bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autofrettage and Shakedown Analyses of an Internally Pressurized Thick-Walled Cylinder Based on Strain Gradient Plasticity Solutions
Authors: Gao X.-L. , Wen J.-F. , Xuan F.-Z. , Tu S.-T.
Published: February 2015

Two closed-form solutions for an internally pressurized thick-walled cylinder of an elastic linear-hardening material and of an elastic power-law hardening material are first obtained using a strain gradient plasticity theory, a unified yield criterion, and Hencky's deformation theory. The strain gradient plasticity theory contains a microstructure-dependent length-scale parameter and can capture size effects observed at the micron scale. The unified yield criterion includes the intermediate principal stress and recovers the Tresca, von Mises, and twin shear yield criteria as special cases. An autofrettage analysis is then performed by using the two new solutions, which leads to the analytical determination of the elastic and plastic limiting pressures, the residual stress field, and the stress field induced by an operating pressure for each strain-hardening cylinder. This is followed by a shakedown analysis of the autofrettaged thick-walled cylinders, which results in analytical formulas for reverse yielding and elastic reloading shakedown limits. The newly obtained solutions and formulas include their classical plasticity-based counterparts as limiting cases. To quantitatively illustrate the new formulas derived, a parametric study is conducted. The numerical results reveal that the shakedown limit (as the upper bound of the autofrettage pressure) increases with the diameter ratio and with the strain hardening level. It is also found that the Tresca yield criterion gives the lowest value and the twin shear yield criterion leads to the highest value, while the von Mises yield criterion results in the intermediate value of the shakedown limit. In addition, it is observed that the shakedown limit based on the current strain gradient plasticity solutions increases with the decrease of the inner radius when the cylinder inner radius is sufficiently small, but it approaches that (a constant value independent of the inner radius) based on the classical plasticity solution when the inner radius becomes large. This predicted size (strengthening) effect at the micron scale agrees with the general trends observed experimentally.
The Edge-Related Mechanical Properties of Fluorographene Nanoribbons
Authors: Shi Mingxing , Kan Qianhua , Sha Zhendong , Kang Guozheng
Published: February 2015

The edge-related mechanical properties of fluorographene nanoribbons are investigated by means of first-principles calculations. It is found that for the four selected types of ribbons, edge energy quickly reaches a plateau when the width of ribbons exceeds 10 Å and then slowly increases at a rather small rate. Compressive and tensile edge stresses are found in ribbons with armchair and zigzag edges, respectively. The edge stresses are width dependent and also evidently smaller than those of graphene nanoribbons. This is understood to be due to the thickness effect of the two-dimensional (2D) layer structure of fluorographene. The in-plane stiffness and residual strains are also obtained for the selected fluorographene nanoribbons. The calculated in-plane stiffness gradually decreases as the ribbon width increases and approaches the counterpart of bulky fluorographene. Tensile and compressive residual strains led to armchair- and zigzag-edged fluorographene nanoribbons due to their different edge stresses, and both of them approach vanishing as the width increases since a larger width is equivalent to a larger stretch stiffness.
Analytical Solution for the Thermopiezoelastic Behavior of a Smart Functionally Graded Material Hollow Sphere Under Radially Symmetric Loadings
Authors: Jabbari M. , Barati A. R.
Published: February 2015

An analytical study of the piezothermoelastic behavior of a functionally graded material (FGM) hollow sphere with integrated piezoelectric layers as a sensor and actuator under the effect of radially symmetric thermo-electro-mechanical loading is carried out. The material properties of the FGM layer are assumed to be graded in the radial direction according to a power law function. Governing differential equations are developed in terms of the components of the displacement field, the electric potential and the temperature of each layer of the smart FGM hollow sphere. The resulting differential equations are solved analytically. Numerical examples are given and discussed to show the significant influence of grading index of material properties and feedback gain on the mechanical–electrical responses. This will be useful for modern engineering design.
Victims or Beneficiaries?: Wage Premia and National Origin in the National Hockey League
Authors: Allmen Peter von , Leeds Michael , Malakorn Julian
Published: February 2015

We add to the literature on migration and earnings by showing how migration affects one particularly highly skilled set of migrants: European hockey players. We examine salary differentials using a sample of newly signed free agents from the 2010-11 and 2011-12 seasons. We also apply several new productivity measures that sharpen the specification of the wage equation, especially regarding productivity on defense and special teams play. We find that European players receive a premium relative to otherwise identical Canadian and US-born players. We present evidence that this premium is due to the greater mobility of European players and their resulting access to alternative employment possibilities.
Exploring Fan Behavior: Developing a Scale to Measure Sport eFANgelism
Authors: Dwyer Brendan , Greenhalgh Gregory P. , LeCrom Carrie W.
Published: February 2015

