bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral and General Health of Hispanic Children with Disabilities in the United States
Authors: Waldman H Barry , Saadia Marc , Perlman Steven
Published: April 2015

Hispanic residents are the fastest growing population of the U.S. Only recently have government agencies begun to identify the associated demographic facts and inequities which are specific to this population. In particular, limited attention has been directed to Hispanic children with disabilities. Available government reports are used to provide a basic awareness of the oral and general health needs of this population of youngsters.
Preliminary Study Evaluating the Accuracy of MRI Images on CBCT Images in the Field of Orthodontics
Authors: Tai Kiyoshi , Park Jae Hyun , Hayashi Kunio , Yanagi Yoshinobu , Asaumi Jun-ichi , Iida Seiji , Shin Je-Won
Published: April 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the 3-dimensional (3D) accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images after the registration of MRI images on CBCT images. Materials and Methods: Three Japanese adult females volunteered for this study. To transform digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) data derived from MRI and CBCT images into polygon data, five software programs were used. CBCT and MRI images were obtained within one week, and both were registered by the iterative closest point (ICP) method. To assess the accuracy of the composite MRI-CBCT, the measurement errors of the MRI-CBCT were verified. Measurement values were compared using frontal and cephalometric soft-tissue landmarks. Differences were analyzed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Results: There were no significant linear measurement errors (P ≯ 0.05) when the images were measured from the superimposed MRI-CBCT images. Conclusion: The MRI images attained from MRI - CBCT registration showed accurate 3D linear measurements.
Mandibular Block or Maxillary Infiltration
Authors: Ram D , Amir E , Keren R , Shapira J , Davidovich E
Published: April 2015

Purpose: Local anesthesia by mandibular block or maxillary infiltration is commonly administered to children receiving dental treatment of primary molars. Discomfort, when presenting, most often involves the lower lip. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether children would be more opposed to attending a dental treatment following anesthesia by mandibular block than by maxillary infiltration. Methods: Each of 102 children in two age groups: 3 to 5 years, and 6 to 9 years, received the two types of local anesthesia at dental appointments one week apart. Their opposition to attending a subsequent appointment was assessed by parent report. Results: More adverse reactions were observed during and following anesthesia with mandibular block than with maxillary infiltration. Few of the children in either age group expressed opposition to attend a dental visit after receiving mandibular block or maxillary infiltration in the previous visit. Conclusions: Though more adverse reactions were observed in children following mandibular block than maxillary infiltration, this did not result in increased opposition to attend a subsequent dental appointment.
Effect of Zinc Sulfate on Human Primary Enamel Microhardness: An in vitro Study
Authors: Mirkarimi M , Bargrizan M , Eskandarion S , Shahsavari M
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of zinc sulfate on microhardness of human primary enamel. Method: Sixteen sound primary molars were sectioned mesiodistally. For each sample one of the sections was randomly immersed in artificial saliva (Biotene,USA) and the other was immersed in artificial saliva which was charged with 10 mg/5mL concentration of zinc sulfate supplement (Razak Company, Iran) daily. After 24 days (the expected time to use up one 120-mL bottle) the surface microhardness of enamel was measured by knoop hardness test (KH) with Knoop diamond under a 50-gram load for 10 seconds. Results: The mean (± SD) microhardness values (KHV) for the tested groups were 320 ± 49.45 and 357 ± 36.35, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the groups as exhibited by independent t-test (P=0.023). Conclusion: Primary teeth immersed in a zinc sulfate rich solution for 24 days showed higher microhardness values in comparison with the control group.
Craniofacial and Dental Characteristics of Kabuki Syndrome: Nine Years Cephalometric Follow-Up
Authors: Tuna EB , Marşan G , Gençay K , Seymen F
Published: April 2015

