bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is the Cranial and Posterior Screw of the “Inverted Triangle” Configuration for Femoral Neck Fractures Safe?
Authors: Hoffmann Jacob C. , Kellam James , Kumaravel Manickam , Clark Kurt , Routt Milton L. “Chip” , Gary Joshua L.
Published: March 2019

Objectives:

To determine the frequency where a posterior and cranial screw in a femoral neck that appeared contained on fluoroscopy violates the cortex.

Methods:

Ten specimens including the hemipelvis with the proximal femur were obtained from unidentified embalmed specimens that were to be cremated after an institutional review board waiver was granted. Under fluoroscopy, the posterior and cranial screw of the inverted triangle configuration for the femoral neck was placed using standard technique with a cannulated 6.5-mm screw. Anterior–posterior and lateral images of the final screw placement were blinded to 2 orthopaedic traumatologists and 1 musculoskeletal radiologist who were asked to determine whether the screw radiographically breached the posterior and cranial cortex. Cadavers were stripped of soft tissues and inspected for screw perforation. Screws were grouped as contained, thread extrusion, or core extrusion.

Results:

Reviewers classified all 10 screws as radiographically contained within the femoral neck. Cadavers were inspected and found to show: 4 of 10 with core extrusion, 3 of 10 with thread extrusion, and 3 of 10 screws contained within the femoral neck.

Conclusions:

Seventy percent of screws that were judged to be radiographically contained had cortical breach near the area where the lateral epiphyseal vessels enter the femoral neck. We urge caution against placement of posterior-cranial implants with fluoroscopy alone even if they appear radiographically contained.
PET imaging in renal cancer
Authors: Lindenberg Liza , Mena Esther , Choyke Peter L. , Bouchelouche Kirsten
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review

Worldwide, over 400 000 new cases of kidney cancer were diagnosed and over 175 000 deaths anticipated in 2018. It is ranked as the 14th most common cancer in women and 9th most common in men. Imaging is important for initial detection, staging, and monitoring to assist treatment planning, but conventional anatomic imaging is limited. Although functional PET/CT has proven helpful in the diagnosis and management of many cancers, its value in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still in evolution.

Recent findings

FDG is probably the most useful radiotracer in RCC, although CAIX imaging can be helpful in clear cell RCC. Current research on PET imaging agents in RCC including 89Zr bevacizumab, 89Zr geruntuximab, 18F fluoro-l-thymidine (FLT), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), 11C choline, 18F sodium fluoride (NaF), and18F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) have shown some interesting results for detection and prognosis of the disease.

Many innovative radiotracers have been tested in RCC, but robust differentiation of primary disease from normal parenchyma remains elusive for almost all of them. The metastatic setting and response to therapy for this cancer are more favorable PET applications. Continued research in promising molecular tracers will hopefully advance both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to ultimately eradicate RCC.
Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum for the Treatment of Edematous Fibrosclerotic Panniculopathy (Cellulite): A Randomized Trial
Authors: Sadick Neil S. , Goldman Mitchel P. , Liu Genzhou , Shusterman Neil H. , McLane Michael P. , Hurley David , Young V. Leroy
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Edematous fibrosclerotic panniculopathy (EFP; cellulite) is associated with thickening and contraction of collagen-rich subdermal septae. Collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) may disrupt collagen-rich septae.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of CCH for treatment of EFP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a randomized, double-blind study, women with moderate or severe EFP of the buttocks or posterolateral thighs (i.e., Clinician Reported Photonumeric Cellulite Severity Scale [CR-PCSS] and Patient Reported Photonumeric Cellulite Severity Scale [PR-PCSS] ratings of 3 to 4, and Hexsel Cellulite Severity Scale score ≤13) received up to 3 treatment sessions (Days 1, 22, and 43) of subcutaneous CCH 0.84 mg or placebo injections. End points included the percentage of 2-level and 1-level composite responders (i.e., had ≥2-level or ≥1-level improvement in CR-PCSS and PR-PCSS) at Day 71.

RESULTS

Three hundred seventy-five women (mean age, 46.5 years; 86.4% white) were randomly assigned to CCH (n = 189) or placebo (n = 186). At Day 71, the percentages of 2-level and 1-level composite responders were greater with CCH (10.6% and 44.6%, respectively) versus placebo (1.6% and 17.9%; p < .001 for both). The most common adverse events were injection-site related.

CONCLUSION

CCH significantly improved EFP appearance versus placebo; further evaluation of CCH for EFP (cellulite) is warranted.
Safety of Intradermal/Subcutaneous Lidocaine With Epinephrine Use in Dermatologic Surgery
Authors: Hirshburg Jason M. , Diven Dayna G. , Edmiston Chloe , Dozier Susan E. , Woody Meghan , Fox Matthew C.
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Recently, the safety of lidocaine plus epinephrine use in outpatient surgery has come under scrutiny despite its long history of use in outpatient dermatologic procedures and surgeries.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the frequency of crash cart and other emergency interventions during Mohs micrographic surgery when lidocaine plus epinephrine is used as a local anesthetic and evaluate patient comorbidities associated with these events.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective chart review was conducted in an outpatient Mohs micrographic surgery clinic.

