bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful repair of diaphragmatic hernia with simultaneously performed thoracotomy and median laparotomy in a horse
Authors: Izing Simon , Kelemen Zsófia , Bohák Zsófia , Tóth Péter , Bodó Gábor
Published: May 2021

This report describes the successful treatment of a chronic diaphragmatic hernia in a 2.5‐year‐old crossbred gelding. The tear remained unidentified until colic signs and dyspnoea appeared. In this case, an unconventional surgical approach was used. Based on the clinical findings, diaphragmatic herniation with non‐strangulating large intestinal involvement was diagnosed. From the ventral midline approach, a diaphragmatic tear with a diameter of 20 cm in the left ventral area was found together with a fractured 10th rib. Repositioning of the large colon was unsuccessful through the ventral midline approach, therefore lateral thoracotomy via rib resection was performed without closing the ventral midline incision. The simultaneous laparotomy with thoracotomy can be a useful approach in the treatment of diaphragmatic hernias when the tear is located ventrally. Advantages of the described surgical technique were easier reposition of the herniated intestine and good access to close the diaphragmatic tear, and disadvantage was the longer surgical time.
Correction to: Tourism as (Un)sustainable Production and Consumption
Authors: Lerpold Lin , Sjöberg Örjan
Published: May 2021

The original version of Chapter 8 was previously published non-open access.
Top quark contribution to two-loop helicity amplitudes for Z boson pair production in gluon fusion
Authors: Brønnum-Hansen Christian , Wang Chen-Yu
Published: May 2021

Abstract

We compute the top quark contribution to the two-loop amplitude for on-shell Z boson pair production in gluon fusion, gg → ZZ. Exact dependence on the top quark mass is retained. For each phase space point the integral reduction is performed numerically and the master integrals are evaluated using the auxiliary mass flow method, allowing fast computation of the amplitude with very high precision.
Impact of preoperative plasma levels of interleukin 6 and interleukin 6 soluble receptor on disease outcomes after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer
Authors: Schuettfort Victor M. , Pradere Benjamin , Trinh Quoc-Dien , D’Andrea David , Quhal Fahad , Mostafaei Hadi , Laukhtina Ekaterina , Mori Keiichiro , Sari Motlagh Reza , Rink Michael , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Chlosta Piotr , Yuen-Chun Teoh Jeremy , Lotan Yair , Scherr Douglas , Abufaraj Mohammad , Moschini Marco , Shariat Shahrokh F.
Published: May 2021

Background

Preoperative plasma levels of Interleukin 6 (IL6) and its soluble receptor (IL6sR) have previously been associated with oncologic outcomes in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB); however, external validation in patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC) for UCB is missing.

Patients/methods

We prospectively collected preoperative plasma from 1,036 consecutive patients at two institutes. These plasma specimens were assessed for levels of IL6 and IL6sR. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to assess the correlation of plasma levels with pathologic and survival outcomes. The additional clinical net benefits of preoperative IL6 and IL6sR were evaluated using decision curve analysis (DCA).

Results

Median IL6 and IL6sR plasma levels were significantly higher in patients with adverse pathologic features. Elevated biomarker levels were independently associated with an increased risk for lymph node metastasis and ≥ pT3 disease. Both biomarkers were independently associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). The addition to, respectively, fitted pre- and postoperative prognostic models improved the predictive accuracy for lymph node metastasis, ≥ pT3 disease, RFS and CSS on DCA.

Interpretation

We confirmed that elevated preoperative plasma levels of IL6 and IL6sR levels are associated with worse oncological disease survival in patients treated with RC for UCB in a large multicenter study. Both biomarkers hold potential in identifying patients with adverse pathological features that may benefit from intensified/multimodal therapy and warrant inclusion into predictive/prognostic models. They demonstrated the ability to improve the discriminatory power of such models and thus guide clinical decision making.
Traits, strategies, and niches of liana species in a tropical seasonal rainforest
Authors: Liu Qi , Sterck Frank J. , Zhang Jiao-Lin , Scheire Arne , Konings Evelien , Cao Min , Sha Li-Qing , Poorter Lourens
Published: May 2021

Plant functional traits and strategies hold the promise to explain species distribution, but few studies have linked multiple traits to multiple niche dimensions (i.e., light, water, and nutrients). Here, we analyzed for 29 liana species in a Chinese tropical seasonal rainforest how: (1) trait associations and trade-offs lead to different plant strategies; and (2) how these traits shape species’ niche dimensions. Eighteen functional traits related to light, water, and nutrient use were measured and species niche dimensions were quantified using species distribution in a 20-ha plot combined with data on canopy gaps, topographic water availability, and soil nutrients. We found a tissue toughness spectrum ranging from soft to hard tissues along which species also varied from acquisitive to conservative water use, and a resource acquisition spectrum ranging from low to high light capture and nutrient use. Intriguingly, each spectrum partly reflected the conservative–acquisitive paradigm, but at the same time, the tissue toughness and the resource acquisition spectrum were uncoupled. Resource niche dimensions were better predicted by individual traits than by multivariate plant strategies. This suggests that trait components that underlie multivariate strategy axes, rather than the plant strategies themselves determine species distributions. Different traits were important for different niche dimensions. In conclusion, plant functional traits and strategies can indeed explain species distributions, but not in a simple and straight forward way. Although the identification of global plant strategies has significantly advanced the field, this research shows that global, multivariate generalizations are difficult to translate to local conditions, as different components of these strategies are important under different local conditions.
Local and landscape responses of biodiversity in calcareous grasslands
Authors: Loos Jacqueline , Krauss Jochen , Lyons Ashley , Föst Stephanie , Ohlendorf Constanze , Racky Severin , Röder Marina , Hudel Lennart , Herfert Volker , Tscharntke Teja
Published: May 2021

