bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terahertz-wave generation in silica nanofibers
Authors: Azzoune Abderrahim
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the generation of terahertz (THz) waves in silica nanofibers through the difference frequency generation (DFG) process, incorporating surface-emitted modal phase-matching. This nonlinear process uses both surface dipole and bulk multipole nonlinearities. The adoption of a surface-emitted configuration serves to mitigate absorption losses within the THz range by initiating THz wave generation from the silica nanofiber’s surface. Theoretical analysis suggests that a silica nanofiber can generate a surface-emitted THz-wave using two guided modes: the TE[Formula: see text] mode at a wavelength of 780[Formula: see text]nm and the TM[Formula: see text] mode at a wavelength ranging from 750[Formula: see text]nm to 780[Formula: see text]nm, resulting in a difference frequency within the THz range from 1[Formula: see text]THz to 15[Formula: see text]THz. Utilizing coupled-wave theory, we derive the power expression for the generated THz-wave. These calculations are based on the assumption of two pump powers of 1 W each. An optimized architecture utilizing a silica nanofiber with a length of 200[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m coated with a 20[Formula: see text]nm thick nonlinear Bismuth Selenide (Bi2Se3) coating can achieve up to [Formula: see text] W[Formula: see text] of power-normalized conversion efficiency, in contrast to the estimated 10[Formula: see text] W[Formula: see text] for a bare silica nanofiber of the same length. This work contributes to advancing the understanding of THz-wave generation in optical nanofibers, with potential applications in various fields such as THz sensors and wireless communication.
Moving-Load Dynamic Analysis of Thick Sandwich Plates with Titanium Alloy Face Sheets and a Porosity-Dependent FG-GPLRC Core
Authors: Wang Xia , Li Zhanjun
Published: November 2024

An analysis is done in this research on the dynamical behavior of thick sandwich plates subjected to a moving load. The considered sandwich plate is composed of a porous aluminum core augmented with graphene platelets (GPLs) and titanium alloy face sheets. The core of sandwich plate is identified as a porosity-dependent composite and consists of six layers with each of them having different values of porosity. The time-dependent equations of motion are established for the sandwich plate by implementing the principle of virtual work. The governing equations are numerically solved for different boundary conditions utilizing the Ritz technique. The Newmark time marching scheme is also applied to obtain the temporal evaluation of displacement field in the plate volume. The verification example demonstrates the effectiveness and accuracy of the applied formulation. Novel numerical examples are presented to study the influences of porosity distribution pattern and its coefficient on the dynamic characteristics of the sandwich plate. Also, the effects of graphene’s weight fraction, plate’s geometric parameters and its boundary conditions are examined.
Benchmarking Values of Modulus of Rupture for Shells Used in Different Investment Casting Segments
Authors: Maheta Nikunj , Pandya Sanket , Edacherian Abhilash , Sata Amit
Published: November 2024

Modulus of Rupture (MoR) is considered to be one of the most crucial properties of ceramic shells used in manufacturing investment castings. An industrial survey was conducted to get an insight into the availability of such facilities to measure this property even after guidelines about measurement as well as its relevance are very well established. However, benchmarking values of MoR especially for various segments including aerospace, automobile as well as chemical where investment castings are widely employed are not clearly traceable in the literature. The proposed research is mainly focused on the development of MoR testing machine as per established specific guidelines followed by benchmarking values of MoR for specific sectors mentioned above as these sectors use as much as 60% of total investment casting produced in India. Tested samples were specifically prepared to replicate the conditions that are followed in making of shells and samples were tested using a developed MoR machine. It was observed that values of MoR need to be 4.15–4.90 MPa for automobiles; 3.14–4.48 MPa for chemicals and 1.54–2.76 MPa for aerospace to avoid any unwanted effects of MoR on the quality of investment castings used in these segments.
Propagation of lump and traveling wave solutions to the (4 + 1)-dimensional Fokas equation arising in mathematical physics
Authors: Tariq Kalim U. , Rezazadeh Hadi , Nadir Tufail R. , Demirbilek Ulviye
Published: November 2024

In this paper, the [Formula: see text]-dimensional Fokas model is investigated analytically with extensive applications in nonlinear wave theory including the evolution of a three-dimensional wave packet in water with a finite depth, and surface waves and internal waves in straits or channels of varied depth and width. Applying the Hirota bilinear approach, the lump wave solitons and interaction of lump with periodic waves, the interactions of lump wave along single, double-kink solitons as well as the interactions of lump, periodic along double-kink solitons of the governing model are developed. Additionally, by using the extended tanh function technique, certain new traveling wave solitons are established. The physical nature of several solitons is illustrated by drawing the 3D, contours and 2D plots. Consequently, a set of periodic, bright, dark, rational as well as elliptic function solitons are constructed. The employed techniques seem to be more effective and well organized to build some interesting analytical wave solitons to several appealing nonlinear models.
The impact of noise on the solution of the stochastic fractional Chiral Schrödinger equation forced by multiplicative noise in Itô sense
Authors: Saha Ray S.
Published: November 2024

