bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Welcome Remarks - E02: Electrochemistry for Material Science: In Memory of Ken E. Nobe
Authors: Myung Nosang Vincent
Published: December 2020

Welcome to E02: Electrochemistry for Material Science: In Memory of Ken E. Nobe! Take a moment to listen to welcome remarks from the lead organizer, Nosang Vincent Myung.
Efficient Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition Synthesis Routines for CO Tolerant Catalysts
Authors: Kurdin Kirill A. , Volkov Mikhail A. , Kuznetsov Vitaly V. , Lipovskikh Svetlana A. , Belina Charles A. , Stevenson Keith J.
Published: December 2020

Composite catalysts containing Pt and Mo-oxides are promising materials for anodic catalyst preparation in PEMFCs due to their high tolerance for CO-poisoning. The search for optimal preparation methods for these materials is an important task in modern electrochemical energetics.

Two synthetic routines, namely electrodeposition and deposition under open-circuit conditions, were used for Pt-MoO
x
catalyst preparation. The prepared catalysts were characterized by a variety of modern physical methods (XRD, XPS, SEM, EDX); it was established that the material prepared by electroless deposition contains platinum shell upon platinum core. The materials obtained were tested in the reactions of CO adsorbate electrodeposition and dissolved CO-oxidation.

It was found that molybdenum oxides in the composites prepared by electrodeposition broaden the major peak of CO-oxidation, but the peak maximum does not shift toward less positive values. Therefore, the CO monolayer is destabilized as a result of the contact with molybdenum oxides; however, only a small part of CO can be oxidized at these low potentials. Nevertheless, these catalysts are suitable for dissolved carbon monoxide oxidation.

aPt·b(H
x

-2MoO3) composites were synthesized by the redox reaction of K2PtCl4 with reduced forms of hydrogen containing molybdenum bronzes. The CO desorption peak is broadened and shifted toward less positive potentials. aPt·b(H
x

-2MoO3) catalysts demonstrate high catalytic activity in the reaction of both adsorbed and dissolved CO oxidation. Therefore, one can conclude that both electrodeposition and electroless deposition are suitable methods for preparing PEMFC anode catalysts.

Figure 1
Electrocatalysts Prepared By Galvanic Displacement for Selective Glycerol Oxidation
Authors: Pham Tammy Dung , Klunder Kevin Jay , Malapit Christian A , Minteer Shelley D.
Published: December 2020

Oxidation of alcohol has been an important topic in fuel cells as it can lead to value-added chemical synthesis. A particular alcohol of interest is glycerol. This is because glycerol is a major side product generated from the biodiesel. Moreover, it has three hydroxyl groups making it a highly functionalized molecule. However, the three-alcohol groups provide low selectivity and activity towards high value-added products. Electrochemistry has shown to be an effective method to increase activity and selectivity.

Monometallic catalyst such as gold, platinum, and palladium are used for many alcohol oxidations. However, they typically suffer from low selectivity and poisoning by carbon monoxide. This is a problem with oxidation of glycerol since one of its product is carbon monoxide. This study focuses on the composition of the electrode to enhance the selectivity and activity of glycerol using galvanic displacement method. Previous research has shown bimetallic systems have more selective and activity. Some research shown pairing bismuth with platinum facilitates the oxidation of the secondary alcohol position.

Galvanic displacement has found to be a successful technique to fabricate a series of platinum-bismuth and bismuth-platinum electrodes were characterized by TEM, XPS, and CV. By using this technique, the results have shown it to be an efficient method to design a bimetallic platinum-bismuth electrode system that is tunable and selective towards glyceric acid. The bimetallic system is highly advantageous, easy to manipulate, and has favorable interactions between the platinum-bismuth system.
Capacity Fading Mechanism of Ni-Rich Layered Li[NixCoyMn1-x-Y]O2 Cathode with x ≥ 0.9
Authors: Son Byoung-Ki , Nam Gyeong Won , Sun Yang-Kook
Published: December 2020

Electric vehicles (EVs) require rechargeable batteries with high energy density and excellent capacity retention to meet the target driving range and ensure sufficient vehicle service life. However, the specific energy density and lifetime of EVs are largely limited by the performance of the cathode. For this reason, research on EV batteries primarily concentrated on characterizing and developing optimal cathode materials. Among the numerous proposed cathodes, Ni-rich Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2 (NCM) and Li[NixCoyAl1-x-y]O2 (NCA) cathodes are the main candidates for high performance EVs because of their high reversible capacity and operating potential. However, due to structural instability, parasitic surface reactions arising from accumulation of a NiO-like phase on the surface, it is difficult to satisfy the recommended driving range and battery lifetime at the same time.1-3

Many researches have revealed the degradation mechanism of Ni < 90%, however, there are few experimental reports on the NCM cathodes with x ≥ 0.9. Because there is a lack of comprehensive data explicitly showing the capacity fading trend of NCM cathodes (x ≥ 0.9), the current technology shows the ultimate limitation in safely utilizing the energy storage capabilities of the Ni-rich NCM cathode.

