bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
28. Competition Law:
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses EU law on mergers, first examining the policy reasons underlying merger control. It then considers the jurisdictional, procedural, and substantive aspects to EU merger policy. Jurisdictional issues cover the types of concentration that are subject to the Merger Regulation and the inter-relationship between merger control at EU and national levels. Procedural issues cover matters such as the way in which notice of a proposed merger must be given and the investigative powers possessed by the Commission. Substantive issues of merger policy include matters such as the test for determining whether a merger or concentration should be allowed and the extent to which efficiencies produced by the concentration should be taken into account.
29. The State and the Common Market
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines the way in which the actions of the state can infringe the Treaty. The Treaty contains a number of relevant provisions, including Article 4(3) TEU, and Articles 14, 34, 101, 102, 106, and 107-109 TFEU. While there are valid reasons for EU controls, the topics discussed raise important issues concerning the very nature of the EU. Thus, the jurisprudence under Article 106 has prompted questions about how far it is possible for a state to entrust certain activities to a public monopoly, or to a private firm that has exclusive rights.
6. Financial Relief and Child Support
Authors: Gaffney-Rhys Ruth
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter deals with financial relief during divorce, nullity and judicial separation proceedings and child support. The first question is a problem question that requires discussion of financial support during marriage, financial orders on divorce and the factors contained in s.25 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. The second problem question focuses on financial orders on divorce and variation and appeal of financial orders. The third question is an essay question on the development of the law relating to pre-nuptial and post-nuptial contracts, whilst the final essay question focuses on child support, which is primarily regulated by the Child Support Act 1991.
11. Mixed Topic Questions
Authors: Gaffney-Rhys Ruth
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and tips to gain extra marks. In real life a client is likely to require advice in relation to a number of family law issues and as a consequence, family law assessments sometimes require students to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of a variety of topics. This chapter contains five mixed problem questions that cover more than one area of family law: together they cover forced marriage; nullity; divorce; domestic violence; legal parenthood; child maintenance; private law relating to children; the resolution of family disputes; financial relief on divorce; and family property.
2. Burden and standard of proof: presumptions
Authors: Spencer Maureen , Spencer John
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flow charts. This chapter discusses the allocation of the burden of proof in civil and criminal trials, depending on who should bear the risk. In criminal trials the ‘presumption of innocence’ means that the burden is on the prosecution, unless reversed by express or implied statutory provision. The law of evidence safeguards what in some jurisdictions is a civil right backed by the constitution. It is important to understand the difference between the legal and evidential burden and the occasions where they are separately allocated. Tricky areas are where there is a divorce of the legal and evidential burden, primarily in situations where the prosecution cannot expect to put up evidence to anticipate every specific defence the accused may present.
3. Witnesses: competence and compellability; special measures for vulnerable witnesses
Authors: Spencer Maureen , Spencer John
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flow charts. This chapter covers witnesses, who are a principal source of evidence, and the rules relating to their attendance. All witnesses with relevant information are assumed to be competent to give evidence and usually compellable to give evidence, as the court may summon them to attend. Interests of the witness are secondary to the need of the court to have all necessary information. Some witnesses who are competent may claim a privilege not to give evidence, including defendants on their own behalf. Other exceptions comprise spouses or civil partners testifying for the prosecution. This is based on the concept that compulsion may lead to marital discord. The chapter also includes a review of Special Measures Directions for vulnerable witnesses.
6. Confessions, the defendant’s silence and improperly obtained evidence
Authors: Spencer Maureen , Spencer John
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and diagrams and flow charts. This chapter covers three areas: confessions, silence of the accused and judicial discretion to exclude improperly obtained prosecution evidence. It explains how the most persuasive, sometimes only, evidence available to the prosecution is a pre-trial confession. While confessions have long been accepted as evidence of guilt, they have also posed risks of unreliability and violation of individual autonomy. Defendants may not be making a true confession or may have been obtained as a result of pressure. Permissible inferences from a pre-trial failure to respond to questions has the crucial difference that such failure alone cannot found a conviction. English law has previously been unwilling to acknowledge the case for excluding evidence which involves the police acting improperly or even illegally.
8. Opinion evidence
Authors: Spencer Maureen , Spencer John
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and diagrams and flow charts. This chapter explores an area of evidence law dominated by expert witness evidence and the extent to which flawed testimony leads to miscarriages of justice. Expert evidence is now commonplace in criminal and civil trials, and the courts and Parliament have developed procedures to ensure that it is of high quality. These are an eclectic mix of common law and statute and their development reflects the importance of scientific expertise. It is necessary to be familiar with the differences between expert and non-expert opinion evidence and on when and in what circumstances both types are admissible and questions that can be asked of the expert whilst giving evidence. The approach depends on whether the question relates to civil or criminal trials.
11. Mixed topic questions
Authors: Spencer Maureen , Spencer John
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and diagrams and flow charts. This chapter describes how examination questions frequently cover several issues. It is impossible to cover each area in the same depth as single-issue questions so it is important to take time listing matters that raise points of law, then specifying the appropriate statute or case law, and finally applying the law to the given facts. A well-crafted question will not contain redundant information, so be prepared to comment on all parts of it. These questions do not ask for an evaluation or criticism of the law as it is, but for identification of legal issues in the narrative given and application of the law to each. It may be appropriate to refer to academic commentary, particularly in new areas of law.
1. What’s special about land?
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter illustrates the significance of land, and hence of land law. It concentrates on the features that make land special and the distinctive legal rules produced by those features. The chapter explains that the focus of land law is on private property rights to use land. It then demonstrates some important themes of land law by examining an important land law case involving a dispute between an occupier of land and a bank. It is noted that the special features of land sharpen the court's dilemma when deciding between competing claims to the use of land. It also considers the differing judicial philosophies that may influence a court's approach to resolving this dilemma.
3. Registration
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter consists of an introduction to one of the core parts of modern land law: land registration. It examines some of the key aims of the Land Registration Act 2002, and considers in particular the means by which the Act protects registered parties.
5. Legal estates and legal interests
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter investigates legal property rights in land. The numerus clausus (or ‘closed list’) principle is of crucial importance when addressing the content question of legal property rights in land. The Law of Property Act 1925 (LPA 1925) creates a distinction between legal estates and legal interests. As a result of s 1 of LPA 1925, there are now only two permissible legal estates in land. The chapter then explores the content of a freehold and of a lease, and covers the vital question of why the LPA 1925 imposed this limit on the types of permissible legal estate in land. The facts of Hill v Tupper and Keppell v Bailey offer particular examples of a more general question that land law has to tackle when deciding on the content of legal interests in land.
6. Equitable interests
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter explores the content of equitable interests in land, and considers how such rights differ from each of personal rights and legal estates and interests. Equitable interests in land are capable of being asserted against third parties. They have a power lacking in personal rights. The content and acquisition questions are answered differently depending on whether B claims a legal or equitable property right. It is noted that equitable interest in land depends on A's coming under a duty to B. Moreover, as observed, equitable property rights are conceptually different from legal property rights.
7. Formal methods of acquisition:
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter describes the formality requirements that must be complied with for the creation or transfer of legal estates and interests in land. The three stages of creating and transferring legal rights are contract, creation or transfer, and registration. The Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 had increased the formality requirements for contracts and made more severe the consequences of non-compliance. Under s 2 of the 1989 Act, a contract may take the form of a single document signed by both parties or an exchange of documents, each of which has been signed by one of the parties. Non-compliance results in a document being void as a contract for sale of land, but a valid contract may be obtained through use of collateral contracts or rectification. The Law Commission had envisaged the use of estoppel in appropriate cases in which formality requirements for a contract for sale were not complied with. The fundamental objective of the Land Registration Act 2002 is directly associated to the introduction of e-conveyancing. The goal of attaining e-conveyancing has not been deserted, but its introduction appears almost as far away now as it did when the LRA 2002 passed into law.
11. Trusts
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter describes how equitable interests in land are acquired by the creation of a trust. It addresses the acquisition of resulting and constructive trusts of land. The resulting trust arises either through a reluctance to assume that A intended a gift, or to prevent B's unjust enrichment at A's expense. Constructive trusts arise in a number of circumstances in which it is considered unconscionable for the legal owner to assert his or her own beneficial ownership, and to deny the beneficial interest of another. They arise under the doctrine Rochefoucauld v Boustead, and the Pallant v Morgan equity. The doctrine in Rochefoucauld v Boustead imposes a constructive trust to prevent a transferee of land from fraudulently relying on the absence of compliance with formalities to deny a trust pursuant to which the land was transferred. The Pallant v Morgan constructive trust arises where one party acquires land pursuant to an informal commercial joint venture and reneges on an agreement that another party will have an interest in the land. The trust has been categorized as a form of ‘common intention constructive trust’ but this categorization is contentious.
