bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiographic Manifestations of Clostridial Infection Encountered at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide
Authors: Matousek V.
Published: March 2008

Cases of cholecystitis emphysematosa, ante‐mortem gas in the portal venous system, and primary clostridial pneumonia were presented and literature reviewed.

No gall‐stones were demonstrated in the cholecystitis emphysematosa, demonstrating that obstruction of the cystic duct is not an essential aetiological factor. This patient was not a diabetic.

The case of the gas in the portal venous system is of particular interest as the portal sepsis was an aftermath of perforation of primary non‐specific jejunal ulcer which in the opinion of clinicians and pathologists involved was secondary to sarcoid granuloma. This patient was a diabetic. There was no evidence of mesenteric artery occlusion, pneumatosis intestinalis or gross distension of loops of bowel, thus lending support to the theory of sepsis of the portal venous system by gas‐producing organisms.

The primary clostridial pneumonia in the patient suffering from acute myeloid leukaemia was diagnosed at autopsy. This was characterized radiographically by dense consolidation of the right upper lobe, which within 18 hours progressed to widespread abscess formation.
ORVID: A New System for On‐line Application of a Computer in the Radiodiagnostic Department
Authors: Schaefer P. , Koeppe P.
Published: March 2008

ORVID automates the reporting in radiology in such a way that it delivers complete findings quickly and without delay in clear text. At the same time all information is automatically coded and stored for later use. ORVID enables us to

send the report to the ward or give it to the patient in much shorter time;

store each report by means of a patient's identification number for future reference and/or duplication; and

carry out any statistical investigation with the stored information.

The system ORVID has been considered as part of a general hospital information system supplying the needs of the Department of Diagnostic Radiology. Moreover, the system can be used in other fields of medicine as well.

ORVID needs as input/output unit a video‐display with an alpha‐numeric keyboard and a printer for the processed reports. The use of these units calls for an electronic computer equipped with an on‐line real time operating system.
Paraquat and the Lung
Authors: Anderson C. G.
Published: March 2008

Summary

A man of 37 who swallowed two mouthfuls of Paraquat developed pulmonary fibrosis within 18 months in a previously normal chest. It is suggested that the fibrosis was induced by Paraquat.
Thanatophoric Dwarfism A Case Report
Authors: Callaghan K. A.
Published: March 2008

Summary

A case of thanatophoric dwarfism (a fatal form of achondroplasia) is presented. The main manifestations of the syndrome are stated, together with a description of the typical radiological features. It is recommended that detailed clinical and pathological investigation of future cases is necessary in order to ascertain aetiology and mode of inheritance. Recognition of the X‐ray changes in utero is possible and may be of benefit to the obstetrician in the event of obstetric difficulties at delivery.
Principles of Management Applied to a Diagnostic X‐Ray Department
Authors: Tucker W. G. S.
Published: March 2008

Some aspects of modern Industrial Engineering techniques, systems analysis and management principles are discussed. Included are some of the efforts of one department at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital to tidy up its shop. We certainly do not pretend to have solved all our management problems but in a small way have made a start.
Radiology in Pseudomembranous Colitis*
Authors: Sherbon K. J.
Published: March 2008

Three cases of pseudomembranous colitis are described and the barium enema findings reviewed.

That this disease can sometimes occur as a relatively mild, self‐limiting condition is stressed
Congenital Unilateral Absence of a Pulmonary Artery
Authors: Sage Michael R. , Brown J. Howard
Published: March 2008

Two cases of isolated unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery and one case of unilateral hypoplasia of a pulmonary artery are reported. The embryology, clinical features and radiological findings are discussed. In particular, the importance of the plain chest radiograph in the diagnosis is stressed. The interesting finding, on barium swallow, of pseudodiverticula of the oesophagus due to extrinsic pressure produced by anastomotic vessels is described for the first time.
Cholangiographic Excretion Studies: Hypertonic Biligrafin Infusion
Authors: Benness G. T. , Soschko M.
Published: March 2008

A series of matched studies of Biligrafin and bile salt infusion on dogs are reported with isotonic and hypertonic dextrose. Rapid hypertonic infusion produced a lower bile flow rate and higher bile Biligrafin concentration without altering the Biligrafin output. In accordance with previous work it is suggested that this is due to an osmotic effect on plasma and bile.
The Role of Diagnostic Radiology Including Lymphography in Malignant Lymphomas
Authors: Ohtake Hisashi , Matsuoka Shoji , Oikawa Masaru , Suzuki Toshihiko , Syo Tetsuhiro , Toda Hiroshi , Sugiyama Takeo
Published: March 2008

Among the applications of diagnostic radiology in malignant lymphoma, G.I. examination and lymphography have been discussed. It is extremely important to accurately evaluate the extent of the lesion by use of radioisotopes as well as other X‐ray studies.

Since the disease is characterised by a high radiosensitivity, adequate radiation therapy should result in some healing and a prolongation of life even in advanced cases.

