bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PUPUK KALSIUM NITRAT DAN PUPUK KALIUM FOSFAT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL KACANG HIJAU (Vigna radiata) DI TANAH GAMBUT
Authors: Tarigasa Odilo , Radian Radian , Wasián Wasián
Published: November 2022

Pengembangan kacang hijau di tanah gambut di Kabupaten Kubu Raya masih terbatas dan cenderung ditanam sebagai tanaman sela. Produktivitas kacang hijau Kalimantan Barat tahun 2019 hanya mencapai 0,8 ton per hektar berbeda nyata dengan produktivitas nasional dengan capaian 1,7 ton per hektar. Dalam upaya pemanfaatan lahan gambut untuk penambahan luas tanam kacang hijau di tanah gambut dibutuhkan informasi yang beragam khususnya tentang penggunaan jenis pupuk yang mendukung pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang hijau yang optimal. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pupuk kalsium nitrat dan pupuk kalium fosfat terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang hijau, serta mendapatkan dosis pupuk kalsium nitrat dan kalium fosfat untuk pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang hijau yang optimal. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Bulan Mei 2021 hingga Juli 2021 menggunakan lahan gambut di  Desa Arang Limbung  Kecamatan Sungai Raya  Kabupaten Kubu Raya.   Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) Faktorial. Faktor pertama adalah Pupuk kalsium nitrat (k0= kontrol, k1 = pupuk pupuk kalsium nitrat dengan dosis 300 kg ha-1, k2 = pupuk pupuk kalsium nitrat dengan dosis 600 kg ha-1, k3 = pupuk pupuk kalsium nitrat dengan dosis 900 kg ha-1). Faktor kedua adalah Pupuk kalium fosfat (m0= kontrol, m1 = pupuk kalium fosfat dengan dosis 80 kg ha-1, m2 = pupuk kalium fosfat dengan dosis 160 kg ha-1,m3 = pupuk kalium fosfat dengan dosis 240 kg ha-1, m4 = pupuk kalium fosfat dengan dosis 320 kg ha-1). Variabel pengamatan terdiri dari tinggi tanaman, umur berbunga, jumlah polong per tanaman, jumlah biji per polong, bobot 100 biji, jumlah biji per tanaman, berat kering biji per tanaman, berat kering akar, dan berat kering tanaman. Berdasarkan analisis sidik ragam terhadap variabel pengamatan diketahui bahwa interaksi pupuk kalsium dan pupuk kalium fosfat berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah biji per tanaman. Perlakuan 900 kg ha-1 Kalsium Nitrat dan 240 kg ha-1 kalium fosfat menghasilkan jumlah biji tertinggi.
PENGGUNAAN ETANOL DAN METANOL SEBAGAI ATRAKTAN TERHADAP PENGGEREK BUAH KOPI (Hypothenemus hampei Ferr.) (Coleoptera:Scolytidae) DI DESA PARIKSABUNGAN KECAMATAN SIBORONGBORONG KABUPATEN TAPANULI UTARA
Authors: Sitohang Shinta Kumala Dewi , Bakti Darma , Siregar Ameilia Zuliyanti
Published: November 2022

Hypothenemus hampei merupakan hama utama pada tanaman kopi yang dapat menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas tanaman kopi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis atraktan dan ketinggian perangkap yang efektif untuk mengendalikan PBKo di lapangan. Metode yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) faktorial dengan 2 faktor perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah jenis atraktan (Etanol dan Metanol serta perbandingan kedua jenis atraktan) sedangkan faktor kedua adalah tinggi perangkap (0.5 m, 1 m, 1.5 m). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di lapangan perkebunan kopi dan Identifikasi di Laboratorium Penyakit Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan atraktan Etanol dan Metanol (1 : 4) terbaik dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah imago PBKo yang terperangkap. Ketinggian perangkap terbaik adalah pada 1 meter lalu diikuti 0,5 meter dan 1,5 meter dengan rataan masing-masing 1.37, 1.32 dan 1.22 ekor PBKo. Semua jenis atraktan yang di uji berpengaruh nyata untuk menarik imago PBKo, jenis atraktan terbaik adalah Etanol : Metanol (1:4) dengan ketinggian 1 meter.
PENGARUH SOSIAL EKONOMI TERHADAP PDRB SUB SEKTOR TANAMAN PANGAN SUMATERA UTARA
Authors: Martauli Elvin Desi , Karo Seringena Br , Sembiring Swati , Sembiring Riduan
Published: November 2022

Pertumbuhan ekonomi setiap wilayah berbeda dengan wilayah lainnya. Oleh karena itu, perencanaan pembangunan ekonomi suatu wilayah harus memperhatikan aspek ekonomi, sosial, dan fisik wilayah tersebut, serta hubungannya dengan wilayah lain. Hal ini sangat penting bagi pembangunan ekonomi yang mengacu pada sektor unggulan, selain berpengaruh pada percepatan pertumbuhan ekonomi, juga akan mempengaruhi perubahan mendasar dalam struktur perekonomian daerah, untuk menciptakan pertumbuhan ekonomi dilihat dari perkembangan PDRB. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh jumlah penduduk, luas lahan, produksi, dan pendapatan daerah terhadap PDRB subsektor tanaman pangan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Dari November hingga Desember 2021, penelitian dilakukan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah fungsi Cobb-Douglas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan (Uji F) variabel jumlah penduduk, luas lahan, produksi dan pendapatan daerah berpengaruh signifikan terhadap PDRB subsektor tanaman pangan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Variabel jumlah penduduk, produksi, dan pendapatan daerah berpengaruh signifikan secara parsial (uji t) terhadap PDRB subsektor tanaman pangan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara, namun luas lahan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap PDRB subsektor tanaman pangan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara.
Implementasi Data Keuangan Menggunakan Zahir Pada PT. Anugerah Raya Kencana
Authors: Panjaitan Siska  Oktaviani , Fauziah Sifa
Published: November 2022

