bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATIVA DE IDADE POR MEIO DO VOLUME DAS CÂMARAS PULPARES EM IMAGENS DE TOMOGRAFIA COMPUTADORIZADA DE FEIXE CÔNICO – REVISÃO DE LITERATURA.
Authors: Peyneau Priscila Dias , Dezem Thais Uenoyama
Published: July 2020

Introdução: A estimativa de idade é uma das formas de identificação na área forense que visa obter a idade mais próxima da idade cronológica em indivíduos vivos ou mortos. A análise por meio dos dentes é um dos métodos mais confiáveis, pois estes são considerados como os tecidos mais duros e resistentes do corpo humano. A idade em adultos pode ser estimada por meio da formação de dentina secundária com consequente redução do tamanho da câmara pulpar. O exame de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) é o único que contempla o volume pulpar e desta forma resulta em informações confiáveis e podem ser tomadas como um guia para predição de idade em adultos. Objetivo: revisar a literatura sobre o uso da TCFC como método de imagem para estimar a idade dental por meio do volume da polpa em dentes unirradiculares e multirradiculares. Resultados: A TCFC é o exame ideal para avaliar o volume da câmara pulpar, pois permite mensurar a distância vestíbulo-lingual e mésio-distal. Os dentes incisivos superiores se mostraram como ideais nesta avaliação pelo fato de serem unirradiculares. Considerações finais: A ciência forense pode usufruir desta tecnologia de imagem para estimar a idade nos casos periciais em indivíduos vivos ou mortos.
High common childhood illnesses while treatment seeking behavior of mothers’/care givers’ was low at rural northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Kebede Zemene Tigabu , Gelaye Kassahun Alemu , Merid Mehari Woldemariam , Akalu Temesgen Yihunie , Amare Ashenafi Tazebew , Toni Alemayehu Teklu , Bikis Gashaw Andargie , Ayele Tadesse Awoke
Published: July 2020

Background: In most developing countries, childhood illness and deaths are among the most challenging health issues. Most of these deaths were due to preventable causes including acute respiratory infections (ARI), diarrhea, and febrile illnesses. Thus, the identification of determinants of this childhood illness would help to guide strategic planning and prioritize interventions.Method: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted. A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used to select households and mothers/caregivers. A total of 2,158 mothers with at least one under-five child were included. Mothers were interviewed at their homes using structured questionnaire. Adjusted Odds Ratio with a 95% Confidence Interval for variables with P-value <0.05 in the multivariable model were reported to show the significance and the direction of association.Result: The overall prevalence of childhood illnesses was 16.5% (95% CI: 15.0, 18.2). Of all, 6.5% (95% CI: 5.5, 6.72), 7.5% (95% CI: 6.5, 8.76), and 12.0% (95% CI: 10.66, 13.40) had diarrhea, ARI, and fever, respectively. The treatment-seeking behavior of mothers/care-givers for any of the childhood illness was 22.7% (18.72, 27.42). The odds of childhood illness was higher among mothers’ age 15-19 years (AOR=2.87-; 95% CI: 1.33, 6.13), employed mothers’ (AOR=2.28; 95%CI: 1.84, 4.39), living far away from nearest health center (AOR=1.02; 95%CI: 1.01, 1.03), two under-five children (AOR=1.33;95%CI: 1.029,1.74) and three or more children in the house (AOR=2.70; 95%CI: 1.12, 6.53). About 22.8% (95% CI: 18.7, 27.4) of mothers/caregivers sought health care. Mothers’ occupation (AOR= 4.08 (95% CI: 1.35, 12.39) was the only independent predictor of treatment-seeking behavior.Conclusion: In this study, common childhood illnesses remain high while the treatment-seeking behavior of the mothers’/caregivers’ was low. Mothers’ age, occupation, distance from the nearest health center, and two or more children in the house were independent factors of childhood illness. Being a skilled/semi-skilled mothers was significantly associated with health-seeking behavior of mothers/caregivers. Thus, involving women in skilled/semi-skilled occupations would help in decreasing childhood illness and enhance health-seeking behaviors for their under-five children. Besides, providing access to health care facilities in their nearby area would be essential in reducing childhood illness.
The Impact of Supply-side and Demand-side Interventions on Use of Antenatal and Maternal Services in Western Kenya: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Hirai Mitsuaki , Morris Jamae , Luoto Jill , Ouda Rosebel , Atieno Nancy , Quick Robert
Published: July 2020

