bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of aggregate type on the stability of asphalt mixtures
Authors: Knight B. H.
Published: July 2010

Mineral aggregates used in asphalt mixtures become reduced in size during mixing, consolitation and under traffic action. Laboratory and field investigations were made into the factors affecting this process. Each factor in turn was treated as a variable and its influence upon stability evaluated. Five aggregates—norite, dolerite, basalt, dolomite and quartzite—were chosen and are described petrologically.

Successive crushing tests on the chosen aggregates show that final gradings were reached, after which there was little further size‐reduction under load and only a small increase in bulk density. This final grading is shown to be influenced by the original grading and the type of stone used.

An examination of the crushing characteristics of the aggregates indicates decrease in crushing resistance when flaky particles are present in quantity. The degree of comminution of each aggregate type was tested, and was found to be closely connected with the degree of lubrication given to the aggregate by the binder, which in turn is controlled by its viscosity.

Aggregate type influences stability, which usually increases with mix density, but experiments show that strength of an aggregate is not the controlling factor in giving maximum stability; aggregate shape and size are both important. It is concluded that maximum stability results from the use of an aggregate whose physical properties are intermediate between the very hard and the very soft.
Energy conversions in the flow of high polymers: Applications to injection moulding
Authors: Toor H. L. , Eagleton S. D.
Published: July 2010

From a general energy balance and Spencer & Gilmore's equation of state, energy relationships are developed for steady and non‐steady flow of high polymers. Use of the equations to determine the temperature variations in an injection‐moulding cycle is indicated and the equations, together with one previously determined for non‐flow conditions, are applied to an idealized injection‐moulding process. The resulting calculations for polystyrene, neglecting heat transfer, indicate that large temperature variations take place during a cycle. Consequently, any analysis of the process must take into account the energy conversions taking place. The thermal energy supplied to the polymer by viscous friction is shown to be an appreciable fraction of the total received.
The heat treatment of bisdiphenylene‐ethylene
Authors: Jennings R. J. S. , Fowler‐Williams A.
Published: July 2010

When Harpe & Van Dorp1 first described the preparation of s‐bisdiphenylene‐ethylene by heat treatment of fluorene with lead oxide, they mentioned that the red product was extracted with hot alcohol to free it from ‘resinous material’. We have repeated this work and that of Graebe2 and found that, in addition to the products bisdiphenylene‐ethane, bisdiphenylene‐ethylene and fluorenone, there appears a reddish‐brown, high‐melting, benzene‐soluble, alcohol‐insoluble material, the proportion of which depends on the time for which the reactants are maintained at temperatures in the region of 360°. Analysis of fractions obtained by solvent extraction shows that this material consists essentially of the dimeric and trimeric forms of bisdiphenylene‐ethylene. That such polymerization products of bisdiphenylene‐ethylene do, in fact, exist has been shown by heat treatment of the olefin in vacuo at 360°, when dimeric and trimeric derivatives identical with those mentioned above were isolated. (Complex materials, similar in appearance, have also been produced from bisdiphenylene‐ethylene by the action of dimethyl sulphate at 100°.)

In an attempt to explain these transformations, a theory based on the formation and polymerization of ‘free radicals’ is advanced, and discussed in relation to the dimerization of other less heavily substituted olefins.
The chemical composition of high‐boiling fractions of coal tar. I. A steam distillate from a vertical‐retort soft pitch
Authors: Harris A. S. , White E. N. , McNeil D.
Published: July 2010

A neutral oil boiling above 380°/760 mm., obtained from a soft vertical‐retort coal‐tar pitch, has been separated by chromatography into paraffin waxes, fluorescent oils, solids and brown residual oils.

The fluorescent oils, which cannot be induced to crystallize, consist mainly of non‐picrate‐forming components, which have average molecular weights of about 250 and average hydrogen: carbon ratios of about 1·1:1. These oils are resistant to dehydrogenation.

The chief components of the solids are: fluoranthene, pyrene, brazan, 2:3‐benzofluorene, 5:12‐dihydronaphthacene, chrysene and 1:2‐benzanthracene. Minor components that have been identified are: 4‐methylpyrene, 1:2:8‐trimethylphenanthrene, triphenylene, 2:3‐benzocarbazole, 1:2‐benzofluorene, an alkylbrazan and an unidentified compound, C16H10OS.

1:2‐Benzocarbazole has been separated from the brown residual oils.

Of these substances, 5:12‐dihydronaphthacene, 4‐methylpyrene and 1:2:8‐trimethylphenanthrene have not previously been isolated from coal tar.
The production of phthalic anhydride by the oxidation of tar oils
Authors: Shelmerdine J. , Popper F. , McNeil D.
Published: July 2010

It is known that phthalic anhydride is obtained by vapour‐phase oxidation of alkylnaphthalenes and other polycyclic hydrocarbons. Consequently the production of phthalic anhydride from coal‐tar naphthalene oils was investigated. When a vanadium pentoxide/potassium sulphate/silica catalyst was used no marked deterioration of catalyst was observed in an experiment with naphthalene oil over a period of 28 hours. Operating variables of liquid‐ and air‐space velocity were studied and naphthalene and naphthalene oils of coke‐oven and vertical‐retort origin compared. The phthalic anhydride yield can be predicted, and is dependent on the naphthalene content of the oil and the operating variables.

