bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ancient practice of sutra neti leading to velopharyngeal stenosis: case report
Authors: Tiwana H , Virk R S , Gautam V
Published: June 2019

Background

An ancient yoga technique called sutra neti, which is extensively used in India to keep the sinuses healthy, led to complete velopharyngeal stenosis in a 67-year-old male patient who presented with bilateral nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, anosmia and a change in voice.

Method

The patient was diagnosed by nasal endoscopy using a zero-degree Hopkins rod endoscope, and adhesions were released using coblation.

Results

The patient had post-operative alleviation of symptoms and a patent velopharyngeal inlet on examination.

Conclusion

Vigorous sutra neti can lead to velopharyngeal stenosis. Release of the stenosis is then required to cure the nasal blockade.
Environmental predictors of livestock predation: a lion's tale
Authors: Robertson J. A. D. , Roodbol M. , Bowles M. D. , Dures S. G. , Rowcliffe J. M.
Published: June 2019

Negative interactions between people and large carnivores are common and will probably increase as the human population and livestock production continue to expand. Livestock predation by wild carnivores can significantly affect the livelihoods of farmers, resulting in retaliatory killings and subsequent conflicts between local communities and conservationists. A better understanding of livestock predation patterns could help guide measures to improve both human relationships and coexistence with carnivores. Environmental variables can influence the intensity of livestock predation, are relatively easy to monitor, and could potentially provide a useful predictive framework for targeting mitigation. We chose lion predation of livestock as a model to test whether variations in environmental conditions trigger changes in predation. Analysing 6 years of incident reports for Pandamatenga village in Botswana, an area of high human–lion conflict, we used generalized linear models to show that significantly more attacks coincided with lower moonlight levels and temperatures, and attack severity increased significantly with extreme minimum temperatures. Furthermore, we found a delayed effect of rainfall: lower rainfall was followed by a significantly increased severity of attacks in the following month. Our results suggest that preventative measures, such as introducing deterrents or changing livestock management, could be implemented adaptively based on environmental conditions. This could be a starting point for investigating similar effects in other large carnivores, to reduce livestock attacks and work towards wider human–wildlife coexistence.
The Inscriptions of Tang-I Azao
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: June 2019

Although your scholarly fame, Sir Ralph, rests principally on your achievements as a comparative linguist, your work on certain Asoka inscriptions has shown that you are no less at home in the field of epigraphy. I gratefully recall how generously you helped me when, some years ago, I struggled with a particularly difficult inscription (also attributable to Asoka) from the Indo-Iranian borderland. This interest in matters of epigraphy encourages me to hope that you will not disdain, as a modest tribute, the following notes on some new inscriptions, discovered at a place not far beyond the confines of ancient India.
An Athenian Decree
Authors: Wilhelm Adolf
Published: June 2019

Among the objects in the Finlay Collection, which recently passed into the possession of the British School at Athens, is the inscription published by Ulrich Koehler first (C.I.A. ii. 410) from the defective copy of Pittakis (L'ancienne Athènes, p. 494) and afterwards from a copy made by himself, C.I.A. iv, 2 p. 109, 410. It is written ατοιχηδόν in large letters on the lower part of a slab measuring 0·475 m. in height, 0·525 m. in width, 0·12 m. in thickness and runs as follows:
Old Smyrna: the Corinthian pottery
Authors: Anderson J. K.
Published: June 2019

The following catalogue is divided into groups according to stratification. Brief descriptions of each piece and reference to similar vases from other sites are given in the catalogue. The chronological significance of the vases from the destruction level is discussed at the end of Section H.

A.Occupation Phase before the Curved Buildings

1. Plate 21. Fragment of rim of large krater.

Diameter about 0·30.

Very pale clay; dark-brown glaze; on the rim groups of short vertical lines; on the shoulder, panel containing hatched maeander; inside, rather streaky glaze varying from dark to light brown.

Weinberg holds that this type of krater developed during the Late Geometric period, but the term ‘Late Geometric’, as applied to Corinthian pottery, wants further definition. This piece must belong to the first half of the eighth century.

Both high- and low-footed examples are found.

Context: Trench H (Plate 74, Squares E-Gxi-xiii), Room XLI between floors at 8·90–8·40.
The Tombs
Authors: Hood Sinclair
Published: June 2019

Tomb I (Plan, Fig. 2; Plate 49b). This was the original tomb whose collapse led to the discovery of the cemetery. It was also apparently the earliest in point of time, containing four clay vases (1–4) decorated in a fine style which may go back before the destruction of the Last Palace. The main chamber was more or less rectangular (L. 1·90, W. about 2·50), approached by a level dromos (L. 3·00, W. 0·85–90), on the left side of which was a walled recess (L. 1·78, W. 0·75) exactly like the chamber in graves of the pit-cave type as found in the Zafer Papoura cemetery (PT 15 f., and fig. 11a, b). The dromos was entered by an unusually steep ramp descending at an angle of nearly 45 degrees.

