bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Mechanism of Coiled Tubing Surface Damage in Injector Head
Authors: Zhou Zhihong , Zhang Guofeng , Yuan Fayong , Wang Tang , Gao Yunwei , Wang Weijia
Published: March 2019

According to literature, most failures of coiled tubing are classified into four kinds of causes, mechanical damage, corrosion, string manufacturing, and human error. Among these, the failures due to mechanical damages take 29% of all failures. Although there are various kinds of mechanical damages, longitudinal plowing marks (LPM) are the major mechanical damages, account for 46%. Understanding the mechanism of LPM damage on coiled tubing surface will help to reduce this kind of damage.

A conjecture is proposed that the running of the CT-gripper block-chain system will produce a period excitation which arouses CT string system resonance, and the vibration of CT string may make slippage between the gripper blocks and CT string at the wave peak and stop slippage at the wave trough, which may form fish scale damage. Because of the mismatch of the diameters between CT with grown diameter and gripper blocks, the first principle stress on the surface of CT will be large enough so that rock debris can carve CT easily when a gripper block is clamping it. FEM is employed to calculate the stress of CT when it is in this situation. The results verify the guess.

To determine the CT string system resonance, we tried to find which gives the system a period excitation and how the system resonates. First a mechanical model of CT-gripper-chain is build, and excitation frequency is found to be related with the velocity of CT string running and length of gripper block. After idealization, a dynamic model for CT string in vertical well is built, and the wave equation is established, then frequency equation is derived and natural frequencies are found. After that, finite difference method is used to conduct numerical calculation. The results show that when system resonates, it must take minutes to reach large stress amplitude of the CT string enough to make damage on it. The field recorded data indicate that there maybe exists resonance actually.

After synthesizing the information above, an image of the process how LPM is formed has been constructed. Finally, the measures to reduce LPM damage are recommended.
Incremental Gains in Coil Tubing Reachability for Highly Restricted Extended Reach Open Hole Completions
Authors: Saiood Hussain , Duthie Laurie , Aybar Umut , Bal Moustapha
Published: March 2019

Successful stimulation fluid placement in extended reach wells (ERW's) through coiled tubing (CT) is primarily dependent on the depth reached for maximum reservoir contact. Well configurations of minimum bypass (2.4 in.) and openhole sections (6 1/8 in.) are the main challenges for CT reach in these ERW's. Implementation of a CT slim tractor along with fiber-optic enabled cable were applied to overcome the challenges and set a new record for CT reach.

CT lockup is the phenomenon that occurs due to friction forces and helical buckling, which limits the CT reach. To tackle these challenges, an accurate simulated lockup depth is estimated using historical data to identify the required pull force. The CT slim tractor (2 1/8-in.) was chosen as the optimum tool to provide the required pull force, as well as pass through the minimum ID restriction of the well. Specially designed tapered CT with fiber-optic enabled cable acquired real-time data from the downhole tension-compression (TC) sub to confirm both the activation and lockup depth of the tractor.

The expansion ratio of the tractor from 2 1/8-in. to 6 1/8-in. OH section opens a new era for CT reach in restricted ERW's. The world slimmest tractor passed the 2.44-in. minimum ID restriction and provided more than a 3,000 lbf pulling force, allowing the CT to cover the entire openhole section. Along the way, two new records were recorded for the longest section tractored by a slim CT tractor and the furthest distance travelled in a producer well reaching a TD of 24,706 ft. Increased reservoir contact during stimulation through engineered solutions has set a new standard enabling the implementation of a full stimulation campaign.

These engineered solutions demonstrate the potential for CT interventions in extended-reach horizontal wells with completion restrictions, where the main challenge is to maximize the reach for optimum stimulation. As a direct result of several innovative solutions applied simultaneously, a new record for CT reach was set, surpassing the previous record by nearly 5,000 ft.
Successful Coiled Tubing Fishing Operation Uses Hybrid Cable Connected Tools to Evaluate/Validate Downhole Data in Real-Time: A Case Study in the Eastern Foothills of Colombia
Authors: Vera Vanesa , Torres Carlos , Delgado Eduardo , Pacheco Carlos , Torres Monica , Higuera Josue
Published: March 2019

New downhole coiled tubing (CT) technology was used to facilitate the success of a challenging fishing intervention and to verify the reliability and accuracy of CT operations/simulation software. The technology supplies the newly designed bottomhole assembly (BHA) with continuous power from, and fiber-optic communications with, surface equipment, enabling accurate, real-time monitoring of measurements of bottomhole conditions.

Uncertainty exists in operations using CT regarding whether the planned axial force is transmitted from the surface through the pipe to the BHA and whether the BHA is functioning according to plan. During fishing operations, unless the BHA applies a minimum amount of force (compression and/or tension) to the fishing neck, the particular intervention run will be unsuccessful. The BHA then needs to be returned to the surface without recovering the fish.

This paper presents a case study of a well located in the foothills of Colombia in which a perforating gun became stuck following an operational issue. This situation resulted in an oil production reduction of 30%. Several fishing attempts were performed using conventional CT to recover the stuck perforating gun and to restore production to its previous level.

