bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Síndrome de abstinência alcoólica
Authors: Moll Marciana Fernandes , Ventura Carla Aparecida Arena , Pires Fabiana Cristina , Boff Nathália Nunes , Silva Cristiane Borges Facuri da , Oliveira Patrícia Costa de
Published: November 2019

Objetivo: investigar o conhecimento da equipe de Enfermagem sobre a síndrome de abstinência alcoólica e descrever os cuidados prestados por essa equipe às pessoas com síndrome de abstinência alcoólica internadas na clínica cirúrgica. Método: estudo descritivo e qualitativo com 22 profissionais de Enfermagem que atuavam na clínica cirúrgica de um hospital geral e responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada gravada e posteriormente transcrita. A Análise de Conteúdo e a Análise Temática foram utilizadas para avaliar os dados. Resultados: foram identificadas as categorias “O conhecimento da equipe de Enfermagem sobre a síndrome de abstinência alcoólica” e “Os cuidados prestados pela equipe de Enfermagem diante de pessoas em síndrome de abstinência alcoólica”. A equipe de Enfermagem reconhece os sinais e sintomas da síndrome de abstinência alcoólica, mas não os diferencia em orgânicos e psíquicos. Prioriza-se a contenção mecânica associada à farmacoterapia na prestação dos cuidados. Conclusão: recomenda-se sensibilizar e qualificar as equipes de Enfermagem para uma assistência pautada nas reais necessidades das pessoas com síndrome de abstinência alcoólica, pois esse é um desafio a ser superado para oferecer maior segurança no processo cirúrgico.
Perspectiva do usuário de drogas sobre seu tratamento e a rede de atenção psicossocial
Authors: Tibiriçá Vanessa Ayres , Luchini Eduarda Pampolin Miessi , Almeida Camila Souza de
Published: November 2019

Objetivo: analisar a percepção do usuário de álcool e outras drogas sobre seu tratamento em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial de álcool e outras drogas e de sua inserção na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória, na qual se utilizaram grupos focais como forma de coleta de dados. O estudo ocorreu na cidade de Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, no período de agosto a novembro de 2017. Resultados: ao todo foram cinco grupos focais em que se abordaram temas como tratamento, percurso na Rede assistencial e relação com o Sistema de Saúde da cidade. Conclusão: a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial se encontra muito fragmentada e fragilizada, o que dificulta o tratamento do usuário de álcool e outras drogas e  sobrecarrega os serviços especializados em saúde mental.
Optimal Strategy and Timing of Left Ventricular Venting During Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Life Support for Adults in Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Al-Fares Abdulrahman A. , Randhawa Varinder K. , Englesakis Marina , McDonald Michael A. , Nagpal A. Dave , Estep Jerry D. , Soltesz Edward G. , Fan Eddy
Published: November 2019

Background:

Veno-arterial extracorporeal life support (VA-ECLS) is widely used to treat refractory cardiogenic shock. However, increased left ventricular (LV) afterload in VA-ECLS can worsen pulmonary congestion and compromise myocardial recovery. Our objectives were to explore the efficacy, safety, and optimal timing of adjunctive LV venting strategies.

Methods:

A systematic search was performed on Medline, EMBASE, PubMed, CDSR, CCRCT, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.Gov, and WHO ICTRP from inception until January 2019 for all relevant studies, including LV venting. Data were analyzed for mortality and weaning from VA-ECLS on the basis of timing of LV venting, along with adverse complications.

Results:

A total of 7995 patients were included from 62 observational studies, wherein 3458 patients had LV venting during VA-ECLS. LV venting significantly improved weaning from VA-ECLS (odds ratio, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.47–0.83];
P
=0.001) and reduced short-term (30 day; risk ratio [RR], 0.86 [95% CI, 0.77–0.96];
P
=0.008) but not in-hospital (RR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.83–1.01]
P
=0.09) or long-term (6 months; RR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.90–1.03];
P
=0.27) mortality. Early (<12 hours; RR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.75–0.99];
P
=0.03) but not late (≥12 hours; RR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.71–1.38];
P
=0.93) LV venting significantly reduced short-term mortality. Patients with LV venting spent more time on VA-ECLS (3.6 versus 2.8 days,
P
<0.001), and mechanical ventilation (7.1 versus 4.6 days,
P
=0.013). With the exception of hemolysis (RR, 2.18 [95% CI, 1.58–3.01];
P
<0.00001), overall adverse events did not differ.

Conclusions:

LV venting, especially if done early (<12 hours), appears to be associated with an increased success of weaning and reduced short-term mortality. Future studies are required to delineate the importance of any or early LV venting adjuncts on mortality and morbidity outcomes.
Effect of Variable Selection Strategy on the Performance of Prognostic Models When Using Multiple Imputation
Authors: Austin Peter C. , Lee Douglas S. , Ko Dennis T. , White Ian R.
Published: November 2019

Background:

Variable selection is an important issue when developing prognostic models. Missing data occur frequently in clinical research. Multiple imputation is increasingly used to address the presence of missing data in clinical research. The effect of different variable selection strategies with multiply imputed data on the external performance of derived prognostic models has not been well examined.

