bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Spiraled-Borehole Data by Use of a Novel Directional-Drilling Model
Authors: Marck J.. , Detournay E.. , Kuesters A.. , Wingate J..
Published: September 2014

This paper describes the application of a directional-drilling model to the phenomenon of wellbore spiraling and compares its predictions with field data. The spiraling tendency of a bottomhole assembly (BHA) is determined from a stability analysis of the delay differential equations (DDEs) that govern the propagation of a borehole. These propagation equations are derived from a novel mathematical model, constructed by combining a bit/rock-interaction law, which relates the force and moment acting on the bit to its penetrations per revolution through the rock; kinematic relationships, which link the bit motion to the local borehole geometry; and a model for the BHA, which expresses the force and moment at the bit as a function of the external loads and the deflection imposed by the stabilizers. Spatial delays, associated with the positions of the stabilizers, account for the feedback of the borehole geometry as the stabilizers interact with the wellbore.

The analytical form of the propagation equations makes it possible to perform a stability analysis and determine whether borehole spiraling is expected. The coefficients of the propagation equations embody the characteristics of a particular drilling system; these include the BHA configuration, bit properties, and the active weight Wa, a reduced downhole weight on bit (WOB) that depends on the actual downhole WOB, the state of wear of the bit, and the rock strength. If the bit trajectory is unstable, then any perturbation in the borehole geometry is amplified gradually, eventually leading to the generation of a spiraled hole.

The stability of the bit trajectory essentially is controlled by the magnitude of a dimensionless group, a function of the lateral-steering resistance of the bit, the active weight, and properties of the BHA, relative to a critical value that depends only on the BHA configuration.

Predictions of the stability analysis are compared with field data from spiral holes pertaining to eight sections from four wells drilled with different bit types and BHA configurations. The paper shows that the propensity of a BHA to spiral can be estimated by the model by assuming reasonable values for parameters such as the lateral-steering resistance and the part of the WOB transmitted by the cutter wear flats. This ability means that the model can be used to optimize BHA designs and determine critical WOB levels, both of which will mitigate the creation of spiraled holes.
Stability and deactivation research of RuO2-PdO/Ti electrode in dye water degradation
Authors: Du Lin , Wu Jin , Li Guiying , Hu Changwei
Published: September 2014

RuO2-PdO/Ti electrode was prepared and used for the electro-catalytic degradation of Active Red K-2BP. It was found that the electrode was very stable in the process. A discoloration rate of 96.2% could still be achieved on the electrode after being used for 100 runs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy characterizations of the electrode were carried out. Results showed that the deactivation of the electrode was caused by the reconstruction and oxidation of titanium substrate as well as by the coverage of the active phases on the surface of the electrode by silicon. The cracks on the coating layer also contributed to the deactivation.
Postoperative Development of Bone Mineral Density and Muscle Strength in the Lower Limb After Cemented and Uncemented Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Lindner Tobias , Krüger Christine , Kasch Cornelius , Finze Susanne , Steens Wolfram , Mittelmeier Wolfram , Skripitz Ralf
Published: September 2014

Background :

Numerous studies have shown reduction of periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD) after hip replacement. The effect on the whole limb, however, is still unexplored. This study’s objective was to analyse the postoperative development of BMD and muscle strength of the limb after total hip replacement (THR) and to determine links between these parameters.

Methods :

55 patients, who underwent THR, were included. Depending on therapeutic indication, either an uncemented stem (Group A, n=30) or a cemented stem (Group B, n=25) has been implanted. In the limbs, the measurement of BMD using DEXA and the maximum isometric muscle strength, detected by a leg press, were undertaken preoperatively and after 3, 6 and 12 months.

Results :

A total of 12 patients (Group A: n = 6, Group B: n = 6) were excluded due to reasons which were not relevant to the study. So, the results refer to the data of 43 patients. In Group A (uncemented, n = 24), a significant decrease of BMD on the operated extremity was seen after 3, 6 and 12 months compared with preoperative values. Isometric muscle strength on the affected extremity increased significantly after 6 and 12 months. In Group B (cemented, n = 19), with a lower baseline compared to group A, an increase in BMD of the affected limb was seen postoperatively. This rise was significant after 12 months. With regard to the isometric muscle strength, a significant increase could be observed in this group after 6 and 12 months.

