bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On tropical mistletoes: tractable models for evolutionary ecology, ecosystem function, and phytochemistry
Authors: Watson David M.
Published: January 2017

In 2001, I synthesised published information on mistletoe–animal interactions, demonstrating the pervasive influence these hemiparasites have on community composition and proposing that mistletoes represent keystone resources. Although the review was global in scope, I noted “Tropical regions, in particular, are underrepresented in the mistletoe literature, and it is unclear if mistletoe is as important in structuring these highly diverse ecosystems as in less diverse temperate areas”. Since then, research on tropical mistletoes has burgeoned, as a growing number of researchers use these forest and woodland hemiparasites to address a wide range of ecological and evolutionary questions. In this commentary, I highlight some recent findings, revisit and refine some emergent inferences, and suggest that tropical mistletoes offer many opportunities for further research, representing tractable models to address many unanswered questions in the life sciences. As well as reinforcing the role of mistletoes as facilitators for plant communities and keystone resources for animal assemblages, research on mistletoe pollination, seed dispersal, and host-range, challenge the established views about the ecological maintenance and evolutionary trajectory of specialization.
Response of microbial communities to roxarsone under different culture conditions
Authors: Liu Yaci , Zhang Zhaoji , Li Yasong , Fei Yuhong
Published: January 2017

Roxarsone is a feed additive widely used in the broiler and swine industries that has the potential to contaminate the environment, mainly via the use of poultry manure as fertilizer, which results in release of inorganic arsenic to the soil and water. This study was conducted to investigate roxarsone degradation and the response of the microbial community under different culture conditions using high-throughput sequencing technology. Poultry litter was incubated for 288 h in the presence of roxarsone under light aerobic, dark aerobic, or dark anaerobic conditions. The results showed that roxarsone was completely degraded after 48 h of dark anaerobic incubation, while 79.9% and 94.5% of roxarsone was degraded after 288 h of dark aerobic and light aerobic incubation, respectively. Under dark aerobic conditions with microbial inhibitor sodium azide, roxarsone was rarely degraded during the 288 h of incubation, illustrating that microorganisms play an important role in roxarsone degradation. Microbial community structure was significantly different among various culture conditions. Olivibacter, Sphingobacterium, and Proteiniphilum were the top 3 genera in the control samples. Sphingobacterium and Alishewanella dominated the light aerobic samples, while the dominant microflora of the dark aerobic samples were Acinetobacter spp. Pseudomonas and Advenella were the predominant genera of dark anaerobic samples. This study emphasizes the potential importance of microbes in roxarsone degradation and expands our current understanding of microbial ecology during roxarsone degradation under different environmental conditions.
Can Liquidity Risk Explain Diseconomies of Scale in Hedge Funds?
Authors: Shawky Hany A. , Wang Ying
Published: January 2017

Using data from the Lipper TASS hedge fund database over the period 1994–2012, we examine the role of liquidity risk in explaining the relation between asset size and hedge fund performance. While a significant negative size-performance relation exists for all hedge funds, once we stratify our sample by liquidity risk, we find that such a relationship only exists among funds with the highest liquidity risk. Liquidity risk is found to be another important source of diseconomies of scale in the hedge fund industry. Evidently, for high liquidity risk funds, large funds are less able to recover from the relatively more significant losses incurred during market-wide liquidity crises, resulting in lower performance for large funds relative to small funds.
PanIN Neuroendocrine Cells Promote Tumorigenesis via Neuronal Cross-talk
Authors: Sinha Smrita , Fu Ya-Yuan , Grimont Adrien , Ketcham Maren , Lafaro Kelly , Saglimbeni Joseph A. , Askan Gokce , Bailey Jennifer M. , Melchor Jerry P. , Zhong Yi , Joo Min Geol , Grbovic-Huezo Olivera , Yang In-Hong , Basturk Olca , Baker Lindsey , Park Young , Kurtz Robert C. , Tuveson David , Leach Steven D. , Pasricha Pankaj J.
Published: January 2017

Nerves are a notable feature of the tumor microenvironment in some epithelial tumors, but their role in the malignant progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is uncertain. Here, we identify dense innervation in the microenvironment of precancerous pancreatic lesions, known as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanIN), and describe a unique subpopulation of neuroendocrine PanIN cells that express the neuropeptide substance P (SP) receptor neurokinin 1-R (NK1-R). Using organoid culture, we demonstrated that sensory neurons promoted the proliferation of PanIN organoids via SP-NK1-R signaling and STAT3 activation. Nerve-responsive neuroendocrine cells exerted trophic influences and potentiated global PanIN organoid growth. Sensory denervation of a genetically engineered mouse model of PDAC led to loss of STAT3 activation, a decrease in the neoplastic neuroendocrine cell population, and impaired PanIN progression to tumor. Overall, our data provide evidence that nerves of the PanIN microenvironment promote oncogenesis, likely via direct signaling to neoplastic neuroendocrine cells capable of trophic influences. These findings identify neuroepithelial cross-talk as a potential novel target in PDAC treatment. Cancer Res; 77(8); 1868–79. ©2017 AACR.
Out-RANKing BRCA1 in Mutation Carriers
Authors: Nolan Emma , Lindeman Geoffrey J. , Visvader Jane E.
Published: January 2017

