bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consistency of Corneal Sublayer Thickness Measurements using Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography after Phacoemulsification
Authors: López-Miguel Alberto , Calabuig-Goena María , Marqués-Fernández Victoria , Fernández Itziar , Alió Jorge L. , Maldonado Miguel J.
Published: March 2016

Purpose

To assess the reliability of corneal epithelial thickness (CET), nonepithelial central corneal thickness (NECCT), and central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements using Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) in patients who did and did not undergo cataract surgery.

Methods

Forty patients who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification and 40 healthy participants were recruited to evaluate the intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility of CET, NECCT, and CCT measurements using Cirrus HD-OCT. To analyze repeatability, one examiner obtained 5 consecutive scans in each participant; for interobserver reproducibility, another examiner randomly obtained another scan. Within-subject standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CV), limits of agreement, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) data were obtained.

Results

For intraobserver repeatability, the intrasession CV (CVw) and ICC values of the CET in the operated and nonoperated groups were 3.7% and 0.80 and 3.8% and 0.73, respectively; for NECCT, 0.7% and 0.98 and 0.8% and 0.97; and for CCT, 0.6% and 0.99 and 0.7% and 0.98. For interobserver reproducibility, the CVw and ICC values for the CET in the operated and nonoperated groups were 2.6% and 0.82 and 2.3% and 0.62, respectively; for NECCT, 0.7% and 0.98 and 0.5% and 0.98; and for CCT, 0.5% and 0.99 and 0.4% and 0.99.

Conclusions

The corneal sublayer thickness can be measured reliably using Cirrus HD-OCT in patients who underwent cataract surgery and elderly participants; however, the CET consistency is poorer than the NECCT. Corneal epithelial thickness modifications exceeding 4% reflect true thickness changes instead of random error variations using HD-OCT.
Is the Chemotherapy Era in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Really Over? Maybe not Yet
Authors: Lo Russo Giuseppe , Imbimbo Martina , Garassino Marina Chiara
Published: March 2016

Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed tumors in both the male and female population. In Italy it is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and the third in women. Although the 5-year survival rate has moderately increased in the last years, the diagnosis remains associated with a very poor prognosis. However, in the last decade significant progress has been made, also in the treatment of advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer. The advent of targeted therapies and the recent explosion of immunotherapy seem to have limited the role of chemotherapy. But is this completely true? The aim of this editorial is to discuss some of the most controversial aspects of the therapeutic scenario in non-small cell lung cancer, with particular attention to the role that chemotherapy still plays.
Axillary Coverage by Whole Breast Irradiation in 1 to 2 Positive Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: De Santis Maria Carmen , Bonfantini Francesca , Dispinzieri Michela , Meroni Silvia , Diletto Barbara , Mantero Elisa D. , Franceschini Marzia , Soncini Fulvia , Di Cosimo Serena , Cosentino Vito , Pignoli Emanuele , Lozza Laura
Published: March 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the dosimetric coverage of axillary levels I, II, and III obtained with standard whole breast irradiation in 1 to 2 positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) patients not submitted to axillary lymph nodes dissection (ALND), and to compare the lymph nodes areas coverage obtained with 3D conformal radiation therapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT).

Methods

Patients with 1 to 2 positive SLNs undergoing breast-conserving therapy, without ALND, were included in the analysis. For each patient, 3 treatment plans were performed: a 3D conventional tangential plan, a static IMRT plan, and a volumetric IMRT, designed to encompass the entire breast parenchyma. The volumes of axillary levels I, II, and III receiving 90% and 95% (V90, V95) of the whole breast prescribed dose were evaluated. Dose-volume histograms were compared by means of the Friedman test.

Results

Ten patients were enrolled. All defined breast volumes received >95% of the prescribed dose with the 3 techniques. Median V95 for axillary level I was 26.4% (range 4.7%-61.3%) for 3D plans, 8.6% (range 0.64%-19.1%) for static IMRT plans, and 2.6% (range 0.4%-4.7%) for volumetric IMRT plans (p<0.001). Median V95 for axillary level II was 5.4% (range 0%-14.6%), 1.9% (range 0%-15%), and 2.6% (range 0.4%-4.7%) for 3D, static IMRT, and volumetric IMRT, respectively (p<0.001).

Conclusions

Results of our analysis showed that standard 3D tangential whole breast irradiation failed to deliver a therapeutic dose to axillary levels I and II. The coverage was even lower using static and volumetric IMRT techniques.
Safety of Combination Treatment with Imatinib Mesylate, Carboplatin, and Cetuximab in a Patient with Multiple Cancers: A Case Report
Authors: Pala Laura , Bergamini Cristiana , Imbimbo Martina , Granata Roberta , Locati Laura , Alfieri Salvatore , Licitra Lisa , Bossi Paolo
Published: March 2016

Purpose

Therapies directed against multiple signaling pathways have been validated in the clinical setting as effective anticancer treatments. The combination of different agents is particularly helpful in patients with multiple cancer diagnoses, while data on cross-toxicity are frequently missing, as for imatinib and cetuximab plus platinum drugs.

