bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Redman Charles L
Published: November 2023

The patterns humans impose on the earth, purposefully as well as inadvertently, through land-use change are fundamental determinants of local, regional, and global ecological processes that ultimately influence the sustainability of both biological and cultural landscapes, and thus human quality of life. These landscapes result from integrated socioeconomic and ecological dynamics playing out across potentially vast scales of space, time, and organizational complexity (Levin, 1999; Turner et al., 1990; Vitousek et al., 1997). Ecological systems have intrinsic temporal rhythms, driven by such things as generation time, age of reproduction, and disturbance frequencies. They also exhibit patterns on characteristic spatial scales, formed by such things as dispersal distance, topography, and interaction lengths. Moreover, these ecological systems also bear the signature of human institutions that act—either directly or indirectly—to alter the dominant spatial and temporal modes (e.g., suppressing fire frequencies or homogenizing landscapes) or to introduce new ones (e.g., 5-year planning cycles or rectangular state boundaries) (Carpenter and Gunderson, 2001; Pyne, 1997; Scheffer et al., 2001; Turner et al., 2002).
Changing Agrarian Landscapes across America A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Sylvester Kenneth M , Gutmann Myron P
Published: November 2023

Over a mere five or six human generations, agriculture has all but disappeared from rural landscapes in the eastern half of the United States. During an equally brief period, agriculture has transformed forests, valleys, prairies, and plains in the interior of the continent. Economic models have explained the shift in terms of the lower costs of land, the larger scale of farming, and better connections to export markets, via river transport at first and then by rail (Fitzgerald, 2003; Gardner, 2002; Hart, 2003). Enormous gains in agricultural productivity since the green revolution have accelerated these trends, ensuring that the physical extent of agricultural land peaked in the United States in 1950, and the pace of abandonment has quickened (Theobald, 2001; Theobald et al., 2005). In the information age, distance to nearby population centers is an increasingly unimportant factor in predicting the prevalence of agricultural land use. With a nationally integrated market and export-driven demand shaping landuse patterns, the production locations have shifted to landscapes with fertile soils; flat, open terrain; and favorable climates. Still, we know that landscapes in the six areas examined have not escaped the legacies of prior patterns of development. Each was managed in different and path-dependent ways during the past 130 years.
New England’s Forest Landscape Ecological Legacies and Conservation Patterns Shaped by Agrarian History
Authors: Foster David R , Donahue Brian , Kittredge David , Motzkin Glenn , Hall Brian , Turner Billie , Chilton Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

After a regionwide two-century period of deforestation and agrarian expansion, the dramatic reduction in agriculture in New England during the past 150 years generated a wave of land-cover change. Forest cover increased from less than 30% to more than 75% in many regions. Despite supporting one of the densest human populations in the nation, New England is among the most heavily forested regions in the United States. The story of this remarkable landscape transformation is one of recovery of nature, the legacy of past events in the details of modern ecosystems, and opportunity matched by challenge for conservation.
Introduction to Biological Invasions: Biological, Economic, and Social Perspectives
Authors: Lodge David M , Lewis Mark A , Shogren, Jason F , Keller Reuben P
Published: November 2023

In the last two decades, experts and the public have recognized two important things about many anthropogenic environmental changes: frst, these changes are increasingly global in scope, and second, they are hard to reverse. These characteristics apply with special force to harmful nonindigenous species, which we refer to as “invasive species” throughout this book. Both the global scope and the difficulty of reversing invasions impart considerable urgency to increasing our understanding of this problem. Invading organisms reproduce and spread, even if we cease introducing more individuals. The problem of harmful invasive species gets worse without management.
The Music Teaching Artist’s Bible
Authors: Booth Eric
Published: November 2023

When the artist moves into the classroom or community to educate and inspire students and audience members, this is Teaching Artistry. It is a proven means for practicing professional musicians to create a successful career in music, providing not only necessary income but deep and lasting satisfaction through engaging people in learning experiences about the arts. Filled with practical advice on the most critical issues facing the music teaching artist today-from economic and time-management issues of being a musician and teacher to communicating effectively with students-The Music Teaching Artist's Bible uncovers the essentials that every musician needs in order to thrive in this role. Author Eric Booth offers both inspiration and how-to, step-by-step guidance in this truly comprehensive manual that music teaching artists will turn to again and again. The book also includes critical information on becoming a mentor, succeeding in school environments, partnering with other teaching artists, advocating for music and arts education, and teaching private lessons. The Music Teaching Artist's Bible helps practicing and aspiring teaching artists gain the skills they need to build new audiences, improve the presence of music in schools, expand the possibilities of traditional and educational performances, and ultimately make their lives as an artists even more satisfying and fulfilling.
Teaching Artists in the Arts Learning Ecosystem
Authors: Booth Eric
Published: November 2023

