bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behind the lines and lines and lines: student studio solutions to projects that facilitate the exploration of visual and textual languages within fine arts practice
Authors: Charlton Jane
Published: June 2009

Whatever helps learners with special needs can indeed be of help to all learners. (Race 2005: 159)

The work illustrated in this paper represents students who have responded to projects and studio workshops that address notions of reading, as opposed to looking at imagery and looking as opposed to reading texts. Active learning is viewed as a means of engaging with projects developed to facilitate enquiry into handling texts as artwork and artwork as text. I am not advocating any formula for working with dyslexic students or students defined within the above remit for Widening Participation. I do not claim any specialist experience about dyslexia, but I am attempting imaginative solutions to students' individual personal struggles in studying and practicing in the Arts. Using a Constructivist teaching model, whereby I hope to facilitate learning rather than to teach, and students are encouraged to respond to, and adapt projects which will inform the curriculum content of the subsequent student cohort. Docendo Disco: By teaching I learn (Grayling 2006: 226) is the philosophy that supports the ongoing development of work in this genre. Each academic year, student's responses to work using text inform the curriculum content for the following student cohort. Student evaluation and comment genuinely informs the developing curriculum in an effort to reflect what students perceive to be relevant and useful. Specific examples of student artwork, which challenge the perceived stigma of dyslexia, will be discussed. Encouraging students to use their primary personal understanding of the condition to confront it is central to the theme of dyslexia as personal experience. It is important to note that whilst I am aware of our dyslexic cohort and of Widening Participation agendas, curriculum development is for the benefit of all our students.

The individual case studies presented are done so with the consent of all graduates of York St John University whose work is represented and with the understanding that their work frequently addresses individual experience of diversity or difference. The work will provide a forum for future discussion. Art can empower and enable students to confront and challenge their unique contribution to a University community. The results are often exciting and can stimulate reflection and discourse for curriculum development within Higher Education Faculties.
The relevance and consequences of academic literacies for pedagogy and research in practice-based postgraduate design
Authors: Melles Gavin
Published: June 2009

Research degrees are a recent phenomenon in the emergent academic design disciplines, and design practitioners and academics still debate their characteristics. Practice-based degrees may incorporate studio and other project work as part of the submission and the dissertation may exhibit
variation in the visual and textual modes employed. The production of hybrid practice-based dissertation genres has consequences for research, supervision and writing pedagogies. The academic literacies approach stresses the need for students, faculty, and others to acknowledge the fundamentally
underdetermined forms and conventions of dissertation writing and to work together for greater transparency in giving and getting feedback. If design fields wish to pursue the hybrid genres that practice-led project incorporating projects demand, a relevant writing pedagogy must be developed
which looks beyond current conventions. Including evidence from an analysis of four recent practice-based doctorates with data from qualitative interviews with design educators, this paper argues for the relevance of academic literacies for dissertation writing and project work in design.
In the final part of the paper I argue for the particular relevance of academic literacies for design research practice.
Sylexiad. A typeface for the adult dyslexic reader
Authors: Hillier Robert
Published: June 2009

The investigation concerns a series of typeface legibility and readability studies which have resulted in the creation of a number of new typefaces including Sylexiad. Sylexiad is grounded and informed from a dyslexic viewpoint and is a typeface for the adult dyslexic reader.

Sylexiad
was developed by means of comparative typeface testing. This involved a series of formative and summative small-scale tests that accommodated two established word recognition models word shape and parallel letter recognition. This novel method of measuring legibility and readability is called
developmental typeface testing. The data was gathered by means of qualitative and quantitative techniques from dyslexic and non-dyslexic groups based at Norwich University College of the Arts and The University of East Anglia. These techniques included questionnaires, interviews and observations.
The research was inductive and practice-based in approach.

The findings identify which typographic characteristics adult dyslexic and non-dyslexic readers preferred and why. For the majority of non-dyslexic readers tested, it was the combination of serif-style, lowercase forms, large x-heights,
medium weight, variable strokes and normal inter-word spacing that was preferred. The non-dyslexic readers also favoured the form of Times New Roman. Conversely, for the majority of dyslexic readers tested it was the combination of handwritten style, uppercase forms, long ascenders and descenders,
light weight, uniform strokes, perpendicular design and generous inter-word spacing that was preferred. The dyslexic readers also favoured the form of Serif Sylexiad.

