bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tegner level is predictive for successful return to sport 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Klasan Antonio , Putnis Sven Edward , Grasso Samuel , Kandhari Vikram , Oshima Takeshi , Parker David Anthony
Published: October 2020

Purpose

For a successful return to sport (RTS) after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), patients are recommended to attend a comprehensive rehabilitation program, followed by an RTS assessment, that is a combination of tests. The purpose of this study was to predict a successful return to sport using the results of the RTS assessment and self-reported questionnaires at minimum 2 years after ACLR.

Methods

A total of 123 consecutive ACLR patients undertook an intensive rehabilitation program followed by a comprehensive RTS assessment that included an established combination of balance and strength tests, the ACL-return to sport after Injury scale (ACL-RSI) questionnaire and a KT1000 laximetry test. Preinjury and expected Tegner and Lysholm were collected at baseline, at RTS and prospectively collected at minimum 2-year follow-up. The patients were asked if they returned to their previous sport and at which level. All variables were included in a regression analysis predicting a successful return to previous sport, return to the same level of sport as well as the Tegner level at 2 years.

Results

Sixty-two patients (50%) returned to their previous sport by the 2-year follow-up, without a difference in preinjury Tegner between these two groups (n.s.). Expected preoperative Tegner was the only significant predictor of a successful return to previous sport (p = 0.042; OR 1.300, 95% CI 1.010–1.672). Out of the 62 patients returning to their previous sport, 38 (61%) reported to be on the same or higher level. The only predictive variable for returning to the same level was the higher preinjury Tegner level (p = 0.048; OR 1.522). Multivariate regression analysis of Tegner level at 2 years found younger age to be the only predictive value. From the RTS assessment tests, the ACL-RSI questionnaire and the posterolateral balance test were predictive variables for Tegner at 2-year follow-up, albeit in the univariate regression analysis.

Conclusions

Preoperative Tegner and expected Tegner level collected prior to an ACL reconstruction can aid in the objective prediction of patients’ return to sport after 2 years. High-level athletes are more likely to return to their previous sport and to the previous level. Younger patients achieve a higher Tegner level at 2 years.

Level of evidence

Level III study.
Effects of switching from clopidogrel to prasugrel at the chronic phase after coronary stenting on antiplatelet action and vascular endothelial function: Switch-Pras study
Authors: Masuyama Taiki , Sakuma Masashi , Waku Ryutaro , Hirose Suguru , Kitahara Keijiro , Naganuma Jin , Yazawa Hiroko , Toyoda Shigeru , Abe Shichiro , Nakajima Toshiaki , Inoue Teruo
Published: October 2020

Compared to clopidogrel, prasugrel has a lower incidence of ischemic events following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) because of an early reduction during the acute phase in P2Y12 reaction units (PRU). The objective of this study was to compare the antiplatelet effect and vascular endothelial function of both drugs during the chronic phase after PCI. Patients who had undergone PCI and were confirmed to have no restenosis by follow-up coronary angiography under dual anti-platelet therapy with clopidogrel (75 mg/day) and aspirin (100 mg/day) were randomized to either continue clopidogrel or switch to prasugrel (3.75 mg/day). At baseline, prior to randomization we determined the CYP2C19 genotype. At the baseline and 24 weeks after randomization, the P2Y12 reactivity unit (PRU) was measured using the VerifyNow™ P2Y12 assay. Endothelial function was evaluated by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT), while and circulating CD34+/CD133+/CD45low progenitor cells were measured by flow cytometric analysis. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level was also measured. The PRU was reduced significantly in the prasugrel group (P = 0.0008), especially in patients who were intermediate or poor metabolizers based on the CYP2C19 genotype (P < 0.0001). This reduction was not observed in the clopidogrel group. The number of CD34+/CD133+/CD45low cells increased in the clopidogrel group (P = 0.008), but not in the prasugrel group. The hsCRP, FMD and reactive hyperemia index measured by RH-PAT did not change in either group. Prasugrel is potentially better than clopidogrel for preventing thrombotic events, although clopidogrel may have an advantage over prasugrel in terms of preventing atherosclerotic events. Proper use of thienopyridine drugs based on the CYP2C19 genotype has promising clinical potential.
Bilateral vestibulopathy and age: experimental considerations for testing dynamic visual acuity on a treadmill
Authors: Starkov D. , Snelders M. , Lucieer F. , Janssen A. M. L. , Pleshkov M. , Kingma H. , van Rompaey V. , Herssens N. , Hallemans A. , Vereeck L. , McCrum C. , Meijer K. , Guinand N. , Perez-Fornos A. , van de Berg R.
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) can affect visual acuity in dynamic conditions, like walking. This can be assessed by testing Dynamic Visual Acuity (DVA) on a treadmill at different walking speeds. Apart from BVP, age itself might influence DVA and the ability to complete the test. The objective of this study was to investigate whether DVA tested while walking, and the drop-out rate (the inability to complete all walking speeds of the test) are significantly influenced by age in BVP-patients and healthy subjects.