Diagnosis and treatment are quite intimately related in this disease.
Radioisotopic Assessment on Development of Radiation Pneumonitis and Fibrosis
Authors: Shinohara Shinji , Arikawa Kenzo
Published: March 2008

For a prospective study of earlier detection of radiation pneumonitis than by chest radiography, the sequential pulmonary arterial perfusion rate in irradiated upper lung regions was investigated with patients who received incidental pulmonary irradiation for post‐operative cobalt 60 teletherapy of breast cancer.
Left Ventricular Cineangiocardiography in Endocardial Cushion Defect
Authors: Brandt Peter W. T. , Clarkson Patricia M. , Neutze John M. , Boves Brian G. Barratt
Published: March 2008

The diagnostic features by which endocardial cushion defects may be recognised at left ventricular cineangiocardiography in oblique projections are presented and the criteria which may be used to assess the importance of an inter‐ventricular component of the defect are described. The general diagnosis of endocardial cushion defect is indicated with accuracy and no false positives or false negatives have been encountered. The method has also been accurate in distinguishing the complete form of the defect (with large interventricular component) from the partial form (without significant interventricular communication). The intermediate form (with small interventricular component) was mistaken for the complete form of the defect in one instance, but in 18 further patients in whom a definitive anatomical assessment was available the radiological assessment was accurate.
Mammography in Singapore*
Authors: Khoo F. Y. , Chia K. B. , Vaithilingam K.
Published: March 2008

An analysis is made of 223 cases of mammography seen in the Outram Road General Hospital, Singapore, from October 1967 to May 1971. All cases had histological confirmation.

There were 90 (40‐36%) cases of carcinoma. The mammographic diagnosis, when combined with clinical examination, was 93% correct. The diagnosis based on the reading of mammograms alone was 71 % correct. Calcification in carcinoma occurred in 27% of cases, but only 11 % showed fine sand‐like calcifications. The skin was thickened in 22% of cases.

There were 56 cases (25‐11%) of fibroadenoma. The accuracy of mammography taken in conjunction with clinical findings was 32%; mammography alone gave a 30% accuracy. Calcification was seen in 11 % of cases.

Forty cases (17–94%) of mammary dysplasia were seen. Mammography in association with clinical examination was 32% correct; mammography alone was 30% correct. Thus the accuracy rates for both fibroadenoma and for mammary dysplasia were much lower than for carcinoma.

An assortment of other non‐malignant conditions numbered 37 cases (16–59%). The accuracy rate was the lowest for this group, coming to 16% when mammography was combined with clinical examination, and only 8% when mammograms alone were read.

Approximately 20% of all non‐malignant conditions were incorrectly interpreted as carcinoma from mammograms.

Mammography is found to be a useful procedure in the detection of cancer of the breast in Asian women. Unpublished data from the Singapore Cancer Registry shows that cancer of the breast is the commonest malignant tumour in the female. It is therefore anticipated that mammography will be increasingly employed in the developing countries of South‐East Asia in the years to come.
The Significance of a Blocked Bronchus in the Assessment of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Authors: Rowlands J. B. , Hare W. S. C.
Published: March 2008

80 cases with blocked bronchi, demonstrated bronchographically, have been reviewed. A high degree of association with bronchogenic carcinoma has been demonstrated but, contrary to the findings of other workers, bronchial occlusion due to non‐neoplastic causes was relatively frequent. In the present series a blocked bronchus was due to carcinoma in 88% of patients who were smokers over the age of 45 years. Bronchography features highly suggestive of carcinoma are reviewed and a “flooding technique”, which is described, is advocated in the performance of the examination. It is strongly recommended that bronchography precede bronchoscopy for this latter investigation to be fully effective.

In the centres where bronchography has been widely employed in the assessment of bronchogenic carcinoma, the discovery of a blocked bronchus has been accorded great diagnostic significance. For example, one study of 1,408 bronchograms showed a blocked bronchus in 89% of 236 histologically proven lung cancers and only 3 false positive cases (Wilt et al., 1959). Similarly, in a review of 262 bronchograms a blocked bronchus was associated with bronchogenic carcinoma in 94.2% of a series which contained 97 proven cases of carcinoma (Rinker et al., 1968).

The first objective of this paper is to review the experience of the Royal Melbourne Hospital with the so‐called “block bronchus sign” over recent years and to assess its significance in the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma.

Furthermore, it has been pointed out that, whereas respiratory movement plays a large part in the filling of normal bronchi with contrast medium, a bronchus involved by carcinoma loses its flexibility and distensibility and:an fill only by gravity (Molnar and Riebel, 1964). In recognition of this assertion, a technique of bronchography in which the bronchi 3n the side of the lesion are flooded with contrast medium has been used for at least 10 years at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and a nigh degree of significance has been attached to the finding of a blocked bronchus (Hare and Bennett, 1962).

The second objective of this paper is to evaluate the contribution made by the “flooding” technique of bronchography.
Three Cases of Hepatoma
Authors: Harding W. R.
Published: March 2008

Three cases of primary neoplasm of the liver are presented. The first patient, with a tumour mass in the right lobe, showed a small area of calcification within the tumour.

The second patient, with a tumour in the left lobe showed radiological features simulating enlargement of the spleen.

A third patient, whose tumour was discovered at post‐mortem is presented briefly.

