bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological integration and functional modularity in the crocodilian skull
Authors: PIRAS Paolo , BUSCALIONI Angela D. , TERESI Luciano , RAIA Pasquale , SANSALONE Gabriele , KOTSAKIS Tassos , CUBO Jorge
Published: July 2013

We explored the morphological organization of the skull within Crocodylidae, analyzing functional and phylogenetic interactions between its 2 constituent functional modules: the rostrum and the postrostrum. We used geometric morphometrics to identify localized shape changes, focusing on the differences between the major clades of the crown‐group Crocodylia: Alligatoridae and Crocodylidae. We used published bite performance data to correlate rostral function with postrostral morphology. The skull modules appear more integrated within Alligatoridae than within Crocodyliade. Phylogenetic effects on shape variation are more evident in Alligatoridae than in Crocodylidae, where functional parameters concerning the rostral morphology are proportionally more important than phylogeny. Long‐snouted species are characterized by low structural performance, which is significantly associated with a reduction of the pterygoid‐quadrate cranial nipper, suggesting that the nipper is important for the ingestion of large food items in generalist species. This functional association is coupled with a significant evolutionary allometry at the clade level, while Alligatoridae and Crocodylidae show different degrees of evolutionary allometry for their entire shape and rostrum. The postrostrum is more conservative than the rostrum in terms of morphospace occupation, evolutionary allometry and phylogenetic signal.
Global evolution of Equidae and Gomphotheriidae from South America
Authors: PRADO José L. , ALBERDI María T.
Published: July 2013

The contemporary South American mammalian communities were determined by the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama and by the profound climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene. Horses and gomphotheres were 2 very conspicuous groups of immigrant mammals from North America that arrived in South America during the Pleistocene. The present study compiles updated data on the phylogeny, systematics and ecology of both groups in South America. The horses in South America are represented by 2 genera,HippidionandEquus, as are the gomphotheres, represented byCuvieroniusandStegomastodon. Both genera of horses include small (Hippidion devillei, H. saldiasi, E. andiumandE. insulatus) and large forms (Equus neogeusandH. principale), which dispersed into South America using 2 different routes. The possible model for this dispersion indicates that the small forms used the Andes corridor, while larger horses dispersed through the eastern route and through some coastal areas. In the case of gomphotheres,CuvieroniusandStegomastodonreached South America in 2 independent dispersal events, andCuvieroniusdispersed across the Andean corridor, while largeStegomastodonspread along the eastern route. Horses and gomphotheres present values of δ13C from woodlands to C4 grasslands.Hippidionpresent lower values of δ13C thanEquusin the late Pleistocene, whereas the gomphotheres diverge from value of δ18O, reflecting thatCuvieroniusinhabited the Andean corridor andStegomastodondispersed through eastern plains. The gomphothere and horse species recorded in South America became extinct around the time that humans arrived.
Perceived damage and areas of needed research for wildlife pests of California agriculture
Authors: BALDWIN Roger A. , SALMON Terrell P. , SCHMIDT Robert H. , TIMM Robert M.
Published: July 2013

Many wildlife species cause extensive damage to a variety of agricultural commodities in California, with estimates of damage in the hundreds of millions annually. Given the limited availability of resources to solve all human–wildlife conflicts, we should focus management efforts on issues that provide the greatest benefit to agricultural commodities in California. This survey provides quantitative data on research needs to better guide future efforts in developing more effective, practical and appropriate methods for managing these species. We found that ground squirrels, pocket gophers, birds, wild pigs, coyotes and voles were the most common agricultural wildlife pest species in California. The damage caused by these species could be quite high, but varied by agricultural commodity. For most species, common forms of damage included loss of crop production and direct death of the plant, although livestock depredation was the greatest concern for coyotes. Control methods used most frequently and those deemed most effective varied by pest species, although greater advancements in control methods were listed as a top research priority for all species. Collectively, the use of toxicants, biocontrol and trapping were the most preferred methods for control, but this varied by species. In general, integrated pest management practices were used to control wildlife pests, with a special preference for those approaches that were efficacious and quick and inexpensive to apply. This information and survey design should be useful in establishing research and management priorities for wildlife pest species in California and other similar regions.
The Lushan earthquake and the giant panda: impacts and conservation
Authors: ZHANG Zejun , YUAN Shibin , QI Dunwu , ZHANG Mingchun
Published: July 2013

