bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A model to discipline autonomy in cyber‐physical systems‐of‐systems and its application
Authors: Gharib Mohamad , Dias da Silva Leandro , Ceccarelli Andrea
Published: November 2020

A cyber‐physical system‐of‐systems (CPSoS) can be defined as a system‐of‐systems (SoS), composed of several operable and autonomous constituent systems (CSs) that are themselves cyber‐physical systems (CPSs). A main challenge in integrating CPSoS to function as a single integrated system is the autonomy of its components, which may result in undesirable, unsecure, or even unsafe situations. In this paper, we advocate that in order to facilitate the integration of CPSs within the overall context of their CPSoS, we may need to adjust their level of autonomy in a way that enables them to perform their activities and avoid undesirable, unsecure , and unsafe situations. Reducing such situations surely contributes to the dependability of the CPSoS. In particular, we propose a novel model‐based approach for modeling and analyzing the autonomy levels of CPSs based on their awareness concerning their operational environment as well as their capability to react in a timely, secure, and safe manner while performing their activities. The model is further described in a UML profile and applied to represent activities for autonomous driving scenarios. Using a driving simulator, we implement such models on a target vehicle, and we show the resulting safety improvement, especially in terms of reduced collisions.
Modern multiple imputation with functional data
Authors: Rao Aniruddha Rajendra , Reimherr Matthew
Published: November 2020

This work considers the problem of fitting functional models with sparsely and irregularly sampled functional data. It overcomes the limitations of the state‐of‐the‐art methods, which face major challenges in the fitting of more complex non‐linear models. Currently, many of these models cannot be consistently estimated unless the number of observed points per curve grows sufficiently quickly with the sample size, whereas we show numerically that a modified approach with more modern multiple imputation methods can produce better estimates in general. We also propose a new imputation approach that combines the ideas ofMissForestwithLocal Linear Forestand compare their performance withPACEand several other multivariate multiple imputation methods. This work is motivated by a longitudinal study on smoking cessation, in which the electronic health records (EHR) from Penn State PaTH to Health allow for the collection of a great deal of data, with highly variable sampling. To illustrate our approach, we explore the relation between relapse and diastolic blood pressure. We also consider a variety of simulation schemes with varying levels of sparsity to validate our methods.
Model organism development and evaluation for late‐onset Alzheimer's disease: MODEL‐AD
Authors: Oblak Adrian L. , Forner Stefania , Territo Paul R. , Sasner Michael , Carter Gregory W. , Howell Gareth R. , Sukoff‐Rizzo Stacey J. , Logsdon Benjamin A. , Mangravite Lara M. , Mortazavi Ali , Baglietto‐Vargas David , Green Kim N. , MacGregor Grant R. , Wood Marcelo A. , Tenner Andrea J. , LaFerla Frank M. , Lamb Bruce T. ,   and The MODEL‐AD,   Consortium
Published: November 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major cause of dementia, disability, and death in the elderly. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the basic biological mechanisms underlying AD, we do not know how to prevent it, nor do we have an approved disease‐modifying intervention. Both are essential to slow or stop the growth in dementia prevalence. While our current animal models of AD have provided novel insights into AD disease mechanisms, thus far, they have not been successfully used to predict the effectiveness of therapies that have moved into AD clinical trials. The Model Organism Development and Evaluation for Late‐onset Alzheimer's Disease (MODEL‐AD; www.model-ad.org) Consortium was established to maximize human datasets to identify putative variants, genes, and biomarkers for AD; to generate, characterize, and validate the next generation of mouse models of AD; and to develop a preclinical testing pipeline. MODEL‐AD is a collaboration among Indiana University (IU); The Jackson Laboratory (JAX); University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pitt); Sage BioNetworks (Sage); and the University of California, Irvine (UCI) that will generate new AD modeling processes and pipelines, data resources, research results, standardized protocols, and models that will be shared through JAX's and Sage's proven dissemination pipelines with the National Institute on Aging–supported AD Centers, academic and medical research centers, research institutions, and the pharmaceutical industry worldwide.
Perspectives on additives for polymers. 1. Aspects of stabilization
Authors: Allen Norman S. , Edge Michele
Published: November 2020

Since the earliest discovery and subsequent developments in the world of polymers associated problems and increasing applications have resulted in the rapidly expanding field of “additives.” In this context, the term additive is very generalized in that it encompasses many facets associated with ever growing needs. Of the most important are antioxidants (primary and secondary), light stabilizers, processing aids, metal deactivators, flame retardants, biocides, nucleating agents, antistatic compounds, fillers, dyes, pigments (nano, micro, and macro) to name but only a few each serving a particular function and not necessarily all at the same time in the one package. This article presents a general perspective on the type, mode of action, properties, uses, and problems (and circumvention) based on some of the more important key additives. The properties and behavior of many additives in this regard relates very much to the initial incorporation and formulation and in turn is often a major controlling factor in end use performance from a physical, esthetic, structural, mechanical, and chemical point of view. Indeed, with many polymers like PVC, for example, one enters a highly complex world of interactions which can in many cases destroy or even enhance the activity of functional processing additives. Some of these will be highlighted and hopefully the aim being here to enthuse the polymer and additive manufacturers and technologists in the processing laboratories to become more aware of potential issues and problems.
Correlators in the Gaussian and chiral supereigenvalue models in the Neveu-Schwarz sector
Authors: Wang Rui , Wang Shi-Kun , Wu Ke , Zhao Wei-Zhong
Published: November 2020

