bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bittersweet and Paradoxical
Authors: Smith Stephanie L. , Grove Celatha J.
Published: November 2016

The American Red Cross is the most active nonprofit organization involved in disaster planning and response in the United States. The organization deployed nearly 50,000 volunteers to provide essential support to victims of some 125,000 domestic disasters, including home fires, hurricanes, wildfires, and floods, in a recent two‐year period. This study asks how American Red Cross disaster response volunteer experiences function to cultivate satisfaction and, at the other end of the spectrum, the kind of dissatisfaction that leads people to quit; it pays particular attention to ways in which volunteer management shapes dissatisfaction and fatigue because of implications for volunteer retention. Paradoxically, the Red Cross facilitates the highly satisfying act of helping victims, but volunteers feel dissatisfied when management practices get in the way of helping. The study suggests voluntary organizations that rely on skilled, long‐term volunteers to deliver services should evaluate and strengthen their communication strategies, recognition practices, and support systems for volunteers in distress.
Electronic quantum optics beyond the integer quantum Hall effect
Authors: Ferraro Dario , Jonckheere Thibaut , Rech Jérôme , Martin Thierry
Published: November 2016

The analogs of two seminal quantum optics experiments are considered in a condensed‐matter setting with single‐electron sources injecting electronic wave packets on edge states coupled through a quantum point contact. When only one electron is injected, the measurement of noise correlations at the output of the quantum point contact corresponds to the Hanbury–Brown and Twiss setup. When two electrons are injected on opposite edges, the equivalent of the Hong–Ou–Mandel collision is achieved, exhibiting a dip, as in the coincidence measurements of quantum optics. The Landauer–Büttiker scattering theory is used to first review these phenomena in the integer quantum Hall effect, next, to focus on two more exotic systems: edge states of two‐dimensional topological insulators, where new physics emerges from time reversal symmetry and three‐electron collisions can be achieved; and edges states of a hybrid Hall/superconducting device, which allow electron quantum optics experiments with Bogoliubov quasiparticles to be performed.
The Pt (II)⋅⋅⋅Cl Interactions: Nature and Strength
Authors: Lu Bo , Zhang Xueying , Meng Lingpeng , Zeng Yanli
Published: November 2016

The Pt (II)⋅⋅⋅Cl interactions between trans‐Pt (NH3)2X2/cis‐Pt (NH3)2X2 (X=OH, F, Cl, Br) and ClF were constructed and studied by Møller‐Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) method. The metal Pt (II)‐complex could act as the halogen bond acceptor, the Pt (II)⋅⋅⋅Cl interaction strength depends on the nature and the configuration of platinum (II) ligands: the metal halogen‐bonding interactions in trans‐Pt (OH)2(NH3)2⋅⋅⋅ClF/cis‐Pt (OH)2(NH3)2⋅⋅⋅ClF are obviously stronger than those in trans‐PtX2(NH3)2⋅⋅⋅ClF/cis‐PtX2(NH3)2⋅⋅⋅ClF (X=F, Cl, Br); the halogen bonds in cis‐complexes are somewhat stronger than those in respective trans‐complexes. This particular Pt (II)⋅⋅⋅Cl interactions is much stronger than hydrogen bond and has some degree of covalent character. For the Pt (II)⋅⋅⋅Cl interactions, the charge transfer between the related molecular orbitals of PtX2(NH3)2 and ClF are obvious, which is consistent with that the exchange energy contributes most to the total interaction energy. The stronger of the Pt (II)⋅⋅⋅Cl interactions, the more decreased electron density outside Pt (II) facing the chlorine atom, and the more increased electron density between Pt (II) and Cl, indicating that the polarization effect plays an important role in the formation of the Pt (II)⋅⋅⋅Cl interactions.
Regular and almost universal hashing: an efficient implementation
Authors: Ivanchykhin Dmytro , Ignatchenko Sergey , Lemire Daniel
Published: November 2016

Random hashing can provide guarantees regarding the performance of data structures such as hash tables – even in an adversarial setting. Many existing families of hash functions are universal: given two data objects, the probability that they have the same hash value is low given that we pick hash functions at random. However, universality fails to ensure that all hash functions are well behaved. We might further require regularity: when picking data objects at random they should have a low probability of having the same hash value, for any fixed hash function. We present the efficient implementation of a family of non‐cryptographic hash functions (PM+) offering good running times, good memory usage, and distinguishing theoretical guarantees: almost universality and component‐wise regularity. On a variety of platforms, our implementations are comparable with the state of the art in performance. On recent Intel processors, PM+ achieves a speed of 4.7 bytes per cycle for 32‐bit outputs and 3.3 bytes per cycle for 64‐bit outputs. We review vectorization through Single Instruction on Multiple Data instructions (e.g., AVX2) and optimizations for superscalar execution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐channel cooperative clustering‐based MAC protocol for V2V communications
Authors: Yang Fan , Zou Sai , Tang Yuliang , Du Xiaojiang
Published: November 2016

