bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparing For The Future
Authors: Bujra Abdalla
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The introduction starts by arguing the case for “preparing for the future”. Such preparation requires a serious scientific undertaking and warns African governments from the simplistic approaches of consultants, who claim to be “experts” at divining “prophesizing” the future.

A brief survey is then made of the various attempts to prepare for the future during the last 30 years. It is asserted that, these attempts have not been implemented and have been overwhelmed by the “crises management culture” of the last 15 years.

The themes and issues presented by the contributors are then discussed in terms of what the contributors thought were the causes of Africa's crises, what major long‐term trends they have identified and what long‐term strategies they suggest.

Some probable future scenarios are then presented with regards to Africa's position in the global system (both economic and political) and other normative scenarios of several probable futures for Africa.

Finally the Malaysian experience, its vision and programme to become a developed country by 2020 is discussed briefly as an example for Africans to study carefully and integrate what is useful in their strategies. In preparing for the future, Africa should use the comparative approach, of looking at the experiences of other countries, rather than carry out this important undertaking in isolation.

Résumé: L'introduction commence par l'analyse de la préparation de l'avenir. Une telle préparation fait appel à une démarche scientifique sérieuse et met en garde les gouvcrncments des pays africains contre les approches simplistes des consultants qui pretendent etre des “experts” en matiere de “prediction” de l'avenir.

Le document passe ensuite brièvement en revue les diverses tentatives faites par des pays africains, et non africains ces trente dernières années, pour préparer l'avenir. Cependant, ces tentatives n'ont pas été mises en oeuvre et ont été noyées par la “culture de la gestion de crises” au cours des quinze années écoulées.

Les thèmes et les questions présentés par les participants ont été ensuite examinés pour déterminer les causes qu'ils trouvent à ces crises, les tendances et les stratégies à long terme qu'ils ont identifiées et qu'ils proposent.

Quelques scénarii futurs probables ont été ensuite présentés concernant la situation de l'Afrique dans le système économique et politique mondial et d'autres scénarii normatifs de diverses autres probabilités de futur pour l'Afrique.

Enfin, le document examine brièvement l'expérience de la Malaisie, sa perception du développemcnt et son programme pour transformer ce pays en un pays dévéloppé d'ici à l'an 2020, comme un exemple que les pays africains pourraient étudier minutieusement pour intégrer à leurs stratégies les aspects qu'ils jugeront utiles. Pour préparer l'avenir, l'Afrique doit utiliser la méthode comparative et s'inspirer de l'expérience d'autres pays plutôt que de mener cette importante entreprise en vase clos.
Africa and The Global System Disaster
Authors: Amin Samir
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The study proposes a critical review of the national modernization project on which every African country embarked as from 1960. Beyond the number of variants of this project based on the social content of the national liberation movement and the development strategy options implemented, the author reviews what he considers to be their common denominator, applicable to the entire third world for the whole post‐war (1945‐90) period which he calls the Bandoung period. He describes it as a bourgeois project, although there is no real national bourgeoisie: an attempt to build “capitalism without capitalists”. He then proposes a list of its achievements, on the basis of his own criteria, that of national construction and those of the populism of some experiences. He also proposes a classification based on the supreme criterion of the logic of capitalist globalization, that of the capacity of new industries to be competitive on world markets and explains Africa's failure from this standpoint by the delay caused by colonization in solving the agricultural problem. In the light of these considerations, he reviews the nature of the challenges raised today by globalization and outlines the main features of the transformations required in the design of national and regional policies and in the organization of the world system which could sustain a new departure for Africa.

Résumé: L‘étude propose une lecture critique du projet national de modernisation dans lequel l'ensemble des pays africains se sont engagés à partir de 1960. L'auteur examine, par delà la variété des variantes de ce projet tenant au contenu social du mouvement de libération national et aux options de stratégie de développement mises en oeuvre, ce qui lui apparaît constituer leur dénominateur commun, caractéristique de toute la période de l'après guerre (1945‐90) pour l'ensemble du tiers monde. II qualifie cette période de Bandoung. II catalogue ce projet de bourgeois, en dépit de l'absence d'une véritable bourgeoisie nationale, et l'analyse comme une tentative de construction “d'un capitalisme sans capitaliste”. II propose ensuite un bilan de ses réalisations, sur la base de ses propres critères, celui de la construction nationale et ceux du populisme de certaines expériences. II propose également un classement fondé sur le crière suprême de la logique de la mondialisation capitaliste, celui de la capacité des industries nouvelles de faire face à la compétition sur le marché mondial et explique l’échec africain de ce point de vue par le retard que la colonisation a apportée à la révolution agricole. A à lumière de ces considérations il examine la nature des défis que la mondialisation constitute aujourd'hui et brosse les grands traits des transformations que s'imposent dans la conception des politiques nationales et régionales et dans l'organisation du système mondial, susceptibles de soutenir un nouveau départ de l'Afrique.
Impact of Socio‐Economic Factors on Risk Behaviour of Small Farmers: An Empirical Evidence from Oyo North Agricultural Development Project, Nigeria
Authors: Adubi A. A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This study examines the extent to which incorporation of elicited risk attitudes of farmers can help in farm planning. It also explores the possibility of explaining risk behaviour of farmers from their socio‐economic characteristics. Age of farmers, farm income, family size, off farm income and loan procurement were found significant in this regard.

