bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Critical Analysis of the Shipbreaking Industry in Bangladesh and Potential Practices for Environmental Sustainability and Worker Health and Safety
Authors: Vladimirova Romiana , Zhang Pengfei
Published: March 2022

It has been made evident that in order to improve environmental protection and occupational safety in Bangladesh, it is critical for the country to develop multi-sectoral policy and strategy to promote sustainable shipbreaking practices. It emerges that infrastructures such as hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal facilities (TSDF) are a critical issue that could determine whether or not Bangladesh could continue to operate in the ship breaking and recycling industry (SBRI), even though it does not seem like a current priority for the poverty-stricken country. This chapter aims to examine the current shipbreaking practices in South Asian countries by focusing particularly on Bangladesh and to what extent current practices have impacted the environment and worker health and safety. Primary research was sourced by questionnaires and interviews directed at industry professionals to evaluate whether sustainable shipbreaking practices from “green” yards such as Aliaga, Turkey or Alang, India can be applied in Bangladesh.
Life Would Have Been a Thousand Times Simpler if I Were Not a Seafarer
Authors: Devereux Helen , Wadsworth Emma
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines skills retention in the British shipping industry. In doing so, the chapter explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on seafarers as individuals and the potential for serious repercussions of such impact for the UK seafaring industry as a whole. The findings indicate a clear need for a coordinated effort from the key stakeholders, including national government and shipping companies, to work together to support the seafaring labour force. Providing sufficient support has the potential to mitigate the risk of increasing numbers of seafarers leaving the profession and reduced numbers choosing to join it, both of which could have profound consequences for the industry and more widely.
Next Type of Maritime Leaders for a Sustainable Global Future Maritime Business
Authors: Baylon Angelica M. , Dragomir Cristina M.
Published: March 2022

Sustainable development in maritime education and training can be seen as an innovative approach to educational change in line with higher education for sustainable development initiatives worldwide. This chapter presents a joint Philippines-Romanian study aimed to determine students' perspectives on relevant issues surrounding sustainability, such as their conception, awareness, attitude, commitment, and experiences relevant to sustainable development. Integrated complementary aspects regarding the digitalization needed for the next type of maritime leader were integrated in the study. Data were gathered using a research-made questionnaire validated by internal and external experts and was pilot tested. These were then analyzed using appropriate descriptive statistics. Results suggest that students have a relatively good understanding of sustainability. The majority of them have a positive attitude towards sustainable development and have reflected their experiences on quality education, clean water and sanitation, and affordable and clean energy, among others.
Remote Working in the New Normal of a Global Pandemic
Authors: Kurt Ismail , Aymelek Murat
Published: March 2022

With the impact of the coronavirus epidemic, a new normal shipping approach is expected to be introduced, aiming to complete operations both on land and on board without interruption, in order to ensure the sustainability of maritime transport. In the near future, it is thought that “remote working” will take place permanently in the maritime sector as well as in all other sectors. On the other hand, it does not seem possible for the personnel carrying out ship and port operations with the technologies in today's traditional ships to work remotely. Recently, a growing research trend has been observed in the literature investigating various aspects of autonomous ships (AS). Early research has shown that AS can create potential improvements for cheaper and safer transportation by reducing the impact of the human factor. The aim of this chapter is to address the cohesion of two popular topics of the maritime industry: (1) the contactless working concept triggered by the coronavirus outbreak and (2) the autonomous shipping offering remote control.
Finite Element Analysis in Biomechanics
Authors: Chatterjee Subhomoy
Published: March 2022

Finite element method (FEM) is among the methods of approximation, which is abundantly used to solve the real-life problems that cannot be solved with the analytical methods. The biological systems are complex in nature in terms of geometry, material properties, functioning, and case-to-case deviation. Thus, the standard analytical methods suffer catastrophic limitations in this area. Mainly for this reason, biomechanics is highly enriched with the integration of FEM, which opens a new window with extended capabilities against a logically acceptable margin of approximation. This chapter focuses on designing customized medical devices (orthopaedic and dental implants) and correlating their design with the presented clinical condition and, thus, leading to a criteria of design prescription based on clinical conditions.
Gait Analysis
Authors: S. Monisha Gowri , Avvari Ravi Kant , Baig Mirza Khalid , Arunachalam Thirugnanam
Published: March 2022

The impact of the musculoskeletal system on human locomotion is acquired using force platforms, motion analysis systems, and EMG markers. The kinetic and kinematic parameters can be obtained using the force platform, EMG markers, and motion analysis system. The videos are captured using the motion analysis system and analyzed using suitable software. If the typical gait pattern is irregular, it indicates a disorder or abnormality. An abnormal gait cycle or pattern may rise due to joint pain, muscle strain, deformities of bone, weakness, and other impairments in limbs. The gait analysis is used to study various gait abnormalities. The obtained pattern of abnormal subjects is clinically correlated for the assessment of gait disorders. Gait analysis has a wide range of applications like sports for enduring athletes' performance and injury prevention, in rehabilitation, post-surgery analysis, design of orthotics and shoes, and biomechanics studies of astronauts.
Hidden Treasures of Semiconducting Materials for Quantum Computing
Authors: Pattanayak Dillip Kumar , Padhy Arun Kumar , Prusty Lokesh Kumar , Bhuyna Ranjan Kumar , Pattanayak Samita
Published: March 2022

