bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activity of Insecticides Against

Heliothis

Spp. Eggs in Mississippi, 1983
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Conley Jim
Published: March 2022

A small plot study was conducted at Mississippi State Univ. to evaluate the effects of Zectran, Ambush, and Fundal on Heliothis spp. eggs. Plots were located on the Plant Sci. Res. Farm. Pretreatment observations detected Heliothis spp. eggs on .75% of the plants in the field. All treatments were replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was four rows (38-in. rows) by 60 ft with two buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.6 gal/acre at 30 lb/in2 through two TX-4 nozzles/row. Heliothis spp. eggs were collected and placed on egg cards similar to those used in Trichogramma spp. studies. Twenty eggs were collected in each plot and observed under a stereo-microscope at 48 h posttreatment. To distinguish between true ovicidal activity and mortality of neonate larvae, data were recorded on mortality before and after eclosion from the chorion.
Effect of Pesticides on Nontarget Insects in Imperial Valley, California Cotton, 1982
Authors: Mollet J.A. , Savacherian V.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides applied for pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) and the Heliothis complex of zea (Boddie) and virescens (F.) were evaluated for their effects on nontarget, mostly predaceous insect species. Cotton was planted 7 Apr. and divided into plots 130 ft by 8 cotton rows, arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications of each treatment. Materials were applied with a Hi-Cycle 600 Sprayer at a pressure of 55 to 60 lb/in2 and a rate of 20 gal/acre. Five flat-fan nozzles per cotton row were used, with applications occuring 22 and 28 July. Samples were collected with a D-Vac suction sampler, with 25 suctions per plot at each date at one sample, and processed through Berlese funnels for subsequent microscopic examination. Insects recorded were immature thrips (IT) Frankliniella occidentalis (FR), Scirtothrips citri (SC), immature and adult Orius sp. (10 and AO), Nabis sp. (IN and AN), Geocoris sp. (IG and AG), Chrysopa sp. (IC and AC), and Reduviidae (IR and AR).
Chemical Control of the Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Oklahoma, 1983
Authors: Mussett Kevin , Price Richard , Karner Miles , Young Jerry
Published: March 2022

The results of three 1983 tests are given in this report. Tests 1 and 2 were performed at the South Central Res. Stn. Chickasha, Okla. Test 3 was done at the irrigation Res. Stn., Altus, Okla. The soil at Chickasha is a Tuttle silt clay loam and that at Altus is a Tillman holister clay loam. Tests 1 and 2 were planned 5 June at the rate of 18 lb/acre and Test 3 was planted 19 May at 22 lb/acre. Plot sizes varied among tests with Tests 1, 2, and 3 consisting of 8 row by 46 m, 8 row by 58 m, and 8 row by 76 m, respectively. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used for each test. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 at Chickasha and a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 at Altus. The John Deere spraying unit was replaced with a Marco system equipped with a roller pump powered by a 3 hp Briggs and Stratton gasoline engine. Spray applications were made at a speed of 4.5 mph, at 40 lb/in2 , with a total of 5 gal/acre through one no. 8 hollow cone nozzle per row. Applications were made 4, 10, 18, 25, and 31 Aug. for Test 1; 3, 10, 18, 25, and 31 Aug. for test 2; and 11, 18, and 24 Aug. for Test 3. Plots were irrigated with approximately 1 inch of water per irrigation. Irrigation dates were as follows: Test 1, 22 and 29 July, 13 Aug., and 2 Sept.; Test 2, 25 Jul., 1 and 15 Aug., and 3 Sept.; Test 3, 14 and 26 July, 8, 16, and 26 Aug., 2 and 9 Sept.
Effect of Various Insecticides on Beneficial Insects and Spiders in Cotton, 1982
Authors: Price J. Rex , Slosser J.E. , Puterka G.J.
Published: March 2022

Lockett 77 cotton was planted on 4 June in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were 12 rows wide by 100 ft long. One irrigation was applied on 22 to 23 July and plots were sidedressed with 72 lb N/acre on 8 July. Numbers of beneficials were determined semiweekly with 50 sweep net samples in each plot. Insects were taken to the laboratory, frozen and counted. Insecticides were applied with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 Ground Sprayer employing drops and three nozzles per row, and at a rate of 10 gal/acre. Adults and nymphs were included in counts of insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts. An extremely heavy Heliothis spp. egg lay occurred on 5 Aug.; but 0.86 in. rain fell on 7 to 8 Aug.; and spraying was delayed until the field dried sufficiently for entry of equipment. All plots wer sampled on 11 Aug and treatments were applied early morning on 12 Aug. Heliothis spp. 3rd-to 6th-stage larvae were collected from plots on 20 Aug. Larvae could not be found in all plots, so collections from each treatment were grouped together. Larvae were fed in the laboratory on pinto bean diet and observed for parasite emergence. Dead pupae and larvae were dissected to determine if they were parasitized. Heliothis spp. larvae and damage were sampled semiweekly before and after insecticide application.
Lygus Bug Control on Cotton, 1983
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F.
Published: March 2022