Methods

We present the case of a 76-year-old man with advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Combined treatment with imatinib mesylate and cetuximab plus carboplatin was well-tolerated by the patient, who did not develop neutropenia. By an interdisciplinary approach with hematology specialists, the anticipated neutropenia was managed by the temporary interruption of imatinib treatment when the white blood cell (WBC) count nadir was expected to occur.

Results

Although treatment with imatinib, carboplatin, and cetuximab can be associated with hematologic toxicities, a combination regimen based on the concomitant administration of these 3 drugs and on the discontinuation of imatinib at the predicted nadir of WBC count was feasible and well-tolerated in a patient with concomitant CML and locally advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusions

Our report indicates the feasibility of combination imatinib and cetuximab plus carboplatin in a case of multiple cancer diagnoses, provided that the treatment with imatinib is modulated according to the expected bone marrow depression.
Soil Seed Bank and Natural Regeneration of Trees
Authors: Alemu Molla Mekonnen
Published: March 2016

The current trend of natural resources utilization, such as soils is getting incompatible with the natural, biological, physical and chemical processes of ecosystems. Excessive pressure of increasing agricultural production has exerted a negative impact on soil and its associated resources development. As the agricultural frontiers are getting exhausted in terms of productivity, immediate need has been developed to bring previously considered marginal and peripheral lands under cultivation by clearing forest resources by posing a sever threat to different ecosystems. Forest plantations are generally considered as efficient ways for the sustained development, rehabilitation and protection of land resources. Forest plantations will also provide other ecosystem services like, timber and associated products, control of soil erosion, edible fruits, shelter for wildlife, moderating climate and weather and carbon sequestration. Apart from this, forest plantations will serve a natural medium for the succession of the forest in the understory by moderating the microclimate and by creating the conducive environment for the proper functioning of dispersal agents and the soil seed bank regeneration process. The objective of this article is, therefore, to outline the soil seed bank elements and the natural regeneration process of trees as knowledge about soil seed bank and regeneration process plays a vital role in the proper management of forest development activities and understanding of forest dynamics.
De verantwoordelijkheden en interne aansprakelijkheidsrisico’s van bestuurders in het kader van een due diligence-onderzoek
Authors: Bird T.
Published: March 2016

De verantwoordelijkheden en interne aansprakelijkheidsrisico’s van bestuurders in het kader van een due diligence-onderzoek

De verantwoordelijkheden van bestuurders in het kader van een due diligence-onderzoek naar een doelvennootschap worden op basis van jurisprudentie in kaart gebracht. Meestal zal van bestuurders worden verwacht een met voldoende waarborgen omgeven due diligence-onderzoek te laten uitvoeren, zodat zeker wordt gesteld dat een deugdelijke zaak wordt gekocht.
Extra bescherming voor de OK-functionaris: de escrowvoorziening
Authors: de Leeuw D.M.H.
Published: March 2016

Extra bescherming voor de OK-functionaris: de escrowvoorziening

In de Cunico-beschikking staat de OK een ruime escrowvoorziening toe, die mede strekt tot zekerheid van de kosten van advies en verweer in rechte tegen aansprakelijkstellingen van de door de OK benoemde functionarissen persoonlijk. De escrowvoorziening lijkt een welkome aanvulling op de middelen om de OK-functionaris te beschermen tegen (ongefundeerde) druk van de bij de rechtspersonen betrokken partijen, zolang de omvang van de escrowvoorziening niet tot onnodige extra liquiditeitskrapte bij de rechtspersoon leidt.
Least-Squares Regression and Spectral Residual Augmented Classical Least-Squares Chemometric Models for Stability-Indicating Analysis of Agomelatine and Its Degradation Products: A Comparative Study
Authors: Naguib Ibrahim A , Abdelrahman Maha M , El Ghobashy Mohamed R , Ali Nesma A
Published: March 2016

Two accurate, sensitive, and selective stability-indicating methods are developed and validated for simultaneous quantitative determination of agomelatine (AGM) and its forced degradation products (Deg I and Deg II), whether in pure forms or in pharmaceutical formulations. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and spectral residual augmented classical least-squares (SRACLS) are two chemometric models that are being subjected to a comparative study through handling UV spectral data in range (215–350 nm). For proper analysis, a three-factor, four-level experimental design was established, resulting in a training set consisting of 16 mixtures containing different ratios of interfering species. An independent test set consisting of eight mixtures was used to validate the prediction ability of the suggested models. The results presented indicate the ability of mentioned multivariate calibration models to analyze AGM, Deg I, and Deg II with high selectivity and accuracy. The analysis results of the pharmaceutical formulations were statistically compared to the reference HPLC method, with no significant differences observed regarding accuracy and precision. The SRACLS model gives comparable results to the PLSR model; however, it keeps the qualitative spectral information of the classical least-squares algorithm for analyzed components.
Generelle aspekter ved mediereception? – Et bud på en multidimensional model for analyse af kvalitative receptionsinterviews
Authors: Schrøder Kim
Published: March 2016

Findes der generelle aspekter ved receptionen af medieprodukter, som

det kan være analytisk frugtbart at orientere sig efter, og som man altid

bør belyse, når man analyserer kvalitative receptionsdata – og måske

også allerede når man skal planlægge det empiriske feltarbejde i et em-

pirisk receptionsprojekt? Denne artikel bygger på, at dette spørgsmål

kan besvares bekræftende, og fremlægger et bud på, hvordan en multi-

dimensional model for kvalitativ receptionsanalyse kunne se ud.
Tv’s egenreklame og kanalstemmen – en kvalitativ undersøgelse
Authors: Stigel Jørgen
Published: March 2016

