bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The growth temperature and measurement temperature dependences of soft magnetic properties and effective damping parameter of (FeCo)-Al alloy thin films
Authors: Ariake Yusuke , Wu Shuang , Kanada Isao , Mewes Tim , Tanaka Yoshitomo , Mankey Gary , Mewes Claudia , Suzuki Takao
Published: January 2018

The soft magnetic properties and effective damping parameters of Fe73Co25Al2 alloy thin films are discussed. The effective damping parameter αeff measured by ferromagnetic resonance for the 10 nm-thick sample is nearly constant (≈0.004 ± 0.0008) for a growth temperature Ts from ambient to 200 °C, and then tends to decrease for higher temperatures and αeff is 0.002 ± 0.0004 at Ts = 300 °C. For the 80 nm-thick sample, the αeff seems to increase with Ts from αeff = 0.001 ± 0.0002 at Ts = ambient to αeff = 0.002 ± 0.0004. The αeff is found nearly constant (αeff = 0.004 ± 0.0008) over a temperature range from 10 to 300 K for the 10 nm films with the different Ts (ambient, 100 and 200 °C). Together with an increasing non-linearity of the frequency dependence of the linewidth at low Ts, extrinsic contributions such as two-magnon scattering dominate the observed temperature dependence of effective damping and linewidth.
Wavelength-selective thermal emitters using Si-rods on MgO
Authors: Suemitsu Masahiro , Asano Takashi , De Zoysa Menaka , Noda Susumu
Published: January 2018

Supporting substrates for Si rod-type photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated for realizing highly wavelength-selective near-infrared thermal emitters. Three materials—SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO—are considered for their low infrared emission (transparency) and remarkable heat resistance. Theoretical calculations of the emissivity spectra of Si-rod PCs (rod height = 500 nm, rod diameter = 300 nm, and lattice constant = 600 nm) on 50 μm-thick supporting substrates at 1400 K indicate that the long-wavelength (>3 μm) emission power from the emitter using MgO is less than 1/10 of that of the other two materials. Fabrication of the Si-rod PCs on the 50 μm-thick MgO substrate requires the insertion of a thin (30 nm) HfO2 film between MgO and Si to improve the stability at high temperatures (>1400 K). Experimental results of the fabricated structure show that at 1400 K, the ratio of emissive power at wavelengths <1.8 μm to the total emissive power is 34% and that this can be increased to over 53% in an optimized rod-array structure with a 10 μm-thick MgO substrate.
Integrated MoSe2 with n+p-Si photocathodes for solar water splitting with high efficiency and stability
Authors: Huang Guanping , Mao Jie , Fan Ronglei , Yin Zhihao , Wu Xi , Jie Jiansheng , Kang Zhenhui , Shen Mingrong
Published: January 2018

Many earth-abundant transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been employed as catalysts for H2 evolution reaction (HER); however, their impactful integration onto photocathodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) HER is less developed. In this study, we directly sputtered a MoSe2 catalyst onto an n+p-Si photocathode for efficient and stable PEC-HER. An onset potential of 0.4 V vs. RHE, a saturated photocurrent of 29.3 mA/cm2, a fill factor of 0.32, and an energy conversion efficiency of 3.8% were obtained under 100 mA/cm2 Xe lamp illumination. Such superior PEC properties were ascribed to the nearly vertically standing two dimensional MoSe2 rough surface layer and the sharp interface between Si and MoSe2 with small charge transfer resistance. The balance between the reflectivity of the electrode surface and the absorptivity of MoSe2 was also discussed. In addition, the MoSe2 layer can protect the n+p-Si photocathode with a 120 h stability due to its initial growth on Si with high flatness and compactness. This study provides a path to the effective and scalable growth of TMDs onto the Si photocathode aiming for high efficiency and stability.
Formation and coalescence of nanobubbles under controlled gas concentration and species
Authors: Li Chenliang , Zhang A-Man , Wang Shiping , Cui Pu
Published: January 2018

Using molecular dynamics simulations, the effects of gas concentration and species on the coalescence and growth of nanobubbles were systematically investigated. With increasing gas concentration, not only surface nanobubbles but also bulk nanobubbles are formed. The bulk nanobubble in water is less explored so far. Here, its coalescence, stability, movement trajectory and velocity are discussed. A comparison of the motion and coalescence of the bulk nanobubble to the surface nanobubble, directly demonstrates that the three-phase contact line plays a crucial role for surface nanobubble stability. Compared with the bubble size, the distance between surface nanobubbles is a more important factor to decide the merging order among three nanobubbles. The study also shows that three factors including the oversaturated gas concentration, the distance between surface nanobubbles, and the stronger solid-gas interactions influence the formation of the gas-enrichment layer at the solid-liquid interface. The result has an important significance to enhancing the boundary slip due to the presence of nanobubbles.
Properties of GaN-based nanopillar-shaped crystals grown on a multicrystalline Si substrate
Authors: Fujiwara Atomu , Sato Yuichi
Published: January 2018

