bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to analyse and develop healthy menus in foodservice
Authors: Veiros Marcela Boro , Da Costa Proença Rossana Pacheco , Kent‐Smith Luiza , Hering Bethania , De Sousa Anete Araújo
Published: October 2006

In addition to playing a pivotal role in assessing customer satisfaction, menus play an important role in the foodservice production process. Additionally, the type and quality of foods offered on menus may have a direct correlation with health promotion. To verify the nutritional quality of menus, a qualitative assessment method – the Qualitative Evaluation of Menu Components (QEMC) – is being proposed. The method is derived from the Standard QEMC and offers variations such as the Buffet QEMC and the Portugal QEMC. Menu items can be improved during the planning stage when using this assessment, which allows for corrections prior to production. These changes can lead to a healthier and more attractive menu from the sensory point of view, fulfilling the role of relieving hunger and feeding with quality, thus promoting health through the foods offered.
The effect of candy moisture content on texture
Authors: Figiel Adam , Tajner‐Czopek Agnieszka
Published: October 2006

Nowadays, the texture of food products has become an important feature influencing consumers’ acceptance of a food. It is a complex feature that depends on a number of chemical and physical properties of the product. The properties and distribution of water in food products affects their structure and texture. Even the small amounts of water that occur in candies may have a marked effect on their texture. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of moisture on the textural properties of candies (hard candies with filling). The critical moisture content of about 2% was shown in the results obtained, using shear strength test and texture profile analysis. An increase in moisture content in candies within the range 1.3–2.0% was found to decrease all the parameters investigated, such as maximum cutting force, hardness, cohesiveness, elasticity, gumminess and chewiness. Further increase in moisture, over 2.0%, did not cause a significant change in candy texture. The knowledge of how moisture affects candy texture may be helpful in meeting the customer’s expectations regarding the texture of consumed products.
Clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam for canine hip radiography
Authors: Leppänen M. K. , McKusick B. C. , Granholm M. M. , Westerholm F. C. , Tulamo R. , Short C. E.
Published: October 2006

Objectives:To investigate the usefulness of dexmedetomidine for restraint and sedation during hip radiographic examination of hip‐extended or stress‐radiography views when combined with either buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam.

Methods:One hundred and twenty‐seven client‐owned clinically healthy golden retrievers or rottweilers were enrolled in a clinical trial that compared hip‐extended and PennHIP methods for diagnosing hip dysplasia and were randomly allocated to receive dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in combination with buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam. Subjective assessments were made for response to pain, response to noise, palpebral reflex, muscle tone and overall quality of sedation; non‐invasive physiological variables were also recorded.

Results:Overall quality of sedation was graded as good or excellent for dogs administered with a combination of butorphanol or diazepam. However, more dogs that received a combination involving buprenorphine had overall a relatively poorer quality of sedation and required additional administration of buprenorphine before the radiographic procedure could commence. Once sedated, clinically sufficient muscle relaxation accompanied by a very low proportion of dogs responding to pain or noise stimuli were observed in all treatment groups. Heart and respiratory rate, and procedure and recovery times were similar for all treatment groups, and no adverse events were observed during the study.

ClinicalSignificance:Dexmedetomidine sedative protocols, particularly in combination with butorphanol and diazepam, can be used effectively and safely in dogs for radiographic procedures.
The value of oblique versus ventrodorsal myelographic views for lesion lateralisation in canine thoracolumbar disc disease
Authors: Gibbons S. E. , Macias C. , De Stefani A. , Pinchbeck G. L. , McKee W. M.
Published: October 2006

Objective: To determine the value of oblique versus ventrodorsal myelographic views for lesion lateralisation in canine thoracolumbar disc disease.

Methods: The ventrodorsal and oblique views from 196 lumbar myelograms of dogs with single thoracolumbar disc extrusions or protrusions were blindly and independently reviewed by two of the authors for evidence of lesion lateralisation. Medical records were reviewed for details regarding hemilaminectomy surgery. The side (left versus right) of the surgery and whether or not the disc material was retrieved were noted.

Results: Both reviewers lateralised significantly more disc lesions from the oblique views (93 and 95 per cent) than from the ventrodorsal views (59 and 70 per cent) (P<0·001). Using a combination of oblique and ventrodorsal views, 194 (99 per cent) and 195 (99·5 per cent) lesions were lateralised. Unilateral hemilaminectomy was performed in 193 dogs with myelographic lateralisation and in one dog without myelographic lateralisation. The side of spinal cord decompression corresponded with the myelographic findings in all dogs showing lateralisation on myelography. In the dog without myelographic lateralisation, a left (randomly chosen) hemilaminectomy revealed dorsal protrusion of the annulus fibrosus.

