bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adad (Haddu)
Authors: Masetti‐Rouault Maria Grazia
Published: December 2012

The storm god, who was called Adad in Akkadian, Iškur in Sumerian, Haddu or Adda in West Semitic dialects, Teššub in Hurrian, and Tarhunza in Hittite, was prominent in almost all the cultures and religions of the ancient Near East. In later Syrian tradition, Adad/Haddu was sometimes identified as the son of Dagan, also an important god of agriculture and weather. His role in official and national pantheons transcends the simple representation of the powers of tempest, wind, rain, lightning, and thunder, from which his name probably derives.
Anat
Authors: Smelik Klaas A. D.
Published: December 2012

Anat is the name of a Northwest Semitic goddess of war, who is primarily known from texts from Syria. She was also popular in Egypt during the New Kingdom.
Anzu (Imdugud)
Authors: Hess Christian W.
Published: December 2012

In Mesopotamian mythology, Anzu (Sumerian Anzud, whose name is written Imdugud) was a monstrous eagle or lion‐headed eagle associated with Ningirsu or Ninurta, god of agriculture and war.
Arsaces
Authors: Wiesehöfer Joseph
Published: December 2012

Arsaces I (ruled ca. 247–217BCE), whom Roman sources disparagingly call a “man of obscure origins” (Just. 41.4.6; Amm. 23.6.2), was a Parnian chieftain who became the founder of the Arsacid Dynasty and the first king of the Parthian Empire.
Chemosh
Authors: Smelik Klaas A. D.
Published: December 2012

Chemosh (Hebrew

k
e
moš

) was the national god of Moab, the nation known as “the people of Chemosh” (Num 21:29; Jer 48:46) that flourished during the Iron Age in Transjordan.
Dagan
Authors: Masetti‐Rouault Maria Grazia
Published: December 2012

Dagan was a god of agriculture and weather, who was worshipped in Syria during the third and second millennia
BCE
.
David
Authors: Cline Eric H.
Published: December 2012

David, son of Jesse, began his career as a shepherd and rose to rule over the united kingdoms of Israel and Judah at the beginning of the tenth century
BCE
.
Ea (Enki)
Authors: Lion Brigitte
Published: December 2012

The Sumerian god Enki is also called Nudimmud and, in Akkadian, Ea. He is attested in lists of deities from the midh‐third millennium
BCE
onward.
Elamite kings, Neo‐Elamite period
Authors: Álvarez‐Món Javier
Published: December 2012

The chronology of the Neo–Elamite period (ca. 1100–550BCE) is divided in two or three phases, according to whether one follows textual or archaeological evidence.
Ensí
Authors: Lafont Bertrand
Published: December 2012

The Sumerian word, E N S I, of uncertain etymology, denotes an office pertaining to the Sumero‐Akkadian institutions of third‐millennium
BCE
Mesopotamia. The word first appears in the archaic Sumerian texts from Ur, around 2700.
Eridu
Authors: Leick Gwendolyn
Published: December 2012

Eridu was the name of a southern Mesopotamian city, the remains of which were discovered near present‐day Abu Shahrein in the 1940s.
Gula
Authors: Boeck Barbara
Published: December 2012

Gula was one of several ancient Mesopotamian healing goddesses. She is first attested in god lists dating to the Early Dynastic Periods II–III (ca. 2700–2400BCE).
Ilkum
Authors: Reculeau Hervé
Published: December 2012

Derived from the Akkadian root 'LK “to go,” hence “to follow, serve,”
ilku(m)
denotes a service (performed by either the beneficiary or a substitute) owed to the royal authority in exchange for an allotment of land. By extension, it also refers to that plot of land, and a sum paid in lieu of the service. The Akkadian word
ilku(m)
is attested in the second and first millennia
BCE
, but its Sumerian counterparts
Giš
D U S U and Š U K U are already attested in the third millennium
BCE
.
Lachish
Authors: Faust Avraham
Published: December 2012

The ancient city of Lachish is identified with Tell ed‐Duweir, a relatively large site (approximately 7 ha) located in the Shephelah (lowlands) of southwestern Israel.
Limmum
Authors: Veenhof Klaas R.
Published: December 2012

The wordlimmumwas the title of an Assyrian office that is attested from the early twentieth centuryBCEto the end of the Assyrian Empire in 612BCE. Originally thelimmumwas chosen by lot (using inscribed dice) from the main lineages of the population ofASHUR, and each holder of the office served for one year.
Melammu
Authors: Pongratz‐Leisten Beate
Published: December 2012

The Akkadian termmelammu(derived from Sumerian M E ‐ L E M4) broadly signifies “radiance, awe‐inspiring sheen,” but has been subject to multiple interpretations (Oppenheim 1943; Cassin 1968; Winter 1994; Ataç 2007); in the dictionaries melammu is interpreted as synonymous with terms used for luminosity or splendor.
Mesha of Moab
Authors: Smelik Klaas A. D.
Published: December 2012

Mesha, son of Kemosh‐yat(ti), was a Moabite king who led a successful revolt against the kingdom of Israel in the ninth centuryBCE. Probably both Mesha and his father had been chiefs of the Dibon tribe before assuming kingship over the whole of Moab.
Qarqar
Authors: Cogan Mordechai
Published: December 2012

