bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender and Aviation
Authors: Ferguson Jane M.
Published: December 2021

Aviation technologies and operations networks are integral to globalization. Ethnographic investigation of global apparatuses offers important insights and challenges for the anthropology of gender. However, social science discourse about aviation work itself, for industrial and legal reasons, has historically been dominated by management and applied research approaches. With reference to commercial passenger aviation, there is often a taken‐for‐granted consumerist understanding of the industry for anthropologists located in the global North or the upper classes of the global South that is largely to do with subjective emplacement and the politics of visibility. After considering gendered histories of aviation, this entry focuses on aviation as a site and system for ethnographic work on gender. It reviews and considers the ways in which anthropological research on gender can contribute to understanding this techno‐logistical apparatus and its operation and how it might offer directions for future research. To this end, discussion of gender and aviation is organized into two themes: (1) the symbolism and ideological implications of aviation workers in history; and (2) the ethnography of aviation labor and representation of aviation work.
Gender and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Bell Genevieve , Broad Ellen , Martin Brenda , O'Brien Ellen , Parsons Juliette , Zafiroglu Alexandra
Published: December 2021

This entry explores the interactions and intersections of gender and artificial intelligence (AI) over the past century. It presents four anthropological and anthropologically inspired approaches to scrutinize relationships between gender and technical systems: first, looking at what came before the birth of AI; second, studying the sites of production of AI; third, examining how perceived biological differences still inform AI classifications for gender and other sociocultural constructions; and fourth, questioning the performance of gender by AI systems themselves. It concludes by observing that conversations regarding gender and AI are no longer restricted to specific disciplines (e.g., gender to social scientists and AI to computer scientists) and will continue to require integrated multidisciplinary efforts to understand and act on insights gleaned from an exploration of the relationships between these concepts. It highlights intersections between gender, AI, and subjects such as race and ethnicity, the environment, and culture as areas for further focus.
Urbanization in China
Authors: Santos Gonçalo , Zhang Jun
Published: December 2021

China has undergone a dramatic process of urban transformation since the beginning of its reform and opening up. In 1978, two years after the death of Mao Zedong, China's urban population remained at levels close to 20 percent. By 2020, more than 60 percent of the population was living in the city and this included a large floating population of several hundred million migrants constantly moving between the country and the city. Recent anthropological research on urban life in China during this period has highlighted the breathtaking pace of urban transformation, focusing on processes of spatialization of class and the emergence of new patterns of spatial mobility and social stratification. While the rural–urban divide remains a defining feature of Chinese society today, anthropologists have questioned earlier visions of a static, territorial opposition between the rural and the urban, showing how attention to the tensions and contradictions shaping evolving rural–urban divisions and entanglements is the key to an in‐depth understanding of contemporary forces of urbanization.
Drawing
Authors: Azevedo Aina
Published: December 2021

Anthropology in the twenty‐first century has been marked by a renewed interest in drawing as a way of describing and presenting knowledge. Among the variety of anthropologists writing in theoretical terms about the subject, Tim Ingold stands out with his proposal of a graphic anthropology, alongside Michael Taussig, with his discussion about drawing in fieldwork notebooks. However, insufficient knowledge about this practice, which is more common in the history of anthropology than might be supposed, obscures the long‐standing presence of drawing in field records. Thus, in addition to indicating the main research on the subject, this entry seeks to tell another history of anthropological research methods and techniques: it considers the historical presence of drawings in fieldwork notebooks and also points out the importance of the practical development of anthropologists' skills.
Tattoo
Authors: Kloß Sinah Theres
Published: December 2021

Tattoos are body markings that mark similarities between people and within groups as well as differences between them. They produce and reinstate boundaries between self and other, individual and society, human and deity, human and animal. Depending on the context and modes of application, they may forge a sense of community and identity or mark a group by designating it as other. Social and cultural anthropologists have highlighted the role of tattoos and tattooing in the context of colonialism and othering processes, of resistance and revitalization movements, and with regard to notions such as agency, distinction, and memory. Although tattoos are often discussed as body art and in terms of their visual characteristics, the various practices, tools, and techniques associated with tattooing also need to be considered.
Atmosphere
Authors: Peterson Marina
Published: December 2021

Atmosphere encompasses the elemental and the affective. Its multifaceted quality has yielded a range of approaches, which take up different aspects of what atmosphere is and does. Anthropologists concerned with the subject of atmosphere attend to the ways in which that which is ephemeral becomes sensible, whether in terms of aerial infrastructures or a shared mood. Atmosphere is something good to think and work with, offering the possibility of attending to emergent and immaterial forms and processes. Entangled with other forms of matter, it puts pressure on a subject–object divide. And though it is indeterminate, it is nonetheless palpable. As such, atmosphere provides new openings for approaching the uncertainty of current modes of existence.
Curatorship
Authors: Bargna Ivan
Published: December 2021

