bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Playing across a Divide
Authors: Brinner Benjamin
Published: October 2011

In the last decade of the twentieth century and on into the twenty-first, Israelis and Palestinians saw the signing of the Oslo Peace Accords, the establishment of the Palestinian Authority, the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, and the escalation of suicide bombings and retaliations in the region. During this tumultuous time, numerous collaborations between Israeli and Palestinian musicians coalesced into a significant musical scene. Following the bands Bustan Abraham and Alei Hazayit from their creation and throughout their careers, as well as the collaborative projects of Israeli artist Yair Dalal, this book demonstrates the possibility of musical alternatives to violent conflict and hatred in an intensely contested, multicultural environment. These artists' music drew from Western, Middle Eastern, Central Asian, and Afro-diasporic musical practices, bridging differences and finding innovative solutions to the problems inherent in combining disparate musical styles and sources. Creating this new music brought to the forefront the musicians' contrasting assumptions about sound production, melody, rhythm, hybridity, ensemble interaction, and improvisation. The author traces the tightly interconnected field of musicians and the people and institutions that supported them as they and their music circulated within the region and along international circuits. The book argues that the linking of Jewish and Arab musicians' networks, the creation of new musical means of expression, and the repeated enactment of culturally productive musical alliances provides a unique model for mutually respectful and beneficial coexistence in a chronically disputed land.
Arab Musicians in Israel and the West Bank
Authors: Brinner Benjamin
Published: October 2011

Music flourishes as an essential element of celebration, but quality languishes under the tyranny of the lowest common denominator. Jamal Sa'id, a popular Palestinian drummer, summed up his experience playing for weddings and other celebrations in the West Bank and Israel when we spoke in Jerusalem in the early 1990s. Most have withdrawn completely from this mainstream; those who continue to participate do so for the sizable income or to fulfill social obligations. But this mainstream is not the only show in town. Frustrated musicians seek out or create other opportunities. Presentation of Arab art music in a prestigious setting in West Jerusalem boosted their standing as musicians and offered them a small measure of recognition in Israeli society. Cassettes and compact discs serve different purposes for consumers and musicians. Consumers buy them in order to hear their favorites or to satisfy their curiosity about new singers.
Diakonia
Authors: Collins John N
Published: October 2011

This is the first comprehensive study of the Greek word “diakonia”, from which the word “deacon” is derived. Diakonia and its cognates appear frequently throughout the New Testament, but its precise meaning has long been disputed. Today, it is usually translated as “service” or “ministry”. As this book shows, this understanding of diakonia has been important to the development of a modern consensus about the nature of Christian ministry. Based on the understanding that diakonia is “service” and that the diakonos (deacon) is a “servant”, nearly all Christian bodies today agree that the central idea of ministry is that of helping the needy, and that the “servant” church should be humbly devoted to helping the world, after the model of Jesus. This is an exhaustive study of diakonia in Christian and non-Christian sources from about 200 bce to 200 ce. The book finds that in all such sources the word is used to mean “messenger” or “emissary”, and has no implications of humility or of helping the needy. This discovery undermines much of the theological discussion of ministry that has taken place over the past fifty years.
Some Parameters
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

This book emerges at the intersection of diverse perspectives, including biography, literary and cultural theory, theodicy, social history, psychoanalysis, philosophy, feminism, and the emerging field of lesbian and gay studies. Several interrelated issues recur, two especially: one is the complex, often violent, sometimes murderous dialectic between dominant cultures and subordinate cultures, groups, and identities; the other concerns those conceptions of self, desire, and transgression which figure in the language, ideologies, and cultures of domination, and in the diverse kinds of resistance to it. One kind of resistance, operating in terms of gender, repeatedly unsettles the very opposition between the dominant and the subordinate. The book calls this sexual dissidence. Equally illuminating is the history of the early modern period, to which the book repeatedly turns. More exactly, it moves between the post-modern and the early modern.
Becoming Authentic
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

This chapter takes up the subsequent history of André Gide's transgressive ethic. It is fair to say that Gide's sexual nonconformity was a source of and stimulus to radical insight. One response to this is the intense hostility already noted. Another is to ignore it. A third response is to recognize but downplay it, as did Enid Starkie. Emphasis to the passage is meant only to highlight, in the very talk of the personal, an absence of precisely that ‘personal’ empathy which animated Gide's politics; that Starkie unwillingly displays that lack in a discussion of exactly that which in Gide helped inspire it as revealing but not untypical. What is suggested in this case is the way an older view of homosexuality as a behaviour survives within the newer account of it as an identity.
Towards the Paradoxical Perverse and the Perverse Dynamic
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

