bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrological time series prediction based on IWOA-ALSTM
Authors: Zhang Xuejie , Cang Hao , Nedjah Nadia , Ye Feng , Jin Yanling
Published: April 2024

The prediction of hydrological time series is of great significance for developing flood and drought prevention approaches and is an important component in research on smart water resources. The nonlinear characteristics of hydrological time series are important factors affecting the accuracy of predictions. To enhance the prediction of the nonlinear component in hydrological time series, we employed an improved whale optimisation algorithm (IWOA) to optimise an attention-based long short-term memory (ALSTM) network. The proposed model is termed IWOA-ALSTM. Specifically, we introduced an attention mechanism between two LSTM layers, enabling adaptive focus on distinct features within each time unit to gather information pertaining to a hydrological time series. Furthermore, given the critical impact of the model hyperparameter configuration on the prediction accuracy and operational efficiency, the proposed improved whale optimisation algorithm facilitates the discovery of optimal hyperparameters for the ALSTM model. In this work, we used nonlinear water level information obtained from Hankou station as experimental data. The results of this model were compared with those of genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimisation algorithms and whale optimisation algorithms. The experiments were conducted using five evaluation metrics, namely, the RMSE, MAE, NSE, SI and DR. The results show that the IWOA is effective at optimising the ALSTM and significantly improves the prediction accuracy of nonlinear hydrological time series.
Shaking table tests of a one-quarter scale model of concrete hollow block masonry houses retrofitted with fiber-reinforced paint
Authors: Multazam Zamzam , Yamamoto Kenjiro , Timsina Kishor , Gadagamma Chaitanya Krishna , Meguro Kimiro
Published: April 2024

Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings are prone to significant damage when subjected to ground motion. Some strengthening methods have been proposed to increase the seismic capacity. However, the widespread adoption of these methods faces various challenges, including economic constraints experienced by common people in developing countries, the complexity of implementation, efficiency, and seismic safety of each technique. This paper introduces a new retrofitting method of fiber-reinforced paint using fiberglass as the primary reinforcing material. The advantage of this technique lies in its simplicity and ease of application, with the added benefit of using the paint to improve the appearance of the house. Two 1:4 scale concrete hollow block (CHB) masonry houses were constructed to represent unreinforced masonry and retrofitted masonry structures using fiber-reinforced paint (FR-Paint). The shaking table test results indicate that the retrofitted house model showed improvements of up to 18 times in deformation capacity and up to 13 times in energy dissipation compared to the non-retrofitted house model. FR-Paint has a robust performance even in high input motion at a seismic intensity JMA of 7 (Japan Meteorological Agency). This confirms that this retrofitting method has a high earthquake-resistant performance.
Physical training attenuates systemic cytokine response and tissue damage triggered by apical periodontitis
Authors: Ferreira Railson de Oliveira , Pereira Matheus Soares , Souza-Monteiro Deiweson , Frazão Deborah Ribeiro , de Moura João Daniel Mendonça , Baia-da-Silva Daiane Claydes , Bittencourt Leonardo Oliveira , Balbinot Gabriela de Souza , Collares Fabrício Mezzomo , Lima Maria Laura de Souza , de Araújo Aurigena Antunes , Lima Rafael Rodrigues
Published: April 2024

Apical periodontitis (AP) is a condition characterized by inflammatory and infectious components in the tooth canal. AP affects periradicular tissues and has systemic repercussions. Physical exercise is a structured activity that requires cardiorespiratory function, and can modulate the inflammatory profile in pathological conditions. As a result, this study aimed to determine the effects of aerobic physical training (PT) on the alveolar bone with and without AP, and its systemic inflammatory repercussions. AP was induced in the mandibular first molars, and PT was performed on a treadmill for five consecutive days over four weeks, with progressive increases in speed and activity time. Blood samples were collected to determine serum cytokine levels using immunoassays, and alveolar bone samples were collected for histopathological evaluation, lesion volume and microarchitecture assessment using computed microtomography. Animals with AP had increased pro-inflammatory cytokines levels compared to those without AP; however, these levels were attenuated or restored by PT. Compared to the AP group, the AP + PT group had a smaller lesion volume and greater preservation of the bone trabeculae in the remaining alveolar bone surrounding the lesion. In overall, PT minimized the severity of AP proving to be a valid strategy for individuals undergoing endodontic treatment.
UV-durable self-cleaning coatings for autonomous driving
Authors: Lu Songwei , Zhao Yuejun , Hellerman Edward A. P.
Published: April 2024

