bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COINS AND THE LATE ROMAN ECONOMY
Authors: Reece Richard
Published: August 2013

Coins provide a source of information on the Roman economy which is not available in the written sources. They can be studied either as the products of the imperial administration—coins as struck, or as a reflection of coin use—coins as found. Coins as struck are well described in standard works of reference and only a few points of caution need to be added. Coins as found form an area of study that is in its early stages, and a rather basic general survey of the available information and methodology is needed. From these subjects a number of questions for further consideration can be framed.
THE POLITICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE LATE ANTIQUE CITY: ACTIVITY SPACES IN PRACTICE
Authors: Lavan Luke
Published: August 2013

The political topography of the late antique city is a subject that has been largely neglected. This is largely because research has concentrated on new buildings, mainly churches, rather on than the re-use of older structures and because textual evidence has been neglected. In this article aspects of political topography are examined in terms of ‘activity spaces’. This involves studying discrete units of human activity, plus their material setting, whether this involves a specific building type or not. All source types are used to create a general narrative, which here mainly concerns cities of the East and Central Mediterranean. Emphasis is placed on changes that this approach can bring to our understanding of urban life.
ATTITUDES TO SPOLIA IN SOME LATE ANTIQUE TEXTS
Authors: Coates-Stephens Robert
Published: August 2013

Current art historical and archaeological studies of spolia tend to assign willed, conceptual motives to the re-use of architectural and sculptural material in late antique building. But such ‘motives’—usually said to be of the propagandistic, ‘auto-legitimisation’ type—do not differ from those of past patrons, who built only with new-made materials; they can therefore in no way explain why builders started to use spolia as opposed to new materials. This paper highlights textual evidence (John of Ephesus, al-Tabari, Minucius Felix, Socrates Scholasticus, Cassiodorus) that suggests conceptual motives for using spolia which could not have been expressed with new material. Such motives include triumphalism, religious appropriation, and aesthetic conservatism. But the texts also display as multifarious a range of viewpoints regarding the spolia phenomenon as do the varying currents of modern scholarship.
STUDYING LONG-TERM CHANGE IN THE WEST, A.D. 400-800
Authors: Wickham Chris
Published: August 2013

Since the 1930s, three principal models (continuity, 5th c. catastrophe and the Pirenne thesis) have been used to interpret socio-economic change in the Late Roman and Early Medieval West. With minor modifications, these models have survived with little sustained attempt to replace them. Using the examples of Tunisia, Italy and northern Gaul, this paper argues that four basic parameters of change can be identified for the period AD 400- 800. These are the occurrence of war, the level of survival of state economic infrastructures, the extent of large-scale land-ownership, and the level of structural integration into the Roman world system. Since the extent to which these four factors affect a given region varies, it is concluded that long-term economic change is dependent on structures that operate at a regional and sub-regional level.
THE FATE OF RURAL TEMPLES IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE CHRISTIANISATION OF THE COUNTRYSIDE
Authors: Caseau Béatrice
Published: August 2013

Throughout the Roman period the countryside was a landscape of sacred sites both monumental and natural. Rural temples were numerous and essential to the religious life of peasants and landowners. The fate of rural temples reveals something of the conflicting religious beliefs that were present in the rural landscape until the 6th c. Rural temples were among the first temples to be destroyed on some Christian estates, but in other places their power of attraction remained strong until the Early Middle Ages, even when they were in ruins. In the Early Byzantine period, however, temples were too visible, causing some Christians to lead expeditions against them. Convinced pagans searched for other, more remote, cult places to where they could maintain some form of pagan practice. These included inner sanctuaries inside their homes, or remote natural sites. Temple traditions were lost as a result.
LATE ANTIQUITY IN THE TERRITORY OF SAGALASSOS
Authors: Vanhaverbeke H. , Martens F. , Waelkens M. , Poblome J.
Published: August 2013

Excavations at Sagalassos and non-intensive surveys of the citys territory have yielded a considerable amount of late antique evidence. While the first half of the period (c. A.D. 300 to A.D. 450/75) bears witness to a continued prosperity, both in the city and its hinterland, the latter part of the period (c. A.D. 450/75 to A.D. 640/50) saw some marked changes in the countryside: a reduction in the overall number of sites, an increased tendency toward nucleated settlement, a new emphasis on strategically located settlements, and the establishment of rural churches. This paper attempts to sketch the socio-economic and environmental background to these changes.
RESIDENTIAL VILLAS IN LATE ANTIQUE ITALY: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
Authors: Sfameni Carla
Published: August 2013

This paper surveys the architectural development of Italian villas with residential characteristics for the 4th–6th c. A.D. Literary sources relevant to aristocratic life in the countryside are also considered. Two broad phases of villa development are identified. During the late 3rd and 4th c. A.D. many villas were rebuilt, with some traditional and some new features. In the 5th and 6th c. A.D. new coherent plan types and further new features appear, such as fortifications and Christian religious buildings. Nevertheless, even in this later period, villa sites can show much continuity with the classical villa tradition. The evolution of Italian villas can generally be related to changing aristocratic lifestyles and ideas of leisure as described by the literary sources, though the relationship between archaeology and the texts is complex
MONASTIC LANDSCAPES
Authors: Patrich Joseph
Published: August 2013

