bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review on Impacts of Drilling Mud Disposal on Environment and Underground Water Resources in South of Iran
Authors: Bakhshian Sahar , Dashtian Hassan , Paiaman Abouzar Mirzaei , AlAnazi Bandar Duraya
Published: October 2009

In Drilling Oil Wells a system of complex fluids and chemical additives is used. Losses of these fluids in the well during drilling or disposal of them in well site could transfer pollutants to groundwater. In the present study a number of well sites, located in South of Iran, were studied to indicate types and magnitude of various pollutant materials that remain in the environment undestroyed and have considerable impacts on the underground water resources. Hydrocarbons used in Oil Base Muds (OBM) that can't be biodegrade readily in nature found to be the most severe pollutant material caused by disposal of Drilling Mud and Cuttings. Volume of drilling waste for these oil wells evaluated to be an average almost 0.5 m3 per one meter of drilled oil well.

Available common treatment methods were compared to assess the most economically and environmentally attractive treatment scenarios. Thermal desorption and reserve pit without treatment are two most dominant methods could be conducted in Southern Oil Fields of Iran, each has its advantages and disadvantages. Due to geological structure and near surface aquifer in Khuzestan province thermal desorption should be conducted to disposal cuttings to reduce their hydrocarbon content to less than 5% according to European Standard.

Major challenges of drilling waste management program in onshore oil fields of Iran were studied and clear principals for managing waste streams, which include: reduce, replace, reuse, recycle, recover, treat and final dispose, were listed along with material, equipment and strategies that should be considered in each step.

Drilling Fluids, Drill Cutting, Water resources
An Innovative Material for Severe Lost Circulation Control in Depleted Formations
Authors: Suyan K. M. , Sharma Vinod , Jain V. K.
Published: October 2009

High degree of depletion and overbalanced drilling have caused ideal conditions for fracturing and lost circulation. Thief zone introduces severe lost circulation and well control problems, often resulting into loss of the interval or the entire well. In most cases, operators choose to drill such depleted sections with SBM or OBM systems rather than WBM. Dumping mica, nut hulls and cross-linked polymer pills, certainly still work, for some applications, but have narrow operating limits. Very few lost circulation remedies have been successful, especially when using invert emulsion drilling fluids. Controlling losses in this zone has proved to be extremely difficult.

A novel alternative LCM pill has been designed to seal temporarily or indefinitely critical intervals where drilling and cementing operations are very difficult to successfully accomplish. This formulation is prepared with invert emulsion, cross-linked with magnesia, upto 90% soluble, especially designed to be used in pay zones, a low cost alternative and is appropriate for sealing non-productive intervals. The phase change of invert emulsion and addition of light burned magnesia form the viscous fluid and remains stable till activator is not added. By addition of activator, control process of static gelation starts and forms the magnesia cement. Such formulations have sp gr 1.10-1.45 and stable at high temperature (< 120deg C). The apparent viscosity of this pill is kept in the range of 45-60cp to avoid any settling of magnesia. This pill can be retarded for desired time of placement and gives its vertical setting. The compressive strength of the molds is observed 300-1000psi within a short time and also soluble in15%HCl.

The paper presents various formulations of innovative pills which can be used effectively and economically to combat circulation loss in depleted reservoir formations.
Numerical Computation of a Circulating Drilling Fluid
Authors: Gilbert Philippe , Peyson Yannick , Vincke Olivier , Essel Philippe , Naegel Matthieu
Published: October 2009

Deeply buried reservoirs are one of the main options to extend the oil & gas reserves and to keep on satisfying the growing need of energy. In this context, the ability to determine the temperature profile of the mud while drilling is a crucial issue from the design of a well to the control of the rheological properties of the mud.

The present work is a study of the heat transfers occurring between the mud and the formation while circulating in a well. Firstly, a model, based on an empirical Nusselt law, was built and implemented in a numerical software. Secondly, we compared the results found with the numerical software with field data, which was made possible thanks to the collaboration of Total.
Effect of Drilling Cuttings Transport on Pressure Drop in a Flowing Well
Authors: Adesina Fadairo A. S. , Olufemi Adekomaya , Olugbenga Falode
Published: October 2009

Cuttings transport has a major impact on the economics of the drilling process. It is one of the major factors affecting cost, time and quality of drilling wells. In spite of the many technological advances that have attempted to prevent the cuttings transport along the fluid, one significant challenge remains predicting the effect of cutting transport on pressure drop. Many interdependent variables affect cuttings transport and the complexity of the phenomena present challenges to the production engineer whose tries to determine how the cuttings transport affect the pressure in vertical flow.

Meanwhile, many correlations have been developed to determine the effect of cutting transport in vertical flow but there is little information related to effect of cuttings transport on pressure drop and cutting hold up along the vertical pipe.

