bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperatives for “Fair Globalization”? Indigenous People, Cooperatives, and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Burke Brian J.
Published: October 2010

Cooperatives and socially responsible corporations are being hailed as possible correctives to the socioeconomic and ecological exploitation of transnational capitalism. AmazonCoop—a cooperative linking indigenous Brazil nut harvesters and the multinational firm The Body Shop through trade and development projects—capitalized on indigenous symbolism to generate significant material benefits for both parties. At the same time, however, it made indigenous people more vulnerable and dependent, failed to promote participatory development, masked the effects of unfavorable state policies, and perpetuated discriminatory distinctions among indigenous people. Furthermore, the cooperative did not provide an organizational framework to ameliorate the vulnerabilities of indigenous identity politics or transform symbolic capital into enduring political-economic change. This case strongly supports arguments that cooperatives must be rooted in participation, democratic member control, and autonomy if they are to promote “fair globalization” or social transformation rather than institutionalize existing patterns of exploitation.
Free Markets and Fair Trade, Collective Livelihood Struggles, and the Cooperative Model
Authors: Vásquez-León Marcela
Published: October 2010

Two agricultural cooperatives in Paraguay illustrate different models of smallholders’ collective livelihood struggles to enter international markets and achieve autonomy. One cooperative exports organic sugar and follows a strategy based on Fair Trade, independence from state bureaucracies, and alliances with international buyers and nongovernmental organizations. The other cooperative exports bananas to Argentina and follows a strategy based on free trade, regional market liberalization, and dependence on state bureaucracies. These cooperatives operate in a context of deep structural inequalities in which elements of a 35-year dictatorship mix with more recent regional and global integration and the consolidation of a democratic project. Examination of the structure in which they operate and the individual and collective agency of small producers reveals that, whether through free trade or Fair Trade, participation in global markets requires participation in debates on globalization and democracy and the redefinition of production processes to satisfy external markets that will allow small producers to make a reasonable living.
The Effectiveness of the Recent Army Captain Retention Program
Authors: Coates Hunter R. , Silvernail Teresa S. , Fulton Lawrence V. , Ivanitskaya Lana
Published: October 2010

The United States Army recently implemented a policy aimed at quelling a large-scale exodus of captains. This policy included the provision of a Menu of Incentives Program targeting officers in year groups 1999—2005. This study details the captain attrition problem, evaluates literature regarding retention options, analyzes the efficacy of the Army’s interventions by branch and by year group, and draws conclusions regarding future incentives. Methods used include chi-square and odds ratios analysis. Results reflect high acceptance rates for year groups 1999—2003; however, officers in these year groups may have remained in the service without any additional incentives because they were logically beyond the initial decision point. Findings suggest that seniority, skill, and adequate incentive pay are important considerations for future incentive programs.
Smooth Translation? A Research Note on the Cooperation between Dutch Service Personnel and Local Interpreters in Afghanistan
Authors: van Dijk Andrea , Soeters Joseph , de Ridder Richard
Published: October 2010

Multinational military missions increasingly rely on the recruitment of host nation interpreters. The purpose of this research note is to explore the relationship between the soldiers and these local translators during the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) operation in Afghanistan. The findings suggest that more attention to the development of cross-cultural competencies among military personnel and a greater awareness of the precarious dynamics between the two parties may improve the cooperation between the soldiers and the local translators.
Venezuelan Civil-Military Relations as a Coordinate System
Authors: Coletta Damon
Published: October 2010

Venezuela, one of few Latin American countries that did not have to democratize during the Third Wave, veered hardest to the left at the turn of the century. Now, this country, despite its democratic tradition, apparently has most to fear with respect to continued civilian control of the military. This article shows how Venezuela’s democracia pactada (democracy-by-pact) and its Bolivarian Revolution both permitted fusing of military with political power across policy areas. However, the emergence of a coordinate system for civilian control of the military protects Hugo Chávez even as it places certain constraints on the anti-American president. Moreover, this form of civilian control matches elements of the U.S. example. Accurate description, or coding, of Venezuela opens an avenue for improved military-to-military relations, which could, in turn, lay the foundation for constructive U.S.-Venezuelan engagement in the Western Hemisphere.
Direct Contact as a Moderator of Extended Contact Effects: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Impact on Outgroup Attitudes, Behavioral Intentions, and Attitude Certainty
Authors: Christ Oliver , Hewstone Miles , Tausch Nicole , Wagner Ulrich , Voci Alberto , Hughes Joanne , Cairns Ed
Published: October 2010