This article considers the impact of late antique monasticism on the landscape in three regions of the eastern Mediterranean: Egypt, Palestine and Sinai. It investigates both new landscapes created by monasticism and older landscapes strongly modified by a monastic presence. In the case of new landscapes, monastic structures found in each locality are described, and then their articulation within the wider landscape is considered, in terms of: their physical appearance against the local geology, the density of hermitages, their location, their use of roads or tracks to intercommunicate, and their development of agricultural structures. We know less about monasteries set in pre-existing landscapes, but their physical appearance, visiblity and relative concentration can still be considered.
LATE ANTIQUE SETTLEMENT ON THE PLAIN OF VERONA
Authors: Saggioro Fabio
Published: August 2013

In recent years, late antique landscapes and settlement transformation have formed an important research area at the University of Padua. This paper presents the results and the preliminary conclusions of recent research on a low-lying area between the provinces of Verona and Mantua. Between the 2nd and 3rd c., this region saw the widespread abandonment of smaller sites. The landscape of the 4th c. and later was dominated by larger sites, some of which remained in use until the 6th c. The paper presents the evidence for this process and highlights both the difficulties inherent in defining general trends in regional change and the problems of understanding the specific reasons behind the transformations that occurred.
COINS AND POLITICS IN THE LATE ROMAN WORLD
Authors: Reece Richard
Published: August 2013

Coins constitute source material: explicitly, from what is written and portrayed on them or the place and authority in which they were struck, and implicitly, from the portrait style and type. They are also objects of metal, sometimes precious, the use and control of which reflects politics. Around 294, portraiture changed very sharply from individuality to the representation of authority. Reverse types were also now much more limited and concentrated than under the Principate. The change occurred around 274 to 294, when city mints also ceased local production and were either closed or made branches of the one Imperial mint. These are signs of a move towards a heavily centralised money supply, dictated by more strongly emphasised authority. Control of metals, especially gold, followed the same path, though reforms in the mid-4th c. may suggest that silver was let out of state control and ‘privatised’.
THE CONTROL OF PUBLIC SPACE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AN EARLY MEDIEVAL TOWN: A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE CASE OF BRESCIA
Authors: Brogiolo G. P.
Published: August 2013

In the town of Brescia, Roman buildings and the urban infrastructure remained relatively intact until the 6th c. However, during the 6th and 7th c., the town underwent a series of transformations. Focusing on the eastern part of the city, this paper examines the transformations that occurred within monumental public buildings and domestic buildings, the appearance of artisanal activities in the urban area, and of burials in zones of residential occupation. It is argued that these developments did not result from changes in attitudes and values among the population but rather were controlled and instigated by a central authority based in the episcopal and later ducal complex on the western side of the city.
A NEW TEMPLE FOR BYZANTIUM: ANICIA JULIANA, KING SOLOMON, AND THE GILDED CEILING OF THE CHURCH OF ST. POLYEUKTOS IN CONSTANTINOPLE
Authors: Bardill Jonathan
Published: August 2013

The extent to which the design of Anicia Juliana’s church of St. Polyeuktos influenced Justinian’s cathedral of St. Sophia is an issue that has attracted much attention. There is broad agreement that Juliana’s church is likely to have been crowned with a brick dome on pendentives (a precursor of that crowning St. Sophia). But a reconsideration of the literary and archaeological evidence suggests that this was not the case. I argue here that a tale related by Gregory of Tours on the gilding of the roof of St. Polyeuktos reliably describes the church’s panelled wooden ceiling, and that the account is consonant with the archaeological evidence from the excavated site. Juliana commissioned for her church a ceiling similar to that which had adorned Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem. Inspired by political and religious circumstances, she claimed to have built a copy of the New Temple, which, according to Biblical prophecy, would descend from heaven in the eschatological era and surpass the defiled Solomonic Temple.
MIDDLE CLASS HOUSES IN LATE ANTIQUITY
Authors: Ellis Simon
Published: August 2013

The concept of the “middle class” is a modern invention, but it can be applied in archaeology to identify housing between that of the aristocracy and the lowest level of domestic architecture in a settlement. Applying this concept suggests that late antique craftsmen and professionals aspired to an aristocratic lifestyle by adopting elements of aristocratic architecture. There are indications that the middle classes increased their influence in Late Antiquity and that they continued to aspire to an aristocratic lifestyle until the 7th c. A.D.
PRIVATE SPACE IN LATE ANTIQUE CITIES: LAWS AND BUILDING PROCEDURES
Authors: Lippolis Isabella Baldini
Published: August 2013