The yield of phthalic anhydride from a naphthalene oil is greater than can be obtained from the naphthalene in the oil even if it could be extracted without loss. At the same time the heat evolved in reaction is considerably increased and as a consequence heat removal would present the most important problem in the design of an oxidation plant.
Pteridine syntheses. II.isoxanthopterin
Authors: Albert Adrien , Wood H. C. S.
Published: July 2010

isoXanthopterin has been synthesized by a new and advantageous method. Some new properties are recorded. The heights of the ultra‐violet absorption maxima suggest that material of greater purity than 80% has not previously been examined spectroscopically.
The surface properties of silica gels. I. Importance of pH in the preparation from sodium silicate and sulphuric acid
Authors: Sing K. S. W. , Madeley J. D.
Published: July 2010

Gels were prepared by adding sodium silicate solution to sulphuric acid until a certain pH was reached, and then the products were aged, washed and dried under controlled conditions. The surface properties of the dry gels were studied by measuring adsorption isotherms of nitrogen at – 195·8° and nitrous oxide at — 78·5°. The pH reached came within the range 3·7–5·8, as this corresponded to a decrease in setting time from over an hour to a few seconds. For gels prepared over this pH range, the isotherms of the two gases also changed profoundly, both sets showing the same general pattern. In one preparation the temperature was varied, and in another the ageing period was reduced to the minimum; in neither case could any difference in the adsorption of nitrous oxide be detected. Activation, by soaking in very dilute sulphuric acid, was shown to be more important for a gel prepared at the higher‐pH end of the range.

Surface areas have been calculated from both sets of isotherms by the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (B.E.T.) method. Good agreement is obtained, in some cases, by assuming that each nitrous oxide molecule occupies an area of 20·4 Å2 in the close‐packed monolayer, and taking the usual value of 16·2 Å2 for the nitrogen molecule. The values of residual water content and B.E.T. surface area both decreased substantially over the pH range, but there appears to be no simple relationship between them.
The preparation of light water by distillation: Its composition, and the densities and fractionation factors of its isotopes
Authors: Watson H. E.
Published: July 2010

Samples of water containing less than 8% of the normal quantity of H218O have been prepared by distillation in a 40‐ft. packed column, and oxygen made from them has been analysed by the mass spectrograph. From the results it has been calculated that the density of H216O at 25° is 262·4 ± 2 p.p.m. less than that of normal water. From this figure it has been deduced that the ratio of the density of H218O to that of normal water is 1·1134± 0·001, and it is very probable that the corresponding figure for H217O is 1·0577. The electrolytic fractionation factor for 18O has been found to be 1·03. The distillation fractionation factor for H218O and H216O at 100° is almost certainly greater than 1·0045 and is probably 1·0056; for H217O it is probably 1·0028. It has been found that the ratio H218O:H217O in light‐water samples of the same density, obtained by distillation, does not vary greatly, so that their composition may be determined from their density alone.
Stress‐corrosion of aluminium‐magnesium alloys. I. The effect of tensile stress on the corrosion of aluminium‐7%‐magnesium and aluminium‐5%‐magnesium alloys
Authors: Jones E. Lloyd
Published: July 2010

The effect of applied tensile stress on the corrosion of commercial‐purity aluminium—magnesium alloys has been determined by subjecting the alloys, in the form of 16‐gauge wire, to intermittent immersion in 3% sodium chloride solution buffered at pH 6.

Overstraining 10%, followed by ageing at 125° for 24 hours, renders aluminium‐7%‐magnesium alloy susceptible to stress‐corrosion with applied stresses as low as 2% of the U.T.S. (ultimate tensile strength), and aluminium‐5%‐magnesium alloy with stresses greater than 24% of the U.T.S. Stresses smaller than the threshold stress have little effect on the rate of attack. Under comparable stresses (per cent. of U.T.S.), the time‐to‐failure of the 5%‐magnesium alloy is considerably greater than that of the 7%‐magnesium alloy. A high proportion of the loss of strength due to stress‐corrosion occurs just before failure.

Additional evidence is provided for the existence of points specially susceptible to stress‐corrosion which are distributed over the surface of the specimen.
The determination of halogens in complex platinates: Preliminary reduction with hydrazine
Authors: Pugh W.
Published: July 2010

The determination of halogens in chloro‐ and bromo‐platinates, which react incompletely with silver nitrate, is shown to be rendered simple and accurate by the use of preliminary reduction with hydrazine hydrate, followed by precipitation with silver nitrate and titration with thiocyanate (Volhard).
The assessment of individual sources of error in the combustion method for the determination of sulphur in steel. I. Mild steel
Authors: Smith T. B. , Backhouse A. , Woodward P.
Published: July 2010

For the determination of individual errors, methods have been developed which, when applied to a particular kind of mild steel under the usual working conditions, show that at 1300° only about 86% of the total sulphur is liberated as sulphur dioxide. Of the other 14%, the residue retains about 6% and the rest is converted into sulphur trioxide, 3% being absorbed with the sulphur dioxide, 1% escaping absorption, and 4% remaining in the apparatus by condensation. Modifications are suggested by which the total yield could be raised to 92–93%.
Gas chromatography. II. The separation and analysis of gas mixtures by chromatographic methods
Authors: Ray N. H.
Published: July 2010