14. Registered land and priorities
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter explores the defences against pre-existing property rights that are available to a purchaser of registered land. It is concerned with priority rules in registered land. The LRA 2002 offers a distinct set of priority rules for one category of transaction: a registrable disposition of a registered estate for valuable consideration. The chapter analyses the priority rules applicable to such transactions, including the effect of limitations on owner's powers, entry of a land registry notice and the category of ‘overriding interests’, in relation to which there is no defence. The chapter concludes by examining the policy of the LRA 2002 to transactions that are tainted by fraud or wrongdoing that is not such as to invalidate the transaction. Such transactions may result, under the general law, in the imposition of personal liability on the registered proprietor, or the creation of new direct rights in favour of a third party.
15. Evaluating the land registration act 2002
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter assesses the impact of the Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002). The Act principally affects the acquisition and defences questions. It considers whether the Act has achieved its aim of providing a comprehensive and accurate register, and also examines if such an aim is a worthwhile one. The effect of the Act depends on whether C's registration can be said to be a ‘mistake’; but that term is not defined in the Act, and so there is room for disagreement amongst judges and commentators as to how the crucial notion of ‘mistake’ should be interpreted. The Act also concentrates on the different question of whether B can assert a pre-existing legal or equitable property right against C. The Law Commission heralded the reforms made by the LRA 2002 as a ‘conveyancing revolution’. At the same time, further changes to conveyancing practice are warranted in order to tackle the perennial frustration experienced by potential homebuyers.
17. Regulating co-ownership:
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter discusses the internal regulation of co-ownership. It is concerned with the content question: the rights enjoyed by co-owners, including their rights and duties in relation to each other, and whether one co-owner can insist on a sale of the land against the wishes of another. The joint tenancy and the tenancy in common are two forms of co-ownership. The chapter explores the operation of survivorship in respect of a joint tenancy and the process through which a joint tenant may become a tenant in common through severance. Co-ownership is terminated once there is a sole legal and equitable owner. The process of partition can also terminate co-ownership. In both forms of co-ownership, the rights and duties of the co-owners are governed through the imposition of a trust of land, regulated by the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TOLATA 1996). TOLATA 1996 contains a procedure enabling disputes relating to land held on trust to be determined by an application to court. The chapter considers how the courts have resolved disputes between the beneficiaries as to whether land should be sold. The chapter also considers the relationship between TOLATA 1996 and ‘home rights’ (of occupation) conferred by the Family Law Act 1996.
19. Co-ownership and priorities:
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter deals with the priority rules applicable where co-owned land is sold or mortgaged. It concentrates on overreaching.. It is theorised that s 27(1) of the Law of the Property Act 1925 (LPA 1925) provides the basis of overreaching. Other theories include that the basis of overreaching lies in the doctrine of conversion and the trustees’ powers of disposition. The chapter considers the preconditions for overreaching to take place and the practical division that arises between trusts with one and two (or more) trustees. The chapter explores the contentious question of the effect on overreaching where a transaction constitutes an intra vires or ultra vires breach of trust and the protection available to purchasers in those circumstances where a breach of trust precludes overreaching.
20. Successive ownership
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter examines more closely the ways in which a trust can be used to divide up the benefits of ownership over time. The importance of successive ownership is first introduced. The existence of a life estate is important to successive ownership. The limited nature and uncertain duration of the life estate affect both the rights of the beneficiary and the commercial value of the estate. Successive interest trusts can be created in the same way as other trusts of land. Those created after the commencement of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 are regulated by that Act. Successive ownership trust can be expressly created through compliance with s 53(1)(b) of the Law of Property Act 1925 (LPA 1925). Under the 1996 Act, the legal title and powers of management are vested in the trustees of land.
23. Regulating leases and protecting occupiers
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter reviews the statutory protection potentially available to B if he or she has a lease. It is shown that, in some cases, B can be seen as having a lease (at least, in the sense used by a particular statute) even if B has no property right. A lease can give B status: the status of a party qualifying for statutory protection. As the Law Commission has noted, however, it is questionable whether the availability of such protection should continue to turn on whether B has a lease rather than a licence.
26. Freehold covenants
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter investigates how certain covenants relating to land between freehold owners can overcome the normal privity of contract rule, and can be enforced by and against third parties. Restrictive covenants significantly control land use, and supplement and complement public planning laws. The burden of a negative covenant will not run at common la but may run in equity by virtue of the Rule in Tulk v Moxhay. The benefit of a restrictive covenant will run if it is: expressly assigned; annexed to the land; or subject to a building scheme. The Lands Chamber of the Upper Tribunal has jurisdiction under s 84 of the Law of Property Act 1925 to modify or extinguish restrictive covenants. Reform recommendations offer a final acknowledgement that both negative and positive covenants affecting land should be a ‘genuine proprietary interests’ rather than ‘a peculiar species of personal contract’.
28. Security interests in land
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter reviews the use of land (or legal and equitable property rights relating to land) as security for the repayment of money by a borrower to a lender. It also describes the charging orders, where their use has increased in the context of the recession. There are four types of security interest: the pledge, the lien, the mortgage, and the charge. The borrower holds the equity of redemption under a classic mortgage by conveyance or sub-demise but its continued relevance under the predominant legal charge by way of mortgage is questionable. It is observed that the domestic lending market has seen the development of Islamic mortgages, the emergence of shared-ownership schemes, and equity release schemes.
29. Protection of the borrower
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter reviews the loan contract and the controls that the law has imposed to protect the borrower. The level of protection differs according to the nature of the borrower and the type of security transaction. Market regulation of the residential mortgage market has increased protection for domestic borrowers. Vitiation factors, particularly undue influence, have impacted upon the creation of collateral mortgages of the family home to secure commercial borrowing. Equitable protection has been provided by controls against penalties, and oppressive and unconscionable terms, as well as by protection of the borrower's equity of redemption. Statutory consumer protection now offers more effective protection to domestic borrowers. The common law, equitable, and statutory control mechanisms are then described and applied to demonstrate the protection they afford against particular mortgage term for instance to control rates of interest and other costs associated with borrowing.
2. Family Relationships between Adults
Authors: Harris-Short Sonia , Miles Joanna , George Rob
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter first considers demographic data on family relationships in England and Wales, and then examines the treatment of ‘trans’ people in this area of family law; and the history of legal recognition of intimate relationships between parties of the same gender. This is then followed by discussions of status-based relationships (marriage and civil partnership); creating a valid marriage or civil partnership; grounds on which a marriage or civil partnership is void; grounds on which a marriage or civil partnership is voidable; and non-formalized relationships (cohabitants and other ‘family’).
6. Financial Provision for Children
Authors: Harris-Short Sonia , Miles Joanna , George Rob
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter, which discusses financial support for children who live apart from one or both parents, whether in a single-parent family, step-family, or with other carers, begins with a brief history of financial provision for children. It then discusses the current law on child support; court-based provision; ‘family-based arrangements’ and other private ordering; and policy questions relating to the financial support of children.
10. Parental Responsibility
Authors: Harris-Short Sonia , Miles Joanna , George Rob
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines the concept of parental responsibility and its legal significance; the various legislative provisions dealing with who automatically holds parental responsibility, as well as how, and by whom, it may be acquired; the exercise of parental responsibility and the various restrictions that may be imposed on the decision-making authority of those who hold it; and the rights and responsibilities of those adults who care for a child but do not have parental responsibility.
11. Private Disputes over Children
Authors: Harris-Short Sonia , Miles Joanna , George Rob
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter, which examines the current legal framework for resolving private law disputes over children, first considers procedural issues germane to all private law disputes, including the extent to which children are able to participate in these proceedings. It then turns to the three main private law orders available under the Children Act 1989—child arrangements orders, specific issue orders, and prohibited steps orders—and recent initiatives to try and improve the way in which disputes about children’s upbringing are handled, including detailed discussion of relocation disputes.
ketumutant mice uncover an essential meiotic function for the ancient RNA helicase YTHDC2
Authors: Jain Devanshi , Rhyan Puno M. , Meydan Cem , Lailler Nathalie , Mason Christopher E. , Lima Christopher D. , Anderson Kathryn V. , Keeney Scott
Published: August 2017

