bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Has Changed the Traditional Social Perception on Nurses? Attribution of Stereotypes and Gender Roles
Authors: Aranda Maria , Castillo-Mayén María Del Rosario , Montes-Berges Beatriz
Published: October 2015

AbstractNursing has traditionally been regarded as a female profession. However, in recent years there has been an increase of men. Despite this change, patriarchy still has a profound influence on how general population, patients and even nursing students perceive this occupation. Taking this background into account, the present research aims to analyze gender stereotype and gender role assignment to male and female nurses. A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 121 participants from three groups: patients, non-patients and nursing students. Gender stereotypes and gender roles assignment were analyzing using two factors: level of social domination orientation, and the group membership. Results showed that the gender stereotypes assignment to male and female nurses displayed some similarities; therefore a less stereotypical perception was observed comparing with other recent research. Moreover, participants low in social dominance orientation indicated a preference to traditional gender roles. Considering the group we found a traditional assignment of gender stereotypes over female and male nurses, even among nursing students. In sum, despite the dynamism of the nurses’ social perception, still remains a gender bias that needs to be avoided.
Effect of Different Fertilizer Schemes and Irrigation Intervals on Tomatoes’ Response to Water Shortage
Authors: Pascual Pet Roey L. , Cabahug Jingjing P.
Published: October 2015

The growing concerns on increasing global water scarcity require efficient use of water resources. Aimed to investigate the growth and yield responses of tomato to water stress in varied fertilization scheme, a two-factor experiment involving three (3) fertilizer management practices (use of recommended inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilization at 10 T/ha and 20 T/ha) and three (3) watering schedules (daily, two days interval, and three days interval) was done. Analysis of the plant height showed that at increased level of organic fertilizer, plants were taller even up to three (3) days watering interval. Height was significantly reduced for plants applied with 10 T/ha compost and watered at three (3) days interval and those applied with pure inorganic fertilizer. Moreover, prolonging the interval of watering up to three (3) days on compost-fertilized tomatoes allowed them to initiate flowering earlier. This was not significantly different with tomatoes applied with pure inorganic fertilizer but watered daily. Finally, examination of the analysis on the cumulative yield showed that the highest yields, 10.54 and 8.96 MT/ha, were obtained on tomatoes applied with 20 T/ha compost and watered daily and at two (2) days interval, respectively. Significant reduction in yield was exhibited by tomatoes applied with inorganic fertilizer only and watered daily, more so, when watering was at two (2) and three (3) days interval. A conclusion is drawn that application of compost reduces the negative effects of water shortage to flower initiation and plant height even up to three (3) days watering interval and up to two (2) days interval to yield.
Viability of Critically Endangered Cebu Cinnamon seeds (Cinnamomum cebuense L.)
Authors: Lillo EP Edgardo P. , Alcazar Steve Michel T.
Published: October 2015

The study aimed to determine the viability of the seeds of the critically endangered Cebu Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cebuense L.) species. The collected seeds were air- dried and stored in a closed container. The stored seeds were sowed in the seed box at an interval of one week. This study consists of nine (9) treatments with three (3) replications, laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design and analyzed using ANOVA at 5 percent level of significance.

Results show that there is a significant difference among the treatments. For Treatment control (To) the seeds were sown directly to the soil medium after air drying. In this treatment many seeds have germinated. The result implies that Cebu Cinnamon seeds should be sown directly to the soil medium right after air drying rather than storing it in the container. The seeds that have germinated were considered as viable. Cebu cinnamon was very sensitive to temperature changes.

The seeds of Cebu Cinnamon species should be collected when they are matured to ensure their viability, thus promote higher rate of germination. Conservation and protection of the Cebu Cinnamon species must be considered one of the priorities species of the government and other stakeholders because there are much less of the species that are left on the island.
Dugald Stewart on intellectual character
Authors: TANNOCH-BLAND JENNIFER
Published: July 2002

Dugald Stewart (1753–1828) lectured in astronomy and
political economy, held the chair
of mathematics at Edinburgh University from 1775 to 1785, then the chair
of moral
philosophy from 1785 to 1810, and wrote extensively on metaphysics,
political economy,
ethics, philology, aesthetics, psychology and the history of philosophy
and the experimental
sciences. He is commonly regarded as the last voice of the Scottish
Enlightenment, the
articulate disciple of Thomas Reid, father of Scottish common sense
philosophy. Recently
some historians have begun to rediscover elements of the contribution
Stewart made to
early nineteenth-century British intellectual culture, and his
Collected Works have been
republished with a new introduction by Knud Haakonssen.
Modernity and the Memory Artist: The Work of Imagination in Highland Sumatra, 1947–1995
Authors: Steedly Mary Margaret
Published: July 2002

