bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Installation of Fiberglass Pipe on Sewer Force Main Projects
Authors: Bailey Robert J.
Published: September 2009

The stringent design criteria set for large diameter sewer force mains encompass many factors. These mains must resist external loading from backfill and live loads prior to the line being pressurized. Once pressurized, the pipe must withstand the combined effects of both the internal pressure and external loads. In addition, the pipe must be corrosion resistant to the interior flow and, in many cases, to severe external corrosive environment. If thrust blocking is not provided, the pipeline must be capable of resisting the unbalanced forces at bends, wyes, tees, etc. By meeting all of these criteria, the pipe should perform satisfactorily over the design life of the project.
Standardization in Belgium
Authors:   the IBN Staff
Published: September 2009

The “Institut Belge de Normalisation” (IBN) (Belgian Standardization Institute) took over the activity of the “Association Belge de Standardisation” (ABS) founded by private initiative in 1919. The IBN was founded on February 25, 1946.
Standardization in the USA
Authors: Burns Robert
Published: September 2009

Citizens of the United States are fully cognizant of their heritage from other countries; most look to Europe or the British Isles as the land of their forefathers. Others of us stem from Africa or the East; even the American Indian, original settlers of this continent, are said to have migrated from Asia! So we have learned not only to accept our foreign ancestry, but indeed to be proud of it. However, we have derived some satisfaction from the assumption that standardization is something quite typically American, illustrating perhaps the so-called industrial revolution that has contributed so largely to our economic development. Alas, even this morsel of national pride is denied us; the first organized meeting to discuss the subject of uniform methods of testing, which was beginning to assume considerable importance in industry, was held in Europe in 1882. There was subsequently formed an International Association for Testing Materials and in 1898 an American section was organized. After a short time, it became evident to the American members that an independent organization could best promote the important standardization and research work in this country, and in 1902 the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) was incorporated. So, our American Society, certainly one of the foremost of the world's standardizing bodies, is actually of European origin. This was most fortunate, for we inherited not only the scientific knowledge of our ancestry, but also the great cultural and ethical foundations upon which our further developments have been based.
Fundamentals of the Mechanical Properties of Plastics
Authors: Bossu B. , Chatain M. , DuBois P. , Rougeaux J.
Published: September 2009

A mechanical property is the observed manifestation of a function which expresses the relations between a strain and the stress having induced it.
Mechanical Properties of Plastics at High Speeds of Stressing: The Transition from Ductile to Brittle Behavior
Authors: Warburton Hall H.
Published: September 2009

Among the many factors influencing the mechanical behavior of plastics, the ambient temperature and humidity, the size and geometry of the test specimen, and molding conditions have received detailed examination. However, despite appreciation of its possible importance, the influence of the speed of mechanical stressing on mechanical behavior has not received such extensive study for various reasons. These include the high cost of testing machines and their complexity, occasioned by the need to maintain a constant straining speed throughout the duration of a test and the wide range of straining speeds required, including very high speeds.
An Improved Flow Tester for Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Molding Compounds
Authors: von Meysenbug C. M.
Published: September 2009

All plastics while being molded undergo a conversion in which they become viscous. This is a reversible conversion with the thermoplastic compounds, whereas the thermosetting compounds pass through the B stage (Resitol condition). Molding technique, therefore, is dependent primarily on adequate information about the viscous or flow properties, and useful data have become available in recent years. Several methods have been used in producing these data, among them measurement of the viscosity itself, or determination of the time necessary for molding under a specified pressure. These methods do not give a representative picture; with only a single viscosity measurement they cannot show what really happens during flow under molding.
Transition Phenomena in the Study of Impact Strength of Plastics
Authors: Juillard Michel
Published: September 2009

The methods of test for determining the impact strength of plastics show a very high dispersion when testing identical specimens in the same apparatus under similar conditions of temperature. Also, there is divergence in the manner of reporting results in different countries.
The Accurate Determination of Molecular Weights of Macromolecules
Authors: McIntyre Donald
Published: September 2009

For the past two years work has been in progress at the National Bureau of Standards to determine accurately the molecular weights of macromolecules through the measurement of dilute solution properties. This may at first seem like an easy task, although those acquainted with the details of the necessary measurements and their interpretation know that it is not (1).2 Difficulties are caused by the problems that usually arise when measurements are made on an absolute basis rather than on a relative basis, and from complexities of macromolecular interactions, even in very dilute solutions. Molecular weight determinations, however, are not the only physicochemical measurements on high polymeric materials that give difficulties; density measurements also demand considerably more care and patience than do similar measurements on low molecular weight compounds. Precise measurements of densities have revealed anomalies, the resolution of which has led to a much better understanding of the molecular properties of crystallinity and viscoelasticity of high polymeric materials. Likewise, improved precision in measurements of solution properties has given us much additional information on properties such as size and shape of the molecules, and distribution of molecular weights.
Environmental Factors in Soil Compaction
Authors: Burmister Donald M.
Published: September 2009

The fundamental principles and practices of soil compaction are presented. The possibilities of improving existing standard test procedures for compaction of soils are explored for the purposes of increasing the reliability and adequacy of test criteria for field control of compaction. Certain concepts and principles are considered to be fundamental for understanding and evaluating compaction phenomena and for making reliable and effective applications of compaction test data. The importance and controlling influence of environmental conditions is now becoming recognized. The major problems are to make compaction test data and the field control criteria derived therefrom more reliable, adequate, and effective. This requires making these criteria fully representative of existing field environmental and construction conditions that govern in each situation. These problems are treated and evaluated in some detail.
Ultimate Densities and Strength Considerations of Base and Subgrade Soils
Authors: Winnitoy W. E.
Published: September 2009

Because some thin, bituminous surfacings in Saskatchewan exhibited satisfactory performance, the Saskatchewan Department of Highways decided three years ago to conduct a study to determine the reasons for such performance. It was felt that such knowledge would contribute much toward a rational approach to the design of pavements.

