bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new solution for neonatal bilateral vocal cord paralysis: Endoscopic arytenoid abduction lateropexy
Authors: Madani Shahram , Bach Ádám , Matievics Vera , Erdélyi Eszter , Sztanó Balázs , Szegesdi Ilona , Castellanos Paul F. , Rovó László
Published: November 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis in early childhood is a life‐threatening condition, which often requires immediate intervention. One of the treatment options is a quick, reversible simple suture vocal cord lateralizing technique, whereby the arytenoid cartilage is directly lateralized to the normal abducted position. Considering pediatric laryngeal anatomy, a small endolaryngeal thread guide instrument was designed for precise suture insertion.

Study Design

New instrument validation.

Methods

Four newborns had inspiratory stridor immediately after birth; two had to be intubated. Laryngotracheoscopy revealed bilateral vocal cord paralysis. Unilateral, left‐sided endoscopic arytenoid abduction lateropexy was performed with supraglottic jet ventilation on the 4th, 5th, 5th, and 27th day of life for the four patients, respectively.

Results

All babies remained intubated for 3 to 7 days with an uncuffed tracheal tube. After extubation, no dyspnea or swallowing disorder occurred. A subjective quality of life questionnaire, laryngotracheoscopy, clinical growth charts, and voice analysis showed satisfactory functional results.

Conclusions

Minimally invasive, quick, reversible endoscopic arytenoid abduction lateropexy might be a more favorable solution for neonatal bilateral vocal cord paralysis than earlier treatment strategies. In one step, the airway can be maintained without the risk of any permanent damage to voice production. Good swallowing function is also preserved. The specially modified endolaryngeal thread guide instrument gives a fast and effective option for creating the lateralized arytenoid position even in the technically challenging surgical context of a neonate larynx.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:1608–1614, 2017
Meal replacements followed by topiramate for the treatment of adolescent severe obesity: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Fox Claudia K. , Kaizer Alexander M. , Rudser Kyle D. , Nathan Brandon M. , Gross Amy C. , Sunni Muna , Jennifer Abuzzahab M. , Schwartz Betsy L. , Kumar Seema , Petryk Anna , Billington Charles J. , Ryder Justin R. , Kelly Aaron S.
Published: November 2016

Objective

To assess the safety and efficacy of short‐term meal replacement therapy followed by topiramate for body mass index (BMI) reduction in adolescents with severe obesity.

Methods

Adolescents (ages 12–18 years) with severe obesity (BMI ≥1.2 times the 95th percentile or BMI ≥35 kg/m2) were recruited for this double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Participants completed 4 weeks of meal replacement therapy followed by randomization (1:1) to either 24 weeks of topiramate 75 mg/day or placebo. Mean changes were compared between groups.

Results

Thirty adolescents (mean age 15.2 ± 1.7 years, mean BMI 40.3 ± 4.6 kg/m2) completed the meal replacement phase and were randomized; 21 completed the study. The difference in mean percent change in BMI between the topiramate and placebo groups was not significant (−1.9%; 95% CI: −5.2% to +1.5%; P = 0.291). Significant improvements in visceral fat and very‐low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed in the topiramate compared with the placebo group. There were no concerning changes in neurocognitive function or bone health.

Conclusions

In this pilot study, 4 weeks of meal replacement therapy followed by 24 weeks of low‐dose topiramate compared with meal replacement therapy alone did not result in significant BMI reduction for adolescents with severe obesity.
Ringed sideroblasts in β‐thalassemia
Authors: Cattivelli Kim , Campagna Dean R. , Schmitz‐Abe Klaus , Heeney Matthew M. , Yaish Hassan M. , Caruso Brown Amy E. , Kearney Susan , Walkovich Kelly , Markianos Kyriacos , Fleming Mark D. , Neufeld Ellis J.
Published: November 2016

Symptomatic β‐thalassemia is one of the globally most common inherited disorders. The initial clinical presentation is variable. Although common hematological analyses are typically sufficient to diagnose the disease, sometimes the diagnosis can be more challenging. We describe a series of patients with β‐thalassemia whose diagnosis was delayed, required bone marrow examination in one affected member of each family, and revealed ringed sideroblasts, highlighting the association of this morphological finding with these disorders. Thus, in the absence of characteristic congenital sideroblastic mutations or causes of acquired sideroblastic anemia, the presence of ringed sideroblasts should raise the suspicion of β‐thalassemia.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Histamine2Receptor Antagonists Versus Proton Pump Inhibitors for Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Hammond Drayton A. , Kathe Niranjan , Shah Anuj , Martin Bradley C.
Published: November 2016

Study Objective

To determine the cost‐effectiveness of stress ulcer prophylaxis with histamine2receptor antagonists (H2RAs) versus proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in critically ill and mechanically ventilated adults.

Design

A decision analytic model estimating the costs and effectiveness of stress ulcer prophylaxis (with H2RAs andPPIs) from a health care institutional perspective.

Patients

Adult mixed intensive care unit (ICU) population who received an H2RAorPPIfor up to 9 days.