This paper presents comprehensive details of effect of cutting transport on pressure drop and the detrimental effect of drill cutting hold-up on fluid flow along the vertical pipe.
Engineered Kick-off Plugs to Reduce Unproductive Downtime in Sidetracking Operation
Authors: Banerjee Satinath , Dasgupta D. , Meher R. K. , Jain V. K.
Published: October 2009

Inspite of all efforts to obtain competent kick-off plugs in minimum attempts, plug failure is frequently encountered. It results in unproductive downtime and additional rig costs on repeat jobs. Failure of side track plug is typically due to contamination of slurries during plugging operations. Good operational practices somewhat controls the mud contamination. However, in conjunction with the best practices, implementing slurries least affected by mud contamination can substantially enhance plugging success rate. This paper presents strategies wherein atypical cement formulations (normal / light weight 11-12 ppg) have been engineered for the purpose by incorporating pozzolana materials like micro silica, metakaolin, ground blast furnace slag, either singly or in combination. These non-conventional cement slurries have excellent properties. Formulated slurries have low fluid-loss, nil free-fluid, high stability and excellent rheology for facilitating efficient mud removal compared to contemporary field slurries. Further, mud contamination studies performed showed that these slurries retained much higher residual compressive strengths compared to prevailing slurry designs under comparable conditions. Higher residual strength enhances success for plugging. This study while successfully addressing the industry concern provides solutions for achieving competent kick-off plug at minimal attempts with engineered slurries. The study is focused on practical field challenge and solutions elucidated here would effect substantial savings on expensive rig time as repeated plug jobs would be reduced / eliminated. Details of the novel slurries with conclusions and recommendations derived from this endeavor are presented in this paper.
Flexible 4 3/4 Inch LWD System Enhances Short Radius Horizontal Drilling Applications in Ghawar Field, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Azizi Mohamed Ibrahim , Al-Mumen Adib , Al-Beloi Ali , Al-Hameli Mohammed , Ibrahim Merie , Aly Bassiouny , Maclver Lewis , Carr David , Qutob Hani
Published: October 2009

The benefit of acquiring valid formation evaluation data while drilling is becoming a very important factor in deciding the value of any reservoir characterization program. Providing this data in real time with LWD tools allows for real time data evaluation and decision-making. In addition, the ability to measure accurate LWD formation data in wells featuring a variety of high dogleg represents a significant opportunity for safe and cost-efficient well-bore construction.

The development of the 4.3/4. Inch LWD system including directional, gamma ray, density, neutron and resistivity enabled Logging While Drilling and the acquisition of Triple Combo data in high dogleg (up to 68º/100ft) short radius wells without having to do multiple logging runs after landing the well.

Historically the buildup sections of these wells had to be logged after the well was landed due to the inability to run LWD tools while drilling the curve section. Implementation of short radius horizontal drilling in the Ghawar field has revitalized this field and created additional recoverable reserve.

Selection of this strategy above 60º/100ft is based on cost, drilling time and minimizes drilling through tough formations such as the anhydrite above the Arab-D reservoir, as this technique provides a shorter curve section.

This paper describes the results of these case studies. The knowledge, experience and lessons learned that lead to overcoming the limitations faced in the drilling of ultra-short radius wells will also be addressed and discussed.
Openhole ICD Completion With Fracture Isolation in a Horizontal Slimhole Well: Case Study
Authors: Young Dustin , Al-Muraidhef Mohammed , Smith Peter E. , Awang Mohammad Zaki
Published: October 2009

Preventing water or gas breakthrough and equalizing flow are two of the primary challenges that must be resolved when producing from horizontal slimhole wells. This paper presents a "first-of-its-kind" concept that was used in a well operated by a major Middle Eastern operator to prevent/delay water/gas breakthrough and to equalize the flow across a 3-7/8-in. horizontal open hole. Inflow-Control Device (ICD) completions often are used in slimhole horizontal redrills, and the new design used in wells discussed in this paper combined the ICD concept with four swellable packers to compartmentalize the hole.

Swellable packers use rubber around the packer that will expand when introduced to hydrocarbons or water so that the annulus is permanently sealed. The well, completed in the Middle East carbonate formation where natural fracturing is commonplace, employed a 2-3/8-in. pre-perforated liner and two swellable packers with blank pipe between to isolate a fracture. This fracture, had it been allowed to produce, would have been detrimental to well performance and would have led to a costly workover operation.

An additional swellable packer was included in the liner to compartmentalize the reservoir section below the fracture. The completion assembly was run into the open hole with a hydraulic disconnect tool, which included a fourth swell packer above to provide isolation inside the previous casing.

The paper describes swellable packer technology and the well completion from concept evaluation to execution of the final completion. In addition to the background information, the discussion will include the post analysis that used well rates and reservoir pressure to gauge the effectiveness of the final concept.

The completion design was developed by a multi-disciplinary team that had been assembled to review the latest technologies and to successfully bring the concept to reality. The initial performance of this well met the operator's goals for good oil production with a stable water cut.
Thinking Outside Conventional Aerospace and Defense Technical
Publications Using Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
Authors: Santhosh Baboo S. , Lobo Nikhil
Published: October 2009

In Aerospace and Defense, documentation is of a very large size, highly structured and needs constant
updating. Managing this documentation has been a constant challenge to this industry. Moreover accuracy of data is a
critical aspect of constant worry to publication managers.

