bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direitos sociais, ditadura e o complexo jurídico-estatal no capitalismo monopolista
Authors: Novaes Santiago Renato , Ugá Neto Antonio , De Macedo Mendes Iago
Published: June 2024

O presente artigo explicita a configuração dos direitos sociais no capitalismo dependente, com ênfase ao caso da ditadura brasileira. Inicialmente, destaca-se a relação do direito e do Estado com a “questão social”. Analisa-se como os direitos sociais transformam os paradigmas jurídicos forjados pelo capitalismo concorrencial e qual o efeito dessas transformações a partir do funcionamento em países de capitalismo dependente, em que se evidencia as causas da inefetividade desses direitos. Por fim, trata-se das alterações legais realizadas pela cúpula militar, demonstrando como foram essenciais para o desenvolvimento dos setores monopolistas às custas de uma maior exploração da classe trabalhadora.
Empresários, senhoras, fardas e estolas: a campanha da classe dominante pelo golpe civil-militar de 1964
Authors: Rodrigues Marques Marlon
Published: June 2024

O artigo analisa o papel de parcela importante de religiosos e leigos católicos aliados a classe dominante no patrocínio, organização e execução das grandes mobilizações populares que culminaram na destituição de João Goulart e no golpe civil-militar de 1964. Demonstramos que eventos como a Cruzada do Rosário em Família e a Marcha da Família com Deus pela liberdade foram gestadas na antessala de aparelhos privados de hegemonia como as Ligas Femininas e o complexo IPES/IBAD.  O ativo engajamento de leigos e religiosos católicos nesse processo sinaliza que parcela do catolicismo brasileiro não só aderiu a solução autoritária como também ajudou a construí-la através de uma campanha de desestabilização que aliava medo, conservadorismo e politização da fé.
Sessenta anos do golpe de 1964: balanço historiográfico e perspectivas para novos estudos
Authors: Moura Yagoo
Published: June 2024

O presente artigo busca realizar um balanço da bibliografia recente sobre o golpe empresarial-militar de 1964 e a ditadura brasileira, trazendo à tona alguns de seus principais elementos e resgatando questões relativas a discussões anteriores. Pretendo apresentar uma exposição contemplando diferentes aspectos das interpretações sobre o período e suscitar pontos relativos aos enquadramentos teórico-metodológicos e sua importância nos trabalhos historiográficos sobre a temática.
Contravenção, negócios e ditadura: a expansão econômica do jogo do bicho durante o regime empresarial-militar brasileiro
Authors: Campos Pedro Henrique , Bezerra Luiz Anselmo
Published: June 2024

O presente artigo pretende analisar o desenvolvimento do jogo do bicho enquanto empresa durante a ditadura. Entendemos que o regime político imposto no país após o golpe de 1964 constituiu uma ditadura empresarial-militar, que forjou um ambiente fértil para a expansão do capitalismo no país. O jogo do bicho foi formado no final do século XIX e se estruturou enquanto negócio ao longo do tempo, tornando-se uma empresa capitalista, dominada pelos “banqueiros” e com emprego de vasta força de trabalho. Utilizamos depoimentos de agentes do setor e especialistas, além de matérias da imprensa e outras fontes, analisando a trajetória de alguns dos principais banqueiros do bicho no período. Concluímos que o desenvolvimento e concentração de recursos no jogo do bicho no período é expressão do próprio caráter da ditadura, em sua feição violenta, autocrática, pró-empresarial e incentivadora da centralização de capitais e formação de grandes grupos econômicos.
60 anos do Golpe Burgo-Militar de 1964
Authors: Pinheiro Milton
Published: June 2024

Este artigo tem por objetivo examinar, a partir de uma investigação com base em pressupostos histórico-políticos, a cena daquela quadra histórica que começa no pós-segunda guerra mundial, avança com o golpe burgo-militar de 1964 e tem os primeiros passos de sua finalização com a transição pactuada que encerrou os governos do golpe. Como lógica de análise para desvelar esse longevo processo, será necessário localizar as forças políticas, as frações burguesas, as instituições do Estado capitalista e os aparatos ideológicos da direita que estiveram envolvidos. No entanto, também é importante investigar o contraponto ideo-político interposto pela esquerda, os comunistas e o bloco proletário e popular no enfrentamento aos golpistas. Contudo, a condensação das contradições envolvidas no processo possibilitou o surgimento de uma densa crise política. O desfecho dessa situação de crise foi o golpe articulado por frações burguesas e operado de forma particular pelos militares enquanto burocracia de Estado, que se utilizou de forma bonapartista da instituição forças armadas para defender os interesses das classes dominantes, alegando, a partir da ideologia da segurança nacional, o combate ao comunismo, para servir aos interesses burgueses consorciados com o imperialismo estadunidense.
Interseções possíveis entre o imaginário homoerótico
Authors: Alós Anselmo Peres , Miguel Chiapinotto Tiago
Published: June 2024