Beyond prophylactic mastectomy, there are currently very few options available to BRCA1 mutation carriers to help reduce their risk of developing breast cancer. An effective prevention therapy therefore remains a pressing area of need. Accumulating evidence points to amplification of the progesterone signaling axis in precancerous tissue from BRCA1 mutation carriers. Given that RANKL is an important paracrine mediator of hormonal signaling in breast tissue, there has been considerable interest in exploring a potential role for this pathway in oncogenesis. Recent findings indicate that the RANK and NF-κB pathways are aberrantly activated in luminal progenitor cells resident in preneoplastic BRCA1mut/+ breast tissue. The augmented proliferation of these cells and their predilection for DNA damage suggest that they are prime cellular targets for basal-like cancers arising in BRCA1 mutation carriers. The end result is a hyperactive pathway, initiated by progesterone and amplified by DNA damage–induced NF-κB signaling, that likely accounts for the susceptibility of BRCA1mut/+ luminal progenitor cells to oncogenesis and tissue specificity. Specific targeting of this progenitor subset has revealed a compelling new prevention strategy for these and possibly other high-risk women. Cancer Res; 77(3); 595–600. ©2017 AACR.
Broad and Conserved Immune Regulation by Genetically Heterogeneous Melanoma Cells
Authors: Neubert Natalie J. , Tillé Laure , Barras David , Soneson Charlotte , Baumgaertner Petra , Rimoldi Donata , Gfeller David , Delorenzi Mauro , Fuertes Marraco Silvia A. , Speiser Daniel E.
Published: January 2017

Although mutations drive cancer, it is less clear to what extent genetic defects control immune mechanisms and confer resistance to T-cell-based immunotherapy. Here, we studied the reactions of malignant and benign melanocyte lines to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) using flow cytometry and gene expression analyses. We found rapid and broad upregulation of immune-regulatory genes, essentially triggered by CTL-derived IFNγ and augmented by TNFα. These reactions were predominantly homogenous, independent of oncogenic driver mutations, and similar in benign and malignant cells. The reactions exhibited both pro- and antitumorigenic potential and primarily corresponded to mechanisms that were conserved, rather than acquired, by mutations. Similar results were obtained from direct ex vivo analysis of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, immune regulation in the tumor landscape may often be driven by conserved mechanisms, which may explain why T-cell–based immunotherapy can provide durable benefits with relatively infrequent escape. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1623–36. ©2017 AACR.
Accidental Ingestion of Nasal Packing Gauze during Endonasal Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy under Local Anesthesia: A Case Report
Authors: Kitaguchi Yoshiyuki , Mupas-Uy Jacqueline , Takahashi Yasuhiro , Ishida Kazushige , Kakizaki Hirohiko
Published: January 2017

Purpose: To report a case of accidental ingestion of a nasal packing gauze during endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (en-DCR) under local anesthesia. Case Report: A 66-year-old female patient underwent an en-DCR for a right acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. The surgery was performed in a supine position under local anesthesia. An X-ray detectable ribbon gauze soaked in 0.02% epinephrine was placed in the middle meatus to prevent blood and liquid from flowing into the pharynx. The same packing gauze was also used for hemostasis during the surgery. At the end of the surgery, 1 piece of gauze was missing and could not be detected by the endonasal endoscopic exploration. An abdominal X-ray image performed on the same day demonstrated the presence of the gauze in the stomach although the patient did not notice swallowing the gauze. The gauze was not there on the X-ray 1 week later. Conclusion: Surgeons need to be aware of accidental ingestion of a nasal packing gauze in en-DCR under local anesthesia. Keeping the gauze end out of the nostril is likely preventive for this complication. The use of X-ray detectable gauze was helpful to detect its location.
Takayasu's Arteritis with Isolated Pulmonary Artery Involvement in a Middle-Aged Asian Woman with Hepatitis B and Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Liebscher Felix , Pfammatter Thomas , Kolios Antonios , Greutmann Matthias , Franzen Daniel
Published: January 2017

We report a rare case of Takayasu's arteritis with isolated pulmonary artery stenosis in the presence of active hepatitis B and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a middle-aged Asian woman who initially presented with severe dyspnea on exertion and recurrent syncope, occasional burning chest pains, and fatigue. Therapy of the active hepatitis B and latent M. tuberculosis infection together with a course of methotrexate led to a slight reversal of the symptoms, as angioplasty with or without stenting was not an option. The constellation described here hints at the possible link between hepatitis B and M. tuberculosis infection and the development of Takayasu's arteritis. The case also supports the little evidence available indicating that treatment of active hepatitis B infection could positively influence the course of Takayasu's arteritis.
Prognostic Advantage of Docetaxel/Cisplatin/ 5-Fluorouracil Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Clinical Stage II/III Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma due to Excellent Control of Preoperative Disease and Postoperative Lymph Node Recurrence
Authors: Yamashita Keishi , Hosoda Kei , Moriya Hiromitsu , Katada Chikatoshi , Sugawara Mitsuhiro , Mieno Hiroaki , Komori Shoko , Katada Natsuya , Watanabe Masahiko
Published: January 2017

