bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanomaterials Applied to Cancer: Where Are We Now?
Authors: Machado Vera , Morais Mariana , Medeiros Rui
Published: October 2022

Cancer cells normally develop the ability to rewire or reprogram themselves to become resistant to treatments that were previously effective. Despite progress in understanding drug resistance, knowledge gaps remain regarding the underlying biological causes of drug resistance and the design of cancer treatments to overcome it. So, resistance acquisition remains a major problem in cancer treatment. Targeted therapeutics are considered the next generation of cancer therapy because they overcome many limitations of traditional treatments. Numerous tumor cells overexpress several receptors that have a high binding affinity for hyaluronic acid (HA), while they are poorly expressed in normal body cells. HA and its derivatives have the advantage of being biocompatible and biodegradable and may be conjugated with a variety of drugs and drug carriers for developing various formulations as anticancer therapies such as micelles, nanogels, and inorganic nanoparticles. Due to their stability in blood circulation and predictable delivery patterns, enhanced tumor-selective drug accumulation, and decreased toxicity to normal tissues, tumor-targeting nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems have been shown to represent an efficacious approach for the treatment of cancer. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of some in vitro and in vivo studies related to the potential of HA as a ligand to develop targeted nanovehicles for future biomedical applications in cancer treatment.
Investigation on the Temperature Distribution Uniformity of an Extrusion-Based 3D Print Head and Its Temperature Control Strategy
Authors: Gao Qiang , Yu Kaicheng , Chen Fangzheng , Lu Lihua , Zhang Peng
Published: October 2022

Extrusion-based 3D printing for thermoplastic polymers manifests potential for the fabrication of biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds. However, the uncontrollable shape of printed filaments usually negatively impacts on the printing processes. Non-uniform temperature in the print head is a primary cause of inaccuracy in the diameter of filaments formed during the process of extruding thermoplastic polymers. Therefore, the temperature distribution inside the print head must be controlled accurately. This study developed a novel print head configuration with two groups of controllable heat sources for extrusion-based printing of thermoplastic polymers. Subsequently, a numerical thermal analysis based on the finite element method (FEM) was conducted to investigate the temperature field in the print head during the heating process. Moreover, a temperature control strategy is proposed under which the temperature distribution of the print head can be regulated. The temperature uniformity can be improved with the proposed temperature control strategy. Lastly, groups of printing trials were implemented, and the printed filaments showed excellent uniformity of diameter when temperature distribution uniformity was controlled in the print head.
Locust Bean Gum Nano-Based Hydrogel for Vaginal Delivery of Diphenyl Diselenide in the Treatment of Trichomoniasis: Formulation Characterization and In Vitro Biological Evaluation
Authors: Reis Fernanda Padoin dos , Rigo Graziela Vargas , Nogueira Cristina Wayne , Tasca Tiana , Sari Marcel Henrique Marcondes , Cruz Letícia
Published: October 2022

Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection in the world, but its available therapies present low efficacy and high toxicity. Diphenyl diselenide (PhSe2) is a pharmacologically active organic selenium compound; however, its clinical use is hindered by its lipophilicity and toxicity. Nanocarriers are an interesting approach to overcome the limitations associated with this compound. This study designed and evaluated a vaginal hydrogel containing PhSe2-loaded Eudragit® RS100 and coconut oil nanocapsules for the treatment of trichomoniasis. Nanocapsules presented particle sizes in the nanometric range, positive zeta potential, a compound content close to the theoretical value, and high encapsulation efficiency. The nanoencapsulation maintained the anti-Trichomonas vaginalis action of the compound while improving the scavenger action in a DPPH assay. The hydrogels were prepared by thickening nanocapsule suspensions with locust bean gum (3%). The semisolids maintained the nanometric size of the particles and the PhSe2 content at around the initial concentration (1.0 mg/g). They also displayed non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic behavior and a highly mucoadhesive property. The chorioallantoic membrane method indicated the absence of hemorrhage, coagulation, or lysis. The compound, from both non-encapsulated and nano-based hydrogel delivery systems, remained on the surface of the bovine vaginal mucosa. Therefore, the formulations displayed the intended properties and could be a promising alternative for the treatment of trichomoniasis.
Bioactive Molecules from Plants: Discovery and Pharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Bergonzi Maria Camilla , Heard Charles M. , Garcia-Pardo Javier
Published: October 2022

The plant kingdom is one of the richest sources of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potential [...]
Retention Time Extended by Nanoparticles Improves the Eradication of Highly Antibiotic-Resistant Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Yao Cheng-Jung , Yang Shu-Jyuan , Huang Chung-Huan , Chang Yuan-Ting , Wang Chung-Hao , Shieh Ming-Jium , Young Tai-Horng
Published: October 2022