Tanto o escritor Federico García Lorca como o cantor Cazuza marcaram gerações, e a poética do primeiro fez parte das leituras do segundo. Com base nessas prerrogativas, o presente artigo procura estabelecer conexões entre os Sonetos del amor oscuro (1984), de García Lorca, e algumas canções do poeta do rock’n roll brasileiro. Por meio dessa comparação detalhada das obras, tendo a vida dos autores também como baliza, é possível perceber como suas produções servem de base para estruturar novas conjecturas sobre literatura gay em suas variadas formas.
Mundos em colisão e emergência de estigmas na pista festiva
Authors: Macêdo Daniel , Andrade Rafael
Published: June 2024

Tomando o corpo como uma textualidade que se dá a ver no encontro com os outros a partir das performances e suas inscrições de raça, gênero, sexualidade, gestos, movimentos e figurinos, uma festa torna-se um fenômeno espaço-temporal potente para se observar as relações harmoniosas e desarmoniosas de partilha, pelas quais mundos de sentidos deveras singulares se tocam, acirram e festejam. Nesse sentido, a partir de uma experiência de um dos autores em uma festa tecno-junina, buscamos refletir neste texto sobre os diferentes corpos que se encontram no evento a partir da noção de estigma discutida por Goffman (2008).
“A_socialidade” como figura modelo da ambiguidade
Authors: Engel Antke Antek
Published: June 2024

Neste artigo, reconstruirei as diferentes etapas epistemológicas da não desambiguação, passando pela política queer do paradoxo, até o que hoje chamo de “queerness como ambiguidade vivida”. Explicarei como a noção de ambiguidade cumpre uma dupla função na teoria queer, mais especificamente, enfatizando a habitabilidade da ambiguidade – identidades multidimensionais não são estáveis nem coerentes – e explicando seu potencial político – superando fronteiras claras e antagonismos simplificados. Enfocarei a a_socialidade como figura da ambiguidade, argumentando que o conceito de queerness, como ambiguidade vivida, acompanha uma compreensão de relacionalidade e parentesco definida por um continuum ou simultaneidade de socialidade, antissocialidade e associalidade, denominada “a_socialidade”. Minha tese é que, ao admitir a ambiguidade da a_ socialidade, torna-se possível avançar em direção a formas de coabitação em condições de heterogeneidade social e global.
Yolk–Shell Hybrid Materials with a Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Shell: Ideal Nanoreactors for Selective Alcohol Oxidation
Authors: Liu Jian , Yang Heng Quan , Kleitz Freddy , Chen Zhi Gang , Yang Tianyu , Strounina Ekaterina , Lu Gao Qing (Max) , Qiao Shi Zhang
Published: November 2011

This contribution describes the preparation of multifunctional yolk–shell nanoparticles (YSNs) consisting of a core of silica spheres and an outer shell based on periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) with perpendicularly aligned mesoporous channels. The new yolk–shell hybrid materials were synthesised through a dual mesophase and vesicle soft templating method. The mesostructure of the shell, the dimension of the hollow space (4∼52 nm), and the shell thickness (16∼34 nm) could be adjusted by precise tuning of the synthesis parameters, as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nitrogen sorption investigations. Various metal nanoparticles (e.g., Au, Pt, and Pd) were encapsulated and confined in the void space between the core and the shell using impregnation and reduction of adequate metal precursors. The selective oxidation of various alcohol substrates was then carried out to illustrate the benefits of such an architecture in catalysis. High conversion (∼100%) and excellent selectivity (∼99%) were obtained over Pd nanoparticles encapsulated in the hybrid PMO yolk–shell structures.
Sensing of Vaporous Organic Compounds by TiO2 Porous Films Covered with Polythiophene Layers
Authors: Kimura Mutsumi , Sakai Ryousuke , Sato Seiko , Fukawa Tadashi , Ikehara Tsuyoshi , Maeda Ryutaro , Mihara Takashi
Published: November 2011

This paper describes the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through analyses of two output signals from integrated microcantilever sensor arrays coated with organic‐inorganic hybrid sensing layers. The surface of TiO2 porous films was modified by amphiphilic terthiophene monomers and the adsorbed monomers were polymerized at the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles. The TiO2 porous films covered with polythiophene layers worked as highly sensitive sensing interfaces to provide two output signals for weight and resistance changes during exposure to VOC vapor. When the TiO2 porous films onto the sensor arrays were dyed with various kinds of amphiphilic monomers with different substituents, the resulting films provide exact information on VOC concentration from the mass changes as well as VOC classification from the analyses of response patterns.
Molecular Design of Interfacial Modifiers for Polymer‐Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells
Authors: Yu Jusfong , Shen Tsung‐Lung , Weng Wei‐Hsiang , Huang Yu‐Chen , Huang Ching‐I , Su Wei‐Fang , Rwei Syang‐Peng , Ho Kuo‐Chuan , Wang Leeyih
Published: November 2011

