bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breed effects of three commercial broiler chickens reared in the tropics on performance, carcass, serum and haematological parameters
Authors: Olajide R. , Laoye O. A. , Banjoko O. J.
Published: February 2021

Performance and other parameters of broiler chickens could be influenced by the environment (feeds, housing, climate) and genetic potentials (breeds). Three hundred (300) broiler chicks comprising of one hundred each of the three breeds designated as A, B and C were used in a completely randomized design experiment which lasted for 56 days. Each breed represents a treatment with 5 replicates of 20 birds each. The birds were fed ad libitum with the same commercial starter and finisher diets throughout the period of the study; and water supplied free of choice. Average final body weight, average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, cost/kg feed and cost of feed/kg live weight gains at the starter and finisher phase were the performance parameters measured. Carcass, serum and haematological indices of these birds were also investigated. Proximate composition of the experimental starter and finisher diets indicated that both were adequately formulated for birds in the tropics under which the study was carried out. Results of the performance parameters showed that the values were similar for the starters and finishers except for highest (P<0.05) feed intake of 134.68g/b/d obtained for breed A compared with 112.01g/b/d and 106.69g/b/d respectively for breeds C and B at the finisher phase. The highest (P< 0.05) cost (N 210.94) of feed per kg live weight gain was obtained for breed A than N 196.10 and N 190.80 respectively for breeds B and C at the starter phase. The average cost of feed per kg live weight (1-8 weeks) were N 282.54, N 270.30 and N 269.28 respectively for breeds A, B and C; with breed C having the lowest cost. The dressed weights were 62.86, 67.29 and 67.84% for breeds A, B and C in the same order. The abdominal fat reduced (P < 0.05) from 1.52% in breed A to 1.02% and 0.77% in breeds B and C. Although the thighs were similar across the breeds, variations in the drumstick, 10.27g/kg breed A, 11.69g/kg breed B and 10.64g/kg breed C differed (P< 0.05). The breast increased (P< 0.05) from 18.62g/kg breed A to 20.36g/kg breed B and 21.95g/kg breed C. Globulin and neutrophils were the only blood indices which differed (P < 0.05) across the breeds at the starter phase. Breed C was considered the best of the 3 breeds in terms of performance, cost, carcass and health status indicated by blood indices; and could be recommended for commercial broiler production for better economic returns.
Haematological indices of grower pigs fed low protein and low energy diets supplemented with multi-enzyme
Authors: Amaefule R. A. , Etuk I. F. , Iwuji T. C. , Ogbuewu I. P. , Obikaonu O. H. , Amaefule K. U.
Published: February 2021

One of the reliable information for evaluating nutritional status, performance and physiological state of farm animals to nutrient utilization is through haematological indices assessment. Haematological parameters of grower pigs fed low crude protein and low energy diets supplemented with multi-enzyme (enziblend plus+) were determined using 36 hybrid (Landrace x Large white) male pigs of 8-10 weeks old. Two metabolizable energy (3000 and 2600 Kcal ME/kg) and three crude protein levels (18, 16 and 14 % CP) were used to formulate Six dietary treatments; T1 (3000 Kcal ME/Kg; 18 % CP), T2 (3000 Kcal ME/Kg; 16 % CP+ 1g of enzyme/kg diet), T3 (3000 Kcal ME/Kg; 14 % CP+ 1g of enzyme/kg diet), T4 (2600 Kcal ME/Kg; 18 % CP + 1g of enzyme/kg diet), T5 (2600 Kcal ME/Kg; 16 % CP + 1g of enzyme/kg diet) and T6 (2600 Kcal ME/Kg; 14 % CP + 1g of enzyme/kg diet). The treatments were replicated three with two pigs per replicate. The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial, and T1 served as the control. Blood samples were collected (3mls) via the ear vein from one pig in each replicate, three from treatment for haematological analysis. The results of this study recorded significant differences (P<0.05) in most of the hematological parameters evaluated, except in mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and basophile counts of the pigs. Grower pigs fed T2 and T4 diets recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher packed cell volume (PCV) (40.15% and 40.22%), hemoglobin (12.25g/dl and 12.00g/dl), red blood cell (7.95 x106 / µl and 8.00 x106 / µl), white blood cell (8.12 x103 / µl and 7.91 x103 / µl) and lymphocyte counts (5.26 x103 / µl and 5.00 x103 / µl). Grower pigs on T6 recorded significantly (P <0.05) lower mean values for PCV (32.55%), hemoglobin concentration (Hb) (9.82g/dl), red blood cell (RBC) (5.32 x103 / µl), white blood cell (WBC) (6.10 x103 / µl), lymphocyte (3.10 x103 / µl) and monocyte (0.31 x103 / µl) counts, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, feeding of growing pigs with low energy and low crude protein diets below 16 % CP with multi-enzyme supplementation adversely effected PCV, hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, lymphocytes and monocytes of grower pigs and therefore should be avoided in pig production.
Agronomic indices and nutritional values of plant parts of three varieties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) fodder at late stages of growth
Authors: Lamidi A. A. , Konyeha Q. G.
Published: February 2021