Curatorship is both a kind of cultural practice that is widespread throughout the world and a specific job related to recent changes affecting the contemporary art world, cultures, and societies. Today curatorship has become a model for a cultural economy in which diversity, creativity, and participation are essential for the innovation demanded by globalized competition. The focus often shifts from curating objects and collections to curating people. It is on this basis that art curators try to include anthropological ethnography among their work tools and anthropologists rethink their fieldwork practices. Curatorship is an extensive range of disseminated social practices embedded into the daily lives of people, as well as a new perspective through which to focus past and present community curatorial practices differently, re‐mediating diverse kinds of knowledge and expertise.
Social Media: Power and Politics
Authors: Udupa Sahana , Budka Philipp
Published: December 2021

By centering and unpacking the “social” in social media, anthropological scholarship has drawn on its disciplinary strengths in excavating the social, cultural, and everyday dimensions of mediated milieus, offering, in turn, some unique contributions toward understanding the political cultures and sociocultural ramifications of internet‐enabled social media. While social media have been the subject of intense scrutiny in other disciplines, anthropological scholarship distinguishes itself with its focus on embodied contexts of use and situated meanings surrounding social media. Anthropological studies have examined progressive activism and everyday experience, as well as violent movements enabled by social media in the context of longer histories of racialization and colonialism. However, ethnographic research on difficult topics such as populism, extreme speech, and surveillance confronts several challenges in terms of data access, safety, and data confidentiality.
Monuments
Authors: Jethro Duane
Published: December 2021

Monuments are material cultural forms erected in honor of persons or events of historic significance that a collective or social group deems worthy of public esteem. As the representation of values held in common by social groups, monuments are of crucial importance for anthropology. The entry provides a brief history of the invention of the national monument in Western Europe, then critically reflects on terms and distinctions in literature on monuments from an anthropological perspective. The final sections then cover substantive themes in anthropology that intersect with monuments, including memory studies, cultural heritage, power and colonialism, funerary cults, and destruction.
Allen, Nicholas J. (1939–2020)
Authors: Gellner David N.
Published: December 2021

N. J. Allen's main contributions to anthropology were in the fields of kinship theory, the history of anthropology, comparative Indo‐European mythology, and the ethnography of eastern Nepal and the Tibetan cultural area. He is known for his theory of the origin of kinship in quadripartite structures. In Indo‐European comparativism he is known for his reworking of Dumézil's three functions by the addition of a fourth sacred pole, which can have both positive and negative valences. Therefore, the key underlying structures, when comparing myths from different parts of the Indo‐European world, may be either fourfold or fivefold.
Psychosocial Burden Predicts Sustained Remission in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Unraveling the Complex Interplay of Well‐Being and Disease Activity
Authors: Doumen Michaël , De Cock Diederik , Pazmino Sofia , Bertrand Delphine , Joly Johan , Westhovens René , Verschueren Patrick
Published: December 2021

Objective

This study investigated how psychosocial aspects of disease affect the probability of achieving sustained remission in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and explored the directionality of this relationship.

Methods

Data were analyzed from the randomized controlled Care in Early RA trial. Sustained remission was defined as a continued Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the C‐reactive protein level (DAS28‐CRP) of <2.6 from weeks 16 to 104. Patients completed the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) health survey, Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ‐R), and the Utrecht Coping List. These psychosocial variables were studied at baseline and at week 16 as predictors of sustained remission with logistic regression. Next, subgroups of patients in remission at week 16 were identified by Latent Profile Analysis based on these psychosocial indicators. Time to first loss of remission was then compared between groups by Cox proportional hazards regression. Finally, directionality of associations between psychosocial indicators and DAS28‐CRP was explored with cross‐lagged panel models (CLPMs).

Results

Sustained DAS28‐CRP remission was associated with higher SF‐36 scores and less passive coping at baseline and with higher SF‐36 scores and more positive IPQ‐R outcomes at week 16. Among patients in DAS28‐CRP remission at week 16 (n = 287), 2 subgroups were identified: a low psychosocial burden group (n = 231 of 287) and a high psychosocial burden group (n = 56 of 287). The low psychosocial burden group retained remission longer (hazard ratio 0.51 [0.35–0.73]). In the CLPM, temporal relationships between psychosocial well‐being and DAS28‐CRP were complex, bidirectional, and disease‐phase dependent.

Conclusion

Suboptimal psychosocial well‐being and negative illness perceptions predicted lower probability of sustained remission in an early RA cohort. Illness perceptions appeared to become more clinically relevant with time. Finally, 1 in 5 patients showed worse psychosocial outcomes despite early remission, and these patients tended to lose remission earlier.
Inverse Design of Ferroelectric‐Order in Perovskite Crystal for Self‐Powered Ultraviolet Photodetection
Authors: Wu Yabo , Wang Xuping , Tian Gang , Zheng Limei , Liang Fei , Zhang Shujun , Yu Haohai , Zhang Huaijin
Published: December 2021

