bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Victimization Among Peruvian Adolescents: Insights into Mental/Emotional Health From the Young Lives Study
Authors: Lister Cameron E. , Merrill Ray M. , Vance David L. , West Joshua H. , Hall Parley C. , Crookston Benjamin T.
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

Bullying is a global problem among children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to explore bully victimization in Peru and to identify potential adverse mental health and social outcomes resulting from bully victimization.

METHODS

This study analyzed data from an ongoing prospective cohort of children taking part in the Young Lives study. This study assessed bullying consequences on mental and emotional health in the 3 rounds of data collected among Peruvian adolescents at ages 8, 12, and 15.

RESULTS

Bullying by peers was negatively related with age. A factor analysis showed that boys were significantly less likely than girls to suffer emotional and relational problems due to victimization. Additionally, bullying in rounds 2 and 3 of the cohort were significantly correlated with adverse emotional and mental health outcomes in round 3. Lastly, emotional status was positively associated with violent incidences in the schools and at home.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows significant problems with emotional and mental stress as early outcomes associated with victimization in Peru. The findings have implications for treating adolescent health issues like peer victimization. Steps should be taken to address bullying and mental/emotional health in Peru in order to combat subsequent mental health problems.
Association Between School Policies and Built Environment, and Youth's Participation in Various Types of Physical Activities
Authors: Ward Stephanie , Bélanger Mathieu , Donovan Denise , Caissie Isabelle , Goguen Julie , Vanasse Allain
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

School environmental characteristics may be associated with youth's participation in different types of physical activities (PAs). This study aimed to identify which school policies and built environmental characteristics were associated with participation in organized, nonorganized, individual, and group‐based activities.

METHODS

This cross‐sectional analysis included 776 students in grade 5 or 6 from 16 schools. The school environment was assessed through school‐based questionnaires completed by school representatives. Types of PA and attainment of PA recommendations were obtained using self‐administered student questionnaires. Associations between environment and student PA were examined using multilevel logistic regressions.

RESULTS

Schools with favorable active commuting environments were positively associated with girls' participation in organized (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, confidence interval [CI] = 1.04–1.74) and group‐based PA (OR = 1.54, CI = 1.19–1.99) and with boys' odds of participating in individual activities (OR = 1.45, CI = 1.04–2.04). There was also a positive relationship between having a school environment favorable to active commuting and boys' odds of meeting PA recommendations (OR = 2.19, CI = 1.43–3.37). School policies supporting PA were positively associated with girls' odds of participating in nonorganized activities (OR = 1.18, CI = 1.00–1.40).

CONCLUSIONS

School environments that favor active commuting may encourage participation in different types of PA. School policies promoting PA also may encourage girls to participate in organized activities.
Rights of People with Intellectual Disability in Cyprus: Policies and Practices Related to Greater Social and Educational Inclusion
Authors: Symeonidou Simoni
Published: June 2015

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) is the framework for national policies and practices that respect the rights of people with disabilities. UN and European human rights entities produce reports that could be used by advocacy groups, such as organizations for people with disabilities, to hold governments accountable for their commitment to international law. This paper focuses on the extent to which policies and practices concerning the education and independent living of people with intellectual disability in Cyprus allow for the full enjoyment of rights under Articles 19 and 24 of the UNCRPD. Data were gathered through a systematic web search for documents of local, international, and European bodies, covering the period April 2007 to July 2014. Documents reviewed included annual reports, country reports, legislative documents, conference papers, and newspaper articles. Findings show that the Republic of Cyprus has not taken significant measures to implement Articles 19 and 24 of the UNCRPD. Existing policies and practices greatly restrict people with intellectual disability from exercising their human rights and fail to promote social and educational inclusion. The study raises questions about the essential nature of policies and practices for people with intellectual disability that may inform the debate in other national contexts.
Skin‐injured Zebrafish, Danio rerio, are more Susceptible to Vibrio anguillarum Infection
Authors: Liu Xiaohong , Wu Haizhen , Liu Qin , Wang Qiyao , Xiao Jingfan , Zhang Yuanxing
Published: June 2015

Vibrio anguillarum, which is part of normal microflora on fish, is the causative agent of vibriosis in aquaculture. It is speculated that V. anguillarum does not affect the host in most situations, but can cause a severe disease once the host is compromised. In the study reported herein, skin‐injured and intestine‐injured zebrafish, Danio rerio, were established as a model to mimic the natural infection caused by V. anguillarum when fish suffered an injury to a mucosal surface. Our results showed the lethal dose to 50% of the population (LD50) of skin‐injured zebrafish was 6.8 × 103 colony‐forming unit (CFU)/mL, which was much lower than intestine‐injured zebrafish (1.9 × 106 CFU/mL) or non‐injured zebrafish (5.5 × 106 CFU/mL). With the quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis, we found that V. anguillarum proliferated rapidly in the skin and muscle after the bacteria entered into the host via the skin injury. The bacteria were subsequently transported to the immune organs and then caused a systemic infection in the fish. However, mortality of skin‐injured zebrafish significantly decreased if the fish were allowed to heal. These results indicate that minimizing injury to the mucosal surfaces of fish, especially the skin, will reduce infections caused by V. anguillarum.
DEET (N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide) Toxicity to Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Sac Fry
Authors: Mischke Charles C. , Tucker Craig S. , Wise David J. , Brown Travis W.
Published: June 2015