The arts appeared on day two in human history, beating the wheel by an aeon or more. In all those millennia, the original four disciplines— music, dance, visual arts, and theater—have each evolved in their own ways, and the only new kid on the artistic block since then is the literary arts. I sometimes refer to teaching artistry as the sixth artistic discipline, or as the in-between artistic discipline that closes the gaps.
The Best Reason for Being a Teaching Artist
Authors: Booth Eric
Published: November 2023

Many musicians have told me that they have no interest in acquiring educational skills: “Hey, I spent enough years learning how to play this instrument. I don’t need to start learning new skills.” Or “Why do you think I went into music? Precisely because I wanted to speak the language of music and not education-ese.” Fair enough. So why bother? Before we begin to answer that fundamental question, let’s clarify our terms.
Inside the Liminal Zone
Authors: Booth Eric
Published: November 2023

What do you do when you don’t know what to do? That in-between place, between what you know and what you don’t know, is an overlooked but crucial area in the arts and arts learning. It is sometimes called the liminal zone. You know this zone—you perform in it when you improvise, and you listen from inside it, moment by moment, as you make personal connections to music you have not heard before.
The Habits of Mind of Musical Learning
Authors: Booth Eric
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter we entered the liminal zone—that mysterious internal space of not-knowing, in which we encounter the new. This in-between state is the overlooked epicenter of audience experience, where people come to love, like, hate, feel stupid or confused, be drawn in or repelled, find or not find satisfying personal connections to music. I argued that the ways listeners react when in this zone are largely a function of how many inner tools they have for connecting to the music as it unfolds. Teaching artists can—must— help people develop those tools. Expert tour guides in the liminal zone, teaching artists can teach people what to do when they don’t know what to do—and teach what else to do if what they already know ain’t working.
A Teaching Artist’s Curriculum
Authors: Booth Eric
Published: November 2023

Ideal. Doesn’t the word have a nice ring to it? “What would be the ideal way to learn something you care about?” Just considering such a question begins to make me happy. Of course, we rarely get to live in an ideal anything, but conjuring the ideal can clarify what we aspire to. What would be the ideal curriculum for training a music teaching artist? In a best of all possible worlds, what would that young musician study to develop her educator’s skills along with her artistic skills? The nationwide trend, widely referred to as “the professionalization of the teaching artist,” invites us to consider the development of those skills and even indulge in the luxury of considering what might work best.
Reflecting on Reflection
Authors: Booth Eric
Published: November 2023

Consider the following: Can anyone—no matter how gifted—learn to play a passage well without being able to hear how it sounds objectively and then extrapolate what needs to be done to improve it? Can a composer create a movement without the habit of noticing where it is going, and sensing better and worse choices a thousand times along the way? Good musicians work with those skills deep in their bones—so deep that reflection and self-assessment are not separated from musical action at all; they become fused with the acts of performance and creation. Yet teaching artists too often forget to develop these crucial reflection skills in their students.
Feedback: Giving It and Getting It Right
Authors: Booth Eric
Published: November 2023

Recall a time in your life when you learned something difficult, something that you really cared about, and that took time to learn.
Fuller Audience Engagement: What Does It Look Like?
Authors: Booth Eric
Published: November 2023

Because musicians are generally polite by nature (no comments about low brass, please), they don’t actually speak that sentence above—but they probably think it at some point in my workshops. Since I often teach general principles for drawing general audiences into satisfying musical experiences, it’s fair enough to request examples of what those ideas actually look like in a concert. So let’s get specific. This chapter will talk you through one concert I saw in 2002 that elegantly and playfully exemplified some excellent strategies that all ensembles can use to enliven their interactions with audiences.
The Private Music Lesson
Authors: Booth Eric
Published: November 2023

Teaching artists bring an additional set of tools and gifts to the private lesson—if they apply what they know from other settings to the one-on-one intensity of this partnership. The best private teachers I know are those who use all their teaching artistry in the closed room. In this chapter we will remind ourselves of the teaching artist basics that are sometimes overlooked in private lessons, and we will explore those learning foundations, like motivation, atmosphere, and self-assessment, that make the crucial difference to the private student’s learning journey.
Brain Plasticity
Authors: Klingberg Torkel
Published: November 2023

In earlier chapters, we identified a number of potential key areas for our working memory capacity, and laid them out on the brain map. The cognitive neurosciences, which saw a burst of popularity in the 1990s along with the development of new brain imaging techniques, have largely been devoted to this very kind of mapping, in which different areas of the brain are assigned different functions. Sometimes the science is mocked, its detractors dismissing it as a kind of modern phrenology. The phrenologists were nineteenth-century charlatans who made pronouncements about human characteristics by feeling the depressions and bumps of the cranium. Not only were the phrenologists unscientific, but their measurements of the skull also fed into early-twentieth-century racial biology.
There Have Been Frequent Flooding and Sea-Level Change Events on Earth
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

