bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenging script concordance test reference standard by evidence: do judgments by emergency medicine consultants agree with likelihood ratios?
Authors: Ahmadi Seyed-Foad , Khoshkish Shahin , Soltani-Arabshahi Kamran , Hafezi-Moghadam Peyman , Zahmatkesh Golara , Heidari Parisa , Baba-Beigloo Davood , Baradaran Hamid R , Lotfipour Shahram
Published: September 2014

Background

We aimed to compare the clinical judgments of a reference panel of emergency medicine academic physicians against evidence-based likelihood ratios (LRs) regarding the diagnostic value of selected clinical and paraclinical findings in the context of a script concordance test (SCT).

Findings

A SCT with six scenarios and five questions per scenario was developed. Subsequently, 15 emergency medicine attending physicians (reference panel) took the test and their judgments regarding the diagnostic value of those findings for given diseases were recorded. The LRs of the same findings for the same diseases were extracted from a series of published systematic reviews. Then, the reference panel judgments were compared to evidence-based LRs. To investigate the test-retest reliability, five participants took the test one month later, and the correlation of their first and second judgments were quantified using Spearman rank-order coefficient.

In 22 out of 30 (73.3%) findings, the expert judgments were significantly different from the LRs. The differences included overestimation (30%), underestimation (30%), and judging the diagnostic value in an opposite direction (13.3%). Moreover, the score of a hypothetical test-taker was calculated to be 21.73 out of 30 if his/her answers were based on evidence-based LRs.

The test showed an acceptable test-retest reliability coefficient (Spearman coefficient: 0.83).

Conclusions

Although SCT is an interesting test to evaluate clinical decision-making in emergency medicine, our results raise concerns regarding whether the judgments of an expert panel are sufficiently valid as the reference standard for this test.
Does flip‐flop style footwear modify ankle biomechanics and foot loading patterns?
Authors: Price Carina , Andrejevas Vaidas , Findlow Andrew H , Graham‐Smith Philip , Jones Richard
Published: September 2014

Background

Flip‐flops are an item of footwear, which are rubber and loosely secured across the dorsal fore‐foot. These are popular in warm climates; however are widely criticised for being detrimental to foot health and potentially modifying walking gait. Contemporary alternatives exist including FitFlop, which has a wider strap positioned closer to the ankle and a thicker, ergonomic, multi‐density midsole. Therefore the current study investigated gait modifications when wearing flip‐flop style footwear compared to barefoot walking. Additionally walking in a flip‐flop was compared to that FitFlop alternative.

Methods

Testing was undertaken on 40 participants (20 male and 20 female, mean ± 1 SD age 35.2 ± 10.2 years, B.M.I 24.8 ± 4.7 kg.m‐2). Kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic gait parameters were collected while participants walked through a 3D capture volume over a force plate with the lower limbs defined using retro‐reflective markers. Ankle angle in swing, frontal plane motion in stance and force loading rates at initial contact were compared. Statistical analysis utilised ANOVA to compare differences between experimental conditions.

Results

The flip‐flop footwear conditions altered gait parameters when compared to barefoot. Maximum ankle dorsiflexion in swing was greater in the flip‐flop (7.6 ± 2.6°, p = 0.004) and FitFlop (8.5 ± 3.4°, p < 0.001) than barefoot (6.7 ± 2.6°). Significantly higher tibialis anterior activation was measured in terminal swing in FitFlop (32.6%, p < 0.001) and flip‐flop (31.2%, p < 0.001) compared to barefoot. A faster heel velocity toward the floor was evident in the FitFlop (‐.326 ±. 068 m.s‐1, p < 0.001) and flip‐flop (‐.342 ±. 074 m.s‐1, p < 0.001) compared to barefoot (‐.170 ±. 065 m.s‐1). The FitFlop reduced frontal plane ankle peak eversion during stance (‐3.5 ± 2.2°) compared to walking in the flip‐flop (‐4.4 ± 1.9°, p = 0.008) and barefoot (‐4.3 ± 2.1°, p = 0.032). The FitFlop more effectively attenuated impact compared to the flip‐flop, reducing the maximal instantaneous loading rate by 19% (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Modifications to the sagittal plane ankle angle, frontal plane motion and characteristics of initial contact observed in barefoot walking occur in flip‐flop footwear. The FitFlop may reduce risks traditionally associated with flip‐flop footwear by reducing loading rate at heel strike and frontal plane motion at the ankle during stance.
Diagnostic accuracy of delirium diagnosis in pediatric intensive care: a systematic review
Authors: Daoud Alia , Duff Jonathan P , Joffe Ari R ,   for the Alberta Sepsis Network
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Delirium is common in adult intensive care, with validated tools for measurement, known risk factors and adverse neurocognitive outcomes. We aimed to determine what is known about pediatric delirium in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Methods

We conducted a systematic search for and review of studies of the accuracy of delirium diagnosis in children in the PICU. Secondary aims were to determine the prevalence, risk factors and outcomes associated with pediatric delirium. We created screening and data collection tools based on published recommendations.