Earthquakes not only result in a great loss of human life and property, but also have profound effects on the Earth's biodiversity. The Lushan earthquake occurred on 20 Apr 2013, with a magnitude of 7.0 and an intensity of 9.0 degrees. A distance of 17.0 km from its epicenter to the nearest distribution site of giant pandas recorded in the Third National Survey was determined. Making use of research on the Wenchuan earthquake (with a magnitude of 8.0), which occurred approximately 5 years ago, we briefly analyze the impacts of the Lushan earthquake on giant pandas and their habitat. An earthquake may interrupt ongoing behaviors of giant pandas and may also cause injury or death. In addition, an earthquake can damage conservation facilities for pandas, and result in further habitat fragmentation and degradation. However, from a historical point of view, the impacts of human activities on giant pandas and their habitat may, in fact, far outweigh those of natural disasters such as earthquakes. Measures taken to promote habitat restoration and conservation network reconstruction in earthquake‐affected areas should be based on requirements of giant pandas, not those of humans.
Genetic and environmental influences on the ages of drinking and gambling initiation: evidence for distinct aetiologies and sex differences
Authors: Richmond‐Rakerd Leah S. , Slutske Wendy S. , Heath Andrew C. , Martin Nicholas G.
Published: July 2013

Aims

To investigate the genetic and environmental contributions to age at first drink (AFD) and age first gambled (AFG), assess their overlap and examine sex differences.

Design

Univariate twin models were fitted to decompose the variation in AFD and AFG into additive genetic, shared environmental and unique environmental factors. Bivariate genetic models were fitted to assess the genetic and environmental contributions to the sources of covariation in AFD and AFG.

Setting

National Australian Twin Registry.

Participants

A total of 4542 same‐sex and opposite‐sex twins aged 32–43 years, 42% male and 58% female.

Measurements

AFD and AFG were assessed via structured psychiatric telephone interviews. Age of onset was treated as both continuous and categorical (early/late onset).

Findings

AFD and AFG were modestly correlated (r = 0.18). Unique environmental influences explained a substantial proportion of the variation in both AFD (0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50–0.61) and AFG (0.66, 95% CI = 0.59–0.72), but these influences were uncorrelated (rE = 0.01). Additive genetic factors explained a notable proportion of variation in AFG (0.21, 95% CI = 0.003–0.39), while shared environmental factors were important for AFD (0.31, 95% CI = 0.15–0.46). Among men, genetic factors influenced variation in AFG but not in AFD and shared environmental factors influenced variation in AFD but not in AFG. Among women, shared environmental factors influenced variation in both AFD and AFG, but these environmental factors were not significantly correlated (rC = 0.09).

Conclusions

Among Australian twins, age at first drink and age first gambled are influenced by distinct unique environmental factors, and the genetic and environmental underpinnings of both phenotypes differ in men and women.
Cytokine production by bone marrow mononuclear cells in inherited bone marrow failure syndromes
Authors: Matsui Ken , Giri Neelam , Alter Blanche P. , Pinto Ligia A.
Published: July 2013

Fanconi anaemia (FA), dyskeratosis congenita (DC), Diamond‐Blackfan anaemia (DBA), and Shwachman‐Diamond syndrome (SDS) are characterized by the progressive development of bone marrow failure. Overproduction of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) from activated bone marrow T‐cells has been proposed as a mechanism of FA‐related aplasia. Whether such overproduction occurs in the other syndromes is unknown. We conducted a comparative study on bone marrow mononuclear cells to examine the cellular subset composition and cytokine production. We found lower proportions of haematopoietic stem cells in FA, DC, and SDS, and a lower proportion of monocytes in FA, DC, and DBA compared with controls. The T‐ and B‐lymphocyte proportions were similar to controls, except for low B‐cells in DC. We did not observe overproduction of TNF‐α or IFN‐γ by T‐cells in any patients. Induction levels of TNF‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐10, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor in monocytes stimulated with high‐dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were similar at 4 h but lower at 24 h when compared to controls. Unexpectedly, patient samples showed a trend toward higher cytokine level in response to low‐dose (0·001 μg/ml) LPS. Increased sensitivity to LPS may have clinical implications and could contribute to the development of pancytopenia by creating a chronic subclinical inflammatory micro‐environment in the bone marrow.
Elsterian‐Holsteinian deposits atKåsHoved, northernDenmark: sediments, foraminifera, ostracods, and stable isotopes
Authors: Knudsen Karen Luise , Ditlefsen Claus , Penney David N. , Kristensen Peter , Kronborg Christian , Eiríksson Jón
Published: July 2013

The coastal cliff section atKåsHoved in northernDenmark represents one of the largest exposures of marine interglacial deposits inEurope. High‐resolution analyses of sediments, foraminifera, ostracods, and stable isotopes (oxygen and carbon) in glacial‐interglacial marine sediments from this section, as well as from two adjacent boreholes, are the basis for an interpretation of marine environmental and climatic change through theLateElsterian‐Holsteinian glacial‐interglacial cycle. The overlying glacial deposits show two ice advances during theSaalian andWeichselian glaciations. The assemblages in the initial glacier‐proximal part of the marineLateElsterian succession reveal fluctuations in the inflow of sediment‐loaded meltwater to the area. This is followed by faunal indication of glacier‐distal, open marine conditions, coinciding with a gradual climatic change from arctic to subarctic environments. Continuous marine sedimentation during the glacial‐interglacial transition is presumably a result of a large‐scale isostatic subsidence caused by the preceding extendedElsterian glaciation. The similarity of the climatic signature of the interglacialHolsteinian andHolocene assemblages in this region indicates that theAtlanticOcean circulation was similar during these two interglacials, whereasEemian interglacial assemblages indicate a comparatively high water temperature associated with an enhancedNorthAtlanticCurrent. The foraminiferal zones are correlated with otherElsterian‐Holsteinian sites inDenmark, as well as those in the type area for theHolsteinian interglacial in northernGermany and the southernNorthSea. Correlation of theNW EuropeanHolsteinian succession with the marine isotope stagesMIS7, 9 or 11 is still unresolved.
Estimating the proportion of prescription opioids that is consumed by people who inject drugs in Australia
Authors: Degenhardt Louisa , Gilmour Stuart , Shand Fiona , Bruno Raimondo , Campbell Gabrielle , Mattick Richard P. , Larance Briony , Hall Wayne
Published: July 2013

