bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic polymorphisms of BDNF on cognitive functions in drug-naive first episode patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Su Xiuru , Qiao Limin , Liu Qing , Shang Yujie , Guan Xiaoni , Xiu Meihong , Zhang Xiangyang
Published: October 2021

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is reported to be involved in cognitive decline in patients with schizophrenia (SZ). Previous studies have found that cognitive deficits remain stable during the chronic disease phase in SZ, but the findings were inconsistent. The role of BDNF in cognitive deficits at different stage of illness remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the effect of BDNF polymorphisms on cognitive deficits in drug-naïve first-episode (DNFE) patients and chronic patients with SZ. 262 DNFE patients, 844 chronic patients, and 1043 healthy controls were recruited to compare 4 polymorphisms in BDNF gene and cognitive function. We found that there was no significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies between SZ patients and controls. However, they were closely related to cognitive functioning. BDNF rs2030324 polymorphism played a strong role in language performance only in DNFE patients with SZ. The language index of DNFE patients with rs2030324 TT and TC genotypes was worse than that of chronic patients, but there was no significant difference in CC genotypes between DNFE and chronic patients. Rs6265 had no significant effect on cognitive functioning in patients and controls. Our result suggests BDNF gene polymorphisms were related to different domains of cognitive function at the different stage of SZ, especially language in DNFE patients.
Magma pressure discharge induces very long period seismicity
Authors: Ripepe M. , Delle Donne D. , Legrand D. , Valade S. , Lacanna G.
Published: October 2021

Volcano seismicity is one of the key parameters to understand magma dynamics of erupting volcanoes. However, the physical process at the origin of the resulting complex and broadband seismic signals remains unclear. Syn-eruptive very long period (VLP) seismic signals have been explained in terms of the sudden expansion of gas pockets rising in the liquid melt. Their origin is linked to a magma dynamics which triggers the explosive process occurring before the explosive onset. We provide evidence based on acoustic, thermal, and ground deformation data to demonstrate that VLP signals at Stromboli are generated at the top of the magma column mainly after the explosion onset. We show that VLP amplitude and duration scale with the eruptive flux which induces a decompression of 103–104 Pa involving the uppermost ~ 250 m of the feeding conduit. The seismic VLP source represents the final stage of a ~ 200 s long charge and discharge mechanism the magma column has to release excess gas accumulated at the base of a denser and degassed magma mush. The position of the VLP seismic source coincides with the centroid of the shallow mush plug and tracks elevation changes of the magma free surface.
Effects of exenatide on urinary albumin in overweight/obese patients with T2DM: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Kang Chao , Qiao Qiao , Tong Qiang , Bai Qian , Huang Chen , Fan Rong , Wang Hui , Kaliannan Kanakaraju , Wang Jian , Xu Jing
Published: October 2021

In this study, we investigated the effect of exenatide (EXE), a glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonist, on kidney function, obesity indices, and glucose control in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 159 overweight/obese patients with T2DM were randomized to the EXE group or insulin glargine (GLAR) control group for a total treatment period of 24 weeks. EXE intervention significantly reduced the urine albumin concentration (UAC) at week 12 and 24 endpoints (P < 0.001 at week 12 and 24). The levels of the anthropometric, glucose and lipid parameters (TG and HDL-c), and inflammation biomarkers (CRP and TNF-α) in the EXE group were improved at 12 weeks or 24 weeks, respectively. Meanwhile, a comparison between two groups showed significant changes in anthropometric parameters, glucose parameters, lipid parameters (TG and HDL-c), and Inflammation biomarkers (CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α). Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was increased in the EXE group (P = 0.005) at week 24, and the change was significantly improved compared with GLAR group (P = 0.003). Correlation network analysis showed that FGF21 had a more central role in improving metabolism in the EXE group, and the change of FGF 21 was significantly negatively correlated with UAC at week 12 and week 24, respectively (r = − 0.297, P = 0.010; r = − 0.294, P = 0.012). Our results showed that EXE could help patients improve UAC, glycemic levels, and inflammatory biomarkers after a follow-up period of 24 weeks intervention. These EXE effects may be partly mediated by FGF 21, indicating that EXE is an effective and safe way to control albuminuria in overweight/obese patients with T2DM.
Hypermethylation of Mest promoter causes aberrant Wnt signaling in patients with Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Prasad Renuka , Jung Hwajin , Tan Anderson , Song Yonghee , Moon Sungho , Shaker Mohammed R. , Sun Woong , Lee Junghee , Ryu Hoon , Lim Hyun Kook , Jho Eek-hoon
Published: October 2021

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to dementia and behavioral changes. Extracellular deposition of amyloid plaques (Aβ) and intracellular deposition of neurofibrillary tangles in neurons are the major pathogenicities of AD. However, drugs targeting these therapeutic targets are not effective. Therefore, novel targets for the treatment of AD urgently need to be identified. Expression of the mesoderm-specific transcript (Mest) is regulated by genomic imprinting, where only the paternal allele is active for transcription. We identified hypermethylation on the Mest promoter, which led to a reduction in Mest mRNA levels and activation of Wnt signaling in brain tissues of AD patients. Mest knockout (KO) using the CRIPSR/Cas9 system in mouse embryonic stem cells and P19 embryonic carcinoma cells leads to neuronal differentiation arrest. Depletion of Mest in primary hippocampal neurons via lentivirus expressing shMest or inducible KO system causes neurodegeneration. Notably, depletion of Mest in primary cortical neurons of rats leads to tau phosphorylation at the S199 and T231 sites. Overall, our data suggest that hypermethylation of the Mest promoter may cause or facilitate the progression of AD.
Elevated retinal artery vascular resistance determined by novel visualized technique of laser speckle flowgraphy in branch retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Tomita Ryo , Iwase Takeshi , Fukami Marie , Goto Kensuke , Ra Eimei , Terasaki Hiroko
Published: October 2021

