bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Αξιολόγηση δεικτών της λειτουργικής ικανότητας επαγγελματιών ναυαγοσωστών κατά την προσομοίωση διασώσεων στο νερό
Authors: Στούμπος-Λεονταρίδης Μιχαήλ
Published: September 2021

Από το έτος 1994 έως και το 2013, περισσότερα από 300 άτομα ετησίως έχασαν τη ζωή τους από πνιγμό. Η παρούσα μελέτη ερευνά την αξιολόγηση δεικτών της λειτουργικής ικανότητας επαγγελματιών ναυαγοσωστών, κατά την προσομοίωση διασώσεων στο νερό, σε 4 πρωτόκολλα, με ή χωρίς τη χρήση εξοπλισμού. Ειδικότερα, έρευνα πεδίου ήταν η ανάδειξη χρήσης κατάλληλου εξοπλισμού σε αποστάσεις διάσωσης 100 μέτρων, έτσι ώστε ο ναυαγοσώστης να πραγματοποιεί τη διάσωση σε μικρότερο χρόνο και με μεγαλύτερη αποτελεσματικότητα. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν 27 επαγγελματίες ναυαγοσώστες από την Ελλάδα, κατέχοντες άδεια ναυαγοσώστη θάλασσας σε ισχύ. Ο μέσος όρος ηλικίας των συμμετασχόντων ήταν 25,1 έτη. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας έρευνας έδειξαν ότι στο ερωτηματολόγιο, μόλις το 11% (p<0,001) των συμμετεχόντων γνώριζε τη διαφορά εκτέλεσης Καρδιοπνευμονικής Αναζωογόνησης (ΚΑΡΠΑ) ύστερα από πνιγμό. Αυξημένος αριθμός λαθών παρατηρήθηκε κατά τη διαδικασία της ΚΑΡΠΑ έπειτα από προσομοιωμένες διασώσεις στο νερό, με οποιαδήποτε μέθοδο και σε σχέση με την κατάσταση ηρεμίας (p<0,001). Ο υψηλότερος χρόνος εκκίνησης ήταν με βατραχοπέδιλα, με 12,8s (p<0,001). Η ταχύτερη προσέγγιση πραγματοποιήθηκε στη μέθοδο χωρίς εξοπλισμό, με 43s, σε σύγκριση με την τορπίλη και το σωλήνα διάσωσης (p=0,019, p<0,001) αντίστοιχα, χωρίς όμως να διαφέρει από το χρόνο προσέγγισης με βατραχοπέδιλα, στα 43,7s (p=1,00). H ταχύτερη ρυμούλκηση έγινε με βατραχοπέδιλα στα 94,9s, συγκριτικά με την τορπίλη, το σωλήνα διάσωσης και χωρίς εξοπλισμό (p<0,001, p<0,001, p=0,001), αντίστοιχα. Τέλος, ο συνολικός χρόνος της διάσωσης ήταν μικρότερος με τη χρήση των βατραχοπέδιλων, 151,6s συγκριτικά με τορπίλη και σωλήνα (p<0,001, p<0,001) αντίστοιχα, ενώ δε βρέθηκε σημαντική διαφορά από τη συνολική διάσωση χωρίς εξοπλισμό, 153,8s (p=0,374). Συμπερασματικά, η κόπωση από διάσωση στο νερό επιφέρει αύξηση στον αριθμό λαθών στην εκτέλεση ΚΑΡΠΑ, ενώ θα πρέπει να πραγματοποιείται ανανέωση γνώσεων τόσο σε πρώτες βοήθειες όσο και στην κολύμβηση.
Οφθαλμοκινητικότητα και σχιζοφρένεια
Authors: Καραντινός Θωμάς
Published: September 2021

Ο αυξημένος Χρόνος Αντίδρασης (Χ.Α.) και η αυξημένη ενδο-ατομική μεταβλητότητα (ΕΑΜ) είναι αναδυόμενα και σταθερά ευρήματα στην μελέτη Χ.Α. στην σχιζοφρένεια. Στην πρώτη μας μελέτη, ομάδα 53 ασθενών που έπασχε από DSM-IV σχιζοφρένεια και μια ομάδα 1089 υγειών εξεταζομένων εκτέλεσε μια δοκιμασία ακούσιας σακκαδικής. Η διάμεσος και η μεταβλητότητα του Χ.Α. μετρήθηκαν για κάθε εξεταζόμενο και υπολογίστηκαν οι μέσες συσσωρευτικές κατανομές για κάθε ομάδα. Στην συνέχεια με την χρήση ενός μοντέλου οι κατανομές του Χ.Α. παρουσιάστηκαν ως ένα σήμα απόφασης που αυξάνεται γραμμικά μέχρι έναν ουδό κάτι που σηματοδοτεί και την έναρξη της ακούσιας σακκαδικής. Υπήρξε μια μικρή αύξηση της διάμεσου του Χ.Α. ενώ οι Χ.Α. ήταν πολύ πιο μεταβλητοί από δοκιμή σε δοκιμή κάτι που οδήγησε σε μια διαφορετική μέση κατανομή Χ.Α. στην ομάδα των ασθενών. Η εφαρμογή του μοντέλου μας οδήγησε στο συμπέρασμα πως αυτή η διαφορά στην κατανομή Χ.Α. των ασθενών θα μπορούσε να αποδοθεί σε μια βασική διαφορά στην επεξεργασία της πληροφορίας της απόφασης του εξεταζόμενου να κινήσει το βλέμμα του σε έναν στόχο που του εμφανίζεται. Στην δεύτερη μελέτη που εκπονήσαμε μια ομάδα 23 ασθενών συγκρίθηκε με μια ομάδα 23 υγιών εξεταζόμενων ίδιας ηλικίας σε δύο διαφορετικές δοκιμασίες Χ.Α. που απαιτούν βασική οπτικοκινητική επεξεργασία καθώς και την χρήση δύο διαφορετικών κινητικών συστημάτων: την δοκιμασία έκτασης δείκτη και την δοκιμασία εκούσιας σακκαδικής. Το μοντέλο Ex-Gaussian εφαρμόστηκε στις κατανομές Χ.Α. μετρώντας την μέση τιμή (mu) και την τυπική απόκλιση (sigma) της κανονικής συνιστώσας (η οποία πιστεύεται ότι σχετίζεται με την βασική οπτικοκινητική επεξεργασία) καθώς και την κλίση της εκθετικής συνιστώσας (tau) η οποία πιστεύεται ότι σχετίζεται με τις διεργασίες απόφασης. Υπήρξε μια σημαντική αύξηση της ΕΑΜ και στις δύο δοκιμασίες και ήταν ικανή να διαχωρίσει τις δύο αυτές ομάδες. Επίσης, το sigma και το tau παρουσίασαν υψηλή συσχέτιση μεταξύ τους στις δύο δοκιμασίες μόνο για την ομάδα των ασθενών. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτών των δύο μελετών φαίνεται να δείχνουν μια διαταραχή στην επεξεργασία της πληροφορίας που ενδέχεται να μην περιορίζεται στις διεργασίες απόφασης σχετιζόμενες με τον μετωπιαίο φλοιό αλλά μπορεί να εξαπλώνεται και σε διευρυμένα νευρωνικά δίκτυα που ελέγχουν την ρύθμιση της νοητικής επίδοσης.
des-, mata- ja maks-konverbitarindi inforoll
Authors: Simmul Carl Eric
Published: September 2021