Résumé: L'étude examine dans quelle mesure la prise en compte des attitudes à risque mises au jour chez les agricultcurs peut contribuer à la planification agricole. Elle explore également la possibilité d'expliquer 1e comportement à risque des agriculteurs par leurs caractéristiques socioéconomiques. L'âge des agriculteurs, le revenu agricole, la taille de la famille, 1a revenu autre qu'agricolc et 1'octroi des prêts sont jugés importants à cet égard.
Developing Decentralized Capacity for Development Policy Analysis: Lessons for Agricultural Development from Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring in Malawi*
Authors: Babu Suresh Chandra , Ng'Ong‘Ola D.H. , Mthindi G.B.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Lack of sufficient analytical capacity in most of the developing countries in sub‐Saharan Africa has been suggested frequently as a major factor determining the appropriateness of development policy interventions. This paper documents an approach implemented in Malawi for the past three years to develop decentralized capacity to analyze development policies and programs. A conceptual framework for identifying the areas of capacity strengthening in development policy analysis is developed. Generalizable lessons from Malawi's experience in decentralized capacity strengthening arc presented. Various issues that relate to enhancing the efficiency of capacity building programmes in sub‐Saharan African are addressed. It is argued that continuous dialogue between development researchers and policy decisionmakers and between the trainers in academic institutions and donor agencies is fundamental for achieving the goals of improved capacity for development policy analysis.

Résumé: On avance souvent que l'absence de capacité d'analyse suffisante dans la plupart des pays en développcment d'Afrique subsaharienne constitue l'un des facteurs qui conditionne l'opportunité des interventions en matière de politique de développement. Ce document présente unc approche mise en ocuvre au Malawi au cours des trois dernières années en vuc de développer la capacité décentralisée à analyser les politiques et programmes de développement. Il met au point un cadre conceptuel pour l'identification des domaines nécessitant un appui institutionnel au niveau de 1'analysc des politiques de développement. Des leçons susceptibles d'être généralisées sont tirées de l'expérience du Malawi en matière de renforcement de la capacité décentralisée. Diverses questions ayant trait à l'amélioration de l'efficacité des programmes de renforcement des capacités en Afrique subsaharienne sont abordées. Il est avancé que le dialogue permanent entre chercheurs s'intéressant au développcment et décideurs, et entre formateurs des institutions académiques et organismes d'aide est essentielle pour atteindrc l'objectif d'amélioration de la capacité d'analyse des politiques de développement.
Black Market Exchange Rate Behaviour in African Countries: Evidence From an Eclectic Model
Authors: Odedokun M.O.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The study analyzes black market exchange rate behaviour in 18 African countries with pooled quarterly data over 1980 (I)‐1991 (IV) period. Ideas contained in the existing frameworks—“real trade”, monetary and currency substitution ones—are synthesized in identifying the possible determinants of black market exchange rate tested for. Our findings suggest that money stock: depreciation of domestic currency, in the official market; expected depreciation of parallel rate; expected domestic inflation; and domestic interest rate cause domestic currency to depreciate in the parallel market while expected world inflation; domestic real GDP, and availability of foreign reserves have opposite effects.

Résumé: Cette étude analyse le comportement des taux dc change du marché noir dans 18 pays africains en utilisant des données trimcstrielles groupées, étalées sur la période allant de 1980 (I) a 1991 (IV). Les concepts utilisés dans les modèles existants—ceux des “échanges réels” et de la substitution entre monnaics—sont synthétisés pour identifier les déterminants possibles des taux de change du marché noir. Les résultats dc l'analyse portent à croire que la masse monétaire, la dépréciation dc la monnaie locale sur le marché officiel, les anticipations dc dépréciation du taux parallèle, les prévisions d'inflation intérieure et les taux d'intérêt sur le marché intérieur engendrent unc dépréciation de la monnaie locale sur le marché parallèle, tandis que lcs anticipations d'inflation mondiale, lc PIB réel et la disponibilité dc réserves extérieures engendrent l‘éffet inverse.
Zambia in the 1990s as a Case of Adjustment in Africa
Authors: White Howard
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Zambia is a potential model adjuster: a country rich in natural resources and which has in recent years made strenuous efforts to reverse the interventionist policies of the past. This paper compares Zambia's adjustment experience with the claims made in the World Bank report Adjustment in Africa. It is shown that the largely rosy picture given in that report is not to be seen in the Zambian case.