In the studies presented here, Ni-rich NCM cathodes with precisely controlled compositions, LNO (x = 1.00), NCM98 (x = 0.98), NCM96 (x = 0.96), NCM94 (x = 0.94), NCM92 (x = 0.92) and NCM90 (x = 0.90) were synthesized and compared to obtain a comprehensive mechanism of the capacity fading of highly Ni-rich NCM cathodes. In situ-XRD, scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) and electrochemical analysis became the main experiment and revealed the mechanism.

Reference
s

Yoon, C. S.; Choi, M. H.; Lim, B.-B.; Lee, E.-J.; Sun, Y.-K, Electrochem. Soc.
2015, 162, A2483-A2489.

Ryu, H.-H.; Park, K.-J.; Yoon, C. S.; Sun, Y.-K, Mater.
2018, 30, 1155-1163.

Yoon, C. S.; Ryu, H.-H.; Park, G.-T.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, K.-H.; Sun, Y.-K, Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 4126-4132.
A New Type of Ni-Rich Cathode for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Ryu HoonHee , Sun Yang-Kook
Published: December 2020

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have become the main power source for electric vehicles (EVs). To satisfy a driving range threshold of 300 miles per single charge, strong demand for the higher energy density of LIBs has mandated the development of advanced cathode materials, which largely determine the capacity of LIBs. Currently, Archetypal cathodes deployed in current EVs, layered Li[NixCoy(Al or Mn)1−x−y]O2 (Al = NCA or Mn = NCM) oxide materials, has achieved the best performances for commercialization. However, these cathodes are still insufficient to meet the requirement of the energy density for EVs, which weaken the competitiveness of the driving range compared to that of internal combustion engine vehicles.1 Ni-enriched NCM and NCA cathode materials, delivering ever-closer to their theoretical specific capacity, come to the fore with a gradual increase of Ni content up to more than 90%. Although Ni-rich NCA and NCM cathodes are adequate to provide the required driving range, increasing Ni content largely compromises battery lifetime and thermal stability due to rapid capacity fading and an abundance of unstable Ni4+ species, as observed in LiNiO2.2,3 It has recently been shown that microcracks develop from anisotropic volume changes during charging of the Ni-rich NCM cathodes, which compromises the mechanical stability of the cathodes and aggravates chemical degradation due to an electrolyte attack.

To overcome these inherent instabilities of Ni-rich NCM and NCA cathodes, we propose a new type of layered oxide cathode, Li[NixCoyW1−x−y]O2. In this study, we show that replacement of Al ions with W ions in a Ni-rich NCA layered oxide cathode markedly modifies the cathode microstructure through particle refinement and greatly improves the cycling stability of the cathode. We demonstrate its superior structural and thermal stability compared to the commercialized NCA cathode.

References

D. Andre, S.-J. Kim, P. Lamp, S. F. Lux, F. Maglia, O. Paschos and B. Stiaszny, J. Mater. Chem. A
2015, 3, 6709.

H.-H. Ryu, K.-J. Park, C. S. Yoon and Y.-K. Sun, Chem. Mater.
2018, 30, 1155.

G. W. Nam, N.-Y. Park, K.-J. Park, J. Yang, J. Liu, C. S. Yoon and Y.-K. Sun, ACS Energy Lett.
2019, 4, 2995.
Using Chronoamperometry to Rapidly Measure and Quantitatively Analyse Rate-Performance in Battery Electrodes
Authors: Tian Ruiyuan , King Paul J , Coleman Jonathan N
Published: December 2020

For battery electrodes, measured capacity decays as charge/discharge current is increased. Such rate-performance is usually characterised via galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements, experiments which are very slow, limiting the speed at which rate experiments can be completed. This is particularly limiting during mechanistic studies where many rate measurements are needed. Building on work by Heubner at al., we demonstrate chronoamperometry (CA) as a fast method for measuring capacity-rate curves with hundreds of data points down to C-rates below 0.01C. While Heubner et al. reported equations to convert current transients to capacity vs. C-rate curves, we modify these equations to give capacity as a function of charge/discharge rate, R. We use these expressions to obtain simple equations which can accurately fit data for both capacity vs. C-rate and capacity vs. R at normal rates. Interestingly, at high-rates, the curves obtained from CA deviate from the normal behaviour showing a new, previously unobserved, decay feature. We associate this feature with the very early part of the current transient where electronic motion dominates the current. Using a simple model, we show that the dependence of the high-rate time constant on electrode thickness can be linked to electrode conductivity.
Welcome Remarks - E03: Electrochemical and Electroless Deposition of Thin-films and Nanostructures - Theory, Numerical Simulations, and Applications
Authors: Vasiljevic Natasa
Published: December 2020

Welcome to E03: Electrochemical and Electroless Deposition of Thin-films and Nanostructures - Theory, Numerical Simulations, and Applications! Take a moment to listen to welcome remarks from the lead organizer, Natasa Vasiljevic.
Electrodeposition of Bismuth Thin Films
Authors: Passaponti Maurizio , Salvietti Emanuele , Giurlani Walter , Fontanesi Claudio , Felici Roberto , Innocenti Massimo
Published: December 2020

The electrodeposition technique is an interesting approach for the production of materials with application in electronics devices and photovoltaics components, since needs simple conditions and has low costs (1). The EALD (Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition) method allows a high control on the deposit by the single-layers surface limited electrodeposition (2). With an automatized system for the repetition of different mono-layers deposition cycles we are able to control the thickness and composition of the entire final material, which is an important requested task in nanoscience.

