bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Si3N4–SiC Ceramic Used for Volumetric Receivers
Authors: Wu Jianfeng , Liu Meng , Xu Xiaohong , Zhang Yaxiang , Lao Xinbin
Published: April 2013

Si3N4–SiC composite ceramics used for volumetric receivers were fabricated by pressureless sintering of micrometer SiC, Si3N4, andalusite, and other minor additions powders. Mechanical, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and thermal shock resistance properties were tested at different sintering temperatures. The best sintering temperature of optimum formula A2 is 1360°C, and the bending strength reaches 79.60 Mpa. And moreover, its thermal expansion coefficient is 6.401 × 10−6/°C, thermal conductivity is 7.83 W/(m K), and no crack occurs even subjected to 30 cycles thermal shock with a bending strength increase rate of 4.72%. X‐ray diffraction results show that the phase constituents of the sintered products mainly consist of SiC, Si3N4, mullite, and quartz. Microstructure that is most appropriate and exhibits maximal thermal shock resistance was detected using SEM. The porosity of Si3N4–SiC ceramic foam prepared from formula A2 is 95%, which provides a rapid and steady action for the receiver. The evaluation of the present foam shows that Si3N4–SiC ceramic composite is a good candidate for volumetric receivers.
Loading and Delivery of Anticancer Drugs using Montmorillonite
Authors: Betsiou Maria , Bantsis Georgios , Sikalidis Costas , Zoi Ioanna , Bourliva Anna
Published: April 2013

This study aimed to investigate in vitro the montmorillonite (MMT) as carrier for gemcitabine hydrochloride (dFdU.HCl) and oxaliplatin (DACH‐Pt). The maximum adsorption capacities of MMT and their respective mechanisms were determined through a soaking procedure (387.5 mg dFdU.HCl/g MMT were adsorbed in 32 h, 83 mg DACH‐Pt/g MMT in 48 h). Release kinetics studies were carried out soaking the samples of loaded MMT in simulated body fluids (SBF). Finally, in an attempt to explain the mechanism of drug delivery, the chemical interactions were studied theoretically, according to the adsorption and release profiles.
Stroke Rehabilitation in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhang Wen Wen , Speare Sally , Churilov Leonid , Thuy Matthew , Donnan Geoffrey , Bernhardt Julie
Published: April 2013

Background

Stroke rehabilitation is regarded as an essential component of organized care, therefore withholding treatment is considered unethical in Western trials. Poststroke rehabilitation is not standard in China, and trials with no treatment controls have been possible. We believed aggregation of these data represented a unique opportunity to examine the ‘effect size’ of this intervention.

Aim

The aim of this study was to systematically review randomized controlled trials that compare rehabilitation to standard care after stroke in China.

Methods

We searched 24 databases including Wanfangdata (China), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Cochrane Stroke Group Register, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials. The primary outcome of interest was activities of daily living (Barthel Index), and the secondary outcome was disability (Fugl-Meyer Score). Random-effect meta-analysis was performed. Results Thirty-seven randomized controlled trials consisting of 5916 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age reported in each study range from 47·2 to 72·5 years, 52·6% were male and 23·8% had a haemorrhagic stroke. Rehabilitation interventions varied between studies, but all included additional exercise therapy. Control patients had no formal rehabilitation. Patients who received rehabilitation showed marked improvements in Barthel Index (standardized mean difference: 1·04, 95% confidence interval: 0·88–1·21, P < 0·001, I2 = 85·9%) and Fugl-Meyer Score (standardized mean difference: 1·10, 95% confidence interval: 0·82–1·38, P < 0·001, I2 = 94·3%) compared with controls. However, reporting quality was low, and time to start of rehabilitation was often unclear.

Conclusion

These data provide some evidence that rehabilitation poststroke is more effective than no rehabilitation, improving activities of daily living and reducing disability. Although results are limited by low reporting quality and study heterogeneity, conducting research in countries in which rehabilitation is not standard care provides an opportunity to advance our understanding and should be encouraged.
Economic openness and welfare state attitudes: A multilevel study across 67 countries
Authors: Koster Ferry
Published: April 2013

This article extends previous studies investigating economic globalisation and the welfare state by examining individual attitudes, ranging from a preference for individual responsibility (economic individualism) to public demand for government intervention (social equality), across a large number of countries. It formulates different hypotheses about the direct and moderating effects of economic openness on these attitudes. The multilevel analysis, investigating data from 99,663 citizens of 67 countries, leads to the following two conclusions. First, economic openness is associated with a stronger preference for economic individualism and less demand for government intervention. Second, groups benefiting from globalisation and right‐wing voters have a stronger preference for economic individualism if the economic openness of their country is higher.