Background: Antenatal care (ANC) and delivery by skilled providers have been well recognized as effective strategies to prevent maternal and neonatal mortality. ANC and delivery services at health facilities, however, have been underutilized in Kenya. One potential strategy to increase the demand for ANC services is to provide health interventions as incentives for pregnant women. In 2013, an integrated ANC program was implemented in western Kenya to promote ANC visits by addressing both supply- and demand-side factors. Supply-side interventions included nurse training and supplies for obstetric emergencies and neonatal resuscitation. Demand-side interventions included SMS text messages with appointment reminders and educational contents, group education sessions, and vouchers to purchase health products. Methods: To explore pregnant mothers’ experiences with the intervention, ANC visits, and delivery, we conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) at pre- and post-intervention. A total of 19 FGDs were held with pregnant mothers, nurses, and community health workers (CHWs) during the two assessment periods. We performed thematic analyses to highlight study participants’ perceptions and experiences. Results: FGD data revealed that pregnant women perceived the risks of home-based delivery, recognized the benefits of facility-based delivery, and were motivated by the incentives to seek care despite barriers to care that included poverty, lack of transport, and poor treatment by nurses. Nurses also perceived the value of incentives to attract women to care but described obstacles to providing health care such as overwork, low pay, inadequate supplies and equipment, and insufficient staff. CHWs identified the utility and limitations of text messages for health education. Conclusions: Future interventions should ensure that adequate workforce, training, and supplies are in place to respond to increased demand for maternal and child health services stimulated by incentive programs.
The incidence of stroke among selected patients undergoing elective posterior lumbar fusion: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Arena Patrick J , Mo Jingping , Sabharwal Charu , Begier Elizabeth , Zhou Xiaofeng , Gurtman Alejandra , Liu Qing , Shen Rongjun , Wentworth Charles , Huang Kui
Published: July 2020

Background: Although stroke is a rare complication among spinal surgery patients, the recognition of this adverse event is critical given the aging population undergoing surgical procedures. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of stroke among selected adults undergoing elective posterior lumbar fusion (PLF) during various post-operative risk windows and among different subgroups. Methods: A retrospective cohort study using a longitudinal electronic healthcare record (EHR) database was conducted from January 1, 2007 to June 30, 2018. Elective PLF, stroke, and select clinical characteristics were defined based on International Classification of Disease codes. Patients aged 18 to 85 years with ≥ 183 days of enrollment in the database prior to undergoing elective PLF were followed from the index date until the occurrence of stroke, death, loss to follow-up, or end of study period, whichever occurred first. The incidence of stroke was estimated in the following risk windows: index hospitalization, ≤ 30 days, ≤ 90 days, ≤ 180 days, and ≤ 365 days post-operation Results: A total of 43,063 patients were eligible for the study. The incidence of stroke following elective PLF was 0.29% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25%, 0.35%) during index hospitalization, 0.44% (95% CI: 0.38%, 0.50%) ≤ 30 days, 0.59% (95% CI: 0.52%, 0.67%) ≤ 90 days, 0.76% (95% CI: 0.68%, 0.85%) ≤ 180 days, and 1.12% (95% CI: 1.03%, 1.23%) ≤ 365 days post-operation. Stratified analyses revealed that older patients had a higher incidence of stroke. Additionally, black patients had higher stroke incidences. Post-operative stroke incidence was higher among patients with a history of type 2 diabetes than among patients without such history; similarly, stroke incidence was higher among patients with a history of stroke compared to patients without such history. Conclusions: The incidence of stroke following elective PLF using an EHR database in this study is slightly higher than that reported in the literature. Our results suggest that stroke risk modification prior to PLF may be important for patients who are older, black, type 2 diabetic, and/or have a history of stroke.
Challenges and prospects for implementation of community health volunteers’ digital health solutions in Kenya: a qualitative study
Authors: Bakibinga Pauline , Kamande Eva , Kisia Lyagamula , Omuya Milka , Matanda Dennis J , Kyobutungi Catherine
Published: July 2020

Background: The value of digital health technologies in delivering vital health care interventions, especially in low resource settings is increasingly appreciated. We co-developed and tested a decision support mobile health (m-Health) application (app); an integrated data capture tool running as a mobile app with selected reporting forms for Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) in Kenya and connected to health facilities. This paper explores the experiences of CHVs, health workers and members of Sub-County Health Management Teams following implementation of the project.Methods: Data were collected in December 2017 through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with CHVs, and key informant interviews with health care workers and health managers in Kamukunji sub-County of Nairobi, Kenya. Data coding and analysis was performed in NVivo 12.Results: Regarding users and health managers’ perceptions towards the system; three main themes were identified: 1) variations in use, 2) barriers to use and 3) recommendations to improve use. Health workers at the private facility and some CHVs used the system more than health workers at the public facilities. Four sub-themes under barriers to use were socio-political environment, attitudes and behaviour, issues related to the system and poor infrastructure. A prolonged health workers’ strike, the contentious presidential election in the year of implementation, interrupted electricity supply and lack of basic electric fixtures were major barriers to use. Suggestions to improve usage were: 1) integration of the system with others in use and making it available on users’ regular phones, and 2) explore sustainable motivation models to users as well as performance based remuneration. Conclusions: The findings reveal the importance of considering the readiness of information and communication technologies (ICT) users before rollout of ICT solutions. The political and sociocultural environment in which the innovation is to be implemented and integration of new solutions into existing ones is critical for success. As more healthcare delivery models are developed, harnessing the potential of digital technologies, strengthening health systems is critical as this provides the backbone on which such innovations draw support.
Effect and Mechanism of Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharide on Hyperglycemia and Inflammation in Diabetic KKAy Mice
Authors: yin hong , Deng Shuying , Bai Lili , Li Lihua , Liu Tingting , Cai Huizhen
Published: July 2020

Scope

The aim of this study is to examine whether lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) supplementation improves hyperglycemia and inflammation in diabetic KKAy mice.