Across Europe, calcareous grasslands become increasingly fragmented and their quality deteriorates through abandonment and land use intensification, both affecting biodiversity. Here, we investigated local and landscape effects on diversity patterns of several taxonomic groups in a landscape of highly fragmented calcareous grassland remnants. We surveyed 31 grassland fragments near Göttingen, Germany, in spring and summer 2017 for vascular plants, butterflies and birds, with sampling effort adapted to fragment area. Through regression modelling, we tested relationships between species richness and fragment size (from 314 to 51,395 m2), successional stage, habitat connectivity and the per cent cover of arable land in the landscape at several radii. We detected 283 plant species, 53 butterfly species and 70 bird species. Of these, 59 plant species, 19 butterfly species and 9 bird species were grassland specialists. Larger fragments supported twice the species richness of plants than small ones, and hosted more species of butterflies, but not of birds. Larger grassland fragments contained more grassland specialist plants, but not butterfly or bird specialists. Increasing amounts of arable land in the landscape from 20 to 90% was related to the loss of a third of species of plants, and less so, of butterflies, but not of birds. Per cent cover of arable land negatively correlated to richness of grassland specialist plants and butterflies, but positively to grassland specialist birds. We found no effect by successional stages and habitat connectivity. Our multi-taxa approach highlights the need for conservation management at the local scale, complemented by measures at the landscape scale.
Classification of users’ transportation modalities from mobiles in real operating conditions
Authors: Badii Claudio , Difino Angelo , Nesi Paolo , Paoli Irene , Paolucci Michela
Published: May 2021

The modern mobile phones and the complete digitalization of the public and private transport networks have allowed to access useful information to understand the user’s mean of transportation. This enables a plethora of old and new applications in the fields of sustainable mobility, smart transportation, assistance, and e-health. The precise understanding of the travel means is at the basis of the development of a large range of applications. In this paper, a number of metrics has been identified to understand whether an individual on the move is stationary, walking, on a motorized private or public transport, with the aim of delivering to city users personalized assistance messages for: sustainable mobility, health, and/or for a better and enjoyable life, etc. Differently from the state-of-the-art solutions, the proposed approach has been designed to provide results, and thus collect metrics, in real operating conditions (imposed on the mobile phones as: a range of different mobile phone kinds, operating system constraints managing Applications, active battery consumption manager, etc.). The paper reports the whole experimentations and results. The solution has been developed in the context of Sii-Mobility Km4City Research Project infrastructure and tools, performed with the collaboration of public transport operators, and GDPR compliant. The same solution has been used in Snap4City mobile Apps with experiments performed in Antwerp and Helsinki.
Populist Anti-immigrant Sentiments Taken Seriously: A Realistic Approach
Authors: Santi Amantini Laura
Published: May 2021

This essay argues that the illiberal anti-immigrant sentiments which lie behind the success of populist right-wing parties deserve the attention of political theorists working on the ethics of migration, even though such sentiments exceed the boundaries of admissible disagreement on justice in migration. Firstly, populist anti-immigrant sentiments hinder the implementation of liberal democratic immigration policies and thus they represent a feasibility constraint for any liberal ethics of migration, not only the most cosmopolitan ones. Secondly, there are legitimacy reasons why such views should be neither merely dismissed nor simply contained, since they are voiced by populist political parties which are admitted in the electoral competition and even participate in governments. The main upshot of this discussion is a methodological one: the article argues that, since political theory should deal with the feasibility and legitimacy issues raised by populist anti-immigrant sentiments, a realistic approach is needed. The last section shows that such a methodological change offers the opportunity to extend the scope of normative theorising. In particular, it illustrates how a realistic approach encourages theorists to focus on local-level policies, as well as to devote attention to non-governmental actors and to their role in tackling citizens’ hostility towards immigrants.
Heavy metals adsorption from contaminated water using moringa seeds/ olive pomace byproducts
Authors: Hegazy Ibrahim , Ali Mohamed E. A. , Zaghlool Ehab H. , Elsheikh Ragaa
Published: May 2021

Several approaches have been used to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in aqueous solutions, including adsorption to the surface of agricultural waste. Batch studies have been performed in this study to explore the adsorption of Fe2+, Mn2+ on olive pomace (OP), and moringa seed husk (MSH). Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy also characterized the prepared adsorbent. Batch adsorption studies were performed, and the effects of adsorbent chemical structure, adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and initial ion concentration were investigated on Fe and Mn ions sorption and mechanism in order to maximize the removal efficiency of Fe and Mn. It was shown that the removal percentage of Fe2+ and Mn2+ were 83% and 91%, respectively, at optimum pH 5 and optimum time of 120 min at 5 g of OP. Although the removal percentage of Fe2+ and Mn2+ were 80.5% and 93%, respectively, at 5 g of MSH. The pseudo-second-order model was followed by the adsorption kinetics of Fe2+ and Mn2+ on OP and MSH, and the Langmuir model worked well with the adsorption isotherms. Based on their adsorption/desorption processes, OP and MSH adsorbents may be regenerated by DI water more than five times. The overall adsorption power of the OP adsorbent for Fe2+ and Mn2+ was 10.406 and 10.460 mg/g, and the MSH was 10.28 and 11.641 mg/g for Fe2+ and Mn2+, respectively.
Metabolic syndrome in the era of COVID-19 outbreak: impact of lockdown on cardiometabolic health
Authors: Auriemma R. S. , Pirchio R. , Liccardi A. , Scairati R. , Del Vecchio G. , Pivonello R. , Colao A.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

