bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copying Technologies
Authors: Gaines Jane M.
Published: February 2024

This chapter compares two technologies a century apart and two entrepreneurs who figured out how to circulate copies of popular moving-image entertainment before US copyright law caught up with technological change. Early cinema’s “Pirate King,” Siegmund Lubin, founder of the Philadelphia Lubin Company, is contrasted with Kim Dotcom, whose Megauploads company pioneered the cyberlocker storage as a means of distributing popular television and motion pictures on the internet. Intellectual property doctrine is tested as another way of approaching technological change over the cinema century. The time frame ranges from the heyday of film piracy (1897–1907) through the 1984 Betamax television case to the corporate media legal cases against Megauploads beginning in 2012. The approach illustrates Thomas Elsaesser’s media archaeology method, in which early cinema is used to study new media while new media serves as a way into early cinema, supplemented by the philosophy of history.
The Decline of Middlebrow Taste in Celebrity Culture
Authors: Higashi Sumiko
Published: February 2024

-As the first fan magazine, Motion Picture Story Magazine (later Motion Picture Magazine) exemplified middlebrow culture by validating film as narrative but soon capitulated to female fans clamoring for publicity about the stars. Founded in 1911, MPSM affirmed the didactic and moral value of the movies by publishing storyized versions with stills. A product of Progressive-Era stewardship, it sanctioned uplift and upheld class, ethnic, and racial divisions. But a cultural transformation based on the emergence of modern personalities was occurring. What MPSM and MPM failed to anticipate was the significance of gender at a time when women and girls were fast becoming ardent fans—first of romantic heroes and then of daring serial heroines. As a result, storyizations were superseded by publicity about stars consuming fashion, mansions, and roadsters. Such stories provided lower-class fans with compensatory experience while stimulating the purchase of aspirational goods—a practice that is still pervasive today.
The Many Genders and Sexualities of American and European Silent Cinema
Authors: Horak Laura
Published: February 2024

From the 1890s through the early 1930s, American and European silent cinema represented a varied and diverse field of genders and sexualities, participating in the shifting definitions and possibilities of such categories over these volatile years. Silent dramas used high-culture frameworks—often adaptations of literature and theater—as a means of presenting alternative genders and sexualities, whereas slapstick trod more taboo territory with parodic performances of effeminate “pansies” and cross-dressing that led to more sexualized same-sex encounters. Only a couple of films dared to advance outright pleas for the acceptance of homosexual and intersex people. Lesbian and gay actors and directors were responsible for some of these representations, their sexualities open secrets associated with European artistic social circles that were sometimes even promoted by studios and fan magazines.
The Right to One’s Own Image
Authors: Andriopoulos Stefan
Published: February 2024

This chapter analyzes the German silent film The Student of Prague (1913) by juxtaposing its representation of a sinister double that assumes a life of its own to a contemporaneous legal discussion about the “right to one’s own image.” Juridical texts of the period repeat ostensibly “primitive” anxieties about photography and cinema by describing the moving image as a living double of the person captured on camera in order to prohibit the unauthorized circulation of images. In doing so, the legal conceptualizations of the status of cinematic images provide a meta-cinematic storyline to The Student of Prague, which anticipates Sigmund Freud’s theory of the uncanny and Walter Benjamin’s famous account of technological reproduction.
Curiosity Seekers, Morbid Minds, and Embarrassed Young Ladies
Authors: Stamp Shelley
Published: February 2024

Many American films were made on abortion and birth control in the mid-1910s during the height of a national debate about these topics. Feature films dramatized sensational stories of unplanned pregnancy and abortion; public health films provided instruction on childbirth and infant care; and activists in the fight to legalize contraception turned to cinema to promote their cause. Many of these films espoused conservative views on matters of reproduction, family planning, and female sexuality. But by examining the films’ promotional materials and the critical discourse that surrounded them, it becomes clear that the culture in which these films were exhibited, promoted, and discussed offered female moviegoers tactics for contesting the regressive attitudes championed onscreen.
Symbolist Impressions
Authors: Williams Tami
Published: February 2024

