bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Higher‐order species interactions cause time‐dependent niche and fitness differences: Experimental evidence in plant‐feeding arthropods
Authors: Majer Agnieszka , Skoracka Anna , Spaak Jürg , Kuczyński Lechosław
Published: April 2024

Species interact in different ways, including competition, facilitation and predation. These interactions can be non‐linear or higher order and may depend on time or species densities. Although these higher‐order interactions are virtually ubiquitous, they remain poorly understood, as they are challenging both theoretically and empirically. We propose to adapt niche and fitness differences from modern coexistence theory and apply them to species interactions over time. As such, they may not merely inform about coexistence, but provide a deeper understanding of how species interactions change. Here, we investigated how the exploitation of a biotic resource (plant) by phytophagous arthropods affects their interactions. We performed monoculture and competition experiments to fit a generalized additive mixed model to the empirical data, which allowed us to calculate niche and fitness differences. We found that species switch between different types of interactions over time, including intra‐ and interspecific facilitation, and strong and weak competition.
Ictal fast activity chirps as markers of the epileptogenic zone
Authors: Di Giacomo Roberta , Burini Alessandra , Chiarello Daniela , Pelliccia Veronica , Deleo Francesco , Garbelli Rita , de Curtis Marco , Tassi Laura , Gnatkovsky Vadym
Published: April 2024

The identification of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) boundaries is crucial for effective focal epilepsy surgery. We verify the value of a neurophysiological biomarker of focal ictogenesis, characterized by a low‐voltage fast‐activity ictal pattern (chirp) recorded with intracerebral electrodes during invasive presurgical monitoring (stereoelectroencephalography [SEEG]). The frequency content of SEEG signals was retrospectively analyzed with semiautomatic software in 176 consecutive patients with focal epilepsies that either were cryptogenic or presented with discordant anatomoelectroclinical findings. Fast activity seizure patterns with the spectrographic features of chirps were confirmed by computer‐assisted analysis in 95.4% of patients who presented with heterogeneous etiologies and diverse lobar location of the EZ. Statistical analysis demonstrated (1) correlation between seizure outcome and concordance of sublobar regions included in the EZ defined by visual analysis and chirp‐generating regions, (2) high concordance in contact‐by contact analysis of 68 patients with Engel class Ia outcome, and (3) that discordance between chirp location and the visually outlined EZ correlated with worse seizure outcome. Seizure outcome analysis confirms the fast activity chirp pattern is a reproducible biomarker of the EZ in a heterogeneous group of patients undergoing SEEG.
Arc volcanism initiated on the eastern margin of Eurasia during the Early Cretaceous: Geochemistry of the Takanokura volcanic rocks in the Abukuma Mountains, Northeast Japan
Authors: Yamamoto Takahiro
Published: April 2024

The Early Cretaceous Takanokura Formation in the eastern part of the Abukuma Mountains consists of a lower felsic ignimbrite and upper intermediate lavas and volcaniclastic rocks, representing the initial arc‐type in northeast Japan. In this study, I analyzed the major and trace element contents and Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic ratios of these eruptive products; then, I discussed their magma genesis based on their geochemical properties. Although igneous rocks of the same period in other localities of northeast Japan are characterized by the occurrence of adakites, these volcanism are composed of non‐adakitic high‐ to medium‐K andesite to rhyolite that are rich in large‐ion lithophile elements and poor in high‐field‐strength elements and have low Sr/Y values and flat heavy rare earth element patterns. Furthermore, these rocks have high radiogenic Pb isotopic ratios. The rhyolite and dacite have been thought to derive from crustal melting, whereas the andesite formed by the mixing of crustal felsic melts and mafic magmas generated by melting of the lithospheric mantle. Although previous studies attributed the formation of the Early Cretaceous adakites to the hot subduction of a mid‐ocean ridge, recent global plate motion reconstructions reject this model. To generate magma from a cold slab and lithospheric mantle that does not spontaneously melt, the mantle wedge under northeast Japan must have experienced heating. During this period, the volcanic province along the eastern margin of Eurasia expanded rapidly toward the trench, forming grabens. Therefore, I concluded that the advance of the hot asthenosphere into the forearc region that led to this expansion, which caused the retreat of the subduction boundary of the paleo‐Pacific plate to retreat and ultimately converted northeast Japan from an accretionary complex into a volcanically active region.
Magnolia biondii flower extract attenuates UVB‐induced skin damage through high‐mobility group box protein B1
Authors: Huang Fang , Liu Qing , Lu Yina
Published: April 2024

Objective

Magnolia biondii, a plant containing many magnolian‐like compounds in its flowers or buds, exhibits anti‐inflammatory and antiallergic effects; however, no study has addressed its effect on alleviating ultraviolet light (UV)‐induced skin damage. We thus aimed at studying the effects of M. biondii flower extract (MB) on UVB‐induced skin damage and determine the relationship between cell damage and damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).

