bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imaging and quantification of the pore microstructure of gas shales using X-ray microtomography
Authors: Mehrabi Mozhdeh , Pasha Mehrdad , Hassanpour Ali , Glover Paul W. J. , Jia Xiaodong
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Optimisation of gas production from shale gas reservoirs depends critically upon a good understanding of the porosity and pore microstructure of the shale. Conventionally surface area measurements or mercury porosimetry have been used to measure the porosity in gas shales. However, these conventional methods have limited accuracy and only provide a bulk measurement for the samples. More recently, scanning electron micrography (SEM) and Focussed Ion Beam SEM (FIB-SEM) techniques have been applied in an attempt to address these limitations. Unfortunately, these two methods destroy the samples. In this research three-dimensional x-ray micro tomography (XRMT) imaging techniques were used to capture the structure of three samples and also compared to data from mercury porisimetry. The resulting data have been segmented in order to recognize individual pores down to a resolution of about 1 µm. Distributions of pore volume, pore size, pore aspect ratio, surface area to pore volume ratios and pore orientations were calculated from the XRMT data. It was found that the porosity obtained from XRMT measurements is smaller than that obtained using mercury porisimetry, the reason for which might be displacement of kerogen by the high pressures generated in the mercury technique, but is unlikely to be due to both techniques not being able to measure pores smaller that about 900 nm. Pore volume and size distributions showed all of the shales tested in this work to be multimodal with similar major modal values for volume and pore size. The pores also have a range of pore aspect ratios and surface area to pore volumes, including values indicating the presence of significant oblate spheroidal pores where the major axis is up to 330 times bigger than the minor axis. This has implications both for the connectedness of pores and the resultant gas permeability and the effectiveness of gas desorption processes into the gas shale's pores. These high aspect ratio pores were oriented both in dip and azimuth in preferential directions making it likely that the shale gas itself has significant anisotropy both for permeability and in its mechanical properties. Permeabilities calculated from the XRMT distribution data matched very well with permeabilities obtained by scaling considerations and typical values for similar gas shales.
Etnografía en movimiento para explorar trayectorias de niños y jóvenes en Barcelona
Authors: Arias Diana
Published: June 2017

Este artículo presenta la aplicación de una metodología móvil en el marco de una investigación sobre adopción. Acompañando a los participantes en sus recorridos cotidianos —caminando con ellos—, compartí los espacios públicos donde se movilizan las construcciones sociales por las que a veces son “confundidos” con “inmigrantes. Caminar con ellos me permitió acceder a la percepción que tienen los participantes sobre su ciudad, cómo la habitan y cómo la practican. Se presenta la metodología del “recorrido acompañado”, basada en otras metodologías móviles que se describen de forma sucinta —con especial énfasis en la literatura francesa menos conocida. Como resultado obtenemos una práctica de etnografía móvil que introduce Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación [TIC], se plantea desde la horizontalidad, valora el silencio, y hace acopio de las emergencias urbanas y el azar para acceder a informaciones vedadas a las preguntas directas e incluso a las indirectas.
Factors Affecting the ProfitabilitFactors Affecting the Profitability of Indonesian Real Estate Publicly-listed Companiesy of Indonesian Real Estate Publicly-listed Companies
Authors: Diaz John Francis T , Tjokro Hindro Martha Christianie
Published: June 2017

The research studies the relationship between eight firm-specific factors on the profitability of large-, medium-, and small-scale real estate Indonesian companies. The data uses forty-seven real estate companies listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2014. The study utilized multiple linear panel regression models, namely, ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE) in examining the effect on the return on asset of firm-specific factors, which include: number of days account receivables, number of days inventory, number of days of account payable, size of the company, current ratio, debt ratio, sales growth, and tangibility. Empirical findings show that the number of days account receivable has negative relationship with profitability, but it has no effect on medium-size Indonesian real estate companies. The factor number of days inventories has negative relationship in small-size companies, but the inverse is true for large companies, because large real estate firms have more liquid assets that covers maintenance costs related to real estate inventories. Size and sales growth have positive relationship on profitability for both large and small Indonesian real estate firms. On one hand, current ratio has positive relationship in large companies, while a negative relationship was found in small companies, because of the lower current asset base usually being experienced by smaller real estate firms. Lastly, tangibility has negative relationship with profitability for large companies, while the opposite is true for medium-sized real estate firms. Findings of this research are strong in using two panel regression models, and can help real estate managers have a general perspective regarding determinants of profitability in the expanding Indonesian market. This study also provides fresh perspectives in creating suitable strategies to controlling factors that maximizes profitability.
Has the Special Economic Zone Approach Improve Ghana’s Competitiveness in the Global Market?
Authors: Kutin-Mensah Florence , Huang Dechun , Boateng Richard Ofosu , Chiponga Rutendo
Published: June 2017

