bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of prostatic cancer: The eortc experience—preliminary results of prostatic carcinoma trials
Authors: Schroeder Fritz H.
Published: July 2010

Six prospective studies in the field of prostatic carcinoma have been carried out to date by the EORTC Urological Group. In three phase II studies, adriamycin, procarbazine, vinde‐sine, and mytomycin C have been studied. Two of the three protocols have been completed. In three phase III studies, 3 mg of diethylstilbestrol (DES) is compared to cyproterone acetate (CPA), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), and Estramustin phosphate (Estracyt). These two protocols have been closed to entry. The current protocol compares DES, 1 mg, to castration and to cyproterone acetate plus castration.

From the phase II studies, no drug has emerged that is recommended for treatment of hormone‐resistant prostatic cancer. The endocrine protocols, designed for the primary treatment of T3, T4, and Ml carcinoma of the prostate, have resulted in several important observations. Responses to DES, 3 mg/day, and to Estracyt were very similar and amounted to 25‐30%. There was somewhat less objective response in the CPA and significantly less (P = 0.005) in the MPA group. It has become evident that DES at a dosage of 3 mg/day carries a significantly higher risk of overall cardiovascular toxicity than does cyproterone acetate, but severe cardiovascular complications did not differ between treatment groups. Up to now, no differences in survival were observed within the different treatment groups. Grade, local tumor extension, and performance were found to have a significant impact on survival.
Effects of Panax ginseng on glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression and spermatogenesis in rats
Authors: Yang Woong Mo , Park Soo Yeon , Kim Hyung‐Min , Park Eun Hwa , Park Seong Kyu , Chang Mun Seog
Published: July 2010

Panax ginseng (PG) is a medicinal herb which has been used to improve male reproduction in traditional Korean medicine. This study investigated the effect of PG on spermatogenesis and the regulation of glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which has a crucial role in spermatogonial stem cell maintenance. PG was administered to 8‐week‐old male Wistar rats (1.0 g/kg/day, p.o.) for 56 consecutive days, the sperm formation period of the rat. Sperm analysis, RT‐PCR and western blot assays were then carried out. The PG‐treated group had significantly enhanced sperm counts, GDNF mRNA level and protein level. These results suggest that PG induces spermatogenesis and GDNF activation in rat testes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition Activity of Wild Berry Juice Fractions against Streptococcus pneumoniae Binding to Human Bronchial Cells
Authors: Huttunen Sanna , Toivanen Marko , Arkko Satu , Ruponen Marika , Tikkanen‐Kaukanen Carina
Published: July 2010

Bacterial adhesion to the cell surface is a crucial step before infection can take place. Inhibition of bacterial binding offers a novel preventive approach against infections. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) juice has been found to have antiadhesive activity against different bacteria. Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen and the most common cause for pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. In this study the inhibitory activity of cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and crowberry (Empetrum nigrum and Empetrum hermaphroditum L.) juice fractions against pneumococcal binding was tested using human bronchial cells (Calu‐3) as an adhesion model. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the berry juice fractions was tested. It was found that the studied berry juice fractions had antiadhesion activity and cranberry juice was the most active. The adhesion inhibition activity of cranberry juice was nearly 90% at a concentration of 8.7 mg/g of soluble solids. The antimicrobial activity of the studied berry juice fractions was found to be remarkable; pneumococcal growth was inhibited totally at a concentration of ∼86 mg/g. Both antiadhesion and antimicrobial activities were reduced after solid‐phase extraction of the berry juices, which may suggest molecular synergistic effects of the berry juice molecules against S. pneumoniae. The findings indicate that cranberry, bilberry and crowberry juices have potential against pneumococcal infections.
Methods to reduce interference effects in thermal conversion elemental analyzer/continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry δ18O measurements of nitrogen‐containing compounds
Authors: Accoe Frederik , Berglund Michael , Geypens Benny , Taylor Philip
Published: July 2010

On‐line determination of the oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O value) in organic and inorganic samples is commonly performed using a thermal conversion elemental analyzer (TC‐EA) linked to a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) system. Accurate δ18O analysis of N‐containing compounds (like nitrates) by TC‐EA‐IRMS may be complicated because of interference of the N2 peak on the m/z 30 signal of the CO peak. In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of two methods to overcome this interference which do not require any hardware modifications of standard TC‐EA‐IRMS systems. These methods were (1) reducing the amount of N2 introduced into the ion source through He dilution of the N2 peak and (2) an improved background correction on the CO m/z 30 sample peak integration.

