bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hedgerow barriers and other reduced-risk controls for managing Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apples
Authors: Garcia-Salazar Carlos , Gut Larry J. , Whalon Mark E.
Published: August 2007

Management of Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), in apple using an ‘Enhanced Integrated Pest Management (IPM)’ program comprised of a hedgerow barrier, pheromone-based mating disruption and reduced-risk [non-organophosphorous (OP) or carbamate] insecticides was investigated over a 5-year period. The barrier was comprised of a planting of three rows of hybrid poplar, Populus deltoides Bartr.×Populus nigra L., one row of Italian alder, Alnus cordata L. (nectar reward), and one row of white pine, Pinus strobus L. The hedgerow completely surrounded the perimeter of the apple orchard and was treated with garlic and a low rate of pyrethroid insecticide in 4 of the 5 years. The Enhanced IPM program significantly reduced G. molesta populations as measured by moth captures in pheromone traps. Captures of G. molesta were significantly higher in apple orchards treated with OP and carbamate insecticides, ‘Conventional IPM’, and either not surrounded by the hedgerow or with the barrier present but not treated with the repellent compounds. To explain these differences in G. molesta control, and the potential non-lethal effect of hedgerow barriers on G. molesta orchard colonization, we studied the adult vertical movement in a traditional unsprayed standard apple orchard at three different heights: 0.95, 1.95 and 3.20 m, respectively. In the overwintering generation at a height of 0.95 and 1.95 m, the mean number of moths captured per sampling period was 14.64 and 14.84, respectively, and only 2.95 at 3.20 m. However, the number of individuals captured in the second and third generations was not significantly different at the three different heights. Fruit damage evaluated before ‘June drop’ closely corresponded to the distribution of moths captured during the overwintering generation. Fruit damage at a height of 1.95 and 3.20 m was 5.8 and 3.5%, respectively. These results indicated that G. molesta is a weak flyer and that hedgerow barriers exerted some influence in the colonization of the orchard by limiting the free movement of adults from the overwintering generation. Thus, hedgerow barriers seem to limit early migration and establishment of G. molesta in the orchard. This in turn may reduce the size of the following generations and makes subsequent control easier under the Enhanced IPM program.
Vegetable crop emergence and weed control following amendment with different Brassicaceae seed meals
Authors: Rice A.R. , Johnson-Maynard J.L. , Thill D.C. , Morra M.J.
Published: August 2007

Brassicaceae seed meals produced through the oil extraction process release biologically active glucosinolate secondary products and may be useful as a part of biological weed control systems. Before meal can be used most efficiently, recommendations for suitable planting dates that maximize weed control but reduce crop injury must be determined. Our objectives were to determine the impact of 1 and 3% (w/w) meal applications of Brassica napus L. (canola), Brassica juncea L. (oriental mustard) and Sinapis alba L. (yellow mustard) on crop emergence and weed biomass in a growth chamber and field study. Results from the growth chamber experiment indicated that lettuce emergence was reduced by at least 75% when planted into 3% S. alba-amended soil earlier than 5 weeks after meal application. After 5 weeks, emergence was not different among treatments. Crop emergence was not reduced by any meal treatment as compared to the no-meal treatment in year 1 of the field study. In year 2, crop emergence in each 1.2-m row was inhibited by all meal treatments and ranged from 16 plants in the 3% B. juncea treatment to 81 plants in the no-meal treatment. The difference between emergence results in year 1 and year 2 is likely due to differing climatic conditions early in the season prior to irrigation, and the method of irrigation used. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) biomass was 72–93% lower in 1% B. juncea and 3% treatments relative to the no-meal control in the first weed harvest of year 1. These same treatments had 87–99% less common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) biomass. By the second weed harvest, redroot pigweed biomass in meal treatments (0.02–1.6 g m−2) was not different from that in the no-meal treatment (0.97 g m−2). Redroot pigweed biomass in 3% B. juncea plots was reduced by 74% relative to the no-meal treatment in the first harvest of year 2. This treatment also reduced common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.] biomass by 99% relative to the 1% meal treatments. While pigweed biomass was reduced by 3% B. juncea in the early part of the season, by the second harvest this same treatment had the greatest pigweed biomass. Despite significant variability between years, 3% B. juncea did provide early season weed control in both years. Repeated meal applications, however, may be necessary to control late season weeds. Inhibition of crop emergence appears to be highly dependent on the amount and distribution of water and needs to be further studied in field settings.
Screening, Assessment und Diagnostik von Delirien
Authors: Hasemann Wolfgang , Kressig Reto W. , Ermini-Fünfschilling Doris , Pretto Mena , Spirig Rebecca
Published: August 2007