Key Practitioner Message: ● The results show that some vulnerable groups demand more social protection in economically more open countries.
Stromal cell regulation of homeostatic and inflammatory lymphoid organogenesis
Authors: Kain Matthew J. W. , Owens Benjamin M. J.
Published: April 2013

Secondary lymphoid organs function to increase the efficiency of interactions between rare, antigen‐specific lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells, concentrating antigen and lymphocytes in a supportive environment that facilitates the initiation of an adaptive immune response. Homeostatic lymphoid tissue organogenesis proceeds via exquisitely controlled spatiotemporal interactions between haematopoietic lymphoid tissue inducer populations and multiple subsets of non‐haematopoietic stromal cells. However, it is becoming clear that in a range of inflammatory contexts, ectopic or tertiary lymphoid tissues can develop inappropriately under pathological stress. Here we summarize the role of stromal cells in the development of homeostatic lymphoid tissue, and assess emerging evidence that suggests a critical role for stromal involvement in the tertiary lymphoid tissue development associated with chronic infections and inflammation.
Adult‐onset systemic Langerhans cell histiocytosis mimicking inflammatory bowel disease: the value of skin biopsy and review of cases of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with cutaneous involvement seen at the Mayo Clinic
Authors: Podjasek Joshua O. , Loftus Conor G. , Smyrk Thomas C. , Wieland Carilyn N.
Published: April 2013

Background

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is frequently known to involve multiple organ systems. However, gastrointestinal involvement by LCH is rare.

Methods

We describe a 68‐year‐old woman with a 3‐year history of intermittent diarrhea initially diagnosed as inflammatory bowel disease. She was subsequently found to have systemic LCH with involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, liver, and skin after skin biopsy was performed. A retrospective review of patients with cutaneous involvement of LCH seen at the Mayo Clinic over the past 15 years was conducted. The presence of systemic disease as well as specific organ system involvement was reviewed.

Results

Twenty‐four patients with cutaneous LCH were identified. Besides our case, one other patient with both gastrointestinal and cutaneous involvement was identified. This patient died at six months of age. No other adult‐onset cases were identified.

Conclusions

Gastrointestinal involvement with LCH is rare, can be easily misdiagnosed, and likely portends a poor prognosis. In patients with ill‐defined systemic symptoms, cutaneous exam and biopsy have the potential to diagnose systemic disease.
REMOVING SALT SACHETS FROM WARD MEAL‐TRAYS DOES NOT AFFECT PATIENTS' NUTRITIONAL INTAKE
Authors: Ward Jennifer , Batt Elizabeth
Published: April 2013

Background

Reducing dietary salt intake lowers blood pressure and proteinuria, both of which are beneficial in preventing renal disease progression. Hospital meals are often accompanied by salt sachets, providing patients with additional salt.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of salt sachet provision by request only (i.e. the patient must ask for a salt sachet rather than the sachet being placed automatically on the tray), on meal consumption and salt intake. A secondary aim was to determine policy on salt sachet provision in other hospitals.

Design

Salt sachet use and meal consumption was assessed on a renal ward over two weeks. Salt sachets were then provided ‘by request only’ and the assessment was repeated. Renal Nutrition Group members were surveyed to determine the policy of sachet provision in other hospitals.

Results

Salt intake was significantly reduced during the period when salt was provided by request only compared with routine salt provision (p < 0.01). Meal consumption was similar during both periods. Salt sachet provision varied by hospital.

Conclusion

Providing salt sachets by ‘request only’ reduced salt intake without affecting meal consumption. This is now the adopted policy on the renal ward at our hospital.
New Method of Synthesizing Aluminum Oxynitride Spinel Powders
Authors: Ruan Guozhi , Xu Haisen , Zhang Zhihui , Yin Mingqiang , Xu Guogang , Zhan Xiaoyuan
Published: April 2013

Aluminum oxynitride spinel (AlON) powders were synthesized by aluminothermic reaction in a reducing N2‐CO atmosphere. Low cost and easily available aluminum and γ‐Al2O3 alumina micrometer‐sized powders were employed as starting materials. Mixed powders consisting of 75 wt% Al and 25 wt% Al2O3 were milled together and pressed into billets with diameter of 20 mm and height of 15 mm. Green‐body billets were then calcined in charcoal‐protected condition (namely in a N2‐CO atmosphere) at 1600°C. Phase composition and microstructure of final sintered products were analyzed. The results showed that AlON phase with AlN as a minor phase was formed at 1600°C for 3 h. At the same time, grains of AlON were tabular in shape and whiskers can be found in samples after being sintered at 1600°C.
An ethnographic study of the incentives and barriers to lifestyle interventions for people with severe mental illness
Authors: Roberts Seren Haf , Bailey Jois Elisabeth
Published: April 2013

Aims

To explore incentives and barriers to an educational lifestyle intervention for people with severe mental illness.

Background

Social and lifestyle factors along with long‐term antipsychotic therapy contribute to poorer physical health in people with severe mental illness. Behavioural lifestyle interventions for this clinical group have shown some benefit. Evidence relating to the incentives and barriers to interventions is limited.

Design

An ethnographic qualitative study was undertaken.

Methods

Data collection was carried out through participant observations and semi‐structured interviews with eight mental health service users attending, or previously attended, a group‐based lifestyle intervention. Interview data were collected between September 2008–April 2009 and observation data were collected between September–December 2009.

