bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Merits of Modelling Multivariate Survival Data Using Random Effects Proportional Odds Model
Authors: Lam K. F. , Lee Y. W.
Published: July 2004

Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in the analysis of multivariate survival data. In most epidemiological studies, survival times of the same cluster are related because of some unobserved risk factors such as the environmental or genetic factors. Therefore, modelling of dependence between events of correlated individuals is required to ensure a correct inference on the effects of treatments or covariates on the survival times. In the past decades, extension of proportional hazards model has been widely considered for modelling multivariate survival data by incorporating a random effect which acts multiplicatively on the hazard function. In this article, we consider the proportional odds model, which is an alternative to the proportional hazards model at which the hazard ratio between individuals converges to unity eventually. This is a reasonable property particularly when the treatment effect fades out gradually and the homogeneity of the population increases over time. The objective of this paper is to assess the influence of the random effect on the within‐subject correlation and the population heterogeneity. We are particularly interested in the properties of the proportional odds model with univariate random effect and correlated random effect. The correlations between survival times are derived explicitly for both choices of mixing distributions and are shown to be independent of the covariates. The time path of the odds function among the survivors are also examined to study the effect of the choice of mixing distribution. Modelling multivariate survival data using a univariate mixing distribution may be inadequate as the random effect not only characterises the dependence of the survival times, but also the conditional heterogeneity among the survivors. A robust estimate for the correlation of the logarithm of the survival times within a cluster is obtained disregarding the choice of the mixing distributions. The sensitivity of the estimate of the regression parameter under a misspecification of the mixing distribution is studied through simulation. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Estimation from Censored Medical Cost Data
Authors: Başer Onur , Gardiner Joseph C. , Bradley Cathy J. , Given Charles W.
Published: July 2004

This paper applies the inverse probability weighted least‐squares method to predict total medical cost in the presence of censored data. Since survival time and medical costs may be subject to right censoring and therefore are not always observable, the ordinary least‐squares approach cannot be used to assess the effects of explanatory variables. We demonstrate how inverse probability weighted least‐squares estimation provides consistent asymptotic normal coefficients with easily computable standard errors. In addition, to assess the effect of censoring on coefficients, we develop a test comparing ordinary least‐squares and inverse probability weighted least‐squares estimators. We demonstrate the methods developed by applying them to the estimation of cancer costs using Medicare claims data. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Assessment of Optimal Selected Prognostic Factors
Authors: Lausen Berthold , Hothorn Torsten , Bretz Frank , Schumacher Martin
Published: July 2004

The identification and assessment of prognostic factors is one of the major tasks in clinical research. The assessment of one single prognostic factor can be done by recently established methods for using optimal cutpoints. Here, we suggest a method to consider an optimal selected prognostic factor from a set of prognostic factors of interest. This can be viewed as a variable selection method and is the underlying decision problem at each node of various tree building algorithms.

We propose to use maximally selected statistics where the selection is defined over the set of prognostic factors and over all cutpoints in each prognostic factor. We demonstrate that it is feasible to compute the approximate null distribution. We illustrate the new variable selection test with data of the German Breast Cancer Study Group and of a small study on patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Using the null distribution for a p‐value adjusted regression trees algorithm, we adjust for the number of variables analysed at each node as well. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An Extension of the Model Free Test to Test Synergy in Multiple Drug Combinations
Authors: Feng Ping , Kelly Colleen
Published: July 2004

Interactions in a combination of drugs or chemicals are important in therapeutics, toxicology, environmental studies, and normal and abnormal physiology. It is important to be able to decide whether the observed effect of a combination is additive, synergistic or antagonistic. The traditional statistical approaches to the assessment of interactions of n drugs involve estimation of the (n + 1) dimensional response surface, the response surface method (RSM), or the estimation of n 2‐dimensional dose‐response curves, the marginal dose‐response curve method (MDRCM). Laska et al. (1994) proposed a unique approach to assessing synergy in two‐drug combinations that avoids the estimation of any dose‐response curve: their Model‐Free Test (MFT). This method enables the use of simple designs with only three dosages for two drugs: the combination dose of interest and a marginal dosage of each drug. The choice of the marginal dosages depends on the potency ratio of the two drugs at response e, ρ(e). Since ρ(e) is usually unknown, an estimate, r, is used instead. Laska et al. (1994) conclude that the power of the MFT depends heavily on the accuracy of the estimate r. We extend Laska's MFT to assess synergy in three or more drug combinations, and examine the effects of r, different combination dosages and different dose‐response functions on the power of the MFT. Additionally the power of the MFT is compared to the more traditional method, MDRCM. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An Added Variable Goodness‐of‐fit Test for the Cox Proportional Hazards Model
Authors: May Susanne , Hosmer David W.
Published: July 2004

While various goodness‐of‐fit tests have been developed to test the assumptions of the Cox proportional hazards model, this paper specifically examines the test proposed by Moreau, O'Quigley and Mesbah. We demonstrate that this test is algebraically identical to a test derived by adding group indicator variables to the model and testing the hypothesis that the coefficients of the group indicator variables are zero via the score test. Based on this result, the Moreau et al. test can be calculated using existing statistical software packages. However, considering that group indicator variables for time intervals need to be time‐dependent, the test needs to be implemented with care. We provide an example. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Asymptotical Tests on the Equivalence, Substantial Difference and Non‐inferiority Problems with Two Proportions
Authors: Martín Andrés A. , Herranz Tejedor I.
Published: July 2004

