bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propofol-mediated loss of consciousness disrupts predictive routing and local field phase modulation of neural activity
Authors: Xiong Yihan (Sophy) , Donoghue Jacob A. , Lundqvist Mikael , Mahnke Meredith , Major Alex James , Brown Emery N. , Miller Earl K. , Bastos André M.
Published: October 2024

Predictive coding is a fundamental function of the cortex. The predictive routing model proposes a neurophysiological implementation for predictive coding. Predictions are fed back from the deep-layer cortex via alpha/beta (8 to 30 Hz) oscillations. They inhibit the gamma (40 to 100 Hz) and spiking that feed sensory inputs forward. Unpredicted inputs arrive in circuits unprepared by alpha/beta, resulting in enhanced gamma and spiking. To test the predictive routing model and its role in consciousness, we collected data from intracranial recordings of macaque monkeys during passive presentation of auditory oddballs before and after propofol-mediated loss of consciousness (LOC). In line with the predictive routing model, alpha/beta oscillations in the awake state served to inhibit the processing of predictable stimuli. Propofol-mediated LOC eliminated alpha/beta modulation by a predictable stimulus in the sensory cortex and alpha/beta coherence between sensory and frontal areas. As a result, oddball stimuli evoked enhanced gamma power, late period (>200 ms from stimulus onset) spiking, and superficial layer sinks in the sensory cortex. LOC also resulted in diminished decodability of pattern-level prediction error signals in the higher-order cortex. Therefore, the auditory cortex was in a disinhibited state during propofol-mediated LOC. However, despite these enhanced feedforward responses in the auditory cortex, there was a loss of differential spiking to oddballs in the higher-order cortex. This may be a consequence of a loss of within-area and interareal spike-field coupling in the alpha/beta and gamma frequency bands. These results provide strong constraints for current theories of consciousness.
The pace of change of summertime temperature extremes
Authors: McKinnon Karen A. , Simpson Isla R. , Williams A. Park
Published: October 2024

Summer temperature extremes can have large impacts on humans and the biosphere, and an increase in heat extremes is one of the most visible symptoms of climate change. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed that would predict faster warming of heat extremes than typical summer days, but it is unclear whether this is occurring. Here, we show that, in both observations and historical climate model simulations, the hottest summer days have warmed at the same pace as the median globally, in each hemisphere, and in the tropics from 1959 to 2023. In contrast, the coldest summer days have warmed more slowly than the median in the global average, a signal that is not simulated in any of 262 simulations across 28 CMIP6 models. The observed stretching of the cold tail indicates that observed summertime temperatures have become more variable despite the lack of hot day amplification. The interannual variability and trend in the warming of both hot and cold extremes compared to the median can be explained from a surface energy balance perspective based on changes in net surface radiation and evaporative fraction. Tropical hot day amplification is projected to emerge in the future (2024–2099, SSP3-7.0 scenario), while Northern Hemisphere heat extremes are expected to continue to follow the median.
The perivascular space is a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid flow in humans: A proof-of-principle report
Authors: Yamamoto Erin A. , Bagley Jacob H. , Geltzeiler Mathew , Sanusi Olabisi R. , Dogan Aclan , Liu Jesse J. , Piantino Juan
Published: October 2024

The glymphatic pathway was defined in rodents as a network of perivascular spaces (PVSs) that facilitates organized distribution of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the brain parenchyma. To date, perivascular CSF and cerebral interstitial fluid exchange has not been shown in humans. Using intrathecal gadolinium contrast-enhanced MRI, we show that contrast-enhanced CSF moves through the PVS into the parenchyma, supporting the existence of a glymphatic pathway in humans.
Reproduction has immediate effects on female mortality, but no discernible lasting physiological impacts: A test of the disposable soma theory
Authors: Mitchell Sharon E. , Simpson Megan , Coulet Lena , Gouedard Solenn , Hambly Catherine , Morimoto Juliano , Allison David B. , Speakman John R.
Published: October 2024

The disposable soma theory (DST) posits that organisms age and die because of a direct trade-off in resource allocation between reproduction and somatic maintenance. DST predicts that investments in reproduction accentuate somatic damage which increase senescence and shortens lifespan. Here, we directly tested DST predictions in breeding and nonbreeding female C57BL/6J mice. We measured reproductive outputs, body composition, daily energy expenditure, and oxidative stress at peak lactation and over lifetime. We found that reproduction had an immediate and negative effect on survival due to problems encountered during parturition for some females. However, there was no statistically significant residual effect on survival once breeding had ceased, indicating no trade-off with somatic maintenance. Instead, higher mortality appeared to be a direct consequence of reproduction without long-term physiological consequences. Reproduction did not elevate oxidative stress. Our findings do not provide support for the predictions of the DST.
Neurotransmitter release is triggered by a calcium-induced rearrangement in the Synaptotagmin-1/SNARE complex primary interface
Authors: Toulmé Estelle , Salazar Lázaro Andrea , Trimbuch Thorsten , Rizo Josep , Rosenmund Christian
Published: October 2024