In Late Antiquity, many laws were issued to regulate complex social and economic matters, including the control of real estate, construction, and the management of private buildings. A new building practice and culture of re-use gradually became predominant in a changing society. The present essay compares this legislation with the archaeological evidence in order to ascertain the characteristics of the process, assess the contribution of the ruling classes, and distinguish different building procedures in urban areas.
CAPPADOCIAS ROCK-CUT COURTYARD COMPLEXES: A CASE STUDY FOR DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN BYZANTIUM
Authors: Kalas Veronica
Published: August 2013

Until recently, our knowledge of the Byzantine house has been severely limited by the paucity of available evidence. In the last few years, however, surveys have been conducted in Cappadocia, central Turkey, where archaeologists and art historians working at separate sites recently realised that places formerly understood to be monasteries were actually domestic complexes of the rural elite.1 High above the Peristrema Valley in western Cappadocia, a medieval estate known as Selime Kalesi extends over 100 m in length along a cliff of volcanic rock. Once thought to be a monastery, this too is now recognised as one of a number of aristocratic domestic residences that provide our first extensive information about the Byzantine house. Selime Kalesi is the largest and most elaborate example in design and decoration of over a dozen similarly designed residences that belong to the same settlement. This especially prominent site offers an excellent case study for examining Byzantine domestic architecture and secular use of space.2
THE PALACE OF THEODERIC AT RAVENNA: A NEW ANALYSIS OF THE COMPLEX
Authors: Augenti Andrea
Published: August 2013

The late antique domus known as the Palace of Theoderic at Ravenna was excavated in the early 20th c., according to methods that were considered advanced at the time, but which fall far short of modern stratigraphic excavation, depending for dating largely on the styles of mosaics. This article presents a re-analysis of the complex based upon observations from surviving field records. A new sequence of phases is presented, which reveals Early Roman domestic structures covered by a large domus of 4th c. date, which was embellished in the early to mid-5th c., the late 5th to early 6th c. and in the mid to late 6th c. A fountain was added in the Early Medieval period, after which the complex gradually deteriorated.
TWO LATE ANTIQUE RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES AT SAGALASSOS
Authors: Waelkens Marc , Putzeys Toon , Uytterhoeven Inge , Thuyne Thijs Van , Neer Wim Van , Poblome Jeroen , Kellens Nathalie
Published: August 2013

The town of Sagalassos, located in south-western Turkey, was an important regional centre from the Hellenistic period to Late Antiquity. Since the 1990s, the site has been the subject of systematic interdisciplinary research focusing on industrial, commercial, and residential areas of the town. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the excavations of two residential complexes in the town, including a palatial mansion to the north of the Roman Baths and a late antique house/shop encroaching upon the east portico of the lower agora. These housing complexes provide evidence for the living conditions of both the upper and middle classes in Late Antiquity.
WINE-MAKING AFTER PLINY: VITICULTURE AND FARMING TECHNOLOGY IN LATE ANTIQUE ITALY
Authors: Rossiter Jeremy
Published: August 2013

This article uses a range of archaeological and literary evidence to reconstruct the state of wine-making technology and the organization of the wine trade in late antique Italy. Continuity of commercial wine production in many regions of Italy and continuing trade in Italian wines both inside and outside Italy is clear up to the Lombard invasions. Technological continuity with the earlier Roman period is strong, with horizontal lever presses, using stone weights, remaining in common use. There is little evidence for technological innovation during this period. Vertical and direct screw presses, which become common in the East at this time, are rarely found at farms in late antique Italy.
ABSENT-MINDED LANDLORDS AND INNOVATING PEASANTS? THE PRESS IN AFRICA AND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Authors: Lewit Tamara
Published: August 2013

The screw mechanism for wine and oil presses was widely applied in the eastern Mediterranean only in Late Antiquity, about half a millennium after its invention. This occurred in relation to a great intensification of commercial production in this region, including the bringing into cultivation of marginal land and the occupation of new areas. However, why was a screw mechanism not used in other important export regions, such as North Africa? Case studies of settlement patterns in a number of regions suggest that the absentee landlords of large estates seem to have been less inclined to adopt changed technology, whereas resident owners—whether of large or small estates—living close to their land, and directly involved in the processes of production, may have been more likely to do so. Among the many factors at play—technical, geographic, cultural, chronological, environmental, and commercial—the relationship of the landowner to his land may have played an important role in the diffusion of technology.
GLASS IN LATE ANTIQUITY IN THE NEAR EAST
Authors: O’Hea Margaret
Published: August 2013

This paper seeks to explore some of the possible connections between three late antique strands of glass technology and application in the Near East: windows, lighting, and finally, recycling. Glass has long been acknowledged to have influenced two major innovations in the use of internal space within the Roman world: firstly, during the Principate, when window-panes were first applied to bath-houses to maintain humidity and temperatures, whilst casting light into dark interiors, and secondly, in the 4th c. A.D., when oil-lights made of glass were finally adopted as an effective medium for ceiling-lighting.
ANTIQUE ENGINEERING IN THE BYZANTINE WORLD
Authors: Lewis Michael J. T.
Published: August 2013

