bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Über die sympathicomimetische Wirksamkeit von Gehirnextrakten
Authors: HOLTZ PETER
Published: December 2008

Gehirnextrakte von Ochsen und Kaninchen wurden an zwei Testobjekten, die eine weitgehende Differenzierung zwischen Adrenalin und Arterenol ermöglichen – Katzenblutdruck und Rattenuterus –, auf ihre sympathicomimetische Wirksamkeit untersucht. Diese beruhte bei beiden Tierarten zu ungefähr 90 % auf Arterenol, zu ungefähr 10% auf Adrenalin, war aber bei Kaninchengehirn 10 Mai grosser als bei Oehsengehirn.

Die geringe Wirksamkeit besonders der aus Oehsengehirn gewonnenen Extrakte – 1 g Gehirn entsprach nur ungefähr 0.02 μg Arterenol – lässt es zweifelhaft erscheinen, ob die wirksamen Stoffe aus der Gehirnsubstanz selbst oder aus den sie versorgen‐den Gefässen stammt.

Im Gegensatz zu dem von RAAB aus Ratten‐ und Menschengehirn gewonnenen Encephalin wurde die pressorische Wirkung unserer Extrakte duich Cocain nicht abgeschwacht, sondern in gleichem Masse wie die Arterenolwirkung verstarkt.
A Semi‐micromethod for the Determination of Osmotic and Colloid‐osmotic Pressure
Authors: CHRISTENSEN L. KORSGAARD
Published: December 2008

An apparatus is described by which osmotic pressure can be measured on 0.1 (O.05) ml of solution. The accuracy is satisfactory, the greatest deviation from the mean value being ± 0.3 (± 0.6) cm of water. Corrections can be made for possible changes of the protein concentration in the inner solution since dilution or concentration of the latter can be read off directly. Possible systematic errors have been excluded by comparative measurements with the macro‐method. The method gives 39 590 as the molecular weight of β‐lactoglobulin.

The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Professor K. LINDERSTRBM‐LANG and Mr. A. V. GUNTELBERG for kind advice during this investigation. I am indebted to Nordisk Insulin Fond for financial support of this work.
The Standardization Procedure for Enterogastrone
Authors: OBRINK K. J.
Published: December 2008

On Heidenhain dogs the inhibitory effect of enterogastrone is influenced by the dose of histamine i.e. the control secretion rate. The relation between the dose of enterogastrone and the inhibition of the secretion is determined.

A method is described in which an unknown enterogastrone concentrate can be analysed as to its activity on the gastric secretion.

As a unit of enterogastrone is suggested the dose which in a continuous intravenous injection inhibits the histamine induced constant gastric secretion to 50%, when the control secretion rate before the enterogastrone administration is kept at 50% of the maximal secretory capacity in a pouch dog weighing 15–20 kg. This unit differs from that of GRAY, BRADLEY and IVY (1937) only in respect to the restrictedly standardized secretory conditions.

The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by grants from “Svenska Lakaresallskapet”. The enterogastrone preparation has been offered by A. B. Astra, Södertälje.
Anaesthetic Properties of Some New N‐substituted and N,N'‐ disubstituted Derivatives of 5,5‐Diallyl‐Barbituric Acid.
Authors: SANDBERG FINN
Published: December 2008

A series of N‐substituted and N,N‐disubstituted derivatives of 5,5‐diallyl‐barbituric acid have been synthetized. Their chemical properties and ultra‐violet absorption spectra are reported.

Their anaesthetic properties were investigated. The N‐substituted derivatives have lower potency and briefer induction time than the parent compound. The median hypnotic dose increases with the molecular weight. Derivatives with the longest duration of action have the smallest therapeutic index and vice‐versa. The duration of action of the N‐substituted derivatives are both longer and shorter than the parent compound.

The N,N‐disubstituted derivatives are devoid of anaesthetic activity.

At physiological pH, some barbiturates exist in the enol‐form, others in the keto‐form. There is no correlation between this phenomenon and hypnotic efficiency.

By varying the acidity and solubility of the barbiturates examined, it was found that only weak acids with a solubility within certain limits have pronounced anaesthetic activity.

The mechanism of action is discussed.
The Relationship between the Pulmonary Blood Content, the Heart Tolume and the Filling Kate of the Left Ventricle
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , RUDHE ULF , SJÖSTRAND TORGNY
Published: December 2008

Variations in the pulmonary blood content have been recorded as changes in the absorption of roentgen rays in small areas of the pulmonary fields. The systolic and diastolic deflections as well as the changes of the electrokymographic records obtained from the left and right ventricles due to varying size of the heart have been recorded with the electrokymograph. Measurements have also been made of the heart volume on roentgenograms.

Changes in the distribution of the blood have been induced with two procedures. In the first, the blood circulation to the lower extremities was cut off with the subject in the upright position and released in the supine position. In the second, the circulation was stopped when the legs were elevated and released after raising the head end of the X‐ray table.

The investigation shows that the pulmonary blood content varies inversely with the blood content of the lower extremities. The heart volume increases with an increase in the pulmonary blood content and decreases with a decrease in it. This is found to be due, at least in part, to variations in the filling rate of the left ventricle with variations in the pulmonary blood content. The volume of the right ventricle also appears – though inconstantly and to a lesser degree – to increase simultaneously with the left ventricle.