Results

After screening 145 titles and abstracts, followed by 35 full-text publications and reference lists of included publications, 9 reports of 5 studies were included. Each of the five included studies was on a single index test: (1) the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale (PAED; for ages 1 to 17 years), (2) the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (p-CAM-ICU; for ages ≥5 years), (3) the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAP-D; a modification of the PAED designed to detect hypoactive delirium), (4) the revised Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAP-D(R)) and (5) clinical suspicion. We found that all five studies had a high risk of bias on at least one domain in the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2). Sample size, sensitivity, specificity, and effectiveness (correct classification divided by total tests done) were: PAED 144, 91%, 98%, <91% (>16% of scores required imputation for missing data); p-CAM 68, 78%, 98%, 96%; CAP-D 50, 91%, 100%, 89%; CAP-D (R) 111, and of assessments 94%, 79%, <82% (it is not clear if any assessments were not included); and clinical suspicion 877, N/A (only positive predictive value calculable, 66%). Prevalence of delirium was 17%, 13%, 28%, 21%, and 5% respectively. Only the clinical suspicion study researchers statistically determined any risk factors for delirium (pediatric risk of mortality, pediatric index of mortality, ventilation, age) or outcomes of delirium (length of stay and mortality).

Conclusion

High-quality research to determine the accuracy of delirium screening tools in the PICU are required before prevalence, risk factors and outcomes can be determined and before a routine screening tool can be recommended. Direct comparisons of the p-CAM-ICU and CAP-D(R) should be performed.
Current and emerging therapeutic strategies for preventing inflammation and aggrecanase-mediated cartilage destruction in arthritis
Authors: Dancevic Carolyn M , McCulloch Daniel R
Published: September 2014

Arthritis is a multifactorial disease for which current therapeutic intervention with high efficacy remains challenging. Arthritis predominately affects articular joints, and cartilage deterioration and inflammation are key characteristics. Current therapeutics targeting inflammatory responses often cause severe side effects in patients because of the systemic inhibition of cytokines or other global immunosuppressive activities. Furthermore, a lack of primary response or failure to sustain a response to treatment through acquired drug resistance is an ongoing concern. Nevertheless, treatments such as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, biological agents, and corticosteroids have revealed promising outcomes by decreasing pain and inflammation in patients and in some cases reducing radiographic progression of the disease. Emerging and anecdotal therapeutics with anti-inflammatory activity, alongside specific inhibitors of the A Disintegrin-like And Metalloproteinase domain with Thrombospondin-1 repeats (ADAMTS) cartilage-degrading aggrecanases, provide promising additions to current arthritis treatment strategies. Thus, it is paramount that treatment strategies be optimized to increase efficacy, reduce debilitating side effects, and improve the quality of life of patients with arthritis. Here, we review the current strategies that attempt to slow or halt the progression of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, providing an up-to-date summary of pharmaceutical treatment strategies and side effects. Importantly, we highlight their potential to indirectly regulate ADAMTS aggrecanase activity through their targeting of inflammatory mediators, thus providing insight into a mechanism by which they might inhibit cartilage destruction to slow or halt radiographic progression of the disease. We also contrast these with anecdotal or experimental administration of statins that could equally regulate ADAMTS aggrecanase activity and are available to arthritis sufferers worldwide. Finally, we review the current literature regarding the development of synthetic inhibitors directed toward the aggrecanases ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5, a strategy that might directly inhibit cartilage destruction and restore joint function in both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
Expansion of regulatory GITR+CD25low/-CD4+ T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Nocentini Giuseppe , Alunno Alessia , Petrillo Maria Grazia , Bistoni Onelia , Bartoloni Elena , Caterbi Sara , Ronchetti Simona , Migliorati Graziella , Riccardi Carlo , Gerli Roberto
Published: September 2014

Introduction

CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ T lymphocytes expressing forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3) and showing regulatory activity have been recently described in healthy donors. The objective of the study was to evaluate the proportion of CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ T lymphocytes within CD4+ T cells and compare their phenotypic and functional profile with that of CD4+CD25highGITR- T lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.

Methods

The percentage of CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells circulating in the peripheral blood (PB) of 32 patients with SLE and 25 healthy controls was evaluated with flow cytometry. CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells were isolated with magnetic separation, and their phenotype was compared with that of CD4+CD25highGITR- cells. Regulatory activity of both cell subsets was tested in autologous and heterologous co-cultures after purification through a negative sorting strategy.

Results

Results indicated that CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells are expanded in the PB of 50% of SLE patients. Expansion was observed only in patients with inactive disease. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells display regulatory T-cell (Treg) markers, including FoxP3, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and interleukin (IL)-10. In contrast, CD4+CD25highGITR- cells appear to be activated and express low levels of Treg markers. Functional experiments demonstrated that CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells exert a higher inhibitory activity against both autologous and heterologous cells as compared with CD4+CD25highGITR- cells. Suppression is independent of cell contact and is mediated by IL-10 and TGF-β.