In this paper, the stochastic fractional chiral nonlinear Schrödinger equation forced by multiplicative noise is investigated. Two different reliable methods, namely, the improved Riccati–Bernoulli sub-ODE method and the improved generalized Riccati equation mapping method, are implemented to obtain new hyperbolic, trigonometric, rational and complex stochastic solutions. These new stochastic solutions are of great importance in the study of nuclear physics and for the investigation of vital complex phenomena in optical fiber communication, computer industry, plasma physics and quantum mechanics, especially in the quantum hall effect. Also, the effect of multiplicative noise on the solution of stochastic fractional chiral Schrödinger equation is examined. Some graphical simulations are presented to illustrate the behavior of the acquired solutions via the choice of suitable parameters for investigating the real significance of the present model equation.
Constrained transit cosmological models in f(R,Lm,T)-gravity
Authors: Maurya Dinesh Chandra
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we investigate the constrained transit cosmological models in the most recently proposed modified gravity theory, [Formula: see text]-gravity. We obtain the modified field equations for a flat homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) spacetime metric. We constrain the equation of continuity by imposing the equation of state for the perfect fluid source [Formula: see text] so that we get energy conservation equation as [Formula: see text] (because generally, energy conservation law is not satisfied in [Formula: see text]-gravity). Using this constraint, we establish a relation between the energy density parameters [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] and the Hubble function. After that, we made observational constraints on [Formula: see text] to obtain the best-fit present values of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. Then, we use these best-fit values of energy parameters to investigate cosmological parameters such as the deceleration parameter, the effective equation of state [Formula: see text], and the energy density parameters [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] to learn more about the components and history of the expanding universe. We found an effective EoS parameter in the range [Formula: see text] with a deceleration–acceleration transition redshift value of [Formula: see text] along two datasets cosmic chronometer (CC) and Pantheon SNIa, respectively.
The nonisospectral super integrable hierarchies associated with Lie superalgebra 𝔅(1,1)
Authors: He Baiying , Gao Wenting , Gao Siyu
Published: November 2024

Based on Lie superalgebra [Formula: see text], by solving the zero curvature equation of the spectral problems, we derive the nonisospectral super integrable hierarchies. Then, by adding a real number [Formula: see text], we construct the generalized Lie superalgebra [Formula: see text], and derive (1+1)-dimensional and (2+1)-dimensional nonisospectral super integrable hierarchies. Moreover, the super Hamiltonian structures of the resulting super integrable hierarchies are deduced by means of the super trace identity.
Notes on conformal and non-conformal transformation metrics of generalized quasi-Einstein manifolds
Authors: Gezer Aydin , Djaa Nour Elhouda , De Uday Chand
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we focus on the characterizations and properties of quasi-Einstein and generalized quasi-Einstein manifolds with certain vector fields. Also we establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for these manifolds to be Ricci semi-symmetric, pseudo-projective Ricci symmetric and pseudo-projective semi-symmetric manifolds. Finally, we investigate the behavior of such manifolds endowed with conformal and non-conformal transformations of metrics.
Mathematical investigations of diffusive prey–predator dynamical system
Authors: Yasin Muhammad Waqas , Shahzad Tahir , Shoukat Saba , Iqbal Muhammad Sajid , Ahmed Nauman , Baber Muhammad Zafarullah
Published: November 2024

This work presents the numerical investigations for the deterministic prey–predator model. It is a reaction-diffusion mathematical model for the two-prey interacting with a single predator. The predator–prey model is an important part of the ecosystem, especially for recognizing how the population collaborates in their natural surroundings. The computational numerical scheme, namely, implicit finite difference scheme is developed. The numerical solution of the underlying model is successfully gained — the positivity of the reaction-diffusion model is established. To show the feasibility of the scheme, consistency, positivity, and stability are established by applying mathematical techniques. The numerical scheme yields stable and consistent approximations that remain positive throughout the domain. Moreover, the non-negative initial conditions and homogeneous Neumann conditions are used. For various parameter values, 3D, 2D, and parametric graphs are produced. In addition, the mathematical results are verified through numerical calculations.
Kinetic energy and angular momentum of free particles in a class of rotating cylindrical gravitational waves using the Noether symmetry approach
Authors: Abbasi Kamran Qadir , Hussain Ibrar
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we investigate the kinetic energy and angular momentum of free particles in a class of rotating cylindrical gravitational wave spacetimes, using the Noether symmetry approach. For that purpose, we determine the conserved quantities and subsequently analyze them for the velocities of free particles in the spacetimes, thereby simplifying the relationship between velocities and coordinates. Our analysis demonstrates that arbitrary choices of metric coefficients lead to fluctuations in the velocity of free particles, thereby causing variations in their kinetic energy under the influence of rotating cylindrical gravitational waves. Furthermore, we derive expressions for the angular momentum imparted to free particles by these waves, considering various scenarios for metric coefficients. Interestingly, we observe that the angular momentum of free particles initially experiences an increase over time but eventually starts to decrease after a certain duration.
Completeness of unchanged direction trajectories in Galilean spacetimes
Authors: de la Fuente Daniel , Rubio Rafael María , Torrente Teruel Jose
Published: November 2024