The conclusions have raised issues that confirm and contradict current typographic principles of legibility. In particular,
from a dyslexic perspective, the word shape model has been challenged. The outcomes and issues that have been identified as a result of developmental typeface testing have therefore contributed to new knowledge within the field of dyslexia typographic research.
Here, I am
Authors: O'Neill Mary
Published: June 2009

In this paper I will discuss three communicative acts: an ephemeral artwork InMemory; a narrative The art of being lost; and a paper Ephemeral Art: Mourning and Loss. These were presented, respectively, at the Salina Art Centre, Kansas; Emotional Geography Conference,
Queens University, Kingston, Ontario; and (Im)permanence: Cultures In/Out of Time at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh. These pieces deal with the same subject, but are presented in different modes reflecting the requirements of different sites a gallery, a conference, and a book.
All three aspired to creativity as well as rigour, to articulate intuitive as well as empirical knowledge. I will discuss these works in terms of site specificity and integrated practice, rather than opposite poles of a creative spectrum, which places text at one end and image at the other.
I will demonstrate how each mode has informed the other and how each has benefited from the particular requirement imposed by the site. The site here is not just the physical location but includes the anticipated audience, the environment, and the atmosphere. The works are interactive and
are akin to the concept in communication analysis of recipient design. I hope this case study may be useful in providing an alternative to viewing writing in art and design as inherently problematic. Instead, I offer an analysis of a multifaceted practice in which the I is always present,
implicitly or explicitly.
Reviews
Authors: Edwards Harriet
Published: June 2009

The Secret Life of Objects, by Jane Graves (2008)
Reviews
Authors: Lowy Adrienne
Published: June 2009

The Graphic Arts Research Project module at Liverpool School of Art and Design, Liverpool John Moores University: A review of the effects of Writing-PAD
Tensor products of generalized Brauer constructions for \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage{bbm} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \(\mathcal{O}\) \end{document}G -modules and G -algebras
Authors: Huang Wenlin
Published: June 2009

In this paper we discuss the generalized Brauer construction for \documentclass{aastex}
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-modules and
G
-algebras, and we prove that these constructions are compatible with tensor products.
Weak invariance principle for mixing sequences in the domain of attraction of normal law
Authors: Balan Raluca , Kulik Rafał
Published: June 2009

In this article we prove a weak invariance principle for a strictly stationary
φ
-mixing sequence {
Xj
}
j≧1
, whose truncated variance function \documentclass{aastex}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
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\usepackage{portland,xspace}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra}
\usepackage{bbm}
\pagestyle{empty}
\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}
\begin{document}
$$L(x): = EX_1^2 1_{\{ |X_1 | \leqq _x \} }$$
\end{document} is slowly varying at ∞ and mixing coefficients satisfy the logarithmic growth condition: Σ
n
≧1φ1/2
(2
n
) < ∞. This will be done under the condition that \documentclass{aastex}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{bm}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage{stmaryrd}
\usepackage{textcomp}
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\usepackage{portland,xspace}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra}
\usepackage{bbm}
\pagestyle{empty}
\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}
\begin{document}
$$\mathop {\lim }\limits_n Var\left( {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {\hat X_j } } \right)/\left[ {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {Var (\hat X_j )} } \right] = \beta ^2$$
\end{document} exists in (0, ∞), where \documentclass{aastex}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
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\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage{stmaryrd}
\usepackage{textcomp}
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\usepackage{portland,xspace}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra}
\usepackage{bbm}
\pagestyle{empty}
\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}
\begin{document}
$$\hat X_j = X_j I_{\{ |X_j | \leqq \eta _j \} }$$
\end{document} and
ηn2

∼
nL
(
ηn
).
Sums of five cubes of primes
Authors: Mikawa Hiroshi , Peneva Temenoujka
Published: June 2009

LetA, ɛ> 0 be arbitrary. Suppose thatxis a sufficiently large positive number. In this paper we prove that the number of integersn∈ (x, x+H], satisfying some natural conditions, which cannot be represented as the sum of five cubes of primes is ≪H(logx)−A, provided thatx2/3+ɛ≦H≦x.
Polynomial-exponential equations involving multi-recurrences
Authors: Fuchs Clemens
Published: June 2009

In this paper we consider polynomial-exponential Diophantine equations of the form\documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage{bbm} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} $$G_n^{(0)} y^d + G_n^{(1)} y^{d - 1} + \cdots + G_n^{(d - 1)} y + G_n^{(d)} = 0$$ \end{document}whereGn(i)are multi-recurrences, i.e. polynomial-exponential functions in variablesn= (n1,...,nk). Under suitable (but restrictive) conditions we prove that there are finitely many multi-recurrencesHn(1),...,Hn(s)such that for all solutions (n1,...,nk,y) ∈ ℕk× ℤ we either have\documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage{bbm} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} $$H_n^{(i)} = 0 or y = H_n^{(j)}$$ \end{document}for certain 1 ≦i,j≦s, respectively. This generalizes earlier results of this type on such equations. The proof uses a recent result by Corvaja and Zannier.
On the hyper-Kloosterman sum and its fourth power mean
Authors: Xu Zhefeng
Published: June 2009

The main purpose of this paper is to study the calculating problem of the fourth power mean of the hyper-Kloosterman sums, and give an exact calculating formula for them.
Qualidade das sementes de soja com a aplicação de diferentes doses de molibdênio e cobalto
Authors: Golo André Luis , Kappes Claudinei , Carvalho Marco Antonio Camillo de , Yamashita Oscar Mitsuo
Published: June 2009

