bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Habitat characteristics of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the western North Pacific: a remote sensing perspective
Authors: MUGO ROBINSON , SAITOH SEI‐ICHI , NIHIRA AKIRA , KUROYAMA TADAAKI
Published: August 2010

Skipjack tuna habitat in the western North Pacific was studied from satellite remotely sensed environment and catch data, using generalized additive models and geographic information systems. Weekly resolved remotely sensed sea surface temperature, surface chlorophyll, sea surface height anomalies and eddy kinetic energy data were used for the year 2004. Fifteen generalized additive models were constructed with skipjack catch per unit effort as a response variable, and sea surface temperature, sea surface height anomalies and eddy kinetic energy as model covariates to assess the effect of environment on catch per unit effort (skipjack tuna abundance). Model selection was based on significance of model terms, reduction in Akaike’s Information Criterion, and increase in cumulative deviance explained. The model selected was used to predict skipjack tuna catch per unit effort using monthly resolved environmental data for assessing model performance and to visualize the basin scale distribution of skipjack tuna habitat. Predicted values were validated using a linear model. Based on the four‐parameter model, skipjack tuna habitat selection was significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by sea surface temperatures ranging from 20.5 to 26°C, relatively oligotrophic waters (surface chlorophyll 0.08–0.18, 0.22–0.27 and 0.3–0.37 mg m−3), zero to positive anomalies (surface height anomalies 0–50 cm), and low to moderate eddy kinetic energy (0–200 and 700–2500 cm2 s–2). Predicted catch per unit effort showed a trend consistent with the north–south migration of skipjack tuna. Validation of predicted catch per unit effort with that observed, pooled monthly, was significant (P < 0.01, r2 = 0.64). Sea surface temperature explained the highest deviance in generalized additive models and was therefore considered the best habitat predictor.
An analysis of the total phosphorus cycle in some temperate lakes: the response to enrichment
Authors: GIBSON C.E. , FOY R.H. , BAILEY‐WATTS A. E.
Published: August 2010

Total phosphorus (TP) cycles were examined in seventeen lakes from the Scottish lowlands and Northern Ireland, which varied in annual mean TP from 17 to 192 μg Pl‐1.

It is clear from the data that the annual range of TP concentrations increases as the annual maximum TP increases. Although the annual minimum TP increases somewhat with increasing annual maxima, even enriched lakes show a pronounced TP minimum. As a result, the annual maximum values are highly correlated with the ranges and means, but less so with the annual minima.

The data are discussed in relation to a conceptual sine wave model and it is suggested that enrichment modulates the amplitude of the sine wave.

Mechanisms conditioning the maximum and minimum values are reviewed.
Phosphorus and nitrogen relationships of Cladophora glomerata in two lake basins of different trophic status
Authors: PLANAS D. , MABERLY S.C. , PARKER J.E.
Published: August 2010

Cladophora has increased in abundance and cover in the South Basin of Windermere, English Lake District, in recent years. During the growing seasons of 1992 and 1993, the maximum biomass of Cladophora in the South Basin, at nearly 200 g dry weight m‐2, was nearly six times greater and the percentage cover, at 95%, was nearly ten times greater than in the North Basin.

Nutrient analysis showed that Cladophora from the South Basin had significantly higher average contents of N than that from the North Basin. The suggested rate‐limiting tissue N content, 1.3% of dry weight, was never reached in the South Basin but was reached in 20% of samples from the North Basin. In contrast, the average P content was not significantly different, at about 0.24% in both basins. The suggested rate‐limiting P content, 0.16% of dry weight, was reached in 31% of the samples from the South Basin and 37% from the North Basin.

On average, the standing stock of P in the South Basin was 0.12 g m‐2, twelvefold that in the North Basin at 0.01 g m‐2 and the standing stock of N in the South Basin was 1.81 g m‐2, elevenfold that in the North Basin at 0.16 g m‐2. Maximum standing stocks of P were 0.38 g m‐2 in the South and 0.05 g m‐2 in the North Basin. Maximum standing stocks of N were 5.02 g m‐2 in the South and 0.60 g m‐2 in the North Basin.

The maximal rate of PO4–P uptake ranged between 298 and 2949 μg P g‐1 DW h‐1 and the specific affinity varied between 2.9 and 24.3 μg P g‐1 DW h‐1 (mg PO4–P m‐3)‐1. The higher values of both characteristics are within the range which is believed to indicate severe P limitation.

Using the nutrient uptake characteristics, rates of uptake at pelagic and littoral concentrations of PO4–P were calculated to be between 0.1 and 1.7% of the maximal rates apart from one site where rates were up to 5.6% of Vmaxi and 40% of Vmaxi based on pelagic and littoral concentrations of PO4–P, respectively. Despite these generally low rates of uptake, calculations suggest they were just sufficient to account for the measured rate of increase of P standing stock, assuming no biomass loss. Similar calculations suggested that pelagic concentrations of NO3–N could support between 21 and 30% of maximal rates and these were between four and six times (North Basin) and twenty‐five times (South Basin) the observed rates of increase in N standing stock. Littoral concentrations of NO3–N were similar and so would have allowed similar rates.