Helicobacter pylori infection usually causes gastrointestinal complications, including gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation, and serious infections may lead to gastric cancer. Amoxicillin is used to treat numerous bacterial infections but is easily decomposed in the gastric acid environment via the hydrolyzation of the β-lactam ring. In this study, we develop chitosan-based nanoparticles loaded with amoxicillin (CAANs) as an H. pylori eradication platform. The CAANs were biocompatible and could retain the antibiotic activity of amoxicillin against H. pylori growth. The mucoadhesive property of chitosan and alginate enabled the CAANs to adhere to the mucus layers and penetrate through these to release amoxicillin in the space between the layers and the gastric epithelium. The use of this nanoparticle could prolong the retention time and preserve the antibiotic activity of amoxicillin in the stomach and help enhance the eradication rate of H. pylori and reduce treatment time. These CAANs, therefore, show potential for the effective treatment of highly antibiotic-resistant H. pylori infection using amoxicillin.
Pulsed Laser Photo-Crosslinking of Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels for the Controlled Delivery of Chlorpromazine to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Tozar Tatiana , Nistorescu Simona , Boni Mihai , Gradisteanu Pircalabioru Gratiela , Negut Irina , Staicu Angela
Published: October 2022

Hydrogels are ideal candidates for the sustained local administration of antimicrobial drugs because they have customizable physicochemical properties that allow drug release kinetics to be controlled and potentially address the issue of systemic side effects. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to use 266 nm-pulsed laser beams to photo-crosslink gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels using Irgacure 2959 as a photo-initiator to reduce the curing time and to have an online method to monitor the process, such as laser-induced fluorescence. Additionally, irradiated chlorpromazine was loaded into the hydrogels to obtain a drug delivery system with antimicrobial activity. These hydrogels were investigated by UV–Vis and FTIR absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and their structural and morphological characteristics, swelling behavior, and drug release profile were obtained. As a result the morphology, swelling behavior, and drug release profile were influenced by both the energy of the laser beam and the exposure time. The optimal hydrogel was obtained after 1 min of laser irradiation for Irgacure 2959 at 0.05% w/v concentration and gelatin methacryloyl at 10% w/v concentration. The hydrogels loaded with irradiated chlorpromazine show significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA bacteria and a non-cytotoxic effect against L929 fibroblast cell lines.
Continuous NPWT Regulates Fibrosis in Murine Diabetic Wound Healing
Authors: Wu Mengfan , Matar Dany Y. , Yu Zhen , Chen Ziyu , Knoedler Samuel , Ng Brian , Darwish Oliver A. , Sohrabi Sadaf , Friedman Leigh , Haug Valentin , Murphy George F. , Rinkevich Yuval , Orgill Dennis P. , Panayi Adriana C.
Published: October 2022

Scarring is associated with significant morbidity. The mechanical signaling factor yes-associated protein (YAP) has been linked to Engrailed-1 (En1)-lineage positive fibroblasts (EPFs), a pro-scarring fibroblast lineage, establishing a connection between mechanotransduction and fibrosis. In this study, we investigate the impact of micromechanical forces exerted through negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) on the pathophysiology of fibrosis. Full-thickness excisional dorsal skin wounds were created on diabetic (db/db) mice which were treated with occlusive covering (control) or NPWT (continuous, −125 mmHg, 7 days; NPWT). Analysis was performed on tissue harvested 10 days after wounding. NPWT was associated with increased YAP (p = 0.04) but decreased En1 (p = 0.0001) and CD26 (p < 0.0001). The pro-fibrotic factors Vimentin (p = 0.04), α-SMA (p = 0.04) and HSP47 (p = 0.0008) were decreased with NPWT. Fibronectin was higher (p = 0.01) and collagen deposition lower in the NPWT group (p = 0.02). NPWT increased cellular proliferation (p = 0.002) and decreased apoptosis (p = 0.03). Western blotting demonstrated increased YAP (p = 0.02) and RhoA (p = 0.03) and decreased Caspase-3 (p = 0.03) with NPWT. NPWT uncouples YAP from EPF activation, through downregulation of Caspace-3, a pro-apoptotic factor linked to keloid formation. Mechanotransduction decreases multiple pro-fibrotic factors. Through this multifactorial process, NPWT significantly decreases fibrosis and offers promising potential as a mode to improve scar appearance.
Delivery of RNAs to Specific Organs by Lipid Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy
Authors: Godbout Kelly , Tremblay Jacques P.
Published: October 2022

Gene therapy holds great promise in the treatment of genetic diseases. It is now possible to make DNA modifications using the CRISPR system. However, a major problem remains: the delivery of these CRISPR-derived technologies to specific organs. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as a very promising delivery method. However, when delivering LNPs intravenously, most of the cargo is trapped by the liver. Alternatively, injecting them directly into organs, such as the brain, requires more invasive procedures. Therefore, developing more specific LNPs is crucial for their future clinical use. Modifying the composition of the lipids in the LNPs allows more specific deliveries of the LNPs to some organs. In this review, we have identified the most effective compositions and proportions of lipids for LNPs to target specific organs, such as the brain, lungs, muscles, heart, liver, spleen, and bones.
The Influence of Local Microstructure Inhomogeneities on Local Drying Kinetics during Freeze-Drying
Authors: Gruber Sebastian , Thomik Maximilian , Vorhauer-Huget Nicole , Hans Lukas , Tsotsas Evangelos , Foerst Petra
Published: October 2022