Let d = p2 − p1 be the difference between two binomial proportions obtained from two independent trials. For parameter d, three pairs of hypothesis may be of interest: H1: d ≤ δ vs. K1: d > δ; H2: d ∉ (δ1, δ2) vs. K2: d ∈ (δ1, δ2); and H3: d ∈ [δ1, δ2] vs. K3: d ∉ [δ1, δ2], where Hi is the null hypothesis and Ki is the alternative hypothesis. These tests are useful in clinical trials, pharmacological and vaccine studies and in statistics generally. The three problems may be investigated by exact unconditional tests when the sample sizes are moderate. Otherwise, one should use approximate (or asymptotical) tests generally based on a Z‐statistics like those suggested in the paper. The article defines a new procedure for testing H2 or H3, demonstrates that this is more powerful than tests based on confidence intervals (the classic TOST – two one sided tests – test), defines two corrections for continuity which reduce the liberality of the three tests, and selects the one that behaves better. The programs for executing the unconditional exact and asymptotic tests described in the paper can be loaded at http://www.ugr.es/~bioest/software.htm. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bisphosphonate–ciprofloxacin bound to Skelite™ is a prototype for enhancing experimental local antibiotic delivery to injured bone
Authors: Buxton T B , Walsh D S , Harvey S B , McPherson J C , Hartmann J F , Plowman K M
Published: July 2004

Background

The risk of osteomyelitis after open bone fracture may be reduced by locally applied antibiotics. ENC-41-HP (E41), which comprises ciprofloxacin linked to a ‘bone seeking’ bisphosphonate, loaded on to carrier Skelite™ calcium phosphate granules (E41-Skelite™) has favourable in vitro characteristics for application to wounded bone. This study assessed E41-Skelite™ in a rat model of acute tibial osteomyelitis.

Methods

Mechanically induced tibial troughs were contaminated with approximately log10 4 colony forming units (c.f.u.) of Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan 1 strain) ‘resistant’ to E41 (minimum inhibitory concentration 8–16 µg/ml), lavaged and packed with Skelite™ alone, or with E41-Skelite™ slurry. Animals were killed at 24 h (n = 62), 72 h (n = 46) or 14 days (n = 12), and each tibia was assessed for S. aureus load (c.f.u./g tibia) and histological appearance (14 days only).

Results

At 24 and 72 h, the tibias of rats treated with E41-Skelite™ (n = 54) had a significantly lower mean(s.e.m.) load of S. aureus than animals that received Skelite™ alone (n = 54): log10 3·6(0·2) versus 6·4(0·1) c.f.u./g respectively at 24 h (P < 0·001, Mann–Whitney rank sum test) and log10 4·4(0·2) versus 6·6(0·1) c.f.u./g at 72 h (P < 0·001). At 14 days, E41-Skelite™-treated tibias had fewer bacteria, no signs of osteomyelitis and histological signs of healing.

Conclusion

E41-Skelite™, a prototype granulated topical antibiotic delivery system, reduced the development of infection in experimental bone wounds.
Clinical pharmacokinetic data of racemic drugs obtained by the indirect method following precolumn diastereomer formation: is the influence of racemization during chiral derivatization significant?
Authors: Srinivas Nuggehally R.
Published: July 2004

This report reviews the stereoselective data of a number of racemic drugs (n = 17) obtained from indirect chiral method (via diastereomer formation) in comparison to similar data generated by the application of a direct chiral method. While it was noted that the indirect method still continued to be used to characterize the stereoselective disposition of racemic drugs, the present review critically evaluates the issue of racemization that has the potential to skew the stereoselective data obtained from the indirect method. The review describes various remedies to counter and/or minimize the impact of racemization on the final outcome of the stereoselective analysis by the indirect method. On the basis of this review it could be concluded that the indirect method is a viable and important tool for gathering stereoselective data of racemic drugs used in medical practice as well for those racemic drugs still in discovery and developmental stages. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative Binding Affinities of Molecular Capsules Investigated by ESI‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zadmard Reza , Kraft Arno , Schrader Thomas , Linne Uwe
Published: July 2004

ESI‐MS(/MS) has been used as a method which allows the fast, unambiguous and sensitive simultaneous detection and relative stability approximation of supramolecular assemblies in mixtures. In spite of the obvious fundamental differences between solution and gas phase, ESI‐MS in the case of self‐assembled molecular capsules has been shown to produce very similar results to single binding experiments monitored by NMR titrations as well as conformational searches performed by Monte‐Carlo simulations. MS/MS experiments reveal the same relative order of gas phase stabilities as previously found in solution. Moreover, proton transfer reactions which lead to new molecular capsules, are not detectable in the time‐averaged NMR spectrum. However, the newly produced species are found in the complex mixtures by ESI‐MS and can be conveniently characterized by subsequent MS/MS experiments: in a collision‐induced dissociation the single half‐spheres are easily discovered and structurally assigned. Thus, ESI‐MS has worked as a valuable tool for the rapid screening of complex supramolecular mixtures and in combination with MS/MS experiments elucidated both the path of unexpected side reactions as well as the thermodynamic gas‐phase stabilities of all components in the mixture.
Effect of Conformational Changes on a One‐Electron Reduction Process: Evidence of a One‐Electron PP Bond Formation in a Bis(phosphinine)
Authors: Choua Sylvie , Dutan Cosmina , Cataldo Laurent , Berclaz Théo , Geoffroy Michel , Mézailles Nicolas , Moores Audrey , Ricard Louis , Le Floch Pascal
Published: July 2004

