bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Midazolam on Corticosterone and Blood Gases in Spectacled Eiders Prior to Transmitter Implantation
Authors: Spriggs Maria C. , Rizzolo Daniel J. , Martin Kate H. , Myers Gwen E. , Sexson Matthew G.
Published: April 2021

Stress and physical exertion may affect the physiology and behavior of wildlife during and after capture, and consequently, survival following release. Such effects may reduce the quality and quantity of the data obtained from captured wildlife. We captured spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri), a species listed as threatened under the United States Endangered Species Act, in western Alaska, USA, during spring 2018 for surgical implantation of satellite transmitters. We evaluated the efficacy of midazolam, a benzodiazepine sedative given at capture, to reduce stress and physical exertion. We dosed spectacled eiders with either midazolam (5 mg/ml, = 2.2 mg/kg intramuscular; n = 20) or saline (0.7 ml intramuscular; n = 20) at the point of capture. We assessed sedation level and collected blood samples upon arrival to the field surgery site and at anesthetic induction. We found that midazolam reduced mean corticosterone concentration by 29% and median lactate concentration by 30.3% at the mean arrival time (42 min post‐dosing) relative to the control group. These effects had abated by the mean induction time (99 min post‐dosing). Unexpectedly, blood pH was reduced in the midazolam treatment relative to controls at both arrival and induction, which likely resulted from sedative‐induced respiratory depression that was easily treated with intubation and mechanical ventilation, and administration of the reversal drug, flumazenil. Low blood pH was not associated with negative post‐surgical outcomes, as had been found in spectacled eiders with acidosis caused by anaerobic metabolism typical of physical exertion. Intramuscular injection of midazolam in the field effectively reduced stress and physical exertion in spectacled eiders prior to surgical implantation of transmitters. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Evaporation and cracked soda soil improved by fly ash from recycled materials
Authors: Yang Binbin , Liu Jiawei , Zhao Xiaoming , Zheng Sen
Published: April 2021

The osmotic pressure of a soil solution increases due to soil salinization and the stability and sustainability of the soil becomes poor, which will affect the movement of water in soil. In this study, the evaporation capacity and desiccation cracking characteristics of soda soil samples with different content (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% by weight) of fly ash were investigated. After drying, the unconsumed water content of soil increased from 8.55 to 16.22%. The results indicate that the water retention capability of soda soil can be improved by the addition of the fly ash. The addition of fly ash is beneficial to the formation of soil aggregates and pores in the fly ash can store water. The fractal dimension and crack growth rate can be used to quantitatively describe the crack characteristics of a sample. The maximum fractal dimension of the soil samples decreased by 2.05, 3.92, 11.89, 8.53, and 3.07%, respectively, and the crack intensity factor (CIF) decreased by 4.65, 14.13, 22.48, 10.05, and 15.87%, respectively, with an increase of fly ash. Fly ash can therefore effectively inhibit crack growth and reduce the crack length in soda soil, since the clay content of soda soil decreased owing to the addition of fly ash, and the tensile properties were improved owing to the pore structure of fly ash. The shrinkage and evaporation of soil are closely related to soil quality factors such as clay content, mineral composition, and structure.
Frey's syndrome: A review of the physiology and possible role of neurotrophic factors
Authors: Hignett Sarah M. , Judd Owen
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Frey's syndrome (FS) describes the phenomenon of gustatory sweating and is a cause of significant social embarrassment for sufferers. It has been attributed to aberrant growth of parasympathetic salivatory fibers in the auriculotemporal nerve toward overlying sweat glands. However, the exact mechanism behind this growth is unknown. This review aims to expand and elucidate the theory of aberrant regeneration in FS.

Methods

A review of the recent literature on nerve regeneration was conducted in order develop further insights into the etiology of both adult onset and pediatric FS.

Results

Neurturin, a neurotrophic factor released by both salivary and sweat glands, was identified as a possible key player in the etiology of FS.

Conclusion

Further research into the role of neurturin could help to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the condition and might reveal neurturin to be a potential target for pharmacological intervention.

Level of Evidence

NA (Basic Science Review).
Linking Historical Changes in Salt-Marsh Coverage to Lost Production of a Nektonic Bioindicator
Authors: Rudershausen Paul J. , Lombardo Steven M. , Buckel Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2021

