bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A sociedade de risco e a confiança nas relações de consumo
Authors: Baggio Andreza Cristina
Published: August 2017

Nossa atual sociedade pode ser caracterizada como uma sociedade de risco, resultantedos avanços da era industrial, da modernização da informação e da complexibilizaçãodos processos de tomada de decisões. Analisar riscos significa problematizar o futuro,razão pela qual se faz necessária a consideração de suas consequências sociais. O que sepropõe neste trabalho é analisar o risco, sob o ponto de vista das relações de consumo.Desde o século XX, a sociedade está organizada a partir do fenômeno mundial das relaçõesde consumo, massificada pelo crescente aumento de oferta de produtos e serviços,sendo o risco incorporado ao próprio modo de ser da sociedade pós-moderna e, pois,intimamente relacionado ao desenvolvimento da ciência, da tecnologia, e à tomada dedecisões no processo de escolha por este ou aquele bem de consumo. Somem-se a essesriscos na relação de consumo os chamados riscos de desenvolvimento e a formação dasredes de fornecedores, que buscam diminuir os riscos de suas atividades, transferindo-os aos consumidores. Tais situações deixam latente a vulnerabilidade do consumidor e reforçama necessidade de tutela das legítimas expectativas deste nas relações de consumo.Essa tutela se faz por meio da proteção à lealdade, à boa-fé e, principalmente, à confiançadepositada pelo consumidor na relação com o fornecedor. A confiança, portanto,deve ser vista pelo fornecedor como elemento valorativo dentro da estrutura empresarial,ganhando força de verdadeiro instrumento preventivo da proteção ao consumidor nasociedade de risco.
Historia de un despojo y de un litigio agrario: el caso de San José de Gracia y la presa Calles
Authors: Rangel Jesús Antonio Torre
Published: August 2017

Lo presente artículo trata de la cuestión de la disputa de tierras por parte de los indios deSan José de Gracia, desde el embate con el propietario de la Hacienda de Paredes, biencomo, posteriormente, hasta el inundamento de las tierras en consecuencia de la construcciónde la presa Calles. El inundamento trajo como consecuencia la salida de los indiosde su comunidad por medio de la expropiación. Los indios jamás recibieron indemnizacióny fueron dejados a su propia suerte. Aunque la administración pública federal haya prometidouna compensación, ésta hasta hoy no ocurrió, haciendo con que se ingresase con unaacción judicial. Más de 80 años después del ocurrido, los descendientes de aquel puebloesperan por justicia y por la debida indemnización.
Sociedade da informação: comunidades tradicionais, identidade cultural e inclusão tecnológica
Authors: Colaço Thais Luzia , Sparemberger Raquel Fabiana Lopes
Published: August 2017

A pesquisa traz à discussão a inclusão digital das comunidades tradicionais no Brasil. A tecnologiada informação é considerada um legado cultural dos nossos antepassados, tornandoseum patrimônio cultural da humanidade. Tal patrimônio deve estar disponível a todos osseres humanos, posto que é um direito de exercício opcional. Significa a democratização do conhecimento e da comunicação. A referida pesquisa tratará da identidade cultural e da importância dos benefícios da inclusão digital das comunidades tradicionais que se encontramisoladas geograficamente ou não. Enfatiza algumas considerações a respeito decomo estas tecnologias serão apresentadas às comunidades, que na sua maioria possuempeculiaridades culturais próprias e uma relação muito estreita com a natureza e com olocal, reafirmando seu sentimento de pertença e de identificação cultural.
Acordo de quotistas: breves considerações sobre ‘importação’ do instrumento pelas sociedades limitadas
Authors: Martins Irena Carneiro
Published: August 2017

Este artigo busca apresentar algumas considerações acerca da utilização do instrumento parassocial, conhecido como acordo de acionistas (típico, portanto, das sociedades anônimas), no ambiente das sociedades limitadas. Ao passo em que as sociedades anônimas contam com diploma legal que regula e delimita o alcance do acordo de acionistas, nas sociedades limitadas é preciso considerar as normas gerais de DireitoSocietário, as regras específicas das limitadas, bem como os limites da supletividade da Lei das S.A., quando aplicável. É objetivo do presente artigo sugerir parâmetros para a celebração do acordo de quotistas no ambiente das sociedades limitadas, delinear seusalcances e limitações.
O desenvolvimento sustentável como ótimo de Pareto na relação entre os princípios constitucionais ambientais e os princípios constitucionais econômicos1
Authors: Dani Felipe André , De Oliveira Álvaro Borges , Barros Débora Sabetzki
Published: August 2017

Inicia-se o presente arti go fazendo referência aos princípios consti tucionais e sua disti nção em relação às regras. Dá-se especial atenção ao caráter de abstração dos princípios, o que não os torna imprecisos ou inaplicáveis, pelo contrário, os torna capaz de regular situações específi cas e gerais do Direito. Na sequência, abordam-se princípios do Direito Ambiental e do Direito Econômico, com especial ênfase ao Princípio do Desenvolvimento Sustentável, princípio cunhado na Conferência de Estocolmo, em 1972, e difundido na Declaração do Rio (ECO 92). Tal princípio serve de fundamento do Direito Ambiental, tratando de equilibrar a relação entre desenvolvimento econômico e exploração ambiental, uti lizado, portanto, como mediador dessa relação dicotômica. Ao fi m, o óti mo de Pareto, ferramenta matemática, desenvolvida por Vilfredo Pareto, que traz uma visão de oti mização dessa relação, entre princípios consti tucionais ambientais e econômicos, serve para maximizar o desenvolvimento diminuindo a destruição ambiental, tudo sob o enfoque de um modelo neocapitalista, um modelo de desenvolvimento mais ambiental e preocupado com o bem-estar social.
A apologia dos direitos humanos e a razão perversa do capitalismo: do sujeito de direitos à falácia das garantias
Authors: Toyoda Hisashi
Published: August 2017