Era perkembangan teknologi sekarang melaju dengan sangat pesat, masih banyak perusahaan yang mengolah data keuangan secara manual, sehingga memudahkan dalam pemalsuan data, selain itu data keuangan yang akan dihasilkan belum tentu akurat. Zahir merupakan salah satu perangkat lunak yang dapat digunakan untuk mengimplementasikan data keuangan untuk mempermudah pekerjaan dalam bidang akuntansi. PT. Anugerah Raya Kencana berupa perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang penjualan busa. Perusahaan ini merupakan salah satu perusahaan yang masih menggunakan sistem manual, mulai dari pencatatan dan penyimpanan berkas-berkas data keuangan yang berhubungan dengan proses penjualan, pembelian barang, persediaan barang sampai proses pembuatan laporan data keuangan. Dengan sistem pencatatan secara manual menyebabkan sering terjadi permasalahan, diantaranya dalam proses penjualan barang menjadi lebih rumit pencatatannya karena harus mengkalkulasikan harga pokok barang secara manual menggunakan metode FIFO sehingga pada saat proses berlangsung sering terjadi kesalahan dalam pencatatannya, terjadi pencatatan ganda pada jurnal, mempunyai resiko yang membutuhkan waktu lama dan lebih sulit saat terjadinya proses pencarian berkas data keuangan, sering terjadi selisih antara pencatatan persediaan dengan barang yang ada digudang, serta kurang akuratnya laporan yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan permasalahan penulis mengimplementasikan suatu sistem informasi yang terkomputerisasi menggunakan Zahir. Metode yang penulis gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, wawancara, dan studi pustaka. Diharapkan implementasi Zahir ini merupakan solusi yang terbaik untuk menunjang pengolahan data keuangan pada PT. Anugerah Raya Kencana.
Implemantasi Data Akuntansi Menggunakan Zahir Accounting Pada Sekolah Mengemudi Ar’rahman Cabang Manggarai
Authors: Faizah Siti , Ersa Laila , Maria Vivi
Published: November 2022

Pengolahan data akuntansi merupakan salah satu hal yang sangat penting untuk kelancaran usaha karena hampir semua kegiatan dan transaksi selalu berhubungan dengan akuntansi. Perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang jasa lembaga kursus mengemudi mobil ini dalam pengolahan data akuntansinya masih menggunakan sistem manual dengan pencatatan tertulis di buku mulai dari pencatatan transaksi sampai dengan pembuatan laporan keuangan, sehingga pengolahan data akuntansi membutuhkan waktu yang lama, memungkinkan terjadinya kesalahan dalam pencatatan, kurang akuratnya laporan, keterlambatan dalam pencarian data-data yang diperlukan dan penyimpanan data yang kurang aman karena mudah rusak dan hilang. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode observasi, wawancara dan studi pustaka. Pengolahan data akuntansi menggunakan Zahir Accounting Versi 5.1 merupakan solusi terbaik untuk memecahkan permasalahan-permasalahan yang ada perusahaan ini dan dengan diterapkannya software ini dapat mempermudah pencatatan transaksi sampai dengan penyajian laporan keuangan sehingga menjadi lebih akurat, efektif dan efisien. Dalam hal pencarian data menjadi lebih mudah dan cepat serta penyimpanan data menjadi lebih aman
Pengolahan Data Keuangan Pada PT. Mugan Kreasi Indonesia
Authors: Kencono Khairani Syahri Putri , Muryani Sri
Published: November 2022

PT. Mugan Kreasi Indonesia merupakan salah satu perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang penjualan ritel. PT. Mugan Kreasi Indonesia atau yang dikenal dengan Mugan Home melakukan penjualan seperti perlengkapan rumah tangga, peralatan dapur, produk kecantikan, perlengkapan ibu dan bayi, perlengkapan medis, aksesoris handphone, suku cadang dan aksesoris kendaraan. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan penelitian  ini adalah wawancara, pengamatan, dan studi pustaka. Pengelolaan data keuangan yang terjadi pada perusahaan ini dilakukan secara manual. Dari awal  transaksi sampai dengan pembuatan laporan keuangan. Sehingga memungkinkan terjadi kesalahan dalam pencatatan data keuangan dan hilangnya bukti transaksi. Zahir accounting merupakan salah satu software pengolahan data keuangan yang mudah digunakan dan bisa diterapkan di PT. Mugan Kreasi Indonesia. Dengan menerapkan aplikasi Zahir Accounting  telah memenuhi standar akuntansi keuangan yang terkomputerisasi merupakan solusi terbaik dalam melakukan pemecahan masalah yang terjadi di PT. Mugan Kreasi Indonesia. Dengan zahir accounting  dalam pengolahan data baik pemasukan maupun pengeluaran dapat berjalan dengan baik, cepat, dan tepat. Laporan keuangan bisa disajikan tepat waktu sehingga pimpinan bisa menganalisa keuangan perusahaan
Komparasi Pengolahan Data Akuntansi Antara Pencatatan Akuntansi Manual Dengan Aplikasi Zahir Accounting
Authors: Sugesti Sugesti , Nilawati Lala
Published: November 2022