The results illustrate the significance of the lungs as a blood reservoir and stabilization chamber in the regulation of the circulation. They also indicate that Starling's law is modified under normal conditions presumably by changes in the autonomic nervous control of the heart.
Substance P Distribution in the Digestive Tract.
Authors: PERNOW BENGT
Published: December 2008

1. Substance P is found in the small intestine in the greatest concentration in the duodenum and the jejunum. In colon and rectum the amount of the substance is high.

2. The highest concentration of substance P is found in the muscular coat of the mucous membrane.
Effects of Prolonged Administration of Atropine and Pilocarpine on the Submaxillary Gland of the Cat.
Authors: EMMELIN N. , JACOBSOHN DORA , MUREN A.
Published: December 2008

1. The effects of prolonged administration of atropine and pilocarpine on the microscopic picture and on the adrenaline sensitivity of the submaxillary gland was studied in cats.

2. Subcutaneous injections of atropine sulphate (in doses increasing from 1 to 12—20 mg/kg, given twice a day) over a period of approximately one week caused changes in sbructure and adrenaline sensitivity similar to those seen after transection of the chorda tympani.

3. The structural and functional changes were not found after section of the chorda: in cats injected with pilocarpine hydrochloride twice daily (0.5 ± 1.0 mg/kg) for a week or more.

Our thanks are due to Miss Gunhild Hansson for skilled help with the histological work. The expenses of this work were in part defrayed by a grant from “Stiftelsen Therese och Johan Anderssons Minne”.
A Comparative Study of the Anticonvulsant Effect of the N‐substituted 5,5‐Diallylbar‐biturates and 5,5‐Diphenylhydantoins
Authors: SANDBERG FINN
Published: December 2008

The synthesis and chemical properties of two series of new N‐substituted 5,5‐diallylbarbituric acids and 5,5‐diphenylhydantoins with the same variations in the substituent group on the nitrogen are reported. The following results were found using the supramaximal electroshock method.

The barbiturates and hydantoins were equally potent in shortening the tonic phase. Both groups of derivatives prolonged the clonic phase, but the prolongation was twice as long in the case of the hydantoins. The total length of the seizure was unchanged by the hydantoins but significantly shortened by the barbiturates.

The introduction of various radicals on one of the nitrogens of the parent compounds could not change their different qualitative character but produced considerable variations in the median anticonvulsant doses, the effect usually differing in the two series.

The carboxymethyl derivative of 5,5‐diphenylhydantoin was as active as the parent compound, the other N‐substituted derivatives being less active than their parent compounds. The allyl derivatives were more effective than the corresponding methyl derivatives.

In the N‐substituted barbiturates the anticonvulsant activity was not closely related to the hypnotic efficiency.
Sensitization of Pain Receptors by Cholinergic Substances.
Authors: SKOUBY ARNE P.
Published: December 2008

Determinations of the pain threshold temperature for the skin can be repeated with a deviation less than 0.1oC. The pain threshold temperature for the skin of the forearm in normal subjects has been examined before and after the application of acetyl‐beta‐methylcholine chloride, acetylcholine chloride, prostigmine (Roche) and atropine sulphate. The substances were applied in isoosmotic solutions, either by intracutaneous injection in NaCl solutions beside the area to be examined, or by iontophoresis, when dissolved in alcohol, directly on the test area.

Control experiments were performed on the same subjects, using injections of 0.9 % NaCl and iontophoresis with hydrolysed acetyl‐beta‐methylcholine in a 5 % alcoholic solution.

Acetyl‐beta‐methylcholineiontophoresis with concentrations of 1: 100–1: 1,000 caused statistically significant decreases in the pain threshold temperature. The largest decreases (3.5–5.5oC.) were found in the first determinations and when the highest concentrations were used. Uniform results were obtained on different areas of the single subject, while considerable individual differences in the effect were noticed. Intracutaneous injection of small amounts (1–40 μg) produced a decrease in the pain threshold, while larger amounts (100–300 μg) evoked an increase, which was followed by a return to the normal value.

Acetylcholineinjection (0.1–1 μg) produced significant decreases in the pain threshold. The effect disappeared within few minutes.

Prostigmineinjection (0.5–1 times 10_1– 10‐2μg) produced significant decreases in the pain threshold temperature after several minutes and of long duration.

Atropine sulphateinjection (50 μg) produced after 10–30 minutes significant increases in the pain threshold temperature.

The dissociation between flushing of the skin and skin temperature on the one hand and the changes in the pain threshold on the other indicates that the latter cannot be secondary to the change in the vessels, humidity or temperature of the skin, but must be attributed to a direct effect of the acetylcholine either on the pain receptors or the nerve fibres connected with them. The experiments with prostigmine and atropine indicate thatchanges in the concentration of the active acetylcholine normally liberated in the shin may influence the sensitivity to Pain. It is, therefore, possible that the activity of the pain receptors is influenced by changes in the acetylcholine content of the skin. The mechanism of such a regulation is discussed.
Characterisation of Rehberg's Ultrafiltration Method
Authors: GRANDJEAN L. C.
Published: December 2008

The pore radii of 5 Rehberg filters have been measured on the basis of calculations of thickness, water permeability, and water content. The values ranged from 20.72 mμ to 27.28 mμ.

Investigations have been made of the ultrafilterability of various substances with known molecular weights. The substances with a molecular weight of 1,600 or less were all ultrafilterable in aqueous solution, while those with a molecular weight of 2,500 or more were not.

