bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Vibration Control in Smart Beams: A Comparative Study of Piezoelectric-Based Controllers Under Fluid-Induced Vibrations
Authors: Dehkordi Farnaz , Mahdiabadi Morteza Karamooz , Alizadeh Milad
Published: August 2024

Smart structures with integrated piezoelectric elements play a pivotal role in mitigating vibrations across diverse applications, by safeguarding against structural damage and performance degradation. This study delves into the active control of vibrations in beams, particularly in fluid-immersed environments where hydrodynamic forces induce complex beam oscillations. The dynamic behavior of geometrically nonlinear, simply supported beams integrated with piezoelectric elements was examined. The position of the piezoelectric patch was optimized through the GA algorithm to minimize the settling time. The optimal location for the piezoelectric patch was determined in the middle of the beam. The investigation encompasses harmonic excitation forces spanning frequencies from 10[Formula: see text]Hz to 200[Formula: see text]Hz. Our study evaluates the system’s response under two critical conditions: one with the presence of external hydrodynamic forces and the other without. To achieve effective vibration control, we employ both Proportional-Derivative (PD) and Sliding Mode Controllers (SMC), optimizing their parameters for minimum settling time as an objective function. The results underscore the remarkable superiority of the SMC, reducing settling times by an impressive 50% when compared to the PD controller. Additionally, the SMC demonstrates the ability to significantly reduce control efforts, as evidenced by actuator voltage. In the context of forced vibrations, the SMC maintains its superior performance, especially at lower frequencies. However, at higher frequencies, the emergence of chattering affects the SMC’s performance, although it remains more effective than the PD controller in low-frequency scenarios. This study sheds light on the effectiveness of piezoelectric-based control strategies for smart beams, offering valuable insights into their performance under various vibration conditions. These findings hold significant promise for practical applications where vibration control is critical.
Towards the Jacobian Conjecture
Authors: Su Yucai
Published: August 2024

We first show that if there is a counterexample to the two-dimensional Jacobian conjecture, then there exists a nonempty closed smooth affine surface in [Formula: see text] satisfying various properties. Next, we conjecture that such a surface does not exist.
Matching Rota-Baxter Systems and Gröbner-Shirshov Bases
Authors: Zhang Yi , Guo Shuangjian
Published: August 2024

Motivated by the concept of matching Rota-Baxter algebras arising from polarized associative Yang-Baxter equations and Volterra integral equations, we introduce the notion of a matching Rota-Baxter system, which generalizes the Rota-Baxter system proposed by Brzeziński. We show that this notion is also related to Yang-Baxter pairs and to matching pre-Lie algebras. We then modify the definition of matching Rota-Baxter systems by adding a curvature term, and make a connection with matching pre-Lie algebras and with compatible associative algebras. Furthermore, we study matching Rota-Baxter systems on a dendriform algebra and show how they induce matching quadri-algebra structures. Finally, we give a linear basis of free matching Rota-Baxter system by Gröbner-Shirshov bases methods.
Generalized Cline's Formula and Jacobson's Lemma in a Ring
Authors: Chen Huanyin , Sheibani Marjan
Published: August 2024

We present a new generalized version of Cline's formula and Jacobson's lemma for g-Drazin inverses in a ring. These generalized results extend many known results, e.g., Chen and Abdolyousefi [Generalized Jacobson's lemma in a Banach algebra, Comm. Algebra 49 (2021) 3263–3272], and Yan and Zeng [The generalized inverses of the products of two elements in a ring, Turkish J. Math. 44 (2020) 1744–1756].
On B( 5, 20) 2-Groups
Authors: Alhassan E.A. , Tan Y.L. , Li Y.
Published: August 2024

A finite group [Formula: see text] is said to be a [Formula: see text] group if for any [Formula: see text]-element subset [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. It is of interest to characterize the structure of [Formula: see text] groups for [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text] groups for [Formula: see text] have been investigated by several authors. In this paper, we give a complete characterization of [Formula: see text] 2-groups by showing there are five classes of such groups which are nontrivial and nonabelian.
Normal form of Turing–Turing bifurcation for the diffusive Bazykin system with prey-taxis
Authors: Lv Yehu
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we introduce prey-taxis to the diffusive Bazykin system and study the codimension-two Turing–Turing bifurcation of this modified system. For the local system, i.e. without diffusion terms and the prey-taxis term, we investigate the stability of the unique positive equilibrium. Then, for the diffusive Bazykin system with prey-taxis, we examine the stability of the unique positive constant steady state, Turing instability, and Turing bifurcation. Moreover, by choosing the random diffusion coefficients as bifurcation parameters, we investigate the Turing–Turing bifurcation of the diffusive Bazykin system with prey-taxis. Furthermore, to demonstrate and classify the spatiotemporal dynamics near the Turing–Turing bifurcation point, we derive an algorithm for calculating the third-order truncated normal form of this bifurcation using the center manifold theorem and normal form theory. Finally, to verify the theoretical analysis results and demonstrate the effectiveness of the derived algorithm, we perform several numerical simulations using matlab software. We also investigate the influence of the prey-taxis coefficient on the Turing instability of the diffusive Bazykin system with prey-taxis.
UK Trainee Experience with WALANT – An Audit of 102 Cases
Authors: SATKUNABALAN Maduri , KHAN Rabeet , NG Zhi Yang
Published: August 2024

Background: WALANT has gained much popularity in recent years, especially with COVID-19. However, a recent survey of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand membership (i.e. attendings/consultants) showed that only 17% were exposed to WALANT during residency or fellowship training. There is much interest in WALANT from trainees, but interpretation of the type and volume to be administered is highly varied.