Freeze-drying is a gentle drying technique to dry high value products, such as pharmaceuticals, without impacting the quality of the product. However, this method is very time and cost intensive. It is known that larger pores reduce the duration of primary drying due to facilitated mass transport. However, next to the pore size, other structural parameters exist whose influence on drying kinetics is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate the influence of the microstructure (pore size, shape and orientation) on local primary drying kinetics. In the study, freeze-drying experiments on maltodextrin and sucrose solutions (c1 = 0.05 and c2 = 0.15 w/w) were carried out in a lyomicroscope. Two-dimensional images were recorded during the whole drying process and in the dry state and analyzed on the movement of the sublimation front, pore size, orientation and shape. Different microstructures were created by using different freezing parameters, namely two different cooling rates and solid concentrations. It could be shown that for pores with a high aspect ratio, the pore orientation was more important for the drying kinetics than the pore size, while for pores with a lower aspect ratio the pore size was the decisive parameter.
An Overview of Herbal-Based Antidiabetic Drug Delivery Systems: Focus on Lipid- and Inorganic-Based Nanoformulations
Authors: Kambale Espoir K. , Quetin-Leclercq Joëlle , Memvanga Patrick B. , Beloqui Ana
Published: October 2022

Diabetes is a metabolic pathology with chronic high blood glucose levels that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not properly use the insulin it produces. Diabetes management is a puzzle and focuses on a healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, and medication. Thus far, the condition remains incurable; management just helps to control it. Its medical treatment is expensive and is to be followed for the long term, which is why people, especially from low-income countries, resort to herbal medicines. However, many active compounds isolated from plants (phytocompounds) are poorly bioavailable due to their low solubility, low permeability, or rapid elimination. To overcome these impediments and to alleviate the cost burden on disadvantaged populations, plant nanomedicines are being studied. Nanoparticulate formulations containing antidiabetic plant extracts or phytocompounds have shown promising results. We herein aimed to provide an overview of the use of lipid- and inorganic-based nanoparticulate delivery systems with plant extracts or phytocompounds for the treatment of diabetes while highlighting their advantages and limitations for clinical application. The findings from the reviewed works showed that these nanoparticulate formulations resulted in high antidiabetic activity at low doses compared to the corresponding plant extracts or phytocompounds alone. Moreover, it was shown that nanoparticulate systems address the poor bioavailability of herbal medicines, but the lack of enough preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic trials still delays their use in diabetic patients.
Influence of the Hydrophobicity of Pluronic Micelles Encapsulating Curcumin on the Membrane Permeability and Enhancement of Photoinduced Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Tănase Maria Antonia , Soare Andreia Cristina , Diţu Lia Mara , Nistor Cristina Lavinia , Mihaescu Catalin Ionut , Gifu Ioana Catalina , Petcu Cristian , Cinteza Ludmila Otilia
Published: October 2022

Apart from its well-known activity as an antimicrobial agent, Curcumin (CURC) has recently started to arouse interest as a photosensitizer in the photodynamic therapy of bacterial infections. The aim of the present study was to evidence the influence of the encapsulation of Curcumin into polymeric micelles on the efficiency of photoinduced microbial inhibition. The influence of the hydrophobicity of the selected Pluronics (P84, P123, and F127) on the encapsulation, stability, and antimicrobial efficiency of CURC-loaded micelles was investigated. In addition, the size, morphology, and drug-loading capacity of the micellar drug delivery systems have been characterized. The influence of the presence of micellar aggregates and unassociated molecules of various Pluronics on the membrane permeability was investigated on both normal and resistant microbial strains of E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. The antimicrobial efficiency on the common pathogens was assessed for CURC-loaded polymeric micelles in dark conditions and activated by blue laser light (470 nm). Significant results in the reduction of the microorganism’s growth were found in cultures of C. albicans, even at very low concentrations of surfactants and Curcumin. Unlike the membrane permeabilization effect of the monomeric solution of Pluronics, reported in the case of tumoral cells, a limited permeabilization effect was found on the studied microorganisms. Encapsulation of the Curcumin in Pluronic P84 and P123 at very low, nontoxic concentrations for photosensitizer and drug-carrier, produced CURC-loaded micelles that prove to be effective in the light-activated inhibition of resistant species of Gram-positive bacteria and fungi.
Comparative Evaluation of the Antiglycation and Anti-α-Glucosidase Activities of Baicalein, Baicalin (Baicalein 7-O-Glucuronide) and the Antidiabetic Drug Metformin
Authors: Froldi Guglielmina , Djeujo Francine Medjiofack , Bulf Nadia , Caparelli Emma , Ragazzi Eugenio
Published: October 2022

