bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gaze Linking in Visual Search: A Help or a Hindrance?
Authors: Messmer Nathan , Leggett Nathan , Prince Melissa , McCarley Jason S.
Published: October 2017

Gaze linking allows team members in a collaborative visual task to scan separate computer monitors simultaneously while their eye movements are tracked and projected onto each other’s displays. The present study explored the benefits of gaze linking to performance in unguided and guided visual search tasks. Participants completed either an unguided or guided serial search task as both independent and gaze-linked searchers. Although it produced shorter mean response times than independent search, gaze linked search was highly inefficient, and gaze linking did not differentially affect performance in guided and unguided groups. Results suggest that gaze linking is likely to be of little value in improving applied visual search.
User-Centered Label Design Guidelines for Child Restraint Systems
Authors: Kramer Chelsea , Kelsey Shelley , Rudin-Brown Christina , Langerak Robin , Scipione Andrea , Jaz Anthony , Burns Peter
Published: October 2017

Child Restraint Systems (CRS; car seats) are designed to prevent injuries in motor vehicle collisions. CRS misuse and installation errors are common and may seriously reduce or nullify safety benefits. Poorly designed labels and instructions contribute to CRS misuse, and CRS manufacturers are not held to an evidence-based label design standard. This paper describes a user-centered design (UCD) and evaluation process for infant/child convertible (rear-facing/forward-facing) CRS installation labels. The labels focused on two primary tasks: installing a CRS into a vehicle and securing a child into the CRS. The label design concepts were based on literature identifying primary areas for CRS misuse, Human Factors and UCD principles, product warning and label design standards, and current Canadian and US motor vehicle safety standards. A follow-up study will evaluate the reduction of CRS installation errors based on the hypothesized enhanced label usability and effectiveness.
Reconsidering the “Conventional Wisdom” of the Relationship between False Alarms and Risk Beliefs
Authors: Whitmer Daphne E. , Schroeder Bradford L. , Bailey Shannon K.T. , Sims Valerie K.
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this research was to examine how false alarm experience of weather-related emergencies affects the relationship between perceived danger and desire for warnings. Participants reported how dangerous they perceived each event to be, whether they believed warnings should be distributed, whether they had experienced the event, and whether they had experienced a false alarm of the event. Participants indicated strong agreement for the desire for weather warnings. Although the literature implies that people who have experienced many false alarms may perceive that danger as less severe in the future due to the “crywolf effect,” our data suggest that people have a heightened risk perception and desire for warnings of those events. Because memories inform mental representations that guide decision-making in uncertain situations, it is imperative that future research continue to examine what people have stored in memory of false alarm experiences to settle debates in the contentious literature of false alarms and risk perception.
Trust Impacts Driver Glance Strategy in Multitasking
Authors: Sawyer Ben D. , Seppalt Bobbie , Mehler Bruce , Reimer Bryan
Published: October 2017

Growing evidence supports the idea that patterns of gaze are important to human-machine trust, as they are to human-to-human trust (LaFrance & Mayo, 1976; Kendon, 1967), and indeed potentially all primate social dynamics (Emery, 2000). A growing literature explores trust and gaze toward anthropomorphic robots (Mutlu et al., 2009; Stanton & Stevens, 2014; Van de Brule et al., 2014, Hancock et al., 2011). Less work has investigated far-more-common non-anthropomorphic systems, despite evidence suggesting that operators deploy the same trust patterns toward such interface that they might toward fellow humans (Nass, 1996; Fogg & Nass, 1997), and that they change patterns of visual allocation based upon that trust (Hergeth et al., 2016; Geitner at al., 2017). In critical operational settings, such as driving while multitasking, maximum safety and stability is associated with maximum visual attention devoted to the road (Hancock & Warm, 1989; Strayer, Drews & Johnston, 2003; Sawyer et al., 2014). Social gaze strategies deployed toward an interface suggest competition for these resources, and so applied consequences in terms of adopting appropriate information gathering strategies.
Quantitative Method for Estimating Driver Eye Height
Authors: Todd J. Jay , Bui Young C. , Tavassoli Abtine , Krauss David A.
Published: October 2017

The issue of what drivers can or cannot see while operating their vehicle is critical for avoiding roadway hazards. One factor is eye-height, which although varies between individuals, is often not available to measure directly. We present a method of calculating driver eye-height using an anthropometry dataset as well as vehicle specifications obtained from online resources. In this study, participants sat in various passenger vehicles and had their seated eye-height measured, which was then compared to their calculated eye-height. Results suggest that our methodology is accurate for larger passenger vehicles, though it slightly underestimates driver eye-height for smaller passenger vehicles. Implications for these results, as well as directions for future studies are discussed in the paper.
The relationship between global and information processing factors and self-perceived risky driving among older adults
Authors: Craig Curtis M. , Levulis Samuel J.
Published: October 2017

