bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Neuroimaging in the Determination of Brain Death
Authors: MacDonald Derek , Stewart‐Perrin Brandie , Shankar Jai Jai Shiva
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Brain death determination (BDD) is primarily a clinical diagnosis, where death is defined as the permanent loss of brainstem function. In scenarios where clinical examinations are inaccurate, ancillary imaging tests are required. The choice of ancillary imaging test is variable, but the common denominator for all of them is to establish a lack of cerebral blood flow. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy and interrater reliability of different ancillary imaging tests used for BDD.

METHODS

Archival data were retrospectively analyzed for all patients who underwent any ancillary imaging test for BDD at our institution. The results of ancillary imaging tests were compared with, the reference standard, the clinical checklist for declaration of brain death. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of different ancillary imaging tests for BDD were performed. Interobserver agreement between two observers was measured using kappa statistics for each of the imaging modalities.

RESULTS

A total of 74 patients underwent 41 computer tomography perfusion (CTP), 54 CT angiogram, 15 radionuclide scans, 1 cerebral angiogram, 3 magnetic resonance imaging, and 71 nonenhanced CT (NECT) head for BDD. All ancillary tests (except NECT head) showed 100% specificity and PPV. CTP had the highest sensitivity and NPV. All ancillary imaging tests demonstrated very high interrater reliability.

CONCLUSIONS

The uses of ancillary imaging tests for BDD are increasing. Within this study's limitations, CTP followed by radionuclide scan were found to be the most accurate and reliable ancillary imaging test for BDD.
The Influence of Organizational Culture on School‐Based Obesity Prevention Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Fair Kayla N. , Solari Williams Kayce D. , Warren Judith , McKyer E. Lisako Jones , Ory Marcia G.
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Although the influence of organizational culture has been examined on a variety of student outcomes, few studies consider the influence that culture may have on school‐based obesity prevention interventions. We present a systematic review of the literature to examine how elements of organizational culture may affect the adoption, implementation, and sustainability of school‐based obesity prevention interventions.

METHODS

Fourteen studies examining the impact of organizational‐level characteristics on school‐based obesity prevention interventions were identified through the online databases EBSCO (CINAHL, ERIC, Agricola), Web of Science, Medline (PubMed), and Scopus.

RESULTS

Five themes were identified as elements of organizational culture that influence the adoption, implementation, and sustainability of school‐based obesity prevention interventions: organizational response to limited resources, value placed on staff training and professional development, internal support, organizational values, and school climate.

CONCLUSIONS

Organizational culture can greatly influence the success of school‐based obesity interventions. The collection of data related to organizational‐level factors may be used to identify strategies for creating and sustaining a supportive environment for obesity prevention interventions in the school setting.
Formative Research to Create a Farm‐to‐School Program for High School Students in a Lower Income, Diverse, Urban Community
Authors: Greer Anna E. , Davis Stacey , Sandolo Cristina , Gaudet Nicole , Castrogivanni Brianna
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Using Social Cognitive Theory as a framework, we examined opportunities for promoting local produce consumption among high school students in a lower‐income, ethnically diverse, urban community.

METHODS

Six focus groups (N = 53) were conducted with students. Using Atlas.ti qualitative software, data were coded and reviewed to identify code categories which could be taken to represent themes.

RESULTS

Students (56.8% girls, 86.5% nonwhite) described local produce as being grown “nearby” or “in Connecticut.” Overwhelmingly, students perceived local produce to be of higher quality (eg, “tastes better,” “fresher”) than nonlocal produce. Students reported that the foods served at school are “unnatural” and “made in a factory.” Salient perceived outcomes associated with consuming local produce included “benefits the environment,” “builds community and trust,” and “keeps taxes down.” Students recommended hanging large colorful posters highlighting the positive outcomes associated with consuming local produce in school locations with captive audiences such as lunch lines and classrooms. Labels identifying the food origins of cafeteria foods provided as well as taste tests of local produce might support students' self‐efficacy for consuming local fruits and vegetables.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings provide theory‐based strategies for how to promote local produce consumption among a diverse group of urban high schools students.
Sexting Rates and Predictors From an Urban Midwest High School
Authors: Gregg David , Somers Cheryl L. , Pernice Francesca Maria , Hillman Stephen B. , Kernsmith Poco
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Risks associated with teen sexting draw increasing concern from teachers and communities as developments in communication software and devices make sharing private content faster and simpler each year. We examined rates, recipients, and predictors of teen sexting to better plan education and preventative policies and strategies. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine the most likely predictors of teen sexting using prior survey studies and theoretical conceptions.

METHODS

We surveyed 314 high school students in an urban area of a large Midwestern city.

RESULTS

Males were found to more frequently report sexting. Impulsivity, frequency of electronic communication, peer pressure, peer sexting, and social learning significantly predicted sexting beyond age, race, and sex. Self‐esteem did not moderate the effect of peer pressure to sext. Structural predictive models attained good fit to the data, and neither were moderated by sex.