RESULTS

One thousand one hundred twenty-seven Mohs cases were reviewed from the period of March 2015 to June 2016 with 864 meeting the inclusion criteria of patient weight, medical history, and amount of lidocaine administered recorded. No adverse events requiring emergency intervention with a crash cart or transfer to the emergency department occurred despite a patient population with advanced age and a wide range of comorbidities.

CONCLUSION

No serious adverse events requiring emergency intervention were associated with lidocaine with epinephrine doses administered below the Food and Drug Administration recommended maximum. The authors did not find evidence from this study or after a literature search to support the requirement for a crash cart and other emergency equipment to be present during procedures.
Postpartum Thyroiditis
Authors: NGUYEN CAROLINE T. , MESTMAN JORGE H.
Published: March 2019

Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) is an autoimmune-mediated destructive thyroiditis that occurs in the first year postpartum with a prevalence of 5%. In order to appropriately counsel and treat the patient, physicians need to recognize the signs and symptoms of PPT and distinguish PPT from Graves hyperthyroidism. This review of PPT will discuss the etiology, clinical course, risk factors, prognosis, and treatment of PPT. Understanding PPT is important for all physicians taking care of women in the peripartum period as women who have had PPT are at an increased risk of subsequent episodes of PP and at risk of permanent hypothyroidism.
VITRECTOMY FOR ENDOPHTHALMITIS IN EYES WITH OSTEOKERATOPROSTHESIS
Authors: Vilaplana Ferran , Nadal Jeroni , Temprano José , Julio Gemma , Olivera Maximiliano , Casaroli-Marano Ricardo P. , Barraquer Rafael I.
Published: March 2019

Purpose:

To analyze functional and anatomical results of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) to treat endophthalmitis in eyes with osteokeratoprosthesis.

Methods:

An observational, retrospective study of five eyes suffering from endophthalmitis, after an osteokeratoprosthesis implantation, which underwent PPV associated with intravitreal antibiotics. The minimum follow-up after PPV was 6 months. A descriptive study and a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis for anatomical (attached retina during the follow-up) and functional success (visual acuity ≥20/400) were performed.

Results:

Best-corrected visual acuity during the final follow-up was 20/100 in 1 case (20%), hand movement in another case (20%), and no light perception in 3 cases (60%). The anatomical survival rates were recorded at 80%, 60%, and 40% at 1, 6, and 8 months respectively, and this last value was maintained at 12 months after PPV. The functional survival rates were recorded at 40% and 20% at 1 month and 8 months, respectively, and this last value was maintained at 12 months after PPV.

Conclusion:

Endophthalmitis in eyes with previous osteokeratoprosthesis is a very severe complication with a reserved prognosis. Pars plana vitrectomy associated with intravitreal antibiotics leads to maintaining or increasing visual acuity in a small proportion of patients who otherwise would end up blind.
Efficacy of Vectored Thermal Pulsation and Warm Compress Treatments in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Pang Shin-Pin , Chen Yu-Tse , Tam Ka-Wai , Lin I-Chan , Loh El-Wui
Published: March 2019

Purpose:

Meibomian gland dysfunction is the main cause of dry eye disease (DED) and is traditionally managed using warm compress treatment (WCT). Vectored thermal pulsation treatment (VTPT) is a novel method for treating DED.

Methods:

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of VTPT and WCT in treating DED. The primary outcome was the gland function. The secondary outcomes were the tear breakup time, Schirmer test, tear osmolarity, lipid layer thickness, Standard Patient Evaluation for Eye Dryness, and the improvement of subjective symptoms as assessed by using the Ocular Surface Disease Index. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov registries were searched for studies published before July 2018.

Results:

This study consisted of 4 trials with 385 patients. Significantly greater improvement was observed in meibomian gland function [mean difference (MD): 2.19 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95, 3.43)], tear breakup time [MD: 1.08 (95% CI, 0.06, 2.10)], and Standard Patient Evaluation for Eye Dryness [MD: −2.76 (95% CI, −4.22, −1.30)] at 2 to 4 weeks in the VTPT group than in the WCT group. A significantly greater decrease in Ocular Surface Disease Index was observed at 2 to 4 weeks [MD: −8.61 (95% CI, −13.62, −3.61)] and 3 months [MD: −6.92 (95% CI, −11.95, −1.89)] in the VTPT group than in the WCT group.