The heterojunction of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and TiO2 in hybrid solar cells is systematically engineered with four cyanoacrylic acid‐containing conjugated molecules with various lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels, WL‐1 to WL‐4, which are prepared by the formylation of thiophene derivatives in a Vilsmeier–Haack reaction, followed by treatment with cyanoacetic acid. The optical characteristics, redox properties, and intrinsic dipole moments of these interfacial modifiers (IMs) are examined using UV‐vis spectrophotometry, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory calculations. Using cyanoacrylic acid as a terminal anchoring group in IMs increases the electron affinity in regions close to the titania surface and forms a molecular dipole that is orientated away from the TiO2 surface, enabling both open‐circuit voltage (VOC) and short‐circuit current density to be increased simultaneously. Photovoltaic measurements demonstrate that VOC increases with the dipole moment of IMs along the molecular backbone. Moreover, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra display a bimodal distribution, revealing that both IMs and P3HT contribute to the photocurrent. The EQE at 570 nm is identified as characteristic of P3HT. More importantly, the LUMO of the IMs decisively determines the dissociation efficiency of P3HT excitons. The device based on P3HT/WL‐4/TiO2 exhibits the highest power conversion efficiency of 2.87%.
A melting pot of multicontinental mtDNA lineages in admixed Venezuelans
Authors: Gómez‐Carballa Alberto , Ignacio‐Veiga Ana , Álvarez‐Iglesias Vanesa , Pastoriza‐Mourelle Ana , Ruíz Yarimar , Pineda Lennie , Carracedo Ángel , Salas Antonio
Published: November 2011

The arrival of Europeans in Colonial and post‐Colonial times coupled with the forced introduction of sub‐Saharan Africans have dramatically changed the genetic background of Venezuela. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate, through the study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation, the extent of admixture and the characterization of the most likely continental ancestral sources of present‐day urban Venezuelans. We analyzed two admixed populations that have experienced different demographic histories, namely, Caracas (n = 131) and Pueblo Llano (n = 219). The native American component of admixed Venezuelans accounted for 80% (46% haplogroup [hg] A2, 7% hg B2, 21% hg C1, and 6% hg D1) of all mtDNAs; while the sub‐Saharan and European contributions made up ∼10% each, indicating that Trans‐Atlantic immigrants have only partially erased the native American nature of Venezuelans. A Bayesian‐based model allowed the different contributions of European countries to admixed Venezuelans to be disentangled (Spain: ∼38.4%, Portugal: ∼35.5%, Italy: ∼27.0%), in good agreement with the documented history. Seventeen entire mtDNA genomes were sequenced, which allowed five new native American branches to be discovered. B2j and B2k, are supported by two different haplotypes and control region data, and their coalescence ages are 3.9 k.y. (95% C.I. 0–7.8) and 2.6 k.y. (95% C.I. 0.1–5.2), respectively. The other clades were exclusively observed in Pueblo Llano and they show the fingerprint of strong recent genetic drift coupled with severe historical consanguinity episodes that might explain the high prevalence of certain Mendelian and complex multi‐factorial diseases in this region. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Übergangsmetallkatalysierte denitrogenierende Transanellierungen: Umwandlung von Triazolen in andere heterocyclische Systeme
Authors: Chattopadhyay Buddhadeb , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: November 2011

Die übergangsmetallkatalysierte denitrogenierende Transanellierung eines Triazolrings wurde kürzlich als ein neues Konzept für den Aufbau diverser stickstoffhaltiger heterocyclischer Kerne beschrieben. Die Methode ermöglicht eine einstufige Synthese von komplexen Stickstoffheterocyclen aus leicht zugänglichen und preisgünstigen Triazolvorläufern. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden die jüngsten Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der übergangsmetallkatalysierten denitrogenierenden Transanellierung von Triazolen erläutert.
Single‐Molecule Analysis Using DNA Origami
Authors: Rajendran Arivazhagan , Endo Masayuki , Sugiyama Hiroshi
Published: November 2011

During the last two decades, scientists have developed various methods that allow the detection and manipulation of single molecules, which have also been called “in singulo” approaches. Fundamental understanding of biochemical reactions, folding of biomolecules, and the screening of drugs were achieved by using these methods. Single‐molecule analysis was also performed in the field of DNA nanotechnology, mainly by using atomic force microscopy. However, until recently, the approaches used commonly in nanotechnology adopted structures with a dimension of 10–20 nm, which is not suitable for many applications. The recent development of scaffolded DNA origami by Rothemund made it possible for the construction of larger defined assemblies. One of the most salient features of the origami method is the precise addressability of the structures formed: Each staple can serve as an attachment point for different kinds of nanoobjects. Thus, the method is suitable for the precise positioning of various functionalities and for the single‐molecule analysis of many chemical and biochemical processes. Here we summarize recent progress in the area of single‐molecule analysis using DNA origami and discuss the future directions of this research.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Domino Reactions
Authors: Grossmann André , Enders Dieter
Published: November 2011

While organocatalyzed domino reactions or “organocascade catalysis” developed into an important tool in synthetic chemistry during the past decade, the utility of N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as catalysts in domino reactions has only received growing attention in the past three years. Taking into account the unique activation modes of the substrates by NHC catalysts, it is often difficult to distinguish between a single chemical transformation and a sequential one‐pot transformation. Therefore, herein we present a critical consideration of domino, cascade, and tandem catalysis in the case of NHC catalysts and highlight recent publications in this area.
Determination of cyclobenzaprine in human plasma by liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Xiang Yi , Zhou Liping , Qian Zhenyu , Peng Kelong , Li Dongyan , Chen Xiaomei , Jiang Hongliang , Zheng Heng
Published: November 2011

