bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bembas: The Life and Death of Rumors in a Political Prison (Argentina 1976-83)
Authors: de Ípola Emilio
Published: February 2007

Bits and pieces of a fragile, fragmented discourse. Messages that traveled from cell to cell, cellblock to cellblock, even from one prison to another. Scrupulously and copiously analyzed, discussed and, on occasion, transformed during recreation periods and family visits, they were capable of inspiring both hope and fear, depending on the circumstances. But most importantly they were vehicles - spontaneous, improvised vehicles - for combating misinformation and uncertainty. Political prisoners had a name for them: bembas. Often the sole topic of conversation and argument among political prisoners, bembas always elicited a broad array of opinions and reactions: skepticism, blind faith, humor, meticulous examination, scorn and, most often, expectant, painstaking analysis.
Rumour Theory and Problem Theory
Authors: Rouquette Michel-Louis
Published: February 2007

To associate the theory of rumour with the theory of problems may seem incongruous. And yet a rumour may easily be perceived as a solution, one that is quite circumstantial and wholly marked by mental improvisation, to a problem of collective relevance: to explain, for example, why one is right to be worried, to account for whatever reason one might have for showing hostility to an innovation, to show what face we should put on our uncertainties, to argue the distance which separates us from others unlike us and to prove, by this example, how hateful are our oppressors and those who exploit us. But there is more. Explicitly or otherwise, rumour ends up generating practical advice, an injunction to action or to refrain from action (‘don't do this’, ‘don't go there’, ‘don't eat that’, ‘watch out’, ‘check up on that …) which also links it to a concrete solution. Which goes to suggest that, antecedent to the rumour, there existed a need to know or to know how.

Such a way of looking at things permits an advance in parsimony, since there must exist fewer originating ‘problems’ than attested ‘solutions’. On the other hand, this point of view installs rumour in the function of a revelation or symptom of a social state which encompasses it. Finally, this perspective reconnects the production and development of rumours to the set of cognitive mechanisms of the computational type. One rediscovers therein the continuity of processes of social thought, and rumours cease to be confined to their status of monstrous singularities.
Inclusions in Diamond from South Africa
Authors: Stutton J. R.
Published: February 2007

There are certain foreign minerals upon which the South African diamond has crystallized readily. The chief of these are garnet, ilmeuite, olivine, and iron-pyrites. In addition, zircon and mica are also probable inclusions. Cognate inclusions are graphite, bert of every kind, and diamond itself of unconformable orientation.
Reconstitution processes in shales, slates, and phyllites
Authors: Brammall Alfred
Published: February 2007

It is the author's good fortune to collaborate with Dr. J. W. Evans in describing the rock specimens which he collected on the expedition to Caupoliean in Bolivia during 1901-2. These specimens contain a very large proportion of shales, slates, and phyllites, and in their investigation certain petrographic methods devised for a detailed study of the slates of North Wales, Devon, and Skiddaw were followed. The present paper is intended primarily to describe these methods as applied particularly r the Bolivian rocks and to a Skiddaw slate facies which, for purposes of comparison and contrast, is of special interest. It is not suggested that between groups of rocks from places so widely separated as Bolivia and Skiddaw close correlation is possible; the products of the reconstitution processes which the two groups record differ considerably in detail; but as providing data for the study of the mechanism of these processes the two groups can be conveniently examined together.
An X-ray examination of calcium formate
Authors: Yardley Kathleen
Published: February 2007

Calcium formate, (HCOO)2Ca, is soluble in cold water, from which it crystallizes by slow evaporation. Groth gives the following data concerning the crystals of this substance :

Specific gravity (mean value) 2.019.

Orthorhombic bipyramidal ; a : b : c = 0.7599 : 1 : 0.4681.

The molecular weight is 130.1. No definite cleavage has been observed, nor does twinning occur. There seems to have been some difference of opinion regarding the degree of symmetry. Originally the crystals were described as orthorhombic (holohedral) by J. C. Heusser in 1851, and this was followed by V. von Lung (1858) and A. Schrauf (1861). Later, however, Plathan claimed to have observed unsymmetrical etch-figures which would prove the crystal to be bisphenoidal (like the strontium, barium, and lead formates), but Wagner found only etch-figures in accordance with what would be expected from bipyramidal symmetry.
The Fas death pathway controls coordinated expansions of type 1 CD8 and type 2 CD4 T cells inTrypanosoma cruziinfection
Authors: Guillermo Landi V Costilla , Silva Elisabeth M , Ribeiro-Gomes Flávia L , De Meis Juliana , Pereira Wânia F , Yagita Hideo , DosReis George A , Lopes Marcela F
Published: February 2007

