bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Steamflood Analytical Model
Authors: Chandra S. , Mamora D. D.
Published: January 2008

The Jones (1981) steamflood model incorporates oil displacement by steam as described by Myhill and Stegemeier (1978), and a three-component capture factor based on empirical correlations. The main drawback of the model, however, is the unsatisfactory prediction of the oil production peak: It is usually significantly lower than the observed value. Our study focuses on improving this aspect of the Jones model.

In our study, we simulated the production performance of a five-spot-steamflood-pattern unit and compared the results against those based on the Jones model (1981). To obtain a satisfactory match between simulation and Jones-analytical-model results, at the start and height of the production peak, the following refinements to the Jones model were necessary. First, the dimensionless steam-zone size AcD was modified to account for the decrease in oil viscosity during steamflood and its dependence on the steam injection rate. Second, the dimensionless volume of displaced oil produced VoD was modified from its square-root format to an exponential form. The modified model gave very satisfactory results for production performance for up to 20 years of simulated steamflood, compared to the original Jones model. Engineers will find the modified model an improved and useful tool for the prediction of steamflood-production performance.
Fiber-Optic Distributed-Temperature-Sensing Technology Used for Reservoir Monitoring in an Indonesia Steamflood
Authors: Nath D. K. , Sugianto R. , Finley D.
Published: January 2008

The world's largest steam-flood operation is conducted on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. Fiber-optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) surveys are used in the Sumatra fields to provide valuable data for reservoir management. The DTS profile data can determine the temperature and extent of a steam chest as well as the temperature gradient for either over-burden- or under-burden reservoirs. This information is vital for properly setting steam-injection target rates. The information is also used to mitigate steam breakthroughs and eruptions as well as to identify bypass oil.

Steam flood operations experience many types of problems: i.e., inefficient injection rates, wasted heat to the casing, sanding in producers, liner failures, pump failures as wells as the need to improve the efficiencies of the vapor collection systems, well-test stations, and central gathering stations. Based on these challenging problems, periodic wellbore temperature surveys are required in order to improve heat management and ultimately improve profitability. Conventional temperature logs cannot be run in these wells without first pulling the pumps from the completion. Therefore, employing a fiber-optic DTS system that would be attached to the production tubing was suggested.

This paper will present case histories of successful applications of fiber-optic DTS surveys that improved steam- flood management in this steam- flood field in Indonesia.

The benefits from the fiber-optic DTS monitoring were: Significant improvement in the understanding of steam breakthrough zones along the pay zone interval of production wellsImproved understanding of the steam path in steam-injector wellsImprovement in the real-time temperature profile in observation wells to identify steam-zone development and unswept or bypassed oil zones in the steam flood patterns.
Development of human lactic acid (LAB) gastrointestinal microbiota in a Greek rural population
Authors: Vassos Dimitrios , Maipa Vassiliki , Voidarou Chrysa , Alexopoulos Athanasios , Bezirtzoglou Eugenia
Published: January 2008

In order to investigate the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) of the gut, fecal samples were collected and analyzed from 120 healthy Greek volunteers ranging from age 1 to age 85, all of whom declared daily consumption of local fermented dairy products. LAB strains were isolated using selective media under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Identification of the isolates was based on their growth patterns, morphological characteristics, and carbohydrate fermentation profiles. There was no significant difference in the abundance of Lactobacillus brevis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacilus paracasei and Bifidobacterium sp., in all samples. Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus casei, Lactococcus pentosus, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactococcus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus avium and Leuconostoc sp. were also recovered, mainly from the adults and elders rather than the children’s group. Despite the above differences in LAB species observed mostly between the younger and the other two age groups, differences were also observed within all groups, indicating that healthy subjects of all ages are colonized by a diverse lactoflora in terms of total or dominant species.
In vitro behaviour of osteoblast cells seeded into a COL/β-TCP composite scaffold
Authors: Oprita Elena , Moldovan Lucia , Craciunescu Oana , Zarnescu Otilia
Published: January 2008

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of a collagen/β-tricalcium phosphate (COL/β-TCP) composite on osteoblast growth and proliferation. The COL/β-TCP composite was prepared by mixing COL type I with β-TCP, in 1:1 (w/w) ratio and conditioned as sponge by freeze-drying. The osteoblast culture was obtained from rat calvaria bones by enzymatic digestion and cells were seeded in the COL/β-TCP composite. The cell morphology and viability, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, as markers of osteoblast proliferation were evaluated at 3, 7 and 25 days of culture. Histological sections revealed that cell colonization progressively increased inside the COL/β-TCP scaffold, and osteoblasts had a random distribution throughout the scaffold. Cells cultured into the COL/β-TCP scaffold presented osteoblast phenotype, intense staining of alkaline phosphatase and increased production of osteocalcin. Transmission electron micrographs revealed intimate contacts between osteoblasts and the scaffold. MTT test indicated that the viability of the cells cultivated in the presence of COL/β-TCP scaffold was similar to that of the control. All these results show that our COL/β-TCP composite act as a good substrate for rat osteoblast proliferation and migration and could be a promising substitute for bone repair.
Reconstruction for Missed or Neglected Achilles Tendon Rupture with V-Y Lengthening and Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Transfer through One Incision
Authors: Elias Ilan , Besser Marcus , Nazarian Levon N. , Raikin Steven M.
Published: January 2008

