bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Enemy Combatant as Poet: The Politics of Writing in Poems from Guantanamo
Authors: Trapp Erin
Published: May 2012

Reviews of poetry written by Guantanamo detainees foreclose the aesthetic potential of the poems, and, as a result, contribute to contemporary human rights discourse’s depoliticization of the subject of human rights. Considering the poems within the field of “post-9/11 literature,” the essay proposes that the poems place the question of how to read the writing of the enemy at the center of this literature’s concern with the traumatic and affective consequences of 9/11. Instead of reading the poetic speaker within the framework of the “state of exception,” the essay asks how a political subject emerges from a position of “assumed guilt.” The enemy combatant denotes not only the unnamable negativity of empire, but the duplicity of this position of being assumed guilty and of assuming guilt for the crimes of others. The ambiguity of the enemy combatant as poetic speaker resists discernible efforts to provide a “close-up” of the figure of the terrorist turned victim. The poems work critically in a place otherwise rife with naïve assumptions about the self-evidence of testimony in expressive work. Along these lines, they are not merely documents of barbarism--neither of the barbarism suspected of them, nor of the barbarism of captivity to which they testify--but they are works that think through this “final stage” of the dialectic of culture and barbarism in post-9/11 culture.
Consumo de merca, crimen y tambores en la narrativa uruguaya: de Estokolmo a La Alemana de Gustavo Escanlar
Authors: Míguez Cristina
Published: May 2012

This article examines the evolution of crime in two Uruguayan novels written by Gustavo Escanlar. In these narratives, the figure of the good bandit is intertwined with the drug dealer in a crime syndicate. I analyze crime fiction as a portrayal of power relationships, as theorized by Foucault and some criminologists. On the other hand, I focus on culture as a commodity in a neighborhood well known by its celebration of carnival and Umbanda religion. Lastly, I examine the role of the intellectual as a producer and consumer of crime fiction
Doctors’ Visits and Adultery in Late Nineteenth-Century Narrative
Authors: Bouzaglo Nathalie
Published: May 2012

This article examines the narrative of adultery by placing two apparently unrelated texts into dialog the North American legal case Emile C. Berckmans v. Sara E. Berckmans (1865), and the Venezuelan novel Mimí (1898) by the writer, lawyer and politician Rafael Cabrera Malo. Although the legal case and novel function in different contexts and are governed by different codes, each tells the true story of a woman who suffers a mysterious illness and commits adultery. Loaded with allusions and allegories, these narratives are not as transparent as they seem. Both texts respond to the realities and necessities of matrimonial law and engage with nineteenth-century ideas of gender, mental illness, bourgeois codes of decency, and the institution of marriage. Moreover, perhaps because of their pretensions to objectivity, these narratives resort to melodrama to voice the impossibility of delimiting, controlling and classifying bodies. This article proposes that melodrama, despite its apparent focus on the personal sphere, highlights the necessity of sociopolitical change. Through narrative and linguistic excess, this genre points out blind spots in the legal discourse, and thus contributes to its revision and perfection, which is vital to the formation of the nation.
Diego de San Pedro’s Cárcel de amor: Allegorizing the Role of Poets in a Well-Ordered State
Authors: Munjic Sanda
Published: May 2012

A long-standing tradition of the theories of the passions of the soul informed medieval thinking about man’s emotions in general, and about love, the most important and powerful passion, in particular. St. Thomas Aquinas’s Summa Theologiæ contains the most thorough study of passions in the Middle Ages. Considering the pedagogical influence of the Dominican order, and the resurgence of Thomism in fifteenth-century Castile, it is likely that Aquinas’s treatise influenced the representation of passions in Diego de San Pedro’s Cárcel de amor. In contrast to the postromantic celebration of love’s power, under the influence of philosophical naturalism that pervades the Aristotelian-Thomistic system of thought, love between a man and a woman was regarded as a deplorable expression of sensitive appetite guided by a desire for sexual intercourse. A comparative reading of Cárcel de amor and of Aquinas’s treatise reveals that San Pedro portrays characters who are subjected to amorous passions. Furthermore, San Pedro turns Dante’s synecdoche of Gallehault, the knight who mediated the disastrous love affair between Lancelot and Guinevere, into a protracted and comical allegory of El Auctor’s inept mediation between Leriano and Laureola. San Pedro thus critiques the role of amorous fiction and of its authors in a culture that ascribes to literature a primarily didactic and mimetic function. He implicitly illustrates the Platonic idea about the perils of poetry due to the poets’ reckless representation and instigation of passions.
Una mímesis del tiempo: Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas y las formas de una gramática del relato
Authors: Zinni Mariana C.
Published: May 2012

History of the Indies, by Friar Bartolomé de Las Casas, was written over a thirty-year span, and is a text willing to include everything that happened in that timeframe. The History is also a text interrupted by constant digressions that show a particular emplotment that operates by accumulation in order to reproduce in the reading time, the writing time. This operation is based on the interspersion of multiple minor stories and disruptions in the flow of events that seem to distract the reader, but, in fact, it immerse him in what I call literal history. In his history, the time invested in writing/reading will be a fundamental factor to present the events, and end up producing a “phenomenology of reading.” The “fortunate” years full of actions are paired with numerous transversal stories, as it becomes necessary to fill out the pages with the time in order to feel the amount of facts in the space and time of reading. Years with a lack of events produced skinny books, few facts, no digressions, as it would not be important to fill this half-emptied time. By doing this, Las Casas mastered the time of reading, which mimics the time of writing.
Entre occidentalismo y orientalismo: la escritura estereográfica de la Revolución Mexicana en España. El militarismo mejicano de Blasco Ibáñez y Tirano Banderas de Valle-Inclán
Authors: García-Caro Pedro
Published: May 2012