Résumé: La Zambie est un modèle potentiel en matière d'ajustement. Riche en ressources naturelles, ce pays s'est résolument efforcée, ces derniéres années, d'inverser les politiques interventionnistes du passé. L'auteur évalue l'expérience zambienne de la ajustement au regard des opinions formulées dans le rapport de la Banque mondiale intituléL'ajustement en Afrique. Il demontre que le tableau largement positif qui se dégage de ce rapport ne se vérifie pas dans le cas de la Zambie.
Note on Dynamic Growth of Catch‐up Capitalism in Japan: Enterprise Networking and its Relevance
Authors: Inukai Ichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This note discusses the factors behind the rapid economic development of Japan this century. Japan's experience as a latecomer in industrialisation has attracted considerable interest in both developed and developing countries, especially after the recent dynamic waves of industrial development in East and South East Asia. While Japan initially adopted a strategy of borrowing knowledge from the backlog of that accumulated among industrialised predecessors, it did not remain an imitator for long, but made a variety of institutional and organisational innovative changes to the original capitalist model. In this note, we argue that one of the most critical innovations has been the creation of enterprise networking which is a system of inter‐firm linkages through which market transactions are internalised within a web of enterprises based on division of production processes. We also suggest that these enterprise networks are not, as is sometimes argued, unique to Japanese culture, but that they should be an indispensable part of institutional capacity building in any country. Many developing countries could, therefore, benefit from organising their small formal and informal sector firms into networks of production activities.

Résumé: Dans cet article, l'auteur analyse les facteurs sous‐jacents à la rapide expansion économique que le Japon a connue au cours de ce sièecle. L'expérience du Japon, tard‐venu à l'industrialisation, a suscité un intérèt considerable tant dans les pays développés que dans les pays en développement, notamment aprés les récentes et puissantes vagues de développement industriel en Asie de l'est et du sud‐est. Certes, la stratégie initialement adoptée par le Japon a consistéà“emprunter” la somme de connaissances accumulée par ses devanciers dans le processus d'industrialisation, mais il n'a pas conservé longtemps le statut d'imitateur, apportant au contraire diverses innovations institutionnelles et organisationnelles au modéle capitaliste d'origine. L'auteur fait valoir que l'une des innovations les plus fondamentales a été la création des réseaux d'entreprises, système de liaisons permettant d'internaliser les transactions de marché‘ au sein d'un réseau d'entreprises sur la base d'une division des processus de production. Par cette analyse, l'auteur fait valoir que ces réseaux d'entreprises ne dénotent pas, comme on le prétend parfois, une caractéristique particuliére de la culture japonaise, mais qu'ils devraient constituer une composante indispensable du processus de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles dans tous les pays. Par conséquent, de nombreux pays en développement pourraient, avec profit, organiser les petites entreprises de leur secteur structuré et de leur secteur informel en des réseaux d'activités de production.
The Internet in Africa: Global Forces, African Challenges
Authors: Akhtar Shahid , Song Steve
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The popular images of the high‐tech world with its cellular phones, computers, modems and web pages appear in stark contrast with the image of rural African life. While many African communities face critical battles with illiteracy, poverty, health care and sanitation, among others, why should ever‐diminishing development aid be spent on assisting the growth of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Africa. The answer lies in understanding the global impact of the growth of ICTs and also in understanding their potential to act as a catalyst to increase the effectiveness of any development initiative. This article explores the current global impact of ICTs and their relevance for the African continent.

Les images populaires du monde de la haute technologie fait de téléphones cellulaires, d'ordinateurs, de modems et de pages Web contrastent nettement avec l'image de la vie rurale. Pourquoi doit‐on affecter l'aide au développement dont le volume se rétrécit comme une peau de chagrin pour favoriser la croissance des technologies de l'information et de la communication en Afrique, alors que bon nombre de communautés africaines mènent une lutte acharnée contre l'analphabétisme, la pauvreté, l'absence de soins de santé et d'hygiène, pour ne citer que ces maux. La réponse se trouve dans la compréhension de l'incidence mondiale de la croissance des technologies de l'information et de la communication et aussi dans la compréhension de leur rôle potentiel de catalyseur dans l'amélioration de l'efficacité de toute initiative de développement Le présent article fait le tour de l'incidence globale actuelle des technologies de l'informationetde la communication et de leur importance pour le continent africain.
The Emerging Global Electronic Messaging and Networking Technologies: An Analysis of their Potential Developmental Impact in Africa
Authors: Dzidonu Clement K. , Rodrigues Tony , Okot‐Uma Rogers
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Global communications facilitated by the emerging sophisticated globally based technologies are changing the way we interact both at the individual level as well as the organizational and institutional level. These emerging electronic messaging and networking technologies are rapidly removing the traditional barriers of time and distance that until now hindered the transfer of information, skill and expertise from one place to another. In this paper, we focus on identifying and analyzing in broad terms the potential developmental implications, namely: the opportunities, challenges and threats of these emerging technologies, within the African context. We examine the opportunities that African establishments in both the private and the public sector can derive from these emerging globally based electronic messaging technologies. Moreover, we identify the inherent threats and challenges that African countries need to overcome in order to fully take advantage of these technological opportunities, using electronic distance education (EDE) as a case study.