Brand evangelism, an advanced form of marketing where consumers voluntarily advocate on behalf of the brand, can bring numerous benefits to a firm. Pro-brand behaviors such as word-of-mouth promotion, recruitment of consumers, and disparagement of rivals are just a few of the many actions associated with brand evangelism. With highly impassioned and provocative fans, an opportunity exists to explore brand evangelism within the spectator sport context. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a scale to measure sport team (brand) evangelism. Guided by Fournier’s (1998) brand extension of relationship theory and following Churchill’s (1979) eight-step method for developing marketing measures, two focus groups of fans were interviewed and an additional 450 sport fans were surveyed through two distinct data collections in an attempt to identify sport team evangelistic behaviors, and test a measure of such behaviors. The assessment of the instrument included two forms of reliability analysis and three modes of validity analysis as the scale was parsimoniously reduced from 88 initial behaviors to four factors and 14 items.
Perceptions of the Neighborhood Environment and Children’s Afterschool Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity
Authors: McDonald Samantha , Dowda Marsha , Colabianchi Natalie , Porter Dwayne , Dishman Rod K. , Pate Russell R.
Published: February 2015

Previous research suggests the neighborhood environment may be an important influence on children’s physical activity (PA) behaviors; however, findings are inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to further understand the relationship between perceptions of the neighborhood environment and children’s afterschool moderate-to-vigorous PA. Utilizing a structural equation modeling technique, we tested a conceptual model linking parent and child perceptions of the neighborhood environment, parent support for PA, and child outdoor PA with children’s afterschool moderate-to vigorous PA. We found that child perception of the neighborhood environment and outdoor PA were positively associated with afterschool moderate-to-vigorous PA. In addition, parent support for PA positively influenced children’s outdoor PA. The neighborhood environment and outdoor activity appear to play an influential role on children’s afterschool PA behaviors.
Dynamic profiling of the protein life cycle in response to pathogens
Authors: Jovanovic Marko , Rooney Michael S. , Mertins Philipp , Przybylski Dariusz , Chevrier Nicolas , Satija Rahul , Rodriguez Edwin H. , Fields Alexander P. , Schwartz Schraga , Raychowdhury Raktima , Mumbach Maxwell R. , Eisenhaure Thomas , Rabani Michal , Gennert Dave , Lu Diana , Delorey Toni , Weissman Jonathan S. , Carr Steven A. , Hacohen Nir , Regev Aviv
Published: February 2015

How the immune system readies for battle

Although gene expression is tightly controlled at both the RNA and protein levels, the quantitative contribution of each step, especially during dynamic responses, remains largely unknown. Indeed, there has been much debate whether changes in RNA level contribute substantially to protein-level regulation. Jovanovic
et al.
built a genome-scale model of the temporal dynamics of differential protein expression during the stimulation of immunological dendritic cells (see the Perspective by Li and Biggin). Newly stimulated functions involved the up-regulation of specific RNAs and concomitant increases in the levels of the proteins they encode, whereas housekeeping functions were regulated posttranscriptionally at the protein level.

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.1259038
; see also p.
1066
Transcribed enhancers lead waves of coordinated transcription in transitioning mammalian cells
Authors: Arner Erik , Daub Carsten O. , Vitting-Seerup Kristoffer , Andersson Robin , Lilje Berit , Drabløs Finn , Lennartsson Andreas , Rönnerblad Michelle , Hrydziuszko Olga , Vitezic Morana , Freeman Tom C. , M. N. Alhendi Ahmad , Arner Peter , Axton Richard , Baillie J. Kenneth , Beckhouse Anthony , Bodega Beatrice , Briggs James , Brombacher Frank , Davis Margaret , Detmar Michael , Ehrlund Anna , Endoh Mitsuhiro , Eslami Afsaneh , Fagiolini Michela , Fairbairn Lynsey , Faulkner Geoffrey J. , Ferrai Carmelo , Fisher Malcolm E. , Forrester Lesley , Goldowitz Daniel , Guler Reto , Ha Thomas , Hara Mitsuko , Herlyn Meenhard , Ikawa Tomokatsu , Kai Chieko , Kawamoto Hiroshi , M. Khachigian Levon , Klinken S. Peter , Kojima Soichi , Koseki Haruhiko , Klein Sarah , Mejhert Niklas , Miyaguchi Ken , Mizuno Yosuke , Morimoto Mitsuru , Morris Kelly J. , Mummery Christine , Nakachi Yutaka , Ogishima Soichi , Okada-Hatakeyama Mariko , Okazaki Yasushi , Orlando Valerio , Ovchinnikov Dmitry , Passier Robert , Patrikakis Margaret , Pombo Ana , Qin Xian-Yang , Roy Sugata , Sato Hiroki , Savvi Suzana , Saxena Alka , Schwegmann Anita , Sugiyama Daisuke , Swoboda Rolf , Tanaka Hiroshi , Tomoiu Andru , Winteringham Louise N. , Wolvetang Ernst , Yanagi-Mizuochi Chiyo , Yoneda Misako , Zabierowski Susan , Zhang Peter , Abugessaisa Imad , Bertin Nicolas , Diehl Alexander D. , Fukuda Shiro , Furuno Masaaki , Harshbarger Jayson , Hasegawa Akira , Hori Fumi , Ishikawa-Kato Sachi , Ishizu Yuri , Itoh Masayoshi , Kawashima Tsugumi , Kojima Miki , Kondo Naoto , Lizio Marina , Meehan Terrence F. , Mungall Christopher J. , Murata Mitsuyoshi , Nishiyori-Sueki Hiromi , Sahin Serkan , Nagao-Sato Sayaka , Severin Jessica , de Hoon Michiel J. L. , Kawai Jun , Kasukawa Takeya , Lassmann Timo , Suzuki Harukazu , Kawaji Hideya , Summers Kim M. , Wells Christine ,   FANTOM Consortium, Hume David A. , Forrest Alistair R. R. , Sandelin Albin , Carninci Piero , Hayashizaki Yoshihide
Published: February 2015

Uncaging promoter and enhancer dynamics

In order to understand cellular differentiation, it is important to understand the timing of the regulation of gene expression. Arner
et al.
used cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) to analyze gene enhancer and promoter activities in a number of human and mouse cell types. The RNA of enhancers was transcribed first, followed by that of transcription factors, and finally by genes that are not transcription factors.

