bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demographic Challenges for a Rising China
Authors: Davis Deborah S.
Published: March 2014

Looking into the near future, China faces immense demographic challenges. Prolonged sub-replacement fertility has created irreversible conditions for rapid aging of the population, and massive migration to cities has left many villages populated by elderly farmers with no adult children to support them. Soaring divorce rates and high levels of residential dislocation have eroded family stability. To a large extent, government policies created to accelerate economic growth inadvertently fostered these demographic challenges, and now the country is facing the negative consequences of interventions that previously spurred double-digit growth. Legacies of Confucian familism initially blunted pressures on families. Filial sons and daughters sent back remittances, parents cared for migrants' children and invested in their children's marriages, and families with four grandparents, two parents, and one child (4+2+1) pooled resources to continuously improve a family's material well-being. But now the demographic challenges have further intensified and the question arises: can the state adopt new policies that will allow the prototypical 4+2+1 families created by the one-child policy to thrive through 2030?
State Schemes or Safety Nets? China's Push for Universal Coverage
Authors: Frazier Mark W.
Published: March 2014

After rapid changes in social policy and increases in social expenditures over the past five years, many of the uniformly negative assessments of China's record on health care, retirement pensions, and other forms of social security have to be reconsidered. This article examines the rapid expansion in social policy coverage and spending, and considers the possible significance of these changes for Chinese politics. The administrative and territorial categories that have defined access to social welfare provision over the history of the People's Republic of China have not yet receded, but their significance has diminished with programs that create uniform eligibility across rural and urban categories of citizenship. Large gaps in benefits remain, and are likely to generate political demands in the future as urbanization continues to erode the administrative distinctions between urban and rural.
China's Workers Movement & the End of the Rapid-Growth Era
Authors: Gallagher Mary E.
Published: March 2014

China's rapid economic growth period was predicated on a development model that exploited the stark divide between its urban and rural citizens. As the workshop of the world, Chinese factories tapped the vast surplus labor of the countryside. Rural workers' expectations were low, but their desire for new employment opportunities was boundless and their numbers seemed limitless. Three decades later, these conditions have changed: workers' expectations are higher and their numbers are diminishing as the population ages. Labor disputes and strikes are endemic as the expectations and aspirations of workers outpace the nation's slowing growth rate. Compared to the anemic labor movements in the West, China's workers are emboldened, though they are still hampered by a repressive political environment and strict constraints on freedom of association. Conflict is spontaneous and settlement is ad-hoc. Like many authoritarian regimes, the Chinese Communist Party has difficulty committing to the institutionalization of labor conflict as it heightens the possibility of social empowerment. The state remains in charge, which also means that labor-capital conflict almost invariably metastasizes into a confrontation between workers and the state.
The Chinese Century? The Challenges of Higher Education
Authors: Kirby William C.
Published: March 2014

One can find in any airport kiosk books that proclaim ours to be “the Chinese century.” We have titles such as “The Dragon Awakes,” “China's Rise,” “The Rise of China,” and “China's Ascent,” to name but a few. But to rise is not necessarily to lead. What constitutes leadership? In higher education, China is building the fastest growing system–in quality as well as in quantity–in the world. The foremost global powers of the past four centuries all offered models in the realms of culture, ideas, and education. This may be said of seventeenth-century France under Louis XIV; of the Qing during the Qianlong reign of the eighteenth century; of Britain and Germany in the nineteenth century; and of the United States in the twentieth. China now aspires to educate global elites. For the twenty-first century, then, are Chinese universities poised for global leadership?
Local Governance in China: Incentives & Tensions
Authors: Fewsmith Joseph , Gao Xiang
Published: March 2014

China faces major challenges from social instability and general societal disaffection, which have continued to grow even as the economy has developed. In recent years, the Chinese government has tried to address such issues by diverting increasing resources to raising the income of villagers and providing social services to the urban and rural population alike. So why have “mass incidents”–public protests that sometimes turn violent–continued unabated? This article argues that the structure of central-local relations leads local governments to discount the interests of residents on the one hand, and distort central policies to the benefit of the local government on the other. The “party manages the cadres” principle, through which the central government exerts vertical control, prevents horizontal and bottom-up accountability, and thus ends up setting the interests of local cadres against those of local residents. The central government's interest in preserving its own power makes it reluctant to reform the central-local relationship, thus perpetuating crises.
Environmental Governance in China: State Control to Crisis Management
Authors: Economy Elizabeth
Published: March 2014

