bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASPEK BIOKULTURAL SISA RANGKA MANUSIA DARI SITUS LIANGAN, TEMANGGUNG, JAWA TENGAH
Authors: Noerwidi Sofwan
Published: March 2018

In 2013, Center for Archaeological Research of Yogyakarta has found a human remain in Cluster F, Liangan site, Temanggung, which named as individual of Liangan F1. This study tries to reveals biological and cultural aspects which recorded on this remain by bioarchaeological approach. Biological aspects are including; age estimation, sex determination, population affinity, and pathology or health condition. Meanwhile, cultural aspects are including antemortem cultural practice which associated to dental modification, and perimortem taphonomy as evidence of funeral practices or burial procedures. Study on human remains from Liangan settlement site of Ancient Mataram Kingdom has opened our knowledge to understanding culture and human behavior which develop during the historical period of 9th-10th century AD in Java.Pada tahun 2013, Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta menemukan sisa rangka manusia di Kluster F situs Liangan, Temanggung, yang kemudian dinamakan individu Liangan F1. Penelitian ini berusaha mengungkap aspek biologis dan kultural yang terekam pada individu Liangan F1dengan menggunakan pendekatan bioarkeologi. Aspek biologis yang diungkap mencakup estimasi usia, penentuan jenis kelamin, afinitas populasi, dan patologi atau kondisi kesehatan. Sedangkan aspek budaya mencakup kebiasaan modifikasi pada saat antemortem yang terkait dengan gigi, dan bukti tafonomi perimortem seperti praktek pemakaman atau tata cara penguburan. Studi sisa rangka manusia dari situs permukiman Mataram Kuna-Liangan ini telah membuka cakrawala kitadalam memahami budaya dan pola tingkah laku manusia yang berkembang pada masa Klasik abad 9 - 10 M di Jawa.
TRADISI BERLANJUT BUDAYA AUSTRONESIA DI LIMA PULUH KOTO, SUMATERA BARAT
Authors: Triwurjani Triwurjani
Published: March 2018

Austronesian diaspora shows that around 60% of Austronesian-speaking people live in Indonesia. Among the locations with traces of Austronesian cultural remains is the  information about the diaspora of Research reveals that the continuing megalithic tradition. The problem is: if megalithic culture was brought by migrants in which Austronesian period did the menhirs should be placed, the proto-historic or recent Austronesian; how is the dispersal pattern of the menhirs; and who were the bearers of the culture. Therefore we have to reveal the form and dispersal of the megalithic culture and Austronesian migration in Lima Puluh Koto Area. The aim of this research is revealing cultural history through the migrant's adaptation within the perspective of Austronesian diaspora. Thus information about the diaspora of the Austronesians and the ethnogenesis of Indoneisan nation can be recognized. Research reveals that the continuing megalithic tradition which is used the  qualitative method and   assumed base on archaeological remains at Lima Puluh Koto area is a distribution of menhirs,  that forms clusters in accordance with nagari (state) at certain area, and they are dispersed up to the hilly area. Some of these menhirs have sacred function but there are also those with profane functions like marks of village, house yard, or street boundaries, as well as the marker of village or hamlet roads.Diaspora Austronesia menunjukkan kurang lebih 60% penutur tinggal di Indonesia. Salah satu lokasi jejak Austronesia adalah di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Koto, Sumatera Barat, yaitu sebaran menhir yang mencapai ratusan jumlahnya. Bentuk budaya Austronesia dikenal sebagai budaya yang meneruskan tradisi-tradisi masa prasejarah dan berlanjut pada masa sejarah, seperti tradisi megalitik. Permasalahannya adalah, apabila budaya megalitik dibawa oleh para migran, pada periode Austronesia protosejarah ataukah Austronesia masa kini menhir-menhir tersebut berada?, bagaimana pola sebaran menhir-menhir tersebut? dan siapa pendukungnya?. Penelitian ini berusaha mengungkapkan bentuk dan persebaran budaya megalitik dan migrasi Austronesia di Kawasan Lima Puluh Koto. Maksud dan tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan sejarah kebudayaan dan adaptasi kaum migran dalam perpekstif diaspora Austronesia, sehingga memperkaya informasi tentang diaspora Austronesia dan asal-usul etnogenesis bangsa Indoensia. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif ini menunjukkan bahwa tradisi megalitik di kawasan Lima Puluh Koto adalah sebaran menhir yang membentuk kelompok-kelompok berdasarkan nagari pada area tertentu. Sebaran menhir ini selain mempunyai fungsi sakral juga mempunyai fungsi profan antara lain sebagai batas kampung, batas halaman, maupun batas jalan raya desa, atau jalan-jalan di kampung.
PENGARUH MEGALITIK DI SITUS-SITUS PERTAHANAN TRADISIONAL MASA KOLONIAL AWAL DI MALUKU
Authors: Mansyur Syahruddin
Published: March 2018