At present, documentation is being created using traditional publishing software resulting in wastage of time and effort.
Time is spent in formatting documents instead of creation of content. Each time a document is created or updated
formatting has to be applied manually. Preparing documents for print or web requires complete reformatting. Content is
not structured across similar types of publications resulting in no consistency.

Standard Generalized Mark-up Language (SGML) allows a document to be broken up into modules allowing reusability.
SGML enforces content to be developed in a structured manner maintaining consistency across publications. This
structured approach is achieved using a Document Type Definition (DTD). Separation of content from formatting is
achieved using Format Output Specification Instance (FOSI).
Effect of Short-Time Povidone-Iodine Application on Osteoblast Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Schmidlin P.R , Imfeld T , Sahrmann P , Tchouboukov A , Weber F.E
Published: October 2009

Background and Objective:

Povidone-iodine [polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex (PVP-I)] is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, frequently used in dentistry. In this study we investigated the short- and longterm effects on osteoblast number, viability, and function after short exposure to PVP-I with and without additional bone-morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2).

Material and Methods:

Confluent osteoblast-like cell line (MC3T3-E1, subclone 24) cultures were exposed to pure PVP-I solution (7.7 mg/ml) and dilutions of 1:10, 1:100 and 1:1000 for 10 seconds and washed with phosphate buffer solution. Cell proliferation and viability was determined by MTT and differentiation status by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity 6 days after initial plating. In a separate experiment, long-term cell proliferation, viability and function were assessed 4 weeks after PVP-I treatment by MTT and deposited calcium using an Alizarin-red staining test.

Results:

PVP-I decreased ALP activity substantially. Stimulation by BMP-2 recovered ALP activity to near control levels at 1:100 and 1:1000 dilutions of PVP-I. The MTT assay showed reduced proliferation of the preosteoblastic cells for all treatments, irrespective whether BMP-2 was used or not. Only at PVP-I dilutions of 1:1000 proliferation rate was back to normal levels (95.6±2.4 %). No adverse long-term effect of PVP-I on mineralization of the extracellular matrix (Alizarinred) for dilutions higher than 1:100 was observed. Interestingly, undiluted and 1:10 diluted PVP-I even showed a significant increase in mineral deposition, especially in the presence of BMP-2.

Conclusion:

Short-time application of PVP-I in concentrations of 1:10 and higher lead to decreased viability and impaired differentiation. However, surviving cells showed good recovery and mineralization potential.
Professional Engineers Act
Authors: Memari A. R.
Published: October 2009

In this chapter the candidates are provided with definitions of by-laws, Power of
Minister, regulations, executive committee, issuance of licence, issuance of certificate of
authorization, supervision by professional engineer, duties of registrar, duties of complaints
committee, registrar investigation, confidentiality, penalties and many more.
Index
Authors: Memari A. R.
Published: October 2009

Full text available
Qualitative Judgments and Consistency in Business Valuation
Authors: Sack Elmaleh Michael
Published: October 2009

Qualitative judgments are an integral part of business valuation practice. These judgments are often viewed with suspicion as being "subjective" and more prone to bias than quantitative procedures. These judgments are not subjective and not necessarily biased. However, qualitative judgments are often a source of bias and their abuse can and often does lead to wildly inconsistent results in actual practice.The solution to this problem is not the elimination of qualitative judgments. This is neither desirable nor possible. Two approaches to the treatment of qualitative judgments may reduce their misuse: first, judicious limiting of acceptable choices in making particular judgments and second, the breaking down of large qualitative judgments into smaller components by wider use of ordinal scale.
A measure of nonlinearity in singular nonlinear regression models
Authors: Kubáčcek Lubomír
Published: October 2009

The method used in nonlinear regression is most of the time the nonlinear squares. If the nonlinearity of the model is not too strong, it is possible to linearize the model and to use the linear statistical theory which is more simple. The question is under which condition this can be done. If the linearized model is regular such criteria were found. To find a solution for singular models is the aim of the paper.
Data driven rank statistics in change point analysis
Authors: Antoch Jaromír , Hušková Marie
Published: October 2009

The paper deals a class of rank based procedures for detection of changes with adaptively chosen scores. This is a certain continuation of the paper Antoch et al (2008). The limit behavior of the test procedures is studied both under the null as well as under a general class of alternatives. Accompanying simulation study focuses on various alternatives which are often met in practice.
Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: García Villalba Luis Javier , Sandoval Orozco Ana Lucila , Triviño Cabrera Alicia , Barenco Abbas Cláudia Jacy
Published: October 2009