Cross-group friendships (the most effective form of direct contact) and extended contact (i.e., knowing ingroup members who have outgroup friends) constitute two of the most important means of improving outgroup attitudes. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal samples from different intergroup contexts, this research demonstrates that extended contact is most effective when individuals live in segregated neighborhoods having only few, or no, direct friendships with outgroup members. Moreover, by including measures of attitudes and behavioral intentions the authors showed the broader impact of these forms of contact, and, by assessing attitude certainty as one dimension of attitude strength, they tested whether extended contact can lead not only to more positive but also to stronger outgroup orientations. Cross-sectional data showed that direct contact was more strongly related to attitude certainty than was extended contact, but longitudinal data showed both forms of contact affected attitude certainty in the long run.
Association of Religious Participation With Mortality Among Chinese Old Adults
Authors: Zeng Yi , Gu Danan , George Linda K.
Published: October 2010

This research examines the association of religious participation with mortality using a longitudinal data set collected from 9,017 oldest-old aged 85+ and 6,956 younger elders aged 65 to 84 in China in 2002 and 2005 and hazard models. Results show that adjusted for demographics, family/ social support, and health practices, risk of dying was 24% ( p < 0.001) and 12% ( p < 0.01) lower among frequent and infrequent religious participants than among nonparticipants for all elders aged 65+. After baseline health was adjusted, the corresponding risk of dying declined to 21% ( p < 0.001) and 6% (not significant), respectively. The authors also conducted hazard models analysis for men versus women and for young-old versus oldest-old, respectively, adjusted for single-year age; the authors found that gender differentials of association of religious participation with mortality among all elderly aged 65+ were not significant; association among young-old men was significantly stronger than among oldest-old men, but no such significant young-old versus oldest-old differentials in women were found.
Perceived partisan heterogeneity in communication networks and changes in party choice in a national election: evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Liu Frank CS
Published: October 2010

Partisan voters who change their voting choice on election day account for a small proportion of the electorate, but play a decisive role in a close election. Paul Beck’s (2002) social-support theory of partisan defection states that a voter who perceives support for a candidate of the opposite party from his or her communication network is likely to defect. This study examines Beck’s theory in the context of data collected in Taiwan after the 2004 presidential election. This election was marked by competition between two camps, making it the first campaign in Taiwan’s history that resembled a two-party system. Besides providing an empirical test of the theory, this article shows that Pan-Green Camp supporters are more volatile than Pan-Blue Camp supporters, and it identifies the major factors associated with this pattern.
Toxicopathology of the Developing Immune System
Authors: Weinstock Daniel , Lewis David B. , Parker George A. , Beyer Joseph , Collinge Mark , Brown Thomas P. , Dybdal Noel
Published: October 2010

Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) has gained attention with the recognition that environmental chemicals can potentially affect the developing immune system and the incidence of childhood allergic diseases. Preclinical safety assessment of pharmaceuticals for men and women of childbearing potential as well as for pediatric and juvenile indications may require DIT assessments. Draft documents from environmental and chemical regulatory agencies propose strategies that use the rat as a test species and incorporate histopathology and functional testing as endpoints. While there are no guidelines for DIT assessment of pharmaceuticals, current discussions suggest that combining immunotoxicity and developmental and reproductive toxicology studies may serve this purpose. Knowledge of the principles and applications of DIT will facilitate participation in strategy development and effective conduct of relevant studies.
Linguistic specificity through literate language use in preschool-age children with specific language impairment and typical language
Authors: Anderson Alida
Published: October 2010

Linguistic specificity through rate of literate language feature (LLF) use was investigated in preschoolage children with specific language impairment (SLI, n = 15) and with typical language ( n = 15) in play and storybook-sharing contexts with mothers. Children’s language was assessed on five LLF dimensions (simple elaborated noun phrases, complex elaborated noun phrases, adverbs, conjunctions, and mental and linguistic verbs), and on the summed LLF composite across contexts. Children with typical language had a higher rate of conjunction use and of the LLF composite in play. All children used higher rates of adverbs and complex elaborated noun phrases in play. Clinical and theoretical implications are provided for language development and assessment.
Family firm diversity and development: An introduction
Authors: Howorth Carole , Rose Mary , Hamilton Eleanor , Westhead Paul
Published: October 2010

Issues relating to private family firm diversity and development are discussed with reference to established and emerging debates. Family firm assets and liabilities are highlighted. Key issues for family firms research and practice relating to family firm definition and family firm diversity are raised. Issues relating to context, culture and time are also discussed. Conceptual and empirical ‘types’ of family firms are illustrated. The contributions of ‘invisible’ members, women and couples in family firms are discussed. Various ownership forms relating to the perpetuation of family firms and business ownership transfer issues are highlighted. Articles in this special issue are then briefly summarized.
Complement activation on the surface of cell-derived microparticles during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass - is retransfusion of pericardial blood harmful?
Authors: Biró É. , van den Goor JM , de Mol BA , Schaap MC , Ko L-Y. , Sturk A. , Hack CE , Nieuwland R.
Published: October 2010

Objectives To investigate whether cell-derived microparticles play a role in complement activation in pericardial blood of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and whether microparticles in pericardial blood contribute to systemic complement activation upon retransfusion.

