bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In der Kürze liegt die Würze? Strategien der Informationsdarbietung in deutschen und litauischen Fachtiteln
Authors: Kohrs Jurgita
Published: June 2016

Tyrimo objektas – mokslo straipsnio pavadinimas, kuriam, panašiai kaip ir anotacijai, mokslinėje komunikacijoje tenka labai svarbus vaidmuo: jis ne tik padeda mokslininkui orientuotis literatūros gausybėje, bet kartu tampa ir pagrindiniu atrankos kriterijumi sprendžiant, kuris tekstas gali būti aktualus. Interneto amžiuje pavadinimo vaidmuo dar svarbesnis: kuo jame daugiau vadinamųjų raktažodžių, tuo lengviau jį rasti internetiniuose šaltiniuose. Manoma, kad kuo ilgesnis pavadinimas, tuo jis informatyvesnis. Tačiau ar efektyvesnis? Šiame straipsnyje keliamas klausimas, kas lemia pavadinimo efektyvumą. Tirta 200 vokiškų ir 200 lietuviškų lingvistinių straipsnių pavadinimų, atsitiktinai atrinktų iš lietuvių ir vokiečių kalba leidžiamų mokslo žurnalų.Straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti pagrindines pavadinimo formulavimo tendencijas vokiečių bei lietuvių kalbose ir paanalizuoti jų informacijos pateikimo strategijas. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas sintaksinėms pavadinimo struktūroms.Nustatyta, kad daugiau nei pusė tirtų vokiškų pavadinimų yra dvinariai, lietuvių kalboje tokie pavadinimai sudaro tik 15 %. Dvinaris pavadinimas autoriui suteikia galimybę visą informaciją skaidyti į dvi dalis: pirmoje dalyje, dažniausiai labai trumpai ir glaustai, t.y. nenaudojant jokių atributų, pateikiama pagrindinė, daugiau bendro pobūdžio informacija, antroje dalyje ji konkretinama, praplečiama, tikslinama. Lietuvių autoriai tokias strategijas taiko labai retai.Daroma išvada, kad vokiečių kalba rašantys autoriai vis dažniau perima žurnalistikoje paplitusias pavadinimų formulavimo strategijas, o lietuvių autoriai savo pavadinimu siekia kuo išsamiau ir kuo tiksliau informuoti skaitytoją apie teksto turinį. Būtent dėl to daugelis lietuviškų pavadinimų yra labai ilgi, sudėtiniai atributiniai junginiai.Šiuo straipsniu nesiekiama pateikti vienareikšmišką vokiškų ir lietuviškų pavadinimų efektyvumo vertinimą. Išvadą, koks pavadinimas efektyvus, o koks ne, iš pateiktų pavyzdžių skaitytojas, tikėtina, padarys pats.
Adutiškio – Kamojų arealas: kalbinė tapatybė lietuvių ir baltarusių paribyje
Authors: Urbanavičienė Jolita
Published: June 2016

Adutiškio apylinkės (Švenčionių r., Lietuva) ir Kamojų apylinkės (Pastovių r., Baltarusija) straipsnyje tyrinėjamos kaip vientisas arealas, iki pat XX a. paskutiniojo dešimtmečio gyvenęs intensyvios lietuvių ir baltarusių dvikalbystės sąlygomis. Remiantis Lietuvių kalbos instituto Tarmių archyvo medžiaga ir autorės sukauptais įrašais kartografuojama dabartinė periferinės Kamojų šnektos riba ir analizuojama, kaip šioje teritorijoje aktyvios dvikalbystės fone formuojasi individo kalbinė tapatybė. Medžiaga rinkta iš vyresnio amžiaus informantų (g. 1925–1940 m.), kurie patyrė lenkinimą, rusinimą ir pastarųjų dešimtmečių lietuvių kalbos dominavimą. Didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas kalbinės tapatybės formavimuisi XX a. II-oje pusėje, analizuojama šeimos, mokyklos, bažnyčios, kaimo bendruomenės ir administracinės valdžios įtaka.
Kalbiniai ir kultūriniai lietuvių meninių tekstų deminutyvų ypatumai ir vertimas į prancūzų kalbą
Authors: Leonavičienė Aurelija
Published: June 2016

Straipsnyje aprašomi lietuvių meninių tekstų deminutyvai, jų kiekybinis pasiskirstymas, reikšmių įvairovė ir vertimo į prancūzų kalbą strategijos. Intralingvistinę ir kultūrinę reikšmę turintys mikrostruktūriniai tekstų vienetai – deminutyvai, laikomi išskirtiniu stilistiniu lietuvių meninių tekstų požymiu, padedančiu perteikti tekstų lyrizmą, emocionalumą, tarpasmeninius ryšius, emocinę pasaulio pajautą. Tiriamąją medžiagą sudaro lietuvių autorių (R. Granausko, R. Gavelio, A. Landsbergio, J. Kunčino, V. Juknaitės ir kt.) novelės ir jų vertimai į prancūzų kalbą, publikuoti 2003 metų lietuvių novelių vertimų antologijoje „Des âmes dans le brouillard“ ir 2000–2012 metais Prancūzijoje išleistuose lietuvių kultūros leidinio „Cahiers Lituaniens“ numeriuose. Paskutiniųjų dvylikos metų vertimų į prancūzų kalbą analizės rezultatai leidžia tvirtinti, kad deminutyvų vertimas nėra vien kalbinis veiksmas, bet sociokultūrinio konteksto, ekstralingvistinių ir lingvistinių situacijų determinuota kultūrinė ir kalbinė transpozicija, kurią vertėjai realizuoja taikydami gramatines, semantines ir pragmatines vertimo strategijas. Šių strategijų analizė atskleidžia gimtakalbių prancūzų vertėjų kūrybinius ir kai kuriuos neapdairius sprendimus, o patį vertimą leidžia traktuoti kaip daugiasluoksnį hierarchinį procesą.
Zur Problematik des Begriffes Quotativ am Beispiel der Konstruktion so nach dem Motto
Authors: Sinkevičienė Jurgita
Published: June 2016