Methods

Forty-four BVP-patients (20 male, mean age 59 years) and 63 healthy subjects (27 male, mean age 46 years) performed the DVA test on a treadmill at 0 (static condition), 2, 4 and 6 km/h (dynamic conditions). The dynamic visual acuity loss was calculated as the difference between visual acuity in the static condition and visual acuity in each walking condition. The dependency of the drop-out rate and dynamic visual acuity loss on BVP and age was investigated at all walking speeds, as well as the dependency of dynamic visual acuity loss on speed.

Results

Age and BVP significantly increased the drop-out rate (p ≤ 0.038). A significantly higher dynamic visual acuity loss was found at all speeds in BVP-patients compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.001). Age showed no effect on dynamic visual acuity loss in both groups. In BVP-patients, increasing walking speeds resulted in higher dynamic visual acuity loss (p ≤ 0.036).

Conclusion

DVA tested while walking on a treadmill, is one of the few “close to reality” functional outcome measures of vestibular function in the vertical plane. It is able to demonstrate significant loss of DVA in bilateral vestibulopathy patients. However, since bilateral vestibulopathy and age significantly increase the drop-out rate at faster walking speeds, it is recommended to use age-matched controls. Furthermore, it could be considered to use an individual “preferred” walking speed and to limit maximum walking speed in older subjects when testing DVA on a treadmill.
Autopsy examination in sudden cardiac death: a current perspective on behalf of the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology
Authors: Banner Jytte , Basso Cristina , Tolkien Zoe , Kholova Ivana , Michaud Katarzyna , Gallagher Patrick J
Published: October 2020

In sudden cardiac death, an autopsy is an essential step in establishing a diagnosis of inherited cardiac disease and identifying families that require cardiac screening. To evaluate aspects of post-mortem practice in Europe, a questionnaire was designed and circulated to both clinical and forensic pathologists. There was a 48% response rate and information was obtained from 17 countries. The results showed a wide variety in the management of sudden cardiac death, with a general tendency towards a lack of thorough investigation. In up to 40% of cases, autopsies were not performed in subjects less than 50 years who may have died from cardiac disease. Reasons for this were lack of finance and lack of interest from police, legal authorities, and doctors. Only 50% of pathologists seem to follow a standard protocol for autopsy examination, apparently due to lack of expertise and/or training. When autopsies were performed, histology and toxicology were almost always taken, genetic studies were generally available and retention of the heart for specialist study was usually permitted. Our results suggest that although the standard of practice is appropriate in many centres, many more cases should have autopsies, especially in sudden deaths in subjects less than 50 years.
Altersgerechtes Wohnen im Quartier
Authors: Haug Sonja , Vetter Miriam
Published: October 2020

Im Alter nimmt das Quartier aufgrund geringerer Aktionsradien an Bedeutung zu. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Frage, welche Besonderheiten sich bei Senioren-Haushalten im Hinblick auf Wohnen und soziale Teilhabe zeigen. Aus dem Projekt Energetische Modernisierung des genossenschaftlichen Wohnquartiers Margaretenau in Regensburg (MAGGIE) werden Ergebnisse einer schriftlichen Haushaltsbefragung (N = 195) in der Wohngenossenschaft Margaretenau Regensburg dargestellt. Hierbei wird auf die aktuelle und zukünftige Wohnsituation, den Veränderungsbedarf, den Wunsch nach Gemeinschaftsangeboten und die soziale Einbettung eingegangen. Es zeigt sich eine geringe Veränderungsbereitschaft und ein überdurchschnittlich hohes Maß an lokalem Sozialkapital. Am Ende werden Schlussfolgerungen für das Sanierungs- und Quartiersmanagement gezogen.
Effect of As-Cast Structure and Macrosegregation on Mechanical Properties in Direct-Quenched Low-Alloy Ultrahigh-Strength Steel
Authors: Koskenniska S. , Kaijalainen A. , Pikkarainen T. , Mehtonen S. , Porter D. , Kömi J.
Published: October 2020

The effect of as-cast structure and macrosegregation on the mechanical properties of a direct-quenched low-alloy martensitic ultrahigh-strength aluminum killed and calcium treated steel cast at different superheats was studied. Samples from the castings were laboratory hot rolled with two different finishing rolling temperatures to distinguish the effect of hot rolling. Using optical emission spectrometry, the steel composition was analyzed as a function of slab thickness in order to detect the variations in steel chemistry due to macrosegregation. Further, hardness profiles, prior austenite grain sizes and tensile and impact toughness were determined for the hot-rolled specimens. It was found that interdendritic segregation was more intense at the higher superheat, which led to more pronounced positive segregation in the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) zone, and negative segregation between CET and the centerline. These macrosegregation patterns were inherited by the hot-rolled samples causing local variations in hardness, which followed the variations in carbon content. However, altering the superheat had a minor effect on the nominal transformed microstructures and nominal prior austenite grain sizes. This occurred because of the interdendritic segregation induced composition variations both enlarged and decreased by turns the grain sizes. The CET also reduced measured impact toughness values.
Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?
Authors: Gurgula Olga
Published: October 2020

