bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The protection of life environment and modern tourism
Authors: Stankovic Stevan M.
Published: March 2008

In realizing the problems of the protection of life environment and of the modern tourism it is indispensable to start from the fact that the tourism is a specific consumer of the nature, but it has to be treated as an important factor of its protection. The tourism has made possible the valuation of some parts and elements of the nature, which are of no particular value for other activities. In this sense, it is important to accord the degree and the form of the tourism in individual touristic localities, regions and countries with the objects of the protection of life environment. In order to be able to solve the existing problems and the series of causal relations between the protection of nature and tourism, it is indispensable to observe the principles of the conception of the active protection of life environment. It means that the protection of life environment for touristic needs must not be reduced to the protection of individual natural rarities of isolated wholes only, but the nature has to be considered as a whole.
The health care tourism product in Western Europe
Authors: Gilbert D.C. , Van De Weerdt Marlies
Published: March 2008

Health‐care tourism, once treated as a miscellaneous activity within a destination, is now a prominent activity in many European countries. The health services now provided throughout Europe include medical check‐ups, special diets, vitamin‐complex treatments, herbal remedies, hydrotherapy, balneotherapy and so on.
Zukunftsperspektiven der westdeutschen Heilbäder und Kurorte Zunehmender internationaler Wettbewerbsdruck
Authors: Bleile Georg
Published: March 2008

Das Gesundheits‐Reformgesetz (GRG), das am 1. Januar 1989 in Kraft getreten ist, bewirkte einen Rückgang der Leistungsausgaben der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung gegenüber dem Vorjahr um 3,3 v.H. auf 123,3 Mrd DM. Die Ausgaben für Kuren sind überdurchschnittlich stark um 25,7 v.H. gegenüber 1988 gesunken (siehe Schaubild). Die badeärztlichen Fallzahlen der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung nahmen im Jahr 1989 um 34,4 v.H. ab.
Evolution of shortbreak holidays
Authors: Lohmann Martin
Published: March 2008

Travel Surveys in Europe: More than one problem to achieve this the results of several national tourism research projects have to be reviewed. It is known that the situation of tourism research in Europe is not satisfying, even though now almost every country has a more or less regulary travel survey. From a scientific point of view it is necessary that these surveys are valid and reliable, which is difficult to prove. Anyway it is true that this objective can only be met by a high standard of quality. Particular problems, however, may rise from comparing national surveys, and even more so when time series are involved. Lack of comparability already starts with the definitions, and the results vary with different methodological approaches. This is especially true for shortbreak holidays. Figure 1 shows the astonishing effects of minor changes in the methodological approach. For not blaming others, it's an example of our own research work. It demonstrates that a higher frequency of surveys p.a. (1985 RA/KONTI RA) or a slightly modified question (KONTI RA 85/KONTI RA 89) makes up for a higher number of shorttrips.
Improving the reliability of international tourism statistics
Authors: Raymond Bar‐On Raphael
Published: March 2008

Anthony Edwards' recent study “The Reliability of Tourism Statistics ”in Travel & Tourism Analyst [Edwards 1991 in References below] is timely, coming before the WTO International Conference on Travel and Tourism Statistics (Ottawa, June 25–28, 1991) and the Meeting on Tourism Statistics at the International Statistical Institute's 38th Session (together with the International Association for Official Statistics, Cairo, September 1991). He is one of the most expert users and analysts of these problematic data. Both WTO [1985] and OECD [1982, 1984] published methodological reports on the main national statistics they publish. A recent book [Bar‐On 1989a], three articles in The Tourist Review [Bar‐On 1983, 1988] and in International Tourism Quarterly [Withyman 1985] and a paper at the Beijing Conference of IAOS [Bar‐On 1990] discussed many of the problems and solutions, and they were covered at the Crete Europa Conference [Schmidhauser 1991]. The following should interest readers producing or analysing tourism data:
Problem aaeas and sources of errors in tourism demand research
Authors: Weber Sanda
Published: March 2008

Although growth of knowledge about tourism has been tremendous, there are still a number of problem areas opening up a number of questions related to the development and the adaption of different measuring techniques, research instruments and analysis methods. Experience has shown the occurrence of certain problem areas which generate certain types of errors can be attributed to the nature of the population being studied and the insufficient extent to which the research methodology is adapted to this population. Since a relatively small number of authors has dealt with the identification of the entire set of these problems (Ritchie 1975, Dann, Nash, Pearce 1988, Pizam 1987, Smith 1989), there is a need to, first of all systematically identify the research areas being the cause of the greatest number of errors, and to, then suggest the possible approaches, methods or techniques for the reduction of such problems.
Geographic referencing of public policies in tourism
Authors: Fagence Michael
Published: March 2008

While the tourism industry has been busy responding to the demand for tourism facilities and amenities which seems determined by inexorable progression to achieve the projections that tourism will become the largest single component of international trade by the year 2000 (WTO, 1987), those researchers and administrators with the responsibility to devise and pursue rational processes of decision‐making, resource allocation and impact assessment have been challenged by a recent plethora of publications which have sought to explore the finer points of detail in research, analysis and practice. Those challenges have emenated from compendia of research techniques (Ritchie and Goeldner, 1987), from revisions to standard texts on tourism planning (Gunn, 1988A and 1988B), and not least from overviews of tourism planning (Inskeep, 1988) and tourism models (Getz, 1986). In a tradition traceable to previous standard works (e.g. Baud‐Bovy and Lawson, 1977; Kaiser and Helber, 1978; Mcintosh and Goeldner, 1984 et seq.; Mill and Morrison, 1985; Murphy, 1985) it is evident that “tourism requires systematic planning so that it is developed properly, responsive to market demands, and integrated into the total development pattern of the area” (Inskeep, 1988, p. 361). Despite the heritage of such advocacy it is possible to compose compendious inventories of examples where systematic planning and integration with other forms of development have not been evident (Baud‐Bovy, 1982). The reason for this may be the ascendacy of industry pragmatism over tourism planning (Gunn, 1977).
An application of the tourism destination area life cycle to Barbados
Authors: France Lesley
Published: March 2008