Methods Pericardial blood of 13 patients was retransfused in 9 and discarded in 4 cases. Microparticles were isolated from systemic blood collected before anesthesia (T1) and at the end of CPB (T2), and from pericardial blood. The microparticles were analyzed by flow cytometry for bound complement components C1q, C4 and C3, and bound complement activator molecules C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid P-component (SAP), immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG. Fluid-phase complement activation products (C4b/c, C3b/c) and activator molecules were determined by ELISA.

Results Compared with systemic T1 blood, pericardial blood contained increased C4b/c and C3b/c, and increased levels of microparticles with bound complement components. In systemic T1 samples, microparticle-bound CRP, whereas in pericardial blood, microparticle-bound SAP and IgM were associated with complement activation. At the end of CPB, increased C3b/c (but not C4b/c) was present in systemic T2 blood compared with T1, while concentrations of microparticles binding complement components and of those binding complement activator molecules were similar. Concentrations of fluid-phase complement activation products and microparticles were similar in patients whether or not retransfused with pericardial blood.

Conclusions In pericardial blood of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB, microparticles contribute to activation of the complement system via bound SAP and IgM. Retransfusion of pericardial blood, however, does not contribute to systemic complement activation.
Dialogical Selves between Security and Insecurity
Authors: Kinnvall Catarina , Lindén Jitka
Published: October 2010

This article is concerned with the linkages between events occurring at the macro-level and psychological phenomena. In particular it seeks to elaborate on the possible effects of globalization, migration, and multiculturalism on groups' and individuals' subjective experiences of security. Special attention is given to the concept of dialogicality in the light of the challenges posed by an increasingly globalized world in which individuals have to relate to an increasing number of others. How migration and multiculturalism are affecting the securitization of dialogical selves is discussed, and the concepts of dialogicality, positioning, and interpretation are explicated in theory as well as in practice. As a result we introduce the concepts of reciprocity and relatedness in dialogical conceptions of self and use these concepts to link the three main sections of the article. In searching for viable solutions to conflict and tension between majority and minority populations, the notions of deliberation and cosmopolitics are introduced and explicated to encompass both structural and psychological solutions to such conflicts. Ontological, epistemological, and methodological as well as practical consequences of such inquiries are considered.
The “Heroic I”
Authors: Goodman David M. , Dueck Alvin , Langdal Julia P.
Published: October 2010

In modern thought and Western society, the self is lived “for-itself,” caught up in a way of being wherein the ego pursues its own longevity and seeks to be the hero of its own story. We argue, inspired by the thought of Emmanuel Levinas, that this “heroic I” is a configuration of selfhood that is closed to the Other. We suggest that this self-reflexive ego is continually propagated by modern trends in psychology. Employing Levinas’ critique of egology in contemporary philosophical systems, we maintain that this version of the self, first, inherently impairs individual and societal recognition of the Other, and second, lacks an awareness of the ethical demand of the Other. In addition, we conclude by considering the implications of Levinas’ thought on the formation of a non-egological psychology wherein clients are assisted in recovering sensitivity to alterity and exposure to the demands made upon us by the Other.
Tracing the Roots of Activity Systems Theory
Authors: Prenkert Frans
Published: October 2010

This paper explores some meta-theoretical sources to cultural-historical activity theory by focusing on the concept of cultural mediation as it is construed in activity systems theory. Links to Charles S. Peirce’s pragmaticism are identified and elaborated by comparison of the semiotic version of mediation with cultural mediation. The philosophical influence from Hegelian thought to both pragmaticism and activity systems theory is identified and elaborated with a focus on mediation. By a reinterpretation of C.S. Peirce’s category the third—Thirdness, as “phaneroscopic mediation”— a partial overlap is found with cultural mediation. Although overlapping in the emphasis on mediation, activity theory, and pragmaticism also show some significant differences in scope and application.
Differential association of juvenile and adult systemic lupus erythematosus with genetic variants of oestrogen receptors alpha and beta
Authors: Kisiel BM , Kosińska J , Wierzbowska M , Rutkowska-Sak L , Musiej-Nowakowska E , Wudarski M , Olesinska M , Krajewski P , Łącki J , Rell-Bakalarska M , Jagodziński PP , Tłustochowicz W , Płoski R
Published: October 2010

