bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Does the Federal Estate Tax Affect This Plan?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

All good things must come to an end, and the same rule that governs our lives applies with equal force to retirement plans. They enjoy such tax-favored treatment under the income tax that it comes as a surprise to see how they can be savaged by the federal estate tax. Ironically, their vulnerability flows inexorably from their preferential treatment under the income tax provisions of the Code. In a sense, what is given with one hand may, if you do not plan, be taken away with the other. With some explanation from your helpful guides, you will find that, again, the basic concepts do not require abstruse reasoning. You may find that a quick glance at the primer or the glossary may be required from time to time just so that you remain familiar with the legal patois. You have already covered the basic principles of estate planning: now you get to see them in action.
How Should your Estate Plan Deal with the Estate Tax?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

Assuming that you want to preserve retirement plans for your family, how do you pay the resultant estate tax? As we have seen, using the plan itself to pay the tax literally compounds the problem by creating two taxes where only one had existed beforehand. You will need $2 of retirement plan assets to pay $1 of estate taxes. As much as 80% of your plan can disappear up the flue.
How Do You Preserve the Insurance Policy from Estate Taxation?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

Now, you may be thinking, this all sounds pretty neat, but won’t there be an estate tax on the insurance policy that will cut its effectiveness in half? In the previous chapter, we talked about your children inheriting the second-to-die life insurance policy as though the estate tax did not exist.
Multifocal Motor Neuropathy
Authors: Chaudhry Vinay
Published: November 2023

Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) is an acquired, immune-mediated, chronic demyelinating neuropathy. Clinically, it is characterized by slowly progressive asymmetrical weakness without sensory involvement. Electrophysiological testing reveals multifocal motor demyelinating features with partial motor conduction block. Most patients respond to treatment with intravenous immune globulin or cyclophosphamide. The earliest descriptions of MMN reported a progressive multifocal pure motor demyelinating disorder that clinically resembled a lower motor neuron variant of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with progressive asymmetric weakness and atrophy, fasciculations, and cramps in the absence of sensory symptoms and signs.1,2,2-21 Its relatively benign course led one case report to be entitled “... A reversible motor neuron syndrome.”3 The term “multifocal motor neuropathy” was first used in 1988 by Pestronk and coworkers,21 and is now commonly used in all descriptions of such cases. The multifocality, selective motor involvement, and demyelinative electrophysiology (with partial motor conduction block) have become distinctive hallmarks of this disorder.
Sarcoid Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Minahan Robert E
Published: November 2023

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that most commonly affects the lungs, reticuloendothelial system, skin, eyes, and myocardium. Neurological manifestations are relatively infrequent, occurring in approximately 5% of all patients with sarcoidosis. The cause of sarcoidosis remains unknown despite decades of study. No infectious or inflammatory agents have emerged as pathogenic. The diagnosis often presents a major challenge for the clinician, especially if neurosarcoidosis occurs with few systemic signs of the disease. Diagnostic criteria demand the histological demonstration of noncaseating (also called nonnecrotizing) granulomas (Fig. 14-1). However, since this histological finding alone is not specific for sarcoidosis, a definitive diagnosis requires exclusion of conditions causing overlapping microscopic features, including mycobacteria, fungi, beryllium, and syphilis. This diagnosis by exclusion reinforces the importance of assessing the presence of noncaseating granulomas in the context of the total clinical picture.
Diabetic Neuropathies
Authors: Mendell Jerry R
Published: November 2023

Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in the Western world. In a large cohort of diabetics, Pirart determined that 8% had neuropathy at the time of diagnosis, and 50% had neuropathy after 25 years. More recent studies confirm this incidence. In a population-based cohort, 66% of type 1 and 59% of type 2 diabetics had objective evidence of neuropathy. Future generations should see an improvement in these statistics with the advent of better methods of glucose control.
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies and Giant Axonal Neuropathy
Authors: Mendell Jerry R , Sahenk Zarife
Published: November 2023

In most textbooks giant axonal neuropathy is not included with this group of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies; however, technically speaking, it is hereditary, motor, and sensory, characteristics that justify its inclusion here. Furthermore it is a bit of an orphan disease and fits in here as well as anywhere.
Neuropathies Associated with Organ System Failure, Organ Transplantation, Metabolic Disorders, and Cancer
Authors: Amato Anthony A , Kissel John T , Mendell Jerry R
Published: November 2023