A key technology to ensure the safety and accuracy of autonomous driving for future transportation is the cleanliness of the sensor surfaces for accurate signal reading. This study focuses on hydrophobic coatings with self-cleaning performances and UV durability, their possible degradation mechanism of static water contact angle (sWCA), and the effect of the hydrophobic surface on camera image quality. The UV-durable hydrophobic coatings are applied by a spray process followed by a thermal curing. The UV-durable hydrophobic coatings are evaluated on a vision camera under lab-simulated weathering conditions such as rain, mud, fog, and bugs, on samples as-prepared and after various hours of Weather-Ometer® weathering. The results indicate that the sWCA degradation of the UV-durable hydrophobic coatings during accelerated weathering is corresponding to the loss of fluorine (F) atomic percentage in the coatings, and the vision camera imaging quality improves significantly with the UV-durable hydrophobic coatings in comparison to an uncoated surface. The self-cleaning performances of the UV-durable hydrophobic coatings, as measured by two metrics using signal-to-noise ratio and modulation transfer function 50 loss (MTF50loss), linearly correlate with sWCA of the coatings. The UV-durable hydrophobic coatings on the sensor surface will significantly benefit autonomous driving specifically for accurate signal reading under inclement weather.
Effect of acidic polymers on the morphology of non-photochemical laser-induced nucleation of potassium bromide
Authors: Li Shuai , Xie Xiongfei , Liu Yao
Published: April 2024

Non-photochemical laser-induced nucleation (NPLIN) in supersaturated potassium bromide (KBr) solutions with the addition of acidic polymers is reported here for the first time. Upon absorbing the incident laser, crystallites are immediately induced along the laser pathway in the solution, eventually growing into needle-shaped crystals of varying sizes. When comparing induction time, nucleation probability, and crystal habits with spontaneous nucleation, the results suggest that NPLIN creates a distinct morphological pathway, transforming cubic crystals into needle-like structures. Additionally, it improves crystallization probability and growth rate. This paper aims to realize control from crystal nucleation to crystal growth by adding acidic polymers to the process of laser-induced nucleation, potentially influencing crystal morphology modification in NPLIN. With 19 wt% acidic polymers added to the solution as additives, control over both crystal growth and morphological modifications was observed: cubic KBr crystals with square patterns were produced through laser irradiation, and there was a varying reduction in both the number and growth rate of the crystals. The influence of acidic polymers on the solution environment was analyzed to determine the reasons for the variations in crystal quantity and growth speed. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the changes in crystal shape were also discussed.
Analysis of over 1 million race records shows runners from East African countries as the fastest in 50-km ultra-marathons
Authors: Weiss Katja , Valero David , Villiger Elias , Thuany Mabliny , Forte Pedro , Gajda Robert , Scheer Volker , Sreckovic Sreten , Cuk Ivan , Nikolaidis Pantelis T. , Andrade Marilia Santos , Knechtle Beat
Published: April 2024

The 50-km ultra-marathon is a popular race distance, slightly longer than the classic marathon distance. However, little is known about the country of affiliation and age of the fastest 50-km ultra-marathon runners and where the fastest races are typically held. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate a large dataset of race records for the 50-km distance race to identify the country of affiliation and the age of the fastest runners as well as the locations of the fastest races. A total of 1,398,845 50-km race records (men, n = 1,026,546; women, n = 372,299) were analyzed using both descriptive statistics and advanced regression techniques. This study revealed significant trends in the performance of 50-km ultra-marathoners. The fastest 50-km runners came from African countries, while the fastest races were found to occur in Europe and the Middle East. Runners from Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, and Kenya were the fastest in this race distance. The fastest 50-km racecourses, providing ideal conditions for faster race times, are in Europe (Luxembourg, Belarus, and Lithuania) and the Middle East (Qatar and Jordan). Surprisingly, the fastest ultra-marathoners in the 50-km distance were found to fall into the age group of 20–24 years, challenging the conventional belief that peak ultra-marathon performance comes in older age groups. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the performance models in 50-km ultra-marathons and can serve as valuable insights for runners, coaches, and race organizers in optimizing training strategies and racecourse selection.
Proteomic analysis of DEN and CCl4-induced hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model
Authors: Zhang Qian , Liu Yuhui , Ren Liangliang , Li Junqing , Lin Weiran , Lou Lijuan , Wang Minghan , Li Chaoying , Jiang Ying
Published: April 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) seriously threatens human health, mostly developed from liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Since diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced HCC mouse model almost recapitulates the characteristic of HCC with fibrosis and inflammation, it is taken as an essential tool to investigate the pathogenesis of HCC. However, a comprehensive understanding of the protein expression profile of this model is little. In this study, we performed proteomic analysis of this model to elucidate its proteomic characteristics. Compared with normal liver tissues, 432 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in tumor tissues, among which 365 were up-regulated and 67 were down-regulated. Through Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), protein–protein interaction networks (PPI) analysis and Gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis of DEPs, we identified two distinguishing features of DEN and CCl4-induced HCC mouse model in protein expression, the upregulation of actin cytoskeleton and branched-chain amino acids metabolic reprogramming. In addition, matching DEPs from the mouse model to homologous proteins in the human HCC cohort revealed that the DEN and CCl4-induced HCC mouse model was relatively similar to the subtype of HCC with poor prognosis. Finally, combining clinical information from the HCC cohort, we screened seven proteins with prognostic significance, SMAD2, PTPN1, PCNA, MTHFD1L, MBOAT7, FABP5, and AGRN. Overall, we provided proteomic data of the DEN and CCl4-induced HCC mouse model and highlighted the important proteins and pathways in it, contributing to the rational application of this model in HCC research.
Long-acting growth hormone in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Zhu Jianfang , Yuan Ke , Rana Sunita , Jakki Satya Lavanya , Bhat Amit Subray , Liang Li , Wang Chunlin
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study is to compare the relative efficacy and safety of long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) as a growth hormone replacement therapy in prepubertal children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). We searched the PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases from inception to July 2023 and identified eleven relevant studies. PEG-LAGH showed better effect on height velocity (mean difference [MD]: − 0.031, 95% credibility interval [CrI]: − 0.278, 0.215) than somatrogon (MD: 0.105, 95% CrI: − 0.419, 0.636), somapacitan (MD: 0.802, 95% CrI: − 0.451, 2.068) and lonapegsomatropin (MD: 1.335, 95% CrI: − 0.3, 2.989) when compared with daily growth hormone (DGH). Furthermore, in terms of height standard deviation score, PEG-LAGH demonstrated better improvement (MD: − 0.15, 95% CrI: − 1.1, 0.66) than somatrogon (MD: − 0.055, 95% CrI: − 1.3, 0.51) and somapacitan (MD: 0.22, 95% CrI: − 0.91, 1.3). PEG-LAGH (risk ratio [RR]: 1.00, 95% CrI: 0.82, 1.2) reduced the risk of adverse events compared with other LAGH (somatrogon, RR: 1.1, 95% CrI: 0.98, 1.2; somapacitan, RR: 1.1, 95% CrI: 0.96, 1.4; lonapegsomatropin, RR, 1.1, 95% CrI: 0.91, 1.3) and was comparable with DGH. This is the first study to indirectly compare the LAGH thorough a network meta-analysis and provide evidence of the optimal efficacy of various LAGH specifically PEG-LAGH and acceptable safety profile in prepubertal children with GHD.
Enhanced Fenton-like process over Z-scheme MoO3 surface decorated with Fe2O3 under visible light
Authors: Hsu Hsien-Tse , Lin Shao-Ying , Lu Ya-Ting , Chuang Yao-Yuan , Chuang Shiow-Huey
Published: April 2024