As the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the lives of thousands of people worldwide, the problem of timely access to affordable medicines has intensified today. Based on past experience of accessing medicines for life-threatening diseases there is a justifiable fear that access to any vaccines and treatments that are eventually developed may be hindered by patents, leading to unaffordable prices. In particular, one of the reasons that typically leads to high prices is strategic patenting employed by pharmaceutical companies. While this practice is currently considered lawful, this article argues that strategic patenting requires a long-overdue intervention by competition authorities and aims to attract their attention to its harmful effects. It maintains that, along with a more immediate negative effect in the form of high drug prices, strategic patenting affects dynamic competition by stifling innovation of both originators and generic companies. The article outlines the current approach to strategic patenting and provides arguments for the intervention of competition law. This, in turn, will open the possibility for competition authorities to investigate this practice and prevent its harmful effect on drug prices and pharmaceutical innovation, for the benefit of consumer welfare.
Management of Traumatology Patients During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Experience in a Hub Trauma Hospital in Northern Italy
Authors: D’Angelo Fabio , Monestier Luca , De Falco Giovanni , Mazzacane Michael , Stissi Placido
Published: October 2020

Background

As a result of the uncontrolled spread of the COVID-19 virus infection, a health reorganization according to the “hub and spoke” model was necessary. The purpose of the article was to document the adopted corporate protocol and describe the management of the traumatized patient in a Hub center.

Methods

Our hospital has been identified as one of the three regional Hubs for polytrauma and major traumas, requiring suitable pathways to receive confirmed or suspected COVID-19-positive patients, from the emergency room entrance to the operating room, and finally to the inpatient ward or ICU. From February 23th to April 30th 2020 we analyzed the total number of trauma patients hospitalized and the number of femoral neck fractures surgically treated within 48 h; the data were then compared with the corresponding period of the previous year.

Results

There has been a reduction in the overall number of traumas as a result of government restraint measures. Total occupancy time in the operating theater has increased, but not drastically considering dressing procedures and anesthesia (carried out inside the operating room). The number of patients with femoral neck fractures surgically treated within 48 h (none of the COVID-19-positive patients) decreased from 83.33 to 58.70%, but only slightly lower than the Italian pre-COVID average of 64.70%.

Conclusions

The correct management of the hospital and the meticulous organization of the traumatized patient have made it possible to contain the potential negative effects on the medical care quality during this unexpected and severe health emergency.
Gods and Humans in the Ancient Near East
Authors: Putthoff Tyson L.
Published: October 2020

In this book, Tyson Putthoff explores the relationship between gods and humans, and between divine nature and human nature, in the Ancient Near East. In this world, gods lived among humans. The two groups shared the world with one another, each playing a special role in maintaining order in the cosmos. Humans also shared aspects of a godlike nature. Even in their natural condition, humans enjoyed a taste of the divine state. Indeed, gods not only lived among humans, but also they lived inside them, taking up residence in the physical body. As such, human nature was actually a composite of humanity and divinity. Putthoff offers new insights into the ancients' understanding of humanity's relationship with the gods, providing a comparative study of this phenomenon from the third millennium BCE to the first century CE.
The skeletal effects of congenital syphilis: the case of Parrot’s bones
Authors: Cole Garrard , Waldron Tony , Shelmerdine Susan , Hutchinson Ciaran , McHugh Kieran , Calder Alistair , Arthurs Owen
Published: October 2020

We provide a brief account of the life and work of Jules Parrot, a significant figure in French paediatrics, about whom almost nothing has been written. We focus on his work relating to congenital syphilis, specifically reporting on the examination of a collection of bones taken at autopsy from children with congenital syphilis. The collection of bones was brought to London in 1879 by Parrot to illustrate a talk that he gave before the Pathological Society of London. Subsequently, it travelled a circuitous route to the Royal Free Hospital pathology collection, where it remained until we (GC and TW) ‘discovered’ it. The bones represent the largest assemblage of material from cases of congenital syphilis in the UK and they are important as they clearly demonstrate the skeletal lesions associated with congenital syphilis and are now irreplaceable. The bones have been identified to anatomical element and have come from a minimum of eight children, both foetuses and neonates covering the period 30–50 weeks post-conception. Radiological and micro computerised tomography examinations were carried out and three-dimensional models printed at twice life size. The models are durable and can be handled with impunity by students and others wishing to familiarise themselves with the skeletal changes shown.
“Since Those Days All Things Have Progressed for the Better”: Tradition, Progress, and Creation in Ambrose of Milan
Authors: Fogleman Alex
Published: October 2020

In Ambrose’s apologetic writing against the Roman prefect Symmachus, he makes a surprising argument for Christianity’s superiority over Roman religious practices, arguing that Christianity is in fact a newer and therefore superior form of religion. The whole world has “progressed” and so must religious practices. In the letters to Symmachus, Ambrose’s arguments are ad hoc and apologetic, not constructive. This article seeks to understand better the intellectual and historical contexts that make Ambrose’s surprising convictions possible by looking at Ambrose’s writings on creation in the context of the pro-Nicene debates. Considering Ambrose’s writing in the Hexameron, I argue that Ambrose’s account of cosmological progress finds an intellectual milieu in pro-Nicene reflection on the implications of Christ’s divine consubstantiality for a doctrine of creation. When Christ is no longer seen as a mediator between God and the world, a new space is opened up to speak of creation’s change and even “progress” without a worry that doing so will jeopardize creation as the divine handiwork. Ambrose’s apologetic strategy, though apparently not directly related to pro-Nicene debates, is illuminated when seen against this backdrop. The result is a better understanding both of Ambrose’s strategies in particular and of the situation of fourth-century apologetics more broadly.
Martin Luther’s Use of Blended Hebrew and German Idioms in His Translation of the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Niggemann Andrew J.
Published: October 2020