The initial lack of real-time BHA data and the inherent nature of CT elongation and buckling led the operator to believe that the fish was being recovered to the surface; several runs were performed with unsuccessful results. A CT string, equipped with fiber-optic communications and a continuous power supply to the BHA, confirmed that the perceived movement of the fish was not real and that the BHA selected was not generating nor transferring the expected force to the fish. The force transmitted by the pipe and the upward/downward impact force generated by the jar were measured in real time and determined to be consistent with simulated forces; the BHA configuration used for the operation was then redesigned. The new design led to the successful recovery of the fish and the return of well production to its initial level.

The real-time data measured during the fishing operation favorably compared to the simulated forces predicted during job design and execution. The accuracy and reliability demonstrated by the CT simulation software in use enabled the operator to gain confidence in all simulations performed with the software for future CT operations.

This case study is the first known instance in which CT was used in conjunction with downhole tools that were supplied with continuous power to sensors to enable measurement of parameters, including force, pressure, temperature, torque, inclination, phasing, acceleration, gamma ray, and casing collar locator (CCL). This technology was supported by reliable software capable of simulating downhole conditions with precision and accuracy.
An Advanced Technique for Simultaneous in Situ Inspection of Multiple Metallic Tubulars
Authors: Yu Yanxiang , Redfield William , Boggs Nicholas , Qin Kuang , Rourke Marvin , Olson Jeff , Ejike Mosunmola
Published: March 2019

A new pulsed eddy current (PEC) - electromagnetic (EM) based tool called the enhanced Pipe-thickness Detection Tool (ePDT) has been introduced for multiple pipes’ corrosion inspection. The tool can measure the metal wall thickness of five concentric pipes with the maximum outer diameter (OD) up to 26". This capability and ePDT's unique configuration provide the most advanced downhole solution for tubular evaluations of production, injector and gas/oil storage wells. The ePDT features a 2" (51mm) OD with ratings of 350°F (175°C) and 20,000 psi (138Mpa).

The innovative sensor of ePDT incorporates: (1) A fractal transmitter (TX) coil array that improves the tool's performances with enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) covering a wide signal dynamic range, and adaptability for various logging speeds and spatial resolutions for varying pipes; (2) A synthetic aperture of the receiver (RX) coil array for noise compensation from extraneous tool motion; (3) A wide-spatial aperture RX coil array which when combined with (1) and (2) allows for compressing the inner pipe remnant magnetization interferences without sacrificing spatial resolution; (4) A "shallow" measuring transducer to detect EM properties for logging data corrections.

The results from lab tests and field trials combined with simulation indicate that the ePDT can quantitatively measure 5 pipes from 2-7/8" as the smallest tubing to the maximum outer casing with the OD of 26". In addition, the logging speed can be significantly increased compared to previous generation tools.
Evolution of Bacchus Subsea Well Interventions Using Rig and Light Well Intervention Vessels
Authors: Farquhar Rodney , Rodriguez Joel , MacPherson Robert
Published: March 2019

A suite of subsea intervention case histories at the Bacchus oil field in the North Sea will demonstrate how one operator matured intervention planning to address well entry challenges using learnings gained over the course of successive jobs. This contributed to better management and mitigation of potential risks leading to slickline performance improvement for gas lift valve reconfiguration, the successful deployment of coiled tubing to clean out asphaltene deposits in a live subsea oil well from a monohull vessel and setting of a retrofit gas lift straddle to optimize and secure production. The paper outlines intervention asset selection, work programme development and risk mitigation measures related to subsea tree valve function issues and loss of full bore access caused by asphaltene and wax deposits. Light well intervention vessel and mobile rig operations using deployment methods including slickline, digital slickline, electric line and coiled tubing are described. The role of production technology work undertaken to better understand the nature of organic deposits in the wells and how that contributed to anticipating well access risks and inform intervention planning will be highlighted. These real field examples add to the knowledge base of well services and production technology challenges faced during subsea well intervention and highlights approaches to overcome them.
Coil Tubing Drillout Efficiency Gains Utilizing Dissolvable Plug Technology
Authors: Hutabarat Diana , Ray John , Frazier Chad , Haines Andrew
Published: March 2019

In unconventional plays, the majority of horizontal well completions employ Plug and Perf methods using frac plugs to isolate multistage stimulation treatments. The post-stimulation operation typically consists of drilling out the plugs with coil tubing and commingling all frac stages. This operation can be costly and adds risk to the completion. Frac plug drill-ability and debris mitigation is a key factor in drill out efficiency. Recent advancements of dissolvable frac plug technologies have reduced or eliminated drill-outs and the cost of coil tubing intervention. This paper examines the effectiveness of dissolvable plug technology and its effect on drill-out operations.

