bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Column Chromatography in the Analysis of Creosote
Authors: Drisko Richard W. , Hochman Harry
Published: September 2009

Saturated hydrocarbons are known to be relatively innocuous to most organisms. In the study of the toxicity of compounds to marine wood-boring organisms undertaken by the U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, it was found that several saturated hydrocarbons were nontoxic to these animals. A method was required for the separation of saturated hydrocarbons from creosote to determine their toxicity.
Evaluation of Wood Piles in Sea Water by Standard Rating System
Authors: Dockweiler E. V. , Stover H. E.
Published: September 2009

The primary purpose of this paper is to propose a method of inspecting wooden piles, the evaluation of which can provide the harbor engineer with a knowledge of the actual structural value of the facility. The secondary purpose is to propose a national standard rating system for each individual pile that would be applicable to any harbor in the United States. The proposed method, involving the use of a diver in full gear, is more expensive than conventional inspection methods but it is justified from the standpoint of safety and potential savings in avoiding property damage and loss of revenue which might be involved in an inaccurate evaluation.
Fatigue of Structural Metals Under Random Loading
Authors: Freudenthal Alfred M.
Published: September 2009

The fatigue life under randomly varying stress amplitudes is discussed in terms of the “interaction” between infrequent high stress amplitudes and the dominant low stress amplitudes. An “interaction factor” is developed with the aid of which the validity of a pseudo linear rule of cumulative damage is demonstrated for structural aluminum.

The statistical aspect of fatigue under random loading is considered and the relation established between the distributions of fatigue lives under randomly varying and under constant stress amplitudes as well as between the form of the distribution of fatigue lives and the “risk” of fatigue failure.
Experiences with a High-Shear-Rate Rotational Viscometer
Authors: Bonner F. J. , Gyer J. F.
Published: September 2009

The design and operation of a high-shear rotational viscometer which has been the subject of several technical papers are discussed. This instrument produces shear rates up to 1,000,000 reciprocal seconds. Measurements on straight mineral and polymer-thickened oils are presented. Interpretation of data is discussed. Both reversible and irreversible viscosity losses are noted. Operation of the instrument is limited by heat transfer from the rotor and stator. Methods are developed for estimating operating temperatures preliminary to actual testing. Several operating variables found to affect results are discussed. The recommendation is made to calibrate the viscometer carefully under the same conditions to be experienced by the test fluid.
Galvanic Coupling of Some Stressed Stainless Steels to Dissimilar Metals Underground
Authors: Escalante E. , Gerhold W. F.
Published: September 2009

Stainless steels, Type 301 half hard and Type 301 full hard, have been found susceptible to failure by hydrogen embrittlement when stressed as low as 40 percent of their yield strength and cathodically charged above 1 μA/cm2 by galvanic coupling to a dissimilar metal in four years of exposure at six underground test sites. However, stainless steels Type 304 and alloys 26Cr-1Mo and 26Cr-6.5Ni were resistant under similar conditions. Failures by stress-corrosion cracking were not observed in any of the materials. Electrochemical measurements made periodically above ground are correlated with the subsequent visual examination of the specimens.
Pitting Corrosion of Titanium Tubes in Hot Concentrated Brine Solutions
Authors: Covington L. C.
Published: September 2009

Pitting problems have been encountered in titanium tubes in heat exchangers handling hot saturated brines. These pits appear to be of two types. One type results in symmetrical holes about one-fourth inch diameter. These are associated with scratches in which iron is found to have been smeared into the titanium surface. The second type results in large irregular shaped holes. These are believed to be associated with salt plugs. This second type of pitting is believed to be initiated by the galvanic couple between the titanium tubes and the Monel tube sheets. Use of titanium tube sheets might eliminate the pitting problem but could introduce a crevice corrosion problem unless the tubes are welded into the tube sheet. An alternate solution is the use of titanium alloy tubing that is resistant to pitting attack.
Pitting Corrosion in Copper Tubes in Cold Water Service
Authors: Cornwell F. J. , Wildsmith G. , Gilbert P. T.
Published: September 2009

The occurrence of pitting corrosion in copper tubes carrying cold supply waters has been investigated in relation to (a) carbon residues in the bore of the tube from the bright annealing operation, (b) the hardness and composition of the metal, and (c) water composition. The electrode potential of tubes in several supply waters has been used to assess their susceptibility to pitting corrosion. It is concluded that pitting occurs only in certain types of water with a low level of organic matter in tubes containing more than a critical amount of carbon residue in the bore. Hardness of the metal appears to have little effect on susceptibility to pitting corrosion, but the addition of about 1 percent tin to the copper substantially reduces the rate of pitting for a given level of carbon contamination in the bore. The significance of these findings is reviewed in the light of service experience with copper water tubes in the United Kingdom.
An Evaluation of Several Static and Dynamic Methods for Determining Elastic Moduli
Authors: Richards John T.
Published: September 2009