Science
, this issue p.
1010
Whole-Genome Sequences of 80 Environmental and Clinical Isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei
Authors: Johnson Shannon L. , Baker Anthony L. , Chain Patrick S. , Currie Bart J. , Daligault Hajnalka E. , Davenport Karen W. , Davis Christopher B. , Inglis Timothy J. J. , Kaestli Mirjam , Koren Sergey , Mayo Mark , Merritt Adam J. , Price Erin P. , Sarovich Derek S. , Warner Jeffrey , Rosovitz M. J.
Published: February 2015

Here, we present the draft genome sequences of 80 isolates of
Burkholderia pseudomallei
. The isolates represent clinical cases of melioidosis and environmental isolates from regions in Australia and Papua New Guinea where
B. pseudomallei
is endemic. The genomes provide further context for the diversity of the pathogen.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Human Herpesvirus 6A Strain AJ from Africa Resembles Strain GS from North America
Authors: Tweedy J. , Spyrou M. A. , Donaldson C. D. , Depledge D. , Breuer J. , Gompels U. A.
Published: February 2015

The genome sequence of human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) strain AJ was determined in a comparison of target enrichment and long-range PCR using next-generation sequencing methodologies. The analyses show 85 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), conservation with sequenced HHV-6A reference strain U1102, and closest identity to the recently determined GS strain, despite different geographic origins (United States and Gambia).
Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Mutant of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Obtained from China
Authors: Su Wen , Xing Chao , Wu Yan , Wang Yutian , Ding Hua , He Hongxuan
Published: February 2015

Here, we announce the complete genome sequence of a spontaneous mutant of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), termed China/BJ/2014, suggesting that PPRV continues to evolve. This information is crucial for developing strategies for the efficient prevention and control of PPRV.
Draft Genome Sequence and Annotation of the Insect Pathogenic Bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila Strain C2-3, Isolated from Nematode
Steinernema carpocapsae
in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Hong Sung-Jun , Ullah Ihsan , Park Gun-Seok , Jung Byung Kwon , Choi JungBae , Khan Abdur Rahim , Kim Min-Chul , Shin Jae-Ho
Published: February 2015

Xenorhabdus nematophila
strain C2-3, which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, was isolated from entomopathogenic nematodes collected in the Republic of Korea. Herein, we report a 4.38-Mbp draft genome sequence of X. nematophila strain C2-3, with a 43.6% G+C content. The RAST annotation analysis revealed 4,994 protein-coding sequences in the draft genome.
Draft Genome Sequence of MCPA-Degrading Sphingomonas sp. Strain ERG5, Isolated from a Groundwater Aquifer in Denmark
Authors: Nielsen Tue Kjærgaard , Kot Witold , Sørensen Sebastian R. , Hansen Lars Hestbjerg
Published: February 2015

Sphingomonas sp. strain ERG5 was isolated from a bacterial community, originating from a groundwater aquifer polluted with low pesticide concentrations. This bacterium degrades 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in a wide spectrum of concentrations and has been shown to function in bioaugmented sand filters. Genes associated with MCPA degradation are situated on a putative conjugative plasmid.
Draft Genome Sequence of Anoxybacillus Strain BCO1, Isolated from a Thermophilic Microbial Mat Colonizing the Outflow of a Bore Well of the Great Artesian Basin of Australia
Authors: Patel Bharat K. C.
Published: February 2015

Anoxybacillus strain BCO1, isolated from a thermophilic (50°C) microbial mat colonizing an outflow of a Great Artesian bore well of Australia, possessed a genome of ~2.8 Mb, with a G+C content of 41.7 mol%, and encoded 3,205 genes.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel GV.2 Sapovirus Strain, NGY-1, Detected from a Suspected Foodborne Gastroenteritis Outbreak
Authors: Shibata Shinichiro , Sekizuka Tsuyoshi , Kodaira Akari , Kuroda Makoto , Haga Kei , Doan Yen Hai , Takai-Todaka Reiko , Katayama Kazuhiko , Wakita Takaji , Oka Tomoichiro , Hirata Hiroyuki
Published: February 2015

Sapoviruses, members of the family
Caliciviridae
, are genetically highly diverse. We report here the first complete genome sequence of a genogroup V genotype 2 sapovirus strain, NGY-1, detected from fecal samples of a suspected foodborne gastroenteritis outbreak, determined using a metagenomic sequencing approach.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2 Japanese Reference and Vaccine Strain KZ-91CP
Authors: Sato Asuka , Kameyama Ken-ichiro , Nagai Makoto , Tateishi Kentaro , Ohmori Keitaro , Todaka Reiko , Katayama Kazuhiko , Mizutani Tetsuya , Yamakawa Makoto , Shirai Junsuke
Published: February 2015