Conclusions:

A single 12-minute VTPT was more efficacious than traditional WCT in treating DED either in objective or subjective measurements. We recommended choosing an appropriate treatment after shared decision-making.
Approaches to Pediatric Musculoskeletal Pain
Authors: Coit Caitlin , Shannon Elizabeth
Published: March 2019

Treatment of musculoskeletal pain in children poses unique challenges, particularly in the context of the ongoing opioid epidemic. In addition to the developmental level of the child, the type of pain he or she is experiencing should influence the team's approach when collaborating with the patient and the family to develop and refine pain management strategies. Understanding the categories of pain that may result from specific types of musculoskeletal injuries or orthopaedic surgeries influences the selection of medication or other most appropriate treatment. Although opioids are an important part of managing acute pain in the pediatric population, many other pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies can be used in combination with or in place of opioids to optimize pain management. This article will review strategies for collaborating with families and the multidisciplinary team, provide an overview of pediatric pain assessment including assessment of acute musculoskeletal pain in children, and discuss pharmacological and nonpharmacological options for managing pain after acute injury or surgery.
Trauma care systems in India and China
Authors: Babhulkar Sushrut , Apte Ashutosh , Barick Devashish , Hoogervorst Paul , Tian Yun , Wang Yan
Published: March 2019

Neither India nor China has a formalized trauma system in place. There are many similarities between the 2 countries in terms of size, rapid economic growth, increasing number of motor vehicles, and high rates of road traffic accident (RTA) fatalities. This paper describes the current development of elements of the trauma system in China and the strategies and efforts made to improve the trauma system in India. In China, though not organized and formalized, different phases of the trauma system are present at varying levels of maturity. In India, efforts are made to implement a trauma system by mainly focusing on preventive measures and the creation of trauma designated facilities. Although progress has been made, the concept of “adequate trauma care for all” continues to remain an aspiration in many Asian countries, including India and China. Continued and concerted effort across many levels will be required to achieve this goal.
Development of trauma systems in Europe—reports from England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain
Authors: Chesser Tim JS , Moran Chris , Willett Keith , Bouillon Bertil , Sturm Johannes , Flohé Sascha , Ruchholtz Steffen , Dijkink Suzan , Schipper Inger B. , Rubio-Suarez Juan Carlos , Chana Francisco , de Caso Julio , Guerado Enrique
Published: March 2019

Major trauma systems have evolved in many European countries and have resulted in improved care in terms of mortality and morbidity. Many of the systems have similar history, with reports of either poor services, or a single disaster, driving change of policy and set up. We report on 4 European systems, looking at the background, set up and some of the results. Similar issues are identified including the importance of triage, the concentration of specialist skills which require patients to bypass hospitals, and the standardization of treatment protocols. The issues of rehabilitation and the increasing importance of measuring outcome with patient reported metrics are discussed.
Recurrent SMARCB1 Inactivation in Epithelioid Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
Authors: Schaefer Inga-Marie , Dong Fei , Garcia Elizabeth P. , Fletcher Christopher D.M. , Jo Vickie Y.
Published: March 2019

Epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (EMPNST) are characterized by diffuse S-100 and SOX10 positivity, frequent immunohistochemical loss of SMARCB1 expression (70%), and rare association with neurofibromatosis type 1. Some cases arise in a preexisting epithelioid schwannoma (ESCW), which also show SMARCB1 loss in 40% of cases. To date, little is known about the genomic landscape of this distinctive variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. The aim of this study was to use targeted next-generation sequencing to identify recurrent genomic aberrations in EMPNST and a subset of ESCW, including the basis of SMARCB1 loss. Sixteen EMPNSTs (13 SMARCB1-lost, 3 SMARCB1-retained) and 5 ESCWs with SMARCB1 loss were selected for the cohort. Sequencing identified SMARCB1 gene inactivation in 12/16 (75%) EMPNST and all 5 (100%) ESCW through homozygous deletion (N=8), nonsense (N=7), frameshift (N=2), or splice site (N=2) mutations; 2 EMPNSTs harbored 2 concurrent mutations each. SMARCB1 immunohistochemistry status and SMARCB1 alterations were concordant in 20/21 of the sequenced tumors. Additional genetic alterations in a subset of EMPNST included inactivation of CDKN2A and gain of chromosome 2q. Among SMARCB1-wild-type EMPNSTs there were single cases each with NF1 and NF2 mutations. No cases had SUZ12 or EED mutations. In summary, we identified recurrent SMARCB1 alterations in EMPNST (and all 5 SMARCB1-negative ESCWs tested), supporting loss of SMARCB1 tumor suppressor function as a key oncogenic event. SMARCB1-retained EMPNSTs lack SMARCB1 mutations and harbor different driver events.
Exercise Training Guidelines for Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke, and Parkinson Disease
Authors: Kim Yumi , Lai Byron , Mehta Tapan , Thirumalai Mohanraj , Padalabalanarayanan Sangeetha , Rimmer James H. , Motl Robert W.
Published: March 2019