This study was conducted at three sites; Bukit Amaiha, Bukit Wawani, and Bukit Kapahaha. These sites had correlation in settlement, traditional defense and megalithic sites. The result shows that the dolmen is a product of megalithic culture found on traditional defense sites on the island of Ambon. The influence on megalithic culture on traditional defense sites caused by the strong megaliths concept in the early colonial period in Maluku. Megalithic concept in Bukit largest Amaiha related to people effort to maintain the social status of their leader. On the other hand, it also related to their effort to gain cosmological legitimacy between leaders and community at Bukit Wawani.Penelitian ini dilakukan di tiga situs yaitu; situs Bukit Amaiha, situs Bukit Wawani, dan situs Bukit Kapahaha. Ketiga situs inididuga memiliki korelasi antara situs pemukiman, situs pertahanan tradisional dan situs megalitik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa batu meja adalah produk budaya megalitik yang banyak ditemui di situs-situs pertahanan tradisional di wilayah Pulau Ambon dan sekitarnya. Pengaruh megalitik pada situs-situs pertahanan tradisional yang ada di wilayah ini adalahkarena masih kuatnya konsep megalitik pada masa kolonial awal di Maluku. Konsep megalitik di Situs Bukit Amaiha berkaitan dengan upaya untuk mempertahankan status sosial seorang pemimpin. Sementara itu, di situs Bukit Wawani berkaitan dengan upaya untuk memperoleh legitimasi kosmos antara pemimpin dan komunitasnya.
Foraminifera Population from South Africa Coast Line (Indian and Atlantic Oceans)
Authors: MERİÇ Engin , Avşar Niyazi , Yokeş Mehmet Baki , Dinçer Feyza , Demir Volkan
Published: March 2018

Cape Town is the
second-largest city of the Republic of South Africa. Research is conducted in 3
different stations: Maori Bay, which lies in the southwest of Cape Town, and
Pyramid Rock and Partridge Points which lies in the False Bay, southeast part
of Cape Town. Samples are taken from young sediments at 10.00 and 20.00 m
depths, and collected by scuba-diving method. The aim of the study is to
investigate the living benthic foraminifera assemblages in the Atlantic Ocean,
and to compare these assemblages with the southeastern part of the Atlantic
Ocean, the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and Western Pacific assemblages. Moreover,
the aim of the study is to determine whether there are any benthic foraminifera
forms reaching to the Mediterranean from Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean or Red Sea
via Suez Channel
Plio-Quaternary Sandy Deposits and Microbial Buildups at the Southern Marmara Shelf Near Shoreface Area, Turkey
Authors: Vardar Denizhan , Vardar Hande Aykurt
Published: March 2018

Understanding the formation and evolution mechanism of
the sandy deposits plays key role to define the hydrodynamics of the shelves and
coasts. The barrier islands determined from high resolution chirp seismic
reflection profiles, were started to deposit on the boundary (SB) that
characterized by the lowstand stages of global sea level in the southern
Marmara shelf near shoreface area. The unit haslost its activity at 55 ms, 60
ms depth in Erdek Bay, at 55 ms in Bandırma Bay, at 61 ms front of the Kocasu
River. According to global sea level curves, this unit was evolved between
11000-11500 BP and10450-10150 BP. The geometrical situation and internal
reflection character of these units indicate the balance between fluvial
sediment transportation, marine intrusion and current systems in the study
area. Belkis Isthmus that connects the Kapıdağ Peninsula to the mainland
occurred synchronously with same process that formed the barrier islands.
Bioherm structures were formed on the barrier islands and some of the bioherm’s
uppermost surface is reached to 1 m below the sea floor. Bioherm structures are
composing from organisms; formation and evolution depend on various stress
factors. Barrier islands provide nutritional source to bioherms. Since these
structures occur in a limited area, the development should be controlled by
secondary factors. Biogenic gas determined from seismic sections closed to
bioherm structures, probably plays the secondary role. Addition to this, during
the forming and the growing of bioherms, Marmara Islands (Pasalimanı, Avşa,
Marmara Islands) and Imralı Island were possibly control the currents and the
flooding in the study area and provided convenient environment to these
structures evolution.
Abstracts of the 2018 AANS/CNS Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves Annual Meeting
Authors: _ _
Published: March 2018

Abstracts of the 2018 AANS/CNS Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves Annual Meeting
Multi-UAV Doppler Information Fusion for Target Tracking Based on Distributed High Degrees Information Filters
Authors: Benzerrouk Hamza , Nebylov Alexander , Li Meng
Published: March 2018

Multi-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Doppler-based target tracking has not been widely investigated, specifically when using modern nonlinear information filters. A high-degree Gauss–Hermite information filter, as well as a seventh-degree cubature information filter (CIF), is developed to improve the fifth-degree and third-degree CIFs proposed in the most recent related literature. These algorithms are applied to maneuvering target tracking based on Radar Doppler range/range rate signals. To achieve this purpose, different measurement models such as range-only, range rate, and bearing-only tracking are used in the simulations. In this paper, the mobile sensor target tracking problem is addressed and solved by a higher-degree class of quadrature information filters (HQIFs). A centralized fusion architecture based on distributed information filtering is proposed, and yielded excellent results. Three high dynamic UAVs are simulated with synchronized Doppler measurement broadcasted in parallel channels to the control center for global information fusion. Interesting results are obtained, with the superiority of certain classes of higher-degree quadrature information filters.
Weather Radar Data Compression Based on Spatial and Temporal Prediction
Authors: Zeng Qiangyu , He Jianxin , Shi Zhao , Li Xuehua
Published: March 2018