As a means of evaluating modulus test methods, specimens were submitted to several laboratories and the results compared. Static procedures included tension, compression, flexure, and torsion. Dynamic moduli were obtained directly by speed of sound determinations and indirectly from longitudinal, flexural, shear, and torsional vibration. Poisson's ratio was measured directly and also calculated from modulus data. An explanation of the differences on the basis of test methods and conditions is attempted.
Application of the QTM-A in the Quantitative Metallography of Specialty Steels
Authors: Langhoff R. R. , Johnson A. R.
Published: September 2009

The introduction of the Metals Research Ltd. “Quantitative Television Microscope—Type A” held promise of providing a more rapid and less fatiguing technique of quantitative metallographic analysis than the conventional point-counting and lineal analysis. It seemed worthwhile to assess the capabilities of the instrument. To this end several microstructural features including volume fraction, particle size, and spacing of a secondary phase were measured and comparisons made with results obtained from lineal analysis. Quantitative metallographic measurements obtained with the television microscope were comparable in accuracy with results obtained by other techniques. The measurements can be made more rapidly than with previously existing techniques and with less operator fatigue. Because of limitations of the logic circuitry within the machine, discrimination of certain microstructural features is not possible.
Use of the AMEDA Microscope in Quantitative Microscopy
Authors: Bayer J. L. , Denton G. H. , Hassel R. E.
Published: September 2009

In March 1965, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. received an AMEDA system (Automatic Microscope Electronic Data Accumulator). This system, designed and manufactured by Femco, Inc., Irwin, Pa., was the first to be used in a steel company research laboratory and was built to Youngstown's specifications, incorporating the principles of an automated point counting microscope developed by laboratory personnel of the Consolidation Coal Co.

Basic functions of the AMEDA system are to point count microconstituents of a specimen based on differences in the amount of reflected or transmitted light emitted from an entity as it passes under a microscope objective at a constant rate of speed, and to categorize these entities into preset size categories. Logic circuitry is provided to record the output of multiple reflectance or transmission levels, particle sizes, and particle size distribution. The number and type of outputs is determined by each mode of operation. The size determinations are carried out at a traversing speed of 1 mm/sec, and the size categories are expressed in microns and set as follows: below 3, 4-7, 8-15, 16-31, 32-63, 64-127, 128-255, 256-511, 412-1023, and plus 1024; however, these categories can be altered by replacing various electronic components. Accumulation of particle sizes is done at specific reflectance levels as set on the control unit. The logic circuitry can also be set up to carry out point counting and size distribution simultaneously. The unit has been used successfully in the following areas: (1) determination of the volume fraction, average particle size, and distribution of pyrite in coal; (2) the microstructure of metallurgical coke in terms of porosity and the relative amount and size of pores and walls; (3) volume fraction, average particle size, and distribution of certain nonmetallic inclusions in steel specimens; (4) determination of the number and average size of surface pits on tin plate; (5) quantitative determination of the amount of rust developed on tin plate specimens subjected to corrosive atmospheres; and (6) determination of the average grain size and distribution in steel specimens.
Evaluation Study of Various Standard X-Ray Powder Diffraction Techniques
Authors: Thomassen L. , Rinn H. W. , Hanawalt J. D.
Published: September 2009

Two master mixes of two components each were submitted to eleven different X-ray laboratories for purposes of determining the scatter in d-values and intensities of diffraction data to be expected in routine operations. The results obtained on the two master mixes by ten different diffractometers, five different Debye-Scherrer cameras, and two monochromatic focussing cameras are summarized. Reproducibility of d-values and relative intensities is very high for techniques under good adjustments. The general superiority of data from focussing monochromatic cameras compared to the Debye-Scherrer cameras is illustrated, as well as the diversity observed in diffractometer units. Some statistical data are included relating to the uniqueness of powder diffraction data for identifying crystalline substances.
High-Temperature Tensile Properties of Unirradiated and Thermal Reactor Irradiated Nimonic PE16
Authors: Broomfield G. H.
Published: September 2009

Nimonic PE16 is an alloy of nickel, iron, chromium, and molybdenum, which is age hardening by precipitation of γ formed with titanium and aluminium. In common with other alloys its high-temperature ductility is reduced after neutron irradiation, presumably by helium from the B10(n,α)Li7 reaction. Boron appears to have dual roles as the source of embrittlement and as augmenter of the alloy's tolerance of helium.

Grain refinement of the alloy results in little change in the tensile properties until grain sizes are reduced to less than 0.005 mm diameter. The alloy in this condition may have a very high ductility, and the strained structure, together with calculations using the Herring equation, indicates that diffusion strain occurs. Irradiation is embrittling but postirradiation ductility can be higher than usual. The strength of the fine grain material is low.

