bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Evaluation of Calypte’s AWARETM Blood Serum Plasma (BSP) and Oral Mucosal Transudate (OMT) Rapid Tests for Detecting Antibodies to HIV-1 and 2 in Plasma and Oral Fluid
Authors: Alemnji George A , Ngulefac Gisele A , Ndumbe Peter M , Asonganyi Tazoacha
Published: April 2009

As programs to prevent and care for HIV-infected persons are scaled-up in Africa, there is the need for continuous evaluation of the performance of test kits that could best support these programs. The present study evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, ease of use, and cost of AWARE TM Blood Serum Plasma (BSP) and Oral Mucosal Transudate (OMT) Rapid HIV-1/2 test kits using real-time and archived samples of HIV-infected persons from Cameroon. Matched whole blood and OMT specimens were collected prospectively from HIV-positive and HIV-negative persons from different regions of Cameroon and tested using the AWARE TM BSP and OMT test kits, respectively. These results were compared to the gold standard that included a combination of Determine HIV-1/2 and Enzygnost HIV-1/2. The BSP Rapid test kit was further evaluated using well characterized panels of HIV-2 and HIV-1 group O samples. Cost and end-user analysis of the OMT test kit was done by comparing its actual cost, consumables, safety, bench time and manipulation with other test kits. Of the 732 matched samples, 412 (56.3%) and 320 (43.7%) were from females and males, respectively. Of these samples, 23 (3.1%) gave discordant results between Determine HIV-1/2 and Enzygnost HIV1/2 and were excluded from the analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the AWARETM BSP were 100%. The AWARETM OMT had 98.8% sensitivity, 98.9% specificity, 98.0% PPV and 99.4% NPV. The results of a well-characterized archived panel of HIV-2 (n=7) and HIV-1 group O (n=3) samples using the AWARETM BSP Rapid test kit gave 100% concordance. Total per patient cost of the AWARE OMT rapid test kit was US$4.72 compared to a mean cost of US $7.33 + 0.11 for the other test kits. Both the AWARETM BSP and OMT Rapid test kits demonstrated high sensitivities and specificities on all samples tested and were well adapted for use in resource-constrained settings with high HIV heterogeneity such as Cameroon. The AWARE TM HIV-1/2 OMT Rapid test kit appears to be the cheapest, safest and easiest to use compared with other available test kits.
Reflections on the Role of Technology in City-wide Collaborative Learning
Authors: Canova Calori Ilaria , Divitini Monica
Published: April 2009

In this paper we investigate collaborative learning that takes place in a city with the support of mobile and wireless technology. Based on a literature review, we identify and discuss four main roles that technology can play in supporting (1) performance of shared tasks, (2) social networking, (3) active participation, and (4) visibility of learning. We claim that the full potential of new technology emerges by supporting learning that comes from exploration, interaction, and serendipity. Realizing this potential raises a number of technical challenges that are still largely unexplored. In particular, we claim that there is a need to move from applications design to a service-oriented infrastructure that eases the development and adaptation of applications for multiple and interleaved learning experiences. Services that are common across different learning scenarios and can be used as building blocks need to be identified. The aforementioned roles are the first step towards this direction.
Urokinase receptor, MMP‐1 and MMP‐9 are markers to differentiate prognosis, adenoma and carcinoma in thyroid malignancies
Authors: Buergy Daniel , Weber Theresia , Maurer Gabriele D. , Mudduluru Giridhar , Medved Fabian , Leupold Joerg H. , Brauckhoff Michael , Post Stefan , Dralle Henning , Allgayer Heike
Published: April 2009

The identification of high‐risk patients with thyroid cancer and the preoperative differentiation between follicular adenoma and carcinoma remain clinically challenging. Our study was conducted to analyze whether the quantification of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (u‐PAR) and transcription factor binding to the u‐PAR promoter improve prognostic predictability and differential diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Tumor/normal tissue was collected from 69 prospectively followed patients with thyroid carcinomas (papillary, medullary, follicular and anaplastic, PTC, MTC, FTC and ATC) or follicular adenomas. U‐PAR, MMP‐1, MMP‐7 and MMP‐9 amounts were determined by ELISA, and transcription factor binding was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Binding of transcription factors to the u‐PAR promoter was observed, but not associated with u‐PAR expression. Carcinomas except MTC expressed significantly more u‐PAR/MMPs than adenomas/normal tissues, this being associated with advanced pT‐ or M‐stages. MMP‐1 and MMP‐9 were significantly higher in follicular carcinomas than in adenomas. In carcinomas, high u‐PAR‐gene expression correlated significantly with high MMP‐9, the latter being associated with MMP‐7 in normal tissues. Poor survival in differentiated tumors was associated in trend (p = 0.07); poor survival of all patients (p = 0.043) and especially of patients with carcinomas of follicular origin (including ATC), but not medullary carcinomas, were significantly associated with high u‐PAR‐protein (p = 0.015). Quantification of u‐PAR is of prognostic relevance in thyroid carcinomas of non‐c‐cell origin, and u‐PAR in part may be regulated nontranscriptionally in thyroid cancers. This is the first study to suggest MMP‐1/‐9 as significant differentiation markers between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma. © 2009 UICC
Synthesis of indole derivatives. Part III. Extension of the amine oxide rearrangement
Authors: Thyagarajan B. S. , Majumdar K. C.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of N,N‐bis(4‐aryloxy‐2‐butynyl)anilines and their rearrangement to 1,2,3‐trisub‐stituted indoles is described.
Synthesis of some 1‐methyl‐3‐alkoxy‐5‐arylpyrrolecarboxylic acids and derivatives
Authors: Campaigne E. , Shutske G. M.
Published: April 2009