Oestrogens acting via nuclear receptors (encoded by ESR1 or ESR2) are important for pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). rs2234693 and rs4986938 are two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) whose C and A variants increase transcription of ESR1 and ESR2, respectively. The T allele of rs2234693 was associated with early onset SLE, whereas the role of rs4986938 in SLE was not reported. Our aim was to examine the role of rs2234693 and rs4986938 in conferring susceptibility to juvenile and adult SLE (jSLE and aSLE). Genotype distribution of both SNPs was analysed in 84 jSLE, 112 aSLE patients and 1001 controls. Allele C of rs2234693 was associated with jSLE (OR = 1.87, p = 0.006, pcorrected = 0.02), whereas allele A of rs4986938 showed an association with aSLE (OR = 1.46, p = 0.008, pcorrected = 0.03). In jSLE, rs2234693 C had lower frequency in patients with central nervous system involvement (OR = 0.39, p = 0.005, pcorrected = 0.04) and showed a trend for increase among males, patients with renal involvement and those without DR2/3 ( p < 0.05, pcorrected > 0.05). Whereas our results are consistent with a role of ESR1 variation in jSLE, more studies are needed since the direction of association was the opposite of that reported previously. The association between rs4986938 ( ESR2) and aSLE is a novel finding, consistent with our recent report associating this variant with Graves’ disease.
The Role of E-Mentorship in a Virtual World for Youth Transplant Recipients
Authors: Cantrell Kathryn , Fischer Amy , Bouzaher Alisha , Bers Marina
Published: October 2010

Because of geographic distances, many youth transplant recipients do not have the opportunity to meet and form relationships with peers who have undergone similar experiences. This article explores the role of E-mentorship in virtual environments. Most specifically, by analyzing data from a study conducted with the Zora virtual world with pediatric transplant recipients, suggestions and recommendations are given for conceiving the role of virtual mentors and allocating the needed resources. Zora is a graphical virtual world designed to create a community that offers psychoeducational support and the possibility of participating in virtual activities following a curriculum explicitly designed to address issues of school transition and medical adherence. Activities are designed to foster relationships, teach technological skills, and facilitate the formation of a support network of peers and mentors.This article addresses the research question, “What makes a successful E-mentorship model in virtual worlds for children with serious illnesses?” by looking at E-mentoring patterns such as time spent online, chat analysis, initiation of conversation, initiation of activities, and out-of-world contact.
Discrimination, Mastery, and Depressive Symptoms Among African American Men
Authors: Watkins Daphne C. , Hudson Darrell L. , Howard Caldwell Cleopatra , Siefert Kristine , Jackson James S.
Published: October 2010

Purpose: This study examines the influence of discrimination and mastery on depressive symptoms for African American men at young (18—34), middle (35—54), and late (55+) adulthood. Method: Analyses are based on responses from 1,271 African American men from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). Results: Discrimination was significantly related to depressive symptoms for men ages 35 to 54 and mastery was found to be protective against depressive symptoms for all men. Compared to African American men in the young and late adult groups, discrimination remained a statistically significant predictor of depressive symptoms for men in the middle group once mastery was included. Implications: Findings demonstrate the distinct differences in the influence of discrimination on depressive symptoms among adult African American males and the need for future research that explores the correlates of mental health across age groups. Implications for social work research and practice with African American men are discussed.
Mnemonic Strategies: Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence
Authors: Scruggs Thomas E. , Mastropieri Margo A. , Berkeley Sheri L. , Marshak Lisa
Published: October 2010

This article presents information on using mnemonic strategies to enhance learning and memory of students with mild disabilities. Different types of mnemonic strategies are described, including the keyword method, the pegword method, and letter strategies. Following this, a number of teachers describe their own applications of mnemonic strategies with students with learning disabilities, mild mental retardation, and emotional/behavioral disabilities. Content areas include elementary life science, secondary social studies and anatomy, elementary social studies, elementary reading vocabulary, and secondary SAT vocabulary. Finally, a middle school social studies teacher describes lessons learned from her extended experience with mnemonic strategies. A discussion of the theoretical foundations and empirical research support of mnemonic strategies also is provided.
Development of EBP-Artificial neural network expert system for rolling element bearing fault diagnosis
Authors: Jayaswal Pratesh , Verma SN , Wadhwani AK
Published: October 2010

The objective of this work is to develop techniques to automate the condition-based maintenance procedure. It is observed that vibration signals are capable of alarming the malfunctions in machineries. In order to overcome the shortcomings in the traditional vibration analysis using time-domain and frequency-domain features, two new approaches based on wavelet transform, artificial neural network and fuzzy rules are proposed for detecting and localizing defects in rolling element bearings. The two expert systems are developed and tested with the use of vibration signals collected from the bearing housing of an experimental setup. Experiment results show that the proposed approaches are sensitive and reliable in detecting defects on the outer race, inner race and rolling elements of bearings. The proposed approaches may be used for other fault diagnoses such as gear faults, coupling faults, belts in industries. It is also expected from the obtained results that the generalized defect detection will be easier in future by using the proposed approaches via other parameters such as noise, temperature, lubricant analysis in addition to used vibration signals.
Finite element model calibration of berke arch dam using operational modal testing
Authors: Sevim Bariş , Bayraktar Alemdar , Altunişik Ahmet Can
Published: October 2010