The combination of open facilities, moisture, and warm weather during channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, spawning season causes mosquito‐infestation problems. A common solution to mosquito problems in hatcheries is to use mosquito repellents applied to exposed skin and clothing. DEET (N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide) is the active ingredient in most personal insect repellents. We determined the 24‐h acute toxicity of DEET to channel catfish fry. The toxicity test consisted of 10 sac fry in three replications of six concentrations (range: 157–478 μL/L) and a control. In addition to toxicity testing, a trial was conducted to determine the amount of active ingredient dispensed from two different applicators: a pump sprayer and an aerosol can. The 24‐h lethal concentration (LC10) was 274 ppm, and the 24‐h LC50 was 345 ppm. The concentration required to kill 50% of the organisms was above the 100 ppm threshold to be considered practically non‐toxic. The pump sprayer (98.11% active ingredient) dispensed 113.3 ± 0.57 mg (mean ± SEM) active ingredient per pump. The aerosol can (30% active ingredient) dispensed 526.8 ± 6.71 mg (mean ± standard error mean [SEM]) active ingredient per second. In hatcheries where air movement by fans is not sufficient to control mosquitoes, using insect repellent products containing DEET should be safe.
Dietary Oil Sources on the Innate Immunity and Resistance of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, to Streptococcus agalactiae Challenge
Authors: Ferreira Milena W. , Costa Diego V. da , Leal Carlos A. G. , Figueiredo Henrique C. P. , Rosa Priscila V.
Published: June 2015

The effect of different dietary oil sources on the innate immunity and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, to Streptococcus agalactiae infection were evaluated. Fish were fed with diets containing different lipid sources (soybean oil [SO], corn oil, linseed oil [LO], fish oil [FO], and olive oil [OO]). Fish fed SO presented the highest (P < 0.05) hematocrit and serum protein. LO and FO diets increased (P < 0.05) the erythrocyte resistance to osmotic lysis in comparison with other treatments. Fish fed OO showed the highest (P < 0.05) iron‐binding capacity and the lowest serum lysozyme and bactericidal activities (P < 0.05). No difference (P > 0.05) was found between diets in alternative complement activity. Fish fed the SO diet had the highest (P < 0.05) survival rate against S. agalactiae challenge. In conclusion, diets with LO oil and FO, rich in ω‐3 fatty acids, and OO, rich in ω‐9 fatty acids, have an immunomodulatory effect in Nile tilapia juveniles. The use of SO in the Nile tilapia diet improved immune function and resistance against S. agalactiae.
The Effects of Biomass Density on Size Variability and Growth Performance of Juvenile Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides, in a Semi‐closed Recirculating System
Authors: Park Jeonghwan , Renukdas Nilima , Luna Trevor , Roy Luke A.
Published: June 2015

This study evaluated the effects of biomass density on size variability and growth performance of feed‐trained largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, fingerlings in a semi‐closed recirculating system for 60 d. Average individual body weight and length of fingerlings were 9.04 g and 9.07 cm, respectively. Experimental biomass densities were set at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 kg/m3. Water temperature was adjusted to approximately 25 C and dissolved oxygen concentration was maintained above saturation. Fish were fed a formulated diet (42% protein) distributed by automatic feeders for 12 h daily. During the experiment, fingerlings actively fed and presented high survival rates (96.8–95.0%) at all densities. Growth performance of fingerlings was not affected by the biomass densities tested in this study (P < 0.05). The ranges of size distributions were similar among treatments, but more fingerlings were near the average size at lower biomass densities. Based on the results of this study, largemouth bass fingerlings were tolerant of high biomass density and a gross yield of 100–125 kg/m3 may be viable for largemouth bass reared in a semi‐closed recirculating system up to 30 g in weight.
Effect of Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels on Growth and Body Composition of Spotted Halibut, Verasper variegatus
Authors: Lv Yunyun , Chang Qing , Chen Siqing , Yu Chaolei , Qin Bo , Wang Zhijun
Published: June 2015

A 83‐d feeding experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body composition of spotted halibut, Verasper variegatus (initial average weight of 93.0 ± 1.0 g). Nine diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (40, 45, and 50%), each with three lipid levels (8, 12% and 16%). Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish per tank in the indoor culture system. Results showed that the survival rate of fish was not significantly affected by protein and lipid levels (P > 0.05). Weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and feed intake (FI) significantly decreased with the increasing dietary lipid levels (P < 0.05). Feed efficiency significantly increased while the feed conversion ration significantly decreased with increasing dietary protein levels (P < 0.05). Weight gain, SGR, FI, and feed efficiency of fish fed 50% protein and 8% lipid were significantly higher than that of the other groups. For each level of dietary lipid, the increase in dietary protein resulted in significant increases in whole‐body crude protein (CP) contents (P < 0.05); the increase in dietary lipid caused significant increases in whole‐body crude lipid content and gross energy at each protein level (P < 0.05). The muscle CP, lipid, and gross energy had the same tendency. The results of this study indicated that increasing dietary lipid levels did not result in a protein‐sparing effect. It could be recommended that the proper dietary protein and lipid levels of spotted halibut were 50 and 8%, respectively.
Nonoptimal codon usage influences protein structure in intrinsically disordered regions
Authors: Zhou Mian , Wang Tao , Fu Jingjing , Xiao Guanghua , Liu Yi
Published: June 2015

