bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
27‐Hydroxycholesterol enhanced osteoclastogenesis in lung adenocarcinoma microenvironment
Authors: Zhang Lishan , Liu Ming , Liu Jinglei , Li Xingkai , Yang Ming , Su Benhua , Lin Yanliang
Published: December 2018

27‐Hydroxycholesterol (27‐HC) has been implicated in the pathological process of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. However, the role of 27‐HC in lung adenocarcinoma is still unclear. Because bone metastasis is a main reason for the high mortality of lung adenocarcinoma, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 27‐HC on osteoclastogenesis in lung adenocarcinoma microenvironment. The results showed that the conditioned media (CM) from lung adenocarcinoma cells cocultured with macrophages promoted osteoclast differentiation, which was enhanced by 27‐HC. Further investigation showed that CM inhibited miR‐139 expression and promoted c‐Fos expression. Luciferase reporter assay identified c‐Fos as a direct target of miR‐139. CM also induced the expression and nuclear translocation of NFATc1 and STAT3 phosphorylation, which was enlarged by 27‐HC but was attenuated by miR‐139. Coimmunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that 27‐HC increased the interaction between NFATc1 and phosphorylated STAT3, which was restricted by miR‐139. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that pSTAT3 could bind to the promoter of c‐Fos, c‐Fos could bind to the promoter of NFATc1, and both pSTAT3 and NFATc1 could bind to the promoter of Oscar, which were enlarged by 27‐HC but were blocked by miR‐139. Knockdown of c‐Fos mimicked the effect of miR‐139. These results suggested that CM, especially containing 27‐HC, promoted osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting miR‐139 expression and activating the STAT3/c‐Fos/NFATc1 pathway.
The Hindlimb Elements of the Maas (Aves, Dinornithidae): A Multivariate Assessment of Size and Shape
Authors: Cracraft Joel
Published: December 2018

A multivariate morphometric analysis of size and shape was performed on the hindlimb skeletal elements of the extinct New Zealand moas (Dinornithidae). Investigations were undertaken of size‐shape patterns within species and among moas as a group using principal components analysis; between species investigations used canonical analysis. In addition, standard allometric curve‐fitting of six femur, seven tibiotarsus, and nine tarsometatarsus variables against body size was performed.

Size was the major discriminator along the first principal component for all three bones in the intraspecific and whole‐group analyses. Shape was the important discriminator along the second component: in the whole‐group analysis of all three bones, separation was based on relative robustness of the shaft, whereas in the intraspecific analyses shaft robustness was only expressed in the analysis of the femur, there being little correspondence in the results between the intraspeci fic and whole‐group analyses of the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus. Size was the major discriminator along the first canonical axis for the between‐group investigations of the femur and tibiotarsus, but in the analysis of the tarsometatarsus shape influences were equally as important as those of size. The second canonical axis separated groups on the basis of shape differences in all three hindlimb elements.

The genus Dinornis, which contains the largest species of moas, has evolved sizeshape patterns very different from those of other moas. The species of Dinornis did not follow size‐dependent allometric trends and evolved proportionately thinner legs than might be expected for their body size. All other moas exhibit allometric increase in all hindlimb variables except bone lengths. Dinornis may have evolved a cursorial mode of locomotion as an adaptation for certain intraspecific behavioral interactions.
Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with leprosy
Authors: Costa Joanne E. F. , Morais Viviane M. S. , Gonçales Juliana P. , Medeiros Ana Anizia D. P. , Barroso Haline , Compri Adriana P. , Fukasawa Lucila , Moreira Regina C. , Coêlho Maria Rosângela C. D.
Published: December 2018

Leprosy patients may present with immune system impairment and have a higher hepatitis B virus (HBV) seroprevalence, justifying the investigation of occult HBV infection in these individuals. The aim of this study was to verify the frequency and the clinical factors associated with occult HBV infection in leprosy patients. Between 2015 and 2016, leprosy patients from a reference center in Brazil were interviewed to assess clinical data. Blood samples were collected for the screening of HBV serological markers using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with negative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) that had positive anti‐HBc and/or anti‐HBs were selected for HBV DNA detection using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. SPSS was used for data analysis. Among 114 selected patients, six were identified with occult infection (5.3%) and five of them with multibacillary leprosy. Three patients with occult infection had a history of a type 2 reaction (P = 0.072; OR, 4.97; 95% CI, 0.87‐28.52). Only two patients with occult infection had isolated anti‐HBc, while three had isolated anti‐HBs, including those with the highest HBV DNA titers. In conclusion, in leprosy patients with negative HBsAg and positive anti‐HBc and/or anti‐HBs, occult HBV infection occurs in 5.3% and can be found even in patients with isolated anti‐HBs.
Enhancing the Value of Professional Experience in Undergraduate Education: Implications for Academic and Career Counseling
Authors: Gault Jack , Leach Evan , Duey Marc , Benzing Ted
Published: December 2018

Rising costs and competition for entry‐level employment increasingly call into question the value of a university degree. Now more than ever, career counselors must identify key factors that enhance employability for graduating seniors. Existing research shows professional experience is vital to securing quality postgraduate employment but offers little insight into ways perceived value varies by experience characteristics. This study surveyed value perceptions of more than 600 U.S. hiring managers. Results revealed a significant preference for hiring undergraduates with off‐campus professional experience relevant to their full‐time position at graduation. An experience of 3 to 5 months duration was considered valuable.
Explaining deer hunter preferences for regulatory changes using choice experiments
Authors: Serenari Christopher , Shaw Jonathan , Myers Ryan , Cobb David T.
Published: December 2018