The translation of knowledge from exercise training research into the clinical management of multiple sclerosis, stroke, and Parkinson disease requires evidence-based guidelines that are uniformly recognizable by healthcare practitioners and patients/clients. This article synthesized resources that reported aerobic and resistance training guidelines for people with multiple sclerosis, stroke, and Parkinson disease. Systematic searches yielded 25 eligible resources from electronic databases and Web sites or textbooks of major organizations. Data were extracted (exercise frequency, intensity, time, and type) and synthesized into three sets of recommendations. Exercise guidelines for multiple sclerosis consistently recommended 2–3 d/wk of aerobic training (10–30 mins at moderate intensity) and 2–3 d/wk of resistance training (1–3 sets between 8 and 15 repetition maximum). Exercise guidelines for stroke recommended 3–5 d/wk of aerobic training (20–40 mins at moderate intensity) and 2–3 d/wk of resistance training (1–3 sets of 8–15 repetitions between 30% and 50% 1 repetition maximum). Exercise guidelines for Parkinson disease recommended 3–5 d/wk of aerobic training (20–60 mins at moderate intensity) and 2–3 d/wk of resistance training (1–3 sets of 8–12 repetitions between 40% and 50% of 1 repetition maximum). This harmonization of exercise guidelines provides a prescriptive basis for healthcare providers, exercise professionals, and people with multiple sclerosis, stroke, and Parkinson disease regarding exercise programming.
Use of Vacuum-Assisted Wound Closure and Tissue Expansion in Revision Cranioplasty for a Large-Sized Composite Defect in a Child
Authors: Zhai Zhen , Yu Lu , Ren TianJian , Jin Xiaolei , Yang Xiaonan , Qi Zuoliang
Published: March 2019

Cranioplasty is generally defined as the procedure to reconstruct cranial bone defect arising from congenital or acquired process. As a surgical remedy, it can restore the function of original anatomical structure and produce a satisfactory cosmetic outcome. Although with available options for treating pediatric cranioplasty, large format (ie, >25 cm2) cranioplasty of the aborted one with a composite defect is still a challenging procedure for plastic surgeons. The authors herein present a case of child who suffered failed cranioplasty with polyetheretherketone caused by postoperative infection, leading to skin ulcer and exposure of the polyetheretherketone. The treatments of the patient are performed sequentially. After thorough debridement of the wound, vacuum-assisted wound closure and autologous split-thickness skins are successively used to cover the defect following finally adopted strategy of tissue expansion of the scalp with a 3-dimensional-printed epoxide acrylate maleic composite material to repair the large-sized cranial defect.
A Patient With Periorbital Necrotizing Fasciitis by Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Park Jinhwan , Kim Seungheon , Lee Byungil , Baek Sehyun
Published: March 2019

Periorbital necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a very rare disease with a mortality rate of 10% to 20%, requiring rapid diagnosis and active treatment. The most common causative organism is Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus, and trauma, operative incisions, pre-existing ulcers, or injection sites may be predisposing factors for periorbital NF. In this study, the subject, who had a medical history of diabetes mellitus and chronic liver disease, developed periorbital NF suddenly and without any specific triggering factors, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was identified in a necrotic tissue biopsy. Klebsiella pneumoniae has not been reported as a causative organism of periorbital NF. It is believed that latent infection with K pneumoniae, which caused a brain abscess in the patient 2 years prior, caused inflammation around the periorbit by hematogenous spread. The authors were able to manage the patient successfully by performing total exenteration and reconstructing the affected site using a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap procedure.
Histopathological Effects of Bone Cement on Cartilage Tissue
Authors: Tansuker Hasan Deniz , Topkar Ilknur , Eroğlu Sinan , Öğreden Şahin , Cengiz A. Buğra , Emre Funda , Oktay Mehmet Faruk
Published: March 2019

Introduction:

Glass ionomer bone cement is frequently applied with cartilage grafts in otology, even as a single unit.

Objective:

This experimental study was performed to investigate the histopathological effects of bone cement on cartilage tissue.

Methods:

The study was conducted between January 2018 and April 2018 and used 12 New Zealand White rabbits. The right ears of the rabbits constituted the study group, while the left ears were the controls. Ketac Cem Radiopaque (3 M Germany) was used as glass ionomer cement. Tissue samples from the rabbits were subjected to histopathological analysis to compare acute and chronic inflammation, foreign body reaction, angiogenesis, collagenesis, fibrosis, necrosis, cartilage fracture, osseous metaplasia, and loss of chondrocyte nuclei between the groups.

Results:

The rates of cartilage fracture (P = 0.044), foreign body reaction (P < 0.001), acute inflammation (P = 0.009), chronic inflammation (P = 0.002), and angiogenesis (P = 0.003) were significantly higher in the study group compared with the controls. The study group showed some degree of necrosis; no necrosis was observed in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.101). There were no significant differences in fibrosis, collagenesis, osseous metaplasia, or loss of chondrocyte nuclei between the groups.

Conclusions:

This study showed that application of bone cement can cause acute and chronic inflammation, foreign body reactions, angiogenesis, and cartilage fractures. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term effects of bone cement on cartilage.
Pseudotumoral demyelinating lesions: diagnostic approach and long-term outcome
Authors: Hardy Todd A.
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review

To review the clinical findings, differential diagnosis, treatment and outcome of pseudotumoral demyelinating lesions including tumefactive demyelination and Baló's concentric sclerosis.

Recent findings

MRI findings, such as dynamic restricted diffusion changes at the edge of pseudotumoral lesions help to discriminate atypical demyelination from key differential diagnoses, and together with histopathological data, indicate that tissue hypoxia may be important aetiologically. CT-PET imaging can help to distinguish pseudotumoral lesions from high-grade tumours. Although most patients with pseudotumoral lesions have or later develop multiple sclerosis, a proportion will experience a monophasic course or be diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated demyelination or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Many patients with pseudotumoral demyelinating lesions have a favourable prognosis.