Drivers typically calibrate their driving behavior with their perceived risk of the current driving situation. However, the degree of risky behavior that drivers find acceptable may be affected by individual difference factors, such as gender, cognitive ability, and personality traits. Using a publicly available dataset examining cognitive and personality variables in a sample of older American adults (CogUSA; McArdle, Rodgers, & Willis, 2015), the present study assessed the relationships between global and information processing factors and self-perceived risky driving behavior (after controlling for general self-perceived risk-taking). Global factors included gender, age, and the big five personality traits. Information processing factors were measured by scores on Visual Matching, Incomplete Words, Auditory Working Memory, and Spatial Relations tests. Results indicated that gender, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and visuo-spatial processing predicted increased self-perceived risky driving behavior. The results have implications for the assessment of driving risk factors across ages, as well as the burgeoning field of hazard perception training.
Relationship between Total Heat Loss and Thermal Protective Performance of Firefighter Protective Clothing and Consequent Influence on Burn Injury Prediction via Flame-Engulfment Manikin Test
Authors: Kim Jung-Hyun , Kim Do-Hee , Lee Joo-Young , Coca Aitor
Published: October 2017

Firefighter protective clothing (FPC) provides barrier protection from hazardous materials. Two of the important performance factors tested for FPC are total heat loss (THL) and thermal protective performance (TPP). The present study evaluated the relationship between THL and TPP, and tested its subsequent influence on burn injury prediction via the flame-engulfment manikin test, using three FPC samples from the United States, Europe, and South Korea. The study results showed an inverse relationship between THL and TPP (r=-.949, p<.001). Predicted total area of second and third degree burn injury was 7.2±1.6, 19.7±4.1, and 5.0±1.0% for the United States, European, and South Korean FPC, respectively, which was significantly explained by both THL and TPP (F=34.630, p=0.001, R2=.920). The flame manikin test results showed that affected burn injury areas are not uniform over the body, but more frequent on the head and limbs.
Shooting Stability: A Critical Component of Marksmanship Performance as Measured through Aim Path and Trigger Control
Authors: Brown Stephanie A. T. , Mitchell K. Blake
Published: October 2017

Marksmanship proficiency is an essential component to operational effectiveness in the military. Previous research suggests marksmanship proficiency is dependent on shooter posture and weapon stability. This study evaluated new stability measures derived from simulator aiming data. Sixteen participants were assessed in three clothing and individual equipment (CIE) conditions involving traditional military ensembles. Marksmanship was assessed using traditional measures (precision and accuracy), as well as four new stability measures (horizontal, vertical, and overall stability, and trigger control). Significant differences in stability were seen across firing postures and fatigue states, consistent with previous study suggestions regarding the important role of stability on marksmanship proficiency. Regression analysis showed that horizontal stability and trigger control measures were also highly predictive of precision. Additionally, significant differences in all stability measures were seen across CIE conditions, suggesting that these measures provide valuable insights regarding CIE effects on marksmanship performance not fully captured by traditional marksmanship measures.
How Accurately Can an Observer Assess Participant Self-Reported Workload?
Authors: Hale Logan T. , Long Preston A.
Published: October 2017

Subjective workload assessments are used often in human factors, almost always from the perspective of the one performing the task. How well would an observer or experimenter be able to subjectively rate the mental workload of a task being performed by a subject? In this experiment, participants formed groups of two in which one acted as an experimenter and the other as a subject. The experimenter administered three types of distractor tasks to the subject while the subject held a consonant triad in their working memory. The three tasks were a high difficulty task (counting), a medium difficulty task (writing), and a low difficulty task (drawing). Both experimenter and subject then filled out a NASA-TLX for all three task types. Roles were switched and the process repeated. Significant differences in rating were found for the high difficulty but not the low difficulty task, with the medium difficulty task in between.
The Effect of Locking out Radial and Ulnar Deviation with an Upper Body Exoskeleton on Handgun Training
Authors: Schnieders Thomas M. , Stone Richard T. , Oviatt Tyler , Danford-Klein Erik
Published: October 2017

This paper presents the first version of the ARCTiC LawE, short for the Armed Robotic Control for Training in Civilian Law Enforcement. The ARCTiC LawE is an upper body exoskeleton designed to assist in training civilians, military, and law enforcement personnel. The first iteration of this exoskeleton tests the effect of locking out radial and ulnar deviation for handgun training. The project trained and tested subjects with little to no handgun training/experience utilizing the ARCTiC LawE. An analysis of accuracy and precision was conducted with 24 participants. The experimental group scored statistically significantly higher than the control group at 21 feet and at 45 feet. Most police altercations with handguns occur at 10 feet or less. The results imply the ARCTiC LawE version one has enough statistical support for a second iteration to address some of the quantitative and qualitative results.
The Effect of Locking out Wrist Flexion and Extension with an Upper Body Exoskeleton on Handgun Training
Authors: Schnieders Thomas M. , Stone Richard T. , Danford-Klein Erik , Oviatt Tyler
Published: October 2017