Ghana adopted the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) model in an attempt to stimulate economic growth by moving from an era of import-based to an export-based development strategy and also to potentially improve competiveness in the world market. However, until now, it is not well understood if this move has been beneficial and whether it has positioned Ghana particularly in terms of trade on the global market. This study examines and demonstrate if the adopted SEZ model has had any significant effects on the trade patterns in Ghana. This was undertaken by analyzing the competiveness and the dynamics and/or level of comparative advantage of selected products traded within the SEZs on sectoral levels in the world market using the Balassa Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index. The results shows that among the investigated products, Ghana shows little and/or no comparative advantage for manufactured goods with a maintained relative competiveness for raw materials. In addition, the RCA index indicates that Ghana has not improved its competiveness even in the exports of its resource intensive products such as Wood and Minerals. Clearly, it was revealed that Ghana appears to not have made any substantial progress towards taking advantage of the dynamic potential of SEZs as a tool for sustainable exports gains transformation. In the light of the evidence shown, some policy implications and recommendation are described.
Corporate Governance, Socio-Economic Factors and Economic Growth: Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Arslan Muhammad , Roudaki Jamal
Published: June 2017

Corporate governance (CG) fosters dynamic economic growth through managing stakeholder interest and reducing the cost of capital which ultimately lead towards the development of financial markets and better firm performance. Recently, regulators and policy makers around the world either have revised extensively or introduced new laws, codes and listing regulations to enhance effectiveness and transparency of corporate governance practices. Established economic theories were already aware of the significance of corporate governance for development and economic growth. This study assesses the link between corporate governance, socio-economic factors and economic growth through a consistent literature review. A majority of studies show a positive effect of corporate governance on economic growth of a country through stock market development. Moreover, theoretical and empirical research reveals that socio-economic factors are also a pivotal determinant of corporate governance mechanisms. This study summarizes the key findings and concludes that dynamic and flexible corporate governance system claims more demand as compared to rigorous corporate governance principles especially in emerging countries. This study also finds the need of methodological advancement in corporate governance research. Nevertheless, the social economic factors, political and legal system of the country should be blended in introduction and adaption of corporate governance system. The regulators and policy makers can use theoretical grounds of study for reforms of the corporate governance system.
Realization of Speech Functions in Shampoo’s Slogan in Television Advertisement
Authors: Sibarani Imelda Sabrina , Ringo Lina Siringo
Published: June 2017

This study deals with speech function in shampoo’s slogans in television advertisement. The objectives of this study were to describe the speech functions linguistically coded in shampoo’s slogan of television advertisement, to examine out the types of speech functions used in shampoo’s slogan of television advertisement, to derive out the dominant types of speech functions used in shampoo’s slogan of television advertisement, to explain reasons for the used of the dominant speech functions. The data were collected by using content analysis technique. The data were shampoo’s slogans which were taken from advertising media like television, internet or billboard The data were analyzed based on the theory of speech function proposed by, Saragih (2000:9). There were found 11 slogans which consist of Speech Functions. The research finding, there were only 4 speech functions found in the slogans. They were statement, question, command, and offer. The most dominant speech function used was statement (90.9%).
Universal Grammar Theory and Language Acquisition: Evidence from the Null Subject Parameter
Authors: Alsaedi Naif
Published: June 2017

This article introduces the Universal-Grammar-based (UG) theory of language acquisition. It focuses on parameters, both as a theoretical construct and in relation to first-language acquisition (L1A). The null subject parameter is used to illustrate how languages vary and explain how a child’s grammar develops into adult grammar over time. The article is structured as follows: the first section outlines crucial ideas that are relevant to language acquisition in generative linguistics, such as the notions of competence, performance, critical period, and language faculty. Section two introduces and discusses the content of language faculty from the perspectives of the Principles and Parameters Theory and the Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory. This section also briefly describes the contrast among languages in regard to whether or not they allow empty categories in subject position in finite clauses. The third section first discusses how children are hypothesised to acquire their native language (L1). Then, in light of findings from the early null subject phenomenon, this section empirically examines the content of grammars that are developed by children at various developmental stages until they acquire the appropriate value for the null subject parameter. The final section highlights the important role of UG theory to L1A.
Correspondence Analysis for the Questionnaire Investigation on Rare Sugars
Authors: Higuchi Yuki , Takeyasu Hiromasa , Takeyasu Kazuhiro
Published: June 2017

The Rare Sugars exist naturally and have many kinds (more than 50). They have good effect for health such as prevention of increasing a blood-sugar level after eating, suppression of fat accumulation, suppression of increasing the blood pressure, and antioxidative effect etc. It is in the spotlight for many people especially for those who are in the metabolic syndrome. There are few related papers concerning the marketing research and its utilization of this matter. In this paper, a questionnaire investigation is executed in order to clarify consumers’ current condition and their consciousness, and to seek the possibility of utilizing the rare sugars. Correspondence Analysis was executed based on that. 5 clusters could be confirmed in the “Common part + Positive part” analysis. We could also confirm 3 clusters in the “Common part + Negative part” analysis. We could grasp the relation among questions group on the whole.
Teaching Reading in Rukwangali: How Children Learn to Read---A Case Study
Authors: Siyave Theresia Nerumbu
Published: June 2017