Evaluation of the pattern of liver calcification in the diagnosis of hepatoma is stressed and the role of Alpha‐fetoprotein estimation is also discussed.
Tonsilloliths—A Common Cause Of Pharyngeal Calcification
Authors: Thomas D. P.
Published: March 2008

Tonsilloliths are a common cause of calcification in the pharynx, but there is a general lack of awareness of this entity among radiologists. Now that surgery for recurrent tonsillitis is less common, it is likely that the condition will be recognised more frequently, though the administration of antibiotics may alter the natural history of the disease. They can be distinguished from other more important causes of calcification in this area by demonstrating their typical location in standard radiographic projections.
The Recognition and Incidence of Splenic Artery Anemysms
Authors: Kreel Louis
Published: March 2008

275 spleens were examined by an initial plain film and then after injections of a slightly diluted water‐barium suspension. Of these specimens, 250 were normal size spleens and 25 enlarged. Splenic artery aneurysms were common and the vast majority had been asymptomatic. They commonly occurred at bifurcations and were commonly calcified. They were well embedded in the peri‐pancreatic or splenic hilar tissue and were not visible unless very large or the artery was dissected free from this surrounding tissue.

The small splenic artery aneurysms are particularly common in elderly females and associated with arterial disease in the other branches of the splenic artery. In normal sized spleens intrasplenic aneurysms were not found, whereas intrasplenic aneurysms are common in enlarged spleens, particularly in markedly enlarged spleens associated with liver cirrhosis. Splenic artery aneurysms of the extrasplenic arteries are also commonly found to be associated with markedly enlarged spleens. The sex and age incidence of splenic artery aneurysms in the presence of splenic enlargement and/or liver cirrhosis differs markedly from that in the cases with normal sized spleens. In this group the sex incidence is about equal, and aneurysms occur most frequently in the under 50 year old group, whereas in the routine post‐mortem normal sized spleens, aneurysms occur in those over 50 years old and predominantly females.

The injection of contrast material and the subsequent visualisation of the arterial pattern on a radiograph is an effective method of demonstrating these lesions. Moreover, the intrasplenic aneurysms will be completely missed unless an injection technique is used.
The Recognition and Incidence of Splenic Artery Aneurysms
Authors: Kreel Louis
Published: March 2008

Calcified splenic artery aneurysms will be frequently detected if there is an awareness of their radiographic appearances. These calcified aneurysms occur most frequently in elderly females over the age of 50 years and in patients with liver disease. They may appear as large, multiple, overlapping curvilinear ring and ovoid shadows in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen at the level of D.12/L.1, or as single ring shadows anywhere along the line of the splenic artery.

These shadows frequently represent completely calcified, thrombosed splenic artery aneurysms. They may also appear as smaller (0.5 cm) round shadows more heavily calcified within. These occur near the hilum of the spleen. It is estimated that these appearances will be found in approximately 2.5% of females over the age of 50 years. Calcified aneurysms are also found in patients with liver disease over the age of 50 years. These calcified aneurysms are almost always asymptomatic and benign and require no further treatment or investigation unless left upper quadrant pain is present.
The Early Nephrogram as a Routine Film in Intravenous Urography
Authors: Patton Irmgard , Trenwith Bryan
Published: March 2008

A study has been made of the early nephrogram in a series of 200 unselected patients referred for intravenous urography. This film was taken as soon as possible after the rapid intravenous injection of a large dose of contrast medium through a wide‐bore needle. The superior density of the early nephrogram enabled the complete renal outline to be defined in 89% of cases, compared with 60% on the routine urography films. The kidneys were identified despite variation in the patients' age, weight, and overlying soft tissue shadows. In 37 patients observation of the initial, nephrogram provided helpful information. In 25 this was of diagnostic importance and could not be discerned on any other film. The addition of an early nephrogram to the routine for intravenous urography is recommended.
Skin Thickness in Acne
Authors: Robertson Angus
Published: March 2008

The skin thickness was measured in 21 white females with acne average age 22.1 yrs. and in 20 white females without acne average age with acne and Mr. Ray Stevens and Mr. Cook for taking the radiographs. My thanks are also due to Mrs. Tania Brown for typing and retyping the manuscript.
The Study of Dose Distribution in Radiotherapy using Three Types of Thermoluminescent Dosimeters*
Authors: Philip P. C.
Published: March 2008

Three types of commercially available thermoluminescent dosimeters have been used to study the dose distribution in a commonly employed treatment technique for the head and neck region using wedge filters. The dose distributions measured in an Alderson Rando phantom have been compared with the computed dose distributions obtained using an IBM 360 computer. Some characteristics of the phosphors have also been compared.
Variation of Exposure Rate with Field Size
Authors: Sharada Miss. K. S. , Bisht J. S. , Supe S. J.
Published: March 2008

The exposure rate for teletherapy units is expressed by the equation: D = R [k, log (A/P) + k2]

where D is the exposure rate for an arbitrary field, R, the exposure rate for a fixed field (10 times 10 cm), and k17 k2 are constants. In the present work it is attempted to verify whether the same equation holds good for different types of teletherapy units. Exposure rates are measured for different field sizes for six teletherapy units, for different SSDs.