Factors related to environment and traffic, and which influence the ultimate density of base and subgrade soils, are enumerated and their effects on density are described.

The relationship of pavement thickness to ultimate density of granular and fine-grained, plastic, subgrade soils tested to depth of 6 in. immediately beneath the pavements is shown.

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) strength values of granular soils compacted to different densities are compared. In the case of plastic soils, it is assumed that densities and strengths are equivalent and are discussed and compared on that basis.

Relationship of density of a subgrade soil with depth for an unpaved, gravel maintained road is also shown.
Development of Pavement Smoothness Index Relationship
Authors: Chen Jian-Shiuh , Huang Chien-Chung
Published: September 2009

In its pursuit for providing smooth pavements, the Directorate General of Highways in Taiwan is developing and implementing ride quality specification as part of the construction assurance program. The straightedge and the profiler were used to measure pavement smoothness on 561 test sections. Probability distribution analysis showed that measurements of pavement smoothness of both devices follow the normal distribution. Smoothness specifications for construction quality control were developed for straightedge and profiler, respectively. The full-pay range is 1.36 to 2.45 mm and 2.16 to 3.65 m/km for straightedge and profiler, respectively. The smoothness relationship between straightedge and profiler was developed.
Modelling the Redistribution of Residual Stresses at Elevated Temperature in Components
Authors: Lee Hyeong-Yeon , Nikbin Kamran M.
Published: September 2009

In this study the effects of high temperature relaxation on the residual stresses has been examined for T-plate and tubular T-joint geometries by numerical analysis using elasto-plastic-creep finite element modelling. It is shown that residual stresses are important, especially at the early stages of lifetime before the residual stresses relax rapidly. A sensitivity analysis was carried out by varying the creep properties and geometric constraint under plane stress and plane strain conditions. A comprehensive residual stress profile derived from measured residual stresses of a range of steels and different geometries that have been welded, cold bent, repair welded, or overloaded, was used as a ‘Master curve’ of the residual stresses. In all cases compared, it has been shown that the transverse measured residual stresses were tensile at the surface The stress intensity factor (SIF) estimates using the master curve profile for the T-Plate, and tubular T-joint geometries are lower compared to current case specific residual stress profiles used in R6 and BS7910 procedures but is still sufficiently conservative when compared with experimental measured residual stress data. It has also been shown that the numerically calculated residual stresses induced by overload in this study compare well at the surface with the master curve but decrease more rapidly with respect to crack depth compared to experimental values. Furthermore, by considering creep stress relaxation rates from the present FE calculations, it is shown that the peak surface residual stresses drop rapidly to about 50 % at the relatively short duration of the first 1000 h. The SIF values of the predicted residual stresses are found to be lower than the experimentally measured data, and they are also found to be insensitive to stress relaxation in the through depth of the T-plate and tubular T-joint geometries. It was shown that the master curve gives an overall conservative SIF, though reduced, for the weld residual stresses as well as for residual stresses derived from overload. Furthermore, where redistribution of the residual stresses is concerned, it is shown that present profiles may all be unduly conservative in their SIF estimations.
Analysis of Creep Crack Initiation and Growth in Different Geometries for 316H and Carbon Manganese Steels
Authors: Davies C. M. , Mueller F. , Nikbin K. M. , O'Dowd N. P. , Webster G. A.
Published: September 2009

Results obtained from a European collaborative project aimed at producing a draft code of practice for creep crack growth testing are presented. The tests were performed on an Austenitic Type 316H Stainless Steel at 550°C and a carbon manganese steel at 400°C. A range of specimen test geometries has been examined. These are the single edge notched specimen in tension and bending, the double edge notched specimen in tension, the middle cracked specimen in tension, and the C-shaped specimen in tension. The results obtained are compared to those obtained using the standard compact tension specimen following the ASTM Standard Test Method for Measurement of Creep Crack Growth Rates in Metals (E 1457). Creep crack creep growth rates and initiation times have been correlated with the fracture mechanics parameter C*. The applicability of the stress intensity factor K to describe the creep cracking behavior is also assessed. Recommendations are made to support the use of different geometries in creep crack growth and/or creep crack initiation testing.
The Effect of Large Strain Cycling on the Fatigue Strength of Welded Joint
Authors: Okuya Kazuhiko , Kondo Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2009