Measurements and Main Results

Effectiveness measures were mortality during theICUstay and complication rate. Costs (2015 U.S. dollars) were combined to include medication regimens and untoward events associated with stress ulcer prophylaxis (pneumonia,Clostridium difficileinfection, and stress‐related mucosal bleeding). Costs and probabilities for complications and mortality from complications came from randomized controlled trials and observational studies. A base case scenario was developed with pooled data from an observational study and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Scenarios based on observational and meta‐analysis data alone were evaluated. Outcomes were expected and incremental costs, mortalities, and complication rates. Univariate sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the influence of inputs on cost, mortality, and complication rates. Monte Carlo simulations evaluated second‐order uncertainty. In the base case scenario, the costs, complication rates, and mortality rates were $9039, 17.6%, and 2.50%, respectively, for H2RAs and $11,249, 22.0%, and 3.34%, respectively, forPPIs, indicating that H2RAs dominatedPPIs. The observational study–based model provided similar results; however, in the meta‐analysis–based model, H2RAs had a cost of $8364 and mortality rate of 3.2% compared with $7676 and 2.0%, respectively, forPPIs. At a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $100,000/death averted, H2RAtherapy was superior or preferred 70.3% in the base case and 97.0% in the observational study–based scenario.PPItherapy was preferred 87.2% in the meta‐analysis–based scenario.

Conclusion

Providing stress ulcer prophylaxis with H2RAtherapy may reduce costs, increase survival, and avoid complications compared withPPItherapy. This finding is highly sensitive to the pneumonia and stress‐related mucosal bleeding rates and whether observational data are used to inform the model.
Characterization and comparison of N‐, O‐, and N+O‐functionalized polymer surfaces for efficient (HUVEC) endothelial cell colonization
Authors: Boespflug Gaël , Maire Marion , De Crescenzo Gregory , Lerouge Sophie , Wertheimer Michael R.
Published: November 2016

Surface modifications are often required to enhance cell adhesion and growth around implanted biomaterials. This study compares various functionalization processes in their ability to create high densities of oxygen‐ and/or nitrogen‐containing functional groups, mostly on a polymeric biomaterial, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Primary amine (NH2)‐rich surfaces were prepared by low‐pressure plasma‐polymerization (L‐PPE:N), plasma modification (functionalized PET, “PETf”), chemical vapour deposition (Parylene diX AM), and grafting of polyallylamine (PAAm). Plasma polymerization was also used to obtain oxygen‐rich (L‐PPE:O) as well as hybrid (L‐PPE:O,N) films, which were respectively compared to oxygen‐rich tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) and hybrid (Primaria™) culture plates. Compositions and bond types were studied by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Finally, the effect of each surface on cell adhesion and growth was assessed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Amine‐containing surfaces manifested a wide [NH2] range, up to 8.9%. Hybrid surfaces, Primaria™ and L‐PPE:O,N, showed lower [NH2] in spite of high [N], suggesting more varied and complex functionalities. Except for Parylene, all O‐ and NH2‐rich surfaces promoted HUVEC adhesion and growth similarly, despite differing chemical compositions. Primaria™ showed the best cell behavior, but L‐PPE:O,N did not reproduce this apparent synergistic effect. To conclude, both N‐ and O‐rich surfaces displayed good cell‐colonization properties, particularly plasma polymers, while “hybrid” surfaces appear somewhat ambiguous and call for further investigation.
Plasma assisted deposition of free‐standing nanofilms for biomedical applications
Authors: Pignatelli Daniela , Sardella Eloisa , Palumbo Fabio , Lo Porto Chiara , Taccola Silvia , Greco Francesco , Mattoli Virgilio , Favia Pietro
Published: November 2016

Polymeric free‐standing nanofilms are emerging as appealing materials for many applications, including biomedical ones. This communication describes a new and versatile method to obtain self‐supported plasma‐deposited coatings. Coupling a soluble sacrificial layer with low or atmospheric pressure plasma processes, free‐standing films have been prepared. Vancomycin‐embedded bio‐composite coatings have been deposited at atmospheric pressure with an aerosol‐assisted plasma process, while PolyEthylene Oxide‐like (antifouling and cross‐linked) coatings and silver‐containing (antibacterial) nanocomposite coatings have been plasma‐deposited at low pressure. The described approach can certainly be extended to many possible free‐standing nanofilms of different nature that can be synthesized by means of customized plasma processes, and it is a valid alternative to conventional wet methods to nanofilm synthesis.
The effect of helium irradiation on the thermal evolution of the microstructure of nc‐ZrN
Authors: van Vuuren Arno Janse , Sohatsky Alexander , Uglov Vladimir , Skuratov Vladimir , Volkov Alexey
Published: November 2016