Achieving state wildlife agency goals for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) management may conflict with hunter traditions and desires. Optimizing deer herd management given conflicting biological and social goals means that agencies will need to better understand what trade‐offs can be made. In North Carolina, USA, the harvest of deer by hunters is skewed towards males <2.5 years old and all firearm hunting seasons begin prior to the rut. Both trends can have undesirable consequences for deer populations, hunters, and deer managers. To provide better information to mitigate the potential for undesirable consequences, we modeled deer hunter choice behavior using a discrete choice experiment to identify their preferences for regulatory components and policy alternatives. Discrete choice experiments explain the choice behavior of humans via preference elicitation. We obtained the data used in our analysis after contacting 171,880 resident deer hunters by email and postcard to encourage their participation in a web‐based survey. We received valid responses from 25,508 resident deer hunters. Respondents identified gun season length as the most important regulatory attribute influencing their decisions about policy, followed by bag limits. Results also suggest that North Carolina's hunters may be more willing to make trade‐offs when attributes least affecting their decision making, such as season opening date and blackpowder season length, are altered by decision makers to benefit the deer herd. By employing wildlife valuation methods, such as discrete choice experiments, agencies can gain deep insights into viable trade‐offs between different attributes that underpin multidimensional policies, such as deer seasons, not achieved through attitudinal measures alone. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Seasonal habitat selection and movements by mottled ducks
Authors: Pollander Kaylee M. , Little Andrew R. , Hinton Joseph W. , Byrne Michael E. , Balkcom Gregory D. , Chamberlain Michael J.
Published: December 2018

Mottled ducks (Anas fulvigula) were released by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) in South Carolina, USA, during 1975–1983 and expanded into Georgia, USA, in the 1990s. Banding data suggest that birds marked in Georgia are often harvested in other states. Because the South Carolina reintroduced population was able to expand into Georgia via long‐distance dispersal, a more thorough understanding of mottled duck spatial ecology in Georgia and South Carolina is needed to direct future management decisions to accommodate expanding duck populations. We used global positioning system (GPS) telemetry to investigate movements and habitat selection by 47 mottled ducks (17 males, 30 females) during 4 seasons from 2013–2016. Mean seasonal home ranges varied from 2,002–4,598 ha across sexes and seasons. We found mean distances moved within seasonal ranges varied from 3.5–11.3 km/day for birds captured in Georgia, and 1.3–5.6 km/day for those captured in South Carolina. We observed 23 excursions, in which individuals left established seasonal ranges for >6 hours and moved ≥5 km; these excursions ranged from 5 km to 139.5 km. We documented 5 dispersals ranging from 52.6 km to 245.8 km. We also documented several long‐distance movements, with 7 birds captured in Georgia moving to South Carolina and 2 moving to Florida, USA. These movements suggest mottled ducks in South Carolina and Georgia may constitute a single population. Notably, we observed dispersal and long‐distance movements only from birds marked in Georgia, suggesting that habitat may be a limiting factor along the Georgia coast. We quantified third‐order selection for mottled ducks and found seasonal selection for managed impoundments and avoidance of palustrine emergent marsh during breeding and teal seasons. Managed impoundments were limited to 4 river systems along coastal Georgia and South Carolina, resulting in much of the coastal wetlands in both states being unused by mottled ducks. We suggest the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR) and SCDNR work cooperatively to manage mottled ducks and their habitats by focusing efforts to create and manage impoundments throughout the Santee, Savannah, Altamaha, and Ashepoo‐Combahe‐Edisto (ACE) river basins in coastal Georgia and South Carolina where we documented use. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Geomorphological analysis on the interaction of Alpine glaciers and rock glaciers since the Little Ice Age
Authors: Kenner Robert
Published: December 2018

The interaction of glaciers and rock glaciers and the associated development and degradation of permafrost landforms are intensely discussed fields of periglacial geomorphology. This study presents examples of glacier–rock glacier interactions since the Little Ice Age in the Swiss and French Alps, based on sequences of current and historical maps and orthophotos as well as field observations. It is concluded from these examples that many creeping permafrost features, which were widely specified as ‘glacier derived’ in the literature, appear to be much older than the glacier itself and constitute the remains of rock glaciers, which were disrupted by glaciers. Furthermore, the environmental conditions causing an alternation of glaciers and rock glaciers at the same location are analysed here, and the processes leading to a transition from one landform to the other are identified in the examples given. The influence of climate change on rock glacier development appears to be ambiguous and partly contradictory. The examples show how rock glacier development can benefit from increased rock fall activity and deglaciation in warming periods.
Application of epineural sheath conduit for restoration of 6‐cm long nerve defects in a sheep median nerve model
Authors: Siemionow Maria , Cwykiel Joanna , Uygur Safak , Kwiecien Grzegorz , Oztürk Can , Szopinski Jacek , Madajka Maria
Published: December 2018

Background

Due to limited number of studies, we tested feasibility of autologous epineural sheath conduit (ESC) in repair of 6‐cm median nerve gaps in a sheep—the large animal model.