Two substances with known molecular diameters (1.0 mμ and 80 mμ) showed an ultrafilterability which was accountable for exclusively by their sizes in proportion to the pore size. It has been shown that the presence of other — even low‐molecular – compounds can inhibit the ultrafilterability of a given substance.
After‐Potentials in the Electrocardiogram
Authors: SJÖSTRAND TORGNY
Published: December 2008

An analysis has been made of the lingering potentials following the T‐wave in the electrocardiogram, as previously described (Sjöstrand, 1950). A positive after‐potential can be recorded both by the usual electrocardiograph with an alternating current amplifier (Triplex, Blema), and by means of a direct current amplifier, cathode ray oscillograph and subcutaneous needle electrodes.

On intravenous infusion of small amounts of adrenaline, the after‐potential is greatly increased. It may be shown that it is continuous with a component, which, in the normal resting electrocardiogram, is included in the T‐wave. Increased vagus tonus appears to have the opposite effect to that of adrenaline. The typical electrocardiographic changes occurring with lowered blood potassium concentration correspond in several respects to the adrenaline effect.

The positive after‐potential is not directly connected with the mechanical systole of the heart and it occurs either completely, or to the greater extent, after the refractory period. During this phase there seems even to be an increased excitability, judging from the fact that extra‐systoles may occur.

The after‐potentials and their variations show a great similarity to those of nerves, Purkinje fibres and the isolated frog heart. They may explain several physiological changes in the electrocardiogram. A number of pathological deviations may also be explained from variations in these after‐potentials and so be considered in relation to the recovery processes in the myocardium following the actual action potential.
The Effect of Hepatectomy and Nephrectomy on the Anaesthetic Activity of Some N‐Substituted Barbiturates.
Authors: SANDBERG. FINN
Published: December 2008

In order to study the rôle of the liver and the kidneys for the detoxication of some N‐substituted barbiturates, the influence of hepatectomy and bilateral nephrectomy on the induction time and duration of action is investigated.

The following conclusions are drawn:

For 5,5‐diallyl‐barbituric acid and its 1–(N,N‐diethylcarbamyl‐methyl) derivative the kidneys participate as much as the liver in the detoxication.

1‐benzyl‐5,5 diallyl‐barbituric acid isdestroyed mainlyin the liver.

1‐carbethoxymethyl‐5,5‐dialkyl‐barbiturates are probably hydrolyzed to the corresponding carbonic acid, 1‐carboxymethyl‐5,5‐dialkyl‐barbituric acid.
The Contributions of Diffusion and Flow to the Passage of D2O through Living Membranes.: Effect of Neurohypophysenl Hormone 011 Isolated Anuran Skin.
Authors: KOEFOED‐JOHNSEN VALBORG , USSING. HANS H.
Published: December 2008

1. Equations are derived, describing the contributions of diffusion and flow to the passage of isotopic water through membranes of different structure.

2. For pore membranes the permeability as measured by osmotic flow is always larger than the permeability as calculated from the diffusion of isotopic water.

3. Neurohypophyseal extracts increase the net flow of water through the isolated toad skin (with 1/10 Ringer on the outside and Ringer on the inside) by 100 to 200 %. The diffusion rate of heavy water through the skin is, on the other hand only slightly increased.

4. The results are consistent with the assumption that neurohypophyseal hormone increases the pore size in some layer of the skin without increasing the total area available to diffusion. Active transport of water may, however, contribute to the water transfer.
The Effect of Cholinergic Substances on the Discharges from Thermal Receptors.
Authors: DODT E. , SKOUBY A. P. , ZOTTERMAN. Y.
Published: December 2008

The effect of cholinergic substances on the thermal receptors of the tongue of the cat has been studied by recording the impulses set up in single thermal fibres.

Minute amounts of acetylcholine shift the temperature range of the steady discharge of cold fibres towards the warm side and increase definitely the rate of the stationary discharge of the receptors inside the normal range of temperature. Larger amount.; produce a depression of the steady discharge and a narrowing of the temperature range recorded. Corresponding results were found on warm fibre preparations.

Menthol was found to exert a similar effect on the cold and on the warm fibre discharge.
Activation of Muscle Spindles by Succinylcholine and Decamethonium.: The Effects of Curare.
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR , SKOGLUND STEN , THESLEFF. STEPHEN
Published: December 2008

The effect of the neuromuscular blocking agent succinylcholine‐iodide (Sch) was studied, by intraarterial injection, on single muscle spindles in cats. Spindle afferents were isolated in the dorsal roots. The injection was made into the ipsilateral arteria profunda femoris or at the aortic bifurcation from a contralateral cannula introduced through the femoral artery. In all, some 80 muscle spindles were studied under myographic control (strain gauge). Of these 21 belonged to m. soleus, 16 to m. tibialis anticus, 33 to m. gastrocnemius, and the rest to the joint gastrocnemius‐soleus muscle. In addition 20 Golgi tendon or B‐organs were studied.

Sch in subparalytic doses caused a strong transient regular discharge of the muscle spindles, reaching lower maximum frequencies in soleus than in the other muscles. The same stimulating effect was obtained with larger doses after full paralysis of alpha motor end plates.

The Sch‐discharge was analyzed with respect to threshold, time course, initial muscle tension and efferent (small fibre or) gamma excitation of the muscle spindles.