This article investigates an uncharted facet of Martin Luther’s Hebrew translation method. It is one of the more fascinating aspects of his translation, which demonstrates both the complexity of how he translated Hebrew and the lasting impact of the Hebrew on his German, neither of which has been fully appreciated by scholars. This article demonstrates how he sometimes blended Hebrew and German idioms in his translation of the Hebrew Bible, specifically in the Minor Prophets. It further shows how he used this translation method to convey various linguistic features of the Hebrew language to his German audience. Finally, it shows how this has a number of important implications for Luther studies, Hebrew and German linguistics, and medieval and early modern history.
In Quest of a Coherent Portrait of Paul: A Rejoinder to Michael Bird
Authors: Kaminsky Joel , Reasoner Mark
Published: October 2020

This rejoinder to Michael Bird’s critique of our argument in Joel Kaminsky and Mark Reasoner, “The Meaning and Telos of Israel’s Election: An Interfaith Response to N. T. Wright’s Reading of Paul,” HTR 112 (2019) 421–46, acknowledges that Wright recognizes a dimension of intrinsic value in God’s election of Israel, while it shows how Wright’s metanarrative is not only unduly skewed toward an instrumental view of Israel’s election but also, in effect, totally redefines Israel. Our rebuttal first reiterates some of our original claims and also presents new arguments against an exegesis of Second Isaiah that portrays Israel as divinely called to bring light or Torah to the nations. Later Second Temple sources also did not understand Israel as failing to fulfill a divine call to missionize the gentiles. Bird’s own inconsistency on the mission orientation of Israel weakens his defense of Wright here. Wright’s exegesis of Rom 5:20–21 as teaching that God intentionally gave Torah to draw the world’s sins onto Israel and Bird’s defense of this on the basis of Isaiah 53 are anomalous and untenable in the light of other scholars’ readings of Romans and the rest of the New Testament. Finally, against Bird, Wright does indeed read non-Christ-confessing Jews out of Israel in a highly problematic way. Bird’s agreement with us against Wright that “all Israel” in Rom 11:26 refers to corporeal Israel strengthens our original critique of Wright’s redefinition of Israel in Rom 9–11.
Language learner autonomy: Rethinking language teaching
Authors: Little David
Published: October 2020

For me, ‘language learner autonomy’ denotes a teaching/learning dynamic in which learners plan, implement, monitor and evaluate their own learning. From the beginning they do this as far as possible in the target language, which thus becomes a channel of their individual and collaborative agency. By exercising agency in the target language they gradually develop a proficiency that is reflective as well as communicative, and the target language becomes a fully integrated part of their plurilingual repertoire and identity.
The Cal-DSH diversion guidelines
Authors: Cummings Michael A. , Scott Charles , Arguello Juan Carlos , Arias Ai-Li W. , Breth Ashley M. , Delgado Darci , Harvey Phil D. , Meyer Jonathan M. , O’Day Jennifer , Pollock Megan , Proctor George , Rector Tiffany , Rose Benjamin , Schwartz Eric , Thordarson Helga , Warburton Katherine , Stahl Stephen M.
Published: October 2020

The Cal-DSH Diversion Guidelines provide 10 general guidelines that jurisdictions should consider when developing diversion programs for individuals with a serious mental illness (SMI) who become involved in the criminal justice system. Screening for SMI in a jail setting is reviewed. In addition, important treatment interventions for SMI and substance use disorders are highlighted with the need to address criminogenic risk factors highlighted.
Nutrient density and affordability of foods in Brazil by food group and degree of processing
Authors: Siqueira Kennya Beatriz , Borges Cristiano AV , Binoti Mirella L , Pilati Amanda F , da Silva Paulo HF , Gupta Shilpi , Drewnowski Adam
Published: October 2020

Objective:

Affordable nutrition refers to the relation between nutrient density of foods and their monetary cost. There are limited data on affordable nutrition in low- and middle-income countries. The present study aimed to develop a nutrient density score and nutrient affordability metrics for 377 most consumed foods in Brazil.

Design:

The foods were aggregated into seven major food groups and four NOVA food categories. Nutrient composition data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Food prices were obtained from retailer websites and were converted to prices per 100 g and 418 kJ. The Nutrient Rich Food (NRF8.2) score was based on protein, fiber, vitamins A, C and E, Ca, Fe and K. Nutrients to limit were sugar and Na. Affordability was measured as kcal/R$ and nutrients/R$.

Results:

Grains, fats and sweets were more energy dense and had lower NRF8.2 scores than dairy, vegetables and fruits. Grains, fats and sweets were the lowest cost sources of energy. Vegetables and fruits, beans, nuts and seeds and eggs and dairy were the lowest cost sources of multiple nutrients. Ultra-processed foods (48 % of total) had higher energy density and lower NRF8.2 scores than did unprocessed foods. In Brazil, fruits, vegetables and dairy products offered the most nutrients per real.