We aimed to investigate the increase in resistivity of the retinal artery in the branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)-affected area, and to visualize it. Thirty-two eyes of 32 patients with BRVO were measured by laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG). The retinal artery and vein running to the BRVO-affected area and vertically symmetrical vessels in the unaffected area were examined. We applied the LSFG parameter beat strength over mean blur rate (BOM), calculated using a similar method to the pulsatility index used in Doppler flowmetry to evaluate resistivity of the vessels. Our results showed that the BOM map could clearly visualize the increase of resistivity in the retinal artery as a two-dimensional map. The BOM of the arteries in the affected area was significantly higher than that of the unaffected area (P = 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that the ratio of BOM in retinal arteries of the affected area to the unaffected was significantly associated with the extent of retinal hemorrhage (β = 0.447, P = 0.009). In conclusion, the index of resistivity of the retinal artery in the BRVO-affected area was higher and could be visualized in a two-dimensional map. These findings and techniques would contribute to elucidate the pathophysiology of BRVO.
MMPs and TIMPs levels are correlated with anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and endothelial function in obesity
Authors: Boumiza Soumaya , Chahed Karim , Tabka Zouhair , Jacob Marie-Paule , Norel Xavier , Ozen Gulsev
Published: October 2021

The association between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and obesity as well as obesity-related disease including metabolic syndrome is not fully explored. Our aims are that: (i) to evaluate the plasma levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and their ratios in non-obese people, overweight and obese people with or without metabolic syndrome, (ii) to investigate correlations between MMPs or TIMPs levels and several anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, endothelial function. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were determined in 479 randomly selected participants, subdividing according to body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome status. Plasma MMPs and TIMPs levels were measured. The assessment of endothelial function was characterized in people with obesity, overweight and non-obese, using laser Doppler Flowmetry. Obese people have elevated MMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 levels and decreased MMP-3/TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios compared with non-obese people. MMP-1 levels and MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio were positively correlated with BMI and waist circumference (WC) while MMP-2 levels were negatively correlated with BMI and WC values in obese people. MMP-3 levels and MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratio were positively correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in obese and metabolic syndrome people. Additionally, MMP-9 levels and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were negatively correlated with endothelium-dependent response in obese and metabolic syndrome people. MMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 levels were increased in obese subjects. Significant correlations between anthropometric parameters and MMP-1 as well as MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio supported these results. MMP-3 and -9 levels as well as their ratios with TIMP-1 were associated with blood pressure and endothelial-dependent response, respectively. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels were correlated with several obesity-related parameters including BMI, WC, blood pressure and endothelial-dependent response. Our findings will hopefully provide new aspects for the use of MMPs and TIMPs as clinical biomarkers in obesity-related cardiovascular diseases such as metabolic syndrome and hypertension. The lack of measure of MMPs activity in plasma and relevant organs/tissues in obesity and metabolic syndrome is considered as a limitation in this report.
Effect of non-ionizing reaction rate (assumed to be controllable) on the plasma generation mechanism and communication around RAMC vehicle during atmospheric reentry
Authors: Ouyang Wenchong , Liu Qi , Zhang Zheng , Jin Tao , Wu Zhengwei
Published: October 2021

Radio frequency (RF) blackout occurs during radio attenuation measurement C (RAMC) vehicle reentry due to the attenuation effect of the plasma sheath on the communication signal. In recent years, the mitigation mechanism of chemical reaction for RF blackout problem has gradually been studied numerically and experimentally. However, the effect of non-ionization reaction rate has been ignored because it does not directly involve the generation of electrons. In the present study, the influence of non-ionizing reaction rate on the plasma generation mechanism and EM wave attenuation was numerically solved by the plasma flow and multilayer transmission model. According to the simulation results, only the reaction rate of $$NO \rightleftharpoons N + O$$

N
O
⇌
N
+
O

has a significant effect on the electron number density in all non-ionizing reactions, and the degree of influence is less than the ionization reaction rate. The EM wave attenuation decreases with the decrease of the reaction rate of $$NO \rightleftharpoons N + O$$

N
O
⇌
N
+
O

. When the reaction rate is reduced by 25 times, the maximum attenuation of electromagnetic wave can be reduced by 12 dB. Finally, a potential scheme by reducing the reaction rate of $$NO \rightleftharpoons N + O$$

N
O
⇌
N
+
O

was proposed to mitigate the RF blackout problem.
Diagnosing thyroid nodules with atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance cytology with the deep convolutional neural network
Authors: Youn Inyoung , Lee Eunjung , Yoon Jung Hyun , Lee Hye Sun , Kwon Mi-Ri , Moon Juhee , Kang Sunyoung , Kwon Seul Ki , Jung Kyong Yeun , Park Young Joo , Park Do Joon , Cho Sun Wook , Kwak Jin Young
Published: October 2021