Kokkuvõte. Artikkel käsitleb eesti keele des-, mata- või maks-konverbitarindit sisaldavat komplekslauset. Aluseks on kvalitatiivne uurimus, mille käigus on analüüsitud 1803 konverbitarindit sisaldava lause semantilisi, morfosüntaktilisi ja infostruktuurilisi tunnuseid. Antakse ülevaate sellest, missuguseid inforolle täidab konverbitarind põhilause suhtes ja missuguste teguritega seostub konverbitarindi inforolli varieerumine. Uurimusest selgub konverbitarindi neli põhilist inforolli: 1) raamistav teema, 2) reema taustaosa, 3) fookus ja 4) omaette infoüksus. Konverbitarindi inforoll seostub tihedalt sõnajärjega, nii konverbi kui ka tarindi asukohaga. Konverbialguline tarind toimib tavaliselt omaette infoüksusena, konverbilõpuline ja ühesõnaline tarind aga moodustavad põhilausega ühise infoüksuse. Tarindi inforoll oleneb seejuures tarindi asukohast: konverbilõpuline või ühesõnaline eestarind toimib tavaliselt raamistava teemana, sisetarind reema taustaosana ja järeltarind fookusena. Teistest teguritest seostuvad konverbitarindi inforolliga nt kirjavahemärgistus, põhilause kommunikatiivne tüüp, fookustavad üldlaiendid, konverbi laiendite pikkus ja struktuur ning semantiline funktsioon.

Abstract. Carl Eric Simmul: The informational role of Estonian ‑des, ‑mata and ‑maks converb constructions. This article discusses the complex clauses that entail an Estonian ‑des, ‑mata or ‑maks converb construction, i.e., an infinite construction functioning as a free modifier. The article is based on a study of 1803 sentences entailing a converb construction, and gives an overview of the informational roles of the converb construction as well as the main factors of its variation. The study revealed that the Estonian converb construction has four main informational roles: 1) frame-setting topic, 2) background of the comment, 3) focused part of the comment and 4) distinct information unit. The informational role of a converb construction mainly depends on the word order. A construction starting with a converb normally functions as a distinct information unit. A construction ending with a converb or consisting only of a converb normally forms an unitary information unit together with the main clause. The specific informational role of the construction ending with a converb or consisting only of a converb is dependent on the position of the construction: constructions located before the main clause function as topics, constructions located inside the main clause function as the background part of the comment, constructions located after the main clause function as foci. Other important factors related to the informational role are, for example, the interpunction, the communicative type of the main clause, focusing adverbs, the semantic function of the converb construction, the length and structure of the arguments of the converb construction.
Mis juhtus ja kes tegi? Põhjustamisahela eestikeelsed väljendusvahendid
Authors: Tomson Kairit , Tragel Ilona
Published: September 2021

Kokkuvõte. Artikkel käsitleb kausatiivsuse väljendusvahendeid suulises eesti keeles. 14 eesti keelt emakeelena kõnelejat kirjeldasid 43 videoklipis kujutatud põhjustamisahelat. Uurimuse esimene eesmärk oli saada ülevaade kasutatud väljendusvahenditest. Materjalis esinesid täielikult põhjuslikkust väljendavad vahendid (põhjustamis- ja tulemussündmust sisaldavad) ja põhjustamisahela osade sidujad. Põhjustamissituatsiooni osasündmuste seos võidi jätta eksplitsiitselt väljendamata, osi ühendati ka sõnaga ja või ning, sidesõnadega (nt sest) ja konnektiividega (nt mille peale). Põhjustamisahela väljendusvahenditena kasutati ka relatiivlauseid, des-konverbi, v-kesksõna, elatiivi, komitatiivi, kaassõnu, erinevaid konstruktsioone (nt analüütilisi kausatiivikonstruktsioone) ja derivatiivseid ning leksikaalseid kausatiive. Teine eesmärk oli vaadata väljendusvahendite jagunemist erinevate situatsioonitüüpide vahel. Kõigis kirjeldustes esines näiteid, milles põhjustamissituatsiooni osi eksplitsiitse väljendusvahendiga ei seotud, seoti sõnadega ja või ning või kasutati mõnda muud siduvat sõna. Kõikide situatsioonitüüpide kirjeldamiseks kasutati ka põhjuslikkust väljendavaid muutuskonstruktsioone, relatiivlauseid, derivatiivseid ja leksikaalseid kausatiive.