Mechanisms regulating mammalian meiotic progression are poorly understood. Here we identify mouse YTHDC2 as a critical component. A screen yielded a sterile mutant, “ketu”, caused by aYthdc2missense mutation. Mutant germ cells enter meiosis but proceed prematurely to aberrant metaphase and apoptosis, and display defects in transitioning from spermatogonial to meiotic gene expression programs.ketuphenocopies mutants lacking MEIOC, a YTHDC2 partner. Consistent with roles in post-transcriptional regulation, YTHDC2 is cytoplasmic, has 3′ → 5′ RNA helicase activityin vitro,and has similarity within its YTH domain to anN6-methyladenosine recognition pocket. Orthologs are present throughout metazoans, but are diverged in nematodes and, more dramatically, Drosophilidae, where Bgcn is descended from aYthdc2gene duplication. We also uncover similarity between MEIOC and Bam, a Bgcn partner unique to schizophoran flies. We propose that regulation of gene expression by YTHDC2-MEIOC is an evolutionarily ancient strategy for controlling the germline transition into meiosis.
Archaeogenetics of Late Iron Age Çemialo Sırtı, Batman: Investigating maternal genetic continuity in North Mesopotamia since the Neolithic
Authors: Yaka Reyhan , Birand Ayşegül , Yılmaz Yasemin , Caner Ceren , Açan Sinan Can , Gündüzalp Sidar , Parvizi Poorya , Özdoğan Aslı Erim , Togan Zehra İnci , Somel Mehmet
Published: August 2017

