bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Electrochemical Investigation of Combustion Synthesized Cd-doped LiCoO2 Powders
Authors: Valanarasu S. , Chandramohan R. , Thirumalai J. , Vijayan T. A.
Published: September 2010

The LiCo1-xCdxO2 (x = 0 to 0.1) cathode materials were synthesized by the combustion method (annealed at 800 °C for 12 h). Structural analyses of the synthesized materials were carried out using XRD. All the samples had the R-3m structure. LiCo0.90Cd0.1O2 sample contained CdO phase as an impurity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies were carried out to understand the nature of the metal-ligand bond. The surface morphology and particle agglomeration was investigated using scanning electron microscope. The room temperature electrical conductivities of the sample increased with Cd content. For LiCo1-xCdxO2 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.1), the first discharge capacity increased with increase in Cd content. Among these samples, LiCo0.95Cd0.05O2 had good cycling performance (discharge capacity 195 mAh g-1 at n = 30).  Keywords: LiCo1-xCdxO2; Structural studies; Surface morphology; Conductivity; Discharge capacity. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i3.3877                 J. Sci. Res. 2 (3), 443-452 (2010)
Phase Transitions in Nematic Fluids
Authors: Oukouiss A.
Published: September 2010

We use a simple van der Waals theory, suitably extended to the solid phase and to anisotropic interactions, to study the phase behaviour of a system of particles with nematic interactions. Very rich phase behaviour is found which indicates, in particular, that the nematic liquid is stable only for large values of the strength of the nematic interactions. The isotropic liquid-nematic liquid and the isotropic solid-nematic solid transitions are always first-order. Additionally, we have found that the nematic liquid is thermodynamically stable only in a small domain of the temperature-density plane contained between two triple lines. Keywords:  Phase diagrams; Nematic interactions; Free energy; Transitions. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i3.4438                 J. Sci. Res. 2 (3), 419-432 (2010)
Studies on Morpho-microanatomical Evaluation of the Leaves of Tridax procumbens Linn (Asteraceae)
Authors: Salahuddin M. , Fuloria S. , Pahwa Shilpa , Kumari S. , Gupta S. K.
Published: September 2010

The present study deals with the macro and microscopical studies of Tridax procumbens Linn.leaf. Some distinct characters were observed while studying their transverse sections. Macroscopically, the leaf’s shape was lanceolate to ovate measuring 7 cm long and 1-4 cm wide with irregularly serrate margin and pubscent on both sides. Microscopically, the midrib and laminar region showed a distinct epidermis. The upper epidermis was bilayer, with a small, rounded shape, covering multicellular trichome and the lower epidermis had single layer, elongated cells, arranged closely. Physiochemical and preliminary phytochemical studies of the leaf were also carried out. The present study might be useful to supplement information in regard to its identification parameters.  Keywords: Leaf; Macroscopical; Microscopical; Tridax procumbens. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i3.4775             J. Sci. Res. 2 (3), 515-521 (2010)
Applications of Composite Numerical Integrations Using Gauss-Radau and Gauss-Lobatto Quadrature Rules
Authors: Hossain M. A. , Islam M. S.
Published: September 2010

In this paper, numerical integrals over an arbitrary triangular region are evaluated exploiting finite element method. The physical region is transformed into a standard triangular finite element using the basis functions in local space. Then the standard triangle is discretized into 4×n2 right isosceles triangles, in which each of these triangles having area 1/2n2, and thus composite numerical integration is employed. In addition, the affine transformation over each discretized triangle and the use of linearity property of integrals are applied. Finally, each isosceles triangle is transformed into a 2-sqare finite element to generate new  n2 extended sampling points and corresponding weight coefficients, using n point’s conventional Gauss-Radau and Gauss-Lobatto quadratures, which are applied again to evaluate the double integral. The performance is depicted by means of numerical examples. Keywords: Double integral; Numerical Integration; Quadrilateral and Triangular Finite Element; Gauss-Radau and Gauss-Lobatto quadratures. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i3.5123                 J. Sci. Res. 2 (3), 465-467 (2010)
Evaluation of Recurrent Parasitemia after Artemether-Lumefantrine Treatment for Uncomplicated Malaria in Children in Western Kenya
Authors: Woodring Joseph V. , Ogutu Bernhards , Schnabel David , Waitumbi John N. , Olsen Cara H. , Walsh Douglas S. , Heppner D. Gray , Polhemus Mark E.