Two applications of insecticides for lygus bug control were made on Acala SJ-2 cotton planted 16 April at the Univ. of California West Side Field St. (Five Points, Fresno County, Calif.). Individual plots were 24 rows wide (40-in centers) and 150 ft long, replicated four tmes in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were made with a high clearance ground sprayer (Hagie 470) equipped with drop booms, through five nozzles per row delivering 25 gal/acre at 40 lb/in2 . Application dates were 2 to 3 Aug. and 29 to 30 Aug. (Zectran at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre was not retreated). On 17 Aug. an application of Comite 6.5E at 1.4 lb (AI)/acre was made toan eight-row subplot in each plot; insect and mite counts were not made in these subplots although yield was recorded. Sweep net (lygus bugs) and D-Vac (lygus bugs and predators) samples were taken 1, 6, 14, 21, 30, and 35 days posttreatment. Spider mite counts were made on 17 Aug. and 1 Sept. by sampling 100 mainstem leaves (eighth unfolded leaf below terminal) per treatment (25 per replicate) and processing through a sodium hypochlorite wash system. Yields were determined by mechanical harvest of the center four rows of each subplot. Sweep net samples 1 day pretreatment averaged 22.5 L. hesperus per 50 net sweeps.
Control of Spider Mites on Cotton, 1983
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were applied to ‘Acala SJ-2’ cotton planted 3 May near Shafter, Calif., in rows spaced at 40 in. Individual plots were eight rows wide and 100 ft long. Treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block design and applied 8 to 9 July. Applications were made by high clearance sprayer equipped with drop booms using five hollow cone nozzles per row delivering 25 gal/acre at 40 lb/in2 . Mainstem leaves (25 per replicate, eight unfolded leaf below mainstem terminal) were sampled on five posttreatment dates and procesed through a sodium hypochlorite wash system. Counts were made of all active stages of the Tetranychid complex. Mite counts were transformed by x + 0.5 for statistical analysis. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting two center rows of each plot on 9 Nov.
Control of Small, Medium and Large Corn Earworms and Impact of Treatments on Nabids and Total Predators on Peanuts in Alabama, 1983
Authors: Deighan J. , Backman C. B. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted on peanuts planted in a light clay loam soil at the Wiregrass Substation of the Auburn University Ag. Expt Station at Headland, Ala. Three treatments and an untreated check were replicated two times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 0.25 acres (ca. 25 rows by 150 ft) using a 36-in. row spacing with each ‘row’ being two 7-in. separated double rows. Treatments were applied on 12 Aug. with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with three TX6 hollow cone nozzles per row operating at 40 lb/in2 and delivering 15 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides. Corn earworm larvae, nabids, and predators were sight identified, counted and recorded. Corn earworm larvae were separated into small, medium, and large. Three samples from each plot were taken 3, 5, and 12 days postspray 15, 17 and 24 Aug.
Control of Small, Medium, and Large Corn Earworms and Effect of Treatments on Nabids and Geocorids on Peanuts in Alabama, 1983
Authors: Deighan J. , Backman C. B. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted on peanuts planted in a light clay loam soil at the Auburn Univ. Wiregrass Agric. Exp. Substn. of Headland, Ala. Six treatments and an untreated check were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.011 acre plot was four rows wide (36-in. row spacing, each ‘row’ consisting of two 7-in. separated double rows) and 40 ft long. Treatments were applied on 12 Aug. with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with three TX6 hollow cone nozzles per row operating at 40 lb/in2 and delivering 15 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3 ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides. Corn earworm larvae were identified and assigned a classification of small (instars, 1 to 2), medium (instars, 3 to 4), or large instars 5+). They were then counted and recorded along with any predaceous arthropods present. Three samples from each plot were taken 3, 5, and 10 days postspray (15, 17, and 22 Aug.).
Apple, Synthetic Pyrethroid Evaluation Test, 1983
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Meagher Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots (8-yr-old) in a randomized block design consisting of two replicates ‘York Imperial,’ two replicates of ‘Stayman,’ and two replicates of ‘Delicious.’ Treatments were applied with a Myers Mighty Mist Sprayer at 50 gal/acre per full spray driven at 2 mph. Spray dates for the alternate side treatments were: 8 and 17 Jun., 9 and 19 Aug. For the 8 and 17 Jun. sprays an error in calibration resulted in 16% less material applied. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts per acre per both sides spray. Effectiveness on the AA was evaluated by counting aphid infested leaves per 20 terminals. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on sample of 15 leaves per tree, 90 leaves per treatment. Effects of sprays on the predator S.punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 July and one harvest sample on 20 Sept. Apple samples averaged 63 fruits per replicate, 378 fruits per treatment.
Seed Treatments for Rice Water Weevil Control, 1983
Authors: Morgan D. R. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: March 2022

Rice seed was treated with insecticides 25 May. For each treatment 2 lb of seed were combined with the insecticide in a seed treater similar to a concrete mixer. In Test I each insecticide was mixed with water in sufficient quantity to thoroughly coat the seed and 3% Methocel Gel was added to Ectiban and Demon. In Test II insecticides were mixed with water or acetone. A sticker consisting of equal volumes of water, glycerin, and 75% ethanol was added to each seed-treatment in Test II during mixing. The seed was air dried and packaged in paper bags. The 4 by 15 ft plots were planted 26 May and flooded 28 June. Furadan 3G was applied 6 Jul. All plots were sampled for root-feeding larvae 19 and 20 July by taking 5 soil cores (9 cm dia by 7 cm deep) from the drill rows of each plot. Cores were processed by washing through a #40 US Standard testing sieve and floating the larvae out in brine.
Chemical Control of Earhead Pests of Sorghum Field Trial 1982
Authors: Balasubramanian G. , Chelliah S.
Published: March 2022