Abstract

We analyze the Gaussian and chiral supereigenvalue models in the Neveu-Schwarz sector. We show that their partition functions can be expressed as the infinite sums of the homogeneous operators acting on the elementary functions. In spite of the fact that the usual W-representations of these matrix models can not be provided here, we can still derive the compact expressions of the correlators in these two supereigenvalue models. Furthermore, the non-Gaussian (chiral) cases are also discussed.
Komplikationen und Erfolgsraten des Vena-subclavia-Katheters in Abhängigkeit der Erfahrung
Authors: Schulz Johannes , Scholler Axel , Frank Paul , Scheinichen Dirk , Flentje Markus , Eismann Hendrik , Palmaers Thomas
Published: November 2020

Hintergrund

Die Punktion der V. subclavia gehört zu den Standardprozeduren eines/einer Anästhesisten/Anästhesistin. Gefürchtete Komplikationen dieser Prozedur sind der Pneumothorax und die arterielle Fehlpunktion. Zum Erlernen dieser Prozedur ist von einer gewissen Lernkurve auszugehen.

Ziel der Arbeit

In dieser Studie soll der Einfluss der Punktionserfahrung auf die Erfolgsquote und mechanische Komplikationen wie Pneumothorax und arterielle Punktion untersucht werden. Dazu sollen 3 Erfahrungsstufen miteinander verglichen werden: unerfahren: 0 bis 20 Punktionen, mäßig erfahren: 21 bis 50 und erfahren: über 50 Punktionen.

Material und Methoden

Post-hoc-Analyse einer vorab publizierten Nichtunterlegenheitsstudie zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der Beatmung auf die Pneumothoraxrate bei der V.-subclavia-Punktion in Landmarkentechnik. Es wurden 1021 Patienten ausgewertet, die in die vorab publizierte Studie zwischen August 2014 und Oktober 2017 eingeschlossen wurden.

Ergebnisse

Die Gesamtrate an mechanischen Komplikationen ist in der Gruppe der Unerfahrenen im Vergleich zur Gruppe der Erfahrenen signifikant höher (15 % vs. 8,5 %,p = 0,023). Ebenso ist die Rate an Punktionsversuchen in der Gruppe der Unerfahrenen (0–20) mit 1,85 ± 1,12 signifikant höher als in der Gruppe der Erfahrenen (1,58 ± 0,99,p = 0,004). Im Gegenzug war die Rate einer erfolgreichen Punktion mit 95,1 % in der Gruppe der Erfahrenen signifikant höher als in der Gruppe der Unerfahrenen (89,3 %,p = 0,001).

Schlussfolgerung

Für eine erfolgreiche Punktion der V. subclavia in Landmarkentechnik ist eine Lernkurve von mindestens 50 Punktionen nötig, um die Komplikationsrate zu senken und die Erfolgsrate zu steigern.
Geschulte Schlaganfall-Helferinnen und Schlaganfall-Helfer
Authors: Bilda Kerstin , Stricker Stefan
Published: November 2020

Die Rehabilitation von Menschen mit einem Schlaganfall ist ein langjähriger Prozess, in dem Betroffene, ihre Familien und Freunde auf soziale Unterstützung und Hilfe angewiesen sind. Daher stellt die individuelle Förderung der vorhandenen Ressourcen und der Selbstständigkeit der Betroffenen eine wichtige Aufgabe dar. Die Hochschule für Gesundheit Bochum und die Stiftung Deutsche Schlaganfall-Hilfe haben das ehrenamtsunterstützte Modell „Geschulte Schlaganfall-Helferinnen und Schlaganfall-Helfer – ein Partnerschaftliches Modell für die wohnortnahe Versorgung (GeSa)“ entwickelt, das Schlaganfall-Helfer*innen als Expert*innen für eine individuelle wohnortnahe Unterstützung von Schlaganfall-Patient*innen und ihre Angehörige schult. Die Schlaganfall-Helfer*innen bieten eine patient*innenorientierte Versorgung und individuelle Hilfestellung im Alltag an und leisten somit einen Beitrag zur Verbesserung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität von Betroffenen und deren Familien. Es wurde ein Ausbildungscurriculum entwickelt, sowie in einer Schulung mit 21 Schlaganfall-Helferer*innen erfolgreich erprobt und evaluiert. Bis zum Sommer 2020 sind an 16 Standorten in 37 Schulungen über 480 Schlaganfall-Helfer*innen ausgebildet worden. Die bisherigen Erfahrungen mit dem Projekt sind durchgehend positiv, was durch 2 wissenschaftliche Arbeiten bestätigt wird. Als wichtigster Erfolgsfaktor für die Nachhaltigkeit des Projekts hat sich die bereits im Modellprojekt umgesetzte Einbindung von Kooperationspartner*innen für die Koordination der Ehrenamtlichen bewährt. Im Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der Pilotstudie sowie der standardisierte Prozess zur Implementierung eines regionalen Helfer*innen-Projektes dargestellt und die Erfahrungen mit dem bisherigen Projektverlauf beschrieben.
Die prähistorische Kupfermetallurgie – allgemeine Betrachtungen
Authors: Haubner Roland
Published: November 2020

Kupfer ist das erste vom Menschen auf metallurgischem Weg hergestellte Metall, und somit handelt es sich dabei auch um den Beginn der Metallurgie. Die Archäometallurgie hat es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, aus archäologischen Fundstücken die prähistorischen, metallurgischen Prozesse zu rekonstruieren. Dafür werden moderne Methoden der chemischen Analyse und auch metallographische Verfahren zur Gefügeanalyse herangezogen.