Este artigo trata da relação entre direitos humanos e capitalismo, partindo do pressuposto de que estão imbricados. Demonstra que tais direitos resultaram tanto do pensamento e suas inflexões na práxis política como de um processo de transformação das bases materiais de existência da sociedade, de onde emergiram novas forças e interesses consubstanciados no capitalismo. Evidencia que o capitalismo não somente pode ser visto como gênese dos direitos humanos, mas também como agente de um processo de ressignificação do sujeito, a partir do discurso elaborado sobre esses direitos. Este trabalho demonstra que, por meio dos mecanismos sutis de exercício do poder, o capital elabora e difunde a ideia da cidadania, da igualdade e da felicidade como substratos do consumo. Dá-se assim a passagem da afirmação da liberdade do sujeito como ser em si, para uma cultura social na qual o indivíduo e o objeto oferecido pelo mercado assumem contornos mais difusos. O sujeito, despersonalizado como indivíduo e cidadão, passa a ser definido a partir de uma estrutura normativa e discursiva, cujos sentidos são determinados pelo capital e pela rede de poder por ele disseminada no interior da sociedade.
Finalidades e limitações da intervenção do Estado na economia sob a ó ca da Cons tuição da República de 1988
Authors: Gonçalves Nunes Luciana
Published: August 2017

O presente trabalho busca demonstrar as nalidades e as limitações da intervenção do Estado brasileiro na economia, sob a ó ca da Cons tuição da República do Brasil de 1988. Para tanto, perpassa-se, em especial, pela análise dos art. 170 e do art. 173 da CR/88, que tratam do intervencionismo estatal, conferindo ao Estado um papel distinto daquele despendido pela Cons tuição da República de 1967/69. O caminho metodológico percorrerá alguns entendimentos doutrinários e jurisprudenciais, de modo examinar a intervenção estatal na economia, no vigente modelo adotado pelo Estado Democrá co de Direito que, embora menos intervencionista que o modelo lapidado pela CR/67, merece ponderações acerca das suas caracterís cas e limitações. Note-se que ainda existem divergências a - nentes às denominações doutrinárias para as formas/modalidades de intervenção estatal.
As propostas de alterações mercadológicas do Código Florestal e seus impactos: uma análise crítica ao relatório substitutivo do Projeto de Lei 1.876/99
Authors: Da Silva Júnior Gladstone Leonel
Published: August 2017

Uma grande dicotomia é estabelecida por meio do debate sobre o novo Código Florestal. Esse ordenamento é constituído por um conjunto normativo que, mesmo desrespeitado em muitas situações, preza pela preservação das vegetações existentes e pode ser considerado avançado em diversos aspectos. Os pontos de maior divergência na nova reformulação do Código Florestal recaem, principalmente, sobre três itens: as Áreas de Preservação Permanentes (APPs), as Reservas Legais e a anistia aos desmatamentos ilegais realizados antes do ano de 2008. Uma reflexão crítica das propostas de alteração é necessária, visto que os interesses mercadológicos permeiam essas alterações normativas com consequências ambientais e sociais graves. A luta política intensifica-se com a possibilidade de flexibilização da lei nesses aspectos, e os ânimos tendem a acirrar-se com a perspectiva de aprovação desse projeto de lei no Congresso Nacional. O artigo tende a analisar os impactos das propostas de alteração do Código Florestal e o que representaria sua aprovação para os diversos setores da sociedade e os institutos jurídicos constitucionalmente estabelecidos.
Judicialização da política de proteção ambiental na expansão da exploração do petróleo no Espírito Santo
Authors: Camatta Moreira Nelson , Santos Neves Rodrigo , De Queiroz Bessa Silvana Mara , Broeto Rudio Alexsandro
Published: August 2017

A investigação relativa à exploração do petróleo no estado do Espírito Santo e a interferência do Poder Judiciário é de extrema importância, tendo em vista que a referida atividade econômica atrai muitos recursos financeiros para esse ente federativo. No entanto, há que se considerar que a exploração de petróleo, embora extremamente lucrativa, apresenta grande risco ambiental. Daí a necessidade de prevenção e avaliação desses riscos. Como se sabe, antes da exploração de uma atividade econômica potencialmente danosa ao meio ambiente é necessária a elaboração de um estudo prévio de impacto ambiental, a fim de prevenir os danos ao meio ambiente. Após esse estudo,o administrador pode emitir licença ambiental para a exploração da atividade econômica, ou não. É nesse momento que o Poder Judiciário pode ser convocado a intervirem uma atividade típica da Administração Pública, com o intuito de tentar preservar um direito fundamental, que é o meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Todavia, essa interferência pode gerar diversas discussões envolvendo, inclusive, a própria legitimidade de atuação desse Poder. Assim, o presente texto aborda o tema “controle da Administração Pública pelo Poder Judiciário”, tendo como base a investigação bibliográfica e jurisprudencial.
Uma teoria geral – e lógica – para o Direito Constitucional Internacional
Authors: Coutinho Pargliarini Alexandre
Published: August 2017