To evaluate the efficacy of six spray and three dust formulations of insecticides against the sorghum earhead midge and bug, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (3 replicates) with an untreated check. The variety ‘CSH 5’ was sown with a spacing of 45 by 15 cm with a plot size of 6.75 m2 .
Green Cloverworm Control Demonstration in Soybeans, 1983
Authors: Gallaher Martin L. , Kowalski Edward
Published: March 2022

Essex variety was planted 1 June in a Tiptonville slit loam soil on the Univ. of Missouri-Delta Center Lee Farm near Portageville (Pemiscot County), Mo. Eight-row plots, 200 ft. long were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied 2 Sept. at a rate of 4 gal/acre, 30 lb/in2 , one nozzle per row with a Hahn high clearance sprayer. Twelve feet of row was sampled (drop cloth method) at 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days posttreatment.
Foliar-Applied Insecticide Treatments on Soybeans, 1983
Authors: Hammond Ronald B. , Nettleton Elaine
Published: March 2022

Ninety plots were located 3 miles west of Hebron, Ohio. Plots measured 50 ft by four rows (30-in. centers). Experimental design was a randomized complete block, three blocks each with 30 treatments, including four check plots. Treatments were applied on 16 Aug., with a four-row, CO2-charged bicycle sprayer. Liquid output was 49.9 ml/sec at 40 lb/in2 (28.7 gal/acre) for all compounds. Spray nozzles were Tee Jet TX6 Brass Tip. Weather conditions at application were: partly sunny, ca. 80°F, humid, with no breeze. Soybean plants were at growth stage R5. Plants were sampled following treatment with a 15-in. diam. sweep net (20 sweeps per plot) on 19 Aug. (3 days posttreatment), 22 Aug. (6 days posttreatment), and 30 Aug. (14 days posttreatment). Samples were examined in the laboratory for Mexican bean beetle (MBB) adults and larvae and green cloverworm (GCW) larvae. Soybeans were examined on all sampling dates for signs of phytotoxicity. Soybeans were hand harvested on 27 Sept. All insect numbers were transformed prior to analysis by X + 0.5; means presented are pretransformed data.
Yellow Woollybear Control in Soybeans, 1983
Authors: Ragsdale David W. , Cranshaw Whitney S. , Loughran James
Published: March 2022

‘Hodgson’ soybeans were planted 28 May to 30-in. rows at the Rosemount Agric. Exp. Stn., Rosemount, Minn. Plots were 6-row, 30 ft in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Applications were made 30 Aug. using a CO2, compressed air spray delivering 20 gal/acre at 35 lb/in2. Plots were evaluated 2 Sep. by counting all living larvae found on 24 ft of the center two rows. The woollybear population during the course of the experiment included a wide range of larval maturities.
Sugar Beet Root Maggot Control, 1983
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Gallian John J.
Published: March 2022

Sugar beets were grower planted on 5 May, near Paul, Idaho, in a field of Portneuf silt loam soil with surface irrigation. A representative area of the field was selected for insecticide applications. Granular insecticides for the at-planting treatment were applied on 6 May, 1 day after planting, in a 5-in. band over the planted row and incorporated with rakes to stimulate an actual at-planting application. Post emergence treatments were applied on 13 Jun. Granular products were injected in a 1-in. band 3 in. to the water side of the beet row 2 in. deep. Foliar treatments were applied in a 7-in. band over the row, in 104 gal of water per acre, with a CO2, pressurized backpack sprayer at 30 lb/in2 using 8004 flat fan nozzles. Plots were 1 row by 30 ft with treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design and four replications. Ten beet roots from each plot were rated for maggot feeding damage on 15 July. The rating scale was: 0, no scars; 1,1 to 4 small scars of pinhead size; 2, 5 to 10 small scars to 3 large scars; 3, more than 3 large scars; 4, 1/2 to 3/4 root area blackened by scars; 5, more than 3/4 of root area damaged.
Sugarcane Borer Control, Effects on Nontarget Arthropods, 1980
Authors: Flynn J. L. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

A large-plot field trial evaluation of full-season sugarcane borer (SCB) control in sugarcane (first stubble crop, Cultivar CP61-37) with Guthion and Pydrin was conducted at Dugas-Leblanc Sugars near Paincourtville, La. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with treatments replicated six times and individual plots ca. 3 acres in size. Each spray concentrate was applied in water from aircraft to the sugarcane canopy at a rate of 2 gal finished formulation/acre/application. Insecticide applications were initiated after internodes were first visible above ground and whenever at least 5% of the stalks were infested with small (1st- to-3rd stage) SCB larvae in leafsheaths. Applications were repeated only when that level of infestation reoccurred in Pydrin-treated plots. Three applications of each insecticide were made ( 14 July, 13 Aug., 18 Sep.) Infestation levels were monitored weekly starting 2 weeks after each application. The efficacy of insecticide treatments in reducing sugarcane borer induced crop damage was determined 15 Oct., by comparing percent internodes bored in treated and untreated plots following examination of 100 stalks per plot for external signs of SCB entrance and exit holes. Nontarget ground associated arthropods were continuously sampled using two pitfall traps situated centrally (150 ft apart) in each plot and changed biweekly. Traps, consisting of 1 pt jars filled with 2 in. of 70% ethanol and 1/4 in. of mineral oil, were imbedded on the row and covered by a 9 in. diam disc supported by a tripod 1 in. above the jar and soil surface
Guthion vs. Several Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides for Control of the Sugarcane Borer (SCB), Large-Plot Field Trial, 1982
Authors: Hensley S. D. , White W. H. , Pollet D. K.
Published: March 2022

