bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Types of cholecystokinin‐containing periglomerular cells in the mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Baltanás Fernando C. , Curto Gloria G. , Gómez Carmela , Díaz David , Murias Azucena R. , Crespo Carlos , Erdelyi Ferenc , Szabó Gábor , Alonso José R. , Weruaga Eduardo
Published: November 2010

The periglomerular cells (PG) of the olfactory bulb (OB) are involved in the primary processing and the refinement of sensory information from the olfactory epithelium. The neurochemical composition of these neurons has been studied in depth in many species, and over the last decades such studies have focused mainly on the rat. The increasing use of genetic models for research into olfactory function demands a profound characterization of the mouse olfactory bulb, including the chemical composition of bulbar interneurons. Regarding both their connectivity with the olfactory nerve and their neurochemical fate, recently, two different types of PG have been identfied in the mouse. In the present report, we analyze both the synaptology and the chemical composition of specific PG populations in the murine olfactory bulb, in particular, those containing the neuropeptide cholecystokinin. Our results demonstrate the existence in the mouse of non‐GABAergic PG and that these establish synaptic contacts with the olfactory nerve within the glomeruli. Based on previous classifications, we propose that this population would constitute a new subtype of type 1 mouse PG. In addition, we demonstrate the partial coexistence of cholecystokinin with the calcium‐binding proteins neurocalcin and parvalbumin. All these findings add further data to our knowledge of the synaptology and neurochemistry of mouse PG. The differences observed from other rodents reflect the neurochemical heterogeneity of PG in the mammalian OB. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypertension impairs leptomeningeal collateral growth after common carotid artery occlusion: Restoration by antihypertensive treatment
Authors: Omura‐Matsuoka Emi , Yagita Yoshiki , Sasaki Tsutomu , Terasaki Yasukazu , Oyama Naoki , Sugiyama Yukio , Todo Kenichi , Sakoda Saburo , Kitagawa Kazuo
Published: November 2010

Chronic mild hypoperfusion has been shown to enlarge pial collateral vessels in normal mouse brains. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of hypertension on pial collateral vessel development after chronic hypoperfusion using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In normotensive rats, unilateral common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion enlarged leptomeningeal collateral vessels. CCA occlusion also preserved residual cerebral blood flow (CBF) and attenuated infarct size after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion 14 days later. In contrast, in SHR, CCA occlusion neither enlarged the leptomeningeal anastomosis nor showed protective effects after MCA occlusion. However, decreasing blood pressure using an angiotensin II AT1 receptor blocker restored the beneficial effect of CCA occlusion on collateral growth as well as on residual CBF and infarct size after MCA occlusion. Adaptive responses in CBF autoregulation curves observed 14 days after CCA occlusion in normotensive rats were impaired in untreated SHR, but were restored after antihypertensive treatment. In conclusion, SHR have impaired leptomeningeal collateral growth after CCA occlusion, but antihypertensive treatment restores the beneficial effect of CCA occlusion on collateral circulation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The case for blood–brain barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Jeynes Brian , Provias John
Published: November 2010

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to a progressive loss of integrative and memory capacities of the brain. This is the predominant form of neurodegenerative dementia, with a growing prevalence of between 1 in 50 and 1 in 100 in North America. Numerous hypotheses related to the etiology of AD have developed over the years. However, among the various published hypotheses, the predominant one is related to the progressive and prominent accumulation of central nervous system β‐amyloid peptide and the ensuing brain burden created. It is, therefore, important to consider the homeostatic mechanisms underlying β‐amyloid transport dynamics between the brain and blood vascular compartments. As well, there is a dynamic interrelationship between soluble and insoluble forms of the peptide. Factors that underlie and regulate these dynamic processes are likely relevant to the end accumulation of β‐amyloid peptide in the brain compartment and ultimately in insoluble forms, which is characteristic of, and significant for, the pathophysiology of the Alzheimer's brain. Significantly, and in particular relation to the amyloid burden theory mentioned above, it has been postulated that a dysfunctioning blood–brain barrier (BBB) may play a significant, if not critical, role in the pathogenesis of AD. By allowing the influx of injurious materials or agents into the brain or by impeding or blocking the efflux of those materials and/or agents, BBB‐related neuronopathies and their associated sequelae could, and do, ensue. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gute Qualitätssicherung oder niedrige Herstellkosten?
Authors: Nufer Daniel , Braunsteiner Arnold
Published: November 2010

Die Kunden fordern heutzutage absolut fehlerfreie Ware. Für die Produzenten ist daher eine gut funktionierende Ausgangsprüfung oder Überprüfung der Produktionsschritte im Sinne eines durchgängigen Qualitätsmanagements immer wichtiger. Methoden wie die Kaizen, Six Sigma oder eine Nullfehlerstrategie helfen den Produktionsprozess zu verbessern. Die Qualitätsprüfung wird zunehmend automatisiert und eine 100% Kontrolle liefert alle relevanten Informationen.
Lasertechnik vergleichen
Authors: Rütering Markus
Published: November 2010