The applications of wireless sensor networks comprise a wide variety of scenarios. In most of them, the network is composed of a significant number of nodes deployed in an extensive area in which not all nodes are directly connected. Then, the data exchange is supported by multihop communications. Routing protocols are in charge of discovering and maintaining the routes in the network. However, the appropriateness of a particular routing protocol mainly depends on the capabilities of the nodes and on the application requirements. This paper presents a review of the main routing protocols proposed for wireless sensor networks. Additionally, the paper includes the efforts carried out by Spanish universities on developing optimization techniques in the area of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks.
La place des groupements d'exploitations dans l'évolution des firmes en agriculture
Authors: Nicolas Philippe
Published: October 2009

Although joint farming is in the center oj present interest it is not yet very Well \nown. Up to the present time, agriculture has been to a great extent an enterprise where most oj the inputs are self supplied and where the farmer carries on numerous activities. Technical progress has brought about a slow evolution especially in the ancillary farm activities. In the beginning mechanization does not bring about any structural change. But when it develops, it forces the farmers to group their farms or to give them up. The integration phenomenon which has been spectacular in poultry breeding could affect other branches of production in the coming years. « Industrial and commercial joint farming » would help farmers to \eep the control over ancillary activities.

Ambitious farmers would he able to participate in big modern enterprises with joint management. The cooperatives would profit by this situation. The events that upset the organization and the external relations of a farm claim new research methods. This group farming could accomplish the transition from a self supplied agriculture to an industrial agriculture. This would be a conspicuous experience if the farmers could ^eep their decision power.
Réflexions sur l'objet de l'économie rurale
Authors: Boussard Jean-Marc
Published: October 2009

In any disciplin, progress of knowledge depend on the validity of the concepts and theories which lie at its center. A historical study of the French school oj farm economics leads us to think that this school has often set the problems badly. Especially the theory according to which agriculture, by its biological nature, is a field completely apart in economics, does not seem able to improve economic thought applied to agriculture. On the contrary, interesting results have been obtained by applying certain concepts of the general economics. Thus it seems more fruitful to build up the conceptualization from the general economic theory. Here We must not forget that the existing agricultural structures give a distinguished caracter to this sector. This caracter justifies studies of the sector by specialized economists and leads to a planing of the research considering both themes of the general theory and the specific character of farm economics involved in every subject.
La coopération en Irlande
Authors: Smith Louis P.F.
Published: October 2009

La coopération n'a pu se développer en Irlande avant 1880, par suite de l'insécurité totale du régime foncier. Le développement des coopératives fut plutôt le fait d'intellectuels que de fermiers. Elle se développa néanmoins rapidement avec l'espoir que les coopératives seraient au service de toute la communauté pour l'achat, la vente, l'éducation. Les coopératives connurent un sérieux recul quand, aux environs de 1920, de par leur neutralité politique, elles furent méprisées par les nationalistes et brûlées par les britanniques. Leurs membres furent alors divisés par la Guerre Civile et la chute des prix agricoles nuisit aux affaires.

Voici maintenant le second printemps du mouvement coopératif. Sur des bases économiques consolidées les coopératives groupent une nouvelle génération de fermiers, mieux instruits, plus ambitieux sur le plan économique, étudiant l'usage des coopératives qui existent et le développement de nouvelles.

Les problèmes actuels sont la stabilisation des laiteries en unités traitant 250.000 tonnes de lait par an.
Construction de familles de modèles d'exploitations. Etude des possibilités d'application à l'agrégation de l'offre régionale des produits agricoles
Authors: Le Grontec Ph.
Published: October 2009

The object of this article is to present the methods for building up regional supply functions of farm products and to measure their evolution. To estimate the supply function, the author at first classifies the farms in homogenous groups each represented by an average discriptive model. The criterion which has been used to obtain the homogeneity is the farm income.

After that, the aggregate supply function for each product is obtained by Weighing the produced quantities in each model with the number of farms it represents.

On the other hand, the results of the potential model calculations obtained by the budgeting method or parametric linear programming give informations about likely and possible medium-term evolutions of the regional descriptive models.

The relevance is important on the regional level for advisers in farm management, the extention workers and the statisticians, and on the national level for the interregional planning.
Etudes sur la concurrence pour la terre agricole
Authors: Wibberley G.P.
Published: October 2009

Ce que les Anglais pensent de la terre, dans un pays où elle est rare. La croissance des besoins urbains a nécessité la mise au point d'une planification et d'une législation énergiques.

Cependant, l'agriculture anglaise disposera-t-elle d'assez de terres en 1980 ? Quelles seront les terres consacrées aux besoins urbains ?
Une approche pour l'étude de la production agricole»
Authors: H. Day Richard
Published: October 2009

The main purpose of this paper is to show how a knowledge of structure may be used to construct a, model that simulates aggregate producers actions. The .resulting model , is useful in explaining past production patterns, predicting future changes, assessing effects of alternative policies, and providing a theoretical understanding of the many forces that determine production through time.

The author develops certain hypotheses of long standing in economic theory in an explicitly empirical and institutional context and notes:

— the neoclassical concept. that firms maximise something when they determine output;

— the Marshallian relation of investment to past profits, and quasirents;

— the Schumpeterian relation between investments and i technological change.