Conclusions

Phenotypic and functional data demonstrate that in SLE patients, CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells are fully active Treg cells, possibly representing peripheral Treg (pTreg) that are expanded in patients with inactive disease. These data may suggest a key role of this T-cell subset in the modulation of the abnormal immune response in SLE. Strategies aimed at expanding this Treg subset for therapeutic purpose deserve to be investigated.
General decay rate estimates for a semilinear parabolic equation with memory term and mixed boundary condition
Authors: Li Changjun , Qiu Liru , Fang Zhong Bo
Published: September 2014

This work is concerned with a mixed boundary value problem for a semilinear parabolic equation with a memory term. Under suitable conditions, we prove that the energy functional decays to zero as the time tends to infinity by the method of perturbation energy, in which the usual exponential and polynomial decay results are only special cases.
Targeting met mediated epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in the treatment of breast cancer
Authors: Sylvester Paul W
Published: September 2014

Mesenchymal epithelial transition factor receptor (Met) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a critical role in promoting cancer cell malignant progression. Met is activated by its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). HGF‐dependent Met activation plays an important role in stimulating epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells, resulting in increased tumor cell proliferation, survival, motility, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. The HGF/Met axis has thus attracted great interest as a potential target in the development of novel cancer therapies. In an effort to suppress tumor cell malignant progression, efforts have been made to develop agents capable of inhibiting inhibit Met‐induced EMT, including specific Met tyrosine kinase inhibitors, HGF antagonists that interfere with HGF binding to Met, and antibodies that prevent Met activation and/or dimerization. Tocotrienols, a subgroup within the vitamin E family of compounds, display potent anticancer activity that results, at least in part, from inhibition of HGF‐dependent Met activation and signaling. The present review will provide a brief summary of the increasing importance of the HGF/Met axis as an attractive target for cancer chemotherapy and the role of tocotrienols in suppressing Met activation, signaling and HGF‐induced EMT in breast cancer cells. Evidence provided suggests that γ‐tocotrienol therapy may afford significant benefit in the treatment of breast cancers characterized by Met dysregulation.
Anionic Amidinourea–Metal(II) Tautomers: MN2O2 or MN4?
Authors: Hatanaka Masashi
Published: September 2014

Structures of amidinourea–metal complexes have been obscured by subtle tautomerism and crystal waters. To clarify the most stable form of the tautomers, bis(amidinourea)copper(II) anhydride and the alkyl derivatives were synthesized under basic conditions, and the stability of the CuN2O2 chromophore was suggested. From substituent effects of chelations, UV–vis spectra, IR/Raman spectra, and DFT calculations, it was suggested that the bis(amidinourea)copper(II) has a CuN2O2 chromophore, not CuN4 chromophore. The mutual exclusion rule of IR/Raman spectra supported the trans-CuN2O2 chromophore. Systematic calculations on bis(amidinourea)–Cu(II), –Ni(II), –Pd(II), –Zn(II), and –Cd(II) chelates revealed that the robust stability of CuN2O2 chromophores originates from quasi aromaticity in the six-membered chelate rings. cis- or trans-CuN4 stability reported in the early references is suspicious.
Synthesis and Properties of Sulfonated and Brominated Poly(arylene ether)s as Proton Conductive Membranes
Authors: Hoshi Takayuki , Miyake Junpei , Watanabe Masahiro , Miyatake Kenji
Published: September 2014

A novel series of poly(arylene ether sulfone ketone) multiblock copolymers containing sulfonic acid and bromine groups in the hydrophilic blocks were synthesized and characterized. The copolymers were high molecular weight (Mn = 21–98 kDa, Mw = 234–357 kDa) and provided bendable and transparent membranes by solution casting. The bromine groups caused slight decrease in the proton conductivity at low humidity, however, were effective in improving the mechanical properties as confirmed by dynamic mechanical analyses and tensile tests.
Research Note—Heuristic Theorizing: Proactively Generating Design Theories
Authors: Gregory Robert Wayne , Muntermann Jan
Published: September 2014