After three decades of rapid economic growth, environmental degradation is now one of the most significant issues facing the Chinese government. The country's air, water, and land are all heavily polluted. Despite a number of environmental protection initiatives, both at the national and local levels, China ranks poorly when compared with other emerging nations. Formal government institutions have failed to address adequately the people's concerns. Beijing's system of decentralized authoritarianism lacks the political processes and incentives needed to implement meaningful national reform and to encourage local governments and polluting factories to enforce laws and regulations. The Chinese government now faces growing pressure from civil society, as NGOs, Internet activism, and protests compel the government to proactively address environmental issues. Beijing would do well to increase engagement between the government and its citizens, rather than relying on its current crisis management style of environmental governance.
Effects of Search Difficulty on the Selection, Maintenance, and Learning of Attentional Templates
Authors: Gunseli Eren , Olivers Christian N. L. , Meeter Martijn
Published: March 2014

Prominent theories of attention claim that visual search is guided through attentional templates stored in working memory. Recently, the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an electrophysiological index of working memory storage, has been found to rapidly decrease when participants repeatedly search for the same target, suggesting that, with learning, the template moves out of working memory. However, this has only been investigated with pop-out search for distinct targets, for which a strong attentional template may not be necessary. More effortful search tasks might rely more on an active attentional template in working memory, leading to a slower handoff to long-term memory and thus a slower decline of the CDA. Using ERPs, we compared the rate of learning of attentional templates in pop-out and effortful search tasks. In two experiments, the rate of decrease in the CDA was the same for both search tasks. Similar results were found for a second component indexing working memory effort, the late positive complex. However, the late positive complex was also sensitive to anticipated search difficulty, as was expressed in a greater amplitude before the harder search task. We conclude that the amount of working memory effort invested in maintaining an attentional template, but not the rate of learning, depends on search difficulty.
Moving Mirrors: A High-density EEG Study Investigating the Effect of Camera Movements on Motor Cortex Activation during Action Observation
Authors: Heimann Katrin , Umiltà Maria Alessandra , Guerra Michele , Gallese Vittorio
Published: March 2014

Action execution–perception links (mirror mechanism) have been repeatedly suggested to play crucial roles in social cognition. Remarkably, the designs of most studies exploring this topic so far excluded even the simplest traces of social interaction, such as a movement of the observer toward another individual. This study introduces a new design by investigating the effects of camera movements, possibly simulating the observer's own approaching movement toward the scene. We conducted a combined high-density EEG and behavioral study investigating motor cortex activation during action observation measured by event-related desynchronization and resynchronization (ERD/ERS) of the mu rhythm. Stimuli were videos showing a goal-related hand action filmed while using the camera in four different ways: filming from a fixed position, zooming in on the scene, approaching the scene by means of a dolly, and approaching the scene by means of a steadycam. Results demonstrated a consistently stronger ERD of the mu rhythm for videos that were filmed while approaching the scene with a steadycam. Furthermore, videos in which the zoom was applied reliably demonstrated a stronger rebound. A rating task showed that videos in which the camera approached the scene were felt as more involving and the steadycam was most able to produce a visual experience close to the one of a human approaching the scene. These results suggest that filming technique predicts time course specifics of ERD/ERS during action observation with only videos simulating the natural vision of a walking human observer eliciting a stronger ERD than videos filmed from a fixed position. This demonstrates the utility of ecologically designed studies for exploring social cognition.
Mapping the Semantic Structure of Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Beam Elizabeth , Appelbaum L. Gregory , Jack Jordynn , Moody James , Huettel Scott A.
Published: March 2014

Cognitive neuroscience, as a discipline, links the biological systems studied by neuroscience to the processing constructs studied by psychology. By mapping these relations throughout the literature of cognitive neuroscience, we visualize the semantic structure of the discipline and point to directions for future research that will advance its integrative goal. For this purpose, network text analyses were applied to an exhaustive corpus of abstracts collected from five major journals over a 30-month period, including every study that used fMRI to investigate psychological processes. From this, we generate network maps that illustrate the relationships among psychological and anatomical terms, along with centrality statistics that guide inferences about network structure. Three terms—prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex—dominate the network structure with their high frequency in the literature and the density of their connections with other neuroanatomical terms. From network statistics, we identify terms that are understudied compared with their importance in the network (e.g., insula and thalamus), are underspecified in the language of the discipline (e.g., terms associated with executive function), or are imperfectly integrated with other concepts (e.g., subdisciplines like decision neuroscience that are disconnected from the main network). Taking these results as the basis for prescriptive recommendations, we conclude that semantic analyses provide useful guidance for cognitive neuroscience as a discipline, both by illustrating systematic biases in the conduct and presentation of research and by identifying directions that may be most productive for future research.
The Impact of Childhood Experience on Amygdala Response to Perceptually Familiar Black and White Faces
Authors: Cloutier Jasmin , Li Tianyi , Correll Joshua
Published: March 2014