The tensile ductility of the alloy varies widely with strain rate and temperature. When the alloy is unirradiated the ductility trends go through two reversals: as straining time and temperature are increased a peak is ob served, followed by a ductility trough and a second ductility increase. The first peak is not observed in tests on irradiated material. The trough occurs under the same test conditions for the unirradiated and irradiated alloy. The conditions for minimum ductility coincide with those for a constant proportion of diffusion strain but not with those for constant stress nor constant strain rate. The cracking behavior either side of the trough is taken to indicate that diffusion relief of stress on carbides is responsible for recovery from the trough with increased straining time and temperature.
Initial Assessments of Notch Ductility Behavior of A533 Pressure Vessel Steel with Neutron Irradiation
Authors: Hawthorne J. Russell , Potapovs Uldis
Published: September 2009

Exploratory assessments were made of the Charpy-V notch ductility characteristics of heavy section A533-B and A533-C steel plate and submerged arc weldments following neutron irradiation at 550 F. The experimental evaluations were performed largely with commercial production materials and included comparisons of materials in both Class 1 and Class 2 strength ranges. Postirradiation notch ductility properties of one 53/4-in. A533-B Class 1 electroslag weldment were also developed. Assessments made of relative irradiation performance were assisted by a compilation of recent information on the response of the ASTM reference A302-B steel plate.

Major research findings include the observation of significant variability in radiation embrittlement sensitivity of A533-B and A533-C steel, wherein the sensitivity level of plate and weld metal in some cases exceeded that of the ASTM reference plate. High radiation embrittlement sensitivity was noted for both submerged arc weld deposits examined; however, the data suggested that the performance of the weld heat-affected zone paralleled that of the parent plate. High embrittlement sensitivity was also noted for the electroslag weld deposit in contrast to markedly low sensitivity of the weldment parent plate.

The notch ductility behavior of A533 plate and weld metal under 550 F irradiation was not found influenced measurably by either the strength class (Class 1 or 2) or by the particular grade of steel (Grade B or C). Similarly, there were no marked variations in irradiation response through the thickness of plate or weld metals, or between RW (longitudinal) versus WR (transverse) orientations in cross-rolled plate.

In accordance with observations on special laboratory heats of A302-B steel, the study demonstrates that the radiation embrittlement resistance of commercially produced A533 steel plate and weld deposits can be predicted in part from their individual chemical compositions. High copper and phosphorus contents generally signify high sensitivity to 550 F radiation-induced changes in notch ductility characteristics.
Effect of Irradiation on Mechanical Properties of Cobalt-Base Alloys
Authors: Chow J. G. Y.
Published: September 2009

Commercially available cobalt-base alloys and five experimental compositions were surveyed for postirradiation tensile properties. These alloys are attractive for use as fuel claddings in an advanced liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactor.

It was found that cobalt-base alloys are susceptible to decreasing ductility with increasing deformation temperature after irradiation. The mode of failure at 800 C is grain boundary tearing similar to that observed in stainless steels and Ni base alloys. However, these alloys are potential fuel cladding materials at 650 C because of their much higher strengths than Type 304 stainless steels.
Comparison of Radiation Damage Studies and Fuel Cladding Performance for lncoloy-800
Authors: Comprelli F. A. , Busboom H. J. , Spalaris C. N.
Published: September 2009

Postirradiation tension and burst tests were performed at 593 and 704 C on materials from various heats of Incoloy-800 to establish the effect of irradiation on short-term mechanical properties for fast fluences to 6.25 × 1021 n/cm 2. Two types of tension specimens were tested: precut sheet specimens that were prepared prior to irradiation, and fuel clad specimens prepared from irradiated Mark II EVESR fuel rods. At the highest fiuences, uniform elongations of 1.5 to 2.0 percent have been measured for precut specimens. The uniform elongation was found to be dependent upon the strain rate at which the specimen was tested. Comparable fuel cladding properties at this fluence are not yet available. At a fast fluence of 5.7 × 1020 n/cm 2, precut specimens exhibited uniform elongations of 11.5 to 16.8 percent whereas fuel clad exhibited 2.6 to 6.0 percent for similar fluence and test conditions. It was concluded that the greater degradation of ductility in fuel cladding specimens was associated with both nonuniform (and often higher) temperature and plastic strain experienced during the irradiation period.

Resistance of fuel clad to low-cycle fatigue is a key parameter in the fuel performance of steam-cooled reactors, and to a lesser but still significant degree, in determining the fuel performance in liquid metal cooled reactors. Cladding with high ductility has better resistance to low-cycle fatigue and also has improved ability to accommodate fuel swelling at high exposures. Because ductility is shown to be a function of strain rate, the rate of loading upon a fuel clad may be programmed within the range associated with high residual ductility and thus increase the probability that a load can be sustained by the fuel clad without fracture. Analysis of the mode of operation of EVESR fuel shows that strain cycling achieved during transient modes (scrams, emergency cooling, and so on) took place at high strain rates. In view of the dependence of ductility upon strain rates, it is not surprising that the fuel performed as well as it did. A possible explanation is that the large number of cycles was accumulated at relatively high strain rates, where the residual uniform elongation of irradiated Incoloy-800 is shown to be as high as 10 percent.
Problem Areas in Laboratory Testing of Turbine-Type Oils
Authors: Milz W C , Bunting J T
Published: September 2009