Not all patients with pseudotumoral lesions require a brain biopsy but close follow-up of biopsied and nonbiopsied lesions is indicated once a diagnosis is established. Testing for AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG is recommended when a pseudotumoral demyelinating lesion is identified. In the absence of large, prospective studies, it seems reasonable that patients with pseudotumoral lesions who fulfil multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria are treated with multiple sclerosis therapies.
Serotonin Syndrome After an Alcohol Intake in a Patient Treated With Escitalopram and Clomipramine
Authors: Suzuki Akihito , Otani Koichi
Published: March 2019

Background

We report on the serotonin syndrome after an alcohol intake in a patient with major depressive disorder treated with escitalopram and clomipramine.

Case

A 26-year-old male patient with major depressive disorder had been stable on the treatment with escitalopram (20 mg/d) and clomipramine (50 mg/d) for 4 months. He had rarely taken alcohol, especially never with medication. One night after taking these drugs with a can of beer, he developed agitation, disorientation, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, tremor, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and hypertension, fulfilling the criteria for the serotonin syndrome. It was considered that the serotonin syndrome in the present case might be induced by alcohol's pharmacodynamic interaction with escitalopram and clomipramine leading to decreased clearance of extracellular serotonin in the brain and/or pharmacokinetic interaction with clomipramine leading to increased clomipramine levels.

Conclusions

The present case report suggests that there may be an interaction between alcohol and antidepressants resulting in the serotonin syndrome, and clinicians should be aware of this possibility.
Cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Sharma Harish , Lencioni Mauro , Narendran Parth
Published: March 2019

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a well-recognized complication of diabetes. Although the association of type 2 diabetes with CVD has been well described, the mechanisms, risk stratification and screening strategies of CVD in type 1 diabetes (T1D) are less understood. This review aims to evaluate recent literature and guidelines regarding CVD in T1D. At the cellular level, the early stage of CVD is characterized by endothelial dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that endothelial function is unaffected in younger T1D patients but there is a significant degree of endothelial dysfunction in the older T1D population compared with healthy age-matched controls, highlighting the importance of the endothelial dysfunction in T1D as a major age-dependent cardiovascular risk factor. T1D risk assessment tools have been developed similar to those seen in type 2 diabetes. Foremost among these are the Danish Steno Type 1 risk engine, the Swedish T1D risk score, the Scottish T1D risk score and the QRISK risk calculator. The latter risk prediction tool is used for all patients but contains T1D as an independent risk variable and has the advantage of being derived from, and validated in, a large and diverse population. The latest version (QRISK3) is likely to be recommended for routine use in T1D patients in upcoming guidelines by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence. Mortality in adults with T1D is increasingly due to CVD. This is driven by hyperglycaemia-mediated oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, resulting in atherosclerosis and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Coronary artery disease is the most significant contributor to CVD and in T1D, has a propensity towards a more silent and severe form. Routine screening of coronary artery disease does not alter outcomes and is therefore not recommended; however, risk prediction tools are being developed to aid identification of high-risk individuals for aggressive risk factor modification strategies.
Magnetic storms disrupt nocturnal migratory activity in songbirds
Authors: Bianco Giuseppe , Ilieva Mihaela , Åkesson Susanne
Published: March 2019

Birds possess a magnetic sense and rely on the Earth's magnetic field for orientation during migration. However, the geomagnetic field can be altered by solar activity at relative unpredictable intervals. How birds cope with the temporal geomagnetic variations caused by solar storms during migration is still unclear. We addressed this question by reproducing the effect of a solar storm on the geomagnetic field and monitoring the activity of three songbird species during autumn migration. We found that only the European robin reduced nocturnal migratory restlessness in response to simulated solar storms. At the same time, robins increased activity during early morning. We suggest that robins reduced activity at night when the perception of magnetic information would be strongly disrupted by temporal variations of the magnetic field, to extend their migration during daytime when several visual cues become available for orientation. The other two species, chiffchaff and dunnock, showing low or no nocturnal migratory activity, did not respond to the solar storm by changing activity.
Fossorial Damaraland mole rats do not exhibit a blunted hypercapnic ventilatory response
Authors: Zhang Sarah Y. , Pamenter Matthew E.
Published: March 2019