Though spindle excitation by Sch was favoured by an increase in initial tension or stretch, it could always be obtained in wholly slack muscle by slightly increasing the dose of Sch. After full paralysis by d‐tubocurarine of the excitatory effect of both the ordinary alpha motor fibres as well as the gamma fibres sufficiently large doses of Sch still elicited in most spindles the typical transient increase of discharge rate.

Sch ultimately paralyzed the gamma end plates. Before d‐tubocurarine or Sch paralyzed the gamma end plates there often appeared a transient phase of facilitation.

Decamethonium, tried in a few cases, also increased the discharge rate of the muscle spindles but the effect, apart from lasting for at least an hour (longer times not tried) as against some 3–10 minutes with Sch (depending upon dosage and preparation), consisted in irregular bursts of discharges which could be blocked by curare in large doses. It thus differed greatly from the highly regular and transient outburst of spikes obtained by Sch which rapidly reached its maximum and then slowly decayed.

Golgi tendon or B‐organs were not fired by Sch.

In the discussion it is pointed out that several of the results are best understood on the basis of the assumption that Sch, whatever it may do to the gamma fibre end plates, also affects the sensory Spindle organs directly.
The Red Cell Volume of the Maternal and Foetad Vessels of the Guinea Pig Placenta.
Authors: FUCHS. FRITZ
Published: December 2008

Circulating red cell and blood volume determinations with red blood corpuscles labelled with 32P were carried out on nine guinea pigs in the second half of pregnancy. The variations n‐ere less pronounced when the volumes were correlated to maternal weight, i. e. total body weight minus the weight of the products of conception, but the series is too small to allow an analysis of the blood volume variations during pregnancy.

In the same experiments the erythrocyte content of the maternal vessels of the placenta was determined on a total of 25 placentae. A steady increase of the blood cell content per unit weight during pregnancy was found, which is in agreement with morphological findings. The blood volumes, calculated from the cell volumes with the use of the arterial hematocrit, ranged from 9 to 30 % of the wet weight of the placenta. In a 57 days pregnant animal the four placentae contained 10.8 % of the total blood volume and in another close to term the three placentae held 10.7 % of the body blood volume.

The content of blood in the foetal vessels of the guinea pig placenta was determined on another series, comprising 12 placentae in four animals in the last week of pregnancy; it was found to be equal to the amount of blood on the maternal side. The red cell volume was higher on the foetal side owing to the higher foetal hematocrit. The placentae contained 11–18 % of the total foetal blood, and 55–69 % of the foetal blood was passing through the placenta per minute.

Present address: Harsdorffsvej 6 A, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
Effect of Sera Taken from Human Subjects or Rabbits after Thermal Stress on the Mouse Metabolic Rate.: Failure to Confirm the Existence of So‐Called Thermothyrin A.
Authors: NLEMI. MIKKO
Published: December 2008

A control study was made concerning the existence of Mansfeld's thermothyrin A. Serum taken from human subjects and rabbits after thermal stress was injected into mice and their metabolic rate was measured using a direct calorimetric method. No significant changes in the metabolism were observed.
The Effect of Injections of Hypertonic NaCl‐Solutions into Different Parts of the Hypothalamus of Goats.
Authors: ANDERSSON. BENGT
Published: December 2008

In goats intrahypothalamic injections of hypertonic NaCl‐solutions, within a region medially in the vicinity of the third ventricle, induced drinking of the animals. The most obvious effect was obtained in experiments, where the injection was performed in the middle hypothalamic region near to the para‐ventricular nucleus.

Injections of iso‐ or hypotonic solutions had not this effect.

Injections of hypertonic NaCl‐solution in the lateral parts of the hypothalamus and in the vicinity of the optic chiasm did not induce any drinking.

In seven experiments an obviously increased diuresis together with a diminished concentration of the urine was observed 2–4 hours after the experiments had started. This polyuria was not in every case the consequence of an increased intake of water.
Renal Vasoconstriction and Resistance to Anoxia.
Authors: BING. JENS
Published: December 2008

Renal vasocontriction could not be shown to protect mice against the lethal effects of anoxia, as the resistance to anoxia was the same in normal and nephrectomized animals.
The Permeability of Frog Skin to Heavy Water and to Ions, with Special Reference to the Effect of Some Diuretics.
Authors: GARBY LARS , LINDERHOLM. HÀKN
Published: December 2008

1. The permeability of isolated frog skin to heavy water was measured. At the same time the electrical d. c. conductance was recorded as a measure of the permeability to ions.

2. The mean permeability coefficient of normal skins for heavy water is 73 × 10–6 cm sec.‐l, which is estimated to be about 50 times greater than a corresponding permeability coefficient for Cl (and Na) ions.

3. The permeability to heavy water is not appreciably influenced by the action of mersalyl (0.1 mM) and aminophylline (50 mg per cent). But aminophylline causes a considerable increase in the conductance or permeability to ions. Thus there is no noticeable covariation between the permeability of frog skin to water and to ions.

