bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New records of Philopterus (Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from Acrocephalidae and Locustellidae, with description of one new species from Regulidae
Authors: Najer Tomas , Papousek Ivo , Adam Costica , Trnka Alfred , Quach Van Thi , Nguyen Chinh Ngoc , Figura Roman , Literak Ivan , Sychra Oldrich
Published: April 2020

One species of the louse genus Philopterus Nitzsch, 1818 is redescribed and illustrated: Philopterus acrocephalus Carriker, 1949 ex Acrocephalus luscinius (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830), A. melanopogon (Temminck, 1823), A. scirpaceus (Hermann, 1804), A. schoenobaenus (Linnaeus, 1758), Iduna aedon rufescens Stegmann, 1929, I. rama (Sykes, 1832), Locustella sp. and L. ochotensis (von Middendorff, 1853). Philopterus acrocephalus represents the first species of the Philopterus-complex recorded in the family Locustellidae Bonaparte, 1854. Philopterus gustafssoni sp. nov. is described ex Regulus regulus (Linnaeus, 1758), R. regulus regulus (Linnaeus, 1758), R. regulus azoricus Seebohm, 1883, R. regulus buturlini von Loudon, 1911, R. regulus sanctaemariae Vaurie, 1954, R. regulus tristis Pleske, 1892 and R. ignicapillus (Temminck, 1820). Descriptions of both species are amended with genetic data, DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, nuclear hyp and TMEDE6; concatenated sequences are compared to the morphologically nearest species with genetic data available, Philopterus citrinellae (Schrank, 1776) and Philopterus fringillae (Scopoli, 1772). Holotype of Philopterus reguli (Denny, 1842) is pronounced to be a straggler, determination of other known material from Regulidae is changed for Philopterus gustafssoni sp. nov.
Práticas laboratoriais e a história na cena: tecnologia e iluminação na cena épica de Piscator
Authors: Moreira Carina Maria Guimarães , Nosella Berilo Luigi Deiró
Published: April 2020

O presente artigo apresenta algumas reflexões e resultados a partir da prática integrada de pesquisa desenvolvida no âmbito do Grupo de Pesquisa em História, Política e Cena – GPHPC/UFSJ, em suas dimensões de investigação, formação e difusão. Para tal, apresentamos as bases teóricas de pesquisa – a partir da noção de cena dialética e sua relação entre a cena e a história no trabalho do diretor Erwin Piscator (1893-1966) – e as práticas laboratoriais que resultaram no experimento cênico Confere. Nesse conjunto, destacam-se os procedimentos desenvolvidos no GPHPC/UFSJ quanto à prática cênica e no Núcleo de Estudos de Técnicas e Ofícios da Cena – Netoc quanto ao desenvolvimento da iluminação cênica para esse espetáculo e seus aspectos históricos e épicos, pensados concomitantemente ao momento do desenvolvimento tecnológico da iluminação elétrica e seus impactos na cena.mento tecnológico da iluminação elétrica e seus impactos na cena.
Inspirar luz, animar figuras
Authors: Grazioli Cristina , Nosella Tradutor: Berilo Luigi Deiró
Published: April 2020

O artigo segue o pressuposto do potencial de “animação” pela luz, oferecendo um reconhecimento de possíveis significados da relação luz / figura. Diferentes exemplos desta paisagem serão abordados: desde as consonâncias entre os dois territórios, passando pelas relações dramatúrgicas mais íntimas, até o conceito de “atores de luz”.
Insufflare luce, animare figure
Authors: Grazioli Cristina
Published: April 2020

L’articolo muove dal presupposto della potenzialità di “animazione” da parte del fattore luminoso, offrendo una ricognizione di alcune delle possibili accezioni della relazione luce/figure. Si offrono esempi diversi di questo paesaggio: dalle consonanze tra i due territori, alle più intime relazioni a livello drammaturgico, alle concezioni di “attori di luce”.
ILUMILUTAS: tecnopolíticas da iluminação cênica, pedagogia crítica da luz e visualidades de corpos não-hegemônicos
Authors: Leal Dodi Tavares Borges
Published: April 2020

O texto sintetiza o primeiro ano de trabalho do ILUMILUTAS, projeto de pesquisa e extensão ligado ao curso de graduação em Artes do Corpo em Cena da Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, no Campus Sosígenes Costa. Fundado em 2018, o grupo tem como marca o cruzamento dos estudos da iluminação cênica com os processos sociais, desempenhando ações de investigação teórica e de suporte artístico laboratorial das matizes de luz e gênero, luz e sexualidade, luz e classe social, luz e processos étnico-raciais, etc. Sendo o primeiro projeto pedagógico de iluminação cênica no país dedicado exclusivamente aos processos sociais, o ILUMILUTAS destaca-se por assumir a pesquisa das visualidades da cena a partir de corporalidades não-hegemônicas, instaurando no campo da luz uma episteme tecnopolítica e uma pedagogia sócio-crítica.
A iluminação cênica como dispositivo da experiência cinestésica
Authors: Guzzo Marina Souza Lobo , Galindo Dolores , Milioli Daniele
Published: April 2020

Este artigo pretende evidenciar a luz e as tecnologias de iluminação cênica como um dispositivo capaz de modificar e contribuir para a experiência cinestésica nas artes da cena, aqui entendida como percepção do movimento. A partir de uma cartografia pelo tema nas artes, especificamente na dança e no circo e do avanço das tecnologia de iluminação, desde o final do século XIX até os dias de hoje, pretende-se estabelecer uma relação com o ato-perceptivo proposto por Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari e o aparato tecnológico da cena, evidenciando os mecanismos de iluminação como parte central para a experiência cinestésica dos artistas e do público.
Manipulador: uma relação entre espaço, luz e objeto
Authors: Jacinto Rafael Cardoso , Stumm Rebeca Lenize
Published: April 2020

Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir uma poética baseada na luz como materialidade a ser manipulada pelo artista, para compor espaços de luz e de visualidades, em ambientes expositivos. Por meio de objetos em situações de propagação da luz, a discussão transita não só por questões que identificam o potencial da luz a fim de modificar o ambiente, como também propõem o artista como um manipulador de objetos/luz. Além disso, a pesquisa se baseia no levantamento de discussões acerca de trabalhos em que a luz protagoniza o acontecimento artístico e propõe também ampliação de perspectivas da ação do artista como um manipulador, envolvido em um processo poético, no contexto da arte contemporânea.
Vagalume urbano: veste iluminada que acende o teatro nas ruas das cidades
Authors: Pereira Regilan Deusamar Barbosa
Published: April 2020

A formação histórica que confere humanidade ao corpo social se encontra obscurecida pela mercantilização da cultura e das artes. A iluminação opressiva dos centros urbanos ou a penumbra das regiões periféricas igualmente contribuem para a desvalorização das humanidades, refletindo somente arbitrários interesses globalizadores. O sujeito da história acende o indivíduo que constrói integrado à coletividade. Portanto, será verificada tanto a fabricação como o uso de vestes com faixas refletivas em passeios ciclísticos noturnos com o objetivo de apropriação dos materiais luminosos para conferir ações artísticas à urbanidade. O fundamento teórico está no estudo da cidade (Argan, 2005) e de sua construção (Sennett, 2013).
Quando as flores caem: O teatro lambe-lambe e a iluminação cênica como modelos de criação desierárquica
Authors: Viola Daniele Rocha
Published: April 2020

Através da análise da concepção do espetáculo de teatro lambe-lambe Quando as Flores Caem apresento o meu estudo de iluminação cênica no teatro de sombras em escala reduzida, com a perspectiva da desierarquização dos elementos cênicos através de uma relação de equilíbrio na criação. A desierarquização é o movimento ou a ação de quebrar com as hierarquias, para que os elementos cênicos assumam um lugar de igualdade, com o mesmo valor hierárquico, de modo que, consequentemente, a criação se dá de forma integrada. Entre o processo e o espetáculo, apresento aqui um breve estudo de caso para o teatro lambe-lambe e a iluminação cênica.
O espaço interno e interrelações: apontamentos a partir do sistema LMA/BF
Authors: Valle Flavia Pilla do , Sastre Cibele
Published: April 2020

Este ensaio textual discute a noção de espaço a partir do sistema LMA/BF. Como produzir uma relação ativa entre espaço e práticas corporais de dança? Que contribuição esse conhecimento agrega ao ator, bailarino, professor, coreógrafo e diretor de dança? O presente escrito aponta relações entre espaço interno e outros princípios e temas desse sistema, como respiração, forma fluida, arquitetura móvel e relação interno-externo. Conclui-se que espaço não pode ser visto como entidade isolada, mas, sim, por meio da relação que com ele se estabelece, relação esta que se constrói a partir de uma aproximação e percepção sensível de cada um.
Pequeno Mostruário do olho do espectador: Da percepção do visual cênico
Authors: Richier Christine , Costa Tradutora: Priscila
Published: April 2020

Este artigo debate o funcionamento do encontro entre a representação e o olho do espectador. Este pequeno Mostruário explora as condições de percepção do olho do espectador, com o objetivo de compreender as interações entre o olho e a luz em cena.
Artes e Políticas Nacionais de Educação: configuração, fragilidade e resistência da Dança
Authors: Do Nascimento Diego Ebling , Richter Sandra Regina Simonis
Published: April 2020

Resenha do livro História das Ideias do Ensino da Dança na Educação Brasileira, da autoria de Marcilio de Souza Vieira, o qual apresenta uma análise crítica do pensamento pedagógico brasileiro a partir do percurso histórico da frágil presença da Dança na educação brasileira. Ao confrontar documentos oficiais voltados para a presença da arte/dança na Educação Básica, Cursos Técnicos e o Ensino Superior o autor contribui para visibilizar – e tensionar – disputas e paradoxos conceituais em torno da presença da arte/dança na educação brasileira.
La Fura Dels Baus em quarentena, quarenta anos de trajetória grupal: 1979-2019
Authors: Gimmler Netto Maria Amélia
Published: April 2020

La Fura Dels Baus en Quarantena - 40 anys de trajectória grupal: 1979-2019 é um livro que foi lançado em Barcelona, na Espanha, em comemoração aos quarenta anos da companhia teatral catalã. Composta por sete capítulos a publicação dispõe também de conteúdo interativo. O histórico do grupo, seu repertório, processos de criação e de transmissão de conhecimento são abordados por Mercè Saumell que é investigadora e professora do Instituto de teatro de Barcelona. Esta resenha enfoca especificamente os aspectos referentes à remontagem do espetáculo Manes, às metodologias de criação do grupo e às noções de formação e investigação em artes cênicas.
5-Vinylquinoline-substituted nitrofurans as inhibitors of trypanothione reductase and antitrypanosomal agents
Authors: Benitez Diego , Comini Marcelo A. , Anusevičius Žilvinas , Šarlauskas Jonas , Miliukienė Valė , Miliuvienė Eglė , Čėnas Narimantas
Published: April 2020