The discovery of new oral antidiabetic drugs remains a priority in medicine. This research aimed to evaluate the activity of the flavonoid baicalein and its natural glucuronide baicalin, compared to the antidiabetic drug metformin, as potential antiglycation, anti–radical, and anti-α–glucosidase agents, in order to assess their potential role in counteracting hyperglycemia-induced tissue damage. The study considered: (i) the BSA assay, to detect the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), (ii) the GK peptide–ribose assay, which evaluates the cross–linking between the peptide and ribose, and (iii) the carbonyl content assay to detect the total carbonyl content, as a biomarker of tissue damage. In addition, to obtain a reliable picture of the antiglycation capacity of the investigated compounds, DPPH scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays were performed. Furthermore, the anti–α–glucosidase activity of baicalein and baicalin was detected. Furthermore, to estimate cell permeability, preliminarily, the cytotoxicity of baicalein and baicalin was evaluated in HT–29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells using the MTT assay. Successively, the ability of the compounds to pass through the cytoplasmic membranes of HT–29 cells was detected as a permeability screen to predict in vivo absorption, showing that baicalein passes into cells even if it is quickly modified in various metabolites, being its main derivative baicalin. Otherwise, baicalin per se did not pass through cell membranes. Data show that baicalein is the most active compound in reducing glycation, α-glucosidase activity, and free radicals, while baicalin exhibited similar activities, but did not inhibit the enzyme α–glucosidase.
Pharmacists’ Knowledge and Perceptions of FDA Approval Standards and the Breakthrough Therapy Designation
Authors: Herink Megan C. , Johnston Kirbee , Breninger Kristin , Wu Erin , Irwin Adriane N.
Published: October 2022

The “breakthrough therapy” designation (BTD) is a recent mechanism implemented by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to expedite access to drugs that address unmet needs. The purpose of this study is to describe pharmacists’ knowledge of FDA drug-approval standards and knowledge and perceptions of the BTD. Pharmacists engaged in advanced clinical practice were identified through membership profiles of a professional pharmacy organization. Eligible participants were then sent a questionnaire to assess knowledge of FDA approval standards and the BTD. A total of 226 pharmacists responded. The majority of respondents were women (70.2%) and had completed post-graduate training (85.8%). Over half correctly answered at least two of three questions on FDA approval standards (58.1%) and the BTD (78.1%). Only 24.1% of respondents identified as being familiar with the BTD. The majority of pharmacists (62.8%) were certain that FDA-approved “breakthrough” drugs represented a major advance over currently approved therapies and most (88.5%) preferred the drug designated as “breakthrough” in a hypothetical scenario. In conclusion, pharmacists were able to correctly answer questions about FDA approval standards and the BTD. However, they were unfamiliar with the implications of a BTD and may overestimate the benefit demonstrated by these drugs. Future research should identify knowledge gaps in pharmacist understanding of regulatory mechanisms designed to expedite drug approval.
The Impacts of Clinical Pharmacists’ Interventions on Clinical Significance and Cost Avoidance in a Tertiary Care University Hospital in Oman: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Al-Maqbali Juhaina Salim , Taqi Aqila , Al-Ajmi Samyia , Al-Hamadani Buthaina , Al-Hamadani Farhat , Bahram Fatima , Al-Balushi Kifah , Gamal Sarah , Al-Lawati Esra , Al Siyabi Bushra , Al Siyabi Ekram , Al-Sharji Nashwa , Al-Zakwani Ibrahim
Published: October 2022

Objectives: Pharmaceutical interventions are implicit components of the enhanced role that clinical pharmacists provide in clinical settings. We aimed to study the clinical significance and analyze the presumed cost avoidance achieved by clinical pharmacists’ interventions. Methods: A retrospective study of documented clinical pharmacists’ interventions at a tertiary care hospital in Oman was conducted between January and March 2022. The interventions were electronically recorded in the patients’ medical records as routine practice by clinical pharmacists. Data on clinical outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Cost implications were cross checked by another clinical pharmacist, and then, cost avoidance was calculated using the Rx Medi-Trend system values. Results: A total of 2032 interventions were analyzed, and 97% of them were accepted by the treating physicians. Around 30% of the accepted interventions were for antimicrobials, and the most common type was dosage adjustment (30%). Treatment efficacy was enhanced in 60% and toxicity was avoided in 22% of the interventions. The presumed cost avoided during the study period was USD 110,000 with a projected annual cost avoidance of approximately USD 440,000. Conclusion: There was an overall positive clinical and financial impact of clinical pharmacists’ interventions. Most interventions have prevented moderate or major harm with a high physician acceptance rate. Optimal documentation of the interventions is crucial for emphasizing clinical pharmacists’ value in multi-specialty hospitals.
Lack, Escape, and Hypervirtuality: On the Existential and Phenomenological Conditions for Addiction
Authors: O’Shiel Daniel
Published: October 2022

This article provides the existential and phenomenological conditions for addiction by applying the concepts of lack, escape and ‘hypervirtuality’ in new ways to the subject matter. There are five sections. The first is a brief review of some of the most relevant literature. The second lists the main general characteristics of addiction, gleaned from the literature, as well as discussing a possible general definition, namely wants that have become (damaging) needs. The third provides the existential conditions required for addiction to be understood as a human phenomenon to which we are all susceptible, albeit to greatly differing degrees and objects. Here I stress the ideas of transcendence, desire, lack and escape one finds in the early writings of Sartre and Levinas. The fourth fills this idea out with a key phenomenological notion of hypervirtuality, inspired by Husserl. This latter, fifthly and finally, explains the rising power of new technologies and how many are increasing and providing new opportunities for addictive behaviour.
Plasmon-Induced Semiconductor-Based Photo-Thermal Catalysis: Fundamentals, Critical Aspects, Design, and Applications
Authors: Sial Atif , Dar Afzal Ahmed , Li Yifan , Wang Chuanyi
Published: October 2022