Conclusion :

Analogous to postoperative reduction of periprosthetic bone density, a decrease of the entire limb BMD on the operated leg occurred after implantation of uncemented hip stems. In contrast, an increase in BMD was recorded for cemented stems. Regardless of the type of anchoring, a substantial increase in muscular strength could be observed postoperatively in both groups.
Evaluation of a Parenting Skills Program in Russia
Authors: MacKinnon Lee
Published: September 2014

This article analyzes participant interviews and the photovoice project of 15 young disadvantaged mothers in Pskov, Russia. The women's statements and photovoice were part of a formative evaluation of the Pskov Positive Parenting Program, designed by the University of Massachusetts Institute for Global Health (IGH) and funded by USAID. The evaluation revealed that the Program met its goal of helping the women learn sensitive caregiving behaviors. The mothers emphasized that the Program met their need for social connection. The young mothers' participation in the positive social network of the group may have been a key ingredient to the Program's success and may have implications for the design of parenting programs cross-culturally.
Stimulating Dialogue: Measuring Success of the “Smoke Free Horry” Campaign
Authors: Anderson Christina , Holody Kyle J.
Published: September 2014

Smoke Free Horry was an anti-secondhand smoke media campaign that ran in Horry County, South Carolina in 2011 and 2012. The present study assessed the campaign's ability to stimulate interpersonal dialogue about the campaign—specifically its four television public service announcements (PSAs)—as well as about other smoking-related topics, among a sample of 285 Horry County young adults. Survey data suggested talking about anti-smoking PSAs was related to subsequent discussion about smoking-related topics and positive perceptions of the campaign's effectiveness. PSAs using emotional appeals and that discussed the negative health effects of smoking/secondhand smoke were related to the most interpersonal discussions about smoking, secondhand smoking, and smoking bans. Implications for future anti-smoking campaign design are discussed.
Cultural Relevance of Physical Activity Intervention Research with Underrepresented Populations
Authors: Conn Vicki S. , Chan Keith , Banks Joanne , Ruppar Todd M. , Scharff Jane
Published: September 2014

This article describes cultural relevance in physical activity intervention research with underrepresented populations. Seventy-one extant studies which tested interventions to increase physical activity among underrepresented adults were included. Verbatim descriptions of efforts to enhance cultural relevance of study designs and interventions were extracted and then content analyzed. We found strategies to enhance cultural relevance of interventions as soliciting input from population members, linking intervention content with values, addressing language and literacy challenges, incorporating population media figures, using culturally relevant forms of physical activity, and addressing specific population linked barriers to activity. Methodological approaches included specialized recruitment and study locations, culturally relevant measures, underrepresented personnel, and cost-awareness study procedures to prevent fiscal barriers to participation. Most reported activities were surface matching. Existing research neither compared the effectiveness of cultural relevance approaches to standardized interventions nor addressed economic, education, geographic, or cultural heterogeneity among groups.
Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activities of Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes of a quinazoline-4(3H)-one Schiff base
Authors: Brahman Dhiraj , Sinha Biswajit
Published: September 2014

Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes of a Schiff base derived from quinazoline-4(3H)
one and 2-formylphenoxy acetic acid were prepared and characterized by
elemental and different spectroscopic (IR, UV-Visible and NMR) analyses. The
elemental analysis indicated the formation of the complexes: [ML(AcO)].H2O,
where M stands for Zn(II) and Cd(II) and L stands for quinazoline-4(3H)-one
Schiff base. The molar conductivities of the prepared complexes revealed
their non-electrolytic nature. The complexes were also investigated for their
antimicrobial activities by using turbidometric assay method.
Psychosocial aspects of strabismus
Authors: Jablan Branka , Vucinic Vesna , Eskirovic Branka , Ljutica Milorad
Published: September 2014

Binocular vision is characterized by a harmonious relation between sensory
and motor systems of both eyes. This relation enables directing visual axes
toward the observed object simultaneously, fusing images from two eyes, and
the sense of threedimensionality. Motility and binocular vision disorders
occur in manifest and latent strabismus. The irregular position of eyes in
strabismus is perceived by most people as an esthetic defect. Also,
psychosocial consequences and the importance of treating strabismus are very
superficially explained in this context. Bearing in mind the results of
recent researches, which indicate that individuals of all ages with
strabismus face different difficulties in psychosocial functioning, we
believe that this issue in our surroundings should be dealt with. Strabismus
leads to forming prejudices which usually have a negative impact on
socialization and employment opportunities. Timely treatment of strabismus
has a positive influence on the functionality of binocular vision, building
self-esteem and self-satisfaction, being accepted by typically developing
population, the quality and quantity of social interaction. The aim of this
paper is to present the relation between strabismus and psychosocial
reactions with regard to the available literature.
Detection of circulating antigens in serum samples of mice experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis by a sandwich ELISA based on IgY
Authors: Jing F. , Cui J. , Liu R. , Liu L. , Jiang P. , Wang Z.
Published: September 2014