Earthquakes sometimes create damages to steel structures. The structures which have not been seriously damaged are still used after an earthquake. The fatigue strength of these structures, however, might have been decreased due to the cyclic loads during an earthquake. In order to clarify the effect of seismic loading on the fatigue strength of the welded joint of a steel structure, a high cycle fatigue test of welded joint after large straining was performed. Although a large residual tensile stress induced by plastic deformation caused little effect on the fatigue limit even in gross plasticity condition, the cyclic application of large strain substantially decreased the fatigue limit. An application of large straining for a small number of cycles initiated a short crack at the weld toe in the low cycle fatigue manner, which acted as a trigger for high cycle fatigue failure after seismic loading. The reduction of fatigue limit depended on the size of the crack. The linear elastic fracture mechanics was used to evaluate the fatigue strength of welded joint. Although the short crack was initiated by cyclic application of plastic straining and the crack was in gross plasticity, the ΔKth of the small crack determined the fatigue limit of small-cracked welded joint after seismic loading.
Surface Roughness, Quasi-Static Fracture, and Cyclic Fatigue Effects on GFRP- and CFRP-Concrete Bonded Interfaces
Authors: Lawrence Timothy O. , Boyajian David M.
Published: September 2009

The recently developed experimental fracture approach known as the Single Contoured-Cantilever Beam (SCCB) was used to characterize the interface bonds between concrete substrates and two varieties of FRP: glass and carbon (abbreviated GFRP and CFRP, respectively). Limited research has been performed concerning the FRP-concrete interface bond relative to three surface-roughness grades: low- (<10 μm), moderate- (≈ 10–50 μm), and high- (>50 μm), to establish the optimal formation for bonding. By use of the SCCB approach, Mode I critical strain energy release rate results are measured and quantified. Finally, considering that a majority of externally strengthened FRP concrete structures involves bridges and girders that are subjected to repeated (as opposed to static) loads, a preliminary study is conducted on cyclically fatigued FRP-concrete interfaces under varying load-ratio and frequency effects.
Finite Element Simulation of Dynamic Crack Propagation for Complex Geometries without Remeshing
Authors: Biglari Farid Reza , Rezaeinasab Alireza , Nikbin Kamran , Sattarifar Iradj
Published: September 2009

Simulation of the crack growth for complex geometries is presented in this paper. Determination of the crack propagation direction under mixed mode conditions is one of the most important parameters in fracture mechanics. There are several criteria that have been developed to predict crack growth and its direction using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), many of which have recently been incorporated into finite element codes. These criteria are commonly adopted in the prediction of crack propagation in simple geometries and in straight crack paths. In more complex geometries, a more accurate determination of the crack propagation path, using remeshing methods can be employed. However, the remeshing technique usually suffers from the loss of strain energy density that can occur at the tip of the crack during the interpolation of field solutions. In this research work, the crack growth simulation is presented which allows for crack path deviation without the use of remeshing of the model. This method deals with a nonstraight crack growth path, is based on a node releasing technique and appropriate fracture criteria. The maximum principal stress and maximum strain energy release rate criteria is used in this paper exclusively. The results of simulation have been compared with experimental results as well as with numerical works of others that have been found in the recently published literature.
Compilation of Chemical Compositions and Rupture Strengths of Super-Strength Alloys
Authors: Simmons Ward F. , Metzger M. C.
Published: September 2009

This compilation was originally prepared for Subcommittee XII on Specifications for High-Temperature, Super-Strength Alloys, ASTM Committee A-10, to assist the subcommittee in its efforts to write specifications for high-temperature super-strength alloys. Since its original publication, the activities of the subcommittee have been broadened to include ferritic (martensitic) super-strength alloys, and alloys of this type have been included in this revision. The definition of “super-strength alloy” as approved by Subcommittee XII is as follows: “The super alloys are heat-resistant materials having superior strengths at high temperature. They generally may be divided into two classes: ferritic (martensitic) and austenitic (used in its broad sense to include such materials as Ni- and Co-base alloys). The distinguishing characteristic of these two classes is marked superiority of these alloys over the AISI 300 series alloys under the service conditions for which these alloys are intended. This superiority is exhibited at or above 800 F for the ferritic (martensitic) class, and at or above 1100 F for the austenitic class. These alloys generally contain Fe, Ni, Co, or Cr, singly or in combination as the basis of their composition, but they invariably contain one or more additions of elements such as Mo, W, Cb, Ti and Al for the express purpose of effecting strengthening. The strength properties of these alloys are generally dependent on special processing and/or heat treatment.” A task group of Subcommittee XII was charged with the responsibility of compiling “a list of all super-strength alloys known to, or used by, the various industries, giving chemical composition and available properties.” Therefore, this compilation includes all known alloys, not just production alloys. Alloys known to be no longer in commercial production, and experimented alloys, are so indicated. Because echanical properties mean little without the details of processing and heat treatment, only the 100- and 1000-hr rupture strengths have been given, and these only to give an indication of the relative high-temperature strengths of the various alloys. Since most of the alloys listed are of a proprietary nature, the probable patentee has been listed. In most cases, the patentee is also the alloy producer, although some alloys are not manufactured by the patentee and some alloys are manufactured by more than one producer. The data tabulated in this compilation have been gathered from all possible sources. The chemical compositions given for most of the current alloys are based on the mid-point of the specification range. For the alloys not currently produced, the composition given is usually that of a single heat. The compositions listed should be considered as approximate and are indicated in the table as nominal chemical compositions, per cent. In some instances composition ranges are given.
Development and Installation of Piezometers for the Measurement of Pore-Fluid Pressures in Earth Dams
Authors: Daehn W. W.
Published: September 2009