Photo-thermal catalysis is among the most effective alternative pathways used to perform chemical reactions under solar irradiation. The synergistic contributions of heat and light during photo-thermal catalytic processes can effectively improve reaction efficiency and alter design selectivity, even under operational instability. The present review focuses on the recent advances in photo-thermal-driven chemical reactions, basic physics behind the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) formation and enhancement, pathways of charge carrier generation and transfer between plasmonic nanostructures and photo-thermal conversion, critical aspects influencing photo-thermal catalytic performance, tailored symmetry, and morphology engineering used to design efficient photo-thermal catalytic systems. By highlighting the multifield coupling benefits of plasmonic nanomaterials and semiconductor oxides, we summarized and discussed several recently developed photo-thermal catalysts and their catalytic performance in energy production (CO2 conversion and H2 dissociation), environmental protection (VOCs and dyes degradation), and organic compound synthesis (Olefins). Finally, the difficulties and future endeavors related to the design and engineering of photo-thermal catalysts were pointed out to draw the attention of researchers to this sustainable technology used for maximum solar energy utilization.
Blind Carrier Phase Recovery Using Extended Kalman Filtering in Probabilistically Shaped Coherent Systems
Authors: Zhang Shiqun , Yan Jiarun , Huang Zhiping
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we propose an Extended Kalman Filtering with phase noise reconstruction (EKF-PC) scheme to enhance the carrier recovery capability for probabilistic shaping of coherent optical communication systems with various shaping factors. We first investigate the weights of the shaping factor and the noise rejection window length of EKF-PC for PS-64QAM at a fixed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). After that, we jointly optimize the shaping factor and the noise rejection window length to obtain the maximum achievable information rate at a variety of SNRs. Then, we numerically analyze the carrier recovery performance of the EKF-PC for different linewidths and SF conditions. Finally, we conduct simulation experiments to compare EKF-PC, PCPE, and other currently available Kalman CPE algorithms with the SFs of 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, and 0.035 under back-to-back (B2B) scenarios. The experimental results show that EKF-PC obtains an average SNR improvement of 0.13–0.5 dB compared to PCPE and an average performance improvement of 0.5–1 dB compared to other Kalman algorithms.
Tunable Multi-Channels Bandpass InGaAsP Plasmonic Filter Using Coupled Arrow Shape Cavities
Authors: Abd-Elsamee Seham , Areed Nihal F. F. , El-Mikati Hamdi A. , Obayya Salah S. A.
Published: October 2022

A new design for a tunable multi-channel plasmonic bandpass filter was numerically investigated using the two-dimensional finite element method (2D-FEM). The proposed multi-channel plasmonic bandpass filter consists of a metal-insulator-metal waveguide (MIM-WG) and double-sided arrow-shaped cavities. Silver (Ag) and a non-linear optical medium (InGaAsP) are used in the designed filter. InGaAsP fills the bus waveguide and arrow-shaped cavities. The refractive index of InGaAsP is sensitive to the incident light intensity, therefore the resonance wavelengths can be controlled. Utilizing different incident light intensities (such as 1017 v2/m2 and 2 × 1017 v2/m2) on the InGaAsP, the filter wavelengths can be tuned over a range from 600 nm to 1200 nm. The proposed filter with a confinement area of 0.5 μm2 can be used in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), photonic systems, coloring filters, sensing, and 5G+ communication.
Measuring the pth-Order Correlation Function of Light Field via Two-Level Atoms
Authors: Lu Wangjun , Zhai Cuilu , Tang Shiqing
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we present a method for measuring arbitrary-order correlation functions of the light field using a two-level atomic system. Theoretically, light field information should be mapped onto the atomic system after the light interacts with the atom. Therefore, we can measure the atomic system and thus obtain information about the light field. We study two typical models, the p-photon Jaynes–Cummings model, and the p-photon Tavis–Cummings model. In both models, we find that the pth-order correlation function of an unknown light field can be obtained by measuring the instantaneous change of energy of the two-level atoms with the aid of a known reference light field. Moreover, we find that the interactions other than the dipole interactions between light and atoms have no effect on the measurement results.
High Harmonic Generation Driven by Counter-Rotating Bicircular Laser Fields from Polar Chemical Bonds in h-BN
Authors: Lu Haocheng , Li Fangshu
Published: October 2022

High harmonic generation (HHG) driven by counter-rotating bicircular (CRB) pulses excitation has been observed from several solid targets, where circularly polarized harmonics are emitted. We study this process using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to calculate the crystal orientation dependence of the circularly polarized high harmonics from a monolayer h-BN. The resulted can be interpreted by the real space electron dynamics of electrons in polar chemical bonds. The yield of circularly polarized high harmonics (CHHs) can be optimized by controlling the direction of valence electron dynamics. Our findings pave the way for exploring the binding potential from spectrum and all-optically processing information.
SHG in Micron-Scale Layers of Glasses: Electron Beam Irradiation vs. Thermal Poling
Authors: Reshetov Ilya , Kaasik Vladimir , Kan Gennadiy , Shestakov Sergey , Scherbak Sergey , Zhurikhina Valentina , Lipovskii Andrey
Published: October 2022