Qarqar was a city in the Kingdom of Hamath and is usually identified with Tell Qarqur on the east bank of the Orontes River, 7 km south of Jisr esh‐Shughur in central Syria.
Rib‐Hadda of Byblos
Authors: Marquez Rowe Ignacio
Published: December 2012

Rib‐Hadda ruled Byblos (Gubla), an important Levantine port and capital, as a vassal of Egypt during the mid‐fourteenth century
BCE
.
Rim‐Sin I of Larsa
Authors: van Koppen Frans
Published: December 2012

Rim‐Sin I, the last king of the Larsa Dynasty ruled for sixty years enjoying the longest reign of any known Mesopotamian ruler.
Sennacherib
Authors: Frahm Eckart
Published: December 2012

Sennacherib was a king of Assyria who ruled from 705 to 681
BCE
.
Shuruppak
Authors: Leick Gwendolyn
Published: December 2012

Shuruppak was a large Sumerian city in southern Mesopotamia. The modern name of the site is Fara.
Sin (Nanna)
Authors: Pappi Cinzia
Published: December 2012

Sin (or Suen) in Akkadian is the Mesopotamian moon god; his name in Sumerian texts is Nanna. Nanna/Suen was the son of Enlil and Ninlil.
Solomon
Authors: Cline Eric H.
Published: December 2012

Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, ruled the united kingdoms of Israel and Judah during the mid‐tenth century
BCE
. He is known to us only from the Hebrew Bible, for no extra‐biblical evidence has yet been found to confirm his existence. However, there seems no reason to doubt that he existed, although the extent of his realm and the significance of Jerusalem during his lifetime remain a matter of debate.
Sukkalmah
Authors: Lafont Bertrand
Published: December 2012

Sukkalmah, a Sumerian term that may be literally translated “grand vizier,” was the title borne by the highest official of the empire under the Third Dynasty of Ur.
Terqa
Authors: Buccellati Giorgio , Kelly‐Buccellati Marilyn
Published: December 2012

The ancient city of Terqa (modern Tell Asharah), located on the middle Euphrates upstream from Mari, flourished in the third and second millennia
BCE
.
Ur III Dynasty
Authors: Garfinkle Steven
Published: December 2012

The term Ur III Dynasty, or Third Dynasty of Ur, refers to a ruling dynasty that created an early territorial state in southern Mesopotamia in the late third millenniumBCE(ca. twenty‐first century).
Bit hilani
Authors: Battini Laura
Published: December 2012

In Syria and Anatolia, first at the end of the second millennium
BCE
and then in the first millennium, the
bit hilani
(referred to in Mesopotamian texts) is either a palace provided with a portico or the portico itself.
Shasu
Authors: Warburton David A.
Published: December 2012

The elusive population group designated Shasu in New Kingdom Egyptian texts is generally thought to consist of lawless Nomads whom Egyptians encountered in the deserts on the northeastern frontiers of Egypt; exceptionally, they are also known to have settled in Egypt.
Expression of Nerve Growth Factor and its Receptor in Distracted Tibial Nerve after Limb Lengthening
Authors: Shao Heng , Shu Hengsheng , Wang Chunmei , Yuan Wu , Li Yunsheng
Published: December 2012

Despite many experimental and clinical studies conducted on distraction osteogenesis (DO) in the past decade, changes in the surrounding tissues that occur after the procedure remains poorly understood. To study the biochemical changes of recovery in nerve tissues upon DO‐induced nerve injury, we prepared a rabbit model of tibia lengthening to observe the expression pattern of nerve growth factor (NGF) and low‐affinity NGF receptor (p75NGFR) in the distracted tibial nerve. The distracted tibial nerve was harvested at various time points during the consolidation period of new bone formation and immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of NGF and p75NGFR. The expression levels of NGF and p75NGFR were found to be different at various times after DO. The changes in expression of these two cellular factors show similar tendencies with significantly elevated expression in Schwann cells at 7 and 14 days after distraction, but low or undetectable levels of expression at 0, 28, and 56 days. These results suggest that NGF and p75NGFR may play important roles in the adaptive process of the distracted nerve. NGF and p75NGFR are autocrine growth factors present in the distracted nerve during the early consolidation period. NGF interacts with p75NGFR to promote damage repair and reconstruction of nerves. Together, this study furthers the understanding of the relative mechanisms of nerve repair, as well as provides a further basis for the clinical application of neurotrophins. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adolescent search roles
Authors: Foss Elizabeth , Druin Allison , Yip Jason , Ford Whitney , Golub Evan , Hutchinson Hilary
Published: December 2012

In this article, we present an in‐home observation and in‐context research study investigating how 38 adolescents aged 14–17 search on the Internet. We present the search trends adolescents display and develop a framework of search roles that these trends help define. We compare these trends and roles to similar trends and roles found in prior work with children ages 7, 9, and 11. We use these comparisons to make recommendations to adult stakeholders such as researchers, designers, and information literacy educators about the best ways to design search tools for children and adolescents, as well as how to use the framework of searching roles to find better methods of educating youth searchers. Major findings include the seven roles of adolescent searchers, and evidence that adolescents are social in their computer use, have a greater knowledge of sources than younger children, and that adolescents are less frustrated by searching tasks than younger children.
Joint analysis of longitudinal data and recurrent episodes data with application to medical cost analysis
Authors: Zhu Liang , Zhao Hui , Sun Jianguo , Pounds Stanley , Zhang Hui
Published: December 2012