News from afar sometimes seems to bear an uncanny resemblance to one's own remembered past. This is not because of the banal redundancy of events, but because of memory's inclination to refurbish itself in contemporary designs and novel images. In 1994 I was in northern Sumatra collecting stories from Karo veterans of the Indonesian war of national independence. Every night the television news offered more horrifying pictures of ethnic violence from around the world. In central Africa, roadways were filled with thousands of starving, desperate people traveling toward unknown destinations. This made a big impression on my Karo informants. “That's exactly how it was here,” they told me over and over. “I saw it on TV last night. I told the kids, ‘We were just like that during the evacuation.' Nothing to eat. No clothes. We were living like animals.”
PARTICIPATORY VARIETAL SELECTION IN LOWLAND SORGHUM IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA: IMPACT ON ADOPTION AND GENETIC DIVERSITY
Authors: MULATU E. , BELETE K.
Published: July 2002

Farmers' Participatory Varietal Evaluation (PVE) was conducted on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) crops in the Kile-Bisidimo plains of eastern Ethiopia for three consecutive years, 1995–1997. The study aimed at providing farmers with alternatives to their landrace to enable them to overcome crop losses and to identify farmers' varietal selection criteria for inclusion in future breeding work. In 1995 constraints and opportunities in sorghum growing and farmers' varietal matching characteristics were identified through an informal survey. This was followed by a search for varieties and acquisitions of seed. Subsequently, eight varieties were evaluated of which five varieties were released and three were at the pre-release stage.

In 1996 and 1997 farmer-managed on-farm trials were conducted and farmers evaluated the performance of the experimental varieties against a locally grown cultivar. Through pairwise and matrix ranking, farmers' selection criteria were listed, preferred varieties identified and initiatives taken to diffuse the varieties through the local seed system. Out of the eight varieties that research workers considered the best, farmers selected only three. The study negated the generally accepted view that farmers in lowland areas of eastern Ethiopia are reluctant to grow short-duration varieties. The selection and introduction of three new varieties into a farming system where farmers were growing only one local variety reconfirmed PVE to be a means for enhancing adoption and increasing genetic diversity. The study also confirmed that increasing farmers' access to their preferred varieties would result in a faster rate of diffusion through farmer-to-farmer seed exchange.
Effects of primary tillage and soil amendment practices on pearl millet yield and nutrient uptake in the Sahel of West Africa
Authors: IKPE F. N. , POWELL J. M. , ISIRIMAH N. O. , WAHUA T. A. T. , NGODIGHA E. M.
Published: July 2002

The main objective of this study was to determine the best soil amendment and tillage practices for sustainable millet yield and grain and stover quality. The treatments included tillage practices (immediate-, late- and no-till) and soil amendments (sheep manure plus urine, manure, millet stover (stalks, leaf blades and leaf sheaths) and millet stover ash) in factorial combinations with fertilizer nitrogen levels of 0, 15 and 30 kg ha−1 plus controls. Results showed that (i) higher yields were obtained in tilled plots than in no-till plots; (ii) tillage timing may not be a significant yield determining factor; (iii) the application of animal urine resulted in significantly higher yield and greater nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake than the application either of manure alone or of millet stover. Urine application (ruminant urine contains virtually no phosphorus), which elevates soil pH especially during the first week after application, may have resulted in the dissolution of phosphorus from the aluminium–iron complexes of kaolinitic clays. This is corroborated by the significantly higher phosphorus uptake from the manure-plus-urine plots than from plots amended with either manure alone or millet stover. Long-term implications of ‘mining’ soil phosphorus with repeated applications of animal urine in these fragile ecosystems remains unclear.
The use of selection experiments for detecting quantitative

trait loci
Authors: OLLIVIER L. , MESSER L. A. , ROTHSCHILD M. F. , LEGAULT C.
Published: July 2002

Gene frequency changes following selection may reveal the existence

of gene effects on the trait

selected. Loci for the selected quantitative trait (SQTL) may thus be detected.

Additionally, one

can estimate the average effect (α) of a marker allele associated

with an SQTL from the allele

frequency change (Δq) due to selection of given intensity

(i). In a sample of unrelated individuals,

it is optimal to select the upper and lower 27% for generating Δq

in order to estimate α. For a

given number of individuals genotyped, this estimator is

0·25i2 times more efficient than the

classical estimator of α, based on the regression of the trait on
the

genotype at the marker locus.

The method is extended to selection criteria using information from

relatives, showing that

combined selection considerably increases the efficiency of estimation

for traits of low heritability.

The method has been applied to the detection of SQTL in a selection

experiment in which the trait

selected was pig litter size averaged over the first four parities, with

i=3. Results for four genes

are provided, one of which yielded a highly significant effect.

The conditions required for valid

application of the method are discussed, including selection experiments

over several generations.