Tv-stationer fungerer som distributører af andres markedsføring i form

af reklamer, men de er samtidig også selvstændige aktører i medieret

markedskommunikation, idet tv-kanalerne må gøre opmærksom på sig

selv og deres egenart for at tiltrække og fastholde seere. Artiklen kate-

goriserer og definerer, hvordan tv-stationerne sætter sig selv i scene i

form af egenreklame og kanalstemme. En sammenlignende analyse af

DR1, TV2 og TV3 påviser, at stationernes egenreklamer formmæssigt

konvergerer i perioden 1993 til 1996. Der sker samtidig en selvstændig-

gørelse af egenreklamen, idet kanalstemmen – voice over’en – har fået

mere autonomi, og stemmen fungerer som en central instans for ska-

belse af nærvær, fællesskab og continuity.
Gennemhullede myter – Jessica Lynch og den amerikanske ‘tilfangetagelses-fortælling’
Authors: Schubart Rikke
Published: March 2016

I krig og kærlighed gælder alle kneb, siger man. Artiklen undersøger,

hvorledes det amerikanske militær søgte at udnytte tilfangetagelsen af

menig Jessica Lynch under Irakkrigen den 23. marts 2003 til at skabe

en myte om en kvindelig soldat, der blev taget til fange, mishandlet og

befriet under dramatiske omstændigheder. Forsøget mislykkedes, da

journalister demonterede historien og viste, at de amerikanske soldater

bl.a. brugte blanke skud ved angrebet på et irakisk hospital, at Jessica

ikke som påstået havde skudsår, og at hun ikke var blevet mishandlet

og voldtaget, men behandlet godt. Efter befrielsen blev historien et ek-

sempel på magtens brug og misbrug af myter, og på mytens narrative

funktion i kulturen. Artiklen argumenterer for, at myten kun kan bruges

i samspil med omgivelserne, og at Pentagon desuden overså, hvilken

myte Jessica passede ind i: Den amerikanske ‘tilfangetagelses-fortæl-

ling’.
Faglig diskussion: Filmvidenskab – et spørgsmål om biologi eller kultur
Authors: Kristensen Nete Nørgaard , Andersen Tem Frank , Langkjær Birger , Larsen Bent Steeg , Olesen Birgitte Ravn , Philipsen Heidi , Schubart Rikke , Thorup John
Published: March 2016

I MedieKultur nr. 38 anmeldte Søren Kjørup Torben Grodals bog Film-

oplevelse – en indføring i audiovisuel teori og analyse. Her følger en

redigeret version af dels Torben Grodals svar på anmeldelsen og

Søren Kjørups replik.
MODINET: Challenges and Archievements
Authors: Skogerbø Eli
Published: March 2016

The article reviews the achievements of MODINET by commenting

on the Center's publications, approaches and methods. Dividing the

publications into three broad themes - democracy studies, journalism

studies and studies of interfaces - the article discusses the Center's

findings and results against an international research agenda.
Lyd som grensesnitt: Når dataspillets lyd bliver funksjonell
Authors: Jørgensen Kristine
Published: March 2016

Lyd i dataspill har en større rolle enn å være en atmosfæreskaper. Den har også en viktig funksjonell rolle ved å gi informasjon som er relevant for såvel proaktive som reaktive spillerhandlinger. Denne artikkelen har til hensikt å diskutere lydens funksjonelle rolle i spill. Som analyseeksempler blir stealthspillet Hitman Contracts og real-time strategispillet Warcraft III brukt, og disse vil bli belyst av begreper fra to teoretiske retninger. Filmteoretiske ideer som forholdet mellom diegetisk og ekstradiegetisk lyd, samt Chions forståelse av forskjellige lyttemåter er sentrale for en videre forståelse av lydens rolle, mens HCI-studier kan si noe om lydens rolle i datamaskinbaserte miljøer og hvilke teknikker som benyttes når lyd brukes til informative formål.
Nåede han bussen? Sammenhængede kommunikationsforløb mellem unge via mobiltelefonen
Authors: Laursen Ditte
Published: March 2016

Denne artikel præsenterer det argument, at unges mobilkommunikation konstruerer sig som løbende kommunikation over tid. Sms-beskeder indgår i sms-dialoger, beskeder og samtaler væves sammen i sammenhængende kommunikationsforløb, og samtaler forløber i serier. Den løbende mobilkommunikation er en situeret præstation og udføres af parterne i fællesskab ved at de konstruerer deres ytringer, således det er muligt for den anden part at forstå og behandle ytringerne som forbundet med den foregående kommunikation. De løbende, sammenhængende kommunikationsforløb er organiserende for de unges indbyrdes relationer og for deres hverdagsliv.
Skræk i forebyggelseskampagner - stærkt virkemiddel eller skråplan?
Authors: Ravn Olesen Birgitte , Mark Jensen Tine , Blom Andersen Nina
Published: March 2016