A rapid chromatographic method of gas analysis by elution development is described. A column of activated charcoal is used for the lighter gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, ethane, and acetylene; and a gas‐liquid partition column carrying ‘dinonyl’ phthalate as the stationary phase is employed for the heavier gases such as propane, propylene, and the C4 hydrocarbons.
The reactions of highly fluorinated organic compounds. III. A heptafluoroadipic acid and its derivatives
Authors: Barbour A. K. , Mackenzie H. D. , Stacey M. , Tatlow J. C.
Published: July 2010

A heptafluoroadipic acid has been prepared by oxidation of the mixture of polyfluorocyclohexanes obtained by the vapour‐phase fluorination of benzene with cobaltic fluoride at 150°. Various derivatives of the acid were isolated and some of their reactions have been investigated.
The grinding of kaolinite. I. A preliminary study
Authors: Gregg S. J. , Hill K. J. , Parker T. W.
Published: July 2010

Two samples of refined Devon china clay have been ground for 94 and 120 hours respectively. The specific surface (as measured by gas sorption), the heat of immersion in carbon tetrachloride and the base‐exchange capacity all increased appreciably, but the content of ‘structural’ water was scarcely affected; the density in carbon tetrachloride fell. Grinding probably breaks up the particles and distorts, but does not destroy, the lattice of the kaolinite.
The action of morpholine on some quaternary ammonium salts and its application to their analysis
Authors: Barber A. , Chinnick C. C. T. , Lincoln P. A.
Published: July 2010

By interaction of morpholine with a number of quaternary ammonium salts, certain alkyl groups (especially benzyl, allyl and methyl) are split off. Application of this reaction followed by fractional distillation of the reaction products forms the basis of a method for the analysis of quaternary ammonium salts, applicable also to mixtures of such salts.
The chromatographic behaviour of the commoner ester type plasticisers
Authors: Burns W.
Published: July 2010

The possibility of using paper chromatography as a means for the identification and separation of small amounts of plasticisers is examined. It is shown that the RF value can be used as a means of identification of certain plasticisers, and in some cases, a resolution of mixtures is possible.
Solute transfer to and from liquid drops
Authors: Garner F. H. , Hale A. R.
Published: July 2010

Mass‐transfer data are presented for the four systems with water and toluene as solvents and diethylamine as the solute, including transfer of diethylamine to and from toluene drops rising through water and to and from water drops falling through toluene. The rate of transfer is dependent upon the direction of diffusion and upon which phase is dispersed. The transfer of diethylamine from a continuous water phase to toluene drops was found to be extremely susceptible to contamination.
A study on the significance of the ductility test for bitumen
Authors: Saal R. N. J.
Published: July 2010

An analysis of the primary factors governing the ductility of bitumens, as determined by the well‐known test, is given.

Two phenomena should be distinguished: (1) brittle fracture (ductility 0–1 cm.); (2) thread formation (ductility > 1 cm.). Brittle fracture occurs if the stiffness of the bitumen at 10 sec. is higher than 107 N/sq. m.; this limiting value has been deduced both theoretically and experimentally. Thread formation occurs at lower stiffnesses. For bitumens of medium penetration index (P.I.) (P.I. between —2 and +2), thread formation must be considered as being largely due to a rise in temperature in the thread formed, resulting from the large amount of energy introduced during stretching. For high‐P.I. bitumens (P.I. > 2) the ductility behaviour must be attributed partly to the said rise in temperature, but mainly to thixotropy due to breakdown of the structure during stretching.

Low‐P.I. Newtonian‐type bitumens (P.I. less than —2), which under normal conditions have ductilities of either 0 or more than 100, may also show intermediate values if the energy of stretch is increased by appropriate means.

If we consider that neither the rise in temperature nor the thixotropic breakdown occurs in the practical use of bitumen, we may draw the conclusion that the significance of the ductility test is very doubtful, and that tests more adapted to practical circumstances should be preferred for the evaluation of bitumens.
The polyphosphates of manganese, cobalt, nickel and copper: Their complex character, composition and behaviour
Authors: Bobtelsky M. , Kertes S.
Published: July 2010

Both the simple and the more complicated soluble salts of anion complexes of pyrophosphate and tripolyphosphate with Mn, Ni, Co and Cu were studied by heterometry (photometric study of suspensions), potentiometry and conductimetry on a comparative basis. The composition of the different insoluble salts and compounds obtained were derived from the shape of the individual heterometric curves.

In the case of pyrophosphates, insoluble salts of the composition MIIP2O7 (M represents the metal) were obtained with all cations. In particular cases, insoluble salts of the composition Na2MII3(P2O7)2 were also found.

With all cations, the anion complex [MIIP2O7]2‐ giving soluble salts was formed. Copper and nickel gave, in addition, soluble salts of the complexes [Cu(P2O7)2]−6, [Cu2(P2O7)3]6‐ and [Ni3(P2O7)2]2‐.

With tripolyphosphate the following was established: in all cases a soluble salt of the anion complex [MIIP3O10]3‐ was found. In addition, soluble salts of the complex [MII3(P3O10)2]4‐were obtained with nickel and cobalt, and of [MII5(P3O10)3]5‐ with copper. In all cases two insoluble compounds of the composition MII5(P3O10)2 and NaMII2(P3O10) were obtained by heterometry.

Structural formulae are presented for most of the compounds obtained and the interrelation between them discussed.
Physicochemical studies on dusts. IX. Analysis of silicious dusts: Effect of various inorganic ions on the determination of dissolved silica by the molybdenum‐blue method
Authors: Prentice A. , Ritchie P. D.
Published: July 2010

The effect of various inorganic anions and cations on the determination of silica by the molybdenum‐blue method is studied. The following ions do not interfere:

Anions: Carbonate, chloride, nitrate, sulphate.