Methods: The aims of this study were (1) to survey a group of plastic surgery trainees in the UK about their knowledge of WALANT formulas, and (2) to compare trainee logbook records of WALANT procedures (if available) with published data from the UK.

Results: All trainees were familiar with the ‘standard’ WALANT formula (1% lidocaine, 1:100,000 adrenaline ± 8.4% NaHCO3) described by Lalonde. However, because of local formularies, rather than 1:100,000 adrenaline, all used 1:200,000 adrenaline as it comes premixed in the UK. Other formulas used by UK trainees included 0.5% bupivacaine + 1:200,000 adrenaline, and mixing 1% lidocaine + 1:200,000 adrenaline with 1% lidocaine 1:1. In comparing available trainee WALANT records with published UK data, the average volume of WALANT used was 6.6 mls in the current study versus 12.9 mls for similar procedures (wound debridement and skin closure ± local flap, digital nerve repair, fingertip reconstruction, thenar injuries, phalangeal fracture and single digit extensor repair); specifically, for single digit flexor tendon repairs, this was 10 mls versus 16.3 mls.

Conclusions: While the British Society for Surgery of the Hand (BSSH) have developed official guidance for the use of WALANT in the UK, it appears there remains much variation in interpretation and hence, application. Comparison of trainee logbook records of common hand surgery procedures suggests that most can be done with much less WALANT administered than previously reported, with safe and reproducible results.

Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic)
Metallosis Associated with Pyrocarbon Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Implant – A Case Report
Authors: HOPKINS Alyse Dianne , OU YANG Owen
Published: August 2024

Arthroplasty of the small joints of the hand and fingers is a complex problem facing the hand surgeon. Pyrocarbon implants have been available for several decades. They were originally thought to provide better functional outcomes than silicone implants in patients, mostly due to recreation of the joint anatomy. In a recent publication, pyrocarbon proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) arthroplasty was found to have a higher complication and revision rate. We present a patient with pyrocarbon metallosis of the PIPJ in a revision arthroplasty procedure.

Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
Fairness Concerns in App Reviews: A Study on AI-Based Mobile Apps
Authors: Rezaei Nasab Ali , Dashti Maedeh , Shahin Mojtaba , Zahedi Mansooreh , Khalajzadeh Hourieh , Arora Chetan , Liang Peng
Published: August 2024

Fairness is one of the socio-technical concerns that must be addressed in software systems. Considering the popularity of mobile software applications (apps) among a wide range of individuals worldwide, mobile apps with unfair behaviors and outcomes can affect a significant proportion of the global population, potentially more than any other type of software system. Users express a wide range of socio-technical concerns in mobile app reviews. This research aims to investigate fairness concerns raised in mobile app reviews. Our research focuses on AI-based mobile app reviews as the chance of unfair behaviors and outcomes in AI-based mobile apps may be higher than in non-AI-based apps. To this end, we first manually constructed a ground-truth dataset, including 1,132 fairness and 1,473 non-fairness reviews. Leveraging the ground-truth dataset, we developed and evaluated a set of machine learning and deep learning models that distinguish fairness reviews from non-fairness reviews. Our experiments show that our best-performing model can detect fairness reviews with a precision of 94%. We then applied the best-performing model on approximately 9.5M reviews collected from 108 AI-based apps and identified around 92K fairness reviews. Next, applying the K-means clustering technique to the 92K fairness reviews, followed by manual analysis, led to the identification of six distinct types of fairness concerns (e.g.,
“receiving different quality of features and services in different platforms and devices”
and
“lack of transparency and fairness in dealing with user-generated content”
). Finally, the manual analysis of 2,248 app owners’ responses to the fairness reviews identified six root causes (e.g., “copyright issues”) that app owners report to justify fairness concerns.
Can Linguistic Knowledge Improve Multimodal Alignment in Vision-Language Pretraining?
Authors: Wang Fei , Ding Liang , Rao Jun , Liu Ye , Shen Li , Ding Changxing
Published: August 2024