All clinicians know that peripheral neuropathy may result from systemic metabolic derangements, the failure of organ systems, endocrine disorders, and direct or remote effects of cancer. Because of the large number of such disorders, clinicians have traditionally been taught that the evaluation of a patient with an idiopathic neuropathy demands extensive screening using an enormous panel of blood tests designed to detect any and all metabolic disturbances that might provide possible clues to the etiology of the neuropathy. In practice, however, this approach is almost always disappointing.
Foundations of Romance Syntax
Authors: Mensching Guido
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I present some basic assumptions of generative grammar that will be crucial for the explanation of specified subjects in infinitive clauses in the following chapters. Most of the following discussion is devoted to a review of the state of the art in the field of Romance syntax. Many of the principles discussed in this chapter are reexamined and partially modified in the course of this book in the light of the infinitive constructions at issue. In this chapter, I concentrate on those assumptions that were developed in the principles and parameters (P&P) theory originally proposed by Chomsky (1981, 1986a), but I emphasize the theoretical innovations of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Some points of the theoretical background outlined here are particularly relevant for the approach adopted in chapter 6. Some differences concerning the minimalist program (Chomsky 1992 and seqq.) are mentioned in this chapter, but a detailed discussion is postponed until chapter 7, in which I outline a minimalist approach to account for our data.
Summary and Outlook
Authors: Mensching Guido
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I first summarize the results of this book and then discuss some topics related to the history of the Romance languages.

The data described in chapter 2 show that most Romance languages permit specified subjects in infinitive constructions. However, the facts concerning the linear ordering of constituents and case properties show considerable cross-linguistic variation. In contrast to the infinitive constructions selected by perceptional and causative verbs, the subject of the infinitive clause can be either in the nominative or in the accusative case in other constructions. The subject can surface pre- or post-verbally. Although some languages admit both positions, in others only one is allowed. Moreover, the syntactic configurations in which specified subjects are licensed also vary considerably. In the varieties that allow both preverbal and postverbal subjects in infinitive constructions, the choice of either position is usually not arbitrary but rather depends on syntactic properties. This is a fundamental difference compared to finite constructions, where the position of subjects is largely dependent on semantic and pragmatic factors. Some examples may be recalled here: in earlier phases of Italian, and presumably also of Romanian, preverbal subjects are licensed only in the accusative case, whereas postverbal subjects bear the nominative case; in Portuguese, where subjects of infinitives usually behave similarly to those in finite clauses, preverbal subjects are suppressed in certain configurations, for example, when the infinitive clause is selected by an epistemic or a declarative verb. It is striking that after this same group of verbs, Italian allows the subject of an infinitive to become overt, also in the postverbal position. Finally, in Modem Spanish, preverbal infinitival subjects are basically limited to infinitive constructions that occur after certain prepositions. Something similar can be found in some diatopic varieties of French and in substandard Brazilian Portuguese, although here I argue that the case is the accusative and, in further contrast to Spanish, postverbal subjects are not allowed.
Introduction
Authors: McNeilly Mark
Published: November 2023

As pilots from the Coalition Forces flew above, tanks, armored vehicles, and trucks below poured out flames and smoke. Known later to the world as the Highway of Death, the road out of Kuwait City was clogged with Iraqi forces trying to escape the Coalition Forces of Desert Storm. Instead, they had been turned into an inferno by the Coalition’s air attacks. This dramatic scene symbolized the defeat that had overcome the formerly triumphant Iraqi Army. In less than one hundred hours the ground war phase of Desert Storm was over, with the Iraqi forces either destroyed, in retreat, or in shocked surrender. One of the keys to the amazing success of Desert Storm was the use by the Coalition strategists of a centuries-old text titled The Art of War, written by an ancient Chinese general, Sun Tzu.
HIV Neurology
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

This text provides a clinical framework for the diagnosis and management of more than seventy potential neurological complications that may occur in the HIV infected patient. The clinical framework is designed to be “user friendly” so that even the most inexperienced clinician should be able to arrive at the correct diagnosis. The neurological complications of HIV disease have considerably changed in the last decade. Not only have more opportunistic conditions been described but other complications arising from antiretroviral drugs such as lipodystrophy and accelerated atherosclerosis have become problematic. Moreover, the pattern of complications has altered. Diseases such as cerebral toxoplasmosis, AIDS dementia complex and primary central nervous system lymphoma are now becoming uncommon to rare while peripheral neuropathy is becoming increasingly common. In line with these changes, there have been very significant advances in the therapy of HIV disease in general and in neurological complications in particular. Patients with AIDS dementia complex now have a variety of antiretroviral and adjuvant drugs available to them in contrast to the situation only five years ago where therapy was confined to two antiretroviral drugs at best.
Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology of Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Lord Reginald V N , Danenberg Peter V
Published: November 2023