In the present study, a sandwich ELISA based on IgY (egg yolk immunoglobulin) was developed for detection of circulating antigens (CAg) in sere of mice experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis. The IgY-sandwich ELISA assay involved the use of chicken antibody IgY against excretory-secretory (ES) antigens of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae as a capture antibody and mouse polyclonal antibody IgG to ES antigens as a detecting antibody. This method was able to detect as little as 3 ng/ml of ES antigens added to normal mouse serum. A group of sixteen mice was orally inoculated with 500 T. spiralis muscle larvae per animal. The serum samples from the infected mice were taken during 1–35 days post-infection (dpi). The CAg was detectable as early as 8 dpi in the sera of infected mice. The level of CAg increased dramatically during 13–15 dpi and reached a peak at 22 dpi and remained a plateau for 3 days, then declined gradually. Another peak of CAg occurred at 31 dpi. The anti-Trichinella antibodies was first detected in 14.3 % of the infected mice at 2 weeks post-infection (wpi), and reached a peak positive rate of 100 % at 5 wpi. Moreover, the infected mice were treated with abendazole at 5 wpi and the serum CAg levels increased significantly during 2–6 days posttreatment (dpt) and then declined rapidly during 8–14 dpt. By 42 dpt, the CAg levels decreased to the undetected level, but the detection rate of antibodies was still 100 %. The IgY-sandwich ELISA appears to be a sensitive for detection of antigenemia of T. spiralis and valuable to judge the efficacy of chemotherapy in trichinellosis.
Severe granulomatous gastric lesions following migration of Spiroxys contortus larvae (Nematoda: Spirurida) in European pond turtles, Emys orbicularis
Authors: Miclăuş V. , Gal A. , Cătoi C. , Mihalca A.
Published: September 2014

The European pond turtle gradually disappeared from most of its range due to various factors. Hence, conservation measures are of main concern in all European countries where it is still present. A decent methodology for assessing the effect of parasites on the health of wildlife is microscopic lesion description. In 2002–2007, eight Emys orbicularis were brought for necropsy. The presence of gastric nematodes, identified as adults and larval Spiroxys contortus was noticed in all the turtles. A discrete cellular infiltrate with mononuclear cells and eosinophils was noticed in the gastric mucosa. The most prominent lesions were severe granulomas with or without degenerated larval structures. Some of the granulomas presented a central area of coagulation necrosis surrounded by giant cells, epithelioid cells and macrophages. In mature granulomas, the cluster of macrophage cell line and necrosis were surrounded by a fibrous capsule. Vascular cuffs, hyperemia, edema and venous ectasia were also present.
Posterior parietal cortex and visuospatial control in near and far space
Authors: Mahayana Indra , Hartono  , Tcheang Lili , Chen Chiao-Yun , Juan Chi-Hung , Muggleton Neil
Published: September 2014

Neuropsychological studies of patients with visuospatial neglect have shown differences in perceptual deficits for information in near space (i.e. near to the body) and information in far space. It has been suggested that among the many areas of the human brain, a number of areas are associated with a set of spatial maps specialized for visuospatial control related to this spatial distinction. This paper reviews how parietal cortex is thought to be involved in visuospatial neglect in relation to its control of visuospatial attention in the left and right visual fields and at different viewing distances. In particular, the importance of regions of the parietal cortex in the pathogenesis of neglect and in spatial attention and perception is discussed. Parietal cortex may control different distributions of attention across space by allocating specific attentional resources in near and far space while also showing attentional asymmetry across visual fields. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a technique offers the advantage of examining the direct behavioral effect of disruption of many of these areas with excellent temporal and spatial resolution. We discuss the use of TMS and the insights it may offer regarding the roles of these areas in neglect as well as normal visuospatial perception.
Questions de forme et de genre en traduction poétique
Authors: Szilágyi Ildikó
Published: September 2014

The present study examines modern and contemporary French poetry from the point of view of its translation into Hungarian. Firstly, the French and Hungarian traditions of poetic translation are summarized briefly. Then the possibility of translation of “verset” (long verse), not recognized in Hungarian poetry as a modern poetic genre, is discussed. Particular attention is called to the return of several contemporary French poets to traditional versification, and to the difficulties of Hungarian translators to suggest the importance of this return. Finally, the Hungarian translation of Roubaud’s volume of poetry (Quelque chose noir) invites reflection on the constraints of Oulipo
Traductions transfuges, oulipotentielles
Authors: Lungu Badea Georgiana
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we present and analyse the challenges faced by the translator of potential literature. In the context of translation and thus of reconstruction according to a principle - a constraint that can be expressed mathematically, thus reducing the number and categories of readers - the translator’s task is even more difficult than in other translational situations. The Oulipians’ literature eludes traditional benchmarks and puts the translator to the test. However, the latter does not give in to the effort of “délabyrinther” the text
Insect pests of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), nature of damage and succession with the crop stages
Authors: Biswas GC
Published: September 2014

Thirty six species of insect pests were found to infest the different growth stages of groundnut crop at Gazipur, Bangladesh during the rabi seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-010. Among the recorded pest species, the hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua ( Walker); common cutworm, Spodoptera litura F.; jassid, Empoasca terminalis Distant ; leaf miner, Stomopteryx nerteria M. and leaf roller, Anersia ephippias (Meyr.) were considered as the major pests, while the rests were of minor importance on the basis of their population densities/plant, nature and extent of damage and yield reductions. Most of the major and minor pests infested during the vegetative to pre-maturity stages (45-95 DAS) and the maximum infestation occurred during pod formation and pod filling stages (50- 80 DAS) of the crop in both the years. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i2.20429 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(2): 273-282, June 2014
Changes in physicochemical attributes of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) during fruit growth and development
Authors: Rahman MA , Halim GMA , Chowdhury MGF , Hossain MA , Rahman MM
Published: September 2014