Butler's well‐documented concept of the tourism destination area life cycle (Butler 1980) was adapted from the marketing notion of the product life cycle and used to examine the rise and decline of tourist resorts and the regions within which they are located. Initially few empirical studies attempted to examine the validity of this concept but published findings of such applications have begun to come forward. Among the studies available, that of Cooper and Jackson (1989) on the Isle of Man demonstrates the descriptive value of the concept and its ability to act as an analytical framework for explaining the evolution of tourism in particular areas. However they do note (Cooper & Jackson 1989 p. 386) that Butler's model is less valuable as a prescriptive tool.
Bericht der deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgruppe
Authors: Rico Scherrieb Heinz
Published: March 2008

Teilnehmer: 21 Personen Arbeitsausschuss zur Formulierung der Ergebenisse: Herren Federer, Godau, Scherrieb, Schmidhauser.
English workshop summary
Authors: Goeldner Charles R.
Published: March 2008

The English speaking working group was chaired by Stephen Witt, University of Swansea.
Summary of the congress‐findings
Authors: Schmidhauser Hanspeter
Published: March 2008

Excellency, Dear Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen, The wording of the main subject of this year's AIEST‐Congress here on the Seychelles is already and deliberately a kind of definition of quality tourism, i.e. a
Managing tourism carrying capacity of art cities
Authors: Costa Paolo
Published: March 2008

The search for a sustainable development (in our case sustainable tourism) inescapably comes across with the concept of (tourism) carrying capacity, i.e. with the idea of the existence and possible identification, for both macro and micro destinations, of a maximum number of visitors beyond which the costs of tourism growth more than offset its benefits.
Einige Fragen des Qualitätstourismus in Osteuropa
Authors: Czeglédi József
Published: March 2008

Der Fremdenverkehr der osteuropäischen Länder hat sich in den letzten ein bis zwei Jahrzehnten, aber vor allem seit der Helsinki‐Konferenz, bedeutend entwikkelt. Obwohl das Wachstum des internationalen Fremdenverkehrs in den einzelnen osteuropäischen Ländern wesentliche Unterschiede aufweist, ist festzustellen, dass insgesamt gesehen die Bedeutung dieser Länder im Welttourismus zugenommen hat. Aus der Sicht der westlichen Länder spielen sie im Tourismus eine zunehmende Rolle als Gastgeberländer. Grundsätzlich müssen die osteuropäischen Länder im internationalen Fremdenverkehrswettbewerb immer mehr in Betracht gezogen werden. Diese Beachtung bezieht sich in der Zukunft nicht nur auf den “Incoming”‐Tourismusmarkt, sondern auch auf das “Outgoing”‐Geschäft im Welt‐Tourismusmarkt. Es gilt zu berücksichtigen, dass die revolutionären Veränderungen in den letzten Jahren in den osteuropäischen Ländern — mit einigen Phasen‐verschiebungen — einen gegenseitigen Tourismus aufgebaut haben. Aus jahrzehntelangen “Einbahn‐strassen” wurde in den meisten osteuropäischen Ländern eine “Strasse mit Gegenfahrbahn” auf Grundlage der Regeln der Marktwirtschaft.
Tourism ‐ Environmental culprit and victim: How to secure long‐term success of travel industry
Authors: Höfels Thomas
Published: March 2008

Compared with other industries, travel and tourism is widely misunderstood as a minor contributor to the national economies. But an assessment by the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) of worldwide national income and product account statistics and other travel related statistics unobjectionably show that travel and tourism
Tourism's role and response to environmental issues and potential future effects
Authors: Hudman Llyod E
Published: March 2008

This paper is an effort to consider various alternative implications that may result because of tourism's increasing concern and involvement in environmental issues. Professional meetings and literature are full of the new buzz words in the industry “eco‐tourism,” and “sustainable development.” Many meetings and conferences, such as the African Tourism Association and the Pacific Asian Travel Association, in this early period of the nineties are using the environment as the major issue concerning the future of tourism.
L'intégration de facteurs qualitatifs aux modèles quantitatifs de détermination des bénéfices monétaires et des coûts d'un développement touristique
Authors: Rassi Faouzi
Published: March 2008