Background: The purpose of this study was to introduce a novel operative technique and to evaluate the clinical outcomes in a cohort of patients with missed or neglected Achilles tendon ruptures. Methods: Fifteen consecutive patients with missed complete Achilles tendon ruptures and 5-cm or larger gaps had reconstruction with V-Y lengthening and flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer through a single incision. The patients were evaluated at an average of 106 weeks after surgery. At the time of followup, all patients were assessed with regard to their self-reported level of satisfaction and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale. Ankle strength and active range of motion were evaluated using Biodex® (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY) isokinetic dynamometry. In addition, seven patients were evaluated using diagnostic ultrasound. Results: We found a 7.7 N-m (–22.3%) loss of plantarflexion torque at 60 degrees/sec and a 3.5 N-m (–13.5%) loss of plantarflexion torque at 120 degrees/sec, as well as a 5 degrees loss of active range of motion. AOFAS scores were all good to excellent, with an average score of 94.1 of 100. All patients were satisfied with their outcomes (rated good or very good). Excellent exposure of the Achilles tendon repair was obtained with ultrasound. Conclusions: For patients with missed or neglected Achilles tendon rupture with a rupture gap of at least 5 cm, operative repair using V-Y lengthening and flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer through a single incision technique achieved a high percentage of satisfactory results.
Robotic Cadaver Testing of a New Total Ankle Prosthesis Model (German Ankle System)
Authors: Richter Martinus , Zech Stefan , Westphal Ralf , Klimesch Yvone , Gosling Thomas
Published: January 2008

Background: An investigation was carried out into possible increased forces, torques, and altered motions during load-bearing ankle motion after implantation of two different total ankle prostheses. We hypothesized that the parameters investigated would not differ in relation to the two implants compared. Methods: We included two different ankle prostheses (Hintegra, Newdeal, Vienne, France; German Ankle System, R-Innovation, Coburg, Germany). The prostheses were implanted in seven paired cadaver specimens. The specimens were mounted on an industrial robot that enables complex motion under predefined conditions (RX 90, Stäubli, Bayreuth, Germany). The robot detected the load-bearing (30 kg) motion of the 100th cycle of the specimens without prostheses as the baseline for the later testing, and mimicked that exact motion during 100 cycles after the prostheses were implanted. The resulting forces, torques, and bone motions were recorded and the differences between the prostheses compared. Results: The Hintegra and German Ankle System, significantly increased the forces and torques in relation to the specimen without a prosthesis with one exception (one-sample-t-test, each p ≤ 0.01; exception, parameter lateral force measured with the German Ankle System, p = 0.34). The force, torque, and motion differences between the specimens before and after implantation of the prostheses were lower with the German Ankle System than with the Hintegra (unpaired t-test, each p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The German Ankle System prosthesis had less of an effect on resulting forces and torques during partial weightbearing passive ankle motion than the Hintegra prosthesis. This might improve function and minimize loosening during the clinical use.
‘Narrow-Minded People’: Canadian Universities and the Academic Refugee Crises, 1933–1941
Authors: Zimmerman David
Published: January 2008

The failure of Canadian academics to aide their colleagues in Germany during the 1930s stands in stark contrast to their counterparts in Great Britain, the United States, and elsewhere. While other national academic refugee organizations were established in 1933, it was only in 1939 that Canadian academics organized the Canadian Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (CSPSL). Prior to 1939, a mere handful of displaced scholars found refuge in Canada, almost all of whom were funded by grants from the Carnegie Corporation. The success of the Carnegie program shows that there were no impenetrable barriers to academic migration, if supported by Canadian universities. By the time the CSPSL was established, it was too late to help most of those scholars still trying to escape from German-controlled Europe. The CSPSL was never particularly successful in its efforts to assist refugees, and was never able to escape the anti-Semitism that was so endemic to Canadian society both inside and outside the academy.
Development and Evaluation of A Leadership Program for Veterinary Students
Authors: Moore Dale A. , Klingborg Donald J.
Published: January 2008