Nachdem in den letzten Jahren viele verschiedene Konzepte für Hochleistungslaser in der Materialbearbeitung getestet und eingeführt wurden, kommt es immer häufiger zu der Situation, dass mehrere technische Lösungsansätze zur Verfügung stehen. Anwender sind in diesem Zusammenhang oft unsicher, welche der Technologien für ihren Einsatz die optimale ist. Auch die Anwendungsbreite hat sich inzwischen vom klassischen Schneiden und Schweißen entsprechend erweitert, die Zahl der Freiheitsgrade einer geplanten Installation nimmt entsprechend zu. In diesem Beitrag soll aufgezeigt werden, mit welchen grundsätzlichen Faktoren man sich dabei auseinandersetzen kann oder sogar muss.
Wir müssen chinesischer werden
Authors: Thoß Andreas
Published: November 2010

Wer heute in Deutschland sein Geld mit Hochtechnologie verdienen will, der muss nicht nur die Krisen überstehen, sondern auch die neuen Märkte der Welt verstehen und erobern. Andres Thoß sprach mit Peter von Jan, einem der Gründer der Raylase AG, über dessen Erfahrungen auf diesem Weg.
Biharmonic hypersurfaces in 4‐dimensional space forms
Authors: Balmuş Adina , Montaldo Stefano , Oniciuc Cezar
Published: November 2010

We investigate proper biharmonic hypersurfaces with at most three distinct principal curvatures in space forms. We obtain the full classification of proper biharmonic hypersurfaces in 4‐dimensional space forms (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins from human blood
Authors: Zhu Peihong , Bowden Peter , Zhang Du , Marshall John G.
Published: November 2010

It is difficult to convey the accelerating rate and growing importance of mass spectrometry applications to human blood proteins and peptides. Mass spectrometry can rapidly detect and identify the ionizable peptides from the proteins in a simple mixture and reveal many of their post‐translational modifications. However, blood is a complex mixture that may contain many proteins first expressed in cells and tissues. The complete analysis of blood proteins is a daunting task that will rely on a wide range of disciplines from physics, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, electromagnetic instrumentation, mathematics and computation. Therefore the comprehensive discovery and analysis of blood proteins will rank among the great technical challenges and require the cumulative sum of many of mankind's scientific achievements together. A variety of methods have been used to fractionate, analyze and identify proteins from blood, each yielding a small piece of the whole and throwing the great size of the task into sharp relief. The approaches attempted to date clearly indicate that enumerating the proteins and peptides of blood can be accomplished. There is no doubt that the mass spectrometry of blood will be crucial to the discovery and analysis of proteins, enzyme activities, and post‐translational processes that underlay the mechanisms of disease. At present both discovery and quantification of proteins from blood are commonly reaching sensitivities of ∼1 ng/mL. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:685–732, 2011
Quality and quantity: An audit of urodynamics practice in relation to newly published National Standards
Authors: Moore K.C. , Emery S.J. , Lucas M.G.
Published: November 2010

Objective

To document urodynamic practice in Wales in relation to newly released National Minimum Standards with a view to influencing organisational change.

Methods

Three questionnaires, evaluating respectively, departmental practice, individual practice and the last 10 studies performed in that department, were sent to all departments performing urodynamics in Wales. Results 19/20 departments responded. Approximately 4,000 studies are performed annually in Wales. Three departments do not perform enough studies annually to meet minimum standards. The minimum standard of 30 studies annually is not met by most centers evaluating neuropathic patients or performing ambulatory tests. Eighty four percent of departments have a clinical lead, one quarter discuss urodynamics in the context of a multi‐disciplinary team meeting and occasional audits are performed. Fifty‐four staff perform urodynamics, of which 35 (65%) have attended a course. Ability to describe zeroing a transducer was scored out of 6 and respondents scored a median of 3/6. One hundred twenty two out of 168 (72%) of the studies audited asked a clear urodynamics question, but, in 22/168 (13%) this question was not answered. The urodynamics report was written immediately 85% of the time.

Conclusion

Centers failing to meet the minimum standards for workload should consider their position in relation to standards and NICE guidance (UKCS, NICE). In particular, departments should give attention to standards described in “Good Urodynamic Practice,” establish multi‐disciplinary teams for continence management and consider greater centralization of investigations for patients with neuropathies and for ambulatory studies. Most staff attended a course, yet few can describe how to zero transducers. This raises questions about the quality of reporting of some urodynamic studies. Those that are involved in urodynamics should take part in regular CME, relevant audit and consider certification and revalidation. This audit has highlighted significant variations in practice and lends support to the application of nationally agreed standards. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:38–42, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The response of the abdominal muscles to pelvic floor muscle contraction in women with and without stress urinary incontinence using ultrasound imaging
Authors: Arab Amir Massoud , Chehrehrazi Mahshid
Published: November 2010

Aims

To investigate the changes in the thickness of the abdominal muscles; measured by ultrasound, in response to pelvic floor muscle (PFM) contraction in women with and without stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Methods

A total of 20 non‐pregnant female participated in the study. Subjects were categorized into two groups: continent females (N = 10) and females with SUI (N = 10). The change in the thickness of the right transverse abdominis muscle (TrAM) and internal oblique muscle (IOM) was measured with ultrasound imaging during PFM contraction in both groups.