Additional advantages of the method can be anticipated from determining

gene frequencies on pooled samples of blood or DNA.
Point estimation and graphical inference of marginal

dominance for two viability loci controlling inbreeding depression
Authors: FU YONG-BI , CHARLESWORTH DEBORAH , NAMKOONG GENE
Published: July 2002

A deterministic analysis is conducted to examine marginal dominance
for

two linked viability loci

influencing inbreeding depression and its graphical inferences. Four

estimators of marginal

dominance are derived, assuming a biallelic marker locus completely linked
to

one of the viability

loci, and the biases in expected estimates due to the other deleterious

locus are discussed. Three

conditions under which apparent partial dominance or underdominance could

occur are found, i.e.

when two multiplicative, partially recessive loci are linked in coupling

phase and when two

synergistic, highly overdominant loci are linked in coupling or repulsion

phases. Expected

frequencies of the three marker genotypes in selfed progeny are derived,

considering two linkage

phases, two types of marker locus position with respect to the viability

loci, and the multiplicative

and synergistic fitness models. Segregation ratios are generated for the

marker locus linked to

either two overdominant or partially recessive loci and plotted in gene

action graphs to examine

the robustness of the graphical inferences of gene action due to the

presence of an additional

linked viability locus. Under a multiplicative fitness model, the presence
of

an additional partially

recessive or overdominant locus in the vicinity of the marker locus does

not greatly affect the

graphical inferences of the relative role of partially recessive or

overdominant genes in expression

of inbreeding depression. A marker linked to two synergistic, highly

overdominant loci can behave

as though linked to a partially recessive, partially dominant or

underdominant locus, even with relatively weak synergism.
RETHINKING THE JOINT PROJECT: AUSTRALIA'S BID FOR NUCLEAR
WEAPONS, 1945–1960
Authors: REYNOLDS WAYNE
Published: July 2002

This article concludes that Australia was determined to possess
nuclear weapons from
the end of the Second World War. The best prospects for this
lay in working with Britain through
the so-called ‘joint project’. British defence planners knew

that their small island would not survive
a future atomic blitz and, therefore, needed ‘active’ deterrent

weapons. The problem was that the US
after 1946 moved to protect its atomic monopoly and denied Britain research,

raw materials, and test
facilities. Australia was, therefore, an invaluable partner in the British

deterrent weapons programme,
in all its aspects from research to testing, as long as the US refused

co-operation. The quest for atomic
weapons lies at the heart of many of Canberra's initiatives after

1945 – the decision to build an
Australian National University; the construction of the vast Snowy Mountains
scheme; and
ultimately the decision to deploy Australian forces into South-East
Asia in the mid-fifties. The height
of Anglo-Australian co-operation coincided with the atomic tests
after 1952, London's decision to help
build atomic reactors in Australia, and the Suez crisis. Britain's

acquisition of deterrent weapons in
1957, however, saw the end of imperial co-operation on atomic weapons and
delivery systems.
FEEDING THE CAMPS: ALLIED BLOCKADE POLICY AND THE RELIEF
OF CONCENTRATION CAMPS IN GERMANY, 1944–1945
Authors: ZWEIG RONALD W.
Published: July 2002

In the twelve months preceding the end of the Second World War,
the International
Committee of the Red Cross and various voluntary organizations acting
with the Red Cross, were able
to dispatch food parcels to increasingly large numbers of concentration

camp inmates in Germany and
German-controlled territory. As Allied pressure on Germany increased
during the last months of the
war, the possibilities of sending large-scale relief into the camps
prior to their liberation expanded
dramatically. However, Allied blockade policy was so deeply entrenched

that it was almost impossible
for these possibilities to be fully exploited. Official relief agencies

failed to convince Supreme
Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) that improving the
rations of the camp
inmates would not strengthen the German working force but
would alleviate the problems that SHAEF
itself would confront when it liberated the camps shortly thereafter.
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Authors: STRACHAN HEW
Published: July 2002

The arming of Europe and the making of the First World War. By David G. Herrmann.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. Pp. xiii+307. ISBN 0-691-03374-9.
£29.50.

Armaments and the coming of war: Europe 1904–1914. By David Stevenson. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1996. Pp. xi+463. ISBN 0-19-820208-3. £48.00.

Authority, identity and the social history of the Great War. Edited by Frans Coetzee
and Marilyn Shevin-Coetzee. Providence and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995.
Pp. xxii+362. ISBN 1-57181-017-X. £40.

Dismembering the male: men's bodies, Britain and the Great War. By Joanna Bourke. London:
Reaktion Books, 1996. Pp. 336. ISBN 0-948462825. £19.95.

Passchendaele: the untold story. By Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson. New Haven and
London: Yale University Press, 1996. Pp. xv+237. ISBN 0-300-066292-9. £19.95.

Battle tactics of the western front: the British army's art of attack, 1916–1918. By Paddy Griffith.
New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996 (paperback edition).
Pp. xvi+286. ISBN 0-300-06663-5. No price given.

Government and the armed forces in Britain, 1856–1990. Edited by Paul Smith. London,
Hambledon Press, 1996. Pp. xviii+324. ISBN 1-85285-144-9. £35.