Pastaruoju metu lingvistinėje literatūroje vis dažniau vartojama kvotatyvų (citavimo žymiklių) sąvoka, ir ji paprastai minima kalbant apie evidencialumą. Cituojant perteikiamas kito asmens tikslus pasakymas, išlaikant tiek atpasakojamos informacijos turinį, tiek paties pasakymo išorinę formą. Šis informacijos perteikimo būdas smarkiai nutolsta nuo paprastai pateikiamo evidencialumo apibrėžimo kaip perteikiamos informacijos šaltinio žymėjimo. Todėl šiame straipsnyje bandoma apibrėžti kvotatyvų ir evidencinių žymiklių skirtumus. Tam tikslui pasitelkta 100 autentiškų konstrukcijos so nach dem Motto ‘atseit’ pavyzdžių. Pavyzdžiai surinkti iš tokių forumų puslapių, kaip antai www.dogforum.de, www.hochzeitsforum.de, www.bfriends.brigitte.de/foren.Prieinama prie išvados, kad kvotatyvai savo raiška perteikia daugiau paties pasakymo formuluotę nei turinį. Tuo jie ir skiriasi nuo evidencinių žymiklių, kuriems pasakymo turinys yra vienas iš svarbiausių elementų, ir priartėja prie Sperberio ir Wilson (1986) įvestos interpretacinės vartosenos funkcijos. Autoriai interpretacinės vartosenos sąvoką apibūdina kaip vieno pasakymo pavartojimą, nurodant į kitą pasakymą, t. y. kai kalbantysis savo pasakymu nurodo į kito žmogaus pasakymą arba jam skirtą mintį, norėdamas tai kaip nors pakomentuoti. Kaip tik tokią interpretaciją galime įžvelgti ir konstrukcijoje so nach dem Motto ‘atseit’, kuri perteikia bendrą turinio prasmę bei dažnu atveju nurodo į kito asmens nuostatą, mentalitetą, neverbalinį elgesį ar neišsakytas mintis.
Tarpkalbiniai ir tarpdalykiniai mokslo kalbos tyrimai: medžiagos ir metodų pasirinkimo iššūkiai tyrėjams
Authors: Šinkūnienė Jolanta
Published: June 2016

Straipsnyje trumpai apžvelgiamos dominuojančios šiuolaikinių mokslo kalbos tyrimų kryptys, tačiau pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas mokslinio straipsnio, kaip akademinio žanro, tyrimams ir jų metodikai. Mokslinio straipsnio struktūra ir jos ypatumai, autoriaus argumentavimo strategijos yra akademinio diskurso bruožai, sulaukę itin didelio kalbininkų susidomėjimo pasaulinėje lingvistikoje. Šio apžvalginio straipsnio tikslas – aptarti tarpdalykinių ir tarpkalbinių tyrimų specifiką ir išryškinti kai kuriuos metodologinius aspektus, svarbius sudarant specialiuosius palyginamuosius mokslo kalbos tekstynus. Remiantis naujausiais šios srities tyrimais, apžvelgiami pasaulio tyrėjų sprendimai tekstyno sandaros ir medžiagos analizės klausimais. Straipsnis galėtų būti naudingas studentams, jauniesiems tyrėjams, besidomintiems specialiųjų mokslo kalbos tekstynų sudarymu ir analize.
Politinė eufemizacija publicistinių straipsnių antraštėse
Authors: Smetonienė Irena , Daučiūnaitė Danutė
Published: June 2016

The article is devoted to the analysis of realizations of euphemization in political discourse. Its focus is on news article headlines. The language data under study have been collected from the Internet news websites published in 2013–2014. The aim of the paper is twofold: to give an overview of recent cases of euphemization in news headlines, and to define functions, purpose and means of euphemization. The most frequently euphemized topics this year have been found to be war, military actions in different countries, politics and economics.The analysis of the news article headlines has showed that one of the main purposes of euphemization of social problems and political issues is to veil and cover up the real names of such phenomena as military actions, massacre, preparation for war, rising prices, unsuitable behavior of various officials, conflicts between leading politicians, bad economic conditions. The sub-topics of euphemization are concerned with the criticism of the behaviour of government leaders, leading politicians who are claimed to have violated ethics, who are arrogant, corrupt and dishonest.The semantics of euphemisms is best reflected describing them according to the means of euphemization, which are generalization, conceptual metaphorization, choice of international terms, periphrasis, pronominalization and litotes.Political euphemisms are part and parcel of the world of diplomacy, international and internal policy; politically correct language is crucial in today’s mass media communication. It seeks to avoid conflict and antagonism, reduce panic and anxiety, and to disguise unpleasant news.
Decompensated Heart Failure in Pregnancy
Authors: Sliwa Karen , Anthony John ,   Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,   Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa,   Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Published: June 2016