Results

There was an increase in thickness of the TrAM and IOM muscle during PFM contraction showing a co‐contraction of the abdominals during PFM contraction both in women with and without SUI. No significant difference was found in the change in thickness of TrAM (P = 0.43) and IOM (P = 0.72) in response to PFM contraction between women with and without SUI. In overall, there was no statistical significant difference in co‐contraction of abdominal muscles during PFM contraction between SUI women and healthy continent women.

Conclusion

It seems that co‐activation of the abdominal muscles during PFM contraction exists in continent and stress incontinent women. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:117–120, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of selected reaction monitoring data for label‐free quantification of protein modification stoichiometry
Authors: Balasubramaniam Deepa , Eissler Christie L. , Stauffacher Cynthia V. , Hall Mark C.
Published: November 2010

Quantification of protein and PTM abundance in biological samples is an important component of proteomic studies. Label‐free methods for quantification using MS are attractive because they are simple to implement and applicable to any experimental system. We demonstrate that PTM stoichiometry can be accurately measured using label‐free quantification and selected reaction monitoring. Use of selected reaction monitoring is advantageous with complex biological samples and we show this approach can be used to quantify multiple PTMs independently on a single peptide.
Crystal modifications and multiple melting behavior of poly(L‐lactic acid‐co‐D‐lactic acid)
Authors: Shen Changyu , Wang Yaming , Li Ming , Hu Defu
Published: November 2010

The crystal modifications and multiple melting behavior of poly(L‐lactic acid‐co‐D‐lactic acid) (98/2) as a function of crystallization temperature were studied by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the disorder (α′) and order (α) phases of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) were formed in cold‐crystallized poly(L‐lactic acid‐co‐D‐lactic acid) samples at low (<110 °C) and high (≥110 °C) temperatures, respectively. A disorder‐to‐order (α′‐to‐α) phase transition occurred during the annealing process of the α′‐crystal at elevated temperatures, which proceeded quite slowly even at the peak temperature of the exotherm Pexo but much more rapidly at higher temperature close to the melting region. The presence or absence of an additional endothermic peak before the exotherm in the DSC thermograph of the α′‐crystal was strongly dependent on the heating rate, indicating that a melting process involved during the α′‐to‐α phase transition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Single‐crystal growth: From new borates to industrial semiconductors
Authors: Wang Gang , Chen Xiaolong
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we present our progresses on single‐crystal growth of a variety of compounds from new borates to industrial semiconductors, reflecting our efforts in new compounds exploration, structure analysis, property characterization, flux growth, and vapor growth of industrial semiconductors. Typical examples are selected with each serving to show one theme. YBa3B9O18 and ErBa3B9O18, two members of a newly discovered series RBa3B9O18 (R = Y, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb) are found to be potential scintillation materials and laser hosts. KZnB3O6, the first borate with edge‐sharing BO4 tetrahedra obtained under ambient conditions, shows a very interesting selective ion exchange. The study of a well‐known crystal YVO4 reveals that the negative refraction (NR) is an intrinsic property of all uniaxial crystals. For technically important crystals, our emphases are placed on the study of growth methods. GaN is successfully realized to grow under very facile conditions based on a flux method developed from combining the phase relation calculation and experiments. Achievements on growth of 2–4 inch quality SiC wafers, both semi‐insulating and conducting, through improved physical vapor transport (PVT) method are also reported. A brief summary and our perspectives on crystal growth are given at the end.

magnified image

2–4‐inch n‐type 4H‐SiC wafers grown by a PVT method.
Photoinduced insulator‐to‐metal transition dynamics in models for quasi‐two‐dimensional organic conductors
Authors: Yonemitsu Kenji , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Miyashita Satoshi , Maeshima Nobuya
Published: November 2010

Photoinduced transition dynamics is studied in extended Peierls‐Hubbard models for organic BEDT‐TTF salts on anisotropic triangular lattices. For θ‐ and α‐type salts, the lattice distortion pattern in the charge‐ordered ground state governs the easiness of the insulator‐to‐metal transition. For κ‐type salts, the energy of photoexcitation in the dimer‐Mott phase determines whether the insulator‐to‐metal transition is controlled by the bandwidth or the band filling.
Modeling of light‐harvesting in purple bacteria using a time‐dependent Hamiltonian approach
Authors: Olbrich Carsten , Liebers Jörg , Kleinekathöfer Ulrich
Published: November 2010