North Mesopotamia has witnessed dramatic political and social change since the Bronze Age, but the impact of these events on its demographic history is little understood. Here we study this question by analysing the recently excavated Late Iron Age settlement of Çemialo Sırtı in Batman, southeast Turkey. Archaeological and/or radiocarbon evidence indicate that the site was inhabited during two main periods: the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE and the first millennium BCE. Çemialo Sırtı reveals nomadic items of the Early Iron Age, as well as items associated with the Late Achaemenid and subsequent Hellenistic Periods. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes from 12 Çemialo Sırtı individuals reveal high genetic diversity in this population, conspicuously higher than early Holocene west Eurasian populations, which supports the notion of increasing population admixture in west Eurasia through the Holocene. Still, in its mtDNA composition, Çemialo Sırtı shows highest affinity to Neolithic north Syria and Neolithic Anatolia among ancient populations studied, and to modern-day southwest Asian populations. Population genetic simulations do not reject continuity between Neolithic and Iron Age, nor between Iron Age and present-day populations of the region. Despite the region’s complex political history and indication for increased genetic diversity over time, we find no evidence for sharp shifts in north Mesopotamian maternal genetic composition within the last 10,000 years.
Response of oriental xerophytes to the occidental industrial revolution
Authors: Manafzadeh Sara , Staedler Yannick M. , Moazzeni Hamid , Masson David , Schönenberger Jürg , Conti Elena
Published: August 2017

Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities have contributed substantially to climate change, by adding CO2to the atmosphere, especially since the mid-20thcentury (the “Great Acceleration”). Climatic change does not have the same impact on different regions of the Earth, neither in the recorded past, nor in models of the future. Therefore, to anticipate on these changes, we need to understand and be able to predict the possible responses of the different regional vegetations of the world to these changes, and most significantly to increased drought conditions. The aim of this study is to understand the response of the xerophytes of the immense oriental Irano-Turanian bioregion to post-industrial global warming and to compare it with the response of the xerophytes of the neighbouring occidental Mediterranean bioregion. We measured stomata index and stomata density from 83 herbarium sheets (coll. 1821-2014) from species of the non-succulent xerophyte,Haplophyllum. We tested for differences before and after the “Great Acceleration” in both bioregions. SI decreased in the occidental species (significant only for abaxial leaf side), whereas SI significantly increased in the oriental species (both sides). We suggest that changes in both occidental and oriental species are linked to atmospheric CO2due to the different constraints that act on their growth. In light-limited occidental species, atmospheric CO2caused the stomata index decrease, whereas in the predominantly water-limited oriental species, increased drought stress and temperature (climatic change) caused stomata index increase. In conclusion, we propose that whereas atmospheric CO2directly caused a decrease in stomata index in occidental xerophytes, it indirectly caused an increase in stomata index in oriental xerophytesviaclimate change (increase in aridity, drought stress, and temperature). This study highlights the considerable potential of research based on historical herbarium collections to answer ecological questions, especially regarding climatic change.
Genetic screen suggests an alternative mechanism for azide-mediated inhibition of SecA
Authors: Chandler Rachael , Jamshad Mohammed , Yule Jack , Robinson Ashley , Alam Farhana , Dunne Karl A. , Nabi Naomi , Henderson Ian , Huber Damon
Published: August 2017