To compare the diagnostic performances of physicians and a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) predicting malignancy with ultrasonography images of thyroid nodules with atypia of undetermined significance (AUS)/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) results on fine-needle aspiration (FNA). This study included 202 patients with 202 nodules ≥ 1 cm AUS/FLUS on FNA, and underwent surgery in one of 3 different institutions. Diagnostic performances were compared between 8 physicians (4 radiologists, 4 endocrinologists) with varying experience levels and CNN, and AUS/FLUS subgroups were analyzed. Interobserver variability was assessed among the 8 physicians. Of the 202 nodules, 158 were AUS, and 44 were FLUS; 86 were benign, and 116 were malignant. The area under the curves (AUCs) of the 8 physicians and CNN were 0.680–0.722 and 0.666, without significant differences (P > 0.05). In the subgroup analysis, the AUCs for the 8 physicians and CNN were 0.657–0.768 and 0.652 for AUS, 0.469–0.674 and 0.622 for FLUS. Interobserver agreements were moderate (k = 0.543), substantial (k = 0.652), and moderate (k = 0.455) among the 8 physicians, 4 radiologists, and 4 endocrinologists. For thyroid nodules with AUS/FLUS cytology, the diagnostic performance of CNN to differentiate malignancy with US images was comparable to that of physicians with variable experience levels.
Feasibility, safety, and economic consequences of using minimal flow anaesthesia by Maquet FLOW-i equipped with automated gas control
Authors: Colak Yusuf Z. , Toprak Hüseyin I.
Published: October 2021

Low fresh gas flow rates are recommended because of their benefits, however, its use is limited due to associated risks. The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether 300 mL of fresh gas flow that practised with automated gas control mode is applicable and safe. The second aim is to show that automated mode can provide economic benefits. Sixty hepatectomy cases who suitable criterias were included to cohort study in three groups as prospective, sequential, observational. An operating room were allocated only for this study. 300 mL fresh gas flow with automated mode (groupA3), 600 mL fresh gas flow with automated mode (groupA6) and, 600 mL fresh gas flow with manually (groupM6) was applied. Patients’ respiratory, hemodynamic parameters (safety), number of setting changes, O2concentration in the flowmeter that maintained FiO2:0.4 during the low flow anaesthesia (feasibility) and comsumption data of anaesthetic agent and CO2absorber (economical) were collected and compared. p < 0.05 was accepted as statistical significance level. No significant differences were detected between the groups in terms of demographic data and duration of operation. Safety datas (hemodynamic, respiratory, and tissue perfusion parameters) were within normal limits in all patients. O2concentration in the flowmeter that maintained FiO2:0.4 was statistically higher in groupA3 (92%) than other groups (p < 0.001) but it was still within applicable limits (below the 100%). Number of setting changes was statistically higher in groupM6 than other groups (p < 0.001). The anaesthetic agent consumption was statistically less in groupA3 (p = 0.018). We performed fresh gas flow of 300 mL by automated mode without deviating from the safety limits and reduced the consumption of anaesthetic agent. We were able to maintain FiO2:0.4 in hepatectomies without much setting changes, and we think that the automated mode is better in terms of ease of practise.
Mortality risk factors of COVID-19 infection in kidney transplantation recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohorts and clinical registries
Authors: Udomkarnjananun Suwasin , Kerr Stephen J. , Townamchai Natavudh , Susantitaphong Paweena , Tulvatana Wasee , Praditpornsilpa Kearkiat , Eiam-Ong Somchai , Avihingsanon Yingyos
Published: October 2021

Kidney transplantation recipients (KTR) with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at higher risk of death than general population. However, mortality risk factors in KTR are still not clearly identified. Our objective was to systematically analyze published evidence for risk factors associated with mortality in COVID-19 KTR. Electronic databases were searched for eligible studies on 1 August 2021. All prospective and retrospective studies of COVID-19 in KTR were considered eligible without language restriction. Since data in case reports and series could potentially be subsets of larger studies, only studies with ≥ 50 patients were included. Random-effects model meta-analysis was used to calculate weighted mean difference (WMD) and pooled odds ratio (OR) of factors associated with mortality. From a total 1,137 articles retrieved, 13 were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis comprising 4,440 KTR. Compared with survivors, non-survivors were significantly older (WMD 10.5 years, 95% CI 9.3–11.8). KTR of deceased donor were at higher risk of death (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.10–2.74). Comorbidities including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and active cancer significantly increased mortality risk. KTR with dyspnea (OR 5.68, 95% CI 2.11–15.33) and pneumonia (OR 10.64, 95% CI 3.37–33.55) at presentation were at higher mortality risk, while diarrhea decreased the risk (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.47–0.78). Acute kidney injury was associated with mortality (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.36–7.70). Inflammatory markers were significantly higher in the non-survivors, including C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and interleukine-6. A number of COVID-19 mortality risk factors were identified from KTR patient characteristics, presenting symptoms, and laboratory investigations. KTR with these risk factors should receive more intensive monitoring and early therapeutic interventions to optimize health outcomes.
A novel polymer electrolyte with high elasticity and high performance for lithium metal batteries
Authors: Bai Guoliang , Liu Na , Wang Chunhua , Wei Wei , Liu Xingjiang , Li Yang
Published: October 2021

A polymer electrolyte with high elasticity and high performance is prepared by in situ polymerization.
The role of halogen bonding in metal free phosphors
Authors: Ansari Ramin , Hashemi Daniel , Kieffer John
Published: October 2021