Someone once said that there is nothing like a waiting noose to focus the mind. It is possible to argue that the mind is equally focused by waters rising above one’s feet of clay. Most of the people in the world still live along watercourses or near seacoasts, as water is a life-sustaining element. But water, impelled by planetary forces and following its own agenda, often rises up and destroys. Floods are so common, in fact, that we tend to lose track of them as a matter of importance in a catalog of natural disasters. Few floods cause great, concentrated losses of life, except the ones that— remote from our lives—carry off tens of thousands of citizens in places like Bangladesh. We are more apt to think of floods as photographs of people making do, sloshing around in a few feet of water in the aftermath of a hurricane or surprisingly heavy rainstorm, their houses full of muck, their tax and other records, perhaps, a soggy mass of useless pulp. The U.S. Weather Bureau tracks hurricanes these days, and local governments, warned well in advance, typically evacuate their citizens.
Then Along Came Us and We Have Effected Vast Environmental Changes on a Local and Regional Scale
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

Up to this point we have been looking at the Earth’s activities and their effects on climate, on life in general, and more recently on mankind itself. But now, when we look at mankind’s effects on the natural environment, we have hit the fast-forward button. We are dealing with a far different time scale. The historical record goes back only around 7,000 years, and even human prehistory—perhaps some 50,000 years—is but an instant in geologic time. Humans have always had some effect on their environment—for example, by the time of the Romans, water pollution was a moderate problem—but only locally, here and there. By 1800, water pollution had become a regional problem in numerous areas around the world. But the most noticeable environmental changes have come about since then, essentially with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. It is not just the total effects that are of interest; far more important are the rates of change. For if continued indefinitely at increasing rates, the Earth would become largely uninhabitable.
Taking Back the Streets of San Francisco
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: November 2023

“I am not going to be forced out of San Francisco by splinter groups of radicals, social deviates and incorrigibles,” Dan White wrote in his campaign literature in 1977. The supervisorial candidate tapped into longtime residents’ festering resentment. “You must realize that there are thousands upon thousands of frustrated angry people such as yourselves waiting to unleash a fury that can and will eradicate the malignancies which blight our beautiful city.”1 White was exceptionally incendiary, but his message was pedestrian: more San Franciscans shared his views than is commonly believed, and they organized with increasing effectiveness through the late 1970s.
The Future of Bioethics
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

Bioethics, born in the 1960s and 1970s, has achieved great success, but also has experienced recent growing pains, as illustrated by the case of Terri Schiavo. In The Future of Bioethics, Howard Brody, a physician and scholar who dates his entry into the field in 1972, sifts through the various issues that bioethics is now addressing--and some that it is largely ignoring--to chart a course for the future. Traditional bioethical concerns such as medical care at the end of life and research on human subjects will continue to demand attention. Brody chooses to focus instead on less obvious issues that will promise to stimulate new ways of thinking. He argues for a bioethics grounded in interdisciplinary medical humanities, including literature, history, religion, and the social sciences. Drawing on his previous work, Brody argues that most of the issues concerned involve power disparities. Bioethics’ response ought to combine new concepts that take power relationships seriously, with new practical activities that give those now lacking power a greater voice. A chapter on community dialogue outlines a role for the general public in bioethics deliberations. Lessons about power initially learned from feminist bioethics need to be expanded into new areas--cross cultural, racial and ethnic, and global and environmental issues, as well as the concerns of persons with disabilities. Bioethics has neglected important ethical controversies that are most often discussed in primary care, such as patient-centered care, evidence-based medicine, and pay-for-performance. Brody concludes by considering the tension between bioethics as contemplative scholarship and bioethics as activism. He urges a more activist approach, insisting that activism need not cause a premature end to ongoing conversations among bioethicists defending widely divergent views and thcories.
Bioethics’ Interdisciplinary Base
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

The March–April 2006 issue of the Hastings Center Report contained two major articles, by Bruce Jennings and Barry Hoffmaster, respectively. Jennings addressed the care of patients with traumatic brain injury, while Hoffmaster addressed “vulnerability,” especially as it applies to the elderly with disabilities and their caregivers. Jennings used as a recurring motif in his paper the poetry of Wallace Stevens, particularly “The Idea of Order at Key West.” Hoffmaster developed his paper around two narratives, those of his father and his mother, both in their mid-eighties. There was a day not too long past when the majority of bioethicists would have rejected both these papers out-of-hand. Jennings’s paper might have been viewed as a literary exercise rather than “real” bioeth- ics. Hoffmaster’s discussion would have been dismissed as unaccept- ably subjective and anecdotal.2
Overview: Bioethics, Power, and Learning to See
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