By a combination of hydrolysis, decarboxylation, and methylation diethyl 1‐methyl‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐phenylpyrrole‐2,4‐dicarboxylate was converted into 1‐methyl‐3‐methoxy‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrole‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid (5) and into the isomeric compounds ethyl 1‐methyl‐2‐phenyl‐4‐methoxypyrrole‐3‐carboxylate (4a) and ethyl 1‐methyl‐3‐methoxy‐5‐phenylpyrrole‐2‐carboxylate (9a). 1‐Methyl‐2‐phenyl‐4‐methoxypyrrole‐3‐carboxylic acid was synthesized both by the selective decarboxylation of 5 and by the hydrolysis of 4a. Hydrolysis of 9a, however, did not give the corresponding acid, but rather an oxidation product, 1‐methyl‐3‐methoxy‐5‐hydroxy‐5‐phenyl‐3‐pyrrolin‐2‐onc (10a). Compound 10a was shown to arise from the air oxidation of the completely decarboxylated product, 1‐methyl‐2‐phenyl‐4‐methoxypyrrole. Reduction of 9a with lithium aluminum hydride gave 1‐methyl‐3‐methoxy‐5‐phenylpyrrole‐2‐methanol, which yielded 10a upon oxidation with silver oxide.
Synthèse d'iodopyrroles
Authors: Farnier M. , Fournari P.
Published: April 2009

This article reports the synthesis of di‐ and triiodopyrroles by reduction of tetraiodopyrrole. A new synthesis of 4‐iodo‐3‐ formylpyrrole is described.
1,2,5‐Thiadiazolo[3,4‐b]pyrazines
Authors: Tong Y. C.
Published: April 2009

1,2,5‐Thiadiazolo[3,4‐b]pyrazine and its derivatives were prepared. Nucleophilic displacements of halogen atoms on the nucleus were reported.
The synthesis and properties of certain N‐methylated 5‐diazouracils
Authors: Thurber T. Craig , Townsend Leroy B.
Published: April 2009

The reduction of 1‐methyl‐, 3‐methyl‐ and 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐nitrouracil (Ia‐c) to the corresponding 5‐aminouracils (IIa‐c) is described. Diazotization of 5‐amino‐1‐methyluracil (IIa) and 5‐amino‐1,3‐dimethyluracil (IIc) gave 5‐diazouracils which were characterized as thermally stable C6 covalent hydrates (III and XIII). Diazotization of 5‐amino‐3‐methyluracil (IIb) gave anhydro 5‐diazo‐3‐methyluracil (X) which underwent covalent methanolation and thermally reversible covalent hydration. Treatment of III and XIII with hot methanol resulted in solvent exchange of the C6 hydroxyl groups by a mechanism which may involve initial formation of diazoethers. Treatment of the methanolates (IV, XI and XIV) with dimethylamine resulted in coupling at the diazo group with a concomitant expulsion of the C6 methoxyl groups to give 5‐(3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐triazeno)uracils (XVa‐c).
Quinazolines and 1,4‐benzodiazepines. LXXI. Reactions of 2‐(triazol‐4‐yl)benzophenones
Authors: Walser Armin , Flynn Thomas , Fryer R. Ian
Published: April 2009

Some new triazolylbenzophenones 3 were prepared by reaction of the corresponding quinazolines 2 with formic acid. Conversions of compounds 3 to known triazolobenzodiazepines are described. One of the processes proceeds via the double bond isomer 13. The reaction of the aldehyde 9 with hydrazine interestingly yielded the triazoloquinolines 11 and 12. The cyclization of the benzophenones 3 to the triazoloindoles 15 and the alkylation of the latter to derivatives with basic and acidic side chains are also reported. Quaternization of compound 16 with ethyl bromoacetate followed by treatment with hydroxide resulted in the formation of the triazinoindole 12.
2,3‐Dimethylquinoxaline‐6‐carboxaldehyde 1,4‐dioxide
Authors: Edwards M. L. , Bambury R. E.
Published: April 2009

A series of derivatives of 2,3‐dimethylquinoxaline‐6‐carboxaldehyde 1,4‐dioxide was prepared. Derivatives prepared included nitrones, semicarbazide, and aminooxazolidinone.
Chemistry of thienopyridines. XXI. Mass spectra of some parent compounds and their hydroperchlorate salts
Authors: Klemm L. H. , Rottschaefer Susan
Published: April 2009

Mass spectral fragmentation patterns are reported for ten parent thienopyridines containing 2‐4 rings. Several spectra were determined directly on crystalline hydroperchlorate salts, which produced pure spectra of the azine components (devoid of all peaks for perchloric acid or its decomposition products). Consistent with aromaticity in the thienopyridines are formations of both singly (most abundant) and doubly charged molecular ions, as well as (M‐1) ions. Losses of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monosulfide (or thioformyl radical) occur from the molecular ions.
The synthesis of 2‐substituted azino‐3‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐5‐carboxymethylenethiazolidin‐4‐ ones
Authors: Hohnjec Marijan , Japelj Miha , Kobe Joze , Valcavi Umberto
Published: April 2009

2‐(1‐Isopropylidene)azino‐3‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl‐5‐ methoxycarbonylmethylenethiazolidin‐4‐one (IV) and 2‐(1‐methylbenzilidene)azino‐3‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl‐5‐carboxymethylenethiazolidin‐4‐one were prepared by independent synthesis utilizing either acid catalyzed fusion of 2‐(1‐isopropylidene)azino‐5‐methoxycarbonylmethylenethiazolidin‐3(H)‐4‐one (II) with 1‐O‐acetyl‐2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranose, silylation procedure with 2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐D‐ribofuranosyl bromide or by cyclization of new isopropylidene and/or methylbenzilidene derivatives (VII) of 4‐(2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)thiosemicarbazide (VI) with maleic anhydride and subsequent methylation. The synthetic approach has unambigously established the glycosilation site as well as anomeric configuration, which was additionally derived from pmr spectral data.
Analogues méso‐hétérocycliques du dihydro‐9,10 anthracène. XII — Sur quelques indoles dérivés de la dibenzo‐p‐dioxine
Authors: Saint‐Ruf Germain , Chalot Alain , Lobert Bernard , Hien Do Phuoc
Published: April 2009