EPR spectra show that one‐electron reduction of bis(3‐phenyl‐6,6‐(trimethylsilyl)phosphinine‐2‐yl)dimethylsilane (1) on an alkali mirror leads to a radical anion that is localized on a single phosphinine ring, whereas the radical anion formed from the same reaction in the presence of cryptand or from an electron transfer with sodium naphthalenide is delocalized on the two phosphinine rings. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that in the last species the unpaired electron is mainly confined in a loose PP bond (3.479 Å), which results from the overlap of two phosphorus p orbitals. In contrast, as attested by X‐ray spectroscopy, the PP distance in neutral 1 is large (5.8 Å). As shown by crystal structure analysis, addition of a second electron leads to the formation of a classical PP single bond (PP 2.389 Å). Spectral modifications induced by the presence of cryptand or by a change in the reaction temperature are consistent with the formation of a tight ion pair that stabilizes the radical structure localized on a single phosphinine ring. It is suggested that the structure of this pair hinders internal rotation around the CSi bonds and prevents 1 from adopting a conformation that shortens the intramolecular PP distance. The ability of the phosphinine radical anion to reversibly form weak PP bonds with neutral phosphinines in the absence of steric hindrance is confirmed by EPR spectra obtained for 2,6‐bis(trimethylsilyl)‐3‐phenylphosphinine (2). Moreover, as shown by NMR spectroscopy, in this system, which contains only one phosphinine ring, further reduction leads to an intermolecular reaction with the formation of a classical PP bond.
Unprecedented Polymerization of ε‐Caprolactone Initiated by a Single‐Site Lanthanide Borohydride Complex, [Sm(η‐C5Me5)2(BH4)(thf)]: Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Palard Isabelle , Soum Alain , Guillaume Sophie M.
Published: July 2004

The monoborohydride lanthanide complex [Sm(Cp*)2(BH4)(thf)] (1 a) (Cp* = η‐C5Me5), has been successfully used for the controlled ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL). The organometallic samarium(III) initiator 1 a produces, in quantitative yields, α,ω‐dihydroxytelechelic poly(ε‐caprolactone) displaying relatively narrow polydispersity indices (<1.3) within a short period of time (30 min). The polymers have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, SEC, and MALDI‐TOF MS analyses. Use of the single‐site initiator 1 a allows a better understanding of the polymerization mechanism, in particular with the identification of the intermediate compound [Sm(Cp*)2(BH4)(ε‐CL)] (1 b). Indeed, one molecule of ε‐CL initially displaces the coordinated THF in 1 a to give 1 b. Then, ε‐CL opening (through cleavage of the cyclic ester oxygen–acyl bond) and insertion into the SmHBH3 bond followed by reduction of the carbonyl function by the BH3 end‐group ligand, leads to the samarium alkoxyborane derivative [Sm(Cp*)2{O(CH2)6O(BH2)}] (2). This compound subsequently initiates the polymerization of ε‐CL through a coordination–insertion mechanism. Finally, upon hydrolysis, α,ω‐dihydroxypoly(ε‐caprolactone), HO(CH2)5C(O){O(CH2)5C(O)}nO(CH2)6OH (4) is recovered. The stereoelectronic contribution of the two Cp* ligands appears to slow down the polymerization and to limit transesterification reactions.
Consideration of Spin States in Determining the Structure and Decomposition of the Transition Metal Pentazoles FeClN5, Fe(N5)2, Fe(H2O)4ClN5, and Fe(NH3)4ClN5.
Authors: Burke Luke A. , Fazen Paul J.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Chemical Bonding of the Novel Compound IrGa2.
Authors: Bostroem Magnus , Prots Yurii , Grin Yuri
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Ferriannite KFe32+ (Al0.26Fe0.763+Si3) O10(OH)2 at 100 and 270 K.
Authors: Redhammer Guenther J. , Roth G.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tetragonal CeNbO4 at 1073 K in Air and in vacuo.
Authors: Skinner Stephen J. , Brooks Ian J. E. , Munnings Christopher N.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dirubidium Aquapentachlorochromate(III) and Dicaesium Aquapentachlorochromate(III).
Authors: Eriksson Annika K. , Casari Barbara M. , Langer Vratislav
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mg2Na2V10O28 ×20H2O and Mg3V10O28×28H2O.
Authors: Iida Akifumi , Ozeki Tomoji
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrates of Tin Tetrachloride.
Authors: Genge Anthony R. J. , Levason William , Patel Rina , Reid Gillian , Webster Michael
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Potassium Gadolinium Polyphosphate, KGd(PO3)4.
Authors: Rekik Walid , Naili Houcine , Mhiri Tahar
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of Ba(Ti1/2Mn1/2)O3: A High Permittivity 12R‐Type Hexagonal Perovskite.
Authors: Keith Gillian M. , Kirk Caroline A. , Sarma Kumaravinothan , Alford Neil McN. , Cussen Edmund J. , Rosseinsky Matthew J. , Sinclair Derek C.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Barium Oxoantimonates(III): Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Ba3[SbO3]2 and Ba2[Sb2O5].
Authors: Emmerling Franziska , Zimper Sabine , Roehr Caroline
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ternary Indides LnMgIn (Ln: Y, La—Nd, Sm, Gd—Tm, Lu). Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties.
Authors: Kraft Rainer , Valldor Martin , Kurowski Daniel , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Poettgen Rainer
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Modification of Lanthanummonogermanide — lT‐LaGe.
Authors: Mattausch Hansjuergen , Simon Arndt
Published: July 2004

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Crystal Growth and Crystal Structure Determination of K2[Pt(CN)4Cl2], K2[Pt(CN)4Br2], K2[Pt(CN)4I2] and K2[Pt(CN)4]Cl2×2H2O.
Authors: Muehle Claus , Karpov Andrey , Nuss Juergen , Jansen Martin
Published: July 2004

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New Boron Nitride Whiskers: Showing Strong Ultraviolet and Visible Light Luminescence.
Authors: Zhu Ying‐Chun , Bando Yoshio , Xue Dong‐Feng , Sekiguchi Takashi , Golberg Dmitri , Xu Fang‐Fang , Liu Quan‐Lin
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High Oxide Ion Conductivity in Mg‐Doped La10Si6O27 with Apatite‐Type Structure.
Authors: Yoshioka Hideki
Published: July 2004

