bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Gospel of Work and the Virgin Mary: Catholics, Protestants, and Work in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Garnett Jane
Published: March 2016

When, in 1904–5, Max Weber published his famous essay on The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism’, he set out to explore the reasons for an affinity, the existence of which was a commonplace in large parts of Europe and North America. Whilst the literature on the strengths and weaknesses of Weber’s thesis is vast, much less attention has been paid to the contours of the mid to late nineteenth-century debate out of which his interest developed. Yet the neglect of that context has continued to foster over-simplified views of the world with which Weber’s argument originally engaged. His essay forms part of a much more extensive discourse on the role of religious belief in economic life. This paper discusses one particular nexus of that debate: the way in which British Protestants shaped their economic ethic by reference both to their ideas of Catholicism and to perceived oversimplifications of Protestant virtue; and the way in which Catholics in Italy responded to the promotion by secular liberals of what was seen by them as ‘puritan’ economics – that is, the maxims of British classical political economy. To compare the British and Italian contemporary literatures on this theme helps to draw out and to clarify some significant complexities in nineteenth-century thinking about the relationship between economics and morality. Underpinning each religious critique in Britain and in Italy was an emphasis on the necessary closeness of the relationship between attitudes to work and attitudes to the rest of life. In each case this implied an assertion at the philosophical level that economics had a metaphysical dimension which needed to be justified, and at a practical level that time spent both working and not working was devotional. Because each was engaging with a popularized model of political economy there were in fact methodological affinities between their respective positions in this context, little though each would often have liked to acknowledge it. These have been obscured by obvious distinctions of cultural and political development which have in turn produced different historiographical traditions. Moreover, the predominance, since the early twentieth century, of a supposedly ‘objective’ model of economics which tacitly denies its metaphysical dimension has meant that nineteenth-century Christian economic thought has been discussed rather as part of the multiple stories of denominational social action than as what it more crucially set out to be: that is, a radical intellectual challenge to the premises of mainstream economic assumptions.
Work, Leisure, and Revival: the Integration of the 1859 Revival into the Working and Social Lives of the Townsfolk, Fermfolk, and Fisherfolk of Aberdeenshire
Authors: Jeffrey K.S.
Published: March 2016

Often the timing and manner of revivals have been significantly influenced by the working and leisure patterns of the contexts within which they have occurred. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Scottish awakenings appeared most regularly within agrarian towns and villages during their summer communion seasons. Often they took place around the times of planting and harvest, with the result that the period between May and October was often considered the ‘holy season’. The appearance of these movements was appreciably affected by the annual agricultural cycles of work and rest. At the start of the nineteenth century the ability of these popular communion festivals to engender religious enthusiasm began to decline when, under the influence of an increasingly enlightened culture, they became more respectable and organized. In addition, new measures emerged which sought to attract the urban masses and they gradually undermined the old models of revivalism. Many of these ‘modern’ techniques were designed to compete against other social attractions for the attention and time of the city dweller. The 1859 revival hence presents an opportunity to examine how religious movements had changed and become related to the use of time by the middle of the nineteenth century.
Mary and Sixteenth-Century Protestants
Authors: MacCulloch Diarmaid
Published: March 2016

Let us contemplate Thomas Cranmer, Primate of All England, sitting on an altar to preside over the trial of Anabaptist heretics. The time is May 1549; the altar, unceremoniously covered over to support the judge, is that of the Lady Chapel in St Paul’s Cathedral in London; several of the heretics on trial have denied the Catholic doctrine of the incarnation, and one will later be burned at the stake. In a compelling paradox, an archbishop tramples an altar of Our Lady in the course of defending the incarnation. One witness in the crowd of onlookers was a pious and scholarly Welsh Catholic, Sir Thomas Stradling, who later wrote down his reactions to the occasion. He interpreted it as the uncannily accurate fulfilment of an eleventh-century prophecy to be found in a manuscript in his own library: Cranmer, he pointed out, went on to be punished for his blasphemy first by the 1549 rebellions and then by his fiery death at the stake.’
William Perkins versus William Bishop on the Role of Mary as Mediator
Authors: Patterson W.B.
Published: March 2016

William Perkins and William Bishop, two of the leading spokesmen for their respective religious traditions in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England, clashed in print over the status of the Blessed Virgin Mary, as well as a number of other issues. They were formidable adversaries. Perkins, the most widely-read English Protestant theologian of the day, helped to make Cambridge University a centre of Reformed thought and practice. Bishop, an Oxford-trained theologian with extensive experience and associations on the continent, eventually became the first Roman Catholic bishop in England since the death of the last surviving bishop of Mary I’s reign. Though discussions of the Virgin Mary were not major themes in the books of either writer, their views on this subject are significant in showing how the two traditions developed, in competition with each other, during this phase of the long English Reformation.
‘That in Her the Seed of the Serpent May Have no Part’: the Agredan Visions and the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin in Early Modern Spain and Germany
Authors: Johnson Trevor
Published: March 2016