This article explores different interpretations of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1917) in Vicente Blasco Ibáñez’s El militarismo mejicano (1920) and Ramón María del Valle Inclán’s Tirano Banderas (1926). Spain’s colonial legacies and neocolonial practices in the Americas were mobilized by Spanish writers to discuss not only the revolutionary processes experienced in Mexico, but also to argue about Spanish internal politics and to define the meaning and import of the emerging concept of Hispanidad. This mode of writing can be best understood through the concept of postcolonial stereography: descriptions and discussions of the former colonial possessions by metropolitan writers are not only postcolonial ethnographies; they also contain a wealth of commentaries on social and political customs and events in the former metropolis. It is consequently a writing in two directions that uses the postcolonial country, in this case Mexico, as a site to discuss side by side two societies that share many political trends and social habits but are also distinctly separate. Blasco Ibáñez’s description of the protofascist military dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923–1929) as a “mejicanización” of Spanish politics, exemplifies this mode of writing as he spuriously detects unwarranted influences of the former colony on the metropolis. Blasco Ibáñez’s earlier series of newspaper articles on the Mexican Revolution evidence an ethnocentric, occidentalist rejection of the social emancipatory promises of the Revolution. In contrast, Valle-Inclán’s fictional approach to the Revolution reveals an orientalized representation of the corrupt Hispanic elite as the source of postcolonial social unrest.
Lirismo mecánico: sobre la maquinaria de reproducción ficcional en El Aleph de Jorge Luis Borges
Authors: Infante Ignacio
Published: May 2012

This article examines how Jorge Luis Borges articulates a mechanical form of lyricism in the collection of short stories The Aleph, which are characterized by a complex mechanism of rewriting and reproduction that problematizes the concept of the original. This process of fictional reproduction entails the generation of implicit and explicit forms of lyricism. Using Walter Benjamin’s notion of “aura” and Gilles Deleuze’s concept of “orgiastic representation,” this article analyzes how this fictional mechanism destroys the aura of originality of key narrative elements into a potentially infinite series. At the same time, Borges’s lyrical questioning of the original is intrinsically connected to the sense of immortality evoked in his short stories. Ultimately, this article shows the ways in which Borges alters the traditional conceptualization of the lyric as a poetic form into a new fictional version of itself.
La figuración de una utopía política en El delirio de Turing de Edmundo Paz Soldán
Authors: Jorza Diana Roxana
Published: May 2012

This essay centers upon Edmundo Paz Soldán's novel, El delirio de Turing , which is analyzed as a recent example of a "critical utopia," a genre that both critiques former, homogenizing utopian projects and seeks to advance new, alternative discourses of social change and justice. The fictional universe of El delirio de Turing is inscribed in the post-1989 aesthetic and political difficulties of utopian writing and, on the other hand, in the context of the ascending "new left" in Latin America at the beginning of the twenty-first century, a phenomenon often condescendingly referred to as "marea rosa." Representationally closer to Phillip K. Dick's science fiction than to contemporaneous Latin American models, Edmundo Paz Soldán's utopia explores the paradigmatic hacker figure of Kandinsky and the virtual space of the (inter)net as a privileged zone of local and global political and economic intervention and resistance in a post-national stage. One of the most important merits of El delirio de Turing is its attempt to outline an alternative utopian community and a more inclusive form of citizenship through the catalytic sphere of the web, an experiment that not only alludes to Hardt and Negri's problematic concept of "multitude," but also prefigures the actual political cooperation among the new, heterogeneous social movements that contributed to the recent downfall of various Latin American neoliberal governments.
Rab13 Is Upregulated During Osteoclast Differentiation and Associates with Small Vesicles Revealing Polarized Distribution in Resorbing Cells
Authors: Hirvonen Mirkka J. , Mulari Mika T. K. , Büki Kálmán G. , Vihko Pirkko , Härkönen Pirkko L. , Väänänen H. Kalervo
Published: May 2012

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing multinucleated cells that undergo drastic changes in their polarization due to heavy vesicular trafficking during the resorption cycle. These events require the precise orchestration of membrane traffic in order to maintain the unique characteristics of the different membrane domains in osteoclasts. Rab proteins are small GTPases involved in regulation of most, if not all, steps of vesicle trafficking. The investigators studied RAB genes in human osteoclasts and found that at least 26 RABs were expressed in osteoclasts. Out of these, RAB13 gene expression was highly upregulated during differentiation of human peripheral blood monocytic cells into osteoclasts. To study its possible function in osteoclasts, the investigators performed immunolocalization studies for Rab13 and various known markers of osteoclast vesicular trafficking. Rab13 localized to small vesicular structures at the superior parts of the osteoclast between the trans-Golgi network and basolateral membrane domain. Rab13 localization suggests that it is not involved in endocytosis or transcytosis of bone degradation products. In addition, Rab13 did not associate with early endosomes or recycling endosomes labeled with EEA1 or TRITC-conjugated transferrin, respectively. Its involvement in glucose transporter traffic was excluded as well. It is suggested that Rab13 is associated with a putative secretory function in osteoclasts.
Binding of Trastuzumab to ErbB2 Is Inhibited by a High Pericellular Density of Hyaluronan
Authors: Váradi Tímea , Mersich Tamás , Auvinen Päivi , Tammi Raija , Tammi Markku , Salamon Ferenc , Besznyák István , Jakab Ferenc , Baranyai Zsolt , Szöllősi János , Nagy Peter
Published: May 2012