Objective: Kabuki syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant trait with variable clinical expression. Common dental manifestations of Kabuki syndrome are high-arched palate, micrognathia, malocclusion, microdontia, small dental arches, hypodontia, severe maxillary recession and mid-facial hypoplasia. Study design: This report includes the oral manifestations of a Turkish patient with Kabuki syndrome with consideration of the long-term craniofacial prognosis for this patient based on the physical, clinical and radiological findings in 9 years follow-up period. General appearance of the patient was characterized by postnatal growth retardation, moderate mental retardation, peculiar face characterized by long palpebral fissures with eversion of the lateral third of the lower eyelids, prominent and cup-shaped ears, broad and depressed nasal tips, short fifth fingers, psychomotor retardation and dermatologic abnormalities. Results and conclusion: Cephalometric analysis revealed skeletal open bite; periapical and panoramic radiographic examinations showed agenesis permanent teeth. A patient with Kabuki syndrome, who may lead to a better understanding of the abnormalities, playing an important role in clinical diagnosis, planning and dental management is presented.
Effectiveness of Oxidative Potential Water as an Irrigant in Pulpectomized Primary Teeth
Authors: Valdez-Gonzalez C , Mendez-Gonzalez V , Torre-Delgadillo G , Flores-Reyes H , Gaitan-Fonseca C , Pozos-Guillen AJ
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oxidative potential water (OPW) as an irrigating solution in reducing bacterial loading in necrotic pulpectomized primary teeth. Study design: Forty necrotic teeth were included, 20 irrigated with OPW (experimental group) and 20 with 1% NaOCl (control group); in both groups, 2 microbiological samples from within the canals were taken with a sterile paper point, the first before irrigation (immediately before opening the crown), and the second after instrumentation and final irrigation (before filling). All samples were evaluated by McFarland's scale. Results: After the samples were analyzed before and after irrigation in the control group, there was a significant decrease in bacterial load, as in the experimental group (P < 0.0001). When both groups were compared post irrigation, no significant difference was observed (P = 0.1519). Conclusion: The OPW was as effective as the NaOCl and is suggested as an alternative for irrigating after pulpectomy of necrotic primary teeth.
Microhardness and Surface Roughness of Glass Ionomer Cements after APF and TiF4 Applications
Authors: Topaloglu-Ak A , Cogulu D , Kocatas Ersin N , Sen BH
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate whether TiF4 solution and APF gel had any adverse effects on the surface morphology of newly developed glass ionomers. Study Design: Fifteen disc-shaped specimens of Fuji IX Extra, Fuji II LC and Ketac N100 were prepared and stored in 2 ml of artificial saliva at 37°C for 8 weeks. Specimens of each material were divided randomly into three subgroups as 1 and 4 minutes application of 1.23% APF gel and 1 minute application of 1% TiF4 solution. Specimens were reaged for another 8 weeks. Microhardness, surface roughness values and surface morphology were evaluated by using Vicker's hardness test, surface profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for all time interventions, respectively. One-way Anova test was performed and differences were compared by Tukey's HSD and Dunnet T3 test. Results: APF and TiF4 applications decreased microhardness significantly in Fuji II LC. In Fuji IX Extra microhardness decreased significantly after 1- and 4-min APF applications. Ketac N100 showed no difference in microhardness after APF and TiF4 applications. Surface roughness was not affected at any time interval for three restorative materials. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this vitro study, it was revealed that, potential adverse effects of APF and TiF4 applications might be material dependant. Hence, restorative materials should be selected in accordance with kind, frequency and application time of fluoridation to avoid deteriorations of the restorations.
Malocclusion: Social, Functional and Emotional Influence on Children
Authors: Martins-Júnior PA , Marques LS , Ramos-Jorge ML ML
Published: April 2015

Objectives: To determine the association between types of malocclusion and quality of life in children between 8-10 years of age and establish correlations between the severity of the malocclusion and particular bio-psychosocial variables. Study design: The sample was made up of 102 schoolchildren aged 8-10 years. Clinical exams were performed using the criteria of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) to determine the presence and severity of malocclusions. The impact on quality of life was assessed using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8-10). Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Spearman's correlation analysis. Results: Malocclusions affected 61% of the children examined. There was a positive correlation between total CPQ8-10 and DAI scores (P = 0.034). The following types of malocclusion had a significant effect on the quality of life of the children: upper anterior irregularity ≥ 2 mm, anterior open bite ≥ 2mm and diastema ≥ 2mm. Children with malocclusion experienced a greater negative impact on quality of life in comparison to those without malocclusion. Conclusions: Malocclusions had a negative influence over the quality of life of children between 8-10 years of age. More severe malocclusions had a greater impact with regard to social, emotional and functional aspects.
Characterization of Periodontal Biofilm in Down Syndrome Patients: A Comparative Study
Authors: Martinez-Martinez R E , Loyola-Rodriguez J P , Bonilla-Garro S E , Patiño-Marin N , Haubek D , Amano A , Poulsen K
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to characterize the main periodontal bacterial species in Down syndrome (DS) pa-tients with and without periodontitis. Method: This cross-sectional study involved 75 DS patients, 45 with and 30 without periodontitis. Informed consent, health and dental questionnaires and periodontitis diagnosis were performed. PCR and LAMP assays were performed on subgingival dental plaque sample. Results: Tannerella forsythia was the most frequent bacteria detected in the group with and without periodontitis (95.5 and 63.3%) followed by Treponema denticola (88.8 and 50%) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (53.3 and 25% respectively). There were statistical differences between groups (p<0.05). Pg fimA type I was the most frequent Porphyromonas gingivalis genotype. Two different sets o primers (Aa-F/Aa-R and ltx3/ltx4) were used to detect Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and different frequencies were obtained, (68% and 14.6% respectively), they had a weak correlation (Cohen Kappa=0.16). After sequencing of PCR products, ltx3/ltx4 showed more specificity. JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans was not detected in any sample. Conclusions: The composition of oral biofilm is fundamental for the development of periodontal disease independently of immunological alterations associated with DS. The frequency of detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans reported in the literature has a wide range, because the primers and probes applied.
Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Root Canal Filling Materials Along with Aloevera Used in Primary Teeth: A Microbiological Study
Authors: Kriplani R , Thosar N , Baliga M S , Kulkarni P , Shah N , Yeluri R
Published: April 2015