The investigation was supported by a grant from the Therèse and Johan Andersson fund.
On the Protracted Action of Histamine on the Oxygen Consumption in Rats
Authors: APAJALAHTI A. N. I. , PIHA. S.
Published: December 2008

The oxygen consuniption of 12 rats was determined after they had received a subcutaneous injection of histamine in bee's wax. The histamine deposit caused a decrease in the osygen consumption to an average ininiinurii at 76 % of the normal value when the rats were kept at a room temperature of 22o C. The minimum was reached approxiniately after 50 hours. This decrease does not appear when rats are kept at a temperature of 18o C.
Monosynaptie Corticospinal Activation of Fore Limb Motoneurones in Monkeys Macaca mulatta)
Authors: BERNHARD C. G. , BOHM E.
Published: December 2008

Various types of experiments were carried out on monkeys (Macaca mulatta), the results of which show that spinal motoneurones innervating fore limb muscles are monospaptically activated by descending volleys in corticospinal fibres belonging to the largest pyramidal neurones originating in the contralateral precentral area.
Catechol Amines and Substance Pin the Mammalian Eye
Authors: DUNER H. , von EULER U. S. , PERNOW B.
Published: December 2008

The noradrenaline content of the ciliary body, the iris, and the choroid in she cow was 0.3—0.4 μg per g wet weight. Adrenaline was present to 2.6—7.2 per cent of the total catechols.

In aqueous humour the noradrenaline was generally less than 0.2 μg per 100 ml. On one occasion an effect corresponding to 1.3 μg noradrenaline per 100 ml was found.

Detectable amounts of catechol amines were not found in the lens or the vitreous body.

The retina did not contain measurable quantities of noradrenaline or adrenaline (< 0.05 μg/g).

Concentrated aqueous humour acquires a red colour on standing at alkaline reaction.

The retina of cow and dog contains high amounts of substance P, up to 200 units per gram of dry organ.
Observations Concerning the Absorption of Vitamin B12 by Cells of Escherichia Coli
Authors: JÄNNES J.
Published: December 2008

In a series of tests the author has studied the ability of dead cells of Escherichia coli to absorb vitamin B12. Contrary to earlier observations, the author found that cells of Escherichia coli killed by sonic waves or acetone are capable for this absorption.
Blood Eosinophil Responses to ACTH in Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Authors: JÄRVINEN PENTTI A. , UUSPÄÄ VEIKKO J.
Published: December 2008

Thorn's test was carried out, during the first trimester of pregnancy, in ten cases of hyperemesis gravidarum and in ten control cases of normal pregnancy.

In the cases of hyperemesis, the average initial eosinophil count carried out before the administration of ACTH was slightly higher than in the control series. After the injection of ACTH. 70 per cent of the cases of hyperemesis showed a fall of less than 50 per cent in the number of circulating eosinophils, while in all control cases it was more than 50 per cent.

The result seems to suggest the presence of an adaptation disturbance in hyperemesis gravidarum, with an insufficient absolute or relative output of II‐oxycorticosteroids.
Permeability of Placenta of the Guinea Pig to Glucose and Fruetose
Authors: KARVONEN M. J. , RÄIHÄ N.
Published: December 2008

The permeability of the placenta of guinea pig to fructose and glucose was studied in situ, by infusing the sugar into the maternal circulation or by injecting it into the foetal one.

The transfer of fructose in either direction was very much slower than that of glucose. For glucose, there was some suggestion of a more efficient transfer from mother to foetus than rice versa, but this point needs further study.

It was concluded that the transfer of glucose through placenta—in both directions—is an “active” process in the guinea pig, similarly as it is known to be in the sheep, in spite of marked differences in carbohydrate metabolism between these two species.
Glucuronic Acid Metabolism in Guinea Pigs
Authors: SIMOLA P. E.
Published: December 2008

This report points out the more extensive biochemical significance to the elucidation of the production and mechanism of action of l‐ascorbic acid which may be derived from a detailed study of the glucuronic acid metabolism of the guinea pig.

To supplement the deficient information in the literature on the glucuconic acid metabolism of the guinea pig, determinations were made of the glucuronic acid concentration of guinea pig whole blood and serum and the total amount of glucuronic acid daily eliminated into the urine. It was demonstrated that when necessary for the detoxication of a foreign substance the guinea pig is carable of very considerably increasing the glucuronic acid synthesis. In studying the relationship between scurvy and glucuronic acid metabolism it was observed that scurvy seems to have at least no reducing effect on the normal concentrations in the blood and urine. On the contrary, it appeared probable that a tedency to somewhat increasing serum glucuronic acid levels occurred in scurvy.
The Hypothalamus, a Relay Station of the Sympathetic Vasodilator Tract
Authors: ELIASSON SVEN , LINDGREN PERCY , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

The hypothalamo‐collicular extension of the sympathetic vasodilator tract is described. The observations indicate that the vasodilator neurons have svnapses in the hypothalamus. and at some point between the anterior margin of the collicular area and the medulla oblongata.
Note on the Influence of Hydrogen Ion Concentration Upon Swelling of Desheathed Peripheral Nerve
Authors: NYSTRÖM BERTIL , SÖDERBERG ULF
Published: December 2008

The swelling of desheathed peripheral frog nerve, soaked in buffered Ringer's solution, is dependent on the pH of the solution and has a minimal value at a pH of about 5. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the swelling is due to absorption of water by the connective tissue.
Measurement of Total Body Water with Deuterium Oxide and Antipyrine
Authors: LJUNGGREN HÁKAN
Published: December 2008

The total body water of two healthy subjects was measured simultaneously with deutecium oxide and antipyrine. Within two months seven measurements were performed on one of the subjects and eight on the other. The variability of the deuterium spaces, expressed by the coefficient of variation, was 1.8 and 2.0 per cent. The variability of the antipyrine spaces was 4.5 and 5.4 per cent, respectively.