Quantum computing is based on physical materials. The choice of material is important, and semiconductor materials have become a widely trailed choice in recent years. A lot of initial research into quantum computing only manifested that it could operate at temperatures close to absolute zero. However, because semiconductors are now used in the construct of these systems, it has enabled researchers to utilize quantum computers in room temperature conditions. This is one of the major reasons why quantum computing is close to commercial realization, so the role played by semiconductors is of major importance. It is true that the implementation of semiconductors has been challenging in its own way. Many semiconducting materials can exhibit many quantum degrees of freedom, and this causes the qubits to interact with each and decode quickly. Here the authors try to project a systematic study of different semiconducting materials used for quantum computing.
The Impact of Business Sophistication on Marketing Knowledge
Authors: Pedro Francisco Xavier , Rodrigues Ricardo Gouveia
Published: March 2022

This study aims to analyze the impact of business sophistication on marketing knowledge. The research combines bibliometric literature review, preferred reporting items for systematic and meta-analyses (PRISMA), and empirical approach to collect extensive sample data GII (Global Innovation Index) of 50 countries' business sophistication technologic input-output framework. Furthermore, the research uses multiple linear regression analysis to test the proposed hypotheses. Business sophistication impacts positively on marketing knowledge. However, each technological input pillar behaves differently. This study derives managerial strategies and policies from marketing knowledge.
Employee Perception of the Effectiveness of Digitalized Performance Management Systems
Authors: Maindola Sneha , Kumar Surendra
Published: March 2022

Performance management is a valuable tool for any organization to achieve its strategic objectives and align its resources. It is identified to lead a productive workforce and improves employee engagement. However, due to the disruption of technology in the various dimensions of the environment, HRM systems have undergone many changes. Organizations have adapted to the technological outburst and synchronized their activity around it. Present times observe a heavy use of technology in the day-to-day HR functions. Performance management has also been hugely impacted by the manifestation of technology, where many organizations have adopted the use of technology for the same. The stance of the management on the use of technology for performance management is often deliberated upon; hence, the outlook of employees on the use of technology for performance management has been unclear. For this chapter, the authors consider the employees in the education sector and their perception of the effectiveness of the use of technology/software for performance management based on different parameters.
Digital Technologies and the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Rural Destination
Authors: Ranjan Aditya , Chaturvedi Priya
Published: March 2022

Rural tourism continues to evolve toward an experience economy. Along with rural tourism activities, travelers often enjoy intangible heritage as part of their cultural tourism experience. Digital technologies could aid in the development of online preservation, learning tool, and a set of guidelines based on intangible cultural heritage to assist small rural businesses in designing and promoting sustainable tourist products. The digital revolution has the potential to foster mutual learning among tour operators, tourists, and host communities, in addition to boosting access to cultural material and making it publicly available. However, there is a lack of digital technology in creating a favorable environment to promote the inheritance and enhancement of the value of intangible cultural heritage through rural tourism development. Moreover, the digital optimization of intangible cultural heritage and rural tourism development needs special attention. The chapter provides insights on digitalizing intangible cultural heritage and rural tourism for sustainable destination development.
Profiling the Writing Competency of BAME Undergraduate Students
Authors: Meletiadou Eleni
Published: March 2022

Higher education students from a Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic (BAME) backgrounds tend to withdraw from their undergraduate degree in the United Kingdom (UK). It is therefore important to explore their writing challenges to increase student retention and reduce the ethnicity awarding gap. The current study examines and describes the written communication competency strengths and weaknesses of randomly selected BAME undergraduate ESL students at a higher education institution (HEI) in the UK. Acknowledging the centrality of the text in the rating process, the essays of 20 participants were analyzed to reveal more information about the syntactic complexity, richness of vocabulary, cohesion, and lexical density of these learners' essays and allow the researcher to reflect on ways in which their writing performance could be improved. Therefore, this chapter provides interesting suggestions to HEI and lecturers who are willing to put the effort into improving BAME undergraduate ESL learners' writing skills while preparing them for the world of work.
Wellbeing and Quality of Life of International Students in Australia
Authors: Gowan Sunaina
Published: March 2022