Clinical Significance: Myelography, including oblique, ventrodorsal and lateral views, is an accurate method for determining lateralisation of extruded or protruded disc material in the vertebral canal before decompressive surgery. Combined oblique and ventrodorsal views are more useful than either view alone and should be routinely obtained in all lumbar myelographic studies when investigating thoracolumbar disc disease.
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of a nasopharyngeal cyst in a dog
Authors: Clements D. N. , Thompson H. , Johnson V. S. , Clarke S. P. , Doust R. T.
Published: October 2006

A 21‐month‐old boxer dog was presented with clinical signs caused by nasopharyngeal obstruction. A mineralised mass in the nasopharynx was identified by radiography. Computed tomography allowed accurate anatomical localisation of the cystic lesion and identification of an ossified wall. Surgical removal of the mass by a ventral approach resulted in complete resolution of clinical signs. Histopathological examination strongly suggested that the cyst was derived from remnants of Rathke’s pouch.
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of nasopharyngeal lymphoma in two cats with concurrent intracranial mass
Authors: Chang Y. , Thompson H. , Reed N. , Penderis J.
Published: October 2006

Lymphoma is reported to be the most common nasal and second most common intracranial neoplasm in cats. Intracranial lymphoma may occur as a primary central nervous system lymphoma or as part of multi‐centric disease. Two cats were presented with histopathologically confirmed nasopharyngeal lymphoma and concurrent mass within the middle fossa of the cranial cavity, with magnetic resonance imaging suggestive of direct communication. Both cats demonstrated evidence of bilateral oculomotor nerve deficits and upper respiratory tract noise. In one cat, bilateral optic nerve deficits were also present. The magnetic resonance imaging features were similar in both cases and demonstrated a contrast‐enhancing intracranial mass on the ventral aspect of the middle fossa of the cranial cavity and an adjacent mass arising from the dorsal aspect of the nasopharynx. Lymphoma should be included as an important differential diagnosis in cats presented with middle cranial fossa syndrome (in particular ophthalmoplegia) and stertor.
Tracheal necrosis following tracheal intubation in a dog
Authors: Alderson B. , Senior J. M. , Dugdale A. H. A.
Published: October 2006

Tracheal rupture and stenosis are well‐reported problems in human beings and cats following endotracheal intubation. However, this problem has been rarely reported in dogs. This case report describes a case of tracheal necrosis 5 days following endotracheal intubation in a dog associated with overinflation of the endotracheal tube cuff and multiple changes in position.
Plant quality and predation risk mediated by plant ontogeny: consequences for herbivores and plants
Authors: Boege Karina , Marquis Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Bottom‐up and top‐down impacts on herbivores can be influenced by plant productivity, structural complexity, vigor and size. Although these traits are likely to vary with plant development, the influence of plant ontogeny on the relative importance of plant quality (i.e. bottom‐up forces) and predation risk (i.e. top‐down forces) has been the focus of little previous investigation. We evaluated the role of plant ontogeny for the relative importance of bottom‐up and top‐down forces on insect herbivore abundance, species richness, and species diversity attacking the tropical tree Casearia nitida. We also quantified the cascading effects on herbivory, growth and reproduction of this plant species. Plant quality traits (nitrogen and phenolic compounds) were assessed in saplings and reproductive trees. Bottom‐up forces were manipulated by fertilizing plants from both ontogenetic stages. Top‐down forces were manipulated by excluding insectivorous birds from saplings and reproductive trees. Plant ontogeny influenced foliage quality in terms of total phenolics, which were in greater concentration in reproductive trees than in saplings; however, it did not influence bottom‐up forces as modified by fertilization. Bird exclusion increased herbivore density with the same magnitude on both stages. Ontogeny influenced species diversity, which was greater in reproductive trees than in saplings, and also influenced treatment impacts on species richness and diversity. Although top‐down forces increased herbivory equally on plants of each ontogenetic stage, the two stages showed different overcompensation responses to increased damage: caged saplings produced greater leaf biomass than non‐caged saplings, whereas caged trees increased in height proportionally more than non‐caged trees. In sum, plant ontogeny influenced the impact of bird predation on herbivore density, species richness, and species diversity, and the growth variables affected by increased damage in caged plants. We suggest that plant ontogeny can contribute to some extent to the influence of plant quality and the third trophic level on herbivores in this system.
Bone loss from the human distal tibia epiphysis during 24 days of unilateral lower limb suspension
Authors: Rittweger Jörn , Winwood Keith , Seynnes Olivier , De Boer Maarten , Wilks Desirée , Lea Rosalind , Rennie Michael , Narici Marco
Published: October 2006

Bone loss during immobilization is well documented. Currently, the only means of studying this in human beings is bed rest, which is resource intensive and inconvenient for the subjects. Unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS) has been suggested as an alternative, but has not previously been demonstrated to cause bone loss. The main aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that ULLS would cause bone loss determined by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). We investigated eight young healthy volunteers (19.1 ± 0.7 years; body mass index, 22.4 ± 2.6 kg m−2), who underwent ULLS for 24 days; their right foot was suspended with a strap attached to the shoulder so the knee angle was 10 deg and they wore a left shoe with a 7.5 cm sole to allow clearance of the right foot and used bilateral crutches to perambulate. Bone scans were obtained by pQCT from the distal epiphyses and from the diaphyses of the tibia in each leg twice before suspension, at days 7, 14 and 21 of the ULLS, and at days 4, 9, 35 and 90 of recovery. After 21 days of ULLS, bone mineral content of the peripheral portion of the epiphysis of the suspended tibia was reduced by 0.89 ± 0.48% (from 280.9 ± 34.5 to 278.4 ± 34.2 mg mm−1, P < 0.001) but no changes were observed in its central portion or in the unsuspended tibia. In the peripheral epiphyseal portion, significant bone loss (by 0.32 ± 0.54%, P= 0.045) occurred as early as day 7 of ULLS. We have demonstrated, for the first time, that in humans bone is lost during ULLS at rates comparable to those seen with bed rest, without alteration in limb fluid volumes thus validating the technique and raising important questions about the mechanisms involved.
Velocity recovery cycles of single C fibres innervating rat skin
Authors: George Annette , Serra Jordi , Navarro Xavier , Bostock Hugh
Published: October 2006