The Internet of vehicles (IoV) is an emerging networking technology, which can support information sharing and interactions among users, vehicles, and infrastructures. Various applications can be provided by IoVs, and they have very different quality‐of‐service (QoS) requirements. It is a great challenge to design an efficient MAC protocol to meet the different QoS demands of various applications in IoVs, because of unreliable links and high vehicle mobility. On the other hand, cooperative communication is effective in mitigating wireless channel impairments by utilizing the broadcast nature of wireless channels. In this paper, a multi‐channel cooperative clustering‐based MAC (MCC‐MAC) protocol, under the Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) multi‐channel architecture, is presented to improve the transmission reliability of safety messages and provision QoS for different applications in IoVs. Further, we analyze the performance of MCC‐MAC, in terms of average transmission delay. In addition, extensive simulations with ns‐2 are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed MCC‐MAC. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The associations between body dissatisfaction, body figure, self‐esteem, and depressed mood in adolescents in the United States and Korea: A moderated mediation analysis
Authors: Choi Eunsoo , Choi Injae
Published: November 2016

The perception of one's body image becomes particularly important in adolescence. Body dissatisfaction has been associated with negative psychological functioning, such as self‐esteem and depression. Previous findings showed that the decreased self‐esteem due to body dissatisfaction explained the association between negative attitude toward body and psychological well‐being in different cultural contexts. The present study examined adolescents from the US (N = 1002) and Korea (N = 3993) and replicated and extended the previous findings regarding body dissatisfaction and associated psychological outcomes. The results showed that body dissatisfaction predicted higher depressed mood and that self‐esteem mediated this association for both American and Korean adolescents. Notably, the indirect effect of body dissatisfaction and perceived body image on depressed mood via self‐esteem was greater for American adolescents than for Korean adolescents. The implications of the cultural difference in the significance of self‐esteem in mediating the body dissatisfaction and depressed mood are discussed.
Efficacy of switching therapy of luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone analogue for advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Shen Yuan‐Chi , Kang Chih‐ Hsiung , Chiang Po‐Hui
Published: November 2016

This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of switching therapy with a second‐line luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue after prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) progression for advanced prostate cancer. We enrolled 200 patients, from December 2005 to September 2013, with nodal positive, metastatic prostate cancer or disease progression after definite treatment receiving continuous LHRH analogue therapy with monthly depot leuprorelin(sc) acetate 3.75 mg/vial (LA) or goserelin acetate(sc) 3.6 mg/vial (GA). If the patients had castration‐resistant prostate cancer, the treatment choice of switching therapy (from LA to GA or from GA to LA) prior to starting chemotherapy was given. The LH, testosterone level, and PSA change were recorded. The records showed that there were 127 patients receiving LA as initial ADT therapy, whereas the other 73 patients were in GA therapy. A total of 92 patients received LHRH analogue switching therapy (54 patients switched from LA to GA and 38 switched from GA to LA). The effect of LH and testosterone reduction prior to and after switching therapy was comparable between the two groups, and increased PSA level after 3 months of treatment was seen in both groups (median PSA: 15.7–67.7 ng/mL in the LA to GA group; 15.2–71.4 ng/mL in the GA to LA group). This study concluded that switching therapy for patients with PSA progression after ADT has no efficacy of further PSA response.
Electroencephalographic Recordings During Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Therapy Until 30 Minutes After Declaration of Death
Authors: Norton Loretta , Gibson Raechelle M. , Gofton Teneille , Benson Carolyn , Dhanani Sonny , Shemie Sam D. , Hornby Laura , Ward Roxanne , Young G. Bryan
Published: November 2016

Background: The timing of the circulatory determination of death for organ donation presents a medical and ethical challenge. Concerns have been raised about the timing of electrocerebral inactivity in relation to the cessation of circulatory function in organ donation after cardio-circulatory death. Nonprocessed electroencephalographic (EEG) measures have not been characterized and may provide insight into neurological function during this process. Methods: We assessed electrocortical data in relation to cardiac function after withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy and in the postmortem period after cardiac arrest for four patients in a Canadian intensive care unit. Subhairline EEG and cardio-circulatory monitoring including electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure (ABP), and oxygen saturation were captured. Results: Electrocerebral inactivity preceded the cessation of the cardiac rhythm and ABP in three patients. In one patient, single delta wave bursts persisted following the cessation of both the cardiac rhythm and ABP. There was a significant difference in EEG amplitude between the 30-minute period before and the 5-minute period following ABP cessation for the group, but we did not observe any well-defined EEG states following the early cardiac arrest period. Conclusions: In a case series of four patients, EEG inactivity preceded electrocardiogram and ABP inactivity during the dying process in three patients. Further study of the electroencephalogram during the withdrawal of life sustaining therapies will add clarity to medical, ethical, and legal concerns for donation after circulatory determined death.
Migraine and Mental Health in a Population-Based Sample of Adolescents
Authors: Orr Serena L. , Potter Beth K. , Ma Jinhui , Colman Ian
Published: November 2016