Strong halogen bonding in predictively designed I6A is primary facilitator of phosphorescence emission.
Linear red/green ratiometric thermometry of Ho3+/Cr3+ co-doped red up-conversion tungstate materials
Authors: Zhao Yan , Wang Xusheng , Hu Rui , Li Yanxia
Published: October 2021

Ho3+/Cr3+ co-doped red up-conversion tungstate material has a linear red/green ratiometric thermometry within a wide temperature range (163–663 K), and its sensitivity is as high as 0.0217 K−1.
A novel monitoring scheme to detect iron oxide particle deposits on the internal surface of PVC drinking water pipes
Authors: Braga Artur Sass , Filion Yves
Published: October 2021

PVC pipe wall samples were acquired from a full-scale drinking water distribution laboratory using 3D printed coupons. Brightfield microscopy and imaging processing were used to investigate iron oxide particles deposited on samples surface.
Correlation analysis of vibration modes in physical vapour deposited Bi2Se3 thin films probed by the Raman mapping technique
Authors: Niherysh K. A. , Andzane J. , Mikhalik M. M. , Zavadsky S. M. , Dobrokhotov P. L. , Lombardi F. , Prischepa S. L. , Komissarov I. V. , Erts D.
Published: October 2021

We propose the evaluation of strain in Bi2Se3 films based on the correlation analysis of in-plane (E2g) and out-of-plane (A21g) Raman mode positions as well as the algorithm of phonon deformation potential calculation for biaxial in-plane strain.
A novel ratiometric AIE-based fluorescent probe for specific detection of Hcy/Cys and imaging of living cells in vivo
Authors: Lv Hong-Min , Jiang Zi-Ke , Wang Jing , Wang Tao , Zhang Xiao-Nan , Hu Yi-Meng , Ma Yan-Yan
Published: October 2021

The sensing mechanism toward Hcy/Cys is realized based on the condensation reaction, which breaks CN to form a thiazolidine adduct.
Characterization of WMnCeTiOx catalysts prepared by different methods for the selective reduction of NO with NH3
Authors: Li Xiaodi , Han Zhitao , Shi Qingdong , Wang Xinxin , Wu Xitian , Gao Yu , Li Chenglong , Liu Gang
Published: October 2021

WMnCeTiOx(CP) catalysts showed excellent NH3-SCR activity and better SO2 tolerance.
Secondary metabolites from mangrove-associated fungi: source, chemistry and bioactivities
Authors: Chen Senhua , Cai Runlin , Liu Zhaoming , Cui Hui , She Zhigang
Published: October 2021

The mangrove forests are a complex ecosystem occurring at tropical and subtropical intertidal estuarine zones and nourish a variety of fungi that produce 1387 secondary metabolites with the feature of source, chemical and bioactive diversity.
Biosynthesis, evolution and ecology of microbial terpenoids
Authors: Avalos Mariana , Garbeva Paolina , Vader Lisa , van Wezel Gilles P. , Dickschat Jeroen S. , Ulanova Dana
Published: October 2021

Terpenoids have diverse bioecological roles in all kingdoms of life. Here we discuss the evolution and ecological functions of microbial terpenoids and their possible applications.
Hot off the press
Authors: Hill Robert A. , Sutherland Andrew
Published: October 2021

A personal selection of 32 recent papers is presented covering various aspects of current developments in bioorganic chemistry and novel natural products such as chlorahupetone A from Chloranthus henryi var. hupehensis.
Encapsulation of gold nanoclusters: stabilization and more
Authors: Casteleiro Bárbara , Martinho José Manuel Gaspar , Farinha José Paulo Sequeira
Published: October 2021

Encapsulation of gold nanoclusters in polymers, silica or metal organic frameworks provides a simple route for improving their stability and other properties, for applications in bioimaging, sensing and catalysis.
Fluorescent styrylpyrylium probes for the imaging of mitochondria in live cells
Authors: Resta Ignacio Muñoz , Lucantoni Federico , Apostolova Nadezda , Galindo Francisco
Published: October 2021

The first report of a family of styrylpyrylium dyes acting on mitochondria in a theranostic way.
Photoredox-catalyzed intramolecular cyclopropanation of alkenes with α-bromo-β-keto esters
Authors: Ide Kohta , Furuta Miyu , Tokuyama Hidetoshi
Published: October 2021

A mild photoredox-catalyzed intramolecular cyclopropanation of alkenes with α-bromo-β-keto esters in an aqueous medium was developed.
Photophysics, photochemistry and bioimaging application of 8-azapurine derivatives
Authors: Eltyshev Alexander K. , Agafonova Irina A. , Minin Artem S. , Pozdina Varvara A. , Shevirin Vadim A. , Slepukhin Pavel A. , Benassi Enrico , Belskaya Nataliya P.
Published: October 2021

New 2-aryl-1,2,3-triazolopyrimidines were synthesized and their ability to generate active reagent under UV-irradiation both in chemical reactor and in live cells was investigated.
An overview of metal-free synthetic routes to isoxazoles: the privileged scaffold
Authors: Das Soumyadip , Chanda Kaushik
Published: October 2021

Isoxazole, a five-membered heterocyclic moiety commonly found in many commercially available drugs. This review article presents a comprehensive overview on metal-free synthetic routes for the synthesis of isoxazoles with significant bioactivities.
Scientific information about sugar-based emulsifiers: a comprehensive review
Authors: Pal Aniruddha , Mondal Monohar Hossain , Adhikari Achyut , Bhattarai Ajaya , Saha Bidyut
Published: October 2021