To improve knowledge about axonal membrane properties in nociceptive and non‐nociceptive C fibres, we studied impulse‐dependent velocity changes by in vivo microneurography in the rat sciatic nerve. Cutaneous C fibres were classified, based primarily on their activity‐dependent slowing profile, as Type 1A (mechano‐responsive nociceptors; CMR; n= 23), Type 1B (mechano‐insensitive nociceptors; CMI; n= 24), Type 2 (cold units; n= 2), Type 3 units (unknown function; n= 4) or Type 4 (presumed sympathetics; n= 23) units. They were excited by single, double and triple electrical stimuli to the skin at mean rates of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 Hz and with interstimulus intervals ranging from 2 to 1000 ms. All CMRs exhibited only postspike subnormality at 0.25 and 0.5 Hz. They gradually developed supernormality with higher stimulation rates, and 12/19 CMRs were supernormal at 1 Hz. The CMIs showed a greater tendency towards supernormality, with 10/21 already supernormal at 0.25 Hz, 17/24 at 0.5 Hz and all were supernormal at 1 Hz. In some CMIs but in none of the CMRs, the supernormal period was directly followed by a peak in late subnormality. Among non‐nociceptive fibres, all Type 4 units exhibited long‐lasting supernormality independent of the stimulation rate, whereas the cold units showed short‐lived supernormality. In both, supernormality increased with higher stimulation rates. Regardless of fibre function or stimulation rate, a second conditioning stimulus always induced additional slowing, providing evidence for a passive origin of supernormality in all rat C fibre subtypes. However, the degree and time‐course of extra slowing due to a preconditioning stimulus was highly dependent on fibre function and stimulation rate. These data indicate axonal membrane differences between different functional classes of C fibres, which resemble those previously described in human C fibres.
Effects of solution tonicity on crossbridge properties and myosin lever arm disposition in intact frog muscle fibres
Authors: Colombini Barbara , Bagni Maria Angela , Cecchi Giovanni , Griffiths Peter John
Published: October 2006

The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of solution tonicity on muscle properties, and to verify their consistence with the lever arm theory of force generation. Experiments were made in single muscle fibres and in fibre bundles from the frog, using both fast stretches and time‐resolved X‐ray diffraction, in isotonic Ringer solution (1T), hypertonic (1.4T) and hypotonic (0.8T) solutions. Fast stretches (0.4–0.6 ms duration and 16–25 nm per half‐sarcomere (nm hs−1) amplitude) were applied at various tensions during the force development in isometric tetani. Force increased during the stretch up to a peak (critical tension, Pc) at which it started to fall, in spite of continued stretching. In all solutions, Pc was proportional to the initial isometric tension developed. For a given isometric tension, Pc increased with solution tonicity and occurred at a precise sarcomere elongation (critical length, Lc) which also increased with tonicity. M3 meridional layer line intensity (IM3) was measured during the application of sinusoidal length oscillations (1 kHz frequency, and about 2% fibre length amplitude) at tetanus plateau. IM3 changed during the length oscillations in a sinusoidal manner in phase opposition to length changes, but a double peak distortion occurred at the peak of the release phase. The presence of the distortion, which decreased with tonicity, allowed calculation of the mean position of the myosin head (S1) during the oscillation cycle. In agreement with the lever arm theory, both X‐ray diffraction and mechanical data show that solution tonicity affects S1 mean position and consequently crossbridge individual extension and force, with no effect on crossbridge number. The force needed to break the single crossbridge was insensitive to solution tonicity suggesting a non‐ionic nature of the actomyosin bond.
Exercise pressor reflex function is altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Smith Scott A. , Williams Maurice A. , Leal Anna K. , Mitchell Jere H. , Garry Mary G.
Published: October 2006

In hypertension, exercise elicits excessive elevations in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) increasing the risk for adverse cardiac events and stroke during physical activity. The exercise pressor reflex (a neural drive originating in skeletal muscle), central command (a neural drive originating in cortical brain centres) and the tonically active arterial baroreflex contribute importantly to cardiovascular control during exercise. Each of these inputs potentially mediates the heightened cardiovascular response to physical activity in hypertension. However, given that exercise pressor reflex overactivity is known to elicit enhanced circulatory responses to exercise in disease states closely related to hypertension (e.g. heart failure), we tested the hypothesis that the exaggerated cardiovascular response to exercise in hypertension is mediated by an overactive exercise pressor reflex. To test this hypothesis, we used a rat model of exercise recently developed in our laboratory that selectively stimulates the exercise pressor reflex independent of central command and/or the arterial baroreflex. Activation of the exercise pressor reflex during electrically induced static muscle contraction in the absence of input from central command resulted in significantly larger increases in MAP and HR in male spontaneously hypertensive rats as compared to normotensive Wistar‐Kyoto rats over a wide range of exercise intensities. Similar findings were obtained in animals in which input from both central command and the arterial baroreflex were eliminated. These findings suggest that the enhanced cardiovascular response to exercise in hypertension is mediated by an overactive exercise pressor reflex. Potentially, effective treatment of exercise pressor reflex dysfunction may reduce the cardiovascular risks associated with exercise in hypertension.
A Computational Approach to Conley’s Decomposition Theorem
Authors: Ban Hyunju , Kalies William D.
Published: October 2006