The two main histopathologic types of esophageal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is the more prevalent type worldwide, but adenocarcinoma is more prevalent in many Western countries. Both SCC and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus have remarkable epidemiologic features. Squamous cell carcinoma has had the most varied geographical incidence of any cancer for many decades, which suggests the existence of critically important, but largely unclear, environmental and molecular factors.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Esophageal Carcinoma: Diagnostic and Staging Procedures
Authors: Krasna Mark J , Jiao Xiaolong
Published: November 2023

Esophageal cancer, a disease described in Chinese historical records at least 2000 years ago, is among the 10 most frequent cancers in the world. The annual incidence reported in Western countries is 3 per 100,000, compared with 140 per 100,000 in an area of Central Asia that is known as the “esophageal cancer belt.” Esophageal cancer remains one of the most lethal of all cancers. Once diagnosis is established, prognosis is poor, with a dismal 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. The results of single modality treatment have been poor except with surgery for early esophageal cancer.
Argument in the 20th Century
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

To do science is to assert that a fact or a theory is true of the natural world and to defend that assertion. We call such assertions “knowledge claims.” Any assertion is open to challenge: even for a statement as apparently innocent as “It rained today,” the question can always be asked, what is your evidence? In our terminology, however, a knowledge claim is an assertion explicitly open to such challenge, one for which its author must offer appropriate evidence. In other words, an argument must be made. Watson and Crick, writing in 1953, could not simply state “the structure of the DNA molecule is a double helix” and be done with it. They had to construct an argument meant to convince their discourse community that their alleged fact was credible; they pulled this feat off with flair in their now-famous Nature article. In Randy Allen Harris’s words (1997), “[Scientists argue, in private, in public, in the pages of journals and books. They sway and are swayed. That’s how they do science, far more profoundly than by staring into beakers or out of telescopes. What issues forth, as data, as theory, as law, is the residue of the strongest communal arguments they can muster.”
Attentional Networks, Confusional States and Neglect Syndromes
Authors: Mesulam M -Marsel
Published: November 2023

In a now lost manuscript written in the fifth-century B.C.E., Empedocles is quoted as having stated that “the nature of God is like a circle of which the center is everywhere and the circumference nowhere.” The omnipresence that Empedocles envisaged would have engendered an all-encompassing awareness: Nothing would be ignored, nothing could be brought into sharper focus, all events would be registered in parallel, everything would have full access to instantaneous action, and the global would be identical to the focal. Anything short of such omnipresence creates the need to choose which of many suitable mental or external events will have preferential access to the narrow portals of consciousness and action. “Attention” is a generic term that can be used to designate the entire family of processes that mediate this choice. The presence of attentional modulation is inferred when identical events elicit differential responses according to momentary and reversible shifts in their significance. At the psychological level, attention implies a preferential allocation of processing resources and response channels to events that have be come behaviorally relevant. At the neural level, attention refers to alterations in the selectivity, intensity and duration of neuronal responses to such events.
Organizationally Relevant Journeys in Individual Change
Authors: Woodman Richard W , Dewett Todd
Published: November 2023

It is axiomatic that changing individual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior is key to effective organizational change. That is, it is not possible for the organization to change in meaningful ways unless employees change—people must believe differently, they must think differently, and they must behave differently. Thus, the role of the individual actor in group and organizational change has been explored at length through a variety of theoretical models or lenses (e.g., Van de Ven and Poole, 1995; Weick and Quinn, 1999; Woodman, 1989). What is much less explored, however, is the reverse of the individuals-change-organizations perspective. Organizations change the people who reside in them. These changes occur in many ways, both subtle and not so subtle. The purpose of our chapter is to develop a theoretical lens through which to explore the effects that organizations have on individuals—the ways that organizations change their employees.
Program Development
Authors: Hall Robert T
Published: November 2023

Program development is not the sort of activity that can be captured in definite procedural steps. Even with the best planning, it is a free-flowing process that varies greatly with circumstances and among institutions. The ethical dimensions change accordingly: different situations raise different questions and require different solutions. The following discussion is presented not as a blueprint for program development, but as an example of the kinds of issues that can be expected to arise. Ethically, it employs the contextual approach, with more attention to the details of actual situations and relationships than to basic principles and values. Rather than providing a general account of the subject, the chapter employs a detailed case study. The case itself is something of a composite; it is based primarily on experience at a regional university hospital, but with two added features from another program.