Amphiphilic natural emulsifiers form tiny droplets of oil-in-water stable emulsions and are very much effective for industries.
Study on the performance of a MOF-808-based photocatalyst prepared by a microwave-assisted method for the degradation of antibiotics
Authors: Wang Fangwai , Xue Ruixue , Ma Yujie , Ge Yizhao , Wang Zijun , Qiao Xiuwen , Zhou Paiang
Published: October 2021

In this paper, a simple method was used to rapidly prepare MOF-808 with a large specific surface area and high stability.
Effect of blending biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil on the properties of residual fuel oil: energy saving and the economic cost
Authors: El-Aziz Mohamed Mahmoud Abd , Mahmoud Mostafa A. A. , El Nagy H. A.
Published: October 2021

The mazout properties were improved using ecofriendly ways because of its wide range of applications, abundance and low cost.
First principles study of electronic and optical properties and photocatalytic performance of GaN–SiS van der Waals heterostructure
Authors: Ullah S. S. , Farooq M. , Din H. U. , Alam Q. , Idrees M. , Bilal M. , Amin B.
Published: October 2021

The two dimensional GaN–SiS van der Waals heterostructure is a promising candidate for optoelectronic and photocatalytic water splitting.
NS3/4A helicase inhibitory alkaloids from Aptenia cordifolia as HCV target
Authors: Elgoud Said Asmaa Abo , Afifi Ahmed H. , Ali Taha F. S. , Samy Mamdouh Nabil , Abdelmohsen Usama Ramadan , Fouad Mostafa A. , Attia Eman Zekry
Published: October 2021

Chemical investigation of Aptenia cordifolia roots extract, using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, resulted in isolation and identification of eight known compounds.
Study on a one-dimensional defective photonic crystal suitable for organic compound sensing applications
Authors: Aly Arafa H. , Awasthi S. K. , Mohamed D. , Matar Z. S. , Al-Dossari M. , Amin A. F.
Published: October 2021

Organic-compound-based sensors have important applications, such as applications in geothermal power stations, the shoe industry, the extraction of vegetable oil, azeotropic calibration and medical science.
Recent developments in chemical conjugation strategies targeting native amino acids in proteins and their applications in antibody–drug conjugates
Authors: Kang Min Sun , Kong Theresa Wai See , Khoo Joycelyn Yi Xin , Loh Teck-Peng
Published: October 2021

The review shall introduce and analyse the current developments in the chemical modification of native amino acids on peptides or proteins and their applicability to ADC linkers.
Silicon as a powerful control element in HDDA chemistry: redirection of innate cyclization preferences, functionalizable tethers, and formal bimolecular HDDA reactions
Authors: Lynn Mandy , Pierson Smela Merrick , Hoye Thomas R.
Published: October 2021

A designer silicon-containing linker enables HDDA chemistry that complements known modes of reactivity. Subsequent removal of the Si liberates a benzenoid product that is formally the result of an intermolecular HDDA reaction.
Visible light-induced oxidative N-dealkylation of alkylamines by a luminescent osmium(vi) nitrido complex
Authors: Xiang Jing , Peng Min , Pan Yi , Luo Li-Juan , Cheng Shun-Cheung , Jin Xin-Xin , Yiu Shek-Man , Man Wai-Lun , Ko Chi-Chiu , Lau Kai-Chung , Lau Tai-Chu
Published: October 2021

The visible light-induced N-dealkylation of various alkylamines by a luminescent osmium(vi) nitrido complex has been investigated. We provide definitive evidence that these reactions occur via an ET/PT mechanism.
Dithiolane quartets: thiol-mediated uptake enables cytosolic delivery in deep tissue
Authors: Martinent Rémi , Tawffik Salman , López-Andarias Javier , Moreau Dimitri , Laurent Quentin , Matile Stefan
Published: October 2021

Cytosolic delivery in multicellular 3D spheroids is shown to be an intrinsic advantage of thiol-mediated uptake, which is compatible with proteins and QDs, achieving targeting and controlled release.
Redox flow batteries: a new frontier on energy storage
Authors: Arévalo-Cid P. , Dias P. , Mendes A. , Azevedo J.
Published: October 2021

A deep review of the state-of-the-art of Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs), a technology that aims to become the leading stationary energy storage, covering individual components, economic analysis and characterization techniques.
Fault tolerant control of a three‐phase PMSM by limiting the heat of an inter‐turn fault
Authors: Foitzik Simon , Doppelbauer Martin
Published: October 2021

Inter‐turn faults are most commonly the initial stator winding fault in power trains with Voltage Source Inverters. Without counteractions, these faults can propagate and cause catastrophic failures in safety critical applications like all‐electric aircraft. The propagation of an inter‐turn fault can be reduced, by limiting the local temperature at the fault. In this article, a fault tolerant control scheme is designed and validated, which reduces the heat of an inter‐turn fault by a controlled adaption of the operating point. The control strategy utilizes the hyperbolas of constant torque and the controller design is based on a linear time‐invariant system description. A machine learning regression is used for the online heat estimation and a 3D lumped‐parameter model to evaluate the thermal effectiveness. To test the control scheme, an inter‐turn fault is actively switched, which generates the local heat equal to of the overall stator copper losses. The control scheme adopts the operating point within 30 electric periods, which reduces the generated heat of the inter‐turn fault by . This causes a temperature reduction at the fault locally from °C to °C, which extends the approximated insulation life from  s to  h.
Fallbeispiel: Die Darmbarriere stabilisieren
Authors: Hinze Susanne
Published: October 2021

