bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical representations of phantom movements in lower limb amputees
Authors: Wang Lingyan , Tomson Steffie N. , Lu Grace , Yau Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2021

Understanding how sensorimotor cortex (SMC) organization relates to limb loss has major clinical implications, as cortical activity associated with phantom hand movements has been shown to predict phantom pain reports. Critically, earlier studies have largely focused on upper limb amputees; far less is known regarding SMC activity in lower limb amputees, despite the fact that this population comprises the majority of major limb loss cases. We aimed to characterize BOLD fMRI responses associated with phantom and sound limb movements to test the hypothesis that SMC organization is preserved in individuals with lower limb loss. Individuals with unilateral or bilateral lower limb loss underwent fMRI scans as they performed simple movements of their sound or phantom limbs. We observed that voluntary movements of the sound and phantom ankles were associated with BOLD signal changes in medial and superior portions of the precentral and postcentral gyri. In both hemispheres, contralateral limb movements were associated with greater signal changes compared to ipsilateral limb movements. Hand and mouth movements were associated with distinct activation patterns localized to more lateral SMC regions. We additionally tested whether activations associated with phantom movements related to self‐report assessments indexing phantom pain experiences, nonpainful phantom sensations and phantom movement capabilities. We found that responses during phantom ankle movements did not correlate with any of the composite phantom limb indices in our sample. Our collective results reveal that SMC representations of the amputated limb persist and that traditional somatotopic organization is generally preserved in individuals suffering from lower limb loss.
Delirium REduction after administration of melatonin in acute ischemic stroke (DREAMS): A propensity score–matched analysis
Authors: Mengel Annerose , Zurloh Jan , Boßelmann Christian , Brendel Bettina , Stadler Vera , Sartor‐Pfeiffer Jennifer , Meisel Andreas , Fleischmann Robert , Ziemann Ulf , Poli Sven , Stefanou Maria‐Ioanna
Published: March 2021

Background and purpose

Poststroke delirium (PSD) comprises a common and severe complication after stroke. However, treatment options for PSD remain insufficient. We investigated whether prophylactic melatonin supplementation may be associated with reduced risk for PSD.

Methods

Consecutive patients admitted to the Tübingen University Stroke Unit, Tübingen, Germany, with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), who underwent standard care between August 2017 and December 2017, and patients who additionally received prophylactic melatonin (2 mg per day at night) within 24 h of symptom onset between August 2018 and December 2018 were included. Primary outcomes were (i) PSD prevalence in AIS patients and (ii) PSD risk and PSD‐free survival in patients with cerebral infarction who underwent melatonin supplementation compared to propensity score–matched (PSM) controls. Secondary outcomes included time of PSD onset and PSD duration.

Results

Out of 465 (81.2%) patients with cerebral infarction and 108 (18.8%) transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients, 152 (26.5%) developed PSD (median time to onset [IQR]: 16 [8–32] h; duration 24 [8–40] h). Higher age, cerebral infarction rather than TIA, and higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and aphasia on admission were significant predictors of PSD. After PSM (164 melatonin‐treated patients with cerebral infarction versus 164 matched controls), 42 (25.6%) melatonin‐treated patients developed PSD versus 60 (36.6%) controls (odds ratio, 0.597; 95% confidence interval, 0.372–0.958; p = 0.032). PSD‐free survival differed significantly between groups (p = 0.027), favoring melatonin‐treated patients. In patients with PSD, no between‐group differences in the time of PSD onset and PSD duration were noted.

Conclusions

Patients prophylactically treated with melatonin within 24 h of AIS onset had lower risk for PSD than patients undergoing standard care. Prospective randomized trials are warranted to corroborate these findings.
Ex vivo gene modification therapy for genetic skin diseases—recent advances in gene modification technologies and delivery
Authors: Jayarajan Vignesh , Kounatidou Evangelia , Qasim Waseem , Di Wei‐Li
Published: March 2021

Genetic skin diseases, also known as genodermatoses, are inherited disorders affecting skin and constitute a large and heterogeneous group of diseases. While genodermatoses are rare with the prevalence rate of less than 1 in 50,000 – 200,000, they frequently occur at birth or early in life and are generally chronic, severe, and could be life‐threatening. The quality of life of patients and their families are severely compromised by the negative psychosocial impact of disease, physical manifestations, and the lack or loss of autonomy. Currently, there are no curative treatments for these conditions. Ex vivo gene modification therapy that involves modification or correction of mutant genes in patients’ cells in vitro and then transplanted back to patients to restore functional gene expression has being developed for genodermatoses. In this review, the ex vivo gene modification therapy strategies for genodermatoses are reviewed, focusing on current advances in gene modification and correction in patients’ cells and delivery of genetically modified cells to patients with discussions on gene therapy trials which have been performed in this area.
Development of a protein signature to enable clinical positioning of IAP inhibitors in colorectal cancer
Authors: McCann Christopher , Matveeva Anna , McAllister Katherine , Van Schaeybroeck Sandra , Sessler Tamas , Fichtner Michael , Carberry Steven , Rehm Markus , Prehn Jochen H.M. , Longley Daniel B.
Published: March 2021