Ein Delir ist eine akute Verschlechterung der Aufmerksamkeit und Kognition. Für die Diagnosestellung stehen zwei Klassifikationssysteme zur Verfügung: Das Diagnostische und Statistische Manual Psychischer Störungen (DSM) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) und die Internationale Klassifikation der Krankheiten (ICD) (World Health Organization, 2006). Während sich die Kernsymptome beider Klassifikationssysteme ähneln, bedarf es für die Diagnose des Delirs nach ICD-10 zusätzlicher Kriterien: Psychomotorischer Störungen, Störungen des Schlaf-Wach-Zyklus und affektiver Störungen. Daher gilt die Diagnosestellung nach ICD als strengeres Verfahren. In Abhängigkeit der untersuchten Population werden bis zu 60% der Delirien, die mittels DSM-IV Kriterien festgestellt wurden, verpasst. Für die klinische Praxis stehen zahlreiche Screening- und Assessmentinstrumente zur Verfügung. In der Regel basieren diese auf den DSM-Kriterien. In diesem Beitrag werden zwei Instrumente vorgestellt, welche Pflegefachpersonen im Rahmen des Basler Delirmanagementprogramms des Universitätsspitals Basel, Schweiz, einsetzen. Das Screening erfolgt mittels der von Schuurmans (2001) entwickelten Delir-Beobachtungs-Screening-Skala (Delirium Observatie Screening Schaal, DOS), das Assessment mittels der von Inouye, van Dyck, Alessi, Balkin, Siegal und Horwitz (1990) entwickelten Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Während die DOS ein reines Beobachtungsinstrument ist, benötigt die CAM ein strukturiertes Interview, klassischerweise (z.B.) den Minimentalstatus nach Folstein, Folstein und McHugh (1975). Beide Instrumente wurden mittels wissenschaftlicher Kriterien ins Deutsche übersetzt. Dieser Artikel stellt die übersetzten Versionen von DOS und CAM vor, diskutiert ihren Einsatz in einer Schweizer Risikogruppe für Delir und liefert den theoretischen Hintergrund der Diagnosestellung eines Delirs auf den Grundlagen von DSM-IV und ICD-10.
Standardisierte Assessmentinstrumente im Lichte der Hermeneutik
Authors: Schrems Berta
Published: August 2007

Die Verwendung von standardisierten Assessmentinstrumenten als Teilaspekt einer evidenz-gestützten Pflegepraxis ist die logische Folge ihrer wissenschaftlichen Fundierung. Das Ziel dieses Artikels ist es aufzuzeigen, dass die Güte eines Assessments nicht alleine durch das Instrument, sondern gleichermaßen durch die Form der Anwendung desselben bestimmt wird. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Verwendung von verallgemeinerten Erkenntnissen zur Einschätzung einer individuellen Situation einen mehrdimensionalen Interpretationsvorgang erfordert. Zu diesem Zweck wird das Ergebnis eines Assessments als ein zu interpretierender Text definiert, dessen Auslegung in drei hermeneutischen Zirkeln erfolgt: 1. als Text im Kontext der Erfahrung der Pflegeperson, 2. als Text im Kontext der Evidenz und 3. als Text im Kontext der Lebenswelt des Klienten/der Klientin. Als Hauptergebnis kann festgehalten werden, dass in der Arbeit mit standardisierten Assessmentinstrumenten sowohl auf wissenschaftlicher als auch auf praktischer Ebene mehr Aufmerksamkeit auf den Aspekt der Lebenswelt gelegt werden muss. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Erfassung der Bedeutung von Krankheit und den damit in Zusammenhang stehenden Phänomenen.
Tectonics, fracturing of rock, and erosion
Authors: Molnar Peter , Anderson Robert S. , Anderson Suzanne Prestrud
Published: August 2007

We argue that by fracturing rock, not by raising it relative to base level, tectonics plays its most important role in causing rapid incision of valleys and rapid erosion of hillslopes. Tectonic deformation riddles the upper crust with fractures, which not only provide avenues for water flow and thus promote weathering and further disintegration of rock but also fragment bedrock into debris that is readily extracted and transported by surface processes. Bends in active faults require straining of adjacent rock masses. Aftershocks that occur subsequent to slip on primary faults reflect penetrative brittle deformation of the upper crust. At least some aftershocks must nucleate or lengthen cracks, which contribute to the comminution of these rock masses. Scaling rules suggest that dimensions of ruptures for very small (M < −2) earthquakes can be meters or less. The Gutenberg‐Richter recurrence relationship implies that such earthquakes are common, as high‐magnification seismographs in low‐noise environments confirm. Moreover, large differences among fault plane solutions for aftershocks show that the small faults on which they occur are not parallel to one another; some faults must intersect. Thus the upper crust in tectonically active regions should be fragmented into blocks down to the scale of boulders or smaller. Dismembered rock arrives at the Earth's surface already prepared to be transported away. As a corollary, both deeply exhumed lower crust and posttectonic igneous rock, never deformed under brittle conditions and not deformed recently, should be less susceptible to detachment and subsequent transport than fractured rock.
Stellar ablation of planetary atmospheres
Authors: Moore T. E. , Horwitz J. L.
Published: August 2007

We review observations and theories of the solar ablation of planetary atmospheres, focusing on the terrestrial case where a large magnetosphere holds off the solar wind, so that there is little direct atmospheric impact, but also couples the solar wind electromagnetically to the auroral zones. We consider the photothermal escape flows known as the polar wind or refilling flows, the enhanced mass flux escape flows that result from localized solar wind energy dissipation in the auroral zones, and the resultant enhanced neutral atom escape flows. We term these latter two escape flows the “auroral wind.” We review observations and theories of the heating and acceleration of auroral winds, including energy inputs from precipitating particles, electromagnetic energy flux at magnetohydrodynamic and plasma wave frequencies, and acceleration by parallel electric fields and by convection pickup processes also known as “centrifugal acceleration.” We consider also the global circulation of ionospheric plasmas within the magnetosphere, their participation in magnetospheric disturbances as absorbers of momentum and energy, and their ultimate loss from the magnetosphere into the downstream solar wind, loading reconnection processes that occur at high altitudes near the magnetospheric boundaries. We consider the role of planetary magnetization and the accumulating evidence of stellar ablation of extrasolar planetary atmospheres. Finally, we suggest and discuss future needs for both the theory and observation of the planetary ionospheres and their role in solar wind interactions, to achieve the generality required for a predictive science of the coupling of stellar and planetary atmospheres over the full range of possible conditions.
A global inventory of N2O emissions from tropical rainforest soils using a detailed biogeochemical model
Authors: Werner C. , Butterbach‐Bahl K. , Haas E. , Hickler T. , Kiese R.
Published: August 2007

