bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic and magnetic properties in Mn‐doped IIIA‐nitride monolayers
Authors: Xiao Wen‐Zhi , Meng Bo , Xu Hai‐Qing , Chen Qiao , Wang Ling‐Ling
Published: July 2016

Based on first‐principles calculations plus Hubbard U, we have studied the electronic structure and magnetic properties of Mn‐doped IIIA‐nitride monolayers. The substitution of Mn for Al or Ga atom induces a total magnetic moment of 4.00 µB per dopant, independent of the choice of functional. The doped AlN system is half‐metallic at GGA + U (<5 eV) level, but is a magnetic semiconductor at the HSE06 and GGA + U (≥5 eV) levels. The doped GaN system is a magnetic semiconductor at these two levels. The Mn‐doped InN converts into metal without magnetism, due to the robust p–d hybridization between the Mn‐3d and N‐2p states and the delocalized sd states. The Mn atoms have a clear clustering tendency with the FM state in the AlN and GaN hosts. The long‐ranged ferromagnetic coupling is observed along the ⋯N‐Al/Ga⋯ zigzag edge directions, which can be attributed to p–d hybridization mechanism. These results suggest that the Mn‐doped AlN and GaN monolayers are promising candidates for preparing spintronic devices at the nanoscale.
An adaptive design for updating the threshold value of a continuous biomarker
Authors: Spencer Amy V. , Harbron Chris , Mander Adrian , Wason James , Peers Ian
Published: July 2016

Potential predictive biomarkers are often measured on a continuous scale, but in practice, a threshold value to divide the patient population into biomarker ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ is desirable. Early phase clinical trials are increasingly using biomarkers for patient selection, but at this stage, it is likely that little will be known about the relationship between the biomarker and the treatment outcome. We describe a single‐arm trial design with adaptive enrichment, which can increase power to demonstrate efficacy within a patient subpopulation, the parameters of which are also estimated. Our design enables us to learn about the biomarker and optimally adjust the threshold during the study, using a combination of generalised linear modelling and Bayesian prediction. At the final analysis, a binomial exact test is carried out, allowing the hypothesis that ‘no population subset exists in which the novel treatment has a desirable response rate’ to be tested. Through extensive simulations, we are able to show increased power over fixed threshold methods in many situations without increasing the type‐I error rate. We also show that estimates of the threshold, which defines the population subset, are unbiased and often more precise than those from fixed threshold studies. We provide an example of the method applied (retrospectively) to publically available data from a study of the use of tamoxifen after mastectomy by the German Breast Study Group, where progesterone receptor is the biomarker of interest. © 2016 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Aromatization of C5‐rich Light Naphtha Feedstock over Tailored Zeolite Catalysts: Comparison with Model Compounds (n‐C5 ‐ n‐C7)
Authors: Hodala Janardhan L. , Halgeri Anand B. , Shanbhag Ganapati V. , Reddy R. Sudarshan , Choudary Nettem V. , Rao Peddy V.C. , SriGanesh Mr. Gandham , Shah Gitesh , Ravishankar Raman
Published: July 2016

In this work, aromatization of C5‐rich light naphtha as feedstock obtained from the refinery of Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL) was studied along with n‐hexane (model compound for light naphtha) over non‐noble metal oxide based catalyst; ZnGa/ZSM‐5. Zeolite ZSM‐5 was modified with zinc and gallium by co‐impregnation method. High aromatic yields were obtained over modified ZSM‐5 catalysts due to dissociative chemisorption of alkanes resulting in dehydrogenation/ aromatization. The effect of acid sites on aromatization was studied by varying SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (SAR) of ZSM‐5 and correlated with the temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3‐TPD) studies. Optimized catalyst composition was further used for aromatization of n‐pentane, n‐heptane and light naphtha from a refinery. The Zn‐Ga−H‐ZSM‐5 catalyst produced aromatics in high yields (64.8 % for light naphtha), especially high quantities of toluene with toluene/benzene ratio (T/B) ∼ 2. From the aromatization studies, it could be envisaged that a proper balance of acid sites with dehydrogenation function is required to achieve maximum aromatic yield. Nitrogen was found to be a better carrier gas compared to hydrogen for aromatization of light naphtha.
N‐doped Carbon Nanotubes for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Medium: Synergistic Relationship between Pyridinic and Quaternary Nitrogen
Authors: Rocha Inês M. , Soares O. Salomé G.P. , Fernandes Diana M. , Freire Cristina , Figueiredo José L. , Pereira M. Fernando R.
Published: July 2016