Abdomen-Beschwerden und wiederkehrende Nasennebenhöhlenentzündungen werden häufig nicht zusammengebracht. Eine erhöhte Infektanfälligkeit kann aber mit einem sogenannten Leaky-Gut-Syndrom zusammenhängen. Dieser Fallbericht zeigt die Behandlung einer Patientin mit einem Pflanzenpräparat, das die Darmbarriere stärkt.
Abrechnung Naturheilkunde mit GOÄ
Authors: Stör Wolfram
Published: October 2021

Ärztliche Leistungen müssen sich zwingend an der Gebührenordnung für Ärzte (GOÄ) orientieren. Die beratungs- und zeitintensiven Leistungen im Bereich der Komplementärmedizin werden in der GOÄ nicht berücksichtigt. Der Artikel bietet Lösungsansätze für eine adäquate Abrechnung der komplementärmedizinischen Leistungen.
Das Hufeland-Leistungsverzeichnis – Integrative Medizin
Authors: Krebs Johannes , Fischer Sabine
Published: October 2021

Das Hufeland-Leistungsverzeichnis stellt seit mehr als 25 Jahren die Basis für eine rechtssichere Abrechnung im Bereich der Naturheilverfahren und Komplementären Medizin dar. Eine grundlegende Überarbeitung steht an, allerdings muss die Entscheidung über die Einführung der neuen Gebührenordnung für Ärzte abgewartet werden.
Abrechnungsempfehlung Applied Kinesiology
Authors: Garten Hans
Published: October 2021

Applied Kinesiology (AK) ist eine Methode, die als primäre diagnostische Werkzeuge den manuellen Muskeltest und sensorische diagnostische Provokationen (Challenges) benutzt. Ein einfach verständliches Grundprinzip ist die neurophysiologische Tatsache, dass Noziaktivität Muskeln hemmt. Dabei ist Noziaktivität als Aktivierung von Schmerzrezeptoren zu verstehen, die nur bei Versagen der segmentalen und suprasegmentalen Schmerzhemmmechanismen als Schmerz wahrgenommen wird. Mechanorezeptoren-Aktivierung (als diagnostische Provokation) hemmt Noziafferenzen bereits segmental auf der Ebenen des Hinterhorns.
Komplementärmedizin in der Kassenpraxis
Authors: Bücker Susanne
Published: October 2021

Naturheilverfahren und Komplementärmedizin sollten genuiner Bestandteil jeder ärztlichen Behandlung sein und allen Patienten zugutekommen. Dies jedoch wirtschaftlich in eine Kassenpraxis zu integrieren, ist momentan eine Herausforderung. Berufspolitische Überzeugungsarbeit ist daher ebenfalls eine wichtige Aufgabe.
Reoperative Aortic Arch Surgery under Mild Systemic Hypothermia: Two-Center Experience
Authors: Risteski Petar , Radacki Isabel , Zierer Andreas , Lenos Aris , Moritz Anton , Urbanski Paul P.
Published: October 2021

Background The aim of the study was to assess the indications, surgical strategies, and outcomes after reoperative aortic arch surgery performed generally under mild hypothermia.

Methods Ninety consecutive patients (60 males, mean age, 55 ± 16 years) underwent open reoperative aortic arch surgery after previous cardiac aortic surgery. The indications included chronic-progressive arch aneurysm (55.5%), chronic aortic dissection (17.8%), contained arch rupture (16.7%), and graft infection (10%). The reoperation was performed through a repeat sternotomy (96%) or clamshell thoracotomy (4%) using antegrade cerebral perfusion under mild systemic hypothermia (28.9 ± 2.5°C) in all except three patients.

Results The surgery comprised hemiarch or total arch replacement in 41 (46%) and 49 (54%) patients, respectively. The distal extension included classic or frozen elephant trunk technique, each in 12 patients, and total descending aorta replacement in 4 patients. Operative mortality was 6 (6.7%) among all patients, with age identified as the only independent predictor of operative mortality (p = 0.05). Permanent and transient neurologic deficits occurred in 1% and 9% of the patients, respectively. Estimated survival at 8 years was 59 ± 8% with advanced heart failure predictive for late mortality (p = 0.014). Freedom from second reoperation or intervention on the aorta was 78 ± 6% at 8 years, with most of these events occurring downstream in patients with chronic degenerative aneurysms.

Conclusion Aortic arch reoperations performed using antegrade cerebral perfusion under mild systemic hypothermia offer favorable operative outcomes with an exceptionally low rate of neurologic morbidity without any difference between hemiarch and complex arch procedures.
Preservation of the Aortic Root During Type A Aortic Dissection Surgery: An Effective Strategy?
Authors: Baufreton Christophe , Fouquet Olivier , Dang Van Simon , Laribi Jihed , Pinaud Frédéric , Binuani Patrice , Willoteaux Serge
Published: October 2021

Background Management of the aortic root during acute Type A aortic dissection (TAAD) repair remains controversial in term of long-term evolution and reoperation. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term outcomes of the aortic root after conservative management during primary surgery.

Methods One hundred sixty-four consecutive patients were included in this monocentric retrospective study. The primary endpoint was reoperation on the aortic root during long-term follow-up. Forty-six patients had aortic root replacement (ARR) and 118 had supracoronary aortic replacement (SCR). The 10-year survival, occurrence of significant aortic regurgitation, and radiologic aortic root dilatation in each group were assessed during follow-up.