This paper discusses regression analysis of longitudinal data in which the observation process may be related to the longitudinal process of interest. Such data have recently attracted a great deal of attention and some methods have been developed. However, most of those methods treat the observation process as a recurrent event process, which assumes that one observation can immediately follow another. Sometimes, this is not the case, as there may be some delay or observation duration. Such a process is often referred to as a recurrent episode process. One example is the medical cost related to hospitalization, where each hospitalization serves as a single observation. For the problem, we present a joint analysis approach for regression analysis of both longitudinal and observation processes and a simulation study is conducted that assesses the finite sample performance of the approach. The asymptotic properties of the proposed estimates are also given and the method is applied to the medical cost data that motivated this study.
High concordance of EGFR mutation status between histologic and corresponding cytologic specimens of lung adenocarcinomas
Authors: Sun Ping‐Li , Jin Yan , Kim Hyojin , Lee Choon‐Taek , Jheon Sanghoon , Chung Jin‐Haeng
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND

Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) are associated significantly with responsiveness to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of cytologic specimens for assessing EGFR mutations in lung adenocarcinomas.

METHODS

Sixty paired histologic and cytologic specimens of lung adenocarcinoma were collected. Exons 18 through 21 of the EGFR gene were amplified using polymerase chain reaction, and the mutation status of each sample was analyzed by pyrosequencing. A comparison of EGFR mutation status between histologic specimens and cytologic specimens was performed.

RESULTS

The overall EGFR mutation concordance rate between histologic specimens and corresponding cytologic specimens was 91.7%. No significant difference was observed in the concordance rate between cytologic specimens from primary lesions and specimens from metastatic lesions (P = .63). The following parameters were correlated with the most reliable EGFR mutation results using the pyrosequencing method (100% concordance with the corresponding histologic specimens) in cytologic samples: a DNA concentration >25 ng/μL, content of >30 tumor cells, or a tumor percentage >30%.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, routinely prepared cytologic specimens were reliable sources for assessing EGFR mutation status. The authors concluded that cytologic specimens from metastatic lesions and primary tumors are suitable for the successful assessment of EGFR mutation status. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:311–9. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis of Tellurasila Cycles Containing an Annelated Dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) Unit: Structure of a 1,4‐Ditellura‐2,3‐disilacyclohexane Derivative
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Klimkina Elena V. , Milius Wolfgang
Published: December 2012

Insertion of tellurium into C–Li bonds of dilithiated 1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) gave 1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborano(12)‐1,2‐ditellurolate [(1,2‐C2B10H10)Te2Li2](Et2O) which, after reaction with 1,2‐dichlorotetramethyldisilane, afforded a six‐membered heterocycle containing the Te–Si–Si–Te unit with an annelated carborane moiety, characterized by multinuclear magnetic resonance and X‐ray structural analysis. As a byproduct, a five‐membered ring containing a Si–Si–Te unit was formed, which was obtained as a major product, using conditions favouring partial insertion of tellurium into C–Li bonds. Treatment of [(1,2‐C2B10H10)Te2Li2](Et2O) with dichlorodimethylsilane led to a five‐membered heterocycle as a major product containing a Te–Te–Si unit. Various decomposition/hydrolysis/oxidation products could be identified by multinuclear magnetic resonance, among them most notably 1,2‐di(hydrotelluro)‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12).
Fused‐Silica Capillary Dropping Mercury Electrode for Electrocapillary Measurements
Authors: Součková J. , Skopalová J. , Švecová H. , Barták P.
Published: December 2012

A homemade fused‐silica capillary dropping mercury electrode was used for the investigation of the adsorption behavior of a complex system by electrocapillary measurements. A mixture of soybean phospholipids, known as asolectin, was used for this purpose. The proposed setup with a fused‐silica capillary electrode enables to observe aggregation and adsorption of asolectin aggregates at the mercury electrode surface and to determine the concentrations corresponding to the formation of asolectin micelles (critical micelle concentration, CMC) and liposomes (critical liposome concentration, CLC). Values of CMC (196.2–39.0 mg L−1) and CLC (1360–350 mg L−1) were obtained from the dependence of drop time on the logarithm of asolectin concentration in phosphate buffer pH 7.0 within a concentration range from 1 to 50 mmol L−1.
Preparation of Ag‐Nanoparticles/Ionic‐Liquid Modified Screen‐Printed Electrode and Its Application in the Determination of Metronidazole
Authors: Sadeghi Susan , Hemmati Masoud , Garmroodi Aziz
Published: December 2012

A new homemade disposable screen‐printed carbon electrode consisting of graphite and cellulose acetate printing ink modified with the ionic liquid 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([OMIM][PF6]) and Ag nanoparticles for electrochemical determination of Metronidazole (MTZ) is introduced. The electroanalytical performance of the modified screen‐printed electrode for reduction of MTZ based on differential pulse voltammetry was intensively evaluated. The response of the developed electrode exhibited well bimodal linear behavior in the MTZ concentration range between 3.1–310 µM and 310–1300 µM with a detection limit of 0.4 µM. The developed electrode was applied to the determination of MTZ in pharmaceutical and human urine samples.
Countercation Effect on Reactivity ofo‐(Fluorodimethylsilyl)phenyl Anion
Authors: Kawachi Atsushi , Teranishi Takuya , Deguchi Takuma , Yamamoto Yohsuke
Published: December 2012