The tomb was quite intact and unplundered. But the roof of the main chamber had partly collapsed, together with the top of the entrance, so that the upper part of the blocking wall had fallen into the chamber. The solitary burial had been contained in a wooden coffin, set against the south wall of the chamber, of which traces survived together with some indications of the blue paint with which it had been decorated (Plate 49b). The dusky patch indicating the decayed wood of the coffin lay above the floor of the tomb to a depth of between 5 and 10 centimetres over an area of about L. 1·50 m. and W. 0·50 m. The coffin traces began immediately on the floor over most of the area where they occurred, but in some places they were a little above it.
Homer's Iliad and Ours
Authors: Kirk G. S.
Published: June 2019

Adam Parry's article ‘Have We Homer's Iliad?’ (Yale Classical Studies xx (1966), 177–216) is one of the most readable of recent discussions of Homer. As it happens, I disagree with much of it—but that is not surprising, since much of it is taken up with disagreeing with me. In the pages that follow I shall be primarily concerned to question the validity of some of the author's detailed arguments and to probe some of his underlying assumptions.

First we should note the general position that Adam Parry, by the end of his study, occupies. It is the apparently old-fashioned one that Homer wrote down, or had someone else write down, virtually every word of the Iliad (and presumably also the Odyssey) as we have it. Yet it differs from extreme Unitarianism, and takes account of Milman Parry, by accepting that Homer belonged to an oral tradition and composed his poetry, at least at the detailed level, by traditional means. He did not construct his verses like a fully literate poet, but used the new technique of alphabetic writing for the development of traditional, unlettered poetry into the extended form and complex texture of an Iliad.
κυαμοτρὼξ Ἀττικός in Paulus Silentiarius, Descriptio 125: No Allusion to Simplicius
Authors: McCail Ronald C.
Published: June 2019

In a recent discussion of the fortunes of the neoplatonist Academy at Athens after A.D. 529, Mr A. Cameron has interpreted lines 125–7 of Paul the Silentiary's Description of St Sophia as an allusion to Simplicius:

'Tis no bean-eating Athenian who judges these lines, but men of piety and like disposition, men in whom both God and Emperor take pleasure. The clear implication of this abrupt and pointed allusion is that there were in Athens impious men of ‘unlike disposition’ in whom neither God nor Emperor took pleasure… The obvious candidate for Paul's barb would seem to be Simplicius…
Passages from Aristophanes and Euripides
Authors: Morrison J.S.
Published: June 2019

The passage on which I wish to comment comes near the beginning of the Parabasis and was written between spring 420 and winter 417 as part of the second version of the play. Aristophanes expresses his disappointment in the sophoi for whom he took the trouble to write the play. He had tried it out on them thinking them an intelligent audience, but had been undeservedly defeated. ‘Nevertheless’, he says, ‘in spite of that defeat I will not betray the intelligent. For ever since, in this theatre, an audience whom it is a pleasure to mention gave the best of receptions to “the Good Boy and the Impudent Boy” …from that moment I have with you sure guarantees of your goodwill.

And then Aristophanes proceeds to list the merits of his comedies in general.
Proposed Convention on the International Combined Transport of Goods: Implications for International Civil Aviation
Authors: Fitzgerald Gerald F.
Published: June 2019

A significant increase in intermodal container transport led, during the period 1970–72, to intensive discussions in several international bodies concerning the proposed Convention on the International Combined Transport of Goods, known as the TCM Convention. Basically, the drafters of the convention aimed to establish a standard Combined Transport Contract (CT Document) and to provide for a new legal person called the Combined Transport operator (CTO). As the proposed convention could affect existing legal regimes that govern various modes of transporting cargo, it is not surprising that aviation interests, inter alia, carried out a searching and somewhat inconclusive examination of the implications of the proposed TCM Convention for international civil aviation.
Canada and the Refugee Question in International Law
Authors: Gotlieb A. E.
Published: June 2019

“A victim of man’s inhumanity to man, the refugee has been with us since the beginning of history.” History records the expulsion of the Moors and Jews from Spain, the scattering of the Huguenots to all corners of Europe, the departure of the émigrés during the French Revolution, the migration of the United Empire Loyalists, and the lengthy exodus of minority groups and sects from Europe to settle in North America. It was not until the twentieth century with its cataclysmic wars and revolutions, however, that the problem reached epic proportions and the international community became sufficiently organized to make serious efforts to manage the refugee movement on a global scale.
The International Law-Making Process and the New International Economic Order
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

The claims on behalf of a new international economic order and for the corresponding change in the basic structure of international law that such a postulated new order is thought to imply, are proclaimed, in programmatic form, in two resolutions adopted without vote by the United Nations General Assembly at its Sixth Special Session on May 1, 1974 — the Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, and the so-called Programme of Action on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order; and in the further Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, adopted by the General Assembly at its agth regular session on December 12, 1974, this time by a recorded vote of 120 to 6, with 10 abstentions.
Humanitarian Law and the Man in the Field
Authors: Green L. G.
Published: June 2019