The transmission and storage of weather radar products will be an important problem for future weather radar applications. The aim of this work is to provide a solution for real-time transmission of weather radar data and efficient data storage. By upgrading the capabilities of radar, the amount of data that can be processed continues to increase. Weather radar compression is necessary to reduce the amount of data for transmission and archiving. The characteristics of weather radar data are not considered in general-purpose compression programs. The sparsity and data redundancy of weather radar data are analyzed. A lossless compression of weather radar data based on prediction coding is presented, which is called spatial and temporal prediction compression (STPC). The spatial and temporal correlations in weather radar data are utilized to improve the compression ratio. A specific prediction scheme for weather radar data is given, while the residual data and motion vectors are used to replace the original values for entropy coding. After this, the Level-II product from CINRAD SA is used to evaluate STPC. Experimental results show that the STPC achieves a better performance than the general-purpose compression programs, with the STPC yield being approximately 26% better than the next best approach.
Construction and Analysis of Gene Co-Expression Networks in Escherichia coli
Authors: Liu Wei , Li Li , Long Xuhe , You Weixin , Zhong Yuexian , Wang Menglin , Tao Huan , Lin Shoukai , He Huaqin
Published: March 2018

Network-based systems biology has become an important method for analyzing high-throughput gene expression data and gene function mining. Escherichia coli (E. coli) has long been a popular model organism for basic biological research. In this paper, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) algorithm was applied to construct gene co-expression networks in E. coli. Thirty-one gene co-expression modules were detected from 1391 microarrays of E. coli data. Further characterization of these modules with the database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery (DAVID) tool showed that these modules are associated with several kinds of biological processes, such as carbohydrate catabolism, fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, transportation, translation, and ncRNA metabolism. Hub genes were also screened by intra-modular connectivity. Genes with unknown functions were annotated by guilt-by-association. Comparison with a previous prediction tool, EcoliNet, suggests that our dataset can expand gene predictions. In summary, 31 functional modules were identified in E. coli, 24 of which were functionally annotated. The analysis provides a resource for future gene discovery.
From Authoritarianism to Advocacy: Lifestyle-Driven, Socially-Transmitted Conditions Require a Transformation in Medical Training and Practice
Authors: Prescott Susan L. , Logan Alan C.
Published: March 2018

The epidemic of socially-rooted, lifestyle-driven non-communicable diseases (NCDs; also referred to as socially-transmitted conditions) has now overtaken infectious diseases as the leading cause of human mortality. Despite this reality, physician education, training and practice within industrialized nations is heavily slanted toward the biopharmaceutical (and away from the psychosocial) aspects of prevention and treatment. As we underscore, the current state of physician training and practical application of guidelines pertaining to lifestyle is paltry and untenable. However, the solution is not a few more hours of nutritional biochemistry to check off the curricula box. Physician readiness for the current NCD crisis will require a philosophical shift in medicine-at-large, including candidate pooling. Recent elections in the United States and Europe have cast a spotlight on the public health consequences of political authoritarianism. However, we highlight that authoritarianism—and its related facets of social dominance orientation and Machiavellianism—are not exclusive to political candidates. Here, we open a dialogue on authoritarianism in westernized medicine as a starting point in order to encourage the development of critical research and to explore its potential as a barrier to patient care. We suggest that authoritarianism and its prejudices act as a border wall to the World Health Organization’s broad vision of global health, cultural competency and patient autonomy. Moreover, the evidence reviewed here would suggest that in the context of the NCDs crisis, westernized medicine is long overdue a Flexner Report for the 21st Century.
Institutional and Actor-Oriented Factors Constraining Expert-Based Forest Information Exchange in Europe: A Policy Analysis from an Actor-Centred Institutionalist Approach
Authors: Baycheva-Merger Tanya , Sotirov Metodi , Holmgren Sara , Selter Andy
Published: March 2018

Adequate and accessible expert-based forest information has become increasingly in demand for effective decisions and informed policies in the forest and forest-related sectors in Europe. Such accessibility requires a collaborative environment and constant information exchange between various actors at different levels and across sectors. However, information exchange in complex policy environments is challenging, and is often constrained by various institutional, actor-oriented, and technical factors. In forest policy research, no study has yet attempted to simultaneously account for these multiple factors influencing expert-based forest information exchange. By employing a policy analysis from an actor-centred institutionalist perspective, this paper aims to provide an overview of the most salient institutional and actor-oriented factors that are perceived as constraining forest information exchange at the national level across European countries. We employ an exploratory research approach, and utilise both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse our data. The data was collected through a semi-structured survey targeted at forest and forest-related composite actors in 21 European countries. The results revealed that expert-based forest information exchange is constrained by a number of compound and closely interlinked institutional and actor-oriented factors, reflecting the complex interplay of institutions and actors at the national level. The most salient institutional factors that stand out include restrictive or ambiguous data protection policies, inter-organisational information arrangements, different organisational cultures, and a lack of incentives. Forest information exchange becomes even more complex when actors are confronted with actor-oriented factors such as issues of distrust, diverging preferences and perceptions, intellectual property rights, and technical capabilities. We conclude that expert-based forest information exchange is a complex and challenging task. It is driven by actors’ preferences/interests, perceptions, and capabilities, and is shaped by formal rules and social norms.
Hydrogels Based on Dynamic Covalent and Non Covalent Bonds: A Chemistry Perspective
Authors: Picchioni Francesco , Muljana Henky
Published: March 2018