Heart disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Symptoms and signs of heart failure in a pregnant woman are an indication for urgent assessment to establish a diagnosis and appropriate management. This is best accomplished through a multidisciplinary approach in which both cardiologists and obstetricians need to participate in order to provide expert counselling and care in pursuit of safe motherhood. Congenital heart disease, although common, once corrected is an unusual source of complications, which are more likely to develop as a consequence of ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension and aortic arch disease. Rheumatic valvular heart disease is a challenge because of the need for anticoagulation during pregnancy and the risk of sepsis associated with childbirth. This review outlines a contemporary approach to heart failure presenting during pregnancy.
Novel Imaging Techniques for Heart Failure
Authors: Melero-Ferrer Josep L , López-Vilella Raquel , Morillas-Climent Herminio , Sanz-Sánchez Jorge , Sánchez-Lázaro Ignacio J , Almenar-Bonet Luis , Martínez-Dolz Luis ,   Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain,   Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain,   Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain,   Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain,   Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain,   Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain,   Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
Published: June 2016

Imaging techniques play a main role in heart failure (HF) diagnosis, assessment of aetiology and treatment guidance. Echocardiography is the method of choice for its availability, cost and it provides most of the information required for the management and follow up of HF patients. Other non-invasive cardiac imaging modalities, such as cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), nuclear imaging-positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) could provide additional aetiological, prognostic and therapeutic information, especially in selected populations. This article reviews current indications and possible future applications of imaging modalities to improve the management of HF patients.
Deranged cardiac metabolism and the pathogenesis of heart failure
Authors: Fragasso Gabriele ,   San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
Published: June 2016

Activation of the neuro-hormonal system is a pathophysiological consequence of heart failure. Neuro-hormonal activation promotes metabolic changes, such as insulin resistance, and determines an increased use of non-carbohydrate substrates for energy production. Fasting blood ketone bodies as well as fat oxidation are increased in patients with heart failure, yielding a state of metabolic inefficiency. The net result is additional depletion of myocardial adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine and creatine kinase levels with further decreased efficiency of mechanical work. In this context, manipulation of cardiac energy metabolism by modification of substrate use by the failing heart has produced positive clinical results. The results of current research support the concept that shifting the energy substrate preference away from fatty acid metabolism and towards glucose metabolism could be an effective adjunctive treatment in patients with heart failure. The additional use of drugs able to partially inhibit fatty acids oxidation in patients with heart failure may therefore yield a significant protective effect for clinical symptoms and cardiac function improvement, and simultaneously ameliorate left ventricular remodelling. Certainly, to clarify the exact therapeutic role of metabolic therapy in heart failure, a large multicentre, randomised controlled trial should be performed.
Glutathione-S-Transferase Production in Earthworm as Tool for Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Abattoir Soil
Authors: Owagboriaye Folarin Ojo , Dedeke Gabriel Adewunmi , Ademolu Kehinde Olutoyin
Published: June 2016

The use of Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in earthworm tissue as tool for assessment of heavy metal pollution in abattoir soils was evaluated in this study. Five (5) replicates each of earthworm species (Libyodrilus violaceous, Eudrilus eugeniae and Alma millsoni), soil and rumen waste samples were collected from three (3) abattoir sites (Lafenwa, Gbonogun and Madojutimi abattoirs) and a control site located within Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, beside an undisturbed stream with no rumen waste. Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Mn) concentrations in rumen waste, abattoir soils and earthworm tissues were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.  The pH and organic matter (OM) concentrations of the rumen waste and abattoir soils were determined by standard methods. GST activities in the earthworm tissues were determined through the conjugation of 1mM reduced glutathione (GSH) with 1mM 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The rumen waste recorded significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) % OM, heavy metal concentrations and pH level than in their respective abattoir soils. The mean heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Mn were highest in the tissue of earthworm species obtained from Lafenwa abattoir. A significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher GST activities were recorded in the tissue of earthworm species obtained from Lafenwa and Gbonogun abattoirs. Libyodrilous violaceus obtained from Lafenwa abattoir recorded the highest GST activity (8.47±1.39) in their tissue followed by the ones from Gbonogun abattoir (8.21±0.85). A significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive correlations was observed between GST activities in earthworm tissues and heavy metal concentrations. GST activities can therefore be used to assess the level of heavy metal pollution in abattoir soils.

Keywords: Glutathione-S-transferase, Biomarker, Earthworms, Heavy metals, Abattoir
Endophytic fungi from tropical ethnoveterinary plants and their antibacterial efficacy against Pasteurella multocida Capsular Type A strain
Authors: Nath Archana
Published: June 2016

Four endophytic fungi out of six, isolated from two tropical ethnoveterinary plants- Garcinia xanthochymus H. and Polygonum chinense L. showed antimicrobial activity against Pasteurella multocida Capsular Type A strains. The best antibacterial activity was showed by the extract of endophytic fungi Glomerella magna isolated from Garcinia xanthochymus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 46.9 µg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration of 750 µg/ml. Treatment of mice with the potent fungal extract caused a considerable inhibitory effect on the growth of the pathogen in vital organs of mice. Histopathological studies of animal organs by scanning electron microscopy also confirmed these findings. These present findings indicate that the endophytic fungi Glomerella magna has potential to provide an effective treatment to Pasteurella multocida infections.
Biogeographical affinities of fish associated to the shrimp trawl fishery in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico
Authors: Martínez-Muñoz Marco Antonio , Lloris Domènec , Gracia Adolfo , Ramírez-Murillo Ricardo , Sarmiento-Nafáte Saul , Ramos-Cruz Sebastián , Fernández Felipe
Published: June 2016

Fish by-catch of the Gulf of Tehuantepec shrimp fishery is mainly composed of several species that are discarded in their majority. Fish by-catch species composition, distribution and biogeographical affinities were analyzed through 15 cruises carried on the continental shelf at a depth of 12 to 70 m during 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2013. Fish by-catch was represented by 58 families, 129 genera and 242 species. The families Haemulidae, Sciaenidae, Paralichthyidae, Gerreidae and Carangidae accounted for >70% of the catch. Haemulopsis axillaris, Syacium ovale, Selene peruviana, Diapterus peruvianus, Larimus acclivins and Stellifer erycimba were the most frequent species at <40 m depth (inner shelf), and Prionotus stephanophrys, Scorpaena russula, Porichthys analis and Synodus scituliceps were dominant at 40−60 m depth (outer shelf). Analysis of biogeographical affinities showed that 36.1% of species had a wide distribution, from San Diego Province to the Panamic Province, while 13.2% had a restricted distribution in the Mexican and Panamic Provinces. The ichthyofaunal composition was markedly influenced by the local environment and seasonal conditions.
Spatial distribution and ecological structure of Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) in two reefs of Veracruz Reef System National Park, Mexico
Authors: Arellano-Méndez Leonardo , Bello-Pineda Javier , Aké-Castillo José A. , Pérez-España Horacio , Martinez-Cardenas Leonardo
Published: June 2016

Seagrasses in coastal environments have been threatened by increased human activities; these have negatively altered processes and environmental services, and have decreased grassland areas. The aim of this study was to generate knowledge of Thalassia testudinum distribution, state of the structure and fragmentation level in two reefs of the Veracruz Reef System National Park (PNSAV). Two different reefs were selected: Sacrificios in the North and near the coast, and Cabezo in the South and away from the coast. Shoot-specific and area-specific characteristics of submerged macrophytes meadows present were determined, and four morpho-functional groups were identified. Significant differences between plant coverage were tested through nonparametric ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test. A supervised classification of spatial high-resolution image verified with field data was performed (55 Sacrificios and 290 Cabezo). The fragmentation level was calculated using landscape metrics, class level and thematic maps were made based on four covers. The meadows were dominated by Thalassia testudinum; maximum densities were 208 shoot/m2 in Cabezo, and 176 shoot/m2 in Sacrificios. Cabezo presented grasses with short (9 cm) and thin leaves (0.55 cm) on average; while Sacrificios showed longer (23.5 cm) and thicker (1 cm) leaves. Sacrificios showed lower fragmentation degree than Cabezo; in both cases, the vegetation cover fragmentation corresponded to less than 50 %. Although Cabezo reef presents further fragmentation, which creates a large number of microenvironments, being recognized for its importance as recruitment area. This work serves as a baseline for the creation of an adequate management plan (formation of a core area of Cabezo). It is necessary to complement this work with new efforts for the recognition of seagrass prairies in all PNSAV reefs, as well as periodic monitoring and recognition of ecosystem services.
Interactions between frugivorous bats (Phyllostomidae) and Piper tuberculatum (Piperaceae) in a tropical dry forest remnant in Valle del Cauca, Colombia
Authors: Montoya-Bustamante Sebastián , Rojas-Díaz Vladimir , Torres-González Alba Marina
Published: June 2016

Coexistence of species from a trophic guild depends on the division and use of resources. In any ecosystem, fruits are resources that vary in time and space as well as in nutritional content. Therefore, the organisms that depend on them as a food source tend to show a certain degree of specialization. Understanding the factors that influence the dynamics of seed dispersal is important for the regeneration and conservation of tropical ecosystems. Our aim was to determine variation in consumption of Piper tuberculatum (pipilongo) by the fruit bat assemblages in the village of Robles (Jamundí, Valle del Cauca, Colombia). Pipilongo is a resource used not only by wildlife but also by people in the village of Robles. Bats were captured in mist nets between June and November 2014, their feces were collected, and the length of the forearm, wing area, leg length and weight were recorded. At the Universidad del Valle seed laboratory, fecal samples were washed, and their content determined. Of the 14 species captured, Sturnira lilium, Carollia brevicauda, Carollia perspicillata and Artibeus lituratus showed signs of having consumed P. tuberculatum. Sturnira lilium was the main consumer of P. tuberculatum fruits, with the greatest number of consumption events of fruit from this plant species, whereas the other bats showed more diversified consumption events. The greatest niche overlap was recorded between C. brevicauda and C. perspicillata, species that showed similar sizes (i.e., wing area and forearm length) followed by S. lilium and C. perspicillata. In contrast, A. lituratus showed the least niche overlap with the other three fruit bats captured. In conclusion, Sturnira lilium showed an interaction Sturnira-Piper, which is the result of low Solanum availability, and this bat species was the largest consumer of pipilongo in the region.
La publicación de la Ley de 1 de Marzo de 1940 sobre represión de la masonería y del comunismo y el discurso antimasónico en la prensa asturiana
Authors: Granda Javier F.
Published: June 2016

En el artículo se estudia la publicación de la Ley de 1 de Marzo de 1940 sobre represión de la masonería y del comunismo y el discurso antimasónico en la prensa asturiana en un contexto de fuerte represión ejercida por el régimen franquista en la España de posguerra.
Julio Cervera Baviera. Republicano y masón de Vicent Sampedro Ramo
Authors: Camil Torres Ricard
Published: June 2016

Doctor por la Univesitat de València (2003) en el Departament d'Història Contemporània. Profesor Ayudante Doctor en el Departament de Didàctica de les Ciències Experimentals i Socials, Facultat de Magisteri de la Universitat de València, España
A silócirok (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) szárazanyag-felhalmozása és tápelem-felvétele
Authors: Izsáki Zoltán , Németh Tamás
Published: June 2016

Kísérleti munkánk célja volt, hogy műtrágyázási tartamkísérletben vizsgáljuk a N-, P- és K-ellátottság hatását a silócirok szárazanyag-felhalmozására és tápelem-felvételére, a silócirok trágyázási szaktanácsadásának fejlesztéséhez. A műtrágyázá-si tartamkísérletet 1989-ben állítottuk be mélyben karbonátos csernozjom réti tala-jon, 4-4 N-, P- és K-ellátottsági szinten, teljes kezelés-kombinációban, 64 kezelés-sel. A tápelem-felvételi vizsgálatokra kilenc kezelést választottunk ki. Jelen dolgo-zatban a 2002 és 2004 között végzett kísérletek eredményei szerepelnek, melyek alábbiakban foglalhatók össze:

A silócirok 7–8 leveles fejlettségében, a kelés utáni 30. napig (GS3) az összes zöldtömegnek 29%-a, míg a szárazanyagtömegnek 8%-a halmozódik fel. Az ezt követő intenzív növekedési periódusban a bugahányásig (GS5-6) a zöldtömegnek 74%-a, a szárazanyagtömegnek csak 38%-a alakul ki. Viaszérettségben (GS9) a zöldtömeg eléri maximumát. A szárazanyag-felhalmozás mintegy 60%-a a genera-tív fázisra esik.

A 2,8–3,2% humusztartalmú talajon az önmagában alkalmazott 80 kg·ha-1 adagú N-trágyázás a cirok N-tartalmát szignifikánsan nem növelte a trágyázás nélküli kezeléshez képest, de a P-kiegészítés jelentősebb nitrogénkoncentráció-növekedést eredményezett. A talaj 195–222 mg·kg-1 AL-P2O5 ellátottságánál a 80 kg·ha-1-nál nagyobb N-adag további szignifikáns nitrogéntartalom-növekedést nem váltott ki. A túlzott P- és K-ellátottság, 340 mg·kg-1 AL-P2O5 és 450 mg·kg-1 AL-K2O felett, a cirok N-tartalmát jelentősen nem módosítja.

A P-trágyázás nélküli kezeléshez képest, ahol a talaj AL-P2O5 –tartalma 120–139 mg·kg-1 volt, csak a túlzott P-ellátottság (340–360 mg·kg-1 AL-P2O5) okozott a bugahányos kezdetén és virágzáskor jelentősebb foszfortartalom-növekedést.

A jó K-ellátottságú talajon csak a cirok 7–8 leveles fejlettségében és csak a túl-zott K-ellátottság (450 mg·kg-1 AL-K2O felett) eredményezett szignifikáns kálium-koncentráció-növekedést.

A legnagyobb termést (56–58 t·ha-1 zöld) adó kezelésekben a virágzás fázisára (GS6–7) a N-nek 65–70%-át veszi fel a cirok és a szemképződésre esik az összes N-felvétel közel 1/3-a. A P-felvétel dinamikája mérsékeltebb ütemű, mint a N-felvétel. Legintenzívebb a P-felvétel a virágzás és szemképződés fázisában, amikor az összes P-nak 57%-a épült be. A cirok K-felvétele a tenyészidő első felében lé-nyegesen intenzívebb ütemű, mint a N- és P-felvétel. Virágzásban a K-felhalmozás már meghaladja az összes K-felvétel 90%-át. A vegetatív fázisban, a bugahányás kezdetéig az összes Ca-nak és Mg-nak 52%-a, míg a Fe-nak, a Mn-nak, a Zn-nek és a Cu-nek 54–58%-a halmozódik fel.

A legnagyobb zöld- (56–58 t·ha-1) és szárazanyagtermés (19–21 t·ha-1) fajlagos N-felvétele 57 kg, P-felvétele 12 kg (28 kg P2O5) és K-felvétele 55 kg (66 kg K2O) 10 t zöldtermésre számítva. A trágyázási kezelések átlagában 10 t zöldtermés elem-felvétele Na-ból 2,6 kg, Ca-ból 9,5 kg (13 kg CaO), Mg-ból 9,3 kg (15 kg MgO), Fe-ból 388 g, Mn-ból 185 g, Zn-ból 67 g és Cu-ból 21 g.
An Interview with Damian Wright
Authors: Keogh Brent
Published: June 2016

In this Riff article, Brent Keogh speaks to Sydney based flamenco guitarist and ARIA award nominee, Damian Wright. The interview discusses Wright’s experiences and perspectives on World Music in Australia. Where much of the academic discourse on World Music focuses on broader theorisation and systemic critiques, the following interview presents experiences and insights from a musician contributing to, and working in, the complex discursive space of World Music in Australia. In doing so, Wright’s perspectives contribute to broader discussions concerning the politics of otherness, musical patronage, and cultural diversity in Australian music.
Medical Students’ Attitudes towards the Addictions
Authors: Mullen Kenneth , Smith Iain
Published: June 2016

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Background: The need for medical students to engage with patients with addictive problems is projected to increase in coming years. There will also be a concomitant greater emphasis on community-based learning. The present study assessed the impact of a community based teaching initiative, the Student Selected Component (SSC) Lay and Professional Perspectives on the Addictions, on students' attitudes to these groups. Summary of Work: The SSC is assessed by a final student report which includes a self-reflective section. The free text data from this section of 28 qualitative reports over 7 years was analysed using content analysis. Summary of Results: Students were clear they believed the experience of the SSC had increased their understanding of both the psychological and social complexity related to the addictions and the role of medicine within this. Conclusions: We discovered that the SSC Lay and Professional Perspectives on the Addictions not only gave students first-hand experience of those suffering from and treating addictive problems, but also had a positive effect on their attitude towards this group.
La historia del cooperativismo en Colombia: hitos y periodos
Authors: Pardo Martínez Luz Patricia , Huertas de Mora María Victoria
Published: June 2016

La línea de investigación que soporta el presente artículo se orientó a precisar los siguientes ejes fundamentales: el primero, identificar cuáles tipos de cooperativas —y su caracterización— se han dado en Colombia, y el segundo, establecer cuáles hitos han marcado y definido momentos históricos. El énfasis centra la mirada investigativa en indagar la viabilidad, utilidad y correspondencia de las organizaciones cooperativas con la doctrina filosófica del sector; analizar el aporte de las cooperativas según sus prácticas al desarrollo y potenciación de su dimensión social, a la vez que la incidencia de sus comportamientos en la consolidación de la organización con respecto a la comunidad local y nacional; por último, establecer periodos históricos de desarrollo de las organizaciones cooperativas en Colombia.
Estudio florístico del cerro Metecatl, del complejo montañoso Tetzcutzingo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
Authors: Hernández-Cruz Marina Jossabeth , Koch-Olt Stephen Douglas , Pulido-Salas María Teresa Patricia , Luna-Cavazos Mario , García-Villanueva Eduardo
Published: June 2016

Floristic studies provide information for detailed plant items in a region. It was performed a floristic study in the Cerro Metecatl, Estado de México; were described vegetation types and characterized microsites by counting species in 18 sampling units; we analyzed the influence of altitude, orientation, and inclination on the floristic composition at the site through multivariate analysis. There were 73 families, 211 genera and 274 species. 62 species are added to the list of Tetzcutzingo. We registered 201 native species and seven endemics for the Valley of Mexico. Species richness is lower in Metecatl regarding Tetzcutzingo, which is related to agricultural activities and environmental factors (humidity, slope, aspect and altitude). We recognized three types of vegetation: Pinus-Quercus Forest, scrub Eysenhardtia polystachya and grass land. The cluster analysis differentiated into two groups the Sampling Units, according to the similarity of shared species. The canonical correspondence analysis indicates floristic differences among sites located in the slope north-northeast with respect to the south-southwest side. These results confirm the great floristic richness and of microsites, that together Metecatl and Tetzcutzingo maintain, as an ecological reserve, what becomes relevant to the apparent loss of biodiversity in the municipality of Texcoco.
Effects of wetting and drying cycles on the germination of nine species of the Chihuahuan Desert
Authors: Contreras-Quiroz Mariana del Rocío , Pando-Moreno Marisela , Flores Joel , Jurado Enrique
Published: June 2016

Plants from drylands have developed strategies to germinate even in places where available humidity is sporadic with large periods of drought. Previous works determined germination of cacti species as a response to discontinuous humidity events (“seed hydration memory”). This study is aimed at assessing whether species of the Chihuahuan Desert show a seed hydration memory. Our hypothesis is that seeds of desert species can tolerate periods of dehydration after single or multiple hydration events and subsequently germinate more and faster. We evaluated nine species: Sartwellia mexicana , Echinocactus platyacanthus , Cucurbita foetidissima , Lepidium virginicum , Lesquerella berlandieri , Yucca filifera , Atriplex canescens , Nassella tenuissima , and Ferocactus pilosus , using four treatments: T1 = 24 hours hydration/5 days dehydration (HD), T2 = Three consecutive cycles of 24 hours hydration/5 days dehydration, T3 = 72 hours hydration /5 d dehydration, and T4 = Control. Echinocactus platyacanthus , Nassella tenuissima , Ferocactus pilosus , and Lepidium virginicum showed higher germination with HD treatments than the control . Ferocactus pilosus and Lepidium virginicum had the highest germination in T2, Nassella tenuissima in T3, Echinocactus platyacanthus in any HD treatment while Yucca filifera in the control and T2. Yucca filifera and   F. pilosus had the lowest germination rate ( t50 ) in T2; E. platyacanthus in T1 and T2. The remaining species didn’t show differences in t50 between treatments. These results indicate that at least some desert species germinate more and faster after single or multiple hydration- dehydration events evincing the ability of those seeds to retain, during dehydration, the physiological changes produced from seed hydration.
Management compromises and the sustainability of palm populations in Mayan homegardens
Authors: Martínez-Ballesté Andrea , Caballero Javier
Published: June 2016

The sustainability of a homegarden can be evaluated not only as its species richness and eco-systemic role, but also as the result of management practices affecting resource sustainability. Sabal spp. have been managed since Colonial times into homegardens, at present, its mature leaves are mostly used in roof building of traditional Mayan homes. Along a three-year study, we evaluated management sustainability of Sabal yapa and S. mexicana populations in two homegardens of Maxcanú, Yucatan, Mexico by the use of prospective and retrospective demographic analyses. We calculated sustainability based on population growth rate ( ? ). We used the prospective elasticity model to estimate the more sensible vital rates of the palm populations, and the retrospective analysis to calculate the effect of management practices on the annual variation of the palms population ? values. Care of young plants and occasional seed planting were among the management practices that increased the density of palms having an adequate harvesting size. The stages of the palms´ life cycle that are critical for sustainable population management are the adult and juvenile stages. An event of felling of adult palms had a negative effect in the population´s sustainability. Other practices in the homegarden such as weeding and watering of fruit trees increased the probabilities of survival.  Our study showed that the management of natural resources in homegardens involves compromises, and is not always focused on the sustainability of specific resources, but rather on the integrated management of the agroforestry system.
Lithium chloride could aggravate brain injury caused by 3-nitropropionic acid
Authors: Milutinović Aleksandra
Published: June 2016

Lithium, a well-known drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder, may also have the ability to reduce neurodegeneration and stimulate cell proliferation. Systemic injection of mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3NPA) is known to induce a relatively selective, Huntington disease-like brain injury. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of lithium chloride (LiCl) on brain injury caused by 3NPA. Female adult Wistar rats were pre-treated with LiCl (127 mg/kg) 1 day before the first injection of 3NPA (28 mg/kg), and then for 8 days with the same treatment but receiving LiCl 1 hour before 3NPA. Control groups were pre-treated accordingly, with LiCl or with normal saline, but were not treated with 3NPA. Staining for cytochrome c oxidase activity and in situ hybridization autoradiography of synaptotagmin-4 and -7 mRNAs were used to evaluate brain injury caused by 3NPA. There was a significant reduction of body weight in the 3NPA+LiCl group (79%) compared to the 3NPA group (90%, p = 0.031) and both control groups (100%, p = 0.000). Densitometric evaluation of cytochrome c oxidase staining and in situ hybridization autoradiograms revealed that the pre-treatment with LiCl caused an increase in striatal lesion for about 40% (p = 0.049). Moreover, the lesion was observed also in the hippocampus of three animals from the 3NPA+LiCl group and in two animals from the 3NPA group. However, there were no differences between the LiCl and saline group in any of the measured parameters. We concluded that the pre-treatment with a relatively nontoxic dose of LiCl could aggravate brain injury caused by 3NPA.
Revealing Cultural Ecosystem Services through Instagram Images: The Potential of Social Media Volunteered Geographic Information for Urban Green Infrastructure Planning and Governance
Authors: Guerrero Paulina , Møller Maja Steen , Olafsson Anton Stahl , Snizek Bernhard
Published: June 2016

With the prevalence of smartphones, new ways of engaging citizens and stakeholders in urban planning and governance are emerging. The technologies in smartphones allow citizens to act as sensors of their environment, producing and sharing rich spatial data useful for new types of collaborative governance set-ups. Data derived from Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) can support accessible, transparent, democratic, inclusive, and locally-based governance situations of interest to planners, citizens, politicians, and scientists. However, there are still uncertainties about how to actually conduct this in practice. This study explores how social media VGI can be used to document spatial tendencies regarding citizens’ uses and perceptions of urban nature with relevance for urban green space governance. Via the hashtag #sharingcph, created by the City of Copenhagen in 2014, VGI data consisting of geo-referenced images were collected from Instagram, categorised according to their content and analysed according to their spatial distribution patterns. The results show specific spatial distributions of the images and main hotspots. Many possibilities and much potential of using VGI for generating, sharing, visualising and communicating knowledge about citizens’ spatial uses and preferences exist, but as a tool to support scientific and democratic interaction, VGI data is challenged by practical, technical and ethical concerns. More research is needed in order to better understand the usefulness and application of this rich data source to governance.
Characterizing New Channels of Communication: A Case Study of Municipal 311 Requests in Edmonton, Canada
Authors: Lu Qing , Johnson Peter A.
Published: June 2016

City governments around the world are developing and expanding how they connect to citizens. Technologies play an important role in making this connection, and one frequent way that cities connect with citizens is through 311-style request systems. 311 is a non-emergency municipal notification system that uses telephone, email, web forms, and increasingly, mobile applications to allow citizens to notify government of infrastructure issues and make requests for municipal services. In many ways, this process of citizen contribution mirrors the provision of volunteered geographic information, that is spatially-referenced user generated content. This research presents a case study of the city of Edmonton, Canada, an early adopter of multi-channel 311 service request systems, including telephone, email, web form, and mobile app 311 request channels. Three methods of analysis are used to characterize and compare these different channels over three years of request data; a comparison of relative request share for each channel, a spatial hot spot analysis, and regression models to compare channel usage with sociodemographic variables. The results of this study indicate a shift in channel usage from traditional to Internet-enabled, that this shift is mirrored in the hotspots of request activity, and that specific digital inequalities exist that reinforce this distinction between traditional and Internet-enabled reporting channels.
AVALIAÇÃO E TRATAMENTO FISIOTERAPÊUTICO NA FRATURA DE VÉRTEBRA LOMBAR: RELATO DE CASO
Authors: Martins Tamiris Beppler , Moreira Géssica Maria , Da Silva Camila Fadel , Rafael Aline Dandara , Sinhorim Larissa , Santos Gilmar Moraes
Published: June 2016

Introduction: falls are common in elderly and can cause fractures, with a consequent decrease in functional capacity and quality of life of these individuals. Physical therapy has fundamental role in early return of patients to their activities of daily living. Objective: evaluate the effectiveness of physical therapy on pain and functionality in elderly patients with fractures in the spine. Method: subject to 65 years of age, female, fracture history in the first lumbar vertebra. The participant was evaluated through a Physical Therapy Evaluation form, Visual Analogue Scale, Roland Morris disability questionnaire and the lumbar disability index of OSWESTRY. A treatment protocol was applied for ten sessions. Results: the results showed decreased pain and increased functionality after 10 training sessions. Conclusion: the proposal of physical therapy proved effective in gaining functionality and reducing pain.
Biochemical characteristics of AtFAR2, a fatty acid reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana that reduces fatty acyl-CoA and -ACP substrates into fatty alcohols
Authors: Doan Thuy T. P. , Carlsson Anders S. , Stymne Sten , Hofvander Per
Published: June 2016

Fatty alcohols and derivatives are important for proper deposition of a functional pollen wall. Mutations in specific genes encoding fatty acid reductases (FAR) responsible for fatty alcohol production cause abnormal development of pollen. A disrupted AtFAR2 (MS2) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana results in pollen developing an abnormal exine layer and a reduced fertility phenotype. AtFAR2 has been shown to be targeted to chloroplasts and in a purified form to be specific for acyl-ACP substrates. Here, we present data on the in vitro and in planta characterizations of AtFAR2 from A. thaliana and show that this enzyme has the ability to use both, C16:0-ACP and C16:0-CoA, as substrates to produce C16:0-alcohol. Our results further show that AtFAR2 is highly similar in properties and substrate specificity to AtFAR6 for which in vitro data has been published, and which is also a chloroplast localized enzyme. This suggests that although AtFAR2 is the major enzyme responsible for exine layer functionality, AtFAR6 might provide functional redundancy to AtFAR2.
Plant derived smoke stimulation for seed germination and enhancement of crop growth: A review
Authors: Govindaraj M. , Masilamani P. , Albert V. Alex , Bhaskaran M.
Published: June 2016

Smoke is an important factor involved in fire and post fire germination cues. The role of smoke in stimulating germination was first highlighted in South Africa in a study on Audouinia capitata, a threatened fynbos species. Farmers throughout the world have traditionally used fire and smoke in grain drying practices. It is thought that these methods improve germination and seedling vigor. Smoke has been applied in agriculture mainly by two ways viz., Aerosol method and Smoke water method. In aerosol method, seeds were directly exposed to smoke generated from burning plant material. Smoke-water is one of the most convenient means of application. The biologically active compounds present in smoke readily dissolve in water and when this smoke-extract is used as a diluted solution, treated seeds of many species show a marked improvement in germination. The main active germination compound of smoke-water derived from burned plant materials and cellulose has been identified as butenolide [3-methyl-2H-furo (2, 3-c) pyran-2-one], which is effective at very low concentrations (1 ppb). The compound has recently been referred to as “karrikinolide”. Following the initial isolation of KAR1, a whole new family of plant growth regulators, termed ‘karrikins’, were identified in smoke and several related compounds have been synthesized. It is estimated that between 2 and 5 g of KAR1 is more than sufficient for 1 ha of land application rates that are commercially viable. Application of smoke in various agricultural, horticultural forage and forestry crops had found that smoke acted as a cue for breaking seeds of dormancy, improve seed germination, seedling growth, flowering, plant biomass of different plant families, Invitro plantlet regeneration and pathogen control (Anti-microbial properties).
Land suitability evaluation criteria for agricultural crop selection: A review
Authors: Singha Chiranjit , Swain Kishore Chandra
Published: June 2016

Land suitability study for agriculture is a very important technique in deciding future agricultural cropping pattern, planning and activities. Land suitability analysis is an assessment of an area to determine how proper or appropriate it is for a particular use of the land (such as growing a crop variety) in a particular location. Land suitability tools have been extensively applied to identify better management practices in agricultural areas. Soil and landscape properties are essential in this type of evaluation, fact that makes especially interesting, is the coupling of this type of model with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS). The integration of RS-GIS, Fuzzy-logic and application of Multi-Criteria Evaluation using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) could provide a superior database and guide map for decision makers considering crop land substitution in order to achieve better agricultural production. A review was carried out for different multicriteria analysis to develop land suitability maps. Fuzzy-logic integrated with Multi-Criteria Evaluation in GIS environment found most suitable for agricultural crops.
Achieving food sovereignty through water conservation: A review
Authors: Hafif Bariot
Published: June 2016

Food sovereignty is the rights of every nation to maintain and develop skills in producing basic foods, with respect for cultural and product diversity. The food sovereignty of a nation would be viable provided that the natural resources essential for plant growth are available and one of them is water. However, the increase of water demand far exceeds its availability, thus water shortage for agriculture with, as water is also needed by other organisms. As a tropical country, Indonesia has sufficient water supplies from both rainfall and groundwater. With good water management and conservation strategy, it should suffice the demand. Therefore, save the water movement as part of water sustainability program would highly contribute in achieving sustainable food production hence food sovereignty in the long run.
Nutritional drivers of rumen development: A review
Authors: Gupta Mokshata , Khan* Nazam , Rastogi Ankur , Haq Zulfqar ul , Varun1 T.K.
Published: June 2016

Proper development of the rumen is an imperative chore that can be controlled to benefit both the calf and producer. The process of rumen development can be enhanced with right nutrition and management that can reduce the cost of raising a calf. Important considerations in regard to nutrition at the time of rumen growth (birth to approximately three months) can lead to faster rumen development and better growth rate of neonatal calves. Additionally, calves with well developed rumen at weaning are less susceptible to diseases and gain more body weight with lower management and labor costs. Therefore present review discusses the different nutritional factors affecting earlier rumen development.