Perkembangan teknologi saat ini memiliki pengaruh besar di berbagai sektor. Pada sektor bisnis, suatu perusahaan memerlukan teknik dalam mengelola data menjadi lebih cepat, akurat, tepat waktu serta dapat menghemat ruang penyimpanan. Salah satu pengolahan data yang paling penting adalah pengolahan data akuntansi. Pencatatan akuntansi dengan sistem yang bersifat manual menggunakan kertas atau menggunakan Microsoft Excel, masih belum sepenuhnya bisa dipercaya dan masih memungkinkan terjadinya banyak kesalahan. Selain itu, jika transaksi yang terjadi memiliki volume yang banyak akan menghambat pendataan data keuangan. CV. Zio Shoes Store merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang perdagangaan, pada proses pencatatan data keuangannya masih di lakukan secara manual.  Penggunaan Komputer masih sebatas menggunakan Microsoft Excel. Pengolahan akuntansi secara manual yang diterapkan pada CV. Zio Shoes Store, memiliki lebih banyak resiko dibandingkan dengan menggunakan sistem yang terkomputerisasi. Salah satu contohnya dalam pencatatan data transaksi seringkali terjadi penggandaan, dengan nomor atau kode yang sama tetapi merupakan transaksi yang berbeda. Sehingga hal ini dapat berakibat pada tidak sesuainya laporan keuangan yang akan dihasilkan. Pada peneltian ini akan menggunakan metode pengumpulan data, pengolahan data dengan melakukan pencatatan akuntansi secara manual terlebih dahulu, dan langkah terakhir akan dilakukan migrasi data ke aplikasi Zahir Accounting Versi 5.1. Aplikasi Zahir Accounting Versi 5.1 diharapkan menjadi solusi terbaik, sehingga kinerja perusahaan dapat berjalan lebih efektif dan efisien, serta data lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan sistem yang terdahulu.
Sistem Informasi Pemesanan Unit Properti Berbasis Web Pada PT. Haakon Inti Perkasa Depok
Authors: Asiyah Mulyati Nur , Fadillah Hasan , Irfiani Eni , Dafa Muhammad
Published: November 2022

Kebutuhan akan tempat tinggal menjadi kebutuhan utama bagi setiap orang Untuk membangun perumahan atau properti pada umumnya dibangun dan dirancang oleh pengembang (developer) perumahan, namun salah satu faktor penentuan rumah tersebut dapat laku terjual atau tidaknya tergantung dari proses pemasaran. Suatu upaya untuk memudahkan pengembang perumahan dalam menyelesaikan masalah yaitu dengan membutuhkan penggunaan teknologi informasi agar perusahaan dapat mengembangkan proses pemasaran perumahan. Dalam kegiatan operasionalnya, sistem masih manual konsumen kesulitan pada saat proses pengajuan pemesanan unit rumah dimana informasi dan pemesanan unit rumah melalui media whatsapp. Marketing juga membutuhkan waktu lama untuk melihat data unit rumah yang belum terjual dikarenakan pencatatan rumah yang sudah terjual masih dilakukan secara manual, untuk pengumpulan berkas pengajuan Kredit Pemilikan Rumah (KPR) sering terjadi kehilangan berkas dikarenakan penempatan berkas yang masih tercecer dari konsumen yang mengirimkannya secara bertahap. Untuk itu perlu adanya sebuah sistem informasi ini mempermudah pengguna pada saat pemesanan properti dan pengumpulan dokumen pengajuan KPR dalam bentuk softfile agar tidak terjadi kehilangan berkas.  Dalam merancang sistem Informasi pemesanan unit properti menggunakan metode SLDC dengan model Waterfall dengan menggunakan UML sebagai analisa dan desain. Bahasa pemograman yang digunakan dalam pembuatan aplikasi yaitu Mysql, PHP, CSS, Javascript dan framework Codeigniter. Dengan adanya aplikasi ini memudahkan kinerja staff marketing dalam melakukan pemesanan unit properti serta menghindari terjadinya kehilangan dokumen pada saat pengajuan KPR.
Perancangan Sistem Informasi Akademik Berbasis Web Pada TKIT Riyadhul Jannah Jakarta
Authors: Mulyadi Yudy , Yusuf Lestari
Published: November 2022

Abstrak  - Website merupakan salah satu layanan yang dapat dipakai oleh pengguna komputer yang terhubung dengan internet. Website memudahkan pengguna untuk berinteraksi dengan pengguna lainnya dan menelusuri informasi yang ada di jaringan internet. TKIT Riyadhul Jannah Jakarta merupakan salah satu lembaga yang bergerak dalam bidang pendidikan untuk anak usia dini. Tujuan dari pembuatan ini adalah untuk membuat website informasi akademik untuk para orang tua peserta didik di TKIT Riyadhul Jannah Jakarta. Untuk membuat website TKIT Riyadhul Jannah Jakarta dibutuhkan beberapa metode. Metode yang digunakan antara lain studi pustaka, observasi dan wawancara. Website ini dikembangkan dengan bahasa pemrograman PHP dan database yang digunakan adalah database MySQL. Sistem memiliki fasilitas seperti data anak didik, data guru, data kelas, data prestasi anak, data nilai anak, data raport anak, data pengumuman, dan kegiatan di TKIT Riyadhul Jannah Jakarta.
Implementasi Metode Prototyping Dalam Perancangan E-Commerce Pemesanan Aqiqah Pada Sentra Aqiqah Cabang Bogor
Authors: Alkhalifi Yuris , Pratama Dipa Putra
Published: November 2022