The countercation effect on the reactivity of ambiphilico‐(fluorodimethylsilyl)phenyl anion was investigated by replacing Li in1with Cu (4and5), Mg (6), and Zn (7). The reactivity of the aryl metal species was estimated by the yields of dimerized product3, which were monitored by GC. X‐ray crystallographic analysis, DFT calculations, and AIM analysis of bis(aryl)zinc7were performed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:53–57, 2013; View this article online atwileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21062
Association Between Liver-Specific Gene Polymorphisms and Their Expression Levels With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Adams Leon A. , White Scott W. , Marsh Julie A. , Lye Stephen J. , Connor Kristin L. , Maganga Richard , Ayonrinde Oyekoya T. , Olynyk John K. , Mori Trevor A. , Beilin Lawrence J. , Palmer Lyle J. , Hamdorf Jeffrey M. , Pennell Craig E.
Published: December 2012

Genetic factors account for a significant proportion of the phenotypic variance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, very few predisposing genes have been identified. We aimed to (1) identify novel genetic associations with NAFLD by performing a genome-wide association study (GWAS), and (2) examine the biological expression of the strongest genetic associations in a separate cohort. We performed GWAS of a population-based cohort (Raine Study) of 928 adolescents assessed for NAFLD by ultrasound at age 17. Expression of genes with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were associated with NAFLD at a significance level of

P

< 10−5 was examined in adults with NAFLD and controls by quantifying hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and serum levels of protein. After adjustment for sex and degree of adiposity, SNPs in two genes expressed in liver were associated with NAFLD adolescents:

group-specific component (GC)

(odds ratio [OR], 2.54;

P

= 1.20 × 10−6) and

lymphocyte cytosolic protein-1 (LCP1

) (OR, 3.29;

P

= 2.96 × 10−6). SNPs in two genes expressed in neurons were also associated with NAFLD:

lipid phosphate phosphatase-related protein type 4 (LPPR4

) (OR, 2.30;

P

= 4.82 × 10−6) and

solute carrier family 38 member 8 (SLC38A8

) (OR, 3.14;

P

= 1.86 × 10−6). Hepatic

GC

mRNA was significantly reduced (by 83%) and

LCP1

mRNA was increased (by 300%) in liver biopsy samples from patients with NAFLD compared to controls (

P

< 0.05). Mean serum levels of GC protein were significantly lower in patients with NAFLD than controls (250 ± 90 versus 298 ± 90, respectively;

P

= 0.004); GC protein levels decreased with increasing severity of hepatic steatosis (

P

< 0.01).

Conclusion:

The association between

GC

and

LCP1

SNPs and NAFLD as well as altered biological expression implicate these genes in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
Exploration of effects of emodin in selected cancer cell lines: enhanced growth inhibition by ascorbic acid and regulation of LRP1 and AR under hypoxia‐like conditions
Authors: Masaldan Shashank , Iyer Vidhya V.
Published: December 2012

This study explores the link between the antiproliferative activity of emodin through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cancer cell lines and the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) in the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP (androgen‐sensitive) and PC‐3 (androgen‐refractory), as well as the pro‐metastatic low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1) in the above prostate cancer cells and the nonprostate cell lines A549 (lung), HCT‐15 (colon) and MG‐63 (bone) under normoxic and hypoxia‐like conditions. Among all cell lines, emodin showed most growth inhibition in LNCaP, followed by A549. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of emodin was postulated to be the widely reported ROS generation, based on the observations of poor in vitro radical‐scavenging activity and increased growth inhibition of emodin by ascorbic acid (AA) pre‐treatment owing to the additive effects of ROS generation by emodin and pro‐oxidant effects of AA. Emodin downregulated AR in LNCaP under normoxic and hypoxia‐like conditions (simulated by CoCl2) and LRP1 under normoxia. Emodin upregulated LRP1 in other cell lines, except HCT‐15, under normoxic, and even more markedly under hypoxia‐like conditions. The downregulation of AR in LNCaP and upregulation of LRP1 in all cell lines, except HCT‐15, under hypoxia‐like conditions along with growth inhibition by emodin, suggests that emodin may be a useful therapeutic option against androgen‐sensitive prostate cancer and other such LRP1‐expressing cancers to attempt the targeting of the elevated LRP1 levels to allow the uptake of emodin and/or any other accompanying therapeutic agents by LRP1. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A valence bond model for aqueous Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions in the AMOEBA polarizable force field
Authors: Xiang Jin Yu , Ponder Jay W.
Published: December 2012