CONCLUSIONS

Sexting was highly associated with reported peer pressure, perceived norms, and impulsive decision making. Adolescents in relationships may be at particular risk of sexting. These findings will help parents, teens, and educators take appropriate measures to inform about and encourage the safe use of technology.
Analyzing Multilevel Factors Underlying Adolescent Smoking Behaviors: The Roles of Friendship Network, Family Relations, and School Environment
Authors: Kim Harris H.‐S. , Chun JongSerl
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

This study investigates the extent to which friendship network, family relations, and school context are related to adolescent cigarette smoking. Friendship network is measured in terms of delinquent peers; family relations in terms of parental supervision; and school environment in terms of objective (eg, antismoking policy) and subjective (eg, school attachment) characteristics.

METHODS

Findings are based on the secondary analysis of the health behavior in school‐aged children, 2009–2010. Two‐level hierarchical generalized linear models are estimated using hierarchical linear modeling 7.

RESULTS

At the student level, ties to delinquent friends is significantly related to higher odds of smoking, while greater parental supervision is associated with lower odds. At the school level, antismoking policy and curriculum independently lower smoking behavior. Better within‐class peer relations, greater school attachment, and higher academic performance are also negatively related to smoking. Last, the positive association between delinquent friends and smoking is weaker in schools with a formally enacted antismoking policy. However, this association is stronger in schools with better peer relations.

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescent smoking behavior is embedded in a broader ecological setting. This research reveals that a proper understanding of it requires comprehensive analysis that incorporates factors measured at individual (student) and contextual (school) levels.
The Use of a Context‐Based Change Model to Unfreeze the Status Quo and Drive Valued Outcomes
Authors: Shogren Karrie A. , Schalock Robert L. , Luckasson Ruth
Published: May 2018

This article describes a four‐component context‐based change model that can be used to unfreeze the status quo and drive change that enhances valued outcomes of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The model's components involve contextual analysis, planning, doing, and evaluating. The article also includes guidelines for synthesizing information from the contextual analysis, selecting change strategies that influence valued outcomes, and evaluating valued outcomes and organization and systems‐level outputs. The article concludes with a discussion of the next steps involved in driving valued outcomes.
Respecting the LDS/Mormon Minority on Campus: College Students’ Attitudes Toward Latter‐Day Saints
Authors: Rockenbach Alyssa N. , Bowman Nicholas A. , Riggers‐Piehl Tiffani , Mayhew Matthew J. , Crandall Rebecca E.
Published: May 2018

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐Day Saints remain a minoritized and marginalized population in the United States at large, a pattern mirrored on the majority of college and university campuses across the United States. This study addresses how social identities, institutional contexts, and intergroup dynamics within the postsecondary education environment contribute to cultivating college students’ attitudes toward LDS/Mormons and Mormonism. Using data collected from 13,584 college students attending 52 institutions across the country, the study employs multilevel modeling to examine these relationships. The analyses highlight the importance of productive interreligious contact in a supportive institutional context for shaping out‐group attitudes. Affirming the interplay between social identity and intergroup contact, effects on out‐group attitudes vary to some extent by religion/worldview. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Effect of induced chronic atrial fibrillation on exercise performance in Standardbred trotters
Authors: Buhl Rikke , Carstensen Helena , Hesselkilde Eva Zander , Klein Bjørg Zinkernagel , Hougaard Karen Margrethe , Ravn Kirsten Bomberg , Loft‐Andersen Ameli Victoria , Fenner Merle Friederike , Pipper Christian , Jespersen Thomas
Published: May 2018

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia affecting performance in horses. However, no previous studies have quantified the performance reduction in horses suffering from AF.

Objectives

To quantify the effect of AF on maximum velocity (Vmax), maximum heart rate (HRmax), heart rate recovery (T100), hematologic parameters and development of abnormal QRS complexes.

Animals

Nine Standardbred trotters.

Methods

Two‐arm controlled trial. Six horses had AF induced by means of a pacemaker and 3 served as sham‐operated controls. All horses were subjected to an exercise test to fatigue before (SET1) and after (SET2) 2 months of AF or sham. TheVmaxand HRmaxwere assessed using a linear mixed normal model. Abnormal QRS complexes were counted manually on surface ECGs.

Results

Atrial fibrillation resulted in a 1.56 m/sec decrease inVmax(P < .0001). In the AF group, HRmax ± SD increased from 226 ± 11 bpm at SET1 to 311 ± 27 bpm at SET 2. The AF group had higher HRmaxat SET2 compared with controls (P < .0001), whereas no difference between the control and AF groups was observed at SET1 (P = .96). Several episodes of wide complex tachycardia were observed during exercise in 3 of the AF horses during SET2.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Atrial fibrillation resulted in a significant reduction in performance, an increase in HR and development of abnormal QRS complexes during exercise, which may be a risk factor for collapse or sudden cardiac death.
Insulin dysregulation in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Authors: Bertin François‐René , Ruffin‐Taylor Debra , Stewart Allison Jean
Published: May 2018

Background

Systemic inflammation is a cause of insulin dysregulation in many species, but the insulin and glucose dynamics in adult horses diagnosed with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) are poorly documented.

Hypothesis/Objectives

In SIRS in horses, insulin and glucose dynamics will be altered and associated with survival.

Animals

Adult horses diagnosed with SIRS admitted to a referral hospital.