Published: September 2010

From April 2005 to April 2006, a phase 2 malaria vaccine trial in Kenya enrolled 400 children aged 12–47 months. Each received mixed supervised and unsupervised artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated malaria, using a standard six-dose regimen, by weight. Children were followed for detection of parasitemia and clinical malaria. A median of two negative malaria blood films occurred during every recurrent parasitemia (RP) episode, suggesting reinfection over late recrudescence. Median time to RP after starting artemether-lumefantrine was 37 days (36–38). Of 2,020 evaluable artemether-lumefantrine treatments, there were no RPs in 99% by day 14, 71% by day 28, and 41% by day 42. By World Health Organization standards, 71% of treatment courses had adequate responses. Although recrudescence in some cannot be ruled out, our cohort had a shorter median time to RP compared with other artemether-lumefantrine treatment studies. This underscores patient counseling on completing all treatment doses for optimal protection from RP.
Genetic Structure of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) marajoara (Diptera: Culicidae) in Colombia
Authors: Brochero Helena , Li Cong , Wilkerson Richard , Conn Jan E. , Ruiz-García Manuel
Published: September 2010

Five Anopheles marajoara Galvão and Damasceno populations, representing diverse ecological conditions, were sampled throughout Colombia and analyzed using nine hypervariable DNA microsatellite loci. The overall genetic diversity (H = 0.58) was lower than that determined for some Brazilian populations using the same markers. The Caquetá population (Colombia) had the lowest gene diversity (H = 0.48), and it was the only population at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium in the remaining four populations was probably caused by the Wahlund effect. The assignment analyses showed two incompletely isolated gene pools separated by the Eastern Andean cordillera. However, other possible geographical barriers (rivers and other mountains) did not play any role in the moderate genetic heterogeneity found among these populations (FST = 0.069). These results are noteworthy, because this species is a putative malaria vector in Colombia.
Index Cluster Study of Dengue Virus Infection in Nicaragua
Authors: Reyes Miguel , Mercado Juan Carlos , Standish Katherine , Matute Juan Carlos , Ortega Oscar , Moraga Berman , Avilés William , Henn Matthew R. , Balmaseda Angel , Kuan Guillermina , Harris Eva
Published: September 2010

Traditional study designs do not identify acute asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic dengue virus (DENV) infections, thus limiting our understanding of immunologic and viral factors that modulate infection outcome. In the 2006 and 2007 dengue seasons, we conducted a pilot index cluster study in Managua, Nicaragua, in which 442 persons living within 50 meters of 22 index cases identified through an ongoing pediatric cohort study were evaluated for DENV infection. Post-enrollment and pre-enrollment DENV infections were confirmed in 12 (2.7%) and 19 (4.3%) contacts, respectively. Five (42%) post-enrollment infections were asymptomatic, and DENV-2 was identified in 9 (75%) infections. Phylogenetic analysis with full-length DENV genomic sequence from contacts, index cases, and cohort dengue cases indicated focal transmission and infection outside the local area. We demonstrate the feasibility of identification of acute asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic cases in urban Latin America, the first report of such a study in the Americas, and identify age and concomitant immunity to DENV of contacts as a key factor in index cluster study design.
The vapor pressures and activities of dicarboxylic acids reconsidered: the impact of the physical state of the aerosol
Authors: Soonsin V. , Zardini A. A. , Marcolli C. , Zuend A. , Krieger U. K.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. We present vapor pressure data of the C2 to C5 dicarboxylic acids deduced from measured evaporation rates of single levitated particles as both, aqueous droplets and solid crystals. The data of aqueous solution particles over a wide concentration range allow us to directly calculate activities of the dicarboxylic acids and comparison of these activities with parameterizations reported in the literature. The data of the pure liquid state acids, i.e. the dicarboxylic acids in their supercooled melt state, exhibit no even-odd alternation in vapor pressure, while the acids in the solid form do. This observation is consistent with the known solubilities of the acids and our measured vapor pressures of the supercooled melt. Thus, the gas/particle partitioning of the different dicarboxylic acids in the atmosphere depends strongly on the physical state of the aerosol phase, the difference being largest for the even acids. Our results show also that, in general, measurements of vapor pressures of solid dicarboxylic acids may be compromised by the presence of amorphous fractions, polymorphic forms, crystalline structures with a high defect number, and/or solvent inclusions in the solid material, yielding a higher vapor pressure than the one of the thermodynamically stable crystalline form at the same temperature.