This paper presents the finite element calibration of Berke Arch Dam by using Operational Modal Testing. Achievement of this purpose involves structural vibration characteristics of Berke Arch Dam using analytical and Operational Modal Analyses. Therefore, the study has two parts — analytical and experimental. In the analytical part of the study, the authors developed a 3D finite element model of Berke Arch Dam-reservoir-foundation system using ANSYS software, and analytically determined vibration characteristics such as natural frequencies and mode shapes. In the experimental part of the study, sensitive accelerometers were placed to several points of Berke Arch Dam, and ambient vibration tests were conducted over four days to obtain dynamic characteristics. The Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition technique is used to estimate natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios of the Berke Arch Dam experimentally. Results showed that there were some differences between analytical and experimental natural frequencies of the dam. Therefore, an analytical model of Berke Arch Dam was calibrated to minimize these differences by changing material properties. Analytical results obtained from the calibrated model mainly conform to those of the experimental model.
Clinician’s Perceptions of Indicators of Amenability to Sex Offender-Specific Treatment in Juveniles
Authors: Kimonis Eva R. , Fanniff Amanda , Borum Randy , Elliott Kevin
Published: October 2010

Identifying and understanding the factors that predict treatment success is central to legal and clinical decision making about juveniles who commit sexual offenses. The current study surveyed 158 treatment providers who work with juvenile sexual offenders to explore empirically the construct of amenability as it relates to juvenile sex offender—specific treatment (SOST). Youths’ unwillingness to alter deviant sexual interest/attitudes and unsupportive parenting were rated as strong indicators of poor SOST amenability, whereas the youths’ motivation for change and belief in the efficacy of treatment, strong social support and positive attachments, and resilient personality traits were rated as strong indicators of good SOST amenability. Items distinctly rated as indicators of either poor or good treatment amenability ( N = 48) were thematically grouped into internally consistent scales (α’s ranging from .75-.87) reflecting several possible dimensions of amenability.
The Capacity of a Scientific Community: A Study of the Travel and Tourism Research Association
Authors: Xiao Honggen
Published: October 2010

Research communication and knowledge networking contribute to the capacity building of a scientific community. Tourism and hospitality research associations are characterized by producers and users of multidisciplinary field research, and are exemplars of an applied social scientific community. This study focuses on the role of research associations in the capacity building of an applied research community and consequently in the fostering of community growth. Following an embedded single case design, the study examines the Travel and Tourism Research Association as an instance of such a community. The research reports on community perceptions of the association in the capacity building of the membership community. Results of the study are discussed in the contexts of science communication, knowledge networks, and scientific community capacity and have practical implications for the planning and management of applied research associations.
Evaluating the Performance and Scale Characteristics of the Australian Restaurant Industry
Authors: Assaf A. George , Deery Margaret , Jago Leo
Published: October 2010

This article adopts a data envelopment analysis (DEA) bootstrap approach to measure the technical efficiency and scale properties of Australian restaurant operations. Four inputs and two outputs are used in the analysis, covering 105 restaurants. The results show that Australian restaurants incorporated in this study are operating at a low level of efficiency, with an average of around 46.17%. Inferences from the returns to scale are also in line with the efficiency results and indicate that most restaurants need to expand their production outputs in order to reach an optimum level of production. The article highlights and tests the important impact of factors such as restaurant size and management experience on the efficiency results. Other potential factors related to the external environment, as well as policy implications of the study, are also discussed.
A Catalyst-for-Change Approach to Evaluation Capacity Building
Authors: García-Iriarte Edurne , Suarez-Balcazar Yolanda , Taylor-Ritzler Tina , Luna Maria
Published: October 2010

Evaluation capacity building (ECB) has become a popular approach for helping community-based organizations (CBOs) to meet their funders’ demands for accountability. This case study reports the ECB process with one staff member using a catalyst-for-change approach. The authors analyzed the role of the catalyst in diffusing evaluation knowledge and skills and in promoting evaluation mainstreaming and use within the CBO; and the outcomes achieved as a result of the catalyst’s role in the process of building evaluation capacity. Implications based on the study findings are discussed.
Young children’s exploration of semiotic resources during unofficial computer activities in the classroom
Authors: Björkvall Anders , Engblom Charlotte
Published: October 2010