The implementation of dissolvable frac plugs in full laterals was evaluated by several measures. Can the dissolvable plugs be milled if not fully dissolved? Does the dissolvable plug completely dissolve leaving a clean wellbore? Is there a time and cost benefit of cleaning a wellbore with 100% dissolvable plugs versus of a conventional, composite plug lateral? In an effort to evaluate dissolvables versus conventional composites, two trial wells were selected with the same stage count and lateral length. In one wellbore composite plugs were utilized throughout the entire lateral; in the second well, only dissolvable plugs were used. Both wells were drilled out using coiled tubing and the same BHA configuration. After the drill-outs, the total time in the well was compared to determine a time and cost savings.

The result of the trial proved that dissolvable plugs reduced drill-out times for each plug and reduced the total amount of coil tubing operations needed. A notable cost reduction and efficiencies were observed for thecoil tubing clean out operation due to high record-footage drill-out from surface to TD (Total Depth), and an efficiency gain during execution to bring the wells on to production. The dissolvable trial well showed the ability to eliminate short trips and minimize pumping sweeps, gels, and chemicals to clean out the hole. Use of the dissolvable plugs also resulted in quicker run-in hole times between each plug.

Coil tubing intervention is a legacy cost of Plug and Perf completions. Early frac plug technology required extensive drillout, and many plug design innovations have been directed at reducing the coil tubing cost. The advancement of dissolvable plugs presents the opportunity to reduce or eliminate drillout intervention. Perhaps an even greater benefit will be enabling the design of longer lateral completions that are not constrained by the limited reach of coil tubing.
Coiled Tubing and Sour Service – Are We There Yet?
Authors: Padron Tomas
Published: March 2019

Research and field experience have given technical bases to accept the use of CT80, 90, and 100 coiled tubing (CT) for sour service, including their limitations. New higher strength Grades are now available (CT110 to CT140), but there is not enough awareness about potential issues, suitability, and boundaries regarding their use in H2S environments. This paper presents the potential issues and indicates the aspects that should be considered for the qualification of new CT Grades.

This paper gathered research data from the review of technical publications related to CT and sour service since 1982, and also included field experiences regarding the use of CT in wells containing H2S, in order to establish the potential problems of working with CT in sour environments, and define what should be considered for the qualification of the new CT Grades available in the market, including the testing options that will cover the aspects needed for that qualification.

The analysis of the information allowed establishing that the potential problems of using CT in sour service include the reduction of fatigue life available and different forms of H2S cracking. Considering this, it was established that the aspects that should be included for qualifying a CT Grade for sour service are: sour fatigue performance for pipe and bias weld, boundaries limits regarding H2S partial pressure, and finally the effectiveness of anti-cracking inhibitors for protecting the pipe against H2S cracking. The testing options proposed include bending fatigue testing of CT samples after being exposed to H2S, and small scale samples NACE TM0177 testing (Methods A, B, or C).

More awareness about potential issues of using high strength CT Grades in sour service is required, and also there is no formal industry guidelines regarding their qualification for sour service. This paper summarizes the potential problems that can occur from the exposure of CT to H2S (lab data and field failures examples) and establish what should be considered for the qualification of a CT Grade to be used in sour service, including the testing options.
Entropy and information in scenario modeling of a firm: new approaches in business economics
Authors: G. Lazareva Marina
Published: March 2019

In the present world featuring rapidly changing conditions of external environment, it is crucial for companies to be adaptive and resistant to any types of fluctuations. When creating scenarios of business portfolio development or medium-/long-term planning of firm activities, it is important to evaluate an efficiency of such scenario implementation. Depending on the degree of openness of the system-firm, one can talk about the different degrees of its adaptability and ability to develop. The degree of freedom of the system is determined by its entropy. The number of degrees of freedom determines the system’s ability to develop, evolve (in general).Thus, it is important to investigate the influence the entropy and information to a firm – a system and create some appropriate instruments for estimation scenarios of development. The author studies the adaptive capabilities of a firm – a system to the external environment conditions and draws a conclusion that a reasonable combination of order and chaos is required for a firm’s evolutionary development, or one should search for optimal balance between an entropy, as a degree of uncertainty (chaos), and a system awareness, as an indicator of its arrangement. The author has proposed an index of strategic adaptability for evaluation of business portfolio development scenarios. The use of system’s information and entropy as evaluation criteria’s for the feasibility of scenarios is proposed. The offered approach and instruments for evaluation of the firm’s asset portfolio development scenarios do not require complex calculations and are convenient enough to be used by any firm, concerned about its adaptability to the external environment conditions in practice.
Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of velamentous insertion of the umbilical
cord: clinical cases and literature review
Authors: M.A. Esetov , A.M. Esetov , I.V. Ramazanova
Published: March 2019

Seven cases of ultrasound diagnosis of velamentous insertion (VCI) of the umbilical cord at singleton
pregnancies on 21–34 weeks of gestation are presented. The ultrasound picture two of the VIC types is
presented: fixed in 5 cases and free in 2 cases. In one case the VCI was in the lower third of the uterus and
the wound has been diagnosed the vasa previa. In other cases, the VCI was in middle third of the uterus.
In all cases delivery was at 37–39.1 weeks of gestation. In 4 cases Cesarean sections were performed. In two
of the VCI cases elective Ce sarean sections were performed for the following indications: previous Cesarean
section and vasa previa. VCI can reliably be detected prenatally by gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound.
For fixed VCI located in the middle-upper of the uterus, no change in standard obstetrical management seems
to be required.
Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of Ebstein’s anomaly combined with Down’s
syndrome: literature review and own observation
Authors: I.V. Komarova, T.S. Gartung, O.V. Dankova, T.G. Bolshakova,
Published: March 2019