This chapter moves beyond the paradoxical, historic disjuncture between film and theater that defines much of the critical discourse on 1920s French cinema; instead, it reveals the influence of Modernist, and, more specifically, Belle Époque Symbolist theatrical narration, scenography, and performance on French Impressionist cinema of the period, particularly in the work of filmmaker Germaine Dulac. Crucial here, at the crossroads of late nineteenth-century Naturalist and Symbolist dramaturgy, is a stylistic dualism or hybridity on the level of structure and visual culture. Such a dualism prefigures the approach of Dulac and the Impressionists in its fusing of a pragmatic, realist aesthetic foundation with an associative symbolist structure. These novel dramaturgical forms served as an important model not only for new author-spectator relations but also for the abstraction or minimization of story, décor, and performance that distinguished the works of France’s first narrative avant-garde.
Storied Spaces
Authors: Siegel Miriam
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the construction of space in five early American features produced between 1913 and 1915. While often considered a further step toward the consolidation of classical cinema due to their increased reliance on editing, these films display a more catholic approach to space. That approach also draws on staging practices more typically associated with early cinema to tell coherent and engaging stories. In order to situate early features within the history of transitional-era filmmaking, this chapter therefore calls for a balanced approach that links stylistic strategies for constructing cinematic space to representational goals rather than to different narrational modes or historiographic periods.
Political Opposition, Economic and Natural Disasters, and Democratization, 1968–2000
Authors: Rodríguez Kuri Ariel
Published: February 2024

This chapter addresses interrelations between economic and demographic performance with changes and mutations in the political regime. The Mexican presidentialism, as it has been understood in political studies and historiography on Mexican issues, has been overestimated, and has overlooked conjunctural aspects and profound social and cultural rearrangements of the last third of the twentieth century. The Mexican political history in the seventies must be reviewed to abandon the idea of populism as a historical category. The chapter insists that the neoliberal economic reforms of the eighties and nineties did not have an equivalent in the political domain of the Mexican state; the most important electoral reform of the period 1970–2000 was instrumented in 1997, during the crisis of neoliberal project, understand this in both ideological and economic senses. The chapter assume, methodological, that political history, even in an authoritarian regime like the Mexican, needs of a narrative, details, agency, contradictions and the unexpected (as the 1985 earthquake).
“Flights and Songs and Screams”
Authors: Gannon Thomas C.
Published: February 2024

This essay considers Walt Whitman’s bird poems, which, given his self-declaration as a preeminent poet of “Nature,” may on first glance give a convincing impression of Whitman-as-birder, with a good number of species presented in ornithological detail. Upon second glance, this impression is partly deflated by his second-hand reliance on an 1840s bird guide and his birder friend John Burroughs. Previous Whitman criticism has fetishized his best-known bird poems as remarkable accomplishments capturing the bird itself, but other scholars have pointed out the “fraud” of Whitman’s first-person-birder persona. Ultimately metonymic details or metaphysical metaphors for the all-too-human, the various ornithic images in Whitman—including his yawping hawks, mourning mockingbirds, threnodic thrushes, and dallying eagles—are a curious mélange of naturalism and idealism; and his later bird poems get more and more anthropocentric the older and more “spiritual” the poet gets. In short, Whitman’s “birds” are not birds.
Whitman in China
Authors: Shusen Liu
Published: February 2024

Newly discovered Walt Whitman items in English newspapers published in China as early as 1870 allow the author of this essay to uncover and reconceptualize the history of the poet’s engagement with and reception in late imperial China and the early Chinese Republic. These long-overlooked reprints of and commentary on Whitman in foreign papers in Shanghai, specifically, indicate that knowledge of Whitman reached China nearly half a century earlier than previously documented. Building on these discoveries, the essay suggests that the poet had a significant impact on the process of literary modernization in both China and Japan in the first two decades of the twentieth century. China’s early embrace of Whitman, while unknown to the poet himself, follows logically from his outreach to eastern Asia in his poems and journalism of the 1840s to 1860s.
Making the Cut
Authors: Bernardini Caterina , Price Kenneth M.
Published: February 2024

Although Walt Whitman is famous for his accumulative style, his goal of encompassing and expressing all, this essay investigates excisions in Whitman’s work, arguing that selective elimination is a central and underexplored component of his composition and revision methods. It shows how Whitman’s manuscript cuts often aimed to temper what had been more radical or experimental in previous versions—for instance, references to topics of sex, religion, politics, race, or love, or anything which the poet saw as anachronistic or controversial. The essay also considers how eliminated ideas or images regularly re-emerge elsewhere in Whitman’s work in subterranean ways. His use of catalogs is analyzed and seen as a counterbalancing and codependent strategy to the excisions: a strategy purposefully used by the poet to create an illusion of totality and to do away with his anxieties of unrepresentability.
Whitman and Poe’s Literary Networks
Authors: Whitley Edward
Published: February 2024