COVID-19 pandemics and cardiometabolic health are mutually interconnected. Chronic metabolic diseases are known risk factors for increased mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In turn, COVID pandemics imposed sudden changes in lifestyle and social isolation with consequent potential cardiometabolic sequelae. The present study aimed at investigating the impact of changes in lifestyle and social life on metabolic profile in hyperprolactinemic or osteoporotic patients without pre-existing cardiometabolic diseases at the time of COVID-19.

Methods

The primary study outcome measurement was the prevalence of obesity, arterial hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome after COVID-19 outbreak. Seventy-four patients (21 men and 53 women, aged 51.8 ± 17.8 years) were admitted to the outpatient clinic of the Neuroendocrine Disease Unit at University “Federico II” of Naples, Italy, as per their routine clinical practice because of tumoral and non-tumoral hyperprolactinemia in 52 patients (70.3%), and osteoporosis/osteopenia in 22 (29.7%). Among female patients, 25 (47.2%) were at menopausal age.

Results

At the end of lockdown, prevalence of obesity (from 37.8% to 51.3%, p < 0.0001), dyslipidemia (from 28.4 to 48.6%, p = 0.003) and metabolic syndrome (from 14.9 to 27%, p < 0.0001) significantly increased compared to pre-COVID evaluation. No significant change was found in the prevalence of arterial hypertension and IGT/DM.

Conclusion

SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has led to a rapid increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, potentially contributing to the increased COVID-19 related mortality.
Serum Folic Acid and Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhang Yuyang , Zhang Wei , Dai Yutian , Jiang Hui , Zhang Xiansheng
Published: May 2021

Introduction

The association between folic acid (FA) and erectile dysfunction (ED) was contradictory in the published original articles, and no meta-analysis was conducted to pool these data.

Aim

To verify the role of FA in the pathology of ED and explore the treatment efficacy of FA for ED patients.

Methods

An extensive search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to obtain all relevant studies published up to October 31, 2020. Studies comparing the serum FA level between ED patients and healthy controls, or comparing the score of the IIEF-5, or IIEF before and after folic acid therapy alone or combination in ED patient were eligible for our meta-analysis. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scales (NOS) was used to qualify included studies.

Main Outcome Measures

The standardized mean differences (SMD) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to pool our data.

Results

Nine studies were eligible for our meta-analysis to verify the association between FA and ED, and to explore the treatment efficacy of FA for ED patients. The pooled SMD of the FA level difference between ED patients and healthy subjects was -0.94 (95% CI: -1.59, -0.30, P = .004). Moreover, the level of folic acid in healthy subjects, Mild ED patients, Moderate ED patients and Severe ED patients was 11.847 (95%CI = 9.671, 14.022), 9.496 (95%CI = 8.425, 10.567), 6.597 (95%CI = 5.187, 8.007) and 5.623 (95%CI = 3.535, 7.711) respectively. The SMD of changes in score of IIEF-5 was 1.89 with 95%CI (1.60, 2.17) after FA administration in ED patients. Our analysis also showed that combination therapy of FA plus tadalafil changed the score of IIEF with 0.90 (95%CI = 0.44, 1.36) comparing to combination of placebo plus tadalafil.

Conclusion

This novel meta-analysis demonstrated that FA was an independent risk factor for ED and FA supplement may have potentially positive effects in the treatment of ED patients.
Examining the Role of a Private-Order Institution in Global Trade: The Liverpool Cotton Brokers' Association and the Crowning of King Cotton, 1811–1900
Authors: Aldous Michael , Coyle Christopher
Published: May 2021

In the nineteenth century, the Liverpool Cotton Brokers' Association (CBA) coordinated the dramatic growth of Liverpool's raw cotton market. This article shows how the CBA achieved this through the development of a private-order institutional framework that improved information flows, introduced standardization and contracting regimes, and regulated market exchange platforms. These developments corresponded with significantly improved market coordination, which facilitated the growth of the largest raw cotton market in the world. The article's findings demonstrate and quantify the importance of nonstate actors in creating institutions of global exchange central to the first wave of globalization.
Quinone reductase activity is widespread in lichens
Authors: Moyo Calvin Eddington , Minibayeva Farida , Liers Christiane , Beckett Richard Peter
Published: May 2021