Leadership skills are important for many facets of professional life, but no known leadership training programs exist in North American veterinary schools. It was the purpose of this project to develop, deliver, and evaluate a leadership program for first-year veterinary students. Leadership attributes emphasized in the course included effective communication, openness to learning from others, self-awareness, commitment beyond self-interest, motivation, decision making, understanding issue complexity, and team building. The five-day course was delivered to 21 new veterinary students randomly selected just prior to their first-year orientation in the fall of 2000. Participants ranked themselves higher than non-participants in a post-course evaluation on their ability to be effective leaders. Participants reported an increase in self-confidence and a clearer understanding of their leadership roles. Participants also noted new support systems among co-participants and expressed a new ability to consider complex issues more broadly. Most reported that they frequently used enhanced skills in giving and receiving feedback and team building. Other leadership tools identified as valuable included negotiation, group dynamics, a structured approach to problem solving, time management, and an awareness of personal learning style preferences as a means to improve communication.
Application of Admissions Criteria to Applicants with Practice versus Non-Practice Career Goals in North American Schools/Colleges of Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Van Vleet John F.
Published: January 2008

Purpose – The study was intended to determine whether North American veterinary schools/colleges apply admissions criteria differently to applicants with practice versus non-practice career goals.

Methodology – A written questionnaire with seven queries on admissions criteria was sent to the associate deans for academic affairs at each of the 31 North American veterinary schools/colleges.

Results – Questionnaires were completed and returned by 25 of the 31 institutions. The responses were summarized and individual comments were compiled. For veterinary and animal experience, similar amounts but different types of experiences were acceptable to most institutions for applicants with practice versus non-practice career goals. The required pre-veterinary course work was not different for the two groups of applicants. The backgrounds of mentors providing written evaluations were often allowed to be different for the two groups of applicants. The responses expected in applicant interviews were different for the two groups for queries related to veterinary and career experiences and knowledge of specific career areas but were similar for various basic qualities and skills expected of all applicants.

Conclusion – Although institutions vary, North American veterinary schools/colleges tend to apply admissions criteria differently to applicants with practice versus non-practice goals, except for pre veterinary course requirements.
Impact of a Computer-Based Auto-Tutorial Program on Parasitology Test Scores of Four Consecutive Classes of Veterinary Medical Students
Authors: Pinckney Rhonda D. , Mealy Martha J. , Thomas Chester B. , MacWilliams Peter S.
Published: January 2008

A “Hard and Soft Tick” auto-tutorial that integrates basic knowledge of the parasite biology with practical aspects of tick identification, clinical presentation, pathology, disease transmission, treatment, and control was developed at the University of Wisconsin—Madison School of Veterinary Medicine. The purpose of this study was to assess impact of the auto-tutorial on parasitology test scores in four classes (1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002) of veterinary students. The analysis revealed a small but significant increase (p = 0.054) in mean percentage examination scores for students who used the tutorial over those who did not.
CaCo3 supported Co‐Fe catalysts for carbon nanotube synthesis in fluidized bed reactors
Authors: See Chee Howe , Harris Andrew T.
Published: January 2008

The synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a cobalt‐iron (Co‐Fe) catalyst supported on a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) substrate, contained within a fluidized bed was investigated for the first time. CaCO3 supported catalysts, prepared using traditional wet impregnation techniques result in a soft and sticky powder requiring special arrangements to ensure satisfactory fluidization. A modified method developed using citric acid complex resulted in CaCO3 supported catalysts that can be classically fluidized without special arrangements. The issue of Fe3+ (aq) hydrolysis above its critical pH of ∼3.5 was also addressed. A carbon yield consistently greater than 10 times the weight of the catalyst metal loading was obtained. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry showed a single peak centered on 575°C, with no peaks below 400°C, indicating that an insignificant quantity of amorphous carbon was present. Transmission electron microscopy verified that the products contained a large proportion of CNTs. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2008
Consistency of kernel‐based quantile regression
Authors: Christmann Andreas , Steinwart Ingo
Published: January 2008

Quantile regression is used in many areas of applied research and business. Examples are actuarial, financial or biometrical applications. We show that a non‐parametric generalization of quantile regression based on kernels shares with support vector machines the property of consistency to the Bayes risk. We further use this consistency to prove that the non‐parametric generalization approximates the conditional quantile function which gives the mathematical justification for kernel‐based quantile regression. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat capacity changes associated with guanine quadruplex formation: An isothermal titration calorimetry study
Authors: Majhi Pinaki R. , Qi Jianying , Tang Chung‐Fei , Shafer Richard H.
Published: January 2008