Methods

Prospective study enrolling horses diagnosed with SIRS in which serum insulin and glucose concentrations were measured. Horses were grouped by outcome (survival, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia) and compared with P < .05 considered significant.

Results

Fifty‐eight horses were included in the study and 36 (62%) survived. At admission, 21 horses (36%) were hyperinsulinemic and 44 horses (88%) were hyperglycemic, with survivors having significantly higher serum insulin and a significantly lower serum glucose concentration. Horses diagnosed with hyperinsulinemia at any time during hospitalization were 4 times more likely to survive whereas horses that were hyperglycemic at any time during hospitalization were 5 times less likely to survive. Serum glucose concentration and presence of hyperglycemia both were associated with severity of disease. Insulin/glucose ratio, reflecting insulin secretion, was significantly higher in survivors whereas glucose/insulin ratio, reflecting peripheral tissue insulin resistance, was significantly lower in nonsurvivors. Only in survivors was there a significant correlation between serum insulin and glucose concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia are common features of SIRS in horses, but those presenting with relative hypoinsulinemia and corresponding hyperglycemia suggestive of endocrine pancreatic dysfunction have a worse prognosis.
“That's How She Talks”: Animating Text Message Evidence in the Sexual Assault Trial
Authors: Hlavka Heather R. , Mulla Sameena
Published: May 2018

This ethnographic study of criminal sexual assault adjudication shows how prosecutors, defense attorneys, and witnesses animate text message evidence. In contrast to other forms of courtroom testimony, text messages function as multiauthored representations of recorded correspondence in the past. Attorneys and witnesses animate texts authored by or said to characterize persons represented at trial. By whom and how the texts are animated shapes trial processes. Through a detailed comparative case analysis of two Milwaukee, WI, sexual assault trials, this article attends to the process by which text messages are said to personify or characterize authors’ meaning and intent. This animation of electronically transmitted text speaks to credibility and variably emphasizes a witness's place within gendered and racialized cultural norms. Rather than unsettling the trope of “he said, she said,” text messages become contested evidence animated by court actors within contexts of long-standing cultural narratives of sexual victimization and offending.
An East–West Conversation: Gürpınar's A Marriage under the Comet and Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales
Authors: Ağıl Nazmi
Published: May 2018

The Turkish writer Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar's 1922 novel A Marriage under the Comet shows similarities with “The Miller's Tale” and “The Wife of Bath's Tale” from Chaucer's fourteenth‐century The Canterbury Tales in terms of its subject and its characters. In the first part of the novel, Irfan, like Nicholas, makes fun of the uneducated people, frightening them with his astrological explanations and predictions. The second part of the novel, like “The Wife of Bath's Tale,” ends with a speech on an ideal marriage. Here too, it is advised that when choosing his/her spouse, one must value inner beauty more than appearance and that if they want a happy marriage, husbands should submit their will to their wives. The enormous interest shown the Turkish version of The Canterbury Tales, since it was translated in 1994 for the first time, might be attributed to these similarities. In the tales above, Chaucer satirizes the religious, sexual, and class culture of the English society of his age unsparingly. It is possible that Gürpınar's well‐loved novel, which adapts similar stories from a different culture and time to the local context, might have played a role in preparing the relatively more conservative Turkish readers for Chaucer's work, which they would meet eighty years later.
Preamble to the first Japanese translation of The Canterbury Tales: A social mirror and a cultural bridge
Authors: Kano Koichi
Published: May 2018

In this essay, I explain the history and characteristics of translation by Kenji Kaneko, the first Japanese translator of The Canterbury Tales, and describe how he transplants a different literary culture. Kaneko invited Japanese readers to the unknown medieval Western world, putting Chaucer's Middle English into forms and idioms familiar to Japanese readers. In the prewar version, censorship caused random parts of the main text to be deleted, but the postwar version provides a complete translation and conveys a truer sense of the original text.
The Mexican Chaucer: Philology south of the border
Authors: Ariza‐Barile Raúl
Published: May 2018

This essay focuses on the reception of Geoffrey Chaucer's work in Mexico. It points out, in the first place, the possibility of conceiving Mexico as part of the transhistoric legacy of the European Middle Ages in light of the country's colonial and postcolonial contexts. Next, and perhaps more importantly, the text analyzes the problems involved in translating Chaucer in and for Mexico. After an extensive survey of the history of Chaucer's translations into Spanish, Ariza‐Barile examines how the translations have adapted to the context of Mexican academic and reader communities, and he addresses why Mexico has never generated a compelling translation from Middle English.
Stories in Stanza'd English: A cross‐cultural Canterbury Tales
Authors: Agbabi Patience
Published: May 2018

