bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FEATURES OF THE CYTOKINE PROFILE IN BURN PATIENTS
Authors:   Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, Selivanov P.A. , Bychkova N.V. ,   Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, Chinenova N.V. ,   Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, Kalinina N.M. ,   Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, Khabirova T.G. ,   St. Petersburg I. I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Currently, more and more attention is paid to burn injury as one of the most significant medical and social problems. Treatment of burn injury is performed by autotransplantation of the skin flap. The efficiency of using this method is from 70 to 90%. A significant reason for the failure of skin flap transplantation in burn disease is the lack of objective methods for assessing the patient's condition on the eve of free autodermoplasty surgery. Assessment of the levels of both Pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in burned patients is not included in the algorithm of examination and monitoring of the status of these patients. The aim of the study: to study the levels of pro — and anti-inflammatory cytokines to expand the algorithm of laboratory examination in preparing patients for free autodermoplasty.Materials and methods. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in the peripheral blood of 50 patients with burn injury compared to healthy individuals were studied by enzyme immunoassay. Results. The serum content of all studied cytokines was significantly increased upon admission to the hospital in all burn patients compared to healthy individuals. A particularly pronounced increase was observed in patients with a fatal outcome. The results of autodermoplasty correlated with the severity of hyperproduction of proinflammatory cytokines on the eve of surgery. Conclusion. A justification for the addition of the algorithm for laboratory examination of burned patients by determining cytokines-interleukins 6, 8 and 10. Monitoring the level of cytokines in burn injury is appropriate for objectifying the choice of the timing of surgery, which will help reduce the mortality rate and increase the effectiveness of free autodermoplasty.
El legado de George y Geraldine Andrews para México en los Alexander Architectural Archives de Austin
Authors: Gilabert Sansalvador Laura , Cejudo Collera Mónica
Published: December 2020

La George F. and Geraldine D. Andrews Collection, conservada en la Universidad de Texas, contiene un acervo único y cuantioso de datos tomados en campo y material de investigación sobre la arquitectura maya. La publicación online de una parte de la colección ofrece accesibilidad global a los informes de los Andrews, quienes documentaron numerosos edificios de cientos de sitios arqueológicos con el objetivo último de construir un gran banco de datos sobre el patrimonio arquitectónico maya.
Reseñas de libros
Authors: Moreno Iregui Camilo Alejandro , Caparroso Gutiérrez Pamela , Martínez Villazón Robledo Lilián
Published: December 2020

Reseñas de libros
Influencia de los avances tecnológicos en el ejercicio de la profesión de la Contaduría Pública
Authors: Carmona Henao Flor Valeria , Muñoz Ruiz Jorge Armando
Published: December 2020

La investigación que a continuación se presenta tuvo como objetivo general analizar la influencia de los avances tecnológicos en el ejercicio de la profesión de la Contaduría Pública en Colombia. Este estudio de enfoque cuantitativo se tipificó como descriptivo, no experimental, transaccional y de campo. Para la realización de este trabajo se utilizó como técnica de recolección de datos la revisión sistemática de bibliografía y la aplicación de una entrevista estructura dirigida a docentes adscritos a la Facultad de Ciencias Contables de Uniremington. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los avances tecnológicos han influido de manera positiva en la profesión del contador público. Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación representan para el profesional contable una oportunidad de crecimiento y de competitividad en este mundo globalizado. La influencia de estas en los procesos financieros de las organizaciones ha generado que las empresas, las universidades, el Estado y demás organismos que regulan la profesión contable requieran de personas empoderadas de todas las actividades que se realizan en las entidades de negocios, con una visión estratégica, innovadoras, con capacidad de análisis, liderazgo en procesos y en costos, comunicación asertiva y habilidades en el manejo de un lenguaje jurídico.
STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF FIGURATIVE AND ONOMATOPOEIC VOCABULARY OF THE YAKUT AND JAPANESE LANGUAGES
Authors:   EUGENIA E. ZHIRKOVA M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, ZHIRKOVA EUGENIA E.
Published: December 2020

The article aims at comparative analysis of the figurative and onomatopoetic vocabulary of the Yakut and Japanese languages, which is richly presented in both languages and reflects their national identity. This study contributes into identifying interlanguage universals and national specifics in this layer of the language vocabulary. The focus is made on determining the features of the structure of the vocabulary of the languages under consideration. For this, the phonetic structure of such words is analyzed, based on the research of L. N. Kharitonov and E. D. Polivanov. The morphological structure of figurative verbs was also investigated, as well as the influence of the structural form on the semantics of the word. A comparative analysis of the structures revealed similarities both in the word-building patterns of the vocabulary units and in their functioning in the sentence. It was found that the main part of the figurative vocabulary in the Yakut language is represented by figurative verbs described in detail by L...
LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH POPULAR LEGAL TEXTS: THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors:   ARTYOM S. AVERIN Voronezh State University, AVERIN ARTYOM S.
Published: December 2020