Changes in physicochemical attributes of sweet pepper var. BARI Misti Morich-1 during fruit growth and development were studied. Capsicum flowers were tagged on the day of anthesis and fruits were harvested at three days interval started on 33 days after anthesis (DAA) until 48 DAA, when turned to light green colour. Length, diameter, and weight of fruits were linearly increased from 33 DAA to 48 DAA. Dry matter content, TSS, firmness, and shelf life of fruits were also gradually increased with lengthen the harvesting time from flower anthesis and reached from 5.1 to 7.3%, 4 to 5%, 7.1 to 14.5 kgf cm-2 and 9.6 days to 21.3 days, respectively, from 33 DAA to 48 DAA. However, ascorbic acid content of fruits was sharply decreased from 68 to 56 mg/100g from first harvest to last harvest, respectively. Hue angle declined with time while chroma and lightness values increased with fruit maturity. Considering all physical and nutritional characteristics and shelf life along with sensory evaluation scores, fruits of BARI Misti Morich-1 was found suitable to harvest after 45 days of anthesis, when they attained length 12.2 cm, diameter 8.8 cm, and weight 191g. Moreover, fruits were crispier, glossy with attractive colour and flavour and contained 58 mg/100g ascorbic acid at this maturity stage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i2.20446 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(2): 373-383, June 2014
Common Sense and Pragmatism: Reid and Peirce on the Justification of First Principles
Authors: Jackson Nate
Published: September 2014

This paper elucidates the pragmatist elements of Thomas Reid's approach to the justification of first principles by reference to Charles S. Peirce. Peirce argues that first principles are justified by their surviving a process of ‘self-criticism’, in which we come to appreciate that we cannot bring ourselves to doubt these principles, in addition to the foundational role they play in inquiries. The evidence Reid allows first principles bears resemblance to surviving the process of self-criticism. I then argue that this evidence allows Reid and Peirce a way out of the dilemma between dogmatism and skepticism regarding the justification of such principles, insofar as they are epistemically, and not solely practically, justified.
Work, Life, and Im/balance: Policies, Practices and Performativities of Academic Well-being
Authors: Saltmarsh Sue , Randell-Moon Holly
Published: September 2014

Work-life balance policies have become a ubiquitous feature of university strategies for formally recognising that employees have personal interests, ties and obligations beyond those of the workplace. However, rationales for work-life balance policies and programs in Australian universities predominantly link personal health, well-being and family responsibilities to imperatives for a more productive and competitive tertiary sector. In this paper, we call for an encounter between work-life balance policies, everyday organisational practices and the performativities of academic subjects. Informed by poststructuralist theories of institutionality, governmentality and subjectivity, we draw on personal and policy narratives to argue that ‘well-being’ is a construct through which the risky humanity of academic subjects is not only managed, but also appropriated into normative discourses of obligatory productivity and self-governance. Informed by Sara Ahmed's recent work on the cultural politics of emotion and in particular, what she terms the obligation or ‘duty to happiness’, we consider how academic performativities are implicated in discursive fictions that equate work-life balance with personal and organisational well-being.
Pedagogies of Quasi-Transcendental Perjury
Authors: Pugliese Joseph
Published: September 2014

In this essay, I examine the relation between ethics and epistemology in the pedagogical context of the neoliberal academy. Specifically, I proceed critically to examine this relation in the context of my university's learning and teaching policy and two of its audit technologies: electronic Unit Guides and the Curriculum Mapping Summary. By deploying a Levinasian philosophy of ethics, I interrogate the manner in which these audit technologies fundamentally compel me, as teacher, to betray the very thing that I am required to deliver as a promised ‘output’: ‘ethical skills.’ Drawing on Sue Saltmarsh's (2012: 79) call for an articulation of the storylines that, in the context of the neoliberal academy, would otherwise be ‘Rendered inconsequential apart from our functions in adhering to and implementing technocratic accountability regimes,’ I attempt to delineate a storyline of my complicity and dissent in relation to the neoliberal academy's audit cultures and its technocratic accountability regime. I situate my storyline along two divergent axes of accountability that, in effect, stand in contradistinction to each other and that, in turn, produce radically different effects. I conclude my essay with an embodied narrative that critically gestures to the lines of escape that cannot be managed or controlled by the imposition of technocratic regimes of accountability and governance. The storyline that I offer is of a student who effectively enacts the instantiation of ethics – not as programmatic outcome, not as quantifiable output and, crucially, not as an intended effect of the reading that I had set for a particular class which she attended.
Evaluation of the Antiradical Properties of Phenolic Acids
Authors: Koroleva Olga , Torkova Anna , Nikolaev Ilya , Khrameeva Ekaterina , Fedorova Tatyana , Tsentalovich Mikhail , Amarowicz Ryszard
Published: September 2014

