bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approximation of papillary muscles for ischaemic mitral regurgitation combined with coronary artery bypass grafting and left ventricular aneurysmectomy: a case report
Authors: Karapanagiotidis GT , Zakkar M , Gukop P , Sarsam MAI
Published: January 2014

A 72-year-old female presented with severe ischaemic mitral regurgitation following a recent myocardial infarction. She had no significant past medical history.

Pre-operative echocardiogram assessment demonstrated preserved tendinous cords of the mitral leaflets, a mitral valve annulus measuring 3.2 cm with end systolic coaptation of 0.3 cm, impaired left ventricular function with an ejection fraction of 35% and significant ventricular dilatation. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed delayed enhancement in the anterolateral, septal and lateral walls and confirmed the impairment of the left ventricle and a large aneurysmal deformation. On-table transoesophageal echo showed that the distance between the two papillary muscles was over 4 cm.

We performed coronary artery bypass grafting combined with a Dor Procedure and papillary muscle approximation using a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vascular graft as a sling, without the insertion of a mitral annuloplasty ring. Postoperative echo and cardiac MRI showed improved left ventricular systolic function and reduced left ventricle volume associated with mild mitral regurgitation.

We conclude that papillary muscles approximation as a method of mitral valve repair is a very effective procedure for functional ischaemic mitral regurgitation.
Criminal convictions and risk taking
Authors: Amir Eli , Kallunki Juha-Pekka , Nilsson Henrik
Published: January 2014

An analysis of a proprietary dataset reveals that non-trivial proportions of directors, Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and Chief Financial Officers in Swedish listed companies have been convicted or suspected of crimes. Based on prior literature, we argue that directors and senior executives who have been convicted or suspected of crimes are more prone to take risk. Consistent with this argument, we find that firms with more criminally convicted/suspected directors and CEOs report more volatile earnings, engage more in goodwill writeoffs due to more unsuccessful acquisitions, and recognize bad news in earnings in a less timely manner. We also find that these firms are, on average, smaller and less profitable. These findings highlight the role personal characteristics of directors and senior management play in managerial decisions.
Constructions of Childhood in Early Modern Jewish Ego-documents
Authors: Berner Tali
Published: January 2014

The article analyzes childhood stories of six Early Modern Jewish figures who wrote their life stories between approximately 1630 and 1770. The writers construct the stories around two main topics: education and the obstacles in the way of receiving an education, and disease and the overcoming of it and, specifically, dealing with the plague. These decisions, I argue, are not incidental, although the writers were not aware of each other, and did not work according to existing formulas. The authors see these two topics as central to their childhood experience and a way to tell their childhood experience in a nutshell. Yet, these stories are utilized by the authors to present the people they came to be and the people they could have been. Through their childhood stories, the writers turn these ego-documents from descriptive to prescriptive, by enabling the writers to discuss, often in a subtle way, issues of parental care and neglect, and present ideals and norms to their readership and future generations.
Ethics versus Compliance. The Institution, Ethical Psychotherapy Practice, (and Me)
Authors: Dalal Farhad
Published: January 2014

This article is a philosophical reflection on the proposed new codes of ethics and conduct for the IGA (London). The article is an exploration of the question: given that codes of ethics consist of truisms (do good and be good), what is their function? It is argued that: the expectation in the domain of ethics ought to be one of disagreement, in contrast to that of agreement in the natural sciences; that codes of ethics are the opposite of negative liberty; that disciplinary processes avoid engaging with ethics by occupying themselves with compliance. This is followed by discussion as to how these and other themes play out in all institutions including the IGA. It is further argued that some elements of such codes are cult values (Mead). The tension between virtue ethics and deontological ethics is attended to.
The Triangle and the Eye inside the Circle: Dyadic and Triadic Dynamics in the Group
Authors: Martean Lawrence
Published: January 2014

Patients make first contact with group analysts in a dyadic relationship and the entry into the group of six to eight can be perceived as a psychic leap across a wide chasm. In this article the transition from dyad to the group is conceptualized as equivalent to achieving a triadic capacity for relatedness. A central consideration will be of the maturation from predominantly ‘linear’ relating and thinking (n=2) to stable triangular configurations involving ‘threeness’ and ‘thirdness’, with the development of a triangular space, which represents reflective thinking and the capacity to observe and be observed. The triangular potential is opposed by destructive processes, which cause instability and collapse of triangular configurations, with a regression towards ‘two-dimensional’ group structures. The role of the triangle and the key importance of the ‘third eye’ will be conceptualized in terms of a stable parental coupling which provides a corrective component of the experience for group members. The symbol of a triangle inside a circle is used to represent the combining of male and female elements in the group, to form a combined holding, containing but also development promoting ‘parental relationship’ function.
Compatibilization of HDPE/agar biocomposites with eutectic-based ionic liquid containing surfactant
Authors: Shamsuri AA , Daik R , Zainudin ES , Tahir PM
Published: January 2014