This paper looks at how children learn to read. It draws on the cognitive constructivist view and the schemata theory which inform the teaching of reading. This is a qualitative case study carried out in an interpretive paradigm as it seeks to understand the meaning people attach to human actions. Participants were selected purposefully and in terms of convenience.The data was collected from four grade three teachers at three schools in Rundu, Kavango Region of Namibia. Qualitative research methods were employed and data was triangulated to enhance validity.The study reveals that teachers use multiple methods that include phonics and syllabification to help struggling learners to decode difficult and long words; look-and-say method for whole word recognition; and thematic approach to expand learner’s vocabulary and enhance their understanding. The study also found that lack of reading books written in Rukwangali and large classrooms constrain the teachers from teaching in a more learner-centred way.
Contemporary cost-consequence analysis of blue light cystoscopy with hexaminolevulinate in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Klaassen Zachary , Li Kathy , Kassouf Wassim , Black Peter C. , Dragomir Alice , Kulkarni Girish S.
Published: June 2017

Introduction: Previous studies have suggested cost-savings using blue light cystoscopy (BLC) with hexaminolevulinate (HAL) compared to white light cystoscopy (WLC) during transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), secondary to improvements in recurrence and progression rates; however, these studies have used ‘best case scenario’ recurrence rate probabilities, thus decreasing generalizability of the findings. The objective of this study was to perform a contemporary cost-effectiveness assessment of BLC compared to WLC at the time of TURBT.Methods: A decision and cost-effectiveness model with a five-year time horizon following initial TURBT was used. The model was created from the healthcare payer perspective. Comprehensive literature review was performed to obtain contemporary recurrence and progression rates. These values were meta-analyzed for inclusion into the model. Cost variables included in the model were from three large Canadian bladder cancer centres. Model outputs were number of recurrences prevented, bed days saved, and overall costs. One-way sensitivity and scenario analyses were performed to assess model robustness.Results: The five-year amortized cost of using BLC with HAL on all incident NMIBC compared to WLC assistance was $4 832,908 for Ontario (n=4696; $1372/patient); $1 168 968 for British Columbia (n=1204; $1295/patient); and $2 484, 872 (n=2680; $1236/patient) for Quebec. Use of BLC with HAL would result in 87‒338 fewer recurrences annually. On sensitivity/scenario analyses for Ontario data, if BLC with HAL equipment were provided to the province at no cost, five-year costs would be $4 158 814 and $1181 cost per patient. If BLC with HAL were only used for cystoscopically appearing aggressive tumours, the five-year amortized cost would be $3 874 098, with a cost per patient of $1222. If there was a 20% or 50% improvement in progression rates with BLC plus HAL, the five-year amortized cost would be $2 660 529 and -$598 039 (cost-saving), respectively.Conclusions: TURBT using BLC with HAL for patients with NMIBC is associated with a five-year cost of approximately $1–5 million for jurisdictions of 4–13 million people. Although this translates to a cost of $1200–1400 per patient for their initial TURBT, BLC with HAL improves patients care, reduces recurrences, and decreases the need for hospital beds after TURBT. If this diagnostic procedure eventually improves progression rates, there would be considerably improved cost-effectiveness.
The Role of Teachers in Promoting Learner Autonomy in Secondary Schools in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alonazi Saleema M.
Published: June 2017

Today, learner autonomy is considered as a desirable goal in language education. The movement towards learner-centered approaches has resulted in more emphasis on the benefits of learner autonomy in the success of language education. The objective of the study was to investigate the roles of the teachers in promoting learner autonomy in Saudi EFL secondary school, with emphasis on the important roles of the facilitator, counselor, resource and manager. A survey questionnaire was used in this study to elicit the responses of 60 EFL teachers in Riyadh during the academic year 2015-2016. The findings of this study revealed that English language teachers often encouraged autonomous learners in their classrooms. They usually implemented different teaching strategies, which demonstrated the four roles: facilitator, counselor, resource and manager. Moreover, the findings showed that teachers were hindered by some difficulties including learners’ lack of independent learning skills, rules and regulations applied in schools, and teachers’ lack of basic strategies to encourage autonomous learning. Furthermore, the teachers believed that approaches such as teachers’ continuous reflection and analysis of their own teaching process, reducing the school rules that restrict the teachers’ independence, and offering teachers with professional development programs on learner autonomy can be helpful in developing both learner and teacher autonomy.
Why Girl Students’ Achieve English Presentation Learning Significantly Better in Shanghai University of Engineering Science (SUES)
Authors: ZHU Wen , LIU Zhixin
Published: June 2017