To these he adds the use of behavioral constraints that arise from uncertainty and lack' of knowledge.
L'évolution du salariat en agriculture
Authors: Delorme Pierre
Published: October 2009

Before opening the discussion on agricultural workers, precise information through statistical data should be given about the nature and the distribution of the employments, the evolution of salaries and their level compared to those of the industrial sector. The gap between these salaries is of common knowledge, but what is less known is the progressive filling of this gap in certain areas these last years.
Les saisonniers dans le Midi
Authors: Privat L.
Published: October 2009

Cinq départements méridionaux emploient 53,7 % des saisonniers qui viennent chaque année travailler en France. Ici « saisonniers » équivaut plus ou moins à « espagnols ».

Quelle place est faite à ces salariés, sur le plan du travail, du logement, des loisirs, sur le plan humain ?
Place des salariés en grande culture : évolution et perspectives
Authors: Rolland L. , Brun André
Published: October 2009

L'évolution technique est en grande partie responsable de la diminution de la main-d'œuvre salariée agricole de grande culture. Cette contraction des effectifs se fait sélectivement, et s'accompagne d'une évolution sociale qui contribue à donner au groupe des salariés sa physionnomie actuelle.

Deux enquêtes répétées dans un groupe d'exploitations permettent de juger de ces évolutions et de s'interroger sur la prolongation des tendances constatées.
La promotion des salariés dans l'entreprise agricole
Authors: Lalu Emile
Published: October 2009

The rapid growth of a farm business has forced its manager to hand over authority and responsability to a worker.

Could this kind of structure promote the advancement of the farm worker ?
Aspects de l'évolution du droit du travail en agriculture
Authors: Legendre Pierre
Published: October 2009

Le droit du travail, pendant longtemps, n'a concerné que l'industrie. Il fut appliqué tardivement à l'agriculture. C'est surtout après la deuxième guerre mondiale que fut élaborée une législation du travail propre à l'agriculture.
Analyse économique et agriculture sous contrat
Authors: Labonne Michel
Published: October 2009

In order to solve the problems of contract farming, the marginal analysis should be used for the economy of the firm.

Through a différent approach, structural analysis, sets of firms can be studied.

Structural analysis seems fruitful ; however, both methods can be used by turns, according to their particular conditions.
Ebauche de classification économique des exploitations agricoles françaises en 1963
Authors: Sébillotte Jean
Published: October 2009

« II semble que le peuple français, écrivait Tocqueville, soit comme ces prétendus corps élémentaires dans lesquels la chimie : moderne rencontre de nouvelles particules séparables à mesure qu'elle les regarde de plus près ». La .remarque1 est entièrement valable pour les agriculteurs. Les paysans ! C'est là une expression paresseuse pour désigner une classe sociale, souvent considérée comme homogène alors qu'elle ne l'est pas.

C'est pourquoi nous avons tenté depuis plusieurs années d'établir une nouvelle classification des exploitants agricoles afin de mettre en évidence des groupes socio-économiques et de montrer leurs rôles respectifs dans l'économie agricole française. Ici M. Sébillotte explique, avec compétence et prudence, comment il a élaboré une « ébauche de classification économique des exploitations agricoles ». Dans la revue Projet, nous commentons les «catégories d'exploitations agricoles en France».
L'agriculture et le commerce
Authors: Richter J.H.
Published: October 2009

After the Second World War the GATT has contributed much to facilitate the growth, of international trade and the rationality of economic effort. In the agricultural sector, however, exemptions and loopholes strengthened national protectionism. In there a justification for economic policy concerning agriculture to depart considerably fromths principle of comparative cost , and that oft free trade which should proceed from it ?

Agriculture in an expanding industrial economy labours under, several major handicaps. The rapid progress in technology is a disadvantage. Farmers have largely come to depend on their, gouvernments. The price system alone connot lead to an optimal allocation of resources.

The author then rapidly examines the particular situation of , agriculture in the Kennedy Round. How will it be possible to establish a peaceful coexistence between an inevitable protection of agriculture and a reasonable volume of : agricultural trade ?
Le cinquième Congrès de la Société européenne de sociologie rurale (compte rendu)
Authors: Thomine-Desmazures Micheline
Published: October 2009

Ce congrès a eu lieu en Irlande (collège de Maynooth, Dublin). Les 150 participants représentaient presque tous les pays d'Europe et les délégations les plus importantes étaient celles de l'Allemagne (24), de l'Irlande (24), des Pays-Bas (35) et de l'Angleterre (20). La France, par contre, était faiblement représentée (12).

Chargés par: la Société Européenne de Sociologie Rurale d'organiser le congrès, les Irlandais ont admirablement fait face à cette, tâche difficile et les congressistes n'ont, eu qu'à se réjouir d'une organisation efficace et d'un accueil très chaleureux.
Organisation et résultat du crédit agricole chez les partenaires de la France dans le Marché commun
Authors: Clerc François
Published: October 2009

Les institutions du Crédit agricole dans les pays de la CEE ont chacune leur caractère propre à leurs ressources, leurs missions, et les conditions d'octroi de prêts varient.