The Ca
2+
sensor synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) triggers neurotransmitter release together with the neuronal sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex formed by syntaxin-1, SNAP25, and synaptobrevin. Moreover, Syt1 increases synaptic vesicle (SV) priming and impairs spontaneous vesicle release. The Syt1 C
2
B domain binds to the SNARE complex through a primary interface via two regions (I and II), but how exactly this interface mediates distinct functions of Syt1 and the mechanism underlying Ca
2+
triggering of release are unknown. Using mutagenesis and electrophysiological experiments, we show that region II is functionally and spatially subdivided: Binding of C2B domain arginines to SNAP-25 acidic residues at one face of region II is crucial for Ca
2+
-evoked release but not for vesicle priming or clamping of spontaneous release, whereas other SNAP-25 and syntaxin-1 acidic residues at the other face mediate priming and clamping of spontaneous release but not evoked release. Mutations that disrupt region I impair the priming and clamping functions of Syt1 while, strikingly, mutations that enhance binding through this region increase vesicle priming and clamping of spontaneous release, but strongly inhibit evoked release and vesicle fusogenicity. These results support previous findings that the primary interface mediates the functions of Syt1 in vesicle priming and clamping of spontaneous release and, importantly, show that Ca
2+
triggering of release requires a rearrangement of the primary interface involving dissociation of region I, while region II remains bound. Together with biophysical studies presented in [K. Jaczynska
et al.
, bioRxiv [Preprint] (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.17.599417
(Accessed 18 June 2024)], our data suggest a model whereby this rearrangement pulls the SNARE complex to facilitate fast SV fusion.
Chapter 3. The dimensions of relatability for Instagram lifestyle influencers
Authors: Page Ruth
Published: October 2024

Relatability is a buzzword in social media marketing associated with influencers. In this chapter, I provide a linguistic analysis of the dimensions of relatability using corpus-linguistic methods to analyse a dataset of English-language comments posted in response to nine lifestyle influencers who maintained accounts in Instagram. The dimensions of relatability focus on the evaluation of identity, where authenticity and emulatable qualities are used as complementary strategies of impression management and where rapport-enhancing strategies of humour and positive affect are used within parasocial interactions. Emulatable and authentic aspects of relatability are performed separately in the posts which are published over time and are interwoven with the advertising content produced by the influencers. This neatly encapsulates the dual purpose of relatability as it is deployed by Instagram influencers, where the rhetoric of relationality and affective connection is coupled with the work of self-promotion and visibility that is used for commercial gain.
Chapter 4. “Oh wow! We getting ready for my funeral?”
Authors: Andersson Marta , Greco Alberto
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates the prosodic differentiation between self-deprecation and impoliteness targeting others in YouTube video product reviews by Jeffree Star, a well-known social media (hence SM) influencer. The results show that low pitch values, longer durations, and descending melodic patterns, which are associated with impoliteness, as well as rising pitch and faster speech rates, which are indicative of self-deprecation, distinguish these two functions in Star’s performance. The paper contends that the strategy of phonological distinction between different functions of impoliteness is critical to developing a relatable in-group relationship with the community of viewers. Thus, our findings shed light on the communicative strategies used by internet influencers, as well as the importance of the understudied feature of prosody in SM context.
Chapter 8. Performing branded affect in micro‑celebrity YouTube reaction videos
Authors: Chovanec Jan
Published: October 2024

While significant attention has been paid to how social media influencers and content creators use diverse channels for self-presentation and self-promotion, there has been relatively less research into how they employ affective resources in on-screen interactions with their audiences. This article analyses the ways in which online micro-celebrities deploy the resources of affective stance in one specific subgenre of YouTube videos, namely reaction videos. It seeks to identify ways of how such individuals perform affect while otherwise passively watching well-known videos which they allegedly had not seen before (‘first-time watching’). Thus, influencers expose online audiences to their (seemingly) authentic reactions, involving a range of affective responses including surprise, appreciation, amusement etc. The findings reveal that YouTube influencers use affective stance in reaction videos strategically rather than spontaneously, consciously performing affect for their audiences. The article argues that such a form of performed affect is closely linked to self-branding and can be described in two ways: not only as ‘synthetic affect’, which is inauthentic and staged for the benefit of the audience, but also as ‘branded affect’, which is interlinked to the ultimate economic success of social media content creators.
Knowledge as Presence and Presentation
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: October 2024