Damaraland mole rats (DMRs,
Fukomys damarensis
) are a eusocial fossorial species that spend the majority of their life in densely populated underground burrows, in which they likely experience intermittent periods of elevated CO
2
(i.e. hypercapnia). The primary physiological response to hypercapnia in most mammals is to increase depth and rate of breathing (i.e. hyperpnoea), but this response is often blunted in species that inhabit hypercapnic environments. In their natural habitat, DMRs putatively experience a gaseous environment ranging from normocapnic (0.1% CO
2
) to hypercapnic (6.0% CO
2
) conditions (Roper
et al.
2001
J. Zool.
254
, 101–107). As such, we hypothesized that DMRs would exhibit blunted hypercapnic ventilatory and metabolic responses, relative to those of non-fossorial rodent species. To test this hypothesis, we exposed awake, freely behaving DMRs to normoxic normocapnia (21% O
2
, 0% CO
2
, balance N
2
) or graded normoxic hypercapnia (21% O
2
, 0, 2, 5, 7 and 10% CO
2
, balance N
2
), and measured ventilation and metabolism using whole-body plethysmography and indirect calorimetry, respectively. We found that ventilation and metabolism were unchanged during prolonged normocapnia, whereas during graded hypercapnia, ventilation was elevated at 2% CO
2
and above. As a result, O
2
extraction efficiency at the lungs decreased with increasing hyperpnoea. Conversely, metabolic rate did not increase until 10% CO
2
, presumably due to the metabolic cost of hyperpnoea. Taken together, our results suggest that despite their fossorial lifestyle, DMRs do not exhibit adaptations in their ventilatory or metabolic responses to environmental hypercapnia.
Evolution of cooperation on large networks with community structure
Authors: Fotouhi Babak , Momeni Naghmeh , Allen Benjamin , Nowak Martin A.
Published: March 2019

Cooperation is a major factor in the evolution of human societies. The structure of social networks, which affects the dynamics of cooperation and other interpersonal phenomena, have common structural signatures. One of these signatures is the tendency to organize as groups. This tendency gives rise to networks with community structure, which are composed of distinct modules. In this paper, we study analytically the evolutionary game dynamics on large modular networks in the limit of weak selection. We obtain novel analytical conditions such that natural selection favours cooperation over defection. We calculate the transition point for each community to favour cooperation. We find that a critical inter-community link creation probability exists for given group density, such that the overall network supports cooperation even if individual communities inhibit it. As a byproduct, we present solutions for the critical benefit-to-cost ratio which perform with remarkable accuracy for diverse generative network models, including those with community structure and heavy-tailed degree distributions. We also demonstrate the generalizability of the results to arbitrary two-player games.
The UK’s suitability for
Aedes albopictus
in current and future climates
Authors: Metelmann S. , Caminade C. , Jones A. E. , Medlock J. M. , Baylis M. , Morse A. P.
Published: March 2019

The Asian tiger mosquito
Aedes albopictus
is able to transmit various pathogens to humans and animals and it has already caused minor outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya in southern Europe. Alarmingly, it is spreading northwards and its eggs have been found in the UK in 2016 and 2017. Climate-driven models can help to analyse whether this originally subtropical species could become established in northern Europe. But so far, these models have not considered the impact of the diurnal temperature range (DTR) experienced by mosquitoes in the field. Here, we describe a dynamical model for the life cycle of
Ae. albopictus
, taking into account the DTR, rainfall, photoperiod and human population density. We develop a new metric for habitat suitability and drive our model with different climate data sets to analyse the UK’s suitability for this species. For now, most of the UK seems to be rather unsuitable, except for some densely populated and high importation risk areas in southeast England. But this picture changes in the next 50 years: future scenarios suggest that
Ae. albopictus
could become established over almost all of England and Wales, indicating the need for continued mosquito surveillance.
Role of autophagy during the replication and pathogenesis of common mosquito-borne flavi- and alphaviruses
Authors: Echavarria-Consuegra Liliana , Smit Jolanda M. , Reggiori Fulvio
Published: March 2019

Arboviruses that are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes represent one of the most important causes of febrile illness worldwide. In recent decades, we have witnessed a dramatic re-emergence of several mosquito-borne arboviruses, including dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). DENV is currently the most common mosquito-borne arbovirus, with an estimated 390 million infections worldwide annually. Despite a global effort, no specific therapeutic strategies are available to combat the diseases caused by these viruses. Multiple cellular pathways modulate the outcome of infection by either promoting or hampering viral replication and/or pathogenesis, and autophagy appears to be one of them. Autophagy is a degradative pathway generally induced to counteract viral infection. Viruses, however, have evolved strategies to subvert this pathway and to hijack autophagy components for their own benefit. In this review, we will focus on the role of autophagy in mosquito-borne arboviruses with emphasis on DENV, CHIKV, WNV and ZIKV, due to their epidemiological importance and high disease burden.
Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo Seongmin , Hong Jinkwan , Lee Sang-Eun , Ki Moran , Choi Bo Youl , Sung Minki
Published: March 2019

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is known to be transmitted through close contact. However, epidemiological surveys of MERS in Korea indicated that some secondary patients were infected without close contact. Therefore, the possibility of other transmission routes must be identified. In this study, the possibility of MERS spreading through airflow was investigated on the eighth floor of Pyeongtaek St Mary's Hospital. Computational fluid dynamics was used to analyse the indoor airflow and passive tracer diffusion during the index patient's stay. Six cases were simulated for different outdoor wind directions and indoor mechanical ventilation operations. When a passive tracer was released in ward 8104, where the index patient was hospitalized, the passive tracer spread through the indoor airflow, which was created by the outdoor airflow. Ward 8109, which had the largest number of infected cases and was far distant from ward 8104, showed passive tracer concentration in all cases. This result indicates that MERS may have spread through airflow. The study results do not imply that the infection pathway of MERS is airborne. However, the results show the possibility of MERS spreading through airflow in specific environments such as poor ventilation environments.
Implicit violent imagery processing among fans and non-fans of music with violent themes
Authors: Sun Yanan , Lu Xuejing , Williams Mark , Thompson William Forde
Published: March 2019