Evidence from nutrient tissue contents, standing stocks and rates of uptake suggests that the growth of Cladophora, in both basins of Windermere, is controlled primarily by the availability of P.
Impacts of a submerged plant (Elodea canadensis) on interactions between roach (Rutilus rutilus) and its invertebrate prey communities in a lake littoral zone
Authors: KORNIJÓW RYSZARD , VAKKILAINEN KIRSI , HORPPILA JUKKA , LUOKKANEN EIRA , KAIRESALO TIMO
Published: August 2010

1. Using 5‐m2 field enclosures, we examined the effects of Elodea canadensis on zooplankton communities and on the trophic cascade caused by 4–5 year old (approximately 16 cm) roach. We also tested the hypothesis that roach in Elodea beds use variable food resources as their diet, mainly benthic and epiphytic macroinvertebrates, and feed less efficiently on zooplankton. Switching of the prey preference stabilises the zooplankton community and, in turn, also the fluctuation of algal biomass. The factorial design of the experiment included three levels of Elodea (no‐, sparse‐ and dense‐Elodea) and two levels of fish (present and absent).

2. During the 4‐week experiment, the total biomass of euplanktonic zooplankton, especially that of the dominant cladoceran Daphnia longispina, decreased with increase in Elodea density. The Daphnia biomass was also reduced by roach in all the Elodea treatments. Thus, Elodea provided neither a favourable habitat nor a good refuge for Daphnia against predation by roach.

3. The electivity of roach for cladocerans was high in all the Elodea treatments. Roach were able to prey on cladocerans in Elodea beds, even when the abundance and size of these prey animals were low. In addition to cladocerans, the diet of roach consisted of macroinvertebrates and detrital/plant material. Although the biomass of macroinvertebrates increased during the experiment in all Elodea treatments, they were relatively unimportant in roach diets regardless of the density of Elodea beds.

4. Euplanktonic zooplankton species other than Daphnia were not affected by Elodea or fish and the treatments had no effects on the total clearance rate of euplanktonic zooplankton. However, the chlorophyll a concentration increased with fish in all the Elodea treatments, suggesting that fish enhanced algal growth through regeneration of nutrients. Thus, our results did not unequivocally show that Elodea hampered the trophic cascade of fish via lowered predation on grazing zooplankton.

5. In treatments with dense Elodea beds (750 g FW m−2), chlorophyll a concentration was always low suggesting that phytoplankton production was controlled by Elodea. Apparently, the top‐down control of phytoplankton biomass by zooplankton was facilitated by the macrophytes and operated simultaneously with control of phytoplankton production by Elodea.
Variability and convergence in benthic communities along the longitudinal gradients of four physically similar Rocky Mountain streams
Authors: FINN DEBRA S. , LEROY POFF N.
Published: August 2010

1. High‐gradient mountain streams are ideal for studying longitudinal biological patterns, although the degree of similarity in the biological gradient among physically similar streams in a region is poorly known. Our first objective was to evaluate variability in benthic communities along four streams in the central Rocky Mountains of Colorado. We analysed the relative influence of longitudinal position versus reach‐scale physical variables on community structure and measured community similarity at comparable longitudinal positions on the four streams.

2. Our second objective was to evaluate the relative utility of taxonomically versus functionally defined communities to characterise assemblage structure: are taxonomic patterns more predictable along the gradient than are patterns of ecologically important species traits?

3. Redundancy analyses (RDA), including measures of both reach‐scale environmental variables (substratum properties, periphytic cover, local channel slope) and longitudinal position (altitude, stream size), confirmed that the longitudinal position of a site was most important in determining taxonomic composition. Functional community structure was also influenced by longitudinal position, but reach‐scale variables (especially periphyton and median particle size) were of greater importance.

4. Redundancy analyses explained 29.3% of total taxonomic variance and 26.0% of functional variance, indicating that defining assemblages functionally provides no greater understanding of community patterns given several known environmental variables. Strict longitudinal limits of taxa, the presumably identical regional species pool across our sites, and/or trade‐offs among different types of species traits probably explain this result.

5. Redundancy analyses did suggest, however, that traits related to longer life (semivoltinism, long‐lived adults, and slow larval development) were more common downstream, while long‐distance dispersal ability and high fecundity were associated with higher altitude and its associated harsher conditions.

6. When sampling sites were grouped into three ecological zones defined by altitude, mean community similarity (measured both taxonomically and functionally) was lowest across streams at the highest altitude. This pattern could be driven by increased insularity of alpine‐zone streams, resulting from a combination of harsh terrestrial environment, lack of hydrological connectivity, and limited species ranges along the longitudinal continuum.
Hydraulic microhabitats and the distribution of macroinvertebrate assemblages in riffles
Authors: BROOKS ANDREW J. , HAEUSLER TIM , REINFELDS IVARS , WILLIAMS SIMON
Published: August 2010

1. The influence of hydraulic conditions on the spatial distribution of macroinvertebrate assemblages was investigated in three riffles in a perennial Australian river.

2. Velocity, depth and variability of substrate roughness were measured at each of 56 macroinvertebrate sampling locations. Complex hydraulic variables (roughness Reynolds number, shear velocity, Froude number) were calculated from combinations of two or three of the directly measured variables. The biological significance of directly measured and complex hydraulic variables was determined by a combination of univariate and multivariate statistical procedures.