Results/Findings

Participant observation highlighted environment, facilitator style, group ownership, group cohesion, information and learning, incentives and barriers as important. Participant interviews identified weight management, social networking, information and communication, role of healthcare professionals and perceived benefits as key themes.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence about the incentives and barriers to lifestyle interventions from service users' perspective, which should inform developments to improve the delivery of lifestyle interventions for this group.
Mutation Location Effect on Severity of Phenotype During Exercise Testing in Type 1 Long‐QT Syndrome: Impact of Transmembrane and C‐Loop Location
Authors: LAKSMAN ZACHARY W.M. , HAMILTON ROBERT M. , CHOCKALINGAM PRIYA , BALLANTYNE EMILY , STEPHENSON ELIZABETH A. , GROSS GIL J. , GULA LORNE J. , KLEIN GEORGE J. , WILDE ARTHUR A.M. , KRAHN ANDREW D.
Published: April 2013

Mutation Location Effect on Severity

Background

Targeted mutation site‐specific differences have correlated C‐loop missense mutations with worse outcomes and increased benefit of beta‐blockers in LQT1. This observation has implicated the C‐loop region as being mechanistically important in the altered response to sympathetic stimulation known to put patients with LQT1 at risk of syncope and sudden cardiac death.

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine if there is mutation site‐specific response to sympathetic stimulation and beta‐blockers using exercise testing.

Methods

This study is a retrospective review of LQT1 patients undergoing exercise testing at 3 academic referral centers.

Results

A total of 123 patients (age 28 ± 17 years, 59 male) were studied including 34 patients (28%) with C‐loop mutations. There were no significant differences in supine, standing, peak exercise and 1‐minute recovery QTc duration between patients with C‐loop mutations and patients with alternate mutation sites. In 37 patients that underwent testing on and off beta‐blockers, beta‐blocker use was associated with a significant reduction in supine, standing and peak exercise QTc. This difference was not seen in the small group of patients (7/37) with C‐loop mutations. There was no difference in QTc at 1 and 4 minutes into recovery.

Conclusions

Genetically confirmed LQT1 patients in this study cohort with C‐loop mutations did not demonstrate the expected increase in QTc in response to exercise, or resultant response to beta‐blocker. The apparent increased risk of cardiac events associated with C‐loop mutation sites and the marked benefit received from beta‐blocker therapy are not reflected by exercise‐mediated effects on QTc in this study population.
Effect of a Novel Calcium Channel Blocker on Abnormal Nocturnal Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Kario Kazuomi , Nariyama Jin , Kido Hidenori , Ando Shin‐ichi , Takiuchi Shin , Eguchi Kazuo , Niijima Yawara , Ando Toshiaki , Noda Makoto
Published: April 2013

The authors examined the effect of cilnidipine, a unique L/N‐type calcium channel blocker, on abnormal nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dipping in Japanese hypertensive patients in the real world. The Ambulatory Blood Pressure Control and Home Blood Pressure (Morning and Evening) Lowering by N‐Channel Blocker Cilnidipine (ACHIEVE‐ONE), a large‐scale clinical study, was designed to evaluate the effects of cilnidipine in daily medical practice. Among the study, 24‐hour ambulatory BP data were obtained from 615 patients and classified according to their nocturnal dipping status as extreme dippers, dippers, nondippers, or risers. A 12‐week treatment with cilnidipine significantly reduced 24‐hour BP in all groups (P<.001). Changes in nocturnal systolic BP (SBP) from baseline were −17.9 mm Hg from 154.6 mm Hg in risers and −11.9 mm Hg from 142.1 mm Hg, −6.6 mm Hg from 128.5 mm Hg, and 0.1 mm Hg from 115.8 mm Hg in nondippers, dippers, and extreme dippers, respectively. Changes from baseline in nocturnal SBP reduction rate were 8.2% in risers (P<.001) but −7.0% in extreme dippers (P<.001), while no change was observed in the nighttime SBP reduction rate for the total patients (−0.2%±9.6%, P=.617). Cilnidipine partially, but significantly, restored abnormal nocturnal dipping status toward a normal dipping pattern in hypertensive patients.
Lessons Learned From a Survey of the Diagnosis and Treatment Journeys of Postmenopausal Women With Hypertension
Authors: Doner Lotenberg Lynne , Clough Lisa C. , Mackey Thomas A. , Rudolph Amy E. , Samuel Rita , Foody JoAnne M.
Published: April 2013

In this qualitative, experiential study, 300 members of the database of WomenHeart: The National Coalition for Women With Heart Disease completed an online survey about hypertension diagnosis and treatment, patient education, and perceptions of this and related conditions. Based on the findings from the survey, characteristics of the prototypical journey were identified. To the extent to which the surveyed WomenHeart members represent typical experiences, this survey provides insights into common hurdles women encounter in their journey throughout the hypertension diagnosis and treatment process. Results of this study suggest the need for a patient‐centric approach to hypertension management and to implement programs with the intention of comprehensively assessing and meeting individual needs. Further studies would be of value to expand on patients' journeys in the management of hypertension and identify the types of products, services, and programming that most effectively support treatment adherence and achievement of optimal blood pressure control.
Genetic comparison of mouse lung telocytes with mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts
Authors: Zheng Yonghua , Zhang Miaomiao , Qian Mengjia , Wang Lingyan , Cismasiu V. B. , Bai Chunxue , Popescu L. M. , Wang Xiangdong
Published: April 2013