Position du problème L'analyse prévisionnelle des flux et de la demande touristique est, d'une manière générale, fondée sur l'analyse quantitative et statistique des données. Ce type d'analyse permet d'établir les conséquences d'un projet touristique sur une région déterminée quant aux revenus des individus, aux investissements, aux revenus fiscaux et à l'emploi qu'il est susceptible de générer. Les coûts sont aussi calculés afin de déterminer, comparativement aux avantages obtenus, l'effet net sur la région concernée. Cependant, les avantages et les coûts d'un projet touristique ne se limitent pas aux bénéfices et aux coûts monétaires; ils peuvent être aussi de nature culturelle, sociale et environnementale. Des bénéfices externes résultent des avantages de la récréation, des activités sociales et culturelles qu'un projet touristique apporte à la population locale et aux touristes et pour lesquels ces derniers ne défraient qu'une fraction des coûts nécessités par ces activités. Ces avantages et ces coûts externes ne se prêtent pas aisément à des mesures quantitatives et statistiques. Ils sont de nature qualitative et exigent l'application de méthodes de détermination et d'analyse susceptibles de compléter le calcul des dépenses touristiques et de leurs conséquences monétaires afin d'améliorer la décision en matière d'aménagement, d'intervention et d'investissement touristiques.
Sustainable tourism development in Wales
Authors: Witt Stephen F. , Gammon Susan
Published: March 2008

A frequently articulated definition of sustainable development is by the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987:43) which states:
The dark side of image marketing
Authors: Ahmed Zafar U.
Published: March 2008

Today's tourism marketing is heavily focused on conveying a positive image to prospective consumer segments. Doing so is fully consistent with traditional marketing practices that attempt to develop the product, price it, promote it, and distribute it in a manner most likely to convey the most positive image attributes possible.
Zur Verflechtung von Verkehr und Tourismus und zum touristischen Vorgang: Ein Vorschlag zum Begriffssystem Tourismus
Authors: Henschel Karla
Published: March 2008

Auch in der 4. Auflage der bisherigen “Fremdenverkehrslehre im Grundriss” — der “Tourismuslehre im‐Grundriss” — nimmt C. Kaspar zur Verflechtung von Verkehr und Tourismus Stellung:
A comprehensive approach of a quality tourism product: The Bermuda case
Authors: Van Houts D.
Published: March 2008

Bermuda consits of 7 islands linked by bridges and measures 35 km in length. The widest point is about 3 km across. It is 54 square km in area. Bermuda is 965 km east of America's East Coast, for that reason it is one of the world's northernmost Coral Island Group, but 10 degrees warmer than other regions on the same latitude, thanks to the Gulf stream.
Cultural tourism: The Oaxaca, Mexico approach
Authors: Peterson Craig A. , McCarthy Claire
Published: March 2008

Mexican planners have embarked on an ambitious program to improve the economic condition of that country's poorest state, while at the same time providing funds to preserve its unique archaeological and cultural heritage.
Modelling AIEST Congress attendance
Authors: Witt Stephen F. , Darius Mireille , Sykes Alan M.
Published: March 2008

Considerable attention has been devoted in the tourism literature to the construction and estimation of models explaining the demand for tourism (for a comprehensive review of such models see Witt and Martin 1989). Such studies have, in general, focused upon holiday tourism or total tourism, with scant attention being paid to explaining the demand for congress tourism.
Eurostyles and socio‐targets as guest segments: Selected findings a brief outline of the eurostyles typology
Authors: Mazanec Josef , Zins Andreas
Published: March 2008

The EUROSTYLE system represents a multinational lifestyle approach that has been developed since 1972 by the French enterprise Centre de Communication Avanc) (CCA) of the Havas‐Eurocom group. In 1989 this research system has been established in 15 European countries by the member companies of the EUROPANEL network.
Spatial cognition and the choice of destination: A note on the preparation of a research program
Authors: Nyberg Lars
Published: March 2008

This project is part of a larger research program called The determinants of tourism, which is under way at Östersund university. The main ambition is to have researchers representing different disciplines cooperating around a central theme and using similar methods and approaches. The disciplines concerned are, so far, sociology, psychology, economics, human geography and informatics.
The distinction between short and long holidays
Authors: Schmidhauser Hanspeter
Published: March 2008

Since their beginning after World War II almost all holiday‐surveys — worldwide — make the classical distinction between
Motives for holiday travel
Authors: Vidar Haukeland Jan
Published: March 2008

The discussion in the paper is based on empirical data from the latest Norwegian holiday survey (carried out in 1991). In previous holiday surveys the main task has been, in addition to monitoring of the holiday travel among the Norwegian population, to register the activities (what the respondents have been doing) during their holiday trips. The 1991 survey has, however, been focused on the motives for going on vacation rather than the kind of activities the respondents have been practicing (Haukeland et al 1991).
“Le tourisme rural en tant que facteur socio‐économique de stabilisation de la population rurale et alternative appropriée aux pressions dans les zones touristiques actuellement surchargées”
Authors: Bornet Bernard
Published: March 2008

Des défis pour la société européenne de l'an 2000 à une stratégie pour un tourisme écologique et social
Ecological product declaration rather than “green” symbol schemes
Authors: Müller Hansruedi
Published: March 2008

The travel business and environmental protection organizations have long been looking for an award system for environmentally compatible and socially responsible tourism — a so‐called “green” seal of approval (cf. Touristik Management 11/91, p 60). So far, people have come up with imaginative creations like green suitcases, silver thistles, blue angels or blue flags designed to give an ecological “all clear” to individual beaches, hotels, holiday areas, tour operators or entire package holidays. Rather than add to this confusing jungle of “green” symbols, Hansruedi Mller and Roman Mezzasalma, two Berne University tourism researchers, put forward the idea of better ecological declarations for tourism products.
Qualitäts‐ und imagemanagement
Authors: Rico Scherrieb Heinz
Published: March 2008