Synonymous codons are not used with equal frequencies in most genomes. Codon usage has been proposed to play a role in regulating translation kinetics and co‐translational protein folding. The relationship between codon usage and protein structures and the in vivo role of codon usage in eukaryotic protein folding is not clear. Here, we show that there is a strong codon usage bias in the filamentous fungus Neurospora. Importantly, we found genome‐wide correlations between codon choices and predicted protein secondary structures: Nonoptimal codons are preferentially used in intrinsically disordered regions, and more optimal codons are used in structured domains. The functional importance of such correlations in vivo was confirmed by structure‐based codon manipulation of codons in the Neurospora circadian clock gene frequency (frq). The codon optimization of the predicted disordered, but not well‐structured regions of FRQ impairs clock function and altered FRQ structures. Furthermore, the correlations between codon usage and protein disorder tendency are conserved in other eukaryotes. Together, these results suggest that codon choices and protein structures co‐evolve to ensure proper protein folding in eukaryotic organisms.
Microvascular inflammation in early protocol biopsies of renal allografts in cases of chronic active antibody‐mediated rejection
Authors: Tsuji Takahiro , Yanai Mitsuru , Itami Hiroe , Ishii Yasushi , Akimoto Mayuko , Fukuzawa Nobuyuki , Harada Hiroshi , Fukasawa Yuichiro
Published: June 2015

Aim

Chronic active antibody‐mediated rejection (chronic ABMR) is one important cause of late‐stage renal allograft loss. However, few reports have used protocol biopsy to observe changes over time in cases that develop chronic ABMR. The aim of this study was to use protocol biopsy to clarify the histological features of cases that develop chronic ABMR.

Methods

We recruited 379 ABO compatible patients who underwent protocol biopsy at our hospital from 2010 to 2014. Seventeen of these patients were diagnosed with chronic ABMR (chronic ABMR group), and 12 patients were class 2 donor‐specific antibody (DSA) positive and were not diagnosed with chronic ABMR (class 2 DSA‐positive group). With the addition of a control group consisting of 30 DSA negative patients, these three groups were compared for Banff factors in protocol biopsies taken 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after the transplant.

Results

Three months post transplant, the chronic ABMR group had a significantly higher number of patients exhibiting g + ptc > 0 than that in the control group (P = 0.01). At 1, 3, and 5 years post transplant, significantly more subjects in the chronic ABMR and class 2 DSA‐positive groups compared with the control group exhibited g + ptc > 0 (P < 0.03). Five years post transplant, the chronic ABMR group exhibited a significantly higher mean c4d score than that in the control group (P = 0.02). The only significant difference observed between the chronic ABMR group and the class 2 DSA‐positive group was in cg scores at 5 years post transplant, which were significantly higher in the chronic ABMR group (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

These results suggest that cases exhibiting microvascular inflammation in the early post‐transplant period may develop chronic ABMR, and it would be highly beneficial to perform focused electron microscope surveillance of these cases.
Change in glomerular volume and its clinicopathological impact after kidney transplantation
Authors: Kobayashi Akimitsu , Yamamoto Izumi , Katsumata Haruki , Yamakawa Takafumi , Mafune Aki , Nakada Yasuyuki , Koike Kentaro , Mitome Jun , Miki Jun , Yamada Hiroki , Tanno Yudo , Ohkido Ichiro , Tsuboi Nobuo , Yokoyama Keitaro , Yamamoto Hiroyasu , Yokoo Takashi
Published: June 2015

Background

Both immunological and non‐immunological etiologies affect graft function after kidney transplantation, including acute rejection, calcineurin inhibitor toxicity, and a recurrence of glomerulonephritis. Glomerular enlargement or glomerular sclerosis due to glomerular hyperfiltration related to increased renal blood flow is another cause. Although the glomerular volume in baseline biopsies predicts late allograft function, the relationship between allograft function and the annual changes in glomerular volume after kidney transplantation are unclear.

Aim

We investigated changes in glomerular volume after kidney transplantation and their clinicopathological relationship.

Methods

We enrolled 23 patients with stable kidney function without an episode of rejection or any complication resulting in a functional decrease in the graft. We measured glomerular volume (GV) using the Weibel–Gomez method and glomerular density (GD) using 0,1 h biopsy samples as baseline controls and 1 yr biopsy samples and investigated the association between the changes in them and clinical parameters, including graft function, proteinuria, and renal hemodynamic markers, including effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and filtration fraction (FF). The ERPF was calculated from a 99mTc‐mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) renogram.