Aufgrund der Komplexität der Kupfermetallurgie, beginnend bei unterschiedlichen Erzen, gefolgt von verschiedenen Verhüttungsprozessen mit unterschiedlichen Schlacken und Kupferlegierungen, bis zu den Kupfergegenständen, ist die Rückverfolgung von Prozessketten durch Auswertung von analytischen Daten sehr schwierig.

Um auf dem Gebiet der Archäometallurgie Fortschritte zu erzielen, sind sicher noch viele weitere naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen notwendig, wobei bei der Datenauswertung der „narrative“ Charakter der Archäologie im Hintergrund und der „naturwissenschaftliche“ Charakter der Metallurgie im Vordergrund stehen muss.
Glücksspielabhängigkeit: Diagnostik und Therapie einer Verhaltensabhängigkeit
Authors: Berger Peter
Published: November 2020

Nach jahrelangem, häufigen Glücksspielverhalten, bei dem das Glücksspiel von den Patienten positiv und als wirksames Mittel zur Angst- und Stimmungsregulation erlebt wird, kann sich eine Glücksspielabhängigkeit entwickeln. Typisch für diese erste Phase ist, dass kein ausreichendes Problembewusstsein besteht, obwohl bereits einzelne Probleme entstanden sind. Auch in der Phase der ausgeprägten Abhängigkeit entwickelt sich nur langsam Krankheitseinsicht, und die Motivation zur Behandlung ist ambivalent. Die zunehmende psychische Belastung führt dazu, dass das Glücksspiel zunehmend als negativ und belastend erlebt wird. Daraus ergeben sich oft erst die entsprechende Krankheitseinsicht und Motivation zur Behandlung. Trotzdem bleibt die Problematik schambesetzt. Daher sollte als erster Behandlungsschritt den Patienten das nötige Verständnis für ihre Erkrankung vermittelt werden.
Obstbau-Boom in Russland dank staatlicher Förderung, Gesundheitstrend und Umstrukturierung der Obstbauforschung
Authors: Blanke M.
Published: November 2020

Russland kennzeichnet im Moment (2019) das schnellste Wachstum im Obstbau im Osten. Der Apfelmarkt Russlands von ca. 2,6–4,3 Mio. t Äpfeln/Jahr besteht aus 0,9–1,1 Mio. t Erwerbsobstbau, je nach Schätzung ca. 800.000 t oder 2,5 Mio. t aus Hausgärten, die statistisch schwer zu erfassen sind, und ca. 1,3 Mio. t (2016), aber nur noch 0,7 Mio. t in Frostjahr 2017 Import aus Serbien, Kasachstan, Usbekistan, Tadschikistan, Aserbaidschan, Moldawien und Weißrussland sowie aus China, Chile, Neuseeland, Südafrika u. a.

Die aktuelle staatliche Förderung für Obstbau und Baumschulen beträgt – nach dem Lebensmittel-Importembargo ab August 2014 – je nach Intensität und Region von € 3000 (extensiv) bis € 12.000/ha (Dichtpflanzung mit Tropfbewässerung unter Hagelnetz) bzw. bis zu 80 % der Anschaffungskosten für Bäume, Hagelnetze, Tropfbewässerung u. a.. Diese Anschubfinanzierung hat seit 2015 zur Neuanlage von Baumschulen, Apfelanlagen und Lagereinrichtungen geführt. Das Kapital kommt aus der Wirtschaft; die Investoren sind häufig Oligarchen. Auch in den benachbarten Regionen wie Kasachstan, Aserbaidschan und Usbekistan steigt die Obstproduktion seit 2010 stetig an.

Dieser Obstbauboom wird gestützt vom staatlichen Gesundheitstrend in Russland mit einem Ziel von 50 kg (heute 18–24 kg) Äpfel/Kopf/Jahr – vergleichbar mit 19–23 kg (ohne Hausgärten und Streuobst) in Deutschland. Bei einem heutigen Obstkonsum (einschl. Beerenobst und Schalenobst-Nüssen) von 71 kg (58–64 kg ohne Schalenobst) in Russland bei einem Ziel von 106 kg Obst/Kopf/Jahr wäre der Selbstversorgungsgrad 22 % für Obst im Vergleich zu Deutschland mit 21,6 % (ohne Citrus, ohne Streuobst).

Eine Ausdehnung der Anbauflächen in Russland von 500.000 ha (2017) auf ca. 600.000 ha (2021) am 45°N Breitengrad im Südwesten des größten Landes der Erde auf der Höhe der Emilia Romagna wird erwartet. Die Transportentfernungen betragen bis zu 10.000 km. Ca. 12.000 ha sind moderne Erwerbsanlagen von Apfel auf M9 mit einem Pflanzabstand von 3,5 m × 1 m unter schwarzem Hagelnetz auf heimischen Betonpfosten. Unterlage und Sortenspektrum sind mit ‘Gala‘, ‘Elstar‘, ‘Golden Delicious‘, ‘Granny Smith‘, ‘Jeromine‘, ‘Enterprise‘ bis ‘Braeburn‘ auf M9 westlich geprägt – en vogue und ohne die traditionellen russischen Sorten ‘Antonovka‘ und ‘Reinette Simirenko‘, die weiterhin in Hausgärten angebaut werden.