Abstract. Kairit Tomson, Ilona Tragel: What happened and who did it? Means of expressing causality in Estonian. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the means of causal chain in Estonian and to describe how those means are distributed between causal situation types. The results of this research are based on the experiment with 14 Estonian speakers who described 43 video clips by answering the question “What happened?”. The video clips originate from the project “Causality across Languages”. Participants described causal situations by using 1) constructions (e.g rebib pooleks ‘tears apart’, ajab naerma ‘makes laugh’, palub visata ‘asks to throw’), 2) morphological causatives, 3) lexical causatives, 4) linking words between subevents (e.g ja ‘and’, nii et ‘so that’, sest ‘because’ and relative pronouns), 5) other morphosyntactic means (des-converb, case suffixes, postpositions). In addition, subevents were mentioned without adding any linking word in between.
When Finnish and Karelian person systems come together: Comparing open person constructions in Border Karelian dialects
Authors: Uusitupa Milla
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This article is a contribution to the recent discussion on open reference and especially on open second-person singular usage in Finnish and other European languages. The article focuses on four referentially open person constructions – namely the zero construction, the necessive construction, the second-person singular construction, and the imperative construction – and their interplay and variation in spoken discourse in Border Karelian dialects. The aim of this article is three-fold. First and foremost, it argues that the aforementioned open person constructions are fundamentally four separate types. Second, it aims to expand the on-going discussion on open reference in Finnish by introducing the person system of its closely related but highly endangered cognate language, Karelian. Third, it raises the following question: In a wider Finnic context, is the zero construction, above all, a Finnish way of leaving the reference open and unspecified?

Kokkuvõte. Milla Uusitupa: Kui soome ja karjala isikusüsteemid kohtuvad: avatud isikukonstruktsioonide võrdlus piiriala karjala murretes. Artikkel on täiendus hiljutisele diskussioonile avatud viitesuhtest ja eriti avatud ainsuse teise isiku kasutusest soome keeles ja teistes Euroopa keeltes. Artikkel keskendub neljale avatud viitesuhtega isikukonstruktsioonile – nullkonstruktsioon, netsessiivkonstruktsioon, ainsuse teise isiku ja imperatiivkonstruktsioon – ning nende vastastikusele mõjule ja varieerumisele piiriala karjala murrete suulises diskursuses. Artiklil on kolm eesmärki. Esimene ja peamine eesmärk on osutada, et eelmainitud avatud isikukonstruktsioonid moodustavad neli põhitüüpi. Teiseks, artikkel laiendab käimasolevat diskussiooni avatud viitesuhtest soome keeles, tutvustades ohustatud lähisugulaskeele, karjala keele isikusüsteemi. Kolmandaks tõstatab artikkel küsimuse, kas läänemeresoome keelte kontekstis on nullkonstruktsioon just soome keelele omane viis jätta viitesuhe avatuks ja täpsustamata.
Rankings of the Largest Russian Organizations, Audit Groups and Networks Following the Results of 2020
Authors: Khanferyan V.
Published: September 2021

Th e annual 26th edition of the rating of the largest domestic audit organizations and groups, compiled by the RAEX rating agency, demonstrates the steady growth of this professional services market. Misfortune — in the form of a lockdown and a distant move — helped.
New Rules for Attracting Experts to Control and Supervisory Activities in the Field of Education
Authors: Feklin S. , Ladnushkina N.
Published: September 2021

From July 1, 2021, new rules of control and supervision activities come into force, in the framework of the control activities of which experts are involved.

The authors of the article, having studied the regulatory legal acts and analyzed the scientific literature, explain the essence of the examination and the expert, their rights during inspections, as well as the new rules for the certification of experts.
The Necessity of Forming Professional Palliative Competences in Future Nurses
Authors: Plotnikova E.
Published: September 2021

The article reflects the problem associated with the need to train nursing specialists to provide professional palliative medical care (PMC) in the context of innovative development of society. The article describes the problems associated with the development of the legal framework of the PMC in Russia, which regulates educational activities. At the same time, the purpose of vocational education is to train not only a competent specialist who is able to solve professional problems, but also a specialist who has personal qualities (ethical, spiritual), who is able to solve personal and social problems.
Tolerance of Three Ornamental Plant Species to Chromium contamination in Soil and their Potential for Phytoextraction and Phytostabilization of the Toxic Metal
Authors: Sehrawat Gayatri , Singh Rita , Kaushik Anubha
Published: September 2021

