are rechargeable throughout the routes in various situations. Here, a new problem is formulated with the inclusion of both battery swapping and partial recharging decisions. The energy level and the routing directions are more important, and the investigators intend to handle these issues effectually. However, the major constraint is routing and time window. Here, a heuristic model (LTS‐RSS) is designed to find the best matching solution. A novel Random Sub‐Space (RSS) and local Tabu search (LTS) are modeled to handle these issues. The probabilistic model of RSS is anticipated by integrating the consequences of time windows and distances. The experimentation is done with an online database and used for performance validation. The outcomes show that the newly modeled (LTS‐RSS) approach enhances the significance of the model. The outcomes of all the instances with diverse strategies enhance the model's robustness and stability for resolving these issues. The empirical analysis is done with MATLAB 2020b simulator, and metrics like optimization of routing solution, the best vehicle, best distance, and numbers of vehicles are evaluated, and the outcomes are compared with various other approaches.
Audience effects in a group‐living bird: How contact call rate is affected by vegetation and group size and composition
Authors: Meaux Estelle , He Chao , Zeng Xiaolei , He Ruchuan , Jiang Aiwu , Goodale Eben
Published: March 2023

Contact calling is a ubiquitous behavior of group‐living animals. Yet in birds, beyond a general connection with group cohesion, its precise function is not well‐understood, nor is it clear what stimulates changes in contact call rate. In an aviary experiment, we asked whether Swinhoe's White‐eyes,Zosterops simplex, would regulate their own production of contact calls to maintain a specific rate at the group level. Specifically, we hypothesized that the sudden cessation of the group‐level call rate could indicate an immediate predation threat, and we predicted that birds in smaller groups would call more to maintain a high call rate. We also investigated the effects of environmental characteristics, such as vegetation density, and social stimuli, such as the presence of certain individuals, on the rate of three different contact call types. To calculate mean individual‐level rates, we measured the group‐level rate and divided it by the number of birds in the aviary. We found that the individual‐level rate of the most common call types increased with a greater group size, the opposite pattern to what would be expected if birds were maintaining a specific group‐level rate. Vegetation density did not affect any call rate. However, individual‐level rates of all call types decreased when birds were in subgroups with individuals of differing dominance status, and the rate of some call types increased when birds were with affiliated individuals. Our results do not support the hypothesis that contact calls are related to habitat structure or immediate predation risk. Rather, they appear to have a social function, used for communication within or between groups depending on the call type. Increases in call rates could recruit affiliated individuals, whereas subordinates could withhold calls so that dominants are unable to locate them, leading to fluctuations in contact calling in different social contexts.
Unhealthy herds and the predator–spreader: Understanding when predation increases disease incidence and prevalence
Authors: Richards Robert L. , Elderd Bret D. , Duffy Meghan A.
Published: March 2023

Disease ecologists now recognize the limitation behind examining host–parasite interactions in isolation: community members—especially predators—dramatically affect host–parasite dynamics. Although the initial paradigm was that predation should reduce disease in prey populations (“healthy herds hypothesis”), researchers have realized that predators sometimes increase disease in their prey. These “predator–spreaders” are now recognized as critical to disease dynamics, but empirical research on the topic remains fragmented. In a narrow sense, a “predator–spreader” would be defined as a predator that mechanically spreads parasites via feeding. However, predators affect their prey and, subsequently, disease transmission in many other ways such as altering prey population structure, behavior, and physiology. We review the existing evidence for these mechanisms and provide heuristics that incorporate features of the host, predator, parasite, and environment to understand whether or not a predator is likely to be a predator–spreader. We also provide guidance for targeted study of each mechanism and quantifying the effects of predators on parasitism in a way that yields more general insights into the factors that promote predator spreading. We aim to offer a better understanding of this important and underappreciated interaction and a path toward being able to predict how changes in predation will influence parasite dynamics.
Variation and association of leaf traits for desert plants in the arid area, northwest China
Authors: Wang Hongyong , Yang Jie , Xie Tingting , Ma Li , Niu Furong , He Cai , Shan Lishan
Published: March 2023

Characterizing variation and association of plant traits is critical for understanding plant adaptation strategies and community assembly mechanisms. However, little is known about the leaf trait variations of desert plants and their association with different life forms. We used principal component analysis, Pearson's correlation, phylogenetic independent contrasts, linear mixed model, and variance decomposition to explore the variation and association of 10 leaf traits in 22 desert plants in the arid area of northwest China. We found that: (1) the contribution of interspecific variation to the overall variation was greater than the intraspecific variation of all the studied leaf traits; (2) intraspecific and interspecific variation in leaf traits differed among life forms. Some leaf traits, such as tissue density of shrubs and specific leaf area of herbs, exhibited greater intraspecific than interspecific variation, while other traits exhibited the inverse; (3) desert shrubs corroborate the leaf economic spectrum hypothesis and had a fast acquisitive resource strategy, but herbs may not conform to this hypothesis; (4) there were trade‐offs between leaf traits, which were mediated by phylogeny. Overall, our results suggest that interspecific variation of leaf traits significantly contributes to the total leaf traits variation in desert plants. However, intraspecific variation should not be overlooked. There are contrasts in the resource acquisition strategies between plants life forms. Our results support understanding of the mechanisms underlying community assembly in arid regions and suggest that future works may focus on the variation and association of plant traits at both intra‐ and interspecific scales.