Der Lebenszyklus einer touristischen Immobilie wird heute immer kürzer und damit betriebswirtschaftlich kaum noch kalkulierbar. Die früher drei bis fünf Jahre dauernde Anlaufperiode wird in der Regel durch eine immer knappere “Bltezeit” abgelöst, um dann schon bald wieder in die Abschwungkurve einzumünden. Wird dieser “Abschwung” nach einigen Jahren vom Management endlich realisiert und Gegenmassnahmen (Renovierungen) eingeleitet, so braucht es wieder einige Zeit, bis die alten Auslastungszahlen erreicht werden. Bei einem zukunftsorientierten Qualitäts‐management und einem systematischen Imagebuilding können solche Anlauf‐ und Durchhängeperioden vermieden werden.
The case for tourism promotion: An economic analysis
Authors: Dwyer Larry , Forsyth Peter
Published: March 2008

Among the various factors influencing tourists to visit an overseas country is that of promotion/marketing activity by tourism operators and government tourist commissions in the destination country. The effects of tourism promotion have not previously been subjected to rigorous economic analysis however. The paper firstly shows how the standard economic justifications for government support of industry in circumstances of market failure, ie externalities/non appropriability of benefits, risk and uncertainty and indivisibilities, can be employed in the context of overseas tourism promotion to present a prima facie case for government support. It then provides an analysis of the benefits and costs of tourism promotion which is applicable to all countries. A model of tourism demand and supply is presented which enables consideration of the effects of tourism promotion in an economy with no distortions and an economy with distortions. The final section addresses issues in evaluating promotion and attempts to assess circumstances in which tourism promotion generates positive net benefits to an economy. Although the data apply to Australia, the results are generalizable. The framework of assessment can be used to assess the benefits and costs of tourism promotion in both developed and lesser developed countries.
Cérémonie d'ouverture du 42eme Congrès AIEST
Authors: Claude Kaspar Professeur
Published: March 2008

Monsieur le représentant du gouvernement, Mesdames, Messieurs, chers Collègues
Bericht der deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgruppe
Authors: Müller Hansruedi , Henschel Karla
Published: March 2008

Die Arbeitsgruppe hat sich in ihren Beratungen folgenden Fragen gewidmet:
Les droits et les devoirs du touriste de l'an 2000 — Approche sanitaire
Authors: Guy Ebrard Docteur
Published: March 2008

Protection de l'environnement politique de l'hygiene publique. Liberté de voyager — Développement du Voyage — Développement du Tourisme:
Essai de prospective Touristique en France et dans le Monde
Authors: Bogeat Tardieu Geneviève
Published: March 2008

Dans un premier temps je souhaiterais rappeler brievement un certain nombre d'aspects généraux relatifs à la prospective, qui tend à s'ériger en une approche de l'avenir à caractère scientifique.
Prevision et prospective — exemples
Authors: Scoatariu Claude‐Annie
Published: March 2008

Autant il nous apparat que le tourisme a fait l'objet de nombreuses études prévisionnelles autant les études prospectives nous paraissent rares. Rares dans la mesure où nous retiendrons pour être vraiment de la prospective “une attitude d'esprit (l'anticipation et la volonté) et un comportement (l'imagination et l'espoir) mobilisés pour assurer la qualité et la maîtrise de l'existence présente et future”. En d'autres termes et toujours selon le même auteur, “l'attitude prospective ne consiste pas à attendre le changement pour réagir — la flexibilité seule ne mène nulle part — elle vise à maîtriser le chagement dans le double sens de la pré‐activité (se préparer à un changement attendu) et de la pro‐activité (provoquer un changement souhaité)”.
Das Recht auf Reisen bzw. das Recht auf Tourist zu sein — ein Freies Gut? Eine Nachlese über touristische Zertifikate
Authors: Mihalic Tanja
Published: March 2008

Deklarativ betrachtet ist das Recht auf Reisen eines der grundlegendsten Menschenrechte. Um das Recht auf Reisen bzw. das Recht auf Tourist zu sein einem Einzelnem realisierbar zu machen, müssen bestimmte Vorbedingungen erfllt werden: es müssen gengend Finanzmittel zur Verfügung stehen und es sollten keine politische Barrieren bestehen, die die freie Bewegung begrenzen würden. Gleichzeitig musss man auch über genügend Freizeit verfügen, es muss der Bedarf nach touristischer Rekreation bestehen und dieser Bedarf muss mit einem Angebot von dessen Befriedigung verbunden werden, d.h. einem Touris‐musangebot. Zur Zeit sind die ersten zwei Faktoren als begrenzt zu betrachten, die Zukunft wird es beweisen können, ob der touristische Verkehr (z.B. aus ökologischen Gründen) auch die Grenze der Weiterentwicklung an der Seite der Befriedigungs‐möglichkeiten erreichen wird.
La Protection des consommateurs dans le secteur du tourisme, tendances et critique
Authors: Jolin Louis
Published: March 2008

Quelques considérations générales. Depuis une trentaine d'années, la protection du consommateur est devenue une préoccupation constante des sociétés occidentales. Elle a connu une impulsion vigoureuse durant les années '70 avec l'avènement aux Etats‐Unis du “consumerism” personnifié par un personnage fort coloré, Ralf Nader.
Greece: Prospects for the tourism industry within the context of the European Single Market of 1993
Authors: Kalogeropoulou Helen
Published: March 2008