Trypanothione reductase (TR) and trypanothione synthase (TS) are critical for the maintenance of thiol-redox homeostasis and antioxidant protection in trypanosomal parasites, which cause African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. Both enzymes are absent in mammals. Thus, the design of efficient and specific TR and TS inhibitors represents one of the pathways for a development of new antitrypanosomal drugs. 5-Vinylquinoline-substituted nitrofurans (n = 7), studied in this work, acted as un- or noncompetitive to trypanothione inhibitors of Trypanosoma congolense TR. Their inhibition constants (Ki) varied from 2.3 µM to 150 µM. We for the first time observed a parallelism between their antitrypanosomal in vitro activity and their efficacy as TR inhibitors. The inhibition of TS appears not to be a significant factor of trypanocidal activity of examined compounds.
Pier Vittorio Tondelli als Països Catalans
Authors: Marqués Hernández Paula
Published: April 2020

L’objectiu del meu treball és posar en relleu la relació entre Pier Vittorio Tondelli (1955-1991) i els Països Catalans.L’escriptor italià fou un dels màxims representants de l’onada postmoderna de la dècada dels vuitanta a Itàlia. I,després de la seva mort, el seu llegat ha continuat vigent fins als nostre dies, gràcies a estudiosos, lectors i jovesautors que han resseguit les petjades de les seves innovacions literàries. Tanmateix, la seva recepció fora d’Itàliaha estat minsa i del tot testimonial dins la cultura catalana. Ara bé, les visites de Tondelli a Barcelona han tingutuna repercussió també dins la seva producció literària i quatre dels seus volums han estat traduïts, en momentsdiferents, al català: d’una banda, Pao Pao (1988), Els nous llibertins (1989), Rimini (1989) i d’altra, Habitacionsseparades (2002). A més de l’anàlisi específica d’aquests textos, proposaré una visió sintètica de les respostes que,a través d’articles i ressenyes, han obtingut aquestes publicacions.
La tradició literària en la poesia de Pere Rovira: el cas de Trio en do menor
Authors: Calsina Forrellad Joan
Published: April 2020

En aquesta comunicació estudiarem l’ús de la tradició literària en l’obra recent de Pere Rovira. Tanmateix, perabordar aquesta qüestió, ho farem a través d’un exemple il·lustratiu del seu ús del llegat literari; en concret, basaremles nostres explicacions en l’anàlisi del poema Trio en do menor, pertanyent al darrer recull publicat fins ara perpart de Rovira, que duu per títol Contra la mort. Posarem aquest text en relació amb algunes de les composicionsque poden haver servit de model a l’hora de compondre’l, o que, en tot cas, han exercit una certa influència sobreel poema resultant; ens referim a Escuchando la música sacra de Vivaldi, de Vicente Gallego, En el silenci obscurd’unes parpelles closes, de Màrius Torres, i La Musique, de Charles Baudelaire. Així, a través d’aquest exempleespecífic, esperem demostrar la transformació estètica de l’autor català, que ha basculat des d’una certa confluènciaamb la poesia de l’experiència dels anys vuitanta fins a desenvolupar un caràcter més propi i personal, determinaten gran manera per allò que hem resolt a anomenar la «tendència classicitzant» de l’autor.
Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk 3M Plus terhadap Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue di Puskesmas Payung Sekaki Kota Pekanbaru; Studi Kasus Kontrol
Authors: Sari Tyagita Widya , Putri Retno
Published: April 2020

Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit menular yangdisebabkan oleh virus Dengue dan ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamukAedes aegypti. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Riau melaporkan jumlah kasusDBD sebanyak 277 dan Case Fatality Rate (CFR) DBD sebesar 1,4% padatahun 2016, di mana kasus terbanyak berasal dari Kota Pekanbaru yaitu58 kasus dengan CFR sebesar 0%. Adapun, CFR DBD di wilayah kerjaPuskesmas Payung Sekaki meningkat dari 0% pada tahun 2015 menjadi0,7% pada tahun 2016. DBD merupakan penyakit berbasis lingkunganyang dapat dicegah dengan melakukan tindakan pengendalian vektor,antara lain dengan pemberantasan sarang nyamuk (PSN) dan tindakanpencegahan lainnya. Akan tetapi, partisipasi aktif masyarakat dalam PSNmasih rendah dan kurang. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahuihubungan PSN 3M Plus dengan kejadian DBD di wilayah kerja PuskesmasPayung Sekaki Kota Pekanbaru tahun 2017. Penelitian ini dilakukan padabulan Agustus tahun 2017. Desain studi penelitian ini adalah observasionaldengan pendekatan kasus kontrol. Jumlah sampel kasus dipilih denganteknik total sampling yaitu 40 kasus, sedangkan sampel kontrol dipilihdengan teknik purposive sampling yaitu 80 kontrol. Analisis datamenggunakan uji regresi logistik ganda. Hasil analisis multivariatmenunjukkan bahwa kebiasaan menggunakan obat nyamuk palingdominan menjelaskan perubahan variabel kejadian DBD (p-value = 0,092;OR = 2,76; 95% CI = 0,85-8,87). Variabel praktik M1 (menguras TPA),keberadaan kawat kassa nyamuk dalam ventilasi rumah, kebiasaanmenggantung pakaian, dan kebiasaan menggunakan obat nyamukberhubungan dan merupakan faktor risiko kejadian DBD di wilayah kerjaPuskesmas Payung Sekaki Kota Pekanbaru
Key Drivers of Salesperson Performance: The Role of Sales Antecedents and Moderating Effect of Customer Directed Extra Role Behavior
Authors: Ahmad Bilal , Akbar Muhammad Imad ud Din
Published: April 2020