Methods and Results:

We used backward variable selection with 9 different ways to handle multiply imputed data in a derivation sample to develop logistic regression models for predicting death within 1 year of hospitalization with an acute myocardial infarction. We assessed the prognostic accuracy of each derived model in a temporally distinct validation sample. The derivation and validation samples consisted of 11 524 patients hospitalized between 1999 and 2001 and 7889 patients hospitalized between 2004 and 2005, respectively. We considered 41 candidate predictor variables. Missing data occurred frequently, with only 13% of patients in the derivation sample and 31% of patients in the validation sample having complete data. Regardless of the significance level for variable selection, the prognostic model developed using only the complete cases in the derivation sample had substantially worse performance in the validation sample than did the models for which variables were selected using the multiply imputed versions of the derivation sample. The other 8 approaches to handling multiply imputed data resulted in prognostic models with performance similar to one another.

Conclusions:

Ignoring missing data and using only subjects with complete data can result in the derivation of prognostic models with poor performance. Multiple imputation should be used to account for missing data when developing prognostic models.
Comparison of In‐Hospital Mortality and Length of Stay in Acute ST‐Segment‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction Among Urban Teaching Hospitals in China and the United States
Authors: Han Hedong , Wei Xin , He Qian , Yu Yamei , Ruan Yiming , Wu Cheng , Cao Yang , Herzog Eyal , He Jia
Published: November 2019

Background

The aim of the study is to compare in‐hospital outcomes of acute ST‐segment‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) between China and the United States.

Methods and Results

Urban teaching hospitals were queried for adult patients with a primary diagnosis of
acute STEMI
during 2007–2010. The primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was length of stay. Multivariable analyses adjusting for potential confounders were conducted for comparison between countries. Subgroup analysis was performed in
acute STEMI
patients receiving revascularization. In total, 32 228 patients in China and 76 117 patients in the United States were included. Overall in‐hospital mortality was 8.23% in China and 7.96% in the United States (
P
<0.001). Multivariable analyses revealed that the 2 countries had similar overall in‐hospital mortality (odds ratio, 0.97; 95%
CI
, 0.87–1.09;
P
=0.59), whereas China had lower 3‐day mortality (odds ratio, 0.78; 95%
CI
, 0.70–0.89;
P
<0.001). In patients receiving primary percutaneous coronary interventions, Chinese hospitals had significant higher overall mortality (odds ratio, 2.39; 95%
CI
, 1.85–3.07;
P
<0.001) and 3‐day mortality (odds ratio, 2.39; 95%
CI
, 1.78–3.20;
P
<0.001). For total acute
STEMI
patients, acute
STEMI
patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting, median length of stay in China and the United States were 10 versus 3, 9 versus 3, and 25 versus 9 days, respectively (all
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

Overall in‐hospital mortality in acute
STEMI
patients was comparable among urban teaching hospitals between China and the United States during 2007–2010. In addition, 3‐day mortality was lower in China. However, worse outcomes in patients undergoing early revascularization and longer length of stay in China need to be given more attention.
Physiological Versus Angiographic Guidance for Myocardial Revascularization in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Authors: Lunardi Mattia , Scarsini Roberto , Venturi Gabriele , Pesarini Gabriele , Pighi Michele , Gratta Andrea , Gottin Leonardo , Barbierato Marco , Caprioglio Francesco , Piccoli Anna , Ferrero Valeria , Ribichini Flavio
Published: November 2019

Background

Management of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation is uncertain. Fractional flow reserve (
FFR
) has never been clinically validated in aortic stenosis. The study aim was to analyze the clinical outcome of
FFR
‐guided revascularization in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Methods and Results

Patients with severe aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease at coronary angiography were included in this retrospective analysis and divided in 2 groups: angiography guided (122/216; 56.5%) versus
FFR
‐guided revascularization (94/216; 43.5%). Patients were clinically followed up and evaluated for the occurrence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events at 2‐year follow‐up. Most lesions in the
FFR
group resulted negative according to the conventional 0.80 cutoff value (111/142; 78.2%) and were deferred. The
FFR
‐guided group showed a better major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event–free survival compared with the angio‐guided group (92.6% versus 82.0%; hazard ratio, 0.4; 95%
CI
, 0.2–1.0;
P
=0.035). Patients with deferred lesions based on
FFR
presented better outcome compared with patients who underwent angio‐guided percutaneous coronary intervention (91.4% versus 68.1%; hazard ratio, 0.3; 95%
CI
, 0.1–0.6;
P
=0.001).