Although trastuzumab is an efficient drug, primary and acquired resistance is a challenging problem. The authors have previously shown in mouse xenograft experiments that masking ErbB2 by hyaluronan leads to diminished binding of the antibody and consequent resistance. In the current work, they correlated trastuzumab binding with the pericellular density of hyaluronan in ErbB2-overexpressing human breast cancer samples. A method for quantifying the relative binding of trastuzumab was developed involving constant and low-frequency background subtraction, segmenting the image to membrane and background pixels followed by evaluation of trastuzumab fluorescence, normalized with the expression level of ErbB2, only in the membrane. The normalized binding of trastuzumab showed a negative correlation with the pericellular density of hyaluronan ( r = −0.52) with the effect being the most pronounced in the extreme cases (i.e., low and high hyaluronan densities predicted strong and weak binding of trastuzumab, respectively). Removal of hyaluronan by hyaluronidase digestion unmasked the trastuzumab binding epitope of ErbB2 demonstrated by a significantly increased normalized binding of the antibody. The results show that the accumulation of pericellular hyaluronan plays a crucial role in masking ErbB2.
A Unique Ball-Shaped Golgi Apparatus in the Rat Pituitary Gonadotrope
Authors: Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Sakai Yuko , Koga Daisuke , Bochimoto Hiroki , Hira Yoshiki , Hosaka Masahiro , Ushiki Tatsuo
Published: May 2012

In polarized exocrine cells, the Golgi apparatus is cup-shaped and its convex and concave surfaces are designated as cis and trans faces, functionally confronting the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the cell surface, respectively. To clarify the morphological characteristics of the Golgi apparatus in non-polarized endocrine cells, the investigators immunocytochemically examined its precise architecture in pituitary gonadotropes, especially in relation to the arrangement of the intracellular microtubule network. The Golgi apparatus in the gonadotropes was not cup-shaped but ball-shaped or spherical, and its outer and inner surfaces were the cis and trans faces, respectively. Centrioles were situated at the center of the Golgi apparatus, from which radiating microtubules isotropically extended to the cell periphery through the gaps in the spherical wall of the Golgi stack. The shape of the Golgi apparatus and the arrangement of microtubules demonstrated in the present study could explain the microtubule-dependent movements of tubulovesicular carriers and granules within the gonadotropes. Furthermore, the spherical shape of the Golgi apparatus possibly reflects the highly symmetrical arrangement of microtubule arrays, as well as the poor polarity in the cell surface of pituitary gonadotropes.
When is Ours Better than Mine? A Framework for Understanding and Altering Participation in Commercial Sharing Systems
Authors: Lamberton Cait Poynor , Rose Randall L.
Published: May 2012

Sharing systems are increasingly challenging sole ownership as the dominant means of obtaining product benefits, making up a market estimated at more than US$100 billion annually in 2010. Consumer options include cell phone minute-sharing plans, frequent-flyer-mile pools, bicycle-sharing programs, and automobile-sharing systems, among many others. However, marketing research has yet to provide a framework for understanding and managing these emergent systems. The authors conceptualize commercial sharing systems within a typology of shared goods. Using three studies, they demonstrate that beyond cost-related benefits of sharing, the perceived risk of scarcity related to sharing is a central determinant of its attractiveness. The results suggest that managers can use perceptions of personal and sharing partners’ usage patterns to affect risk perceptions and subsequent propensity to participate in a commercial sharing system.
Routing Algorithm based on Minimum Spanning Tree and Minimum Cost Flow for Hybrid Wireless-optical Broadband Access Network
Authors: Le Zichun , Suo Kaihua , Fu Minglei , Jiang Ling , Dong Wen
Published: May 2012

In order to minimize the average end to end
delay for data transporting in hybrid wireless
optical broadband access network, a novel
routing algorithm named MSTMCF (minimum
spanning tree and minimum cost flow) is
devised. The routing problem is described as a
minimum spanning tree and minimum cost flow
model and corresponding algorithm procedures
are given. To verify the effectiveness of
MSTMCF algorithm, extensively simulations
based on OWNS have been done under different
types of traffic source.
Laser Diode to Single Mode Circular Core Graded Index Fiber Excitation via Hemispherical Microlens on the Fiber Tip: Identification of Suitable Refractive Index Profile for Maximum Efficiency with Consideration for Allowable Aperture
Authors: Bose Ashima , Gangopadhyay Sankar , Saha Subhas Chandra
Published: May 2012

