bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geometrie kvarcitových těles v okolí Příchovic
Authors: Uhlíř Michal , Melichar Rostislav
Published: January 2018

Quarzite as a metasedimentary rock is usually figured in prolongated bands in geological maps. But muscovite quartzite from Krkonoše-Jizera Crystalline Unit in SE surrounding of Příchovice village forms irregular shapes in detailed geological maps (e.g., Mrázová – Štěpánek 2007, see Fig. 1), which do not allow simple interpretation of the geometry of quartzite bodies. To find correct 3D geometry of the bodies, we used standard methods of detailed mapping and documentation of outcrops as well as detailed structural analysis. Locations of terrain edges with quartzite outcrops have been indicated in the map (Fig. 3 –A, B, C). Generaly sub-horizontal to moderately dipping metamorphic foliation has been found. Foliation poles make wide girdle in the plot (Fig. 2) which indicates sub-cylindrical fold structure with horizontal axis in the NW–SE direction.Studied area can be geomorphologically divided into two different parts. The northeastern part of the territory is sub-horizontal plateau, while the southwestern part is generally inclined to the southwest. In the second part, the metamorphic foliation dips to the southwest under such angle, that it seems to be parallel to the inclination of the slope, see the old quarry (Fig. 3B) and SW part of Velká bílá skála (Fig. 3A). The last one show us bent outcrop respecting the change in slope inclination. Large shear bands were directly observed as a part of S-C structure. It indicates that SW limb of the fold was strained under simple shear condition with the drop SW kinematics (Fig. 4). Change in orientation of SW-dipping fold limb was produced by a ductile shear zone.Based on a combination of metamorphic foliation orientation of quartzite and field edges, we can interpret quartzite rocks as a part of one platy body, which forms the overall morphology of the landscape south of Příchovice. In the plateau, erosion stopped at subhorizontally oriented part of the quartzite layer, while denudation of the SW limb of the large fold predeterminates the inclined slope surface to the SW (Fig. 3D). Relics of thin overlying rocks remaining on quartzite in some places and erosion of the small creeks produce bizarre forms in geological map, which seems to be difficult to understand. This study has shown that such complex structure can be decrypted using the detailed structural analysis. In this case it was shown that quartzite forms a relatively simple body which was only slightly bent due to simple shear deformation.
Biotitická plagioklasová rula z Koutů nad Desnou a Rejhotic (vrbenská skupina v zóně Červenohorského sedla): nové mineralogické údaje
Authors: Zimák Jiří
Published: January 2018

The paper deals with metamorphic rocks of the Vrbno Group in the Červenohorské sedlo Zone near the Kouty nad Desnou village (north-eastern part of the Bohemian Massif). The studied rocks are named simply as biotite plagioclase gneiss in geological maps. Research has shown that most of the rocks in the area correspond to the graphite-bearing staurolite-biotite plagioclase gneiss. This gneiss merges into mica schist with the same mineral association but with a higher content of biotite. Plagioclase is a major and sometimes even dominant constituent of the rocks. Its composition varies from An39 to An84. Accessory minerals include ilmenite, apatite-(CaF), less often zircon, tourmaline (dravite), garnet (almandine), pyrite, and chalcopyrite. In the mentioned rocks, thin graphite-bearing chlorite plagioclase gneiss intercalations were found. Plagioclase has an extremely high basicity (An88-91). It is obvious from the chemical and mineral composition of the studied rocks that their protolith had to be rich in iron, aluminum and calcium. Clay rocks can be assumed as protolith. The origin of clay sediments or clay residue was possibly linked to the weathering of basic volcanism products.
Mineralogie krupníkového tělesa v Medvědím dole u Koutů nad Desnou v Jeseníkách
Authors: Zimák Jiří , Fojt Bohuslav , Juránková Zuzana
Published: January 2018

Soapstone bodies are relatively common in the Sobotín Massif in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts. (NE part of the Bohemian Massif). There was a small soapstone body found near Kouty nad Desnou in the northern spur of the Sobotín Massif composed dominately of amphibolites. The article focuses on mineralogy and petrology of this body and rocks in its surroundings (mainly hornblendite). Studied soapstone body is composed of these four types of rocks: i) talc schists with variable content of chlorite (clinochlore) and amphibole (actinolite, magnesiohornblende); ii) soapstone (mineral association talc + dolomite); iii) chlorite schist; iv) actinolite schist. Chromite is a typical accessory mineral of soapstone body rocks as well as hornblendite. This soapstone body does not show mineralogical and petrographical zonality typical for well-known soapstone bodies of the Sobotín Massif – former soapstone deposits Smrčina and Zadní Hutisko. However there is no mineralogical or petrographical difference between those deposits and studied soapstone body. Formation of the soapstone body at Kouty nad Desnou is probably connected to hydrothermal alteration of hornblendite running along shear zones.
Multiple Sclerosis, Anxiety, and Depression in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Schiess Nicoline , Huether Katherine , Holroyd Kathryn B. , Aziz Faisal , Emam Essam , Shahrour Tarek , Szolics Miklos , Alsaadi Taoufik
Published: January 2018

Background:

Depression rates in the multiple sclerosis (MS) population in the Arab world have rarely been reported despite people with MS generally having higher rates of depression. We examined depression rates in 416 people with MS versus the general population of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, and their treatment.