Este texto cumpre a função de propor uma retomada renovada das ideias de Kant e Kelsen, incluindo-se os estudos da Lógica na explicação monística do Direito. Por meio do que aqui se escreveu, perceber-se-á a possibilidade de uma Teoria Geral do Direito pela linguagem da lógica jurídica, defesa de tese essa que não tem sido feita por outros doutrinadores.A partir daí, provar-se-á a aproximação deôntica entre Direito Constitucional e Direito Internacional, ambos constituintes, um da comunidade estatal, outro da comunidade internacional. Por fim, serão estabelecidas as normas de direitos humanos como verdadeiros marcos para que se prove empiricamente a existência de um só Direito, mas de focos ejetores diferenciados de normas jurídicas.
O princípio da função social do contrato nas relações empresariais
Authors: Albuquerque Leonidas Cabral
Published: August 2017

Em uma perspectiva histórico-evolutiva das sociedades e da atividade econômica, o contrato é o agente civilizador por excelência, substituindo a apropriação violenta de bens pelo acordo de vontades, o que vem a ser a expressão primeira da função social do contrato. Este, a partir da Revolução Francesa, passa a ser importante instrumento progressista fundado nos postulados da liberdade e da igualdade. A propriedade adquire função social para além da representação de riqueza e poder individuais, passando a expressar-se como bem de produção capaz de contribuir ao bem-estar comum. Paralelamente, a função social do contrato está na criação e no cumprimento das relações e dos negócios jurídicos, aproximando produtores e pessoas ao mesmo tempo em que se afirma como expressão da individualidade humana. A força obrigatória do contrato passa a ser relativizada a partir da Primeira Guerra Mundial, em face dos fenômenos que ensejam a onerosidade excessiva de um dos sujeitos, ou alteram sobremaneira o equilíbrio econômico ou a base do negócio. A possibilidade de revisão do contrato impõe-se no Direito ocidental, primeiramente na Europa – exposta diretamente aos efeitos da Primeira Guerra –, e no Brasil, onde a resistência da doutrina tradicional é rompida pela jurisprudência. A Constituição de 1988 – que tem dentre os objetivos a solidariedade social e estabelece uma ordem econômica que projeta a harmonia da livre-iniciativa com os interesses metaindividuais – é fonte do princípio da socialidade incorporado no Código Civil de 2002, conferindo nova dimensão ao princípio da função social do contrato.
Psicologia do juiz
Authors: Ambrosio Graziella
Published: August 2017

Todo julgamento reflete, inevitavelmente, a personalidade do juiz. Por isso, além de conhecimentos teóricos, o magistrado deve compreender os fatores conscientes e inconscientes que interferem na sentença, pois, como qualquer ser humano, está vulnerável a diversos sentimentos. Esse conhecimento evitará ele rejeite ou aceite, de imediato, os argumentos das partes porque destoantes de suas crenças e valores, bem como possibilitará a adoção de novos pensamentos conforme exija o caso concreto. A personalidade do juiz pode explicar diversos comportamentos, tais como, dificuldade em condenar, atitudes agressivas, falta de paciência, constante posição defensiva, medo, otimismo exagerado, superficialidade, humor instável, etc. Por outro lado, o magistrado está sujeito a mecanismos psíquicos de defesa, como perda de atenção, esquecimento ou desconsideração de detalhes, quando se vê diante de temas ou situações que lhe ocasionam sofrimento psíquico. Da mesma forma, experiências anteriores do juiz podem interferir na sentença, gerando comportamentos favoráveis ou desfavoráveis. Por isso, ele deve desenvolver a capacidade de conter dentro de si, durante certo tempo, suas próprias angústias e sentimentos difíceis que lhe forem despertados pelo processo
Microtubule-dependent ribosome localization in C. elegans neurons
Authors: Noma Kentaro , Goncharov Alexandr , Ellisman Mark H , Jin Yishi
Published: August 2017

Subcellular localization of ribosomes defines the location and capacity for protein synthesis. Methods for in vivo visualizing ribosomes in multicellular organisms are desirable in mechanistic investigations of the cell biology of ribosome dynamics. Here, we developed an approach using split GFP for tissue-specific visualization of ribosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Labeled ribosomes are detected as fluorescent puncta in the axons and synaptic terminals of specific neuron types, correlating with ribosome distribution at the ultrastructural level. We found that axonal ribosomes change localization during neuronal development and after axonal injury. By examining mutants affecting axonal trafficking and performing a forward genetic screen, we showed that the microtubule cytoskeleton and the JIP3 protein UNC-16 exert distinct effects on localization of axonal and somatic ribosomes. Our data demonstrate the utility of tissue-specific visualization of ribosomes in vivo, and provide insight into the mechanisms of active regulation of ribosome localization in neurons.
A comparison of two common sample preparation techniques for lipid and fatty acid analysis in three different coral morphotypes reveals quantitative and qualitative differences
Authors: Conlan Jessica A. , Rocker Melissa M. , Francis David S.
Published: August 2017