The rare prenatal diagnostics case of combined Ebstein’s anomaly with Down’s syndrome is presented.
As a result of prenatal ultrasound screening at 22–23 weeks of gestation were detected specific characteristics
of this congenital heart disease and soft sonographic sings of chromosome anomalies. The cordocentesis was
executed and by way of classical cytogenetic analysis was defined the fetus’ karyotype: 47,XY+21. In connection with unfavorable prognosis the pregnancy was terminated. Pathologist’s report confirmed the pulmonary
artery stenosis. Another autopcy marks of heart disease, such as pathology of tricuspid valve was not detected.
Literature review of Ebstein’s anomaly combined with Down’s syndrome and the other chromosomal and
genetic anomalies were presented and causes of dissonance of prenatal and pathoanatomical diagnosis were
discussed.
Cityscape as an Inspiration for Contemporary Painting
Authors: Abdelbaky Fayrouz Samir
Published: March 2019

Cityscape painting or Urban Landscape Painting is an art that depends on city scenes and their elements such as streets, buildings, types, composition and other city elements. This kind of art considers cities as a source of inspiration, because it reflects all the different sides of the cities like its identity, ancientness, modernity, size, density, interstitial space built forms, and of course the architectural design. Moreover, this research is concerned with this form of art that reflects all the differences between the artists’ technical trends and the artistic visions of each one separately. This will be discussed given the interest to find the mutual effective relationship between the artist and the city through an analytical comparison between different examples of paintings that dealt with cities as a subject.
Modern Mashrabiyas with High-tech Daylight Responsive Systems
Authors: El Semary Yasmin M. , Attalla Hany , Gawad Iman
Published: March 2019

The environmental and social role of closed oriental balconies (Mashrabiyas) remains a significant vernacular aspect of Middle Eastern architecture. However, nowadays this traditional Islamic window element with its characteristic latticework is used to cover entire buildings as an oriental ornament, providing local identity and a sun-shading device for cooling. In fact, designers have reinvented this vernacular Islamic wooden structure into high-tech responsive daylight systems – often on a massive scale and using computer technology – not only to cover tall buildings as an oriental ornament, but also as a major responsive daylight system.It is possible to use the traditional architectural Islamic elements of the Middle East for problem solving design solutions in present-day architecture. The potential for achieving these solutions lies in the effective combination of the design concepts of the traditional elements with new smart materials and technologies. Hence, modern mashrabiyas could be a major responsive daylight system. Contextual information drawn from relevant theory, ethnography and practice is used to form a methodological framework for the modern mashrabiyas with high-tech responsive daylight systems. The main results set boundaries for the viability of computer technology to produce mashrabiyas and promote a sustainable way of reviving their  use within Middle Eastern buildings.
Screening & Mashrabiah New Applications as Smart, Green, and Unique Identity Factors
Authors: Mohamed Hala Abdelmoez
Published: March 2019

Due to living in a society plagued by acceleration and significant development in building technology, information, and computer applications, a transformation in Arts and Architecture has resulted in a neglect, whether deliberate or non-deliberate, in the dimensions of moral and non–physical values such as heritage and civilization. It is safe to say that such neglect has led to the creation of Architectural products with no identities. As a result, an appearance of new architectural trends that includes Green and Smart Architecture, for instance, was identified. This new type of Architecture generally relies on merge between the use of the natural and surrounding environment in serving the design process as well as the use of modern computer applications, fixtures, technology, and new building materials combined to provide a comfortable and safe environment for users.When traditional Arab Architecture is the product of a rich experience of its manufacturers’, it presents an integrated mixture between each of the non–physical features represented in religious beliefs, traditions and customs prevailing in the community, and the physical elements that include the effects of the natural environment, climate changes, building materials, and natural resources available.Screening and Mashrabiah represent a very important element in traditional and Arab Architecture. It is also still being used nowadays in Modern Architecture after enduring a study of its functions, benefits, new materials and applications such as smart Mashrabiah. The conclusion of this research provides recommendations of new applications and Architectural treatments for Screening and Mashrabiah and their possible use as unique identity factors that represent our modern Architecture both in the Arab world and worldwide.
The City and I: The Impact of the Community on the City Identity A Digital Printmaking Approach (An Analytical Critical Study)
Authors: Ali Tamer Assem
Published: March 2019