Resistance to chemotherapy‐induced cell death is a major barrier to effective treatment of solid tumours such as colorectal cancer, CRC. Herein, we present a study aimed at developing a proteomics‐based predictor of response to standard‐of‐care (SoC) chemotherapy in combination with antagonists of IAPs (inhibitors of apoptosis proteins), which have been implicated as mediators of drug resistance in CRC. We quantified the absolute expression of 19 key apoptotic proteins at baseline in a panel of 12 CRC cell lines representative of the genetic diversity seen in this disease to identify which proteins promote resistance or sensitivity to a model IAP antagonist [birinapant (Bir)] alone and in combination with SoC chemotherapy (5FU plus oxaliplatin). Quantitative western blotting demonstrated heterogeneous expression of IAP interactome proteins across the CRC cell line panel, and cell death analyses revealed a widely varied response to Bir/chemotherapy combinations. Baseline protein expression of cIAP1, caspase‐8 and RIPK1 expression robustly correlated with response to Bir/chemotherapy combinations. Classifying cell lines into ‘responsive’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘resistant’ groups and using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) enabled the identification of a 12‐protein signature that separated responders to Bir/chemotherapy combinations in the CRC cell line panel with 100% accuracy. Moreover, the LDA model was able to predict response accurately when cells were cocultured with Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha to mimic a pro‐inflammatory tumour microenvironment. Thus, our study provides the starting point for a proteomics‐based companion diagnostic that predicts response to IAP antagonist/SoC chemotherapy combinations in CRC.
World‐class universities and the Soviet legacies of administration: Integrity dilemmas in Russian higher education
Authors: Oleksiyenko Anatoly V.
Published: March 2021

This paper explores integrity dilemmas experienced by Russian academics in the context of building a world‐class university. Interviews with professors and managers of major research universities in Moscow provide critical insights into the organisational and attitudinal incongruities generated by a coercive state—a challenge that Russia has been unable to rise above following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Scepticism as to the “master model” of competitive performance is evident in relation to the Russian 5‐100‐2020 excellence scheme, the overseers of which prioritise “reputation management” over integrity in governance and performance. In addition to exposing the consequences of deficient institutional autonomy, which prevail in the context of a post‐totalitarian society, this paper calls for enhanced critical inquiry into university excellence programmes imposed by performativist and vanity‐driven governments.
Competing values at public universities: Organisational cultures and job demands‐resources in academic departments
Authors: Mudrak Jiri , Zabrodska Katerina , Machovcova Katerina , Cidlinska Katerina , Takacs Lea
Published: March 2021

Diverse influences on national higher education (HE) systems result in variability in organisational cultures in academic workplaces. We implemented the competing values model of organisational culture to explore the departmental cultures at Czech public universities and the workplace perceptions of academics from different cultures. The participants (n = 2,229) completed an electronic questionnaire including the Organizational Climate Measure (OCM) as an indicator of departmental culture. The OCM dimensions were processed by k‐means cluster analysis, with four emerging clusters in the competing values dimensions of internal–external orientation and low–high control. The clusters included self‐actualisation (internal/external, low control), collegial (internal/low control), performance, (external/high control), and fraternity (internal/high control). We argue that the resulting clusters draw from different models of HE governance that historically shaped Czech HE, including state‐controlled, market and academic self‐governance. Work environment variables related to academic leadership were most significant in distinguishing between the clusters, especially along the control dimension.
Speaking things into existence: Ontological foundations of identity representation and management
Authors: Eriksson Owen , Ågerfalk Pär J
Published: March 2021

Conceptual models capture knowledge about domains of reality. Therefore, conceptual models and their modelling constructs should be based on theories about the world—that is, they should be grounded in ontology. Identity is fundamental to ontology and conceptual modelling because it addresses the very existence of objects and conceptual systems in general. Classification involves grouping objects that share similarities and delineating them from objects that fall under other concepts (qualitative identity). However, among objects that fall under the same concept, we must also distinguish between individual objects (individual identity). In this paper, we analyze the ontological question of identity, focusing specifically on institutional identity, which is the identity of socially constructed institutional objects. An institutional entity is a language construct that is ‘spoken into existence’. We elaborate on how institutional identity changes how we understand conceptual modelling and the models produced. We show that different models result if we base modelling on a property‐based conception of identity compared to an institutional one. We use the Bunge‐Wand‐Weber principles, which embrace a property‐based view of identity, as an anchor to the existing literature to point out how this type of ontology sidesteps identity in general and institutional identity in particular. We contribute theoretically by providing the first in‐depth ontological analysis of what the notion of institutional identity can bring to conceptual modelling. We also contribute a solid ontological grounding of identity management and the identity of things in digital infrastructures.
A retrospective review of the use of a nanocrystalline silver dressing in the management of open chronic wounds in the community
Authors: Hurd Theresa , Woodmansey Emma J. , Watkins Hilary M. A.
Published: March 2021