We investigated the role of the Fas ligand (FasL)/Fas death pathway on apoptosis and cytokine production by T cells in Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Anti-FasL, but not anti-TNF-α or anti-TRAIL, blocked activation-induced cell death of CD8 T cells and increased secretion of IL-10 and IL-4 by CD4 T cells from T. cruzi-infected mice. CD4 and CD8 T cells up-regulated Fas/FasL expression during T. cruzi infection. However, Fas expression increased earlier in CD8 T cells, and a higher proportion of CD8 T cells was activated and expressed IFN-γ compared with CD4 T cells. Injection of anti-FasL in infected mice reduced parasitemia and CD8 T cell apoptosis and increased the ratio of CD8:CD4 T cells recovered from spleen and peritoneum. FasL blockade increased the number of activated T cells, enhanced NO production, and reduced parasite loads in peritoneal macrophages. Injection of anti-FasL increased IFN-γ secretion by splenocytes responding to T. cruzi antigens but also exacerbated production of type 2 cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 at a late stage of acute infection. These results indicate that the FasL/Fas death pathway regulates apoptosis and coordinated cytokine responses by type 1 CD8 and type 2 CD4 T cells in T. cruzi infection.
7‐Nitroindazole Protects Striatal Dopaminergic Neurons against MPP+‐Induced Degeneration
Authors: DI MATTEO VINCENZO , BENIGNO ARCANGELO , PIERUCCI MASSIMO , GIULIANO DAVIDE ANTONIO , CRESCIMANNO GIUSEPPE , ESPOSITO ENNIO , GIOVANNI GIUSEPPE DI
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  The neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). In this study, using a microdialysis technique, we investigated whether an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), 7‐nitrindazole (7‐NI), could protect against DAergic neuronal damage induced by in vivo infusion of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpiridinium iodide (MPP+) in freely moving rats. Experiments were performed over 2 days in three groups of rats: (a) nonlesioned, (b) MPP+‐lesioned, and (c) 7‐NI pretreated MPP+‐lesioned rats. On day 1, control rats were perfused with an artificial CSF, while 1 mM MPP+ was infused into the striatum for 10 min in the other two groups. The infusion of the MPP+ produced a neurotoxic damage of the SNc DA neurons and increased striatal DA levels. On day 2, 1 mM MPP+ was reperfused for 10 min into the striata of each rat group and DA levels were measured as an index of neuronal cell integrity. The limited rise of DA following MPP+ reperfusion in the MPP+‐lesioned rats was due to toxin‐induced neuronal loss and was reversed by pretreatment with 7‐NI (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on day 1, indicating a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting NO formation. These results indicate that neuronally derived NO partially mediates MPP+‐induced neurotoxicity. The similarity between the MPP+ model and PD suggests that NO may play a significant role in its etiology.
Implications of Recent Clinical Trials of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy for Management of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: ROSSOUW JACQUES E.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  Estrogen therapy, originally used for the treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms, had by 1990 become a mainstay for the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women. The recommendations for use of estrogen in CHD were based on epidemiologic, animal, and laboratory data. However, a series of clinical trials published from 1998 onward have failed uniformly to confirm a CHD benefit. When the disappointing results of the secondary prevention trials were announced, there was widespread anticipation of more promising results from the primary prevention trials of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The WHI trials in generally healthy women also did not provide evidence of benefit, and the use of HT for disease prevention is now discouraged. In response, some commentators have incorrectly stated that the WHI was not a true primary prevention trial. A more appropriate way to frame the question is whether the effects of HT on cardiovascular disease (CVD) differ by age or years since menopause. Some preliminary data suggest that more recently menopausal women starting HT could be at lower risk of CHD (but not stroke) than women more distant from the menopause. However, even if ongoing studies provide evidence that HT can slow the initiation of early atherosclerosis in younger women, this is unlikely to translate into a reconsideration of the use of HT for the prevention of disease, because the long‐term effects on cardiovascular events are unknown and unknowable, HT has other adverse effects, and there are more effective and safer ways of preventing cardiovascular disease.
Compartmentalization of the functions and regulation of the mitotic cyclin Clb2 inS. cerevisiae
Authors: Eluère Raïssa , Offner Nicolas , Varlet Isabelle , Motteux Olivia , Signon Laurence , Picard André , Bailly Eric , Simon Marie-Noëlle
Published: February 2007

Orderly progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle is a complex process involving both regulation of cyclin dependent kinase activity and control of specific substrate-Cdk interactions. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mitotic cyclin Clb2 has a central role in regulating the onset of anaphase and in maintaining the cellular shape of the bud by inhibiting growth polarization induced in G1. However, how Clb2 and the partially redundant cyclin Clb1 confer specificity to Cdk1 in these processes still remains unclear. Here, we show that Clb2 mutants impaired in nuclear import or export are differentially affected for subsets of Clb2 functions while remaining fully functional for others. Our data support a direct role of the cytoplasmic pool of Clb1,2-Cdk1 in terminating cytoskeleton and growth polarization, independently of G1 cyclin transcriptional regulation. By contrast, the nuclear form of the cyclin is required for timely initiation of anaphase. Clb2 localization influences its stage-specific degradation as well. We report that Clb2 trapped in the cytoplasm is stabilized during anaphase but not at the time of mitotic exit. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the subcellular localization of the mitotic cyclin Clb2 is one of the key determinants of its biological function.
Briefing: From securing to procuring our future
Authors: Leiper Quentin , Pepper Chrissie
Published: February 2007