Methods

The successfully established diabetic KKAy mice are randomized into five groups: diabetic model, metformin, low‐dose LBP, middle‐dose LBP, and high‐dose LBP . C57BL/6J mice are fed a chow diet as normal control . The blood glucose and body weight of mice were measured at different time points. At the end of 90 days, serum inflammatory factors were determined with ELISA kits. The expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, IκKβ, IκB, P-IκB and nuclear NF-κB proteins in mouse peritoneal macrophages were detected by Western Blotting.

Results

Blood glucose decreased significantly after the intervention among low-, medium-dose LBP groups and Met group ( P <0.05). Met (40 mg/kg) inhibited the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 and elevated IL-10 level ( P <0.05). ELISA results showed that LBP promoted serum levels of IL-10 and decreased TNF-α level ( P <0.05). Compared with model group, KKAy mice in Met group expressed lower protein levels of MyD88, TRAF6, IκKβ, nuclear NF-κB and higher expression of IκB ( P <0.05); The expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, IκKβ and nuclear NF-κB protein in low- and medium-doses LBP groups were significantly declined ( P <0.05).

Conclusion

These findings indicate that dietary supplementation with LBP can improve hyperglycemia and inflammation in diabetic KKAy mice, which can be associated with potential benefits to human health.
Cost-Utility of Rotator Cuff Repair Surgery by Open and Arthroscopic Techniques: Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: PIERAMI RAFAEL , Antonioli Eliane , Oliveira Isadora , Castro Isabela , Manente Felipe , Fairbanks Paula , Carrera Eduardo , Matsumura Bruno , Lenza Mario
Published: July 2020

Background: Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions in orthopedic practice. Rotator cuff injuries account for up to 70% of pain in the shoulder girdle. However, there is still no consensus on the best surgical treatment of patients with degenerative rotator cuff injuries, considering cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis between the open and arthroscopic methods of rotator cuff repair. The objective of this trial is to compare the efficacy, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of open and arthroscopic procedure for rotator cuff repair. Methods: The trial is a two-group, parallel design, randomized controlled study. A total of 100 patients with symptomatic rotator cuff lesion will be allocated to repair surgery and randomized by either open or arthroscopic technique in a 1:1 ratio, considering smoking (yes or no), lesion size (less than 3 cm or more than 3 cm) and diabetes (present or absent) as stratification factors. All patients will be included in the same rehabilitation program after the intervention. The primary outcome measure will be the Constant-Murley score at 48 weeks post-surgery. Secondary outcomes include cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, pain, complications and clinical analysis, using the EuroQol 5-D3L, the simple shoulder test (SST), Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS), integrity of the repair evaluated through magnetic resonance imaging, complications and failures of the proposed methods. Theses outcomes will also be measured continuously for 48 weeks after the intervention. For the cost-effectiveness analyses, we will use the VAS and the Constant-Murley Score as measures of effectiveness; for the cost-utility analyses, we will use the EuroQol- 5D-3L as a measure of utility in terms of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-years (QALY). Discussion: There are two options of the rotator cuff repair surgery, open and arthroscopic and, both procedure present good clinical results. However, considering that the arthroscopic surgery present supposedly higher costs, is necessary to understand if these costs present a best cost-effectiveness and cost-utility for the patient.Trials registration: ClinicalTrials.gov register: NCT04146987. Registered October 31, 2019
Candida prevalence and oral hygiene due to orthodontic therapy with conventional brackets
Authors: Grzegocka Kinga , Krzyściak Paweł , Hille-Padalis Anna , Loster Jolanta E. , Talaga-Ćwiertnia Katarzyna , Loster Bartłomiej W.
Published: July 2020

Background: Conventional brackets are often used during orthodontic therapy of patients with malocclusion. T heir complicated construction greatly inhibits oral hygiene, which predisposes to increased carriage of microbiota. Orthodontic brackets could be a reservoir of yeast and predispose to oral candidosis.Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess Candida prevalence and role of oral hygiene during fixed appliance therapy. Further aim was to characterize isolated yeasts according to their ability to biofilm formation.Methods: Seventeen participants (average age 17 ± 7 years) were monitored by taking oral rinses, elastomeric ligatures samples and evaluation of Approximal Plaque Index (API) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) before and after placement of orthodontic conventional brackets for 12 weeks. Isolated yeasts w ere counted and biofilm formation was evaluated.Results: One hundred and sixteen samples (67 oral rinses and 49 orthodontic elastomers) were collected. Ten patients (58.8% subjects) were Candida-carriers (2 were colonized after bracket placement) and C. albicans was the most common species. The average number of yeasts in the oral cavity showed some fluctuation during the study but in general with an upward trend (adj. R2 = 0.7967, p = 0.07025). The correlation of median number of yeasts with periodontal indexes (API, GBI) was found. I n Candida-carries average API values decreased (adj. R 2 = 0.95; p = 0.01709), while in non- Candida -carriers average GBI values increased (adj. R 2 = 0.92; p = 0.0256).Conclusions: Treatment with orthodontic appliances promotes Candida yeast colonization which is variable over time in terms of strain and species, with domination of C. albicans, without an increased biofilm-forming activity. In carriers, the API value decreases over time, and in non-colonized patients the GBI value increases – which may have a predictive significance for the development of oral candidiasis during orthodontic treatment.
LncRNA SNHG10 is downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer and predicts poor survival
Authors: Liang Meng , Wang Linlin , Cao Chuanhua , Song Shimao , wu feng
Published: July 2020