In our earlier work, we demonstrated that the oxidases tyrosinase (TYR), laccase (LAC), and a heme peroxidase (POX) occur widely in lichens. Here we report on the occurrence of another oxidoreductase enzyme, quinone reductase (QR) (EC 1.6.5.5). While QR has been reported to occur widely in other organisms, there is currently no information on QR activities in lichens. Here we present a survey of QR activity in 14 species of lichens. Results demonstrate that QR activity is readily detectable in all lichen species tested. However, activities vary greatly, with ‘jelly’ lichens in the genera Collema and Leptogium having the highest activities. QR, LAC and POX are all believed to have a role in extracellular hydroxyl radical production. However, in this study no correlation was found between the activities of these enzymes and the rates at which hydroxyl radicals were produced. Possible roles for QR in lichen biology are discussed.
Incremental Validity of Online Over Offline Reports of Volitional Control in Predicting Learning Success
Authors: Breitwieser Jasmin , Neubauer Andreas B. , Brod Garvin
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Volitional control (i. e., efforts to maintain goal striving in the face of obstacles) is an integral part of self-regulated learning and an important factor for explaining individual differences in academic performance. However, differences between the various methods for assessing volitional control have rarely been investigated. Two common methods are (a) offline questionnaires, in which respondents aggregate experiences over a longer period of time, and (b) online questionnaires such as learning diaries, which assess respondents’ experiences close to the learning event. We compared these assessment approaches in 96 medical students who prepared for a high-stakes exam. Achievement of self-set learning goals was measured objectively via logfiles of students’ activities on a learning platform. Daily reports of volitional control explained substantial variance in the achievement of learning goals over and above the offline questionnaire, indicating incremental validity of online assessments of self-regulation. Moreover, the daily reports of volitional control could explain intra-individual day-to-day variance in goal achievement. The current study, thus, suggests that learning diaries, albeit cumbersome, have clear advantages over offline questionnaires.
Suppressing meta-holographic artifacts by laser coherence tuning
Authors: Eliezer Yaniv , Qu Geyang , Yang Wenhong , Wang Yujie , Yılmaz Hasan , Xiao Shumin , Song Qinghai , Cao Hui
Published: May 2021

A metasurface hologram combines fine spatial resolution and large viewing angles with a planar form factor and compact size. However, it suffers coherent artifacts originating from electromagnetic cross-talk between closely packed meta-atoms and fabrication defects of nanoscale features. Here, we introduce an efficient method to suppress all artifacts by fine-tuning the spatial coherence of illumination. Our method is implemented with a degenerate cavity laser, which allows a precise and continuous tuning of the spatial coherence over a wide range, with little variation in the emission spectrum and total power. We find the optimal degree of spatial coherence to suppress the coherent artifacts of a meta-hologram while maintaining the image sharpness. This work paves the way to compact and dynamical holographic displays free of coherent defects.
Exosomal S100A4 derived from highly metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells promotes metastasis by activating STAT3
Authors: Sun Haoting , Wang Chaoqun , Hu Beiyuan , Gao Xiaomei , Zou Tiantian , Luo Qin , Chen Mo , Fu Yan , Sheng Yuanyuan , Zhang Kaili , Zheng Yan , Ren Xudong , Yan Shican , Geng Yan , Yang Luyu , Dong Qiongzhu , Qin Lunxiu
Published: May 2021

Intercellular cross-talk plays important roles in cancer progression and metastasis. Yet how these cancer cells interact with each other is still largely unknown. Exosomes released by tumor cells have been proved to be effective cell-to-cell signal mediators. We explored the functional roles of exosomes in metastasis and the potential prognostic values for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Exosomes were extracted from HCC cells of different metastatic potentials. The metastatic effects of exosomes derived from highly metastatic HCC cells (HMH) were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Exosomal proteins were identified with iTRAQ mass spectrum and verified in cell lines, xenograft tumor samples, and functional analyses. Exosomes released by HMH significantly enhanced the in vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis of low metastatic HCC cells (LMH). S100 calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4) was identified as a functional factor in exosomes derived from HMH. S100A4rich exosomes significantly promoted tumor metastasis both in vitro and in vivo compared with S100A4low exosomes or controls. Moreover, exosomal S100A4 could induce expression of osteopontin (OPN), along with other tumor metastasis/stemness-related genes. Exosomal S100A4 activated OPN transcription via STAT3 phosphorylation. HCC patients with high exosomal S100A4 in plasma also had a poorer prognosis. In conclusion, exosomes from HMH could promote the metastatic potential of LMH, and exosomal S100A4 is a key enhancer for HCC metastasis, activating STAT3 phosphorylation and up-regulating OPN expression. This suggested exosomal S100A4 to be a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for HCC metastasis.
Findings from recent studies by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency examining musculoskeletal atrophy in space and on Earth
Authors: Furukawa Satoshi , Chatani Masahiro , Higashitani Atsushi , Higashibata Akira , Kawano Fuminori , Nikawa Takeshi , Numaga-Tomita Takuro , Ogura Toshihiko , Sato Fuminori , Sehara-Fujisawa Atsuko , Shinohara Masahiro , Shimazu Toru , Takahashi Satoru , Watanabe-Takano Haruko
Published: May 2021