Kebutuhan masyarakat akan lembaga penyedia aqiqah sudah semakin banyak. Sentra Aqiqah Nusantara merupakan salah satu lembaga aqiqah terkemuka di Indonesia khususnya di Jawa Barat. Bergerak dalam bidang jasa pelayanan aqiqah yang memudahkan untuk para orang tua dalam melaksanakan ibadah aqiqah. Masalah yang dihadapi yaitu semua kegiatan tersebut masih dilakukan secara manual, karena sistem informasi penjualan tersebut belum terkelola dengan baik seperti proses pemesanan, pengelolaan data pelanggan, hingga dalam laporan penjualan. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut dapat menggunakan salah satunya jenis Sistem Informasi yakni e-commerce. Metode pada Sistem Informasi yang akan dibangun menggunakan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metode prototyping. Sistem informasi ini dimulai dari pembuatan desain program berupa Entity Relationship Diagram, Logical Record Structure dan Unified Modelling Language. Aplikasi yang dibuat adalah berbasis website berupa e-commerce dengan menggunakan HTML, CSS dan Javascript. Dengan merancang sistem informasi pemesanan maka memudahkan untuk para konsumen dalam mengetahui data produk, sekaligus memudahkan dalam pemesanan dari sisi pelanggan. Dan dapat mempromosikan produk sehingga meningkatkan profit penjualan untuk Sentra Aqiqah Nusantara.
Sistem Informasi Mobile Absensi Karyawan (SIMABAR) PT. Grand Dwi Mandiri Jakarta
Authors: Silvianty Silvianty
Published: November 2022

Sistem kehadiran karyawan merupakan salah satu hal yang utama bagi sebuah perusahaan atau instansi untuk mencari sebuah keputusan, karena berhubungan dengan disiplin dan kinerja dari setiap pegawai/karyawan.
PENGARUH PAJAK DAERAH TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI KABUPATEN GORONTALO PERIODE 2015-2019
Authors: Alkatiri Ramlah , Mokodompit Nur Eng , Kilo Mochtar N.
Published: November 2022

The objective of research were: 1) to determine that the Local Taxes ia influenced on Economic Growth at Gorontalo Regency in 2015-2019 and 2) to determine, how much the influence value between local taxes and the economic growth of Gorontalo Regency for the period 2015-2019. The method used quantitative research approach with the type of research was an explanatory research. The result of research obtained that 1).  There ia the influence of Local Taxes on Economic Growth at Gorontalo Regency in periode of 2015-2019, this is proven through statisical test which is obtained significance value 0.006 small than α 0.05, and 2) The coefficient of determination obtained is 0.921, this explains that the level of influence of the local tax variable on economic growth is very strong and has a positive value. Keywords: Local Taxes, Economic Growth
ANALISIS PENDAPATAN PEDAGANG WARUNG MAKAN PADA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI DESA PENTADIO TIMUR KECAMATAN TELAGA BIRU KABUPATEN GORONTALO
Authors: Imbran Harijono , Ahmad Masra
Published: November 2022

This research aims to: determine and analyze the income of food stall traders in the Covid-19 pandemic in the East Pentadio Village, Telaga Biru subDistrict, Gorontalo Regency. The research method uses a qualitative research approach with a qualitative descriptive type of research. The results based on research findings showed that: 1) The Covid-19 pandemic affected the income of food stall traders. Before the Covid-19 pandemic, the net income of food stall traders reached Rp. 305,200 per day. After the Covid-19 pandemic, food stall traders only pocketed Rp. 147,500 per day, 2) The Covid-19 pandemic affects the operational costs of food stall traders. If before the Covid-19 Pandemic operational expenses reached Rp. 59,550, with the Covid-19 Pandemic, operational costs also increased to Rp. 71,500
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENGANGGURAN (Studi Kasus Di Kecamatan Suwawa Timur Kabupaten Bone Bolango)
Authors: Machmud Joice , Suleman Arfan
Published: November 2022

The problem of unemployment in Indonesia has always been a challenge, especially in the regions to find a solution approach. Therefore, this study aims to see what factors affect unemployment by taking the research location in East Suwawa District, Bone Bolango Regency. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach using secondary data sources, namely time series data for the five years 2016-2021. The equipment used in problem solving analysis is multiple linear regression involving three variables, namely Y (Unemployed), X1 (Provincial Drinking Wage) and X2 (Education Level). The results of the study concluded that the minimum wage variable (X1) had a negative and significant effect on the unemployment rate (Y) in East Suwawa District. The education level variable (X2) has a significant and positive direction on the unemployment rate (Y) in East Suwawa District. The independent variables, namely the minimum wage and education level, were able to explain the variation in the dependent variable or the unemployment rate of 5.56 percent, while the remaining 44.4 percent was explained by other variables not included in the estimate. Simultaneously the minimum wage and education level have a significant effect on unemployment in East Suwawa District. In other words, the independent variables jointly affect the unemployment rate significantly.
PENGARUH PAJAK RESTORAN TERHADAP PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH KABUPATEN BONE BOLANGO
Authors: Paramata Srihantuti , Ngabito Hans
Published: November 2022

This study aims to determine how the effect of restaurant tax revenue on local revenue in Bone Bolango Regency. This study uses a quantitative approach, and the data sources used in the analysis use secondary data from the last five years (2016-2020). The analytical tool used to answer the established hypothesis is using simple regression analysis.The results showed that the restaurant tax had no significant effect on local revenue in Bone Bolango Regency. This effect is not significant because it is shown by the result of the determination value (Rsquare) where the value is equal to zero. This means that any increase in restaurant taxes does not have a significant effect on increasing local revenue in Bone Bolango Regency in the 2016-2020 period. The contribution of restaurant taxes to regional original income is quantitatively still relatively small compared to other sources of revenue such as regional levies, street lighting taxes and so on. Restaurant Tax is only able to provide an average contribution in 5 years (2016-2020) of only Rp. 1,039,000,000 while the average PAD revenue in the last five years is Rp. 73,032,748,896.48,- This means that the contribution of restaurant tax to local revenue is only 1.73 percent in the last five years.
Experimental Analysis of Impact Behavior of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene-Nano Ceramics Composite Particles by Isolated Particle Deposition Method Using Downstream Injection Cold Spray Technique
Authors: Ravi K. , Ogawa K. , Lame O. , Cavaillé J.-Y.
Published: November 2022