LncRNA SNHG10 has been characterized as an oncogenic lncRNA in liver cancer. By analyzing TCGA dataset we observed the downregulation of SNHG10 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), indicating its involvement in this disease. We then analyzed the role of SNHG10 in NSCLC. Tumor and paired non-tumor tissues were harvested from 62 NSCLC patients. The expression of SNHG10 and miR-21 in tissues were determined by RT-qPCR. Overexpression of SNHG10 or miR-21 in NSCLC cells was achieved and the interaction between them was evaluated. Cell proliferation was determined by CCK-8 assay. In this study we found that SNHG10 was downregulated in cancer tissues of NSCLC patients. High expression levels of SNHG10 predicted favorable survival of NSCLC patients. The expression levels of miR-21 were increased in NSCLC and inversely correlated with SNHG10. In NSCLC cells, overexpression of SNHG10 led to increased miR-21 gene methylation and decreased the expression levels of miR-21. In cell proliferation assay, overexpression of SNHG10 attenuated the enhancing effect of overexpression of miR-21 on cell proliferation. SNHG10 was downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer and predicted poor survival. It may downregulate miR-21 through methylation to suppress cancer cell proliferation.
Effects of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on oral malodor and the oral environment: a single-center observational study
Authors: Suzuki Nao , Beppu Richiko , Yoneda Masahiro , Takeshita Toru , Asakawa Mikari , Yamashita Yoshihisa , Hanioka Takashi , Hirofuji Takao , Shinohara Tetsuo
Published: July 2020

Objective: Although a relationship between Helicobacter pylori and oral malodor has been suggested, it remains to be confirmed. One reason for this is that many studies assess oral malodor subjectively. Another reason for the uncertainty is that the reduction in oral malodor may be due to the effect of antibiotics on the oral microbiota. In this study, changes in oral malodor and the eradication treatment of H. pylori were investigated by organoleptic test and gas chromatography. In addition, the salivary bacterial composition and clinical parameters were analyzed.Results: The organoleptic test score, hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl sulfide concentrations, and all clinical parameters except for tongue-coating score were significantly decreased at 1 week compared with baseline. Although antibiotic treatment also altered the overall composition of the salivary bacterial population, it had recovered at 7 weeks. On the date that H. pylori was determined to have been eradicated from all of the subjects (7 weeks after treatment), only the organoleptic test score was significantly lower compared with baseline. The hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl sulfide concentrations were non-significantly lower than those at baseline.
Temporal trends in behavioral risk and protective factors and their association with mortality rates: results from Brazil and Argentina
Authors: Santos Leonardo Pozza , Meller Fernanda de Oliveira , Amann Valeria Romina , Schäfer Antônio Augusto
Published: July 2020

Background: Despite available information on trends in behavioral factors for Brazil and Argentina, little is known about the association of these trends with mortality. Understanding this association is important to avoid early deaths.Objectives: To evaluate temporal trends in behavioral risk and protective factors in Brazil and Argentina, and to assess their association with overall and cause-specific mortality rates.Methods: Ecological study with data from two population surveys from Brazil and Argentina. Weighted prevalence of tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity for the 27 Brazilian state capitals and for the 23 Argentinean provinces were used as behavioral factors. Information on overall mortality as well as cardiovascular diseases and cancer mortality for the year 2015 was collected from national mortality banks of both countries. Estimated prevalence rates were used to describe trends in behavioral factors from 2006 to 2014 in Brazil, and from 2005 to 2013 in Argentina, while Pearson’s correlation and linear regression models were used to assess their association with overall and cause-specific mortality rates.Results: Brazil presented improvements in behavioral risk and protective factors: sharp decrease in tobacco smoking prevalence (from 15% to 9%), increase in regular fruit and vegetable consumption (from 28% to 36%), and increase in physical activity (45% to 51%). In Argentina, results were more disappointing: small reduction in tobacco smoking (from 55% to 50%) and decrease in physical activity (from 55% to 45%). In both countries, excessive alcohol consumption remained stable, with increase only among women. The association between behavioral factors and mortality showed that in those Brazilian capitals with higher prevalence of regular consumption of fruits and vegetables, there were lower overall mortality rates. Stratification by gender revealed that significant results were only found among women.Conclusion: Prevalence of regular consumption of fruits and vegetables increased in Brazilian capitals and was associated with lower overall mortality rate, suggesting a positive impact of Brazilian policies to improve dietary intake patterns on its population’s mortality. Approaches focusing on behavioral factors are especially needed in Argentina to reach similar results of those seen in Brazil.
1-Methyl-D-tryptophan activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a pathway associated with bladder cancer progression
Authors: Dellê Humberto , Matheus Luiz Henrique Gomes , Dalmazzo Stephanie Vanin , Brito Rodrigo Barbosa Oliveira , Pereira Lucas Alves , Almeida Robson José , Camacho Cleber Pinto
Published: July 2020