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Crystal Structure and Ionic Conduction Mechanism of AgHgSX (X: Br, I).
Authors: Moro'oka Masakazu , Ohki Hiroshi , Yamada Koji , Okuda Tsutomu
Published: July 2004

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Molecule Derived Synthesis of Nanocrystalline YFeO3 and Investigations on Its Weak Ferromagnetic Behavior.
Authors: Mathur Sanjay , Veith Michael , Rapalaviciute Rasa , Shen Hao , Goya Gerardo F. , Martins Filho Waldir L. , Berquo Thelma S.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal/Glass Phase Change in KSb5S8 Studied Through Thermal Analysis Techniques.
Authors: Chrissafis K. , Kyratsi Theodora , Paraskevopoulos K. M. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photoelectrochemical Study of Nitrogen‐Doped Titanium Dioxide for Water Oxidation.
Authors: Romualdo Torres Gemma , Lindgren Torbjoern , Lu Jun , Granqvist Claes‐Goeran , Lindquist Sten‐Eric
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of β‐LiGaO2 Films on Si(100) Using a Novel Single Precursor.
Authors: Sung Myung M. , Kim Chang G. , Kim Yunsoo
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Characterization of the First Organically Templated Layered Cerium Phosphate Fluoride: [(CH2)2(NH3)2]0.5 [CeIVF3(HPO4)].
Authors: Yu Ranbo , Wang Dan , Ishiwata Shintaro , Saito Takashi , Azuma Masaki , Takano Mikio , Chen Yunfa , Li Jinghai
Published: July 2004

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[{Zn(enMe)2}2 (enMe)2{Zn2As8V12O40 (H2O)}]× 4H2O: A Hybrid Molecular Material Based on Covalently Linked Inorganic Zn—As—V Clusters and Transition Metal Complexes via enMe Ligands.
Authors: Zheng Shou‐Tian , Zhang Jie , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: July 2004

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[SiNb12O40]16‐ and [GeNb12O40]16‐: Highly Charged Keggin Ions with Sticky Surfaces.
Authors: Nyman May , Bonhomme Francois , Alam Todd M. , Parise John B. , Vaughan Gavin M. B.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Soluble μ‐Fi Bridged Niobium Clusters: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of (Et4N)6 [Nb6F6iBr6i (NCS)6a]Br2 and Cs1.6K2.4 [Nb6F6iI6i (NCS)6a].
Authors: Naumov Nikolai G. , Cordier Stephane , Perrin Christiane
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Prototype Sandia Octahedral Molecular Sieve (SOMS) Na2Nb2O6×H2O: Synthesis, Structure and Thermodynamic Stability.
Authors: Xu Hongwu , Nyman May , Nenoff Tina M. , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Bi(Bi9)[NbCl6]3, a New Member of the Structure Family Bi(Bi9)[MX6]3, and the Crystal Structure of Bi8[Ta2O2Br7]2.
Authors: Beck Johannes , Hilbert Tobias
Published: July 2004

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Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalyzed Carbonyl‐ and Imino‐Ene Reactions Using Copper Bis(oxazoline) Zeolite Y.
Authors: Caplan Neil A. , Hancock Frederick E. , Bulman Page Philip C. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Vinylogous Direct Aldol Reaction Using Aluminum Tris[2,6‐bis(4‐alkylphenyl)phenoxide].
Authors: Takikawa Hiroshi , Ishihara Kazuaki , Saito Susumu , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: July 2004

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Stereochemistry of the Asymmetric Carbopalladation of Allenes Followed by Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions with Carbo‐ and Aminonucleophiles.
Authors: Kato Fumiko , Hiroi Kunio
Published: July 2004

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Chiral Ligand‐Controlled Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of α‐Trimethylsilanylacetate to Acyclic and Cyclic Enones.
Authors: Iguchi Mayu , Doi Hirohisa , Hata Seiji , Tomioka Kiyoshi
Published: July 2004

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Diels—Alder Reaction of Thiophene: Dramatic Effects of High‐Pressure/Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Kumamoto Koji , Fukada Isao , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo
Published: July 2004

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Diels—Alder Cycloadditions of Functionalized (Z)‐1‐Benzylidene‐2‐methylene Cyclohexanes: The Beneficial Effect of High Pressure.
Authors: Lomberget Thierry , Chataigner Isabelle , Bouyssi Didier , Maddaluno Jacques , Balme Genevieve
Published: July 2004

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Tishchenko Reactions and Oppenauer Oxidation Reactions of Aldehydes Promoted by Diisobutylaluminum Hydride.
Authors: Hon Yung‐Son , Chang Chun‐Ping , Wong Ying‐Chieh
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
5‐Aryl‐2‐furaldehydes in the Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 1,3‐Benzazoles.
Authors: Ganushchak N. I. , Lesyuk A. I. , Fedorovich I. S. , Obushak N. D. , Andrushko V. N.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 1‐Benzothiepine and 1‐Benzazepine Derivatives as Orally Active CCR5 Antagonists.
Authors: Aramaki Yoshio , Seto Masaki , Okawa Tomohiro , Oda Tsuneo , Kanzaki Naoyuki , Shiraishi Mitsuru
Published: July 2004

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A Pentanuclear Yttrium Hydroxo Cluster as an Oxidation Catalyst. Catalytic Oxidation of Aldehydes in the Presence of Air.
Authors: Roesky Peter W. , Canseco‐Melchor Graciela , Zulys Agustino
Published: July 2004

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Reinvestigation of the Synthetic and Mechanistic Aspects of Mn(III) Acetate Mediated Oxidation of Enones.
Authors: Demir Ayhan S. , Reis Oemer , Igdir A. Cigdem
Published: July 2004