Last summer the Sustainable Procurement Task Force challenged the UK Government to apply the principles of its sustainable development policy to its own procurement. Quentin Leiper and Chrissie Pepper of ICE say there is a real opportunity here for civil engineers to demonstrate leadership.
Briefing: Getting a grip on hand–arm vibration
Authors: Thompson Neil
Published: February 2007

Hand–arm vibration is becoming a major risk in construction, leading both to lost productivity and expensive injury claims. Neil Thompson of Speedy Hire says civil engineers can help by advising on the correct choice of tools, particularly now that independent tool test data is available online.
Seismic performance assessment of reinforced concrete bridge columns under variable axial load
Authors: Kim T.-H. , Kim Y.-J. , Shin H. M.
Published: February 2007

The current paper aims to assess analytically the seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridge columns under variable axial load. Variable axial load is very important to the ductility, strength, stiffness and energy dissipation of reinforced concrete bridge columns. The effects of variable axial loads on bridge columns are analysed to obtain a more realistic characterisation of the actual performance and capacity of bridge columns. A computer program, RCAHEST (reinforced concrete analysis in higher evaluation system technology), for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures was used. Models for material nonlinearity include tensile, compressive and shear models for cracked concrete and a model of reinforcing steel incorporating the smeared crack approach. The proposed numerical method for the seismic performance assessment of reinforced concrete bridge columns under variable axial load is verified by comparison of its results with reliable experimental results.
A new pixel design and a novel driving scheme for multi‐domain vertically aligned LCDs
Authors: Shih Po‐Sheng , Wang Wei‐Hsin , Pan Hsuan‐Lin , Yang Kei‐Hsiung
Published: February 2007

Abstract— By using a new pixel design and a novel driving scheme that adds a bias electrode and a bias TFT to the ordinary pixel structure, a high‐contrast‐ratio and wide‐viewing‐angle LCD mode, refered to as the biased vertical‐alignment (BVA) mode, has been sucessfully developed. Compared to the published data on the PVA and MVA modes, the BVA mode has a distinct advantage of lower manufacturing cost due to the elimination of a lithographic process step that forms either ITO cuts or protrusions on the color‐filter substrates. The BVA mode requires ITO cuts on the TFT substrate similar to that for the PVA and MVA modes. The 15‐in. BVA‐mode XGA prototype exhibits a high contrast ratio of 1200:1 and high cell transmittance of 4.3%.
Federico Barocci, Federico Borromeo, and the Oratorian Orbit*
Authors: Verstegen Ian
Published: February 2007

Federico Barocci (1535-1612) has always held a special place in studies of the patronage of Filippo Neri's Roman Congregation of the Oratory. The problem is how to quantify the affinity between artist and patron without slipping into zeitgeist historicism. A close chronological examination of documents surrounding Barocci's commissions to Oratorians and other patrons like Cardinal Federico Borromeo and Pope Clement VIII shows a coordinated effort within a larger orbit.
Perceptions of Irish Step Dance: National, Global, and Local
Authors: Foley Catherine
Published: February 2007

The spectacular popularity of Riverdance in 1994, in Ireland and abroad, prompted critical reflection on notions of cultural authenticity, ethnicity, and identity. The attention focused on step dance led to increased discussions of national characteristics. This essay argues that the perceptions of Irish step dance, at first local, then nationalized and globally exported, reflect larger issues of relevance to the Irish state. Although these perceptions have influenced the development of Irish step dance locally, nationally, and globally, the dance practices themselves have assisted in molding and maintaining these same perceptions. I will illustrate how the commodification of Irish step dance practice, particularly during the past five years, has acted as a major catalyst for the emergence of marginal dance practices and has reenergized the Irish step dance tradition. Throughout this essay, I use the expression “marginal dance practice” to contrast with competition dance culture, which I interpret as the mainstream, accepted canon.

Although no one grand theory of globalization exists, considerable thinking on the subject has emerged over the past several decades among theorists from both the humanities and the social sciences. The term “globalization” appeared in the mid-1980s to replace others such as “internationalization” and “transnationalization” as a description for our ever shrinking world and the perceived process of “cultural homogenization on a global scale” (Hoogvelt 1997, 114; King 1991, viii). Different paradigms exist in the literature and, for the most part, they fall within two areas: international relations and world-system-theory.
Lateral growth patterns in the Cladoniaceae
Authors: Hammer Samuel
Published: February 2007

Lateral growth from the apex of vertical structures is widespread in cladoniiform lichens. In the family Cladoniaceae, it is accomplished through a developmental shift in the meristem, in which growth orientation changes from isotropous to anisotropous. In anisotropous development, the more or less constant relationship among the axial, radial, and circumferential planes of growth is altered during ontogeny. The result is pronounced lateral elongation of the apical meristem, a departure from the isotropous body plan of early ontogeny. Development that favors radial and circumferential growth over axial growth is an innovation that provides ontogenetic flexibility but which also entails the loss of control from a single centralized meristem to one or more meristems. A shift from the constraints of symmetry to the risks and potential of asymmetry and a subsequent diversity of heritable thallus forms reflect evolutionary processes in the Cladoniaceae. Similar morphogenetic activities, which are apparently highly conserved, are shared by species that are presumably only distantly related.
Field measurements of internal pressurization in Phragmites australis (Poaceae) and implications for regulation of methane emissions in a midlatitude prairie wetland
Authors: Arkebauer Timothy J. , Chanton Jeffrey P. , Verma Shashi B. , Kim Joon
Published: February 2007