Cations: Aluminium, calcium, magnesium, manganese.

The extent and nature of the interference caused by the following ions is discussed:

Anions: Dichromate, phosphate. Cations: Copper, ferrous iron, ferric iron.

The effect of copper is noteworthy, in that compound formation is indicated, the apparent ratio of copper to silica in the complex being 12 : 1.
Atmospheric corrosion by nuclei
Authors: Preston R. S. T. J. , Sanyal B.
Published: July 2010

Bare and varnished steel contaminated by nuclei produce, in humid atmospheres, the type of corrosion characterised by filamental configuration and known as filiform. With some nuclei, corrosion takes place at relative humidities below 60%.

Filiform corrosion is characteristic of, and the primary phase in, electrolytic corrosion in atmospheric conditions, but the rate of attack varies from one electrolyte to another and with the degree of humidity. In several cases, corrosion attack has been found to be greater at 70% relative humidity than at 99% relative humidity.

The presence of highly hygroscopic salts in the atmosphere can initiate corrosion, even at low relative humidities.

Nuclei on the outside of a varnish film will generally start corrosion earlier than those beneath the film, especially if water is present on the surface.
Organic fluorine compounds. III. Some fluorinated phosphate esters
Authors: Sellars K.
Published: July 2010

The following fluorinated phosphate esters have been prepared: tris‐(1 : 1‐di‐H‐heptafluorobutyl) phosphate; tris‐(m‐trifluoromethylphenyl) phosphate; bis‐(m‐trifluoromethylphenyl) (1 : 1‐di‐H‐trifluoroethyl) phosphate; 2 : 2 : 3 : 3‐tetrafluorotetramethylene‐1 : 4‐di‐(bis‐2 : 2 : 2‐trifluoroethyl phosphate). In addition, the new compounds (1 : 1‐di‐H‐trifluoroethyl) phosphorodichloridate and bis‐(1 : 1‐di‐H‐trifluoroethyl) phosphorochloridate were prepared.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. IV. The preparation of a number of trialkyl‐ and triaryltin compounds
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Luijten J. G. A.
Published: July 2010

Methods are given for the preparation of 22 organotin compounds of the type R3SnX, including 16 not previously described. The fungicidal properties of these compounds were described in Part III of this series.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. V The preparation and antifungal properties of unsymmetrical tri‐n‐alkyltin acetates
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Luijten J. G. A.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of a number of unsymmetrical tri‐n‐alkyltin acetates is described.

From the antifungal test results of these compounds it appears that a single rule governs the activity of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical tri‐n‐alkyltin acetates, namely that it is the total number of carbon atoms present in the alkyl groups, rather than the nature of the groups, which governs the fungitoxicity of the compounds; this is greatest for a total of 9–12 carbon atoms.
A statistical structural analysis of some british coals and the significance of the refractometric increment
Authors: Leicester James
Published: July 2010

Data on a number of British coals have been examined by the methods of statistical structural analysis and the results are compared with those obtained by van Krevelen on Saar and Lorraine vitrinites.

For British coals above 83% carbon the results are similar, but for low‐rank coals, where non‐aromatic structures become important, the techniques applied are inadequate. There is no evidence of a minimum in the curve relating the number of rings per C atom and the rank of the coal. Data showing the change in refractometric increment per aromatic carbon atom with increasing coal rank offer an explanation of the properties of coal. A suggestion has been made that the blackness of coal can be given a qualitative explanation from the range of charge transfer bands.
A consideration of factors governing the separation of substances by gas‐liquid partition chromatography
Authors: Grant D. W. , Vaughan G. A.
Published: July 2010

A simple theoretical treatment has been evolved from which optimum operating conditions and column dimensions can be calculated to effect separations of chemically similar compounds. A discussion is also given on the effect of some of the variables operative on column efficiency.
Viscosity‐molecular weight relationships for cellulose nitrate
Authors: Moore W. R. , Epstein J. A.
Published: July 2010

Six fractions have been obtained from a sample of cellulose nitrate (12.5%N) and molecular weights determined osmotically. Viscosity data are presented for the fractions in acetone and amyl methyl ketone, ethyl and amyl acetates, ethyl and butyl formates. Values of K and α in the expression [η] = KMa are given for each solvent. The chains seem to be more extended in the better of each pair of related solvents. Extension appears to be greater in acetates than in ketones of comparable solvent power. The limited flexibility of cellulose nitrate chains may decrease with increasing degree of nitration.
Electrolytic deposition and diffusion of lithium into magnesium
Authors: Smolinski J.
Published: July 2010

Lithium, has been deposited on to a solid magnesium cathode from an electrolyte of a fused mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride. The deposited lithium diffused into the cathode to form a β‐phase magnesium—lithium alloy. The method can be used to alloy a magnesium surface to a depth of 1.5 mm.
Analysis of styrenated methyl linoleate
Authors: Tiong Sie Swan , Waterman H. I.
Published: July 2010

The reaction of methyl linoleate with gaseous styrene at 280° and the analysis of the reaction product is described. It is shown that the main product is an addition compound of one mole of styrene and one mole of methyl linoleate. Ring‐analysis and chemical degradation provided evidence that this product is formed by a Diels—Alder mechanism.