3. Macroinvertebrate abundance, number of taxa and community composition were significantly different between the identified roughness Reynolds number, Froude number, velocity and shear velocity microhabitats throughout the studied riffles.

4. Regression analysis showed macroinvertebrate abundance and number of taxa were negatively related to roughness Reynolds number, shear velocity, velocity and Froude number. Depth was negatively related to abundance. In general, the majority of the macroinvertebrate community preferred the areas of riffles with the lowest near‐bed turbulence.

5. Roughness Reynolds number explained more of the spatial variation in invertebrate abundance, number of taxa and community composition than the other hydraulic variables, either directly measured or calculated. Of the directly measured variables, velocity had the greatest explanatory power, which was marginally less than roughness Reynolds number and shear velocity.

6. This study demonstrated that small‐scale differences in hydraulic conditions created by combinations of velocity, depth and substrate roughness have an important role in the spatial distribution of macroinvertebrate assemblages in riffle habitats.
Generalized histiocytosis X in the elderly: a light and electron microscope and monoclonal antibody study
Authors: SLATER D.N. , ROONEY N. , HARRINGTON CHRISTINE , TUCKER W.F.G. , BECK S. , WALKER ANNE E. , GRUNDMAN M.J.
Published: August 2010

Two elderly female patients are described with generalized histiocytosis X (Letterer‐Siwe disease). In each case, a definitive diagnosis was not established until ultrastructural and immunoperoxidase investigations had been performed. The histopathological findings in skin biopsies from each patient were similar. Light microscopy demonstrated a bandlike epidermotrophic cellular infiltrate which included large atypical cells (histiocytosis X cells). Electron microscopy showed that these cells contained Birbeck granules. Monoclonal antibody studies demonstrated the presence of T6, T4 and HLA‐DR surface antigens. Lysozyme and alpha‐1‐antitrypsin were absent from the cells. The associated cellular infiltrate included T4 and T8 positive lymphocytes. It is possible that more cases of generalized histiocytosis X in adults will be identified with the increasing use of specialized histopathological techniques and that the disease is more common than currently believed.
Immunohistochemical study of mammary and extra‐mammary Paget's disease
Authors: VANSTAPEL MARIE‐JOSÉ , GATTER K.C. , WOLF‐PEETERS C.DE , MILLARD P.R. , DESMET V.J. , MASON D.Y.
Published: August 2010

Paraffin sections of 13 cases of Paget's disease (six mammary and seven extramammary) were investigated with mono‐ and polyclonal anti‐carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and with monoclonal anti‐human milk fat globule membrane antigen (HMFG). One of these cases was also analysed in cryostat sections with monoclonal anti‐cytokeratin and anti‐keratin. Three immunohistochemical labelling patterns were identified: (1) All six cases of mammary Paget's disease were positive for anti‐HMFG and negative with monoclonal anti‐CEA (although they stained to a variable degree with polyclonal anti‐CEA). (2) Two cases of extra‐mammary Paget's disease (both anal location) were positive with monoclonal anti‐CEA and only weakly stained for HMFG suggesting epidermal spread from a colo‐rectal carcinoma. (3) The other five cases of extra‐mammary Paget's disease were negative or weakly stained for CEA and positive for HMFG. We speculate that this group of cases represents epidermotropic eccrine carcinoma. The immunohistochemical use of monoclonal anti‐HMFG and ‐CEA is helpful in the diagnosis of Paget's disease; moreover it gives information about the origin of the primary tumour.
Neurone specific enolase and S100 protein as possible prognostic indicators in melanoma*
Authors: RODE J. , DHILLON A.P.
Published: August 2010

Fourteen cases of primary melanoma and 25 of their subsequent metastases were stained for Neurone Specific Enolase (NSE) and S100 protein. Intensity of staining for NSE and S100 protein broadly corresponded in 11 of the primary lesions and was disparate in three. Staining intensity for NSE or S100 was independent of tumour thickness.

Primary lesions showing marked or moderate staining for NSE and S100 protein took a shorter time to metastasize than those showing slight or no staining. Assessment of staining intensity for NSE and S100 thus identified prognostic categories corresponding to disease free interval obtained by division according to tumour thickness. Staining intensity for S100 protein appears to give a clearer indication as to expectation of disease free interval. Staining intensity in individual cases showed an increase both for NSE and S100 protein between primary and metastatic lesions. The data presented are not sufficient to assign statistical significance but may lead to the incorporation of functional studies into the pathological assessment of malignant melanocytic lesions.

The simultaneous occurrence of a functional neuronal and Schwann cell marker in melanoma is discussed.
The value of immunohistochemistry in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a systematic study of 30 cases
Authors: KRISCH K. , KRISCH I. , HORVAT G. , NEUHOLD N. , ULRICH W.
Published: August 2010