Chromium is a reactive and toxic heavy metal that enters the soil through various anthropogenic activities and moves through food chain affecting adversely the higher trophic levels including humans. While engineering techniques to remediate metal contaminated sites are costly and energy intensive, phytoremediation with suitable plant species is a low cost, easy and eco-friendly technique, which uses solar energy in the process. Using suitable non-edible plants makes the process of remediation safe and sustainable. The present study was therefore, carried out to study growth, Cr tolerance and phytoremediation potential of three ornamental plant species Sansevieria trifasciata, Canna indica (L) and Nephrolepis exaltata (L) for removal of chromium from soil. Pot culture experiments were conducted in greenhouse using soils artificially spiked with chromium (Cr250, Cr500, Cr750 mg/kg soil). Tolerance to different concentrations of Cr varied with the plant species as reflected by the trends and magnitude of change in aboveground and belowground biomass. Leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid were quite tolerant at Cr250 for all the species, and up to Cr500 for Sansevieria. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed elevated activity in aboveground parts at Cr250, while catalase (CAT) activity declined in response to the metal. All the three species showed significant accumulation of Cr, and more so in the belowground parts. Total Cr phytoextraction was the highest in N. exaltata, followed by C. indica and S. trifasciata. In all the three species, bioconcentration factor (BCF) was >1, indicating the suitability of these species for phytoremediation of chromium contaminated soils.
Determination of Arsenic Uptake Potential in An Edible Plant Species (Trigonellna foenum- granecum) and Assessment of Human Health Risk
Authors: Kaalieswari K. Gnaana Sri , Chakraborty Dr. Deep , Mukhopadhyay Krishnendu
Published: September 2021

Arsenic is a carcinogenic and toxic element that possesses a high health risk from its presence in crops, water, and soil. The present study has been conducted by fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-granecum) seeds which is a very common spice used for cooking, especially in India. An equal number of seeds have been germinated in laboratory conditions. Three concentrations e.g. 1, 2, and, 3 mg/L of arsenite (As+3) and arsenate (As+5) salt solutions were used throughout the experiments for the treatment of plants. After 10 days of germination, the concentration of the arsenic accumulated into the plant edible parts was estimated and health risk was assessed. Effects of arsenic concentration were observed through estimating the total chlorophyll (a, b, c), carotenoid content, and taking the fresh weight and dry weight of both the control and treatment plants. The results of the biochemical analysis revealed that chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were decreased than that of control plants. Moreover, fresh weight and dry weight results also showed lower values in treatments than in controls. The bioaccumulation factor results demonstrated that an increased level of soil arsenic doesn’t certainly result in high arsenic uptake by the Fenugreek plants. From the concentration estimated in the plant body, the health risk was assessed in adults and children and found that both adults and children having a potential health risk upon consumption of fenugreek. Moreover, Incremental Life Time Cancer Risk was found high (< 10-4) which indicates the presence of potential cancer risk. Hence, it is possible to conclude from the present study that fenugreek can bio-accumulate arsenic and it may be used as an indicator plant for arsenic-contaminated areas.
Ground Water Quality Assessment of Marble Mining Areas in Rajsamand District, Rajasthan, India
Authors: Rathore Kamod Kanwar , Singh Suraj Kumar
Published: September 2021

The present study represents the impact of marble mining and processing units on the quality of ground water in the Rajasamand district of Rajasthan state. For this work various water sampleswere collected from surrounding areas of the mining hub covering all the tehsil namely- Rajasmand, Amet, Bhim, Deogarh, Khamnor,Kumbhalgarh, and RailmangraofRajasamd district. The sample were analysed for various Physio- chemical parameters like-Electrical Conductivity(EC), pH, Total Hardness (TH), Dissolved Solids-Total (TDS), Sodium (Na+1) Potassium(K+1), Calcium (Ca+2), Magnesium (Mg+2), Chloride (Cl-1), Sulphate (SO4-2), Carbonate (CO3-2 ), Bicarbonate (HCO32), Nitrate(NO3-1) , Fluoride (F), the result of water quality parameters was compared with IS:10500-2012 drinking water specification. The finding of results indicates that the level of the certain parameters like TDS, TH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, NO3, andF exceed the limits of ground water stipulated by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). As per the observations, we must say that it may be possible that one of the egregious sourcesto polluting ground water in the region is marble mining and its allied activities. The present study is based on the sample collected and tested in the laboratory and it is an attempt to determine the physio- chemical characteristics of ground water in the marble mining area of the Rajasamand district in Rajasthan state of India.
Impacts of Urban Floods on Road Connectivity - A Review and Systematic Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Kadaverugu Ashok , Gorthi Kasi Viswanadh , Chintala Nageshwar Rao
Published: September 2021

Urban floods are paralyzing surface transportation and inflicting heavy economic losses. Climate-induced increase in frequency and intensity of rainfalls and excessive urbanization makes urban centers even more vulnerable to floods. It is necessary to quantify all dimensions of losses caused to road connectivity to improve flood mitigation policy. There is a need to consolidate the existing body of peer-reviewed contemporary literature on flood inundation modeling and its impacts on road connectivity. This will improve the awareness of policymakers and researchers and help in science-based decision making. Articles archived in the Web of Science database having the keywords floods and road in their title published between 1977 and 2020 were analyzed using the blibliometrix library of R. Analysis shows that the flood inundation and flood extent modeling has evolved from the conventional hydrological models to the near real-time crowd-sourced modeling methods. Applications of geographical information systems and advanced remote sensing methods have been growing in identifying road network vulnerabilities. We observed a gap in harmonized data availability, due to the unstructured data formats at several scales, which hinders a generalized approach for flood risk modeling studies for urban planning. Concentrated efforts have to be made to fill the gaps in data availability and research methodologies, especially using crowd-sourced data. Further, efforts have to be made to increase awareness, early warning systems, and alternate transport networks, to make the cities less vulnerable to floods.
Anthropogenic Ecological Changes and Spill Over of Viruses - A Review
Authors: Mahajan Monica , Bhardwaj Khushboo
Published: September 2021