Methods

Reconstructed epidermal models and foreskin samples were selected to detect cellular reactions after UVB irradiation and MB treatment. MTT, haematoxylin–eosin and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine total viability, sunburned cells and expression and migration of DAMPs at 16 or 48 h. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE‐2) and interleukin 8 (IL‐8) levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. A clinical UVB‐damaged test was carried out on human arms subjected to MB pre‐ or post‐treatment. Human skin probes were used to measure erythema, melanin, ITA° and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), while skin photos were captured using the VISIA system.

Results

MB is rich in lignans such as magnolin, pinoresinol dimethyl ether and fargesin, and shows weak UV absorption at 280–320 nm. Coculturing with MB for 16 or 48 h after UVB irradiation improved the tissue viability and structure of Skinovo‐Epi, and reduced the expression and migration of high mobility group box protein B1 (HMGB1) as well as the expression of IL‐8 and PGE‐2. In the excised foreskin treated with MB after UVB irradiation, the generation of 8‐hidroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine and nuclear transfer of HMGB1 were reduced. When pre‐treated with MB for 3 days, UVB‐induced skin erythema and ITA° were significantly decreased. When post‐treated with MB for 5 days, a decrease in skin erythema, melanin and TEWL values and an increase in skin ITA° were observed.

Conclusions

Treatment with MB attenuated UVB‐induced skin damage, such as erythema, pigmentation and skin barrier function, by improving the tissue viability and structure and reducing sunburned cells and skin inflammation. This effect may be related to DNA damage, which causes the migration of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the outside of the cell to induce skin inflammation.
Clinical strategies for successful palato‐mesiobuccal canal management—Report of 2 cases
Authors: Kudryashov Dmitry , Versiani Marco A.
Published: April 2024

Aim

To describe the management of the palato‐mesiobuccal (PMB) canal in maxillary second molars with fused roots using conventional techniques.

Root canal treatment success hinges upon effectively addressing the intricate and variable anatomy of molar teeth. Failure to do so can lead to persistent infections and treatment failure. Recent advancements in imaging technologies have provided unparalleled insights into dental anatomy, especially in molars. Among these discoveries is the PMB canal, a unique anatomical variant recently reported for the first time in Endodontic literature. This canal, found in maxillary second molars with fused roots and originating from the coronal third of the palatal canal while traversing towards the mesiobuccal root presents challenges in clinical management due to its location. This article is the first to showcase the management of the PMB canal using conventional techniques. In the first case, a 38‐year‐old male patient presented with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis in the maxillary second right molar. Following thorough instrumentation and irrigation, the presence of the PMB canal was discovered during root canal preparation. The canal was managed using rotary instruments and obturated successfully, resulting in a symptom‐free tooth at an 8‐year follow‐up. The second case illustrates a similar scenario in a 23‐year‐old female patient presenting with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in tooth 17. The PMB canal was identified during treatment and managed using rotary nickel‐titanium instruments, leading to a favourable outcome at a 9‐year follow‐up.

Key learning points

In fused roots of maxillary second molars, a PMB canal might be expected.

Exploration of the buccal wall of the palatal canal under magnification after shaping procedures can reveal the PMB canal orifice in fused roots.

Small tapers are suggested for the enlargement of the PMB canal.

Continuous bleeding spots in the palatal canal might indicate a possible PMB canal orifice in vital cases.

The use of an apex locator is suggested for the differential diagnosis of the PMB canal orifice from a perforation site.
The quest for standardisation in adult social work: Municipal guidelines and premises for professional discretion
Authors: Wittberg Sara , Larsson Annika Taghizadeh , Olaison Anna
Published: April 2024

Little is known about how the tools and guidelines, which are central to current social work practice, are designed. The purpose of this article is to improve understanding of the conditions for social workers' discretion by analysing how the municipal responsibility to meet individual needs is circumscribed in local guidelines for needs assessment in Swedish elder care. The paper applies framing theory to the analysis of guidelines in 51 municipalities and maps the prevalence of guidelines. Framing theory highlights how different designs of local guidelines can create varying premises for the discretion of social workers. By illustrating how the guidelines provide social workers with the necessary guidance on how to interpret the law by circumscribing their discretion in standardised, and varying, ways, the findings point to the importance of further research on how the quest for standardisation in adult social work through local guidelines influences social workers' assessments in practice.
Differences in oncological benefits from second transurethral resection between white‐light initial surgery and photodynamic diagnosis‐guided initial surgery for primary high‐risk non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Miyake Makito , Nishimura Nobutaka , Nakahama Tomonori , Nishimoto Koshiro , Oyama Masafumi , Matsushita Yuto , Miyake Hideaki , Fukuhara Hideo , Inoue Keiji , Kobayashi Keita , Matsuyama Hideyasu , Fujii Tomomi , Hirao Yoshihiko , Fujimoto Kiyohide
Published: April 2024

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare clinical outcomes between patients receiving second TUR after initial white‐light transurethral resection of bladder tumor (WL‐TURBT) and initial photodynamic diagnosis (PDD)‐assisted TURBT.