The study was conducted to assess the agronomic indices and nutritional values of plant parts fractions of three varieties of sorghum fodder in late stages of growth in humid tropics. The experiment was 2 x 3 factorial scheme fitted into a completely randomize design, comprising of two (2) plant fractions (stem and leaf) and three (3) varieties of sorghum (Samsorg-17, 44 and 45). Agronomic parameters (plant height, leaf length, leaf width, stem circumference, fresh leaf number and dried leaf number) were monitored from 10 – 16 weeks after planting (WAP), 16 WAP leaf and stem were sampled for proximate composition, fibre fractions, mineral profile, anti-nutritional factors and in-vitro digestibility. Results obtained showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in all the agronomic indices across the weeks of growth. Plant height was higher (P<0.05) for Sarmsorg-45 (131.25 cm) and lower (P<0.05) for Samsorg-17 (107.25 cm). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in dry matter, crude protein (CP), ether extract, ash, neutral detergent fibre and non-fibre carbohydrate among the varieties. Leaf fraction had higher (P<0.05) contents of CP (17.53%). Stem had higher (P<0.05) values of all fibre fractions except acid detergent fibre. There was a significant (P<0.05) influence of varieties on the Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Mn. Leaf fraction had higher (P<0.05) contents of P (1.06%), K (0.37%), Na (1.75%), Cu (13.01 mg/kg) and Zn (17.53 mg/kg). Plant fractions were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the anti-nutritional factors. Leaf fraction had higher (P<0.05) contents of phytate (0.79%), oxalate (0.60%), tannins (0.60%), trypsin inhibitor (15.98 mg/g) and dhurrin (6.97 ìg/g). Post in-vitro characteristics were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by varieties. Leaf fractions had higher (P<0.05) in-vitro organic matter digestibility (47.39%) IOMD compared to stem (39.65%). Conclusively, all the varieties of sorghum exhibited a good agronomic indices and nutritional value that characterized sorghum as a fodder in humid tropic. Farmers should be encouraged to use leaf fractions of sorghum than stem. Samsorg-17 is recommended because of height.
Forage potentials of two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varieties as influenced by varying irrigation frequencies and phosphorus application rates in Zaria
Authors: Bala A. G. , Hassan M. R. , Tanko R. J. , Amodu J. T. , Bature M. S. , Hassan A. H. , Alhabib I. K.
Published: February 2021

In Nigeria, the dietary energy and protein obtained from forages, particularly in the dry season, are generally too low to meet the nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock. Therefore, there is a clear need for alternative means of supplementing the year-round forage shortfall for livestock to improve productivity. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of irrigation frequencies and phosphorus application rates on forage quality of two cowpea varieties during dry season. The experiment was laid out in a 2×3×3 factorial arrangement in a split plot design with three replications. Treatments consisted of two cowpea varieties (SAMPEA 14 and 15), three irrigation frequencies (5, 10 and 15-days) and three phosphorus (P) rates (0, 20 and 40kg/ha), respectively. Chemical and mineral compositions were recorded. Results indicated that forage quality of the two cowpea varieties were affected (P<0.05) by some of the treatments during the two-year trial and the mean. Crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) of forages were higher (P<0.05) in treatment with 20 kgP/ha and 40 kgP/ha compared to the control. SAMPEA 14 forage resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) mean CP of 16.91% compared to SAMPEA 15 with 15.74%. The CP of SAMPEA 14 forage increased by 6.91% compared to SAMPEA 15 forage. Mean P increased by 11% with SAMPEA 14 comapred to SAMPEA 15. Calcium and potassium were higher (P<0.05) in treatment with 5 days irrigation frequencies compared to 15 days irrigation interval. Phosphorus application rates showed an increasing trend (P<0.05) in P determined with 40 kgP/ha application level in 2018 dry season. It is therefore, concluded that, farmers should irrigate SAMPEA 14 using the 5-day irrigation frequency in combination with 20 kgP/ha of phosphorus application rate for optimum fodder quality.
Effects of dietary inclusion of avocado seed meal (Persea americana) on the carcass yield and haematological profile of broiler chickens
Authors: George O. S , Kingsley C. , Ekine O. A.
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Avocado Seed Meal (ASM) on the haematological parameters as well as the carcass yield of broilers. One hundred and twenty, one day-old broiler chicks of the cobb breed were used for this experiment. The chicks were allocated to four different treatments T T , T and T fed with diets containing 0%, 0.5%, 1, 2 3 4 1.0% and 1.5% ASM, respectively. The experiment lasted for a period of eight weeks and thedata obtained were statistically analyzed. The result showed that the live weight and carcass weight of the birds were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the experimental diet. Feed cost (N/kg) and feed cost per weight gain (N/kg gain) were highest in the control treatment which decreased as the level of ASM in the diet increased. The result also showed significant difference (P<0.05) in the WBC, platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes while the RBC, PCV,Hb, MCV and MCH did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that ASM can be incorporated up to 1.5% (15g/kg feed) of the feed, without any deleterious effect on the haematology of the birds.
Nutrient composition of pastoralist's raw milk of different breeds of cattle in Adamawa and Taraba states, Northeastern Nigeria
Authors: Adamu Z. , Ardo M. B. , Aliyara Y. H.
Published: February 2021

