bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advance care planning documentation strategies; goals‐of‐care as an alternative to not‐for‐resuscitation in medical and oncology patients. A pre–post controlled study on quantifiable outcomes
Authors: Morgan David J. R. , Eng Derek , Higgs Dominic , Beilin Maria , Bulsara Caroline , Wong Milly , Angus Louise , Waldron Nicholas
Published: July 2018

Background

Health services in Tasmania, Victoria and now Western Australia are changing to goals‐of‐care (GOC) advance care planning (ACP) documentation strategies.

Aim

To compare the clinical impact of two different health department‐sanctioned ACP documentation strategies.

Methods

A non‐blinded, pre–post, controlled study over two corresponding 6‐month periods in 2016 and 2017 comparing the current discretional not‐for‐resuscitation (NFR) with a new, inclusive GOC strategy in two medical/oncology wards at a large private hospital. Main outcomes were the uptake of ACP forms per hospitalisation and the timing between hospital admission, ACP form completion and in‐patient death. Secondary outcomes included utilisation of the rapid response team (RRT), palliative and critical care services.

Results

In total, 650 NFR and 653 GOC patients underwent 1885 admissions (mean Charlson Comorbidity Index = 3.7). GOC patients had a higher uptake of ACP documentation (346 vs 150 ACP forms per 1000 admissions, P < 0.0001) and a higher proportion of ACP forms completed within the first 48 h of admission (58 vs 39%, P = 0.0002) but a higher incidence of altering the initial ACP level of care (P = 0.003). All other measures, including ACP documentation within 48 h of death (P = 0.50), activation of RRT (P = 0.73) and admission to critical (P = 0.62) or palliative (P = 0.81) care services, remained similar. GOC documentation was often incomplete, with most sub‐sections left blank between 74 and 87% of occasions.

Conclusion

Despite an increased uptake of the GOC form, overall use remained low, written completion was poor, and most quantitative outcomes remained statistically unchanged. Further research is required before a wider GOC implementation can be supported in Australia's healthcare systems.
Nonannual seasonality of influenza‐like illness in a tropical urban setting
Authors: Lam Ha Minh , Wesolowski Amy , Hung Nguyen Thanh , Nguyen Tran Dang , Nhat Nguyen Thi Duy , Todd Stacy , Vinh Dao Nguyen , Vy Nguyen Ha Thao , Thao Tran Thi Nhu , Thanh Nguyen Thi Le , Tin Phan Tri , Minh Ngo Ngoc Quang , Bryant Juliet E. , Buckee Caroline O. , Ngoc Tran Van , Chau Nguyen Van Vinh , Thwaites Guy E. , Farrar Jeremy , Tam Dong Thi Hoai , Vinh Ha , Boni Maciej F.
Published: July 2018

Background

In temperate and subtropical climates, respiratory diseases exhibit seasonal peaks in winter. In the tropics, with no winter, peak timings are irregular.

Methods

To obtain a detailed picture of influenza‐like illness (ILI) patterns in the tropics, we established an mHealth study in community clinics in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). During 2009‐2015, clinics reported daily case numbers via SMS, with a subset performing molecular diagnostics for influenza virus. This real‐time epidemiology network absorbs 6000 ILI reports annually, one or two orders of magnitude more than typical surveillance systems. A real‐time online ILI indicator was developed to inform clinicians of the daily ILI activity in HCMC.

Results

From August 2009 to December 2015, 63 clinics were enrolled and 36 920 SMS reports were received, covering approximately 1.7M outpatient visits. Approximately 10.6% of outpatients met the ILI case definition. ILI activity in HCMC exhibited strong nonannual dynamics with a dominant periodicity of 206 days. This was confirmed by time series decomposition, stepwise regression, and a forecasting exercise showing that median forecasting errors are 30%‐40% lower when using a 206‐day cycle. In ILI patients from whom nasopharyngeal swabs were taken, 31.2% were positive for influenza. There was no correlation between the ILI time series and the time series of influenza, influenza A, or influenza B (all P > 0.15).

Conclusion

This suggests, for the first time, that a nonannual cycle may be an essential driver of respiratory disease dynamics in the tropics. An immunological interference hypothesis is discussed as a potential underlying mechanism.
Models of Development: Understanding Risk in Adolescence
Authors: Graber Julia A. , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we review developmental models for understanding adolescence as they might be applied to emerging sexuality and the challenges and risks that may be associated with different sexual orientations and identities. Models have been identified as: cumulative events or simultaneous change, accentuation, or trajectory models. Inclusion of risk and protective factors and considering the extent of balance between these elements of an adolescent's life is also discussed in terms of predicting mental health outcomes. These models have been particularly useful in the study of the development of psychopathology and clearly relate to the broader issue of understanding suicide risk during adolescence.
No evidence of eavesdropping on heterospecific alarm calls by captive zebra finches recently descended from wild birds
Authors: Butler Nicole E. , McDonald Paul G. , Peters Richard A.
Published: July 2018