This chapter shows how the pre-sexual history of the concept inheres in modern beliefs about sexual perversion, and with the objective of replacing the pathological concept with a political one. Perversion was (and remains) a concept bound up with insurrection. More generally, and in the light of that history, this chapter wants to recover perversion as not only a culturally central phenomenon, but a category from which two concepts emerge that are crucial for insurrectionary critique: the perverse dynamic and transgressive reinscription. It is the sexual sense of the word that predominates now and, before recovering the history of the concept, the chapter considers two important but opposed accounts of sexual perversion, those of Sigmund Freud and Michel Foucault respectively. Opposed as they are, both nevertheless identify perversion as culturally central.
Deconstructing Freud
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

Sigmund Freud acknowledged that his theory needed homosexuality. However, to what extent did he actually discover these ‘homosexual currents’ or rather construct something which his theory needed? It might be said that he half discovered, and more than half produced them — if only to register their paradoxical, excessive, and often fraught status in psychoanalytic theory. Whatever, once invoked, ‘homosexuality’ kept problematizing not only the prevailing categories of psychosexual normality — something which Freud clearly wanted it to do — but also the theory which needed it, and which its discovery initially enabled. The various ways in which it did so, either independently, or as a representative of the perversions, is the subject of this chapter. Before pursuing this intriguing connection between homosexuality, perversion, and deconstruction, there is another kind of problem in Freud, more mundane yet equally important. It concerns the tension between theory and evidence.
Subjectivity and Transgression
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

This chapter explores how in the post-modern period, issues of transgression and subjectivity are inextricably bound together. The same is true of the earlier period, but with important differences which are often disregarded. In English studies especially the modern and the early modern have been erroneously conflated. In particular, essentialist conceptions of the self which took effective hold only in the Enlightenment, then subsequently developed within Romanticism and modernism, have been retrospectively read into the early modern period. There are far-reaching differences between early modern metaphysics and post-structuralism. The link between subjectivity and subjection, which for the (political) post-modernist has to be disclosed before it can be disarticulated, is, by comparison, both assumed and manifestly endorsed in the Renaissance. The chapter also discusses the Cartesian cogito according to Saint Augustine, René Descartes, and Jacques Lacan.
Poetry and the Realm of Politics
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard
Published: October 2011

This book studies the relation between poetry and politics in 16th- and 17th-century English literature, focusing in particular on the works of Spenser, Shakespeare, Jonson, Milton, and Dryden. The book argues that the major tradition of political allusion is not, as has often been argued, that of the political allegory of Dryden's Absalom and Architophel, and other overtly political poems, but rather a more shifting and less systematic practice, often involving equivocal or multiple reference. Drawing on the revisionist trend in recent historiography, and taking issue with recent New Historicist criticism, the book offers new and thought-provoking readings of familiar texts. For example, Shakespeare's Histories, far from endorsing a conservative Tudor myth, are shown to examine and reject divine-right kingship in favour of a political vision of what the succession crisis of the 1590s required. A forgotten political aspect of Hamlet is restored and an anti-Cromwellian strain is identified in Milton's Paradise Lost. This book shows how some of the most powerful works of the period, works which in the past have been read for their aesthetic achievement and generalized wisdom, in fact contain a political component crucial to our understanding of the poem.
The Parts of Speech and their Functions
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: October 2011

This chapter distinguishes in Old English the following parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns (including articles), verbs (including infinitives and participles), adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
The Complex Sentence
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: October 2011

A complex sentence consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The latter are clauses introduced by a relative pronoun or by a subordinating conjunction. This chapter discusses syntactic structure of complex sentences in Old English covering punctuation, subordination and hypotaxis, correlation and anticipation, the order and arrangement of clauses, semi-subordination, and the position of subordinate clauses.
The Logic of Duplicity and Design in Under Western Eyes
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter, the first practical application of the author's theoretical approach, looks in detail at a novel where the question of narrative logic in its Aristotelian dimension is a fundamental one. Under Western Eyes offers an intriguing challenge in this respect. We can make an a priori decision that the category of pseudocontradictions does not apply in this case, since such a category is relevant only for those works which disregard entirely the problem of contradiction. In other words, this category applies almost exclusively to postmodernist fiction.
The Apotheosis of Freedom
Authors: Mcfarland Thomas
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the literature on the apotheosis of freedom. It suggests that if the transcendence called love resides at the very apex of human meaning, a similar extreme elevation is occupied by the concept of freedom. They also share an exalted place in human esteem, and they both impoverish any situation from which they are absent. This chapter analyses relevant passages from the works of several authors, including Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Lord Byron.
Paradoxes of Transcendence
Authors: Mcfarland Thomas
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the literature concerning freedom and necessity. It argues that the line of thought that connects freedom and necessity forced the latter into pure transcendence. It suggests that the defining location of transcendence means that freedom does not exist in actuality and that humans find that what they call freedom is always hypothecated to the claims of the actual. This chapter analyses relevant passages from the works of several writers, including John Milton and Jean-Paul Sartre.
The Woman Reader 1837–1914
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