This study addresses the temperature dependence of the enthalpy of formation for several unimolecular quadruplexes in the presence of excess monovalent salt. We examined a series of biologically significant guanine‐rich DNA sequences: thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) (d(G2T2G2TGTG2T2G2), PS2.M, a catalytically active aptamer (d(GTG3TAG3CG3T2G2)), and the human telomere repeat (HT) (d(AG3(T2AG3)3)). Using CD spectra and UV melting, we confirmed the presence of quadruplex structures and established the temperature range in which quadruplex conformation is stable. We then performed ITC experiments, adding DNA to a solution containing excess NaCl or KCl. In this approach, only several additions are made, and only the enthalpy of quadruplex formation is measured. This measurement was repeated at different temperatures to determine the temperature dependence of the enthalpy change accompanying quadruplex formation. To control for the effect of nonspecific salt interactions during DNA folding, we repeated the experiment by replacing the quadruplex‐forming sequences with a similar but nonfolding sequence. Dilution enthalpies were also subtracted to obtain the final enthalpy value involving only the quadruplex folding process. For all sequences studied, quadruplex formation was exothermic but with an increasing magnitude with increasing temperature. These results are discussed in terms of the change in heat capacity associated with quadruplex formation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 302–309, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Management of a group of distributed generators aimed at cooperation with the bulk power system
Authors: Tanaka Koichi , Kita Hiroyuki , Tanaka Eiichi , Hasegawa Jun
Published: January 2008

Recently, the basic framework of electric power systems has been changed significantly by deregulation of electric power industry. Also, distributed generators (DGs) such as renewable energy generations, co‐generations, and energy storage systems have been introduced into the demand sides not only for saving energy and the global environment, but also for compensating voltage drops and supply interruption. In the future power systems, a lot of small‐sized DGs will supply the electricity with existing large‐scale generators under a competitive environment. In this context, it is desirable that DGs contribute to stable, reliable and economic operations by coordinating with existing large‐scale generators. For example, power from large‐scale generators could be leveled if DGs are operated during the peak period. Also, ancillary services such as frequency control, voltage control, and supply of reserve capacity could be executed by controlling DGs directly or indirectly. Under these circumstances, the authors have proposed a new power distribution system: Flexible, Reliable and Intelligent ENergy Delivery System (FRIENDS). This paper investigates some kinds of power supply systems which coordinate DGs with existing large‐scale generators including the concept of FRIENDS and considering how DGs are managed. The effects of DGs which contribute to supply the energy and/or the reserve in every power system are evaluated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(1): 48–56, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20358
Levitation and guidance characteristics of permanent magnet–HTSC hybrid magnetic conveyance system
Authors: Ohashi Shunsuke , Dodo Daiki
Published: January 2008

A hybrid magnetically levitated transportation system has been developed. The magnetic rail is set on the ground, and a carrier with permanent magnets and high‐Tc superconductors (HTSC) levitates on the rail. In this system, the pinning force of the HTSC and the repulsive force of permanent magnet are combined. The repulsive force of the permanent magnet is introduced to support the weight. The pinning force is used to support the weight of the carrier body and to achieve lateral stability of the carrier. To decrease the influence of weight on the levitation gap of the carrier, the weight stage is fixed to the carrier body by linear sliders, and moves freely in the vertical direction. As a result, there is little influence of the carrier body on the levitation gap. The basic levitation and guidance characteristics of the system are presented. The repulsive force generates a very large levitation force. It also generates an unstable lateral force. Weight added to the weight stage has some influence on lateral stability. Although lateral position recovery force due to the pinning effect decreases at heavier weights, the carrier produces enough force to maintain lateral stability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(1): 73–79, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20631
Active oxygen generator by silent discharge and oxidation power in formation of oxide thin films
Authors: Tanaka Masaaki , Kawagoe Yasuyuki , Tsukazaki Hisashi , Yamanishi Kenichiro
Published: January 2008

The authors have studied the low‐pressure silent‐discharge‐type active oxygen generator in terms of its application to the formation of oxide thin films. In this paper the oxidation power of active oxygen in the formation of oxide thin films is compared with that of oxygen and ozone by forming silicon oxide thin films. The authors confirmed that the oxidation power is active oxygen>ozone>oxygen based on the experimental result of the number of x in SiOx thin films. Furthermore, the authors applied active oxygen to the formation of the thin‐film high‐temperature superconductor and active oxygen was found to be effective for the formation of the thin film with high performance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(1): 1–7, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20671
Soluble Gold and Palladium Complexes Heterogenized on MCM‐41 Are Effective and Versatile Catalysts
Authors: González‐Arellano Camino , Corma Avelino , Iglesias Marta , Sánchez Félix
Published: January 2008

Chiral Schiff base–gold and –palladium complexes were immobilized on ordered mesoporous silica supports (MCM‐41), and their catalytic hydrogenation ability is studied and compared with that of their homogeneous counterparts. The high accessibility introduced by the structure of the supports allows the preparation of highly efficient immobilized catalysts with TOFs of up to 6000 h–1 for the hydrogenation of diethyl itaconate. The easily recoverable immobilized catalysts duplicate the activity of their homogeneous analogues, and no deactivation of the catalysts is observed after repeated recycling. Gold(III) homogeneous or heterogenized complexes also catalyze the homocoupling of arylboronic acids or alkynes to afford symmetrical biaryls, whereas the respective gold(I) and palladium(II) complexes catalyze the corresponding cross‐coupling reaction.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Lead in Tap Water at an Ordered Mesoporous Carbon/Nafion Composite film Electrode
Authors: Zhu Liande , Tian Chunyuan , Yang Ruilan , Zhai Jiangli
Published: January 2008