Sodium azide prevents bacterial growth by inhibiting the activity of SecA, which is required for translocation of proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. Azide inhibits ATP turnoverin vitro, but its mechanism of actionin vivois unclear. To investigate how azide inhibits SecA in cells, we used transposon directed insertion-site sequencing (TraDIS) to screen a library of transposon insertion mutants for mutations that affect the susceptibility ofE. colito azide. Insertions disrupting components of the Sec machinery generally increased susceptibility to azide, but insertions truncating the C-terminal tail (CTT) of SecA decreased susceptibility ofE. colito azide. Treatment of cells with azide caused increased aggregation of the CTT, suggesting that azide disrupts its structure. Analysis of the metal-ion content of the CTT indicated that SecA binds to iron and the azide disrupts the interaction of the CTT with iron. Azide also disrupted binding of SecA to membrane phospholipids, as did alanine substitutions in the metal-coordinating amino acids. Furthermore, treating purified phospholipid-bound SecA with azide in the absence of added nucleotide disrupted binding of SecA to phospholipids. Our results suggest that azide does not inhibit SecA by inhibiting the rate of ATP turnoverin vivo. Rather, azide inhibits SecA by causing it to “backtrack” from the ADP-bound to the ATP-bound conformation, which disrupts the interaction of SecA with the cytoplasmic membrane.