Design theories provide explicit prescriptions, such as principles of form and function, for constructing an artifact that is designed to meet a set of defined requirements and solve a problem. Design theory generation is increasing in importance because of the increasing number and diversity of problems that require the participation and proactive involvement of academic researchers to build and test artifact-based solutions. However, we have little understanding of how design theories are generated. Drawing on key contributions by Herbert A. Simon, including the ideas of satisfice and bounded rationality and reviewing a large body of information systems and problem-solving literature, we develop a normative framework for proactive design theorizing based on the notion of heuristic theorizing. Heuristics are rules of thumb that provide a plausible aid in structuring the problem at hand or in searching for a satisficing artifact design. An example of a problem-structuring heuristic is problem decomposition and an example of an artifact design heuristic is analogical design. We define heuristic theorizing as the process of proactively generating design theory for prescriptive purposes from problem-solving experiences and prior theory by constantly iterating between the search for a satisficing problem solution, i.e., heuristic search, and the synthesis of new information that is generated during heuristic search, i.e., heuristic synthesis. Heuristic search involves alternating between structuring the problem at hand and generating new artifact design components, whereas heuristic synthesis involves different ways of thinking, including reflection and learning and forms of reasoning, that complement the use of heuristics for theorizing purposes. We illustrate the effectiveness of our heuristic theorizing framework through a detailed example of a multiyear design science research program in which we proactively generated a design theory for solving problems in the area of intelligent information management and so-called big data in the finance domain. We propose that heuristic theorizing is a useful alternative to established theorizing approaches, i.e., reasoning-based approaches. Heuristic theorizing is particularly relevant for proactive design theorizing, which emphasizes problem solving as being highly intertwined with theorizing, involves a greater variety of ways of thinking than other theorizing approaches, and assumes an engaged relationship between academics and practitioners.
Distinction and Status Production on User-Generated Content Platforms: Using Bourdieu’s Theory of Cultural Production to Understand Social Dynamics in Online Fields
Authors: Levina Natalia , Arriaga Manuel
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we propose an analytical lens for studying social status production processes across a wide variety of user-generated content (UGC) platforms. Various streams of research, including those focused on social network analysis in social media, online communities, reputation systems, blogs, and multiplayer games, have discussed social status production online in ways that are diverse and incompatible. Drawing on Bourdieu’s theory of fields of cultural production, we introduce the notion of an online field and associated sociological concepts to help explain how diverse types of producers and consumers of content jointly generate unique power relations online. We elaborate on what role external resources and status markers may play in shaping social dynamics in online fields. Using this unifying theory we are able to integrate previous research findings and propose an explanation of social processes behind both the similarity across UGC platforms, which all offer multiple ways of pursuing distinction through content production, as well as the differences across such platforms in terms of which distinctions matter. We elaborate what role platform design choices play in shaping which forms of distinction count and how they are pursued as well as implications these have for status gaining strategies. We conclude the paper by suggesting how our theory can be used in future qualitative and quantitative research studies.
Puzzle—Logic Grid Puzzles
Authors: Chlond Martin J.
Published: September 2014

A type of logic-based puzzle, now referred to as a logic grid puzzle, began to appear in magazines sometime in the nineteen-eighties. In these puzzles the solver is provided with sets of attributes with an equal number of members in each set. The goal is to figure out which attributes are linked together based on a series of given clues. The attributes in each set are used once and only once and each puzzle has a unique solution which can be found using simple logic.

A specific example of this type of puzzle is modeled and solved using integer programming and the lessons learned are used produce a set of generic rules that may be applied in solving a wide range of these puzzles.
Macroeconomic Volatilities and Long-Run Risks of Asset Prices
Authors: Zhou Guofu , Zhu Yingzi
Published: September 2014

In this paper, motivated by existing and growing evidence on multiple macroeconomic volatilities, we extend the long-run risks model by allowing both a long- and a short-run volatility components in the evolution of economic fundamentals. With this extension, the new model not only is consistent with the volatility literature that the stock market is driven by two, rather than one, volatility factors, but also provides significant improvements in fitting various patterns, such as the size of market risk premium, the level of interest rate, degree of dividend yield predictability, and the term structure of variance risk premiums, of both the equity and option data.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1962.

This paper was accepted by Jerome Detemple, finance.
Quality Characteristics of Makgeolli (Rice Wine) Fermented with Koji by Starch Types
Authors: Lee Ho-Seong , Park Young-Seo , Bai Dong-Hoon
Published: September 2014

Two fungal strains named 1508 and 1601, and one yeast strain named 51286 were selected from nuruk. Eighteen different kojis with various starch sources were prepared using these strains and their saccharogenic powers (SP) were measured. Their quality characteristics were also analyzed. Koji, which was prepared with wheat and glutinous rice, showed the highest saccharogenic power (SP) with a value of 90 among kojis inoculated with strain 1508. The ethanol content of makgeolli prepared with each koji was in the range of 9 to 13%. Makgeolli made with brown rice showed the highest value Ethanol content. When the total Brix of makgeolli was measured, makgeolli made with glutinous rice using the 1508 koji showed the highest value with 11.3 Bx. Reducing sugar content was the highest with a value of 4.8% in the glutinous rice group using 1508 koji. The total acidity of makgeolli was in the range of 6.0 to 9.1 w/v%. As the total acidity (w/v%) of makgeolli increased, the pH value decreased. There was no significant difference in the shelf lives of makgeolli prepared with the various starch sources.
Fellowship by assessment
Authors: Escudier Michael
Published: September 2014

Fellowship by assessment Fellowship is the pinnacle of membership of the Faculty of Dental Surgery of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. There are a number of routes to fellowship, the newest of which is fellowship by assessment. The award of this is an honour that recognises the breadth and depth of an individual’s achievement in dental surgery and denotes the esteem in which a recipient is held by his or her peers.
The international surgical training programme (ISTP)
Authors: Middleton Erinn
Published: September 2014

The College’s recently launched International Surgical Training Programme (ISTP) is well underway, with its first five overseas doctors successfully placed into UK training posts this year, and an additional five expected to start early 2015.The College is receiving increasing interest both from UK trusts, who are seeking competent and experienced doctors to fill vacant posts, and overseas doctors who are eager to come to the UK to receive specialty and subspecialty training and knowledge of the NHS.
Medical education and professionalism
Authors: Szymankiewicz Mark
Published: September 2014