The salespersons are considered as one of the important sources while interacting between the company and its prospective customers. The purpose is to develop and test the model that involves salespersons performance in the pharmaceutical sector of Pakistan. Specifically, the study demonstrates the effects of salesperson creativity, adaptive selling behaviour, selling experience and customer directed extra-role behavior on salesperson performance. Adaptive selling behaviour has been taken as a mediator in this study. Individual salespersons in different pharmaceutical companies are the population of this study. Total 500 questionnaires were distributed among the salespersons, 367 useful responses were analyzed through structural education modeling (SEM). The results revealed that salesperson creativity has a positive and significant impact on adaptive selling behavior and performance. Furthermore, salespersons experience has significant impact on salesperson’s performance. Moreover, the adaptive selling behavior has positive and significant impact on salesperson’s performance. The research finding shows that the moderating role is stronger on the relationship among creativity, adaptive selling behaviour and salesperson performance but it is weaker on the relationship between salesperson experience and salesperson performance. This study is helpful to understand some indicators that could be highly influential on salesperson’s performance. The findings of this paper have some managerial implications for improvising sales team performance.
Aportes teóricos e metodológicos para a história da ciência com base no materialismo histórico-dialético
Authors: Colturato Andriel Rodrigo , Massi Luciana
Published: April 2020

O referencial marxista tem sido pouco utilizado na história da ciência, sendo frequentemente acusado, no decorrer da história, de ideológico, geral e economicista, enquanto surgem outras abordagens que priorizam a análise do sujeito em detrimento da realidade objetiva. O objetivo deste trabalho é sistematizar uma abordagem historiográfica com base no materialismo histórico-dialético, discutindo aspectos históricos, teóricos e metodológicos, com a finalidade de propor formas de elaboração da história. Defende-se que é possível superar os paradigmas tradicionais por meio de uma historiografia marxista que revele elementos fundamentais nas discussões da história da ciência.
As (novas) diretrizes curriculares nacionais da educação física: a fragmentação repaginada
Authors: Santos Júnior Osvaldo Galdino dos , Bastos Robson Dos Santos
Published: April 2020

Objetivando analisar a fragmentação da formação nas (novas) Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais dos cursos de graduação em Educação Física (Resolução 06/2018), o estudo se utiliza da análise documental para revelar o debate que antecederam sua publicação e a concepção de formação nela presente. Constatamos que a fragmentação foi repaginada, se mantem na lógica destrutiva do capital, assim como a concepção de formação continua direcionada à instrumentalização para o trabalho.
A sabotagem da Ciência brasileira entre 2016 e 2017
Authors: Barbosa Roberto
Published: April 2020

Apresentar e compreender as práticas governamentais que afetaram negativamente a ciência brasileira entre os anos de 2016 e 2017 é o objetivo desse trabalho. A substituição do governo Dilma pelo governo Temer trouxe uma série de consequências para a Ciência brasileira.  A sanção da PEC 55, a privatização da Petrobrás e a extinção da lei do Pré-sal são algumas das ações do governo brasileiro que causaram uma mudança drástica nas políticas de financiamentos de pesquisa. Para analisar essa realidade nos subsidiamos no materialismo histórico dialético a partir de duas categorias a totalidade e a violência que explicitam a natureza do fenômeno estudado.
Trabalho e educação: o processo da existência humana
Authors: Amboni Vanderlei
Published: April 2020

 

Este texto apresenta o trabalho como mediação entre o hominídeo e a natureza no processo de hominização e materialidade do homem e, como consequência, a humanização do ser social homem no seu devir histórico. Para tanto, partimos da premissa sob a qual só há ser histórico nos limites de trabalho, cuja materialidade dá forma aos objetos e ao próprio homem. Neste sentido, o ato de comer, beber, vestir-se e abrigar-se torna-se ato contínuo à vida material, na qual o homem necessita realizar diuturnamente para sua reprodução biológica e social. Para darmos conta do nosso objeto, serão analisadas as obras de autores materialistas, para quem o mundo humano é criação das relações mediadas pelo trabalho entre homem e natureza. Ao criar o mundo humano, os homens criam também formas de produzir sua vida material mediada pelas condições reais de sua existência, cuja expressão social se forma nas relações sociais de produção, determinando o caráter efêmero das determinadas formações históricas de produção que o homem criou ao longo de sua existência material.
Crise do capital, financeirização e educação
Authors: Da Costa Neto Pedro Leão
Published: April 2020

Manuscrito elaborado pelo editor do número que relata suas características principais.
Ca2+ functions as a molecular switch that controls the mutually exclusive complex formation of pyridoxal phosphatase with CIB1 or calmodulin
Authors: Jeanclos Elisabeth , Knobloch Gunnar , Hoffmann Axel , Fedorchenko Oleg , Odersky Andrea , Lamprecht Anna‐Karina , Schindelin Hermann , Gohla Antje
Published: April 2020

Pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP) is an essential cofactor for neurotransmitter metabolism. Pyridoxal phosphatase (PDXP) deficiency in mice increases PLP and γ‐aminobutyric acid levels in the brain, yet how PDXP is regulated is unclear. Here, we identify the Ca2+‐ and integrin‐binding protein 1 (CIB1) as a PDXP interactor by yeast two‐hybrid screening and find a calmodulin (CaM)‐binding motif that overlaps with the PDXP‐CIB1 interaction site. Pulldown and crosslinking assays with purified proteins demonstrate that PDXP directly binds to CIB1 or CaM. CIB1 or CaM does not alter PDXP phosphatase activity. However, elevated Ca2+ concentrations promote CaM binding and, thereby, diminish CIB1 binding to PDXP, as both interactors bind in a mutually exclusive way. Hence, the PDXP‐CIB1 complex may functionally differ from the PDXP‐Ca2+‐CaM complex.
Novel 2D Transition‐Metal Carbides: Ultrahigh Performance Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting and Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Yu Yadong , Zhou Jian , Sun Zhimei
Published: April 2020