Based on the
prescribed ABCD matrix for refraction by
hemispherical lens under paraxial
approximation, we formulate an analytical
expression of coupling efficiency of a laser
diode to a single mode circular core graded
index fiber via a hemispherical lens on the
tip of the fiber. The analysis involves
Gaussian field distribution for both the
source and the fiber and consideration of
allowable aperture provided by the
hemispherical lens. In order to find out the
suitable refractive index profile for maximum
coupling efficiency, we investigate the
coupling optics for different profile
exponents in graded index refractive index
profile. In this context two different laser
diodes emitting wavelengths 1.3 μm and
1.5 μm are employed for the concerned
study. It is found that the graded index fiber
having triangular refractive index profile is
the most efficient one for the said two
wavelengths of practical importance. Our
formalism is simple and executable with little
computation. The results found should be of
tremendous importance to the designer of such
coupling in the field of optimum launch
optics.
Re-evaluation of “;The Propagation of Radiation in the Spherical Wave Form”
Authors: Joshi Narahari V.
Published: May 2012

It is well accepted that radiation
propagates in the free space (without
obstacles) in a spherical wave form as well as
in a plane wave form. Almost all observed
phenomena such as interference, diffraction
etc are explained satisfactorily on the basis
of spherical wave propagation with a slight
alteration in the mathematical
treatment. However, one of the fundamental
aspects, namely the intensity of the radiation
as a function of the distance still remains an
unsolved problem as the intensity varies with
1/(distance)
2

when one represents the propagation in terms
of spherical waves while it is independent of
the distance if it is considered as a plane
wave. In order to understand this puzzle, the
propagation by a spherical wave form is
reexamined. It is found that conversion of
fields into particle (vice versa), via the
field quantization process, explains several
dilemma related with the radiation
propagation.
Investigating Axonal Damage in Multiple Sclerosis by Diffusion Tensor Spectroscopy
Authors: Wood Emily T. , Ronen Itamar , Techawiboonwong Aranee , Jones Craig K. , Barker Peter B. , Calabresi Peter , Harrison Daniel , Reich Daniel S.
Published: May 2012

Sensitive and specificin vivomeasures of axonal damage, an important determinant of clinical status in multiple sclerosis (MS), might greatly benefit prognostication and therapy assessment. Diffusion tensor spectroscopy (DTS) combines features of diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, allowing measurement of the diffusion properties of intracellular, cell-type-specific metabolites. As such, it may be sensitive to disruption of tissue microstructure within neurons. In this cross-sectional pilot study, diffusion of the neuronal metaboliteN-acetylaspartate (NAA) was measured in the human normal-appearing corpus callosum on a 7 tesla MRI scanner, comparing 15 MS patients and 14 healthy controls. We found that NAA parallel diffusivity is lower in MS (p= 0.030) and inversely correlated with both water parallel diffusivity (p= 0.020) and clinical severity (p= 0.015). Interpreted in the context of previous experiments, our findings provide preliminary evidence that DTS can distinguish axonopathy from other processes such as inflammation, edema, demyelination, and gliosis. By detecting reduced diffusion of NAA parallel to axons in white matter, DTS may thus be capable of distinguishing axonal disruption in MS in the setting of increased parallel diffusion of water, which is commonly observed in MS but pathologically nonspecific.
The Motor Cortex Communicates with the Kidney
Authors: Levinthal David J. , Strick Peter L.
Published: May 2012

We used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus from the rat kidney to identify the areas of the cerebral cortex that are potential sources of central commands for the neural regulation of this organ. Our results indicate that multiple motor and nonmotor areas of the cerebral cortex contain output neurons that indirectly influence kidney function. These cortical areas include the primary motor cortex (M1), the rostromedial motor area (M2), the primary somatosensory cortex, the insula and other regions surrounding the rhinal fissure, and the medial prefrontal cortex. The vast majority of the output neurons from the cerebral cortex were located in two cortical areas, M1 (68%) and M2 (15%). If the visceromotor functions of M1 and M2 reflect their skeletomotor functions, then the output to the kidney from each cortical area could make a unique contribution to autonomic control. The output from M1 could add precision and organ-specific regulation to descending visceromotor commands, whereas the output from M2 could add anticipatory processing which is essential for allostatic regulation. We also found that the output from M1 and M2 to the kidney originates predominantly from the trunk representations of these two cortical areas. Thus, a map of visceromotor representation appears to be embedded within the classic somatotopic map of skeletomotor representation.
Numerical Rule Coding in the Prefrontal, Premotor, and Posterior Parietal Cortices of Macaques
Authors: Vallentin Daniela , Bongard Sylvia , Nieder Andreas
Published: May 2012

Switching flexibly between behavioral goals is a hallmark of executive control and requires integration of external and internal information. We recorded single-neuron correlates of different numerical representations (sensory-, working memory-, and rule-related activity) in the dorsal premotor area (PMd), the cingulate motor areas (CMA), and the ventral intraparietal sulcus (VIP) and compared them to previous recordings in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). Two monkeys were trained to encode and memorize numerosities and flexibly switch between two abstract quantitative rules based on rule cues. Almost 20% of randomly selected PFC and PMd neurons significantly represented the numerical rule in a behaviorally relevant manner, approximately twice as many as in the CMA and VIP. Rule selectivity was significantly better for PMd neurons than for PFC cells. Seemingly at the expense of rule selectivity, however, sensory- and memory-related numerosity activity was greatly diminished compared with previous delayed match-to-numerosity studies. These findings suggest the involvement of the frontal premotor areas in strategic planning such as rule following. Moreover, the results emphasize that the coding capacities of neurons in association cortical areas are far more dynamic depending on task demands than previously thought.
Brain State Dependent Postinhibitory Rebound in Entorhinal Cortex Interneurons
Authors: Adhikari Mohit H. , Quilichini Pascale P. , Roy Dipanjan , Jirsa Viktor , Bernard Christophe
Published: May 2012