The notion of Unchanged Direction (UD) motion in an arbitrary Galilean spacetime is introduced providing a mathematical framework for the intuitive notion that “proper acceleration does not change its direction”. Given a prescribed scalar acceleration, the corresponding initial value problem is analyzed and used to characterize the UD trajectories as the projected curves on the spacetime of the integral curves of a smooth vector field defined on a certain fiber bundle. This key fact allows us to prove a result on the completeness of inextensible UD motions, that can be physically interpreted saying that observers which obey a UD motion live forever. Concretely, it is shown that a UD observer in a globally synchronizable Galilean spacetime can be extended if there exists a complete spatially conformally Leibnizian field of observers with conformal factor and gravitational field bounded along finite times. Finally, another completeness result is presented in the case of the existence of a compact absolute spacelike leaf.
Magnetized strange–quark–matter in f(T) theory of gravity
Authors: Dagwal V. J.
Published: November 2024

This study presents magnetized strange–quark–matter (SQM) in [Formula: see text] theory of gravity. The [Formula: see text] theory of gravity is the generalization of the Teleparallel theory of gravity, where [Formula: see text] is the torsion scalar. The cosmological parameters are investigated with the help of the equation of state SQM is [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is Bag constant. Some geometric aspects of the model are also discussed.
Brownian motion in the Hilbert space of quantum states along with the Ricci flow and stochastically emergent Einstein–Hilbert action: Formulating a well-defined Feynman’s path-integral measure for quantum fields in the presence of gravity
Authors: Varshovi Amir Abbass
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we aim to interpret the background gravitational effects appearing in quantum field theory on curved space-time by studying the Brownian motion of quantum states along with the Hamilton–Perelman Ricci flow. It has been shown that the Wiener measure automatically contains the Einstein–Hilbert action and the path-integral formulation of the scalar quantum field theory on curved space-time at the first order of local approximations. This provides a well-defined formulation of the path-integral measure for quantum field theory in the presence of gravity. However, we establish that the emergence of Einstein–Hilbert action is independent of the matter field interactions and is a merely entropic/geometric effect stemming from the nature of the Ricci flow of the universe geometry. We also extract an explicit formula for the cosmological constant in terms of the Ricci flow and Hamilton’s theorem for 3-manifolds. Then, we discuss the cosmological features of the FLRW solution in [Formula: see text]CDM Model via the derived equations of the Ricci flow. We also argue the correlation between our formulations and the entropic aspects of gravity. Finally, we provide some theoretical evidence that proves the second law of thermodynamics is the basic source of gravity and probably a more fundamental concept.
Size-Dependent Deformation for Thermo-Magneto-Electro-Elastic (TMEE) Timoshenko Micro-/Nano-Beam Based on Deviatoric Couple Stress Theory
Authors: Liu Mei-Feng , Yong Chung-Han
Published: November 2024

Static deformation for thermo-magneto-electro-elastic (TMEE) micro-/nano-beams subjected to applied load is investigated in this paper based on Timoshenko beam model incorporating the extended modified couple stress theory (MCST). Conventional material coefficients are converted into alternative ones, electric potential, magnetic potential, and thermal entropies are solved analytically based on Maxwell equations and heat equation. Governing equations for the TMEE Timoshenko micro-/nano-beams are derived for the first time by using the principle of minimum total potential energy, a 50% BaTiO3–CoFe2O4 bilaminate is demonstrated as an example, validity and efficiency are examined. It is found that microstructure effect (MCST) causes the deflections to decrease, and extra equivalent rigidity due to the existence of thermal/pyroelectric/pyromagnetic terms tends to weaken the beam structure. Meanwhile, the magnitude for electric/magnetic potential is bigger than that based on pure MEE modeling, in addition, deflections with couple stress are found to be smaller than those without couple stress especially for very thin structures.
Elastic-Plastic Simulation Study on 6005A Aluminum Alloy Crack Propagation Based on XFEM
Authors: Zhou Shiqi , Yang Bing , Lv Ke , Zhang Zhe , Xiao Shoune , Yang Guangwu , Zhu Tao
Published: November 2024