I artiklen sættes fokus på hvilke faktorer, det er relevant at inddrage i en diskussion af, hvorvidt skræk er et anbefalelsesværdigt virkemiddel i sundhedsfremmende kampagner. Udgangspunktet tages i en begrebsmæssig afklaring af fænomenet »skræk som virkemiddel«, hvor eksempler fra danske kampagner inddrages. I forlængelse heraf udpeges en række faktorer, som forfatterne mener, bør have fokus i vurderingen af, hvorvidt skræk er et relevant virkemiddel. Formålet med artiklen er at invitere til refleksion omkring, hvilke faktorer og effekter, man skal være opmærksom på ved sit valg af virkemidler, når man har valgt kampagnen som formidlingsform.
Digitizing migration heritage: A case study of a minority museum
Authors: Marselis Randi
Published: March 2016

Museums are increasingly digitizing their collections and making them available to the public on-line. Creating such digital resources may become means for social inclusion. For museums that acknowledge migration history and cultures of ethnic minority groups as important subjects in multiethnic societies, digitization brings new possibilities for reaching source communities. This article describes Web projects conducted at Museum Maluku in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The article focuses on the museum’s experiences with cross-institutional Web projects, since digitization of the museum’s collection was initiated through collaboration with major national heritage institutions. The article also discusses how source communities through digital participation can become involved in building cultural heritage. Based on the case study of the Museum Maluku, it is argued that in order to design an appropriate mode of user participation as well as a sense of ownership it is crucial to take memory politics of source communities into account.
Objects For Review / Materialer til anmeldelse
Authors: Frederiksen Niels Erik
Published: March 2016

Til Open Journal Systems findes en plug-in, der gør det muligt at opsætte en speciel anmeldersektion på tidsskriftets hjemmeside, hvor tidsskriftets forfattere har mulighed for at se hvilke bøger og andre materialer tidsskriftet ønsker anmeldt, og hvor forfatterne kan tilmelde sig, hvis de ønsker at anmelde noget af det fremlagte materiale. I vejledningen vises, hvordan plug-in’en sættes op, og hvordan det bruges i den redaktionelle proces.
Identification des croyances associées à la persévérance des étudiants en première année à l’université
Authors: Roland Nathalie , Frenay Mariane , Boudrenghien Gentiane
Published: March 2016

Cette recherche vise à identifier les croyances qui influencent la decision, pour un étudiant, de persévérer dans ses études. Selon la théorie du comportement planifié, les croyances comportementales, injonctives, descriptives et de contrôle joueraient un rôle central dans l’explication de la persévérance. Nous avons interrogé 203 étudiants inscrits en première année à l’université sur leurs croyances. Les principaux résultats montrent que les croyances comportementales les plus saillantes sont les croyances liées au plaisir de persévérer, à l’utilité de persévérer et à des dimensions plus personnelles. Les croyances injonctives et descriptives proviennent des parents, des frères et soeurs et des amis des étudiants. Enfin, les croyances de contrôle sont liées à l’individu, à son entourage et aux études. Beaucoup de ces croyances sont originales et inédites. Elles permettent de questionner les écrits de recherche sur les facteurs explicatifs de la persévérance, mais également de réfléchir à des pistes d’interventions.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) inhibits cortical dendrites
Authors: Murphy Sean C , Palmer Lucy M , Nyffeler Thomas , Müri René M , Larkum Matthew E
Published: March 2016

One of the leading approaches to non-invasively treat a variety of brain disorders is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, despite its clinical prevalence, very little is known about the action of TMS at the cellular level let alone what effect it might have at the subcellular level (e.g. dendrites). Here, we examine the effect of single-pulse TMS on dendritic activity in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the somatosensory cortex using an optical fiber imaging approach. We find that TMS causes GABAB-mediated inhibition of sensory-evoked dendritic Ca2+ activity. We conclude that TMS directly activates fibers within the upper cortical layers that leads to the activation of dendrite-targeting inhibitory neurons which in turn suppress dendritic Ca2+ activity. This result implies a specificity of TMS at the dendritic level that could in principle be exploited for investigating these structures non-invasively.
Flocculation in a decaying shear field and its implications for mud removal in near‐field river mouth discharges
Authors: Strom Kyle , Keyvani Ali
Published: March 2016

We measure the change in floc size in a decaying shear field that mimics the decay found in a river mouth discharge. The primary questions explored are: (1) how far from equilibrium are the flocs during the decay? And, (2) how significant are the changes in size, and hence settling velocity, brought on by the changes in shear when it comes to predicting settling flux? These questions are examined in the laboratory using a camera system that allows for flocs to be sized within a turbulent suspension. We also examine how inclusion of various approaches to account for flocculation impacts the plume concentration and deposition rates in a simple river mouth discharge model. In the experiments, flocs grew from their initial size of 20–50 μm up to 100–200 μm due only to changes in shear over time scales of decay similar to those in a small river mouth discharge. It is estimated that such growth would lead to fourfold or greater fold increase in the mud settling velocity within the first few kilometers from the river mouth, even though floc sizes were only 0.5–0.8 of their equilibrium values. The plume modeling highlights the strong dependence of the mud deposition rate on the method chosen to account for flocs, and the importance of the settling to entrainment velocity ratio in dictating plume concentrations.
Annual cycles of deep‐ocean biogeochemical export fluxes in subtropical and subantarctic waters, southwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: Nodder Scott D. , Chiswell Stephen M. , Northcote Lisa C.
Published: March 2016