Postinhibitory rebound (PIR) is believed to play an important role in the genesis and maintenance of biological rhythms. While it has been demonstrated during severalin vitrostudies,in vivoevidence for PIR remains scarce. Here, we report that PIR can be observed in the dorsomedial entorhinal cortex of anesthetized rats, mostly between putatively connected GABAergic interneurons, and that it is more prevalent during the theta (4–6 Hz) oscillation state than the slow (0.5–2 Hz) oscillation state. Functional inhibition was also found to be brain state and postsynaptic cell type dependent but that alone could not explain this brain state dependence of PIR. A theoretical analysis, using two Fitzhugh–Nagumo neurons coupled to an external periodic drive, predicted that the modulation of a faster spiking rate by the slower periodic drive could account for the brain state dependence of PIR. Model predictions were verified experimentally. We conclude that PIR is cell type and brain state dependent and propose that this could impact network synchrony and rhythmogenesis.
Inhibition of Adult Neurogenesis by Inducible and Targeted Deletion of ERK5 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Specifically in Adult Neurogenic Regions Impairs Contextual Fear Extinction and Remote Fear Memory
Authors: Pan Yung-Wei , Chan Guy C. K. , Kuo Chay T. , Storm Daniel R. , Xia Zhengui
Published: May 2012

Although there is evidence suggesting that adult neurogenesis may contribute to hippocampus-dependent memory, signaling mechanisms responsible for adult hippocampal neurogenesis are not well characterized. Here we report that ERK5 mitogen-activated protein kinase is specifically expressed in the neurogenic regions of the adult mouse brain. The inducible and conditional knock-out (icKO) oferk5specifically in neural progenitors of the adult mouse brain attenuated adult hippocampal neurogenesis. It also caused deficits in several forms of hippocampus-dependent memory, including contextual fear conditioning generated by a weak footshock. The ERK5 icKO mice were also deficient in contextual fear extinction and reversal of Morris water maze spatial learning and memory, suggesting that adult neurogenesis plays an important role in hippocampus-dependent learning flexibility. Furthermore, our data suggest a critical role for ERK5-mediated adult neurogenesis in pattern separation, a form of dentate gyrus-dependent spatial learning and memory. Moreover, ERK5 icKO mice have no memory 21 d after training in the passive avoidance test, suggesting a pivotal role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the expression of remote memory. Together, our results implicate ERK5 as a novel signaling molecule regulating adult neurogenesis and provide strong evidence that adult neurogenesis is critical for several forms of hippocampus-dependent memory formation, including fear extinction, and for the expression of remote memory.
How Reading in a Second Language Protects Your Heart
Authors: Wu Yan Jing , Thierry Guillaume
Published: May 2012

Reading words in a second language spontaneously activates native language translations in the human bilingual mind. Here, we show that the emotional valence of a word presented in English constrains unconscious access to its Chinese translation. We asked native speakers of Chinese fluent with English to indicate whether or not pairs of English words were related in meaning while monitoring their brain electrical activity. Unbeknownst to the participants, some of the word pairs hid a sound repetition if translated into Chinese. Remarkably, English words with a negative valence such as “violence” did not automatically activate their Chinese translation, even though we observed the expected sound repetition priming effect for positive and neutral words, such as “holiday” and “theory.” These findings show that emotion conveyed by words determines language activation in bilinguals, where potentially disturbing stimuli trigger inhibitory mechanisms that block access to the native language.
GE's Ecomagination Challenge: An Experiment in Open Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: May 2012

This GE ecomagination Challenge case study takes place in 2010 when Beth Comstock, chief marketing officer and senior vice president of General Electric, was planning a meeting with GE's CEO Jeffrey Immelt. The pair plan to discuss the company's ecomagination Challenge, an open innovation process that solicited energy ideas from individuals and startups to identify potential ventures in green and renewable energy areas for GE to invest in. By 2011, the ecomagination Challenge had resulted in $140 million (out of its allocated $200 million) of investments in 23 ventures. However, the scale of these results was dwarfed by GE's $37 billion energy business. So the time has come for Comstock to evaluate the results of the ecomagination Challenge more carefully and decide on whether and how to continue this kind of activity within GE's energy business, or in other GE businesses. How should GE measure ecomagination's results in order to justify its existence and possible future investments? What new processes and structures would be required to make sure that some of the Challenge's investments would pay off for GE down the road? Based on the program's results to date, was the program a good investment for GE and something GE should repeat, or was it a noble experiment that should be discontinued?
Strategically Leveraging Corporate Social Responsibility: A Corporate Branding Perspective
Authors: Vallaster Christine , Lindgreen Adam , Maon François
Published: May 2012