This chapter contributes to resurrecting a historically well-attested and philosophically fertile version of knowledge-first epistemology by highlighting some striking but less widely known accounts of knowledge as the primitive contact with reality from which human cognition starts and which is prior to and separate from belief. It begins with three, diverse, formerly well-known early twentieth-century philosophers shared an interest in emerging scientific psychology: Helen Wodehouse (1880–1964), Charles Albert Dubray (1875–1962), and Francis Aveling (1875–1941). It then finds a remarkably similar basic conception in three prominent late medieval thinkers: John Duns Scotus (c.1266–1308), Peter Auriol (c.1280–1322), and William of Ockham (c.1287–1347). The reappearance of this conception in such radically different contexts suggests that it tracks something in the structure of human cognition, much deeper than mere culturally and historically conditioned ideas, which has proved capable of withstanding both robust forms of scepticism and Kantian critique.
Factive Mindreading in the Folk Psychology of Action
Authors: Pavese Carlotta
Published: October 2024

In the recent literature, several authors have argued that the capacity to track factive mental states plays a central role in explaining our ability to understand and to predict people’s behavior. The topic of this chapter is whether this capacity also enters into an explanation of our ability to track skilled and intentional actions.
Reasons and Knowledge
Authors: Dietz Christina H , Hawthorne John
Published: October 2024

This chapter develops further a picture defended in other work according to which reasons are facts that get possessed by knowing them, paying particular attention to the case for factivity for certain relevant reasons constructions, as well as to rationality-based arguments in favour of a non-factive conception of reasons. Recent work by Juan Comesaña (some co-authored with Matt McGrath) and Mark Schroeder serves as the chapter’s main foil.
Knowledge and Prizes
Authors: Littlejohn Clayton , Dutant Julien
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines two leading theories of rational belief, the Lockean view and the explanationist view. The first is appealing because it fits with some independently plausible claims about the ways that rational persons pursue their aims. The second is appealing because it seems to account for intuitions that cause trouble for the Lockean view. While fitting the intuitive data is desirable, the trouble is that the explanationist view seems to clash with theoretical beliefs about what rationality must be like. The chapter argues that upon further examination, the intuitive appeal of the explanationist view starts to diminish. It also argues that these further intuitions that spell trouble for the explanationist spell trouble for any theory that is not expectationist. It proposes a novel expectationist theory of rational belief that improves upon the Lockean and the explanationist views. It argues that recent defences of the Lockean view contain an important insight. A substantive theory of rational response should be based on a suitable theory of prizes and a suitable theory of how we should pursue prizes in the face of uncertainty. Most theories of rational belief typically take for granted a truth-centred picture of epistemic prizes (e.g. that epistemic desirability and undesirability can be fully understood in terms of accuracy) and then differ in terms of how they recommend pursuing prizes so understood. The chapter argues that the Lockeans embrace plausible principles of how prizes should be pursued. It traces the difficulties that this view faces in relation to veritistic assumptions about prizes. It suggests that some prizes are epistemically loaded in that a complete description of the prize will itself make reference to our epistemic states or standards. It argues that knowledge matters to rational belief and choice because in the epistemic domain, knowledge is the prize. It sees this in practical domains, too. In some choice settings, what is desired is desired, in part, because it involves a kind of connection to reality only knowledge provides.
Overview and Purpose
Authors: Scherrer Jeffrey F , Ballantyne Jane C
Published: October 2024

This chapter highlights the purpose of subsequent chapters and defines key constructs related to pain, prescription opioids, and the interface of depression, pain, and prescription opioid use. The clinical and public health value of understanding the pain-opioid-depression tripartite is discussed. Because the prescription opioid epidemic continues to disproportionately impact patients with comorbid pain and mental illness, prescribing rates, dose data, and trends in prescribing are examined, as are current guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control. Pain, depression, and prescription opioids produce mutually reinforcing relationships. Pain contributes to worsening depression, and depression contributes to increased odds of long-term prescription opioid use that, in turn, exacerbates risk for new or recurring depressive episodes. By treating depression and other psychiatric disorders to remission, it may be possible to break this cycle.
Looking Beyond Tissue Damage
Authors: Sullivan Mark D
Published: October 2024

Pain is generally thought to function like touch in providing information about damage that is happening to a specific part of the body. But new anatomical, neurophysiological, and philosophical research suggests that this understanding of pain is wrong. An alternative view of pain as an interoceptive homeostatic emotion claims that pain is about the internal state of the organism, not the external world. Pain exists to protect homeostasis and promote survival. Its purpose is motivation, not description. As a motivator toward safety, pain exists on a continuum with other homeostatic emotions such as anxiety and depression. Pain and negative moods protect both biological and personal integrity. Every step in the progression from tissue threat to nociception to pain to suffering is modulated by the nervous system to serve homeostasis and survival. Hence, anxiety and depression are not simply emotional reactions to the sensory experience of pain.
The Impact of Social and Structural Determinants on Depression, Prescription Opioid Use, Opioid Misuse, and Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Rottnek Fred , Bello-Kottenstette Jennifer K
Published: October 2024