This chapter lays out a conceptual model that will be used in the next four chapters. The model is derived from one form of feminist ethics and addresses an aspect of power disparities that, if not understood, could undermine careful ethical refection. I will then proceed to apply some aspects of this model to cross-cultural issues, race and health dis- parities, disabilities, and international health justice. Judy Andre argues that an important part of moral growth and development is “learning to see.”1 A good deal of bioethics is written as if the central problem were reasoning correctly from given facts to the desired moral conclusions. That model presumes that the facts are indeed given at the outset—that is, all discussants are aware of the facts and would readily agree on what they are. When we are spoon-fed “the facts” in a typical bioethics textbook case presentation (“The patient is a 67-year-old woman who completed an advance directive ten years previously . . . “), the notion is reinforced that “the facts of the case” are there for the asking.
Disabilities
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

In October, 2004, I was moved to offer an apology. When the case of David Rivlin was heard by a Michigan court in the 1980s, I had thought of it at the time as a typical “right to refuse life-sustaining treatment” case, such that all right-thinking individuals would support the principle of respect for patient autonomy. After I had become better sensitized to some of the concerns raised by advocates for persons with disabilities, I regretted my initial reaction. It now seemed more plausible to me that Rivlin might have wished to remain alive, even with quadriplegia and ventilator-dependent, if only he could have received better and more humane services that would have given him some meaningful options for living his life.
The Russian Occupation
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

The air was filled with enthusiastic shouts, laughter, and handclapping. Here and there a flower could be seen flying, as if searching for a safe landing. The crowd and the flowers were welcoming the Soviet soldiers who, whether walking or sitting on top of military vehicles, seemed surprised, perhaps even embarrassed by the tumultuous greetings. Some smiled, others waved tentatively. Most just looked ahead as they passed the lines of excited people. The Russians had not expected such a reception. After all, they had come uninvited. To the beleaguered Polish government their presence was a hostile act closely identified with Germany’ s 1939 attack.
The Partisan Network
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

After being exposed to German terror, the Jews in Western Belorussia remembered the Soviet occupation as being the “good old days.” They would ask, “Since the Russians were good to us in the past why should the Soviet partisans not be good to us now? Now that we have a common enemy, the USSR has even more reason to protect us.” Jews expected the Russians to help. Even independent and apolitical people like Tuvia Bielski waited for this to happen. For quite some time, however, no one in his otriad hadmet these likely protectors. In the meantime, as the group grew, it had to contend with different kinds of dangers.
Building a Forest Community
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

With the manhunt behind them, the Soviet partisan leaders were eager to reestablish order. Through this reorganization they had intended to get a firmer grip on the different partisan groups in the area. The Bielski otriad, caught in this effort to reorganize, became officially attached to the Kirov brigade. Vasiliev, its head, had special plans for the Bielski partisans. Tuvia was told that his unit would get a Russian deputy and a Russian Chief of Staff. He recalls that “ in the guise of ‘ advice’ we were asked to send all of our ‘ non-fighters’ to the Nalibocka forest. The fighters would remain here and would from time to time send food to the families in the forest. I realized that our independence was being seriously threatened. All kinds of thoughts occurred to me. Perhaps I should detach myself from the brigade and leave the area?” But Tuvia knew that headquarters would not tolerate this kind of disobedience— they would probably kill him. And if this happened his people would be unprotected.
Keeping Order
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

“ Put a partisan’ s jacket on the ground and it will begin to walk.” 1 Lice, the permanent inhabitants of partisan garments, were credited with this unexpected motion. Overcrowding, no change of clothes, and limited washing—all acted as an invitation to these insidious pests. Lice are stubborn. Once they establish residence they are difficult to dislodge. Inevitably, filth and lice lead to disease. Aware of this connection, Tuvia supported those who could improve the otriad’ s cleanliness. Because Riva Reich qualified for such work he assigned her to double duty: nursing and sanitary inspection of the camp. Every morning she walked through the otriad checking its hygiene. When she finished this overall survey, she stepped inside the kitchen and into several ziemlankas. But Riva was only one of several women who took turns watching over the camp’ s cleanliness.
From Self-Preservation to Rescue
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

People who are exposed to extreme dangers may be paralyzed into inaction. Whether this occurs is in part contingent on the extent to which they define a situation as hopeless. As a rule, fighting requires hope, yet hope tends to fade with grave dangers. Those who have been sentenced to death tend to give up hope. Yet hope dies reluctantly. For some individuals condemned to death even a slim chance of survival turns the wish to live into an all-consuming passion. During the Nazi occupation, among the Jews in Western Belorussia, a clinging to hope and life was expressed in a variety of ways.
Benjamin Franklin, Jonathan Edwards, and the Problem of Human Nature
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham
Published: November 2023