Conclusions

FFR guidance was associated with favorable outcome in this observational study in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Randomized trials are needed to investigate the long‐term effects of
FFR
‐guided revascularization against angiographic guidance alone in patients with aortic stenosis.
Regional Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion Defect Is Associated With Early Ischemic Recurrence in Patients With a Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Nam Ki-Woong , Kim Chi Kyung , Ko Sang-Bae , Yoon Byung-Woo , Yoo Roh-Eul , Sohn Chul-Ho
Published: November 2019

Background and Purpose—

With the lack of confirmatory examinations, the distinction of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) from various TIA-mimicking diseases is difficult, particularly in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)-negative TIAs. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion defects and early ischemic recurrence (FU-DWI [+]) in patients with DWI-negative TIAs.

Methods—

We assessed consecutive patients with a DWI-negative TIA within 24 hours of symptom onset, who underwent both ASL images and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging during the acute period. As markers of the ASL images, we evaluated the ASL perfusion defects in each hemisphere. Arterial transit artifact (ATA) and intraarterial high-intensity signal (IAS) were also rated as markers of collateral status and blood stagnation due to large vessel occlusion, respectively.

Results—

Among the 136 patients with a DWI-negative TIA, 33 patients had FU-DWI (+) lesions in 36 hemispheres. In the multivariable analysis, ASL defects remained an independent predictor of FU-DWI (+) (adjusted odds ratio, 13.94 [95% CI, 5.77–33.70],
P
<0.001). In the evaluation of the interactive relationship between ASL defects and ATA/IAS, the (ASL [+] ATA [−]) group showed the highest frequencies of FU-DWI (+) events (55.6%) with the highest adjusted odds ratio values (adjusted odds ratio, 14.86 [95% CI, 5.63–39.24],
P
<0.001), indicating a negative synergistic effect between the ASL defects and ATA. Meanwhile, the (ASL [+] IAS [+]) group showed higher frequencies of FU-DWI (+) and higher adjusted odds ratio values than those of the (ASL [+] IAS [−]) and (ASL [−] IAS [−]) groups, indicating a positive synergistic effect.

Conclusions—

We demonstrated that ASL perfusion defects were associated with ipsilateral FU-DWI (+) in patients with a DWI-negative TIA. Furthermore, this association was enhanced with IASs and attenuated with ATAs.
Inherent Disagreements in Human Textual Inferences
Authors: Pavlick Ellie , Kwiatkowski Tom
Published: November 2019

We analyze human’s disagreements about the validity of natural language inferences. We show that, very often, disagreements are not dismissible as annotation “noise”, but rather persist as we collect more ratings and as we vary the amount of context provided to raters. We further show that the type of uncertainty captured by current state-of-the-art models for natural language inference is not reflective of the type of uncertainty present in human disagreements. We discuss implications of our results in relation to the recognizing textual entailment (RTE)/natural language inference (NLI) task. We argue for a refined evaluation objective that requires models to explicitly capture the full distribution of plausible human judgments.
International Maritime Organisation Conventions as Incorporated under Kuwaiti Law
Authors: Aladwani Talal
Published: November 2019

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) is part of the UN entities. IMO Conventions focus on the human and technical aspects of shipping, including safety. Kuwait has ratified not only key IMO Conventions, but also other widely covered conventions in the fields of safety of life at sea, safe navigation, prevention of marine pollution, and third-party liability and compensation for maritime claims. This article is an attempt to address briefly the ratified conventions and their implementation (or effectiveness) under Kuwaiti law. Matters such as whether it is essential to incorporate new IMO Conventions and their amendments into Kuwaiti law will be considered.
Intensional Composition as Identity
Authors: Lechthaler Manuel
Published: November 2019

Composition as Identity claims that a composite object is identical to its parts taken collectively. This is often understood as reducing the identity of composite objects to the identity of their parts. The author argues that Composition as Identity is not such a reduction. His central claim is that an intensional notion of composition, which is sensitive to the arrangement of the composing objects, avoids criticisms based on an extensional understanding of composition. The key is to understand composition as an intensional kind of identity relation, many-one identity. Eventually, the author suggests an arrangement condition for many-one identity that allows him to distinguish between composite objects, even if they have the same parts.
Gibt es so etwas wie intellektuelle Toleranz?
Authors: Balg Dominik
Published: November 2019

In this article, it will be argued that tolerance is not necessarily a political or ethical, but rather an abstract attitude that can be applied to many different dimensions of normative evaluation. More specifically, it will be argued that there are genuinely intellectual forms of tolerance that are epistemically motivated and that need to be assessed on purely epistemic grounds. To establish this claim, an abstract characterization of tolerance will be applied to the epistemic phenomenon of disagreement in order to develop a specific conception of tolerance that picks out a genuinely intellectual attitude towards recognized disagreement. Since the attitude that is picked out by this conception is very popular and widespread, an epistemology of tolerance would be of great significance to our intellectual practice.
Joy Of Giving Week Providing Stimulus to Customers and Triggering Response in Terms of Willingness To Pay Under Cause Related Marketing
Authors: Mekoth Nandakumar , Pinto Raina
Published: November 2019