In the winter of 1755, Giacomo Casanova, doing time in the Venetian jail known as the ‘Leads’, spent a disturbing week absorbed in the only reading matter available, a volume which he judged a work of’heated imagination’ and of’chimerical and monstruous visions dressed up as revelations’. It was enough to induce repeated nightmares. ‘On sleeping’, he recorded,

I perceived the sickness that this book had communicated to my spirit, weakened by melancholy and undernourishment. My extravagant dreams made me laugh when I recalled them on waking; I had an urge to write them down, and had I had the means to do so I would perhaps have produced up there an even madder book than the one I had been given.
Otto III’s Penance: A Case Study of Unity and Diversity in the Eleventh-Century Church
Authors: Hamilton Sarah
Published: March 2016

In the spring of 999 the Emperor Otto III went on pilgrimage to the shrine of the Archangel Michael at Monte Gargano in southern Italy. His pilgrimage was not widely recorded; it was not referred to in any of the works produced in the Empire in the next half century, and only briefly mentioned in three South Italian works. But Otto’s pilgrimage was described more extensively in the eleventh-century vitae of two saints: the anonymous Greek Vita Nili and Peter Damian’s Vita Beati Romualdi. This article will make a case-study of the way in which the authors of these vitae used Otto’s pilgrimage to help construct the sanctity of their own subject, and of how far this reflects the degree of unity, and of diversity, between the Greek and Latin traditions of the Church in southern Italy in the first half of the eleventh century.
Rites and Wrongs: the Latin Mission to Nicaea, 1234
Authors: Doran John
Published: March 2016

In 1232 Germanus II (1223-40), the Nicaean Patriarch of Constantinople, wrote to Pope Gregory IX and to the cardinals of the Roman Church requesting discussions on the reformation of peace between the Greek and Roman Churches. In response to this request the Pope sent two English Franciscans and two French Dominicans, at least one of them proficient in Greek, as his representatives to Nicaea. After their return the friars presented a detailed account of the mission to the Pope, which was copied into the Liber Censuum. The extant documentation of the mission allows us to examine the ideas of the Greeks and Latins about unity and schism in the Church. And it shows us that there was no prospect of a union of the Churches because each had a fundamentally different conception of the nature of ecclesiastical authority.
Unity and Diversity: Perceptions of the Papacy in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Harvey Margaret
Published: March 2016

One feature of late medieval life always strikes the modern student as most strange: the Roman Church was an institution which you could, if you had the courage, opt out of, but you did not opt in, or rather, it was assumed that you were in unless you took steps to make dissent clear. Here I would want to add that being ‘in’ included accepting the papacy. My object in this paper is to discuss aspects of this situation, to ask how the papacy was perceived before opinions were distorted by the need to accommodate the impact of Luther. There are few areas where it is more important not to write history from the Reformation backwards; between Protestant polemic and Catholic apologetic the late medieval papacy remains in need of an impartial historian. Textbooks are few and detailed studies of many aspects non-existent. In this paper I will merely try to illuminate a few questions which arise when one begins to consider what it meant to say that in the late Middle Ages all orthodox Latin Christians accepted the papacy.
After the Happy Union: Presbyterians and Independents in the Provinces
Authors: Wykes David L.
Published: March 2016

The Glorious Revolution encouraged Presbyterians to hope for comprehension within the Church of England. The failure of those hopes led them to co-operate more closely with their Congregational brethren. In London the earliest practical outcome of this increased co-operation was the Common Fund, which held its first meeting in June 1690. Controlled by managers drawn from both denominations, the Fund was established to offer financial help to poor ministers, congregations, and students who lived in the provinces. A scheme for uniting the two ministries, the Happy Union, set out in the ‘Heads of Agreement’, was adopted a year later on 6 April 1691, but within months this union had dissolved amidst bitter dissension. In less than four years all the schemes for co-operation between Presbyterians and Congregationals had collapsed in London. Nevertheless, co-operation between Presbyterians and Independents, and even the ideals of the Happy Union, continued in the provinces long after the failure in London. In part this was because the desire for a union between the two denominations was widely held throughout the country; indeed the earliest agreement was made by an Assembly of West Country ministers at Bristol in June 1690, nearly a year before the ‘Heads of Agreement’ were adopted in London. Moreover, in many localities following toleration, Presbyterians and Independents still came together in one meeting as a result of the earlier persecution and because of their loyalty to a particular minister. Where dissent was strong, such as in London and the major towns, separate congregations for Presbyterians and Congregational were likely; but where dissent was weaker, particularly in the countryside, congregations included members from both denominations. In these circumstances, members had to accept a minister who did not necessarily share their own denominational preferences. During the first two decades of the eighteenth century the majority of these joint congregations were to divide, as (in most cases) the smaller body of Congregational supporters withdrew to establish their own meetings. There had, however, been more than twenty years of co-operation in many areas in the period following the collapse of the Happy Union in London, and in a few cases such arrangements even continued until the early nineteenth century. There is evidence from at least two congregations, at Leicester and Chesterfield, of a formal agreement to settle the differences between the two denominations. The Happy Union and its failure in London has been the subject of a number of studies, but by contrast the continuing co-operation between Presbyterians and Independents in the provinces has received little detailed attention.
Unity in Diversity? North Atlantic Evangelical Thought in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Authors: Wolffe John
Published: March 2016