Education is regarded as being universally important, even fundamental. The ability to learn (and educate) is an important part of what makes us human. However, it is often one of the first activities to be curbed – particularly in the recent climate of increased service demand and austerity. Throughout the past 15 years of my medical career, from medical student through to surgical registrar, I have seen signs of this key professional activity being slowly eroded.
Buttonory (who remembers Jackanory?)
Authors: Francis Pat
Published: September 2014

Reporting on a series of workshops for students and with teachers undertaking professional development, this article shows how one little button can have many potential uses in teaching, particularly for understanding research strategies and writing practice. Referencing a story created around a specific button, the intention is that ideas are raised, which the reader can then interpret and transform into their own areas of practice.
Workshop Reviews
Authors: Christie Paul , Tobias-Green Writer Karen
Published: September 2014

Writing in Creative Practice: Towards academic publication workshop

Writing in Creative Practice: Exploring Layers of Meaning, University of Chester, 26 March 2013
Peacebuilding in Timor-Leste: United Nations missions and the post-intervention context
Authors: Freire Maria Raquel
Published: September 2014

This article looks at the process of intervention that took place in Timor-Leste particularly after the 1999 popular consultation where the majority of the voting was in favour of independence from Indonesian rule. Since then, the United Nations (UN) presence in Timor-Leste assumed different configurations, from the transitional administration to elections monitoring, including the use of force to contain violence. In the process of peace consolidation, the role of international interventionism was to assist the country in developing institutions and setting up processes for promoting good governance, aiming at stability-building. This article looks at the context where interventionism took place, particularly looking at the UN role until the end of the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) mandate in December 2012, seeking to shed light on the UN’s contribution to peace. The article argues the UN’s approach to peace has been mainly an institutional one, and that the challenges remaining and/or arising in the post-interventionist context are many regarding the consolidation of the state, both internally (structural approach to peace) and externally (projection of stability at the regional and international levels). Despite the remaining challenges, the article concludes with a positive assessment of the course of Timorese peace consolidation, and that the active foreign policy of Timor-Leste might constitute a building block in its internal consolidation process.
Rethinking regulation: What governance is all about
Authors: Bora Alfons
Published: September 2014

The term ‘governance’, in the social sciences as well as in political practice, has emerged as a result of a crisis of interventionist thinking. Post-interventionist theories and concepts of pluralist societies had raised questions that the idea of governance promised to answer by replacing more rigid concepts of social steering by new ideas of cooperation, negotiation, coproduction, hybrid communication, self-regulation, network, etc. It is not so much this often-criticized blurriness of the semantics of governance that provokes questions again, but rather the specific amalgamation of social theory and practice connected to governance. As an effect of this amalgamation, the ‘social-scientification’ of sovereignty and control tends to produce two contradictory effects. Besides the traditional guarantee of freedom, usually connected with a strong rule of law, a very far-reaching pressure and demand of cooperation and participation are becoming powerful, closely guarded under the surface of the brave new world of governance. Against this background, the recollection of the functional nucleus of governance is suggested with the term ‘regulation’ and with a particular emphasis on certain delegalizing effects of governance. The intention of this proposal is neither to dismiss the perspective of governance in toto, nor to revert to interventionist concepts, but rather to set the stage for a dispassionate and detached analysis of law and politics.
The deep roots of the Carnation Revolution: 150 years of military interventionism in Portugal
Authors: Osuna José Javier Olivas
Published: September 2014

The military coup on 25 April 1974 initiated the Carnation Revolution that put an end to the New State, the longest-lasting authoritarian regime in twentieth-century Europe. There are several alternative explanations about what caused such a process of regime substitution in Portugal. This article focuses on one of them: military discontent and participation in politics. It analyses the history of civil-military relations from the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars until the demise of the New State. It shows that the attitude of the military in 1974 was not merely conjunctural and that the tendency to intervene in politics was entrenched in the armed forces since the fall of the ancien régime. Although the nature and intensity of its participation in state affairs evolved throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Portuguese military never completely accepted civilian supremacy. Military interventionism was nurtured by political polarization, institutional weakness, and disagreements over foreign policy, the use of the armed forces against internal enemies and the deficient equipment and preparation of the troops. Periods of active involvement in politics alternated with others in which interventionism remained latent.
Reviews
Authors: Macqueen Norrie , Santos Paula Borges , Casanova José Luís
Published: September 2014

O Império Colonial em Questão (Sécs. Xix–Xx): Poderes, Saberes e Instituições/The Colonial Empire in Question (Nineteenth-Twentieth Centuries): Power, Knowledge and Institutions, Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo (ed.) (2012) Lisbon: Edições 70, 600 pp., ISBN: 9789724417233, Paperback, €19.80

A Concordata de Salazar/Salazar’s Concordat, Rita Almeida de Carvalho (2013) Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores and Temas e Debates, 642 pp., ISBN: 9789896442132, Paperback, €17.90

Parceiros em Rede: Estratégias Territorializadas para o Desenvolvimento Local nas Áreas do Emprego e Formação/Network Partners: Territorialized Strategies for Local Development in Employment and Training, João Emílio Alves (2012) Oporto: Fronteira do Caos, 250 pp., ISBN: 9789898070975, Paperback, €14.30
Photography and the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA
Authors: Cuevas Jose , Heglar Laurence E.
Published: September 2014