Background. The discrete dynamics generated by a continuous map can be represented combinatorially by an appropriate multivalued map on a discretization of the phase space such as a cubical grid or triangulation. Method of approach. We describe explicit algorithms for computing dynamical structures for the combinatorial multivalued maps. Results. We provide computational complexity bounds and numerical examples. Specifically we focus on the computation attractor-repeller pairs and Lyapunov functions for Morse decompositions. Conclusions. The computed discrete Lyapunov functions are weak Lyapunov functions and well-approximate a continuous Lyapunov function for the underlying map.
Viscous Shocks in the Destabilized Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Equation
Authors: Rademacher Jens D. M. , Wittenberg Ralf W.
Published: October 2006

We study stationary periodic solutions of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) model for complex spatio-temporal dynamics in the presence of an additional linear destabilizing term. In particular, we show the phase space origins of the previously observed stationary “viscous shocks” and related solutions. These arise in a reversible four-dimensional dynamical system as perturbed heteroclinic connections whose tails are joined through a reinjection mechanism due to the linear term. We present numerical evidence that the transition to the KS limit contains a rich bifurcation structure even within the class of stationary reversible solutions.
A Twenty-First Century Guidebook for Applied Dynamical Systems
Authors: Champneys A. R.
Published: October 2006

This paper represents the author’s view on the impact of the book Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems and Bifurcations of Vector Fields by John Guckenheimer and Philip Holmes, first published in 1983 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin). In particular, the questions addressed are: if one were to write a similar book for the 21st century, which topics should be contained and what form should the book take in order to have a similar impact on the modern generation of young researchers in applied dynamical systems?
Coherent Structures of Turbulence: Methods of Eduction and Results
Authors: Alfonsi Giancarlo
Published: October 2006

In this paper the issue of the coherent structures of turbulence developing in wall-bounded flows is addressed. After a short historical synthesis, some basic concepts are reviewed and the idea of coherent structure is introduced. The phenomena occurring in the inner and outer regions of the turbulent boundary layer in conjunction with the most widely used event-detection techniques are considered, with reference to the large amount of mainly experimental results existing on the subject. The flow phenomena are described in terms of events occurring in the inner region, large-scale motions developing in the outer layer and dynamics of vortical structures. In the second part of the paper, methods for the eduction of the coherent structures of turbulence from the background flow and results obtained in the framework of each method are presented. The techniques involving the invariants of the velocity gradient tensor, the analysis of the Hessian of the pressure and the proper orthogonal decomposition are considered. Each procedure involves a particular definition of coherent structure that is supported by an appropriate mathematical framework and permits the analysis of a turbulent-flow database in terms of dynamics of coherent structures. This work may contribute to the dissemination of the most recent concepts and techniques now in use in turbulence research among fluid dynamicists.
Front and back side Auger electron spectroscopy depth profile analysis to verify an interfacial reaction at the HfN∕SiO2 interface
Authors: Gondran Carolyn F. H. , Johnson Charlene , Choi Kisik
Published: October 2006

Sputter-induced artifacts can create the appearance of an interfacial reaction between Hf-based films and the underlying SiO2 in sputter depth profiles. A combination of front and back side Auger electron spectroscopy depth profile analysis is used to distinguish between a native interfacial reaction at the interface between HfN and SiO2 and a potential sputtering artifact. Experimental results show that a native reaction occurs; however, the extent of the reaction may be over-represented in the front side profile due to a sputter artifact component.
Nanochemistry, nanostructure, and electrical properties of Ta2O5 film deposited by atomic layer deposition and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition
Authors: Gu Diefeng , Li Jing , Dey Sandwip K. , De Waard Henk , Marcus Steven
Published: October 2006

Ta 2 O 5 films were deposited by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) and thermal ALD on native oxide surface (SiOx∕Si). The properties of as-deposited and forming gas annealed films were examined and qualitatively compared with respect to nanostructural, nanochemical, capacitance-voltage and leakage-current–voltage (JL-V), and oxide breakdown characteristics. Although high-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed structurally sharp Ta2O5∕SiOx interfaces in forming gas annealed PEALD Ta2O5∕SiOx∕Si stacks, electron energy loss spectroscopy revealed interdiffusion of Ta and Si across this interface, the indiffusion length of Ta being higher than the outdiffusion length of Si. The consequent formation and enhancement of Ta–O–Si bond linkages in thicker Ta2O5 films were clearly reflected in the JL-V data. Moreover, the fixed charge density (Qf=5×1011qC∕cm−2) was thickness invariant in PEALD Ta2O5. For similar PEALD and ALD Ta2O5 thickness in Ta2O5∕SiOx∕Si stacks, the latter showed a lower Dit and higher defect density, results attributed to protons and hydroxyl groups, respectively, which stem from water used as an oxidant for the thermal ALD process.
Technique for thermal isolation of antenna-coupled infrared microbolometers
Authors: Middleton C. F. , Boreman G. D.
Published: October 2006