The growth of gallium nitride-based nanopillar-shaped crystals on the multicrystalline silicon substrate that is widely employed in solar cells is presented here for the first time. The nanopillar-shaped crystals are successfully grown on the multicrystalline substrate in a manner similar to the structures grown on other substrates. Structural variations and a highly enhanced band edge emission in the photoluminescence spectrum have been observed using germanium doping.
Simulation of a large size inductively coupled plasma generator and comparison with experimental data
Authors: Lei Fan , Li Xiaoping , Liu Yanming , Liu Donglin , Yang Min , Yu Yuanyuan
Published: January 2018

A two-dimensional axisymmetric inductively coupled plasma (ICP) model with its implementation in the COMSOL (Multi-physics simulation software) platform is described. Specifically, a large size ICP generator filled with argon is simulated in this study. Distributions of the number density and temperature of electrons are obtained for various input power and pressure settings and compared. In addition, the electron trajectory distribution is obtained in simulation. Finally, using experimental data, the results from simulations are compared to assess the veracity of the two-dimensional fluid model. The purpose of this comparison is to validate the veracity of the simulation model. An approximate agreement was found (variation tendency is the same). The main reasons for the numerical magnitude discrepancies are the assumption of a Maxwellian distribution and a Druyvesteyn distribution for the electron energy and the lack of cross sections of collision frequencies and reaction rates for argon plasma.
Filtered collocations as features in verbal polysemy disambiguation
Authors: Chang Yu-Yun , Hsieh Shu-Kai
Published: January 2018

In Generative Lexicon Theory (glt) (Pustejovsky 1995), co-composition is one of the generative devices proposed to explain the cases of verbal polysemous behavior where more than one function application is allowed. The English baking verbs were used as examples to illustrate how their arguments co-specify the verb withqualia unification.Some studies (Blutner 2002;Carston 2002;Falkum 2007) stated that the information of pragmatics and world knowledge need to be considered as well. Therefore, this study would like to examine whethergltcould be practiced in a real-world Natural Language Processing (nlp) application using collocations. We have conducted a fine-grained logical polysemy disambiguation task, taking the open-sourced Leiden Weibo Corpus as resource and computing with Support Vector Machine (svm) classifier. Within the classifier, we have taken collocated verbs undergltas main features. In addition, measure words and syntactic patterns are extracted as additional features for comparison. Our study investigates the logical polysemy of the Chinese verbkao‘bake’. We find thatgltcould help in identifying logically polysemous cases; additional features would help the classifier achieve a higher performance.
Connectives as indicators of explicitation in literary
translation
Authors: Marco Josep
Published: January 2018

This study aims to answer three questions: (1) whether there are differences in
the frequency of use of connectives between translated and non-translated
Catalan literary texts; (2) whether these differences (if they exist) are
sensitive to the type of semantic relation conveyed; and (3) to what extent they
are due to explicitation or other factors. Quantitative analysis reveals that
there is no significant difference in the overall frequency of occurrence of
connectives in translations and non-translations, but the behaviour of
connectives in translations is sensitive to the type of semantic relation
conveyed. Moreover, the higher frequency of connectives expressing consequence
in translations seems to be related to explicitation. Qualitative analysis
suggests that explicitation is strongly associated with two factors: the
semantic relation conveyed by the connective being part of the common ground
shared by participants, and the predominance of the procedural function of the
connective.
Blackberries: an introduction.
Authors: Hummer K. E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides information on the classification and distribution of blackberries (Rubus), and discusses how the Latin name of blackberry species affects international trade. It also provides an introduction to the book, which reports on developments in the blackberry industry. The book, which contains 17 chapters, provides a comprehensive yet concise reference for horticulture students, blackberry growers, producers, and fruit industry personnel looking for the latest production information.
Blackberry fruit quality components, composition, and potential health benefits.
Authors: Lee JungMin Lee JungMin
Published: January 2018

Blackberry fruit contains dietary fibre, vitamins, and minerals, along with phenolic metabolites that are likely to promote good health in humans. This chapter describes the components, such as sugars and organic acids, anthocyanins, phenolic monomers and polymers, as well as additional quality components that are found in this fruit. A summary is provided of distinct primary and secondary metabolites crucial to blackberry quality. Blackberry fruit make an excellent contribution to human health, providing a source of antioxidants and fibre, which is a healthy addition to a balanced diet.
Nursery production of plants.
Authors: Tzanetakis I. E. , Martin R. R.
Published: January 2018