The second version of The Armed Robotic Control for Training in Civilian Law Enforcement, or ARCTiC LawE is presented in this paper. The ARCTiC LawE is an upper body exoskeleton designed to assist in training civilians, military, and law enforcement personnel. This second iteration tests the effect of locking out wrist flexion and extension for handgun training in addition to locking out the radial and ulnar deviation from the first version of The ARCTiC LawE. The experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group at 21 feet and 45 feet over a two-week period. The training occurred in week one and testing occurred in week two. This study lays the groundwork for continued research on transfer of training effectiveness with the ARCTiC LawE.
VR What We Eat: Guidelines for Designing and Assessing Virtual Environments as a Persuasive Technology to Promote Sustainability and Health
Authors: Song Jihye , Fiore Stephen M.
Published: October 2017

Environmental sustainability has grown as a topic of interest in the scientific community and has gained mainstream attention. This paper focuses on issues to consider when designing and assessing the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) as persuasive technology. We propose a set of research guidelines to inform future work on how to enhance VR’s effectiveness as a persuasive tool. We present animal product consumption as an example to demonstrate how these guidelines can be applied to a real-world problem that relates to sustainability and health. We describe a set of guidelines for advancing research on VR as a persuasive tool and provide examples of how they can be applied in future research.
Effects of display curvature and hand length on smartphone usability
Authors: Yi Jihhyeon , Park Sungryul , Im Juah , Jeon Seonyeong , Kyung Gyouhyung
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of display curvature and hand length on smartphone usability, which was assessed in terms of grip comfort, immersive feeling, typing performance, and overall satisfaction. A total of 20 younger individuals with the mean (SD) age of 20.8 (2.4) yrs were divided into three hand-size groups (small: 8, medium: 6, large: 6). Two smartphones of the same size were used – one with a flat display and the other with a side-edge curved display. Three tasks (watching video, calling, and texting) were used to evaluate smartphone usability. The smartphones were used in a landscape mode for the first task, and in a portrait mode for the other two. The flat display smartphone provided higher grip comfort during calling (p = 0.008) and texting (p = 0.006) and higher overall satisfaction (p = 0.0002) than the curved display smartphone. The principal component regression (adjusted R2 = 0.49) of overall satisfaction on three principal components comprised of the remaining measures showed that the first principal component on grip comfort was more important than the other two on watching experience and texting performance. It is thus necessary to carefully consider the effect of display curvature on grip comfort when applying curved displays to hand-held devices such as smartphones.
A Preliminary Comparison of Three Tourniquet Instructions for Just-in-Time Guidance of a Simulated Tourniquet Application
Authors: Lowndes Bethany R. , Forsyth Katherine L. , Prytz Erik , Johnson Carl-Oscar , Abdelrahman Amro , Sztajnkrycer Matthew D. , Franz Walter B. , Blocker Renaldo C. , Hallbeck M. Susan
Published: October 2017

The American College of Surgeons (ACS) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) encourage the use of tourniquets as part of the “Stop the Bleed” campaign. Both have provided instructions for layperson tourniquet application in order to save the life of a hemorrhaging trauma victim. This study sought to compare the impact of using ACS and DHS instructions with manufacturer-provided instructions for the completion of simulated tourniquet application steps. Thirty surgical trainees completed a simulated tourniquet application with one of the three instruction sets. Their completion time and success for each step were measured. Participants that received ACS instructions failed the fewest number of steps (p < 0.01) and completed the task faster (Mean (SD) = 70 (33) seconds) compared to those with the manufacturer-provided instructions (p < 0.01). Tourniquet instruction sets need to be refined in order to optimize the success rate of just-in-time guidance for tourniquet application.
Better Business by DesignTM: Introduction to the SOPHIC Conceptual Model
Authors: Rando Cynthia , Fogarty Jennifer
Published: October 2017

The SOPHIC Conceptual Model (SCM) introduces a unique approach to human centered design through the role of a Trade Space Negotiator (TSN) and a focus on convergence of three distinct domains: Business Strategy, Human Factors and Engineering. Each domain has significant contributions and a unique perspective that needs to be considered to find the optimum balance for the organization to deliver successful products or services. The function of the TSN is to find this balance between the seemingly competing domains for the organization. The SCM and TSN work together to prevent and resolve conflict by identifying discordance between the domains and converge on an integrated solution resulting in innovative outcomes. When the business is optimized through the SOPHIC Conceptual Model it delivers a successful user interaction, addresses tangible needs, and delivers a positive experience resulting in cost effective processes and innovative outcomes leading to Better Business by DesignTM.
A Focus Group Study of Blind Voters in Alachua County
Authors: Posadas Brianna , Sherman Imani , Mahendran Divyalashmi , Burgalia Gabriela , Gilbert Juan
Published: October 2017