The laboratory evaluation of 62 commercially available rust and oxidation inhibited (R&O) oils in viscosity classifications of 150, 300, and 1000 sec Saybolt Universal (SSU) at 100 F is described. The tests used included the ASTM turbine oil stability test (D 943), Alcoa oxygen absorption test, ASTM demulsibility test (D 1401), and ASTM rust test (D 665). A satisfactory degree of correlation was found between the ASTM D 943 and Alcoa oxygen absorption tests. Data from the D 943 tests strongly indicate that (1) a neutralization value of 2.0 is very unrealistic as an acceptable end point of the test, and (2) odor and visual observations could be included in the test procedure as long as the required descriptions are not too exacting.

A surprisingly large number of the products failed to pass the D 665 rust test when conducted on samples taken from the original shipping containers. Many of the oils which passed the D 665 rust test when new also continued to pass the same test after many years of service.

The oxidation stability of these R&O products varied widely. Interestingly, the average oxidation stability of currently marketed R&O oils is greatly superior to that of products sold under the same brand names nine years ago.
Experience with Enhanced Load-Carrying Type Turbine Oils in the Royal Canadian Navy
Authors: Grimsey R G , Whyte R B
Published: September 2009

The Royal Canadian Navy’s experience with enhanced load-carrying type (EP) steam turbine lubricating oils began in 1951 when the main machinery for the “St. Laurent” class destroyer escorts was undergoing prototype shore trials in the United Kingdom. Fleet experience with these oils commenced in 1955 when the first ship of the class, HMCS “St. Laurent,” was commissioned. The choice of an EP type oil instead of a conventional rust- and oxidation-inhibited oil for the lubrication of the main machinery was dictated by the type of main reduction gearing installed in the early ships of the class.
The Changing Requirements for Turbine Oils
Authors: Manley L W , Henrikson K G
Published: September 2009

Significant developments in turbine oils over the past 20 years and the important contributions to this field made by ASTM are reviewed. The impact of new technological and machine trends on the requirements of future oils are also discussed. The increasing use of nuclear power, the desirability of fire-resistant fluids, and the impact of gas turbines are all important considerations for the future. As in the past, ASTM will undoubtedly be called upon to assist in the achievement of future objectives.
Test Sequence IV for API Service MS Oils
Authors: Beckman E. W. , Fales W. K.
Published: September 2009

This paper presents a background of the cam and tappet wear problem encountered by the automotive industry during the evolution of the modern overhead valve V-8 engine. Investigation of the numerous factors affecting this problem revealed that engine oil composition was of major importance. The development of a test technique to determine the adequacy of engine lubricant antiscuff properties is described and evidence of correlation with field experience is presented.

This test technique was accepted by Section G-IV of Technical Committee B on Automotive Lubricants of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants in October, 1959, as test sequence IV. This test was one of a series of test sequences to be used for evaluating oils for API Service MS. Starting with ASTM STP No. 315, the engine test sequences for evaluating oils for API service MS are prepared and released for publication by Section I on Engine Oils of Technical Committee B of ASTM Committee D-2.

Modifications made in the test procedure since its original publication are described along with a summary of experience obtained to date with this test technique.
The Performance of Mil-L-2105B Gear Oils in Military Equipment
Authors: Streets R. E. , Schwarz C. F.
Published: September 2009

Over the past 15 years the Army has been very active in the field of extremepressure gear lubricants. The requirements of military ground vehicles cover a broad range, from passenger cars through the heaviest types of both over-the-highway and cross-country or off-road vehicles. The need for simplified logistics dictates that, where possible, a single, multipurpose gear oil should be used in all types of gear boxes and rear axles where extreme-pressure properties are normally required. This paper reviews the progress that has been made to achieve this goal.
Axle and Transmission Lubricants: The European Viewpoint
Authors: Towle A.
Published: September 2009

In Europe, the term “transmission” is usually used to denote the whole of the drive between the engine and the wheels and not only the gearbox assembly as in America.
Abstract Molecular Structure and Properties of Macromolecules
Authors: Alfrey T.
Published: September 2009

The central structural feature of organic macromolecules is the long covalent chain of carbon atoms. Because of the tetrahedral geometry of the saturated carbon atom, and the possibility of rotation about C-C single bonds, such a chain can assume a multiplicity of spatial configurations and can move from one configuration to another.
Biological Endpoints for Compatibility
Authors: Woodward S. C.
Published: September 2009

Implant polymeric materials which may be absorbed or degraded by the host must be examined for the local histologic responses which they elicit, as well as for their systemic toxic effects, antigenicity, and carcinogenicity. A review of experiments describing these effects is provided. Few assay systems whereby highly reactive polymers can be compared for histotoxicity have been developed.