The field of multimedia research has witnessed significant interest in leveraging multimodal pretrained neural network models to perceive and represent the physical world. Among these models, vision-language pretraining (VLP) has emerged as a captivating topic. Currently, the prevalent approach in VLP involves supervising the training process with paired image-text data. However, limited efforts have been dedicated to exploring the extraction of essential linguistic knowledge, such as semantics and syntax, during VLP and understanding its impact on multimodal alignment. In response, our study aims to shed light on the influence of comprehensive linguistic knowledge encompassing semantic expression and syntactic structure on multimodal alignment. To achieve this, we introduce
SNARE
, a large-scale multimodal alignment probing benchmark designed specifically for the detection of vital linguistic components, including lexical, semantic, and syntax knowledge.
SNARE
offers four distinct tasks: Semantic Structure, Negation Logic, Attribute Ownership, and Relationship Composition. Leveraging
SNARE
, we conduct holistic analyses of six advanced VLP models (BLIP, CLIP, Flava, X-VLM, BLIP2, and GPT-4), along with human performance, revealing key characteristics of the VLP model: (i) Insensitivity to complex syntax structures, relying primarily on content words for sentence comprehension. (ii) Limited comprehension of sentence combinations and negations. (iii) Challenges in determining actions or spatial relations within visual information, as well as difficulties in verifying the correctness of ternary relationships. Based on these findings, we propose the following strategies to enhance multimodal alignment in VLP: (1) Utilize a large generative language model as the language backbone in VLP to facilitate the understanding of complex sentences. (2) Establish high-quality datasets that emphasize content words and employ simple syntax, such as short-distance semantic composition, to improve multimodal alignment. (3) Incorporate more fine-grained visual knowledge, such as spatial relationships, into pretraining objectives.

1
Using systems modeling to facilitate undergraduate physiology student learning and retention of difficult concepts
Authors: Murphy Michelle Pauley , Hung Woei
Published: August 2024

Physiology educators often intuitively utilize systems thinking and modeling while teaching difficult concepts. Guiding students in development of their own systems modeling skills by enhancing their visualization of their mental model of the problem space may improve performance on multiple-choice test questions.
A lesson for us all: the Hodgkin–Keynes long pore model of ion flux
Authors: Hopper Amy J. , Brown Angus M.
Published: August 2024

We describe in detail Hodgkin and Keynes’ investigation of the independence principle. It is our expectation that students and educators can benefit from following the thought processes applied by the authors as they navigated the complexities of experimental design and data analysis, culminating in development of a model whose elegant simplicity was convincing evidence of narrow membrane-bound pores, ion channels, that were the conduit for transmembrane ion movement.
Understanding exercise (in)tolerance in sickle cell disease: impacts of hemolysis and exercise training on skeletal muscle oxygen delivery
Authors: Irwin David C. , Calvo Edward T. N. , Belbis Michael D. , Ehrenfort Sabrina K. C. , Noguer Mathilde , Messonnier Laurent A. , Buehler Paul W. , Hirai Daniel M. , Ferguson Scott K.
Published: August 2024

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by central (cardiac) and peripheral vascular dysfunctions, significantly diminishing exercise capacity and quality of life. Although central cardiopulmonary abnormalities in SCD are known to reduce exercise capacity and quality of life; the impact of hemolysis and subsequent cell-free hemoglobin (Hb)-mediated peripheral vascular abnormalities on those outcomes are not fully understood. Despite the recognized benefits of exercise training for cardiovascular health and clinical management in chronic diseases like heart failure, there remains substantial debate on the advisability of regular physical activity for patients with SCD. This is primarily due to concerns that prolonged and/or high-intensity exercise might trigger metabolic shifts leading to vaso-occlusive crises. As a result, exercise recommendations for patients with SCD are often vague or nonexistent, reflecting a gap in knowledge about the mechanisms of exercise intolerance and the impact of exercise training on SCD-related health issues. This mini-review sheds light on recent developments in understanding how SCD affects exercise tolerance, with a special focus on the roles of hemolysis and the release of cell-free hemoglobin in altering cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function. Also highlighted here is the emerging research on the therapeutic effects and safety of exercise training in patients with SCD. In addition, the review identifies future research opportunities to fill existing gaps in our understanding of exercise (in)tolerance in SCD.
Regenerative Surgical Management of an Endodontic Periodontic Lesion of the Mandibular Molar Combined With External Inflammation Root Resorption
Authors: Fajrianti Henytaria , Karimah Fauziah , Dewi Safitri Kusuma , Ratih Diatri Nari , Devitaningtyas Nungky , Karina Vincensia Maria , Diba Silviana Farrah
Published: August 2024

Endo–perio lesions are lesions involving pulp tissue with periodontal tissue. The bacterial infection of the pulp can spread to the furcation area through the accessory canal, causing damage to the furcation area. Regeneration therapy has good success when performed with flap surgery and is performed in cases of Grades I and II furcation involvement. Demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft (DFDBA) is a regenerating material that has osteoinductive and osteoconductive abilities. It has the advantage of successful treatment of bone defects. Biodentine is an agent used for direct pulp capping, root perforation and furcation repair, and apexification. It can bind and enter the dentinal tubules and create interlocking crystals with dentin. This case report presents the treatment of furcation involvement Grade II originating from endo–perio lesions by using DFDBA and Biodentine as regeneration materials with 6 months of follow‐up.
Gamma‐Induced Transformations in PVC‐Based Nanocomposites for Tailored Optical Properties
Authors: Alshahrani Badriah , Korna Ahmed Hassan , Fares Soad Saad , Ali Ahmed H.
Published: August 2024