As part of an infection management protocol, antimicrobial dressings offer an appropriate, cost‐effective choice for the management of localised bioburden in chronic wounds. The choice of antimicrobial can impact significantly not only on the treatment outcomes and cost but also on the safety and well‐being of the patient. This retrospective study investigates these outcomes comparing health care records of 2572 patients with open chronic wounds, who were treated either with an Integrated Care Wound Bundle (ICB) including nanocrystalline silver (NCS) dressings (n = 330) or without NCS dressings and not on a ICB (n = 2242) in the community from March 2016 to March 2018. Wounds treated in the NCS dressing treatment bundle had a mean healing time of 10.46 weeks, vs 25.49 weeks for the non‐ICB treated wounds. In addition, the average interval time between dressing changes was in favour of the NCS dressing treatment bundle (3.98 vs 1.87 days), contributing to a substantial reduction in mean treatment labour costs ($1251 vs $6488). The use of a NCS dressing demonstrated improved efficacy and cost effectiveness of labour required for chronic wound management; highlighting the importance of choosing an effective antimicrobial dressing as part of an infection management protocol.
Study of SiC fiber axial compressive behavior using tensile recoil measurement
Authors: Yan Dexuan , Zu Mei , Wang Pengren , Zhang Yu , Chen Jiahui , Gou Yanzi
Published: March 2021

SiC fibers have been widely investigated as reinforcements for advanced ceramic matrix composites owing to their excellent high‐temperature properties. However, the axial compressive strength of SiC fibers has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, the compressive behavior of two SiC fiber types containing different compositions and thermal degradation were characterized by tensile recoil measurements. Results illustrated that the SiC fiber compressive strength was 30%–50% of its tensile strength, after heat treatment at 1200℃–1800℃ for 0.5 h in argon. The fiber compressive failure mechanism was studied, and a “shear‐bending‐cleavage” model was proposed for the recoil compression fracture of pristine SiC fibers. The average compressive and tensile strengths of the pristine SiC‐II fiber were 1.37 and 3.08 GPa, respectively. After treatment at 1800℃ for 0.5 h in argon, the SiC‐II fiber compressive strength decreased to 0.42 GPa, whereas the tensile strength reduced to 1.47 GPa. The mechanical properties of the fibers degraded after high‐temperature treatment. This could be attributed to SiC grain coarsening and SiCxOy phase decomposition.
Divergence times and plastid phylogenomics within the intron‐rich order Erythropeltales (Compsopogonophyceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Preuss Maren , Verbruggen Heroen , West John A. , Zuccarello Giuseppe C.
Published: March 2021

The advent of high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) has allowed for the use of large numbers of coding regions to produce robust phylogenies. These phylogenies have been used to highlight relationships at ancient diversifications (subphyla, class) and highlight the evolution of plastid genome structure. The Erythropeltales are an order in the Compsopogonophyceae, a group with unusual plastid genomes but with low taxon sampling. We use HTS to produce near complete plastid genomes of all genera, and multiple species within some genera, to produce robust phylogenies to investigate character evolution, dating of divergence in the group, and plastid organization, including intron patterns. Our results produce a fully supported phylogeny of the genera in the Erythropeltales and suggest that morphologies (upright versus crustose) have evolved multiple times. Our dated phylogeny also indicates that the order is very old (~800 Ma), with diversification occurring after the ice ages of the Cryogenian period (750–635 Ma). Plastid gene order is congruent with phylogenetic relationships and suggests that genome architecture does not change often. Our data also highlight the abundance of introns in the plastid genomes of this order. We also produce a nearly complete plastid genome of Tsunamia transpacifica (Stylonematophyceae) to add to the taxon sampling of genomes of this class. The use of plastid genomes clearly produces robust phylogenetic relationships that can be used to infer evolutionary events, and increased taxon sampling, especially in less well‐known red algal groups, will provide additional insights into their evolution.
Clinical characteristics and long‐term outcome of E. coli‐associated granulomatous ileocolitis in dogs: five cases (2010‐2014)
Authors: Cochran L. , Hill S. , Lotti U. , Allenspach K. , Palma D. , Forman M. , Gary A. T. , Dogan B. , McDonough S. P. , Simpson K. W.
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To describe the clinical characteristics and long‐term outcome of Escherichia coli‐associated granulomatous ileocolitis in dogs.

Methods

Retrospective review of medical records from dogs with periodic acid‐Schiff positive (PAS+) granulomatous ileocolitis and mucosally invasive E. coli in the ileum and colon. Initial bacterial colonisation was evaluated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in all dogs and corroborated with colonic and/or ileal culture, when performed.