Results

The GV and ERPF increased significantly 1 yr after kidney transplantation. In contrast, proteinuria decreased significantly and Δproteinuria (1 yr – 1 month after transplantation) was correlated with ΔGV (P < 0.05, rs = –0.467).

Conclusion

Glomerular enlargement 1 yr after transplantation may be related to improved proteinuria. It is possible that glomerular enlargement serves as a renal adaptation after kidney transplantation.
Clinical and pathological analyses of chronic vascular rejection after kidney transplantation
Authors: Shimizu Tomokazu , Toma Hiroshi , Shibahara Rumi , Tsunoyama Kuniko , Izuka Junpei , Nozaki Taiji , Ishida Hideki , Tanabe Kazunari , Honda Kazuho , Koike Junki
Published: June 2015

Aim

We discuss the clinicopathological analysis of cases of chronic vascular rejection (CVR) cases after renal transplantation and clarify the mechanisms underlying the development and prognostic significance of CVR.

Patients

CVR was diagnosed in 46 renal allograft biopsy specimens (BS) obtained from 34 renal transplant patients being followed up at the Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, between January 2009 and December 2013.

Results

CVR was diagnosed at a median of 47.4 months post‐transplant. Among the 36 patients, 23 had a history of acute rejection. Among the 46 BS showing evidence of CVR, the CVR was mild (cv1 in Banff's classification) in 23, moderate (cv2) in 17, and severe (cv3) in 6. Of the 40 samples obtained at the time of the biopsy and assayed with plastic beads coated with HLA antigen, 31 (78%) showed circulating ant‐HLA alloantibody, and 15 (38%) showed donor‐specific antibodies. We then classified the 46 BS showing evidence of CVR by their overall histopathological features, as follows; cv alone was seen in 16 (35%) BS, cv + antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) in 26 (56%), and cv + T‐cell‐mediated rejection in 9 (19%).

Loss of the renal allograft occurred during the observation period in nine of the patients (26%). Of the remaining patients with functioning grafts, deterioration of the renal allograft function after the biopsies occurred in 11 patients (32%).

Conclusion

The results of our study suggest that AMR may underlie CVR in many cases, while T cell‐mediated rejection may play an important role in some cases.
Nursing management of aggression in a Singapore emergency department: A qualitative study
Authors: Tan Mei Fen , Lopez Violeta , Cleary Michelle
Published: June 2015

In Singapore, anecdotal evidence suggests that nurses are concerned about managing aggressive incidents in the emergency department. In this study, registered nurses' perceptions of managing aggressive patients in an emergency department were explored. Ten registered nurses from the emergency department of an acute public hospital in Singapore were interviewed. Four overarching themes emerged from the thematic analysis: (i) impact of aggressive patients on nurses; (ii) nursing assessment of aggressive behaviors; (iii) nursing management of aggressive behaviors; and (iv) organizational support and responsiveness. Further research is required to better support nurses to deliver optimal care for aggressive patients and achieve positive and effective outcomes.
Disease‐modifying Antirheumatic Drugs for the Treatment of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Malik Khalid M. , Nelson Ariana , Benzon Honorio
Published: June 2015

Low back pain (LBP) is a common source of pain and disability, which has an enormous adverse impact on affected individuals and the community as a whole. The etiologies of LBP are protean and local inflammation contributes to the majority of these processes. Although an array of potent disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), which are typically anti‐inflammatory in character, have become clinically available only corticosteroids are routinely used for the treatment of LBP. To further investigate this potentially underutilized therapy, we reviewed the available literature to determine the role of DMARDs in the treatment of LBP. Our results show that the current DMARD use for LBP is indeed limited in scope and is characterized by isolated use and empiric selection of drugs from a range of available DMARDs. Moreover, the dose, frequency, and route of drug administration are selected arbitrarily and deviated from treatment protocols proposed for the management of other inflammatory conditions. The literature published on this topic is of low quality, and the results of the reviewed trials were inconclusive or demonstrated only short‐term efficacy of these medications. Based on the findings of this review, we recommend that the future DMARD use for LBP is initially limited to patients with debilitating disease who are unresponsive to conventional treatments, and the criteria for drug selection and routes of drug administration are clearly defined and may be modeled after treatment protocols for other inflammatory conditions.
Mathematical Explanation and Epistemology: Please Mind the Gap
Authors: Baron Sam
Published: June 2015

This paper draws together two strands in the debate over the existence of mathematical objects. The first strand concerns the notion of extra‐mathematical explanation: the explanation of physical facts, in part, by facts about mathematical objects. The second strand concerns the access problem for platonism: the problem of how to account for knowledge of mathematical objects. I argue for the following conditional: if there are extra‐mathematical explanations, then the core thesis of the access problem is false. This has implications for nominalists and platonists alike. Platonists can make a case for epistemic access to mathematical objects by providing evidence in favour of the existence of extra‐mathematical explanations. Nominalists, by contrast, can use the access problem to cast doubt on the idea that mathematical objects play a substantive role in scientific explanation.
Involvement of PAPP‐A and IGFR1 in Cystic Ovarian Disease in Cattle
Authors: Rodríguez FM , Colombero M , Amweg AN , Huber E , Gareis NC , Salvetti NR , Ortega HH , Rey F
Published: June 2015