Leonard Bacon, minister of the First Congregational Church at New Haven, preaching before the Foreign Evangelical Society in New York in May 1845, found in the Atlantic Ocean a vivid image of an underlying unity which he perceived in the divided evangelical churches that surrounded it. Separated though they were, still influences upon them operated like ‘the tide raised from the bosom of the vast Atlantic when the moon hangs over it in her height, [which] swells into every estuary, and every bay and sound, and every quiet cove and sheltered haven, and is felt far inland where mighty streams rise in their channels and pause upon their journey to the sea’. The choice of metaphor betrayed an aspiration that the North Atlantic itself should become an evangelical lake. Such hopes, Bacon appreciated, would be worse than fruitless if they were driven by a model of Christianity as ‘one and indivisible’. No, the model should be the American, not the French Republic, e pluribus unum, unity in diversity.
Mother Church and Colonial Daughters: New Scope for Tensions in Anglican Unity and Diversity
Authors: Withycombe Robert S. M.
Published: March 2016

Nova Scotia and Quebec were the only two overseas Anglican bishoprics in 1800, besides the eleven in the USA. By 1900 there were ninety-three overseas Anglican bishops, as well as the seventy-two in the home and missionary dioceses of the USA Church. Rapidly expanding colonial and missionary work was an essential element in the life of all nineteenth-century British Churches. Each by 1900 supported denominational and interdenominational missionary societies and encouraged local congregational missionary activities. Here and in fostering emigration to colonies, each British Church willingly took its part in fulfilling British imperial ideals.
Diversity or Apostasy? The Case of the Japanese ‘Hidden Christians’
Authors: Turnbull Stephen
Published: March 2016

When Christian missionaries returned to Japan in 1859, after having been excluded from that country for over two centuries, they hoped that there might be some possibility of making contact with descendants of Japan’s original evangelized communities, and locating some folk memory of the so-called ‘Christian Century’, which had ended with the expulsion of European priests in 1614, and the persecution of native Christians. None of the newly arrived missionaries, however, had been prepared for the discovery of active secret communities who had maintained the Christian faith as an underground church for seven generations. Yet this was the revelation experienced by Father Bernard Petitjean of the French Société des Missions Étrangères in the porch of the newly consecrated church at Õura in Nagasaki, on 17 March 1865:

Urged no doubt by my guardian angel, I went up and opened the door. I had scarce time to say a Pater when three women between fifty and sixty years of age knelt down beside me and said in a low voice, placing their hands upon their hearts: ‘The hearts of all of us here do not differ from yours.’
‘An artisan of Christian Unity’: Sir Frank Willis, Rome and the YMCA
Authors: Binfield Clyde
Published: March 2016

I have always most earnestly desired that Christians should meet in Associations, such as will meet on Thursday, with this conviction, that their common Christianity ought to form a bond far more powerful to unite them to their one Lord, and Master, and Head, and in brotherhood one to another, than that their conscientious differences of opinion should form cause or excuse for hostile separation. I am glad to know that some of my brethren in the ministry of the Church of England will be with you.

YMCA is a household acronym. Throughout the world people are sure that they know what it means. In 1926 two well-connected Labour politicians, the Wedgwood Benns, were in Moscow. There the head of the Bureau for Cultural Relations with Foreigners, Olga Kamenev, who was also well-connected, since she was Trotsky’s sister, told them about one of the Russian capital’s most serious problems: the street children. These youngsters, homeless since the civil war, slept under bridges and robbed railway trains:
The Carolingian Church and the Book
Authors: McKitterick Rosamond
Published: March 2016

In 849, Gottschalk of Orbais was summoned to the Synod of Quierzy. From his own studies of the patristic theologians he had formed views on predestination that had found little favour with the established Church of his day. No text of the proceedings at Quierzy survives but we do have reports from eye-witnesses in the contemporary Annals of St Bertin – interpolated by Archbishop Hincmar of Rheims to Gottschalk’s disadvantage – and by Florus the Deacon of Lyons. Hincmar is very scathing on how much Gottschalk’s learning had led him astray; he was too erudite for his own good. Hincmar tells us that at the synod, Gottschalk was accused of errant views, condemned, flogged, and compelled to burn the books containing his teachings (librosque suarum adsertionum). Florus the Deacon, however, provides crucial extra information. While Hincmar gives the impression that Gottschalk went to Quierzy more or less to be publicly punished, Florus’ account suggests that Gottschalk, at least as far as he, Gottschalk, was concerned, went to engage in dispute. He may even have been buoyed up with the hope of convincing his audience of bishops and abbots from the ecclesiastical province of Rheims, including Paschasius Radbertus of Corbie and Gottschalk’s own abbot from Orbais (in the diocese of Soissons), that he was justified in his views. Florus tells us that what Gottschalk had to burn were the sections from the Bible and patristic writings that vindicated his opinions and that he had brought with him to the synod. Gottschalk’s reference collection sounds very much like the dossiers assembled at other councils (not least Nicaea II in 787) compiled from authoritative writings to support views maintained in discussion.
The Text as Sacrament: Victorian Broad Church Philology
Authors: Morris Jeremy
Published: March 2016