Our results show that He dilution is as effective as diverting the N2 peak in order to eliminate this interference. We conclude that the He‐dilution technique is a viable method for the δ18O analysis of nitrates and other N‐containing samples (which are not routinely measured using He dilution) using TC‐EA‐IRMS, since it can easily be programmed in the standard software of IRMS systems. With the He‐dilution technique δ18O values of the nitrate isotope standards USGS34, IAEA‐N3 and USGS35 were measured using the shortest possible traceability chain to the VSMOW‐SLAP scale, and the results were –28.1 ± 0.1‰, +25.5 ± 0.1‰ and +57.5 ± 0.2‰, respectively. An improved background correction was also an effective method, but required manual correction of the raw data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐phase fragmentation study of novel synthetic 1,5‐benzodiazepine derivatives using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Rida Mohamed , Meslouhi Hamza El , Es‐Safi Nour‐Eddine , Essassi El Mokhtar , Banoub Joseph
Published: July 2010

The fragmentation patterns of a series of three novel synthesized 3‐hydroxy‐4‐phenyl‐tetrahydro‐1,5‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones (1–3), possessing the same backbone structure, were investigated using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. A simple methodology, based on the use of ESI (positive ion mode) and by increasing the declustering potential in the atmospheric pressure/vacuum interface, collision‐induced dissociation (CID), was used to enhance the formation of the fragment ions. In general, the novel synthetic 1,5‐benzodiazepine derivatives afforded, in the gas phase, both protonated and sodiated molecules. This led to the confirmation of the molecular masses and chemical structures of the studied compounds. Exact accurate masses were measured using a high‐resolution ESI‐quadrupole orthogonal time‐of‐flight (QqToF)‐MS/MS hybrid mass spectrometer instrument.The breakdown routes of the protonated molecules were rationalized by conducting low‐energy collision CID‐MS/MS analyses (product ion‐ and precursor ion scans) using a conventional quadrupole‐hexapole‐quadrupole (QhQ) tandem mass spectrometer. All the observed major fragmentations for the 1,5‐benzodiazepines occurred in the saturated seven‐membered ring containing the nitrogen atoms. These formed a multitude of product ions by different breakdown routes. All the major fragmentations involved cleavages of the N‐1–C‐2 and C‐3–C‐4 bonds. These occurred with concomitant eliminations of glyoxal, benzene and ethyl formate, forming the product ion at m/z 119, which was observed in all the studied compounds. In addition, an unique simultaneous CID‐MS/MS fragmentation was noticed for the 1,5‐benzodiazepines 1 and 3, which occurred by a pathway dictated by the substituent located on the N‐1‐position. It was evident that the aromatic ring portion of the 1,5‐benzodiazepines was resistant to CID‐MS/MS fragmentation. Re‐confirmation of the various geneses of the product ions was achieved by conducting a series of precursor ion scans. ESI‐MS and CID‐MS/MS analyses have thus proven to be a specific and very sensitive method for the structural identification of these novel 1,5‐benzodiazepine derivatives. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbial Degradation of PCBs in Contaminated Sediments
Authors: Rhee G‐Y. , Cho Y‐C. , Ostrofsky E.B.
Published: July 2010

The extent of natural dechlorination varies widely in sediments and fails to reach its maximum potential. Recent laboratory and field studies have suggested that the potential for further dechlorination is low in the Hudson and St. Lawrence Rivers. Laboratory investigations have also indicated that polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dechlorination is directly coupled to the growth of dechlorinating microorganisms in that: (a) there was no growth of dechlorinating microorganisms below the threshold concentration, (b) the rate of chlorine removal per gram sediment was significantly correlated to the growth rate of the microorganisms, (c) the negative effect of lower moisture levels on dechlorination was correlated to the microorganism death rate, and (d) the extent of natural dechlorination in the St. Lawrence River appears to be related to the in‐situ population size of dechlorinators. There also appear to be many dechlorinating populations, each with different requirements and competence. Therefore, the growth enhancement of these microorganisms is the key to promoting PCB dechlorination either in situ or ex situ. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Risk Assessment in Remediation: Accurately Accounting for Uncertainty
Authors: LaGoy Peter K.
Published: July 2010

Cleanup levels at hazardous waste sites are typically developed based at least in pan on either generic or site‐specific risk assessments. Risk assessment in its purest form should be a measure of the potential for a site to cause adverse effects and therefore should be used as the basis for cleanup. However, the process of risk assessment continues to be subject to problems, primarily related to inherent uncertainties in the exposure parameters and toxicity criteria that are the building blocks of the risk assessment. Criticism of risk assessments and risk‐based decisions range from comments that the process inadequately protects human health to comments that the process is overly protective, and examples of both ends of the spectrum are readily available. Site remediation professionals should be aware of the issues related to uncertainty and understand the potential problems in order to ensure appropriate and effective site cleanup. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Cost Comparison of Organic versus Inorganic Ion Exchange Resin for Remediation of High‐Level Waste
Authors: DeMuth Scott
Published: July 2010