Foliar spray concentrates of four synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and Guthion were each applied from an airplane to a field of sugarcane (Var. CP 48-103 plant cane crop) at Johnson Plantation near Edgard, La. to control season-long SCB infestations. Untreated plots served as checks. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications of each treatment; individual plots consisted of 0.81 to 1.13 ha of sugarcane. Each spray concentrate was applied in water to the crop canopy on 18.3-m swath-widths at 18.7 liters of finished formulation/ha per application. Insecticides were first applied after sugarcane internodes were visible and when 5% of the stalks harbored small (1st to 3rd stage) SCB larvae in leaf sheaths. Applications were repeated when that level of infestation was again found in the plots treated with Guthion L; application dates were 10 Jul., 4 Aug., and 1 Sep. The efficacy of different insecticide treatments was determined at crop harvest (3-5 Oct.) by comparing the percentages of sugarcane internodes damaged by season-long populations of SCB larvae in treated and untreated plots. Five (10 stalk) samples randomly selected in each plot were scanned for external signs of internode penetration by SCB larvae.
Control of Insects on Flue-Cured Tobacco with

Bacillus Thuringiensis

Var.

Kurstaki

Spray Formulations, 1983
Authors: Jackson D. Michael
Published: March 2022

One aqueous and two wettable powder formulations of Bacillus thurinqiensis var. kurstaki were tested for control of artificial infestations of tobacco budworms and tobacco hornworms on flue-cured tobacco in three separate tests at Oxford, NC. Tobacco was transplanted on 18 May into a field of Vance sandy loam soil which had been treated with Paarlan (2.3 liters/ha) and Ridomil (2.3 liters/ha) on 4 May. Plants were placed on 55.9-cm centers with 1.2 m between rows. After experiments 1 and 2, the field was cut off just above the ground, and 2 weeks later one sucker per plant was retained to form new plants used in experiment 3. Plants in experiments 1 and 3 were infested with one 2- to 5-day-old tobacco budworm larva from a laboratory colony. Plants in experiments 2 and 3 were infested with two 3 to 4-day-old tobacco hornworm larvae also from a laboratory colony. For each test, five replications of 15-or 25-plant plots were set up in a randomized complete block design. Plots were treated with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with an adjustable nozzle at a rate of 233.8 liters/ha with 4.2 kg/cm . Plants were examined for insects 4 and 7 days after spraying. The weather was hot and dry for at least 2 days after each experiment.
Budworm Control on Tobacco, 1983
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Koziol F. S.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots were established in a randomized complete block design of four replications in a field of flue-cured tobacco on the Richard Gregory Farm, Halifax County, Va. Plots were ca. 200 ft long and four rows wide. Treatments were applied on 23 June. Applications were made with a CO2-powered backsprayer that delivered 10 gal/acre at 60 lb/in through a single TX18 tip/row. Dipel and cornmeal baits were prepared using a cornmeal carrier. The baits were applied manually by dropping a pinch of bait into each bud.
Budworm Control on Tobacco with Baits and Foliar Sprays, 1983
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Koziol F. S.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted in two tests arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times on 31 May. Test plots, 8 ft (two rows) by 20 ft (12 plants), were separated by single untreated border rows. Blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. The plants in each plots were artificially infested with one budworm larva per plant. Posttreatment budworm counts were made at 3 and 8 days after application. The Temik was applied pretransplant in a 12-in. band and incorporated by bedding on 13 May. On 26 Jul. foliar insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered back-pack sprayer that delivered 10 gal finished spray per acre through an 118X tip. Baits were formulated by mixing the desired rates of Proxol 80SP, Orthene 75SP and Dipel WP in cornmeal. Vermiculite was also used as a carrier for Orthene. Baits were applied by hand to the bud of each plant on 26 Jul.
Control of Leaf-Feeding Insects of Flue-Cured Tobacco with Soil Applied Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Southern P.S.
Published: March 2022

Tests were established on commercially grown tobacco in Wayne (Test 1) and Hertford (Test 2) Co., N.C. Soil types were Goldsboro (Test 1) and Norfolk (Test 2) sandy loam. Plots were 16-ft wide (four rows) and 75 ft long (0.0267 acre) and were separated laterally by vacant rows and on each end by 12- or 20-ft turn alleys. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Broadcast sprays were applied 29 Apr., Test 1; 5 May, Test 2) using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 21.8 and 23.4 gal/acre in Tests 1 and 2, respectively, through 8004 flat fan nozzles at 25 lb/in2. Granular broadcast applications were made using two electrically driven tractor-mounted Gandy applicators. All broadcast applications were incorporated by discing twice in opposite directions. Temik narrow band treatments were applied in a 2 to 3-in. band using an applicator shank (3 May, Test 1; 13 May, Test 2). Granules were placed ca. 3 in. below the surface of a partially formed bed and covered with an additional 2 to 3 in. of soil. Transplant water applications were made using the farmers’ tractor-drawn transplanters (Test 1: 9 May, 320 gal/acre; Test 2: 13 May, 208 gal/acre). Sidedress treatments were applied (14 Jun., Test 1; 16 Jun., Test 2) in a 2 to 3-in. band to one side of each row ca. 2 in. below the surface. Insect counts and damage ratings were made on the middle two rows of each plot. Budworms were counted on 20 or 40 plants and the same plants rated for budworm damage: 0, no damage; 1, light damage typical of feeding by 1st to 3rd stage larvae; 2, heavy damage typical of feeding by large larvae; 3, plant topped by feeding. Flea beetles were counted on 10 plants and the number of feeding holes counted on the uppermost leaf over 6 in. long of the same plant. Green peach aphids were counted on the uppermost leaf over 6 in. long of 10 plants. Twenty plants were rated for overall aphid infestation: 0, no aphids seen; 1, 1 to 10 apterous aphids on most infested leaf; 2, 11 to 50 apterous aphids on most infested leaf; 3, 51 to 200 apterous aphids on most infested leaf; 4, 200+ apterous aphids on most infested leaf; 5, plant heavily infested, honeydew and sooty mold obvious. Hornworms (mixed species) were counted on 20 plants. After harvest and curing, tobacco from each plot per harvest was weighed and given a government grade. Grades were converted to a quality index (1 to 99) and a weighted average computed. All variables were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using the Waller-Duncan K ratio t test (K ratio = 100). For analysis, aphid, budworm, flea beetle and hornworm numbers were transformed to the square root of N + 0.5.
Apple, Pyrethroid Test, 1983
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Eldridge M. Darrell
Published: March 2022