In order to check the validity of the above model for different units, Chi‐Square test was performed for the correlation coefficient and it was found to be insignificant at 5% level. The pooled values of the correlation coefficient and that of the constants k, and k, were computed with their respective standard deviations. The pooled values of the constants k, and k., can be used for exposure rate calculations for all the types of units which were investigated.
Ewing's Tumour of Rib
Authors: Branson John
Published: March 2008

Four cases of Ewing's tumour of the rib are presented, 3 males and 1 female, all in the second decade. They all presented the typical clinical features of localised chest pain of several months' duration associated with tenderness and swelling. Radiological changes of lytic bony destruction, periosteal new bone formation best demonstrated by penetrated rib views, and a large soft tissue component would enable the diagnosis to be considered on these features alone, and appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures to be instituted.
Further Improvements in Metrizamide Myelography
Authors: KENDALL‐SMITH I. M. , READY M. J.
Published: March 2008

The authors discuss the performance of Metrizamide Myelogram in the evaluation of the lumbar spine canal. The importance of functional studies is explained and their inclusion is recommended as an integral part of all lumbar myelograms. Dilution of the contrast with movement is noted and can be partly compensated for by careful collimation. Headache is the most common side effect not worsened by using 200 mg. Iodine per ml. or by using a total dose of 3000 mg. of Iodine.
Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis
Authors: DEWEY PETER , SOUTHWELL PHILIP
Published: March 2008

Lumbar spinal stenosis is an important condition which has not been fully appreciated in the past. The diagnosis is largely clinical but radiology can materially assist its assessment. The condition often requires wide surgical decompression which produces a high rate of symptomatic relief. Intermittent claudication is a relatively common symptom in spinal canal stenosis and a careful clinical appraisal is required to distinguish it from claudication of arterial insufficiency.
Pulmonary Torulosis in the Northern Territory Radiological Appearances
Authors: BATESON ERIC M.
Published: March 2008

A radiological series of nine cases of pulmonary torulosis from Darwin Hospital and the Northern Territory of Australia is presented. The common radiological appearance is that of a solitary circumscribed lung opacity and therefore the radiological differentiation is from other lesions of this radiological type. The relatively young age and aboriginal race of most patients and the frequent presence of concomitant meningitis are important factors in the diagnosis of a pulmonary toruloma.
Non‐Operative Removal of Retained Gall Stones Experience in Flinders Medical Centre
Authors: FON G. T. , GOLDIN A. R. , THOMSON K. R.
Published: March 2008

The use of the Burhenne chatheter for the successful removal of retained gall stones in six (6) patients is reported. All the stones were removed, some of which were fragmented in the process. The technique is simple and is done on an outpatient basis without premedication or anaesthesia, It may be repeated as often as necessary.
Endobronchial Lipoma
Authors: VINE HUGH S. , BEREZIN ANDREW F. , LEEMING BRIAN W. A.
Published: March 2008

Endobronchial lipomas are relatively rare with approximately 40 reported in the English literature. Patients may present with wheezing, persistent cough or a history of recurrent pneumonia. The chest radiograph usually will demonstrate collapse, occasionally with associated consolidation distal to the lesion. Our case demonstrates the classic roentgenographic findings and represents only the second case of an endobronchial lipoma in the bronchus intermedins.
Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia and Colo‐Rectal Carcinoma
Authors: YOONG PAUL , HOUSE ROBERT
Published: March 2008

Two cases of colo‐rectal carcinoma with prominent nodular lymphoid hyperplasia in adjacent bowel are presented. The normal incidence and associated conditions are discussed.
Diagnosis of Cholelithiasis: Comparison between Oral Cholecystography and Ultrasonography
Authors: LAU S. W. L.
Published: March 2008

Overseas experience indicated that both oral cholecystography (OCG) and ultrasonic cholecystography (UCG) are equally accurate for the diagnosis of gall stones. The purpose of our study was to assess the local accuracy of these two modalities in a busy teaching hospital where both examinations were frequently requested on a patient suspected of suffering from gall stones. Our study agreed with the overseas experience that both modalities are equally reliable. A protocol was evolved, based on consideration of convenience to patients, availability of equipment, and utilization of time of trained operators. Oral cholecystography is performed on the initial examination, with early recourse to ultrasound whenever the first dose cholecystogram does not provide a definitive diagnosis. Careful integration of the two modalities is necessary if hard‐pressed diagnostic facilities are to be used efficiently. Patients also benefit by requiring fewer visits to hospital.
Unclassified Demineralising Bone Disease in an 8 Years Old Girl: Report of a Case
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K. , BITTNER K.
Published: March 2008

A case of an 8 years old girl with an unusual osteoporotic syndrome is reported. The disease is different from the three main osteoporotic diseases in childhood — osteogenesis imperfecta, hypophosphataemic rickets and idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. No chronic disorder which could explain the bone disease was found.
Primary Suppurative Myositis
Authors: BROADFOOT E. , CHAITOW J.
Published: March 2008

Primary suppurative myositis in children is uncommon in temperate climates. Two cases of primary psoas abscess are described where C.T. was of considerable value in establishing the diagnosis.
Hypophosphataemic Vitamin D‐resistant Rickets — a Cause of Spinal Stenosis in Adults
Authors: MASEL J. P. , CARTWRIGHT D. W. , LATHAM S. C.
Published: March 2008

Hypophosphataemic Vitamin D‐resistant rickets causes spinal stenosis by interference with normal growth as well as by the development of abnormal bony and osteoid masses in the canal. There is a highly significant incidence of spinal stenosis in adults with this disease and the more severely affected patients develop serious clinical problems.