The highly competitive international environment in which higher education institutions now compete mandate the provision of high quality, satisfaction-creating tertiary experiences to remain competitive within the sector. To achieve this, tertiary providers are identifying ways in which they can meet student expectations. Research has identified that in addition to academic delivery, quality of life and wellbeing of international students have now emerged as significant elements impacting student experience specifically after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Advancing College Diversity and Access Through Partnership
Authors: Falk Audrey Faye , Carrasco-Velez Raisa Teresa , Shannon Michael , Proulx Erika
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on the promises and challenges of partnerships as a vehicle for advancing diversity and inclusion in higher education. Designing, implementing, and evaluating intentional partnerships gives all stakeholders an opportunity to advance their inclusion efforts while reimagining the relationship between community and higher education institutions. Moreover, it organically centers the voices of those most impacted by social injustice and systemic inequities. This chapter provides an overview of the Lawrence2College initiative of the Merrimack College Community Engagement Program in partnership with a local nonprofit organization, SquashBusters. Through this initiative, graduate students in the Master's Program in Community Engagement provide mentoring and support to urban high school seniors with a focus on the college application process. The chapter describes how Lawrence2College advances diversity and access in higher education. The chapter offers recommendations for building partnerships that support access to higher education for underrepresented youth.
Autistic Spectrum Conditions in Higher Education During COVID-19
Authors: Johnson Amber L. , M'gadzah Shungu Hilda , Watson Shakara Dellis
Published: March 2022

Evidence suggests a discrepancy in the proportion of autistic individuals continuing to higher education (HE) compared to the general population. Similarly, qualitative analyses provide insight into difficulties experienced by autistic students in HE. Universities have now returned to face-to-face teaching following COVID-19. However, no research has explored COVID-19 anxiety in autistic students, nor their thoughts about returning to face-to-face teaching. Therefore, a thorough literature review will be conducted, exploring the experiences of autistic students within HE. Novel results will be reported. Disabled university students reported significantly more COVID-19 anxiety and uncertainty intolerance than non-disabled students. Similarly, autistic students reported significantly more uncertainty intolerance. Implications of this are discussed. Findings from a follow-up case study suggest a need for improved disability awareness on campus, sensory accommodations, and appropriate mental health support. Support strategies and future research directions are suggested.
Collaborative Autoethnography of Dissertating Students
Authors: Vakil Joanne Baltazar , Weng Zhenjie , Lin Ho-Chieh
Published: March 2022

The pandemic compels higher education programs to consider ways to offer virtual support to students of color. This qualitative study, using collaborative autoethnography, investigates how three Ph.D. candidates from diverse cultural and educational backgrounds experienced isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic and found support and motivation within a virtual workspace. Interweaving a framework minimizing doctoral attrition with communities of practice, the researcher-participants analyze pre- and post-surveys, reflections, and focus group interviews. Key findings point towards (1) social capital inequities and financial disadvantages experienced by international students, (2) tensions and negotiations handled online with social organizations and advisors, and (3) the results of increased emotional support with active participation in a messaging platform. Implications for leaders and instructors in higher education include the implementation of small group virtual spaces as an institutional practice to promote the wellness and productivity of graduate students.
Cultural Identity in the Superdiversity Environment
Authors: Pho Hanh
Published: March 2022

The cultural identity of sojourners undergoing cultural transition, especially student sojourners (also known as international students), has recently become a burgeoning research interest. This chapter presents a longitudinal qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews (N=13), which explores how the students viewed their cultural identities and how study abroad in British higher education might influence their perceptions. The study monitored the experience of the students throughout the sojourn and the re-entry period when they returned home for less than three months. Findings show that after study abroad, most students experienced changes in cultural identities and developed “mixed” cultural identities. Based on the findings, suggestions for researchers and educators in the cross-cultural transition and intercultural communication fields, such as the modification of the definition of cultural identity, are proposed.
Study of Copper Tin Selenide Nanoparticles of Milled Powder and Thin Films
Authors: Rekkache Hadjer , Kassentini Houda , Bechiri Lakhdar , Benslim Noureddine , Amara Abdelaziz , Portier Xavier , Marie Philippe
Published: March 2022

Nanoparticles Cu2SnSe3 alloys were synthesized by mechanical alloying from mixtures of pure crystalline Cu, Sn and Se powders using a low cost planetary ball milling process optimizing the milling duration and the rotational speed. The properties of Cu2SnSe3 (CTSe) thin films deposited by thermal evaporation from this powder on glass substrate at Ts = 400°C were investigated. Powders and films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), to determine their microstructure, morphology, chemical compositions and root-mean-square (RMS) roughness. XRD analysis revealed that all samples crystallize in polycrystalline nature with cubic structure and lattice parameter a = 5.68 Å. The optical measurements were carried out in the [500-2500nm] wavelength range and were determined from spectral transmission data. Optical measurements showed that the deposited layers had a relatively high absorption coefficient of 104 cm-1 and the direct energy band gap was found to be around Eg =1.29eV. The suitable p-type conductivity of CTSe thin films was confirmed by hot probe method. Other electrical parameters (carrier concentration np = 10.04x1018 cm-3, electrical resistivity ρ = 30.49x10-2 Ω cm and mobility μH = 94.33 cm2/V s) were measured at room temperature.
Influence of Lignin Content on Morphology and Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Lignin Composite Films
Authors: Arjhan Arphaphorn , Wacharawichanant Sirirat , Opaprakasit Pakorn
Published: March 2022