“Reason should govern Passion, but instead of that, you see, it is often subservient to it.” So ran the conventional wisdom of the eighteenth century, in this case stated by Sir Richard Steele in The Spectator. Throughout the eighteenth century, the Western world typically thought of human nature in terms of a model of faculties or powers. The “active powers,” which collectively composed the “will,” supplied the motives prompting human action. The most common version of eighteenth-century faculty psychology arranged these powers in a hierarchical sequence. First in order of precedence came the rational faculties of the will: conscience (or the moral sense) and prudence (or self-interest). Below them were the emotional springs of action, called either by the approving term “affections” or the more derogatory word “passions,” as the context might dictate. Still further down were mechanical impulses like reflexes, not subject to conscious control at all. The hierarchical structure of human nature, explained a later number of The Spectator, corresponded to humanity’s intermediate position in the great chain of being, partly divine, partly animal.
Iris Young and the Gendering of Phenomenology
Authors: Bartky Sandra Lee
Published: November 2023

Western philosophers have until very lately assigned a lower ontological status to the body than to those other aspects of the person which have the task of holding this body, prone as it is to epistemological error and moral weakness, in check; higher than the body, hence authorized to police it, have been nous, mind, spirit, soul, rational intuition. Women, thought to be more in thrall to the body than the mind, have been correspondingly depreciated.
Iris Marion Young: Between Phenomenology and Structural Injustice
Authors: Mann Bonnie
Published: November 2023

A few months before her death, I had the honor of hosting a visit by Iris Marion Young to the University of Oregon. Young was focused, luminous, and generous presenting two papers on the topic of structural injustice; and annoyed by our department’s interest in her phenomenological work on embodiment. I, in turn, was somewhat impatient with her annoyance. Many of us considered her to have done more in her essays on female body experience than any other philosopher since Beauvoir to force open the question of female embodiment.
L’Imagination au pouvoir: Comparing John Rawls’s Method of Ideal Theory with Iris Marion Young’s Method of Critical Theory
Authors: Jaggar Alison M
Published: November 2023

After Iris Marion Young’s untimely death, celebrations of her life and work were organized by many philosophical communities of which she had been a beloved member. At one celebration, organized by the Radical Philosophy Association in November 2006, Kevin Graham observed that Young had come of age in the philosophical world that Rawls had built but that her work had transformed Rawls’s world. In this paper, I suggest that Young’s transformative contributions were made possible—though certainly not guaranteed—by her method of critical theory.
Iris Young’s Last Thoughts on Responsibility for Global Justice
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C
Published: November 2023

At her untimely death, Iris Young left the manuscript of a mostly completed book, called Responsibility for Justice. I am extremely grateful to Dave Alexander for allowing me to read the manuscript. I feel privileged for having been able to see this book so early in its career. It is a major book, one of her very best things. Iris did not have time to complete it as she would have wished. Many footnotes remain to be filled in. One crucial chapter still takes the form of an independent paper on Hannah Arendt, and it was Iris’s plan to integrate the argument of that paper fully into the book, with a consequently diminished focus on the exegesis of Arendt’s ideas. But it is clear that she intended some version of the paper to be the third chapter of the book. A separate paper on Fanon on historic injustice, which discusses the question of reparations for slavery, remains less clearly placed in the project as a whole. It discusses similar questions in a similar way, but it does not contribute a missing piece to the argument, and thus it may in the end function as an Appendix rather than a chapter. Finally, Dave tells me that in revising Iris always attended to clarity, rewriting a good deal to make her ideas more accessible and transparent to her readers. I find the existing manuscript extremely clear, but Dave feels that she would have worked even further on that aspect.
Introduction
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: November 2023

Iran has not ceased to surprise the world since the American ambassador’s famous “thinking the unthinkable” 1978 cable about the imminent fall of the Shah and the coming of the Islamic revolution. The apparent sequence of moderate government under President Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani (1989–1997) and democratic reform under President Mohammad Khatami (1997–2005) was followed by a spectacular reversal no one foresaw. The hardliners returned to capture the Majles (Iranian parliament) in the national elections of 2004, and one of their leaders, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, beat a former President (Hashemi-Rafsanjani) and two much better known reformist candidates in the presidential elections of 2005. President Ahmadinejad (2005–2009) has revived the revolutionary populism of old, now coupled with an aggressive foreign policy, including a nuclear program. Iran’s political regime has proved remarkably resilient through all these changes, despite the disaffection of the younger half of the population. And the regime has become all the more robust and defiant internationally, partly as a result of the Bush administration’s ill-advised bluff about regime change from 2002 onward.
Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: November 2023

As the undisputed leader of the islamic revolution and the founder and charismatic leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) from 1979 to 1989, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini set the direction of post-revolutionary developments in the two decades after his death. Iran has remained firmly in the hands of Khomeini’s followers, the children of the Islamic revolution, and his successors who inherited the IRI have continued along one of the several paths he broke or adumbrated.