N‐doped carbon nanotubes (N‐CNTs) prepared using a sustainable methodology based on a ball milling process were applied as catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). From two different N‐doping methodologies using melamine and urea as N‐enriched precursors, resulted in N‐CNTs with surface areas in the range 350–364 m2 g−1, and surface nitrogen contents from 0.2 % to 4.8 %, corresponding to three N‐types: pyridinic, pyrrolic and quarternary. Irreversible cathodic peaks were observed in the cyclic voltammograms of all catalysts in the presence of an O2‐saturated KOH solution, proving their ORR electrocatalytic activity. Onset potentials (Eon) varied from −0.159 to −0.128 V for N‐CNTs, approaching that of Pt/C (−0.124 V). Furthermore, the two best catalysts also exhibited an average number of electrons transferred per O2 of 3.3 and 3.1 e, respectively. These results suggest an O2‐reduction mechanism which is half controlled by the indirect pathway and half determined by the direct pathway. Moreover, the best N‐CNT catalyst exhibited higher durability and methanol tolerance than Pt/C. The correlation between ORR performance data and N‐CNT catalyst composition suggests that the Npyridinic/Nquaternary ratio is more relevant role than the total N content. In fact, the catalysts with the best performance (in terms of Eon and nO2) exhibited the highest Npyridinic/Nquaternary ratio, 5.6 and 3.9 respectively, while their nitrogen contents were 3.1 and 0.8 %.
Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling‐3 as a Drug Target for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Structure‐Guided Approach
Authors: Dumpati Ramakrishna , Dulapalli Ramasree , Kondagari Bhargavi , Ramatenki Vishwanath , Vellanki Santhiprada , Vadija Rajender , Vuruputuri Uma
Published: July 2016

The present study treats Suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS‐3) as a novel target for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) drug discovery. An in silico 3D structural evaluation and validation of the SOCS‐3 and its cognate receptor, Insulin Receptor Beta (IR−B) was carried out. The active site of SOCS‐3 was identified using computational tools and Protein‐Protein docking with IR−B. The docking study with T2DM drugs and corroborating with the results of virtual screening using small molecules, ratify the residues of the catalytic site of SOCS‐3, i. e. Arg‐71 along with Asp‐72, Ser‐73, Ser‐74, and Asp‐92, to facilitate the binding. The T2DM drugs which belong to Sulfonylureas class show partial affinity towards SOCS‐3. The ligands show acceptable pharmacokinetic properties in terms of Lipinski's rule of 5, Jorgensen's rule of 3, brain/blood partition coefficient, binding to human serum albumin and skin permeability. The identified ligands show good predicted IC50 values and hence can act as SOCS‐3 antagonists. The structural data of SOCS‐3 active site and the identified ligands are useful in development of new T2DM therapeutics.
Alkyl Iodides and [11C]CO in Nickel‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling Reactions: Successful Use of Alkyl Electrophiles containing a β Hydrogen Atom in Metal‐Mediated [11C]Carbonylation
Authors: Rahman Obaidur , Långström Bengt , Halldin Christer
Published: July 2016

Transition metal‐mediated cross‐coupling reactions of non‐activated alkyl electrophiles suffer from competing β‐hydride elimination and therefore have limited applications in synthetic organic chemistry. Hereby the first successful use of nickel‐mediated carbonylative cross‐coupling of non‐activated alkyl iodides using [11C]carbon monoxide is presented. The reaction conditions were optimised for the synthesis of N‐(pyridine‐2‐yl)cyclohexane([11C]carbonyl)‐carboxamide. The nickel(0) complex, Ni(COD)2, in the presence of bathophenanthroline in the non‐polar protic solvent tert‐butanol at 100°C offered the highest trapping efficiency (TE) and radiochemical yield (RCY) of 89 % and 72 %, respectively. The applicability of the method was further explored in the syntheses of five additional ([11C]carbonyl)amides (6 a to 6 e in Figure ) and the TE and RCY in the latter cases were 70–90 % and 33–57 %, respectively. The presented method has a potential for the development of 11C‐labelled PET tracers with a carbonyl group connected to an alkyl chain containing β hydrogen.
Calix[4]arenes with Combined Axial Chirality and Inherent Chirality: Synthesis, Absolute Configuration and Chiral Recognition
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Zhen , Ma Hui , Xiang Guang‐Ya , Luo Jun , Chung Wen‐Sheng
Published: July 2016

Calix[4]arene diastereomeric pairs with combined axial chirality and inherent chirality were readily synthesized via monoalkylation of 1,2‐substituted calix[4]arene crown‐4 incorporating an axially chiral binaphthyl moiety with different electrophiles as a key step. The reaction showed high generality and distinct diastereoselectivity. The easy separation of the diastereomers, the good diastereoselectivity of the reaction, and the poor stereoselectivity of the chiral recognition of diastereomeric pairs were attributed to the remarkable steric effect of the axially chiral binaphthyl moiety. Absolute configurations were determined by X‐ray crystallography.
External corporate governance and financial fraud: cognitive evaluation theory insights on agency theory prescriptions
Authors: Shi Wei , Connelly Brian L. , Hoskisson Robert E.
Published: July 2016

Research summary:Agency theory suggests that external governance mechanisms (e.g., activist owners, the market for corporate control, securities analysts) can deter managers from acting opportunistically. Using cognitive evaluation theory, we argue that powerful expectations imposed by external governance can impinge on top managers' feelings of autonomy and crowd out their intrinsic motivation, potentially leading to financial fraud. Our findings indicate that external pressure from activist owners, the market for corporate control, and securities analysts increases managers' likelihood of financial fraud. Our study considers external governance from a top manager's perspective and questions one of agency theory's foundational tenets: that external pressure imposed on managers reduces the potential for moral hazard.