In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of the bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 Japanese reference strain KZ-91CP. The complete genome comprises 12,654 nucleotides and one open reading frame with 4,020 amino acids. A 369-nucleotide-long insertion encoding the chaperone protein DnaJ is found in the nonstructural 2 (NS2) coding region.
Genome Sequence of the Clinical Isolate Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Strain UAMS-1
Authors: Sassi Mohamed , Sharma Deepak , Brinsmade Shaun R. , Felden Brice , Augagneur Yoann
Published: February 2015

We report here the draft genome sequence of
Staphylococcus aureus
subsp. aureus strain UAMS-1. UAMS-1 is a virulent oxacillin-susceptible clinical isolate. Its genome is composed of 2,763,963 bp and will be useful for further gene expression analysis using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology.
Femoroacetabular impingement surgery: are we moving too fast and too far beyond the evidence?
Authors: Reiman Michael P , Thorborg Kristian
Published: February 2015

Femoroacetabuler impingement (FAI) is becoming increasingly recognised as a potential pathological entity for individuals with hip pain. Surgery described to correct FAI has risen exponentially in the past 10 years with the use of hip arthroscopy. Unfortunately, the strength of evidence supporting both the examination and treatment of FAI does not appear to accommodate this exponential growth. In fact, the direction currently taken for FAI is similar to previously described paths of other orthopaedic and sports medicine pathologies (eg, shoulder impingement, knee meniscus tear) for which we have learned valuable lessons. The time has come for improved terminology, study design, and focus on delineation of successful treatment variables in the interest of those individuals with clinical indications of FAI so that we can appropriately address their needs.
Household sanitation and personal hygiene practices are associated with child stunting in rural India: a cross-sectional analysis of surveys
Authors: Rah Jee Hyun , Cronin Aidan A , Badgaiyan Bhupendra , Aguayo Victor M , Coates Suzanne , Ahmed Sarah
Published: February 2015

Objectives

Increasing evidence suggests that water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices affect linear growth in early childhood. We determined the association between household access to water, sanitation and personal hygiene practices with stunting among children aged 0–23 months in rural India.

Setting

India.

Participants

A total of 10 364, 34 639 and 1282 under-2s who participated in the 2005–2006 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), the 2011 Hunger and Malnutrition Survey (HUNGaMA) and the 2012 Comprehensive Nutrition Survey in Maharashtra (CNSM), respectively, were included in the analysis.

Primary outcome measures

The association between WASH indicators and child stunting was assessed using logistic regression models.

Results

The prevalence of stunting ranged from 25% to 50% across the three studies. Compared with open defecation, household access to toilet facility was associated with a 16–39% reduced odds of stunting among children aged 0–23 months, after adjusting for all potential confounders (NHFS-3 (OR=0.84, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.99); HUNGaMA (OR=0.84, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.91); CNSM (OR=0.61, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.85)). Household access to improved water supply or piped water was not in itself associated with stunting. The caregiver's self-reported practices of washing hands with soap before meals (OR=0.85, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94) or after defecation (OR=0.86, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.93) were inversely associated with child stunting. However, the inverse association between reported personal hygiene practices and stunting was stronger among households with access to toilet facility or piped water (all interaction terms, p<0.05).

Conclusions

Improved conditions of sanitation and hygiene practices are associated with reduced prevalence of stunting in rural India. Policies and programming aiming to address child stunting should encompass WASH interventions, thus shifting the emphasis from nutrition-specific to nutrition-sensitive programming. Future randomised trials are warranted to validate the causal association.
Effectiveness of an emergency nurse practitioner service for adults presenting to rural hospitals with chest pain: protocol for a multicentre, longitudinal nested cohort study
Authors: Roche Tina E , Gardner Glenn , Lewis Peter A
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Chest pain is common in emergency department (ED) patients and represents a considerable burden for rural health services. Health services reforms to improve access to care need appropriately skilled and supported clinicians in the delivery of safe and effective care, including the use of emergency nurse practitioners (ENPs). Despite increasing use of ENPs, little is known about the safety and quality of the service in the rural ED context. The aims of this study are (1) to examine the safety and quality of the ENP service model in the provision of care in the rural environment and (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of the service in the management of patients presenting with undifferentiated chest pain.

Methods and analysis

This is the protocol for a prospective longitudinal nested cohort study to compare the effectiveness of ENP service with that of standard care. Adults presenting to three rural EDs in Queensland, Australia with a primary presenting complaint of atraumatic chest pain will be eligible for enrolment. We will measure (1) clinician's use of evidence-based guidelines (2) diagnostic accuracy of ECG interpretation for the management of patients with suspected or confirmed ACS (3) service indicators of waiting times, length-of-stay and did-not-wait rates and (4) clinician's diagnostic accuracy as measured by rates of unplanned representation within 7 days (5) satisfaction with care, (6) quality-of-life and (7) functional status. To assess these outcomes we will use a combination of measures collected from routinely collected data, medical record review and questionnaires (with 30-day follow-up).