When Canterbury's 2009 Laureate set about to recreate The Canterbury Tales for a 21st‐century audience, she remixed Chaucer's tales as the transcription of a poetry slam on a Routemaster bus travelling between London and Canterbury. She chose poetic forms that reflected the voices of her tale tellers, each with a distinctive cultural heritage. Thus, she transforms the Wife of Bath into a woman she could have encountered in her neighbourhood, a gregarious woman from Nigeria speaking of her experiences in Nigerian English. She retells the Man of Law's tale of Constance from the perspective of the mother‐in‐law, using the corona (rather than Chaucer's rime royale) to house the voice of the older woman from Newcastle, thereby lending formality to her confession of evil. Her rendition of The Franklin's Tale—set now in Edinburgh, written in rime royale, and using enjambment across stanzas—allows her to explore Scotland's important contributions England's culture, an exploration particularly significant after the Scottish Referendum and the Brexit vote. Together, her tales work to remind us of the essentially oral nature of Chaucer's verse as well as the long reach of his verse.
Editors' introduction: Chaucer's global orbits and global communities
Authors: Barrington Candace , Hsy Jonathan
Published: May 2018

Encompassing perspectives beyond what Braj B. Kachru terms the “Inner Circle” of Anglophone hegemony, this collection of essays presents a vivid and distinct opportunity to appreciate how Chaucer'sThe Canterbury Talesadapts to life across disparate languages (Persian, Brazilian Portuguese, Japanese, Danish, Spanish, Turkish, American Sign Language, and internal varieties of London English) while also moving across cultures (Shiite Iran, Brazilian Gauchoria, Tokyo academia, rural Denmark, Mexican universities, Ottoman Turkey, US Deaf culture, and London's multiethnic East End communities). The termcompaignye, a quintessentially Chaucerian keyword absorbed into Middle English through Anglo‐French, suggests an intimate multitude of people sharing a common interest or purpose. To this end, our textualcompaignyeincorporates contributors who are academics in the traditional sense as well as authors and artists who operate alongside normative structures of the academy. Many of thecompaignye'sso‐called “nonacademics” have garnered prestigious awards for their creative work, and “amateur” cultural artifacts reveal that a deep love of Chaucerian material characterizes both academic and nonacademic endeavors. Such acompaignye, with its many forms of expertise, can expand our knowledge by creating “a vibrant resonance,” as Carolyn Dinshaw explains, between “amateur [popular] medievalism and professional [academic] medievalism.” As the fields of comparative literary analysis, translation theory, and medievalism studies increasingly move away from models of textual “fidelity” that reinforce static distinctions between an “original” and a “derivative,” we offer this cluster of essays as an example of the benefits gained by pluralizing the modes through which we understand processes of linguistic transfer and cultural adaptation.
Do non‐verbal number systems shape grammar? Numerical cognition and Number morphology compared
Authors: Franzon Francesca , Zanini Chiara , Rugani Rosa
Published: May 2018

Number morphology (e.g., singular vs. plural) is a part of the grammar that captures numerical information. Some languages have morphological Number values, which express few (paucal), two (dual), three (trial) and sometimes (possibly) four (quadral). Interestingly, the limit of the attested morphological Number values matches the limit of non‐verbal numerical cognition. The latter is based on two systems, one estimating approximate numerosities and the other computing exact numerosities up to three or four. We compared the literature on non‐verbal number systems with data on Number morphology from 218 languages. Our observations suggest that non‐verbal numerical cognition is reflected as a core part of language.
National identity and the limits of constructivism in international relations theory: a case study of the Suez Canal
Authors: Cahan Jean Axelrad
Published: May 2018

Constructivism in most of its variants emphasises the creation of circumstances and the social construction of reality. In international relations theory (IR), it also emphasises the establishment of international regimes. The Suez Canal and its governing regime, established at a high point of European nationalism and imperialism in the nineteenth century, are explored as a test case. I argue that, while the early history of the Canal is illuminated by a constructivist approach, maintenance of the regime to govern it involved military intervention and debt restructuring. Military force, balance of power considerations and economic interests all have to be invoked to explain the later history of the Canal, that is, factors usually stressed by the realist school. A combination of realist and constructivist approaches is recommended. The paper is also critical of certain constructivist concepts of national identity.
Statistical learning and probabilistic prediction in music cognition: mechanisms of stylistic enculturation
Authors: Pearce Marcus T.
Published: May 2018

Music perception depends on internal psychological models derived through exposure to a musical culture. It is hypothesized that this musical enculturation depends on two cognitive processes: (1) statistical learning, in which listeners acquire internal cognitive models of statistical regularities present in the music to which they are exposed; and (2) probabilistic prediction based on these learned models that enables listeners to organize and process their mental representations of music. To corroborate these hypotheses, I review research that uses a computational model of probabilistic prediction based on statistical learning (the information dynamics of music (IDyOM) model) to simulate data from empirical studies of human listeners. The results show that a broad range of psychological processes involved in music perception—expectation, emotion, memory, similarity, segmentation, and meter—can be understood in terms of a single, underlying process of probabilistic prediction using learned statistical models. Furthermore, IDyOM simulations of listeners from different musical cultures demonstrate that statistical learning can plausibly predict causal effects of differential cultural exposure to musical styles, providing a quantitative model of cultural distance. Understanding the neural basis of musical enculturation will benefit from close coordination between empirical neuroimaging and computational modeling of underlying mechanisms, as outlined here.
The elephant in the room
Authors: Edmond Jacob
Published: May 2018