Managerial summary:Many of us are familiar with stories about top managers “cooking the books” in one way or another. As a result, companies and regulatory bodies often implement strict controls to try to prevent financial fraud. However, cognitive evaluation theory describes how those external controls could actually have the opposite of their intended effect because they rob managers of their intrinsic motivation for behaving appropriately. We find this to be the case. When top managers face more stringent external control mechanisms, in the form of activist shareholders, the threat of a takeover, or zealous securities analysts, they are actually more likely to engage in financial misbehavior. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capillary Origami Inspired Fabrication of Complex 3D Hydrogel Constructs
Authors: Li Moxiao , Yang Qingzhen , Liu Hao , Qiu Mushu , Lu Tian Jian , Xu Feng
Published: July 2016

Hydrogels have found broad applications in various engineering and biomedical fields, where the shape and size of hydrogels can profoundly influence their functions. Although numerous methods have been developed to tailor 3D hydrogel structures, it is still challenging to fabricate complex 3D hydrogel constructs. Inspired by the capillary origami phenomenon where surface tension of a droplet on an elastic membrane can induce spontaneous folding of the membrane into 3D structures along with droplet evaporation, a facile strategy is established for the fabrication of complex 3D hydrogel constructs with programmable shapes and sizes by crosslinking hydrogels during the folding process. A mathematical model is further proposed to predict the temporal structure evolution of the folded 3D hydrogel constructs. Using this model, precise control is achieved over the 3D shapes (e.g., pyramid, pentahedron, and cube) and sizes (ranging from hundreds of micrometers to millimeters) through tuning membrane shape, dimensionless parameter of the process (elastocapillary number Ce), and evaporation time. This work would be favorable to multiple areas, such as flexible electronics, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery.
Differential effect of assisted reproductive technology and small‐for‐gestational age on fetal cardiac remodeling
Authors: Valenzuela‐Alcaraz B. , Crispi F. , Cruz‐Lemini M. , Bijnens B. , García‐Otero L. , Sitges M. , Balasch J. , Gratacós E.
Published: July 2016

Objective

Fetuses conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART) and those that are small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) show cardiovascular remodeling in utero; however, these two conditions are often associated. We aimed to evaluate the differential effect of ART and SGA on fetal cardiac remodeling.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of term singleton pregnancies seen at our department between April 2011 and September 2013. The cohort was divided according to fetal growth and mode of conception into the following four groups: 102 appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA) fetuses conceived spontaneously (controls), 72 AGA fetuses conceived by ART (ART‐AGA), 31 SGA fetuses conceived by ART (ART‐SGA) and 28 SGA fetuses conceived naturally (Spont‐SGA). SGA was defined as birth weight < 10th centile. Fetal echocardiography was performed at 28–32 weeks to assess cardiac dimensions, geometry and function.

Results

ART fetuses had dilated atria (mean left atrium‐to‐heart area ratio: controls, 15 ± 2.7%; ART‐AGA, 18 ± 4.1%; Spont‐SGA, 14 ± 3.7%) and more globular ventricles (left ventricular sphericity index: controls, 1.77 ± 0.2; ART‐AGA, 1.68 ± 0.2; Spont‐SGA, 1.72 ± 0.2), with normally sized hearts. In contrast, SGA fetuses had enlarged hearts (cardiothoracic ratio: controls, 24 ± 3%; ART‐AGA, 24 ± 4%; Spont‐SGA, 29 ± 6%), preserved atrial size, more globular and concentric hypertrophic ventricles (left ventricle relative wall thickness: controls, 0.48 ± 0.17; ART‐AGA, 0.54 ± 0.13; Spont‐SGA, 0.63 ± 0.23). Both ART and SGA fetuses had decreased longitudinal motion (tricuspid annular ring displacement: controls, 6.5 ± 0.8 mm; ART‐AGA, 5.5 ± 0.7 mm; Spont‐SGA, 5.9 ± 0.6 mm) and impaired relaxation (left isovolumetric relaxation time: controls, 47.0 ± 7.3 ms; ART‐AGA, 50.0 ± 7.9 ms; Spont‐SGA, 49.5 ± 9.3 ms). ART‐SGA fetuses presented a combination of features from both ART and SGA groups.

Conclusion

SGA and conception with ART were associated with distinct patterns of fetal cardiac remodeling, supporting the concept that they are independent causes of cardiac programming. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Classification systems in dynamic environments: an overview
Authors: Pinage Felipe Azevedo , dos Santos Eulanda Miranda , da Gama João Manuel Portela
Published: July 2016

Data mining and machine learning algorithms can be employed to perform a variety of tasks. However, since most of these problems may depend on environments that change over time, performing classification tasks in dynamic environments has been a challenge in data mining research domain in the last decades. Currently, in the literature, the most common strategies used to detect changes are based on accuracy monitoring, which relies on previous knowledge of the data in order to identify whether or not correct classifications are provided. However, such a feedback can be infeasible in practical problems. In this work, we present a comprehensive overview of current machine learning/data mining approaches proposed to deal with dynamic environments problems. The objective is to highlight the main drawbacks and open issues, as well as future directions and problems worthy of investigation. In addition, we provide the definitions of the main terms used to represent this problem in the literature, such as concept drift and novelty detection. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2016, 6:156–166. doi: 10.1002/widm.1184