Biodiversity protects ecosystem against infectious diseases. Increased human contact with wild life have caused high impact diseases such as SARS, Novel Corona virus, Nipah Virus, Ebola fever and many more. Anthropogenic activities such as hunting, farming, human encroachments, wild life trade, introduction of domestic species, bush meat hunting, road building, mining and increased human wildlife contact rates have lead to massive decline in biodiversity and increased risk of spilling over of dangerous viruses from animals to humans primarily due to host shifts. Human preference to high meat diet is also on rise in many countries. Wet markets have significant contribution in amplifying epizootic virus transmission and increased human exposure. Species in the primate and bat orders harbor a number of zoonotic viruses. Our destruction of nature, loss of habitat and biodiversity possibly tend to promote viral emergence. Invasion of undisturbed places leads to more and more exposure and create habitat where viral transmission is easier. Interference with a natural environment/habitat can, therefore, worsen the health risks. The erosion of biodiversity may lead to proliferation of species that are most likely to transmit new diseases to humans. Preserving habitat, biodiversity and natural environment is therefore one of the essential issues that cannot be put at the back any more.
Current Status of the Endangered Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista Gangetica), the Aquatic Megafauna in the Brahmaputra River System
Authors: Bordoloi Bobita , Saharia Samujjal
Published: September 2021

The Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is the most charismatic aquatic species inhabiting rivers of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. It is an endangered species that occurs both in the Brahmaputra and Barak river systems in Assam (India). In the Brahmaputra river system, the occurence of ‘hihu’ is primarily confirmed in the mainstream Brahmaputra, the Kulsi river of Kamrup district, and the Subansiri river of Lakhimpur district. The dolphins inhabit river confluences or tributary junctions followed by river meanderings with the prevalence of eddy counter-currents and prey-fish abundance. Of late, it has been observed that river dolphin population has declined at an alarming rate due to the potential threats including poaching for dolphin oil, by-catch, overfishing, net entanglements, sand mining, habitat destruction through aquatic pollution, construction of dams, and lack of awareness. The species is left only in certain pockets of the Brahmaputra River. Thus, there is an urgent need for the conservation of this endangered species in its natural habitats. Effective protection of this endangered aquatic megafauna requires elimination and management of the potential threats. This review provides an overview of the distribution and population status, ecology, and management strategies and recommendation to increase awareness for its long-term conservation.
Distribution Trends and Source Diagnosis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments of Imiringi River
Authors: Aigberua Ayobami Omozemoje , Seiyaboh Enetimi Idah
Published: September 2021

The environmental menace caused by hydrocarbon releasing activities on water bodies have remained a cause for great concern. Such activities are accompanied by the release of highly toxic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are easily biomagnified across the food chain, ultimately aggravating adverse health conditions in human. This study was aimed at identifying the most important environmental contributors of PAHs in sediments of the Imiringi river. Owing to the activities of oil facilities among other anthropogenic influences, water bodies are inundated with hydrocarbon pollutants which settle within river bed sediments, thereby, playing an important role in the redistribution of contaminants. The applied diagnostic ratios (Phenanthrene/Anthracene, Fluorene/Fluorene + Pyrene, Fluoranthene/Fluoranthene + Pyrene, pyrogenic index and total index) revealed the presence of mixed source of PAHs (pyrogenic and petrogenic). PAH concentrations ranged from <0.01 to 3,965.4 µg/kg with most detected compounds exceeding regulatory limits. The high molecular mass PAHs (4 - 6 ring HPAHs) represents the primary source showing 94.29% distribution, while the low molecular mass PAHs (2 - 3 ring LPAHs) recorded trace concentrations of about 5.71% of total PAHs. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and Dibenz(a,h)anthracene as principal PAH components in the environment. In addition, Pearson correlation showed Benzo(k)fluoranthene and Benzo(b)fluoranthene as the most positively correlating PAH species in sediment. Overall, the midstream section of the river was relatively more polluted than the up and down-river locations. Most notably, HPAHs recorded higher concentrations than the LPAHs. This may be due to intensive agricultural practices such as bush incineration, while waste dumps along the river bank remain tangible pyrogenic PAH contributors. On the other hand, trace amounts of observed petrogenic PAHs in some locations are possibly spill-over’s from oil bunkering activities and infiltrations from nearby oil installations.
Stroke rehabilitation and recovery
Authors: Isaacs-Itua Alifa , Wong Sancho
Published: September 2021

Stroke is the UK's leading cause of disability. Stroke rehabilitation can maximise recovery and improve quality of life. This article discusses some post-stroke impairments, including hemiplegia, dysphagia, communication impairments and neglect, and how rehabilitation can address these. Developing techniques of adaptation or compensation is vital, since the extent of stroke recovery is dependent on successful neuroplasticity, with healthy neurons adapting to compensate for damaged ones.
Effects of different forms of communication on knowledge, attitudes and practices related to antibiotics smart use by undergraduate students in different faculties
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Ucharattana T , Naktang N ,   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chanaveroj S ,   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Wanwattanakul P ,   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Hittrawat S ,   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Sastraruji T ,   Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Sookkhee S ,   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University
Published: September 2021