Emergent aquatic macrophytes in vegetated wetlands provide routes for methane (CH4) transport from sites of production in oxygen‐poor sediments, where CH4 concentrations are relatively high, to the atmosphere, which typically has much lower CH4 concentrations. Transport can occur through aerenchymatous tissue via simple diffusion. Recently, the importance of convective throughflow (i.e., mass transport of gases through plants driven by pressure gradients) in enhancing gas transport has been demonstrated in several genera (e.g., Nuphar, Nymphaea, Nelumbo, Typha, and Phragmites). This study was conducted to elucidate the governing plant‐mediated gas transport mechanisms in a midlatitude prairie wetland and to determine both their diel and seasonal variations and the importance of environmental controlling factors. Pressures inside culms of the two dominant emergent aquatic macrophytes (Scirpus acutus and Phragmites australis) were measured directly throughout the growing season and on selected days in midseason. Supporting measurements included solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed. Results indicated pressures inside green healthy culms of Phragmites were above atmospheric pressure by up to 1650 Pa during the day. At night culm pressures were at or slightly above atmospheric. No pressurization was detected in Scirpus. Highest pressures in Phragmites occurred during midseason when biomass and foliage area index were at their maxima (920 g/m2 and 2.8, respectively). High internal pressures also coincided with periods of high solar radiation (>500 W/m2), high temperature (>20°C), and low relative humidity (<60%). Periods of high internal pressures also coincided with periods of high CH4 efflux from the wetland as measured in concomitant studies. Convective throughflow driven by internal pressure gradients in Phragmites thus explains much of the diel variation in methane efflux previously reported from this wetland.
Leaf dimorphism in Archaeopteris roemeriana (Progymnosperm): further early fossil evidence of shoot dorsiventrality
Authors: Fairon‐Demaret Muriel , Leponce Isabelle
Published: February 2007

Additional information on the morphology of the vegetative ultimate branches of Archaeopteris roemeriana was obtained by uncovering compression specimens collected in Upper Devonian deposits in Belgium. For the first time, anisophylly, previously inferred from anatomical studies, is demonstrated on one species of the genus. Small leaves less than half the size of those more readily seen in unprepared compressions are borne on the adaxial surface of the ultimate branches. The phyllotaxis is discussed and the eventual adaptation to light interception of the combination of anisophylly and shoot dorsiventrality is put forward.
Cross‐fertility in two tropical tree species: evidence of inbreeding depression within populations and genetic divergence among populations
Authors: Stacy Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2007

Knowing the spatial patterns of cross‐fertility in natural plant populations yields key insight into biparental inbreeding depression, isolation by distance, and, ultimately, speciation. Three adults each of two tropical tree species (Syzygium rubicundum and Shorea cordifolia) were each crossed with five conspecific pollen donors ranging from self to trees occurring in separate forest reserves (12 and 35 km distance for S. rubicundum and Sh. cordifolia, respectively). Cross‐fertility was estimated as fruit set, seed germination, and seedling survivorship and height at 1 yr. Means of most cross‐fertility measures increased steadily with outcrossing distance, peaking at 1–2 km for S. rubicundum and 1–10 km for Sh. cordifolia, and then declining at the between‐forest crosses. However, seed germination and seedling height for Sh. cordifolia suggested hybrid vigor in between‐forest crosses. The mean fitness cost of nearest‐neighbor mating relative to crossing with more distant neighbors was 45% for S. rubicundum and 0% for Sh. cordifolia. The mean fitness cost of between‐forest crosses was 52% and 70% for the two species. Crossing effects on fitness diminished between the stages of fruit set and 1‐yr‐old seedlings. Results indicate a strong potential for inbreeding depression within forest tree populations and partial reproductive isolation among forests in Sri Lanka's wet zone.
Clonality in wild rice (Oryza rufipogon, Poaceae) and its implications for conservation management
Authors: Xie Zhong‐wen , Lu Yan‐qin , Ge Song , Hong De‐yuan , Li Fa‐zen
Published: February 2007