Of the 15.6 million people with disabilities who voted in the 2012 United States Presidential Election, one- third had difficulties voting at the precinct. This statistic is one of the reasons work continues on Prime III, an all-accessible electronic voting system, designed to be used by all voters, regardless of ability or disability. To describe the current state of voting for disabled voters and identify issues Prime III can further address, focus groups were conducted with the Alachua County Council of the Blind in Florida. Four focus groups were run with 18 participants in total. Preliminary results find that while the current accessible voting machines satisfactorily allow disabled voters to cast their votes, there are features and functions Prime III can provide that are not available now such as voice input, universal access, and privacy. Next steps include conducting focus groups with disabled students at the University of Florida.
An Exploration of Interactive Wayfinding Displays in Hospitals: Lessons Learned for Improving Design
Authors: Harper Christy , Avera Angie , Crosser Andrea , Jefferies Spencer , Duke Tyler
Published: October 2017

This research examined the usability and effectiveness of three large hospitals’ wayfinding interfaces. Participants recruited from three hospitals completed various tasks using the wayfinding interface. Errors and issues consistently observed were organized and developed into insights and recommendations, such as classifying information according to user expectations, including a universal search, minimizing unnecessary on-screen information, adhering to platform standards, presenting visual aids effectively, orienting navigation information effectively, and providing relevant environmental cues. Results from this paper will help inform researchers and designers to develop necessary guidelines when creating and iterating wayfinding interfaces, both in large multi-building hospitals and similar settings.
Seat belt use by adult rear seat passengers in private passenger, taxi, and rideshare vehicles
Authors: Nemire Kenneth
Published: October 2017

Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. There are no observational studies comparing use of seat belts by front and rear seat adult passengers in the United States (U.S.), and no comparisons of rear seat belt use by adult passengers in private, taxi, and rideshare vehicles. This observational study of drivers and adult passengers in two cities, one with a primary and the other with a secondary seat belt enforcement law, found the laws affected seat belt use by drivers but not by rear seat passengers, and that rear seat passengers wore seat belts more in private vehicles than in taxis. The latter result was not because of lack of seat belt availability in taxis. Results also showed that modeling of seat belt use by drivers had little effect on seat belt use by rear seat passengers. Results from rideshare vehicles was mixed. Implications for future research and countermeasures are discussed.
Passenger Seat Belt Usage Rates on Shuttle Buses
Authors: Crump Caroline , Brinkerhoff Robyn , Young Douglas
Published: October 2017

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) recently published a final rule requiring lap/shoulder seat belts in all new large motorcoaches and buses manufactured on or after November 28, 2016 (NHTSA, 2013). Studies of vehicle belt use in passenger vehicles demonstrate that many factors other than availability influence whether a seat belt is used by an individual in a particular circumstance. The present observational study examined passenger seat belt use in airport shuttle buses traveling short distances over urban roads with frequent stops, in four U.S. cities. Seat belts were used very rarely when provided - only 1% (2 out of 156) of passengers buckled up. These findings are consistent with other studies of passenger seat belt use in motorcoach buses, and suggest that without concomitant legislation mandating and enforcing seat belt usage, the vast majority of bus passengers are unlikely to use seat belts even when provided.
Barriers to Falling Risk
Authors: Jackson Russell E. , Felton William M.
Published: October 2017

Falling is a major health risk in workplaces and homes worldwide. Our efforts at falling prevention have made little impact in reducing the number or severity of falls in recent decades. These efforts focus on physical barriers, but neglect the ways that individuals react to those barriers. The current research used Evolved Navigation Theory in order to predict how barriers influence perception in falling risk scenarios. Participants in two experiments estimated surfaces varying in falling risk and barrier type. Experiment 1 identified that environmental perception unknowingly reflected falling risk. Experiment 2 identified specific perceptual differences that derived from differences in physical barriers. These data provide a new capacity to address a major worldwide health risk.
Human-Centered Safe Design of Mining Equipment
Authors: Horberry Tim , Burgess-Limerick Robin , Cooke Tristan , Steiner Lisa
Published: October 2017