This paper presents a history of the pore-pressure measuring apparatus developed and used by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. The installation of test apparatus involves many innovations that have been developed over the years, and the methods for such installation continue to be improved with each project. Since the basic details of the methods for installation of the various types of earth dam tests apparatus are reported elsewhere, the emphasis in this presentation is on the development of the piezometer apparatus.
Multisensory Congruency as a Mechanism for Attentional Control over Perceptual Selection
Authors: van Ee Raymond , van Boxtel Jeroen J. A. , Parker Amanda L. , Alais David
Published: September 2009

The neural mechanisms underlying attentional selection of competing neural signals for awareness remains an unresolved issue. We studied attentional selection, using perceptually ambiguous stimuli in a novel multisensory paradigm that combined competing auditory and competing visual stimuli. We demonstrate that the ability to select, and attentively hold, one of the competing alternatives in either sensory modality is greatly enhanced when there is a matching cross-modal stimulus. Intriguingly, this multimodal enhancement of attentional selection seems to require a conscious act of attention, as passively experiencing the multisensory stimuli did not enhance control over the stimulus. We also demonstrate that congruent auditory or tactile information, and combined auditory–tactile information, aids attentional control over competing visual stimuli and visa versa. Our data suggest a functional role for recently found neurons that combine voluntarily initiated attentional functions across sensory modalities. We argue that these units provide a mechanism for structuring multisensory inputs that are then used to selectively modulate early (unimodal) cortical processing, boosting the gain of task-relevant features for willful control over perceptual awareness.
Mapping a Barbiturate Withdrawal Locus to a 0.44 Mb Interval and Analysis of a Novel Null Mutant Identify a Role forKcnj9(GIRK3) in Withdrawal from Pentobarbital, Zolpidem, and Ethanol
Authors: Kozell Laura B. , Walter Nicole A. R. , Milner Lauren C. , Wickman Kevin , Buck Kari J.
Published: September 2009

Here, we map a quantitative trait locus (QTL) with a large effect on predisposition to barbiturate (pentobarbital) withdrawal to a 0.44 Mb interval of mouse chromosome 1 syntenic with human 1q23.2. We report a detailed analysis of the genes within this interval and show that it contains 15 known and predicted genes, 12 of which demonstrate validated genotype-dependent transcript expression and/or nonsynonymous coding sequence variation that may underlie the influence of the QTL on withdrawal. These candidates are involved in diverse cellular functions including intracellular trafficking, potassium conductance and spatial buffering, and multimolecular complex dynamics, and indicate both established and novel aspects of neurobiological response to sedative-hypnotics. This work represents a substantial advancement toward identification of the gene(s) that underlie the phenotypic effects of the QTL. We identifyKcnj9as a particularly promising candidate and report the development of aKcnj9-null mutant model that exhibits significantly less severe withdrawal from pentobarbital as well as other sedative-hypnotics (zolpidem and ethanol) versus wild-type littermates. Reduced expression ofKcnj9, which encodes GIRK3 (Kir3.3), is associated with less severe sedative-hypnotic withdrawal. A multitude of QTLs for a variety of complex traits, including diverse responses to sedative-hypnotics, have been detected on distal chromosome 1 in mice, and as many as four QTLs on human chromosome 1q have been implicated in human studies of alcohol dependence. Thus, our results will be primary to additional efforts to identify genes involved in a wide variety of behavioral responses to sedative-hypnotics and may directly facilitate progress in human genetics.
Enhanced Stat3 Activation in POMC Neurons Provokes Negative Feedback Inhibition of Leptin and InsulinSignaling in Obesity
Authors: Ernst Marianne B. , Wunderlich Claudia M. , Hess Simon , Paehler Moritz , Mesaros Andrea , Koralov Sergei B. , Kleinridders André , Husch Andreas , Münzberg Heike , Hampel Brigitte , Alber Jens , Kloppenburg Peter , Brüning Jens C. , Wunderlich F. Thomas
Published: September 2009

Leptin-stimulated Stat3 activation in proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons of the hypothalamus plays an important role in maintenance of energy homeostasis. While Stat3 activation in POMC neurons is required for POMC expression, the role of elevated basal Stat3 activation as present in the development of obesity has not been directly addressed. Here, we have generated and characterized mice expressing a constitutively active version of Stat3 (Stat3-C) in POMC neurons (Stat3-CPOMCmice). On normal chow diet, these animals develop obesity as a result of hyperphagia and decreased POMC expression accompanied by central leptin and insulin resistance. This unexpected finding coincides with POMC-cell-specific, Stat3-mediated upregulation of SOCS3 expression inhibiting both leptin and insulin signaling as insulin-stimulated PIP3(phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5 triphosphate) formation and protein kinase B (AKT) activation in POMC neurons as well as with the fact that insulin's ability to hyperpolarize POMC neurons is largely reduced in POMC cells of Stat3-CPOMCmice. These data indicate that constitutive Stat3 activation is not sufficient to promote POMC expression but requires simultaneous PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)-dependent release of FOXO1 repression. In contrast, upon exposure to a high-fat diet, food intake and body weight were unaltered in Stat3-CPOMCmice compared with control mice. Taken together, these experiments directly demonstrate that enhanced basal Stat3 activation in POMC neurons as present in control mice upon high-fat feeding contributes to the development of hypothalamic leptin and insulin resistance.
Treated hypothyroidism, cognitive function, and depressed mood in old age: the Rancho Bernardo Study
Authors: Kramer Caroline K , von Mühlen Denise , Kritz-Silverstein Donna , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth
Published: September 2009

Objective

Overt hypothyroidism is associated with cognitive impairment, which can be reversed if treated early and appropriately. We compared cognitive function (CF) of euthyroid older adults with those who had long-term treated hypothyroidism.