Engineering components are susceptible to numerous fatigue fracture issues in the context of long-term service. The failure of a large number of components is often accompanied by the propagation process of fatigue cracks. The elastic-plastic finite element simulation analysis method was employed to deeply investigate the crack propagation mechanism of aluminum alloy materials under fatigue loading in this paper. First, a finite element model of the CT specimen was constructed based on the constitutive relationship of elastic-plastic materials. Additionally, the crack propagation rule was defined using the extended finite element method (XFEM). Subsequently, the validity and accuracy of the simulation model were verified through fatigue crack propagation experiments using a 6005A aluminum alloy CT specimen. Finally, the simulation model was further utilized to investigate the effects of different stress ratios and specimen thicknesses on the crack propagation behavior. The research findings demonstrated that the crack propagation simulation model established by the elastic-plastic material constitutive and the XFEM is capable of accurately simulating the crack propagation behavior of aluminum alloys under fatigue loading. In the validation CT model, the crack of the simulation model expanded from 13[Formula: see text]mm to 30[Formula: see text]mm after 160,000 cycles, and the expansion rate ranged from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. The height and width of the plastic zone at a crack length of 16 mm were 3.1[Formula: see text]mm and 2.0[Formula: see text]mm, respectively, which are very close to the experimental results. Furthermore, the simulation model also reveals the significant role of plastic flow at the crack tip in the fatigue crack propagation process.
Sol–Gel-Based Synthesis of a Yolk–Shell Structured Sn@C Composite for Highly Stable Lithium Storage
Authors: Li Yong , Zhao Yingying , Zhao Yun , Ma Canliang , Li Yongquan , Liu Bin , Li Jian
Published: November 2024

Yolk–shell structured Sn@C materials are promising candidates of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high structural stability along cycling. However, their synthesis usually suffers from complicated procedures, low efficiency and uncontrolled morphology and size. In this study, a novel yolk–shell structured composite of phenolic-resin-based Sn@hollow carbon (C) composite was effectively synthesized using tributyl(ethenyl)stannane as the tin source and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide as the structure-directing agent. Small Sn particles, with diameters of 10–20[Formula: see text]nm, were discovered to be encapsulated within hollow carbon spheres of about 100[Formula: see text]nm and exhibited high dispersion. Benefiting from this excellent structural design, the specific lithium-storage capacity of this composite can still retain a value of 640[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text] after 150 cycles at 0.1[Formula: see text]A g[Formula: see text]. An excellent rate performance of 280[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text] was achieved at a high current density of 1[Formula: see text]A g[Formula: see text], without decay after 600 cycles. The present study highlights the superiority of yolk–shell structure and provides a viable option for synthesizing advanced Sn-based anode materials of lithium-ion batteries.
MainModelingStr: A Structural Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis Framework with Adaptive Beam-Column Finite Elements
Authors: Martinez Edgar David Mora , Khaji Naser
Published: November 2024

This study introduces a new method for nonlinear structural analysis of buildings using high-order Hermitian interpolation function matrices for Timoshenko elements. This method aims to improve the accuracy of traditional beam-column finite element analyses by using higher-order shape function polynomials. Thus, a p-adaptive procedure is employed to address the potential issues of increased complexity and round-off error associated with higher-order functions. The study uses a technique for removing outliers in the p-adaptive method, which is more consistent with the theoretical approach. Moreover, a novel strategy based on the generalized alpha method is applied to reduce even more convergence problems, allowing its parameters to adapt in each instant of the time-history analysis. These adaptive parameters permit setting a low tolerance error and avoiding changing these parameters manually in time-consuming analyses. The efficiency of using fourth-order beam-column elements is also investigated. Finally, the importance of the proposed method is demonstrated through examples of building analyses, which is the base of a proposed software called MainModelingStr.
Reliability and power consumption models of embedded systems with a machine learning-based optimization
Authors: Saberikia Mohammad Reza , Beitollai Hakem , Jader Rasool , Farbeh Hamed
Published: November 2024

Most real-time systems are embedded in portable, battery-powered devices that have strict limitations on power consumption. Safety-critical embedded systems, in particular, demand a high level of reliability. To effectively enhance both reliability and power consumption, it is crucial to consider both criteria with an accurate and stable model. Existing research on power and reliability models for embedded systems often lacks the accuracy required for safety-critical applications and fails to account for all hardware and software components. This paper proposes a machine learning-based optimization model designed to improve the accuracy and stability of reliability and power consumption assessments. The proposed model demonstrates a significant enhancement in accuracy compared to previous randomization models, showing a [Formula: see text] improvement in reliability and a [Formula: see text] improvement in power consumption relative to existing state-of-the-art models.
Bifurcation and sensitivity analysis along with the numerical simulations of susceptible breaking-out quarantine treatment recovered computer model
Authors: Aziz Noor , Rizvi Syed T. R. , Ali Kashif , Seadawy Aly R.
Published: November 2024

Internet worms have received a lot of attention because of their massive hazards to the internet. As the internet worms propagate quickly, therefore, the automatic control on the internet is required. In this paper, we present a new epidemic model called susceptible-breaking out-quarantine-treatment-recovered (SBQTR) model which integrates dynamic quarantine and treatment approaches to control the spread of internet worms. By using the SBQTR model, we can calculate the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text], which determines the existence of worms. The model has two equilibrium states: virus-free equilibrium (VFE) and viral equilibrium (VE). The stability analysis of both the equilibrium points is carried out and impact of treatment is examined under various parametric values. The sensitivity analysis of model is carried out to determine the impact of model parameters on virus transmission. Furthermore, we established nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) schemes and Runge–Kutta algorithm of order 4 (RK-4) for SBQTR model. The stated NSFD technique retains all of the significant properties of system (1), whereas RK-4 mechanism gives negative solutions and doesn’t converge to the equilibrium points of system (1). Numerical results together with comparison for various values of step size ([Formula: see text]) are available. Bifurcation value of infection coefficient is also investigated. It is shown that an appropriate treatment is essential to control the spread of worms in computer network.
Cloud-based edge fusion for smart grid powered by blockchain technology
Authors: Latha Mercy E. , Balamurugan K. , Indumathi M , Anuradha T. , Anjali Devi S. , Baskar G.
Published: November 2024