Hydrogels based on reversible covalent bonds represent an attractive topic for research at both academic and industrial level. While the concept of reversible covalent bonds dates back a few decades, novel developments continue to appear in the general research area of gels and especially hydrogels. The reversible character of the bonds, when translated at the general level of the polymeric network, allows reversible interaction with substrates as well as responsiveness to variety of external stimuli (e.g., self-healing). These represent crucial characteristics in applications such as drug delivery and, more generally, in the biomedical world. Furthermore, the several possible choices that can be made in terms of reversible interactions generate an almost endless number of possibilities in terms of final product structure and properties. In the present work, we aim at reviewing the latest developments in this field (i.e., the last five years) by focusing on the chemistry of the systems at hand. As such, this should allow molecular designers to develop a toolbox for the synthesis of new systems with tailored properties for a given application.
Analysis of Gene Regulatory Networks of Maize in Response to Nitrogen
Authors: Jiang Lu , Ball Graham , Hodgman Charlie , Coules Anne , Zhao Han , Lu Chungui
Published: March 2018

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer has a major influence on the yield and quality. Understanding and optimising the response of crop plants to nitrogen fertilizer usage is of central importance in enhancing food security and agricultural sustainability. In this study, the analysis of gene regulatory networks reveals multiple genes and biological processes in response to N. Two microarray studies have been used to infer components of the nitrogen-response network. Since they used different array technologies, a map linking the two probe sets to the maize B73 reference genome has been generated to allow comparison. Putative Arabidopsis homologues of maize genes were used to query the Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID) network, which yielded the potential involvement of three transcription factors (TFs) (GLK5, MADS64 and bZIP108) and a Calcium-dependent protein kinase. An Artificial Neural Network was used to identify influential genes and retrieved bZIP108 and WRKY36 as significant TFs in both microarray studies, along with genes for Asparagine Synthetase, a dual-specific protein kinase and a protein phosphatase. The output from one study also suggested roles for microRNA (miRNA) 399b and Nin-like Protein 15 (NLP15). Co-expression-network analysis of TFs with closely related profiles to known Nitrate-responsive genes identified GLK5, GLK8 and NLP15 as candidate regulators of genes repressed under low Nitrogen conditions, while bZIP108 might play a role in gene activation.
Potential Roles of Dec and Bmal1 Genes in Interconnecting Circadian Clock and Energy Metabolism
Authors: Sato Fuyuki , Kohsaka Akira , Bhawal Ujjal , Muragaki Yasuteru
Published: March 2018

The daily rhythm of mammalian energy metabolism is subject to the circadian clock system, which is made up of the molecular clock machinery residing in nearly all cells throughout the body. The clock genes have been revealed not only to form the molecular clock but also to function as a mediator that regulates both circadian and metabolic functions. While the circadian signals generated by clock genes produce metabolic rhythms, clock gene function is tightly coupled to fundamental metabolic processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism. Therefore, defects in the clock genes not only result in the dysregulation of physiological rhythms but also induce metabolic disorders including diabetes and obesity. Among the clock genes, Dec1 (Bhlhe40/Stra13/Sharp2), Dec2 (Bhlhe41/Sharp1), and Bmal1 (Mop3/Arntl) have been shown to be particularly relevant to the regulation of energy metabolism at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels. This paper reviews our current knowledge of the roles of Dec1, Dec2, and Bmal1 in coordinating the circadian and metabolic pathways.
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Size and Pitch of Hydrophobic Square Patterns on the Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Performance of Cylindrical Copper Surface
Authors: C. S. Sujith , Chang Yao , Arenales Mario , Kuo Long-Sheng , Chuang Yu , Chen Ping-Hei
Published: March 2018

In this work, pool boiling heat transfer tests were conducted for investigating the effects of the size and pitch of the hydrophobic square patterns on a copper test piece with the following dimensions: 40 mm long, 25 mm outer diameter, and 18 mm inner diameter. The size of the square patterns and the pitch were varied with an increment of 0.5 mm from 1 mm to 3 mm and from 4.5 to 5.5 mm, respectively. Among the various square patterns of different size and pitch, the 2 mm size square pattern with 5 mm pitch (inter-distance 3 mm) was found to be the best because it gives the advantage of bubble coalescence behavior and also the rewetting phenomenon. The observed bubble departure diameter was 2.35 mm, and using this diameter, we predicted the maximum inter-distance between the patterns for producing inter coalescence of bubbles in the axial direction was 3.12 mm. Therefore, a side-by-side distance of 3 mm, which was closed to the estimated inter-distance graphically, can avoid the earlier inter coalescence of the bubbles between patterns on the surface in the axial direction. This results in better pool boiling heat transfer performance. Highlights: (1) Heterogeneous wettable structures were obtained on the copper surface using screen printing techniques; (2) The effect of the size and pitch of the hydrophobic patterns on the bubble dynamics was determined; (3) The wall superheats of all the heterogeneous wettable surfaces were less than the plain copper surface; (4) The highest heat transfer coefficient was obtained from the hydrophobic pattern with 2 mm size and 5 mm pitch.
Models of Disability and Human Rights: Informing the Improvement of Built Environment Accessibility for People with Disability at Neighborhood Scale?
Authors: Jackson Mary Ann
Published: March 2018