Alarm calls are vocalisations animals give in response to predators which mainly function to alert conspecifics of danger. Studies show that numerous species eavesdrop on heterospecific calls to gain information about predator presence. Responding to heterospecific calls may be a learned or innate response, determined by whether the response occurs with or without prior exposure to the call. In this study, we investigated the presence of eavesdropping behaviour in zebra finchesTaeniopygia guttata. This species is not known to possess a distinct alarm call to warn adult conspecifics of a threat, and could be relying on alarm calls of nearby heterospecifics for predator information. We used a playback experiment to expose captive zebra finches to three heterospecific sounds: an unfamiliar alarm call (from the chestnut‐rumped thornbillAcanthiza uropygialis), a familiar alarm call, and a familiar control (both from the noisy minerManorina melanocephala). These calls were chosen to test if the birds had learnt to distinguish between the function of the two familiar calls, and if the acoustic properties of the unfamiliar alarm indicated presence of a threat to the finches. Our results showed that in response to the thornbill alarm, the birds reduced the rate of production of short calls. However, this decrease was also seen when considering both short and distance calls in response to the control sound. An increase in latency to call was also seen after the control stimulus when compared to the miner alarm. The time spent scanning increased in response to all three stimuli, but this did not differ between stimuli. There were no significant differences when considering the stimulus by time interaction for any of the three vigilance measures. Overall, no strong evidence was found to indicate that the captive zebra finches were responding to the heterospecific alarm stimuli with anti‐predator behaviour.
NR4A1 retards adipocyte differentiation or maturation via enhancing GATA2 and p53 expression
Authors: Qin Dan‐dan , Yang Ying‐feng , Pu Ze‐qing , Liu Dong , Yu Cong , Gao Peng , Chen Ji‐cui , Zong Chen , Zhang Yu‐chao , Li Xia , Wang Xiang‐dong , Liu Yuan‐tao
Published: July 2018

Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) is an orphan nuclear receptor with diverse functions. It has been reported that NR4A1, as a transcriptional activator, is implicated in glucose and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory role of NR4A1 in adipogenesis and explore the underlying mechanisms. Quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blotting were used to analyse the expression of genes involved in synthesis and mobilization of fats in vivo and in vitro. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was conducted to study the regulatory mechanisms of NR4A1. Our data from in vivo study confirmed that NR4A1 knockout (KO) mice fed with high‐fat diet were more prone to obesity, and gene expression levels of PPARγ and FAS were increased in KO mice compared to controls; our data from in vitro study showed that NR4A1 overexpression in 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes inhibited adipogenesis. Moreover, NR4A1 enhanced GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) expression, which in turn inhibited peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ); NR4A1 inhibited sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1) and its downstream gene fatty acid synthase (FAS) by up‐regulating p53. NR4A1 inhibits the differentiation and lipid accumulation of adipocytes by enhancing the expression of GATA2 and p53.
A Lox/CHOP‐10 crosstalk governs osteogenic and adipogenic cell fate by MSCs
Authors: Jiang Wen‐yan , Xing Chun , Wang Hong‐wei , Wang Wei , Chen Su‐zhen , Ning Liu‐fang , Xu Xu , Tang Qi‐qun , Huang Hai‐yan
Published: July 2018

Accelerated marrow adipogenesis has been associated with ageing and osteoporosis and is thought to be because of an imbalance between adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs). We have previously found that lysyl oxidase (Lox) inhibition disrupts BMP4‐induced adipocytic lineage commitment and differentiation of MSCs. In this study, we found that lox inhibition dramatically up‐regulates BMP4‐induced expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein 10 (CHOP‐10), which then promotes BMP4‐induced osteogenesis of MSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, Lox inhibition or CHOP‐10 up‐regulation activated Wnt/β‐catenin signalling to enhance BMP4‐induced osteogenesis, with pro‐adipogenic p38 MAPK and Smad signalling suppressed. Together, we demonstrate that Lox/CHOP‐10 crosstalk regulates BMP4‐induced osteogenic and adipogenic fate determination of MSCs, presenting a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis and other bone diseases.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and neighborhood deprivation index: A spatial analysis in Zhejiang, China
Authors: Zhang Xin , Chen Xiaoxiao , Gong Weiwei
Published: July 2018

Aims/Introduction

Many studies have reported that socioeconomically disadvantaged people or people who live in deprived areas are more vulnerable to diabetes complications. However, few such studies were carried out in China. The present study examined the spatial association between the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and neighborhood deprivation in Zhejiang, China, from a spatial epidemiology perspective.

Materials and Methods

Type 2 diabetes mellitus data (2012–2016) in the present study were derived from a population‐based diabetes registry system maintained by Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Principal components analysis was used to combine different socioeconomic variables together into a composited Neighborhood Deprivation Index. We applied the global Moran's I and Anselin's local Moran's I statistics to explore the spatial patterns of type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence and Neighborhood Deprivation Index.

Results

Type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence (Moran's I: 0.531, P < 0.001) and Neighborhood Deprivation Index (Moran's I: 0.772, P < 0.001) showed positive statistically significant global Moran's I index values, showing a tendency towards clustering. The local Moran's I analyses showed that type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence hot spots were mainly located in urban centers, and type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence cold spots appeared in the provincial capital area (Hangzhou city) and western and south‐western regions of Zhejiang; the hot spots of the less deprived areas were concentrated in urban centers (except Lishui city), and the cold spots of the most deprived areas were clustered in western and south‐western regions of Zhejiang.