ZrN is a candidate material for use as inert matrix fuel host for the burn‐up of plutonium and other minor actinides, waste products commonly present in spent nuclear fuel. These materials will operate within the nuclear reactor core and will therefore be subject to various types of radiation, high temperatures and a corrosive environment. Ceramics employed in the nuclear reactor environment will accumulate helium via (n, α) reactions. Nanocrystalline ZrN irradiated with 30 keV He to fluences between 1016 and 5×1016 cm–2to simulate the effects of alpha particle irradiation. The He irradiated sam‐ ples were annealed at temperatures between 600 and 1000 °C and were analysed using TEM and selected area diffraction. The results indicated that post irradiation heat treatment induces exfoliation at a depth that corresponds to the end‐of‐range of 30 keV He ions. TEM analysis of He suggests that nanocrystalline ZrN is prone to the formation of He blisters which may ultimately lead material failure. The results also suggest that the doping of nc‐ZrN with He aids the transformation from a nanocrystalline to microcrystalline state during heat treatment. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of Nb doping on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of RF magnetron sputtered In2O3 nanostructured films
Authors: Reshmi Krishnan R. , Chalana S. R. , Suresh S. , Sudheer S. K. , Sudarsanakumar C. , Santhosh Kumar M. C. , Mahadevan Pillai V. P.
Published: November 2016

Undoped and niobium (Nb) doped indium oxide (In2O3) thin films are prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique. The effect of Nb on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of In2O3films are analyzed using techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), micro‐Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, photoluminescence spectroscopy and Hall effect measurements. XRD analysis reveals that the as‐deposited undoped and Nb doped films are polycrystalline in nature with cubic bixbyite structure. Raman analysis supports the presence of cubic bixbyite structure of In2O3in the films. XPS analysis shows a decrease of oxygen deficiency due to Nb and the existence of Nb as Nb4+ in the In2O3lattice. The band gap energy of the films increases with increase in Nb concentration. PL spectra reveal intense UV and visible emissions in all the films. Optical constants of the films are determined using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The thickness of films estimated using FESEM and ellipsometry are in good agreement. The carrier concentration, mobility and nature of carriers are measured using Hall measurement technique in Van der Pauw configuration at room temperature.
Titanium oxide films deposited by e‐beam evaporation as n‐type electrode for solar cell applications
Authors: Chierchia Rosa , Menchini Francesca , Serenelli Luca , Mangiapane Pietro , Polichetti Tiziana , Tucci Mario
Published: November 2016

TiO2 is a n‐type oxide semiconductor used in many fields of chemistry and engineering, included dye sensitized and organic solar cells. Different methods have been investigated to prepare TiO2 films, nevertheless its poor electrical and optical characteristics hampers its use as a transparent conductor oxide. In this work thin TiO2 film obtained by e‐beam evaporation and thermally annealed at different temperatures were studied using different characterization techniques, in order to evaluate its use as emitter layer or back contact in silicon based heterojunction solar cells. By Raman analysis we found the TiO2 films showed mainly the presence of anatase crystal structure once thermally annealed at T > 400 °C. Electrical and optical characterization of the thermally annealed samples showed that the best results consisted in a resistivity of around 10‐2 Ωcm, a mobility of 3 cm2/Vs and carrier concentration of 1019/cm3. From capacitance‐voltage characteristics of TiO2 /p‐c‐Si, the built‐in potential has been evaluated in order to assess the band alignment with crystalline silicon. Good quality titanium oxide films by using e‐beam evaporation deposition technique followed by thermal annealing have been obtained with physical and electrical properties desirable for photovoltaic applications. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure of van der Waals bound hybrids of organic semiconductors and transition metal dichalcogenides: the case of acene films on MoS2
Authors: Breuer Tobias , Maßmeyer Tobias , Mänz Alexander , Zoerb Steffen , Harbrecht Bernd , Witte Gregor
Published: November 2016

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) are important representatives in the emerging field of two‐dimensional materials. At present their combination with molecular films is discussed as it enables the realization of van der Waals bound organic/inorganic hybrids which are of interest in future device architectures. Here, we discuss the potential use of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as supporting substrate for the growth of well‐defined, crystalline organic adlayers. By this means, hybrid systems between the TMDC surface and organic compounds can be prepared, allowing for the profound investigation of mutual optical and electronic coupling mechanisms. As model system, we choose pentacene and perfluoropentacene as prototypical organic semiconductors and analyze their film formation on MoS2(001) surfaces. In both cases, we observe smooth, crystalline film growth in lying molecular configuration, hence enabling the preparation of well‐defined hybrid systems. By contrast, on defective MoS2 surfaces both materials adopt an upright molecular orientation and exhibit distinctly different film morphologies. This emphasizes the importance of highly ordered TMDC surfaces with low defect density for the fabrication of well‐defined hybrid systems.
The Impact of Resveratrol Supplementation on Blood Glucose, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Triglyceride, and Periodontal Markers in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Zare Javid Ahmad , Hormoznejad Razie , Yousefimanesh Hojat allah , Zakerkish Mehrnoosh , Haghighi‐zadeh Mohammad Hosein , Dehghan Parvin , Ravanbakhsh Maryam
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of resveratrol supplementation along with non‐surgical periodontal treatment on blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, triglyceride (TG), and periodontal markers in patients with type 2 diabetes with periodontal disease. In this double‐blind clinical trial study, 43 patients with diabetes with chronic periodontitis were participated. Subjects were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention and control groups received either 480 mg/day of resveratrol or placebo capsules (two pills) for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), TGs, and pocket depth were measured in all subjects' pre‐intervention and post‐intervention. The mean serum levels of fasting insulin and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) were significantly lower in the intervention group compared with control group (10.42 ± 0.28 and 10.92 ± 0.9; 3.66 ± 0.97 and 4.49 ± 1.56, respectively). There was a significant difference in the mean pocket depth between intervention and control groups (2.35 ± 0.6 and 3.38 ± 0.5, respectively) following intervention. No significant differences were observed in the mean levels of fasting blood glucose and TGs between two groups' post‐intervention. It is recommended that resveratrol supplementation may be beneficial as adjuvant therapy along with non‐surgical periodontal treatment in insulin resistance and improving periodontal status among patients with diabetes with periodontal disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian h‐index: How to measure research impact
Authors: Cerchiello Paola , Giudici Paolo
Published: November 2016