Thirty cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma were investigated by immunoperoxidase staining techniques to evaluate the diagnostic significance of neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), somatostatin (SOM), a‐subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (a‐hCG), serotonin (5‐HT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) immunoreactivity as diagnostic markers in comparison to different calcitonin (CT) staining patterns. Twenty three cases exhibited a strong (group I) or moderate (group II) staining intensity for CT and did not need further immunocytochemical proof for classifying them as medullary carcinoma. From seven cases which showed only a weak or borderline CT‐immunoreactivity (group III), six stained positively for NSE and four positively for CEA. SOM‐positive cells were identified in six cases and a‐hCG or 5‐HT‐positive cells respectively in three cases of group III. Twenty follicular and 20 papillary carcinomas also included in this study did not react with any of the above mentioned antibodies. Therefore, NSE and CEA represent useful additional diagnostic markers particularly for the identification of medullary carcinoma with weak or borderline CT‐immunoreactivity. The identification of other peptides may also be helpful in demarcating it from thyroid tumours of follicular cell origin.
Lymph‐vessel embolism in a case of Whipple's disease
Authors: ADAMS C. W. M. , AYRES J. , FAGG N. L. K. , HICKS B. H.
Published: August 2010

A case of Whipple's disease is described where the lymphatics in the regional lymph nodes appear to be obstructed by embolized macrophages, containing the characteristic PAS positive bacillary material. It is suggested that the regional lymphangectasia in Whipple's disease may in part result from such cellular embolism.
Structures mimicking sex cord‐stromal tumours and gonadoblastomas in the ovaries of normal infants and children
Authors: SAFNECK J.R. , DeSA D.J.
Published: August 2010

A chance finding of structures resembling gonadoblastomas in the ovaries of a child with lissencephaly prompted a detailed review of all ovarian histology obtained at autopsy over a 12 month period. Fifty‐five stillbirths, infants and children were studied ranging from 20 weeks gestational age to 2.5 years post‐natal age. In 19 infants structures mimicking gonadoblastomas and sex cord tumours with annular tubules were seen. In all but one case these structures were found in association with follicular cysts and they closely resembled the atretic follicles often seen in the stroma surrounding the follicular cysts. They differed from the atretic follicles only by virtue of their being larger. In addition, in several infants structures resembling Sertoli cell tubules or clusters of Leydig cells were found. When present, these structures always co‐existed with sex cord tumours with annular tubules and gonadoblastoma‐like lesions. The abnormal stromal lesions and follicular cysts were found most frequently at the stage of development when a massive ‘physiological’reduction of oocytes occurs. It is suggested that the ‘abnormal’structures identified in this report represent the ‘first hit’of oncogenesis and could serve as the precursor of many of the sex cord‐stromal tumours, and possibly germ cell neoplasms, seen in childhood.
Rhabdoid tumour of the bladder: a histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study
Authors: HARRIS M. , EYDEN B.P. , JOGLEKAR V.M.
Published: August 2010

A rapidly fatal bladder tumour which had the features of a rhabdoid tumour was studied by sequential biopsies and at autopsy. This is the first rhabdoid tumour recorded at this site and the first in which there was co‐existent transitional cell carcinoma. The possibility that rhabdoid tumour is histogenetically heterogeneous is discussed.
Diagnostic significance of mean numbers of nucleolar organizer regions in benign and malignant transitional tumours of nose
Authors: Egan M. , RAMSDEN K. , CROCKER J.
Published: August 2010

On the basis of a silver colloid technique to identify nucleolar organizer region‐associated protein (AgNOR) counts, transitional papillomas of the nose showing malignant change could easily be distinguished from their benign counterparts and both could be distinguished from invasive carcinomas.
Weddellite calcification in the breast: eighteen cases with implications for breast cancer screening
Authors: GOING J.J. , ANDERSON T.T. , CROCKER P.P. , LEVISON D.D.
Published: August 2010

Breast tissue obtained from 18 of 246 women (7.3%) having localization biopsy for microcalcification contained crystals of Weddellite (calcium oxalate dihydrate). This was characterized by microscopic infra‐red spectroscopy in three cases. Weddellite calcification was associated with benign lesions in 16 cases, but incidental atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ were present, each in one case. Pathologists should be aware of this common non‐haematoxyphilic, birefringent form of breast micro‐calcification. Its presence has implications for the examination of biopsy specimens resulting from breast cancer screening using mammography.
Infected cells and immune cells in the gastrointestinal tract of AIDS patients. An immunohistochemical study of 127 cases
Authors: JARRY A. , CORTEZ A. , RENÉ E. , MUZEAU F. , BROUSSE N.
Published: August 2010

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry in the duodenal and rectal mucosa of 30% of 127 AIDS patients studied. HIV‐infected cells were present in the lamina propria in 95% of the positive biopsies. They were immune cells, either isolated lymphocytes and macrophages (1‐4 per positive biopsy) or dendritic reticulum cells forming a network in the germinal centres of mucosal lymphoid follicles. HIV proteins were not found in the duodenal epithelium or in the superficial rectal epithelium. In two cases (5% of the positive biopsies), they were found in rectal glands: the HIV‐infected cells could be either epithelial cells or immune cells. This study confirms that the gut can be a target organ for HIV and that HIV is mainly carried by gut immune cells. The phenotypic study of lymphoid populations and macrophages in the gut mucosa of AIDS patients showed an inverse CD4/CD8 ratio in the lamina propria, compared with normal controls. This was independent of the presence of HIV proteins and is probably responsible for the appearance of opportunistic infections in the mucosa. An increase in activated macrophages was also noted in the mucosa of AIDS patients.
Incidence and distribution of carcinoma in situ in testes removed for germ cell tumour: possible inadequacy of random testicular biopsy in detecting the condition
Authors: LOY V. , WIGAND I. , DIECKMANN K.P.
Published: August 2010