Organizational change in health care is generally complex, but it is especially difficult in areas like organ procurement and transplantation services. Where various medical specialties are involved, there are clinical concerns regarding requests to the families of potential donors, and arrangements must be coordinated with an outside agency. The ethical issues raised by organ procurement and transplantation programs are diverse. The nature and timing of requests are matters of clinical ethics, the allocation of organs is a public policy matter, and there are several administrative issues involved in both.
Introduction and Background
Authors: Henderson Brian E , McKean-Cowdin Roberta
Published: November 2023

The concept that hormones are an important part of the carcinogenic process, at least in some organs, was initiated over 100 years ago by the observations of Beatson on the relationship between cancer of the breast and ovarian function. Subsequent experimental studies in rodents by Bittner2,3 demonstrated that hormones could increase the risk of mammary cancer. In parallel, Rous and Kidd and later Berenblum popularized the multistage concept of carcinogenesis. Elegant studies of the carcinogenic process in skin led to the generalization that carcinogenesis was, at a basic level, a two-stage process, involving initiation and promotion. By the 1950s, it was generally believed that there were three classes of initiators: viruses, chemicals, and certain physical agents, such as radiation. Hormones were considered to be promoters, capable of accelerating the carcinogenic process, but only in the aftermath of exposure to a carcinogenic initiator. The three classes of initiator shared the property of potential direct DNA damage, i.e., genotoxicity. In contrast, hormones were generally not directly genotoxic, their proliferative effects could be reversed, and their role in carcinogenesis aborted, by their removal as a source of stimulation. Whereas carcinogen-induced tumors are autonomous at the outset, those related to excessive hormonal stimulation pass through a prolonged stage of growth and progress to autonomy only late, if at all, in the carcinogenic process. Thus, although hormones were considered to be important in accelerating an existing cancer, they were not generally believed to be primary carcinogens.
Estrogen Biosynthesis Genes: P-450 Aromatase
Authors: Clyne Colin D , Simpson Evan R
Published: November 2023

Recent models of estrogen insufficiency have challenged traditional concepts of estrogen action.1–3 Studies of humans with natural mutations in the genes that encode the estrogen receptor4 or cytochrome P-450 aromatase5 and of estrogen receptor and aromatase knockout mouse models6–11 have revealed hitherto unexpected roles for estrogen in both males and females. For example, the critical role of estrogen in the spermatogenic process suggests that this hormone might more appropriately be termed an androgen in this context. Additionally, in postmenopausal women (as in men), estrogen no longer functions as a circulating endocrine hormone; rather, it is produced in a variety of extragonadal sites (e.g., adipose tissue or bone), where it acts locally as a paracrine, autocrine, or intracrine factor.2,3,14This has great significance for our understanding of the biology of estrogendependent diseases such as breast cancer.
Introduction
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway
Published: November 2023

Over the past several years, interest inclitics has been rapidly growing due to the light they shed on the interaction between phonology and syntax, as well as on the nature of functional categories and X-bar syntax in general. Clitics have special properties that defy easy categorization within traditional generative models of grammar. They correspond to a wide range of grammatical and stylistic markers, are typically both prosodically and syntactically dependent on some host element (although not necessarily the same one), and often exhibit morphosyntactic behaviors of both heads and phrases. It is exceptional characteristics such as these that make clitics of such particular interest to theoretical linguists today. Their quirks and idiosyncracies offer an invaluable window into the workings of grammar, providing unique information about the structure of language and serving as a proving ground for many controversial claims.
Patterns in the Ordering of Clitics
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with specific problems associated with the relative ordering of clitics within the clitic cluster. Because only SSI (chapter 2) and WSl (chapter 3) have clitic clusters, we discuss only these languages. In addition, because Pol (section 3.3) does not have a clitic cluster, we do not discuss it here; however, the basic pronominal clitic ordering facts seen in section 5.2 do hold as tendencies in Pol.
Slavic Clitics as Heads
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway
Published: November 2023

This chapter is the analytical core of the book. It argues for an approach to Slavic clitics according to which they are always introduced as functional heads. Clitics can never instantiate substantive (lexical) categories, and, in principle, any functional head can potentially be a clitic. Clitics by definition lack independent prosodic representation as a lexical propert; hence they must become attached to some adjacent prosodic word in order to acquire prosodic structure and be pronounceable. Whereas this phonological deficiency is sufficient to define simple clitics, special clitics have an additional syntactic deficiency that requires them to be syntactically adjoined as well.
Summary
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway
Published: November 2023

As argued in detail in chapter 11, we claim that all clitics are functional heads and that all functional heads have the potential for being clitics. Treating clitics as functional heads explains the ordering and clustering of the various clitic types, handles specific p1ublems in variation and diachronic development, allows for clitic doubling, and extends to NP-internal clitics.