Introduction and Aims.

To estimate the contribution that people who inject drugs (PWID) make to population‐level use of prescription opioids in Australia.

Design and Methods.

Data on prescriptions of oxycodone, morphine and methadone tablets were obtained for New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and Queensland, and time series analyses used to characterise the trends from 2002 to 2010. Estimates of the number of PWID were combined with data on their levels, frequency and typical doses of morphine, methadone tablet (only prescribed in Australia for pain) and oxycodone from 2004 to 2010. Estimated consumption per 1000 PWID and per 1000 persons aged 20–69 years was contrasted and the proportion of total consumption accounted for by PWID estimated.

Results.

Morphine prescribing declined; oxycodone prescribing increased. PWID had far higher rates of prescription opioid consumption (defined daily doses per 1000) than the general population. Tasmania had highest use of prescribed opioids. PWID contribution to morphine consumption in Tasmania increased to 28% (range 22–37%) in 2010; elsewhere, PWID contribution was lower (midpoints of 2–12%, 2010). Methadone tablet use was less elevated compared with the general population. With the exception of Tasmania, PWID were estimated to consume less than 5% of oxycodone.

Discussion and Conclusions.

PWID use prescription opioids at high levels and can account for a significant proportion of consumption. Increased oxycodone prescribing in Australia has not been driven by PWID. Opioid substitution therapy and other effective treatments need to be more available and attractive to PWID. [Degenhardt L, Gilmour S, Shand F, Bruno R, Campbell G, Mattick RP, Larance B, Hall W. Estimating the proportion of prescription opioids that is consumed by people who inject drugs in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013;32:468–474]
A ‘navigator’ model in emerging mental illness?
Authors: Bieling Peter J. , Madsen Victoria , Zipursky Robert B.
Published: July 2013

Aim

While there is clearly much to be gained from ensuring that youth with emerging mental illness across a variety of psychiatric illnesses receive care that reduces symptoms and improves functioning, it is not at all clear how best to achieve these results within a health‐care system that has limited resources. Outside of the area of psychosis, there is little evidence to guide us around a model of care that might be effective, efficient and linked to existing mental health systems.

Methods

We summarize the literature on early intervention (EI) in psychosis and derive five key lessons for transdiagnostic prevention. We then broadened our search to find clinical and systems models that shared challenges similar to those identified for EI, high levels of patient and family distress, need for rapid yet comprehensive diagnostic assessment and timely initiation of specific treatment.

Results

Cancer navigators have numerous functions that appear to overlap with the key issues in transdiagnostic psychiatric EI. A navigation clinic with a separate identity, but clearly connected to specialized mental health facilities has the potential to speed assessment, diagnosis and treatment streaming. Navigators would be involved with youth and their family throughout different levels of care, making clinical decisions based on illness and functional status.

Conclusions

In sum, the evidence from navigation services in cancer care offers the mental health field a progressive clinical model that might be an important guide for EI in youth.
EphA4‐dependent axon retraction and midline localization of Ephrin‐B3 are disrupted in the spinal cord of mice lacking mDia1 and mDia3 in combination
Authors: Toyoda Yosuke , Shinohara Ryota , Thumkeo Dean , Kamijo Hiroshi , Nishimaru Hiroshi , Hioki Hiroyuki , Kaneko Takeshi , Ishizaki Toshimasa , Furuyashiki Tomoyuki , Narumiya Shuh
Published: July 2013

mDia is an actin nucleator and polymerization factor regulated by the small GTPase Rho and consists of three isoforms. Here, we found that mice lacking mDia1 and mDia3, two isoforms expressed in the brain, in combination (mDia‐DKO mice) show impaired left–right limb coordination during locomotion and aberrant midline crossing of axons of corticospinal neurons and spinal cord interneurons. Given that mice lacking Ephrin‐B3–EphA4 signaling show a similar impairment in locomotion, we examined whether mDia is involved in Ephrin‐B3–EphA4 signaling for axon repulsion. In primary cultured neurons, mDia deficiency impairs growth cone collapse and axon retraction induced by chemo‐repellants including EphA ligands. In mDia‐DKO mice, the Ephrin‐B3‐expressing midline structure in the spinal cord is disrupted, and axons aberrantly cross the spinal cord midline preferentially through the region devoid of Ephrin‐B3. Therefore, mDia plays multiple roles in the proper formation of the neural network in vivo.
Precision of a Novel Computed Tomographic Method for Quantification of Femoral Varus in Dogs and an Assessment of the Effect of Femoral Malpositioning
Authors: Oxley Bill , Gemmill Toby J. , Pink Jonathan , Clarke Stephen , Parry Andrew , Baines Stephen , Malcolm McKee W.
Published: July 2013