In 1974 there took place in Geneva the first session of a diplomatic conference called by Switzerland at the instance of the International Committee of the Red Cross to update the provisions of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, particularly with a view to the more careful definition and exposition of what might be described as the fundamental humanitarian principles of law with regard to armed conflict. While it would be an unduly narrow assumption that humanitarian law is only relevant to an armed conflict, it must not be forgotten that breaches thereof are more likely to occur at such a time, for the man in the field has normally been trained to overthrow and if possible kill enemy personnel, even to the extent that occasionally his basic training may be in conflict with the requirements of the law of war. Generally speaking, the ordinary noncommissioned officer is unlikely to stress overmuch the restriction on the permitted means and methods of warfare to be found in the Regulations attached to Hague Convention IV of 1907. Moreover, the ideological campaigns which accompany any major war, with comments by politicians, commanders, and media alike, implying that the enemy has resorted to conduct that might only be expected from those who have placed themselves outside the protection of law or morality accompanied by insulting nicknames that suggest the enemy is not even human, all contribute to the ordinary soldier's idea that destruction of the enemy is the aim and the end regardless of the means employed to achieve it. Examples of this type of situation may be seen in both world wars, as well as in relation to the campaigns in Korea and Vietnam. However, international law has always recognized that there is a law of war and that breaches thereof may result in punishment. The simplest means of imposing such punishment, without at the same time appearing to abandon all sense of legal propriety, is by way of the trial of war criminals.
Canadian Inland Waters of the Atlantic Provinces and the Bay of Fundy Incident
Authors: La Forest G.V.
Published: June 2019

The recent penetration of a Russian fishing fleet into the Bay of Fundy has raised anew the status of that bay in international law. The manner in which the incident arose puts the issues involved in the clearest possible terms. Shortly after the Russian fleet was sighted in the bay, a newspaper reporter was informed by an unidentified federal government official that “No particular interest is being shown the fleet by the Canadian departments of fisheries and transport” and that “as long as they stayed outside the three mile limit, they would be subject to no restrictions from Canada.” This statement did not sit well with Premier Robichaud of New Brunswick, who promptly wired Prime Minister Diefenbaker that “The Bay of Fundy is an integral part of the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia” and requested that Canada protest to Russia this violation of Canadian territory.
The Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University
Authors: Pratt Geoffrey N.
Published: June 2019

The board of the ford foundation recently announced the award of $250,000 to McGil’s Institute of Air and Space Law in support of a comprehensive programme including teaching, research, the collection of documents, the award of graduate student and senior scholar fellowships and the organization of conferences on air and space law. This award is to be spent over a five-year period with any unused balances not exceeding $10,000 annually to be applied to the international legal studies of the Law Faculty as a whole, notably in the field of public international law, the conflict of laws and comparative law.
The State Immunity Act of Canada
Authors: Molot H. L. , Jewett M. L.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

La loi sur l’immunité des Etats de 1982 sert à restreindre définitivement et par tout le Canada, la portée du principe de l’immunité souveraine. On trouve les origines de cette loi dans les développements légaux des Etats-Unis, du Royaume-Uni et des pays de l’Europe occidentale qui, comme le Canada, répondaient à l’avantage inégal d’une immunité absolue devant les cours nationales possédé par l’Etat étranger exerçant une activité commerciale sur le territoire national. On discute des articles les plus importants de cette loi (par exemple, le sens d’une activité commerciale, de se soumettre à la juridiction, de l’exécution des jugements) et des articles comparables des lois américaines et anglaises.
The Contribution of International Law to Development
Authors: Head Ivan L.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Dans cet article, l'auteur étudie sous tous ses aspects la relation entre le droit international et le développement et exhorte les internationalistes à accorder une plus grande priorité au développement et aux questions qui y sont reliées. Même s'ils ont dans une grande mesure des buts analogues (paix, stabilité et équité), le droit international et le développement se sont engagés, comme l'auteur le démontre, dans des voies essentiellement différentes. Plusieurs raisons sont avancées pour expliquer cet état de choses, parmi lesquelles on doit souligner le fait que les internationalistes se limitent encore aux thèmes classiques de leur domaine. L'auteur énumère un certain nombre de conséquences d'une telle attitude. De l'avis de l'auteur, la voie de la fusion efficace du développement et du droit international ne réside pas dans la création de nouvelles structures bureaucratiques (elles sont en partie la cause du problème), mais dans la volonté d'interpréter les principes du droit international avec la même imagination et la même objectivité qui ont permis au droit interne de jouer un rôle de plus en plus grand dans le règlement des problèmes sociaux internes.
La dimension culturelle dans le commerce international: quelques réflexions en marge de l'accord de libre-échange Canada/États-Unis du 2 Janvier 1988
Authors: Bernier Ivan
Published: June 2019