It has always been a hot topic to design an orderly mesoscopic structure in functional materials to tailor the macroscopic properties or realize new functions. The existence of domains in ferroelectric materials has been proven to affect the macroscopic properties, being actively studied in nonlinear optical conversion and piezoelectric effects. However, the high‐efficiency photoelectric conversion capability of ferroelectric crystals has not yet been explored. Here, the authors study the orderly arrangement of ferroelectric order in KTa1−xNbxO3 (KTN) perovskite crystals, and design the “head‐to‐head” domains by tuning the Curie temperature Tc, thereby generating abundant charged domain walls and robust conductive channels for electrons and holes. An ultrahigh ultraviolet photoresponsivity is achieved in the KTN crystal under zero bias voltage, being about four orders magnitude higher than that of the well‐known ferroelectric materials. The substantial improvement can be attributed to the judiciously designed ferroelectric order, as demonstrated by the conductive atomic force microscopy. In addition, KTN detector exhibits high stability and reliability after high‐temperature and fatigue treatment. KTN crystal features giant photoresponsivity, high electric–optical coefficient, and large χ(2) nonlinearity concurrently, indicating its great potential for application of all‐optical devices on photonic chips.
Assembly of Bioactive Nanoparticles via Metal–Phenolic Complexation
Authors: Chen Jingqu , Pan Shuaijun , Zhou Jiajing , Lin Zhixing , Qu Yijiao , Glab Agata , Han Yiyuan , Richardson Joseph J. , Caruso Frank
Published: December 2021

The integration of bioactive materials (e.g., proteins and genes) into nanoparticles holds promise in fields ranging from catalysis to biomedicine. However, it is challenging to develop a simple and broadly applicable nanoparticle platform that can readily incorporate distinct biomacromolecules without affecting their intrinsic activity. Herein, a metal–phenolic assembly approach is presented whereby diverse functional nanoparticles can be readily assembled in water by combining various synthetic and natural building blocks, including poly(ethylene glycol), phenolic ligands, metal ions, and bioactive macromolecules. The assembly process is primarily mediated by metal–phenolic complexes through coordination and hydrophobic interactions, which yields uniform and spherical nanoparticles (mostly <200 nm), while preserving the function of the incorporated biomacromolecules (siRNA and five different proteins used). The functionality of the assembled nanoparticles is demonstrated through cancer cell apoptosis, RNA degradation, catalysis, and gene downregulation studies. Furthermore, the resulting nanoparticles can be used as building blocks for the secondary engineering of superstructures via templating and cross‐linking with metal ions. The bioactivity and versatility of the platform can potentially be used for the streamlined and rational design of future bioactive materials.
Intracellular Self‐Immolative Polyprodrug with Near‐Infrared Light Guided Accumulation and in Vivo Visualization of Drug Release
Authors: Cheng Dong‐Bing , Zhang Xue‐Hao , Chen Si‐Yi , Xu Xiao‐Xue , Wang Hao , Qiao Zeng‐Ying
Published: December 2021

The selective accumulation and real‐time monitoring of drug release at tumor site are the key bottlenecks to the clinical translation of polyprodrug. Herein, an intracellular self‐immolative polyprodrug (PMTO) is exploited, which not only shows the enhanced cellular internalization and selective accumulation in tumor site under the mild hyperthermia triggered by laser irradiation, but also possesses the self‐monitoring drug release ability in vivo. The polyprodrug amphiphiles are synthesized by sequential esterification reaction, and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) serves as blocking agent. On account of the mild hyperthermia produced by PMTO under the laser irradiation at tumor site, the cell membranous permeability increases, resulting in the enhanced cellular internalization and drug accumulation in tumor. After internalized by cells, the self‐immolative PMTO nanoparticles can release free mitoxantrone (MTO) in intracellular reductive environment, and ratiometric photoacoustic imaging based on distinct signals between MTO and PMTO is presented to trace the drug release in vivo. Finally, this self‐monitoring polyprodrug presents significant tumor suppression efficacy, which exhibits great potential for guiding the clinical medication in cancer treatment.
Electrical Reverse Shift: Sustainable CO2 Valorization for Industrial Scale
Authors: Thor Wismann Sebastian , Larsen Kasper‐Emil , Mølgaard Mortensen Peter
Published: December 2021

Utilization of CO2 is a requirement for a sustainable production of carbon‐based chemicals. The reverse water‐gas‐shift (RWGS) can valorize CO2 by reaction with hydrogen to produce a synthesis gas compatible with existing industrial infrastructure. Fully electrified reverse water‐gas‐shift (eRWGS™) was achieved using integrated ohmic heating and a nickel‐type catalyst at industrially relevant conditions. Using a feed of H2 : CO2 in a ratio of 2.25 at 10 barg, utilizing high temperature operation at 1050 °C allowed for production of a synthesis gas with a H2/CO ratio of 2.0 and no detectable methane, ideal for production of sustainable fuel by e.g. the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Facilitating RWGS through CH4 as intermediate was found superior to the selective RWGS route, due to higher activity and suppression of carbon formation. The eRWGS™ catalyst is found to provide a preferential emissions‐free route for production of synthesis gas for any relevant H2/CO ratio, enabling production of sustainable carbon‐based chemicals from CO2 and renewable electricity with high hydrogen and carbon efficiency.
Isospecific (Co)polymerization of Unmasked Polar Styrenes by Neutral Rare‐Earth Metal Catalysts
Authors: Jiang Yang , Zhang Zhen , Li Shihui , Cui Dongmei
Published: December 2021