The photosynthetic light‐harvesting system II (LH2) of Rhodospirillum molischianum is investigated using a time‐dependent combination of molecular dynamics simulations and semiempirical ZINDO/S electronic structure calculations. The classical simulations are performed on the available crystal structure of the LH2 complex. Snapshots of the atomic fluctuations along this 12 ps long trajectory serve as input for the calculation of the excitation energies of the individual bacteriochlorophylls embedded in the LH2 complex. Furthermore, the couplings between the bacteriochlorophylls are computed using the method of transition charges from electrostatic potentials and for comparison also using the point‐dipole approximation. With these quantities the excitonic energies of the complete system as well as the linear absorption spectra are calculated and compared to experimental findings.
High wavelength tunability of InGaN quantum wells grown on semipolar GaN pyramid facets
Authors: Wächter Clemens , Meyer Alexander , Metzner Sebastian , Jetter Michael , Bertram Frank , Christen Jürgen , Michler Peter
Published: November 2010

Pyramidal GaN structures were deposited by selective metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) to create semipolar facets. On top of these pyramids InGaN was deposited forming nanostructures of different dimensionality according to the varying strain regions along the pyramid.

We have studied the emission properties of pyramid ensembles using low‐temperature time‐resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The observed PL spectra in conjunction with the revealed decay times indicate already the expectations of regions with different confinement on the pyramids. Changing the size of the pyramids and the indium supply lead to variations in the emission wavelength of the ensemble.

Spatially resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) experiments were performed to analyze locally the emission properties all over the pyramidal structures. We have found that indeed the indium accumulates at the edges and the apex of the pyramids. Furthermore the emission of the quantum well (QW) sidewalls exhibit also a shift in emission energy which can be attributed again to a change of the In‐content or a change of the QW thickness.
Effect of molecular orientation on carrier transport in organic field‐effect transistors based on newly synthesized liquid crystalline compounds
Authors: Onojima Norio , Shintani Iki , Kitahara Shin‐ichi , Takahashi Tsutomu , Kato Takamasa , Haramoto Yuichiro
Published: November 2010

We fabricated organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) based on the liquid crystalline compound which was newly synthesized to enhance carrier‐transport ability. Large conduction anisotropy depending on the carrier‐transport channels was observed in the OFETs fabricated using oblique evaporation, which was probably due to the anisotropic molecular alignment in the liquid crystalline films. The carrier‐transport properties of OFETs depended on the deposition rate of liquid crystalline materials. The mobilities increased up to 2.6×10–2 cm2/Vs as the deposition rates decreased. To estimate the degree of molecular orientation in liquid crystalline films with different deposition rates, polarization‐resolved photoluminescence was measured, and we found that the molecular orientation improved with decrease in the deposition rate. Atomic force microscopy was performed for liquid crystalline films with different deposition rates, and we did not observe large differences of surface features depending on the deposition rates, suggesting that the deposition rate influenced more significantly on the molecular orientation than the surface features in the liquid crystalline films. Therefore, it is assumed that the carrier‐transport properties of OFETs were enhanced by improving the molecular orientation in the liquid crystalline films. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hopping relaxation of photo‐excited excitons in Ga(NAsP) bulk structure
Authors: Jandieri K. , Jurecka C. , Ohlmann J. , Beyer A. , Kunert B. , Baranovskii S.D. , Volz K. , Stolz W. , Gebhard F.
Published: November 2010

The photoluminescence behavior of Ga(NAsP) compound material lattice matched to silicon for solar cell applications is studied experimentally and theoretically. The temperature‐dependent PL spectra show some peculiarities that can not be described by the conventional theoretical model assuming the single energy and spatial scales of disorder. The extended theoretical model is suggested taking into account the hopping relaxation of photo‐excited excitons in two‐scaled disorder potential.

The results of Monte‐Carlo simulation based on the extended theoretical model are in good agreement with experimental observations. Comparison of simulated and experimental results reveals the universal relations between the experimentally observed PL features and the energy scales of disorder (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Resonance structure and stability of intense terahertz‐driven semiconductor Wannier‐Stark ladder
Authors: Karasawa T. , Amano T. , Kukuu A. , Maeshima N. , Hino K.
Published: November 2010

We present a theoretical study of an electronic state in the semiconductor Wannier‐Stark ladder (WSL) driven by an intense THz laser. Numerical calculations based on the R‐matrix Floquet theory have revealed that the dynamic localization (DL) is unstable against the Fano resonance‐like interminiband decay mechanism caused by the THz‐mediated coupling, termed here the dynamic Fano resonance (DFR). The obtained result is sharply contrasted with the conventional understanding without the introduction of DFR that the degree of stability of the DL would be comparable to or more than that of the WSL with no THz laser (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Red Road to Wellness: Cultural Reclamation in a Native First Nations Community Treatment Center
Authors: Gone Joseph P.
Published: November 2010