Summing up the positive and negative effects that will result from the completion of the Single Market in 1992, we can conclude that although there will be a certain amount of restructuring in business activity, the labour market and the overall supply of tourist services, there are going to be some very important benefits as well.
Villes des Alpes: gestion de la qualité globale comme équilibre entre societé, économie, écologie et territoire
Authors: Kaspar Claude
Published: March 2008

Les trois congrès de la Communauté de Travail des villes des Alpes ont procuré l'occasion de se préoccuper de la dynamique et de la qualité de la vie des Villes des Alpes avec une référence au tourisme, dans une analyse de la situation et dans une perspective de développement.
Mais que veulent les touristes?
Authors: Bigard Alain
Published: March 2008

Au cours d'une enquête effectuée en 1990 auprès des touristes qui visitaient sept monuments de la région Pays‐de‐la‐Loire, la question suivante a été posée:
Innovation und Innovationsverhaiten im touristischen Betrieb: Wachstumsstrategien für Beherbergungsbetriebe im alpenländischen Bereich
Authors: Weiermair Klaus
Published: March 2008

lm allgemeinen wirtschaftlichen Sprachgebrauch versteht man unter Innovation die Markteinführung von neuen Produktionsprozessen und/oderProdukten bzw. Dienst ‐leistungen. Wrde man sich diesem Sprachgebrauch anschliessen, so würden alle institutionell‐organisatorischen, rechtlichen oder sozialen Neuerungen aus dieser Betrachtung herausfallen, obwohl feststeht, dass auch von diesen Neuerungen bedeutende Einflsse auf die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Betrieben, Sektoren, bzw. ganzen Volkswirtschaften ausgehen können, sei es durch die Neuerung selbst oder dadurch, dass sie die Voraussetzung fr die Nutzung von Produkt‐, Dienst‐leistungs‐ und Prozessinnovationen schaffen können. Ein Beispiel im Tourismusbereich wäre der verstärkte Einsatz von EDV und der dadurch bedingte Durchbruch des globalen Verteilungs‐ /Verbuchungs‐/Reservie‐rungssystemes. Sicherlich sind daher auch sozialrechtliche bzw. institutionell organisatorische Neuerungen als Innovation aufzufassen. Gerade auf diesem Gebiet scheint es in der österreichischen Landschaft der erstarrten, z.T. oft noch mittelalterlich anmutenden Normen, Institutionen und Gesetze einigen Aufholbedarf gegenüber dem Ausland zu geben.
1st International seminar on coast cities, tourism and environment, Eilat (Israel) April 27–30, 1992
Authors: Raymond Bar‐On Raphael
Published: March 2008

The increased awareness of the need to preserve and improve the natural and social environment has given rise to many studies and international conferences. Coast cities are especially vulnerable, since many have to cope with industrial and other pollution from inland as well as their own (which may include smog, e.g. Los Angeles), while their tourism depends on the attractiveness of their beaches (which may be restricted in length and area), water quality etc. Their urban and tourism development may have detracted from their attractiveness. Tourism movement to, in and from them may be highly seasonal, causing congestion and accidents, and entailing the building of accommodation and other services for peak demand. Many once popular resorts have lost much of their past tourism. The urban coastal population is over 800 million, and is forecasted to reach one billion about the year 2000, about 16% of the world's population: over 6 million tons of litter reach the sea each year [Time Magazine June 1, 1992 — based on UNEP and World Resources Inc.].
The management of tourism in cities of art
Authors: van der Borg Jan , Costa Paolo
Published: March 2008

One of the major changes recently noted in the evolution of world tourism demand seems to be represented by the shift from “sun and beach” holidays to more active and special interest ones. This trend will affect some destinations more than others. There will be losers and winners.
Konflikt und diskurs in ferienorten
Authors: Müller Hansruedi , Luigi Ferrarrte Claudio
Published: March 2008

Unüberhörbar ist der Ruf nach Ethik in allen Lebensbereichen, auch in der Wirtschaft “Ethik kommt als Krisenreflexion auf den Weg”, meinte einmal M. Riedel (1979, S. 8). Als Krisen können wir die zunehmend komplexer werdenden Probleme touristisch bedingter ökologischer, sozialer und individueller Belastungen bezeichnen. Diese Belastungen genen bei einem Teil der betroffenen Bevölkerung über das Mass hinaus, das aufgrund persönlicher Wertvorstellungen verantwortbar sind.
The demand for new information systems in travel and tourism
Authors: Sahlberg Bengt
Published: March 2008

Today's society contains an extensive service sector, both in terms of the individual and the public at large. Development work within the service sector has, so far, been carried out on a rather small scale compared to the efforts made on behalf of trade and industry to create new products. The fact that research and development in this area have been so limited can be one of the causes of the relatively small‐scale development of productivity within both the individual and the public part of the service sector.
Economic impact of tourism an application to Flanders
Authors: Vanhove Norbert
Published: March 2008

To measure the economic impact of tourism several indicators are mentioned in the literature. Variables which are mentioned very often are: Expenditure, income, employment, foreign exchange earnings, tax receipts, investments, social benefits, tourism multiplier, etc...
An overview of tourism forecasting accuracy comparisons
Authors: Witt Christine A. , Witt Stephen F.
Published: March 2008

The importance of accurate forecasts of tourism demand for managerial decision making is widely recognized (see, for example, Archer 1987), and this study examines the literature on the accuracy of tourism forecasts generated by different forecasting techniques. In fact, although there are many possible forecasting methods, in practice relatively few of these have been used for tourism forecasting.
Sustainable tourism for Europe's protected areas: Guidelines and ways forward
Authors: Simpson Rosie
Published: March 2008