The annual cycles of particle fluxes derived from moored sediment trap data collected during 2000–2012 in subtropical (STW) and subantarctic waters (SAW) east of New Zealand are presented. These observations are the most comprehensive export flux time series from temperate Southern Hemisphere latitudes to date. With high levels of variability, fluxes in SAW were markedly lower than in STW, reflecting the picophytoplankton‐dominated communities in the iron‐limited, high nutrient‐low chlorophyll SAW. Austral spring chlorophyll blooms in surface STW were near synchronous with elevated fluxes of bio‐siliceous, carbonate, and organic carbon‐rich materials to the deep ocean, probably facilitated by diatom and/or coccolithophorid sedimentation. Lithogenic fluxes were also high in STW, compared to SAW, reflecting proximity to the New Zealand landmass. In contrast, the highest biogenic fluxes in SAW occurred in spring when surface chlorophyll concentrations were low, while highest annual chlorophyll concentrations were in summer with no associated flux increase. We hypothesize that the high spring export in SAW results from subsurface chlorophyll accumulation that is not evident from remote‐sensing satellites. This material was also rich in biogenic silica, perhaps related to the preferential export of diatoms and other silica‐producing organisms, such as silicoflagellates and radiolarians. Organic carbon fluxes in STW are similar to that of other mesotrophic to oligotrophic waters (∼6–7 mg C m−2 d−1), whereas export from SAW is below the global average (∼3 mg C m−2 d−1). Regional differences in flux across the SW Pacific and Tasman region reflect variations in physical processes and ecosystem structure and function.
Variability of sea ice melt and meteoric water input in the surface Labrador Current off Newfoundland
Authors: Benetti M. , Reverdin G. , Pierre C. , Khatiwala S. , Tournadre B. , Olafsdottir S. , Naamar A.
Published: March 2016

The respective contributions of saline (Atlantic and Pacific water) and freshwater (sea ice melt, meteoric water) components in the surface Labrador Current are quantified using salinity, δ18O, and nutrient data collected between 2012 and 2015 east of Newfoundland to investigate the seasonal variability of salinity in relation with the different freshwater contributions. Nutrient data indicate that the surface saline water is composed on average over 2012–2015 of roughly 62% Atlantic Water and 38% Pacific Water. A large salinity seasonal cycle of ≈ 1.5 peak‐to‐peak amplitude is found over the middle continental shelf, which is explained by the freshwater input seasonal variability: 2/3 of the amplitude of the salinity seasonal cycle can be explained by meteoric water input and 1/3 by the sea ice melt. A smaller seasonal salinity cycle (≈1.3) is observed over the inner shelf compared to the middle shelf, because of smaller variability in the large meteoric water inputs. Furthermore, the data reveal that sea ice melt (SIM) input was particularly important during July 2014, following a larger extension of sea ice over the Labrador shelf during the 2013/2014 winter season, compared to both previous winter seasons. Some patches of large SIM contribution observed during July 2014 and April 2015 were located on the continental slope or further offshore. The comparison of 2012–2015 data with data collected in 1994–1995 shows that the surface water over the Newfoundland shelf and slope is strongly affected by sea ice processes in both periods and suggests a larger contribution of brines over the slope during 1994–1995.
Wind‐driven changes of surface current, temperature, and chlorophyll observed by satellites north of New Guinea
Authors: Radenac Marie‐Hélène , Léger Fabien , Messié Monique , Dutrieux Pierre , Menkes Christophe , Eldin Gérard
Published: March 2016

Satellite observations of wind, sea level and derived currents, sea surface temperature (SST), and chlorophyll are used to expand our understanding of the physical and biological variability of the ocean surface north of New Guinea. Based on scarce cruise and mooring data, previous studies differentiated a trade wind situation (austral winter) when the New Guinea Coastal Current (NGCC) flows northwestward and a northwest monsoon situation (austral summer) when a coastal upwelling develops and the NGCC reverses. This circulation pattern is confirmed by satellite observations, except in Vitiaz Strait where the surface northwestward flow persists. We find that intraseasonal and seasonal time scale variations explain most of the variance north of New Guinea. SST and chlorophyll variabilities are mainly driven by two processes: penetration of Solomon Sea waters and coastal upwelling. In the trade wind situation, the NGCC transports cold Solomon Sea waters through Vitiaz Strait in a narrow vein hugging the coast. Coastal upwelling is generated in westerly wind situations (westerly wind event, northwest monsoon). Highly productive coastal waters are advected toward the equator and, during some westerly wind events, toward the eastern part of the warm pool. During El Niño, coastal upwelling events and northward penetration of Solomon Sea waters combine to influence SST and chlorophyll anomalies.
Patterns of the loop current system and regions of sea surface height variability in the eastern Gulf of Mexico revealed by the self‐organizing maps
Authors: Liu Yonggang , Weisberg Robert H. , Vignudelli Stefano , Mitchum Gary T.
Published: March 2016