This chapter turns to social network analysis to illuminate the relationship between Walt Whitman and Edgar Allan Poe. Before the Civil War, Whitman gathered with a bohemian literary community who transplanted la vie bohème of Paris to Manhattan and grandfathered Poe into American bohemianism. This group made Whitman the focus of bohemian New York before conflicts over Poe’s legacy led to a backlash against Whitman by some influential tastemakers. Whitman’s complex relationship with Poe has been obscured in part because it does not culminate with a clear demonstration of how Poe influenced Whitman as a writer. Social network analysis, however, reveals a meaningful relationship between the two that does not depend solely on aesthetic influence to become legible. Models from network analysis suggest that literary history is better defined as the interconnected webs of individuals and institutions that publish, promote, and even prohibit authors from accessing a readership.
Metaphor in Gesture in an Organizational Context
Authors: Cienki Alan
Published: February 2024

This chapter draws on conceptual metaphor theory as a framework for viewing metaphor, and focuses on willful movements of the hands and forearms as an object of research. Metaphor in gesture is considered as the expression of some target domain (a topic in the concurrent speech or context) in terms of the source domain represented by the imagery produced in gesture. Consideration is given to how metaphor in gesture has been studied to date in organizational contexts. A set of guidelines for metaphor identification in gesture—the so-called MIG-G (Cienki 2017)—is presented in summary form; this could be employed in the analysis of video data of discourse from organizational contexts in order to provide a multimodal perspective to one’s research. The value of doing so is that it can help reveal speakers’ ways of conceptualizing, framing, and presenting ideas which do not always receive explicit verbal expression.
Metaphors in the Creative Journey
Authors: Biscaro Claudio , Bruni Elena
Published: February 2024

Metaphor is almost universally described as an extraordinary trigger for generating new ideas and essential to support creativity. Creativity, however, does not only mean coming up with new ideas. It also means polishing those ideas and garnering enough organizational support and resources to turn the ideas into products, whose utility has to be displayed to a target group. Thus, idea generation, for which metaphor’s power is usually extolled, is only creativity’s necessary starting point and needs to be followed by other activities that are equally critical. By characterizing the creative process as a journey of ideas, this chapter reconstructs four phases of creativity—idea generation, idea elaboration, idea championing, and idea implementation—outlining the role played by metaphor in each of these phases.
Using Metaphors in the Management Classroom
Authors: Weick Cynthia Wagner
Published: February 2024

Coursework that prepares students for careers in management should strengthen the conceptual, critical, and creative skills that are key to their professional success. This chapter offers practical ideas on how management educators can help students master the use of metaphors to improve understanding of complex concepts, increase self-awareness, better understand the mindsets of others, and create new metaphors that drive organizational change. Literature on a variety of metaphors from contexts such as art, athletics or biology can serve as a basis for class discussion on more abstract concepts in management textbooks. Students can be encouraged to reflect on what metaphors influence their own worldviews, and the values these metaphors represent. Metaphors that dominate in organizations can be unearthed and analyzed. Finally, students can be prompted to create new and better metaphors for future organizations.
Translating Organizing and Organizational Metaphors
Authors: Gaggiotti Hugo , Austin Heather Marie , Case Peter , Gosling Jonathan , Holmgren Caicedo Mikael
Published: February 2024

This chapter deploys the concept of translation as a “metaphor of metaphor” from which to learn. Thus, the authors explore the relationship between universals and particulars with respect to organizational metaphors and address the contradiction of the practice of translating metaphors from one language/culture to another and the consequences of metaphorical imposition and manipulation. In doing this, they find that metaphor is both universal and particular in its power to translate and transform social realities: metaphorizing is universal in its capacity but particular in its operations. Each instance of metaphor usage is so particular in its operations that its translation carries many interpretive possibilities. This is the source of both its appeal and its translational risks. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that we need to practice an open attitude in order to learn to “learn with the other” as we experience and appreciate each other’s metaphors.
Metaphors and Organization Studies
Authors: Reed Michael
Published: February 2024

This chapter focuses on the ontological status of metaphor and its epistemological implications for the study of organizations from a critical realist standpoint. It provides a brief overview of critical realism as it has emerged in organization studies over the last three decades. This leads to an exploration of how such an approach has been used to undertake the study of ‘complex metaphors’ as they have shaped political discourse in organizational life. Finally, the chapter provides an analysis of the emergence of an ‘authoritarian populist’ strain of neoliberalism and its impact on contemporary organizational governance and management. It suggests that this mutant strain has the potential to evolve into a toxic ideological cocktail mixing nativism, libertarianism and elitism in a highly dynamic but inherently unstable discursive formation.
The Perceived Controllability of the Big Five Personality Traits at Work
Authors: McCord Mallory A. , Westerberg Bethany
Published: February 2024