This study was carried out to determine the proximate composition of raw milk produced in pastoral settlements. Six hundred pastoralists' raw milk samples were collected from 20 local governments in Adamawa and Taraba states, Nigeria. Milk samples were collected from White Fulani (WF), Red Bororo (RB) and Sokoto Gudali (SG) breeds of cattle and were analyzed for protein, fat, ash and moisture contents. The protein content ranged between 3.62±0.38% -3.95±0.11% in WF, 3.29±0.8% - 3.94±0.10% in RB and 3.31±0.27%- 3.95±0.09% in SG in Adamawa and Taraba states. The fat content ranged between 3.55±0.47% - 3.99±0.03% in WF, 3.98±0.04% - 3.98±0.06% in RB and 3.32±0.20% - 3.45±0.27% in SG. The ash content recorded was between 0.40±0.06% -0.41±0.04% in WF, 0.40±0.06% - 0.43±0.07% in RB and0.39±0.06% - 0.41±0.08% in SG, and the moisture content in Adamawa and Taraba states were between 83.52±2.07% - 84.00±0.57% in WF, 82.28±1.05% - 83.73±0.63% in RB and 82.90±1.48% - 83.56±1.35%in SG. The study from the two states revealed protein value between 3.29± 0.8% - 3.95±0.11%, fat content range of3.32±0.20% - 3.99±0.03%, ash content of between 0.39± 0.06% - 0.43±0.07% and moisture content that ranged between 82.28± 1.05% - 84.00±0.57%. Constituents of milkfrom Taraba state were higher in values than those from Adamawa sate. The statistical analysis of the results at95% confidence level showed significant difference among breeds and states. In comparison, the three breeds that resided in Adamawa state had least values, which could be attributed to herd management practices. This study showed that all the three pastoralists' breeds indicated desirable components in their milk Cross breeding with higher breeds and provision of quality feed and water may lead to better yield in all the breeds in this study.
Melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) gene polymorphism and its association with body weights of some breeds of rabbit
Authors: Osaiyuwu O. H. , Bolaji U. F. O. , Adeyinka O. A. , Akinyemi M. O. , Salako A. E.
Published: February 2021

In livestock production, traditional methods of selection have always been the way to go. However, with the advent of genomics techniques, methods such as PCR-RFLP is been employed to identify single nucleotide polymorphism of likely candidate genes useful for livestock selection and improvement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) gene polymorphism with the body weight ofrabbits. Seventy-four rabbits were used for this study consisting of six breeds; 26 Chinchilla, 3 Californian, 11 Dutch, 4 English Spot, 10 New Zealand White and 20 Fauve de Bourgogne (FDB) breeds. Blood samples were collected from the animals with needle and syringe and transferred unto FTA cards and stored away from light. Body weight measurements on the animals were recorded from 2 weeks to 20 weeks. PCR-RFLP analysis produced threegenotypes AA, AG, GG with genotype frequency of 0.14, 0.69 and 0.18 respectively. Allele frequency 0.48 and 0.52 for allele A and G respectively was obtained. Chi-square test showed that the population was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Association analysis between the MC4R “c.101G>A” SNP and body weight of rabbit was tested using GLM procedure of SAS programme. Genotype GG had higher body weight (p<0.05) at 12, 16 and 20 weeks inthe Dutch rabbits while genotype AA recorded a higher (p<0.05) body weight value at 12 weeks in New Zealand White rabbits. More so, female Dutch rabbits had higher (p<0.05) mean weight than the males at 12, 16 and 20 weeks of age. Male New Zealand White breeds recorded higher (p<0.05) mean weight than the female animals. The result of the study showed that MC4R “c.101G>A” SNP was not associated with the body weight in the studied rabbit population, although, genotype AA had higher mean weight values at 12, 16 and 20 weeks of age than genotypes AG and GG.
Estimation of variance components for body weight of grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) using a repeatability model
Authors: Udeh I.
Published: February 2021

Genetic parameters for growth and other economically important traits of grasscutters are scant in literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate variance components,heritability and repeatability of body weight of grasscutters using restricted maxim um likelihood method in a repeatability animal model. Sixteen grasscutter families were used for the study. Each family was made up of one male and four females. Each grasscutter has four repeated records giving a total of 320. The pedigree consisted of 80 animals, progenies of 16 sires and 16 dams. Fixed factors included in the model were family and sex. The WOMBAT program was used for the analysis. The heritability of body weight of grasscutters ranged from 0.23±0.04 to 0.68±0.10, thus implying that mass selection will be appropriate for this population. The repeatability estimates ranged from 0.82±0.08 to 0.93±0.11. It can be concluded that the number of body weight records was a good indicator of the animal's growth potential and that mass selection will be reliable.
Clinical management protocol of an acute contagious bovine pleuropnuemonia in a 6- year-old Bunaji cow in Sakaru village of Soba local government area, Kaduna state, Nigeria
Authors: Danbirni S. , Kaltungo B. Y , Daudu B. B. , Mohammed F. U. , Abubakar U. B , Ibrahim S. , Usman A. , Sackey A. K. B.
Published: February 2021