Conclusions:

Analysis of the relationship between nutrient density of foods and their cost can help identify locally available foods that are nutrient rich, affordable and culturally acceptable. Achieving high nutrient density at an affordable cost should be the goal of Brazil’s food systems.
Sturzverletzungen bei Skitouren – eine retrospektive Analyse aus den Schweizer Alpen
Authors: Gasser Benedikt
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Skitourengehen erfreut sich zunehmender Beliebtheit. Neben positiven Aspekten sind jedoch auch Gefahren damit verbunden, wobei insbesondere auch Stürze genannt werden müssen. Anhand des Zentralregisters des SAC (Schweizerischer Alpenclub) konnten insgesamt 756 männliche und 593 weibliche Fälle von Stürzen in der zehnjährigen Periode von 2009 bis 2018 mit Hilfe des NACA-Scores und von Fallberichten analysiert werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass bei Frauen rund 90 % und bei den Männern rund zwei Drittel der analysierten Fälle die untere Extremität betrafen, wobei die überwiegende Mehrzahl Verletzungen am Knie mit 55 % bei den Frauen und 43 % bei den Männern waren. Diese Befunde könnten durch ein nicht optimales Bindungsverhalten verursacht sein, weshalb empfohlen wird, die Bindungen nicht zu hart einzustellen und das richtige Auslöseverhalten entsprechend regelmässig zu testen.
CME/Antworten: Das Linksschenkelblockbild und die Ausschlussdiagnose «Painful Left Bundle Branch Block»
Authors: Oechslin Luca , Hofer Daniel , Hermann Matthias
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Der Linksschenkelblock (LSB) ist das elektrokardiografische Korrelat einer pathologischen Reizweiterleitung am Herzen, die zu einer dyssynchronen Erregung des Ventrikelmyokards und somit zu einer ineffizienten Kontraktion der Ventrikel führen kann. Meist ist der LSB assoziiert mit einer zugrundeliegenden Kardiopathie und stellt einen unabhängigen Risikofaktor der kardiovaskulären Mortalität dar, weswegen eine weitere Abklärung in jedem Fall indiziert ist. Neben der Behandlung einer möglichen Grunderkrankung steht im Falle einer bestehenden systolischen Herzinsuffizienz seit der Einführung der kardialen Resynchronisationstherapie (CRT) zudem eine spezifische elektrische Therapie zur Verfügung. Ein selteneres Phänomen ist der symptomatische und belastungsabhängige LSB bei strukturell gesundem Herzen.
Möglichkeiten der ästhetischen Mammaaugmentation ohne Silikonimplantate
Authors: Uyulmaz Semra , Fontein Duveken , Grünherz Lisanne , Lindenblatt Nicole
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Methoden zur ästhetischen Brustvergrösserung ohne Silikonimplantate werden immer beliebter. Eine zumindest optische Brustaugmentation kann durch verschiedenen Mastopexieverfahren patientenspezifisch erreicht werden. Die Eigenfetttransplantation hat sich über die letzten Jahre in der rekonstruktiven und ästhetischen Brustchirurgie zu einem sicheren Standardverfahren in der Wiederherstellung eines natürlichen Erscheinungsbildes, zum Volumenaufbau und zur Angleichung von Asymmetrien und Konturunregelmässigkeiten, z.B. durch Narben im Brustbereich, bei bestimmten Patientinnen entwickelt. Die ästhetische Brustaugmentation mittels Eigenfett ist bei sehr kleinen Brüsten und Wunsch nach grösserem Volumen nur über eine Phase der Gewebeexpansion sinnvoll, um die Annahmerate des injizierten Fettgewebes zu erhöhen. Aufgrund der aktuellen Datenlage zur Sicherheit stellen Hyaluronsäureinjektionen keine valide Alternative zur ästhetischen Brustaugmentation dar und sind daher nicht zu empfehlen.
Testing a Strategy-Disruption Account of the List-Strength Effect
Authors: Ensor Tyler M. , Bancroft Tyler D. , Guitard Dominic , Bireta Tamra J. , Hockley William E. , Surprenant Aimée M.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Presenting items multiple times on a study list increases their memorability, a process known as item strengthening. The list-strength effect (LSE) refers to the finding that, compared to unstrengthened (pure) lists, lists for which a subset of the items have been strengthened produce enhanced memory for the strengthened items and depressed memory for the unstrengthened items. Although the LSE is found in free recall ( Tulving & Hastie, 1972 ), it does not occur in recognition ( Ratcliff et al., 1990 ). In free recall, the LSE in mixed lists is attributed to a sampling bias promoting priority recall of strong items and consequent output interference affecting weak items. We suggest that, in recognition, the disruption of this pattern through the randomization of test probes is responsible for the null LSE. We present several pilot experiments consistent with this account; however, the registered experiment, which had more statistical power, did not support this account.
Visual Gender Cues Guide Crossmodal Selective Attending to a Gender-Congruent Voice During Dichotic Listening
Authors: Factor Zekiel Z. , Polack Cody W. , Miller Ralph R.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Visual input of a face appears to influence the ability to selectively attend to one voice over another simultaneous voice. We examined this crossmodal effect, specifically the role face gender may have on selective attention to male and female gendered simultaneous voices. Using a within-subjects design, participants were presented with a dynamic male face, female face, or fixation cross, with each condition being paired with a dichotomous audio stream of male and female voices reciting different lists of concrete nouns. In Experiment 1a, the female voice was played in the right ear and the male voice in the left ear. In Experiment 1b, both voices were played in both ears with differences in volume mimicking the interaural intensity difference between disparately localized voices in naturalistic situations. Free recall of words spoken by the two voices immediately following stimulus presentation served as a proxy measure of attention. In both sections of the experiment, crossmodal congruity of face gender enhanced same-gender word recall. This effect indicates that crossmodal interaction between voices and faces guides auditory attention. The results contribute to our understanding of how humans navigate the crossmodal relationship between voices and faces to direct attention in social interactions such as those in the cocktail party scenario.
Urbanization, Agriculture, and Mining Threaten Brazilian Rivers
Authors: Rodrigues Meghie
Published: October 2020