Lipids are involved in a host of biochemical and physiological processes in corals. Therefore, changes in lipid composition reflect changes in the ecology, nutrition, and health of corals. As such, accurate lipid extraction, quantification, and identification is critical to obtain comprehensive insight into a coral’s condition. However, discrepancies exist in sample preparation methodology globally, and it is currently unknown whether these techniques generate analogous results. This study compared the two most common sample preparation techniques for lipid analysis in corals: (1) tissue isolation by air-spraying and (2) crushing the coralin toto. Samples derived from each preparation technique were subsequently analysed to quantify lipids and their constituent classes and fatty acids in four common, scleractinian coral species representing three distinct morphotypes (Acropora millepora,Montipora crassotuberculata,Porites cylindrica, andPocillopora damicornis). Results revealed substantial amounts of organic material, including lipids, retained in the skeletons of all species following air-spraying, causing a marked underestimation of total lipid concentration using this method. Moreover, lipid class and fatty acid compositions between the denuded skeleton and sprayed tissue were substantially different. In particular, the majority of the total triacylglycerol and total fatty acid concentrations were retained in the skeleton (55–69% and 56–64%, respectively). As such, the isolated, sprayed tissue cannot serve as a reliable proxy for lipid quantification or identification in the coral holobiont. Thein totocrushing method is therefore recommended for coral sample preparation prior to lipid analysis to capture the lipid profile of the entire holobiont, permitting accurate diagnoses of coral condition.
Building a chiropractic academy of educators: A needs assessment of selected faculty educators
Authors: Tunning Michael J. , Derby Dustin C. , Krell-Mares Kelly A. , Barber Michelle R.
Published: August 2017

Objective:

Professional demands have led to health-care educator specialization in research or patient care. The academy movement is an avenue that attempts to return prestige and importance to improved instruction. The authors performed a needs analysis of selected faculty at 3 chiropractic colleges to assess the need for, and willingness to participate in, an academy of educators program.

Methods:

An expert-developed, pretested survey was deployed using SurveyMonkey. Analysis of variance and regression analysis were used to address 3 research questions related to the academy of educators program.

Results:

The study achieved a 53% response rate and reflected that an overwhelming majority of chiropractic faulty members (89%) reported the need for an academy of educators. The study found no significant differences between faculty ranks, years of experience, and participation willingness.

Conclusion:

A structured approach, such as an academy, to foster professional teaching development may create positive outcomes for an institution. Faculty educators were willing to engage in an efficient program that may improve teaching methods and create opportunities for collaborative working relationships, which signals the potential for wide acceptance of the program.
The type IV secretion system core component VirB8 interacts via the β1‐strand with VirB10
Authors: Sharifahmadian Mahzad , Nlend Ingrid U. , Lecoq Lauriane , Omichinski James G. , Baron Christian
Published: August 2017

In this work, we provide evidence for the interactions between VirB8 and VirB10, two core components of the type IV secretion system (T4SS). Using nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, we identified residues on the β1‐strand of Brucella VirB8 that undergo chemical shift changes in the presence of VirB10. Bacterial two‐hybrid experiments confirm the importance of the β1‐strand, whereas phage display experiments suggest that the α2‐helix of VirB8 may also contribute to the interaction with VirB10. Conjugation assays using the VirB8 homolog TraE as a model show that several residues on the β1‐strand of TraE are important for T4SS function. Together, our results suggest that the β1‐strand of VirB8‐like proteins is essential for their interaction with VirB10 in the T4SS complex.
Cellular metabolism of tumor‐associated macrophages – functional impact and consequences
Authors: Rabold Katrin , Netea Mihai G. , Adema Gosse J. , Netea‐Maier Romana T.
Published: August 2017

Macrophages are innate immune cells that play a role not only in host defense against infections, but also in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders, as well as cancer. An important feature of macrophages is their high plasticity, with high ability to adapt to environmental changes by adjusting their cellular metabolism and immunological phenotype. Macrophages are one of the most abundant innate immune cells within the tumor microenvironment that have been associated with tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and poor prognosis. In the context of cancer, however, so far little is known about metabolic changes in macrophages, which have been shown to determine functional fate of the cells in other diseases. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the cellular metabolism of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) and discuss its implications for cell function. Understanding the regulation of the cellular metabolism of TAMs may reveal novel therapeutic targets for treatment of malignancies.
Dynamics behind affinity maturation of an anti‐HCMV antibody family influencing antigen binding
Authors: Di Palma Francesco , Tramontano Anna
Published: August 2017

The investigation of antibody affinity maturation and its effects on antigen binding is important with respect to understanding the regulation of the immune response. To shed light on this crucial process, we analyzed two Igs neutralizing the human cytomegalovirus: the primary germline antibody M2J1 and its related mature antibody 8F9. Both antibodies target the AD‐2S1 epitope of the gB envelope protein and are considered to establish similar interactions with the cognate antigen. We used molecular dynamics simulations to understand the effect of mutations on the antibody–antigen interactions. The results provide a qualitative explanation for the increased 8F9 peptide affinity compared with that of M2J1. The emerging atomistic‐detailed description of these complexes reveals the molecular effects of the somatic hypermutations occurring during affinity maturation.
Expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor in circulating tumor cells of patients with breast cancer is associated with patient outcomes
Authors: Spiliotaki Maria , Mavroudis Dimitris , Kokotsaki Maria , Vetsika Eleni‐Kyriaki , Stoupis Ioannis , Matikas Alexios , Kallergi Galatea , Georgoulias Vassilis , Agelaki Sofia
Published: August 2017