The musculoskeletal system provides the body with correct posture, support, stability, and mobility. It is composed of the bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissues. Without effective countermeasures, prolonged spaceflight under microgravity results in marked muscle and bone atrophy. The molecular and physiological mechanisms of this atrophy under unloaded conditions are gradually being revealed through spaceflight experiments conducted by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency using a variety of model organisms, including both aquatic and terrestrial animals, and terrestrial experiments conducted under the Living in Space project of the Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. Increasing our knowledge in this field will lead not only to an understanding of how to prevent muscle and bone atrophy in humans undergoing long-term space voyages but also to an understanding of countermeasures against age-related locomotive syndrome in the elderly.
A 120,000-year long climate record from a NW-Greenland deep ice core at ultra-high resolution
Authors: Gkinis Vasileios , Vinther Bo M. , Popp Trevor J. , Quistgaard Thea , Faber Anne-Katrine , Holme Christian T. , Jensen Camilla-Marie , Lanzky Mika , Lütt Anine-Maria , Mandrakis Vasileios , Ørum Niels-Ole , Pedersen Anna-Sofie , Vaxevani Nikol , Weng Yongbiao , Capron Emilie , Dahl-Jensen Dorthe , Hörhold Maria , Jones Tyler R. , Jouzel Jean , Landais Amaëlle , Masson-Delmotte Valérie , Oerter Hans , Rasmussen Sune O. , Steen-Larsen Hans Christian , Steffensen Jørgen-Peder , Sveinbjörnsdóttir Árný-Erla , Svensson Anders , Vaughn Bruce , White James W. C.
Published: May 2021

We report high resolution measurements of the stable isotope ratios of ancient ice (δ18O, δD) from the North Greenland Eemian deep ice core (NEEM, 77.45° N, 51.06° E). The record covers the period 8–130 ky b2k (y before 2000) with a temporal resolution of ≈0.5 and 7 y at the top and the bottom of the core respectively and contains important climate events such as the 8.2 ky event, the last glacial termination and a series of glacial stadials and interstadials. At its bottom part the record contains ice from the Eemian interglacial. Isotope ratios are calibrated on the SMOW/SLAP scale and reported on the GICC05 (Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005) and AICC2012 (Antarctic Ice Core Chronology 2012) time scales interpolated accordingly. We also provide estimates for measurement precision and accuracy for both δ18O and δD.
Author Correction: The miR-24-3p/p130Cas: a novel axis regulating the migration and invasion of cancer cells
Authors: Kang Hoin , Rho Jun Gi , Kim Chongtae , Tak Hyosun , Lee Heejin , Ji Eunbyul , Ahn Sojin , Shin A-Ri , Cho Hyun-Il , Huh Yun Hyun , Song Woo Keun , Kim Wook , Lee Eun Kyung
Published: May 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has beneficial effects on liver lipid accumulation and hepatic inflammatory parameters in obese rats
Authors: Longo Larisse , de Souza Valessa Emanoele Gabriel , Stein Dirson João , de Freitas Joice Soares , Uribe-Cruz Carolina , Torres Iraci L. S. , Álvares-da-Silva Mário Reis
Published: May 2021

Obesity is key to liver steatosis development and progression. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising tool for eating disorders management but was not yet evaluated in steatosis. This study investigated tDCS’ effects on liver steatosis and inflammation in an experimental obesity model. Male Wistar rats (60 days-old) were randomly allocated (n = 10/group) as follows: standard-diet/sham tDCS (SDS), standard-diet/tDCS (SDT), hypercaloric-cafeteria-diet/sham tDCS (HDS), and hypercaloric-cafeteria-diet/tDCS (HDT). After 40 days of diet, animals received active or sham tDCS for eight days and were euthanized for liver fat deposition and inflammation analysis. HDS and HDT animals showed cumulative food consumption, total liver lipid deposits, IL-1β, TNF-α levels, IL-1β/IL-10 and TNF-α/IL-10 ratios significantly higher than the SDS and SDT groups (p < 0.001 for all parameters). tDCS (SDT and HDT) reduced liver lipid deposits (0.7 times for both, p < 0.05), IL-1β (0.7 times and 0.9 times, respectively, p < 0.05) and IL-1β/IL-10 index (0.6 times and 0.8 times, respectively, p < 0.05) in relation to sham (SDS and HDS). There was an interaction effect on the accumulation of hepatic triglycerides (p < 0.05). tDCS reduced 0.8 times the average liver triglyceride concentration in the HDT vs. HDS group (p < 0.05). In this obesity model, tDCS significantly decreased liver steatosis and hepatic inflammation. These results may justify looking into tDCS utility for human steatosis.
Gait disturbances and muscle dysfunction in fibroblast growth factor 2 knockout mice
Authors: Homer-Bouthiette C. , Xiao L. , Hurley Marja M.
Published: May 2021

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is important in musculoskeletal homeostasis, therefore the impact of reduction or Fgf2 knockout on skeletal muscle function and phenotype was determined. Gait analysis as well as muscle strength testing in young and old WT and Fgf2KO demonstrated age-related gait disturbances and reduction in muscle strength that were exacerbated in the KO condition. Fgf2 mRNA and protein were significantly decreased in skeletal muscle of old WT compared with young WT. Muscle fiber cross-sectional area was significantly reduced with increased fibrosis and inflammatory infiltrates in old WT and Fgf2KO vs. young WT. Inflammatory cells were further significantly increased in old Fgf2KO compared with old WT. Lipid-related genes and intramuscular fat was increased in old WT and old Fgf2KO with a further increase in fibro-adipocytes in old Fgf2KO compared with old WT. Impaired FGF signaling including Increased β-Klotho, Fgf21 mRNA, FGF21 protein, phosphorylated FGF receptors 1 and 3, was observed in old WT and old Fgf2KO. MAPK/ ERK1/2 was significantly increased in young and old Fgf2KO. We conclude that Fgf2KO, age-related decreased FGF2 in WT mice, and increased FGF21 in the setting of impaired Fgf2 expression likely contribute to impaired skeletal muscle function and sarcopenia in mice.
Author Correction: Critical importance of pH and collector type on the flotation of sphalerite and galena from a low-grade lead–zinc ore
Authors: Foroutan Abdolrahim , Abadi Majid Abbas Zadeh Haji , Kianinia Yaser , Ghadiri Mahdi
Published: May 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Magneto mitochondrial dysfunction mediated cancer cell death using intracellular magnetic nano-transducers
Authors: Park Wooram , Kim Seok-Jo , Cheresh Paul , Yun Jeanho , Lee Byeongdu , Kamp David W. , Kim Dong-Hyun
Published: May 2021