Development reduces the amount of secondary biological production in coastal estuaries. However, the magnitude of this reduction remains largely unknown. We are not aware of studies that have quantified lost secondary biological production in estuaries as a result of interdecadal coastal development of salt-marsh habitats. Our objective was to demonstrate a technique that combined historical imagery, GIS, and secondary production estimates to quantify the magnitude of lost areal production arising from the development of tidal creeks. We estimated lost production of a dominant salt-marsh fish Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus in Spooners and Pelletier creeks, two second-order tidal systems in coastal North Carolina. We georeferenced historical (1939) aerial imagery, digitized low-tide and high-tide features in historical and contemporary (2019) imagery, and compared the intertidal vegetated area of each creek between periods. The lost intertidal area was then multiplied by creek-specific published rates of areal production of larval and juvenile age-0 Mummichog in salt-marsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora habitats. There was a loss of intertidal area and intertidal/subtidal vegetated edge of 72% and 54%, respectively, in Spooners Creek, and 47% and 4%, respectively, in Pelletier Creek. Losses of intertidal area over the last ~80 years translated into estimated annual losses of 44 and 8 kg of dry weight production (~695,000 and 186,500 individuals) for a single cohort in Spooners and Pelletier creeks, respectively. These estimates represent minimum losses, as some in-stream development was already visible in the historic imagery and a single cohort’s production was used (not multiple cohorts). We encourage other researchers to use historic imagery to determine changes in aquatic habitats and link losses (or gains) in these habitats to the productivity metrics of important fishes.
Sacral neuromodulation in patients with refractory overactive bladder symptoms after failed Botulinum toxin therapy: Results in a large cohort of patients
Authors: Reekmans Mathias , Janssen Janine M. W. , Vrijens Desiree M. J. , Smits Martijn A. C. , van Koeveringe Gommert A. , Van Kerrebroeck Philip E. V. A.
Published: April 2021

Aims

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) and Botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) injections are well‐known third‐line treatment options in patients with refractory overactive bladder (OAB). Our aim is to evaluate the success rate of SNM in patients who received prior therapy with BoNT‐A injections.

Methods

All patients with OAB symptoms referred for SNM between 2006 and 2019 were included. History taking and 3‐day voiding diaries assessed the complaints and suitability for SNM. The success rate of SNM in patients who received prior BoNT‐A was compared with BoNT‐A naive patients. Success was defined as an improvement of 50% or greater in voiding diary parameters. Satisfaction was registered at their most recent visit.

Results

A total of 263 patients underwent SNM test stimulation, of which 75 (16 male/57 female) received prior BoNT‐A and 188 (46 male/142 female) were BoNT‐A naive. Success rate for SNM in BoNT‐A naive patients was 72.9% and in BoNT‐A patients 66.7% (p = 0.316). Success rate after ≤2 BoNT‐A injections was 68.5%, compared to 61.1% after ≥3 injections (p >  0.05). Success rate in patients perceiving lack of efficacy of BoNT‐A was 67.4% (p > 0.05), subjected to temporary CISC was 73.7% (p > 0.05) and with temporary effect of BoNT‐A was 50% (p > 0.05). In 86% of BoNT‐A patients the system was still activated and used to their satisfaction at their last follow‐up visit (mean FU, 40.70 months).

Conclusion

SNM in patients with refractory OAB who failed prior BoNT‐A is an excellent approach. The number of injections nor reason of BoNT‐A discontinuation have predictive value for success with SNM.
The relationship between resilience and intent to stay among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in managing COVID‐19: The serial mediation effect of post‐traumatic growth and perceived professional benefits
Authors: Liu Xiaoxin , Ju Xinxing , Liu Xiaohong
Published: April 2021

Aim

To explore the mediating role of post‐traumatic growth and perceived professional benefits between resilience and intent to stay among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in managing COVID‐19.

Design

A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey.

Methods

In May 2020, the study recruited a convenience sample of 200 Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in managing COVID‐19. A set of self‐rating questionnaires was used to measure resilience, post‐traumatic growth, perceived professional benefits and intent to stay. Structural equation modelling was performed with 5,000 bootstrap samples using AMOS 23.0.

Results

The final model provided a good fit for the data. Resilience had the strongest direct effect on intent to stay. Perceived professional benefits partially mediated the association between resilience and intent to stay. Overall, the serial multiple mediations of post‐traumatic growth and perceived professional benefits in the relationship between resilience and intent to stay was statistically significant.
Surveillance of diabetes with inpatients on glucocorticoids: are the JBDS audit standards being met?
Authors: Limbachia Vaishali , Dhatariya Ketan K
Published: April 2021

Glucocorticoids (steroids) are widely prescribed in hospital inpatients but are known to be associated with the development or worsening of hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia in inpatients is associated with adverse outcomes. The Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care have produced guidelines on the management of steroid induced diabetes, or steroid worsened diabetes, but it is unknown how well these are followed.

We conducted a single centre cross‐sectional survey to assess the prevalence of glucocorticoid use among adult – non‐COVID – patients at our institution. We wanted to assess whether glucose measurements were being taken and, if so, how frequently.

We found that 59 (6.8%) of our inpatient population were on glucocorticoids. Of these 59, 14 (23.7%) had a previous diagnosis of diabetes, and only 21 (35.6%) had any glucose monitoring during the prior 24 hours. Thirteen of these 21 people (61.9%) had diabetes, and only half of these had glucose monitored at least four times per day. Only 19 of the 59 people on glucocorticoids (32.2%) had had an HbA1c measured in the preceding three months.

Our data show that the audit standards set in the JBDS guidelines for management of glucose in people on glucocorticoids were generally not met. More work needs to be done to educate ward staff to improve the care for this potentially vulnerable group. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Evaluation of insulin degludec as baseline insulin therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Sellbom Malin , Nilsson Charlotta
Published: April 2021

The incidence of type 1 diabetes in children is growing and optimal treatment is needed to prevent or delay complications. Insulin degludec is a new basal insulin with ultra‐long effect. However, there are few published studies in children and adolescents.