Aim: this study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of 6 root canal filling materials and a negative control agent against 18 strains of bacteria isolated from infected root canals of primary molar teeth using agar diffusion assay. Materials: Aloevera with sterile water, Zinc oxide and Eugenol, Zinc oxide-Eugenol with aloevera, Calcium hydroxide and sterile water, Calcium hydroxide with sterile water and aloevera, Calcium hydroxide and Iodoform (Metapex) and Vaseline (Control). MIC and MBC of aloevera was calculated. Results: All materials except Vaseline showed varied antimicrobial activity against the test bacterias. The zones of inhibition were ranked into 4 inhibition categories based on the proportional distribution of the data. All the 18 bacterial isolates were classified under 2 groups based on Gram positive and Gram negative aerobes. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare the antimicrobial effectiveness between materials tested with each of the bacterial groupings. Conclusion: Aloevera + Sterile Water was found to have superior antimicrobial activity against most of the microorganisms followed by ZOE + Aloevera, calcium hydroxide + Aloevera, ZOE, calcium hydroxide, Metapex in the descending order and Vaseline showed no inhibition.
Regaining Leeway Space and Anterior Crossbite Correction with a Modified Maxillary Molar Distalizing Appliance
Authors: Park JH , Tai K , Ikeda M , Kanao A
Published: April 2015

During the mixed dentition stage, adolescents experience rapid dental and skeletal development. Unfortunately, many of them do not visit the orthodontist early enough and miss out on the opportunity to take advantage of preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment. This article describes the management of regaining leeway space and correcting anterior crossbite using a modified maxillary molar distalizing appliance.
Enamel Defects in the Primary Dentition of Preterm and Full Term Children
Authors: Gravina DBL , Cruvinel VRN , Azevedo TDPL , Toledo OA , Bezerra ACB
Published: April 2015

Aim: This study compared enamel defects in children born prematurely and at term. Method: 96 children born at term (G1), and with 96 children born prematurely (G2) were studied. Results: A higher prevalence of enamel defects was found in the premature group, with a predominance of hypoplasia. In G1, 64 teeth displayed enamel defects (51 opacities and 13 hypoplasias). In G2, 110 defective teeth were found, (29 opacities and 81 hypoplasias). A significant correlation was found between very low birth weight (VLBW) and the presence of these defects (p?0.001). The teeth most affected were the incisors, canines and molars. Conclusion: Prematurity, in conjunction with other factors, can predispose children to enamel defects.
Long Term Maxillofacial Effects of Radiotherapy in Young Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Bektaş-Kayhan K , Özbek CD , Yazıcıoğlu O , Karagöz G , Altun M , Meral R , Ünür M
Published: April 2015

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare and distinct malignancy that arises from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. It accounts almost 1 % of all pediatric malignancies. Oral complications of radiotherapy in the head and neck region are the result of the deleterious effects of radiation on salivary glands, oral mucosa, bone, dentition, masticatory musculature, and temporomandibular joints. Here we present 3 male NPC patients 13, 14 and 15 years old. One of them had stage III and the others stage IV diseases. Administered dose of radiation was 66 Gy for case I, 70 Gy for case II and 68 Gy for case III. The follow-up period was more than 12 months except for case III and all of them were disease free in their last visit. All attended dental clinics for dental and TMJ problems. Dentitions were severely affected, trismus and severe xerostomia. Long term effects of radiotherapy which has a great impact on patients’ quality of life and the role of supportive care and minimizing the late effects of ionizing radiation are discussed.
Oral Hygiene Habits, Dental Home, and Toothbrushing among Immigrant and Native Low Socioeconomic Class Populations
Authors: Davidovich E , Kooby E , Shapira J , Ram D
Published: April 2015

About 45,000 people immigrated to Israel from Ethiopia over the last 30 years. The purpose of this study was to compare oral hygiene habits in preschool children from low socioeconomic neighborhoods offspring of immigrants from Ethiopia to offspring of native Israelis. Method: Parents of children attending 21 nursery schools were asked to respond anonymously to 7 questions about their children's visits to a dentist and toothbrushing habits. Results: Parents of 719 children (382 Ethiopian and 337 native Israeli) responded. Of children aged 49-82 months, 15% offspring of Ethiopian and 25% of native Israelis were reported to have visited a dentist; and 45% and 65%, respectively, to brush their teeth at least once daily. More than 90% of children of both populations were reported to have toothbrushes. Of children aged 18-48 months, 28% of Ethiopian and 65% of native Israelis were reported to brush their teeth at least once daily. Conclusion: After more than 20 years residence in a new country, the dental home of an immigrant population was significantly different from that of the native population, of the same low socioeconomic neighborhoods. Discrepancies in parental responses highlight the importance of addressing information bias.
Knowledge of Care Providers Regarding the Oral Health Care of Visually Impaired Children
Authors: Bhandary S , Shetty V , Hegde A M , Rai K
Published: April 2015