Several materials were applied to a mature ‘Rome’ apple plot in Roseland, Va. Each treatment was represented by four single-tree replicates in a completely randomized design. Unsprayed buffer trees were left between sprayed trees. Applications were made with a truck mounted hydraulic sprayer with handgun attachment. Spray dates were 12 Apr. (0.5 in. green), 22 Apr. (pink), 16 May, 31 May, 8 Jun., 23 Jun., 8 Jul., 13 Jul., 26 Jul., 25 Aug. Dikar was applied on 16 May, 23 Jun., 8 Jul., 26 Jul. and 26 Aug. Plictran was applied on 31 May and 13 Jul. Mites were sampled on several dates using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per sample. Number of AA- and WAA-infested terminal shoots per 20 shoots were counted.
Toxicities of Molt Inhibitors Ingested by Western Spruce Budworm, 1982
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L.
Published: March 2022

Bioassays were done to determine the lethal effectiveness of two molt inhibitors ingested by third and sixth stage western spruce budworm. Insects were selected at random from generations 99 to 100 of a nondiapausing laboratory colony. Eight concentrations serially diluted from a freshly formulated concentrate were tested in each of three replications of an experiment. Both chemicals were formulated in acetone on the basis of weight per volume concentrations of the active ingredient. Two hundred p1 of each solution were added to 10 ml of reliquified artificial diet and the diet was stirred thoroughly. When solidified, each diet + molt inhibitor aliquot was fed to 10 larvae. Mortality was tallied after 14 days.
Control of Oak Lecanium, Virginia, 1982
Authors: Schultz P. B.
Published: March 2022

Fifty willow oaks, approximately 20ft high and uniformly infested were selected for treatment. Insecticides were applied to the crawler stage 15 Jun. and 18 Jun., in Norfolk and Portsmouth respectively using a skid-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 80 lb/in2. Temperature was 72° at both application times. Treatments were evaluated in May 1983 by counting the number of females on four branches per tree, 5 trees per treatment.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control by Furadan Soil Treatment, 1983
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Malinoski Mary K.
Published: March 2022

A randomized block experiment, with four replications, was conducted on 64 Monterey pine Christmas trees in El Cajon, Calif. Most trees had a lower trunk diameter of ca. 3 in.; planting was on 5-ft centers. Soil type was Ramona sandy loam. Irrigation was by automatic overhead sprinklers that applied the equivalent of 1.5 in. of water every 10 days. In previous years tip moth in this block of trees had been kept under good insecticidal control. Each treated two-tree replicate was separated from others by at least one untreated row of trees. Treatments were applied on 21 Apr. by walking around each two-tree replicate-at least five times-until the container with a measured amount of insecticide was empty. Granulars were applied by shaking a 1-qt wide-mouth glass jar with many holes in lid. Flowables were diluted in 1 gal of water and applied with a sprinkling can. On dates indicated tip moth injury was evaluated by counting, beginning at tree top, 100 growth terminals on each of two sides of each tree. Data were subjected to log (x + 1) transformations and then to analyses of variance. Shaping of trees by shearing occurred between 18 Aug. and 22 Sep.
Scots Pine, Chemical Control of Pine Spittlebug, Wooster, OH, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected treatments for controlling pine spittlebug was evaluated in a Christmas tree plantation. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at a high rpm was used to deliver ca. 200 ml of finished spray to a quarter radial section of the crown of each of four, single-tree replicates per treatment on 14 June with sunny skies at 31°C, and a slight breeze (0 to 8 kph). Each sprayed section contained at least one spittle mass that was flagged for later observation. Treatment effectiveness was determined 23 June by inspecting the flagged areas of twigs for spittle masses. Dimilin treatments were observed a second time on 30 June.
Leaf Beetle Control on Azaleas, Alabama, 1983
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Holt G. A.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were evaluated for control of leaf beetle on azaleas growing in 1-gal plastic pots containing an amended pine bark-peat moss medium, 3:1 vol/vol. Treatments were applied on 5 Nov (temperature, 80°F) with a hand-pump, compressed air sprayer to all leaf surfaces until runoff. Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a randomized design in an unshaded glass greenhouse. Plants were treated and individually caged with paper cylinders and cheesecloth to eliminate beetle movement between plants. Treatments were evaluated 72 h after application by counting numbers of dead/live beetles in and under plant canopies.
Apple, Full Season Mite Test, 1983
Authors: Pheiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Eldridge M. Darrell
Published: March 2022