Evaluation of local responses to reactive polymers will be discussed in terms of current biological evaluations of various alkyl-2 cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives. The responses to these materials implanted in various sites within rats will be compared. A quantitative assay system, whereby inhibition of collagen formation is measured by inhibition of hydroxyproline uptake in subcutaneously implanted poly(vinyl alcohol) sponges containing the cyanoacrylates, will be described. This local response can be correlated with the microscopic appearances of the plastic-containing sponges. The significance of this assay system will be discussed.

It can be concluded that such assay systems as that presented are necessary for critical comparisons of the local responses to various highly reactive polymers. The need for comprehensive and quantitative testing of polymer implants is stressed.
The Anisotropy of Fracture Ductility in Flat Tension-Test Bars of Alpha Zirconium Alloy
Authors: Ells C. E. , Cheadle B. A.
Published: September 2009

The anisotropy of fracture ductility in tension-test bars of alpha zirconium alloys has been studied using Zircaloy-2, 2.5Nb zirconium, and 2.5Nb-0.5Cu zirconium alloy. The use of very thick cold-rolled sheet of the first two alloys allowed a wide choice of test-bar dimensions. The ratio of strain in the width direction to strain in the thickness direction of the test bar is shown to be a complex function of crystallographic texture, specimen geometry, and hardness of the material. From these results it is now possible to understand in more detail previous observations on anisotropy of ductility reported for various zirconium alloys.
Texture Development and Phase Stability of 0.5Cu-0.5Mo Zirconium During Fabrication to Sheet Form
Authors: Kaufmann P. D.
Published: September 2009

Texture development in the material during fabrication from 0.75-in. thick plate to 0.060-in. thick sheet is described. Anisotropic yield strength in the sheet material as a function of preferred orientation is discussed. The production, retention, and decomposition of a metastable phase is discussed, as are its effects on mechanical properties and anisotropy of the alpha zirconium.
The Effect of Orientation of Hydride Precipitates on the Fracture Toughness of Cold-Rolled Zircaloy-2 and 2.5Nb Zirconium
Authors: Aitchison I.
Published: September 2009

The fracture toughness was estimated from single-edge notched specimens cut from three different orientations in slabs cold rolled to 20 and 40 percent reduction. In general the toughness decreased with hydrogen concentration—most rapidly in the first 100 ppm. However, specimens of 40 percent cold-rolled zirconium-niobium alloy cut so that the hydride platelets (which tend to lie parallel to the rolling plane) were parallel to the specimen plane, showed no decrease in toughness even with 500 ppm hydrogen. This is accounted for qualitatively.

The fracture toughness for the Zircaloy-2 specimens was estimated both from fracture load and from crack-opening displacement. The results show the same trend, but both methods are inaccurate here because of significant stable crack propagation.
Tension-Testing Variables in Zirconium
Authors: Schemel J. H.
Published: September 2009

Zirconium and its alloys are both strain-rate sensitive and at times highly anisotropic. This combination of attributes causes difficulty in properly conducting and evaluating tension-test results.

Four factors affecting test results were studied in this investigation: strain rate, specimen geometry, test-specimen linkage, and specimen orientation in large sections.

Strain rate was found to affect yield strength strongly. Only in the case of the ASTM specimens was a plateau found in the yield-strength-strain-rate curve. Other specimens showed a continuing lowering of yield strength with decreasing strain rate even at very low levels of strain rate.

Elongation was found to be very sensitive to both specimen shape and orientation of the specimen in the cross section.

A model of typical specimen support linkage in an elevated temperature test is examined to show how cross-head displacement is related to specimen strain and the resultant variations in strain rate in constant cross-head speed tests.

The results of a round robin sponsored by ASTM Committee B-10 on tension testing of tubing are presented, showing the variation among laboratories doing the testing. Attempts to explain the variation in the light of the data presented in the first part of the paper are not completely adequate but indicate necessary areas for standardization, particularly in specimen-support linkage.
Round-Robin Tests to Develop a Standard Autoclave Testing Procedure for Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Bryant P. E. C.
Published: September 2009

Section I, Subcommittee VIII of ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals conducted two interlaboratory tests, the first with Zircaloy-2, the second with 2.5Nb zirconium, to formulate standard autoclave test procedures for zirconium alloys. In Interlaboratory #1, each laboratory used its own test procedure. The large scatter in data is attributed primarily to differences in autoclave start-up techniques, with minor contributions from variations in pickling time, and residual oxygen remaining in the autoclaves.