Assumptions about the controllability of the Big Five personality traits at work could contribute to unfair/negative treatment of otherwise qualified and well-performing individuals in the workplace. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to assess the perceived controllability of the Big Five personality traits at work. Across two independent samples, the results indicated that although all five traits were viewed to be at least somewhat controllable, conscientiousness tended to be perceived as the most controllable trait, whereas neuroticism and openness to experience the least controllable. This work contributes to our understanding of the relationship between trait visibility and perceived controllability, in addition to why personality is a relevant issue for diversity and inclusion in the workplace.
Why We Still Have Gendered Organizational Progression of Individuals into Leadership Roles and What Can Be Done about It
Authors: Fitzsimmons Terrance W. , Callan Victor J. , Yates Miriam S. , Jordan Ree
Published: February 2024

Organizations have an implicit concept of the ideal member who can progress to become a leader while the criteria for promotion to leadership roles are often established by a relatively narrow group of individuals and institutions at the top of any given field. We argue that while some leadership criteria can differ across organizations within a given field, and across different fields more generally, the fundamental human and social capitals that any organization considers as necessary for leaders are remarkably similar. However, there is not a level playing field for individuals in gaining the capitals which are considered necessary to reach organizational leadership roles. This is particularly the case for women, where a wide variety of gendered forces are at play. These factors operate over the employee lifecycle to prevent women from gaining the capitals required for progression. Using the Bourdieusian epistemological tools of field, capital and habitus, we explore why gender disparity continues in organizational leadership.
Prevention Focus as an Overlooked Benefactor
Authors: Tuncdogan Aybars , van den Bosch Frans , Volberda Henk W.
Published: February 2024

Despite management scholars’ recent interest in regulatory focus theory, existing research has predominantly explored the beneficial effects of a promotion focus. Conversely, research—especially empirical research—on the benefits of a prevention focus within organizational settings remains relatively scarce. In this study, the authors utilized survey data from 145 Dutch companies to examine the positive effects of general managers’ prevention focus on the accountability of their management teams. This chapter advances our understanding by demonstrating that both dimensions of regulatory focus offer distinct benefits, highlighting the need for a more balanced approach to theory development in this area of study.
Always at Greater Risk for More Discrimination?
Authors: Shakeri Angela , North Michael S.
Published: February 2024

Older women are working at record-high rates, so it is increasingly important to understand this group’s workplace experiences. Although lay beliefs suggest that older women should face greater workplace discrimination than older men due to the “double jeopardy” of sexism and ageism, systematic reviews of this intersection are relatively sparse. In this chapter, we first review work on older women and men’s labor market outcomes; we focus on research comparing older women and men on levels of workplace prejudice and stereotypes, uncovering certain contexts in which older women face greater discrimination, and vice-versa in other contexts. In order to resolve such inconsistencies in this domain, we then outline five critical future research directions. Broadly, our chapter encourages the field to acknowledge and explore circumstances in which older female workers may fare better than older males and presents a multifaceted research roadmap for this timely topic.
Backgrounds, Attributes, and Identities
Authors: Basabe-Serrano Santiago , Epstein Lee , Weinshall Keren
Published: February 2024

This chapter focuses on the effect of personal characteristics on judging. Early studies tended to draw connections between the judges’ prior professional experience and their decisions; more contemporary work focuses on social identity. A summary of the existing literature shows that regardless of the category, many research results are consistent with in-group bias: judges, like most humans, tend to favour litigants of their own group over outsiders. Depending on one’s perspective, this bias could be seen as offsetting years of ‘exclusionary’ judicial processes, or it could be seen as violating a guiding principle of most courts: to treat all parties equally. Either way, a mix of social identities is essential for ensuring socially diverse courts, which, in turn, may be crucial for developing innovative, high-quality solutions to the kinds of complex problems that confront contemporary courts. The chapter concludes with proposals for forward movement in the analysis of social identity and diversity.
Open Innovation Policy
Authors: Di Minin Alberto , Cricchio Jacopo
Published: February 2024