Correlations were examined between habitat characters and clonal structures determined by the RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) assay in five populations of Oryza rufipogon in China. Nine of 175 decameric primers were used in the study because they reproducibly amplified polymorphisms. The extent of clonality together with the clonal and sexual reproductive strategies varied greatly among the five populations and correlated with the habitats where they occur. The populations under serious disturbance or seasonal drought tended to have small clones with relatively high clonal diversity caused by sexual reproduction, whereas the populations with little disturbance and sufficient supply of water were prone to have large clones with relatively low clonal variation and low sexual reproduction. Therefore, the dynamics of sexual vs. clonal reproduction of this species depended mainly on environmental factors, such as external disturbance and water supply, rather than latitudes indicated by previous study. These results have important implications for in situ conservation of O. rufipogon. Adequate external disturbance and water supply control are essential for maintaining high clone diversity of in situ conserved populations. According to the extent of clonality of the populations examined, we recommend that an interval of >12 m should be required for collecting samples for ex situ conservation and for population genetic studies to capture possible genetic diversity for O. rufipogon in China.
Population structure and genetic diversity of Botrychium pumicola (Ophioglossaceae) based on inter‐simple sequence repeats (ISSR)
Authors: Camacho Francisco J. , Liston Aaron
Published: February 2007

Species of Botrychium reproduce by spores that form subterranean gametophytes and a few, like B. pumicola, also reproduce asexually with subterranean sporophytic gemmae. The goal of this study was to examine the genetic diversity of B. pumicola populations and to better understand the role of gemmae. Ninety‐nine individuals from three monitored populations were sampled. The technique of inter‐simple sequence repeats (ISSR) produced 15 polymorphic loci and identified 71 ISSR genotypes. Sixteen of the ISSR genotypes were shared by more that one individual in a population, representing potential clones. Ten of the 16 shared genotypes were not limited to clusters of plants (groups of plants growing from the same point). The ten potential clones were disjunct (separated by other genotypes) and not in patches as might be expected for an underground propagule. There is a high probability that these shared genotypes arose from independent sexual events suggesting they were not clones. These results suggest that the long‐distance dispersal of gemmae is at best a rare event.
Developmental morphology of the thalloid Hydrobryum japonicum (Podostemaceae)
Authors: Ota Makiko , Imaichi Ryoko , Kato Masahiro
Published: February 2007

We describe the unique development and branching of lobed thalli in Hydrobryum japonicum. Lobe formation begins with meristem initiation at random sites near the thallus margin fringed by protective tissues. As the protective tissues are successively peeled off particularly in the growing new lobes, the lobes become naked and then become fringed again by new protective tissues that develop from the marginal part of the new meristems. Subsequently the meristems become less active and are differentiated into parenchymatous ground tissue at maturity. The random pattern of meristem formation during the sporadic development gives rise to a nonorderly branching pattern of the thalli. Some other lobes (∼10%) are regenerated from injured parts of the thalli. The vegetative shoots arise endogenously near the thallus margin and are enclosed by the nonvascular strand nets. The rudimentary shoot apices remain embedded in the thalli. The thalli, though remarkably different from typical roots of other angiosperms, might be extremely transformed roots.
Chromosome studies: Mexican Compositae
Authors: Strother John L. , Panero Jose L.
Published: February 2007

Chromosome observations reported here from 70 collections representing 65 species from 40 genera of Compositae (mostly Heliantheae) provide taxonomically useful information. First counts for 28 species, including the first count for Psacaliopsis, may prove to be especially interesting in relation to phyletic and taxonomic alignments of the taxa. Of special interest among first reports is 2n = 5 II for Stevia lita; other stevias have x = 11, 12, or 17. Thirteen of our counts differ from prior reports and may also be of particular interest in phyletic and taxonomic contexts.
Misery Loves Companies: Rethinking Social Initiatives by Business
Authors: Margolis Joshua D. , Walsh James P.
Published: February 2007

Companies are increasingly asked to provide innovative solutions to deep-seated problems of human misery, even as economic theory instructs managers to focus on maximizing their shareholders' wealth. In this paper, we assess how organization theory and empirical research have thus far responded to this tension over corporate involvement in wider social life. Organizational scholarship has typically sought to reconcile corporate social initiatives with seemingly inhospitable economic logic. Depicting the hold that economics has had on how the relationship between the firm and society is conceived, we examine the consequences for organizational research and theory by appraising both the 30-year quest for an empirical relationship between a corporation's social initiatives and its financial performance, as well as the development of stakeholder theory. We propose an alternative approach, embracing the tension between economic and broader social objectives as a starting point for systematic organizational inquiry. Adopting a pragmatic stance, we introduce a series of research questions whose answers will reveal the descriptive and normative dimensions of organizational responses to misery.
Molecular systematics of Malpighiaceae: evidence from plastid rbcL and matK sequences
Authors: Cameron Kenneth M. , Chase Mark W. , Anderson William R. , Hills Harold G.
Published: February 2007