Antioxidant capacity (AOC) against peroxyl radical and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation was measured for a series of p-hydroxybenzoic (HB) and p-hydroxycinnamic (HC) acids at different pH. Quantum-chemical computation was performed using Gaussian 3.0 software package to calculate the geometry and energy parameters of the same compounds. Significant correlations were revealed between AOC and a number of calculated parameters. The most significant AOC descriptors for the studied compounds against peroxyl radical were found to be HOMO energy, rigidity (η) and Mulliken charge on the carbon atom in m-position to the phenolic hydroxyl. The most significant descriptor of the antioxidant properties against the ABTS radical cation at рН 7.40 is electron transfer enthalpy from the phenolate ion. The mechanism of AOC realization has been proposed for HB and HC acids against both radicals.
Fuelwood Savings and Carbon Emission Reductions by the Use of Improved Cooking Stoves in an Afromontane Forest, Ethiopia
Authors: Dresen Elisabeth , DeVries Ben , Herold Martin , Verchot Louis , Müller Robert
Published: September 2014

In many Sub-Saharan African countries, fuelwood collection is among the most important drivers of deforestation and particularly forest degradation. In a detailed field study in the Kafa region of southern Ethiopia, we assessed the potential of efficient cooking stoves to mitigate the negative impacts of fuelwood harvesting on forests. Eleven thousand improved cooking stoves (ICS), specifically designed for baking Ethiopia’s staple food injera, referred to locally as “Mirt” stoves, have been distributed here. We found a high acceptance rate of the stove. One hundred forty interviews, including users and non-users of the ICS, revealed fuelwood savings of nearly 40% in injera preparation compared to the traditional three-stone fire, leading to a total annual savings of 1.28 tons of fuelwood per household. Considering the approximated share of fuelwood from unsustainable sources, these savings translate to 11,800 tons of CO2 saved for 11,156 disseminated ICS, corresponding to the amount of carbon stored in over 30 ha of local forest. We further found that stove efficiency increased with longer injera baking sessions, which shows a way of optimizing fuelwood savings by adapted usage of ICS. Our study confirms that efficient cooking stoves, if well adapted to the local cooking habits, can make a significant contribution to the conservation of forests and the avoidance of carbon emission from forest clearing and degradation.
Calibrating and Validating a Simulation Model to Identify Drivers of Urban Land Cover Change in the Baltimore, MD Metropolitan Region
Authors: Jantz Claire , Drzyzga Scott , Maret Michael
Published: September 2014

We build upon much of the accumulated knowledge of the widely used SLEUTH urban land change model and offer advances. First, we use SLEUTH’s exclusion/attraction layer to identify and test different urban land cover change drivers; second, we leverage SLEUTH’s self-modification capability to incorporate a demographic model; and third, we develop a validation procedure to quantify the influence of land cover change drivers and assess uncertainty. We found that, contrary to our a priori expectations, new development is not attracted to areas serviced by existing or planned water and sewer infrastructure. However, information about where population and employment growth is likely to occur did improve model performance. These findings point to the dominant role of centrifugal forces in post-industrial cities like Baltimore, MD. We successfully developed a demographic model that allowed us to constrain the SLEUTH model forecasts and address uncertainty related to the dynamic relationship between changes in population and employment and urban land use. Finally, we emphasize the importance of model validation. In this work the validation procedure played a key role in rigorously assessing the impacts of different exclusion/attraction layers and in assessing uncertainty related to population and employment forecasts.
Sustained Release of Lidocaine from Solvent-Free Biodegradable Poly[(d,l)-Lactide-co-Glycolide] (PLGA): In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Authors: Kau Yi-Chuan , Liao Chia-Chih , Chen Ying-Chi , Liu Shih-Jung
Published: September 2014

Local anesthetics are commonly used for pain relief by regional nerve blocking. In this study, we fabricated solvent-free biodegradable pellets to extend the duration of lidocaine release without any significant local or systemic toxicity levels. To manufacture the pellets, poly[(d,l)-lactide-co-glycolide] (PLGA) was first pre-mixed with lidocaine powder into different ratios. The powder mixture was then compressed with a mold (diameter of 1, 5, 8 or 10 mm) and sintered at 65 °C to form pellets. The in vitro release study showed that the lidocaine/PLGA pellets exhibited a tri-phase release behavior (a burst, a diffusion-controlled release and a degradation-dominated release) and reached completion around day 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photos show that small channels could be found on the surfaces of the pellets on day 2. Furthermore, the polymer matrix swelled and fell apart on day 7, while the pellets became viscous after 10 days of in vitro elution. Perineural administration of the lidocaine/PLGA pellets produced anti-hypersensitivity effects lasting for at least 24 h in rats, significant when compared to the control group (a pure PLGA was pellet administered). In addition, no inflammation was detected within the nerve and in the neighboring muscle by histopathology.
Simple Rain-Shelter Cultivation Prolongs Accumulation Period of Anthocyanins in Wine Grape Berries
Authors: Li Xiao-Xi , He Fei , Wang Jun , Li Zheng , Pan Qiu-Hong
Published: September 2014