A new method was developed to thermally isolate monolithic antenna-coupled infrared microbolometers from their substrate. Using a SiO2 sacrificial layer to create a 400nm thick Si3N4 membrane, square spiral antennas coupled to Ni microbolometers were fabricated and tested. The responsivity of the thermally isolated devices is 164 times greater than a similar device that is not fabricated on a membrane.
Copper in organic acid based cleaning solutions
Authors: Pernel C. , Farkas J. , Louis D.
Published: October 2006

The interactions of organic acids with copper were characterized with electrochemical and atomic force microscopy methods in order to develop efficient cleaning formula for wet copper processing. The etch rate and oxidation mechanisms of copper were studied in mono-, di-, and triorganic acids. A similar electrochemical behavior of copper was observed in all cases, except in the case of oxalic acid, which shows passivating properties. The interactions of organic acids with diluted hydrofluoric acid result in significant reduction in copper dissolution rate.
Influence of crystallographic orientation on dry etch properties of TiN
Authors: Dictus D. , Shamiryan D. , Paraschiv V. , Boullart W. , De Gendt S. , Vanhaelemeersch S.
Published: October 2006

A study of the impact of physical vapor deposition conditions on the etch properties of TiN has been conducted using a transformer coupled plasma. This work focuses only on a Cl2-based etch plasma. It is shown that the crystallographic orientation of TiN, observed from x-ray diffraction spectra, has a major influence on the etch behavior. Etch yields at varying dry etch conditions of two types of TiN, with different crystallographic orientations, have been studied quantitatively. The high roughness which is created during plasma exposure was identified as being the result of different etch rates of grains and intergranular material at the grain boundaries. Moreover, it is shown that TiN(111) is more difficult to etch, resulting in more pronounced roughness, than TiN(200), which is easier to etch, resulting in smoother surfaces for certain process conditions.
Novel nanoscale thermal property imaging technique: The 2ω method. I. Principle and the 2ω signal measurement
Authors: Roh Hee Hwan , Lee Joon Sik , Kim Dong Lib , Park Jisang , Kim Kyeongtae , Kwon Ohmyoung , Park Seung Ho , Choi Young Ki , Majumdar Arun
Published: October 2006

In this and the following companion articles, the authors present the 2ω method, a novel ac mode local thermal property imaging technique with nanoscale spatial resolution. To demonstrate the use of the thermoelectric probe as an active one that can function as both a heater and a temperature sensor, the authors develop and implement the 2ω signal measurement technique, which can extract thermoelectric signals from a thermocouple junction while electrically heating it simultaneously. The principle of the 2ω signal measurement technique is explained by a steady periodic electrothermal analysis. The authors use a specially designed test pattern to experimentally verify that the 2ω signal is caused by the temperature oscillation induced by Joule heating. In addition, based on the results from an experiment using a cross-shaped pattern, the measurement accuracy of the 2ω method depends on the junction size of the thermoelectric probe. The 2ω method is implemented and compared with other methods in the following companion paper.
Inductively coupled plasma etching of amorphous Al2O3 and TiO2 mask layers grown by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Dekker J. , Kolari K. , Puurunen R. L.
Published: October 2006

Al 2 O 3 and TiO2 deposited by atomic layer deposition are evaluated as etch masks for dry etch processes in an inductively coupled plasma reactor using the Bosch process. In the inductively coupled plasma chamber during deep silicon etching, because of the chemical nature of the etch process and the inert nature of Al2O3, the result is exceptional selectivity for silicon over as-deposited Al2O3, particularly at relatively low bias and high pressures used for through-wafer etching. TiO2 is less resistant and appears to suffer more from chemical attack. In both cases, etch rate increases slowly with increasing rf bias. However, there is a sharp discontinuity in the etch rate of Al2O3 when the bias power is operated in a pulsed low-frequency mode. This is thought to be due to increased sputtering from heavier ions. Preliminary studies indicate the etching conditions for Al2O3 may be extended into a dielectric etch regime requiring more study.
Formation and process optimization of scanning resistive probe
Authors: Shin Hyunjung , Kim Chanhyung , Lee Bongki , Kim Jiyoung , Park Hongsik , Min Dong-Ki , Jung Juwhan , Hong Seungbum , Kim Sungdong
Published: October 2006

Recently, scanning resistive probe microscopy, which has a semiconducting resistor at the apex of the tip and observes surface charges directly, was newly proposed and fabricated. In order to optimize process parameters as well as to understand the mechanisms of the field induced resistance change in the resistive probe, the doping profile of resistive patterns is investigated by the use of Kelvin probe force microscopy. Overlapping space charge regions (O-SCRs) in between n+ regions were observed. Decreased barrier heights in the structure of n+∕O-SCR∕n+ were also investigated. In particular, resistive patterns with diffusion times longer than 12h were observed to have overlapped outdiffusion of As+ ions, showing no formation of O-SCR in between n+ regions. This was also confirmed by measurements of I-V characteristics.
Diminishing Reciprocal Fairness by Disrupting the Right Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Knoch Daria , Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Meyer Kaspar , Treyer Valerie , Fehr Ernst
Published: October 2006