Open innovation (OI) is a paradigm that illustrates a business strategy. In this chapter, however, the question is asked, how is the OI paradigm capable of influencing innovation policy? After briefly illustrating how the OI paradigm has found its way into the realm of public policy, a new vision for integrating OI within innovation policy practice is presented: the Outline-Inspire-Promote (OIP) spinner. It is argued that throughout the last 20 years, policymakers have found in the OI paradigm a useful tool: (1) to design the fundamentals of new policies; (2) to name and explain their actions; and (3) to identify areas of intervention for capacity building and business development. The chapter argues that the OIP spinner is a useful tool to represent the stance according to which innovation policy is adopting or supporting OI.
Leadership Skills for Inbound and Outbound Open Innovation
Authors: Brusoni Stefano , Laureiro Martinez Daniella
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the different cognitive demands imposed on innovation leaders by both inbound and outbound open innovation. Open Innovation (OI) offers leaders a context characterized by a broad range of possible sources of knowledge and ideas. OI leaders must continuously scan and select useful ideas and collaborators from an ever-increasing pool of potentially relevant insights generated inside and outside their firm. Equally difficult and perhaps even more so, they also need to decide when to let those ideas or people go, and when to help them grow outside. The chapter discusses the individual and organizational skills and resources required to lead both inbound and outbound OI initiatives. In so doing, first, it aims at rebalancing attention from inbound to outbound OI processes. These latter are also important and yet remain understudied. Second, it suggests care in attributing OI leaders near super-human cognitive skills. OI is an approach that requires very heterogeneous and demanding skills: OI leaders have to learn how to recognize them in their teams, support their development, and flexibly leverage them to shift between inbound and outbound OI.
Customer-Centric Open Innovation Guided by Design Strategy
Authors: Appleyard Melissa M. , Velazquez Herb
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides a detailed analysis of outside-in open innovation during new product development. Departing from past internally-focused and siloed innovation practices, Gammasonics, a medical equipment division within Siemens, developed a customer-centric open innovation process guided by design principles. To get to the essence of customer value, the innovation team broadened the definition of “customer” to include every person who interacted with the equipment from the moment it left the loading dock. The pursuit of ambitious stretch goals required the team to center the customer in order to achieve “immersive innovation” based on five dimensions: Engaged Empathy, Vanguard Visioning, Targeted Triage, Democratized Design, and Sustained Superiority. These five dimensions analyzed in this chapter contribute both to theory and practice to improve open innovation outcomes. The team’s new innovation process resulted in a novel platform strategy where one base system served all geographic markets, countering the long-held assumption that each geographic region required its own platform. Within a year, the company had regained market share that had been eroded over the prior decade. Siemens continued to lead the market for over 15 years by implementing continuous improvements to the platform, reflecting the payoff to the innovation team’s commitment to customer-centric open innovation.
How Open Innovation Enabled a Standard for Sovereign Data Exchange
Authors: Achatz Reinhold
Published: February 2024

Monetizing the value of data is one of the key challenges facing organizations in today’s fast-moving world. This chapter explains how the International Data Spaces Association used an open innovation-based standardization approach to create an international standard for sovereign sharing of data. This standard enables partners in a data space to share their data without losing the freedom to define how the data is used by adding usage conditions to the data. A data space supports value creation and data monetization opportunities for all partners in a trusted data-sharing environment. This is in keeping with the principles of open innovation.
Overcoming Organizational Obstacles to Open Innovation Success
Authors: Vanhaverbeke Wim , Chesbrough Henry , West Joel , Radziwon Agnieszka
Published: February 2024

Open innovation is a powerful organizational concept that has been used extensively to explain various phenomena within the area of innovation management. There are, however, different organizational obstacles that have the potential to limit firms’ ability to apply the principles of open innovation successfully, for example, the link with corporate and business-level strategies might be unclear or missing, and different capabilities and management competencies are needed to efficiently implement the principles of open innovation compared to closed innovation. Therefore, this chapter will further explore internal—organizational-level obstacles––which tend to support or hinder the successful implementation of open innovation practices.
Failure Cases in Open Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: February 2024

Open Innovation is not a panacea, and it doesn’t always produce positive results in every situation. The study of Open Innovation arguably suffers from too little attention being paid to situations where Open Innovation fails, and the reasons for the failure are not investigated by scholars of organizations. As a result, both scholars and managers are not learning as much about Open Innovation from these failures as they otherwise might. And the failures themselves challenge certain claims about Open Innovation, causing organization analysts to be more careful in asserting its efficacy in organizing and managing innovation. This chapter presents three case studies of failures of Open Innovation.
Complementarities and Tensions Between Appropriability and Open Innovation
Authors: Laursen Keld , Salter Ammon , Somaya Deepak
Published: February 2024