Human-centered safe design is an increasingly influential approach in mining and other high-hazard work domains in part due to a growing recognition of the contribution of design to occupational safety. Human- centered safe design aims to eliminate workplace hazards by systematically involving end-users in the design of equipment. In this paper, the need for human-centered safe design work in the minerals industry is first introduced and a method previously developed by the authors and colleagues is presented. This human-centered safe design method is a task-based, participatory ergonomics, risk management approach that focuses on mining equipment operators and maintainers. A case study follows which demonstrates that focusing on end-users and their tasks by means of a structured user-centered process can help produce fit- for-purpose equipment for the mining industry.
Preventing Human Error in Crane Operations: A Case Study of Organizational and Design Elements
Authors: Jian Jiun-Yin , Miller Gerry E. , Shah Sahil
Published: October 2017

Between 2009 and 2016, 57 offshore crane-related incidents in the process industry resulted in numerous injuries and fatalities in the Gulf of Mexico region (Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, 2017) with estimated cost over 3.5 million US dollars. For this reason, crane incidents continue to be a major focus and of oil and gas industry concern. Despite the large progress made with crane technology and regulation (American Petroleum Institute, 2013, 2014), operators and workers remain exposed to risks due to inadequate consideration of human factors in design. This desk-based evaluation was conducted to address the human factors related to crane operations with a detailed focus on cabin display and control arrangements, identification of blind spots, safe lifting practices, and compliance with regulatory requirements. It was found that the one configuration of the two-lever controls recommended by API 2C was conducive to causing human error, and that a rearrangement of the labeling and color-coding could increase readability and legibility to the operator. A modification to this arrangement is recommended in order to further prevent exposures to crane hazards stemming from human error. In addition, the operator’s field of view (FOV) or line of sight (LOS) was simulated using schematics, 3D models, and anthropometric data in order to identify blind spots during lifting and lowering activities. This strategy can be implemented in the preparation of lift plans which will subsequently facilitate adequate communication between the operator and flagman during blind lifts.
Driver Workload and Secondary Task Modality while Driving on Horizontal Curves
Authors: Jeong Heejin , Liu Yili
Published: October 2017

High driver workload has been considered as a risk factor in motor vehicle crashes. To minimize the number of crashes and improve driving safety, it is necessary to investigate driver workload and the most influential factor that affects driver workload. In this study, we examined the effects of road geometry, driving performance (by both steering wheel and pedal controls), and secondary task modality type on driver workload. A hierarchical ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis revealed that visually demanding secondary task predicted higher driver workload. This finding could help in-vehicle interface designs to minimize driver workload and improve driving safety.
An Investigation of Information Sought by Caregivers of Alzheimer’s Patients on Online Peer-Support Groups
Authors: Scharett Emma , Lopes Snehal , Rogers Hunter , Bhargava1 Ayush , Ponathil Amal , Madathil Kapil Chalil , Dye Cheryl
Published: October 2017

Alzheimer’s caregivers seek social support through online communities to deal with their issues. The research team conducted a content analysis of ALZConnected.org to investigate the characteristics of information searched by caregivers and responses received. Two-hundred fifty posts and related responses were randomly selected and analyzed using a classification tool derived from the analysis of 500 posts and related responses spanning a yearlong period. The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIW C) generated an average tone rating of 25.94 for the posts and 52.69 for the responses. The findings highlighted the caregiver’s need for emotional support (59.6%), and confusion about Alzheimer’s symptoms (12%). Most responses suggested informational resources (40.16%) and advised to seek professional assistance (21.31%). One of the key needs identified to inform future design of an Alzheimer’s Caregiver Forum was a design sensitive to the capabilities of its elder user audience.
Objective Assessment of Functional Information Requirements for Patient Portals
Authors: Sadeghi Mahnoosh , Thomassie Rachal , Sasangohar Farzan
Published: October 2017

There has been an increase in the usage of electronic health records by healthcare providers as a result of recent federal incentive programs. One benefit of electronic systems is providing patients remote access to their records and an online interface with their healthcare provider via a patient portal. Patients, however, have been slow to adopt these systems and many studies have been conducted in attempts to investigate such slow adoption. It is not clear if the users were involved in the design of such systems and if the functionality meets user expectation. This paper aims to address this issue by documenting a comprehensive and systematically-derived set of functional and information requirements for patient portals based on a review of literature and interviews with patients.
Compensations for an Assistive Robotic Interface
Authors: Parkhurst Eva L. , Rupp Michael A. , Jabalameli Amirhossein , Behal Aman , Smither Janan A.
Published: October 2017