Objectives To investigate correlations among different forms of communications and the knowledge, attitudes and practices of undergraduate students related to antibiotics smart use. Methods Correlations of knowledges, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotics and different forms of communications among third year students of three faculties, Associated Medical Sciences (AMS), Engineering (ENG) and Economics (ECON), were computed using a questionnaire and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis. Results The highest correct knowledge and practices scores were exhibited by AMS students: 3.17 ± 1.12 (p < 0.001) and 4.08 ± 0.67 (p = 0.001), respectively. Gender, the only personal factor, was significantly correlated with negative attitudes and practices among Engineering and Economics students. Correct knowledge scores were significantly correlated with the method of communication. Only weak relationships were found with communication from medical practitioners among AMS and Engineering students, r = 0.278 (p = 0.004); and r = 0.295 (p < 0.001). Correlations were also weak for radio, television, and print media among the Engineering students, r = 0.287, (p = 0.003). A moderate relationship was found with communication from the internet in Engineering students, r=0.311 (p < 0.001), health posters or brochures, and family or close friends of the AMS students, r =0.329, (p = 0.001), and r = 0.305, (p = 0.001), respectively. Other correlations were not statistically significant. Conclusion Antibiotics Smart Use (ASU) is an innovative model to promote the rational use of medicines, fight against the irrational use of antibiotics, and counteract antimicrobial resistance. The present study revealed that the information regarding antibiotics smart use provided via various forms of communications should be provided to improve the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding antibiotics smart use among undergraduate students
Risk factors and severity of acute liver injury in non-chronic liver disease and chronic liver disease patients
Authors:   Internal Medicine Department, Somdejphrajaotaksin Maharaj Hospital, Tak, Kerdsin S , Norasetkun R ,   Somdejphrajaotaksin Maharaj Hospital Medical Education Center, Somdejphrajaotaksin Maharaj Hospital, Tak, Khamwang W ,   Somdejphrajaotaksin Maharaj Hospital Medical Education Center, Somdejphrajaotaksin Maharaj Hospital, Tak, Phensombun A ,   Somdejphrajaotaksin Maharaj Hospital Medical Education Center, Somdejphrajaotaksin Maharaj Hospital, Tak
Published: September 2021

Objectives To study factors related to acute liver injury and compare the severity and risk of those factors in patients with and without chronic liver disease. Methods This cross-sectional study of 323 patients admitted to Somdejphrajaotaksin Maharaj Hospital between 1 January and 30 September 2019, analyzing data collected on the clinical background, signs and symptoms, and laboratory results of those patients. Results Of the 323 patients in the study, 188 did not have chronic liver disease (58.2%) and 135 had chronic liver disease (41.8%). Risk factors for acute liver injury in the chronic liver disease group included bacterial infection (33.3%) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (4.4%), much significantly higher than the rates in the no chronic disease group. However, the risk factors excessive consumption of alcohol (30.3%) and dengue infection (11.2%) in the no chronic liver disease group were significantly higher than in the chronic disease group. Both groups had a high incidence of disease severity as well as a high incidence of complications and mortality, although the mortality rate was higher in the chronic liver disease group (15.0% vs. 6.9%). Conclusions The types and frequencies of risk factors for acute liver injury in patients with chronic liver disease and those with no chronic liver disease groups are different. The incidence of bacterial infection and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is higher in patients with chronic liver disease. The incidence of excessive alcohol consumption and dengue infection is much higher in patients without chronic liver disease. Both groups have high levels of disease severity, complications and mortality. Sepsis is the major cause of mortality, especially in patients with chronic liver disease.
Study of a nursing service model for patients with Non-ST Segment elevated acute coronary syndrome at Lampang Hospital
Authors:   Nursing Department, Lampang Hospital, Lertwiriyasathira S , Lorga T ,   School of Nursing Mae Fah Luang University
Published: September 2021

Objectives This study aimed to examine the outcome of a nursing service model for patients with Non-ST segment elevated acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) at Lampang Hospital. Methods This research and development study, conducted between July 2019 and March 2020, was based on the concept of clinical governance. The subjects included 133 registered nurses and 275 NSTE-ACS patients. The study was divided into four phases: 1) situational analysis, 2) development of a nursing service model, 3) implementation of the model and 4) evaluation of the model. Data were collected using focus groups, questionnaires and patients records. Descriptive statistics and paired t-test were used in the analysis. Results Patient outcome categories consisted of time to emergency assessment (TEA), time to electrocardiogram (TEKG), receipt of timely emergency intervention (TEI), length of stay (LOS) and mortality rate. The average TEA and TEKG (in minutes) after implementation of the nursing service model decreased from 15.04 ± 11.12 to 9.26 ± 7.55 minutes and 17.84 ± 15.96 to 13.76 ± 9.46 minutes, respectively. Of the NSTE-ACS patients, 64.57% received TEI. LOS decreased from 6.32 ± 8.29 to 5.69 ± 4.30 days. The mortality rate was 5.71% compared to 9.80%, 13.78% and 9.48% in the three respective years preceding the study. Knowledge and skills of registered nurses increased significantly following implementation of the model (p < 0.001). Conclusion The specialist nursing services model for NSTE-ACS patients based on clinical governance was effective in improving the quality of care as well as nurses competencies.
Tibial tray debonding from the cement mantle is associated with deformation of the backside of polyethylene tibial inserts
Authors: Bhalekar Rohan M. , Nargol Matthew E. , Shyam Nish , Nargol Antoni V. F. , Wells Stephen R. , Collier Ryan , Pabbruwe Moreica , Joyce Thomas J. , Langton David J.
Published: September 2021

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate whether wear and backside deformation of polyethylene (PE) tibial inserts may influence the cement cover of tibial trays of explanted total knee arthroplasties (TKAs).

Methods

At our retrieval centre, we measured changes in the wear and deformation of PE inserts using coordinate measuring machines and light microscopy. The amount of cement cover on the backside of tibial trays was quantified as a percentage of the total surface. The study involved data from the explanted fixed-bearing components of four widely used contemporary designs of TKA (Attune, NexGen, Press Fit Condylar (PFC), and Triathlon), revised for any indication, and we compared them with components that used previous generations of PE. Regression modelling was used to identify variables related to the amount of cement cover on the retrieved trays.