In the 21st century, even with the advent of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), the existing built environment still fails the neighborhood accessibility needs of people with disability. People with disabilities’ human right to the neighborhood is, at face value, enshrined in legislation and ‘much’ built environment accessibility legislation is in place. But, built environment accessibility practice has been, and continues to be, shaped by a hidden discourse based on theoretical underpinnings little understood by built environment practitioners. Similarly, built environment practitioners have little understanding of either the diversity of the human condition or the accessibility needs of people with disability. In Australia, the operationalization of built environment accessibility rights is, via opaque legislation, not necessarily reflective of the lived experience of people with disability, and weak in terms of built environment spatial coverage. Empirically, little is known about the extent of built environment inaccessibility, particularly neighborhood inaccessibility. Therefore, the question explored in this paper is: How might an understanding of models of disability and human rights inform the improvement of built environment accessibility, for people with disability, at a neighborhood scale? Literature related to disability and human rights theory, built environment accessibility legislation primarily using Australia as an example, and built environment accessibility assessment is drawn together. This paper argues that built environment practitioners must recognize the disabling potency of current built environment practice, that built environment practitioners need to engage directly with people with disability to improve understanding of accessibility needs, and that improved measure, at neighborhood scale, of the extent of existing built environment inaccessibility is required.
5,5′-Bis[5-(9-decyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)thien-2-yl]-4H,4′H-[3,3′-bi(1,2,6-thiadiazine)]-4,4′-dione
Authors: Kalogirou Andreas , Koutentis Panayiotis
Published: March 2018

Stille coupling of 5,5′-dichloro-4H,4′H-[3,3′-bi(1,2,6-thiadiazine)]-4,4′-dione (8) with 9-decyl-3-[5-(tributylstannyl)thien-2-yl]-9H-carbazole and Pd(Ph3P)2Cl2 in PhMe, at ca. 110 °C, for 2 h, gave 5,5′-bis[5-(9-decyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)thien-2-yl]-4H,4′H-[3,3′-bi(1,2,6-thiadiazine)]-4,4′-dione (7) in 51% yield. The latter is investigated as an oligomer donor for organic photovoltaics.
The Detailed Bactericidal Process of Ferric Oxide Nanoparticles on E. coli
Authors: Li Yunqiao , Yang Dong , Wang Shang , Li Chenyu , Xue Bin , Yang Lin , Shen Zhiqiang , Jin Min , Wang Jingfeng , Qiu Zhigang
Published: March 2018

While nanoparticles exert bactericidal effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the processes of the internalization of and the direct physical damage caused by iron oxide nanoparticles are not completely clear. We hypothesize that direct physical or mechanical damage of the cell membrane and cytoplasmic integrity by nanoparticles is another major cause of bacterial death besides ROS. The aim of this study is to investigate the process of the internalization of iron oxide nanoparticles, and to evaluate the effect of direct physical or mechanical damage on bacterial cell growth and death. The results demonstrate that iron oxide nanoparticles not only inhibited E. coli cell growth, but also caused bacterial cell death. Iron oxide nanoparticles produced significantly elevated ROS levels in bacteria. Transmission electronic microscopy demonstrated that iron oxide nanoparticles were internalized into and condensed the cytoplasm. Strikingly, we observed that the internalized nanoparticles caused intracellular vacuole formation, instead of simply adsorbing thereon; and formed clusters on the bacterial surface and tore up the outer cell membrane to release cytoplasm. This is the first time that the exact process of the internalization of iron oxide nanoparticles has been observed. We speculate that the intracellular vacuole formation and direct physical or mechanical damage caused by the iron oxide nanoparticles caused the bactericidal effect, along with the effects of ROS.
PET Imaging of Microglial Activation—Beyond Targeting TSPO
Authors: Janssen Bieneke , Vugts Danielle , Windhorst Albert , Mach Robert
Published: March 2018

Neuroinflammation, which involves microglial activation, is thought to play a key role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and other brain pathologies. Positron emission tomography is an ideal imaging technique for studying biochemical processes in vivo, and particularly for studying the living brain. Neuroinflammation has been traditionally studied using radiotracers targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa, but this comes with certain limitations. The current review describes alternative biological targets that have gained interest for the imaging of microglial activation over recent years, such as the cannabinoid receptor type 2, cyclooxygenase-2, the P2X7 receptor and reactive oxygen species, and some promising radiotracers for these targets. Although many advances have been made in the field of neuroinflammation imaging, current radiotracers all target the pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype of activated microglia, since the number of known biological targets specific for the anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype that are also suited as a target for radiotracer development is still limited. Next to proceeding the currently available tracers for M1 microglia into the clinic, the development of a suitable radiotracer for M2 microglia would mean a great advance in the field, as this would allow for imaging of the dynamics of microglial activation in different diseases.
Multidimensional Nanocomposites of Epoxy Reinforced with 1D and 2D Carbon Nanostructures for Improve Fracture Resistance
Authors: López-Barroso Juventino , Martínez-Hernández Ana , Rivera-Armenta José , Velasco-Santos Carlos
Published: March 2018