The first aim was to compare HbA1c levels in children and adolescents who received degludec from onset, to age/gender matched controls with other basal insulins. The second aim was to investigate HbA1c and total basal insulin dose, in patients who switched to insulin degludec from another basal insulin.

Patients (n=251, 0–21 years) with type 1 diabetes, at Helsingborg Hospital, were divided into groups depending on insulin treatment. Data regarding basal insulin and HbA1c values were collected from medical records retrospectively.

No significant differences in HbA1c levels were found between patients receiving degludec compared to age/gender matched controls (n=22) up to 12 months from onset. In patients who switched to degludec with HbA1c ≥70mmol/mol (n=38), median HbA1c levels decreased from 75 (70–130) to 74 (39–99; p=0.0143) after three months and to 70.5 (55–108; p=0.0290) after six months. For patients who switched from detemir to degludec (n=54) median daily basal insulin dosage reduced from 23.5 units to 22 units after six months treatment with degludec (p=0.0001). The same significance was not found for glargine.

In our study, degludec has shown to be as effective in lowering HbA1c levels as other basal insulins in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Degludec might be especially useful for patients with a poor metabolic control. However, further long‐term studies are needed. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Experimental observation and finite element method modeling on scratch‐induced delamination of multilayer polymeric structures
Authors: Du Shuoran , Zhu Zewen , Liu Cong , Zhang Tan , Hossain Mohammad Motaher , Sue Hung‐Jue
Published: April 2021

Scratches that result in delamination are common in multilayer polymeric laminates and coatings. In this study, the adhesive failure among a set of model double‐layer epoxy coatings was experimentally investigated and numerically analyzed using the finite element method modeling based on the maximum principal stress criterion. The adhesive failure on the model epoxy coatings was generated using an ASTM‐standard linearly increasing normal load scratch test. The parametric study reveals that delamination may initiate at locations underneath both scratch shoulder and behind scratch tip during scratching. It is also found that the magnitude and direction of peak tensile maximum principal stress developed at the interface are affected by both the laminate thickness and the material parameters of each layer. The parametric analysis shows that the onset of delamination can be delayed by possessing a softer base layer, a top or base layer with a higher yield stress, a base layer with a lower strain‐hardening slope, and a lower surface coefficient of friction. The Mode I delamination at the interface will become dominant in a multilayer system when the base layer has a higher modulus and a lower strain hardening slope. The usefulness of the present study for determining the delamination resistance of multilayer polymeric laminates and coatings is discussed.
The Trichan takedown: Lessons in the governance and regulation of child sexual abuse material
Authors: Salter Michael , Richardson Lloyd
Published: April 2021

Amidst renewed concern about the prevalence of online child sexual abuse material, the global technology sector is refocusing on models of multistakeholder governance and the development of new technological solutions. This paper argues that the language of multistakeholderism and technological solutionism obscures the administrative and commercial practices that facilitate the widespread distribution of abuse material. To illustrate this point, the paper describes the 2019 intervention of the Canadian Centre for Child Protection in the operations of “Trichan”, three websites that were amongst the largest purveyors of abuse material on the open web for 7 years. The case study underscores the materiality of the Internet and the role of commercial relations within the infrastructure stack in the provision of illegal content. While identifying opportunities for the mass removal of abuse material, the paper questions the discretion granted to technology companies under laissez faire regulation, and troubles characterizations of Internet infrastructure as neutral and instrumental factors in the epidemic availability of abuse material.
A randomized single‐center controlled trial of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation with heliox in newborn infants with meconium aspiration syndrome
Authors: Ma Juan , Tang Shifang , Shen Leilei , Chen Long , Li Xue , Li Wanwei , Wu Li , Shi Yuan
Published: April 2021

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) with heliox in newborn infants with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS).

Methods

Seventy‐one newborn infants with MAS in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Daping Hospital of Army Medical University were enrolled in the trial. Infants treated with SIMV were randomized and divided into the heliox group (n = 35) and control group (n = 36). The heliox group received heliox for 6 h followed by air‐oxygen mixed gas, and the control group received air‐oxygen mixed gas. The primary outcome measures were PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) and the extubation time. The secondary outcome measures were the incidence of mechanical ventilation complications, hospital length of stay in the NICU, blood gas analysis, and inflammation markers.

Results

The P/F in the heliox group was significantly better than that in the control group (p < .001). The extubation time and hospital length of stay in the NICU in the heliox group were shorter than those in the control group (p < .001). The inflammation markers at 6 h and myocardial injury markers at 24 h were decreased compared with those at 0 h, and those in the heliox group were more significantly decreased than those in the control group ([interleukin {IL}‐6/IL‐8/tumor necrosis factor α] p < .001, [C‐reaction protein] p = .012; [creatine kinase] p < .001, [CK‐MB] p = .041).

Conclusion

Heliox appears to be more effective in reducing the length of ventilation and increasing carbon dioxide eliminations than an air‐oxygen mixture in infants with MAS under the support of SIMV.
Protein profiles in plasma: Development from infancy to 5 years of age
Authors: Mikus Maria , Järnbert‐Pettersson Hans , Johansson Catharina , Nilsson Peter , Scheynius Annika , Alm Johan
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Little is known about the longitudinal development of different plasma protein levels during early childhood and particularly in relation to lifestyle factors. This study aimed to monitor the plasma proteome early in life and the influence of different lifestyles.