Photocatalysts consisting of Z-scheme heterojunctions are commonly used in wastewater treatment due to their exceptional reactivity in photocatalysis and highly efficient visible-light utilization. In this work, Fe2O3-decorated MoO3 rods were synthesized through a two-step method and their photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) was evaluated. The Fe2O3/MoO3 rods were characterized by XRD, SEM, micro-Raman, XPS, UV–Vis DRS, and PL to investigate their structural, morphological, and optical properties. The results indicate that the photodegradation efficiency of Fe2O3/MoO3 improved through a reduction in the gap energy and persistence of a 1D hexagonal prism structure. The degradation rate of MB was enhanced from 31.7 to 91.5% after irradiation for 180 min owing to electron–hole separation and Fenton-like process. Formation of the OH radical is a key factor in the photodegradation reaction and with the addition of H2O2 the efficiency can further improve via a Fenton-like mechanism. Furthermore, the Z-scheme mechanism concurrently delineated. The Fe2O3/MoO3 rod composites were also found to retain high photocatalytic efficiency after being reused five times, which may be useful for future applications.
Graphene aerogels as efficient adsorbers of water pollutants and their effect of drying methods
Authors: Gorgolis G. , Kotsidi M. , Paterakis G. , Koutroumanis N. , Tsakonas C. , Galiotis C.
Published: April 2024

Environmental accidents highlight the need for the development of efficient materials that can be employed to eliminate pollutants including crude oil and its derivatives, as well as toxic organic solvents. In recent years, a wide variety of advanced materials has been investigated to assist in the purification process of environmentally compromised regions, with the principal contestants being graphene-based structures. This study describes the synthesis of graphene aerogels with two methods and determines their efficiency as adsorbents of several water pollutants. The main difference between the two synthesis routes is the use of freeze-drying in the first case, and ambient pressure drying in the latter. Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements are employed here for the characterisation of the samples. The as-prepared aerogels have been found to act as photocatalysts of aqueous dye solutions like methylene blue and Orange G, while they were also evaluated as adsorbents of organic solvents (acetone, ethanol and methanol), and, oils like pump oil, castor oil, silicone oil, as well. The results presented here show that the freeze-drying approach provides materials with better adsorption efficiency for the most of the examined pollutants, however, the energy and cost-saving advantages of ambient-pressure-drying could offset the adsorption advantages of the former case.
The 3D in vitro Adrenoid cell model recapitulates the complexity of the adrenal gland
Authors: Martinelli Serena , Cantini Giulia , Propato Arianna Pia , Bani Daniele , Guasti Daniele , Nardini Patrizia , Calosi Laura , Mello Tommaso , Bechmann Nicole , Danza Giovanna , Villanelli Fabio , Canu Letizia , Maggi Mario , Mannelli Massimo , Rapizzi Elena , Luconi Michaela
Published: April 2024