Whether or not arms races cause wars was a historiographical preoccupation of the Cold
War era. The issue was then of more than academic concern. Those opposed to the
proliferation of nuclear weapons saw previous arms races as having destabilized the
international system at best and as having led ineluctably to war at worst. Their critics
countered that arms races possessed the capacity to increase terror and so promote more
effective deterrence.
EVALUATING THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT IN EGYPT, 1980–97
Authors: Adams, Richard H.
Published: July 2002

In the broadest sense, the process of development involves improving the quality of human life. Although most people support the idea of improving human lives, the concept of development is notoriously difficult to define. In the poorer countries of the world, development generally requires increasing incomes. But it also involves other things, such as raising standards of health and nutrition, improving access to education, reducing poverty, and increasing the equality of resources. How is it possible to incorporate these, and other notions, into a workable definition of development that can be used to evaluate the recent record of development in Egypt?
Comparison of fertilizer strategies for reducing nitrate
leaching from grazed grassland, with particular
reference to the contribution from urine patches
Authors: CUTTLE S. P. , SCURLOCK R. V. , DAVIES B. M. S.
Published: July 2002

The effectiveness of alternative fertilizer strategies to control nitrate leaching was investigated in a
field experiment at IGER, Aberystwyth using simulated pastures to represent swards grazed by dairy
cattle between May and October 1997, following an initial silage cut. Cut-plots with and without
applications of artificial urine were used to represent the separate components of grazed pastures
managed with the following nitrogen (N) fertilizer strategies: standard (fertilizer applied uniformly
to all areas of the sward at a total rate of 180 kg N/ha between May and October), tactical (fertilizer
rates adjusted to match the average soil mineral-N content of the pasture to that of ungrazed
reference plots receiving the standard rate) and patch-avoidance (fertilizer applied at the standard
rate but withheld from areas that had received urine). Calculated stocking rates derived from herbage
yields indicated that 12% of the pasture would have been affected by urine up to the end of ‘grazing’
in October. The presence of urine patches increased the nitrate-N content of the 0–90 cm soil profile
in October from 61 kg N/ha for ungrazed pasture to 104 kg/ha for ‘grazed’ pasture receiving the
standard fertilizer rate. Although the patch-avoidance strategy was more effective than the tactical in
reducing the accumulation of nitrate in soil under urine patches, they were both of limited
effectiveness in reducing the content over the pasture as a whole. Profile contents in October for the
simulated pastures managed with the tactical and patch-avoidance strategies were equivalent to 99
and 97 kg nitrate-N/ha, respectively. The tactical strategy achieved a 26% saving in overall fertilizer
use. Under the conditions of the experiment this did not significantly reduce herbage yields. The
patch-avoidance strategy reduced fertilizer use by only 3%.
Effect of the addition of cell wall degrading enzymes on fermentation kinetics of perennial ryegrass silage
Authors: RODRIGUES M. A. M. , CONE J. W. , SEQUEIRA C. A. , MASCARENHAS-FERREIRA A.
Published: July 2002

Two studies were undertaken to evaluate the effects of cellulase and endoxylanase enzymes on the chemical composition and the fermentation characteristics of grass silage, using the gas production technique. Perennial ryegrass was ensiled in 1 litre glass containers for 90 days with cellulase (0·2 g/kg grass on fresh weight basis) and endoxylanase in the concentrations of 0·05 g/kg grass (Endox 0·05) and 0·2 g/kg grass (Endox 0·2). Subsequently, dried samples, ground through a 1 mm screen, were used in chemical analysis and gas production measurements. In Expt 1, the enzyme treatment significantly decreased silage NDF (P < 0·001), ADF (P < 0·001) and acetic acid (P < 0·01) concentrations and increased lactic acid (P < 0·001) production. In Expt 2, lower concentrations of NDF (P < 0·001) and ADF (P < 0·001) in treated silages resulted in increased sugar concentration (P < 0·001). In this experiment, butyric acid was detected. Addition of cellulase and Endox 0·05 enzymes did not alter silage digestibility. In both studies, cellulase and Endox 0·2 treatments tended to increase the rate of gas production within 10 hours of inoculation with rumen fluid whereas Endox 0·05 had no effect. The volume of gas produced was however greater for the untreated silage than for the enzyme-treated silage samples after 48 h of incubation. The strategy of applying cellulase and endoxylanase to the herbage in the ensiling process proved to be effective in modifying the chemical composition and increasing sugar concentration and the rate of gas production of the silages. Further research on the factors determining enzyme effectiveness is therefore suggested to elucidate the mechanisms leading to higher utilization of the released sugars.
Response of white clover genotypes to intergenotypic
and interspecific interference
Authors: ANNICCHIARICO P. , PIANO E.
Published: July 2002

Six white clover genotypes that were easily distinguishable from each
other on the basis of leaf lamina
marks and morphology were grown at Lodi, Italy, during 1990 and 1991 in dense
swards, under field
conditions and a mowing regime, as (i) pure stands, (ii) a complex mixture of
all genotypes, (iii) binary
mixtures of each genotype with each of two ryegrass varieties, and (iv)
complex mixtures of all clover
genotypes in binary association with each grass variety. The grass components
were of known,
different vigour. The study assessed both intergenotypic and interspecific
interference and related dry
matter yield responses to morpho-physiological traits of the clovers, and
also determined whether a
high level of morpho-physiological heterogeneity conferred a yield
advantage on clover populations.