Les communications globales, facilitées par les technologies mondiales nouvelles et complexes sont en train de changer nos modes d'interaction tant à l‘échelon individuel qu’à l‘échelon organisationnel et institutionnel. Ces technologies nouvelles de messagerie électronique et de constitution de réseaux sont en train de faire sauter rapidement les barrières traditionnelles qu’éaient le temps et la distance qui, jusqu'ici, entravaient le transfert de l'information, des compétences et de l'expertise d'un lieu à un autre. Le présent article est axé“sur l'identification et l'analyse dans les grandes lignes des incidences éventuelles de ces technologies sur le développement notamment: les opportunités, les défis et les risques de ces technologies nouvelles dans le contexte africain. Les auteurs de l'article examinent les possibilités que ces technologies mondiales nouvelles de messagerie électronique offrent aux établissements africains privés et publics. En outre, ils identifient les risques et défis que les pays africains doivent surmonter pour tirer pleinement parti des possibilités offertes par ces technologies nouvelles, en utilisant comme étude de cas l'enseignement électronique à distance.
A Review of Macroeconomic Impediments to Technology Adoption in African Agriculture
Authors: Kayizzi‐Mugerwa Steve
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The goals of science and technology in Africa are often defined in broad socio‐economic terms: increasing agricultural productivity in order to eradicate hunger and rural poverty; raising rural health standards via improved nutrition and sanitation etc. However, the paper argues that few of these goals can be achieved, let alone sustained, in die absence of a sound macroeconomic environment. Policies have not been supportive of market‐based initiatives and a high degree of uncertainty persists. It is argued, for example, that rural dwellers resist adoption of high‐yielding varieties, not for lack of education, but because it is not profitable or markets are difficult to reach. There is also need to complement reform measures with non‐market initiatives, especially in the areas of property rights, and infrastructure provision.

Les objectives de la science et de la technologie en Afrique sont souvent définis en termes socio‐économiques généraux tels que l'acroissement de la productivité agricole en vue de vaincre la faim et la pauvreté rurale, d'ameliorer les conditions de santé rurale par l'amélioration de la nutrition et de l'hygiene, etc. Cependant, l'article fait observer que, faute d'un environment macroéconomique solide, quelque‐uns seulement de ces objectifs peuvent être atteints dans le meilleur des cas. Les politiques n'ont pas soutenu les initiatives fondées sur le marché et une grande incertitude persiste. Par exemple, les habitants des zones rurales résitent à l'adoption de variétés à haut rendement, non pas par manque d'éducation nécessaire, mais parceque ces variétés ne sont pas rémunératices ou les marchés sont difficiles d'accés. Il y a également lieu de compléter les réformes par des initiatives non fondées sur le marché, en particulier dans les domaines des droits de propriêté et des infrastructures.
Les Technologies du 21 ème Siècle applicables au Secteur Agricole et Agro‐alimentaire: Opportunites ou Menaces pour L'Afrique
Authors: KANE Ousmane
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The advent of frontier technology, which has led to profound socioeconomic changes in the new world order, is a major challenge for Africa at the dawn of the 21stcentury. With both hopes and threats for the development of Africa, these new technologies require special attention. After defining the main features and overall challenges, the author lays emphasis on the need to make technological choices which adequately meet the specific requirements of each country. In this respect, he chooses, for the agricultural and agro‐food sector, examples of biotechnologies, remote sensing and lyophilization to determine the principles and applications, as well as the specific challenges, opportunities and threats. In conclusion, the need for a solid strategy of technological innovation based on the various development sectors is recommended.