The article describes and discusses the learning potential of unofficial techno-literacy activities in the classroom with regards to Swedish 7—8-year-olds’ exploration of semiotic resources when interacting with computers. In classroom contexts where every child works with his or her own computer, such activities tend to take up a substantial amount of time. The children have access to a wide range of sites and programs and show an interest in discovering these resources. The article thus explores a previously often neglected site for learning, located in the official classroom context but involving self-chosen activities with contemporary technology. In terms of theory and methodology, social semiotic ethnography is introduced into the field of young children’s techno-literacies. It is illustrated how a social semiotic approach allows for a more detailed analysis of the semiotic resources, whereas ethnographic data are necessary for an understanding of how such resources are put to use.
Making Networks Work
Authors: Stanley Tony , Plessis Rosemary Du , Austrin Terry
Published: October 2010

While the practices of social workers have been extensively researched, qualitative researchers have paid less attention to how child protection work is accomplished through networks that bridge the human and non-human worlds of assessment and intervention work for ‘at risk’ children and families. Drawing on the work of Actor Network theorists, we argue that child protection social work can be tracked as multiple partially connected networks that are organized around children and families, while at the same time incorporating hierarchical occupational group practices. The circulation, prioritization and hierarchical ordering of professional reports, case notes, court reports and assessment documents that organize particular sets of action by social workers has seldom been analysed. This article examines child protection social work as sets of associations between human and non-human actants with significant outcomes for individuals, whanau and families. It draws on detailed interviews with child protection social workers throughout New Zealand who spoke about their experience of particular cases, their interactions with other human service professionals and the documents they accessed, analysed and created as they assessed whether children were ‘at risk’.
Two dogmas of liberalism
Authors: Newey Glen
Published: October 2010

This article is on political normativity. It urges scepticism about attempts to reduce political normativity to morality. Modern liberalism leaves a question about how far morality can be accommodated by the form of normativity characteristic of politics. The article casts doubt on whether individual moral norms carry over to collective, for example, political, action, and whether the former ‘trump’ other kinds of reasons in politics. It then sketches an alternative view of politics as an irreducibly collective enterprise. Reasons for acting politically, including the understandings on which perceptions of legitimacy rest, are largely artefacts of the political culture and thus only marginally subject to generic conditions of validity: this is true in particular of liberal acceptability-conditions. Thus legitimacy, though not a redundant notion, must be geared to local political norms.
Bernard Williams and the possibility of a realist political theory
Authors: Sleat Matt
Published: October 2010

This article explores the prospects for developing a realist political theory via an analysis of the work of Bernard Williams. It begins by setting out Williams’s theory of political realism and placing it in the wider context of a realist challenge in the literature that rightly identifies several deficiencies in the liberal view of politics and legitimacy. The central argument of the article is, however, that Williams’s political realism shares common features with liberal theory, including familiar normative concerns and a consensus view of the political and political legitimacy, which results in it replicating rather than overcoming the weaknesses that other realists have recognized in liberalism, thereby making it vulnerable to the same criticisms. Though these are taken to be significant problems for Williams’s theory, the purpose of making this argument is not to undermine the prospects for a realist political theory but to indicate obstacles and difficulties that any compelling account will need to address.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and criminal behaviour: the role of adolescent marginalization
Authors: Savolainen Jukka , Hurtig Tuula M. , Ebeling Hanna E. , Moilanen Irma K. , Hughes Lorine A. , Taanila Anja M.
Published: October 2010

Prior research has established a strong link between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and criminal behaviour. Drawing on two key theories of life-course criminology — Moffitt’s (1993) dual taxonomy and Sampson and Laub’s (1993) age-graded theory of informal social control — the purpose of the present study was to examine the aetiology of this association. Consistent with Moffitt’s theory, we found the effect of ADHD on crime to be substantial and moderated by cognitive deficits (low verbal ability). Adolescent social bonds — variables derived from Sampson and Laub’s theory — did not mediate the interaction effect. However, in support of age-graded theory, we found that adolescent social marginalization contributes significantly to criminal behaviour independently of early childhood measures of criminal propensity.
Introduction: Building Global Alliances V: The Challenges of Migration for Health Professional Women
Authors: Nichols Barbara L.
Published: October 2010

The following four articles are based on presentations delivered at Building Global Alliances V: The Challenges of Migration for Health Professional Women, held in Philadelphia on December 7-8, 2008 and hosted by CGFNS International (formerly the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools).
Recent advances in oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Singh Mukesh , Adigopula Sasikanth , Patel Pawan , Kiran Kranti , Khosla Sandeep
Published: October 2010

Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained rhythm disturbance. Thromboembolic events related to atrial fibrillation result in significant morbidity, mortality and increases in the cost of healthcare. Anticoagulants are pivotal agents for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. The latest American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend antithrombotic therapy to prevent thromboembolism for all patients with atrial fibrillation, except those with lone atrial fibrillation or contraindications. Vitamin K antagonists were first synthesized in 1948 and for the past six decades they have been the only agents used for long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Although these drugs are effective, they have numerous limitations, which have led to the development of newer anticoagulant therapies. The emerging oral anticoagulant agents are target selective. They have predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and do not require routine monitoring. They are not associated with significant food and drug interactions, and can be administered in simple fixed daily or twice daily doses. This article reviews the current literature on various targets for anticoagulant therapy and newer oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation.
Synergistic activity of ixabepilone plus other anticancer agents: preclinical and clinical evidence
Authors: Lee Francis , Jure-Kunkel Maria N. , Salvati Mark E.
Published: October 2010

Ixabepilone demonstrates marked synergistic activity in combination with capecitabine, which served as the rationale for the evaluation of this combination in the clinic. Ixabepilone plus capecitabine is currently approved for patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC) progressing after treatment with an anthracycline and a taxane; approval was based on the results of two phase III trials comparing the combination with capecitabine monotherapy. An array of preclinical studies in multiple solid tumor types show that ixabepilone demonstrates therapeutic synergy with targeted therapies including trastuzumab, bevacizumab, brivanib, and cetuximab; with immune-modulating agents such as anti-CTLA-4 antibody; and with other chemotherapy drugs such as irinotecan and epirubicin. Notably, experiments in several xenograft models show that ixabepilone provides greater antitumor synergism when combined with bevacizumab than either paclitaxel or nab-paclitaxel combined with bevacizumab. These preclinical findings provide a foundation for ongoing phase II clinical trials using ixabepilone in combination with trastuzumab or lapatinib in HER2-positive breast cancer; with bevacizumab in breast cancer, endometrial cancer, renal cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); with cetuximab in breast cancer, NSCLC, and pancreatic cancer; and with brivanib, dasatinib, sorafinib, sunitinib, or vorinostat in MBC. Preliminary results from several of these trials suggest that ixabepilone-based combinations have promising anticancer activity.
Surgical Management of Diabetic Foot and Ankle Infections
Authors: Capobianco Claire M. , Stapleton John J. , Zgonis Thomas
Published: October 2010

Delayed treatment of any diabetic foot infection can lead to a limb- or life-threatening scenario. Urgent and/or emergent surgery may be necessary in the early diagnosis of a severe diabetic foot infection that is fol- lowed by staged reconstructive proce- dures. This article provides the reader with a thorough understanding of the surgical management of severe dia- betic foot infections and describes and guides treatment based on a rational schematic approach that identifies the anatomic location of the diabetic foot infection
Abductor Hallucis Muscle Flap and Staged Medial Column Arthrodesis for the Chronic Ulcerated Charcot Foot With Concomitant Osteomyelitis
Authors: Capobianco Claire M. , Zgonis Thomas
Published: October 2010

Midfoot ulceration is a common sequela of the diabetic Charcot rocker-bottom deformity. Because redundant soft tissue from a non— weight-bearing area is often scarce in this area of the foot, soft-tissue coverage may be challenging. Wound closure may be difficult to achieve with local wound care and off-loading techniques if the predisposing deformity that caused the ulceration is not addressed. In the same setting, surgical reconstruction is often feared when open wounds are present, given the potential for infection. Approaching these wounds with a rational stepwise and staged approach is prudent to eradicate the underlying infection and also to achieve durable wound closure and long-term deformity correction. The authors present the use of a local muscle flap and circular external fixation for closure of a recalcitrant Charcot plantar-medial midfoot ulceration and also discuss different adjunctive modalities to facilitate soft-tissue reconstruction in the diabetic foot.
Boosting the Late-Blooming Boy
Authors: Curtis Vanessa A. , Allen David B.
Published: October 2010

Context:

The indications for use of growth hormone have broadened with the availability of unlimited recombinant human growth hormone. The Food and Drug Administration’s approval for use of growth hormone in growth hormone–sufficient patients with idiopathic short stature includes some children with constitutional delay of growth and puberty. This is a normal growth pattern variation that includes delayed puberty and prolonged linear growth, usually leading to normal adult height. Use of recombinant human growth hormone to increase growth in short-statured children with constitutional growth delay has been challenged for its modest efficacy in increasing ultimate height, high cost, limited evidence for psychosocial benefit, and some unresolved concerns about long-term posttreatment safety. An additional controversy for the young athlete with constitutional growth delay is the concern for fairness in competition.

Evidence Acquisition:

A PubMed search of the literature from 1957 through May 2010 was conducted. Data sources were limited to peer-reviewed publications.

Results:

Recombinant human growth hormone is a safe and effective therapy for increasing growth rate in short children with constitutional growth delay, but it does not markedly increase ultimate stature nor confer a clear benefit in athletic performance.