The concept of open innovation (OI) has been in operation since the early 2000s but tensions still exist between appropriability and open innovation. This chapter establishes the state of the art regarding knowledge of the intricate and complex interplay between appropriability and open innovation. To understand this important strategic relationship, the potential complementarities between open innovation and appropriability are explained. The chapter also examines some key tensions between open innovation and firms’ appropriation efforts, and illuminates what firms can do in their attempt to resolve these tensions. The chapter provides an overview of the prior literature and highlights a range of future research avenues to enrich organizational scholars’ understanding of this relationship.
Open Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Authors: Radziwon Agnieszka , Vanhaverbeke Wim
Published: February 2024

Open Innovation (OI) has proven to be important for the survival and growth not only of large corporations and multinationals but also of small firms and medium-sized enterprises. The way small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have to organize and manage OI is also different from that of large companies. This chapter will provide an overview of the current literature highlighting the main OI practices in SMEs and describe their benefits, challenges, and risks. Moreover, the chapter also elaborates on the good practices of OI management and the transition from a closed to an open innovation model, along with the corresponding policy implications.
Open Innovation and the Creation of High-Growth Ventures
Authors: Weissenböck Eva , Gruber Marc
Published: February 2024

The concept of open innovation has predominantly been used in the innovation management field rather than in the entrepreneurship field. The aim of this chapter is to review the entrepreneurship literature related to cross-boundary knowledge flows, and in doing so bridge the important gap between entrepreneurship research and research on open innovation. This chapter distinguishes between the enablers of cross-boundary knowledge flows in new ventures and how such knowledge flows unfold throughout the venture creation process, as well as showing how they are linked to the creation of high-growth ventures. Future research can examine how open innovation supports new ventures in not only achieving financial returns but also in scaling their social and environmental impact. In effect, by innovating openly, new ventures may achieve economic growth and, in parallel, tackle grand societal challenges.
How Do the Tannaim Read the Torah?
Authors: Shanks Alexander Elizabeth
Published: February 2024

Scholars typically rely on the cues of genre to illuminate tannaitic practices of reading the legal portions of biblical scripture. Midrash, which adopts the format of scriptural commentary, is regarded as a privileged site for excavating tannaitic reading practices. Mishnah, which collects independent legal traditions into a compendium, is generally disregarded. This chapter argues that these generic conventions are unreliable indicators of the presence (or absence) of scriptural interpretation. The tannaitic framing of the biblical legal heritage, which Tannaim regard as innate to the biblical text, offers a different kind of evidence of interpretation, one that is rhetorically unmarked and attested in both midrash and Mishnah. This chapter documents a gap between the terms and concepts that the Tannaim impute to the biblical text and those native to biblical sources and reconstructs the jurisprudential concerns that drive the interpretative process that leads from one to the other.
Feticide in Halakhah
Authors: Fischer Elli
Published: February 2024

This chapter offers a detailed survey of Jewish legal sources, from ancient times until today, concerning the permissibility of terminating a pregnancy under specific circumstances. It surveys the basis for negative attitude and prohibitive approach to abortion that characterizes traditional Jewish law, while also demonstrating that according to the dominant view, abortion is not defined as homicide or murder according to halakhah. This allows for a degree of permissiveness when the value of preserving fetal life confronts other values, like the overall health of the mother. It concludes with a discussion of the value of maintaining a distinction between “wholesale” and “retail” when the broader message of the halakhah is in tension with its application to real-life cases.
Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Religion
Authors: Chaudhari Mohammad Yaqub
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the religious significance of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) as digital technologies that make the digital salient to human perceptual capacities and accessible to a wide range of interactions. The chapter first discusses the conceptual background necessary to understand these novel technologies and differentiate them from other forms of digital media. The chapter then proceeds to address conceptual issues that are relevant to the study of these technologies in the field of digital religion, especially on the issue of the challenging term “reality.” The chapter discusses occult, gnostic, Christian, Islamic, and other concepts that have influenced or are expressed in the form and function of these technologies and considers the implications of these technologies for different religions. The chapter closes with a discussion of the close association between AR and artificial intelligence, which together signal an encompassing form of enchantment.
Structural Transformation and Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Gore Charles
Published: February 2024

The literature on structural transformation is largely disconnected from the literature on economic and social rights. This chapter suggests how to interrelate them and reviews usages of the concept of structural transformation historically, particularly in structuralist approaches to economic development, including contributions from the Global South. It shows that structural transformation refers both to a process of structural change, which unfolds over time as an economy grows and average incomes rise, and to an intentional project which seeks to promote human flourishing and national autonomy through increasing individual and collective productivity. The chapter argues that it is time to connect the emancipatory social project of structural transformation with the project of protecting and promoting economic and social rights. It proposes a rights-sensitive approach to structural transformation, in which the social capability of a national society to transform its economy structurally is enhanced through the progressive realization of economic and social rights.
Maria Stewart’s Biblical Theology of African American Exceptionalism
Authors: Cooper Valerie
Published: February 2024