A sensitive, rapid and simple liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS) method was developed for the quantitative determination of cyclobenzaprine in human plasma, to study the pharmacokinetic behavior of cyclobenzaprine capsule in healthy Chinese volunteers. With escitalopram as the internal standard (IS), sample pretreatment involved a one‐step liquid–liquid extraction using saturated sodium carbonate solution and hexane–diethyl ether (3:1, v/v). The separation was performed on an Ultimate XB‐CN column (150 × 2.1 mm, 5 µm). Isocratic elution was applied using acetonitrile–water (40:60, v/v) containing 10 m M ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid. The detection was carried out on a triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode via electrospray ionization. The ion‐pairs including m/z 276.2–216.2 for cyclobenzaprine and m/z 325.2–109.1 for IS were used for monitoring. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the range of 0.049–29.81 ng/mL with the lower limit of quantification at 0.049 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision showed ≤6.5% relative standard deviation. The established method laid the groundwork for follow‐up studies and provided basis for the clinical administration of cyclobenzaprine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directed Evolution Strategies for Enantiocomplementary Haloalkane Dehalogenases: From Chemical Waste to Enantiopure Building Blocks
Authors: van Leeuwen Jan G. E. , Wijma Hein J. , Floor Robert J. , van der Laan Jan‐Metske , Janssen Dick B.
Published: November 2011

We used directed evolution to obtain enantiocomplementary haloalkane dehalogenase variants that convert the toxic waste compound 1,2,3‐trichloropropane (TCP) into highly enantioenriched (R)‐ or (S)‐2,3‐dichloropropan‐1‐ol, which can easily be converted into optically active epichlorohydrins—attractive intermediates for the synthesis of enantiopure fine chemicals. A dehalogenase with improved catalytic activity but very low enantioselectivity was used as the starting point. A strategy that made optimal use of the limited capacity of the screening assay, which was based on chiral gas chromatography, was developed. We used pair‐wise site‐saturation mutagenesis (SSM) of all 16 noncatalytic active‐site residues during the initial two rounds of evolution. The resulting best R‐ and S‐enantioselective variants were further improved in two rounds of site‐restricted mutagenesis (SRM), with incorporation of carefully selected sets of amino acids at a larger number of positions, including sites that are more distant from the active site. Finally, the most promising mutations and positions were promoted to a combinatorial library by using a multi‐site mutagenesis protocol with restricted codon sets. To guide the design of partly undefined (ambiguous) codon sets for these restricted libraries we employed structural information, the results of multiple sequence alignments, and knowledge from earlier rounds. After five rounds of evolution with screening of only 5500 clones, we obtained two strongly diverged haloalkane dehalogenase variants that give access to (R)‐epichlorohydrin with 90 % ee and to (S)‐epichlorohydrin with 97 % ee, containing 13 and 17 mutations, respectively, around their active sites.
Identification of Late‐Stage Glycosylation Steps in the Biosynthetic Pathway of the Anthracycline Nogalamycin
Authors: Siitonen Vilja , Claesson Magnus , Patrikainen Pekka , Aromaa Maria , Mäntsälä Pekka , Schneider Gunter , Metsä‐Ketelä Mikko
Published: November 2011

Nogalamycin is an anthracycline antibiotic that has been shown to exhibit significant cytotoxicity. Its biological activity requires two deoxysugar moieties: nogalose and nogalamine, which are attached at C7 and C1, respectively, of the aromatic polyketide aglycone. Curiously, the aminosugar nogalamine is also connected through a CC bond between C2 and C5′′. Despite extensive molecular genetic characterization of early biosynthetic steps, nogalamycin glycosylation has not been investigated in detail. Here we show that expression of the majority of the gene cluster in Streptomyces albus led to accumulation of three new anthracyclines, which unexpectedly included nogalamycin derivatives in which nogalamine was replaced either by rhodosamine with the CC bond intact (nogalamycin R) or by 2‐deoxyfucose without the CC bond (nogalamycin F). In addition, a monoglycosylated intermediate—3′,4′‐demethoxynogalose‐1‐hydroxynogalamycinone—was isolated. Importantly, when the remaining biosynthetic genes were introduced into the heterologous host by using a two‐plasmid system, nogalamycin could be isolated from the cultures, thus indicating that the whole gene cluster had been identified. We further show that one of the three glycosyltransferases (GTs) residing in the cluster—snogZ—appears to be redundant, whereas gene inactivation experiments revealed that snogE and snogD act as nogalose and nogalamine transferases, respectively. The substrate specificity of the nogalamine transferase SnogD was demonstrated in vitro: the enzyme was able to remove 2deoxyfucose from nogalamycin F. All of the new compounds were found to inhibit human topoisomerase I in activity measurements, whereas only nogalamycin R showed minor activity against topoisomerase II.
A novel approach to the treatment of recurrent non‐atherosclerotic carotid stenosis in a patient with takayasu arteritis
Authors: Tann Stephen M. , Pershad Ashish
Published: November 2011