This study explores the effects of gamma irradiation on the properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC):(50 nm)/CeO2:(10 nm)/TiO2 nanocomposite films. Gamma irradiation significantly enhances the optical conductivity (σopt) of the films, signifying increased light‐to‐current conversion efficiency. This improvement is attributed to a reduction in the bandgap and increased light absorption induced by irradiation. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals a decrease in crystallinity due to disrupted atomic order within the nanocomposite. Williamson–Hall (W‐H) plots show a dose‐dependent reduction in crystallite size and a corresponding rise in lattice strain with increasing irradiation dose. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy suggests potential bond breaking of O‐H groups and modifications in C=O functional groups upon irradiation. The absorption coefficient and binding energy exhibit a nonmonotonic response with increasing dose, reaching an optimum at around 100 kGy. These findings demonstrate the potential of gamma irradiation for tailoring the optoelectronic properties of PVC:(50 nm)/CeO2:(10 nm)/TiO2 nanocomposites. This work paves the way for the development of next‐generation optoelectronic devices with optimized functionalities.
A Comparison of Metaheuristic Algorithms for Structural Optimization: Performance and Efficiency Analysis
Authors: Ghaemifard Saeedeh , Ghannadiasl Amin
Published: August 2024

Optimization challenges effectively mirror numerous complex real‐world problems. These are typically addressed using two methodologies: approximate methods and exact methods. Within the approximate category, meta‐heuristic methods are prominent. These algorithms employ systematic principles to avoid local optima or prevent their occurrence altogether. The evolution of computing technology has spurred the development of various meta‐heuristic algorithms designed for precise and expedient resolution of optimization issues. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of meta‐heuristic algorithms applied to structural optimization. It encompasses 11 distinct meta‐heuristic optimization algorithms: atomic orbital search algorithm, chaos game optimization, energy valley optimizer, firefly algorithm, genetic algorithm, gray wolf optimization, harmony search, material generation algorithm, particle swarm optimization, social network search, and whale optimization algorithm. The efficacy of these algorithms is assessed through their application to structural problems such as trusses, cantilever‐cracked beams, welded beams, tubular columns, and I‐shaped beams. Evaluation criteria include computational efficiency, accuracy, and statistical analysis based on reports among the 50 iterations. The findings confirm the effectiveness of the algorithms, with particle swarm optimization and social network search frequently delivering superior results across most problem sets.
Modeling Uncertainties for Automated and Connected Vehicles in Mixed Traffic
Authors: Sun Yuchao , Cummins Liam , Ji Yan , Stemler Thomas , Pritchard Nicholas
Published: August 2024

The advent of automated vehicles (AVs) and connected automated vehicles (CAVs) creates significant uncertainties in infrastructure planning due to many unknowns, such as performance variability and user adaptation. As technologies are still emerging with low market penetration, limited observational data hinder validation and escalate prediction uncertainty. This study addresses these gaps by employing diverse vehicle models and wide performance ranges in Aimsun microsimulations. It involved three AV/CAV car‐following models with the default Gipps human‐driven vehicle (HDV) model. We evaluated the performance of a mixed fleet in three well‐calibrated real‐world corridor models, including two highways and one freeway. Vehicle parameters in Aimsun are commonly drawn from a corresponding truncated normal distribution with fixed mean, min, and max values. However, to account for future uncertainty and heterogeneity, our AV/CAV models were given truncated normal distributions with variable means for important parameters to incorporate broader performance ranges. The variable means are drawn from intervals with uniform probability, and some of the interval extended below HDV values to account for scenarios where riders opt for smoother rides at the cost of traffic flow. Recognizing that precise future prediction is unattainable, we aimed to establish traffic performance boundaries that define best‐ and worst‐case scenarios in a mixed‐fleet environment. Enumerating all possible combinations is impractical, so a refined optimization algorithm was employed to expedite solution discovery. Our findings suggest that AVs/CAVs, even with conservative performance parameters, can improve traffic operations by reducing peak delays and enhancing travel time reliability. Freeways benefited more than arterial roads, especially with full CAV penetration, although the authors speculate this could create bottlenecks at off‐ramps. The added capacity may induce traffic demand that is difficult to estimate. Instead, we conducted a demand sensitivity analysis to gauge additional traffic accommodation without worsening delays. Compared to point predictions, establishing the range of possibilities can help us future‐proof infrastructure by considering uncertainties in the planning process. Our framework can be adopted to test alternative models or scenarios as more data becomes available.
Construction of Healthy Liver of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) in the Short Term by Steroidal Saponins before Heat Season Comes
Authors: Cheng Tao , Chen Jiandong , Shen Xiangdong , Chen Guiqiong , Tan Beiping , Chi Shuyan
Published: August 2024

Spotlighting the current state of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) aquaculture, this study exhibited the effects of steroidal saponins (SS) on the liver health of largemouth bass under high‐temperature stress. The study consisted of two experiments: the first trial was designed to evaluate the growth performance of fish fed the experimental diets containing SS 0% and 0.1% (SS0 and SS0.1) for 30 days. And then, the second trial was used to evaluate the health of the livers of these fish under high‐temperature (34°C) stress which lasts for 1 week, and the groups were named as SS0, HSS0, SS0.1, and HSS0.1, respectively. In the first feeding trial, except for the higher feeding rate observed in the SS0.1 group (P < 0.05), no significant difference was observed between the groups SS0 and SS0.1 in survival rate, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and feed conversion rate, respectively. After 1 week of high‐temperature stress, the specific growth rate and weight gain rate of fish were significantly lowered in the HSS0 and HSS0.1 groups (P < 0.05). In terms of feeding rate, the SS0.1 and HSS0.1 groups were significantly higher than the other two groups (P < 0.05). Under high‐temperature stress, gene expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, tnf-α, il-8, and hsp70 were significantly downregulated in the liver of largemouth bass in the HSS0.1 group (P < 0.05). The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, total superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the liver, were significantly increased, while the serum enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly decreased in the HSS0.1 group (P < 0.05). Compared to the HSS0 group, hepatic vacuolization areas of fish in the HSS0.1 group were improved (P < 0.05). Therefore, the results of the study supported that the 0.1% SS used in largemouth bass diet for 30 days could strengthen the liver and body health and help fish resist heat stress.
Australian Caregivers’ Experiences of Paediatric Wait times for Primary and Allied Healthcare Appointments: A Scoping Review
Authors: Parry Yvonne Karen , Ahad Md Abdul , Willis Eileen , Ankers Matthew
Published: August 2024