Results

Four boxer dogs and 1 French Bulldog with PAS+ granulomatous ileocolitis (GIC) were evaluated. All dogs had chronic diarrhoea refractory to empirical therapy. Ileocolonoscopy revealed mucosal haemorrhage and ulceration in the ileum (3/4) and colon (5/5). E. coli were visualised as clusters within the ileal and colonic mucosa. Complete (CR, 4/5) or partial (PR, 1/5) clinical response to fluoroquinolones was noted in all dogs within 30 days. CR was sustained in three of four dogs (median disease‐free interval 40 months, range 16 to 60). Two dogs relapsed while receiving fluoroquinolones. Repeat biopsy isolated multidrug‐resistant, mucosally invasive E. coli in the ileum (1/2) and colon (2/2). Targeted antimicrobial therapy was associated with long‐term PR (78 months) in both dogs.

Clinical Significance

Concurrent E. coli‐associated granulomatous inflammation in the ileum and colon did not impart a poor clinical outcome or lack of response to the conventional standard of care for granulomatous colitis in dogs that were aggressively diagnosed and treated. Clinical outcome was influenced by antimicrobial resistance, with response dependent upon antimicrobial therapy informed by susceptibility testing.
Reading with drama: relations between texts, readers and experiences
Authors: Medina Carmen Liliana , Perry Mia , Lee Bridget Kiger , Deliman Amanda
Published: March 2021

This article explores the intersections of drama and reading, specifically focusing on approaches that are situated within “drama in education.” Supported with a retrospective analysis, this article portrays the research, related practice and possible futures in drama education in relation to literacy and in particular to reading fiction as meaning making practice. This study is situated in a reassertion of the value of relational literacies through imaginative practices that dramatic modes generate and support. The article disrupts common misconceptions about the purposes and effects of drama in reading and establishes prominent research discourses and definitions across the history of drama and reading practices. By locating paradigmatic and practical opportunities in our analysis of contemporary research, we bring visibility to the intricacies of drama in education as a generative pedagogy in reading as relational meaning making work.
Dual role for angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection and cardiac fat
Authors: Flinn Brendin , Royce Nicholas , Gress Todd , Chowdhury Nepal , Santanam Nalini
Published: March 2021

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been an increasingly prevalent target for investigation since its discovery 20 years ago. The finding that it serves a counterregulatory function within the traditional renin–angiotensin system, implicating it in cardiometabolic health, has increased its clinical relevance. Focus on ACE2's role in cardiometabolic health has largely centered on its apparent functions in the context of obesity. Interest in ACE2 has become even greater with the discovery that it serves as the cell receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), opening up numerous mechanisms for deleterious effects of infection. The proliferation of ACE2 within the literature coupled with its dual role in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and obesity necessitates review of the current understanding of ACE2's physiological, pathophysiological, and potential therapeutic functions. This review highlights the roles of ACE2 in cardiac dysfunction and obesity, with focus on epicardial adipose tissue, to reconcile the data in the context of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Eosinophilic sialodochitis: An emerging atopic condition
Authors: Carey Barbara , O'Neill Niall , Brown Jackie , Escudier Michael , Hullah Esther , Beneng Kiran , Odell Edward , Thomas Bethan , Haque Rubaiyat
Published: March 2021

Objective

To report the clinical characteristics of the largest single centre cohort of patients with eosinophilic sialodochitis.

Methods

Analysis of data relating to 37 patients seen in a dedicated multidisciplinary clinic was performed. Demographic, clinical, haematological, cytological, histological and radiological features were collated. Response to trials of allergy treatment was assessed.

Results

Thirty‐seven patients (30 female, seven male) were identified, 42% of whom were of Afro‐Caribbean origin, with a mean age of 50.4 years (range 28–80 years). Mean symptom duration at presentation was 10 years (range 2–33 years). Parotid and submandibular gland involvement was equally reported. The most commonly reported symptoms were swelling (97%), itching of the overlying skin (92%), salivary gland discomfort (84%) and “string‐like” mucus discharge from salivary duct orifices (76%). Twenty‐three patients (62%) demonstrated atopic disease and serum IgE level elevated in 57%. All 37 patients had eosinophils present in aspirated duct contents samples while raised peripheral eosinophil count was seen in 41%. Anecdotal symptom improvement was reported with antihistamine, antileukotriene or steroid treatment.

Conclusion

Eosinophilic sialodochitis should be considered in any patient presenting with recurrent salivary gland swelling. Further studies are needed to evaluate treatments directed at a likely allergic pathogenesis.
The effects of valproate on serum leptin, insulin, and lipid levels in epileptic children
Authors: Kilic Huseyin , Demirel Atalay , Uysal Serap
Published: March 2021

Background

Weight gain is an important adverse effect of valproate (VPA) therapy. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for its pathophysiology. The aim of the present study is the evaluation of insulin, leptin and lipid levels in epileptic children on treatment with VPA.

Methods

Thirty epileptic children treated with VPA, and 20 age–sex‐matched healthy children, were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were taken and the body mass index was calculated for all of the subjects. Serum insulin, leptin, and lipid levels were compared between the two groups.