Objective: To explore the relationship between migraine and anxiety disorders, mood disorders and perceived mental health in a population-based sample of adolescents. Methods: The Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) is a cross-sectional health survey sampling a nationally representative group of Canadians. In this observational study, data on all 61,375 participants aged 12-19 years from six survey cycles were analyzed. The relationships between self-reported migraine, perceived mental health, and mood/anxiety disorders were modeled using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The migraine–depression association was also explored in a subset of participants using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview–Short Form (CIDI–SF) depression scale. Results: The odds of migraine were higher among those with mood disorders, with the strongest association in 2011-2 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=4.59; 95% confidence interval [CI95%]=3.44-6.12), and the weakest in 2009-10 (aOR=3.06, CI95%=2.06-4.55). The migraine–mood disorders association was also significant throughout all cycles, other than 2011-2, when the CIDI–SF depression scale was employed. The odds of migraine were higher among those with anxiety disorders, with the strongest association in 2011-2 (aOR=4.21, CI95%=3.31-5.35) and the weakest in 2010 (aOR=1.87, CI95%=1.10-3.37). The inverse association between high perceived mental health and the odds of migraine was observed in all CCHS cycles, with the strongest association in 2011-2 (aOR=0.58, CI95%=0.48-0.69) and the weakest in 2003-4 (aOR=0.75, CI95%=0.62-0.91). Conclusions: This study provides evidence, derived from a large population-based sample of adolescents, for a link between migraine and mood/anxiety disorders.
Emergency Preparedness Safety Climate and Other Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among World Trade Center Disaster Evacuees
Authors: Sherman Martin F. , Gershon Robyn R. , Riley Halley E. M. , Zhi Qi , Magda Lori A. , Peyrot Mark
Published: November 2016

Objective

We examined psychological outcomes in a sample of participants who evacuated from the World Trade Center towers on September 11, 2011. This study aimed to identify risk factors for psychological injury that might be amenable to change, thereby reducing adverse impacts associated with emergency high-rise evacuation.

Methods

We used data from a cross-sectional survey conducted 2 years after the attacks to classify 789 evacuees into 3 self-reported psychological outcome categories: long-term psychological disorder diagnosed by a physician, short-term psychological disorder and/or memory problems, and no known psychological disorder.

Results

After nonmodifiable risk factors were controlled for, diagnosed psychological disorder was more likely for evacuees who reported lower “emergency preparedness safety climate” scores, more evacuation challenges (during exit from the towers), and evacuation-related physical injuries. Other variables associated with increased risk of psychological disorder outcome included gender (female), lower levels of education, preexisting physical disability, preexisting psychological disorder, greater distance to final exit, and more information sources during egress.

Conclusions

Improving the “emergency preparedness safety climate” of high-rise business occupancies and reducing the number of egress challenges are potential strategies for reducing the risk of adverse psychological outcomes of high-rise evacuations. Focused safety training for individuals with physical disabilities is also warranted. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:326–336)
Body composition and the monitoring of non-communicable chronic disease risk
Authors: Wells J. C. K. , Shirley M. K.
Published: November 2016

There is a need for simple proxies of health status, in order to improve monitoring of chronic disease risk within and between populations, and to assess the efficacy of public health interventions as well as clinical management. This review discusses how, building on recent research findings, body composition outcomes may contribute to this effort. Traditionally, body mass index has been widely used as the primary index of nutritional status in children and adults, but it has several limitations. We propose that combining information on two generic traits, indexing both the ‘metabolic load’ that increases chronic non-communicable disease risk, and the homeostatic ‘metabolic capacity’ that protects against these diseases, offers a new opportunity to improve assessment of disease risk. Importantly, this approach may improve the ability to take into account ethnic variability in chronic disease risk. This approach could be applied using simple measurements readily carried out in the home or community, making it ideal for M-health and E-health monitoring strategies.
Reversal cycle in square Rayleigh–Bénard cells in turbulent regime
Authors: Castillo-Castellanos Andres , Sergent Anne , Rossi Maurice
Published: November 2016

We consider long-term data from direct numerical simulations of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection inside two-dimensional (2-D) square cells. For the range of Rayleigh numbers $Ra=10^{7}{-}10^{8}$ and Prandtl numbers $Pr=3.0{-}4.3$ considered, two types of flow regimes are observed: a regime consisting of consecutive reversals, when the global rotation switches sign; and a regime consisting of an extended cessation, when global rotation is absent. A filtering method discriminates these two regimes and allows us to identify two characteristic time scales for the former regime. A time rescaling is then used to tune our records to a common duration, thus putting into evidence a generic reversal cycle. This cycle is composed of three successive phases: acceleration, accumulation and release including a rebound event. We complement this view in terms of a global angular impulse, available mechanical energy, global kinetic energy and their corresponding transfer rates. For a particular realisation of a reversal, each phase is described in terms of the flow patterns (large diagonal roll, counter-rotating corner flows and thermal plumes) and tied to the corresponding energy processes. We conclude by performing linear as well as nonlinear stability studies to account for the triggering mechanism of the release.
Energy dissipation rate limits for flow through rough channels and tidal flow across topography
Authors: Kerswell R. R.
Published: November 2016

An upper bound on the energy dissipation rate per unit mass,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}$, for pressure-driven flow through a channel with rough walls is derived for the first time. For large Reynolds numbers,$Re$, the bound –$\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}\leqslant cU^{3}/h$where$U$is the mean flow through the channel,$h$the channel height and$c$a numerical prefactor – is independent of$Re$(i.e. the viscosity) as in the smooth channel case but the numerical prefactor$c$, which is only a function of the surface heights and surface gradients (i.e. not higher derivatives), is increased. Crucially, this new bound captures the correct scaling law of what is observed in rough pipes and demonstrates that while a smooth pipe is a singular limit of the Navier–Stokes equations (data suggest$\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}\sim 1/(\log Re)^{2}U^{3}/h$as$Re\rightarrow \infty$), it is a regular limit for current bounding techniques. As an application, the bound is extended to oscillatory flow to estimate the energy dissipation rate for tidal flow across bottom topography in the oceans.
Scaling regimes in spherical shell rotating convection
Authors: Gastine Thomas , Wicht Johannes , Aubert Julien
Published: November 2016