Methods

A total of 1007 patients were divided into four groups based on the treatment pattern: WL‐TURBT with second TUR (161 patients, WL‐second group) or without second TUR (540 patients, WL‐alone group) and PDD‐TURBT with second TUR (112 patients, PDD‐second group) or without second TUR (194 patients, PDD‐alone group). Oncologic outcomes (bladder cancer recurrence, progression, urothelial cancer‐specific mortality) and rates of residual tumor and risk stratification of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after second TUR were evaluated.

Results

After propensity score‐matching 121 patients were included each in the WL‐alone and WL‐second groups, and 63 patients each in the PDD‐alone and PDD‐second groups. In the WL group, the second TUR was significantly associated with improved progression‐free (p = 0.012) and urothelial cancer‐specific free survival (p = 0.011), but not with recurrence‐free survival (p = 0.93). Patients initially treated with PDD‐TURBT, and with a tumor diameter <30 mm and multifocality had a relatively high benefit from second TUR. The rates of residual tumor and risk stratification of NMIBC did not significantly differ between WL‐TURBT and PDD‐TURBT groups.

Conclusions

Our findings suggested that a second TUR could be omitted after an initial PDD‐TURBT in selected patients with high‐risk NMIBC.
Comprehensive analysis of perioperative hypotension in photodynamic diagnosis‐assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumor with 5‐aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Nohara Takahiro , Takimoto Atsuya , Shinzawa Rei , Kurauchi Daimon , Toriumi Ren , Nakagawa Ryunosuke , Aoyama Shuhei , Kamijima Taiki , Kano Hiroshi , Naito Renato , Kadomoto Suguru , Iwamoto Hiroaki , Yaegashi Hiroshi , Kawaguchi Shohei , Shigehara Kazuyoshi , Izumi Kouji , Mizokami Atsushi
Published: April 2024

Objective

Intraoperative hypotension remains a serious adverse event of photodynamic diagnosis‐assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumor with oral administration of 5‐aminolevulinic acid. We conducted a re‐analysis of perioperative hypotension in photodynamic diagnosis‐assisted transurethral resection of the bladder tumor with oral 5‐aminolevulinic acid to ascertain its safety.

Methods

A total of 407 cases who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors in our institution were reviewed (274 cases for the PDD group with photodynamic diagnosis and 133 for the white light (WL) group without). A classification of hypotension severity was devised to identify risk factors for clinically troublesome hypotension. The distribution of hypotension severity in each of the PDD and WL groups was compared. Additionally, the patient background and perioperative data by hypotension severity were compared only in the PDD group.

Results

More patients with moderate and severe hypotension were noted in the PDD group. The renal function was lower with increasing hypotension severity in the PDD group. More patients on general anesthesia were included in the mild and moderate hypotension group, whereas more patients on spinal anesthesia were included in the severe hypotension group. Furthermore, the frequency of side effects other than hypotension tended to increase with hypotension severity.

Conclusions

Renal function impairment and the other adverse effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid may be risk factors for severe hypotension. Mild or moderate hypotension may be caused by general anesthesia and severe hypotension may be caused by spinal anesthesia. To elucidate specific risk factors, further case–control studies are warranted.
14‐month‐old infants detect a semantic mismatch when occluded objects are mislabeled
Authors: Kampis Dora , Askitis Dimitris , Poulsen Emilie , Parise Eugenio , Southgate Victoria
Published: April 2024

When infants start mastering their first language, they may start to notice when words are used incorrectly. Around 14‐months of age, infants detect incorrect labeling when they are presented with an object which is labeled while still visible. However, things that are referred to are often out of sight when we communicate about them. The present study examined infants' detection of semantic mismatch when the object was occluded at the time of labeling. Specifically, we investigated whether mislabeling that referred to an occluded object could elicit a semantic mismatch. We showed 14‐month‐old Danish‐speaking infants events where an onscreen agent showed an object and then hid it in a box. This was followed by another agent's hand pointing at the box, and a concurrent auditory category label played, which either matched or did not match the hidden object. Our results indicate that there is an effect of semantic mismatch with a larger negativity in incongruent trials. Thus, infants detected a mismatch, as indicated by a larger n400, when occluded objects were mislabeled. This finding suggests that infants can sustain an object representation in memory and compare it to a semantic representation of an auditory category label.
One‐Inflation and Zero‐Truncation Count Data Modelling Revisited With a View on Horvitz–Thompson Estimation of Population Size
Authors: Böhning Dankmar , Friedl Herwig
Published: April 2024

Estimating the size of a hard‐to‐count population is a challenging matter. We consider uni‐list approaches in which the count of identifications per unit is the basis of analysis. Unseen units have a zero count and do not occur in the sample leading to a zero‐truncated setting. Because of various mechanisms, one‐inflation is often an occurring phenomena that can lead to seriously biased estimates of population size. The current work reviews some recent advances on one‐inflation and zero‐truncation modelling, and furthermore focuses here on the impact it has on population size estimation. The zero‐truncated one‐inflated and the one‐inflated zero‐truncated model is compared (also with the model ignoring one‐inflation) in terms of Horvitz–Thompson estimation of population size. The simulation work shows clearly the biasing effect of ignoring one‐inflation. Both models, the zero‐truncated one‐inflated and the one‐inflated zero‐truncated one, are suitable to model ongoing one‐inflation. It is also important to choose an appropriate base‐line distributional model. Finally, all models derived in the paper are illustrated on a number of case studies.
Comparative evaluation of bone marrow and dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells for motor functional recovery in rat sciatic nerve injury
Authors: Uzunlu Elgin Orçum , Oğurtan Zeki
Published: April 2024