The quality of academic research is difficult to measure and rather controversial. Hirsch has proposed the h index [1], a measure that has the advantage of summarizing in a single summary statistic the information that is contained in the citation counts of each scientist. Although the h index has received a great deal of interest, only a few papers have analyzed its statistical properties and implications. We claim that statistical modeling can give a lot of added value over a simple summary like the h index. To show this, in this paper we propose a negative binomial distribution to jointly model the two main components of the h index: the number of papers and their citations. We then propose a Bayesian model that allows to obtain posterior inferences on the parameters of the distribution and, in addition, a predictive distribution for the h index itself. Such a predictive distribution can be used to compare scientists on a fairer ground, and in terms of their future contribution, rather than on their past performance.
The Organization of Corrective Demonstrations Using Embodied Action in Sports Coaching Feedback
Authors: Evans Bryn , Reynolds Edward
Published: November 2016

Focusing on video recordings of coaching sessions in the context of basketball and powerlifting, this paper investigates how the sports coaching process unfolds as situated interactions. The work of sports coaching is pervasively oriented toward teaching athletes the correct forms of motion and play. Correction then is one of the central constitutive practices of sports training sessions. In this paper, we draw on a collection of instances of correction demonstrations from powerlifting and basketball to describe their order. We demonstrate the three phases of these demonstrations: arranging bodies and gaze for visual access, presenting the error visually, and proposing a correction with an embodied demonstration. Findings underscore the management of shared visual access in multi‐party correction demonstrations. In demonstrating how multiple bodies may be involved in embodied reenactments of a correctable problem, and demonstrating that it is seeing an error, more than reenactment per se, that is necessary for correction activities, the study extends existing understandings both of sports coaching processes and of instructional correction in embodied activities.
The bioliq process for producing synthetic transportation fuels
Authors: Dahmen Nicolaus , Abeln Johannes , Eberhard Mark , Kolb Thomas , Leibold Hans , Sauer Jörg , Stapf Dieter , Zimmerlin Bernd
Published: November 2016

Biofuels of the second generation can contribute significantly to the replacement of the currently used fossil energy carriers for transportation fuel production. The lignocellulosic biomass residues used do not compete with food and feed production, but have to be collected from wide‐spread areas for industrial large‐scale use. The two‐stage gasification concept bioliq offers a solution to this problem. It aims at the conversion of low‐grade residual biomass from agriculture and forestry into synthetic fuels and chemicals. Central element of the bioliq process development is the 2–5 MW pilot plant along the complete process chain: fast pyrolysis for pretreatment of biomass to obtain an energy dense, liquid intermediate fuel, high‐pressure entrained flow gasification providing low methane synthesis gas free of tar, hot synthesis gas cleaning to separate acid gases, and contaminants as well as methanol/dimethyl ether and subsequent following gasoline synthesis. After construction and commissioning of the individual process steps with partners from industry, first production of synthetic fuel was successfully achieved in 2014. In addition to pilot plant operation for technology demonstration, a research and development network has been established providing the scientific basis for optimization and further development of the bioliq process as well as to explore new applications of the technologies and products involved. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e236. doi: 10.1002/wene.236

This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials

Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure
Clinicopathological Features and Post‐resection Prognosis of Double Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Jung Dong‐Hwan , Hwang Shin , Kim Ki‐Hun , Hong Seung‐Mo , Lee Young‐Joo , Ahn Chul‐Soo , Moon Deok‐Bog , Ha Tae‐Yong , Song Gi‐Won , Park Gil‐Chun , Yu Eun Sil , Lee Sung‐Gyu
Published: November 2016

Background

Simultaneous double primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) (dpHCC‐ICC) is very rare. This study investigated the clinicopathological features and post‐resection prognosis of dpHCC‐ICC.

Methods

We identified 10 patients with dpHCC‐ICC through an institutional database search. Three control groups with HCC, ICC and combined HCC‐cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC‐CC) were selected (each n = 120) using propensity score matching.