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has become prevalent in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but its long-term prognostic advantages remain unclear. The latest prognostic outcomes in clinical Stage (cStage) II/III ESCC with NAC were herein elucidated. Patients and Methods: NAC prior to curative treatment was done in 115 cStage II/III ESCC patients with either cisplatin (CDDP)/5-fluorouracil (5-FU; CF) (n = 41) or docetaxel/CDDP/5-FU (DCF) NAC (n = 74) between 2007 and 2013. Results: (1) Esophagectomy was finally performed in 35 of the 41 CF NAC cases and in 48 of the 74 DCF NAC cases. The preservation rate of the esophagus was higher in the DCF NAC than in the CF NAC (p = 0.018). (2) The overall survival was better in DCF NAC than in CF NAC (p = 0.071), and progression-free survivals were 58.3% with DCF and 30.5% with CF (p = 0.0060). DCF NAC was associated with fewer cases of progression than CF NAC (p = 0.0040), largely due to excellent control of the preoperative disease (p = 0.018) and postoperative lymph node recurrence (p = 0.014). Conclusion: DCF NAC in cStage II/III ESCC could have a great potential to achieve a better prognosis due to suppression of specific progression events with a higher preservation rate of the esophagus.
Flexible Power Regulation of Grid-Connected Inverters for PV Systems Using Model Predictive Direct Power Control
Authors: Sankar R S Ravi , Jayaram Kumar S.V. , Deepika K. K.
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a Model Predictive Direct Power Control (MPDPC) strategy for a grid-connected inverter used in a photovoltaic system, as found in many distributed generating installations. The controller uses a system model to predict the system behavior at each sampling instant. Using a cost function, the voltage vector with least power ripple is generated. The resultant voltage vector is applied during the next sampling period which gives flexible power regulation. The effectiveness of the proposed MPDPC strategy is verified using MATLAB/ SIMULINK. 
A New Memory MapReduce Framework for Higher Access to Resources
Authors: WEI ZuKuan , HONG Bo , KIM JaeHong
Published: January 2017

The demand for highly parallel data processing platform was growing due to an explosion in the number of massive-scale data applications both in academia and industry. MapReduce was one of the most meaningful solutions to deal with big data distributed computing, This paper was based on the work of Hadoop MapReduce. In the face of massive data computing and calculation process, MapReduce generated a lot of dynamic data, but these data were discarded after the task completed. Meanwhile, a large number of dynamic data were written to HDFS during task execution, caused much unnecessary IO cost. In this paper, we analyzed existing distributed caching mechanism and proposed a new Memory MapReduce framework that has a real-time response to read or write request from task nodes, maintain related information about cache data. After performance testing, we could clearly find MapReduce with cache significantly improved in IO performance.
Designing Multi-Dimensional User Interaction for a Virtual Museum System
Authors: Tengku Wook Tengku Siti Meriam , @ Ashaari Noraidah Sahari , Rahim Normala
Published: January 2017

The focus of this study is to improve the display platform for the State of Terengganu Virtual Museum System (muziummaya.terengganu.gov.my). The existing virtual museum can be displayed via desktop computing system where information is displayed on-line using features for searching, browsing, and manipulating artifacts and galleries. However, presentation of information on mobile device screens cannot be viewed effectively and is difficult to navigate due to the user's cognitive load. Therefore, this study will establish effective interaction design, taking into account the multi-dimensional context for the design of a user interface via a mobile device in the hopes that users who are students, curators, researchers, and the public can access the virtual museum system via desktop as well as from their mobile devices. This study was conducted in three stages i.e. user requirements analysis, interface design, and usability evaluation. The results of this research is the design of a multi-dimensional user interaction context that meets the display requirements and navigation information for mobile devices.
SOURCE 3 Registry
Authors: Wendler Olaf , Schymik Gerhard , Treede Hendrik , Baumgartner Helmut , Dumonteil Nicolas , Ihlberg Leo , Neumann Franz-Josef , Tarantini Giuseppe , Zamarano José Luis , Vahanian Alec
Published: January 2017

Background:

The SOURCE 3 Registry (SAPIEN Aortic Bioprosthesis European Outcome) is a European multicenter, observational registry of the latest generation of transcatheter heart valve, the SAPIEN 3 (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA). Its purpose is to document outcomes of clinical safety and performance after European approval was given.

Methods:

Here, we present the 30-day outcome of the SOURCE 3 Registry. All data are self-reported, and all participating centers have committed to support their consecutive experience with the SAPIEN 3 transcatheter heart valve, dependent on patient consent, before the start of the study. Adverse events are defined with Valve Academic Research Consortium 2 criteria and adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee.