L'amino‐2 dibenzo‐p‐dioxine se condense facilement avee les les ω‐bromocétones pour donner des aroylméthylamino‐2 dibenzo‐p‐dioxines qui subissent, dans certaines conditions, la cyclisation indolique de Möhlau‐Bischler. II a été ainsi préparé plusieurs indolo[5,6‐b]benzodioxine‐1,4 dont on a étudié les effets biochimiques sur la zoxazolamine hydroxylase chez le Rat.
Reactivity of acyl chloride aryl‐hydrazones with some diazines
Authors: Dalla Croce Piero
Published: April 2009

The reaction of methyl phenylhydrazonochloroacetate with pyridazine, pyrazine, quinoxaline and phthalazine gave the corresponding 1:1 cycloadducts (1–4) whose structure was proven by spectroscopic data and chemical transformations.
Application of photoelectron spectroscopy to biologically active molecules and their constituent parts. II. 1,4‐Benzodiazepines
Authors: Kajfež F. , Klasine L. , Šunjić V. , Tòth T.
Published: April 2009

The Hel photoelectron (PE) spectra of 5‐phenyl‐7‐chloro‐2H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one (1), its 1‐methyl derivative (2), 3‐hydroxy derivative (3), 1‐methyl‐3‐hydroxy derivative (4), 3‐(S)‐methyl derivative (5), and 1‐methyl‐3‐(S)‐methyl derivative (6) have been recorded. The electronic structure of these compounds is discussed on the basis of the observed ionization energies, and of the semiempirical CNDO/2 calculations on model compounds 1a‐6a, which have a hydrogen instead of the phenyl group in the 5‐position. As a result the character of the seven highest occupied orbitals in 1–6 have been assigned.
Syntheses of heterocyclic fused thiazolecarboxylic acids I
Authors: Bell Stanley C. , Gochman Carl , Wei Peter H. L.
Published: April 2009

A number of thiazolo 5‐carboxylic acid derivatives were prepared which were fused to other heterocycles such as 1,2,4‐benzothiadiazine, quinazoline, and pyrimidine rings at the 2,3‐position of the thiazole ring. In several instances unexpected products were obtained, depending on the reaction conditions. The chemistry of these reactions and the identification of the products are discussed.
A novel synthesis of dibenzo[b,f] [1,4]thiazepin‐11(10H)one 5,5‐dioxides
Authors: Bennett O. Francis , Johnson James , Galletto Sandra
Published: April 2009

Treatment of thioxanthen‐9‐one 10,10‐dioxides with sodium amide in liquid ammonia provided a novel one‐step conversion to dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin‐11(10H)one 5,5‐dioxides. Some limitations and a possible mechanism for the reaction are discussed.
Chemistry of thienopyridines. XXIII. Mass spectra of some N‐oxides, sulfoxides, and sulfones
Authors: Klemm L. H. , Rottschaefer Susan , Merrill R. E.
Published: April 2009

The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of a series of thienopyridine N‐oxides, S‐oxides, and S,S‐dioxides were elaborated as a means of structural determination. Observation of a significant (M‐16) peak is diagnostic for the presence of either an N‐oxide or an S‐oxide function (indistinguishable from one another by this method) but does not occur for an S,S‐dioxide function. For a substituted thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine 7‐oxide, structural rearrangement to a pyridone (followed by emission of carbon monoxide or formyl radical) or side‐chain fission may be competitive with de‐N‐oxygenation. For two tricyclic parent S‐oxides, rearrangement and de‐S‐oxygenation are competing initial processes. For parent S,S‐dioxides structural rearrangement precedes fragmentation, wherein the oxygen is ejected in such forms as sulfur monoxide, carbon monoxide, formyl or cyanate radicals, and ketene.
Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. Part DCXXXII. The formation of the benzimidazo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline by reaction of the 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1‐(2‐nitrophenethyl)isoquinoline with triethyl phosphite
Authors: Kametani Tetsuji , Fujimoto Yasuo , Mizushima Masakatsu
Published: April 2009

Reductive cyclization of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐1‐(4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrophen‐ethyl)isoquinoline (V) with triethyl phosphite gave 5,6‐dihydro‐2,3,9,10‐tetramethoxybenzimidazo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline (IX), whose structure was identified by the spectroscopic analyses by an alternative synthesis.
Synthesis of perhydro‐1,2,5,6‐tetrazocine and derivatives
Authors: Nielsen Arnold T.
Published: April 2009

Synthetic routes to the title compounds were explored. 1,2,5,6‐Tetraacetylperhydro‐1,2,5,6‐tetrazocine (6, 36%) was produced from ethylene glycol bis‐p‐toluenesulfonate and the potassium salt of 1,2‐bis(N,N′ ‐diacetylhydrazino)ethane in refluxing mesitylene. Its acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis led to perhydro‐1,2,5,6‐tetrazocine (9), an air‐sensitive, crystalline solid, the first reported unsubstituted tetraazacyclooctane and the first example of an unsubstituted macrocycle incorporating two or more endocyclic hydrazino groups. 1,2‐Bis(hydrazino)ethane (4) and diisobutyl oxalate in refluxing dimethylformamide gave 1,4‐diamino‐2,3‐diketopiperazine (11) rather than 3,4‐diketoperhydro‐1,2,5,6‐tetrazoeine (12). The acid‐catalyzed reaction of benzil with 4 gave 3,4,7,8‐tetraaza‐1,2,9,10‐tetraphenyl‐2,8‐dccadien‐1,10‐dione (20).
A simple synthesis of thieno[2,3‐b]pyrazine and thieno[2,3‐b] pyridine
Authors: Schneller S. W. , Clough F. W. , Hardee L. E.
Published: April 2009