The debate that has emerged during the Canada/U.S. free trade negotiations regarding the fate of Canada's cultural industries and cultural identity has been blurred by the use of loose language and simply has not yielded a clear image of what was at stake. This article, in its first part, looks at the various arguments put forward during the negotiations by representatives of the cultural industries and considers the respective positions of the American and Canadian governments on the subject. The second part analyses the actual content of the free trade agreement between Canada and the United States signed in January 1988 in so far as it relates to cultural industries. The conclusion suggests that the ambiguity that has characterized the discussions on culture during the negotiations and has found its way into the content of the agreement itself may be due to a blurred vision of the relationship between cultural industries and cultural identity, and more fundamentally to a lack of understanding of the relationship between culture and commerce.
Canada's Sovereignty over the Newly Enclosed Arctic Waters
Authors: Pharand Donat
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Â trois reprises dans trente ans, le transit du Passage du Nord-Ouest par des navires américains a soulevé la question de la souveraineté du Canada sur les eaux de son archipel arctique. Après la traversée en août 1985 par le navire de la garde-côtière Polar Sea, le Canada n'a pas tardé à encercler l'archipel par une série de lignes de base droites.

Le présent article étudie la validité de ces lignes, à la lumière de la décision de la Cour internationale de Justice dans l’Affaire des Pêcheries de 1951, et conclut qu'elles trouvent un fondement solide en droit international coutumier. En conséquence, les eaux encerclées sont des eaux intérieures à travers lesquelles il n'existe aucun droit de passage.

Considérant, toutefois, que les États-Unis ne reconnaissent pas la validité internationale de ces lignes et prétendent que le Passage du Nord-Ouest constitue un détroit international, l'auteur prévient que le Canada devrait prendre des mesures de contrôle effectif de sorte que cette prétention ne puisse devenir une réalité. Autrement, le nouveau droit de passage en transit s'appliquerait et permettrait à tous les navires d'exercer un droit de passage en transit sans entrave selon leur mode normal de navigation. Cela signifierait que tous les sous-marins étrangers pourraient y naviguer à l'abris de la banquise polaire et mettre ainsi en danger la sécurité du Canada.
The International Law Commission: Codification and Progressive Development after Forty Years
Authors: McRae D. M.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

La Commission du droit international est maintenant à l'œuvre depuis quarante ans. À ses débuts, la Commission a très bien réussi, en effectuant le travail préparatoire aux conventions sur le droit de la mer, sur les relations diplomatiques et consulaires et sur le droit des traités. Depuis lors, les conventions résultant du travail de la Commission on été beaucoup plus controversées et n'ont pas reçu le même appui général. Le changement dans la nature des thèmes à l'étude par la Commission entraîne à l'heure actuelle une réévaluation du rôle et des méthodes de travail de la Commission. L'aspect de développement progressif du travail de la Commission occupe une place plus grande que par le passé et moins d'importance est maintenant accordée aux codifications de type traditionnel. Ceci suppose une redéfinition des objectifs de la Commission et signifie qu'un traité multilatéral n'est ni le seul ni le dénouement habituel du travail de la Commission. Les États doivent reconsidérer leur propre façon d'aborder le travail de la Commission et, en particulier, le rôle que pue la Sixième Commission en révisant chaque année le rapport de la Commission. Enfin, les membres de la Commission eux-mêmes doivent reconnaître que leur rôle dans le processus de création du droit international est devenu beaucoup plus créatif et beaucoup plus dynamique que la seule codification des pratiques ètiques concordantes.
Liability for Damage Caused by Space Debris: The Cosmos 954 Claim
Authors: Lee Edward G. , Sproule D. W.
Published: June 2019

Canada's claim against the Soviet Union for compensation for damages caused by the re-entry and crash in 1978 of the Soviet satellite, Cosmos 954, was based primarily on the 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (hereinafter referred to as the Liability Convention) and also on the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects (hereinafter referred to as the Rescue and Return Agreement). It gave rise to several legal issues concerning the interpretation of these conventions. They are of relevance to states seeking compensation for damage caused by space debris.
Canada’s New Refugee Determination System
Authors: Fairweather R. G. L.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Le Canada vient d’instaurer un nouveau système pour attribuer le statut de réfugié à ses frontières et sur son territoire. La “section du statut” de la nouvelle “Commission de l’immigration et du statut de réfugié constitue le pilier central de ce nouveau système. Contrairement à la “section d’appel” de la commission qui traite des questions d’immigration, la “section du statut” n’est pas une cour d’archives et ses audiences se tiennent à huis clos.