Contents

Cystic ovarian disease (COD) is one of the main causes of infertility in dairy cattle. It has been shown that intra‐ovarian factors, such as members of the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system, may contribute to follicular persistence. The bioavailability of IGF to initiate its response by binding to specific receptors (IGFRs) depends on interactions with related compounds, such as pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A). The aim of this study was to determine IGFR1 and PAPP‐A expression both in follicles at different stages of development and in cysts, to evaluate the roles in the etiopathogenesis of COD in cattle. The mRNA expression of PAPP‐A was higher in granulosa cells of large tertiary follicles than in cysts, whereas the protein PAPP‐A present in the follicular fluid from these follicles showed no differences. Although no PAPP‐A mRNA expression was detected in smaller tertiary follicles, in their follicular fluid, this protease was detected in lesser concentration than in cysts. The mRNA expression of IGFR1 was lower in granulosa cells from cystic follicles than in those from tertiary ones. However, the protein expression of this receptor presented the highest levels in cystic structures, probably to increase the possibility of IGF response. The data obtained would indicate that animals with COD have an altered regulation of the IGF system in the ovary, which could be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease in cattle.
Optimizing respiratory function assessments to elucidate the impact of obesity on respiratory health
Authors: Brazzale Danny J. , Pretto Jeffrey J. , Schachter Linda M.
Published: June 2015

There is an increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide and its impact on respiratory health is of significant concern. Obesity affects the respiratory system by several mechanisms, including by direct mechanical changes due to fat deposition in the chest wall, abdomen and upper airway, as well as via systemic inflammation. The increased mechanical load in obese individuals leads to reduced chest wall and lung compliance and increased work of breathing. While there is generally minimal effect on spirometric values, as body mass index increases, the expiratory reserve volume, and hence functional residual capacity, reduces, often approaching residual volume in more severe obesity. The majority of evidence however suggests that obese individuals free from lung disease have relatively normal gas exchange. The link between asthma and obesity, while initially unclear, is now recognized as being a distinct asthma phenotype. While studies investigating objective markers of asthma have shown that there is no association between obesity and airway hyper‐responsiveness, a recent working group identified obesity as a major risk factor for the development of asthma in all demographic groups.

Although the temptation may be to attribute obesity as the cause of dyspnoea in symptomatic obese patients, accurate respiratory assessment of these individuals is necessary. Lung function tests can confirm that any altered physiology are the known respiratory consequences of obesity. However, given that obesity causes minimal changes in lung function, significant abnormalities warrant further investigation. An important consideration is the knowledge that many of the respiratory physiology consequences of obesity are reversible by weight loss.
The day‐to‐day concurrence of bodily complaints and affect in patients with severe somatoform disorder
Authors: Houtveen Jan H. , Lipovsky Myriam M. , Kool Marloes , Sorbi Marjolijn , Bühring Martina E.F. , van Broeckhuysen‐Kloth Saskia
Published: June 2015

Based on the concept of somatization, psychological distress can be experienced as symptoms of physical illness. This suggests a close‐fitting intra‐individual association between bodily complaints and mood in patients with somatoform disorder (SFD). The contemporaneous day‐to‐day complaints‐mood association was investigated in patients with severe chronic SFD using an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design. Eleven patients, who had recently received specialized tertiary care treatment for severe chronic SFD, kept an online electronic diary for four consecutive weeks. They were prompted at intervals throughout the day to complete questions on their momentary primary symptoms (pain and fatigue), and mood state (negative and positive). For each measure, day‐mean aggregated values were computed and analyzed using linear multilevel (mixed model) regression analysis. Fixed factor results showed that symptoms were associated with both negative mood state (β = 0.47) and positive mood state (β = –0.59). Random results, however, indicated large inter‐individual differences, with correlations varying between 0.17 and 0.99 for negative affect, and between –0.88 and 0.14 for positive affect. A substantial day‐to‐day contemporaneous association between symptoms and affect across subjects, as well as large inter‐individual differences in this association, were demonstrated in patients with severe chronic SFD. EMA‐data showing the relationship between both negative and (inverse) positive mood and complaints has potential clinical relevance: providing SFD patients with feedback consisting of their personal day‐to‐day concurrency graph may promote their understanding of their own complaints in a broader context than the somatic area.
A long‐term fatty fish intervention improved executive function in inpatients with antisocial traits and a history of alcohol and drug abuse
Authors: Hansen Anita L. , Dahl Lisbeth , Olson Gina , Thornton David , Grung Bjørn , Thayer Julian F.
Published: June 2015