Ion exchange (IX) can be used to aid in the remediation of underground storage tank (UST) radioactive waste at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford site in the state of Washington. In particular, IX can be used to concentrate the radionuclides in liquid‐based waste prior to immobilization for final disposal. Concentration of the radionuclides can significantly reduce the final immobilized high‐level waste volume and consequent overall remediation cost. Organic and inorganic IX resins each have unique advantages and disadvantages regarding the remediation process. This study presents a comparison of the remediation cost for UST waste at Hanford for a phenol‐formaldehyde type organic resin versus crystalline silico‐titanate inorganic resin. It was determined that with optimum processing conditions such as waste blending and sludge washing, remediation with the inorganic resin would be less expensive than the organic resin. Assuming baseline remediation conditions, the use of inorganic rather than organic IX resin for UST remediation at Hanford can save approximately $383 million. A limited sensitivity analysis was performed as pan of this study and is reported in the following. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flow characterization of an attraction channel as entrance to fishways
Authors: Green T. M. , Lindmark E. M. , Lundström T. S. , Gustavsson L. H.
Published: July 2010

The flow field inside and downstream of an open channel placed near the surface of a free flow (such as the tail water of a turbine) is characterized in detail. The channel cross‐section is U‐shaped and in the downstream end is placed a ramp on the bottom which accelerates the flow passing through the channel. This flow is intended to catch the attention of fish and improve their entrance to fishways, which has also been successfully demonstrated in field tests.

The flow through the channel is subcritical and the ramp thus blocks some water from passing through. To find the optimum vertical position of the channel, a down‐scaled model channel is placed in a water flume and flow fields in vertical planes directed along the flow are visualized using particle image velocimetry. Results show that increasing the depth over the ramp has little effect on the maximum velocity while it makes the accelerated water more perceptible downstream the channel. This will most likely improve the channel's ability to attract fish. It is also shown that a recirculation zone is formed in the channel for the small depths tested. Finally, it is shown that a modest tilt of the channel will not affect the flow field in any significant way. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Szemerédi's partition and quasirandomness
Authors: Simonovits Miklós , Sós Vera T.
Published: July 2010

In this paper we shall investigate the connection between the Szemerédi Regularity Lemma and quasirandom graph sequences, defined by Chung, Graham, and Wilson, and also, slightly differently, by Thomason. We prove that a graph sequence (Gn) is quasirandom if and only if in the Szemerédi partitions of Gn almost all densities are ½ + o(l).
The acyclic orientation game on random graphs
Authors: Alon Noga , Tuza Zsolt
Published: July 2010

It is shown that in the random graphGnpwith (fixed) edge probabilityp> 0, the number of edges that have to be examined in order to identify anacyclicorientation is θ(n log n) almost surely. For unrestrictedp, an upper bound ofO(nlog3n) is established. GraphsG=(V, E)in which all edges have to be examined are considered, as well.
The number of spanning trees in graphs with a given degree sequence
Authors: Kostochka A. V.
Published: July 2010

Alon's [1] idea is slightly refined to prove that for each connected graph G with degree sequence 1<k = d1≦d2≦…≦dn the number C(G) of spanning trees of G satisfies the inequality.

d(G)k−nO(log k/k) ≦ C(G) ≦ d(G)/(n ‐ 1),.

where d(G) = (IIni=1 di). An almost exact lower bound for C(G) for 3‐regular G on n vertices is also given. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Search for the maximum of a random walk
Authors: Odlyzko A. M.
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the efficiency of various strategies for searching in an unknown environment. The model is that of the simple random walk, which can be taken as a representation of a function with a bounded derivative that is difficult to compute. Let X1, X2+,. be independent and identically distributed with Prob(Xj = 1) = Prob(Xj = ‐1) = 1/2, and let Sk=X1+X2 + + Xk. Thus Sk is the position of a symmetric random walk on the line after k steps. The number of the Sk that have to be examined to determine their maximum Mn = max{S0, Sn} is ˜n/2 as n→ ∞, but that is a worst case result. Any algorithm that determines Mn with certainty must examine at least (c0 + o(l))n1/2 of the Sk on average for a certain constant co > 0, if all random walks with n steps are considered equally likely. There is also an algorithm that on average examines only (co + o(l))n1/2 of the Sk to determine Mn. Different results are obtained when one allows a nonzero probability of error, or else asks only for an estimate of Mn. It is also shown that a global search (one that can ask for any value Sk at any time) for the exact maximum is faster by a factor of log n (when comparing average running times) than a linear sequential one that can skip through some values but cannot go back. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the size of a random maximal graph
Authors: Erdös Paul , Suen Stephen , Winkler Peter
Published: July 2010

Let P be a graph property which is preserved by removal of edges. A random maximal P—graph is obtained from n independent vertices by randomly adding edges, at each stage choosing uniformly among edges whose inclusion would not destroy property P, until no further edges can be added. We address the question of the number of edges of a random maximal P—graph for several properties P, in particular the cases of “bipartite” and “triangle—free.” A variety of techniques are used to show that the size of the random maximal bipartite graph is quadratic in n but of order only n3'2 in the triangle—free case. Along the way we obtain a slight improvement in the lower bound of the Ramsey number r(3, t). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A graph Fourier transform and proportional graphs
Authors: Janson Svante
Published: July 2010