This paper presents an overview of the extent to which the Byzantine Empire preserved the engineering traditions of the ancient world, passed them on to Islam and back to the West, and modified them to meet its own requirements. After about A.D. 600, expensive works of civil engineering became rare, but machines for military and agricultural purposes remained in constant and even increasing use, while fine technology saw some revival.
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BUILDING ACTIVITY IN LATE ANTIQUE ROME
Authors: Valenzani Riccardo Santangeli
Published: August 2013

This article charts the transformation of the organisation of building work at Rome during Late Antiquity and the social changes that underlay it. In Late Antiquity, the reduction and total cessation of brick manufacture, and the use instead of recycled materials, made it much harder to maintain the standardised, large-scale building methods of the Early Roman period. The scarcity of good-quality materials led to a growing discrepancy between monumental public works, sponsored by imperial and ecclesiastical authorities, and private and residential architecture. Such a development was not merely a sign of ‘decadence’ or ‘decline’, but resulted from the emergence of a society rigidly divided between a ruling class that controlled the means of production and an oppressed inferior class, responsible for production activity.
UMAYYAD BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND THE MERGING OF ROMAN-BYZANTINE AND PARTHO-SASSANIAN TRADITIONS: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
Authors: Arce Ignacio
Published: August 2013

This paper analyses the introduction, merging and use of building materials and techniques, architectural typologies and urban patterns, during the Umayyad period in Bilad al-Sham (present day Syria, Palestine and Jordan), within the general framework of the cultural interchange that took place in that period between eastern and western traditions. For most of its history, and especially in Antiquity, this was a frontier area, or a buffer zone in modern terms, between the main regional powers: Egypt and the successive Mesopotamian empires; Persia and Greece; the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms; Rome and Parthia; Byzantium and the Sassanians. As a result, it not only witnessed war, invasion and destruction, but also fruitful economic and cultural interchange. This frontier was lifted twice: first, during the reign of Alexander, and, secondly with the rise of Islam.
HOUSEHOLDS AT PELLA, JORDAN: DOMESTIC DESTRUCTION DEPOSITS OF THE MID-8TH C.
Authors: Walmsley Alan
Published: August 2013

The excavation of 6 courtyard houses at Pella in the Jordan Valley, destroyed in a massive earthquake in the mid-8th c. A.D., provides an exceptional opportunity to study a wide range of objects from daily life within a secure archaeological context. The recovery of detailed information about the layout of buildings and the contextual origin of the many domestic objects recovered permit a full reconstruction of life in the household, especially the use of space. Generally, the upstairs area served as the primary living quarters, whereas the ground floor was used to house valuable domestic animals and for light workshop activities.
THE MODENA WELL-HOARDS: RURAL DOMESTIC ARTEFACT ASSEMBLAGES IN LATE ANTIQUITY
Authors: Gelichi Sauro
Published: August 2013

This article discusses a number of late antique well-hoards found in the vicinity of Modena, which the author investigated in an earlier work published in 1994. Here, the coherence of this group, the nature of the finds from each hoard, the identity of their possible owners and their dating are re-considered. The author also questions his earlier supposition that the hoards were deposited as a result of generalised crisis, and an argument is presented that they reflect the rural material culture of a more continuous transitional period.
DECORATED VESSELS: THE FUNCTION OF DECORATION IN LATE ANTIQUITY
Authors: Swift Ellen
Published: August 2013

This paper re-integrates decoration with the function of the object and its social context in Late Antiquity. It examines the way that decoration prescribes the function of objects, for example, through the representation upon an object of the activity for which the object is intended to be used. It is suggested that in some instances decoration may also be matched to the interior decor of a room, i.e., to the context within which an object was used. These correlations of decoration with function and context correspond to Roman ideas of appropriateness in decor and, in turn, contribute to the structuring of social identities and social relations in Late Antiquity.
THE LIMITS OF THE HERESIOLOGICAL ETHOS IN LATE ANTIQUITY
Authors: Perrin Michel-Yves
Published: August 2013

A catechumen would be inculcated with a true heresiological ethos intended to arm him or her against the seductions of doctrinal adversaries of the Christian community into which they were now to enter. This was not just about an intellectual ‘flight from heresy’, but also about renouncing all physical contact with heretics. This study considers the difficulties surrounding the creation of this ethos in the course of the doctrinal controversies of the third to fifth c.
ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE ‘ARIAN CONTROVERSY’ IN THE FOURTH CENTURY
Authors: Gwynn David M.
Published: August 2013

The so-called ‘Arian Controversy’ that divided the Christian Church in the 4th c. has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate in recent decades. The literary sources from which the majority of our knowledge of the controversy derives are highly polemical and distorted, written almost exclusively from the perspective of those whose positions would come to be accepted as ‘orthodox’, and this in turn has directly influenced scholarly interpretations of the material evidence from this crucial period in the history of the Church. In this paper I wish to reconsider that material evidence and ask how an archaeological approach independent of the biases of our literary sources might broaden our understanding of the controversy and its impact upon the 4th c. Roman empire.
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE STYLITE
Authors: Schachner Lukas Amadeus
Published: August 2013