A Black woman who was born free in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1803, Maria Stewart is widely believed to be the first American woman of any race to have given a political speech to an audience including both men and women and to have left copies of her texts to posterity. Stewart wrote and delivered a series of five political and theological speeches in Boston and New York between 1831 and 1833. Collected with additional meditations and prayers, these speeches were published in 1835 as Productions of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart and again in 1879--the year of Stewart’s death--as Meditations from the Pen of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart. A student of the radical abolitionist David Walker, Stewart taught a similar brand of African American exceptionalism after Walker’s death and used the Bible extensively to argue for Blacks’ rights, for women’s rights, and for the end of chattel slavery in the United States. This essay examines the biblical use and hermeneutics in Stewart’s published texts: although she takes a fairly literal approach to the Bible, she derives from it fairly progressive theological viewpoints: that God would free enslaved blacks and judge America for having enslaved them, and that God wanted to empower and promote both Blacks and women.
Identifying and Characterizing Artificial Cranial Modifications in Western Mesoamerican Populations
Authors: Natahi Sélim
Published: February 2024

Artificial cranial modifications are the practices of transforming the skull of a newborn via daily massages or the implementation of a cephalic device independent of or associated with a cradle. The resulting shapes as well as the intentions underlying these cultural performances are manifold. Appreciating their meanings in past populations primarily requires reliably identifying and characterizing these practices. For biological anthropologists and bioarchaeologists, this might be substantially difficult owing to the archaeological context itself (e.g. certain soils being detrimental to bone preservation, the identification of artificial cranial modifications is based on partial cranial remains only). Moreover, some techniques result in subtle modifications that are challenging to identify and describe. This chapter reviews 3D imaging methods (e.g., geometric morphometrics) and shows how they can be used to circumvent these problems and how suitable these tools are for identifying and differentiating artificial cranial modifications among past West Mesoamerican populations.
UK Space Policy
Authors: Hilborne Mark
Published: February 2024

UK space policy seeks to at once address concerns over the security of its own space assets and critical national infrastructure that depends on space, and its role within its principal alliances, while also serving the growing economic and societal benefits that derive from space. Simultaneously the United Kingdom (UK) is seeking a greater voice in the international governance of space as a means to enhance its diplomatic leverage. To accomplish this, the UK government has sought a cross-sector approach to space policy in which these divergent aims are reconciled. The UK government will not be able to replicate the full spectrum of space capabilities upon which it relies, yet it is able to contribute in specific ways to existing systems. It must therefore target key areas that will deliver the maximum military, scientific, and commercial return on investment.
Space Resources and Prospects for Contested Governance
Authors: Krolikowski Alanna , Elvis Martin
Published: February 2024

As natural resources found on celestial bodies, such as lunar regolith and asteroidal water, become important to upcoming space missions, states are developing contending institutions to govern their exploitation. This chapter begins with a definition and typology of space resources and discusses their prospects for exploitation. It then considers the state of existing governance structures for space resources, identifying a need for institutional development. It goes on to analyze states’ different interests in governance to explain the international community’s bifurcation into two emerging camps, each advocating a distinct approach to regime building. The first camp, led by the United States, is creating permissive and voluntary institutions to facilitate near-term commercial exploitation. The second, loosely coalescing around Russia and many other states, aims to gradually develop a more restrictive and binding regime. This cleavage portends a contested and fragmented international order governing space resource exploitation.
Enabling National Security through Space
Authors: Hays Peter L. , Wirtz James J.
Published: February 2024

This chapter considers space systems, which today provide support for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance activities that are vital to national security. Nevertheless, exploiting space to enable terrestrial military operations entails more than just placing systems into orbit, these systems must be integrated into existing force structures, military doctrines, operations, and even logistical procedures before they can reach their full potential. This chapter reviews various types of space assets and how these systems shape military tactics, operations, strategies, and national security policies. It also identifies ongoing space developments that might affect the future impact of space-based assets on national security before concluding with a few recommendations and considerations for future research.
NewSpace and New Risks in Space Security
Authors: Klein John J. , Boensch Nickolas J.
Published: February 2024