Beside agricultural soils, tropical rainforest soils are the main source of atmospheric N2O. Current estimates of the global N2O source strength of tropical rainforest soils are still based on rather simplistic upscaling approaches and do have a large range of uncertainty. In this study, the biogeochemical ForestDNDC‐tropica model was recalibrated and intensively tested on the site scale prior to inventory calculations. For this, the model was coupled to a newly developed global GIS database holding relevant information on model initialization and driving parameters in 0.25° × 0.25° resolution. On average, the mean annual N2O emission source strength of rainforests ecosystems worldwide for the 10‐year‐period 1991–2000 was calculated to be 1.2 kg N2O‐N ha−1 yr−1. Using a total rainforest area of 10.9 × 106 km2, this amounts to a total source strength of 1.34 Tg N yr−1. The result of an initialization parameter uncertainty assessment using Latin Hypercube sampling revealed that the global source strength of N2O emissions from tropical rainforests may range from 0.88 to 2.37 Tg N yr−1. Our calculations also show that N2O emissions do vary substantially on spatial and temporal scales. Regional differences were mainly caused by differences in soil properties, whereas the pronounced seasonal and interannual variability was driven by climate variability. Our work shows that detailed biogeochemical models are a valuable tool for assessing biosphere‐atmosphere exchange even on a global scale. However, further progress and a narrowing of the uncertainty range do crucially depend on the availability of more detailed field measurements for model testing and an improvement of the quality of spatial data sets on soil and vegetation properties.
Retrieval of cloud parameters from satellite‐based reflectance measurements in the ultraviolet and the oxygen A‐band
Authors: van Diedenhoven B. , Hasekamp O. P. , Landgraf J.
Published: August 2007

We present a new method for the retrieval of cloud fraction, cloud optical thickness and cloud top pressure from measurements of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) and Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY), relevant for the retrieval of trace gas abundances in cloudy atmospheres. The presented algorithm makes use of the measurements of the oxygen A‐band between 758 and 770 nm and additionally of measurements in the ultraviolet between 350 and 390 nm. In addition to the cloud parameters, information about the surface reflection is retrieved. It is shown that measurements in the oxygen A‐band alone contain significant information about only two cloud parameters. By adding measurements in the ultraviolet, information about cloud fraction, cloud optical thickness, and cloud top pressure can be retrieved. The cloud retrieval algorithm was applied to GOME data, and the results are compared to cloud parameters retrieved from measurements of the Along Track Scanning Radiometer 2 (ATSR‐2). The cloud fractions, cloud optical thickness, and cloud top pressures retrieved by our algorithm and the corresponding ATSR‐2 values have a median difference of −0.01, 2.5 and −33 hPa, respectively, with 68% confidence intervals of ±0.11, ±7.5 and ±111 hPa, respectively.
Subsurface contaminant transport in the presence of colloids: Effect of nonlinear and nonequilibrium interactions
Authors: Bekhit Hesham M. , Hassan Ahmed E.
Published: August 2007

The effect of kinetic nonlinear sorption of contaminants in the presence of colloids is the focus of this study. Different sorption isotherms are considered where contaminant sorption and colloid deposition are assumed to be linear or nonlinear (Freundlich), and contaminant attachment to mobile and immobile colloids is assumed to follow either linear or Langmuir isotherms. Varying combinations accounting for different possibilities are used to investigate effects of different isotherms on contaminant transport. Two‐dimensional numerical simulations in homogenous media show that the effect of colloids on nonlinearly sorbing contaminant is altered from facilitation to retardation depending on the Freundlich exponent and concentration value. One finding from the study indicates that incorporating the colloid effect on contaminant transport does not necessarily represent a conservative assumption. The study shows that ignoring the fact that colloids have limited sites and describing contaminant attachment to colloids by linear isotherms may lead to inaccurate results. In addition, it is found that assuming colloids are linearly deposited on the solid matrix is a conservative assumption in the applications that focus on peak concentration arrival. However, when small contaminant concentrations are of concern (i.e., early arrival is the quantity of interest), assuming nonlinear colloidal deposition becomes the critical scenario.
Stomatal response of swordfern to volcanogenic CO2 and SO2 from Kilauea volcano
Authors: Tanner Lawrence H. , Smith David L. , Allan Amanda
Published: August 2007