Mitochondria targeting magnetic nano-transducers, converting external magnetic fields into physical stress, were developed to induce mitochondria-mediated cell death signaling for effective cancer treatment.
In situ generation of highly reactive allenes from nitrocyclopropanes: controllable synthesis of enynes and enesters
Authors: Zhou Zhan-Yu , Xu Zhong-Yang , Shen Qiao-Yu , Huang Li-Sha , Zhang Xing , Xia Ai-Bao , Xu Dan-Qian , Xu Zhen-Yuan
Published: May 2021

A new and efficient strategy for ring-opening reactions of nitrocyclopropanes is developed for the first time for the divergent synthesis of enynes and enesters via the in situ generated highly reactive electron-deficient intermediate allenes.
Modulating photoswitch performance with halogen, coordinative and hydrogen bonding: a comparison of relative bond strengths
Authors: Lindblad Sofia , Sethio Daniel , Berryman Orion B. , Erdélyi Máté
Published: May 2021

The behavior of an enediyne photoswitch is modulated with halogen bonding, coordinative bonding and hydrogen bonding.
Fine regulation of electron transfer in Ag@Co3O4 nanoparticles for boosting the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Li Zhe , Feng Yi , Lang Xiuyao , Kang Wenjing , Mao Jing , Shen Gurong , Liu Hui , Dong Cunku , Wang Weichao , Du Xiwen
Published: May 2021

The valence state of Co can be precisely adjusted by constructing Ag@Co3O4 core–shell structures to achieve controllable regulation of the structure-catalysis relationship.
A general procedure for carbon isotope labeling of linear urea derivatives with carbon dioxide
Authors: Babin Victor , Sallustrau Antoine , Loreau Olivier , Caillé Fabien , Goudet Amélie , Cahuzac Héloïse , Del Vecchio Antonio , Taran Frédéric , Audisio Davide
Published: May 2021

A general approach to label urea derivatives with all carbon isotopes (11C, 13C and 14C) is reported.
A highly stable metal–organic framework with cubane-like clusters for the selective oxidation of aryl alkenes to aldehydes or ketones
Authors: Liu Teng , Shen Xianfu , Shen Xiang , He Chixian , Liu Jiaming , Liu Jian-Jun
Published: May 2021

A novel MOF with cubane-like clusters was prepared based on an electron-deficient triazine derivative, and it exhibits excellent thermal and chemical stability and can be used for the selective oxidation of aryl alkenes to aldehydes or ketones in mild conditions.
CNT/Al2O3 core–shell nanostructures for the electrochemical detection of dihydroxybenzene isomers
Authors: Moulaee Kaveh , Raza Muhammad Hamid , Pinna Nicola , Donato Nicola , Neri Giovanni
Published: May 2021

The sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of dihydroxybenzene (DHB) isomers has been performed on CNT/Al2O3 core–shell nanostructures.
Comment on “On the thermodynamic stability of bubbles, immiscible droplets, and cavities” by G. S. Manning, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2020, 22, 17523
Authors: Makkonen Lasse , Vehmas Tapio
Published: May 2021

Manning claimed recently that the present models of bubble dissolution are inapplicable for nanosized bubbles. We argue to the contrary, and clarify the interpretation of the Young–Laplace equation.
Four-component synthesis of 3-aminomethylated imidazoheterocycles in EtOH under catalyst-free, oxidant-free and mild conditions
Authors: Gui Qing-Wen , Wang Bin-Bin , Zhu Sha , Li Fu-Long , Zhu Meng-Xue , Yi Min , Yu Jia-Ling , Wu Zhi-Lin , He Wei-Min
Published: May 2021

The 3-aminomethylated imidazoheterocycles were efficiently synthesized in one-step via a four-component reaction of equimolar cheap and commercially available reactants at ambient temperature under catalyst-, oxidant-, base-free and mild conditions.
A powerful machine learning technique to extract proton core, beam, and α-particle parameters from velocity distribution functions in space plasmas
Authors: Vech D. , Stevens M. L. , Paulson K. W. , Malaspina D. M. , Case A. W. , Klein K. G. , Kasper J. C.
Published: May 2021

Context. The analysis of the thermal part of velocity distribution functions (VDFs) is fundamentally important for understanding the kinetic physics that governs the evolution and dynamics of space plasmas. However, calculating the proton core, beam, and α-particle parameters for large data sets of VDFs is a time-consuming and computationally demanding process that always requires supervision by a human expert.

Aims. We developed a machine learning tool that can extract proton core, beam, and α-particle parameters using images (2D grid consisting pixel values) of VDFs.