Rayleigh–Bénard convection in rotating spherical shells can be considered as a simplified analogue of many astrophysical and geophysical fluid flows. Here, we use three-dimensional direct numerical simulations to study this physical process. We construct a dataset of more than 200 numerical models that cover a broad parameter range with Ekman numbers spanning $3\times 10^{-7}\leqslant E\leqslant 10^{-1}$, Rayleigh numbers within the range $10^{3}<Ra<2\times 10^{10}$ and a Prandtl number of unity. The radius ratio $r_{i}/r_{o}$ is 0.6 in all cases and gravity is assumed to be proportional to $1/r^{2}$. We investigate the scaling behaviours of both local (length scales, boundary layers) and global (Nusselt and Reynolds numbers) properties across various physical regimes from onset of rotating convection to weakly rotating convection. Close to critical, the convective flow is dominated by a triple force balance between viscosity, Coriolis force and buoyancy. For larger supercriticalities, a small subset of our numerical data approach the asymptotic diffusivity-free scaling of rotating convection $Nu\sim Ra^{3/2}E^{2}$ in a narrow fraction of the parameter space delimited by $6\,Ra_{c}\leqslant Ra\leqslant 0.4\,E^{-8/5}$. Using a decomposition of the viscous dissipation rate into bulk and boundary layer contributions, we establish a theoretical scaling of the flow velocity that accurately describes the numerical data. In rapidly rotating turbulent convection, the fluid bulk is controlled by a triple force balance between Coriolis, inertia and buoyancy, while the remaining fraction of the dissipation can be attributed to the viscous friction in the Ekman layers. Beyond $Ra\simeq E^{-8/5}$, the rotational constraint on the convective flow is gradually lost and the flow properties continuously vary to match the regime changes between rotation-dominated and non-rotating convection. We show that the quantity $RaE^{12/7}$ provides an accurate transition parameter to separate rotating and non-rotating convection.
Tracer transport in an isochronal ice-sheet model
Authors: BORN ANDREAS
Published: November 2016

The full history of ice sheet and climate interactions is recorded in the vertical profiles of geochemical tracers in polar ice sheets. Numerical simulations of these archives promise great advances both in the interpretation of these reconstructions and the validation of the models themselves. However, fundamental mathematical shortcomings of existing models subject tracers to spurious diffusion, thwarting straightforward solutions. Here, I propose a new vertical discretization for ice-sheet models that eliminates numerical diffusion entirely. Vertical motion through the model mesh is avoided by mimicking the real-world flow of ice as a thinning of underlying layers. A new layer is added to the surface at equidistant time intervals, isochronally, thus identifying each layer uniquely by its time of deposition and age. This new approach is implemented for a two-dimensional section through the summit of the Greenland ice sheet. The ability to directly compare simulations of vertical ice cores with reconstructed data is used to find optimal model parameters from a large ensemble of simulations. It is shown that because this tuning method uses information from all times included in the ice core, it constrains ice-sheet sensitivity more robustly than a realistic reproduction of the modern ice-sheet surface.
Cretaceous fossil Raninoida De Haan, 1839 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) from northeast Texas
Authors: Franţescu Ovidiu D. , Feldmann Rodney M. , Schweitzer Carrie E.
Published: November 2016

Two new Raninoida crabs from the Cretaceous of Texas are described,Planocorystes robreidinew genus new species, andTexicancernew genus to accommodateNecrocarcinus renfroae. All the previously described raninoid-like decapods from the Pawpaw Formation have been reassigned according to Karasawa et al. (2014). Cretaceous raninoid-like crabs are the dominant taxa amongst the fossil decapods found in the Fort Worth, Texas, area, with hundreds of specimens collected. All of these fossils have been collected from limonitic nodules, and most of them present a good degree of preservation, with articulated pereiopods, pleons, venter and in rare occasions even the gills. The decapod fauna of the Pawpaw Formation represents a diverse population, with a large number of taxa in high abundance. One specimen ofP.robreidiappears to exhibit a lethal bite mark.
Taxonomy and biostratigraphic significance of Icriodus orri Klapper and Barrick and related Middle Devonian conodont species
Authors: Narkiewicz Katarzyna , Bultynck Pierre
Published: November 2016