This book provides an invaluable source of information on nineteenth-century culture and the woman reader. Why was the topic of women and reading so controversial for the Victorians and Edwardians? What was it assumed that women read, and what advice was given about where, when, and how to read? The book examines texts ranging from fiction, painting, and poetry, through medical and psychoanalytic works, advice manuals and periodicals, to autobiographies and contemporary social research, in her detailed study of this central cultural debate in nineteenth-century society. Engaging also in recent feminist theory, the book explores the manipulation of the figure of the woman reader in well-known works like Charlotte Bronte’s Shirley and Virginia Woolf’s The Voyage Out, in sensation novels and New Woman fiction, and in stories found in series such as The Princess’s Novelettes. This is supported by evidence from actual readers — working women, as well as the privileged — as to how they understood their own highly varied reading experiences.
With Hichens to Pretoria and Milner to Johannesburg
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

This chapter narrates the experiences of Curtis as a volunteer during the South African War. He wrote a series of diary letters to his mother and sister from South Africa. Hichens, Max Balfour, and Curtis were fortunate not to be sent with the main CIV force to Bloemfontein. Curtis accompanied Hichens on a second expedition, to the remote Boer settlement of Keimos, to commandeer wagons. The two men complemented each other. South Africa affected Curtis forcefully as the religion in which he had been brought up. After their return to England, Max assumed an artist's life and Hichens joined Cromer's financial staff in Egypt. Curtis had returned to South Africa with a general idea of helping the Dutch. Curtis always claimed that the South African Republic had not known any real form of municipal government, discounting the old landdrosts and veld cornets as not comparable and the small-town sanitary committees as negligible.
Arnobius of Sicca
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: October 2011

Arnobius of Sicca, in North Africa, was a Christian convert writing in the time of the Emperor Diocletian in the 3rd century ad. His most famous work, Against the Pagans, was written shortly after his conversion (c.ad 302), and is a brilliant defence of his new religion using arguments taken from the cream of pagan learning. It demonstrates exactly the nature and intensity of the conflict between pagans and Christians at this period. This book studies Arnobius and deals fully with every important aspect of his life and writing, from the complex and controversial question of the date of Against the Pagans, to the biographical data provided by Jerome, to the significance of the conflict between the African supreme deity, Saturn, and the Christian God. This book provides clear evidence to show that Arnobius' work is directly related to the anti-Christian writings of the famous Porphyry of Tyre, demonstrating how Arnobius used one work of Porphyry against another to disclose inconsistencies and contradictions in the great pagan polymath — the very method used by Porphyry in his own treatise, Against the Christians. This book discusses the philosophical background of Arnobius, arguing convincingly that he belonged to the Platonic, not Epicurean, school of thought as has often been alleged. Arnobius has hitherto been one of the most misinterpreted ancient authors. This book sets Arnobius firmly on the map as a writer of considerable interest and importance, who made a significant contribution to the final triumph of Christianity over its Graeco-Roman competitors.
God and the Gods
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: October 2011

This chapter explores Arnobius' understanding of the relationship between God and the gods. One of the most controversial debates related to Arnobiana concerns the exact meaning of the relationship between the Supreme God and the gods of Graeco-Roman paganism. Some have suggested that Arnobius develops a hypothetical argument about the existence of the gods. Others believe that their existence is affirmed only for polemical purposes. A good number have maintained that he believed in the existence of inferior deities. With the exception of Le Bonniec, who has studied epithets which imply the existence of subordinate deities, these scholars have not clarified exactly what Arnobius means by gods and the criteria which allow one to disengage polemics from personal views. This is important because Arnobius conveys a fine distinction between the gods of pagan religious literature and the divine beings of the Platonic tradition. If there is a pre-Christian philosophical stratum discernible in the Adversus nationes, as Le Bonniec supposes, then it is mandatory to distinguish between criticism of the Graeco-Roman gods and an intellectual acceptance of, and philosophical belief in, the Platonic gods. This is the basic methodological procedure of the present chapter.
Epilogue
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: October 2011