A facile synthesis of thieno[2,3‐b]pyrazine (1) and thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine (9) is reported. Furthermore, convenient preparations of a variety of synthetically useful compounds derived from these ring systems is also presented.
Hétérocyclisation intramoléculaire par réaction d'oxymercuration. II. Oxymercuration intramolécuxlaire des allyl‐2 cyclohexanols cis et trans
Authors: Spéziale V. , Amat Mlle M. , Lattes A.
Published: April 2009

l'hétérocyclisation par addition‐cyclisation de sels mercuriques aux deux allyl‐2 cyclohexanols est toujours régiospecifique et conduit aux hétérocycles mercurés à cinq chuînons, rnais elle n'est pas stéréosélective. La réduction des organomercuriques obtenus à partir du trans allyl‐2 cyclohexanol, conduit parfois à des réarrangements de cycle, ce qui permet dans le cas du produit cyclisé à jonction trans, d'obtenir, suivant les conditions, des composés pyranniques ou furanniques.
Formyl substituted phenazine 5,10‐dioxides
Authors: Edwards M. L. , Bambury R. E. , Kim H. K.
Published: April 2009

Two new formyl‐substituted phenazine 5,10‐dioxides were prepared, 2‐formylphenazine 5,10‐dioxide and 7‐hydroxy‐2‐phenazinecarboxaldehyde 5,10‐dioxide. Nitrones of these aldehydes were prepared as potential antibacterial agents but evaluation in vitro and in vivo did not disclose significant antibacterial activity.
7‐(N,N‐trimethyl)‐5‐methoxytryptamine
Authors: Benington F. , Morin R. D. , Bradley R. J.
Published: April 2009

Synthesis of 7‐(N,N′‐trimethyl)‐5‐methoxytryptamine from 2,5‐dimethylpyrone via 4‐methoxy‐2,6‐dimelhylnitrobenzene and 5‐melhoxy‐7‐methylindole is described.
Transposition de neber en série tétrahydropyrannone
Authors: Crouiller Annie , Pacheco Henri
Published: April 2009

La transposition de Neber appliquée aux tosylates des oximes des tétrahydropyrannones‐4 et ‐3 conduit respectivement aux α amino‐acétals 5 et 20: l'amino‐3 diéthoxy‐4,4 et l'amino‐2 diétboxy‐3,3 tétrahydropyrannes. L'hydrolyse du premier donne la pyrazine 6, celle du second l'amino‐cétone 21. D'autre part, l'amino‐acétal 5 permet d'accéder à l'iodure d'acétoxy‐4 triméthylammonio‐3 tétrahydropyranne (12) de conformation préférentielle cis axiale pour le groupement acétoxy et équatoriale pour le groupement triméthylammonio. Le tosylate de l'oxime de la tétrahydropyrannone‐3 peut aussi subir facilement la transposition de Beckmann en lactame 18 dont l'ouverture conduit à l'acide (amino‐3 propoxy) acétique (19).
The reactions of bisamides with oxalyl chloride
Authors: Hanafin J. , Ben‐Ishai D.
Published: April 2009

Alkylidenebisamides and alkylidenebiscarbamates were found to react with oxalyl chloride to give oxazolidinediones (2), a diazepinedione (3) or fragmentation products depending on the nature of the substituents (R' in formula 1).
Single crystal X‐ray structure determinations of the reaction products of cis‐ and trans‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydrides and methylhydrazine
Authors: Loghry R. A. , Kasina S. , Simonsen S. H. , Nematollahi Jay
Published: April 2009

The structures of two of the three isomeric products of the reactions between cis‐ and trans‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydrides and methylhydrazine were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray methods to ascertain their tautomeric forms and stereochemistries. One product was found to be cis‐N‐methylamino‐1,2‐cyclohexanedicarboximide and the other trans‐hexahydro‐2‐methylcyclohexa[d]pyridazine‐1,2‐dione.
Synthesis of 5,6‐Dimethylbenz[a]phenazine
Authors: Cromwell N. H. , Desai H. S. , Pokorny D. J.
Published: April 2009

5,6‐Dimethylbenz[a]phenazine (4), an aza analogue of the carcinogenic 5,6‐dimethylbenz‐[c]acridine has been obtained by a 1,1‐dehydration‐rearrangement (Wagner‐Meerwin type) from 5,5‐dimethyl‐6‐hydroxy‐5,6‐dihydrobenz[a]phenazine (3). The alcohol 3 was obtained from the hydrogenation of the corresponding ketone 2 which was prepared in two ways: Method A, the oxidation of 5,5‐dimethyl‐5,6‐dihydrobenz[a]phenazine (1); Method B, the hydrolysis of the 6,6‐dibromo derivative 5 of 1.
β‐(5‐Pyrimidinyl)ethanolamines
Authors: Schwan Thomas J. , Miles Nelson J. , Butterfield James L.
Published: April 2009

2,4‐Diphenyl‐5‐pyrimidinyl methyl ketone (8) and 2‐phenyl‐4‐methyl‐5‐pyrimidinyl phenyl ketone (12) were prepared by condensation of benzamidine with 2‐ethoxymethyl‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐butanedione (10). Their structures were elucidated by the nmr spectra of their derivative alcohols 13 and 14, respectively. The ketone 8 was converted by way of the bromoketone 15 to 2‐[1‐methylethylamino]‐1‐[2,4‐diphenyl‐5‐pyrimidinyl]ethanol hydrochloride (17) and 2‐amino‐1‐[2,4‐diphenyl‐5‐pyrimidinyl]ethanol hydrochloride (20). Pharmacologic testing indicated that 17 and 20 did not possess either antihypertensive or beta adrenergic blocking activities.
Reaction of α‐keto hydrazonyl bromide with carbanions of some active methylene compounds
Authors: Shawali A. Sami , Abdelhamid A. Osman
Published: April 2009