This article explores how Native American cultural practices were incorporated into the therapeutic activities of a community‐controlled substance abuse treatment center on a “First Nations” reserve in the Canadian north. Analysis of open‐ended interviews with nineteen staff and clients—as contextualized by participant observation, program records, and existing ethnographic resources—yielded insights concerning local therapeutic practice with outpatients and other community members. Specifically, program staff adopted and promoted a diverse array of both western and Aboriginal approaches that were formally integrated with reference to the Aboriginal symbol of the medicine wheel. Although incorporations of indigenous culture marked Lodge programs as distinctively Aboriginal in character, the subtle but profound influence of western “therapy culture” was centrally evident in healing activities as well. Nuanced explication of these activities illustrated four contributions of cultural analysis for community psychology.
UV‐induced interaction between p38 MAPK and p53 serves as a molecular switch in determining cell fate
Authors: Gong Xiaowei , Liu Aihua , Ming Xiaoyan , Deng Peng , Jiang Yong
Published: November 2010

MINT‐8050948: p53 (uniprotkb:P04637) physically interacts (MI:0915) with p38 (uniprotkb:P47811) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007)
On the age of the Early/Middle Eocene boundary and other related events: cyclostratigraphic refinements from the Pyrenean Otsakar section and the Lutetian GSSP
Authors: PAYROS A. , DINARÈS-TURELL J. , BERNAOLA G. , ORUE-ETXEBARRIA X. , APELLANIZ E. , TOSQUELLA J.
Published: November 2010

An integrated bio-, magneto- and cyclostratigraphic study of the Ypresian/Lutetian (Early/Middle Eocene) transition along the Otsakar section resulted in the identification of the C22n/C21r chron boundary and of the calcareous nannofossil CP12a/b zonal boundary; the latter is the main correlation criterion of the Lutetian Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) recently defined at Gorrondatxe (Basque Country). By counting precession-related mudstone–marl couplets of 21 ka, the time lapse between both events was calculated to be 819 ka. This suggests that the age of the CP12a/b boundary, and hence that of the Early/Middle Eocene boundary, is 47.76 Ma, 250 ka younger than previously thought. This age agrees with, and is supported by, estimates from Gorrondatxe based on the time lapse between the Lutetian GSSP and the C21r/C21n boundary. The duration of Chron C21r is estimated at 1.326 Ma. Given that the base of the Eocene is dated at 55.8 Ma, the duration of the Early Eocene is 8 Ma, 0.8 Ma longer than in current time scales. The Otsakar results further show that the bases of planktonic foraminiferal zones E8 and P10 are younger than the CP12a/b boundary. The first occurrence ofTurborotalia frontosa, being approximately 550 ka older that the CP12a/b boundary, is the planktonic foraminiferal event that lies closest to the Early/Middle Eocene boundary. The larger foraminiferal SBZ12/13 boundary is located close to the CP12a/b boundary and correlates with Chron C21r, not with the C22n/C21r boundary.
OLIVER CROMWELL AND THE ‘CROMWELLIAN’ SETTLEMENT OF IRELAND
Authors: CUNNINGHAM JOHN
Published: November 2010

Oliver Cromwell remains a deeply controversial figure in Ireland. In the past decade, his role in the conquest has received sustained attention. However, in recent scholarship on the settlement of Ireland in the 1650s, he has enjoyed a peculiarly low profile. This trend has served to compound the interpretative problems relating to Cromwell and Ireland which stem in part from the traditional denominational divide in Irish historiography. This article offers a reappraisal of Cromwell's role in designing and implementing the far-reaching ‘Cromwellian’ land settlement. It examines the evidence relating to his dealings with Irish people, both Protestant and Catholic, and his attitude towards the enormous difficulties which they faced post-conquest. While the massacre at Drogheda in 1649 remains a blot on his reputation, in the 1650s Cromwell in fact emerged as an important and effective ally for Irish landowners seeking to defeat the punitive confiscation and transplantation policies approved by the Westminster parliament and favoured by the Dublin government.
DUBLIN'S NORTH INNER CITY, PRESERVATIONISM, AND IRISH MODERNITY IN THE 1960S
Authors: HANNA ERIKA
Published: November 2010

This article examines changes to Dublin's built environment in the 1960s through a study of the north inner city. It first discusses Dublin Corporation policy in the area and then studies three efforts to resist these changes, by the Irish Georgian Society, Uinseann MacEoin, and the Dublin Housing Action Committee. It argues that, due to the deficit of urban regulation emanating from central government, these groups could use preservation as a way to articulate a variety of discontents. The three campaigns all had very different conceptions of what was worth preserving in the urban environment, resisted Corporation policy in very different ways, and ultimately came into conflict. This urban activism raised issues about the nature of the city in the Irish cultural imagination, the effects of urban modernization, and the role of voluntary bodies in shaping the urban environment. Through addressing these themes this article makes a fundamental contribution to the historiography of the 1960s in Ireland by assessing the complexities of Irish modernity and the continued impact of a multiplicity of pasts on Irish politics and culture.
Dying and killing: euphemisms in current English
Authors: Abbott Gerry
Published: November 2010