In this research, eutectic-based ionic liquid specifically choline chloride/glycerol was prepared at a 1:2 mole ratio. The choline chloride/glycerol was added with the different content of surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide). The choline chloride/glycerol-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was introduced into high-density polyethylene/agar biocomposites through melt mixing. The mechanical testing results indicated that the impact strength and tensile extension of the biocomposites increased with the introduction of the choline chloride/glycerol-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The scanning electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis results exhibited that significant decrease in the number of agar fillers pull-out, melting point and thermal decomposition temperatures of the biocomposites are also due to the choline chloride/glycerol-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The Fourier transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffractometer patterns of the biocomposites introduced with the choline chloride/glycerol-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide demonstrate the presence of physical interactions, which contributes to the increase of compatibility between both high-density polyethylene and agar. In conclusion, high-density polyethylene/agar biocomposites could be compatibilized with eutectic-based ionic liquid containing surfactant, choline chloride/glycerol-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide.
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/wood powder biocomposites: Thermal and mechanical properties and water absorption profile
Authors: da Silva V , Batista KC , Zattera AJ , Silva DAK , Pezzin APT
Published: January 2014

Wood fibers are easily available as a waste material, and their incorporation into polymeric matrices results in a reduction of the cost of composite products. On the other hand, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) is a biodegradable bacterial polyester and it is a potential candidate to replace conventional polymers in composites. The aim of this work was to evaluate the percentage of wood fiber to be incorporated in the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) matrix and to investigate the effect of Struktol® as a processing aid on the final properties of biocomposites. Therefore, biocomposites of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) were processed with addition of 0–40 wt% of wood powder with and without Struktol®. Mechanical properties, morphology, water absorption, and thermal stability were determined. The presence of Struktol® improved 104% the tensile modulus of the biocomposites when compared to the neat poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate), reduced the water absorption for biocomposites up to 20 wt% of wood powder, and reduced the thermal stability. The biocomposites with 10 wt% of wood powder are the one with the best properties in relation to the others, independently of the presence of Struktol®.
Rural Caregivers for a Family Member With Dementia
Authors: Stewart Norma J. , Morgan Debra G. , Karunanayake Chandima P. , Wickenhauser Joseph P. , Cammer Allison , Minish Duane , O’Connell Megan E. , Hayduk Leslie A.
Published: January 2014

Forecasts of increasing prevalence of dementia in rural settings, coupled with reliance on family caregiver support, indicate that a greater understanding of caregiver distress in these contexts is necessary. The purpose of this study was to examine family caregiver burden and severity of distress on the day that a family member was diagnosed with dementia at a memory clinic that serves a rural population. Participants in this retrospective study were 231 primary family caregivers of a rural community-dwelling person with dementia. On the diagnostic day, women reported more burden and severity of distress than men and spouses reported more severity of distress than adult children. A structural equation model was not supported for the entire sample, but was supported for women caregivers only ( n = 161). Caregiver distress related to dementia-specific behaviors explained both global distress and burden. Patients’ functional decline was related to caregiver burden.
The Subaltern Writes Back
Authors: Alam Mohammed Faridul
Published: January 2014

The study was grounded in the lived experiences of 13 female and 20 male children of Bangladeshi descent in New York City. It explored how the intersection of ethnicity, gender, generation, and migration shaped the distinctive experiences of the girls as they came of age, straddling the native culture and the host culture. By walking a tightrope between intergenerational continuity of normative gender practice, and change, prompted by egalitarian socialization, they foregrounded educational/career trajectories. Unlike the boys, who acquiesced with the status quo despite its equal opportunity disadvantages, they started rewriting the rules of engagement with patriarchy from this new threshold.
Poly-Victimization Risk in Prison
Authors: Listwan Shelley Johnson , Daigle Leah E. , Hartman Jennifer L. , Guastaferro Wendy P.
Published: January 2014

Victimization research suggests that individuals who either witness or are direct victims of violence are substantially more likely to experience long-term negative outcomes. Although recent studies identifying factors associated with prison victimization are emerging, the risk factors predicting inmate’s experience of multiple types of victimization, called poly-victimization, remain unknown. Utilizing a lifestyles model that incorporates the importation/deprivation framework, the current study examines whether certain features of the prison environment or individual characteristics predict who is most likely to experience victimization. Data from more than 1,600 recently released inmates confirm that the environmental and individual-level factors are related to poly-victimization in prison. The findings from the study have implications for policy and practice.
Factors Affecting Initial Intimate Partner Violence–Specific Health Care Seeking in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan
Authors: Kamimura Akiko , Bybee Deborah , Yoshihama Mieko
Published: January 2014