Die Erzeugerpreise liegen bei € 0,10/kg für Mostobst bis fast € 1/kg für Klasse 1 (65–75 mm) für den heimischen, russischen Markt. Umstrukturierte Universitäten und Akademien der Wissenschaft konkurrieren nun um Forschungsgelder und -projekte; diese Konsolidierung resultierte 2017 in der Obstbauforschung und -züchtung in der Zusammenlegung dreier Institute zum „Michurin Federal Scientific Center“ (FNC).
Combinatorial two-stage minmax regret problems under interval uncertainty
Authors: Goerigk Marc , Kasperski Adam , Zieliński Paweł
Published: November 2020

In this paper a class of combinatorial optimization problems is discussed. It is assumed that a feasible solution can be constructed in two stages. In the first stage the objective function costs are known while in the second stage they are uncertain and belong to an interval uncertainty set. In order to choose a solution, the minmax regret criterion is used. Some general properties of the problem are established and results for two particular problems, namely the shortest path and the selection problem, are shown.
Additions to the genus Gimesia: description of Gimesia alba sp. nov., Gimesia algae sp. nov., Gimesia aquarii sp. nov., Gimesia aquatilis sp. nov., Gimesia fumaroli sp. nov. and Gimesia panareensis sp. nov., isolated from aquatic habitats of the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Wiegand Sandra , Jogler Mareike , Boedeker Christian , Heuer Anja , Rast Patrick , Peeters Stijn H. , Jetten Mike S. M. , Kaster Anne-Kristin , Rohde Manfred , Kallscheuer Nicolai , Jogler Christian
Published: November 2020

Thirteen novel planctomycetal strains were isolated from five different aquatic sampling locations. These comprise the hydrothermal vent system close to Panarea Island (Italy), a biofilm on the surface of kelp at Monterey Bay (CA, USA), sediment and algae on Mallorca Island (Spain) and Helgoland Island (Germany), as well as a seawater aquarium in Braunschweig, Germany. All strains were shown to belong to the genus Gimesia. Their genomes cover a size range from 7.22 to 8.29 Mb and have a G+C content between 45.1 and 53.7%. All strains are mesophilic (Topt 26–33 °C) with generation times between 12 and 32 h. Analysis of fatty acids yielded palmitic acid (16:0) and a fatty acid with the equivalent chain length of 15.817 as major compounds. While five of the novel strains belong to the already described species Gimesia maris and Gimesia chilikensis, the other strains belong to novel species, for which we propose the names Gimesia alba (type strain Pan241wT = DSM 100744T = LMG 31345T = CECT 9841T = VKM B-3430T), Gimesia algae (type strain Pan161T = CECT 30192T = STH00943T = LMG 29130T), Gimesia aquarii (type strain V144T = DSM 101710T = VKM B-3433T), Gimesia fumaroli (type strain Enr17T = DSM 100710T = VKM B-3429T) and Gimesia panareensis (type strain Enr10T = DSM 100416T = LMG 29082T). STH numbers refer to the Jena Microbial Resource Collection (JMRC).
Performance evaluation of global hydrological models in six large Pan-Arctic watersheds
Authors: Gädeke Anne , Krysanova Valentina , Aryal Aashutosh , Chang Jinfeng , Grillakis Manolis , Hanasaki Naota , Koutroulis Aristeidis , Pokhrel Yadu , Satoh Yusuke , Schaphoff Sibyll , Müller Schmied Hannes , Stacke Tobias , Tang Qiuhong , Wada Yoshihide , Thonicke Kirsten
Published: November 2020

Global Water Models (GWMs), which include Global Hydrological, Land Surface, and Dynamic Global Vegetation Models, present valuable tools for quantifying climate change impacts on hydrological processes in the data scarce high latitudes. Here we performed a systematic model performance evaluation in six major Pan-Arctic watersheds for different hydrological indicators (monthly and seasonal discharge, extremes, trends (or lack of), and snow water equivalent (SWE)) via a novel Aggregated Performance Index (API) that is based on commonly used statistical evaluation metrics. The machine learning Boruta feature selection algorithm was used to evaluate the explanatory power of the API attributes. Our results show that the majority of the nine GWMs included in the study exhibit considerable difficulties in realistically representing Pan-Arctic hydrological processes. Average APIdischarge (monthly and seasonal discharge) over nine GWMs is > 50% only in the Kolyma basin (55%), as low as 30% in the Yukon basin and averaged over all watersheds APIdischarge is 43%. WATERGAP2 and MATSIRO present the highest (APIdischarge > 55%) while ORCHIDEE and JULES-W1 the lowest (APIdischarge ≤ 25%) performing GWMs over all watersheds. For the high and low flows, average APIextreme is 35% and 26%, respectively, and over six GWMs APISWE is 57%. The Boruta algorithm suggests that using different observation-based climate data sets does not influence the total score of the APIs in all watersheds. Ultimately, only satisfactory to good performing GWMs that effectively represent cold-region hydrological processes (including snow-related processes, permafrost) should be included in multi-model climate change impact assessments in Pan-Arctic watersheds.
Bio-energy and CO2 emission reductions: an integrated land-use and energy sector perspective
Authors: Bauer Nico , Klein David , Humpenöder Florian , Kriegler Elmar , Luderer Gunnar , Popp Alexander , Strefler Jessica
Published: November 2020