Experimental Design

A multiplex bead‐based immunoassay was used to analyze plasma levels of 97 proteins in 280 blood samples longitudinally collected in children at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months of age living in families with an anthroposophic (n = 15), partly anthroposophic (n = 27), or non‐anthroposophic (n = 28) lifestyle.

Results

A total of 68 proteins (70%) showed significantly altered plasma levels between 6 months and 5 years of age. In lifestyle stratified analysis, 59 of 97 (61%) proteins were altered over time within one or more of the three lifestyle groups. Nearly half of these proteins (28 out of 59) changed irrespective of lifestyle. The temporal changes represented four longitudinal trends of the plasma proteins during development, also following stratification of lifestyle.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Our findings contribute to understand the development of the plasma proteome under the influence of lifestyle exposures in early childhood.
Facile Synthesis of Boronic‐Acid‐Functionalized Metal‐Organic Framework UiO‐66‐NH2@B(OH)2 with High Selectivity and Sensitivity to Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Yu Huazheng , Li Yanhong , Huang Aisheng
Published: April 2021

As a crucial kind of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an indispensable signaling molecule, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays an irreplaceable role in many pathophysiological events in the organisms. Hence, it is necessary to develop a novel probe for effective monitoring H2O2 distribution and concentration in living systems. Herein, a metal‐organic framework UiO‐66‐NH2@B(OH)2 is prepared by one‐step synthesis method and acted as a novel fluorescence probe for H2O2 recognition and detection. The fluorescence signals are greatly enhanced when the UiO‐66‐NH2@B(OH)2 is exposed to H2O2, showing high selectivity and sensitivity to H2O2 with a detection limitation of 0.056 μM (with signal/noise ratio of 3 : 1). Moreover, the UiO‐66‐NH2@B(OH)2 probe displays superior detection performance against H2O2 with a linear range of 0.5∼5 μM in HEPES buffer solution. Attributing to the excellent biocompatibility, the UiO‐66‐NH2@B(OH)2 probe is promising to recognize, detect and monitor H2O2 in vivo.
Kinetics Study on Carrier Injection‐Induced Degradation and Regeneration at Elevated Temperature in p‐Type Cast‐Monosilicon Passivated Emitter Rear Contact Solar Cells
Authors: Hu Zechen , He Qiyuan , Yuan Shuai , Lin Dehang , Song Lihui , Yu Xuegong , Yang Deren
Published: April 2021

Herein, the degradation and regeneration processes of p‐type cast‐monosilicon passivated emitter rear contact solar cells are investigated, by taking open‐circuit voltage as a measure for the light‐ and elevated‐temperature‐induced degradation (LeTID) and regeneration extent. Degradation and regeneration are triggered by current injection and light soaking at the same temperatures. Then, an Arrhenius plot, derived from the proposed model, is used to extract the degradation and regeneration rate constants of LeTID during both current injection and light‐soaking processes. The activation energies of degradation processes are calculated to be (0.790 ± 0.064) and (0.828 ± 0.013) eV for current injection and light soaking, respectively. The corresponding activation energies for regeneration processes are (1.059 ± 0.112) and (1.179 ± 0.070) eV, respectively. Notably, the similar activation energies indicate that the root cause of the LeTID induced by current injection or light soaking is the same. In addition, an exponential dependence of the rate constants upon the injection current values during the whole degradation and regeneration cycle induced by current injection is observed. These results are not only significant for understanding the kinetics of LeTID but also can shed light on effective LeTID suppression method in the photovoltaic industry.
Gelatinizing Starch in Sodium Hydroxide/Glycerol Aqueous Solution at Room Temperature
Authors: Yang Zhen , Sun Qi , Ji Na , Dai Lei , Xiong Liu , Sun Qingjie
Published: April 2021

Traditionally, starch gelatinization has been carried out by heating starch granules in the presence of moisture. This study aims to gelatinize starch using a sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/glycerol solution at room temperature. The experimental results reveal that normal corn starch (NCS), waxy corn starch (WCS), and high amylose corn starch (HAS) gelatinize in NaOH/glycerol (0.75, 0.85, and 1.5/1.0 wt.%) solutions for 60 min at 25 °C. The “Maltese cross” of the starch granules (5.0%, w/v) in the NaOH/glycerol aqueous solutions disappear over time. The gelatinization degree (GD%) of NCS increase from 85.58% (10 min) to 92.34% (40 min) and further increase to 100% (60 min). During gelatinization process at room temperature, NaOH plays a major role, and glycerol plays an auxiliary role. Gelatinization of starch in a NaOH/glycerol aqueous solution is an easy and fast method, which can expand applications of starch in food packaging, agricultural, and textile industries.
Faecal proteome in clinically healthy dogs and cats: Findings in pooled faeces from 10 cats and 10 dogs
Authors: Cerquetella Matteo , Marchegiani Andrea , Mangiaterra Sara , Rossi Giacomo , Gavazza Alessandra , Tesei Beniamino , Spaterna Andrea , Sagratini Gianni , Ricciutelli Massimo , Polzonetti Valeria , Pucciarelli Stefania , Vincenzetti Silvia
Published: April 2021

Background

In the scientific literature, there are only a few manuscripts available on small animal faecal proteomics.