No high‐molecular‐weight polystyrene could be found in the reaction product.
The effect of guanidine hydrochloride on the sedimentation of arachin
Authors: Naismith W. E. F.
Published: July 2010

Arachin when exposed to 1.7M‐guanidine hydrochloride is changed to slowly‐sedimenting material by way of an intermediate sedimenting component similar to the arachin dissociation product. After removal of the guanidine hydrochloride by dialysis, the dissociation‐association reactions of the apparently unchanged arachin occur normally.
The operation of concentric‐tube distillation columns under reduced pressure
Authors: Banks R. E. , Musgrave W. K. R.
Published: July 2010

Data are given which will allow the drawing of the vapour‐liquid equilibrium diagram for a mixture of methyl benzoate and methyl caprylate, at a pressure of 50 mm. of mercury. The mixture has been used to determine the efficiency of two virtually identical concentric‐tube distillation columns when working at this pressure. Under these conditions their efficiency is approximately half that at atmospheric pressure.
Solubility of hydrogen halides in organic compounds containing oxygen. I. Solubility of hydrogen chloride in alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters
Authors: Gerrard W. , MacKlen E.
Published: July 2010

The solubility of hydrogen chloride, as moles per mole of compound, in series of alcohols, carboxylic acids and their esters appears to be determined mainly by electron density (basic strength) of the significant oxygen atom. Change in solubility with change in substituents follows the expected change in basic strength. Alkyl substituents increase solubility, whereas substitution by chlorine causes a more pronounced decrease. The solubility in a carboxylic acid is much lower than in the corresponding alcohol; but compensation is gained by replacing the acidic hydrogen atom to form an ester.

Values for different temperatures are given and from these, linear plots of solubility‐reciprocal of the absolute temperature are obtained.
Use of hydrazine as a reducing agent for unsaturated compounds. I. The hydrogenation of oleic acid
Authors: Aylward Francis , Rao C. V. Narayana
Published: July 2010

The hydrogenation of oleic acid by hydrazine hydrate in ethanol solutions has been investigated and it has been shown that the rate of the reaction is increased (i) by using an excess of hydrazinc (a molecular ratio oleic: hydrazine of 2 or more), (ii) by raising the temperature and (iii) by continuous stirring of the solution. Earlier investigations have suggested that the reaction is relatively slow, but it has now been demonstrated that at 50° with agitation of the solutions, 93% of oleic acid originally present may be changed to stearic acid in 6 hours, so that this method of hydrogenation may have applications, especially as hydrazine is now readily produced on an industrial scale.
Studies in vapour‐liquid equilibria. Ternary system: Acetone‐chloroform toluene
Authors: Satapathy R. , Rao M. Raja , Anjaneyulu N. S. R. , Rao C. Venkata
Published: July 2010

A systematic study of the vapour—liquid equilibria of the ternary system, acetone—chloroform—toluene was undertaken to study the suitability of toluene as a solvent for the separation of acetone—chloroform mixtures by extractive distillation. The experimental t—x—y data obtained at a pressure of 760 mm. Hg are presented in this paper. The percentage error in smoothing x—y data is not over 2%, and the average deviation in temperature in drawing constant temperature lines is ± 0.1°c for temperatures below 65° and ± 0.2°c for temperatures above 65°. To facilitate the analysis of data, the results are expressed as usual in terms of activity coefficients. The data indicate the absence of a ternary azeotrope. The activity coefficients of chloroform are slightly less than unity in all the regions of concentration, whereas those of acetone are greater than unity. Values of activity coefficients of toluene are, however, a little more than unity for high concentrations of acetone and are close to unity for higher chloroform concentrations. The consistency of the data has been tested by the method of Colburn & Schoenborn. The ternary equilibrium data are fairly well correlated by three‐suffix Margules equations.
Solvent segregation of vegetable oils. II. Safflower oil
Authors: Joshi G. K. , Rebello D. , Shah S. M.
Published: July 2010

The solvent segregation of safflower oil using furfural and mixtures of furfural and hexane has been investigated. Little or no segregation is effected, presumably because of the absence of linoleno‐type glycerides in the oil.
Ultracentrifuge studies on cottonseed protein
Authors: Naismith W. E. F.
Published: July 2010

Examination of cottonseed protein in the ultracentrifuge has revealed the presence of at least four sedimenting components with sedimentation constants of 18, 13, 8 and ∼2 Svedberg units. Ammonium sulphate fractionation failed to purify these components. Purification of the s13 and s8 components was achieved by the fractionation method of Karon et alia. No dissociation‐association reactions of the purified components were observed with changes in ionic strength in the range 0.1 to 0.5 or with changes in pH in the range 8–10.
A new method of calculating unsteady state diffusion coefficients in porous solids
Authors: Call F.
Published: July 2010

Unsteady state diffusion coefficients in porous solids can be calculated by observing the time at which the flux of material through the porous solid is a definite fraction, conveniently one half, of the steady state flux and then substituting this time into a simple equation. The method requires only a few experimental measurements of the flux.
The adhesive properties of epoxy resins
Authors: de Bruyne N. A.
Published: July 2010