Objective: To assess the awareness of care providers of visually impaired children regarding their oral hygiene. Method: A simple pre-structured questionnaire was given to the care providers and the awareness regarding their oral health was assessed. Results: There was a general lack of awareness among the care providers of these children regarding dental diseases and its prevention. Furthermore, the importance of oral hygiene was found to be very low. Conclusion: The results obtained showed that most of the caretakers were unaware of the difficulties faced by these children in the maintenance of their oral health.
Preschool Children's Taste Acceptance of Highly Concentrated Fluoride Compounds: Effects on Nonverbal Behavior
Authors: Kolb AK , Schmied K , Faßheber P , Heinrich-Weltzien R
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this video-based study was to examine the taste acceptance of children between the ages of 2 and 5 years regarding highly concentrated fluoride preparations in kindergarten-based preventive programs. Study design: The fluoride preparation Duraphat was applied to 16 children, Elmex fluid to 15 children, and Fluoridin N5 to 14 children. The procedure was conducted according to a standardized protocol and videotaped. Three raters evaluated the children's nonverbal behavior as a measure of taste acceptance on the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale. The interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient; ICC) was .86. In an interview, children indicated the taste of the fluoride preparations on a three-point “smiley” rating scale. The interviewer used a hand puppet during the survey to establish confidence between the children and examiners. Results: Children's nonverbal behavior was significantly more positive after Fluoridin N5 and Duraphat were applied compared to the application of Elmex fluid. The same trend was found during the smiley assessment. The response of children who displayed cooperative positive behavior before the application of fluoride preparations was significantly more positive than those who displayed uncooperative negative behavior. Conclusion: To achieve a high acceptance of the application of fluoride preparations among preschool children, flavorful preparations should be used.
Oral Tissue Irritants in Toothpaste: A Case Report
Authors: Lawrence LM , Farquharson A , Brown RS , Vatanka HO
Published: April 2015

In this case, an adolescent patient presented with multiple, asymptomatic ulcerated lesions- resembling aphthous ulcerations- located in the oral cavity. The etiology of these lesions appeared to be associated with soft tissue irritants found in the patient's toothpaste. This report highlights the need to rule out known oral irritants in dentifrices for patients who present with oral ulcerations.
Prevalence of Dental Caries and its Impact on Quality of Life (QoL) among HIV-infected Children in Kenya
Authors: Masiga MA , M'Imunya JM
Published: April 2015

Aim: To determine the prevalence of dental caries and its impact on QoL among HIV-infected children in Kenya. Study design: Cross-sectional survey of HIV-positive children aged 3-15 years. Method: Two hundred and twenty participants were selected by consecutive sampling. Dental examination was undertaken to determine the presence of dental caries among the children using the dmft/DMFT indices. The children's perceived QoL in the domains of oral symptoms, functional limitations, emotional and social wellbeing was assessed using the WHO Simplified Oral Health Questionnaires for children. Results: The overall prevalence of dental caries was 65% whence the prevalence in the deciduous dentition was 50% while that of the permanent dentition was 30.9%. The mean dmft and DMFT scores were 1.75 and 1.08 respectively. Children with high dmft manifested negative impacts on appearance, chewing, biting hard foods and missing school on account of toothache and discomfort, while in the permanent dentition children with high DMFT had a negative impact on biting hard foods. Conclusion: A high caries experience had significant negative impacts on the children's QoL, especially in the primary dentition.
Effectiveness of CRT at Measuring the Salivary Level of Bacteria in Caries Prone Children with Probiotic Therapy
Authors: Cannon M , Trent B , Vorachek A , Kramer S , Esterly R
Published: April 2015

Aim: This IRB approved clinical trial was to determine the effect of “over the counter” probiotic supplements on the Caries Risk Test- CRT- (Ivoclar) results of the oral microflora in high caries risk children. Study design: Sixty subjects 6 to 12 years old with a caries risk assessment (CAMBRA) of moderate to high (caries prone) were evaluated by an analysis of the difference in the salivary levels of pathogenic bacteria (mutans streptococci and Lactobacilli). The subjects were randomly selected by randomizing software and assigned to two different Groups. Group A used PerioBalance (Lactobacilli reuteri-CFU of 200 million) lozenges for 28 days. Group B used the EvoraKids ( Streptococcus uberis KJ2, Streptococcus oralis KJ3, Streptococcus rattus JH145, ≥ 100 million) probiotics chewable tablets for 30 days. Salivary samples were collected then incubated for 48 hours for colony counting and ranking. Follow up testing with the CRT was performed after 60 days at a follow up visit. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the CRT results between the pre and post use of the probiotics. PerioBalance; SM results t= -6.78 p< .0001 Lactobacilli results t= -5.762, p< .0001, EvoraKids SM results t= -7.33, p< .0001, Lactobacilli results t= -2.952, p= .0068. Conclusions: The CRT values obtained with caries prone children may be significantly affected by probiotic use. Based on this study's results the following conclusions can be made: Both EvoraKids and PerioBalance affected the CRT results by significantly decreasing the number of S. mutans and lactobacilli present in the salivary samples.
Lead Exposure and its Relation to Dental Caries in Children
Authors: Pradeep Kumar KN , Hegde AM
Published: April 2015