Results:

A total of 1950 patients from 80 centers in 10 countries were enrolled between July 2014 and October 2015. Of those, 1947 patients underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) with the SAPIEN 3 (mean age, 81.6±6.6 years; 48.1% female). Main comorbidities included coronary artery disease (51.5%), renal insufficiency (27.4%), diabetes mellitus (29.5%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (16.0%), and a mean logistic EuroSCORE of 18.3±13.2. Transfemoral access was used in 87.1% (n=1695); nontransfemoral, in 252 patients. Conscious sedation was used in 59.9% of transfemoral procedures, and in 50% of patients, TAVI was performed without aortic balloon valvuloplasty. Implantation success (1 valve in the intended location) was 98.3%. Conversion to conventional surgery (0.6%) and use of cardiopulmonary bypass (0.7%) were rare. Adverse events were low, with site-reported 30-day all-cause mortality of 2.2%, cardiovascular mortality of 1.1%, stroke of 1.4%, major vascular complications of 4.1%, life-threatening bleeding of 5%, and post-TAVI pacemaker implantation of 12%. Moderate or greater paravalvular regurgitation was observed in 3.1% of reporting patients.

Conclusions:

Results from the SOURCE 3 Registry demonstrate contemporary European trends and good outcomes of TAVI in daily practice when this third-generation TAVI device is used.
Mycetia dagohoyana: a new species of Argostemmateae (Rubiaceae) from Agusan del Norte, Philippines
Authors: DELA BAJAN JR. ULPIANO P. , ORDAS JORGE ANTON D. , TANDANG DANILO N. , ALEJANDRO GRECEBIO JONATHAN D.
Published: January 2017

A new species of Argostemmateae, Mycetia dagohoyana, thriving in the moist humus soils in open areas of Agusan del Norte, Philippines, is described and illustrated. This new species resembles M. javanica but is distinct by its densely strigose leaf blades, 9−11 mm stipules that are attenuate at apex and glabrous adaxially, subsessile inflorescences in congested thyrse, 2−3 mm calyces that are cupuliform and puberulous, shorter (1–2 mm) and puberulous corolla lobes, and smaller (5−6 mm in diam.) and sparsely hirsute fruits.
Manipulus Guttiferarum, II. First record of Clusia ucamira (Clusiaceae) from Venezuelan Guayana
Authors: ALLENDE JOSÉ RAMÓN GRANDE
Published: January 2017

As part of a review in progress on the genus Clusia Linnaeus in Venezuela, Clusia ucamira J.E. Nascim. & Bittrich is reported for the first time for that country. Clusia ucamira is quickly distinguished from similar species of Clusia sect. Oedematopus (Planchon & Triana) Pipoly by its hemiepiphitic habit, strongly coriaceous and conspicuously revolute leaves, with a very prominent midvein in the abaxial surface. With this range extension, Clusia ucamira is known, besides from the Amazon basin, from terra firme forest in the Amazonas state of Venezuela, where it grows in oligotrophic soils derived from materials from the Guayana Shield. In Venezuela, this species is to be considered Least Concerned (LC), according to the IUCN Red List categories.
A new species of the Oriental planthopper genus Tenguna Matsumura, 1910 (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Dictyopharidae) from Xizang, China
Authors: SONG ZHI-SHUN , LIANG AI-PING
Published: January 2017

The Oriental dictyopharid planthopper genus Tenguna, Matsumura, 1910 is redescribed, including its type species and a new species: Tenguna medogensis sp. nov. (S.W. China: Xizang). The discovery of the new species broadens our knowledge of the morphology and biogeography of the genus Tenguna and also represents the first record of the planthopper family Dictyopharidae in Xizang Autonomous Region, P. R. China.
Redescription of Lestomerus (Brachysandalus) bicolor Villiers new synonymy of Pirates sin (Linnavuori) Coscarón (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae)
Authors: COSCARÓN MARÍA DEL CARMEN , LINNAVUORI RAUNO E.
Published: January 2017

Linnavuori (Linnavuori, 1984) described Pirates sin in the context of Hemiptera Heteroptera from Iraq and adjacent countries.
Psychoanalytic Ecumenism and Varieties of Psychoanalytic Experience
Authors: Curtis Homer C.
Published: January 2017

Using the metaphor of ecumenism, the current status of psychoanalysis and the American Psychoanalytic Association is examined. The dialectical tendencies to oppose and to unify are noted in psychoanalytic theory, technique, and practice, as well as in the administrative and political life of our organization. Fostering tolerance for new hypotheses without sacrificing empirical discrimination, and promoting broad participation without lowering standards confront us as major tasks demanding continuing vigilance and effort.
G. C. Lichtenberg: Dreams, Jokes, and the Unconscious in Eighteenth-Century Germany
Authors: Tomlinson Craig
Published: January 2017

The German physicist and writer Lichtenberg (1742–1799) was well known during the nineteenth century as a humorist, thinker, and psychologist. He was also a favorite author of Freud, who read him beginning in his teens, quoted him frequently, and called him a “remarkable psychologist.” Despite this, he has been ignored by psychoanalysts and historians of psychiatry alike, and most of his writing is still unavailable in English. An introduction to Lichtenberg as a psychologist is provided, stressing material dealing with dream analysis, association theory, and drives. Relevant excerpts are translated into English. Lichtenberg is shown to have insisted upon the need for a systematic and rationalistic study of dreams, to have analyzed individual dreams (describing them as dramatized representations of thoughts, associations, and even conflicts from his own waking life), and to have emphasized the functional link between dreams and daydreams. His remarks on drives and commentary on eighteenth-century association theory represent a significant practical application, and thus refinement, of Enlightenment rationalistic psychology. These achievements are assessed in light of Freud's early fascination with him; it is argued that Lichtenberg is an example of the relevance of the historical and cultural background of psychoanalysis to clinical practice.
Recent trends and prospects in Sikh studies
Authors: Singh Pashaura
Published: January 2017