The article describes the basic text features applied to a number of typical English popular legal texts. These include integrity, connectedness, continuity, pragmatic attitude, informativeness, completeness. Each feature is briefly described: integrity reflects the indissoluble connection of all elements of the text, connectedness refers to the internal semantic unity of the text and the continuity implies the input of new information into the existing semantic indissoluble chain of text, pragmatic attitude is a functional orientation of the author of the text to achieve specific objectives, informativeness involves the gradual disclosure of the topic text by entering all new information, completeness means the disclosure it threads to the necessary extent. The paper also analyzes the manifestation of these features in relation to the research material. The analysis shows that pragmatic attitude of English popular legal texts is specific because of the author's intention to clarify legal rules, court's decisions, and legal practice related to a particular legal issue...
BIBLICAL PHRASEOLOGY IN CNN PUBLICATIONS
Authors:   TATYANA YU. MA Amur State University, MA Tatyana Yu. , BOBROV SERGEY V. ,   SERGEY V. BOBROV Amur State University, ZALESOVA NATALYA M. ,   NATALYA M. ZALESOVA Amur State University
Published: December 2020

This paper presents the results of the study of biblical phraseological units (BPUs) found in CNN publications during the period of 2015-2019 (the total of 1643 articles). At the first stage of the experiment, the analysis of 156 BPUs used in the articles demonstrated different distribution of the tokens in CNN rubrics. It was discovered that BPUs in the rubrics “Politics” and “Entertainment” were characterized by considerably higher frequency of occurrence than those in “Style” and “Sports”. At the second stage, specifically designed questionnaire was given to 30 American native speakers to determine the perceptual boundaries of the Bible words. The obtained data revealed indirect correlation between phraseological units frequency of occurrence and the American speakers’ awareness degree of their associative connection with the original source - the Bible: the higher the awareness, the lower the frequency of occurrence. The obtained results enable to assume that the readers do not always identify these units as part of the Holy Scripture, because some BPUs lose their sacred connotations over time. However, journalists often use such units as stylistic means due to their imaginative stylistic and evaluation potential.
DINÂMICA DAS ALTERAÇÕES NA FUNCIONALIDADE PSIQUÍCA E ACTIVIDADE PSICOSSOCIAL ANTES E DEPOIS DO DIAGNÓSTICO DE DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Pereira Fernando Oliveira
Published: December 2020

Conciousness is decisive in attributing meanings to the manifestations of life. The impact of diabetes mellitus on patients` psychic and psychosocial functionality depends on the understanding of the disease. Objective: to study the dynamics of changes in psychic and psychosocial functionality in patients with diabetes mellitus, before and after diagnosis. Participants: 50 subjects of both sexes, with diabetes mellitus (30 - 88 years) and 50 subjects with the same socio-demographic characteristics, who do not suffer from the disease. Methodology: Clinical-psychological interview; Socio-demographic questionnaire; Clinical-dynamic disease questionnaire; Self-assessment questionnaire on psychic, family, social and work functionality. Results: Diabetes mellitus patients in the period of life “after diagnosis”, compared to the period “before diagnosis”, show statistically significant differences of greater expressiveness psychic functionality (nervousness, anxiety, irritability, depression, pessimism and fatigue) and lower in psychosocial and work activities (work capacity, availability to socialize with friends and family). In the comparison “before diagnosis” and “current moment” there are significant differences in all categories, but if comparing “after diagnosis” and “current moment”, significant differences only exist in work capacity, fatigue, availability to live together with friends; lower values at the present time. Conclusion: The intrusion of diabetes mellitus and the patient's knowledge of the diagnosis cause changes in the dynamics of psychic functionality and psychosocial activity, aggravating the levels of nervousness, anxiety, irritability, depression, pessimism, feeling of fatigue, less work capacity, availability to socialize with friends and family. Diabetes has a negative impact on the functionality of patients, affecting well-being and quality of life.
ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN TECHNICAL MEANS FOR THE CULTIVATION OF POTATOES AND JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE ON SEED PLOT
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, SEMICHEV STEPAN
Published: December 2020

Growing potatoes involves extensive ground preparation. Factors affecting the crop are air and moisture permeability of the soil. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing existing domestic and foreign technical means for growing potatoes and Jerusalem artichoke on seed plot. (Materials and methods) The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of using vertical and horizontal tillage cutters. Authors have analyzed existing domestic and foreign tillage cutters and tools and their applications. (Results and discussion) For high-quality pre-planting tillage there are widely used cutters with horizontal and vertical rotation axes; for loosening the lower layers of soil under a seed plot there are used various paws installed on the cutters; in order to perform several operations by one machine, in particular, continuous milling with loosening the lower layers and strip milling with cutting ridges, separate designs of horizontal cutters contain replaceable both a roller and an apron-ridgeformer. Due to the use of replaceable tools, horizontal cutters are more suitable for performing different operations than vertical ones; a rational design of a milling cultivator for pre-planting soil treatment should contains replaceable organs for continuous milling and leveling the top layer of soil and forming ridges before planting and when caring for potato and Jerusalem artichoke plantings. (Conclusions) Pre-planting milling of the soil for potatoes is better than traditional. Despite the high energy intensity of the process of preparing the soil for planting potatoes, the quality of milling cultivators exceeds the agrotechnical performance of non-driving machines.
THE PROSPECT OF USING OWN TPP IN POWER SUPPLY OF FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AGROENGINEERING CENTER VIM
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, GUSAROV VALENTIN
Published: December 2020