A sensitive mercury‐free lead (Pb2+) sensor has been proposed based on an ordered mesoporous carbon and Nafion composite film (OMC/Nafion) coated glassy carbon electrode. The analysis of Pb2+ using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) includes two steps. Pb2+ ions are firstly reduced and deposited on the electrode surface in a Pb2+ solution (10 mL) during a preconcentration step biased at −1.0 V, followed by a measurement step by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) within the potential range of −0.8 to −0.3 V (scan rate: 20 mV/s, frequency: 20 Hz, amplitude: 50 mV, pulse width: 50 ms). Linear calibration curve was found to be from 20 nM to 2 μM for Pb2+ with a sensitivity of 17.4±1.38 μA/μM after a 5‐min of preconcentration. The detection limit was estimated to be around 4.60±0.12 nM at the signal to noise ratio of 3. Reproducibility (RSD%) was found to be 3.0% for a single sensor with eight measurements and 4.3% for five sensors prepared with identical procedures. The practical application of the proposed lead sensor was verified by determination of trace level of Pb2+ in tap water sample.
A further note on the optimality of the OLS hedge strategy
Authors: Lien Donald
Published: January 2008

This note considers the hedging effectiveness of a dynamic hedge strategy as compared to the conventional OLS strategy. The conditions for the superiority of the OLS strategy are identified. It is argued that these conditions are frequently satisfied and therefore one expects to find the dominance of the OLS strategy over any dynamic strategy in the empirical work. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:308–311, 2008
Closed‐form option pricing formulas with extreme events
Authors: Câmara António , Heston Steven L.
Published: January 2008

This paper explores the effect of extreme events or big jumps downwards and upwards on the jump‐diffusion option pricing model of Merton (1976). It starts by obtaining a special case of the jump‐diffusion model where there is a positive probability of a big jump downwards. Then, it obtains a new limiting case where there is an asymptotically big jump upwards. The paper extends these models to allow both types of jumps. In some cases these formulas nest Samuelson's (1965) formulas. This simple analysis leads to several closed‐form solutions for calls and puts, which are able to generate smiles, and skews with similar shapes to those observed in the marketplace. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:213–230, 2008
Intraday behavior of market depth in a competitive dealer market: A note
Authors: Frino Alex , Lepone Andrew , Wearin Grant
Published: January 2008

This study is the first to examine the intraday behavior of quoted depth in a competitive dealer market. In sharp contrast to previous research that focuses on specialist markets, quoted depth is lowest at the open of trading, plateaus around the middle of the day, and then dramatically increases in the final hours of trading, peaking at the close. This peak in quoted depth coincides with a narrowing in bid‐ask spreads, and is contrary to intraday patterns documented for specialist markets. The authors conclude that the increase in depth and narrowing of bid‐ask spreads at the close is driven by dealers rebalancing inventories to achieve target inventory levels in a competitive market. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:294–307, 2008
A feasibility and tolerability study of lithium in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Macdonald Alastair , Briggs Kate , Poppe Michaela , Higgins Andrea , Velayudhan Latha , Lovestone Simon
Published: January 2008

Objective

To assess the safety and feasibility of prescribing long term lithium to elderly people with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

An open label treatment group with low dose lithium for up to 1 year with the Lithium Side Effects Rating Scale as the primary outcome measure. A comparison group matched for cognition and age not receiving lithium therapy.

Results

Twenty‐two people with AD initiated lithium. Fourteen participants discontinued therapy after a mean of 16 weeks of treatment compared to the 39 weeks for those continuing to take treatment at the end of the study. Three patients discontinued treatment due to possible side effects that abated on ceasing therapy. The reports of side effects on the primary outcome scale did not differ between those discontinuing therapy and those remaining in the study. Two patients died whilst receiving lithium––in neither case was the treatment felt to be related to cause of death. There was no difference in deaths, drop outs or change in MMSE between those receiving lithium and the comparison group.