Conclusions:

Prescribing physicians should use recombinant human growth hormone treatment responsibly to bring children disabled by short stature into just the normal range.
Genome-wide identification of human microRNAs located in leukemia-associated genomic alterations
Authors: Starczynowski Daniel T. , Morin Ryan , McPherson Andrew , Lam Jeff , Chari Raj , Wegrzyn Joanna , Kuchenbauer Florian , Hirst Martin , Tohyama Kaoru , Humphries R. Keith , Lam Wan L. , Marra Marco , Karsan Aly
Published: October 2010

Cytogenetic alterations, such as amplifications, deletions, or translocations, contribute to myeloid malignancies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of hematopoiesis, and their aberrant expression has been associated with leukemia. Genomic regions containing sequence alterations and fragile sites in cancers are enriched with miRNAs; however, the relevant miRNAs within these regions have not been evaluated on a global basis. Here, we investigated miRNAs relevant to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by (1) mapping miRNAs within leukemia-associated genomic alterations in human AML cell lines by high-resolution genome arrays and (2) evaluating absolute expression of these miRNAs by massively parallel small RNA sequencing. Seventy-seven percent (542 of 706) of miRNAs mapped to leukemia-associated copy-number alterations in the cell lines; however, only 18% (99 of 542) of these miRNAs are expressed above background levels. As evidence that this subset of miRNAs is relevant to leukemia, we show that loss of 2 miRNAs identified in our analysis, miR-145 and miR-146a, results in leukemia in a mouse model. Small RNA sequencing identified 28 putative novel miRNAs, 18 of which map to leukemia-associated copy-number alterations. This detailed genomic and small RNA analysis points to a subset of miRNAs that may play a role in myeloid malignancies.
Human effector CD8+ T cells derived from naive rather than memory subsets possess superior traits for adoptive immunotherapy
Authors: Hinrichs Christian S. , Borman Zachary A. , Gattinoni Luca , Yu Zhiya , Burns William R. , Huang Jianping , Klebanoff Christopher A. , Johnson Laura A. , Kerkar Sid P. , Yang Shicheng , Muranski Pawel , Palmer Douglas C. , Scott Christopher D. , Morgan Richard A. , Robbins Paul F. , Rosenberg Steven A. , Restifo Nicholas P.
Published: October 2010

Cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ T cells exist as naive, central memory, and effector memory subsets, and any of these populations can be genetically engineered into tumor-reactive effector cells for adoptive immunotherapy. However, the optimal subset from which to derive effector CD8+ T cells for patient treatments is controversial and understudied. We investigated human CD8+ T cells and found that naive cells were not only the most abundant subset but also the population most capable of in vitro expansion and T-cell receptor transgene expression. Despite increased expansion, naive-derived cells displayed minimal effector differentiation, a quality associated with greater efficacy after cell infusion. Similarly, the markers of terminal differentiation, killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 and CD57, were expressed at lower levels in cells of naive origin. Finally, naive-derived effector cells expressed higher CD27 and retained longer telomeres, characteristics that suggest greater proliferative potential and that have been linked to greater efficacy in clinical trials. Thus, these data suggest that naive cells resist terminal differentiation, or “exhaustion,” maintain high replicative potential, and therefore may be the superior subset for use in adoptive immunotherapy.
NK-cell enteropathy: a benign NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease mimicking intestinal lymphoma: clinicopathologic features and follow-up in a unique case series
Authors: Mansoor Adnan , Pittaluga Stefania , Beck Paul L. , Wilson Wyndham H. , Ferry Judith A. , Jaffe Elaine S.
Published: October 2010

Intestinal T-cell and natural killer (NK)–cell lymphomas are clinically aggressive and can be challenging to diagnose in small endoscopic biopsies. We describe 8 patients in whom atypical NK-cell lymphoproliferative lesions mimicked NK- or T-cell lymphoma. The patients (2 men; 6 women; ages 27-68 years) presented with vague gastrointestinal symptoms with lesions involving stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and colon. At endoscopy, the lesions exhibited superficial ulceration, edema, and hemorrhage. Biopsies revealed a mucosal infiltrate of atypical cells with an NK-cell phenotype (CD56+/TIA-1+/Granzyme B+/cCD3+), which displaced but did not invade the glandular epithelium. Epstein-Barr virus–encoded RNA in situ hybridization was negative, and T-cell receptor-γ gene rearrangement showed no evidence of a clonal process. Based on an original diagnosis of lymphoma, 3 patients received aggressive chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation in 2. Five patients were followed without treatment. However, no patient developed progressive disease or died of lymphoma (median follow-up, 30 months). Repeat endoscopies in 6 of 8 patients showed persistence or recurrence of superficial gastrointestinal lesions. This unique entity mimics intestinal and NK-/T-cell lymphomas on endoscopic biopsies and can result in erroneous diagnosis, leading to aggressive chemotherapy. We propose the term “NK-cell enteropathy” for this syndrome of as yet unknown etiology.