The experimentally determined relationship between atmospheric pCO2 and plant stomata has been used to interpret large but transient changes in atmospheric composition, such as may have resulted from the eruptions of flood basalt. However, this relationship has not been tested in the field, i.e. in the vicinity of active volcanoes, to examine the specific effects of volcanogenic emissions. Moreover, the interpretation of paleoatmospheric pCO2 from fossil stomatal data assumes that the stomatal response resulted solely from variation in pCO2 and ignores the potential effect of outgassed SO2. We hypothesize that volcanogenic SO2 also has a significant effect on leaf stomata and test this hypothesis by measuring the stomatal index of the common swordfern (Nephrolepis exaltata) in the plumes of the actively outgassing vents of Kilauea volcano. We find that, compared to control locations, stomatal index is lowest at sample sites in the plume of Halema'uma'u Crater, where concentrations of both CO2 and SO2 are much higher than background. However, sites located directly in the plume of Pu'u O'o, where SO2 levels are high, but CO2 levels are not, also yield low values of stomatal index. We propose that shifts in the stomatal index of fossil leaves may record transient atmospheric increases in both SO2 and CO2, such as may be caused by eruptions of flood basalts. Calculations of pCO2 based on stomatal frequency are likely to be exaggerated.
On the nucleation of creep and the interaction between creep and seismic slip on rate‐ and state‐dependent faults
Authors: Ziv Alon
Published: August 2007

Previous studies of rupture nucleation were restricted to conditions well within the unstable regime. In this study, we show that positive stress changes applied on intrinsically stable interfaces can trigger quasi‐static slip episodes. Similar to the onset of ruptures on unstable fractures, the creep on intrinsically stable fractures too are preceded by intervals during which the slip is highly localized. The size of the nucleation patch depends not only on the constitutive parameters, but also on the stressing history. We examine the effect of a stress step on the slip history of a seismic fault interacting with a creeping segment, and show that stress transfer due to creep may strongly affect the timing of an impending seismic slip. Finally, we investigate the effect of a stress step on the slip history of an isolated unstable strip surrounded by creep, and show that a positive stress step triggers aftershocks, whose rate decays as 1/time during most of the sequence, but much faster than 1/time shortly after the stress step.
Stochastic simulation of cosmic ray modulation including a wavy heliospheric current sheet
Authors: Alanko‐Huotari K. , Usoskin I. G. , Mursula K. , Kovaltsov G. A.
Published: August 2007

We present a quasi‐steady two‐dimensional (axisymmetric) model of the heliospheric transport of galactic cosmic rays. The model is based on stochastic simulation techniques and includes all the modulation mechanisms that cosmic rays experience in the heliosphere: convection, adiabatic cooling, diffusion, and drifts. A special emphasis is given to the cosmic ray transport in the vicinity of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), and a new method to calculate the wavy current sheet drift is presented. We study cosmic ray modulation in different solar modulation conditions and levels of waviness of the current sheet. We discuss changes in the cosmic ray spectrum and the dominant streaming patterns of cosmic rays in the heliosphere for different solar polarities and HCS tilt angles.
Triple crossings of a string of magnetic islands at duskside magnetopause encountered by AMPTE/IRM satellite on 8 August 1985
Authors: Teh W.‐L. , Hau L.‐N.
Published: August 2007

There have been a number of reports on the existence of pearl‐like magnetic island structures at the magnetopause current layer based on the analyses of single spacecraft data and two‐dimensional reconstruction method of solving the Grad‐Shafranov equation as a spatial initial value problem. This paper presents an unusual event of multiple magnetopause crossings encountered by AMPTE/IRM satellite at the duskside equatorial plane on 8 August, 1985. In a total of 11 magnetopause crossings spanning for nearly 2 hours, crossing 3, 4, and 9 display similar features of a string of magnetic islands imbedded within the overall tangential discontinuity‐like current layers. In these crossings, the deHoffmann‐Teller velocities form approximately 90° from the magnetopause normal that the in‐and‐out magnetopause motion becomes subsiding for the satellite to pick up the pearl‐like plasmoids with island width of about 6–12 ion inertial length. In particular, crossing 3 and 9 are 1 hour apart but have almost the same magnetopause normal and deHoffmann‐Teller velocity as well as similar invariant axis. A region of cold plasma adjacent to the magnetopause within the magnetosphere, the low‐latitude boundary layer, is seen in all three crossings.
CHARACTERISATION OF RAT TUMOUR CELL HYBRIDS: PROCOAGULANT AND FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITIES
Authors: Badenoch‐Jones P , Ramshaw IA
Published: August 2007

The formation of lung colonies after i.v. injection of highly metastatic rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells (MAT 13762) was greatly reduced by concurrent treatment of rats with heparin. The procoagulant activity (PCA) of these cells, and of a non‐metastatic adenocarcinoma (DMBA‐8) has therefore been measured. These have been compared with PCA expressed by MAT 13762 cell derivatives including a non‐metastatic hybrid clone (MAT 13762 × DMBA‐8), its metastatic revertant, and clones selected in vivo from lung metastases. Potent PCA was expressed on intact MAT 13762 cells and in their spent culture media, the latter being sedimentable and associated with shed membrane vesicles. Cell‐derived PCA, unlike thromboplastin, was equally effective in factor VII‐deficient and normal bovine plasma. There were, however, no major differences in the expression of PCA (either cell‐associated or shed) between the metastatic and non‐metastatic cell types studied. Plasminogen activator (PA) production by these cells has also been measured. The results are discussed in the context of the possible role of fibrin formation and fibrinolysis in the metastatic process.
FUNCTIONAL AND METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DISSOCIATED MOUSE PANCREATIC ISLET CELLS IN SUSPENSION
Authors: Campbell Iain L
Published: August 2007

Free islet cells in suspension were prepared by enzymatic dissociation of isolated pancreatic islets or adult mice. Microscopical examination revealed morphologically well preserved cells which appeared viable to more than 80% as determined by the trypan blue exclusion test, In comparison with whole islets, such cell preparations showed no responsiveness to glucose in terms of insulin release. On the other hand, rates of (pro)insulin biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis and glucose oxidation showed a dose‐dependent increase in response in increasing glucose concentrations (1.6‐30 mmol/1).