The crosstalk between the chromaffin and adrenocortical cells is essential for the endocrine activity of the adrenal glands. This interaction is also likely important for tumorigenesis and progression of adrenocortical cancer and pheochromocytoma. We developed a unique in vitro 3D model of the whole adrenal gland called Adrenoid consisting in adrenocortical carcinoma H295R and pheochromocytoma MTT cell lines. Adrenoids showed a round compact morphology with a growth rate significantly higher compared to MTT-spheroids. Confocal analysis of differential fluorescence staining of H295R and MTT cells demonstrated that H295R organized into small clusters inside Adrenoids dispersed in a core of MTT cells. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the strict cell–cell interaction occurring between H295R and MTT cells in Adrenoids, which displayed ultrastructural features of more functional cells compared to the single cell type monolayer cultures. Adrenoid maintenance of the dual endocrine activity was demonstrated by the expression not only of cortical and chromaffin markers (steroidogenic factor 1, and chromogranin) but also by protein detection of the main enzymes involved in steroidogenesis (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, and CYP11B1) and in catecholamine production (tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase). Mass spectrometry detection of steroid hormones and liquid chromatography measurement of catecholamines confirmed Adrenoid functional activity. In conclusion, Adrenoids represent an innovative in vitro 3D-model that mimics the spatial and functional complexity of the adrenal gland, thus being a useful tool to investigate the crosstalk between the two endocrine components in the pathophysiology of this endocrine organ.
High blood pressure is associated with increased risk of future fracture, but not vice versa
Authors: Du Xiang-Peng , Zheng Mei-Liang , Yang Xin-Chun , Zheng Mei-Li
Published: April 2024

The association between high blood pressure and fracture showed obvious discrepancies and were mostly between hypertension with future fracture, but rarely between fracture and incident hypertension. The present study aims to investigate the associations of hypertension with future fracture, and fracture with incident hypertension. We included adult participants from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) prospective cohort in 1997–2015 (N = 10,227), 2000–2015 (N = 10,547), 2004–2015 (N = 10,909), and 2006–2015 (N = 11,121) (baseline in 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 respectively and outcome in 2015). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. In the analysis of the association between hypertension and future fracture, the adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 1.34 (0.95–1.90) in 1997–2015, 1.40 (1.04–1.88) in 2000–2015, 1.32 (0.98–1.78) in 2004–2015, and 1.38 (1.01–1.88) in 2006–2015. In the analysis of the association between fracture and incident hypertension, the adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 1.28 (0.96–1.72) in 1997–2015, 1.18 (0.94–1.49) in 2000–2015, 1.12 (0.89–1.40) in 2004–2015, and 1.09 (0.85–1.38) in 2006–2015. The present study showed that hypertension history was associated with increased risk of future fracture, but not vice versa.
The effects of prefrontal tDCS and hf-tRNS on the processing of positive and negative emotions evoked by video clips in first- and third-person
Authors: La Malva Pasquale , Di Crosta Adolfo , Prete Giulia , Ceccato Irene , Gatti Matteo , D’Intino Eleonora , Tommasi Luca , Mammarella Nicola , Palumbo Rocco , Di Domenico Alberto
Published: April 2024

The causal role of the cerebral hemispheres in positive and negative emotion processing remains uncertain. The Right Hemisphere Hypothesis proposes right hemispheric superiority for all emotions, while the Valence Hypothesis suggests the left/right hemisphere's primary involvement in positive/negative emotions, respectively. To address this, emotional video clips were presented during dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) electrical stimulation, incorporating a comparison of tDCS and high frequency tRNS stimulation techniques and manipulating perspective-taking (first-person vs third-person Point of View, POV). Four stimulation conditions were applied while participants were asked to rate emotional video valence: anodal/cathodal tDCS to the left/right DLPFC, reverse configuration (anodal/cathodal on the right/left DLPFC), bilateral hf-tRNS, and sham (control condition). Results revealed significant interactions between stimulation setup, emotional valence, and POV, implicating the DLPFC in emotions and perspective-taking. The right hemisphere played a crucial role in both positive and negative valence, supporting the Right Hemisphere Hypothesis. However, the complex interactions between the brain hemispheres and valence also supported the Valence Hypothesis. Both stimulation techniques (tDCS and tRNS) significantly modulated results. These findings support both hypotheses regarding hemispheric involvement in emotions, underscore the utility of video stimuli, and emphasize the importance of perspective-taking in this field, which is often overlooked.
Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral therapy-integrated, hospital-based program for prediabetes: a matched cohort study
Authors: Washirasaksiri Chaiwat , Pakornnipat Withada , Ariyakunaphan Pinyapat , Kositamongkol Chayanis , Polmanee Chaiyaporn , Preechasuk Lukana , Jaiborisuttigull Naris , Sitasuwan Tullaya , Tinmanee Rungsima , Pramyothin Pornpoj , Srivanichakorn Weerachai
Published: April 2024