A Fourier transform for (real valued) functions of graphs is denned. This is used to study and characterize some classes of graphs that arise as exceptional cases in limit theorems for subgraph counts in random graphs.
Generalized chromatic numbers of random graphs
Authors: Bollobás Béla , Thomason Andrew
Published: July 2010

Let p be a hereditary graph property. The p‐chromatic number of a graph is the minimal number of classes in a vertex partition wherein each class spans a subgraph with property p. For the property p of edgeless graphs the p‐chromatic number is just the usual chromatic number, whose value is known to be (1/2 + o(1))n/log2 n for almost every graph of order n. We show that we may associate with every nontrivial hereditary property p an explicitly defined natural number r = r(p), and that the p‐chromatic number is then (l/2r + o(1))n/log2 n for almost every graph of order n. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Deconstructing the development paradigm: a post‐structural perspective
Authors: Rajeswar Jonnalagadda
Published: July 2010

Scienceper sehas always been advocating sustainability. The fundamentals of physical and biological sciences are based on the principles of thermodynamics and emphasize the need for efficiency and conservation. Thus, sustainability is a ‘scientific’ prerequisite, from the systems perspective of development.

In studies of sustainable development, the terms ‘science’ and ‘technology’ are often used together – in tandem – as ‘science & technology’. However, if one looks at the advancement of science & technology from a sustainability perspective, it may be said that it is becoming increasingly ‘technological’, but not duly ‘scientific’. Instead of science‐based technology, what we have developed today is a technology‐based science, in our desperation to sustain the unsustainable. Corporate‐funded research in industry as well as in academy is governed by profitability rather than ecological concern or disinterested scientific inquiry. In the guise of a ‘knowledge‐based economy’, what we have constructed is an ‘economy‐based knowledge’ indeed.

Sustainability is not a goal but only a means and it is a science by itself, but, unlike conventional sciences, which are supposedly value free and amoral, the science of sustainability is inclusive not only of values and responsibilities but also of the institutions and instruments that stand for sustainability. In the present ‘post‐structural’ or post‐modern era, it is ‘knowledge ecology’ – which goes far beyond ‘knowledge economy’ – that is a prerequisite in striking a right balance between development and sustainability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Design responsibility and sustainable design as reflective practice: an educational challenge
Authors: Leerberg Malene , Riisberg Vibeke , Boutrup Joy
Published: July 2010

An important element in design education is to prepare students for the reality of the profession. Often these students question their ability and power to influence industry and commerce, especially when it comes to proposing innovative and sustainable solutions. This paper discusses how the notion of design responsibility can be integrated in design education, describing ways of training and encouraging students to become responsible and sustainability‐oriented designers. Using examples from the curriculum of the Kolding School of Design in Denmark, we make a case for employing both practice‐based and theory‐based learning approaches to promote a critical and reflective design practice. Furthermore, we argue for the value of teaching design responsibility to imbue design students with the knowledge and confidence that sustainable design thinking and the designer can make a difference. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Elaboration and quantitative investigation of BCN‐type films by dynamic SIMS using the MCsx+ mode
Authors: Wu Fang , Valle Nathalie , Fitzpatrick Ryan , Ekerdt John G. , Houssiau L. , Migeon Henri‐Noël
Published: July 2010

A quantitative SIMS approach using MCs+ mode has been tested on boron carbonitride type films (BCN). Thick amorphous BxCyNz films of different stoichiometries (0.46 ≤ x ≤ 0.68; 0.07 ≤ y ≤ 0.43; 0.01 ≤ z ≤ 0.26), deposited by thermal chemical vapour deposition, were used as standard samples to establish calibration curves between secondary ion intensities derived from in‐depth secondary ion mass spectroscopy analyses and compositions determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The matrix intensity ratios I(CCs+)/I(BCs+) and I(CCs2+)/I(BCs2+) appear linear with the concentration ratios CC:CB; ratios of I(NCs+)/I(BCs+) and I(NCs2+)/I(BCs2+) appear linear with the concentration ratio CN:CB as well. These calibration curves allow the quantification of matrix species in BCN films, in the range of studied stoichiometries and can be employed for compositional determination of unknown BCN films. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A beneficial application of backside SIMS for the depth profiling characterization of implanted silicon
Authors: Fujiyama N. , Hasegawa T. , Suda T. , Yamamoto T. , Miyagi T. , Yamada K. , Karen A.
Published: July 2010