Epoxy resins derived from bisphenol and resorcinol have been examined as to their adhesive properties in the presence of phthalic anhydride as hardener. From studies of their dielectric behaviour, the effect of hydroxyl‐group content and molecular weight in their monomolecular properties and their adsorption on to aluminium foil, it is concluded that the hydroxyl groups play a decisive part in anchoring the molecules to a (polar) surface. There was very good correlation (significant at the 1% level) between hydroxyl content and nominal breaking strength of joints on an aluminium alloy, and it was shown that the shrinkage of resin mixtures on cooling decreases with hydroxyl content.
The infra‐red absorption spectra of some novolak and resole molecules
Authors: Grisenthwaite R. J. , Hunter R. F.
Published: July 2010

The infra‐red spectra of 2: 2′‐dihydroxy‐5: 5′‐dimethydiphenylmethane and of a number of its homologues, of two p‐cresol‐formaldehyde novolak resins, of a trinuclear resole and of related compounds are presented and discussed. Assignments are made for a number of the peaks in the various spectral curves obtained.
Water‐soluble polycarboxylic acids from the oxidation of coal‐tar pitch
Authors: Boreham G. R. , Hammett R. H. J.
Published: July 2010

A medium soft pitch has been oxidized in oxygen at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of strong alkali to yield a complex mixture of water‐soluble aliphatic acids and aromatic polycarboxylic acids in about 30% yield based on carbon. By chromatography of the methylated hydrocarbons obtained from the acids and from infra‐red spectra, it is concluded that these acids have mainly polynuclear structures.
Studies on the cation exchange properties of assam coal
Authors: Roy M.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of sulphonated coal (resins) from Assam coal (India) has been studied and the optimum conditions for maximum sulphonation have been established. These were heating at 100° with concentrated H2SO4 Using a ratio of 1 g. of coal to approx. 4 c.c. of acid in presence of a catalyst, e.g. HgO.

The determination of groups responsible for the exchange capacity and estimation of the latter by different methods has also been carried out. The exchange equilibria have also been studied.
Infra‐red spectroscopy as an aid to the investigation of polypeptide and protein structure
Authors: Elliott A.
Published: July 2010

The application of infra‐red spectroscopy to the study of the structure of synthetic polypeptides (e.g., poly‐L‐alanine) and silk proteins is discussed.
Chemical and spectroscopic studies of epoxy resin reactions in the surface coating field
Authors: O'Neill L. A. , Cole C. P.
Published: July 2010

Esterification of epoxy resins with fatty acids at 260° occurs in two stages (1) addition of one fatty acid molecule to an epoxy group to form a hydroxy‐ester, (2) esterification of the original and of the so‐formed hydroxy groups. The curing process of epoxy resins with amines has been studied by infra‐red spectroscopy, and by measurement of the material produced which is non‐extractable by solvents. The combined data provide some indication of the curing mechanism.
Chlorination of sewage methane in a fluidized bed
Authors: Bijawat H. C. , Patel N. B. , Potnis G. V.
Published: July 2010

Experiments on the application of the fluidized bed technique to the chlorination of sewage gas methane are described and the feasibility of this method for maintaining easy control over the reaction is demonstrated. Activated carbon, pumice and cupric chloride on pumice have been used as catalysts in the fluidized bed, and their performance evaluated compared with that of sand, a non‐catalytic inert. The influence on the reaction of the carbon deposited during chlorination has been investigated. Based on chlorine, yields of carbon tetrachloride up to almost 90% of the theoretical were obtained.
The ‘kettle‐wax’ phase in soap systems: Dilatometric study of the systems sodium laurate‐water and sodium laurate‐sodium chloride‐water
Authors: Aggarwal Sundar L. , Sanjana N. R. , McBain J. W.
Published: July 2010

By a dilatometric method, curves depicting volume change with temperature were obtained for a number of sodium laurate—water systems containing from 50% to 75% by weight of soap. In these curves, the appearance of the ‘neat’ and middle soap phase is marked by a discontinuity. These phases exhibit a rather small but linear increase in volume with temperature. The transition temperatures as obtained from the dilatometric method were found to agree to within a few degrees with those predicted from the phase diagram of this system.

These studies were extended to the ternary system sodium laurate—salt—water. For some of these ternary systems, the volume—temperature curves exhibited discontinuities at 80–90°, which were attributed to the appearance of a homogeneous phase termed ‘kettle‐wax’. The boundary of this kettle‐wax phase, which is capable of existing above 80–90° was delimited by means of these studies. The importance of this phase in determining various equilibria in soap boiling is discussed.
Permeation of polychlorotrifluoroethylene films: Nitric acid
Authors: Garner F. H. , Ellis S. R. M. , Gill J. C.
Published: July 2010

The permeation of polychlorotrifluoroethylene by nitric acid has been found to occur at a limited number of sites in the surface of the film. These sites have been detected using paper impregnated with a suitable indicator and also by microscopical examination; they were found to be randomly distributed and were mainly macro‐ or visible cracks. Counts have been made of the numbers and size distribution of the cracks. Infra‐red spectrometry was used to investigate whether chemical reactions occurred between nitric acid and the fluorinated plastic film, but no evidence of chemical degradation products was found.
The alkaline denaturation of arachin
Authors: Naismith W. E. F. , Williams R. K.
Published: July 2010