Une enquête préalable détermine si la revendication d’un demandeur de statut sera ou non déférée à la “section du statut.” L’éligibilité est alors évaluée en fonction des critères fixés par la nouvelle législation. Ainsi le fait de provenir d’un “pays tiers sûr” constitue un motif de rejet du statut de réfugié. Ce dernier critère fut particulièrement critiqué en raison de l’inexistence d’une liste de référence qui énumérerait les “pays tiers sûrs.” Il appartient aussi au demandeur de statut de prouver que sa revendication a un minimum de fondement. Jusqu’à maintenant, cette exigence ne semble pas avoir représenté un fardeau très élevé.

Dans cet article nous décrirons, de plus, la procédure suivie devant la “section du statut." Nous nous interrogerons, de même, sur la rôle joué par les standards du droit international lors de telles déterminations de statut. Dans les premiers dix mois d’existence de la “section du statut,” 90 per cent des demandeurs de statut se sont vus reconnaître le statut de réfugié au sens de la Convention des Nations Unies relative au statut des réfugiés.

Nous ne pouvons donc que conclure au rôle important que la Commission de l’immigration et du statut de réfugié sera appelée à jouer dans l’application et la promotion des standards internationaux en matière de droits de la personne.
Les cadres juridiques de la capitalisation des dettes commerciales des États
Authors: Loungnarath Vilaysoun
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Debt-equity swaps have been a technique used to cope with developing countries’ debt crisis. This type of operation involves various legal techniques. Thus, the national regulation of the creditor institution has an impact on the degree and nature of its participation in debt-equity swaps. These operations should not conflict with the provisions of the syndicated loan or the debt-restructuring agreement. As well, the financial transaction should reflect the constraints inherent in the legal rules governing secondary markets as well as those related to the regulatory scheme set up by the debtor country. This article describes the various legal techniques and shows that international co-operation is necessary to optimize use of debtequity swaps in a strategy aimed at reduction of developing countries’ debt and at their economic growth.
The American Convention on Human Rights: Canada's Present Law and the Effect of Ratification
Authors: Farrell Norman P.
Published: June 2019

INTRODUCTION

On november 13, 1989, Canada signed the Charter of the Organization of the American States and became a member of the Inter-American system upon depositing its instrument of ratification on January 8, 1990. Though Canada held observer status since 1972, until recently it played a passive role with respect to the Organization of American States (OAS). With the growing significance of regional systems in such matters as free trade, economic and ecosystem interdependence, and human rights, however, Canada has decided to become more involved in the Inter-American system.
International Efforts to Secure the Return of Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects: Has Unidroit Found a Global Solution?
Authors: Hughes Valerie , Wright Laurie
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

La protection internationale des biens culturels a commencé par des efforts visant à limiter l'appropriation illicite des biens cultureh et les dommages qui leur étaient causés en temps de guerre. Le prinàpal exemple de ces efforts est la Convention de La Haye de 1954 pour la protection des biens cultureh en cas de conflit armé. Par la suite, on s'est préoccupé de mettre en place des mesures de répression du trafic illicite et international des biens cultureh, telles que celles prévues dans la Convention de l'UNESCO de içjjo concernant les mesures à prendre pour interdire et empêcher l'importation, l'exportation et le transfert de propriété illiâtes des biens cultureh. Le Canada est partie à cette convention qu'il a intégrée à son droit interne en adoptant la Loi sur l'exportation et l'importation de biens cultureh. Mais comme la plupart des pays dotés d'un important marché de l'art (en particulier ceux de l'Europe de l'Ouest) ne sont pas parties à la convention de l'UNESCO, son utilité est marginale. Unidroit a présenté un projet de convention pour une collaboration internationale visant à assurer la restitution des biens cultureh volés ou illicitement exportés. Le projet de convention, qui sera examiné à l'occasion d'une conférence diplomatique en juin 1995, s'efforce de trouver un équilibre entre les intérêh des pays d'origine des biens cultureh et ceux des pays importateurs, ce qui constituerait le succès le plus important obtenu jusqu 'à maintenant par la communauté internationale dans le domaine de la protection des biens cultureh. Mais cette convention risque de ne pas être adoptée, car les participants ne se sont pas montrés tris disposés à faire des compromis sur des questions fondamentales.
II. Le Canada et le système monétaire international en 1993
Authors: Colas Bernard
Published: June 2019

L'année 1993 a été marquée par l'aggravation de la crise économique dans les pays de l'ex-URSS et par l'évolution imprévisible des marchés de capitaux et obligataires. Pour éviter les tensions intemationales qui pourraient découler de ces situations, le Canada a continué de soutenir les efforts des pays engagés dans la transition vers l'économie de marché (I) et a pris part aux discussions destinées à modifier l'Accord de Bâle de 1988 sur les fonds propres (II).
Legislating for Integrated Marine Management: Canada’s Proposed Oceans Act of 1996
Authors: Chircop Aldo , Kindred Hugh , Saunders Phillip , VanderZwaag David
Published: June 2019