In this work, PLA/lignin composite films have been developed for packaging films. The composite films were prepared by a solution casting method. The lignin was prepared from black liquor from the paper industry, by extracting with acetic acids at 50°C. The lignin contents in PLA matrix were 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 phr. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated similar structure of lignin precipitation when compared with the standard lignin. The addition of lignin reduced the tensile strength of PLA/lignin films, whereas the composite film at 1 phr of lignin was more elongation than neat PLA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed the roughness surface and voids in the composite films, except 1 phr and 5 phr of lignin with a better interface between PLA and lignin. UV-Vis analysis indicated reduced light transmission with increasing lignin contents in UV region.
The Recycling Feasibility of Disposable Face Masks by Compression Molding
Authors: Patanathabutr Pajaera , Chutam Jindaporn , EIiamso Chotima , Surakit Apinya , Hongsriphan Nattakarn
Published: March 2022

Disposable face masks which are used to prevent the massive spreading of Covid-19 infection, will be new plastic wastes, causing environmental problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential processability of recycling disposable masks, composing of structural layers of nonwoven polyolefin fabrics by compression molding and grinding before melt recycling. It was found that the disposable masks used in this research, composed of 3 layers of polypropylene nonwoven with different fabrication methods but they had a similar melting temperature (Tm) thus provided the possibility of melt processing after removing accessories such as rubber strap and metal wire. The compressed mask sheets made from 1, 3 and 10-stacking sheets of disposable masks were subjected to the grinding analysis by ImageJ program to investigate the particle size distribution. Mechanical and physical properties as well as morphology study of the compressed mask sheets were further analyzed. The tensile strength and elongation at break of compressed mask sheets in horizontal direction were higher than that of the compress mask sheets by vertical direction due to a folding pattern of the disposable masks. The fracture surface of the compressed mask sheets was hard and brittle thus they were suitable for grinding process. Image analysis histogram showed that the grinding condition of 5 minute-cutting time of the compressed 10-stacking mask sheets provided smaller and uniform particles while the 1-stacking mask sheets had larger particle size after grinding due to their thinness which causes them slip through cutting blade. Grinded compressed masks had potential recyclability for melt blending with neat polypropylene at various blending ratios.
Synthesis of Fluorinated N- Benzylaniline Derivatives and Evaluations on Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Melanogenic Activities
Authors: Singpanna Kanokwan , Limpachayaporn Panupun , Sukma Monrudee , Athipornchai Anan , Nuntharatanapong Nopparat
Published: March 2022

Melasma, freckles, age spots, and acne scars are common aesthetic problems resulted from melanin overproduction. This study aimed to develop new skin depigmenting compounds and characterize on melanin inhibition activities. The fluorinatedN-benzylaniline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for theirin vitroanti-tyrosinase activity. Derivatives withp-fluorine monosubstition,N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3-fluoro-4-methoxyaniline (3d), was the most potent inhibitor against mushroom tyrosinase with 75.4 ± 0.34 % inhibition at 500 µM which was as potent as the positive control, kojic acid. Furthermore, compound3dexhibited superior anti-melanogenic activity in α-MSH-induced B16F10 murine melanoma cells, compared to kojic acid. Therefore,N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3-fluoro-4-methoxyaniline (3d) was proposed as a new agent effective against skin hyperpigmentation.
Improving High Speed Switching Graphene Transistors Using Bandgap Engineering
Authors: Benfdila Arezki
Published: March 2022

Graphene transistors are considered to be the successors’ of MOS transistors for the next generation of advanced integrated circuits. However, graphene suffers from the absence of energy band gap to experience a semiconductor like characteristics. In order to instigate a bandgap in graphene, several techniques and methods are introduced to beak its symmetry. The most common graphene form is the Graphene Nanoribbon (GNR) sheets. Few techniques have been used to grow GNR sheets. However, the main methods that gave better results are bottom-up techniques mainly based on nanotechnology principles. The present paper deals with the investigation of the bandgap engineering approach targeting an increase in graphene transistors switching characteristics leading to higher maximum frequencies applications. The GNR sheets are synthesized using bottom-up CVD based techniques yielding controlled electronics and physical characteristics. Results obtained on few GNR transistor samples compared to other forms of transistors showed good agreements and found to be close to that of standard silicon devices. Moreover, the GNRFETs frequency response is directly related to the bandgap of the material. It has been evidenced that gap modulation modulates the transistor frequency response. Whereas using other techniques, this cannot be achieved. We have found that small values of gap (100-300 meV) led to high mobility and frequencies of thousands of GHz. However, the edge quality limits the maximum frequencies as it induces traps in the graphene generated gap.
Effect of Calcination Time on the Microstructure and Optical Properties of (Zn0.5Cu0.5)Al2O4 Spinel Color Pigments
Authors: Yongvanich Niti , Wannapoklang Krittayot , Tanayut Ketnak , Lakkanasri Patomporn
Published: March 2022