Comment évoluera le Crédit agricole dans le Marché Commun ? L'endettement de l'agriculture ira croissant, du fait de la souhaitable modernisation de l'équipement agricole, peut-être aussi à cause du problème foncier.

S'achemine-t-on vers une uniformisation du crédit à l'agriculture dans la CEE ? Contraire à l'esprit du traité de Rome, cette uniformisation ne paraît pas opportune.
Quelques réflexions sur le réajustement des fonctions et de la structure du Crédit agricole dans la société industrielle
Authors: Lecardonnel Maurice
Published: October 2009

The financing of the farm has a double aspect: financing of land purchases and of the operating capital.

The farm and food industries, cooperatives or not cooperatives, which are an economic extention of the farm, also demand an important financing just as the improvements of rural are as and the services necessary to the farmer.

Should the farm credit be confined only to financing land purchases and the operating capital?

On the contrary, following the example of the neighbour coutries, it might contribute to the development of rural life (housing, handicraft, liberal professions, tourism, rural trade, etc.).

Should the farm credit organization be the « credit of the farmers » or a « financial support of the agricultural and rural economy » ? The answer depends on the amount of resources collected by the farm credit organization.
Développement et évaluation du bilan comptable de l'agriculture américaine
Authors: Upchurch Melvin L.
Published: October 2009

Les services économiques du Ministère Fédéral de l'Agriculture des Etats-Unis publient depuis 1940 des rapports annuels sur le bilan de l'Agriculture.

Il s'agit d'un bilan au sens comptable du mot, c'est-à-dire d'un tableau évaluatif des éléments de l'actif et du passif de l'agriculture, considérée comme une seule exploitation.
Etude du métayage à partir de quelques exploitations choisies au sein d'une commune
Authors: Maugenest Philippe
Published: October 2009

Sous sa forme actuelle, le métayage tend à disparaître. Une enquête limitée montre quelles sont les modifications apportées à ce mode de faire-valoir. Elles amènent les propriétaires à investir davantage, à modifier la rémunération du métayer et de sa famille, à réaliser une autre forme d'association capital-travail.
Mobilité professionnelle et amélioration des revenus des ménages agricoles, le cas des usines Citroën à Rennes
Authors: Jégouzo Guenhaël
Published: October 2009

The result of an inquiry made in 1966-1967 into certain aspects of the socio-economic influences of a factor set up near one of the most under-developed regions of inland Brittany, provide elements for the analysis of the means by which and to what extent agricultural occupational mobility is a means of reducing the material poverty of- agricultural workers.

Going to work in or factory means, first of all, the end of. low incomes for the workers changing occupations although the majority are only unskilled Workmen. Moreover, in the labour recruiting area industrial Wages tend to increase .the resources of agricultural households or families when the workman from an agricultural background continues to be a member of an agricultural house-hold (55,6 % of workmen who fomerly helped on the family farm live with their parents who are farmers) or as a secondary occupation, runs a farm himself 17, 6 % of those questioned).

The number of cases in which, occupational mobility can be a source of equality for the man changing occupations or for his family , is limited by the reluctance of certain workers to leave their agricultural activity — but this reluctance is seen to be less important when the factory is near-by — and by the vequirements of industrial employers ,taking-on workers, especially as far as age and training are concerned.

If it is false to believe that industrial decentralization will absorb all agricultural poverty, it does still represent the basis of the struggle against agricultural Workers low incomes.
Caractéristique socio-économique des paysans-ouvriers et des ménages de paysans-ouvriers en Tchécoslovaquie
Authors: Cihakova Kveta
Published: October 2009

Families of part-time farmers do not represent more than 4,4 % of the total population. In the opinion of people living in towns ass well as in that of those living in the coutry this kind of double activity is condamned. These criticisms are not true to-day, in that part-time farmers working both a the factory and on their own plot are not concerned, but only families of which some members are at the same time farm-and industrial-workers : they have become workers members of a cooperative. The head of the family does not work at the cooperative ; his wife or his children work there only a tew days a year.

In spite of this evolution, the cultural standard of these families does not rise as quickly as that of the other workers, because they do not enjoy as much free time. On the other hand their stantard of living is hioher : beig provided with food and lodging they car invest the rest of their income in their ower farms, in the improvement of the house or ofits equipment ; or in helping their children financially. In short : a paradox !
L'agriculture à temps partiel en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles
Authors: Harrison Alan
Published: October 2009

Dans le bassin de Londres se développe un type d'agriculture à temps partiel d'un genre très particulier. Il est lié à la civilisation hautement industrialisée de cette zone, et trouve sa justification historique dans le prestige social auquel est attaché la propriété agricole. Des rapports étroits et nouveaux se nouent donc entre l'industrie, le commerce et cette agriculture.

Ce phénomène est très distinct de l'agriculture à temps partiel des zones pauvres, dans lesquelles pourtant le tourisme (gîtes ruraux) tend à introduire un nouveau type de relations.