In patients with breast cancer, markers of aggressiveness such as dysregulation of the insulin‐like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) system and E‐cadherin loss are commonly observed. Reduced IGF1R expression is correlated with decreased E‐cadherin levels and increased cell motility. We assessed IGF1R and E‐cadherin expression in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with breast cancer. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of early (n = 87)‐ and metastatic (n = 126)‐stage breast cancer patients (obtained prior to adjuvant and first‐line chemotherapy) were evaluated using double immunofluorescence (IF) staining for cytokeratin (CK) and IGF1R. Triple IF using CK, IGF1R, and E‐cadherin antibodies was performed in selected CTC(+) patients. IGF1R(+) CTCs were more frequently observed in early disease than in metastatic disease (86% vs 68% of CTCs, P = 0.04) stage, whereas IGF1R(−) CTCs were more common in metastatic than in early disease (32% vs 14% of CTCs, P = 0.002). 100% of CTC(+) patients with early disease, compared to 79% of those with metastatic disease, harbored IGF1R(+) CTCs (P = 0.007). Patients with early disease and exclusively IGF1R(+) CTCs had longer disease‐free (P = 0.02) and overall survival (P = 0.001) compared to patients with both IGF1R(+) and IGF1R(−) CTC populations. 67% of early‐stage CTC(+) patients evaluated had exclusively IGF1R(+)/E‐cadherin(+) CTCs, 33% also had IGF1R(−)/E‐cadherin(−) CTCs, and none had exclusively IGF1R(−)/E‐cadherin(−) CTCs compared to 17%, 75%, and 8% of metastatic patients, respectively (P = 0.027). Similarly, in paired samples of patients with early disease that progressed to metastatic disease, the proportion of IGF1R(+)/E‐cadherin(+) CTCs was reduced and IGF1R(−)/E‐cadherin(−) CTCs were increased in the metastatic stage compared to early disease stage. IGF1R(+) CTCs are commonly detected in breast cancer, and their frequency decreases in the metastatic disease stage. IGF1R(+)/E‐cadherin(+) CTCs also decrease in metastatic patients. IGF1R(+) CTCs are associated with favorable outcomes in early disease stage, suggesting that IGF1R expression is correlated with reduced metastatic potential in breast cancer.
An integrated evaluation of land surface energy fluxes over China in seven reanalysis/modeling products
Authors: Li Hongyu , Fu Congbin , Guo Weidong
Published: August 2017

An integrated evaluation of monthly mean land surface energy fluxes over China in seven reanalysis and land model products during the period 1979–2015 is conducted. Observations from seven field sites are used to evaluate these flux products, including four reanalysis data sets and three produced by off‐line land surface models. In general, the expected seasonal variations and spatial patterns in major climatic regimes are well reproduced by all reanalysis and modeling products. However, large differences among the four reanalysis products are found, while the three off‐line land surface modeling products correlate well with each other. Looking at the Bowen ratio, it is found that the off‐line land surface models convert a larger fraction of surface available energy into sensible heat flux compared to the reanalysis products in all climatic regimes. There are three centers of high interannual variability in sensible heat located in West China, Northeast China, and the eastern Inner Mongolia, respectively. In addition, the sensible heat flux agrees better with observations at grassland sites than at forest sites, while the latent heat flux and net radiation are significantly overestimated at forest sites in all the flux products. Besides, mean square errors of the fluxes are decomposed into biases, correlations, and differences in standard deviation. Finally, based on a ranking system adopted to quantitatively evaluate the performance of each data set, it is found that the surface energy fluxes in ERA‐Interim and JRA‐25 agree well with observations and the ensemble mean of all these products remains reasonably realistic as well.
Control of asperities size and spacing on seismic behavior of subduction megathrusts
Authors: Corbi Fabio , Funiciello Francesca , Brizzi Silvia , Lallemand Serge , Rosenau Matthias
Published: August 2017

The majority of the largest subduction megathrust earthquakes share the common characteristic of rupturing more than one asperity along strike of the margin. Understanding the factors that control coseismic failure of multiple asperities, and thus maximum magnitude, is central for seismic hazard assessment. To investigate the role of asperities size and spacing on maximum magnitude, seismicity rate, and percentage of synchronized ruptures, we use analog models simulating along‐strike rupture behavior of megathrust earthquakes. We found negative correlations between the barrier‐to‐asperity length ratio Db/Da and maximum magnitude and seismicity rate. Db/Da also controls the process of asperities synchronization along the megathrust. A permanent barrier behavior is observed for Db/Da > 0.5. Comparing our experimental results to the Nankai Trough historical seismicity, we propose that the distribution of megathrust frictional heterogeneities likely explains the diversity of earthquakes which occurred there.
Proton velocity ring‐driven instabilities and their dependence on the ring speed: Linear theory
Authors: Min Kyungguk , Liu Kaijun , Gary S. Peter
Published: August 2017