Objective

To assess the precision of a novel protocol for determination of femoral varus angle (FVA) using computed tomography (CT) in dogs, and to quantify the effect of femoral rotational and sagittal plane malpositioning on measured FVA.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Sample Population

Femora (n = 66) from dogs that had pelvic limb CT examination for patellar instability (26) or other reasons (10).

Methods

Three observers measured FVA of each of 66 femora on three separate occasions. Standardized orientation of a volume rendered image was achieved by superimposition of the caudal and distal aspects of the femoral condyles on a lateral projection, definition of a sagittal plane axis, and finally rotation through 90° to yield a cranial projection. Intra‐ and inter‐observer variability were estimated using the intra‐class correlation coefficient. The effect of variation in rotational and sagittal plane orientation on measured FVA was subsequently quantified using 6 femora with FVAs between −0.4° and 19°.

Results

Intra‐class correlation coefficients for the 3 observers, indicating intra‐observer variation, were 0.982, 0.937, and 0.974. The intra‐class correlation coefficient of the means of the results from each observer, indicating inter‐observer variation, was 0.976. Consistent linear variations in measured FVA occurred as a result of rotational malpositioning in all 6 tested femora, and as a result of sagittal plane malpositioning in femora with FVAs ≥ 7.9°.

Conclusions

The reported protocol for the measurement of FVA in dogs is repeatable and reproducible. Small variations in femoral orientation, as might be expected with conventional radiography, lead to clinically significant alterations in measured FVA.
Evaluation of a Novel Device for Measuring Patient Compliance with Oral Appliances in the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Smith Yves K. , Verrett Ronald G.
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel intraoral monitor for measuring patient compliance of oral appliances for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.

Materials and Methods

A clinical trial was conducted to compare objective recording by an intraoral compliance monitor and self‐reporting by participants using a mandibular repositioning device (MRD). Ten participants were fitted with a Thornton Adjustable Positioner (TAP III) with an embedded compliance monitor. The participants were asked to wear the test appliance for seven nights and to record their usage of the appliance and any adverse effects in a treatment journal. The data were downloaded to a dedicated computer using radio‐frequency identification (RFID) technology, and the information was compared to the data in the participant's journal.

Results

The mean objective wearing time, as detected by the compliance monitor, was found to be 6.6 ± 1.6 hours/night. The mean subjective wearing time, as recorded by the participants, was 6.5 ± 1.5 hours/night. The correlation between subjective and objective times was 0.9985. The use of the test appliance by this sample population was 68.7% with a range of 24% to 100%. Participants reported a range of adverse outcomes related to the MRD consistent with those reported in the literature and were found to be transient in nature.

Conclusions

This study supports previously reported usage times and adverse outcomes. The compliance monitor showed a very high linear correlation between subjective and objective data, validating its use in future compliance studies.
Clinically determined and self‐reported dental status during and after pregnancy among low‐income Hispanic women
Authors: Weintraub Jane A. , Finlayson Tracy L. , Gansky Stuart A. , Santo William , Ramos‐Gomez Francisco
Published: July 2013

Objectives

This analysis assessed, during and 1 year after pregnancy: a) the prevalence of and relationship between self‐reported and clinically determined dental caries and oral health status, and whether self‐reports are a potential proxy for professional determination; and b) factors associated with high levels of professionally determined or self‐reported oral disease.

Methods

Data are from a randomized clinical trial of 301 pregnant, low‐income Hispanic women at the California–Mexico border to compare two interventions to prevent early childhood caries. Interviews and dental examinations were conducted at enrollment (second trimester) and 1‐year postpartum (PP).

Results

During pregnancy and PP, 93 percent had untreated caries and most had gingival inflammation. Sensitivity and specificity of self‐reported measures compared to dentists' determinations were modest (ranging from 45‐80 percent for sensitivity and 41‐77 percent for specificity at both time points); positive predictive values for women reporting current tooth decay or fair/poor oral health were high (>94 percent), but negative predictive values were low (<23 percent). In a bivariate GEE model, factors associated with fair/poor self‐reported oral health during and after pregnancy included self‐reported dental symptoms (current tooth decay, bleeding gums without brushing), dental behaviors (not flossing) and number of decayed tooth surfaces. In a logistic regression model, the only significant factor PP associated with less extensive untreated disease was if women ever had their teeth cleaned professionally (OR = 0.44).