Humans restrain self-interest with moral and social values. They are the only species known to exhibit reciprocal fairness, which implies the punishment of other individuals' unfair behaviors, even if it hurts the punisher's economic self-interest. Reciprocal fairness has been demonstrated in the Ultimatum Game, where players often reject their bargaining partner's unfair offers. Despite progress in recent years, however, little is known about how the human brain limits the impact of selfish motives and implements fair behavior. Here we show that disruption of the right, but not the left, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation substantially reduces subjects' willingness to reject their partners' intentionally unfair offers, which suggests that subjects are less able to resist the economic temptation to accept these offers. Importantly, however, subjects still judge such offers as very unfair, which indicates that the right DLPFC plays a key role in the implementation of fairness-related behaviors.
Response to Comment on "Pairing and Phase Separation in a Polarized Fermi Gas"
Authors: Partridge Guthrie B. , Li Wenhui , Kamar Ramsey I. , Liao Yean-an , Hulet Randall G.
Published: October 2006

Zwierlein and Ketterle rely on subjective arguments and fail to recognize important differences in physical parameters between our experiment and theirs. We stand by the conclusions of our original report.
From Plant Traits to Plant Communities: A Statistical Mechanistic Approach to Biodiversity
Authors: Shipley Bill , Vile Denis , Garnier Éric
Published: October 2006

We developed a quantitative method, analogous to those used in statistical mechanics, to predict how biodiversity will vary across environments, which plant species from a species pool will be found in which relative abundances in a given environment, and which plant traits determine community assembly. This provides a scaling from plant traits to ecological communities while bypassing the complications of population dynamics. Our method treats community development as a sorting process involving species that are ecologically equivalent except with respect to particular functional traits, which leads to a constrained random assembly of species; the relative abundance of each species adheres to a general exponential distribution as a function of its traits. Using data for eight functional traits of 30 herbaceous species and community-aggregated values of these traits in 12 sites along a 42-year chronosequence of secondary succession, we predicted 94% of the variance in the relative abundances.
Boryllithium: Isolation, Characterization, and Reactivity as a Boryl Anion
Authors: Segawa Yasutomo , Yamashita Makoto , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: October 2006

Nucleophilic, anionic boryl compounds are long-sought but elusive species. We report that reductive cleavage of the boron-bromine bond in
N,N
′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1
H
-1,3,2-diazaborole by lithium naphthalenide afforded the corresponding boryllithium, which is isoelectronic with an
N
-heterocyclic carbene. The structure of the boryllithium determined by x-ray crystallography was consistent with sp
2
boron hybridization and revealed a boron-lithium bond length of 2.291 ± 0.006 angstroms. The structural similarity between this compound and the calculated free boryl anion suggests that the boron atom has an anionic charge. The
11
B nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum also supports the boryl anion character. Moreover, the compound behaves as an efficient base and nucleophile in its reactions with electrophiles such as water, methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-chlorobutane, and benzaldehyde.
Modulation of Cell Adhesion and Motility in the Immune System by Myo1f
Authors: Kim Sangwon V. , Mehal Wajahat Z. , Dong Xuemei , Heinrich Volkmar , Pypaert Marc , Mellman Ira , Dembo Micah , Mooseker Mark S. , Wu Dianqing , Flavell Richard A.
Published: October 2006

Although class I myosins are known to play a wide range of roles, the physiological function of long-tailed class I myosins in vertebrates remains elusive. We demonstrated that one of these proteins, Myo1f, is expressed predominantly in the mammalian immune system. Cells from Myo1f-deficient mice exhibited abnormally increased adhesion and reduced motility, resulting from augmented exocytosis of β2 integrin–containing granules. Also, the cortical actin that co-localizes with Myo1f was reduced in Myo1f-deficient cells. In vivo, Myo1f-deficient mice showed increased susceptibility to infection by
Listeria monocytogenes
and an impaired neutrophil response. Thus, Myo1f directs immune cell motility and innate host defense against infection.
Infectious Prions in the Saliva and Blood of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease
Authors: Mathiason Candace K. , Powers Jenny G. , Dahmes Sallie J. , Osborn David A. , Miller Karl V. , Warren Robert J. , Mason Gary L. , Hays Sheila A. , Hayes-Klug Jeanette , Seelig Davis M. , Wild Margaret A. , Wolfe Lisa L. , Spraker Terry R. , Miller Michael W. , Sigurdson Christina J. , Telling Glenn C. , Hoover Edward A.
Published: October 2006

A critical concern in the transmission of prion diseases, including chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids, is the potential presence of prions in body fluids. To address this issue directly, we exposed cohorts of CWD-naiÌve deer to saliva, blood, or urine and feces from CWD-positive deer. We found infectious prions capable of transmitting CWD in saliva (by the oral route) and in blood (by transfusion). The results help to explain the facile transmission of CWD among cervids and prompt caution concerning contact with body fluids in prion infections.
A Case for the Moral Organ?
Authors: Waldmann Michael R.
Published: October 2006

Moral Minds
. How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong.
By Marc D. Hauser
. Ecco (HarperCollins), New York, 2006. 511 pp. $27.95, C$35.95. ISBN 0-06-078070-3.