Modeling secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene oxidation under dry and humid conditions
Authors: Couvidat F. , Seigneur C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. A new model for the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from isoprene was developed. This model uses surrogate molecular species (hydroxy-hydroperoxides, tetrols, methylglyceric acid, organic nitrates) to represent SOA formation. The development of this model used available experimental data on yields and molecular composition of SOA from isoprene and methacrolein oxidation. This model reproduces the amount of particles measured in smog chambers under both low-NOx and high-NOx conditions. Under low-NOx conditions, the model reproduces the transitional formation of hydroxy-hydroperoxides particles, which are photolyzed and lead to SOA mass decrease after reaching a maximum. Under high-NOx conditions, particles are assumed to be formed mostly from the photo-oxidation of a PAN-type molecule derived from methacrolein (MPAN). This model successfully reproduces the complex NOx-dependence of isoprene oxidation and suggests a possible yield increase under some high-NOx conditions. Experimental data correspond to dry conditions (RH<10%). However, particles formed from isoprene are expected to be highly hydrophilic, and isoprene oxidation products would likely partition between an aqueous phase and the gas phase at high humidity in the atmosphere. The model was extended to take into account the hydrophilic properties of SOA, which are relevant under atmospheric conditions, and investigate the effect of particulate liquid water on SOA formation. An important increase in SOA mass was estimated for atmospheric conditions due to the hydrophilic properties. Experiments should be conducted to confirm the results of this study, which have implications for SOA modeling.
The VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx): goals, platforms, and field operations
Authors: Wood R. , Bretherton C. S. , Mechoso C. R. , Weller R. A. , Huebert B. , Straneo F. , Albrecht B. A. , Coe H. , Allen G. , Vaughan G. , Daum P. , Fairall C. , Chand D. , Gallardo Klenner L. , Garreaud R. , Grados Quispe C. , Covert D. S. , Bates T. S. , Krejci R. , Russell L. M. , de Szoeke S. , Brewer A. , Yuter S. E. , Springston S. R. , Chaigneau A. , Toniazzo T. , Minnis P. , Palikonda R. , Abel S. J. , Brown W. O. J. , Williams S. , Fochesatto J. , Brioude J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) was an international field program designed to make observations of poorly understood but critical components of the coupled climate system of the southeast Pacific. This region is characterized by strong coastal upwelling, the coolest SSTs in the tropical belt, and is home to the largest subtropical stratocumulus deck on Earth. The field intensive phase of VOCALS-REx took place during October and November 2008 and constitutes a critical part of a broader CLIVAR program (VOCALS) designed to develop and promote scientific activities leading to improved understanding, model simulations, and predictions of the southeastern Pacific (SEP) coupled ocean-atmosphere-land system, on diurnal to interannual timescales. The other major components of VOCALS are a modeling program with a model hierarchy ranging from the local to global scales, and a suite of extended observations from regular research cruises, instrumented moorings, and satellites. The two central themes of VOCALS-REx are designed to improve understanding of (a) links between aerosols, clouds and precipitation and their impacts on marine stratocumulus radiative properties, and (b) physical and chemical couplings between the upper ocean and the lower atmosphere, including the role that mesoscale ocean eddies play. A set of hypotheses designed to be tested with the combined field, monitoring and modeling work in VOCALS is presented here. VOCALS-REx involved five research aircraft, two ships and two surface sites in northern Chile. We describe the instrument payloads and key mission strategies for these platforms and given a summary of the missions conducted.
The effect of horizontal gradients and spatial measurement resolution on the retrieval of global vertical NO2 distributions from SCIAMACHY measurements in limb only mode
Authors: Puķīte J. , Kühl S. , Deutschmann T. , Dörner S. , Jöckel P. , Platt U. , Wagner T.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Limb measurements provided by the Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) on the ENVISAT satellite allow retrieving stratospheric profiles of various trace gases on a global scale. Combining measurements of the same air volume from different viewing positions along the orbit, a tomographic approach can be applied and 2-D distribution fields of stratospheric trace gases can be acquired in one inversion. With this approach, it is possible to improve the accounting for the effect of horizontal gradients in the trace gas distribution on the profile retrieval. This was shown in a previous study for the retrieval of NO2 and OClO profiles in the Arctic region near the polar vortex boundary. In this study, the tomographic retrieval is applied on measurements during special limb-only orbits performed on 14 December 2008. For these orbits the distance between consecutive limb scanning sequences was reduced to ~3.3° of the orbital circle (i.e. more than two times with respect to the nominal operational mode). Thus, the same air volumes are scanned successively by more than one scanning sequence also for midlatitudes and the tropics. It is found that the profiles obtained by the tomographic 2-D approach show significant differences to those obtained by the 1-D approach. In particular, for regions close to stratospheric transport barriers (i.e. near to the edge of the polar vortex and subtropical transport barrier) up to 50% larger or smaller NO2 number densities (depending on the sign of the gradient along the line of sight) for altitudes below the peak of the profile (around 20 km) are obtained. The limb-only measurements allow examining the systematic error if the horizontal gradient is not accounted for, and studying the impact of the gradient strength on the profile retrieval on a global scale. The findings for the actual SCIAMACHY observations are verified by sensitivity studies for simulated data for which the NO2 distributions to be retrieved are known in advance. In addition, the impact of the horizontal distance between consecutive limb scanning sequences on the quality of the tomographic 2-D retrieval is investigated and a possibility to take into account the horizontal gradients by an interpolation approach is studied.