The description ‘Broad Church’ popularized by W.J. Conybeare in his famous article on ‘Church Parties’ in 1853, whilst claiming as distinctive the watchwords ‘Charity and Toleration’ and ‘the desire of comprehension’, made no specific reference to philology. Yet philology was not a minor fad for the Broad Church. Though its connections with theology are not obvious today, it provided a vital tool for those theologians who were seeking to defend the authority and integrity of the Bible in a context in which, as they saw it, the emergence of critical historical and scientific approaches to the natural world had the potential to undermine the sacred canon, and to relegate it to a position of relative importance only in the human story of religion. Their study of philology therefore merits renewed attention by historians, as a contribution to the reception of the Bible as book in the Victorian Church.
Christians in the Sasanian empire: a case of divided loyalties
Authors: Brock S. P.
Published: March 2016

In that much discussed panegyric, theLife of Constantine,Eusebius tells how the emperor, having heard that there were ‘many churches of God in Persia and that large numbers were gathered into the fold of Christ, resolved to extend his concern for the general welfare to that country also, as one whose aim it was to care for all alike in every nation.’ He goes on to give what purports to be a letter from Constantine to the Sasanid shah, Shapur II; in this, not only does the emperor neatly explain away his predecessor Valerian’s humiliating capture by the Persians in 260 as divine punishment for his persecution of Christians but he presumes to draw a lesson from this for Shapur as well: by protecting his own Christian population Shapur will experience the beneficence of Constantine’s Deity.
A kind of Noah’s ark: Aelred of Rievaulx and national identity
Authors: Ransford Rosalind
Published: March 2016

Aelred of Rievaulx was born of English parents at Hexham in about 1110, that is only thirty years after the final Norman punitive harrying of the north and thirty-four years after the execution of earl Waltheof, grandfather of Aelred’s lifelong friend, Waldef. Aelred’s father was the last of a long line of English ‘hereditary’ priests of Hexham, a foundation of Saint Wilfred which lay within the patrimony of Saint Cuthbert; Cuthbert and Wilfred were kept alive in Northumbria by the writings of Bede whose bones Aelred’s great-grandfather had stolen in a dawn raid on Jarrow and brought to Durham, where Aelred’s father ended his days as one of Cuthbert’s monks. Such a background could be expected to have given Aelred a strong sense of the difference between Norman and Englishman and of his own Englishness. But national identity in Northumbria in the first half of the twelfth century was a complex affair.
Ecclesia Anglicana, cui Ecclesiastes noster Christus vos prefecit: the power of the crown in the English Church during the Great Schism
Authors: Harvey Margaret
Published: March 2016

Why, at the Reformation in England, did the king rather than the archbishop of Canterbury become head of the church? Why, with so little distress, did the English accept an autonomous national church? To a medievalist such a development seems startling. Though late medieval kings might manipulate the appointment of bishops or regulate provisions they did not dictate to their subjects what constitutes Christian faith or practice. Late medieval churchmen did not believe in autonomous national churches but in a body whose visible institutional unity is linked with obedience to the pope, and in theory it was scandalous when in the Great Schism individual rulers decided for their subjects which pope was to be obeyed or became neutral. In late fourteenth century England only a tiny minority of lollards would have dispensed with the papacy and all other solutions to the schism intended to restore the system, not to abandon it.
Catholicity and nationality in the northern European counter-reformation
Authors: Bossy John
Published: March 2016

Why choose this subject? First, because I think there is a general historiographical problem about nationality in early-modern Europe, which has been rather abandoned and is perhaps worth another look. Second because, on the Catholic side of the subject, there is a problem of actuality concerning Ireland and a rather different one concerning Holland. Third, because there is a specific and limited issue in the history of English Catholicism. I shall really be concerned with a simple problem raised by Arnold Oskar Meyer in his England and the Catholic Church under Queen Elizabeth: how far the internal conflicts among English Catholics, generally known as the Archpriest controversy, are to be explained as an outbreak or resurgence of ‘nationalism’, a conflict of ‘national’ and ‘Catholic’ tendencies. There have been good reasons for objecting to Meyer’s view that this was the case: his conceptions of national character, of ’puritanism’, were by present standards shaky, and he weakened his personal position by becoming more closely involved with the Third Reich than he perhaps need have been. The recent historiography of the subject has been largely a history of attempts to find an alternative: in the international competition of France and Spain; in the constitutional hostility of gentry and clergy; in the geographical determinism of Braudelian routes; in the ecclesiastical choice between a traditional and a missionary church. Many of them have been made by myself; most recently Christopher Haigh has added another, connected with the continuity or discontinuity of Elizabethan Catholicism with its pre-Reformation predecessor.
Religion and national feeling in nineteenth-century Wales and Scotland
Authors: Bebbington D. W.
Published: March 2016