In non literature major dominated university, it is obviously noted that girl students’ English (as the second language) presentation scores often higher than boy students in the same teaching environment and evaluation system. A 397 samples’ survey has been studied from the aspects of after school activities and sleep schedule to discuss if any influences on the students’ English learning motives and performance.
The Development of Chorus Motivation Scale (CMS) for Prospective Music Teacher
Authors: Ozgul Ilhan , Yigit Nalan
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop a Chorus Motivation Scale (CMS) that is tested in terms of reliability and construct validity by determining the student perceptions of effective motivation strategies in Chorus training in Turkish Music Teacher Training Model. In order to develop a Chorus Motivation Scale, Questionnaire-Effective Motivation Strategies in Chorus Training was applied to second-year, third-year, and fourth-year students who study at Music Teacher Training departments of nine different state universities from seven geographical regions in Turkey (N=794). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted in accordance with new/initial scale development procedures. Analysis of the data reveals a good structure model comprising reliable factors. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a model including factors representing the dimensions Leadership, director/student attention, achievement and anxiety was the best fit. The four-factor model yielded RMSEA and SRMR values (≤.05) demonstrating an excellent fit and CFI value with an adequate fit to the data. Cronbach’s alpha and initial-final reliability results indicated good to excellent consistency across all CMS subscales, with coefficients ranging from .64 to .90.
TESTING THE RESISTANCE OF 120X570 TANK AMMUNITION AGAINST SINUSOIDAL VIBRATIONS
Authors: Bieniek Piotr , Weiss Janusz
Published: June 2017

The article deals with an issue concerning the simulation of vibrations based on a laboratory system for testing ammunition resistance against mechanical stresses. These tests check the limits for which the sample can resist the devastating effects of vibrations and preserve the functional effectiveness and parameters after the trial. The issue concerning the simulation of vibrations depends on many different factors starting from the laws of physics behind the system operation and design, through the role of its particular components and ending on ways for avoiding and preventing undesired phenomena occurring at preparation and during the test. Laboratory tests described in the paper were carried out on 120 mm sabot shell cartridges that were subjected to sinusoidal vibrations in three axes to be tested later by firing on the proving range.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE OPERATING PARAMETERS OF PYROTECHNIC DELAY DEVICES
Authors: Warchoł Radosław , Nita Marcin , Bazela Rafał
Published: June 2017

The paper analyses information available in literature on factors influencing the parameters of pyrotechnic delay devices (PDD). The literature includes research and development reports of mostly foreign origin. The main component of PDDs is a pyrotechnic delay charge (PDC) which may consist of one or more pyrotechnic delay mixtures (PDM). The use of appropriate PDM and maintaining its required parameters during service life decides about its usefulness for the ordnance. The paper describes the factors affecting the operation of PDDs. These factors are divided into internal ones, closely related to the structure of PDDs, and external ones. Described factors affecting the operation of PDDs were additionally illustrated by test results. Collected information can be useful for people involved in designing and testing the PDDs.
Les motivations à apprendre des étudiants et l’enseignement du marketing : une analyse via la théorie de la distance transactionnelle en formation
Authors: Chérel Laurence , Lapassouse-Madrid Catherine
Published: June 2017

Cet article s’intéresse à l’enseignement du marketing et à la question de la motivation des étudiants contemporains. Il mobilise le concept de distance transactionnelle pour confronter les méthodes pédagogiques traditionnelles d’enseignement du marketing à un dispositif pédagogique original mis en place dans un établissement universitaire. Il présente également les conclusions d’une étude qualitative menée auprès des étudiants à propos de leur perception de ce dispositif.
Les objets connectés peuvent-ils susciter une résistance de la part des consommateurs ? Une étude netnographique
Authors: Chouk Inès , Mani Zied
Published: June 2017

Cette recherche se focalise sur la résistance aux objets connectés exprimée par le consommateur sur le web. Elle apporte un éclairage sur les freins à l’utilisation des objets connectés et aux facteurs susceptibles d’entraver leur développement. L’étude netnographique réalisée a permis d’identifier trois types de facteurs de résistance : des facteurs liés au système, des facteurs liés aux objets connectés et des facteurs liés au consommateur. En outre, elle a mis en évidence deux formes d’expression de la résistance : le discours « complotiste » et le discours « rationnel ».
Courses connectées : un cas de destruction ou de création de valeur pour les clients et les distributeurs
Authors: Lapassouse-Madrid Catherine , Vlad Mariana
Published: June 2017