A general molecular mechanics (MM) model for treating aqueous Cu2+and Zn2+ions was developed based on valence bond (VB) theory and incorporated into the atomic multipole optimized energetics for biomolecular applications (AMOEBA) polarizable force field. Parameters were obtained by fitting MM energies to that computed byab initiomethods for gas‐phase tetra‐ and hexa‐aqua metal complexes. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the proposed AMOEBA‐VB model were performed for each transition metal ion in aqueous solution, and solvent coordination was evaluated. Results show that the AMOEBA‐VB model generates the correct square‐planar geometry for gas‐phase tetra‐aqua Cu2+complex and improves the accuracy of MM model energetics for a number of ligation geometries when compared to quantum mechanical (QM) computations. On the other hand, both AMOEBA and AMOEBA‐VB generate results for Zn2+–water complexes in good agreement with QM calculations. Analyses of the MD trajectories revealed a six‐coordination first solvation shell for both Cu2+and Zn2+ions in aqueous solution, with ligation geometries falling in the range reported by previous studies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An analytical approach for computing Franck‐Condon integrals of harmonic oscillators with arbitrary dimensions
Authors: Chang Jia‐Lin , Huang Cyong‐Huei , Chen Sue‐Chang , Yin Tsung‐Hao , Chen Yi‐Tsung
Published: December 2012

We have developed an analytical approach for computing Franck‐Condon integrals (FCIs) of harmonic oscillators (HOs) with arbitrary dimensions in which the mode‐mixing Duschinsky effect is taken into account. A general formula of FCIs of HOs was obtained and was applied to study the photoelectron spectroscopy of vinyl alcohol and ovalene (C32H14). The equilibrium geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies and normal modes of vinyl alcohol, ovalene, and their cations were computed at the B3LYP/aug‐cc‐pVTZ or the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level, from which Franck‐Condon factors were calculated and photoelectron spectra were simulated. The adiabatic ionization energies of vinyl alcohol were also computed by extrapolating the CCSD(T) energies to the complete basis set limit with aug‐cc‐pVXZ (X = D, T, Q, 5). The simulated photoelectron spectra of both vinyl alcohol and ovalene are in agreement with the experiments. The computed adiabatic ionization energies of syn‐ and anti‐vinyl alcohol are in consistent with the experiment within 0.008 eV and 0.014 eV, respectively. We show, for the first time, that the analytical approach of computing FCIs is also efficient and promising for the studies of vibronic spectra of macrosystems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anticancer activity of Carica papaya: A review
Authors: Nguyen Thao T. T. , Shaw Paul N. , Parat Marie‐Odile , Hewavitharana Amitha K.
Published: December 2012

Carica papaya is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries and is used as food as well as traditional medicine to treat a range of diseases. Increasing anecdotal reports of its effects in cancer treatment and prevention, with many successful cases, have warranted that these pharmacological properties be scientifically validated. A bibliographic search was conducted using the key words “papaya”, “anticancer”, and “antitumor” along with cross‐referencing. No clinical or animal cancer studies were identified and only seven in vitro cell‐culture‐based studies were reported; these indicate that C. papaya extracts may alter the growth of several types of cancer cell lines. However, many studies focused on specific compounds in papaya and reported bioactivity including anticancer effects. This review summarizes the results of extract‐based or specific compound‐based investigations and emphasizes the aspects that warrant future research to explore the bioactives in C. papaya for their anticancer activities.
Complications of BCG vaccine SSI® recent story and risk management plan: the French experience
Authors: Chol Christelle , Guy Claire , Jacquet Alexis , Castot‐Villepelet Anne , Kreft‐Jais Carmen , Cambazard Frédéric , Beyens Marie‐Noelle , Mounier Geneviève , Marsille Fakhria , Mismetti Patrick
Published: December 2012

Introduction

As of January 2006, the BCG vaccine SSI® became the only BCG vaccine available for tuberculosis vaccination in France. The use of this vaccine led to significant changes in vaccination technique which were accompanied by a rapid increase in the number of adverse reactions (ADRs) reported. A national pharmacovigilance follow‐up began in February 2006, and a risk management plan (RMP) was put in place in April 2006, made of three phases (carried out in June 2006, July 2006 and September 2006) with risk minimisation measures.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of the RMP on the amount of ADRs reported.

Methods

Based on data collected by the regional pharmacovigilance centres and the MSD laboratory, the cases of locoregional ADRs spontaneously reported were analysed retrospectively from January 2005 to February 2006, and then prospectively up to June 2008, the date at which the national follow‐up ended. The locoregional ADRs were divided into three categories: abscesses, local reactions or lymphadenopathy of more than 1 cm and suppurative lymphadenopathy. A parallel was then drawn between these data and the different phases of the RMP.

Results

During the entire follow‐up period, we note 1050 locoregional ADRs, of which 764 were abscesses (73% of all cases), 266 were local reactions and 20 involved suppurative lymphadenopathy.Locoregional ADRs increased rapidly from January 2006 onward, reaching a peak in August 006 and then falling and stabilising from December 2007 onward.The RMP was implemented when there was an increase in the number of ADRs reported. The drop in the number of these effects began 3 months after the first phase and 2 months after the second phase of the RMP. The third phase was not accompanied by a variation in the number of ADRs reported.