A total of 127 testicular specimens with germ cell tumours were stained immunohistologically for placental alkaline phosphatase to investigate the presence and topographic distribution of carcinoma in situ cells adjacent to the invasive tumours. Carcinoma in situ was detected in 72% of the cases. In 60% of the cases positive for placental alkaline phosphatase the distribution of carcinoma in situ was not diffuse, as claimed in the literature, but focal. Clinicians screening for carcinoma in situ by only one random biopsy have, therefore, to be aware of possible false negative results.
The expression of the EBV latent membrane protein (LMP‐1) is independent of CD23 and bcl‐2 in Reed‐Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease
Authors: ARMSTRONG A.A. , GALLAGHER A. , KRAJEWSKI A.S. , JONES D.B. , WILKINS B.S. , ONIONS D.E. , JARRETT R.F.
Published: August 2010

A series of 33 cases of Hodgkin's disease was investigated for the presence of the EBV encoded latent gene product LMP‐1 and of CD23 using immunohistochemical techniques. The expression of bcl‐2 was examined in a subset of cases. LMP‐1 was detected in the Reed‐Sternberg cells in 15 cases. Although LMP‐1 is known to upregulate CD23 and bcl‐2, there was no correlation between the expression of LMP‐1 and the detection of CD23 and bcl‐2 in Reed‐Sternberg cells.
What is congenital hepatic fibrosis?
Authors: DESMET V.J.
Published: August 2010

The hypothesis presented in this paper suggests that, at birth, the basic lesion of congenital hepatic fibrosis corresponds to ductal plate malformation of interlobular bile ducts, resulting from faulty development, i.e. disturbance in epithelio‐mesenchymal inductive interactions. The immature bile ducts are subject to a progressive destructive cholangiopathy, resulting in a pattern of more or less advanced fetal type of biliary fibrosis. The destructive cholangiopathy may be of variable speed and duration in different patients. The renal lesions in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, which is most often associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis, show a comparable pattern and evolution. The hypothesis that congenital hepatic fibrosis corresponds to a fetal type of biliary fibrosis would explain a number of disparate observations. According to this concept, congenital hepatic fibrosis does not correspond to a single clinical entity but to a broad, merging spectrum of conditions. All have in common that they represent some stage of biliary fibrosis, usually of the fetal type, rarely of the adult type, resulting from a slowly progressive, destructive cholangiopathy.
Demonstration of the Philadelphia translocation by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in paraffin sections and identification of aberrant cells by a combined FISH/immunophenotyping approach
Authors: NOLTE M. , WERNER M. , EWIG M. , WASIELEWSKI R. VON , WILKENS L. , GEORGII A.
Published: August 2010

The Philadelphia translocation was demonstrated by two‐colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in decalcified paraffin sections of bone marrow from patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. FISH was combined with immunocytochemical detection of different membrane‐bound or cytoplasmic antigens. With this new technique, the cells bearing the 9;22 translocation can be identified morphologically, as well as immunocyto‐chemically, in tissue sections.
Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease with Alzheimer‐type Aβ‐reactive amyloid plaques
Authors: BARCIKOWSKA M. , KWIECINSKI H. , LIBERSKI P.P. , KOWALSKI J. , BROWN P. , GAJDUSEK D.C.
Published: August 2010

Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease and Gerstmann‐Sträussler‐Scheinker syndrome are classified as transmissible cerebral amyloidoses, in contrast to the non‐transmissible amyloidoses of Alzheimer's disease type. While the aetiologies of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease and Alzheimer's disease and the molecular composition of their amyloids are different, similar basic pathogenetic mechanisms operate in both diseases through synthesis and processing of amyloid precursor proteins, to produce an accumulation of amyloid deposits. We report here a case of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease exhibiting numerous diffuse Aβ immunoreactive plaques, thus presenting features of both Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease and Alzheimer's disease. The existence of such cases underlines the existence of a ‘grey’ area between the two types of amyloidoses.
An update on apocrine lesions of the breast
Authors: O’Malley F P , Bane A
Published: August 2010

Apocrine change occurs in a spectrum of benign lesions in the female breast and is also demonstrated in a subgroup of in situ and invasive carcinomas. Recent research has focused on the molecular phenotype of both benign and malignant apocrine lesions. This review will briefly summarize the morphological characteristics and risk associations of the spectrum of apocrine proliferations, but will focus on the updated molecular studies of both in situ and invasive apocrine carcinomas.
In situ and invasive lobular neoplasia of the breast
Authors: Hanby A M , Hughes T A
Published: August 2010

Lobular neoplasia of the breast represents a group of related malignancies with clinical implications ranging from risk lesions [atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)] through to aggressive invasive lesions, notably invasive pleomorphic lobular carcinoma. The diversity in lobular carcinoma is evident at the morphological level, at the molecular marker level and in cytogenetic profiles. Research in these areas is already changing the face of the disease group, for example suggesting that some lobular and ductal carcinomas are closely related and even that one of the lobular group, the tubulo‐lobular carcinomas, should, in fact, be regarded as a ductal cancer. More research is required to understand the long‐term pathogenic implications of a diagnosis of in situ lobular neoplasia, particularly pleomorphic LCIS, and to understand the genetics behind the well‐recognized high risk of bilateral disease. For invasive carcinoma, molecular studies will allow refinement of therapy and the possibility of novel targeted therapies, for example directed against fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.
Recent developments in the histological diagnosis of spindle cell carcinoma, fibromatosis and phyllodes tumour of the breast
Authors: Lee A H S
Published: August 2010