The development of X-ray diffraction photography was central to the discovery of the helical structure of DNA in 1953. Unfortunately the story of how this technique was developed receded into the background as subsequent attention focused on the moment of discovery by Watson and Crick. As a result the importance of photography as ‘data’ and the role it plays in scientific discovery is underplayed. We seek to rectify this situation by presenting this story and by drawing conclusions about the importance of this form of photography in scientific investigation as well as for the insights it gives us regarding the process of discovery.
The photographic image: The Face of Sydney and August Sander’s typologies
Authors: Lechte John
Published: September 2014

Taking the Face of Sydney – which is a digital composite image – as its point of departure this article begins an investigation into the relation between August Sander’s Weimar facial typologies and the digital Face of Sydney. This leads on to a reflection on the nature of the photographic image in relation to knowledge, technology and time. The conclusion proposed is that the photographic image has to be understood as an entity that is quite distinct from the forms of technicity that allow it to appear. Indeed, in following Roland Barthes, I argue that the photographic image, like the image in general, is uncoded and thus unnamed. The question raised in light of this is: what is the nature of the human in the context of such an approach to the image?
Reviews
Authors: Stein Lisa , Mateer Jenee
Published: September 2014

François Laruelle (2012) Photo-Fiction, a Non-Standard Aesthetics Univocal, Minneapolis, pp. 160 ISBN 9781937561116, p.b., £18.12.

Digital divide: Society for Photographic Education conference
EUROPA: Herausforderungen an die Evangelische Kirche
Authors: Gaertner Joachim
Published: September 2014

Joachim Gaertner discusses the tasks of the churches in the making of Europe. He outlines that the implementation and operation of common policies within the European Community will force the churches to Iook for common border-crossing Standpoints on socio-ethical and political issues. The task of forging common positions will certainly be difficult and at times even impossible. Nevertheless the churches must try to tackle this problem. According to Gaertner this requires an instrument of coordination which is authorized and qualified for joint action and is entitled to speak on behalf of the individual churches.
Traditionsbewahrung in der sozialistischen Provinz
Authors: Graf Friedrich Wilhelm
Published: September 2014

Friedrich Wilhelm Graf attends to questions of the role and function of theology and churches in the former DDR. Current and short-winded theological-political paradigms are in his opinion too little useful to reflect upon and clear up the meanwhile historical period of»Kirche im Sozialismus«. Graf discusses the remarkable affirmation of streams of theology towards socialism. Dealing with this topic from an historical point of view begins in the early nineteeth century, precicely: in the attitude of social-romantic anticapitalism. This view pointsout a surprising line of continuity, which Ieads to the theological approval of socialism in the former DDR-churches.
Für eine Wende in der Drogenpolitik
Authors: Ringeling Hermann
Published: September 2014

Two methods of dealing with the addiction to narcotics are being examined: the restrictive as well as the permissive approach. The former aims to set up a society which is totally free from drugs, while the latter is in favour of a more liberal solution. The restrictive approach appears to have failed, but the more sensible attitude towards these problems is rapidly gaining ground.
Subsidiarität und Zivilgesellschaft
Authors: Ettwig Sylvia
Published: September 2014

»Civil society« with its main elements of »social democratic citizenship« and subsidiarity is an analytical approach to the present situation of democracys and offers an perspective to surrender the democratic deficit and the crisis of the welfare state in the Member states of the European Union. The concept of »Civil society« bases on an active citizenship and give intermediary civil actors, especially the charitable social welfare associations and democratic movements, the chance to reflect on their position to the govemment on the one side and to the citizen on the other side in order to take account of the citizen' s civil, political and social rights
Das Mandat der ökumenischen Diakonie zwischen Gerechtigkeit und Versöhnung
Authors: Raiser Konrad
Published: September 2014

The author casts a retrospective glance at the stations of the fifty years old discussion about the mandate of ecumenical deacony. Today two basic conceptions are marked off: the conception of a prophetic deacony, informed by the leading notion of »justice« on one side, and the conception of a caritative deacony, informed by the leading notion of »reconciliation« on the other. The author discusses the tention between these concepts in their theological foundations and takes a look at the significance of these concepts in situations characterized by »complex emergencies«. Therefore he explores criterions and standards, on which the mandate of ecumenical deacony could be orientated for the future
Mittelverknappung im Gesundheitswesen
Authors: Strohm Theodor
Published: September 2014

The author examines the reasons of the rising expenditures in the Public-Health-System. He pointsout the different ways and strategies for solving this problern and tests out criterions for the radius and realistic capacity of solidarity and responsibility in an ethical perspective: Solidarity is not only a single matter of those, who are depending on solidarity of the society
Social Networks and Empire: Senegalese Students in France in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Bryant Kelly Duke
Published: September 2014