Treatment of 1‐phenyl‐2‐bromo‐2‐arylhydrazonoethanone (VII) with sodium etiolates of 2,4‐pentanedione, 1‐phenyl‐1,3‐butanedione, dibenzoylmethane, ethyl benzoylacetate, acetoaceta‐nilide, and of benzoylacetanilide in ethanol afforded the substituted pyrazoles, VIII‐XIII, respectively. The results show that VII, unlike 1‐phenyl‐2‐bromo‐2‐hydroximinoethanone (V), is not easily deprotonated by carbanions; and that its reactions with β‐diketones, β‐keto esters, and β‐keto amides follow one and the same mechanism. The structures of the products (VIII‐XIII) were inferred from their elemental analyses and spectral data.
The Synthesis of possible di‐ and trihydroxylated chlorpromazine metabolites
Authors: Suzuki Joseph K. , Zirnis Aija , Manian Albert A.
Published: April 2009

The syntheses of di‐ and trihydroxychlorpromazines, I, II, III, and V, and of dioxo derivatives, IV and VI, are described.
A study of the catalytic reductive products of 2,3‐dihydro‐6‐methoxy‐3‐(6‐nitroveratrylidene)‐4H‐benzopyran‐4‐one. Part II
Authors: Wright George C. , Schwan Thomas J.
Published: April 2009

Although the previously reported (1,2) chemical reduction of 2,3‐dihydro‐3‐(6‐nitroveratry‐lidene)‐4H‐benzopyran‐4‐one with stannous chloride occurred with cyclization to the 6H‐[1]‐benzopyrano [4,3‐b]quinoline ring system, the present study of the catalytic (palladium/carbon) reduction of 2,3‐dihydro‐6‐methoxy‐3‐(6‐nitroveratrylidene)‐4H‐benzopyran‐4‐one (1) (3) has indicated that other products in addition to the expected benzopyranoquinoline (3) may be isolated, depending upon the conditions of the reduction. The products of the reduction of 1, isolated and structurally determined, include 2,9,10‐trimethoxy‐6H‐[1]benzopyrano‐[4,3‐b]quinoline(3),2,9,10‐trimethoxy‐6a,7,12,12a‐tetrahydro‐6H‐[1]benzopyrano[4,3‐b]‐quinoline (2), the N‐oxide of 3 (6), and 6‐hydroxy‐2,9,10‐trimethoxy‐6H‐[l]benzopyrano‐[4,3‐b Jquinoline (8).
The insertion and extrusion of heterosulfur bridges. III. A useful chemical‐chromatographic separation procedure
Authors: Klemm L. H. , Hsin Wilson
Published: April 2009

A method is described for the isolation of pure phenanthro[4,5‐bcd] thiophene (4) from a sulfur‐bridging reaction mixture, also containing phenanthrene (3) and elemental sulfur, by selective oxidation of 4 to the sulfoxide (5) by means of iodobenzene dichloride, chromato‐graphic separation of 5 on silica gel, and finally reduction of 5 back to 4 by means of sodium bis(methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride in 25% overall yield from 3.
Mass spectral fragmentation pattern of 2,2′‐bipyridyls Part IV. Di‐2‐pyridly ketone
Authors: Keats N. G. , Summers L. A.
Published: April 2009

The fragmentation of di‐2‐pyridyl ketone on electron impact involves elimination of neutral CO from the molecular ion and rearrangement to the 2,2′‐l>ipyridyl molecular ion in addition to rupture of the central bonds to form C5H4N+ and C6H4NO+ ions.
Isothiazoles VIII: Isothiazolidin‐3‐one derivatives
Authors: Weiler E. D. , Miller G. A. , Hausman M.
Published: April 2009

Useful procedures for preparing novel 4‐methyl‐4,5,5‐trichloroisothiazolidin‐3‐ones and 4,4,5,5‐tetrachloroisothiazolidin‐3‐ones are reported.
Reaction of γ‐picoline N‐oxide with ketenimines in the presence of organic acids: Preparation of α‐acyloxyamides
Authors: Barker Marvin W. , Sung Hsiu‐Sun
Published: April 2009

A synthesis of a‐acyloxyamides is described which utilizes the reaction of 7‐picoline N‐oxide and various organic acids with diphenylketene N‐p‐tolylimine.
The carbocyclic analog of cytidine, synthesis and antineoplastic activity
Authors: Shealy Y. Fulmer , O'Dell C. Allen
Published: April 2009

The carbocyclic analog (VI) of cytidine was prepared from the carbocyclic analog (I) of uridine. The intermediate stages were a tetrabenzoyl derivative of I, the tribenzoyl derivative of the uridine analog, and the tribenzoyl 4‐chloropyrimidinone obtained from the latter derivative. The cytidine analog (VI) is active against KB cells in culture and against L1210 leukemia in mice. In the initial tests against L1210 leukemia, the highest dose (200 mg./kg./day, q.d. 1‐9), of three active doses, increased lifespan by 82% and showed no evidence of toxicity.
Infrared consequence spectroscopy of gaseous protonated and metal ion cationized complexes
Authors: Fridgen Travis D.
Published: April 2009

In this article, the new and exciting techniques of infrared consequence spectroscopy (sometimes called action spectroscopy) of gaseous ions are reviewed. These techniques include vibrational predissociation spectroscopy and infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and they typically complement one another in the systems studied and the information gained. In recent years infrared consequence spectroscopy has provided long‐awaited direct evidence into the structures of gaseous ions from organometallic species to strong ionic hydrogen bonded structures to large biomolecules. Much is being learned with respect to the structures of ions without their stabilizing solvent which can be used to better understand the effect of solvent on their structures. This review mainly covers the topics with which the author has been directly involved in research: structures of proton‐bound dimers, protonated amino acids and DNA bases, amino acid and DNA bases bound to metal ions and, more recently, solvated ionic complexes. It is hoped that this review reveals the impact that infrared consequence spectroscopy has had on the field of gaseous ion chemistry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:586–607, 2009
Annual and spatial variation of intertidal benthic community zonation in a breakwater off the Rio de Janeiro coast, south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Masi Bruno Pereira , Macedo Isabela Maria , Zalmon Ilana Rosental
Published: April 2009