Materials and methods

Eight ewes, 6–8 months old, 30–35 kg, were divided into three experimental groups: group 1—no defect repair (n = 4 nerves/group), group 2—autograft controls (n = 6 nerves/group), group 3—autologous ESC filled with saline (n = 6 nerves/group). ESC was constructed from a 6‐cm long segment of sheep median nerve and tested for expression of laminin B, Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S‐100 and CD31 using immunofluorescent staining. At 6 months after nerve repair, nerve conduction velocity and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) assessed neurosensory recovery, while histomorphometry tested nerve regeneration.

Results

Ex vivo characterization of ESC, before in vivo nerve gap repair, showed high laminin B expression, which supports axonal growth. At 6 months post‐repair, structural integrity of ESC was preserved. ESC was well‐vascularized and tissue adhesions were comparable to autograft controls. The maximal conduction velocities (29.80 ± 5.85 ms vs. 32.28 ± 6.75 ms; p = .44), action potential amplitudes (32.68 ± 17.44 mV vs. 44.14 ± 23.10 mV; p = .38) and SSEP amplitude values (6.18 ± 5.84 mV vs. 4.68 ± 2.53 mV; p = .28) were comparable between autograft and ESC groups. Presence of regenerating axons was confirmed in the distal segment of ESC at 6 months after repair.

Conclusion

The feasibility of ESC in restoration of 6‐cm long nerve defects in a sheep median nerve model was confirmed by nerve conduction assessments and correlated with axonal regeneration tested by histomorphometry. We confirmed ESC potential in support of regeneration of long nerve defects.
One‐stage reconstruction by dual‐innervated double muscle flap transplantation with the neural interconnection between the ipsilateral masseter and contralateral facial nerve for reanimating established facial paralysis: A report of 2 cases
Authors: Matsumine Hajime , Kamei Wataru , Fujii Kaori , Shimizu Mari , Osada Atsuyoshi , Sakurai Hiroyuki
Published: December 2018

The authors developed a one‐stage double‐muscle reconstruction technique for facial paralysis using a latissimus dorsi (LD) flap and a serratus anterior (SA) flap, which were dually reinnervated by the contralateral facial nerve (FN) and ipsilateral masseter nerve (MN). The procedure was performed for 61‐year‐old man 3‐years after resection of a malignant tumor and a 24‐year‐old woman 10‐years after temporal fracture with facial paralysis. A double‐muscle flap comprising left LD and SA flaps was harvested, a 15‐cm thoracodorsal nerve (TN) section was attached to the LD flap, and 5‐cm and 1‐cm sections of the long thoracic nerve (LTN) were attached to the proximal and distal sides of SA flap. The LD flap and SA flap were sutured along the direction of motion of the zygomaticus major and risorius muscles, respectively. The contralateral FN and ipsilateral MN were interconnected by nerve suturing: the medial branch of TN to the distal end of LTN, the proximal end of LTN to the ipsilateral MN, and the buccal branch of contralateral FN to the main trunk of TN. After surgery, good contraction of the transferred flaps resulted in reanimation of a natural symmetrical smile; no complications were observed during the 12‐month follow‐up period.
A novel compact dual‐mode SIW filter with wide rejection band and selective response
Authors: Mahan Ahmad , Pourjafari Seyed Mojtaba , Tayarani Majid , Mahani Mohammad Shahidzadeh
Published: December 2018

A compact dual‐mode substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) bandpass filter with wide upper stopband is presented. A cross shaped slot is etched on the top plane of SIW cavity to alter the second mode (TE201) current distribution and move it closer to the first mode (TE101), to enhance the bandwidth flatness. Removing few via near the excitation ports, provides longer path for the current to resonance and give us the transmission zeros (TZ1) in a simple way. Another 2 TZs are used to improve the stopband by suppressing higher order modes resonances. The designed filter is fabricated and tested and a very good result is achieved to confirm the design idea. There is also a good agreement between the measured and Full Wave simulated results. The fabricated sample realizes a fractional bandwidth of 9.1% at 7.5 GHz center frequency and 2 zeros at 12.5 GHz and 15 GHz.
Survival after diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma among children, adolescents, and young adults in California, 2001–2014: A population‐based study
Authors: Abrahão R. , Ribeiro R.C. , Lichtensztajn D.Y. , Rosenberg A.S. , Keegan T.H.M.
Published: December 2018

Background

This population‐based study considered the influence of rituximab on the survival of children (0–19 years), adolescents, and young adults (AYAs, 20–39 years) with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), including patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Methods

Data on 642 children and AYAs diagnosed with DLBCL during 2001–2014 were obtained from the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry in California. Facility‐level reports provided treatment details. The Kaplan–Meier method estimated survival and Cox regression models examined the association between survival and rituximab use, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors.

Results

Rituximab use increased from 2001–2007 to 2008–2014 among children (from 32% to 48%), AYAs (from 68% to 84%), and HIV patients (from 57% to 67%). Five‐year survival was higher among children (91%) than AYAs (82%). On multivariable analysis, the hazard of death was 44% lower among rituximab recipients, and higher among uninsured patients, those with HIV, and those with advanced stage at diagnosis. HIV patients who received rituximab were 60% less likely to die than nonrecipients.