Conclusions

Lithium treatment in elderly people with AD has relatively few side effects and those that were apparently due to treatment were mild and reversible. Nonetheless discontinuation rates are high. The use of lithium as a potential disease modification therapy in AD should be explored further but is not without problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental path between language and autistic‐like impairments: a twin study
Authors: Dworzynski Katharina , Ronald Angelica , Hayiou‐Thomas Marianna E. , McEwan Fiona , Happé Francesca , Bolton Patrick , Plomin Robert
Published: January 2008

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are diagnosed when individuals show impairments in three behavioural domains: communication, social interactions, and repetitive, restrictive behaviours and interests (RRBIs). Recent data suggest that these three sets of behaviours are genetically heterogeneous. Early language delay is strongly associated with ASD, but the basis for this association and the relationship with individual sub‐domains of ASD has not been systematically investigated. In the present study, data came from a population‐based twin sample with language development data at 2–4 years, measured by the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI), and data at 8 years using the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test (CAST). For the total CAST and the three subscales at 8 years, approximately 300 same‐sex twin pairs were selected as showing extreme autistic‐like traits (ALTs), defined here as pairs in which at least one member of the twin pair scored in the highest 5% of the distribution. Phenotypic analyses indicated that children showing extreme social and communication ALTs (but not the RRBI subscale) at 8 years were below average in language development at 2–4 years. A regression model for selected twin data suggested that genetic influences account for this overlap, but that these effects are only in part mediated by genes that are shared between language and extreme autistic traits. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apoptosis of estrogen‐receptor negative breast cancer and colon cancer cell lines by PTPα and src RNAi
Authors: Zheng Xinmin , Resnick Ross J. , Shalloway David
Published: January 2008

We show that siRNA‐mediated suppression of protein tyrosine phosphatase α (PTPα) reduces Src activity 2 to 4‐fold in breast, colon and other human cancer cell lines. Src and PTPα RNAi induced apoptosis in estrogen receptor (ER)‐negative breast cancer and colon cancer cells, but not in immortalized noncancerous breast cells, ER‐positive breast cancer cells or other cancer cell types tested. RNAi of other Src family members (Fyn and Yes) or of PTP1B, a phosphatase previously suggested to be an activator of Src in breast cancer, had no effect. Although further tests with primary tumor tissues are required, the unexpected correlation between ER status and Src/PTPα dependence in breast cancer cell lines may be important for planning therapeutic strategies, and the insensitivity of normal breast cells to the RNAi highlights the potential of PTPα, which may be easier to target than Src, as a therapeutic target in ER‐negative breast cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
hGPR87 contributes to viability of human tumor cells
Authors: Glatt Sebastian , Halbauer Daniel , Heindl Stefan , Wernitznig Andreas , Kozina Daniela , Su Kuan‐Chung , Puri Christina , Garin‐Chesa Pilar , Sommergruber Wolfgang
Published: January 2008

Emerging in vitro and in vivo data underline the crucial role of G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) in tumorigenesis. Here, we report the contribution of hGPR87, a predicted member of the P2Y subfamily of GPCRs, to proliferation and survival of human tumor cell lines. hGPR87 mRNA transcript was found to be preferentially overexpressed in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of different locations and in their lymph node metastases. Up‐regulation of both, transcript and protein, was detected in samples of SCC of the lung, cervix, skin and head and neck (pharynx, larynx and epiglottis). In addition to the expression of hGPR87 in tumors which originate from stratified epithelia, we identified other hGPR87‐positive tumor types including subsets of large cell and adenocarcinomas of the lung and transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Loss of function studies using siRNA in human cancer cell lines lead to antiproliferative effects and induction of apoptosis. Like other known P2Y receptors, hGPR87 was found to be mainly located on the cell surface. The overexpression of hGPR87 preferentially in SCCs together with our functional data suggests a common molecular mechanism for SCC tumorigenesis and may provide a novel intervention site for mechanism‐based antitumor therapies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1, and not Type 12, is a target for endocrine therapy of hormone‐dependent breast cancer
Authors: Day Joanna M. , Foster Paul A. , Tutill Helena J. , Parsons Michael F.C. , Newman Simon P. , Chander Surinder K. , Allan Gillian M. , Lawrence Harshani R. , Vicker Nigel , Potter Barry V.L. , Reed Michael J. , Purohit Atul
Published: January 2008