The present study aims to evaluate the vertical distribution of intertidal benthic organisms in different periods of the year, relating them to tide, air temperature, height and wave periodicity in breakwaters off the northern Rio de Janeiro State, and to compare the zonation at two sites (Pier and Barra) with distinct hydrodynamics, due to different wave swell. Quadrats of 400 cm2 were sampled by a photoquadrat method. The upper limit of the marine organisms was higher at the Barra site (intertidal zone of 3.8 m) than at the Pier site (intertidal zone of 2.2 m). The littoral fringe assemblage did not show significant differences between sites, but a larger range of this fringe and the upper eulittoral band at Barra was quite evident. This site was mostly characterized by species of more exposed areas such as Chaetomorpha sp. and Perna perna in the upper and lower eulittoral bands, and by C. teedii and Ulva fasciata in the sublittoral fringe. A seasonal difference was identified in the air exposure degree at the Pier site, which was higher in October 2005 and February 2006. The air temperature and wave height and periodicity differed significantly among the four studied periods. The typical seasonal species were F. clenchi (July 2005 and October 2005), Gigartina domingensis (July 2005), Grateloupia sp. (October 2005) and Porphyra acanthophora (October 2005 and February 2006). The intermediate benthic band of the intertidal zone occupied a narrow zone, changing its spatial location according to the season of the year. The hypothesis of annual variation of the benthic community zonation according to the seasonal variability of tides, air temperatures and wave's height and periodicity was accepted for the intermediate band of the intertidal zone, due to the taxonomic differences and the abundance of dominant species in the four seasons. The difference in the vertical distribution of the intertidal benthic assemblages of both breakwaters highlights a distinct wave exposure condition, and reflects the breakwaters' orientation and the wave swell at each site.
Low-temperature manifestations of hybridized electronic states of iron impurities in the thermoelectric power of mercury selenide
Authors: Lonchakov A. T. , Okulov V. I. , Konstantinov V. L. , Okulova K. A. , Paranchich S. Yu.
Published: April 2009

The temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient (thermoelectric power) of mercury selenide with iron and cobalt impurities is investigated at low temperatures. In crystals with iron impurities at concentrations close to those corresponding to the concentration maximum of the electron mobility, an anomalously strong decrease of the thermoelectric power is observed in a temperature interval below 25K. This decrease is attributed to a manifestation of resonance scattering of electrons in hybridized states at the iron donor impurities. A fitting of the theoretical temperature dependence to the experimental data permits a quantitative interpretation of the experimental results and yields values of the parameters of the hybridized states which agree with those found from investigations of other effects. In crystals with cobalt impurities no anomalies due to manifestations of hybridized electronic states are observed. This finding is in agreement with the conductivity data and implies a lower value of the resonance energy for the cobalt impurities as compared to the iron.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of three-dimensional nitrogen-doped aluminum clusters Al8N− and Al8N
Authors: Wang Lei-Ming , Huang Wei , Wang Lai-Sheng , Averkiev Boris B. , Boldyrev Alexander I.
Published: April 2009

The structure and electronic properties of the Al8N− and Al8N clusters were investigated by combined photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio studies. Congested photoelectron spectra were observed and experimental evidence was obtained for the presence of multiple isomers for Al8N−. Global minimum searches revealed several structures for Al8N− with close energies. The calculated vertical detachment energies of the two lowest-lying isomers, which are of C2v and Cs symmetry, respectively, were shown to agree well with the experimental data. Unlike the three-dimensional structures of Al6N− and Al7N−, in which the dopant N atom has a high coordination number of 6, the dopant N atom in the two low-lying isomers of Al8N− has a lower coordination number of 4 and 5, respectively. The competition between the Al–Al and Al–N interactions are shown to determine the global minimum structures of the doped aluminum clusters and results in the structural diversity for both Al8N− and Al8N.
Quantum confinement effect on the effective mass in two-dimensional electron gas of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Kurakin A. M. , Vitusevich S. A. , Danylyuk S. V. , Hardtdegen H. , Klein N. , Bougrioua Z. , Naumov A. V. , Belyaev A. E.
Published: April 2009

We report the results of direct measurements and a theoretical investigation of the in-plane effective mass in the two-dimensional electron gas of nominally undoped AlGaN/GaN heterostructures with a different degree of quantum confinement. It is shown that in most cases the conduction band nonparabolicity effect is overestimated and the electron wave-function penetration into the barrier layer should be taken into account. The contribution of the wave-function hybridization is determined to play the dominant role. The band edge effective mass value is deduced to be (0.2±0.01)m0.
Human kin recognition is self- rather than family-referential
Authors: Bressan Paola , Zucchi Guendalina
Published: April 2009

Inclusive fitness theory predicts that organisms will tend to help close kin more than less related individuals. In a variety of birds and mammals, relatives are recognized by comparing their phenotype to an internal representation or template, which might be learned through either repeated exposure to family members or self-inspection. Mirrors are ubiquitous now, but were absent during our evolutionary history; hence it is hard to predict, and empirically unknown, whether human kin recognition is family- or self-referential. Here we put this issue to the strongest possible test by comparing nepotistic behaviour towards self- versus co-twin-resemblant individuals. Seventy monozygotic and dizygotic twins were shown same-sex faces, covertly manipulated to resemble either themselves or their co-twin, and indicated which individual they would prefer in two prosocial contexts. Self-resemblant faces were significantly preferred to twin-resemblant faces, showing that visual information about the self supersedes that about close family members in the kin-recognition template. Because, under conditions of paternal uncertainty, a reliable family-referent template could be based only on one's mother and maternal relatives, a unique advantage of self-referent phenotype matching is the possibility of (consciously or unconsciously) identifying one's father and paternal relatives as kin.
Threshold parameters for a model of epidemic spread among households and workplaces
Authors: Pellis L. , Ferguson N. M. , Fraser C.
Published: April 2009