As industrial production expands, infrastructure develops, and new technological equipment is put into operation, energy needs increase, which means that the role of reliable energy supply to industrial enterprises increases. Electricity is used to light the territory of the enterprise, workshops, and laboratories, operate machines and mechanisms, automatically control the heat supply of premises and other technological processes. The level of reliability and security of heat and electricity supplies determines the stability of the enterprise and its economic efficiency. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the economic efficiency of using own thermal power plant based on a gas turbine power unit. (Materials and methods) The article presents the advantages of using own thermal power plant that runs on natural gas. The most efficient balance of heat and electric energy production was determined. (Results and discussion) The article presents the construction of thermal power plant for the heat supply of buildings and structures defined by the project on the territory of the Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM. The article considers the emerging trend of industrial enterprises building their own power plants, which make it possible to provide themselves with heat and electricity independently and guarantee more reliable operation of workshops by reducing downtime and disruptions of technological processes. (Conclusions) The use of a thermal power plant based on a gas turbine power unit will allow to get an annual profit, ensure energy independence, increase the reliability of power supply, and increase the profitability of production. Many large enterprises, pursuing economic goals, along with their own electricity supply, supply «excess» energy to centralized networks, often the level of energy supply «for export» significantly exceeds the level of their own consumption.
MODERN APPROACHES TO AUTOMATION AND DIGITALIZATION OF EQUIPMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION LINES
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, SOROKIN KONSTANTIN , SOROKIN NIKOLAY , PESTRYAKOV EFIM
Published: December 2020

When developing and operating industrial production lines where chemical and technological processes for processing organic raw materials are carried out, exceptional importance is attached to ensuring reliable control over the course of the technological process. To solve this problem, there are needed modern digital devices and microprocessor controllers, which will allow to control the process through personal computers. The article considers approaches to automation of the production line and proposals to automate the selection of modular equipment for its manufacture based on certain criteria. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing a software package for controlling automation tools installed on modular equipment when creating new technological lines for processing organic raw materials in industrial volumes. (Materials and methods) Authors studied the theoretical foundations of automation development at the present stage. Authors used scientific materials and articles that consider various approaches to solving the problems of automation of technological lines for processing organic raw materials. (Results and discussion) The article proposes a control algorithm, functional and schematic diagrams for automating the main technological operations on the production line. Authors determined the algorithm for selecting modular equipment adapted to automation for the development and assembly of production lines based on the customer’s technical specification. The article presents a version of the matrix based on the software materials used in order to develop a project for automating the main technological operations on the production line. (Conclusions) The article shows that the scientific novelty consists in the creation of information and software for specialists in the development of automated production lines for processing organic raw materials based on multivariate solutions for its formation from the optimal equipment available on the market.
Hyperbaric treatment of air or gas embolism: current recommendations
Authors:   Depts. of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Center for Hyperbaric Medicine & Environmental Physiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina U.S., Moon Richard E.
Published: December 2020

Gas can enter arteries (arterial gas embolism, AGE) due to alveolar-capillary disruption (caused by pulmonary over-pressurization, e.g. breath-hold ascent by divers) or veins (venous gas embolism, VGE) as a result of tissue bubble formation due to decompression (diving, altitude exposure) or during certain surgical procedures where capillary hydrostatic pressure at the incision site is subatmospheric. Both AGE and VGE can be caused by iatrogenic gas injection. AGE usually produces stroke-like manifestations, such as impaired consciousness, confusion, seizures and focal neurological deficits. Small amounts of VGE are often tolerated due to filtration by pulmonary capillaries; however VGE can cause pulmonary edema, cardiac “vapor lock” and AGE due to transpulmonary passage or right-to-left shunt through a patient foramen ovale. Intravascular gas can cause arterial obstruction or endothelial damage and secondary vasospasm and capillary leak. Vascular gas is frequently not visible with radiographic imaging, which should not be used to exclude the diagnosis of AGE. Isolated VGE usually requires no treatment; AGE treatment is similar to decompression sickness (DCS), with first aid oxygen then hyperbaric oxygen. Although cerebral AGE (CAGE) often causes intracranial hypertension, animal studies have failed to demonstrate a benefit of induced hypocapnia. An evidence-based review of adjunctive therapies is presented.
Storm-runoff processes in a mainly waterlogged low mountain range catchment in the national park Hunsrück-Hochwald, SW-Germany: Assessing the impact of wetland restoration using multiple linear regression analysis and ANCOVA.
Authors: Zemke Julian
Published: December 2020