These findings indicate that, in spite of a defect to the exocytotic Insulin release system, free islet cells displayed a number of properties compatible with a well preserved viability, viz., the retention of glucose sensitive (pro)insulin biosynthesis and metabolism.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SERUM IgA ANTIBODY LEVELS AND RESISTANCE TO INFECTION WITH SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AFTER ORAL IMMUNIZATION WITH VARIOUS SALMONELLAE
Authors: Srisart P , Reynolds BL , Rowley D
Published: August 2007

Subsequent to oral feeding of various Salmonella strains to mice, the IgA antibodies directed against the O‐somatic antigens of the immunising strain were measured in both serum and intestinal juice, using the ELISA technique, 21 days after oral immunization the IgA antibody levels were relatively high only in those mice which were resistant to challenge with a virulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Because there was no correlation between protection and the specificity of the ’O’ somatic antigens of the immunising and challenge strains, the IgA antibodies measured were not responsible for protection. Nevertheless, the level of these antibodies affords a good index of the resistance of mice or immune status of mice to Salmonella infection.
ROSS RIVER VIRUS INFECTION OF HUMAN SYNOVIAL CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Cunningham Anthony L , Fraser JRE
Published: August 2007

Ross River virus (RRV) strains T48 and SC18006 produced a self‐limited cytopathic infection of primary and passaged human synovial cell culture. Extracellular (EC) virus titres reached peak, levels at 2 days in cell lines and at 4 days in primary cultures, ranging between 104.5 and 106.6 fluorescent focus‐forming units (ffu)/ml. Thereafter titres declined rapidly to undetectable levels at 10‐12 days. The proportion of adherent cells showing virus antigen exceeded 60% at 3 days and decreased in all culture to <1/500 after 12 days. Cytopathic effects (CPE) were greatest at 4‐8 days and destroyed between 25 and 75% of the cell layer, with subsequent partial regeneration by division of surviving cells. In contrast to rubella virus infection of synovial cells, cultures at 32° and 37° revealed only minor differences and persistent infection was not established. CPE were more attentive at 37° in nearly all synovial cell cultures and in Vero cultures. At 37° synovial cells infected with T48 strain produced hither maximum titres and were more extensively infected than at 32°.
NEUTRALIZATION KINETIC ANALYSIS OF ECHOVIRUS 30 AND COXSACKIEVIRUS B4 STRAINS REVEALED LITTLE ANTIGENIC VARIATION AMONGST THE ECHOVIRUS STRAINS
Authors: Ash Patricia , Leong Wendy A , Kennett Marjerie L , Schnagl Roger D
Published: August 2007

An antigenic analysis was made of echovirus 30 and coxsackievirus B4 isolates by determining neutralization rate constants in neutralization kinetic tests. The seven echovirus 30 isolates included the prototype strain and six others isolated in Melbourne, Australia, between 1959 and 1982. Little antigenic heterogeneity was observed in contrast to the evidence of antigenic variation recorded in similar tests on seven coxsackievirus B4 isolates. These isolates also included the prototype strain, as well as six others isolated in Melbourne between 1958 and 1973. The results obtained with the coxsackievirus B4 isolates were in keeping with those observed particularly with the polioviruses and also coxsackievirus B4 by other workers. Those obtained with the echovirus 30 isolates were unexpected, as this virus is also a member of the enterovirus group.
A STUDY OF CALCERGY IN THE RAT INDUCED BY THE IMPLANTATION OF POLYURETHANE SPONGES SOAKED IN LEAD ACETATE
Authors: Hirsch Robert S , McClure John , Vernon‐Roberts Barrie , Smith Kym
Published: August 2007

Polyurethane sponges were soaked in a 5 mg/ml solution of lead acetate, dried, and implanted subcutaneously in rats. Sponges soaked in distilled water were implanted as controls. The reaction to the sponges was studied from 5 h to 140 days after implantation, utilising sponge dry weight gain, rate of ingrowth of granulation tissue, histology and electron microscopy. Five hours after implantation, test sponges showed lead phosphate deposits in the central sponge zone and by one day the deposits stained positively for calcium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed needle‐shaped crystals of hydroxyapatite. Ingrowth of granulation tissue into test sponges was delayed. Breakdown of the sponge matrix was observed in control sponges after 140 days. This model highlighted the physicochemical nature of the calcergic reaction, implicating fluid transudates/exudates in the initial stages.
REJECTION OF SYNGENEIC SKIN GRAFTS FOLLOWING RETRANSPLANTATION FROM HISTO‐INCOMPATIBLE RATS
Authors: McCullagh Peter
Published: August 2007

Normal syngeneic recipients rejected a substantial proportion of skin grafts following their retransplantation after a period of residence on tolerant allogeneic or normal semi‐allogeneic hosts. Rejection was often atypical in its delayed onset and protracted course. Examination of the effect of a variety of manipulations of graft donors and of intermediate hosts revealed that active involvement of cells derived from both categories was required for the initiation of an allograft reaction after transfer to the ultimate, syngeneic recipient. Liability of retransplanted syngeneic skin grafts to rejection could be almost entirely abolished by their exposure to 300 rads irradiation before placement on the intermediate host. Skin from neonatally thymectomized donors or from rats specifically tolerant of the intermediate F1 hybrid host was much less liable to ultimate rejection than was skin from normal hosts. These experiments suggest that rejection of re‐transplanted, syngeneic grafts may result from some form of activation of cells of the graft during its period on the intermediate host.
THE EFFECT OF DIET ON SYSTEMIC IMMUNE RESPONSES TO WHEAT GLIADIN
Authors: Johnson Ronald B , LaBrooy Justin T , Shearman David JC , Davidson Geoffrey P
Published: August 2007