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fatty fish consumption on cognitive functioning in a group of inpatients characterized by antisocial behavior. Eighty‐three male forensic inpatients participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned into a Fish or a Control group (e.g., meat, chicken, pork). One decision‐making task, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and one planning task, the Tower of Hanoi (ToH), were administered before (pre‐test) and at the end of the intervention period (post‐test). For the IGT the Fish group showed improved performance from pre‐ to post‐ test. Moreover, the Fish group showed significantly better performance than the Control group on the IGT at post‐test. The Fish group also demonstrated improved performance from pre‐ to post‐test on the ToH; however, this was limited to participants with a history of substance abuse. Further, the improvement was only significant for tasks with high working memory load (5–7 move problems), and not for tasks with low working memory load (1–4 move problems). The Control group showed no improvement on any of the tasks regardless of alcohol or drug abuse history. The present study suggests that regular fatty fish consumption may improve executive functions in forensic inpatients with antisocial traits and a history of substance abuse. Thus, the current results may have important implications with regard to health care interventions.
Cognitive functioning and cortisol profiles in first episode major depression
Authors: Hansson Pia Berner , Murison Robert , Lund Anders , Hammar Åsa
Published: June 2015

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is often associated with high levels of stress and disturbances in the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) system, yielding high levels of cortisol, in addition to cognitive dysfunction. Previous studies have shown a relationship between cortisol profile and cognitive functioning in recurrent MDD in general. More specifically, the association between hypercortisolism and cognitive functioning, such as memory and Executive Functioning (EF), and also more recently cortisol suppression has been explored. However, no studies have investigated these relationships in patients diagnosed with first episode MDD. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between cortisol levels before and after the Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and cognitive function in first episode MDD patients. Twenty‐one patients meeting the DSM‐IV criteria for a first episode of MDD diagnosis were included in the study. The control group was matched for age, gender and education level. Cortisol was measured in saliva collected with Salivette sampling devices. Saliva samples were collected 4 times during a 24 hours period over two consecutive days: at awakening, after 45 minutes, after 7 hours and at 11 pm. Dexamethasone (1.0 mg) was given orally on Day 1 at 11 pm. The neuropsychological test battery consisted of standardized tests measuring executive functioning (EF) and memory functioning. Cortisol levels did not differ significantly between patients and controls on Day 1, except for the last sample before Dexamethasone administration, where the control group showed higher levels. Both groups showed suppression after Dexamethasone. On Day 2 there was a significant difference between groups at the third sample, showing a significantly lower level in the control group, suggesting that the controls have a more effective suppression profile than the patients. There were no significant correlations between cortisol levels before or after Dexamethasone and cognitive measures. The results indicate impairment on HPA‐axis functioning in first episode MDD patients, with less suppression functioning compared to healthy controls, but no relationship between cortisol profile and cognitive functioning in EF or Memory.
Racism and Anti‐Racism in Families: Insights from Performativity Theory
Authors: Nelson Jacqueline K.
Published: June 2015

Possibilities for anti‐racism within the spaces of family life have not yet been contemplated in any depth in the extant anti‐racism literature. To address this, the first section of this paper demonstrates that families are a potentially critical site for anti‐racism, reviewing a large body of evidence demonstrating the key role families play in socialisation processes and in the development of racial attitudes. I also look at what can be gleaned from the literature on interethnic intimacy. The second section turns to the possibilities for anti‐racism within families, suggesting that too little is known about how members of families negotiate instances of racism, or the strategies used to restage or subvert racist discourses and practices within the family. The potential for anti‐racist performances to challenge expressions of racism in families has largely been overlooked in the international literature. I argue that the framework of performativity has utility for analysing responses to racism in families. Performativity theories conceptualise individual acts/utterances of racism and anti‐racism as enacting broader cultural values and structures. Viewing racism in families through theories of performativity directs us to consider how racist speech can be disrupted or strategically rejected and, hence, identify possibilities for anti‐racism.
When Working Hard Is Not Enough for Female and Racial/Ethnic Minority Apprentices in the Highway Trades
Authors: Kelly Maura , Wilkinson Lindsey , Pisciotta Maura , Williams Larry S.
Published: June 2015

Drawing on employment records, qualitative interviews, and a survey, we explore the experiences of apprentices in the highway trades in Oregon. We demonstrate that female and racial/ethnic minority apprentices have lower rates of recruitment and retention and disproportionately face challenges with interpersonal interactions, hiring practices, and supervisory practices. Yet, we find a pervasive narrative that attributes apprentices' success to “hard work,” which contributes to the legitimacy of these inequalities. Consistent with the conceptualization of work organizations as inequality regimes, we argue that the apprenticeship system has policies, practices, and ideologies that are on the surface gender and race/ethnicity neutral, yet lead to the perpetuation of inequalities.
Toward a Free Information Movement
Authors: McCarthy Matthew T.
Published: June 2015