After ion implantation, annealing is needed to activate dopant and recover crystalline. However, in some annealing conditions there is a possibility that activation annealing forms defects in the implanted region, which may cause errors in SIMS depth profiles. The purpose of this study is to make clear the influence of defects generated during annealing on the conventional front‐side SIMS (FSS) depth profiles, and to provide proper measurement condition to get accurate depth profiles using back‐side SIMS (BSS) technique as another beneficial application. In this study, BF2 were implanted into crystalline silicon, and three different samples were treated, respectively, as implanted, 750 and 900° annealing. In an as‐implanted sample, BSS depth profiles of boron confirmed those obtained by FSS. On the other hand, in annealed samples, BSS depth profiles were steeper than those of FSS. This result suggests that the degradation of depth resolution in FSS cannot be explained only by the effect of ion mixing due to primary ions, but may be related with the crystalline structure in the implanted region. Therefore, BSS techniques can also be indispensable for getting more precise depth profiles in the implanted region of silicon. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of Photoshop software to estimate the adhesion and rust‐resistant properties of coating film
Authors: Zhao Yongchao , Wang Jiangang , Cui Xuejun , Wang Hongyan
Published: July 2010

A new method for evaluating the adhesion and rust‐resistant properties of coating film is proposed and validated by Photoshop software. A color scanner and Photoshop processing software are used to scan coatings film and analyze images by this method. The percentage of film area removed calculated by pixels is used to classify adhesion of the cross‐cut test ASTM D3359. The area removed is measured by using the functions of area selection and histogram in Photoshop software. The adhesion of 14 samples about standard classification pictures of crosscut adhesion test of ASTM D3359‐02 and self‐made samples, are classified. The percent area removed given by ASTM standard and the percent pixels removed measured by Photoshop is correlated, with the correlation coefficient being 0.997. On the other hand, the rusty areas of regular and irregular graphics are quantitatively determined using $A' = {X'\over X}\times A$ to estimate the rust resistant properties. The determining error of rusty areas compared with the vernier caliper is under 3.0%. Quantitative evaluation for extent of corrosion of the coating is realized. The method is more scientific and specific than the present method of that evaluated by the human mind. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cold plasma cleaning of copper and aluminum tested by SIMS depth profile analysis
Authors: Konarski P. , Opalińska T.
Published: July 2010

The study tests cold plasma purifying as an efficient and economic alternative to wet methods of cleaning metal surfaces. Aluminum and copper substrates, intentionally covered by machine tool coolant, are treated in plasma. The cold plasma is generated in electric discharge which occurs under atmospheric pressure between cleaned surface of metal and electrode covered by ferroelectric ceramics of high (1000) electric permittivity. The process is conducted in argon, air and also in the mixtures of argon and air with water vapor. The film of hydrocarbons is eliminated most effectively when the process of purification takes place in the air or in the mixture of air with water vapor.

Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to monitor efficiency of purification. SIMS depth profile analysis is applied to characterize the residual organic layer effectiveness of purification process and estimate layer thickness in the nanometric scale. This analysis shows that the remaining film consists of metal oxides, oxidized hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons at metal surface. Assuming 15 nm/min sputtering rate of the organic film, the thickness of this film at the copper substrate is equivalent to 120–160 nm, and the remaining film at aluminum is equivalent to 250–500 nm, depending on the plasma working gas composition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disentangling the relationships between job burnout and perceived health in a military sample
Authors: Vinokur Amiram D. , Pierce Penny F. , Lewandowski‐Romps Lisa
Published: July 2010

The reciprocal and longitudinal effects of job burnout and perceived health were examined in a sample of Air Force personnel (N = 1,009) deployed to the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and supporting locations. We estimated a structural equation model that described the relationships between the job burnout and perceived health and their effects on each other over time. The data fit the model exceedingly well as demonstrated by the goodness of fit measures (normed fit index, non‐normed fit index, comparative fit index = 0.97, 0.99, 0.99, respectively, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.01). As hypothesized, burnout and perceived health are negatively associated with each other (r = −0.33). Over a one‐year follow‐up period, perceived health predicted a decrease in job burnout (β = −0.20) and job burnout predicted a decrease in perceived health (β = −0.10). The predicted effect of perceived health on job burnout was shown to be significantly larger than the effect of burnout on health. This latter finding is interpreted to result from the conceptualization and measurement of job burnout as limited to a single life domain and also to the possibility that job burnout fluctuates with changing working conditions over time more than perceived health. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative emotionality in a large community sample of adolescents: the factor structure and measurement invariance of the short version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS‐21)
Authors: Willemsen Jochem , Markey Samuel , Declercq Frédéric , Vanheule Stijn
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine five possible models of negative emotionality using the short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in a large sample of non‐clinical adolescents (N = 677). The results from our confirmatory factor analysis reveal that negative emotionality in adolescents is best represented by the tripartite model. Our findings are in line with other studies regarding the structure of negative emotionality in adolescents and provide support for the validity of the tripartite model of negative emotionality underlying the DASS‐21 in adolescent boys and girls. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic capabilities as antecedents of the scope of related diversification: the case of small firm accountancy practices
Authors: Døving Erik , Gooderham Paul N.
Published: July 2010