Methods:

A retrospective medical record review of 416 people with MS (age range, 16–80 years) followed up at four large government hospitals in Abu Dhabi was conducted to determine the percentage of people with MS diagnosed as having depression or anxiety.

Results:

The depression rate in people with MS (10.8%) was close to that in the general population of Abu Dhabi. The adjusted odds ratios of depression by selected variables showed that there was a significant difference (P = .003) between females and males in reporting depression, with more females reporting depression than males. Greater MS duration was also associated with a higher likelihood of being depressed (P = .025). The anxiety rate in the cohort (4.8%) was lower than that in the general Abu Dhabi population (18.7%).

Conclusions:

The depression rate in people with MS in Abu Dhabi was close to that of the general Abu Dhabi population, but the anxiety rate in people with MS was lower. Explanations for these low rates include possible underreporting by patients and physician factors such as time limitations in busy clinics. Cultural aspects such as strong family support systems and religious factors in this predominantly Muslim population are also possible factors that warrant further investigation.
ИСЛАМСКА ДРЖАВА И НУЖНОСТ МУСЛИМАНСКЕ РЕФОРМАЦИЈЕ (DER IS UND DIE NOTWENDIGKEIT EINER MUSLIMISCHEN REFORMATION)
Authors: Khatib Hakim
Published: January 2018

Чињеница је да многи Муслимани осуђују Исламску државу каоне-исламску. Па ипак, Муслимани се непрестано идентификују са ономпредставом исламa коју носе џихадисти. Због тога Хаким Катиб (HakimKhatib) тражи критику исламске вјере.
ПРИКАЗ МОНОГРАФИЈЕ „ОРГАНИЗОВАНИ КРИМИНАЛИТЕТ: ПОЈАМ, ПОЈАВНИ ОБЛИЦИ, КРИВИЧНА ДЕЛА И КРИВИЧНИ ПОСТУПАК“, АУТОРА ПРОФ. ДР МИЛАНА ШКУЛИЋА, РЕДОВНОГ ПРОФЕСОРА ПРАВНОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА УНИВЕРЗИТЕТА У БЕОГРАДУ
Authors: Шикман Миле
Published: January 2018

Крајем 2015. године, Службени гласник у Београду издао јемонографију др Милана Шкулића, редовног професора Правног факултетаУниверзитета у Београду, под називом: Организовани криминалитет:појам, појавни облици, кривична дела и кривични поступак. Дјело је обима672 странице, а рецензије су потписали угледни професори и научниципроф. др Зоран Стојановић (Правни факултет Универзитета у Београду),проф. др Станко Бејатовић (Правни факултет Универзитета у Крагујевцу)и др Јован Ћирић (Институт за упоредно право у Београду). Научна истручна јавност је изузетно позитивно прихватила наведено издање, тимприје што аутор више од 13 година систематски изучава проблематикуорганизованог криминалитета.
Богословље кроз дjелање у мисли Силуана Атонског
Authors: Денда Саво
Published: January 2018

Богословље није технологија већ теологија ријечи. Постоје они који се баве технологијом ријечи и они који се кроз дjелатан живот баве богословљем у самој његовој суштини. Старац Силуан нам посвједочава православно предање истине које је сажето у једно – дjелај да би познао. Ако нема дjелања, нема ни познања и самим тим нема ни богословља. Без дjелања нема ни учествовања, а оно је једино могуће кроз дjелатно опитовање, јер без тога богословље постаје и остаје технологија ријечи.
Web Based Decision Support System yo Determine yhe Appropriate Packaging of Ethnic and Traditional Indonesian Foods
Authors: Nurbaiti Latifah , Seminar Kudang Boro , Suyatma Nugraha Edhi
Published: January 2018

Culinary efforts, especially ethnic and traditional snacks attract many people to Indonesia. Maintaining the quality of snacks for consumers requires a good packaging technique. Food packaging consists of a wide variety of packaging options that match the characteristics of each snack; this is no easy task. Decision support systems can help to facilitate decisions made regarding selection of the right packaging. This paper focuses on identifying snacks, types of packaging and active packaging parameters to build a decision support system in order to determine appropriate packaging. Types of packaging are determined using fuzzy Sugeno 4 parameters: fat, water activity, shelf-life and price. Active packaging of the snacks is done using the if-else rule with parameterised types of packaging, preservatives, oxygen barriers and water vapour barriers. The end result of this research is a web-based decision support system, which recommends types of packaging and active packaging for snacks.
Immunogenicity evaluation of MS2 phage-mediated chimeric nanoparticle displaying an immunodominant B cell epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Wang Guoqiang , Liu Yunchao , Feng Hua , Chen Yumei , Yang Suzhen , Wei Qiang , Wang Juan , Liu Dongmin , Zhang Gaiping
Published: January 2018