Syndioselective polymerization of unprotected polar styrenes has achieved great success via specially designed catalysts and the establishment of “self‐assisted” theory. In contrast, isospecific polymerization of polar styrenes has remained less explored. Herein, we present new racemic ansa‐bis(benz[e]indenyl) rare‐earth metal complexes and their high activity and perfect isoselectivity (mmmm>99 %) for the polymerization of unmasked polar styrenes without any activators. Moreover, the copolymerizations of para‐ and meta‐methoxystyrenes with styrene give gradient and random copolymers, respectively. The insertion rate of polar monomers could be readily tuned in the range of 0–100 mol % by changing their loading ratios. The resultant isotactic polar polystyrenes are quantitatively transformed into hydroxyl or methylsulfonyl polystyrenes with high Tgs. DFT calculations reveal the isospecific mechanism.
Mesoporous MOF composite for efficient removal of uranium, methyl orange, methylene blue, and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions
Authors: Koppula Suresh , Manabolu Surya SurendraBabu , Katari Naresh Kumar , Dhami Prem Singh , Sivasankaran Nair Rajesh Kumar
Published: December 2021

The metal‐organic framework (MOF) composites have significant applications in removing water pollutants and heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The MOF‐2@Al2O3 composite was synthesized using zinc nitrate, 1,4‐benzene dicarboxylic acid, and Al2O3 using an in‐situ one‐pot solvothermal method. Physicochemical properties of MOF‐2@Al2O3 are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). Batch mode adsorption studies were carried for uranium (VI) effectively from 5‐M HNO3 solution with maximum adsorption of 300.3 mg/g. Furthermore, methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), and Congo red (CR) dyes were removed from the aqueous solution using the fixed‐bed column adsorption method at room temperature. The pseudo second‐order model was well fitted to uranium adsorption rate on MOF‐2@Al2O3 composite, which indicates that chemisorption is the primary mechanism for removing U (VI). Effects of parameters such as flow rate, bed height, initial concentration, time, and pH are studied for azo dyes and U (VI) adsorption. Experimental results indicate that MOF‐2@Al2O3 can efficiently remove uranium and azo dyes with good reusability up to five cycles.
Synthesis of defected UIO‐66 with boosting the catalytic performance via rapid crystallization
Authors: Chu Liang , Guo Junzhen , Wang Liyan , Liu Huiyang , Yan Jiamin , Wu Lingmei , Yang Mu , Wang Ge
Published: December 2021

Due to environmental and health concerns, it is very important to develop high activity oxidative desulfurization (ODS) catalyst for petroleum purification. Recently, defect engineering of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) to generate a large number of unsaturated catalytic active sites is a very promising approach. Defective MOF has good research value as ODS catalyst. Here, UIO‐66 with lots of defects can be prepared by rapid crystallization using concentrated hydrochloric acid as a modulator. The prepared UIO‐66 material has good industrial applicability due to its low synthesis temperature (100°C), short synthesis time (20–30 min), large‐scale preparation, and excellent catalytic performance (dibenzothiophene can be entirely removed in 6 min under the optimal catalytic conditions [25‐mg catalyst, 60°C, O/S 7.5]). The obtained material exhibits not only extraordinary ODS activity of 37.6 mmol h−1 g−1 but also good cycle stability for the removal of DBT (in 7 cycles without significant loss of activity, greater than 90.2%). And for large space volume 4,6‐DMDBT, it also shows excellent catalytic performance. The ODS mechanism of defect UIO‐66 for DBT is explored, and it proves that hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals are generated and play a critical role in ODS reaction. The excellent catalytic performance of defect UIO‐66 gives mainly the credit to the abundant defect sites, large specific surface area, and pore volume.
Taming the derivative: Diagnostics of the continuum and Hβ emission in a prototypical Population B active galaxy
Authors: Panda Swayamtrupta , Bon Edi , Marziani Paola , Bon Nataša
Published: December 2021

We report preliminary results on the analysis of the continuum and Hβ light curves of the type‐1 active galactic nucleus (AGN) NGC 5548. We notice a clear signature of shallowing in the trend between the Hβ and the continuum luminosities. We attempt the recovery of this observed Hβ emission trend as a response to large continuum flux increase using CLOUDY photoionization simulations. We explore a wide range in the physical parameters space for modeling the Hβ emission from the broad‐line region (BLR) appropriate for this source. We employ a constant density, single‐cloud model approach in this study and successfully recover the observed shallowing of the Hβ emission with respect to rising AGN continuum. With our modeling, we are able to provide the constraints on the local BLR cloud density and recover the BLR distances (from the continuum source) consistent with the Hβ reverberation mapping estimates. We further discuss the implications of the BLR covering factor and their sizes on recovering the observed trend.
Properties of the continuum and broad line emission gas in active galactic nuclei with moderate to strong Feii emission
Authors: Dias dos Santos Denimara , Rodrguez‐Ardila Alberto , Marinello Murilo
Published: December 2021