Our brains, the author argues, contain a specialized circuit for moral problems, one that incorporates a "universal moral grammar."
The Powers of Rhythm
Authors: Fries Pascal
Published: October 2006

Rhythms of the Brain
.
By György Buzsáki
. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006. 464 pp. $69.50, £42. ISBN 0-19-530106-4.

Holding that spontaneous activity of neurons forms the foundation of our cognitive abilities, the author lays out the case for recognizing emergent oscillatory timing as the brain's fundamental organizer of neuronal information.
Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Neumann Manuela , Sampathu Deepak M. , Kwong Linda K. , Truax Adam C. , Micsenyi Matthew C. , Chou Thomas T. , Bruce Jennifer , Schuck Theresa , Grossman Murray , Clark Christopher M. , McCluskey Leo F. , Miller Bruce L. , Masliah Eliezer , Mackenzie Ian R. , Feldman Howard , Feiden Wolfgang , Kretzschmar Hans A. , Trojanowski John Q. , Lee Virginia M.-Y.
Published: October 2006

Ubiquitin-positive, tau- and α-synuclein–negative inclusions are hallmarks of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although the identity of the ubiquitinated protein specific to either disorder was unknown, we showed that TDP-43 is the major disease protein in both disorders. Pathologic TDP-43 was hyper-phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and cleaved to generate C-terminal fragments and was recovered only from affected central nervous system regions, including hippocampus, neocortex, and spinal cord. TDP-43 represents the common pathologic substrate linking these neurodegenerative disorders.
Astronomy and the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer satellite
Authors: Bowyer Stuart
Published: October 2006

The extreme ultraviolet wave band (100 to 912 angstroms) was thought until recently to be useless to astronomy, primarily because the opacity of the interstellar medium would prevent observations at these wavelengths. However, the interstellar medium has been found to be markedly inhomogeneous in both density and ionization state and the sun is fortunately located in a region of low extreme ultraviolet opacity. The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer, launched in June 1992, has surveyed the sky in this wave band and has detected a wide variety of astronomical sources at considerable distances, including some extragalactic objects. Studies in the extreme ultraviolet band have already begun to increase our understanding of the contents of the universe.
Fullerenes in the 1.85-Billion-Year-Old Sudbury Impact Structure
Authors: Becker Luann , Bada Jeffrey L. , Winans Randall E. , Hunt Jerry E. , Bunch Ted E. , French Bevan M.
Published: October 2006

Fullerenes (C60 and C70) have been identified by laser desorption, laser desorption post-ionization, and high-resolution electron-impact mass spectrometry in shock-produced breccias (Onaping Formation) of the Sudbury impact structure in Ontario, Canada. The C60 isotope is present at a level of a few parts per million. The fullerenes were likely synthesized within the impact plume from the carbon contained in the bolide. The oxidation of the fullerenes during the 1.85 billion years of exposure was apparently prevented by the presence of sulfur in the form of sulfide-silicate complexes associated with the fullerenes.
Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of the Linear C
13
Carbon Cluster
Authors: Giesen T. F. , Van Orden A. , Hwang H. J. , Fellers R. S. , Provençal R. A. , Saykally R. J.
Published: October 2006

The infrared absorption spectrum of a linear, 13-atom carbon cluster (C
13
) has been observed by the use of a supersonic cluster beam-diode laser spectrometer. Seventy-six rovibrational transitions were measured near 1809 wave numbers and assigned to an antisymmetric stretching fundamental in the
1
σ
g
+
ground state of C
13
. This definitive structural characterization of a carbon cluster in the intermediate size range between C
10
and C
20
is in apparent conflict with theoretical calculations, which predict that clusters of this size should exist as planar monocyclic rings.
The Unidentified Interstellar Infrared Bands: PAHs as Carriers?
Authors: Schlemmer S. , Cook D. J. , Harrison JA. , Wurfel B. , Chapman W. , Saykally R. J.
Published: October 2006

Infrared emission spectra of gas-phase naphthalene and pyrene have been measured in the range of 3 to 7.5 micrometers with ultraviolet laser desorption-excitation and a spectroscopic technique featuring single-photon counting in the infrared. The spectra were compared with the unidentified infrared emission bands that are observed in many astronomical objects. Marked discrepancies between those observations and the laboratory emission spectra in the wavelengths and relative intensities of principal spectral features led to the conclusion that small neutral unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cannot be the carriers of the unidentified infrared emission bands.
The Production of
34
S-Depleted Sulfide During Bacterial Disproportionation of Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Canfield Donald E. , Thamdrup Bo
Published: October 2006

Bacteria that disproportionate elemental sulfur fractionate sulfur isotopes such that sulfate is enriched in sulfur-34 by 12.6 to 15.3 per mil and sulfide is depleted in sulfur-34 by 7.3 to 8.6 per mil. Through a repeated cycle of sulfide oxidation to S
0
and subsequent disproportionation, these bacteria can deplete sedimentary sulfides in sulfur-34. A prediction, borne out by observation, is that more extensive sulfide oxidation will lead to sulfides that are more depleted in sulfur-34. Thus, the oxidative part of the sulfur cycle creates circumstances by which sulfides become more depleted in sulfur-34 than would be possible with sulfate-reducing bacteria alone.
Do Hydrofluorocarbons Destroy Stratospheric Ozone?
Authors: Ravishankara A. R. , Turnipseed Andrew A. , Jensen Niels R. , Barone Stephen , Mills Michael , Howard Carleton J. , Solomon Susan
Published: October 2006