Background : Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) is a promising target for immunotherapy in bladder cancer (BC). IDO1 breaks-down tryptophan to generate kynurenine derivatives, which may activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). AHR is an important target for carcinogens, but its association with BC progression was unknown. Two IDO1 inhibitors used in clinical trials are 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (MT) and INCB240360. Because MT is an aromatic hydrocarbon, it may be a ligand for AHR. We hypothesized that AHR could be associated with BC progression and that MT could activate AHR in BC. Methods : BC patients (n=165) were selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. A cut-off point for relative expression of AHR and cytochrome 450 enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1; markers of AHR activation) was determined to compare with the grade, stage, and tumor progression. For in vitro experiments, RT4 (grade 1) and T24 (grade 3) BC cells were incubated with MT and INCB240360 to evaluate the expression of AHR and CYP1A1. Results : AHR activation was associated with grade, stage, and progression of BC. T24 cells express more CYP1A1 than RT4 cells. Although IDO1 expression and kynurenine production are elevated in T24 cells concomitantly to CYP1A1 expression, IDO1 inhibitors were not able to decrease CYP1A1 expression, in contrast, MT significantly increased it in both cell lines. Conclusion : In conclusion, it is rational to inhibit IDO1 in BC, among other factors because it contributes to AHR activation. However, MT needs to be carefully evaluated for BC because it is an AHR pathway agonist independently of its effects on IDO1.
Deep sedation using propofol target-controlled infusion for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: a retrospective cohort study*
Authors: Guzzo María. E. García , Fernandez María Sol , Novas Delfina Sánchez , Salgado Sandra S. , Terrasa Sergio A. , Domenech Gonzalo , Teijido Carlos Alberto
Published: July 2020

Background: Propofol sedation is effective for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures, but its narrow therapeutic window highlights the importance of identifying an optimal administration technique regarding effectiveness and safety. This study aimed to determine the incidence of significant adverse events in adult patients scheduled for gastrointestinal endoscopy under anaesthetist-performed sedation using propofol target-controlled infusion and determine its potentially improved safety over other anaesthetic strategies. Methods: This single-centre, retrospective cohort study took place in a tertiary referral university hospital. Medical records of 823 patients (age >18 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification scores I–III) who had undergone elective gastrointestinal endoscopy under propofol target-controlled infusion sedation during September 2018 were reviewed. Outcomes included hypoxia, hypotension, and bradycardia events, requirement of vasoactive drugs, unplanned tracheal intubation or supraglottic device insertion, and need for advanced cardiac life support. Results: The most frequently encountered adverse event was oxygen desaturation <95% with an incidence of 22.35%. Vasoactive drug administration, hypotension, and oxygen desaturation <90% followed, with incidences of 19.2%, 12.64%, and 9.92%, respectively. Only 0.5% of patients required advanced airway management. Multivariate analysis revealed an association between hypotension events, colonoscopic procedures, and propofol doses (odds ratio: 3.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.43 to 6.61; P=0.004 and odds ratio: 1.14, 95% confidence interval: 1.00 to 1.29; P=0.046). A strong dose-effect relationship was found between hypoxia and obesity; patients with body mass index ≥40 were nine times (odds ratio: 10.22, confidence interval: 95% 2.83 to 36.99) more likely to experience oxygen desaturation <90% events. Conclusions: Propofol sedation using target-controlled infusion appears to be a safe and effective anaesthetic technique for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures with low rates of adverse events and could be more widely adopted in clinical practice.
An exploration of non-coding RNA in exosomes delivered by swine anterior pituitary
Authors: Xiong Jiali , Zhang Haojie , Zeng Bin , Liu Jie , Luo Junyi , Chen Ting , Sun Jiajie , Xi Qianyun , Zhang Yong-Liang
Published: July 2020

Background: The anterior pituitary is a key endocrine organ both in animal and human being drawing much concern. Exosomes are extracellular secretory vesicles carrying proteins, lipids and small RNAs. Previous studies have demonstrated that they had regulatory function both physiologically and pathologically. However, information on exosomes from anterior pituitary remains unknown.Results: In this study, we separated and identified exosomes from anterior pituitary of Duroc swine model for the first time. Total RNA was extracted and RNA-seq was performed, followed by a comprehensive analysis of miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs. Resultantly, we obtained 343 known miRNAs and 73 novel miRNAs, 15545 lncRNAs and 494 circRNAs. Furthermore, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the ncRNAs in exosomes may participate in regulating intracellular signal transduction, cellular component organization or biogenesis, small molecule binding, transferase activity. The cross-talk between them also suggested that they may play an important role in signaling process and the biological regulation.Conclusions: This work firstly provides ncRNAs data in anterior pituitary exosomes from duroc swine breed. These results may serve as a fundamental resource for exploring the detailed functions of exosomes from anterior pituitary.
Putting Patients First: Collaborative Development of a Map for Patient-Centred Care by General Practitioners
Authors: Brickley Bryce , Williams Lauren T. , Morgan Mark , Ross Alyson , Trigger Kellie , Ball Lauren
Published: July 2020