Ethics and dissemination

Queensland Health Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) has approved this protocol. The results will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented at one or more scientific conferences.
The effect of the SQUIRE (Standards of QUality Improvement Reporting Excellence) guidelines on reporting standards in the quality improvement literature: a before-and-after study
Authors: Howell Victoria , Schwartz Amanda Eva , O'Leary James Daniel , Mc Donnell Conor
Published: February 2015

Background

The SQUIRE (Standards of QUality Improvement Reporting Excellence) guidelines were developed to improve the reporting of quality improvement (QI) projects. The effect of the guidelines on the completeness of reporting in the QI literature is unknown.

Objectives

Our primary objective was to determine if the completeness of reporting in the QI literature has been improved[OUP_CE13] since the introduction of the SQUIRE guidelines.

Methods

We performed a before-and-after evaluation of QI articles selected from four prominent journals of healthcare quality. Twenty-five articles published in each of two time periods (2006–2008 and 2010–2011) were confirmed to be QI projects using a standardised definition and were independently evaluated by two investigators as an interim evaluation of a planned larger sample. Articles were assessed using 50 statements of the SQUIRE guidelines, and the overall change in the completeness of reporting between the two groups was determined. The value of p<0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Both groups were similar in characteristics. There was no significant difference in the mean (SD) number of SQUIRE statements completed by authors before and after publication of the SQUIRE guidelines, 20.2 (5.0) versus 20.4 (7.0), p=0.9. The study was stopped early due to the absence of any significant trend in the completeness of reporting.

Discussion

There was no overall improvement observed in the completeness of reporting of QI projects after the publication of the SQUIRE guidelines, and the study was stopped early. There is potential for improvement in reporting standards, particularly for those guideline items or statements specific to QI projects.
Establishing the research priorities of paediatric emergency medicine clinicians in the UK and Ireland
Authors: Hartshorn Stuart , O'Sullivan Ronan , Maconochie Ian K , Bevan Catherine , Cleugh Francesca , Lyttle Mark D
Published: February 2015

Objective

Paediatric Emergency Research in the UK and Ireland (PERUKI) is a collaborative clinical studies group established in August 2012. It consists of a network of 43 centres from England, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, and aims to improve the emergency care of children through the performance of robust collaborative multicentre research within emergency departments. A study was conducted regarding the research priorities of PERUKI, to establish the research agenda for paediatric emergency medicine in the UK and Ireland.

Methods

A two-stage modified Delphi survey was conducted of PERUKI members via an online survey platform. Stage 1 allowed each member to submit up to 12 individual questions that they identified as priorities for future research. In stage 2, the shortlisted questions were each rated on a seven-point Likert scale of relative importance.

Participants

Members of PERUKI, including clinical specialists, academics, trainees and research nurses.

Results

Stage 1 surveys were submitted by 46/91 PERUKI members (51%). A total of 249 research questions were generated and, following the removal of duplicate questions and shortlisting, 60 questions were carried forward for stage 2 ranking. Stage 2 survey responses were submitted by 58/95 members (61%). For the 60 research questions that were rated, the mean score of ‘relative degree of importance’ was 4.70 (range 3.36–5.62, SD 0.55). After ranking, the top 10 research priorities included questions on biomarkers for serious bacterial illness, major trauma, intravenous bronchodilators for asthma and decision rules for fever with petechiae, head injury and atraumatic limp.

Conclusions

Research priorities of PERUKI members have been identified. By sharing these results with clinicians, academics and funding bodies, future research efforts can be focused to the areas of greatest need.
Census-based socioeconomic indicators for monitoring injury causes in the USA: a review
Authors: Bell Nathaniel , Arrington Amanda , Adams Swann Arp
Published: February 2015

Background

Unlike the UK or New Zealand, there is no standard set of census variables in the USA for characterising socioeconomic (SES, socioeconomic status) inequalities in health outcomes, including injury. We systematically reviewed existing US studies to identify conceptual and methodological strengths and limitations of current approaches to determine those most suitable for research and surveillance.

Methods

We searched seven electronic databases to identify census variables proposed in the peer-reviewed literature to monitor injury risk. Inclusion criteria were that numerator data were derived from hospital, trauma or vital statistics registries and that exposure variables included census SES constructs.

Results

From 33 eligible studies, we identified 70 different census constructs for monitoring injury risk. Of these, fewer than half were replicated by other studies or against other causes, making the majority of studies non-comparable. When evaluated for a statistically significant relationship with a cause of injury, 74% of all constructs were predictive of injury risk when assessed in pairwise comparisons, whereas 98% of all constructs were significant when aggregated into composite indices. Fewer than 30% of studies selected SES constructs based on known associations with injury risk.

Conclusions

There is heterogeneity in the conceptual and methodological approaches for using census data for monitoring injury risk as well as in the recommendations as to how these constructs can be used for injury prevention. We recommend four priority areas for research to facilitate a more unified approach towards use of the census for monitoring socioeconomic inequalities in injury risk.
Stent retriever thrombectomy with the Cover accessory device versus proximal protection with a balloon guide catheter: in vitro stroke model comparison
Authors: Mokin Maxim , Setlur Nagesh Swetadri Vasan , Ionita Ciprian N , Mocco J , Siddiqui Adnan H
Published: February 2015

Background

Recently, an in vitro cerebrovascular occlusion model of the intracranial circulation was developed for testing thrombectomy devices. The Cover accessory (Lazarus Effect; Campbell, California, USA) is a novel nitinol braided mesh device that surrounds the stent retrieval device and thrombus during the retrieval process to help prevent clot fragmentation and embolization.