Searching for highly efficient, stable, and cost‐effective electrocatalysts for water splitting and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is critical for renewable energies, yet it remains a great challenge. Here, by performing an unbiased structural search and first‐principles calculations, the electrocatalytic performance of the emerging 2D transitional‐metal carbides, MC2 (M represents the transition metal of Ti, V, Nb, Ta, and Mo, C is carbon), is systematically investigated. Owing to their super stability and outstanding electronic conductivity, fast charge transfer kinetics is allowed during catalysis. Specifically, NbC2, TaC2, and MoC2 possess excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance under the reaction by the Volmer‐Heyrovsky mechanism. Moreover, taking advantage of the dual‐active‐site catalytic mechanism for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and ORR over traditional single‐active‐site mechanism, TaC2 presents promising bifunctional electrocatalytic activity with a low overpotential of 0.06 and 0.37 V for HER and ORR, respectively. Meanwhile, the low overpotential endows MoC2 remarkable multifunctional electrocatalytic performance in overall water splitting (0.001 V for HER, 0.45 V for OER) and ORR (0.47 V). These intriguing results demonstrate the robust applicability of MC2 monolayers as effective electrocatalysts.
Insights into the Photothermal Conversion of 2D MXene Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Applications
Authors: Xu Dingxin , Li Zhidong , Li Laisheng , Wang Jing
Published: April 2020

Since their discovery in 2011, 2D transition metal carbide/nitride (MXene) materials have received extensive interest due to their unique planar structure, chemical diversity, and superior physiochemical features. Very recently, MXenes have demonstrated outstanding photothermal conversion by virtue of excellent electromagnetic wave absorption capacity and a localized surface plasmon resonance effect. Photothermal conversion is an efficient way to utilize solar energy that allows the transformation of solar illumination into thermal energy, thus enabling MXenes to be applied in various fields, such as solar steam generation and biomedicals. However, the light‐to‐heat capability of MXenes has been paid much less attention until now. Recent progress in photothermal MXenes is reviewed to provide a comprehensive understanding of their photothermal conversion mechanism and applications. First, synthetic strategies of MXenes and their nanocomposites will be briefly summarized, and the discussion of the photothermal conversion mechanism and, most importantly, current advances in their photothermal applications will follow. It is highly anticipated that 2D MXenes, through elaborate material design and interdisciplinary approach, will become one of the mainstream photothermal materials and their application fields will also be expanded in the near future.
Extreme Elasticity Anisotropy in Molecular Glasses
Authors: Cang Yu , Wang Zuyuan , Bishop Camille , Yu Lian , Ediger M. D. , Fytas George
Published: April 2020

Glasses are generally assumed to be isotropic and there are no literature reports of elastic anisotropy for molecular glasses. However, as glasses formed by physical vapor deposition can be structurally anisotropic, it is of interest to investigate the elastic anisotropy in these materials. Micro‐Brillouin light spectroscopy is used in several experimental geometries to determine the elastic stiffness tensors of three glass films of itraconazole vapor‐deposited at substrate temperatures (Tsub) of 330, 315, and 290 K, respectively. Significant elastic anisotropy is observed and, in these glasses, the elastic anisotropy shows a strong correlation with the molecular orientation. The out‐of‐plane and in‐plane Young's moduli of the high Tsub (330 K) sample, which features a predominantly vertical molecular orientation, exhibit a high anisotropy ratio of 2.2. The observed elastic anisotropy is much larger than those previously observed in liquid crystals and even many crystalline solids.
A Double‐Layered Microneedle Platform Fabricated through Frozen Spray‐Coating
Authors: Ning Xiaoyu , Wiraja Christian , Lio Daniel Chin Shiuan , Xu Chenjie
Published: April 2020

This work reports a frozen spray‐coating method for the fabrication of double‐layered microneedles (MNs). Taking swellable methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA)‐derived MNs as the model, both hydrophobic molecules (Nile red, Cy5) and hydrophilic ones (FITC, FITC‐Dextran, Insulin) can be homogeneously coated without impacting the mechanical properties of the original MeHA MNs. The prepared double‐layered MNs can execute multiple roles. It is demonstrated that insulin‐coated MeHA double‐layered MNs allow the effective delivery of the insulin into circulation of mice for controlling the blood glucose level while they also permit the extraction of skin interstitial fluid for the timely analysis of the biomarker (glucose).
Nanoscaled Fractal Superstructures via Laser Patterning—A Versatile Route to Metallic Hierarchical Porous Materials
Authors: Reinhardt Hendrik , Kroll Moritz , Karstens Sarah L. , Schlabach Sabine , Hampp Norbert A. , Tallarek Ulrich
Published: April 2020

A laser‐based procedure for the preparation of metallic hierarchical porous materials is introduced and exemplified on tin, copper, silicon, titanium, and tungsten surfaces to demonstrate its general applicability. The impact of suitably tuned nanosecond laser pulses triggers a process in which laser‐induced metal ablation and instantaneous recondensation of partially oxidized metals lead to cauliflower‐like superstructures comprising a hybrid micro‐/nanopatterning. Repeated scanning with the intense focused beam over the surface creates microstructures of hierarchically tunable porosity in a layer‐by‐layer design. The 3D morphology of these superstructures is analyzed using tomographic data based on focused ion‐beam scanning electron microscopy to return a fractal dimension of Df = 2.79—practically identical to a natural cauliflower (Df ≈ 2.8), even though the plant is four orders of magnitude larger than the superstructures generated through the laser process. The high Df value signifies a complex morphology that boasts a huge external surface. The introduced concept enables convenient access to a variety of metallic hierarchical porous materials, which are key to performance in environmentally and technologically relevant areas like energy generation, storage, and conversion, as well as sensing and catalysis.
Iodine/Manganese Catalyzed Sulfenylation of Indole via Dehydrogenative Oxidative Coupling in Anisole
Authors: Li Weihe , Wang Hao , Liu Shengping , Feng Hua , Benassi Enrico , Qian Bo
Published: April 2020