Analyzing all clitics as functional heads captures the similarity in ditic behavior between verb-adjacent and second-position clitic languages. In particular, in both types of languages we claim that the clitics head Agr projections. However, how the clitics come to be in these positions differs between the two language types, accounting for observed differences in the surface word order of the clitic cluster. In Sl languages with verb-adjacent clitics (i.e., Bg and Mac), the clitics originate as Agr heads and the verb moves up to them through its extended projection.
Penal Populism and Public Opinion
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike
Published: November 2023

Although criminal justice systems vary greatly around the world, one theme has emerged in all western jurisdictions in recent years: a rise in both the rhetoric and practice of severe punishment at a time when public opinion has played a pivotal role in sentencing policy and reforms. Despite the differences among jurisdictions, startling commonalities exist among the five countries-the U.K., USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand-surveyed here. Drawing on the results of representative opinion surveys and other research tools the authors map public attitudes towards crime and punishment across countries and explore the congruence between public views and actual policies. Co-authored by four distinguished sentencing policy experts, Penal Populism and Public Opinion is a clarion call for limiting the influence of penal populism and instituting more informed, research-based sentencing policies across the western world.
Crime and Punishment in American Political Culture
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: November 2023

Although the adoption of tough anticrime and antidrug policies can­ not be understood as primarily a response to popular sentiment, it is true that some segments of the American public have been quite receptive to law and order rhetoric and proposals. This receptivity is not the inevitable consequence of an unchanging and monolithic political culture, but reflects the ability of the conservative discourse on crime to address social and personal troubles in a compelling manner.
Art of Chinese Management? Change the Present to Restore the Past and Create the Future
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander
Published: November 2023

This last chapter affords the opportunity once again to broaden the perspective and pull together the threads and themes emerging from the previous discussion. And please, forgive me these broad strokes of the painter’s brush, the object and canvass are too enticing! The journey on a long and windy road from theory through facts and design ends in the Valhalla of all thought, that is, intellectual synthesis through which gathering and governing unite.
Introduction: “You Can Sing What Would Be Death to Speak”
Authors: Branham Robert James , Hartnett Stephen J
Published: November 2023

IRST published in 1854,Joshua McCarter Simpson’s The Emancipation Car, Being an Original Composition ef Anti Slavery Ballads is a remarkable collection of three prayers, two essays, and fifty-two abolitionist songs set to popular “airs,” including ‘‘America” (“My Country ‘Tis of Thee”), “Marseilles’ Hymn,” and “Hail Columbia.” In Simpson’s opening “Note to the Public, by the Author,” he tells the story of his slow maturation into an abolitionist, his slow realization that those whom he once saw as “fools, devils, mischief-makers, ” were in fact fighting for justice. Simpson was a “free black” in Morgan County, Ohio, where as a child he “served under a hard master until twenty-one years old,” after which he attended Oberlin Collegiate Institute. In writing his abolitionist songbook, then, Simpson was culminating a climb from “believing that it was all right for us to be slaves” to fighting for abolition, from the drudgery of manual labor to the thrill of cultural production, from the privacy of his own doubts and fears to the self-revealing and self-creating sphere of public participation. Simpson’s use of songs to facilitate this wonderful series of transformations is based on his belief that “you can sing what would be death to speak.”
Reforming the “Sweet Land of Knavery”: ‘‘America” and Political Protest, 1870-1932
Authors: Branham Robert James , Hartnett Stephen J
Published: November 2023

religious revivals that swept the United States prior to the Civil War invigorated movements for social and political reform, as preachers of a variety of denominations stressed the necessity of both individual and national salvation. As demonstrated in chapters 2 and 3, the faithful were fired with perfectionist ideas of a destined nation that could be redeemed through collective political and evangelical action. Feeding off of this cultural energy, political activists worked to construct an ideal society and to promote legal reforms through quasi-religious organizations that bridged the secular and the sacred, the nationalist and the evangelist, while invoking patriotic texts and symbols. Furthermore, the various revivals of the Second Great Awakening often overlapped with antebellum reform movements for abolition, temperance, suffrage, and peace, among other causes, both in their universal appropriation of “My Country ‘Tis of Thee” and in their shared memberships and core assumptions about what it meant to be an American. Indeed, despite their political differences, antebellum reform movements all believed that mass persuasion and reform were necessary and possible, that the fate of the nation hung in the balance of their efforts, that effective campaigns required the use of a variety of persuasive media, and that among these music was singularly effective. As detailed in chapter 4, however, the cataclysmic eruption of the Civil War forced activists to make difficult choices regarding their political commitments; one result of these difficult choices was the slackening of grassroots activism, especially for temperance and women’s suffrage.
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Cardiac Defects
Authors: Lin Angela E , Ardinger Holly H
Published: November 2023