Simple rain-shelter cultivation is normally applied during the grape growth season in continental monsoon climates aiming to reduce the occurrence of diseases caused by excessive rainfall. However, whether or not this cultivation practice affects the composition and concentration of phenolic compounds in wine grapes remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of rain-shelter cultivation on the accumulation of anthocyanins in wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon) grown in eastern China. The results showed that rain-shelter cultivation, compared with the open-field, extended the period of rapid accumulation of sugar, increased the soluble solid content in the grape berries, and delayed the senescence of the green leaves at harvest. The concentrations of most anthocyanins were significantly enhanced in the rain-shelter cultivated grapes, and their content increases were closely correlated with the accumulation of sugar. However, the compositions of anthocyanins in the berries were not altered. Correspondingly, the expressions of VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H, and VvUFGT were greatly up-regulated and this rising trend appeared to continue until berry maturation. These results suggested that rain-shelter cultivation might help to improve the quality of wine grape berries by prolonging the life of functional leaves and hence increasing the assimilation products.
Nopal Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) as a Source of Bioactive Compounds for Nutrition, Health and Disease
Authors: El-Mostafa Karym , El Kharrassi Youssef , Badreddine Asmaa , Andreoletti Pierre , Vamecq Joseph , El Kebbaj M'Hammed , Latruffe Norbert , Lizard Gérard , Nasser Boubker , Cherkaoui-Malki Mustapha
Published: September 2014

Opuntia ficus-indica, commonly referred to as prickly pear or nopal cactus, is a dicotyledonous angiosperm plant. It belongs to the Cactaceae family and is characterized by its remarkable adaptation to arid and semi-arid climates in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. In the last decade, compelling evidence for the nutritional and health benefit potential of this cactus has been provided by academic scientists and private companies. Notably, its rich composition in polyphenols, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids and amino acids has been highlighted through the use of a large panel of extraction methods. The identified natural cactus compounds and derivatives were shown to be endowed with biologically relevant activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial and neuroprotective properties. The present review is aimed at stressing the major classes of cactus components and their medical interest through emphasis on some of their biological effects, particularly those having the most promising expected health benefit and therapeutic impacts.
1,4-Naphthoquinones: From Oxidative Damage to Cellular and Inter-Cellular Signaling
Authors: Klotz Lars-Oliver , Hou Xiaoqing , Jacob Claus
Published: September 2014

Naphthoquinones may cause oxidative stress in exposed cells and, therefore, affect redox signaling. Here, contributions of redox cycling and alkylating properties of quinones (both natural and synthetic, such as plumbagin, juglone, lawsone, menadione, methoxy-naphthoquinones, and others) to cellular and inter-cellular signaling processes are discussed: (i) naphthoquinone-induced Nrf2-dependent modulation of gene expression and its potentially beneficial outcome; (ii) the modulation of receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor by naphthoquinones, resulting in altered gap junctional intercellular communication. Generation of reactive oxygen species and modulation of redox signaling are properties of naphthoquinones that render them interesting leads for the development of novel compounds of potential use in various therapeutic settings.
Food Addiction in the Light of DSM-5
Authors: Meule Adrian , Gearhardt Ashley
Published: September 2014

The idea that specific kind of foods may have an addiction potential and that some forms of overeating may represent an addicted behavior has been discussed for decades. In recent years, the interest in food addiction is growing and research on this topic lead to more precise definitions and assessment methods. For example, the Yale Food Addiction Scale has been developed for the measurement of addiction-like eating behavior based on the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence of the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). In 2013, diagnostic criteria for substance abuse and—dependence were merged, thereby increasing the number of symptoms for substance use disorders (SUDs) in the DSM-5. Moreover, gambling disorder is now included along SUDs as a behavioral addiction. Although a plethora of review articles exist that discuss the applicability of the DSM-IV substance dependence criteria to eating behavior, the transferability of the newly added criteria to eating is unknown. Thus, the current article discusses if and how these new criteria may be translated to overeating. Furthermore, it is examined if the new SUD criteria will impact future research on food addiction, for example, if “diagnosing” food addiction should also be adapted by considering all of the new symptoms. Given the critical response to the revisions in DSM-5, we also discuss if the recent approach of Research Domain Criteria can be helpful in evaluating the concept of food addiction.
A CMOS Smart Temperature and Humidity Sensor with Combined Readout
Authors: Eder Clemens , Valente Virgilio , Donaldson Nick , Demosthenous Andreas
Published: September 2014