Methods

In the present pilot study, this evaluation was performed using pooled faecal samples from 10 clinically healthy dogs and, for the first time, in 10 clinically healthy cats by mean of two‐dimensional electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

Our results showed the presence of nine (albumin, alkaline phosphatase, chymotrypsin‐C‐like, cytosol aminopeptidase, elastase‐3B/proteinase E, immunoglobulins and nuclear pore membrane glycoprotein 210) and 14 (albumin, caspase recruitment domain‐containing protein, chymotrypsin‐like, deleted in malignant brain tumours 1 protein‐like, hypothetical protein LOC107375, immunoglobulin, kallikrein‐1, superoxide dismutase, transthyretin precursor, interstitial collagenase‐like) different proteins in canine and feline faeces, respectively.

Conclusion

These preliminary findings document the presence of a range of proteins in the faeces of apparently healthy dogs and cats and may serve as a basis for larger, prospective studies to establish reference proteomic data against which diseased populations can be compared.
Modeling transmission of hexavalent chromium concentration and its health cost with a water quality analysis simulation program
Authors: Chen Ying‐Chu , Tseng Chao‐Heng , Chen Yun‐Ting
Published: April 2021

In this study, the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP7) was used to evaluate the transmission of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contamination in a water–sediment system and its flux into cultivated soils. The agricultural areas adjacent to the Wu River in Taiwan were taken as the study area, as these soils were heavily polluted with Cr(VI) concentrations of 2173–3271 μg/kg. The rates of accumulation of Cr(VI) are affected by the distance from the source of contamination and the size and type of cultivated areas. The highest concentrations of Cr(VI) (4.27 mg/kg) were detected in soil from Changhua city and correlated with the greater risk of gastric cancer in residents. Specifically, the risk of gastric cancer due to Cr(VI) contamination of agricultural soil was
in Taichung city (upstream) and
–
in Changhua county (downstream). The values of statistical life‐years (VSLYs) were US$6.2–10 million for rice, US$42–60 million for corn, and US$360–580 million for other vegetables, respectively, each year. It is critical that techniques other than source reduction are used to reduce human exposure to Cr(VI), such as chemical oxidation or ion‐exchange treatment to remove Cr(VI) from factory wastewaters, prior to their discharge into rivers.

Practitioner points

This study evaluated the transmission of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contamination in a water–sediment–soil system.

Maximum concentrations of Cr(VI) most rapidly accumulated in the smallest cultivated areas.

The highest concentrations of Cr(VI) (3.3 mg/kg) were correlated with the greater risk of gastric cancer.

Young children had a threefold greater risk of gastric cancer than adults.

Techniques other than source reduction are prior to their discharge into rivers.
Crystal structure, Magnetic and Photoluminescence Properties of GdW6Cl15, TbW6Cl15, and EuW6Cl14
Authors: Pachel Florian , Ströbele Markus , Enseling David , Jüstel Thomas , Meyer Hans‐Jürgen
Published: April 2021