L'avènement des Technologies de Pointe, à l'origine de profondes mutations socio‐économiques caractérisa le nouvel ordre mondial, constitue pour l'Afrique un enjeu majeur, à l'orée du 21 ème siècle. A la fois porteuses d'espoirs comme de menaces pour le développement africain, ces nouvelles technologies doivent dès lors faire l'objet d'une attention particulière. Après en avoir défini les principals caractéristiques et les enjeux globaux, l'auteur met l'accent sur la nécessité d'opérer des choix technologiques répondant adéquatement aux besoins spécifiques de chaque pays. A cet égard, il a, pour le secteur agricole et agro‐alimentaire, choisi l'exemple des biotechnologies, de la télédétection et de la lyophilisation pour en situer tant les principes et applications que les enjeux, opportunités et menaces spécifiques. En conclusion, la nécessité d'une stratégie vigoureuse d'innovation technologique, articulée aux différents secteurs de développement a été recommandée.
Introduction: Natural resources and ethnic conflicts in Asia Pacific
Authors: Fox Jefferson , Swamy Arun
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  The papers in this special issue are the product of a comparative interdisciplinary workshop on ‘Natural Resources and Violent Ethnic Conflicts in the Asia Pacific Region’ held in Honolulu, Hawaii, 18–20 March 2005. The workshop brought together scholars who study conflicts between ethnic groups and those who study conflicts over natural resource claims in order to examine the interplay of resources and ethnicity and to seek answers to the question of why violence occurs in some cases and not in others. Both sets of scholars agreed on some points but disagreed on others. They agreed that ethnic and resource grievances occur not so much out of objective deprivation but out of ‘relative deprivation’ when groups compare their situation with others, to the past, or to future expectations. They both stressed the role of democratic processes in alleviating resource competition and ethnic conflicts – but they did this in different ways. The perspectives and solutions offered by these papers sum to a deeper and more contextualised understanding of the cause of conflict and to mutually reinforcing solutions for resolving them.
Understanding ‘resource’ conflicts in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Banks Glenn
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Papua New Guinea, with its heavy dependence on natural resources, limited economic development in the past two decades, poor record of governance and high‐profile separatist conflicts such as the Bougainville civil war, appears to be an exemplar of the ‘Resource Curse’ theory – the notion that natural resources actively undermine economic development. Using a number of examples from a range of scales, this paper argues that what appear to be ‘resource’ conflicts in Papua New Guinea are actually better conceived as conflicts around identity and social relationships. The very different conceptualisation of natural resources in most Melanesian societies – as elements of the social world as much as any external environmental sphere – means that resources become a conduit for local social and political agendas and tensions to be expressed. The nature of traditional conflict in Melanesian societies is discussed as a guide to the better management and resolution of what appear to be ‘resource’ conflicts in Papua New Guinea.
Adding an expert to the team: The expert flight plan critic*
Authors: Gibbons Andrew , Waki Randy , Fairweather Peter
Published: March 2008

This paper reports the development of a practical tool that provides expert feedback to students following an extended simulation exercise in cross‐country flight planning. In contrast to development for laboratory settings, the development of an expert instructional product for everyday use posed some interesting challenges, including dealing with a larger content scope, less ideal and controllable content structure, greater emphasis on the completeness and continuity of the student experience, and more stringent limits on time and money. Moreover, the transition from laboratory to real world caused the developers to think more critically of the principles of instruction embodied in the product and to place less emphasis on computer tool and technique questions. The product, which will be used in the context of routine ab initio pilot training, is described in terms of how these problems were solved and what lessons were learned that can be applied to the development of future instructional systems involving expertise.
The Department for Employment and Open and Flexible Learning 1980–2000
Authors: May Keith
Published: March 2008

This is a personal account of the work of the Manpower Services Commission (MSC) in the 1980s and early 1990s. The contribution of the MSC, The Department of Employment and the Learning Technology Unit is not widely understood and appreciated. During that period, it was one of the major agencies for encouraging and funding the use of technology‐based learning—not only in the training area but also in education.
The application of artificial intelligence principles to teaching and training*
Authors: Shaw Keith
Published: March 2008

This paper compares and contrasts the use of AI principles in industrial training with more normal computer‐based training (CBT) approaches. A number of applications of CBT are illustrated (for example simulations, tutorial presentations, fault diagnosis, management games, industrial relations exercises) and compared with an alternative approach using AI. An evaluation of the relative merits of the two approaches will be given. Existing CBT packages are used to illustrate the points raised and the emphasis of the arguments will be on the effectiveness of AI and CBT in terms of both cost and learning. The position of AI applications within CBT is discussed, as is the task of getting started in applying these techniques.
Networked interactive video for group training*
Authors: Eary John
Published: March 2008

The National Computing Centre (NCC) has developed an interactive video training system for the Scottish Police College to help train police supervisory officers in crowd control at major spectator events, such as football matches. This approach involves technology‐enhanced training in a group‐learning environment, and may have significant impact on management training methods.
Social Infrastructure Planning: A Location Model and Solution Methods
Authors: Bigotte João F. , Antunes António P.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  This article deals with social infrastructure planning problems of the following type. Authorities want to determine where to locate the facilities of a social infrastructure network and what should be the capacity of these facilities. Each user must be assigned to its closest facility and, to be economically viable, each facility must serve at least a pre‐specified level of demand. The objective is to maximize the accessibility to facilities (i.e., to minimize the distance traveled by users to reach the facilities). A location model that captures the above features is formulated and different solution methods are tested. Among the methods tested, tabu search and a specialized local search heuristic provided the best solutions. The application of the model is illustrated through a case study involving the location of preschools in the municipality of Miranda do Corvo, Portugal.
Mutual Fund Compliance Officer Independence and Corporate Governance
Authors: Hoffman W. Michael , Neill John D. , Stovall O. Scott
Published: March 2008

Manuscript Type:Empirical

Research Question/Issue:We examine recent SEC regulations that are intended to increase the independence of mutual fund compliance officers.