Takayasu arteritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of medium‐ and large‐sized arteries which frequently affects the major supra‐aortic vessels. Morbidity and mortality with both medical and surgical treatments for this disease are high. In the past decade, angioplasty and stenting has emerged as a reasonable alternative to treatment of stenoses in these patients. Restenosis rates of percutaneously treated Takayasu lesions have been higher than with non‐inflammatory lesions. Novel approaches are being sought to treat restenoses in these patients, such as the use of a stent grafts. Such a case is described in this report. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aortic aneurysm 18 month after transfemoral implantation of a self‐expandable aortic valve prosthesis
Authors: Schäfer Ulrich , Frerker Christian , Kuck Karl‐Heinz
Published: November 2011

We report a case of a new developed aortic aneurysm 18 month after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in an 80‐year‐old woman. The abnormality was an incidental finding during routine coronary angiography. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Initial experience with a dedicated coronary re‐entry device for revascularization of chronic total occlusions
Authors: Whitlow Patrick L. , Lombardi William L. , Araya Mario , Michael Wyman R. , Torres Humberto , Dauvergne Christian , Tsuchikane Etsuo , Lansky Alexandra , Thompson Craig A.
Published: November 2011

Objective: The aim of this registry was to evaluate a new device designed to facilitate antegrade guidewire re‐entry into the true lumen of a chronic total coronary occlusion (CTO) from the adjacent subintimal space. Background: Successful recanalization of CTOs results in clinical improvement in appropriately selected patients. CTO intervention is time‐ and resource‐consuming, and a simplified approach enabling antegrade guidewire re‐entry into the distal true lumen might improve success. Methods: Patients with CTO and ischemia were entered into a prospective registry regardless of lesion characteristics. If wire manipulation resulted in subintimal wire entrapment, a new re‐entry tool (a 2.5‐mm flat subintimal balloon with two exit ports offset by 180°) was used as a platform to attempt guidewire penetration into the distal true lumen. The primary endpoint assessed was successful device‐guided re‐entry. Standard techniques were then utilized to open the CTO. Results: In 40 consecutive CTO lesions attempted, 19 resulted in subintimal wire entrapment (mean occlusion length 44 mm). Sixteen of these 19 were successfully crossed with an antegrade guidewire into the distal true lumen using the new device (84%). One patient with unsuccessful re‐entry was subsequently recanalized with a retrograde technique. All crossed lesions were stented (17/17), resulting in TIMI 3 flow without major complications. Two cases were unsuccessful. One patient had a grade I coronary perforation requiring no treatment. Conclusions: A new device to recanalize CTOs complicated by subintimal wire entrapment can be used successfully by experienced operators. Further study of this coronary re‐entry device is ongoing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Percutaneous coronary intervention with rotational atherectomy for severely calcified unprotected left main: Immediate and two‐years follow‐up results
Authors: Garcia‐Lara Juan , Pinar Eduardo , Valdesuso Raul , Lacunza Javier , Gimeno Juan R. , Hurtado José A. , Valdés‐Chávarri Mariano
Published: November 2011

Introduction: According to current practice guidelines, coronary bypass surgery is the standard care option for unprotected left main (ULM) stenosis. However, a group of high surgical risk patients who are not eligible for coronary bypass surgery could benefit from percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Severe calcification hampers PCI in this setting, and rotational atherectomy (RA) could be of great help. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 40 patients with severely calcified ULM stenosis, not eligible for coronary artery bypass grafting, who underwent RA in our center. Results: Forty patients (mean age, 73 ± 8 years; 26 males) with ULM stenosis were treated with RA. Twenty‐seven (67%) had distal stenosis. The mean number of treated vessels was 2.38 ± 0.74, with a mean lesion length of 30 ± 18 mm. Abciximab was used in 12 (30%) cases and an intra‐aortic balloon pump in three cases. One patient died during the procedure and another two patients died in the first 24 hr after the procedure. The major events registered after the procedure included one significant branch loss, and two minor and one major case of bleeding (the latter requiring transfusion) at the puncture point. After a median of 24.7 (IQR 19.6–34.3) months of follow‐up, 12 cardiac deaths were recorded. Survival free of cardiac death was 71 ± 7% and clinical guided target vessel revascularization 19.3 ± 7% at 2 years. Conclusion: In a group of high surgical risk patients, RA on severely calcified left main stenosis is feasible and, in spite of high mortality rates, could pose the only possible effective treatment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iatrogenic perforation of the medial circumflex artery following femoral venous cannulation for transcatheter aortic valve replacement, presenting with retroperitoneal hematoma and successfully managed by percutaneous embolization and coiling
Authors: Shannon Joanne , Latib Azeem , Colombo Antonio
Published: November 2011

Vascular complications are a major concern during transcatheter aortic valve replacement and can occur independently of introducer size. Arterial and venous access must be meticulous to avoid potentially life‐threatening bleeding, which most commonly results from injury to the common femoral or iliac arteries. We report an unusual case of perforation of the medial circumflex branch of the common femoral artery resulting from attempted femoral venous cannulation. Injury to this vessel is characteristically associated with silent retroperitoneal extravasation and is notoriously difficult to recognize and treat. Despite identification of the perforation on contrast‐enhanced computed tomography, the anatomical site could only be localized to the medial circumflex branch on highly selective contrast angiography. Thereafter, it was successfully treated percutaneously by embolization and coiling. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitrogen‐ and Oxygen‐Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Used as Support in Iron‐Catalyzed, High‐Temperature Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
Authors: Schulte Hendrik J. , Graf Barbara , Xia Wei , Muhler Martin
Published: November 2011