Significance statement

SecA is a bacterial ATPase that is required for the translocation of a subset of secreted proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. Sodium azide is a well-known inhibitor of SecA, but its mechanism of actionin vivois poorly understood. To investigate this mechanism, we examined the effect of azide on the growth of a library of ∼1 million transposon insertion mutations. Our results suggest that azide causes SecA to backtrack in its ATPase cycle, which disrupts binding of SecA to the membrane and to its metal cofactor, which is iron. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanism by which SecA drives protein translocation and how this essential biological process can be disrupted.
Electron-bunch lengthening on higher-harmonic oscillations in storage-ring free-electron lasers
Authors: Sei Norihiro , Ogawa Hiroshi , Okuda Shuichi
Published: August 2017

The influence of higher-harmonic free-electron laser (FEL) oscillations on an electron beam have been studied by measuring its bunch length at the NIJI-IV storage ring. The bunch length and the lifetime of the electron beam were measured, and were observed to have become longer owing to harmonic lasing, which is in accord with the increase of the FEL gain. It was demonstrated that the saturated FEL power could be described by the theory of bunch heating, even for the harmonic lasing. Cavity-length detuning curves were measured for the harmonic lasing, and it was found that the width of the detuning curve was proportional to a parameter that depended on the bunch length. These experimental results will be useful for developing compact resonator-type FELs by using higher harmonics in the extreme-ultraviolet and the X-ray regions.
Bankaool Bank: architecting an online-only financial brand
Authors: Reyes-Mercado Pável
Published: August 2017

Subject area

Marketing of financial products.

Study level/applicability

Graduate level. Occasionally, for undergraduate students with a strong background on branding strategies and strategic analysis. Applicable to analyze how companies can improve their branding strategies in highly regulated industries.

Case overview

In 2016, Claire Solís was discussing with her team the paths to ignite growth and brand awareness of the only digital bank in Mexico. To better position the brand on the Mexican financial market, Bankaool had decided to go 100 per cent online, a branch-less institution. The case presents a condensed history of banking and the shifts in digital consumer behavior. As the case continues, Bankaool products are introduced along with some concerns to keep the business going, particularly, regarding the bank’s health and further growth. The newly appointed CMO and her team have to decide next steps to boost product growth just before the Fintech industry grows more mature and competitive – a scenario of more complex decisions. While they reckoned the potential of Bankaool in sales for the short term, they also need a strategy to position the Bankaool brand in the long term while they struggle with a need to accelerate growth and generate a return for investors.

Expected learning outcomes

To understand the launching of a new bank in the digital arena. To understand consumer behavior in a setting of increasingly higher digital coverage and diffusion of smart devices. To recognize that brand value goes well beyond product development and launch. To gain awareness on the perks and perils of a digital-only bank.

Supplementary materials

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Subject code

CSS 8: Marketing.
Private label brands: a relationship perspective
Authors: Sutton-Brady Catherine , Taylor Tom , Kamvounias Patty
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The Australian supermarket industry has long been dominated by two players – Coles and Woolworths. Most recently this dominance has increased significantly and the “Big 2” have used their power more effectively and have introduced an ever-increasing number of “private label” products on supermarket shelves. This study aims to investigate the effect these products have had on the relationship between the supermarkets (buyers) and their suppliers.

Design/methodology/approach

This qualitative study used in-depth, high engagement interviews with a range of suppliers. An extensive data analysis process was carried out to ensure the coding of the key insights into themes, which helped to answer the aims and objectives of the research.

Findings

A key contribution of this study has been to highlight the ability of supermarket chains to increase existing dominance by using their ever-increasing private label brand portfolio. The findings indicate an uncertain future for food suppliers, with the situation likely to continue to worsen further as the supermarkets continue to exercise and abuse their power.

Originality/value

This paper’s main contribution lies in providing a greater understanding of the significance of the effect of private labels on relationships and the implications of these effects. The impact of the supermarket dominance on innovation is especially interesting, given that this has not been previously discussed in the literature. Additionally, the deterioration in trust is significant in this context and to an extent that is rarely seen.
Why and how are social media used in a B2B context, and which stakeholders are involved?
Authors: Andersson Svante , Wikström Niclas
Published: August 2017

Purpose

This study aims to explore why and how business-to-business (B2B) companies use social media and which users and stakeholders they communicate with.