In the new generation of power grids, the smart grid (SG) integrates sophisticated characteristics, including situation awareness, two-way communication, and distributed energy supplies. Integrated SG uses various operational metrics, including devices with sensors, meters, and renewable power sources. There are several challenges when securely disposing and storing electricity data acquired from an SG. It is vulnerable to cyberattacks due to its digitization and integration of an increasing number of links. Issues with latency, security, privacy, and excessive bandwidth consumption will arise when this enormous amount of data is transmitted directly to the cloud. Edge computing (EC) solves this problem by moving data processing to the network’s periphery, close to the embedded devices. With improved data processing speeds, a more responsive and resilient grid may be achieved, instantly responding to energy demand and supply changes. EC reduces the volume of sensitive data sent to central servers, reducing potential security breaches. Data may be better protected from intrusions by being analyzed locally and only pertinent information transferred to the cloud. Thus, a blockchain is an intriguing SG paradigm solution with many benefits. The SG’s decentralization and improved cybersecurity have prompted a lot of work into using blockchain technology; since it is well-known that data saved in the blockchain is immutable, it is crucial to find foolproof ways to verify data are accurate and comply with high-quality standards before storing it in the blockchain. A practical solution for storing precise power data that enables the safe execution of adaptable transactions is a Cloud-Edge Fusion Blockchain model for the smart grid (CEFBM-SG). Consequently, the SG’s dependability, resilience, and scalability will be improved as the number of distributed energy sources (DERs) connected to it increases. Utilizing the idea of computing at the edge to enhance responsiveness and dependability. Executed security analyses and performance evaluations demonstrate CEFBM-SG’s exceptional security and efficiency.
Ten Steps for a Successful Hand Surgery Mission Trip – Experiences from Supporting Paediatric Hand in Vietnam and Honduras
Authors: TAKAGI Takehiko , NGUYEN Phi Duong , LEVERSEDGE Fraser J.
Published: November 2024

Domestic and global access to surgical care for paediatric hand and upper limb conditions is challenged by limited resources, increasing direct and indirect costs of care and a growing number of patients who require specialty care. There are numerous barriers for patients from developing countries to receiving medical care in Japan due to the substantial costs, which include travel, uninsured medical expenses and fees imposed by intermediaries. To address this issue, I realised that I needed to take a more direct approach – by travelling to these countries, not only to provide treatment, but also to teach and train local doctors. By emphasising on the education of local clinicians through the sharing of knowledge and skills, it is possible to expand the timely access to paediatric hand surgery and improve outcomes for children in need. Our mission is rooted in the belief that every nation holds its own unique treasures – its culture, food, beauty and joy – that are worth celebrating and preserving. By fostering sustainable relationships built on mutual respect and understanding, we can make a greater impact; engagement with local surgeons will ultimately elevate the level of care that they can provide in their own communities, through improving core competencies of medical knowledge, technical/surgical skills and resource allocation for simple and complex conditions. This work not only reflects my personal commitment, but also my focus on expanding our team of fellows and strengthening organisational support. We aim to actively pursue these efforts throughout Asia, fostering cross-cultural collaboration and, ultimately, helping to heal the hands and futures of children worldwide. The aim of this review article is to share with readers how we started our mission trips to Vietnam and highlight 10 steps that I feel are critical to a successful mission trip.
Treatment of Pink Pulseless Hand Following Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children
Authors: PHAN Man Duc Minh , TRAN Quynh Nhu , VO Nam Quang Dinh , LAM Kien Thanh , NGUYEN Phi Duong
Published: November 2024

Background: Supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHF) in children are common and can lead to serious complications, including neurovascular injury. The optimal management of children with a ‘pink pulseless’ hand following such a fracture is unclear. This study aimed to ascertain an appropriate therapeutic approach for children with SCHF and a pink pulseless hand.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records from paediatric patients under 16 years old with SCHF and clinically perfused but pulseless hands between 1 January 2016 and 30 June 2021 was conducted. Clinical characteristics, imaging, treatment processes and follow-up results were analysed to predict arterial injuries requiring vascular repair and determine the optimal timing for exploratory surgery.

Results: The study included 88 patients, predominantly male (58%) with an average age of 6 years. Most fractures resulted from falls onto outstretched arms. Satisfactory outcomes, indicated by the return of the pulse following closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP) alone, were seen in 66% of patients, negating the necessity for vascular exploration. Amongst patients with a persistently absent radial pulse 72 hours after CRPP, 83% were diagnosed with brachial artery injuries, with all such patients experiencing recurrent pulse loss after surgery.