A hybrid nanocomposites based on epoxy reinforced with a combination of 1D and 2D carbon nanomaterials for improving impact resistance are reported. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and oxidized-multi-walled carbon nanotubes are used as 1D nanoreinforcements, and graphene derivative materials such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide are utilized as 2D nanoreinforcements. In this research, the impact resistance of epoxy matrix reinforced with 1D or 2D and the mixture of both nanomaterials is studied. The research is focused on evaluation of the influence of adding different combinations of nanomaterials into epoxy resin and their Izod impact response. Moreover, fracture surface of nanocomposites is observed by scanning electron microscopy. Images show differences between the surfaces of brittle nature on thermoset epoxy polymer and tough nanocomposites. Synergy created with 1D and 2D nanomaterials produces stable dispersions in the processing, reflected in the interface. The interactions in nanocomposites are evidenced by infrared spectra, principally on the peaks related to oxygenated functional groups present in nanomaterials and absent in polymer matrix. Consequently, an increase of 138% in fracture strength of nanocomposites is exhibited, in comparison to the neat epoxy matrix. In addition, hybrid nanocomposites were synthesized in two different methods to evaluate the influence of manufacturing method on final properties of nanocomposites.
Tube Expansion Deformation Enables In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Scattering Measurements during Extensional Flow-Induced Crystallization of Poly l-Lactide Near the Glass Transition
Authors: Ramachandran Karthik , Miscioscia Riccardo , Filippo Giovanni , Pandolfi Giuseppe , Di Luccio Tiziana , Kornfield Julia
Published: March 2018

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, claiming over seven million lives each year. Permanent metal stents, the current standard of care for CHD, inhibit arterial vasomotion and induce serious complications such as late stent thrombosis. Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVSs) made from poly l-lactide (PLLA) overcome these complications by supporting the occluded artery for 3–6 months and then being completely resorbed in 2–3 years, leaving behind a healthy artery. The BVS that recently received clinical approval is, however, relatively thick (~150 µm, approximately twice as thick as metal stents ~80 µm). Thinner scaffolds would facilitate implantation and enable treatment of smaller arteries. The key to a thinner scaffold is careful control of the PLLA microstructure during processing to confer greater strength in a thinner profile. However, the rapid time scales of processing (~1 s) defy prediction due to a lack of structural information. Here, we present a custom-designed instrument that connects the strain-field imposed on PLLA during processing to in situ development of microstructure observed using synchrotron X-ray scattering. The connection between deformation, structure and strength enables processing–structure–property relationships to guide the design of thinner yet stronger BVSs.
Inherent Optical Properties of the Baltic Sea in Comparison to Other Seas and Oceans
Authors: Kratzer Susanne , Moore Gerald
Published: March 2018

In order to retrieve geophysical satellite products in coastal waters with high coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM), models and processors require parameterization with regional specific inherent optical properties (sIOPs). The sIOPs of the Baltic Sea were evaluated and compared to a global NOMAD/COLORS Reference Data Set (RDS), covering a wide range of optical provinces. Ternary plots of relative absorption at 442 nm showed CDOM dominance over phytoplankton and non-algal particle absorption (NAP). At 670 nm, the distribution of Baltic measurements was not different from case 1 waters and the retrieval of Chl a was shown to be improved by red-ratio algorithms. For correct retrieval of CDOM from Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) data, a different CDOM slope over the Baltic region is required. The CDOM absorption slope, SCDOM, was significantly higher in the northwestern Baltic Sea: 0.018 (±0.002) compared to 0.016 (±0.005) for the RDS. Chl a-specific absorption and ad [SPM]*(442) and its spectral slope did not differ significantly. The comparison to the MERIS Reference Model Document (RMD) showed that the SNAP slope was generally much higher (0.011 ± 0.003) than in the RMD (0.0072 ± 0.00108), and that the SPM scattering slope was also higher (0.547 ± 0.188) vs. 0.4. The SPM-specific scattering was much higher (1.016 ± 0.326 m2 g−1) vs. 0.578 m2 g−1 in RMD. SPM retrieval could be improved by applying the local specific scattering. A novel method was implemented to derive the phase function (PF) from AC9 and VSF-3 data.

b

˜

was calculated fitting a Fournier–Forand PF to the normalized VSF data.

b
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was similar to Petzold, but the PF differed in the backwards direction. Some of the sIOPs showed a bimodal distribution, indicating different water types—e.g., coastal vs. open sea. This seems to be partially caused by the distribution of inorganic particles that fall out relatively close to the coast. In order to improve remote sensing retrieval from Baltic Sea data, one should apply different parameterization to these distinct water types, i.e., inner coastal waters that are more influenced by scattering of inorganic particles vs. open sea waters that are optically dominated by CDOM absorption.
The Performance of Three Immune Assays to Assess the Serological Status of Cattle Experimentally Exposed to Mycoplasma bovis
Authors: Schibrowski Meghan , Barnes Tamsin , Wawegama Nadeeka , Vance Megan , Markham Philip , Mansell Peter , Marenda Marc , Kanci Anna , Perez-Casal José , Browning Glenn , Gibson Justine , Mahony Timothy
Published: March 2018