The (Zn0.5Cu0.5)Al2O4 pigments were synthesized by solid state processing with an aim to examine the kinetics of phase formation. The calcining temperature was 1100 °C with firing times of 2, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours during which intermediate grinding was carried out. All five obtained pigment samples appeared to be single-phase as probed by XRD. However, lattice refinement revealed differences in the lattice constant which kept decreasing and reached constancy after 24 hours of firing. Such reduction in the lattice constant was associated with incorporation of smaller copper cations into the Zn-sites. FTIR spectra also supported this result as the relevant peaks still got broadened and shifted for the calcination times of less than 48 hours. Elemental analysis of the 2-hour sample showed small presence of starting precursor particles, though not detected by XRD, suggesting an incomplete reactivity at a minute scale. These structural changes were resultantly reflected by small but significant alterations in the color parameters. A higher degree of solid solution for the samples fired for longer times, as judged by lowering in the lattice constant, resulted in detectable changes in both a and b parameters. Longer calcination times yielded a brighter (higher L values) brownish tone likely due to both diminution in the averaged particle size from pulverizing and completion of solid solution. The first would be useful for good dispersion in glazes whereas the latter could be directly related to the degree of cationic substitution, confirming the expected “true” color for this specific doping level at a particular calcination temperature.
Antioxidant Activity, Antimicrobial Activities, and Effect on the Viability of Fibroblast Cells of Boesenbergia rotunda- Loaded Hydrogel Patches
Authors: Eakwaropas Pattaranut , Aye Nandar Maung Maung , Ngawhirunpat Tanasait , Pamornpathomkul Boonnada
Published: March 2022

Boesenbergia rotunda (B. rotunda) extract-loaded hydrogel patches were fabricated to be an antibacterial dressing. The biological properties such as antioxidant properties, bacterial protection activity, and the effect on normal human fibroblast (NHF) viability were assessed compared with blank hydrogel patches. The antioxidant activity of B. rotunda extract-loaded hydrogel patches was 75.00 ± 0.79 % (at 4-h treatment time), whereas the blank hydrogel patch had low antioxidant activity. The extract-loaded patches exhibited antioxidant activity approximately 16.5 times higher than that of the blank patches. In addition, the qualitative antibacterial activity of the patches was studied by agar disc diffusion. The inhibition zone of the extract-loaded hydrogel discs against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was 7.33 ± 0.58 mm, whereas the inhibition zone of the discs against Escherichia coli (E. coli) could not be observed. Moreover, the quantitative antibacterial activity showed an inhibition effect of the extract-loaded hydrogels against both types of bacteria. After incubation for 24 h, the extract-loaded hydrogel patches inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli at the percentage of 49.76 ± 3.82 and 20.13 ± 2.75%, respectively. The results from the infiltration test showed that the extract-loaded hydrogel patches could prevent bacteria contamination. In addition, no toxicity to NHF cells had been observed. Therefore, the B. rotunda extract-loaded hydrogel patches could be a candidate material as an antibacterial wound dressing.
Assessment of Shellac as Alternative Material for Preparation of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printing Filaments
Authors: Chansatidkosol Siraprapa , Limmatvapirat Chutima , Piriyaprasarth Suchada , Patomchaiviwat Vipaluk , Limmatvapirat Sontaya
Published: March 2022

The objective of this study was to assess feasibility of applying shellac as a biopolymer filament for using in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. The shellac matrices were prepared through hot melt process by heating the ground shellac samples at 80°C in a silicone oil bath under continuous stirring for 15 min. Accelerated stability testing (annealing process) was also performed in order to evaluated thermal stability by re-heating shellac matrices at 80 °C for 12 h and 24 h in a hot air oven. The shellac matrices and annealed shellac matrices were then comparatively characterized. In the present study, all shellac matrices were investigated for physical appearance, acid value, insoluble solid, moisture content and also characterized by instrument analysis including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) and thermal analysis. The results demonstrated that shellac with initial heat (80°C, 15 min) and annealed at 80°C for 12 h had similar properties except the annealed shellac at 80°C for 24 h which shown the lower acid value and formed insoluble solid. The melting temperature, decomposition temperature and melting enthalpy of shellac were around 63-64°C, over than 200°C and 23 J/g, respectively. Furthermore, the extruded filament based on shellac was achieved by hot melt extrusion (HME) technique. The findings revealed that the shellac properties might be suitable to fabricate FDM filaments.
Near-Surface Nanostructuring of Polymethylmethacrylate by Silicon Ion Implantation
Authors: Hadjichristov Georgi Borislavov , Ivanov Tzvetan Emilov
Published: March 2022