Methods

Using the in vitro model, after introducing fresh clot into the middle cerebral artery, we compared rates of target vessel recanalization and embolization in new territories (areas in which clot had not been introduced) achieved with the Solitaire Flow Restoration (FR) stent retriever (Covidien, Irvine, California) in conjunction with the use of a conventional guide catheter (control group), a balloon guide catheter (BGC group), and the Cover device (Cover group).

Results

In a total of 51 thrombectomy experiments (20 in the control group, 20 in the BGC group, and 11 in the Cover group), successful recanalization (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2b–3) was achieved more frequently in the Cover group than in the control group or in the BGC group (p=0.047 and p=0.020, respectively). Embolization of new (previously unaffected) territories occurred in five (25%) experiments from the control group and in three (15%) experiments from the BGC group, whereas no embolization of new territories was seen with Cover device assisted thrombectomy.

Conclusions

Application of the Cover device in this experimental model resulted in higher successful recanalization rates, no embolic events, and was more effective than use of the conventional guide catheter or BGC.
Rapid learning curve for Solitaire FR stent retriever therapy: evidence from roll-in and randomised patients in the SWIFT trial
Authors: Sheth Sunil A , Jahan Reza , Levy Elad I , Jovin Tudor G , Baxter Blaise , Nogueira Raul G , Clark Wayne , Budzik Ronald , Zaidat Osama O , Saver Jeffrey L
Published: February 2015

Background

In light of recent positive trial data for endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke (AIS), stent retriever use by practitioners without prior experience with these devices may become more common.

Objective

To assess the safety and efficacy of thrombectomy for AIS using Solitaire for patients treated in the roll-in period of the Solitaire With the Intention For Thrombectomy (SWIFT) trial, which represented the first clinical use of the device for these interventionalists.

Methods

Prospectively collected demographic, clinical, and angiographic data on patients treated in the initial roll-in and subsequent randomized phases of the SWIFT study were collected and analyzed. Key statistical analyses were validated by an independent external statistician.

Results

Patients in the roll-in period achieved equivalently high rates of reperfusion (55%) compared with those treated with the device in the randomized phase (61%). Rates of adverse events were comparable (13% vs 9%). Rates of good neurological outcome were equivalent between the roll-in and randomized patients treated with Solitaire (63% vs 58%). Including the roll-in patients strengthened the conclusions of the study, that reperfusion rates without symptomatic hemorrhage with Solitaire were greater than with Merci (59% vs 24%, p<0.001).

Conclusions

Thrombectomy in AIS using the Solitaire stent retriever device can be performed safely and effectively when used by experienced neurointerventionalists without previous experience with the device.

Trial registration number

The SWIFT study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT 01054560.
HIV infection and seizures
Authors: Garg Ravindra Kumar
Published: February 2015

New-onset seizures are frequent manifestations of central nervous system disorders in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Seizures are more common in advanced stages of the disease, although they may occur early in the course of illness. In the majority of patients, seizures are of the generalised type. Status epilepticus is also frequent. Associated metabolic abnormalities increase the risk for status epilepticus. Cerebral mass lesions, cryptococcal meningitis, and HIV-encephalopathy are common causes of seizures. Phenytoin is the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant in this situation, although several patients may experience hypersensitivity reactions. The prognosis of seizure disorders in HIV-infected patients depends upon the underlying cause.
The pathophysiological and molecular basis of Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes
Authors: Bhandari Sunil
Published: February 2015

Molecular defects affecting the transport of sodium, potassium and chloride in the nephron through the ROMK K+ channel, Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter, the Na+/Cl- cotransporter and chloride channel have been identified in patients with Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes. Defects of the angiotensin II type I receptor and CFTR have also being described. These defects are simple (ie, most are single amino acid substitutions) but affect key elements in tubular transport. The simplicity of the genetic defects may explain why the inheritance of these conditions remains unclear in most kindreds (ie, not just recessive or dominant) and emphasises the crucial importance of the conformational structure of these channels. Application of this molecular information will allow the early genetic identification of patients with these syndromes and enable us to differentiate between the various disorders at a functional level. It may also identify a sub-group in which the heterozygous form may make patients potentially exquisitely sensitive to diuretics.
Questionnaires: the use and abuse of social survey methods in medical research
Authors: Eaden Jayne , Mayberry Margaret K , Mayberry John F
Published: February 2015

We present a working review of survey methods based on market research technology. The structure of questionnaires, their distribution and analysis, are considered, together with techniques for increasing response rates.
Achieving a patient-centred consultation by giving feedback in its early phases
Authors: Hak Tony , Campion Peter
Published: February 2015

The traditional medical consultation comprises history, examination, and investigations, followed by explanation to the patient of diagnosis and management. In the course of studying a series of tape-recorded consultations in a specialist medical clinic for chronic fatigue, we have observed a different structure. In some consultations, those categorised as more ‘patient-centred’, doctors introduced explanation and education into the early history-taking stage. This strategy is contrasted with the traditional approach, where the doctor only elicits information during the history, and gives an explanation later. The ‘early feedback’ strategy may result in patients with chronic illnesses achieving greater understanding of their symptoms. We discuss the implication of these findings for medical training.
The hibernating heart: reversible left ventricular dysfunction in chronic heart failure
Authors: Burn Steven , Walters Mark , Caplin John
Published: February 2015