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido objetivando avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes doses de cobalto (Co) e molibdênio (Mo) via foliar e a inoculação das sementes com Bradyrhizobium japonicum, sobre as características produtivas da cultura da soja e na qualidade de suas sementes. O estudo foi realizado no ano agrícola de 2005/06, no município de Santa Carmem, MT, em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 6 X 2, perfazendo 12 tratamentos com quatro repetições cada. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de seis doses do produto comercial Quimifol CoMo Plus (0,0; 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; e 2,0 L ha-1), aplicados via foliar, com e sem a inoculação das sementes com inoculante comercial de Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Rizo-Liq), formulação líquida. Com base nos resultados, concluiu-se que: a inoculação das sementes aumenta o número de vagens por planta e o número de sementes por planta; as doses de Co e Mo afetam a massa de 100 sementes e a produtividade; a inoculação não apresenta efeito significativo sobre a produtividade; a aplicação de Co e Mo na dose de 2 L ha-1 em sementes inoculadas promove melhoria na qualidade fisiológica das sementes; na ausência de inoculação, o aumento da doses de Co e Mo ocasiona diminuição na qualidade fisiológica das sementes.
Reguladores vegetais e atividade de invertases em cana-de-açúcar em meio de safra
Authors: Leite Glauber Henrique Pereira , Crusciol Carlos Alexandre Costa , Lima Giuseppina Pace Pereira , Silva Marcelo de Almeida
Published: June 2009

O objetivo neste trabalho foi a avaliação da atividade das invertases ácida e neutra e a função que essas exercem no controle do acúmulo de sacarose em cana-de-açúcar, variedade SP80-3280, decorrente da aplicação de reguladores vegetais no meio de safra, em Igaraçu do Tietê (SP). O experimento foi conduzido em cana soca, em safras consecutivas (2004 e 2005). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação de quatro reguladores vegetais da classe dos retardadores do crescimento (Etefon, Etil-trinexapac, KNO3 e KNO3 + Boro) e uma testemunha (maturação natural), comercialmente encontrados como Ethrel, Moddus, Krista Kana e Krista Kana Plus, respectivamente, adotando-se a dosagem do produto comercial: 2L ha-1, 0,8L ha-1, 3kg ha-1 e 3kg ha-1, respectivamente, sem a adição de adjuvantes. Os reguladores vegetais promovem alterações de intensidades distintas e significativas nos níveis enzimáticos das invertases ácida e neutra. A eficiência agronômica dos maturadores foi afetada de forma significativa pelo clima e pela época de aplicação. Os tratamentos com maturadores, principalmente em 2004, cujas condições climáticas foram desfavoráveis à maturação natural, favoreceram o processo de maturação da cana-de-açúcar, implicando em melhorias da qualidade tecnológica dos colmos.
Produção de bovinos em pastagens de capim-braquiária diferidas
Authors: Santos Manoel Eduardo Rozalino , Fonseca Dilermando Miranda da , Euclides Valéria Pacheco Batista , Ribeiro Júnior José Ivo , Nascimento Júnior Domicio do , Moreira Luciano de Melo
Published: June 2009

Durante os meses de janeiro a setembro de 2004 (ano 1) e de 2005 (ano 2), foram avaliados os efeitos dos períodos de diferimento (ano 1: 103, 121, 146 e 163 dias; ano 2: 73, 103, 131 e 163 dias) e de pastejo (1, 29, 57 e 85 dias) na produção de forragem e no desempenho de bovinos de corte em pastagens diferidas de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk). Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, segundo o esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com duas repetições. Houve variação na produção de forragem entre os anos. Pastagens diferidas por maior período possuíram maiores massas de forragem total e forragem morta. Com o aumento do período de pastejo, diminuiram as massas de forragem total e forragem verde e aumentou a massa de forragem morta. A composição química da forragem da amostra de simulação de pastejo foi modificada pelos períodos de diferimento e de pastejo. Não houve efeito dos períodos de diferimento e de pastejo sobre o consumo do suplemento, expresso em porcentagem do peso corporal. O desempenho dos bovinos diminuiu durante o período de pastejo no ano 1 (de 0,739 para 0,467 kg/animal.dia) e no ano 2 (de 0,885 para 0,189 kg/animal.dia) e foi maior em pastagens diferidas por menor período no ano 2 (0,692 kg/animal.dia). O ganho de peso por área foi maior em pastagens diferidas por menor período no ano 2 (4,87 kg/ha.dia). Na região de Viçosa, a produção de bovinos em recria em pastagens diferidas melhora quando o pasto adubado e suplementado de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk é diferido por cerca de 70 dias e utilizado a partir do início do mês de julho.
Extra-ovarian expression and activity of growth differentiation factor 9
Authors: Wang Yao , Nicholls Peter K , Stanton Peter G , Harrison Craig A , Sarraj Mai , Gilchrist Robert B , Findlay Jock K , Farnworth Paul G
Published: June 2009

Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) produced within the ovary plays an essential role during follicle maturation through actions on granulosa cells, but extra-ovarian expression, signalling and actions of GDF9 are less well characterised. The present studies confirm GDF9 expression in the mouse testis, pituitary gland and adrenocortical cancer (AC) cells, and establish its expression in LβT2 gonadotrophs, and in mouse adrenal glands, particularly foetal and neonatal cortical cells. AC, LβT2, TM3 Leydig and TM4 Sertoli cells express the requisite GDF9 binding signalling components, particularly activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) 5 and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/GDF type II receptor, BMPRII (BMPR2). We therefore compared GDF9 activation of these potential extra-ovarian target cell types with its activation of granulosa cells. Recombinant mouse GDF9 stimulated expression of activin/transforming growth factor-β-responsive reporters, pGRAS-luc or pAR3-lux, in TM4 and AC cells (IC50=145 ng/ml in the latter case), and two granulosa cell lines, KGN and COV434. The ALK4/5/7 inhibitor, SB431542, blocked GDF9 activity in each case. By contrast, GDF9 lacked specific effects on TM3 cells and rat primary pituitary and mouse LβT2 gonadotrophs. Our findings show that GDF9 regulates the expression of R-SMAD2/3-responsive reporter genes through ALK4, 5 or 7 in extra-ovarian (adrenocortical and Sertoli) cells with similar potency and signalling pathway to its actions on granulosa cells, but suggest that expression of BMPRII, ALK5 (TGFBR1) and R-SMADs 2 and 3 may not be sufficient for a cell to respond to GDF9.
Affect and Creativity at Work
Authors: Amabile Teresa M. , Barsade Sigal G. , Mueller Jennifer S. , Staw Barry M.
Published: June 2009

This study explored how affect relates to creativity at work. Using both quantitative and qualitative longitudinal data from the daily diaries of 222 employees in seven companies, we examined the nature, form, and temporal dynamics of the affect-creativity relationship. The results indicate that positive affect relates positively to creativity in organizations and that the relationship is a simple linear one. Time-lagged analyses identify positive affect as an antecedent of creative thought, with incubation periods of up to two days. Qualitative analyses identify positive affect as a consequence of creative thought events, as well as a concomitant of the creative process. A preliminary theory of the affect-creativity cycle in organizations includes each of these links and proposes mechanisms by which they may operate.
Keeping it all in the Family: The Role of Particularistic Relationships in Business Group Performance during Institutional Transition
Authors: Luo Xiaowei , Chung Chi-Nien
Published: June 2009

We examine the role of particularistic relationships (such as family and prior social ties) in business groups during institutional transition and test how particularistic ties between top leaders affect business group performance in Taiwan, where such ties have been central to the functioning of business groups. We propose that during market-oriented transition, family and prior social ties could improve group performance by providing informal norms that strengthen the intermediation within business groups and that family relationships could reduce strategic restructuring and generate performance benefits. Results of a longitudinal study over 24 years show that market transition enhanced the contribution of family and prior social relationships but not that of common-identity relationships, such as being from the same hometown, which do not involve prior direct personal contact. We also found that during transition, the positive contribution of family members would rise up to a threshold, after which additional family members tended to derail group performance, possibly due to informational disadvantages and a legitimacy discount in the eyes of foreign investors. The study helps to make sense of different predictions about the role of particularistic ties in business group performance and makes an initial attempt at revealing how social structure affects performance. Our findings have implications for research on the value of business groups in institutional transition, interorganizational relationships, and the contingencies of social relationships.
Evolution of Canadian Nursing Curricula: A Critical Retrospective Analysis of Power and Caring
Authors: Anthony Susan E , Landeen Janet
Published: June 2009

The evolution of Canadian nursing curricula has mutually influenced and reflected nursing's historical course: nursing practice and education are inextricably linked. This paper is a critical retrospective analysis of the evolution of nursing curricula in Canada from the 20th century to the present. Falk Rafael's (1996) dialectic exploration of power and caring in nursing guides the analysis. An ordered, assimilated, and empowered curriculum development framework results. Foucault's (1980) work in the sociology of knowledge and Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, and Tarule's (1986) epistemological conceptualization of women's knowledge development are incorporated. The intricacies of the relationship between nursing curriculum development and Canadian history, the navigation of societal paradoxes that mutually drive and inform education and practice, and the instrumental need for nursing education research are considered. A fourth and new dialectic layer is suggested that places nursing on the inter-professional team of architects of a co-constructed emancipatory curriculum.
Regional Newspaper Coverage of Norwegian Local Elections: Election Coverage in the Agderposten and Fedrelandsvennen Newspapers
Authors: Jacobsen Dag I. , Skomedal Anne S.
Published: June 2009