Wales and Scotland were in the nineteenth century, as they have remained in the twentieth, nations within a multinational state. Where boundaries of nation and state did not coincide in nineteenth-century Europe there was commonly a surge of feeling in favour of achieving a remedy. This was equally true of nations like Italy and Germany that were divided internally by political frontiers and of nations like the Serbs and the Rumanians who were lumped together with other peoples under the rule of greater powers. There was an efflorescence of nationalism, that is, of the political assertion of nationhood. The British Isles were not immune, for Ireland was deeply affected by the new mood. Yet Wales and Scotland were largely untouched by the nationalist spirit. Only from the 188os, with the example of the Irish Home Rulers to imitate, was there any significant stirring of aspirations after self-government, and then the vanguard in both nations gave no thought to the possibility of taking independence as its goal. Wales and Scotland were remarkably quiescent when viewed in a European context.
The Council of Basle and the Second Vatican Council
Authors: Black A. J.
Published: March 2016

Many will have noticed how the renewal of the Church in modern times has drawn together strands of thought and behaviour that were in the past considered discordant. Thus the Second Vatican Council, it seems, in continuing the work of the First, would be likely to draw on that part of the Church’s heritage which had previously been in apparent conflict with the doctrine of papal supremacy: namely, the notion of the supremacy of the Church as a body and of the council or the episcopate. In some ways there is a remarkable degree of continuity between the thought of the Council of Basle (1431–49) and of the Second Vatican Council.
John Hales and the Synod of Dort
Authors: Peters Robert
Published: March 2016

On 24 April 1619 the Synod of Dort sat for the 154th, and last, time. Ostensibly summoned to resolve differences between Dutch Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants within a context of Calvinist theology, in reality it pronounced predetermined decrees on unconditional election, a limited atonement, man’s total depravity, the irresistibility of grace, and the perseverance of the elect.

The Synod was national (sometimes, decidedly ‘local’) in nature; yet, because other states—Great Britain, France, Hesse, and the Palatinate among them—sent delegates, it assumed in the eyes of such men as James I and Du Plessis-Mornay an importance equal to that of Trent.
The First Vatican Council
Authors: Hales E. E. Y.
Published: March 2016

Centenaries are supposed to be occasions when we take stock of the event we are commemorating. In the light of developments in the last hundred years how does the work of the First Vatican Council look today? And since it so happens that the hundred years in question includes the Second Vatican Council, recently concluded, it is natural to put the question in this form: how does the work of Vatican I look today, in the light of Vatican II?

I think it would be fair to say that it is widely considered that the work of Vatican I was a little unfortunate, and has since proved embarrassing, because its definitions enhanced the authority of the papacy. Vatican II is supposed to have helped to redress that balance by disclosing the nature of the Church as a whole, from the bishops down to the People of God, or perhaps I should say from the bishops up to the People of God, in view of our preference nowadays for turning everything upside down. Such critics of Vatican I are not, of course, denying either the dogmatic infallibility or the juridical primacy of the Pope, which were defined at that Council; but they are saying that it is a distortion to stress the powers of the papacy and to neglect the powers of the college of bishops or the rights of the rest of the Church, and they are saying that the one-sided definitions of Vatican I tended to create such distortion in men’s minds until they were balanced by the pronouncements of Vatican II.
Dementia-specific quality of life instruments: a conceptual analysis
Authors: Missotten P. , Dupuis G. , Adam S.
Published: March 2016

Background:

Over the past 20 years, many researchers have worked in developing various methods for measuring quality of life (QoL) of people with dementia. The aim of this review is to develop the conceptual frameworks of the dementia-specific QoL instruments, to identify their evolution over time and to provide elements of reflection on the QoL concept in dementia and its evaluation.

Methods:

An electronic search was conducted on PsycINFO and MEDLINE databases, from January 1985 to June 2015 using a combination of key words that include QoL, dementia, and review.

Results:

The analysis of the conceptual frameworks of the 18 selected dementia-specific QoL tools shows a great diversity in: (1) the QoL definitions (e.g. health-related QoL definitions, QoL definitions based on Lawton's work, or similar to this latter); (2) the theoretical QoL models (e.g. Lawton’ work and modified Lawton, adaptation, personhood); (3) the domains and dimensions; (4) the way to construct the instrument (e.g. development based on literature, opinion of the experts), and (5) the items’ formulation (e.g. use of criterion of intensity or frequency).