Telocytes (TCs) are interstitial cells with telopodes – very long prolongations that establish intercellular contacts with various types of cells. Telocytes have been found in many organs and various species and have been characterized ultrastructurally, immunophenotypically and electrophysiologically (www.telocytes.com). Telocytes are distributed through organ stroma forming a three‐dimensional network in close contacts with blood vessels, nerve bundles and cells of the local immune system. Moreover, it has been shown that TCs express a broad range of microRNAs, such as pro‐angiogenic and stromal‐specific miRs. In this study, the gene expression profile of murine lung TCs is compared with other differentiated interstitial cells (fibroblasts) and with stromal stem/progenitor cells. More than 2000 and 4000 genes were found up‐ or down‐regulated, respectively, in TCs as compared with either MSCs or fibroblasts. Several components or regulators of the vascular basement membrane are highly expressed in TCs, such as Nidogen, Collagen type IV and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3). Given that TCs locate in close vicinity of small vessels and capillaries, the data suggest the implication of TCs in vascular branching. Telocytes express also matrix metalloproteases Mmp3 and Mmp10, and thus could regulate extracellular matrix during vascular branching and de novo vessel formation. In conclusion, our data show that TCs are not fibroblasts, as the ultrastructure, immunocytochemistry and microRNA assay previously indicated. Gene expression profile demonstrates that TCs are functionally distinct interstitial cells with specific roles in cell signalling, tissue remodelling and angiogenesis.
Evidence of a middle longitudinal fasciculus in the human brain from fiber dissection
Authors: Maldonado Igor Lima , de Champfleur Nicolas Menjot , Velut Stéphane , Destrieux Christophe , Zemmoura Ilyess , Duffau Hugues
Published: April 2013

A rostrocaudal pathway connecting the temporal and parietal lobes was described in monkeys using autoradiography and was named the middle longitudinal fasciculus (MdLF). Recently, the use of diffusion tensor tractography has allowed it to be depicted in human volunteers. In the present study, a technique of fiber dissection was used in 18 cadaveric human brains to investigate the presence of this fasciculus and to detail its anatomical relationships. On the basis of our findings, fiber dissection provides evidence for a long horizontal bundle medial to the arcuate fasciculus and extending to the superior temporal gyrus. Its fibers occupy the lateral‐most layer of the upper portion of the stratum sagittale and partially cover the inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus, which is situated deeper and slightly inferiorly. Whereas MdLF fibers continue on a relatively superficial level to reach the superior temporal gyrus, the inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus penetrates the deep temporal white matter and crosses the insular lobe. Although diffusion tensor imaging suggests that the MdLF terminates in the angular gyrus, this was not confirmed by the present study. These long association fibers continue onward posteriorly into upper portions of the occipital lobe. Further studies are needed to understand the role of the MdLF in brain function.
Assessing the fire tolerance of forest species inNewCaledonian savanna: modelling choices do matter
Authors: Fernandes Paulo M.
Published: April 2013

Ibanez et al. (Journal of Vegetation Science,2013,24: 177) used fire modelling to examine the differential fire tolerance of secondary forest species inNewCaledonia savanna. Misinterpretation of the concept of flame‐front residence time and inadequate choices and linkages of fire behaviour and fire effects models affected the estimation of both stem and canopy injury. The most relevant concern is that the depth of fire‐induced necrosis in the stem was overemphasized by a factor of two to three, underestimating tree tolerance to fire and overestimating the tree size thresholds for escaping fire.
Circulating MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Chen Yi‐peng , Jin Xi , Xiang Zun , Chen Shao‐hua , Li You‐ming
Published: April 2013

Aims

To investigate serum miRNA profile in alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), evaluate its effect as non‐invasive diagnostic tool and to study its targets' function.

Methods

Microarray and quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) were utilized to detect serum miRNAs pattern in a rat ASH model, followed by target prediction with bioinformatics calculation. The functions and pathways of miRNAs' targets were analysed using databases of Gene Ontology and KEGG. The association between dysregulated miRNAs and genes was assessed by MiR‐Gene Network. Five top dysregulated miRNAs were also verified in humans.

Results

Eight up‐regulated and three down‐regulated serum miRNAs were selected as an accurate molecular signature in distinguishing ASH from control. For up‐regulated miRNAs, 122 GO and 144 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched, including apoptosis, lipid metabolic process, PPAR signalling pathway. For down‐regulated miRNAs, 86 GO and 104 KEGG pathways were enriched, including fatty acid metabolism and insulin signalling pathway. Besides, Ccdc117, Gcom1, Zmynd11 and Zfp423 were found at top list as under common regulation of maximum miRNAs. Moreover, miR‐214 had the highest degree of 63 among all miRNAs, followed by miR‐203 and miR‐539. Similarly, Stat3 and Lyn showed the highest degree of 5 among all downstream targets. All significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) revealed that five top dysregulated miRNAs showed the same tendency in humans.