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals that has caused tremendous economic losses worldwide. In this study, we designed a chimeric nanoparticles vaccine with the predominant epitope of FMDV (VP1 131–160) displayed on the top of the coat protein (CP) of MS2 phage. The recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli and can self-assembled into chimeric nanoparticles (CNPs) with diameter 20-25nm. A tandem repeat peptide epitopes (VP1 131–160) (TRE) was prepared as control. Mice immunized with CNPs and TRE respectively and immunogenicity evaluated show that CNPs stimulated equivalent specific antibody levels to commercialized synthetic peptide vaccines (PepVac), but was significantly higher than TRE groups. Moreover, results from specific IFN-γ responses and lymphocyte proliferation test indicated that CNPs immunized mice exhibited significantly enhanced cellular immune response. These studies suggested that the CNPs constructed in current study could be a potential alternative vaccine in future FMDV control.
Embracing heterogeneity: Building the Tree of Life and the future of phylogenomics
Authors: Bravo Gustavo A , Antonelli Alexandre , Bacon Christine D , Bartoszek Krzysztof , Blom Mozes , Huynh Stella , Jones Graham , Knowles Lacey , Lamichhaney Sangeet , Marcussen Thomas , Morlon Hélèn , Nahkleh Luay , Oxelman Bengt , Pfeil Bernard , Schliep Alexander , Wahlberg Niklas , Werneck Fernanda , Wiedenhoeft John , Willows-Munro Sandi , Edwards Scott V
Published: January 2018

Building the Tree of Life (ToL) is a major challenge of modern biology, requiring major advances in cyberinfrastructure, data collection, theory, and more. Here, we argue that phylogenomics stands to benefit by embracing the many heterogeneous genomic signals emerging from the first decade of large-scale phylogenetic analysis spawned by next-generation sequencing. Such signals include those most commonly encountered in phylogenomic datasets, such as incomplete lineage sorting, but also those reticulate processes emerging with greater frequency, such as recombination and introgression. We suggest that methods of data acquisition and the types of markers used in phylogenomics will remain restricted until a posteriori methods of marker choice are made possible with routine whole-genome sequencing of taxa of interest. We discuss limitations and potential extensions of the major model supporting innovation in phylogenomics today, the multispecies coalescent model. Macroevolutionary models that use phylogenies, such as character mapping, often ignore the heterogeneity on which building phylogenies increasingly rely, and suggest that assimilating such heterogeneity needs to be a major goal moving forward. Finally, we argue that an integrative cyberinfrastructure linking all steps of the process of building the ToL, from specimen acquisition in the field to publication and tracking of phylogenomic data, as well as a culture that values contributors to each step, are essential for progress.
Breeding and multiple waves of primary molt in common ground doves of coastal Sinaloa
Authors: Rohwer Sievert , Rohwer Vanya G.
Published: January 2018

For adult Common Ground Doves from Sinaloa we demonstrate that the primaries are a single molt series, which sometimes feature two (in one case three) waves of feather replacement. Such stepwise primary replacement is found in many large birds but, at 40 g, this dove is much the smallest species reported to have multiple waves of replacement proceeding through its primaries simultaneously. Pre-breeding juvenile Common Ground Doves never feature two waves of primary replacement. Juveniles usually have more than two adjacent feathers growing simultaneously and replace their primaries in about 100 days. In contrast adults, which extensively overlap molt and breeding, usually grow just a single primary at a time, and require at least 145 days to replace their primaries. Molt arrests are thought to drive the generation of new waves of primary replacement in a diversity of large birds. For adult Common Ground Doves, we found molt arrests to be strongly associated with active crop glands, suggesting that the demands of parental care cause arrests in primary replacement in this dove. For those adults with two primary molt waves, initiation of an inner wave was most frequently observed once the outer wave had reached P10. Thus, unlike reports for large birds, Common Ground Doves usually suppress the initiation of a new wave of molt starting at P1 when the preceding wave arrests before reaching the distal primaries. This assures that relatively fresh inner primaries are not replaced redundantly, overcoming a serious flaw in stepwise molting in large birds (Rohwer, 1999).
THE CLIMATE SENSITIVE DESIGN IN HOT-HUMID URBAN DESIGN
Authors: Koerniawan M. Donny
Published: January 2018

Urban and microclimate have intense relationship that affecting each other’s. Specific urban structure can affect microclimate because of high radiation generated. In the other side, urban structure blocks distribution of incoming wind. Urban structure changes how the microclimate influences the city. The successful urban structure can impact how outdoors open spaces are used meanwhile good open spaces are affected by how comfortable can be accepted. Microclimate control is the first element has to be considered to design comfortable outdoor open spaces. This research used monthly mean air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, vapor pressure, and wind velocity for the period 2009–20014 to simulate any type of microclimate situation that influence thermal comfort in the urban context. Data were collected from 3 selected meteorological stations in Jakarta and websites. PET (physiological equivalent temperature) is used to assess the value of thermal comfort in outdoor spaces. This study shows that hot-humid city has abundance solar radiation, which influences the heat in the urban area that need to be released immediately meanwhile because of the urban structure reduce the wind velocity that enter into the urban area, the city does not has strong energy to release the heat. So urban structure has to be well designed to make wind can release the heat trapped in the urban area.
ARRDC3 suppresses colorectal cancer progression through destabilizing the oncoprotein YAP
Authors: Shen Xu , Sun Xiaohan , Sun Bing , Li Tao , Wu Guoliang , Li Yuantao , Chen Lai , Liu Qingxin , Cui Meng , Zhou Zizhang
Published: January 2018

Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy of the digestive system, the underlying mechanisms of CRC tumorigenesis are still elusive. Arrestin‐related domain‐containing protein‐3 (ARRDC3) has been reported to promote lysosome‐mediated protein degradation. In the present study, we find that the expression of ARRDC3 is downregulated in CRC specimens. Mechanistically, we reveal that ARRDC3 binds and decreases expression of the oncoprotein YAP, the cotranscription factor of the Hippo pathway. The regulation of the Hippo pathway by ARRDC3 is conserved from Drosophila to mammals. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ARRDC3 plays an anti‐oncogenic role in CRC progression by promoting YAP degradation. Finally, we show that ARRDC3 increases the sensitivity of CRC cells toward chemotherapeutic drugs. Taken together, our findings point to ARRDC3 as a potential target for CRC treatment.
21st Century Sea‐Level Rise in Line with the Paris Accord
Authors: Jackson Luke P. , Grinsted Aslak , Jevrejeva Svetlana
Published: January 2018

As global average sea‐level rises in the early part of this century there is great interest in how much global and local sea level will change in the forthcoming decades. The Paris Climate Agreement's proposed temperature thresholds of 1.5°C and 2°C have directed the research community to ask what differences occur in the climate system for these two states. We have developed a novel approach to combine climate model outputs that follow specific temperature pathways to make probabilistic projections of sea‐level in a 1.5°C and 2°C world. We find median global sea‐level (GSL) projections for 1.5°C and 2°C temperature pathways of 44 and 50 cm, respectively. The 90% uncertainty ranges (5%–95%) are both around 48 cm by 2100. In addition, we take an alternative approach to estimate the contribution from ice sheets by using a semi‐empirical GSL model. Here we find median projections of 58 and 68 cm for 1.5°C and 2°C temperature pathways. The 90% uncertainty ranges are 67 and 82 cm respectively. Regional projections show similar patterns for both temperature pathways, though differences vary between the median projections (2–10 cm) and 95th percentile (5–20 cm) for the bulk of oceans using process‐based approach and 10–15 cm (median) and 15–25 cm (95th percentile) using the semi‐empirical approach.

Plain Language Summary

The sea level you experience at the coast can be estimated by the sum of contributions from ocean expansion, currents, ice melt from glaciers and ice sheets, land‐water extraction/damming, and land motion. How sea level changes depends strongly on where you are because each contribution has a unique pattern. We use knowledge of these changes to make projections about future sea‐level rise. We estimate how much sea‐level could change if societies achieve either of the Paris Climate Agreement's temperature targets by 2100. If we reach 1.5°C or 2.0°C by 2100, GSL should rise around 44–50 cm, respectively. Using a slightly different method we find the global rise could be 58–68 cm. An incomplete picture of the sea‐level components means that estimates could be out by up to 80 cm, though all projections show a sea‐level rise of at least 20 cm.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Tides on Ecosystem‐Scale CO2 Exchange in a Brackish Tidal Marsh in Northern California
Authors: Knox S. H. , Windham‐Myers L. , Anderson F. , Sturtevant C. , Bergamaschi B.
Published: January 2018

We investigated the direct and indirect influence of tides on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in a temperate brackish tidal marsh. NEE displayed a tidally driven pattern with obvious characteristics at the multiday scale, with greater net CO2 uptake during spring tides than neap tides. Based on the relative mutual information between NEE and biophysical variables, this was driven by a combination of higher water table depth (WTD), cooler air temperature, and lower vapor pressure deficit (VPD) during spring tides relative to neap tides, as the fortnightly tidal cycle not only influenced water levels but also strongly modulated water and air temperature and VPD. Tides also influenced NEE at shorter timescales, with a reduction in nighttime fluxes during growing season spring tides when the higher of the two semidiurnal tides caused inundation at the site. WTD significantly influenced ecosystem respiration (Reco), with lower Reco during spring tides than neap tides. While WTD did not appear to affect ecosystem photosynthesis (gross ecosystem production, GPP) directly, the impact of tides on temperature and VPD influenced GPP, with higher daily light‐use efficiency and photosynthetic activity during spring tides than neap tides when temperature and VPD were lower. The strong direct and indirect influence of tides on NEE across the diel and multiday timescales has important implications for modeling NEE in tidal wetlands and can help inform the timing and frequency of chamber measurements as annual or seasonal net CO2 uptake may be underestimated if measurements are only taken during nonflooded periods.
Development and Validation of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model With Thermosphere and Ionosphere Extension (WACCM‐X 2.0)
Authors: Liu Han‐Li , Bardeen Charles G. , Foster Benjamin T. , Lauritzen Peter , Liu Jing , Lu Gang , Marsh Daniel R. , Maute Astrid , McInerney Joseph M. , Pedatella Nicholas M. , Qian Liying , Richmond Arthur D. , Roble Raymond G. , Solomon Stanley C. , Vitt Francis M. , Wang Wenbin
Published: January 2018