This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters. Arnobius was a professor of Latin rhetoric who taught in the North African city of Sicca Veneria during the reign of Diocletian. These two conclusions are significant for several reasons. First, they are significant for the history of Christianity in Roman North Africa specifically, and in the Roman Empire in general. Second, the work of Arnobius, the Adversus nationes, is to be understood as an important document resulting from the great religious conflict and competition that occurred during the Age of Diocletian.
The Gendered Gothic in Pardo Bazán'sLos pazos de Ulloa
Authors: HART STEPHEN M.
Published: October 2011

The role of the Gothic and that of gender in Los pazos de Ulloa by Emilia Pardo Bazán has been touched on by other critics; this chapter explores the connections between the two. At the risk of falling into the trap of disciplinary colonialism, the chapter investigates convergences between the Gothic as understood in English Studies and what is arguably the most significant novel by a 19th-century female Spanish novelist. The main plot of the novel, on which all else hangs, is its depiction of a not only failed but also non-delineated love affair between Julián Álvarez and Nucha. Los Pazos is, indeed, an ‘oppressive ruin’ set within a decaying feudal Catholic society, symbolised by the dusty old patent of nobility Julián stumbles on soon after his arrival. Also applicable is Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's reference to ‘the trembling sensibility of the heroine’ and, the ‘impetuosity of her lover’.
The Decline and Fall of Public Service Broadcasting
Authors: Tracey Michael
Published: October 2011

Public broadcasting was the single most important social, cultural, and journalistic institution of the twentieth century. In the 15 years preceding the publication of this book, it had been assaulted politically, ideologically, technologically, and was everywhere in retreat. This book considers the idea of public service broadcasting and examines in detail the assault made upon it, with specific emphasis on global developments and events in the United Kingdom, Japan, Europe, and the United States. It argues that public service broadcasting has been a vital and democratically significant institution now experiencing a terminal decline brought about by changes in political, economic, and technological circumstances. Based on years of research and extensive contact with leading public broadcasters around the world, the book examines the idea of public service broadcasting and how for the most part it has vainly (and often ineffectually) struggled to survive. It concludes that public broadcasting is, as was once said of Weimar, a corpse on leave. Its likely disappearance constitutes an indication of a real and deep-seated crisis within liberal democracy.
Moving Pictures
Authors: Grodal Torben
Published: October 2011

This book is a bold theoretical account of the role of emotions and cognition in producing the aesthetic effects of film and television genres. It argues that film genres are mental structures that integrate sensations, emotions, and actions, activating the viewer's body and mind. Using recent developments in neuroscience and cognitive science, in combination with narrative theory and film theory, the author provides an alternative account to that offered by psychoanalysis explaining identification and the correlation of viewer reaction with specific film genres. The book concludes with an analysis of the emotional structures of comic fiction, metafiction, crime fiction, horror, and melodrama. It is unique in describing a wide range of problems and issues within film studies, from a cognitive, neurophysiological, and ecological point of view.
The Biblical Presence in Shakespeare, Milton, and Blake
Authors: Fisch Harold
Published: October 2011

In this book of the poetics of influence, the indebtedness of Shakespeare, Milton, and Blake to a common source, namely the Bible, becomes a powerful tool for displaying three fundamentally different poetic options as well as three different ways of dealing with a conflict central to western culture. In fresh and original discussions of Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, Hamlet, and King Lear, the author discerns what he terms the metagon: not the struggle between the characters on the stage, but a struggle for the control of the play between biblical and non-biblical modes of imagining. Milton seems more single-minded in his reliance on biblical sources, yet from his analysis of Paradise Lost and Samson Agonistes, the author concludes that there are unresolved contradictions, both aesthetic and theological, which threaten the coherence and balance of these poems as well. Blake in his turn perceived these contradictions in the work of his predecessors, condemning both Shakespeare and Milton for allowing their writing to be curbed by Greek and Latin models and claiming for himself a more authentic inspiration — that of ‘the Sublime of the Bible’. But Blake’s marvellous achievements in the sublime mode, as for instance in his Illustrations to Job, often reverse the direction of his biblical source, replacing dialogue with monologue.
Julius Caesar: Stones or Men?
Authors: Fisch Harold
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyses Act II, scene i, in Julius Caesar, where the conspirators meet to plot the assassination. The scene lights up not the individual quirks of Brutus but the frightful moral chasm between the Roman world and our own. It is no longer a matter of strange language; it is not that Brutus is off-key, momentarily out of touch with reality. It is that we, the audience, have suddenly become aware of reality — a reality of the most shattering kind and different from our own. On seeing the strange and horrifying actions of Brutus and his friends, Shakespeare’s audience would inevitably call to mind a contrary ritual, of which this might seem to be a caricature, namely, that of Pontius Pilate who had washed his hands before the multitude, saying he was innocent of the blood of the crucified Saviour.
Love's Madness
Authors: Small Helen
Published: October 2011