Background: Patients, providers and health care organisations benefit from an increased understanding and implementation of patient-centred care (PCC) by general practitioners (GPs). This study aimed to evaluate and advance a theoretical model of PCC developed in consultation with practising GPs and patient advocates.Methods: Qualitative description in a social constructivist/interpretivist paradigm. Participants were purposively sampled from six primary care organisations in south east Queensland/northern New South Wales, Australia. Participants engaged in focus group discussions where they expressed their perceptions, views and feelings of an existing PCC model. Data was analysed thematically using a constant-comparison approach.Results: Three focus groups with 15 patient advocates and three focus groups with 12 GPs were conducted before data saturation was obtained. Three themes emerged: i) the model represents the ideal, ii) considering the system and collaborating in care and iii) optimising the general practice environment. The themes related to participants’ impression of the model and new components of PCC perceived to be experienced in the ‘real world’. The data was synthesised to produce an advanced model of PCC named, “Putting Patients First: A Map for PCC”.Conclusions: Our map represents an enhanced understanding of PCC in the ‘real world’ and can be used to inform patients, providers and health organisations striving for PCC. Qualitative testing advanced and supported the credibility of the model and expanded its application beyond the doctor-patient encounter. Future work could incorporate our map for PCC in tool/toolkits designed to support GPs and general practice with PCC.
A role for B cells to transmit hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Desombere Isabelle , Houtte Freya Van , Farhoudi Ali , Verhoye Lieven , Buysschaert Caroline , Gijbels Yvonne , Couvent Sibyl , Swinnen Wilfried , Vlierberghe Hans Van , Elewaut André , Stamataki Zania , Meuleman Philip , McKeating Jane , Leroux-Roels Geert
Published: July 2020

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is highly variable and transmits through infected blood to establish a chronic liver infection in the majority of patients. Our knowledge of the infectivity of clinical HCV strains is hampered by the lack of in vitro cell culture systems that support efficient viral replication. We previously reported that laboratory strains of HCV associated with non-permissive B cells could trans-infect hepatocytes and thereby evade host neutralizing antibody responses, suggesting a role for B cells in HCV transmission. To evaluate this hypothesis, we assessed the ability of B cells and sera from recent (<2 years) or chronic (≥ 2 years) infections to infect humanized liver chimeric mice. HCV was efficiently transmitted by B cells from chronically infected patients whereas the sera were non-infectious. In contrast, we noted that B cells from recently infected patients failed to transmit HCV to the mice, whereas all serum samples were infectious. Only patients with circulating anti-glycoprotein antibodies harbored genomic HCV-RNA in B cells. Taken together, our studies provide direct in vivo evidence for HCV transmission by B cells and these findings may have clinical implications for prophylactic and therapeutic antibody-based vaccine design.
Genome sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the self-flocculating microalga Scenedesmus obliquus AS-6-11
Authors: Chen Bailing , Mhuantong Wuttichai , Ho Shih-Hsin , Chang Jo-Shu , Zhao Xinqing , Bai Fengwu
Published: July 2020

Background
Scenedesmus obliquus belongs to green microalgae and is widely used in aquaculture as feed, which is also explored for lipid production and bioremediation. However, genomic studies of this microalga have been very limited. Cell self-flocculation of microalgal cells can be used as a simple and economic method for harvesting biomass, and it is of great importance to perform genome-scale studies for the self-flocculating S. obliquus strains to promote their biotechnological applications.
Results
We sequenced the genome of the self-flocculating microalga S. obliquus AS-6-11 employing the Pacific Biosciences sequencing platform, and used the MECAT software for de novo genome assembly. The estimated genome size of S. obliquus AS-6-11 is 172.3 Mbp with an N50 of 94,410 bp, and 31,964 protein-coding genes were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis revealed 65 GO terms and 428 biosynthetic pathways. Comparing to the well-studied green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella variabilis, Volvox carteri and Micractinium conductrix, the genome of S. obliquus AS-6-11 encodes more unique proteins, and some of them might be responsible for the self-flocculating phenotype. These genes encode D-mannose binding lectin, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall proteins, and proteins with fasciclin domains that are commonly found in cell surface proteins, respectively. Four genes encoding both GPI-anchored cell wall proteins and fasciclin domain proteins are the most interesting targets for further studies.
Conclusions
To our best knowledge, this is the first report on the in-depth annotation of the S. obliquus genome, and the results will facilitate functional genomic studies of this important microalga. The comparative genomic analysis here also provides new insights into the evolution of green microalgae. Furthermore, identification of the potential genes encoding proteins for the self-flocculation of microalgal cells will benefit studies on the molecular mechanism underlying this phenotype for its better control and biotechnological applications as well.
Design and Development of Multi-target Directed 1,2,3-triazole-dimethylaminoacryloyl-chromenone Derivatives with Potential use in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Askarani Hajar Karimi , Iraji Aida , Rastegari Arezoo , Bukhari Syed Nasir Abbas , Firuzi Omidreza , Akbarzadeh Tahmineh , Saeedi Mina
Published: July 2020