The goal of assistive robotic devices, such as a wheelchair-mounted robotic arms (WMRA), is to increase users’ functional independence. At odds with this goal is the fact that device interfaces tend to be rigid, requiring the user to adapt, rather than adapting to the user. Paperno, et al. (2016) identified key physical, cognitive, and sensory capabilities that affect an individual’s performance of simulated activities of daily living (e.g. picking up an object from the floor) while using a WMRA. Greater visual abilities (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and depth perception), cognitive abilities (processing speed, working memory, and spatial ability) and physical abilities (dexterity) resulted in participants completing tasks more quickly and with fewer total moves. We propose that interfaces should adapt to compensate for deficits in these capabilities to support a wider range of users. A variety of compensations should be developed and tested in order to identify the most effective techniques. For instance, object segmentation, a computer vision technique that separates objects and background in a visual scene, may compensate for deficits in contrast sensitivity, depth perception, processing speed, and working memories. However, contrast sensitivity may be better compensated for by use of a simple yellow filter on the screen, mimicking yellow lenses in glasses used for the same purpose. Similarly, depth perception limitations may be better overcome through the use of multiple camera views or by automating the pick-up and release mechanisms of the gripper. Thus there may be one compensation that facilitates WMRA use for a multitude of decrements or each factor may be better served by a specific separate compensation. In incorporating the effective compensations into the interface software, there should also be a capability of identifying which specific compensations should be activated for an individual user. For this we propose testing for these important individual differences should be included within the software. Virtual or online testing already exist for many of the identified factors and can be modified to fit our purpose. This is especially the case if gamification principles are applied as testing will engage user interest. In this way, the software can adjust compensations as a user’s visual, cognitive, and physical abilities change over time. Future research ventures will include identifying the most beneficial compensation for each identified individual difference and developing virtual gamified measures for those individual differences.
Testing the Efficacy of Human-Human Trust Repair Strategies with Machines
Authors: Quinn Daniel B. , Pak Richard , de Visser Ewart J.
Published: October 2017

Trust is a critical component to both human-automation and human-human interactions. Interface manipulations, such as visual anthropomorphism and machine politeness, have been used to affect trust in automation. However, these design strategies are meant to primarily facilitate initial trust formation but have not been examined as a means to actively repair trust that has been violated by a system failure. Previous research has shown that trust in another party can be effectively repaired after a violation using various strategies, but there is little evidence substantiating such strategies in human-automation context. The current study will examine the effectiveness of trust repair strategies, derived from a human-human or human-organizational context, in human-automation interaction.
Creating Content Guidelines for Consistent Display of Information on an Ecommerce Website
Authors: Pryor Makenzie , Millar Garrett C. , McNamara Andrew , Kaufman Leah , McLaughlin Anne Collins
Published: October 2017

As part of a project in collaboration with Lenovo’s Global UX team, we analyzed a website using heuristic analysis, a cognitive walkthrough, and feedback from users through verbal protocols. With this information, we created a prototype version of proposed content guidelines. These guidelines aim to improve consistency on the website, which allowed users to quickly compare multiple laptops as well as make connections between the laptop hardware and typical uses. In this paper, we describe our process behind developing these guidelines and the resulting guidelines themselves to show how researchers may develop their own guidelines.
Heart Rate Variability During a Simulated Assembly Task; Influence of Age and Gender
Authors: Nardolillo Angel M. , Baghdadi Amir , Cavuoto Lora A.
Published: October 2017

Attention has been concentrated on productivity in manufacturing settings with assembly line tasks being a common area of focus. Prolonged fatigue can occur during various assembly tasks both cognitively and physically. This can place a damper on efficiency and productivity for workers in manufacturing. Intercession can subsequently take place centered on reducing excessive workload tasks to assure a worker’s mental and physical thresholds are not contravened. Fatigue can be better understood by a person’s physiologic measures specifically their heart rate. Heart rate variability (HRV) which consists of calculations taken from each heartbeat can objectively quantify human capacity levels and the onset of fatigue. This study considers HRV during an assembly line task and compares differences in cardiac parameters between younger and older participants. The results obtained from this study were used to better understand the pattern of fatigue during the task at each segmented time interval. The HRV outcomes exhibited an index for each interval which gave the ability to make improved task demand decisions within the assembly line task. Statistical differences between age groups were also prominent which gave notion that workplace tasks should consider age classification when designing work structures for employees. This study assessed the potential function of HRV during a simulated task by examining the autonomic responses of the heart. The relationship between the autonomic nervous system to HRV was examined.
Assessment of General Aviation Cognitive Weather Tasks: Recommendations for Autonomous Learning and Training in Aviation Weather
Authors: Ortiz Yolanda , Blickensderfer Beth , King Jayde
Published: October 2017

General aviation (GA) operations incur the majority of fatal weather-related accidents. Previous research highlights the lack of aviation weather knowledge and skills as a possible contributing factor to the stagnant GA weather-related accident rate. This is congruent with accident data indicating weather-related accidents mostly involved non-instrument rated pilots and/or pilots with low flight hour experience flying into inadvertent meteorological conditions, such as low ceiling/visibility. However, though weather has serious and potentially fatal implications toward flight safety, weather training is an underrepresented area of pilots’ education, training, and testing. As such, autonomous (i.e. self-study) learning and training may be a viable training tool to expose pilots to various weather scenarios and to develop the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) related to aviation weather. This paper will focus on evaluating complex cognitive weather tasks and providing recommendations for developing an effective autonomous learning and training module.
At-Risk Driving Behavior in Drivers with Diabetes: A Neuroergonomics Approach
Authors: Merickel Jennifer , High Robin , Smith Lynette , Wichman Chris , Frankel Emily , Smits Kaitlin , Drincic Andjela , Desouza Cyrus , Gunaratne Pujitha , Ebe Kazutoshi , Rizzo Matthew
Published: October 2017