The present study of the Eifelian icriodid conodonts is based on collections from Belarus and the Michigan Basin (USA). It is here proposed that forms originally included in Icriodus orri Klapper and Barrick, 1983 can be attributed to I. retrodepressus Bultynck, 1970, Icriodus orri sensu stricto, and Icriodus michiganus new species, each displaying a distinct morphology, stratigraphical range, and geographic distribution. Icriodus retrodepressus, characterized by a triangular spindle, deep depression in its posterior part, and a well-pronounced spur and antispur, appeared in the lower partitus Zone of the lowermost Eifelian and disappeared in the upper Eifelian kockelianus Zone. Icriodus michiganus n. sp., distinguished by a lachrymiform spindle with a shallow posterior depression, ranges from the lower costatus Zone to the upper kockelianus Zone. Icriodus orri differs from the other two species by the occurrence of transverse denticle rows with lateral denticles displaying sharp edges. It ranges from the upper kockelianus Zone to the ensensis Zone of the uppermost Eifelian. Icriodus retrodepressus first occurred in the European part of the Euramerican continent and later migrated into the North American area. Icriodus michiganus n. sp. has been found in the interior part of the North American Craton and near the eastern Euramerican margin. Icriodus orri occurs in the North American interior, in British Columbia (Canada), and in the eastern part of Euramerica (Belarus). The introduction of I. retrodepressus can be related to the transgressive Choteč Event, whereas that of I. orri to a transgressive stage of the Ie eustatic cycle.
SHARP INEQUALITIES FOR THE VARIATION OF THE DISCRETE MAXIMAL FUNCTION
Authors: MADRID JOSÉ
Published: November 2016

In this paper we establish new optimal bounds for the derivative of some discrete maximal functions, in both the centred and uncentred versions. In particular, we solve a question originally posed by Bober et al. [‘On a discrete version of Tanaka’s theorem for maximal functions’, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.140 (2012), 1669–1680].
Use of molecular biomarkers to estimate manganese requirements for broiler chickens from 22 to 42 d of age
Authors: Lu Lin , Chang Bin , Liao Xiudong , Wang Runlian , Zhang Liyang , Luo Xugang
Published: November 2016

The present study was carried out to evaluate dietary Mn requirements of broilers from 22 to 42 d of age using molecular biomarkers. Chickens were fed a conventional basal maize–soyabean meal diet supplemented with Mn as Mn sulphate in graded concentrations of 20 mg Mn/kg from 0 to 140 mg Mn/kg of diet for 21 d (from 22 to 42 d of age). The Mn response curves were fitted for ten parameters including heart Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA and its protein expression levels and the DNA-binding activities of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and activating protein-2 (AP-2). Heart MnSOD mRNA and protein expression levels showed significant quadratic responses (P<0·01), and heart MnSOD activity showed a broken-line response (P<0·01), whereas Mn content and DNA-binding activities of Sp1 and AP-2 in the heart displayed linear responses (P<0·01) to dietary Mn concentrations, respectively. The estimates of dietary Mn requirements were 101, 104 and 94 mg/kg for full expressions of MnSOD mRNA level, MnSOD protein level and MnSOD activity in the heart, respectively. Our findings indicate that heart MnSOD mRNA expression level is a more reliable indicator than heart MnSOD protein expression level and its activity for the evaluation of Mn requirement of broilers, and about 100 mg Mn/kg of diet is required for the full expression of heart MnSOD in broilers fed the conventional basal maize–soyabean meal diet from 22 to 42 d of age.
Effect of whey protein and a free amino acid mixture simulating whey protein on measures of satiety in normal-weight women
Authors: Chungchunlam Sylvia M. S. , Henare Sharon J. , Ganesh Siva , Moughan Paul J.
Published: November 2016

Dietary protein is considered more satiating than carbohydrate, and whey protein is more satiating than other protein sources. The purported satiating effect of whey protein may be due to direct effects of the unique mixture of proteins in whey, due to the effects of peptides released upon digestion and/or its amino acid composition. The objective of the present study was to compare the satiating effects of intact whey protein isolate (WPI) or a free amino acid mixture (AAM) simulating the amino acid composition of the WPI. A single-blind completely randomised block design included twenty, healthy, adult women (age 24·2 (sem 0·8) years) of normal weight (BMI 22·7 (sem 0·4) kg/m2). Following consumption of isoenergetic (approximately 1800 kJ) preload meals enriched (52 g amino acid equivalent) with WPI or AAM, consumption of an ad libitum test meal 120 min later and subjective feelings of appetite using visual analogue scales (VAS) were determined. There were no significant differences (P=0·24) in the ad libitum test meal intakes between the WPI (268·5 (sem 27·3) g) and the AAM (238·4 (sem 22·7) g) preload meals. Subjective VAS ratings of appetite did not differ significantly between the WPI and the AAM preload meals (P>0·05). Intact whey protein and a free AAM simulating the whey protein showed similar effects on satiety. This suggests that the satiating effect of whey protein may be related to its specific amino acid composition.
Molecular characterization, expression analysis and RNAi knock-down of elongation factor 1α and 1γ fromNilaparvata lugens and its yeast-like symbiont
Authors: Wang W.X. , Zhu T.H. , Li K.L. , Chen L.F. , Lai F.X. , Fu Q.
Published: November 2016