There is a constant radiological appearance, with narrowing in the lower lumbar canal, large articular processes and local scoliosis. Other changes seen are osteophytes and bony sclerosis.

Careful clinical and possibly ultrasound follow‐up studes are indicated, with radiological studies for symptomatic patients.
A Radiotherapeutie Technique for Early Retinoblastoma
Authors: MEAD K. W.
Published: March 2008

A technique for the treatment of retinoblastoma is described which provides for lens shielding while treating the whole retina. The outcome in five patients so treated is described.
The Use of ‘Shadow’ Shields for Corneal Protection during Cerebral Angiography
Authors: COLE S. M. , HENSON P. W. , ApSIMON H. T.
Published: March 2008

The use and benefits of a corneal shield specifically designed for use in cerebral angiography is discussed. It is shown that up to 70% reduction in dose may be achieved to the cornea on the ipsilateral side without loss of diagnostic information unless the suspected pathology lies within the eye, the orbit or the anterior fossa of the temporal lobe.
Computerised Tomography in Tuberculous Addison's Disease – A Case Report
Authors: PERRY M. C. , EASON R. J. , CROXSON M. S.
Published: March 2008

The demonstration that Addison's disease has a tuberculous aetiology has important therapeutic implications. While conventional radiographic methods of demonstrating this disease are often unhelpful, computerised tomography is an excellent technique for demonstrating the morphology of normal and abnormal adrenal glands. This report describes the important contribution computerised tomography played in the diagnosis of a case of tuberculous Addison's disease.
Multifocal, Chronic, Nonstaphylococcal Osteomyelitis in Children (Report of Four Cases – Aspergillosis, Klebsiella, Tuberculosis
Authors: DIARD F. , KOZLOWSKI K. , MASEL J. , MARC J.
Published: March 2008

Four cases of multifocal, non‐staphylococcal osteomyelitis are reported. The organisms recovered were aspergillus and serratia in one patient and Klebsiella in two patients. In the fourth patient no organisms were recovered but the diagnosis of tuberculosis was established on the bases of radiographic, clinical and laboratory data and a therapeutic test.

A non‐staphylococcal aetiology should be suspected in all cases of osteomyelitis with unusual radiographic appearances.
Omphalocele, Hernia of the Umbilical Cord and Gastroschisis
Authors: VERCO P. W.
Published: March 2008

During the four years previous to 1983, seven foetuses with hernia into the umbilical cord, omphalocele or gastroschisis were encountered.

It is not considered possible to distinguish between minor omphalocele and hernia into the umbilical cord using high resolution ultrasound equipment, nor is it necessary, because of the good prognosis and low incidence of associated malformations.

Conversely, omphalocele major tends to occur in the epigastric and hypogastric regions, and has a high incidence of associated malformations, with a poor prognosis, and may be difficult to recognise.
Successful Surgical Treatment of Malignant Hypertension due to Metastatic Seminoma
Authors: KEARSLEY J. H. , WAUGH R. , DONOVAN J. K.
Published: March 2008

We report the case of a 39 year old man with recent onset of malignant hypertension due to renal artery compression by seminoma. The only testicular abnormality was a small area of scar tissue, which may have represented spontaneous primary tumour regression. Tumour excision and nephrectomy returned the patient's blood pressure to normal limits.
A Review of Low Intensity Bioeffects and Their Relation to B‐Mode Ultrasonic Imaging
Authors: BARNETT S. B. , KOSSOFF G.
Published: March 2008

Reports of biological effects following insona tion with B‐mode equipment are compared anc put into perspective with respect to the dosage employed in diagnostic ultrasound examinations Cellular changes have been observed in vitro following irradiation with diagnostic intensities but where the duration of insonation of a fixed tissue target was extended. A small increase in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges was reported after insonation for 7.5 minutes with a stationary real time transducer. In B‐mode imaging the transducer scans the examined tissue and an equivalent single point exposure would be achieved by repeating 560 simple scans of the same plane. In similar studies by the authors this bioeffect occurred only at greatly increased total energy exposure, resulting from an increase in both the energy content within each pulse and the duration of insonation of a fixed target. Further research is required to determine whether the dosage relationship is linear producing the same effect if a constant total amount of energy is distributed in a varying time relationship.
The Role of Computed Tomography in the Management of Pineal Area Tumors
Authors: ABU‐YOUSEF MONZER , HITCHON PATRICK J.
Published: March 2008

Eleven patients with pathology‐proven pineal area tumors were evaluated by computed tomography (CT) before and after treatment. There were 3 germinomas, 3 gliomas, 2 metastases, and 1 each of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, epidermoid tumor, and neuroblastoma. An accurate CT diagnosis was made in 9 of the 11 cases (82%). Although CT findings are not pathognomonic, an accurate diagnosis is possible in most cases if the CT information is combined with the age, sex, clinical findings, and, in some patients, tumor response to irradiation. CT, a noninvasive procedure, can help in evaluating the effects of various treatment modalities on pineal tumors.
Comparison of Blood‐Brain Barrier Disruption in the Rabbit Following Intracarotid Iopamidol and Methylglueamine Iothalamate
Authors: WYCHERLEY ALLAN G. , WILCOX JOHN , SAGE MICHAEL R.
Published: March 2008

This paper compares the effect of intracarotid injections of non‐ionic iopatnidol, and ionic methylglucamine iothaiamate (Conray 280), a commonly used angiographic agent. Both compounds were injected at a concentration of 280mgl/ml in rabbits. A series of studies was also performed in which the intracarotid injection was physiological saline. Control studies received no intracarotid injection.