The properties of organic polymers implanted with low-energy ions are of scientific and practical interest. In this work, we consider the nanostructure produced in the near-surface region of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) implanted with silicon (Si+) ions at energy of 50 keV and ion fluence of 1016 ions/cm2. By controlled local chemical modification in a depth of 150 – 200 nm, in PMMA was created a nano-thin bi-layer configuration consisting of ion-modified layer and ion-implanted layer with carbonaceous nanostructure. Such complex nanoscale arrangement and organic transconductance configuration was characterized by direct current electrical measurements. The field-effect configuration in Si+-implanted PMMA was driven through the formed ion-implanted buried planar layer (as a channel with a thickness of about 100 nm) of nanoclustered amorphous carbon as an organic semiconductor. The values of performance parameters, such as the charge carrier mobility, contact resistance and gate leakage current of this particular type of organic field-effect transistor configuration were determined.
Microwave Pyrolysis Combined with CO2 and Steam as Potential Approach for Waste Valorization
Authors: Foong Shin Ying , Liew Rock Keey , Lee Bernard How Kiat , Lam Su Shiung
Published: March 2022

Microwave pyrolysis combined with CO2 and steam environment is investigated for its feasibility as an alternative method for waste disposal. The combined use of CO2 and steam under microwave radiation created a synergistic effect in enhancing the thermal cracking of waste material during pyrolysis. The motivation of using CO2 is to replace N2 as carrier gas during pyrolysis as an effort to reduce the production of potent greenhouse gas. In this study, different types of microwave pyrolysis are performed including conventional, CO2 and CO2+steam on waste particleboard. It was found that the utilization of steam and CO2 affect the final pyrolytic products yield and composition. Incorporating CO2 and steam in microwave pyrolysis decreased the yield of char by 33% but increased the yield of bio-oil by 108%. Biochar obtained under CO2 showed well-developed and cleaner pore structure compared to biochar produced under N2. Our results demonstrate that the utilization of CO2 and steam in microwave pyrolysis shows great potential to convert wastes into value-added char and bio-oil with desirable properties.
Properties of Recycled Poly(Lactic Acid) Contaminated with Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)
Authors: Hongsriphan Nattakarn , Jamjalern Chalermpon , Thikulwong Pailin , Yooyen Rawiporn , Patanathabutr Pajaera
Published: March 2022

Poly(lactic acid) or PLA is one of the most important biodegradable plastics that replaces petroleum-based plastics for transparent disposable packaging. For circular economy, the accumulated PLA waste is required to recycle to produce high-quality recycled PLA grades. This research was aimed to simulate the influence of PET contamination (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt%) on properties of the recycled PLA. Two grades of PLA; extrusion and injection molding, were used, and two temperature conditions (180 and 250°C) were used to evaluate the influence of mechanical recycling condition. Mechanical and thermal properties of the recycled PLA were investigated using tensile and impact testing, and differential scanning calorimeter, respectively. It was found that the mechanical recycling at 180°C produced the transparent specimens having unmolten white PET defects, which the mechanical properties were still intact with the PET contamination up to 1 wt%. The mechanical recycling at 250°C produced the opaque specimens with significantly lower mechanical properties due to the chain scission of PLA molecules, and the impact strength was slightly improved due to transesterification. The results could be used to emphasize the importance of the sorting step that the PLA recycling process should be performed with the PET contamination less than 1 wt%.
Defects in Long-Term APC Repopulation Ability of Adult Human Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) Compared with Fetal Liver HSCs
Authors: Nauman Grace , Danzl Nichole M , Lee Jaeyop , Borsotti Chiara , Madley Rachel , Fu Jianing , Hölzl Markus A , Dahmani Alexander , Dorronsoro Gonzalez Akaitz , Chavez Éstefania , Campbell Sean R , Yang Suxiao , Satwani Prakash , Liu Kang , Sykes Megan
Published: March 2022

Immunodeficient mice reconstituted with immune systems from patients, or personalized immune (PI) mice, are powerful tools for understanding human disease. Compared with immunodeficient mice transplanted with human fetal thymus tissue and fetal liver–derived CD34+ cells administered i.v. (Hu/Hu mice), PI mice, which are transplanted with human fetal thymus and adult bone marrow (aBM) CD34+ cells, demonstrate reduced levels of human reconstitution. We characterized APC and APC progenitor repopulation in human immune system mice and detected significant reductions in blood, bone marrow (BM), and splenic APC populations in PI compared with Hu/Hu mice. APC progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were less abundant in aBM CD34+ cells compared with fetal liver–derived CD34+ cell preparations, and this reduction in APC progenitors was reflected in the BM of PI compared with Hu/Hu mice 14–20 wk posttransplant. The number of HSCs increased in PI mice compared with the originally infused BM cells and maintained functional repopulation potential, because BM from some PI mice 28 wk posttransplant generated human myeloid and lymphoid cells in secondary recipients. Moreover, long-term PI mouse BM contained functional T cell progenitors, evidenced by thymopoiesis in thymic organ cultures. Injection of aBM cells directly into the BM cavity, transgenic expression of hematopoietic cytokines, and coinfusion of human BM-derived mesenchymal stem cells synergized to enhance long-term B cell and monocyte levels in PI mice. These improvements allow a sustained time frame of 18–22 wk where APCs and T cells are present and greater flexibility for modeling immune disease pathogenesis and immunotherapies in PI mice.
Molluscum contagiosum eruption during therapy with methotrexate and abatacept: A clinical and dermoscopic case study
Authors: Taviti Franca , Calcinai Alessandra , Scarfì Federica
Published: March 2022