Stylites or pillar ascetics and their Syrian prototype, Symeon the Elder (d. 459), are well known from our literary sources and have been studied extensively within late antique historiography. This is in contrast to the far more limited attention that has been paid to the archaeological evidence of the stylites pillars, their spatial setting and infrastructure, their representations and other material forms of evidence. This article seeks to outline what has been achieved so far on the archaeology of the stylites and proposes a possible agenda for future research, particularly in Syria and Mesopotamia. Such work, desperately needed, could also pave the road for a better understanding of the stylites Lebenswelten, function and liturgy.
MAGIC IN LATE ANTIQUITY: THE EVIDENCE OF MAGICAL GEMS
Authors: Sfameni Carla
Published: August 2013

This article examines the main problems related to the so-called magical gems (semiprecious stones engraved with images of various deities or demons and characterised by the presence of symbols and inscriptions) in order to illustrate the contribution that this kind of archaeological material can make to our knowledge of magic and popular beliefs in Late Antiquity. Magical gems reflect a complex ideology, closely linked to ritual activities performed in order to achieve a number of different purposes (divination, protection against dangers, health, love, success and wealth). These aims were sought by invoking superhuman power by means of the images represented and of the formulas inscribed on the gems. Due to the complex problems raised by this kind of archaeological material, it will be necessary to limit the discussion to the analysis of some relevant examples from the available evidence.
JOHN CHRYSOSTOM’S AUDIENCES AND HIS ACCUSATIONS OF RELIGIOUS LAXITY
Authors: Sandwell Isabella
Published: August 2013

This article seeks to investigate the question of religious apathy in the 4th c. by looking at the writings of John Chrysostom and Libanius. It will first explore the accusations of religious laxity that Chrysostom makes against his audience and the picture that Chrysostom’s writings give of the attitudes of his audience towards religion. It will then turn to look in broader terms at the place given to religion in the 4th c. by exploring the writings of Libanius on this matter. By taking into account this broader perspective, this article will suggest that Chrysostom is unfair to accuse his audiences of religious laxity and that instead what we see is that they disagreed with him over the extent to which religion should permeate their lives.
TEMPLES IN LATE ANTIQUE GAUL
Authors: Goodman Penelope J.
Published: August 2013

Literary sources emphasise the role of Christian iconoclasts and churchbuilders in the demise of Gaul’s pagan temples. But the picture from archaeology is different, since excavated remains suggest that the main story is one of voluntary abandonment from the late 3rd c. A.D. onwards. This may be linked with the military upheavals of the period, but indirectly, due to factors such as financial difficulties and the changing priorities of the elite. Meanwhile, the imperial adoption of Christianity and the beginnings of official hostility towards pagan religion had little impact, because by the time they came into effect, the heyday of pagan sacred architecture in Gaul had passed.
THE FATE OF THE TEMPLES IN NORTH AFRICA
Authors: Sears Gareth
Published: August 2013

This paper examines the changes to temples during Late Antiquity in North Africa, using archaeological evidence, supported by epigraphic and literary material where relevant. It examines the problems of the archaeology and in particular the dating for the transformation of pagan religious sites to Christian use. The paper considers the evidence for the maintenance of the pagan heritage into the mid-4th c., and the attempts to protect the temples in the guise of aesthetic preservation and antiquarianism. It proposes that it is only with the Byzantine conquest in the 6th c. that widespread destruction of temples took place, for the incorporation of their masonry into fortifications, or for the conversion of their remains into Christian churches.
LATE PAGANISM AND CHRISTIANISATION IN GREECE
Authors: Saradi Helen G.
Published: August 2013

In Greece, late antique paganism is archaeologically attested at various sites, mainly through inscriptions, coins and pottery. Some of the aspects of late paganism examined here include evidence of early conversion to Christianity, the tenacity of paganism in Athens thanks to the Neoplatonic philosophers, and the preservation of Athens temples as a consequence of the strength of the citys cultural traditions and the respect for its venerable past. Other manifestations of late paganism are attested: in the international pagan centre of Eleusis, that attracted members of the upper class; in the taurobolium, performed until late in a suburb of Athens; in cults at caves, fountains, wells and in private residences; and at the site of destroyed temples. The paper also examines conversion of temples into churches, the destruction of pagan statuary or its preservation for aesthetic reasons, and the incorporation of pagan cultic symbols in churches.
LATE PAGANISM ON THE AEGEAN ISLANDS AND PROCESSES OF CHRISTIANISATION
Authors: Deligiannakis Georgios
Published: August 2013

Detailed case-studies of Aegean paganism and temple conversion are presented for six sanctuaries in the Province of the Islands, and are assessed as part of the debate on Christianisation from western Asia Minor to mainland Greece. It is argued that, despite many similarities between the eastern islands and western coastal Asia Minor, there is little cultural homogeneity between the many sub-regions in this wide area.
THE FATE OF THE TEMPLES IN LATE ANTIQUE EGYPT
Authors: Dijkstra Jitse H.F.
Published: August 2013