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Radical Deoxygenation of Tertiary Alcohols via Trifluoroacetates.
Authors: Kim Joong‐Gon , Cho Dae Hyan , Jang Doo Ok
Published: July 2004

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A Practical Procedure for the Synthesis of Multifunctional Aldehydes Through the Fukuyama Reduction and Elucidation of the Reaction Site and Mechanism.
Authors: Kimura Mayumi , Seki Masahiko
Published: July 2004

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Selective Iodination of Alcohols with NaI/Amberlyst 15 in Acetonitrile.
Authors: Tajbakhsh Mahmood , Hosseinzadeh Rahman , Lasemi Zahra
Published: July 2004

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Catalytic Asymmetric Chlorination of β‐Keto Esters with Hypervalent Iodine Compounds.
Authors: Ibrahim Hasim , Kleinbeck Florian , Togni Antonio
Published: July 2004

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Design, Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationship of Novel RXR‐Selective Modulators.
Authors: Michellys Pierre‐Yves , D'Arrigo Jennifer , Grese Timothy A. , Karanewsky Donald S. , Leibowitz Mark D. , Mais Dale A. , Mapes Christopher M. , Reifel‐Miller Anne , Rungta Deepa , Boehm Marcus F.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Mild and Efficient Protocol for the Conversion of Carboxylic Acids to Olefins by a Catalytic Decarbonylative Elimination Reaction.
Authors: Goossen Lukas J. , Rodriguez Nuria
Published: July 2004

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An Easily Assembled Highly Active Ruthenium Initiator for Olefin Metathesis.
Authors: Buschmann Nicole , Wakamatsu Hideaki , Blechert Siegfried
Published: July 2004

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A New Regio‐ and Chemoselective Approach to β‐Keto Amides and β‐Enamino Carboxamides via 1,3,2‐Dioxaborinanes.
Authors: Stefane Bogdan , Polanc Slovenko
Published: July 2004

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A Highly Regio‐ and Chemoselective Reductive Cleavage of Benzylidene Acetals with EtAlCl2—Et3SiH.
Authors: Balakumar Vijayakrishnan , Aravind Appu , Baskaran Sundarababu
Published: July 2004

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Ecofriendly Solid‐State Oxidative Deprotection of 1,3‐Dithianes and 1,3‐Dithiolanes Using Ammonium Persulfate on Wet Montmorillonite K‐10 Clay Support under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Ganguly Nemai C. , Datta Mrityunjoy
Published: July 2004

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1‐(o‐Nitrophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl Ether Derivatives as Stable and Efficient Photoremovable Alcohol‐Protecting Groups.
Authors: Specht Alexandre , Goeldner Maurice
Published: July 2004

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Reaction of β‐Ethoxyvinyl Lithium Generated from Phenyltellanyl‐ and Ethyltellanylacetaldehyde Diethyl Acetals with Aldehydes and Ketones and Successive Hydrations.
Authors: Yoshimatsu Mitsuhiro , Hatanaka Fumihiro
Published: July 2004

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Facile Protocol for the Highly Regioselective and Stereodivergent Synthesis of Substituted Bishomoallylic Alcohols from Esters.
Authors: Oestreich Martin , Sempere‐Culler Fernando
Published: July 2004

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Palladium(II)‐ and Platinum(II)‐Catalyzed Addition of Stabilized Carbon Nucleophiles to Ethylene and Propylene.
Authors: Wang Xiang , Widenhoefer Ross A.
Published: July 2004

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Functionalization of the Methyl Ketone Fragment in 1‐[(1S,3R)‐2,2‐Dimethyl‐3‐(2‐methoxymethyloxyethyl)cyclopropyl] ‐2‐propanone.
Authors: Gimalova F. A. , Sadretdinov I. F. , Spirikhin L. V. , Miftakhov M. S.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of 1‐Alkoxy‐1,3‐cyclohexadienes via Iron Complexation/Decomplexation.
Authors: Rennels Roger A. , McClusky John V.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Characterization of Some α,β‐Didehydroamino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Su Guifa , Pan Chengxue , Wang Hengshan , Zeng Longmei
Published: July 2004

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A Novel Synthesis of 2‐Alkoxy‐3‐hydroxytropones and 2,7‐Dihydroxytropones from Dialkoxy‐8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐6‐en‐3‐ones.
Authors: Zinser Hartmut , Henkel Sonja , Foehlisch Baldur
Published: July 2004

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Mo(CO)6 Mediated Selective Reduction of Azides and Nitro Compounds to Amines Under Neutral Conditions.
Authors: Iyer Suresh , Kulkarni Girish M.
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis and Antiinflammatory Activity of N‐[2‐(p‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐1,1‐dialkylethyl] ‐α‐dialkylaminoacetamides.
Authors: Glushkov V. A. , Anikina L. V. , Vikharev Yu. B. , Stryapunina O. G. , Shklyaev Yu. V. , Tolstikov A. G.
Published: July 2004

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Neutral, Metal‐Free Hydration of Alkynes Using Microwave Irradiation in Superheated Water.
Authors: Vasudevan Anil , Verzal Mary K.
Published: July 2004

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Self‐Promoted Aldol Reaction Between Aldehyde Having Lewis Base Moiety and Trimethylsilyl Enolate.
Authors: Nakagawa Takashi , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: July 2004

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Lithium/Sodium Perchlorate Catalyzed Synthesis of Symmetrical Diaryl Sulfoxides.
Authors: Bandgar B. P. , Makone S. S.
Published: July 2004

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A Mild and Efficient New Synthesis of Aryl Sulfones from Boronic Acids and Sulfinic Acid Salts.
Authors: Beaulieu Christian , Guay Daniel , Wang Zhaoyin , Evans David A.
Published: July 2004