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Classification

Technologies > Machine Learning
A phase I dose-escalation study of LY2875358, a bivalent MET antibody, given as monotherapy or in combination with erlotinib or gefitinib in Japanese patients with advanced malignancies
Authors: Yoh Kiyotaka , Doi Toshihiko , Ohmatsu Hironobu , Kojima Takashi , Takahashi Hideaki , Zenke Yoshitaka , Wacheck Volker , Enatsu Sotaro , Nakamura Takashi , Turner Kellie , Uenaka Kazunori
Published: July 2016

Background MET is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and migration. Reported here are the phase I dose-escalation results for LY2875358, a monoclonal antibody against MET, in Japanese patients with advanced malignancies. Methods The study comprised a 3 + 3 dose-escalation part for LY2875358 monotherapy in patients with advanced malignancies (Part A) followed by an assessment of LY2875358 in combination with erlotinib or gefitinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (Part B). LY2875358 was administered once every 2 weeks. The primary objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of LY2875358; secondary objectives included evaluation of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity. Results Eleven patients received LY2875358 monotherapy at 3 dose levels (700 mg, N = 3; 1400 mg, N = 3; 2000 mg, N = 5) and 6 patients received LY2875358 2000 mg in combination with erlotinib (N = 3) or gefitinib (N = 3). No dose-limiting toxicities or serious adverse events related to LY2875358 were observed. The most frequently reported drug-related adverse events were hypoalbuminemia (2 patients) in Part A and dermatitis acneiform (4 patients) in Part B. LY2875358 area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) increased with dose over the dose range of 700 mg to 2000 mg. A best response of stable disease was achieved by 2/11 patients in Part A and 4/6 patients in Part B (disease control rate: 35 %). Conclusions LY2875358 at doses up to 2000 mg demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile as monotherapy or in combination with erlotinib or gefitinib in Japanese patients with advanced malignancies.
Prevailing-frequency approximation of the coupling ray theory for electromagnetic waves or elastic S waves
Authors: Klimeš Luděk , Bulant Petr
Published: July 2016

The coupling–ray–theory tensor Green function for electromagnetic waves or elastic S waves is frequency dependent, and is usually calculated for many frequencies. This frequency dependence represents no problem in calculating the Green function, but may represent a great problem in storing the Green function at the nodes of dense grids, typical for applications such as the Born approximation. This paper is devoted to the approximation of the coupling–ray–theory tensor Green function, which practically eliminates this frequency dependence within a reasonably broad frequency band.

In the vicinity of a given prevailing frequency, we approximate the frequency–dependent frequency–domain coupling–ray–theory tensor Green function by two dyadic Green functions corresponding to two waves described by their travel times and amplitudes calculated for the prevailing frequency. We refer to these travel times and amplitudes as the coupling–ray–theory travel times and the coupling–ray–theory amplitudes. This “prevailing–frequency approximation” of the coupling ray theory for electromagnetic waves or elastic S waves allows us to process the coupling–ray–theory wave field in the same way as the anisotropic–ray–theory wave field. This simplification may be decisive when storing the tensor Green function at the nodes of dense grids, which is typical for applications such as the Born approximation.

We test the accuracy of the proposed prevailing–frequency approximation of the coupling ray theory numerically using elastic S waves in eight anisotropic velocity models. The additional inaccuracy introduced by the prevailing–frequency approximation is smaller than the inaccuracy of the standard frequency–domain coupling ray theory, and smaller than the additional inaccuracy introduced by many other approximations of the coupling ray theory.
Determination of the reference symmetry axis of a generally anisotropic medium which is approximately transversely isotropic
Authors: Klimeš Luděk
Published: July 2016

For a given stiffness tensor (tensor of elastic moduli) of a generally anisotropic medium, we estimate to what extent the medium is transversely isotropic (uniaxial) and determine the direction of its reference symmetry axis expressed in terms of the unit reference symmetry vector. If the medium is exactly transversely isotropic (exactly uniaxial), we obtain the direction of its symmetry axis. We can also calculate the first–order and second–order spatial derivatives of the reference symmetry vector which may be useful in tracing the reference rays for the coupling ray theory. The proposed method is tested using various transversely isotropic (uniaxial) and approximately transversely isotropic (approximately uniaxial) media.
Hip Resurfacing: International Perspectives
Authors: Girard Julien
Published: July 2016

Background

The hip resurfacing concept was developed for young and active patients, especially for femoral bone stock preservation. However, concerns about metal-on-metal bearings with adverse reactions to metal debris have led to a drop off in hip-resurfacing procedures.

Questions/Purposes

The goal of this review is to evaluate our current knowledge of survivorship of second-generation hip resurfacing devices and elaborate international perspectives for product improvement.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search provided information on national joint arthroplasty registers worldwide with a minimum of 3000 reported hip resurfacings. It culminated in the analysis of six registers.