This study examined the factors affecting a women’s initial intimate partner violence (IPV)-specific health care seeking event which refers to the first health care seeking as a result of IPV in a lifetime. Data were collected using the Life History Calendar method in the Tokyo metropolitan area from 101 women who had experienced IPV. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to assess the time to initial IPV-specific health care seeking. IPV-related injury was the most significant factor associated with increased likelihood of seeking IPV-specific health care seeking for the first time. In the presence of a strong effect of formal help seeking, physical and sexual IPV were no longer significantly related to initial IPV-specific health care seeking. The results suggest some victims of IPV may not seek health care unless they get injured. The timing of receiving health care would be important to ensure the health and safety of victims.
Twins and Kindergarten Separation
Authors: Gordon Lynn Melby
Published: January 2014

Should principals enforce mandatory separation of twins in kindergarten? Do school separation beliefs of principals differ from those of teachers, parents of twins, and twins themselves? This survey questioned 131 elementary principals, 54 kindergarten teachers, 201 parents of twins, and 112 twins. A majority of principals (71%) believed that twins should be separated in kindergarten, while only 49% of teachers, 38% of parents, and 19% of preschool and kindergarten twins agreed. Additional survey results describe reasons for separation beliefs held, perceived trauma of kindergarten separation, positive and negative reactions to school separation, and percentage of kindergartners separated. Representative belief statements of twins, categorized into themes, supplement the report. Administrative bias and discrimination against twins are discussed. Recommendation is that principals should avoid making unilateral twin placement decisions.
Modeling of twist extrusion process parameters of AA6082-T6 alloy by response surface approach
Authors: Mohammed Iqbal U , Senthil Kumar VS
Published: January 2014

The fabrication of nanostructure materials using severe plastic deformation techniques with improved properties has received attention over the recent years. Twist extrusion has become one of the most widely spread techniques of the severe plastic deformation processes. This article reports the experimental investigations on the twist extrusion forming of AA6082-T6 aluminum alloy. The central composite design was utilized to plan the experiments, and response surface methodology was employed for developing experimental models. The forming load, temperature and number of passes were considered as input parameters in this study. The process performances such as tensile strength and hardness were evaluated. The results of analysis of variance indicated that the proposed mathematical models obtained can effectively describe the performances within the limits of factors being studied. The experimental values were in good agreement with the predicted values.
Numerical and experimental stress analysis of an internal-combustion engine valve during the closing event
Authors: Cavalieri Federico J , Luengo César , Risso José , Zenklusen Fernando , Cardona Alberto
Published: January 2014

This paper presents a numerical methodology to predict the stress evolution in an internal-combustion engine valve during the closing event. The problem is studied using a three-dimensional finite element model, showing that the seating process of the valve produces high bending stresses which are not demonstrated by two-dimensional models. The valve stem stress response under impact was registered experimentally using strain gauges and then compared with the finite element method solutions, showing good agreement. The main contribution of this paper is the identification of the factors which generate the development of impact stresses during the closing event in an internal- combustion engine valve and which could result in fatigue failure.
The influence of the crankshaft offset on the piston position, the indicated specific fuel economy and the emissions of a direct-injection diesel engine
Authors: MacMillan David , Law Theo , Shayler Paul J , Pegg Ian
Published: January 2014

The effect of offsetting the crankshaft from the cylinder centre-line by 20 mm towards the thrust side was investigated. The effect on the piston top-dead-centre and bottom-dead-centre positions, the valve timing requirements, the indicated performance and the emissions was examined. The investigation was carried out on a common-rail direct-injection diesel engine. The compression ratio was maintained constant, but the piston’s top-dead-centre position and the piston’s bottom-dead-centre position occur 5.5° crank angle later and 10.5° crank angle later respectively than for the zero-offset case. Camshaft position changes were used to retain either the same valve overlap or the same inlet and exhaust valve opening times as for the zero-offset case. The results show that the indicated performance changes are small and that the direction of change can vary with the operating condition. The largest changes in the nitrogen oxide emissions were consistently increases; the largest changes in the carbon monoxide emissions and the filter smoke number were consistently reductions. Small increases in the indicated specific fuel consumption occurred in the low-load cases and a larger reduction occurred in one of the high-load cases. The indicated mean effective pressure fell in the low-load condition and increased or was unchanged in the high-load condition. Overall, the effect of the offset on the indicated performance is minor and secondary to the effect on the rubbing friction; the results are similar when either the valve overlap or the valve opening time was maintained when the crankshaft was offset.
Characterization of the ignition and combustion processes of spray injected by a hole-type nozzle for a direct-injection spark ignition engine
Authors: Chen Run , Nishida Keiya , Kataoka Hajime
Published: January 2014