We study a sample of 67 active galactic nuclei (AGN) with moderate to strong Feii emission to investigate the relation between the observed AGN continuum and the lines produced by the broad line region (BLR), in particular, Feii. We found that the continuum in the optical/near‐infrared can be described in terms of two components: a power‐law, characterized by the spectral index α, and hot dust emission, represented by a Plank function of temperature T. These two parameters seem not to be related to the strength of Feii emission. In addition to Feii, we study other low‐ionization BLR lines such as Oi and Caii (hereafter CaT). We found that the full‐width at half maximum of these three lines are similar, suggesting that they are produced in the same spatial region of the BLR. We measure the Feii strength in the optical and the near‐infrared region and found that they are strongly correlated. This result evidences the presence of a common excitation mechanism for the Feii emission in the wavelength interval 4000–24000 Å.
Discovery of novel thienopyrimidine derivatives as LRRK2 inhibitors
Authors: Choi Changyu , Park Jiwon , Jang Soyeon , Kim Jihyung , Lee Sohee , Min Kyung Hoon
Published: December 2021

Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is considered a promising therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease, Crohn's disease, and cancer. Despite considerable research, none of these inhibitors are available for clinical application. Herein, we designed and synthesized novel thienopyrimidine derivatives by a bioisosteric replacement and investigated their structure–activity relationships. Thieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidine derivative 22 showed the most potent inhibitory activity and inhibited both wild‐type and G2019S mutant LRRK2 with IC50 values of 30 and 14 nM, respectively.
Binding of carbon monoxide at a single nickel center and its oxidative reactivity toward CO2 and O2
Authors: Lee Kunwoo , Choi Jonghoon , Graham Peter M. , Lee Yunho
Published: December 2021

A nickel(0) monocarbonyl complex (1‐CO) supported by a neutral tridentate PP2 ligand reveals significant stability toward CO2, which is clearly different from its analogous nickel monocarbonyl species supported by an anionic PNP ligand. Although both nickel(0)‐CO species possess a similar distorted tetrahedral geometry, the nickel site in 1‐CO is well protected by three phosphorus donors, while (NP2)Ni(CO) possesses a nickel center having a site trans to the amide donor for effective CO2 binding. The current study shows that the structural preference of a tridentate ligand dictates nickel's reactivity toward CO2. Its oxygenation by O2(g) results in the formation of a nickel(II) carbonate species, which is followed by generating phosphine oxide.
Tunneling dynamics dictated by the multidimensional conical intersection seam in the πσ*‐mediated photochemistry of heteroaromatic molecules
Authors: Kim Junggil , Woo Kyung Chul , Kim Kuk Ki , Kang Minseok , Kim Sang Kyu
Published: December 2021

The πσ*‐mediated photochemistry of heteroaromatic molecules has provoked the investigation of the conical intersection dynamics. The Born–Oppenheimer approximation fails at the conical intersection where the S1 (ππ*) and S2 (πσ*) states cross. The nonadiabatic transitions are much influenced by the nuclear configuration of the reactive flux particularly in the curve‐crossing region encountered along the reaction pathway. In this article, we focus on the tunneling dynamics of phenols and thiophenols. The O (S)H bond cleavage occurs via tunneling through the barrier which is dynamically shaped by the upper‐lying S1/S2 conical intersection in terms of the couplings at the individual branching planes as well as along the (3N‐8) dimensional seam coordinates. State‐specific tunneling rates and their interpretation are given for phenol, substituted phenols, thiophenol, ortho‐substituted thiophenols, and benzenediols including their 1:1 water clusters. The completely orthogonal modes to the tunneling coordinate are very critical in the dynamic shaping of the reaction barrier.
The importance of product lifetime labelling for purchase decisions: Strategic implications for corporate sustainability based on a conjoint analysis in Germany
Authors: Jacobs Kathleen , Hörisch Jacob
Published: December 2021

This article studies the influence of product lifetime labelling on purchase decisions. Based on consumer theory of Lancaster, experimental survey data are collected from a population representative sample of 499 German consumers, using choice‐based conjoint analysis. Hierarchical Bayes utility modelling suggests a substantial positive effect of product lifetime labelling on purchase decisions. However, the effect is not linear but decreasing with higher levels of product lifetime. The relative importance of the product lifetime label is found to be higher than that of the product's energy consumption or brand. Additionally, we show that the introduction of product lifetime labelling renders the positive influence of existing brands on purchase decisions less impactful. Therefore, strategic implications for companies differ substantially, depending on companies' current brand‐building. Besides implications for business strategy, the study informs marketers and policymakers about the potential of product lifetime labelling to stimulate the supply of, and demand for, more durable products.
Community college responses to align career and technical education programs with changing labor markets
Authors: Atwell Adam , Ecton Walter , Klein Sabrina , D'Amico Mark M. , Sublett Cameron
Published: December 2021

A new wave of federal legislation is drastically affecting how community colleges create and deliver programs in career and technical education (CTE). A key focus area shared by these federal policy changes is program‐to‐labor market alignment in which community colleges must utilize local labor market data to tailor their CTE programs to meet the needs of local businesses and industry. This article presents an overview of the rapidly shifting economic and policy environments, and offers three exemplars of community colleges in rural, suburban, and urban service areas that have successfully aligned CTE programs with local labor market demand. In all, this article highlights innovations and best‐practices offered by these exemplars as the federal government makes alignment a top priority for the 21st century community college.
An update on the impacts of the community college baccalaureate
Authors: Wright‐Kim Jeremy
Published: December 2021