Standard coupon preparation techniques were invoked for the 2.5Nb zirconium Interlaboratory #2; ASTM proposed standard G-2, 1967, was used for autoclave start-up. The good reproducibility from Interlaboratory #2 confirmed the acceptability of the proposed ASTM standard autoclave procedure. Decreased corrosion of annealed 2.5Nb zirconium with time is attributed to the monotectoid transformation of Nb enriched βZr to αZr plus βNb.
Neutrographic Hydrogen Determination in Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Klepfer H. H. , Kosanke H. D. , Esch E. L.
Published: September 2009

In the course of post-irradiation examinations of Zircaloy-2 clad fuel rods, it was recognized that it might be possible to detect hydriding of the cladding by using neutron radiography. Experiments were performed by applying indirect transfer methods for neutron radiography since direct exposure with a photographic film would not be appropriate with highly radioactive specimens. After neutron irradiation, dysprosium indirect transfer screens were put in contact with X-ray film for approximately 24 h. The X-ray film negatives were analyzed with a densitometer. Neutron radiography was shown to be effective for detection of hydrogen in thin-walled Zircaloy-2 tubing to a lower limit of 500 to 700 ppm. Using a densitometer of 1 percent precision, a sensitivity of about ±400 ppm through the center of the tube and ±200 ppm through the wall of the tube at the 1000-ppm level was obtained. The neutrographic technique was also used to detect local concentrations of zirconium hydride in irradiated Zircaloy-2 fuel cladding which were not identifiable by other non-destructive means. The method, though not sensitive below 500 ppm hydrogen is, nevertheless, useful. Using neutron radiography, it is possible to determine whether chemical analyses give values representative of the hydrogen concentration in an entire fuel rod; the complete distribution of hydrogen in the cladding can be determined.
Techniques that Permit Successive Examinations of Specific Areas by Electron Microscopy
Authors: McLauchlan T. A.
Published: September 2009

In microscopy, techniques for relocating specific areas of a specimen are desirable for several reasons. First, such techniques permit a comparison of the microstructures developed by various etchants in a particular location in a sample. Second, they permit investigation of the progress of phase transformation in a given region of a specimen after various processing treatments, such as annealing, tempering, or aging. Finally, such techniques permit, for identical fields of view, a comparison of electron micrographs with corresponding light micrographs.
Replica Washing Methods
Authors: Fullam E. F.
Published: September 2009

In the preparation of replicas of surfaces for study in the electron microscope, it is usually necessary at some point to wash the thin replica free of some other material. These materials may be backing films, first replicas, auxiliary supporting films, or even foreign matter and injurious non-volatile liquids. The washing procedure selected must preserve as large an area as possible of the thin replica free of rupture and distortion with as little manipulation of the replica as possible. Some methods, although they are quick, put such a strain on the thin replica that most of it is destroyed. Another method requiring considerable manipulation frequently results in the complete loss of the replica.
Correlation of Atterberg Limits with Geology of Deep Cores from Subsidence Areas in California
Authors: Morris D. A. , Johnson A. I.
Published: September 2009

As part of a program of research on the phenomena of subsidence, about 300 “undisturbed” samples from depths of less than 100 ft to about 2000 ft were obtained by core drilling in the San Joaquin Valley, Calif. The investigation was conducted cooperatively by the U. S. Geological Survey, the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, and the California Department of Water Resources.
Investigations of the Liquid Limit Test on Soils
Authors: Dawson Raymond F.
Published: September 2009

Check tests on three uniform samples of soil were run by nine commercial testing laboratories and the results of the liquid limit tests are given. Also, the results of a series of twenty tests by a single technician are given as well as results of tests at the University of Texas with variations in equipment and procedures.
Penetration Tests for Liquid Limit
Authors: Sowers George F , Vesić A , Grandolfi M
Published: September 2009

For 48 yr the liquid limit test has furnished soil engineers with an empirical indication of the water holding powers of cohesive soils. While the original test devised by Atterberg in 1911 (1) is simple, it is so greatly affected by the operator technique that the results are often inconsistent. The mechanization of the test by Casagrande in 1932 (2) minimized many of these shortcomings and gave soil engineers one of their few standard tests—a test that is now widely used throughout the world.
Laboratory and Field Tests of Granular Soil-Cement Mixtures for Base Courses
Authors: Abrams Melvin S.
Published: September 2009

This paper presents data on the strength and load-supporting properties of two substandard granular materials when treated with various quantities of cement and subsequently subjected to freezing-and-thawing action.

Tests were made both in the laboratory and in the field. Laboratory test results are presented in terms of bearing values and soniscope velocities on continuously moist-cured specimens and on companion specimens subjected to freezing-and-thawing cycles. Compressive strength and soniscope data are given on continuously moist-cured specimens. Field test results are given in terms of load-supporting values of the untreated and cement-treated materials. These values were obtained from load tests performed with a 12-in. diameter plate on 36 test panels 4 ft square. The panels were 4, 7 and 10 in. thick and the cement factor varied from 1.5 to 10 per cent. Tests were made over a 5-yr period.