The test and slaughter policy of the federal government of Nigeria on contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in cattle is no longer feasible because it lacked the political will as a result, farmers tend to treat their cattle of the disease most which has been ineffective. herefore, the quest for a supportive clinical management protocol for CBPP in cattle aimed at enabling the cow regain its body condition in order to allow the farmer sell the cow for slaughter at a profit was the aim of this case report. A 6-year-old Bunaji cow weighing 350kg with history of not feeding well, lagging behind during grazing, difficulty in breathing, intermittent cough and bloat was presented. Physical examination was carried out and differential diagnoses which included contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mango choke, Pasteurellosis and tuberculosis were considered. After a careful scrutiny of the differentials, a tentative diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia which was confirmed by the Latex agglutination test (LAT) was arrived at. A supportive clinical management protocol was instituted with the sole aim of enabling the cow regain its body condition in order to allow the farmer sell the cow for slaughter at a profit. The protocol involved isolation of the cow and administration of 20% tetracycline long acting through a combination of conventional (intra-muscular) and non-conventional (intra-venous) routes of administration along with an anti-inflammatory agent and an appetite stimulant. Six days after the commencement of therapy, the observed clinical signs subsided greatly and the cow became apparently healthy. The study showed that, the protocol of administering 20%tetracycline long acting through a combination of conventional (intra-muscular) and nonconventional (intra-venous) routes along with an anti-inflammatory agent (dexamethasone) and an appetite stimulant (vit. B. complex) was effective and profitable to the farmer. The client was advised to sell the cow for slaughter after observing the 21- day withdrawal period of the drugs.
Evaluation of different litter materials on haematogical and serum biochemical indices of intensively managed finisher broiler chickens
Authors: Obikaonu H. O. , Obiora S. N. , Obiagwu P.
Published: February 2021

Attempts made to improve broiler production had been focused more on feed with little or no consideration on the impact of litter quality which is a major concern in chicken production not only because it affects the flock health and productivity, but also because it may act as potential reservoir and transmission vehicle for pathogens and potential pathogens. Since blood is considered as an important material for the evaluation of health status in animals, there is need therefore, to investigate the impact of different litter materials on the hematological and serum biochemistry of broiler finisher chicken. A56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaulate the effect of different litter materials on the haematological and serum biochemical indices of intensively managed finisher broilers. Four different litter materials were used for the experiment viz wood, shaving, Groundnut hulls; coconut husks and rice hulls. Wood shavings was used as the control owing to the fact that it is the most commonly used litter in this zone. The coconut husks were manually shred to extract the fibres which was used while the other materials were used as sourced. A toal of 120 broiler birds were used for the experiment, they were divided into four treatments (T1= Wood shavings, T2= Groundnut hulls, T3=Coconut husks, and T4=Rice hulls) of 30 birds each and sub divided into 10 birds per replicate. Each replicate was housed in a pen fitted with broding facilities. Feed and water were given ad libilum for eight weeks. At the end of the experiment blood was collected from the birds, three per treatment given a total of 12 birds. They were analyzed for haematological and serum biochemical indices. Haemoglobin values compared favourably (P>0.05) with that of the control. PCVvalues of T2 and T3 compared favourably well with that of control but significant differences existed (P<0.05) between the PCV value of T4 and the other treatments. The lymphocytes and neutrophils were not affected by the bedding materials showing that the litter conditions did not adversely affect the health and welfare of the birds. Serum protein, serum albumin and serum globulin were not affected by treatements (P>0.05) resulting in better protein efficiency ratio recorded in all the treatments. Serum electolytes calcium and phosphorus levels recorded in this study shows no adverse effect on the integrity of the liver in boosting cataion/anaion exchange. The haematological and serum biochemical indices recorded in this study showed no notable health challenges on the birds.
Haematology and growth performance characteristics of broiler birds fed abattoir wastes (bovine blood and rumen content)
Authors: Onunkwo D. N. , Ekine O. A.
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted to assess the effects of abattoir wastes (bovine blood and rumen content mixture) on the haematology and growth performance characteristics of broiler birds. One hundred and twenty (120) unsexed day old Abor acre broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments and replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. Four experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of broilers such that the birds were fed sundried abattoir waste (bovine blood and rumen content mixture) included at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% representing Diet 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, with Diet 1 as the control. Each dietary treatment consists of 30 birds with 10 birds per replicate. The experimental diets and clean water were supplied at- libitum throughout the experimental period. Data were collected on feed intake, daily weight gain, final body weight, weight gain. Feed conversion ratios were calculated. Blood samples for hematology was collected, analyzed and recorded. At the end of the 56 days feeding trials, data collected on different parameters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that mixtures of bovine blood and rumen content significantly (P<0.05) improved the final weight (1767.02g -1931.44g), weight gain (1367.02g -1528.44g), feed intake (107.47g -118.99g) and feed conversion ratio (4.87 – 4.08) of the broilers. Significant (P<0.05) improvements were observed on the RBC, WBC, MCV, MCH, eosinophyls and the lymphocytes of the haematological parameters of the broilers. These results showed the complementary potentials of bovine blood and rumen content mixture in broiler diets, which can be included up to 15% in the ration of broilers without detrimentally affecting the growth performance and haematology of the broilers.
Quality and stability of meat obtained from broiler chickens fed diets containing tonic root (Mondia whitei) as supplement
Authors: Sanwo K. A. , Adegoke A. V. , Ayo – Ajasa O. Y. , Fagbohun A. O. , Adeyanju T. M.
Published: February 2021