Examining the recent trends in Sikh studies, the issue of academic freedom and religious authority has affected me on a most personal level. Readers may be aware of the controversy in the media over my doctoral thesis ("The Text and Meaning of the Adi Granth," University of Toronto, 1991) over the last few years. My unpublished thesis, filed at the University of Toronto library, was copied without my knowledge or authorization and circulated throughout the world. This led to a series of denunciations in letters and reviews in Sikh community newspapers, which accused me of committing blasphemy. The present article examines this controversy over scholarship on Sikh religion in the light of the historical situation of the recent past.
Of demons and Hollywood: Exorcism in American culture
Authors: Cuneo Michael W.
Published: January 2017

As the related phenomena of exorcism and deliverance ministry vividly attest, the popular entertainment industry in the United States possesses a tremendous capacity for influencing religious beliefs and behaviours. Since the early 1970s, cinematic and popular literary treatments of demonic possession and affliction have helped create recurrent demands for exorcism within various sectors of American society. This paper examines the peculiar dynamics by which markets for exorcism have been created and sustained by the entertainment industry, and also the various ways in which these markets have been satisfied by religious entrepreneurs within the respective worlds of neo-Pentecostalism, Protestant evangelicalism and Roman Catholicism.
Human Factors Research on Weapon Systems Project Teams
Authors: Muckler Frederick A.
Published: January 2017

The research role of the human factors specialist on weapon systems project teams has been the subject of misunderstanding. Bound by other project roles, time limitations, complexity of phenomena, inadequate methodology and facilities, human factors project research has often left much to be desired. If effective project research is to be accomplished, there is a need for the development of (1) generalized research and development tools and (2) specific and detailed criteria for research methodology for the test and evaluation of complex man–machine weapon systems.
Human Factors in Man-Machine Systems
Authors: Bamford Harold E.
Published: January 2017

The field of human factors is analyzed in an effort to discover its scope and organization. Three orthogonal partitions of the field serve to define eight mutually exclusive, jointly exhaustive, and interdependent sectors. These are considered separately.
Operational Sequence Diagrams in System Design
Authors: Kurke Martin I.
Published: January 2017

Operational sequence diagrams pictorially display information-decision-action sequences within a man-machine system. In its various versions as a time-sequence process chart, a spatial flow chart, and as an adjunct to symbolic logic, the OSD can he used in establishing system requirements, allocating man-machine functions, determining sequence of operations, and in evaluating equipment layouts.
Contributions of a Part-Task Trainer to the Learning and Relearning of a Time-Shared Flight Maneuver
Authors: Adams Jack A. , Hufford Lyle E.
Published: January 2017

A cockpit procedures trainer is a part-task simulator that has no aerodynamic simulation, and it is used to teach in-flight procedural responses without provision for practising the flight controlling responses that are often time-shared with them in the aircraft. Using a flight simulator as the research device, two experiments were performed to test the importance of time-sharing in original learning and retention. In Experiment I an experimental group originally learned procedures and flight controlling separately without an opportunity to learn their time-sharing, whereas a control group practised the integrated whole task. Experiment II sought the importance of time-sharing in retention over 10 months. An experimental group used a cockpit procedures trainer to reinstate forgotten aircraft procedures, while a control group relearned in the whole task. Both experiments confirmed the time-sharing hypothesis. The cockpit procedures trainer contributed importantly to original learning and relearning, but the presence of time-sharing required additional whole-task practice to optimize performance.
Leisure and Recreation in Long Duration Space Missions
Authors: Fraser T. M.
Published: January 2017

Leisure activities pursued during long range space missions should not be considered by planners as merely a way of filling in time. Current astronaut selection procedure tends to favor those who in leisure time in a spacecraft will spontaneously pursue mission-oriented activities, making the most of whatever facilities are available. With provision of an appropriate climate and opportunity, encouragement can be given to furtherance of the creative use of leisure for self-development of the persons involved. Provision should be made for both active recreation, as in hobbies, communal games, and even music making, and for passive enjoyment as in listening to recorded music and radio, watching television and movies, and reading. Provisision for exercise programs is also required.
An Experimental Comparison of Two Map Display Modes
Authors: Laymon Richard S.
Published: January 2017

A comparison was made of two methods of displaying map information to image interpreters in a tactical image interpretation context. While viewing each display, interpreters located the boundary of an aerial photograph and then estimated the map coordinates of a designated object on the same photograph. Time taken to achieve correct solutions was compared when map information was displayed on simulated projected maps (map sections were posted against a fixed screen) and on standard map sheets. The latter mode was structured so that adjoining maps were always combined when the photographic area covered two adjoining maps. The map-photograph viewing relationship was varied in two ways: one in which the position of the photograph was fixed and one in which the photograph could be freely oriented to the map display. The following conclusions were derived: (1) Simulated projected maps increase the time an interpreter takes to find a photograph's area on a map and to determine map coordinates of an object on the photograph; the longer time is attributable to the need to view successively two projected maps when the photographic area lies near the boundary of a projected map. (2) Freedom to orient a photograph relative to a map display does not shorten the time taken to find the photographic area on a map or to determine map coordinates of a designated object on the photograph.
Some Factors Influencing Vision through Meshes
Authors: Hill Adrian R. , Markus Thomas A.
Published: January 2017