The research explores the impact and influence the community has on the identity of a city. The construction of the city follows certain standards acquired by the nation with respect to its ideologies and ambitions while the essence of the city is shaped and formed by the communities. The community is based on a mix of tradition, culture and habits, creating the identity of the group. The individual, as part of the larger group, shapes the identity of his/her city. The essence of the city reflects the identity of its community. The norm of a certain community along with its irregularities constructs the identity of their surrounding, hence the city. Therefore, one can assume that the identity of a citizen is equal to the identity of the city. In a visual art project consisting of a series of digital prints (mixed media), the researcher explores the relation between man and his surrounding atmosphere; between man and his home; between man and his city. This visual project delves in presenting how the surrounding atmosphere is affected by the human identity living within it. The community paints the city with its color, thus the city reflects its community.
The City of Alexandria: Its Identity and Environment in the works of Alexandria’s Pioneer Painters
Authors: Fadl Laila Abu El Seoud Mohamed
Published: March 2019

The unique location of Alexandria city in the Mediterranean Basin has attracted several artistic civilizations ever since the time of Ptolemy. This has been the case during the Roman era, and the subsequent eras throughout which Alexandria remained the window of Egypt and most of the Middle East to the European cultures and arts. As a result, Alexandria has witnessed the cultural and artistic renaissance during the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, since "Muhammad Ali" –and his family–permitted the foreign delegations to come and form colonies fused with the human component of Alexandria that had a unique character. Consequently, the foreign artists’ rooms were widely spread and the Alexandrian pioneers of painting art, of the first and second generations, studied under their supervision. Despite being trained by foreigners, their sense of belonging to the Egyptian identity or their participation in laying groundwork for a national art project deeply rooted in the heritage of the nation wasn’t affected. However, they were receptive to maturely cope with the modernity of the western schools of arts. Mahmoud Said, a painter, after completing the art foundation phase, employed his art to portray the modern Egyptian man as a national hero. This portrayal was possible through his use of environmental elements and characters. Seif Wanli was one of the most receptive Egyptian painters to the modern and contemporary western schools of art. He was allegedly known to be unconcerned with the issue of national identity; however, Alexandria kept its high rank in his art despite being characterized by global features. Adham Wanli remained loyal to his impressive and symbolic realism as Alexandria, with all its components, was the core of his artistic creativity. Hamid Aweys left his hometown and went to Alexandria and spent most of his age therein. His belonging to the identity and environment of that ancient coastal city was the same as that of the previously mentioned artists. He was inspired by the city’s environmental and cultural elements in a distinctive way.
Vision and Methodology to Support Sustainable Architecture Through Building Technology in The Digital Era
Authors: Shahda Merhan Mohammed M.
Published: March 2019

The last decades have witnessed countless, progressive, rapid advances in the field

of Building Technology, which has a strong impact on construction industry.

Consequently, employing these techniques to support Sustainable Architecture has become a pivotal issue. Since architecture is a product of the available Technology Era, hence building technology could be a contributing factor to reinforce Sustainable Architecture, where it could promote raising the efficiency of the environmental performance of the architectural product. This paper introduces a methodological framework to support Sustainable Architecture through Building Technology in The Digital Era through an analytical study of the interactions between Building Technology and Sustainable Architecture. In addition, analyzing the influence of technological revolution in the Digital Era on axes of Building Technology (implementation methods, construction systems, construction materials) from the sustainability perspective so as to conserve natural resources for future generations.
اشكالیة المسكن المستدام في مكة بین الاحتیاج والھویة
Authors: أبوليله محمد محمد شوقي , سامي خالد محمود , سلامة صالح فاروق
Published: March 2019

یعتبر المسكن أحد ضروریات الحیاة فالسكن یؤمن للفرد والأسرة الاستقرار والمناخ المناسب الذي یمكنھا من الإنتاج والتواصل مع المجتمع والشعور بالانتماء والاستعداد للمشاركة .لذلك جاء السكن في المرتبة الثالثة للضروریات المادیة الأساسیة للإنسان بعد الطعام، والماء، والصحة، وتعد أزمة الإسكان وتوفیر المسكن الملائم في مدن المملكة العربیة السعودیة بشكل عام وفي مكة المكرمة والمنطقة الغربیة بشكل خاص من أھم الأولویات واھتمامات حكومة المملكة العربیة السعودیة، حیث یشكل قطاع الإسكان والعمران أحد أھم روافد التنمیة الحضاریة التي یعول علیھا في تحسین الظروف المعیشیة للسكان وتوفیر الخدمات الأساسیة للمواطنین .كما یعد أحد القطاعات الاقتصادیة المھمة التي تساھم في زیادة نمو الاقتصاد الوطني بشكل مباشر.