Conclusions: Urgent reduction and CRPP are effective initial treatments for children with SCHF and a pink pulseless hand. Immediate vascular exploration is generally not necessary in these patients. Further research is needed to determine the optimal management for persistent pulselessness and recurrent pulse loss.

Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic)
Surgical Treatment for Chronic Anterior Dislocation of the Radial Head
Authors: BAE Kee Jeong , SEOK Hyun Sik , LEE Jae Min , HWANG Ji Sup , KIM Jihyeung
Published: November 2024

Background: Surgical correction of chronic anterior dislocation of the radial head in paediatric patients is challenging, and they may experience re-dislocation or subluxation even after corrective surgery. We have been performing a radial shortening osteotomy combined with reconstruction of the annular and lateral collateral ligaments, and a corrective osteotomy of the ulna. The aim of this article is to describe our technique and outcomes at mid-term follow-up.

Methods: This retrospective review included 10 paediatric patients with chronic anterior dislocation of the radial head that were surgically treated at our unit from January 2016 to July 2022. The dislocations were congenital in two patients, resulted from neglected Monteggia fractures in seven patients, and was idiopathic in one patient. The average age at surgery was 8.3 years. All patients underwent radial shortening osteotomy combined with reconstruction of the annular and lateral collateral ligaments, and a corrective osteotomy of the ulna. Outcomes with regards to period of follow-up, complications, arc of motion and the Kim elbow performance score were assessed.

Results: The reduction of the radial head was maintained at the final follow-up (mean: 55 months). No acute or chronic complications occurred. The mean arc of flexion–extension improved from 124° to 140° while the arc of prono–supination decreased from 124° to 113°. The Kim elbow performance score was excellent in eight patients, fair in one and poor in one.

Conclusions: A combination of radial shortening osteotomy, reconstruction of the annular and lateral collateral ligaments and corrective osteotomy of the ulna was able to maintain a stable reduction of the radial head with satisfactory elbow motion in the mid-term in paediatric patients with chronic anterior dislocation of the radial head regardless of the underlying cause.

Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic)
Uncertainty Aware Forward and Inverse Kinematics for Tendon-Driven Continuum Robots via Mixture Density Networks
Authors: Thompson Jordan , Cho Brian Y. , Brown Daniel S. , Kuntz Alan
Published: November 2024

Tendon-driven continuum robot kinematic models are frequently computationally expensive, inaccurate due to unmodeled effects, or both. In particular, unmodeled effects produce uncertainties that arise during the robot’s operation that lead to variability in the resulting geometry. We propose a novel solution to these issues through the development of a Gaussian mixture kinematic model. We train a mixture density network to output a Gaussian mixture model representation of the robot geometry given the current tendon displacements. This model computes a probability distribution that is more representative of the true distribution of geometries at a given configuration than a model that outputs a single geometry, while also reducing the computation time. We demonstrate uses of this model through both a trajectory optimization method that explicitly reasons about the workspace uncertainty to minimize the probability of collision and an inverse kinematics method that maximizes the likelihood of occupying a desired geometry.
Balance Sheet Implications of a Two-Tier Operation Central Bank Digital Currency
Authors: Zhao Yao
Published: November 2024

The modern monetary and financial system is shaped by a two-tier system: commercial banks are pedestalled on the central bank’s operations, and the central bank offers currency issuance and payment infrastructure services for the banks. This paper retrospectively examines the historical evolution of the two-tier system and concludes that the system is related to the interplay between the supply and demand for excess reserves (HQLA) and the money creation of banks on the one hand, and it brings about institutional advantages for the central bank to better fulfill its public functions on the other hand. Central Bank digital currency (CBDC) can also follow this architecture. This paper proposes a retail CBDC based on a two-tier system with two different settlement modes, gross and net, and analyzes the impacts of each on the balance sheets of the central bank and commercial banks under different business scenarios, as well as the qualitative implications for the banks’ regulatory ratios. The paper points out that the relationship between retail CBDC and deposit reserves is a key issue that cannot be overlooked in future research.
Evolving to Find Optimizations Humans Miss: Using Evolutionary Computation to Improve GPU Code for Bioinformatics Applications
Authors: Liou Jhe-Yu , Awan Muaaz , Leyba Kirtus , Šulc Petr , Hofmeyr Steven , Wu Carole-Jean , Forrest Stephanie
Published: November 2024

GPUs are used in many settings to accelerate large-scale scientific computation, including simulation, computational biology, and molecular dynamics. However, optimizing codes to run efficiently on GPUs requires developers to have both detailed understanding of the application logic and significant knowledge of parallel programming and GPU architectures. This paper shows that an automated GPU program optimization tool, GEVO, can leverage evolutionary computation to find code edits that reduce the runtime of three important applications, multiple sequence alignment, agent-based simulation and molecular dynamics codes, by 28.9%, 29%, and 17.8% respectively. The paper presents an in-depth analysis of the discovered optimizations, revealing that (1) several of the most important optimizations involve significant epistasis, (2) the primary sources of improvement are application-specific, and (3) many of the optimizations generalize across GPU architectures. In general, the discovered optimizations are not straightforward even for a GPU human expert, showcasing the potential of automated program optimization tools to both reduce the optimization burden for human domain experts and provide new insights for GPU experts.
Hardness of Approximate Diameter: Now for Undirected Graphs
Authors: Dalirrooyfard Mina , Li Ray , Vassilevska Williams Virginia
Published: November 2024