Phylogenetic analyses of DNA nucleotide sequences from the plastid genes rbcL and matK were employed to investigate intergeneric relationships within Malpighiaceae. Cladistic relationships generated from the independent data matrices for the family are generally in agreement with those from the combined matrix. At the base of Malpighiaceae are several clades mostly representing genera from a paraphyletic subfamily Byrsonimoideae. Intergeneric relationships among these byrsonimoid malpighs are well supported by the bootstrap, and the tribe Galphimeae is monophyletic. There is also a well‐supported clade of genera corresponding to tribes Banisterieae plus Gaudichaudieae present in all trees, and many of the relationships among these banisterioid malpighs are well supported by the bootstrap. However, tribes Hiraeae and Tricomarieae (the hiraeoid malpighs) are paraphyletic and largely unresolved. Species of Mascagnia are distributed throughout these hiraeoid clades, confirming the suspected polyphyly of this large genus. Optimization of selected morphological characters on these trees demonstrates clear phylogenetic trends such as the evolution of globally symmetrical from radially symmetrical pollen, increased modification and sterilization of stamens, and switch from base chromosome number n = 6 to n = 10.
Granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSSI) gene phylogeny of wild tomatoes (Solanum L. section Lycopersicon [Mill.] Wettst. subsection Lycopersicon)
Authors: Peralta Iris E. , Spooner David M.
Published: February 2007

Eight wild tomato species are native to western South America and one to the Galapagos Islands. Different classifications of tomatoes have been based on morphological or biological criteria. Our primary goal was to examine the phylogenetic relationships of all nine wild tomato species and closely related outgroups, with a concentration on the most widespread and variable tomato species Solanum peruvianum, using DNA sequences of the structural gene granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSSI, or waxy). Results show some concordance with previous morphology‐based classifications and new relationships. The ingroup comprised a basal polytomy composed of the self‐incompatible green‐fruited species S. chilense and the central to southern Peruvian populations of S. peruvianum, S. habrochaites, and S. pennellii. A derived clade contains the northern Peruvian populations of S. peruvianum (also self‐incompatible, green‐fruited), S. chmielewskii, and S. neorickii (self‐compatible, green‐fruited), and the self‐compatible and red‐ to orange‐ to yellow‐fruited species S. cheesmaniae, S. lycopersicum, and S. pimpinellifolium. Outgroup relationships are largely concordant with prior chloroplast DNA restriction site phylogenies, support S. juglandifolium and S. ochranthum as the closest outgroup to tomatoes with S. lycopersicoides and S. sitiens as basal to these, and support allogamy, self‐incompatibility, and green fruits as primitive in the tomato clade.
A survey of bryophytes for presence of cholinesterase activity
Authors: Gupta Ashu , Thakur Suman S. , Uniyal Prem L. , Gupta Rajendra
Published: February 2007

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is present in plants including bryophytes. The first biochemical evidence for ACh hydrolysis by enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) in bryophytes is presented. Thirty‐nine species belonging to 16 families of bryophytes were surveyed for ChE activity. Thirty species belonging to 13 families showed ChE activity. Of the bryophytes tested, Anoectangium bicolor showed the highest ChE activity. Widespread distribution of ChE in bryophytes indicates their suitability as a system to study the role of ACh in plants.
Genetic differentiation within and among island populations of the endangered plant Aster miyagii (Asteraceae), an endemic to the Ryukyu Islands
Authors: Maki Masayuki
Published: February 2007

Genetic diversity was examined at 17 putative allozyme loci in 18 populations of the insular endemic plant Aster miyagii (Asteraceae). This species is geographically restricted to only three islands of the Ryukyu Islands and is on the federal list of threatened plants. Genetic differentiation within an island is small, suggesting that gene flow among populations on the same island is sufficiently large to prevent divergence. By contrast, genetic differentiation among islands is large, especially between Amamioshima Island and the other two islands, suggesting that gene flow between the islands is highly restricted. Two unique alleles are nearly fixed in populations on Amamioshima Island, which is the southernmost island of the three. Comparatively, genetic diversity is the smallest on Amamioshima Island. This genetic paucity on Amamioshima Island is probably a result of a population bottleneck at colonization or the small effective population size on this island. Genetic diversity at the species level of A. miyagii is larger than those of the species with a similar life history and of the congeneric widespread species, suggesting that the species has an old origin as an insular endemic species.
Floral stages, ovule development, and ovule and fruit success in Iris tenax, focusing on var. gormanii, a taxon with low seed set
Authors: Wilson Carol A.
Published: February 2007

Ovule development and ovule and fruit success were investigated in Iris tenax var. tenax and I. tenax var. gormanii. Ovule development, including megasporogenesis and initial stages of megagametogenesis, occurred while flowers were still in bud. Final maturation of the seven‐celled embryo sac occurred during the male phase of flowering. An earlier report that synergids persist after fertilization, and that nucellar nuclei migrate into the developing megagametophyte in I. tenax var. tenax, was not supported in the present study. Reproductive studies used two pollination treatments: outcrossing and selfing. Treatment results were compared with results from open pollination. Both varieties of I. tenax are self‐compatible. Results showed that <5% of I. tenax var. gormanii ovules develop into seeds with open pollination, supporting earlier reports of low seed set. Hand pollinations improved reproductive success, suggesting that pollen may be limiting in nature.
Pollination, breeding system, and genetic structure in two sympatric Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) species
Authors: Williams Charles F. , Ruvinsky Jessica , Scott Peter E. , Hews Diana K.
Published: February 2007