Design/methodology/approach

The study employs a case study approach because of its exploratory nature. Data from three companies consisted of interviews and observation of websites. The analysis includes within-case and cross-case displays to find patterns and themes in the data.

Findings

The study shows that companies in a B2B contexts use social media as communication to enhance customer relationships, support sales and build their brands, in line with prior research. However, they also use social media as a recruiting tool, a seeking tool and a product information and service tool.

Research limitations/implications

The findings confirm extant literature showing that B2B companies can directly influence content through corporate user accounts. Furthermore, firms in early stages of social media do not target any special stakeholders with broader messages, while more experienced social media users develop special messages for different stakeholders.

Practical implications

This study contributes by shedding light on how B2B companies use social media. It also shows how different channels are effective with different stakeholders.

Originality/value

Few studies have investigated the use of social media in a B2B context. This study goes beyond prior work by detailing how different social media tools are used, identifying different users and stakeholders, and explaining why different tools are used for different purposes targeted towards different stakeholders. New applications of the use of social media are also identified.
A conceptual framework for successful salesperson role change management
Authors: Oh Joon-Hee
Published: August 2017

Purpose

This study aims to provide a conceptual framework on salesperson role change process and, based on the framework, builds propositions to assist future empirical research in business-to-business sales force management and to help sales organizations better understand the changing salesperson role and successfully redesign their sales model.

Design/methodology/approach

This study reviews and discusses the dynamics observed in the current marketplace and uses appraisal theory to claim that salesperson role change is individual salesperson’s affective decision and subsequent action after a cognitive appraisal of surrounding environmental changes. To support, this study presents a dichotomous classification on salesperson role and presents salesperson role change process that shows individual salespersons’ decision selectively made in the process.

Findings

Salesperson role change is individual salesperson’s affective decision and subsequent action after a cognitive appraisal of surrounding environmental changes. The role change is individual salespersons’ decision selectively made in their role change process. In the process, they either replicate or transform their (prior) experience for learning and skill changes that subsequently change their role. The individual-led role change may not be found in every salesperson.

Originality/value

Advancing the traditional view on the evolving role of salespeople, this study holds a view for both unchanging and changing nature of salesperson roles. This study uses appraisal theory to show how salespeople make an adaptive decision based on the evoked emotions to change (or not to change) their roles. Unlike the earlier frameworks, the current salesperson role change process shows how individual salespersons opt to change their roles.
Accounting-marketing integration dimensions and antecedents: insights from a frontier market
Authors: Opute Abdullah Promise , Madichie Nnamdi O.
Published: August 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to evaluate the working relationship between accounting and marketing, exploring the nature and antecedents of their integration and consequences on firm performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodological approach in this study is twofold. First, a review of literature is used to identify core antecedents in the body of literature. Subsequently, four exploratory case studies were used in examining the antecedents of accounting–marketing integration from a frontier market perspective.

Findings

This study identifies information sharing and involvement as core elements of accounting–marketing integration; cultural diversity and management mechanisms (policy, structural and procedural justice) as antecedents of accounting–marketing integration; and country of origin as a mediating factor on the extent of association of some variables on their integration. Finally, this study establishes that there is a positive association between accounting–marketing integration and organisational performance.

Research limitations/implications

This study has two major limitations. First, it is qualitative and based on a review of literature and evidence from four case studies. Second, it explored only the less developed country context. Future research should, therefore, aim to address these gaps.

Practical implications

This study draws attention to the fact that accounting and marketing are culturally diverse, and strategic managerial mechanisms must be used to maintain a relevant and effective level of information sharing and involvement towards enhancing organisational performance.

Originality/value

Using exploratory case studies to support the development of a framework, the authors contend that organisations would optimise organisational performance if due attention is given to both information sharing and involvement dimensions of integration, as well as appropriate managerial mechanisms adopted in managing their relationship.