Many pathogens infect blackberries (Rubus). These diseases may kill plants or at the least reduce yields. New plantations should begin with certified pathogen-negative stocks. This chapter describes the procedure for establishing a clean foundation plant material and presents guidelines for blackberry nursery stock. It focus on the available processes for virus elimination (i.e. thermo-, chemo- and cryotherapy) as well as the best management practices in a nursery setting to safeguard plants and guarantee the best material possible for the end user, allowing for profitable and sustainable production.
Propagation of blackberries and related Rubus species.
Authors: Reed B. , Poothong S. , Hall H. K.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses traditional propagation methods as well as micropropagation protocols, which are primarily used today, of blackberry (Rubus) species and cultivars. Micropropagation protocols include several stages of plant growth: initiation, propagation and rooting. Nursery companies using these techniques produce millions of blackberry plants annually. The step-by-step procedures for micropropagation of Rubus plants are described, and recent adjustments to standard growth media and plant growth regulators are mentioned.
Site preparation, soil management, and planting.
Authors: Pritts M. , Hanson E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the importance of the treatment and management of the site and soil before planting in improving the growth and productivity of blackberries. Some factors that need to be considered prior to blackberry cultivation, such as the soil physical, chemical and biological properties, soil quality and field layout, are presented. The importance of the proper selection of blackberry planting stock to increase production is also discussed.
Soil and water management.
Authors: Funt R. C. , Ross D. S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the benefits of the development of a management plan for the location of the infrastructure for the water supply and how water is to be applied to different soil types prior to blackberry cultivation. The importance of soil management in maintaining fertility, minimizing erosion of the topsoil and maintaining good soil structure with minimum tillage is discussed and the role of water management in maintaining adequate soil moisture for producing an optimal canopy for maximum fruit production is highlighted.
Low Levels of Immunoglobulins and Mannose-Binding Lectin Are Not Associated With Etiology, Severity, or Outcome in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Siljan William W , Holter Jan C , Nymo Ståle H , Husebye Einar , Ueland Thor , Skattum Lillemor , Bosnes Vidar , Garred Peter , Frøland Stig S , Mollnes Tom E , Aukrust Pål , Heggelund Lars
Published: January 2018

Background

Disease severity and outcome in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) depend on the host and on the challenge of the causal microorganism(s). We measured levels of immunoglobulins (Igs) and complement in 257 hospitalized adults with CAP and examined the association of low levels of Igs or complement to microbial etiology, disease severity, and short-term and long-term outcome.

Methods

Serum Igs were analyzed in blood samples obtained at admission and at 6 weeks postdischarge if admission levels were low. Serum complement deficiencies were screened with a total complement activity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with further analyzes performed if justified. Disease severity was assessed by the CURB-65 severity score. Short-term outcome was defined as a composite end point of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 30-day mortality, and long-term outcome as 5-year all-cause mortality.

Results

At admission, 87 (34%) patients had low levels of at least 1 Ig, with low IgG2 as the most prevalent finding (55/21%). IgG levels were lower in bacterial than viral CAP (8.48 vs 9.97 g/L, P = .023), but low Igs were not associated with microbial etiology. Fifty-five (21%) patients had low lectin pathway activity, of which 33 (13%) were mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deficient. Low admission levels of any Ig or MBL were not associated with disease severity, short-term outcome, or long-term outcome. Excluding patients defined as immunocompromised from analysis did not substantially affect these results.

Conclusion

In hospitalized adults with CAP, low admission levels of Igs or complement were in general not associated with microbial etiology, disease severity, short-term outcome, or long-term outcome.
Radiatively-suppressed spherical accretion under relativistic radiative transfer
Authors: Fukue Jun
Published: January 2018

We numerically examine radiatively-suppressed relativistic spherical accretion flows on to a central object with mass M under Newtonian gravity and special relativity. We simultaneously solve both the relativistic radiative transfer equation and the relativistic hydrodynamical equations for spherically symmetric flows under the double iteration process in the case of the intermediate optical depth. We find that the accretion flow is suppressed, compared with the freefall case in the nonrelativistic regime. For example, in the case of accretion on to a luminous core with accretion luminosity L*, the freefall velocity v normalized by the speed of light c under the radiative force in the nonrelativistic regime is $\beta (\hat{r}) = v/c = -\sqrt{(1-\Gamma _*)/(\hat{r}+1-\Gamma _*)}$, where Γ* (≡ L*/LE, LE being the Eddington luminosity) is the Eddington parameter and $\hat{r}$ (= r/rS, rS being the Schwarzschild radius) the normalized radius, whereas the infall speed at the central core is ∼0.7β(1), irrespective of the mass-accretion rate. This is due to the relativistic effect; the comoving flux is enhanced by the advective flux. We briefly examine and discuss an isothermal case, where the emission takes place in the entire space.
Periodontal disease in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Wooton Angela K. , Melchior Lynne M. , Coan Lorinda L. , Reddington Amanda R.
Published: January 2018

Collaborative efforts between health team members can advance early detection of children with elevated blood glucose levels, preventing hyperglycemia and periodontal diseases. Rates of obesity are increasing in children, impacting the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases. Collaborative care between nurse practitioners and dental hygienists can detect, prevent, and treat periodontal disease in children.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Smile Excursion in Facial Reanimation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 1- versus 2-stage Procedures
Authors: Natghian Hamidreza , Fransén Jian , Rozen Shai M. , Rodriguez-Lorenzo Andrés
Published: January 2018

Background:

Free functional muscle transfer has become a common treatment modality for smile restoration in long-lasting facial paralysis, but the selection of surgical strategy between a 1-stage and a 2-stage procedure has remained a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to compare the quantitative and qualitative outcomes of smile excursion between 1-stage and 2-stage free muscle transfers in the literature.