It is suggested that long-term exposure to violent media may decrease sensitivity to depictions of violence. However, it is unknown whether persistent exposure to music with violent themes affects implicit violent imagery processing. Using a binocular rivalry paradigm, we investigated whether the presence of violent music influences conscious awareness of violent imagery among fans and non-fans of such music. Thirty-two fans and 48 non-fans participated in the study. Violent and neutral pictures were simultaneously presented one to each eye, and participants indicated which picture they perceived (i.e. violent percept, neutral percept or blend of two) via key presses, while they heard Western popular music with lyrics that expressed happiness or Western extreme metal music with lyrics that expressed violence. We found both fans and non-fans of violent music exhibited a general negativity bias for violent imagery over neutral imagery regardless of the music genres. For non-fans, this bias was stronger while listening to music that expressed violence than while listening to music that expressed happiness. For fans of violent music, however, the bias was the same while listening to music that expressed either violence or happiness. We discussed these results in view of current debates on the impact of violent media.
Science and applications of wafer-scale crystalline carbon nanotube films prepared through controlled vacuum filtration
Authors: Gao Weilu , Kono Junichiro
Published: March 2019

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make an ideal one-dimensional (1D) material platform for the exploration of novel physical phenomena under extremely strong quantum confinement. The 1D character of electrons, phonons and excitons in individual CNTs features extraordinary electronic, thermal and optical properties. Since their discovery in 1991, they have been continuing to attract interest in various disciplines, including chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. However, the macroscopic manifestation of 1D properties is still limited, despite significant efforts for decades. Recently, a controlled vacuum filtration method has been developed for the preparation of wafer-scale films of crystalline chirality-enriched CNTs, and such films have enabled exciting new fundamental studies and applications. In this review, we will first discuss the controlled vacuum filtration technique, and then summarize recent discoveries in optical spectroscopy studies and optoelectronic device applications using films prepared by this technique.
Novel and efficient synthesis of insulating gas- heptafluoroisobutyronitrile from hexafluoropropylene
Authors: Gao Zhanyang , Wang Min , Wang Shiyao , Wang Yi , Peng Ruichao , Yu Ping , Luo Yunbai
Published: March 2019

A novel and efficient preparation route of insulating gas-heptafluoroisobutyronitrile was developed. The synthetic route involved halogen-exchange fluorination, decomposition of bis-(perfluoroisopropyl) ketone and dehydration reaction. Overall, the desired compound was produced without the use of extremely toxic and expensive substances. Structures of the as-obtained products were determined by
19
F NMR,
13
C NMR, IR and GC-MS. The effects of several variables on reaction yield including nature of potassium fluoride, the catalyst dosage, temperature, solvent and molar ratio of raw materials were all investigated. The results indicated that the total yield of heptafluoroisobutyronitrile could reach 42% from original materials under optimal conditions and the mechanism of the reaction was proposed.
Enhanced photoreduction CO
2
efficiency by criss-crossed TiO
2
nanoflakes combined with CdS under visible light
Authors: Wang Fei , Wang Juangang , Cheng Yunhuan
Published: March 2019

In this paper, a novel photocatalyst CNCC with excellent visible light photocatalytic performance was successfully prepared to optimize the CO
2
photoreduction performance. The results showed that the methanol formation rate of CNCC was 24.7 µmol g
−1
h
−1
, which was 1.42 times higher than that of NCC. The enhanced photoactivity is attributed to the rapid propagation of charge carriers induced by light from the constructed composite structure.
Light-induced thermoosmosis about conducting ellipsoidal nanoparticles
Authors: Miloh Touvia
Published: March 2019

We consider the central problem of a non-spherical (ellipsoidal) polarizable (metallic) nanoparticle freely suspended in a conducting liquid phase which is irradiated (heated) by a laser under the Rayleigh (electrostatic) approximation. It is shown that, unlike the case of perfectly symmetric (spherical) particles, the surface temperature of general orthotropic particles exposed to continuous laser irradiation is
not uniform!
Thus, the induced surface slip (Soret type) velocity may lead to a self-induced thermoosmotic flow (sTOF) about the particle, in a similar manner to the electroosmotic flow driven by the Helmholtz—Smoluchowski slippage. Using the recent advancement in the theory of Lamé functions and ellipsoidal harmonics, we analytically present new solutions for two key physical problems. (i) Heat conduction and temperature distribution inside and outside a conducting laser-irradiated homogeneous tri-axial ellipsoid which is subjected to uniform Joule heating. (ii) Creeping (Stokes) sTOF around a fixed impermeable metallic ellipsoidal nanoparticle driven by a Soret-type surface slip velocity (i.e. proportional to the surface-temperature gradient).
Inclined convection in a porous Brinkman layer: linear instability and nonlinear stability
Authors: Falsaperla Paolo , Giacobbe Andrea , Mulone Giuseppe
Published: March 2019