Key developments have been made to the NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM‐X). Among them, the most important are the self‐consistent solution of global electrodynamics, and transport of O+ in the F‐region. Other ionosphere developments include time‐dependent solution of electron/ion temperatures, metastable O+ chemistry, and high‐cadence solar EUV capability. Additional developments of the thermospheric components are improvements to the momentum and energy equation solvers to account for variable mean molecular mass and specific heat, a new divergence damping scheme, and cooling by O(3P) fine structure. Simulations using this new version of WACCM‐X (2.0) have been carried out for solar maximum and minimum conditions. Thermospheric composition, density, and temperatures are in general agreement with measurements and empirical models, including the equatorial mass density anomaly and the midnight density maximum. The amplitudes and seasonal variations of atmospheric tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are in good agreement with observations. Although global mean thermospheric densities are comparable with observations of the annual variation, they lack a clear semiannual variation. In the ionosphere, the low‐latitude E × B drifts agree well with observations in their magnitudes, local time dependence, seasonal, and solar activity variations. The prereversal enhancement in the equatorial region, which is associated with ionospheric irregularities, displays patterns of longitudinal and seasonal variation that are similar to observations. Ionospheric density from the model simulations reproduces the equatorial ionosphere anomaly structures and is in general agreement with observations. The model simulations also capture important ionospheric features during storms.
A novel mutation in exon 9 of Cullin 3 gene contributes to aberrant splicing in pseudohypoaldosteronism type II
Authors: Shao Leping , Cui Li , Lu Jingru , Lang Yanhua , Bottillo Irene , Zhao Xiangzhong
Published: January 2018

Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) is a rare renal tubular disease that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Mutations in four genes (WNK1, WNK4, CUL3, and KLHL3) have been identified to be responsible for this disease. Cullin 3 (CUL3) and KLHL3 are subunits of Cullin–RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, and the serine–threonine kinases WNK1 and WNK4 are substrates of this ubiquitin ligase. For CUL3, all mutations associated with PHAII exclusively lead to exon 9 skipping. In this study, we identified a Chinese PHAII kindred caused by a novel synonymous mutation (c.1221A > G p.Glu407Glu) in CUL3, and explored its effects on exon 9 abnormal splicing through an in vitro splicing assay and study of the patients’ RNA. We obtained evidence that this synonymous mutation leads to complete exon 9 skipping, and in silico bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the CUL3 c.1221A > G mutation might decrease the ratio of exonic splicing enhancers and silencers. This is the first report of PHAII in Chinese patients with a novel CUL3 mutation. Our findings add a novel pathogenic splicing variant to the CUL3 mutational spectrum and provide reference for further research on mechanisms of splicing modulation and development of potential therapeutic reagents for PHAII.
To frame or not to frame? Cone‐beam CT‐based analysis of head immobilization devices specific to linac‐based stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy
Authors: Babic Steven , Lee Young , Ruschin Mark , Lochray Fiona , Lightstone Alex , Atenafu Eshetu , Phan Nic , Mainprize Todd , Tsao May , Soliman Hany , Sahgal Arjun
Published: January 2018

Purpose

Noninvasive frameless systems are increasingly being utilized for head immobilization in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Knowing the head positioning reproducibility of frameless systems and their respective ability to limit intrafractional head motion is important in order to safely perform SRS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the intrafractional head motion of an invasive frame and a series of frameless systems for single fraction SRS and fractionated/hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT/HF‐SRT).

Methods

The noninvasive PinPoint system was used on 15 HF‐SRT and 21 SRS patients. Intrafractional motion for these patients was compared to 15 SRS patients immobilized with Cosman‐Roberts‐Wells (CRW) frame, and a FSRT population that respectively included 23, 32, and 15 patients immobilized using Gill‐Thomas‐Cosman (GTC) frame, Uniframe, and Orfit. All HF‐SRT and FSRT patients were treated using intensity‐modulated radiation therapy on a linear accelerator equipped with cone‐beam CT (CBCT) and a robotic couch. SRS patients were treated using gantry‐mounted stereotactic cones. The CBCT image‐guidance protocol included initial setup, pretreatment and post‐treatment verification images. The residual error determined from the post‐treatment CBCT was used as a surrogate for intrafractional head motion during treatment.

Results

The mean intrafractional motion over all fractions with PinPoint was 0.62 ± 0.33 mm and 0.45 ± 0.33 mm, respectively, for the HF‐SRT and SRS cohort of patients (P‐value = 0.266). For CRW, GTC, Orfit, and Uniframe, the mean intrafractional motions were 0.30 ± 0.21 mm, 0.54 ± 0.76 mm, 0.73 ± 0.49 mm, and 0.76 ± 0.51 mm, respectively. For CRW, PinPoint, GTC, Orfit, and Uniframe, intrafractional motion exceeded 1.5 mm in 0%, 0%, 5%, 6%, and 8% of all fractions treated, respectively.