Methods

Between 1999 and 2003, the CF of 885 euthyroid and 149 hypothyroid-treated older adults (primary hypothyroidism after surgery or autoimmune thyroid disease) was assessed using three standardized CF tests: the modified mini-mental state examination, Trails B, and verbal fluency. Depressed mood was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Only participants with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the normal range were included.

Results

The treated hypothyroid group had been treated with l-thyroxine for an average of 20 years. Those with treated hypothyroidism were older than the euthyroid group (76.1±9.6 vs 73.6±10.2 years, P=0.005) and were much more often women (81.6 vs 54.8%, P<0.001). TSH levels were similar between groups (median interquartile range=1.57 (1.19) vs 1.54 (1.59) mIU/l, P=0.81). Compared to euthyroid, the treated hypothyroidism group had more frequent antidepressant medication use (19.5 vs 8.5%, P<0.001) but similar BDI scores. Performance on the three CF tests did not differ by thyroid hormone treatment. Results were not changed after adjustment for age, sex, antidepressant medication use, exercise, and total cholesterol.

Conclusion

Long-term treated hypothyroidism is not associated with impaired CF or depressed mood in old age. The lack of association with CF is reassuring with regard to long-term use of thyroid hormone therapy.
Prolactin regulation of testosterone secretion and testes growth in DLS rams at the onset of seasonal testicular recrudescence
Authors: Sanford L M , Baker S J
Published: September 2009

Our objective was to test the hypothesis that prolactin (PRL) acts at both the pituitary and testis levels to regulate testosterone secretion in the adult ram. The focus was on the mid-regression to mid-redevelopment stages of a photoperiod-condensed ‘seasonal’ testicular cycle. DLS rams (six per group) were given daily s.c. injections of bromocriptine (4 mg) or vehicle during the entire period. Serum PRL concentration in control rams peaked at 103.4±22.1 ng/ml in late regression and then steadily declined (P<0.01) to 19.5±4.3 ng/ml, whereas PRL in treated rams was always ≤4.0 ng/ml. Suppression of PRL tended (P<0.10) to increase the amplitude of natural LH pulses (transition stages) or reduce the number of LH receptors in the testis (regressed stage), although neither change disturbed testosterone levels in peripheral blood. These subtle changes were accompanied by significant (P<0.05) alterations in the capability of the pituitary to release LH (85% more) and of the testes to secrete testosterone (20% less). These effects of PRL were unmasked when rams were given highly stimulative i.v. injections of GNRH (single 3 μg dose) and NIH-oLH-S24 (three 5 μg doses given 20 min apart) respectively. PRL insufficiency also appeared to slow down the ‘seasonal’ rise in FSH secretion and slightly delayed (2 weeks) the times when the testes began to grow and were first significantly (P<0.05) enlarged from the regressed state. We conclude that PRL is an important part of the intricate regulation of the pituitary–gonadal system in moderately seasonal DLS rams.
Dysregulation of secretion of CXC α-chemokine CXCL10 in papillary thyroid cancer: modulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists
Authors: Antonelli Alessandro , Ferrari Silvia Martina , Fallahi Poupak , Frascerra Silvia , Piaggi Simona , Gelmini Stefania , Lupi Cristiana , Minuto Michele , Berti Piero , Benvenga Salvatore , Basolo Fulvio , Orlando Claudio , Miccoli Paolo
Published: September 2009

In papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), oncogenes activate a transcriptional program including the upregulation of CXCL10 chemokine, which stimulates proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) activators thiazolidinediones (TZDs) modulate CXCL10 secretion in normal thyroid follicular cells (TFC), and inhibit PTC growth. Until now, no study has evaluated the effect of cytokines on CXCL10 secretion in PTCs, nor the effect of PPARγ activation. The combined effects of interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) stimulation on CXCL10 secretion in primary cells from PTCs and TFC were tested. Furthermore, the effect of PPARγ activation by TZDs, on CXCL10 secretion and proliferation in these cell types was studied. In primary cultures of TFC and PTCs CXCL10 production was absent under basal conditions; a similar dose-dependent secretion of CXCL10 was induced by IFNγ in both cell types. TNFα alone induced a slight but significant CXCL10 secretion only in PTCs. The stimulation with IFNγ+TNFα induced a synergistic CXCL10 release in both cell types; however, a secretion more than ten times higher was induced in PTCs. Treatment of TFC with TZDs dose-dependently suppressed IFNγ+TNFα-induced CXCL10 release, while TZDs stimulated CXCL10 secretion in PTCs. A significant antiproliferative effect by TZDs was observed only in PTCs. In conclusion, a dysregulation of CXCL10 secretion has been shown in PTCs. In fact, a CXCL10 secretion more than ten times higher has been induced by IFNγ+TNFα in PTCs with respect to TFC. Moreover, TZDs inhibited CXCL10 secretion in TFC and stimulated it in PTCs. The effect of TZDs on CXCL10 was unrelated to the significant antiproliferative effect in PTCs.
GDP Fetishism
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E.
Published: September 2009