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is changing the rules of branding but it is unclear how. While the literature offers a range of approaches seeking insight to how to manage CSR-related issues, practitioners are left in a state of confusion when having to decide on how to tackle CSR in a way that benefits both the corporate brand and society at large. Based on qualitative empirical research, this article offers a framework for companies to address CSR and their brands strategically, whether as entrepreneurs, performers, vocal converts, or quietly conscientious. We define these categories according to the level of involvement, integration, and the key initiator of the CSR focus. This article concludes with suggestions practitioners should keep in mind when aiming to balance stakeholder tensions and to achieve consistency in their corporate branding and CSR efforts.
Building a Strong Corporate Ethical Identity: Key Findings from Suppliers
Authors: Kleyn Nicola , Abratt Russell , Chipp Kerry , Goldman Michael
Published: May 2012

The building of Corporate Ethical Identity, a process referred to as “ethicalization,” is an important strategic imperative and represents an integral part of a firm's attempts to build a strong corporate identity across its various stakeholders. This article focuses on ethicalization at SAB Ltd (South Africa's leading producer and distributor of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, and one of the nation's largest manufacturing firms) and the impact of its efforts on supplier perceptions. Leaders and managers must consider six factors that drive the formation of ethical identity across an organization's stakeholders: trusted relationships; organizational citizenship; development and enforcement of ethical policy; procurement contracting provision of information; and procurement administration.
Oestrogen-induced genes in ductal carcinoma in situ: their comparison with invasive ductal carcinoma
Authors: Ebata Akiko , Suzuki Takashi , Takagi Kiyoshi , Miki Yasuhiro , Onodera Yoshiaki , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Fujishima Fumiyoshi , Ishida Kazuyuki , Watanabe Mika , Tamaki Kentaro , Ishida Takanori , Ohuchi Noriaki , Sasano Hironobu
Published: May 2012

It is well known that oestrogens play important roles in both the pathogenesis and development of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of human breast. However, molecular features of oestrogen actions have remained largely unclear in pure ductal carcinoma in situ (pDCIS), regarded as a precursor lesion of many IDCs. This is partly due to the fact that gene expression profiles of oestrogen-responsive genes have not been examined in pDCIS. Therefore, we first examined the profiles of oestrogen-induced genes in oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive pDCIS and DCIS (DCIS component (DCIS-c)) and IDC (IDC component (IDC-c)) components of IDC cases (n=4 respectively) by microarray analysis. Oestrogen-induced genes identified in this study were tentatively classified into three different groups in the hierarchical clustering analysis, and 33% of the genes were predominantly expressed in pDCIS rather than DCIS-c or IDC-c cases. Among these genes, the status of MYB (C-MYB), RBBP7 (RBAP46) and BIRC5 (survivin) expressions in carcinoma cells was significantly higher in ER-positive pDCIS (n=53) than that in ER-positive DCIS-c (n=27) or IDC-c (n=27) by subsequent immunohistochemical analysis of the corresponding genes (P<0.0001, P=0.03 and P=0.0003 respectively). In particular, the status of C-MYB immunoreactivity was inversely (P=0.006) correlated with Ki67 in the pDCIS cases. These results suggest that expression profiles of oestrogen-induced genes in pDCIS may be different from those in IDC; and C-MYB, RBAP46 and survivin may play important roles particularly among oestrogen-induced genes in ER-positive pDCIS.
A Hyperactive Transposase of the Maize Transposable ElementActivator(Ac)
Authors: Lazarow Katina , Du My-Linh , Weimer Ruth , Kunze Reinhard
Published: May 2012

Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) transposable elements from maize are widely used as insertional mutagenesis and gene isolation tools in plants and more recently also in medaka and zebrafish. They are particularly valuable for plant species that are transformation-recalcitrant and have long generation cycles or large genomes with low gene densities. Ac/Ds transposition frequencies vary widely, however, and in some species they are too low for large-scale mutagenesis. We discovered a hyperactive Ac transposase derivative, AcTPase4x, that catalyzes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 100-fold more frequent Ds excisions than the wild-type transposase, whereas the reintegration frequency of excised Ds elements is unchanged (57%). Comparable to the wild-type transposase in plants, AcTPase4x catalyzes Ds insertion preferentially into coding regions and to genetically linked sites, but the mutant protein apparently has lost the weak bias of the wild-type protein for insertion sites with elevated guanine–cytosine content and nonrandom protein-DNA twist. AcTPase4x exhibits hyperactivity also in Arabidopsis thaliana where it effects a more than sixfold increase in Ds excision relative to wild-type AcTPase and thus may be useful to facilitate Ac/Ds-based insertion mutagenesis approaches.
Fine-Scale Maps of Recombination Rates and Hotspots in the Mouse Genome
Authors: Brunschwig Hadassa , Levi Liat , Ben-David Eyal , Williams Robert W , Yakir Benjamin , Shifman Sagiv
Published: May 2012