We propose that differences in the scope of related diversification in firms can be accounted for by differences in their dynamic capabilities. In order to test this, we analyze 254 Norwegian small firm accountancy practices' possession of key dynamic capabilities including the heterogeneity of their human capital, their internal development routines, and their alliances with complementary service providers. We also analyze the influence of strategic choice, in terms of the positioning of the practice and its underlying strategic intent. While we observe no clear effects for these two latter factors, we find that dynamic capabilities have a distinct impact on the scope of services. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monoaminergic modulation of emotional impact in the inferomedial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Geday Jacob , Gjedde Albert
Published: July 2010

People assess the impact of emotionally loaded images differently. We define this impact as the average difference between individual ratings of standardized “pleasant” and “unpleasant” images. To determine the neuroanatomical correlate of a hypothetical interaction between emotional impact and cerebral excitability, we first determined the individual effect on cerebral blood flow of a pharmacological challenge with the monoamine reuptake inhibitor clomipramine in nine healthy volunteers. In a later, independent, session the nine volunteers rated pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant images of the standard Empathy Picture System on a scale from +3 to −3. We then used regression analysis to identify sites in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex at which the two separately acquired measures, blood flow change and emotional impact of images, correlated significantly. The regression analysis identified a locus in Brodmann's area 11 of the inferomedial prefrontal cortex (IMPC) at which these two separate measures had significant inverse correlation. Thus, under the specific circumstance of positron emission tomography (PET) of a pharmacological challenge, a key region of the inferomedial prefrontal cortex underwent deactivation in proportion to a separately rated emotional impact of a stimulus. We propose a specific pharmacodynamic mechanism that explains the correlation between the emotional impact and the effect of a serotonin‐noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor on cerebral blood flow. Synapse 63:160–166, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased synapses in the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with repeated amphetamine administration
Authors: Morshedi Maud M. , Rademacher David J. , Meredith Gloria E.
Published: July 2010

Psychostimulant drug experience leads not only to long‐lasting changes in behavior but also modifications in the activity and morphology of pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The objective of this study was to establish whether repeated treatment of rats with amphetamine (AMPH) is accompanied by changes in the pattern or types of synapses in the mPFC and, specifically, onto neurons that project to the lateral hypothalamus, where our earlier work has shown increased markers of neuronal activity after repeated AMPH treatment (Morshedi and Meredith [2008] Psychopharmacology (Berl) 197:179–189). Rats were treated with a behaviorally sensitizing regimen of AMPH, following which synapses in the infralimbic and prelimbic cortices of the mPFC, were analyzed with unbiased stereology (physical disector and electron microscopy). All synapses were counted and their targets were identified by standard methodological criteria. Repeated AMPH administration was associated with a significant increase in the number of asymmetric axospinous synapses, no change in axodendritic or axosomatic contacts, and no change in the total number of synapses on corticolateral hypothalamic pyramidal neurons compared to vehicle‐treated rats. Therefore, behavioral sensitization as a result of repeated exposure to AMPH is accompanied by the increased formation of spine, but not dendritic, synapses onto pyramidal neurons in the mPFC. Synapse 63:126–135, 2009. ©2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subthalamic nucleus stimulation and lesioning have distinct state‐dependent effects upon striatal dopamine metabolism
Authors: Walker Ruth H. , Koch Rick J. , Moore Cynthia , Meshul Charles K.
Published: July 2010

The mechanism by which deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) achieves its effects in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not known. In animal models of PD, stimulation and lesioning of the STN have some effects which are the same, but others which differ, in reversing cellular and behavioral changes induced by dopamine depletion. We compared the effects of short‐term STN stimulation and lesions upon extracellular levels of dopamine and metabolites using in vivo microdialysis of the dorsal striatum of awake, intact and unilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine (6OHDA)‐lesioned rats. STN stimulation in control rats decreased striatal dopamine levels and caused a relative increase in dopamine metabolism, as expressed by HVA/dopamine and DOPAC/dopamine ratios. This suggests an increase in both vesicular dopamine release (metabolized to HVA), and release from the cytoplasmic dopamine pool (metabolized to DOPAC). STN lesions in control rats increased the HVA/dopamine ratio, also suggesting a relative increase in vesicular dopamine release. These results indicate that STN stimulation and lesioning can affect striatal dopamine metabolism in the intact system. In 6OHDA‐lesioned rats at baseline, metabolic ratios were markedly decreased as compared with controls. STN lesions of 6OHDA‐lesioned rats did not affect relative metabolic ratios as compared with baseline levels. In 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats, STN stimulation decreased extracellular levels of dopamine, and, to a greater extent, metabolites, resulting in a decrease in metabolic ratios. This further decrease in dopamine turnover with STN stimulation would serve to maintain dopamine levels in the dopamine‐depleted striatum, and may account for the therapeutic benefit of DBS in Parkinson's disease. Synapse 63:136–146, 2009. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mammalian Phosphatidylinositol 4‐Kinases
Authors: Heilmeyer Ludwig M. G. , Szivák Ilona , Vereb György , Kakuk Annamária , Vereb György
Published: July 2010