Greater heterogeneity (i.e. a complex mixture of clover genotypes) did
not produce higher clover
yields either in the presence or absence of interspecific interference from
grass; thus, the use of blends
of varieties or the development of varieties with a fairly high degree
of heterogeneity was not
recommended for short-term meadows in environments with relatively low
spatial and temporal
variability. Interactions for yield occurred between clover genotypes and
the presence or absence of
intergenotypic interference (P<0·001), and between clover
genotypes and the presence or absence of
interspecific interference from the grass variety characterized by greater
vigour and aggressiveness
(P<0·01). The variance of the former interaction tended to
be consistently larger than that of the
latter interaction, indicating that competitive effects were greater between
clovers than between the
clover and grass components. A lower Spring [ratio ] Summer yield ratio and taller
canopy tended to confer
a competitive advantage under intergenotypic interference. Relatively
better performance under
interspecific interference was related to higher stolon density, suggesting
that selection for this trait
may increase the general ecological compatibility of large-leaved white
clover types grown with vigorous grass companions.
Fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer in a long-term field trial
at Ropsley, UK
Authors: BHOGAL A. , YOUNG S. D. , SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R.
Published: July 2002

In 1992 and 1993, eight rates of 15N-labelled fertilizer
(0–245 kg ha−1) were applied to winter wheat
growing on the Ropsley long term field trial where eight different N
amounts had been applied
annually since 1978. The fate of the labelled N in the crop and topsoil
(0–23 cm) was determined at harvest in the year of
15N application and in the first and second residual years.

By harvest in the second residual year, 60–77% of the
original labelled application had been
recovered in the crop and topsoil with 23–40% lost. These losses
virtually all occurred within the first
two growing seasons; there was no significant loss during the
second residual year. Significant changes in the
15N balance were observed at N applications in excess of the range
140–175 kg ha−1
which suggested a marked decrease in the efficiency of N use and
an increase in residual labile N in
the soil at harvest. At low N applications (<175 kg ha−1),
a positive added nitrogen interaction
(ANI) was observed: 40–50% of this was a residual ANI due to
the short or long term effect of
applying N fertilizer, and the remainder was probably an apparent
ANI due to pool substitution in
the immobilization process. At large N applications
(>175 kg ha−1) a negative ANI was observed:
large N applications resulted in a net suppression of soil N
uptake due to substitution by fertilizer for a limited plant N demand.
Biomass allocation, regrowth and root carbohydrate

reserves of chicory (Cichorium intybus) in response to

defoliation in glasshouse conditions
Authors: LI G. D. , KEMP P. D. , HODGSON J.
Published: July 2002

Three glasshouse experiments were conducted between 14 September
1993

and 9 January 1996 at the

Plant Growth Unit, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Experiment

1 studied the

effects of cutting height on the regrowth and biomass allocation of chicory

(Cichorium intybus L. cv.

Grasslands Puna), Expt 2 investigated the biomass allocation and root

carbohydrate reserves of three

chicory cultivars (Puna, PG90 and Orchies) in response to defoliation,
and

Expt 3 studied the

morphological characteristics and persistence of Puna under extreme defoliation.

Cutting height had no significant effect on accumulated secondary leaf
and

stem masses in Expt 2,

but affected secondary leaf mass in Expt 1. However, cutting height

significantly reduced root size

after two cuttings in both Expts 1 and 2. Three severe cuttings (removing
all

shoots including visible

buds >5 mm on crown) killed 73% of plants, whereas 96% plants survived
under

lax cutting (100 mm) in Expt 3. Orchies had the highest total reducing
sugar

concentration in its taproot

(56·6%), whereas PG90 had the lowest (32·1%). Therefore,
Orchies

was the most persistent but had

the slowest growth rate, and PG90 the least persistent with the highest

growth rate. The performance of Puna was intermediate.

It is concluded that the persistence of Puna would be more sensitive
to

cutting frequency than

cutting intensity due to its medium level of root carbohydrate reserves.
In

contrast, PG90 could be

defoliated frequently, but not closely. However, Orchies with its thick

taproot was insensitive to

cutting intensity and would also be insensitive to cutting frequency due
to

its larger root carbohydrate

reserves. It is suggested that to improve the persistence and enhance the

leaf production of Puna by

plant breeding the emphasis should be on increasing taproot size without

unduly prejudicing herbage production.
Supplementary grain and sodium propionate increase
the liveweight gain and glucose entry rates of steers
given molasses diets
Authors: PEIRIS H. , ELLIOTT R. , NORTON B. W.
Published: July 2002

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects
of supplements of sorghum grain (1·1 kg/day),
sodium propionate (65 g/day) and intra-abomasal glucose
infusion (200 g/day) on the liveweight
gain (LWG), glucose metabolism and nitrogen utilization of
Hereford steers (four per group) given
molasses-based diets ad libitum (molasses 589, urea 18,
sunflower meal 194, pangola grass hay 187,
minerals 12 g/kg as fed). There was no significant effect
of treatment on voluntary feed consumption
(97–106 g dry matter (DM)/kg0·75
per day) or DM digestibility (0·564–0·579).
The LWG of steers given grain supplements (899 g/day) and
sodium propionate (943 g/day) were significantly
(P<0·05) higher than those of steers given the
basal diet (741 g/day) and basal diet plus glucose infusion
(794 g/day).