The authors have withdrawn this preprint due to author disagreement.
Molecular Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Structural Genes: Evidence of Positive Selection in Spike Glycoprotein
Authors: Zhan Xiao-Yong , Zhang Ying , Zhou Xuefu , Huang Ke , Qian Yichao , Leng Yang , Yan Leping , Huang Bihui , He Yulong
Published: July 2020

Background:

SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic since early 2020 and is still a serious public health issue world-wide. Four structural proteins, envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) glycoprotein, play a key role in controlling the entry into human cells and virion assembly of SARS-CoV-2. The evolution of these genes may determine the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, but is largely unknown.
Results:

We analyzed roughly 3090 SARS-CoV-2 isolates from GenBank database. The distribution of four gene alleles is determined: 16 for E, 40 for M, 131 for N and 173 for S genes. Phylogenetic analysis shows that global SARS-CoV-2 isolates can be clustered into three to four major clades based on the protein sequence. Although intragenic recombination event isn’t detected among different alleles, purifying selection has conducted on the evolution of these genes. By analyzing full genomic sequences of these alleles, it reveals that codon 614 of S glycoprotein has subjected to strong positive selection pressure and a consistent D614G mutation is identified. Additionally, another potential positive selection site at codon 5 in the signal sequence of the S protein is also identified with consistent L5F mutation. The allele containing D614G mutation has undergone significant expansion during SARS-CoV-2 transmission, implying a better adaptability of isolates with the mutation. However, L5F allele expansion is relatively restricted. The D614G mutation is located at the subdomain 2 (SD2) of C-terminal portion (CTP) of the S1 subunit. Protein structural modeling shows that the D614G mutation may cause the disruption of a salt bridge between S protein monomers and increase their flexibility, and in turn promote receptor binding domain (RBD) opening, virus attachment and entry into host cells. Located at the signal sequence of S protein as it is, L5F mutation may facilitate the protein folding, assembly, and secretion of the virus.
Conclusions:

This is the first evidence of positive Darwinian selection in the spike gene of SARS-CoV-2, which contributes to a better understanding of the adaptive mechanism of this virus and help to provide insights for developing novel therapeutic approaches as well as effective vaccines by targeting on mutation sites.
Pain Markers and Epidural Fibrosis Caused by Repeated Spinal Surgery in Sprague–Dawley Rats
Authors: Quan Meiling , Kim Jae-Hoon , Hwang Won-Ha , KIM Young-Yul
Published: July 2020

Background
Epidural fibrosis is one of the aetiologies of pain following spinal revision surgery. However, roles of epidural fibrosis caused by repeated spinal surgery and pain-related proteins in causing the post spinal surgery syndrome remain unknown. In this study, using a rat spinal surgery epidural fibrosis and adhesion model, we evaluate and investigated the relationship between pain marker and epidural fibrosis caused by repeated spinal surgery in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Methods
Sprague–Dawley rats that underwent repeated spinal surgery were divided into three groups: group A (single laminectomy), group B (two repeated surgeries) and group C (three repeated surgeries). Dural thickness was measured in each experimental group, and immunohistochemical analysis and western blotting of mitogen-activated protein kinases were performed (ERK, p38 and JNK).
Results
Dural thickness was 6.363 ± 1.911 µm in group A, 13.238 ± 2.123 µm in group B and 19.4 ± 2.115 µm in group C. In western blotting, phosphorylated ERK expression was higher in groups B (1.77 fold) and C (2.42 fold) than in group A. Phosphorylated p38 expression was higher in groups B (1.17 fold) and C (1.33 fold) than in group A. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that phosphorylated ERK and p38 expression gradually increased with the number of repeated surgeries, as evidenced by western blotting.
Conclusions
Repeated spinal surgery may increase dural thickness and expression of phosphorylated ERK and p38 in the spinal dorsal horn, suggesting that pain increases with repeated surgery.
Deletions of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes in rapid diagnostic test-negative Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Uganda
Authors: Nsobya Sam L , Walakira Andrew , Namirembe Elizabeth , Kiggundu Moses , Nankabirwa Joaniter I , Ruhamyankaka Emmanuel , Arinaitwe Emmanuel , Conrad Melissa D , Kamya Moses R , Dorsey Grant , Rosenthal Philip J
Published: July 2020