Methods:

A comprehensive review of the published literature between 1975 and end of January 2017 was conducted.

Results:

The abstracts or titles of 2,743 articles were screened. A total of 24 articles met our inclusion criteria of performing a quantitative or qualitative evaluation of a free-functioning muscle transfer for smile restoration. For the purpose of meta-analysis, 7 articles providing quantitative data on a total of 254 patients were included. When comparing muscle excursion between 1-stage and 2-stage procedures, the average range of smile excursion was 11.5 mm versus 6.6 mm, respectively. For the purpose of systematic review, 17 articles were included. The result of the systematic review suggested a tendency toward superior functional results for the 1-stage procedure when comparing the quality of smile.

Conclusions:

The results of this review must be interpreted with great caution. Quantitative analysis suggests that 1-stage procedures produce better excursion than 2-stage procedures. Qualitative analysis suggests that 1-stage procedures might also produce superior results when based on excursion and symmetry alone, but these comparisons do not include one important variable dictating the quality of a smile—the spontaneity of the smile. The difficulty in comparing published results calls for a consensus classification system for facial palsy.
Candida Endophthalmitis After Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty With Grafts From Both Eyes of a Donor With Possible Systemic Candidiasis
Authors: Palioura Sotiria , Sivaraman Kavitha , Joag Madhura , Sise Adam , Batlle Juan F. , Miller Darlene , Espana Edgar M. , Amescua Guillermo , Yoo Sonia H. , Galor Anat , Karp Carol L.
Published: January 2018

Purpose:

To report 2 cases with late postoperative Candida albicans interface keratitis and endophthalmitis after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) with corneal grafts originating from a single donor with a history of presumed pulmonary candidiasis.

Methods:

Two patients underwent uncomplicated DSAEK by 2 corneal surgeons at different surgery centers but with tissue from the same donor and were referred to the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute with multifocal infiltrates at the graft–host cornea interface 6 to 8 weeks later, and anterior chamber cultures that were positive for the same genetic strain of C. albicans. Immediate explantation of DSAEK lenticules and daily intracameral and instrastromal voriconazole and amphotericin injections failed to control the infection. Thus, both patients underwent therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty with intraocular lens explantation, pars plana vitrectomy, and serial postoperative intraocular antifungal injection.

Results:

Both patients are doing well at 2 years postoperatively with best-corrected vision of 20/20 and 20/30+ with rigid gas permeable lenses. One patient required repeat optical penetrating keratoplasty and glaucoma tube implantation 1 year after the original surgery. Literature review reveals that donor lenticule explantation and intraocular antifungals are often inadequate to control fungal interface keratitis, and a therapeutic graft is commonly needed.

Conclusions:

Interface fungal keratitis and endophthalmitis due to infected donor corneal tissue is difficult to treat, and both recipients of grafts originating from the same donor are at risk of developing this challenging condition.
Assessment of bone mineral density in patients with cirrhosis treated with third-generation nucleos(t)ide analogues: comparison between tenofovir and entecavir
Authors: Tonon Marta , Piano Salvatore , Romano Antonietta , Fasolato Silvano , Stanco Marialuisa , Pilutti Chiara , Pontisso Patrizia , Mareso Sara , Gambino Carmine , Sartori Leonardo , Angeli Paolo
Published: January 2018

Background and aim

Tenofovir and entecavir are nowadays the first-line treatment in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis. Both drugs were shown to be effective in HBV suppression and well tolerated. The effects of tenofovir on bone mineral density (BMD), however, were shown to worsen the rate of osteoporosis, which is already a common feature in cirrhosis. In contrast, entecavir seems to have no effect on mineral metabolism. The aim of our study was to compare the effects of nucleos(t)ide analogs on bone density in HBV-related cirrhosis.

Patients and methods

Fourty-eight patients were treated with tenofovir and 22 patients were treated with entecavir, and were followed prospectively from 2008 to 2013. To evaluate BMD, laboratory examinations, dual-X-ray absorptiometry, and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool were assessed.

Results

During the study, no difference was found between the two groups in the plasmatic concentration of calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, or creatinine. Dual-X-ray absorptiometry showed no difference in the T-score and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool showed no significant difference in the 10-year risk of osteoporotic fractures in the two groups. On univariate and multivariate analyses, the only predictors of osteoporosis development were the prognostic scores of liver disease and BMI.

Conclusion

Both tenofovir and entecavir are effective in treating HBV in cirrhotic patients. The known effects of tenofovir on BMD do not worsen osteoporotic fractures risk compared with entecavir in these patients.
Inflammation-based prognostic scores predict disease severity in patients with acute cholecystitis
Authors: Sato Noriko , Kinoshita Akiyoshi , Imai Nami , Akasu Takafumi , Yokota Takeharu , Iwaku Akira , Koike Kazuhiko , Saruta Masayuki
Published: January 2018

Background

Although several investigators have reported that inflammation-based prognostic scores can predict disease severity in patients with various inflammatory diseases, whether or not these scores are associated with disease severity in patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) has not yet been fully clarified.