Methods. A database of synthetic VDFs was generated, which was used to train a convolutional neural network that infers bulk speed, thermal speed, and density for all three particle populations. We generated a separate test data set of synthetic VDFs that we used to compare and quantify the predictive power of the neural network and a fitting algorithm.

Results. The neural network achieves significantly smaller root-mean-square errors to infer proton core, beam, and α-particle parameters than a traditional fitting algorithm.

Conclusions. The developed machine learning tool has the potential to revolutionize the processing of particle measurements since it allows the computation of more accurate particle parameters than previously used fitting procedures.
Linearized electrodynamics and stabilization of a cold magnetized plasma
Authors: Labrunie Simon , Zaafrani Ibtissem
Published: May 2021

We consider a linearized Euler–Maxwell model for the propagation and absorption of electromagnetic waves in a magnetized plasma. We present the derivation of the model, and we show its well-posedeness, its strong and polynomial stability under suitable and fairly general assumptions, its exponential stability in the same conditions as the Maxwell system, and finally its convergence to the time-harmonic regime. No homogeneity assumption is made, and the topological and geometrical assumptions on the domain are minimal. These results appear strongly linked to the spectral properties of various matrices describing the anisotropy and other plasma properties.
Zieltemperaturkontrolle beim Patienten mit Verbrennungen
Authors: Trojan Stefan , Limper Ulrich , Wappler Frank
Published: May 2021

Schwere Verbrennungen führen zu einer persistierenden hypermetabolen Antwort des Organismus mit signifikant gesteigertem Ruheenergieumsatz, Multiorgandysfunktion, Muskelabbau und erhöhtem Infektionsrisiko. Charakteristisch sind erhöhte Körperkern- und Hauttemperaturen. Eine weitere Steigerung der erhöhten metabolischen Rate kann durch Wärmeverluste ausgelöst werden, für die diese Patienten durch hohe Wärmeabgabe über Verdunstung von Feuchtigkeit und Beeinträchtigung der thermoregulatorischen und isolierenden Eigenschaften der verbrannten Haut besonders disponiert sind. Dies gilt besonders in allen Behandlungssituationen mit Exposition großer unbedeckter Hautflächen, wie bei der Primärversorgung, Verbandswechseln auf der Intensivstation und der Verbrennungschirurgie mit ausgedehntem sterilem Operationsfeld. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Hypothermie mit zahlreichen Risiken für den Verbrennungspatienten einhergeht. Ein konsequentes Wärmemanagement mit Messung der
Körperkerntemperatur und Anwendung von externen und internen Wärmeprotektionsmaßnahmen wird empfohlen. Traditionell kommt hier eine Erhöhung der Raumtemperatur zum Einsatz. Dieser effektiven Maßnahme sind jedoch durch die Belastbarkeit der Behandler auf der Intensivstation und der Operateure Grenzen gesetzt. Zur Vermeidung einer perioperativen Hypothermie sind eine stringente Operationsplanung mit Begrenzung der Operationsdauer und eine enge intraoperative Kommunikation über das Hypothermierisiko von besonderer Bedeutung.

Bei der intensivmedizinischen Therapie ist die Differenzierung zwischen akzeptierter Temperaturerhöhung und infektiösem Fieber häufig erst durch die Einbeziehung weiterer Untersuchungsbefunde möglich. Als Kriterium für Sepsis gilt eine Temperatur über 39 °C oder unter 36,5 °C.
Olfactory Preservation in Craniofacial Resection of Tumor Invading Hemianterior Skull Base: Operative Video
Authors: Kobayashi Kenya , Miyakita Yasuji , Matsumoto Fumihiko , Omura Go , Matsumura Satoko , Ikeda Atsuo , Eguchi Kohtaro , Ito Akiko , Narita Yoshitaka , Akazawa Satoshi , Yoshimoto Seiichi
Published: May 2021

In traditional craniofacial resection of tumors invading the anterior skull base, the bilateral olfactory apparatus is resected. Recently, transnasal endoscopy has been used for olfactory preservation in resections of unilateral low-grade malignancies. However, for tumors that invade the orbita or for high-grade malignancies, the transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery has been controversial. This video demonstrates the surgical techniques of olfactory preservation during craniofacial resection of a high-grade malignancy invading the hemianterior skull base and orbita.

We present the case of a 32-year-old woman with osteosarcoma in the right ethmoid sinus. The tumor invaded the ipsilateral cribriform plate, dura menta, and orbital periosteum; however, the nasal septum and crista galli were intact (Fig. 1A, B). Because the tumor was a high-grade malignancy and the orbita had been invaded, we performed craniofacial resection instead of endoscopic resection (Fig. C2A). We drilled into the right side of the crista galli, midline of the cribriform plate, and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone via craniotomy. As a result, we accessed the nasal cavity directly (Fig. 2B). To preserve the nasal septum, we detached the remaining right septal mucosa through the transfacial approach (Fig. 2C). Because of the high risk of cerebrospinal fluid leakage as a result of previous irradiation, we performed vascularized free flap reconstruction of the skull base instead of pericranial flap.

Postoperative computed tomography revealed no evidence of tumor (Fig. 1C, D). The patient's sense of smell returned after 1 postoperative day, and she was discharged on the postoperative day 14.