Given the well-documented involvement of the amygdala in race perception, the current study aimed to investigate how interracial contact during childhood shapes amygdala response to racial outgroup members in adulthood. Of particular interest was the impact of childhood experience on amygdala response to familiar, compared with novel, Black faces. Controlling for a number of well-established individual difference measures related to interracial attitudes, the results reveal that perceivers with greater childhood exposure to racial outgroup members display greater relative reduction in amygdala response to familiar Black faces. The implications of such findings are discussed in the context of previous investigations into the neural substrates of race perception and in consideration of potential mechanisms by which childhood experience may shape race perception.
The Current State of Civil Society and Volunteering in the World, the USA, and China
Authors: Smith David Horton
Published: March 2014

Abstract

This paper presents an overview of the statistics on Civil Society and the Voluntary Nonprofit Sector (vnps) in the world, with special attention to theusaand China. The central foci are numbers of Nonprofit Groups, especially associations, and numbers of volunteers in associations. The paper draws on various research documents, as well as estimates by the author, based on extensive prior research.
A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species
Authors: SPODEK MALKIE , BEN-DOV YAIR
Published: March 2014

A taxonomic revision is presented of the six Kermesidae species from Israel, namely, Kermes echinatus Balachowsky, K. greeni Bodenheimer, K. nahalali Bodenheimer, K. spatulatus Balachowsky, Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer, and K. hermonensis Spodek & Ben-Dov sp. n. Kermes bytinskii Sternlicht, syn. n. is established as a junior synonym of K. nahalali Bodenheimer and a lectotype for K. nahalali is designated. This study includes descriptions, redescriptions and illustrations of the adult female, adult male and all developmental stages for these six species. Keys are provided to distinguish between instars, adult females, adult males and immature stages for all species.
Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region
Authors: MORRONE JUAN J.
Published: March 2014

A biogeographic regionalisation of the Neotropical region is proposed as a hierarchical classification of sub-regions, dominions, provinces and districts. This regionalisation is based on biogeographic analyses of terrestrial plant and animal taxa, and seeks to provide universality, objectivity and stability, such that it can be applied when describing distributional areas of particular taxa or comparing different biogeographic analyses. The Neotropical region is currently comprised of three sub-regions (Antillean, Brazilian and Chacoan), two transition zones (Mexican and South American), seven dominions (Mesoamerican, Pacific, Boreal Brazilian, Southwestern Amazonian, Southeastern Amazonian, Chacoan and Parana) and 53 provinces. For some of the latter, sub-provinces and districts are recognized. Complete synonymies and brief descriptions of the areas are provided, as well as the endemic taxa that diagnose the different provinces.
Evaluation of Gamma Raindrop Size Distribution Assumption through Comparison of Rain Rates of Measured and Radar-Equivalent Gamma DSD
Authors: Adirosi Elisa , Gorgucci Eugenio , Baldini Luca , Tokay Ali
Published: March 2014

To date, one of the most widely used parametric forms for modeling raindrop size distribution (DSD) is the three-parameter gamma. The aim of this paper is to analyze the error of assuming such parametric form to model the natural DSDs. To achieve this goal, a methodology is set up to compare the rain rate obtained from a disdrometer-measured drop size distribution with the rain rate of a gamma drop size distribution that produces the same triplets of dual-polarization radar measurements, namely reflectivity factor, differential reflectivity, and specific differential phase shift. In such a way, any differences between the values of the two rain rates will provide information about how well the gamma distribution fits the measured precipitation. The difference between rain rates is analyzed in terms of normalized standard error and normalized bias using different radar frequencies, drop shape–size relations, and disdrometer integration time. The study is performed using four datasets of DSDs collected by two-dimensional video disdrometers deployed in Huntsville (Alabama) and in three different prelaunch campaigns of the NASA–Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) ground validation program including the Hydrological Cycle in Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) special observation period (SOP) 1 field campaign in Rome. The results show that differences in rain rates of the disdrometer DSD and the gamma DSD determining the same dual-polarization radar measurements exist and exceed those related to the methodology itself and to the disdrometer sampling error, supporting the finding that there is an error associated with the gamma DSD assumption.
Synoptic Control of Heavy-Rain-Producing Convective Training Episodes
Authors: Peters John M. , Roebber Paul J.
Published: March 2014