Research Findings/Insights:The new SEC regulations require mutual fund compliance officers to report directly to the board of directors. The board is also now responsible for hiring/firing, and for approving the compliance officer's compensation. After a literature review and a survey of compliance officers and mutual fund board members, we conclude that SEC Rule 38a‐1 represents a positive step toward increasing compliance officer independence in the mutual fund industry in the United States.

Theoretical/Academic Implications:The direct reporting relationship established by Rule 38a‐1 between mutual fund compliance officers and boards of directors sets the industry apart from corporate America, in general, where compliance/ethics officers typically report to management. We assert that the increased board involvement in ethics and compliance‐related matters that results from the new SEC regulations allows mutual fund boards to govern more effectively.

Practitioner/Policy Implications:We contend that the SEC and other international regulators could improve independence and corporate governance even further if they required mutual fund compliance officers to be totally independent of management, by not allowing them to be employees of investment adviser companies.
The Effect of Audit Committees on Earnings–Return Association: Evidence from Foreign Registrants in the United States
Authors: Chen Jengfang , Duh Rong‐Ruey , Shiue Fujiing N.
Published: March 2008

Manuscript Type: Empirical

Research Question/Issue: This study examines whether foreign registrants that choose not to establish audit committees in the US have generally lower earnings–return associations.

Research Findings/Insights: Our empirical results indicate that earnings–return associations for foreign registrants without audit committees are significantly lower compared with those of their US‐matched firms which are required to establish audit committees. This result is even more pronounced after the introduction of new audit committee rules in 1999 aimed at increasing the responsibilities of audit committees. In addition, earnings–return associations of foreign registrants are found to increase following the establishment of audit committees. Overall, our results are consistent with the idea that the establishment of audit committees may be related to higher earnings–return associations.

Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our empirical results suggest that foreign registrants that have chosen to establish audit committees have better earnings–return associations. This implies that the effectiveness of the audit committee in resolving agency problems is applicable to foreign companies, even though their home countries adopt non‐Anglo‐American corporate governance systems.

Practitioner/Policy Implications: This study offers important insights to foreign firms listed in the US. As the choice not to form an audit committee may increase the cost of capital in the US, but save the cost of establishment in home market, the managers of foreign registrants should weigh the costs and benefit of the options and make a choice accordingly.
Preschoolers' Perspective Taking in Word Learning
Authors: Nurmsoo Erika , Bloom Paul
Published: March 2008

When learning new words, do children use a speaker's eye gaze because it reveals referential intent? We conducted two experiments that addressed this question. In Experiment 1, the experimenter left while two novel objects were placed where the child could see both, but the experimenter would be able to see only one. The experimenter returned, looked directly at the mutually visible object, and said either, “There's the [novel word]!” or “Where's the [novel word]?” Two- through 4-year-olds selected the target of the speaker's gaze more often on there trials than on where trials, although only the older children identified the referent correctly at above-chance levels on trials of both types. In Experiment 2, the experimenter placed a novel object where only the child could see it and left while the second object was similarly hidden. When she returned and asked, “Where's the [novel word]?” 2- through 4-year-olds chose the second object at above-chance levels. Preschoolers do not blindly follow gaze, but consider the linguistic and pragmatic context when learning a new word.
A Word-Order Constraint on Phonological Activation
Authors: Janssen Niels , Alario F.-Xavier , Caramazza Alfonso
Published: March 2008

Word-order rules impose major constraints on linguistic behavior. For example, adjectives appear before nouns in English, and after nouns in French. This means that constraints on word order must be language-specific properties upheld on-line by the language system. Despite the importance of these rules, little is known about how they operate. We report an influence of word order on the activation of phonological representations. Participants were presented with colored objects and asked to name either the colors or the objects; the phonological similarity between the object and color names was manipulated. French speakers showed a phonological congruency effect in color naming, but not in object naming. English participants yielded the opposite pattern: a phonological effect in object naming, but not in color naming. Differences in the typical order of nouns and adjectives in French and English provide a plausible account for this cross-linguistic contrast. More generally, these results provide direct evidence for the operation of word-order constraints during language production.
Toward a Physiology of Dual-Process Reasoning and Judgment: Lemonade, Willpower, and Expensive Rule-Based Analysis
Authors: Masicampo E.J. , Baumeister Roy F.
Published: March 2008