The past decade witnessed the emergence of numerous Internet‐based social justice groups, some of which have readily apparent social roles and follow traditional organizational paths, while others occupy more ambiguous spaces, and blur any clearly demarcated lines of classification. Groups such as Anonymous and WikiLeaks present researchers with difficulty in strict categorization and as such are often labeled in ways that obscure their classification and understanding. Situating these two groups within network society and social movement literatures, this study offers a sociological explanation for the rise of these groups and attempts to knit their disparately understood practices of “hacktivism” and “journalism” together in a coherent framework. Frame analysis is employed to examine how each group attends to core framing tasks, finding that both groups do so in substantially similar ways, employing complementary frames concerning the asymmetrical distribution of information. Moreover, their embeddedness in digital information networks, and their particular opposition to information asymmetry, acts as a unifying thread that enables these apparently disparate actors to be studied within a single analytical framework as part of an emerging digital, peer‐produced movement concerned with the asymmetrical distribution of information.
Low occurrence of the HLA‐C*04:09N allele in a large Hungarian cohort
Authors: Bors A. , Inotai D. , Andrikovics H. , Benkő S. , Boros‐Major A. , Illés Z. , Szilvási A. , Gelle‐Hossó A. , Rajczy K. , Tordai A.
Published: June 2015

The presence of null alleles may affect the outcome of stem cell transplantation. HLA‐C*04:09N was defined as ‘common’ with a frequency of 2–5/1000 in Caucasians, and its presence is routinely tested as part of haplotypes HLA‐A*02:01/A*23:01‐B*44:03‐DRB1*07:01‐DQB1*02:01. We aimed to investigate HLA‐C*04:09N in a representative Hungarian cohort. HLA‐typing data of 7345 unrelated persons were analyzed. The presence of HLA‐C*04:09N was excluded in 157 chromosomes with either serology typing or with an allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction for HLA‐C*04:09N. HLA‐C*04:09N was identified in a single chromosome with HLA‐A*02, B*44, C*04, DRB1*07 resulting in a HLA‐C*04:09N allele frequency of 0.0068% (1/14,690). This is approximately a 10‐ to 40‐fold lower frequency compared with the previous data. Our results emphasize the need of precise local population‐specific HLA‐data, allowing appropriate modifications of local HLA‐typing protocols.
The novel HLA‐DRB1*12:01:06 allele detected in a Taiwanese unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donor
Authors: Yang K. L. , Hung J. H. , Lin P. Y.
Published: June 2015

One nucleotide substitution at residue 267 of HLA‐DRB1*12:01:01 results in a new allele, HLA‐DRB1*12:01:06.
Participation of α2‐adrenoceptors in sodium appetite inhibition during sickness behaviour following administration of lipopolysaccharide
Authors: De Luca Laurival A. , Almeida Roberto L. , David Richard B. , de Paula Patricia M. , Andrade Carina A. F. , Menani José V.
Published: June 2015

Sickness behaviour, a syndrome characterized by a general reduction in animal activity, is part of the active‐phase response to fight infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an effective endotoxin to model sickness behaviour, reduces thirst and sodium excretion, and increases neurohypophysial secretion. Here we review the effects of LPS on thirst and sodium appetite. Altered renal function and hydromineral fluid intake in response to LPS occur in the context of behavioural reorganization, which manifests itself as part of the syndrome. Recent data show that, in addition to its classical effect on thirst, non‐septic doses of LPS injected intraperitoneally produce a preferential inhibition of intracellular thirst versus extracellular thirst. Moreover, LPS also reduced hypertonic NaCl intake in sodium‐depleted rats that entered a sodium appetite test. Antagonism of α2‐adrenoceptors abolished the effect of LPS on sodium appetite. LPS and cytokine transduction potentially recruit brain noradrenaline and α2‐adrenoceptors to control sodium appetite and sickness behaviour.

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A tale of two CLCs: biophysical insights toward understanding ClC‐5 and ClC‐7 function in endosomes and lysosomes
Authors: Zifarelli Giovanni
Published: June 2015

The CLC protein family comprises both Cl− channels and H+‐coupled anion transporters. The understanding of the critical role of CLC proteins in a number of physiological functions has greatly contributed to a revision of the classical paradigm that attributed to Cl− ions only a marginal role in human physiology. The endosomal ClC‐5 and the lysosomal ClC‐7 are the best characterized human CLC transporters. Their dysfunction causes Dent's disease and osteopetrosis, respectively. It had been originally proposed that they would provide a Cl− shunt conductance allowing efficient acidification of intracellular compartments. However, this model seems to conflict with the transport properties of these proteins and with recent physiological evidence. Currently, there is no consensus on their specific physiological role. CLC proteins present also a number of peculiar biophysical properties, such as the dimeric architecture, the co‐existence of intrinsically different thermodynamic modes of transport based on similar structural principles, and the gating mechanism recently emerging for the transporters, just to name a few. This review focuses on the biophysical properties and physiological roles of ClC‐5 and ClC‐7.
A Note on Double Dispersion Effects in a Nanofluid Flow in a Non-Darcy Porous Medium
Authors: Awad F. G. , Sibanda P. , Murthy P. V. S. N.
Published: June 2015