Results

Leptin levels were significantly higher in the patient group (P = 0.009) whereas body mass index values were comparable. There was a positive correlation between leptin and body mass index among both patient (r = 0.464, P = 0.01) and control groups (r = 0.734, P = 0.0001). Total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were lower in VPA‐treated epileptic children than the control group (P = 0.008; P = 0.003, respectively). No significant difference was determined in insulin levels between the two groups. A negative correlation was observed between plasma VPA level and total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels in the patient group (r = −0.380, P = 0.03, r = −0.474, P = 0.008, respectively).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated higher leptin levels in the patient group despite similar BMI values. Hence, it seems likely that VPA causes leptin resistance. Unlike other anti‐epileptics, VPA does not produce an increase in serum cholesterol levels. On the contrary, lower levels of total and LDL cholesterol levels in VPA‐receiving patients have been observed in our study.
Coagulation and fibrinolysis balance in disseminated intravascular coagulation
Authors: Onishi Tomoko , Ishihara Takashi , Nogami Keiji
Published: March 2021

Background

Sepsis is a common underlying disease associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). We have recently determined hemostatic pathological states at diagnosis through simultaneous assessment of coagulation and fibrinolysis potentials in sepsis‐associated DIC using clot‐fibrinolysis waveform analysis. Here we aimed to investigate hemostatic pathological states, focusing on the balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis dynamics during the clinical course in pediatric sepsis‐associated DIC.

Methods

Coagulation and fibrinolysis potential functions in three pediatric patients with sepsis‐associated DIC during their clinical course were quantified using clot‐fibrinolysis waveform analysis. A maximum coagulation velocity (|min1|) and maximum fibrinolysis velocity (|FL‐min1|) was calculated as a ratio relative to normal plasma.

Results

In case 1, coagulation‐enhanced and fibrinolysis‐depressed state (|min1|‐ratio 2.22 and |FL‐min1|‐ratio 0.42) was observed on day 1. This discrepancy significantly reduced after anticoagulant therapy and plasma exchange on day 2. A well‐balanced hemostatic state (0.70 and 0.62, respectively) was restored on day 7. In case 2, fibrinolysis‐impaired state (|min1|‐ratio 1.09 and |FL‐min1|‐ratio 0.21) was seen on day 1. The |min1| ratio was slightly prolonged and the |FL‐min1| ratio was severely decreased. Both were restored on day 7 and returned to normal levels on day 12. In case 3, twofold coagulation‐ and fibrinolysis‐enhanced states (|min1|‐ratio 1.99 and |FL‐min1|‐ratio 1.11) were seen on day 1. However, both potentials rapidly decreased on day 2 (0.49 and 0.0, respectively). She died on day 5.

Conclusions

The hemostatic pathological states in sepsis‐associated DIC depend on disease progression. Comprehensive assessment of coagulation‐fibrinolysis potentials over time may therefore be helpful in considering optimal treatment plans for sepsis‐associated DIC.
Prudential developmentalism: Explaining the combination of the developmental state and Basel rules in Brazilian banking regulation
Authors: Schapiro Mario G.
Published: March 2021

This article discusses Brazil's prudential developmentalism through a case study that challenges the expected trade‐off between Basel rules and the developmental state. Under the Brazilian arrangement, the Central Bank has substantially implemented the new Basel rules, while policymakers have dealt with significant developmental mechanism. This piece's central claim is that two institutional capacities support prudential developmentalism. The first is the Brazilian Central Bank's regulatory capacity to enforce Basel, which derives from the maximization of its institutional conditions and the minimization of the banks' regulatory costs. The second is the developmental state's capacity to foster economically relevant domestic business, observing prudential standards. Despite providing stability and room for local policy, the arrangement has downsides, mainly the restricted credit market and less transformative finance.
St Benedict's Rule as the Antidote to Regulatory InflationThe Way of St Benedict, RowanWilliams, Bloomsbury, 2020 (ISBN 978‐1‐4729‐7307‐8), 160 pp., pb £8.99
Authors: Gioia Luigi
Published: March 2021

There is much to learn from what Rowan Williams calls the ‘undramatic and transformative wisdom’ of the Rule of St Benedict. Expanding on Williams' penetrating reading of the Rule, this article analyzes aspects of Benedictine spirituality that might be useful in contemporary political and social debates, especially around issues of race and affirmative action. From the viewpoint of Benedictine spirituality, true empowerment comes from affirmation and recognition based not just on external regulations but also on inner and personal validation. Unconscious biases can be effectively tackled not only through external censure but especially through the demanding discipline of self‐knowledge. The promotion of both inner validation and self‐knowledge requires an environment of trust. The main challenge for healthy communities is creating the conditions for converting self‐defensiveness and suspicion into trust.
The blood protein hCAP‐18 in neutropenia: An 18‐month experience of a new ELISA for clinical use
Authors: Mörtberg Anette , Pütsep Katrin , Höglund Petter
Published: March 2021