The analytical error of the equilibrium concentration of deuterium was estimated to about one per cent, whereas the average analytical error of the zero‐time concentration of antipyrine amounted to about four per cent. The greater variability of the antipyrine space is probably due to this larger error.

The accuracy of the measurement of deuterium oxide concentration by the gradient tube method was investigated. The analytical error was found to be ± 0.0017 grams per cent.
The Influence of Potassium on the Intestinal Absorption
Authors: BUDOLFSEN SV. E.
Published: December 2008

In experiments on white rats it has been observed that the addition of potassium to solutions of glucose and sodium chloride causes a decrease of the glucose and the sodium net‐absorption in the distal part of the small intestine, but not in the colon. The effect is supposed to be caused by an unspecific effect on the mucosa.
Reproduction of the 3 per Second Spike and Wave EEG Pattern by Snbcortical Electrical Stimulation in Cats
Authors: INGVAR DAVID H.
Published: December 2008

1. Cortical 3 per second spike and wave activity — resembling the typical EEG potentials of petit mal in man — has been elicited by subcortical electrical stimulation in cats. On stimulation of medial thalamic structures the results in many respects confirm those of Jasper and Droogleever‐Fortuyn (1947).

2. The conditions for obtaining cortical “(recruiting responses)” (dempsey and Morison 1942) and spike and wave responses do not seem identical.

3. It has not been possible to establish the existence of a definable anatomical or functional anatomical subcortical system — consistent with any known such entity — which, on electrical stimulation, will produce a specific form of bilaterally symmetrical 3 per second spike and wave potentials with a general cortical distribution.

4. The results are not consistent with the pace‐maker theory which presumes a brain stem mechanism driving a passive cortex during the petit mal seizure.

5. It is emphasized that the reticular system of the brain stem still appears to be the only functional entity known, capable of the wide‐spread influence upon the cortex which is required to explain the generalized disturbance of the EEG during a petit mal seizure.
A Method for the Standardization of Cholecystokinin in Vitro
Authors: HULTMAN ERIC H.
Published: December 2008

A method is described for the standardization of cholecystokinin in vitro, correlated with in vivo experiments, and with concurrent testing of the effect on the intestine of impure preparations. The usual intestinal bath technique is used; the gallbladder is placed in one cuvette and a piece of the intestine in another, both organs being taken from the guinea‐pig. The contractions are recorded and read off in mm on a scale.

Histamine and choline derivatives, as well as acid and alkaline buffer solutions, are found to produce contractions of both the intestine and the gallbladder in vitro. Ammonium salts also cause contractions of the gallbladder. Even if these sources of error are eliminated, crude preparations of cholecystokinin still cause some intestinal contraction. This effect disappears when the preparations are purified further.

In in vivo experiments, the injection of cholecystokinin in the cat under nembutal anesthesia is found to result in a flow of greenish‐black bile from the gallbladder, whereas the above‐mentioned substances in non‐toxic doses cause no reaction.
A Critical Study of Sjöstrand's Method for Determination of Carboxy Hemoglobin, and the Total Hernoglobin Content of the Human Body
Authors: DAHLSTRÖM HANS
Published: December 2008

1. Rebreathing experiments similar to the procedure in Sjö strand's CO method for determination of blood volume were performed.

2. During these experiments blood samples were drawn and analyzed for their CO content with a method which permitted great accuracy even at low COHb values.

3. The results were used for the calculation of a factor L, which is an expression of the relative affinities of CO and O2 for hemoglobin during the formation of an additional amount of COHb.

4. The results indicate that COHb determinations by analyses of the alveolar air give unreliable results. Determinations of total hemoglobin would occasionally give aberrant results. However, in 5 cases out of 7 the factor L fell within a very narrow range, 219–229. Further investigations will be necessary to explain the reasons for the deviation of the factor L in the other two experiments.
Intrecellular Distribution of Brain Phospholipidesl
Authors: PETERSEN V. POSBORG , SCHOU MOGENS
Published: December 2008

Total phospholipide, sphingomyelin, cephalin, and lecithin have been determined in rat brain homogenate and in the various cellular fractions obtained by differential centrifugation in isotonic sucrose.

It was found that the concentration of all phospholipide fractions, expressed per mg total nitrogen, was considerably lower in the supernatant fluid than in any of the particle fractions. Sphingomyelin and cephalin were localized mainly in the mitochondria (large granules), whereas the concentration of lecithin was highest in the microsomes (small granules). The phospholipide composition of the nuclei could not be established satisfactorily, since this fraction was too impure.

Comparison between brains from normal rats and rats in insulin coma revealed no differences in the phospholipide composition of the various cellular fractions.
Studies on the Activc Transport of Lithium in the Isolated Frog Skin
Authors: ZERAHN K.
Published: December 2008

The transport of lithium ions by the isolated surviving frog skin has been studied. By using the technique of short‐circuiting the skin it was first shown that the usual equality of net sodium transport and short‐circuit current was disturbed and, secondly, that this disturbance can be accounted for by the quantity of lithium which has passed through the skin plus the quantity which has accumulated in the skin. It was further demonstrated that lithium arid sodium compete on an equal basis in the transport process. Finally the ability of the frog skin to move lithium against an electrochemical gradient was shown, thus establishing the active nature of lithium transport.
A Microcuvette Designed for Aborptiom Measurements of Biological Fluids with High Density Values
Authors: BROLIN SVEN ELOV
Published: December 2008

The design of cuvettes for measuring small samples of biological fluids with high density values is given.
On n Fibrinolytic Enzyme in the Perilymph of Sharks
Authors: JENSEN C. E.
Published: December 2008

The perilymph of the piked dogfish contains a fibrinolytic enzyme which is destroyed by incubation for 12 hours at 37° C. The enzyme has its maximum activity at 20°C.