Conclusions

Our study suggests a benefit of rituximab on the treatment of AYAs and HIV patients with DLBCL. The worse survival observed among HIV‐positive and uninsured patients is of concern and calls for further investigation. Careful consideration should be given on whether to recommend rituximab more often on the front‐line treatment of children and HIV‐positive patients with DLBCL.
IKZF1 deletion and co‐occurrence with other aberrations in a child with chronic myeloid leukemia progressing to acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Klumb Claudete Esteves , Barbosa Thayana da Conceição , Nestal de Moraes Gabriela , Schramm Marcia Trindade , Emerenciano Mariana , Maia Raquel Ciuvalschi
Published: December 2018

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a rare disease in children. Different from that in adults, childhood CML involves transformative events occurring over a short time period. CML transformation to lymphoid blast phase (BP) is associated with copy number abnormalities, characteristic of BCR‐ABL1 positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, but not of CML in the chronic phase. Here, we present an unusual case of CML progressing to BP in a 1.6‐year‐old child, harboring IKZF1, PAX5, CDKN2A, and ETV6 deletions at diagnosis. It remains to be addressed whether distinct mechanisms might account for CML pathogenesis in early childhood.
Enriched mechanical, thermal, and blood compatibility of single stage electrospun polyurethane nickel oxide nanocomposite for cardiac tissue engineering
Authors: Jaganathan Saravana Kumar , Mani Mohan Prasath
Published: December 2018

Electrospinning is a versatile technique for producing nanocomposite in biomedical applications. In this study, polyurethane (PU) cardiac patch loaded with nickel oxide (NiO) was fabricated using electrospinning technique. The morphology study revealed that the PU/NiO nanocomposites exhibited reduced fiber diameter (758 ± 157.10 nm) and pore diameter (868 ± 73.26 nm) compared to the pristine PU (fiber diameter 890 ± 116.91 nm and pore diameter 1064 ± 74.31 nm). The contact angle study indicated the decreased wettability behavior of the electrospun nanocomposite (106° ± 0.58°) than the pure PU (100° ± 0.58°). The incorporation of NiO into PU improved the mechanical strength (15.25 MPa) and surface roughness (448 nm) of the pristine PU (tensile strength 7.12 MPa and surface roughness 313 nm). The developed PU/NiO nanocomposites showed delayed blood clotting time and low hemolytic percentage as revealed in the coagulation studies insinuating the improved anticoagulant nature compared to the pristine PU. Moreover, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assay demonstrated the nontoxic behavior of fibroblast cells in the developed nanocomposite (135 ± 1%) than the pristine PU (133.33 ± 8.96%). The newly developed nanocomposite patch rendered better physicochemical, improved blood compatibility, and nontoxic to the fibroblast cells. Hence, the electrospun PU/NiO nanocomposite might serve as a plausible scaffold for the cardiac tissue engineering. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2381–2390, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Longitudinal changes in lung size and intrapulmonary‐artery Doppler during the second half of pregnancy in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Cruz‐Martinez Rogelio , Martínez‐Rodríguez Miguel , Nieto‐Castro Belén , Gámez‐Varela Alma , Cruz‐Lemini Monica , Luna‐García Jonahtan , Juárez‐Martínez Israel
Published: December 2018

Objectives

The objectives of the study are to evaluate longitudinal changes in lung size and intrapulmonary‐artery (IPa) Doppler in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and assess their contribution in predicting neonatal survival.

Methods

The observed/expected lung‐to‐head ratio (O/E‐LHR) and IPa–pulsatility index (PI) and peak early diastolic reversed flow (PEDRF) were evaluated in a cohort of left‐sided CDH fetuses managed expectantly during pregnancy. Longitudinal changes were analyzed by multilevel analysis, and their value to predict survival using the multiple logistic regression and decision‐tree analysis was assessed.

Results

A total of 232 scans were performed on 69 CDH fetuses. The O/E‐LHR values remained unchanged during fetal monitoring, whereas IPa–PI and PEDRF showed a progressive increase throughout follow‐up, becoming abnormal on average at 30 weeks of gestation. Absent/reversed end‐diastolic velocity (EDV) in the IPa was observed in 20.3%. O/E‐LHR and IPa Doppler indices were significantly associated with probability of survival (O/E‐LHR ≥ 26%, odds ratio [OR] 19.0; IPa–PI <+2.0 z score, OR 3.0; and positive EDV, OR 7.4). All cases with IPa‐reversed EDV died after birth.

Conclusion

While lung size remains stable during pregnancy, CDH fetuses show progressive deterioration in intrapulmonary blood flow. IPa Doppler evaluation may aid in predicting survival of CDH fetuses managed expectantly during pregnancy.
Mental and behavioural disorders in the children of mothers diagnosed with cancer: A Danish population‐based register study
Authors: Momen Natalie C. , Ernst Andreas , Arendt Linn H. , Olsen Jørn , Li Jiong , Gissler Mika , Ramlau‐Hansen Cecilia H.
Published: December 2018

Objective

Maternal cancer may be associated with offspring mental and behavioural disorders through various biological pathways. When postnatally diagnosed, it may cause stress and changes in care, potentially influencing mental health. Prenatally diagnosed cancer could lead to maternal stress and treatment, or influence foetal neural development. This study investigates associations between prenatally or postnatally diagnosed maternal cancers and mental and behavioural disorders in children.