This experiment used the attraction effect to test the hypothesis that ingestion of sugar can reduce reliance on intuitive, heuristic-based decision making. In the attraction effect, a difficult choice between two options is swayed by the presence of a seemingly irrelevant “decoy” option. We replicated this effect and the finding that the effect increases when people have depleted their mental resources performing a previous self-control task. Our hypothesis was based on the assumption that effortful processes require and consume relatively large amounts of glucose (brain fuel), and that this use of glucose is why people use heuristic strategies after exerting self-control. Before performing any tasks, some participants drank lemonade sweetened with sugar, which restores blood glucose, whereas others drank lemonade containing a sugar substitute. Only lemonade with sugar reduced the attraction effect. These results show one way in which the body (blood glucose) interacts with the mind (self-control and reliance on heuristics).
‘TO BE, BUT NOT TO BE SEEN’: EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVANTS
Authors: YI‐CHONG XU , WELLER PATRICK
Published: March 2008

International civil servants (ICS) are largely excluded from the analysis of International Organizations (IOs) because states are assumed to be the determining force in shaping their behaviour. Even principal‐agent and constructivist analyses often treat an IO’s staff as a unit and are concerned primarily with states’ capacities to control IOs. Examining the opportunities of ICS, rather than the choices of states, provides a better means of understanding the capacities of ICS to contribute to the operation of IOs, and especially when they participate in multilateral negotiations. We suggest that structure, competence, legitimacy and culture provide a framework for analysing ICS variable capacity. We use the Secretariat of the WTO, known as a ‘member‐driven organization’, to illustrate how ICS can play a critical role in achieving the IO’s objectives. A word on our title. It comes fromEsse,non videriin the original, as quoted by a director at the WTO in an interview in April 2003.
Sovereign Risk, FDI Spillovers, and Growth
Authors: Maliar Lilia , Maliar Serguei , Sebastián Fidel Pérez
Published: March 2008

This paper studies the effect of sovereign risk on capital flows from rich to poor nations in the context of a two‐country model, where Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) creates positive externalities in domestic production. We show that if externalities are large, a developing country never expropriates foreign assets, and behaves as under perfect enforcement of foreigners' property rights, jumping to the steady state in one period. If externalities are absent, a developing country always expropriates foreign assets and, then, there are no capital flows in equilibrium, as occurs in autarky. If externalities are of a medium size, our model can account for scarce capital flows from rich to poor nations, as well as other key features of the data, such as rising‐over‐time patterns of foreign capital and FDI in developing countries. In addition, the model offers an economic rationale for the FDI restrictions observed across nations.
International and Intergenerational Aspects of Capital Income Taxation in an Endogenously Growing World Economy
Authors: Iwamoto Yasushi , Shibata Akihisa
Published: March 2008

This paper discusses how capital income taxation affects economic growth and welfare in an endogenously growing world economy with perfect capital mobility and worldwide externalities. Worldwide externalities provide a mechanism for equalizing national growth rates even with different capital income tax rates. The welfare of future generations is more influenced by a change in the growth rate than by the international spillover effect, which has been the primary concern of the previous studies. Moreover, our model finds intergenerational conflicts arising from the change in the growth rate caused by a change in the source tax rate of the foreign country.
Cooperative R&D and Strategic Trade Policy with Bertrand Competition
Authors: Carlson Julie
Published: March 2008

This paper uses a strategic trade policy model to analyze the welfare effects from allowing cooperation in R&D when firms compete in a price‐setting game in the product market. A policy game between two governments is analyzed, where each government chooses a particular cooperative R&D policy in order to maximize national welfare. At the Nash equilibrium to this game only one government allows cooperation in R&D. This equilibrium is both individually and jointly optimal. International cooperation in R&D is superior to no cooperation in R&D but is inferior to the Nash equilibrium of the government policy game.
The Sage and the South: Teaching Confucianism in Dixie
Authors: Richey Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2008

Abstract.  White and African‐American students in the American South are able to meet and learn from Confucianism on its own terms much more readily than their peers elsewhere. This is because of their tendency to respect authority, participate in intergenerational ritual performances (especially those concerned with manners, meals, and mortuary practices), and judge the present in terms of the past (especially the U.S. Civil War). This is true despite the incompatibility that many southern students sense between Confucianism and their own religious doctrines. Instead, southern students' grasp of Confucianism rests on the grounds of lived religious experience. When southern students learn to see in Confucianism a set of beliefs, practices, and experiences that, in some ways, mirror their own, they are empowered to identify the tradition as “religious” in a way that renders “religion” a descriptive category of comparison rather than a limiting category of unique identity.
THINKING COMPARATIVELY ABOUT RELIGION AND WAR
Authors: Johnson James Turner
Published: March 2008