This pilot study tackles the overarching need for driver-state detection through real-world measurements of driver behavior and physiology in at-risk drivers with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). 35 drivers (19 DM, 14 comparison) participated. Real-time glucose levels were measured over four weeks with continuous glucose monitor (CGM) wearable sensors. Contemporaneous real-world driving performance and behavior were measured with in-vehicle video and electronic sensor instrumentation packages. Results showed clear links between at-risk glucose levels (particularly hypoglycemia) and changes in driver performance and behavior. DM participants often drove during at-risk glucose levels (low and high) and showed cognitive impairments in key domains for driving, which are likely linked to frequent hypoglycemia. The finding of increased driving risk in DM participants was mirrored in state records of crashes and traffic citations. Combining sensor data and phenotypes of driver behavior can inform patients, caregivers, safety interventions, policy, and design of supportive in-vehicle technology that is responsive to driver state.
Driver Responses to Incongruent V2V and V2I Safety Critical Information in Left-Turn Across Path Scenarios
Authors: Richard Christian , Hoekstra-Atwood Liberty , Philips Brian H. , Jerome Christian
Published: October 2017

The present work aims to help guide the development of safer systems and interfaces by investigating how drivers handle safety messages from in-vehicle and in-roadway infrastructure sources with incongruent onset timing. Two part-task driving simulator experiments were used to examine concurrent Driver-Infrastructure Interface (DII) and Driver-Vehicle Interface (DVI) displays for a gap-assist system while making a Left-Turn Across Path (LTAP) movement at a signalized intersection. Participants encountered repeated LTAP scenarios and indicated whether they would make a left turn through varying gaps in traffic. The key factors examined were: gap size, age, display type, and the visibility of oncoming traffic. Drivers primarily used the displays when they had an obstructed view of oncoming traffic. They preferred the DII, but some participants would rely on the DVI if the DII had conservative timing. Participants showed inconsistent performance when the DII and DVI displayed conflicting information.
How Does Lane Departure Warning Effectiveness Vary by Severity of Departure
Authors: Brown Timothy L. , Gaspar John , Marshall Dawn , Lee John D.
Published: October 2017

Lane departures are a significant traffic safety problem. They can be attributed to a variety of types of impairment including the increasing prevalence of distracted driving. Research to date has focused on how drivers respond to imminent lane departure warnings, often with short time to line crossing at the onset of the alert. This paper examines how this effectiveness changes over a range of severities associated with various times to line crossing. Although warning systems are generally beneficial in reducing the severity of lane departures, time to line crossing had mixed effects on lane departures. Longer time to line crossing was associated with a greater likelihood of departing the lane but with less severe lane departures. Additionally, an active warning that provides steering torque to help correct lane departures showed decreased effectiveness with increasing time to line crossing in terms of likelihood of lane departure and duration and area of lane departure. These results point to the importance of considering the range of situations in which a warning may be issued, not just the most severe cases.
Repeated Induction of Inattentional Blindness in a Simulated Aviation Environment
Authors: Kennedy Kellie D. , Stephens Chad L. , Williams Ralph A. , Schutte Paul C.
Published: October 2017

The study reported herein is a subset of a larger investigation on the role of automation in the context of the flight deck and used a fixed-based, human-in-the-loop simulator. This portion explored the relationship between automation and inattentional blindness (IB) occurrences in repeated induction using two types of runway incursions directly relevant to primary task performance. Sixty non-pilot participants performed the final five minutes of a landing scenario twice in one of three automation condition: full automation (FA), partial automation (PA), and no automation (NA). The first induction resulted in a 70% detection failure rate and the second induction resulted in a 50% detection failure rate. Detection improved in all conditions. IB group membership (IB vs. Detection) in the FA condition showed the most improvement and rated the Mental Demand and Effort subscales of the NASA-TLX significantly higher for Time 2 compared Time 1. Participants in the FA condition used the experience of IB exposure to reallocate attentional resources and improve task performance. These findings support the role of engagement in attention detriment and the consideration of attentional failure causation to select appropriate mitigation strategies.
The Influence of Prolonged Conditionally Automated Driving on the Take-Over Ability of the Driver
Authors: Schmidt Jürgen , Dreißig Mariella , Stolzmann Wolfgang , Rötting Matthias
Published: October 2017