Background. Paediatric patients in Australia experience lengthy wait times for Primary and Allied Healthcare Service (PAHCS) appointments. This results in a lack of satisfaction and adverse health outcomes. However, very few studies have explored wait times for appointments with PAHCSs in Australia. This study explored the length of wait time and associated barriers to timely access to paediatric PAHCSs in Australia. Methods. The scoping review followed PRISMA‐ScR guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses. We comprehensively searched for relevant studies from five databases, including Scopus, Emcare, Medline (via Ovid), CINAHL, and Google Scholar in August 2023 without any time limitations. Studies that reported qualitative findings on the wait times and associated barriers to timely accessing to PAHCSs were selected in this scoping review. We performed a reflexive thematic analysis using NVivo software in this review. Results. A total of seven studies out of ninety‐one retrieved records were eligible to be included in this review. Studies show that Australian children, in general, had to wait more than one year for health assessments and interventions in PAHCSs. The long waiting times were perceived as frustrating and worrying by caregivers of children. Several overarching themes related to the barriers of timely accessing to paediatric PAHCSs in Australia were identified, such as strict appointment criteria for children, disparity between demand and provision, parental unawareness, and inadequate public funding in rural PAHCSs. Conclusion. Australian paediatric patients are severely burdened with long wait times for appointments with PAHCSs, primarily, due to the poor government initiatives in rural PAHCSs. This study suggested that the criteria for booking an appointment in PAHCSs need to be simplified. Besides, adequate public health funding and the provision of resources are required in rural PAHCSs.
Regulatory Effects of Myo‐Inositol on Carbohydrate Metabolism and Low‐Salinity Adaptation in Pacific White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)
Authors: Lin Shengwei , Han Fenglu , Li Zhao , Chang Tong , Zhang Zelong , Xiao Xianming , Wu Yiting , Xu Chang , Li Erchao
Published: August 2024

This study investigated how dietary myo‐inositol affects osmoregulation, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, immunity, and antioxidant properties in Penaeus vannamei under long‐term low‐salinity conditions. A two‐factor (2 × 3) orthogonal approach was used with three different concentrations of dietary myo‐inositol (0, 1,200, and 2,000 mg/kg) at two dietary carbohydrate levels: normal carbohydrate or high carbohydrate (HC). Six experimental diets were formulated, and a feeding trial was carried out for 42 days. The interaction of myo‐inositol with an HC diet significantly improved shrimp survival, weight gain, and specific growth rates. Dietary myo‐inositol increased the contents of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in the serum and reduced the ion loss caused by low‐salinity stress. In addition, a lack of myo‐inositol can lead to loosening of gill filament connections and thinning or disappearance of the cuticle. However, myo‐inositol supplementation protected the structural and functional integrity of the shrimp gills and significantly enhanced the ion transport capacity (P < 0.05). Two‐factor analysis showed that myo‐inositol concentration was affected by dietary carbohydrate levels, and an HC diet enhanced myo‐inositol biosynthesis in shrimp gills (P < 0.05). The concentrations of myo‐inositol are highest in the gills and lowest in the liver and pancreas. Moreover, dietary myo‐inositol can improve the immune function and antioxidant capacity of P. vannamei. The results also indicated that under sustained low‐salinity stress, high levels of carbohydrates cannot relieve the stress caused by low‐salinity conditions and can even affect the healthy growth of P. vannamei. Under HC levels, adding dietary myo‐inositol significantly improved glycogen and lipid deposition in hepatopancreas tissue and enhanced carbohydrate utilization and osmotic adjustment ability in P. vannamei under chronic low‐salinity stress.
Thyrotoxicosis due to Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: Unmet Needs in the Management of Gestational Thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Shekhda Kalyan Mansukhbhai , Zlatkin Vladislav , Khoo Bernard , Armeni Eleni
Published: August 2024

Thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy is rare but can have severe adverse consequences for the mother or foetus if left undiagnosed and untreated. It can be caused by an underlying thyroid disease or develop as gestational transient thyrotoxicosis. Molar pregnancy stands out as a pathological condition characterized by abnormal trophoblastic cell growth, which can manifest in benign or malignant forms, and is diagnosed with a disproportionate elevation of β‐hCG (beta‐human chorionic gonadotrophin) and specific features on ultrasonography including absent sac and large multicystic or honeycomb appearance. A pronounced increase in β‐hCG levels can trigger hyperthyroidism, due to the structural resemblance between β‐hCG and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), although the thyrotrophic effects of β‐hCG could vary between patients diagnosed with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). In this report, we present two cases (Patient 1: 43 years, Patient 2: 31 years) who came to emergency department following a history of vaginal spotting, palpitations, and hyperemesis. In both patients, blood tests indicated disproportionately elevated β‐hCG levels along with high levels of Free T4 (FT4) and Free T3 (FT3), as well as suppressed TSH levels. Ultrasonography showed nonviable products of conception with large multicystic hemorrhagic lesions and empty gestational sacs, thereby confirming GTD. The Burch–Wartofsky Point Scale scores were 20 and 15 points, respectively, suggesting that they were less likely to be in thyroid storm at presentation. Antithyroid medications were administered, followed by evacuation of the products of conception. Postoperatively, their thyroid function was normalized. These cases underscore the importance of ruling out thyroid storm, monitoring thyroid function, and treating hyperthyroidism appropriately before undergoing surgical treatment. It is also important to consider the variability in the thyrotrophic effects of β‐hCG among individuals diagnosed with GTD. In addition to monitoring free thyroid hormone levels, it is crucial to consider clinical symptoms to effectively manage such cases.
Protein Kinase Inhibitors Indicated for Lung Cancer: Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Adverse Drug Reactions, and Evaluation in Clinical Trials
Authors: Bordet Constance , Dongay Vincent , Zelmat Yoann , Mazieres Julien , Despas Fabien
Published: August 2024

WhatIs Known and Objective. Anti‐EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) drugs are indicated for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This review summarises the information available to date on the first anti‐EGFRs granted market authorisation: erlotinib TARCEVA®, gefitinib IRESSA®, afatinib GIOTRIF®, dacomitinib VIZIMPRO®, and osimertinib TAGRISSO®. Methods. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database including studies published in English using the terms gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, dacomitinib, and osimertinib. Furthermore, bibliographies of selected references were also studied for relevant articles. Clinical trial (CT) data were extracted from clinicaltrials.gov (ongoing trials and adverse events (AEs)). Assessment of AEs for these drugs was conducted using global pharmacovigilance data from VigiBase®. Results and Discussion. Erlotinib and gefitinib are first‐generation anti‐EGFR drugs, able to bind competitively and reversibly to the ATP‐ (adenosine triphosphate‐) binding site of the EGFR exon 19 and exon 21 mutations. Afatinib and dacomitinib are second‐generation anti‐EGFRs able to bind covalently and irreversibly to the ATP site and inhibit EGFR and HER (human epidermal growth factor receptor) such as HER2 and HER4 enzyme activity. Osimertinib is a third‐generation PKI and overcomes the EGFR T790M gatekeeper mutation through covalent binding at the ATP site. Medical interactions with these drugs are reported, notably with cytochrome P450 inducers or inhibitors. The most reported AEs in CTs are cutaneous reactions and gastrointestinal disorders. The occurrence of cutaneous reactions is less reported with third generation than with first‐ and second‐generation anti‐EGFR drugs. These results are consistent with the results from the VigiBase® global pharmacovigilance database. What Is New and Conclusion. This review summarises current knowledge regarding five anti‐EGFRs in the literature. The third‐generation anti‐EGFR appears to be more effective than the first and second generations and is indicated as first‐line therapy. This trial is registered with NCT01523587, NCT01466660, NCT01774721, NCT01360554, and NCT02296125.
Childcare in Contemporary Africa: Variations in Out‐of‐Home Childcare Practices, Their Outcomes, and Support for Caregivers—A Narrative Review
Authors: Iannelli Olivia , Sweeney-Nash Madelaine , Loblay Victoria , Hindmarsh Gabrielle , Poulsen Adam , Song Yun J. C. , Wilson Chloe E. , Alam Mafruha , Shackel Rita , Banati Richard B. , Troy Jakelin , Hickie Ian B. , LaMonica Haley M.
Published: August 2024

Kinship care and child fostering are a common practice in certain parts of Africa. This narrative review seeks to explore and thematically code the contextual circumstances in which children leave their natal homes and are fostered across Africa and the corresponding outcomes for these children. It draws on case studies from Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Namibia and other countries across the region to illustrate the diversity and cultural importance of kinship care and child fostering. These countries were selected based on their inclusion in the Thrive by Five International Program, a child rearing program promoting social, emotional, and cognitive development of children from birth to age five. The importance of kinship care and child fostering is also reinforced by outcomes from codesign workshops conducted for the Thrive by Five International Program in which parents, caregivers, and subject matter experts discussed their perspectives on child rearing practices and the challenges faced by caregivers in their home countries. The paper highlights the need to support kinship and foster caregivers in Africa with culturally adapted and place‐based child rearing programs to help ensure fostered children reach their full developmental potential.
Numerical Investigation on the Performance Enhancement of InGaN/GaN Light‐Emitting Diodes with a Novel p‐i‐n Electron‐Blocking Layer
Authors: Wang Jun , Wang Tian
Published: August 2024