Methods

The study composed of 2 158 430 children born in Denmark (1978‐2012). Children were exposed if their mother received a cancer diagnosis prenatally (2 years prepartum, until birth) or postnatally (birth, until 18 years postpartum). Further analyses considered cancer types and diagnostic delays. Children were followed until 18 years of age or the first of the following: diagnosis of a mental or behavioural disorder, emigration, death, end of follow‐up.

Results

During follow‐up 79 682 (3.7%) children were diagnosed with mental or behavioural disorders. There was an increased risk among offspring exposed to postnatally diagnosed cancers (HR 1.05; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.11); for prenatally diagnosed cancers HR was 1.07 (0.87‐1.31). The strongest associations for disorder types were for prenatal diagnoses with mood/affective disorders (HR 2.45; 1.02‐5.89) and postnatal diagnoses with mood/affective disorders (HR 1.43; 1.14‐1.79).

Conclusions

The results indicate a link between maternal cancer occurrence during pregnancy or early postnatal life, and mental and behavioural disorders in offspring. This association could be driven by common factors in the two periods, such as psychological stress or genetic factors. No specific foetal programming was identified.
Monitoring of time between events with a double generally weighted moving average control chart
Authors: Alevizakos Vasileios , Koukouvinos Christos , Lappa Angeliki
Published: December 2018

Monitoring of time between events (TBE) instead of the number of events is used in high‐quality processes where the events occur rarely. This article presents a double generally weighted moving average control chart with a lower time‐varying control limit to monitor the TBE (regarded as DGWMA‐TBE chart). The design parameters of the proposed chart are provided, and through a simulation study, it is shown that the DGWMA‐TBE chart is more effective than the DEWMA and GWMA charts in detecting moderate to large shifts. Furthermore, the DGWMA‐TBE chart is very robust for the same range of shifts when the TBE observations follow a Weibull or a lognormal distribution. Finally, examples are also presented to enhance the performance of the proposed chart.
Designing Three‐dimensional (3D) Non‐Fullerene Small Molecule Acceptors with Efficient Photovoltaic Parameters
Authors: Ans Muhammad , Iqbal Javed , Ahmad Zahoor , Muhammad Shabbir , Hussain Riaz , Eliasson Bertil , Ayub Khurshid
Published: December 2018

Three dimensional (3D) acceptor‐donor‐acceptor (A−D‐A) type small molecules (M1, M2, M3 and M4) are theoretically investigated for optoelectronic properties. The designed molecules contain spirobifluorene as core unit linked with end capped acceptors through four four thieno‐[3,2‐b]Thiophene (TT) units. The end capped acceptors are (3‐methyl‐2‐thioxothiazolidin‐4‐one) (M1), 2‐(2‐ethylidene‐5,6‐difluoro‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydroinden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile (M2), 2‐(3‐ethyl‐4‐oxothiazolidin‐2‐ylidine)malononitrile (M3) and 2‐(2‐ethylidene‐5,6‐dicyano‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydroinden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile (M4). The photovoltaic parameters of the designed molecules are compared with the recently reported reference compound R. Among all designed molecules, M4 is a low energy gap material (2.28 eV), broad absorption which is attributed to excellent communication between strong electron withdrawing end capped acceptors through extended conjugation. All newly designed molecules have lower binding energy as compared to reference molecule R which results in higher exciton dissociation in excited state. The reorganization energy calculations indicate good charge transfer ability of the designed molecules. M4 shows the lowest λe (0.0022) value with respect to the reference molecule R (0.034) which signifies its enhanced electronic transport behavior. The calculated open circuit voltages (Voc) ranges from 1.97 to 2.36 eV, 2.11 to 2.49 eV and 1.9 eV to 2.28 eV with respect to three different well known donor materials PTB7‐Th, PBDB−T and P3HT, respectively.
Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols Catalyzed by V2O5Rods Decorated on Graphene Oxide
Authors: Anbu Nagaraj , Ruby Kamalam Maniveldoss Beaula , Sethuraman Kunjithapatham , Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi
Published: December 2018

The present work reports the preparation of two different nanocomposites, namely, 5 wt% V2O5rods supported on graphene oxide (GO) (GV1) and 10 wt% V2O5rods supported on GO (GV2). These nanocomposites are prepared by mixing V2O5precursor and GO suspension with the assistance of sonication method as a non conventional source of energy. The structural features of these nanocomposites are characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Raman, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and UV‐Visible spectroscopy. These analyses confirm the existence of V2O5rods decorated on GO sheets. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of these nanocomposites is examined in the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol under mild reaction conditions. The observed catalytic data indicate that the present experimental conditions afford complete conversion of benzyl alcohol with 100% selectivity to benzaldehyde with GV2 as a solid catalyst. On the other hand, this catalyst is also effective to promote secondary alcohol oxidation to its corresponding carbonyl compound, thus demonstrating wide substrate scope. The reusability experiments indicate that the activity is decreased in consecutive recycles in the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. On the other hand, the process is heterogeneous in nature as evidenced by hot filtration experiment.
Effect of Lithium Doping on the Structures and CO2 Adsorption Properties of Metal‐Organic Frameworks HKUST‐1
Authors: Zhou Lingling , Niu Zhaodong , Jin Xu , Tang Lihong , Zhu Liping
Published: December 2018