As elsewhere the fate of the temples in late antique Egypt has often been perceived through the lens of the (Christian) literary works, which tell dramatic stories of the destruction of temples and their conversion into churches. When one looks at the other types of sources available from Egypt—inscriptions, papyri and archaeological remains—however, it becomes abundantly clear that the story of what happened to the temples was usually much less dramatic. This article argues that, in order to get a more reliable and complex picture of the fate of the temples, it is best to study them within a local or regional context and from a variety of sources, especially material remains since they can provide the most detailed picture of a whole range of methods of reuse, if the building was reused at all. A case study (of the First Cataract region, Southern Egypt) confirms that violence against temples and their reuse as churches were indeed exceptional and but two aspects in the complex process of the changing sacred landscape of Late Antiquity.
POLITICAL TALISMANS? RESIDUAL ‘PAGAN’ STATUES IN LATE ANTIQUE PUBLIC SPACE
Authors: Lavan Luke
Published: August 2013

This article explores the fate of certain statues of pagan gods and heroes that were displayed not in temples but in streets, squares and public buildings. These images had a functional connection to the civic activities that took place there, especially political activities. An attempt is made to detect to what extent such functional connections were retained or disrupted in Late Antiquity. The fate of images of Victory, Tyche, Minerva, civic heroes and emperors, both living and dead, is examined and compared. Christian attempts to reform their uses can be detected, but these seem to have had limited impact until the mid-6th c. Tentative conclusions are drawn about the significance of the selective preservation of some statues, which may have survived as political talismans in uncertain times.
RELIGIOUS RITUALS AT SPRINGS IN THE LATE ANTIQUE AND EARLY MEDIEVAL WORLD
Authors: Sauer Eberhard W.
Published: August 2013

The extent to which spring veneration survived the Christianisation of the Roman Empire and that of its early medieval successor states has been the subject of much academic controversy. Scholars have mainly focused on information provided by ecclesiastical writers and medieval legislation. This study explores what contribution a systematic analysis of the archaeological evidence can make, notably coins. It takes into account a series of important discoveries, never discussed in this context before. At least up to the late 4th c., there is ample proof for widespread spring veneration within the Empire and beyond. However, changes to associated rituals, probably at least in part a result of the increasing scarcity of base metal coins and other popular non-organic offerings, make it more difficult to prove or disprove continuity of cult into the period after A.D. 400.
A revision of Centaurea sect. Phaeopappus (Asteraceae, Cardueae)
Authors: RANJBAR MASSOUD , NEGARESH KAZEM
Published: August 2013

The taxonomic status of species and infraspecific taxa included in Centaurea sect. Phaeopappus is revised. The present study is based on morphological characters of the specimens from the authors’ expeditions and other herbarium collections. Three subspecies and two varieties are elevated to the species rank, and a new subspecies is described. In addition, Centaurea phaeopappa is treated as a valid species and C. handelii is reported as new to Iran. The section ranges from N to NW and W to SE in Iran, N Iraq to E Turkey, Armenia, S Transcaucasia and Afghanistan. Finally, a key to all species of the section is provided. In addition, the chromosome count 2n = 18 is reported for C. albonitens.
Nomenclatural notes on three names in Viola Sect. Melanium (Violaceae)
Authors: TOMOVIĆ GORDANA , KUZMANOVIĆ NEVENA , BARINA ZOLTAN , ĐUROVIĆ SANJA , JAKOVLJEVIĆ KSENIJA , VUKOJIČIĆ SNEŽANA
Published: August 2013

This paper provides information on the typification of the three names in Viola Sect. Melanium: Viola dukadjinica, V. grisebachiana and V. orbelica. All the specimens designated as lectotypes here are deposited in BEOU.
A new species and new records of microcaddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from northeastern Brazil
Authors: DE SOUZA WAGNER RAFAEL M. , SANTOS ALLAN PAULO MOREIRA , LIMA LUCAS R.C. , PINHEIRO ULISSES
Published: August 2013

The Hydroptilidae constitute the most diverse and widespread family of Trichoptera in the world. About 90 species of microcaddisflies have been recorded from Brazil, but the northeastern region is one of the least-sampled. In this work we describe a new species of Metrichia from Pernambuco State. Furthermore, we present the first records of Flintiella andreae Angrisano 1995 and Oxyethira bettyae Thomson & Holzenthal 2012 from Brazil, and four other new records from the northeastern region.
Permanent indentation characterization for low-velocity impact modelling using three-point bending test
Authors: Hongkarnjanakul Natthawat , Rivallant Samuel , Bouvet Christophe , Miranda Arturo
Published: August 2013