Tonic root has been speculated to improve Libido and this could have effect on performance and carcass traits of the animal. Afifty-six days experiment was conducted to determine meat quality of Abor acre Strain of broiler chickens fed graded dietary inclusion of supplemental white ginger (Mondia whitei). One hundred and eighty, one day-old broiler chicks were assigned to five treatment groups with three replicates per group. Birds on treatment one were fed concentrate with no supplements, those on treatment two had concentrate + 0.5g Mondia whitei per kg feed, treatment three had concentrate + 1g Mondia whitei per kg feed; Treatment 4 had concentrate with 1.5g Mondia whitei per kg feed and treatment five had concentrate + 2g Mondia whitei per kg feed. At the end of the eight weeks feeding trial, three birds each from each replicate of five treatment groups were randomly selected, deprived of food for 12 hours prior to slaughtering. After the traditional slaughtering method, feather plucking and evisceration were done and breast muscles were excised from the carcasses for quality parameters evaluation. The results showed significance (P< 0.05) in some measured parameters such as colour, yellowness (b*) and Lightness (L*). Highest (P<0.05) triglyceride content of meat (145.33 mg/dL) was recorded in the meat of birds fed inclusion level at 0.5g/kg and the lowest value (91.67mg/dL) in the meat of birds fed inclusion level of 1g/kg. Breast muscles had the highest (P<0.05) pH score 6.72 at 1g/kg inclusion level and least value of 6.51 was in the control group. Dietary inclusion of Mondia whitei showed no significant (P>0.05) effect on cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Although superoxide dismutase (SOD) and water absorptive power were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced, cooking and refrigeration loss as well as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in meat were significantly (P<0.05) lowest in birds fed 1g/kg dietary inclusion level of Mondia whitei. Some phytochemicals and overall sensory acceptability were statistically influenced by the dietary treatments.
Sex distributions and growth response in different populations of catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Authors: Abdulraheem I.
Published: February 2021

This study evaluated the gender ratio in Clarias gariepinus production from five different populations. 300 Juveniles fish each were sourced from five (5) fish farms. The fish were grouped based on the farms into five populations (i.e. treatments) and were replicated thrice with each replicate stocked with 100 fish in a square shaped experimental plastic tanks of 1m x 1m x 1m. Data obtained from the experiment were subjected to one-way analysis of variance. Significant differences (p<0.05) were recorded in the values of final weight, mean weight gain, specific growth rate, percentage survival and daily growth rate. The male-female ratio showed that the females were more in number compared to their male counterpart. There was no significant difference in the number of males, number of females and weight of males across the populations. The female C. gariepinus in population 5 had the highest value (246.41±2.73g) of final weight while those in population 3 had the least value (205.95±13.17g) of weight. The fish in population 2 displayed a better growth curve compared to other populations while fish in population 3 displayed the least curve. The curve revealed that the fish grows at almost the same rate from day 0 to day 42 after which their growth pattern changed. This study showed that the number of female fish in any production outweighs the number of males.
Nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed different sources of animal protein
Authors: Egbewande O. O.
Published: February 2021

One of the most important aspects of animal nutrition is digestibility of ingested materials which has a direct relationship with the health status of an animal. The effect of different fish meal alternatives (maggot, termite, grasshopper and lizard meals) on nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens was investigated in this 56 days feeding trial. One hundred and fifty broiler chicks (Marshal breed) were used for the study. Birds were assigned into five dietary groups of 30 chicks each and further divided into three replicates of 10 chicks each. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 5% fish meal, maggot meal, termite meal, grasshopper meal and lizard meal in treatments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (tagged T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T5 ) respectively in starter phase, while fish meal was replaced with 2.5% maggot, termite, grasshopper and lizard meals in treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively in finisher phase. The chicks were allocated into the four diets in a completely randomized design and housed in a deep litter pen with feed and water served without restriction. Results from dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ash, ether extract and nitrogen free extract digestibility showed significant (P<0.05) differences in the test ingredients on birds. Dry matter digestibility ranged from 88.35% in birds fed T3 to 91.86% in birds fed T5 . Crude fibre followed the same trend with the lowest (70.80%) in T3 and the highest (84.83%) in T5 , but ether extract digestibility was at the opposite trend where birds fed T3 had the highest (87.14%), and those on T5 gave the lowest (80.86%). Crude protein showed significant decrease across the treatments from 86.10% in T1 to 80.88% in T5 . Ash digestibility ranged from 68.84% in T2 to 77.05% in T1 . Results on cut-up parts showed that there were no significant (P>0.05) influence on all the parameters considered except in live weight, dressed weight and breast muscle weights where there were significant (P<0.05) differences. Internal organ proportions of the broiler birds showed no significant (P>0.05) effect of the test ingredients on all the parameters considered except in abdominal fat. It can be concluded that crude protein digestibility, live weight, dressed weight and breast muscle values in birds fed T2 (maggot meal) were higher than birds fed other test ingredients and as such recommended as an alternative to fish meal.
Prenatal and post-hatch assessment of two strains of broiler chickens reared under high natural ambient temperatures
Authors: Tanimowo D. A. , Adesanya S. , Longe O. G.
Published: February 2021