Conclusions

There is a great need for dental treatment in this underserved population both during pregnancy and PP. Women may not be able to accurately recognize or act on their treatment needs. At baseline and PP, few demographic or behavioral factors were associated with either self‐reported or clinically determined oral disease (e.g., being less educated or acculturated and not flossing) in the bivariate analyses. Ever having a professional teeth cleaning significantly predicted less disease PP.
Traumatic tympanic bulla fracture
Authors: Rubin J. A. , Kim S. E. , Bacon N. J.
Published: July 2013

A Pekingese dog was presented for evaluation of head trauma with ventral head and neck swelling, puncture wounds, palpable mandibular fractures, and loss of menace, severe miosis, and loss of palpebral reflex of the right eye. Computed tomography confirmed multiple mandibular and zygomatic fractures, a right ear canal avulsion, and a complete right tympanic bulla fracture with ventral displacement. The tympanic bulla fracture was managed conservatively. Topical lubrication and antibiotic ointment was prescribed for the right eye. A subtotal hemimandibulectomy was performed to address the mandibular fractures. A temporary oesophagostomy feeding tube was placed. No short‐term complications developed as a result of the fractured bulla and avulsed ear canal being left in situ, and no complications were reported 18 months after the injury. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first report of a traumatic tympanic bulla fracture in the dog.
Sonographic features of gastrointestinal lymphoma in 15 dogs
Authors: Frances M. , Lane A. E. , Lenard Z. M.
Published: July 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to describe the sonographic appearance of lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract in dogs.

Method

A retrospective review was conducted and patients with gastrointestinal lymphoma diagnosed by histopathology (including immunohistochemistry, where available) or cytology that had an abdominal ultrasound were included.

Results

Four of 15 (26·7%) cases with histopathologically confirmed lymphoma exhibited no sonographic abnormalities. In the dogs with sonographic abnormalities, features including intestinal wall thickness and the presence or absence of wall layering were highly variable. Clinical signs pertaining to the gastrointestinal tract were also unreliable markers of gastrointestinal lymphoma, with weight loss, vomiting, and diarrhoea being uncommon presenting complaints; intestinal obstruction was not present in any patient.

Clinical Significance

The sonographic appearance of gastrointestinal lymphoma in dogs is non‐specific. Gastrointestinal lymphoma in dogs should be maintained as a differential diagnosis despite a sonographically normal appearing bowel.
Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in plasma and milk samples after a single subcutaneous injection in lactating goats (Capra hircus)
Authors: Grismer B. , Rowe J. D. , Carlson J. , Wetzlich S. E. , Tell L. A.
Published: July 2013

Eight adult female dairy goats received one subcutaneous administration of tulathromycin at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Blood and milk samples were assayed for tulathromycin and the common fragment of tulathromycin, respectively, using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic disposition of tulathromycin was analyzed by a noncompartmental approach. Mean plasma pharmacokinetic parameters (±SD) following single‐dose administration of tulathromycin were as follows: Cmax (121.54 ± 19.01 ng/mL); Tmax (12 ± 12–24 h); area under the curve AUC0→∞ (8324.54 ± 1706.56 ng·h/mL); terminal‐phase rate constant λz (0.01 ± 0.002 h−1); and terminal‐phase rate constant half‐life t1/2λz (67.20 h; harmonic). Mean milk pharmacokinetic parameters (±SD) following 45 days of sampling were as follows: Cmax (1594 ± 379.23 ng/mL); Tmax (12 ± 12–36 h); AUC0→∞ (72,250.51 ± 18,909.57 ng·h/mL); λz (0.005 ± 0.001 h−1); and t1/2λz (155.28 h; harmonic). All goats had injection‐site reactions that diminished in size over time. The conclusions from this study were that tulathromycin residues are detectable in milk samples from adult goats for at least 45 days following subcutaneous administration, this therapeutic option should be reserved for cases where other treatment options have failed, and goat milk should be withheld from the human food chain for at least 45 days following tulathromycin administration.
Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole following intravenous and oral administration to koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: Black L. A. , Krockenberger M. B. , Kimble B. , Govendir M.
Published: July 2013

Clinically normal koalas (n = 12) received a single dose of 10 mg/kg fluconazole orally (p.o.; n = 6) or intravenously (i.v.; n = 6). Serial plasma samples were collected over 24 h, and fluconazole concentrations were determined using a validated HPLC assay. A noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. Following i.v. administration, median (range) plasma clearance (CL) and steady‐state volume of distribution (Vss) were 0.31 (0.11–0.55) L/h/kg and 0.92 (0.38–1.40) L/kg, respectively. The elimination half‐life (t1/2) was much shorter than in many species (i.v.: median 2.25, range 0.98–6.51 h; p.o.: 4.69, range 2.47–8.01 h), and oral bioavailability was low and variable (median 0.53, range 0.20–0.97). Absorption rate‐limited disposition was evident. Plasma protein binding was 39.5 ± 3.5%. Although fluconazole volume of distribution (Varea) displayed an allometric relationship with other mammals, CL and t1/2 did not. Allometrically scaled values were approximately sevenfold lower (CL) and sixfold higher (t1/2) than observed values, highlighting flaws associated with this technique in physiologically distinct species. On the basis of fAUC/MIC pharmacodynamic targets, fluconazole is predicted to be ineffective against Cryptococcus gattii in the koala as a sole therapeutic agent administered at 10 mg/kg p.o. every 12 h.
Once a fraud, forever a fraud: the time-honoured doctrine of parol agreement trusts
Authors: Allan Gregory
Published: July 2013