In several hearing loss syndromes cardiac abnormalities are common or distinctive. The term cardiac abnormality encompasses rhythm and conduction disturbances, cardiovascular malformations (CVMs), and cardiomyopathy. All have been associated with hearing loss in genetic syndromes. The disorders discussed below were selected because they are either common conditions with frequent hearing loss and cardiac abnormalities, or uncommon, but distinctive, conditions. Disorders discussed elsewhere in this book, or disorders in which the cardiac abnormalities are uncommon and not distinctive, have been omitted.
Modular Product and Process Architectures: Frameworks tor Strategic Organizational Learning
Authors: Sanchez Ron
Published: November 2023

In recent years management theory and practice have begun to take note of the increasingly important role of product architectures in product market competition (Morris and Ferguson 1993, Sanchez 1995, Sanderson and Uzumeri 1997). As growing numbers of firms adopt architectural approaches to managing their products and processes, however, some managers and researchers have begun to understand that architectural approaches to creating new products and processes can offer a substantial benefit beyond new product strategies and improved market success. Architectures can also help organizations to identify and manage key knowledge assets and to discover their most strategically beneficial opportunities for acquiring new knowledge and capabilities. Among the architectures that a firm might adopt, modular product and process architectures offer an especially powerful framework both for managing current knowledge assets effectively and for guiding strategic organizational learning (Sanchez and Mahoney 1996). This chapter investigates the nature of modular product and process architectures and their roles in supporting effective knowledge management and strategic organizational learning. Our discussion is organized in the following way.
Above and Beyond Knowledge Management
Authors: Barabba Vincent P , Pourdehnad, John , Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

It is important to understand the differences between a systemic approach to learning and adaptation and the conventional way of managing the use of knowledge. The conventional way has been responsible for the increasingly negative attitude toward the subject. For example, according to The Economist (2000), “[a] widely spurned tool is knowledge management, something that consultancies such as Bain go in for a lot, but their clients, especially those outside North America, find a failure” (pp. 60-61). A systems approach starts out with the belief that in any enterprise seeking success, the performance of the whole is taken to be not the sum of the performances of its parts, but the product of their interactions. Knowledge management and data-and-information warehousing-based on “inventorying” what is known-are ideas whose value is passing because they focus on a part of a system taken separately, not interactively. From a systems thinking perspective, the collection, dissemination, and use of not only data, information, and knowledge but also understanding and wisdom require a decision support system that promotes organizational learning and adaptation.
Epistemology in Action: A Framework for Understanding Organizational Due Diligence Processes
Authors: Moldoveanu Mihnea
Published: November 2023

Organization A is considering whether or not to make a significant investment in a start-up company working in a new and quickly growing industry. The business plan put forth by the startup’s founders presents a series of forecasts and predictions of firm and market-level revenues and net income, which are in turn derived from a series of assumptions about the firm’s technology, the behavior of the market’s consumer base, and the costs of materials for the firm’s products. Together, these various propositions form the “business case” of the start-up-or the causal model-complete with assumptions and initial and boundary conditions-that explains how the start-up firm will register supernormal profits at some time in the future if it is funded in the present. Organization A uses the facts, figures, and forecasts in the start-up’s business plan as hypotheses to be tested and performs its own market studies aimed at refuting the propositions that the firm’s business case is built on. It confronts the start-up’s founders with the evidence statements that apparently refute the claims of the business plan and incorporates the founders’ responses in the “new” business plan that is again taken for a “test ride” in the market. Organization A simultaneously checks for the internal consistency of the assumptions on which the start-up's claims are based (confronts the founders with inconsistencies and incorporates their answers in the new business plan, if required) and, time allowing, attempts to obtain refuting evidence for the assumptions in question from subsequent market studies. Organization A proceeds in similar fashion with several other start-up firms up to a deadline, at which the funds in its charge must be invested, at which time it selects the most vigorously tested and least frequently refuted of the various business cases that it has come across.
National Culture and Knowledge Management in a Global Learning Organization: A Case Study
Authors: Yoo Youngjin , Torrey Ben
Published: November 2023