Recombination events are not uniformly distributed and often cluster in narrow regions known as recombination hotspots. Several studies using different approaches have dramatically advanced our understanding of recombination hotspot regulation. Population genetic data have been used to map and quantify hotspots in the human genome. Genetic variation in recombination rates and hotspots usage have been explored in human pedigrees, mouse intercrosses, and by sperm typing. These studies pointed to the central role of the PRDM9 gene in hotspot modulation. In this study, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from whole-genome resequencing and genotyping studies of mouse inbred strains to estimate recombination rates across the mouse genome and identified 47,068 historical hotspots—an average of over 2477 per chromosome. We show by simulation that inbred mouse strains can be used to identify positions of historical hotspots. Recombination hotspots were found to be enriched for the predicted binding sequences for different alleles of the PRDM9 protein. Recombination rates were on average lower near transcription start sites (TSS). Comparing the inferred historical recombination hotspots with the recent genome-wide mapping of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in mouse sperm revealed a significant overlap, especially toward the telomeres. Our results suggest that inbred strains can be used to characterize and study the dynamics of historical recombination hotspots. They also strengthen previous findings on mouse recombination hotspots, and specifically the impact of sequence variants in Prdm9.
The Beginning of Print Culture in Athabasca Country. A Facsimile Edition and Translation of a Prayer Book in Cree Syllabics, By Father Emile Grouard, OMI. Translated by Patricia Demers, Naomi McIlwraith and Dorothy Thunder
Authors: Waugh Earle
Published: May 2012

The Beginning of Print Culture in Athabasca Country. A Facsimile Edition and Translation of a Prayer Book in Cree Syllabics, By Father Emile Grouard, OMI. Translated by Patricia Demers, Naomi McIlwraith and Dorothy Thunder. The University of Alberta Press, 2010, hbk., CND$100/USD$100/£ 64.99. ISBN 13: 9780888645159.
“Christ fucking shit merde!” Language Preferences for Swearing Among Maximally Proficient Multilinguals
Authors: Dewaele Jean-Marc
Published: May 2012

The present study investigates language preferences for swearing among two groups of multilinguals. The first group consisted of 386 adult multilinguals who filled out the Bilingualism and Emotion web based questionnaire (BEQ; Author and Pavlenko 2001-2003) and had declared that they were maximally proficient in their L1 and L2 and used both languages constantly. The second group consisted of 20 multilinguals with a similar sociobiographical profile who were interviewed about their language choice for the communication of emotion. A statistical analysis of the quantitative data revealed that despite similar levels of self-perceived proficiency and frequency of use in the L1 and L2, the L1 was used significantly more for swearing and L1 swearwords were perceived to have a stronger emotional resonance. An analysis of the quantitative data from the BEQ and the interview data confirmed the findings of the quantitative analysis while adding rich detail about the difficulties in deciding which language to choose for swearing.
Exploring the representation of orality: the use of vocatives in two Spanish-speaking films, Machuca and Volver
Authors: Palma-Fahey María
Published: May 2012

This paper investigates how vocatives are exploited in the fictional language of two Spanish speaking films: ‘Machuca’, a Chilean film (2004) and ‘Volver’, a Spanish film (2006). The aim of this paper is to determine the manner in which the use of vocatives in these films mirrors the functions that they have in naturally occurring data and how they are exploited in order to enhance the representation of orality in the fictional dialogues. Vocatives are considered to be one of the distinctive features of natural speech (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad and Finegan, 1999; Leech, 1999; McCarthy and O’Keeffe, 2003). The presence of vocatives in films and in similar fictional texts appears to be a contributory factor in the establishment of the social markers of the interactions in which the characters of the film engage, signalling levels of social distance, as well as levels of power and solidarity that the viewing audiences can recognise. Previous research has shown that the use of vocatives, although apparently non-essential for the achievement of particular communicative goals, serves an important social role in a communicative interaction, projecting the level of intimacy established between the participants (McCarthy and O’Keeffe, 2003). The importance of understanding pragmatic variation will be highlighted by comparing the use of vocatives in the two different cultural and linguistic settings represented in the films.
Modern Japanese “Role Language” (Yakuwarigo): fictionalised orality in Japanese literature and popular culture
Authors: Teshigawara Mihoko , Kinsui Satoshi
Published: May 2012

An emerging field of research in Japanese linguistics examines the association between types of characters portrayed and their spoken language features in fiction, popular culture (e.g., manga [comic books] and anime [animated cartoons]), and beyond (the Internet). Sets of spoken language features (vocabulary and grammar) and phonetic characteristics (intonation and accent patterns) psychologically associated with particular character types are termed “role language” (yakuwarigo) in Author 2 (2003). This study seeks to introduce non-Japanese readers to the expanding research on role language in Japanese. It gives an overview of this new field, drawing on key literature (Author 2, 2003, 2008b) and related research on literature, popular culture, and Internet resources in Japanese and other languages. Through an examination of role language and its origins in Japanese, it will be shown that role language is used to characterise minor characters in a story in order to highlight the main characters, which require more elaborate rendering. Analyses of some established character types are also discussed and crosslinguistic studies of role language in Japanese and other languages are reviewed. Similarities and differences across languages are noted, as well as possible problems role language poses for learners of Japanese.
Óbitos maternos em uma maternidade pública de Fortaleza: um estudo epidemiológico
Authors: Herculano Marta Maria Soares , Veloso Ludmila Souza , Teles Liana Mara Rocha , Oriá Mônica Oliveira Batista , Almeida Paulo César de , Damasceno Ana Kelve de Castro
Published: May 2012