Harder to analyze and quantify, diffuse pollution is often overlooked when it comes to water quality assessments.
Super High Frequency Events: A New Class of Events Recorded by the InSight Seismometers on Mars
Authors: Dahmen Nikolaj L. , Clinton John F. , Ceylan Savas , van Driel Martin , Giardini Domenico , Khan Amir , Stähler Simon C. , Böse Maren , Charalambous Constantinos , Horleston Anna , Kawamura Taichi , Orhand‐Mainsant Guenolé , Scholz John‐Robert , Euchner Fabian , Pike William T. , Weber Renee C. , Lognonné Philippe , Banerdt William B.
Published: October 2020

We present a new class of seismic signals that are recorded by the seismometer placed on the surface of Mars as part of the NASA InSight mission. The signals, termed super high frequency (SF) events, are of short duration (∼20 s), are often similar in amplitude, and feature high‐frequency energy between ∼5 and 30 Hz that is dominant on the horizontal components. For detection and characterization of SF events, we employ the available continuous 20 samples per second (sps) data from the Very Broadband instrument. Due to bandwidth limitations, 100 sps data from the short‐period sensor are only partially obtainable, but they aid in analysis of the frequency content above 10 Hz and in distinguishing the events from high‐frequency noise. From June 2019 to May 2020, 780 SF events have been detected. The events observed occur in repeatable patterns that last for weeks. Initially, the SF events were clustered in the hours before sunset, but more recently, they have been distributed across the evening period. Based on template matching techniques, we have identified 16 distinct families that generally follow the temporal clusters. A thermal origin of these events is suggested, since the majority of the events fall within a ±2 h time window around sunset with extreme temperature changes. The SF events have similarities with thermal events observed on the lunar surface from data collected during the Apollo missions.
Correction: The clinical significance of oestrogen receptor expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Miligy Islam M. , Toss Michael S. , Shiino Sho , Oni Georgette , Syed Binafsha M. , Khout Hazem , Tan Qing Ting , Green Andrew R. , Macmillan R. Douglas , Robertson John F. R. , Rakha Emad A.
Published: October 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Metformin as a senostatic drug enhances the anticancer efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hu Qinchao , Peng Jianmin , Jiang Laibo , Li Wuguo , Su Qiao , Zhang Jiayu , Li Huan , Song Ming , Cheng Bin , Xia Juan , Wu Tong
Published: October 2020

CDK4/6 inhibitors show promising antitumor activity in a variety of solid tumors; however, their role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) requires further investigation. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) induced by CDK4/6 inhibitors has dual effects on cancer treatment. The need to address the SASP is a serious challenge in the clinical application of CDK4/6 inhibitors. We investigated whether metformin can act as a senostatic drug to modulate the SASP and enhance the anticancer efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitors in HNSCC. In this study, the efficacy of a combination of the CDK4/6 inhibitor LY2835219 and metformin in HNSCC was investigated in in vitro assays, an HSC6 xenograft model, and a patient-derived xenograft model. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, antibody array, sphere-forming assay, and in vivo tumorigenesis assay were used to detect the impacts of metformin on the senescence and SASP induced by LY2835219. We found that LY2835219 combined with metformin synergistically inhibited HNSCC by inducing cell cycle arrest in vitro and in vivo. Metformin significantly modulated the profiles of the SASP elicited by LY2835219 by inhibiting the mTOR and stat3 pathways. The LY2835219-induced SASP resulted in upregulation of cancer stemness, while this phenomenon can be attenuated when combined with metformin. Furthermore, results showed that the stemness inhibition by metformin was associated with blockade of the IL6-stat3 axis. Survival analysis demonstrated that overexpression of IL6 and stemness markers was associated with poor survival in HNSCC patients, indicating that including metformin to target these proteins might improve patient prognosis. Collectively, our data suggest that metformin can act as a senostatic drug to enhance the anticancer efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitors by reprogramming the profiles of the SASP.
Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles: diverse mediators of pathology and therapeutics in multiple diseases
Authors: Wang Yizhuo , Zhao Meng , Liu Shuyun , Guo Jun , Lu Yanrong , Cheng Jingqiu , Liu Jingping
Published: October 2020