Recent advances has made possible to obtain Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) coatings by cold spray technique with nano-ceramic additives with the feedstock. However, the exact role of nano particles is largely not understood. In this work, isolated depositions of UHMWPE particles with 0%, 2%, 4%, 10% of fumed nano alumina (FNA) on Al surface were performed at different gas/particle temperatures. Particle velocities and particle temperatures were controlled by varying the carrier gas pressure and temperature. The impact behavior of UHMWPE was analyzed using SEM, FIB and high-speed camera. Increase in gas temperature and percentage of FNA showed a significant variation in the deposition volume. FIB analysis showed that successful depositions were influenced by degree of deformation of particle. Further, addition of FNA helped in deposition of particles that have required a lesser degree of deformation. Finally, high speed camera showed that particles are moving at an incidence velocity of 180-200m/s and rebound velocity of 40-50m/s. This suggests that particles lose a significant amount of their kinetic energy during the impact.
Essential Factors Influencing the Bonding Strength of Cold Sprayed Aluminum Coatings on Ceramic Substrates
Authors: Drehmann R. , Grund T. , Lampke T. , Wielage B. , Wüstefeld C. , Motylenko M. , Rafaja D.
Published: November 2022

The present work summarizes the most important results of a research project dealing with the comprehensive!! investigation of the bonding mechanisms between cold sprayed Al coatings and various poly- and monocrystalline ceramic substrates (Al2O3, AlN, Si3N4, SiC, MgF2). Due to their exceptional combination of properties, metallized ceramics are gaining more and more importance for a wide variety of applications, especially in electronic engineering. Cold spraying provides a quick, flexible and cost-effective one-step process to apply metallic coatings on ceramic surfaces. However, since most of the existing cold spray-related publications focus on metallic substrates, only very little is known about the bonding mechanisms acting between cold sprayed metals and ceramic substrates. In this paper, the essential factors influencing the bonding strength in such composites are identified. Besides mechanical tensile strength testing, a thorough analysis of the coatings and especially the metal/ceramic interfaces was conducted by means of HRTEM, FFT, STEM, EDX, EELS, XRD and EBSD. The influence of substrate material, substrate temperature and particle size is evaluated with regard to the observed bonding behavior. The results suggest that, apart from mechanical interlocking, the adhesion of cold sprayed metallic coatings on ceramics is based on a complex interplay of different mechanisms such as quasi-adiabatic shearing, static recrystallization as well as heteroepitaxial growth.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cold Sprayed Titanium Coatings
Authors: Żórawski W. , Madry J. , Sienicki J. , Makrenek M. , Góral A. , Kowalski S.
Published: November 2022

The work concerns a study of the properties of cold sprayed Ti coatings. This material is an attractive choice for many applications because it exhibits high strength-to-weight ratios, very good oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Cold spraying is applied to deposit Ti coatings and elements as additive manufacturing process, however it needs higher critical velocity for deposition than other, more ductile metals. Nowadays nitrogen as cheap gas is used as working gas in cold spray process, however application helium as accelerating gas allows to obtain elements with higher strength. It allows to understand the mechanism of cohesion between sprayed particles. In carried out experiment Ti powder with angular shape was applied in the cold spraying process. The coatings were sprayed by means of Impact Innovations 5/8 system with nitrogen and addition of helium onto 7075 Al alloy. The investigations revealed that the cold sprayed Ti coatings with addition of helium as working gas exhibit better mechanical properties, lower porosity and roughness.
Development of Wear-Resistant High-Entropy Alloy Coatings Produced by Thermal Spray Technology
Authors: Löbel M. , Lindner T. , Lampke T. , Kohrt C.
Published: November 2022

The alloying concept of High-Entropy Alloys (HEA) has attracted much scientific interest due to an interesting combination of properties. Previous investigations have shown that high hardness and strength, comparable to bulk metallic glasses, can be achieved. Furthermore, HEAs show distinct ductility and good high-temperature resistance. First investigations on tribological properties are indicating high wear resistance. Previous investigations of the alloy system AlCoCrFeNiTi in bulk state have shown promising properties. Therefore, the alloy AlCoCrFeNiTi with equimolar composition was selected for transferring bulk properties to thermally sprayed coatings. The focus of this contribution is on studying tribological properties of thermally sprayed HEA coatings to enlarge the field of possible applications. Feedstock material production was carried out by high-energy ball milling (HEM) and inert gas atomization. Subsequently, coatings were deposited by Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS). Tribological properties of the coatings under different wear regimes were investigated in ball-on-disk wear tests, oscillating wear tests and scratch tests. The tribological properties are compared with a conventional hard chrome plating and correlated with microstructure.
The Effects of Substrate Preheating Temperature and Torch Power on Crystallization and Microstructure of ZnO Films Via SPPS
Authors: Yu Z. , Zhao Y. , Moliere M. , Liao H. , Feng Z. , Wang W.
Published: November 2022

ZnO films were deposited by solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) process with different substrate preheating temperatures and torch powers, which were used to study the effects on crystallizations and microstructures. With increasing substrate preheating temperature from 0 °C to 400 °C, ZnO films were always preferential orientation along (002) plane with much higher crystallinity. And more apparent crystallized particles appeared with higher agglomeration degree forming cauliflower-like microstructure under higher preheating temperature. For adjusting hydrogen flow rate, the moderate hydrogen flow rate was the suitable condition for obtaining oriented growth along (002). Besides, all ZnO films under different hydrogen flow rates with a constant preheating temperature as 400 °C were always combined with crystallized particles. Moreover, the increment of torch power makes microstructure becomes denser with less interspace between neighbouring particles. Moreover, it is found that crystallinity and crystallized particles is more dependent on preheating temperature and torch power plays a more important role on densification by two staggered experiments. Taking applications of metal oxides films via SPPS into consideration, choosing moderate substrate preheating temperature and hydrogen flow rate will obtain crystallized particles, unusual preferentially oriented planes and high specific surface area, which is very favourable for optical, electrical, electrochemical properties.
On the Determination of Delamination Toughness in Multi-Layer Thermal Barrier Coating Systems
Authors: Adam M. , Elsaß M. , Frommherz M. , Scholz A. , Oechsner M.
Published: November 2022