We often think about the challenge of translating literature in terms of form and content. Should one attempt to preserve the semantic content of, say, a Chinese poem in English translation, or should one attempt to replicate such formal devices as rhyme and rhythm? This form‐content way of thinking leads most accounts of global modernism and world literature to neglect the importance of literary theory. The failure to address the uses, translations, and adaptations of theory constitutes a blind spot in attempts to read modern and contemporary literature closely or distantly on a local or a global scale. I illustrate theory's crucial role in world literature through the work of two influential contemporary poet–translators: Chinese poet Bei Dao's 北島 use of Russian Formalist theory; and Anglo‐Canadian digital poet John Cayley's deployment of aesthetic theory derived from Huayan 華嚴 Buddhism. Both Bei Dao and Cayley adapt and develop theories that undermine the form/content and local/foreign dichotomies that still plague discussions of translation and comparative and world literature. Their examples suggest that in developing our own theories of world literature we should not simply recognize but also learn from the role of theory in literature's global circulation.
A comparative clinical study between the efficacy of Nd:YAG laser and Diode laser in the management of physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation
Authors: Salahi Alasbahi Rahaf , Hamadah Omar
Published: May 2018

Objective

Recently, laser surgery has been used extensively in the treatment of gingival melanin pigmentation (GMP). Several lasers have been utilised for this purpose. This study compares the use of Nd:YAG and diode in treating of GMP based on healing period, recurrence and patient’s acceptability.

Materials and Methods

Twenty patients with moderate/severe GMP were included in this split mouth study. Nd:YAG with a free running pulse mode, wavelength of 1064 nm, was used to treat GMP of the two right quadrants. However, diode with a continuous mode, wavelength of 980 nm, was used to treat GMP on the left side. Clinical assessment of each laser quadrant was made in 1 week, 1, 3, 6 and 9 months post‐operatively.

Results

Clinical examination showed that the complete healing of gingiva occurred in a period between 1 week (30% diode, 40% Nd:YAG) and 4 weeks (70% diode, 60% Nd:YAG). Post‐operatively, after 9 months, most patients were satisfied with the procedure, although a recurrence was of 35% of the sample. Statistical analyses did not demonstrate differences between Nd:YAG and diode lasers with regard to all studied variables (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Both Nd:YAG and diode lasers are effective in the management of physiologic gingival pigmentations although recurrence is still recognised.
Intraosseous lipoma of the mandible: a case report and short review of the literature
Authors: Mehta J. , Mishra M.
Published: May 2018

Intraosseous lipomas are rare, benign neoplasms that account for less than 0.1% of all bone tumours. They remain a diagnostic challenge due to their variable clinical and radiological features; consequently only 26 cases in the mandible have been reported in the literature. Here, we report an unusual finding of an intraosseous mandibular lipoma in a 68 year‐old female patient following a history of third molar extraction. We also review the clinical, radiographical and histological findings in previously documented cases of intraosseous mandibular lipomas.
Effect of coronary revascularization on long‐term clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and recurrent ventricular arrhythmia
Authors: Elsokkari Ihab , Parkash Ratika , Gray Chris J. , Gardner Martin J. , AbdelWahab Amir M. , Doucette Steve , Tang Anthony S. , Wells George A. , Stevenson William G. , Sapp John L.
Published: May 2018

Background

Patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) postmyocardial infarction (MI) are a higher risk group with significant morbidity and mortality. We examined the impact of prior coronary revascularization on clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and VT.

Methods

The VANISH trial randomized 259 patients with prior MI and antiarrhythmic drug‐refractory VT to receive escalated medical therapy or catheter ablation. Clinical outcomes were compared according to whether patients have undergone prior revascularization procedures. The primary outcome was a composite of death, appropriate implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) shock, or VT storm. The secondary outcomes included elements of the primary outcome, hospitalization, and any ventricular arrhythmia.

Results

190 patients (73%) had prior coronary revascularization. Revascularization group had more men (97% vs 83%; P  =  0.0003) and patients in that group were older (mean age 69.3 ± 7.6 vs 66.7 ± 9.2; P  =  0.04), had more renal insufficiency (22.6% vs 8.7%; P  =  0.01), and were more likely to have an implanted cardiac resynchronization device (23% vs 10%, P  =  0.03) as compared with the nonrevascularized patients. There were no significant differences in baseline medication use. There was a trend toward fewer hospitalizations in the revascularization group (64% vs 77%; P  =  0.07); there were no differences in the individual outcomes of mortality, VT storm, ICD shocks, recurrent MI, or cardiac failure.