High‐temperature Fischer–Tropsch synthesis for the production of short‐chain olefins over iron catalysts supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was investigated under industrially relevant conditions (340 °C, 25 bar, H2/CO=1) to elucidate the influence of nitrogen and oxygen functionalization of the CNTs on the activity, selectivity, and long‐term stability. Surface functionalization of the CNTs was achieved by means of a gas‐phase treatment using nitric acid vapor at 200 °C for oxygen functionalization (O‐CNTs) and ammonia at 400 °C for the subsequent nitrogen doping (N‐CNTs). Ammonium iron citrate impregnation followed by calcination was applied for the deposition of iron nanoparticles with particle sizes below 9 nm. Subsequent to reduction in pure H2 at 380 °C, the Fe/N‐CNT and Fe/O‐CNT catalysts were applied in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, in which they showed comparable initial conversion values with an excellent olefin selectivity [S(C3–C6)>85 %] and low chain growth probability (α≤0.5). TEM analysis of the used catalysts detected particle sizes of 23 and 26 nm on O‐CNTs and N‐CNTs, respectively, and Fe5C2 was identified as the major phase by using XRD, with only traces of Fe3O4. After 50 h time on stream under steady‐state conditions, an almost twofold higher activity compared to the Fe/O‐CNT catalysts had been maintained by the Fe/N‐CNT catalysts, which are considered excellent Fischer–Tropsch catalysts for the production of short‐chain olefins owing to their high activity, high selectivity to olefins, low chain growth probability, and superior long‐term stability.
The Best of Two Worlds from the Gold Catalysis Universe: Making Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Authors: de Almeida Miguel Peixoto , Carabineiro Sónia A. C.
Published: November 2011

Heterogeneous catalysts have well‐known advantages in the gas or liquid phase, which include facile separation, possibility of recycling, and potential application to continuous flow processes. Homogeneous catalysts have remarkable properties such as high activity, enantioselectivity, and well‐characterized structures. Heterogenization of metal complexes, through anchoring of inorganic/organometallic complexes on porous solid materials, is a way to combine the outstanding properties of both systems. This procedure has already been used with complexes of several metals such as chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, or palladium, but heterogenization of gold complexes is still rare. Heterogeneous and homogeneous catalyses by gold have already established on their own, and the heterogenization of gold complexes is a very exciting and promising interface area of chemistry. This work reviews the attempts made so far by several authors on this important topic. The results obtained show that these hybrid materials can have improved activity and selectivity and are potential choice candidates for several catalytic processes.
Off‐Gases Optimization in a Hydrogen Network Refinery
Authors: Sardashti Birjandi M. R. , Shahraki F.
Published: November 2011

For optimization of a hydrogen network, a steam reformer is associated to the feedstock and linear programming (LP) is applied. The investigated network consists of one steam reformer and two feedstocks. By exerting LP and the mentioned association, total annual cost decreasing is achieved in a case study in which natural gas and off‐gas were considered as feedstocks. The optimization problems of the hydrogen network comprise the hydrogen network retrofit design and the feedstock selection with respect to their cost. Nonlinear programming (NLP) and mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) models are developed for optimization based on a two‐case study: for the first one, an existent optimization method on hydrogen networks is investigated and for the second one, revision of a recent optimization method on hydrogen networks associated by an LP model in the steam reformer unit is applied. These two cases resulted in total annual cost reductions of 34 % and 45.9 %, respectively.
Equilibrium Lithium‐Ion Transport Between Nanocrystalline Lithium‐Inserted Anatase TiO2 and the Electrolyte
Authors: Ganapathy Swapna , van Eck Ernst R. H. , Kentgens Arno P. M. , Mulder Fokko M. , Wagemaker Marnix
Published: November 2011

The power density of lithium‐ion batteries requires the fast transfer of ions between the electrode and electrolyte. The achievable power density is directly related to the spontaneous equilibrium exchange of charged lithium ions across the electrolyte/electrode interface. Direct and unique characterization of this charge‐transfer process is very difficult if not impossible, and consequently little is known about the solid/liquid ion transfer in lithium‐ion‐battery materials. Herein we report the direct observation by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy of continuous lithium‐ion exchange between the promising nanosized anatase TiO2 electrode material and the electrolyte. Our results reveal that the energy barrier to charge transfer across the electrode/electrolyte interface is equal to or greater than the barrier to lithium‐ion diffusion through the solid anatase matrix. The composition of the electrolyte and in turn the solid/electrolyte interface (SEI) has a significant effect on the electrolyte/electrode lithium‐ion exchange; this suggests potential improvements in the power of batteries by optimizing the electrolyte composition.
Does a Concerted Non‐Insertive Mechanism Prevail over a σ‐Insertive Mechanism in Catalytic Cyclohydroamination by Magnesium Tris(oxazolinyl)phenylborate Compounds? A Computational Study
Authors: Tobisch Sven
Published: November 2011