A Vickers indentation method has been applied to determine the interfacial fracture toughness of modern multilayer thermal barrier coatings. The delamination behavior of four types of coating systems will be discussed and compared with results based on modified four-point bending (4PB) tests. The investigated multi-layer coating system consists of a CoNiCrAlY-bond coat applied via low-pressure plasma spray (LPPS) on a nickel-based superalloy and an atmospheric-plasma sprayed (APS) top layer of type gadolinium zirconate (GZO) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). A conventional YSZ mono-layer system is used for reference. The effects of GZO and YSZ microstructure were investigated using top coats with low and high porosities for both (multi- and single-layer) coating systems. Isothermal oxidation tests at 1100 °C up to 500 hours were performed to study the interaction between thermal aging and fracture behavior. Investigations of microstructure and sintering behavior show a significant influence of the annealing conditions on fracture toughness. It has been observed, that with increasing annealing time, the stiffness and thus the crack driving force of the GZO layer is increased due to sintering effects and healing of submicron defects. The lower stiffness and higher defect density of GZO seem to be the main reason for the reduced fracture toughness of the YSZ / GZO interface compared to the YSZ / CoNiCrAlY interface. As a result, the delamination of the top coat is observed to shift from the top coat / bond coat interface into the top coat double-layer.
Hybrid Powder-Suspension Al2O3-ZrO2 Coatings by Axial Plasma Spraying: Processing, Characteristics, and Tribological Behavior
Authors: Goel S. , Björklund S. , Wiklund U. , Joshia SV.
Published: November 2022

The ability of suspension plasma spraying (SPS) to overcome difficulties associated with feeding of fine (submicron or nano-sized) powders and achieve more refined microstructures than possible in atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) is well established. In recent times, the use of axial injection plasma spray systems has yielded substantial enhancement in deposition rates/efficiencies due to improved thermal exchange between the plasma plume and injected feedstock. The present paper describes utilization of both the above advances in plasma spraying to create various function-dependent coating architectures through simultaneous and/or sequential spraying of hybrid powder-suspension feedstock. A specific variant of such hybrid axial plasma spraying that enables deposition of composite coatings by simultaneous injection of a powder and a suspension is discussed in particular detail. Results obtained using an Al2O3-ZrO2 material system as a case study reveal that composite coatings combining the micron-size features arising from the spray-grade Al2O3 powder and submicron or nano-sized features attributable to the ZrO2 suspension can be conveniently realized. The surface morphology, microstructure, and composition of these coatings, as well as their tribological behaviour determined using scratch and ball-on-disc tests, are presented herein. The utility of this method to develop a wide array of composite coatings is also discussed.
Comparing the Microstructures and Properties of YSZ TBCs Manufactured Via Air Plasma Spray (APS), Suspension Plasma Spray (SPS) and Finely-Dispersed-Particle Air Plasma Spray (FAPS)
Authors: Lima R. , Guerreiro B. , Marple B.
Published: November 2022

ZrO2-Y2O3 (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were manufactured via conventional Air Plasma Spray (APS), Suspension Plasma Spray (SPS) and an additional technology hereby termed Finely-dispersed-particle Air Plasma Spray (FAPS). The FAPS processing employs the exact same classification of finely dispersed particles as used in SPS; however, whereas SPS uses a liquid medium, in the case of FAPS the particles are fed conventionally via a carrier gas into the plasma spray torch by using a newly developed powder feeder for fine (suspension-like) particles (NRC patented technology). These finely dispersed YSZ particles consist of irregularly shaped (fluffy-like) agglomerates made from individual nano-sized particles. The conventional APS YSZ TBC was sprayed via a Metco 3MB torch, whereas, both SPS and FAPS YSZ TBCs were sprayed using the Mettech Axial III torch (using the same set of spray parameters). Both SPS and FAPS YSZ TBCs exhibited porous and vertically-cracked microstructures. The conventional APS YSZ TBC microstructure exhibited the traditional lamellar morphology. Elastic modulus, hardness and thermal conductivity values were evaluated for all YSZ TBCs. Microstructures and phase analysis were investigated via SEM and XRD.
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Property Enhancement of a Cold Sprayed Cu-Zn Alloy Coating by Post-Spray Friction Stir Processing
Authors: Huang C. , Xie Y. , Verdy C. , Planche M. , Liao H. , Montavon G. , Li W. , Feng Y.
Published: November 2022

An innovative hybrid process which combines the two very effective solid-state techniques of cold spraying (CS) and friction stir processing (FSP), was proposed to fabricate a high-strength ultrafine-grained Cu-Zn coating. Results show that the CS coating had an elongated microstructure with 78.42% of low-angle grain boundaries. Following FSP, there appear ultrafine grains with 90.47% of high-angle grain boundaries and a composition of α, β' and γ phases while the CS coatings was mainly α. Significant mechanical properties enhancement is achieved, i.e. with the ultimate tensile strength increasing from 87.2 MPa to 257.5 MPa and fracture elongation increasing from 0.17% to 0.81%. The precipitates have a significant effect on the fracture behavior of FSP coatings.
Development and Application of Binary Suspensions in the Ternary System Cr2O3-TiO2-Al2O3 for S-HVOF Spraying
Authors: Kratzsch R. , Potthoff A. , Barbosa M. , Kulissa N. , Kunze O. , Toma F.
Published: November 2022