The denaturation of arachin at pH 11 and at ionic strengths I = 1.0, 0.2 and 0.05 has been studied by means of the ultracentrifuge. Change of the arachin component to slowly sedimenting material occurred by way of an intermediate component of sedimentation constant similar to that of the arachin dissociation component. The rate cf disappearance of the arachin component is greater the lower the ionic strength whereas the formation of the intermediate component is favoured at high ionic strengths (e.g., 1.0). A fairly pure sample of this intermediate component has been prepared. The half life (t1/2) of the reaction at I = 0.2 was not found to vary significantly on increasing the protein concentration thirteenfold. The logarithmic plot of protein concentration against time, however, failed to give the straight line expected of a reaction which is first‐order with respect to protein concentration. Possible causes for this seeming discrepancy are discussed.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. XVIII Chromatographic analysis
Authors: Finn S. R. , James J. W.
Published: July 2010

Various chromatographic and experimental techniques are described, which have made possible the analysis of samples taken from phenol—formaldehyde reaction mixtures studied over a wide range of conditions. Many of the components have been identified by chromatography with known compounds, the RF values of the others have been recorded for information in tabular form.

Some of the simpler reactions possibly involved in these condensations have been investigated, allowing a tentative hypothesis to be formed regarding the reaction mechanism involved.

The investigation partially clarifies the earlier stages of the reaction although compounds are present, just prior to the resin becoming insoluble, which cannot be identified with any known intermediates.
A rapid method for determining potassium and sodium in coal ash and related materials
Authors: Jackson P. J. , Smith A. C.
Published: July 2010

In connexion with the analysis of coal ashes and related silicate materials, an investigation has been made of the interference of aluminium, iron, calcium, magnesium, silicate and borate in the determination of sodium and potassium by the EEL flame photometer. The effects of all these constituents, with the exception of calcium, were negligible in the ranges of concentration likely to be met in this work. The interference of calcium in the determination of sodium was eliminated by adding aluminium, incorporated in the hydrofluoric‐sulphuric acid mixture used to decompose the sample. A method is proposed by which sodium and potassium in silicates may be determined in 1 1/2 hours. Results by this method compare favourably with those obtained by the J. L. Smith procedure1, 2and by the Lundegardh flame spectrographic technique.
Use of hydrazine as a reducing agent for unsaturated compounds: II. The hydrogenation of elaidic and ricinoleic acids
Authors: Aylward F. , Rao C. V. Narayana
Published: July 2010

Elaidic and ricinoleic acid can be hydrogenated by hydrazine hydrate in ethanol solution at 50°. Over 90% hydrogenation can be achieved in 8 hours providing an excess of hydrazine is used with continuous stirring of the mixture. Under comparable conditions and with a 5: 1 ratio of hydrazine hydrate to fatty acid, the rates of hydrogenation of elaidic, ricinoleic and oleic acids are almost identical.
A simple heat‐transfer relationship for packed tubes
Authors: Katan L. L.
Published: July 2010

A relationship is derived for assessing the improvement in heat transfer in tubes, afforded by the use of packing.
Gas‐liquid chromatography in a plastics analytical laboratory
Authors: Haslam J. , Jeffs A. R.
Published: July 2010

This report gives an account of the application of gas‐liquid chromatographic methods to the general work of a plastics analytical laboratory. Particular attention is paid to the examination of monomers, of depolymerization products obtained from polymers, and of adhesives. The use of dinonyl sebacate as the stationary liquid phase in a particular problem involving the determination of small amounts of methylcyclohexane in light petroleum (boiling range 60–80°) is described.
The functions of the components of coal tar pitch with regard to its viscous behaviour and colloid structure
Authors: Badenhorst R. P. , Perold G. W.
Published: July 2010

Dispersions obtained by the successive addition of the tar resins, C2 and C1 fractions obtained from coal tar pitch to the tar oils were studied. It is shown that there is no marked difference in the effects of the various components on the thermal susceptibility of the dispersions. The temperature susceptibility of road tar cannot therefore be modified only by changing its composition.

The work provides support for the concept of the colloidal nature of coal tar pitch and indicates that the tar micelle is built up on a C2 core enveloped by tar resin and tar oil layers.
The decolorization of sugar liquor by bone charcoal
Authors: Thompson H. M. , Rayner G. J. , Hill S. , de Whalley H. C. S.
Published: July 2010

A study is made of the kinetics of the refining of sugar solutions with bone charcoal, especially as regards the effect of particle size of the charcoal and the settled volume time, colour density and ash content of the liquor. The nature of the inorganic ions present has an appreciable effect on the volume of liquor that can be decolorized by a definite volume of char. The relation of the results of laboratory‐scale experiments to those in refining practice is briefly discussed.
The oxidation of monoethenoid fatty acids and esters. the autoxidation products of erucic acid and its methyl and n‐propyl ester
Authors: Skellon J. H. , Taylor P. E.
Published: July 2010

The products of catalytic autoxidation of highly purified erucic acid and its methyl and propyl esters have been investigated. Saponification of the oxidized esters gives acidic dimeric compounds which eventually break down to mixtures containing keto‐hydroxy, unsaturated ketonic, and epoxy derivatives in addition to 13: 14‐dihydroxybehenic acid.

The characteristic oily resinous derivatives invariably found in the oxidation products contain carbonyl groups.