The impact of social and structural determinants of health (SSDOH) on pain, depression, and prescription opioid use, misuse, and development of opioid use disorder (OUD) is complex and multifactorial. SSDOH are rooted in systems fraught with systemic racism that exacerbate intergenerational poverty through the cycle of chronic stress, psychological trauma, and deprivation that lead to poor mental health and substance use. The chapter describes the five domains of SSDOH outlined by Healthy People 2030 and gives examples of how each domain impacts pain, depression, and opioid use. It explains the need for an interdisciplinary approach that extends beyond a traditional healthcare model to address the interconnected problems of pain, depression, and OUD at individual, family, and community levels.
The sky's the limit: improving satellite imagery data literacy to address non-communicable diseases
Authors: Hughes M Courtney , Folkmann Elizabeth J
Published: October 2024

Low-and middle-income countries experience 77% of the world's premature deaths caused by non-communicable diseases, and their underlying health determinant data are often scarce and inaccurate. Improving satellite imagery data literacy worldwide is an integral step toward using the vast amount of publicly available data collected via satellites, such as air pollution, green space and light at night—all determinants of non-communicable diseases. Existing machine learning–based algorithms enable automated analysis of satellite imagery data, but health officials and scientists must know where to find and how to apply these algorithms to measure risk and target interventions.
Making the Climate Malleable? “Weak” and “Strong” Governance Objects and the Transformation of International Climate Politics
Authors: Corry Olaf
Published: October 2024

Object-oriented theories have been used to understand how the climate and other entities like “the economy” have been produced as discrete, malleable and politically salient “governance objects.” These have structuring effects not only on policy debates but also on entire polities and the international system. However, a failure to distinguish between different kinds of governance objects has obscured their fundamentally different political implications. This article revises earlier definitions and develops a novel distinction between “weakly” and “strongly” malleable governance objects. The former are governable only in terms of not being perturbed in relation to a baseline condition, while “strongly governable” objects are construed as malleable along multiple dimensions, the telos of governing them no longer a given. The weak/strong distinction is applied to elicit implications of four climate strategies: mitigation, adaptation, and prospective “geoengineering” techniques of carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation modification that would deliberately alter the climate. Increasingly billed as risky but necessary, given the fraught politics of mitigation, geoengineering is shown to potentially transform the climate from weak to more strongly governable object. This could “untether” climate governance from the aim of remaining close to a pre-industrial climate, with a "design approach" to geoengineering adding layers of politicization, potentially increasing the fractiousness of global climate politics. However the analysis also highlights possible new routes to depoliticization of the climate, were it to be retethered—potentially to security imperatives or economic indicators. Analysis of governance objects requires much greater attention to types of malleability and politicization.
Oliver Goldsmith’s Indigent Philosopher, U.S. Foreign Policy, and Three American Editions of The Vicar Of Wakefield, 1791–1839
Authors: Ross Ian Campbell
Published: October 2024

Oliver Goldsmith is not usually associated with the foreign policy of the United States. Nevertheless a speech attributed to the ‘Indigent Philosopher’, first published in the London Lloyd’s Evening Post in February 1762 and included in Goldsmith’s Essays (1765; 2nd corrected edn 1766), was reprinted on three separate occasions, at the conclusion of new editions of the author’s The Vicar of Wakefield (1766). The editions were published in the-then US capital of Philadelphia in 1791 and 1795, and in the new capital, Washington, in 1839. The speech, an exhortation not to declare war against Spain, has a direct relevance to three distinct historical moments, however unexpected the context of republication.
Late-Onset Postpartum Hypertension After Normotensive Pregnancy
Authors: Sinnott Colleen , Lundsberg Lisbet , Culhane Jennifer , Partridge Caitlin , Denoble Anna E.
Published: October 2024

To better inform efforts to improve and extend postpartum care, we sought to estimate the incidence of de novo hypertension up to 6 months postpartum in patients without evidence of hypertension during pregnancy or immediately postpartum. This retrospective cohort study included all patients delivering within an academic health care system. All blood pressure (BP) measurements from fertilization to 6 months postpartum were obtained from the electronic medical record and used to identify patients who remained normotensive throughout pregnancy and in the first 6 weeks postpartum. By 6 months postpartum, nearly one-fifth of this large, previously normotensive cohort had developed BP abnormalities per American College of Cardiology–American Heart Association criteria. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing the transition from obstetrics to primary care in the postpartum period.
Children who are HIV exposed-uninfected: does maternal ART regimen matter?
Authors: Ellis Richard Patrick , Evans Ceri , Wedderburn Catherine J. , Prendergast Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

Purpose of review

Differences in health outcomes between children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected (CHEU) compared to children who are HIV-unexposed (CHU) have been reported both before and since the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy and breastfeeding. This review highlights recent studies investigating the impact of ART on the health, growth and development of CHEU.