This study delves into the impact of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BM‐MSCs) and those sourced from dental pulp (DP‐MSCs) on the recovery of motor function and morphological aspects of the rat's sciatic nerve after crush injuries. The findings highlight that the groups treated with BM‐MSCs, DP‐MSCs or a combination of both (BM + DP‐MSCs) displayed enhanced sciatic functional index values when juxtaposed with the sham group. This points to bettered motor functionalities. A deeper morphological analysis showed that all the groups had retained perineurium structure and fascicular arrangement. Notably, the sham and BM‐MSCs groups had very few inconsistencies. All groups showed standard vascular density. Remarkably, the combined treatment group (BM + DP‐MSCs) presented diminished oedema and a lower count of inflammatory cells. Through immunohistochemical methods, the presence of S100 expression was noted in the groups that underwent treatment. In summation, the study suggests that both BM‐MSCs and DP‐MSCs, whether used singly or in combination, can significantly aid in motor function restoration and morphological enhancements. An interesting observation from our research and earlier studies is that stem cells from dental pulp, which are sourced with less discomfort from milk and wisdom teeth, show a heightened propensity to evolve into nerve cells. This is in contrast to the more uncomfortably acquired BM‐MSCs.
Single cell sequencing data identify distinct B cell and fibroblast populations in stricturing Crohn's disease
Authors: Humphreys David T. , Lewis Amy , Pan‐Castillo Belen , Berti Giulio , Mein Charles , Wozniak Eva , Gordon Hannah , Gadhok Radha , Minicozzi Annamaria , ChinAleong Joanna , Feakins Roger , Giannoulatou Eleni , James Louisa K. , Stagg Andrew J. , Lindsay James Oliver , Silver Andrew
Published: April 2024

Single cell RNA sequencing of human full thickness Crohn's disease (CD) small bowel resection specimens was used to identify potential therapeutic targets for stricturing (S) CD. Using an unbiased approach, 16 cell lineages were assigned within 14,539 sequenced cells from patient‐matched SCD and non‐stricturing (NSCD) preparations. SCD and NSCD contained identical cell types. Amongst immune cells, B cells and plasma cells were selectively increased in SCD samples. B cell subsets suggested formation of tertiary lymphoid tissue in SCD and compared with NSCD there was an increase in IgG, and a decrease in IgA plasma cells, consistent with their potential role in CD fibrosis. Two Lumican‐positive fibroblast subtypes were identified and subclassified based on expression of selectively enriched genes as fibroblast clusters (C) 12 and C9. Cells within these clusters expressed the profibrotic genes Decorin (C12) and JUN (C9). C9 cells expressed ACTA2; ECM genes COL4A1, COL4A2, COL15A1, COL6A3, COL18A1 and ADAMDEC1; LAMB1 and GREM1. GO and KEGG Biological terms showed extracellular matrix and stricture organization associated with C12 and C9, and regulation of WNT pathway genes with C9. Trajectory and differential gene analysis of C12 and C9 identified four sub‐clusters. Intra sub‐cluster gene analysis detected 13 co‐regulated gene modules that aligned along predicted pseudotime trajectories. CXCL14 and ADAMDEC1 were key markers in module 1. Our findings support further investigation of fibroblast heterogeneity and interactions with local and circulating immune cells at earlier time points in fibrosis progression. Breaking these interactions by targeting one or other population may improve therapeutic management for SCD.
Neutralizing the political: Language ideology as censorship in Esperanto youth media during the Cold War
Authors: Fians Guilherme
Published: April 2024

This article takes a magazine for Esperanto youth as an entryway to explore the links between language ideologies and censorial practices. During the Cold War, Esperanto print media sought a connection with the Third World to present Esperanto as an alternative to US‐led English and USSR‐led Russian. With anti‐imperialism gaining ground in these magazines, their editors struggled to adhere to the ideology that posits Esperanto as a neutral and international language. Analyzing the editorial work behind the magazine Kontakto, I explore how partly silencing anti‐colonial perspectives worked to safeguard Esperanto's neutrality, ultimately asking: how can language ideologies act as mechanisms of censorship?
A novel test for hyposalivation using a sugar cube
Authors: Spyraki Foteini , Maniewicz Sabrina , Mojon Philippe , Müller Frauke
Published: April 2024

Background

Hyposalivation is a highly prevalent condition in old persons.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess a novel tool for the diagnosis of hyposalivation using a sugar cube and to compare its reliability to other validated test methods.