NewSpace—the emerging commercial space ecosystem resulting from private investments and companies opening new or expanding existing markets—is playing a key role in the changing, global security landscape. As this chapter shows, many security professionals anticipate that entrepreneurial interest and investment in space companies will lead to significant changes in civil, military, and commercial use of and access to space. Also, commercial space innovation is considered critical for developing emerging technologies and capabilities that can result in novel ways of operating and protecting national security interests extending into space. For these reasons, many security professionals view NewSpace as essential for achieving a competitive advantage among rival states. While NewSpace companies are a source of innovation and benefit, some analysts and international relations scholars have highlighted potential security risks associated with these new capabilities and services. Ultimately, the multitude of benefits coming from NewSpace outweigh any associated risks to security.
The Future of Global Space Governance
Authors: Archinard Natália
Published: February 2024

This chapter suggests ways forward in the global governance of space activities. It presents the major international initiatives in this area in the last two decades and describes the corresponding positions of different states or groups of states. While highlighting the different priorities, it seeks to explain why finding consensus on international agreements in the areas of space security, safety, and sustainability proves to be challenging. After providing an overview of recent trends in the space sector, the chapter suggests areas in which small steps could be taken with a view to advancing the governance of space activities at global level.
Political Economy of Illiberalism
Authors: Snegovaya Maria
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the role of economic factors in the rise of illiberal politics in today’s world. Unlike similar studies on this topic, it expands the focus beyond the “usual suspects,” such as populist, nativist, or far-right parties to also include the illiberal ideas, movements, and thought collectives in the conceptualization of illiberal actors driving this wave of democratic backsliding. Such an approach is arguably more instrumental in tracing how and when the ongoing backlash originated before illiberal parties and politicians had a chance to come to power. This chapter seeks to explore today’s illiberal wave by analyzing the role of economic factors such as accumulated frustration with the effects of neoliberalism, financial crises, and globalization. It also analyzes the economic policies embraced by incumbent illiberal parties and leaders. While focusing primary attention on Europe, it also traces parallels across countries’ trajectories in different regional contexts, including Asia and Latin America.
Transnational Illiberal Networks
Authors: Stoeckl Kristina , Ayoub Phillip
Published: February 2024

This chapter analyzes both the emergence and the global diffusion of transnational actor networks that pursue illiberal political goals, such as the restriction of women’s and LGBTI rights. The timeline for analysis starts around 1995, when the inclusion of women’s and other gender-related issues on the United Nations’ human-rights agenda caused an international conservative religious reaction. The chapter gives an overview of relevant actors in transnational illiberal networks, homing in on the World Congress of Families as an example, and it analyzes the claims and strategies that make the collaboration between illiberal, conservative, and oft-nationalist actors possible. Our central claims are that transnational illiberal networks have global reach and bring together unusual suspects among far-right politicians, religious leaders, business sponsors, and civil-society activists. These strange bedfellows have been galvanized through vilifying rival networks—those representing liberal and progressive norm mobilization, such as the women’s and LGBTI rights movements—as threats.
Media and Illiberalism
Authors: Štětka Václav , Mihelj Sabina
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides a critical overview of existing work on media and illiberalism, alongside research that examines issues of media and illiberalism under other headings (principally, populism, democratic deconsolidation, and conservatism). It starts by discussing present uses of “illiberalism” in the study of media and communication and draws on those uses—together with existing definitions of illiberalism in other disciplines—to propose a working definition of the term for media and communication scholarship. We define media illiberalism as a set of ideas and practices that undermine the ideological and institutional underpinnings of liberal democracy, and that either are enabled by media and communication technologies or affect the way they are used. With these conceptual considerations in mind, we then map three different scenarios of interaction between media and illiberalism: media as aids of illiberalism, media as victims of illiberalism, and media as channels of resistance to illiberalism. We conclude the chapter by pointing to some of the possible avenues for future research.
Three Faces of Postliberalism
Authors: Pabst Adrian
Published: February 2024

Postliberalism is a multifaceted current of ideas that aims to correct the errors and excesses of liberalism. It encompasses a number of shared ideas, including society as a covenant rather than a contract, liberty as freedom of care for oneself and others, and individual fulfillment combined with mutual flourishing. This chapter explores three faces of postliberalism: National Conservatism, Catholic integralism, and communitarian pluralism, arguing that the first is both antiliberal and ultraliberal rather than postliberal, while the second combines a postliberal political economy with a cultural vision that privileges the nation-state and confessional religion. The third face is more truly postliberal in offering constructive alternatives to contemporary liberalism anchored in a personalist outlook. A postliberal politics needs to build a pluralist democracy, decentralize the state, and promote mutualist markets. Only a postliberalism fusing economic justice with social solidarity and ecological balance can overcome deep divisions and avert an authoritarian backlash.