Bill C-26 is intended to provide for the integrated management of the oceans and marine resources within Canada’s jurisdiction. The bill sets out Canadian jurisdiction in the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and the continental shelf in accordance with the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention. It defines a framework for a national oceans management strategy based on sustainable development, a precautionary approach, and integrated management plans for oceans and coastal resources and activities. These promising provisions suffer from limited commitment to sustainable development principles, lack of details and clarity about the intended oceans management strategy, and limited embrace of integration in management planning. The bill aho redefines the organizational responsibilities for Canada’s oceans in a way that significantly enhances the role of the minister of fisheries and oceans. In fulfilling these functions, the minister is likely to have to share responsibilities with other stakeholders rather more than Bill C-26 actually requires, if its integrative management objectives are to be attained.
La zone économique exclusive dans la pratique des États
Authors: Rigaldies Francis
Published: June 2019

The use of the concept of an exclusive Economie zone has increased since the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, the characterization of this zone varies greatly between States. This article presents an exhaustive survey of the concept of an exclusive Economie zone. The author discusses the types of jurisdiction exercised by States in their uses of an exclusive Economie zone. Disparity exists between the provisions of the Convention and State practice in some specific areas: for example, the provisions on the environment and on scientific research. Despite these exceptions, the author maintains that the basic tenets of the Convention are respected in State practice. State declarations as well as arbitral and judicial decisions show that the Convention and State practice are together evolving to reinforce the basic principles of the concept of an exclusive Economie zone.
The NAFTA Panel Decision on Supply Management: Gamble or Bargain?
Authors: Willis Allan , Woods Michael G.
Published: June 2019

In July 1995, the United States requested the establishment of the first Panel under Chapter 20 procedures of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and challenged Canada's duties on its “supply-managed” dairy, poultry, egg, barley, and margarine products. These industries had grown and prospered under supply management – a system intended to establish stability in a domestic market afflicted by unpredictable production cycles. The import restrictions were designed in conformity with the international trade rules as set out in the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT). These rules changed in 1995 as a result of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture under which Canada and WTO members replaced quantitative import restrictions with tariffs and tariff-rate quotas. The United States claimed that the duties contravened the basic NAFTA obligation to not rahe tariffs. Canada countered that the new tariff rates were justified under the new WTO Agreement on Agriculture that had been negotiated in Geneva after NAFTA. The resulting decision in favour of Canada was both praised for its consideration of the case in the context of the complex interplay of relevant trade obligations and criticized for finding “an implied bargain among negotiators … that was never struck.” The Panel assumed that if tariff eqivalents could not be applied – which in effed would render the WTO Agreement on Agriculture inoperative – the result would be that the parties would be entitled to apply Article XI restrictions as if the Uruguay Round had never happened. The logic was impeccable – the NAFTA was “not to be read in clinical isolation from public international law.”
La proposition d’un modèle de gestion intégrée des ressources naturelles communes de l’humanité
Authors: Mercure Pierre-François
Published: June 2019

One of humanity’s most important challenges for the next century will be to ensure the rational management of common natural resources and, most importantly, of environmental resources. The concepts of common heritage and of sustainable development offer interesting perspectives for the creation of mechanisms that will provide for the safe management of common resources and the equitable sharing of the benefits of exploitation. This study aims to present a model for the management of these resources that incorporates the practice of the international community into the management of the atmosphere and of biological diversity.
NATO’s Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo: Making or Breaking International Law?
Authors: Currie John
Published: June 2019

NATO’s seventy-nine-day campaign of air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has sparked a wide-ranging debate as to the legality of such military action. NATO has consistently justified its intervention on humanitarian grounds, thus clearly resorting to the controversial doctrine of “humanitarian intervention.” The author argues that while a conventional analysis of the purported right of unilateral humanitarian intervention under international law and of NATO’s acts on the Kosovo issue might lead some individuals to the conclusion that such acts were illegal (or, at best, of dubious legality), this conclusion fails to take into account the fact that state actors, particularly when acting in concert, tend to influence the content of international law itself. The author suggests that the true significance of NATO’s forcible intervention in the Kosovo crisis is that it sets a clear precedent that may well crystallize an emergent norm of customary international law permitting forcible intervention by one or more states against another on humanitarian grounds, even without prior UN Security Council authorization. While such a norm may acquire universal status, it is also possible, in light of the regional concentration of the primary actors involved as well as of important objections from some quarters as to its legality, that it will acquire (at least in the first instance) a local or regional character, perhaps confined to the Euro-Atlantic area.
International Recognition in the Supreme Court of Canada’s Québec Reference
Authors: Turp Daniel , van Ert Gibran
Published: June 2019