The metal‐organic framework HKUST‐1 was modified by lithium doping to enhance its CO2 adsorption property. An optimal CO2 adsorption capacity was achieved as a lithium nitrate solution with a moderate concentration was used as the doping agent in the modified HKUST‐1. The chemical and crystalline structures of the modified HKUST‐1 were characterized in detail. It was found that the crystalline structures and morphologies of HKUST‐1 were well preserved after lithium doping. Also, the lithium doping did not deteriorate the thermal stability of HKUST‐1. Based on the experimental results of CO2 adsorption by in‐situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, a possible mechanism of CO2 adsorption in the lithium doped HKUST‐1 was proposed. It is believed that the incorporation of lithium has enhanced the interaction between CO2 molecules and the metal‐organic frameworks. As a result, the CO2 adsorption capacity greatly increased. These findings and insights are helpful to the development of high‐performance materials for CO2 adsorption in the future.
Empirical evaluation of an entropy‐based approach to estimation variation of software development effort
Authors: El Koutbi Salma , Idri Ali , Abran Alain
Published: December 2018

As effort estimation has gained increasing attention, most of the techniques proposed have focused on the accuracy of effort estimates. Yet no clear conclusions have been drawn on which techniques perform best in all contexts. We propose an entropy‐based approach to effort estimate variation caused by measurement and model error sources whatever the effort estimation technique used. The proposed approach was empirically evaluated by exploring three entropy formulae, four interpolation methods, and two analogy‐based effort estimation approaches (crisp and fuzzy analogy) over seven datasets using the Jackknife evaluation method.

The obtained results show that the three entropy formulae have in general the same positive influence on the performance of the entropy‐based approach measured in terms of absolute error of effort deviation. In addition, the spline interpolation outperformed all other interpolation methods, using any of the entropy formulae. Moreover, achievement percentages of the best variants of our approach closely approximated those of the Gaussian distribution confirming that the Gaussian distribution is useful for characterizing effort estimate variation.
Immediate influences of a large dam construction on local storm event patterns and weather variables: a case study of the Three Gorges Project
Authors: Song Jung‐Hun , Ma Li , Her Younggu , Li Yuncong
Published: December 2018

The Three Gorges Project (TGP) – which involved the construction of a large dam between the cities of Chongqing and Yichang – resulted in major changes to the landscape of the surrounding region, creating wide areas of open water on its completion in 2003. This article investigates the immediate effects of the TGP on storm event patterns and local weather in an area adjacent to the Three Gorges Reservoir using daily weather variable data from the period 2001–2015. Storm event patterns were derived from daily rainfall data and statistically tested to see whether significant changes in the patterns could be detected. The results show that the TGP did not significantly influence patterns of storm events or local weather over the short term.
Simultaneous Suprapubic Lipectomy and Penile Prosthesis Implantation
Authors: Shaeer Osama , Shaeer Kamal , AbdelRahman Islam Fathi
Published: December 2018

Introduction

A shorter penis is a frequent complaint following penile prosthesis implantation (PPI), and a large redundant suprapubic fat pad can conceal the penis and possibly compromise patient and partner satisfaction with length.

Aim

To evaluate feasibility and outcome of same-session, same-incision, PPI and suprapubic lipectomy (SPL).

Methods

In 22 patients, SPL was performed through an abdominal crease incision. Through the same incision, the superficial perineal pouch was opened to gain access to the base of the penis. Penile prosthesis was implanted (semirigid in 16 patients and girth-expanding 3-piece inflatable in 6). Scarpa’s fascia, subcutaneous fat, and the abdominal crease skin incision were closed.

Main Outcome Measure

Evaluation was in terms of implant survival, preoperative vs postoperative patient and partner satisfaction with penile length on a 5-point rating scale, subjective opinion over penile length postoperatively, compared with recall of erect length before erectile dysfunction (ED) had set in (longer, same, or shorter), and penile length with the implant rigid, compared in the supine and standing positions postoperatively (pubic skin to tip, using a rigid ruler).

Results

No infections or extrusions or mechanical failures were encountered. There was a 53.3% increase in patient satisfaction with length comparing preoperative (2.55 ± 0.67) to postoperative (4.77 ± 0.43) ratings, P < .0001. Partner satisfaction showed a 40.2% increase, from 1.77 ± 0.61 to 4.41 ± 0.50, P < .0001. 19 of 22 patients reported that postoperative length was longer than their recall of erect length before ED had set in, and 3 patients reported that length was the same. With the implant rigid, there was no statistically significant difference in visible length between the supine and standing positions (14.1 cm ± 2.3 and 13.9 cm ± 2.3, respectively, P = .38).

Clinical Implications

Patients with refractory ED and a concealed penis can be counseled as to the option of simultaneous SPL and PPI (SPL-PPI), a modification that may help avoid patient and partner dissatisfaction with length.

Strength & Limitations

Strengths include objective evaluation of the efficacy of the procedure by comparing supine and standing penile length. Limitations of the current study include inability to evaluate erect length preoperatively owing to refractory ED, and subjectivity of patient and partner opinion.