Mycoplasma bovis is associated with several clinical syndromes of cattle. Currently, limited information is available on the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of serological assays used for the detection of M. bovis-specific antibodies. Consequently, it is difficult to critically evaluate the outcomes of studies that use these assays. Therefore, the current study used bovine sera sourced from M. bovis exposure studies from three countries to estimate the Se and Sp of two commercial M. bovis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), BIO K302 and BIO K260, and Western blotting. Western blotting had the highest Se estimate of 74% (95% confidence interval (CI): 16–98%), compared to the BIO K302: 47% (95% CI: 10–87%) and BIO K260: 28% (95% CI: 1–92%). However, for Sp, the BIO K302: 96% (95% CI: 87–99%) and the BIO K260: 100% (95% CI: 93–100%) out-performed Western blotting: 88% (95% CI: 56–98%). Western blotting was the best assay for detecting seroconversion, correctly identifying 61% (95% CI: 29–86%) of exposed animals compared to 35% for BIO K302 (95% CI: 21–54%) and 8% for BIO K260 (95% CI: 0–87%). While none of the methods assessed had high Se and Sp, the availability of these estimates will aid in the interpretation of studies that use these assays. The results of this study highlight the difficulties encountered when using serology to detect exposure to M. bovis in cattle.
Wakarida, un site aksumite à l’est du Tigray : fouilles et prospections 2011-2014 / Wakarida, an Aksumite Site in Eastern Tigray: Excavations and Surveys 2011-2014
Authors: Gajda Iwona , Benoist Anne , Charbonnier Julien , Antonini Sabina , Peixoto Xavier , Verdellet Cécile , Bernard Vincent , Barge Olivier , Regagnon Emmanuelle , Callot Yann
Published: March 2018

Le projet « Recherches archéologiques et épigraphiques dans la région du Tigray, Éthiopie (Ier millénaire avant notre ère-VIIIe siècle de notre ère) » porte sur les civilisations de l’Éthiopie antique, la transition entre diverses périodes de l’histoire antique, la transformation du milieu naturel et les types d’installations humaines. Le site de Wakarida, choisi comme premier terrain d’étude, est situé au nord-est du Tigray, à l’extrémité orientale du haut plateau dominant la plaine de l’Afar. Les vestiges antiques couvrant quelque 9 ha semblent former une petite agglomération assez densément occupée pendant la période aksumite (IIIe-VIIe siècles de notre ère). Deux secteurs de fouilles, ouverts entre 2011 et 2014, ont révélé des constructions caractéristiques ressemblant aux édifices d’Aksum et de Matara, par les plans et par les techniques de construction, même si ces constructions sont de plus petite dimension. Les travaux de terrain visent à préciser l’organisation du site, son rôle dans la région et ses liens avec le royaume d’Aksum. Situé à l’écart des principaux centres de pouvoir et des grands axes de circulation, le site n’est pourtant pas isolé : de nombreux sites, en général plus petits, ont été découverts dans la région. La majorité d’entre eux semblent dater de la même période et il semble que Wakarida était un centre de pouvoir local. Certains vestiges pourraient remonter à des époques antérieures ; les études en cours vont le préciser.
Le cimetière médiéval de Qedemt (Lālibalā) : données préliminaires issues des campagnes 2010 et 2012 / The Medieval Cemetery at Qedemt (Lālibalā): Preliminary Results of the 2010 and 2012 Excavation Campaigns
Authors: Gleize Yves , Bosc-Tiessé Claire , Derat Marie-Laure , Rouzic Mikael , Sève Stéphanie , Ziegler Laure , Goujon Anne-Lise , Mensan Romain , Bernard Régis , Belay Gachaw
Published: March 2018

Un cimetière médiéval situé à cinq cents mètres au nord des églises rupestres de Lālibalā a été identifié sur le promontoire de Qedemt. Cette zone relativement préservée offre l’opportunité d’appréhender les pratiques funéraires à Lālibalā à partir de données archéo-anthropologiques. Après une évaluation en 2010, une première campagne de fouilles en 2012 a permis de mettre au jour une quarantaine d’inhumations. Les premiers résultats témoignent d’un espace funéraire ayant fonctionné entre le XIe et le XVIIIe siècle. Ces données permettent d’appréhender l’ensemble funéraire sur une longue durée, d’observer de nombreuses réutilisations d’emplacements et des changements dans les pratiques. Une première analyse montre d’ores et déjà des variations chronologiques dans l’orientation des tombes et permet de poser l’hypothèse de l’existence d’un espace réservé à l’inhumation des sujets immatures durant la dernière phase d’occupation du cimetière. Cette première campagne fournit également des données inédites sur la typologie des tombes, les pratiques funéraires et les populations médiévales en Éthiopie. Elle pourra servir de référentiel à une étude plus globale des espaces funéraires à Lālibalā et de manière plus générale dans l’Éthiopie médiévale et moderne.
A Muslim Prophecy Justifying the Conversion of Ethiopian Muslims to Christianity during Yoḥannəs IV’s Reign. A Text Found in a Manuscript in Eastern Tigray / Une prophétie musulmane justifiant la conversion des musulmans éthiopiens au christianisme sous le règne de Yoḥannəs IV. Un texte issu d’un manuscrit du Tigré oriental
Authors: Ancel Stéphane
Published: March 2018