The results show that an increase in cement content is accompanied by an increase in the durability and strength of the materials. There was little or no effect due to frost action on mixtures containing sufficient cement to be classified as hardened soil-cement. Freezing-and-thawing action had a detrimental effect upon mixtures which contained less cement than required to meet criteria based upon results from ASTM freezing-and-thawing and wetting-and-drying tests for hardened soil-cement. However, in all cases the capacity to support load of the cement-treated materials was greater than that of the untreated materials.
Some Laboratory Studies of the Moisture-Density Relations of Soils
Authors: Dawson Raymond F.
Published: September 2009

This is a report of the study of the moisture-density relationship of several different types of soils from various sections of the United States. Laboratory tests were made using the standard round-head rammer and comparing the results with the sector-head rammer. Also, hand compacted specimens were compared with those compacted by an automatic tamper. Compactive efforts of both the 5.5-lb rammer with a 12-in. drop and the 10-lb rammer with an 18-in. drop were used. The study also shows the variation in density in different sections of the specimens as well as the effect of taper of the molds on the density of the compacted soil.
Neutron Activation Analysis of Traces of Molybdenum in Tungsten
Authors: Cosgrove James F.
Published: September 2009

A sensitive neutron activation analysis procedure for the determination of trace amounts of molybdenum in tungsten is described. The molybdenum is separated from the tungsten prior to measurement by a series of precipitations and extractions. The limit of detection of the method is 0.02 μg of molybdenum.
Maximum Shear Strain Measurements and Determination of Initial Yielding by the Use of the Photoelastic Coating Technique
Authors: Zandman Felix
Published: September 2009

The photoelastic coating technique of experimental stress analysis is a valuable extension of conventional photoelasticity. Whereas photoelasticity ordinarily employs models of structural and machine parts under simulated loading conditions, the photoelastic coating method employs the prototype part itself, usually under actual operating conditions. When a part is coated with a photoelastic resin of high strain-optical sensitivity and subjected to its working loads, the coating follows the surface deformations of the part. The deformed coating then behaves as a photoelastic specimen and reveals the distribution of surface strains throughout the part.
Design and Development of Tensile-Loaded Shear Specimen
Authors: Zapel E. J.
Published: September 2009

The development of a high-temperature tensile-loaded shear specimen configuration and test technique is described. Photographs of the strain patterns obtained through the use of photoelasticity are given, and the strain analyses in the elastic range are included. Room-temperature test results for brittle materials and also for ductile materials are tabulated and compared with the results obtained from conventional punch-out type shear tests on the same material.
A Dynamic Test for Determining Shear Modulus of Sandwich Core Materials
Authors: Raville M. E. , Bickford W. B. , Huber D. A.
Published: September 2009

Static tests have generally been used to determine the modulus of rigidity of the core of structural sandwich construction. However, the appreciable effect of the core modulus of rigidity on the natural frequencies of vibration of sandwich beams makes possible a simple, nondestructive dynamic test for the determination of this property. Such a test is described in this paper. The results obtained are reproducible and are believed to be more accurate than those obtained by presently employed methods.
Flame-Spread Tests in a Large Tunnel Furnace
Authors: Yuill C H
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this paper is to describe the 25-ft flame-spread tunnel furnace and to create a better understanding of its operation, capabilities, and limitations. In this discussion, the term “flame spread” is understood to mean “flaming combustion along a surface.” As such, it is a measure of the flame-retardant properties of a material and has little or nothing to do with fire resistance or fire endurance.
Numerical Film Reading Techniques for Interpretation of Liner-Propellant Interface of Solid Rocket Motors
Authors: Mascis Richard J.
Published: September 2009

Numerical standards have been established for the interpretation of radiographs of large solid propellant propulsion units. One numerical method, commonly referred to as the density ratio, is obtained from a comparison of two film density readings taken with a densitometer in teh area of the radiograph containing the suspected defect. The resulting ratio may be used successfully as a standard to differentiate between a normal and a defective area.

Density scans taken normal to the area of the radiograph to be interpreted provide even more possibilities for quantitative analysis of radiographs. Automatic scanning densitometers have been developed which produce highly reliable density scans with relatively good speed. In addition to accuracy, density scans make possible the establishment of several numerical standards including the density ratio.

Numerical standards provide a vital tool for the evaluation of radiographs; relatively inexperienced radiographers can perform the production evaluation of radiographs (or gammagraphs) by using the density ratio or density scan system. Quantitative techniques will find wide application in the solid rocket field for the detection of internal flaws. Numerical inspection data will provide a system for the establishment of firm acceptance-rejection criteria.
Gamma Scintillation Scanning for Inspecting Solid Rocket Motors
Authors: Underhill Paul E.
Published: September 2009