Since their initial development in the early 1900s, and their rapid growth in the 1960s, community colleges have had a history of shifting focuses and programming, retooling academic offerings, and otherwise altering their behavior to meet the ever‐changing needs of their communities. Despite this defining characteristic as a sector of change, not every shift in institutional behavior has been met with approval. One such hotly debated expansion that is quickly spreading through the sector is the community college baccalaureate (CCB). This article briefly outlines the (mis)perceptions surrounding the community college baccalaureate landscape before providing an update on the rapidly growing body of research exploring the impact of CCBs on student access, institutional behavior, and workforce development. The article concludes with implications for practice and policy.
Rethinking community colleges to serve 21st‐century students and communities: Lessons from research on guided pathways
Authors: Jenkins Davis , Lahr Hana , Fink John
Published: December 2021

In this article, researchers from the Community College Research Center reflect on what they have learned from their study of Guided Pathways reforms at over 100 colleges nationally since the publication in 2015 of Redesigning America's Community Colleges. They examine five areas of practice: (1) program design, (2) new student onboarding, (3) remediation and academic support, (4) ongoing student advising, and (5) teaching and learning. For each area, they describe how their thinking about Guided Pathways has evolved from the model presented in Redesigning and discuss the implications for practice. In the conclusion, they provide guidance to college and state system leaders about how to advocate for adequate state fiscal support for evidence‐based reforms needed for achieving more equitable student outcomes and ensuring college survival in a very challenging environment for community colleges and their students.
Community colleges’ out‐of‐state transfer articulation agreements: An exploratory spatial network analysis of their prevalence, characteristics, and potential implications
Authors: González Canché Manuel S.
Published: December 2021

Public 2‐year colleges were designed to serve students coming primarily from their local communities, hence explaining their “community college” title. This study focuses on an understudied factor capable of altering the local workforce impact of community colleges while also potentially strengthening their 4‐year steppingstone function: Transfer articulation agreements with 4‐year institutions located out of state. This article documents the magnitude and structure of these agreements focusing on institutions’, states’, and programs’ prevalence. The analyses may serve as a reference or guide to institution and system leaders who may be considering engaging in these agreements. The discussion identifies programs and states wherein these agreements may be more easily established and offers recommendations that aim to protect the financial and academic well‐being of transfer students. Current demographic changes place institution and system leaders in an advantaged position to negotiate agreements and take actions to avoid jeopardizing the local impact of community colleges.
From the president's desk: #EndCCStigma: Social media as a tool to change public perception of 2‐year colleges
Authors: Robinson Steve
Published: December 2021

This article tells the story of the #EndCCStigma social media campaign and podcast. Created by a community college president, this grassroots effort to elevate the public perception of community colleges is comprised of a Twitter hashtag, a news aggregation algorithm, and a podcast series. In addition to delving into the concept of “stickiness” within these marketing efforts, which refers to ideas that are, among other things, simple, unexpected and emotional, the three‐part theory of the campaign is analyzed. Local and national news stories that were aggregated as part of the campaign are highlighted as case studies. Direct transcriptions from the podcast series are shared to provide extensive first‐hand voices of community college students, faculty, staff, and advocates. The article ends with an examination of recent national data on community college stigma, as well as the results of a survey on a community college campus conducted by students themselves.
Outcomes of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Insights from the LATAM CTO registry
Authors: Hernandez‐Suarez Dagmar F. , Azzalini Lorenzo , Moroni Francesco , Tinoco de Paula João Eduardo , Lamelas Pablo , Campos Carlos M. , Harada Ribeiro Marcelo , Martins Filho Evandro , Damas de los Santos Felix , Padilla Lucio , Alcantara‐Melendez Marco , Abud Marcelo A. , Almodóvar‐Rivera Israel A. , Moura Schmidt Marcia , Echavarria Mauro , Botelho Antonio Carlos , Del Rio Valentin , Quadros Alexandre , Santiago Ricardo
Published: December 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with and without prior coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Background

Data on the outcomes of CTO PCI in patients with versus without CABG remains limited and with scarce representation from developing regions like Latin America.

Methods

We evaluated patients undergoing CTO PCI in 42 centers participating in the LATAM CTO registry between 2008 and 2020. Statistical analyses were stratified according to CABG status. The outcomes of interest were technical and procedural success and in‐hospital major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE).

Results

A total of 1662 patients were included (n = 1411 [84.9%] no‐CABG and n = 251 [15.1%] prior‐CABG). Compared with no‐CABG, those with prior‐CABG were older (67 ± 11 vs. 64 ± 11 years; p < 0.001), had more comorbidities and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (52.8 ± 12.8% vs. 54.4 ± 11.7%; p = 0.042). Anatomic complexity was higher in the prior‐CABG group (J‐CTO score 2.46 ± 1.19 vs. 2.10 ± 1.22; p < 0.001; PROGRESS CTO score 1.28 ± 0.89 vs. 0.91 ± 0.85; p < 0.001). Absence of CABG was associated with lower risk of technical and procedural failure (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43–0.85 and OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.40–0.83, respectively). No significant differences in the incidence of in‐hospital MACCE (3.8% no‐CABG vs. 4.4% prior‐CABG; p = 0.766) were observed between groups.