The Self‐Organizing Map (SOM), an unsupervised learning neural network, is employed to extract patterns evinced by the Loop Current (LC) system and to identify regions of sea surface height (SSH) variability in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) from 23 years (1993–2015) of altimetry data. Spatial patterns are characterized as different LC extensions and different stages in the process of LC eddy shedding. The temporal evolutions and the frequency of occurrences of these patterns are obtained, and the typical trajectories of the LC system progression on the SOM grid are investigated. For an elongated, northwest‐extended, or west‐positioned LC, it is common for the LC anticyclonic eddy (LCE) to separate and propagate into the western GoM, while an initially separated LCE in close proximity to the west Florida continental slope often reattaches to the LC and develops into an elongated LC, or reduces intensity locally before moving westward as a smaller eddy. Regions of differing SSH variations are also identified using the joint SOM‐wavelet analysis. Along the general axis of the LC, SSH exhibits strong variability on time scales of 3 months to 2 years, also with energetic intraseasonal variations, which is consistent with the joint Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF)‐wavelet analysis. In the more peripheral regions, the SSH has a dominant seasonal variation that also projects across the coastal ocean. The SOM, when applied to both space and time domains of the same data, provides a powerful tool for diagnosing ocean processes from such different perspectives.
Satellite‐based global volcanic SO2 emissions and sulfate direct radiative forcing during 2005–2012
Authors: Ge Cui , Wang Jun , Carn Simon , Yang Kai , Ginoux Paul , Krotkov Nickolay
Published: March 2016

An 8 year volcanic SO2 emission inventory for 2005–2012 is obtained based on satellite measurements of SO2 from OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) and ancillary information from the Global Volcanism Program. It includes contributions from global volcanic eruptions and from eight persistently degassing volcanoes in the tropics. It shows significant differences in the estimate of SO2 amount and injection height for medium to large volcanic eruptions as compared to the counterparts in the existing volcanic SO2 database. Emissions from Nyamuragira (DR Congo) in November 2006 and Grímsvötn (Iceland) in May 2011 that were not included in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5 (IPCC) inventory are included here. Using the updated emissions, the volcanic sulfate (SO42−) distribution is simulated with the global transport model Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)‐Chem. The simulated time series of sulfate aerosol optical depth (AOD) above 10 km captures every eruptive volcanic sulfate perturbation with a similar magnitude to that measured by Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO). The 8 year average contribution of eruptive SO42− to total SO42− loading above 10 km is ~10% over most areas of the Northern Hemisphere, with a maxima of 30% in the tropics where the anthropogenic emissions are relatively smaller. The persistently degassing volcanic SO42− in the tropics barely reaches above 10 km, but in the lower atmosphere it is regionally dominant (60%+ in terms of mass) over Hawaii and other oceanic areas northeast of Australia. Although the 7 year average (2005–2011) of eruptive volcanic sulfate forcing of −0.10 W m−2 in this study is comparable to that in the 2013 IPCC report (−0.09 W m−2), significant discrepancies exist for each year. Our simulations also imply that the radiative forcing per unit AOD for volcanic eruptions can vary from −40 to −80 W m−2, much higher than the −25 W m−2 implied in the IPCC calculations. In terms of sulfate forcing efficiency with respect to SO2 emission, eruptive volcanic sulfate is 5 times larger than anthropogenic sulfate. The sulfate forcing efficiency from degassing volcanic sources is close to that of anthropogenic sources. This study highlights the importance of characterizing both volcanic emission amount and injection altitude as well as the key role of satellite observations in maintaining accurate volcanic emissions inventories.
An assessment of the consistency between satellite measurements of upper tropospheric water vapor
Authors: Chung Eui‐Seok , Soden Brian J. , Huang Xianglei , Shi Lei , John Viju O.
Published: March 2016

We assess the consistency of the satellite‐based observations of upper tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) by comparing brightness temperature measurements from the channel 12 of High‐Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), the 183.31 ± 1 GHz channel of Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐B (AMSU‐B)/Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS), and spectral radiances from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). All three products exhibit consistent spatial and temporal patterns of interannual variability. On decadal time scales, the spatial patterns of trends are similar between all three products; however, the amplitude of the regional trends is noticeably weaker in the HIRS measurements than in either the AMSU‐B/MHS or AIRS data. This presumably reflects the greater clear‐sky sampling limitations of HIRS relative to the other products. However, when averaged over tropical or near‐global spatial scales, the trends between all three products are statistically indistinguishable from each other. The overall consistency between all three products provides important verification of their credibility for documenting long‐term changes in UTWV. A similar analysis is performed for reanalysis‐produced and model‐simulated UTWV using the HIRS record as a benchmark. On decadal time scales, both reanalysis data sets and the multimodel ensemble mean have difficulty in capturing the observed moistening of climatologically dry regions of the subtropics, although the model‐simulated trends are more consistent with the HIRS measurements than the reanalysis data.
Potential vorticity of the south polar vortex of Venus
Authors: Garate‐Lopez I. , Hueso R. , Sánchez‐Lavega A. , García Muñoz A.
Published: March 2016