Europe's nature and national parks protect some of the most important landscapes in the world and give pleasure to millions of people every year. Their peace and quiet, beautiful landscapes and interesting wildlife attract visitors like moths to a candle. But are so many of us visiting the parks that we are in danger of loving them to death?
The environmental know how fund and conservation through sustainable development
Authors: Heynes Kevin M.
Published: March 2008

This article describes the objectives of the Environmental Know How Fund and takes a closer look at a proposal for a three year programme of assistance planned in Bulgaria.
ECotourism in the Danube Delta
Authors: Hall Derek R.
Published: March 2008

The Danube Delta is perhaps the most important wildlife area in Europe. This 564,000 ha major wetland area encompasses a diversity of species and habitats, and lies at the crossroads of several major bird migration routes. The significance of the Delta's ecological role thus extends far beyond its own boundaries. More than eighty per cent of the Delta falls within Romania. Under Ceausescu, this state sought to extend and intensify the economic exploitation of the Delta in order to compensate for the failure of development policies elsewhere in the country.
Ecotourism in national parks and protected areas — regional park of central Istria: Needs and conceptual answers for economic development in a protected area
Authors: Stepinac Fabijanic Tihomira , Klaric Zoran
Published: March 2008

Istria, the largest Adriatic peninsula, is situated in the northwest of the highly indented coastal part of the Republic of Croatia. It is distinguished by its specific natural characteristics and rich cultural and historical heritage.
Die rolle der öffentlichen hand bei der durchsetzung ökologischer ziele in einer marktwirtschaftlich orientierten touristischen entwicklung
Authors: Thélin Gilbert
Published: March 2008

Offiziell gibt es in der Schweiz auf Bundesebene kein Programm zur Förderung des Oekotourismus. Es gibt Kantone und Tourismusverbände, welche einen ökologisch orientierten Tourismus anstreben. Einzelne private Anbieter machen Angebote im Segment “Oekotourismus”, z.B. River‐Rafting, Mountain‐Biking usw.
Low impact eco‐tourism — clarioncall or reality? The challenge of Botswana
Authors: SA Smeding Sjaak
Published: March 2008

How many places in this world are still new to those tourists who are constantly seeking for novelty in culture and nature? It is a well established fact that tourism during the 1970's and 1980's was seen as a quick and ‘harmless’ money spinner for a large number of countries. But lack of planning has taken its toll. Former unspoiled countries have been ‘worn out’ by developers and tourists and have lost their identity in terms of culture, landscape and for some wildlife. It is a well known definition, that tourism is built upon at least four different perspectives.
The challenge of ecotourism: Application and prospects for implementation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Russia
Authors: Karpowicz Zbigniew
Published: March 2008

A significant sector of the international tourism industry focusses on the natural and cultural attributes of target destinations and sites. The more natural and unusual the attraction the greater the value to the industry and hence the greater the promotion of the venue. However, this pattern of exploitation could prove to be a short cut to actually degrading the object of attraction and hence its pulling power.
Grupo De Trabajo En EspaÑOl
Authors: Agueda Esteban Talaya Dra.
Published: March 2008

El grupo en idioma español estuvo compuesto por un total de 18 personas, pertenecientes a España, Brasil y Argentina.
Report of the English — speaking working group
Authors: Witt Stephen F.
Published: March 2008

The main discussion centred on the Ritchie/Crouch Report and examined some of the ideas in more detail, in particular focusing on the ten dimensions of the competitiveness of a destination country considered in that Report. All members of the working group were asked to assess the relative importance of the various dimensions by carrying out a series of paired comparisons for all possible alternatives, e.g. are destination deterrents or marketing efforts more important in terms of the impact on competitiveness? The derived ranking of factors was as shown in table 1.
Rapport du groupe de travail francophone
Authors: Bornet Bernard
Published: March 2008

Le groupe francophone aborda Ie thème du congrés à travers diverses réflexions:
Bericht der deutschsprachigen arbeitsgruppe
Authors: Keller Peter
Published: March 2008

Unter dem Vorsitz von Prof. Dr. Walter Ender aus Oesterreich diskutierten ber 30 Kolleginnen und Kollegen aus sechs Ländern ber die touristische Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Fernzielen. Dabei kam die Arbeitsgruppe zu folgenden Einsichten:
La compétitivité des destinations touristiques lointaines — la réalité et les perspectives du développement de l'amérique du sud
Authors: Carlos Beni Mário
Published: March 2008

En introduisant le théme, il faut rappeler les considérations et les projections présentées par docteur Lipman, président de WTTC, au récent congrès international réalisé en Jérusalem, Israël, dont le théme général a été les investissements dans le Secteur du Tourisme. À l'occasion, il a fixé trois points:
De nouveaux pays touristiques en asie: La péninsule indochinoise s'ouvre à la clientèle internationale
Authors: Billet Jean
Published: March 2008

Depuis une vingtaine d'années, les pays d'Asie sont devenus à la fois un marché et un point d'arrivée de flux de clientèle, de plus en plus nombreux. Entre 1970 et 1990, la progression des visiteurs a été multipliée par presque huit. L'ensemble géographique Asie/Océanie représente près de 15 % du tourisme international et plus de 17% des recettes touristiques. Le marché a tendance à éclater entre les pays à fort développement industriel comme le Japon, Taiwan, la Corée, Hong Kong ou Macao, les pays à développement accéléré comme Singapour, la Thaïlande, la Malaisie et de nouveaux pays comme les Philippines, l'Indonésie ou le continent indochinois.
The competitiveness of long haul destinations: Legal aspects
Authors: Folchi Mario O.
Published: March 2008