Biomass feedstocks can be used to substitute fossil fuels and effectively remove carbon from the atmosphere to offset residual CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and other sectors. Both features make biomass valuable for climate change mitigation; therefore, CO2 emission mitigation leads to complex and dynamic interactions between the energy and the land-use sector via emission pricing policies and bioenergy markets. Projected bioenergy deployment depends on climate target stringency as well as assumptions about context variables such as technology development, energy and land markets as well as policies. This study investigates the intra- and intersectorial effects on physical quantities and prices by coupling models of the energy (REMIND) and land-use sector (MAgPIE) using an iterative soft-link approach. The model framework is used to investigate variations of a broad set of context variables, including the harmonized variations on bioenergy technologies of the 33rd model comparison study of the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum (EMF-33) on climate change mitigation and large scale bioenergy deployment. Results indicate that CO2 emission mitigation triggers strong decline of fossil fuel use and rapid growth of bioenergy deployment around midcentury (~ 150 EJ/year) reaching saturation towards end-of-century. Varying context variables leads to diverse changes on mid-century bioenergy markets and carbon pricing. For example, reducing the ability to exploit the carbon value of bioenergy increases bioenergy use to substitute fossil fuels, whereas limitations on bioenergy supply shift bioenergy use to conversion alternatives featuring higher carbon capture rates. Radical variations, like fully excluding all technologies that combine bioenergy use with carbon removal, lead to substantial intersectorial effects by increasing bioenergy demand and increased economic pressure on both sectors. More gradual variations like selective exclusion of advanced bioliquid technologies in the energy sector or changes in diets mostly lead to substantial intrasectorial reallocation effects. The results deepen our understanding of the land-energy nexus, and we discuss the importance of carefully choosing variations in sensitivity analyses to provide a balanced assessment.
Correlation of exosomal microRNA clusters with bone metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Yang Xiao-Rong , Pi Can , Yu Ruoying , Fan Xiao-Jun , Peng Xiao-Xiao , Zhang Xu-Chao , Chen Zhi-Hong , Wu Xue , Shao Yang , Wu Yi-Long , Zhou Qing
Published: November 2020

20–40% of lung cancer patients develop bone metastasis (BM) with significantly decreased overall survival. Currently, BM is mainly diagnosed by computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) when symptom develops. Novel biomarkers with higher prediction value of BM are needed. Plasma-derived exosomal microRNAs had been isolated and sequenced of total 30 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients including 16 with bone metastasis and 14 without bone metastasis. Hierarchical clustering based on the total miRNA profile can clearly separate cancer patients and healthy individuals (H), but not patients with (BM +) or without (BM−) BM. Weight Co-expression network of miRNAs (WGCNA) analyses identified three consensus clusters (A, B, C) of highly correlated miRNAs, among which cluster B (144 miRNAs) showed significantly differential expression in lung cancer patients, especially in BM + group. Pathway analysis of cluster B miRNAs revealed enrichment in metabolic pathways that may involve in preconditioning of the metastatic niche. Three differentially expressed miRNAs between BM + and BM− patients within cluster B were identified as miR-574-5p, a suppressor of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, was down-regulated, while miR-328-3p and miR-423-3p, two activators of the same pathway, were up-regulated in BM + patients. Cluster A miRNAs (n = 49) also showed trend of upregulation in BM + patients. Interestingly, pathway analysis indicated that 43 of them are associated with chromosome14, which has been suggested to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and bone metastasis.
Late, But Not Too Late? Postponement of First Birth Among Highly Educated US Women
Authors: Nitsche Natalie , Brückner Hannah
Published: November 2020

We examine the link between the postponement of parenthood and fertility outcomes among highly educated women in the USA born in 1920–1986, using data from the CPS June Supplement 1979–2016. We argue that the postponement–low fertility nexus noted in demographic and biomedical research is especially relevant for women who pursue postgraduate education because of the potential overlap of education completion, early career stages, and family formation. The results show that women with postgraduate education differ from women with college education in terms of the timing of the first birth, childlessness, and completed fertility. While the postponement trend, which began with the cohorts born in the 1940s, has continued among highly educated women in the USA, its associations with childlessness and completed parity have changed considerably over subsequent cohorts. We delineate five distinct postponement phases over the 80-year observation window, consistent with variation over time in the prevalence of strategies for combining tertiary education and employment with family formation.
$${{\varvec{L}}}^{{\varvec{p}}}$$-Solutions and Comparison Results for Lévy-Driven Backward Stochastic Differential Equations in a Monotonic, General Growth Setting
Authors: Kremsner Stefan , Steinicke Alexander
Published: November 2020

We present a unified approach to $$L^p$$

L
p

-solutions ($$p > 1$$

p
>
1

) of multidimensional backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) driven by Lévy processes and more general filtrations. New existence, uniqueness and comparison results are obtained. The generator functions obey a time-dependent extended monotonicity (Osgood) condition in the y-variable and have general growth in y. Within this setting, the results generalize those of Royer, Yin and Mao, Yao, Kruse and Popier, and Geiss and Steinicke.
CPAS: the UK’s national machine learning-based hospital capacity planning system for COVID-19
Authors: Qian Zhaozhi , Alaa Ahmed M. , van der Schaar Mihaela
Published: November 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic poses the threat of overwhelming healthcare systems with unprecedented demands for intensive care resources. Managing these demands cannot be effectively conducted without a nationwide collective effort that relies on data to forecast hospital demands on the national, regional, hospital and individual levels. To this end, we developed theCOVID-19 Capacity Planning and Analysis System(CPAS)—a machine learning-based system for hospital resource planning that we have successfully deployed at individual hospitals and across regions in the UK in coordination with NHS Digital. In this paper, we discuss the main challenges of deploying a machine learning-based decision support system at national scale, and explain how CPAS addresses these challenges by (1) defining the appropriate learning problem, (2) combining bottom-up and top-down analytical approaches, (3) using state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms, (4) integrating heterogeneous data sources, and (5) presenting the result with an interactive and transparent interface. CPAS is one of the first machine learning-based systems to be deployed in hospitals on a national scale to address the COVID-19 pandemic—we conclude the paper with a summary of the lessons learned from this experience.
Real-time virtual mouse system using RGB-D images and fingertip detection
Authors: Tran Dinh-Son , Ho Ngoc-Huynh , Yang Hyung-Jeong , Kim Soo-Hyung , Lee Guee Sang
Published: November 2020