Results

Long-term data showed that available hip resurfacing device survivorship ranged from 95 to 99.7% with 10 years of follow-up, in selected patient populations. The criteria for success were well known, male gender, good bone quality, head component size greater than 48 mm, and cup inclination less than 45°. On the other hand, the recent recall of some hip-resurfacing devices has resulted in huge medico-legal problems and has discredited all implants. It has brought about the recent evolution of hip resurfacing. Femoral fixation is now available for cemented and cementless surfaces. Bearings are still always metal-on-metal, but new types have come on board. Newer designs suggest that ceramic-on-ceramic, cross-linked polyethylene, and oxinium may be applied in this configuration.

Conclusions

In 2015, the evolution of hip resurfacing is ongoing in terms of implant design, alternative bearings, and implant fixation with hopes of improving survivorship.
The Survival of Total Knee Arthroplasty: Current Data from Registries on Tribology
Authors: Civinini Roberto , Carulli Christian , Matassi Fabrizio , Lepri Andrea Cozzi , Sirleo Luigi , Innocenti Massimo
Published: July 2016

Background

Polyethylene (PE) wear is a major contributor to implant loosening following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and advanced bearings in TKA are being investigated with hopes of reducing or eliminate wear-related loosening. Currently, information on knee tribology is available from national joint registries and may be the best tools to evaluate the efficacy and safety of design innovations in joint arthroplasty.

Questions/Purposes

We performed a review of national joint registries trying to answer the following questions: “Which is the main factor directly related to revisions rate in TKA?” and “Are there new bearing options better than conventional ones?”

Methods

A review was performed of all published annual reports of National Joint Registers, as well as of the literature. The search was carried out using and comparing the National Joint Registers.

Results

Current data from registries for total knee arthroplasty indicates that age is the major factor affecting the outcome of primary total knee replacement. The 10-year cumulative revision rate for non-cross-linked PE was 5.8% and for XLPE it was 3.5%. The effect of cross-linked polyethylene was more evident in the younger patients. The survival of the oxidized zirconium (OxZr) femoral component appears better when compared to a similar age group of patients with conventional group of prostheses. Our review suggests that the revision rates are half for the OxZr components compared to conventional CoCr femoral components.

Conclusions

Age is the most relevant single factor related to revision rate. Cross-linked PE has a statistical lower revision rate at 10 years compared to conventional PE and, in the OxZr group, the revision rate is 2 times lower than Co-Cr in the same group of age.
Experience with the Distally Based Sural Neurocutaneous Flap for Ankle and Heel Wounds
Authors: Sin-To Kwok , Wing-Leung Chan , Yan-Kit Lau
Published: July 2016

Background/Purpose

Soft tissue loss over the ankle and heel is a challenging issue for reconstructive surgeons. The aim of this study is to present the technique of using sural neurocutaneous flap and analyse the results.

Methods

From 2002 to 2014, 15 cases of sural flap were performed in the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong. All cases were handled by two hand surgeons. The outcomes and complications were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

The aetiology included trauma (6 cases), neoplasm (4 cases), Achilles tendon repair wound complication (3 cases) and ulcer (2 cases). The age of patients ranged from 21 years to 82 years (average, 61.9 years). The size ranged from 12 cm2 to 99 cm2. The mean follow-up period was 20 months. Eleven flaps healed successfully without significant complications.

Conclusion

Sural neurocutaneous flap is a reliable flap design with constant vascular anatomy. There is minimal donor site morbidity, and no major vessels are sacrificed. It provides a durable, pain-free, functionally and aesthetically satisfying coverage for ankle and heel wounds.
Remedying Displacement in Frozen Conflicts: Lessons From the Case of Cyprus
Authors: HADJIGEORGIOU Nasia
Published: July 2016

This article examines the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, in order to assess the effectiveness of the remedies provided and procedures followed by the Immovable Property Commission (IPC), a mechanism that was established by Turkey in order to remedy displaced Greek Cypriots. It recommends changes for the improvement of the IPC and argues that with their adoption, the Commission could act as a blueprint for the establishment of similar remedying bodies in other frozen conflicts as well. Such institutions are not only important in terms of states’ compliance with their human rights obligations, but can also contribute to the resolution of the underlying conflict itself.
Surveillance for Healthcare-Associated Influenza-Like Illness in Pediatric Clinics: Validity of Diagnosis Codes for Case Identification
Authors: Feemster Kristen A. , Odeniyi Folasade M. , Localio Russell , Grundmeier Robert W. , Coffin Susan E. , Metlay Joshua P.
Published: July 2016

Compared to chart review, a definition based on the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis code for healthcare-associated influenza-like illness (HA-ILI) among young children in a large pediatric network demonstrated high positive and negative predictive values. This finding suggests that electronic health record–based definitions for surveillance can accurately identify medically attended outpatient HA-ILI cases for research and surveillance.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–4
Numerical Simulation of Particle-Gas Flow Through a Fixed Pipe, Using One-Way and Two-Way Coupling Methods
Authors: Namazian Z. , Najafi A. F. , Mousavian S. M.
Published: July 2016