Conclusions

In this cohort of patients with an ischemic cause for VT, a history of prior coronary revascularization was not associated with a reduction in ventricular arrhythmia or mortality.
Exploring How Institutional Arrangements Shape Stakeholder Influence on Policy Decisions: A Comparative Analysis in the Energy Sector
Authors: Baldwin Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

In recent years, there has been an expansion of efforts to include stakeholders in administrative policy making. Despite significant potential to improve policy decisions, empirical evidence suggests that not all participatory processes provide meaningful opportunities for stakeholders to shape policy and may even give the most powerful stakeholder groups disproportionate influence over policy decisions. This article argues that the institutional arrangements for stakeholder engagement—the rules and norms that determine which stakeholders can participate and how—affect stakeholders’ influence on policy decisions. This article uses state energy efficiency policy making as a context in which to compare how different institutional arrangements shape the ways in which stakeholders engage in and influence the policy process across two states, Connecticut and Maryland. Findings highlight that institutional arrangements can be used to increase participation, mitigate undue influence of industrial stakeholders, and increase the influence of public interest stakeholder organizations.
Christian Political Activism in Lebanon: A Revival of Religious Nationalism in Times of Arab Upheavals
Authors: Felsch Maximilian
Published: May 2018

In response to the spread of Islamic extremism and the Christian exodus in most of the Middle East, many Lebanese Christians are opting for an isolationist, religious‐nationalist policy, aimed at internal self‐determination and national domination. By doing so, they not only accept a further national disintegration of Lebanon's society, but they also prevent essential democratic reforms. Following Georg Jellinek's three elements theory of the state, the paper analyzes Lebanese Christian nationalism in terms of its territorial, population, and state power dimensions.
Antioxidant‐rich foods and response to altitude training: A randomized controlled trial in elite endurance athletes
Authors: Koivisto A. E. , Paulsen G. , Paur I. , Garthe I. , Tønnessen E. , Raastad T. , Bastani N. E. , Hallén J. , Blomhoff R. , Bøhn S. K.
Published: May 2018

High doses of isolated antioxidant supplements such as vitamin C and E have demonstrated the potential to blunt cellular adaptations to training. It is, however, unknown whether intake of high doses of antioxidants from foods has similar effects. Hence, the aim of the study was to investigate whether intake of antioxidant‐rich foods affects adaptations to altitude training in elite athletes. In a randomized controlled trial, 31 national team endurance athletes (23 ± 5 years) ingested antioxidant‐rich foods (n = 16) or eucaloric control foods (n = 15) daily during a 3‐week altitude training camp (2320 m). Changes from baseline to post‐altitude in hemoglobin mass (Hbmass; optimized CO rebreathing), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max; n = 16) or 100 m swimming performance (n = 10), and blood parameters were compared between the groups. The antioxidant group significantly increased total intake of antioxidant‐rich foods (~118%) compared to the control group during the intervention. The total study population improved VO2max by 2.5% (1.7 mL/kg/min, P = .006) and Hbmass by 4.7% (48 g, P < .001), but not 100 m swimming performance. No difference was found between the groups regarding changes in Hbmass, VO2max or swimming performance. However, hemoglobin concentration increased more in the antioxidant group (effect size = 0.7; P = .045) with a concomitantly larger decrease in plasma and blood volumes compared to control group. Changes in ferritin and erythropoietin from pre‐ to post‐altitude did not differ between the groups. Doubling the intake of antioxidant‐rich foods was well tolerated and did not negatively influence the adaptive response to altitude training in elite endurance athletes.
Interindividual responses to different exercise stimuli among insulin‐resistant women
Authors: Álvarez C. , Ramírez‐Vélez R. , Ramírez‐Campillo R. , Ito S. , Celis‐Morales C. , García‐Hermoso A. , Rodriguez‐Mañas L. , Lucia A. , Izquierdo M.
Published: May 2018

We aimed to investigate which among 20 cardiometabolic and performance outcomes do and do not respond to high‐intensity interval training (HIT), resistance training (RT), or concurrent training (CT) in insulin‐resistant adult women. A secondary aim was to report the training‐induced changes and the prevalence of non‐responders. Forty‐five insulin‐resistant adult women were randomly assigned to one of the following 4 groups: HIT (39.2 ± 9.5 years [y]; body mass index [BMI], 29.3 ± 3.3; n = 14), RT (33.9 ± 9.3 y; BMI, 29.4 ± 5.5; n = 8), CT (43.3 ± 8.1 y; BMI, 29.1 ± 2.9; n = 10), and a control group (CG, 40.1 ± 11.4 y; BMI, 28.3 ± 3.5; n = 13). Nine body composition, 3 cardiovascular, 3 metabolic, and 5 performance outcomes were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. Considering all outcomes, the lowest number of total non‐responses for one or more variables was found in the RT group, followed by the CT and HIT groups. Individuals in the CG group were classified as non‐responders for almost all the variables. Moreover, there were several significant changes in body composition and metabolic parameters, including fasting glucose (HIT: −5.7, RT −5.1 mg/d), fasting insulin (HIT: −0.6, RT −0.6 μIU/mL), and HOMA‐IR (HIT: −0.3, RT −0.4), in addition to improvements in cardiovascular and performance parameters. Also, there were significant differences among groups in the prevalence of non‐responders for the variables where a non‐response was detected. Overall, the study suggests that independent of the mode of training including volume and frequency, RT has an important ability to reduce the prevalence of non‐response to improve the 20 outcomes of health and performance in insulin‐resistant adult women.
On the tax bias against investments in fixed assets: Empirical evidence from China
Authors: An Zhiyong
Published: May 2018