These studies examined the influence of gluten ingestion on the murine immune response to this cereal antigen. The results demonstrated that the level of specific antibody in the serum of mice immunised with gliadin is markedly reduced when gluten is present in the diet on which the animals were raised. Serum antibody concentrations in the gluten‐free (G‐F) mice were between 10‐ and 50‐fold greater than those in the standard (STD) mice. The suppression of the antibody response to gliadin in the gluten‐fed mice appeared to be antigen‐specific, as STD mice responded normally to unrelated antigens such as sheep red blood cells (SRBC). This hyporesponsiveness towards gliadin develops very early in the animals’ life. We suggest that this may occur through the transfer of small immunogenic fragments from mothers to their offspring either in utero or post‐natally in the milk.
CROSS‐REACTION OF A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY WITH FIBROBLASTS FROM MARSUPIALS OF THE MACROPODIDAE AND TARSIPEDIDAE FAMILIES
Authors: Sykes PJ , Hope RM
Published: August 2007

A monoclonal antibody, GA‐1, was prepared against an M. rufogriseus cell surface antigen on an M. rufogriseus (red necked wallaby)—mouse somatic cell hybrid. Fibroblasts from a number of marsupial species were tested for reaction with GA‐1, and only those from the Macropodidae species and the sole member of the family Tarsipedidae reacted, indicating that the Tarsipedidae is possibly more closely related to the Macropodidae than to any other group of marsupials examined.
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES: ANTIGEN PRESENTATION ACTIVITY IN VIVO
Authors: Holt PG , Leivers S
Published: August 2007

Previous studies on the antigen‐presenting of activity of alveolar macrophages (AM) have been restricted to the use of in vitro assay systems, and have generally shown suppression of T cell activation by these macrophages. The present study exploits the rapid adaptability of AM to changes in oxygen tension, which facilitates their transfer to other tissues in a functional state. Employing this rationale, antigen‐pulsed AM were shown to trigger T cell‐dependent immune responses following subcutaneous or intraperitoneal inoculation, while suppressing similar responses in tissue culture.
EVALUATION OF INTRACELLULAR KILLING OF BACTERIA BY ENRICHED POPULATIONS OF MOUSE PERITONEAL EXUDATE NEUTROPHILS
Authors: Hart PH , Spencer LK , McDonald PJ , Finlay‐Jones JJ
Published: August 2007

Elicited, mouse peritoneal exudate cells were fractionated by centrifugation on discontinuous Percoll density gradients. Two subpopulations of neutrophils, each of greater than 90% purity, were isolated at discontinuous density gradient interfaces different from the region of mononuclear cell enrichment (i.e., 1.0694‐1.0871 and 1.0872‐1.1002 g/ml for neutrophils and less than 1.0694 g/ml for mononuclear cells). Peritoneal exudate cells were mixed with Proteus mirabilis in the presence of 1% normal mouse serum for 30 min. The mixtures were fractionated on gradients of Percoll diluted with a clacium‐free medium. Populations of cells banding at densities greater than 1.0693 g/ml were washed free of gradient material, and neutrophil suspensions containing intracellular bacteria and which were relatively free of extracellular bacteria were isolated. Less than 7% of the total bacteria present was extracellular. The continuing extracellular presence of a heat‐labile component of normal mouse serum was essential for maximal intracellular kill of P. mirabilis by mouse peritoneal neutrophils.
THE LYMPH‐BORNE RESPONSE OF FOETAL LAMB LYMPH NODES TO CHALLENGE WITH BRUCELLA ABORTUS IN UTERO
Authors: Hugh AR , Trevella Wendy , Simpson‐Morgan MW , Morris B
Published: August 2007

The cannulated prescapular lymph node of the foetal lamb was challenged with killed Brucella abortus. Usually, both efferent prescapular ducts were cannulated and one node left as a control. Nodes were given primary or secondary challenges with doses of 109 ‐ 2 × 1010 brucella organisms and the lymph‐borne response of the nodes followed.

The foetal lymph node produced a vigorous cellular response to the injected brucella, restricted to the challenged side. The total cell output and, more strikingly, large cell output increased to reach a peak value 4‐5 days after challenge. This cellular response was seemingly dose‐dependent.

The output of antibody after a primary challenge was delayed considerably and could not be detected in the lymph until well after the cellular response had subsided. The concentrations of antibody produced were quite low and almost all mercaptoethanol‐sensitive. With secondary challenges the output of antibody occurred much more quickly, in phase with the cellular response, and appreciable amounts of mercaptoethanol‐resistant antibody were produced.