Disruption of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) was assessed both qualitatively by Evans' Blue staining and quantitatively by comparing the uptake of 99m‐pertechnetate in the injected hemisphere with that of the non‐injected control hemisphere. These differences were expressed as a ratio of cpm/ml blood to cpm/gm brain tissue.

It was found that Evans' Blue staining, although variable, occurred in every study with methylglucamine iothaiamate whereas slight staining occurred in only one of the iopamidol studies. No staining was seen in studies with physiological saline or control studies.

Mean quantitative results for each series of studies were compared by Student's t‐test. It was found that methylglucamine iothaiamate caused significantly more BBB breakdown than iopamidol (p < 0.01).
Persistent Trigeminal Artery and Multiple Aneurysms:Case Report
Authors: TRAN–DINH HOANG , MOWAT PAUL , JAYASINGH LACKMAN S.
Published: March 2008

A rare case of persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) associated with multiple intracranial aneurysms is reported. The PTA is located on the right side and the aneurysms are on the left: one arising from the internal carotid artery, the other from the anterior communicating artery.
Erdheim‐Chester Disease with Bilateral Exophthalmus and Liver Cell Adenoma
Authors: PALMER F.J. , TALLEY N.J.
Published: March 2008

A patient with radiological and histological features of Erdheim‐Chester disease is described. The typical bone changes are present together with congenital megacalyces, retroperitoneal xanthogranuloma and interstitial pulmonary infiltration; all of which have previously been associated with this disorder. In addition the patient had bilateral exophthalmos and a liver cell adenoma.
Degenerative Diseases of the Spine
Authors: KERR ROGER , RESNICK DONALD
Published: March 2008

The spine may be involved by a variety of degenerative processes which demonstrate characteristic radiographic manifestations. Intervertebral osteochondrosis is associated with “vacuum” phenomena, disk space narrowing and vertebral sclerosis; spondylosis deformans is associated with osteophytosis; osteoarthritis manifests as joint space narrowing, bony sclerosis and hypertrophy, and rarely osseous fusion; ligamentous degeneration may be associated with calcification and ossification. Although any one degenerative process may exist as an isolated phenomenon, these processes often coexist; degenerative change or altered stress at one articulation of the spine frequently produces abnormal stress and associated degenerative changes at an adjacent articulation.

DISH and OPLL are disorders of uncertain etiology characterized by ligamentous calcification or ossification; in addition, DISH shares many features with spondylosis deformans. An ossifying diathesis or bone‐forming tendency appears to underlie both of these disorders.

Complications which may accompany degenerative diseases of the spine include abnormalities of vertebral alignment, intervertebral discal protrusions, and spinal stenosis.
Supine Pneumothoraces in Adults
Authors: GIUFFRE BRUNO
Published: March 2008

Pneumothoraces in supine patients may be evidenced by many signs – some specific, if uncommon. Occasionally, the normal distribution of intrapleural air is altered. Confirmatory views may be necessary and the supine oblique is an underused but useful film.

The radiological signs of a supine pneumothorax, the factors modifying these signs and useful confirmatory views are presented. Common signs include lower zone lucency, a deep lateral sulcus, a visible anterior costophrenic sulcus and paramediastinal or paradiaphrag‐matic air. Specific but uncommon signs are interlobar air and a change in appearance of epicardial fat pads. The signs may be modified – especially by pleural adhesions. An oblique beam view with the patient supine may be very useful to confirm a pneumothorax.
Marginal Artery of Drummond in Aorto‐arteritis
Authors: GUPTA S. K. , AGRAWAL A. K. , SHARMA O. P. , SRIVASTAVA ARVIND
Published: March 2008

Eight cases of aorto‐arteritis with narrowing of the abdominal aorta showed a marginal artery of Drummond on aortography. There was no case with clinical evidence of abdominal angina. In six cases there was occlusion or narrowing of the superior mesenteric artery with flow of blood in the marginal artery from the inferior to the superior mesenteric artery and these patients also had hypertension resulting from involvement of renal artery/arteries. The other two patients with involvement of the inferior mesenteric artery, showed the marginal artery being filled from the superior mesenteric artery and were normotensive since there was no renal artery involvement. There were only four patients in whom the aortic arch or its branches were also involved. Two patients had evidence of active pulmonary tuberculosis.
Measurement of Proptosis (Exophthalmos) by Computerised Tomography
Authors: GIBSON ROBIN D.
Published: March 2008

As computerised tomography is now accepted as a method of choice for the investigation of suspected orbital masses, measurement of the degree of proptosis (exophthalmos) should be useful in assessing response to therapy.

Review of a number of orbital CT scans (GE 8800) revealed that both scanning and measuring techniques must be standardised to obtain consistent results.

The following requirements must be met:

The plane of the scan must be parallel to the plane passing through the optic nerve head and lens, i.e. 15 degrees cephalad to the orbitmeatal line.

The eyelids must be open, with the patient looking straight ahead.