Three pyrethroids were compared with each other and compounds in an apple block at Steeles Tavern. Four single-tree replicates per treatment were used, cultivars ‘Delicious,’ ‘Golden Delicious,’ ‘Stayman,’ and ‘York,’ in a randomized-complete block Spray dates were 30 Mar., 13 Apr., 31 May, 13 Jun., 27 Jun., 13 Jul., 26 Jul., 5 Aug., and 2 Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Mite evaluated on several dates using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per sample.
Fall Armyworm and Leafhopper Control in Bermudagrass, 1983
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron S. , Wilson Howard K.
Published: March 2022

Applications of registerd and experimental insecticides were applied to bermudagrass on the Ben Hur Research Station, Baton Rouge, La. All treatments were applied to 6.1 by 12.2-m plots arranged in a RCB design and replicatd four times. Materials were broadcast sprayed using a CO2-charged backpack sprayer equipped with four 11004 flat-fan nozzles at 22 lb/in2 pressure and 21.1 gal/acre. All treatments were applied on 25 Jul. Treatments were evaluated by taking 10, 180° sweeps using a 38-cm diam sweep net. Samples were taken pretreatment and 1, 3, 6, and 10 days after treatment (DAT). Each 10 sweep composite sample was bagged and frozen for later separation and counting.
Birch, Bronze Birch Borer Control, Dayton, Oh, 1982
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of 1, 2, or 3 applications of selected insecticides for control of bronze birch borer was evaluated in a nursery in southwestern Ohio. A Myers hyradulic sprayer operating at 200 lb/in was used to apply sprays to runoff. Treatment procedure was to spray the trunk, scaffold limbs and then foliage, to ensure thorough coverage to runoff. Each treatment was applied to five singe-tree replicates; three were Szechuan birch, the others Japanese white birch. Trees averaged ca. 7.5 cm DBH. The first application was 25 May with partly sunny skies, 24°C, and a 16 to 25 kph breeze. The second application was 8 Jun. with partly cloudy skies, 27°C, and 16 kph breeze. The third application date was 22 Jun., with conditions similar to 25 May.
Control of White Grubs on a New York Golf Course, 1983
Authors: Baker P. B.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticide materials were applied to a fairway/rough in Syracuse, N.Y., with a mixed population of R. majalis and P. japonica on 8 Aug. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied with 3 gal water in a watering can. All liquid applications were made in two directions within each plot. All treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. No irrigation was applied after treatment. All plots were sampled 10 Nov. An 0.18-sq m section of sod, ca. 6.2 cm deep was removed from the center of each plot, and returned to the laboratory where the number of healthy grubs were recorded.
Control of Bluegrass Billbugs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1983
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Spomer S. M.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a lawn located at the University of Nebraska Dental College in Lincoln, Nebr. (Lancaster Co.). Mean thatch accumulation was 0.7 cm, and temperature at treatment time (27 Jul.) was 33.4°C. Billbugs were in the larval stage, and for the most part, full grown. Damage to the turf was conspicuous. The experimental design was a RCB with five replicates. Individual plots were 0.61 by 0.61 m. Insecticides were mixed with clay granules and hand shaken onto the plots. After treatments were applied, the plots were irrigated daily with an automatic watering system that provided ca. 2.0 mm of water per day, except on 7 Aug., when 2.5 cm of water was supplied to the plots. There was no rainfall during the posttreatment sampling period. Billbug larvae were sampled at 1 wk (3 Aug.) and 3 wk (17 Aug.) posttreatment by cutting a 0.305 m by 0.61 m by 5.08 cm deep strip from each plot with a mechanical sod cutter, and recording the number of live and dead larvae in the sod strip and in a 2.5-cm zone below the soil line. Percent control of each plot was transformed to arc sine prior to ANOVA; untransformed means are presented in the table.
Control of Ants on Golf Course Fairway, 1983
Authors: Sloderbeck Phillip E. , Green Gerald L.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticide treatments were tested for efficacy against ants at a golf course near Garden City, Kans. Granular insecticides were applied by shaking a pre-measured amount oE insecticide from a paper sack. Liquid insecticides were applied in 12.8 liters of water per plot using a sprinkling can. Each plot measured 3 m by 3 m and there were four replications. Plots were evaluated based on
Turfgrass, White Grub Control, 1983
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Spring and summer applications of insecticides to golf course fairways were evaluated for efficacy in controlling white grubs. Treatments were applied in separate areas on 4 May and 17 Aug. Plots were 10 by 10 feet replicated four times in a completely random design. For each plot, liquid formulations of insecticides were applied by sprinkler can in 1 gal of water and irrigated after applicaition with 2 gal of water. Granules were applied with a hand shaker made from a pint jar with perforated lid; some treatments were irrigated with 2 gal of water while others were not irrigated (see table). Thatch in the test areas ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 in. thick. Four locations in each plot were sampled with a cup-cutter (4.24 in. in diam) to a depth of 3 in. The predominate species of white grub in both trials was the Asiatic garden beetle comprising 84 to 94% of the population on all sample dates. Samples were collected at 4 and 6 or 7 weeks posttreatment and mean values for each sample date were compared by ANOVA. Total accumulative precipitation during the trials was 4.05 and 6.62 in. at 4 and 7 weeks, respectively, for the spring application; and 3.50 and 4.05 at 4 and 6 weeks, respectively for the summer application. Spring application: Although the number of grubs in pretreat samples averaged 20.9/ft2, the population decreased to a less than optimum level of 7.6/ft2 (in control plots) on the 4 and 7 week posttreatment sample dates. There were no significant differences between treatments at 4 weeks posttreatment, but at 7 weeks all treatments except BAS 263 21 and Landrin were significantly different than the untreated. Summer application: At 4 weeks posttreatment, there was a significant reduction in numbers of grubs in all treatments except Landrin. At 6 weeks posttreatment, all treatments except Landrin and BAS 263 21 were significantly different from untreated controls. Oftanol and Triumph, with or without irrigation at application, were the superior compounds in these tests.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Wayne CO, PA, 1983
Authors: Heller P. R. , Callahan T. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were applied 13 Jul. to a hairy chinch bug-infested home lawn. The lawn consisted of fine leafed fescue (100%). Treatment plots were 5 by 5 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. At treatment time, the following environmental and soil conditions existed: air temperature, 90°F; soil temperature, 70°F; soil type, sandy-loam; soil pH, 5.4; percent organic matter, 2.1; soil condition, dry; amount of thatch, 0.06 in. and partly cloudy skies. A flotation method was used for sampling, using 6 in. diameter circular cans. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (20 Jul.). Three locations were randomly selected within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs rising to the surface over a 10-min period (per location) was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 116 chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 13 Jul. before treatment.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, Pink Vs. Petal-Fall Applications, 1983
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Pace Elizabeth J. , Hamilton George C.
Published: March 2022