The problems associated with vision through mesh window screening materials are discussed and a laboratory experiment using a 1/8th replicate 2th factorial design is described which shows the relative effects on vision of main effects and first-order interactions. Two criteria of visibility were used: a Landolt ring, measuring changes in visual acuity, and paired ratio scaling giving direct magnitude estimates of “ease of seeing” through the material. The laboratory results were validated in a short field experiment in which the effects on visibility of three isolated variables was determined by paired comparisons. Some suggestions for future experiments are also discussed.
Hunger, Food Preference, and Consumption
Authors: Seaton Richard W. , Peryam David R.
Published: January 2017

The effects of hunger on expressed food preferences and on the correlation of preferences with consumption were tested. A change from ad libitum feeding in an environment entailing high energy outlay to a condition of underfeeding in the same environment changed the level but not the order of subjects' preferences for 29 U.S. Army meal-type C-ration items. The correlation of preferences with consumption in the ad libitum condition was higher than observed in previous studies, while the correlation in the underfed condition (when subjects consumed almost all available food) was lower than previously observed. In general, the data suggest that preference becomes more salient, relative to food satiety or caloric qualities, as a predictor of consumption as caloric need increases.
Decrement and Recovery with Repetitive Maximal Muscular Exertions
Authors: Caldwell Lee S.
Published: January 2017

Sixty subjects exerted ten successive maximum pulls of 12 1/2 sec. duration on an isometric dynamometer handle. All trials in a series were separated by a constant duration intertrial interval of 12 1/2, 25, 50, 100, or 200 sec. For all intertrial intervals there was a rapid initial reduction in output followed by an essentially linear decline. The effect of the intertrial intervals on the within-trial decrements were quite small with a difference of less than 2% of maximum between the means for the shortest and longest intervals. For the longer rest conditions there was a reduction in the within-trial decrement over trials. For the shorter intertrial intervals, recovery tended to increase with successive rests, but for the longer intervals there was a tendency for recovery to decrease with repeated rests. The amount of strength recovery with rest was found to be influenced not only by the length of rest but also by the degree to which the response was degraded by prior performance.
The Effect of Variable-Ratio Steering Gears on Driver Preference and Performance
Authors: Olson Paul L. , Thompson Richard R.
Published: January 2017

Two variable-ratio and three linear steering gears were compared to determine whether variable-ratio gears offered any advantages or disadvantages for vehicle control. The results indicate that variable-ratio gears may improve performance significantly in tasks such as parallel parking. There is no evidence that variable-ratio gears affect performance on other driving tasks. Subjects expressed strong preference for one variable-ratio design of moderate characteristics but generally expressed dislike for a more extreme design.
The Computer Operator and His Environment
Authors: Galitz Wilbert O. , Laska Thomas J.
Published: January 2017

To develop an increased understanding of the functioning of the computer operator and how he contributes to total computer system functioning, operator performance data were collected at a sample of six customer centers using the UNIVAC® 1108 and 494 computer systems. In addition, questionnaires were sent to all customer personnel using these systems. Data were collected on the proportion of time operators spend at various system activities, the frequency of usage of different equipment within the computer center, and the frequency of operator movement between system components. Reported operator information requirements are summarized, as are operator biographical data. A suggested computer center layout is presented based upon the collected data.
Effects of Alcohol on Complex Performance
Authors: Chiles W. Dean , Jennings Alan E.
Published: January 2017

Nine subjects were tested on a battery of tasks involving monitoring, two-dimensional compensatory tracking, and mental arithmetic at three levels of work load. The subjects ingested 2.5 ml of 100-proof vodka per kilogram of body weight two hours before testing; mean blood alcohol at the beginning of testing was approximately 100 mg%. Significant alcohol effects were found for two of the monitoring tasks and for three of the four measures of tracking. There was a significant interaction between work load and alcohol in the case of one tracking measure.
Estimating the Detectability of Target Luminances
Authors: Teichner Warren H. , Krebs Marjorie J.
Published: January 2017

The literature on the absolute threshold for seeing was used to develop a method for estimating the probability of detection of a light given only the luminance threshold value as information, and for predicting the luminance threshold as a function of target size and duration. The analysis also supported the general conclusion that for small visual areas and up to a critical duration, there is a reciprocity between duration and luminance and that the critical duration decreases with increasing area. It did not support the conclusion of a similar reciprocity or trade-off between luminance and area.
Sequential Decision Making in a Conflict Environment
Authors: Puscheck Herbert C. , Greene James H.
Published: January 2017