Recent findings

Several meta-analyses confirm higher rates of adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women with HIV compared to pregnant women without HIV. The highest risk of adverse birth outcomes is among women with HIV not receiving ART, and generally studies indicate that more time on ART is associated with lower risk of adverse birth outcomes; however, most data are from observational cohorts. Where studies have compared historic regimens, prior to dolutegravir use, adverse birth outcomes are more commonly associated with exposure to protease inhibitors. Recent population-based studies have not demonstrated an association between neural tube defects and dolutegravir exposure. In a recent, multisite randomized trial, infants born to mothers receiving dolutegravir vs. efavirenz had lower neonatal mortality, possibly mediated through reductions in small-for-gestational age and preterm birth. Neurodevelopment, neuroimaging and growth studies suggest a protective effect of earlier maternal ART initiation.

Dolutegravir continues to appear safe in pregnancy. Randomized trials of specific regimens during pregnancy and breastfeeding, including long-acting and newer ART drugs with long-term follow-up of children, are critical to understand the contribution of ART exposure to CHEU outcomes.
An update on surgical management for stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Gallo Kelsey , Weiner Hillary , Mishra Kavita
Published: October 2024

Purpose of review

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common condition for which women often opt for surgical management. Synthetic midurethral slings (MUS) have been the dominant treatment for decades. Single-incision slings (SIS) have been introduced to lower the morbidity associated with trocar passage during MUS placement. Urethral bulking has been used less frequently owing to its lower cure rates. New data have recently emerged in support of single-incision slings (SIS) and urethral bulking with Bulkamid polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAHG).

Recent findings

Several studies with a follow-up ≥10 years have shown stable efficacy and complication rates of retropubic (RMUS) and transobturator (TMUS) midurethral slings over time. SIS products show equivalent efficacy to traditional TMUS and RMUS at up to 3 years of follow-up and can be placed under local anesthesia. While urethral bulking with PAHG results in lower cure rates compared to slings, satisfaction rates are high and responders have sustained improvement at 7 years follow-up.

All three types of available slings, TMUS, RMUS, and SIS, are now considered appropriate surgical options for the treatment of SUI. Although the absence of comparative data precludes a formal recommendation for one injectable over another, urethral bulking with PAHG has favorable long-term results and an excellent safety profile.
Does the Timing of Orthognathic Surgery Affect the Level of External Root Resorption?: Surgery-First Approach Versus Conventional Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Albayrak Elif , Buyukcavus Muhammed Hilmi , Sari Ömer Faruk , Findik Yavuz
Published: October 2024

Objective:

This study aimed to compare external root resorption levels, both linearly and areally, on panoramic radiographs in Class III patients whose treatment was completed with the conventional orthognathic surgery and the surgery-first approach.

Methods:

The study included 20 patients (10 female, 10 male; 23.98±2.63 y) treated with conventional orthognathic surgery and 18 patients (8 female, 10 male; 27.5±3.42 y) treated with surgery-first approach was included. Linear and area measurements were made on the digital panoramic radiographs taken before and at the end of the treatment of 38 patients who constituted the sample of the study. The mean changes observed in each group were evaluated using a paired t test. The chronological ages, skeletal features (type of Class III malocclusion), treatment durations, initial values, and mean changes that occurred in each group were compared using independent t test.

Results:

When the changes in root lengths and root surface areas were evaluated in all teeth in both groups, a significant loss in size was measured (P<0.001). More resorption was observed in teeth 12 and 22 in the conventional surgery group (P<0.05). When the amount of resorption in both groups was compared, there was significantly more resorption in tooth number 12 in the conventional surgery group (P<0.05).

Conclusion:

The study showed that there was external root resorption in all teeth in both protocols, but the root lengths of the lateral teeth were shortened more in both groups.
The Impact of Lexical-semantic Impairment on Spoken Verb Production in Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Macoir Joël , Laforce Robert , Hudon Carol
Published: October 2024

Background:

Although episodic memory is the primary concern in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), other cognitive functions may also be affected, including language. Language impairment in individuals with MCI has been attributed primarily to the breakdown of semantic representations, difficulties in accessing semantic information, and the weakening of executive functions. However, in most prior studies of word processing in individuals with MCI, researchers have used measures focused on noun production.

Objective:

To investigate how verb production tasks might aid in detecting cognitive impairment in individuals with MCI.

Methods:

We compared the performance of 45 individuals with MCI and 45 healthy controls on action naming and action fluency tasks.

Results:

In the action naming task, the performance of participants with MCI was significantly impaired compared to healthy controls in terms of total score, the number of semantic errors produced, and the use of generic terms. In the action fluency task, participants with MCI produced significantly fewer verbs, fewer clusters, and fewer switches than healthy controls.