Ternary compounds with the [M6X14]2− (M=Mo, W; X=Cl, Br, I) cluster have been established with several counter cations. Herein, we report examples of the ternary rare‐earth (RE) compounds REW6Cl15 and REW6Cl14. Preparations of the compounds GdW6Cl15, TbW6Cl15 and EuW6Cl14 are accomplished by solid‐state reactions of W6Cl12 and RECl3 (RE=Gd, Tb), or EuCl2 at 575 °C in fused silica tubing. GdW6Cl15 and TbW6Cl15 crystallize in the space group C2/c and EuW6Cl14 in Pn
, isotypic to BiW6Cl15 (REW6Cl15) and PbMo6Cl15 (EuW6Cl14) according to X‐ray powder diffraction. Crystal structures are discussed in the light of related compounds, and properties such as magnetism and photoluminescence are reported.
The Mobility of the Elderly and Family-Based Care: A Case Study of Chinese Migrant (Grand)Parents
Authors: Zhao Yan , Huang Yu
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on elderly Chinese migrants, who have migrated within the country in order to take care of their grandchildren. It explores these grandparents’ mobility in relation to the intergenerational contract on care, a cultural praxis that constitutes the core of the family-based care regime in China. Based on qualitative data from 16 in-depth interviews with migrant grandparents living in Shenzhen, we analyse their decisions to move and their future plans regarding the dilemma of whether to stay or to return home. The analysis is embedded in recent discussions of Chinese descending familism or neo-familism. Additionally, the chapter proposes to add a welfare perspective in order to better understand the continuing internal migrations in China and highlights the connections between the migration of the elderly and China’s family-based care regime into which the care arrangements within the family are incorporated. Inspired by the concept of the ‘welfare resource environment’, we propose a conceptualisation of a translocal care space comprising transversal generational, sibling and in-law relations in order to understand the mobility of older migrants in relation to the care needs and arrangements within the family. Consequently, the mobility of the elderly can be understood as being determined by how these older migrants position themselves within the translocal care space.
Welfare Considerations Underpinning Healthcare Workers’ Decision About Migration: The Case of Slovenia
Authors: Vah Jevšnik Mojca
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores the complex interplay of welfare-related considerations of healthcare workers underpinning their decision to emigrate. The concepts of welfare used here refer to the subjective perceptions of wellbeing of individual workers as well as statutory procedures and policies in place to provide them with social security and public services within different welfare-state regimes. Given the fact that healthcare workers are themselves providers of welfare to those in need of medical treatment and care, the chapter also discusses the workers’ ethical considerations about leaving patients behind on the one hand and pursuance of providing healthcare in other countries on the other. Hence, it explores how the provision of welfare to others builds into their own imaginaries and feeds the rationale behind the decision to migrate. The chapter builds on the findings from 27 semi-structured interviews conducted with healthcare workers who emigrated from Slovenia. Furthermore, the Slovenian case is used to illustrate the impact of their ground-level subjective decisions on systemic and normative frameworks in times of persistent shortages of healthcare workers in Slovenia.
Conservation and integrability in lower-dimensional gravity
Authors: Ruzziconi Romain , Zwikel Céline
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We address the questions of conservation and integrability of the charges in two and three-dimensional gravity theories at infinity. The analysis is performed in a framework that allows us to treat simultaneously asymptotically locally AdS and asymptotically locally flat spacetimes. In two dimensions, we start from a general class of models that includes JT and CGHS dilaton gravity theories, while in three dimensions, we work in Einstein gravity. In both cases, we construct the phase space and renormalize the divergences arising in the symplectic structure through a holographic renormalization procedure. We show that the charge expressions are generically finite, not conserved but can be made integrable by a field-dependent redefinition of the asymptotic symmetry parameters.
New non-extremal and BPS hairy black holes in gauged $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 and $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 8 supergravity
Authors: Anabalon Andres , Astefanesei Dumitru , Gallerati Antonio , Trigiante Mario
Published: April 2021

Abstract

In this article we study a family of four-dimensional, $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 supergravity theories that interpolates between all the single dilaton truncations of the SO(8) gauged $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 8 supergravity. In this infinitely many theories characterized by two real numbers — the interpolation parameter and the dyonic “angle” of the gauging — we construct non-extremal electrically or magnetically charged black hole solutions and their supersymmetric limits. All the supersymmetric black holes have non-singular horizons with spherical, hyperbolic or planar topology. Some of these supersymmetric and non-extremal black holes are new examples in the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 8 theory that do not belong to the STU model. We compute the asymptotic charges, thermodynamics and boundary conditions of these black holes and show that all of them, except one, introduce a triple trace deformation in the dual theory.
Convex semigroups on $$L^p$$-like spaces
Authors: Denk Robert , Kupper Michael , Nendel Max
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we investigate convex semigroups on Banach lattices with order continuous norm, having$$L^p$$Lp-spaces in mind as a typical application. We show that the basic results from linear$$C_0$$C0-semigroup theory extend to the convex case. We prove that the generator of a convex$$C_0$$C0-semigroup is closed and uniquely determines the semigroup whenever the domain is dense. Moreover, the domain of the generator is invariant under the semigroup, a result that leads to the well-posedness of the related Cauchy problem. In a last step, we provide conditions for the existence and strong continuity of semigroup envelopes for families of$$C_0$$C0-semigroups. The results are discussed in several examples such as semilinear heat equations and nonlinear integro-differential equations.
Bikondylärer Oberflächenersatz des Kniegelenkes beim jungen Patienten – ein Update
Authors: Egloff Christian , Hirschmann Michael T. , Moret Céline , Henle Philipp , Ellenrieder Martin , Tischer Thomas
Published: April 2021

Die Zahl der durchgeführten Knietotalendoprothesen (KTEP) nimmt jedes Jahr kontinuierlich zu. Ungefähr 10 % davon betreffen Patienten unter 55 Jahren, obwohl bekannt ist, dass in dieser Altersgruppe die Zufriedenheit und die funktionellen Ergebnisse geringer und die Revisionsrate höher ausfällt. Vermehrte Aktivität und erhöhtes Anspruchsdenken machen die Endoprothetik in dieser Altersgruppe zu einer besonderen Herausforderung. Gleichzeitig ist der Anteil posttraumatischer Gonarthrosen deutlich erhöht, was in Anbetracht ligamentärer und knöcherner Vorschäden eine schwierigere operative Versorgung bedeutet. Bei fortgeschrittenen Arthrosen in mehreren Kompartimenten mit/ohne begleitender ligamentärer Instabilität muss jedoch ein totalendoprothetischer Ersatz auch bei jüngeren Patienten erwogen werden. Die sorgfältige Indikationsstellung für die KTEP und die eingehende Patientenaufklärung (Chancen, Risiken, erreichbare Leistungsfähigkeit in Beruf und Alltag) sind gerade bei jüngeren Patienten starke Prädiktoren für ein gutes Resultat.
Friction coefficient of solid lubricating coating as a function of contact pressure: experimental results and microscale modeling
Authors: Białas Marcin , Maciejewski Jan , Kucharski Stanisław
Published: April 2021