Conclusion

We have reported a unique serum miRNA pattern for non‐invasive diagnosis of ASH and provided data reservoir for miRNA and downstream targets exploration.
Barnacle fouling in the Mediterranean sponges Axinella polypoides and Axinella verrucosa
Authors: Haber Markus , Gur Amir , Blihoghe Daniela , Ilan Micha
Published: April 2013

Secondary metabolites protect many marine sponges (Phylum: Porifera) from settlement by fouling organisms. Previous studies on the subtidal demosponge Axinella verrucosa collected in the Western Mediterranean led to the isolation of compounds that inhibited the settlement of cyprids larvae of the intertidal barnacle Balanus amphitrite, and the enzyme chitinase, which plays a key role in the molting cycle of crustaceans. However, in a field survey conducted at three locations in Israel, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, we observed that A. verrucosa is fouled by the subtidal barnacle Balanus trigonus, a previously unknown association. Settlement inhibition assays using B. amphitrite with chemical extracts from Israeli A. verrucosa and Axinella polypoides, a sympatric, congeneric sponge that seems not to be fouled by B. trigonus, showed that cyprid larvae of B. amphitrite were inhibited by the extracts of both sponges from settlement at concentrations several magnitudes lower than natural volumetric extract concentration in the sponges. These results indicate that, unlike the intertidal barnacle B. amphitrite, the subtidal B. trigonus is unaffected by the compounds from A. verrucosa, stressing and underlining the importance of using suitable target organisms (i.e. from the same habitat) to test for ecologically relevant antifouling activities.
Habitat selection in birds feeding on ocean shores: landscape effects are important in the choice of foraging sites by oystercatchers
Authors: Schlacher Thomas A. , Meager Justin J. , Nielsen Tara
Published: April 2013

Food availability is a fundamental determinant of habitat selection in animals, including shorebirds foraging on benthic invertebrates. However, the combination of dynamic habitats, patchy distributions at multiple spatial scales, and highly variable densities over time can make prey less predictable on ocean‐exposed sandy shores. This can, hypothetically, cause a mismatch between prey and consumer distributions in these high‐energy environments. Here we test this prediction by examining the occurrence of actively foraging pied oystercatchers (Haematopus longirostris) in relation to physical habitat attributes and macrobenthic prey assemblages on a 34 km long, high‐energy beach inEasternAustralia. We incorporate two spatial dimensions: (i) adjacent feeding and non‐feeding patches separated by 200 m and (ii) landscape regions with and without foraging birds separated by 2–17 km. There was no support for prey‐based or habitat‐based habitat choice at the smaller dimension, with birds being essentially randomly distributed at the local scale. Conversely, at the broader landscape dimension, the distribution of oystercatchers was driven by the density of their prey, but not by attributes of the physical beach environment. This scale‐dependence suggests that, on open‐coast beaches, landscape effects modulate how mobile predators respond to variations in prey availability.
Inhibition of in vivo Slicer activity of Argonaute protein 1 by the viral 2b protein independent of its dsRNA‐binding function
Authors: Feng Lei , Duan Cheng‐Guo , Guo Hui‐Shan
Published: April 2013

The 2b protein of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has several unique properties, such as targeting to the nucleolus and interaction with both Argonautes (AGOs) and short and long double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA). We have recently uncoupled the domain requirements for dsRNA binding and nucleolar targeting from the physical interactions with AGO proteins, and have found that the direct 2b–AGO interaction is sufficient to inhibit the in vitro AGO1 Slicer function independent of the other biochemical properties of 2b. Because the AGO binding activity of 2b is not required for its suppressor function in vivo, this raises the question of whether in vivo 2b–AGO interaction is possible to inhibit the in vivo AGO Slicer function. In this study, by taking advantage of a technology for the production of artificial trans‐acting small interfering RNA (tasiRNA), a process uniquely associated with AGO1‐mediated in vivo Slicer activity, we demonstrated that the expression of the 2b protein in planta interfered with the production of tasiRNA. Through further detailed analysis with deletion mutants of 2b proteins, we found that the inhibition of in vivo AGO1 Slicer function required the nucleolar localization signal (NoLS), in addition to the AGO‐binding domain, of the 2b protein. Our finding demonstrates that in vivo 2b–AGO1 interaction is sufficient to inhibit AGO1 Slicer function independent of the dsRNA‐binding activity of the 2b protein.
Counting neurons is not as easy as ‘one‐two, three’
Authors: Kapur R. P.
Published: April 2013

An accurate determination of the number of neurons in a segment of bowel is fundamental to establish population norms and identify neurodegenerative conditions, including age‐related loss of myenteric ganglion cells. Although the latter phenomenon has been observed by several laboratories in various mammals, in this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Gamage et al. present evidence that colonic myenteric ganglion cells are maintained in aged mice. These discordant findings prompt a thoughtful consideration, the range of variables affecting the accuracy of neuronal counts and the survival of neuronal populations in aging animals.
Combining frost tolerance, high grain yield and good pasta quality in durum wheat
Authors: Longin Carl Friedrich Horst , Sieber Alisa‐Naomi , Reif Jochen C.
Published: April 2013