All supplements decreased plasma urea concentrations and
urinary N excretion and increased the
efficiency of N utilization from 0·19 to
0·36–0·38 g N retained per g apparently
digested N intake. The
provision of grain (13% DM intake) increased ammonia and
volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations
in rumen fluid, and both grain and sodium propionate increased
the proportion of propionic acid in
ruminal VFA. Grain supplementation and glucose infusions
significantly (P<0·05) increased glucose
entry rates (g/day and g/kg0·75
per day) without affecting plasma glucose concentrations or
glucose pool size and space. Sodium propionate supplements
increased plasma insulin concentrations to a
lesser extent than grain supplements and glucose infusion.
Increased glucose availability in the present
studies was associated with an improved utilization of dietary
protein and, in some cases, with improved LWG.
Soil erosion and runoff in improved pastures of the
Clwydian Range, North Wales
Authors: JAMES P. A. , ALEXANDER R. W.
Published: July 2002

Studies of soil erosion in upland and marginal upland Britain
are reviewed. Processes affecting soil
erosion and runoff are described in marginal upland improved pastures of
differing age in the
Clwydian Hills, including one which was cultivated twice during
the study period. A Gerlach-type
trough was designed for trapping sediment and filtered runoff
from bounded plots and for operating
under grazing. Erosion and runoff amounts are interpreted in the
light of ground cover, rainfall
amounts and intensity, the action of grazing stock and other
animals, and other influences. The chief
erosion processes are the action of animals and surface
wash by unconcentrated overland flow; no
rilling occurred. The significance of particle size of eroded sediment
is discussed.
Effects of rate and frequency of applied P on crop
yields, P uptake, and fertilizer P use-efficiency and its
recovery in a groundnut–mustard rotation
Authors: AULAKH M. S. , PASRICHA N. S.
Published: July 2002

A field experiment was conducted for 5 years (1992/93–1996/97)
on Tolewal sandy loam soil (Typic
Ustochrepts) in the subtropical region of northwest India (Ludhiana), to
evaluate the effect of four
rates of fertilizer P (0, 20, 30 and 40 kg P2O5/ha)
applied at three frequencies representing direct,
residual and cumulative P treatments on crop yields, P uptake, fertilizer
P-use efficiency and fertilizer
P recovery by groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and mustard (Brassica
napus) grown in a rotation.

Groundnut responded to an application of P up to 20 kg P2O5/ha
when the preceding mustard crop
did not receive fertilizer P. However, when the mustard received 40 kg
P2O5/ha, the succeeding
groundnut crop did not respond to additional P applied to it, but obtained
the required P from that
which was in the soil including the residue from the previous application.
The mustard crop
responded significantly (46%) to P up to 40 kg P2O5/ha
rate but there was a much less response
(13–27%) to residual P that was applied to the preceding groundnut.
The differences between these
two crops are due to differences in climate between the mustard and groundnut
growing seasons and
corresponding differences in soil conditions, and perhaps also to differences
in the P-solubilizing
abilities of the two crops. The results suggest that in groundnut–mustard
rotations grown under these
climatic conditions, a direct application of 40 kg P2O5/ha
to mustard would suffice to meet the P
needs of both crops. This would be the most efficient way of using fertilizer
P, increasing P recovery
and improving total biomass partitioning to mustard seed or groundnut pod
yield.
The response of Leucadendron ‘Safari Sunset’ to the fertilization regime
Authors: SILBER A. , GANMORE-NEUMANN R. , BEN-JAACOV J.
Published: July 2002

The responses of Leucadendron ‘Safari sunset’, on its
own roots and grafted on ‘Orot’ rootstock, to
a range of fertilization regimes were studied. The experiment was conducted during the summer of
1994, at Bet Dagan, Israel, and included three levels of compound NPK, two levels of P, and two
NH4[ratio ]NO3 ratios.

Ungrafted plants fed without P yielded fewest marketable branches and had the lowest fresh and
dry weights. Increasing the P concentration in the irrigation water to 10 mg/dm3 improved the yield,
whereas increasing the NPK level reduced the number of marketable branches and the fresh and dry
weight yields. Lowering the NH4[ratio ]NO3 ratio in the irrigation water significantly reduced the yield.