In this study, we propose a novel p‐i‐n AlGaN electron‐blocking layer for GaN‐based LEDs. The aim is to enhance the confinement of electrons and improve the efficiency of hole injection, ultimately resulting in a significant enhancement in LED performance. Detailed simulations and analysis were conducted to compare the performances of GaN‐based LEDs with a conventional EBL and our proposed EBL. It was observed that our newly proposed p‐i‐n AlGaN EBL significantly outperforms the conventional EBL in terms of output power and efficiency across a wide range of injecting currents. These improvements can be attributed to the strong reverse electrostatic field induced by our proposed p‐i‐n AlGaN EBL, which not only enhances electron confinement but also improves hole injection efficiency.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Eight Cultured Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in Hubei Province, China, Inferred from Mitochondrial COI Gene
Authors: Ge Heng , Guo Honghui , Wang Yajun , Sha Hang , Zou Guiwei , Chai Yi , Liang Hongwei
Published: August 2024

Silver carp’s (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) traits and genetic structure are being impacted by artificial proliferation and restocking enhancement. A clear genetic background of cultured silver carp is helpful for exploitation and utilization. Limited research reported the germplasm resources of cultured silver carp. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of cultured silver carp. Two hundred thirty‐three silver carps were sampled from eight cultured populations in Hubei province, and their population structures were analyzed by mitochondrial COI gene. Average contents of bases T, C, A, and G in the 659 bp COI gene sequence were 30.03%, 26.62%, 26.08% and 17.32%, respectively. And 18 haplotypes were defined from 77 variable nucleotides in COI gene. The haplotypes and nucleotide diversities were 0.604 and 0.00325, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest genetic diversity and lowest genetic diversity were detected in cultured populations from Jianli population (Hd: 0.883 and π: 0.00699) and Yaowan population (Hd: 0.186 and π: 0.00085), respectively. Pairwise fixation index (Fst) analysis revealed that the level of genetic diversity was moderate (Fst: 0.06). The genetic distance between and within populations were 0.00353 and 0.00329, respectively. And the genetic variation occurred mainly within populations (93.42%), but genetic variation between the population was only 6.58%. Therefore, moderate‐level genetic diversity was observed with high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, suggesting that inbreeding should be avoided among the eight cultured populations in Hubei.
The Pathogenesis of Nephrotic Syndrome: A Perspective from B Cells
Authors: Zhu Shifan , Zhang Jiayu , Gao Langping , Ye Qing , Mao Jianhua
Published: August 2024

Background: Nephrotic syndrome is a special type of chronic kidney disease, the specific pathogenesis of which remains unclear. An increasing number of studies have suggested that B cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome. Summary: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is a common kidney disease in children. While previously believed to be primarily caused by T-cell disorders, recent research has shifted its focus to B cells. Studies have shown that B cells play a significant role in the pathogenesis of NS, potentially even more so than T cells. This article provides a comprehensive review of the involvement of B cells in the development of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Key Messages: B cells are involved in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome by producing autoantibodies and various cytokines.
A Randomized Trial on Hemodynamic Optimization of Cerebral Perfusion after Successful Endovascular Therapy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (HOPE)
Authors: Camps-Renom Pol , Guasch-Jiménez Marina , Martínez-Domeño Alejandro , Prats-Sánchez Luis , Ramos-Pachón Anna , Álvarez-Cienfuegos Juan , Silva Yolanda , Fortea-Cabo Gerardo , Morales-Caba Luis , Rodríguez-Campello Ana , Giralt-Steinhauer Eva , Flores Alan , Ustrell Xavier , López-Hernández Nicolás , Corona-García Diego José , Freijo-Guerrero Mari Mar , Luna Alain , Tejada-Meza Herbert , Marta-Moreno Javier , Moniche Francisco , Pardo-Galiana Blanca , Castellanos Mar , Albert-Lacal Laura , Sanz-Monllor Ainara , Aguilera-Simón Ana , Marín Rebeca , Ezcurra-Díaz Garbiñe , Lambea-Gil Álvaro , Martí-Fàbregas Joan
Published: August 2024

Introduction: In patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) secondary to intracranial large vessel occlusion, optimal blood pressure (BP) management following endovascular treatment (EVT) has not yet been established. The randomized trial on Hemodynamic Optimization of Cerebral Perfusion after Successful Endovascular Therapy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (HOPE) (clinicaltrials.gov id: NCT04892511) aims to demonstrate whether hemodynamic optimization using different systolic BP targets following EVT according to the degree of final recanalization, is more effective than currently recommended BP management in improving functional outcomes of patients with AIS. Methods: HOPE is an investigator-initiated multicenter clinical trial with randomized allocation, open-label treatment, and blinded endpoint evaluation (PROBE). Patients with an anterior circulation AIS within 24 h of symptom onset, treated with EVT, and showing successful recanalization (mTICI ≥2b) at the end of the procedure, are equally allocated (1:1) to hemodynamic optimization according to the study protocol versus BP management according to current guidelines (≤180/105 mm Hg). The protocol includes two different targets of systolic BP depending on the recanalization status (mTICI = 2b: 140–160 mm Hg; mTICI = 2c/3: 100–140 mm Hg). The protocol is applied within the first 72 h and includes BP lowering as well as vasopressor therapies when needed. The primary outcome is the proportion of favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] 0–2) at 90 days. Secondary outcomes include the shift on the mRS score, neurological deterioration, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, and mortality. Conclusion: The HOPE trial will provide new information on the safety and efficacy of different BP targets following EVT according to the degree of final recanalization in patients with AIS.
Promoting Family-School Congruence in Ethnic-Racial Socialization: An Integrated Conceptual Model
Authors: Luo Hua
Published: August 2024