Growing in Central Europe winter instead of spring durum wheat would substantially increase yield potential but is currently hampered by the lack of knowledge of frost tolerance present in elite material. The objectives of our survey were to (i) study the genetic variability and heritability of frost tolerance and its association with other important agronomic and quality traits in durum wheat, (ii) examine the potential to combine frost tolerance with high quality and high grain yield and (iii) investigate the consequences of the heritabilities and associations among traits on the optimum design of a multistage selection programme for winter durum wheat. We investigated 101 elite winter durum wheat lines and four commercial checks in field trials at four locations. Four agronomic as well as nine quality traits were recorded. In addition, frost tolerance was evaluated using a semi‐controlled test resulting in high‐quality phenotypic data. Genotypic variances (σ²G) were significantly larger than zero for all traits, and heritabilities were moderate to high. Several elite durum wheat lines exhibited a frost tolerance comparable to that of two frost‐tolerant Triticum aestivum varieties. Frost tolerance was not negatively associated with other important agronomic and quality traits. The high quality of the phenotypic data for frost tolerance evaluated in a semi‐controlled test suggests that this is a cost‐efficient approach to consider frost tolerance at early stages of a multistage durum wheat breeding programme.
Use of barley seed vigour to discriminate drought and cold tolerance in crop years with high seed vigour and low trait variation
Authors: Ullmannová Kamila , Stř eda Tomáš , Chloupek Oldř ich
Published: April 2013

Seed vigour is a precondition for early and homogenous field emergence of barley, in addition to effective malting. This study aimed to assess the selection of barley varieties by using seed vigour as the indicator. Seed vigour of barley (quantified as the germination percentage) was evaluated under drought (−0.2 MPa) and temperature stress (10°C). At two locations over a 3‐year period, 1 population of 133 Derkado × B83‐12/21/5 doubled haploid (DH) lines (and parents) was evaluated for seed vigour, of which 108 DH lines were assessed for three malting parameters. The relatively high values of vigour during the 3‐year period (overall average 94–95%) probably impeded high variations in genetic potential. A total of 27 DH lines of the 133 evaluated showed transgression for vigour (up to 98%) in comparison with the parents (Derkado: 96%; B83: 92%). In conclusion, caution should be applied when selecting for seed vigour, even in good crop years with high levels of seed vigour and low trait variations. Such selection might improve vigour, particularly in crop years with unsuitable weather conditions.
MicroRNA‐based molecular markers: a novel PCR‐based genotyping technique in Brassica species
Authors: Fu Donghui , Ma Bi , Mason Annaliese S. , Xiao Meili , Wei Lijuan , An Zeshan
Published: April 2013

DNA‐based molecular markers play a significant role in gene mapping, genetic diversity analysis, germplasm evaluation and molecular marker‐assisted selection. A combination of desirable marker characteristics such as abundant polymorphism, good stability, ease of production and high efficiency is difficult to achieve when utilizing traditional molecular marker systems. MicroRNAs are a type of endogenous non‐coding RNAs prevalent in the genomes of many organisms. The high conservation of miRNA and pre‐miRNA sequences provides an opportunity to develop a novel molecular marker type. We downloaded 82 miRNA sequences from the Brassica miRBase database and designed 46 single miRNA‐based primers which could be randomly combined to generate primer pairs. A proportion of these primer pairs were validated for transferability and polymorphism using DNA from 16 varieties of six Brassica species. The percentage of polymorphic primer pairs were 28.1%, and the average polymorphism information content (PIC) value for the 34 primer pairs was 0.43. Good transferability was verified across species. These results indicate that miRNA‐based markers provide a novel genotyping technique with low costs, high efficiency, stability and good transferability.
Quantifying the impact of daily and seasonal variation in sap pH on xylem dissolved inorganic carbon estimates in plum trees
Authors: Erda F. G. , Bloemen J. , Steppe K.
Published: April 2013

In studies on internal CO2 transport, average xylem sap pH (pHx) is one of the factors used for calculation of the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon in the xylem sap ([]). Lack of detailed pHx measurements at high temporal resolution could be a potential source of error when evaluating [] dynamics. In this experiment, we performed continuous measurements of CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and stem temperature (Tstem), complemented with pHx measurements at 30‐min intervals during the day at various stages of the growing season (Day of the Year (DOY): 86 (late winter), 128 (mid‐spring) and 155 (early summer)) on a plum tree (Prunus domestica L. cv. Reine Claude d'Oullins). We used the recorded pHx to calculate [] based on Tstem and the corresponding measured [CO2]. No statistically significant difference was found between mean [] calculated with instantaneous pHx and daily average pHx. However, using an average pHx value from a different part of the growing season than the measurements of [CO2] and Tstem to estimate [] led to a statistically significant error. The error varied between 3.25 ± 0.01% under‐estimation and 3.97 ± 0.01% over‐estimation, relative to the true [] data. Measured pHx did not show a significant daily variation, unlike [CO2], which increased during the day and declined at night. As the growing season progressed, daily average [CO2] (3.4%, 5.3%, 7.4%) increased and average pHx (5.43, 5.29, 5.20) decreased. Increase in [CO2] will increase its solubility in xylem sap according to Henry's law, and the dissociation of [] will negatively affect pHx. Our results are the first quantifying the error in [] due to the interaction between [CO2] and pHx on a seasonal time scale. We found significant changes in pHx across the growing season, but overall the effect on the calculation of [] remained within an error range of 4%. However, it is possible that the error could be more substantial for other tree species, particularly if pHx is in the more sensitive range (pHx > 6.5).
Multistate Survival Models as Transient Electrical Networks
Authors: Butler Ronald W. , Bronson Douglas A.
Published: April 2013