Patients and methods

Two hundred and sixty-two patients with AC were reviewed retrospectively. We evaluated the correlations between demographic or clinical variables, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), and the C-reactive protein/albumin (CRP/Alb) ratio, as well as the disease severity grade on the basis of the revised Tokyo guidelines. Multivariate analyses were carried out to identify the clinical parameters associated with disease severity grade.

Results

The NLR (P<0.0001), GPS (P<0.0001), mGPS (P<0.0001), and CRP/Alb ratio (P<0.0001) were all elevated according to the severity grade. Multivariate analyses showed that the NLR [odds ratio (OR)=3.41–4.77; P<0.005], GPS (OR=2.49; P=0.012), mGPS (OR=2.79; P=0.005), and the CRP/Alb ratio (OR=12.53; P<0.0001) were associated independently with grade II/III AC. The value of the area under the curve of the CRP/Alb ratio (continuous 0.759) or NLR (continuous 0.753) was higher than that of other inflammation-based prognostic scores for diagnosing ≥grade II AC, grade III AC, respectively.

Conclusion

Inflammation-based prognostic scores could predict the severity grade independently in patients with AC. These scores may play a complementary role in predicting disease severity in patients with AC in conjunction with the Tokyo guidelines severity grade.
A Mild Phenotype of Severe β+ Thalassemia in a 16-Month-Old Boy
Authors: Akinbami Anthony O. , Sobota Amy E. , Luo Hong-Yuan , Chui David H.K. , Steinberg Martin H.
Published: January 2018

β thalassemia is characterized by a deficient production of functional β-globin chains and a relative excess of α-globin chains. An extremely diverse clinical spectrum—asymptomatic to transfusion-dependent—is primarily due to homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for the very large number of β-thalassemia-causing mutations, along with interacting mutations that affect the α-globin and γ-globin genes and their expression. We report a case of a 16-month-old boy who was initially diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia until he was later found to be homozygous for a severe β-thalassemia genotype with a mild hematologic phenotype. This was likely as a result of his ability to produce high levels of fetal hemoglobin.
A Case With Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency Remarkably Sensitive to Heat
Authors: Aksu Tekin , Yarali Neşe , Fermo Elisa , Marcello Anna , Hacisalihoğlu Şadan , Bianchi Paola , Özbek Namik Y.
Published: January 2018

Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is the most common defect of the glycolytic pathway leading to congenital hemolytic anemia. We present the case of an 18-year-old boy with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, who had remarkable sensitivity to heat. Moreover, the patient showed clinical impairment in the last year. For this reason, we excluded the immunologic or infectious nature (malaria, babesia), which may play a role in the worsening of anemia. Red blood cell enzyme assay showed the presence of a significant increase in other enzyme activities, except for PK, suggesting a PK deficiency in the patient. The molecular analysis of the PK-LR gene revealed the presence of a novel homozygote missense mutation (c.581G>C, p.Arg194Pro). The mutant enzyme displayed heat instability. In addition, we analyzed bilirubin uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene that revealed a heterozygous state ([TA]6/[TA]7). After a clear diagnosis of PK deficiency, the patient underwent splenectomy.
Protection of Inferior Alveolar Neurovascular Bundle in Alveolar Bone Operation
Authors: Zhang Wenhao , Chen Minjie , Yang Chi , Han Zixiang , Wei Wenbin , Chai Ying
Published: January 2018

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to investigate the protection of the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle in alveolar bone operation in conditions such as chronic osteomyelitis and cementoma.

Patients and Methods:

The study enrolled 7 cases, 4 with chronic osteomyelitis and 3 with cementoma with pain. Computed tomography scan and 3-dimensional reconstruction were performed for the diseases. Data were processed by ProPlan CMF 1.3 software. The edge of lesion was defined and the inferior alveolar nerve was marked. Template was designed to guide the osteotomy line. Piezosurgery was used for osteotomy, with the avoidance of nerve canal. Current perception threshold (CPT) was performed to evaluate the nerve function after operation.

Results:

The CPT difference of the affected side before and after operation showed no statistically significant differences compared with that of the unaffected side (P = 0.0556).

Conclusions:

Digital template protects the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle with the aid of piezosurgery during alveolar bone resection, which obtained satisfying clinical results. As powerful assistive tools of functional surgery, digital template and piezosurgery achieve both the purposes of treatment and function.
Reconstruction of a Compound Oromandibular Defect by Means of Chimeric Scapular–Parascapular Free Flap Assisted by Virtual Surgical Planning
Authors: Hernando Josué , Aguilar-Salvatierra Antonio , Leizaola-Cardesa Ignacio Osoitz , Rad Juan Antonio , Vicuña Amaya , Gómez Rafael , Martín Javier , Gómez-Moreno Gerardo
Published: January 2018

Background:

Reconstruction of an oromandibular defect presents a considerable surgical challenge. But since the advent of microvascularized free flap reconstructive surgery, outcomes have improved significantly so that today almost any defect may be reconstructed. Recently, virtual surgical planning has reduced surgical time, the morbidity associated with surgery, and surgical precision.