Conclusions

The study showed that the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was higher in affluent areas than the deprived areas across the study period. It will be significant to focus preventive efforts on the least deprived areas.
Growth and otolith morphology vary with alternative reproductive tactics and contaminant exposure in the round goby Neogobius melanostomus
Authors: Bose Aneesh P. H. , McCallum Erin S. , Raymond Kate , Marentette Julie R. , Balshine Sigal
Published: July 2018

Round goby Neogobius melanostomus sagittal (saccular) otolith morphology was compared between males of the two alternative reproductive tactics (termed guarder and sneaker males) and between males captured from sites of high or low contamination. Otolith size increased with fish size and also displayed an ontogenetic shift in shape, becoming relatively taller as otoliths grew in size. Despite a considerable overlap in age between males adopting the two reproductive tactics, size‐at‐age measurements revealed that guarder males are significantly larger than sneakers at any given age and that they invest more into somatic growth than sneaker males. Controlling for body size, sneaker males possessed heavier sagittal otoliths than guarder males. Subtle otolith shape differences were also found between the two male tactics and between sites of high and low contaminant exposure. Sneaker males had relatively shorter otoliths with more pronounced notching than guarder males. Fish captured at sites of high contamination had otoliths showing slower growth rates in relation to body size and their shapes had more pronounced caudal points and ventral protrusions when compared with fish captured at sites of low contamination. The results are discussed in relation to life‐history tradeoffs between the male tactics in terms of reproductive and somatic investment as well as the putative metabolic costs of exposure to contaminants. Overall, this study reveals that male alternative reproductive tactics and environmental contaminants can have small, yet measurable, effects on otolith morphology and these factors should be accounted for in future research when possible.
Mortgage Default during the U.S. Mortgage Crisis
Authors: SCHELKLE THOMAS
Published: July 2018

Which theory can quantitatively explain the rise in mortgage defaults during the U.S. mortgage crisis? This paper finds that the double‐trigger hypothesis, which attributes mortgage default to the joint occurrence of negative equity and a life event such as unemployment, is consistent with the evidence. By contrast, a traditional frictionless default model strongly overpredicts the increase in default rates. This paper provides microfoundations for double‐trigger behavior in a model where unemployment causes liquidity problems for the borrower. This framework implies that mortgage crises may be mitigated at a lower cost by bailing out borrowers instead of lenders.
Molecular imaging mass spectrometry for probing protein dynamics in neurodegenerative disease pathology
Authors: Michno Wojciech , Wehrli Patrick M. , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Hanrieder Jörg
Published: July 2018

Recent advances in the understanding of basic pathological mechanisms in various neurological diseases depend directly on the development of novel bioanalytical technologies that allow sensitive and specific chemical imaging at high resolution in cells and tissues. Mass spectrometry‐based molecular imaging (IMS) has gained increasing popularity in biomedical research for mapping the spatial distribution of molecular species in situ. The technology allows for comprehensive, untargeted delineation of in situ distribution profiles of metabolites, lipids, peptides and proteins. A major advantage of IMS over conventional histochemical techniques is its superior molecular specificity. Imaging mass spectrometry has therefore great potential for probing molecular regulations in CNS‐derived tissues and cells for understanding neurodegenerative disease mechanism. The goal of this review is to familiarize the reader with the experimental workflow, instrumental developments and methodological challenges as well as to give a concise overview of the major advances and recent developments and applications of IMS‐based protein and peptide profiling with particular focus on neurodegenerative diseases.

This article is part of the Special Issue “Proteomics”.

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Occurrence of Christella (Thelypteridaceae) in Southwest China and its indications of the paleoenvironment of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas
Authors: Xu Cong‐Li , Su Tao , Huang Jian , Huang Yong‐Jiang , Li Shu‐Feng , Zhao Yi‐Shan , Zhou Zhe‐Kun
Published: July 2018

The uplift of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau dramatically changed the regional topography and climate, profoundly impacting the distribution of many plant lineages. Plant responses to environmental changes are particularly prominent in lineages that require ecological factors differentiated from those present before the uplift of the QTP. Two fossil occurrences of Christella H. Lév., Fl. Kouy–Tchéou (Thelypteridaceae), a fern genus now distributed mainly at low elevations of the pantropics with warm and moist habitats, are described based on fossilized Cenozoic leaf fronds recovered from SW China: late Paleocene Christella nervosa (J. R. Tao) C. L. Xu, T. Su & Z. K. Zhou comb. nov. found in Liuqu, southern Tibet and middle Miocene Christella sp. recovered from the Jinggu Basin in western Yunnan. The frond fossils from both sites share key morphological characteristics that diagnose these fossils as Christella. After detailed comparisons, we further clarified Christella papilio (C. Hope) Holttum, a species distributed in warm, humid habitats at altitudes no more than 1300 m, as the nearest living relative of C. nervosa. This finding suggested that southern Tibet had not reached its present elevation during the late Paleocene (ca. 56 Ma). We propose that the uplift, accompanied by severe cooling and aridification after the late Paleocene, caused the disappearance of Christella in southern Tibet, whereas paleoenvironmental conditions enabled the genus to survive in Yunnan. Our study provides the first example of distributional constraints of ferns in SW China in response to paleoenvironmental changes in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and nearby areas.
Effects of the removal or reduction in density of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae s.l., on interacting predators and competitors in local ecosystems
Authors: Collins C. M. , Bonds J. A. S. , Quinlan M. M. , Mumford J. D.
Published: July 2018