This study examines the degree to which the downscale cascade of information from synoptic-scale motions constrains error growth in simulations of a particular type of heavy-rain-producing mesoscale convective system known as training lines. A total of 21 cases of training convection over a 7-yr period from 2000 to 2006 that produced extreme rainfall were dynamically downscaled from reanalysis data using a high-resolution convection-permitting configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. The NCEP/Department of Energy (DOE)-II and Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), representing lower- and higher-resolution datasets, respectively, were used for this purpose. In most cases the model simulations were able to reproduce qualitative aspects of observed storm structure, including subjectively classified mesoscale convective system archetype and training characteristics, despite the absence of mesoscale features in the reanalysis datasets used to provide initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions to the simulations. Furthermore, models were capable of predicting that a heavy-precipitation event would occur in nearly every case. Increasing the horizontal resolution of the reanalysis dataset used for initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions did not result in measurable improvement in simulated precipitation placement skill relative to observations. A quantitative relationship between a measure of synoptic-scale uncertainty in the atmospheric state and error in the model forecast accumulated precipitation was established, with larger synoptic-scale uncertainty tending to be associated with larger model error. This result suggests that synoptic-scale uncertainty in numerical weather prediction model simulations partially controls error in the placement of heavy convective precipitation.
A Dynamic Inversion Model of the Beijing Local Climate
Authors: Luo Huming , Lin Zhenshan
Published: March 2014

A nonautonomous dynamic inverse model based on the autonomous dynamic inverse model is presented in this paper. By introducing the extrinsic cycle driving force and the surrounding environment driving force, the Beijing local climatic model is established via the nonautonomous dynamic inverse method. The model not only has a certain ability to predict but can relatively accurately reveal the inherent dynamic mechanisms among the monthly average atmospheric pressure, temperature, and precipitation. The model also applies to describing the dynamic characteristics of the departure from the annual cycle. The nonautonomous inversion dynamic model has broad application potential, which provides a new method for understanding and predicting local climate.
Overconfidence Across World Regions
Authors: Stankov Lazar , Lee Jihyun
Published: March 2014

In this article, nine world regions (based on samples from 33 nations) are compared in their performance on a cognitive ability test and confidence ratings obtained from the items of the same test. Our results indicate that differences between the world regions are greater on cognitive ability than they are on confidence ratings. Consequently, overconfidence—that is, the degree to which people overestimate their performance on cognitive tasks—is pronounced within the world regions that have lower scores on measures of cognitive ability. A less pronounced overconfidence is also present among the high-achieving world regions. Our findings support a cognitive hypothesis according to which individuals suffer from illusory superiority if the task is difficult. Thus, a commonly observed overconfidence can be seen as a self-deceiving, probably unconscious, mechanism that cushions a person (and countries) from experiencing negative feelings due to cognitive failures.
A Trinitarian Response to Issues Raised by Peter Phan
Authors: Coffey David M.
Published: March 2014

The U.S. bishops and the Vatican have reacted critically to Peter Phan's recent book, Being Religious Interreligiously. This article attempts to address the contended issues from a trinitarian perspective. It argues that the traditional trinitarian theology of East and West, which is largely based on the Fourth Gospel, is unable to handle these issues satisfactorily, and that a new approach, inspired equally by the Synoptics, is needed. This approach, Rahnerian in character, emphasizes Pneumatology and climaxes in Spirit Christology.
Jesus and the Samaritan Woman (Jn 4:1–42) in Africa
Authors: Okure Teresa
Published: March 2014

The author reads the story of Jesus and the Samaritan woman (Jn 4:1–42) in light of social ills afflicting African society today. She first highlights the rejection, prejudice, and isolation of the two main characters in their own contexts, and their contribution to John's account of how the woman leads her village to the “living water” of faith in Jesus. Finally she examines what John's Jesus of Galilee and the Samaritan woman have in common and might have to say to Africa today.
Gregory the Great and the Sixth-Century Dispute over the Ecumenical Title
Authors: Demacopoulos George E.
Published: March 2014

The article explores the showdown between Pope Gregory I and Patriarch John IV of Constantinople over the ecumenical title. It argues that the promotion of the title coincided with other Eastern challenges to Roman prestige and that Gregory's diplomatic strategies evolved over the course of the controversy. While nothing in his correspondence suggests that he would endorse subsequent claims to universal Roman privilege, Eastern intransigence pushed the pontiff to embrace the rhetorical claims of Petrine privilege.
The African Experience of Jesus
Authors: Cook Michael L.
Published: March 2014

The article explores the African experience of Jesus in an objective and subjective sense. Under the rubrics of missionary, biblical, and independent experience, how Africans have experienced Jesus centers on the question whether and how Jesus can be said to have moved from being a stranger or guest to being kin and finally host. How Jesus has experienced Africa is a matter of the “paschal imagination” perceived as the re-creation and transformation of human life, the esthetic celebration of life, and the need for a socially responsible church.
Caritas in Veritate and Chiara Lubich: Human Development from the Vantage Point of Unity
Authors: Uelmen Amelia J.
Published: March 2014