A two-sided wargame simulation and four decision making models to play one side of the game were developed. The game and models were used to study the decision making process exhibited by 64 students at the U.S. Military Academy. It was concluded that these students utilized a simple strategy; decisions were unaffected, within the range indicated by opponent decision delays; students displayed a learning effect during the game; there existed a positive correlation between mean decision time and score; academically lower ranking students received higher scores than higher ranking players; and players received higher scores when opposing certain more sophisticated opponents than when opposing selected simpler models. The results are discussed. The wargame and associated decision making models were run on a GE-225 computer from remote Teletype terminals. The investigation suggests a number of additional applications for the wargame and decision making models.
Forces and Torques in Lifting
Authors: Konz Stephan , Dey Sunil , Bennett Corwin
Published: January 2017

A force platform was used to study the effect of the following variables on lifting: distance of the load from the heel (16, 18, or 20 in.), weight of the load (11, 22, or 33 lbs.), and angle of turn (0, 45, or 90°). Five male college students, between the 40th and 60th percentile in height, lifted eight times at each condition. The mean peak force was 50.5 lbs. along the vertical axis, 17.5 lbs. along the frontal axis, and 5.9 lbs. along the lateral axis. The corresponding mean peak torques were 152 in.-lbs. for the twist, 401 for the cartwheel, and 681 for the somersault torques. Object weight had a significant effect on all six criteria. The effect varied in relation to the weight of the body-plus-object more closely than to the weight of the object alone. Angle of turn had a significant effect on all criteria except somersault torque. Distance did not have a significant effect on any criteria except somersault torque.
Simulator Motion as a Factor in Flight-Director Display Evaluation
Authors: Jacobs Robert S. , Williges Robert C. , Roscoe Stanley N.
Published: January 2017

The results of research conducted in ground-based flight simulators must be interpreted with care in view of the potential effects of differences between the simulated and actual flight environments. A study comparing various flight-director displays in a moving-base simulator was replicated without motion. Significantly different results occurred as a function of the presence or absence of motion. Implications of these results raise doubt concerning the validity of findings from simulator experiments in which whole-body acceleration cues might be a factor.
Social-Role Correlates of Driving Accidents
Authors: CLARK ALFRED W. , PROLISKO ANDREW
Published: January 2017

In a replication study a Driver Role Scale once again discriminated between groups of young men in manual occupations with and without accident records. Extensions to the original study found that a Drink Scale and a Leisure Satisfaction Scale also discriminated between the groups. But a Conflicting Communications Scale and a Job Satisfaction Scale showed no difference between the groups. The results are consistent with a model that sees peers as critical role senders requiring drinking, driving, and risk-taking.
Sex Differences in Human Thermoregulatory Response to Heat and Cold Stress
Authors: BURSE RICHARD L.
Published: January 2017

The current literature on male-female differences in response to thermal stress has been reviewed. Morphologically, women average 20% smaller body mass, 14% more body fat, 33% less lean body mass, but only 18% less surface area than men. Women have greater body insulation when vasoconstricted (except hands and feet) and a larger peripheral heat sink, but at the cost of (1) greater body fat burden, (2) less muscle mass and strength, and (3) smaller circulating blood volumes which requires greater physiological strain to balance heat production and loss. Under heat stress, women generally show (1) relatively more peripheral blood pooling, (2) greater heart rate increases, (3) more frequent circulatory embarassment, (4) lower maximal sweat rates, (5) higher skin temperatures with greater body heat storage, and (6) poorer maintenance of circulating blood volume with more impact from dehydration. Proportionately fewer women than men can be successfully heat acclimated. In the cold, women generally have (1) less capability for maximum heat production by either exercise or shivering, (2) a more extensively vasoconstricted periphery, (3) lower foot, hand, and mean skin temperatures, (4) greater surface heat losses, especially from the geometrically thinner extremities, (5) increased rates of extremity, but not core, cooling, and (6) relatively greater risk of cold injury.
Lies, Damned Lies, and DNA Statistics: DNA Match Testing, Bayes' Theorem, and the Criminal Courts
Authors: Jowett Christian
Published: January 2017

This study explains the correct method for the interpretation of DNA matches by using Bayesian Probability, and its various traps: the DNA fallacies. The current approach of the Court of Appeal to the use and presentation of DNA evidence is outlined. A new Bayesian Fallacy is explored. Specific focus is on Norman Fenton and Martin Neil's recent research (Fenton and Neil, 2000) which suggests a new dimension in the presentation of DNA evidence in court.
Whither Mental Health Legislation? (Locking up the Disturbed and the Deviant)
Authors: Prins Herschel
Published: January 2017

The publication of the Government's two-part White Paper - Reforming The Mental Health Act - provides the opportunity to review and comment upon some of its main proposals against a background of current concerns with issues of public protection in mental health and criminal justice.
A Review of Gunshot Deaths in Strathclyde − 1989 to 1998
Authors: Moug S J , Lyle J A , Black M
Published: January 2017