Window levels must be set appropriately when the measurements are made, i.e. +500 HU for the corneal surfaces.

A line between the bony lateral orbital margins is drawn on the slice containing the optic nerve head and lens, and the distance of the cornea in front of this line is measured.

When the radiographic criteria are met, proptosis can be measured with accuracy of 0.8 mm.
Reversal of Changes in Cronkhite ‐ Canada Syndrome
Authors: DOYLE TERENCE , JARVIS ROBERT
Published: March 2008

A case of Cronkhite‐Canada Sydnrome is described, in which the signs and symptoms subsequently resolved. The nature of the disorder is outlined.
Case Report: Gastroepiploic Artery Pseudoaneurysm as a Cause of Abdominal Apoplexy. Role of CT Scanning
Authors: LAVOIPIERRE ALAIN M. , VELLAR IVO D.
Published: March 2008

Abdominal apoplexy can be a difficult condition to diagnose prior to surgery. A case is reported where intra‐abdominal bleeding resulting from a gastroepiploic artery pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed prior to operative intervention with CT Scanning including dynamic studies. The authors believe that this method of imaging does have a place in the diagnosis of suspected intra‐abdominal bleeding, and the condition and the place of CT Scanning in this instance are briefly reviewed.
The Mirizzi Syndrome: A Cause of Common Bile Duct Obstruction
Authors: PALMER F. J. , GOLDIN G. A.
Published: March 2008

Mirizzi's syndrome is the compression of the common bile duct or common hepatic duct by calculi still within the cystic duct or gallbladder neck. Anatomical factors are of prime aetiological significance in the former and the calculus size in the latter.

Diagnosis is difficult clinically and at operation and oral or intravenous cholangiography is seldom helpful. Direct cholangiography with P.T.C., E.R.C.P. or operative cholangiography usually allows the diagnosis to be established if the existence of this pathological entity is appreciated and born in mind.

This paper demonstrates six examples seen within the past two years and it would appear, therefore, not to be uncommon and a diagnosis that radiologists should be aware off and able to establish with cholangiographic techniques and in some cases, possibly, with diagnostic ultrasound.
Efficacy of Trauma X‐Rays
Authors: GULLIVER DAVID J.
Published: March 2008

A prospective survey of trauma x‐rays showed that young adults were over‐investigated radio‐logically when compared to patients at the extremes of age. Skull, spinal and chest X‐rays revealed few fractures. Cost and yield analysis indicate that a significant decrease in the number of X‐rays ordered is both desirable and feasible.
Echocardiography Diagnosis of Cardiac Tumours –Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne Experience, 1979–1983.
Authors: MENAHEM SAMUEL , RAWSON PETA
Published: March 2008

Six cardiac tumours have been detected over the preceding five year period and are reviewed. There were four left ventricular rhabdomyomas, one right ventricular myxoma and one intra‐pericardial teratoma with a malignant yolk sac component.

One patient known to have tuberous sclerosis died at home and at autopsy was discovered to have multiple left and right ventricular rhabdomyomas. The second infant had the diagnosis of a broad‐based left ventricular rhabdomyoma made on the basis of the left ventricular angiogram, has mild to moderate left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and has been treated conservatively for three and a half years. Two remaining infants with left ventricular rhabdomyomas had severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and underwent emergency excision. The infant with the right ventricular myxoma had severe right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The infant with the intra‐pericardial teratoma was moribund with cardiac compression. These two also underwent emergency excision. All four surgical cases are alive and well six months to five years after surgery.

Echocardiography has played an increasing. important role both in the diagnosis and subsequent follow‐up of these patients.
Renal Oncocytoma
Authors: GIUFFRE BRUNO M. , GULLIVER DAVID J.
Published: March 2008

Seven cases of renal oncocytoma are reported. Angiography may be suggestive. Percutaneous biopsy is not recommended. In certain situations, partial nephrectomy may be possible. Pathological assessment of the whole tumour is essential for confident diagnosis.

Oncocytomas are benign renal tumours, difficult to differentiate from Grawitz tumours. Seven cases are presented and the clinical and radiological features are reviewed. The angiographic features are occasionally helpful but are nonspecific. Percutaneous biopsy may be misleading. In certain situations partial nephrectomy is possible.
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis Presenting with Venous Obstruction: A Phlebographic and Computed Tomography Study
Authors: POSNIAK H. V. , THOMAS M. LEA
Published: March 2008

Two patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis whose initial presentation was with leg swelling are described. The findings on phlebography and computed tomography are described and the value of these two investigations discussed.
The Role of Computed Tomography and Other Imaging Modalities in Malignant Lymphoma
Authors: RICKARD M. T.
Published: March 2008

In view of the critical value of the staging of malignant lymphomas, accurate imaging of disease extent is of great importance. This accuracy can be achieved using CT scanning as the primary imaging modality, supplemented by additional imaging tests as necessary. LAG is advised only if the CT scan of the abdomen is normal. US is not recommended for routine staging because of the serious technical limitations imposed by bowel gas, especially in the pelvis. Gallium 67 citrate scanning may be useful in monitoring disease progress but its value here is not clearly defined. This area of residual disease activity may prove to be better assessed by aspiration biopsy23‐24.
Rare Forms of Chronic Osteomyelitis (Multifocal Recurrent Periostitis and Chronic Symmetric Osteomyelitis ‐ Report of 3 Cases)
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K. , HOCHBERGER O.
Published: March 2008

One case of multifocal, recurrent periostitis and two cases of symmetrical chronic osteomyelitis are reported.