Pourquoi cette agriculture à temps partiel des industriels et des commerçants est-elle si peu développée sur le continent européen ?
Possibilités d'amélioration de l'élevage de viande en Limousin
Authors: Desthieux B.
Published: October 2009

L'élevage spécialisé du Limousin est-il compétitif ? Une certaine intensification fourragère, une meilleure gestion du troupeau à viande, un regroupement des éleveurs pour achever les animaux sont nécessaires.

Cependant, l'orientation commerciale est également à revoir : plutôt que de produire surtout de l'extra, les éleveurs limousins feraient mieux de s'orienter vers une production standard de jeunes bovins, destinés à la distribution de masse et à l'exportation en Europe.
Prévisions démographiques et équipement hydraulique d'une zone à vocation touristique : la Corniche des Maures
Authors: Falque M.
Published: October 2009

Une prévision démographique à long terme est nécessaire pour évaluer les besoins futurs en eau. Elle interdit le simple prolongement des tendances passées. Il faut tenir compte des changements induits par la modification des habitudes de vie, de l'urbanisation, de la répartition des emplois...
Evolution de l'économie agricole en Tchécoslovaquie
Authors: Fleck Joseph
Published: October 2009

The economic situation in Czechoslovakia : priority given to the production and the exportation of industrial products, and importation of agricultural products and food.

The increase in food consumption which has been more rapid that in income transfer of agricultural labor to industry have jeopardized the economic balance

A change is necessary. What should its aims be : to intensify agricultural production by developing the ancillary industries (feeding stuffs, seeds, fertilizers...) by unifying the management system of the agriculture and food sector, by transforming farms into independent production units.
Les liaisons verticales par branches de l'industrie alimentaire hongroise
Authors: Gero Georges
Published: October 2009

Basée sur une vaste analyse des conditions naturelles et des possibilités technologiques, la réforme économique de 1967 tend à mieux spécialiser l'agriculture et à mieux répartir les forces productives.

Quels sont les objectifs de cette réforme ? concentration, intégration horizontale favorisée par la spécialisation, planification souple et adaptée aux exigences du marché mondial et du marché intérieur, intégration verticale pour une répartition optimale des industries alimentaires.
La coopération verticale dans l'économie agricole et alimentaire tchécoslovaque
Authors: Borak E.
Published: October 2009

In Czechoslovakia, a central body of a new kind, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, is in charge of organizing the vertical integration between agriculture and food industries and also the food supply of the population.
Les industries alimentaires et l'appareil de distribution en Pologne
Authors: Kaminski Wanda
Published: October 2009

In order to satisfy the food requirements of the Hungarian population, in quantity and in quality, the marketing channels have to be appropriate. In this field, the responsability of the industry is growing as it is in charge of the financing.
La place de la viande bovine dans les divers types d'agriculture
Authors: Mainié Philippe
Published: October 2009

The position of meat in various types of agriculture measures which could influence their evolution

The great diversity within French agriculture makes necessary an analysis of the reaction of these different types to government measures in order that an efficient policy of encouragement of beef may be defined. Farms are classified in homogeneous sub-groups according to their behaviour when faced with growth area and stock between 1963 and 1967.

This classification bears out the hypothesis according to which it is the coincidence between the periods favourable to autofinancing in the family, a favorable market situation and, perhaps, some form of technical progress, which brings about a growth in family farms.

The most developed ones have an average size of 18-20 hectares in 1963 and include the highest proportion of young farmers. The farms are in first phase of life, that is to say they are set up and are getting off the ground. The type of stock-raising practised (young, lean animals, or fattening of steers) depends on the type of growth adopted : development or similarity with use of factors at the beginning of growth.

A coherent policy must have influence at all levels : production of lean meat, fattening, slaughtering, sales. The limitation of the production of lean meat prevents any rapid increase in the production of meat and makes the setting up of industrial forms of fattening difficult.

In some regions in Central France, it is possible to turn towards the ranch-type farm. More generally an intensive, integrated system seems to be the easiest solution to generalize. It all depends on the future evolution of land structures an the professional qualifications of the breeders. An excessive increase in age in the active population engaged in agriculture could prevent the efforts to rationalize stock-raising.
Le financement des productions bovines
Authors: Lebert Yves
Published: October 2009

Beet production requires large quantities of capital. Moreover these vary over the year. The income obtained varies greatly according to the type of stock-raising concerned.

Depending on the structure of the farm, it is not always possible for its head to obtain the capital necessary for the running of the farm on meat production alone. Forms of financing should consist, partly of amortizable loans, and the rest of loans to be renewed periodically. Beef production does not pay its way in small farms. The production of baby-beef becomes competitive in farms with a high proportion or arable land.
Modèles de production de jeunes bovins à engraisser
Authors: Liénard Georges , Deudon D.
Published: October 2009

Devant l'amélioration et la spécialisation de la production laitière, il est nécessaire d'étudier les possibilités d'augmentation de la production de viande de gros bovins avec des troupeaux ne livrant pas de lait sur le marché. Est-il possible d'envisager des troupeaux spécialisés en production de « maigre » ? Nous étudions en liaison avec les zootechniciens l'intérêt économique des améliorations techniques envisageables dans l'exploitation agricole, et souhaitons déterminer les systèmes de production les plus adaptés.