The use of multiple drugs acting as modulators of the immune system are common among patients with severe autoimmune diseases. In these clinical scenarios, great attention should be placed on diagnosing infective cutaneous disorders that can underly iatrogenic immunosuppression. Here within, we report a rare case of molluscum contagiosum eruption on the face and the scalp during an immunomodulating treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, with clinical and dermatoscopic characterization.
Surgical management of large scalp infantile hemangioma in 30-month-old infant
Authors: Bleve Cosimo , Conighi Maria Luisa , Valerio Enrico , Cutrone Mario , Iannucci Giuseppe , Segna Alessandro , Chiarenza Salvatore Fabio
Published: March 2022

Infantile Hemangiomas (IH) are the most common benign tumor of infancy, occurring in over 10% of newborns. The head and neck is the most frequently affected area (60%), and the scalp is a typical site for such large lesions. Scalp-IHs are usually focal lesions that can be both disfiguring and may lead to complications such as ulceration and bleeding. We describe a case of a 30-months old female who presented a large scalp-IH at birth that rapidly grew in the first year of life. Topical and systemic treatments (with timolol ointment and oral propranolol, respectively) were not effective in reducing dimensions of the hemangioma. After vascular imaging study, the patient underwent surgical resection of the IH and primary closure with excellent cosmetic outcome. When medical therapy is ineffective or cosmetic and functional integrity is threatened, early surgery allows to completely removing large scalp-IHs, with good cosmetic results.
Tertullian’s moral theology on women and the accusation of misogyny
Authors: Owusu-Gyamfi Clifford , Dei Daniel
Published: March 2022

Some modern scholars have linked the second century church father, Tertullian, to misogynism. This article wades into the debate over whether Tertullian should be considered a misogynist. Through the combined approaches of historical enquiry and interpretative theory, this article probes the validity of such connections. This article also argues that a consideration of Tertullian’s infamous De cultu feminarum and prevailing views of gender in the second and third centuries CE establish that he was not a misogynist per se. Rather, the offending comments should be understood as part of his broader moral and theological worldview of his time to call the Christian women to genuine Christian virtues, sobriety, sincerity, and continence.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article provides a reinterpretation of Tertullian’s attitude towards women for modern readers. While modern thinkers become shocked of some of his remarks about women, we have shown that a proper understanding of Tertullian’s moral theology will change the perception of modern readers, especially on the accusation of misogyny.
Possibility of Applying Heart Rate Variability as a Screening Method to High-Risk Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients
Authors: Malekmohammad Majid , Adimi Naghan Parisa , Khoundabi Batoul , Omidian Shideh
Published: March 2022

Background:

Altered heart rate variability (HRV) has been associated with a number of disorders affecting autonomic tone, including recent myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and diabetic neuropathy. Furthermore, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been shown to be associated with characteristic disturbances in heart rhythm. In this study, using HRV frequency analysis, an attempt has been made to diagnose or possibly diagnose OSA.

Materials and Methods:

Using Somnologica version 3.3.1 software (Medcare-Embla), polysomnographic recordings were done. Electrocardiographic signals were digitalized with a sampling rate of 250 Hz. Using the HRV analysis report of this software, low-frequency (LF) and high- frequency (HF) information and LF to HF ratio (LF/HF) were obtained at 5-min intervals, then at cutting points 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50, which indicate the intensity of the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI), were analyzed with mean and standard deviation of HRV frequencies.

Results:

According to the results reported in this study, comparison of mild, moderate, and severe cases led to no significant differences, while frequency-domain analysis displayed significant LF/HF increase in more severe AHI cases. This can probably be applied in screening high-risk patients, reducing the application of PSG in high probable cases, and providing an estimate of prognosis of potentials patients for the physicians.

Conclusions:

In the study of frequency-domain analysis, LF/HF increases in more severe AHI cases. These can probably be applied in screening high-risk patients, reducing the application of PSG in high probable cases.
EUS-guided radiofrequency and ethanol ablation for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Garg Rajat , Mohammed Abdul , Singh Amandeep , Harnegie Mary P. , Rustagi Tarun , Stevens Tyler , Chahal Prabhleen
Published: March 2022

EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and ethanol ablation (EA) for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) have recently been reported with good outcomes. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of EUS-RFA and EUS-EA in the treatment of PNETs. A comprehensive search of multiple databases (through October 2020) was performed to identify studies that reported outcomes of EUS-RFA and EUS-EA of PNETs. Outcomes assessed included clinical success, technical success, and adverse events (AEs). A total of 181 (100 EUS-RFA, 81 EUS-EA) patients (60.7 ± 9.2 years) with 204 (113 EUS-RFA, 91 EUS-EA) PNETs (mean size 15.1 ± 4.7 mm) were included from 20 studies. There was no significant difference in the rates of technical success (94.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 88.5–97.3, I
2 = 0] vs. 96.7% [95% CI: 90.8–98.8, I
2 = 0]; P = 0.42), clinical success (85.2% (95% CI: 75.9–91.4, I
2 = 0) vs. 82.2% [95% CI: 68.2–90.8, I
2 = 10.1]; P = 0.65), and AEs (14.1% [95% CI: 7.1–26.3, I
2 = 0] vs. 11.5% [95% CI: 4.7–25.4, I
2 = 63.5]; P = 0.7) between EUS-RFA and EUS-EA, respectively. The most common AE was pancreatitis with the rate of 7.8% and 7.6% (P = 0.95) for EUS-RFA and EUS-EA, respectively. On meta-regression, the location of PNETs in head/neck of pancreas (P = 0.03) was a positive predictor of clinical success for EUS-RFA. EUS-RFA and EUS-EA have similar effectiveness and safety for PNETs ablation. Head/neck location of PNETs was a positive predictor for clinical success after EUS-RFA.
The value of artificial intelligence techniques in predicting pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with EUS images: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Yin Hua , Yang Xiaoli , Sun Liqi , Pan Peng , Peng Lisi , Li Keliang , Zhang Deyu , Cui Fang , Xia Chuanchao , Huang Haojie , Li Zhaoshen
Published: March 2022

Conventional EUS plays an important role in identifying pancreatic cancer. However, the accuracy of EUS is strongly influenced by the operator’s experience in performing EUS. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used in various clinical diagnoses, especially in terms of image classification. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic test accuracy of AI for the prediction of pancreatic cancer using EUS images. We searched the Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies that used endoscopic ultrasound images of pancreatic cancer and AI to predict the diagnostic accuracy of pancreatic cancer. Two reviewers extracted the data independently. The risk of bias of eligible studies was assessed using a Deek funnel plot. The quality of the included studies was measured by the QUDAS-2 tool. Seven studies involving 1110 participants were included: 634 participants with pancreatic cancer and 476 participants with nonpancreatic cancer. The accuracy of the AI for the prediction of pancreatic cancer (area under the curve) was 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93–0.97), with a corresponding pooled sensitivity of 93% (95% CI, 0.90-0.95), specificity of 90% (95% CI, 0.8-0.95), positive likelihood ratio 9.1 (95% CI 4.4-18.6), negative likelihood ratio 0.08 (95% CI 0.06-0.11), and diagnostic odds ratio 114 (95% CI 56–236). The methodological quality in each study was found to be the source of heterogeneity in the meta-regression combined model, which was statistically significant (P = 0.01). There was no evidence of publication bias. The accuracy of AI in diagnosing pancreatic cancer appears to be reliable. Further research and investment in AI could lead to substantial improvements in screening and early diagnosis.
Management of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients of Epilepsy
Authors: Kedare Jahnavi S. , Baliga Sachin P.
Published: March 2022

Psychiatric disorders co-occur very frequently with epilepsy. This guideline covers the etiopathogenesis, presentation, evaluation and management of various psychiatric disorders in epilepsy such as mood, anxiety, psychotic and substance use disorders. It also provides an approach to important special issues in this population.
The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the first UK lockdown on older age presentations to a regional psychiatric liaison service: A retrospective observational study
Authors: Shinwari Sara , Odejimi Opeyemi , Bagchi Dhruba
Published: March 2022

Background:

Loneliness and social isolation may have increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, possibly increasing mental health problems. However, due to fears of contracting COVID-19, patients may not have presented to hospitals.

Aims:

We assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic measures and lockdown on elderly (≥65 years) presentations to a psychiatric liasion service.

Settings and Design:

A UK regional liasion psychiatry service.

Materials and Methods:

Mixed methods methodologies were used to assess data between 01/01/20 and 31/08/20, which were compared to data from the same time period in 2019. Statistical and thematic analyses were conducted to understand drivers of presentations.

Statistical Analysis:

Nonparametric testing and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results:

Presentations to liaison psychiatry reduced by 13% for 01–08/2020 compared to 01–08/2019, with a 42% reduction during lockdown. Average weekly presentations significantly decreased during the main lockdown months only (April 2019 vs. 2020: 213.0 [12.3] vs. 110.3 [22.9] [adjusted P = 0.006], May 2019 vs. 2020: 209.5 [14.6] vs. 148.8 [12.3] [adjusted P = 0.006]). There was only a trend toward reduced elderly presentations from January to August 2020 and during lockdown. Lockdown pressures did not drive significantly more new elderly presentations. However, we still found a highly significant difference in the distribution of causal factors for the elderly presentations affected by the pressures of lockdown compared to those who were not.

Conclusions:

A trend toward reduced elderly presentations during lockdown and the pandemic was found. Thematic analysis supported by further statistical analysis of the drivers of elderly presentations showed that the pressures of lockdown clearly affected older age liaison psychiatry presentations.