This article reviews recent advances in the diagnosis of these three unusual tumours of the breast. Spindle cell carcinoma needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of many mammary spindle cell lesions: it is important to be aware of the wide range of appearances, including the recently described fibromatosis‐like variant. Immunohistochemistry using a broad panel of cytokeratin antibodies is needed to exclude spindle cell carcinoma; there is frequent expression of basal cytokeratins and p63. CD34 is often expressed by the stroma of phyllodes tumours, but does not appear to be expressed by spindle cell carcinoma or fibromatosis. Nuclear β‐catenin is found in about 80% of fibromatoses, but can also be seen in spindle cell carcinomas and phyllodes tumours. Two recent studies have described features useful in the distinction of phyllodes tumour and fibroadenoma on core biopsy, including increased cellularity, mitoses and overgrowth of the stroma, adipose tissue in the stroma and fragmentation of the biopsy specimen. Periductal stromal tumour is a recently described biphasic tumour composed of spindle cells around open tubules or ducts (but no leaf‐like architecture) with frequent CD34 expression. The overlap of morphology with phyllodes tumour suggests that it may be best regarded as a variant of phyllodes tumour.
Clinical assessment of glass ionomer/composite resin sealant restorations in permanent teeth: results of a field trial after 1 year
Authors: GRAY GORDON B. , PATERSON ROBERT C.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A large field trial is in progress in the Community Dental Service in the West of Scotland to evaluate the effectiveness of glass ionomer/composite resin sealant restorations in the treatment of fissure caries. 128 of the restorations were placed by 14 community dental officers. After 1 year, 98 restorations were reviewed. All of the glass ionomer restorations were retained but only 12 of the sealants were completely intact. Sealant was retained over only 32% of the restorations and in 13%, 48% and 69% of adjacent buccal, occlusal and palatal fissures, respectively.

Une ětude extensive est en cours de réalisation dans les services dentaires communautaires de l'Ouest de l'Ecosse et porte sur l'évaluation des obturations par ciment verre ionomère et composite pour scellement dans le traitement des caries des fissures. Cent vingt huit obturations ont été posées par 14 practiciens. Après un an, 98 obturations ont été examinées. Toutes les obturations au verre ionomère étaient en place mais seulement 12 composites de scellement étaient intacts. Les composites de scellement étaient en place seulement dans 32% des obturations et dans 13%, 48% et 69% des fissures buccales, occlusales et palatines respectivement.

In West‐Shotland ist eine Feldstudie im Gange welche den Erfolg einer kombinierten Glasionomer‐Füllung mit einer Fissuren‐Versiegelung zur Behandlung von Fissurenkaries beurteilt. 128 Restorationen wurden von 14 Gemeindezahnärzte gelegt. Nach einem Jahr wurden 98 Restorationen beurteilt. Alle Glasionomer Füllungen waren intakt aber nur 12 der Versiegelungen. Versiegler wurde noch gefunden über 32% der Restorationen und in 13% der bukkalen in 48% der okklusalen und in 69% der palatinalen Fissuren.

Un estudio de campo esta en progreso en el Servicio de Odontalgía Comunitaria en el Oeste de Escocia para evaluar la efectividad de los ionómeros de vidrio/sellante de resina en el tratamiento de caries en las fisuras. Un total de 128 testauraciones fueron colocadas por 14 odontólogos. Al año, 98 de las restauraciones han sido evaluadas. Todas las restauraciones de ionómero de vidrio estan intactas, pero solo 12 de los sellantes estan completamente intactos. El sellante se retuvo sobre las restauraciones solo en 32% de los casos y en 13%, 48% y 69% de las fisuras vestibulares, oclusales y pàlatinas respectivamente.
Dental caries, tooth trauma, malocclusion, fluoride usage, toothbrushing and dietary habits in 4‐year‐old Swedish children: changes between 1967 and 1992
Authors: STECKSÉN‐BLICKS C. , HOLM A.‐K.
Published: August 2010

Summary. The dental health of 4‐year‐old children in the city of Umeå, northern Sweden, has been followed in cross‐sectional studies conducted in 1967, 1971, 1976, 1980, 1987 and 1992. Similar methods and criteria were used. Dental caries and background factors (fluoride usage, toothbrushing frequency and diet) were recorded. In 1971, 1987 and 1992 signs of tooth trauma and presence of malocclusion were also recorded, the latter also in 1976. The present paper summarizes the results of these studies. Between 1967 and 1992 the mean dmfs values declined from 7.8 to 1.8. The decline was greatest between 1967 and 1980 and then levelled off. Toothbrushing frequency was similar over the years, but parental help with brushing was more common in the more recent studies. The use of fluoride toothpaste increased. About 30% of the children had experienced tooth trauma. A unilateral crossbite was recorded in 18% and 16% of the children in 1971 and 1992, respectively, and an anterior open bite in about 35% and 41%, respectively; both types of malocclusion were related to a dummy‐ or finger‐sucking habit.
Treatment of vital and non‐vital primary molar teeth by one‐stage formocresol pulpotomy: clinical success and effect upon age at exfoliation
Authors: ROBERTS JOHN F.
Published: August 2010

Summary. The clinical success and effect upon the age at which teeth exfoliated was prospectively observed in 175 primary molars that had received formocresol pulpotomies performed by one operator. The success rate among 142 vital teeth was 99.3% and among 33 non‐vital teeth 84.8%. There was no significant effect upon age at exfoliation after either type of pulpal treatment.