How the media cover local election campaigns in Norway has long been a topic of discussion. Is election coverage genuinely local, or do local campaigns tend to be "hijacked" by national politicians? While it is inevitable that national media take a national angle on political journalism, it is interesting to scrutinize how regional and local media cover local election campaigns. If coverage has a national perspective, the electorate may be badly informed about important local political cleavages. This article reports the findings of a content analysis of political articles in two regional newspapers four weeks prior to the 2007 local elections. The main findings are that local politics dominate clearly in frequency and in scope of coverage, although national politics and politicians are clearly present, and local dominance increases as election day approaches. Implications for local democracy are discussed.
Gross pericardial effusion with tamponade in 2nd trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Kudaiberdiev Talay , Imanalieva Gulzad , Usupbaeva Gulbarchin , Kalieva Rahat , Tukusheva Elmira
Published: June 2009

Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is associated with serious maternal and fetal risk. Rarely, it is manifested by life-threatening cardiac complications, such as gross pericardial effusion and tamponade. We present a case of successfully treated gross pericardial effusion and tamponade in a 22-week pregnant woman with hypothyroidism. The patient was treated by pericardial drainage with further treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine. During the follow-up pregnancy was uncomplicated without recurrence of pericardial effusion and successful delivery of full-term baby. We conclude that careful monitoring of thyroid functional tests and proper management should be performed in pregnant women with hypothyroidism to prevent cardiac complications of the disease, like pericardial effusion and tamponade.
Congenital heart disease and pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Olguntürk Rana , Tunaoğlu F.Sedef , Gökgöz Levent , Memiş Leyla , Kula Serdar
Published: June 2009

A 13-year-old boy with atrial septal defect and tricuspid valve abnormality was reported. He had crepitan ralles and signs of heart failure. He was treated with digital, diuretic and antimicrobial therapies. After clinical improvement he underwent surgery. The atrial septal defect was closed, and ringplasty was applied to the tricuspid valve. After the operation, he could not be extubated because of respiratory failure. On the seventh day following the surgery, he developed pneumothorax and hyportension and died. Postmortem examination showed bilateral diffuse pulmonary tuberculosis. The aim of this report is to emphasise the association of tuberculosis and congenital heart disease.
Modelling the Employment Structure in Public Companies for a Small Sample
Authors: Tarczyński Waldemar , Gazińska Mirosława
Published: June 2009

Modelling the Employment Structure in Public Companies for a Small Sample

The analysis of employment structure is a very important issue in the companies and it is connected with many factors in the company and on the market. An interesting issue is whether labour efficiency affects economic and financial performance of the company and the whole market. In the case of any statistical regularities concerning this issue it is necessary to allow for the variables related to employment, e.g. in the analyses of listed companies. It is a particularly important matter in Poland where the ownership transformations and transition to market economy have resulted in major changes in employment in individual companies. The main goal of the paper is an analysis of the structure of companies by their group labour productivity in homogenous groups of listed companies, the so called megasectors, in relation to their economic and financial condition. The study refers to the period of 2000-2003 and includes 73 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
Identity Processing Style and Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Berzonsky Michael , Kinney Andrew
Published: June 2009

Identity Processing Style and Defense Mechanisms

To investigate relationships between identity processing styles and patterns of defense mechanisms, 213 participants (Mean age = 23.01 years) completed measures of defense-mechanism clusters and styles of negotiating (or managing to avoid) identity conflicts and threats (64% of the participants were female). A self-exploratory, informational identity style was associated with defense mechanisms that control anxiety and threats via internal cognitive maneuvers. In contrast, a diffuse-avoidant identity style was found to be related to maladaptive defensive maneuvers including turning against others and turning aggression inward against oneself, which is related to depressive reactions. A foreclosing, normative identity style was associated with defenses that limit awareness of threatening ideas and information by denial, distortion, and negation. None of these relationships was qualified by age or gender. The findings are discussed in terms of a process model of identity development that emphasizes social-cognitive differences in how individuals construct, maintain, and reconstruct their self-identity.
Personality Psychology: Current Status and Prospects For the Future
Authors: Pervin Lawrence
Published: June 2009

Personality Psychology: Current Status and Prospects For the Future

I want to consider the current status and future of the field of personality psychology, often basing my observations on my own research and theoretical interests. Let me begin by summarizing what I have to say in terms of three points of emphasis: First, the field of personality can be viewed in terms of three disciplines—trait, social cognitive, and psychodynamic—each associated with its own empirical procedures and observations. That is, each is associated with its own form of personality data but all represent relevant data. Second, there is a need in the field for a dynamic systems perspective, one that emphasizes the interplay among the parts of the personality system in the course of the person's ongoing transactions with the physical and interpersonal environment. Third, in the future personality psychologists increasingly will have to integrate findings from biopsychology and neuroscience into their theories and research questions. This raises the question of how they can create bridges across levels of analysis and avoid the problem of reductionism. In other words, there is the issue of how personality psychologists will address the mind-body problem.
Editorial - On the Road to Adulthood
Authors: Gurba Ewa , Senejko Alicja
Published: June 2009