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Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective PdCl2(MeCN)2‐Catalyzed Cross Coupling of 1,2‐Allenylic Sulfoxides with Allyl Bromide.
Authors: Ma Shengming , Wei Qi , Ren Hongjun
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis, Biological Activity and Molecular Modeling Studies of Novel COX‐1 Inhibitors
Authors: Martic Miljen , Tatic Iva , Markovic Stribor , Kujundzic Nedjeljko , Kostrun Sanja
Published: July 2004

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A Highly Diastereoselective Pinacol Coupling Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones Using Low‐Valence Niobium Generated from Nb(V).
Authors: Arai Shigeru , Sudo Yukinori , Nishida Atsushi
Published: July 2004

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A Sequential Highly Stereoselective Hydroboration and Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Fluoroalkylated Internal Acetylenes: A Practical One‐Pot Synthesis of Fluoroalkylated Trisubstituted Alkenes.
Authors: Konno Tsutomu , Chae Jungha , Tanaka Tomoo , Ishihara Takashi , Yamanaka Hiroki
Published: July 2004

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Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Iodides and Aryl Acetylenes Using Microwave Heating.
Authors: He Huan , Wu Yong‐Jin
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis and Spectral Properties of N‐Aryl‐5‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone 4‐Imines.
Authors: Bukhtoyarova A. D. , Ektova L. V. , Alekseev S. N. , Beregovaya I. V.
Published: July 2004

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Iron‐Catalyzed Transformations of 2‐Chloro‐1,6‐heptadienes.
Authors: Necas David , Kotora Martin , Cisarova Ivana
Published: July 2004

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Carbocationic Cyclizations. Part 9. Rearrangement of Long‐Lived 4‐(2‐Biphenylyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetramethylcyclobutenyl Cation into trans‐ and cis‐4,5,6,6‐Tetramethyl‐4,5,6‐trihydrocyclopenta[j,k]phenanthren‐5‐yl Cations.
Authors: Bushmelev V. A. , Genaev A. M. , Osadchii S. A. , Shakirov M. M. , Shubin V. G.
Published: July 2004

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A Possible Improvement for Structure‐Based Drug Design Illustrated by the Discovery of a Tat HIV‐1 Inhibitor.
Authors: Lebreton Jacques , et al. et al.
Published: July 2004

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Stereoselective Epoxide Generation with Cyclic Rhodium Carbenoids: A New Access to Spiroindolooxiranes.
Authors: Muthusamy Sengodagounder , Gunanathan Chidambaram , Nethaji Munirathinam
Published: July 2004

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Anionic Ring‐Contraction Reaction of Cyclic Acetal System: Stereoselective Approach to Multi‐Functionalized Oxetanes.
Authors: Suzuki Masaki , Tomooka Katsuhiko
Published: July 2004

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Enantiopure Oxazolidinones as Chiral Acids in the Asymmetric Protonation of N‐Boc Pyrrole Derived Enolates.
Authors: Carbery David R. , Donohoe Timothy J.
Published: July 2004

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Kinetic Resolution of Chiral Aminoalkenes via Asymmetric Hydroamination/Cyclization Using Binaphtholate Yttrium Complexes.
Authors: Gribkov Denis V. , Hultzsch Kai C.
Published: July 2004

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α‐Oxoketene Dithioacetals Mediated Heteroaromatic Annulation Protocol for Benzoheterocycles: An Efficient Regiocontrolled Synthesis of Highly Substituted and Annulated Indazoles.
Authors: Peruncheralathan S. , Khan T. A. , Ila H. , Junjappa H.
Published: July 2004

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Fine‐Tuned Aminal Cleavage: A Concise Route to Differentially Protected Enantiopure syn‐α,β‐Diamino Esters.
Authors: Viso Alma , Fernandez de la Pradilla Roberto , Lopez‐Rodriguez Maria L. , Garcia Ana , Flores Aida , Alonso Marta
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis of a Novel Nitroimidazole‐Spermidine Derivative as a Tumor‐Targeted Hypoxia‐Selective Cytotoxin.
Authors: Papadopoulou Maria V. , Rosenzweig Howard S. , Bloomer William D.
Published: July 2004

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A Novel Method for the Synthesis of 2(3H)‐Benzimidazolones, 2(3H)‐Benzoxazolone, and 2(3H)‐Benzothiazolone via in situ Generated ortho Substituted Benzoic Acid Azides: Application of Ammonium Azide and Vilsmeier Complex for Acid Azide Generation.
Authors: Sridhar Radhakrishnan , Perumal Paramasivan T.
Published: July 2004

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Microwave‐Promoted Amination of 3‐Bromoisoxazoles.
Authors: Moore Jane E. , Spinks Daniel , Harrity Joseph P. A.
Published: July 2004

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A Novel Synthetic Approach to Benzo[d]isothiazole 1,1‐Diones Having a Secondary Alkyl Substituent at the 3‐Position.
Authors: Liu Zhaopeng , Toyoshi Tetsuya , Takeuchi Yoshio
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis, Structure and Properties of N‐Acetylated Derivatives of Methyl 5‐Amino‐1H‐[1,2,4]triazole‐3‐carboxylate.
Authors: Dzygiel Anetta , Rzeszotarska Barbara , Masiukiewicz Elzbieta , Cmoch Piotr , Kamienski Bohdan
Published: July 2004

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In situ Conversion of a Ru Metathesis Catalyst to an Isomerization Catalyst.
Authors: Schmidt Bernd
Published: July 2004

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4‐Aryl(benzyl)amino‐4‐heteroarylbut‐1‐enes as Building Blocks in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Part 4. Synthesis of 4,6‐Dimethyl‐5‐nitro(amino)‐2‐pyridylquinolines and Their Antiparasitic Activities.
Authors: Kouznetsov Vladimir V. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2004