I am indebted to Dr. Tage Astrup, Biological Institute, Carls‐berg Foundation, to Professor J. A. Christiansen and to Dr. Thure Vilstrup for valuable advice and encouragement. The photograph is due to A. E. Lansner, Chemical Engineer.
On the Innervation of the Submaxillary Gland Cells in Cats
Authors: EMMELIN N.
Published: December 2008

The opinion usually given in the literature that in the sub‐maxillary gland of the cat one group of secretory cells is controlled by parasympathetic, another by sympathetic fibres has been tested experimentally.

When the gland is secreting in response to supramaximal stimulation of the chorda tympani sympathetic stimulation does not further accelerate the flow, even if it is able to cause an abundant flow of saliva when given alone.

The results of the experiments do not agree with the current conception of the innervation but support the view of Langenskiöld (1941), founded on electrophysiological investigations, that “all secretory cells in the submaxillary gland that are innervated by the sympathetic are also innervated by the chorda”.
Blood Flow and Rate of‘ Secretion in the Submaxillary Gland
Authors: EMMELIN N.
Published: December 2008

The secretion of saliva from the submaxillary gland of the cat which is obtained on supraniaximal stimulation of the chorda tympani is usually diminished by simultaneous stimulation of the sympathetic trunk in the neck. The following observations indicate this effect to be a result of the diminished blood supply brought about by stimulation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibres. The effect is obtained only in those cases in which the Sympathetic stimulation reduces the blood flow and it is bigger the more pronounced this reduction is. It increases when the vasoconstrictor effect is enlarged by the injection of chlorproma‐zine. It disappears when the vasoconstrictor action is abolished by Priscol. The chorda secretion is correspondingly reduced by procedures which diminish the blood flow through the gland to about the same extent as sympathetic stimulation.

The gland secreting at a maximal rate seems to be relatively susceptible to reduction of the blood flow, moderate and short‐lasting diminution of the intense hyperemia causing a decrease in the rate of secretion.
Sympathicolytic Agents Used to Separate Secretory and Vascular Effects of Sympathetic Stimulation in the Submaxillary Gland
Authors: EMMELIN N.
Published: December 2008

The effect of some sympathicolytic agents on the secretory and vascular responses to sympathetic stimulation in the submaxillary gland of the cat has been investigated. With chlorpromazine it is possible to abolish the secretory effect, leaving the constriction intact. Regitin has a similar but far less selective effect. Priscol abolishes the constriction, sparing the secretion. Dihydroergotamine and Antistin both affect the secretion and the constriction to the same extent. The vasodilatation which is obtained on sympathetic stimulation is closely connected with the secretion and very likely due to metabolites with vasodilator action.
A Comparative Study of Bradykinin mid Substance P
Authors: PERNOW BENGT , SILVA MAURICIO ROCHA E.
Published: December 2008

1. The evidence that bradykinin and substance P represent separate substances is based on counter‐current, electrophoretic and pharmacological studies.

2. On paper electrophoresis bradykinin and substance P both migrate to the cathode at pH 4. Two peaks of activity are obtained due to differences in mobility.

3. Owing to different distribution coefficients between butanol and acetic acid/water bradykinin and substance P give two separate peaks of activity in the counter‐current distribution.

4. Bradykinin and substance P present clear differences in pharmacological actions. The conbracting effect of bradykinin in smooth muscle preparations is slower than that of substance P. The hen caecum is very sensitive to substance P but rather insensitive to bradykinin. The depressor action of substance P is more pronounced than that of bradykinin.
Transport Form of 14C‐decmoic Acid in Ports and Inferior Vena Cava Blood during Absorption in the Rat
Authors: BORGSTRÖM BENGT
Published: December 2008

Decanoic acid‐l‐14C was fed to rats and the radioactivity of different lipid fractions of the portal vein blood and the inferior vena cava blood were studied in two experiments.

The concentration of lipid‐14C was found to be 4.0 and 2.3 as high in the portal blood as in the inferior vena cava blood.

The largest part of the 14C‐activity in the portal blood as well as in the inferior cava blood was found in the form of free decanoic acid; the figures for portal blood being 63.5 and 73.7 per cent of the total activity as the free acid.

The concentration of free 14C‐decanoic acid in the portal blood during absorption was calculated to be 4–5 mg per cent.
Pharmacological Effects of Humulone on Cats and Rabbits
Authors: SÖDERBERG ULF , WACHTMEISTER CARL‐A‐XEL
Published: December 2008

1. Humulone, a well known constituent of hops has been tested on cats and rabbits.

2. 3 mg humulone/kg body weight injected intravenously into cats produced instantaneously a 100% increase in oxygen consumption, followed by a gradual rise in body temperature.

3. Blood pressure was only slightly affected. The amplitude of respiration was increased and when the body temperature reached a level of 42°C temperature polypnoea appeared.

4. Death from lethal doses of humulone was probably caused by the increased body temperature which could exceed 45°C in the cat. After death the animals rapidly developed an abnormally severe rigor mortis. This effect, which was also seen in curarized cats, is similar to the well‐known action of the dinitrophenols.