Oestradiol (E2) stimulates the growth of hormone‐dependent breast cancer. 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β‐HSDs) catalyse the pre‐receptor activation/inactivation of hormones and other substrates. 17β‐HSD1 converts oestrone (E1) to active E2, but it has recently been suggested that another 17β‐HSD, 17β‐HSD12, may be the major enzyme that catalyses this reaction in women. Here we demonstrate that it is 17β‐HSD1 which is important for E2 production and report the inhibition of E1‐stimulated breast tumor growth by STX1040, a non‐oestrogenic selective inhibitor of 17β‐HSD1, using a novel murine model. 17β‐HSD1 and 17β‐HSD12 mRNA and protein expression, and E2 production, were assayed in wild type breast cancer cell lines and in cells after siRNA and cDNA transfection. Although 17β‐HSD12 was highly expressed in breast cancer cell lines, only 17β‐HSD1 efficiently catalysed E2 formation. The effect of STX1040 on the proliferation of E1‐stimulated T47D breast cancer cells was determined in vitro and in vivo. Cells inoculated into ovariectomised nude mice were stimulated using 0.05 or 0.1 μg E1 (s.c.) daily, and on day 35 the mice were dosed additionally with 20 mg/kg STX1040 s.c. daily for 28 days. STX1040 inhibited E1‐stimulated proliferation of T47D cells in vitro and significantly decreased tumor volumes and plasma E2 levels in vivo. In conclusion, a model was developed to study the inhibition of the major oestrogenic 17β‐HSD, 17β‐HSD1, in breast cancer. Both E2 production and tumor growth were inhibited by STX1040, suggesting that 17β‐HSD1 inhibitors such as STX1040 may provide a novel treatment for hormone‐dependent breast cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic targeting of colon cancer using a novel fluorescent somatostatin conjugate in a mouse xenograft model
Authors: Kostenich Genady , Oron‐Herman Mor , Kimel Sol , Livnah Nurit , Tsarfaty Ilan , Orenstein Arie
Published: January 2008

Colorectal carcinoma is one of the more prevalent, highly malignant human tumors, occurring in about 7% of the population. However, if diagnosed and treated in its early stages, colon cancer is curable. In our study, we used a mouse xenograft model to investigate the capability of a fluorescent conjugate of a novel synthetic somatostatin (SST) analog to improve detection of human colorectal tumors that are characterized by over‐expressed SST receptors. Human HT‐29 colon carcinomas were induced in nude mice. After administration of the fluorescent SST conjugate, in vivo low‐ and high‐magnification fluorescence microscopy, as well as high‐resolution spectrally resolved imaging were performed, and the time‐dependent biodistribution was determined quantitatively (using fiber‐optic spectroscopy). Administration of the conjugate (at concentrations of 6 mg/kg body weight) enabled targeting small (1–5 mm diameter) tumors with high sensitivity and selectivity. Toxicity studies at dosages up to 1,000 mg/kg body weight did not reveal any drug related abnormalities. In conclusion, the SST conjugate significantly enhanced the detection of HT‐29 colon tumors by fluorescence imaging because of a 5‐ to 8‐fold increase in the contrast between malignant and normal tissues. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence of a novel docetaxel sensitizer, garlic‐derived S‐allylmercaptocysteine, as a treatment option for hormone refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Howard Edward W. , Lee Davy T. , Chiu Yung Tuen , Chua Chee Wai , Wang Xianghong , Wong Yong Chuan
Published: January 2008

The recent introduction of docetaxel in the treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) has made a small but significant impact on patient survival. However, its effect is limited by intolerance and resistance. The aim of our study was to investigate if the garlic‐derived compound, S‐allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC), was able to act as a docetaxel sensitizing agent. First, the effect of SAMC on docetaxel sensitivity was examined on 3 HRPC cell lines by colony forming assay. We found that SAMC increased the efficacy of docetaxel on colony forming inhibition by 9–50% compared to single agent treatment. Second, using the HRPC CWR22R nude mice model, we found that the combination of SAMC and docetaxel was 53% more potent than docetaxel alone (p = 0.037). In addition, there was no additive toxicity in the mice treated with the combination therapy evidenced by histological and functional analysis of liver, kidney and bone marrow. These results suggest that SAMC is able to increase the anticancer effect of docetaxel without causing additional toxic effect in vivo. Third, flow cytometry and Western blotting analysis on HRPC cell lines demonstrated that SAMC promoted docetaxel‐induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptotic induction. In addition, immunohistochemistry on CWR22R xenograft revealed a suppression of Bcl‐2 expression and upregulation of E‐cadherin in the SAMC and docetaxel treated animals. These results suggest that SAMC may promote docetaxel‐induced cell death through promoting G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our study implies a potential role for SAMC in improving docetaxel based chemotherapy for the treatment of HRPC. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time‐space trends in cancer incidence in The Netherlands in 1989–2003
Authors: Siesling Sabine , van der Aa Maaike A. , Coebergh Jan W.W. , Pukkala Eero ,   on behalf of the Working Group of The Netherlands Cancer Registry
Published: January 2008