Environmental pollution is a significant health hazard and is mainly caused by commercialization. The etiology of dental caries is multifactorial and one such factor is exposure to trace element such as lead. Aim: Hence, the present study was carried out to find out the correlation between the levels of lead in the enamel, saliva and dental caries in children. Method: 90 children aged 5 years consisting of both genders from different kindergartens along Coastal Karnataka were included in the study. The selected children were divided into 3 groups as; control group, early childhood caries (ECC) group and severe-ECC (S-ECC) group respectively. Enamel and salivary lead level was assessed by using graphite atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: Mean enamel lead levels in the control, ECC and S-ECC group were 47.7, 85.45 and 90.43 ppm respectively and mean salivary lead levels were 0.23, 1.7 and 1.77 ppm respectively which was statistically very highly significant (p < 0.001) with no gender predilection. There was a positive correlation seen between the enamel and the salivary lead levels (p ≯ 0.05).Conclusion: The enamel and the saliva of all the children had measurable amounts of lead and its levels increased with increase in severity of dental caries proving the cariogenic potential of lead. A positive correlation was seen between the enamel and the salivary lead levels.
Clinical Evaluation of Desensitizing Treatment for Incisor Teeth Affected by Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization
Authors: Özgül Betül Memiş , Saat Sinem , Sönmez Hayriye , Öz Firdevs Tulga
Published: April 2015

Background: Sensitivity complaints are commonly observed in teeth affected by MIH (molar incisor hypomineralization). Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the hypersensitivity observed in MIH-affected teeth and the effect of desensitizing agents applied with and without ozone to incisors affected by MIH. Study Design: The first part of the study included 120 teeth from 42 patients with MIH. These 42 patients included 33 children with 92 incisor teeth with a Vas score of ≥30, and these 92 incisors were included in the second part of the study. The patients included in the second part were divided into three main groups and six subgroups. The main groups included the following: fluoride, CPP-ACP and CPP-ACP with fluoride. Each main group was divided into two subgroups: one with ozone use and one without ozone use. Results: Girls exhibited significantly more sensitivity compared with boys (p<0.05). There were significant decreases in hypersensitivity compared to baseline in all of the groups (p<0.05). There were no differences among the groups at the end of the study (p≯0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that gender is an important factor in the sensitivity of teeth with MIH. Desensitizing agents effectively reduced the hypersensitivity of teeth with MIH. CPP-ACP paste was found to be more effective, and ozone therapy prolonged the effect of CPP-ACP paste.
Buccal Midazolam Spray as an Alternative to Intranasal Route for Conscious Sedation in Pediatric Dentistry
Authors: Chopra R , Mittal M , Bansal K , Chaudhuri P
Published: April 2015

Objectives: To evaluate the acceptance of midazolam spray through buccal route as compared to intranasal route and compare the efficacy of the drug through both the routes. Study Design: 30 patients aged 2-8 years with Grade I or II Frankl's Behaviour Rating Scale were selected who required similar treatment under local anesthesia on two teeth. Midazolam spray was administered randomly through buccal or intranasal routes for the two appointments. Scoring was done for the acceptance of drug and Houpt's score was recorded for the behaviour of patients during the treatment. Results: Acceptance of drug through buccal route was significantly better than the intranasal route (p<0.05) but no statistically significant difference was found in the behaviour scores for the two routes of administration (p≯0.05). Conclusion: Midazolam spray can be effectively used through the buccal mucosa in children who give poor compliance with the intranasal administration.
Associations between Psychological Factors and the Presence of Deleterious Oral Habits in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Leme M , Barbosa T , Castelo P , Gavião MB
Published: April 2015

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the associations between psychological factors and the presence of deleterious oral habits in children and adolescents. Study Design: 147 students aged 8 to 14-years-old were divided in two groups concerning the presence and absence of DOH: Habit group (HG) and Habit free group (HFG). Participants were asked about the presence of DOH using the domain III (Oral Habits) of the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S). Symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Brazilian Portuguese versions of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), respectively. Saliva was collected 30min after waking and at night to determine the diurnal decline in salivary cortisol (DDSC). Data were analyzed using the Chi-squared, Mann-Whitney, Spearman's correlation and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of DOH was higher in females than males (65.1 vs 34.9; p<0.05). The most frequent DOH was nail biting (58.7%). HG presented more depressive symptoms than HFG (p<0.05). There was positive correlation between salivary cortisol levels and age (p<0.01). Logistic regression analysis found association between symptoms of anxiety and the presence of DOH (OR=2.35; p<0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, children and adolescents with DOH presented more symptoms of depression than their counterparts. Moreover, they were more likely to report symptoms of anxiety.
Pre-eruptive Intra-Coronal Resorption: Controversies and Treatment Options
Authors: Spierer Weil A , Fuks AB
Published: April 2015