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Regio‐ and Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Quinolines Catalyzed by a Cp*Ir Complex.
Authors: Fujita Ken‐ichi , Kitatsuji Chihiro , Furukawa Shigetoyo , Yamaguchi Ryohei
Published: July 2004

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Tetrahydroacridin‐9‐ones, 9‐Chlorotetrahydroacridines, 9‐Amino‐tetrahydroacridines and 9‐(Pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐tetrahydroacridines Derived from Chiral Cyclanones.
Authors: Frideling Aline , Faure Robert , Galy Jean‐Pierre , Kenz Ahmed , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero Jose
Published: July 2004

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Syntheses and EGFR Kinase Inhibitory Activity of 6‐Substituted‐4‐anilino [1,7] and [1,8] Naphthyridine‐3‐carbonitriles.
Authors: Wissner Allan , Hamann Philip R. , Nilakantan Ramaswamy , Greenberger Lee M. , Ye Fei , Rapuano Timothy A. , Loganzo Frank
Published: July 2004

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5‐Amino‐2H‐pyran‐3(6H)‐one. Part 1. A Convenient Intermediate in the Synthesis of Pyran Containing 1,4‐Dihydropyridines.
Authors: Altenbach Robert J. , Agrios Konstantinos , Drizin Irene , Carroll William A.
Published: July 2004

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Preparation of New Nitrogen‐Bridged Heterocycles. Part 55. Reinvestigation of the Bromination/Dehydrobromination of Ethyl 3‐[2‐(Methylthio)indolizin‐3‐yl]acrylate Derivatives.
Authors: Kakehi Akikazu , Ito Suketaka , Suga Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Yuhichi , Zuo Peng , Iriye Ryozo
Published: July 2004

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Anodic Oxidation of Tetrahydro‐β‐carboline Derivatives. Formal Oxidation of Protonated Tertiary Amines.
Authors: Planas Loic , Martens Thierry , Billon‐Souquet Florence , Royer Jacques
Published: July 2004

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Pyrido[3,2‐b]indol‐4‐yl‐amine — Synthesis and Investigation of Activity Against Malaria.
Authors: Goerlitzer K. , Kramer C. , Meyer H. , Walter R. D. , Wiesner J.
Published: July 2004

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New Synthetic Approach to [1]Benzopyrano[4,3‐b]pyridin‐5‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Beccalli Egle M. , Contini Alessandro , Trimarco Pasqualina
Published: July 2004

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Pyridazine Derivatives. Part 38. Efficient Heck Alkenylation at Position 5 of the 6‐Phenyl‐3(2H)‐pyridazinone System.
Authors: Coelho Alberto , Sotelo Eddy , Novoa Hector , Peeters Oswald M. , Blaton Norbert , Ravina Enrique
Published: July 2004

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Novel Reaction Products from Thiobarbituric Acid of Biological Interest.
Authors: Aly Ashraf A. , Mourad Aboul‐Fetouh E. , Hassan Alaa A. , Mohamed Nasr K. , Ali Bahaa A. , El‐Sayed Mohamed M.
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis of Furoanellated Analogues of Emivirine (MKC‐442).
Authors: Wamberg Michael , Pedersen Erik B. , Nielsen Claus
Published: July 2004

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A Simple and Efficient Synthesis of new 6‐Arylimino‐6H‐indolo[2,1‐b]quinazolin‐12‐ones under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Azizian Javad , Mohammadi Ali A. , Ardakani F. , Karimi Ali R. , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad R.
Published: July 2004

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A Novel Method for the Synthesis of 4(3H)‐Quinazolinones.
Authors: Abdel‐Jalil Raid J. , Voelter Wolfgang , Saeed Muhammad
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis, anti‐Mycobacterial, anti‐Trichomonas and anti‐Candida in vitro Activities of 2‐Substituted‐6,7‐difluoro‐3‐methylquinoxaline 1,4‐Dioxides.
Authors: Carta Antonio , Loriga Mario , Paglietti Giuseppe , Mattana Antonella , Fiori Pier Luigi , Mollicotti Paola , Sechi Leonardo , Zanetti Stefania
Published: July 2004

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New PDMP Analogues Inhibit Process Outgrowth in an Insect Cell Line.
Authors: Slavish Jacob P. , Friel Donna K. , Oland Lynne A. , Polt Robin
Published: July 2004

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Microwave Irradiation for Accelerating Each Step for the Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazino[5,6‐b]indole‐3‐thiols and Their Derivatives from Isatin and 5‐Chloroisatin.
Authors: El Ashry El Sayed H. , Ramadan El Sayed , Abdel Hamid Hamida M. , Hagar Mohamed
Published: July 2004

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A Novel Approach to the Synthesis of Cytotoxic C2—C3 Unsaturated Pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs) with Conjugated Acrylyl C2‐Substituents.
Authors: Chen Zhizhi , Gregson Stephen J. , Howard Philip W. , Thurston David E.
Published: July 2004

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Selective Reduction of Aromatic Azides with Hexamethyldisilathiane: Synthesis of New 2‐Azidopyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzodiazepines.
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Reddy K. Laxma , Reddy G. Suresh Kumar , Reddy B. S. Narayan
Published: July 2004

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Antitumor Agents. Part 232. Synthesis of Cyclosulfite Podophyllotoxin Analogues as Novel Prototype Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Xiao Zhiyan , Han Shiqing , Bastow Kenneth F. , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung
Published: July 2004

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Two Contrasting Ethynyl Hydroboration Pathways in the Formation of a Novel Tris‐hydroboration Product from Reaction of Dimesitylborane with 2,5‐Diethynylpyridine.
Authors: Entwistle Christopher D. , Batsanov Andrei S. , Howard Judith A. K. , Fox Mark A. , Marder Todd B.
Published: July 2004