Pre-natal (PN) and post-hatch (PH) assessments were carried out on two broiler chicken strains to examine possible origin of strain differences and response to heat stress. One hundred and forty fertile eggs incubated for 18 days as PN and 192 day-old broiler chicks as PH; were evenly divided between two strains (Arbor Acres [AA] and Marshal [MS]). For the PN assessment (day 18, 19 and 21 of incubation), embryos were dissected and organs weighed. Liver glycogen and moisture content of the carcass and residual yolk sac were also determined. Post hatch, average body weight (ABW), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured under high natural ambient temperatures. At d 18 of incubation, proportional breast weight and yolk moisture was higher in AA than MS (P < 0.05), with the same trend observed at d 21 for yolk weight (%). Breast, gizzard, heart and liver weights were observed to increase linearly, in proportion to weight of embryo (P <0.001), between d 18 and 21 on incubation, while the inverse was observed for yolk weight (%). Post-hatch, ADFI and FCR at the end of the starter phase were lower in MS compared with AA (P < 0.05). However, at the end of the finisher phase, only ADFI was significantly influenced by strain of broiler (AA < MS; P < 0.05). Serum electrolytes and carcass characteristics did not differ between strains (P > 0.05). Phenotype differences in were manifested prior to hatch, with Marshall exhibiting advantage to Arbor Acres under high ambient temperatures.
Growth performance and haematological characteristics of broiler finisher chickens fed palm kernel cake as partial replacement for maize and Soya bean
Authors: Anyanwu N. J. , Obilonu B. C. , Odoemelam V. U. , Etela I. , Kalio G. A. , Ekpe I. I.
Published: February 2021

High feed cost resulting from the use of conventional feed ingredients represents a major challenge in broiler production in South-East Nigeria. Feed constitutes 70% of the cost of production of broiler chickens hence, the replacement of unconventional feed ingredients holds the key to sustainable poultry production. This trial was aimed at determining the optimum inclusion level of palm kernel cake as a partial replacement of soya bean and maize in a broiler finisher diet during a 28-day trial. The PKC was included at 0%, 35%, 40% and 45% of total feed composition and birds were fed ad libitum. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) four week-old broilers were used for the measurements. Birds were allotted to four treatment groups of 10 birds each with three replications in a completely randomized design (CRD). The growth performance and haematological characteristics were evaluated. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in the final weight gains, average weight gain and feed conversion ratio but no significant differences was observed in the feed intake. The control diet had the highest average weight gain of 919.20g and 40% PKC inclusion had the least value of 595.47g. At end of the experiment, 6 birds randomly selected from each treatment were fasted overnight and slaughtered for blood samples collection. The results of the haematological parameters indicated significant differences (P<0.05) in the haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, packed cell volume (PCV), total white blood cell counts (WBC), respectively. Furthermore, the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell heamoglobin (MCH), mean cell heamoglobin concentration (MCHC) all showed significant variation. However, no significant differences were observed in the red blood cell count (RBC). From this study, it could be concluded that although broiler birds can tolerate high inclusion levels of PKC up to 40%, 35% was the level of inclusion that would result to higher weight gains for optimum productivity.
Chemical and nutritive evaluation of Jatropha curcas leaf meal in broiler chicken diets
Authors: Esonu B. O. , Ogbonna U. D. , Anyanwu G. A. , Ukpabi U. H. , Azubuike F. C. , Odoemelam V.
Published: February 2021

This study was designed to determine the chemical and nutritive evaluation of Jatropha Curcas Leaf Meal on the performance of Broiler chicks. Jatropha curcas leaf meal contains 19.51% crude protein but high in crude fibre and also contains some anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). The leaves were harvested, the stalks removed and the leaves chopped to facilitate sun drying for 5 days until they became crispy while still retaining the greenish colouration. The material was milled using a hammer mill with a sieve size of 3.36m to produce leaf meal. The experiments reported in this study were therefore conducted to determine the chemical and nutritive value of Jatropha curcas leaf meal in broiler diets. In the first experiment, the leaf meal so prepared was used to formulate broiler starter diets at 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% dietary levels respectively, using 180, 7-day-old young Marshal broiler chicks with were divided into four groups of 45 birds. Each treatment group was further sub-divided into three replicates of 15 birds. The trial lasted 28 days. In the second experiment, the leaf meal was produced as in experiment one. The leaf meal was used to formulate broiler finisher diets at two dietary levels of 0% and 5.0% inclusion levels respectively using 120, 5-week-old broiler chicks divided into two groups of 60 birds each with three replicates of 20 birds each per treatment. The feeding trial lasted 21 days. At the end of the 21 day, five birds were randomly selected from each treatment for carcass and organ weight evaluation. In both experiments, feed intake of the birds on diets containing the leaf meal were significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control (0%) group except at 2.5% dietary level at the first experiment that compared favourably with the control (0%) group. Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of the birds were not comparable, except also at 2.5% dietary level of the first (starter experiment) which compared favourably with the control (0%) group. The relative organ weights in the second experiment were also not comparable except the heart. Dietary inclusion of Jatropha curcas leaf meal in both experiments reduced feed cost but beyond 2.5% level, cost of meat produced (N/kg) meat increased. The results obtained from these experiments suggests that Jatropha curcas leaf meal should not be incorporated in broiler diets beyond. 2.5% dietary level.
Diet matrix of stored proprietary feeds: Implications on growth response, health status and carcass yield of broiler chickens
Authors: Fafiolu A. O. , Alabi J. O.
Published: February 2021