Neutropenia as an isolated clinical finding may include aetiologies ranging from severe disease to a transient condition, and differential diagnosis may be challenging. Previous data and clinical experience suggest that low levels of the neutrophil‐derived protein human 18 kDa cathelicidin antimicrobial protein (hCAP‐18) in the blood are predictive of more severe forms of neutropenia. The objective of this study was to present the results from a newly developed ELISA method that has been used in clinical routine in Sweden since 2018 for quantification of hCAP‐18 in blood plasma. Using this method, we report that patients with severe disease analysed during the study period presented with low or undetectable levels of blood plasma hCAP‐18, validating its use as screening tool for severe neutropenia. Furthermore, neutropenic patients as a group displayed lower levels of hCAP‐18 as compared to blood donors. Within the group of neutropenic patients, those with neutrophil antibodies displayed significantly higher hCAP‐18 levels compared to patients with idiopathic neutropenia. By including an analysis of hCAP‐18 in the primary investigation of neutropenia, an increased accuracy in differential diagnosis is achieved, thus contributing to reduced costs of neutropenia management.
Learning and satisfaction in a student‐led clinic
Authors: Niwa Laura , MacLellan Crystal L.
Published: March 2021

Background

Student‐led clinics (SLCs) offer unique clinical placement experiences and address unmet community rehabilitation needs. There is growing evidence that SLCs provide high‐quality experiential practice and adequate quality of patient care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction with student‐led care and students’ perception of their learning experiences in a student‐led physiotherapy clinic.

Methods

Eight participants with total hip arthroplasty attended 6 weeks of student‐led group exercise classes. As a marker of quality of care, we assessed key outcomes including walking speed and endurance, lower extremity function, falls risk and self‐reported quality of life after 3 and 6 weeks. Patients completed a satisfaction survey at the end of the program. Ten students who completed a placement during this time shared their perception of learning in the SLC.

Results

Student‐led group exercise class was associated with improvements in walking speed and endurance, lower extremity function, a decrease in falls risk and improved quality of life. Patients were satisfied with their care. The SLC was a safe learning environment in which students felt well‐supported to develop confidence and independence, were encouraged to reflect on performance and take responsibility for care provided.

Conclusion

Patients are largely satisfied with the quality of care provided. High‐quality authentic clinical learning opportunities provided in the SLC may offer pedagogical benefits over traditional practicums, and students are generally satisfied with their learning experiences. SLCs may provide a setting to expose students to research and gain appreciation for evidence‐based practice.
Popular imaginative geographies and Brexit: Evidence from Mass Observation
Authors: Clarke Nick , Moss Jonathan
Published: March 2021

The EU Referendum of 2016 was one of the most significant events in recent British political history. It is widely recognised that citizens engaged with the referendum through understandings of Britain, the EU, the world, and their place in it. This study complements existing research where such understandings have been inferred from citizens’ demographic characteristics, the characteristics of their localities/regions, or elite discourses. It builds on existing research where a more direct engagement with citizens’ understandings has been achieved through interviews or focus groups, allowing the content of understandings to be thickly described. To these latter studies, this paper makes three main contributions. First, it focuses on popular imaginative geographies, which are conceptualised drawing on literatures in Geography and Political Science as fast‐thinking heuristics. Second, it brings new evidence to the conversation in the form of volunteer writing for Mass Observation. Third, the focus is on the content of popular imaginative geographies, but also how and why such geographies were used by voters in the referendum. The main findings include that many Leave supporters imagined Britain as an island – either a once great military and imperial power, an island separate from Europe, needing freedom from Europe to engage in the wider world; or a small island, a full container, close to the rest of Europe and vulnerable to mobilities across Europe’s borders. By contrast, many Remain supporters imagined Britain as post‐imperial, small, vulnerable, and under threat of isolation from Europe and exposure to a chaotic, uncertain, dangerous world. Both groups engaged with the referendum through such popular imaginative geographies because the referendum presented voters with a difficult task, the campaigns provided few trustworthy facts, and voters therefore had to rely on cognitive shortcuts, including popular imaginative geographies.
Cryptic genetic lineages of a colonial ascidian host distinct microbiomes
Authors: Evans James S. , Erwin Patrick M. , Sihaloho Hendra F. , López‐Legentil Susanna
Published: March 2021

Colour variation in marine invertebrates is typically attributed to intraspecific variability; however, the use of molecular tools to investigate its genetic basis has uncovered many instances of cryptic speciation. The colonial ascidian Distaplia bermudensis occurs in a wide array of colour morphs, ranging from all white to a dark blue tunic with yellow siphon apertures; yet careful observations of zooid and larval morphologies have not revealed any consistent difference among these colour morphs. In this study, we sampled the 5 main colour morph groupings of D. bermudensis from Wilmington, North Carolina (USA) and sequenced fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear 18S rRNA genes. Analyses of both genes revealed the presence of two distinct genetic lineages that corresponded to unique colour morphology groupings. We further characterized symbiotic microbial communities for four samples from each lineage by high‐throughput sequencing of partial 16S rRNA genes. Each genetic lineage also harboured unique symbiont communities that differed significantly in diversity and structure. Thus, the two genetic lineages detected herein corresponded to unique colour morphs and microbial communities, indicating that two distinct species coexist under the same scientific name. Further, our study reports the utility of symbiont profiling in resolving the taxonomic status of phenotypically variable ascidian species.
An Object-Oriented Design Model Incorporating Uncertainty for Early Risk Assessment
Authors: Crossland Rose , Sims Williams Jon H. , McMahon Chris A.
Published: March 2021