This chapter comments on the case of Sarah Fletcher and Mary Wollstonecraft. As this chapter aims to show, stories about women driven mad by the death or infidelity of their lovers were so thoroughly conventional that they obliged writers to confront their literariness and to make particular efforts at originality. In that respect, the love-mad woman brings not an excess of meaning but a reduction of meaning. Almost all the writers who pick up this convention in the nineteenth century do so with a degree of distance. Love-mad women inspired a great deal of tawdry writing, but they also spurred many novelists into remarkable innovation. For medical writers in search of a more effective mode of treating the insane, they were beginning to seem rather less tractable.
The Hyena's Laughter: Lucretia and Jane Eyre
Authors: Small Helen
Published: October 2011

Bulwer–Lytton's Lucretia is the grim story of a woman's downward spiral from immorality into insanity. Lucretia Clavering, a clever but corrupt English girl, is disinherited by her uncle when he is alerted to her unfilial behaviour. At the same time she is rejected by the man she loves. The dual reflection scars her, emotionally and morally, for life. In Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, the instability of the madwoman's meaning for mid-nineteenth-century English fiction is more firmly held in view and turned to effect. For Charlotte Brontë, identity consists in mastering the past, acknowledging it as part of one's history, but a history whose meaning is under control. Though it will always leave its scars, the wounds eventually heal. Brontë's rewriting of Romantic insanity has all the confidence and yet all the anxiety of the mid-Victorian period.
Bound for America
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger
Published: October 2011

During the 18th century, transportation to the colonies became Britain's foremost criminal punishment. From 1718 to 1775, British courts banished fifty thousand convicts. They formed the largest body of emigrants after African slaves ever compelled to go to America. A comprehensive account of the transportation in the years preceding the settling of Australia, this book combines analysis with a vivid narrative to provide new insights into the origins of crime and the treatment of offenders on both sides of the Atlantic.
Prologue
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger
Published: October 2011

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Native Sons
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger
Published: October 2011

In England transportation became the most severe punishment to be used, second only to the death penalty. This was the method of sending convicts out of the country to an entirely new world far from their relatives and fellow countryman. Detailed information about these outcasts, from their social and geographic origins, to their ages, sex, and occupations, is provided in this chapter. These outcasts came from various part of England, ranging from the Cornish cliffs to the Scottish highlands. The smallest number of outcasts came from Scotland and the largest number were Irish. The largest number of outcasts were native Englishmen sentenced by the English courts. During the 17th century many convicts, including both male and female, were sent away.
The Rough Trade
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger
Published: October 2011

The first phase of the transportation process was exile from England, but there was no proper and clear policy for transportation during those early days. During the trial, and what followed, convicts needed to be assembled and shipped across the Atlantic as cargo on other ships. Until 1718 convicts were carried in irregular shipments by merchants or in some cases they needed to make their own arrangements to transport themselves. Many merchants refused to transport women as they proved difficult to market in the colonies. In August 1718, the Treasury gave a contract to a London-based merchant to ship convicts from London and seven nearby counties for a sum of £3 per convict. After this, many merchants signed bonds guaranteeing that they would ship the convicts regardless of age, physical condition, or sex.
Broken Lives
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

This book offers a set of detailed case studies about how the break-up and dissolution of marriages was contrived before the first Divorce Act in 1857. Individuals in their own words explain their actions and feelings about one another in dramatic court-room confrontations, while behind the scenes they were conducting secret negotiations, and offering massive bribes to witnesses either to commit perjury or to hold their tongues. These stories offer astonishing insights into many previously unknown aspects of marital life and marital breakdown in early modern England. They also provide sobering evidence of the huge gap between the enacted law and actual practice.
Dineley v. Dineley Cruelty, adultery, and murder, 1717–1741
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

The story highlights the great importance in the generation of family feuds of any violation of traditional norms for the transmission of property. The issue which destroyed the Goodere Dineleys was the prolonged quarrel about the inheritance of the properties so arduously put together by the marriage of heiresses. The first baronet began the quarrel by diverting the ancestral Goodere estates from the children of his heir to those of his younger son, Samuel, presumably on the grounds that the Dineley and Lawford estates were quite enough for the former. The second baronet, John, brought the family dispute to a shattering crisis by breaking the entail and disinheriting his brother and his son altogether in favour of one nephew, and trying to leave his wife's property to another.
Middleton v. Middleton The lady and the groom, 1781–1796
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