A patient with severe heart failure secondary to coronary heart disease is presented. Following investigation he was thought to have significant areas of myocardial hibernation and was therefore treated with coronary revascularisation, with major clinical benefit.
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia presenting with arthritis in an adult patient
Authors: Usalan Celalettin , Özarslan Ersan , Zengin Nurullah , Büyükaýk Yahya , Güllü Ýbrahim H
Published: February 2015

The earliest manifestations of leukaemia often include rheumatic signs and symptoms. Arthritis is a well recognised complication of leukaemia in children, but acute and chronic leukaemia may also cause arthritis in adults. Leukaemic arthritis may occur at any time during the course of leukaemia and may be the presenting manifestation. It should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of both childhood and adult rheumatic disease. We present an adult patient presenting with arthritis due to acute leukaemia.
Protein carbonyl levels correlate with performance in elite field hockey players
Authors: Rosa-Lima Frederico Luis , Lannes Luiz , Viana-Gomes Diego , Pierucci Anna Paola T.R. , Salerno Verônica P.
Published: February 2015

Excess and incorrectly selected exercise can degrade athletic performance from an imbalance in redox homeostasis and oxidative stress, but well-planned training and nutrition can improve antioxidant capacity. The aim of the study was to investigate how nutrient intake could influence oxidative stress and cell lesion biomarkers after 5 days of training followed by a game. Blood was collected from 10 athletes at the start of training (basal), after training (pre-game), and postgame. Their acceleration capacity also was measured pre- and postgame. Blood analysis showed an increase in lactate concentration postgame (13%) and total antioxidant capacity increased both pre-game (13.1%) and postgame (12.7%), all in comparison with basal levels. An oxidative stress marker, protein carbonyl (PC), increased 3-fold over the course of the game, which correlated with a decreased acceleration (r = 0.749). For biomarkers of tissue damage, creatine kinase and aspartate transaminase (AST) increased postgame by 150% and 75%, respectively. The AST variation had a high negative correlation with energy and carbohydrate consumption and a moderate correlation with lipid and vitamin C intake. Protein intake had a positive but moderate correlation with reduced glutathione. The observed correlations suggest that nutritional monitoring can improve exercise physiological homeostasis and that PC serves as a good biomarker for oxidative stress and performance loss.
Kinetic effect of single MgCl2 and NaCl aqueous solutions on ethane hydrate formation
Authors: Long Zhen , Liang Deqing , Li Dongliang
Published: February 2015

Experimental data on the kinetics of C2H6 hydrate formation in the presence of pure water and two aqueous single solutions, MgCl2 and NaCl, are presented in this study. The measurements of experimental hydrate formation process were performed in a high pressure reactor at 276.15 K, at initial pressure range of 2.0–2.4 MPa, and solution concentration range of 2.34–10 wt%. The effect of solution concentration and initial pressure on the induction time, gas consumption, conversion, and storage capacity and growth rate was examined. It was observed that with the increase of the solution concentration, the induction time increased, while the storage capacity and the number of moles of C2H6 consumed decreased. A diffusion-reaction kinetics model was employed to predict the hydrate growth rate at the beginning of hydrate formation. The results showed that the addition of MgCl2 and NaCl decreased the apparent rate constant, and MgCl2 had a greater effect than NaCl in inhibiting the hydrate growth.
Calculation of anharmonic effects for the unimolecular dissociation of CH3OOH and its deuterated species CD3OOD using the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory
Authors: Li Qian , Yao Li , Lin S.H.
Published: February 2015

Anharmonic and harmonic rate constants for the unimolecular dissociation of CH3OOH and CD3OOD were calculated using the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory at the MP2/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory. The anharmonic effect of the reactions was investigated. Comparison of results for the decompositions of CH3OOH and CD3OOD shows that the direct bond dissociation channel, CH3(D3) O + OH (D), is the most dominant reaction. The anharmonic effect plays an important role in the unimolecular dissociation of both CH3OOH and CD3OOD. For channels CH3(D3) O + OH (D) and CH3(D3) + H (D) O2, the anharmonic effect of the unimolecular dissociation of CD3OOD is more pronounced than that of the unimolecular dissociation of CH3OOH. For channel H2(D2) CO + H2(D2) O, the anharmonic effect of the unimolecular dissociation of CH3OOH is more pronounced than that of the unimolecular dissociation of CD3OOD. The isotope effect is more distinct in the anharmonic oscillator model.
Investigation of the Half Bridge and Transformer Push–Pull Pulser Topologies for Ultrasonic Transducer Excitation
Authors: Svilainis Linas , Dumbrava Vytautas , Chaziachmetovas Andrius
Published: February 2015