Within the vibrant life of the Catholic Church today, many currents of spirituality and specific projects can shed light on the encyclical's themes and provide examples of what its principles might look like in practice. This note focuses on how Chiara Lubich's spirituality of unity might offer a helpful way for people to understand how to live these principles in their everyday lives. It also discusses how the “Economy of Communion” and other concrete projects and practices of Focolare, the movement Lubich founded, foster economic justice and human development.
Contemporary Contributions to Sexual Ethics
Authors: Keenan James F.
Published: March 2014

This survey of Catholic moralists' writings on sexuality and sexual ethics describes the development of basically positive claims. Far less contentious than the debates in the aftermath of Humanae vitae, these more contemporary works suggest an attentiveness to a theologizing on sexuality. Moreover, while earlier works emphasized the conscience of Catholics in resolving norms regarding sexuality, today's writings are more critical of human conduct and more instructive about the need for more responsible sexual conduct.
The United States at War: Taking Stock
Authors: Himes Kenneth R.
Published: March 2014

The war in Iraq has generated a vast amount of commentary, popular and scholarly, on a broad range of topics. This note reviews literature on three issues of particularly great moral significance that have arisen from the experience of U.S. military action in Iraq. There is the jus ad bellum question of the legitimacy of preventive war, the jus in bello matter of the treatment of detainees, and the jus post bellum concern of the responsibilities of occupiers.
Caritas in Veritate and Africa's Burden of (Under)Development
Authors: Orobator Agbonkhianmeghe E.
Published: March 2014

Providing a critical reading of Pope Benedict's Caritas in veritate from an African perspective, the note examines several key issues in the encyclical to determine their relevance to the situation of development and underdevelopment in Africa. The note also points out some omissions and troubling situations regarding the role of women in development and the contribution of religion to development, and calls for a careful nuancing of the theological and philosophical underpinnings of the encyclical.
Swearing against Modernism: Sacrorum Antistitum (September 1, 1910)
Authors: Talar C. J. T.
Published: March 2014

The historiography of Modernism has concentrated on the doctrinal issues raised by partisans of reform and their condemnation, to the relative neglect of social and political aspects. Where such connections have been made the linkage has often been extrinsic: those involved in social and political reform subscribed to theses articulated by historical critics and critical philosophers. The connections, however, run deeper, reaching into issues surrounding authority and autonomy, ecclesiastical control of not only Catholic intellectual life but also Catholic political and social activity. This article revisits the Oath against Modernism and brings these connections into sharper resolution.
“Aiming Excessively High and Far”: The Early Lonergan and the Challenge of Theory in Catholic Social Thought
Authors: Brown Patrick D.
Published: March 2014

Bernard Lonergan is not usually associated with the field of Catholic social thought. This article explores Lonergan's efforts to contribute to it in his manuscripts on history and economics from the 1930s and early 1940s, written in response to Quadragesimo anno's call for a reconstruction of the social and economic orders. The article describes Lonergan's early and novel attempts to transpose Catholic social thought into a more contemporary and adequately theoretic context while preserving its basic elements in a higher synthesis.
Augustine's De Trinitate 5 and the Problem of the Divine Names “Father” and “Son”
Authors: Weedman Mark
Published: March 2014

Early Latin Pro-Nicenes had described the relationship between the Father and the Son by using an analogy with human fatherhood. Just as human fathers give birth to sons who share the father's nature, they argued, so too does the divine Father give birth to a Son who shares the divine nature. But using this analogy could lead to subordinating the Son to the Father, as human sons are subordinate to their fathers. The article shows that Augustine solves this problem by arguing that the names “Father” and “Son” indicate relationship but not substance.
Service in the Analogia Entis and Spiritual Works of Erich Przywara
Authors: Dunkle Brian P.
Published: March 2014

n his study of metaphysics, Analogia entis, Erich Przywara presents service (Dienst) as the link between the analogy of being and a vision of human nature as essentially sent by God into creation. This account informs many of Przywara's spiritual writings, especially his commentaries on Ignatius's Spiritual Exercises and his studies of the Jesuit charism. The article argues that Przywara's spirituality of service, despite its limitations, offers an illuminating contrast to more-recent studies of Jesuit spirituality, which tend to prioritize interiority and personal experience.
Developments in Teaching Authority since Vatican II
Authors: Sullivan Francis A.
Published: March 2014

The author describes and comments on developments that have taken place since Vatican II with regard to teaching authority. Among subjects exercising such authority he treats episcopal conferences and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Among objects of definitive teaching he treats truths that are not revealed but necessarily connected with revealed truth. As a way of exercising teaching authority, he discusses papal declarations that a doctrine has been taught infallibly by the ordinary universal magisterium.
A Response to Kenneth Garcia: “Where They are, Just as They Are”
Authors: Uelmen Amelia J.
Published: March 2014