Cet article s’intéresse à la valorisation de la digitalisation des points de vente alimentaires tant du point de vue du consommateur que du distributeur. Il mobilise le cadre d’analyse de la valeur globale. L’étude qualitative auprès des consommateurs révèle la perception de bénéfices de la digitalisation utilitaires, cognitifs et d’expression de soi ainsi que de sacrifices non monétaires associés à la fonctionnalité, à l’expression de soi et à la responsabilité sociétale. Ce travail sensibilise les distributeurs sur les sources de destruction de la valeur et leur impact négatif sur la satisfaction client et propose des pistes pour identifier les fonctionnalités des outils digitaux à développer en priorité.
Les antécédents de la confiance dans la coopération amapienne1
Authors: Aissaoui Sonia , Bueno Merino Pascale , Grandval Samuel
Published: June 2017

Basée sur une méthodologie qualitative, notre recherche a pour principal objectif d’analyser les mécanismes de construction et de maintien de la confiance dans la coopération conclue entre un entrepreneur agricole et un collectif de consommateurs membres d’une association pour le maintien de l’agriculture paysanne (AMAP). De façon plus précise, notre question de recherche porte sur les rôles respectifs de la confiance relationnelle et de la confiance institutionnelle dans l’émergence et la stabilité dans le temps de la coopération amapienne. Nos résultats nous permettent de conclure que l’établissement de la confiance relationnelle procède non seulement d’échanges en face à face, mais également d’échanges virtuels avec l’entrepreneur agricole. Quant à l’établissement de la confiance institutionnelle, celle-ci est générée par la signature d’un contrat, l’existence d’un label bio ou bien encore la référence à une charte nationale. Notre étude a également confirmé le caractère fragile de la coopération amapienne évoqué dans la littérature et lié à la diversité de motivations et d’engagements des consommateurs et à la concurrence d’autres formes de distribution agricole.
Presynaptic LRP4 promotes synapse number and function of excitatory CNS neurons
Authors: Mosca Timothy J , Luginbuhl David J , Wang Irving E , Luo Liqun
Published: June 2017

Precise coordination of synaptic connections ensures proper information flow within circuits. The activity of presynaptic organizing molecules signaling to downstream pathways is essential for such coordination, though such entities remain incompletely known. We show that LRP4, a conserved transmembrane protein known for its postsynaptic roles, functions presynaptically as an organizing molecule. In the Drosophila brain, LRP4 localizes to the nerve terminals at or near active zones. Loss of presynaptic LRP4 reduces excitatory (not inhibitory) synapse number, impairs active zone architecture, and abolishes olfactory attraction - the latter of which can be suppressed by reducing presynaptic GABAB receptors. LRP4 overexpression increases synapse number in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, suggesting an instructive role and a common downstream synapse addition pathway. Mechanistically, LRP4 functions via the conserved kinase SRPK79D to ensure normal synapse number and behavior. This highlights a presynaptic function for LRP4, enabling deeper understanding of how synapse organization is coordinated.
Signalling through AMPA receptors on oligodendrocyte precursors promotes myelination by enhancing oligodendrocyte survival
Authors: Kougioumtzidou Eleni , Shimizu Takahiro , Hamilton Nicola B , Tohyama Koujiro , Sprengel Rolf , Monyer Hannah , Attwell David , Richardson William D
Published: June 2017

Myelin, made by oligodendrocytes, is essential for rapid information transfer in the central nervous system. Oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs) receive glutamatergic synaptic input from axons but how this affects their development is unclear. Murine OPs in white matter express AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunits GluA2, GluA3 and GluA4. We generated mice in which OPs lack both GluA2 and GluA3, or all three subunits GluA2/3/4, which respectively reduced or abolished AMPAR-mediated input to OPs. In both double- and triple-knockouts OP proliferation and number were unchanged but ~25% fewer oligodendrocytes survived in the subcortical white matter during development. In triple knockouts, this shortfall persisted into adulthood. The oligodendrocyte deficit resulted in ~20% fewer myelin sheaths but the average length, number and thickness of myelin internodes made by individual oligodendrocytes appeared normal. Thus, AMPAR-mediated signalling from active axons stimulates myelin production in developing white matter by enhancing oligodendrocyte survival, without influencing myelin synthesis per se.
Curriculum goals for the training of osteopathic family practice residents for the year 2000
Authors: Dickerman Joel , Rich Pamela
Published: June 2017

The osteopathic family practitioner of the future will play a larger role in the delivery of healthcare under managed care. To prepare for this role, osteopathic family practice residents must develop skills in direct medical care, medical education, and healthcare administration. Likewise, these residents need to become familiar with the clinical setting in which these skills are needed, specifically, ambulatory, rural, hospital, and minor emergency care environments. We propose the development of a curriculum designed to promote these skills and clinical experiences. This curriculum would expand family practice experiences; replace the current required rotations in specialty medicine with longitudinal rotations designed to develop specific family practice skills; include block rotations in hospital care, minor emergency care, and rural medicine; develop model case assignments to teach residents. to integrate their roles as provider, educator, and administrator; and entail clinical experiences in medical administration and education. An evaluation process that reflects the goals of the family practice curriculum is key to the success of such a program.
Ambulatory care training standards for continuity of care in osteopathic family medicine
Authors: Winters Frank D. , Zonia Susan , Cook, Joseph N. , Dora David L. , Meyer Christopher T.
Published: June 2017