Conclusions:

There are different conceptual frameworks in the dementia-specific QoL measures with improvements over time (e.g. inclusion of interesting concepts such as adaptation, taking into account the views of patients themselves). Each of the conceptual parameters (definitions, models, domains, and dimensions) is discussed to identify the scales that are conceptually the strongest. Through their review, recommendations for future instrument refinement and development are discussed and a new QoL definition is proposed.
ADJOINT FUNCTORS ON THE DERIVED CATEGORY OF MOTIVES
Authors: Totaro Burt
Published: March 2016

We show that the subcategory of mixed Tate motives in Voevodsky’s derived category of motives is not closed under infinite products. In fact, the infinite product$\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\mathbf{Q}(0)$is not mixed Tate. More generally, the inclusions of several subcategories of motives do not have left or right adjoints. The proofs use the failure of finite generation for Chow groups in various contexts. In the positive direction, we show that for any scheme of finite type over a field whose motive is mixed Tate, the Chow groups are finitely generated.
First record of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Uganda
Authors: Tumuhaise Venansio , Khamis Fathiya M. , Agona Ambrose , Sseruwu Godfrey , Mohamed Samira A.
Published: March 2016

An invasive pest,Tuta absoluta(Meyrick) has been observed infesting tomatoSolanum lycopersicumL. (Solanales: Solanaceae) in Central Uganda. The affected farmer made the report, and upon visiting the farm, we observed tiny larvae, green to cream in colour with a black head feeding on tomato leaves, fruit, as well as tender stems. Also, we saw several tiny moths resting on screen house linings. Delta traps baited with TUA-Optima®(Russell IPM) were set in and around the affected farm. Dozens of moths were attracted and trapped on the sticky surface of the traps. The team tentatively identified the insect asT. absoluta. Scientists at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) in Nairobi, Kenya identified the insect using morphological features and molecular techniques.
Construction and Validation of a Self-Efficacy Scale for Latex Barrier Use
Authors: Morell-Mengual Vicente , Gil-Llario María Dolores , Castro-Calvo Jesús
Published: March 2016

Some studies have concluded there is a relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behaviors that prevent HIV transmission. This paper presents the construction and validation of the latex barrier use self-efficacy scale (LBSS), which 480 participants filled out. Exploratory factor analysis yielded two components: positive expectations of self-efficacy (ES-POS) and negative expectations of self-efficacy (ES-NEG), which together accounted for 65.59% of total variance. That structure was later verified through confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency was .80 for the total scale, and .78 for each of the two factors. Moreover, the instrument had adequate convergent validity and was positively related with condom use self-efficacy, attitudes toward condom and latex barrier use, and ability to refuse sex if the partner refuses to use preventive methods. In conclusion, this instrument is a useful measure of self-efficacy in latex barrier use.
Understanding the Role of Self-Judgment in the Association between Body Dissatisfaction and Quality of Life on Normal-Weight and Overweight Portuguese Women
Authors: Ferreira Cláudia , Fortunato Patrícia , Marta-Simões Joana , Trindade Inês A.
Published: March 2016

Literature has demonstrated the negative impact of body image dissatisfaction on women’s quality of life. Nonetheless, it has been suggested that the relationship between body dissatisfaction and women’s well-being is not linear, and that the processes that mediate this association remain unclear. This study aims to clarify the mediator role of self-judgment in the association between negative body image and psychological quality of life, in two groups: normal-weight and overweight women. This cross-sectional study comprised 200 normal-weight and 92 overweight female college students, aged between 18 and 24 years old, that completed self-report instruments of body dissatisfaction, self-judgment, and quality of life. Results showed that women who presented harsher self-judgment about their perceived failures tended to present lower levels in all quality of life domains. Also, results from mediation analyses indicated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and psychological quality of life was significantly mediated by the mechanisms of self-judgment in the two BMI groups (95% CI [–2.41 to –0.04]; 95% CI [–6.35 to –.89]). This mediational model accounted for 28.3% and 40.7% of psychological quality of life in the normal-weight and overweight groups, respectively. These results suggest that a lower ability to deal with one’s failures or inadequacies (e.g., negative evaluation of body image) in a kind and accepting manner may significantly increase the negative impact of body dissatisfaction on one’s psychological quality of life. In this way, it seems that, the focus of interventions should go beyond body dissatisfaction and also target the development of adaptive attitudes (opposed to self-critical attitudes) to deal with negative body-related experiences.
Lifestyle, Conflict-Solving Styles, and Exposure to Workplace Bullying
Authors: Perminiene Milda , Kern Roy M. , Perminas Aidas
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The present study identified direct and indirect relationships between lifestyle attributes and exposure to workplace bullying (via the conflict-solving styles of problem solving, compromising, yielding, and forcing). Our results demonstrated that being cautious, going along, and taking charge were positively directly related to exposure to workplace bullying. In addition, higher belonging/social interest was related to less exposure to bullying via more frequent use of problem solving and less frequent use of forcing. Higher being cautious was related to greater exposure to bullying via less frequent use of problem solving. Higher going along was related to greater bullying via more frequent use of forcing. On the one hand, higher taking charge and wanting recognition were related to greater exposure to bullying via more frequent use of forcing. On the other hand, they were also related to less bullying via more frequent use of problem solving. The results prompt the inclusion of situational moderators that would help us to identify when conflict-solving styles are used. The conflict-solving styles of compromising and yielding did not explain the indirect effects, so the findings highlighted the two key conflict-solving dimensions of problem solving and forcing which partially explained the mechanisms that underlie the relationship between lifestyle attributes and workplace bullying.
The Impact of Regulatory Focus on Challenge and Threat
Authors: Sassenrath Claudia , Sassenberg Kai , Scheepers Daan
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Research has shown that feelings of threat elicit a prevention focus and feelings of challenge elicit a promotion focus. The present research tested the reverse causal relationship. We predicted that, when people are faced with a demanding task, they experience more challenge and less threat if they are in a promotion focus as compared to a prevention focus because having a promotion focus results in the perception of having more resources than a prevention focus does. In two studies assessing or manipulating regulatory focus, respectively, we found the expected effect on challenge and threat as well as the mediation of this effect via perceived resources. The relationships between regulatory focus and challenge and threat are discussed.
Using Acid and Physical Force, Fungi Burrow Through Rock
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: March 2016