We conducted a study using an experimental approach and made a comparison of customers’ Willingness To Pay (WTP) during two time frames; one highlighting an event – Joy Of Giving Week (JOGW) and the other; post JOGW (Non-Joy Of Giving Week) not specifically linked to giving. When a time frame highlighting an event is used, it provides a stimulus to the customers which triggers a response in terms of higher WTP. We posit that a time frame highlighting an event can have an impact on customers’ WTP for a product linked to a cause. We present a new facet of Facilitated Giving Form of Cause Related Marketing (CRM).This form offers benefits to three entities: the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) in terms of increased availability of funds, customers experience a ‘feel good factor’ by purchasing a product of the NGO associated with a cause and, builds the image of the business unit.
Lectotypification of three names in the genus Iseilema (Poaceae)

Authors: DRISYA V. , PRADEEP A.K.
Published: November 2019

The grass genus Iseilema Andersson (1856: 250) comprises ca. 20 species distributed all over the world (Clayton & Renvoize 1986, Watson & Dallwitz 1992). Among them, 5 species are known to occur in India (Bor 1960). While studying the genus, we could notice that some species have neither holotype available nor lectotype designated. Lectotypes for three names in the genus are designated here from the available original material following article 9.3 and article 9.12 of the Shenzhen Code (Turland et al. 2017).
Nursing Scheme Based on Back Propagation Neural Network and Probabilistic Neural Network in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Ying Xuxia , Tang Bibo , Zhou Canxin
Published: November 2019

Objective: The purpose of graded care for chronic kidney disease is to share expert experience, so that doctors can more accurately diagnose chronic kidney disease, so that patients with chronic kidney disease can understand their condition in time and collect case data. The
collected case data is established into a data warehouse, the data quality is evaluated, and the BP neural network method is used for data mining to analyze the data. Methods: The paper studied BP neural network and probabilistic neural network (PNN), and used 75% of the samples to
compare the models. The model errors were analyzed including maximum, minimum, expectation, variance and running time to get Adaboost. The accuracy and robustness of the -PNN model and the IGABP model are good. Results: BP neural network model and probabilistic neural network method
can achieve higher application of graded care for chronic kidney disease. The method is capable of quickly predicting disease grading and providing a standardized treatment care regimen. The method realizes the main functions of querying, managing, and collecting data of medical records. Conclusion:
The external expansion function of BP neural network and probabilistic neural network can achieve accurate data analysis, which can effectively improve the diagnosis time and grade prediction accuracy of chronic kidney disease, and provide opinions for graded nursing.
Dysregulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Explain the Dynamic Association Between Glucose Fluctuation and Cognitive
Authors: Wenfang Peng , Lisha Shen , Lili Xia , Yubing Tang , Huihua Li , Yongquan Shi
Published: November 2019

Objective—Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanism of cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is still elusive. Dysregulation of HPA axis is related to cognitive impairment. The present study
aims to calculate explanation of the association between glucose fluctuation and cognitive function by HPA axis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods—The mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) was analyzed by a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) for 3 days
in 330 elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. All the subjects received a set of neuropsychological test battery for cognitive assessment. The diurnal rhythm of cortisol was also analyzed. Linear multivariate regression analysis was performed to explore the relationship between glucose
fluctuation, cortisol parameters and cognitive parameters. Results—MAGE was observed to be associated with diurnal cortisol fall but with neither cortisol awakening response (CAR) nor overall mean cortisol levels (t = –2.195, P = 0.030). Linear multivariate
regression analysis displayed that MAGE and average diurnal cortisol fall were uniquely associated with some cognitive parameters, such as AVLT trial, FAS, and TMT (P < 0.05). Conclusion—Glucose fluctuation was strongly associated with cognitive impairment in elderly
type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Especially in executive function, attention and processing speed. Dysregulation of HPA axis was probably the cause of cognitive dysfunction in these patients.
ECIDS-Enhanced Cancer Image Diagnosis and Segmentation Using Artificial Neural Networks and Active Contour Modelling
Authors: Kavitha M. S. , Shanthini J. , Bhavadharini R. M.
Published: November 2019

In the present decade, image processing techniques are extensively utilized in various medical image diagnoses, specifically in dealing with cancer images for detection and treatment in advance. The quality of the image and the accuracy are the significant factors to be considered while
analyzing the images for cancer diagnosis. With that note, in this paper, an Enhanced Cancer Image Diagnosis and Segmentation (ECIDS) framework has been developed for effective detection and segmentation of lung cancer cells. Initially, the Computed Tomography lung image (CT image) has been
processed for denoising by employing kernel based global denoising function. Following that, the noise free lung images are given for feature extraction. The images are further classified into normal and abnormal classes using Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network Classification. With that,
the classified lung cancer images are given for segmentation and the process of segmentation has been done here with the Active Contour Modelling with reduced gradient. The segmented cancer images are further given for medical processing. Moreover, the framework is experimented with MATLAB
tool using the clinical dataset called LIDC-IDRI lung CT dataset. The results are analyzed and discussed based on some performance evaluation metrics such as energy, Entropy, Correlation and Homogeneity are involved in effective classification.
Observations and Simulation of Elevated Nocturnal Convection Initiation on 24 June 2015 during PECAN
Authors: Trier Stanley B. , Kehler Scott D. , Hanesiak John
Published: November 2019