Results

The incidence of dpHCC‐ICC was 0.23%. The mean age was 57.4 ± 11.7 years, and 8 were male. Hepatitis B virus infection was associated with 8 patients. All dpHCC‐ICC were diagnosed incidentally from surgical specimens. Only two patients demonstrated simultaneous elevation of alpha‐fetoprotein/des‐γ‐carboxy prothrombin and carbohydrate antigen 19‐9. All patients underwent macroscopic curative resection. The HCC component was classified as stage I in 7 and stage II in 3, and ICC component was classified as stage I in 5, stage II in 2 and stage IV in 3. Tumor recurrence and patient survival rates were 30.0 and 90.0% at 1 year and 52.0 and 77.1% at 3 years, respectively. Tumor recurrence rates were not different between the dpHCC‐ICC and the three control groups (p = 0.505). The overall and post‐recurrence patient survival rates were similar between the dpHCC‐ICC and cHCC‐CC groups (p > 0.2); however, these were inferior to those in the HCC group but comparable with those in the ICC group.

Conclusions

The post‐resection prognosis of dpHCC‐ICC was more dependent on the tumor stage of the ICC component than that of the HCC component. Therefore, they can be clinically regarded as ICC with concurrent HCC.
Avascular necrosis following closed reduction for treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip: A systematic review
Authors: Bradley Catharine S. , Perry Daniel C. , Wedge John H. , Murnaghan M. L. , Kelley Simon P.
Published: November 2016

Background

Avascular necrosis (AVN) is a significant and potentially devastating complication following the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The reported rate of AVN following closed reduction for DDH ranges from 4 to 60%, and the resultant influence on hip development remains unclear.

Purpose

A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to evaluate the frequency of AVN after more than 5 years of follow-up in children that underwent closed reduction at younger than 2-years of age for DDH.

Methods

The search strategy was formulated with key-concepts and keywords identified using the patient problem, intervention, comparison and outcome process. Searches were undertaken using Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science up to and including May, 2016 to identify potential studies.

Results

A total of seven papers met the a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria of this review. The overall rate of significant AVN in 441 patients (538 hips) was 10% at a mean length of follow-up of 7.6 years (5–18.8) following closed reduction. This finding can be used to inform the feasibility of future intervention studies, and act as a baseline for which surgeons to compare their results to a ‘standard’.
Child Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence in Rural Bangladesh: A Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Yount Kathryn M. , Crandall AliceAnn , Cheong Yuk Fai , Osypuk Theresa L. , Bates Lisa M. , Naved Ruchira T. , Schuler Sidney Ruth
Published: November 2016

Child marriage (before age 18) is a risk factor for intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. Worldwide, Bangladesh has the highest prevalence of IPV and very early child marriage (before age 15). How the community prevalence of very early child marriage influences a woman’s risk of IPV is unknown. Using panel data (2013–2014) from 3,355 women first married 4–12 years prior in 77 Bangladeshi villages, we tested the protective effect of a woman’s later first marriage (at age 18 or older), the adverse effect of a higher village prevalence of very early child marriage, and whether any protective effect of a woman’s later first marriage was diminished or reversed in villages where very early child marriage was more prevalent. Almost one-half (44.5 %) of women reported incident physical IPV, and 78.9 % had married before age 18. The village-level incidence of physical IPV ranged from 11.4 % to 75.0 %; the mean age at first marriage ranged from 14.8 to 18.0 years. The mean village-level prevalence of very early child marriage ranged from 3.9 % to 51.9 %. In main-effects models, marrying at 18 or later protected against physical IPV, and more prevalent very early child marriage before age 15 was a risk factor. The interaction of individual later marriage and the village prevalence of very early child marriage was positive; thus, the likely protective effect of marrying later was negated in villages where very early child marriage was prevalent. Collectively reducing very early child marriage may be needed to protect women from IPV.
Allergy and school: nothing to be sneezed at!
Authors: Bornemann Reinhard , Hagemeister Katharina , Bresser Hans-Georg , Hamelmann Eckard
Published: November 2016

Background:

Allergic diseases account for the largest proportion of chronic diseases in childhood and adolescence and place a significant burden on everyday family, social, and in particular school life. Without appropriate education, affected individuals often have little of the knowledge required to understand and deal safely with their allergic disease, and their social environment (school) generally offers insufficient information. An interdisciplinary project involving the Bielefeld Community Foundation (“Bielefelder Bürgerstiftung”), the Children’s Center Bethel, and the local school authority investigated the current knowledge, possibilities for increasing that knowledge, as well as pupils’ and teachers’ perception of the problems experienced by fellow pupils, while at the same time collecting current prevalence figures on allergic diseases among primary school children.

Methods:

All Bielefeld primary schools were invited to participate in the 3 years between 2008 and 2010. A teaching session on allergic diseases held by specialists from the pediatric hospital formed the core of the project. A standardized survey of children – which also addressed non-affected children for the first time in Germany – on the effects of, their knowledge of, and their attitudes toward allergic diseases, as well as an assessment of their quality of life (cross-sectional study), was conducted prior to and following each session. Parents were also surveyed.