Two sympatric Delphinium species, D. barbeyi and D. nuttallianum, are ecologically and morphologically similar. However, D. barbeyi has multiple, large inflorescences while D. nuttallianum has a single, small inflorescence. These differences in floral display should result in greater intraplant pollen transfer in D. barbeyi, leading to higher rates of self‐pollination through geitonogamy. Reduced gene flow by pollen should in turn produce greater population differentiation among populations of D. barbeyi relative to D. nuttallianum. We tested these predictions by comparing pollinator behavior, breeding systems, outcrossing rates, and population genetic structure of sympatric populations of the two species in Colorado. Bumble bee and hummingbird pollinators visit more flowers and inflorescences per foraging bout in D. barbeyi than in D. nuttallianum. The species differed in breeding system; D. barbeyi produced more seeds by autogamy (9 vs. 2%) than D. nuttallianum and suffered no reduction in seed set in hand‐self vs. outcross pollinations, in contrast to a 41% decline in D. nuttallianum. The outcrossing rate in one D. barbeyi population was 55%, but ranged from 87 to 97% in four D. nuttallianum populations. Genetic differentiation among population subdivisions estimated by hierarchical F statistics was >10 times greater in D. barbeyi ( = 0.055–0.126) than D. nuttallianum ( = 0.004–0.009) at spatial scales ranging from metres to 3.5 km. Spatial autocorrelation analysis also indicated more pronounced local genetic structure in D. barbeyi than D. nuttallianum populations. Fixation indices (FIS) of D. barbeyi adults were much lower than expected based on mating system equilibrium and suggest that differences in the degree of self‐compatibility and/or the timing of postpollination selection/inbreeding depression between the two species further contribute to the genetic differences between them.
Structure and ultrastructure of leaf and calyx glands inGalphimia brasiliensis(Malpighiaceae)
Authors: Castro María A. , Vega Andrea S. , Múlgura María E.
Published: February 2007

The present study describes the anatomical structure of calyx and leaf glands inGalphimia brasiliensisand analyzes the mechanism of secretion. The glands are marginal and suprabasal, cup‐shaped, sessile, and scarcely visible with the naked eye. Light microscopy reveals the following features: a thin, smooth cuticle; unistratified secretory cells; subglandular parenchyma; and vascular bundle supply composed of phloem and xylem with abundant druses of calcium oxalate. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the presence of secretory cells with conspicuous nuclei, dense cytoplasm, lipid droplets, numerous vesicles, mitochondria, Golgi, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and elongated plastids with osmiophilic contents. The secretion reaches the apoplastic space and accumulates beneath the cuticle. Finally, the viscous, translucent exudate is eliminated by mechanical rupture of the cuticle. Histochemical analysis confirms that lipids are the main constituent. Small amounts of polysaccharides were also identified.
Genetic diversity and the mating system of a rare Mexican piñon, Pinus pinceana, and a comparison with Pinus maximartinezii (Pinaceae)
Authors: Ledig F. Thomas , Capó‐Arteaga Miguel A. , Hodgskiss Paul D. , Sbay Hassan , Flores‐López Celestino , Thompson Conkle M. , Bermejo‐Velázquez Basilio
Published: February 2007

Weeping piñon (Pinus pinceana) has a restricted and fragmented range, trees are widely scattered within populations, and reproduction is limited. Nevertheless, genetic diversity was high; based on 27 isozyme loci in 18 enzyme systems, unbiased expected heterozygosity averaged 0.174. Differentiation also was high (FST = 0.152), reflecting isolation between southern, central, and northern fragments of the range. Among populations in the northern fragment, FST was only 0.056, and the number of migrants per generation (Nm) was 4.21, which should preclude fixation. Nm between central and southern populations or between them and populations in the northern fragment was lower, 0.99–1.66, indicating a degree of genetic isolation. Multilocus outcrossing rates (tm) ranged from 0.836 in the south to 0.897 in the north. Therefore, selfing is low but statistically significant. The equilibrium inbreeding coefficient (Fe) calculated from tm was in good agreement with observed inbreeding coefficients, suggesting that weeping piñon may be near equilibrium with respect to inbreeding and selection against selfed trees. Weeping piñon was variable at all loci polymorphic in maxipiñon (Pinus maximartinezii) and, therefore, qualifies as a possible progenitor of maxipiñon. Because of the high level of diversity, reasonable levels of gene flow within the northern fragment of weeping piñon's range, high rates of outcrossing, and, perhaps, only weak selection against inbred trees, protection in reserves would be a viable option for conservation.
Isozyme variation and genetic relationships among taxa in the Asplenium obovatum group (Aspleniaceae, Pteridophyta)
Authors: Herrero Alberto , Pajarón Santiago , Prada Carmen
Published: February 2007