It is more important now than ever to come to grips with the limitations of GDP as a measure of well-being, according to Joseph Stiglitz of Columbia University.
Algorithm for the Analysis of Tryptophan Fluorescence Spectra and Their Correlation with Protein Structural Parameters
Authors: Hixon John , Reshetnyak Yana  K.
Published: September 2009

The fluorescence properties of tryptophan residues are sensitive to the microenvironment of fluorophores in proteins. Therefore, fluorescence characteristics are widely used to study structural transitions in proteins. However, the decoding of the structural information from spectroscopic data is challenging. Here we present a review of approaches developed for the decomposition of multi-component protein tryptophan fluorescence spectra and correlation of these spectral parameters with protein structural properties.
Research at Kota Cina, a Sung-Yüan period trading site in East Sumatra
Authors: McKinnon E. Edwards
Published: September 2009

II. E. McKinnon sums up the results of excavations and field-research during four years on the site of Kota Cina, East Sumatra. The abundance of discovered archaeological remains : two stattues of Buddha from the XI-XIIth centuries, many Chinese coins and a great deal of Chinese wares (which are particularly taken in account) let conclude that an important trading center was established at the Xllth century in Kota Cina and that this site, where there is evidence of Indian, Arab and Chinese influences, lasted until the XlVth century.
A Malay Letter to Louis XV, King of France
Authors: Kratz E.U.
Published: September 2009

E.U. Kratz menyampaikan di sini dan memberi penjelasan sebuah surat dari Sultan Johor Abdul Jalil Riayat Syah kepada raja Louis XV. Surat yang ditulis dalam bahasa Melayu itu disimpan dalam Perpustakaan Nasional di Paris bersama dengan terjemahannya secara bebas dalam bahasa Perancis moderen. Sebuah ceritera dari seorang pedagang Scotland Alexander Hamilton dapat menempatkan kembali surat tersebut dalam sejarah : surat tersebut disampaikan pada tahun 1719 oleh Sultan Johor kepada kapten kapal Perancis Villaumont Gardin, di Trengganu •di mana Sultan tersebut mengungsi. Beliau meminta kepada raja Perancis akan senjata dan bahan peledak, akan tetapi rupanya hal tersebut tidak ada kelanjutannya.
Differing Responses to an Ahmadi Translation and Exegesis. The Holy Qur'ân in Egypt and Indonesia
Authors: Nur Ichwan Moch
Published: September 2009

Nur Ichwan

Cet article analyse la controverse suscitée dans les années 1920 par la publication d'une traduction et exégèse du Coran en anglais. En Indonésie et au Caire, les arguments avancés concernaient les positions supposées hérétiques de l'auteur de cette traduction, le leader de la confrérie Ahmadiyya, Muhammad Ali, ainsi que le principe même de traductibilité du Livre révélé. L'auteur explore le débat par référence au contexte indonésien, où le leader nationaliste Tjokroaminoto préparait une version indonésienne de l'ouvrage de Muhammad Ali, et à celui du Caire, où l'opposition au mouvement Ahmadiyyah était exprimée avec force par le leader réformiste Rashid Rida. De cette manière sont mis en valeur à la fois les liens qui reliaient deux régions éloignées du monde islamique et leurs dissentions par rapport au texte même qui les unissait en tant que croyants.
Markets of Faith : Jakartan Da'wa and Islamic Gentrification
Authors: Abaza Mona
Published: September 2009

Mona Abaza

Depuis les événements du 1 1 Septembre, les médias concentrent leur attention sur la communauté arabe indonésienne, du fait que Bin Laden est d'origine Hadrami. La communauté arabe doit faire face à des généralisations, des clichés et des pressions, parce que bon nombre de dirigeants de groupes islamistes militants vantent leurs origines arabes. Ceci incite à une méfiance pour tout ce qui est de provenance ou de culture arabe. Pourtant, il est important de noter que les travaux anthropologiques et sociologiques sur la communauté arabe dans l'Archipel insulindien souffrent jusqu'à nos jours d'une importante lacune. Cet article retrace l'histoire d'une famille de prédicateurs d'origine arabe, dont le grand-père, désigné comme étant un wali (saint) et fondateur du Majlis Ta'lim de Kwitang, fut le protecteur symbolique de la ville de Jakarta. En retraçant les trois générations de ce majlis, cet article tente de suivre les réseaux religieux qui démontrent l'émergence d'un nouveau style de prêcheurs, très populaires parmi les milieux aisés de Jakarta. Les biographies et conversions de femmes fournissent des trajectoires intéressantes sur le rôle des médias et des «salons» islamiques dans les pratiques sociales et religieuses contemporaines.
La présence iranienne autour de l'océan Indien au XVIe siècle d'après les sources portugaises de l'époque
Authors: Thomaz Luis Filipe F. R.
Published: September 2009