The story of the Middleton affair is more than merely a familiar, banal, tale of female adultery and its aftermath. The evidence thrown up by it exposes a microcosm of life in an 18th-century large village or small town and a small country house which is unsurpassed in the intimacy of its detail concerning the thoughts and behaviour of all classes from the squire to the labourer. In the first place, this story demonstrates how the domestic affairs of a great landlord directly impinged upon the lives and economic welfare of a large circle of dependents, including most of the inhabitants of the village next to the country seat.
Loveden v. Loveden The lady and the don, 1794–1811
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

From a legal point of view, the importance of the case in this chapter is that it set a series of precedents in canon law of sufficient importance to be publicly reported for future citation. These precedents were set by the sentence of Sir William Scott, in which he redefined the degree of proof necessary in an ecclesiastical court to obtain a verdict of separation for adultery. The passage through Parliament of the Loveden divorce bill also settled once and for all that the husband had to comply with the wishes of the Commons over the settlement of adequate maintenance upon his wife before such a bill could be returned to the Lords. Thus in several ways the Loveden divorce litigation made legal history.
Introduction
Authors: Wagner William G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter shows the state of the current Imperial Russian law with regard to family, property, and inheritance and the pressure for revision as brought about by different ideologies and political views. It also looks at the clamor for social reform.
New Men, New Courts, and Old Laws
Authors: Wagner William G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on the need for redefining legal relationships based on the ideals of legality, civil equality, and affective relations with the family. It emphasizes the use of law to initiate transformation of society. This action is brought about by the change in the level of training, status, and occupational conditions of law practitioners.
Traditional Law: Patrimonial Property and Pressures for Change
Authors: Wagner William G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter delves into the effects of existing tsarist property and inheritance law, an example of which is the conflict they bring to families during division and dispersal of properties. It discusses the limitations of patrimonial property, which comprises any immovable property that can only be inherited by direct legal heirs or may be passed on through sale. Provisions for changes to such law are presented.
Jurists' Critique: The Ascendancy of Individual Ownership
Authors: Wagner William G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on actions taken to dispose of patrimonial property and to promote inheritance rights to women and individual ownership. It presents the differences in the ideology and methods in achieving these goals. It provides a comparison with the judicial laws in Western Europe regarding properties and inheritance.
The Historical Value of Jordanes’Getica
Authors: Heather P. J.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the historical methods and materials of Jordanes. It looks at Jordanes' Getica, which is an account of Gothic history that includes an anachronistic account of the division of the Goths into Ostrogoth and Visigoth, as well as the exaggerated historical role accorded to the Balth and Amal dynasties. The chapter shows that the Getica provides some evidence that the workings of Gothic oral history were congruous with modern examples. Although parts of the Getica are singularly Gothic, this does not mean that it contains a unique and authoritative account of Gothic history.
Solving the Gothic Problem
Authors: Heather P. J.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the solution to the Gothic problem that had plagued Zeno for years. It highlights the two conflicts that dominated 484 to 489, which were between Zeno and Illus and Zeno and Theoderic the Amal. The agreement of 487/8 involved the Thracian Goths moving to Italy, thus solving the Gothic problem once and for all.
Constitutionalism
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the constitution drafted by the Thermidorian Convention in France in 1795. The constitution increased the rationalization of authority compared with the Constitution of 1791 by attaching commissaires du pouvoir executif to every local authority. It also restored the separation of powers, by giving the regulatory power to the executive but eliminating the veto power. In terms of central administration, this constitution merely replicated the model of 1791.
Regional Identity and Economic Change
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: October 2011

The current debate about the best methods of European organization — central or regional — is influenced by an awareness of regional identity, which offers an alternative to the rigidities of organization by nation-state. Yet where does the sense of regionalism come from? What are the distinctive factors that transform a geographical area into a particular ‘region’? This book addresses these questions in this study of one apparently ‘natural’ region — the Upper Rhine — between 1450 and 1600. This region has been divided between three countries and so historically marginalized, yet this book is able to trace the existence of a sense of historical regional identity cutting across national frontiers, founded on common economic interests. But that identity was always contingent and precarious, neither ‘natural’ nor immutable.
Regions and Frontiers
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the configuration of the southern Upper Rhine to find out whether mountain ranges or the river itself acted as barriers or clasps, frontiers or crossing-points. Modern political geographers are accustomed to distinguish between frontiers and boundaries. This distinction is relevant to any consideration of whether mountains and rivers represented natural dividing lines on the Upper Rhine. At first glance, the Vosges massif to the west seems to present a formidable obstacle to passage. The peaks fall away sharply to the east into a string of narrow valleys which cut deep furrows in the landscape. Treaties reflect a sense of regional identity on the Upper Rhine in the later Middle Ages, an awareness of mutual needs and interests which was bounded by a sense of place. But the limits of the region were not narrowly circumscribed by the valley itself. To the unity of mountain and plain which spanned the river must be added the legacy of human settlement and political organization.
Fascist and Liberal Visions of War
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: October 2011