The vast size of modern global enterprises; the speed with which the markets move; the increased knowledge of clients, customers, and competitors; and increased demands for personalization and specialization in products and services all come together to demand that organizations be as smart and knowledgeable as they can be. The only way that this is possible is for the members of the organization to share their knowledge rapidly and widely within the organization and for each person to make use of the best and most current knowledge. In order to support such knowledge sharing systematically, many companies have adopted knowledge management practices and implemented worldwide knowledge management systems utilizing global communications networks and groupware technology. If, however, the tools and processes designed to manage the knowledge and facilitate the sharing do not take into account the differing national cultures represented by the different parts of the organization, there will be severe impediments preventing the vital circulation of the modern enterprise’s life’s blood-knowledge. In much the same way, enterprises built and operated within cultures that do not recognize the need for such knowledge sharing or that do not understand or accept modern knowledge management practices are at a distinct disadvantage in the global arena unless they address these issues.
Managing Existing Knowledge Is Not Enough: Knowledge Management Theory and Practice in Japan
Authors: Umemoto Katsuhiro
Published: November 2023

The 1990s has witnessed a remarkable surge of interest in knowledge as the ultimate source of competitive advantage not only for business companies but also for nations or regions (Toffler 1990; Drucker 1993). And knowledge management (KM) has become a most lucrative industry in itself, as evidenced by scores of KM books being sold worldwide, KM programs being promoted by consulting firms, and KM software being marketed by IT vendors.1 Professor Ikujiro Nonaka, dubbed “Mr. Knowledge” by The Economist magazine (May 31, 1997 issue), is one of the most influential thinkers in the KM movement, since he published the nowclassic Harvard Business Review article titled “The Knowledge-Creating Company” (Nonaka 1991),2 which was later enlarged and enriched into another article (Nonaka 1994, see also chapter 24, this volume) and a book with the same title (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995). Knowledge management in Japan has naturally been influenced by Professor Nonaka. Though KM goes usually by its Japanese pronunciation, it can be translated into two Japanese terms, namely (chishiki kanri) and (chishiki keiei). While the former means only management of existing knowledge, the latter term, promulgated by Nonaka and Konno (1999), goes beyond it to further imply “management by creating new knowledge continuously.”
Intellectual Capital Management and Disclosure
Authors: Pike Steve , Rylander, Anna , Roos Goran
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade, there has been a rapidly growing realization of the importance of intangible assets and intellectual capital as a whole in the operation of organizations. With this realization has come the need to manage companies in a new way and to measure their performance in a new way. A sharp illustration of the differences in the managerial attitudes of the industrial and postindustrial ages (Sveiby 1997) has been in the appreciation that people can no longer be considered to be costs on the profit and loss statement but are, in fact, assets to be invested in, developed, and deployed carefully. The effect of changes in business on national life has not gone unnoticed either, with governments taking a keen interest in economic development in the “new economy” (UKDTI 1998a, 1998b). In the markets, the effects of the new economy have also been startling. In early 2000 in the United States, 5% (i.e., about $1 trillion) of company capitalization is accounted for by the dotcom companies, and this valuation is not built upon profit-yielding sales or physical capital but on “stories” (Lightman 2000). In the United Kingdom the trend is similar and is expected to continue over the next decade. It is estimated that over 25 % of companies that can be expected to be listed in the FTSE 100 in 2010 do not exist at present, and these will be dominated by the dotcoms and hi-techs (DTI 2000). Elsewhere it is estimated that over half of the market capitalization of all companies is due to intangible assets.
The Orofacial Examination: Normal and Abnormal Findings
Authors: Wulfsberg Eric A
Published: November 2023

The discovery of an oral cleft (OC) in a baby or young child is a distressing event for the family. Parents who have been visualizing a healthy child throughout pregnancy are often shocked by the significant physical and cosmetic abnormalities that accompany an OC. Following the discovery of the OC, the parents will appropriately have many questions, which may be divided into two general categories: the first addresses the diagnosis and prognosis of the condition, involving questions such as “What is wrong?,” “What can be done about it?,” and “What does it mean for the future?”; the second addresses etiology and recurrence risk, typically including questions such as “Why did it happen?,” “Will it happen again?,” and “What are our reproductive options in the future?” These questions can be answered only after accurately determining the abnormalities that are present and establishing the etiology of the OC. When a genetic syndrome with associated mental retardation is the cause of the cleft, the developmental prognosis may be more important to the ultimate function of the individual than the specific an atomic issues surrounding the OC and its repair. Thus, this section discusses issues related to the general and orofacial evaluation of the OC patient with emphasis on clues to differentiate syndromic from nonsyndromic OCs.
Exposure Assessment in Studies of Oral Clefts
Authors: Werler Martha M
Published: November 2023