Une premier modèle a été construit pour l'Aubrac. En exploitation de grande dimension, entièrement herbagère, disposant de surfaces d'estive, le système de production est à base de production de «maigre». La surface de montagne optimum se situe entre 50 et 100 % de la surface fourragère de base. L'engraissement d'une partie des élèves est concevable lorsque le prix ides céréales diminue ou que la culture en est possible, ou lorsque la main-d'œuvre est importante. Le nombre de veaux sevrés par vache nourrie est le facteur zootechnique qui a l'influence économique la plus grande. Avec un taux de sevrage élevé, le système d'élevage est « rajeuni » et l'orientation vers le maigre confirmée.

Grande structure, maîtrise du taux de sevrage et régularisation des cours du « maigre » sont les conditions indispensables de la spécialisation vers la production de jeunes bovins destinés à l'engraissement.
La coopérative des jeunes bovins de Champagne
Authors: de Bohan J.
Published: October 2009

Créée depuis trois ans pour organiser et commercialiser la production de jeunes bovins mâles de 16-18 mois, la C.J.B.C. a connu une expansion très rapide (de 500 à 7.500 animaux produits annuellement) et a su trouver des marchés surtout à l'exportation.

Les raisons de ce succès sont simples :

— discipline très stricte des producteurs permettant d'aboutir à une production de qualité homogène en quantité régulière et programmé ;

— maîtrise de la technique de production, dégagée des contraintes naturelles et aléas climatiques (utilisation de produits déshydratés) ;

— possibilité de passer des marchés à terme avec des firmes importantes ;

— contrôle rigoureux des performances de3 animaux et des critères de gestion (coûts de production).

Les perspectives d'avenir et les difficultés actuelles sont évoquées dans l'optique d'une expansion possible de ce type de production dans le cadre géographique de la Coopérative.
Les débouchés extérieurs offerts aux viandes bovines et les conditions de leur exploitation
Authors: Guibert Lucien
Published: October 2009

En Europe occidentale, la production de viandes bovines suit avec difficulté la consommation. Le déficit est important; pour 1975, on l'évalue à 850.000 tonnes pour l'Europe occidentale et à 600.000 tonnes pour la Communauté Economique Européenne.

En vue de contribuer à satisfaire les besoins européens, la production française doit, d'une part, adapter les types de production à la demande étrangère .et d'autre part, améliorer ses structures de production, d'abattage et de commercialisation.

C'est à ces deux conditions, que le potentiel français en ressources fourragères et en cheptel pourra tirer profit d'une situation éminemment favorable.

Le succès paraît lié à la création d'ensembles organisés, capables de systématiser la production, les méthodes de vente et les relations économiques et commerciales.
Dans un groupe d'exploitations familiales : les facteurs de croissance ou de survie
Authors: Cellier Renée
Published: October 2009

Des exemples pris dans un groupe d'exploitations viticoles familiales « moyennes » et «petites» (43 % ont moins de 5 ha de vignes et 71 % pas plus de 7 ha) montrent que les exploitations qui paraissent avoir des chances de se maintenir ou de s'agrandir ne sont pas nécessairement celles qui sont les plus intensives ou les mieux gérées. Trop d'autres facteurs entrent en jeu : l'âge, les charges de famille, les possibilités de succession, les revenus d'appoint, les capitaux pouvant être dégagés pour investir, la proportion des terres possédées en propre par l'exploitant. Il faut généralement la réunion de plusieurs facteurs favorables pour permettre un agrandissement notable de l'exploitation. Malgré le besoin d'extension ressenti et exprimé par les chefs d'exploitation, on doit admettre que les freins entravant l'agrandissement — et principalement le manque de capitaux pour investir — sont aussi nombreux que les facteurs de croissance.
Le paradoxe du chômage déguisé et ses conséquences
Authors: Bourdon Michel
Published: October 2009

La plupart des modèles de développement conçus pour économie dualiste utilisent comme pivot de croissance le phénomène bien connu de chômage déguisé qui semble offrir d'intéressantes potentialités dans la mise en œuvre d'un démarrage toujours problématique. Il importe cependant de rester sur ses gardes dans l'utilisation opérationnelle de ce concept car d'une part il n'a pas encore donné lieu à une analyse théorique décisive qui ferait l'unanimité parmi les auteurs, et d'autre part l'expérience a prouvé combien il demeure difficile d'absorber les chômeurs « invisibles » dans des activités réellement productives. Plusieurs voies sont certes possibles mais toutes doivent néanmoins supporter le coût social du chômage occulte : on s'aperçoit alors que le secteur urbain qui recueille les surplus de population agricole entretient des rapports étroits avec l'agriculture traditionnelle.