The authors developed statewide standards of excellence for ambulatory care training in an osteopathic medical consortium of family medicine residency programs. A total of 16 osteopathic family medicine residency programs joined with the Michigan State University-College of Osteopathic Medicine to form the Consortium for Osteopathic Graduate Medical Education Training (COGMET) Family Medicine Division. Standards were developed and implemented on a statewide basis for all member residency programs. Initial qualitative evaluations discovered minor as well as more substantive noncompliance after a 6-month trial. Results from longitudinal quantitative evaluations will determine the effectiveness of these standards-.
Cytoplasmic expression of C-MYC protein is associated with risk stratification of mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Gong Yi , Zhang Xi , Chen Rui , Wei Yan , Zou Zhongmin , Chen Xinghua
Published: June 2017

Aim

To investigate the association of C-MYC protein expression and risk stratification in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and to evaluate the utility of C-MYC protein as a prognostic biomarker in clinical practice.

Methods

We conducted immunohistochemical staining of C-MYC, Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), CD8, Ki-67, p53 and SRY (sex determining region Y) -11 (SOX11) to investigate their expression in 64 patients with MCL. The staining results and other clinical data were evaluated for their roles in risk stratification of MCL cases using ANOVA, Chi-square, and Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient analysis.

Results

Immunohistochemical staining in our study indicated that SOX11, Ki-67 and p53 presented nuclear positivity of tumor cells, CD8 showed membrane positivity in infiltrating T lymphocytes while PD-L1 showed membrane and cytoplasmic positivity mainly in macrophage cells and little in tumor cells. We observed positive staining of C-MYC either in the nucleus or cytoplasm or in both subcellular locations. There were significant differences in cytoplasmic C-MYC expression, Ki-67 proliferative index of tumor cells, and CD8 positive tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8+TIL) among three risk groups (P = 0.000,P = 0.037 andP=0.020, respectively). However, no significant differences existed in the expression of nuclear C-MYC, SOX11, p53, and PD-L1 in MCL patients with low-, intermediate-, and high risks. In addition, patient age and serum LDH level were also significantly different among 3 groups of patients (P = 0.006 andP = 0.000, respectively). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis indicated that cytoplasmic C-MYC expression, Ki-67 index, age, WBC, as well as LDH level had significantly positive correlations with risk stratification (P = 0.000, 0.015, 0.000, 0.029 and 0.000, respectively), while CD8+TIL in tumor microenvironment negatively correlated with risk stratification of patients (P = 0.006). Patients with increased positive cytoplasmic expression of C-MYC protein and decreased CD8+TIL appeared to be associated with a poor response to chemotherapy, but the correlation was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Our study suggested that assessment of cytoplasmic C-MYC overexpression and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by immunohistochemical staining might be helpful for MCL risk stratification and outcome prediction. However, large cohort studies of MCL patients with complete follow up are needed to validate our speculation.
Microwave retrievals of terrestrial precipitation over snow‐covered surfaces: A lesson from the GPM satellite
Authors: Ebtehaj A. M. , Kummerow C. D.
Published: June 2017

Satellites are playing an ever‐increasing role in estimating precipitation over remote areas. Improving satellite retrievals of precipitation requires increased understanding of its passive microwave signatures over different land surfaces. Snow‐covered surfaces are notoriously difficult to interpret because they exhibit both emission from the land below and scattering from the ice crystals. Using data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite, we demonstrate that microwave brightness temperatures of rain and snowfall transition from a scattering to an emission regime from summer to winter, due to expansion of less emissive snow cover. Evidence suggests that the combination of low‐ (10–19 GHz) and high‐frequency (89–166 GHz) channels provides the maximum amount of information for snowfall detection. The results demonstrate that, using a multifrequency matching method, the probability of snowfall detection can even be higher than rainfall—chiefly because of the information content of the low‐frequency channels that respond to the (near) surface temperature.
SAMI3 prediction of the impact of the 21 August 2017 total solar eclipse on the ionosphere/plasmasphere system
Authors: Huba J. D. , Drob D.
Published: June 2017