A fully-integrated complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor for combined temperature and humidity measurements is presented. The main purpose of the device is to monitor the hermeticity of micro-packages for implanted integrated circuits and to ensure their safe operation by monitoring the operating temperature and humidity on-chip. The smart sensor has two modes of operation, in which either the temperature or humidity is converted into a digital code representing a frequency ratio between two oscillators. This ratio is determined by the ratios of the timing capacitances and bias currents in both oscillators. The reference oscillator is biased by a current whose temperature dependency is complementary to the proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) current. For the temperature measurement, this results in an exceptional normalized sensitivity of about 0.77%/°C at the accepted expense of reduced linearity. The humidity sensor is a capacitor, whose value varies linearly with relative humidity (RH) with a normalized sensitivity of 0.055%/% RH. For comparison, two versions of the humidity sensor with an area of either 0.2 mm2 or 1.2 mm2 were fabricated in a commercial 0.18 μm CMOS process. The on-chip readout electronics operate from a 5 V power supply and consume a current of approximately 85 µA.
Gas Sensors Based on Semiconducting Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors
Authors: Feng Ping , Shao Feng , Shi Yi , Wan Qing
Published: September 2014

One-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures are unique sensing materials for the fabrication of gas sensors. In this article, gas sensors based on semiconducting nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) are comprehensively reviewed. Individual nanowires or nanowire network films are usually used as the active detecting channels. In these sensors, a third electrode, which serves as the gate, is used to tune the carrier concentration of the nanowires to realize better sensing performance, including sensitivity, selectivity and response time, etc. The FET parameters can be modulated by the presence of the target gases and their change relate closely to the type and concentration of the gas molecules. In addition, extra controls such as metal decoration, local heating and light irradiation can be combined with the gate electrode to tune the nanowire channel and realize more effective gas sensing. With the help of micro-fabrication techniques, these sensors can be integrated into smart systems. Finally, some challenges for the future investigation and application of nanowire field-effect gas sensors are discussed.
The Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse: Dreaming of Child Safe Organisations?
Authors: Budiselik William , Crawford Frances , Chung Donna
Published: September 2014

On 12 November 2012 the then Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced she was recommending to the Governor General the establishment of a Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. Following inquiries in Australia and elsewhere much is already known about institutional and inter-institutional child protection failures and what is required to address them. That Australia’s national government has pursued another abuse inquiry with terms of reference limited to institution-based (excluding the family) sexual abuse is of interest given the lack of political will to enact previous findings and recommendations. This article examines the background to the Government’s announcement, the Commission’s terms of reference and some of its settings, and literature on the nature of royal commissions across time and place. After the lack of success in implementing the recommendations of previous inquiries into how to better protect Australia’s children, the question is: how will this Royal Commission contribute to Australian child protection and safety? Will the overwhelming public support generated by “truth speaking to power” in calling for this inquiry translate into action?
N–O Cleavage reactions of heterobicycloalkene-fused 2-isoxazolines
Authors: Nagireddy Jaipal R , Tranmer Geoffrey K , Carlson Emily , Tam William
Published: September 2014

Transition metal-mediated N–O bond cleavage reactions of heterobicycloalkene-fused 3-methyl-2-isoxazolines were investigated. Optimal cleavage conditions were found with Raney nickel/AlCl3 mediation in aqueous methanol. The reaction provided a diverse collection of novel heterobicycle-fused β-hydroxyketones with good to excellent yields (66–95%) and without the need for chromatographic purification.
DEVELOPING REGIONAL APPROACH FOR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY: THE ROLE OF PORT SYSTEM IN THE BALKANS
Authors: Beškovnik Bojan , Twrdy Elen
Published: September 2014

The paper presents a wider perspective on possibilities to develop a regional strategy for efficient management of the transport industry in the region of the Balkans. The focus is mainly on ports, their actual and future role in transport industry and regional economy. A complete overview of the actual situation of port industry and inland infrastructure is presented. Based on a seven pillar model, other key elements, such as Information Technology (IT) systems in use, documentary procedures and managing strategies of ports in the Balkans were analysed. The main proposal is connected to the development of a regional role for ports on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea in order to secure port regionalization and specialization. On this basis, the inland infrastructure and other supporting elements as IT platforms and documentary procedures should be developed accordingly. The entire region and economy should benefit from such cooperation as new supply chains might be attracted.
Response to Aflibercept in Patients With Persistent Exudation Despite Prior Treatment With Bevacizumab or Ranibizumab for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Eadie James A. , Gottlieb Justin L. , Ip Michael S. , Blodi Barbara A. , Danis Ronald P. , Chandra Suresh R. , Nork T. Michael , Altaweel Michael M , Stern-Hogan Brendan S.
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

This study examines the clinical response of patients transitioned to aflibercept, the newest anti-VEGF medication, due to persistent evidence of exudation on optical coherence tomography (OCT) despite regular treatment with bevacizumab and/or ranibizumab.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Aflibercept was administered to 111 patients considered for study inclusion. Eyes were included if they were transitioned to aflibercept for treatment of persistent exudation on OCT despite regular treatment with at least three injections of ranibizumab or bevacizumab. Retrospective data were collected from medical records.