Results:

In all, 24 schools per year, each with around 60 classes and 1,250 pupils aged 9 years, took part between 2008 and 2010. Approximately 30 % reported suffering from an allergic disease themselves, of which – with regard to single entries – 16 % were “allergies,” 4 % “asthma,” and 5 % atopic dermatitis. Figures collected from parents were only slightly lower than those from their children. Clear deficits that existed in terms of factual knowledge and/or correct conduct in allergic disease – among affected children as well as in their social environment – prior to the education program were noticeably improved by the teaching session.

Discussion:

The prevalence data gathered here confirm the high numbers recently found in the KiGGS study. Thus, allergic diseases represent a considerable disease risk and potential burden in school children. Providing affected children and their social environment (teachers, fellow pupils) with specialist education can bring about considerable improvements in everyday school life.
The clinical, neuroanatomical, and neuropathologic phenotype of TBK1‐associated frontotemporal dementia: A longitudinal case report
Authors: Koriath Carolin A.M. , Bocchetta Martina , Brotherhood Emilie , Woollacott Ione O.C. , Norsworthy Penny , Simón‐Sánchez Javier , Blauwendraat Cornelis , Dick Katrina M. , Gordon Elizabeth , Harding Sophie R. , Fox Nick C. , Crutch Sebastian , Warren Jason D. , Revesz Tamas , Lashley Tammaryn , Mead Simon , Rohrer Jonathan D.
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Mutations in the TANK‐binding kinase 1 (TBK1) gene have recently been shown to cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, the phenotype of TBK1‐associated FTD is currently unclear.

Methods

We performed a single case longitudinal study of a patient who was subsequently found to have a novel A705fs mutation in the TBK1 gene. He was assessed annually over a 7‐year period with a series of clinical, cognitive, and magnetic resonance imaging assessments. His brain underwent pathological examination at postmortem.

Results

The patient presented at the age of 64 years with an 18‐month history of personality change including increased rigidity and obsessiveness, apathy, loss of empathy, and development of a sweet tooth. His mother had developed progressive behavioral and cognitive impairment from the age of 57 years. Neuropsychometry revealed intact cognition at first assessment. Magnetic resonance imaging showed focal right temporal lobe atrophy. Over the next few years his behavioral problems progressed and he developed cognitive impairment, initially with anomia and prosopagnosia. Neurological examination remained normal throughout without any features of motor neurone disease. He died at the age of 72 years and postmortem showed TDP‐43 type A pathology but with an unusual novel feature of numerous TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43)–positive neuritic structures at the cerebral cortex/subcortical white matter junction. There was also associated argyrophilic grain disease not previously reported in other TBK1 mutation cases.

Discussion

TBK1‐associated FTD can be associated with right temporal variant FTD with progressive behavioral change and relatively intact cognition initially. The case further highlights the benefits of next‐generation sequencing technologies in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders and the importance of detailed neuropathologic analysis.
Ring chromosome 20 syndrome – A rare chromosomal cause of refractory epilepsy in children
Authors: Kalane Umesh , Datar Chaitanya , Kalane Shilpa
Published: November 2016

Genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities have been shown to represent 2–3% of all cases of epilepsy. Ring chromosome 20 syndrome is a rare chromosomal abnormality and a rare cause of intractable epilepsy. Exact prevalence of ring chromosome 20 is not known. We report a case of a 10-year old boy who had had intractable epilepsy since 2 years of age. Birth history was insignificant and there was no obvious dysmorphism. His motor milestones were normal but cognition and speech were delayed. Electroencephalography showed progressive worsening from initial bi-frontal epileptiform activity to generalized discharges. Neuroimaging and metabolic work up was normal. Karyotype study showed ring chromosome 20. Diagnosis of ring chromosome 20 or r(20) syndrome was made. Ring chromosome 20 syndrome is a rare cause of refractory epilepsy A patient who present with intractable epilepsy with frontal epileptiform discharges, mental developmental delay, without dysmorphic features should be suspected of chromosomal abnormalities especially ring chromosome 20.
Health Supply Utilization at a Boy Scout Summer Camp: An Evaluation for Improvement and Preparedness
Authors: Miller Ross T. , Barth Bradley E.
Published: November 2016

Objective

To describe the health conditions treated by a health services center at a Boy Scout summer camp and make recommendations for appropriate resources and supplies.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of health center utilization at a Boy Scout camp in central Missouri during the summers of 2012 and 2013. Health logbook data were compiled and analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics.

Results

During the study period 19,771 camp participants made 1586 visits to the health care center. The overall incidence rate of health center visits was 6.20 visits per 1000 camp days. Two-thirds of visits were for illness and the remainder for injury. Over 90% of patients were returned to camp, 7.3% were transferred to another health facility, and 1.6% were advised to leave camp and return home. The most common treatments were rehydration (17.8 %) and administration of analgesics (13.4%) and topical creams (12.3%).