This response to Kenneth Garcia's article explores the challenges of “translating” John Courtney Murray when conversation partners no longer depend on shared cultural assumptions. Drawing on a set of literary keys in Murray's “Towards a Theology for the Layman,” it suggests the sensitivities, methods, content, and tone that may reach students and colleagues—in Murray's turn of the phrase—“where they are, just as they are.” It concludes with some ideas for applying Murray's insights to the specific context of graduate professional education.
Virtue Ethics: Natural and Christian
Authors: Lawler Michael G. , Salzman Todd A.
Published: March 2014

The article seeks to give an account of Christian virtue ethics. To this end, it first examines virtue and natural virtue ethics deriving from the Aristotelian tradition and its contemporary incarnation. It then considers Christian virtue ethics deriving from the following of Jesus the Christ, and compares and contrasts this virtue ethics with natural virtue ethics. It concludes by offering an account of virtues necessary to human flourishing in the contemporary world.
Skin Biomechanical Changes after Injection of Onabotulinum Toxin A: Prospective Assessment of Elasticity and Pliability
Authors: Bonaparte James P. , Ellis David
Published: March 2014

Objective

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the administration of onabotulinum toxin A will result in an increase in skin pliability and elasticity.

Study Design

A prospective case series with planned data collection in which patients were treated with onabotulinum toxin and assessed at baseline, 2 weeks post‐injection, and 2 months post‐injection.

Setting

A private cosmetic surgery clinic associated with a tertiary academic hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Forty women were prospectively enrolled to receive onabotulinum toxin A into their glabella, forehead, and lateral orbit. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks posttreatment, and 2 months posttreatment using the Cutometer MPA 580. Skin pliability (Uf) and the elastic recoil (Ua/Uf) were recorded as the 2 primary outcome measures.

Results

There was a significant effect of onabotulinum toxin on skin elasticity (f = 47.8, P =. 001) with a mean (+/– SE) increase in elastic recoil of 20% (4.4%) for the glabellar region (P <. 001) and 18% (4.0%) for the lateral orbit (P <. 0001). There was a significant effect of the treatment on skin pliability (f = 46.9, P <. 001) with a mean (+/– SE) increase of 26% (5.4%) for the lateral orbit (P =. 001) and 52% (8.3%) for the glabellar region (P <. 001).

Conclusion

Injection of onabotulinum toxin into the lateral orbital, forehead, and glabellar regions results in skin that has increased pliability as well as increased elastic recoil. Although this study demonstrates the positive effect of onabotulinum toxin on biomechanical parameters, it is unclear what specific histological changes are occurring within the skin.
Treatment of Full-Thickness Chondral Defects With Hyalograft C in the Knee
Authors: Brix Martin O. , Stelzeneder David , Chiari Catharina , Koller Ulrich , Nehrer Stefan , Dorotka Ronald , Windhager Reinhard , Domayer Stephan E.
Published: March 2014

Background:

Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) has become an established articular cartilage repair technique. It provides good short-term and midterm results; however, long-term results are lacking.

Purpose:

To prospectively assess the clinical outcome after MACT in the knee to report long-term results.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Fifty-three subjects (females/males, 22/31; mean age, 32 ± 12 years) were treated between 2000 and 2006 with a hyaluronan-based MACT product and were followed prospectively. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and the mean defect size was 4.4 ± 1.9 cm2. Fifty patients had single defects and 3 had multiple defects (41 medial femoral condyle, 6 lateral femoral condyle, 2 patella, 1 tibia). Two patients had 2 defects (medial femoral condyle [MFC]/lateral femoral condyle and tibial/MFC), and in 1 case, multiple defects on the MFC were treated. The patients were stratified into 23 “simple,” 22 “complex,” and 8 “salvage” cases. Instability or malalignment was treated before or at the time of graft implantation. For 6 patients with small defects (<2 cm2), microfracturing was used as first-line treatment before MACT. Clinical assessment was performed once a year with the subjective and objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, Lysholm score, and a modified Cincinnati Knee Rating System.

Results:

The mean follow-up time was 9.07 ± 2.9 years (range, 5-12 years). Treatment failure occurred in 12 of 53 cases (22.6%) an average of 2.99 ± 1.40 years after surgery. There was 1 failure (4.3%) among the simple cases, 4 failures (18.2%) in complex cases, and 7 failures (87.5%) in salvage cases. Statistically significant increases were observed in all scores at all time points compared with presurgery levels ( P < .05). The subjective IKDC score improved from median 40.4 preoperatively to 74.7 at 10-year follow-up (n = 13 patients; P < .05).