A real-time fingertip-gesture-based interface is still challenging for human–computer interactions, due to sensor noise, changing light levels, and the complexity of tracking a fingertip across a variety of subjects. Using fingertip tracking as a virtual mouse is a popular method of interacting with computers without a mouse device. In this work, we propose a novel virtual-mouse method using RGB-D images and fingertip detection. The hand region of interest and the center of the palm are first extracted using in-depth skeleton-joint information images from a Microsoft Kinect Sensor version 2, and then converted into a binary image. Then, the contours of the hands are extracted and described by a border-tracing algorithm. The K-cosine algorithm is used to detect the fingertip location, based on the hand-contour coordinates. Finally, the fingertip location is mapped to RGB images to control the mouse cursor based on a virtual screen. The system tracks fingertips in real-time at 30 FPS on a desktop computer using a single CPU and Kinect V2. The experimental results showed a high accuracy level; the system can work well in real-world environments with a single CPU. This fingertip-gesture-based interface allows humans to easily interact with computers by hand.
On computing the Lyapunov exponents of reversible cellular automata
Authors: Kopra Johan
Published: November 2020

We consider the problem of computing the Lyapunov exponents of reversible cellular automata (CA). We show that the class of reversible CA with right Lyapunov exponent 2 cannot be separated algorithmically from the class of reversible CA whose right Lyapunov exponents are at most $$2-\delta$$

2
-
δ

for some absolute constant $$\delta >0$$

δ
>
0

. Therefore there is no algorithm that, given as an input a description of an arbitrary reversible CA F and a positive rational number $$\epsilon >0$$

ϵ
>
0

, outputs the Lyapunov exponents of F with accuracy $$\epsilon$$
ϵ
. We also compute the average Lyapunov exponents (with respect to the uniform measure) of the reversible CA that perform multiplication by p in base pq for coprime $$p,q>1$$

p
,
q
>
1

.
The direct and indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the care of patients with pituitary disease: a cross sectional study
Authors: Graf Anneke , Marcus Hani J. , Baldeweg Stephanie E.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is widely believed to have had a major impact on the care of patients with pituitary disease. The virus itself may directly result in death, and patients with adrenal insufficiency, often a part of hypopituitarism, are thought to represent a particularly susceptible subgroup. Moreover, even in patients that do not contract the virus, the diversion of resources by healthcare institutions to manage the virus may indirectly result in delays in their management. To this end, the aim of this study was to determine the direct and indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with pituitary disease.

Methods

A cross-sectional study design was adopted, with all adult patients seen by our pituitary service in the year prior to the nationwide lockdown on March 23rd 2020 invited to participate in a telephone survey.

Results

In all, 412 patients (412/586; 70.3%) participated in the survey. 66 patients (66/412; 16.0%) reported having suspected COVID-19 infection. Of the 10 patients in this group tested for COVID-19 infection, three received a positive test result. No deaths due to COVID-19 were identified. 267 patients (267/412; 64.8%) experienced a delay or change in the planned care for their pituitary disease, with 100 patients (100/412; 24.3%) perceiving an impact to their care.

Conclusions

Whilst only a small percentage of patients had confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection, over half were still indirectly impacted by the pandemic through a delay or change to their planned care.
Overlapping Magnetic Activity Cycles and the Sunspot Number: Forecasting Sunspot Cycle 25 Amplitude
Authors: McIntosh Scott W. , Chapman Sandra , Leamon Robert J. , Egeland Ricky , Watkins Nicholas W.
Published: November 2020

The Sun exhibits a well-observed modulation in the number of spots on its disk over a period of about 11 years. From the dawn of modern observational astronomy, sunspots have presented a challenge to understanding—their quasi-periodic variation in number, first noted 175 years ago, has stimulated community-wide interest to this day. A large number of techniques are able to explain the temporal landmarks, (geometric) shape, and amplitude of sunspot “cycles,” however, forecasting these features accurately in advance remains elusive. Recent observationally-motivated studies have illustrated a relationship between the Sun’s 22-year (Hale) magnetic cycle and the production of the sunspot cycle landmarks and patterns, but not the amplitude of the sunspot cycle. Using (discrete) Hilbert transforms on more than 270 years of (monthly) sunspot numbers we robustly identify the so-called “termination” events that mark the end of the previous 11-yr sunspot cycle, the enhancement/acceleration of the present cycle, and the end of 22-yr magnetic activity cycles. Using these we extract a relationship between the temporal spacing of terminators and the magnitude of sunspot cycles. Given this relationship and our prediction of a terminator event in 2020, we deduce that sunspot Solar Cycle 25 could have a magnitude that rivals the top few since records began. This outcome would be in stark contrast to the community consensus estimate of sunspot Solar Cycle 25 magnitude.
Generation of Low-Frequency Kinetic Waves at the Footpoints of Pre-Flare Coronal Loops
Authors: Kryshtal Alexandr , Voitsekhovska Anna , Cheremnykh Oleg , Ballai Istvan , Verth Gary , Fedun Viktor
Published: November 2020