The present study comprehensively explores alternative mechanistic pathways for intramolecular hydroamination of 2,2‐dimethyl‐4‐penten‐1‐amine (1) by [{ToM}MgMe] (ToM=tris(4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazolinyl)phenylborate) (2) with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A single‐step amidoalkene → cycloamine conversion through a concerted proton transfer associated with NC ring closure has been explored as one possible mechanism; its key features have been described. This non‐insertive pathway evolves via a six‐centre TS structure featuring activation of the olefin unit towards nucleophilic amido attack outside the immediate vicinity of the metal centre by amino proton delivery and describes a viable mechanistic variant for alkaline‐earth metal‐mediated aminoalkene hydroamination. However, herein is presented sound evidence for the operation of the MgN amido σ‐bond insertive mechanism, its turnover‐limiting activation barrier is found to be 5.0 kcal mol−1 lower than for the non‐insertive mechanism, for the cyclohydroamination of 2,2‐disubstituted 4‐aminoalkenes by a [{ToM}MgNHR] catalyst. The operative mechanism involves rapid equilibria of the {ToM}Mgamidoalkene resting state 3 with its amine adduct, easily accessible and thermodynamically disfavoured, hence reversible, 1,2‐olefin insertion into the MgN amido σ‐bond with ring closure at 3, linked to turnover‐limiting MgC azacycle tether aminolysis by an adduct substrate molecule, followed by facile cycloamine liberation to regenerate the active catalyst species 3. The following aspects are in support of this scenario: 1) the derived rate law is consistent with the experimentally obtained empirical rate law; 2) the reasonable agreement between the computationally estimated and the observed value of the primary KIE; 3) the assessed effective activation barrier for turnover‐limiting aminolysis matches empirically determined Eyring parameters remarkably well; and 4) the observed resistance of isolated 3 to undergo amidoalkene cycloamine/cycloamido transformation until further quantities of substrate is added is consistently explained. The herein unveiled insights into the structure–reactivity relationships will undoubtedly govern the rational design of alkaline‐earth metal‐based catalysts and likely facilitate further advances in the area.
Thymosin β4 induces folding of the developing optic tectum in the chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Wirsching Hans‐Georg , Kretz Oliver , Morosan‐Puopolo Gabriela , Chernogorova Petya , Theiss Carsten , Brand‐Saberi Beate
Published: November 2011

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a highly conserved G‐actin binding polypeptide with multiple intra‐ and extracellular functions. While stem‐cell activation as well as promotion of cell survival and migration by Tβ4 have been investigated in various in vitro and in vivo studies, there are few data on the implications of Tβ4 in brain development. In the present study we analyzed Tβ4 expression in the developing optic tectum of the chicken (Gallus domesticus) and performed in ovo retroviral transduction and plasmid electroporation for overexpression and knockdown of Tβ4. We found marked Tβ4 expression in the tectal plate and in all neuronal layers of later developmental stages, but not in the ventricular zone where neural stem cells reside and divide. Knockdown of Tβ4 inhibited growth of Tβ4‐depleted hemispheres, whereas overexpression of Tβ4 led to the production of neuroepithelial folds resembling gyri and sulci, which are not normally present in avian brains. The mechanism yielding enhanced growth of Tβ4 overexpressing hemispheres involved enhanced proliferation, thus indicating an impact of Tβ4 on the neural stem cell and/or progenitor cell population. In summary, we found that due to its effects on proliferation, Tβ4 expression has a large impact on neuroepithelial and macroscopic brain development. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1650–1662, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bral2 is indispensable for the proper localization of brevican and the structural integrity of the perineuronal net in the brainstem and cerebellum
Authors: Bekku Yoko , Saito Mai , Moser Markus , Fuchigami Maki , Maehara Ami , Nakayama Masaru , Kusachi Shozo , Ninomiya Yoshifumi , Oohashi Toshitaka
Published: November 2011

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are pericellular coats of condensed matrix that enwrap the cell bodies and dendrites of many adult central nervous system (CNS) neurons. These extracellular matrices (ECMs) play a structural role as well as instructive roles in the control of CNS plasticity and the termination of critical periods. The cartilage link protein Crtl1/Hapln1 was reported to be a trigger for the formation of PNNs in the visual cortex. Bral2/Hapln4 is another link protein that is expressed in PNNs, mainly in the brainstem and cerebellum. To assess the role of Bral2 in PNN formation, we examined the expression of PNN components in targeted mouse mutants lacking Bral2. We show here that Bral2‐deficient mice have attenuated PNNs, but the overall levels of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, lecticans, are unchanged with the exception of neurocan. Bral2 deficiency markedly affected the localization of brevican in all of the nuclei tested, and neurocan concomitant with Crtl1 in some of the nuclei, whereas no effect was seen on aggrecan even with the attenuation of Crtl1. Bral2 may have a role in the organization of the PNN, in association with brevican, that is independent of aggrecan binding. There was a heterogenous attenuation of PNN components, including glycosaminoglycans, indicating the elaborate molecular organization of the PNN components. Strikingly, a slight decrease in the number of synapses in deep cerebellar nuclei neurons was found. Taken together, these results imply that Bral2‐brevican interaction may play a key role in synaptic stabilization and the structural integrity of the PNN. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1721–1736, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Failure of lower motor neuron radial outgrowth precedes retrograde degeneration in a feline model of spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Wakeling Erin N. , Joussemet Béatrice , Costiou Patrick , Fanuel Dominique , Moullier Philippe , Barkats Martine , Fyfe John C.
Published: November 2011