Conclusion

The RMP appears to have positive effect on the evolution of the number of ADRs, their decrease occurring rapidly after the risk minimisation measures of the first two phases. Nonetheless, these data should be confirmed by other studies on the efficacy of RMPs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of novel alternating fluorinated copolymers bearing oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains
Authors: Alaaeddine Ali , Hess Andrew , Boschet Frédéric , Allcock Harry , Ameduri Bruno
Published: December 2012

The synthesis and characterization of novel poly(CTFE‐g‐oligoEO) graft copolymers [chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) and ethylene oxide (EO)] are presented. First, vinyl ether monomers bearing oligo(EO) were prepared by transetherification of ω‐hydroxyoligo(EO) with ethyl vinyl ether catalyzed by a palladium complex in 70–84% yields. Two vinyl ethers of different molecular weights (three and 10 EO units) were thus obtained. Then, radical copolymerization of the above vinyl ethers with CTFE led to alternating poly(CTFE‐alt‐VE) copolymers that bore oligo(OE) side chains in satisfactory yields (65%). These original poly(CTFE‐g‐oligoEO) graft copolymers were characterized by 1H, 19F, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Their molecular weights reached 19,000 g mol−1, and their thermal properties were investigated while their glass transition temperatures ranged between −42 and −36 °C. Their thermogravimetric analyses under air showed decomposition temperatures of 270 °C with 10% weight loss (Td,10%). These novel copolymers are of potential interest as polymer electrolytes in lithium ion batteries, showing room temperature conductivities ranging from 4.49 × 10−7 to 1.45 × 10−6 S cm−1 for unplasticized material. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
The Effect of Hot‐ and Cold‐Rolling on the Electropulse‐Induced Microstructure and Property Changes in Medium Carbon Low Alloy Steels
Authors: Yu W. P. , Qin R. S. , Wu K. M.
Published: December 2012

The application of electropulse to hot‐rolled and cold‐rolled, medium carbon low alloy steels has generated completely different effects. For cold‐rolled steel samples, electropulsing treatment causes microstructure refinement and, hence, increments in tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. For hot‐rolled steels, the effect of electropulsing is found to be negligible. This proves the importance of dislocations in the micromechanism of electropulse‐induced microstructure transformation in solids. The optimal electropulse parameters for the improvement of cold‐rolled steels are observed. The experimental observations are explained within the frameworks of thermodynamics and kinetics of microstructure transformation.
Synthesis, Structures and Luminescent Properties of Two Coordination Polymers Based on 5‐(4‐Carboxyphenyl)‐2, 6‐Pyr­idinedicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Zhang Wenqian , Yu Jiancan , Cui Yuanjing , Rao Xingtang , Yang Yu , Qian Guodong
Published: December 2012

Two coordination polymers, Zn7O(cpda)3(OH)3 (1) and [Tb(H2cpda)(Hcpda)(H2O)]·(H2O) (2) (H3cpda = 5‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐2, 6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, TGA, PXRD, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 has a 3D framework structure with high thermal stability and complex 2 exhibits 1D chain structure. Luminescent measurements indicate that complex 1 shows strong ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT) luminescence, while complex 2 exhibits the characteristic emission of Tb3+ ions.
Kerr/CFT, dipole theories and nonrelativistic CFTs
Authors: El-Showk Sheer , Guica Monica
Published: December 2012

Abstract

We study solutions of type IIB supergravity which are SL(2,$\mathbb{R}$) × SU(2) × U(1)2invariant deformations ofAdS3 × S3 × K3 and take the form of products of self-dual spacelike warpedAdS3and a deformed three-sphere. One of these backgrounds has been recently argued to be relevant for a derivation of Kerr/CFT from string theory, whereas the remaining ones are holographic duals of two-dimensional dipole theories and their S-duals. We show that each of these backgrounds is holographically dual to a deformation of the DLCQ of the D1-D5 CFT by a specific supersymmetric (1,2) operator, which we write down explicitly in terms of twist operators at the free orbifold point. The deforming operator is argued to be exactly marginal with respect to the zero-dimensional nonrelativistic conformal (or Schrödinger) group — which is simply SL(2,$\mathbb{R}$)L × U(1)R. Moreover, in the supergravity limit of largeNand strong coupling, no other single-trace operators are turned on. We thus propose that the field theory duals to the backgrounds of interest are nonrelativistic CFTs defined by adding the single Scrödinger-invariant (1, 2) operator mentioned above to the original CFT action. Our analysis indicates that the rotating extremal black holes we study are best thought of as finite right-moving temperature (non-supersymmetric) states in the above-defined supersymmetric nonrelativistic CFT and hints towards a more general connection between Kerr/CFT and two-dimensional non-relativistic CFTs.
Screening for Muir‐Torre Syndrome Using Mismatch Repair Protein Immunohistochemistry of Sebaceous Neoplasms
Authors: Roberts Maegan E. , Riegert‐Johnson Douglas L. , Thomas Brittany C. , Thomas Colleen S. , Heckman Michael G , Krishna Murli , DiCaudo David J. , Bridges Alina G , Hunt Katherine S. , Rumilla Kandelaria M. , Cappel Mark A
Published: December 2012