The paper presents experimental analysis of relation between friction coefficient and contact pressure of $$\hbox {MoS}_2$$

MoS
2

film deposited on $$\hbox {Ti}_6\hbox {Al}_4\hbox {V}$$

Ti
6

Al
4

V

substrate in contact with sapphire ball during reciprocating sliding motion. It is shown that the value of friction coefficient decreases with increasing contact pressure. A microscale modeling approach is next developed to mimic the experimental observations. Representative volume element is defined based on the actual topography of outer surface of $$\hbox {MoS}_2$$

MoS
2

film. Assuming thermo-elastic material properties, the calculations on the asperity level are performed in two steps. Firstly, the mechanical contact between two surfaces is calculated. As a result, the relation between the global load and micro-stress distribution is obtained. Secondly, for a given stress load, thermal analysis is performed providing temperature fluctuation within simplified conical asperity. By assuming relation between friction coefficient and temperature on the microscale, it is possible to obtain macroscopic friction coefficient as a function of contact pressure. In the end, model results are compared with experimental data. The novel aspects of presented approach lie in the selection of three main factors on a micro-level defining macroscopic friction. They are actual surface topography, microscopic temperature and microscopic friction-temperature relation.
Why do informal markets remain informal: the role of tacit knowledge in an Indian footwear cluster
Authors: Goyal Yugank , Heine Klaus
Published: April 2021

Why do informal markets resist formalizing, even when the gains of doing so outweigh its costs in the long run? While a number of responses to this question have been advanced, we discover that part of the reason could be located in the tacit knowledge (attributed to Polanyi, Hayek) embedded in the marketplace, on which market institutions run. This factor is not fully explored yet. Tacit (idiosyncratic, inarticulate, nonconscious) knowledge is acquired personally through experience and cannot be transferred or conveyed to anyone. This is the knowledge we use to act without knowing it in a propositional form. We present the case of one of India’s largest informal footwear cluster, located in the city of Agra. We show that informal markets, hinged on tacit knowledge, cannot evolve easily and therefore may remain locked-in, despite external pressures or incentives to formalize. The study shows that efforts to overcome informality and reaping the benefits of formalized market structures cannot be done without taking cognizance of the sticky intangible knowledge on which these markets rest.
Integration of data across toxicity endpoints for improved safety assessment of chemicals: the example of carcinogenicity assessment
Authors: Madia Federica , Pillo Gelsomina , Worth Andrew , Corvi Raffaella , Prieto Pilar
Published: April 2021

In view of the need to enhance the assessment of consumer products called for in the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability, we developed a methodology for evaluating hazard by combining information across different systemic toxicity endpoints and integrating the information with new approach methodologies. This integrates mechanistic information with a view to avoiding redundant in vivo studies, minimising reliance on apical endpoint tests and ultimately devising efficient testing strategies. Here, we present the application of our methodology to carcinogenicity assessment, mapping the available information from toxicity test methods across endpoints to the key characteristics of carcinogens. Test methods are deconstructed to allow the information they provide to be organised in a systematic way, enabling the description of the toxicity mechanisms leading to the adverse outcome. This integrated approach provides a flexible and resource-efficient means of fully exploiting test methods for which test guidelines are available to fulfil regulatory requirements for systemic toxicity assessment as well as identifying where new methods can be integrated.
A Random Dynamical Systems Perspective on Isochronicity for Stochastic Oscillations
Authors: Engel Maximilian , Kuehn Christian
Published: April 2021

For an attracting periodic orbit (limit cycle) of a deterministic dynamical system, one defines the isochron for each point of the orbit as the cross-section with fixed return time under the flow. Equivalently, isochrons can be characterized as stable manifolds foliating neighborhoods of the limit cycle or as level sets of an isochron map. In recent years, there has been a lively discussion in the mathematical physics community on how to define isochrons for stochastic oscillations, i.e. limit cycles or heteroclinic cycles exposed to stochastic noise. The main discussion has concerned an approach finding stochastic isochrons as sections of equal expected return times versus the idea of considering eigenfunctions of the backward Kolmogorov operator. We discuss the problem in the framework of random dynamical systems and introduce a new rigorous definition of stochastic isochrons as random stable manifolds for random periodic solutions with noise-dependent period. This allows us to establish a random version of isochron maps whose level sets coincide with the random stable manifolds. Finally, we discuss links between the random dynamical systems interpretation and the equal expected return time approach via averaged quantities.
Correction to: Clinical Outcomes of Ambulatory Endovascular Treatment Using 4-French and 6-French Femoral Access Strategies: The Bio4amb Multicentre Trial
Authors: Brodmann Marianne , Deloose Koen , Steinmetz Eric , Regnard Olivier , Ritter Jens C. , Berger Ludovic , Dahm Johannes B. , Jansen Shirley , Mwipatayi Bibombe P. , Desgranges Pascal , Hausegger Klaus , van den Berg Jos C. ,   on behalf of the BIO4AMB investigators, Regnard Olivier , Brodmann Marianne , Deloose Koen , Ritter Jens Carsten , Berger Ludovic , Dahm Johannes , Jansen Shirley , Mwipatayi Bibombe Patrice , Touma Joseph , Ducasse Eric , Millon Antoine , Veron Sébastien , Coscas Raphael , Steinmetz Eric , Schneider Fabrice , Maene Lieven , Nasr Bahaa , Miltgen Gilles , Puttaswamy Vikram , Verbist Jürgen Torsten , Sobocinski Jonathan , Bourriez Armand , Jackson Mark , Casbas Laurent , Paneau Didier , Bayens Isabelle , Hausegger Klaus , Lambrechts David , Kaladji Adrien , Randsbaek Flemming , Delannoy Pierre Jules , Spanger Manfred , van den Berg Jos C.
Published: April 2021