Editorial - On the Road to Adulthood

Although the picture of adolescence G. Stanley Hall (1904) drew over a hundred years ago is no longer accepted, most contemporary researchers agree that the period between childhood and adulthood poses a serious challenge to the developing individual. The developmental achievements typical of this age, such as radical changes in appearance and behaviour, severe criticism of existing reality brought about by the recent acquisition of formal thinking, first intimate relations and sexual experiences and the various forms of social pressure connected with the new, age-related demands and expectations can often lead to emotional instability, disturbed parent-child relations and a propensity for risky behaviour (Arnett, 1997). These are the phenomena that accompany the struggle of a young person in the process of self-discovery and self-determination.
Comments on Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes: Digital Immersion, Teacher Learning, and Games
Authors: Owston Ronald D.
Published: June 2009

In this comment article, the author elaborates on three significant issues that Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes (2009) identified but did not explore. First, the author discusses the need for research on the impact that youth’s immersion in a digital world may have on meta-cognitive and social skill development. Then teacher learning with the Web is considered, and the author identifies research questions related to improving the design of professional learning experiences. The author concludes with a discussion of digital games for learning and points to several key areas that need further research.
Comments on Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes: Toward a Creative Social Web for Learners and Teachers
Authors: Zhang Jianwei
Published: June 2009

This article commenting on Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes (2009) examines the potential strengths and weaknesses of Web 2.0 in supporting student collaborative creativity in light of sociocultural conditions of knowledge creation. Weaknesses and challenges are identified related to the embedded and dispersed representation of community knowledge, weak commitment and support to sustained progress, judging of contributions on the basis of popularity instead of advancement, and the conflict between the chaotic emergent Web and rigidly organized schooling. Discussion is extended to the use of the Web for supporting teacher learning and innovation. Research questions are identified calling for design-based research to advance both pedagogy and technology design.
Modeling Multisensory Enhancement with Self-organizing Maps
Authors: Martin Jacob G. , Meredith M. Alex , Ahmad Khurshid
Published: June 2009

Self-organization, a process by which the internal organization of a system changes without supervision, has been proposed as a possible basis for multisensory enhancement (MSE) in the superior colliculus (Anastasio and Patton, 2003). We simplify and extend these results by presenting a simulation using traditional self-organizing maps, intended to understand and simulate MSE as it may generally occur throughout the central nervous system. This simulation of MSE: (1) uses a standard unsupervised competitive learning algorithm, (2) learns from artificially generated activation levels corresponding to driven and spontaneous stimuli from separate and combined input channels, (3) uses a sigmoidal transfer function to generate quantifiable responses to separate inputs, (4) enhances the responses when those same inputs are combined, (5) obeys the inverse effectiveness principle of multisensory integration, and (6) can topographically congregate MSE in a manner similar to that seen in cortex. Thus, the model provides a useful method for evaluating and simulating the development of enhanced interactions between responses to different sensory modalities.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of the Flowers, Leaves and Stems of Two Senecio polyanthemoides Sch. Bip. Samples from South Africa
Authors: Oladipupo Lawal  A. , Adebola Oyedeji  O.
Published: June 2009

The essential oils of the flowers, leaves and stems of Senecio polyanthemoides Sch. Bip. Samples collected from two different localities within the city of uMhlathuze, KwaZulu-Natal Province (South Africa) were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC and GC/MS. Twenty-six constituents were identified, representing an average of 86.0 - 99.6% of the total oil composition. The chemical profile reveals the dominance of monoterpenoid compounds, although some quantitative variance was noticed. The main constituents of the oils were limonene (3.1 – 43.0%), p-cymene (4.9-36.3%), β-selinene (1.3-32.7%), α-pinene (1.8-21.4%), β-pinene (7.6-16.5%) and 1,8-cineole (9.3-11.4%), caryophyllene oxide (4.1-13.4%) and humulene epoxide II (8.6-10.3%).
From discovery to production: Scale-out of continuous flow meso reactors
Authors: Styring Peter , Parracho Ana I R
Published: June 2009

A continuous flow parallel reactor system has been developed to provide a rapid and seamless transition from the discovery phase and production phase of chemical synthesis, particularly in low volume-high value pharmaceuticals production. Using a single fixed bed catalytic meso reactor, reactions can be screened on a small discovery scale over short time scales. The intensified process produces sufficient material for a full analysis. By replication of the single reactor in parallel, the same chemistry can be achieved on a larger scale, on a small footprint and without the mass and heat transport limitations of reactor scale-out in batch.
Tissue culture of rubber: past, present and future prospects
Authors: Nayanakantha NMC , Seneviratne P
Published: June 2009

In rubber, the current propagation method of grafting on to unselected seedlings, maintains intraclonal heterogeneity for vigour and productivity and hence a great improvement may be expected by using micropropagation in vitro. Micropropagation with nodal and shoot tip explants derived from seedlings are possible as with mature clonal explants. The major problem in using clonal material from mature trees of Hevea is the failure to produce an adequate tap root system necessary for tree stability, and the poor response to culture conditions. The latter problem has been over come to a significant level by in vitro micrografting. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Hevea using different explants, media compositions and conditions, especially for use in genetic transformation studies. Successful somatic embryo formation and plant regeneration have been reported by a few researchers in different countries using limited genotypes of Hevea. Attempts to induce somatic embryos from high yielding Sri Lankan clones have not been successful until the late 1990s. The frequency of somatic embryo induction was found to be very low and non-synchronous, its germination remained very difficult and thus Hevea embryogenic system needed further investigation. There is no large scale commercial application of tissue culture techniques for mass propagation of clonal Hevea as yet, either by microcuttings or by somatic embryogenesis.  However, there is sufficient progress at research level to suggest that tissue culture of Hevea can and should be further developed. Key words: Hevea brasiliensis, micropropagation, microcuttings, somatic embryogenesis doi: 10.4038/cjsbs.v36i2.486 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 36 (2): 116-125, 2007
Falsifiability of theories in the biological sciences
Authors: Iqbal MCM
Published: June 2009

Biology is generally accepted as a mainstream scientific discipline. However, philosophers of science have questioned the scientific method applied in biological sciences, specifically in evolutionary biology, ever since Karl Popper formulated his principle of falsification. Thus the only major theory in biology, Darwin's theory of evolution, was referred to by Popper as a metaphysical programme. He contended that the theory of evolution is a tautology and laws (if any) in the biological sciences should be unrestricted and universal. As biologists since then have pointed out, biology is a unique science, which requires unique methods to explain its phenomena. The principle of falsification and its application to biological sciences, the uniqueness of biology as a science necessitating different and equally valid scientific methods are discussed. doi: 10.4038/cjsbs.v36i2.487 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 36 (2): 126-133, 2008
Child feeding practices in a rural Western Kenya community
Authors: Mbagaya Grace M.
Published: June 2009

Background: Breastfeeding is nearly universal in Kenya. However, supplementation of breast milk starts too early, thereby exposing the infants to diarrhoea and other infections. Despite the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) of exclusive breastfeeding (EB) from birth to six months, EB is rare and poorly timed and complementary feeding (CF) practices are still common. The study describes feeding practices of children aged 0 to 24 months in the Mumias Division of the Kakamega district in Kenya. Method: Using a cross-sectional study, 180 mothers of infants/children were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, feeding practices and sources of information on the same were obtained from the mothers.Results: Whereas 92.1% of the children were breastfed, only 12.2% of the mothers practiced EB up to 4 to 6 months. Mothers introduced liquids and complementary foods at a mean age of 2.7 months and by the fourth month, more than one-third (34.5%) of the mothers had initiated CF. Apart from water, fresh milk, tea, commercial juices, maize-meal/millet porridge, mashed potatoes, bananas and fruits were also introduced. The perceived reasons for introducing these foods included the child being old enough (33.8%), another pregnancy (25%), insufficient milk (20.3%), sickness of the mother or child (10.5%) and in order for the child to eat other foods (11.4%). Over half (53.3%) of the mothers obtained information on BF and CF from friends, neighbours, media advertisements and health workers.Conclusion: Breastfeeding is common; however, mothers do not seem to practice the WHO recommendations. Mothers in this study area and other rural communities need to be empowered with information on the correct BF and CF practices through existing government health services, nongovernmental organisations and other community-based networks, especially in the light of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
Supercritical‐Fluid‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of Biocompatible Core(γ‐Fe2O3)/Shell(SiO2) Nanoparticles as High Relaxivity T2‐Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Taboada Elena , Solanas Raul , Rodríguez Elisenda , Weissleder Ralph , Roig Anna
Published: June 2009

Monodisperse iron oxide/microporous silica core/shell composite nanoparticles, core(γ‐Fe2O3)/shell(SiO2), with a diameter of approximately 100 nm and a high magnetization are synthesized by combining sol–gel chemistry and supercritical fluid technology. This one‐step processing method, which is easily scalable, allows quick fabrication of materials with controlled properties and in high yield. The particles have a specific magnetic moment (per kg of iron) comparable to that of the bulk maghemite and show superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. The nanocomposites are proven to be useful as T2 MRI imaging agent. They also have potential to be used in NMR proximity sensing, theranostic drug delivery, and bioseparation.
Die biosynthetische Grundlage der Polyketid‐Vielfalt
Authors: Hertweck Christian
Published: June 2009

Molekulares Lego: Polyketide bilden eine äußerst vielfältige Gruppe von Naturstoffen mit faszinierenden Kohlenstoffgerüsten (siehe Beispiele), die aus einfachen Acyl‐Bausteinen synthetisiert werden. Das Zusammenspiel von Chemie, Biochemie und Genetik lieferte wichtige Einblicke in die Programmierung des Polyketid‐Aufbaus und die beteiligten, komplexen Enzymsysteme. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt aktuelle Entwicklungen auf diesem Forschungsgebiet.