Feline spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a fully penetrant, autosomal recessive lower motor neuron disease in domestic cats that clinically resembles human SMA Type III. A whole genome linkage scan identified a ∼140‐kb deletion that abrogates expression of LIX1, a novel SMA candidate gene of unknown function. To characterize the progression of feline SMA, we assessed pathological changes in muscle and spinal cord from 3 days of age to beyond onset of clinical signs. Electromyographic (EMG) analysis indicating denervation occurred between 10 and 12 weeks, with the first neurological signs occurring at the same time. Compound motor action potential (CMAP) amplitudes were significantly reduced in the soleus and extensor carpi radialis muscles at 8–11 weeks. Quadriceps femoris muscle fibers from affected cats appeared smaller at 10 weeks; by 12 weeks atrophic fibers were more prevalent than in age‐matched controls. In affected cats, significant loss of L5 ventral root axons was observed at 12 weeks. By 21 weeks of age, affected cats had 40% fewer L5 motor axons than normal. There was no significant difference in total L5 soma number, even at 21 weeks; thus degeneration begins distal to the cell body and proceeds retrogradely. Morphometric analysis of L5 ventral roots and horns revealed that 4 weeks prior to axon loss, motor axons in affected cats failed to undergo radial enlargement, suggesting a role for the putative disease gene LIX1 in radial growth of axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1737–1750, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synuclein accumulation is associated with cell‐specific neuronal death after spinal cord injury
Authors: Busch David J. , Morgan Jennifer R.
Published: November 2011

Spinal cord injury axotomizes neurons and induces many of them to die, whereas others survive. Therefore, it is important to identify factors that lead to neuronal death after injury as a first step toward developing better strategies for increasing neuronal survival and functional recovery. However, the intrinsic molecular pathways that govern whether an injured neuron lives or dies remain surprisingly unclear. To address this question, we took advantage of the large size of giant reticulospinal (RS) neurons in the brain of the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. We report that axotomy of giant RS neurons induces a select subset of them to accumulate high levels of synuclein, a synaptic vesicle‐associated protein whose abnormal accumulation is linked to Parkinson's disease. Injury‐induced synuclein accumulation occurred only in neurons that were classified as “poor survivors” by both histological and Fluoro‐Jade C staining. In contrast, post‐injury synuclein immunofluorescence remained at control levels in neurons that were identified as “good survivors.” Synuclein accumulation appeared in the form of aggregated intracellular inclusions. Cells that accumulated synuclein also exhibited more ubiquitin‐containing inclusions, similar to what occurs during disease states. When synuclein levels and cell vitality were measured in the same neurons, it became clear that synuclein accumulation preceded and strongly correlated with subsequent neuronal death. Thus, synuclein accumulation is identified as a marker and potential risk factor for forthcoming neuronal death after axotomy, expanding its implications beyond the neurodegenerative diseases. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1751–1771, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using text mining to link journal articles to neuroanatomical databases
Authors: French Leon , Pavlidis Paul
Published: November 2011

The electronic linking of neuroscience information, including data embedded in the primary literature, would permit powerful queries and analyses driven by structured databases. This task would be facilitated by automated procedures that can identify biological concepts in journals. Here we apply an approach for automatically mapping formal identifiers of neuroanatomical regions to text found in journal abstracts, applying it to a large body of abstracts from the Journal of Comparative Neurology (JCN). The analyses yield over 100,000 brain region mentions, which we map to 8,225 brain region concepts in multiple organisms. Based on the analysis of a manually annotated corpus, we estimate mentions are mapped at 95% precision and 63% recall. Our results provide insights into the patterns of publication on brain regions and species of study in JCN but also point to important challenges in the standardization of neuroanatomical nomenclatures. We find that many terms in the formal terminologies never appear in a JCN abstract, and, conversely, many terms that authors use are not reflected in the terminologies. To improve the terminologies, we deposited 136 unrecognized brain regions into the Neuroscience Lexicon (NeuroLex). The training data, terminologies, normalizations, evaluations, and annotated journal abstracts are freely available at http://www.chibi.ubc.ca/WhiteText/. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1772–1783, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Renewable Rigid Diamines: Efficient, Stereospecific Synthesis of High Purity Isohexide Diamines
Authors: Thiyagarajan Shanmugam , Gootjes Linda , Vogelzang Willem , van Haveren Jacco , Lutz Martin , van Es Daan S.
Published: November 2011

We report an efficient three‐step strategy for synthesizing rigid, chiral isohexide diamines derived from 1,4:3,6‐dianhydrohexitols. These biobased chiral building blocks are presently the subject of several investigations (in our and several other groups) because of their application in high‐performance biobased polymers, such as polyamides and polyurethanes. Among the three possible stereo‐isomers, dideoxy‐diamino isoidide and dideoxy‐diamino isosorbide can be synthesized from isomannide and isosorbide respectively in high yield with absolute stereo control. Furthermore, by using this methodology dideoxy‐amino isomannide—a tricyclic adduct—was obtained starting from isoidide in high yield. Our improved synthetic route is a valuable advance towards meeting scale and purity demands for evaluating the properties of new biobased performance materials, which will benefit the development of these plastics.