Background: Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) play a key role in malaria case management. The most widely used RDT identifies Plasmodium falciparum based on immunochromatographic recognition of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2). Deletion of the homologous pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes leads to false-negative PfHRP2-based RDTs, and has been reported in P. falciparum from South America and Africa. However, identification of pfhrp2/pfhrp3 deletions has usually been based only on failure to amplify these genes using PCR, without confirmation based on protein expression, and our understanding of the true prevalence of deletions is incomplete. Methods: We investigated pfhrp2 / pfhrp3 deletions in blood samples from cross-sectional surveys in 2012-13 in three regions of varied malaria transmission intensity in Uganda. We evaluated samples with positive Giemsa-stained thick blood smears and negative PfHRP2-based RDTs by PCR amplification of conserved subunit ribosomal DNA for Plasmodium species, PCR amplification of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes to identify deletions, and bead-based immunoassays for expression ofPfHRP2. Results: Of 3516 samples collected in cross-sectional surveys, 1493 (42.5%) had positive blood smears, of which 96 (6.4%) were RDT-negative. Of these 96 RDT-negative samples, P. falciparum was identified in 56 (58%) and only non-falciparum plasmodial DNA in 40 (42%). In all 56 P. falciparum -positive samples there was a failure to amplify pfhrp2 or pfhrp3 :in 25 (45%) pfhrp2 was not amplified, in 39 (70%) pfhrp3 was not amplified, and in 19 (34%) neither gene was amplified. For the 39 P. falciparum -positive, RDT-negative samples available for analysis of protein expression, PfHRP2 was not identified by immunoassay in only four samples (10.3%); these four samples all had failure to amplify both pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 by PCR. Thus, only four of 96 (4.2%) smear-positive, RDT-negative samples had P. falciparum infections with deletion of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 confirmed by failure to amplify the genes by PCR and lack of expression of PfHRP2 demonstrated by immunoassay. Conclusion: False negative RDTs were uncommon, and deletions in pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 explained some of these findings, although most false negatives were not due to deletion of the pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes.
Optimization of Natural Dyes Extraction from Mangifera indica (Gadung) Leaves
Authors: Hadi Ronaldo Pangestu , Valentina Jessicalina Joscelind
Published: July 2020

In recent years, due to the massive pollution spread, the switchover to the eco-friendly process is being considered. Particularly, in textile industries, the wastewater containing dangerous substances dangers the condition of the rivers directing to the use of natural dyes. The existing traditional industries often use natural sources with lacks of study about the method and process condition to gain the best quality and the highest quantity of colorants. This study aim is to find the time for the extraction using common materials and simple method resembling the real situation. The common natural dye source, Mangifera indica leaves, particularly from Gadung species – a common type of Mangifera indica in Indonesia – is on this study using reflux method combined with methanol and water as its solvent separately. The steps used is a modification from the preceding process, which includes tannin and fatty acids in the final product. Spectral analysis indicated that the best time for extraction using water, which produces pale yellow color is 60 min, and the best time for extraction using methanol, which produces green color is 360 min. Therefore, the next application of boiling the materials with water can be reduced to the written times above.
Processing of progranulin into granulins involves multiple lysosomal proteases and is affected in frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Mohan Swetha , Sampognaro Paul J. , Argouarch Andrea R. , Maynard Jason C. , Patwardhan Anand , Courtney Emma C. , Mason Amanda , Li Kathy H. , Seeley William W. , Miller Bruce L. , Burlingame Alma , Jacobson Mathew P. , Kao Aimee
Published: July 2020

Background - Progranulin loss-of-function mutations are linked to frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP-Pgrn). Progranulin (PGRN) is an intracellular and secreted pro-protein that is proteolytically cleaved into individual granulin peptides, which are increasingly thought to contribute to FTLD-TDP-Pgrn disease pathophysiology. Intracellular PGRN is processed into granulins in the endo-lysosomal compartments. Therefore, to better understand the conversion of intracellular PGRN into granulins, we systematically tested the ability of different classes of endo-lysosomal proteases at a range of pH setpoints. Results - In vitro cleavage assays identified multiple enzymes that can process human PGRN into multi- and single-granulin fragments in a pH-dependent manner. We confirmed the role of cathepsin B and cathepsin L in PGRN processing and showed that these and several previously unidentified lysosomal proteases (cathepsins E, G, K, S and V) are able to process PGRN in variable, pH-dependent manners. In addition, we have demonstrated a new role for asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) in processing PGRN, with AEP having the unique ability to liberate granulin F from the pro-protein. Brain tissue from individuals with FTLD-TDP-Pgrn show increased PGRN processing to granulin F, correlating with increased activity of AEP, in a region-specific manner. Conclusions - This study demonstrates that multiple lysosomal proteases may work in concert to liberate granulins and implicates both AEP and granulin F in the neurobiology of FTLD-TDP-Pgrn. Modulating progranulin cleavage may represent a new strategy to modulate PGRN and granulin levels in disease.
Shaping Code in Conjunction with DCT for PAPR Reduction in Multicarrier System
Authors: Aimer Younes , Bouazza Boubakar Seddik , Bachir Smail , Duvanaud Claude
Published: July 2020

Nonlinear behavior and power efficiency of the power amplifier (PA) depend in a contradictory way on the input signal amplitude distribution. The transmitted signal in multi-carrier modulation exhibits high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and large bandwidths, leading to the degradation of the radio link and the generation of additional out-of-band interferences, which degrade the quality of the transmission. Practical solutions exist, like a power back-off, but with unacceptable cost-efficient conditions at the transmitter. This paper deals with efficiency improvement using a new PAPR reduction method based on the combination of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and shaping technique. The main principle is to determine an optimal coding scheme according to a trade-off between efficiency performances and coding complexity. Simulation and experimental results in the context of OFDM Signal and in presence of a 20 W - 3,7 GHz RF-PA show an improvement on PAPR reduction of about 3,25 dB. Also, the communication criteria like BER (Bit Error Rate) and EVM (Error Vector Magnitude) are improved of about 2 decades and 8 %, respectively.