Venus' atmosphere shows highly variable warm vortices over both of the planet's poles. The nature of the mechanism behind their formation and properties is still unknown. Potential vorticity is a conserved quantity when advective processes dominate over friction and diabatic heating and is a quantity frequently used to model balanced flows. As a step toward understanding the vortices' dynamics, we present maps of Ertel's potential vorticity (EPV) at Venus' south polar region. We analyze three configurations of the south polar vortex at the upper cloud level (P ~ 240 mbar; z ~ 58 km), based on our previous analyses of cloud motions and thermal structure from data acquired by the Visual and InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer instrument on board Venus Express. Additionally, we tentatively estimate EPV at the lower cloud level (P ~ 2200 mbar; z ~ 43 km), based on our previous wind measurements and on static stability data from Pioneer Venus and the Venus International Reference Atmosphere (VIRA) model. Values of EPV are on the order of 10−6 and 10−8 K m2 kg−1 s−1 at the upper and lower cloud levels, respectively, being 3 times larger than the estimated errors. The morphology observed in EPV maps is mainly determined by the structures of the vertical component of the relative vorticity. This is in contrast to the vortex's morphology observed in 3.8 or 5 µm images which are related to the thermal structure of the atmosphere at the cloud top. Some of the EPV maps point to a weak ringed structure in the upper cloud, while a more homogenous EPV field is found in the lower cloud.
Roughness, resistance, and dispersion: Relationships in small streams
Authors: Noss Christian , Lorke Andreas
Published: March 2016

Although relationships between roughness, flow, and transport processes in rivers and streams have been investigated for several decades, the prediction of flow resistance and longitudinal dispersion in small streams is still challenging. Major uncertainties in existing approaches for quantifying flow resistance and longitudinal dispersion at the reach scale arise from limitations in the characterization of riverbed roughness. In this study, we characterized the riverbed roughness in small moderate‐gradient streams (0.1–0.5% bed slope) and investigated its effects on flow resistance and dispersion. We analyzed high‐resolution transect‐based measurements of stream depth and width, which resolved the complete roughness spectrum with scales ranging from the micro to the reach scale. Independently measured flow resistance and dispersion coefficients were mainly affected by roughness at spatial scales between the median grain size and the stream width, i.e., by roughness between the micro‐ and the mesoscale. We also compared our flow resistance measurements with calculations using various flow resistance equations. Flow resistance in our study streams was well approximated by the equations that were developed for high gradient streams (>1%) and it was overestimated by approaches developed for sand‐bed streams with a smooth riverbed or ripple bed.
Immigration in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Abrego Leisy J. , Menjívar Cecilia
Published: March 2016

This entry explores migration as a family affair that propels people to cross borders to ensure their relatives' well‐being. Through this process, migrants collectively contribute to a shifting social landscape in their new place of settlement. By locating a few key axes of stratification, the entry explores how these intersect with dynamics in immigrant families to produce a wide diversity of experiences. Whether or not they do so consciously or intentionally, immigrant families must negotiate macrostructural factors – including gender norms and expectations, labor market opportunities, the economy, immigration laws, political climate, and the availability of social services – that powerfully shape their lives and settlement trajectories in the host society. Moreover, factors such as class, ethnicity, race, and age, among others, also inform how immigrant families are treated and what paths for integration into society are available to them. Examining family formations among immigrants often sharpens the presence, absence, or interactions between these factors, providing fruitful ground to rethink or refine more general concepts and perspectives.
Sibling Violence
Authors: Marganski Alison
Published: March 2016

Sibling violence is the most common form of family violence, surpassing rates of intimate partner violence, child abuse, and elder abuse. However, it is the one that receives the least attention from researchers, practitioners, and society alike. Some concerted efforts have been made to better understand the correlates, causes, and consequences of sibling violence. Contrary to the notion that sibling violence is just normal child's play, a growing body of research indicates that it may not be as innocent or innocuous as thought.
Commuter Marriages
Authors: Oakes Kelly Finch , Brown Kristina S.
Published: March 2016

As the number of dual‐income families grows and the economy shifts, the number of commuter marriages is increasing. Examining the aspects of the commuter marriage lifestyle offers an insight into the struggles and benefits couples face. Geographic separation as a result of occupational choice can lead to increased personal fulfillment and a more intense couple connection. Difficulties such as feelings of guilt, daily decision‐making, relations with family and friends, and employer misconceptions can all be overcome with frequent and honest communication. Reintegration can pose stress as the idealizations of each partner are challenged. Open discussions and a possible time limit on the commuter marriage arrangement are of great benefit to these couples.
S
ternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
Authors: Anderson Julius W.
Published: March 2016

Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love proposes that love is composed of three distinct but interrelated components: intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment. The emotional intimacy and the cognitive decision/commitment components are typically rather constant in close relationships; once they are established in a relationship they are apt to endure. However, passion is considered to be less stable and much less predictable. Within this theory, individuals love each other to the extent that they experience and evidence these three components, and different combinations of the components will yield markedly different kinds of love. The triangular theory allows for eight types of love: non‐love, liking, infatuation, empty, romantic, companionate, fatuous, and consummate.
Conflict Resolution
Authors: Theiss Jennifer A. , Haverfield Marie C.
Published: March 2016