The spray-guided direct-injection spark ignition engine needs a stable ignition and combustion system for favourable operation. In this study, the effects of the ignition position (e.g. upstream, middle or downstream of the spray) and the timing (e.g. before, at or after the end of injection) respectively on the flame development and combustion processes of gasoline spray injected by a hole-type nozzle were investigated in a quiescent constant-volume vessel. OH* chemiluminescence was used to characterize the temporal and spatial distributions of the combusting activity and flame evolution. The soot formation process was clarified by using the high-speed imaging of two-colour pyrometry. At all the ignition positions, a moderate jet-to-jet variation in the maximum integrated OH* intensity was present as the fuel was ignited in the middle region of the spray. The over-lean mixture at the spark gap led to early flame decay and enhanced the variation in the combustion intensity. When the flame started to propagate, the decreased equivalence ratio distribution downstream of the ignition position tended to result in incomplete combustion with a pronounced long narrow flame shape and lower OH* emissions. The flame was impeded owing to the lean unburned mixture and the high flow velocity greater than the flame speed above the ignition position, causing it to propagate towards upstream of the spray. An over-rich mixture produced more soot during combustion, in accordance with the KL factor distribution. A potentially favourable condition for development of the flame and the combustion process was found when the fuel was ignited in the middle region of the spray, and the time when the injection was ended.
Optimization of an automobile curtain airbag using the design of experiments
Authors: Yun Yong-Won , Choi Jung-Sun , Park Gyung-Jin
Published: January 2014

A side collision of an automobile poses a higher risk of injury than a frontal collision does. Throughout the world, governments and insurance companies tend to establish and implement new safety standards for side collisions in order to ensure the safety of the occupants of vehicles. Most of the standards aim to reduce the head injury criterion. Currently, curtain-airbag systems are widely used and known to be the most effective means to reduce the head injury criterion in the event of a side collision. A curtain-airbag design procedure which uses modern optimization methods based on a newly defined design scenario to reduce the head injury criterion risks of the occupants of vehicles is introduced in this paper. The design scenario has two phases. In phase 1, various elements of the curtain airbag are defined as the design parameters. The variables are determined in a discrete space using an orthogonal array as well as in a continuous space using optimization where each function is approximated. In phase 2, important variables are extracted via a statistical method and those variables are determined in the same manner as in phase 1. As a result, the head injury criterion of the occupant is decreased significantly. The final design is discussed from a practical viewpoint.
The acoustic hysteresis effect in KIVA during the combustion process of internal-combustion engines
Authors: Li Wei , Xue Dongxin , Song Xigeng , Zhang Wenqian , Wang Di
Published: January 2014

The heat release of a chemical reaction is a major source of combustion noise in internal-combustion engines. The simulation grid cells in the combustion chamber whose heat release changes as the crank angle changes serve as noise sources. These sources produce acoustic waves. By means of combining the acoustic theory and the KIVA program, the regions around the noise sources are divided into the cells inside the acoustic wave and the cells outside the acoustic wave respectively according to the range of acoustic wave propagation. Therefore the pressure of the cells are calculated on the basis of the cells lying in the different regions. The process of pressure oscillations in specific positions can be shown in the results. The characteristics of the main acoustic sources which caused the pressure oscillations can be analysed. On comparing the simulations and the experiments, the hysteresis effect of acoustic wave propagation can be taken into account when studying the combustion process in internal-combustion engines.
Joint stiffness analysis and optimization as a mechanism for improving the structural design and performance of a vehicle
Authors: Kiani Morteza , Motoyama Keiichi , Rais-Rohani Masoud , Shiozaki Hirotaka
Published: January 2014

An approach is presented to evaluate the structural performance of a vehicle model in terms of the joint stiffness. Seven major joints on the left and right sides of the vehicle body are identified, and each joint is decomposed in the finite element model and assigned a separate set of material properties. By adjusting the elastic modulus of each structural member, the effects of the joint stiffness on the full and offset frontal impacts as well as the vibration characteristics are examined. Latin hypercube sampling is used in the design of experiments to approximate the acceleration, the intrusion distance, and the fundamental vibration frequencies using full quadratic polynomial response surface models. Through direct differentiation, the sensitivities of the crash responses and the vibration responses to the joint stiffness are calculated. A constrained multi-objective optimization problem is formulated and solved to improve the structural responses by adjusting the stiffness at each joint. Evaluation of the car body structure based on the optimum joint stiffness showed a superior performance relative to the baseline model without a weight penalty. The results of both the sensitivity analysis and the design optimization are presented and discussed.
Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of pressure-difference-limiting modulation of the hydraulic brake for regenerative braking control of electric vehicles
Authors: Lv Chen , Zhang Junzhi , Li Yutong , Sun Dongsheng , Yuan Ye
Published: January 2014