Observation of the exhaust plume from the space shuttle main engine using the Microwave Limb Sounder
Authors: Pumphrey H. C. , Lambert A. , Livesey N. J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. A space shuttle launch deposits 700 t of water in the atmosphere. Some of this water is released into the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere where it may be directly detected by a limb sounding satellite instrument. We report measurements of water vapour plumes from shuttle launches made by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite. Approximately 50% of shuttle launches are detected by MLS. The signal appears at a similar level across the upper 10 km of the MLS limb scan, suggesting that the bulk of the observed water is above the top of the scan. Only a small fraction at best of smaller launches (Ariane, Proton) are detected. We conclude that the sensitivity of MLS is only just great enough to detect a shuttle sized launch, but that a suitably designed instrument of the same general type could detect the exhausts from a large proportion of heavy-lift launches.
A mechanistic account of increasing seasonal variations in the rate of ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon
Authors: Gorgues T. , Aumont O. , Rodgers K. B.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. A three-dimensional circulation model that includes a representation of anthropogenic carbon as a passive tracer is forced with climatological buoyancy and momentum fluxes. This simulation is then used to compute offline the anthropogenic ΔpCO2 (defined as the difference between the atmospheric CO2 and its seawater partial pressure) trends over three decades between the years 1970 and 2000. It is shown that the mean increasing trends in ΔpCO2 reflects an increase of the seasonal amplitude of ΔpCO2. In particular, the ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is decreasing (negative trends in ΔpCO2) in boreal (austral) summer in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere in the subtropical gyres between 20° N (S) and 40° N (S). In our simulation, the increased amplitude of the seasonal trends of the ΔpCO2 is mainly explained by the seasonal sea surface temperature (SST) acting on the anthropogenic increase of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). It is also shown that the seasonality of the anthropogenic DIC has very little effect on the decadal trends. Finally, an observing system for pCO2 that is biased towards summer measurements may be underestimating uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by about 0.6 PgC yr−1 globally over the period of the WOCE survey in the mid-1990s according to our simulations. This bias associated with summer measurements should be expected to grow larger in time and underscores the need for surface CO2 measurements that resolve the seasonal cycle throughout much of the extratropical oceans.
Influence of the Amazon River on dissolved and intra-cellular metal concentrations in Trichodesmium colonies along the western boundary of the sub-tropical North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Tovar-Sanchez A. , Sañudo-Wilhelmy S. A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Despite the ecological importance of Trichodesmium spp. for the global oceanic nitrogen budget, there is limited information on their trace metal composition in field samples. We report dissolved (<0.22 μm) metal concentrations measured in surface waters (Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, P, Pb and V) and in the total and the intracellular pool (Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, V) of Trichodesmium populations collected in the western subtropical North Atlantic Ocean (April–May 2003) within the influence of the Amazon River plume. Dissolved element distributions were strongly influenced by the River discharge, with concentrations of some elements varying directly (i.e. Cd, Mo and V) or inversely (Ag, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, P and Pb) with surface salinity. Intracellular metal values to phosphorous ratios (mol:mol) for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and V ranged from 9.0×10−6 for Cd to 4.4×10−2 for Fe. Although total metal composition was significantly correlated with the intracellular content in the Trichodesmium colonies for some elements (e.g., Co, Cu, V), metal pools in the phytoplankton did not co-vary with the dissolved metal concentrations, suggesting that water column measurements may not be good predictors of the intracellular metal concentrations. The impact of physical parameters and bioactive elements on biological processes in Trichodesmium such as nitrogen fixation, carbon drawdown and biomass production was explored by using a principal component analysis test (PCA). The analysis indicates that the biological drawdown of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) by Trichodesmium seems to be influenced by the internal content of Fe, Co, Cd, Cu and Mn, while nitrogen fixation seems more influenced by the internal concentration of Mo, Ni and V and by the dissolved phosphorous concentrations.