New genetic control methods for mosquitoes may reduce vector species without direct effects on other species or the physical environment common with insecticides or drainage. Effects on predators and competitors could, however, be a concern as Anopheles gambiae s.l. is preyed upon in all life stages. We overview the literature and assess the strength of the ecological interactions identified. Most predators identified consume many other insect species and there is no evidence that any species preys exclusively on any anopheline mosquito. There is one predatory species with a specialisation on blood‐fed mosquitoes including An. gambiae s.l.. Evarcha culicivora is a jumping spider, known as the vampire spider, found around Lake Victoria. There is no evidence that these salticids require Anopheles mosquitoes and will readily consume blood‐fed Culex. Interspecific competition studies focus on other mosquitoes of larval habitats. Many of these take place in artificial cosms and give contrasting results to semi‐field studies. This may limit their extrapolation regarding the potential impact of reduced An. gambiae numbers. Previous mosquito control interventions are informative and identify competitive release and niche opportunism; so while the identity and relative abundance of the species present may change, the biomass available to predators may not.
Investigating the effect of target of rapamycin kinase inhibition on the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii phosphoproteome: from known homologs to new targets
Authors: Werth Emily G. , McConnell Evan W. , Couso Lianez Inmaculada , Perrine Zoee , Crespo Jose L. , Umen James G. , Hicks Leslie M.
Published: July 2018

Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a conserved regulator of cell growth whose activity is modulated in response to nutrients, energy and stress. Key proteins involved in the pathway are conserved in the model photosynthetic microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but the substrates of TOR kinase and downstream signaling network have not been elucidated. Our study provides a new resource for investigating the phosphorylation networks governed by the TOR kinase pathway in Chlamydomonas.

We used quantitative phosphoproteomics to investigate the effects of inhibiting Chlamydomonas TOR kinase on dynamic protein phosphorylation. Wild‐type and AZD‐insensitive Chlamydomonas strains were treated with TOR‐specific chemical inhibitors (rapamycin, AZD8055 and Torin1), after which differentially affected phosphosites were identified.

Our quantitative phosphoproteomic dataset comprised 2547 unique phosphosites from 1432 different proteins. Inhibition of TOR kinase caused significant quantitative changes in phosphorylation at 258 phosphosites, from 219 unique phosphopeptides.

Our results include Chlamydomonas homologs of TOR signaling‐related proteins, including a site on RPS6 with a decrease in phosphorylation. Additionally, phosphosites on proteins involved in translation and carotenoid biosynthesis were identified. Follow‐up experiments guided by these phosphoproteomic findings in lycopene beta/epsilon cyclase showed that carotenoid levels are affected by TORC1 inhibition and carotenoid production is under TOR control in algae.
Sediment‐encased maturation: a novel method for simulating diagenesis in organic fossil preservation
Authors: Saitta Evan T. , Kaye Thomas G. , Vinther Jakob
Published: July 2018

Exceptional fossils can preserve diagenetically‐altered biomolecules. Understanding the pathways that lead to such preservation is vital to utilizing fossil information in evolutionary and palaeoecological studies. Experimental taphonomy explores the stability of tissues during microbial/autolytic decay or their molecular stability through maturation under high pressure and temperature. Maturation experiments often take place inside sealed containers, preventing the loss of labile, mobile or volatile molecules. However, wrapping tissues inside aluminium foil, for example, can create too open a system, leading to loss of both labile and recalcitrant materials. We present a novel experimental procedure for maturing tissues under elevated pressure/temperature inside compacted sediment. In this procedure, porous sediment allows maturation breakdown products to escape into the sediment and maturation chamber, while recalcitrant, immobile components are contained, more closely mimicking the natural conditions of fossilization. To test the efficacy of this procedure in simulating fossil diagenesis, we investigate the differential survival of melanosomes relative to proteinaceous tissues through maturation of fresh lizard body parts and feathers. Macro‐ and ultrastructures are then compared to fossils. Similar to many carbonaceous exceptional fossils, the resulting organic components are thin, dark films composed mainly of exposed melanosomes resting on the sediment in association with darkened bones. Keratinous, muscle, collagenous and adipose tissues appear to be lost. Such results are consistent with predictions derived from non‐sediment‐encased maturation experiments and our understanding of biomolecular stability. These experiments also suggest that organic preservation is largely driven by the original molecular composition of the tissue and the diagenetic stability of those molecules, rather than the tissue's decay resistance alone; this should be experimentally explored in the future.
cryptochrome genes mediate photoperiodic responses in the cricket Modicogryllus siamensis
Authors: Ueda Haruki , Tamaki Saori , Miki Taiki , Uryu Outa , Kamae Yuichi , Nose Motoki , Shinohara Tsugumichi , Tomioka Kenji
Published: July 2018