5. Large doses of humulone also produced glycosuria and haematuria.

6. Rabbits were more resistant than cats to humulone.

7. Liverless animals were more sensitive to humulone than those with intact liver.

8. The actions of humulone in animals are on the whole very similar to those of usnic acid and dinitrophenols.
Occurrence and Variation of Arginine Phosphate during Insect Metamorphosis
Authors: PETTERSSON INGA
Published: December 2008

Arginine phosphate has been demonstrated not only in the imago but also in the prepupa and in the pupa of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala.

With the aid of paper chromatography and colorimetric deter minations the relative amount of phosphagen arginine during different stages from prepupa to imago has been followed.

The variation found is discussed in relation to the energy metabolism during insect metamorphosis.
Influence of Various Levels of Dietary Cholesterol on the Cholesterol Content of Certain Organs and of Bile of Chicks Fed Fat‐free and Peanut Oil Containing Diets
Authors: DAM HENRIK , PRANGE INGE , SØNDERGAARD EBBE
Published: December 2008

The dietary cholesterol level above which accumulation could be demonstrated in liver, spleen, aorta and bile was somewhere between 0.1% and 0.33% for diets with 10% peanut oil.

This limit also holds for fat‐free diets as far as liver, spleen, and probably also aorta are concerned, whereas in the case of bile only an increase of low significance was found as the dietary cholesterol varied from 0 to 1%.

The increases found with fat‐free diets were in all cases much smaller than those found when the diet contained 10 % peanut oil.

The cholesterol values for liver corresponding to 0 and 0.1% of dietary cholesterol were significantly higher when the diet was fat‐free than when it contained 10% peanut oil.
The Intestinal Absorption of Phospholipids in the Rat
Authors: BLOMSTRAND ROLF
Published: December 2008

The intestinal absorption of phospholipids has been studied after feeding rats with lymph fistulas phospholipids containing A. oleic acid‐l‐14C, B. palmitic acid‐l‐14C and 14C‐glycerol or C. palmitic acid‐l‐14C and 32P.

The recoveries of the absorbed radioactivity in the thoracic duct lymph was about the same whether 14C‐labelled palmitic acid or 14C‐labelled oleic acid was incorporated into the phospholipids administered. The major part of the activity in the lymph lipids was associated with the glycerides, but after feeding, phospholipids containing either labelled palmitic acid or labelled oleic acid, a significantly greater amount of activity was obtained in the phospholipids than after feeding these acids as glycerides or as the free acid.

A small amount of the lymph glyceride glycerol is derived from the fed phospholipid glycerol suggesting a synthesis from a partial glyceride.

The relative specific activity of the lymph phospholipid glycerol was about 30 per cent indicating that a significant amount of the fed phospholipids had been absorbed without previous splitting of the glycerol phosphate linkages. The experiments with 32P‐labelled phospholipids support this suggestion.

The experimental data thus indicate that a very extensive hydrolysis of the phospholipids takes place during the absorption process, but also that complete hydrolysis does not necessarily occur.
On the Intestinal Absorption of Phospholipids in the Rat in the Absence of Bile
Authors: BLOMSTRAND ROLF
Published: December 2008

The intestinal absorption of phospholipids containing 14C‐labelled fatty acids has been studied in rats with both the thoracic duct and the bile duct cannulated.

In the absence of bile from the intestine about 68 per cent of the fed activity is absorbed, indicating that bile is not obligate for the absorption of fatty acids fed incorporated into phospholipids. Only about one third of the absorbed labelled fatty acids were transported via the thoracic duct as compared with the normal condition.

The incorporation of the absorbed fatty acids into the neutral fat and the phospholipids of the lymph showed the same distribution whether bile was present or not.
Effects of Insulin and Muscular Exercise upon the Uptake of Hexoses by Muscle Cells
Authors: HUYCKE E. J. , KRUHØFFER P.
Published: December 2008

Insulin has been found to increase the rate at which D‐galactose is lost from the extracellular space of perfused hind limb preparations of cats.

Electric induction of muscle contractions in the same preparation also raised the rate of disappearance of D‐glucose and D‐galactose from the extracellular space, but had no such effect on D‐fructose.

These and previous findings in this laboratory confirm those obtained by Levine, Goldstein et al. on eviscerated, nephrec‐tomized dogs and thus support the view that insulin and activation of muscle exert selective effects on the uptake of various hexoses by muscle cells.

The mode of uptake of sugars by muscle cells is discussed, and it appears that it is still impossible to decide whether sugars can cross the cell boundaries in the free state or only by way of some chemical transformation.

While not at all sufficient to cover the augmented metabolic rate, the rise in glucose uptake during muscular activation was still quite appreciable (viz. of the same magnitude as the rate of uptake in the resting preparation) and in the intact organism it must be met by increased glucose output from the liver. The nature of such compensatory reactions is still unknown.
Intestinal Absorption of Tswocholic Acid in the Rat
Authors: SJÖVALL JAN , AKESSON INGRID
Published: December 2008

The intestinal absorption of biosynthetic taurocholic acid labelled in the cholic acid part has been studied in animals with bile and lymph fistulas.

The absorption was very rapid and most of the administered activity was excreted in the bile during the first hour. Practically no taurocholic is transported via the lymph vessels since only traces of activity were found in the intestinal lymph.