Conclusion:

MACT is an excellent surgical therapy for full-thickness cartilage defects of the knee, with good long-term results for simple defects. However, it should not be used in salvage cases.
Investing in Managers to Improve Performance
Authors: Risher Howard
Published: March 2014

The creation of high-performance organizations has been the subject of numerous books and articles. Research studies in the early 1990s focused on new ideas in the way work is organized and managed, which were referred to as a new work paradigm. Emerging companies like Microsoft highlighted the importance of intellectual capital. That was followed by the concept of knowledge organizations and the focus on employees and their capabilities. Research on employee attitudes shifted to the importance of emotional commitment or engagement. Technology has been a hot button throughout. But largely ignored has been the role of middle managers and supervisors. Recent research shows that of all the factors that influence employee performance, managers have the largest impact. In knowledge organizations as well as those where the quality of service and individual craft skills contribute to success, managers and supervisors are instrumental in creating a work environment where employees perform at their best.
Perceptions on the Legality of Sexting
Authors: McCabe Kimberly A. , Johnston Olivia C.
Published: March 2014

In many cases in today’s world, sexting has replaced sexually explicit letters or messages and one time sent through the postal service. However, whereas mail traditionally involved one sender and one recipient, sexting can involve multiple parties, is a common activity for teens, and can be considered illegal. This report was an attempt to document users’ knowledge of sexting and their recognition of illegal activities. Results indicated that regardless of age or sex, individuals capable of sexting were aware of the legality and illegality of the action. However, females generally held a more narrow view of sexting in that if the sexting involved children as the victims of the sexually explicit image and not the recipient, then the action was considered illegal. Through research reports such as this one, awareness of the illegal possibilities of sexting is exposed.
Understanding varieties of flexibility and security in multinationals: Product markets, institutional variation and local bargaining
Authors: Pulignano Valeria , Keune Maarten
Published: March 2014

Most studies of flexicurity have focused on formal institutions within distinctive national labour market systems. However, the level and types of flexibility and security in a national labour market are to an important extent influenced by company-level processes, relationships and policies; thus a micro-perspective should be integrated into the study of flexibility and security. This article advances understanding of the influences of decentralized rule-making and its links with the macro level by drawing on case study research in four multinational companies, each with subsidiaries in Germany, Belgium, Italy and the UK. It reveals major differences in terms of flexibility and security between companies operating in the same country, and major similarities between the subsidiaries of the same multinational. Product market characteristics affect local autonomy to define human resource policies; national institutions and local circumstances then affect the capabilities of trade unions and works councils to negotiate local flexibility-security trade-offs.
Collaborate With Practitioners
Authors: Shani Abraham B. (Rami) , Coghlan David
Published: March 2014

As a research paradigm, collaborative research brings together practitioners and researchers for the purpose of creating knowledge that is relevant to practice and added value to theoretical development. The collaborative effort tends to bridge the rigor–relevance gap. In Kieser and Leiner’s article “Collaborate With Practitioners: But Beware of Collaborative Research,” in the Journal of Management Inquiry, the authors challenge the added value of collaborative research to both practice and the scientific outcomes. This rejoinder takes issue with Kieser and Leiner’s key arguments, basic assumptions, narrow and limited points of departure, the view of the essence of social and management science, misunderstanding of managerial work, collaborative research, and action research.
Using Parents and Teachers to Monitor Progress Among Children With ASD
Authors: Witmer Sara E. , Nasamran Amy , Parikh Purvi J. , Schmitt Heather A. , Clinton Marianne C.
Published: March 2014

Despite growing knowledge of the effectiveness of various interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), it is never clear whether a particular intervention will be effective for a specific child with ASD. Careful monitoring of an individual child’s progress is necessary to know whether an intervention is effective. In this review, we examined intervention research studies focused on children with ASD in Grades K–12 that involve parents, teachers, and other school staff as data collectors. We describe the strategies that have been used in the 40 identified research studies to monitor progress in the areas of behavior and social communication. The results highlight monitoring strategies that may be helpful for parents and teachers to apply, and the discussion provides related suggestions to guide future research and practice.
Promoting Behavioral Variability in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Wolfe Katie , Slocum Timothy A. , Kunnavatana S. Shanun
Published: March 2014

Repetitive behavior is a hallmark feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and can have adverse consequences related to social stigma and low rates of skill acquisition. Basic research suggests that variability, or the extent to which one response differs from previous responses, is amenable to antecedent and consequence manipulations. This article describes the concept of variability, synthesizes the findings of 14 recent studies on interventions to increase the variability of behavior in individuals with ASD, and proposes preliminary guidelines for practitioners that focus on building response repertoires, implementing contingencies to produce and maintain variability, and incorporating prompts to vary responding.
Joint physical custody, turning to parents for emotional support, and subjective health: A study of adolescents in Stockholm, Sweden
Authors: Låftman Sara Brolin , Bergström Malin , Modin Bitte , Östberg Viveca
Published: March 2014