Under exceptional circumstances, high titre, highly specific anti‐brucella antibody has been produced in foetal lymph. The foetal lymph node provides a powerful tool for further studies of the ontogeny of the immune response, and might help elucidate the failure of newborn animals to respond to some important bacterial antigens.
DEVELOPMENT OF SYMPATHETIC NEURONES IN VIVO: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF GLUCOCORTICO‐STEROIDS IN REGULATING TRANSMITTER TYPE
Authors: Hill Caryl E , McLennan Ian S , Hendry Ian A
Published: August 2007

In vivo the majority of sympathetic neurones are adrenergic, whereas in vitro they can become cholinergic. This atypical cholinergic development can be suppressed by addition of a glucocorticoid to the culture medium (McLennan, Hill and Hendry, 1980). In this paper we have investigated the possibility that glucocorticoids influence the choice of sympathetic transmitter type in vivo. Reduction in circulatory glucocorticoids by adrenalectomy of 2‐day‐old rat pups did not result in increased cholinergic development in their superior cervical ganglia. Furthermore, administration of exogenous corticosterone to increase circulatory glucocorticoids in young rats did not prevent the developmental switch in transmitter type of the sympathetic innervation of the sweat gland from adrenergic to cholinergic. It is concluded that the developmental regulation of sympathetic transmitter type in vitro may not be analogous to that in vivo.
EPITHELIAL CELL RENEWAL AND ANTIBODY TRANSFER IN THE INTESTINE OF THE FOETAL AND NEONATAL LAMB
Authors: Smeaton TC , Simpson‐Morgan MW
Published: August 2007

The intestine of the foetal lamb was exposed to large quantities of δ‐globulin (IgG) by prolonged intra‐duodenal infusion, and absorption of intact IgG, with transfer to the lymph, continued undiminished, i.e., there was no evidence of closure. The rate of proliferation of the intestinal epithelium of the foetal and newborn lamb was measured using mitotic indices and localised labelling with (3H)‐thymidine (TdR). In the foetus, cell division in the crypts occurs at a lower rate than the newborn (p< 0·001) and there is very slow replacement of the intestinal epithelium. In the newborn lamb, a portion of the small intestine was incubated in vivo with TdR and the progress of labelled cells from the crypts upwards along the villi estimated, using autoradiography of serial biopsies from the same animal. A front of mature, digestive epithelium could be seen advancing up the villi, displacing the immature foetal type of cell which was capable of transfer of intact IgG to the lymphatics of the intestine. The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that immediately after birth the intestinal epithelium of the lamb begins to be replaced by a digestive type of cell, and the layer of cells responsible for absorption of colostral antibodies progressively disappears from the villi, resulting in closure.
INTERACTIONS OF STRONGYLOIDES RATTI FREE‐LIVING AND SKIN‐PENETRATED INFECTIVE LARVAE AND PARASITIC ADULTS WITH SERUM AND CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Grove DI , Northern C , Dawkins HJS
Published: August 2007

When Strongyloides ratti free‐living infective larvae were incubated with peritoneal exudate cells from normal or previously infected mice, cell attachment occurred only in the presence of normal (NMS) or immune mouse serum (IMS). This non‐specific effect was transitory with larvae being alive and free of cells 24 h after incubation. Cell attachment was mediated by complement. When incubated with infective larvae which had penetrated mouse skin, both normal and immune cells attached to larvae in the absence of serum. This effect was again transitory except when immune cells or immune serum were present, indicating a specific immunological mechanism. Again, larvae remained viable. When incubated with isolated parasitic adult worms, persistent cell attachment occurred in the presence of immune serum, immune cells or both, but all worms remained viable. This system provides a means for investigating the mechanisms of resistance to reinfection in strongyloidiasis.
THE EFFECTS OF SEASON OF COLLECTION, FEEDING, MATURATION AND GENDER ON THE POTENCY OF FUNNEL‐WEB SPIDER (ATRAX INFENSUS) VENOM
Authors: Atkinson RK , Walker P
Published: August 2007

Assays of the venom of adult male and female as well as immature funnel‐web spiders (Atrax infensus) were performed both at the end of the winter hibernation period and during the active summer months. For both sexes an increase in venom potency appealed to have occurred with the approach of summer, the venom of adult males then being clearly more potent than that of adult females. However, it was also found that, at least for adult females, forced abstinence from feeding was associated with an increase in venom potency, while feeding (at least on one insect species that A. infensus is known to accept as prey) seemed to lead to a lowered potency. From these observations it was concluded that the neurotoxin in the venom of female (and presumably also male) A. infensus spiders is probably synthesized in the venom glands rather than being extracted from the prey on which A. infensus normally feeds.
DIVERGENT EXPRESSION OF CYTOTOXIC AND MICROBICIDAL FUNCTIONS OF RABBIT ALVEOLAR AND PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES: EFFECTS OF NON‐SPECIFIC ACTIVATION AND A NATURAL MICROBICIDAL PEPTIDE, MCP‐1
Authors: Sorrell TC , Lehrer RI , Ferrari LG , Müller M , Selsted ME
Published: August 2007

Alveolar macrophages from NZW rabbits were intrinsically toxic to 6 xenogeneic cell lines and to Candida albicans in vitro. Macrophage‐mediated candidacidal activity, but not cytostasis (inhibition of [3H] thymidine incorporation by target cells) or cytotoxicity (reduction in target cell number), was enhanced by prior injection of rabbits with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA).

Compared with alveolar macrophages, peritoneal macrophages were less candidacidal (median C. albicans killed, 24% versus 16%. p<0·01). In contrast to alveolar macrophages, peritoneal macrophages were not consistently cytostatic or cytotoxic. Only candidacidal activity was enhanced in FCA‐elicited peritoneal macrophages (median C. albicans killed 28% versus 16% for resident peritoneal macrophages, p<0·01).