The Asplenium obovatum group consists of diploid and tetraploid taxa; the origin of the tetraploid A. obovatum subsp. lanceolatum was previously considered to have occurred via autopolyploidy, involving one of the diploids of the group, either A. obovatum subsp. obovatum var. obovatum or var. protobillotii. To test this hypothesis, electrophoretic analyses of eight enzyme systems encoded by fourteen putative loci and cytological studies of the artificial hybrid between both diploid varieties were conducted. Alleles of the loci Lap‐1, Mdh‐2, Mdh‐3, Pgm‐1, Pgm‐1′, and 6Pgd‐1 emerged as genetic markers for the diploids and were present in an additive pattern in most of the analyzed individuals of the tetraploid. Cytological results indicated a high degree of genomic homology between the diploids. These results indicated that the tetraploid behaves as a segmental allopolyploid. Our results showed that both diploids were involved in the origin of the tetraploid. We propose the new combination Asplenium obovatum subsp. protobillotii for one of the diploids.
Susceptibility to UV damage in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae): testing for opportunity costs to shade‐avoidance and population differentiation
Authors: Dixon Peter , Weinig Cynthia , Schmitt Johanna
Published: February 2007

Plastic increases in leaf secondary compounds may be an adaptive strategy that reduces the damaging effects of high‐energy, ultraviolet radiation (UV). Here, we examine (1) the relationship between fitness and anthocyanin and flavonoid concentrations in experimental, UV environments, (2) the effects of UV on Impatiens capensis plants derived from woodland and clearing sites, and (3) whether susceptibility to UV damage is reduced by exposure to high ratios of red : far‐red wavelengths (R : FR), which also stimulate the production of leaf compounds. Seedlings from each site were exposed to either high R : FR typical of sunlight or low R : FR characteristic of foliar shade, after which plants were moved into ambient UV or UV‐removal treatments. Ultraviolet radiation stimulated the production of anthocyanins and flavonoids. However, higher anthocyanin concentrations were associated with lower biomass in the UV environment. Relative to the clearing population, reproductive output of the woodland population was more detrimentally affected by exposure to UV, despite its higher concentration of anthocyanins. Increased anthocyanin production may therefore be a stress response rather than an adaptive one. The greater tolerance of the clearing population to UV suggests that populations with an evolutionary history of UV exposure evolve mechanisms to limit damage. The R : FR pretreatments did not influence susceptibility to UV damage.
What Is Happening to Caste? A View from Some North Indian Villages
Authors: Krishna Anirudh
Published: February 2007

The role of caste in indian politics is undergoing considerable change. Caste and patron-client links have been regarded traditionally as the building blocks of political organization in India (Brass 1994; Manor 1997; Migdal 1988; Kothari 1988; Weiner 1967), and vertical and horizontal mobilizations by patrons and caste leaders, respectively, have been important influences on political outcomes (Rudolph and Rudolph 1967). There are indications, however, that the influence of patronage and caste might have declined considerably in recent years:

[National-level] survey data reveal some important facts that run counter to the conventional wisdom on voter behavior. … In 1996, 75 percent of the sample said they were not guided by anyone in their voting decision. … Of the 25 percent who sought advice, only 7 percent sought it from caste and community leaders … that is,less than 2 percent of the electorate got direct advice on how to vote from caste and community leaders. … The most important survey data show the change over time. In 1971, 51 percent of the respondents agreed that it was “important to vote the way your caste/community does” (30 percent disagreed), but in 1996 the percentages were reversed: 51 percent disagreed with that statement (29 percent agreed). … In 1998, “caste and community” was seen as an issue by only 5.5 percent of the respondents in one poll … and [it] ranked last of nine issues in another. All the evidence points to the fact that these respondents are correct: members of particular castes … can be found voting for every party. … It is less and less true that knowing the caste of a voter lets you reliably predict the party he or she will vote for.

(Oldenburg 1999, 13–15, emphasis in original)
The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien: Immigration Restriction and Deportation Policy in the United States, 1921–1965
Authors: Ngai Mae M.
Published: February 2007

In January 1930 officials of the Bureau of Immigration testified about the Border Patrol before a closed session of the House Immigration Committee. Henry Hull, the commissioner general of immigration, explained that the Border Patrol did not operate “on the border line” but as far as one hundred miles “back of the line.” The Border Patrol, he said, was “a scouting organization and a pursuit organization…. [Officers] operate on roads without warrants and wherever they find an alien they stop him. If he is illegally in the country, they take him to unit headquarters.”
The English Difference: The Application of Bureaucratic Norms within a Legal System
Authors: Brand Paul
Published: February 2007

Susan Reynolds has written a typically wide-ranging, and thought-provoking, article about the process of transition from what she calls “the diffused, undifferentiated, customary law” that was characteristic of Western Europe in the early medieval period to the various different forms of “professional law” that were characteristic of the higher courts of Western Europe in the later middle ages. This is a process that she characterizes, surely correctly, as an “important stage of legal history,” for it was only as an end result of this process of transformation that there emerged law courts and legal procedures and substantial bodies of legal rules that are recognizably the distant ancestors of their modern European and American counterparts. It was also this process of transformation that changed for ever the relationship between law and the society that this law regulated and in which it was embedded in Western European societies. Her article makes no claim to be a definitive study of this process. It is more a pointer to the work that still needs to be done to enable full transnational comparisons to be made between the different ways the process happened within different legal systems and between the different systems that were created through these changes. She does, nonetheless, state some tentative conclusions and point to what she sees as some of the prime factors in bringing about the transformation.