In this article, we deal with thermal convection in an inclined porous layer modelled by the
Brinkman Law
. Inertial effects are taken into account, and the physically significant rigid boundary conditions are imposed. This model is an extension of the work by Rees & Bassom (Rees & Bassom 2000
Acta Mech.
144
, 103–118 (
doi:10.1007/BF01181831
)), where Darcy's Law is adopted, and only linear instability is investigated. It also completes the work of Falsaperla & Mulone (Falsaperla & Mulone 2018
Ric. Mat.
144
, 1–17 (
doi:10.1007/s11587-018-0371-2
)), where the case of stress-free boundary conditions is studied and the inertial terms are absent. In this model, the basic laminar solution for the velocity is a combination of hyperbolic and polynomial functions, which makes the linear and nonlinear analysis much more complex. The original features of the paper are the following: we study
three-dimensional perturbations
, providing
critical surfaces
for the linear and nonlinear analyses; we study
nonlinear stability
with the Lyapunov method and, for the first time in the case of inclined layers, we compute the critical nonlinear Rayleigh regions by solving the associated variational
maximum problem
; we give some estimates of
global nonlinear
asymptotical stability; we study linear instability and nonlinear stability also with the presence of the
inertial term
, i.e. for a finite Va.
Multiple scales analysis of slow–fast quasi-linear systems
Authors: Michel G. , Chini G. P.
Published: March 2019

This article illustrates the application of multiple scales analysis to two archetypal quasi-linear systems; i.e. to systems involving fast dynamical modes, called fluctuations, that are not directly influenced by fluctuation–fluctuation nonlinearities but nevertheless are strongly coupled to a slow variable whose evolution may be fully nonlinear. In the first case, fast waves drive a slow, spatially inhomogeneous evolution of their celerity field. Multiple scales analysis confirms that, although the energy
E
, the angular frequency
ω
and the modal structure of the waves evolve, the wave action
E
/
ω
is conserved in the absence of forcing and dissipation. In the second system, the fast modes undergo an instability that is saturated through a feedback on the slow variable. A new multi-scale analysis is developed to treat this case. The key technical point, confirmed by the analysis, is that the fluctuation energy and mode structure evolve slowly to ensure that the slow field remains in a state of near marginal stability. These two model systems appear to be generic, being representative of many if not all quasi-linear systems. In each case, numerical simulations of both the full and reduced dynamical systems are performed to highlight the accuracy and efficiency of the multiple scales approach. Python codes are provided as electronic supplementary material.
Nonlinear dynamics of spherical shells buckling under step pressure
Authors: Sieber Jan , Hutchinson John W. , Thompson J. Michael T.
Published: March 2019

Dynamic buckling is addressed for complete elastic spherical shells subject to a rapidly applied step in external pressure. Insights from the perspective of nonlinear dynamics reveal essential mathematical features of the buckling phenomena. To capture the strong buckling imperfection-sensitivity, initial geometric imperfections in the form of an axisymmetric dimple at each pole are introduced. Dynamic buckling under the step pressure is related to the quasi-static buckling pressure. Both loadings produce catastrophic collapse of the shell for conditions in which the pressure is prescribed. Damping plays an important role in dynamic buckling because of the time-dependent nonlinear interaction among modes, particularly the interaction between the spherically symmetric ‘breathing’ mode and the buckling mode. In general, there is not a unique step pressure threshold separating responses associated with buckling from those that do not buckle. Instead, there exists a cascade of buckling thresholds, dependent on the damping and level of imperfection, separating pressures for which buckling occurs from those for which it does not occur. For shells with small and moderately small imperfections, the dynamic step buckling pressure can be substantially below the quasi-static buckling pressure.
Catastrophic dynamics limit Atlantic cod recovery
Authors: Sguotti Camilla , Otto Saskia A. , Frelat Romain , Langbehn Tom J. , Ryberg Marie Plambech , Lindegren Martin , Durant Joël M. , Chr. Stenseth Nils , Möllmann Christian
Published: March 2019

Collapses and regime changes are pervasive in complex systems (such as marine ecosystems) governed by multiple stressors. The demise of Atlantic cod (
Gadus morhua
) stocks constitutes a text book example of the consequences of overexploiting marine living resources, yet the drivers of these nearly synchronous collapses are still debated. Moreover, it is still unclear why rebuilding of collapsed fish stocks such as cod is often slow or absent. Here, we apply the stochastic cusp model, based on catastrophe theory, and show that collapse and recovery of cod stocks are potentially driven by the specific interaction between exploitation pressure and environmental drivers. Our statistical modelling study demonstrates that for most of the cod stocks, ocean warming could induce a nonlinear discontinuous relationship between fishing pressure and stock size, which would explain hysteresis in their response to reduced exploitation pressure. Our study suggests further that a continuing increase in ocean temperatures will probably limit productivity and hence future fishing opportunities for most cod stocks of the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, our study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the importance of climate and fishing effects on commercially exploited fish stocks, highlighting the importance of considering discontinuous dynamics in holistic ecosystem-based management approaches, particularly under climate change.