Conclusions

Summer camps need to be prepared for a wide range of conditions and injuries in youth campers, leaders, and staff members. Over 90% of presenting complaints were managed on site, and the majority of conditions were easily treatable minor injuries and illnesses. We provide recommendations for appropriate medical supplies and suggest opportunities for improvement to aid health centers in planning and treatment.
Getting into Graduate School in the Sciences
Authors: Sturdivant S. Kersey , Relles Noelle J.
Published: November 2016

Are you applying for graduate school and feeling overwhelmed by the choices available to you and the complexity of the application process? This informative and humorous guide for life and earth science students offers comprehensive advice to help you prepare and increase your chances of success. Adopting a step-by-step approach, you will be guided through the entire application process, from undergraduate preparation and choice of graduate program, to funding, applying, scheduling a visit, and finally deciding which offer to accept. Based extensively on a comprehensive survey of graduate admissions programs across the United States, the advice offered is evidence-based and specific to the natural sciences. This jargon-free text ensures that prospective students are well prepared and make best use of all available resources to convince graduate programs and advisors that you are the best candidate.
The Law of Collaborative Defence Procurement in the European Union
Authors: Heuninckx Baudouin
Published: November 2016

States increasingly cooperate to buy expensive defence equipment, but the management and legal aspects of these large collaborative procurement programmes are complex and not well understood. The Law of Collaborative Defence Procurement in the European Union analyses how these programmes are managed, and highlights areas which require improvement. The book addresses the law applicable to these programmes, which is built upon a four-layer 'matryoshka doll' of legal relationships at the crossroads of public international law, EU law and domestic law. Using practical examples, the book makes proposals for clarifying the legal basis and improving the efficiency of defence equipment cooperation among EU member states. By covering a broad scope of legal issues, this analysis goes beyond the defence sector and is relevant to centralised or joint purchasing and procurement activities of international organisations, providing invaluable information for practitioners, policy-makers and academics aiming to analyse or improve these projects.
The Diaries of Barthélémy Boganda, Priest and Politician in French Equatorial Africa (1910–1959)
Authors: van Walraven Klaas
Published: November 2016

This article presents an analysis of the diaries of Barthélémy Boganda, priest and later politician in French Equatorial Africa. So far unknown, these diaries, stored in the archives of the French Spiritans, shed light on earlier stages of Boganda’s life, on which fewer sources are available. The article first discusses the broad historical background of colonialism in French Equatorial Africa and the significance of Barthélémy Boganda as an historical figure, also comparing him with other leaders of Africa’s decolonization struggles. It then analyses the nature of his diaries and their different entries and argues that it is through this source material that one can better understand the complexity of his person and the historical depth of his attitudes, thoughts and action.
Reading words hurts: the impact of pain sensitivity on people’s ratings of pain-related words
Authors: REUTER KEVIN , WERNING MARKUS , KUCHINKE LARS , COSENTINO ERICA
Published: November 2016

abstract

This study explores the relation between pain sensitivity and the cognitive processing of words. 130 participants evaluated the pain-relatedness of a total of 600 two-syllabic nouns, and subsequently reported on their own pain sensitivity. The results demonstrate that pain-sensitive people associate words more strongly with pain than less sensitive people. In particular, concrete nouns like ‘syringe’, ‘wound’, ‘knife’, and ‘cactus’ are considered to be more pain-related for those who are more pain-sensitive. These findings dovetail with recent studies suggesting that certain bodily characteristics influence the way people form mental representations (Casasanto, 2009). We discuss three mechanisms which could potentially account for our findings: attention and memory bias, prototype analysis, and embodied cognition. We argue that, whereas none of these three accounts can be ruled out, the embodied cognition hypothesis provides a particularly promising view to accommodate our data.
The kyanite quartzite of Bosland (Suriname): evidence for a Precambrian metamorphosed alteration system
Authors: Bijnaar Ginny , van Bergen Manfred J. , Wong Theo E.
Published: November 2016

This article investigates the origin of a rare occurrence of kyanite quartzites in the Palaeoproterozoic greenstone belt of Suriname. The rocks form elongated hills in the Bosland area, Brokopondo district, where they are associated with meta-sedimentary, meta-volcanic and granitic lithologies. Their mineral content and unusual Si- and Al-rich chemical composition are inferred to be the result of advanced argillic alteration of felsic volcanic tuffs and a later overprint by regional metamorphism up to lower amphibolite facies during the Trans-Amazonian orogeny. Structurally, the Bosland area seems centred within a contractional strike-slip duplex of a major dextral fault system. The alteration was probably associated with a high-sulphidation environment and involved significant to almost complete removal of alkali and alkaline earth elements. Pseudosection modelling and textures suggest that the precipitation–temperature (P–T) history of the kyanite quartzites started with shallow (<2kbar) hydrothermal alteration of the acidic tuffaceous volcanics, possibly in the andalusite stability field (T>350°C), and ended in peak metamorphic conditions in the kyanite–staurolite stability field (P>4kbar andT=500–650°C). Alteration events that preceded the peak of Trans-Amazonian metamorphism may be more common in the rock record of Suriname's greenstone belt, which lends support to the hypothesis that gold mineralisations in the region can be pre-orogenic.
Validation of the Puumala virus rapid field test for bank voles in Germany
Authors: REIL D. , IMHOLT C. , ROSENFELD U. M. , DREWES S. , FISCHER S. , HEUSER E. , PETRAITYTE-BURNEIKIENE R. , ULRICH R. G. , JACOB J.
Published: November 2016