In contrast to the period when the Journal of Religious Ethics began publishing, the study of religion in relation to war and connected issues has prospered in recent years. This article examines three collections of essays providing comparative perspectives on these topics, two recently authored studies of Buddhism and Islam in relation to war, and a compendious collection of texts on Western moral tradition concerning war, peace, and related issues from classical Greece and Rome to the present.
‘There Ought not to be One Law for the Rich and Another for the Poor which Is the Case To‐day’: The Labour Party, Lotteries, Gaming, Gambling and Bingo, c.1900–c.1960s
Authors: LAYBOURN KEITH
Published: March 2008

This article examines the way in which the Labour Party moved from a position of outright opposition to gambling and gaming towards one of relative toleration and acceptance. This sea change began seriously in 1931 when many of the early Labour MPs, who were influenced by the anti‐gambling sentiments of the Nonconformists and the Free Churches, lost their seats in the general election. The changing attitude to gambling was further fuelled by a sense of outrage at the evident bias of the existing gaming and gambling legislation against the working classes but also by the increasing dependence of the Constituency Labour Parties on lotteries and gaming as a vital source of income for paying for their full‐time agents. In the end, the Labour Party had to accept that gambling was both a political expedient for the financial well‐being of the Labour Party political machine and also an endemic feature of the life of its working‐class supporters.
The Islamic View and the Christian View of the Crusades: A New Synthesis
Authors: CHEVEDDEN PAUL E.
Published: March 2008

Conventional wisdom maintains that the Islamic world and western Christendom held two very different views of the crusades. The image of warfare between Islam and Christendom has promoted the idea that the combative instincts aroused by this conflict somehow produced discordant views of the crusades. Yet the direct evidence from Islamic and Christian sources indicates otherwise. The self‐view of the crusades presented by contemporary Muslim authors and the self‐view of the crusades presented by crusading popes are not in opposition to each other but are in agreement with each other. Both interpretations place the onset of the crusades ahead of their accepted historical debut in 1095. Both interpretations point to the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily (1060–91) as the start of the crusades. And both interpretations contend that by the end of the eleventh century the crusading enterprise was Mediterranean‐wide in its scope. The Islamic view of the crusades is in fact the enantiomorph (mirror‐image) of the Christian view of the crusades. This article makes a radical departure from contemporary scholarship on the early crusading enterprise because it is based on the direct evidence from Islamic and Christian sources. The direct evidence offers a way out of the impasse into which crusade history has fallen, and any attempt at determining the origin and nature of crusading without the support of the direct evidence is doomed to failure.
Cost-Effectiveness of Acupuncture Treatment in Patients With Headache
Authors: Witt CM , Reinhold T , Jena S , Brinkhaus B , Willich SN
Published: March 2008

The aim was to assess costs and cost-effectiveness of additional acupuncture treatment in patients with headache compared with patients receiving routine care alone. A randomized, controlled trial was conducted, including patients (≥18 years old) with primary headache (more than 12 months, at least two headaches/month). Outcome parameters were quality of life (Short Form 36), direct and indirect costs differences during the 3-month study period and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of acupuncture treatment. A total of 3182 patients (1613 acupuncture; 1569 controls) with headache were included (77.4% women, mean age and standard deviation 42.6 ± 12.3; 22.6% men, 47.2 ± 13.4). Over 3 months costs were higher in the acupuncture group compared with the control [€857.47; 95% confidence interval 790.86, 924.07, vs. €527.34 (459.81, 594.88), P < 0.001, mean difference: €330.12 (235.27, 424.98)]. This cost increase was primarily due to costs of acupuncture [€365.64 (362.19, 369.10)]. The ICER was €11 657 per QALY gained. According to international cost-effectiveness threshold values, acupuncture is a cost-effective treatment in patients with primary headache.
The Role of Cervical Dysfunction in Migraine: A Systematic Review
Authors: Robertson BA , Morris ME
Published: March 2008

This systematic review evaluates the strength of the evidence for the role of cervical musculoskeletal dysfunction in migraine. In this review, cervical musculoskeletal dysfunction will refer to the abnormal sensory afferentation from cervical region structures contained within the receptive field of the trigeminocervical nucleus. Electronic database searches using MEDLINE, PubMed and CINAHL were performed, and 17 studies investigating cervical musculoskeletal dysfunction in people with migraine were selected for review. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by two independent reviewers using a customized checklist. The review found that intersubject differences were inadequately reported and controlled, which resulted in grouping of participants with varying pathologies and symptoms. A diverse range of assessment procedures was used by the reviewed studies, which made comparison of their findings difficult. The assessment procedures were mainly used to quantify the degree of cervical musculoskeletal dysfunction, rather than to identify a cause and effect relationship between cervical structure and migrainous pain. Although animal study evidence proposes a role for cervical musculoskeletal dysfunction in migraine, this systematic review of the literature found that there is currently no convincing evidence to confirm this phenomenon in humans.