This study investigates potential effects of wetland restoration on
storm flow dynamics in a mainly waterlogged low mountain range catchment
located in SW-Germany. Here, wetland drainage networks are being sealed,
aiming to achieve rising soil water tables and reestablished peat
vegetation. With the help of hydrograph separation, multiple linear
regression (MLR) and covariance analysis (ANCOVA), runoff-governing
storm properties and sealing influences were analyzed. Results show,
that not only natural storm parameters (precipitation sum, rainfall
intensity, antecedent precipitation and temperature) exert influence on
storm-runoff, but sealings also led to significantly altered processes:
On the one hand, storm-runoff coefficients increased in sealed
catchments, resulting most likely from more saturated soils, providing a
smaller infiltration capacity. This is a desired effect of rewetting but
coincidently a downside regarding storm flood prevention. On the other
hand, lag times, meaning the timespan between rainfall occurrence and
the hydrograph starting to rise, were noticeably prolonged. This effect
potentially can be beneficial when it comes to storm flood prevention.
Overall, statistical models including sealings showed more satisfactory
results describing stormflow variance compared to models without
sealings. Therefore, sealings do exert – statistically proven – an
effect on storm runoff. The heterogeneity of the results, representing a
dense gauge network spread over an investigation area of roughly 7.5 km²
shows, that a high-resolution sampling, both spatially and temporally,
is vital. That is since runoff processes in waterlogged low mountain
range catchments are still poorly understood.
A Risk Calculator to Predict the Need for Maternal or Neonatal Hospital-Based Peripartum Intervention: Modelling National Surveillance Data
Authors: Zhang George , Wang Frances , Nguyen Ha Vi , Bienstock Jessica , Gross Marielle
Published: December 2020

Objective: Given growing interest in alternatives to hospital birth,
particularly given the COVID-19 pandemic, we developed a peripartum
intervention risk calculator (PIRC) to estimate maternal and neonatal
risk of requiring hospital-based peripartum intervention. Design:
National cohort study. Setting: United States. Sample: Hospital births
captured by the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System from
2009-2018. Methods: The cohort was stratified by receipt of
hospital-based interventions, defined as: 1) operative vaginal delivery
(forceps or vacuum), 2) cesarean delivery, or 3) requiring neonatal
intensive care unit admission. Gravidas with prior cesarean delivery or
fetal malformation were excluded. Main Outcome Measures: Risk of
requiring hospital-based intervention. Results: A total of 63,234 births
were evaluated (72.6% full-term, 48.5% nulliparous) including 37.9%
who received one or more hospital–based interventions. Gestational age
was the most predictive factor of requiring hospital-based intervention,
with lowest odds at 400/7-406/7 weeks. Previous live births (Ref: none;
1, OR 0.41; 2, OR 0.35; ≥3, OR 0.29; p<0.05 for all) were
protective. Other predictors included advanced maternal age, high
pre-pregnancy body mass index, maternal diabetes, maternal hypertension,
and not exercising during pregnancy. The resulting seven-factor model
demonstrated strong discrimination (optimism corrected
C-statistic=0.776) and calibration (mean absolute error=0.009).
Conclusions: We developed and validated the PIRC for predicting
individualized risk for hospital-based intervention among gravidas based
on seven readily accessible prenatal factors. This calculator can
support personalized counseling regarding planned birth setting, helping
to close a critical gap in current clinical guidance and providing an
evidence-based risk assessment for those contemplating alternatives to
hospital birth.
UNDERSTANDING PREGNANCY-RELATED AORTIC DISSECTION Still a long way to go?
Authors: Martino Andrea De , Blasi Stefania , Bortolotti Uberto
Published: December 2020

Liu et al. reviewed case reports of type A acute aortic dissection
occurring in the last trimester of pregnancy and described the fetal and
maternal outcomes after cesarean section and aortic intervention.
Tranexamic acid for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Dazelle Wayde , Ebner Megan , Kazma Jamil , Ahmadzia Homa
Published: December 2020

Objectives: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of alternative
risk-dictated strategies utilizing prophylactic tranexamic acid (TXA)
for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Design: Cost-utility
analysis using a Markov decision-analytic model. Setting: All US labor
and delivery units. Population: A cohort of 3.8 million women delivering
in the US. Methods: We constructed a microsimulation-based Markov
decision-analytic model estimating the lifetime costs and benefits of
three alternative risk-dictated strategies for TXA prophylaxis versus
the status quo (no TXA). Each strategy differentially modified
risk-specific hemorrhage probabilities by preliminary estimates of TXA’s
prophylactic efficacy. Costs and benefits were considered from the
healthcare system and societal perspectives. Main outcome measures:
Incremental costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and adverse
maternal outcomes averted. Results: All TXA strategies were dominant
versus the status quo, implying that they were more effective while also
being cost-saving. Providing TXA to all delivering women irrespective of
hemorrhage risk assignment produced the most favorable results overall,
with estimated cost savings greater than $670 million and approximately
149,505 hemorrhage cases, 2,933 hysterectomies, and 70 maternal deaths
averted, per annual cohort. Threshold analysis suggested that TXA is
likely to be cost-saving for health systems at costs below $184 per
gram. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that routine prophylaxis with
TXA would likely result in substantial cost-savings and reductions in
adverse maternal outcomes in this context. The integrity of this
conclusion is maintained across all risk-dictated strategies, even when
the cost of TXA is significantly higher than what is supported in the
literature.
Radiation portal monitors response to gamma radiation and to the detection capability of Orphan radioactive sources: Contribution of the Strass project
Authors: Clouvas Alexandros , Leontaris Fokion , Xanthos Stelios
Published: December 2020