In this study, the author examines how the theories of mechanized war developed throughout the industrial world in the first decades of the twentieth century. He explains why the most famous pioneers of these theories were associated with proto-fascism. He then re-evaluates B.H. Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory, overturning much of the criticism recently levelled against him. He argues that, in the wake of the trauma of the First World War, and in response to the Axis challenge, Liddell Hart developed the doctrine of containment and cold war long before the advent of nuclear weapons. He reveals Liddell Hart as a pioneer of the modern western liberal way in warfare which is still with us today.
Anselm of Lucca: A Sainted Gregorian Bishop
Authors: Cushing Kathleen G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter presents the life of Anselm of Lucca as a Gregorian bishop. Where and what Anselm studied are matters of much debate. The two Vitae Anselmi are largely silent on Anselm’s early life and education, speaking only of his good knowledge of grammar, and acquaintance with dialectic. Between March 18 and April 21 1073, Anselm was designated as Bishop of Lucca by Pope Alexander II. Anselm’s biographers were concerned to demonstrate the ways in which Anselm’s life had been devoted to the promotion of ecclesiastical reform. Anselm’s episcopacy and the entire conflict with the canons was a struggle of a bishop looking to recover and stabilise his position, both in financial and pastoral terms.
‘Good Citizens and Brave Soldiers’: Gendarmes and the Revolution
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, adopted by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789, as the way of having Gendarmerie Nationale. This Declaration proclaimed the sovereign people as the source of all political legitimacy and the law as the expression of the general will. This led to the final agreement on a law commenced by declaring that the maréchaussée would be known as the Gendarmerie Nationale. The law of 1798 opened with a statement of the role of the Gendarmerie, which is to ensure within the Republic the maintenance of order and the execution of the laws.
Authority and Asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great
Authors: Leyser Conrad
Published: October 2011

This book examines the formation of the Christian ascetic tradition in the western Roman Empire during the period of the barbarian invasions, c.400–600. In an aggressively competitive political context, one of the most articulate claims to power was made, paradoxically, by men who had renounced ‘the world’, committing themselves to a life of spiritual discipline in the hope of gaining entry to an otherworldly kingdom. Often dismissed as mere fanaticism or open hypocrisy, the language of ascetic authority, the book shows, was both carefully honed and well understood in the late Roman and early medieval Mediterranean. It charts the development of this new moral rhetoric by abbots, teachers, and bishops from the time of Augustine of Hippo to that of St Benedict and Gregory the Great.
Anglo-American Relations and the Franco Question, 1945–1955
Authors: Edwards Jill
Published: October 2011

This book examines the formulation of British and American policy between 1945 and 1955 towards one of the most hated regimes of the twentieth century. The Franco question, though apparently not of the first importance in the evolution of Cold War policy, nevertheless haunted British and American governments during this period. It posed a problem which epitomizes the difficulty of dealing with pariah regimes. As such, it highlights for historians the attempts of these two governments to straddle the contradictions inherent in the emerging dual system of the United Nations, or internationalism, on the one hand, and the older system of balance of power, played out by the super powers as the Cold War. Set as it is in the domestic and international context, it also exemplifies the problems faced today by individual governments and by the United Nations in dealing with questions of intervention or non-intervention in distasteful regimes.
Social Security and the Family: Coping with Seasonality and Calamity in Rural India
Authors: Agarwal Bina
Published: October 2011