In the early stages of a design project it is necessary to evaluate the design to determine its feasibility and where to concentrate further work. Thus the design knowledge of the collaborating designers must be made available whilst it is still both incomplete and uncertain, at a time when many design decisions have not yet been taken and many parallel designs may be under consideration.

A toolset is being developed which will allow a team of designers to build a shared object-oriented model of a design that is able to evolve both in level of detail and in level of certainty as the design progresses, thus providing a smooth transition from conceptual design to the later, embodiment design phase. The model is able to represent uncertain relationships between objects thus permitting modelling of alternative (parallel) design paths, as well as uncertain attribute values.
Effect of Brownian Diffusion and Particle Size on Thermophoretic Flow
Authors: Jayaraj S.
Published: March 2021

This work attempts to analyse the aerosol particle deposit on in laminar flow over a flat plate with hot gas flowing over it. Solution is obtined by a finite difference marching procedure with grid adaptation. Prediciton were made about aerosol particle deposition due to Brownian diffusion and also due to the phenomenon of thermophoresis. The regions of importance of the two different mechanisims are approximately predicted by analysis the results for different particle sizes. The results are validated by comparision with similarity solution. It is observed that thermophoresis is the predominant deposition mechanism for Schmidt numbers ranging from 100 to 106, whereas for Schmidt numbers ranging from 100 to 103 Brownian diffusion has a strong effect on the deposition rate.
Sharper Labyrinth Seal Edges to Allow Greater Clearance Without Increased Leakage
Authors: Rhode David L. , Guidry M. J.
Published: March 2021

A numerical study was undertaken to examine the effects of utilizing sharper edges for increasing the leakage resistance of advanced labyrinth seal configurations. Such an increase allows the designer to enlarge the extremely small knife clearance, providing a seal with less damage susceptibility at the same leakage rate. The maximum possible leakage resistance increase from changing three cavity edges to perfectly sharp ones was estimated from the present computations. In addition, previous measurements of the edge sharpness effect on the leakage through orifices are appropriately utilized to obtain a rough estimate of the resistance increase for generic seals. The latter allows consideration of a broader range of application. Further, turbulence energy generation contours reveal that only one particular cavity edge needs to be sharpened in order to obtain a significantly increased leakage resistance.
Real-Time Data Acquisition and Controls Using Matlab
Authors: Gorman Kevin J. , Rahnamai Kourosh J.
Published: March 2021

Matlab is a powerful mathematical package that has numerous functions for engineering applications, such as signal processing. Simulink is an add-on package for Matlab that gives a graphical user interface for creating and simulating block diagrams. Matlab has another add-on package, the Real-Time Workshop, which is an interface between the data acquisition adapters and Simulink. This package adds real-time data acquisition, which allows data to be acquired and analyzed. The system design is done in a graphical interface using block models. A servo system was designed and modeled using the Real-time Workshop. Matlab is a powerful tool that can be used for real-time data acquisition and control systems.
Microcomputer Tools to Support Student Design Projects
Authors: Kitto Kathleen L.
Published: March 2021

Microcomputer tools have been used in the Manufacturing and Plastics Engineering Technology programs at Western Washington University to support freshman through senior level design projects for the past three years. An additional sophomore level course, Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) tools, has also been developed and added to the curriculum in the programs as a required course. These microcomputer tools range from solids modeling packages, first introduced in the freshman year, to finite element analysis and injection MoldFlow analysis, in the senior year. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) packages are introduced in the sophomore year and are emphasized in the junior year. Since microcomputer tools have changed the way engineers and technologists perform their jobs, current engineering and engineering technology curricula must also evolve so that the students are prepared to face a very competitive world market place. This paper describes the applications of microcomputer tools that have been integrated into the curriculum at Western Washington University and also the application of those tools to support engineering design projects. Concurrent engineering is emphasized in these design projects in the engineering technology and industry design programs.
Integration of Feature Based Design and Feature Recognition
Authors: Han JungHyun , Requicha Aristides A. G.
Published: March 2021

Process planning for machined parts typically requires that a part be described through machining features such as holes, slots and pockets. This paper presents a novel feature finder, which automatically generates a part interpretation in terms of machining features, by utilizing information from a variety of sources such as nominal geometry, tolerances and attributes, and design features. The feature finder strives to produce a desirable interpretation of the part as quickly as possible. If this interpretation is judged unacceptable by a process planner, alternatives can be generated on demand. The feature finder uses a hint-based approach, and combines artificial intelligence techniques, such as blackboard architecture and uncertain reasoning, with the geometric completion procedures first introduced in the OOFF system previously developed at USC.
Estimation of Setup Time for Machined Parts: Accounting for Work-Holding Constraints Using a Vise
Authors: Das Diganta , Gupta Satyandra K. , Nau Dana S.
Published: March 2021

For machined parts, setup time is a major component of the total time required to manufacture a machined part from a stock. If the number of setups and hence setup time can be reduced, this will not only decrease the manufacturing time, but will also ensure better machining accuracy, require fewer work-holding devices and increase machine usage time.