A 12-yr-old orchard of apples located at Cream Ridge, N.J., was used in this test. Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated twice in a randomized complete block design. Acaricides were applied at pink (3 May), petal-fall (12 May), or both. Trees were sprayed to runoff (ca. 5 gal/tree) using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun. Mite population estimates were made randomly picking 25 leaves from each tree, brushing mites onto glass plates, and counting mites and eggs. Data were transformed to log x+1 before analysis of variance and comparison of means.
Juniper, Chemical Control of Spruce Spider Mite, Orrville, Oh. 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Ounlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Two formulations of Kelthane were evaluated for controlling spruce spider mite. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at peak rpm was used to apply ca 400 ml of finished spray to each of four, single-plant replicates per treatment on 1 and 12 Aug. when the temperature was 21°C with sunny skies and winds of 24 to 32 kph. Some plants received a single application on 1 Aug.; others received two applications, one on each date. On 17 Aug., ten, 10 to 15-cm twig tips were removed from each plant and processed through a mite brush, thereby dislodging mites and debris on glass plates. Live mites were counted with the aid of a dissecting scope.
Ground Application of Insecticides for Control of Gypsy Moth, 1982
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Wieber Anne , Okey Gary
Published: March 2022

A roadside planting of oaks (about 8 m tall) in Cecil Co., Md., was used for insecticide evaluation. Insecticides were applied at 10 gal/tree on 18 May using a power sprayer. A total of 30 trees were sprayed, and 2 trees were left untreated as controls. Foliage from trees was collected at various intervals after treatment. Leaves were placed in 1-qt styrofoam cups, each with 10 healthy gypsy moth larvae collected from another area in Cecil Co. There were four cups of leaves collected from each tree, with two trees per treatment, for a total of 8 cups per treatment. The larvae were newly collected and placed on leaves each of the postspray dates. Larval mortality was recorded after 96 h of feeding on treated foliage.
Control of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth on Loblolly Pines, 1983
Authors: Bartheld Bill , Price Richard , King Ed , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the OSU Horticulture Research Farm outside of Stillwater, Okla. Field-grown loblolly pines 6 to 10 ft high, growing on a sandy loam soil were utilized. Trees were treated on 19 Apr. and 21 Jun. Application equipment consisted of a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.6 gal/min at 200 lb/in2. Trees were treated to runoff. Temperatures at the time of treatment were 61°F and 90°F, respectively for 19 Apr. and 21 Jun. Each treatment was randomized and replicated five times in a randomized block design. Trees were evaluated for larval infestations on 15 jun., 13 Jul., and 27 Sep. Evaluations were made by removing damaged tips and checking for live larvae.
Fall Webworm Control with Alsystin, 1982 and 1983
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Individual fall webworm nests and surrounding foliage were sprayed to point of runoff using a 2-gal compression sprayer. Spray solutions were mixed on the basis of g (AI)/liter. Ten to 12 nests per rate were sprayed each treatment date. On each sample date, three nests per rate and three untreated controls were cut from branches, placed in plastic bags and held under refrigeration until examined (usually within 24 h). Each nest was examined and percent larval mortality determined. Random nests were examined before treatment to obtain an estimate of larval sizes (length). In 1982, average length of larvae was 16 and 27 mm on 20 Aug. and 10 Sep., respectively. In 1983, treatments were applied earlier in larval development when average larval length was about 11 mm. Accumulative precipitation for the 5, 11, and 14 day sample dates, respectively, were: (1982) 0.57, 1.28, and 1.28 in.; (1983) 0.26, 1.11, and 1.32 in. For both years, there was no recorded rainfall in the study area until 2 days after treatment (DAT).
Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Diazinon, Georgia, 1983
Authors: Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted in Jul. and Aug. on seven species of greenhouse grown foliage plants. Two formulations of diazinon were applied: Diazinon 50% EC and a microencapsulated formulation of diazinon (Knox Out 2F). The materials were applied as foliar sprays to runoff at 0.5, 1, and 2 lb (AI/100 gal and as soil surface sprays to the potting media in which the plants were growing at 1.5, 2, and 6 lb (AI/100 gal. Each treatment consisted of a single plant in a 4.5-in. square pot and was replicated six times. Treatments were made on 11 Jul., 18 Jul., 5 Jul., 1 Aug., and 8 Aug., utilizing a compressed air sprayer equipped with an 8003 nozzle and at 30 to 35 lb/in2. Temperatures at application times were 82 to 84°F. The potting media was an organic mix + 20% sand with a pH of ca. 6. Treatments were evaluated each wk for phytotoxicity and a damage rating made on a scale of 0 to 3: 0, no damage; 1, slight; 2, moderate; 3, severe damage. No phytotoxicity was observed on any of the foliage plants in the experiment.