Radiation portal monitors are commonly used to detect and intercept
unauthorized movement of nuclear and other radioactive materials at country
borders. A total of twelve double-pillar portal monitors are present at the
Greek-North Macedonian border, each containing two polystyrene scintillating
detectors per pillar. Spatial and spectral response testing of the
scintillating detectors to gamma radiation was performed by using different
radioactive sources and comparing the measurement results with Monte Carlo
simulations. A good agreement of the experimentally deduced activities of
different point sources, needed for alarm triggering of the radiation portal
monitors with Monte Carlo calculated values, was observed. Spectral results
show no photopeaks in the spectra due to low resolution of these detectors.
The broad peaks observed in the spectra correspond to the Compton edge.
Measured spectra with a 137Cs source placed directly on the scintillating
detector, at several positions away from the photo multiplier tube, show an
energy shift of the Compton edge towards lower energies, as the source is
moving away from the photo multiplier tube. The energy shift is due to light
transfer mechanisms within the scintillator volume and therefore, it is only
observed in optical simulations and not in gamma-ray particle simulations.
Retrognathic maxilla in individuals born with oral clefts is due to intrinsic factors and not only due to early surgical treatment
Authors: Lacerda Rosa Helena W. , Vieira Alexandre R.
Published: December 2020

Objectives

To determine if the skeletal form of individuals born with oral clefts was associated with maxillary position.

Materials and Methods

Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 90 individuals 8 to 12 years old born with or without cleft lip and palate paired by age and sex were used. Skull base length, cranial base angle, cranial deflection angle, and maxillary skeletal length and position were studied. Also, mandibular skeletal length and position, lower anterior facial height, and dental position were defined. Individuals were divided into three groups: 30 individuals born with cleft lip and palate with Class III malocclusion (UCLP Class III), 30 individuals born with cleft lip and palate with Class I malocclusion (UCLP Class I), and 30 individuals born without cleft lip and palate with Class III malocclusion (non-cleft Class III).

Results

When comparing the UCLP Class III group with the UCLP Class I group, there were differences in maxillary position (P < .001) and mandibular position (P = .004) found. No differences were found when comparing the UCLP Class III group with the non-cleft Class III group.

Conclusions

There are intrinsic factors that affect craniofacial morphology of individuals born with cleft lip and palate.
Association of Serum Bile Acids Profile and Pathway Dysregulation With the Risk of Developing Diabetes Among Normoglycemic Chinese Adults: Findings From the 4C Study
Authors: Lu Jieli , Wang Shuangyuan , Li Mian , Gao Zhengnan , Xu Yu , Zhao Xinjie , Hu Chunyan , Zhang Yi , Liu Ruixin , Hu Ruying , Shi Lixin , Zheng Ruizhi , Du Rui , Su Qing , Wang Jiqiu , Chen Yuhong , Yu Xuefeng , Yan Li , Wang Tiange , Zhao Zhiyun , Wang Xiaolin , Li Qi , Qin Guijun , Wan Qin , Chen Gang , Xu Min , Dai Meng , Zhang Di , Tang Xulei , Wang Guixia , Shen Feixia , Luo Zuojie , Qin Yingfen , Chen Li , Huo Yanan , Li Qiang , Ye Zhen , Zhang Yinfei , Liu Chao , Wang Youmin , Wu Shengli , Yang Tao , Deng Huacong , Li Donghui , Lai Shenghan , Mu Yiming , Chen Lulu , Zhao Jiajun , Xu Guowang , Ning Guang , Bi Yufang , Wang Weiqing
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVE

Comprehensive assessment of serum bile acids (BAs) aberrations before diabetes onset remains inconclusive. We examined the association of serum BA profile and coregulation with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among normoglycemic Chinese adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We tested 23 serum BA species in subjects with incident diabetes (n = 1,707) and control subjects (n = 1,707) matched by propensity score (including age, sex, BMI, and fasting glucose) from the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C) Study, which was composed of 54,807 normoglycemic Chinese adults with a median follow-up of 3.03 years. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for associations of BAs with T2DM were estimated using conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS

In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis, per SD increment of unconjugated primary and secondary BAs were inversely associated with incident diabetes, with an OR (95% CI) of 0.89 (0.83–0.96) for cholic acid, 0.90 (0.84–0.97) for chenodeoxycholic acid, and 0.90 (0.83–0.96) for deoxycholic acid (P < 0.05 and false discovery rate <0.05). On the other hand, conjugated primary BAs (glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, and sulfated glycochenodeoxycholic acid) and secondary BA (tauroursodeoxycholic acid) were positively related with incident diabetes, with ORs ranging from 1.11 to 1.19 (95% CIs ranging between 1.05 and 1.28). In a fully adjusted model additionally adjusted for liver enzymes, HDL cholesterol, diet, 2-h postload glucose, HOMA-insulin resistance, and waist circumference, the risk estimates were similar. Differential correlation network analysis revealed that perturbations in intraclass (i.e., primary and secondary) and interclass (i.e., unconjugated and conjugated) BA coregulation preexisted before diabetes onset.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings reveal novel changes in BAs exist before incident T2DM and support a potential role of BA metabolism in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Increases Glycemic Variability and Time in Hypoglycemia in Patients With Obesity and Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ilesanmi Ibiyemi , Tharakan George , Alexiadou Kleopatra , Behary Preeshila , Alessimii Haya , Bovill-Taylor Candace , Kenkre Julia , Choudhury Sirazum , Doyle Chedie , Purkayastha Sanjay , Miras Alex , Tsironis Christos , Chahal Harvinder , Bloom Stephen R. , Oliver Nick S. , Ahmed Ahmed R. , Khoo Bernard , Tan Tricia M.-M.
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVE

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an established treatment for type 2 diabetes and obesity. The study objective was to establish RYGB’s effects on glycemic variability (GV) and hypoglycemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a prospective observational study of 10 participants with obesity and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes who underwent RYGB. Patients were studied before RYGB (Pre) and 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years postsurgery with continuous glucose measurement (CGM). A mixed-meal test (MMT) was conducted at Pre, 1 month, and 1 year.

RESULTS

After RYGB, mean CGM decreased (at 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years), and GV increased (at 1 year and 2 years). Five of the 10 participants had a percent time in range (%TIR) <3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL) greater than the international consensus target of 1% at 1 or 2 years. Peak glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon area under the curve during MMT were positively and negatively associated, respectively, with contemporaneous %TIR <3.0 mmol/L.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients undergoing RYGB are at risk for development of postbariatric hypoglycemia due to a combination of reduced mean glucose, increased GV, and increased GLP-1 response.
High Prevalence of Advanced Liver Fibrosis Assessed by Transient Elastography Among U.S. Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ciardullo Stefano , Monti Tommaso , Perseghin Gianluca
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVE

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important risk factor for the progression of metabolic liver disease to advanced fibrosis. Here, we provide an estimate of the prevalence of steatosis and fibrosis in U.S. adults with T2DM on the basis of transient elastography (TE) and identify factors associated with these conditions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study of U.S. adults with T2DM participating in the 2017–2018 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who were evaluated by TE. Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis were diagnosed by the median value of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM), respectively.

RESULTS

Among the 825 patients with reliable TE examination results, 484 (53.7%) were assessed using the M probe and 341 (46.3%) using the XL probe. Liver steatosis (CAP ≥274 dB/m), advanced fibrosis (LSM ≥9.7 kPa), and cirrhosis (LSM ≥13.6 kPa) were present in 73.8% (95% CI 68.5%–78.5%), 15.4% (95% CI 12.2%–19.0%), and 7.7% (95% CI 4.8%–11.9%) of patients, respectively. The mean ± SE age of patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis was 63.7 ± 2.2 years and 57.8 ± 1.6 years, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression model, BMI, non-Black race, and ALT levels were independent predictors of steatosis; and BMI, non-Black race, and AST and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase levels were independent predictors of advanced fibrosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Prevalence of both liver steatosis and fibrosis is high in patients with T2DM from the United States and obesity is a major risk factor. Our results support the screening of these conditions among patients with diabetes.
Comparison of Protocols to Reduce Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Prescribed a Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor
Authors: Teng Rhea , Kurian Martin , Close Kelly L. , Buse John B. , Peters Anne L. , Alexander Charles M.
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVE | Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are approved for type 1 diabetes in Europe and Japan, with off-label use in type 1 diabetes in the United States. Although there were no consistent approaches to risk mitigation in clinical trials of these agents, protocols have been developed to try to reduce the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). However, a validated risk mitigation strategy does not exist. We reviewed available DKA risk mitigation protocols to better understand the various strategies currently in use.

METHODS | We conducted a search of the published medical literature and other medical information sources, including conference presentations, for protocols. We then categorized the information provided into guidance on patient selection, initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors, ketone monitoring, necessary patient action in the event of ketosis or DKA, and inpatient treatment of ketosis or DKA.

RESULTS | Patient selection is generally similar among the protocols, although some require a minimum BMI and insulin dose. All protocols advocate routine measurement of ketones, although some insist on blood ketone tests. Although action steps for ketosis varies, all protocols advocate rapid patient intervention. The importance of evaluating ketones and acid-base balance even in the absence of hyperglycemia is emphasized by all protocols, as is the need to continue administering insulin until ketosis has resolved.