A numerical simulation of the particle-gas flow in a vertical turbulent pipe flow was conducted. The main objective of the present article is to investigate the effects of dispersed phase (particles) on continuous phase (gas). In so doing, two general forms of Eulerian-Lagrangian approaches namely, one-way (when the fluid flow is not affected by the presence of the particles) and two-way (when the particles exert a feedback force on the fluid) couplings were used to describe the equations of motion of the two-phase flow. Gas-phase velocities which are within the order of magnitude as that of particles, volume fraction, and particle Stokes number were calculated and the results were subsequently compared with the available experimental data. The simulated results show that when the particles are added, the fluid velocity is attenuated. With an increase in particle volume fraction, particle mass loading and Stokes number, velocity attenuation also increases. Moreover, the results indicate that an increase in particle Stokes number reduces the special limited particle volume fraction, according to which one-way coupling method yields plausible results. The results have also indicated that the significance of particle fluid interaction is not merely a function of volume fraction and particle Stokes number.
STAGING FRIENDSHIP: MUSSOLINI AND HITLER IN GERMANY IN 1937
Authors: GOESCHEL CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2016

In September 1937, Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler met in Germany. Millions of ostensibly enthusiastic Germans welcomed the Duce. Here were the world's first two fascist dictators, purportedly united in solidarity, representing the ‘115 million’ Germans and Italians against the Western powers and Bolshevism. Most historians have dismissed the 1937 dictators’ encounter as insignificant because no concrete political decisions were made. In contrast, I explore this meeting in terms of the confluence of culture and politics and argue that the meeting was highly significant. Its choreography combined rituals of traditional state visits with a new emphasis on the personality of both leaders and their alleged ‘friendship’, emblematic of the ‘friendship’ between the Italian and German peoples. Seen through this lens, the meeting pioneered a new style of face-to-face diplomacy, which challenged the culture of liberal internationalism and represented the aim of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to create a New Order in Europe. At the same time, analysis of this meeting reveals some deep-seated tensions between both regimes, an observation that has significant implications for the study of fascist international collaboration.
PHRENOLOGY, CORRESPONDENCE, AND THE GLOBAL POLITICS OF REFORM, 1815–1848
Authors: POSKETT JAMES
Published: July 2016

Like many nineteenth-century sciences, phrenology had global aspirations. Skulls were collected in Egypt and Ceylon, societies exchanged journals between India and the United States, and phrenological bestsellers were sold in Shanghai and Tokyo. Despite this wealth of interaction, existing accounts treat phrenology within neat national and urban settings. In contrast, this article examines phrenology as a global political project. During an age in which character dominated public discourse, phrenology emerged as a powerful political language. In this article, I examine the role that correspondence played in establishing material connections between phrenologists and their political concerns, ranging from the abolition of slavery to the reform of prison discipline. Two overarching arguments run throughout my case-studies. First, phrenologists used correspondence to establish reform as a global project. Second, phrenology allowed reformers to present their arguments in terms of a new understanding of human character. More broadly, this article connects political thought with the global history of science.
Plant carbon and water fluxes in tropical montane cloud forests
Authors: Gotsch Sybil G. , Asbjornsen Heidi , Goldsmith Gregory R.
Published: July 2016

Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) are dynamic ecosystems defined by frequent, but intermittent, contact with fog. The resultant microclimate can vary considerably over short spatial and temporal scales, affecting the ecophysiology of TMCF plants. We synthesized research to date on TMCF carbon and water fluxes at the scale of the leaf, plant and ecosystem and then contextualized this synthesis with tropical lowland forest ecosystems. Mean light-saturated photosynthesis was lower than that of lowland forests, probably due to the effects of persistent reduced radiation leading to shade acclimation. Scaled to the ecosystem, measures of annual net primary productivity were also lower. Mean rates of transpiration, from the scale of the leaf to the ecosystem, were also lower than in lowland sites, likely due to lower atmospheric water demand, although there was considerable overlap in range. Lastly, although carbon use efficiency appears relatively invariant, limited evidence indicates that water use efficiency generally increases with altitude, perhaps due to increased cloudiness exerting a stronger effect on vapour pressure deficit than photosynthesis. The results reveal clear differences in carbon and water balance between TMCFs and their lowland counterparts and suggest many outstanding questions for understanding TMCF ecophysiology now and in the future.
From alcohol initiation to tolerance to problems: Discordant twin modeling of a developmental process
Authors: Deutsch Arielle R. , Slutske Wendy S. , Lynskey Michael T. , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Madden Pamela A. F. , Heath Andrew C. , Martin Nicholas G.
Published: July 2016

The current study examined a stage-based alcohol use trajectory model to test for potential causal effects of earlier drinking milestones on later drinking milestones in a combined sample of two cohorts of Australian monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twins (N= 7,398, ageM= 30.46,SD= 2.61, 61% male, 56% monozygotic twins). Ages of drinking, drunkenness, regular drinking, tolerance, first nontolerance alcohol use disorder symptom, and alcohol use disorder symptom onsets were assessed retrospectively. Ages of milestone attainment (i.e., age-of-onset) and time between milestones (i.e., time-to-event) were examined via frailty models within a multilevel discordant twin design. For age-of-onset models, earlier ages of onset of antecedent drinking milestones increased hazards for earlier ages of onset for more proximal subsequent drinking milestones. For the time-to-event models, however, earlier ages of onset for the “starting” milestone decreased risk for a shorter time period between the starting and the “ending” milestone. Earlier age of onset of intermediate milestones between starting and ending drinking milestones had the opposite effect, increasing risk for a shorter time period between the starting and ending milestones. These results are consistent with a causal effect of an earlier age of drinking milestone onset on temporally proximal subsequent drinking milestones.
Bullying development across adolescence, its antecedents, outcomes, and gender-specific patterns
Authors: Kretschmer Tina , Veenstra René , Deković Maja , Oldehinkel Albertine J.
Published: July 2016