The grafted plants were significantly better than the ungrafted plants under all the treatments
examined. The superiority of the grafted plants was more evident under conditions of P deficiency and
non-optimal pH.
Seasonal changes in nutrient intake and its utilization
by range goats in a semi-arid region of India
Authors: SHINDE A. K. , SANKHYAN S. K. , BHATTA R. , VERMA D. L.
Published: July 2002

This study was carried out from September 1998 to August 1999, by conducting three experiments,
one each in the monsoon, winter and summer seasons. The forage availability and botanical
composition of native range were obtained. Five 3–4-year-old Kutchi males, weighing 50–55 kg, were
used to determine total faecal output, and were observed to allow the diet selected to be sampled by
the hand plucking method. Dry matter (DM) yield of range was highest during winter and lowest
during monsoon, annual mean being 1611 kg DM/ha. Contribution of shrub foliage to total forage
yield in monsoon, winter and summer was 3·81, 1·64 and 9·98%, respectively. Crude protein (CP)
content (g/kg DM) of ground vegetation declined from 99 in monsoon to 72 in winter and 66 in
summer, while that of top foliage remained similar in all the seasons (mean CP 142 g/kg). Goats
consumed a diet of almost the same CP content (mean CP 137 g/kg) in all the seasons. Goats
consumed 64·0, 54·0 and 55·9 g DM/kg W0·75/day, in monsoon, winter and summer (annual mean
58·0 g DM/kg W0·75 /day). DM and CP digestibility coefficients were higher in monsoon and summer
(mean DM 0·595; CP 0·533) and decreased (P < 0·05) in winter (DM 0·485, CP 0·424). Neutral
detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility coefficients were highest in
monsoon (NDF 0·542; ADF 0·446), and declined (P < 0·05) to 0·340 and 0·266 in winter and 0·415
and 0·326 in summer. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intake was almost similar in monsoon and
summer (mean 4·6 g/kg W0·75 /day) and declined (P < 0·05) in winter (3·1 g/kg W0·75
/day), while
metabolizable energy (ME) intake was higher in monsoon (0·90 MJ/kg W0·75
/day) and declined
(P < 0·05) to 0·78 and 0·80 MJ/kg W0·75
/day, in winter and summer, respectively. Average body
weight of goats in monsoon, winter and summer was 54·0, 54·6 and 56·5 kg, respectively (annual mean
55·0 kg). It is concluded that goats grazing on a semi-arid rangeland meet their DCP and ME
requirement throughout the year.
INCIDENCE AND DURATION OF ROMANTIC ATTRACTION IN STUDENTS PROGRESSING FROM SECONDARY TO TERTIARY EDUCATION
Authors: BRUCE NEVILLE W. , SANDERS KATHERINE A.
Published: July 2002

There is increasing interest in the nature and biological significance of romantic love but few quantitative data are available for testing specific hypotheses. This paper describes the use of a survey instrument to assess incidence and duration of romantic attractions over a 2-year period amongst students (121 male; 162 female) progressing from school to university education. The results for males and females were similar and schooling – single-sex or co-educational – had little effect. Students averaged 1·45 romantic episodes per year and 93% of students reported at least one episode over the survey period. Duration of attraction was around 9 weeks if never reciprocated and around 12 weeks if reciprocated. There was seasonal variation of onset of episodes with peak incidence over the summer or early autumn seasons. Collectively the results accord with the view that frequent, short-duration romantic episodes could have a role in selection of appropriate long-term reproductive partnerships.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING MARITAL DISTANCES IN THE OUTER HEBRIDES
Authors: CLEGG E. J. , RINGROSE T. J. , CROSS J. F.
Published: July 2002

Some factors affecting marital distances have been studied in two Outer Hebridean islands, Harris (843 marriages) and Barra (444 marriages), over the period 1855-1990. In each island marital distances fell before 1900, but then rose to their greatest values after the 1950s. Fishermen generally married at the shortest distances and men in land-based occupations at the longest. The depression in the fishing industry during the 1880s and early 1890s was associated with reductions in marital distances, especially among fishermen. In the different regions of Harris, marital distances were least in the south-east, where settlement was most dense, and greatest in the south-west where it was most sparse.

When the association between marital frequencies and inter-settlement distances was studied, it was found that for Harris there was, overall, a trend to endogamous and short-distance marriage. However, this trend was only slight during 1955-90. For Barra a similar trend was found before 1955, but thereafter there appeared to be virtually no connection between marital frequency and inter-settlement distance. Thus the only constraint on marriage was the spatial distribution of settlements. In this situation the chances of random mating with respect to distance are maximised.

Application of ‘Central Place’ theory suggested that only since 1946 can any tendency be detected to regard Tarbert in Harris or Castlebay in Barra as Central Places, at least as far as marriage is concerned. In each island the tendency appears to be limited to the settlements closest to the Central Place.
USE OF FAMILY PLANNING AT FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN ECUADOR
Authors: EGGLESTON ELIZABETH
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to assess factors associated with the use of family planning at first sexual intercourse among young adults aged 15 to 24 in urban Ecuador. The study population consisted of 1443 young adults (494 females and 949 males) in the cities of Quito and Guayaquil, interviewed by the 1988 Ecuador Young Adult Reproductive Health Survey, who reported having experienced consensual sexual intercourse. Approximately 11% of females and 15% of males reported using contraception at first intercourse. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess jointly the effect of multiple factors on contraceptive use at first intercourse. The regression model was first run on the entire study population and then separately for males and females. In the overall population, the following variables were significantly related to using family planning at first sex: being male; being from Guayaquil; older age; father's completion of secondary school. Having lost one's virginity to a prostitute was significantly associated with non-use of family planning. Males were 3·6 times more likely than females to use family planning during their first sexual intercourse. For each year older a young adult was at first sex, his or her odds of using family planning was multiplied by a factor of 1·3. Twenty-eight per cent of males in this study experienced their first sexual intercourse with a prostitute, and these young men were highly unlikely to use family planning. A male who experienced first intercourse with his girlfriend was more than five times as likely to use contraception than a male who lost his virginity to a prostitute.
CONTINUOUSLY RECORDED SUCKLING BEHAVIOUR AND ITS EFFECT ON LACTATIONAL AMENORRHOEA
Authors: TAYLOR H. WILLIAM , VÁZQUEZ-GEFFROY MARGARET , SAMUELS STEVEN J. , TAYLOR DONNA M.
Published: July 2002