Synoptic relationships quantified between surface Chlorophyll-a and diagnostic pigments specific to phytoplankton functional types
Authors: Hirata T. , Hardman-Mountford N. J. , Brewin R. J. W. , Aiken J. , Barlow R. , Suzuki K. , Isada T. , Howell E. , Hashioka T. , Noguchi-Aita M. , Yamanaka Y.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Error-quantified, synoptic-scale relationships between chlorophyll-a (Chla) and phytoplankton pigment groups at the sea surface are presented. A total of nine pigment groups were considered to represent nine phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) including microplankton, nanoplankton, picoplankton, diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae, picoeukaryotes, prokaryotes and Prochlorococcus sp. The observed relationships between Chla and pigment groups were well-defined at the global scale to show that Chla can be used as an index of not only phytoplankton abundance but also community structure; large (micro) phytoplankton monotonically increase as Chla increases, whereas the small (pico) phytoplankton community generally decreases. Within these relationships, we also found non-monotonic variations with Chla for certain pico-plankton (pico-eukaryotes, Prokaryotes and Prochlorococcus sp.) and for Green Algae and nano-sized phytoplankton. The relationships were quantified with a least-square fitting approach in order to estimate the PFTs from Chla alone. The estimated uncertainty of the relationships quantified depends on both phytoplankton types and Chla concentration. Maximum uncertainty over all groups (34.7% Chla) was found from diatom at approximately Chla = 1.07 mg m−3. However, the mean uncertainty of the relationships over all groups was 5.8 [% Chla] over the entire Chla range observed (0.02 < Chla < 6.84 mg m−3). The relationships were applied to SeaWiFS satellite Chla data from 1998 to 2009 to show the global climatological fields of the surface distribution of PFTs. Results show that microplankton are present in the mid and high latitudes, constituting ~9.0 [% Chla] of the phytoplankton community at the global surface, in which diatoms explain ~6.0 [% Chla]. Nanoplankton are ubiquious throught much of the global surface oceans except subtropical gyres, acting as a background population, constituting ~44.2 [% Chla]. Picoplankton are mostly limited in subtropical gyres, constituting ~46.8 [% Chla] globally, in which prokaryotes are the major species explaining 32.3 [% Chla] (prochlorococcus sp. explaining 21.5 [% Chla]), while pico-eukaryotes are notably abundant in the Southern Pacific explaining ~14.5 [% Chla]. These results may be used to constrain or validate global marine ecosystem models.
The global middle-atmosphere aerosol model MAECHAM5-SAM2: comparison with satellite and in-situ observations
Authors: Hommel R. , Timmreck C. , Graf H. F.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. In this paper we investigate results from a middle-atmosphere aerosol-climate model which has been developed to study the evolution of stratospheric aerosols. Here we focus on the stratospheric background period and evaluate several key quantities of the global dispersion of stratospheric aerosols and their precursors with observations and other model studies. It is shown that the model fairly well reproduces in situ observations of the aerosol size and number concentrations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS). Compared to measurements from the limb-sounding SAGE II satellite instrument, modelled integrated aerosol quantities are more biased the lower the moment of the aerosol population. Both findings are consistent with earlier work analysing the quality of SAGE II retrieved e.g. aerosol surface area densities from the volcanically unperturbed stratosphere (SPARC/ASAP, 2006; Thomason et al., 2008; Wurl et al., 2010). The model suggests that new particles are formed over large areas of the LS, albeit nucleation rates in the upper troposphere are at least one order of magnitude larger than those in the stratosphere. Hence, we suggest that both tropospheric sulphate aerosols and particles formed in situ in the LS are maintaining the stability of the stratospheric aerosol layer also in the absence of direct stratospheric emissions from volcanoes. Particle size distributions are clearly bimodal, except in the upper branches of the stratospheric aerosol layer where aerosols evaporate. Modelled concentrations of condensation nuclei (CN) are lesser than measured in regions of the aerosol layer where aerosol mixing ratios are largest, due to an overpredicted particle growth by coagulation. Transport regimes of tropical stratospheric aerosol have been identified from modelled aerosol mixing ratios and correspond to those deduced from satellite extinction measurements. We found that convective updraft in the Asian Monsoon region significantly contributes to both stratospheric aerosol load and size. The timing of formation and descend of layers of fine mode particles in the winter and spring polar stratosphere (CN layer) are reproduced by the model. Far above the tropopause where nucleation is inhibited due to with height increasing stratospheric temperatures, planetary wave mixing transports significant amounts of fine mode particles from the polar stratosphere to mid-latitudes. In those regions enhanced condensation rates of sulphuric acid vapour counteracts the evaporation of aerosols, hence prolonging the aerosol lifetime in the upper branches of the stratospheric aerosol layer. Measurements of the aerosol precursors SO2 and sulphuric acid vapour are fairly well reproduced by the model throughout the stratosphere.