Conclusion:

The results of our study emphasize the utility of verb production tasks in the identification of cognitive impairment in individuals with MCI and provide evidence of the importance of including action naming and action fluency tasks in the assessment of individuals with MCI.
Self-Supervised Learning for Biomedical Signal Processing: A Systematic Review on ECG and PPG Signals
Authors: Wu Chenwei , Ding Cheng
Published: October 2024

Self-supervised learning has emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing the analysis of physiological signals, particularly Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Photoplethysmogram (PPG) data. This review paper surveys the application of self-supervised learning techniques in the domain of ECG and PPG signal analysis. Traditional supervised methods often rely on labeled data, which can be limited and costly to acquire in medical contexts. Self-supervised learning leverages the inherent structure and temporal dependencies within ECG and PPG signals to train models without explicit annotations. By exploiting pretext tasks such as predicting time intervals, missing samples, or temporal order, self-supervised approaches can learn meaningful representations that capture crucial information for subsequent downstream tasks. This paper provides an overview of key self-supervised methods applied to ECG and PPG data, highlighting their advantages and challenges. Furthermore, it discusses the transferability of learned representations to various clinical applications, including arrhythmia detection, anomaly detection, and heart rate variability analysis. Through this comprehensive review, we shed light on the potential of self-supervised learning to revolutionize ECG and PPG signal processing, ultimately contributing to improved healthcare diagnostics and monitoring.
Taxation and entrepreneurship of migrant workers: evidence from China
Authors: Huang Lulu , Jiao Conghui , Liu Qiannan
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Migrant workers play a vital role in the development of countries such as China. However, they often face greater barriers in entrepreneurship. Yet, few studies have focused on the effect of institutional factors on migrant workers' entrepreneurial behaviors. To address this gap, this study concentrates on the role of taxation.

Design/methodology/approach

This study takes the agricultural tax abolition reform implemented in rural China since 2004 as an exogenous shock and uses the difference-in-difference (DID) method to examine its effect on migrant workers' entrepreneurship based on longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS).

Findings

We find that the reform significantly improves the probability of migrant workers engaging in entrepreneurship. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the reform exerts a notably more pronounced positive impact on male, younger and migrant workers in the Western region. Further analysis reveals that the three main mechanisms are increased household income, female human capital accumulation and increased social capital, including social networks and social trust.

Originality/value

This study is first to offers an institutional perspective on the determinants of migrant workers' entrepreneurship in China. Additionally, the study can provide insights for policymaking intended to support employment and entrepreneurship among low-skill migrant workers.
Child leader standing on a precipice: a case study of NextGenInnov8
Authors: Sinha Saloni , Faridi Mohammad Rishad , Cheema Surbhi
Published: October 2024

Learning outcomes

After completion of the case study, students will be able to identify the traits required in child leadership and the ability to apply “The Whole Leadership Framework” child leadership model today, identify and discover opportunities to promote child leadership and analyse its sustainable impact and analyse how innovation clubbed with sustainability will create a competitive advantage with special reference to the innovative ultraviolet-C light sterilisation Suraksha Box.

Case overview/synopsis

Aditya Pachpande was a child prodigy of India, who had stunned the world with his trailblazing attitude ever since the tender age of 12. Aditya’s father, Sandeep Pachpande, a Harvard alumnus, wondered – “My son is ahead of his time. Would institutions ever acknowledge my innovative boy as a child leader? Will my child become a teen chief executive officer (CEO)? Will he ever get accepted?” Aditya leads by example as a student, changemaker, edupreneur, innovator and keynote speaker. He thinks, “Age is just a number”, but has had to shout out loud to be heard. With the nickname “Lecture man” given by his teachers and peers, he went on to contribute in endorsing skill-based experiential and discovery-based teaching-learning that addresses real-world issues and sustainable development goals. A CEO at the age of 11 years, he co-founded NextGenInnov8 Global Solutions Private Limited and NextGenInnov8 Social Foundation. Although achieving these milestones, he had to manoeuvre through several curve balls hurled at him by the system. Not the one to ever compromise on ethics, values and purpose, today he was at the crossroads – whether he should choose social change over-commercialisation of his business, simplicity and minimalism over product perfection, crowdfunding over loans or angel investors, manufacture in China or make in India just to name a few. The unstoppable Aditya, aspiring for acceptance, dreamt that someday, these policymakers and businesses would acknowledge child innovators and not write them off just because they were adolescents. Aditya, standing on a precipice, dreamt along.

Complexity academic level

This case has been particularly focused on postgraduate-early stage-level students pursuing business or entrepreneurial education-related programs.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
Preventive health-care behavior: a serial multiple mediation analysis
Authors: De Gourab , Joshi Himanshu , Sondhi Neena , Bhattacharjee Ayona
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Preventive health-care behavior (PHB) adoption as a primordial prevention to stay healthy and avoid lifestyle disease risk is a global trend. This paper aims to use the PHB model and stimulus-organism-response theory to empirically examine the role of individual and technological factors in influencing primordial PHB.