Methods

Five tests were performed: unstimulated salivary flow test by draining method (USFT), oral moisture device Mucus® (MCS), sugar cube test (SCT), stimulated salivary flow test by chewing gum (CG) and Saxon test (SX). The sugar cube test consisted in measuring the time needed to disintegrate a standard‐sized sugar cube N°4 (5.6 g) placed beneath the tongue. Bivariate correlation analyses were performed. ROC curve analysis and the Youden Index were used to determine the cut‐off value. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated according to the determined cut‐off point.

Results

A total of 121 participants were recruited, with an average age of 49.8 ± 18.2 years. The USFT was best correlated with the SCT. No correlation was found between SCT and the stimulated saliva tests (CG, SX) as well as the MCS test. According to the Youden index, 140 s is appropriate to diagnose hyposalivation. Sensitivity of .64 and specificity of .91 were found for SCT using USFT as gold standard. The mean subjective evaluation score of the SCT was 3.1 ± 1, significantly higher than USFT 2.6 ± 1.1 (p < .05).

Conclusions

The sugar cube test proved to be a useful method for assessing unstimulated salivation, reducing test execution time and causing less participant discomfort than the gold standard unstimulated salivary flow test.
Changes in masticatory performance and bite force after treatment with mandibular overdentures retained by four titanium–zirconium mini implants: One‐year randomised clinical trial
Authors: Leles Cláudio Rodrigues , Curado Thalita Fernandes Fleury , Nascimento Lays Noleto , Silva Jesio Rodrigues , de Paula Marcella Silva , McKenna Gerald , Schimmel Martin
Published: April 2024

Objective

This prospective study is part of a randomised clinical trial and reports the changes in masticatory performance (MP) and bite force, and explores their influential factors, 1 year after the provision of mandibular overdentures retained by four titanium–zirconium mini implants.

Methods

Edentulous patients received conventional complete dentures, followed by placement of four mini implants (Straumann® Mini Implant System) in the anterior mandible and converting the conventional prosthesis into a mandibular overdenture. Treatment protocols were randomised using a 2×2 factorial design combining different surgical (flapped vs. flapless) and loading (immediate vs. delayed) protocols. MP was assessed using a two‐colour mixing ability test and a colorimetric analysis to measure the level of colour mixing (Variance of Hue–VoH). Maximum voluntary bite force (MBF) was measured by a digital gnathodynamometer in the posterior and anterior regions. Sex, age, surgical and loading protocols and ridge morphology were tested as independent variables. MP and MBF tests were performed at baseline (pre‐treatment) and the 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month after implant loading. Descriptive statistics, independent t‐test, and linear mixed‐effect model (LMM) regression were used for data analysis.

Results

Seventy‐four participants were assessed and 73 completed the 1‐year follow‐up. Statistically significant improvements in functional parameters were observed in all follow‐up periods compared to baseline (p < .001). The flapless protocol was associated with higher improvement in MP at the 3‐month follow‐up (p = .004), while less resorbed ridges were associated with better MP (p = .038) and higher MBF (p < .001).

Conclusion

The mandibular overdenture protocol using four titanium–zirconium mini implants was effective in improving MP and MBF of edentulous patients, compared to pre‐treatment values. The findings also suggest that improvements in chewing function and bite force are impacted by clinical factors since better outcomes were observed for flapless surgeries and less resorbed edentulous ridges.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.Gov ID NCT04760457.
Impact origin of lunar zircon melt inclusions in Apollo impact melt breccia 14311
Authors: Crow Carolyn A. , Tong Cynthia , Erickson Timmons M. , Moser Desmond E. , Bell Aaron S. , Kelly Nigel M. , Prissel Tabb C. , Hyde Brendt C.
Published: April 2024

Investigations of trapped melt inclusions in minerals can yield insights into the compositions and conditions of parent magmas. These insights are particularly important for detrital grains like many of the lunar zircons found in samples returned by the Apollo missions. However, unlike their terrestrial counterparts, lunar zircons have potentially been exposed to billions of years of impact bombardment. Samples from terrestrial impact structures and impact shock experiments have revealed that deformation during an impact event produces melt and glass blebs that can mimic igneous melt inclusions in both morphology and composition. We have undertaken a geochemical and textural investigation of zircons from Apollo impact melt breccia 14311 to assess their formation mechanisms. The association of trapped melts with shock microtwins and monomineralic melt compositions suggests some inclusions formed as a result of the high pressures and temperatures of impact shock. All other inclusions in this study are associated with curviplanar features, planar features, crystal plastic deformation, or embayments (large regions in contact with adjacent melts or minerals) suggesting that they are not igneous melt inclusions. While these textures can be produced in tectonic environments, impacts are a likely formation mechanism since impacts are the main driver of tectonics on the Moon. The results of this study demonstrate that a combination of textural and compositional analyses can be employed distinguish between igneous melt inclusions and melt blebs in zircons from impact environments.
A smoothness control method for kilometer‐span railway bridges with analysis of track characteristics
Authors: Zhang Yuxiao , Shi Jin , Tan Shehui , Wang Yingjie
Published: April 2024