In this study we discuss the excitation of low-frequency plasma waves in the lower-middle chromosphere region of loop footpoints for the case when the plasma can be considered to be in a pre-flare state. It is shown that among the well-known semi-empirical models of the solar atmosphere, only the VAL (F) model together with a particular set of basic plasma parameters and amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields supports generation of low-frequency wave instability. Our results show that it is possible to predict the onset of the flare process in the active region by using the interaction of kinetic Alfvén and kinetic ion-acoustic waves, which are solutions of the derived dispersion equation. The VAL (F) model allows situations when the main source of the aforementioned instability can be a sub-Dreicer electric field and drift plasma movements due to presence of spatial inhomogeneities. We also show that the generation of kinetic Alfvén and kinetic ion-acoustic waves can occur both, in plasma with a purely Coulomb conductivity and in the presence of small-scale Bernstein turbulence. The excitation of the small amplitude kinetic waves due to the development of low threshold instability in plasma with relatively low values of the magnetic field strength is also discussed.
Functional Independence in the Community Dwelling Older People: a Scoping Review
Authors: Molenaar E. A. L. M. , Barten J. A. , te Velde S. , van der Schoot L. , Bleijenberg N. , de Wit N. J. , Veenhof C.
Published: November 2020

Ageing potentially poses a threat to independent functioning of older adults. Although clinicians commonly focus on physical factors limiting Functional Independence (FI), it is likely that personal and environmental interactions also seem important to maintain FI. Herewith, FI exceeds several professional borders and calls for a uniform, multidisciplinary interdisciplinary supported definition of FI. This study aims to provide such a definition of FI in community dwelling older people. A scoping review was performed. Pubmed/Medline, Psychinfo and CINAHL were searched for studies describing aspects of FI. A literature-based definition of FI was discussed by experts (n = 7), resulting in a formulated final definition of FI and insight into contributing factors to FI. A multidisciplinairy focusgroup a stakeholder consultation (n = 15) ensured clinical relevance for daily practice. Data from the focusgroup stakeholder consultation were analyzed by using Atlas.ti (version 8). Based on the literature search, 25 studies were included. FI was finally defined as “Functioning physically safely and independent from another person, within one’s own context”. The contributing factors of FI comprised physical capacity combined with coping, empowerment and health literacy. Moreover, the level of FI is influenced by someone’s own context. This study confirms the relevance of the physical aspect of FI, but additionally stresses the importance of psychological factors. In addition, this study shows that one’s context may affect the level of FI as well. This underlines the importance of a holistic view and calls for multidisciplinary interdisciplinary collaboration in community-dwelling older people.
On the Lewisian Principle of Recombination and Quidditism
Authors: Lenart Karol
Published: November 2020

In this paper, I discuss a connection between quidditism and the Lewisian principle of recombination. I begin by reconstructing a typical characterisation of a Lewisian principle of recombination, followed by an explanation of quidditism. In the remainder, I argue that a proponent of a Lewisian principle of recombination cannot endorse quidditism without some important modifications of her view.
Weight estimations with time-reversed point-light displays
Authors: Braun Claudia , Fischer Sebastian , Eckardt Nils
Published: November 2020

Interpreting other’s actions is a very important ability not only in social life, but also in interactive sports. Previous experiments have demonstrated good estimation performances for the weight of lifted objects through point-light displays. The basis for these performances is commonly assigned to the concept of motor simulation regarding observed actions. In this study, we investigated the weak version of the motor simulation hypothesis which claims that the goal of an observed action strongly influences its understanding (Fogassi, Ferrari, Gesierich, Rozzi, Chersi, & Rizzolatti, 2005). Therefore, we conducted a weight judgement task with point-light displays and showed participants videos of a model lifting and lowering three different weights. The experimental manipulation consisted of a goal change of these actions by showing the videos normal and in a time-reversed order of sequence. The results show a systematic overestimation of weights for time-reversed lowering actions (thus looking like lifting actions) while weight estimations for time-reversed lifting actions did not differ from the original playback direction. The results are discussed in terms of motor simulation and different kinematic profiles of the presented actions.
Natural and Socioeconomic Factors and Their Interactive Effects on House Collapse Caused by Typhoon Mangkhut
Authors: Zhang Xiangxue , Nie Juan , Cheng Changxiu , Xu Chengdong , Zhou Ling , Shen Shi , Pei Yuan
Published: November 2020

Typhoons are an environmental threat that mainly affects coastal regions worldwide. The interactive effects of natural and socioeconomic factors on the losses caused by typhoon disasters need further examination. In this study, GeoDetector was used to quantify the determinant powers of natural and socioeconomic factors and their interactive effects on the rate of house collapse in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces of southeast China caused by Typhoon Mangkhut in 2018. We further identify the dominant factors that influenced the disaster losses. The local indicators of spatial association method was then introduced to explain the spatial heterogeneity of the disaster losses under the influence of the dominant factor. The results indicate that both natural and socioeconomic factors significantly affected the house collapse rate. The maximum precipitation was the dominant factor, with a q value of 0.21, followed by slope and elevation, with q values of 0.17 and 0.13, respectively. Population density and per capita gross domestic product had q values of 0.15 and 0.13, respectively. Among all of the interactive effects of the influencing factors, the interactive effect of elevation and the ratio of brick-wood houses had the greatest influence (q = 0.63) on the house collapse rate. These results can contribute to the formulation of more specific safety and property protection policies.
Approximation of function belonging to generalized Hölder’s class by first and second kind Chebyshev wavelets and their applications in the solutions of Abel’s integral equations
Authors: Lal Shyam , Priya Sharma R.
Published: November 2020