Euphemisms have no doubt been used ever since the birth of languages, and surely constitute a linguistic universal. We are all aware of them and we all use them when it is desirable to avoid drawing attention to the less pleasant aspects of daily life such as the need to empty one's bladder or bowel. They are respectful in that they show concern for the feelings of our fellow human beings; the more delicate the social situation and the more unpleasant the subject matter we refer to, the more careful we must be in selecting a euphemism for the purpose. Perhaps the most painful fact to deal with socially is the death of someone known to the person we are addressing, and for this purpose the English language puts a copious word-hoard at our disposal.
Galápagos Rail Laterallus spilonotus population change associated with habitat invasion by the Red-barked Quinine Tree Cinchona pubescens
Authors: SHRIVER W. GREGORY , GIBBS JAMES P. , WOLTZ HARA W. , SCHWARZ NICOLE P. , PEPPER MARGARET A.
Published: November 2010

Species on oceanic islands are more likely to be endemic as well as more extinction-prone than those on continents. The Galápagos Rail Laterallus spilonotus, endemic to the Galápagos Archipelago, is presently known to occur on just four of its seven previously occupied islands and is facing multiple threats to its persistence. In this study, we compared the rail’s occurrence and abundance at 193 survey points between 2000 and 2007 on Santa Cruz Island and examined the influence of an invasion of the habitat of the species by the exotic Red-barked Quinine Tree Cinchona pubescens. We detected a 13% reduction in rail occurrence and a 31% reduction in abundance between 2000 and 2007. Rail abundance declined more in low elevation areas (< 719 m) and outside of Cinchona pubescens removal areas but not in areas where Cinchona pubescens was removed. Insofar as Galápagos Rails responded positively to management actions that promote and maintain native vegetation, we conclude that restoration projects that restore native vegetation communities benefit this apparently declining endemic bird for which more focused conservation attention is warranted.
Cross-linguistic activation in bilingual sentence processing: The role of word class meaning
Authors: BATEN KRISTOF , HOFMAN FABRICE , LOEYS TOM
Published: November 2010

This study investigates how categorial (word class) semantics influences cross-linguistic interactions when reading in L2. Previous homograph studies paid little attention to the possible influence of different word classes in the stimulus material on cross-linguistic activation. The present study examines the word recognition performance of Dutch–English bilinguals who performed a lexical decision task to word targets appearing in a sentence. To determine the influence of word class meaning, the critical words either showed a word class overlap (e.g. the homograph tree [noun], which means “step” in Dutch) or not (e.g. big [adj], which is a noun in Dutch meaning “piglet”). In the condition of word class overlap, a facilitation effect was observed, suggesting that both languages were active. When there was no word class overlap, the facilitation effect disappeared. This result suggests that categorial meaning affects the word recognition process of bilinguals.
The Jovian Rings
Authors: Ip Wing-Huen
Published: November 2010

A comparison of the Jovian and Saturnian rings is made by reviewing the recent advances in planetary spacecraft exploration and theoretical study. Two main issues are addressed, namely, the different structures of these two planetary ring systems and the water ice composition of the Saturnian rings. It is suggested that answers might be found by invoking tidal capture of Trans-Neptunian Objects with highly differentiated structures even though catastrophic breakup of pre-existing satellites in the ring regions remains a real possibility. Erosion mechanisms such as meteoroid impact, photo-sputtering, orbital instability of charged dust particles and thermal evaporation acting at different time scales could lead to the preservation of the Saturnian ring system but not the Jovian ring system of large mass originally.
Seeking Europa's Ocean
Authors: Pappalardo Robert T.
Published: November 2010

Galileo spacecraft data suggest that a global ocean exists beneath the frozen ice surface Jupiter's moon Europa. Since the early 1970s, planetary scientists have used theoretical and observational arguments to deliberate the existence of an ocean within Europa and other large icy satellites. Galileo magnetometry data indicates an induced magnetic field at Europa, implying a salt water ocean. A paucity of large craters argues for a surface on average only ~40-90 Myr old. Two multi-ring structures suggest that impacts punched through an ice shell ~20 km thick. Europa's ocean and surface are inherently linked through tidal deformation of the floating ice shell, and tidal flexing and nonsynchronous rotation generate stresses that fracture and deform the surface to create ridges and bands. Dark spots, domes, and chaos terrain are probably related to tidally driven ice convection along with partial melting within the ice shell. Europa's geological activity and probable mantle contact permit the chemical ingredients necessary for life to be present within the satellite's ocean. Astonishing geology and high astrobiological potential make Europa a top priority for future spacecraft exploration, with a primary goal of assessing its habitability.
Other Worlds, Other Civilizations?
Authors: Consolmagno Guy
Published: November 2010

Galileo's work had a profound influence on our understanding of the question of “other worlds” and the possibility of other intelligent life in the universe. When he saw the Moon with its mountains, and Jupiter with its moons, he implicitly recognized that these were physical places and thus could themselves be possible abodes for life. But some ancient and medieval scholars had already suggested as much, though without the empirical backing that Galileo's observations provided. Thus perhaps an even more important influence on the development of these ideas is that Galileo made them popular with the educated public, rather than merely the speculations of specialists. By inciting the popular imagination to take seriously the possibility of other worlds, he engaged subsequent generations of philosophers and storytellers to explore the possibilities and implications of life on those worlds.
Io, the closest Galileo's Medicean Moon: Changes in its Sodium Cloud Caused by Jupiter Eclipse
Authors: Grava Cesare , Schneider Nicholas M. , Barbieri Cesare
Published: November 2010