Hydrofluorocarbons, many of which contain a CF
3
group, are one of the major substitutes for the chlorofluorocarbons and halons that are being phased out because they contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion. It is critical to ensure that CF
3
groups do not cause significant ozone depletion. The rate coefficients for the key reactions that determine the efficiency of the CF
3
radical as a catalyst for ozone loss in the stratosphere have been measured and used in a model to calculate the possible depletion of ozone. From these results, it is concluded that the ozone depletion potentials related to the presence of the CF
3
group in hydrofluorocarbons are negligibly small.
Carbon Pools and Flux of Global Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Dixon R. K. , Solomon A. M. , Brown S. , Houghton R. A. , Trexier M. C. , Wisniewski J.
Published: October 2006

Forest systems cover more than 4.1 × 109hectares of the Earth's land area. Globally, forest vegetation and soils contain about 1146 petagrams of carbon, with approximately 37 percent of this carbon in low-latitude forests, 14 percent in mid-latitudes, and 49 percent at high latitudes. Over two-thirds of the carbon in forest ecosystems is contained in soils and associated peat deposits. In 1990, deforestation in the low latitudes emitted 1.6 ± 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year, whereas forest area expansion and growth in mid- and high-latitude forest sequestered 0.7 ± 0.2 petagrams of carbon per year, for a net flux to the atmosphere of 0.9 ± 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year. Slowing deforestation, combined with an increase in forestation and other management measures to improve forest ecosystem productivity, could conserve or sequester significant quantities of carbon. Future forest carbon cycling trends attributable to losses and regrowth associated with global climate and land-use change are uncertain. Model projections and some results suggest that forests could be carbon sinks or sources in the future.
Free-Radical Side-Chain Bromination of Alkylaromatics in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Tanko James M. , Blackert Joseph F.
Published: October 2006

Free-radical side-chain brominations of alkylaromatics in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO
2
) are reported. Direct bromination of toluene and ethylbenzene form the corresponding benzyl bromides in high yield. The observed selectivity in SC-CO
2
is similar to that observed in conventional organic solvents. Also, SC-CO
2
is an effective alternative to carbon tetrachloride for use in the classical Ziegler bromination with
N
-bromosuccinimide. Reaction yields are high, side products are minimized, and bromine-atom selectivities are observed. Thus, SC-CO
2
must be useful as a viable, environmentally benign substitute for many of the solvents typically used for free-radical reactions.
Quantum Yield for Production of CH
3
NC in the Photolysis of CH
3
NCS
Authors: Alvarez Ramón A. , Moore C. Bradley
Published: October 2006

The ultraviolet spectrum of methyl isothiocyanate (CH
3
NCS) and the quantum yield for its dissociation into methyl isocyanide (CH
3
NC) and atomic sulfur at 308 nanometers, φ = 0.98 ± 0.24, were measured. Methyl isothiocyanate is widely used as an agricultural fumigant and readily enters the atmosphere during and after application. The results indicate that photodissociation by sunlight is an effective pathway for its removal from the atmosphere.
Root-Knot Nematode—Directed Expression of a Plant Root—Specific Gene
Authors: Opperman Charles H. , Taylor Christopher G. , Conkling Mark A.
Published: October 2006

Root-knot nematodes are obligate plant parasites that induce development of an elaborate feeding site during root infection. Feeding-site formation results from a complex interaction between the pathogen and the host plant in which the nematode alters patterns of plant gene expression within the cells destined to become the feeding site. Expression of
TobRB7
, a gene expressed only in tobacco roots, is induced during feeding site development. The cis-acting sequences that mediate induction by the nematode are separate from those that control normal root-specific expression. Reporter transgenes driven by the nematode-responsive promoter sequences exhibit expression exclusively in the developing feeding site.
Life on Land in the Precambrian
Authors: Horodyski Robert J. , Knauth L. Paul
Published: October 2006

Microfossils have been discovered in cavity-fill and replacement silica that occurs between chert-breccia clasts in 1200-million-year-old paleokarst at the top of the Mescal Limestone, central Arizona, and in ∼800-million-year-old paleokarst at the top of the Beck Spring Dolomite, southeastern California. Microbial communities on Precambrian (>550 million years ago) land may have been extensive enough to affect weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and geochemical processes.
Verification, Validation, and Confirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences
Authors: Oreskes Naomi , Shrader-Frechette Kristin , Belitz Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Verification and validation of numerical models of natural systems is impossible. This is because natural systems are never closed and because model results are always nonunique. Models can be confirmed by the demonstration of agreement between observation and prediction, but confirmation is inherently partial. Complete confirmation is logically precluded by the fallacy of affirming the consequent and by incomplete access to natural phenomena. Models can only be evaluated in relative terms, and their predictive value is always open to question. The primary value of models is heuristic.