Significant dynamic deformations during the operation of kilometer‐span high‐speed railway bridges adversely affect track maintenance. This paper proposes a three‐stage smoothness control method based on a comprehensive analysis of track alignment characteristics to address this issue. In the method, historical measured data are grouped into multicategories, and reference alignments for each category are reconstructed. Then, the reference alignment category to which the track to be adjusted belongs is accurately matched. Finally, a novel smoothness optimization algorithm is designed to use the 60 m chord as the optimization unit, and the 10 m and 30 m combined chords within the unit constrain the midchord offset and vector distance difference. The proposed method was applied to formulate the maintenance scheme for the Shanghai–Suzhou–Nantong Yangtze River Bridge. The result indicates that the track smoothness improved by more than 79.7%, and the high‐speed train operational performance improved by over 64.3%, effectively enhancing the maintenance quality.
What is the purpose of nurse education (and what should it be)?
Authors: Collier‐Sewell Freya , Monteux Sebastian
Published: April 2024

Can we take the purpose of nurse education for granted, and, more importantly, should we? That is the issue at stake in this paper. The question of purpose is conspicuously absent in the nursing literature; our aim here is to urge that it not be overlooked by demonstrating its importance to the future of nursing. We approach the question of nurse education's purpose in concrete and speculative terms through two distinct yet interrelated questions: what is the purpose of nurse education? and what should it be? Amidst the complexity and uncertainty of our time, we cast doubt on the adequacy of manualised and regulated approaches—ubiquitous in nurse education—to prepare nurses who can meet the challenges of contemporary practice. We also assert that transgressive approaches to education, as the antithesis of manualisation, reach the same impasse by (over)predetermining what the educational ‘output’ will be. To move beyond this impasse, we draw on the theory of Gert Biesta and Ron Barnett to contrast cultivation and existential‐type education. In so doing, we do not seek to provide ‘answers’ to nurse education's purpose but, rather, raise the profile of what we believe is a right and proper question for the discipline to grapple with.
Molecular farming for sustainable production of clinical‐grade antimicrobial peptides
Authors: Chaudhary Shahid , Ali Zahir , Mahfouz Magdy
Published: April 2024

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are emerging as next‐generation therapeutics due to their broad‐spectrum activity against drug‐resistant bacterial strains and their ability to eradicate biofilms, modulate immune responses, exert anti‐inflammatory effects and improve disease management. They are produced through solid‐phase peptide synthesis or in bacterial or yeast cells. Molecular farming, i.e. the production of biologics in plants, offers a low‐cost, non‐toxic, scalable and simple alternative platform to produce AMPs at a sustainable cost. In this review, we discuss the advantages of molecular farming for producing clinical‐grade AMPs, advances in expression and purification systems and the cost advantage for industrial‐scale production. We further review how ‘green’ production is filling the sustainability gap, streamlining patent and regulatory approvals and enabling successful clinical translations that demonstrate the future potential of AMPs produced by molecular farming. Finally, we discuss the regulatory challenges that need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of molecular farming‐based AMP production for therapeutics.
The relationship between acrochordons, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in the pediatric population: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Greene Rachel K. , Gangidi Suma , Zhao Raymond , Nelson Jessie M. , Harms Kelly , Nakamura Mio
Published: April 2024

Background

Acrochordons or skin tags are common benign skin growths. Several studies explored the relationship between obesity and metabolic syndrome in adults but remains unexplored in children.

Methods

This was a single‐center retrospective cohort study of outpatient dermatology patients between 1 January 2000 to 1 January 2021. Children under 18 years old diagnosed with acrochordons using diagnostic codes International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD‐10) L91.8 and 9th Revision (ICD‐9) 701.8 were included. We collected patient demographics, past medical history, laboratory values, vital signs, and physical exam. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and stratified into categories based on the Center for Disease Control's BMI‐for‐Age Growth Charts. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed when three of the five criteria were met. Data were propensity‐matched and compared with NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), which offered a generalizable sample to the US population.

Results

Fifty‐five patients under 18 years old with a diagnosis of acrochordons were mostly Caucasian (76%) and female (64%). The mean BMI was 27.3, with 49.5% categorized as obese and 20% as overweight. The mean age of diagnosis was 10.1 years. Acrochordon predominantly appeared in the axilla. In our cohort, three patients (5.5%) met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of obesity (42% vs. 21%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (4.8% vs. 0.6%), hyperlipidemia (8.1% vs. 0%), and hypertension (1.6% vs. 0%) was greater in our cohort compared with NHANES.