Scientists observe the step-by-step process by which a fungus attacks a mineral to extract vital nutrients.
Taiman acts as a coactivator of Yorkie in the Hippo pathway to promote tissue growth and intestinal regeneration
Authors: Wang Chao , Yin Meng-Xin , Wu Wei , Dong Liang , Wang Shimin , Lu Yi , Xu Jinjin , Wu Wenqing , Li Sheng , Zhao Yun , Zhang Lei
Published: March 2016

The Hippo signaling pathway regulates tissue growth and organ size through controlling cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. During these processes, the coactivator Yorkie partners with the transcription factor Scalloped to mediate Hippo pathway-regulated cellular functions. Here, we demonstrate that Taiman facilitates the activity of Yorkie. First, Taiman overexpression upregulates Hippo pathway-responsive genes and induces tissue overgrowth. Second, the loss of tai downregulates the expression of Hippo pathway target genes and reduces organ size as well as tissue overgrowth caused by Yorkie overexpression. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Taiman binds to Yorkie and facilitates the activity of Yorkie-Scalloped to activate the transcription of several Hippo pathway target genes. Moreover, we found that the C-terminus of Taiman is indispensable for the function of Taiman in Hippo signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that Taiman is also required in intestinal stem cell proliferation. Our findings suggest Taiman is an essential coactivator of Yorkie.
Calcium-based multi-element chemistry for grid-scale electrochemical energy storage
Authors: Ouchi Takanari , Kim Hojong , Spatocco Brian L. , Sadoway Donald R.
Published: March 2016

Calcium is an attractive material for the negative electrode in a rechargeable battery due to its low electronegativity (high cell voltage), double valence, earth abundance and low cost; however, the use of calcium has historically eluded researchers due to its high melting temperature, high reactivity and unfavorably high solubility in molten salts. Here we demonstrate a long-cycle-life calcium-metal-based rechargeable battery for grid-scale energy storage. By deploying a multi-cation binary electrolyte in concert with an alloyed negative electrode, calcium solubility in the electrolyte is suppressed and operating temperature is reduced. These chemical mitigation strategies also engage another element in energy storage reactions resulting in a multi-element battery. These initial results demonstrate how the synergistic effects of deploying multiple chemical mitigation strategies coupled with the relaxation of the requirement of a single itinerant ion can unlock calcium-based chemistries and produce a battery with enhanced performance.
Genomes of cryptic chimpanzee Plasmodium species reveal key evolutionary events leading to human malaria
Authors: Sundararaman Sesh A. , Plenderleith Lindsey J. , Liu Weimin , Loy Dorothy E. , Learn Gerald H. , Li Yingying , Shaw Katharina S. , Ayouba Ahidjo , Peeters Martine , Speede Sheri , Shaw George M. , Bushman Frederic D. , Brisson Dustin , Rayner Julian C. , Sharp Paul M. , Hahn Beatrice H.
Published: March 2016

African apes harbour at least six Plasmodium species of the subgenus Laverania, one of which gave rise to human Plasmodium falciparum. Here we use a selective amplification strategy to sequence the genome of chimpanzee parasites classified as Plasmodium reichenowi and Plasmodium gaboni based on the subgenomic fragments. Genome-wide analyses show that these parasites indeed represent distinct species, with no evidence of cross-species mating. Both P. reichenowi and P. gaboni are 10-fold more diverse than P. falciparum, indicating a very recent origin of the human parasite. We also find a remarkable Laverania-specific expansion of a multigene family involved in erythrocyte remodelling, and show that a short region on chromosome 4, which encodes two essential invasion genes, was horizontally transferred into a recent P. falciparum ancestor. Our results validate the selective amplification strategy for characterizing cryptic pathogen species, and reveal evolutionary events that likely predisposed the precursor of P. falciparum to colonize humans.
Calcium imaging reveals glial involvement in transcranial direct current stimulation-induced plasticity in mouse brain
Authors: Monai Hiromu , Ohkura Masamichi , Tanaka Mika , Oe Yuki , Konno Ayumu , Hirai Hirokazu , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko , Itohara Shigeyoshi , Nakai Junichi , Iwai Youichi , Hirase Hajime
Published: March 2016