إن الحصول على مسكن مناسب یلبي احتیاجات الأسرة أصبح من الصعوبة بمكان، نظرا للارتفاع المتسارع في أسعار الأراضي، إضافة إلى الاھتمام بالجانب الاقتصادي وتحقیق عائد سریع دون مراعاة الاحتیاجات الإنسانیة لمستخدمي المسكن، وغالبا تكون المشكلة في عدم ملائمة أسالیب تقسیمات الأراضي للظروف البیئیة والاجتماعیة والاقتصادیة، وعدم اختیار مواد البناء المناسبة التي تتحمل الظروف البیئیة الصعبة والإصرار على استخدام مواد لا تتناسب مع البیئة المحلیة على الرغم من تكلفتھا المرتفعة، وتھدف الدراسة إلى إیجاد مقترح لحلول ونماذج سكنیة ترضي احتیاجات المجتمع السعودي من حیث الكفاءة الوظیفیة والاحتیاج الفعلي وبما یحقق معاییر استدامة المسكن في إطار من الحفاظ على الھویة الثقافیة والتراثیة والمعماریة، كما تھدف الدراسة إلى التعرف على الخصائص الحالیة للمساكن والبیئة السكنیة وآراء السكان حولھا وذلك في منطقة مكة المكرمة كدراسة للحالة لما تشھده من توسعات في المنطقة المركزیة والتي أثرت بشكل كبیر على الاحتیاج إلى السكن نتیجة إزالة العدید من المساكن في منطقة الحرم المكي الشریف.
The Cultural And Economical Impacts Of Using Virtual Heritage In Archaeological Sites In Egypt
Authors: Farid Mohamed M. Abdelaziz , Abdelhamed Abdelhamed Ezzat
Published: March 2019

Egypt is among one of the world’s richest countries in the diverse architectural heritage resulting from the various civilizations that have arisen on the land of Egypt. However, the architectural heritage in Egypt suffers from multiple problems represented in the poor handling of the heritage site and the lack of protection for those sites. Which lead to the deterioration of the situation of some sites, and with the technological advances that the world is witnessing today in all spheres of life. Virtual Heritage Technology is emerging as one of the solutions that can be used in heritage sites in Egypt. This is one of the latest and most innovative technologies for the virtual environment, which is emerging as an integral part of it, and it is the reconstruction of historical sites as they were at the beginning of their construction. This depends on re-documentation of architectural buildings and heritage sites in detail through 3D models and holographic drawings. It also depends on many techniques and one of those that are often used in the applications of the virtual heritage are augmented reality technology, which is used to reconstruct archaeological sites in the site, by using tools or devices that support that technology, whether from portable smartphones or through devices that are worn like glasses and contact lenses. The virtual heritage technology offers many advantages to heritage sites, where it is considered historically as a digital documentation process for heritage which ensures that the artistic and historical value of buildings and heritage sites are preserved. It can also be used in the process of restoration of buildings; in addition to economic assistance in further enhancing heritage sites that attracts many tourists and visitors, which gives them the possibility to view the history of archaeological sites interactively; allowing them the sensory and intellectual integration with the site and this contributes to obtain historical information.
This research will examine the possibility of utilizing the technology of virtual heritage through its application in the heritage sites in Egypt and the cultural and economic impact of the use of such technology on heritage sites. In addition, some virtual design cases will be discussed for heritage sites around the world and a SWOT analysis would be made to exemplify the challenges and discuss how they may be addressed. These examples are then presented to demonstrate how to deal with some of the difficulties, taking into account the arrival of proposals and recommendations that can be used and applied in Egypt.
Amino Acid Metabolism in Dairy Cows and their Regulation in Milk Synthesis
Authors: Wang Feiran , Shi Haitao , Wang Shuxiang , Wang Yajing , Cao Zhijun , Li Shengli
Published: March 2019

Background:

Reducing dietary Crude Protein (CP) and supplementing with certain Amino Acids (AAs) has been known as a potential solution to improve Nitrogen (N) efficiency in dairy production. Thus understanding how AAs are utilized in various sites along the gut is critical.

Objective:

AA flow from the intestine to Portal-drained Viscera (PDV) and liver then to the mammary gland was elaborated in this article. Recoveries in individual AA in PDV and liver seem to share similar AA pattern with input: output ratio in mammary gland, which subdivides essential AA (EAA) into two groups, Lysine (Lys) and Branchedchain AA (BCAA) in group 1, input: output ratio > 1; Methionine (Met), Histidine (His), Phenylalanine (Phe) etc. in group 2, input: output ratio close to 1. AAs in the mammary gland are either utilized for milk protein synthesis or retained as body tissue, or catabolized. The fractional removal of AAs and the number and activity of AA transporters together contribute to the ability of AAs going through mammary cells. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is closely related to milk protein synthesis and provides alternatives for AA regulation of milk protein synthesis, which connects AA with lactose synthesis via α-lactalbumin (gene: LALBA) and links with milk fat synthesis via Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Transcription Protein 1 (SREBP1) and Peroxisome Proliferatoractivated Receptor (PPAR).

Conclusion:

Overall, AA flow across various tissues reveals AA metabolism and utilization in dairy cows on one hand. While the function of AA in the biosynthesis of milk protein, fat and lactose at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional level from another angle provides the possibility for us to regulate them for higher efficiency.
Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Canagliflozin and Metformin HCl in Rat Plasma and its Application
Authors: Nalawade Vivek , Dixit Vaibhav A. , Vora Amisha , Zade Himashu
Published: March 2019

Background:

Food and herbal extracts rich in Quercetin (QRT) are often self-medicated by
diabetics and can potentially alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of Metformin HCl (MET) and Canagliflozin
(CNG) leading to food or herb-drug interactions and reduced therapeutic efficacy. However, the
impact of these flavonoids on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of MET and CNG is mostly unknown.