Conclusions

The noninvasive PinPoint system and the invasive CRW frame stringently limit cranial intrafractional motion, while the latter provides superior immobilization. Based on the results of this study, our clinical practice for malignant tumors has evolved to apply an invasive CRW frame only for metastases in eloquent locations to minimize normal tissue exposure.
Multifunctional Photonic Nanomaterials for Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Theranostic Applications
Authors: Kim Hyemin , Beack Songeun , Han Seulgi , Shin Myeonghwan , Lee Taehyung , Park Yoonsang , Kim Ki Su , Yetisen Ali K. , Yun Seok Hyun , Kwon Woosung , Hahn Sei Kwang
Published: January 2018

The last decade has seen dramatic progress in the principle, design, and fabrication of photonic nanomaterials with various optical properties and functionalities. Light‐emitting and light‐responsive nanomaterials, such as semiconductor quantum dots, plasmonic metal nanoparticles, organic carbon, and polymeric nanomaterials, offer promising approaches to low‐cost and effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications. Reasonable endeavors have begun to translate some of the promising photonic nanomaterials to the clinic. Here, current research on the state‐of‐the‐art and emerging photonic nanomaterials for diverse biomedical applications is reviewed, and the remaining challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
Oscillating Chiral‐Nematic Fingerprints Wipe Away Dust
Authors: Feng Wei , Broer Dirk J. , Liu Danqing
Published: January 2018

This work presents an approach to create mechanical undulations at a solid organic coating surface under the influence of an electric field. The coating is fabricated through polymerization of chiral reactive mesogens aligned in their fingerprint mode on top of interdigitated electrodes. The fingerprint mode gives a corrugation of the surface perpendicular to the helix axes. When a lateral alternating electric field is applied, the order parameter of the helicoidally packed mesogens is reduced. This simultaneously leads to an inversion of the fingerprint heights, an overall thickness increase, and a chaotic and fast surface oscillation. These three effects work in concert stimulating wavy deformation figures at the coating surface. The process is fast and reversible; the dynamics of the topographic textures stop immediately when the electric field is switched off. The continuous generation of surface undulations sustains transport of species at the coating surface. It removes dust and debris providing an active dust control.
A Platform for High‐Throughput Assessments of Environmental Multistressors
Authors: Nguyen Brian , Graham Percival J. , Rochman Chelsea M. , Sinton David
Published: January 2018

A platform compatible with microtiter plates to parallelize environmental treatments to test the complex impacts of multiple stressors, including parameters relevant to climate change and point source pollutants is developed. This platform leverages (1) the high rate of purely diffusive gas transport in aerogels to produce well‐defined centimeter‐scale gas concentration gradients, (2) spatial light control, and (3) established automated liquid handling. The parallel gaseous, aqueous, and light control provided by the platform is compatible with multiparameter experiments across the life sciences. The platform is applied to measure biological effects in over 700 treatments in a five‐parameter full factorial study with the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Further, the CO2 response of multicellular organisms, Lemna gibba and Artemia salina under surfactant and nanomaterial stress are tested with the platform.
Improved Tandem All‐Polymer Solar Cells Performance by Using Spectrally Matched Subcells
Authors: Yuan Jianyu , Ford Michael J. , Xu Yalong , Zhang Yannan , Bazan Guillermo C. , Ma Wanli
Published: January 2018

All‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) are attractive as alternatives to fabricate thermally and mechanically stable solar cells, especially with recent improvements in their power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this work, efficient all‐PSCs with near‐infrared response (up to 850 nm) are developed using newly designed regioregular polymer donors with relatively narrow optical gap. These all‐PSCs systems achieve PCEs up to 6.0% after incorporating fluorine into the polymer backbone. More importantly, these polymers exhibit absorbance that is complementary to previously reported wide bandgap polymer donors. Thus, the superior properties of the newly designed polymers afford opportunities to fabricate the first spectrally matched all‐polymer tandem solar cells with high performance. A PCE of 8.3% is then demonstrated which is the highest efficiency so far for all‐polymer tandem solar cells. The design of narrow bandgap polymers provides new directions to enhance the PCE of emerging single‐junction and tandem all polymer solar cells.
Self‐Assembled Nickel Nanoparticles Supported on Mesoporous Aluminum Oxide for Selective Hydrogenation of Isophorone
Authors: Hou Leilei , Du Wenqiang , Qu Minjie , Wang Xinhong , Wang Shuwei , Shi Song , Sun Ying , Gao Jin , Xu Jie
Published: January 2018

A series of mesoporous alumina‐supported Ni nanoparticles catalysts were prepared using a self‐assembly method. The catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray diffraction. The catalysts showed good performance in the hydrogenation of the C=C bond in isophorone. The mesoporous structure with short channels, which afford the reactants rapid access to the active sites and timely export of the products from the catalyst, is believed to be important for obtaining both high activity and high selectivity.
Fabrication of poly(lactic acid) nano‐ and microparticles using a nanomixer via nanoprecipitation or emulsion diffusion
Authors: Hong Joung Sook , Srivastava Devesh , Lee Ilsoon
Published: January 2018

In order to investigate the influence of mixing flow condition on particle generation, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) particles were fabricated at different mixing velocities (10–50 m s−1) using a nanomixer through either the nanoprecipitation or the emulsion diffusion method. With a nanomixer (Couette–Taylor mixing geometry modified with cavitations), particles became smaller as the mixing velocity increased as long as the temperature was kept below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLA. Even in the emulsion diffusion method, it led to the formation of PLA nanoparticles in a short emulsification time (∼1 min) and the mean diameter was less than 100 nm with deviation less than 10% (100 nm ± 10%). However, at high mixing velocity, the particle size was rapidly increased which was enhanced as mixing time increased. Dissipation rapidly increased the temperature inside the mixer above Tg of PLA, which caused smaller particles to agglomerate to form larger micron‐sized particles. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46199.
Synthesis of Two‐Electron Bimetallic Cu–Ag and Cu–Au Clusters by using [Cu13(S2CNnBu2)6(C≡CPh)4]+ as a Template
Authors: Silalahi Rhone P. Brocha , Chakrahari Kiran Kumarvarma , Liao Jian‐Hong , Kahlal Samia , Liu Yu‐Chiao , Chiang Ming‐Hsi , Saillard Jean‐Yves , Liu C. W.
Published: January 2018