We present quantitative predictions of the impact of the upcoming total solar eclipse on the ionosphere and plasmasphere using the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) model Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI3). The eclipse will occur over the continental United States on 21 August 2017. Our simulation results indicate that in the vicinity of the eclipse (1) the total electron content (TEC) decreases by up to ∼ 5 TEC units (TECU; 1 TECU = ×1016 m−2) which is a ∼ 35% decrease in TEC, (2) the electron density decreases by a factor of ∼ 50% in the F region, (3) the electron temperature decreases by up to ∼800 K in the plasmasphere, and (4) the O+ velocity changes from ∼40 m s−1 upward to ∼20 m s−1 downward in the F region. Interestingly, the continental size modification of the ionospheric conductance modifies the global electric field, which should lead to measurable changes in the TEC in the southern conjugate hemisphere (
1 TECU).
Multi vegetation model evaluation of the Green Sahara climate regime
Authors: Hopcroft Peter O. , Valdes Paul J. , Harper Anna B. , Beerling David J.
Published: June 2017

During the Quaternary, the Sahara desert was periodically colonized by vegetation, likely because of orbitally induced rainfall increases. However, the estimated hydrological change is not reproduced in climate model simulations, undermining confidence in projections of future rainfall. We evaluated the relationship between the qualitative information on past vegetation coverage and climate for the mid‐Holocene using three different dynamic vegetation models. Compared with two available vegetation reconstructions, the models require 500–800 mm of rainfall over 20°–25°N, which is significantly larger than inferred from pollen but largely in agreement with more recent leaf wax biomarker reconstructions. The magnitude of the response also suggests that required rainfall regime of the early to middle Holocene is far from being correctly represented in general circulation models. However, intermodel differences related to moisture stress parameterizations, biases in simulated present‐day vegetation, and uncertainties about paleosoil distributions introduce uncertainties, and these are also relevant to Earth system model simulations of African humid periods.
On the micromechanics of slip events in sheared, fluid‐saturated fault gouge
Authors: Dorostkar Omid , Guyer Robert A. , Johnson Paul A. , Marone Chris , Carmeliet Jan
Published: June 2017

We used a three‐dimensional discrete element method coupled with computational fluid dynamics to study the poromechanical properties of dry and fluid‐saturated granular fault gouge. The granular layer was sheared under dry conditions to establish a steady state condition of stick‐slip dynamic failure, and then fluid was introduced to study its effect on subsequent failure events. The fluid‐saturated case showed increased stick‐slip recurrence time and larger slip events compared to the dry case. Particle motion induces fluid flow with local pressure variation, which in turn leads to high particle kinetic energy during slip due to increased drag forces from fluid on particles. The presence of fluid during the stick phase of loading promotes a more stable configuration evidenced by higher particle coordination number. Our coupled fluid‐particle simulations provide grain‐scale information that improves understanding of slip instabilities and illuminates details of phenomenological, macroscale observations.
The citation impact of hydrology journals
Authors: Clark Martyn P. , Hanson R. Brooks
Published: June 2017

We examine a suite of journal‐level productivity and citation statistics for six leading hydrology journals in order to help authors understand the robustness and meaning of journal impact factors. The main results are (1) the probability distribution of citations is remarkably homogenous across hydrology journals; (2) hydrology papers tend to have a long‐lasting impact, with a large fraction of papers cited after the 2 year window used to calculate the journal impact factor; and (3) journal impact factors are characterized by substantial year‐to‐year variability (especially for smaller journals), primarily because a small number of highly cited papers have a large influence on the journal impact factor. Consequently, the ranking of hydrology journals with respect to the journal impact factor in a given year does not have much information content. These results highlight problems in using citation data to evaluate hydrologic science. We hope that this analysis helps authors better understand journal‐level citation statistics, and also helps improve research assessments in institutions and funding agencies.
α,α‐Difluoro‐α‐(trimethylsilyl)acetamides as Versatile Reagents for the Preparation of Difluorinated Aldol and Mannich Adducts
Authors: Honraedt Aurélien , Van Der Lee Arie , Campagne Jean‐Marc , Leclerc Eric
Published: June 2017

The very efficient addition of α,α‐difluoro‐α‐(trimethylsilyl)acetamides to aldehydes, ketones and N‐(tert‐butanesulfinyl)imines is described. The reaction is promoted by a catalytic amount of tetra‐n‐butylammonium diphenyltrifluorosilicate (TBAT) and high yields, as well as very high stereoselectivities in the case of N‐(tert‐butanesulfinyl)imines, are achieved. The synthetic potential of this method is illustrated by the conversion of the resulting products to β‐hydroxy ketones, diols and β‐amino alcohols by addition of various Grignard reagents or reduction of the amide moiety.

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Waist‐to‐height ratio and its association with TV viewing in a sample of Portuguese children aged 7–9 years
Authors: Machado‐Rodrigues Aristides M. , Valente‐dos‐Santos João , Fernandes Romulo , Gama Augusta , Mourao Isabel , Nogueira Helena , Marques Vitor , Padez Cristina
Published: June 2017

INTRODUCTION

During the past decades, increased TV viewing and reduced physical activity (PA) levels may have contributed to the increased prevalence of pediatric obesity. This study aimed to analyze the association between TV viewing and central adiposity risk in Portuguese children.