A la fin du XIXe siècle, presque deux cents enfants du Sénégal ont reçu des bourses métropolitaines, qui les ont permis de suivre les cours dans un lycée ou un collège de France, de la Tunisie, ou de l’Algérie. Leurs parents ont dû choisir un correspondant qui habitait près de l’école. Le correspondant devait assurer le paiement des frais de l’école, subvenir aux besoins de l’élève, et surveiller des sorties occasionnelles. Cet article examine les relations entre les correspondants et les boursiers sénégalais, et les réseaux transatlantiques qu’elles ont produits. Il se concentre surtout sur l’histoire d’un boursier qui s’appelait Durand Armstrong, dont le père était en communication fréquent avec son correspondant. L’article prétend que les relations entre boursiers et correspondants ont compliqué les fractures sociales de la colonie. Ces élèves étaient donc des intermédiaires, qui, grâce à leurs réseaux, leur éducation, et leur mobilité, ont pu remettre en cause les catégories sociales coloniales.
Belgium, the Congo, and Imperial Immobility: A Singular Empire and the Historiography of the Single Analytic Field
Authors: Stanard Matthew G.
Published: September 2014

A la suite de sa parution en 1997, la collection Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, publiée sous la direction de Frederick Cooper et Ann Laura Stoler, a eu une influence croissante et justifiée. En conséquence, les historiens des empires européens considèrent de plus en plus les pays colonisateurs et leurs colonies du point de vue d’un “single analytic field” ou “champ analytique commun.” Cette tendance représente un véritable tournant historiographique. Toutefois, ce virage historiographique important est problématique dans la mesure où il exclut toute tentative de maintenir la métropole et la colonie comme véritables objets de recherche. Le cas des relations entre la Belgique et le Congo belge pendant l’époque coloniale met en évidence la nécessité d’utiliser ce champ analytique commun avec prudence du fait des distances existant entre métropole et colonie. Les autorités coloniales belges ont imposé avec beaucoup de succès des contrôles sur la circulation des personnes et des idées dans le contexte colonial. En analysant le cas de la Belgique et de sa colonie, cet article démontre la nécessité de prêter attention aux situations nuancées qui caractérisent l’histoire des empires européens.
L’ordre public: Sully Brunet et les contradictions de la justice et de la politique dans l’Affaire Furcy (Ile Bourbon, 1817–1818)
Authors: Boutier Jérémy
Published: September 2014

The Furcy controversy shook Ile Bourbon (La Réunion) in 1817. An alleged slave named Furcy contested his supposed legal condition of servitude and was defended by the colonial government’s attorney general and seconded by an obscure Creole attorney, Sully Brunet, even though most of the island’s free residents opposed the case. How did Brunet recognize the judicial irregularities in Furcy’s trial? What were his relations with his superiors? What was Brunet’s role in this affair? This painful episode in the history of La Réunion raises many questions and left a deep impression on Sully Brunet. This case reveals the particular interpretation of civil authority in the context of slavery. It also had serious consequences for the island. The colony tried to adapt to the incessant changes in legislation and sought to regain stability lost after the British captured the island in 1810. The role of Sully Brunet in this case reveals much about the colonial judicial system, the struggles for political influence, and the divisions between Creole and European-born residents in the context of the institution of slavery. Sully Brunet, a willing participant and an unfortunate hero, deserves serious attention.
Commemoration Controversy: The Harpers Ferry Raid Centennial as a Challenge to Dominant Public Memories of the U.S. Civil War
Authors: Kretsinger-Harries Anne C.
Published: September 2014

This essay examines the 1959 controversy over whether and how to commemorate the centennial of abolitionist John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry. I argue that the controversy arose because commemorating Brown’s raid challenged prominent U.S. public memories of the Civil War that excluded slavery and the continued existence of white supremacy. I analyze the discursive fields into which the centennial commemoration entered: the heroic, patriotic, and unifying narratives of the war championed by the national organizations tasked with commemorating the Civil War centennial, and discourses of the civil rights movement and the black press that demanded a repudiation of white supremacy and the recognition of African Americans as equal citizens. Ultimately, I contend that the rhetoric that surrounded the Harpers Ferry raid commemoration sheds light on how the civil rights movement not only challenged white supremacy in its conservative form, but also pushed against the moderate and liberal manifestations of white supremacy that were embedded in the commemoration of the Harpers Ferry raid.
Lokale Stabilitätsanalyse von Takagi-Sugeno Systemen unter Berücksichtigung ihres Gültigkeitsbereichs
Authors: Diepold Klaus J. , Albert Klaus
Published: September 2014

Bei Stabilitätsanalysen von Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) Modellen wird zumeist deren lokale Gültigkeit vernachlässigt, wodurch eine
unmittelbare Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf das nichtlineare Originalsystem im Allgemeinen nicht möglich ist. In diesem Beitrag
wird ein Vorgehen gezeigt, wie für (affine) T-S Modelle ein möglichst großer Einzugsbereich abgeschätzt werden kann, der
auch für das nichtlineare Originalsystem gültig ist. In einem ersten Schritt findet eine optimierte Abschätzung des
Einzugsbereichs unter Berücksichtigung des Gültigkeitsbereichs des T-S Modells statt. Anschließend wird das aufgefundene
Einzugsgebiet iterativ über den Gültigkeitsbereich des T-S Modells hinaus vergrößert. Simulationsbeispiele zeigen den
Mehrwert der Methode.
Teilüberwachtes Lernen von emblematischen Gesten
Authors: Al-Behadili Husam , Wöhler Christian , Grumpe Arne
Published: September 2014

Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine Methode zum teilüberwachten Lernen von dreidimensionalen emblematischen Gesten. Ausgehend vom überwachten Lernen mit einem kleinen, von wenigen Personen stammenden Datensatz wird der Lerndatensatz unter Anwendung eines teilüberwachten Lernansatzes vollautomatisch erweitert. Mehrere Kriterien für die Akzeptanz bzw. Rückweisung eines vom Klassifikator erzeugten Klassenlabels werden vorgeschlagen. Die experimentelle Evaluation zeigt, dass die mit dem dargestellten teilüberwachten Lernansatz erzielte Fehlerrate nur unwesentlich über derjenigen liegt, die sich bei Verwendung aller manuell gesetzten Klassenlabel ergeben würde.
Prädiktive Regelung mit Timed-Elastic-Bands
Authors: Rösmann Christoph , Hoffmann Frank , Bertram Torsten
Published: September 2014

Der Beitrag beschreibt eine Erweiterung zur zeitoptimalen nichtlinearen modellprädiktiven Regelung. Die Trajektorie im
Zustandsraum und die Steuerfolge werden durch ein Timed-Elastic-Band (TEB) repräsentiert. Diese Beschreibung in Form eines TEBs
ermöglicht die Überführung der Regelungsaufgabe in ein nichtlineares, gewichtetes Ausgleichsproblem mit weichen
Nebenbedingungen, für welches effiziente numerische Optimierungsverfahren zur Verfügung stehen. In Analogie zu
modellprädiktiven Reglern wird die Planung der optimalen Trajektorie mit einer Zustandsrückführung im Regelkreis
integriert. Die vergleichende Analyse der durch den TEB-Ansatz optimierten Steuerfolge mit der analytischen, optimalen Lösung
belegt die Praxistauglichkeit der Methode.
The prognostic blood biomarker proadrenomedullin for outcome prediction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a qualitative clinical review
Authors: Schuetz Philipp , Marlowe Robert J. , Mueller Beat
Published: September 2014

Plasma proadrenomedullin (ProADM) is a blood biomarker that may aid in multidimensional risk assessment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Co-secreted 1:1 with adrenomedullin (ADM), ProADM is a less biologically active, more chemically stable surrogate for this pluripotent regulatory peptide, which due to biological and ex vivo physical characteristics is difficult to reliably directly quantify. Upregulated by hypoxia, inflammatory cytokines, bacterial products, and shear stress and expressed widely in pulmonary cells and ubiquitously throughout the body, ADM exerts or mediates vasodilatory, natriuretic, diuretic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and metabolic effects. Observational data from four separate studies totaling 1366 patients suggest that as a single factor, ProADM is a significant independent, and accurate, long-term all-cause mortality predictor in COPD. This body of work also suggests that combined with different groups of demographic/clinical variables, ProADM provides significant incremental long-term mortality prediction power relative to the groups of variables alone. Additionally, the literature contains indications that ProADM may be a global cardiopulmonary stress marker, potentially supplying prognostic information when cardiopulmonary exercise testing results such as 6-min walk distance are unavailable due to time or other resource constraints or to a patient’s advanced disease. Prospective, randomized, controlled interventional studies are needed to demonstrate whether ProADM use in risk-based guidance of site-of-care, monitoring, and treatment decisions improves clinical, quality-of-life, or pharmacoeconomic outcomes in patients with COPD.
Intertextuality in Chinese Courtroom Discourse
Authors: Shi Guang
Published: September 2014

Intertextuality, an important concept in semiotics, refers to the property texts have of being full of snatches of other texts. This paper analyzes specific and generic intertextuality of Chinese courtroom discourse. In the analysis of specific intertextuality, it is found that 1) “specific and exact news source” and “implicit news source” are indicated in the trials, while “seemingly real news source” is not found in the data; 2) “direct reporting”, “indirect reporting”, and “narrative report of speech act” are used in the trials, while “free indirect reporting” is not indicated. The analysis of generic intertextuality shows that courtroom discourse, especially the subgenre “evidence-producing”, is not only a mixture of different genres but also of different styles.
The Ethical Turn in Contemporary Western Semiotics
Authors: Guo Hong
Published: September 2014

The present paper is an abridged version of another paper of mine titled “The Ethical Turn of Contemporary Western Philosophy, Semiotics, and Linguistics” delivered at the 11th World Congress of Semiotics in response to related essays by Augusto Ponzio, Susan Petrilli, John Deely, and others. A review of contemporary Western philosophy reveals a confluence and integration of scientism and humanism, a linguistic turn, and a formation of postmodernism (poststructuralism), all of which marks an ethical turn (or focus) in contemporary Western philosophy. As semiotics is based on philosophy, and linguistics is a branch of semiotics, this ethical turn in philosophy concurrently occurs in contemporary Western semiotics and linguistics.