In this study, we present the electrodeposition of bismuth-based materials, which is a relatively unexplored new field of research that is expected to show many desirable thermoelectric, optoelectronic and electronic properties for technologically innovative devices besides bismuth is a component of nanostructure topological insulators.

Thin films of both bismuth alone and semiconductors compounds have been explored with EALD using a silver (111) mono-crystal as substrate (3). Our goals were to grow a “massive” layer (up to hundreds of nanometers) of crystalline nanostructured bismuth, deposit a multi-layer crystalline structure of bismuth selenide investigating the optimal conditions to obtain these materials in addition to the understanding of the deposition mechanisms.

The synthesized thin films have been characterized electrochemically with cyclic and stripping voltammetry to obtain composition information followed by a morphological and microanalytical SEM-EDX investigation and structural characterization.

Lincot, Thin Solid Films (2005), 487, 40.

W. Gregory and J. L. Stickney, J. Electroanal. Chem. (1991), 300, 543.

Xiao, J. Yang, W. Zhu, J. Peng, J. Zhang, Electrochimica Acta (2009), 54, 6821-6826.
(Invited) Magnetoelectrochemistry – New Way to Control Morphology of Cathodic Deposit
Authors: Zabinski Piotr
Published: December 2020

Magneto-electrochemistry is a domain where three disciplines interact: electrochemistry, fluid mechanics and magnetism. These three fields are individually well established, but recently there has been a surge in interest in magneto-electrochemistry, since in combination with electrodeposition, it offers an opportunity to advance both fundamental as well as practically-relevant issues. There is great potential in several industrial areas to improve the efficiency of electrochemical processes by magnetic fields, such as plating, electropolishing and electrolysis of water. Further application areas are related to lab-on–the-chip technology, electrolysis, fuel cells and electrochemical machining.

Following issues will be discussed:

- The influence of magnetic field and its gradients on the mass transfer rate, diffusion layer thickness and consequently the control of mass-transfer process based on the electric current distribution (via the Lorentz force) or on the magnetic susceptibility of the electrolyte (via the field-gradient force).

- The electric and magnetic forces on ions modifying near-wall hydrodynamics and interface interaction, kinetics and physical properties as surface tension or viscosity.

- Improving deposit quality and properties such as surface smoothening, homogeneity, composition and texture.

- Improving energy efficiency of large-scale processes such as electrowinning and in devices such as fuel cells

- Mask-free structured deposition using spatially-inhomogeneous magnetic fields.

- Using tailored transport of ions or charged species to control separation, mixing, and reaction occurring in microchannels in lab-on-the-chip technologies, fuel cells, gas evolving processes, metal recycling, etc.
Electrodeposited Ni for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER).
Authors: Fontanesi Claudio , Innocenti Massimo , Giurlani Walter , Gazzotti Mirko , Bonechi Marco , Stefani Andrea
Published: December 2020

Results are presented concerning the influence on the water splitting process of enantiopure tartaric acid present in bulk solution. Stainless steel and electrodeposited nickel are used as working electrode (WE) surface. The latter is obtained by electrodeposition on the two poles of a magnet. The influence and role played by the chiral compound in solution has been assessed by comparing the current values, in cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments, recorded in the potential range at which oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurs. In the case of tartaric acid and nickel WE a spin polarization of about 4 % is found. The use of the chiral environment (bulk solution) and ferromagnetic chiral Ni electrode allows for observing the OER at a more favorable potential: about 50 mV (i.e. a cathodic, less positive, shift of the potential at which the oxygen evolution is observed).
Nanostructured Sn Plating and Pre-Lithiation on Cu Current Collector for Anode-Free Lithium Batteries
Authors: Gibertini Eugenio , Accogli Alessandra , Panzeri Gabriele , Magagnin Luca
Published: December 2020

The fast and growing employment of Li-ion batteries in automotive and electrical mobility is pushing research towards the development of higher energy density and safer Li-ion batteries. Regarding the anodic material, metal and semi-metals as Al, Sn, Ag and Si are known to electrochemically alloy at low potential with lithium resulting in extremely high specific capacity, up to 4200 mAh/g for Li22Si5. However, severe issues as volumetric expansion and non-reversible lithium trapping strongly limit their cyclability and performances.[1] Anode-free Li battery (AFLB) strategy is a promising alternative to find a good compromise between safety and energy and power density because of the absence of an anodic active material in assembly phase. However, these systems suffer from severe challenges, including low coulombic efficiency (CE) due to intrinsic unstable interface that rapidly leads to dendritic growth and short-circuit.[2] To overcome this problem, nano-structuring of current collector has been demonstrated to be a valid approach to stabilize Li plating and stripping without dendrites formation.[3,4,5] In this work, we address current collector nano structuring by Sn plating as an efficient route for reversible Li plating/stripping. Interface stability is correlated with morphology of Sn deposits on Cu current collector in different conditions. Sn deposits were examined by AFM, SEM and XRD analysis and electrochemical behavior by galvanostatic charging and discharging cycles as well as EIS measurements. Sn pre-lithiation is also investigated as suitable strategy to further smoothing Li plating.