Traitement des molaires temporaires vivantes et non‐vivantes par pulpotomie au formocrésol, en une étape

Le succès clinique et l'effet sur l'âge de l'exfoliation one été étudiés, de façon prospective, sur 205 molaires temporaires, traitées par pulpotomies réalisées par le même opérateur. Le taux de succès pour les 1662 dents vivantes était de 99.4% et pour les dents non‐vivantes de 88.1%. Aucun effet significatif sur l'âge de l'exfoliation n'a été noté.

Die einmal Behandlung von vitalen und devitaler Milchmolaren mil der Formokresol Pulpaamputationsmethode: klinischer Erfolg und der Einfluss auf das Alter der Exfoliation

Die parameter wurden jeweils beobachtet bei 205 milchmolaren deren pulpen durch einen behandler amputiert wurden. Die erfolgsrate bei den vitalen Zähne war 99.4% bei der Devitalen 88.1%. Kein unterschied konnte festgestellt werden bei der Exfoliationszeit, bei den beiden typen der pulpabehandlung.

Tratamiento de dientes temporales con pulpotomía vital y no vital con formocrésol en una solo sesión: éxito clínico y efecto hasta la edad de exfoliación

Se estudio el éxito clínico y el efecto hasta la exfoliación, del tratamiento de pulpotomías con formocrésol en 205 molares temporales, llevadas a cabo por un solo operador. El porcentaje de éxito entre 162 dientes vitales fue de 99.4% y entre los no fue de 88.1%. No apareció ningun efecto significative hasta su exfoliación, despues de los diversos tratamientos pulpares.
Congenital mucoceles: report of two cases
Authors: CREAN J. , CONNOR C.
Published: August 2010

Summary. Congenital mucoceles are very rare. Only two previous cases presenting in the neonatal period have been reported. Two cases are presented here, one arising within the tongue and the other in the floor of the mouth. In both cases the mucoceles became apparent soon after birth because they interfered with mouth closure and normal feeding. The cysts were surgically excised and histopathological examination showed that they were retention cysts. The infants quickly resumed normal oral function and swallowing after surgical removal.

Resumé.

Mucocèles congénitaux: à propos de deux cas

Les mucocèles congénitaux sont très rares. Deux cas seulement dans la période néonatale ont été rapportés, un sur la langue et l'autre sur le plancher de la bouche. Dans les deux cas, les mucocèles ont été détectés peu de temps après la naissance car ils gênaient la fermeture de la bouche et l'alimentation. Les kystes ont été supprimés par chirurgie et l'examen histopathologique a montré que c'étaient des kystes de rétention. Les nouveaux‐nés ont retrouvé rapidement une fonction orale normale et pouvaient déglutir après l'intervention chirurgicale.

Congenitale Mukozelle: ein Bericht Über 2 Fälle

Kongenitale Mukozellen sind sehr selten. Bis anhin wurde nur Über solche Fälle während der neonatele Periode berichtet. 2 Fälle werden hier vorgestellt, einer ausgehend von der Zunge und der zweite vom dem Mundboden aus. In beiden Fällen traten die Mukozellen sofort nach der Geburt auf, weil sie den Mundschluss und das normale FÜttern behinderten: Diese Zysten wurden chirurgisch herrausgeschnitten und histopathologisch untersucht und als Retentionszysten diagnostiziert. Nach dem Eingriff stellte sich bald wieder eine normale Orale‐und Schluckfunktion ein.

Mucoceles congénitos: reporte de dos casos

Los mucoceles congénitos son muy raros. Solo se han reportado dos casos anteriores a este presentados en el periodo neonatal. Aquí se presentan dos casos, uno en la lengua y el otro en el piso de la boca. En ambos casos los mucoceles fueron aparentes immediatamente después del nacimiento porque interferían con el cierre de la boca y alimentación normal. Los quistes fueron quirúrgicamente removidos y el examen histopatológico mostró que eran quistes por retención. Los niños retornaron rápidamente a función oral normal después de la excisión quirúrgica.
Bleaching of a discoloured non‐vital tooth: use of a sodium perborate/water paste as the bleaching agent
Authors: MACEY‐DARE L. V. , WILLIAMS B.
Published: August 2010

Summary. Bleaching materials containing hydrogen peroxide have been used successfully for the treatment of discoloured non‐vital teeth; however, their use has occasionally been associated with external root resorption. Some evidence exists that sodium perborate mixed with water is as effective as sodium perborate mixed with hydrogen peroxide. A case is presented which supports this and a step‐by‐step technique is described.