Other than during manual and partly automated driving, the driver will not need to constantly observe and correct the path of his/her car with future conditionally automated driving (CAD) systems. The driver will be only responsible to stay alert and be ready to take-over the driving in a preset handover time, if requested. The aim of this simulator study was to examine the reactions of drivers, when requested to take-over after a long, monotonous conditionally automated drive. The conditionally automated drives of 20 drivers (mean driving time of 2:51 ± 0:18 h) were evaluated. To test their reaction and take-over ability, the drivers experienced four easy take-over situations and were additionally challenged with a demanding situation in their worst state regarding fatigue. There was no significant influence found of their fatigue state on the take-over time and quality. The different take-over times in different situations point merely towards an adaption of the drivers’ reactions onto the specific necessities of the different driving situations.
Comparison of Alternate Human Viewpoints
Authors: Handley Holly A. H.
Published: October 2017

A human viewpoint is an important addition to any system architecture development; it adds the supplementary information required to represent the human component of the system. However, two distinct human viewpoints have emerged: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Human View and the Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework (MoDAF) Human View. Both of these architectural viewpoints are known as the “Human View”, and while they have many similarities, each has a different set of representations and has evolved with a different focus. This paper compares the two viewpoints to order to clearly delineate the contribution of each approach to a system architecture development
Dynamic Marksmanship: A Novel Methodology to Evaluate the Effects of Clothing and Individual Equipment on Mission Performance
Authors: Brown Stephanie A. T. , McNamara Jay A. , Blake Mitchell K.
Published: October 2017

Military clothing and individual equipment (CIE) must not interfere with mission performance, including the ability to quickly and effectively acquire and engage targets. This paper describes a new methodology to evaluate the effects of CIE on marksmanship performance, beyond traditional lethality measures, by focusing on additional mobility timing metrics that entail locating, moving, positioning, and engaging the target. Sixteen participants were assessed in three legacy CIE conditions. Marksmanship was assessed using traditional lethality measures (p(hit), p(lethal hit), precision, and accuracy), mobility timing measure (target acquisition, aiming, and engagement), and subjective ratings. No significant differences of CIE condition for traditional lethality measures or time to aim/engage were found. However, participants experienced significantly longer target acquisition times for the more cumbersome CIE conditions, consistent with their perceived interference ratings. These results suggest that the new dynamic methodology provides valuable insights regarding the effects of CIE on performance in an operationally relevant manner.
A Toolkit to Assist Researchers to More Efficiently Conduct Experiments Assessing Human State
Authors: Bracken Bethany K. , Palmon Noa , Koelle David , Farry Mike
Published: October 2017

For teams to perform effectively, individuals must focus on their own tasks, while simultaneously maintaining awareness of other team members. Researchers studying and attempting to optimize performance of teams as well as individual team members use assessments of behavioral, neurophysiological, and physiological signals that correlate with individual and team performance. However, synchronizing data from multiple sensor devices can be difficult, and building and using models to assess human states of interest can be time-consuming and non-intuitive. To assist researchers, we built an Adaptable Toolkit for the Assessment and Augmentation of Performance by Teams in Real Time (ADAPTER), which provides a framework that flexibly integrates sensors and fuses sensor data to assess performance. ADAPTER flexibly integrates current and emerging sensors; assists researchers in creating and implementing models that support research on performance and the development of augmentation strategies; and enables comprehensive and holistic characterization of team member performance during real-time experimental protocols.
Going Digital: Consequences of Increasing Resolution of a Wargaming Tool for Knowledge Elicitation
Authors: Dorton Stephen , Tupper Scott , Maryeski LeeAnn
Published: October 2017

Wargaming is used to facilitate Knowledge Elicitation (KE) during design thinking events for the development of advanced concepts. These wargaming sessions follow brainstorming and consensus building exercises where diverse teams of end users and technical personnel enumerate and vote on innovative features to develop into new systems, or for innovative means to leverage and exploit existing technologies. A tabletop, turn-based board game was used to conduct these wargaming sessions for vetting concepts; however, the time required to execute and evaluate (process) each turn led to the development of a digital version of the game where the mechanics of moving certain game pieces was automated. Although increasing technology levels of tools and processes is generally viewed as an upgrade, unintended consequences of introducing technologies into systems can and do occur. An assessment was performed to empirically assess the effectiveness of the digital version of the simulator. User perceptions were captured with a questionnaire, and user behaviors with the tool were captured through observational methods. The digital wargaming platform succeeded in reducing the amount of time dedicated to process each turn of gameplay; however, there was no observed gain in perceived utility of the new digital tool, nor any observed increase in the quality or quantity of KE. Future research efforts will aim to empirically measure the quantity and quality of discussion during gameplay.