Aims: Among children with separated parents, the arrangement of joint physical custody, i.e. children living equally much in both parents’ homes, has increased substantially during the last decades in Sweden. To date, empirical research on the living conditions of this group is limited. This study analyses family type differences in turning to parents for emotional support and in subjective health among adolescents. The focus of the study is adolescents in joint physical custody, who are compared with those living with two original parents in the same household; those living (only) in a single-parent household; and those living (only) in a reconstituted family. Methods: The data come from the Stockholm School Survey of 2004, a total population survey of students in grade 9 (15–16 years) in Stockholm ( n=8,840). Ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions were conducted. Results: Turning to both parents about problems is most commonly reported by adolescents in intact families, followed by those in joint physical custody. Adolescents in non-traditional family types report worse subjective health than adolescents in intact families, but the difference is smaller for those in joint physical custody than for those living with a single parent. The slightly poorer health of adolescents in joint physical custody than those in intact families is not explained by their lower use of parents as a source of emotional support. Conclusions: The study suggests that joint physical custody is associated with a higher inclination to use parents as a source of emotional support and better subjective health than other post-divorce family types.
A methodological critique of the National Institute of Aging and Alzheimer’s Association Guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and mild cognitive impairments
Authors: Garrett Mario D , Valle Ramón
Published: March 2014

In 2011, the U.S. National Institute on Aging published guidelines for clinical diagnostics for Alzheimer’s disease dementia. These guidelines define a continuum with three stages—an early, pre-clinical stage with no symptoms, followed by mild cognitive impairment, and a final stage of Alzheimer’s disease dementia. This methodological critique examines the validity of this continuum. No studies exist showing the progression of these biomarkers to Alzheimer’s disease. There is also a lack of empirical evidence showing how biomarkers determine mild cognitive impairment, which has multiple etiologies. The guidelines fail to explain anomalies where there are biomarkers but no expression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Erasing Epilepsy Stigma
Authors: England Mary Jane , Austin Joan K. , Beck Vicki , Escoffery Cam , Hesdorffer Dale C.
Published: March 2014

Historically, epilepsy has been ignored by the public health community, despite the fact that there are more than 2 million people with epilepsy in the United States. Although epilepsy affects 1 in 26 people during their lifetime, the general public lacks basic knowledge and holds misperceptions about epilepsy that contribute to its associated stigma. Consequently, people with epilepsy continue to fare poorly, with lower physical, mental, and social well-being.

Recently, the 2012 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding inspired a new sense of enthusiasm in the epilepsy community that can serve as a catalyst to change public perceptions about epilepsy. To erase stigma, the IOM committee made recommendations in two areas: (a) informing the media and (b) coordinating public awareness. The committee also identified eight key messages about epilepsy that the public should know. Health promotion and education professionals can play a critical role in disseminating these messages to the general public in their local communities and supporting interventions and policies to change the face of epilepsy.
Judge, Professor, Chronicler of Fairyland: James Campbell’s Legal Imaginary
Authors: Bruner Nicolette I.
Published: March 2014

This article examines a little-known archive of illustrated children’s stories written by a nineteenth-century Michigan jurist, James Valentine Campbell. Despite his public reputation as a sober-minded judge and law professor who resisted interjecting his personal views into his decisions, Campbell’s domestic life as an author and performer of children’s stories served as an outlet for criticizing the excesses of the legal profession and proposing alternative methods of dispute resolution. His tales urged children to avoid laws and lawyers and instead to cultivate their own ethical and imaginative capacities for solving problems. His public and private activities intersected in his work as a founding professor at the University of Michigan Law School, training students to remain participants in the democratic process and resist mindlessly applying the law without understanding the deeper social and historical contexts of their work. This case study demonstrates the complexity of American legal subjectivity in the nineteenth century and the importance of considering archives beyond the published legal record.
Radiographic evaluation of a novel horizontal dorsal intercarpal capsulodesis as a treatment of pre-arthritic scapholunate dissociation: a cadaver study
Authors: Payet E. , Bourguignon D. , Auquit-Auckbur I. , Duparc F. , Dujardin F.
Published: March 2014

Dorsal capsulodesis is an important part of the treatment of pre-arthritic scapholunate instability. We designed an experimental study using 14 fresh-frozen cadaver wrists to demonstrate the efficacy of a new horizontal dorsal intercarpal capsulodesis. We sectioned the scapholunate ligament to create a scapholunate dislocation. Several radiographic views, static and ‘in stress’, were recorded and we statistically compared the scapholunate interval before and after the section of the scapholunate ligament, and after the creation of the capsulodesis. The results showed a significant decrease of the scapholunate interval after the creation of the capsulodesis, especially in neutral and maximal ulnar deviation of the wrist. They also proved that our cadaveric model is reliable. This study demonstrated that this novel capsulodesis reduces the scapholunate interval in a cadaveric model.