The ecological systems theory suggests that human development is influenced by interactions across settings. However, limited research examines the connections between ethnic-racial socialization (ERS) in different contexts. Existing literature focuses primarily on family ERS, with recent studies acknowledging the importance of school ERS. Unfortunately, these lines of ERS research remain separate. The dearth of research examining transactional ERS may stem from the lack of theoretical frameworks linking home and school ERS. To fill this gap, I propose an integrated conceptual model that connects the family and school ERS literature. Guided by ecological systems theory and cultural discontinuity hypothesis, I emphasize the interdependent influence of family and school ERS on ethnic-racial minority adolescents’ positive development. Additionally, the proposed conceptual model highlights the potential of dynamic family-school rapprochement in fostering congruence in family-school ERS across settings. Lastly, I propose new directions for future research based on this integrated conceptual model.
ДОКТРИНАЛЬНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА КОРПОРАТИВНОГО СТРАХУВАННЯ ЯК РІЗНОВИДУ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО МЕДИЧНОГО СТРАХУВАННЯ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ СФЕРИ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я
Authors: Рудакова Л. О.
Published: August 2024

Мета: впровадження корпоративного різновиду страхування працівників сфери охорони здоров’я, яке виведе сферу соціального страхування на високий рівень.
Матеріали і методи. У статті застосовували такі методи, як історичний, юридичний, порівняльно-правовий, системно-структурний та метод прогнозування. Також було проведено контент-аналіз необхідних документів із досліджуваної тематики.
Результати. Із метою подальшого розвитку корпоративного медичного страхування працівників сфери охорони здоров’я автор запропонував сформулювати сучасну модель корпоративного медичного страхування працівників сфери охорони здоров’я. Дана модель матиме на меті зменшення плинності висококваліфікованих кадрів, потрібно пропонувати належний соціальний захист працівникам сфери охорони здоров’я та членам їх родин. У зв’язку з тим, що плинність персоналу є серйозною проблемою, яка не тільки гальмує розвиток підприємства, але й вимагає істотних витрат часу на пошук, найм та адаптацію нових співробітників, корпоративне страхування має це зменшити. Саме спеціально розроблені страховими компаніями програми корпоративного страхування мають допомогти вирішити зазначену проблему щодо страхування працівників сфери охорони здоров’я. Водночас у такому важливому та вкрай актуальному експерименті впровадження корпоративного медичного страхування працівників сфери охорони здоров’я нам потрібна підтримка на державному рівні шляхом прийняття відповідних нормативних актів органами державної виконавчої влади. Саме тому вважаємо за доцільне запропонувати «Концепцію розвитку корпоративного медичного страхування працівників сфери охорони здоров’я».
Висновок. Із метою формулювання єдиної позиції щодо визначення корпоративного медичного страхування, на наш погляд, доцільно було б сформулювати авторську детермінанту корпоративного медичного страхування працівників сфери охорони здоров’я, під яким слід розуміти суспільні відносини, які виникають під час здійснення страхування працівників сфери охорони здоров’я і які виникають між страхувальником (страховою компанією та керівником закладу охорони здоров’я) та застрахованою особою (працівником сфери охорони здоров’я) і які породжують забезпечення медичними послугами при настанні страхового випадку.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ НАДАННЯ СТРАХОВОГО ЗАХИСТУ ВІД COVID-19
Authors: Климук Н. Я. , Кравець Н. О.
Published: August 2024

Мета: з’ясування особливостей надання страхового захисту від вірусу Сovid-19.
Матеріали і методи. Матеріалами для дослідження стали наукові статті вітчизняних науковців та електронні ресурси. Під час виконання даного дослідження використано методи аналізу, структурування, графічного представлення результатів та узагальнення інформації.
Результати. В економічному житті будь-якої країни одне з провідних місць займають страхові компанії. До головної функції страхування відноситься захист як юридичних, так і фізичних осіб від збитків, що, ймовірно, можуть виникнути у випадку настання страхових подій. Світова економіка апріорі не є стабільною, оскільки завжди чергуються цикли економічних піднесень та криз, у зв’язку з чим з’являються нові ризики й загрози, які породжують появу нових механізмів і технологій захисту. Пандемія Сovid-19, яка вразила світ на початку 2020 р., стала справжнім викликом для всього світу, породивши безліч загроз як для економік держав, так і для людей. Провівши детальне дослідження ситуації з Сovid-19, страхові компанії підлаштували свою діяльність під такі умови, здійснюючи страхові виплати постраждалим, фіксуючи прямі  та непрямі витрати, а також прогнозуючи ситуацію у майбутньому.
Висновки. На основі здійснених досліджень було виявлено, що за умов пандемії для українського страхового ринку були створені нові умови провадження діяльності, що як формують можливості, так і стають причинами загроз. Були оперативно розроблені нові програми страхування українськими страховими компаніями задля надання медичного страхування, що передбачає фінансову підтримку у випадку захворювання на Сovid-19 або ускладнень від вакцинації.