Possibilistic uncertainty analysis of a conceptual model of snowmelt runoff
Authors: Jacquin A. P.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. This study presents the analysis of predictive uncertainty of a conceptual type snowmelt runoff model. The method applied uses possibilistic rather than probabilistic calculus for the evaluation of predictive uncertainty. Possibility theory is an information theory meant to model uncertainties caused by imprecise or incomplete knowledge about a real system rather than by randomness. A snow dominated catchment in the Chilean Andes is used as case study. Predictive uncertainty arising from parameter uncertainties of the watershed model is assessed. Model performance is evaluated according to several criteria, in order to define the possibility distribution of the parameter vector. The plausibility of the simulated glacier mass balance and snow cover are used for further constraining the model representations. Possibility distributions of the discharge estimates and prediction uncertainty bounds are subsequently derived. The results of the study indicate that the use of additional information allows a reduction of predictive uncertainty. In particular, the assessment of the simulated glacier mass balance and snow cover helps to reduce the width of the uncertainty bounds without a significant increment in the number of unbounded observations.
The benefits of gravimeter observations for modelling water storage changes at the field scale
Authors: Creutzfeldt B. , Güntner A. , Vorogushyn S. , Merz B.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Water storage is the fundamental state variable of hydrological systems. However, comprehensive data on total water storage changes (WSC) are practically inaccessible by hydrological measurement techniques at the field or catchment scale, and hydrological models are highly uncertain in representing the storage term due to the lack of adequate validation or calibration data. In this study, we assess the benefit of temporal gravimeter measurements for modelling WSC at the field scale. A simple conceptual hydrological model is calibrated and evaluated against records of a superconducting gravimeter (SG), soil moisture, and groundwater time series. The model is validated against independently estimated WSC based on lysimeter measurements. Using gravimeter data as a calibration constraint improves the model results substantially in terms of predictive capability and variation of the behavioural model runs. Thanks to their capacity to integrate over different storage components and a larger area, gravimeters provide information on total WSC that can be used to constrain the overall status of the hydrological system in a model. The general problem of specifying the internal model structure or individual parameter sets can, however, not be solved with gravimeters alone.
Spatial interpolation of hourly rainfall – effect of additional information, variogram inference and storm properties
Authors: Verworn A. , Haberlandt U.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Hydrological modelling of floods relies on precipitation data with a high resolution in space and time. A reliable spatial representation of short time step rainfall is often difficult to achieve due to a low network density. In this study hourly precipitation was spatially interpolated with the multivariate geostatistical method kriging with external drift (KED) using additional information from topography, rainfall data from the denser daily networks and weather radar data. Investigations were carried out for several flood events in the time period between 2000 and 2005 caused by different meteorological conditions. The 125 km radius around the radar station Ummendorf in northern Germany covered the overall study region. One objective was to assess the effect of different approaches for estimation of semivariograms on the interpolation performance of short time step rainfall. Another objective was the refined application of the method kriging with external drift. Special attention was not only given to find the most relevant additional information, but also to combine the additional information in the best possible way. A multi-step interpolation procedure was applied to better consider sub-regions without rainfall. The impact of different semivariogram types on the interpolation performance was low. While it varied over the events, an averaged semivariogram was sufficient overall. Weather radar data were the most valuable additional information for KED for convective summer events. For interpolation of stratiform winter events using daily rainfall as additional information was sufficient. The application of the multi-step procedure significantly helped to improve the representation of fractional precipitation coverage.