Conclusion

In a contemporary multicenter CTO‐PCI registry from Latin America, prior‐CABG patients had more comorbidities, higher anatomical complexity, lower success, and similar in‐hospital adverse event rates compared with no‐CABG patients.
Comparison of subclavian vein to inferior vena cava collapsibility by ultrasound in acute heart failure: A pilot study
Authors: Kaptein Yvonne E. , Kaptein Elaine M.
Published: December 2021

Background

Management of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) requires accurate assessment of relative intravascular volume, which may be technically challenging. Inferior vena cava (IVC) collapsibility with respiration reflects intravascular volume and right atrial pressure (RAP). Subclavian vein (SCV) collapsibility may provide an alternative.

Hypothesis

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between SCV collapsibility index (CI) and IVC CI in ADHF.

Methods

This was a prospective study of non‐ventilated patients with ADHF who had paired IVC and SCV ultrasound assessments. As SCV CI is highly position‐dependent, measurements were performed supine at 30–45°.

Results

Thirty‐three patients were included with 36 encounters. The sample size was adequately powered for receiver‐operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. SCV CI correlated with IVC CI during relaxed breathing (R = .65,n = 36,p < .001) and forced inhalation (R = .47,n = 36,p = .0036). SCV CI < 22% and >33% corresponded to IVC CI < 20% and >50% suggesting hypervolemia (sensitivity/specificity: 72%) and hypovolemia (sensitivity/specificity: 78%), respectively. Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) compared to less than moderate TR was associated with lower SCV CI (medians: 12.4% vs. 25.3%,p = .022) and IVC CI (medians: 9.6% vs. 35.6%,p = .0012). SCV CI and IVC CI were not significantly different among chronic kidney disease stages.

Conclusion

In non‐ventilated ADHF, SCV CI at 30–45° correlates with paired IVC CI, and may provide an alternative to IVC CI for assessment of relative intravascular volume, which may facilitate clinical management. Moderate to severe TR decreases SCV CI and IVC CI and may result in overestimation of relative intravascular volume.
Dihydropyridine Lactam Analogs Targeting BET Bromodomains
Authors: Jiang Jiewei , Sigua Logan H. , Chan Alice , Kalra Prakriti , Pomerantz William C.K. , Schönbrunn Ernst , Qi Jun , Georg Gunda I.
Published: December 2021

Inhibitors of Bromodomain and Extra Terminal (BET) proteins are investigated for various therapeutic indications, but selectivity for BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, BRDT and their respective tandem bromodomains BD1 and BD2 remains suboptimal. Here we report selectivity‐focused structural modifications of previously reported dihydropyridine lactam 6 by changing linker length and linker type of the lactam side chain in efforts to engage the unique arginine 54 (R54) residue in BRDT‐BD1 to achieve BRDT‐selective affinity. We found that the analogs were highly selective for BET bromodomains, and generally more selective for the first (BD1) and second (BD2) bromodomains of BRD4 rather than for those of BRDT. Based on AlphaScreen and BromoScan results and on crystallographic data for analog 10 j, we concluded that the lack of selectivity for BRDT is most likely due to the high flexibility of the protein and the unfavorable trajectory of the lactam side chain that do not allow interaction with R54. A 15‐fold preference for BD2 over BD1 in BRDT was observed for analogs 10 h and 10 m, which was supported by protein‐based 19F NMR experiments with a BRDT tandem bromodomain protein construct.
A dynamic population reduction differential evolution algorithm combining linear and nonlinear strategy piecewise functions
Authors: Li Kangshun , Fu Xiangzheng , Wang Feng , Jalil Hassan
Published: December 2021

The population size has a great impact on the performance of the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm, but in many classic DE algorithms, the population size is usually determined by the user based on the experience value, and it remains unchanged during the evolution process, which greatly affect the performance of DE. To this end, a dynamic population reduction differential evolution algorithm (DPSHADE) that combines linear and nonlinear strategy piecewise functions is proposed. The algorithm uses a dynamic population size reduction method to dynamically adjust the population size during operation, and construct a combination of linear and nonlinear piecewise functions for dynamic scale adaptive adjustment. In this paper, we proposed the DPSHADE algorithm and is compared with the four traditional algorithms in the CEC2017 benchmark set. The experimental results show that DPSHADE performs better in overall performance, which is significant better than the performance of SHADE.
Toward object alphabet augmentation for object detection in very high‐resolution satellite images
Authors: Laban Noureldin , Abdellatif Bassam , Ebeid Hala M. , Shedeed Howida A. , Tolba Mohamed F.
Published: December 2021