Results Patients from ARR group were younger than those from SCR group (p < 0.0001). Median follow-ups of ARR group and SCR group are 4.4 (interquartile range [IR]: 2.6–8.3) and 6.15 (IR: 2.8–10.53) years, respectively. Reoperation of the aortic root during long-term follow-up was similar in both groups (ARR group: 5.1%, SCR group: 3.3%, p = 0.636). The 10-year survivals of ARR and SCR groups were 64.8 ± 12.3% and 46.3 ± 5.8% (p = 0.012), respectively. Long-term significant aortic regurgitation occurred in one patient (1.7%) and seven patients (7.6%) of the ARR and SCR groups (p = 0.176), respectively. Radiologic aortic root diameters in the SCR group were similar between postoperative period and follow-up studies (p = 0.58). Reoperation on the distal aorta (p = 0.012) and patent radiologic false lumen of the descending aorta (p = 0.043) were independent risk factors of late death.

Conclusion SCR is an effective technique for primary TAAD surgery and does not increase the rate of late reoperation on the aortic root.
Custom-Made Bifurcated Prosthetic Graft for Aortoiliac Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Papadoulas Spyros , Kakkos Stavros K. , Ntouvas Ioannis , Nikolakopoulos Konstantinos , Tsantrizos Polyzois , Papageorgopoulou Chrysanthi , Kouri Natasa
Published: October 2021

Revascularization of the internal iliac artery during open repair of aortoiliac aneurysms can be challenging, especially if there is a significant distance between the orifices of the internal and external iliac arteries owing to common iliac aneurysmal dilatation. We describe a technique involving insertion of an 18-mm tube graft between the proximal aortic neck and aneurysmal common iliac artery bifurcation. Revascularization of the contralateral external iliac artery is accomplished through an 8-mm side arm graft.
Hemodynamic Patterns of Spinal Cord Perfusion in Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Rescigno Giuseppe , Banfi Carlo , Rossella Claudio , Nazari Stefano
Published: October 2021

Paraplegia in aortic surgery is due to its impact on spinal cord perfusion whose hemodynamic patterns (SCPHP) are not clearly defined. Detailed morphological analysis of vascular network and collateral network modifications within Monro–Kellie postulate due to the fixed theca confines was performed to identify SCPHP. SCPHP may begin with intraspinal “backflow” (I-BF), that is, hemorrhage from anterior and posterior spinal arteries, backward via the connected anterior and posterior radicular medullary arteries, through the increasing diameter and decreasing resistance of segmental arteries (SAs), off their aortic orifices outside vascular network at 0 operative field pressure. The I-BF blood bypasses both intra- and extraspinal capillary networks and causes depressurization (0 diastolic pressure) and full ischemia of dependent spinal cord. When the occlusion of those SAs orifices arrests I-BF, the hemodynamic pattern of intraspinal “steal” (I-S) may take place. The formerly I-BF blood, in fact, is now variably shared between the fraction maintained in its physiological intraspinal network and that keeping flowing as I-S through the extraspinal capillary network. I-S is, however, counteracted by the extraspinal “steal” from the connected mammary/paraspinous-independent extraspinal feeders, all physically competing for the same room left by the missed physiological SA direct aortic blood inflow. Steal phenomenon evolves within the 120-hour time frame of CNm, whose intraspinal anatomical changes may offer the physical basis within the Monro–Kelly postulate, respectively of the intraoperative and postoperative paraplegia. The current procedures could not prevent the unphysiological SCPHP but awareness of details of their various features may offer the basis for improvements tailored, to the adopted intra- and postoperative procedures.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Pure Native Aortic Valve Regurgitation: Challenging Pathology Awaiting Specialized Devices
Authors: El-Gamel Adam
Published: October 2021

Patients with aortic incompetence frequently present with anatomical and pathological challenges such as elliptical dilated annulus, dilated aortic root, dilated ascending aorta, and with no calcification in the aortic cusps or annulus. Patients are commonly in graver clinical condition as a result of a long silent clinical course before overt congestive heart failure. All of the above make transcatheter therapies for native aortic valve regurgitation more challenging with poorer outcomes, escalating the risk of insufficient anchoring, prosthesis migration, and residual paravalvular leak compared with current transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) outcomes for aortic stenosis. There is a need for specialized TAVR devices to address this complex pathology. Surgical aortic valve replacement is the current treatment option and the gold standard for patients with aortic incompetence (AR). Currently, the specific off-label indication for TAVR in pure native AR could be a feasible and reasonable option, as a compassionate treatment is limited to inoperable patients and agreed on by the heart team.
Frontal Sinus Fractures
Authors: Podolsky Dale J. , Moe Kris S.
Published: October 2021

Management of frontal sinus fractures is controversial with no universally accepted treatment protocol. Goals of management are to correct aesthetic deformity, preserve sinus function when it is deemed salvageable, prevent sequela related to the injury, and minimize complications associated with intervention. Studies suggest that frontal sinus injuries, including disruption of the nasofrontal outflow tract (NFOT), can be managed nonoperatively in many cases. Advances in the utilization of endoscopic techniques have led to an evolution in management that reduces the need for open procedures, which have increased morbidity compared with endoscopic approaches. We employ a minimally disruptive protocol that treats the majority of fractures nonoperatively with serial clinical and radiographic examinations to assess for sinus aeration. Surgical intervention is reserved for the most severely displaced and comminuted posterior table fractures and unsalvageable NFOTs utilizing endoscopic approaches whenever possible.
First application of a digital mirror Langmuir probe for real-time plasma diagnosis
Authors: McCarthy W. , Golfinopoulos T. , Woller K. B. , Vincent C. , Kuang A. , Labombard B.
Published: October 2021