Results

A total of 114 explanted fixed-bearing TKAs were examined. This included 76 used with contemporary PE inserts which were compared with 15 used with older generation PEs. The Attune and NexGen (central locking) trays were found to have significantly less cement cover than Triathlon and PFC trays (peripheral locking group) (p = 0.001). The median planicity values of the PE inserts used with central locking trays were significantly greater than of those with peripheral locking inserts (205 vs 85 microns; p < 0.001). Attune and NexGen inserts had a characteristic pattern of backside deformation, with the outer edges of the PE deviating inferiorly, leaving the PE margins as the primary areas of articulation.

Conclusion

Explanted TKAs with central locking mechanisms were significantly more likely to debond from the cement mantle. The PE inserts of these designs showed characteristic patterns of deformation, which appeared to relate to the manufacturing process and may be exacerbated in vivo. This pattern of deformation was associated with PE wear occurring at the outer edges of the articulation, potentially increasing the frictional torque generated at this interface. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(12):1791–1801.
Advanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) Based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Compared With CBT-I: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kim Seonyeop , Shin Yoon Jung , Park Bomi , Park Sunyoung , Shin Jung-Won
Published: September 2021

Objectives: Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the first line treatment for insomnia. However, many patients remain with sleep disturbances even after undergoing CBT-I, and those with short sleep durations have shown fewer gains. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is one of the third wave of behavioral therapies, and it is useful in helping patients get flexibility of mind. Therefore, we incorporated its components into CBT-I, came up with an advanced CBT-I program that involves cognitive behavior therapy based on ACT, and examined its efficacy in comparison to that of CBT-I. Methods: Patients with chronic primary insomnia were recruited at the memory center of CHA University Hospital from June to August 2020. To examine the efficacy of advanced CBT-I compared to that of CBT-I, the patients (n=16) were assigned to two groups (CBT-I: n=6; advanced CBT-I: n=10). The patients in each group were treated for 4 weeks (8 sessions). The quality of sleep, severity of insomnia, sleepiness, depression, anxiety, acceptance, efforts to sleep, and dysfunctional beliefs concerning sleep were assessed with self-report questionnaires. Results: The severity of insomnia, quality of sleep, depression, anxiety, acceptance, efforts to sleep, and dysfunctional beliefs concerning sleep improved after both CBT-I and advanced CBT-I treatment. Conclusions: This study examined the efficacy of advanced CBT-I in improving the severity of insomnia, sleep quality, and other symptoms related to sleep. The results suggest that components of ACT were useful for insomnia.
Sleep in Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Park Jin
Published: September 2021

Sleep disturbances are common among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU); however, these issues tend to receive less attention because critical care is prioritized in seriously ill patients. Recent studies have reported that sleep disturbances in patients admitted to the ICU are associated with delirium, weakened immunity, long-term cognitive decline, and persistent sleep disorders. Sleep disturbances in the ICU are attributable to the disease per se and also to the ICU environment that is not conducive to good sleep. Continuous exposure to light and noise are major environmental risk factors that disrupt the circadian rhythm and interfere with deep sleep. Sleep analysis using polysomnography in patients admitted to the ICU typically reveals increase in sleep latency, sleep fragmentation, and decreased stage N3 and rapid eye movement sleep, which are associated with poor prognosis even in patients with severe neurological conditions, including traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage. Polysomnography is the gold standard for objective evaluation of sleep; however, its applicability is limited in ICU settings, and novel methods such as continuous electroencephalographic spectral analysis and actigraphy have recently been proposed in clinical practice. Efforts to reduce nighttime light and noise (which are modifiable environmental factors) can improve sleep quality. In this article, the author reviews the studies that discuss characteristics of sleep disturbances, the associated risk factors and their correlation with prognosis among patients admitted to the ICU, as well as possible strategies to improve sleep quality in this patient population.
Sleep Disorders and Risk of Motor Vehicle Accident
Authors: Yim Soo Hwan , Cho Jae Wook , Sunwoo Jun-Sang , Kim Daeyoung , Koo Dae Lim , Im Hee-Jin , Kim Hyeyun , Kim Kyung Min , Yang Kwang IK ,   On behalf of the Korean Sleep Research Society
Published: September 2021

Driving is a complicated process that demands coordination between a range of neurocognitive functions, including attention, visuo-perception, and appropriate judgment, as well as sensory and motor responses. Therefore, several factors may reduce the driving performance of an individual, such as sleepiness, distraction, overspeeding, alcohol consumption, and sedative drugs, all of which increase the hazard of motor vehicle accidents. Among them, drowsy driving is a major cause of traffic accidents, leading to more serious injuries as compared to other causes of major traffic accidents. Although sleep disorders have been highly associated among drowsy drivers, they are often untreated and unrecognized as a disease. In particular, obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy are some sleep disorders that are highly related to traffic accidents. Insomnia, which can cause inadequate sleep duration and promote sedative effects from sleeping pills, may also cause traffic accidents. These conditions are especially applicable to commercial bus or truck drivers, nocturnal workers, and shift workers, who are highly vulnerable to drowsy driving. Therefore, assertive screening and management of sleep disorders are necessary in general private drivers and relevant occupational drivers.
“I don’t care if they call me black”: the impact of organisation and racism in Canadian and Swedish nursing homes
Authors: Storm Palle , Lowndes Ruth
Published: September 2021