Approximating the graph diameter is a basic task of both theoretical and practical interest. A simple folklore algorithm can output a 2-approximation to the diameter in linear time by running BFS from an arbitrary vertex. It has been open whether a better approximation is possible in near-linear time. A series of articles on fine-grained complexity have led to strong hardness results for diameter in directed graphs, culminating in a recent tradeoff curve independently discovered by [Li, STOC’21] and [Dalirrooyfard and Wein, STOC’21], showing that under the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH), for any integer
k
≥ 2 and δ > 0, a

\(2-\frac{1}{k}-\delta\)

approximation for diameter in directed
m
-edge graphs requires

\(m^{1+1/(k-1)-o(1)}\)

time. In particular, the simple linear time 2-approximation algorithm is optimal for directed graphs.

In this article, we prove that the same tradeoff lower bound curve is possible for undirected graphs as well, extending results of [Roditty and Vassilevska W., STOC’13], [Li’20] and [Bonnet, ICALP’21] who proved the first few cases of the curve,
k
=2,3, and 4, respectively. Our result shows in particular that the simple linear time 2-approximation algorithm is conditionally optimal for undirected graphs. To obtain our result, we extract the core ideas in known reductions and introduce a unification and generalization that could be useful for proving SETH-based hardness for other problems in undirected graphs related to distance computation.
Coarse-Grained Task Parallelization by Dynamic Profiling for Heterogeneous SoC-Based Embedded System
Authors: Chang Liangliang , Gener Serhan , Mack Joshua , Suluhan Hasan Umut , Akoglu Ali , Chakrabarti Chaitali
Published: November 2024

In this study, we introduce a methodology for automatically transforming user applications written in C/C++ to a parallel representation consisting of coarse-grained tasks based on dynamic profiling. Such a parallel representation is suitable for mapping applications onto heterogeneous SoCs. We present our approach for instrumenting the user application binary during the compilation process with parallel primitives that enable the runtime system to schedule and execute independent computation-intensive coarse-grained tasks concurrently. We use the proposed compilation and code transformation methodology to retarget each application for execution on a heterogeneous SoC composed of processor cores and accelerators. We demonstrate the capabilities of our integrated compile time and runtime flow through task-level parallelization and functionally correct execution of real-world applications in the communication systems and radar processing domains. We demonstrate the functionality of our integrated system by executing six distinct applications with different degrees of parallelism on four different platforms: an eight-core general-purpose processor, a heterogeneous SoC simulator, and two heterogeneous SoCs utilizing the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ FPGA and the Nvidia Jetson AGX board. Our integrated approach offers a path forward for application developers to take full advantage of the target SoC without requiring users to become hardware or parallel programming experts.
The Path to Net-Zero in Dairy Production: Are Pronounced Decreases in Enteric Methane Achievable?
Authors: Beauchemin Karen A. , Kebreab Ermias , Cain Michelle , VandeHaar Michael J.
Published: November 2024

Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in dairy production will require >50% reduction in enteric methane (CH4) emissions together with elimination of emissions from feed production, additional carbon sequestration, reduction in manure emissions, anaerobic digestion of manure, and decreased reliance on fossil fuel energy. Over past decades, improved production efficiency has reduced GHG intensity of milk production (i.e., emissions per unit of milk) in the United States, but this trend can continue only if cows are bred for increased efficiency. Genetic selection of low-CH4-producing animals, diet reformulation, use of feed additives, and vaccination show tremendous potential for enteric CH4 mitigation; however, few mitigation strategies are currently available, and added cost without increased revenue is a major barrier to implementation. Complete elimination of CH4 emissions from dairying is likely not possible without negatively affecting milk production; thus, offsets and removals of other GHGs will be needed to achieve net-zero milk production.
Communication—Simple Model for Discharge of Lithium Battery
Authors: Yoo Kee-Youn , Park Hyunwoo , Yoon Hyunsik , Lee Hong H.
Published: November 2024

Shell-progressive framework was applied to lithium ion battery to arrive at a simple analytic relationship for the discharge of the battery. The relationship provides the depth of discharge as a function of time with a coefficient involving physical properties and another representing potential discharge capacity, given the discharge rate and the state of charge in the previous charge-discharge cycle. Also derived is a relationship between the discharge time and the current, which can be used as an alternative to Peukert’s law. The results should be useful for assessing the discharge behavior and for designing the electrode.
Predicting the Impact of Parameter Uncertainty on Model-Guided Li-O2 Cathode Design
Authors: Chen-Glasser Melodie , DeCaluwe Steven C.
Published: November 2024