Because of its significant impact on the cooperative regenerative braking performance of electrified vehicles, the modulation effect of a hydraulic brake is of great importance. To improve the hydraulic brake control performance further, a novel pressure-difference-limiting control method for hydraulic pressure modulation based on on–off solenoid valves is proposed. The linear relationship between the coil current and the pressure difference across the valve is obtained. The characteristics of pressure-difference-limiting modulation are simulated and analysed. Then, a cooperative regenerative braking control algorithm based on the pressure-difference-limiting modulation of the hydraulic brake is designed. Hardware-in-the-loop tests of the algorithm under typical braking procedures are carried out. The test results demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the developed regenerative braking control algorithm and indicate that the proposed pressure-difference-limiting modulation method, which has an advantage over the conventional control based on a pulse-width-modulated signal with respect to the control accuracy of the hydraulic brake pressure, has great potential to improve the braking performance of a vehicle.
Design of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle control system utilizing a rule-based controller and an equivalent consumption minimization strategy
Authors: Škugor Branimir , Deur Joško , Cipek Mihael , Pavković Danijel
Published: January 2014

The paper proposes a power-split hybrid electric vehicle control strategy that combines a rule-based controller, including a state-of-charge controller and engine start–stop logic, with a precisely formulated equivalent consumption minimization strategy. A one-dimensional directional search-based instantaneous equivalent consumption minimization strategy optimization and a two-dimensional directional search-based instantaneous equivalent consumption minimization strategy optimization are used to find optimal powertrain points in high-efficiency engine map regions that are previously determined by an offline optimization approach. The simulation results confirm that the rule-based controller performance can be significantly improved when extended with the proposed equivalent consumption minimization strategy formulation, without requiring an adaptive empirical penalty factor to satisfy the state-of-charge sustainability condition. The proposed rule-based + equivalent consumption minimization strategy control strategies were verified against a dynamic-programming-based optimization benchmark for different certification driving cycles.
Evaluation of a partnership between primary and secondary care providing an accessible Level 1 sexual health service in the community
Authors: Kelly Carmel , Johnston Jillian , Carey Fiona
Published: January 2014

Summary

Comprehensive testing for asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections in Northern Ireland has traditionally been provided by genitourinary medicine clinics. As patient demand for services has increased while budgets have remained limited, there has been increasing difficulty in accommodating this demand. In May 2013, the newly commissioned specialist Sexual Health service in the South Eastern Trust sought to pilot a new model of care working alongside a GP partnership of 12 practices. A training programme to enable GPs and practice nurses to deliver Level 1 sexual health care to heterosexual patients aged >16 years, in accordance with the standards of BASHH, was developed. A comprehensive care pathway and dedicated community health advisor supported this new model with close liaison between primary and secondary care. Testing for Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HIV and syphilis was offered. The aims of the pilot were achieved, namely to provide accessible, cost-effective sexual health care within a framework of robust clinical governance. Furthermore, it uncovered a high positivity rate for Chlamydia, especially in young men attending their general practice, and demonstrated a high level of patient satisfaction. Moreover the capacity of secondary care to deliver Levels 2 and 3 services was increased.
Different strategies of 25OH vitamin D supplementation in HIV-positive subjects
Authors: Falasca Katia , Ucciferri Claudio , Di Nicola Marta , Vignale Francesca , Di Biase Jessica , Vecchiet Jacopo
Published: January 2014

Summary

A high incidence of 25OH vitamin D deficiency has been observed in HIV-infected subjects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cholecalciferol administration on serum 25OH vitamin D levels in HIV-infected patients. This prospective cohort study included 153 HIV-positive subjects; 47 were treated with 300,000 IU intramuscular cholecalciferol, 67 with 25,000 IU oral cholecalciferol monthly, while the remaining 39 did not receive any treatment. The group treated orally had an increase of serum 25OH vitamin D concentration, changing from 15.7 ± 12.2 ng/mL to 27.4 ± 11.6 ng/mL after 10 months (T10). The group treated with intramuscular supplementation had an improvement, changing from 18.5 ± 10.5 ng/mL to 32.9.0 ± 12.2 ng/mL at T10. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance indicated a significant difference for 25OH vitamin D variation ( p = 0.002) among the three groups. A significant effect of time ( p < 0.001) and group × time interaction ( p < 0.001) was found: at T10, 25OH vitamin D values were significantly higher in the oral and intramuscular groups with respect to the control group. Our findings showed that the supplementation with cholecalciferol in patients with HIV-infection improved 25OH vitamin D serum levels, and suggest that the two types of administration are equivalent, but are insufficient for severe forms of hypovitaminosis.
Factors related to Israeli lesbian women's intention to be vaccinated against human papillomavirus
Authors: Ben-Natan Merav , Maor Shir
Published: January 2014