Atomically precise Cu‐rich bimetallic superatom clusters have been synthesized by adopting a galvanic exchange strategy. [Cu@Cu12(S2CNnBu2)6(C≡CPh)4][CuCl2] (1) was used as a template to generate compositionally uniform clusters [M@Cu12(S2CNnBu2)6 (C≡CPh)4][CuCl2], where M=Ag (2), Au (3). Structures of 1, 2 and 3 were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction and the results were supported by ESI‐MS. The anatomies of clusters 1–3 are very similar, with a centred cuboctahedral cationic core that is surrounded by six di‐butyldithiocarbamate (dtc) and four phenylacetylide ligands. The doped Ag and Au atoms were found to preferentially occupy the centre of the 13‐atom cuboctahedral core. Experimental and theoretical analyses of the synthesized clusters revealed that both Ag and Au doping result in significant changes in cluster stability, optical characteristics and enhancement in luminescence properties.
The Hubbert diffusion process: Estimation via simulated annealing and variable neighborhood search procedures—application to forecasting peak oil production
Authors: da Luz Sant'Ana Istoni , Román‐Román Patricia , Torres‐Ruiz Francisco
Published: January 2018

Accurately charting the progress of oil production is a problem of great current interest. Oil production is widely known to be cyclical: in any given system, after it reaches its peak, a decline will begin. With this in mind, Marion King Hubbert developed his peak theory in 1956 based on the bell‐shaped curve that bears his name. In the present work, we consider a stochastic model based on the theory of diffusion processes and associated with the Hubbert curve. The problem of the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters for this process is also considered. Since a complex system of equations appears, with a solution that cannot be guaranteed by classical numerical procedures, we suggest the use of metaheuristic optimization algorithms such as simulated annealing and variable neighborhood search. Some strategies are suggested for bounding the space of solutions, and a description is provided for the application of the algorithms selected. In the case of the variable neighborhood search algorithm, a hybrid method is proposed in which it is combined with simulated annealing. In order to validate the theory developed here, we also carry out some studies based on simulated data and consider 2 real crude oil production scenarios from Norway and Kazakhstan.
Hedgehog Antagonist Pyrimidine–Indole Hybrid Molecule Inhibits Ciliogenesis through Microtubule Destabilisation
Authors: Khatra Harleen , Khan Pragya Paramita , Pattanayak Sankha , Bhadra Jhuma , Rather Bilal , Chakrabarti Saikat , Saha Taniya , Sinha Surajit
Published: January 2018

One of the crucial regulators of embryonic patterning and tissue development is the Hedgehog‐glioma (Hh‐Gli) signalling pathway; its uncontrolled activation has been implicated in different types of cancer in adult tissues. Primary cilium is one of the important factors required for the activation of Hh signalling, as it brings the critical components together for key protein–protein interactions required for Hh pathway regulation. Most of the synthetic and natural small molecule modulators of the pathway primarily antagonise Smoothened (Smo) or other effectors like Hh ligand or Gli. Here, we report a previously described Hh antagonist, with a pyrimidine–indole hybrid (PIH) core structure, as an inhibitor of ciliogenesis. The compound is unique in its mode of action, as it shows perturbation of microtubule dynamics in both cell‐based assays and in vivo systems (zebrafish embryos). Further studies revealed that the probable targets are α‐tubulin and its acetylated form, found in the cytoplasm and primary cilia. PIH also showed axonal defasiculation in developing zebrafish embryos. We thus propose that PIH antagonises Hh signalling by repressing cilia biogenesis and disassembling α‐tubulin from its stabilised form.
Resident murine macrophage migration and phagocytosis are modulated by growth hormone
Authors: dos Santos Reis Maria Danielma , dos Santos Yngrid Mickaelli Oliveira , de Menezes Clarice Agudo , Borbely Karen Steponavicius Cruz , Smaniotto Salete
Published: January 2018

Growth hormone (GH) plays a physiological role in the immune system. In macrophages, GH enhances the production of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions, nitric oxide, cytokines, and chemokines, including interferon‐γ and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α. However, some of the effects of GH stimulation on the biological functions of macrophages remain to be elucidated. Herein, we showed that in vivo GH treatment resulted in decreased expression of VLA‐5 and VLA‐6 integrins on the macrophage surface, accompanied by a reduction in macrophage adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands, fibronectin, and laminin. Additionally, a decrease in macrophage adhesion to laminin was observed when the cells were treated in vitro with GH. In transwell migration assays, GH‐treated macrophages showed increased migration after 6 h. Although in vitro GH treatment did not influence the phagocytic activity of macrophages, when the treatment was performed in vivo, peritoneal macrophages from GH‐treated mice showed a higher percentage of phagocytosis and higher phagocytic capacity than cells from control animals. These results led us to analyse the role of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), a GH stimulated factor, on macrophage phagocytosis. We observed an increase in phagocytic activity when J774 murine macrophages were treated with IGF‐1 for 24 h. Our results revealed an important role for GH in resident macrophage migration and phagocytic activity. Specifically, we demonstrate that IGF‐1 may be the GH stimulated factor that induces macrophage phagocytosis in vivo.
Bioinspired 3 D Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrates for Surface Plasmon Driven Photoxidation Reactions: Role of Catalyst and Substrate in Controlling the Selectivity of Product Formation
Authors: Sharma Vipul , Balaji Ramachandran , Kumar Ajay , Kumari Nisha , Krishnan Venkata
Published: January 2018