CONCLUSION | DKA risk mitigation must be pursued systematically in individuals with type 1 diabetes, although the best strategy remains to be determined. Given the ongoing need for adjunctive therapies in type 1 diabetes and current use of SGLT2 inhibitors for this purpose, additional education and research are crucial, especially in the hospital environment, where DKA may not be diagnosed promptly and treated appropriately.
Seeking Care for Hyperglycemia in the Emergency Department: Through the Eyes of the Patient
Authors: Yan Justin W. , Azzam Dimah , Columbus Melanie P. , Van Aarsen Kristine , Liu Selina L. , Spaic Tamara , Shepherd Lisa G. ,   Network of Canadian Emergency Researchers
Published: December 2020

Health care systems often provide a range of options of care for patients with illnesses who do not require hospital admission. For individuals with diabetes, these options may include primary care providers, specialized diabetes clinics, and urgent care and walk-in clinics. We explored the reasons why patients choose the Emergency Department over other health care settings when seeking care for hyperglycemia.
Laser-assisted selective and localized surface transformation of titanium to anatase, rutile, and mixed phase nanostructures
Authors: Fathi-Hafshejani Parvin , Johnson Haden , Ahmadi Zabihollah , Roach Michael , Shamsaei Nima , Mahjouri-Samani Masoud
Published: December 2020

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been a key material in a wide range of applications such as catalysis, energy harvesting, and antibacterial surfaces. Typically, different TiO2 phases are first synthesized and then coated onto the test parts. Here, the authors demonstrate a direct method for the formation of TiO2 nanostructures and patterns with rutile, anatase, and mixed phases by a controlled laser-assisted surface modification approach on additive manufacturing titanium parts. A tunable nanosecond fiber laser coupled to a galvo scanner was employed to regulate the laser material for a controlled and localized transformation process in an oxygen environment. The influence of processing conditions such as scanning speed, laser power, laser pulse duration, frequency, and gas flow rate on the selective formation of rutile, anatase, and mixed phases was studied. The structural evolutions and morphology have been investigated using different characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy methods. The main advantage of this laser-assisted process is its ability to create selective TiO2 phases on complex titanium parts such as implants.
Direct 3D printing of transparent magnesium aluminate spinel ceramics
Authors: Pappas John M. , Thakur Aditya R. , Kinzel Edward C. , Dong Xiangyang
Published: December 2020

Transparent spinel ceramics were additively manufactured by laser direct deposition, a blown powder additive manufacturing (AM) process. With a laser melt-growth process, the need for powder binders and postprocessing procedures was eliminated. Transparent spinel ceramic samples were directly fabricated from micrometer-size magnesium aluminate spinel powders. The optical transparency of the printed spinel samples was mainly affected by residual porosity and cracking. Among other processing conditions, powder flow rate and laser power showed the most significant effects. An obvious transition from opaqueness to transparency was observed after reducing the powder flow rate below 0.1 g/min. The optical transmittance, morphology, and phase composition of the printed spinel samples were systematically investigated. Microstructural aspects including porosity, cracking, and grain size were also characterized. A maximum optical transmittance of 82% was obtained at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, which was nearly comparable to that of their traditionally sintered counterparts. As the laser power increased, residual porosity steadily decreased, with a minimum porosity of 0.2% achieved. Meanwhile, the total crack length obviously increased, while a relatively smaller variation of the average crack length was observed. The measured mechanical properties, including hardness and fracture toughness, were found to be nearly comparable to those of their sintered counterparts. These well demonstrated the potential of the proposed laser AM method in the direct fabrication of transparent ceramics.
The Challenge of Career Guidance and Counseling during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Suwidagdho Dhanang , Dewi Suci Prasila
Published: December 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic has also opened up opportunities on how career guidance services build roles in the wider community. Whereas in the world of work, globally everything has stopped, projects have been postponed, and workplaces have been closed indefinitely. This journal is a literature review that discusses career guidance and counseling services that are very important in an effort to help victims of layoffs that have occurred as well as workers in general. This problem can be solved through the career guidance function as a treatment to help individuals overcome career-related problems. The essence of the function of career guidance as a stimulus is the ability to anticipate all future possibilities and achieve career maturity. In the future, workers mindsets need to be changed through career guidance services in the form of knowledge assistance on how to manage finances. Through providing career guidance services as a form of treatment and stimulus, individuals will have self-motivation to rise from adversity and get new jobs that match their interests and expertise, find another source of income and to build passive income.
El iluminismo y sus discipulos
Authors: Tello Angel
Published: December 2020

Desde tiempos inmemoriales se ha asignado a los medios mecánicos, sean ya rudimentarios o sofisticados, la capacidad de modificar, para bien o para mal, hábitos y costumbres de los seres humanos. En el caso particular de los conflictos armados, ello ha sido más que evidente desde la Ilustración hasta nuestros días, con datos que con el tiempo han sido desmentidos por la realidad. El hombre decide en todo, sentenciaba el líder chino Mao Tsetung, a lo que podríamos agregar aquello de “las máquinas no hacen la historia, ayudan a que los hombres la hagan” de Raymond Aron.
Volviendo de la diáspora: liberando un nuevo homo juridicus desde el derecho a la comunicación
Authors: García Caicedo Sebastián Alejandro
Published: December 2020