At the request of Commander Smiley, Chairman of the POLARIS/MINUTEMAN/PERSHING Nondestructive Test Committee, we have cooperated with ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing in preparing a report on the development of the scanning technique now used at the aerojet-General Corp. Sacramento plant to inspect the Polaris missile. The title of the device is GIGI, which stands for Gamma Inspection of the Grain Integrity. This paper presents a brief review of the research and development that went into designing the gamma inspection cubicle now in operation at the Sacramento plant. The parameters involved in the development of this grain inspection system, the analytical approach (see Appendix), and the physical variables encountered will be considered.
Infrared Nondestructive Testing of Glass Filament-Wound Rocket Motor Cases
Authors: Alzofon Frederick E. , Florant Lester E. , Ronald Richard K. , Vann Marvin J. , FItzgerald Julian E.
Published: September 2009

A description of experimental and theoretical studies leadin gto the demonstration of the feasibility of flaw detection in glass filament-wound rocket motor cases, using infrared scanning, is presented. The importance of selecting the best method of heating the specimen in order better to improve the information derived from observation is emphasized. Sources of error are reviewed. The apparatus, measurement techniques, and experimental results are described.
X Ray Spectrochemical Analysis of High-Temperature Alloys
Authors: Gillieson A. H. , Reed D. J. , Milliken K. S. , Young M. J.
Published: September 2009

The factors involved in the correction of experimental results in the X Ray fluorescence analysis of high-temperature alloys are described and discussed. An empirical method for the mathematical correction of such results is detailed and the degree of correction assessed.
Thermal Decomposition of Gamma-Irradiated Barium Azide
Authors: Prout E. G. , Moore D. J.
Published: September 2009

The thermal decomposition of ground dehydrated barium azide has been examined. The sigmoid pressure-time plots have been fitted in the temperature range 110 to 140 C by the Avrami-Erofeyev equation, -ln (1-α) = (k1 t)4, and the contracting sphere formula in the acceleratory and decay periods respectively. Activation energies have been determined for the induction, acceleratory, and decay periods. The essential role of barium metal in the thermal decomposition has been demonstrated and a theoretical explanation of the decomposition mechanism presented. Preirradiation with γ-rays (Co60) drastically reduces the induction period and increases the velocity constants. The effects of increasing the γ-ray dose have been studied and activation energies determined. The kinetics of the main decomposition are considered to be the same as for the unirradiated salt. The processes occurring during the induction period with unirradiated and preirradiated BaN6 are different. Electrical conductivity measurements of irradiated and unirradiated pellets have been made in the temperature range 20 to 60 C. The conductivity increases after irradiation.
Effect of Furnace Design on Fire Endurance Test Results
Authors: Seigel L G
Published: September 2009

This paper is concerned with the influence of furnace design and operation on fire resistance ratings. Consideration is given to such factors as radiation and convection heat transfer, furnace pressure and gas flow, and dimensional effects.

As a result of this investigation, it is concluded that the total intensity of fire exposure maintained in the ASTM Methods E 119 furnace may not be affected seriously by furnace design so long as the thermocouples that control and indicate furnace temperature have approximately the same exposure to the fire as the specimen being tested. However, differences in furnace pressure and specimen size may cause serious differences in fire endurance test results.
Temperature Criteria at Failure
Authors: Gustaferro A H
Published: September 2009

ASTM Methods E 119 designate several temperature criteria as end points for fire tests. In tests of walls, floors, and roofs, the temperature rise of the unexposed surface is limited to 250 F average or 325 F at any one point. Steel temperatures are limited in tests of certain types of elements. This paper examines the background for these temperature limits by reviewing published data; new data are presented in some cases. The unexposed surface temperature criteria should be re-examined. Limiting steel temperatures are not valid for structural members in which the stresses are altered significantly by the effects of fire.
New Criteria for Fire Endurance Tests
Authors: Bono J A
Published: September 2009

The long accepted test procedure for determining the fire endurance of floor and roof assemblies, as described in ASTM Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials (Designation: E 119), is being questioned seriously. Skepticism has developed because the performance under fire exposure of structural members and assemblies has not corresponded with anticipated performance based on established properties of materials at elevated temperatures. The difference between predicted results and actual results is attributed to the test procedures used to implement provisions in the Standard which require restraint of the test specimen and imposition of loads to develop working stresses. Restraint of the test specimen has contributed so substantially to the performance that normal structural criteria such as deflection and collapse appear to be of limited value in judging fire endurance.

Research projects have established that significant improvement is brought about by the presence of restraint during fire tests. Individual steel beams have resisted collapse in fire tests for a 25 percent longer time when tested under restraint as compared with simply supported tests. Concrete members have shown in excess of 400 percent increase in fire resistance in comparative tests.

Certain constructions employing continuity and cantilevered sections have shown improved fire resistance as compared with simply supported structures.

Various revisions of the criteria in ASTM Methods E 119 have been proposed. Each of these, developed in 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, and 1969, provided partial solutions. With the exception of the 1969 proposal, which is before ASTM Committee E-5 at this writing, some features of each proposal have been criticized. The concepts of these proposals are examined in this paper, with a summary of the prevailing views. The impact on future designs of building construction for fire resistance and on the costs of building construction are so great as to make any changes in criteria a most important and difficult decision.