This protocol describes an iodine/manganese catalytic system for dehydrogenative oxidative coupling reaction of indoles with thiols in anisole. Particularly, the dual roles of anisole have been first demonstrated as a solvent and as a promoter via the formation of an oxonium ion intermediate to accelerate the generation of products. A series of sulfenylindoles are readily constructed under aerobic mild reaction conditions. In addition, the achievement for preparing anticancer and anti‐AIDS drugs testifies the practicability of this approach. The mechanism studies disclose probable alternative pathways and a single‐electron transfer process are involved in this transformation.

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Synthesis of 2‐(Arylthio)indolenines via Chemoselective Arylation of Thio‐Oxindoles with Arynes
Authors: Saputra Adi , Fan Rong , Yao Tuanli , Chen Jian , Tan Jiajing
Published: April 2020

A chemoselective S‐arylation reaction of thio‐oxindoles with arynes is presented. The reaction was performed under mild conditions and provided a straightforward synthesis of 2‐(arylthio)indolenines in good to excellent yields. Besides, this simple operational protocol is not only scalable but also has good functional group compatibilities and substrate scope. Thus, our protocol should allow for the expansion of chemical space via developing new scaffolds of thioimidates that are difficult to synthesize otherwise.

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Innovative Precision Gene‐Editing Tools in Personalized Cancer Medicine
Authors: Dai Xiaofeng , Blancafort Pilar , Wang Peiyu , Sgro Agustin , Thompson Erik W. , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: April 2020

The development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has spurred a successive wave of genome‐engineering following zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator‐like effector nucleases, and made gene‐editing a promising strategy in the prevention and treatment of genetic diseases. However, gene‐editing is not widely adopted in clinics due to some technical issues that challenge its safety and efficacy, and the lack of appropriate clinical regulations allowing them to advance toward improved human health without impinging on human ethics. By systematically examining the oncological applications of gene‐editing tools and critical factors challenging their medical translation, genome‐editing has substantial contributions to cancer driver gene discovery, tumor cell epigenome normalization, targeted delivery, cancer animal model establishment, and cancer immunotherapy and prevention in clinics. Gene‐editing tools, epitomized by CRISPR, are predicted to represent a promising strategy toward the precise control of cancer initiation and development. However, some technical problems and ethical concerns are serious issues that need to be appropriately addressed before CRISPR can be incorporated into the next generation of molecular precision medicine. In this light, new technical developments to limit off‐target effects are discussed herein, and the use of gene‐editing approaches for treating otherwise incurable cancers is brought into focus.
Quantitative Mapping of Liver Hypoxia in Living Mice Using Time‐Resolved Wide‐Field Phosphorescence Lifetime Imaging
Authors: Liu Yawei , Gu Yuyang , Yuan Wei , Zhou Xiaobo , Qiu Xiaochen , Kong Mengya , Wang Qingbing , Feng Wei , Li Fuyou
Published: April 2020

Hypoxia has been identified to contribute the pathogenesis of a wide range of liver diseases, and therefore, quantitative mapping of liver hypoxia is important for providing critical information in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic diseases. However, the existing imaging methods are unsuitable to quantitatively assess liver hypoxia due to the need of liver‐specific contrast agents and be easily affected by other imaging factors. Here, a time‐resolved lifetime‐based imaging method is established for quantitative mapping of the distribution of hypoxia in the livers of mice by combining a wide‐field luminescence lifetime imaging system with an oxygen‐sensitive nanoprobe. It is shown that the method is suitable for real‐time quantification of the change of oxygen pressure in the process of hepatic ischemia‐reperfusion of the mouse. Moreover, the developed lifetime imaging methodology is used to quantitatively map liver hypoxia regions in the mouse model of orthotopic liver tumor, where the average oxygen pressure in tumorous liver is far below the normal liver.
Progress in Stability of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Duan Leiping , Uddin Ashraf
Published: April 2020

The organic solar cell (OSC) is a promising emerging low‐cost thin film photovoltaics technology. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs has overpassed 16% for single junction and 17% for organic–organic tandem solar cells with the development of low bandgap organic materials synthesis and device processing technology. The main barrier of commercial use of OSCs is the poor stability of devices. Herein, the factors limiting the stability of OSCs are summarized. The limiting stability factors are oxygen, water, irradiation, heating, metastable morphology, diffusion of electrodes and buffer layers materials, and mechanical stress. The recent progress in strategies to increase the stability of OSCs is surveyed, such as material design, device engineering of active layers, employing inverted geometry, optimizing buffer layers, using stable electrodes and encapsulation materials. The International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability guidelines are also discussed. The potential research strategies to achieve the required device stability and efficiency are highlighted, rendering possible pathways to facilitate the viable commercialization of OSCs.
Vapor‐Deposited Cs2AgBiCl6 Double Perovskite Films toward Highly Selective and Stable Ultraviolet Photodetector
Authors: Wang Ming , Zeng Peng , Wang Zenghui , Liu Mingzhen
Published: April 2020