Diapause is a strategy used by many insects living in temperate zones to survive the winter. The most reliable environmental cue to induce diapause is photoperiod, for which day or night length is measured by a mechanism called the photoperiodic clock. Despite several studies in insects, the photoperiodic mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we show that cryptochromes (crys) mediate photoperiodic responses in the cricket Modicogryllus siamensis. Nymphal development of M. siamensis is highly dependent on photoperiod: under long‐day conditions, most nymphs become adults within 60 days after hatching by undergoing seven moults, whereas, under short‐day conditions, they take much longer (approximately 180 days), with an increased number of moults. Similar to most insects, the cricket has two cry genes: the Drosophila type cry (Ms'cry1) and the mammalian type cry (Ms'cry2). Ms'cry1 shows some constitutive expression, whereas Ms'cry2 is rhythmically expressed under both long‐day and short‐day conditions. Parental RNA interference against either or both of the two cry genes partially prevents the long‐day responses, whereas inhibition of Ms'cry1 or Ms'cry1/Ms'cry2 enhances the short‐day response with a further delay of adult emergence or its complete prevention, respectively. Nymphal RNA interference of Ms'crys at the fourth‐instar stage delays adult emergence and increases the number of moults under long‐day conditions. We hypothesize that Ms'cry genes are involved not only in the photoperiodic mechanism, but also in the regulatory mechanism of nymphal development downstream of the photoperiodic clock in the cricket M. siamensis.
A Smart‐City Scope of Operations Management
Authors: Qi Wei , Shen Zuo‐Jun Max
Published: July 2018

We are entering an era of great expectations towards our cities. The vision of “smart city” has been pursued worldwide to transform urban habitats into superior efficiency, quality, and sustainability. This phenomenon prompts us to ponder what role the scholars in operations management (OM) can assume. In this essay, we express our initial thoughts on expanding OM to the smart‐city scope. We review smart‐city initiatives of governments, industry, national laboratories and academia. We argue that the smart‐city movement will transition from the tech‐oriented stage to the decision‐oriented stage. Hence, a smart city can be perceived as a system scope within which planning and operational decisions are orchestrated at the urban scale, reflective of multi‐dimensional needs, and adaptive to massive data and innovation. The benefits of studying smart‐city OM are manifold and significant: contributing to deeper understanding of smart cities by providing advanced analytical frameworks, pushing OM knowledge boundaries (such as data‐driven decision making), and empowering the OM community to deliver much broader impacts than before. We discuss several research opportunities to embody these thoughts, in the interconnected contexts of smart buildings, smart grid, smart mobility and new retail. These opportunities arise from the increasing integration of systems and business models at the urban scale.
Desiccation‐induced alterations in surface topography of thylakoids from resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis studied by atomic force microscopy, electrokinetic and optical measurements
Authors: Doltchinkova Virjinia , Andreeva Tonya , Georgieva Katya , Mihailova Gergana , Balashev Konstantin
Published: July 2018

With their ability to survive complete desiccation, resurrection plants are a suitable model system for studying the mechanisms of drought tolerance. In the present study, we investigated desiccation‐induced alterations in surface topography of thylakoids isolated from well‐hydrated, moderately dehydrated, severely desiccated and rehydrated Haberlea rhodopensis plants by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrokinetic and optical measurements. According to our knowledge, so far, there were no reports on the characterization of surface topography and polydispersity of thylakoid membranes from resurrection plants using AFM and dynamic light scattering. To study the physicochemical properties of thylakoids from well‐hydrated H. rhodopensis plants, we used spinach thylakoids for comparison as a classical model from higher plants. The thylakoids from well‐hydrated H. rhodopensis had a grainy surface, significantly different from the well‐structured spinach thylakoids with distinct grana and lamella, they had twice smaller cross‐sectional area and were 1.5 times less voluminous than that of spinach. Significant differences in their physicochemical properties were observed. The dehydration and subsequent rehydration of plants affected the size, shape, morphology, roughness and therefore the structure of the studied thylakoids. Drought resulted in significant enhancement of negative charges on the outer surface of thylakoid membranes which correlated with the increased roughness of thylakoid surface. This enhancement in surface charge density could be due to the partial unstacking of thylakoids exposing more negatively charged groups from protein complexes on the membrane surface that prevent from possible aggregation upon drought stress.
Periodontal disease in Down's syndrome patients. A retrospective study
Authors: van de Wiel Babette , van Loon Marjolein , Reuland Wimke , Bruers Josef
Published: July 2018

Aim

The purpose of this study was to assess the periodontal condition of people with Down syndrome (DS). Furthermore, risk factors were identified for the development of periodontitis.