Object detection in very high‐resolution satellite images has become an important tool in many fields. So there is a vital need to build a more precise and accurate detector. There is a great challenge to detect very small and condensed objects with their different semantics shapes. Recently, convolutional neural networks with different structures have achieved awesome performance. We propose object alphabet augmentation method that extracts object instants during the training process to form an alphabet for these objects in a newly generated dataset. The proposed method uses the DarkNet‐53 framework to get the main features for each object using two new generated datasets for alphabet augmentation up‐down where objects are placed in up down, and alphabet augmentation horizontal where objects are placed in their original setting. Experiments are conducted on datasets randomly generated from the DOTA dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed method has improved the accuracy of detection of the target objects of the DOTA dataset for most object classes, especially for the up‐down dataset.
Response to selection to different breeding methods for soybean flood tolerance
Authors: De Oliveira Maria Roberta , Wu Chengjun , Harrison Derrick , Florez‐Palacios Liliana , Acuna Andrea , Da Silva Marcos Paulo , Ravelombola Seconde Francia , Winter Joshua , Rupe John , Shakiba Eshan , Wood Lisa S. , Chen Pengyin , Nguyen Henry , Mozzoni Leandro Angel
Published: December 2021

Selection for flood‐tolerance in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is mainly phenotypic. With the development of new molecular breeding tools, our research objective was to assess the effect of different selection methods at the F4:5 and F4:6 stages on the response to flood tolerance and yield at F4:6 stage. Four breeding populations were subjected to six selection treatments: (a) flood tolerance screening using hill‐plots (VIShill); (b) flood tolerance screening using long rows (VISrow); (c) genomic selection using population‐specific training (GShill); (d) genomic selection using broad‐based training population (GSrow); (e) marker‐assisted selection (MAS); (f) advanced based on agronomic adaptation under nonflooded conditions (random selection, RND). The top 15% lines within were tagged for selection, except for MAS that was adjusted based on recovery of desired haplotype. The complete base populations (BP) were advanced into flood and yield trials to determine probability of discard (POD), tolerance index (TOL), and seed yield. Analysis of variance was conducted across populations, and means were separated via Dunnett to the BP. Results indicated significantly different responses for flood tolerance (POD and TOL) across selection methods (p < .0001), with VISrow and GSrow consistently having better tolerance selections than the BP (p < .0001). In addition, lines selected by RND had lower tolerance than BP (p = .0053 and .0618 for POD and TOL, respectively). Moreover, no significant differences were observed among selection treatments (p = .6797) for yield. In conclusion, when breeding for flood tolerance, selections under standard agronomic practices are inadequate, and genomic selection (GSrow) or field screening using long rows (VISrow) are favored selection methods.
Ordered Macroporous MoS2‐Carbon Composite with Fast and Robust Sodium Storage Properties to Solve the Issue of Kinetics Mismatch of Sodium‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Yu Weiqing , Zhu Chunyan , Wang Rutao , Chen Jianchao , Liu Qingyuan , Zhang Shuxian , Zhang Shoubao , Sun Jinfeng , Yin Longwei
Published: December 2021

Metal‐ion capacitors (including Li+, Na+, and K+) effectively combine a battery negative electrode capable of reversibly intercalating metal cations, together with an electrical double‐layer positive electrode. However, such novel cell design has a birth defect, namely kinetics mismatch between sluggish negative electrode and fast positive electrode, thus limiting the energy‐power performance. Herein, we design a MoS2‐carbon composite anode with the ordered macroporous architecture and interlayer‐expanded feature, exhibiting the fast and reversible Na+ redox processes. This kinetically favored anode is coupled with a homemade activated carbon cathode that allows for the excellent electrochemical performance of sodium‐ion capacitor with respect to large specific capacity, high‐rate capability, and robust cycling. Through quantification of the potential swings of anode and cathode via a three‐electrode Swagelok cell, we for the first time observe the abnormal variation law of potential swings and thus directly providing the evidence that the kinetics gap has been filled up by this kinetically favored anode. Our results represent a crucial step toward understanding the key issues of kinetics mismatch for hybrid cell, thus propelling the development of design of kinetically favored anode materials for high‐performance metal‐ion capacitors.
Advances in Molten Salt Synthesis of Non‐oxide Materials
Authors: Li Shaolong , Song Jianxun , Che Yusi , Jiao Shuqiang , He Jilin , Yang Bin
Published: December 2021

The properties of non‐oxide materials are continuously revealed, and their applications in the fields of ceramics, energy, and catalysis are increasingly extensive. Regardless of the traditional binary materials or the MAX phases, the preparation methods, which are environmentally friendly, efficient, economical, and easy to scale‐up, have always been the focus of attention. Molten salt synthesis has demonstrated unparalleled advantages in achieving non‐oxide materials. In addition, with the development of the process in molten salt synthesis, it also shows great potential in scale‐up production. In this review, the recent progress of molten salt synthesis in the preparation of binary non‐oxide and MAX phase is reviewed, as well as some novel processes. The reaction mechanisms and the influence of synthetic conditions for certain materials are discussed in detail. The paper is finalized with the discussion of the application prospect and future research trends of molten salt synthesis in non‐oxide materials.