In its August 1998 reference, Reference Re Secession of Québec, the Supreme Court of Canada discussed the topic of the international recognition of Québec. The authors argue that the Court is incorrect in its suggestion that recognition is a precondition for statehood, confusing legal and political factors. In the authors’ view, the introduction of the concept of international recognition by the Court is an attempt to provide a sanction against unilateral secession and to back up the Court’s view that there is an obligation to negotiate any departure by Québec. The result, the authors consider, is unsatisfying for it leads the Court into legal error and political conjecture.
The Impact of the Human Rights Accountability Movement on the International Law of Immunities
Authors: Robinson Darryl
Published: June 2019

In the last decade, the human rights accountability movement has made remarkable inroads into the classical law of immunities. The developments strike a new equilibrium between the need to promote accountability and the need to protect international discourse. These developments form a coherent picture if one looks to the underlying rationales of these areas of law. Immunities ratione materiae, enjoyed by current and former officials, protect official functions on behalf of a state. The landmark Pinochet decision affirmed that official functions could not include the commission of international crimes condemned by international law. Conversely, immunity ratione personae flows from a different rationale. This form of immunity protects only certain high officials representing their state and only during office and facilitates official visits by precluding arrest on any grounds. The International Court of Justice Yerodia decision and other developments confirm that this immunity remains absolute, irrespective of the conduct alleged. However, even this absolute immunity may be relinquished through Security Council enforcement action or acceptance of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.
European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Wildhaber Luzius
Published: June 2019

The aim of the European Court of Human Rights is to bring about a situation in which individuals are able to get effective guarantees of their rights within their national legal systems. With this in mind, the author reviews some of the recent developments in cases before the court relating to evolutionary interpretation of the provisions of the convention, the role of the separation of powers in ensuring the protection of freedoms under the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and the notion of human dignity within the convention framework. The author also considers the growing case load before the court and the need for reform and concludes by pointing out that the European system is the most effective international system yet for securing human rights protection.
III Investissement
Authors: Lévesque Céline
Published: June 2019

I Introduction

Au cours de l’année 2006, le Canada a témoigné d’un intérêt renouvelé pour les accords concernant l’investissement étranger. En novembre 2006, le Canada a signé l’Accord entre le Canada et la République du Pérou pour la promotion et la protection des investissements (APIE Canada-Pérou). Il s’agit du premier accord conclu suite à la publication en 2004 du nouveau modèle canadien d’Accord pour la promotion et la protection des investissements (APIE) et du premier APIE signé depuis 1999. En décembre 2006, après des décennies d’attente, le Canada a finalement signé la Convention pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements entre États et ressortissants d’autres États (Convention CIRDI).
Faut-il parler d’une “guerre” contre le terrorisme?
Authors: Emanuelli C.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Huit ans après les évènements du 11 septembre 2001, la “guerre” contre le terrorisme perdure dans différentes parties du monde. Toutefois, en soi l’expression “guerre contre le terrorisme” perd du souffle. Les raisons en sont essentiellement politiques, mais l’évolution relance le débat sur la qualification juridique de la lutte contre le terrorisme. Après un examen des arguments pour et contre la “guerre” contre le terrorisme, la présente étude envisage la position du droit international. Elle conclut que les mêmes principes fondamentaux s’appliquent quels que soient les termes employés et le système juridique applicable à la lutte contre le terrorisme.
Trading Away Women’s Rights: A Feminist Critique of the Canada–Colombia Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Erauw Gregg
Published: June 2019

The internal conflict in Colombia has resulted in documented violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. In particular, Colombian women and their human rights have been disproportionately impacted by the conflict. It is within this context that the Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA) is being proposed, and there is serious concern that Canadian investors could perpetuate the violence or become complicit beneficiaries of human rights violations in Colombia once the CCFTA is ratified. Against this background, this article takes a feminist approach to international investment law to demonstrate that international investment agreements (IIAs) and free trade agreements with investment provisions (FTAs), such as the CCFTA, maintain and reinforce gender hierarchy to the detriment of women’s socio-economic rights, needs, and interests. By engaging in a feminist critique of the CCFTA’s provisions on non-discrimination, performance, expropriation, corporate social responsibility, reservations, investor-state arbitration, and general exceptions, as well as the labour side agreement, the ramifications of international investment law on Colombian women’s rights and women’s rights generally becomes apparent. In order to remedy these shortcomings, recommendations are made to alleviate the potential strain of international investment law and the CCFTA specifically on women’s rights.
The Charter Travaux Préparatoires and United Nations Powers to Use Armed Force
Authors: Amerasinghe C. F.
Published: June 2019