In this work, we studied the introduction of second-order optical nonlinearity (SON) into subsurface layer soda-lime and alkali-free flint glasses using two different techniques: electron beam irradiation and thermal poling in an open anode configuration. The experiments showed that thermally poled soda-lime glass and e-beam poled flint glass demonstrated noticeable second-harmonic generation (SHG) with their second-harmonic (SH) signals being close in magnitude. The performed estimates showed that the coincidence in the SH signal intensity in these two glasses cannot be explained in the frames of the model that relates the second-order nonlinear susceptibility with the third-order susceptibility and the “frozen” electric field in glasses (EFISH model). This supposes another mechanism of SON in thermally poled soda-lime glass. We believe that this mechanism is the dipole orientation of entities injected into the soda-lime glass during thermal poling in an open anode configuration.
Acquisition and Assessment of Gear Holistic Deviations Based on Laser Measurement
Authors: Shi Zhaoyao , Sun Yanqiang , Wang Xiaoyi , Zhao Baoya , Song Huixu
Published: October 2022

Line laser measurement technology is effective for obtaining the 3D point clouds of complex surfaces. Thus, a 3D gear measurement model is established in this study. All the point clouds of gear surfaces are rapidly obtained using a line laser sensor, and the holistic deviations of gear surfaces are acquired by calculating the normal errors of the gear surface. These informative and complete data include traditional gear error items and considerable valuable information that is not deconstructed. To exploit the acquired gear holistic deviations, the structured 3D model is constructed to express tooth surface errors. In this model, the control method of the statistical process is used to define highly representative assessment indicators, and a new gear accuracy assessment system is developed by selecting reasonable indicators. The measurement practice shows that this method exploits the complete information of the gear surface, including all the current accuracy assessment indicators, which can be used to expand the new assessment indicators. This method can be used to characterize the 3D topological tooth surface completely and comprehensively and realize the deep mining and extended applications of the 3D full information of gear surfaces.
Optical-Frequency-Comb Generation Based on Single-Tone Modulation and Four-Wave Mixing Effect in One Single Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
Authors: Tan Zeyu , Huang Lirong
Published: October 2022

We propose a novel optical-frequency-comb (OFC) generation scheme based on single-tone modulation and the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect in one single semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) modulated by a radio frequency (RF) current. A comprehensive broad-band dynamic model, which considers single-tone modulation and the FWM effect, is presented. The simulated results show that, although only one single continuous-wave light is input into the SOA, an OFC with a large number of frequency components can be achieved as a result of single-tone modulation and the FWM effect in the SOA. The number of comb lines and the spectral bandwidth of the OFC increase by raising the amplitude of the RF modulation current. Increasing the input light power can increase the average optical power of the OFC. The frequency interval is tunable within a certain range by tuning the frequency of the RF modulation current injected into the SOA.
Phytochemistry, Biological and Pharmacological Activities of the Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag: A Systematic Review
Authors: Elazzouzi Hanane , Fadili Kamal , Cherrat Ali , Amalich Smail , Zekri Nadia , Zerkani Hannou , Tagnaout Imane , Hano Christophe , Lorenzo Jose M. , Zair Touria
Published: October 2022

Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) (Asteraceae) is an important annual medicinal herb and is widespread in Morocco and Algeria. Most of its parts are used in traditional medicine and the roots are the most important parts used. The present review gives an account of the updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. We have collected the essential characteristics and the different scientific data of the A. pyrethrum species, and reviewed its potential. It is seen from the literature that A. pyrethrum is a rich source of the phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids (pellitorin) and n-alkylamides. This species also contains pyrethrins, sesamin, traces of essential oils and a wide range of other chemical compounds. These active substances possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The plant has an antidiabetic, insecticidal and immunostimulatory effect, as well as an aphrodisiac and antioxidant potentials, and various other important medicinal properties. Many traditional uses are also reported in previous research such as for rheumatism, sciatica, colds, neuralgia and paralysis. This species is considered to be a sialagogue, and used in the treatment of stomach ailments, diseases of inflammation of the mouth, against cysts in the genital tract and to relieve toothaches. Thus, further research must be carried out in order to establish any relationship between the traditional uses, phytochemistry and toxicity. Moreover, A. pyrethrum is quite promising as a medicinal agent, so further clinical trials should be performed to prove its efficacy.
An Insight into Animal Glutamate Receptors Homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana and Their Potential Applications—A Review
Authors: Naz Ruphi , Khan Andleeb , Alghamdi Badrah S. , Ashraf Ghulam Md , Alghanmi Maimonah , Ahmad Altaf , Bashir Sheikh Shanawaz , Haq Qazi Mohd Rizwanul
Published: October 2022