Objective:

This article reports a complex patient with a composite oromandibular defect.

Methods:

The patient had undergone multiple surgeries with bad results. She presented an orostoma of 5 cm in diameter, osteoradionecrosis and fracture of the left mandibular body, and relapse in the ipsilateral posterior maxilla. Reconstruction was performed by means of a scapular/parascapular chimeric free flap. A customized reconstruction plate was designed virtually based on the mirror image of the contralateral mandibular body. Surgery and the postoperative phase passed without incident. The patient recovered vocal, swallowing, and respiratory function without any problems. At the end of a 1-year follow-up, no complications or tumor relapse had occurred.

Conclusions:

Composite defects are a surgical challenge in which free flap reconstruction is an evolution that has facilitated treatment and led to improved outcomes. Virtual treatment planning produces more exact results and greater control of surgical techniques.
Prescribing Trends of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in an Outpatient Unit of a Child and Adolescent Clinic in Turkey
Authors: Yektaş Çiğdem , Tufan Ali Evren
Published: January 2018

Objective

Use of antipsychotic agents in the management of various psychopathologies in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric practice is gradually increasing. This study aimed to evaluate the sociodemographic and clinical features of children and adolescents who applied to an outpatient clinic of child and adolescent psychiatry department in Turkey and were prescribed atypical antipsychotics.

Method

Patients with prescription codes of ATC N05A (except N05AN lithium) were accepted to denote those with atypical antipsychotic treatment. Sociodemographic and clinical variables, pharmacological mechanisms and groups and use of multiple agents for 212 patients with atypical antipsychotic treatment were collected and recorded.

Results

Patients (6.6%) evaluated within a year were prescribed antipsychotic agents (APs). The majority of the sample consisted of adolescents and especially females. The most common diagnoses managed with atypical antipsychotic were attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, MDD, and mental retardation/intellectual disability in decreasing frequency. Males with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, CD, and autism spectrum disorders and females with MDD and PTSD were more frequently prescribed APs. Most common indications were irritability, impulsivity, and self-harming behaviors. Most common agents were risperidone, aripiprazole, and quetiapine in decreasing order of frequency. Most common adverse effects were reported as sedation, increased appetite, and hyperprolactinemia.

Conclusions

Our results support the prevalence of off-label use of AP agents in managing various childhood psychopathologies also in Turkey. Further studies from multiple centers and using reliable and valid measurements are needed to determine the extent and predictors of AP use in outpatient samples from different child and adolescent centers.
A Comprehensive Tool Set for Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Gene Expression in Arabidopsis
Authors: Schürholz Ann-Kathrin , Lopez-Salmeron Vadir , Li Zhenni , Forner Joachim , Wenzl Christian , Gaillochet Christophe , Augustin Sebastian , Barro Amaya Vilches , Fuchs Michael , Gebert Michael , Vermeer Joop E.M. , Lohmann Jan U. , Greb Thomas , Wolf Sebastian
Published: January 2018

Understanding the context-specific role of gene function is a key objective of modern biology. To this end, we generated a resource for inducible cell-type specific trans-activation based on the well-established combination of the chimeric GR-LhG4 transcription factor and the syntheticpOppromoter. Harnessing the flexibility of the GreenGate cloning system, we produced a comprehensive set of GR-LhG4 driver lines targeting most tissues in theArabidopsisshoot and root with a strong focus on the indeterminate meristems. We show that, when combined with effectors under control of thepOppromoter, tight temporal and spatial control of gene expression is achieved. In particular, inducible expression in F1 plants obtained from crosses of driver and effector lines allows rapid assessment of the cell type-specific impact of an effector with high temporal resolution. Thus, our comprehensive and flexible toolbox is suited to overcome the limitations of ubiquitous genetic approaches, the outputs of which are often difficult to interpret due to widespread existence of compensatory mechanisms and the integration of diverging effects in different cell types.

One sentence summary: A set of lines enabling spatio-temporal control of gene expression in Arabidopsis.
Root Responses to Heterogeneous Nitrate Availability are Mediated by trans-Zeatin in Arabidopsis Shoots
Authors: Poitout Arthur , Crabos Amandine , Petřík Ivan , Novák Ondrej , Krouk Gabriel , Lacombe Benoît , Ruffel Sandrine
Published: January 2018

Plants are subjected to variable nitrogen (N) availability including frequent spatial nitrate (NO3-) heterogeneity in soil. Thus, plants constantly adapt their genome expression and root physiology in order to optimize N acquisition from this heterogeneous source. These adaptations rely on a complex and long-distance root-shoot-root signaling network that is still largely unknown. Here, we used a combination of reverse genetics, transcriptomic analysis, NO3- uptake experiments and hormone profiling under conditions of homogeneous or heterogeneous NO3- availability to characterize the systemic signaling involved. We demonstrate the important role of the trans-zeatin form of cytokinin (CK) in shoots, in particular using a mutant altered for ABCG14-mediated trans-zeatin-translocation from the root to the shoot, in mediating: (i) rapid long distance N-demand signaling and (ii) long term functional adaptations to heterogeneous NO3- supply, including changes in NO3- transport capacity and root growth modifications. We also provide insights into the potential CK-dependent and independent shoot-to-root signals involved in root adaptation to heterogeneous N availability.
An Epiblast Stem Cell derived multipotent progenitor population for axial extension
Authors: Edri Shlomit , Hayward Penny , Baillie-Johnson Peter , Steventon Benjamin , Arias Alfonso Martinez
Published: January 2018