Summary

Lesbian women's susceptibility to human papillomavirus infection and, as a consequence, to cervical cancer, is similar to that of heterosexual women. However, little is known about factors related to lesbian women's intention to be vaccinated against human papillomavirus. The aim of the study was to identify factors related to Israeli lesbian women's intention to be vaccinated, using the Health Belief Model. The study has a cross-sectional design. A convenience sample of 207 lesbian women recruited at clubs in central Israel's lesbian community completed a questionnaire, based on the Health Belief Model. Thirty-two percent of the respondents reported having a high intention to be vaccinated. Perceived susceptibility to cervical cancer and perceived benefits of human papillomavirus vaccination were found to be related to intention to be vaccinated. The findings offer insights that can inform health care providers of strategies to promote vaccination against human papillomavirus in this unique population.
‘The chearful haunts’: John Armstrong (1709–1779), physician, poet, satirist and leveller of medical knowledge
Authors: Bryan Charles S , Scott Patrick
Published: January 2014

John Armstrong, the first honours graduate of the University of Edinburgh School of Medicine, was famous in his day for a lengthy didactic poem entitled The Art of Preserving Health (1744). He is now obscure except to scholars specializing in the 18th century and, when discussed at all, often dismissed as a failed physician who wrote mediocre poetry in a quest for money and fame. A new exegesis by Adam Budd exhumes Armstrong as an original voice who offered timely and reassuring advice to Britons as they braced for another epidemic of plague; who depicted illness through the lens of a vulnerable and sympathetic physician, and who was perhaps above all else a leveller of medical knowledge. Elaborating on Budd's thesis, it would seem that Armstrong, a complicated man, has frequently been misread and was in some ways ahead of his time.
Goldilocks or Granny?: Portrayals of deafness in the English novel
Authors: Dakin Paul
Published: January 2014

This paper examines the portrayal of characters that are deaf in 29 English novels written over 300 years by mainstream authors for a largely hearing readership. Their attributes are examined with particular reference to the mode of communication, education, medical intervention and issues of identity, and as to how far these portrayals resonate with the experience of persons with hearing loss by comparison to contemporary deaf narratives. The reasons why hearing authors include such representations are considered and two categories of iconic character are identified – ‘Goldilocks’ and ‘Granny’, discussing how far these portrayals truly inform about deafness or reflect the underlying attitudes of the author and the society they represent.
Sangye Gyatso (1653–1705) and the medical paintings of Tibet
Authors: Chen Thomas SN , Chen Peter SY
Published: January 2014

Sangye Gyatso played a major role in the politics of 17th century Tibet, and was the originator of the medical paintings that encompassed the full scope of Tibetan medicine.

The depictions became an important aid in medical education, and was heavily influenced by Buddhist thinking. The paintings arose in a visual culture dominated by religious art.
Professor Georgy Nestorovich Speransky (1873–1969): A great soviet paediatrician
Authors: Sher Stella
Published: January 2014

This paper is a biography of a great Soviet paediatrician, Professor Georgy Nestorovich Speransky, known as the founder of Russian neonatology. He was the organizer, Director and scientific leader of the first State Research Institute of Maternity and Infant Care in the USSR which later was reorganized as the State Research Institute of Paediatrics of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. He organized the first Russian medical department of childhood diseases at the Central Institute of Continuing Education for Medical Doctors, where he and his colleagues taught physiology and pathology. He was one of the initiators of a free state system of maternity and infant health care and infant mortality was decreased tenfold.
Karl Friedrich Meyer (1884–1974): His ambitions, approach and achievements
Authors: Gessner Urs
Published: January 2014

Karl Meyer was one of the outstanding scientists in the areas of medical and veterinary microbiology, infectious diseases, pathology, epidemiology, ecology, academic education and public health during the first half of the 20th century. He was an exceptional scientist with an enormous drive to deepen knowledge and understanding, in the interest of the people, to improve diagnosis and treatment of many zoonoses including prevention and improvement in health laws. This paper presents a survey of the extraordinarily wide-ranging achievements of Meyer and his systems approach.
Garment homework in Argentina: Drawing together the threads of informal and precarious work
Authors: Burchielli Rosaria , Delaney Annie , Goren Nora
Published: January 2014