Puumala virus (PUUV) causes many human infections in large parts of Europe and can lead to mild to moderate disease. The bank vole (Myodes glareolus) is the only reservoir of PUUV in Central Europe. A commercial PUUV rapid field test for rodents was validated for bank-vole blood samples collected in two PUUV-endemic regions in Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Württemberg). A comparison of the results of the rapid field test and standard ELISAs indicated a test efficacy of 93–95%, largely independent of the origin of the antigens used in the ELISA. In ELISAs, reactivity for the German PUUV strain was higher compared to the Swedish strain but not compared to the Finnish strain, which was used for the rapid field test. In conclusion, the use of the rapid field test can facilitate short-term estimation of PUUV seroprevalence in bank-vole populations in Germany and can aid in assessing human PUUV infection risk.
TRACES ARISING FROM REGULAR INCLUSIONS
Authors: CRYTSER DANNY , NAGY GABRIEL
Published: November 2016

We study the problem of extending a state on an abelian$C^{\ast }$-subalgebra to a tracial state on the ambient$C^{\ast }$-algebra. We propose an approach that is well suited to the case of regular inclusions, in which there is a large supply of normalizers of the subalgebra. Conditional expectations onto the subalgebra give natural extensions of a state to the ambient$C^{\ast }$-algebra; we prove that these extensions are tracial states if and only if certain invariance properties of both the state and conditional expectations are satisfied. In the example of a groupoid$C^{\ast }$-algebra, these invariance properties correspond to invariance of associated measures on the unit space under the action of bisections. Using our framework, we are able to completely describe the tracial state space of a Cuntz–Krieger graph algebra. Along the way we introduce certain operations called graph tightenings, which both streamline our description and provide connections to related finiteness questions in graph$C^{\ast }$-algebras. Our investigation has close connections with the so-called unique state extension property and its variants.
Markets and institutional swamps: tensions confronting entrepreneurs in developing countries
Authors: OLTHAAR MATTHIAS , DOLFSMA WILFRED , LUTZ CLEMENS , NOSELEIT FLORIAN
Published: November 2016

Unrealized potential of entrepreneurial activities in developing countries has often been attributed to missing formal market-based institutions. In new institutional economics, the concept of ‘voids’ is suggested to describe the absence of market-based institutions. In reality, however, ‘institutional fabrics’ are always and necessarily complex and rich in institutions. No societal sphere is institutionally void. In this article, we contribute to existing literature on entrepreneurship and institutional economics by presenting a framework for studying the richness and complexities of institutional fabrics, as well as ways in which entrepreneurs respond to institutions. Distinguishing four types of institutions relevant for entrepreneurs, we analyze case study data from Ethiopia, and discuss how ‘tensions’ between potentially incompatible institutions result in behavioral frictions. Some entrepreneurs play the complex institutional environment and benefit from the tensions in it, whereas others may drown into the institutional ‘swamp’ they face. Policy makers should acknowledge that institutions not only result from formal policy making and that in many cases a diverse set of institutions is needed to facilitate market exchange and solve constraining tensions. The diversity that results from initiatives of institutional entrepreneurs may create a more effective institutional environment for development.
Informal norms trump formal constraints: the evolution of fiscal policy institutions in the United States
Authors: CALCAGNO PETER T. , LÓPEZ EDWARD J.
Published: November 2016

Two shifts of informal rules occurred in the decades around the turn of the 20th century that continue to shape U.S. fiscal policy outcomes. Spending norms in the electorate shifted to expand the scope of the government budget to promote economic security and macroeconomic stability. Simultaneously, norms for elected office shifted to careerism. Both norms were later codified into formal rules as legislation creating entitlement programs, macroeconomic responsibility, and organizational changes to the fiscal policy process. This institutional evolution increased demand for federal expenditures while creating budgetary commons, thus imparting strong motivations to spend through deficit finance in normal times. Despite the last four decades of legislative attempts to constrain spending relative to taxes, the informal norms have trumped the formal constraints. While the empirical literature on deficits has examined the constraining effects of informal rules, this paper offers a novel treatment of shifting norms as having expansionary effects on deficits.
The global legal system and the procedural construction of constituent power
Authors: THORNHILL CHRIS
Published: November 2016

This article proposes an alternative to more standard, neoclassical theories concerned with the proceduralisation of constituent power. It argues that more established theories of proceduralisation are insufficiently aligned to the sociological realities in which constituent power is located and expressed, and their residual fixation on the premises of classical constitutionalism impedes adequate understanding of constituent power in the global constitutional order of contemporary society. On this basis, the article offers a sociological examination of constituent power, which attempts to grasp constituent power in its objectively existing procedural form. In particular, it claims that constituent power now exists as an inner-legal function, activated through procedures within an increasingly differentiated legal system: whereas in classical theory constituent power was a primary political source of constitutional norms, it now appears only as a secondary expression of norms already contained within the global legal system. Rather than renouncing the idea of constituent power, however, the article uses its sociological focus to observe new procedural openings for the activation of constituent agency, adapted to the material/sociological fabric of contemporary society.