A non-Darcian model has been employed to investigate a nanofluid flow in a porous layer with double dispersion effects. The model incorporates Brownian motion and thermophoresis to study heat and mass transfer characteristics within the nanofluid. A similarity transformation is used to obtain a system of ordinary differential equations that are solved numerically using a linearization method. The effects of fluid and physical parameters such as thermal and solutal dispersions, the Brownian motion, and thermophoresis on the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the nanofluid are determined, and for some limiting cases, compared to results in the literature.
Stiffness Measurement of Permanent Magnet Biased Radial Magnetic Bearing in MSFW
Authors: Jinji Sun , Guochang Bai , Lei Yang
Published: June 2015

To measure current stiffness and displacement stiffness of permanent magnet biased radial magnetic bearing, a new stiffness measurement method is proposed for magnetically suspended flywheel (MSFW). The detailed stiffness measurement method is proposed in this paper. At first, the suspension force and stiffness characteristics of the permanent magnet biased radial magnetic bearing are studied using magnetic circuit method and finite element method (FEM). Second, the detailed stiffness measurement method of permanent magnet biased radial magnetic bearing is proposed. It has two procedures, one is the determination of the magnetic center in radial magnetic bearing when the gravity of rotor is in the +x(+y) direction and −x(−y) direction, respectively, then the current stiffness can be obtained, and the other is the calculation of the displacement stiffness according to the relationship between rotor displacement and current. A prototyped MSFW with angular moments of 50 Nms is manufactured, and the proposed stiffness measurement method of permanent magnet biased radial magnetic bearing is verified by prototyped experiments.
Prospective evaluation of the renal morphology and vascular resistance in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
Authors: Resorlu Mustafa , Gokmen Ferhat , Resorlu Hatice , Adam Gurhan , Aylanc Nilufer , Akbal Ayla , Ozdemir Huseyin
Published: June 2015

Aims: To evaluate renal morphology, prevalence of urinary stone disease, renal perfusion and resistance to renal blood flow in patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS). Material and methods: Thirty-eight patients diagnosed with AS and with normal basal renal functions, together with 38 healthy individuals matched in terms of age, sex, blood lipid profile and body mass index, were included. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, creatinine and glucose levels were measured in both groups, as well as vitamin D, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein in the AS group. Renal dimensions, parenchy- mal echogenicity, presence of stone and renal resistive index (RRI) from the interlobular artery level were measured, and cor- relations with clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed. Results: Thirty-eight patients diagnosed with AS (age 42.4± 11.5, 24 male, 14 women) and a control group of 38 healthy individuals (age 41.7±10.8, 23 male, 15 female) were included in the study. Renal stone was present in 7 patients (18.4%) in the AS group and 4 subjects (10.5%) in the control group. There was no significant difference in prevalence of stone between the groups (p=0.516). RRI values were significantly higher in the patients with AS (0.63±0.06) compared with the control group (0.59±0.03, p=0.001). Significant correlations were determined between RRI and age, triglyceride level, body mass index and length of disease. Conclusions: Renal Doppler is an important examination in early diagnosis and monitoring of renal changes in AS patients since renal complications in AS develop in the chronic and follow a subclinical course.
Carotid intima-media thickness and hemodynamic parameters: reproducibility of manual measurements with Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Martinez Juana M Plasencia , Santos Jose M Garcia , Marti­nez Maria L Paredes , Pastor Ana Moreno
Published: June 2015

Aims: To evaluate the carotid ultrasound intra- and interobserver agreements in a common clinical scenario when making manual measurements of the intima-media thickness (IMT) and peak systolic (PSV) and end diastolic (EDV) velocities in the common (CCA) and the internal carotid (ICA) arteries. Material and methods: Three different experienced operators per- formed two time-point carotid ultrasounds in 21 patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Each operator measured freehand the CCA IMT three consecutive times in each examination. The CCA and ICA hemodynamic parameters were acquired just once. For our purpose we took the average (IMTmean) and maximum (IMTmax) IMT values. Quantitative variables were analyzed with the t-student, and ANOVA test. Agreements were evaluated with the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results: IMTmean intraobserver agreement was better on the left (ICC: 0.930-0.851-0.916, operators 1-2-3) than on the right (ICC: 0.789-0.580-0.673, operators 1-2-3). IMTmax agreements (Left ICC: 0.821-0.723-0.853, operators 1-2-3; Right ICC: 0.669- 0.421-0.480, operators 1-2-3) were lower and more variable. Interobserver agreements for IMTmean (ICC: 0.852-0.860; first-second ultrasound) and IMTmax (ICC: 0.859-0.835; first-second ultrasound) were excellent on the left, but fair-good and more variable on the right (IMTmean; ICC: 0.680-0.809; first-second ultrasound; IMTmax; 0.694-0.799; first-second ultra- sound). Intraobserver agreements were fair-moderate for PSVs and good-excellent for EDVs. Interobserver agreements were good-excellent for both PSVs and EDVs. Overall, 95% confidence intervals were narrower for the left IMTmean and CCA velocities. Conclusions: Intra and interobserver agreements in carotid ultrasound are variable. In order to improve carotid IMT agreements, IMTmean is preferable over IMTmax.