In the present paper, four cDNAs encoding the alpha and gamma subunits of elongation factor 1 (EF-1) were cloned and sequenced fromNilaparvata lugens, namedNlEF-1α, NlEF-1γ, and its yeast-like symbiont (YLS), namedYsEF-1αandYsEF-1γ, respectively. Comparisons with sequences from other species indicated a greater conservation forEF-1αthan forEF-1γ. NlEF-1αhas two identical copies. The deduced amino acid sequence homology of NlEF-1αand NlEF-1γis 96 and 64%, respectively, compared withHomalodisca vitripennisandLocusta migratoria. The deduced amino acid sequence homology of YsEF-1α and YsEF-1γ is 96 and 74%, respectively, compared withMetarhizium anisopliaeandOphiocordyceps sinensis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR) analysis revealed that the expression level ofNlEF-1αandNlEF-1γmRNA in hemolymph, ovary, fat body and salivary glands were higher than the midgut and leg tissue.YsEF-1αandYsEF-1γwas highly expressed in fat body. The expression level ofNlEF-1αwas higher than that ofNlEF-1γ. Through RNA interference (RNAi) of the two genes, the mortality of nymph reached 92.2% at the 11th day after treatment and the ovarian development was severely hindered. The RT–qPCR analysis verified the correlation between mortality, sterility and the down-regulation of the target genes. The expression and synthesis of vitellogenin (Vg) protein in insects injected withNlEF-1αandNlEF-1γdouble-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was significantly lower than control groups. Attempts to knockdown the YsEF-1 genes in the YLS was unsuccessful. However, the phenotype ofN. lugensinjected withYsEF-1αdsRNA was the same as that injected withNlEF-1αdsRNA, possibly due to the high similarity (up to 71.9%) in the nucleotide sequences betweenNlEF-1αandYsEF-1α.We demonstrated that partial silencing ofNlEF-1αandNlEF-1γgenes caused lethal and sterility effect onN. lugens.NlEF-1γshares low identity with that of other insects and therefore it could be a potential target for RNAi-based pest management.
Do We Need Kiwi Lessons in Biculturalism? Considering the Usefulness of Aotearoa/New Zealand's Pākehā Identity in Re-Articulating Indigenous Settler Relations in Canada
Authors: MacDonald David B.
Published: November 2016

Canada is beginning to slowly embrace an ethic of Indigenous-settler biculturalism. One model of change is afforded by the development of biculturalism in Aotearoa/New Zealand, where recent Indigenous Māori mobilization has created a unique model in the Western settler world. This article explores what Canada might learn from the Kiwi experience, focusing on the key identity marker Pākehā, an internalized and contingent settler identity, using Indigenous vocabulary and reliant on a relationship with Indigenous peoples. This article gauges Pākehā’s utility in promoting biculturalism, noting both its progressive qualities and problems in its deployment, including continued inequality, political alienation, and structural discrimination. While Canada has no Pākehā analogue, terms such as “settler” are being operationalized to develop a larger agenda for reconciliation along the lines recommended by the Truth and Reconcilliation Commission. However, such terms function best when channelled towards achieving positive concrete goals, rather than acting as rhetorical screens for continued inaction.
The Importance of Local Party Activity in Understanding Canadian Politics: Winning from the Ground Up in the 2015 Federal Election
Authors: Cross William
Published: November 2016

Political parties have long been identified as critical players in Canadian democracy. In this address I focus on the activities of parties at the constituency level arguing that this is crucial to fully understanding many important questions in Canadian political science. By way of example, using data relating to the 2015 federal election, I argue that examining the relative vitality of local party associations in the period between election campaigns assists in a fuller understanding of election outcomes and that examining local party nomination dynamics is key to understanding the underrepresentation of women in the candidate pool and ultimately in the House of Commons.
DietaryChlorella vulgarismicroalgae improves feed utilization, milk production and concentrations of conjugated linoleic acids in the milk of Damascus goats
Authors: KHOLIF A. E. , MORSY T. A. , MATLOUP O. H. , ANELE U. Y. , MOHAMED A. G. , EL-SAYED A. B.
Published: November 2016

Fifteen lactating Damascus goats (44 ± 0·8 kg body weight) were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the supplementation ofChlorella vulgarismicroalgae at 0 (Control), 5 (Alg05) and 10 g/goat/day (Alg10) for 12 weeks.Chlorella vulgaristreatments increased feed intake and apparent diet digestibility compared with a control diet. No differences were noted in the ruminal pH and ammonia-N concentrations, but increased concentration of total volatile fatty acids and propionic acid were observed in goats fed with Alg05 and Alg10. Diets of Alg05 and Alg10 increased serum glucose concentration but decreased glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and cholesterol concentrations. Additionally,C. vulgarissupplementation moderately increased milk yield, energy corrected milk, total solids, solids not fat and lactose. Feeding Alg05 and Alg10 diets increased milk unsaturated fatty acids with concomitant increases in total conjugated linoleic acid concentrations. It is concluded that the daily inclusion of 5 or 10 g ofC. vulgarisin the diets of Damascus goats increased milk yield and positively modified milk fatty acid profile.
In a state of slum: governance in an informal urban settlement in Ghana
Authors: Stacey Paul , Lund Christian
Published: November 2016

Old Fadama in Accra, Ghana, is a vast informal settlement. A legalistic approach by successive governments has meant a near-absence of statutory institutions and the emergence of alternative public authorities. These endeavour to provide the area with a range of basic public services to solve the area's serious developmental challenges. Through processes of informal negotiation residents establish rights and social contracts that underpin and define what will constitute ideas of state and law. At the same time, self-governance emerges while relations with statutory institutions shift back and forth between vilification, tacit acceptance, and productive cooperation. The article contributes to studies of governance in informal urban settlements on two fronts. First, it shows how informal arrangements lead to the provision of basic public services and influence the workings of formal institutions of government. Second, it challenges facile understandings of large-scale informal settlements as generally chaotic, lawless or subversive.
The unique role of the agent within the romantic group
Authors: Ben-Ze'ev Aaron , Krebs Angelika
Published: November 2016