Despite their high theoretical capacity, actual performance in lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries is limited by sluggish transport and kinetic processes. Cathodes must provide ample surface area to host solid reduction products, but cathode design and electrolyte properties must also support species transport to access these surfaces. Numerous modeling studies therefore attempt to optimize cathode design by identifying microstructures to balance these two needs. However, model validation has historically relied on literature-sourced transport properties, which vary greatly between studies. In this work, we develop an open source, 1-D, continuum-scale Li-O2 battery model to examine the impact of cathode and electrolyte properties on predicted Li-O2 battery performance and design. Results demonstrate that O2 diffusion and solubility have the greatest impact on optimal design. Varying O2 diffusivity within the range of literature values surveyed led to maximum energy density variations of nearly 400%. These variations have a meaningful impact on the associated design conclusions: the optimal cathode porosity varied between 55 and 75%, depending on the O2 diffusivity. Moreover, the impact of advanced micrsotructures, such as graded cathode porosity, varies greatly with changes in electrolyte transport parameter estimates. As such, fundamental studies are required to accurately measure key electrolyte properties to enable numerical simulation as a guide to Li-O2 cathode design.
Recent Advances in Perovskite Nanomaterials for Sensing Applications
Authors: Dabas Samiksha , Kumar Manish , Singh Dharm Veer , Kumar Prashant , Dwivedi D. K. , Srivastava Abhay Nanda
Published: November 2024

Perovskite-structured materials have been extensively studied for sensing applications on account of their good thermal stability and 3–4 eV bandgap. They have been utilized to detect traces of O2, NO, CO, NO2, CO2, H2O, CH4, H2 and similar smaller gas molecules such as C2H5OH etc. In addition, other sensing applications are optical sensing, I-V fluctuations, strain sensors, electromechanical sensors, sensing of metal ions, etc. Perovskite-structured halides are reported for sensing of metal ions, toxic gases, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), detection of fungicides, pesticides, explosives, cellular imaging, radiation detection and humidity and temperature sensing.
Altered parasympathetic outflow and central sensitization response to continuous pain in cyclic vomiting syndrome: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Bolender Andrew , Staley Rowan , Garcia Ronald G. , Barbieri Riccardo , Andronesi Ovidiu , Castel Shahar , Thurler Andrea , Napadow Vitaly , Kuo Braden , Sclocco Roberta
Published: November 2024

Patients with cyclic vomiting syndrome exhibit multiple alterations in central function in response to a sustained pressure-pain stimulus, including altered high-frequency heart rate variability and associated changes in BOLD fMRI signal in key areas of the central autonomic and interoceptive networks, as well as abnormal temporal summation of pain associated with altered connectivity patterns between the primary somatosensory cortex and key regions associated with interoception.
In vivo intracellular Ca2+ profiles after eccentric rat muscle contractions: addressing the mechanistic bases for repeated bout protection
Authors: Tabuchi Ayaka , Kikuchi Yudai , Takagi Ryo , Tanaka Yoshinori , Hoshino Daisuke , Poole David C. , Kano Yutaka
Published: November 2024

We demonstrated a reduced [Ca2+]i profile with suppressed muscle damage after a repeated bout of ECC in vivo: the ECC-induced immediate [Ca2+]i increase was suppressed and the persistence of increased [Ca2+]i with localized accumulation was diminished after repeated ECC. This effect occurred consonant with the upregulation of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter complex and better preservation of SERCA1 and MICU1. These findings suggest that the mechanistic bases for repeated bout protection involve adaptation of Ca2+ regulation.
Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Gliquidone Against Cisplatin‐Resistant Human Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Qiu Xi , Liu Bo , Ye Pan-Pan , Song Lin-Lin , Zhang Xue , Gu Wei-Ping , Li Ling , Zhu Shun-Wei , Zhao Wei , Yang Xin-Mei
Published: November 2024

Cisplatin (CDDP) can combat various types of cancers, employing a multifaceted approach against these malignant diseases. Despite its efficacy, resistance to CDDP remains a significant clinical challenge, often resulting in treatment failure and disease progression. Currently, efforts are underway to unravel the mechanisms of CDDP drug resistance in cancer treatment. The elevated presence of glutathione S‐transferase pi‐1 (GSTP1‐1) within tumor cells plays a pivotal role in the development of resistance toward the effects of CDDP. GSTP1‐1 contributes to detoxification by conjugating glutathione (GSH) to CDDP, reducing its accumulation and effectiveness in the tumor cells. In this study, the efficacy of gliquidone, an antidiabetic drug, demonstrated its capacity to impede tumor cell proliferation in both lung cancer A549 cell lines and A549/CDDP cell lines. This was achieved by suppressing the expression of GSTP1‐1 within tumor cells (IC50: 16.8 ± 0.8 μM). Furthermore, through the establishment of a nude mouse model featuring lung adenocarcinoma A549/CDDP cell transplantation tumors, gliquidone demonstrated a significant therapeutic effect on the mice tumors, while avoiding discernible side effects. These findings suggest that gliquidone could potentially be repurposed as an adjunct therapy in CDDP‐resistant lung cancer.