The original version of this paper did not contain a list of Bio4amb investigators.
Atypical presentation of immunoglobulin G4-related disease as subglottic stenosis: a case-based review
Authors: Atienza-Mateo Belén , Díaz de Terán-López Teresa , Gómez-Román Javier , Sánchez Laura , Mons-Lera Roberto , Rubio-Suárez Antonio , Cifrián José Manuel , González-Gay Miguel Á.
Published: April 2021

Background

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently recognized fibro-inflammatory pathology that has been reported to affect principally the retroperitoneum, hepatobiliary system, salivary glands, orbital structures or lymph nodes. However, IgG4-RD with laryngeal involvement is a very rare entity. Our aims were to describe a case of subglottic stenosis as first and only manifestation of IgG4-RD and review the literature. A patient with IgG4-RD affecting the larynx that presented as subglottic stenosis is described. A MEDLINE database search of IgG4-RD cases with laryngopharyngeal manifestations was also conducted. A 30-year-old Caucasian woman was referred to a tertiary care hospital for dyspnea on exertion, which had been increasing for the last 4 months. Medical and surgical procedures revealed a subglottic stenosis, with a histological finding of IgG4 positive plasma cell infiltration. There was no evidence of other organ involvement. She was successfully treated with oral glucocorticoids and rituximab infusions. Glucocorticoids were rapidly tapered and the rituximab regimen was optimized, with no evidence of relapses. In the literature review, we found a total of 12 reported cases with laryngopharyngeal involvement, two of them with subglottic stenosis. IgG4-RD of the larynx is rare but should be considered after excluding more common disorders.
Assessing treatment response after intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin induction cycle: are routine bladder biopsies necessary?
Authors: Calò Beppe , Sanguedolce Francesca , Falagario Ugo G. , Chirico Marco , Fortunato Francesca , Carvalho-Diaz Emanuel , Busetto Gian Maria , Bettocchi Carlo , Carrieri Giuseppe , Cormio Luigi
Published: April 2021

Purpose

To determine the need for routine bladder biopsies (BBs) in assessing response to the induction cycle of intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).

Methods

Our prospectively maintained NMIBC database was queried to identify patients with high-risk disease (carcinoma in situ, high-grade Ta/T1) who underwent BBs after BCG induction cycle. Urine cytology, cystoscopy, and BBs findings were evaluated.

Results

A total of 219 patients met the inclusion criteria. Urine cytology was positive in 20 patients and negative in 199; cystoscopy was positive in 35 patients, suspicious in 32 and normal in 152 patients. BBs yielded bladder cancer (BCa) in 43 (19.6%) patients, with a BCa rate of 9.3% in patients with negative cytology and cystoscopy as opposed to 38.0% in patients whereby one or both exams were suspicious/positive. The diagnostic accuracy of urine cytology, cystoscopy, and combined tests was 0.56, 0.70, and 0.71, respectively. The negative predictive value of combined tests was 90.7%. Performing BBs only in patients with positive cytology and/or positive/suspicious cystoscopy would have spared 140 (64%) patients to undergo this procedure while missing BCa in 13 (9.3%) of them, representing 30% of all BCa cases.

Conclusion

Performing BBs only in patients with positive cytology and suspicious/positive cystoscopy would spare 64% of un-necessary BBs but miss a non-negligible number of BCas. While no data are available regarding the potential consequences of missing such BCas, such information should be taken into account in patient’s counselling.
Correction to: Cryo-EM structures of tau filaments from Alzheimer’s disease with PET ligand APN-1607
Authors: Shi Yang , Murzin Alexey G. , Falcon Benjamin , Epstein Alexander , Machin Jonathan , Tempest Paul , Newell Kathy L. , Vidal Ruben , Garringer Holly J. , Sahara Naruhiko , Higuchi Makoto , Ghetti Bernardino , Jang Ming-Kuei , Scheres Sjors H. W. , Goedert Michel
Published: April 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-021-02303-5
Stochastic evaluation of stress and strain distributions in duplex steel
Authors: Krause Maximilian , Böhlke Thomas
Published: April 2021

Austenite–ferrite duplex steels generally consist of two differently textured polycrystalline phases with different glide mechanisms. For estimating the effective mechanical behavior of heterogeneous materials, there exist well established approaches, two of which are the classes of mean-field and full-field methods. In this work, the local fields resulting from these different approaches are compared using analytical calculations and full-field simulations. Duplex steels of various textures measured using X-ray diffraction are considered. Special emphasis is given to the influence of the crystallographic texture on the stress and strain distributions.