Incidence of cancer may vary within a country and over time because of previous differences in exposure to risk factors or interventions for early detection (screening). This study describes time‐space trends of incidence of common cancer sites across the Netherlands during the period 1989–2003 and speculates on the reasons for the observations. From the Netherlands Cancer Registry, World standardized incidence rates per municipality were smoothed calculating weighted averages for each 2 km by 2 km grid of the population mid‐points of neighbouring municipalities and presented as map animations. Spatial relative changes in incidence were estimated by comparing the periods 1989–1994 and 1998–2003. Complete time‐space trends can be found as map animations on http://maps.ikcnet.nl. The incidence of cervical and stomach cancer (for both sexes) decreased, being higher in the cities than in the rural areas during all periods and contrasting the trends in colorectal and breast cancer. The relative increase in incidence of lung cancer among females was highest in the rural north, but the incidence remained higher in the cities of the mid‐west Netherlands. For males, there was a marked decrease in lung cancer incidence across the country since 1991. Incidence of melanoma increased, rates being twice as high in the coastal area than in the cities. Prostate cancer maps largely replicated the known history of PSA‐testing in the Netherlands. Time‐space cancer incidence patterns gave insight into effects of changes in exposure to risk determinants and early detection. The maps illustrate marked potential for cancer prevention at the national and regional level. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acrylamide exposure and incidence of breast cancer among postmenopausal women in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study
Authors: Thonning Olesen Pelle , Olsen Anja , Frandsen Henrik , Frederiksen Kirsten , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne
Published: January 2008

Acrylamide, a probable human carcinogen, is formed in several foods during high‐temperature processing. So far, epidemiological studies have not shown any association between human cancer risk and dietary exposure to acrylamide. The purpose of this study was to conduct a nested case control study within a prospective cohort study on the association between breast cancer and exposure to acrylamide using biomarkers. N‐terminal hemoglobin adduct levels of acrylamide and its genotoxic metabolite, glycidamide in red blood cells were analyzed (by LC/MS/MS) as biomarkers of exposure on 374 breast cancer cases and 374 controls from a cohort of postmenopausal women. The adduct levels of acrylamide and glycidamide were similar in cases and controls, with smokers having much higher levels (∼3 times) than nonsmokers. No association was seen between acrylamide‐hemoglobin levels and breast cancer risk neither unadjusted nor adjusted for the potential confounders HRT duration, parity, BMI, alcohol intake and education. After adjustment for smoking behavior, however, a positive association was seen between acrylamide‐hemoglobin levels and estrogen receptor positive breast cancer with an estimated incidence rate ratio (95% CI) of 2.7 (1.1–6.6) per 10‐fold increase in acrylamide‐hemoglobin level. A weak association between glycidamide hemoglobin levels and incidence of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer was also found, this association, however, entirely disappeared when acrylamide and glycidamide hemoglobin levels were mutually adjusted. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased antitumor potential of the raloxifene prodrug, raloxifene diphosphate
Authors: Okamoto Yoshinori , Liu Xiaoping , Suzuki Naomi , Okamoto Kanako , Sekimoto Masashi , Laxmi Y.R. Santosh , Shibutani Shinya
Published: January 2008

Raloxifene (RAL) significantly reduced the incidence of breast cancer in women at high risk of developing the disease. Unlike tamoxifen (TAM), an increased incidence of endometrial cancer was not observed in women treated with RAL. However, RAL, having two hydroxyl moieties, can be conjugated rapidly through phase II metabolism and excreted, making it difficult to achieve adequate bioavailability by oral administration in humans. As a result, higher doses must be administered to obtain an efficacy equivalent to that achieved with TAM. To improve oral bioavailability and antitumor potential, RAL diphosphate was prepared as a prodrug. RAL diphosphate showed several orders of magnitude lower binding potential to both ERα and ERβ and weak antiproliferative potency on cultured human MCF‐7 and ZR‐75‐1 breast cancer cells, as compared to RAL. However, RAL diphosphate has a much higher bioavailability than RAL, endowing it with higher antitumor potential than RAL against both 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene‐induced mammary carcinoma in rats and human MCF‐7 breast cancer implanted in athymic nude mice. The RAL prodrug may provide greater clinical benefit for breast cancer therapy and prevention. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sustainability of rice‐dominated cropping system in the Hirakud canal command, Orissa, India
Authors: Raul S. K. , Panda S. N. , Hollaender H. , Billib M.
Published: January 2008

The present rice‐based cropping system in the canal command of the Hirakud irrigation project, Orissa (India), is under severe threat due to waterlogging in the monsoon season and acute irrigation water deficit in the non‐monsoon season. Estimation of irrigation water supply and demand reveals that at the present level of cropping, canal water availability during the monsoon is just sufficient to meet the irrigation requirements of crops at only 10% probability of exceedance. During the non‐monsoon season, irrigation water requirement at 10% probability of exceedance exceeds canal water availability by more than 1050 million m3. Groundwater table fluctuation study reveals that during the monsoon more than 90% of the command area remains and during the non‐monsoon, in more than 40% of the area the groundwater table remains within 2–4 m of the surface. Hence there is ample scope for groundwater development. However, even at the permissible limit of groundwater development, the annual water deficit is more than 1000 million m3 at 50% probability of exceedance of irrigation water demand, which can only be mitigated by replacing the existing non‐monsoon rice by other crops with low water requirements as cultivated in the command. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.