Double perovskites have shown great potentials in addressing the toxicity and instability issues of lead halide perovskites toward practical applications. However, fabrication of high‐quality double perovskite thin films has remained challenging. Here, sequential vapor deposition is used to fabricate high‐quality Cs2AgBiCl6 perovskite films with balanced stoichiometry, superior morphology, and highly oriented crystallinity, with an indirect bandgap of 2.41 eV. Using a diode structure, self‐powered Cs2AgBiCl6 ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors are demonstrated with high selectivity centered at 370 nm, with low dark current density (≈10−7 mA cm−2), high photoresponsivity (≈10 mA W−1), and detectivity (≈1012 Jones). Its detectivity is among the highest in all double‐perovskite‐based photodetectors reported to date and surpassing the performance of other perovskite photodetectors as well as metal oxide in the UV range. The devices also show excellent environmental and irradiation stability comparable to state‐of‐the‐art UV detectors. The findings help pave the way toward application of double perovskites in optoelectronic devices.
Recent Advances in Alkyne Hydroamination as a Powerful Tool for the Construction of C−N Bonds
Authors: Tashrifi Zahra , Mohammadi Khanaposhtani Mohammad , Biglar Mahmood , Larijani Bagher , Mahdavi Mohammad
Published: April 2020

Alkyne hydroamination reaction has attracted many researchers due to its capability to form the required C−N bonds in the synthesis of the biologically and pharmacologically active N‐heterocycles. Hence, in this review, a comprehensive and updated summary of the research progress in this area (from 2014 on) is presented. In order to provide an easier access to the required information, a brief and concise description of the reaction mechanisms and preparation of precursors is also included, where possible. Accordingly, the alkyne hydroamination reactions are classified and summarized based on the type of hydroamination (inter‐ or intramolecular) and each class is further subdivided according to the number of members in the rings, so as to help the researchers in designing new N‐hetrocycles.
Controlled Generation of 9‐Boratriptycene by Lewis Adduct Dissociation: Accessing a Non‐Planar Triarylborane
Authors: Chardon Aurélien , Osi Arnaud , Mahaut Damien , Doan Thu‐Hong , Tumanov Nikolay , Wouters Johan , Fusaro Luca , Champagne Benoît , Berionni Guillaume
Published: April 2020

A highly bent triarylborane, 9‐boratriptycene, was generated in solution by selective protodeboronation of the corresponding tetra‐aryl boron ate complex with the strong Brønsted acid HNTf2. The iptycene core confers enhanced Lewis acidity to 9‐boratriptycene, making it unique in terms of structure and reactivity. We studied the stereoelectronic properties of 9‐boratriptycene by quantifying its association with small N‐ and O‐centered Lewis bases, as well as with sterically hindered phosphines. The resultant Lewis adducts exhibited unique structural, spectroscopic, and photophysical properties. Beyond the high pyramidalization of the 9‐boratriptycene scaffold and its low reorganization energy upon Lewis base coordination, quantum chemical calculations revealed that the absence of π donation from the triptycene aryl rings to the boron vacant pz orbital is one of the main reasons for its high Lewis acidity.
Sterically Shielded Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes for Bioconjugation and High Performance Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Li Dong‐Hao , Schreiber Cynthia L. , Smith Bradley D.
Published: April 2020

The near‐infrared window of fluorescent heptamethine cyanine dyes greatly facilitates biological imaging because there is deep penetration of the light and negligible background fluorescence. However, dye instability, aggregation, and poor pharmacokinetics are current drawbacks that limit performance and the scope of possible applications. All these limitations are simultaneously overcome with a new molecular design strategy that produces a charge balanced and sterically shielded fluorochrome. The key design feature is a meso‐aryl group that simultaneously projects two shielding arms directly over each face of a linear heptamethine polyene. Cell and mouse imaging experiments compared a shielded heptamethine cyanine dye (and several peptide and antibody bioconjugates) to benchmark heptamethine dyes and found that the shielded systems possess an unsurpassed combination of photophysical, physiochemical, and biodistribution properties that greatly enhance bioimaging performance.
Synthesis of a pyrene‐functionalized hyperbranched polyethylene ternary copolymer for efficient graphite exfoliation in chloroform and formation of ethylene‐vinyl acetate/graphene nanocomposites
Authors: Luo Zhenggang , Ye Huijian , Hu Jiawei , Hu Te , Zhang Boyuan , Zhang Xuanhe , Xu Lixin
Published: April 2020

A strategy for preparing ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA)/graphene nanocomposites from liquid‐phase exfoliated graphene has been explored with the use of a pyrene‐functionalized hyperbranched polyethylene (HBPE) ternary copolymer, HBPE@Py@PMA, as stabilizer for graphite exfoliation. The HBPE@Py@PMA was synthesized by combining the Pd‐diimine‐catalyzed chain walking ternary ethylene copolymerization and atomic transfer radical polymerization techniques and has been confirmed to possess a HBPE core simultaneously bearing pyrene terminal groups and polymethacrylate side chains. As stabilizer, it is found to effectively promote graphite exfoliation in CHCl3 to render high‐quality few‐layer graphene with an efficiency as high as 43%. Meanwhile, it can be steadily adsorbed on the exfoliated graphene surface to concurrently render functionalized graphene well dispersible in EVA matrix with strong interfacial interactions. This allows us to obtain EVA/graphene nanocomposites from resulting graphene dispersion through simple solution mixing process. By adding only 0.5 wt% of graphene, the dielectric constant of resulting composite increases by 55% compared to pure EVA, with a dielectric loss only 0.012. The role mechanism of the HBPE@Py@PMA for promoting graphite exfoliation in CHCl3 and the formation of EVA/graphene nanocomposites from the resulting graphene has been proposed.
Phase behavior, in vitro drug release, and antibacterial activity of thermoresponsive poloxamer–polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel‐loaded mupirocin nanoparticles
Authors: Kamlungmak Sukanjana , Rugmai Supagorn , Tinpun Kittiya , Nakpheng Titpawan , Srichana Teerapol
Published: April 2020