Although the clinical history was confusing the radiographic changes were characteristic enough to allow recognition of these rare entities.
Fetal Lateral Ventricles in the Second Trimester
Authors: KOSSOFF GEORGE , GARRETT WILLIAM J. , WARREN PETER S. , FONDA JANES.
Published: March 2008

Modern ultrasonic equipment allows the reliable visualisation of the fetal lateral ventricles from the 12th week of amenorrhea. The size of the ventricles was measured in eighty‐eight normal pregnancies in the second trimester and forty‐six pregnancies in the third trimester. The size of the normal ventricles was observed to be significantly higher in the second trimester than the published data would suggest. Certain developmental changes were also noted including the anechoic appearances of cortical tissues which could be confused for enlarged ventricles. Clinical experience suggests that accurate measurement of ventricular size may be used to exclude as well as to detect the onset of hydrocephaly as early as 16 weeks.
Is there a Role for Radiotherapy in the Management of Testicular Non‐Seminomas?
Authors: TWER K. W. , LANGLANDS A. O.
Published: March 2008

In recent years several new treatment options have become available in the management of Stage I and II nonseminomatous tumours of the testis as a result of more accurate staging of tumour extent and the development of curative chemotherapy. In addition some Australian centres now have surgeons on staff experienced in retroperitoneal node dissection which previously has not been a widely available option. There are few randomized comparisons of competing treatment options to determine precisely their relative therapeutic efficacy and morbidity and published results of some newer options, particularly orchi‐dectomy alone in C.S. I cases, are preliminary in nature.

Despite these difficulties clinicians must select from the available options when individual patients are referred for assessment and further management following orchidectomy. It no longer seems acceptable to treat all C.S. I and II patients with post‐operative radiotherapy as a blanket policy. Some patients have a high probability of cure without adjuvant therapy while others are infrequently cured with radiotherapy alone. The routine use of retroperitoneal node dissection seems equally illogical and will result in virtually all cured patients being infertile. Administration of platinum‐containing chemotherapy following orchidectomy exposes these predominantly young men to substantial acute morbidity and psychological stress and a high risk of permanent infertility. In view of the efficacy of chemotherapy in salvaging patients who relapse its use as primary treatment in subgroups with a risk of relapse less than around 20% seems inappropriate. In groups with higher failure rates after surgery or radiotherapy it may be judged necessary especially in patients who may default from follow‐up.

The current protocol of management for these tumours at our centre based upon the above considerations is outlined in Table 9. As further data accrues these recommendations may need to be altered. While the role of radiotherapy is considerably less than in the past it remains appropriate treatment for patients with limited retroperitoneal lymph node metastases (C.S. IIA; nodes less than 2 cms.) and provides a low rate of relapse for C.S. I patients where documented conversion of serum tumour marker levels from positive to negative after orchidectomy is not available as part of clinical staging.
“The Displaced Pineal?” A Case Report
Authors: HATFIELD K.D. , SEGAL S.D.
Published: March 2008

A large subdural haematoma caused displacement of the choroid plexus. This was interpreted on the plain skull X‐rays as displaced pineal and localised to the wrong side of the head.
Embolic Control of Massive Haematobilia After Liver Biopsy
Authors: DOYLE TERENCE , TRESS BRIAN , BEGLEY GLEN
Published: March 2008

Life threatening haematobilia following liver biopsy was successfully treated by percutaneous transcatheter embolization of the right hepatic artery. Complications of liver biopsy and aspects of their treatment are discussed.
Ruptured Triceps Tendon Diagnosed Radiographically
Authors: NEWMARK HARRIS , OLKEN S. MICHAEL , HALLS JAMES
Published: March 2008

The authors present two cases involving rupture of the triceps tendon that was initially diagnosed on radiographs.

Tendon ruptures have been radiographically diagnosed before but only once by a fractured osteophyte of the triceps tendon, to our knowledge.

The first case demonstrated this while the other showed an avulsion fracture at the tendon's insertions which has been described previously (seven times) on radiographs.
Radiology of Egyptian Mummy
Authors: BLOOMFIELD J.A.
Published: March 2008

A mummy of the period 500‐300 BC was radiographed.

The upper limbs were crossed over the thorax.

The only pathology found was calcified atheroma. Multiple fractures and skeletal mutilation are attributed to artefact from embalming, and possibly re‐wrapping.

The mummy is probably genuine as these observations confirm the inscription of the coffin.

Medical radiologists should be aware of embalming artefacts.
The Empty Internal Auditory Canal
Authors: ANDERSON C.G.
Published: March 2008

The diagnosis of acoustic neuroma depends upon expansion of the internal auditory canal; two cases are described where trispiral tomography appeared to show an expanding lesion but CT demonstrated an enlarged canal containing only normal structures.

The empty pituitary fossa is well recognised. Petrous block tomography in patients referred for exclusion of acoustic neuroma has on three occasions demonstrated an apparently expanded canal, with suggestion of bone erosion, implying an expanding lesion, but C.T. with air has shown only normal structures in an otherwise empty canal.