When Khomeini overthrew the monarchy in 1979, he was already an old man. His Islamic revolutionary rhetoric was of course directed against Mohammad Reza Shah and the United States, but his formation predated the advent of both the last Shah and the United States on the Iranian scene, as did the preoccupations that made him a revolutionary when he was already an aging Grand Ayatollah (Sign of God).Shi’ism had by the beginning of the nineteenth century developed an independent hierocracy (religious institution) that constituted one of the two powers in Iran’s authority structure, the other power being the monarchy—the state under the Shah.
Iran’s New Political Class and the Ahmadinejad Presidency (2005–2009)
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: November 2023

Ahmadinejad as a lay member of the second stratum of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) kisses the hand of the Supreme Jurist, something his two predecessors as the latter’s clerical colleagues and Khomeini’s disciples never did. This symbolic gesture of class subordination has left its mark on the psyche of Ahmadinejad and has been compensated for by an assertive and strong presidency and by disdain toward members of his own hardliner faction of the new political class, especially those who have formed the Majles majority. He has also found supernatural support from the Hidden Imam, of whose imminent reappearance Ahmadinejad is convinced. (According to the Shi’ite creed, the Twelfth Imam went into occultation in the ninth century and will return at the End of Time to save the world.) Ahmadinejad’s election in 2005 was conditioned by the rise of the military-security second stratum of Iran’s new political class and reflects its aspirations. It is as a representative of the hardliners from the second stratum that he has contested the pragmatist and the reformist definitions of Khomeini’s heritage in seeking to articulate the consciousness of this new political class and its aspiration to rule Iran indefinitely. His alternative definition of Khomeini’s heritage highlights what was left unclaimed by the previous two groups of the children of the Islamic revolution: populism, social justice, and unflinching loyalty to the martyrs of the revolution and war. He is thus a throwback to the early days of revolution.
Khomeini’s Successor: Ayatollah Khamenei as the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: November 2023

As the presidents of the islamic republic of iran have changed, there has been remarkable stability at the apex of the Islamic order, with Ayatollah Sayyed ‘Ali Khamenei having served as the Leader and Supreme Jurist since Khomeini’s death. The gradual extension of Ayatollah Khamenei’s control over the political, judiciary, and economic institutions was the counterpart to the progressive marginalization of Hashemi-Rafsanjani in the mid-1990s and to the decline and fall of Khatami in the early 2000s. It took the form of the penetration of the Judiciary by securing the appointment of the Ayatollah’s own men, thereby “politicizing” it, and more surprisingly, by penetrating the state bureaucracy and lastly the legislature. Khamenei considered the military- security elite his men and let two of them run for President in 2005. The victory of his preferred candidate, Mahmud Ahmadinejad, in 2005 and the electoral putsch of June 2009 did not end the Leader’s dominance, but modified it as the military-security elite represented by the President has become increasingly vocal in speaking for Iran’s newly maturing political class.
The Origin
Authors: Jeffery L H
Published: November 2023

The Greeks learnt many inventions from their eastern neighbours, and the greatest of these was the art of alphabetic writing. It is known beyond any doubt that the North Semitic script was the model for the Greek, and there are existing examples-all too few, it is true-both of the model and of the copy in their early stages. Yet the full history of the birth and first growth of the Greek alphabet is still a matter of uncertainty and dispute. The ancient literary tradition offers a series of contradictory statements concerning the origin and date, only one of which has stood
Central Greece
Authors: Jeffery L H
Published: November 2023

The script of Attica might be described as a cross between those of her two neighbours Aigina and Eretria. Whether this was in fact its parentage cannot be decided until more is known of the history of Athens in the eighth century; for, while the literary tradition suggests that she was then an agricultural state with few overseas interests, the warships painted on her Geometric pottery, and the wide distribution of this pottery, seem to reflect an interest in shipping no less strong than that of her two commercial neighbours.
North-Western Greece
Authors: Jeffery L H
Published: November 2023

Among these pioneers Corinth was pre-eminent. The little ports of Molykreion, Makynia, and Chalkis were Corinthian settlements;1 and excavations in the precincts of Artemis Laphria at Kalydon and Apollo at Thermon have revealed how strong was the influence of Corinthian painting and plastic art in these parts. There is no doubt that much of Aitolia’s civilization came ultimately from Corinth; but it is important to remember also her close contact with Achaia, especially at the narrows between Rhion and Antirrhion, where traditionally the Herakleidai crossed from Aitolia to the Peloponnese (Paus. v. 3, 5-6), and Achaian Patrai later maintained close links with the Aitolians (Paus. iv. 31. 7; vii. 18. 6 and 20. 6). Lastly, in addition to Corinthian and Achaian, there are traces of Sikyonian interests also; the Sikyonian sculptors Dipoinos and Skyllis settled there (Pliny, NH xxxvi. 4), and one of the suitors of Agariste of Sikyon was Males of Aitolia (Hdt. vi. 127).
The Aegean Islands
Authors: Jeffery L H
Published: November 2023