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Lewis Acid Catalyzed Aza‐Diels—Alder versus Mannich Reactions of N‐Diethyl Phosphoryl Imino Dienophiles with Oxygenated Dienes and Application of a Chiral Lewis Acid.
Authors: Di Bari Lorenzo , Guillarme Stephane , Hermitage Stephen , Howard Judith A. K. , Jay David A. , Pescitelli Gennaro , Whiting Andrew , Yufit Dmitrii S.
Published: July 2004

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Total Synthesis of Five Cacalol Families at Different Oxidation Stages, Modified Furanoeremophilane Sesquiterpenes from Cacalia and Senecio Species.
Authors: Hirai Yoshinori , Doe Matsumi , Kinoshita Takamasa , Morimoto Yoshiki
Published: July 2004

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Two Novel 3,4‐seco‐Trinorlanostane Triterpenoids Isolated from Ganoderma fornicatum.
Authors: Niu Xuemei , Qiu Minghua , Li Zhongrong , Lu Yang , Cao Peng , Zheng Qitai
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Novel Cholestane Heterocyclic Derivatives.
Authors: Elmegeed Gamal A. , Wardakhan Wagnat W. , Younis Magdi , Louca Nadia A.
Published: July 2004

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Substituted 2‐(Cyanomethyl‐amino)‐acetamides by a Novel Three‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Behnke Dirk , Taube Roswitha , Illgen Katrin , Nerdinger Sven , Herdtweck Eberhardt
Published: July 2004

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Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Tryptamines and Tryptamine Homologues by Amination of Chloroalkynes.
Authors: Khedkar Vivek , Tillack Annegret , Michalik Manfred , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2004

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Highly Anomer‐ and Regioselective Transesterification Catalyzed by Alkaline Protease from Bacillus subtilis in Organic Media.
Authors: Wu Qi , Lu Deshui , Xiao Yongmei , Yao Shiping , Lin Xianfu
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected 2‐Deoxystreptamine Stereoisomers.
Authors: Verhelst Steven H. L. , Wennekes Tom , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Overkleeft Herman S. , van Boeckel Constant A. A. , van Boom Jacques H.
Published: July 2004

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Simple Synthesis of β‐D‐Glycopyranosides Using β‐Glycosidase from Almonds.
Authors: Kurashima Katsumi , Fujii Mikio , Ida Yoshiteru , Akita Hiroyuki
Published: July 2004

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Total Synthesis Without Protection: Three‐Step Synthesis of Optically Active Clavicipitic Acids by a Biomimetic Route.
Authors: Yokoyama Yuusaku , Hikawa Hidemasa , Mitsuhashi Masaharu , Uyama Aki , Hiroki Yasuhiro , Murakami Yasuoki
Published: July 2004

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Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Batzelladine A.
Authors: Shimokawa Jun , Shirai Koji , Tanatani Aya , Hashimoto Yuichi , Nagasawa Kazuo
Published: July 2004

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A Novel Approach to Erythrinan Alkaloids by Utilizing Substituted Biphenyl as Building Block.
Authors: Yasui Yoshizumi , Koga Yukiko , Suzuki Keisuke , Matsumoto Takashi
Published: July 2004

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Three‐Component Sequential Aza[4 + 2] Cycloaddition/Allylboration/Retro‐Sulfinyl‐Ene Reaction: A New Stereocontrolled Entry to Palustrine Alkaloids and Other 2,6‐Disubstituted Piperidines.
Authors: Toure Barry B. , Hall Dennis G.
Published: July 2004

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2‐(N‐Acyl) and 2‐N‐Acyl‐N6‐substituted Analogues of Adenosine and Their Affinity at the Human Adenosine Receptor.
Authors: Jagtap Prakash G. , Chen Zhiyu , Szabo Csaba , Klotz Karl‐Norbert
Published: July 2004

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Inhibitors of Adenosine Deaminase: Continued Studies of Structure—Activity Relationships in Analogues (IV) of Coformycin.
Authors: Reayi Ayub , Hosmane Ramachandra S.
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis of Phospholipids on the Basis of 2‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐propyl‐1,3‐propanediol.
Authors: Savin G. A. , Kamneva E. A. , Nifant'ev E. E.
Published: July 2004

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Absolute Stereochemistry of Immunosuppressive Macrolide Brasilinolide A (Ia) and Its New Congener Brasilinolide C (Ib).
Authors: Komatsu Kazusei , Tsuda Masashi , Tanaka Yasushi , Mikami Yuzuru , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: July 2004

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Total Synthesis and Absolute Stereochemistry of Pentenocin B, a Novel Interleukin‐1β Converting Enzyme Inhibitor.
Authors: Sugahara Tsutomu , Fukuda Hayato , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: July 2004

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Total Synthesis of (+)‐SCH 351448.
Authors: Kang Eun Joo , Cho Eun Jin , Lee Young Eun , Ji Mi Kyung , Shin Dong Mok , Chung Young Keun , Lee Eun
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Novel 14‐Membered Benzomacrolides as Galbonolide Analogues.
Authors: Sakoh Hiroki , Sakuraba Shunji , Sugimoto Yuichi , Imamura Hideaki , Jona Hideki , Yamada Koji , Bamba‐Nagano Rie , Hashizume Terutaka , Morishima Hajime
Published: July 2004

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Design and Synthesis of Indolo[2,3‐a]quinolizin‐7‐one Inhibitors of the ZipA—FtsZ Interaction.
Authors: Jennings Lee D. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2004

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Discovery of Novel Heteroaryl‐Substituted Chalcones as Inhibitors of TNF‐α‐Induced VCAM‐1 Expression.
Authors: Meng Charles Q. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2004

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Antiaggregating and Antithrombotic Activities of New 1,2,3‐Triazolecarboxamides.
Authors: Cwiklicki Anke , Rehse Klaus
Published: July 2004

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