RESULTS:

Complete resolution of exudation was seen in 34% of eyes at final follow-up. Clear improvement in exudation amount or severity without complete resolution was seen in 25%. No improvement was seen in 34%, and 6% demonstrated worsening of exudation. Snellen visual acuity at the time of transition versus final follow-up after aflibercept injection did not appreciably change (logMAR 0.494 to 0.505, Snellen equivalent 20/62 to 20/64;
P
= .84). The mean center point neurosensory retina thickness decreased from 228.6 to 176.9 µm (
P
= .001).

CONCLUSION:

Aflibercept may decrease the amount of exudation in a significant number of patients. However, this reduction did not result in an improvement in Snellen visual acuity.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:394–397.]
Digital Rhetoric and Globalization
Authors: Verhulsdonck Gustav
Published: September 2014

Digital rhetoric has been discussed by many theorists as comprising a marked shift from ancient rhetoric's focus on persuasion. For some of the earlier theorists, digital rhetoric defined a novel relationship between literacy and the mechanics of text as computer-mediated communication and changed relationships between consuming, producing and engaging with discourse as information on a screen. Later digital rhetoricians argue different approaches and definitions that are more inclusive of the different types of discourse facilitated by multimodal, interactive, immersive, and computer-mediated communication as semantic discourse at the interface level and encoded through computer programming language, servers, and networks. This chapter focuses on the different modes of digital rhetoric in the context of globalization through a convergence-continuum model approach. The model presented approaches rhetoric and discourse from various levels as loosely based on the models of activity theory, multimodality intercultural theories of globalization and integrates them into a continuum model ranging from global, public modes to individual, personal digital rhetorical modes and practices. Instead of being prescriptive, this model is descriptive in recognizing the fluid natures of digital rhetorical interactions whereby global and local, public and private, group and individual, production and consumption, human and technological, physical and virtual and other discourse contexts merge.
Peer-to-Peer Video Streaming
Authors: Monteiro Jânio M. , Cruz Rui S. , Patrikakis Charalampos Z. , Papaoulakis Nikolaos C. , Calafate Carlos T. , Nunes Mário S.
Published: September 2014

The Internet as a video distribution medium has seen a tremendous growth in recent years. Currently, the transmission of major live events and TV channels over the Internet can easily reach hundreds or millions of users trying to receive the same content using very distinct receiver terminals, placing both scalability and heterogeneity challenges to content and network providers. In private and well-managed Internet Protocol (IP) networks these types of distributions are supported by specially designed architectures, complemented with IP Multicast protocols and Quality of Service (QoS) solutions. However, the Best-Effort and Unicast nature of the Internet requires the introduction of a new set of protocols and related architectures to support the distribution of these contents. In the field of file and non-real time content distributions this has led to the creation and development of several Peer-to-Peer protocols that have experienced great success in recent years. This chapter presents the current research and developments in Peer-to-Peer video streaming over the Internet. A special focus is made on peer protocols, associated architectures and video coding techniques. The authors also review and describe current Peer-to-Peer streaming solutions.
Critical Electronic Discourse Analysis
Authors: Hodge Bob
Published: September 2014

This chapter investigates and endorses the integration of two existing research traditions, electronic discourse analysis (EDA) and critical discourse analysis (CDA), into a more powerful and comprehensive form of analysis of electronic discourses, Critical Electronic Discourse Analysis (CEDA). It sets this analytic project against the massive, unpredictable changes in culture and society which are associated with the electronic media revolution. It argues for innovative forms of analysis, in which ‘electronic discourse analysis' acquires two over-lapping interpretations: electronically enabled analysis of discourses in all media; and all forms of analysis of electronic discourses and the social forms they express. It uses McLuhan and multi-modality theory to argue for major continuities and significant breaks in semiotic modes over long periods. It argues that powerful innovations in analysis and technology need to recognize and incorporate the two fundamental semiotic modes, digital and analogue, and not seek to replace one with the other.
How Social Media Tools are Used in Research
Authors: Mesquita Anabela , Correia Ana Ramalho , Vieira Diana Aguiar
Published: September 2014

Social media tools are being widely used. Every day we witness new tools appearing or new features being added to already existing tools. Their characteristics allow us to communicate and collaborate without time and space constraints. Moreover, they also help us in the development and creation of new content as well as in the sharing and publishing of it. Since they are so popular, can it be that researchers are also using them in the research workflow process? If they use them, what are the most commonly used tools and their reasons for use? These are some of the questions addressed in this chapter. The authors analyse responses given by a higher education institution to a questionnaire on the use of social media tools. These findings contribute to a greater understanding of the importance of these tools for research purposes.