Transcranical direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a treatment known to ameliorate various neurological conditions and enhance memory and cognition in humans. tDCS has gained traction for its potential therapeutic value; however, little is known about its mechanism of action. Using a transgenic mouse expressing G-CaMP7 in astrocytes and a subpopulation of excitatory neurons, we find that tDCS induces large-amplitude astrocytic Ca2+ surges across the entire cortex with no obvious changes in the local field potential. Moreover, sensory evoked cortical responses are enhanced after tDCS. These enhancements are dependent on the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor and are not observed in IP3R2 (inositol trisphosphate receptor type 2) knockout mice, in which astrocytic Ca2+ surges are absent. Together, we propose that tDCS changes the metaplasticity of the cortex through astrocytic Ca2+/IP3 signalling.
Genetic link between renal birth defects and congenital heart disease
Authors: San Agustin Jovenal T. , Klena Nikolai , Granath Kristi , Panigrahy Ashok , Stewart Eileen , Devine William , Strittmatter Lara , Jonassen Julie A. , Liu Xiaoqin , Lo Cecilia W. , Pazour Gregory J.
Published: March 2016

Structural birth defects in the kidney and urinary tract are observed in 0.5% of live births and are a major cause of end-stage renal disease, but their genetic aetiology is not well understood. Here we analyse 135 lines of mice identified in large-scale mouse mutagenesis screen and show that 29% of mutations causing congenital heart disease (CHD) also cause renal anomalies. The renal anomalies included duplex and multiplex kidneys, renal agenesis, hydronephrosis and cystic kidney disease. To assess the clinical relevance of these findings, we examined patients with CHD and observed a 30% co-occurrence of renal anomalies of a similar spectrum. Together, these findings demonstrate a common shared genetic aetiology for CHD and renal anomalies, indicating that CHD patients are at increased risk for complications from renal anomalies. This collection of mutant mouse models provides a resource for further studies to elucidate the developmental link between renal anomalies and CHD.
Coulomb-corrected molecular orbital tomography of nitrogen
Authors: Zhai Chunyang , He Lixin , Lan Pengfei , Zhu Xiaosong , Li Yang , Wang Feng , Shi Wenjing , Zhang Qingbin , Lu Peixiang
Published: March 2016

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) from aligned molecules has provided a promising way to probe the molecular orbital with an Ångström resolution. This method, usually called molecular orbital tomography (MOT) replies on a simple assumption of the plane-wave approximation (PW), which has long been questioned due to that PW approximation is known to be valid in the keV energy region. However, the photon energy is usually no more than 100 eV in HHG. In this work, we experimentally reconstruct the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of nitrogen (N2) by using a Coulomb-corrected MOT (CCMOT) method. In our scheme, the molecular continuum states are described by a Coulomb wave function instead of the PW approximation. With CCMOT, the reconstructed orbital is demonstrated to agree well with the theoretical prediction and retain the main features of the HOMO of N2. Compared to the PW approximation method, the CCMOT shows a significant improvement in eliminating the artificial structures caused by PW approximation.
Investigation of the DNA damage response to SFOM-0046, a new small-molecule drug inducing DNA double-strand breaks
Authors: Pauty Joris , Côté Marie-France , Rodrigue Amélie , Velic Denis , Masson Jean-Yves , Fortin Sébastien
Published: March 2016

2-Ethylphenyl 4-(3-ethylureido)benzenesulfonate (SFOM-0046) is a novel anticancer agent that arrests cell cycle in S-phase and causes DNA replication stress leading to the phosphorylation of H2AX into γ-H2AX. First, using the M21, HT29, HT-1080 and HeLa cell lines, we confirmed that S-phase cell cycle arrest and γ-H2AX foci induction by SFOM-0046 is a general mechanism occurring in diverse cancer cell lines. In addition to γ-H2AX, SFOM-0046 activates preferentially ATR-Chk1 in M21 and HT29 cells while both ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 pathways are activated in HCT116 cells. Co-localization of SFOM-0046-induced 53BP1 foci with γ-H2AX foci validates that the DNA damage generated corresponds to double-strand-breaks (DSBs). Consistent with an S-phase arrest, SFOM-0046 treatment induces RAD51 foci formation but not DNA-PKcs foci, confirming that homologous recombination is the major DSB repair pathway targeted by the drug. Furthermore, using isogenic HCT116 p53+/+ and HCT116 p53−/− cells, we showed that p53 plays a key role in the survival mechanism to SFOM-0046. Finally, SFOM-0046 exhibits a dose-dependent antitumor activity on human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 tumours grafted onto chick chorioallantoic membranes without showing embryo toxicity even at high doses. Altogether, our results highlight SFOM-0046 as a very promising drug that induces a replication stress response.