Luis Filipe Thomaz

This article first sums up Portuguese terminology in naming ancient and modern Persians and Parsees, as well as the knowledge of the Portuguese, at the end of the fifteenth century, about the populations of Asia and about Islam. Then it reviews the presence of Persians on the shores of the Indian Ocean during the sixteenth century according to contemporary Portuguese sources. These sources are numerous and the geographical area taken into consideration, from East Africa to Southeast Asia, is immense, so that this extremely detailed panorama regards hundreds of places and people. Persians are ubiquitous; their role is important not only in commerce but also in politics, administration and military matters, and their linguistic and cultural influence is considerable. Portuguese documents for that period do not overturn our understanding of the topic, but they complement Persian sources in many ways and supply many new data and details about characters and events poorly documented.
L'histoire et l'art des églises du lac Ṭana
Authors: Bosc-Tiessé Claire
Published: September 2009

Résumé: L'auteur propose un inventaire systématique de vingt églises du lac Tana, en détaillant leurs traditions d'origine, les éléments marquants de leur architecture, les peintures, manuscrits et objets religieux qu'elles renferment. Cet article décrit leur situation actuelle en tenant compte des recherches et inventaires précédents et met l'accent sur les sites et objets les plus mal connus.
Le coup d'État du 26 septembre 1916 ou le dénouement d'une décennie de crise
Authors: Abebe Berhanou
Published: September 2009

Résumé : En octobre 1916, est imprimé à Dire Dawa, en amharique et en français, un opuscule intitulé : Document relatifs au coup d'État d'Addis Abeba du 27 septembre 1916. S'appuyant sur ce témoignage historique négligé par les historiens, cet article replace le coup d'État de 1916, qui conduit à la déposition de Iyassou; dans son environnement politique et diplomatique à l'échelle régionale et internationale.
L'apologia di Alexidamos "L'avventura del cavaliere"
Authors: Montepaone Claudia
Published: September 2009

L'apologia di Alexidamos : « l'avventura del cavaliere » (pp. 219-235)

L'ode de Bacchylide 11 (10) veut célébrer l'athlète Alexidamos de Métaponte, Artémis métapontine, la colonisation de cette ville par les Achéens. Le mythe associé, celui de Proitos et des Proitides, ne doit pas être sans relations significatives aussi, avec les autres termes du discours. On pourrait lire l'ode sous le signe de la polarité : juste direction/fausse direction. Ce modèle, très clair à propos du temps de l'histoire (défaite à Olympie du παιςAlexidamos/sa victoire à Delphes, grâce à Artémis), revient à propos du temps du mythe (refus d'Héra et donc du mariage de la part des Proitides/exil du cadet Proitos), où encore Artémis est dominante et favorable. L'opposition Artémis-Héra (espace marginal-dynamique/espace central-statique), que l'ode nous permet de relier à Métaponte, suggère l'hypothèse que le mythe de la στάσις entre Acrisios et Proitos, qui oblige le cadet Proitos à quitter Argos et à fonder Tirynthe, de même que le vagabondage des παρθένοι folles, ce mythe traduit à Métaponte, sous le signe d'Artémis, la montée de la nouvelle aristocratie, c'est-à-dire du γένος auquel appartient Alexidamos.
Genre and generation in the Odyssey
Authors: M. Slatkin Laura
Published: September 2009

Genre et génération dans l'Odyssée (pp. 259-268)

La séparation entre genres poétiques différents dans la poésie grecque archaïque — en l'occurrence, entre Homère et Hésiode — vise à exprimer la discontinuité dans les relations entre hommes et dieux, sujet fondamental du mythe grec. La succession des dieux (dans l'Iliade) et la définition des êtres humains par la dikè (dans l'Odyssée) montrent la complémentarité et l'interdépendance entre la poésie d'Homère et celle d'Hésiode, chacune d'elles contribuant à produire un système cohérent et hiérarchisé de croyances au sujet du mode d'organisation du monde. Cruciaux dans l' Odyssée, qui se préoccupe de la validité et de la continuité des générations humaines, les thèmes de l'identité et de la reconnaissance apparaissent tout à la fois comme garantis par la dikè hésiodique et comme renforçant celle-ci : cette interaction entre les genres confirme que les types poétiques sont un phénomène culturel dont les frontières idéologiquement marquées aident à régler l'économie du mythe.
Le Dionysalexandros de Cratinos
Authors: Tatti Ariane
Published: September 2009

Le Dionysalexandros de Cratinos (pp. 325-332)

Au début de la guerre du Péloponnèse Cratinos présente la comédie intitulée Dionysalexandros dans laquelle une place importante est accordée à Dionysos. Il établit un parallèle entre cette guerre et la guerre de Troie en identifiant Dionysos à Paris en tant que responsable de la guerre, d'où le titre de la pièce. Il en résulte que le mythe du jugement de Paris est intégré au contexte de la guerre du Péloponnèse, où les trois présents offerts à Paris symbolisent certaines caractéristiques de Périclès et de son gouvernement.
Die Bakchen des Hades. Dionysische Aspekte von Euripides' Hekabe
Authors: Schlesier Renate
Published: September 2009

Die Bakchen des Hades. Dionysische Aspekte von Euripides 'Hekabe (pp. 111-135)