Pre-eruptive intra-coronal resorption (PIER) is a defect located in the dentin of an unerupted tooth, just beneath the dentin-enamel junction, with a prevalence of 0.5-2% of the teeth. The depth of the lesion is variable and may also reach the pulp. In the past, these lesions were confused with caries, and were therefore called “hidden” or “pre-eruptive caries”. These defects are usually detected incidentally in routine dental radiographs. It has been proven that in the pre-eruptive stage the lesions contain soft tissue and inflammatory cells. The present report describes the clinical management of a case of PEIR on a mandibular first permanent molar and discusses the alternatives for treatment.
Utility of Bispectral Index Monitoring during Deep Sedation in Pediatric Dental Patients
Authors: Dag C , Bezgin T , Özalp N , Gölcüklü Aydın G
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the total medicament doses and recovery profiles of patients for whom Bispectral Analysis (BIS) monitor was used to monitor sedation. Study design: Thirty-four uncooperative paediatric patients aged 3-6 years who attended to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry for dental treatment were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 17 patients each. Physiological variables including oxygen saturation, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. In one group (BIS-monitored group), drugs were administered to maintain patients’ BIS values between 60-70, while the other group (Non-BIS-monitored Group) was not monitored using BIS. Data was evaluated by Chi-square, Mann Whitney U, Independent Samples t, Paired Samples t and Wilcoxon signed tests, with a p-value of <0.05 considered to be statistically significant. Results: There was no significant difference in total anesthetic doses, incidence of adverse events or recovery profiles of patients between non- BIS-monitored and BIS-monitored groups (p≯0.05). However, distinct correlation was determined among mean values of UMSS and BIS values (p<0.05). Conclusion: BIS represents no advantage over the current commonly accepted methods for monitoring sedation depth in children.
Development and Validation of the Perception of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Scale in Insulin-Treated Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Hortensius Johanna , Vrijhoef Hubertus J.M. , Groenier Klaas H. , Pool Aart , Kleefstra Nanne , Bijl Jaap J. van der
Published: April 2015

Background and Purpose: The Perception of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (P-SMBG) scale was developed and validated to assess perceptions of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in insulin-treated patients with diabetes. Method: An initial 68-item version of the P-SMBG has been evaluated by a panel of professionals and patients. A sample of 375 patients tested the revised scale. Results: Factor analysis suggested a 19-item scale and a 2-factor structure, separating negatively and positively worded items. Cronbach’s alpha was .84 and .72, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was .66 and .57, respectively for both factors. Item–total correlations were in the range of .23–.66. Convergent/divergent validity was confirmed for the negatively worded items. Conclusions: The final P-SMBG scale (21 items) can be used to assess positive and negative perceptions of SMBG in insulin-treated patients with diabetes.
Kinetics of Crude Oil Coke Combustion
Authors: Vossoughi S. , EI-Shoubary Y.
Published: April 2015

Coke is a solid or semi-liquid type material which deposits on the sand grain surface area and is eventually burned as a fuel during an in-situ combustion process. Its combustion is the main source of energy to sustain the firefront.

This study investigates the effect of the different variables such as specific surface area, oxygen partial pressure and oil content on the coke combustion by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Each variable was varied while keeping the others constant. The TGA and the derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves were subjected to kinetic analysis. The rate equation produced indicated that the rate of combustion of the coke was proportional to the coke content yet to be burned, oxygen partial pressure, and specific surface area of the sand grain. The rate constant followed an Arrhenius-type equation for the temperature dependency. The rate equation was tested for the range of specific surface areas of 0.126 to 24.3 m2/g, oil content of 10 to 58 weight percent, and oxygen partial pressure of 0.05 to 0.50 atm. The validity of the model was tested for various crude oils from different geographical locations in the U.S.A., Canada and Latin America.
Thermal Cracking of Heavy Oil/Mineral Matrix Systems
Authors: Monin J-C. , Audibert A.
Published: April 2015

At temperatures and pressures encountered during thermal recovery, chemical reactions involving the oil, possibly the water and the mineral matrix, may lead to significant changes in the composition of the phases.

This work focuses on the thermal alteration of four crude oils with different geochemical compositions. The tests were performed in an autoclave at 350°C during 200 h. The oil was in the presence of water and a mineral matrix representative of reservoir rocks.

The formation of significant amounts of insoluble organic material was observed in all the tests.

Gaseous hydrocarbons (mainly methane) are formed by pyrolysis. CO2 evolution depends on oil and matrix compositions; moreover, water is found to be involved as a reactant in the formation of oxygen-containing components.

For the crude oils investigated, the oil phase is significantly enriched in lighter hydrocarbons (mainly in the saturates). However, the aromatic content is less affected by the thermal treatment. On the other hand, the asphaltenes and to a less extent the resins are the main precursors of the insoluble material.