Conflict resolution involves various behaviors, tactics, and strategies that help to resolve disputes, reduce interference in personal goals, and rebuff negative emotions toward a partner. Individuals balance a variety of goals during conflict, including instrumental goals, relational goals, identity goals, and process goals. Interpersonal power dynamics and cognitive attributions for the conflict can also influence the extent to which individuals are willing to confront problems and to engage in perspective‐taking. Conflict resolution strategies can be distributive, integrative, or avoidant in nature. Individuals tend to enact the same conflict style in response to all disagreements, which can take the form of dominating/competing, integrating/collaborating, obliging/accommodating, avoiding, and compromising. Integrative/collaborative conflict styles and strategies are perceived as the most effective and appropriate for achieving conflict resolution in close relationships.
Sexual Scripts
Authors: Schubert Katie A.
Published: March 2016

Sexual scripts are provided by an individual's culture. The scripting of sexual behavior can be categorized into three separate types: cultural scenarios, interpersonal scripts, and intrapsychic scripts. Sexual scripts inform individuals of what is expected of their sexual behaviors, sexual responses, and sexual emotions. People are socialized to act in accordance with these scripts. Individuals learn these sexual scripts from others in their culture who have adopted the scripts, as well as through depictions in the mass media of appropriate and inappropriate forms of sexual behavior.
Mexico, Families in
Authors: Aysa‐Lastra Maria
Published: March 2016

In the last century, Mexico has experienced a process of modernization that has led to important changes in family formation, structure, and dynamics. Despite these changes, nearly everyone in Mexico still lives in family‐based households. The ideal and traditional Mexican family is based on hierarchies of power that are arranged according to the age and gender of family members, as well as trust in kinship ties. Five processes are fundamental to understanding the social and structural changes that have shaped the modern Mexican family: (1) the increasing presence of women in higher education and in labor markets, which has contributed to the erosion of traditional patriarchal values; (2) fertility transition; (3) increases in divorce, cohabitation, and single‐parent households; (4) the effects of US‐bound migration on Mexican families and children; and (5) population aging and the role of families in elderly care.
Stepfamilies
Authors: Browning Scott W. , Roth Amy
Published: March 2016

Over time, stepfamilies have become more common. Evidence shows that stepfamily dynamics are often markedly different from those of first‐union families. Research has expanded rapidly, resulting in extensive findings supporting the notion that, when compared to first‐union families, stepfamilies experience differences in developmental sequence, complexity of family structure, emotional volatility, legal issues, role and boundary ambiguity, marital quality, and co‐parental experience.
Maternity Leave
Authors: Hohnerlein Eva Maria
Published: March 2016

Maternity leave provisions and related benefits aimed at protecting working mothers have seen remarkable progress in all parts of the world. During the leave period the worker is entitled to abstain from contractual duties while the labor relationship is maintained. The primary objective pursued is to safeguard the health of expectant and nursing mothers and their infants. Pregnancy and motherhood as important transitions in the life course of women should not entail the risk of being dismissed or losing earnings. To address such risks, the pregnancy and maternity of working women are protected under labor laws and social security legislation. A major challenge for such legislation is to reconcile the objectives of health protection and gender equality principles.
Cognitive Development Theory
Authors: Brubaker Jennifer
Published: March 2016

Cognitive development theory addresses the manner of growth and change in the intellectual processing functions of children, such as individual growth in perception, thought, and understanding of the environment, as they mentally develop, including information processing, intelligence, reasoning, language development, motor development, social behavior, and memory. Piaget's (1952) seminal work centered on children progressing through four non‐age‐related, culture transcending stages: sensorimotor stage, pre‐operational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage. Vygotsky's (1986) influential work included addressing the social, historical, and environmental context in which children develop. Later perspectives on cognitive development posit that infants begin the process of development and knowledge acquisition with core principles that guide their future cognitive development. Research shows an influence of the family on various aspects of cognitive development.
Intersexed Individuals
Authors: Bednarchik Lori A. , Mongeau Paul A.
Published: March 2016

This entry provides a general overview of intersexed individuals and intersexuality (or intersex, formerly referred to as hermaphroditism). Intersexuality describes a wide range of conditions in which individuals' primary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics, and/or chromosomal makeup do not match in expected ways. Intersexuality can be caused by a wide variety of factors including abnormal prenatal developmental and chromosomal anomalies (e.g., XXY or XXX). There is considerable diversity in how it is evaluated and treated. Central to this diversity of response are foundational arguments and assumptions about the relationship between gender (femininity/masculinity) and sex (female/male), as well as whether nature (e.g., chromosomes and hormones) or nurture (e.g., socialization processes) determine gender identity. Many medical professionals adhere to a concealment‐centered approach of treating intersexuality, whereas intersex advocates adhere to a patient‐centered model.
Retreat from Marriage
Authors: Clarke Crystal R.
Published: March 2016

Stable marriages have long provided emotional well‐being and economic stability to couples and children. However, in the west there has been a continued, gradual decrease in marriage rates and since the 1970s an increase in divorce rates; these changes have been coupled with increases in nonmarital cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing, higher typical age at first marriage, and same‐sex marriages, which have together resulted in a phenomenon referred to as the “retreat from marriage.” Other changes reflected in the “retreat” include changes in the division of labor in marriages, and acceptance of “no‐fault” divorce laws. The retreat from marriage has a different effect on black women than on any other racial or gender grouping in the United States. More observations are needed to determine whether the retreat from marriage has ended and the rate of marriage stabilized or whether future changes in societies will negatively affect marriage rates.