The Caudal Lateral Epiblast of mammalian embryos harbours bipotent progenitors that contribute to the spinal cord and the paraxial mesoderm in concert with the elongation of the body axis. These progenitors, called Neural Mesodermal Progenitors (NMPs) are identified as cells coexpressingSox2andT/Brachyury, a criterion used to derive NMP-like cells from Embryonic Stem Cells in vitro. However, these progenitors do not self renew, as embryonic NMPs do. Here we find that protocols that yield NMP-like cells in vitro first produce a multipotent population that, additional to NMPs, generates progenitors for the lateral plate and intermediate mesoderm. We show that Epiblast Stem Cells (EpiSCs) are an effective source for these multipotent progenitors that are further differentiated by a balance between BMP and Nodal signalling. Importantly, we show that NMP-like cells derived from EpiSCs self renew in vitro and exhibit a gene expression signature similar to that of their embryo counterparts.
Impacts of a millennium drought on butterfly faunal dynamics
Authors: Forister Matthew L. , Fordyce James A. , Nice Chris C. , Thorne James H. , Waetjen David P. , Shapiro Arthur M.
Published: January 2018

Climate change is challenging plants and animals not only with increasing temperatures, but also with shortened intervals between extreme weather events. Relatively little is known about diverse assemblages of organisms responding to extreme weather, and even less is known about landscape and life history properties that might mitigate effects of extreme weather. We find that northern California butterflies were impacted by a millennium-scale drought differentially at low and high elevations. At low elevations, phenological shifts facilitated persistence and even recovery during drought, while at higher elevations a shortened flight season was associated with decreases in species richness. Phenological and faunal dynamics are predicted by temperature and precipitation, thus advancing the possibility of understanding and forecasting biological responses to extreme weather.
Uncovering temporal structure in hippocampal output patterns
Authors: Maboudi Kourosh , Ackermann Etienne , Pfeiffer Brad , Foster David , Diba Kamran , Kemere Caleb
Published: January 2018

The place cell activity of hippocampal pyramidal cells has been described as the cognitive map substrate of spatial memory. Replay is observed during hippocampal sharp-wave ripple-associated population burst events and is critical for consolidation and recall-guided behaviors. To present, population burst event (PBE) activity has been analyzed as a phenomenon subordinate to the place code. Here, we use hidden Markov models to study PBEs observed during exploration of both linear mazes and open fields. We demonstrate that estimated models are consistent with temporal replay sequences and that the latent states correspond to a spatial map of the environment. Moreover, we demonstrate the identification of hippocampal replay without recourse to the place code, using only PBE model congruence. These results suggest that downstream regions may rely on PBEs to form a substrate for memory. Additionally, by forming models independent of animal behavior, we lay the groundwork for studies of non-spatial memory.
High-density, long-lasting, and multi-region electrophysiological recordings using polymer electrode arrays
Authors: Chung Jason E. , Joo Hannah R. , Lan Fan Jiang , Liu Daniel F. , Barnett Alex H. , Chen Supin , Geaghan-Breiner Charlotte , Karlsson Mattias P. , Karlsson Magnus , Lee Kye Y. , Liang Hexin , Magland Jeremy F. , Tooker Angela C. , Greengard Leslie F. , Tolosa Vanessa M. , Frank Loren M.
Published: January 2018

The brain is a massive neuronal network, organized into anatomically distributed sub-circuits, with functionally relevant activity occurring at timescales ranging from milliseconds to months. Current methods to monitor neural activity, however, lack the necessary conjunction of anatomical spatial coverage, temporal resolution, and long-term stability to measure this distributed activity. Here we introduce a large-scale, multi-site recording platform that integrates polymer electrodes with a modular stacking headstage design supporting up to 1024 recording channels in freely behaving rats. This system can support months-long recordings from hundreds of well-isolated units across multiple brain regions. Moreover, these recordings are stable enough to track 25% of single units for over a week. This platform enables large-scale electrophysiological interrogation of the fast dynamics and long-timescale evolution of anatomically distributed circuits, and thereby provides a new tool for understanding brain activity.
The Shared Genetic Basis of Educational Attainment and Cerebral Cortical Morphology
Authors: Ge Tian , Chen Chia-Yen , Doyle Alysa E. , Vettermann Richard , Tuominen Lauri J. , Holt Daphne J. , Sabuncu Mert R. , Smoller Jordan W.
Published: January 2018