In contrast to victimization, prior research on the antecedents and outcomes of bullying perpetration has provided little conclusive knowledge. Some adolescent bullies may be well adjusted and popular among peers, while other bullies are rejected and lack self-control. There is also great variation in the outcomes, with a number of studies (but not all) showing increased risk for externalizing and internalizing problems. We used a developmental framework and data from 2,230 participants of the Dutch Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) to examine bullying perpetration across adolescence, to test the links with various antecedents in preadolescence, and to elucidate the outcomes in early adulthood. Latent growth models indicated significant variance in initial bullying perpetration levels and an overall decrease between pre- and late adolescence. Individual, family, and peer factors were associated with initial levels and partially associated with bullying development over time. Bullying perpetration was linked to later maladjustment and substance use, although only in girls. Finally, bullying perpetration appears to function as an intermediate variable between preadolescent individual, family, and peer risk and substance use more than 10 years later. These results have important implications for understanding the gender-specific nature of bullying perpetration and its outcomes and for demonstrating that bullying carries early risk into adulthood.
Production of fertile sperm fromin vitropropagating enriched spermatogonial stem cells of farmed catfish,Clarias batrachus
Authors: Nayak Swapnarani , Ferosekhan Shajahan , Sahoo Sangram Ketan , Sundaray Jitendra Kumar , Jayasankar Pallipuram , Barman Hirak Kumar
Published: July 2016

Spermatogenesis is a highly co-ordinated and complex process.In vitropropagation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) could provide an avenue in which to undertakein vivostudies of spermatogenesis. Very little information is known about the SSC biology of teleosts. In this study, collagenase-treated testicular cells of farmed catfish (Clarias batrachus, popularly known as magur) were purified by Ficoll gradient centrifugation followed by magnetic activated cell sorting using Thy1.2 (CD90.2) antibody to enrich for the spermatogonial cell population. The sorted spermatogonial cells were counted and gave ~3 × 106cells from 6 × 106pre-sorted cells. The purified cells were culturedin vitrofor >2 months in L-15 medium containing fetal bovine serum (10%), carp serum (1%) and other supplements. Microscopic observations depicted typical morphological SSC features, bearing a larger nuclear compartment (with visible perinuclear bodies) within a thin rim of cytoplasm. Cells proliferatedin vitroforming clumps/colonies. mRNA expression profiling by qPCR documented that proliferating cells were Plzf+and Pou2+, indicative of stem cells. From 60 days onwards of cultivation, the self-renewing population differentiated to produce spermatids (~6 × 107on day 75).In vitro-produced sperm (2260 sperm/SSC) were free swimming in medium and hence motile (non-progressive) in nature. Of those, 2% were capable of fertilizing and generated healthy diploid fingerlings. Our documented evidence provides the basis for producing fertile magur spermin vitrofrom cultured magur SSCs. Our established techniques of SSC propagation andin vitrosperm production together should trigger futurein vivoexperiments towards basic and applied biology research.
Variability in in vitro fertilization outcomes of prepubertal goat oocytes explained by basic semen analyses
Authors: Palomo M.J. , Quintanilla R. , Izquierdo M.D. , Mogas T. , Paramio M.T.
Published: July 2016

This work analyses the changes that caprine spermatozoa undergo during in vitro fertilization (IVF) of in vitro matured prepubertal goat oocytes and their relationship with IVF outcome, in order to obtain an effective model that allows prediction of in vitro fertility on the basis of semen assessment. The evolution of several sperm parameters (motility, viability and acrosomal integrity) during IVF and their relationship with three IVF outcome criteria (total penetration, normal penetration and cleavage rates) were studied in a total of 56 IVF replicates. Moderate correlation coefficients between some sperm parameters and IVF outcome were observed. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted that considered three grouping of sperm parameters as potential explanatory variables of the three IVF outcome criteria. The proportion of IVF outcome variation that can be explained by the fitted models ranged from 0.62 to 0.86, depending upon the trait analysed and the variables considered. Seven out of 32 sperm parameters were selected as partial covariates in at least one of the nine multiple regression models. Among these, progressive sperm motility assessed immediately after swim-up, the percentage of dead sperm with intact acrosome and the incidence of acrosome reaction both determined just before the gamete co-culture, and finally the proportion of viable spermatozoa at 17 h post-insemination were the most frequently selected sperm parameters. Nevertheless, the predictive ability of these models must be confirmed in a larger sample size experiment.
Trends in infective endocarditis hospitalisations at United States children’s hospitals from 2003 to 2014: impact of the 2007 American Heart Association antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines
Authors: Bates Katherine E. , Hall Matthew , Shah Samir S. , Hill Kevin D. , Pasquali Sara K.
Published: July 2016

Objective

National organisations in several countries have recently released more restrictive guidelines for infective endocarditis prophylaxis, including the American Heart Association 2007 guidelines. Initial studies demonstrated no change in infective endocarditis rates over time; however, a recent United Kingdom study suggested an increase; current paediatric trends are unknown.