The environment of elevated nocturnal deep convection initiation (CI) on 24 June 2015 is investigated using radiosonde data from the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field experiment and a convection-allowing simulation. Elevated CI occurs around midnight in ascending westerly flow above the northeastern terminus of the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ) several hundred kilometers poleward of the leading edge of a surface warm front. This CI originates from within preexisting banded altocumulus clouds that are supported by persistent large-scale ascent within the entrance region of a midtropospheric jet streak. Model trajectories calculated backward from convective updraft cores during CI indicate abrupt lifting at the leading edge of the surface front during the late afternoon to altitudes above that of the subsequent southerly LLJ. This air remains significantly subsaturated during northward movement until after several hours of weaker but persistent ascent within the highly elevated westerly airstream during the evening. Unlike in many previous studies of frontal overrunning by the LLJ, strong local drying occurs within the LLJ core. Nevertheless, vertical displacements from persistent mesoscale ascent were sufficient for trajectory air parcels to reach their LFC and sustain deep convection. The mesoscale upward displacement along trajectories is well explained by isentropic upglide associated with frontal overrunning at horizontal distances greater than 100 km from the CI and subsequent mature convection. However, the significant additional mesoscale vertical displacements needed for deep CI to occur in the westerlies above the horizontally convergent ~100-km-wide LLJ terminus region, were associated with local cooling and are not accounted for by steady isentropic upglide.
Rescuing Migrants in the Central Mediterranean: The Emergence of a New Civil Humanitarianism at the Maritime Border
Authors: Esperti Marta
Published: November 2019

The Central Mediterranean is the most deadly body of water in the Mediterranean Sea with at least 15,062 fatalities recorded by International Organization of Migration between 2014 and 2018. This article aims at highlighting the rise of a variety of new civil society actors engaged in the rescue of people undertaking dangerous journeys across the sea in the attempt of reaching the southern European shores. The peculiarity of the humanitarian space at sea and its political relevance are pointed out to illustrate the unfolding of the maritime border management on the Central Mediterranean route and its relation with the activity of the civil society rescue vessels. The theoretical aspiration of the article is to question the role of a proactive civil humanitarianism at sea, discussing the emergence of different political and social meanings around humanitarianism at the EU’s southern maritime border. In recent years, the increasing presence of new citizens-based organizations at sea challenges the nexus between humanitarian and emergency approaches adopted to implement security-oriented policies. This essay draws on the findings of a broader comparative work on a variety of civil society actors engaged in the search and rescue operations on the maritime route between Libya and Europe, focusing in particular on Italy as country of first arrival. The fieldwork covers a period of time going between 2016 and 2018. The research methodology is built on a multisited ethnography, the conduct of semidirective and informal interviews with both state and nonstate actors, and the analysis of various reports unraveling the social and political tensions around rescue at sea on the Central Mediterranean route.
Evaluating the Effective Physical Indicators of Built Environment on Promotion of Sustainable Transportation: The Case of Sanandaj City
Authors: Charehjoo Farzin , Hoorijani Nassim
Published: November 2019

The main goal of this research is to evaluate the relationship between the built environment and public health of citizens in four different buffers of Sanandaj, Kurdistan province, Iran. There is a growing body of evidence that links the neighborhood design to public health and argues that the built environment impacts on the public health of people through the weakening or strengthening of sustainable transportation (walking, cycling, and public transportation) and physical activity. Regular physical activity has a significant impact on the health of individuals, and this can be the best way to cope with several diseases. The statistical population of this study includes people between the age of 18 and 65 years in Sanandaj city. The method used to investigate the normality of dependent variables is the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test; the assessment of the resident’s difference of physical activities is conducted through one-way variance; the impact of the built environment on physical activities is assessed through a multivariate regression test, and the effect of physical activity on the health of the individuals is evaluated through a correlation test. This study, by explaining the characteristics of the built environment in four different buffers, has exhibited that the environment supporting physical activity of pedestrians plays a critical role in increasing the amount of physical activity they engage in.
Evaluating the Effects of In-Vehicle Side-View Display Layout Design on Physical Demands of Driving
Authors: Beck Donghyun , Jung Jaemoon , Park Woojin
Published: November 2019

Objective

A driving simulator study was conducted to comparatively evaluate the effects of three camera monitor system (CMS) display layouts and the traditional side-view mirror arrangement on the physical demands of driving.