Linear dispersion theory is used to study the Alfvén‐cyclotron, mirror and ion Bernstein instabilities driven by a tenuous (1%) warm proton ring velocity distribution with a ring speed, vr, varying between 2vA and 10vA, where vA is the Alfvén speed. Relatively cool background protons and electrons are assumed. The modeled ring velocity distributions are unstable to both the Alfvén‐cyclotron and ion Bernstein instabilities whose maximum growth rates are roughly a linear function of the ring speed. The mirror mode, which has real frequency ωr=0, becomes the fastest growing mode for sufficiently large vr/vA. The mirror and Bernstein instabilities have maximum growth at propagation oblique to the background magnetic field and become more field‐aligned with an increasing ring speed. Considering its largest growth rate, the mirror mode, in addition to the Alfvén‐cyclotron mode, can cause pitch angle diffusion of the ring protons when the ring speed becomes sufficiently large. Moreover, because the parallel phase speed, v∥ph, becomes sufficiently small relative to vr, the low‐frequency Bernstein waves can also aid the pitch angle scattering of the ring protons for large vr. Potential implications of including these two instabilities at oblique propagation on heliospheric pickup ion dynamics are discussed.
Modeling polar region atmospheric ionization induced by the giant solar storm on 20 January 2005
Authors: Mitthumsiri W. , Seripienlert A. , Tortermpun U. , Mangeard P.‐S. , Sáiz A. , Ruffolo D. , Macatangay R.
Published: August 2017

Ionization in Earth's troposphere is mainly due to Galactic cosmic rays. Occasionally, solar storms produce intense relativistic ion beams that significantly increase such ionization. One of the largest recorded solar radiation storms, on 20 January 2005, resulted in up to 55‐fold increases in the count rates of ground‐based particle detectors in polar regions. We use McMurdo and Inuvik neutron monitor data to estimate accurate time profiles of ion energy spectra above the atmosphere at each location. Using data‐driven atmospheric models, we perform Monte Carlo simulations of particle‐air interactions and calculate atmospheric ionization and potential biological dosage versus altitude and time for each location. We found that if airplane passengers had traversed the south polar region, they could have been exposed to the typical annual cosmic radiation dosage at sea level within 1 h. These techniques can help evaluate possible influences of solar activity on atmospheric properties.
Statistical analysis of MMS observations of energetic electron escape observed at/beyond the dayside magnetopause
Authors: Cohen Ian J. , Mauk Barry H. , Anderson Brian J. , Westlake Joseph H. , Sibeck David G. , Turner Drew L. , Fennell Joseph F. , Blake J. Bern , Jaynes Allison N. , Leonard Trevor W. , Baker Daniel N. , Spence Harlan E. , Reeves Geoff D. , Giles Barbara J. , Strangeway Robert J. , Torbert Roy B. , Burch James L.
Published: August 2017

Observations from the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) instrument suite aboard the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft show that energetic (greater than tens of keV) magnetospheric particle escape into the magnetosheath occurs commonly across the dayside. This includes the surprisingly frequent observation of magnetospheric electrons in the duskside magnetosheath, an unexpected result given assumptions regarding magnetic drift shadowing. The 238 events identified in the 40 keV electron energy channel during the first MMS dayside season that exhibit strongly anisotropic pitch angle distributions indicating monohemispheric field‐aligned streaming away from the magnetopause. A review of the extremely rich literature of energetic electron observations beyond the magnetopause is provided to place these new observations into historical context. Despite the extensive history of such research, these new observations provide a more comprehensive data set that includes unprecedented magnetic local time (MLT) coverage of the dayside equatorial magnetopause/magnetosheath. These data clearly highlight the common escape of energetic electrons along magnetic field lines concluded to have been reconnected across the magnetopause. While these streaming escape events agree with prior studies which show strong correlation with geomagnetic activity (suggesting a magnetotail source) and occur most frequently during periods of southward IMF, the high number of duskside events is unexpected and previously unobserved. Although the lowest electron energy channel was the focus of this study, the events reported here exhibit pitch angle anisotropies indicative of streaming up to 200 keV, which could represent the magnetopause loss of >1 MeV electrons from the outer radiation belt.
Validation of single spacecraft methods for collisionless shock velocity estimation
Authors: Giagkiozis Stefanos , Walker Simon N. , Pope Simon A. , Collinson Glyn
Published: August 2017

The velocity of a collisionless shock (CS) is an important parameter in the determination of the spatial scales of the shock. The spatial scales of the shock determine the processes that guide the energy dissipation, which is related to the nature of the shock. During the pre‐ISEE era, estimations of relative shock‐spacecraft velocity (VSh) were based on spatial scales of the shock front regions, in particularly the foot. Multispacecraft missions allow more reliable identification of VSh. The main objective of this study is to examine the accuracy of two single spacecraft methods, which use the foot region of quasi‐perpendicular shocks in order determine VSh. This is important for observational shock studies based on a single spacecraft data such as Venus Express (VEX) and THOR, a proposed single spacecraft mission of European Space Agency. It is shown that neither method provides estimates with an accuracy comparable to multipoint measurements of VSh. In the absence of alternative techniques to identify the VSh and therefore the spatial scales of the shocks, the methods can be used to provided order of magnitude estimations for the spatial scales of the shock front. Observations of the Venusian bow shock from VEX data have been used as an illustrative example for the application of these methods to estimate the shock spatial scale and the corresponding errors of this estimation. It is shown that the spatial width of the ramp of the observed shock is L ∼ 3.4 ± 1.4c/ωpe.
Wavelet spectra within a forest subcanopy under different wind directions and stabilities
Authors: Russell Eric S. , Liu Heping , Lamb Brian
Published: August 2017