Three phosphatidylinositol 4‐kinase isoforms, PI4K 230, 92 and 55 have been cloned and sequenced allowing a much wider characterization than the previously employed enzymological typing into type II and III enzymes. PI4K 230 and 92 contain a highly conserved catalytic core, PI4K55 one with a much lower degree of similarity. Candidate kinase motifs, deduced from the protein kinase super family, are absolutely conserved in all isoforms. Kinase activities are described based on their sensitivity and reactivity towards wortmannin, phenylarsine oxide (PAO) and 5′‐p‐fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA). Localization of all isoforms in the cell is reported. All enzymes contain nuclear localization and export sequence motifs (NLS and NES) leading to the expectation that they can be transferred to the nucleus. PI4K230 has been found in the nucleolus, PI4K92 in the nucleus, additionally further broadening the function of these enzymes. In the cytoplasm of neuronal cells, PI4K230 is distributed evenly on membranes that are ultra structurally cisterns of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum, outer membranes of mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, and are in close vicinity of synaptic contacts. PI4K92 is functionally characterized as a key enzyme regulating Golgi disintegration/reorganization during mitosis probably via phosphorylation by cyclin‐dependent kinases on well‐defined sites. PI4K55 is involved in the production of second messengers, diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (InsP3) at the plasma membrane, moreover, in the endocytotic pathway in the cytoplasm.
Directions for research and development: alternative methods of assessing scientific literacy
Authors: Champagne Audrey B. , Newell Sigrin T.
Published: July 2010

Educators' current enthusiasm for alternative assessment has roots in political and intellectual concerns. American science students do not do well on international comparisons or on tests of science literacy. Blame for these shortcomings is laid on multiple‐choice tests and their focus on isolated facts. But if alternative assessment is to fulfill its promise, research and development need to be done in a coordinated way. This article lays out an agenda for developing assessment tools and researching their effectiveness. A series of design tasks is proposed, followed by related research questions for each task. Needed theoretical research includes studies of the effects of alternative assessment on policy and practice as well as the development of new psychometric techniques. Influences of new assessment forms on learning and motivation theory are also discussed.
Perspectives on complexity: An essay on curricular reform
Authors: Anderson Ronald D.
Published: July 2010

Curricular reform is a complex endeavor having many facets including (a) the development of teaching materials, (b) the identification of appropriate instructional approaches, (c) the implementation of processes by which these new materials and approaches will be introduced into practice and sustained, and (d) the appropriate attention to the social context in which it all occurs. Its full understanding requires that it be viewed from a multiplicity of perspectives including various psychological, socio‐cultural, subject matter, philosophical, and economic perspectives. In this essay, the many facets of curricular reform are explored in terms of what scholarship from these many perspectives has to offer. Examples of research results are cited and promising research opportunities are identified.
The local educational change process and policy implementation
Authors: Hall Gene E.
Published: July 2010

That change is a process, not an event, is being accepted gradually by educators, policy makers, and researchers. Just as development of an innovation takes time, specialized personnel, and resources, so does implementation. A number of issues and implications related to viewing innovation development and implementation as a process need to be addressed. Planning for, facilitating implementation, and evaluating the change process varies depending on whether there is a single innovation, innovation bundle, hyperinnovation or large—scale innovation. Instead of top down, or bottom up, in all cases, the various participants must strive to level the playing field. Change processes are most successful when policy makers, practitioners, and researchers understand that all are part of the same effort and each has an essential role in achieving implementation success.
Conceptions of natural selection: a snapshot of the sense‐making process
Authors: Settlage John
Published: July 2010

Several studies have examined the alternative conceptions that students possess about the process of natural selection. The goal of this study was to explore the nature of the changes in students' explanations of evolutionary scenarios. Fifty names were randomly selected from a pool of over 200 high school students who took a pretest prior to and a posttest following instruction about evolution. Teleological and Lamarckian explanations accounted for over half of the students' explanation on the pretest, but dropped to less than 20% on the posttest. Most of the students that, on the pretest, attributed evolutionary change to individual need for a trait or extended use or disuse of some part of the body shifted, on the posttest, to explanations that described the role of a population's variation to the evolutionary process. Explanations that included the idea of spontaneous genetic mutations increased, but this totalled less than 10% of all posttest responses.
A study of the presence of evolutionary protoconcepts in pre‐high school textbooks
Authors: Jeffery Kodi R. , Roach Linda E.
Published: July 2010