The basic reproduction numberR0is one of the most important concepts in modern infectious disease epidemiology. However, for more realistic and more complex models than those assuming homogeneous mixing in the population, other threshold quantities can be defined that are sometimes more useful and easily derived in terms of model parameters. In this paper, we present a model for the spread of a permanently immunizing infection in a population socially structured into households and workplaces/schools, and we propose and discuss a new household-to-household reproduction numberRHfor it. We show howRHovercomes some of the limitations of a previously proposed threshold parameter, and we highlight its relationship with the effort required to control an epidemic when interventions are targeted at randomly selected households.
Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, an emerging pathogen in Danish rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), mariculture
Authors: Pedersen K , Skall H F , Lassen‐Nielsen A M , Bjerrum L , Olesen N J
Published: April 2009

A selection of 16 field isolates of Photobacterium damselae from marine rainbow trout farms in Denmark was subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization and pathogenicity to fish. All isolates belonged to the subspecies damselae, being positive for haemolysis, motility and urease. There were considerable differences in haemolytic properties, some isolates presenting a broad zone of haemolysis and others only a narrow zone. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis revealed a high diversity indicating that P. damselae subsp. damselae is an opportunistic, not clonal pathogen in Danish marine rainbow trout. Virulence of the strains to rainbow trout was highly variable with LD50 values ranging from 3.9 × 103 to 1.5 × 108 cfu at 20 °C. The virulence was significantly higher at 20 °C than at 13 °C. The strains with the strongest haemolytic properties were the most virulent suggesting a strong involvement of haemolysin in the pathogenesis. The pathological changes were consistent with a bacterial septicaemia and the haemorrhages were more pronounced than for most other bacterial infections.
Five-Month-Old Infants Have Different Expectations for Solids and Liquids
Authors: Hespos Susan J. , Ferry Alissa L. , Rips Lance J.
Published: April 2009

Many studies have established that 2-month-old infants have knowledge of solid objects' basic physical properties. Evidence about infants' understanding of nonsolid substances, however, is relatively sparse and equivocal. We present two experiments demonstrating that 5-month-old infants have distinct expectations for how solids and liquids behave. Experiment 1 showed that infants use the motion cues from the surface of a contained liquid or solid to predict whether it will pour or tumble from a cup if the cup is upended. Experiment 2 extended these findings to show that motion cues lead to distinct expectations about whether a new object will pass through or remain on top of a substance. Together, these experiments demonstrate that 5-month-old infants are able to use movement cues and solidity to discriminate a liquid from an object of similar appearance, providing the earliest evidence that infants can reason about nonsolid substances.
Twenty‐Four‐Month Update on Double‐Kissing Crush Stenting of Bifurcation Lesions
Authors: CHEN SHAO‐LIANG , KWAN TAK W.
Published: April 2009

A group of 312 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for bifurcation lesions at 12 centers in China, Singapore, Thailand, Israel, India, and Japan were enrolled in a prospective, randomized DKCRUSH‐1 trial. The goal of the study was to compare the double kissing (DK) crush technique with the classical crush stenting technique. This study was carried out to determine the differences in the rates of final kissing balloon inflations (FKBI) and the long‐term clinical outcomes. The 8‐month results of the DKCRUSH‐1 study have been previously reported. Here, we present several subgroups analysis and a 24‐month clinical update. The results confirmed a sustained, lower MACE rate at 24 months with the double kissing (DK) crush stenting technique compared with that for the classical crush stenting technique (18.1% vs. 29.9%, p = 0.044).
‘Riding along on the crest of a wave’: tracking the shifting rationale for non‐union consultation at FinanceCo
Authors: Butler Peter
Published: April 2009

This article seeks to evaluate why, within the context of a fast‐moving and turbulent business environment, certain staple employee involvement (EI) practices remain so enduring. Using case study research, the article tracks the shifting justification for non‐union consultation in a medium‐sized clearing bank. It is demonstrated that the underlying motive is contingent and dynamic, changing periodically in response to a variety of stimuli. Developing Marchington et al.'s influential metaphor, it is argued that such ‘long‐wave’ involvement is related to the flexibility of the consultative process. The malleability of the intervention is seen to complement quite disparate business objectives contributing to its longevity. More broadly, the study underlines the need to build micro‐, macro‐ and sector‐level analyses into explanatory models of EI.
Parametrization of atomic force microscopy tip shape models for quantitative nanomechanical measurements
Authors: Belikov Sergey , Erina Natalia , Huang Lin , Su Chanmin , Prater Craig , Magonov Sergei , Ginzburg Valeriy , McIntyre Bob , Lakrout Hamed , Meyers Gregory
Published: April 2009

The uncertainty of the shape of the tip is a significant source of error in atomic force microscopy (AFM) based quantitative nanomechanical measurements. Using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, or tip reconstruction images, it is possible to parametrize the models of real AFM tips, which can be used in quantitative nanomechanical measurements. These measurements use algorithms described in this article that extend classical elastic, plastic, and adhesive models of contact mechanics. Algorithms are applicable to the tips of arbitrary axisymmetric shapes. Several models of AFM tip have been utilized. The goal of tip model parameterization is to develop AFM tip-independent quantitative mechanical measurements at the nanometer scale. Experimental results demonstrate independence of the AFM measurements from tips and their closeness to bulk measurements where available. In this article the authors show the correspondence between microtensile, nanoindentation, and AFM based indentation for measuring the modulus of a spin on low-k dielectric polymer thin film. These results provide a confidence that with the described procedures AFM can be used for reliable quantitative nanomechanical measurements.
Investigation of the 100GHz reentrant linear magnetron using particle-in-cell simulation
Authors: Kim Jung-Il , Jeon Seok-Gy , Jin Yun-Sik , Kim Geun-Ju , Kim Dae-Ho , Jung Sun-Shin
Published: April 2009