Cycladic pottery forms much of the eighth-century Greek material from Al Mina,1 and it may be conjectured that some at least among the Cycladic Greeks became acquainted very early with the Greek alphabet from their trading along the Semitic coast. The script of the Cyclades may be divided basically into two types, the Naxian and the Parian, the chief points of difference being that Naxian had a curious by-form of closed eta which was used for the aspirate in the Naxian spelling of xi (p. 291); while Parian, in its turn, distinguished the long 5 from the short by the use of two letter-forms, as the eastern Ionic did also.
Theopompus on Philip
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah
Published: November 2023

If Theopompus had any admiration for Philip it was not as a Panhellenist who looked to Philip as the one who would unite the Greeks in an expedition against the Persian empire. As we saw in the last chapter, no Panhellenist bias can be detected in the fragments. But one does not need to search for an ideological reason why Theopompus approved of Philip’s foreign policy or held some positive view of him. The truth is that Theopompus did not admire or approve of Philip in any respect whatsoever. To Theopompus’ way of thinking, the fact of Philip’s political and military success was not proof of his abilities as a statesman and general, but rather, it was an indictment of the Greeks for their decadence and laziness.
Theopompus’ Place in the Development of Greek Historiography
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah
Published: November 2023

The Philippica of Theopompus was unlike any historical work which came before or after it. The ancient critics were fully aware of this, and were especially struck by the severity of Theopompus’ judgements, the coarseness of his language, and the extent of his digressions. This difference, however, was more a matter of degree than of kind. Without doubt, he elaborated and adapted the traditional elements of historical writing to suit his own needs and interests. But he does not seem to have altered its theoretical basis or to have incorporated elements of a fundamentally new kind.
New Religion, Old Culture
Authors: Mango Cyril
Published: November 2023

At the time of Constantine’s conversion (312) Christians made up a small minority of the empire’s population, say 10 per cent, although that is only a guess. There were more of them in cities than in the countryside, more in the East than in the West. Originally recruited among the lower classes, they had been steadily climbing the social ladder.
Spreading the Word: Byzantine Missions
Authors: Shepard Janathan
Published: November 2023

The Byzantine emperor, as a successor to Constantine the Great, was ac- claimed as ‘equal of the apostles’ in court acclamations and rhetoric. An emperor, not a patriarch or any other sort of churchman, had been chosen by God to bring about the conversion of the inhabitants of the Roman world, and proclaiming one’s willingness to spread the Word was a useful political prop: it impressed the uniqueness of the emperor’s relationship with God upon his own subjects as well as foreigners.
Towards a Franco-Greek Culture
Authors: Jeffreys Elizabeth , Mango Cyril
Published: November 2023

The fall of Constantinople was followed in a few years by the conquest of the Despot ate of the Morea (1460) and the bloodless absorption by the Turks of the kingdom of Trebizond (1461). When Mehmed the Conqueror died in 1481, the greater part of Greek-speaking lands were under Ottoman rule, excluding the islands which were gradually mopped up:
Hunters, Gatherers, and Fishers of the East Arabian Littoral
Authors: Potts D T
Published: November 2023

Although the reasons behind it are by no means clear, the absence of any palaeolithic sites in the western Arabian Gulf littoral is now generally recognized, as noted in Chapter 1. Yet such was not always the case, and for the unsuspecting reader who consults works treating the prehistory of the Arabian Gulf published before 1980, it is important to underscore the fact that a palaeolithic presence has, for many years, been assumed for Kuwait, eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Qatar. Let us quickly review the origins of the palaeolithic controversy in eastern Arabia.
The Late Second and Early First Millenniums BC in the Central Arabian Gulf
Authors: Potts D T
Published: November 2023

The late second and early first millenniums BC in the Arabian Gulf are of interest for many reasons, not least of which is the fundamental change which occurred in the political relations between the area and Babylonia. While military campaigns had been conducted by Mesopotamian rulers against the region in the remote past, most notably by Maništušu and Naram-Sin, nothing suggests that the Arabian Gulf had ever been ruled by a Mesopotamian power up to this point. By the fourteenth century, however, this was no longer the case. For the first time in the region’s history, representatives of a foreign power—the Kassites—are attested in written sources as having control over Dilmun. Archaeological remains, too, show such conformity with Babylonian types that we must probably reckon with an influx of Babylonians into the area at this time. By the middle of the first millennium that relationship had changed from one of overt control to one of tributary clienthood. Let us turn now to the archaeological and philological evidence for late second-millennium and early first-millennium settlement on Bahrain and the east Arabian mainland.
The Arabian Gulf In Antiquity
Authors: Potts D T
Published: November 2023