References

[1] David Rehnlund, Fredrik Lindgren, Solveig Bohme, Tim Nordh, Yiming Zou, Jean Pettersson, Ulf Bexell, Mats Boman, Kristina Edstroma, Leif Nyholm , Energy Environ. Sci. 10 (2017) 1350-1357.

[2] Jiangfeng Qian, Brian D. Adams, Jianming Zheng, Wu Xu, Wesley A. Henderson, Jun Wang, Mark E. Bowden, Suochang Xu, Jianzhi Hu , and Ji-Guang Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26 (2016) 7094–7102

[3] Xuetian Ma, Zhantao Liu, Hailong Chen, Nano Energy 59 (2019) 500–507.

[4] Chunpeng Yang, Yonggang Yao, Shuaiming He, Hua Xie, Emily Hitz, and Liangbing Hu, Adv. Mater. 29 (2017) 1702714

[5] Sheng S. Zhang, Xiulin Fan, Chunsheng Wang, Electrochimica Acta 258 (2017) 1201-1207
Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt By Electrowinning from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Molten Salt Electrolytes
Authors: Carvajal Ortiz Ruth , Amietszajew Tazdin , Bhagat Rohit
Published: December 2020

Electrodeposition of metals is of wide interest with application in several fields such as electroplating, electrorefining and electrowinning (EW). Particularly, electrowinning is used in the fabrication of commercially pure copper and zinc, with approximately 20% of the world refined copper (Cu) produced by this process. One of the main advantages of EW is the high purity achieved of the final product. Electrowinning has been implemented recently as one of the final steps in the hydrometallurgical recycling process of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to recover some of the valuable metals present in the battery such as cobalt and nickel.

This work describes advances in the recovery of metals from spent LIBs, by using a two-phase molten salt of sodium borate/sodium chloride at high temperature. The study takes advantage of the versatility of the molten salts used as electrolytes - sodium borate’s easiness for dissolving metal oxides, and sodium chloride as the chosen electrolysis media. For the study, two different cathode chemistries were used, NMC 111 and NCA. The electrolytic cell comprises of a gas-tight vertical tube furnace under argon atmosphere, possible in a single-vessel configuration by utilizing the immiscibility of the two liquid phases used (see Figure 1). The experiments are conducted in a three-electrode setup, using graphite (C) as counter electrode, and tungsten (W) as pseudo-reference and working electrodes. The process operates within the temperature range of 800-900℃, where both salts are in liquid state. The reduction potentials were applied stepwise using chronoamperometry to record the current output. Cyclic voltammetry was used beforehand to corroborate the reduction potential for each metal, and to compare it to the reported ones by Amietszajew et. al. The plating potentials and recovered metals quality are reported (see Figures 2-3), indicating successful process proof-of-concept.

Evaluation of the energy efficiency of the process and purity of the deposited metals is compared with the current commercial processes for metal recovery employed to recycle batteries from portable devices. The system demonstrates stability, and gives the possibility to be used in joint with other metal recycling sources and process. It has the possibility to solve some of the issues related to the hydrometallurgical methods including significant amounts of water waste, sulphates by-products presence and toxic acids resulting in highly detrimental effects on the environment. The reduction in energy consumption and hazardous gases generation that the common pyrometallurgical process adds to the advantages. Furthermore, the method developed is inclusive of a range of metals, which is of high importance considering the growing and future complexity of the battery waste stream.

Figure 1
In Operando Lithiation of Lithium Free Cathodes
Authors: Parekh Mihit H. , Manikandan P. , Pol Vilas G.
Published: December 2020

Lithium and lithium-rich containing cathodes such as LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiNixMnyCozO2, Li-rich anti-fluorite Li5FeO4 have dominated the portable battery energy storage market. Compounds without lithium in their lattice seldomly have been used as positive electrodes either due to incapability for reversible reactions or require metallic lithium metal electrode. These limitations have prevented the development of new positive electrodes to a larger extent in lithium-ion batteries. Examples of such materials are sulfur, vanadium oxides, FeS2, MnO2, FeF3, etc. However, these materials demonstrate tremendously high specific capacities, and high operating voltages, possibly realizing advanced next-generation batteries. To practically realize them, it is pertinent to address the lithiation strategies, namely pre-lithiation of the anode,blended cathodes, lithium additives, and film-forming additives. These methods result in modification of cell voltage on account of Li+ ion voids in the cathode, whereas pre-lithiation of anode compensates initial lithium consumption. Nevertheless, the pre-lithiation process is one of the unique techniques connected with the complicated, multistep, moisture-sensitive, expensive process, which is not feasible in large-scale applications.