The operating characteristics of the 100GHz linear magnetron employing the reentrant resonator are investigated by using a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. The geometrical parameters calculated for the operation frequency of 100GHz are confirmed by the resonant modes and field distribution obtained by an electromagnetic simulation. With the synchronism condition, the effect of number of vane and beam voltage on the power density and the operation frequency are examined. When the beam voltage of 2kV and the external magnetic field of 0.79T are used, the reentrant linear magnetron is oscillated at about 100.2GHz, and the maximum power density with the injected current density of 60A∕cm2 is increased up to 220mW∕mm2 from 125mW∕mm2 due to the extension of interaction region as the number of vane is varied from 10 to 12.
Dependence of fiber texture on composition in metal-insulator Au–SiO2 composite thin films
Authors: Filoti D. I. , Brown A. M. , Carlson D. , Harper J. M. E.
Published: April 2009

The authors show that the evolution of metal fiber texture in phase segregated metal-insulator composite thin films depends strongly on the composition. Using x-ray diffraction pole figures, they measured the strength of the Au (111) fiber texture as a function of composition in the phase segregated Au–SiO2 system, codeposited by magnetron sputtering at room temperature. They find that for very low SiO2 volume fractions, less than 5%, Au has low resistivity and a strong (111) fiber texture similar to that of pure Au. For higher SiO2 volume fractions, up to 30%, the strength of the Au fiber texture decreases more rapidly with increasing SiO2 volume fraction than can be attributed to the decreasing Au volume fraction. They propose that the rapid decrease in Au (111) fiber texture strength is consistent with Zener pinning of Au grains by second-phase SiO2 particles. For SiO2 volume fractions greater than 30%, the Au fiber texture is lost as the Au phase becomes disrupted, the films become insulating, and the microstructure changes to randomly oriented Au islands within an insulating matrix of SiO2.
Some Common Fixed Point Theorems for Weakly Compatible Mappings in Metric Spaces
Authors: Ahmed M. A.
Published: April 2009

We establish a common fixed point theorem for weakly compatible mappings generalizing a result of Khan and Kubiaczyk (1988). Also, an example is given to support our generalization. We also prove common fixed point theorems for weakly compatible mappings in metric and compact metric spaces.
Regulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Production in Bone in Uremic Rats
Authors: Saji Fumie , Shiizaki Kazuhiro , Shimada Sachiko , Okada Tadashi , Kunimoto Ken , Sakaguchi Toshifumi , Hatamura Ikuji , Shigematsu Takashi
Published: April 2009

Background: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) regulates renal phosphate reabsorption and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D3] metabolism. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have increased levels of circulating FGF23, but the direct regulation of this elevation of FGF23 is incompletely understood. Method:We measured plasma parameters in uremic rats fed a high-phosphorus diet and then performed parathyroidectomy (PTX) to determine its effect. We also investigated FGF23 mRNA expression in various tissues to identify the major source of circulating FGF23. Result: The uremic rats displayed dramatic changes in plasma FGF23 levels, consistent with increased expression of FGF23 in bone. Elevated FGF23 was associated with phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH). After PTX, the elevated FGF23 had decreased, consistent with decreased expression of FGF23 in bone. Significant decreases in plasma FGF23 were associated with PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3, but not phosphate. Conclusion: Elevated plasma FGF23 levels in uremic rats reflect the increased expression of FGF23 in bone. The expression of FGF23 in bone may be regulated by a PTH-1,25(OH)2D3 axis-dependent pathway and another PTH-dependent and 1,25(OH)2D3-independent pathway in uremic rats. The pathway may be decided by the degree of renal dysfunction.
No Effect of Albumin on the Dermal Absorption Rate of Hydrocortisone 21-Butyrate, Permethrin or Diflunisal in the Isolated, Single-Pass Perfused Rabbit Ear
Authors: Bast G.E. , Kampffmeyer H.G.
Published: April 2009

Rabbit ears were single-pass perfused with a buffer solution containing either 6% hetastarch or 5% bovine serum albumin. Hydrocortisone 21-butyrate (5 mM), diflunisal (17 mM) or permethrin (33 mM) was added to isopropyl myristate with 5% polyethylene, and applied to about 40% of the epithelial surface area of the ear. Hydrocortisone 21-butyrate or permethrin were not found in the effluent with hetastarch or albumin. Following cutaneous ester hydrolysis, the appearance rate of hydrocortisone was about 4 pmol/min per cm2 in the hetastarch- or the albumin-containing buffer solution. No hydrolysis of permethrin was detected; the appearance rate of 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol with 3-phenoxybenzoic acid corresponded to the absorption rate of the substrate impurities. During ex vivo perfusion of intact skin, serum albumin in the perfusion fluid may not enhance the appearance rate of xenobiotics in the effluent following dermal application when the distribution coefficient n-octanol/water is > 2,000 or when the xenobiotic is ionized at physiological pH. In general, for all substances investigated with our perfusion model thus far, the appearance rates decreased with rising distribution coefficient (n-octanol/buffer pH 7.4). High lipophilicity hinders the release from isopropyl myristate and the penetration through the skin.
Review
Authors: Scifo Salvatore
Published: April 2009

Community Media. A Global Introduction, Ellie Rennie (2006) Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 224 pp., ISBN 0742539245 (hbk), $83.00, ISBN 0742539253 (pbk), $27.95
Produção de fôlhas de diferentes variedades de amoreiras, durante o período de formação das mudas nos sistemas de cepo e fuste
Authors: Rúbia António Castilho , Pettinelli Armando , Abramides Eduardo
Published: April 2009

São apresentados resultados experimentais da produção de fôlhas em amoreiras de variedades comuns, durante o período de formação das mudas, com os sistemas denominados de cepo e fuste, em duas regiões, Limeira e Tatuí, do planalto paulista. Os resultados quanto à produção de fôlhas, em dois anos em cada região, permitiram as conclusões: Em Limeira, para a variedade Calabreza, o sistema de fuste foi muito superior ao de cepo. Para as variedades Fernão Dias e Lopes Lins, o sistema de fuste foi também superior, porém, de forma menos acentuada. Em Tatuí, no caso das variedades Calabreza e Fernão Dias, o sistema de cepo mostrou-se, ao contrário, mais produtivo. Para a variedade Lopes Lins, não houve diferença entre os dois sistemas de cultivo experimentados.