This research was designed to develop thermoresponsive poloxamer (P407)–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels to deliver mupirocin nanoparticles for wound healing. The mupirocin nanoparticles containing drug and gelatin or poly (acrylic acid) were prepared by spray drying. The hydrogel phases were evaluated by small‐angle X‐ray scattering. An in vitro drug release study was performed and the antibacterial activity of mupirocin nanoparticles‐loaded hydrogel (MLH) was evaluated. Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum spectra of the mupirocin nanoparticles indicated a weak interaction between mupirocin and the carriers of carbopol and gelatin. The mupirocin molecules were surrounded by the carrier molecules. The MLH appeared to exhibit single diamond (Fd3m) phase behavior similar to P407 and the hydrogel base. The release of MLH in vitro indicated first‐order kinetics (R2 = .9839–.8868). The MLH showed lower minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli than mupirocin ointment.
Improving the hydrophilicity of polyethersulfone membrane by the combination of grafting technology and reverse thermally induced phase separation method
Authors: Yang Hang , Gao Chun‐Mei , Liu Sheng‐Hui , Ji Shi‐Feng , Chen Hong‐Yu , Chen Jin‐Chao
Published: April 2020

In this work, surface grafting modification technology was combined with reverse thermally induced phase separation (RTIPS) method in order to improve the structure and permanent hydrophilicity of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. Acrylic solution with different concentrations was grafted on the surface of PES membranes while grafting temperature and grafting time were also varied. The modified PES membranes were characterized in all aspects. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform‐infrared confirmed successful modification of the PES membrane by grafting acrylic acid. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that homogeneous porous top surface as well as spongy‐like cross‐section structure appeared in the membrane by RTIPS procedure. Moreover, porosity was affected by changes of acrylic acid concentration, grafting temperature, and grafting time. Atomic force microscopy showed that grafting acrylic acid gave a reduction in roughness of PES membrane. Combined with the decreased values of contact angle, the hydrophilicity and antifouling performance of the PES membrane were improved. The pure water flux and BSA rejection rate of the grafted PES membranes were remarkably improved for pure PES membrane and attained a maximum, which was 1,646.24 L/(m2h) and 94.5%, respectively. The long‐term test demonstrated that grafting membranes exhibited outstanding elevated water flux recovery ratio (>85%).
A step‐by‐step protocol for meiotic chromosome counts in flowering plants: A powerful and economical technique revisited
Authors: Windham Michael D. , Pryer Kathleen M. , Poindexter Derick B. , Li Fay‐Wei , Rothfels Carl J. , Beck James B.
Published: April 2020

Premise

Counting chromosomes is a fundamental botanical technique, yet it is often intimidating and increasingly sidestepped. Once mastered, the basic protocol can be applied to a broad range of taxa and research questions. It also reveals an aspect of the plant genome that is accessible with only the most basic of resources—access to a microscope with 1000× magnification is the most limiting factor.

Methods and Results

Here we provide a detailed protocol for choosing, staining, and squashing angiosperm pollen mother cells. The protocol is supplemented by figures and two demonstration videos.

Conclusions

The protocol we provide will hopefully demystify and reinvigorate a powerful and once commonplace botanical technique that is available to researchers regardless of their location and resources.
Influence of dietary aconitine and nicotine on the gut microbiota of two lepidopteran herbivores
Authors: Zeng Jian‐Yong , Wu De‐Dong , Shi Zhong‐Bin , Yang Jing , Zhang Guo‐Cai , Zhang Jie
Published: April 2020

The gut microbiota plays an important role in pheromone production, pesticide degradation, vitamin synthesis, and pathogen prevention in the host animal. Therefore, similar to gut morphology and digestive enzyme activity, the gut microbiota may also get altered under plant defensive compound‐induced stress. To test this hypothesis, Dendrolimus superans larvae were fed either aconitine‐ or nicotine‐treated fresh leaves of Larix gmelinii, and Lymantria dispar larvae were fed either aconitine‐ or nicotine‐treated fresh leaves of Salix matsudana. Subsequently, the larvae were sampled 72hr after diet administration and DNA extracted from larval enteric canals were employed for gut microbial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (338 F and 806 R primers). The sequence analysis revealed that dietary nicotine and aconitine influenced the dominant bacteria in the larval gut and determined their abundance. Moreover, the effect of either aconitine or nicotine on D. superans and L. dispar larvae had a greater dependence on insect species than on secondary plant metabolites. These findings further our understanding of the interaction between herbivores and host plants and the coevolution of plants and insects.
Peptidylprolylisomerases, Protein Folders, or Scaffolders? The Example of FKBP51 and FKBP52
Authors: Rein Theo
Published: April 2020

Peptidylprolyl‐isomerases (PPIases) comprise of the protein families of FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs), cyclophilins, and parvulins. Their common feature is their ability to expedite the transition of peptidylprolyl bonds between the cis and the trans conformation. Thus, it seemed highly plausible that PPIase enzymatic activity is crucial for protein folding. However, this has been difficult to prove over the decades since their discovery. In parallel, more and more studies have discovered scaffolding functions of PPIases. This essay discusses the hypothesis that PPIase enzymatic activity might be the consequence of binding to peptidylprolyl protein motifs. The main focus of this paper is the large immunophilins FKBP51 and FKBP52, but other PPIases such as cyclophilin A and Pin1 are also described. From the hypothesis, it follows that the PPIase activity of these proteins might be less relevant, if at all, than the organization of protein complexes through versatile protein binding. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/A33la0dx5LE.