This paper deals with the origin of permanent indentation in composite laminates subjected to low-velocity impact. The three-point bending test is used to exhibit a non-closure of matrix crack which is assumed as a cause of permanent indentation. According to the observation at microscopic level, this non-closure of crack is produced by the blocking of debris inside matrix cracking and the formation of cusps where mixed-mode delamination occurs. A simple physically-based law of permanent indentation, “pseudo-plasticity”, is proposed. This law is qualitatively tested by three-point bending finite element model and is lastly applied in low-velocity impact finite element model in order to predict the permanent indentation. A comparison between low-velocity impact experiments and simulations is presented.
Everybody’s Doing It
Authors: Mui Heather Z. , Sales Paloma , Murphy Sheigla
Published: August 2013

In this article, we present findings from a qualitative National Institute on Drug Abuse-funded study of nonmedical prescription drug users in the San Francisco Bay Area. We interviewed young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 years, who used prescription drugs nonmedically at least 12 times in the 6 months prior to the interview. Employing Aker’s Social Learning Theory and Zinberg’s Drug, Set, and Setting, we explore the factors that contributed to participants’ choices to begin using prescription drugs nonmedically. Social Learning Theory provides the framework for understanding how deviant behaviors are learned and imitated, while set and setting emphasizes the psychological and social contexts of initiation and the ways in which the set and setting of the initiating user were influenced by exposure, motivation, access, and setting. Together, social learning, and set and setting allow us to understand the interaction of individual and social factors contributing to nonmedical prescription drug use initiation.
Early Identification of Reading Disabilities Within an RTI Framework
Authors: Catts Hugh W. , Nielsen Diane Corcoran , Bridges Mindy Sittner , Liu Yi Syuan , Bontempo Daniel E.
Published: August 2013

Early and accurate identification of children at risk for reading disabilities (RD) is critical for the prevention of RD within a response to intervention framework. In this study, we investigated the use of universal screening and progress monitoring for the early identification of RD in kindergarten children. A total of 366 children were administered a battery of screening measures at the beginning of kindergarten and progress-monitoring probes across the school year. A subset of children who showed initial risk for RD also received a 26-week Tier 2 intervention. Participants’ achievement in word reading accuracy and/or fluency was assessed at the end of first grade. Results indicated that a screening battery containing measures of letter naming fluency, phonological awareness, rapid naming, or nonword repetition accurately identified good and poor readers at the end of first grade. Findings also showed that children’s response to supplemental and/or classroom instruction measured in terms of growth in letter naming fluency added significantly to the prediction of reading outcomes.
Is post-mortem ultrasonography a useful tool for forensic purposes?
Authors: Charlier Philippe , Chaillot Pierre-Fleury , Watier Laurence , Ménétrier Mélissa , Carlier Robert , Cavard Stéphanie , Hervé Christian , Grandmaison Geoffroy Lorin de la , Huynh-Charlier Isabelle
Published: August 2013

Purpose

To investigate the interest of post-mortem ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pathological background, and manner and cause of death.

Methods

Post-mortem ultrasonography exams were carried out on 38 fresh human adult cadavers referred to the Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology (Garches, France). Data obtained from ultrasonography were independently compared with further forensic autopsy findings.

Results

Two important limitations relative to ultrasound utilization appeared: hyper-echoic abdominal and thoracic walls, with gas distension of the whole digestive tube and subcutaneous tissues (due to precocious putrefactive gas releasing); and difficulty in accessing lateral and posterior structures (i.e. liver, spleen, kidneys, lung bases, aorta) due to rigor mortis and evident non-compliance of the subject. Post-mortem diagnoses (moderate ascites, gallbladder stones, bladder globe, chronic kidney disease, cirrhosis, thyroid gland cysts and hypertrophy, intrauterine device), were strongly limited. False negative diagnoses comprised fatty liver, pleural effusion, thoracic aortic dissection, and focal organ and/or soft tissues lesions (for example, wounds or infarcts).

Conclusion

According to the results, post-mortem ultrasonography seems to have a very limited role for forensic purposes. Other post-mortem utilizations are cited, proposed, and discussed.
Assessing injury severity in bicyclists involved in traffic accidents to more effectively prevent fatal bicycle injuries in Japan
Authors: Gomei Sayaka , Hitosugi Masahito , Ikegami Keiichi , Tokudome Shogo
Published: August 2013

The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between injury severity in bicyclists involved in traffic accidents and patient outcome or type of vehicle involved in order to propose effective measures to prevent fatal bicycle injuries. Hospital records were reviewed for all patients from 2007 to 2010 who had been involved in a traffic accident while riding a bicycle and were subsequently transferred to the Shock Trauma Center of Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital. Patient outcomes and type of vehicle that caused the injury were examined. The mechanism of injury, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) of the patient were determined. A total of 115 patients’ records were reviewed. The mean patient age was 47.1 ± 27.4 years. The average ISS was 23.9, with an average maximum AIS (MAIS) score of 3.7. The ISS, MAIS score, head AIS score, and chest AIS score were well correlated with patient outcome. The head AIS score was significantly higher in patients who had died (mean of 4.4); however, the ISS, MAIS score, and head AIS score did not differ significantly according to the type of vehicle involved in the accident. The mean head AIS scores were as high as 2.4 or more for accidents involving any type of vehicle. This study provides useful information for forensic pathologists who suspect head injuries in bicyclists involved in traffic accidents. To effectively reduce bicyclist fatalities from traffic accidents, helmet use should be required for all bicyclists.
Coroner autopsy study of homicides in Rivers State of Nigeria: 11-year review
Authors: Obiorah CC , Amakiri CN
Published: August 2013