Highly sensitive bioinspired surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates comprising a 3 D plasmonic surface were fabricated and employed for photocatalysis. Specifically, the fabricated surfaces were utilized in the surface plasmon resonance driven photooxidation of p‐aminothiophenol, for which the selectivity of product formation could be controlled by the choice of catalyst deposited on to the bioinspired 3 D plasmonic surface.
Surface/Interfacial Catalysis of (Metal)/Oxide System: Structure and Performance Control
Authors: Jiang Wu , Ji Weijie , Au Chak‐Tong
Published: January 2018

Surface/interfacial catalysis on a series of oxide substrates and metal/oxide interfaces has been reviewed. Special attention has been paid to those systems in which the oxide substrates are structurally defined with certain exposed facets, and the metal assembling is well controlled with desired particle size and narrow particle size distribution. The distinct catalytic behaviors over the selected systems have been discussed in line with their specific surface/interfacial structure features as well as other surface properties. The tactics and cations how to build up the novel metal/oxide interfacial structures are provided, and the guideline for extended reaction exploration is also suggested. Success in structure and performance control on these important systems is highly valuable for designing more selective and efficient catalyst in practical applications.
Experimental Studies of a Petlyuk Column and Validation of a Non‐Equilibrium Stage Model
Authors: Egger Torben , Hiller Christoph , Fieg Georg
Published: January 2018

Integrated distillation equipment like the Petlyuk column offers enormous energy‐saving potential. However, high complexity and few available experimental data lead to high uncertainty. An integrated approach to reduce this risk is proposed. The first study on the influence of relative volatilities on the process behavior is presented. Comprehensive pilot‐plant experiments are displayed for three different component systems of linear alcohols. The experiments are carried out for a wide range of operating conditions. Results show a stable operation and high product purities. Based on the experimental data, a predictive non‐equilibrium stage model for column design is validated. Experiment and simulation indicate good agreement.
N−C Axially Chiral Anilines: Electronic Effect on Barrier to Rotation and A Remote Proton Brake
Authors: Iwasaki Yumiko , Morisawa Ryuichi , Yokojima Satoshi , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Roussel Christian , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Caytan Elsa , Kitagawa Osamu
Published: January 2018

N‐Aryl‐N‐methyl‐2‐tert‐butyl‐6‐methylaniline derivatives exhibit a rotationally stable N−C axially chiral structure and the rotational barriers around an N−C chiral axis increased with the increase in electron‐withdrawing character of para‐substituent on the aryl group. X‐ray crystal structural analysis and the DFT calculation suggested that the considerable change of the rotational barriers by the electron effect of para‐substituents is due to the disappearance of resonance stabilization energy caused by the twisting of para‐substituted phenyl group in the transition state. This structural property of the N−C axially chiral anilines was employed to reveal a new acid‐decelerated molecular rotor caused by the protonation at the remote position (remote proton brake).
Tumour cell expression of interleukin 6 receptor α is associated with response rates in patients treated with sunitinib for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Pilskog Martin , Bostad Leif , Edelmann Reidunn J , Akslen Lars A , Beisland Christian , Straume Oddbjørn
Published: January 2018

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma, and anti‐angiogenic treatment is currently first line therapy for metastatic ccRCC (mccRCC). Response rates and duration of response show considerable variation, and adverse events have a major influence on patient quality of life. The need for predictive biomarkers to select responders to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors upfront is urgent. We investigated the predictive value of immunohistochemical biomarkers associated with angiogenesis and systemic inflammation in mccRCC. Forty‐six patients with metastatic or non‐resectable ccRCC treated with sunitinib were included. Metastatic and/or primary tumour tissue was stained by immunohistochemistry for selected markers related to angiogenesis [vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ), and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27)] and immune responses [Interleukin 6 receptor α (IL6Rα), interleukin‐6 (IL6), and jagged1 (JAG1)]. The predictive potential of the candidate markers was assessed by correlations with response rates (RECIST). In addition, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analysed. Low tumour cell expression of IL6Rα was significantly associated with improved response to sunitinib (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.03), but not with PFS or OS. Median/high expression of IL6Rα showed significant association with median/high expression of VEGF‐A and HSP27. Furthermore, low expression of IL6 was significantly associated with improved PFS, but not OS or response rates. High expression of IL6 was significantly associated with high expression of JAG1, VEGF‐A, VEGFR2, and PDGFRβ. Loss of tumour cell expression of IL6Rα in mccRCC patients treated with sunitinib predicts improved treatment response, and might represent a candidate predictive marker.