Next to ZrO2, compositions in the system Cr2O3-TiO2-Al2O3 are the most used ceramic materials for thermally sprayed coating solutions. Cr2O3 coatings present good sliding wear resistance, Al2O3 coatings show excellent insulation behaviour and TiO2 striking corrosion properties. In order to combine these properties, coatings containing more than one oxide are highly interesting. The conventional spraying process is limited to the availability of binary feedstock powders with defined compositions. The use of suspensions offers the opportunity for tailor-made compositions: within the triangle of Cr2O3-TiO2-Al2O3 each mixture of oxides can be created. The formulation of binary or ternary suspensions is based on the preparation of stable single-oxide suspensions, which will later be mixed to achieve the desired composition. This procedure requires the development of water-based suspensions with suitable behavior, otherwise the ceramic particles and dissolved organic additives may interact and form agglomerates, which are prejudicial to the thermal spray process. This work presents criteria for the selection of raw materials as well as relevant aspects for the development of binary suspensions to be used in thermal spray. For procedure validation, coatings sprayed using Cr2O3-TiO2 suspensions and S-HVOF will be shortly presented and analysed in terms of their microstructure and microhardness.
Suspension Plasma Spray YSZ Feedstocks and Delivery System for Improved Spray Distance and Cost Effective Throughput
Authors: Callen B. W. , Roccio-Heller R. , Liu J. , Sabouni O.
Published: November 2022

Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) suspensions are currently popular in developing strain resistant columnar structured thermal barrier coatings by Suspension Plasma Spray (SPS) as a less costly alternative to conventional EB-PVD. Coatings produced by SPS have a disadvantage of reduced usable spray distance, compared to conventional APS, due to quenching of the plasma by the suspension liquids, which are most commonly alcohol-based. The reduced spray distance can interfere with the coating process for substrates with complex geometries such as turbine blades. This paper shows how spray distance can be increased by using larger suspension particle sizes that are not normally considered for SPS. Such large particle suspensions are shown capable of producing columnar or segmented YSZ coating microstructures that are similar to those produced by submicron particle suspensions, but at longer and more practical spray distances. Another limitation to SPS process technology is the delivery system of feedstock from the point of manufacture to the SPS feed hopper. Current commercial ready-to-use suspensions have limitations involving cost, transportation and storage that effect both the producers and the end-users. An alternative suspension delivery system may be applied to SPS feedstock materials, including current sub-micron and the coarser particle size cuts described herein. Discussed is a pre-formulated dry feedstock that is constituted into fresh suspension by the end-user with locally sourced liquid media and appropriate high-speed mixing equipment. This alternative delivery system for suspensions provides lower cost materials and process flexibility that is particularly suited to commercial scale SPS coating facilities.
The Influence of the Coating Deposition Process on the Interdiffusion Behavior Between Nickel-Based Superalloys and MCrAlY Bond Coats
Authors: Elsaß M. , Frommherz M. , Oechsner M.
Published: November 2022

In this work, interdiffusion between different nickel-based superalloys and two MCrAlY bond coats, containing different chemical compositions, is investigated. To determine the influence of the coating deposition process, the MCrAlY bond coats were applied using two different spraying processes, high velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF) and low-pressure plasma spraying (LPPS). Of primary interest is the evolution of Kirkendall porosity, which can form at the interface of substrate and bond coat and depends largely on the chemical compositions of the coating and substrate. Experimental evidence suggested also a dependence on the coating deposition process. Formation of porosity at the interface causes a degradation of the bonding strength between substrate and coating, with functional breakdown of the coating system as a worst result. After coating deposition, the samples were annealed at 1050 °C for varying test periods up to 2000 hours. Microstructural and compositional analyses were performed to determine and to evaluate the Kirkendall porosity. The results reveal a strong influence of both the spraying process and the chemical composition. The amount of Kirkendall porosity formed, as well as the location of appearance and the shape, is largely influenced by the coating deposition process. In general, samples with bond coats applied by means of HVOF show accelerated element diffusion. It is hypothesized that recrystallization of the substrate material, as a consequence of the surface treatment prior to coating deposition, is the main root cause for these observations.
Evolution of Residual Stresses in PS-PVD TBCs with Thermal Cycling
Authors: Tao S. , Yang J. , Zhao H. , Ni J. , Zhong X. , Zhuang Y.
Published: November 2022

Cr3+ Photoluminescence piezo-spectroscopy (CPLPS) has been developed as a non-destructive inspection technique for the measurement of residual stresses within the thermally grown oxide (TGO) in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). In this study, plasma spray - physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) process was used to deposit yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) topcoat with quasi-columnar structures. Evolution of the microstructures and residual stress distribution in such kind structured TBCs before and after thermal cycle test on burner rigs were investigated. The accumulated tensile stress in the as-sprayed ceramic topcoat changed to compressive state after 100 cycles, and then gradually increased. In addition, the mapping compressive stresses in the TGO measured through the ceramic topcoat surface decreased rapidly firstly and then essentially maintain at a relatively stable value with further testing. Moreover, the pre-oxidation of the bondcoat could significantly affect the stress distribution in the TGO, in contrast, no obviously influence on the stresses in the YSZ topcoat.
Wetting Properties of Ceramic Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites on Varied Roughness Profiles
Authors: Vijay S. , Roy B. , Markocsan N , Lyphout C.
Published: November 2022