We report results of a study of true temporal variations in Io's sodium cloud before and after eclipse by Jupiter. The eclipse geometry is important because there is a hypothesis that the atmosphere partially condenses when the satellite enters the Jupiter's shadow, preventing sodium from being released to the cloud in the hours immediately after the reappearance. The challenge lies in disentangling true variations in sodium content from the changing strength of resonant scattering due Io's changing Doppler shift in the solar sodium absorption line. We undertook some observing runs at Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) at La Palma Canary Island with the high resolution spectrograph SARG in order to observe Io entering into Jupiter's shadow and coming out from it. The particular configuration chosen for the observations allowed us to observe Io far enough from Jupiter and to disentangle line-of-sight effects looking perpendicularly at the sodium cloud. We will present results which took advantage of a very careful reduction strategy. We remove the dependence from γ-factor, which is the fraction of solar light available for resonant scattering, in order to remove the dependence on the radial velocity of Io with respect to the Sun.

This work has been supported by NSF's Planetary Astronomy Program, INAF/TNG and the Department of Astronomy and Cisas of University of Padova, through a contract by the Italian Space Agency ASI.
Isotopic evolution of snowmelt: A new model incorporating mobile and immobile water
Authors: Lee Jeonghoon , Feng Xiahong , Faiia Anthony , Posmentier Eric , Osterhuber Randall , Kirchner James
Published: November 2010

Isotopic variations of snowmelt provide important information for understanding snowmelt processes and the timing and contribution of snowmelt to catchments in spring. We report a new model for simulating the isotopic evolution of snowmelt. The model includes a hydraulic exchange between mobile and immobile water, and an isotopic exchange between liquid water (mobile and immobile water) and ice within a snowpack. Since this model is based on the mobile‐immobile water conceptualization, which is widely used for describing chemical tracer transport in snow, it allows simultaneous simulations of chemical as well as isotopic variations in snowpack discharge. We also report temporal variations of isotopic composition of a snowpack and snowmelt during artificial rain‐on‐snow experiments and diel snowmelt cycles observed in spring 2003 at the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, California. These observations are used to test the newly developed model and to understand physical processes in a seasonal snowpack. Our model simulates the isotopic variations reasonably well, and suggests that exchanges of ice with both mobile and immobile water are important for determining the isotopic composition of the discharge.
Constraining the contribution of organic acids and AMS m/z 44 to the organic aerosol budget: On the importance of meteorology, aerosol hygroscopicity, and region
Authors: Sorooshian Armin , Murphy Shane M. , Hersey Scott , Bahreini Roya , Jonsson Haflidi , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H.
Published: November 2010

Airborne measurements in regions of varying meteorology and pollution are used to quantify the contribution of organic acids and a mass spectral marker for oxygenated aerosols, m/z 44, to the total organic aerosol budget. Organic acids and m/z 44 separately are shown to exhibit their highest organic mass fractions in the vicinity of clouds. The contribution of such oxygenated species is shown to increase as a function of relative humidity, aerosol hygroscopicity (and decreasing organic mass fraction), and is typically greater off the California coast versus the continental atmospheres studied. Reasons include more efficient chemistry and partitioning of organic acid precursors with increasing water in the reaction medium, and high aqueous‐phase processing times in boundary layers with higher cloud volume fractions. These results highlight the importance of secondary organic aerosol formation in both wet aerosols and cloud droplets.
Decline and recovery of total column ozone using a multimodel time series analysis
Authors: Austin John , Scinocca J. , Plummer D. , Oman L. , Waugh D. , Akiyoshi H. , Bekki S. , Braesicke P. , Butchart N. , Chipperfield M. , Cugnet D. , Dameris M. , Dhomse S. , Eyring V. , Frith S. , Garcia R. R. , Garny H. , Gettelman A. , Hardiman S. C. , Kinnison D. , Lamarque J. F. , Mancini E. , Marchand M. , Michou M. , Morgenstern O. , Nakamura T. , Pawson S. , Pitari G. , Pyle J. , Rozanov E. , Shepherd T. G. , Shibata K. , Teyssèdre H. , Wilson R. J. , Yamashita Y.
Published: November 2010