In this commentary, we apply the authors' view to small groups consisting of two people who are in a committed romantic relationship. Our focus is on the circumstances that make it more likely that people will stay within such a group and minimize the chances that they will replace their partner. In our restless society, such ongoing replacement is a pressing issue.
FORMULAIC SEQUENCE(FS) CANNOT BE AN UMBRELLA TERM IN SLA
Authors: Myles Florence , Cordier Caroline
Published: November 2016

The termformulaic sequence(FS) is used with a multiplicity of meanings in the SLA literature, some overlapping but others not, and researchers are not always clear in defining precisely what they are investigating, or in limiting the implicational domain of their findings to the type of formulaicity they focus on. The first part of the article provides a conceptual framework focusing on the contrast between linguistic or learner-external definitions, that is, what is formulaic in the language the learner is exposed to, such as idiomatic expressions or collocations, and psycholinguistic or learner-internal definitions, that is, what is formulaic within an individual learner because it presents a processing advantage. The second part focuses on the methodological consequences of adopting a learner-internal approach to the investigation of FSs, and examines the challenges presented by the identification of psycholinguistic formulaicity in advanced L2 learners, proposing a tool kit based on a hierarchical identification method.
Optimal Hardy inequalities in cones
Authors: Devyver Baptiste , Pinchover Yehuda , Psaradakis Georgios
Published: November 2016

Let Ω be an open connected cone in ℝn with vertex at the origin. Assume that the Operator

is subcritical in Ω, where δΩ is the distance function to the boundary of Ω and μ ⩽ 1/4. We show that under some smoothness assumption on Ω the improved Hardy-type inequality

holds true, and the Hardy-weight λ(μ)|x|–2 is optimal in a certain definite sense. The constant λ(μ) > 0 is given explicitly.
Imaging the adult zebrafish cone mosaic using optical coherence tomography
Authors: HUCKENPAHLER ALISON L. , WILK MELISSA A. , COOPER ROBERT F. , MOEHRING FRANCIE , LINK BRIAN A. , CARROLL JOSEPH , COLLERY ROSS F.
Published: November 2016

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) provide many advantages as a model organism for studying ocular disease and development, and there is great interest in the ability to non-invasively assess their photoreceptor mosaic. Despite recent applications of scanning light ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, and gonioscopy to in vivo imaging of the adult zebrafish eye, current techniques either lack accurate scaling information (limiting quantitative analyses) or require euthanizing the fish (precluding longitudinal analyses). Here we describe improved methods for imaging the adult zebrafish retina using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Transgenic fli1:eGFP zebrafish were imaged using the Bioptigen Envisu R2200 broadband source OCT with a 12-mm telecentric probe to measure axial length and a mouse retina probe to acquire retinal volume scans subtending 1.2 × 1.2 mm nominally. En face summed volume projections were generated from the volume scans using custom software that allows the user to create contours tailored to specific retinal layer(s) of interest. Following imaging, the eyes were dissected for ex vivo fluorescence microscopy, and measurements of blood vessel branch points were compared to those made from the en face OCT images to determine the OCT lateral scale as a function of axial length. Using this scaling model, we imaged the photoreceptor layer of five wild-type zebrafish and quantified the density and packing geometry of the UV cone submosaic. Our in vivo cone density measurements agreed with measurements from previously published histology values. The method presented here allows accurate, quantitative assessment of cone structure in vivo and will be useful for longitudinal studies of the zebrafish cone mosaics.
Characteristics of Müller glial cells in MNU-induced retinal degeneration
Authors: REISENHOFER MIRIAM , PANNICKE THOMAS , REICHENBACH ANDREAS , ENZMANN VOLKER
Published: November 2016

Retinal Müller glial cells have been shown to undergo reactive gliosis in a variety of retinal diseases. Upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a hallmark of Müller cell activation. Reactive gliosis after retinal detachment or ischemia/reperfusion is characterized by hypertrophy and downregulation of inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) currents. However, this kind of physiological alteration could not be detected in slowly progressing retinal degenerations. The photoreceptor toxin N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) leads to the rapid loss of cells in the outer nuclear layer and subsequent Müller cell activation. Here, we investigated whether Müller cells from MNU-treated mice exhibit reactive gliosis. We found that Müller cells showed increased GFAP expression and increased membrane capacitance, indicating hypertrophy. Membrane potential and Kir channel-mediated K+ currents were not significantly altered whereas Kir4.1 mRNA expression and Kir-mediated inward current densities were markedly decreased. This suggests that MNU-induced Müller cell gliosis is characterized by plasma membrane increase without alteration in the membrane content of Kir channels. Taken together, our findings show that Müller cells of MNU-treated mice are reactive and respond with a form of gliosis which is characterized by cellular hypertrophy but no changes in Kir current amplitudes.
ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON'S EVOLUTIONARY WORDSWORTH
Authors: Olsen Trenton B.
Published: November 2016