Macrophages (Mφ) are primary innate immune cells that exhibit diverse functions in response to different pathogens or stimuli, and they are extensively involved in the pathology of various diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by live cells. As vital messengers, macrophage-derived EVs (Mφ-EVs) can transfer multiple types of bioactive molecules from macrophages to recipient cells, modulating the biological function of recipient cells. In recent years, Mφ-EVs have emerged as vital mediators not only in the pathology of multiple diseases such as inflammatory diseases, fibrosis and cancers, but also as mediators of beneficial effects in immunoregulation, cancer therapy, infectious defense, and tissue repair. Although many investigations have been performed to explore the diverse functions of Mφ-EVs in disease pathology and intervention, few studies have comprehensively summarized their detailed biological roles as currently understood. In this review, we briefly introduced an overview of macrophage and EV biology, and primarily focusing on current findings and future perspectives with respect to the pathological and therapeutic effects of Mφ-EVs in various diseases.
Inter-hemispheric synchroneity of Holocene precipitation anomalies controlled by Earth’s latitudinal insolation gradients
Authors: Deininger Michael , McDermott Frank , Cruz Francisco W. , Bernal Juan Pablo , Mudelsee Manfred , Vonhof Hubert , Millo Christian , Spötl Christoph , Treble Pauline C. , Pickering Robyn , Scholz Denis
Published: October 2020

Atmospheric circulation is a fundamental component of Earth’s climate system, transporting energy poleward to partially offset the latitudinal imbalance in insolation. Changes in the latitudinal distribution of insolation thus force variations in atmospheric circulation, in turn altering regional hydroclimates. Here we demonstrate that regional hydroclimates controlled by the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude storm tracks and the African and South American Monsoons changed synchronously during the last 10 kyrs. We argue that these regional hydroclimate variations are connected and reflect the adjustment of the atmospheric poleward energy transport to the evolving differential heating of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. These results indicate that changes in latitudinal insolation gradients and associated variations in latitudinal temperature gradients exert important control on atmospheric circulation and regional hydroclimates. Since the current episode of global warming strongly affects latitudinal temperature gradients through Arctic amplification, our results can inform projections of likely inter-hemispheric precipitation changes in the future.
Ketohexokinase-A acts as a nuclear protein kinase that mediates fructose-induced metastasis in breast cancer
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Kang Jengmin , Kang Ye-Lim , Woo Jongmin , Kim Youngsoo , Huh June , Park Jong-Wan
Published: October 2020

Harmful effects of high fructose intake on health have been widely reported. Although fructose is known to promote cancer, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we found that fructose triggers breast cancer metastasis through the ketohexokinase-A signaling pathway. Molecular experiments showed that ketohexokinase-A, rather than ketohexokinase-C, is necessary and sufficient for fructose-induced cell invasion. Ketohexokinase-A-overexpressing breast cancer was found to be highly metastatic in fructose-fed mice. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic ketohexokinase-A enters into the nucleus during fructose stimulation, which is mediated by LRRC59 and KPNB1. In the nucleus, ketohexokinase-A phosphorylates YWHAH at Ser25 and the YWHAH recruits SLUG to the CDH1 promoter, which triggers cell migration. This study provides the effect of nutrition on breast cancer metastasis. High intake of fructose should be restricted in cancer patients to reduce the risk of metastasis. From a therapeutic perspective, the ketohexokinase-A signaling pathway could be a potential target to prevent cancer metastasis.
Immune modulatory effects of oncogenic KRAS in cancer
Authors: Hamarsheh Shaima’a , Groß Olaf , Brummer Tilman , Zeiser Robert
Published: October 2020

Oncogenic KRAS mutations are the most frequent mutations in human cancer, but most difficult to target. While sustained proliferation caused by oncogenic KRAS-downstream signalling is a main driver of carcinogenesis, there is increasing evidence that it also mediates autocrine effects and crosstalk with the tumour microenvironment (TME). Here, we discuss recent reports connecting KRAS mutations with tumour-promoting inflammation and immune modulation caused by KRAS that leads to immune escape in the TME. We discuss the preclinical work on KRAS-induced inflammation and immune modulation in the context of currently ongoing clinical trials targeting cancer entities that carry KRAS mutations and strategies to overcome the oncogene-induced effects on the immune system.
Publisher Correction: Frequent new particle formation over the high Arctic pack ice by enhanced iodine emissions
Authors: Baccarini Andrea , Karlsson Linn , Dommen Josef , Duplessis Patrick , Vüllers Jutta , Brooks Ian M. , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso , Salter Matthew , Tjernström Michael , Baltensperger Urs , Zieger Paul , Schmale Julia
Published: October 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Nondestructive analysis of alterations of Chinese jade artifacts from Jinsha, Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Bao Yi , Yun Xuemei , Zhao Chaohong , Wang Fang , Li Yuesheng
Published: October 2020