For the first time, a digital Mirror Langmuir Probe (MLP) has successfully sampled plasma temperature, ion saturation current, and floating potential together on a single probe tip in real time in a radio-frequency driven helicon linear plasma device. This is accomplished by feedback control of the bias sweep to ensure a good fit to I–V characteristics with a high frequency, high power digital amplifier, and field-programmable gate array controller. Measurements taken by the MLP were validated by a low speed I–V characteristic manually collected during static plasma conditions. Plasma fluctuations, induced by varying the axial magnetic field (f̃ = 10 Hz), were also successfully monitored with the MLP. Further refinement of the digital MLP pushes it toward a turn-key system that minimizes the time to deployment and lessens the learning curve, positioning the digital MLP as a capable diagnostic for the study of low radio-frequency plasma physics. These demonstrations bolster confidence in fielding such digital MLP diagnostics in magnetic confinement experiments with high spatial and adequate temporal resolution, such as edge plasma, scrape-off layer, and divertor probes.
Broadband micro-transient absorption spectroscopy enabled by improved lock-in amplification
Authors: Ardekani Hossein , Wilmington Ryan L. , Vutukuru Mounika , Chen Zhuofa , Brandt Ryan , Swan Anna k. , Gundogdu Kenan
Published: October 2021

Recent breakthroughs in material development have increased the demand for characterization methods capable of probing nanoscale features on ultrafast time scales. As the sample reduces to atomically thin levels, an extremely low-level signal limits the feasibility of many experiments. Here, we present an affordable and easy-to-implement solution to expand the maximum sensitivity of lock-in detection systems used in transient absorption spectroscopy by multiple orders of magnitude. By implementation of a tuned RC circuit to the output of an avalanche photodiode, electric pulse shaping allows for vastly improved lock-in detection. Furthermore, a carefully designed “peak detector” circuit provides additional pulse shaping benefits, resulting in even more lock-in detection signal enhancement. We demonstrate the improvement of lock-in detection with each of these schemes by performing benchmark measurements of a white-light continuum signal and micro-transient absorption spectroscopy on a few-layer transition metal dichalcogenide sample. Our results show the practicality of ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy for many high-sensitivity experimental schemes.
L2 emails of complaints
Authors: Nguyen Thi Thuy Minh , Pham Thi Thanh Thuy
Published: October 2021

In this chapter, we analysed the emails of complaints written by 48 low- and high-proficiency Vietnamese EFL learners when communicating with different audiences. The emails were elicited by means of a computerised discourse completion task developed by an international testing organisation. To understand the cognitive processes involved in the learners’ production of complaints, we also analysed think-aloud protocols provided by 8 learners randomly selected from the above pool. Our findings indicate some effect of proficiency on the learners’ pragmatic performance and decision-making processes. However, our findings also show that regardless of proficiency levels, the learners tended to neglect important writing processes. The findings suggest that the learners require pragmatic instruction as well as training in writing processes in order to carry out the email-writing task more effectively.
Long-term instructional effects on learners’ use of email request modifiers
Authors: Usó-Juan Esther
Published: October 2021

This study followed a pre-test/post-test/delayed post-test design to investigate the long-term impact of metapragmatic instruction on learners’ ability to modify email requests. Twenty-five Spanish university students with an upper-intermediate proficiency level in English participated in the study. Over a two-week period, they received six hours of instruction on request modifiers by applying a form-function-context mapping framework (Taguchi 2011). Target request modifiers in written Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) were analysed for frequency and variety. Learners’ self-evaluations of email appropriateness were also used to determine their degree of confidence when producing request modifiers. The within-group comparisons revealed that learners made a significant progress in their use of request modifiers and confidence level immediately after instruction and two months later. These comparisons, however, also indicated that some types of request modifiers were more amenable to instruction than others.
Experts and novices
Authors: Halenko Nicola , Winder Lisa
Published: October 2021

This longitudinal study seeks to contribute to a shortage of email investigations examining expert (L1) and novice (L2) English practices and tracking L2 developmental change during a UK study abroad period. Using a corpus of 315 authentic request emails, distinct features of Chinese ESL and British students’ email practices were examined, in addition to changes in Chinese ESL practices between the beginning and end of the ten-month period abroad. Findings firstly indicated that choice of request strategies, internal modification, and request perspective showed much variation between the two groups due to different approaches to projecting politeness. Secondly, exposure to the L2 and engagement in email writing had minimal impact on pragmatic performance over the academic year.
Phatic communion in Chinese students’ gratitude emails in English
Authors: Ren Wei , Liu Wenjie
Published: October 2021

This study investigates Chinese students’ production and perception of phatic communion in English gratitude emails to professors. The data were collected in two parts. First, a total of 78 Chinese graduate students were asked to write a thank-you email in English to a professor in a hypothetical academic situation. Their phatic communion strategies were coded and statistically analysed. Second, a separate group of 53 Chinese students were asked about their perceptions of the phatic expressions via questionnaires. The findings are discussed with respect to the preference for phatic communion in Chinese culture, the legitimacy of L1 pragmatics in L2 email communication, and the difficulties of L2 sociopragmatic development in foreign language contexts.