L'interprétation de l'Hécube d'Euripide, à partir des cinq passages de la pièce qui font mention de Dionysos, des bacchantes et du verbe bakkheuein, mène à une découverte: L'action dramatique est investie d'une atmosphère dionysiaque. Quand Hécube et les autres captives troyennes se transforment en bacchantes auprès de Polymestor et de ses enfants, leur vengeance est régie par la loi du talion. L'intrigue de cette tragédie s'organise d'après le modèle du récit homérique du jeune Dionysos et de ses nourrices persécutés par Lycurgue auquel Zeus crèvera les yeux. Or, comme les implications mythiques et rituelles du drame sont passées sous silence dans la scène juridique, les interprètes ne les ont pas prises au sérieux jusqu'à présent.
ΦIΔIA a in Euripides' Alcestis
Authors: Schein Seth. L
Published: September 2009

Philia in Euripides 'Alcestis (pp. 179-206)

Euripide dépeint fréquemment des combinaisons de rapports traditionnels et nouveaux, héroïques et quotidiens, institutionnels et sentimentaux, que dénotent les mots φίλος et φιλία. Il met en question les institutions et les valeurs traditionnelles afin d'explorer les relations humaines et d'analyser les fondements moraux des motivations et des actions humaines. Dans Alceste, il met en scène trois sortes de φιλία: le lien traditionnel d'hospitalité, les relations entre parents et enfants, et celles entre mari et femme. En explorant les différents ressorts de ces «amitiés», les obligations réciproques inhérentes à chacune, les formes de solidarité qu'elles produisent, et leur relation -ou non-relation- avec l'action dramatique et avec le «happy end», Euripide pose le problème de leur valeur respective.
Basileis, tyrans et magistrats
Authors: Ruzé Françoise
Published: September 2009

Basileis, tyrans et magistrats (pp. 211-231)

Dans les poèmes homériques, les gérontes cumulent les fonctions de conseillers et de magistrats; le pouvoir est partagé entre le basileus et les basileis - gérontes, ce qui préfigure celui des magistrats dans la cité. Au contraire, le pouvoir du tyran à l'époque archaïque se caractérise par son exercice solitaire; il est un vrai monarque, ce que ne sont ni Agamemnon ni les rois de Sparte et, de ce fait, un marginal dans la tradition politique grecque.
Les barbares à l'épreuve du Temps (Hérodote, Thucydide, Xénophon)
Authors: Darbo-Peschanski Catherine
Published: September 2009

Les barbares à l'eprevue du Temps (pp. 233-250)

Les historiens grecs de l'époque classique opposent tous les Barbares aux Grecs, soit constamment soit à un moment de leur œuvre. C'est un fait établi. Mais comment cette forte antithèse est elle élaborée dans et par le récit historique ? Quelle fonction y remplit-elle ? Chez Hérodote comme chez Thucydide, la narration travaille à doter les peuples non-grecs et les Grecs d'un rapport au temps et au devenir très différent. C'est à partir de cette différence fondamentale que peut se composer la catégorie péjorative du/des Barbare(s), laquelle finit par se vider de tout contenu descriptif, pour devenir un pur instrument critique dans les reproches que des Grecs adressent à d'autres Grecs.
Figures narratives de la mort et l'immortalité [Sisyphe et autres histoires]
Authors: Pellizer Ezio
Published: September 2009

Figures narratives de la mort et l'immortalité. Sisyphe et autres histoires (pp. 269-290)

Partant de l'analyse de l'histoire de Sisyphe qui se joue de Thanatos, le daimon de la mort, on étudie quelques figures personnifiées du mourir, ainsi que des hypothèses de résurrection (définitive ou temporaire) et d'immortalité, élaborées par l'imaginaire des Grecs. On cherche à dégager la sémantique sous-jacente à ces récits et à ces figures, et à faire apparaître l'articulation signifiante résultant de réflexions sur la mortalité humaine, et de quelques représentations de révoltes vaines ou d'autres tentatives pour déjouer le destin mortel.
Prière et rhétorique en Grèce ancienne [jusqu'à la fin du Vème s. av. J.-C. : quelques jalons]
Authors: Aubriot Danièle
Published: September 2009

Prière et Rhétorique en Grèce Ancienne (pp. 147-165)

II a longtemps été admis que la prière grecque se pliait à un plan tripartite pour ainsi dire obligé (invocation; arguments; requête), volontiers qualifié de "liturgique". Il est vrai que l'épopée offre nombre de prières organisées selon ces trois rubriques . Mais cet usage fréquent doit être relié à des habitudes de la rhétorique, et non à une prétendue nécessité cultuelle: outre que les textes ultérieurs préfèrent souvent une organisation plus souple, on constate que même dans les poèmes homériques, tous les discours tripartites ne sont pas des prières, et toutes les prières ne sont tripartites. Enfin, les prières authentiquement cultuelles ne le sont jamais. Aussi faut-il plutôt mettre ce plan, relevant du souci de persuader (cf. ordre des parties du discours selon Aristote), au compte d'une relation entre prière et plaidoyer.
The Sacrifice of Lykaon
Authors: Kitts Margo
Published: September 2009

The Sacrifice ofLykaon (pp. 161-176)

Se plaçant dans la perspective de la tradition orale, l'auteur tente de montrer que le meurtre de Ly- caon par Achille au Chant 21 de V Iliade se modèle sur le schéma du sacrifice juratoire. L'épisode est ponctué d'images relevant du chthonien, de l'agriculture et de l'hospitalité, qui colorent de leur tonalité le rejet par Achille de la supplication de Lycaon.