Methods

Children (<18 years) hospitalised with infective endocarditis at 29 centres participating in the Pediatric Health Information Systems Database from 2003 to 2014 were eligible for inclusion. Our primary analysis focussed on infective endocarditis most directly related to the change in guidelines and included community-acquired cases in those >5 years of age. Interrupted time series analysis was used to evaluate rates over time indexed to total hospitalisations.

Results

A total of 841 cases were identified. The median age was 13 years (interquartile range 9–15 years). In the pre-guideline period, there was a slight increase in the rate of infective endocarditis by 0.13 cases/10,000 hospitalisations per semi-annual period. In the post-guideline period, the rate of infective endocarditis increased by 0.12 cases/10,000 hospitalisations per semi-annual period. There was no significant difference in the rate of change in the pre- versus post-guidelines period (p=0.895). Secondary analyses in children >5 years of age with CHD and in children hospitalised with any type of infective endocarditis at any age revealed similar results.

Conclusions

We found no significant change in infective endocarditis hospitalisation rates associated with revised prophylaxis guidelines over 11 years across 29 United States children’s hospitals.
Campaigning Online: Web Display Ads in the 2012 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Ballard Andrew O. , Hillygus D. Sunshine , Konitzer Tobias
Published: July 2016

Although much of what we know about political advertising comes from the study of television advertising alone, online advertising is an increasingly prominent part of political campaigning. Research on other online political communication—especially candidate websites, blogs, and social media—tends to conclude that these communications are aimed primarily at turning existing supporters into campaign donors, activists, and volunteers. Is a similar communication strategy found in online display ads—those ads placed adjacent to website content? In one of the first systematic analyses of the nature, content, and targets of online display advertising, we examined 840 unique online display ads from the 2012 presidential campaign. We show that the policy content, ad location, and interactive elements of the ads varied based on the audience, with persuasive appeals aimed at undecided or persuadable voters and engagement appeals aimed at existing supporters. Comparing ad content across candidates also found that each side focused on those issues for which the candidate had a strategic advantage. As a consequence, and in contrast to the conclusions of previous research that examines television advertising, we found minimal issue engagement in online advertising.
Caught napping in the time of tropical diseases
Authors: Kissoon Niranjan , Uyeki Tim
Published: July 2016

Airline deregulation in 1978 and optimization of routes have been a boon to foreign travel, including to and from Canada, which has one of the fastest growing populations of the G8 countries. Millions of overseas tourists visit Canada each year. More than 20% (almost 7 million) of Canada’s population is foreign born, with at least 50% of new immigrants arriving from tropical locales. Recent immigrants may travel to and from their countries of origin.
Knowledge gaps in the diagnosis and management of patients with tropical diseases presenting to Canadian emergency departments: are the gaps being met?
Authors: Meshkat Nazanin , Misra Shikha , Hunchak Cheryl , Cleiman Paula , Khan Yasmin , Ritchie Lisa M. Puchalski
Published: July 2016

Objective:

We conducted a needs assessment to identify knowledge gaps in the management of tropical diseases by Canadian emergency physicians and identify available, related continuing medical education (CME) resources.

Methods:

A literature review was conducted to summarize challenges in the management of commonly encountered tropical diseases. An anonymous online survey was administered to Canadian emergency physicians using the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians survey deployment service in July and August 2012. The survey identified self-reported gaps in knowledge and assessed knowledge using case-based vignettes. A list of CME resources was generated from a review of major academic emergency medicine journals, online cases, and conference topics from emergency medicine associations during 2010– 2011. Two independent reviewers assessed the relevance of the resources; differences were resolved by consensus.

Results:

From 635 citations, 47 articles were selected for full review; the majority (66%) were retrospective chart reviews, few (10.6%) had an emergency medicine focus, and fewer still were Canadian (8.5%). In total, 1,128 surveys were distributed, and 296 (27%) participants were included in the study. Most respondents reported ‘‘no’’ (52.4%) or ‘‘some’’ (45.9%) training in tropical medicine. Most (69.9%) rated their comfort in managing patients with tropical diseases as ‘‘low.’’ Few (11.1%) respondents reported a tropical disease being misdiagnosed or mismanaged; 44.1% indicated malaria. The perceived need for further training was high (76.7%). Conference workshops were the most highly requested CME modality, followed by case studies and podcasts. Correct answers to case vignettes ranged from 30.7 to 58.4%. Although 2,038 CME titles were extracted from extensive searches, only 6 were deemed relevant.

Conclusions:

Most Canadian emergency physicians have had minimal training in tropical diseases, reported a low comfort level in their management, and identified a high need for CME opportunities, which are lacking.