Une prophétie musulmane justifiant la conversion des musulmans éthiopiens au christianisme sous le règne de Yohannes IV. Un texte issu d’un manuscrit du Tigré oriental – Cet article présente l’édition d’un court texte en Ge‘ez qui traite d’une prophétie musulmane concernant le Roi des Rois Yohannes IV (1872-1889). Ce texte, probablement rédigé entre 1881 et 1889, se présente comme une lettre écrite par les autorités musulmanes étrangères à l’attention des musulmans résidant dans la région du Wällo. Selon l’auteur de ce texte, Yohannes est le roi élu de Dieu, annoncé par une prophétie ; de fait, les musulmans du Wällo doivent se soumettre au monarque chrétien. Ce texte a des caractéristiques bien spécifiques dont l’analyse montre qu’il s’agit d’un document produit dans un milieu chrétien orthodoxe afin de justifier la politique agressive menée à l’encontre des musulmans éthiopiens à cette époque. Le texte soulève ainsi des questions concernant l’appareil idéologique élaboré à la cour de Yohannes IV.
The Discrepancy between Einstein Mass and Dynamical Mass for SIS and Power-law Mass Models
Authors: Li Rui , Wang Jiancheng , Shu Yiping , Xu Zhaoyi
Published: March 2018

We investigate the discrepancy between the two-dimensional projected lensing mass and the dynamical mass for an ensemble of 97 strong gravitational lensing systems discovered by the Sloan Lens ACS Survey, the BOSS Emission-Line Lens Survey (BELLS), and the BELLS for GALaxy-Lyα EmitteR sYstems Survey. We fit the lensing data to obtain the Einstein mass and use the velocity dispersion of the lensing galaxies provided by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to get the projected dynamical mass within the Einstein radius by assuming the power-law mass approximation. The discrepancy is found to be obvious and quantified by Bayesian analysis. For the singular isothermal sphere mass model, we obtain that the Einstein mass is 20.7% more than the dynamical mass, and the discrepancy increases with the redshift of the lensing galaxies. For the more general power-law mass model, the discrepancy still exists within a 1σ credible region. We suspect the main reason for this discrepancy is mass contamination, including all invisible masses along the line of sight. In addition, the measurement errors and the approximation of the mass models could also contribute to the discrepancy.
Observations of Upward Propagating Waves in the Transition Region and Corona above Sunspots
Authors: Hou Zhenyong , Huang Zhenghua , Xia Lidong , Li Bo , Fu Hui
Published: March 2018

We present observations of persistent oscillations of some bright features in the upper-chromosphere/transition region above sunspots taken by IRIS SJ 1400 Å and upward propagating quasi-periodic disturbances along coronal loops rooted in the same region taken by the AIA 171 Å passband. The oscillations of the features are cyclic oscillatory motions without any obvious damping. The amplitudes of the spatial displacements of the oscillations are about 1″. The apparent velocities of the oscillations are comparable to the sound speed in the chromosphere, but the upward motions are slightly larger than that of the downward. The intensity variations can take 24%–53% of the background, suggesting nonlinearity of the oscillations. The FFT power spectra of the oscillations show a dominant peak at a period of about 3 minutes, which is consistent with the omnipresent 3 minute oscillations in sunspots. The amplitudes of the intensity variations of the upward propagating coronal disturbances are 10%–15% of the background. The coronal disturbances have a period of about 3 minutes, and propagate upward along the coronal loops with apparent velocities in a range of 30 ∼ 80 km s−1. We propose a scenario in which the observed transition region oscillations are powered continuously by upward propagating shocks, and the upward propagating coronal disturbances can be the recurrent plasma flows driven by shocks or responses of degenerated shocks that become slow magnetic-acoustic waves after heating the plasma in the coronal loops at their transition-region bases.
Color Variabilities of Spectrally Defined Red QSOs at z = 0.3–1.2
Authors: Chen I-Chenn , Hwang Chorng-Yuan , Kaiser Nick , Magnier Eugene A. , Metcalfe Nigel , Waters Christopher
Published: March 2018

We study the brightness and the color variabilities of 34 red and 122 typical quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) at z = 0.3–1.2 using data from the Pan-STARRS Medium Deep Survey. The red and the typical QSOs are selected based on the ratios of the flux densities at 3000 Å to those at 4000 Å in the rest frame. We find that 16 out of 34 red QSOs are identified as extended sources, which exhibit strong brightness and color variabilities at shorter wavelengths due to the contamination of the emission from their host galaxies. Some point-like QSOs with significant color variabilities are able to change their color classification according to our spectral definition. The timescales of the color variabilities for these point-like QSOs are within 4 years, suggesting that the size scales of the mechanisms producing the color variabilities are less than a few light years. The spectra of some extended and point-like red QSOs can be well fitted with the dust-reddened spectra of a typical QSO, while others are difficult to explain with dust reddening.
Massive Stars in the SDSS-IV/APOGEE SURVEY. I. OB Stars
Authors: Roman-Lopes A. , Román-Zúñiga C. , Tapia Mauricio , Chojnowski Drew , Gómez Maqueo Chew Y. , García-Hernández D. A. , Borissova Jura , Minniti Dante , Covey Kevin R. , Longa-Peña Penélope , Fernandez-Trincado J. G. , Zamora Olga , Nitschelm Christian
Published: March 2018

In this work, we make use of DR14 APOGEE spectroscopic data to study a sample of 92 known OB stars. We developed a near-infrared semi-empirical spectral classification method that was successfully used in case of four new exemplars, previously classified as later B-type stars. Our results agree well with those determined independently from ECHELLE optical spectra, being in line with the spectral types derived from the “canonical” MK blue optical system. This confirms that the APOGEE spectrograph can also be used as a powerful tool in surveys aiming to unveil and study a large number of moderately and highly obscured OB stars still hidden in the Galaxy.