Methods and results

Data were collected at the Centre for Special Care Dentistry (CBT) Rijnmond from the records of all 183 registered patients with DS who were 18 years of age on 31 December 2013. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of their periodontal status: healthy or periodontally compromised. A total of 36.6% of the DS patients had actually incurred damage by periodontitis. The risk factors were: high age at the time of intake, large number of treatment sessions, and impossibility for the “Dutch Periodontal Screening Index” to be measured. In conclusion, the early introduction and continuous attendance of DS patients in a CBT can contributed to better results for a healthy periodontal condition.
Genomics: the clinical encounter and parallels across complementary and personalized medicine
Authors: Olson Rebecca E. , Cook Peta S.
Published: July 2018

Genomics is progressing from “bench to bedside,” especially in cancer care. Referred to as precision and personalized medicine, this article casts sociological scholarship on genomic medicine into three interconnected realms: laboratory, family, and clinic. Thought to be solely and objectively discovered in the laboratory, sociological research illustrates the messiness of genetic research. The self in (late) modern times is popularly conceptualized as unique and discrete; precision medicine highlights boundedness and the molecular material shared across families. Within the clinic, sociological research has focused on the geneticization debate over the extent to which genetic ways of understanding disease have subsumed other approaches to conceptualizing and treating illness and the impact of genomics on medicine's dominance. How else is genomic medicine affecting the clinical encounter? We ask if personalized medicine unexpectedly reflects practices found in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), raising questions about what this means for modern medicine and the patient‐consumer.
A mixed‐method examination of ego‐resiliency, adjustment problems, and academic engagement in children of Latino migrant farmworkers
Authors: Taylor Zoe E. , Ruiz Yumary , Nair Nayantara
Published: July 2018

Children from Latino migrant farmworker (LMFW) families are one of the most educationally disenfranchised and marginalized populations of students in the United States. These children face similar disadvantages to other low‐income immigrant families, but often experience unique contextual stressors due to high mobility that places them at high risk for mental health problems, risk‐taking behaviors, and poor academic engagement. Despite these high vulnerabilities few researchers have focused their efforts on LMFW children specifically, or addressed resilience factors in particular. Ego‐resiliency is an enduring psychological construct reflecting how individuals overcome day‐to‐day challenges. We used a convergent mixed method cross‐sectional design to examine the effects of LMFW children's (N = 66, ages 6–18, Mage = 12.79) depressive and conduct problems on their academic efficacy/mastery, and whether ego‐resiliency counteracted these relations. Ego‐resiliency was negatively associated with depression and conduct problems, and positively related to academic efficacy/mastery. Conduct problems were negatively related to academic efficacy/mastery, but depression was not. Ego‐resiliency also moderated the relation of depression to academic efficacy/mastery. Qualitative results provided a deeper explanation of contributing factors to LMFW children's adjustment, how adjustment problems affected their academic success, and the coping mechanisms and resilience factors used by LMFW children to overcome difficult experiences.
ATP boosts lit state formation and activity of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2
Authors: Eckel Maike , Steinchen Wieland , Batschauer Alfred
Published: July 2018

Cryptochrome (cry) blue light photoreceptors have important roles in the regulation of plant development. Their photocycle includes redox changes of their flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) chromophore, which is fully oxidised in the dark state and semi‐reduced in the signalling‐active lit state. The two Arabidopsis thaliana cryptochromes, cry1 and cry2, and the plant‐type cryptochrome CPH1 from Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii bind ATP and other nucleotides. Binding of ATP affects the photocycle of these photoreceptors and causes structural alterations. However, the exact regions that undergo structural changes have not been defined, and most importantly it is not known whether ATP binding affects the biological activity of these photoreceptors in planta. Here we present studies on the effect of ATP on Arabidopsis cry2. Recombinant cry2 protein showed a high affinity for ATP (KD of 1.09 ± 0.48 μm). Binding of ATP and other adenines promoted photoreduction of the FAD chromophore in vitro and caused structural changes, particularly in α‐helix 21 which links the photosensory domain with the C‐terminal extension. The constructed cry2Y399A mutant was unable to bind ATP and did not show enhancement of photoreduction by ATP. When this mutant gene was expressed in Arabidopsis null cry2 mutant plants it retained some biological activity, which was, however, lower than that of the wild type. Our results indicate that binding of ATP to cry2, and most likely to other plant‐type cryptochromes, is not essential but boosts the formation of the signalling state and biological activity.
Principles and characteristics of the Arabidopsis WRKY regulatory network during early MAMP‐triggered immunity
Authors: Birkenbihl Rainer P. , Kracher Barbara , Ross Annegret , Kramer Katharina , Finkemeier Iris , Somssich Imre E.
Published: July 2018

During microbe‐associated molecular pattern‐triggered immunity more than 5000 Arabidopsis genes are significantly altered in their expression, and the question arises, how such an enormous reprogramming of the transcriptome can be regulated in a safe and robust manner? For the WRKY transcription factors (TFs), which are important regulators of numerous defense responses, it appears that they act in a complex regulatory sub‐network rather than in a linear fashion, which would be much more vulnerable to gene function loss either by pathogen‐derived effectors or by mutations. In this study we employed RNA‐seq, mass spectrometry and chromatin immunoprecipitation‐seq to find evidence for and uncover principles and characteristics of this network. Upon flg22‐treatment, one can distinguish between two sets of WRKY genes: constitutively expressed and induced WRKY genes. Prior to elicitation the induced WRKY genes appear to be maintained in a repressed state mainly by the constitutively expressed WRKY factors, which themselves appear to be regulated by non‐WRKY TFs. Upon elicitation, induced WRKYs rapidly bind to induced WRKY gene promoters and by auto‐ and cross‐regulation build up the regulatory network. Maintenance of this flg22‐induced network appears highly robust as removal of three key WRKY factors can be physically and functionally compensated for by other WRKY family members.
UVR8‐mediated induction of flavonoid biosynthesis for UVB tolerance is conserved between the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and flowering plants
Authors: Clayton William A. , Albert Nick W. , Thrimawithana Amali H. , McGhie Tony K. , Deroles Simon C. , Schwinn Kathy E. , Warren Ben A. , McLachlan Andrew R.G. , Bowman John L. , Jordan Brian R. , Davies Kevin M.
Published: July 2018