Intensive lifestyle interventions are effective in preventing T2DM, but evidence is lacking for high cardiometabolic individuals in hospital settings. We evaluated a hospital-based, diabetes prevention program integrating cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for individuals with prediabetes. This matched cohort assessed individuals with prediabetes receiving the prevention program, which were matched 1:1 with those receiving standard care. The year-long program included five in-person sessions and several online sessions covering prediabetes self-management, dietary and behavioral interventions. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression models estimated the 60-month T2DM incidence rate. Of 192 patients, 190 joined the prevention program, while 190 out of 10,260 individuals were in the standard-care group. Both groups had similar baseline characteristics (mean age 58.9 ± 10.2 years, FPG 102.3 ± 8.2 mg/dL, HbA1c 5.9 ± 0.3%, BMI 26.2 kg/m2, metabolic syndrome 75%, and ASCVD 6.3%). After 12 months, the intervention group only showed significant decreases in FPG, HbA1c, and triglyceride levels and weight. At 60 months, the T2DM incidence rate was 1.7 (95% CI 0.9–2.8) in the intervention group and 3.5 (2.4–4.9) in the standard-care group. After adjusting for variables, the intervention group had a 0.46 times lower risk of developing diabetes. Therefore, healthcare providers should actively promote CBT-integrated, hospital-based diabetes prevention programs to halve diabetes progression.
Optic nerve head factors associated with initial central visual field defect in primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Bak Eunoo , Kim Martha , Kim Seok Hwan , Lee Kyoung Min
Published: April 2024

We investigated optic nerve head factors associated with initial parafoveal scotoma (IPFS) in primary open-angle glaucoma. Eighty (80) patients with an IPFS and 84 patients with an initial nasal step (INS) were compared. Central retinal vascular trunk (CRVT) deviation from the Bruch’s membrane opening (BMO) center was measured as a surrogate of lamina cribrosa (LC)/BMO offset, and its obliqueness was defined as the absolute value of angular deviation from the fovea-BMO axis. Proximity of retinal nerve fiber layer defect (RNFLD) was defined as the angular deviation of the inner RNFLD margin from the fovea-BMO axis. Microvasculature dropout (MvD) was defined as a focal sectoral capillary dropout with no visible microvascular network identified in the choroidal layer. Factors associated with IPFS, as compared with INS, were assessed using logistic regression analyses and conditional inference tree analysis. The IPFS group had more oblique CRVT offset (P < 0.001), RNFLD closer to the fovea (P < 0.001), more MvD (P < 0.001), and more LC defects (P < 0.001) compared to the INS group. In logistic regression analyses, obliqueness of CRVT offset (P = 0.002), RNFLD proximity (P < 0.001), and MvD (P = 0.001) were significant factors influencing the presence of IPFS. Conditional inference tree analysis showed that RNFLD closer to the fovea (P < 0.001) in the upper level, more oblique CRVT offset (P = 0.013) and presence of MvD (P = 0.001) in the lower level were associated with the probability of having IPFS. IPFS was associated with closer RNFLD location to the fovea when assessed from the BMO. Oblique LC/BMO offset may not only mask RNFLD proximity to the fovea due to a deviated funduscopic disc appearance, but also potentiate IPFS via focal LC defect and MvD.
Room temperature photosensitive ferromagnetic semiconductor using MoS2
Authors: Lu Jingjing , Xu Yan , Cui Jingsong , Zhang Peng , Zhou Chenxi , Singh Hanuman , Zhang Shuai , You Long , Hong Jeongmin
Published: April 2024

Two-dimensional semiconductors, including transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are of interest in electronics and photonics but remain nonmagnetic in their intrinsic form. Atomic modulation using physical and chemical ways is an effective means to control the physical properties such as magnetic and electrical properties of two-dimensional materials which can be controlled by irradiation. Here we treat mechanically exfoliated MoS2 with a helium ion beam, which exhibits semiconducting and ferromagnetic ordering at room temperature, while Monte Carlo simulations and theoretical calculations confirmed that the control of nanoholes result in the presence of magnetism. In addition, the irradiation results of multilayer MoS2 show that the magnetic moment increases with the increase of 10 layers. The conductivity remains virtually unchanged before and after being treated by a helium ion beam. The treated MoS2 spintronic device displays the switch of ‘on/off” under the light, magnetic field, and/or electric field, which means 2D photosensitive ferromagnetic semiconductor functions are successfully demonstrated at room temperature.
Impact of prematurity on lifelong cardiovascular health: structural and functional considerations
Authors: Sixtus Ryan P. , Dyson Rebecca M. , Gray Clint L.
Published: April 2024

The aetiology of preterm cardiovascular disease formation appears different from that of traditional population. Within the ‘traditional’ population cardiovascular disease formation is driven by functional stressors (e.g., diet, smoking). Whereas preterm cardiovascular disease risk is driven by structural changes incurred at birth. Much of the proliferative growth in the developing heart and major vessels ceases at birth, leading to permanently reduced dimensions compared to their term-born cohort. These structural changes take a back seat to functional and clinical complications within the neonatal period, but become increasingly pronounced from adolescence, at which point functional decompensation can be observed. While the cause may differ from ‘traditional’ populations, the eventual disease outcomes do not, leading them to be an overlooked population. This means that aetiology, and thus, treatment options may be very different due to the underlying mechanisms. Here, we propose that the structural cause of preterm-associated cardiovascular disease is apparent and observable early in life. Understanding the differences in cardiovascular disease aetiology may therefore aid in the early treatment of preterm-associated cardiovascular disease risk.
Improved electronic uniformity and nanoscale homogeneity in template-grown CsPbBr3 nanorods
Authors: Avila-Lopez Eduardo , Liang Shuang , Elias Isaac , Lin Zhiqun , Li Yize Stephanie
Published: April 2024