The hypothesis that the month-specific rate of return to ovarian cyclicity after childbirth is causally related to suckling pattern was tested for a population of New Mexican women recruited within the service area of New Mexico Highlands University and for a nationwide USA subpopulation of women recruited through membership of the Couple to Couple League (CCL). Survival analysis for time-dependent covariates was used, and significant predictors of the first postpartum menses were found. Important differences were detected in the suckling pattern for the two groups and a 5:2 differential was found in their respective rates of menstrual cycle recovery. Although the two groups were comparable perinatally, daily and time-windowed breast-feeding performance fell off at twice the rate for the New Mexico population when contrasted with the CCL sample. For both populations, the introduction of solid feeds was a strong and significant predictor of returning menstrual cyclicity, independent of suckling pattern.
Effect of rabbit κ-casein expression on the properties of milk from transgenic mice
Authors: HIRIPI LÁSZLÓ , BARANYI MÁRIA , SZABÓ LÁSZLÓ , TÓTH SZABOLCS , FONTAINE MARIE-LOUISE , DEVINOY EVE , BÖSZE ZSUZSANNA
Published: July 2002

Transgenic mice were produced carrying the coding region of the rabbit
κ-casein gene linked to the upstream region of the rabbit whey acidic protein gene.
Mice from the highest-expressing line produced 2·5 mg rabbit κ-casein/ml in their
milk. The foreign protein was associated with the casein micelles and altered micelle
size, though in the high-expressing line rabbit κ-casein also segregated into the whey
fraction obtained after centrifuging the milk samples. Milk from transgenic mice had
the same overall protein content as that from non-transgenic mice, except for the
transgene product. However, litters fed with this transgenic mouse milk grew less
well than litters given milk from non-transgenic mice. This reduction in growth was
not related to changes in mammary gland structure or mammary cell morphology.
Preliminary results indicated that milk from the transgenic mice had a higher
viscosity.
Detection of enterocin AS-48-producing dairy
enterococci by dot-blot and colony hybridization
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ EVA , MARTÍNEZ MARIA I. , MEDINA MARGARITA , HERNÁNDEZ PABLO E. , RODRÍGUEZ JUAN M.
Published: July 2002

The enterococci have traditionally been used as
indicators of faecal contamination
because they are common inhabitants of the human and
animal intestinal tract. In
addition, some strains are well documented as opportunistic
pathogens, and have
been implicated in endocarditis, infant diarrhoea and
other conditions. However,
other strains are widespread in foods, particularly in
milk and dairy products, where
they are considered desirable microflora. In fact, through
their proteolytic and
lipolytic abilities, they play an important role in cheese
ripening, contributing to the
development of the organoleptic properties characteristic
of certain cheeses (Villani et al. 1993).

Production of antimicrobial substances is one of the
mechanisms by which
microorganisms can exert a probiotic effect in a host.
In this context, a significant
number of bacteriocin-producing enterococci of dairy
origin have been isolated in
recent years (Giraffa, 1995). Production of these
antimicrobial peptides or proteins
is a common phenotype among lactic acid bacteria, and
this is the application of
enterococcal bacteriocins of special interest in dairy
systems. Firstly, they show
activity against a broad spectrum of spoilage and
pathogenic organisms of concern
in dairy industries, such as Listeria monocytogenes.
Secondly, they are inactivated by
human gastric enzymes but not by some enzymes that, like
rennet, are frequently
used in dairy plants. Finally, their marked heat stability
enables them to be used in
a wide variety of dairy products (Giraffa, 1995).

The genes that encode the biosynthesis of some enterocins
or enterococcins, such
as enterocin AS-48 (Martínez-Bueno et al. 1994),
have been sequenced, allowing their
rapid detection by molecular biology techniques such as
the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) (Joosten et al. 1997). Enterococcal
bacteriocins that have been
genetically characterized have been shown to be
plasmid-encoded (Clewell, 1993).

In this paper, we report a simple method for the isolation
of plasmid DNA from
dairy enterococci, using a combination of lysozyme and
glass beads (Frère, 1994;
Reinkemeier et al. 1996) to achieve cell lysis.
Plasmid DNA was used in dot-blot and
Southern hybridization analyses to identify enterocin
AS-48-encoding dairy
enterococci by using a specific PCR-generated probe. In
addition, a more rapid
detection method based on colony hybridization was also developed.