Methods:

A simple one-step protein precipitation method was developed for the determination of MET
and CNG from rat plasma. The mobile phase chosen was MeOH 65% and 35% water containing 0.1%
formic acid at a flow rate of 1mL/min.

Results:

The retention time of MET, internal standard (Valsartan) and CNG was 1.83, 6.2 and 8.2 min,
respectively. The method was found to be linear in the range of 200 - 8000 ng/mL for CNG and 100 =
4000 ng/ml for MET. Precision and accuracy of the method were below 20% at LLOQ and below 15%
for LQC, MQC, and HQC.

Conclusion:

The method was successfully applied for the determination of PK of MET and CNG by
using 100 μL of rat plasma. QRT co-administration affects the PK parameters of MET and CNG. This
alteration in PK parameters might be of significant use for clinicians and patients.
Design and Synthesis of WM5 Analogues as HIV-1 TAR RNA Binders
Authors: Desantis Jenny , Massari Serena , Sosic Alice , Manfroni Giuseppe , Cannalire Rolando , Felicetti Tommaso , Pannecouque Christophe , Gatto Barbara , Tabarrini Oriana
Published: March 2019

Background:

The 6-aminoquinolone WM5, previously identified by us, is among the most selective small molecules known as TAR RNA binders to show anti-HIV activity.

Methods:

Starting from WM5, a series of analogues modified at N-1, C-6 or C-7 position was prepared by inserting guanidine or amidine groups as well as other protonable moieties intended to electrostatically bind the phosphate backbone of TAR. All the compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 replication in MT-4 cells and in parallel for their cytotoxicity. The active compounds were also evaluated for their ability to interfere with the formation of the Tat-TAR complex using a Fluorescence Quenching Assay (FQA).

Results:

Some of the synthesized compounds showed an anti-HIV-1 activity in the sub-micromolar range with the naphthyridone derivatives being the most potent. Three of the synthesized derivatives were able to interact with the Tat-TAR complex formation presenting Ki values improved as compared to the values obtained with WM5.

Conclusion:

The addition of a pyridine-based protonable side chain at the N-1 position of the quinolone/naphthyridone core imparted to the compounds the ability to interfere with Tat-TAR complex formation and HIV-1 replication.
False-Positive Diagnostics of Bordetella Pertussis using IS481 PCR is Limited in Danish Patients
Authors: Hoegh Silje V. , Agergaard Charlotte N. , Skov Marianne N. , Kemp Michael
Published: March 2019

Background:

Bordetella pertussisis routinely detected using real-time PCR based on the multicopy insertion sequence IS481, which is not specific forBordetella pertussis.

Objective:

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the proportion of otherBordetellaspecies misidentified asBordetella pertussisusing IS481-targeted real-time PCR.

Methods:

Clinical specimens from 228 Danish patients (median age 15 years, 0 to 90 years old) formerly identified as positive forBordetella pertussis(IS481+) by routine PCR in 2011-2015, were subjected to real-time PCR targeting the insertion sequences IS1002and IS1001.

Results:

The results showed that 2.3% of the samples were false-positive forBordetella pertussis.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, we found that misidentification ofBordetella pertussisusing IS481PCR is limited in Danish patients.
Prevalence of Self-medication and its Influence in the Labor Force in Rural Hlaing Tharyar, Yangon, Myanmar
Authors: Thuzar Moe , Aung Pyae Linn
Published: March 2019

Background:

As self-medication is becoming the most familiar and preferred type of medical care in developing countries, this study was designed to measure the prevalence of self-medication and its influence on the labor force in rural areas of Hlaing Tharyar Township, Yangon, Myanmar.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study using structured questionnaires was conducted among 250 laborers during April 2015.

Results:

The prevalence of self-medication among the labor force was (89.2%) in which 64.0% had poor knowledge, 56.8% had poor perception, and 68.8% received poor social support for self-medication practices. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that three variables influenced self-medication practices: (1) decision-making role for the treatment of illness (odds ratio [OR] = 3.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7–12.38); (2) poor perception (OR = 5.33, 95% CI = 1.66–17.08); and (3) poor social support (OR = 4.86, 95% CI = 1.61–14.63).

Conclusion:

These findings indicate the need for health education intervention and behavior change communication training for promoting rational drug use among this rural labor force.
A Simple Genetic Algorithm for Optimizing Multiple Sequence Alignment on the Spread of the SARS Epidemic
Authors: Amiroch Siti , Pradana M. Syaiful , Irawan M. Isa , Mukhlash Imam
Published: March 2019

Background:

Multiple sequence alignment is a method of getting genomic relationships between 3 sequences or more. In multiple alignments, there are 3 mutation network analyses, namely topological network system, mutation region network and network system of mutation mode. In general, the three analyses show stable and unstable regions that map mutation regions. This area of ​​mutation is described further in a phylogenetic tree which simultaneously illustrates the path of the spread of an epidemic, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic. The process of spreading the SARS viruses, in this case, is described as the process of phylogenetic tree formation, and as a novelty of this research, multiple alignments in the process are analyzed in detail and then optimized with genetic algorithms.