Vertical structure of turbulence within a forest canopy is complex as a result of interactions between the flow dynamics, stability, and vegetation. It remains unclear as to how the combination of the changing stability, flow conditions, and upstream obstacles alters vertical variations in turbulence structures within canopy. Here we used data from three sonic anemometers within the forest canopy to study the interplay between these factors. The turbulence structure depended upon the wind direction and stability similarly as particular stability conditions were primarily associated with certain wind directions over the sloped terrain. The general shape of the spectra varied with the depth into the canopy, creating a perceived spectral gap near the surface that was not observed near the top of the canopy. The strength of the division between smaller scales and larger scales increased under more stable conditions as the different layers were unable to couple, limiting the passage of energy through the canopy.
Cosmic rays, aerosols, clouds, and climate: Recent findings from the CLOUD experiment
Authors: Pierce J. R.
Published: August 2017

The Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment was created to systematically test the link between galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and climate, specifically, the connection of ions from GCR to aerosol nucleation and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), the particles on which cloud droplets form. The CLOUD experiment subsequently unlocked many of the mysteries of nucleation and growth in our atmosphere, and it has improved our understanding of human influences on climate. Their most recent publication (Gordon et al. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026844) provides their first estimate of the GCR‐CCN connection, and they show that CCN respond too weakly to changes in GCR to yield a significant influence on clouds and climate.
A physically based rain attenuation model for terrestrial links
Authors: Ghiani R. , Luini L. , Fanti A.
Published: August 2017

This contribution presents a novel physically based approach to modeling the rain attenuation affecting terrestrial links. The model is devised by investigating the path reduction factor (PF) on terrestrial links, a typical element of rain attenuation prediction models introduced to take into due account the spatial inhomogeneity of rainfall. To this aim, a large number of PF values are analyzed by simulating the interaction of a hypothetical terrestrial link with a set of realistic synthetic rain fields. The dependence of PF on different parameters such as the path length, the operational frequency, and the rain rate measured at the transmitter is addressed, and the results are exploited to devise analytical expressions aiming to provide an accurate yet simple approach to predicting rain attenuation on terrestrial links. Finally, the prediction accuracy of the proposed method is discussed (and compared to the one of other two models) by considering experimental data collected worldwide.
Big Tent Criteria for Qualitative Quality
Authors: Tracy Sarah J. , Hinrichs Margaret M.
Published: August 2017

Engaging in qualitative research methods requires an inherently unique set of quality considerations compared to scientific, quantitative approaches. Rather than scientific notions of reliability, consistency, generalizability and objectivity, qualitative work should be assessed on the worthiness of its topic, rich rigor in data collection and analysis, sincerity on the part of the researcher, credibility of the resulting claims, the significance of its contribution to existing literature, the resonance of its findings, and its ethical execution. These markers of quality can be achieved through a variety of practices depending on a paradigmatic approach.
Cultural Studies
Authors: Rodman Gilbert B.
Published: August 2017

This entry explains that cultural studies is, by design, too diverse and heterogeneous a project to be reduced to a single methodology. It goes on to offer a brief definition of project, and to describe four of its major characteristics: (i) its leftist politics, (ii) its radical contextualism, (iii) its radical interdisciplinarity, and (iv) its focus on articulations. It concludes by suggesting that the best way to learn how to do cultural studies is to immerse oneself in two strands of literature: (i) the sizable meta‐discourse about the general shape and state of cultural studies as a project, and (ii) the broad range of research books that are examples of cultural studies “in action.”
Technical note: No increase in effective dose from half compared to full rotation pelvis cone beam CT
Authors: Hauri Pascal , Hälg Roger A. , Schneider Uwe
Published: August 2017

Purpose

To image the abdomen of a patient with a gantry mounted imaging system of a linear accelerator, different cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) protocols are available. The whole‐body dose of a full rotation abdomen CBCT and a half rotation CBCT was compared. In our clinic, both CBCT protocols are used in daily routine work.

Methods

With an adult anthropomorphic Alderson phantom, the whole‐body dose per CBCT scan was measured with thermoluminescence dosimeters. The half rotation CBCT was applied such that the gantry mounted X‐ray source rotated around the right side of the phantom. The 183 measurement locations covered all ICRP recommended critical organs (except the gonads). The effective dose was calculated with the mean organ dose and the corresponding tissue weighting factors. A point‐by‐point dose comparison of both protocols was conducted.

Results

The effective dose was 5.4 mSv ±5% and 5.0 mSv ±5% (estimated type B 1σ) for the full and the half rotation CBCT respectively. There was no significant difference (α = 0.05) in the effective dose within the precision of the measurement (1σ = 5%). The half rotation CBCT displayed an inhomogeneous dose distribution in a transversal phantom slice in contrast with the full rotation CBCT. In the imaging region, the mean dose was (20.5 ± 3.4) mGy and (19.2 ± 7.4) mGy (measured type A 1σ) for the full and the half rotation CBCT respectively.