Most excitatory impulses received by neurons are mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These receptors are located at the apex and play an important role in memory, neuronal development, and synaptic plasticity. These receptors are ligand-dependent ion channels that allow a wide range of cations to pass through. Glutamate, a neurotransmitter, activates three central ionotropic receptors: N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA), and kainic acid (KA). According to the available research, excessive glutamate release causes neuronal cell death and promotes neurodegenerative disorders. Arabidopsis thaliana contains 20 glutamate receptor genes (AtGluR) comparable to the human ionotropic glutamate (iGluRs) receptor. Many studies have proved that AtGL-rec genes are involved in a number of plant growth and physiological activities, such as in the germination of seeds, roots, abiotic and biotic stress, and cell signaling, which clarify the place of these genes in plant biology. In spite of these, the iGluRs, Arabidopsis glutamate receptors (AtGluR), is associated with the ligand binding activity, which confirms the evolutionary relationship between animal and plant glutamate receptors. Along with the above activities, the impact of mammalian agonists and antagonists on Arabidopsis suggests a correlation between plant and animal glutamate receptors. In addition, these glutamate receptors (plant/animal) are being utilized for the early detection of neurogenerative diseases using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) approach. However, a number of scientific laboratories and institutes are consistently working on glutamate receptors with different aspects. Currently, we are also focusing on Arabidopsis glutamate receptors. The current review is focused on updating knowledge on AtGluR genes, their evolution, functions, and expression, and as well as in comparison with iGluRs. Furthermore, a high throughput approach based on FRET nanosensors developed for understanding neurotransmitter signaling in animals and plants via glutamate receptors has been discussed. The updated information will aid in the future comprehension of the complex molecular dynamics of glutamate receptors and the exploration of new facts in plant/animal biology.
A Multigene Phylogeny of Native American Hawkweeds (Hieracium Subgen. Chionoracium, Cichorieae, Asteraceae): Origin, Speciation Patterns, and Migration Routes
Authors: Fehrer Judith , Bertrand Yann J. K. , Hartmann Matthias , Caklová Petra , Josefiová Jiřina , Bräutigam Siegfried , Chrtek Jindřich
Published: October 2022

Native American hawkweeds are mainly mountainous species that are distributed all over the New World. They are severely understudied with respect to their origin, colonization of the vast distribution area, and species relationships. Here, we attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the group by applying seven molecular markers (plastid, nuclear ribosomal and low-copy genes). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Chionoracium is a subgenus of the mainly Eurasian genus Hieracium, which originated from eastern European hawkweeds about 1.58–2.24 million years ago. Plastid DNA suggested a single origin of all Chionoracium species. They colonized the New World via Beringia and formed several distinct lineages in North America. Via one Central American lineage, the group colonized South America and radiated into more than a hundred species within about 0.8 million years, long after the closure of the Isthmus of Panama and the most recent uplift of the Andes. Despite some incongruences shown by different markers, most of them revealed the same crown groups of closely related taxa, which were, however, largely in conflict with traditional sectional classifications. We provide a basic framework for further elucidation of speciation patterns. A thorough taxonomic revision of Hieracium subgen. Chionoracium is recommended.
Four Remarkable Additions to the Biodiversity of Chinese Mosses
Authors: Sulayman Mamtimin , Fedosov Vladimir , Plášek Vítězslav
Published: October 2022

Four species of moss genus Schistidium are reported for the first time from China. All of them have been found in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Ecological and distributional details of the newly recorded species are provided and their local distribution is mapped. Photographs of the species are attached. Checklist of Schistidium species and identifying key are added. Considering the present records, Schistidium consists of 15 species in China.
The IUCN Green Status of Species: A Call for Mediterranean Botanists to Contribute to This New Ambitious Effort
Authors: Cogoni Donatella , Grace Molly K. , Long Barney , Orsenigo Simone , Fenu Giuseppe
Published: October 2022

In the Mediterranean Basin, a critical focal point for the conservation of plant diversity, there has been a large increase in practical conservation actions for many plant species to prevent extinction and to improve their conservation status; quantifying the effectiveness of these initiatives in reversing species declines is urgently important. In 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) launched a new tool that allows the impact of conservation actions on plant species to be assessed. The Green Status of Species is a new set of metrics under the Red List of Threatened Species that assigns species to recovery categories, complementary to the classic extinction risk categories. Crucially, the Green Status of Species provides methods to evaluate the impact of past conservation, and the potential for future conservation impact, on species status and recovery in a standardized way. Considering the efforts made so far for the conservation of Mediterranean threatened plants, using the Green Status of Species would be highly useful to direct future conservation policies. We, therefore, encourage botanists and practitioners working on threatened plants in the Mediterranean area to use this new assessment tool to inform conservation and recovery programs.
A Nomenclatural and Taxonomic Revision of the Senecio squalidus Group (Asteraceae)
Authors: Barone Giulio , Domina Gianniantonio , Bartolucci Fabrizio , Galasso Gabriele , Peruzzi Lorenzo
Published: October 2022