En el presente documento se discute sobre la necesidad de crear un nuevo homo juridicus con carácter emancipatorio y liberador a partir de la fundamentación de un derecho humano a la comunicación que sitúe sus bases filosóficas y de reflexión desde el lugar de las mayorías oprimidas y empobrecidas en el mundo, considerando que aquel es el espacio privilegiado que da verdad para tales fines. Para ello, utilizando lo que nos ofrece el paradigma cualitativo de la investigación, se realiza un ejercicio de pesquisa inscrito en el alcance descriptivo que se reduce a un trabajo de revisión documental y se hace desde un enfoque histórico hermenéutico. Finalmente, se trata de confrontar la hegemonización del discurso, con consecuencias en la identidad, producido por el contexto de neoliberalismo actual, reconociendo que las identidades se dan en contextos determinados, contradictorios, situados y de manera relacional en un marco estructural que las posibilita y disputa de manera constante. En ese orden de ideas, se recurre al concepto del “lugar que da verdad” propuesto por Ignacio Ellacuría en su lucha por la justica y se opta por una concepción materialista de la cultura.
Historización del concepto de poder constituyente originario en la constitución mexicana de 1917: un concepto más allá de las ideologizaciones de la teoría clásica y el constitucionalismo hegemónico
Authors: Rodríguez Andrés Alcalá , Martínez Alejandro Rosillo
Published: December 2020

En el presente trabajo se analiza al concepto de poder constituyente originario desde la noción de la teoría clásica del poder constituyente, con el propósito de desentramar al concepto de ideologizaciones. La metodología aplicada en el presente resulta de analizar el concepto desde la teoría de la constitución mexicana, específicamente al producto del Constituyente de 1917, que utiliza la noción de poder constituyente originario de esa misma teoría clásica del poder. A partir de ahí, la manera de obtener un concepto más puro, que supere las ideologizaciones teóricas en favor de grupos, será desde el método de la historización de los conceptos de Ignacio Ellacuría, que se aplica al concepto antes dicho. El resultado deviene en demostrar las ideologizaciones que se desprenden del concepto de poder constituyente originario y por lo mismo, encontrar un concepto verdadero, que puede ser aquel que guarda relación con la realidad, superando así, las ideologizaciones del concepto o desenmascarándolas, de acuerdo con la filosofía de Ellacuría.
El tratamiento jurisprudencial de la controversia sobre la reelección en Santiago del Estero
Authors: Torres Miguel Agustín
Published: December 2020

Por sus diferentes implicancias, la reelección de las autoridades ejecutivas provinciales es un tema que ha despertado un marcado interés entre los analistas especializados, generando variados aportes que atraviesan las distintas disciplinas que componen el amplio campo de las ciencias sociales. Focalizándose en la dimensión jurídica de la cuestión, en este trabajo se procura caracterizar el tratamiento jurisprudencial que recibió la controversia suscitada, en el año 2013, en torno a la reelección gubernamental en la provincia de Santiago del Estero. La indagación sobre el tema permite advertir las diferentes concepciones e interpretaciones referentes a la autonomía provincial, la soberanía popular y las instituciones y principios del orden republicano y representativo, que subyacieron a las decisiones sobre el asunto en el ámbito de la justicia provincial y de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación.
Abandoning Family Management - Analysis of the effects on exports
Authors: Hanley Aoife , Monreal-Pérez Joaquín , Sánchez-Marín Gregorio
Published: December 2020

Finding the internationalization triggers of family-managed firms is not easy because family-managed firms are regarded as being very different to begin with (e.g. Bloom et al., 2011).In investigating the role of family management, we apply a Spanish sample of 805 family-managed firms to investigate the impact of abandoning such management on export propensity. Through a Logit model, we find that such abandon is associated with a fall in export propensity, findings we relate back to managerial theories of the firm. This finding is related to specific features of family managed firms that favour export activity such as a greater flexibility and altruism. The conclusions of this work have a number of relevant implications.
El sistema de compensatión total en la empresa familiar como herramienta clave para su éxito
Authors: Almadana-Abon Santiago , Molina-Gómez Jesús , Mercade-Mele Pere , Delgado-Centeno Jaime
Published: December 2020

El objeto del estudio es profundizar en el peso del sistema de compensación total en la empresa familiar, como elemento crucial en la dirección de recursos humanos, en sintonía con la dirección estratégica de la organización, con el fin último de optimizar el comportamiento organizacional. Esto se fundamenta en ul uso eficaz y eficiente de las diferentes herramientas y métodos de retribución, tomando en consideración tanto las divergencias, como los aspectos comunes de las empresas familiares en relación al resto, y atendiendo, a su vez, a su tamaño.