In situ lithiation of cathode or anode electrodes for the development of longer-lasting rechargeable batteries uses metallic lithium-electrode as a booster and reservoir. The presence of third reservoir electrode in the lithium-ion battery (LIB), i.e., metallic lithium, is brought into electrochemical reactions initially during the lithiation process and later as a booster to rejuvenise LIBs after the capacity fade on account of cycling. Here, we report the usage of V2O5 cathode with tailored silicon-carbon-graphite composite to fabricate high specific capacity and high energy-density LIBs. The tri-electrode system delivered a high initial charge specific capacity of 240 mAh g-1. After 100 cycles, re-boosting was provided, and at the end of 200th cycle the cell delivered a high average capacity of 140 mAh g-1. The tri-electrode system provided an initial high energy density of 960 Wh kg-1 and an average of 560 Wh kg-1 after 200 cycles. Using thermal signatures from multiple module calorimetry, the safety features of the proposed tri-electrode system were studied and compared to conventional LIBs. Using this novel concept of reservoir boosting would be of prime importance and value in space, healthcare, electric vehicles, UPS, grid-storage, etc. applications.
Environmentally Friendly Treatment of Textiles Using Electrochemically Generated O3-Water with UV Irradiation
Authors: Ochiai Tsuyoshi , Hamada Kengo , Miyano Kyohei , Ishikawa Yosuke , Nagura Toshinari , Kimura Noritaka
Published: December 2020

Recently, application of advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) for environmental purification have received growing attention [1]. Especially electrolysis with boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes make it possible to generate various highly active oxidants such as O3 which can oxidize aqueous contaminants [2]. In this study, we introduce recent studies about environment-friendly “AOT-treatments” of textile by using of O3-water with UV irradiation instead of conventional treatments (scouring and bleaching) with environmentally persistent reagents. Fig. 1 shows the photographs of cotton bleaching by AOT. Cotton fabrics were treated by O3-water (1.0 ppm, 1.5 L/min, continuously generated from tap water) with UV irradiation (170 mW/cm2 @310-380 nm). After treatments, the fabrics were dried under room temperature and analyzed by reflection spectra. Fig. 2 left shows the reflection spectra and photographs of cotton fabrics. After 60 min of AOT, the spectrum and whiteness of the cotton are almost the same with conventional chemical-bleached one. But the only problem is “color reversion” by ironing (heating around 200°C). Heating of oxidized cellulose generates conjugated systems and yellow color (Fig. 2 right, green line). However, we found that reduction of oxidized cellulose by rongalite can prevent color reversion (Fig. 2 right, red line). Therefore, AOT-treatment is attractive to reduce energy consumption and cut waste in the fabric processing.

Acknowledgements: Travel expenses for the attending PRiME 2020 were supported by The Tokyo Ohka Foundation for The Promotion of Science and Technology.

[1] T. Ochiai and A. Fujishima, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews
2012,
13, 247.

[2] T. Ochiai, S. Tago, M. Hayashi, K. Hirota, T. Kondo, K. Satomura, A. Fujishima, Electrochem. Commun.
2016, 68, 49.

Figure 1
Opportunities for Intermediate Temperature Renewable Ammonia Electrosynthesis
Authors: Hatzell Kelsey , Hatzell Marta C. , Hortance Nicholas , Fernandez Carlos Arturo , Liu Yu-Hsuan (Carol) , Lim JeongHoon
Published: December 2020

Production of ammonia using only renewable energy is achievable through various routes; however, direct electrochemical conversion technologies have achieved significant attention. Despite this attention, the promise of electrochemical routes for ammonia synthesis largely rests on the technologies' ability to achieve performance limits which approach that of the Haber-Bosch process (state of the art). The thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical ammonia synthesis is largely dependent on operating conditions (temperature, pressure and voltage) and material (catalyst and electrolyte) properties. There is a growing interest in defining realistic performance targets which would make renewable ammonia derived from electrochemical systems a reality. However, most efforts thus far have only explored optimizing single technology specific performance metrics such as faradaic efficiency. Unfortunately, optimization of this single performance metric often occurs at the expense of the rate of production. Here, we aim to outline the performance targets achievable for renewable ammonia produced through intermediate temperature electrosynthesis. Through exploring the thermodynamic and kinetic challenges, we will highlight the optimum expected rate of production and energy efficiency for intermediate routes of electrosynthesis. We also review current experimental reports focused on intermediate routes of ammonia electrosynthesis and detail materials related opportunities in catalyst and solid-electrolyte design. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges related to reporting these desired metrics due to measurement error, and offer solutions to mitigate these challenges.
Trial Preparation and Estimation of the Electrode Materials for Low-Cost Recycle Cells By the Use of the Poisonous Plants and the Reuse of the Activated Carbons
Authors: Komatsu Masaharu
Published: December 2020

Progress and a price reduction of the photovoltaic power generation technology are important research themes. Then, it is splendid if the poisonous plant and the activated carbon can be used. A poisonous plant and the used activated carbons are collected in large quantities and cheaply from the imminent place. In addition, the high efficiency is anticipated by exploring separation, the refinement of a pigment and the enzyme from a poisonous plant and the removal of the surface adsorbate in the activated carbon.

The poisonous plant is a plant having poison in the whole or a part. There is not value as the food in a plant, but is not a nothingness because it is a poisonous plant. In Japan, there are approximately 200 kinds poisonous plant close. The activated carbon is used close in various fields including the filter of the cigarette, a refrigerator deodorization device, a water purifier, and the pocket warmer. Most of used activated carbons offered for use in everyday life are discarded.

In the poverty resource-rich nation such as our country, development of new energy resources was a national problem. There were many use studies, and has been done about natural energies such as sunlight or the wind-generated electricity until now. Bioethanol is attracting attention as an alternative energy of the gasoline, but the saccharide becoming the raw materials can become the nutrient for a human being.