Conclusions

Like the adult population, acrochordons may serve as marker for metabolic disease in the pediatric population.
Tailoring regulatory components for metabolic engineering in cyanobacteria
Authors: Bolay Paul , Dodge Nadia , Janssen Kim , Jensen Poul Erik , Lindberg Pia
Published: April 2024

The looming climate crisis has prompted an ever‐growing interest in cyanobacteria due to their potential as sustainable production platforms for the synthesis of energy carriers and value‐added chemicals from CO2 and sunlight. Nonetheless, cyanobacteria are yet to compete with heterotrophic systems in terms of space‐time yields and consequently production costs. One major drawback leading to the low production performance observed in cyanobacteria is the limited ability to utilize the full capacity of the photosynthetic apparatus and its associated systems, i.e. CO2 fixation and the directly connected metabolism. In this review, novel insights into various levels of metabolic regulation of cyanobacteria are discussed, including the potential of targeting these regulatory mechanisms to create a chassis with a phenotype favorable for photoautotrophic production. Compared to conventional metabolic engineering approaches, minor perturbations of regulatory mechanisms can have wide‐ranging effects.
Spermidine regulates wheat grain weight at high planting density by promoting the synthesis of sucrose and starch in inferior grains
Authors: Li Juan , Liang Zimeng , Feng Jingyi , Hu Huihui , Nangia Vinay , Mo Fei , Liu Yang
Published: April 2024

Increasing density is an effective way to enhance wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield under limited cultivated areas. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the reduction in grain weight when density increased are still unclear. Three field experiments were conducted during the 2014–2019 growing seasons to explore the physiological mechanisms by which polyamines affect grain weight formation. The results showed that when wheat planting density exceeded 450 × 104 seedlings ha−1 and 525 × 104 seedlings ha−1, wheat yield tended to decrease. Compared to moderate density (DM, 450 × 104 seedlings ha−1), the filling rate of inferior grains was reduced before 25 days after anthesis (DAA) and the active filling period was shortened by 6.4%–7.4% under high density (DH, 600 × 104 seedlings ha−1), resulting in a loss of 1000‐grain weight by 5.4%–8.1%. DH significantly reduced sucrose and starch content in inferior grains at the filling stage. Meanwhile, DH inhibited the activity of key enzymes involved in polyamine synthesis [SAMDC (EC 4.1.1.50) and SpdSy (EC 2.5.1.16)] and induced the activity of ethylene (ETH) precursor synthase, resulting in a significant decrease in endogenous spermidine (Spd) content in inferior grains, but a significant increase in ETH release rate. Post‐flowering application of exogenous Spd increased the accumulation of sucrose and starch in the inferior grains and positively regulated the filling and grain weight of the inferior grains, whereas exogenous ETH had a negative effect. Overall, Spd may affect wheat grain weight at high planting density by promoting the synthesis of sucrose and starch in inferior grains.
Optimum planting density of Amorpha fruticosa promotes the recovery of understory vegetation and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community in plantations in arid coal mining areas
Authors: Bi Yinli , Wang Xiao , Xiao Linfei , Christie Peter
Published: April 2024

Establishment of plantations may be a useful means of vegetation reconstruction in coal mining areas, especially in fragile environments. However, the influence of shrub planting on the relationship between understory vegetation and soil microorganisms remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a field experiment in which the relationships between understory vegetation and soil microorganisms under different planting densities of Amorpha fruticosa L. (A. fruticosa) were investigated. Compared with areas allowed to recover naturally, shrub planting changed the community and increased the biomass of understory vegetation and soil microbes, especially of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Planting density was also a key factor that influenced understory vegetation and the soil AMF community and biomass. The maximum diversity of understory vegetation and the AMF community occurred at an intermediate density of introduced shrubs, which was considered to be the optimum density of A. fruticosa. The major soil nutrient cycles that influence understory vegetation and the AMF community were also investigated. An optimum density of introduced shrubs was important in the ecological reconstruction of vegetation in the coal mining area. There may also have been an optimum relationship between the understory vegetation and soil microorganisms especially with AMF in the experimental conditions.
Computed tomographic features of canine prostatic carcinoma
Authors: Urlings Pascal , Gramer Irina , Jones Coleen , Dirrig Helen
Published: April 2024

Canine prostatic carcinoma (PC) has incompletely defined CT features. The purpose of this multicenter retrospective case series was to assess prostatic, regional, and distant findings of PC. Thirty dogs were enrolled. Consistent prostatic features included postcontrast heterogeneity with hypoattenuating, nonenhancing areas (30/30), capsular distortion (29/30), prostatic urethral effacement, displacement, or invasion (28/30), precontrast heterogeneity (27/30), and mineralization (24/30) which was always within or at the margin of the hypoattenuating areas. Consistent extraprostatic features included medial iliac lymph node enlargement (20/30), internal iliac lymph node enlargement (15/30), and periprostatic fat streaking or fluid (15/29). In a minority of dogs, there was lymph node mineralization, bladder trigone invasion, ureteral dilation, ductus deferens invasion, and bony changes consistent with hypertrophic osteopathy. Strongly suspected and potential bony metastases were noted infrequently (8/26), all in vertebrae regional to the prostate. In conclusion, these findings provide guidance on the expected CT features of canine PC.
Preschool and Kindergarten Teachers’ Self-Reported Phonological Awareness Strategies and Challenges in Teaching English Learners
Authors: Choi Youngae , Hatcher Wilson J. , Spinrad Mark
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the phonological awareness strategies and challenges of preschool and kindergarten teachers in teaching English learners (ELs). Using a mix method survey design, we analyzed 57 responses. Quantitatively, we examined teachers’ use of best practices established in the literature. Qualitatively, we explored the specific strategies, challenges, and tools teachers used in the classroom. The results showed that 80% of teachers reported providing direct phonological awareness instruction daily or almost every day. However, some preschool teachers used implicit phonological awareness and rarely incorporated blending and segmenting practices. Teachers encountered challenges including language and cultural barriers, the need for developmentally appropriate and engaging materials, and support from districts and parents. Teachers desired explicit lessons, culturally relevant materials, and comprehensive toolkits. The findings underscore the needs for tailored training and resources for early childhood educators and their ELs, aiming to bridge the gap between evidence-based literacy practices and classroom implementation.
Electrophysiology and 3D‐imaging reveal properties of human intracardiac neurons and increased excitability with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Ashton J. L. , Prince B. , Sands G. , Argent L. , Anderson M. , Smith J. E. G. , Tedoldi A. , Ahmad A. , Baddeley D. , Pereira A. G. , Lever N. , Ramanathan T. , Smaill B. H. , Montgomery Johanna M.
Published: April 2024