This article explores and applies Kalleberg’s concept and dimensions of precarious work in relation to garment homework in Argentina. Although precarious work exists across formal and informal employment, its nature and dimensions are most commonly researched in relation to formal work in developed economies where the loss of standard conditions can be documented. Similarly, homework is most usually discussed as a category of informal work, in the context of developing countries, within which precariousness is one among numerous aspects of adverse job quality. Applying the concept of precariousness enables homework to be assessed systematically against specific labour standards, yielding a more powerful analysis than reference to a general deficit. This may increase our understanding of homework especially with regard to addressing labour standards.
Situational Interest and Instructional Design
Authors: Clapper Timothy C.
Published: January 2014

The education reformer, Horace Mann once suggested that trying to teach a learner without creating interest is like hammering cold iron. All too often, health care educators begin an instructional session while the mind of the learner is focused on places other than on the subject to be learned. Regardless of specialization, understanding situational interest and ways to nurture it in the facilitation process is important for educators. However, it is especially important for the health care community as it helps us to develop best practices in instructional design and facilitation that can improve simulation-based instruction. This article defines situational interest and explains how instructional design can generate such interest with the use of advance organizers, active learning strategies, and the practices of effective reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action. Developing situational interest may lead to an individual interest or passion for the subject, foster lifelong learning, and encourage learners to return for additional simulation-based learning experiences.
Music and Literacy
Authors: Frasher Kathleen Diane
Published: January 2014

Music and literacy share many of the same skills; therefore, it is no surprise that music and literacy programs can be used together to help children learn to read. Music study can help promote literacy skills such as vocabulary, articulation, pronunciation, grammar, fluency, writing, sentence patterns, rhythm/parts of speech, auditory processing, and prosody. Using music to help promote reading comprehension and literacy skills is beneficial for young children. Teachers who include music in their reading programs notice that their students are more motivated to learn. Music teachers can also help promote literacy within our own programs by using finger plays, singing, singing games, poems, and stories that include rhyme, rhythm, and alliteration—materials already part of our music curricula. Having music specialists, reading specialists, and general classroom teachers working together to promote student literacy can help make students more strategic readers.
The Troubles of Telling
Authors: Broom Alex , Kirby Emma , Good Phillip , Wootton Julia , Adams Jon
Published: January 2014

Communication about palliative care represents one of the most difficult interpersonal aspects of medicine. Delivering the “terminal” diagnosis has traditionally been the focus of research, yet transitions to specialist palliative care are equally critical clinical moments. Here we focus on 20 medical specialists’ strategies for engaging patients around referral to specialist palliative care. Our aim was to develop an understanding of the logics that underpin their communication strategies when negotiating this transition. We draw on qualitative interviews to explore their accounts of deciding whether and when to engage in referral discussions; the role of uncertainty and the need for hope in shaping communication; and their perceptions of how patient biographies might shape their approaches to, and communication about, the end of life. On the basis of our analysis, we argue that communication is embedded in social relations of hope, justice, and uncertainty, as well as being shaped by patient biographies.
Perinatal Depression Treatment Preferences Among Latina Mothers
Authors: Lara-Cinisomo Sandraluz , Wisner Katherine L. , Burns Rachel M. , Chaves-Gnecco Diego
Published: January 2014

The study described here was designed to determine treatment preferences among Latinas to identify treatment options that meet their needs and increase their engagement. Focus group interviews were conducted with 22 prenatal and postpartum Latinas at risk for depression. The group interviews were conducted in Spanish and English using a standardized interview protocol. Focus group transcripts were analyzed to identify themes regarding perinatal depression coping strategies, preferred approaches to treating perinatal depression, and recommendations for engaging perinatal Latinas in treatment. The results suggest that Latinas’ treatment preferences consist of a pathway (i.e., hierarchical) approach that begins with the use of one’s own resources, followed by the use of formal support systems (e.g., home-visiting nurse), and supplemented with the use of behavioral therapy. Antidepressant use was judged to be acceptable only in severe cases or after delivery. The data indicate that to increase health-seeking behaviors among perinatal Latinas, practitioners should first build trust.
On Ethical (In)Decisions Experienced by Parents of Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care
Authors: van Manen Michael A.
Published: January 2014

This study was a phenomenological investigation of ethical decisions experienced by parents of newborns in neonatal intensive care. I explore the lived meanings of thematic events that speak to the variable ways that ethical situations may be experienced: a decision that was never a choice; a decision as looking for a way out; a decision as thinking and feeling oneself through the consequences; a decision as indecision; and a decision as something that one falls into. The concluding recommendations spell out the need for understanding the experiences of parents whose children require medical care and underscore the tactful sensitivities required of the health care team during moral–ethical decision making.
Strengths-Oriented Therapeutic Conversations for Families of Children With Chronic Illnesses
Authors: Svavarsdottir Erla Kolbrun , Sigurdardottir Anna Olafia , Tryggvadottir Gudny Bergthora
Published: January 2014