The legal approach of this theme offers a wide range of juridical problems and issues. Due to its extension, it is impossible to deeply study them in a paper like this, above all taking into account that the majority of this Congress's participants are not lawyers.
The competitiveness of long haul destination: Case study of Slovenia and its capital city Ljubljana
Authors: Mihalic Tanja
Published: March 2008

Slovenia is the youngest country in Central Europe, established in 1991 by the proclamation of independency and by breaking the connections with former Yugoslavia, to which it was attached as a constituent republic (1). It is a small country, half the size of Switzerland with three times lower number of inhabitants. (see picture 1: Slovenian Identity Card.) In the past it is used to be a tourism transit country for European tourist stream towards the Adriatic. According to the relative index value of foreign tourist nights per inhabitant 1.8, Slovenian tourism in 1990 stayed behind European standards (2). Slowenia's income from international tourism in the same year was only $ 420 per inhabitant (in Switzerland $1,033 and in Austria $1,550 per inhabitant) (3).
«INUK TALVA» (1) Ou les défis de la compétitivité touristique du nord‐du‐québec
Authors: Samuelli Antoine
Published: March 2008

Du haut de son altérité millénaire, l'inukshuk (2), symbole de la présence humaine dans l'immensité du Grand Nord, contemple, impassible, le flot des passants et des voitures. Que fait cette silhouette vaguement humaine, ce fantme morainique de Naqsaluk au coeur de l'agitation montréalaise?
The impact of computer reservation systems on long haul travel
Authors: Sheldon Pauline J.
Published: March 2008

Today's long haul travelers require destination information before they travel to a destination, and also while they are at the destination. The increasing complexity of the tourism industry and the increasing sophistication and diversity of travelers, makes access to this information both more important and more difficult, especially for long haul destinations. Indeed there are substantial search costs for travelers to identify products in long haul destinations. More accessible information sources on a destination's facilities can reduce the substantial search costs that are incurred in the planning and organization of a long haul trip, and thereby facilitate market transactions in the destinations.
Some reflections on measures of competitiveness for wintersport resorts in overseas markets
Authors: Weiermair Klaus
Published: March 2008

First concerns over the competitiveness of major economic sectors or whole nations date back to the early eighties. To recall this was the period in which the combined effects of rapid technological changes (through the advance of micro processors) massive trade liberalization through GATT and the formation of new free trading zones and deregulation rapidly altered the terms of trade and revealed new comparative advantages, industrial production and distribution.
Les conditions économiques et financières à la liberté de voyager en l'an2000
Authors: Rassi Faouzi
Published: March 2008

Le thème de ce 42ème Congrès de l'AIEST est aussi important que d'actualité. Les conditions économiques et financières sont parmi les plus déterminantes pour l'expansion des voyages touristiques de l'an 2000.
Legislation communautaire en matiere de tourisme
Authors: Notarstefano Cosimo
Published: March 2008

a) Introduction L'internationalisation toujours croissante des “rapports touristiques” et le rle considérable que le secteur du tourisme exerce à l'intérieur des activités économiques, a fait ressentir la nécessité d'une réglementation spéciale et internationale.
Tourist satisfaction: A predetermined model
Authors: Zalatan Antoine
Published: March 2008

Travelling is no longer associated with the word “travail” (labour) and there is a profusion of available information on all dimensions of any kind of trip, such that there is little room for uncertainty (Leiper, 1983). Yet we are accustomed to hearing complaints from tourists who are unsatisfied with their tourist experience. Sources of unsatisfaction are numerous (Von Raaij and Francken, 1984; Mazursky, 1989). They can include supply factors: accommodation, transportation, food, prices, (external factors) as well as personal factors (internal attribution). Von Raaij and Francken (1984) postulated that vacationers who attribute their dissatisfaction to external factors are more dissatisfied than vacationers who attribute their dissatisfaction to themselves. However, in general, measures of satisfaction have received less than expected attention by scholars due to its linkage with “motivation”: “As expected, there was considerable similarity between motivation and satisfaction dimensions” (Ross and Iso‐Ahola, 1991). Moreover, satisfaction is often related to a particular tourist experience (discrete events) and not necessarily to the broader case of the pleasure vacation (Geva and Goldman, 1991; Mazursky, 1989). Thus, there is a need to identify factors which account for variations in the level of tourist satisfaction without specific reference to a particular tourist site. Traditionally tourist satisfaction was basically explained by the following general model:
Wettbewerb im 21. jahrhundert: Osteuropäische gegen westeuropäische reiseziele
Authors: Kreck Lothar A. , Großmann Margita
Published: March 2008