In multistate survival analysis, the sojourn of a patient through various clinical states is shown to correspond to the diffusion of 1 C of electrical charge through an electrical network. The essential comparison has differentials of probability for the patient to correspond to differentials of charge, and it equates clinical states to electrical nodes. Indeed, if the death state of the patient corresponds to the sink node of the circuit, then the transient current that would be seen on an oscilloscope as the sink output is a plot of the probability density for the survival time of the patient. This electrical circuit analogy is further explored by considering the simplest possible survival model with two clinical states, alive and dead (sink), that incorporates censoring and truncation. The sink output seen on an oscilloscope is a plot of the Kaplan–Meier mass function. Thus, the Kaplan–Meier estimator finds motivation from the dynamics of current flow, as a fundamental physical law, rather than as a nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate (MLE). Generalization to competing risks settings with multiple death states (sinks) leads to cause‐specific Kaplan–Meier submass functions as outputs at sink nodes. With covariates present, the electrical analogy provides for an intuitive understanding of partial likelihood and various baseline hazard estimates often used with the proportional hazards model.
Significance of screening antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigen among Syrian blood donors
Authors: Muselmani W. , Habbal W. , Monem F.
Published: April 2013

Background

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission via hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐negative blood donors has been reported. While many countries have implemented screening antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) to further enhance transfusion safety, HBsAg is still the only obligatory HBV screening test of blood donors in Syria.

Objective

To evaluate the significance of screening anti‐HBc to reduce the risk of transfusion transmitted HBV infection in Syria.

Methods/Materials

A cohort cross‐sectional prospective study included 1939 healthy blood donors assigned at the blood transfusion center of Damascus University. All donors were tested for HBsAg and anti‐HBc. HBsAg‐negative, anti‐HBc‐positive sera were further tested quantitatively for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs) and ‘anti‐HBc alone’ sera were considered for HBV quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Results

Among 1913 HBsAg‐negative donors, 215 (11·2%) were anti‐HBc‐positive including 125 anti‐HBs high‐positive and 59 anti‐HBs low‐positive donors. The remaining 31 donors were ‘anti‐HBc alone’, five of which were HBV DNA‐positive.

Conclusion

Our results suggest including anti‐HBc as an additional screening test for blood donors in Syria to reduce the risk of HBV transmission. As the most cost‐effective measure, anti‐HBc‐positive donors should be tested quantitatively for anti‐HBs and only donors with no or low (<100 IU L–1) anti‐HBs should be deferred.
Methods of freezing cord blood hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Antoniewicz‐Papis Jolanta , Lachert Elżbieta , Woźniak Jolanta , Janik Karolina , Łętowska Magdalena
Published: April 2013

Background

Cord blood (CB) is a valuable source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Extended storage of CB is possible provided that validated cryopreservation procedures are used. The study objective was to determine optimal methods of CB cryopreservation.

Study Design and Methods

In the study we 1) compared the effect of two‐step cryopreservation and controlled‐rate freezing method on the postthaw quality of CB (Study A) and 2) evaluated the postthaw quality of HSC fractions isolated from CB with various methods and frozen with controlled‐rate freezing method (Study B). The same cryoprotectant mixture was used for 20 CB units (Study A) and 122 CB units (Study B).

Results

In Study A, 13.79 × 108 and 13.29 × 108 initial white blood cell (WBC) counts decreased to 6.38 × 108 and 6.02 × 108 after thaw for the two methods, respectively. The mononuclear cell (MNC) counts decreased from 5.90 × 108 to 3.71 × 108 and from 5.64 × 108 to 3.47 × 108 dependent on the method. MNC viability decreased from 99.0% to 97.4% for the former and from 98.5% to 97.2% for the latter method. The differences were insignificant. In Study B, postthaw WBC recovery in HSC fractions was 74.4% to 103.5%, MNC recovery 106.4% to 118.5%, CD34+ cell recovery 102.5% to 150.2%, and MNC viability 94.1% to 97.4%.

Conclusion

Neither the cryopreservation procedure nor the freezing of isolated HSCs affected product quality, which may indicate that various freezing methods can be used for cell banking provided the they follow recommendations of good manufacturing practice and Directive 2004/33/EC.
Sterility testing of minimally manipulated cord blood products: validation of growth‐based automated culture systems
Authors: Akel Salem , Lorenz Joan , Regan Donna
Published: April 2013

Background

The St Louis Cord Blood Bank submitted a biologics license application for cord blood (CB) products processed by PrepaCyte‐CB (BioE), supported with a validation study of a microbial detection system for product sterility testing (BACTEC‐FX, Becton Dickinson). This article provides the validation approach followed to fulfill Food and Drug Administration requirements pertinent to sterility testing method.

Study Design and Methods

System qualification, culture media quality verification, and validation of CB processing by‐product (CB‐BP) sample as surrogate to final product for sterility testing were followed by studies evaluating method sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, ruggedness or robustness, and bacteriostatic or fungistatic effect of CB‐BP sample. CB‐BP cultures and control samples were formulated using BACTEC Plus Aerobic/F, Plus Anaerobic/F, and Myco F/Lytic media. Samples were seeded with selected test organisms (n = 13 at 10‐100 colony‐forming units [CFUs] per vial) and cultured for 14 days (bacterial) and 30 days (fungal).