China's new Corporate Income Tax Law was passed in March 2007 and took effect on 1 January 2008. We take advantage of this tax law change and use a difference‐in‐differences approach to empirically estimate the impact of taxation on asset structure. Employing the Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database from 2002 to 2008 to implement the analysis, we find evidence suggesting the presence of tax bias against investments in fixed assets. We address two potential concerns about our analysis and argue that our conclusion is not China‐specific; it is a general lesson for modern finance theory that is portable to developed countries.
Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of skeletal scintigraphy for the causes of front foot pain determined by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Quiney Laura E. , Ireland Joanne L. , Dyson Sue J.
Published: May 2018

There is good correlation between increased radiopharmaceutical uptake anywhere in the feet of sports or leisure horses and the presence of foot pain. However, low sensitivity of scintigraphy for identifying lesions contributing to foot pain as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported. The aim of this retrospective, cross‐sectional, analytical study was to assess the accuracy of scintigraphy for identifying the cause(s) of foot pain, using MRI as the reference standard. Sports and leisure horses that underwent both skeletal scintigraphy and MRI of the front feet between March 2008 and December 2014 and for which a definitive diagnosis of the cause(s) of front foot pain was reached were included (121 feet of 70 horses). Imaging studies were evaluated retrospectively, blindly. Agreements between scintigraphic localization of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake and subjective categorization of lesions with MRI diagnosis were assessed using Kappa statistics (κ). Measures of diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Sensitivity of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake varied among regions (31.8–76.2%) but specificity was at least high for all (84.6–100%). Agreements between both scintigraphy measures and MRI diagnosis were substantial for the distal phalanx (palmar processes and body) (κ = 0.77 and κ = 0.74, respectively), and ungular cartilages and chondral ligaments (κ = 0.62, for both). When all regions were combined, agreements of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (κ = 0.49) and relevance categorization (κ = 0.45) with MRI diagnosis were moderate. In conclusion, skeletal scintigraphy does not meet the minimum reliability level for a diagnostic test, but is reliable for identification of osseous trauma to the distal phalanx and ungular cartilages.
Amblyomma yucumense Krawczak, Martins & Labruna, 2015 (Acari: Ixodidae) in Argentina
Authors: Lamattina Daniela , Venzal José Manuel , Tarragona Evelina Luisa , Mangold Atilio José , Nava Santiago
Published: May 2018

Amblyomma yucumense was recently described from specimens collected in the Turvo State Park, southern Brazil. In search of this tick species, free-living ticks were collected at the Moconá Provincial Park and the Yabotí Biosphere Reserve in Misiones province, Argentina. A total of 594 ticks were collected, of which 448 were Amblyomma brasiliense, 90 Amblyomma incisum, one Amblyomma ovale, 48 Haemaphysalis juxtakochi and seven A. yucumense. The latter was confirmed by the presence of certain morphological characters and the analysis of sequences of a 410-bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA performed to representative specimens. The sequences showed 100% identity with that of A. yucumense from Turvo State Park in Brazil. Amblyomma yucumense, Amblyomma dubitatum and Amblyomma coelebs phylogenetically group together and are morphologically similar, though they seem to have distinct ecological preferences. Amblyomma coelebs has only been found in northern Misiones province, while the most numerous records of A. dubitatum come from the central area of the province. Until now, the distribution of A. yucumense in Argentina is restricted to Moconá and Yabotí. The findings in this study expand A. brasiliense, A. incisum, A. ovale and H. juxtakochi distribution ranges to the south, and we report for the first time the presence of A. yucumense in Argentina.
Supplementary description of three species from the subfamily Cecidophyinae (Eriophyoidea: Eriophyidae) from the Nalepa collection
Authors: Marinković Slavica M. , Chetverikov Philipp E. , Hörweg Christoph , Petanović Radmila
Published: May 2018

Supplementary descriptions of three cecidophyine species based on topotype specimens recovered from vials from the Nalepa collection kept in the Natural History Museum (Vienna, Austria) are given: Cecidophyes galii (Karpelles 1884) from Asperula aparine M. Bieb. and Galium mollugo L. (Rubiaceae), Chrecidus ruebsaameni (Nalepa 1895) com. nov. (transferred from Cecidophyopsis) from Andromeda polifolia L. (Ericaceae) and Colomerus bucidae (Nalepa 1904) from Bucida buceras L. (Combretaceae). Observations on the morphological variability of Colomerus bucidae from different host plants are given. Morphological differences between two closely related species, Cecidophyes galii and Cecidophyes rouhollahi Craemer 1999 are discussed.
A two step centrifugation method with water and sucrose to separate mites from raw extracts of tullgren funnels
Authors: LeFors Jessica Anne , Johnson Donn T. , Kirkpatrick Terry , Woodruff Tammy , De Moraes Gilberto J.
Published: May 2018