This chapter draws upon existing studies focusing on the issue of social security essentially in terms of food security. It discusses a conceptual framework for understanding intrafamily relations and puts forward certain analytical propositions on the ways in which seasonality and calamity might impinge on these relations. The chapter examines the nature and effectiveness of the mechanisms adopted by poor agricultural families to provide food security for their members, against seasonality and calamity; the ways in which family coping mechanisms in the two contexts might differ; and intrahousehold inequalities in the burden of coping. It analyses how the family itself may begin to disintegrate in an extreme calamity such as famine, using the Bengal famine of 1943 as a case study, and highlights some aspects of appropriate external interventions.
Social Security in China: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Ahmad Ehtisham , Hussain Athar
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides a schematic historical background, relevant for the present purposes, and presents an overview of social security in China. It discusses the details of the social-security programmes and the relevant features of the economy with reference to rural areas and urban areas. The chapter notes that when analysing the Chinese social-security system, it is important to bear in mind that the Chinese economy has undergone a series of revolutionary transformations since 1949. It emphasizes that, in China, the pervasive State control of industry and fundamental changes in the land tenure have made it possible for measures for preventing and alleviating deprivation to be built into the fabric of the economy to a degree that simply would not be feasible in an evolutionary framework.
Some Principles of Political Economy: Pufendorf, Hutcheson, and Adam Smith
Authors: Skinner Andrew Stewart
Published: October 2011

Francis Hutcheson, Adam Smith, and David Hume should be of continuing interest to the student of political economy, not least because they did not see themselves as economists so much as philosophers who placed the study of economic phenomena in a broad social context. The basic task was to explain how it was that a creature endowed with both self and other-regarding propensities was fitted for the social state. It appears that social order as a basic precondition for economic activity depends in part upon a capacity for moral judgement. Furthermore, the psychological drives that explain economic activity must be seen in a context wider than the economic. This chapter examines Hutcheson's link to Samuel von Pufendorf in a manner that confirms a debt to the work of W. L. Taylor, as well as the role of subjective judgement as regards the determinants of value in the works of both men.
A Conceptual Sytem
Authors: Skinner Andrew Stewart
Published: October 2011

Although Adam Smith's model, in its post-physiocratic form, has several distinct elements, the feature on which he continued to place most emphasis was the division of labour, which is implied in the existence of distinct sectors or types of productive activity. However, Smith also emphasized the fact that there was specialization by types of employment, and even within each employment. He pointed out that the division of labour (by process) helped to explain the relatively high labour productivity in modern times. As regards the rate of exchange, Smith isolated two relevant factors: the usefulness of the good to be acquired, and the ‘cost’ incurred in creating the commodity to be given up. The first of the relevant relationships is obviously that existing between ‘usefulness’ and value. It will be apparent from the previous argument that Smith regarded rent, wages, and profit as the types of return payable to the three ‘great constituent orders’ of society and as the price paid for the use of the factors of production.
Free Will
Authors: LUCAS J. R.
Published: October 2011

This chapter explores the notion of free will. It summarily dismisses the arguments of the determinists who make out that none of our actions are really actions of ours, but are only reactions to stimuli, entirely determined by our genetic make-up and previous experience.
Consequences and Negative Responsibility
Authors: LUCAS J. R.
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers consequences, which often bear on the correct description of an action, and consequentialism, which claims that consequences are all-important. It argues against consequentialism. Actions are important not simply as causes in the course of events but as communications; and what they signify is therefore as relevant as what they bring about. There is a difference between what we do, which manifests what we have in mind to do, and what we do not do, which for the most part does not. We are responsible for what we do, but not for what we do not do, unless we are under some special obligation to do it. When we are under a special obligation—so that we cannot brush off the question ‘Why did you not…?’ with a ‘Why should I?’—we have a negative responsibility. Negative responsibility is an important extension of the concept, which underlies much of our social and political thinking.
Reasons
Authors: LUCAS J. R.
Published: October 2011

This chapter delineates the general structure of the reasoning in the answers that may be given to the question of why one did something. It is dialectical, often leaving room for further argument, though cogent if no further objection is raised. Reasons are shareable and interpenetrable, and there is a continuous spectrum between those that are primarily first-personal, simply explaining why the agent acted as he did, and those that are omni-personal, claiming the allegiance of every rational agent.
A Model of the Universe
Authors: McCall Storrs
Published: October 2011

This book presents a philosophical theory of the nature of the universe based on a new model of its space-time structure. The book shows how his model illuminates a broad range of subjects, including causation, probability, quantum mechanics, identity, and free will, and argues that the fact that the model throws light on such a large number of problems constitutes strong evidence that the universe is as the model portrays it.
Conclusion
Authors: McCall Storrs
Published: October 2011

This chapter judges the credibility of the universe model that has been constructed to resolve certain philosophical problems. It considers the inference whether the model truly represents the overall structure of space-time. The book states that in the same way as Darwin's evolutionary hypothesis explains biological facts and sheds light on the world of living things, so this book's claim that the branched hypothesis explains and sheds light on a number of important philosophical and scientific issues. No other hypothesis is successful, over so wide a range. If the argument to the best explanation is accepted, the extent to which the branched model is a true picture of the world is directly proportional to its explanatory power.