Jade, which is one of the most characteristic materials constituting Chinese artifacts, signifies cultural differences between ancient Chinese and western civilizations. One of the most important typical characteristics of ancient jade artifacts recovered through archeological excavations is color alterations due to human activity and natural weathering, which has led to an area of intensive research in archeology. “Alteration” refers to chemical component and structural changes in jade artifacts caused by human activity and natural weathering, which is different from the term in geology. In this study, Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze six color alterations on ancient jade artifacts unearthed from the Jinsha Site in Sichuan Province, a region famous for artifacts with colorful alterations. The colorful alterations were observed to originate from corrosion products of bronzeware. The green, black, yellow, blue, purple, and white alterations were due to malachite, tenorite, pyromorphite, azurite, diaboleite, and cassiterite, respectively. Meanwhile, organic matter and hypertoxic arsenolite were first found on ancient jade artifacts.
Current and historic HIV-1 molecular epidemiology in paediatric and adult population from Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Rubio-Garrido Marina , González-Alba José María , Reina Gabriel , Ndarabu Adolphe , Barquín David , Carlos Silvia , Galán Juan Carlos , Holguín África
Published: October 2020

HIV-1 diversity may impact monitoring and vaccine development. We describe the most recent data of HIV-1 variants and their temporal trends in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) from 1976 to 2018 and in Kinshasa from 1983–2018. HIV-1 pol sequencing from dried blood collected in Kinshasa during 2016–2018 was done in 340 HIV-infected children/adolescents/adults to identify HIV-1 variants by phylogenetic reconstructions. Recombination events and transmission clusters were also analyzed. Variant distribution and genetic diversity were compared to historical available pol sequences from the DRC in Los Alamos Database (LANL). We characterized 165 HIV-1 pol variants circulating in Kinshasa (2016–2018) and compared them with 2641 LANL sequences from the DRC (1976–2012) and Kinshasa (1983–2008). During 2016–2018 the main subtypes were A (26.7%), G (9.7%) and C (7.3%). Recombinants accounted for a third of infections (12.7%/23.6% Circulant/Unique Recombinant Forms). We identified the first CRF47_BF reported in Africa and four transmission clusters. A significant increase of subtype A and sub-subtype F1 and a significant reduction of sub-subtype A1 and subtype D were observed in Kinshasa during 2016–2018 compared to variants circulating in the city from 1983 to 2008. We provide unique and updated information related to HIV-1 variants currently circulating in Kinshasa, reporting the temporal trends of subtypes/CRF/URF during 43 years in the DRC, and providing the most extensive data on children/adolescents.
Dynamic changes in the brain protein interaction network correlates with progression of Aβ42 pathology in Drosophila
Authors: Scholes Harry M. , Cryar Adam , Kerr Fiona , Sutherland David , Gethings Lee A. , Vissers Johannes P. C. , Lees Jonathan G. , Orengo Christine A. , Partridge Linda , Thalassinos Konstantinos
Published: October 2020

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is a progressive and devastating neurodegenerative condition for which there are no effective treatments. Understanding the molecular pathology of AD during disease progression may identify new ways to reduce neuronal damage. Here, we present a longitudinal study tracking dynamic proteomic alterations in the brains of an inducible Drosophila melanogaster model of AD expressing the Arctic mutant Aβ42 gene. We identified 3093 proteins from flies that were induced to express Aβ42 and age-matched healthy controls using label-free quantitative ion-mobility data independent analysis mass spectrometry. Of these, 228 proteins were significantly altered by Aβ42 accumulation and were enriched for AD-associated processes. Network analyses further revealed that these proteins have distinct hub and bottleneck properties in the brain protein interaction network, suggesting that several may have significant effects on brain function. Our unbiased analysis provides useful insights into the key processes governing the progression of amyloid toxicity and forms a basis for further functional analyses in model organisms and translation to mammalian systems.
Diminished corticomotor excitability in Gulf War Illness related chronic pain symptoms; evidence from TMS study
Authors: Lei Karen , Kunnel Alphonsa , Metzger-Smith Valerie , Golshan Shahrokh , Javors Jennifer , Wei Jennie , Lee Roland , Vaninetti Michael , Rutledge Thomas , Leung Albert
Published: October 2020

Chronic diffuse body pain is unequivocally highly prevalent in Veterans who served in the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War and diagnosed with Gulf War Illness (GWI). Diminished motor cortical excitability, as a measurement of increased resting motor threshold (RMT) with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), is known to be associated with chronic pain conditions. This study compared RMT in Veterans with GWI related diffuse body pain including headache, muscle and joint pain with their military counterparts without GWI related diffuse body pain. Single pulse TMS was administered over the left motor cortex, using anatomical scans of each subject to guide the TMS coil, starting at 25% of maximum stimulator output (MSO) and increasing in steps of 2% until a motor response with a 50 µV peak to peak amplitude, defined as the RMT, was evoked at the contralateral flexor pollicis brevis muscle. RMT was then analyzed using Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA). Veterans with GWI related chronic headaches and body pain (N = 20, all males) had a significantly (P < 0.001) higher average RMT (% ± SD) of 77.2% ± 16.7% compared to age and gender matched military controls (N = 20, all males), whose average was 55.6% ± 8.8%. Veterans with GWI related diffuse body pain demonstrated a state of diminished corticomotor excitability, suggesting a maladaptive supraspinal pain modulatory state. The impact of this observed supraspinal functional impairment on other GWI related symptoms and the potential use of TMS in rectifying this abnormality and providing relief for pain and co-morbid symptoms requires further investigation.

Trial registration: This study was registered on January 25, 2017, on ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier: NCT03030794. Retrospectively registered. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03030794.