One challenge in studying environmental exposures related to oral cleft risks is assessment of exposure. This chapter provides a general discussion of study design issues and how they relate to the assessment of exposures. There is a brief description of the consequences of inaccurate assessment and approaches to measuring it. Then, several sources of exposure information are described. Following is a section describing the methods of assessing specific exposures that are relevant to the study of oral clefts. Accurate assessment of exposures depends, to a large extent, on the study design. As described in Chapter 9, the cohort and case-control observational designs are the most widely used, in addition to the cross-sectional method. Cohort studies typically measure exposure status prospectively before the outcome is known. Prospective studies are considered optimal for assessment of exposures. In the case of oral clefts, prospective studies involve identifying a cohort of pregnant women, measuring exposure status, and following the women to the end of pregnancy to determine the presence or absence of oral clefts in their offspring. Casecontrol studies identify cases with the outcome of interest and a control group, then measure exposure status, typically, retrospectively for the etiologically relevant time period. Accurate retrospective assessment is a major challenge in case-control studies, but certain steps can be taken to maximize accuracy.
Staging of Cleft Lip and Palate Reconstruction: Infancy Through Adolescence
Authors: Posnick Jeffrey C , Ruiz Ramon L
Published: November 2023

The satisfactory rehabilitation of a child born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) presents unique challenges. Close cooperation is required among the specialists who integrate their talents for the child’s overall well-being. A coordinated approach is required to achieve ideal speech, occlusion, facial aesthetics, and individual selfesteem (Adams, 1981; Berry et al., 1997; Broder and Strauss, 1989; Harper, 1995; Richman and Eliason, 1982; Richman et al., 1985). The effective cleft palate (CP) team is patient-, family-, and community-oriented rather than physician-, specialty-, and hospitalcentered (Benacerraf and Mulliken, 1993; Slutsky, 1969). Koop (1987), then the Surgeon General of the United States, issued a report, Children with Special Health Care Needs, that called for a family-centered, community-based, coordinated healthcare delivery system for children with special needs (Christensen and FoglAndersen, 1993; Jensen et al., 1983; Jones, 1988; Laatikainen et al., 1996). The American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA) (1993) responded by developing parameters of care designed to facilitate the rehabilitation of patients with CLP. The parameters developed by the ACPA support the concept of interdisciplinary care for the CLP patient, encouraging the use of treatment protocols that emphasize the thoughtful timing of interventions (surgery, speech and language therapy, dental and psychosocial treatment) to coincide with the child’s physical, cognitive, dental, and psychosocial development (Bowers et al., 1987; Gould, 1990).
Parents’ Perspective on Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Nicholson Jane
Published: November 2023

When a child is born with a cleft lip and/or palate (CLIP), it is most often a shock at the time of delivery. An enormous amount of information will have to be absorbed above and beyond that which is needed by all new parents. What follows is a compilation of the collective wisdom of a group of parents whose children were born with a cleft. It is our hope that these insights will make it easier for new parents of such children and those who provide care for them. One mother of a 22-year-old with a repaired cleft lip and palate (CLP) reflected at the time of his graduation, “I wished I would have known how successful he would be and how well he would do. I wish someone had told me his own wonderful spirit would be the driving force of his success. No one tells you that things will be OK.” Parents need to know that their children will do well. The key word should be encouragement. The encouragement should start from the very beginning.
Innovations in International Cooperation for Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Natsume Nagato , Precious David S
Published: November 2023

Since World War II, there has been a remarkable increase in international activities concerned with public health, an important example of which is the treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate. Most of this treatment is carried out by volunteers from developed countries, who either belong to or participate with nongovernment organizations (NGOs). The stated goals of these NGOs are to provide free surgery, which would otherwise not be available, to patients who have cleft lip and palate; to train surgeons in developing countries to perform these operations; and to donate equipment, instruments, teaching aids, and the like to regions where there is need. It is encouraging to note that today many individuals and NGOs perform charitable operations on patients with cleft lip and palate in developing countries. Several organizations send missions to as many as 20 different countries spanning South America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Emphasis on volunteer treatment in Asia is particularly important given the proportionally higher incidence of cleft lip and palate in that population. Thanks to these contributions, many children have been helped and the skills of local surgeons have improved. Also encouraging is the greater emphasis some organizations are now placing on local self-sufficiency as a necessary condition for long-term treatment of cleft lip and palate in developing nations. Operation Smile (www.operationsmile.org), for instance, trains local medical providers from the mission site while there and, upon departure, leaves behind necessary medical equipment. In 1999, the organization donated sufficient equipment to supply both an operating room and a recovery room in 18 countries. They have also relied on multimedia as a means to pass on knowledge to local missions by donating instructional videos and video equipment. SmileTrain (www.smiletrain.org) also works toward local self-sufficiency. One means that they employ is to co-sponsor educational scholarships for doctors from developing nations to attend international cleft lip and palate meetings.