Conversion of a toxic thing and a discarded thing into the energy that the human demands is aimed in this study. In this study, for the technological advance of the battery, electrode materials experimentally were produced and were electrochemically valuated . In this session, a presentation on the approach will be given.

With the I-V characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cell where four kinds of edible food colors for as an adsorption pigment each were used, the open circuit voltage, short circuit photocurrent density, and light energy conversion efficiency were showed the highest values for a gardenia blue pigment. All four edible food colors which measured it this time were able to give stable light energy conversion efficiency. In addition, as for the gardenia blue pigment that was able to give the highest conversion efficiency, there are relatively few falls of the absorption at the region in the wavelength that is shorter than the maximum absorption wavelength, and the absorbance is also high. From these phenomena, plural pigments for the examination that were put together can be expected.

With the CV curves of the glassy carbon electrode before and after the modification of the ingredient derived from charcoal burner, a cathodic peak potential around -755 mV was positively shifted to the approximately 125 mV after modification. In addition, the cathodic peak current became 98.3 times larger than it before modification. Therefore, it is thought that the oxygen reduction ability on the electrode surface became better.
Eutectic Mixing As a Knob for Next-Generation Flow Batteries
Authors: Baclig Antonio C , Ng Victoria , Ganapathi Devi , Penn Emily E , Chueh William C.
Published: December 2020

Flow batteries can offer scalability, long cycle-life, and power-to-energy tunability, however, they have low energy density. An under-explored “knob” for increasing the energy density of flow batteries is eutectic mixing for the depression of melting points. This knob could enable high energy-density flow batteries by achieving solvent-free electrolytes. We demonstrate the ability of eutectic mixing to decrease melting points in the case of n-component mixtures of benzoquinone derivatives, which are redox-active molecules. Predicting the properties of mixtures of more than two components is not commonly done, but we show that, in this case, a regular solution model has predictive power for finding the eutectic melting temperatures and compositions for mixtures of multiple components.
Electrochemical Stability and Ionic Transport in Coating Materials for Mg Batteries
Authors: Canepa Pieremanuele , Gautam Gopalakrishnan Sai
Published: December 2020

A major bottleneck for the development of Mg batteries is the identification of liquid electrolytes that are simultaneously compatible with the Mg-metal anode and high-voltage cathodes [1,2]. A viable strategy to widen the stability windows of current nonaqueous electrolytes is to introduce protective coating materials at the electrodes, where these materials are required to exhibit swift Mg transport. Using first-principles calculations we map the electrochemical stability windows for non-redox-active Mg binary and ternary compounds in order to identify potential coating materials for Mg batteries [3]. The ion mobility in a set of Mg-containing binary, ternary, and quaternary compounds spanning a wide chemical space will be also discussed. Combining mobility, electronic band gaps, and stability requirements, we identify MgSiN2, MgI2, MgBr2, MgSe, and MgS as potential coating materials against the highly reductive Mg metal anode [4], whereas MgAl2O4 and Mg(PO3)2 appear promising materials against high-voltage oxide cathodes (up to ∼3 V).

References

[1] D. Aurbach, Z. Lu, A. Schechter, Y. Gofer, H. Gizbar, R. Turgeman, Y. Cohen, M. Moshkovich and E. Levi, Prototype systems for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Nature 407, 724-727 (2000)

[2] P. Canepa, G. S. Gautam, D. C. Hannah, R. Malik, M. Liu, K. G. Gallagher, K. A. Persson and G. Ceder, Odyssey of Multivalent Cathode Materials: Open Questions and Future Challenges, Chem. Rev. 117, 54287-4341 (2017).

[3] T. Chen, G. Ceder, G. S. Gautam and P. Canepa, Evaluation of Mg compounds as coating materials in Mg batteries, Front. Chem. 30 (2019).

[4] T. Chen, G. S. Gautam and P. Canepa, Ionic Transport in Potential Coating Materials for Mg Batteries, Chem. Mater. 31, 19, 8087-8099 (2019).
Fluorinated Alkoxyaluminates As Electrolytes for Calcium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Filsinger Kai Alexander , Dasgupta Anushka , Arnold Craig B.
Published: December 2020

In the field of multivalent Batteries, the reversibility of stripping and plating of the metal in question will dictate the overall performance of a battery. With recent advances in non-aqueous calcium electrolytes, it is now possible to reversibly strip and plate calcium at room temperature. Several new electrolytes were found since then, which all suffer from short cycle lives, due to the strong tendency of calcium metal surfaces to passivate. An alternative route to achieve longer cycle life is to alloy the Calcium anode. It was shown that Ca-Sn alloy anodes can help, extend the cycle life by preventing the formation of impenetrable passivisation layers. However, this comes with the cost of decreased energy density, since the alloying material is not involved in the Energy storage process. In this work we focused on a new electrolyte that can extend the cycle life of a calcium-ion battery (CIB) and still work with a pure calcium metal anode. Electrolytes based on alkoxy-aluminates in glycol ethers have shown high conductivity and electrochemical stability when used in Mg-Ion batteries. But more importantly, the metal deposits obtained are remarkably pure, even after hundreds of cycles. In this work, we present the Calcium homologue,calcium-tetra-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexaflouroisopropylo-aluminate Ca[Al(HFIP)4]2, in Dimethoxyethane (DME) as a promising candidate for calcium-ion batteries. Besides its high conductivity (8.99 mS/cm2 at 25°C ) and high anodic stability (>3V vs. Ca0/Ca2+), reversible stripping and plating could be sustained for up to 550 cycles.
Fully Resolved Simulation of Mid-Temperature Sodium-Iodine Secondary Batteries
Authors: Gerbig Felix , Cernak Susanne , Nirschl Hermann
Published: December 2020