The powers of the General Assembly and Security Council of the United Nations to take collective measures for the maintenance of international peace and security, particularly to maintain armed forces for that purpose, and the power of the General Assembly to finance these activities were much discussed during the recent crisis in the Organization when certain members refused to contribute to the support of the UNEF and Congo Operation. Various aspects of the matter have been discussed by writers; they have also been dealt with by the International Court of Justice in its Advisory Opinion of June 1962 where it held that the UNEF and Congo Operation undertaken by the General Assembly and Security Council were intra vires the powers of these organs and that the expenses incurred by the Organization in the execution of those ventures were “expenses of the Organization” for the purposes of Article 17 (2) of the Charter. The Court and some of the judges who gave separate opinions further made a definite contribution to the interpretation of certain aspects of the Charter in the course of arriving at these conclusions.
La reconnaissance du pilier culturel du développement durable: vers un nouveau mode de diffusion des valeurs culturelles au sein de l’ordre juridique mondial
Authors: Guèvremont Véronique
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Par l’article 13 de la Convention de 2005 sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles, les parties se sont engagées à intégrer la culture dans leurs politiques de développement en vue de créer des conditions propices au développement durable. Si cette disposition marque une étape importante dans l’évolution du droit international de la culture et dans l’affinement de la notion de développement durable, ses effets juridiques sont toutefois susceptibles de se manifester à l’extérieur du champ d’application de la Convention. En effet, l’article 13 pourrait stimuler la prise en compte des valeurs culturelles dans l’interprétation des règles qui incorporent la notion de développement durable et faciliter une articulation harmonieuse — voire une synergie — entre des régimes juridiques distincts. Dans cette perspective, la référence à l’objectif de développement durable inscrite dans le préambule de l’Accord instituant l’Organisation mondiale du commerce semble par exemple offrir une avenue pour atténuer les tensions entre la poursuite des objectifs commerciaux et la prise en compte des preoccupations culturelles. De même, la mention du développement durable dans les normes climatiques peut favoriser une prise en compte des problématiques culturelles dans l’élaboration des stratégies d’adaptation. Comme le suggèrent ces exemples, le lien qui unit désormais la culture au développement durable pourrait donc exercer une influence tangible sur l’évolution de l’ordre juridique mondial.
The Commonwealth and the Concept of Domestic Jurisdiction
Authors: Howell John M.
Published: June 2019

The tendency to hold the United States entirely responsible for the domestic jurisdiction reservation has diverted attention from the role of the Commonwealth members in the definition of that clause. Commonwealth members were concerned with it at the Paris Peace Conference and the San Francisco Conference and, as members of both world organizations established at those conferences, have taken a lead in applying the reservations drafted on both occasions. At San Francisco it was the Australian, Herbert V. Evatt, as well as John Foster Dulles, who proposed broadening the effect of the domestic jurisdiction reservation in Article 2, paragraph 7, of the Charter of the United Nations. It was again Evatt who headed the sub-committee of the Security Council to determine international competence to deal with the Franco regime in Spain and who managed the reversal of the limitation for which he had fought at San Francisco. It was in a dispute between India and the Union of South Africa that the General Assembly elaborated on the beginning made by Evatt in developing the concept of “international concern.” In the World Court the Commonwealth countries have been parties to leading cases involving domestic jurisdiction and, perhaps partly through their capable legal arguments, have succeeded in having their views incorporated into Court opinions and decisions. The Permanent Court of International Justice, for example, adopted much of the British argument in its Advisory Opinion in the Tunis-Morocco Nationality Decrees case.
Canada and the Two-China Formula at the United Nations
Authors: Dai Poeliu
Published: June 2019

The canadian plan suggested to the 21st session of the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1966 for re-allocating China's seat in the world Organization was designed to bring about a breakthrough in resolving a question of great complexity that has beset that Organization for some 17 years. It has attracted world-wide attention and evoked various comments by both practitioners and students of international politics.

Before analyzing the contents and denoting the legal and political implications of the plan, it is necessary to review briefly the background and the discussions of the question of China's representation at the 21st General Assembly.
Treaty Amendment: The Problem of the GATT Tariff Schedules
Authors: Stanford J. S.
Published: June 2019

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade contains many provisions dealing with non-Tariff barriers to international trade, but the most significant obligations imposed upon the contracting parties to the General Agreement are those set out in Part I, namely, the obligation to extend most-favoured-nation treatment to other contracting parties and the obligation to apply to imports from other contracting parties treatment “no less favourable than that provided for in the appropriate Part of the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement” (Art. II :I (a)). There is annexed to the General Agreement a Schedule in respect of each contracting party, recording the tariff concessions which that party is obliged by Article II to extend to its GATT trading partners. These concessions are constantly being modified, however, and if the General Agreement is to record accurately the tariff obligations of the parties, the Schedules must keep up-to-date with these modifications. Unhappily, in the years following the provisional entry into force of the General Agreement, the Schedules became hopelessly outdated, caught up in a tangle of amending “protocols” and “certifications” to the point where they ceased to be useful either to the contracting parties or to the commercial community as a record of the tariff obligations of the parties. The present note describes the origin of the GATT schedule problem and the steps taken by the contracting partieas to resolve it and restore the Schedules to a useful function, an interesting exercise in the application of treaty law and procedures to the rather unusual amendment provisions of the General Agreement.