Es wurde eingeschätzt, daß die Tourismuswirtschaft 1992 weltweit einen Umsatz von 3 Milliarden US‐$ erreichte und zwischen 110 und 120 Millionen Menschen beschäftigte (Lipman, 1992). Ein kleiner Teil dieses eindrucksvollen Resultats kommt aus dem osteuropäischen Raum. Osteuropa — nicht geographisch oder kulturell, sondern nach dem ehemaligen politisch‐ökonomischen Verbund verstanden — ist jetzt leichter bereisbar fr westliche Touristen als früher. Deshalb nutzten viele die Möglichkeit,in den Osten einen ersten Blick zu werfen oder das Land zu besuchen, in welchem sie vor mehr als 40 Jahren geboren wurden. Es ist deshalb nicht verwunderlich, wenn diese Länder darauf hoffen, in der näheren Zukunft eine größere Anzahl Gäste zu empfangen. Es ist auch nicht überraschend, wenn die Qualität der touristischen Waren zusammen mit einem bestimmten Preisniveau ein Preis/Leistungs‐Verhältnis erzeugt, das stark genug ist, erfolgreich den Wettbewerb gegen westliche Reiseziele anzutreten. Werden aber “Neugier” und “Heimat/Heimweh” weiterhin motivierend bleiben? Bereits 1992 melden drei osteuropäische Länder eine Abnahme touristischer Ankünfte. Probleme bereiten auch die geringen Übernachtungszahlen und der hohe Anteil an Tagestouristen.
Home exchange: An alternative form of tourism and case study of the Belgian market
Authors: De Groote Patrick , Nicasi Mrs. F.
Published: March 2008

In this article the authors analyse an alternative, new and attractive formula on the tourism market, with a case‐study for Belgium.
Processus operatoire de la demarche marketing appliquee au cas de la province d'azilal situee dans le haut atlas (maroc)
Authors: Sadki Maacirc;ti
Published: March 2008

Le but assigné à cette étude est de proposer une approche de développement touristique basée sur la démarche marketing.
Impact of new information technologies on tourism industry and businesses
Authors: Schertler Walter
Published: March 2008

This article wants to understand better what new information technology (IT) in terms of information and communication systems mean for tourism; not from a technical side but from a strategic management's point of view. It will analyse briefly the impact of new Tourism Information and Communication Systems (TICS) by applying an Industrial Economics and Strategic Management approach.
Electronic markets in tourism
Authors: Schmid Beat
Published: March 2008

Following a short introduction outlining the concept of electronic markets and the structure of the tourism industry respectively, we will briefly portray the status quo of electronic markets in this sector. In conjunction to this, the forseen technological developments, as well as possible architectures for the future tourism market and moreover their effect on the tourist industry will be discussed.
T I S — Tourismus informations system — tirol “die konsequenz einer idee”
Authors: Ebner Arno
Published: March 2008

Die Globalisierung der Wirtschaft ist ein unaufhaltsamer Prozess im Zuge eines immer rascheren Wandels durch technologische Innovationen. Die Herausforderungen an Untemehmen und Organisationen werden zunehmend komplexer und unterliegen schnelleren Veranderungen als bisher. Die transnationalen Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten werden in Zukunft eine immer wichtigere Rolle in einer Welt spielen, die nicht länger in ideologische Blöcke gespalten ist. Die entscheidenden Impulse fur die zukünftige Entwicklung userer Welt werden nicht mehr von einzelnen Nationen, auch nicht von starken Wirtschaftsräumen, sondern von einzelnen Untemehmensgruppen kommen, die globale Marktführerschaft innehaben.
Die bedeutung von informationssystemen für incoming‐agenten
Authors: Toth D.
Published: March 2008

Wie viele andere bin auch ich aufgrund meiner Ausbildung in technischer Mathematik von den Möglichkeiten, die uns die neuen Informations‐ und Kommunikationssysteme bieten, fasziniert und neige oft zu Euphorie. Die tägliche Arbeit mit unseren Geschäftspartnern lehrt mich jedoch den Unterschied zwischen technischer Machbarkeit und touristischer Realität zu verstehen und schlussendlich auch zu akzeptieren. Ich werde deshalb dieses Thema aus der Sicht des Tourismus‐Praktikers behandeln.
änderung der nachfrage für das hotel‐management
Authors: Johann Ruisz Von
Published: March 2008

Im folgenden Referat möchte ich konzentriert auf jene Bereiche der Unternehmensführung eines Hotels eingehen, die sich aufgrund neuer Informations‐ und Kommunikationstechniken verändern werden.
Le plan bleu, le tourisme et la sauvegarde a long terme de l'environnement Mediterraneen
Authors: Lanquar Robert
Published: March 2008

Professeur associé Lyon ll‐Lumièreet professeur invité à Université Catholique de Louvain, Coordinateur Tourisme Plan Bleu et Coordinateur de la Conférence ministérielle euro‐méditerranéenne sur le tourisme dans le développement durable
Competitiveness of tourist destinations in long distance markets
Authors: Bordas Eulogio
Published: March 2008

Competitiveness: The Birth of a New Paradigm. According to conventional economic theory, macroeconomic factors such as the cost of manpower, interest rates, exchange rates and scale savings, are the most important determining factors of competitiveness.
Image measurement with self‐organizing maps: A tentative application to Austrian tour operators
Authors: Mazanec Josef A.
Published: March 2008

Image analysis faces data reduction problems when deriving low‐dimensional image spaces (‘perceptual maps’) from multidimensional profile data. The neurocomputing methodology of Self‐Organizing Maps may contribute to finding a radically parsimonious representation. The principles of SOM methodology are shown in a case study on the company images of nine Austrian tour operators.
The competitive situation of tourism in the Caribbean area methodological approach
Authors: De Keyser R. , Vanhove N.
Published: March 2008

The aim of the study on the competitive situation of tourism in the Caribbean area was to analyse the competitive position of tourism in a number of Caribbean destinations. These countries are Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago.