bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stepwise Size Shrinkage Cascade‐Activated Supramolecular Prodrug Boosts Antitumor Immunity by Eliciting Pyroptosis
Authors: Liang Meng‐Yun , Zhang Meng‐Jie , Qiu Wei , Xiao Yao , Ye Meng‐Jie , Xue Peng , Kang Yue‐Jun , Sun Zhi‐Jun , Xu Zhigang
Published: July 2022

Effective pyroptosis induction is a promising approach to potentiate cancer immunotherapy. However, the actual efficacy of the present pyroptosis inducers can be weakened by successive biological barriers. Here, a cascaded pH‐activated supramolecular nanoprodrug (PDNP) with a stepwise size shrinkage property is developed as a pyroptosis inducer to boost antitumor immune response. PDNPs comprise multiple poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and doxorubicin (DOX) drug–polymer hybrid repeating blocks conjugated by ultra‐pH‐sensitive benzoic imine (bzi) and hydrazone (hyd) bonds. The PEG units endow its “stealth” property and ensure sufficient tumor accumulation. A sharp switch in particle size and detachment of PEG shielding can be triggered by the acidic extracellular pH to achieve deep intratumor penetration. Following endocytosis, second‐stage size switching can be initiated by more acidic endolysosomes, and PDNPs disassociate into ultrasmall cargo to ensure accurate intracellular delivery. The cascaded pH activation of PDNPs can effectively elicit gasdermin E (GSDME)‐mediated pyroptosis to enhance the immunological response. In combination with anti‐PD‐1 antibody, PDNPs can amplify tumor suppression and extend the survival of mice, which suggests a powerful immune adjuvant and pave the way for high‐efficiency immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
Lightest Metal Leads to Big Change: Lithium‐Mediated Metal Oxides for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Jiang Siqi , Suo Hongli , Zheng Xiaobo , Zhang Teng , Lei Yaojie , Wang Yun‐Xiao , Lai Wei‐Hong , Wang Guoxiu
Published: July 2022

As the lightest metal, the reversible insertion/extraction properties of lithium have been key findings in lithium metal oxide chemistry. Lithium has been widely used in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and the reaction mechanism of lithium‐mediated metal oxides has both similarities and uniqueness compared to typical dual metal oxides. Notably, the insertion/extraction of lithium during the OER is also crucial for the construction of novel surface reconstruction models. This review aims to provide the concepts of general OER pathways and key features of dual metal oxides for the OER. As a comparison then the development of lithium metal oxides for the OER is introduced and the chemistry underlying lithium metal oxide catalysts is unveiled. This review also examines the challenges remaining for the relevant catalysts, with prospects for further improving their OER activities.
Screening certain mung bean varieties against thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and exploration of resistance sources
Authors: Yasmin Sabera , Ali Mohammed , Rahman Md. Mizanur , Akter Mst. Salma , Paul Alok Kumar , Akter Mst. Munjuri , Latif Md. Abdul
Published: July 2022

Plant biophysical and biochemical properties play important roles to explore the resistance sources against thrips. In this study, we investigated the effect of trichomes and biochemical contents of 11 mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties to search for the most resistant varieties against the incidence and damage of two thrips species, Megalurothrips usitatus and Thrips palmi. Resistance was quantified by examining the incidence of the thrips on different plant parts regarding the trichomes and biochemical content of the varieties. Further, the extent of damage by the thrips species and the effects on yield of the selected varieties were examined. All the 11 mung bean varieties were attacked by both the thrips during vegetative and flowering stage, however, lowest incidence occurred in BARI Mung‐7 followed by BARI Mung‐8 and BU Mug 2. The lower incidence was associated with higher trichomes and biochemicals content of the same varieties, as thrips population showed significant negative relationships with trichome density, moisture, chlorophyll(a+b), potassium, and phenol content. Although several biochemicals had negative effects, the increasing total soluble sugar content in leaves increased the incidence of both M. usitatus and T. palmi. There was no variation in phosphorous content in the leaves of the 11 varieties. Significant variations were detected in damaging the flower bud, flower infestation, and shedding by thrips which affected the yield of mung bean. Negative responses of thrips to the increasing trichomes, moisture, chlorophyll, phenol, and potassium in mung bean suggest the significance of these properties to develop resistant varieties against thrips.
Improved mapping of nitrogen loss and surplus in China's maize belt
Authors: Tian Xingshuai , Zhuang Minghao , Yin Yulong , Cong Jiahui , Ying Hao , Wang Yingcheng , Cui Zhenling
Published: July 2022

Comprehensive, spatially explicit understanding of N loss from N input in China's maize (Zea mays L.) belt is needed to improve N management and develop N loss mitigation measures for specific locations. However, accurate estimation of N loss remains uncertain mainly because of spatial heterogeneity of emission factors (EFs) and activity data. Here, we built random‐forest models to predict EFs for each N loss pathway (dinitrogen, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions, nitrate leaching, and N runoff) considering soil and climate factors. We then used location‐ and crop‐specific activity data to understand N loss and surplus on a 1‐ × 1‐km grid. Results showed that the N surplus and total N loss averaged 135.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 36.6–261.5) and 87.6 (95% CI, 32.9–162.5) kg N ha–1, respectively, and nitrate leaching and ammonia emissions were primary loss pathways. There was a significant correlation between N surplus and total N loss in spatial distribution, and regions with high N surplus and total N loss were mainly in the northern China Plain and Sichuan Basin, while regions with low surplus and loss could be found in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces. Our results are beneficial to understand specific crop N budget and develop location‐specific N management strategies.
Two antagonistic effects of flow/mixing on reactive polymer blending
Authors: Ji Wei‐Yun , Li Tian‐Tian , Cheng Si‐Bo , Feng Lian‐Fang , Gu Xue‐Ping , Zhang Cai‐Liang , Hu Guo‐Hua
Published: July 2022

Reactive polymer blending is basically a flow/mixing‐driven process of interfacial generation, interfacial reaction for copolymer formation, and morphology development. This work shows two antagonistic effects of flow/mixing on this process: while flow/mixing promotes copolymer formation by creating interfaces and enhancing collisions between reactive groups at the interfaces, excessive flow/mixing may pull the in situ formed copolymer out of the interfaces to one of the two polymer components of the blend, especially when the copolymer becomes highly asymmetrical. As such, the copolymer may lose its compatibilization efficiency. The mixing‐driven copolymer pull‐out from the interfaces is a catastrophic process (less than a minute), despite the high viscosity of the polymer blend. It depends on the molecular architecture of the reactive compatibilizer, polymer blend composition, flow/mixing intensity, and annealing. These findings are obtained using the concept of reactive compatibilizer‐tracer and a model reactive polymer blend.
A New Drive System for Microagent Control in Targeted Therapy Based on Rotating Gradient Magnetic Fields
Authors: Xing Liuxi , Li Dongfang , Cao Hui , Fan Lei , Zheng Liushuai , Zhang Li , Sun Dong
Published: July 2022

Using magnetically powered microagents as precise delivery carriers is a promising technology for targeted therapy. It is a significant challenge to converge microagents to the desired position without sufficient support of real‐time imaging feedback. Herein, a new drive solution is proposed, which generates a rotating gradient‐based magnetic field by sequentially energizing each coil of the electromagnetic coil system. With this method, a high magnetic field gradient concentrated onto a specific target site is generated, which will attract microagent swarms to automatically converge to the target site from different directions. Based on the established model of rotating gradient magnetic field actuation, the relationship between the current inputs of coils and the location of the aggregation center is characterized, so that the target site can be adjusted in the entire workspace by changing the coil current inputs. The method drives microagents to rotate while moving forward, thereby reducing the viscous resistance and friction on microagents. It does not rely on specific trajectory planning and real‐time visual guidance to navigate microagents, and can drive magnetic microagents with different characteristics such as size, shape, and materials. This research provides a basis for using microagent delivery in clinical applications and precision‐targeted therapy.
Pathogenic variants identified using whole‐exome sequencing in Chinese patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Ye Yutian , Huang Qijun , Chen Lipeng , Yuan Fang , Liu Shengguo , Zhang Xiangxia , Chen Rongchang , Fu Yingyun , Yue Yongjian
Published: July 2022

The genetic factors contributing to primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a rare autosomal recessive disorder, remain elusive for ~20%–35% of patients with complex and abnormal clinical phenotypes. Our study aimed to identify causative variants of PCD‐associated pathogenic candidate genes using whole‐exome sequencing (WES). All patients were diagnosed with PCD based on clinical phenotype or transmission electron microscopy images of cilia. WES and bioinformatic analysis were then conducted on patients with PCD. Identified candidate variants were validated by Sanger sequencing. Pathogenicity of candidate variants was then evaluated using in silico software and the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) database. In total, 13 rare variants were identified in patients with PCD, among which were three homozygous causative variants (including one splicing variant) in the PCD‐associated genes CCDC40 and DNAI1. Moreover, two stop‐gain heterozygous variants of DNAAF3 and DNAH1 were classified as pathogenic variants based on the ACMG criteria. This study identified novel potential pathogenic genetic factors associated with PCD. Noteworthy, the patients with PCD carried multiple rare causative gene variants, thereby suggesting that known causative genes along with other functional genes should be considered for such heterogeneous genetic disorders.
An additional patient with SMAD4‐Juvenile Polyposis‐Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and connective tissue abnormalities: SMAD4 loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function pathogenic variants result in contrasting phenotypes
Authors: Gheewalla Gregory M. , Luther Jay , Das Saumya , Kreher Jeffrey B. , Scimone Eleanor R. , Wong Ashley W. , Lindsay Mark E. , Lin Angela E.
Published: July 2022

Loss‐of‐function pathogenic variants in somatic and germline cells in SMAD4 may cause cancer and juvenile polyposis‐Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (SMAD4‐JP‐HHT), respectively. In a similar manner, gain‐of‐function somatic and germline pathogenic variants in SMAD4 can cause various forms of cancer as well as Myhre syndrome. The different SMAD4 molecular mechanisms result in contrasting clinical phenotypes demonstrated by SMAD4‐JP‐HHT and Myhre syndrome. We report an additional patient with SMAD4‐JP‐HHT and aortopathy, and expand the phenotype to include severe valvulopathy, cutaneous, ophthalmologic, and musculoskeletal features consistent with an inherited disorder of connective tissue. We compared this 70‐year‐old man with SMAD4‐JP‐HHT to 18 additional literature cases, and also compared patients with SMAD4‐JP‐HHT to those with Myhre syndrome. In contrast to aorta dilation, hypermobility, and loose skin in SMAD4‐JP‐HHT, Myhre syndrome has aorta hypoplasia, stiff joints, and firm skin representing an intriguing phenotypic contrast, which can be attributed to different molecular mechanisms involving SMAD4. We remind clinicians about the possibility of significant cardiac valvulopathy and aortopathy, as well as connective tissue disease in SMAD4‐JP‐HHT. Additional patients and longer follow‐up will help determine if more intensive surveillance improves care amongst these patients.
Household conditions modulate associations between cesarean delivery and childhood growth
Authors: Veile Amanda J. , Kramer Karen Leslie , Otárola‐Castillo Erik
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Cesarean delivery is associated with childhood obesity in urbanized and sanitized environments, but this is not well‐studied across broader epidemiologic settings. We examine birth mode, household conditions, and child growth in a Yucatec Maya farming community with limited sanitary infrastructure. We test the hypotheses that household infrastructure and epidemiologic conditions: (1) modulate associations between cesarean delivery and growth, and (2) are more strongly associated with growth compared to birth mode.

Methods

Birth mode, household characteristics (construction materials/waste disposal/water variables) and growth were examined in 106 children (0–5 years, 3554 longitudinal observations). A household modification index (HMI) was created to indicate “baseline” (more traditional) versus “modified” (more modernized) houses. Weight/height/BMI Z‐scores (WHO‐standards) were modeled with respect to HMI and birth mode using nested generalized linear mixed‐effects models. A series of interaction models were then compared.

Results

Four household modification variables (concrete roof and floor, latrine/septic tank, burning trash) were associated with greater growth gains and used to compose the HMI. Cesarean delivery was associated with slightly higher Z‐scores for most anthropometric outcomes. HMI modulated the association between birth mode and children's weight and height, but not BMI, trajectories. Weight and BMI Z‐scores, but not height Z‐scores, were higher at all ages under high HMI (“modified”) versus low HMI (“baseline”) conditions regardless of birth mode.

Conclusions

Understudied household conditions can modulate the association between cesarean delivery and childhood growth. These findings contribute to a large body of literature linking cesarean delivery to a variety of child health outcomes including obesity.
Neighborhood segregation and cognitive change: Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Besser Lilah M. , Meyer Oanh L. , Jones Miranda R. , Tran Duyen , Booker Michaela , Mitsova Diana , Peterson Rachel , Galvin James E. , Bateman James R. , Hayden Kathleen M. , Hughes Timothy M.
Published: July 2022

Introduction

We investigated associations between neighborhood racial/ethnic segregation and cognitive change.

Methods

We used data (n = 1712) from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Racial/ethnic segregation was assessed using Getis‐Ord (Gi*) z‐scores based on American Community Survey Census tract data (higher Gi* = greater spatial clustering of participant's race/ethnicity). Global cognition and processing speed were assessed twice, 6 years apart. Adjusted multilevel linear regression tested associations between Gi* z‐scores and cognition. Effect modification by race/ethnicity, income, education, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and neighborhood social support was tested.

Results

Participants were on average 67 years old; 43% were White, 11% Chinese, 29% African American/Black, 17% Hispanic; 40% had high neighborhood segregation (Gi* > 1.96). African American/Black participants with greater neighborhood segregation had greater processing speed decline in stratified analyses, but no interactions were significant.

Discussion

Segregation was associated with greater processing speed declines among African American/Black participants. Additional follow‐ups and comprehensive cognitive batteries may further elucidate these findings.

Highlights

A study of neighborhood racial/ethnic segregation and change in cognition.

Study was based on a racially and geographically diverse, population‐based cohort of older adults.

Racial/ethnic segregation (clustering) was measured by the Getis‐ord (Gi*) statistic.

We saw faster processing speed decline among Black individuals in segregated neighborhoods.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of Functionalized Quinolines by Direct Conversion of β‐O‐4 Model Compounds
Authors: Ding Yangming , Guo Tenglong , Li Zhewei , Zhang Bo , Kühn Fritz E. , Liu Chang , Zhang Jian , Xu Dezhu , Lei Ming , Zhang Tao , Li Changzhi
Published: July 2022

Direct production of heterocyclic aromatic compounds from lignin β‐O‐4 models remains a huge challenge due to the incompatible catalysis for aryl ether bonds cleavage and heterocyclic ring formation. Herein, the first example of quinoline synthesis from β‐O‐4 model compounds by a one‐pot cascade reaction is reported in yields up to 89 %. The reaction pathway involves selective cleavage of C−O bonds, dehydrogenation, aldol condensation, C−N bond formation along with heterocyclic aromatic ring construction. The control experiments suggest that both imine and chalcone were identified as the key intermediates, and the rate determining step as well as the preferred pathway were experimentally clarified and supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Based on this protocol, the conversion of β‐O‐4 polymer delivered 56 wt % yield of quinoline derivative in three steps. This transformation provides a potential petroleum‐independent choice for heterocyclic aromatic chemicals.
Divergent Synthesis of Fused Tetracyclic Heterocycles from Diarylalkynes Enabled by the Selective Insertion of Isocyanide
Authors: Li Meng , Zhang Ruixue , Gao Qiushan , Jiang Huanfeng , Lei Ming , Wu Wanqing
Published: July 2022

Herein, we present a direct and efficient synthesis of diverse polysubstituted fused tetracyclic heterocycles with good functional group tolerance from diarylalkynes under different palladium catalytic systems. In this chemistry, an unprecedented intermolecular nucleopalladation of diarylalkynes through the highly selective sequential double insertion of isocyanide was achieved for the first time. The practicality of this method was further demonstrated by the construction of various bioactive molecules and important structural motifs, with potential applications in materials science and biochemistry. In addition, density functional theory calculations (DFT) elucidated an interesting “Pd walk” during the cyclization process.
A Cathode Interface Layer Based on 4,5,9,10‐Pyrene Diimide for Highly Efficient Binary Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Sun Wen‐Jing , Wang Ya‐Ting , Zhang Yamin , Sun Bing , Zhang Ze‐Qi , Xiao Ming‐Jun , Li Xiang‐Yang , Huo Yong , Xin Jingming , Zhu Qinglian , Ma Wei , Zhang Hao‐Li
Published: July 2022

Efficient cathode interfacial layers (CILs) are becoming essential elements for organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the absorption of commonly used cathode interfacial materials (CIMs) is either too weak or overlaps too much with that of photoactive materials, hindering their contribution to the light absorption. In this work, we demonstrate the construction of highly efficient CIMs based on 2,7‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4,5,9,10‐pyrene diimide (t‐PyDI) framework. By introducing amino, amino N‐oxide and quaternary ammonium bromide as functional groups, three novel self‐doped CIMs named t‐PyDIN, t‐PyDINO and t‐PyDINBr are synthesized. These CIMs are capable of boosting the device performances by broadening the absorption, forming ohmic contact at the interface of active layer and electrode, as well as facilitating electron collection. Notably, the device based on t‐PyDIN achieved a power conversion efficiency of 18.25 %, which is among the top efficiencies reported to date in binary OSCs.
Total Synthesis of Ophiorrhine A, G and Ophiorrhiside E Featuring a Bioinspired Intramolecular Diels–Alder Cycloaddition**
Authors: Cao Wei , Dou Yingchao , Kouklovsky Cyrille , Vincent Guillaume
Published: July 2022

We report the first total synthesis of the monoterpene indole alkaloids ophiorrhine A via a late stage bioinspired intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition to form the intricate bridged and spirannic polycyclic system. Several strategies were investigated to construct the indolopyridone moiety of ophiorrhiside E, the postulated biosynthetic precursor of ophiorrhine A. Eventually, the Friedel–Crafts‐type coupling of N‐methyl indolyl‐acetamide with a secologanin‐derived acid chloride delivered ophiorrhine G. Cyclodehydration of a protected form of the latter was followed by the desired spontaneous intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition of protected ophiorrhiside E leading to ophiorrhine A.
Lewis acids modulation in phosphine‐sulfonate palladium catalyzed ethylene polymerization
Authors: Wang Yong , Pang Wenmin , Zhang Shaojie , Tan Chen
Published: July 2022

Lewis acid modulation in metal‐catalyzed olefin polymerization have received increasing attention. In this work, a series of N‐containing phosphine‐sulfonate palladium complexes were synthesized, characterized and used as stimuli‐responsive type catalysts. The introduction of metal Lewis acids results in significantly improved catalytic performances of N‐containing phosphine‐sulfonate Pd catalysts in ethylene polymerization, resulting in improved catalytic activities and high‐molecular‐weight polyethylenes (Mn up to 369.2 kg mol−1). It was indicated that the metal Lewis acids can form interactions with the N‐containing moieties on the phosphine‐sulfonate Pd catalysts. This provides a simple and versatile strategy to tune the properties of olefin polymerization catalysts.
Synthesis of hollow spherical polyaniline by using poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) sphere as the template for high adsorption of Cr(VI)
Authors: Chang Hejia , Meng Qinghu , Liu Defa , Wu Yue , Yang Zhizhou , Sun Bin , Liu Fang , Liu Yu
Published: July 2022

Synthesis of hollow spherical polyaniline (HSPANI) with the merits of facile strategy, low cost, low safety risk and high adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) is always a big challenge. In this manuscript, we proposed a facile way to preparation of HSPANI by using the poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) sphere as template. The results indicated that HSPANI was emeraldine comprised of lots of basically uniform hollow spheres, and its average pore diameter was about 300 nm. HSPANI displayed high adsorption capacity of Cr(VI), and its value arrived at 601.3, 347.8, 235 mg g−1 at pH = 1, 2, and 3, respectively, which were high than many other adsorbents. The endothermic, spontaneous and chemical adsorption process was responsible for this adsorption. The Cr(VI) adsorption capacity was significant relied on its pH, contact time, Cr(VI) concentration and adsorption temperature. The adsorption behavior was well agreed with pseudo second‐order equation and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models. HSPANI exhibited remarkable selectivity for adsorption of Cr(VI) even if the K+, Cu2+, NO3− and SO42− were coexisted. HSPANI also displayed excellent regeneration performance. Therefore, this work not only provided a facile way to synthesis of hollow spherical polyaniline, but also supplied a potential adsorbent for adsorption of Cr(VI) from the industrial wastewater.
Silk fibroin/calcium alginate composite modifying supermacroporous molecularly imprinted membrane synthesis for high performance on recognizing bovine hemoglobin
Authors: Fan Jie‐Ping , Huang Cong‐Bo , Cheng Yu‐Tong , Xie Chun‐Fang , Chen Hui‐Ping , Peng Hai‐Long
Published: July 2022

Bio‐macromolecule hemoglobin (Hb) is a kind of iron‐rich metalloprotein that abundant in erythrocytes with various physiological properties. Separating Hb from bio‐matrix with high efficacy is crucial to Hb application but quite challenging. In this study, a supermacroporous molecularly imprinted membrane (MIM) was prepared with high performance on recognizing bovine hemoglobin (BHb). By using the silk fibroin and calcium alginate as mechanical modifiers, the mechanical strength of the prepared membrane was significantly improved to at around 0.25 MPa, and the supermacroporous structure in MIM was also formed. The MIM adsorption capacity of BHb was as high as 121.8 mg g−1at the initial concentration of 0.5 mg mL−1. The MIM separation factor of BHb from BHb/BSA mixtures was as high as 7.34, and the relative imprinting factor was at around 4.0. The prepared MIM demonstrated the superiority and the valuable application prospect on specific separation of BHb.
Design and optimization of superabsorbent hydrogels based on acrylic acid/2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid copolymers
Authors: Jomeh Farsangi Zohreh , Song Xuedong , Yang Kaiyuan , Hoare Todd
Published: July 2022

Although acrylic acid‐based superabsorbent hydrogels (SAHs) are widely used in hygiene and personal care applications, the low degrees of true ionization in such SAHs under practical application places a limit on the degree of superabsorbency that can be achieved. Herein, the preparation and optimization of SAHs based on copolymers of acrylic acid (AA) with 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), a strong acid comonomer that remains ionized at all relevant physiological pH values, is described. AA‐AMPS recipes optimized using a central composite design response surface method demonstrate significantly enhanced absorbance under load (AUL) values (>15–20% increase) and comparable centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) values compared to the corresponding AA‐only controls while maintaining strong mechanics even in the swollen state (as much as twice the modulus of the commercial AA‐based superabsorbent). The simplicity of this recipe, coupled with the reproducible achievement of the improved superabsorbency properties using a small adaptation of the commercial SAH synthesis protocol, makes AA‐AMPS superabsorbent hydrogels potential candidates for use in commercial hygiene products.
Free volume in carbon‐black‐filled isoprene rubber investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
Authors: Chiari Luca , Nippa Madoka , Ikeda Yuko , Sato Tomoyuki , Tsujimoto Yuji , Kato Atsushi , Chiba Naomichi , Fujinami Masanori
Published: July 2022

The free volume in the amorphous phase of a simple carbon‐black‐filled peroxide cross‐linked isoprene rubber (IR) is investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy to clarify the structural changes in the rubber phase by the carbon black (CB) fillers. The ortho‐positronium (o‐Ps) pick‐off annihilation lifetime measured in the rubber without CB is around 2.8 ns and is found to be almost constant even after CB filling. This result indicates that in a portion of the rubber phase the free volume remains similar in size to that in the cross‐linked IR without CB. The o‐Ps intensity drastically decreases from 37% without CB to 15% with a CB loading as high as 80 phr. This decline is revealed to exceed the contribution, which is expected only from the decrease in the fraction of the amorphous phase by CB addition, by a factor of 0.37 at the highest CB loading. The additional reduction is related to the generation of a bound rubber layer surrounding the CB fillers with low molecular‐chain mobility where positronium formation is inhibited. The decrease rate is found to represent the volume of this rigid rubber phase and strongly depend on the formation of the CB network structure.
The effect of hydroxyapatite filler on biodegradable poly(sorbitol sebacate malate) composites
Authors: Yusoff Noor Izyan Syazana Mohd , Tham Weng Hong , Wahit Mat Uzir , Abdul Kadir Mohammed Rafiq , Wong Tuck‐Whye
Published: July 2022

Biodegradable poly(sorbitol sebacate malate)/hydroxyapatite (PSSM/HA) composites were successfully synthesized through one step catalyst‐free polycondensation of sorbitol, sebacic acid, malic acid, and HA powder as filler for the composites. The addition of HA improved the tensile modulus and strength of the materials compared with pure PSSM. The elongation at break of the composites was slightly reduced with increasing HA content. The PSSM and HA showed good compatibility, which was evidenced by good distributions of HA particles in the matrix. In vitro degradation and cytotoxicity tests were conducted to investigate the degradation profile and the toxicity of the biocomposites, respectively. The biocomposites also degraded nearly up to ~50% after 6 weeks of study and the degradation products were shown non‐cytotoxic. It was observed that the biocomposites were soft, elastic with Young's modulus and also biodegradable which is potential to be used in biomedical fields such as tissue engineering application.
Determination of three‐dimensional solubility parameters of HNBR/EPDM blends and the transport behaviors in ester solvents
Authors: Jiang Xingwang , Yuan Xiaojing , Guo Xiaohui , Zeng Fanqi , Liu Guangyong
Published: July 2022

To enrich the research on the solubility parameter of rubber blends, equilibrium swelling tests combined with computer software, Hansen solubility parameter in practice (HSPiP), were employed to deeply investigate the three‐dimensional solubility parameters (HSP) of hydrogenated nitrile rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (HNBR/EPDM) blends. And the transport behaviors of four ester solvents have been studied through the calculation of sorption and permeation coefficients. It is found that the HSP values of HNBR/EPDM blends show linear relationships with the mass fraction of HNBR. And a linear equation has been obtained for the calculation of the solubility parameters of HNBR/EPDM blends. Sorption and permeation coefficients show two‐stage upward linear relationships with the HNBR concentration, which can be attributed to the sea phase in the blend playing a decisive role in the transport behaviors of solvents. Moreover, the trend of the selective adsorption of the solvent is more obvious in the permeating process than that at the final equilibrium swelling state. The achievements can provide important guidance for evaluating the liquid resistance of the HNBR/EPDM‐based rubber products in industrial and automotive applications.
Poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne): Widening the application potential in epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy, mechanical property, and unimpaired thermal stability
Authors: Lv Jiaojiao , Chen Bing , Zheng Botuo , Chen Mingfeng , Qiao Huawei , Li Shanshan , Zhang Huagui
Published: July 2022

Aimed at promoting the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP) and widening its applications, a novel flame retardant, poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne) (PPSA), is synthesized from poly(silicon‐alkyne) and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phenanthroline‐10‐oxide (DOPO) to modify EP. The structure of PPSA is characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The PPSA introduction into EP significantly improves its chemical and physical properties. When containing 2.5–10 phr of PPSA, the modified EP achieve better flame resistance capability than neat EP. In particular, EP/PPSA‐5.0 reaches a limiting oxygen index value of 31.2% and passes vertical burning test (UL‐94) V‐0 rating at the same time. The total heat release and total smoke production are lowered by 31.1% and 24.9%, respectively. In addition, the initial decomposition temperature (T5%) of the modified EP is basically unchanged thanks to good stability of PPSA. Characterization of char residues generated in the combustion of EP/PPSA reveals that PPSA protects the EP from fire by diluting flammable gas with phosphorus free radicals and forming compact thermal stable layer containing silicon and phosphorus. Subsequently, measurements of mechanical properties show that impact strength and flexural strength are markedly improved by PPSA incorporation. Therefore, PPSA modifies EP to obtain excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties, justifying an outstanding flame retardant with comprehensive properties.
Synthesis of a triazine charring agent containing hydroxyl and triazine ring and its flame retardant application in thermoplastic polyolefin
Authors: Wang Wei , Lei Li , Bao Qiuru , Liu Yuan , Wang Qi
Published: July 2022

The flame retardant work of polyolefin materials has always been a challenge in the industry. Herein, we report a triazine charring agent (TM) containing hydroxyl and triazine ring. Combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), TM was applied to prepare flame retardant thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) composites. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test show that TM has high initial pyrolysis temperature and retention rate of char residue at high temperature. The UL‐94, limit oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests (CCT) were used to characterize the flame retardancy of TPO composites. The UL‐94 V‐0 rating and LOI value of 29.2% are achieved with a loading of 9.17 wt% flame retardant (TPO‐3). In particular, the fire performance index (FPI) associated with the flashover time also increases to 0.037 m2s/kW compared with TPO (0.030 m2s/kW). The synergistic effects of APP/TM were investigated in depth. The results show that APP/TM system forms a dense and continuous char layer on the surface of TPO during combustion, which effectively insulates the substrate from heat and oxygen erosion. Additionally, APP/TM system also plays a weak but important flame retardant role in the gas phase, including quenching effect of phosphorous compounds and dilution effect of non‐combustible gases.
Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Wang Chen‐Gang , Surat'man Nayli Erdeanna Binte , Chang Jun Jie , Ong Zhi Lin , Li Bofan , Fan Xiaotong , Loh Xian Jun , Li Zibiao
Published: July 2022

Polyelectrolyte hydrogels are emerging materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications due to their tunable biochemical properties, electrical conductivity, biocompatibility and similar network structure to the extracellular matrix in mammalian bodies. In this review, representative polyelectrolyte hydrogels carrying anionic, cationic, ampholytic, zwitterionic and ionic liquid moieties are systemically cataloged to express their chemical structures and preparation strategies. Recent advance of polyelectrolyte hydrogels in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for drug delivery, skin healing, bone regeneration, cardiac tissue repair and anti‐biofouling coating are also highlighted. Eventually, the outlook and challenges of polyelectrolyte hydrogels and their biomedical material applications are also discussed to offer future directions.
From functional genomics of vero cells to CRISPR‐based genomic deletion for improved viral production rates
Authors: Sène Marie‐Angélique , Xia Yu , Kamen Amine A.
Published: July 2022

Despite their wide use in the vaccine manufacturing field for over 40 years, one of the main limitations to recent efforts to develop Vero cells as high‐throughput vaccine manufacturing platforms is the lack of understanding of virus‐host interactions during infection and cell‐based virus production in Vero cells. To overcome this limitation, this manuscript uses the recently generated reference genome for the Vero cell line to identify the factors at play during influenza A virus (IAV) and recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) infection and replication in Vero host cells. The best antiviral gene candidate for gene editing was selected using Differential Gene Expression analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Network Topology‐based Analysis. After selection of the ISG15 gene for targeted CRISPR genomic deletion, the ISG15 genomic sequence was isolated for CRISPR guide RNAs design and the guide RNAs with the highest knockout efficiency score were selected. The CRISPR experiment was then validated by confirmation of genomic deletion via PCR and further assessed via quantification of ISG15 protein levels by western blot. The gene deletion effect was assessed thereafter via quantification of virus production yield in the edited Vero cell line. A 70‐fold and an 87‐fold increase of total viral particles productions in ISG15−/− Vero cells was achieved for, respectively, IAV and rVSV while the ratio of infectious viral particles/total viral particles also significantly increased from 0.0316 to 0.653 for IAV and from 0.0542 to 0.679 for rVSV‐GFP.
Biomanufacturing of glioblastoma organoids exhibiting hierarchical and spatially organized tumor microenvironment via transdifferentiation
Authors: Park Seungjo , Avera Alexandra D. , Kim Yonghyun
Published: July 2022

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor that originates from glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). In the brain, GSCs are supported by a tumor microenvironment (TME) residing in the perivascular niche and the hypoxic niche. The GBM TME is highly heterogenous and exhibits complex cell‐to‐cell interactions. Three‐dimensional tumorspheres cultured in stem cell‐enriching media is often used as an in vitro model. The GBM tumorspheres retain some of the transcriptional and translational GSC features but often fails to recapitulate intertumor heterogeneity. Here, we developed a simple, matrix‐free, and in vivo‐like GBM organoids (GBOs) using patient‐derived xenograft GBM lines in small‐scale bioreactors. Shear stress was optimized to produce highly reproducible GBOs over 1 mm diameter within 4–5 weeks. GBOs exhibited high stemness and strong cell‐to‐cell interactions compared to conventional tumorsphere cultures. They displayed spatial gradients of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α positive hypoxic cores where CD133‐positive cells resided and spatially heterogeneous expression of NOTCH and its ligands. We also observed a self‐established, hierarchically organized, and heterogeneous TME by GBM transdifferentiation into endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes. Collectively, we demonstrate the ability to biomanufacture uniformly sized GBOs that recapitulate in vivo GBM TME features that can serve as an improved GBM in vitro model.
A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 2: Aorticorenal ganglia
Authors: du Plessis Maira , D'Antoni Anthony V. , Loukas Marios
Published: July 2022

Investigation into reports of pain treatment for abdominal cancer and abdominal pain syndromes revealed the lack of human studies on some of the abdominal sympathetic ganglia. Recent studies on renal artery denervation therapy as treatment for resistant hypertension has made the aorticorenal ganglia of particular importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the location, morphology, interconnections, and histological nature of aorticorenal ganglia. We dissected nine abdominal cavities and harvested 37 aorticorenal ganglia. Hematoxylin and Eosin, and Masson's staining techniques were used to study the histological structure. Additionally, ganglia harvested from five individuals were stained with immunohistochemical techniques to test for tyrosine hydroxylase activity. All aorticorenal ganglia were located in proximity to the renal artery, and the majority were close to the vessel origin. Identification of multiple aorticorenal ganglia was the norm, and ranged from 2 to 4 on the left and 1 to 3 on the right. While the pattern of aorticorenal ganglia seemed to be unique in each individual case, the interconnections between these and other ganglia were vast. The aorticorenal ganglia shared direct connections with the celiac, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, and first lumbar sympathetic trunk ganglion. Contributions from the greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves were also observed. While the results of our study may not have direct clinical implications in isolation, the vast number of interconnections with the other abdominal ganglia may cause complications in procedures such as celiac ganglion block. In addition, aorticorenal innervation interruption may lead to hypotension.
Human lumbar sympathetic blockade: An anatomical study to address potential block failure
Authors: Bovaira Maite , García‐Vitoria Carles , Carrera Ana , Reina Miguel A. , Boezaart André P. , Tubbs Richard Shane , Millán Marta San , Reina Francisco
Published: July 2022

The lumbar sympathetic block is often used to treat complex regional pain syndrome, but it seems to have a high failure rate. This study seeks anatomical explanations for this apparent failure in order to refine our block procedure. Two simulated sympathetic trunk blocks were carried out on four fresh, cryopreserved unembalmed human cadavers under fluoroscopic control at the L2 vertebral body level, followed by two further simulated blocks at the L4 vertebral body level on the other side. Dye was injected, and the areas were dissected following a specific protocol. We then describe the anatomy and the spread of the dye compared to the spread of the contrast medium on fluoroscopy. The ganglia were differently located at different vertebral levels, and differed among the cadavers. Following this anatomical clarification, we now prefer to perform lumbar sympathetic blocks at the fourth lumbar vertebra level, using an extraforaminal approach at the caudal end of ​​the vertebra, avoiding the anterolateral margin of the vertebral body at the midpoint.
NF‐κB inactivation attenuates the M1 macrophage polarization in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis by glutaredoxin‐1 deficiency
Authors: Luo Yang , Mo Dan , Guo Hongjie , Ye Cuilian , Chen Bailin , Zhu Hai , Deng Chun , Deng Qin , Guo Chunbao , Qiu Lin
Published: July 2022

The pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is severe inflammatory injury in preterm infants, which resulted from macrophage polarization. Nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) is implicated to be involved in macrophage polarization. We here evaluated the essential role of NF‐κB in macrophage polarization in NEC in human samples from neonates with NEC and the mouse experimental NEC model. Enhanced intestinal macrophage (IM) infiltration was presented in human neonates with NEC, the majority of which were M1 macrophages. Meanwhile, NF‐κB was activated in the IMs in human NEC samples. NF‐κB inhibition by BAY promoted the M1 to M2 macrophage polarization. Furthermore, glutaredoxin‐1 (Grx1) deficiency promoted M2 polarization via NF‐κB inactivation from the lipopolysaccharide‐induced proinflammatory macrophages. The IMs isolated from Grx1−/− mice presented with decreases in total numbers and less macrophage differentiation. Grx1−/− derived IM were effective in the increased survival in experimental NEC through inflammation blocking. Our study provides evidence that NF‐κB inactivation by Grx1 depletion contributed to the alleviation of NEC via inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization. The modulation to alternative macrophages in the intestines may provide a promising benefits for NEC treatment.
Diosgenin promotes cisplatin‐induced apoptosis through oxidative DNA damage in A549 non‐small cell lung cells
Authors: Wang Qing , Zhang Liqiong , Xiao Youchuan , Ghaemnezhad Asghar
Published: July 2022

The efficacy of cisplatin‐based chemotherapy in malignancy is limited by the occurrence of innate and acquired drug resistance. Clinical observations suggest that targeting phytopharmaceuticals is the right choice to enhance the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy. We aimed to evaluate the effects of diosgenin (DG) combined with cisplatin on apoptosis and its underlying mechanisms in the A549 non‐small cell lung cells. Cell viability was measured using an MTT assay. Western blot was used for the measurement of γ‐H2AX and 8‐Hydroxy‐2'‐deoxyguanosine expression level. DCFH‐DA fluorescence dye was used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S‐transferase were also assessed. For evaluation of apoptosis, TUNEL assay was used. DG significantly increases the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin. Besides, DG considerably increased the expression levels of γ‐H2AX in cells. Upon melatonin treatment, ROS levels were increased, and antioxidant enzymes expression levels were significantly decreased. Co‐treatment of DG and cisplatin resulted in increased cellular cytotoxicity through increasing ROS levels, inducing oxidative DNA damage, and decreasing cellular antioxidant defense, hence led to potent induction of apoptosis in tumor cells.
Interaction of KCNA5, CX43, and CX40 proteins in the atrial muscle of patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Wang Keke , Zhao Juntao , Guo Zhikun
Published: July 2022

The objective of the study was to investigate the expression levels of potassium voltage‐gated channel subfamily A member 5 (KCNA5), connexin 43 (Cx43), and connexin 40 (Cx40) in the left atrial appendage of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and the interactions between them. We gathered tissue samples from patients with persistent AF and sinus rhythm and used fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction to evaluate messenger RNA (mRNA) changes of KCNA5, Cx43, and Cx40. Then, we studied the protein levels of KCNA5, Cx43, and Cx40 by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis and the interactions between these proteins were identified by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence colocation, respectively. Compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein levels of KCNA5, Cx43, and Cx40 in the AF group were decreased and the positive expression of KCNA5, Cx43, and Cx40 protein was also decreased by immunofluorescence staining in the AF group. In addition, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence colocation revealed that KCNA5 was coexpressed with Cx43 and Cx40 proteins. The expressions of KCNA5, Cx43, and Cx40 were substantially downregulated in the myocardium of patients with AF and KCNA5 interacted with Cx43 and Cx40 proteins, respectively.
Management of severe low back pain with a focused vibro‐percussion wave treatment: A case report
Authors: Alsalamah Norah M. , Bartel Lee
Published: July 2022

A 49‐year‐old male with severe low back pain (LBP) showed multilevel disc bulges with spinal stenosis. After 18 novel low‐frequency sound wave treatments, initial VAS pain score of 9.5 reduced to 2.5 and the Rolland‐Morris score of 13 reduced to 3. MRI showed some resolution of L3–L4 and L4–L5.
Pitfall of isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection with normal D‐dimer level
Authors: Uno Sumika , Yamashita Shun , Tago Masaki , Yamashita Shu‐ichi
Published: July 2022

A 51‐year‐old man with untreated hypertension developed sudden‐onset epigastric pain. Despite a normal D‐dimer level, abdominal contrast‐enhanced computed tomography revealed superior mesenteric artery dissection. Abdominal contrast‐enhanced computed tomography is mandatory when examining patients with sudden‐onset abdominal pain, even those with a normal D‐dimer level.
Intrusion of overerupted molars with temporary anchorage devices before prosthetic reconstruction: A case report
Authors: Kučera Josef , Marek Ivo , Tomeček Martin , Foltán René , Foltánová Barbara
Published: July 2022

Extraction of teeth without adequate prosthetic rehabilitation frequently can lead to overeruption of opposing teeth, which may cause occlusal disturbances and complicate dental restoration. Equilibration with consequent need of endodontic treatment, surgical intrusion or extraction are often indicated as a remedy in such cases. The article proposes a method of orthodontic intrusion with the use of temporary anchorage devices as a predictable and less invasive option. Important clinical aspects of molar intrusion with respect to surrounding anatomical structures are also discussed.
Suggested risk factor for oral lichen planus arising after mRNA COVID‐19 vaccination
Authors: Zargaran Massoumeh
Published: July 2022

A single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine is suggested for COVID‐19‐infected individuals to reduce side effects due to release of inflammatory mediators such as oral lichen planus (OLP).