Field-Grown Cut Chyrsanthemum Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Trigard, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Thirteen weekly applications of Trigard 75WP, at IX, 2X, and 4X the recommended rate of 0.125 lb (AI)/acre were made to chrysanthemums grown commercially without cover in San Luis Rey, Calif. Treatments were initiated 25 Jul., 2 weeks after planting. Each treatment rate was replicated three times, with four plants of each variety per replicate. The materials were applied with a 5-gal pressurized sprayer at 50 lb/in2.
Phytotoxicity Test on Container-Grown Woody Ornamentals, Alabama, 1983
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Williams M. L.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity of Mavrik 2F was evaluated on 15 woody ornamentals typically produced in south Alabama. Plants were grown in an amended pine bark-peat moss medium. Rhododendron X ‘Glacier’ and ‘Coral Bells’ were grown under 47% shade; other species in full sun. Overhead impulse sprinklers provided irrigation. Treatments were applied to all leaf surfaces to runoff 18 Apr., 2 May, and 16 May with hand-pumped, compressed air sprayers. Six single-plant replicates per species were arranged in a completely randomized design. Phytotoxicity evaluations were made 1 week after each application and 4 weeks after the last application.
Phytotoxicity Test, Selected Woody Plants, Wooster, Oh, 1982
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticides were evaluated for phytotoxicity on eight species of woody ornamental plants at Wooster, Ohio. Insecticides were applied 21 or 29 July, when conditions on both dates were sunny, 24 to 28°C, with a slight breeze. A Meyer’s hydraulic sprayer operating at 200 lb/in2 was used to apply sprays to runoff on five or seven single plant replicates growing in field blocks. Plants were examined 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment for signs of phytotoxicity.
Candidate Pesticide Formulations for Quarantine Use, 1983
Authors: Morgan Neal O. , Witherell Peter C. , Strasser E. George , Wood W. Scot
Published: March 2022

Two series of bioassay tests were conducted by exposing a total of five pest species in commercial transport trailers with volumes of 30 to 74 mi. In the first series of tests, conducted in Miami, Fla., three species of colony-reared insects were exposed. Approximately 100 resistant (Gainesville multiple resistant) M. domesticia, 100 resistant and 100 susceptible (Gainesville) A. quadrimaculatus, and 30 B. qermanica adults were included in two or three test replications. In the second series of tests conducted in Baltimore, Md., ca 30 B. qermanica, 30 P. japonica, 100 susceptible (NAIDM) M. domestica, 100 resistant (Beltsville, B-82 multiple resistant) M. domestica, and 20 D. variabilis were used in each test replication. Japanese beetles were field-collected in methyl eugenol-baited traps. The American dog ticks were field-collected by dragging white flannel cloth over tick-infested fields and then caged in 30-ml clear plastic portion cups with tops replaced with double layers of tulle, a nylon mesh screen (7 mm2 openings). Mosquitoes were caged in 20-mesh hardware vloth cylinders 20 cm long by 7 cm diam with screened ends. The house flies, German cockroaches, and Japanese beetles were caged in 0.24 liter paper cans with tops replaced by single layers of tulle. Caged species were placed on the floor of each test trailer ca. 10 cm from a side wall near the center and ca. 30 cm from each end. One piece each of carpet (25 by 25 cm) and of plywood (25 by 25 cm) was also placed on the floor at the center of each trailer before each treatment for subsequent residue bioassays with Japanese beetles. Aerosols were formulated with Refrigerant-12 propellant. Aerosols were released within closed trailers while the applicator walked the length of the trailer. The manually released aerosols were sprayed for the required length of time based on release rate, and an accurate dose was obtained by weighing and releasing the material as necessary to give 8.5 mg (AI)/m3 at Miami and 22.5 mg (AI)/m3 at Baltimore. Dusts were formulated with HiSil 233 as an inert carrier premeasured to give the same amounts of active ingredient as specified for aerosols. Dusts were introduced into the trailers with a CO2 pressurized gun and were administered through a partially opened rear door. Following each treatment the trailer was closed for 10 min, then the rear door was opened, and 20 min later the test insects were removed. Knockdown counts were taken at 30 min and mortality (dead and moribund) counts were taken at 24 h posttreatment. Average air temp inside the trailers was 24 ± 5°C. Abbott’s formula was used to correct for control mortality.