This paper, through doctrinal analysis of the relevant case-law, examines the extent to which the prevention of fraud justifies equity's imposition of trusts that arise out of parol agreements. The authorities reveal that although there are a variety of circumstances in which equity will operate in such a manner, the nature of the fraud that prompts equity's intervention is always the same. Furthermore, it is argued that, since very early times, these trusts have been regarded as what are now best described as constructive trusts, and that all such trusts are enforced pursuant to a coherent doctrine of equity.
Next‐generation QTL mapping: crowdsourcing SNPs, without pedigrees
Authors: Edwards Scott V.
Published: July 2013

For many molecular ecologists, the mantra and mission of the field of ecological genomics could be encapsulated by the phrase ‘to find the genes that matter’ (Mitchell‐Olds ; Rockman ). This phrase of course refers to the early hope and current increasing success in the search for genes whose variation underlies phenotypic variation and fitness in natural populations. In the years since the modern incarnation of the field of ecological genomics, many would agree that the low‐hanging fruit has, at least in principle, been plucked: we now have several elegant examples of genes whose variation influences key adaptive traits in natural populations, and these examples have revealed important insights into the architecture of adaptive variation (Hoekstra et al. ; Shapiro et al. ; Chan et al. ). But how well will these early examples, often involving single genes of large effect on discrete or near‐discrete phenotypes, represent the dynamics of adaptive change for the totality of phenotypes in nature? Will traits exhibiting continuous rather than discrete variation in natural populations have as simple a genetic basis as these early examples suggest (Prasad et al. ; Rockman )? Two papers in this issue (Robinson et al. ; Santure et al. ) not only suggest answers to these questions but also provide useful extensions of statistical approaches for ecological geneticists to study the genetics of continuous variation in nature. Together these papers, by the same research groups studying evolution in a natural population of Great Tits (Parus major), provide a glimpse of what we should expect as the field begins to dissect the genetic basis of what is arguably the most common type of variation in nature, and how genome‐wide surveys of variation can be applied to natural populations without pedigrees.
Multianticipative Nonlocal Macroscopic Traffic Model
Authors: Ngoduy D. , Wilson R. E.
Published: July 2013

Multianticipative driving behavior, where a vehicle reacts to many vehicles in front, has been extensively studied and modeled using a car‐following (i.e., microscopic) approach. A lot of effort has been undertaken to model such multianticipative driving behavior using a macroscopic approach, which is useful for real‐time prediction and control applications due to its fast computational demand. However, these macroscopic models have increasingly failed with an increased number of anticipations. To this end, this article puts forward derivation of an improved macroscopic model for multianticipative driving behavior using a modified gas‐kinetic approach. First, the basic (microscopic) generalized force model, which has been claimed to fit well with real traffic data, is chosen for the derivation. Second, the derivation method relaxes the condition that deceleration happens instantaneously. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations of the model are carried out to show the improved performance of the derived model over the existing (multianticipative) macroscopic models.
Topical Application of a Vitamin D Analogue Exacerbates Atopic Dermatitis and Induces the Atopic Dermatitis‐like Phenotype in Stat6VT Mice
Authors: Turner Matthew J. , DaSilva‐Arnold Sonia C. , Yi Qiaofang , Mehrotra Purvi , Kaplan Mark H. , Travers Jeffrey B.
Published: July 2013

Calcipotriene is a topical vitamin D3 analogue approved for the treatment of plaque and scalp psoriasis. We report the case of a 2‐year‐old boy whose atopic dermatitis (AD) flared in response to application of calcipotriene 0.005% cream and solution for a mistaken diagnosis of plaque and scalp psoriasis. We investigated whether the patient's eruption was secondary to an allergic contact dermatitis. In the Stat6VT mouse model of AD we tested whether calcipotriene could induce the otherwise‐spontaneous AD‐like phenotype. Closed patch testing was done on the patient with calcipotriene solution and cream, moisturizing cream, and 51% isopropanol. Stat6VT and wild‐type (WT) mice were treated for 7 days with calcipotriene solution or vehicle (isopropanol) applied to the right and left upper back skin, respectively, after which mice were followed longitudinally for 10 weeks. Biopsy specimens from prior treatment sites were then collected for histology and RNA isolation. RNA was analyzed for interleukin (IL‐4) expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Patch testing was negative. Stat6VT mice, in contrast to WT mice, developed a persistent eczematous dermatitis at sites of calcipotriene application. Clinical and histologic features and high IL‐4 transcript levels were consistent with the spontaneous AD‐like phenotype seen in Stat6VT mice. At sites of active disease, calcipotriene can worsen a flare of AD. In Stat6VT mice, calcipotriene can induce the AD‐like phenotype.
Light‐induced systemic regulation of photosynthesis in primary and trifoliate leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris: effects of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) versus spectrum
Authors: Murakami K. , Matsuda R. , Fujiwara K.
Published: July 2013