The case files of the Department of Forensic Medicine and Science at the University of Glasgow were searched for deaths involving gunshot injuries for the years 1989 to 1998. Seventy-one such deaths were identified. These were overwhelmingly males (93%) with a median age of 31 (range 17–80 years). Information surrounding the deaths was retrieved from sudden death reports compiled by the Strathclyde Police and the deaths were classified as suicide, homicide or accident. Fifty-one of the 71 deaths (72%) were classified as homicide, 17 deaths (24%) as suicide with insufficient information in three cases. The number of deaths for each year for suicides remained relatively constant at between nought and three cases per year, but figures for homicides varied at between three and ten cases per year, with a pronounced increase in the last four years of the study. The median age of the suicide cases was higher (50 years) than the homicide cases (30 years). The weapon used was predominately a shotgun in the suicide cases (accounting for 65%), but in homicide rifled weapons were the preferred weapons (59%). The site of injury was predominately the head in suicides, with a wider distribution in homicides, 32 per cent involving the head and 33 per cent also involving the chest. Alcohol intoxication was associated with a greater number of homicides than suicides. Homicides were noted to occur most frequently during the evening and early hours of the morning. The majority of suicides occurred at the victim's home address, while 72 per cent of homicides took place in the city of Glasgow.
Studies on Human Blood-Stains in the Sudan
Authors: Haseeb M. A.
Published: January 2017

Five samples of human blood-stains were stored in a cupboard in the laboratory and tested on 3 occasions, 10 and then 12 years apart. Tests performed included the benzidine test, standard chemical and physical tests, precipitin tests for differentiation of species, and blood grouping.
Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis: Its Application in the Medico-Legal Autopsy
Authors: Slater D. N. , Durrant T. E. , Gray T. , Parry Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2017

This article describes the application of transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis in the medico-legal autopsy. The technique has been found to be of value in investigating pneumoconioses, the particulate material in the lungs of drug addicts, gunshot wounds, electrocution marks and the deposition of heavy metals in internal organs and tattoos. Analysis of pulmonary hilar lymph nodes provides interesting insight into environmental and industrial exposure during life.
Plastic Bag Death—A Toluene Fatality
Authors: Paterson Susan C. , Sarvesvaran R.
Published: January 2017

An initial diagnosis of plastic bag asphyxia in the case of a teenager was subsequently altered to that of toluene poisoning. A quick method of analysis for detection of toluene in brain, liver and blood is described.
Fatal Accidental Falls among the Elderly—The Metro Dade County Experience, 1981–83
Authors: Copeland Arthur R.
Published: January 2017

The case files of the Office of the Medical Examiner, Metro Dade County (Miami, Florida, USA), were studied over a three-year period, 1981–83. Those cases in which an elderly person died as a direct or indirect result of a fall were examined and analyzed as to age, race, sex, ultimate cause of death, location of trauma, scene circumstances, whether the patient was hospitalized and duration of any hospitalization. A total of 159 cases were so examined.
Determination of Time since Death Using the Double Exponential Cooling Model
Authors: Brown A. , Hicks B. , Knight B. , Nokes L. D. M.
Published: January 2017

Derivations of an equation for determining time since death are shown based on Brown and Marshall's (1974) double exponential cooling curve of the human corpse. Five cases of known time of death are then compared with the estimated time of death incorporating the technique described in this paper. Analysis of the errors between the actual post-mortem period and the calculated time since death indicate that accuracy depends on the shape of the cooling curve.
The Entomological Investigation of a Concealed Corpse
Authors: Erzinclioglu Y.Z.
Published: January 2017

This paper presents the results of an entomological investigation of a case of murder committed in South Yorkshire during 1980. The victim was a 70-year-old woman who lived alone in a terraced house.
The Use of Legislation in Cases of Squalor
Authors: Shah A K
Published: January 2017

In this paper, some of the legislation that can be used to treat people living in squalor is described. It can be used to enforce cleaning of the squalor for the individual or his/her neighbours' benefit.
Psychological Sequelae to Assassination Attempts
Authors: Daly Oscar , Fleming Brian , Loughrey Gerard
Published: January 2017

The experiences of nine subjects who were the victims of assassination attempts are described. All but one were the victims of shootings or attempted shootings. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was an almost invariable response. Brief alcohol abuse was quite common. Most subjects displayed considerable feelings of anger. Only a minority expressed anger against their assailants while much anger was displaced towards the medical profession and institutions of the state. This displacement of anger is discussed as are the implications for treatment of such displacement.
Pilot Mental Health Assessment and Diversion Scheme for an English Metropolitan Petty Sessional Division
Authors: Greenhalgh N M , Wylie K , Rix K J B , Tamlyn D
Published: January 2017

A three-month pilot mental health assessment and diversion scheme was carried out at one of the busiest magistrates' courts outside London. In terms of demographic characteristics the sample of prisoners seen in this study was similar to those seen in diversion schemes in London and Manchester. Although 77 per cent of prisoners were found to be suffering from a psychiatric disorder, almost half were suffering from alcohol or drug dependence or misuse and the number with psychotic illnesses was small compared with the London sample. These differences may be partly due to the earlier diversion of acutely mentally ill prisoners from police custody into the health care system in Leeds. The low rate of psychiatric admission from the pilot scheme largely reflected these differences although in the cases of four patients admission was recommended by the assessing psychiatrist but not effected because of the lack of regional secure beds. Other problems identified by those involved in the scheme were the need for the provision of bail hostels specializing in the care of those with psychiatric difficulties and the need for the involvement of community psychiatric nurses within the assessment and diversion scheme.