The period from Alexander the Great to the coming of Islam, including full discussion of the history of Christianity in the area, comprises this second volume, in which Potts combines the literary evidence from Greek, Roman, Syriac, and Arab sources with an overview of the relevant archaeological evidence.
Xenophon’s Cyropaedia
Authors: Gera Deborah Levine
Published: November 2023

This book is a literary study of the Cyropaedia, Xenophon's fictional account of Cyrus the Great and the founding of his empire. The Cyropaedia is a complex blend of various literary forms, and this book examines several of its literary genres. General discussions of the works of Xenophon's predecessors and contemporaries, in particular Herodotus, Plato, and Ctesias, are combined with a detailed commentary on select passages. Socrates--his life, ideas, and techniques of argument, is an indirect presence in the work, and the Socratic tenor of several of the dialogues in it is the subject of one chapter. The lovely Panthea, the fairest woman in Asia, is Xenophon's most colourful heroine and her story, along with the dramatic tales of the eunuch Gadatas, bereaved Gobyras, and defeated Croesus, are the focus of another section; special attention is paid to the question of Xenophon's originality in fashioning these tales. The symposia of the Cyropaedia, an intricate blend of Greek and Persian elements, are also investigated at length. The book concludes with an examination of Xenophon's ambivalent attitude towards his hero, Cyrus the Great: the author argues that both Xenophon and his hero are more complex than they might seem.
The Symposia Of The Cyropaedia
Authors: Gera Deborah Levine
Published: November 2023

Only one gathering in the Cyropaedia, a celebration after the conquest of Babylon (8. 4. 1–27), is actually termed a symposium, but several relaxed, semi-serious conversations which take place round the dinner table are found in the work. These parties are, as a rule, lively interludes meant to charm and instruct the reader rather than advance the plot of the work in any substantial way. Astyages arranges a banquet for Mandane and young Cyrus during their visit to Media (1. 3. 4–12), Cyrus invites several of his Persian officers to join him at mess in his tent (2. 2. 12. 3. 1), Gobryas joins his new ally, Cyrus, at dinner on the grounds of his estate (5. 2. 5–22), and Pheraulas and a Sacian rearrange their future in a tête-à-tête over dinner (8. 3. 35–50). These parties, besides lending vivacity and colour to the work, are an interesting blend of Greek and Persian customs, while the influence of Socratic symposia is never far in the background. All of these banquets share a number of. recurrent themes, and a closer look at Cyr. 8. 4. 1–27, the longest and most varied symposium in the work, is perhaps the easiest way to identify these characteristic topics.
Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court: A.D. 364-425
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2023

The central theme of this book is the relationship between the `public' and `private' lives of the men who were involved in the politics of the western Roman Empire in the later fourth and early fifth centuries. A postscript updates the book with regard to the last fifteen years of related scholarly research.
The Ascendancy of Ausonius
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2023

The prosecutions of senators, for which the later years of Valcntinian’s government at Rome won their reputation as years of terror, and the emperor’s agents their name for congenital brutality, arose from trivial and accidental origins.1 A complaint laid by a certain Chilo before the prefect of Rome, Q. Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius (368−70), claimed that he and his wife, Maxima, had been attacked by a conspiracy involving sorcery. The charges implicated in the first instance a musician, a wrestler, and a fortune-teller, alleging that they had used ‘venena’—that is, magic potions—against the lives of Chilo and Maxima.
Provincial Upper Classes: Evangelism and Heresy
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2023

In the time of Gratian, a party from the Gallic aristocracy of the south-west of the country had seized its opportunities to hold office at court and in the western provinces of the empire, representing in the family and friends of Ausonius the propertied, cultured classes of Aquitania and southern Gaul. Under Theodosius, it was for their neighbours from Spain to win advancement, as they rose to dominate the court of their compatriot and impose themselves upon the provinces of the eastern empire. The Spaniards appear, by contrast with the Aquitanians, to stand for the ideals of a new and eager Christian piety, as they contribute their efforts to the enforcement of western orthodoxy in the east, and make their personal connections in the world of eastern asceticism. For even if the supporters of Theodosius may be seen, at least in the expression of their piety, to have adopted an idiom which had already begun to find favour among the courtiers of Valens, there can be little doubt that the fundamental disposition was their own. Numrnius Acmilianus Dexter was the son of a long-established bishop, whose reputation and influence must have accompanied him to the cast; and the vigorous piety of the family of Cynegius was surely both too consistently distributed among its members, and too intensely expressed, to have been adopted entirely under the influence of the eastern empire. An explicit link between Theodosian Constantinople and Spain is provided by the authoress of the ltinerarium Egeriae if, as seems clear, the devout ‘sisters’ whom she addressed in her work, were resident in her western homeland.