All template-grown CsPbBr3 nanorods exhibited ambipolar behaviors for up to two months after their synthesis and good nanoscale electronic homogeneity.
ABC or ACB triblock copolymers? Changing the RAFT group position in diblock copolymer macro-RAFT agents leads to different PISA behaviors in RAFT dispersion polymerization
Authors: Li Zongchuan , Wang Ruiming , Luo Xinyi , Zhang Li , Tan Jianbo
Published: April 2024

ACB and ABC triblock copolymer nanoparticles were prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization using diblock copolymer macromolecular RAFT (macro-RAFT) agents with different RAFT group positions.
Site specific redox properties in ligand differentiated di-nickel complexes inspired by the acetyl CoA synthase active site
Authors: Quiroz Manuel , Jana Manish , Liu Kaiyang , Bhuvanesh Nattamai , Hall Michael B. , Darensbourg Marcetta Y.
Published: April 2024

These complexes, comprised of Ni(N2S2)–Ni(dithiolene) S-bridged units, serve as a platform to interrogate the positions of added electrons. Tuning of the ligand substituents controls electron uptake in S-bridged dinickel complexes.
Coordination polymer derived Fe–N–C electrocatalysts with high performance for the oxygen reduction reaction in Zn–air batteries
Authors: Guo Peng-Peng , Xu Chao , Yang Kun-Zu , Lu Chen , Wei Ping-Jie , Ren Qi-Zhi , Liu Jin-Gang
Published: April 2024

Using dangling-group-containing coordination polymers as a support for increasing the loading efficiency of metal macrocycles offers a facile approach to prepare high performance M–N–C catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction.
Elucidating the catalytic mechanisms of O2 generation by [Mn2(μ-O)2(terpy)2(OH2)2]3+ using DFT calculations: a focus on ClO− as oxidant
Authors: Ariafard Alireza , Longhurst Matthew , Swiegers Gerhard F. , Stranger Robert
Published: April 2024

Although Oxidation of [Mn2(μ-O)2(terpy)2(OH2)2]3+ by ClO− leads to formation of several species with sufficient reactivity to generate O2, of which only Mn(iv)Mn(iv)-oxyl acts as the active catalyst.
Unveiling the reverse reactivity and composition profile of copolymers from synthesized and separated 3-/7-(prop-2-ynyl)oxepan-2-one isomers: implications for precise polymer structure prediction
Authors: Mundil Robert , Kanizsová Lívia , Toman Petr , Kočková Olga , Uchman Mariusz
Published: April 2024

The gradient copolymer structure of 3- and 7-(prop-2-ynyl)oxepan-2-one was clearly revealed, rationalized and visualized using the Skeist model.
Adsorption, dissociation and diffusion behavior of H2O on the PuO2(111) surface from DFT + U-D3: the role of hydrogen bonding
Authors: Huang Huang , Zhu Min , Wu Fei , Li Longxian , Li Yan
Published: April 2024

Water molecules adsorb on the surface of PuO2 in molecular, dissociated, or mixed states, and intermolecular hydrogen bonds play an important role in surface behavior.
Second‐harmonic current reduction of dual active bridge with triple‐phase shift in two‐stage single‐phase inverter system
Authors: Li Jin , Zhang Yuming , Tang Weiyi
Published: April 2024

This article proposes a method to effectively suppress second‐harmonic current (SHC) of dual active bridge (DAB) converter, which adopts the triple‐phase shift (TPS) modulation strategy, in two‐stage single‐phase inverter system. Load current feedforward control with twice the output voltage frequency notch filter inserted is introduced to ensure the dynamic response performance. The averaged model of the system is established to analyse the influence of output impedance of front‐end DAB converter on SHC from the perspective of impedance. The proposed method does not need to consider the accuracy of the intermediate bus capacitance. Finally, an experimental prototype was established to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed SHC reduction method.
Renewable energy hosting capacity assessment in distribution networks based on multi‐strategy improved whale optimization algorithm
Authors: Dong Chongwu , Yu Tao , Pan Zhenning , Wu Yufeng , Wang Ziyao , Wang Yipeng , Wang Keying
Published: April 2024

The increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy poses significant challenges to the safety and stability of distribution system, rendering the renewable energy hosting capacity of distribution networks a major concern. To effectively evaluate the renewable energy hosting capacity in distribution networks, this paper introduces a comprehensive hosting capacity assessment model considering various safety and stability constraints. Given the numerous non‐linear constraints inherent in the hosting capacity assessment model for distribution networks, a multi‐strategy improved Whale Optimization Algorithm is proposed. Improvements are made to the population initialization and population position update strategies, and a mutation strategy is introduced to prevent premature convergence, thereby enhancing the algorithm's performance. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model and the method is validated through the utilization of three distribution systems. Moreover, the key factors that restrict the improvement of hosting capacity are revealed from the perspective of distribution network topology.
Effects of non-continuous inverse Compton cooling in blazars
Authors: Dmytriiev A. , Böttcher M.
Published: April 2024

Context. Blazar flares provide a window onto the extreme physical processes occurring in relativistic outflows. Most numerical codes used for modelling blazar emission during flares use a simplified continuous-loss description of particle cooling due to the inverse Compton (IC) process, neglecting non-continuous (discrete) effects that arise in the Klein–Nishina (KN) regime. The significance of such effects has not yet been explored in detail.