Background

Despite the possible benefits of CMS displays in reducing the physical demands of driving, little empirical evidence is available to substantiate these benefits. The effects of CMS display layout designs are not well understood.

Method

The three CMS display layouts varied in the locations of the side-view displays: (A) inside the car near the conventional side-view mirrors, (B) on the dashboard at each side of the steering wheel, and (C) on the center fascia with the displays joined side by side. Twenty-two participants performed a safety-critical lane changing task with each design alternative. The dependent measures were the following: spread of eye movement, spread of head movement, and perceived physical demand.

Results

Compared with the traditional mirror system, all three CMS display layouts showed a reduction in physical demands, albeit differing in the types/magnitudes of physical demand reduction.

Conclusion

Well-designed CMS display layouts could significantly reduce the physical demands of driving. The physical demands were reduced by placing the CMS displays close to the position of the driver’s normal line-of-sight when looking at the road ahead and locating each CMS display on each side of the driver, that is, at locations compatible with the driver’s expectation.

Application

Physical demand reductions by CMS displays would especially benefit drivers frequently checking the side-view mirrors with large eye/head movements and physically weak/impaired drivers.
Thriving at Work: How a Paradox Mindset Influences Innovative Work Behavior
Authors: Liu Yanjun , Xu Shiyong , Zhang Bainan
Published: November 2019

A paradox mindset indicates the extent to which individuals embrace and are energized by tensions. The adoption of a paradox mindset can help people leverage tensions and produce creative outputs. We propose a multilevel model based on self-determination theory that examines the effects of a paradox mindset on individuals’ innovative work behavior. We use data collected at two points in time from 369 employees in 90 teams; the multilevel data analysis shows that employees’ paradox mindset has a positive influence on their innovative behaviors via thriving at work. In addition, the cross-level moderated mediation results demonstrate that leaders’ paradox mindset strengthens the relationship between employees’ paradox mindset and thriving at work; also, it is positively associated with employees’ innovative work behavior. This study contributes to the literature on individuals’ approaches to paradoxes illustrating the psychological process from a paradox mindset to employees’ innovative work behavior.
The Ties That Bind: Ethnicity, Pro-government Militia, and the Dynamics of Violence in Civil War
Authors: Abbs Luke , Clayton Govinda , Thomson Andrew
Published: November 2019

Existing research reveals many of the ways pro-government militia (PGM) shape civil violence but overlooks how the ethno-political ties between the state and a PGM might influence these effects. We argue that co-ethnic militia (i.e., groups composed of the ruling elite’s ethnic kin) are relatively loyal irregular forces that multiply state military capacity. The greater loyalty of co-ethnic groups mitigates principal–agent problems but further polarizes ethnic communities, and as a result, co-ethnic PGMs are likely to be associated with longer and more intense civil conflict. We test this argument on a global sample of cases from 1989 to 2007 using new data capturing the ethnic ties of all PGMs. The results support our claims that co-ethnic militia are associated with more intense and longer civil conflict.
TRPM8 Mediates Hyperosmotic Stimuli-Induced Nociception in Dental Afferents
Authors: Lee P.R. , Lee J.Y. , Kim H.B. , Lee J.H. , Oh S.B.
Published: November 2019

Hyperosmolar sweet foods onto exposed tooth dentin evoke sudden and intense dental pain, called dentin hypersensitivity. However, it remains unclear how hyperosmolar stimuli excite dental primary afferent (DPA) neurons and thereby lead to dentin hypersensitivity. This study elucidated whether TRPM8, which is well known as a cold temperature– or menthol-activated receptor, additionally mediates nociception in response to hyperosmolar stimuli in adult mouse DPA neurons, which are identified by a fluorescent retrograde tracer: DiI. Single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that TRPM8 was expressed in subsets of DPA neurons and that TRPM8 was highly colocalized with TRPV1 and Piezo2. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed TRPM8 expression in DPA neurons. By using Fura-2-based calcium imaging, application of hyperosmolar sucrose solutions elicited calcium transients in subsets of the trigeminal ganglion neurons, which was significantly abolished by a selective TRPM8 antagonist: N-(3-Aminopropyl)-2-[(3-methylphenyl)methoxy]-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzamide (AMTB) hydrochloride. When we further examined changes of c-fos expression (a neuronal activation marker) in the spinal trigeminal nucleus after hyperosmolar stimulation onto exposed tooth dentin, c-fos mRNA and protein expression were increased and were also significantly reduced by AMTB, especially in the spinal trigeminal interpolaris-caudalis transition zone (Vi/Vc). Taken together, our results provide strong evidence that TRPM8 expressed in DPA neurons might mediate dental pain as a hyperosmosensor in adult mice.
Where are we heading? Challenges in evidence-based severity assessment
Authors: Keubler Lydia M , Hoppe Nils , Potschka Heidrun , Talbot Steven R , Vollmar Brigitte , Zechner Dietmar , Häger Christine , Bleich André
Published: November 2019