As most developing countries, including Nigeria, grapple with economic crisis, poor human capital development and high levels of income inequality, violent crimes – especially homicides – continue to be a cause for concern. We studied the pathology and demographic distribution of homicides in Rivers State of Nigeria expecting that the findings would be useful in formulating preventive strategies. Reports of homicide autopsies in the state for 11 years were retrospectively scrutinized for age, gender, type of weapon, site of injury, circumstances, mechanisms and causes of death. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17. Homicides constituted 50.5% of the medicolegal autopsies. Although the overall male:female ratio was 12.4 : 1, there was variation with weapon. Deaths by firearm had the highest male:female ratio of 24.6 : 1. The mean and peak ages were 29.2 ± 11.4 and 21–30 years, respectively, while the range was 1 to 96 years. Firearms were the most common weapons, at 68.9%, hemorrhagic shock and head injuries at 61.5% and 28.2% respectively were the most common mechanisms and causes of death. Armed robbery incidents were the most common circumstances, while the head was the most common site of injury at 48.8%. The homicide rate is high in our environment and most homicides are committed during armed robberies using firearms. Improving medical care and providing emergency medical services will reduce cases of deaths from homicides, most of which occur due to manageable hemorrhagic shock. Increasing the drive towards controlling illegal arms acquisition and possession will reduce the present carnage in the state.
Guoshi Killing
Authors: Neighbors Jennifer M.
Published: August 2013

During the legal revision process of the late Qing and Republican eras, basic homicide categories were condensed from six to two, resulting in a simpler categorization than had been in place during the Qing. One of the categories that remained was guoshi killing, defined as negligent homicide in the Republican era. This article compares the treatment of guoshi killing in both the Qing and the Republic in legal codes, commentaries, and cases. It finds that the streamlining of Republican homicide categories brought crimes of intent and negligence into confusion for the first time. The troubles the Republican-era courts encountered as a result help to illuminate the nuance and sophistication of the system that had come before.
Improving Sexual Health Communication Between Older Women and Their Providers
Authors: Hughes Anne K. , Rostant Ola S. , Curran Paul G.
Published: August 2013

Talking about sexual health can be a challenge for some older women. This project was initiated to identify key factors that improve communication between aging women and their primary care providers. A sample of women (aged 60+) completed an online survey regarding their intent to communicate with a provider about sexual health. Using the integrative model of behavioral prediction as a guide, the survey instrument captured data on attitudes, perceived norms, self-efficacy, and intent to communicate with a provider about sexual health. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Self-efficacy and perceived norms were the most important factors predicting intent to communicate for this sample of women. Intent did not vary with race, but mean scores of the predictors of intent varied for African American and White women. Results can guide practice and intervention with ethnically diverse older women who may be struggling to communicate about their sexual health concerns.
Using a head-mounted camera to infer attention direction
Authors: Schmitow Clara , Stenberg Gunilla , Billard Aude , Hofsten Claes von
Published: August 2013

A head-mounted camera was used to measure head direction. The camera was mounted to the forehead of 20 6- and 20 12-month-old infants while they watched an object held at 11 horizontal (−80° to + 80°) and 9 vertical (−48° to + 50°) positions. The results showed that the head always moved less than required to be on target. Below 30° in the horizontal dimension, the head undershoot of object direction was less than 5°. At 80°, however, the undershoot was substantial or between 10° and 15°. In the vertical dimension, the undershoot was larger than in the horizontal dimension. At 30°, the undershoot was around 25% in the downward direction and around 40% in the upward direction. The size of the undershoot was quite consistent between conditions. It was concluded that the head-mounted camera is a useful indicator of horizontal looking direction in a free looking situation where the head is only turned moderately from a straight ahead position.
Bringing the military back in: The politicisation of the military and its effect on democratic consolidation
Authors: Tusalem Rollin F.
Published: August 2013

Empirical research has shown how the role of institutions, civic culture, ethnic fractionalisation, the political economy, and demographic factors affect the stability of democracies, but none has explored the role of the military as an institution that can drastically influence the process of democratic consolidation. This led many scholars to notice how the study of comparative democratisation has been state-centric, but it has largely neglected the role of the military in determining post-transitional outcomes. Thus, this study takes on this challenge by examining the role of the military in the democratisation process more than 30 years after the third wave. The results suggest that highly politicised military structures among transitional states have a deleterious effect on the quality of democracy. More specifically, if the military has institutionalised its role in politics as being interventionist, the likelihood of democratic consolidation becomes difficult. The article highlights the importance of restricting reserved domains granted to the military in the transition process in order to strengthen prospects for democratic stability.