Aims. In this study, we investigate the importance of non-continuous Compton cooling losses and their impact on the electron spectrum and spectral energy distribution (SED) of blazars during high flux states (flares), as well as in the low state.

Methods. We solve the full transport equation numerically, accounting for large relative jumps in energy by extending our existing blazar flare modelling code EMBLEM. We perform a detailed physical modelling of the brightest γ-ray flare of the archetypal flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) 3C 279 detected in June 2015. We then compare results obtained using the full cooling term and using the continuous-loss approximation.

Results. We show that during flaring states of FSRQs characterised by high Compton dominance, the non-continuous cooling can lead to significant modification of the electron spectrum, introducing a range of distinct features, such as low-energy tails, hardening and/or softening, narrow and extended particle excesses, and shifts in the cooling break position. Such distortion translates to differences in the associated SED of up to ∼50%. This highlights the importance of non-continuous effects and the need to consider them in blazar emission models, particularly applied to extreme γ-ray flares.
Advancements in the 3D shape reconstruction of Phobos: An analysis of shape models and future exploration directions
Authors: Chen Min , Yan Jianguo , Huang Xianfeng , Zuo Zheng , Willner Konrad , Xiang Hanyu , Barriot Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2024

Aims.Our research focuses on developing a high-precision and relatively high-resolution shape model of Phobos.

Methods.We employed advanced photogrammetric techniques combined with novel computer vision methods to reconstruct the 3D shape of Phobos from nearly 900 Mars Express/SRC and Viking Orbiter images. This research also involved a comparison of the newly developed shape model with previous models to identify differences for future missions.

Results.This shape model was used to generate new measurements of the volume (5740 ± 30) km3, the surface area (1629 ± 8) km2, and the bulk density (1847 ± 11) kg m−3of Phobos. By comparing our reconstructed shape model with prior models, we have identified key differences, especially in areas such as the Opik crater and near the Shklovsky crater. These findings highlight critical areas that warrant further investigation in future missions dedicated to exploring Phobos.
Developing Healthcare using Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey of Applications, Challenges and Future Directions
Authors: AL-Shammri Faris K. , Noman Obeid Huda , Abbas Marwan S , Mohammed Adnan S. , alzamili Zainab , Aleigailly Maryam A. , Ali Hasan Kawther , Çelebi Fatih. V.
Published: April 2024

The importance of each person's healthcare should be viewed as fundamental in the modern world due to the rise in various health issues. A decrease in the proportion of doctors is caused by an increase in the number of cases. The diagnosis is consequently delayed, or some patients are overlooked. As a result, people become more reliant on doctors for checkups. In order to retain each patient's digital identification, in light of all these worries, health and medical care systems have begun to connect and interact with the internet of things (IoT). Many health disorders in the healthcare system go undiagnosed resulting from a shortage of doctors and other medical experts, as well as a lack of access to healthcare services. These IoT-based healthcare options, on the other hand, have made it possible for patients and medical professionals to continuously track and analyze patient data. In this study, IoT for healthcare systems is discussed. These included applications, structures, and potential design snags and issues. It has been demonstrated that these systems could be very beneficial to people, especially during the (Covid-19) pandemic's global isolation and the growing challenges in treating patients intelligently. This paper also presents a survey study on the use of IoT in smart healthcare, its applicability, the future directions for its development, and a review of past researchers' applications.
Biomimicry as a sustainable solution in Architecture: Analytical study
Authors: Ali Hussein Ebtihal , Abbas Abbood Oday
Published: April 2024

Nature has been the primary inspiration for architecture since its very beginnings, and there are many facets and levels of this inspiration in architecture, starting from the stage of direct imitation of the formal aspects and proportions, passing through the aspects of masses and construction, all the way to the deep levels and principles upon which nature is based and achieving its sustainability. Therefore, the architecture, in the current time and for future times, is directed towards simulating the deep aspects of biological systems and taking advantage of their features, such as self-organization, adaptation, flexibility, and efficiency, in a way that achieves the desired goal of architecture, which is its sustainability. This is also through the emergence of the term (biomimetic), which the research focuses on for its ability to combine biology and architecture. From a review of the literature that dealt with this term, the research problem emerged as “the lack of clarity about biomimicry as a strategy aims at achieving aspects of sustainability.” Hence, the research objective was defined by determining the possibility of benefiting from the trend of biomimicry as a tool and strategy for achieving sustainability while studying its applications in design and architecture. To achieve the research objective, a descriptive and analytical approach was adopted, in addition to several procedural steps, the first related to the theoretical aspects of the topic and building a theoretical framework for it. The second step was the practical study by analyzing a few approved projects. The last (third) procedural step was to draw results and conclusions. The research reached several conclusions that reflect the role of adopting the biomimetic approach in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of architecture and its sustainability and emphasizing the achievement of architecture responsive to environmental conditions by enhancing its natural systems to increase their efficiency and suitability to the requirements of development. The research also concluded that this approach will determine the path of contemporary and future architecture by approaching biological principles with architectural principles.
Enhancing Programs Efficiency through a Machine Learning-Based Model for Tile Size Selection
Authors: Ahmed Noor Ulhuda S. , Alwan Esraa H. , Fanfakh Ahmed B. M.
Published: April 2024