Screening for the Muir‐Torre variant of Lynch Syndrome (LS) using Mismatch Repair (MMR) gene immunohistochemistry (IHC) on sebaceous neoplasms (SNs) is technically feasible. To date, research into the clinical utility of MMR IHC for this indication is limited. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 90 patients with MMR IHC completed on at least one SN from January 2005 to May 2010. SNs included were adenomas, epitheliomas, carcinomas and basal and squamous cell carcinomas with sebaceous differentiation. Of the 90 patients, 13 (14 %) had genetically confirmed or fulfilled clinical criteria for a diagnosis of MTS and 51 patients (57 %) presented with an abnormal MMR IHC result (loss of one or more MMR proteins) on at least one SN. Abnormal IHC had a sensitivity of 85 %, specificity of 48 %, positive predictive value (PPV) of 22 % and negative predictive value (NPV) of 95 % when evaluating for MTS. When personal or family history of colorectal cancer (≥2 family members with a history of colorectal cancer) was taken into consideration, ignoring IHC results, sensitivity was 92 %, specificity was 99 %, PPV was 92 % and NPV was 99 %. MMR IHC on SNs when used to screen for MTS has poor diagnostic utility. We recommend that MMR IHC not be performed routinely on SNs when the patient does not have either personal or family history of colorectal cancer.
When the Topic is You: Genetic Counselor Responses to Prenatal Patients’ Requests for Self‐Disclosure
Authors: Balcom Jessica R. , Veach Patricia McCarthy , Bemmels Heather , Redlinger‐Grosse Krista , LeRoy Bonnie S.
Published: December 2012

A limited amount of research indicates patient requests play a major role in genetic counselors’ self‐disclosure decisions and that disclosure and non‐disclosure responses to patient requests may differentially affect genetic counseling processes. Studies further suggest patient requests may be more common in prenatal settings, particularly when counselors are pregnant. Empirical evidence is limited however, concerning the nature of patient requests. This study explored genetic counselors’ experiences of prenatal patients’ requests for self‐disclosure. Four major research questions were: (1) What types of questions do prenatal patients ask that invite self‐disclosure?; (2) Do pregnant genetic counselors have unique experiences with prenatal patient disclosure requests?; (3) How do genetic counselors typically respond to disclosure requests?; and (4) What strategies are effective and ineffective in responding to disclosure requests? One hundred seventy‐six genetic counselors completed an online survey and 40 also participated in telephone interviews. Inductive analysis of 21 interviews revealed patient questions vary, although questions about counselor demographics are most common, and patients are more likely to ask pregnant counselors questions about their personal pregnancy decisions. Participants reported greater discomfort with self‐disclosure requests during pregnancy, yet also disclosing more frequently during pregnancy. Counselor responses included personal self‐disclosure, professional self‐disclosure, redirection, and declining to disclose. Factors perceived as influencing disclosure included: topic, patient motivations, timing of request, quality of counseling relationship, patient characteristics, and ethical/legal responsibilities. Disclosure practices changed over time for most counselors. Additional findings, practice implications, and research recommendations are discussed.
Testing Manifest Monotonicity Using Order-Constrained Statistical Inference
Authors: Tijmstra Jesper , Hessen David J. , van der Heijden Peter G. M. , Sijtsma Klaas
Published: December 2012

Most dichotomous item response models share the assumption of latent monotonicity, which states that the probability of a positive response to an item is a nondecreasing function of a latent variable intended to be measured. Latent monotonicity cannot be evaluated directly, but it implies manifest monotonicity across a variety of observed scores, such as the restscore, a single item score, and in some cases the total score. In this study, we show that manifest monotonicity can be tested by means of the order-constrained statistical inference framework. We propose a procedure that uses this framework to determine whether manifest monotonicity should be rejected for specific items. This approach provides a likelihood ratio test for which the p-value can be approximated through simulation. A simulation study is presented that evaluates the Type I error rate and power of the test, and the procedure is applied to empirical data.
The effect of Morinda Citrifolia juice as an endodontic irrigant on smear layer and microhardness of root canal dentin
Authors: Saghiri Mohammad Ali , García‐Godoy Franklin , Asgar Kamal , Lotfi Mehrdad
Published: December 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Morinda Citrifolia Juice (MCJ) on smear layer removal and microhardness value of root canal dentin in compared with various endodontic irrigants.

Material and methods: Eighty‐four single‐rooted human teeth were prepared to apical size of #35. Since decoronation, samples were divided into seven groups of 12 in each (n = 12). Specimens were finally irrigated by either 1: 2.5% NaOCl, 2: 6% MCJ, followed by a final flush of 17% ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 3: 6% MCJ, 4: 2.5% NaOCl then17% EDTA, 5: MTAD, 6: 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and 7: saline. After irrigation, all samples were subjected to Vickers microhardness test at 100 and 500‐μm depths and then were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ImageJ program was used to calculate open dentinal tubules. One way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were used to reveal any significant differences among and between groups respectively.

Results: The microhardness values at 100 μm and 500 μm for MTAD were significantly lower than for NaOCl + EDTA and MCJ + EDTA groups (p < 0.05). MCJ + EDTA, NaOCl + EDTA, and MTAD protocol significantly removed smear layer in compared with control group (p < 0.05), with no significant differences among these three groups.