METHODS

The sample comprised 3987 children (1997 girls and 1990 boys) aged 7–9 years. Height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) were measured. Waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) was calculated as the ratio of waist/height with a cut‐off of 0.5 used to define risk of abdominal obesity. WHtR does not depend on sex‐ or age‐specific reference criteria. TV viewing and PA were assessed by questionnaire. Logistic regressions were used, with adjustments for age, PA, and parental education.

RESULTS

This study revealed a positive significant association between central adiposity risk and sedentary behaviors in Portuguese boys. In addition, the final model showed an important inverse association between PA and the risk of abdominal obesity in both boys and girls (males: β = −0.01 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.00; females: β = −0.01; 95% CI, 0.99‐1.00).

CONCLUSION

Findings revealed that associations between TV viewing and obesity risk could be highly influenced by socioeconomic factors. Future research should extend a similar design to children in other geographic contexts, and incorporate other behavioral variables in the statistical models, to confirm or not some of the aforementioned findings.
SN2 Reactions at Tertiary Carbon Centers in Epoxides
Authors: Zhang Yong‐Qiang , Poppel Christina , Panfilova Anastasia , Bohle Fabian , Grimme Stefan , Gansäuer Andreas
Published: June 2017

Described herein is a novel concept for SN2 reactions at tertiary carbon centers in epoxides without activation of the leaving group. Quantum chemical calculations show why SN2 reactions at tertiary carbon centers are proceeding in these systems. The reaction allows flexible synthesis of 1,3‐diol building blocks for natural product synthesis with excellent control of the relative and absolute configurations.
Student and recent graduate perspectives on radiological imaging instruction during basic anatomy courses
Authors: Phillips Andrew W. , Eason Hunter , Straus Christopher M.
Published: June 2017

Recently, faculty at Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, have made efforts to improve the depth of radiological anatomy knowledge that students have, but no insights exist as to student and resident opinions of how clinically helpful deep anatomical understanding is. A single‐institution survey of second‐ and fourth‐year medical students and postgraduate year 1–4 residents from 11 specialties, composed of five‐point Likert questions, sample examination questions, and narrative response questions, was distributed in 2015. One hundred seventy‐seven of the 466 potential respondents replied (71 residents and 106 students), response rate 38.0%. No nonresponse bias was present in two separate analyses. Respondents generally favored a superficial “identification” question as more relevant to clinical practice, which was positively associated with increasing clinical experience ρ = 0.357, P < 0.001 by point‐biserial correlation. Students and residents most commonly used self‐directed methods to learn medical imaging during their medical anatomy courses (72.6 and 57.7%, respectively). Small group education was least commonly used by students and residents (45.3 and 39.4%, respectively), but most commonly recommended (62.3 and 69%, respectively). A total of 56.6 and 64.8% of students and residents, respectively, reported that having multiple learning methods was “quite” or “extremely” important. Respondents with more clinical experience were more likely to report that a superficial identification question was more clinically relevant than a question testing deeper radiological anatomy knowledge. Small group learning was preferred among students and residents but was the least commonly employed method of instruction. Both findings contrast starkly with current radiological anatomy instructional understanding and practices. Anat Sci Educ 11: 25–31. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
“Two‐Point” Self‐Assembly and Photoinduced Electron Transfer in meso‐Donor‐Carrying Bis(styryl crown ether)‐BODIPY–Bis(alkylammonium)fullerene Donor–Acceptor Conjugates
Authors: Shao Shuai , Gobeze Habtom B. , Karr Paul A. , D'Souza Francis
Published: June 2017

BF2‐chelated dipyrromethene, BODIPY, was functionalized to carry two styryl crown ether tails and a secondary electron donor at the meso position. By using a “two‐point” self‐assembly strategy, a bis‐alkylammonium‐functionalized fullerene (C60) was allowed to self‐assemble the crown ether voids of BODIPY to obtain multimodular donor–acceptor conjugates. As a consequence of the two‐point binding, the 1:1 stoichiometric complexes formed yielded complexes of higher stability in which fluorescence of BODIPY was found to be quenched; this suggested the occurrence of excited‐state processes. The geometry and electronic structure of the self‐assembled complexes were derived from B3LYP/3‐21G(*) methods in which no steric constraints between the entities was observed. An energy‐level diagram was established by using spectral, electrochemical, and computational results to help understand the mechanistic details of excited‐state processes originating from 1bis‐styryl‐BODIPY*. Femtosecond transient absorbance studies were indicative of the formation of an exciplex state prior to the charge‐separation process to yield a bis‐styryl‐BODIPY.+–C60.− radical ion pair. The time constants for charge separation were generally lower than charge‐recombination processes. The present studies bring out the importance of multimode binding strategies to obtain stable self‐assembled donor–acceptor conjugates capable of undergoing photoinduced charge separation needed in artificial photosynthetic applications.