This work presents an innovative machine-learning approach to improve loop tiling in computational programming. Loop tiling is a crucial strategy for boosting speed by promoting data locality and reducing cache misses. Conventional methods frequently have difficulties in accurately calculating the most suitable tile size, which is a crucial component impacting the performance of the program. The combination of Multi-Output Generalized Regression Neural Networks (MOGRNN) and Linear Regression in researchers’ techniques allows for precise prediction of optimal tile sizes for various computing workloads. The study entails an extensive gathering of data from 22 benchmark programs, which encompass a diverse set of computational patterns and issue sizes. This data collection is further enhanced by incorporating both static and dynamic program aspects. By employing meticulous preprocessing and doing dual-model analysis, the researchers’ approach effectively captures both linear and intricate non-linear correlations present in the data. The method’s usefulness in boosting prediction accuracy for ideal tile sizes and enhancing overall program performance has been demonstrated through extensive testing on an Intel Core i7 CPU. This novel approach provides a viable avenue for advanced study in code optimization approaches.
Designing a System to Facilitate the process of Connecting 4.0-Generation Industrial Machines to the internet
Authors: Najemaldeen Shaheed Basheer , Hatash Reham , Hussein Selman Nasir
Published: April 2024

Industry 4.0 aims to create more efficient and flexible manufacturing processes that can respond quickly to changes in demand and customer requirements. The integration of digital technologies and physical systems allows data to be collected, analysed, monitored and controlled in real time. This can increase productivity, reduce downtime and improve product quality. In this paper, remote control, monitoring and online data storage of industrial machines based on human-machine interface (HMI) module are facilitated. HMI integrates the control system with the Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT). On the other hand, it can be controlled and monitored anywhere in the world via the Internet using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) to open different navigation private channel and HMI interface. It was clear from the collection of recorded data and the results of practical testing that the designed system facilitated the process of accessing the industrial machine
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (Review)
Authors: Taher Raeed J. , Mohsen Kadim K.
Published: April 2024

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are becoming increasingly popular among researchers due to their potential for real-world applications such as marine surveillance, sea monitoring, deep sea archaeology, oil monitoring, and more. With almost 70% of the earth’s surface covered in water, it is challenging for humans to gather valuable information from the seabed without advanced technology. In UWSNs, sensor nodes are placed to sense the underwater environment, and the data collected is sent to a sink node, which then transfers the data to a base station for processing. The deployment of sensor nodes in UWSNs is difficult due to the harsh underwater environment, and the routing of data is complicated by the nodes’ limited communication range and high energy consumption. This study provides a comprehensive overview of UWSNs, including their applications, deployment methods, and routing algorithms. A comparative analysis of deployment techniques and routing algorithms is presented to help researchers identify research gaps in these areas. The study also reviews some UWSN applications, which offer valuable insights into the approach. The study covers the conventional technologies used in UWSNs and highlights significant research approaches towards UWSNs’ applications, deployment techniques, and routing processes. The insights provided in this study will assist researchers in understanding the present state of UWSNs and identifying future research directions in this exciting field.
A Real Time Face Recognition and Tracking Framework Using Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Majeed Aseel Wadood , Shaker Shaimaa Hameed , Saeid Ali Adel
Published: April 2024

Human face recognition and tracking (FRT) plays a vital role in various fields, including security, authentication, and human-computer interaction. The main modules of the FRT system are detection, feature extraction, and FRT. Using a database, these units recognize faces as well as their location, movement, and visible features. The framework aims to process large visual data in real-time, enabling accurate and fast FRT. The paper develops a real-time FRT framework using a lightweight CNN convolutional neural network to accurately match images of faces and environments with different illumination and expression differences to improve performance. This paper focused on the development of real-time facial recognition and tracking systems. The model used to achieve this is based on deep learning (DL) using a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) and post-feature extraction using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) experiments demonstrate that DL with lightweight CNN models provides a good solution for FRT tasks, even in challenging situations including changes in position, expression, illumination, and occlusion. The results of CNN-based DL were compared with several experiments. The model was also compared with many modern methods and achieved better results. The lightweight CNN model for DL outperformed it 100% of the time. When the split rate is 70:30 and the learning rate is 0.001, the epoch is 100. This demonstrates the dominance of DL over other techniques and shows how well it handles FRT tasks using lightweight and even real-time CNN methods.