Abstract Elementary and middle school science texts were analyzed for the presence of evolutionary protoconcepts, which are defined as topics that prepare students to study evolution in later years. Elementary and middle school texts were content‐analyzed for protoconcepts in both life science and earth science. Seventeen concepts considered important for student understanding of evolution were gleaned from the misconception literature and used to review the life science texts. Concepts used to analyze other texts were chosen by exploring all texts used in the analysis for any topics that might qualify as evolutionary protoconcepts, thus generating grounded theory. Coverage of evolutionary protoconcepts varies considerably among published textbooks. We recommend using this analysis when considering textbooks for adoption and for supplementing texts currently in use. We also recommended this type of analysis of textbooks for inclusion of other topics of interest to science education research.
The Great evolution trial: Use of role‐play in the classroom
Authors: Duveen Jonathan , Solomon Joan
Published: July 2010

This article gives both the pedagogic and scientific thinking that guided the construction of a classroom role‐play—The Great Evolution Debate. This role‐play is about the publication of Darwin's The Origin of Species, which is supposed to be on trial for blasphemy. Historical characters are used to show the range of ideas which were current at that time. The literature on learning history, and on learning about the nature of science, is discussed, leading to an examination of historical empathy as a classroom objective. The reasons for including the various characters in the role‐play are explained. The exercise has been used by 15 to 16‐year‐old students in British high schools with considerable success, and some tentative findings about learning from role‐play are drawn from its observation.
Combined chemical and genetic approach to inhibit proteolysis by the proteasome
Authors: Collins Galen A. , Gomez Tara Adele , Deshaies Raymond J. , Tansey William P.
Published: July 2010

Regulated protein destruction by the proteasome is crucial for the maintenance of normal cellular homeostasis. Much of our understanding of proteasome function stems from the use of drugs that inhibit its activity. Curiously, despite the importance of proteasomal proteolysis, previous studies have found that proliferation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is relatively resistant to the effects of proteasome inhibitors such as MG132, even in the presence of mutations that increase inhibitor levels in cells. We reasoned that part of the resistance of S. cerevisiae to proteasome inhibitors stems from the fact that most proteasome inhibitors preferentially target the chymotryptic activity of the proteasome, and that the caspase‐like and tryptic sites within the 20S core could compensate for proteasome function under these conditions. To test this hypothesis, we generated a strain of yeast in which the gene encoding the drug efflux pump Pdr5 is deleted, and the tryptic and caspase‐like proteasome activities are inactivated by mutation. We find that this strain has dramatically increased sensitivity to the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Under these conditions, treatment of yeast with MG132 blocks progression through the cell cycle, increases the accumulation of polyubiquitylated proteins and decreases the ability to induce transcription of certain genes. These results highlight the contribution of the caspase‐like and tryptic activities of the proteasome to its function, and provide a strategy to potently block proteasomal proteolysis in yeast that has practical applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Alkyl Sulfate on the Phase Behavior of Microemulsions Stabilized with Monoacylglycerols
Authors: Szeląg Halina , Szumała Patrycja
Published: July 2010

In this study the effect of an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS) and oils (hydrocarbons: C12–C16) on the formation and phase behavior of the systems of oil/monoacylglycerols (MAG):SDS/propylene glycol/water has been investigated. The effects of the surfactant mixture on the phase behavior and the concentration of water or oil in the systems were studied at three temperatures (50, 55, 60 °C). Electrical conductivity measurement, FT‐IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry methods were applied to determine the structure and type of the microemulsions formed. The dimension of microemulsion droplets was characterized by dynamic light scattering. It has been stated that the concentration of SDS has a strong influence on the shape and extent of the microemulsion areas. Addition of an ionic surfactant to the mixture with MAG promotes an increase in the area of microemulsion formation in the phase diagrams, and these areas of the isotropic region change with the temperature. It was shown that the presence in the systems of a surfactant more hydrophilic than MAG caused an increase in water content in the microemulsions. It was found that, depending on temperature and concentration of the surfactant mixture, it was possible to obtain a W/O type microemulsion with a dispersed particles size distribution ranging from 20 to 50 nm and containing about 17–38% water in the system. Among different alkanes (from C12 to C16), hexadecane embedded microemulsions showed a maximum water solubilization capacity.
Towards a cognitive neuroscience of intentional action and nonaction
Authors: Brass M. , Kühn S.
Published: July 2010

The question of how we can voluntarily con­trol our behaviour has an enduring fascina­tion for researchers from different disciplines such as philosophy and psychology. At the same time, this question is also related to is­sues of social relevance such as responsibili­ty and self-control. While research on willed action was long obsessed with the problem of free will, important research in this do­main has shifted away from this problem and rather investigates the functional and neural mechanisms underlying intentional action. Recent brain imaging research showed that intentional behaviour can be distinguished from externally guided behaviour on a func­tional neuroanatomical level. Furthermore, it was proposed that intentional action can be decomposed into different subcomponents. Here we provide an overview of the function­al neuroanatomy of intentional action. Fur­thermore, we discuss recent research of our group on intentional stopping and intention­al nonaction.