Senecio squalidus (Asteraceae) currently includes nine subspecies distributed in North and Central Europe and in the Mediterranean basin. Within this taxonomic aggregate, many species have been described, but research on their nomenclatural types is incomplete. A complete nomenclatural survey of 19 names belonging to this taxonomically critical group was carried out. Fourteen lectotypes are here designated. The nomenclatural analysis, complemented by field investigations in the type localities of the taxa described in the Central Mediterranean, allowed us to accept 10 species. Accordingly, we proposed here a new name and a new missing combination at a specific level: S. aknoulensis and S. calabrus.
Magnesium Fertilization Increases Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Potarzycki Jarosław , Grzebisz Witold , Szczepaniak Witold
Published: October 2022

Wheat fertilized with Mg, regardless of the method of application, increases nitrogen fertilizer (Nf) efficiency. This hypothesis was tested in 2013, 2014, and 2015. A two-factorial experiment with three doses of Mg (i.e., 0, 25, and 50 kg ha−1) and two stages of Mg foliar fertilization (without; BBCH 30; 49/50; 30 + 49/50) was carried out. Foliar vs. in-soil Mg fertilization resulted in a comparable grain yield increase (0.5–0.6 t ha−1). The interaction of both fertilization systems increased the yield by 0.85–0.9 t ha−1. The booting/heading phase was optimal for foliar fertilization. Mg accumulation by wheat fertilized with Mg increased by 17% compared to the NPK plot. The recovery of foliar Mg was multiple in relation to its dose. The recovery of the in-soil Mg applied ranged from 10 to 40%. The increase in yield resulted from the effective use of N taken up by wheat. In 2014 and 2015, this amount was 21–25 kg N ha−1. The increase in yield resulted from the extended transfer of N from vegetative wheat parts to grain. Mg applied to wheat, irrespective of the method, increased the efficiency of the N taken up by the crop. Mg fertilization resulted in higher Nf productivity, as indicated by the increased nitrogen apparent efficiency indices.
Comparative Transcriptome and Anatomic Characteristics of Stems in Two Alfalfa Genotypes
Authors: Wu Jierui , Wang Xiaoyu , Zhang Ruxue , Fu Qingwen , Tang Fang , Shi Fengling , Temuer Buhe , Zhang Zhiqiang
Published: October 2022

Stems are more important to forage quality than leaves in alfalfa. To understand lignin formation at different stages in alfalfa, lignin distribution, anatomical characteristics and transcriptome profile were employed using two alfalfa cultivars. The results showed that the in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of stems in WL168 was significantly higher than that of Zhungeer, along with the significantly lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin contents. In addition, Zhungeer exhibited increased staining of the xylem areas in the stems of different developmental stages compared to WL168. Interestingly, the stems of WL168 appeared intracellular space from the stage 3, while Zhungeer did not. The comparative transcriptome analysis showed that a total of 1993 genes were differentially expressed in the stem between the cultivars, with a higher number of expressed genes in the stage 4. Of the differentially expressed genes, starch and sucrose metabolism as well as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways were the most significantly enriched pathways. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis such as PAL, 4CL, HCT, CAD, COMT and POD coincides with the anatomic characteristics and lignin accumulation. These results may help elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis and improve forage quality in alfalfa.
6-Paradol Alleviates Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats by Inhibiting AKT/mTOR Axis
Authors: Binmahfouz Lenah S. , Almukadi Haifa , Alamoudi Abdulmohsin J. , El-Halawany Ali M. , Abdallah Hossam M. , Algandaby Mardi M. , Mohamed Gamal A. , Ibrahim Sabrin R. M. , Alghamdi Faraj A. , Al-Shaeri Majed , Abdel-Naim Ashraf B.
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease among elderly men. Its pharmacological treatment is still unsatisfactory. 6-Paradol (6-PD) is an active metabolite found in many members of the Zingiberaceae family. It was reported to possess anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study aimed at exploring the potential of 6-PD to inhibit testosterone-induced BPH in rats as well as the probable underlying mechanism. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups and treated as follows: Group 1 (control group) received vehicles only, Group 2 testosterone only, Groups 3 and 4 received 6-PD (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg; respectively) and testosterone, and Group 6 received finasteride and testosterone. Results: Daily treatment of animals with 6-PD at the two dose levels of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg significantly ameliorated a testosterone-induced rise in prostate index and weight. This was confirmed by histological examinations of prostatic tissues that indicated a reduction in the pathological changes as well as inhibition of the rise in glandular epithelial height in 6-PD treated rats. Immunohistochemical investigations showed that 6-PD prevented the up-regulation of cyclin D1 induced by testosterone injections. Further, 6-PD significantly modulated mRNA expression of both Bcl2 and Bax in prostate tissues of testosterone-treated rats in favor of anti-proliferation. It also showed antioxidant activities as evidenced by inhibition of accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and exhaustion of catalase (CAT) activity. In addition, 6-PD displayed significant anti-inflammatory activities as it prevented up-regulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Immunoblotting analysis revealed that 6-PD significantly inhibited testosterone-induced activation of AKT and mTOR in prostate tissues. Conclusions: 6-PD protects against testosterone-induced BPH in rats. This can be attributed, at least partly, to its antiproliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties as well as its ability to inhibit activation of the AKT/mTOR axis.