Interannual variations of the terrestrial water storage in the Lower Ob' basin from a multisatellite approach
Authors: Frappart F. , Papa F. , Güntner A. , Werth S. , Ramillien G. , Prigent C. , Rossow W. B. , Bonnet M.-P.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Temporal variations of surface water volume over inundated areas of the Lower Ob' basin in Siberia, one of the largest contributor of freshwater to the Arctic Ocean, are estimated using combined observations from a multisatellite inundation dataset and water levels over rivers and floodplains derivec from the TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) altimetry satellite. We computed time-series of monthly maps of surface water volume over the period of common availability of T/P and the multisatellite data (1993–2004). The results exhibit similar interannual variabilities with precipitation estimates and river discharge observations. This study also presents monthly estimates of groundwater and permafrost mass anomalies during 2003–2004 based on a synergistic analysis using multisatellite observations and hydrological models. Water stored in aquifer is isolated from the total water storage measured by GRACE by removing the contributions of both the surface reservoir, derived from satellite imagery and radar altimetry, and the root zone reservoir simulated by hydrological models.
Oncogenic microRNAs (OncomiRs) as a new class of cancer biomarkers
Authors: Krutovskikh Vladimir A. , Herceg Zdenko
Published: September 2010

Small non‐coding RNAs (microRNAs or miRs) represent one of the most fertile areas of cancer research and recent advances in the field have prompted us to reconsider the traditional concept of cancer. Some miRs exert negative control over the expression of numerous oncoproteins in normal cells and consequently their deregulation is believed to be an important mechanism underlying cancer development and progression. Owing to their distinct patterns of expression associated with cancer type, remarkable stability and presence in blood and other body fluids, miRs are considered to be highly promising cancer biomarkers. The identification of “miR signatures” associating cancer cell phenotypes with disease outcome and specific risk factor exposures will undoubtedly open new avenues for early diagnosis and therapy of cancer, as well as for the development of novel strategies for cancer prevention.
Cellular arrays for large‐scale analysis of transcription factor activity
Authors: Bellis Abigail D. , Peňalver‐Bernabé Beatriz , Weiss Michael S. , Yarrington Michael E. , Barbolina Maria V. , Pannier Angela K. , Jeruss Jacqueline S. , Broadbelt Linda J. , Shea Lonnie D.
Published: September 2010

Identifying molecular mechanisms or therapeutic targets is typically based on large‐scale cellular analysis that measures the abundance of mRNA or protein; however, abundance does not necessarily correlate with activity. We report a method for direct large‐scale quantification of active pathways that employs a cellular array with parallel gene delivery of constructs that report pathway activity. The reporter constructs encode luciferase, whose expression is influenced by binding of transcription factors (TFs), which are the downstream targets of signaling pathways. Luciferase levels are quantified by bioluminescence imaging (BLI), which allows for rapid, non‐invasive measurements. Activity profiles by BLI of 32 TFs were robust, consistent, and reproducible, and correlated with standard cell lysis techniques. The array identified five TFs with differential activity during phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate (PMA)‐induced differentiation of breast cancer cells. A system for rapid, large‐scale, BLI quantification of pathway activity provides an enabling technology for mechanistic studies of cellular responses and processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 395–403. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and validation of UPLC tandem mass spectrometry assay for separation of a phase II metabolite of ramipril using actual study samples and its application to a bioequivalence study
Authors: Pudage Ashutosh , Kamat Sudhir
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we present a validated UPLC‐MS/MS assay for determination of ramipril and ramiprilat from human plasma samples. The assay is capable of isolating phase II metabolites (acylglucornides) of ramipril fromin vivostudy samples which is otherwise not possible using conventional HPLC conditions. Both analytes were extracted from human plasma using solid‐phase extraction technique. Chromatographic separation of analytes and their respective internal standards was carried out using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18(2.1 × 100 mm), 1.7 µm column followed by mass spectrometric detection using an Waters Quattro Premier XE. The method was validated over the range 0.35–70.0 ng/mL for ramipril and 1.0–40.0 ng/mL for ramiprilat. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compounds having thiourea moiety as derivatization reagents in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS): synthesis of derivatization reagents for carboxylic acids
Authors: Inoda Hirotaka , Nishiyama Taihei , Yoshikado Takashi , Suwanai Yusuke , Santa Tomofumi
Published: September 2010

The derivatization reagents for carboxylic acids, N‐(Pyridin‐3‐yl)hydrazinecarbothioamide, N‐[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]hydrazinecarbothioamide, 1‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐3‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)thiourea, 1‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐3‐[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]thiourea and 4‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐N‐phenylpiperazine‐1‐carbothioamide were synthesized. These reagents reacted with carboxylic acids at 60°C for 45 min in the presence of the condensation reagents. The generated derivatives were favorably separated on the reversed‐phase column and sensitively detected by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. These reagents enhanced the electrospray ionization response of the analyte and generated a particular product ion efficiently by collision‐induced dissociation, and thus they were suitable for MS/MS detection. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure, Low‐Temperature, Single‐Crystal Neutron Diffraction Study of Deuterated and Hydrogenous Ammonium Hexaaquacopper(II) Sulfate (Tutton′s Salt): A Pressure‐Switchable Jahn‐Teller Distortion.