Damaging UVB radiation is a major abiotic stress facing land plants. In angiosperms the UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8) photoreceptor coordinates UVB responses, including inducing biosynthesis of protective flavonoids. We characterised the UVB responses of Marchantia polymorpha (marchantia), the model species for the liverwort group of basal plants. Physiological, chemical and transcriptomic analyses were conducted on wild‐type marchantia exposed to three different UVB regimes. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to obtain plant lines with mutations for components of the UVB signal pathway or the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, and transgenics overexpressing the marchantia UVR8 sequence were generated. The mutant and transgenic lines were analysed for changes in flavonoid content, their response to UVB exposure, and transcript abundance of a set of 48 genes that included components of the UVB response pathway characterised for angiosperms. The marchantia UVB response included many components in common with Arabidopsis, including production of UVB‐absorbing flavonoids, the central activator role of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), and negative feedback regulation by REPRESSOR OF UV‐B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (RUP1). Notable differences included the greater importance of CHALCONE ISOMERASE‐LIKE (CHIL). Mutants disrupted in the response pathway (hy5) or flavonoid production (chalcone isomerase, chil) were more easily damaged by UVB. Mutants (rup1) or transgenics (35S:MpMYB14) with increased flavonoid content had increased UVB tolerance. The results suggest that UVR8‐mediated flavonoid induction is a UVB tolerance character conserved across land plants and may have been an early adaptation to life on land.
Staying Viable
Authors: Sukel Kayt
Published: July 2018

This article highlights why manufacturing companies need to understand that they need core competencies in both the physical and digital realms to stay viable. Traditional original equipment manufacturers are well aware that their companies are ripe for disruption. Google did not need a press to upend the newspaper and magazine publishing industry. Netflix didn’t change one physical aspect of the DVD. These tales inevitably highlight how strong, successful manufacturing giants were taken down by young disrupters like Uber, Google, SpaceX, and Netflix. These companies, and others like them, changed the direction of entire industries. The stories serve as an inspiration for budding entrepreneurs and, increasingly, a warning for even the most competitive manufacturers.
Kinematic Analysis and Design of a Novel Shoulder Exoskeleton Using a Double Parallelogram Linkage
Authors: Christensen Simon , Bai Shaoping
Published: July 2018

The design of an innovative spherical mechanism with three degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) for a shoulder joint exoskeleton is presented in this paper. The spherical mechanism is designed with a double parallelogram linkage (DPL), which connects two revolute joints to implement the motion as a spherical joint, while maintaining the remote center (RC) of rotation. The design has several new features compared to the current state-of-the-art: (1) a relative large range of motion (RoM) free of singularity, (2) high overall stiffness, (3) lightweight, and (4) compact, which make it suitable for assistive exoskeletons. In this paper, the kinematics and singularities are analyzed for the spherical mechanism and DPL. Dimensional analysis is carried out to find the design with maximum RoM. The new shoulder joint is finally designed, constructed, and integrated in a four degree-of-freedom wearable upper-body exoskeleton. A finite element analysis (FEA) study is used to assess the structural stiffness of the proposed design in comparison to the conventional 3R mechanism.
Geopolymers as an Alternative for Oil Well Cementing Applications: A Review of Advantages and Concerns
Authors: Khalifeh Mahmoud , Saasen Arild , Hodne Helge , Godøy Rune , Vrålstad Torbjørn
Published: July 2018

Geopolymers, being inorganic polymers created from rock sources, were evaluated as an alternative to Portland cement. To evaluate their usability, some properties of a selected geopolymer were measured and compared with those from a neat class G Portland cement. The geopolymeric slurries showed a non-Newtonian viscosity behavior with a measurable, albeit low, yield stress. The pumpability measurements using atmospheric and pressurized consistometer showed an adequate set profile for both the geopolymer and cement sample. Static fluid loss test shows that the geopolymeric slurries experienced a lower fluid loss compared to that of the Portland cement. The shrinkage factor for the geopolymers was reduced (expanded) as the downhole temperature was ramped up. The shrinkage of the Portland cement sample proceeded only with a lower rate. Tensile strength of the geopolymers was approximately 5% of their compressive strength; however, this value for Portland cement was approximately 10% of its compressive strength. Finally, shear bond strength of geopolymers would benefit from improvement.
Genetic Algorithm Based Optimum Semi-Active Control of Building Frames Using Limited Number of Magneto-Rheological Dampers and Sensors
Authors: Bhaiya Vishisht , Bharti S. D. , Shrimali M. K. , Datta T. K.
Published: July 2018