Comparison of two high power pulser topologies is presented. Pulser design was aimed for piezoelectric transducer excitation, yet it can also be used for electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) or capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) excitation. Pulser can produce both single rectangular pulse and trains of rectangular arbitrary duration pulses. In order to achieve the economy of the electrical power consumption and speed both high-pulling and low-pulling elements are active switches. Energy per pulse was used to evaluate the amount of energy consumed. Two topologies were selected for evaluation: transformer output push–pull topology and half bridge output. Experimental investigation results are presented.
An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Model to Multilevel Inverter for Grid Connected Photovoltaic System
Authors: Karuppusamy P. , Natarajan A. M. , Vijeyakumar K. N.
Published: February 2015

This paper proposed an adaptive neuro-fuzzy model (ANFIS) to multilevel inverter (MLI) for grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system. The purpose of the proposed controller is that it is not requiring any optimal pulse width modulated (PWM) switching-angle generator and proportional–integral controller. The proposed method strictly prohibits the variations present in the output voltage of the cascaded H-bridge MLI. In this method, the ANFIS have the input which is grid voltage, the difference voltage and the output target is control voltage. By using these parameters, the ANFIS makes the rules and has been tuned perfectly. During the testing time, the ANFIS gives the control voltage according to the different inputs. The resultant control voltage equivalent gate pulses are utilized for controlling the insulated gate bi-polar switches (IGBT) of MLI. Then the ANFIS based MLI for grid connected PV system is implemented in the MATLAB/simulink platform and the effectiveness of the proposed control technique is analyzed by comparing with the neural network (NN), fuzzy logic control, etc. The comparison results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach and confirm its potential to solve the problem. A prototype of three-phase grid connected cascaded H-bridge inverter has been developed using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and results are analyzed.
DELIVERY OF THERAPEUTIC RNAs INTO TARGET CELLS IN VIVO
Authors: NG MEI YING , HAGEN THILO
Published: February 2015

RNA-based therapy is one of the most promising approaches to treat human diseases. Specifically, the use of short interfering RNA (siRNA) siRNA and microRNA (miRNA) mimics for in vivo RNA interference has immense potential as it directly lowers the expression of the therapeutic target protein. However, there are a number of major roadblocks to the successful implementation of siRNA and other RNA based therapies in the clinic. These include the instability of RNAs in vivo and the difficulty to efficiently deliver the RNA into the target cells. Hence, various innovative approaches have been taken over the years to develop effective RNA delivery methods. These methods include liposome-, polymeric nanoparticle- and peptide-mediated cellular delivery. In a recent innovative study, bioengineered bacterial outer membrane vesicles were used as vehicles for effective delivery of siRNA into cells in vivo.
Self-dual codes over ℤ4 + wℤ4
Authors: Bandi Rama Krishna , Bhaintwal Maheshanand
Published: February 2015

In this paper we study linear codes over the rings Ri = ℤ4 + wℤ4, where w2 = i, i = 1, 2w. We characterize self-dual codes over Ri and propose a construction method for self-dual codes over these rings. We also briefly discuss circulant self-dual codes and Type II codes. Some examples are given.
Macroprudential Regulation: Potential Implications for Rules for Cross-Border Banking
Authors: Cornford Andrew
Published: February 2015

In the post-crisis agenda of reform of financial regulation, macroprudential policy has been assigned a central role. Some of the measures of this agenda involve restrictions on cross-border financial flows and discriminatory restrictions targeting particular financial institutions and activities. Others target corporate form and the relations between the constituent parts of banking groups. Many of the measures implemented or proposed as part of the reform agenda may be inconsistent with the World Trade Organization (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and with other bilateral and regional agreements on trade and investment in banking services. As a result both sets of rules may eventually require revision.
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system stimulates biliary hyperplasia during cholestasis induced by extrahepatic bile duct ligation
Authors: Afroze Syeda H. , Munshi Md Kamruzzaman , Martínez Allyson K. , Uddin Mohammad , Gergely Maté , Szynkarski Claudia , Guerrier Micheleine , Nizamutdinov Damir , Dostal David , Glaser Shannon
Published: February 2015

Cholangiocyte proliferation is regulated in a coordinated fashion by many neuroendocrine factors through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is known to play a role in the activation of hepatic stellate cells and blocking the RAS attenuates hepatic fibrosis. We investigated the role of the RAS during extrahepatic cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). In this study, we used normal and BDL rats that were treated with control, angiotensin II (ANG II), or losartan for 2 wk. In vitro studies were performed in a primary rat cholangiocyte cell line (NRIC). The expression of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensinogen, and angiotensin receptor type 1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time PCR, and FACs and found to be increased in BDL compared with normal rat. The levels of ANG II were evaluated by ELISA and found to be increased in serum and conditioned media of cholangiocytes from BDL compared with normal rats. Treatment with ANG II increased biliary mass and proliferation in both normal and BDL rats. Losartan attenuated BDL-induced biliary proliferation. In vitro, ANG II stimulated NRIC proliferation via increased intracellular cAMP levels and activation of the PKA/ERK/CREB intracellular signaling pathway. ANG II stimulated a significant increase in Sirius red staining and IHC for fibronectin that was blocked by angiotensin receptor blockade. In vitro, ANG II stimulated the gene expression of collagen 1A1, fibronectin 1, and IL-6. These results indicate that cholangiocytes express a local RAS and that ANG II plays an important role in regulating biliary proliferation and fibrosis during extraheptic cholestasis.