Simulations of 15 coupled chemistry climate models, for the period 1960–2100, are presented. The models include a detailed stratosphere, as well as including a realistic representation of the tropospheric climate. The simulations assume a consistent set of changing greenhouse gas concentrations, as well as temporally varying chlorofluorocarbon concentrations in accordance with observations for the past and expectations for the future. The ozone results are analyzed using a nonparametric additive statistical model. Comparisons are made with observations for the recent past, and the recovery of ozone, indicated by a return to 1960 and 1980 values, is investigated as a function of latitude. Although chlorine amounts are simulated to return to 1980 values by about 2050, with only weak latitudinal variations, column ozone amounts recover at different rates due to the influence of greenhouse gas changes. In the tropics, simulated peak ozone amounts occur by about 2050 and thereafter total ozone column declines. Consequently, simulated ozone does not recover to values which existed prior to the early 1980s. The results also show a distinct hemispheric asymmetry, with recovery to 1980 values in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics ahead of the chlorine return by about 20 years. In the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes, ozone is simulated to return to 1980 levels only 10 years ahead of chlorine. In the Antarctic, annually averaged ozone recovers at about the same rate as chlorine in high latitudes and hence does not return to 1960s values until the last decade of the simulations.
QBO modulation of the semiannual oscillation in MAECHAM5 and HAMMONIA
Authors: Peña‐Ortiz C. , Schmidt H. , Giorgetta M. A. , Keller M.
Published: November 2010

The quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) signature in the equatorial upper stratosphere and mesosphere is analyzed from MAECHAM5 and HAMMONIA general circulation models. Our results show that this region is significantly influenced by the stratospheric QBO. In the upper stratosphere the QBO modulates the altitude of maximum descent of the stratospheric semiannual oscillation (SSAO) westerly phases. Our results also suggest that the QBO modulates the altitude of maximum descent and also the strength of the SSAO easterly phase. We explore the role of large‐scale and small‐scale waves and also momentum advection in the forcing of the QBO signature in the SSAO domain. The results show how the vertical propagation of the QBO signature to the middle and upper mesosphere depends on the vertical phase structure of the SAO and consequently on the seasonal cycle. During the solstices when MSAO westerlies prevail in the middle and upper mesosphere no QBO signature can be detected above the stratopause region. However, during the equinoxes, when MSAO easterlies dominate in the middle and upper mesosphere, the QBO signature extends throughout the mesosphere and low thermosphere. The QBO directly modulates MSAO easterlies by modifying the altitude at which they are generated in the upper mesosphere. A QBO signature is also detected on the MSAO westerly phase occurring in the mesopause region during the equinoxes.
Changes in the relationship between Northeast China summer temperature and ENSO
Authors: Wu Renguang , Yang Song , Liu Shi , Sun Li , Lian Yi , Gao Zongting
Published: November 2010

Northeast China (NEC) summer temperature tends to be lower (higher) than normal in El Niño (La Niña) developing years during 1950s through mid‐1970s. The relationship between the NEC summer temperature and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is weakened or even becomes opposite in 1980s and 1990s. The present study documents this interdecadal change and investigates plausible reasons for this change. Before the late 1970s, ENSO affects the NEC summer temperature through modulating the South Asian heating and consequently the midlatitude Asian circulation. After the late 1970s, the connection between ENSO and the Indian summer monsoon and that between the South Asian heating and the midlatitude Asian circulation have been weakened. This leads to a weakening of ENSO impacts on the NEC summer temperature. It is found that the NEC summer temperature variations are closely related to the North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) and circulation changes in 1980s and 1990s. In particular, a tripole North Atlantic SST anomaly pattern in boreal spring is a good precursory for the NEC summer temperature anomalies. The NEC summer temperature displays a negative correlation with the summer SST surrounding the Maritime Continent in 1980s and 1990s. In many years, the tropical North Pacific and the North Atlantic SST anomalies can contribute in concert to the midlatitude Asian circulation changes and the NEC summer temperature anomalies. These effects overcome those of the central and eastern equatorial Pacific SST anomalies, leading to a same‐sign relationship between the NEC summer temperature and the central and eastern equatorial Pacific SST anomalies.
Effect of transient solute loading on free convection in porous media
Authors: Xie Yueqing , Simmons Craig T. , Werner Adrian D. , Ward James D.
Published: November 2010

Previous studies of free convection in porous media almost exclusively consider time‐invariant solute boundary conditions and neglect the transient fluctuations that are inherent in natural systems. We study the effect of transient solute loading on the migration of dense salt plumes in an unstable setting using numerical simulations of a modified form of the classic solute analogue Elder problem. The numerical results show that for the periodic solute loading case, (1) a free convection slipstream (i.e., the downward movement of groundwater associated with a convection cell behind a descending salt blob) is observed such that newly developed successor fingers may be drawn toward the tails of convection cells associated with predecessor fingers; (2) the free convection slipstream intersects the top boundary layer, creating a boundary layer convective memory during solute loading‐off periods in cases with periodicity less than some critical transitional convective periodicity (approximately 5 to 10 years for the current setting); and (3) the boundary layer convective memory causes newly developed successor fingers to form in the same locations and to migrate along the same pathways as their predecessor fingers (mutual dependence between successor and predecessor finger sets) and subsequently reinforce old fingers and enhance solute transport. Results from both quantitative diagnostics (e.g., Sherwood number, total mass of solute, vertical center of mass) and qualitative inspection clearly demonstrate that the periodicity of the solute‐loading function controls the fingering process and the total solute transport behavior. Transient solute loading is more important in unstable free convection processes than has previously been recognized.