Psychosocial services have been recommended for families of children with chronic illnesses to assist them in adjusting to the illness experience. However, little is known about the benefit of psychosocial interventions in clinical practice. This study aimed at evaluating the benefits of a two-session family therapeutic conversation intervention (FAM-TCIs) for families of children diagnosed with asthma, cancer, or diabetes. A secondary data analysis was conducted on intervention data from 37 families of children with chronic illnesses. Mothers of the children/teenagers perceived significantly higher family support after the FAM-TCI compared with before; mothers reported significantly higher collaboration and problem-solving abilities on the expressive family functioning scale after the FAM-TCI. However, no significant differences were found on the fathers’ perceived family support nor on their expressive family functioning after the FAM-TCI compared with that before the intervention. It is promising that mothers of children with chronic illness perceived the two-session FAM-TCI to be beneficial to them. More attention should be paid to psychosocial interventions for families of children with chronic illnesses.
Rationally Irrational
Authors: Pedneault Amelie , Beauregard Eric , Harris Danielle A. , Knight Raymond A.
Published: January 2014

The present study investigated rationality in sexually motivated burglaries. Specifically, we analyzed the situational cues identified by sexual burglars in their target selection. The research project investigated 224 individual incidents of residential burglary with apparent sexual motivations. Situational characteristics of the incidents were recorded and analyzed using forward sequential regressions. Results indicated that most sexually motivated burglaries occurred in occupied residences with deficient physical guardianship, when the victim was alone. Violence, theft, penetration, and fetishism were found to be committed in circumstances that increased the benefits and lowered the risks. Results showed that sexual burglary is rational in nature—sexual burglars chose residences that were easy to break into. We found little support for the premise that such opportunities arose while carrying out regular burglaries. Instead, the data indicated that sexual burglars acted opportunistically on situational cues that are markedly dissimilar to those of regular burglars.
Accident Proneness in Children and Adolescents Affected by ADHD and the Impact of Medication
Authors: Lange Hannah , Buse Judith , Bender Stephan , Siegert Joachim , Knopf Hildtraud , Roessner Veit
Published: January 2014

Objective: This study aims to ascertain once and for all whether children and adolescents affected by ADHD show a higher risk for accidents, as well as investigating a possible association between the administration of ADHD-specific medication and the occurrence of accidents. Method: Two exceptionally large sets of data were implemented in this analysis. Participants included children and adolescents representative of the entire German population. Data for Survey 1 was collected through extensive administration of questionnaires. Data for Survey 2 stemmed from the records of a leading German health insurance company. In terms of statistical analysis, chi-square tests as well as logistic regression analyses were applied and odds ratios (ORs) were determined. Results: Innovative results are presented showing a significantly higher likelihood for ADHD-affected youngsters to be involved in accidents compared with their nonaffected counterparts (Survey 1: OR = 1.60; Survey 2: OR = 1.89) but lacking an overall significant influence of medication regarding the occurrence of accidents (Survey 1: OR = 1.28; Survey 2: OR = 0.97). Frequency of accidents could be predicted by ADHD, gender, and age in both samples. Medication intake served as a weak predictor only in Survey 2. Conclusion: It has been determined in two representative and independent German samples that youngsters with ADHD are at a significantly higher risk of being involved in accidents. In the future, this should always be considered when setting up a treatment plan to ensure a safer and healthier coming of age without relying solely on specific effects of medication. (J. of Att. Dis. 2016; 20(6) 501-509)
ADHD and Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Van Eck Kathryn , Ballard Elizabeth , Hart Shelley , Newcomer Ali , Musci Rashelle , Flory Kate
Published: January 2014

Objective: ADHD appears to increase risk for both depression and suicidal ideation, while ADHD and depression are also associated with emotion regulation deficits. Thus, we evaluated the degree to which depression mediated the association between ADHD and suicidal ideation, as well as the degree to which emotion regulation deficits moderated the association ADHD shared with depression and suicidal ideation in a nonclinical sample. Method: Participants were undergraduate psychology students ( N = 627; age: M = 20.23, SD = 1.40; 60% female; 47% European American) who completed an online assessment. Results: Results indicated that ADHD indirectly increased suicidal ideation through depression. Emotion regulation deficits of accepting negative emotions, emotional awareness, and goal-oriented behavior moderated the indirect effect of ADHD on suicidal ideation. Conclusion: Depression appears to play an important mediating role in suicidal ideation for college students with ADHD, and specific emotion regulation deficits appear to amplify the effects of ADHD on depression and suicidal ideation.