Individual differences in educational attainment are linked to differences in intelligence, and predict important social, economic and health outcomes. Previous studies have found common genetic factors that influence educational achievement, cognitive performance and total brain volume (i.e., brain size). Here, in a large sample of participants from the UK Biobank, we investigate the shared genetic basis between educational attainment and fine-grained cerebral cortical morphological features, and associate this genetic variation with a related aspect of cognitive ability. Importantly, we execute novel statistical methods that enable high-dimensional genetic correlation analysis, and compute high-resolution surface maps for the genetic correlations between educational attainment and vertex-wise morphological measurements. We conduct secondary analyses, using the UK Biobank verbal-numerical reasoning score, to confirm that variation in educational attainment that is genetically correlated with cortical morphology is related to differences in cognitive performance. Our analyses reveal the genetic overlap between cognitive ability and cortical thickness measurements in bilateral primary motor cortex and predominantly left superior temporal cortex and proximal regions. These findings may contribute to our understanding of the neurobiology that connects genetic variation to individual differences in educational attainment and cognitive performance.
Inhalation frequency controls reformatting of mitral/tufted cell odor representations in the olfactory bulb
Authors: Díaz-Quesada Marta , Youngstrom Isaac A. , Tsuno Yusuke , Hansen Kyle R. , Economo Michael N. , Wachowiak Matt
Published: January 2018

In mammals olfactory sensation depends on inhalation, which controls activation of sensory neurons and temporal patterning of central activity. Odor representations by mitral and tufted (MT) cells, the main output from the olfactory bulb (OB), reflect sensory input as well as excitation and inhibition from OB circuits, which may change as sniff frequency increases. To test the impact of sampling frequency on MT cell odor responses, we obtained whole-cell recordings from MT cells in anesthetized male and female mice while varying inhalation frequency via tracheotomy, allowing comparison of inhalation-linked responses across cells. We characterized frequency effects on MT cell responses during inhalation of air and odorants using inhalation pulses and also ‘playback’ of sniffing recorded from awake mice. Inhalation-linked changes in membrane potential were well-predicted across frequency from linear convolution of 1 Hz responses and, as frequency increased, near-identical temporal responses could emerge from depolarizing, hyperpolarizing or multiphasic MT responses. However, net excitation was not well predicted from 1 Hz responses and varied substantially across MT cells, with some cells increasing and others decreasing in spike rate. As a result, sustained odorant sampling at higher frequencies led to increasing decorrelation of the MT cell population response pattern over time. Bulk activation of sensory inputs by optogenetic stimulation affected MT cells more uniformly across frequency, suggesting that frequency-dependent decorrelation emerges from odor-specific patterns of activity in the OB network. These results suggest that sampling behavior alone can reformat early sensory representations, possibly to optimize sensory perception during repeated sampling.

Significance statement

Olfactory sensation in mammals depends on inhalation, which increases in frequency during active sampling of olfactory stimuli. We asked how inhalation frequency can shape the neural coding of odor information by recording from projection neurons of the olfactory bulb while artificially varying odor sampling frequency in the anesthetized mouse. We found that sampling an odor at higher frequencies led to diverse changes in net responsiveness, as measured by action potential output, that were not predicted from low-frequency responses. These changes led to a reorganization of the pattern of neural activity evoked by a given odorant that occurred preferentially during sustained, high-frequency inhalation. These results point to a novel mechanism for modulating early sensory representations solely as a function of sampling behavior.
Breast Cancer Histopathological Image Classification: A Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Motlagh Mehdi Habibzadeh , Jannesari Mahboobeh , Aboulkheyr HamidReza , Khosravi Pegah , Elemento Olivier , Totonchi Mehdi , Hajirasouliha Iman
Published: January 2018

Breast cancer remains the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer-induced mortality among women with 2.4 million new cases diagnosed and 523,000 deaths per year. Historically, a diagnosis has been initially performed using clinical screening followed by histopathological analysis. Automated classification of cancers using histopathological images is a chciteallenging task of accurate detection of tumor sub-types. This process could be facilitated by machine learning approaches, which may be more reliable and economical compared to conventional methods.

To prove this principle, we applied fine-tuned pre-trained deep neural networks. To test the approach we first classify different cancer types using 6, 402 tissue micro-arrays (TMAs) training samples. Our framework accurately detected on average 99.8% of the four cancer types including breast, bladder, lung and lymphoma using the ResNet V1 50 pre-trained model. Then, for classification of breast cancer sub-types this approach was applied to 7,909 images from the BreakHis database. In the next step, ResNet V1 152 classified benign and malignant breast cancers with an accuracy of 98.7%. In addition, ResNet V1 50 and ResNet V1 152 categorized either benign- (adenosis, fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, and tubular adenoma) or malignant- (ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, and papillary carcinoma) sub-types with 94.8% and 96.4% accuracy, respectively. The confusion matrices revealed high sensitivity values of 1, 0.995 and 0.993 for cancer types, as well as malignant- and benign sub-types respectively. The areas under the curve (AUC) scores were 0.996,0.973 and 0.996 for cancer types, malignant and benign sub-types, respectively. Overall, our results show negligible false negative (on average 3.7 samples) and false positive (on average 2 samples) results among different models. Availability: Source codes, guidelines and data sets are temporarily available on google drive upon request before moving to a permanent GitHub repository.