This study examined growth responses, health status and carcass yield of broiler chickens from 22 to 42 days of age provided with proprietary finished feeds (4 brands; P, Q, R & S) exposed to two storage conditions (lit or dark room) for four weeks. Four hundred and eighty chicks (802.7±14.3 g), at 21-day-old, were randomly allocated to eight groups of 60 chicks each (6 replicates; 10 birds each). Broiler chickens were fed one of the eight resultant diets from storage exercise for 21 d. Results revealed that performance of finishing broiler chickens were influenced by both the main and interaction effects of feed brands and storage condition. Chickens fed feeds stored in dark room gained 5.39% heavier weight with better FCR (5.07%) and higher (P<0.001) crude fat (2.97%), protein (2.36%), fibre (2.43%) and ash (3.89%) digestibilities compared to birds fed feeds stored in lit room. Chickens fed with feed R had higher (P<0.05) PCV, RBC, total protein, albumin, and uric acid. Duodenal and ileal villus height (VH) and villus to crypt ratio (VCR) were higher in broilers fed feed R stored in dark room, whereas jejunal VH and VCR were higher in birds fed feed Q stored in dark room. Salmonella and lactobacillus counts were greater in birds fed feeds R and S stored in lit room, respectively. Higher (P=0.008) dressed yield was obtained in broilers fed feed S stored in lit room. The study revealed that exposure of similar or different finished feeds to varying storage conditions would impart broiler's performance differently.
Persistence of passive immunity against some important viral diseases and feed conversion in chickens fed diet supplemented with probiotic
Authors: Oluwayinka E. B. , Oni O. O. , Biobaku N. A. , Kadri O. Y. , Omoshaba E. O. , Adewole O. A. , Oluwayinka O. G.
Published: February 2021

The ban of antibiotic growth promoters due to increased bacterial resistance and drug residues in poultry production, together with consumer's demand for “natural” products, have encouraged increase in the use of alternative growth promoters like probiotics. This study evaluated the effects of probiotic supplemented diet on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and passive immunity against Newcastle disease (ND) and Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in chickens. Forty, one day-old broiler chicks were randomly selected into two groups: No probiotic and probiotic fed groups. The weight gained and FCR were monitored while blood samples for serum were collected from five birds per group weekly, for four weeks. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and passive HI tests were conducted to evaluate the levels of passive immunity (maternally derived antibody) in the different groups. There was a significant improvement in weight gain and FCR of birds fed the probiotics. Maternally derived antibody (MDA) against ND and IBD in the chicks were high at week 1. There was a delay in the decay of MDA against ND and IBD in the probiotic fed groups although MDA levels against both diseases were almost the same at week 3 in both probiotic fed and no probiotic groups. It could be concluded that probiotics can facilitate increased body weight, FCR and persistent passive immunity in chickens.
Effects of cooking on chemical and phytochemical compositions of raw and cooked melon (Citrullus colocynthis L) and walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum L) seeds
Authors: Olufeko S. O. , Omojola A. B. , Ogunwole O. A.
Published: February 2021

Effects of cooking on proximate, phytochemicals and selected vitamins composition of melon and walnut were investigated in this study. Melon Seeds (MS) and Walnut Seed (WS) weighing 500 g each were obtained from open market and each was halved into two. One half o was boiled for one hour and oven dried at 60 C for 48 hours till constant weight was attained to obtain treated melon seed and treated walnut seed, respectively. The other halves were left un-cooked and were labelled uncooked melon seed and uncooked walnut seed, respectively. In MS, cooking reduced the crude protein, crude fibre and ash compositions but increased the moisture and ether extracts contents significantly (p<0.05). In WS, cooking reduced the crude protein and crude fibre but increased the ether extracts and moisture significantly (p<0.05) without any effect on ash contents (p>0.05). Aside from flavonoids which increased (p<0.05), other phytochemicals in MS were significantly reduced by cooking (p<0.05). Also, there were reduced tannins, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids. The phytates and flavonoids increased significantly (p<0.05) while saponins composition remained significantly unaffected (p>0.05) by cooking. Ascorbic acid and tocopherol in MS as well as â-carotene and ergosterol contents were not affected significantly (p>0.05) by cooking. However, the â-carotene of 0.16 and ergosterol of 0.57 in raw MS reduced significantly (p<0.05) to 0.13 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively by cooking. Also, tocopherol and ascorbic acid with respective values of 69.40 and 4.41 mg/kg in WS were lowered significantly (p<0.05) by cooking to 58.65 and 3.95 mg/kg, respectively. Processing reduced antinutrients in melon and walnut seeds and improve their nutrient sources.
Effect of silicon oxide supplementation in broiler chickens' drinking water on performance and litter quality under tropical environment
Authors: Opoola E.
Published: February 2021