Methods:

The data used to form the phylogenetic tree for the spread of the SARS epidemic are 14 DNA sequences which are then optimized by using genetic algorithms. The phylogenetic tree is constructed by using the neighbor-joining algorithm with a distance matrix that the intended distance is the genetic distance obtained from sequence alignment by using the Needleman Wunsch Algorithm.

Results & Conclusion:

The results of the analysis obtained 3649 stable areas and 19 unstable areas. The results of phylogenetic tree from the network system analysis indicated that the spread of the SARS epidemic extended from Guangzhou 16/12/02 to Zhongshan 27/12/02, then spread simultaneously to Guangzhou 18/02/03 and Guangzhou hospital. After that, the virus reached Metropole, Zhongshan, Hongkong, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong kong, and Hanoi which then continued to Guangzhou 01/01/03 and Toronto at once. The results of the mutation region network system demonstrate decomposition of orthogonal mutations in the 1st order arc.
Fabrication of a Novel Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile/Giant Ball {Mo132} Composite Nanofibrous Mats in Adsorption of 2-CEES
Authors: Haddad Reza , Telgerd Mehdi Dusti , Hadi Hojjatalla , Sadeghinia Mohammad
Published: March 2019

Background:

Polyacrylonitrile/Mo132 composite nanofibers mats was synthesized by an
electrospinning technique using PAN and giant ball nano-polyoxomolybdateMo132. The nanocluster
Mo132 was mixed with PAN solution and then electrospun to produce bead-free nanofibers. The
aim of this study is to evaluate the adsorption ability of electrospun composite nanofibers against sulfur
mustard stimulants and assess the possibility of using the electrospun nanofibers as protective
membranes in chemical masks and warfare clothing. Adsorption of sulfur mustard stimulants was investigated
on the surface of PAN nanofibers embedded with keplerate nano-polyoxomolybdate.

Methods:

In order to study the 2-CEES adsorption ability, the prepared PAN/Mo132 nanofibers
composite was further prepared and exposed to 2-CEES solution. The surface morphology and other
properties of the PAN/Mo132 nanofibers composite were characterized by various techniques, including
SEM, TEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis. SEM images which showed that the average diameter of the fibers
was found to be between 100-120 nm.

Results:

The adsorption efficiency of PAN/Mo132 composite in adsorption of 2-CEES was obtained
89% after 7h at room temperature. The results showed that composite nanofibers
PAN/Mo132 will have a good ability as protective clothing and chemical masks against chemical
warfare agents.

Conclusion:

PAN/Mo132 nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning method. The leaching of
Mo132 from the nanofibers was not observed, meaning that the catalyst had excellent stability and
could be used as a heterogeneous structure against the adsorption of sulfur mustard stimulant at room
temperature. This composite nanofibers membrane exhibited good performance to adsorb 2-CEES in
comparison with pure PAN. The adsorption rate of 2-CEES increases with increasing the amount of
Mo132 embedded in the PAN nanofibers.
Rituais verbais, poder e identidades discursivas: estratégias discursivas de consolidação da relação interlocutiva em programas de rádio
Authors: Almeida Carla
Published: March 2019

Taking as reference a corpus of verbal interactions available in five Portuguese ra-dio broadcasts constituted by phone calls from listeners that, during the night period, go daily on air in order to dialogue with the radio host, we will analyse the verbal rituals that contribute to the maintenance of the relation of institutional power established between the interactants. The paper considers the sequential and interactive dimensions of speech acts, analysing the discourse strategies accomplished by the radio hosts and by the listeners that participate in the radio broadcast in order to achieve a balanced interactional relation that involves saving face, as well as persuasion. Regularly, in these institutional settings, listeners use conversational de-vices that are specific of oral interaction, along with linguistic phenomena that reveal the con-versational involvement of the participants in interaction: hesitations, speech overlap, repeti-tions, diminutives, discourse intensifiers and narratives of life experience. Radio hosts manage the flux of thematic progression, establishing and looking after coherence with the realisation of interventions of continuity and the production of answer-question sequences. These are all aspects that contribute to the maintenance of the interactional order on the radio broadcasts under analysis and that help consolidating interactional relations.
Instantaneous activation energy of alkali activated materials
Authors: Joseph Shiju , Uppalapati Siva , Cizer Ozlem
Published: March 2019

Alkali activated materials (AAM) are generally cured at high temperatures to compensate for the low reaction rate. Higher temperature accelerates the reaction of AAM as in cement-based materials and this effect is generally predicted using Arrhenius equation based on the activation energy. While apparent activation energy is calculated from parallel isothermal calorimetry measurements at different temperatures, instantaneous activation energy is typically measured using a differential scanning calorimeter. Compared to the apparent activation energy, instantaneous activation energy has minimal effects on the microstructural changes due to the variation in temperature. In this work, the evolution of activation energy was determined by traditional methods and was compared with the instantaneous activation energy. It was found that while the activation energy changed with the progress of reaction over traditional methods, the instantaneous activation energy did not show any changes / or remained the same. The instantaneous activation energy was also found to be higher compared to the apparent activation energy determined with traditional methods.