Evidence-based severity assessment in laboratory animals is, apart from the ethical responsibility, imperative to generate reproducible, standardized and valid data. However, the path towards a valid study design determining the degree of pain, distress and suffering experienced by the animal is lined with pitfalls and obstacles as we will elucidate in this review. Furthermore, we will ponder on the genesis of a holistic concept relying on multifactorial composite scales. These have to combine robust and reliable parameters to measure the multidimensional aspects that define the severity of animal experiments, generating a basis for the substantiation of the refinement principle.
From Grieving to Giving: When Former Bereavement Campers Return as Volunteers
Authors: McClatchey Irene S. , King Steve , Domby Emma
Published: November 2019

This study examines the lived experiences of bereavement camp participants who return to camp as volunteer counselors. Participants in the study were eight bereavement camp counselors who once attended camp as bereaved participants. Using a qualitative case study design, the participants were interviewed by the researchers, and data collected from these interviews were analyzed using the constant comparison method. The findings revealed a variety of personal meaning-making themes and subcategories described by the study participants. These themes were compared between the bereavement camp camper experience and the returning bereavement camp volunteer experience. This analysis uncovered a personal growth development that facilitated a continuing progression for participants through their individual grief and growth process. Implications for the further development and staffing of bereavement camps using returning campers as volunteers and the enhanced therapeutic value these returning volunteers can provide to bereavement camps due to their own experience are discussed.
Noncountable Tuberculosis Case Reporting, National Tuberculosis Surveillance System, United States, 2010-2014
Authors: Pratt Robert H. , Manangan Lilia P. , Cummings Charisse Nitura , Langer Adam J.
Published: November 2019

Objectives:

Supplemental federal funding is allocated to state and local tuberculosis (TB) programs using a formula that considers only countable cases reported to the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System (NTSS). Health departments submit reports of cases, which are countable unless another (US or international) jurisdiction has already counted the case or the case represents a recurrence of TB diagnosed ≤12 months after completion of treatment for a previous TB episode. Noncountable cases are a resource burden, so in 2009, NTSS began accepting noncountable case reports as an indicator of program burden. We sought to describe the volume and completeness of noncountable case reports.

Methods:

We analyzed 2010-2014 NTSS data to determine the number and distribution of noncountable cases reported. We also surveyed jurisdictions to determine the completeness of noncountable case reporting and obtain information on jurisdictions’ experience in reporting noncountable cases. In addition, we prepared a hypothetical recalculation of the funding formula to evaluate the effect of including noncountable cases on funding allocations.

Results:

Of 54 067 TB case reports analyzed, 1720 (3.2%) were noncountable; 47 of 60 (78.3%) jurisdictions reported ≥1 noncountable case. Of 60 programs surveyed, 34 (56.7%) responded. Of the 34 programs that responded, 24 (70.6%) had not reported all their noncountable cases to NTSS, and 11 (32.4%) stated that reporting noncountable cases was overly burdensome, considering the cases were not funded.

Conclusions:

Complete data on noncountable TB cases help support estimates of programmatic burden. Ongoing training and a streamlined reporting system to NTSS can facilitate noncountable case reporting.
Transient heat loss analysis of fabrics using a dynamic sweating guarded hot plate protocol
Authors: Oswald Courtney , DenHartog Emiel
Published: November 2019

Moisture management is important for the human comfort of clothing, especially while perspiring. Ideally, the fabric chosen for a garment enables moisture to migrate away from the skin surface, facilitating the liquid to be evaporated into the surrounding environment, which causes a cooling sensation for the wearer. This process is influenced by factors such as fiber type, fabric construction, and fabric treatments, all of which impact the resulting wicking and moisture management properties of the fabric. This research explored the heat loss associated with combined water absorption, wicking, and evaporative cooling during wetting of fabrics. A dynamic sweating guarded hot plate was used to measure transitional heat loss as water was introduced at a steady rate over a 65-minute testing period. The results on a cotton and polyester blend fabric as well as a wool fabric indicated that the liquid water absorption and transport processes significantly influence heat loss properties during this transition. However, the results also show novel aspects in the efficiency of cooling associated with the wicking of sweat and different stages of wetting of fabrics leading to different cooling power. Furthermore, this method raises questions as to whether current sweating guarded hot plate technologies are an appropriate representation of human sweat production or that the scalability of sweat production per unit area is limited. This developed testing method can be successful in quantifying the differences in transitional heat loss and will enable testing of fabrics for comfort in changing conditions.
Cohabiting commerce in a transport hub: Peoples as infrastructure in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Xiao Allen Hai , Adebayo Kudus Oluwatoyin
Published: November 2019