The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/XzPABYwzkjs.
External Stenting (Exostenting) to Correct Vascular Torsion and Angulation
Authors: Silva Michael B. , Shoaib Muhammad , Miyara Santiago J. , Guevara Sara , McCann-Molmenti Alexia , Silva H. Colleen , Watt Stacey , Zafeiropoulos Stefanos , Hayashida Kei , Takegawa Ryosuke , Shinozaki Koichiro , Choudhary Rishabh C. , Cho Young Min , Kressel Adam M. , Alsalmay Yaser M. , Grande Daniel A. , Cicalese Luca , Aranalde Gabriel I. , Covelli Grace , Becker Lance B. , Shore-Lesserson Linda , Molmenti Ernesto P.
Published: May 2021

Organ transplantation can be associated with vascular torsions and angulations of both recipient and donor vessels. Such kinks and/or torsions of vessels can compromise the vascular integrity, obstruct inflow and/or outflow, and result in loss of the organ and/or body parts. On many occasions, mild angulations and torsions can be successfully addressed by repositioning the organ. In cases where the abnormal findings persist, maneuvers such as placing a fat pad to create a smoother curve, or even opening the peritoneum (in the case of kidney transplants) to allow for a better positioning of the organ, are associated with successful outcomes. When such torsions/angulations persist despite these approaches, further innovative tactics are required. In the current report, we propose a technique that involves longitudinally opening of a synthetic graft that is rigid enough to maintain its shape, such as a ringed polytetrafluoroethylene graft, and placing it as an external stent around the angulated/torsioned vessel. This maneuver will correct the underlying vascular compromise without having to perform any further invasive interventions, such as reimplanting the organ or resecting part of the involved vessel. Although primarily illustrated for application by describing an instance in which exostenting was applied during kidney transplantation, our approach could be applied to any vessel under many circumstances where angulations/twists are encountered. In this report, we describe the use of an external stent, also called exostenting, to correct a severe torsion/angulation of the external iliac artery in a kidney transplant recipient where all other measures were unsuccessful.
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging: An Exciting and Problem-Solving Tool in Patients with Hepatic Metastases
Authors: Gupta Savia , Choh Naseer A. , Bhatt Mohd Gull , Wani Rauf A. , Rasool Zubaida , Rasool Sheikh R.
Published: May 2021

Background The diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is based on the random Brownian motion of water molecules that influences image contrast depending on different pathological conditions.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences including diffusion-weighted and gadobenate-enhanced MRI in the detection and characterization of liver lesions in a patient of known primary malignancy and to compare MRI with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and ultrasonography (USG) in the detection of liver metastases.

Methods All patients underwent a multiphase MRI. The final diagnosis was established by histopathological examination.

Results A total of 43 patients of known primary malignancy were enrolled. MRI gave a provisional diagnosis of liver metastases in 21 patients and benign disease in 22 patients with histopathological correlation revealing two false-negative and one false-positive result. In the detection of lesions, DWI outscored other sequences (92.9 vs. 83.5% in hepatobiliary phase vs. 55.0% in T2-weighted sequences) with a statistically significant difference noted only in comparison with T2-weighted sequences (p < 0.001). In 16 patients, MRI added new lesions that were not detected by CECT/USG. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI for detecting metastases were 90.9%/95.2% and 97.9%/96.8% for per-patient and per-lesion basis, respectively.

Conclusion Multiphase MRI improved both the detection and characterization of liver metastases. Adding DWI to the routine MR sequences helped in detecting small liver metastases (<10 mm) not detected by other sequences.
Grafts in Endonasal Rhinoplasty
Authors: Lee Daniel D. , Katrib Ziad , Williams Edwin F.
Published: May 2021

Rhinoplasty is arguably one of the most challenging but rewarding procedures for the facial plastic surgeon. To adequately improve facial aesthetic parameters and preserve nasal function, the appropriate utilization of grafts is of utmost importance. While there is no best method, I found that in my hands, the endonasal approach allowed me to achieve greater control over my results by limiting dissection, utilizing less cartilage, and minimizing variables. In this manuscript, I outline the surgical pearls I have developed throughout my career that have helped me execute these grafts efficiently and effectively.
The Potential of AFX Iliac Extension in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with High Iliac Tortuosity
Authors: Kikuchi Yuta , Ohtani Norifumi , Kamiya Hiroyuki
Published: May 2021

Recently, endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) is the most common surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, iliac limb complications of EVAR often cause problems in patients with high iliac tortuosity. There is no difference of rate of iliac limb complication among EVAR devices, such as Excluder, Endurant, and Zenith in high iliac tortuosity. But there has been not reported about AFX. We studied AFX iliac extension as it is the only stent graft with an endoskeletal framework. This study aimed to evaluate the AFX iliac extension patency in a case in vitro and to use it in seven cases of AAA with high iliac tortuosity. The silicon tube inserted in the AFX iliac extension was flexed at 30, 60, 90, and 120 degrees, and the lumen of the iliac extension was monitored using an underwater camera in the circulatory system. During the experiment, the Iwaki Bellows Pump (IWAKI CO., LTD., Tokyo, Japan) produced a pulsating flow. We used this in seven patients with AAA high iliac tortuosity cases between November 2018 and May 2019. If the silicon tube inserted in the AFX iliac extension was flexed at 60 and 120 degrees, the stent protruded into the lumen. However, the graft was dilated at all degrees. All seven patients with AFX iliac extension had no complications and a patent iliac artery. The AFX iliac extension can reduce iliac limb complications in cases of high iliac tortuosity.