Conclusion

The half compared to the full rotation CBCT displays a smaller field‐of‐view in a transversal slice and no significant difference in the effective dose. Hence, the full rotation CBCT is favorable compared to the half rotation CBCT. However, by using the half rotation protocol, critical volumes in the patient can be spared compared to the full rotation protocol.
ROCs in Eyewitness Identification: Instructions versus Confidence Ratings
Authors: Mickes Laura , Seale‐Carlisle Travis M. , Wetmore Stacy A. , Gronlund Scott D. , Clark Steven E. , Carlson Curt A. , Goodsell Charles A. , Weatherford Dawn , Wixted John T.
Published: August 2017

From the perspective of signal detection theory, different lineup instructions may induce different levels of response bias. If so, then collecting correct and false identification rates across different instructional conditions will trace out the receiver operating characteristic (ROC)—the same ROC that, theoretically, could also be traced out from a single instruction condition in which each eyewitness decision is accompanied by a confidence rating. We tested whether the two approaches do in fact yield the same ROC. Participants were assigned to a confidence rating condition or to an instructional biasing condition (liberal, neutral, unbiased, or conservative). After watching a video of a mock crime, participants were presented with instructions followed by a six‐person simultaneous photo lineup. The ROCs from both methods were similar, but they were not exactly the same. These findings have potentially important policy implications for how the legal system should go about controlling eyewitness response bias.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strengthening Nickel by In Situ Graphene Synthesis
Authors: Zhang Kaihao , Poss Matthew , Chen Ping‐Ju , Tawfick Sameh
Published: August 2017

Owing to the superior strength and atomic thickness of graphene, it can in theory reinforce metals beyond the usual rule of mixtures bounds by constraining dislocations motion and strain localization at the grain boundaries. This unusual enhancement relies on the graphene's ability to conform to and wrap metal grains. This study experimentally probes the limits of this behavior and investigates the role of interface in designing superior graphene composites. Free‐standing nickel–multilayer graphene (Ni–MLG) nanomembranes are fabricated by in situ chemical vapor deposition. Using nanoindentation, elastic modulus (285.16 GPa), maximum stress (2.35 GPa), and toughness (1407.26 Jm−2) are measured, and these values exceed the rule of mixtures bounds. The multi‐frequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to spatially map the elastic properties and topography of the MLG on Ni grain boundaries. This emerging characterization reveals that effective reinforcement is achieved when graphene conforms and bridges the grain texture. Nanoindentation and AFM confirm that these mechanisms are ineffective in non‐conformally attached Ni–MLG composites, which exhibit significantly weaker mechanical behavior. These results guide the design of effective graphene composites by highlighting the importance of nanoscale roughness and interfaces, and clearly demonstrate the superiority of composite processing routes based on in situ graphene synthesis.
Self‐Healing Silk Fibroin‐Based Hydrogel for Bone Regeneration: Dynamic Metal‐Ligand Self‐Assembly Approach
Authors: Shi Liyang , Wang Fanlu , Zhu Wei , Xu Zongpu , Fuchs Sabine , Hilborn Jöns , Zhu Liangjun , Ma Qi , Wang Yingjie , Weng Xisheng , Ossipov Dmitri A.
Published: August 2017

Despite advances in the development of silk fibroin (SF)‐based hydrogels, current methods for SF gelation show significant limitations such as lack of reversible crosslinking, use of nonphysiological conditions, and difficulties in controlling gelation time. In the present study, a strategy based on dynamic metal‐ligand coordination chemistry is developed to assemble SF‐based hydrogel under physiological conditions between SF microfibers (mSF) and a polysaccharide binder. The presented SF‐based hydrogel exhibits shear‐thinning and autonomous self‐healing properties, thereby enabling the filling of irregularly shaped tissue defects without gel fragmentation. A biomineralization approach is used to generate calcium phosphate‐coated mSF, which is chelated by bisphosphonate ligands of the binder to form reversible crosslinkages. Robust dually crosslinked (DC) hydrogel is obtained through photopolymerization of acrylamide groups of the binder. DC SF‐based hydrogel supports stem cell proliferation in vitro and accelerates bone regeneration in cranial critical size defects without any additional morphogenes delivered. The developed self‐healing and photopolymerizable SF‐based hydrogel possesses significant potential for bone regeneration application with the advantages of injectability and fit‐to‐shape molding.
Nanostructured Materials for Neural Electrical Interfaces
Authors: Fairfield Jessamyn A.
Published: August 2017

Neural electrical interfaces that accurately detect signals from active neurons with minimal signal loss or biological damage are critical to advancing our understanding of neurophysiology and neural coding. Significant physics and engineering issues exist in creating low‐impedance interfaces that can efficiently and reliably inject charge from tissue to sensor, as well as biological issues in minimizing immune response, unwanted chemical reactions, and cell damage. The incorporation of nanostructured materials in neural electrodes provides a structural solution by matching the feature size and mechanical properties of neural tissue while improving electrical contact and charge transfer parameters. Indeed, nature contains many examples of nanoscale and layered structures, suggesting engineering approaches that can be mimicked to better interface with the brain. The potential toxicity of nanoscale objects can be controlled by selecting appropriate materials, and the nanomaterials can either be used as coatings for traditional neural electrodes or as electrode materials themselves, for incorporation into electrode arrays with multiplexed readouts as brain–machine interfaces. This review provides an overview of the scientific challenges in neural electrodes, and explores recent advances and future directions in the application of metallic, semiconducting, carbon‐based, and polymer nanomaterials to electrodes designed to interface with the brain.