Based on a case study of Iyana Ipaja, one of the largest transport hubs with a spacious motor park and the most vibrant markets in North Lagos, we elaborate on the nuances of interactions between commercial actors and various forms of infrastructure in the spatial and temporal senses. In terms of materiality and mobility of their businesses, commercial actors are categorised into three types, shopkeepers, stallholders and hawkers. They have extensive interactions with the objects with which they are attached (shops, stalls and goods), the physical infrastructures (vehicles, roads, bus stations and motor parks), and ‘people as infrastructure’ – a term coined by Simone – including drivers, passengers, passers-by and government agencies. We suggest that a modification to the concept of ‘peoples as infrastructure’ should help to articulate interactions among differently positioned actors. We argue that the localities and mobilities of commercial practices manifest spatial conviviality among peoples as infrastructure. The temporality of their commercial practices is embedded in the urban rhythm of Lagos and remediates the flows of people and vehicles through the spaces of Iyana Ipaja. The focus of commercial actors provides a new perspective to rethink grassroots spatial politics of motor parks in Nigeria. Moreover, this case study critically engages the theory of relationality of ‘people as infrastructure’ in urban Africa.
Martyred Patriarchs, Institutionalized Virtues, and the Gendered Republic of Twentieth-Century China
Authors: Vu Linh D.
Published: November 2019

This article draws attention to the cultural and social specificities of women’s agency in Republican China and suggests a way to rethink the polarizing impacts of revolution- and war-related deaths on women’s lives. Analyzing a number of petitions submitted by widows of martyrs, this article explores the transformation in family-state and gender relations during the Republican era. I argue that the Nationalist martyr compensation law perpetuated the imperial-era standards for the feminine virtues of chastity and sacrifice, circumscribing women’s social and political roles in twentieth-century China. Under the new equality-promoting legal regime and in the absence of familial patriarchs, women had new opportunities to venture outside their domestic quarters and to engage with the state. Yet, the Republican state often made exceptions to the law based on petitioners’ display of feminine virtues. By entering into this negotiation of virtue with the state, Chinese women defined themselves primarily through their performance of moral qualities.
Lyapunov vector-based formation tracking control for unmanned aerial vehicles with obstacle/collision avoidance
Authors: Chang Kai , Ma Dailiang , Han Xingbin , Liu Ning , Zhao Pengpeng
Published: November 2019

This paper presents a formation control method to solve the moving target tracking problem for a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The formation is achieved by the artificial potential field with both attractive and repulsive forces, and each UAV in the swarm will be driven into a leader-centered spherical surface. The leader is controlled by the attractive force by the moving target, while the Lyapunov vectors drive the leader UAV to a fly-around circle of the target. Furthermore, the rotational vector-based potential field is applied to achieve the obstacle avoidance of UAVs with smooth trajectories and avoid the local optima problem. The efficiency of the developed control scheme is verified by numerical simulations in four scenarios.
Three-dimensional integrated guidance and control for strap-down missiles considering seeker’s field-of-view angle constraint
Authors: Guo Jing , Zhou Jun , Zhao Bin
Published: November 2019

This paper investigates a novel three-dimensional (3D) integrated guidance and control (IGC) method for skid-to-turn (STT) missiles with strap-down seeker. Firstly, a nonlinear IGC model considering seeker’s field-of-view (FOV) constraint is built by employing the strap-down decoupling model, based on which the strict feedback state equation with matched and unmatched uncertainties is derived. Secondly, to handle the FOV angle and the roll angle constraints, an IGC law is proposed by combining dynamic surface control (DSC) approach with integral barrier Lyapunov function (iBLF), by which an adaptive law is employed to estimate the square of the disturbance bound. Finally, the uniform ultimately boundedness of the closed-loop system is proved strictly based on the Lyapunov stability theory, and the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed IGC scheme are illustrated with numerical simulations.
Comparison and experimental validation of predictive models for soft, fiber-reinforced actuators
Authors: Sedal Audrey , Wineman Alan , Gillespie R. Brent , Remy C. David
Published: November 2019

Successful soft robot modeling approaches appearing in the recent literature have been based on a variety of distinct theories, including traditional robotic theory, continuum mechanics, and machine learning. Though specific modeling techniques have been developed for and validated against already realized systems, their strengths and weaknesses have not been explicitly compared against each other. In this article, we show how three distinct model structures, a lumped-parameter model, a continuum mechanical model, and a neural network, compare in capturing the gross trends and specific features of the force generation of soft robotic actuators. In particular, we study models for fiber-reinforced elastomeric enclosures (FREEs), which are a popular choice of soft actuator and that are used in several soft articulated systems, including soft manipulators, exoskeletons, grippers, and locomoting soft robots. We generated benchmark data by testing eight FREE samples that spanned broad design and kinematic spaces and compared the models on their ability to predict the loading–deformation relationships of these samples. This comparison shows the predictive capabilities of each model on individual actuators and each model’s generalizability across the design space. While the neural net achieved the highest peak performance, the first principles-based models generalized best across all actuator design parameters tested. The results highlight the essential roles of mathematical structure and experimental parameter determination in building high-performing, generalizable soft actuator models with varying effort invested in system identification.