Nursing homes for seniors are an integral part of the Canadian and Swedish welfare states; however, daily work takes place within different organisational contexts. In contrast to Sweden, Canadian nursing homes are larger, have lower staffing levels and are oriented towards a medical care model. In both countries, shaped by staffing shortages, there are more racialised workers employed in the care sector. Earlier research has noted how racialised staff might be exposed to racism from residents. In this study, we explore care workers’ experiences of racism and their perceptions of how racism is managed in the different organisational contexts.
Snapshot spectroscopic Mueller matrix polarimetry based on spectral modulation with increased channel bandwidth
Authors: Quan Naicheng , Zhang Chunmin , Mu Tingkui , Li Siyuan , You Caiyin
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a snapshot spectroscopic Mueller matrix polarimetry based on spectral modulation. The polarization state generator consists of a linear polarizer in front of two high-order retarders, and the polarization state analyzer is formed by two non-polarization beam splitters incorporated with three high-order retarder/linear analyzer pairs. It can simultaneously generate three modulated spectra used for reconstructing the 16 spectroscopic Mueller elements of the sample. Since each of the modulated spectra produces seven separate channels equally spaced in the Fourier domain, the channel bandwidth can be enhanced efficiently compared with the conventional spectrally modulated spectroscopic Mueller matrix polarimetry. The feasibility of the proposed spectroscopic Mueller matrix polarimetry is demonstrated by the experimental measurement of an achromatic quarter-wave plate.
Compact Q-switched Nd:YAG single-crystal fiber laser with 794 nm laser diode pumping
Authors: Liu Xiaoqin , Dai Yun , Huang Shengjun , Liu Jie , Wu Anhua , Su Liangbi
Published: September 2021

A promising Nd:YAG single-crystal fiber (SCF) was successfully fabricated by the laser-heated pedestal growth method. The compact passively Q-switched laser has been realized for the first time with a 794 nm laser diode pumping. Pulsed laser performances of this SCF were investigated in detail with a flat-flat resonator. Under the absorbed pump power of 2.50 W, the peak power of 274.24 W was obtained with 19.41 ns pulse duration width and 65.94 kHz repetition rate.
Smart Bins: Fallstudienbasierte Bewertung der Nutzenpotenziale von Füllstandssensoren in intelligenten Abfallbehältern
Authors: Hoffmann David , Franz Ruben , Hawlitschek Florian , Jahn Nico
Published: September 2021

Smart City-Strategien, gesellschaftliche Trends und übergeordnete Nachhaltigkeitsziele erfordern neuartige Ansätze in der Abfallentsorgung. Zentrales Element stellt dabei die Weiterentwicklung konventioneller Abfallbehälter zu intelligenten „Smart Bins“ dar. Hier verspricht insbesondere der Einsatz von Sensorik zur Erkennung von Füllgraden eine effizientere und effektivere Abhollogistik. Abfallbehälter werden üblicherweise in fest definierten Intervallen, unabhängig vom Füllgrad, geleert. Während eine verfrühte Abholung unnötige Aufwände und Emissionen zur Folge haben kann, kann eine zu späte Abholung in überfüllten Behältern und Littering-Verhalten resultieren. Zusätzlich kann der Einsatz von Sensorik in Abfallbehältern zur Verbesserung des Standplatzservice, einem besseren Behältermanagement und zu neuartigen digitalen Services beitragen. Der Einsatz von Sensorik erfordert jedoch ein Verständnis der technischen Rahmenbedingungen und den Möglichkeiten einer zielgerichteten Verwendung. Sensorik wird in der Branche noch nicht umfassend eingesetzt, auch die aktuelle Forschungslage ist fragmentiert und stützt sich überwiegend auf Simulationsstudien oder praktische Untersuchungen in laborähnlichen Szenarien. Dieser Artikel zeigt daher konkret die verschiedenen Ausprägungsformen einer sensorbasierten Messung von Behälterfüllgraden auf. Basierend auf einer multiplen Fallstudie mit drei Entsorgungsunternehmen werden anhand des praktischen Einsatzes von Sensoren zentrale Herausforderungen, Empfehlungen für weitere Pilotprojekte und Anforderungen an zukünftige Entwicklungen abgeleitet. Dieser Artikel bietet damit einerseits eine theoretisch und praktisch fundierte Entscheidungshilfe für Entsorgungsunternehmen, welche den Einsatz von Füllstandssensoren erwägen. Andererseits werden Wissenschaft und Praxis aufgerufen, die skizzierten Lösungsansätze für die identifizierten Herausforderungen mitzugestalten.
So Many Silenced, So Many Unnamed, an excerpt
Authors: Earl Amanda
Published: September 2021

So Many Silenced, So Many Unnamed (SMS/SMU) is part of the ‘Vispo Bible’, a life’s work I began in 2015 to translate every book, chapter and verse of the Bible into visual poetry. I have translated over 330 pages of the Old and New Testaments so far. The goals of SMS/SMU are to celebrate and centre women, their resilience and strength, their accomplishments and their lives, to grieve for and remember those who have been unnamed, murdered and those who are missing, to support and show solidarity with women who are currently the targets of online bullying and cyberstalking; challenging the hateful and harmful attitudes that continue to exist about women while foregrounding the textilic aspect of language; how language itself is material.
Digital media may cultivate awareness and responsibility in users: A case for optimism
Authors: Gorman Lawrence , Polski Maria
Published: September 2021

If every technology has a bias, then the biases of digital communication technologies include broad superficial contact, unreflective behaviours, and tribalism on the one hand, and cosmopolitan attitudes and a wider circle of care on the other hand. Digital media can help develop awareness and responsibility – if humanity consciously works against the dangerous biases of this medium. To maximize the benefits of digital media, we propose that school curricula focus more on understanding cognitive biases, recognizing nuances and postponing judgement. This article describes a theoretical framework for this change in curricula. Challenges to the ideas of this article are addressed in Appendix 2 through ‘Disputation between the Sceptic and the Believer’.