The objectives of this work using Phaseolus vulgaris were to examine whether the light spectrum incident on mature primary leaves (PLs) is related to leaf‐to‐leaf systemic regulation of developing trifoliate leaves (TLs) in photosynthetic characteristics, and to investigate the relative importance of spectrum and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in light‐induced systemic regulation. Systemic regulation was induced by altering PPFD and the spectrum of light incident on PLs using a shading treatment and lighting treatments including either white, blue, green or red light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). Photosynthetic characteristics were evaluated by measuring the light‐limited and light‐saturated net photosynthetic rates and the amounts of nitrogen (N), chlorophyll (Chl) and ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39). Shading treatment on PLs decreased the amounts of N, Chl and Rubisco of TLs and tended to decrease the photosynthetic rates. However, we observed no systemic effects induced by the light spectrum on PLs in this study, except that a higher amount of Rubisco of TLs was observed when the PLs were irradiated with blue LEDs. Our results imply that photoreceptors in mature leaves have little influence on photosynthetic rates and amounts of N and Chl of developing leaves through systemic regulation, although the possibility of the action of blue light irradiation on the amount of Rubisco cannot be ruled out. Based on these results, we concluded that the light spectrum incident on mature leaves has little systemic effect on developing leaves in terms of photosynthetic characteristics and that the light‐induced systemic regulation was largely accounted for by PPFD.
Soilless cultivation of soybean for Bioregenerative Life‐Support Systems: a literature review and the experience of the MELiSSA Project – Food characterisation Phase I
Authors: Paradiso R. , De Micco V. , Buonomo R. , Aronne G. , Barbieri G. , De Pascale S.
Published: July 2013

Higher plants play a key role in Bioregenerative Life‐Support Systems (BLSS) for long‐term missions in space, by regenerating air through photosynthetic CO2 absorption and O2 emission, recovering water through transpiration and recycling waste products through mineral nutrition. In addition, plants could provide fresh food to integrate into the crew diet and help to preserve astronauts' wellbeing. The ESA programme Micro‐Ecological Life‐Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) aims to conceive an artificial bioregenerative ecosystem for resources regeneration, based on both microorganisms and higher plants. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the four candidate species studied for soilless (hydroponic) cultivation in MELiSSA, because of the high nutritional value of the seeds. Within the MELiSSA programme – Food characterisation Phase I, the aim of the research carried out on soybean at the University of Naples was to select the most suitable European cultivars for cultivation in BLSS. In this context, a concise review on the state‐of‐the‐art of soybean cultivation in space‐oriented experiments and a summary of research activity for the preliminary theoretical selection and subsequent agronomical evaluation of four cultivars will be presented in this paper.
Analysis of Self‐selection Bias in a Population‐based Cohort Study of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Nilsen Roy M. , Surén Pål , Gunnes Nina , Alsaker Elin R. , Bresnahan Michaeline , Hirtz Deborah , Hornig Mady , Lie Kari Kveim , Lipkin W. Ian , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Roth Christine , Schjølberg Synnve , Davey Smith George , Susser Ezra , Vollset Stein Emil , Øyen Anne‐Siri , Magnus Per , Stoltenberg Camilla
Published: July 2013

Background

This study examined potential self‐selection bias in a large pregnancy cohort by comparing exposure‐outcome associations from the cohort to similar associations obtained from nationwide registry data. The outcome under study was specialist‐confirmed diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).

Methods

The cohort sample (n = 89 836) was derived from the population‐based prospective Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study and its substudy of ASDs, the Autism Birth Cohort (ABC) study. The nationwide registry data were derived from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (n = 507 856). The children were born in 1999–2007, and seven prenatal and perinatal exposures were selected for analyses.

Results

ASDs were reported for 234 (0.26%) children in the cohort and 2072 (0.41%) in the nationwide population. Compared with the nationwide population, the cohort had an under‐representation of the youngest women (<25 years), those who had single status, mothers who smoked during pregnancy, and non‐users of prenatal folic acid supplements. The ratios of the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) in the cohort over the adjusted ORs in the nationwide population were as follows; primipara pregnancy: 1.39/1.22, prenatal folic acid use: 0.85/0.86, prenatal smoking: 1.20/1.17, preterm birth (<37 weeks): 1.48/1.42, low birthweight (<2500 g): 1.60/1.58, male sex: 4.39/4.59 (unadjusted only); and caesarean section history: 1.03/1.04.