Authors: SIMMONS C. J. , HITCHMAN M. A. , STRATEMEIER H. , SCHULTZ A. J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray Study on Gd‐ and Y‐Sc‐Ga Garnets Doped with Cr‐ and Nd‐Ions
Authors: KUZ'MICHEVA G. M. , MUKHIN B. V. , ZHARIKOV E. V. , CHERNYSHEV V. V. , ZHUKOV S. G. , EFREMOV V. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Adsorption of C60 in Zeolite NaY.
Authors: JEON I. C. , HONG S. B.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid Properties of Zinc Oxide Catalysts Prepared by Several Methods.
Authors: NAKAJIMA T. , NAKAGAMA S. , MISHIMA S. , MATSUZAKI I.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Chemical Nature of Dihydrates of Double Manganese‐Zinc Dihydrogenphosphates.
Authors: ANTRAPTSEVA N. M. , RYABTSEVA N. V. , SHCHEGROV L. N.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis Using a Thiane Oxide System as a Disposable Template.
Authors: ARMER R. , BEGLEY M. J. , COX P. J. , PERSAD A. , SIMPKINS N. S.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: AlPO4‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Diels‐Alder Reactions of Cyclopentadiene with Chiral Acrylates.
Authors: CATIVIELA C. , FRAILE J. M. , GARCIA J. I. , MAYORAL J. A. , CAMPELO J. M. , LUNA D. , MARINAS J. M.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Synthesis of Chiral 1‐Phenyl‐1,2‐ and ‐1,3‐diols via Chiral Epoxy Alcohols.
Authors: TAKESHITA M. , MIURA M. , UNUMA Y.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cleavage and Activation of Benzylidene Lactones with N‐ Bromosuccinimide.
Authors: REDDY V. D. , FRANCK R. W.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unsaturated Nitrogen Compounds Containing Fluorine. Part 11. Reaction of 2,5‐Dichloro‐ and 2,5‐Diiodo‐1,1,1,6,6,6‐hexafluoro‐3,4‐diazahexa‐ 2,4‐diene with Diamines.
Authors: ELTOUM A. O. A. , O'REILLY N. J. , TIPPING A. E.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Enediyne‐Radical Cyclization Expansion to Nonaromatic Enediynes.
Authors: GRISSOM J. W. , CALKINS T. L. , MCMILLEN H. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies of the Tandem Enediyne‐Mono‐ and Bis‐Radical Cyclizations.
Authors: GRISSOM J. W. , CALKINS T. L. , EGAN M.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Acid‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of 1,2,4‐Trioxanes.
Authors: PU Y.‐M. , YEH H. , ZIFFER H.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactive Intermediate in the Decomposition Reaction of Bis Diazo Compounds
Authors: SUNG D. D. , PARK Y.‐M. , KIM K. C. , PARK D. K.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Ellipticine (I) with Fremy′s Salt Under Sonochemical Conditions.
Authors: PAUTET F. , FORMISYN P. , BOURGOIS J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkyl Radical Generation by Reduction of a Ketone Tosylhydrazone.
Authors: TABER D. F. , WANG Y. , STACHEL S. J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Decarboxylation, De‐ethoxycarbonylation and Desulfonylation, Followed by Sulfenylation of Some Half‐Esters of Malonic Acids and . alpha.‐Sulfonylmalonic Esters.
Authors: WLADISLAW B. , MARZORATI L. , DONNICI C. L.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of an α‐Stannyl Acrylate (II) to Aryl Iodides (I) and Triflates, e.g. (IV). A One‐Step Synthesis of Aryl Propenoic Esters, e.g. (III), (V).
Authors: LEVIN J. I.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Conjugate Addition of Organoaluminum Chlorides to . alpha.,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: RUECK K. , KUNZ H.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation and Structure of Stable, Isolable Conjugated Primary Enamines.
Authors: ERKER G. , PFAFF R. , KOWALSKI D. , WUERTHWEIN E.‐U. , KRUEGER C. , GODDARD R.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.