These results provide a new insight on the mechanisms of the cracking reactions involved in thermal recovery processes.
Assessment of Renalase Activity on Catecholamines Degradation
Authors: Quelhas-Santos Janete , Sampaio-Maia Benedita , Remião Fernando , Serrão Paula , Soares-Silva Isabel , Desir Gary V. , Pestana Manuel
Published: April 2015

Renalase was recently described as a new flavoprotein that functions as FAD/NADH-dependent oxidase and, in
contrast to other monoamine oxidases, is secreted into plasma and urine. Recombinant renalase was found to exert powerful
and rapid hypotensive effects when administered intravenously on rats and this was suggested to be mediated by circulating
catecholamines degradation. However there is no concrete evidence that directly supports the hypothesis that
renalase metabolizes catecholamines. In this study we aimed to evaluate the catecholamines-degrading renalase activity
by three different technical approaches: 1) Amplex Red Monoamine Oxidase Assay, which evaluates the rate of resaruzin
reduction by renalase oxidative activity; 2) assessment of catecholamines consumptions by high-pressure liquid chromatography
(HPLC) with electrochemical-detection (ED) and 3) assessment of product formation by HPLC with photodiode
array-detection (DAD). Using the Amplex Red MAO Assay, all three catecholamines were degraded by recombinant
renalase overtime, being adrenaline the preferred substrate, followed by noradrenaline and dopamine. In addition using
HPLC-ED, it was observed the consumption of all three catecholamines by recombinant renalase, which were oxidized to
the correspondent aminochromes, as observed by DAD. However the role of renalase as catalyzer of aminochromes production
is still undefined. In summary, the data presented in this study propose by different methodologies the involvement
of renalase in catecholamine metabolization.
â€œDesignated Communitiesâ€: Through the Lens of the Web
Authors: Kim Yunhyong
Published: April 2015

The notion of a â€œdesignated communityâ€ has always been a rather elusive concept across the digital curation landscape. This paper is an effort to revisit the concept to stir up new discussions in the area. More specifically, this study offers a perspective on designated communities through the lens of the web, powered by developments in the last ten years in social media. The research presents a multi-faceted analysis of communities based on HTML content from online web pages to propose heuristics for defining designated communities based on the technology they adopt, properties of knowledge organisation, and how they link to each other. This impacts the building of quantifiable models of designated communities, estimating curation risks associated to the community and further, refining approaches to preservation strategies that meet the needs of the community.
Effect of carbon on the solubility of nitrogen in slag
Authors: Allertz Carl , Li Fan , White Jesse F. , Sichen Du
Published: April 2015

The effect of carbon on nitrogen solubility in slag was investigated for the ternary CaO–MgO–SiO2 and the quaternary Al2O3–CaO–MgO–SiO2 slag systems at 1873 K under controlled oxygen and nitrogen potentials. Gas–slag equilibration experiments were conducted using molybdenum and graphite crucibles. In the absence of carbon, the nitrogen solubility was very low. The presence of carbon greatly increased the nitrogen solubility in slag. The total nitrogen content was found to increase with SiO2 and MgO concentration for the carbon saturated slags. Low levels of cyanide were found by wet chemistry with considerable uncertainty. The results analyzed by different methods ruled out cyanide formation being the main reason for the large increase in nitrogen solubility in the presence of pure carbon.
Synthesis and Properties of Nitrogen Heterocycle-Functionalized Core-Shell Hyperbranched Polyester
Authors: Karpagam S. , Guhanathan S.
Published: April 2015

Core-shell hyperbranched polyesters (HBPE) of third generation prepared from 2,2′-bis (hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (Bis-MPA) as an ABx monomer and N-heterocyclic (indole, piperidine and piperazine) phosphoryl dichloride as a core molecule by melt condensation process. These polymers were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 31P NMR, elemental analysis, and MALDI spectroscopy. The thermal behavior of the polymers has been investigated by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). There is no weight loss observed until 250 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. DSC showed that the glass transition temperatures was about −14 and −30 °C for the prepared core-shell HBPE. The dielectric properties such as dielectric constant and loss factor for these polyesters were also studied with respect to change of frequency (50 Hz to 5 MHz).
Processability, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Rigid PVC/Kaolin Coated with Liquid Macromolecular Modifier Composites
Authors: Liu H. , Wang J. , Wen S. , Gong C. L. , Zheng G. W. , Xiong C. X.
Published: April 2015

In order to investigate the effect of kaolin coated with liquid macromolecular modifier (LKL) particles on the processability, thermal and mechanical properties of PVC materials, rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/kaolin and PVC/kaolin coated with liquid macromolecular modifier (PVC/LKL) composites were both fabricated by melt mixing. The processability, dynamic mechanical behavior, mechanical properties and micro-structure of PVC/kaolin and PVC/LKL composites were studied by using torque rheometer, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), universal mechanical testing machine and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the LKL particles improved the processability of PVC materials, while restrained the degradation of PVC materials during melt mixing due to the plasticization, toughening effect and compatibilization of the liquid macromolecular modifier (LMM). Moreover, the LMM could promote LKL particles uniformly dispersed in PVC matrix, and enhance the interface adhesion between LKL particles and PVC matrix. The notched impact strength and Tg of the PVC/LKL composites achieved 4.0 kJ/m2 and 95.2 °C, which enhanced 29% and 6 °C with respect to neat PVC materials, respectively.
Analysis of a Single Screw Extruder with a Grooved Plasticating Barrel – Part I: The Melting Model
Authors: Alfaro J. A. Avila , Grünschloß E. , Epple S. , Bonten C.
Published: April 2015