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of silicon oxide in broiler chickens drinking water on performance and litter quality. A total of 120, one-day old mixed sex broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 treatments and 3 replications, with 10 birds in each replicate in a completely randomised experimental design, with 4 silicon levels (0.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50 mg of silicon oxide/litre of water. Corn-soya based diets were formulated at the starter (0–4 weeks) and finisher (5–8weeks) phases and were supplied ad libitum with free access to water. The average daily temperature and relative humidity inside the poultry house were 35.9 °C and 36%, respectively. At the starter phase, chicks administered 2.00mg silicon oxide/litre of water had significantly (p<0.05) higher final body weight (991.00g) and average weight gain (950.96g) compared to chicks without silicon oxide 778.57 g and 738.54g. The inclusion of 2.00 mg silicon oxide/litre of water improved feed conversion ratio compared to the control group (p < 0.05) and significantly reduced feed cost per kg gain. For the finisher phase, chickens administered 2.00mg silicon oxide/litre of water had the best results for final weight, weight gain and feed cost per kg gain. Also, inclusion of silicon oxide in broiler chickens water improved litter quality as predominantly dry material but with some areas of wet shavings was observed. In conclusion, silicon oxide in broiler chickens drinking water at 2.00mg/litre of water enhanced growth performance, improved feed conversion ratio and litter quality as well as reduced feed cost per kg gain at the starter and finisher phases respectively.
MANAJEMEN PERILAKU BIROKRASI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PELAYANAN PUBLIK DI KANTOR DESA BULO WATTANG KECAMATAN PANCA RIJANG KABUPATEN SEDENRENG RAPPANG
Authors: Kahar Supriyadi , Rusdi Muhammad , Jabbar Abdul
Published: February 2021

This study aims to determine the management of bureaucratic behavior at the Bulo Wattang Village office, public services at the Bulo Wattang Village office and to determine the management of bureaucratic behavior towards improving public services at the Bulo Wattang Village office in Panca Rijang District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency. The population in this study was 337 heads of households where the sampling used was Probability Sampling, with a random sampling technique using the 10% Yount Formula with a total sample of 34 heads of households. This study used a Quantitative Descriptive Method. Data collection techniques used through observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The data analysis technique used is frequency tabulation analysis, and linear regression analysis using SPSS 16 for Windows. The results of this study show that the average percentage of bureaucratic behavior management in the office of Bulo Wattang Village, Panca Rijang District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency is 65.8% with a good category, public services at the Bulo Wattang Village office, Panca Rijang District, Sidenreng Rappang District are 60.32% with a fairly good category of bureaucratic behavior management to improve public services in the office of the Village of Bulo Wattang, District of Panca Rijang, District of Sidenreng Rappang by 33.0% with an influence category.
PERAN PEMERINTAH DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DI BIDANG PERTANIAN DESA BULO WATTANG KECAMATAN PANCA RIJANG KEBUPATEN SIDENRENG RAPPANG
Authors: Dubaili Muhammad Ilham
Published: February 2021

This research aims to know how the role of village government in community empowerment in agriculture in the village of Bulo Wattang PancaRijang District Sidenreng Rappang and what factors influence the role of village government in community empowerment in the field of agriculture in the village Bulo Wattang Panca Rijang District Sidenreng Rappang. The data collection techniques that are done in this study are observations, interviews, Koesioner, and library studies. The Data is then analyzed using the frequency and percentage table. The population in this study was the farmers in the village of Bulo Wattang as much as 260, while a sample of a population of 72 farmers. Results of this research shows that the role of village government in the community empowerment in agriculture in the village Bulo Wattang Panca Rijang District Sidenreng Rappang with a cumulative result of 64% categorized as "good". The factors that influence the role of village government in community empowerment in the field of agriculture in the village Bulo Wattang Panca Rijang District Sidenreng Rappang (68%), education system (65%), open System (65), orientation to progress (66%), good synergy (66%), interest groups (66%) and quality of human resources (68%) With accumulated results of 65.5% or categorized as "good".
PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR JALAN TANI DESA TETEAJI KECAMATAN TELLU LIMPOE KABUPATEN SIDENRENG RAPPANG
Authors: Latif Adam , Rusdi Muhammad , Setiawan Dedi
Published: February 2021

This study aims to find out how community participation in the village of Teteaji, how the construction of farm road infrastructure in the village of Teteaji, and how community participation in the construction of farm road infrastructure. The population in this study was 384 farming communities where the sampling used was Simple Random Sampling, with Simple Random Sampling techniques with a total sample of 79 farming communities, this study used a Quantitative Descriptive Method. Data collection techniques are used through observation, questionnaires, and library studies. Data analysis techniques used are frequency tabulation analysis, and linear regression analysis using SPSS 21.0 for windows.The results of this study indicate that the average percentage of community participation in Teteaji Village was 61.6% in the good category and the construction of farm road infrastructure in the Teteaji Village was 70.2% in the good category. To find out the magnitude of the effect of community participation on the construction of farm road infrastructure in Teteaji Village, Tellu Limpoe District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency, namely by looking at the value of R2 or R square. The results from the Model Summary table, in this section, the value of R = 0.896 and the coefficient of RSquare determination or R2 are 0.955. This shows that the construction of farm road infrastructure is 89.6% due to community participation while the remaining 10.4% is due to other factors not examined.