High-temperature liquid sodium batteries (e.g. sodium-sulfur) are a well-established technology for large-scale grid storage. Combining the molten sodium anode with an aqueous iodine cathode overcomes the problems of thermal loses and sealing by reducing the operating temperature to about 100°C.

This leads to higher cost efficiency, energy density and a simplified cell design. Due to their sustainability and high efficiency, which is comparable to Li-Ion –batteries, mid-temperature sodium-iodine batteries are a promising candidate for small and medium scale stationary energy storage applications. Experiments performed by Holzapfel et al. show proof of principle for current densities of 20 mA cm-2 (55mW cm-2) up to a maximum current density of 100 mA cm-2 (180mW cm-2) [1]. The used iodine concenctrations correspond to 405 Wh l-1 on catholyte basis or a very high specific energy of 198 Wh kg-1 including anolyte and catholyte. Sodium-iodine batteries have the ability to meet the growing demand of short-term energy storage caused by the integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid.

Although these batteries are theoretically described in literature, the detailed processes inside the battery are not well understood [2]. Quantities like initial species concentrations, C-rate, cell design and cathode geometry have large impacts on the overall battery performance. As experimental studies are limited to macroscopic quantities like electronic current and potential a fully resolved 3D simulation model is set up to gain insight into microstructural processes inside the battery [3].

The spatially resolved three-dimensional model takes charge and mass transport, heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions as well as the electrochemical processes into account. A deeper understanding of these processes is inevitable for enhancing the battery performance by choosing the optimal above-mentioned quantities.

This talk will focus on recent progresses on novel sodium-iodine batteries and covers theoretical investigations about cell design, cathode material structures and the electrolyte composition carried out with a new 3D simulation model.

References:

[1] M. Holzapfel, D. Wilde, C. Hupbauer, K. Ahlbrecht, T. Berger, Electrochimica Acta 237 (2017) 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.152.

[2] H. Zhu, R.J. Kee, Electrochimica Acta 219 (2016) 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.104.

[3] M. Kespe, H. Nirschl, Int. J. Energy Res. 39 (2015) 2062–2074. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3459.

Figure 1
High Performance Metal Sulfide Electrode for Lithium Battery
Authors: Kalimuldina Gulnur , Nurpeissova Arailym , Adair Desmond , Taniguchi Izumi , Bakenov Zhumabay
Published: December 2020

The global energy and ecological crisis is reaching its critical point and effective actions for its mitigation cannot be postponed any longer, and renewable energy and ecological transport industries are demonstrating tremendous growth. These applications demand the next generation batteries with excellent performance and reliability and lower cost. This turns our society to investigate the materials with diverse structure to design high performance electrodes for such systems. The studies on electrode materials, in general, showed the essential tendencies besides the electrode material itself: in its morphology, microstructure and chemical composition [1]. One of the promising electrode materials for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries are the metal sulfides, as they possess high electronic conductivity and higher theoretical capacity than commonly used LiCoO2. Nowadays, copper sulfide is attracting the attention of researchers due to its wide range of stoichiometric composition (Cu
x
S, x=1-2) and diverse application in energy devices [2]. Extensive studies demonstrate the possibility for numerous copper sulfide synthesis methods such as hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, melt diffusion, mixed solvents method, chemical deposition, sol-gel method, spray pyrolysis (SP), microwave-assisted growth, chemical vapor transport, template synthesis, and electrodeposition [3,4]. However, all these methods are costly and time-consuming.

In this study, we present a facile and straightforward novel method of preparation of flower-like structured copper sulfide (Cu
x
S) (Fig. 1) with excellent electrochemical properties and cycling stability. Detailed studies on the electrochemical reaction mechanism for the new composition of the Cu
x
S phase will also be presented in this work.

Figure 1. (a,b) SEM images of CuxS electrode with different magnifications after preparation on Cu foam surface.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the project 091019CRP2114 “Three-Dimensional All Solid State Rechargeable Batteries” from Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan.

References:

[1] G. Zubiab, R. Dufo-López, M. Carvalho, G. Pasaoglu, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 89 (2018) 292-308.

[2] C. Feng, L. Zhang, Z. Wang, X. Song, K. Sun, F. Wu, G. Liu, J. Power Sources, 269 (2014) 550-555.

[3] G. Kalimuldina, I. Taniguchi, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5 (2017) 6937-6946.

[4] C. Feng, L. Zhang, M. Yang,. X. Song, H. Zhao, Z. Jia, K. Sun, G. Liu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7 (2015), 15726−15734.