Conclusion

Same-incision SPL-PPI appears to be a safe and effective procedure, with high patient and partner satisfaction rates.
Dynamical degrees of Hurwitz correspondences
Authors: RAMADAS ROHINI
Published: December 2018

Let$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$be a post-critically finite branched covering of a two-sphere. By work of Koch, the Thurston pullback map induced by$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$on Teichmüller space descends to a multivalued self-map—a Hurwitz correspondence${\mathcal{H}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}}$—of the moduli space${\mathcal{M}}_{0,\mathbf{P}}$. We study the dynamics of Hurwitz correspondences via numerical invariants calleddynamical degrees. We show that the sequence of dynamical degrees of${\mathcal{H}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}}$is always non-increasing and that the behavior of this sequence is constrained by the behavior of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$at and near points of its post-critical set.
Turbulent flow through a high aspect ratio cooling duct with asymmetric wall heating
Authors: Kaller Thomas , Pasquariello Vito , Hickel Stefan , Adams Nikolaus A.
Published: December 2018

We present well-resolved large-eddy simulations of turbulent flow through a straight, high aspect ratio cooling duct operated with water at a bulk Reynolds number of $Re_{b}=110\times 10^{3}$ and an average Nusselt number of $Nu_{xz}=371$. The geometry and boundary conditions follow an experimental reference case and good agreement with the experimental results is achieved. The current investigation focuses on the influence of asymmetric wall heating on the duct flow field, specifically on the interaction of turbulence-induced secondary flow and turbulent heat transfer, and the associated spatial development of the thermal boundary layer and the inferred viscosity variation. The viscosity reduction towards the heated wall causes a decrease in turbulent mixing, turbulent length scales and turbulence anisotropy as well as a weakening of turbulent ejections. Overall, the secondary flow strength becomes increasingly less intense along the length of the spatially resolved heated duct as compared to an adiabatic duct. Furthermore, we show that the assumption of a constant turbulent Prandtl number is invalid for turbulent heat transfer in an asymmetrically heated duct.
Computationally generated constitutive models for particle phase rheology in gas-fluidized suspensions
Authors: Gu Yile , Ozel Ali , Kolehmainen Jari , Sundaresan Sankaran
Published: December 2018

Developing constitutive models for particle phase rheology in gas-fluidized suspensions through rigorous statistical mechanical methods is very difficult when complex inter-particle forces are present. In the present study, we pursue a computational approach based on results obtained through Eulerian–Lagrangian simulations of the fluidized state. Simulations were performed in a periodic domain for non-cohesive and mildly cohesive (Geldart Group A) particles. Based on the simulation results, we propose modified closures for pressure, bulk viscosity, shear viscosity and the rate of dissipation of pseudo-thermal energy. For non-cohesive particles, results in the high granular temperature $T$ regime agree well with constitutive expressions afforded by the kinetic theory of granular materials, demonstrating the validity of the methodology. The simulations reveal a low $T$ regime, where the inter-particle collision time is determined by gravitational fall between collisions. Inter-particle cohesion has little effect in the high $T$ regime, but changes the behaviour appreciably in the low $T$ regime. At a given $T$, a cohesive particle system manifests a lower pressure at low particle volume fractions when compared to non-cohesive systems; at higher volume fractions, the cohesive assemblies attain higher coordination numbers than the non-cohesive systems, and experience greater pressures. Cohesive systems exhibit yield stress, which is weakened by particle agitation, as characterized by $T$. All these effects are captured through simple modifications to the kinetic theory of granular materials for non-cohesive materials.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Megalobatrachonema hainanensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Ascaridida), with phylogenetic position of Megalobatrachonema in Cosmocercoidea
Authors: Chen H.-X. , Zhang L.-P. , Li L.
Published: December 2018

The genus Megalobatrachonema is a rare group of nematode parasites within Ascaridida. The systematic status of Megalobatrachonema in the superfamily Cosmocercoidea (Ascaridida) has long been controversial. The relationship of Megalobatrachonema and Chabaudgolvania remains unsolved. In the present study, a new species of Megalobatrachonema, M. hainanensis sp. nov., was described based on specimens collected in Amolops hainanensis (Boulenger) and Hylarana spinulosa (Smith) (Amphibia: Anura) from Hainan Island, China. The large ribosomal DNA (28S) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) were also sequenced for molecular identification and phylogenetic study. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood (ML) inference and Bayesian inference (BI) based on 28S and ITS1 sequence data, respectively, supported that Megalobatrachonema is a member of the family Kathlaniidae. In addition, the genetic comparison and phylogenetic results based on ITS1 sequence data also supported that the genus Chabaudgolvania should be considered as a synonym of Megalobatrachonema.
Reward shaping for knowledge-based multi-objective multi-agent reinforcement learning
Authors: Mannion Patrick , Devlin Sam , Duggan Jim , Howley Enda
Published: December 2018