Some possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Some characteristics of epoxide resin systems
Authors: Allen F. J. , Hunter W. M.
Published: July 2010

A discussion is given of the hardening of epoxide resins with amines and of methods of modifying polyfunctional aliphatic amines to widen their range of application. The effects of time and temperature of curing of epoxide resin–amine systems on the properties of the products are briefly discussed.
Liquid‐liquid equilibrium in systems containing nicotine
Authors: Fowler R. T. , Noble R. A. S.
Published: July 2010

Liquid‐liquid equilibria have been investigated in the nicotine‐sulphuric acid‐water and nicotine‐sulphuric acid‐carbon tetrachloride systems at 25°. The latter system exhibits two phases for all concentrations of the components with the production of a semi‐solid phase of nicotine bisulphate which is insoluble in nicotine and carbon tetrachloride. The nicotine‐sulphuric acid‐water system shows a binodal curve curving concavely at high water concentrations. A plait point is estimated to be at a composition 39% H2O, 2·5% H2SO4 and 58·5% nicotine. Experiments on the quaternary system, nicotine‐sulphuric acid‐water‐carbon tetrachloride, could not be completed because dark viscous materials were obtained.
1: 1‐dihalocyclohexanes
Authors: Cuthbertson F. , Musgrave W. K. R.
Published: July 2010

1: 1‐Dichloro‐, 1: 1‐difluoro‐, and 1‐chloro‐1‐fluoro‐cyclohexane have been prepared by interaction of 1‐chlorocyclohexene with either hydrogen chloride or hydrogen fluoride. The components in the reaction mixtures have been separated by gas‐liquid chromatography on a 10‐g. scale and their susceptibilities to both acid and alkaline hydrolysis have been compared.
The effect of catalyst granule size on the hydrogenation of benzene over a supported nickel catalyst
Authors: Burke R. F. , Motard R. L. , Canjar L. N. , Beckmann R. B.
Published: July 2010

In connexion with the study of the hydrogenation of benzene tocyclohexane over nickel and nickel oxide supported on silica gel (see reference11), an examination of the effect of granule size of the catalyst has been made at temperatures 225°, 250° and 275°.

It was found that, with increasing state of sub‐division, the experimental velocity constant, k2, is proportional to the external surface area of the catalyst down to a certain granule size. Further sub‐division has no effect on activity as, when the critical granule size is reached, a sufficient area is exposed so that all of the catalyst is adsorbed on the surface of the carrier.
Infra‐red spectroscopy as a quantitative analytical method in general chemicals manufacture
Authors: Hawkes J. C.
Published: July 2010

The application of infra‐red spectroscopy to the analysis of the crude products obtained in the manufacture of organic substances is discussed with special reference to the chlorination products of phenol and the preparation of 2: 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and of p‐phenetidine.
Use of hydrazine as a reducing agent for unsaturated compounds. III. hydrogenation of linoleic acid
Authors: Aylward F. , Rao C. V. Narayana
Published: July 2010

Linoleic acid can be hydrogenated by hydrazine and, under suitable experimental conditions, the reaction, as measured by the decrease in iodine value, is 90% complete in 8 hours. The reaction in its initial stages proceeds more rapidly with linoleic acid than with oleic and other mono‐ethenoid acids indicating that the rate of hydrogenation varies with the degree of unsaturation and the concentration of unsaturated acids.
Use of hydrazine as a reducing agent for unsaturated compounds. IV. the hydrogenation of elaeostearic acid from tung (china wood) oil
Authors: Aylward F. , Rao C. V. Narayana
Published: July 2010

The hydrogenation of α‐elaeostearic acid by hydrazine hydrate has been followed by changes in hydrogenation iodine values and melting points and by ultra‐violet and infra‐red spectroscopy. It is shown that a 74% reduction in iodine value takes place over 8 hours, providing a high molecular ratio (6: 1) of hydrazine hydrate to acid be used. No appreciable amount of stearic acid is formed until approx. 75% of elaeostearic acid has been transformed.

Evidence is obtained that the hydrogenation proceeds by two parallel routes: (1) the formation of a diethenoid acid, followed by its direct conversion (through the addition of two molecules of hydrogen simultaneously) to the saturated acid, and (2) the addition of two molecules of hydrogen simultaneously to the elaeostearic acid to give a monoethenoid acid, followed by the conversion of this to the saturated acid.
Vapour–liquid equilibria of nitric acid–water–sulphuric acid mixtures
Authors: Ellis S. R. M. , Thwaites J. M.
Published: July 2010

New vapour–liquid equilibrium data have been obtained for the systems nitric acid–water and nitric acid–sulphuric acid–water and have been applied to the design of a column for the concentration of nitric acid by extractive distillation with sulphuric acid. The new data require an increase in the number of theoretical plates, and thus explain in part the present use of larger quantities of sulphuric acid than should be necessary in a column designed according to previously published data.
Reactions of alkylphenols over cracking catalysts. I. comparison of catalysts and study of reaction conditions
Authors: Given P. H.
Published: July 2010

At temperatures in the range 320–450° cresols undergo rapid disproportionation and isomerization over silica–alumina, silica–zirconia–beryllia and other cracking catalysts. It is necessary to add a small amount of steam to the cresol vapour in order to reduce losses of phenols as catalyst deposit and as dehydroxylated material. Conversion to phenol and xylenols is limited, by approach to equilibrium, to values around 20%. When conditions are chosen such that conversion is low, the disproportionation of p‐cresol on silica–zirconia–beryllia can be shown to be of zero order. These catalysts are poisoned for all the reactions by sodium ion and by small amounts of aromatic bases, indicating that the reactions, like those of hydrocarbons under similar conditions, take place on acid groups in the catalyst.