Results

Under testing conditions, no stasis effect of test sample on microbial growth and no false‐positive or false‐negative results were reported. Although a 7‐day culture was sufficient to detect all validation test organisms seeded at ≤26 CFUs/vial, growth in actual product sterility testing practice may require a 10‐ to 14‐day culture. Assay reproducibility was uncertain at very low bioburden (<10 CFUs/vial). Growth time to detection neither varied between different media lots nor prolonged in culture vials with loading delay (6‐8 hr at room temperature).

Conclusion

BACTEC‐FX culture and detection system and BACTEC media formulae have high detection capability and can be effectively validated for sterility testing of CB products.
A dynamic flow‐chamber‐based adhesion assay to assess canine platelet–matrix interactions in vitro
Authors: Ferkau Annika , Ecklebe Silke , Jahn Kira , Calmer Simone , Theilmeier Gregor , Mischke Reinhard
Published: April 2013

Background

Dynamic adhesion assays allow the examination of platelet dysfunction and drug effects on platelet function.

Objective

The purpose of the study was to optimize several parameters such as type and concentration of collagen, wall shear stress, and the concentration of the platelet‐activating agonist in a new biochip perfusion chamber for the study of canine platelets.

Methods

After fluorescent staining of platelets, citrated blood of 10 healthy dogs was perfused through the flow chamber coated with different concentrations of canine or bovine skin collagen. Wall shear stress ranged from 14 to 60 dynes/cm2. Protease‐activating receptor 4 (PAR 4) agonist was used for platelet activation. After perfusion, platelet attachment to the collagen matrix was quantified based on fluorescent imaging. Total platelet covered area and average size of platelet covered areas were measured by planimetry.

Results

Canine platelet adhesion was supported by ≥ 200 μg/mL canine collagen, but not bovine skin collagen. Consistent results were obtained with a wall shear stress of 14 dynes/cm2, whereas higher wall shear stress resulted in increased variability. Platelet activation with PAR 4 agonist increased the total platelet covered area and the average size of platelet covered areas.

Conclusions

This study indicates the need to carefully select collagen type and concentration to assess canine thrombus formation in a dynamic flow chamber. The established method should be a useful tool to determine changes in platelet–matrix interactions as an indicator of platelet activation or platelet dysfunction in dogs.
Use of bovine pericardium (Tutopatch®) graft for surgical repair of deep melting corneal ulcers in dogs and corneal sequestra in cats
Authors: Dulaurent Thomas , Azoulay Thierry , Goulle Frédéric , Dulaurent Alice , Mentek Marielle , Peiffer Robert L. , Isard Pierre‐François
Published: April 2013

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of bovine pericardium (BP) graft in the treatment of deep melting corneal ulcers in three dogs and corneal sequestra in three cats.

Procedure

Three dogs with keratomalacia affecting the deep third of the stroma and three cats with corneal sequestrum were evaluated and underwent surgery. Following keratectomy, BP material was placed into the keratectomy bed and sutured to the recipient cornea with 9/0 polyglactin suture material. Postoperative treatment with topical and systemic antibiotics, systemic nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agents, and topical atropine was prescribed. Follow‐up examinations were carried out 1, 2 weeks, 1 and 2 months after the surgery and consisted of a complete ophthalmic examination. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed 1 and 2 months after the surgery in one dog and in one cat.

Results

At 1 week, corneal neovascularization was present around the BP graft in all cases. Four weeks after the BP graft, in two dogs and in all cats, the vascularization was regressing and the graft was integrated into the cornea, which was regaining transparency. Topical treatment with anti‐inflammatory agents was then prescribed for 2 weeks. Two months after the surgery, 5 of 6 corneas in two dogs and three cats had healed with focal corneal scarring. The remaining dog had progression of the keratomalacia involving the deep BP graft that required additional surgery, but became blind.

Conclusion

Bovine pericardium graft offers a promising option for surgical reconstruction of the cornea following keratectomy for the management of corneal ulcers and sequestra.
Translating stem cell therapies: The role of companion animals in regenerative medicine
Authors: Volk Susan W. , Theoret Christine
Published: April 2013

Veterinarians and veterinary medicine have been integral to the development of stem cell therapies. The contributions of large animal experimental models to the development and refinement of modern hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were noted nearly five decades ago. More recent advances in adult stem cell/regenerative cell therapies continue to expand knowledge of the basic biology and clinical applications of stem cells. A relatively liberal legal and ethical regulation of stem cell research in veterinary medicine has facilitated the development and in some instances clinical translation of a variety of cell‐based therapies involving hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, as well as other adult regenerative cells and recently embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. In fact, many of the pioneering developments in these fields of stem cell research have been achieved through collaborations of veterinary and human scientists. This review aims to provide an overview of the contribution of large animal veterinary models in advancing stem cell therapies for both human and clinical veterinary applications. Moreover, in the context of the “One Health Initiative,” the role veterinary patients may play in the future evolution of stem cell therapies for both human and animal patients will be explored.