The majority of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) implementations aim to optimize systems with respect to a single objective, despite the fact that many real-world problems are inherently multi-objective in nature. Research into multi-objective MARL is still in its infancy, and few studies to date have dealt with the issue of credit assignment. Reward shaping has been proposed as a means to address the credit assignment problem in single-objective MARL, however it has been shown to alter the intended goals of a domain if misused, leading to unintended behaviour. Two popular shaping methods are potential-based reward shaping and difference rewards, and both have been repeatedly shown to improve learning speed and the quality of joint policies learned by agents in single-objective MARL domains. This work discusses the theoretical implications of applying these shaping approaches to cooperative multi-objective MARL problems, and evaluates their efficacy using two benchmark domains. Our results constitute the first empirical evidence that agents using these shaping methodologies can sample true Pareto optimal solutions in cooperative multi-objective stochastic games.
Active and passive surveillance for bat lyssaviruses in Italy revealed serological evidence for their circulation in three bat species
Authors: Leopardi S. , Priori P. , Zecchin B. , Poglayen G. , Trevisiol K. , Lelli D. , Zoppi S. , Scicluna M. T. , D'Avino N. , Schiavon E. , Bourhy H. , Serra-Cobo J. , Mutinelli F. , Scaravelli D. , De Benedictis P.
Published: December 2018

The wide geographical distribution and genetic diversity of bat-associated lyssaviruses (LYSVs) across Europe suggest that similar viruses may also be harboured in Italian insectivorous bats. Indeed, bats were first included within the passive national surveillance programme for rabies in wildlife in the 1980s, while active surveillance has been performed since 2008. The active surveillance strategies implemented allowed us to detect neutralizing antibodies directed towards European bat 1 lyssavirus in six out of the nine maternity colonies object of the study across the whole country. Seropositive bats were Myotis myotis, M. blythii and Tadarida teniotis. On the contrary, the virus was neither detected through passive nor active surveillance, suggesting that fatal neurological infection is rare also in seropositive colonies. Although the number of tested samples has steadily increased in recent years, submission turned out to be rather sporadic and did not include carcasses from bat species that account for the majority of LYSVs cases in Europe, such as Eptesicus serotinus, M. daubentonii, M. dasycneme and M. nattereri. A closer collaboration with bat handlers is therefore mandatory to improve passive surveillance and decrypt the significance of serological data obtained up to now.
A cardiac hydatid cyst mimicking a pericardial tumour in a paediatric case
Authors: Oner Taliha , Korun Oktay , Celebi Ahmet
Published: December 2018

Cardiac hydatid cysts are a rare presentation of hydatid cyst disease in the body, with a reported cardiac involvement rate of <2%. The left ventricle is the most common site of cardiac involvement. Here, we report a patient with a hydatid cyst that ruptured into the pericardium after producing an aneurysm on the right ventricular free wall, appearing as fibrinated fluid and a solid mass lesion in the pericardium. Our aim in this case report was to emphasise that the possibility of a hydatid cyst should not be overlooked in the differential diagnosis of pericardial tumours.
Percentage depth dose fragmentation for investigating and assessing the photon beam dosimetry quality
Authors: Bencheikh Mohamed , Maghnouj Abdelmajid , Tajmouati Jaouad
Published: December 2018

Aim

The purpose of this study is to introduce a new approach to assess the dosimetry quality of photon beam with energy and irradiation field size. This approach is based on percentage depth dose (PDD) fragmentation for investigating the dosimetry quality.

Materials and methods

For the investigation of the dosimetry quality of 6 and 18 MV photon beams, we have proceeded to fragment the PDD at different field sizes. This approach checks the overall PDD and is not restricted to the exponential decay regions, as per the International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Reports Series No 398 and the American Association of Physicist in Medicine Task Group 51 recommendations.

Results and discussion

The 6 MV photon beam deposited more energy in the target volume than the 18 MV photon beam. The dose delivered by the 6 MV beam is greater by a factor of 1·5 than that delivered by the 18 MV beam in the build-up region and the dose delivered by the 6 MV beam is greater by a factor of 2·6 than that delivered by the 18 MV beam in the electronic equilibrium and the exponential decay regions.

Conclusion

The dose measured at different points of the beam is higher for 6 MV than for 18 MV photon beam. Therefore, the 6 MV beam is more dosimetrically efficient than the 18 MV beam. Using the proposed approach, we can assess the dosimetry quality by taking into account overall PDD not only in the exponential decay region but also in the field.
Fairness in drug prices: do economists think differently from the public?
Authors: Trujillo Antonio J. , Karmarkar Taruja , Alexander Caleb , Padula William , Greene Jeremy , Anderson Gerard
Published: December 2018

Using dual-entitlement theory as the guide, we conducted a survey of economists from the National Bureau of Economic Research asking them a series of questions about the fairness of drug prices in the United States. Public opinion surveys have repeatedly shown that the public perceives drug prices to be unfair, but economists trained in laws of supply and demand may have different perceptions. Three hundred and ten senior economists responded to our survey. Forty-five percent agreed that drug prices were unfair when people, specifically low-income individuals, could not afford their prescription medications. Sixty-five percent oppose a dollar threshold, or upper limit, on drug prices. The economists recommend the most promising policy change would be to provide the government additional negotiating power and price controls would moderately impact investment in pharmaceutical research and development.
Crowdsourcing Snow Depth Data with Citizen Scientists
Authors: Hill David , Wolken Gabriel , Jones Katreen , Crumley Ryan , Arendt Anthony
Published: December 2018

A new project harnesses the power of the winter backcountry recreation community to gather data that are vital to understanding snow, from winter hazards to water resources.
Fall Meeting Recommendations from AGU’s Journal Editors, Part 2
Authors: Lunn Jenny
Published: December 2018

AGU's journal editors give their recommendations for some of the most interesting oral presentations, posters, tutorials, lectures, and special events coming up at this year’s Fall Meeting.