Conclusions: It was concluded that 6% MCJ followed by a final flush of 17% EDTA can be regarded as an effective solution on smear layer removal without any adverse influence on microhardness property of root canal dentin.
Ancient Philosophical Poetics
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: December 2012

What is poetry? Why do human beings produce and consume it? What effects does it have on them? Can it give them insight into truth, or is it dangerously misleading? This book is a wide-ranging study of the very varied answers which ancient philosophers gave to such questions. An extended discussion of Plato's Republic shows how the two discussions of poetry are integrated with each other and with the dialogue's central themes. Aristotle's Poetics is read in the context of his understanding of poetry as a natural human behaviour and an intrinsically valuable component of a good human life. Two chapters trace the development of the later Platonist tradition from Plutarch to Plotinus, Longinus and Porphyry, exploring its intellectual debts to Epicurean, allegorical and Stoic approaches to poetry. It will be essential reading for classicists as well as ancient philosophers and modern philosophers of art and aesthetics.
Emerging Regional Human Rights Systems in Asia
Authors: Baik Tae-Ung
Published: December 2012

Asia is the only area in the world that does not have a human rights court or commission covering the region as a whole. However, a close look at recent developments in the region, especially in East Asia, shows that a human rights system is emerging. Various activities and initiatives for human rights cooperation are developing in Asia at the regional, sub-regional and national levels. Since the establishment of the ASEAN human rights body (AICHR) in 2009, the need for a review of the regional human rights mechanisms in Asia is stronger than ever. With a primary focus on twenty-three East Asian states, Tae-Ung Baik highlights the significant changes that have taken place in recent decades and demonstrates that the constituent elements of a human rights system (norms, institutions and modes of implementation) are developing in Asia.
Stellar Evolution Physics
Authors: Iben Icko
Published: December 2012

This volume explains the microscopic physics operating in stars in advanced stages of their evolution and describes with many numerical examples and illustrations how they respond to this microphysics. Models of low and intermediate mass are evolved through the core helium-burning phase, the asymptotic giant branch phase (alternating shell hydrogen and helium burning) and through the final cooling white dwarf phase. A massive model is carried from the core helium-burning phase through core and shell carbon-burning phases. Gravothermal responses to nuclear reaction-induced transformations and energy loss from the surface are described in detail. Written for senior graduate students and researchers who have mastered the principles of stellar evolution, as developed in the first volume of Stellar Evolution Physics, sufficient attention is paid to how numerical solutions are obtained to enable the reader to engage in model construction on a professional level.
Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers
Authors: Sidgwick Henry
Published: December 2012

One of the most influential of the Victorian philosophers, Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900) was the author of the masterpiece of utilitarianism, The Methods of Ethics. He also made important contributions to fields such as economics, political theory, and classics. An active champion of higher education for women, he founded Cambridge's Newnham College in 1871. He attended Rugby School and then Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained his whole career. In 1859 he accepted a lectureship in classics, and held this post for ten years. He then changed direction and in 1869 took up a lectureship in moral philosophy. In this book, published in 1886, Sidgwick gives an objective summary of ethical philosophies throughout history. He considers general issues in ethics and then gives a detailed critique of the work of major philosophers from early Greek thinkers through to his nineteenth-century contemporaries.
The Works of Francis Bacon
Authors: Bacon Francis
Published: December 2012

Francis Bacon (1561–1626), the English philosopher, statesman and jurist, is best known for developing the empiricist method which forms the basis of modern science. Bacon's writings concentrated on philosophy and judicial reform. His most significant work is the Instauratio Magna comprising two parts - The Advancement of Learning and the Novum Organum. The first part is noteworthy as the first major philosophical work published in English (1605). James Spedding (1808–81) and his co-editors arranged this fourteen-volume edition, published in London between 1857 and 1874, not in chronological order but by subject matter, so that different volumes would appeal to different audiences. The material is divided into three parts: philosophy and general literature; legal works; and letters, speeches and tracts relating to politics. Volume 11, published in 1868, contains Bacon's political writings and letters from 1608 to 1613, including his treatise on the Irish plantations presented to King James I.
New Lands within the Arctic Circle
Authors: Payer Julius von
Published: December 2012

This two-volume work by the nineteenth-century Arctic explorer and artist Julius von Payer (1841–1915), originally published in German and translated into English almost immediately in 1876, documents his experiences during the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition, which he commanded from 1872 to 1874 with his colleague Karl Weyprecht. Early into the expedition, of which the original aim was to find a north-eastern passage, their ship, the Tegetthoff, became trapped in ice, and its resultant drifting into unknown territories led to the discovery of Franz-Josef Land. Volume 2 describes the crew's exploration of Franz-Josef Land by sledge, and their survival by means of bear-hunting, rationing of food, and making clothes from animal skins, in severe weather conditions, and encountering the challenges posed by icebergs and glaciers, until they were able to make their way to safety. The work contains both maps and paintings, the latter by von Payer himself.
Causality, Probability, and Time
Authors: Kleinberg Samantha
Published: December 2012

Causality is a key part of many fields and facets of life, from finding the relationship between diet and disease to discovering the reason for a particular stock market crash. Despite centuries of work in philosophy and decades of computational research, automated inference and explanation remains an open problem. In particular, the timing and complexity of relationships has been largely ignored even though this information is critically important for prediction, explanation and intervention. However, given the growing availability of large observational datasets including those from electronic health records and social networks, it is a practical necessity. This book presents a new approach to inference (finding relationships from a set of data) and explanation (assessing why a particular event occurred), addressing both the timing and complexity of relationships. The practical use of the method developed is illustrated through theoretical and experimental case studies, demonstrating its feasibility and success.