Tullgren funnels are commonly used when extracting mites from substrates for ecological and taxonomic studies. During this process, extracted mites are often contaminated with soil particles and other debris, making the processing of those organisms difficult, especially for the smaller mites, such as Tarsonemidae. The Water Sugar-Water (WSW) method, here described here, is intended to facilitate the separation of the extracted mites from those fouling material. It consists of a modification of the Jenkins method, used for the extraction of nematodes. Through a combination of centrifugation with two steps of floatation (first in water and then in 1.5 molar sucrose solution), this method separates mites from contaminants. In this study, the WSW method was tested in different conditions including three soil textures, two storage times (3 days or 6 months) and leaf litter. We also evaluated the possibility to use this method for separation of the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Tarsonemidae), given its common occurrence in fields where the present work was conducted. Eight of nine treatments performed consistently well with extraction efficiencies >95% (mites collected in relation to total mites present in the funnel extraction), with no significant differences among them. One treatment, using the addition of kaolin clay to the sample, retained some Phytoseiidae in the sediment pellets, reducing extraction efficiency to 88.3%. Mites of the taxa Acaridae, Cunaxidae, Eupodidae, Laelapidae, Phytoseiidae, Scutararidae, Tarsonemidae, Tydeidae, Rhodacaroidea and Orbatida were successfully removed from contaminated samples with this method. The frequency of these taxa was equally distributed between the water and sugar-water steps of the two-step floatation method. This method is fast, uses inexpensive and non-toxic compounds and has great potential for use to determine the presence of mite groups most commonly found in extractions of Tullgren funnels.
Reactive sputter deposition of piezoelectric Sc0.12Al0.88N for contour mode resonators
Authors: Henry Michael D. , Young Travis R. , Douglas Erica A. , Griffin Benjamin A.
Published: May 2018

Substitution of Al by Sc has been predicted and demonstrated to improve the piezoelectric response in AlN for commercial market applications in radio frequency filter technologies. Although cosputtering with multiple targets have achieved Sc incorporation in excess of 40%, industrial processes requiring stable single target sputtering are currently limited. A major concern with sputter deposition of ScAl is the control over the presence of non-c-axis oriented crystal growth, referred to as inclusions here, while simultaneously controlling film stress for suspended microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) structures. This work describes 12.5% ScAl single target reactive sputter deposition process and establishes a direct relationship between the inclusion occurrences and compressive film stress allowing for the suppression of the c-axis instability on silicon (100) and Ti/TiN/AlCu seeding layers. An initial high film stress, for suppressing inclusions, is then balanced with a lower film stress deposition to control total film stress to prevent Euler buckling of suspended MEMS devices. Contour mode resonators fabricated using these films demonstrate effective coupling coefficients up to 2.7% with figures of merit of 42. This work provides a method to establish inclusion free films in ScAlN piezoelectric films for good quality factor devices.
Radiation efficiency for long-range vocal communication in mammals and birds
Authors: Titze Ingo R. , Palaparthi Anil
Published: May 2018

Long-distance vocal communication by birds and mammals, including humans, is facilitated largely by radiation efficiency from the mouth or beak. Here, this efficiency is defined and quantified. It depends on frequency content of vocalization, mouth opening, head and upper body geometry, and directionality. Each of these factors is described mathematically with a piston-in-a-sphere model. While this model is considered a classic, never before has the high frequency solution been applied in detail to vocalization. Results indicate that frequency content in the 1–50 kHz range can be radiated with nearly 100% efficiency if a reactance peak in the radiation impedance is utilized with adjustments of head size, mouth opening, and beam direction. Without these adjustments, radiation efficiency is generally below 1%, especially in human speech where a high fundamental frequency is a disadvantage for intelligibility. Thus, two distinct modes of vocal communication are identified, (1) short range with optimized information transfer and (2) long range with maximum efficiency for release of acoustic power.
Spin- and valley-polarized one-way Klein tunneling in photonic topological insulators
Authors: Ni Xiang , Purtseladze David , Smirnova Daria A. , Slobozhanyuk Alexey , Alù Andrea , Khanikaev Alexander B.
Published: May 2018

We demonstrate a robust pseudospin- and valley-polarized one-way Klein tunneling and topological edge states.
The ultrafast dynamics and conductivity of photoexcited graphene at different Fermi energies
Authors: Tomadin Andrea , Hornett Sam M. , Wang Hai I. , Alexeev Evgeny M. , Candini Andrea , Coletti Camilla , Turchinovich Dmitry , Kläui Mathias , Bonn Mischa , Koppens Frank H. L. , Hendry Euan , Polini Marco , Tielrooij Klaas-Jan
Published: May 2018

The ultrafast dynamics and conductivity of photoexcited graphene can be explained using solely electronic effects.
ClpA and HtpX Proteases Are Involved in Intrinsic Aminoglycoside Resistance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Are Potential Aminoglycoside Adjuvant Targets
Authors: Huang Hsin-Hui , Lin Yi-Tsung , Chen Peng-Ying , Li Li-Hua , Ning Hsiao-Chen , Yang Tsuey-Ching
Published: May 2018

The linkage of the protease-chaperon system, SmeYZ pump, and aminoglycoside resistance was assessed in
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
. The
clpA
,
clpS
,
clpP
, and
htpX
genes were upregulated in response to kanamycin exposure. Of these,
clpA
and
htpX
were the primary determinants responsible for intrinsic aminoglycoside (AG) resistance. Inactivation of
clpA
and
htpX
compromised protease-mediated intrinsic aminoglycoside resistance and weakened SmeYZ pump-mediated aminoglycoside resistance, signifying HtpX and ClpA as potential AG adjuvant targets for treatment of
S. maltophilia
infections.