Blanchin ent de dents non‐vitales décolorées: utilisation d'une pâte eau/perborate de sodium comme agent blanchissant

Les produits blanchissants contenant du peroxyde d'hydrogéne ont été utilisés avec succès pour le traitement des dents non‐vitales décolorées; mais leur utilisation a été quelquefois associée à des résorptions externes des racines. Il semble que le perborate de sodium mélangé à l'eau est aussi efficace que le perborate de sodium mélangé a l'eau est aussi efficace que le perborate de sodium mélangé au peroxyde d'hydrogéne. Le cas présenté conforte cette hypothèse et le pas‐à‐pas de cette technique est décrit.

Das Bleichen von verfärbten devitaler Zähne mit einer Paste aus Natriumperborate und Wasser

Bis anhin wurde Wasserstoffsu‐peroxyd erfolgreich als Bleichungsmittel devitaler Zähne angewendet, obwohl diese Methode von Zeit zur Zeit zu externen Wurzelresorbitionen führte. Es gibt Beweise, dass Natrium‐perborat gemischt mit Wasser ebenso wirksam ist. Ein Fall wird vorgestellt welcher diese These unterstüzt. Eine schrittweise Technik wird beschrieben.

Blancqueamiento de un diente no vital descolorado: el uso de una pasta de perborato sÓdico/agua como agente blanqueador

Los materiales blanqueadores conteniendo perÓxido de hidrÓgeno han sido utilizados con mucho éxito para el tratamiento de dientes no vitales descolorados; sin embargo, su uso ha sido ocasionalmente asociado a reabsorciones radiculares externas. Existe evidencia de que el perborato sÓdico mezclado con agua es tan efectivo como el perÓxido de hidrÓgeno. Se presenta un caso el cual dá soporte a este material y se describe la técnica paso a paso.
Testing alternate ecological approaches to seagrass rehabilitation: links to life‐history traits
Authors: Irving Andrew D. , Tanner Jason E. , Seddon Stephanie , Miller David , Collings Greg J. , Wear Rachel J. , Hoare Sonja L. , Theil Mandee J.
Published: August 2010

1. Natural resources and ecosystem services provided by the world’s major biomes are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic impacts. Rehabilitation is a common approach to recreating and maintaining habitats, but limitations to the success of traditional techniques necessitate new approaches.

2. Almost one‐third of the world’s productive seagrass meadows have been lost in the past 130 years. Using a combined total of three seagrass species at seven sites over 8 years, we experimentally assessed the performance of multiple rehabilitation methods that utilize fundamentally different ecological approaches.

3. First, traditional methods of transplantation were tested and produced varied survival (0–80%) that was site dependent. Secondly, seedling culture and outplanting produced poor survival (2–9%) but reasonable growth. Finally, a novel method that used sand‐filled bags of hessian to overcome limitations of traditional techniques by facilitating recruitment and establishment of seedlings in situ produced recruit densities of 150–350 seedlings m−2, with long‐term survival (up to 38 months) ranging from 0 to 72 individuals m−2.

4. Results indicate that facilitating seagrass recruitment in situ using hessian bags can provide a new tool to alleviate current limitations to successful rehabilitation (e.g. mobile sediments, investment of time and resources), leading to more successful management and mitigation of contemporary losses. Hessian bags have distinct environmental and economic advantages over other methods tested in that they do not damage existing meadows, are biodegradable, quick to deploy, and cost less per hectare (US$16 737) than the estimated ecosystem value of seagrass meadows (US$27 039 year−1).

5. Synthesis and applications. This research demonstrates how exploring alternate ecological approaches to habitat rehabilitation can expand our collective toolbox for successfully re‐creating complex and productive ecosystems, and alleviate the destructive side‐effects and low success rates of more traditional techniques. Moreover, new methods can offer economic and environmental solutions to the restrictions placed upon managers of natural resources.
Species recruitment in alpine plant communities: the role of species interactions and productivity
Authors: Klanderud Kari
Published: August 2010

1. It is not clear how local and regional processes influence plant species recruitment. Local abiotic factors are predicted to constrain recruitment under harsh environmental conditions and low productivity, whereas the role of seed availability may be more important at intermediate productivity. The role of establishment limitation (local interactions) is predicted to increase under high productivity due to competition.

2. This study examined the effects of local biotic interactions, such as competition and facilitation from the resident vegetation, on alpine plant species recruitment, and investigated whether the role of species interactions depended on productivity. All naturally emerging seedlings were recorded in plots with intact vegetation and where vegetation had been removed, in a natural low‐productivity alpineDryasheath and in plots where productivity had increased after fertilizing.

3. Positive effects of vegetation removal on seedling emergence suggested that competition from neighbour vegetation may have an important role for recruitment in alpine plant communities. The role of competitive release increased with productivity. Productivity increased short‐term, but not long‐term seedling recruitment, likely due to increased competition from re‐growth over time. There was no effect of productivity on species richness recovery after vegetation removal.

4. There was a positive relationship between neighbour species richness and seedling density in the low‐productivity plots, but not in the high‐productivity plots. Local seed production was the major seed source in both parts of the heath, but in the high‐productivity plots, the high abundance of a few species in the species pool was more important for seedling recruitment than species richness.

5. Synthesis. Competition may play a significant role for plant species recruitment in environmentally harsh habitats of low productivity, where abiotic factors or facilitation traditionally are predicted to be more important ecological filters. Climate warming and increased nitrogen deposition may result in higher productivity of tundra plant communities, which may increase the role of competition, and the identity of neighbour species may become more important for recruitment than species richness.