To achieve any improvement in setup time, first we need to estimate the setup time accurately. In this paper we propose a methodology to estimate the setup time for machining prismatic parts in a three axis vertical machining center. We concurrently consider three major factors for estimating the number of setups, namely — the precedence constraints among machining operations, the feasibility of work holding using vise clamping, and the availability of datum faces for locating the workpiece on the machine table during machining on a 3 axis vertical machining center.
Current Trends and Future Challenges in Automated Manufacturability Analysis
Authors: Gupta Satyandra K. , Das Diganta , Regli William C. , Nau Dana S.
Published: March 2021

In the marketplace of the 21st century, there is no place for traditional over-the-wall communication between design and manufacturing. In order to “design it right the first time,” designers must ensure that their products are both functional and easy to manufacture. Software tools have had some successes in reducing the barriers between design and manufacturing. Manufacturability analysis systems are emerging as one such tool — enabling identification of potential manufacturing problems during the design phase and providing suggestions to designers on how to eliminate them.

In this paper, we survey current state of the art in automated manufacturability analysis. We describe the existing approaches to automated manufacturability analysis and overview representative systems based on their application domain. Finally, we attempt to expose some of the existing research challenges and future directions.
Automatic Recognition of Geometric Forms From B-Rep Models
Authors: Lee Nien-Lung , Menq Chia-Hsiang
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this paper is to develop a neutral basis that bridges the gap between the geometric data of a design work and the higher-level geometric abstraction that supports complex reasoning incurred in feature-based systems. In order to accomplish this goal, a new approach is proposed to characterize surface differential geometry and object topology so as to develop a neutral basis that can be applied to different types of geometric data and the resulting higher-level geometric abstraction can support various life-cycle design activities. In this approach, two attributes are proposed to characterize the geometric entities including surfaces, edges, and vertices by applying the Gauss-Bonnet theorem and the concept of homeomorphisms. By associating the entities with the proposed attributes and applying the adjacent relationship information among geometric entities, three basic feature categories including positive features, negative features, and transition features are first identified. The proposed approach is not limited to prismatic parts. Part models consisting of fillets, rounds, cylindrical surfaces, spherical surfaces, torus, and sculpture surfaces can all be recognized. Several issues in feature interactions are addressed and examples are given to demonstrate the proposed approach.
Statistical Analysis and Optimal Allocation of Geometric Tolerances
Authors: Nassef Ashraf O. , ElMaraghy Hoda A.
Published: March 2021

This paper describes a procedure for the statistical analysis and optimization of geometric tolerances. The proposed procedure assumes that a manufactured surface is represented by a set of points, which are assumed to be random variables having a multinormal distribution. Sets of surface points are generated from the multinormal distribution, and the minimum deviation zone for the geometric deviations in each set is compared with the specified tolerances. A parametric surface is interpolated to the generated points representing the manufactured surface. Genetic algorithms and a Monte Carlo simulation routine which incorporates variance reduction techniques are used to evaluate the geometric deviations of the machined surface. A second routine, based on genetic algorithms, is used to allocate the tolerance values which keeps the part’s probability of rejection within a desired value. An example for simulating a cylindrical feature is presented and the results obtained from the algorithms using the proposed variance reduction techniques are compared with those obtained using simple Monte Carlo simulation. In addition the specified tolerance values are reallocated to achieve a desired probability of rejection.
Service Modes and Effects Analysis: Integration of Failure Analysis and Serviceability Design
Authors: Di Marco Patrick , Eubanks Charles F. , Ishii Kosuke
Published: March 2021

This paper describes the integration of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) into a computer-aided tool for Serviceability Design. FMEA is an important yet often neglected design practice that is critical in ensuring the product’s ownership quality. A computer aid that integrates FMEA into other life-cycle design evaluation tool should encourage engineers to use this important methodology more readily. The proposed method, service modes and effects analysis (SMEA) combines the functional block diagram (FBD) and structural graph (LINKER) as design inputs. The user defines functional discrepancies or component failures as service mode inputs, and the tool computes the failure criticality for each mode and life-cycle service costs. The key technology lies in representing the relationship between functions and structure and maintaining the consistency between function and component-based service modes. SMEA builds on our prototype life-cycle design analysis tool, LASeR, which evaluates not only the life-cycle ownership quality but also assemblability and recyclability.