While crediting William Wordsworth'stutelage in his 1887 essay “Books Which Have Influenced Me,” Robert Louis Stevenson indicates that the poet's contribution to his writing is difficult to pin down: “Wordsworth should perhaps come next. Every one has been influenced by Wordsworth and it is hard to tell precisely how” (164). Seeking to understand this relationship, I examined Stevenson's copy of Wordsworth'sThe Poetical Works(1858) at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. Stevenson's penciled markings, cross-references, and annotations fill the six-volume set, indicating careful and repeated reading over many years. Stevenson purchased the edition as he was entering adulthood in Edinburgh, and kept it with him until the end of his life in Samoa. While Stevenson's marginalia cannot be precisely dated, the handwriting alongside Wordsworth's poetry ranges from the large sloped script of his early years (1870--1874) to the smaller, more rounded and upright letters he used in the final period of his life (1890–1894). Given this record and the frequency and depth of Stevenson's allusions to Wordsworth in his fiction, essays, and letters, it is surprising that no study of the relationship has been undertaken. In recent book-length studies of Romantic influences on Victorian writing, Stevenson is rarely mentioned, and never in connection with Wordsworth. Even Stephen Gill's encyclopedicWordsworth and the Victoriansmakes no reference to Stevenson.
Choice of appropriate beam model and gantry rotational angle for low-dose gradient-based craniospinal irradiation using volumetric-modulated arc therapy
Authors: Sarkar Biplab , Pradhan Anirudh
Published: November 2016

Objectives

We aimed to assess the impact of advanced multileaf collimator (MLC) models and flattening filter-free (3F) beam in volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT)-based craniospinal irradiation (CSI).

Methods

CT scans of five medulloblastoma patients who previously received CSI at our hospital were used for the present study. Patients were planned for a prescription dose of 35 Gy to craniospinal axis. A three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) plan and a VMAT plan using 1 cm MLC leaf width were generated as the gold standard (reference arm). Test VMAT plans were generated using Agility MLC model (MLC leaf width 5 mm) for various combinations of flattened beam (F) and 3F beam for treating the brain and spine planning target volume (PTV). Organs at risks (OARs) were analysed for dose 5, 50, 75 and 90% volumes, mean dose and maximum dose.

Results

All 3DCRT plans and VMAT plans were aimed to cover 95% of PTV by at least 95% prescription dose. VMAT demonstrated lesser dose spillage than 3DCRT to body volume minus PTV (NTID: non tumor integral dose) for a dose threshold above 7·5 Gy. For the low-dose range (1–7 Gy), variation between the dose coverage between all VMAT plans (for either spine or brain PTV) was <1%. Intra-VMAT plan dose variation for all OAR’s for all tested parameters was <1 Gy. Average monitor unit (MU) difference among different VMAT plans ranged between 1·52 and 2·13 when normalised to 3DCRT MU. For VMAT plans, flat beam with 1 cm MLC showed the highest MU, whereas Agility MLC with 3F beam had the least MU values for intra-VMAT plans. No statistical significance variation (p) was observed in between reference arm and test arm plans except for mean dose and V107% for PTV spine. When compared between reference arm 3DCRT and test arm VMAT plans. For OAR’s, no statistical difference was observed between reference and test arm VMAT plans.

Conclusions

Reference arm plans and test arm plans exhibit no statistically significant difference. However, as compared with 3DCRT, VMAT plans are more conformal and produce lesser dose to OAR at the cost of higher delivered MU. 3F beams or finer width MLC’s (width <5 mm) have no advantage over the conventional 1 cm MLC and flat beam except that 3F beams have a shorter beam delivery time. This study demonstrate a significantly lesser spillage dose to NTID/body that of the reported literature, which is attributed to limited rotational arc length used for VMAT plans.
Effects of prenatal bisphenol-A exposure and postnatal overfeeding on cardiovascular function in female sheep
Authors: MohanKumar S. M. J. , Rajendran T. D. , Vyas A. K. , Hoang V. , Asirvatham-Jeyaraj N. , Veiga-Lopez A. , Olivier N. B. , Padmanabhan V. , MohanKumar P. S.
Published: November 2016

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a widely used endocrine-disrupting chemical. Prenatal exposure to BPA is known to affect birth weight, but its impact on the cardiovascular system has not been studied in detail. In this study, we investigated the effects of prenatal BPA treatment and its interaction with postnatal overfeeding on the cardiovascular system. Pregnant sheep were given daily subcutaneous injections of corn oil (control) or BPA (0.5 mg/kg/day in corn oil) from day 30 to day 90 of gestation. A subset of female offspring of these dams were overfed to increase body weight to ~30% over that of normal fed controls. Cardiovascular function was assessed using non-invasive echocardiography and cuff blood pressure (BP) monitoring at 21 months of age. Ventricular tissue was analyzed for gene expression of cardiac markers of hypertrophy and collagen at the end of the observation period. Prenatal BPA exposure had no significant effect on BP or morphometric measures. However, it increased atrial natriuretic peptide gene expression in the ventricles and reduced collagen expression in the right ventricle. Overfeeding produced a marked increase in body weight and BP. There were compensatory increases in left ventricular area and internal diameter. Prenatal BPA treatment produced a significant increase in interventricular septal thickness when animals were overfed. However, it appeared to block the increase in BP and left ventricular area caused by overfeeding. Taken together, these results suggest that prenatal BPA produces intrinsic changes in the heart that are capable of modulating morphological and functional parameters when animals become obese in later life.
An Early Warning System for Landslide Danger
Authors: Posner Ari , Georgakakos Konstantine
Published: November 2016

Advances in satellite imaging, mapping, and rainfall estimations have made it possible to implement a regional real-time assessment of landslide hazard threats across Central America.