Design/methodology/approach

A sequential mixed-method was adopted to identify the primordial PHB adoption and propose a conceptual framework. The identified determinants and the hypothesized relationships were empirically tested using a convenience sample of 406 urban Indians. Partial least square structural equation modeling is used for data analysis.

Findings

The derived conceptual framework was empirically tested to assess the role of health literacy (HL), health value (HV) and digital health information seeking (DHIS) on primordial PHB. Findings confirmed the significant influence of DHIS on HL, HL on HV and PHB and HV on PHB. The direct effects of DHIS on PHB and HV were insignificant. HL solely mediated the indirect effect of DHIS on PHB, while the mediation of HV was insignificant. HL and HV fully mediated the relationship between DHIS and PHB.

Research limitations/implications

The impact of DHIS on PHB adoption and the serial multiple mediating roles of HL and HV are significant in understanding primordial PHB adoption for both academic theory and practice. However, the cross-sectional study on urban Indians needs further validation across geographies.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this pioneering study is among the first to propose and validate a comprehensive model of primordial PHB adoption.
Create and strengthening innovation ecosystem: roles of policy-affiliated transition intermediaries in latecomers
Authors: Attarpour Mohammadreza , Elyasi Mehdi , Mohammadi Akbar , Rezaalizadeh Hosein
Published: October 2024

Purpose

This study aims to explore the functions of policy-affiliated intermediaries and their roles in driving innovation in latecomers.

Design/methodology/approach

Latecomers have recently recognized the significance of an innovation ecosystem in transitioning to an innovation-driven economy. However, these countries encounter various market and system failures, making policy-affiliated transition intermediaries crucial in orchestrating innovation ecosystems. To achieve this, this study used a case study of a policy-affiliated intermediary and conducted interviews with 19 managers. The results from the content analysis revealed that innovation intermediaries in latecomers perform more comprehensive duties than those mentioned in the literature in the transition to innovation-based development.

Findings

Results show that the most important of policy-affiliated innovation intermediaries’ roles is orientation to the government and private sector market, attracting the participation of the private sector through the implementation of tax credits and the development of the corporate innovation ecosystem, developing science and technology parks, developing laboratory research infrastructure, supporting prominent and capable professors to create innovation networks, developing innovation zones around research institutions and leading universities and developing international scientific cooperation. These are new and important functions that innovation intermediaries should play in the transition process.

Originality/value

The research found that the innovation intermediary acts as a change agent in the mental model of other executive and decision-making bodies. Also result shows that this intermediaries can play more roles than what is mentioned in the literature for the development of innovation.
Estimation of tributary–mainstem migration of freshwater fishes by Sr isotope analysis of otoliths
Authors: Ohta Tamihisa , Sueyoshi Masanao , Shima Momoko , Ida Shinichiro , Iizuka Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2024

The study of fish movement patterns in freshwater ecosystems remains a major focus of contemporary research. Small freshwater fish are known to migrate between tributaries and mainstems at different stages of their life history, helping to avoid local extinctions and maintain genetic diversity. However, fitting small fish species with telemetry equipment is difficult, making it challenging to track their detailed migration history via conventional methods. We evaluated the suitability of otolith isotope analysis for verifying the migration histories of small fish species inhabiting small tributaries. In this study, we compared the 87Sr/86Sr values in stream water and the otoliths of two fish species (Nipponocypris temminckii and Rhinogobius flumineus) inhabiting small streams. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the stream waters within the study area displayed considerable variation among tributaries. Our findings indicate that only N. temminckii has high dispersal ability, showing movement between tributaries or between tributaries and the mainstem in some locations. In contrast, such movement was not generally observed for R. flumineus. These results show the potential of 87Sr/86Sr as a tool for estimating the migration patterns of small fishes that inhabit small tributaries.
What lies behind France's low level of income inequality?
Authors: Bozio Antoine , Guillot Malka , Puschnig Lukas , Tô Maxime
Published: October 2024

We document the evolution of working‐age individual pre‐tax and disposable income inequality in France since the late 1960s using household surveys. Disposable income inequality declined over the 1960s and 1970s and remained stable thereafter. This trend can be explained, in part, by changes in the tax and benefit system, notably through changes in employer contributions, and the evolution of the national minimum wage. Other dimensions than income bring a less positive perspective: low‐income individuals are now more likely to be immigrants, have low education, and live in households with no working adults.
DYNC2H1 splicing variants causing severe prenatal short‐rib polydactyly syndrome and postnatal orofaciodigital syndrome
Authors: Porto Vasconcelos Alice , Quental Sofia , Freixo João Parente , Pacheco João Machado , Rodrigues Sofia , Magalhães Magda , Oliveira Renata , Braga Ana Costa , Quental Rita
Published: October 2024