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Polyketide bilden eine der größten Naturstoffklassen. Viele dieser Verbindungen – oder Derivate davon – sind wichtige Therapeutika, aber viele sind auch berüchtigte, Lebensmittel verderbende Toxine oder Virulenzfaktoren. Besonders bemerkenswert ist, dass sich die Verbindungen dieser heterogenen Gruppe, zu denen Polyether, Polyene, Polyphenole, Makrolide und Endiine gehören, hauptsächlich von einem der einfachsten natürlichen Bausteine ableiten: Essigsäure. Chemische, genetische und biochemische Untersuchungen haben Aufschluss über die Biosyntheseprogramme gegeben, die zur enormen Strukturvielfalt von Polyketiden führen. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt kürzlich aufgeklärte Biosynthesemechanismen, nach denen höchst unterschiedliche und komplexe Moleküle synthetisiert werden.
Quantitative Assessment of Nanoparticle Single Crystallinity: Palladium‐Catalyzed Splitting of Polycrystalline Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Hyunjin , Lee Myounghoon , Kim Youngki , Huh Jiyoung , Kim Heonjo , Kim Minsik , Kim Taekhoon , Phan Vu Ngoc , Lee Young‐Boo , Yi Gi‐Ra , Haam Seungjoo , Lee Kwangyeol
Published: June 2009

Blick in die Kristallkugel: Ein einfaches Pd‐katalysiertes Ätzverfahren macht die polykristalline Beschaffenheit von Fe3O4‐ (siehe Bild), Fe2O3‐, MnFe2O4‐, CoFe2O4‐ und MnO‐Nanopartikelsystemen sichtbar. Die Messmethode beruht auf dem schnellen Ätzvorgang an den Domänengrenzen in di‐ oder polykristallinen Nanokristallen und ermöglicht eine quantitative Bestimmung der Polykristallinität.

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White Luminescence from Multiple‐Dye‐Doped Electrospun DNA Nanofibers by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
Authors: Ner Yogesh , Grote James G. , Stuart Jeffrey A. , Sotzing Gregory A.
Published: June 2009

Richtig weiß: Durch Elektrospinnen von DNA‐Komplexen lassen sich Nanofasern mit hochgeordneter Morphologie herstellen, die als Matrix für homogen verteilte Chromophore dienen. Die Emissionsfarbe kann über die Wahl des Donor‐Akzeptor‐Paars und das Dotierungsverhältnis eingestellt werden. Die Emission von reinem weißem Licht durch die Nanofasern wird präsentiert (siehe Bild).

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Cycloadditions in the Total Synthesis of Sporolide B
Authors: Li Pengfei , Menche Dirk
Published: June 2009

Closing rings: A recent total synthesis of sporolide B by the Nicolaou group is highlighted by two advantageous cycloadditions. Firstly, a regioselective [2+2+2] cycloaddition of highly elaborate substrates assembles the halogenated aromatic ring and subsequently an ortho‐quinone [4+2] cyclization closes stereoselectively the dioxane‐containing macrocycle. These approaches should be considered in complex target syntheses.

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Mechanical properties and flammability of polycarbonate alloys containing nanosize additives
Authors: Zhang Zhiyi , Liu Yaqing , Zhao Guizhe
Published: June 2009

Different organic–inorganic composite particles [montmorillonite/poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), SiO2/PBA/PMMA, and CaCO3/PBA/PMMA] were synthesized by emulsion polymerization. Furthermore, polycarbonate (PC) alloys were prepared via the doping of these composite particles into PC with a twin‐screw extruder. The structure, mechanical properties, and flammability of the PC alloys were studied in detail. Although the tensile modulus of PC decreased a little, the flexibility and impact resistance were improved by the addition of these composite particles. This result was attributed to the fact that the composite particles were well dispersed in the PC matrix, with a cocontinuous phase formed between the particles and PC. In addition, the combustion behavior of the PC alloys, compared with that of the pure PC, resulted from a ceramic‐like char that formed on the surface of the PC alloys during burning. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of interactions between poly(vinyl alcohol) and urea on the water solubility of poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Lei Chuntang , Wang Qi , Li Li
Published: June 2009

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is an important water‐soluble polymer. Its many applications (e.g., textile sizing, dispersants, and adhesives) greatly depend on its water solubility and particularly on its dissolution rate in water. In this study, urea, combined with methanol, was adopted to improve the water solubility of PVA. The structures, properties, and dissolving mechanism of the modified PVA were studied with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, laser light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The results showed that through specific chemical reactions between PVA and urea in methanol, isocyanate and methyl carbamate groups were generated on the lateral chains of PVA. These large side groups could effectively expand PVA macromolecular chains and hence increase their intermolecular distance, weaken the intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds of PVA, change the aggregation structure of PVA, and decrease its lattice energy and crystallinity. In addition, the isocyanate groups on the PVA macromolecular chains strongly interacted with water. All these effects benefited the water solubility of PVA. Therefore, the dissolution rate of the modified PVA increased by 50% versus that of the neat PVA, and the quality of the modified PVA aqueous solution was improved quite a bit. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009