Optimum semi-active control with a limited number of magneto-rheological (MR) dampers and measurement sensors has certain requirements. Most important of them is the accurate estimation of control forces developed in the MR dampers from the observations made in the structure. Therefore, the observation strategy should form an integral part of the optimization problem. The existing literature on the subject does not address this issue properly. The paper presents a computationally efficient optimization scheme for semi-active control of partially observed building frames using a limited number of MR dampers and sensors for earthquakes. The control scheme duly incorporates the locations of measurement sensors as variables into the genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization problem. A ten-storied building frame is taken as an illustrative example. The optimum control strategy utilizes two well-known control laws, namely, the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) with clipped optimal control and the bang-bang control to find the time histories of voltage to be applied to the MR dampers. The results of the numerical study show that the proposed scheme of sensor placement provides the optimum reduction of response with more computational efficiency. Second, optimal locations of sensors vary with the response quantities to be controlled, the nature of earthquake, and the control algorithm. Third, optimal locations of MR dampers are invariant of the response quantities to be controlled and the nature of earthquake.
Large Eddy Simulation of the Flow Behavior in a Simplified Helical Coil Steam Generator
Authors: Lai Jonathan K. , Merzari Elia , Hassan Yassin A.
Published: July 2018

Large eddy simulation (LES) is conducted for the flow over the shell side of a helical coil steam generator (HCSG) heat exchanger. Simulations are conducted on a simplified experimental test section that represents a one-column region of the helical coils using half-rods. Although the rods are wall-bounded, the flow still exhibits the turbulent characteristics and fluctuations from vortex shedding that one would expect from crossflow around a cylinder. The spectral element, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Nek5000, is used to capture the physics, and the results are compared with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. In order to ensure that the turbulence is resolved, analysis is conducted by using the Taylor length scales and normalized wall distance. Sensitivity to the inlet boundary conditions (BCs) and the spatial discretization for different polynomial order solutions are also studied, finding only minor differences between each case. Pressure drop and velocity statistics show reasonable agreement with PIV. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis reveals that the primary modes are similar between experiment and simulation, although the LES predicts higher turbulent kinetic energy than does PIV. Overall, the study establishes the resolution and resources required in order to conduct a high-fidelity simulation over 12 helical rods.
Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars
Authors: Orosei R. , Lauro S. E. , Pettinelli E. , Cicchetti A. , Coradini M. , Cosciotti B. , Di Paolo F. , Flamini E. , Mattei E. , Pajola M. , Soldovieri F. , Cartacci M. , Cassenti F. , Frigeri A. , Giuppi S. , Martufi R. , Masdea A. , Mitri G. , Nenna C. , Noschese R. , Restano M. , Seu R.
Published: July 2018

Liquid water under Mars' southern ice cap

Mars is known to host large quantities of water in solid or gaseous form, and surface rocks show clear evidence that there was liquid water on the planet in the distant past. Whether any liquid water remains on Mars today has long been debated. Orosei
et al.
used radar measurements from the Mars Express spacecraft to search for liquid water in Mars' southern ice cap (see the Perspective by Diez). They detected a 20-km-wide lake of liquid water underneath solid ice in the Planum Australe region. The water is probably kept from freezing by dissolved salts and the pressure of the ice above. The presence of liquid water on Mars has implications for astrobiology and future human exploration.

Science
, this issue p.
490
; see also p.
448
Patient-derived organoids: Are PDOs the new PDX?
Authors: Chonghaile Tríona Ní
Published: July 2018

Patient-derived organoids in pancreatic cancer maintain genotypic, transcriptomic, and potentially phenotypic responses to chemotherapy of the primary tumor.
Ceftazidime-Avibactam Susceptibility Breakpoints against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Nichols Wright W. , Stone Gregory G. , Newell Paul , Broadhurst Helen , Wardman Angela , MacPherson Merran , Yates Katrina , Riccobene Todd , Critchley Ian A. , Das Shampa
Published: July 2018

Clinical susceptibility breakpoints against
Enterobacteriaceae
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
for the ceftazidime-avibactam dosage regimen of 2,000/500 mg every 8 h (q8h) by 2-h intravenous infusion (adjusted for renal function) have been established by the FDA, CLSI, and EUCAST as susceptible (MIC, ≤8 mg/liter) and resistant (MIC, >8 mg/liter). The key supportive data from pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses,
in vitro
surveillance, including molecular understanding of relevant resistance mechanisms, and efficacy in regulatory clinical trials are collated and analyzed here.
Draft Genome Sequence of Burkholderia vietnamiensis Strain RS1, a Nitrogen-Fixing Endophyte Isolated from Sweet Potato
Authors: Shinjo Rina , Uesaka Kazuma , Ihara Kunio , Sakazaki Shunsuke , Yano Katsuya , Kondo Motohiko , Tanaka Aiko
Published: July 2018

Burkholderia vietnamiensis
strain RS1 is an endophytic bacterium with nitrogen-fixing ability that was isolated from tuberous roots of sweet potato. Here, we present its draft genome of 6,542,727 bases that contains a cluster of genes associated with nitrogen fixation.
Draft Genome Sequence of Halomonas sp. CSM-2, a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from a Triassic Salt Mine
Authors: Megaw Julianne , Gilmore Brendan F.
Published: July 2018

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Halomonas
sp. CSM-2.