Figure 1
(Invited) Layer Design and Approach in New Energy Storage Materials
Authors: Jang Eun Kwang , Im Jinsol , Ahn Jinhyeok , Yoon Sukeun , Cho Kuk Young
Published: December 2020

Current lithium-ion batteries (LIB) dominate its use as energy sources in the various applications from small to large sized-systems. Optimization of the cell design and densification of active materials worked effectively for the requirements for the portable electronic devices. However, current Li-ion system approaches limit in energy density for emerging applications. Thus, advanced LiBs and next generation batteries with new materials and cell designs are urgent and critical in both practical and academic aspects.

Layer structure from coating, deposition, and passive formation by additives play a important platform technology in materials and components in the batteries. Thickness of the layers differs from nano to micrometer scales depending on the applied components. Systems related with layers for improving the flexible battery and lithium metal battery are discussed.
High-Performance and Industrially Feasible Ni-Rich Layered Cathodematerials By Integrating Coherent Interphase
Authors: Park Kwangjin , Min Kyoungmin , Cho Eun-Seog
Published: December 2020

For developing the industrially feasible Ni-rich layered oxide cathode with extended cycle life, it is necessary to mitigate both the mechanical degradation due to intergranular cracking between primary particles and gas

generation from the reaction between the electrolyte and residual Li in the cathode. To simultaneously resolve these two issues, we herein propose a simple but novel method to reinforce the primary particles in LiNi0.91Co0.06Mn0.03O2 by providing a Li-reactive material, whose spinel interphase is coherent with the surface of the cathode. The modified structure significantly outperforms analogous bare samples: they conserve more than

90% of the initial capacity after 50 cycles and also exhibit a greater rate capability. By tracking the same particle location during cycling, we confirmed that the current method significantly reduces crack generation because the

provided coating material can penetrate inside the grain boundary of the secondary particle and help maintain the volume of the primary particle. Finally, first-principles calculations were implemented to determine the role of this spinel material, i.e., having intrinsically isotropic lattice parameters, superior mechanical properties, and only a small volume change during delithiation. We believe that the proposed method is straightforward and cost-effective; hence, it is directly applicable for the mass production of Ni-rich cathode material to enable its commercialization.

Figure 1
(Invited) Laser-Assisted Exfoliation of Black Phosphorus with Thickness Control for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zheng Weiran , Lee Jeongyeon , Li Yong , Lee Lawrence Yoon Suk
Published: December 2020

Few-layer black phosphorus (BP) is an emerging two-dimensional (2D) material with exciting properties such as tunable bandgap and high charge carrier mobility, which make it a suitable candidate for energy storage applications. However, its preparation remains challenging. Currently, the exfoliation of bulk crystal to its few-layer form assisted by liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) process using ultrasonic agitation is commonly adopted, which is time-consuming and suffers low efficiency and lack of morphologic control. In this study, we demonstrate a highly-efficient route for the scalable production few-layer BP nanosheets using a pulsed laser in low-boiling point solvents. By adjusting the laser irradiation time and solvent type, the morphology (layer number and lateral size) of the few-layer BP nanosheets is tuned with a narrow distribution (layer number from 3 to 13, lateral size from <2 µm to >5 µm). The laser-assisted exfoliation is understood by a plasma quenching mechanism and interlayer interaction weakened by the in situ generated vapor bubbles. The fine control of thickness and lateral size of the BP nanosheets enables us to study their impact on Li-ion battery performance when applied as anode material. We present herein the correlation of the layer number and larger lateral size of BP with the electronic conductivity, Li+ ion transfer rate and diffusivity, as well as long-term cyclability, revealing the morphology-dependent battery performance.

Figure 1
Two Electron Utilization Liquid Anolyte Molecule for High Energy Density
Authors: Jang Sang Soon , Shin Kyoung-Hee , Jung Yoon Seok , Yeon Sun-Hwa , Jin Chang-Soo
Published: December 2020

For the purpose of the high energy density of redox flow battery (RFB), the solubility of redox active molecule, which is in competition with concentration of high molarity supporting electrolyte, should be as high as possible. If redox active molecule itself is liquid so that utilized as solo solvent or dissolve the salt, the highest energy density can be achieved. Herein, we report liquid redox molecule 1-butyl-1'-hexyl'-4,4'-bipyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, [C4C6bpy][TFSI]2 as promising anolyte for high energy density RFB. [C4C6bpy][TFSI]2 has the remarkably low melting point of 18.1 °C, which not only enable keep in liquid state for a relatively long range of temperature, but also indicate the high usability as liquid anolyte. In non-aqueous system, [C4C6bpy][TFSI]2 can take advantage of either one electron or two electron storage of viologen moiety and provide - 1.06 V (vs Ag/Ag+) potential at second redox reaction. Using a highly conductive LiTFSI/ACN supporting electrolyte, [C4C6bpy][TFSI]2 showed almost overlapped cycles for continuously recorded 200 cyclic voltammetry cycles, meaning that excellent electrochemical stability. Liquid molecule [C4C6bpy][TFSI]2 that featured with liquid nature that enable high concentration of the redox active molecule and two reversible redox reaction in nonaqueous system give a great potential to achieve high energy density RFB as promising anolyte candidate.