Altered autonomic input to the heart plays a major role in atrial fibrillation (AF). Autonomic neurons termed ganglionated plexi (GP) are clustered on the heart surface to provide the last point of neural control of cardiac function. To date the properties of GP neurons in humans are unknown. Here we have addressed this knowledge gap in human GP neuron structure and physiology in patients with and without AF. Human right atrial GP neurons embedded in epicardial adipose tissue were excised during open heart surgery performed on both non‐AF and AF patients and then characterised physiologically by whole cell patch clamp techniques. Structural analysis was also performed after fixation at both the single cell and at the entire GP levels via three‐dimensional confocal imaging. Human GP neurons were found to exhibit unique properties and structural complexity with branched neurite outgrowth. Significant differences in excitability were revealed between AF and non‐AF GP neurons as measured by lower current to induce action potential firing, a reduced occurrence of low action potential firing rates, decreased accommodation and increased synaptic density. Visualisation of entire GPs showed almost all neurons are cholinergic with a small proportion of noradrenergic and dual phenotype neurons. Phenotypic distribution differences occurred with AF including decreased cholinergic and dual phenotype neurons, and increased noradrenergic neurons. These data show both functional and structural differences occur between GP neurons from patients with and without AF, highlighting that cellular plasticity occurs in neural input to the heart that could alter autonomic influence on atrial function.

image

Key points

The autonomic nervous system plays a critical role in regulating heart rhythm and the initiation of AF; however, the structural and functional properties of human autonomic neurons in the autonomic ganglionated plexi (GP) remain unknown.

Here we perform the first whole cell patch clamp electrophysiological and large tissue confocal imaging analysis of these neurons from patients with and without AF.

Our data show human GP neurons are functionally and structurally complex. Measurements of action potential kinetics show higher excitability in GP neurons from AF patients as measured by lower current to induce action potential firing, reduced low firing action potential rates, and decreased action potential accommodation.

Confocal imaging shows increased synaptic density and noradrenergic phenotypes in patients with AF.

Both functional and structural differences occur in GP neurons from patients with AF that could alter autonomic influence on atrial rhythm.
Acoustic radiation from multilayered materials using the reciprocity principle
Authors: MacGillivray Ian , Skvortsov Alex
Published: April 2024

Application of the reciprocity principle to evaluate the acoustic radiation from arbitrary multilayered fluid and solid materials is described. To include the effect of shear motion in surrounding media, including viscosity in a fluid, equations for the acoustic radiation from such materials under point force excitation are developed in terms of reflection and transmission coefficients for longitudinal and shear waves. Calculations for forcing on either side of the layered material and in arbitrary directions, and for any asymmetric layer arrangements, are conducted. The frequency range of the calculations is not restricted by thin-plate or thick-plate theory. The test case for the radiation from plates embedded in a viscous and attenuating fluid has been investigated in detail. The effect of viscosity and attenuation has been quantified and shown to be significant at high frequencies. Application to the problem of flow noise is also briefly discussed.
Becoming More Authentic as an Elite Coach: The Case Study of Erkka Westerlund
Authors: Mallett Clifford J. , Bespomoshchnov Vladislav A. , Arvaja Markus , Rynne Steven , Tiikkaja Jukka
Published: April 2024

In this empirical case study, we examine one of Finland’s most successful and respected coaches, Erkka Westerlund. Specifically, we adopted a career-focussed approach that traces his growth as an ice hockey coach through an in-depth understanding of his journey, including his early foray into coaching at 12 years of age, his eventual dismissal as a coach at 42 years of age, his hiatus from coaching, and then his return to national and international honours. The case is comprised of multiple data sources such as semistructured interviews and a raft of secondary sources such as media publications about the participant, his autobiography, and video recordings of him speaking at various conferences and events. Data were analysed through indwelling and reflexive thematic analysis. The pivotal turning point in Erkka Westerlund’s coaching journey was a 6-year sabbatical from coaching (1991–1997). This sabbatical was transformative for him as a person and coach. Specifically, this transformation clarified and aligned his coaching and personal identities, who he was as a person (core values), and the subsequent transformation of his coaching practices that led to national and international success.