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os óbitos maternos ocorridos em uma Maternidade Pública de Fortaleza-CE e identificar a existência de associações entre o momento do óbito e as causas do óbito. Foram revisados prontuários, declarações de óbito e fichas de notificação referentes aos 96 óbitos maternos ocorridos entre 2000 e 2008. O tipo de parto mais prevalente foi o cesáreo (45;46,8%) e as causas de óbitos mais evidenciadas foram: síndrome hipertensiva (27;28,1%); infecção (17;17,7%); e hemorragia (16;16,7%). Houve associação estatística significante entre: cesariana e as causas de óbito síndrome hipertensiva e infecção (x²:14,40, p:0,00; x²:4,02, p:0,04); mortes ocorridas no puerpério e síndrome hipertensiva (x²:6,13, p:0,01) e infecção (x²:7,65, p:0,00). A caracterização desses óbitos auxilia no reconhecimento dos grupos de risco e na elaboração de medidas preventivas.
Risco cardiovascular em profissionais de saúde de serviços de atendimento pré-hospitalar
Authors: Cavagioni Luciane , Pierin Angela Maria Geraldo
Published: May 2012

Avaliar os fatores de risco cardiovascular, com ênfase na hipertensão, e estratificá-los de acordo com o Escore de Risco de Framingham (ERF). Estudo com 154 profissionais que atuavam em aten-dimento pré-hospitalar na cidade de São Paulo e rodovia Br-116. Foi considerado significante o valor de p<0,05. A prevalência de hipertensão foi de 33%, sendo que 20,1% eram tabagistas, 47% ingeriam bebidas alcoólicas, 64% eram sedentários, 66% apresentaram obesidade/sobrepeso e 70% cintura abdominal alterada, glicemia>110mg/dL- 11%, colesterol total>200mg/dL- 36%, LDL-c>130mg/dL- 33%, HDL-c<60mg/dL- 89%, triglicérides>150mg/dL- 30% e proteína C reativa>0,5mg/dL- 16%. O ERF foi médio em 10,3% e alto em 1,3%. Na análise de regressão logística verificou-se que a hipertensão associou-se com as variáveis: HDL-c (odds ratio: 0,257) e ERF (odds ratio: 23,159). Houve forte associação entre ERF e hipertensão. Os dados chamam a atenção, por se tratar principalmente de profissionais da área da saúde relativamente jovens.
Mobilização terapêutica como cuidado de enfermagem: evidência surgida da prática
Authors: Silva Renata Flavia Abreu da , Nascimento Maria Aparecida de Luca
Published: May 2012

Estudo observacional e descritivo que teve como objetivo identificar como os parâmetros relativos à mecânica pulmonar do paciente crítico, sob ventilação mecânica, se comportam, após o procedimento técnico de mudança de decúbito realizado pela equipe de enfermagem. A população acessível, inserida por amostragem não-probabilística, foram 9 pacientes críticos, sob ventilação mecânica, e seus respectivos parâmetros referentes à mecânica pulmonar. Foram observadas alterações positivas e negativas na mecânica pulmonar em todos os pacientes, em diferentes posições, possivelmente associada à mudança de decúbito. Conclui-se que a avaliação clínica é fundamental para a prescrição de enfermagem relativa à mudança de decúbito, pois a mecânica pulmonar pode se modificar de acordo com a posição do paciente no leito, trazendo, inclusive, resultados negativos.
Percepção do enfermeiro sobre promoção da saúde na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva
Authors: Aguiar Adriana Sousa Carvalho de , Mariano Monaliza Ribeiro , Almeida Lívia Silva , Cardoso Maria Vera Lúcia Moreira Leitão , Pagliuca Lorita Marlena Freitag , Rebouças Cristiana Brasil de Almeida
Published: May 2012

Objetivou-se relatar a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre a promoção da saúde, descrever ações de promoção da saúde e identificar dificuldades na realização de atividades de promoção da saúde na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, qualitativo realizado com 31 enfermeiros de duas UTIs adulto e uma UTI neonatal de hospital de referência em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, entre julho e agosto de 2009, mediante questionário. Os dados foram analisados e categorizados a partir da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Emergiram as seguintes categorias e subcategorias: Conceito de promoção da saúde: visão biomédica x visão holística de promoção da saúde; Ações de promoção da saúde; Comunicação e apoio emocional ao paciente/família; Promoção da saúde na UTI; Promoção da saúde com enfoque na educação em saúde; e Dificuldades para o desenvolvimento de ações de promoção da saúde.
Em defesa da sociedade: a invenção dos cuidados paliativos e a produção de subjetividades
Authors: Silva Karen Schein da , Kruse Maria Henriqueta Luce
Published: May 2012

O artigo é uma reflexão teórica que faz parte de um estudo denominado Em Defesa da Sociedade: a invenção dos Cuidados Paliativos. Para articular tal discussão, utilizamos o manual de Cuidados Paliativos, publicado no ano de 2007 pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), entendendo-o como parte de um artefato capaz de produzir subjetividades e governar condutas. Nesse sentido, pretendemos descobrir como os discursos sobre os Cuidados Paliativos se articulam e efetuam a invenção de uma nova disciplina que funcionaria como uma estratégia biopolítica para defender a sociedade. A partir da análise textual do discurso instituído pelo manual, com o auxílio do referencial dos Estudos Culturais e sob a inspiração dos escritos de Michel Foucault, articulamos uma das possíveis leituras deste guia. Desta maneira observamos a (re)organização e a (re)invenção de uma disciplina que investe na subjetividade dos indivíduos constituindo aparatos de verdade que regulam e governam a população.