Conclusions

Associations estimated between ASDs and perinatal and prenatal exposures in the cohort are close to those estimated in the nationwide population. Self‐selection does not appear to compromise validity of exposure‐outcome associations in the ABC study.
Peer and Friend Influences on Children's Eating
Authors: Houldcroft Laura , Haycraft Emma , Farrow Claire
Published: July 2013

Peers and friends are perceived as important role models for the formation of children's attitudes and behaviours. A wealth of research has aimed to establish the contribution of peers and friends to children's developing eating behaviours, and their attitudes towards eating. This review describes and evaluates such research. Experimental research examining peer modelling of food consumption and liking is reviewed, and several individual child factors that are suggested to make children more or less receptive to peer and friend influences are discussed. The influence of children's perceptions of their peers’ and friends’ eating behaviours upon their own eating practices is also explored. The benefits of future longitudinal research to improve understanding of peer and friend influences on children's eating are emphasized.
Development of Ego‐resiliency: Relations to Observed Parenting and Polymorphisms in the Serotonin Transporter Gene During Early Childhood
Authors: Taylor Zoe E. , Sulik Michael J. , Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy L. , Silva Kassondra M. , Lemery‐Chalfant Kathryn , Stover Daryn A. , Verrelli Brian C.
Published: July 2013

We used observed parenting behaviors, along with genetic variants and haplotypes of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4), as predictors of children's ego‐resiliency during early childhood (N = 153). The quality of mothers' parenting was observed at 18 months of age, and mothers' reports of ego‐resiliency were collected at six time points from 18 to 84 months. Genetic data were collected at 72 months. Observed parenting was positively associated with initial levels of children's ego‐resiliency. Furthermore, although individual genetic variants of the serotonin transporter gene (LPR, STin2) were not associated with ego‐resiliency, the S10 haplotype (that combines information from these two variants) was negatively associated with initial levels of ego‐resiliency. Both parenting and serotonin genetic variation uniquely predicted children's ego‐resiliency, suggesting an additive effect of genetic and parental factors.
Increased susceptibility for aspergillosis and post‐transplant immune deficiency in patients with gene variants of TLR4 after stem cell transplantation
Authors: Koldehoff M. , Beelen D.W. , Elmaagacli A.H.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) detect invading pathogens through several pattern‐recognition mechanisms and play a central role in the regulation of the immune system. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the frequent opportunistic fungal infections remain an important cause of mortality and morbidity in these highly immunocompromised patients.

Methods

We analyzed 154 patients after allogeneic HSCT for acute leukemia for TLR4 gene variants 1063A/G (D299G) and 1363C/T (T399I) with their respective donors, and correlated the results with the incidence of invasive aspergillosis (IA) infection after transplant.

Results

Probable and proven IA in recipients was significantly increased if either recipients or donors exhibited one of the two TLR4 gene variants. In addition, recipients with TLR gene variants and IA showed a delayed T cell and NKT cell immune reconstitution after transplant. Increased susceptibility for IA was not associated with an increased rate of death‐in‐remission or decreased estimate for overall survival.

Conclusion

These findings reinforce the importance of genetic variants in innate immunity and IA among the recipients of allogeneic HSCT.
Cost‐effectiveness of questionnaires in preventing transfusion‐transmitted infections
Authors: de Kort Wim , van den Burg Peter , Geerligs Herman , Pasker‐de Jong Pieternel , Marijt‐van der Kreek Tanneke
Published: July 2013

Background

The cost‐effectiveness of the donor health questionnaire (DHQ) as a tool to assess donor eligibility has not been quantified. This study focused on cost‐effectiveness of the DHQ in preventing transfusion‐transmitted infections (TTIs).

Study Design and Methods

Data on whole blood donor eligibility assessments in the Netherlands in 2008 to 2010 were analyzed. Based on test results and epidemiologic data on TTIs, the number of donor visits in their window phase was calculated. Subsequently, the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the DHQ was calculated.

Results

The overall annual deferral rate in the study period was 9.6% (9.3%‐10.0%). The annual deferral rate for TTI risk was 0.86% (0.82%‐0.89%). Taking into account the number of self‐deferrals, deferral rate for TTI risk in all donors was 1.90% (1.81%‐2.02%). The calculated annual numbers of prevented cases of TTI were hepatitis B, 0.142; hepatitis C, 0.010; human immunodeficiency virus, 0.016; and syphilis, 0.135. The annual costs for TTI risk–related eligibility assessments, deferrals, and substitutions were €84,807 (€55,193‐€123,811) for the blood establishment (BE) and €90,501 (€46,965‐€159,571) for deferred donors. Annual savings were €991 (€276‐€2325), while annual quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) gained were 0.120 (0.059‐0.226). Hence, the ICER for the DHQ on preventing TTIs was €696,744 (€315,422‐€1,611,681) for BE costs only and €1,449,055 (€669,439‐€3,145,961) including costs for deferred donors.

Conclusion

The DHQ enhances self‐selection and should not be abandoned. However, the DHQ is not a cost‐effective tool for further reducing TTIs. The high costs per case prevented and the small number of QALYs gained argue against maintaining deferral policy through the DHQ at the current level.