Superhydrophobic surfaces are of great importance in many industrial applications, especially where components are exposed to wet environments and low temperatures. Texturing of surfaces to reach superhydrophobicity can be achieved by thermal spraying technology, which is an attractive coating method as it is cheap, flexible and can employ a large range of feedstock materials. In this study, ceramic reinforced metal matrix composite (WC-CoCr) powders were sprayed using High Velocity Air Fuel method. They were varied based on their powder parameters such as carbide grain size, binder grain size and powder strength. The purpose was to investigate their hydrophobic characteristics and how these are influenced by different roughness profiles. The wetting properties such as contact angle and contact angle hysteresis were first investigated for the as-sprayed coatings. The roughness properties and Hausdorff Dimension were then related to the wetting properties. Aside from as-sprayed coatings, the effect of roughness and inherent wetting characteristics were studied by investigating the coating surface after grit blasting and polishing. Results show that powder parameters can lead to designing surfaces with higher surface roughnesses and thus having higher contact angles. It was also shown that surface composition of cermets has an impact on wettability, with the binder accounting for wetting characteristics and carbides accounting for roughness.
Detonation Spraying of Refractory Metals
Authors: Ulianitsky V. , Batraev I. , Shtertser A. , Dudina D. , Bulina N. , Smurov I.
Published: November 2022

Due to high melting temperatures and excellent corrosion resistance of refractory metals, they are used for manufacturing parts working under extreme conditions. The formation of refractory metal coatings by thermal spraying is associated with two major challenges: 1) particles of materials having high melting temperatures should be heated to reach a semi-molten or a molten state; 2) oxidation of the metals should be prevented. In this work, the CCDS2000 detonation spray system was used for obtaining molybdenum and tantalum coatings. The coatings were deposited on steel substrates at O2/C2H2=1.1 and stand-off distances of 20 mm and 100 mm. The calculation of the particle temperatures and velocities were carried out to find the optimal spraying modes for Mo and Ta powders. No oxide phases were found in the coatings obtained by spraying of the Mo powder. In the Ta-based coatings, Ta2O5 was found as a second phase. The hardness of the Mo coatings sprayed at 20 mm and 100 mm was 500 HV300 and 625 HV300, respectively. The porosity of the Mo coatings was less than 0.5% for both stand-off distances. The hardness of the Ta-based coatings sprayed at 20 mm and 100 mm was 800 HV300 and 1000 HV300, respectively. The porosity of these coatings was less than 1% for both stand-off distances. The bond strength of the Mo coatings determined by the pin test method was 92 and 126 MPa and that of the Ta-based coatings was 43 and 77 MPa, for coatings deposited at 20 and 100 mm, respectively.
Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium Alloys by Transplantation of Thermally Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Rodriguez Diaz M. , Knödler P. , Otten M. , Möhwald K. , Freiburg D. , Kersting P. , Biermann D.
Published: November 2022

Despite their excellent specific mechanical properties magnesium-based alloys are not widely used in the industry due to their high affinity to oxygen. Given the need for lightweight design, there are increasing efforts to replace high density materials by magnesium. One way to cope with the high oxygen affinity of magnesium is the use of thermally sprayed anti-corrosion coatings. However, conventional thermal coating processes have various process-related limitations. A case in point is coating of complex geometries and internal coatings with small diameters that often cannot be realized by conventional processes. Due to the changed process order some of the limitations of conventional coating methods can be resolved by the transplantation of thermally sprayed coatings. This method is a composite casting process for the coating of die cast components, where the thermally sprayed coating is applied to the corresponding area of the mold prior to the casting process. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of transplanted thermally sprayed coatings with corrosion protection properties to conventional coatings deposited by thermal spraying and to discuss the ramifications with respect to industrial applications.
Comparison of Wear Performance of Thermal Sprayed Cermet (WC-Co) Coatings from Suspension and Feedstock Powders
Authors: Ali O. , Ahmed R. , Alawadhi H. , Shameer M. , Faisal N. , Al-Anazi N. , Goosen M.
Published: November 2022

WC-Co coatings were deposited using conventional High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Jet-Kote (HVOF-JK) and Suspension HVOF (S-HVOF) methods. Microstructural and mechanical properties along with the wear resistance of coatings were investigated. Reciprocating sliding wear tests were conducted against sintered Si3N4 counter-body with a normal load of 25N and total sliding distance of 500m following ASTM G133-2 standard. Coatings were characterised by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and nano-Indentation techniques. HVOF-JK coating showed good retention of WC whereas S-HVOF coating showed the presence of W, W2C and amorphous/nanocrystalline phases. Nano-indentation of HVOF-JK and S-HVOF showed that the relative hardness of the HVOF-JK coating was higher but their elastic modulus was lower. The lower total wear rate was exhibited by the HVOF-JK coating. This difference in wear performance is attributed to the difference in hardness of the coatings and decarburisation of WC particles.
Effect of Spraying Parameters on the Bonding Strength of Detonation Sprayed WC-Ni Coatings
Authors: Baldaev L. , Khamitsev B. , Baldaev S. , Ahmetgareeva A. , Prokofjev M.
Published: November 2022

Well-known detonation thermal spraying is considered to be a good method for the preparation of WC-based coating with high adhesion. The depositing parameters, especially the oxygen-fuel ratio and spot frequency, have been observed to influence the properties of the coating. The influence of the main parameters of the detonation spraying of tungsten carbide based coatings and their mechanical properties have been investigated. Two main tasks for the development of a carbide-containing material application technology have been determined. The relationship between the phase composition of WC-based coatings and their strength, hardness and bond strength to the substrate has been identified. The technique of coating in the reductive mode has been proposed. High oxygen-fuel ratio and spot frequency decreased the decomposition of the WC-phase, which makes the WC-Ni particles harder and as a result more easily embedded in the substrate, i.e. the coating which is beneficial to enhance bonding strength.