Single screw extruders with barrier screws, grooved feed zones and grooved melting zones were introduced to the European plastics industry in 1999. These extruders have an improved melting and conveying capacity among other advantages, such as a lower melt temperature, less wear, less torque and less energy consumption. The aim of this paper is to present a mathematical model for predicting the melting rate in this type of extrusion system. Based on the classical melting mechanism observed in conventional extruders, it was possible to study the effect of the geometry of the grooved barrel on the melting rate of a polymer. It was shown that the grooves on the barrel notably increase the melting rate, when compared to conventional single screw extruders. A good agreement between theory and experimental data was found.
Langzeitforschung auf Sturmflächen zeigt Potenzial und Grenzen der Naturverjüngung
Authors: Brang Peter , Hilfiker Sandra , Wasem Ulrich , Schwyzer Andreas , Wohlgemuth Thomas
Published: April 2015

Long-term research on storm areas demonstrates the potential and the limits of natural regeneration

After windthrow, questions arise about the appropriate silvicultural management. Answers can be derived from long-term studies on 19 storm-damaged areas caused by Vivian (1990) and Lothar (1999), which encompass cleared, cleared and planted as well as uncleared subareas. Forest succession on these areas was studied using repeated regeneration inventories. Ten resp. 20 years after the storms, the resulting young forests were 3–12 m tall and had a stem density of 500 to 31,400 per ha. Many tree species grow in the storm areas, with climax species like European beech (in the lowlands) and Norway spruce (in high-altitude forests) being most frequent. Advance regeneration has only a small share of the young stands, since seedlings were scarce in the pre-storm stands. Regeneration is slightly more dense on cleared than on uncleared storm areas. The yearly increase in seedling density ranged from 25 to 4,000 trees per ha, with low values occurring mainly if dense vegetation of tall forbs, bramble or bracken covered the ground. The increase in density has fallen since the storms, and in thickets with high stem numbers, the regeneration density has even started to decrease. Pionieer trees as well as sycamore maple and ash grow fastest, and climax species like Norway spruce and silver fir slowest. For spruce, planting results in an advance of 1.0 to 2.4 m after 20 years in high montane storm areas; moreover, gaps, which are widespread in storm areas even 10 or 20 years after the storm event, can be avoided. On areas with total damage, cluster planting should be considered, in particular in protection forests and in cases with scarce advance regeneration, missing seed trees and dense ground vegetation.
Finite Key Size Analysis of Two-Way Quantum Cryptography
Authors: Shaari Jesni , Mancini Stefano
Published: April 2015

Quantum cryptographic protocols solve the longstanding problem of distributing a shared secret string to two distant users by typically making use of one-way quantum channel. However, alternative protocols exploiting two-way quantum channel have been proposed for the same goal and with potential advantages. Here, we overview a security proof for two-way quantum key distribution protocols, against the most general eavesdropping attack, that utilize an entropic uncertainty relation. Then, by resorting to the “smooth” version of involved entropies, we extend such a proof to the case of finite key size. The results will be compared to those available for one-way protocols showing some advantages.
Detection of Changes in Ground-Level Ozone Concentrations via Entropy
Authors: Wu Yuehua , Jin Baisuo , Chan Elton
Published: April 2015

Ground-level ozone concentration is a key indicator of air quality. Theremay exist sudden changes in ozone concentration data over a long time horizon, which may be caused by the implementation of government regulations and policies, such as establishing exhaust emission limits for on-road vehicles. To monitor and assess the efficacy of these policies, we propose a methodology for detecting changes in ground-level ozone concentrations, which consists of three major steps: data transformation, simultaneous autoregressive modelling and change-point detection on the estimated entropy. To show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, the methodology is applied to detect changes in ground-level ozone concentration data collected in the Toronto region of Canada between June and September for the years from 1988 to 2009. The proposed methodology is also applicable to other climate data.
Generation of Rho Zero Cells: Visualization and Quantification of the mtDNA Depletion Process
Authors: Schubert Susanna , Heller Sandra , Löffler Birgit , Schäfer Ingo , Seibel Martina , Villani Gaetano , Seibel Peter
Published: April 2015

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is located in discrete DNA-protein complexes, so called nucleoids. These structures can be easily visualized in living cells by utilizing the fluorescent stain PicoGreen®. In contrary, cells devoid of endogenous mitochondrial genomes (ρ0 cells) display no mitochondrial staining in the cytoplasm. A modified restriction enzyme can be targeted to mitochondria to cleave the mtDNA molecules in more than two fragments, thereby activating endogenous nucleases. By applying this novel enzymatic approach to generate mtDNA-depleted cells the destruction of mitochondrial nucleoids in cultured cells could be detected in a time course. It is clear from these experiments that mtDNA-depleted cells can be seen as early as 48 h post-transfection using the depletion system. To prove that mtDNA is degraded during this process, mtDNA of transfected cells was quantified by real-time PCR. A significant decline could be observed 24 h post-transfection. Combination of both results showed that mtDNA of transfected cells is completely degraded and, therefore, ρ0 cells were generated within 48 h. Thus, the application of a mitochondrially-targeted restriction endonuclease proves to be a first and fast, but essential step towards a therapy for mtDNA disorders.