In this paper, first and second kind Chebyshev wavelets are studied. New estimators $$E_{2^{k-1},0}^{(1)}$$

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lder’s class have been obtained. Also, a method based on first and second kind Chebyshev wavelet approximations has been presented for solving integral equations. Comparison of solutions obtained by both wavelets method has been studied. It is found that second kind Chebyshev wavelet method gives better and accurate solutions as compared to first kind Chebyshev wavelet method. This is a significant achievement of this research paper in wavelet analysis.
Prognostic factors for clinical outcomes of patients with central nervous system leukemia
Authors: Bharucha Jinai , Cao Qing , Sachs Zohar , Smith Angela , Williams Sarah , Amin Khalid , Bachanova Veronika , Warlick Erica , Brunstein Claudio , Weisdorf Daniel , Bejanyan Nelli
Published: November 2020

Prognostic factors associated with clinical outcomes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement are unknown. We retrospectively studied the characteristics and outcomes of 66 (18 pediatric and 48 adult) patients with CNS leukemia with ALL (n = 41) or AML (n = 25). The median age of patients at diagnosis of CNS leukemia was 30 (range, 1–69) years. Nearly two-third patients had CNS involvement at the initial diagnosis of leukemia. Complete remission of CNS leukemia was attained in 58 (88%) patients, and probability of overall survival at 36 months after the diagnosis of CNS leukemia was 43% for the entire cohort. We identified that achieving remission of systemic leukemia and having CNS leukemia diagnosed and treated before allogeneic transplantation were the factors associated with CNS leukemia remission. Prognostic factors associated with better overall survival in patients with CNS leukemia included pediatric age, diagnosis of CNS leukemia before receiving allogenic transplantation, achieving clearance of systemic or CNS leukemia, receiving no cranial radiation in conjunction with intrathecal chemotherapy (IT), and receiving IT consolidation after achieving remission of CNS leukemia. Our findings show that patients with CNS leukemia are at considerable risk of mortality. Awareness of modifiable prognostic factors such as avoidance of cranial radiation whenever possible and use of IT consolidation can result in improved outcomes in subset of patients with CNS leukemia.
Model Organisms
Authors: Ankeny Rachel , Leonelli Sabina
Published: November 2020

This Element presents a philosophical exploration of the concept of the 'model organism' in contemporary biology. Thinking about model organisms enables us to examine how living organisms have been brought into the laboratory and used to gain a better understanding of biology, and to explore the research practices, commitments, and norms underlying this understanding. We contend that model organisms are key components of a distinctive way of doing research. We focus on what makes model organisms an important type of model, and how the use of these models has shaped biological knowledge, including how model organisms represent, how they are used as tools for intervention, and how the representational commitments linked to their use as models affect the research practices associated with them.
Ambrose, Augustine, and the Pursuit of Greatness
Authors: Smith J. Warren
Published: November 2020

Since Aristotle, the concept of the magnanimous or great-souled man was employed by philosophers of antiquity to describe individuals who attained the highest degree of virtue. Greatness of soul (magnitudo animi or magnanimitas) was part of the language of Classical and Hellenistic virtue theory central to the education of Ambrose and Augustine. Yet as bishops they were conscious of fundamental differences between Christian and pagan visions of virtue. Greatness of soul could not be appropriated whole cloth. Instead, the great-souled man had to be baptized to conform with Christian understandings of righteousness, compassion, and humility. In this book, J. Warren Smith traces the development of the ideal of the great-souled man from Plato and Aristotle to latter adaptions by Cicero, Seneca, and Plutarch. He then examines how Ambrose's and Augustine's theological commitments influenced their different critiques, appropriations, and modifications of the language of magnanimity.
L'exil de Thémistocle, ou L'expérience intime du sujet
Authors: Christaki Angélique , Iarossi Pauline
Published: November 2020

Le mot «migrants» n'existait pas dans la langue des Hellènes; ils étaient plus familiers avec le vocable de l'exil et de l'asile. D'ailleurs, l'exil ne saurait se penser sans son corollaire, l'asile, comme le citoyen antique sans le barbare et la démocratie sans la tyrannie. À travers une métaphore située au carrefour de la fiction historique, de la philosophie politique et de la psychanalyse, cet article propose une réflexion sur l'exil comme condition fondamentale du sujet. L'exil est d'origine, car la langue de l'enfance, la langue dite maternelle est d'abord une langue étrangère. L'exil intime porte la marque d'une universalité qui fonde l'expérience subjective.
La production historique des normes dans la philosophie de Hegel
Authors: Vuillerod Jean-Baptiste
Published: November 2020

L'article propose une interprétation des leçons sur laPhilosophie de l'histoirede Hegel afin de comprendre comment le philosophe en arrive à une conception historique des normes. En montrant l'importance de la notion de problème (Aufgabe) dans sa pensée, nous soutenons que c'est parce que les humains sont confrontés à des situations historiques problématiques qu'ils en arrivent à inventer des normes et à les transformer dans l'histoire. Cette perspective permet de réhabiliter la philosophie hégélienne de l'histoire, dans le sillage des actuelles lectures non métaphysiques de l'hégélianisme.