Microbicidal concentrations of a cationic peptide produced by rabbit alveolar macrophages (MCP‐1, 25–100μg/ml) did not inhibit growth of 4 murine cell lines in vitro. Macrophage‐mediated cytostasis and cytotoxicity were not enhanced by culture with exogenous MCP‐1. Macrophage‐mediated cytostasis was also unchanged in cultures containing 10−5 2’deoxycytidine.

We conclude that rabbit macrophage populations are restricted in their expression of cytostatic and cytotoxic functions, that microbicidal activation can occur independently of cytotoxic activation and that in this system mechanisms of macrophage‐mediated cytotoxicity to xenogeneic target cells are independent of MCP‐1 and thymidine.
HETEROGENEOUS EXPRESSION OF ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS BY RAT LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: McCullagh Peter
Published: August 2007

Exposure of lymphocytes from F2 hybrid and backcross rats of the PVG and DA strains to inter‐parental strain alloantisera and complement frequently and unexpectedly revealed incomplete susceptibility within a population of cells. This heterogeneity did not appear to result from variable susceptibility to cytotoxic mechanisms. A more likely explanation was that variation occurred in the expression of the target determinants within the lymphocyte population. A similar heterogeneity was also demonstrable in populations of lymphocytes from rats of the inbred DA strain, provided appropriate alloantisera were used. Antisera raised in PVG rats against individual (PVG × F1) backcross rats frequently effected intermediate levels of DA cell destruction in the presence of complement, although exposure of DA lymphocytes to PVG anti‐DA serum plus complement resulted in their uniform destruction. The nature of the target antigens that were subject to variable expression was not established, but it seemed likely that they were related to histocompatibility determinants.
RAT TRYPSIN: PURIFICATION, RADIOIMMUNOASSAY AND AGE‐RELATED SERUM LEVELS IN NORMAL AND SPONTANEOUSLY DIABETIC BB WISTAR RATS
Authors: Reddy S , Bibby NJ , Smith PA , Elliott RB
Published: August 2007

A convenient procedure is described for the purification of rat trypsin. Tissue was homogenized and extracted at pH 4 and the soluble fraction purified by a two‐step affinity chromatography. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8×8, the purified enzyme was resolved into 1 major and 2 minor bands all of which possessed trypsin‐like enzyme activity. Antibodies to rat trypsin were raised in rabbits and utilized in establishing a sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure for the enzyme. The assay was adapted to study the levels of the enzyme in the circulation of normal Wistar and spontaneously diabetic Bio Breeding Wistar rats before onset of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus in a longitudinal fashion. In the normal rat, serum levels of immunoreactive trypsin were higher in younger animals and showed a decline after weaning. This pattern was also seen in the Bio Breeding Wistar rats. In about half the number of Bio Breeding Wistar ratis, serum immunoreactive trypsin levels were much higher than in normal rats. These results may imply that in some Bio Breeding Wistar rats the disease may be associated with inflammatory lesions of the exocrine pancreas.
AGGRAVATION OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN VASECTOMIZED, CHOLESTEROL‐FED RABBITS
Authors: Majumdar S , Bhatia ND , Dahiya R , Bansal N , Chakravarti RN
Published: August 2007

Rabbits were fed a stock or atherogenic diet for a period of fourteen months. Half of each group of rabbits was bilaterally vasectomized while the other half underwent sham vasectomy. The level of plasma cholesterol was significantly elevated following vasectomy in stock diet‐fed rabbits. Atherogenic diet feeding caused marked elevation of plasma cholesterol in both vasectomized as well as sham‐vasectomized animals. At the termination of the experiments, aortic cholesterol in stock diet‐fed vasectomized rabbits remained unchanged, but this was increased in both vasectomized and sham‐vasectomized atherogenic diet‐fed animals. Aortic sudanophilia, atherosclerotic plaque size and coronary atherosclerosis index were significantly increased in vasectomized atherogenic diet‐fed rabbits as compared to their controls. In stock diet‐fed vasectomized rabbits no macroscopic or microscopic lesions were seen even in the presence of mild hypercholesterolaemia.
Functional and Molecular Evidence for Impairment of Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels in Type-1 Diabetic Cerebral Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Dong Ling , Zheng Yun-Min , Van Riper Dee , Rathore Rakesh , Liu Qing-Hua , Singer Harold A , Wang Yong-Xiao
Published: August 2007

Cerebral vascular dysfunction and associated diseases often occur in type-1 diabetes, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we sought to determine whether big-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels were impaired in vascular (cerebral artery) smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) from streptozotocin-induced type-1 diabetic mice using patch clamp, molecular biologic, and genetic approaches. Our data indicate that the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) are significantly decreased, whereas the activity of spontaneous Ca2+ sparks is increased, in diabetic CASMCs. The sensitivity of BK channels to voltage, Ca2+, and the specific inhibitor iberiotoxin are all reduced in diabetic myocytes. Diabetic mice show increased myogenic tone and decreased contraction in response to iberiotoxin in cerebral arteries and elevated blood pressure. The expression of the BK channel β1, but not α-subunit protein, is markedly decreased in diabetic cerebral arteries. Diabetic impairment of BK channel activity is lost in CASMCs from BK channel β1-subunit gene deletion mice. In conclusion, the BK channel β1-subunit is impaired in type-1 diabetic vascular SMCs, resulting in increased vasoconstriction and elevated blood pressure, thereby contributing to vascular diseases in type-1 diabetes.