The DYNC2H1 gene has been associated with short‐rib polydactyly syndrome (SRPS), among other skeletal ciliopathies. Two cases are presented of distinctive phenotypes resulting from splicing variants in DYNC2H1. The first is a 14‐week‐old fetus with enlarged nuchal translucency, oral hamartoma, malformed uvula, bifid epiglottis, short ribs, micromelia, long bone agenesis, polysyndactyly, heart defect, pancreatic cysts, multicystic dysplastic kidney, megabladder and trident acetabulum. A ciliopathies NGS panel revealed two compound heterozygous variants in DYNC2H1: c.7840‐18T>G r.7841_7964del p.Gly2614Aspfs*5 and c.11070G>A r.11044_11116del p.Ile3682Aspfs*2. Both variants were initially classified as variants of uncertain significance but were reclassified as likely pathogenic after PCR‐based RNA testing. The second is an 11‐year‐old overweight male with multiple accessory oral frenula, median cleft lip and alveolar ridge, polysyndactyly, brachydactyly, normal rib length, and hypogonadism. Exome sequencing revealed two compound heterozygous variants in DYNC2H1: c.6315del p.(Thr2106Glnfs*7), classified as likely pathogenic, and c.3303‐16A>G p.(?), classified as a variant of uncertain significance. PCR‐based RNA testing suggested that c.3303‐16A>G induces an in‐frame deletion: r.3303_3458del p.Asp1102_Arg1153del, although the normal transcript is still produced. These results are consistent with both SRPS type I/III in the first case and orofaciodigital syndrome in the second, an unprecedented description. This work thus improves the clinical and molecular knowledge of the phenotypes associated with splicing variants in the DYNC2H1 gene.
Single‐port laparoscopic reversal of Hartmann's procedure through the colostomy site: technical aspects and early postoperative outcomes
Authors: Akmercan Ahmet , Akmercan Tayfun , Uprak Tevfik Kıvılcım
Published: October 2024

Background

Single‐port laparoscopic surgical approaches offer improved cosmetic outcomes and enhance recovery following surgery. The purpose of the study was to assess the reliability and efficacy of a single‐port laparoscopic Hartmann's reversal(SPL‐HR) through the colostomy site.

Methods

Prospective data from consecutive patients who underwent SPL‐HR between 2020 and 2024 was analysed. Once the colostomy was detached from abdominal wall, a single‐port device was introduced through the colostomy site. After mobilizing the rectal stump and afferent colon, colorectal anastomosis was carried out using a circular stapler transanally under laparoscopic vision. Postoperative care and discharge decisions were made following the ERAS protocol. Patient demographics, details of Hartmann's procedure, intraoperative outcomes, and early postoperative outcomes were evaluated.

Results

SPL‐HR was successfully performed in 23 of 27 patients (85.1%), with a median operation time of 92 (50–172) min and a median blood loss of 100 (10–360) mL. Five patients (21.7%) experienced a postoperative complication. Two of them experienced grade 3a complications according to Clavien‐Dindo classification: one with an intraabdominal abscess and one with a hematoma at the colostomy site, both requiring drainage under local anaesthesia. Anastomotic leak or mortality wasn't observed in patients. Functional recovery measures such as first flatus time and time to resuming a soft diet were favourable, with a median length of hospital stay of 4 (2–9) days.

Conclusion

The SPL‐HR technique is a reliable and efficient method that is easy to perform. It has acceptable complication rates while improving postoperative recovery and reducing the length of hospital stay.
Promoters as social controls to facilitate knowledge sharing, conflict management and innovation project portfolio performance
Authors: Globocnik Dietfried , Faullant Rita
Published: October 2024

Organizational control theory emphasizes aligning members' actions with organizational goals through formal and social controls. In innovation management, formal controls like project management or stage‐gate processes are limited to measurable and standardized areas. For situations that are complex, unpredictable and highly idiosyncratic, social controls need to be applied for alignment. Knowledge sharing and competitive conflicts are two such innovation‐related phenomena that elude formal control and instead need social controls for alignment. In this research, we propose that promoters—individuals who actively support innovation—serve as social control agents. While previous research has shown the positive effect of single promoters on individual innovation project success, we propose a comprehensive implementation of all four promoter roles, and we test their joint effect on the intermediate outcomes of knowledge sharing and competitive conflict management facilitating innovation project portfolio performance. Drawing on cross‐industry data of 125 firms collected from 986 employees, this article provides empirical evidence that comprehensive implementation of all four promoter roles enhances knowledge sharing and reduces competitive conflicts, thereby improving innovation project portfolio performance. The research reframes promoters as social control agents, emphasizing their collective necessity for managing complex organizational issues and contributing to overall project success.