bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Property Evaluation of Low-Si Aluminum Casting Alloys for Thermal Dissipation
Authors: Shin Je Sik , Kim Ki Tae , An Dong Jin , Ko Seh Yun
Published: July 2013

To develop an aluminium alloy which may combine high thermal conductivity and good castability and anodizability, Al-(0.5~1.5)Mg-1Fe-0.5Si and Al-(1.0~1.5)Si-1Fe-1Zn alloys were assessed as potential candidates. The alloys exhibited 170~190% thermal conductivity, 60~85% fluidity, and equal or higher ultimate tensile strength compared to those of ADC12 alloy.
The Strength and Ductility of 5483 Aluminium Alloy Processed by Various SPD Methods
Authors: Bazarnik Piotr , Romelczyk Barbara , Kulczyk Mariusz , Lewandowska Małgorzata
Published: July 2013

Grain size refinement is an efficient way to improve mechanical strength and thus make light metals even lighter in terms of specific strength. However, the strength improvement is at the expense of ductility. Therefore, a better understanding of microstructural factors influencing both parameters is of prime importance for further development of ultrafine grained materials. In this work, we report results obtained for 5483 aluminium alloy which was subjected to several severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods, i.e. equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), Hydrostatic Extrusion (HE) and the combination of the two. Detailed microstructural analysis revealed significant difference in the grain size and grain boundary characteristics between samples obtained following different routes. It was found that although the grain size is a prime microstructural parameter determining mechanical strength, second order factors such as grain size distribution and distribution of grain boundary misorientation angles also play a significant role.
Process Optimization and Microstructure Control for Twin Screw Rheo-Extrusion of an AZ91D Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Cassinath Zen , Xia Ming Xu , Huang Yan , Fan Zhong Yun
Published: July 2013

Twin screw rheo extrusion (TSRE) is a continuous semisolid forming process. The process takes advantage of the thixotropic properties of semisolid metal slurry and the high shear, controllable forward driving and self-sweeping capabilities of a counter rotating twin screw mechanism, offering a one-step melt-to-product forming technology with significant savings on energy consumption and manufacturing cost. The present work was carried out to investigate the feasibility of the process for processing light alloys using an AZ91D magnesium alloy and to obtain optimized operation conditions for microstructure control. A range of processing parameters was tested for slurry making, feeding and extrusion and their effect on microstructure development was examined. Experimental results showed that slurry with non-dendritic primary phase particles of various volume fractions, typical of semisolid microstructure, was obtained prior to extrusion. The particles were further refined during extrusion due to dynamic shearing applied by the twin screw mechanism under controlled thermal schemes and the final microstructure obtained after extrusion was dominated by uniformly distributed equiaxed, non-dendritic spherical grains and the average grain size was in the range of 35-80 mm, depending on processing parameters. This paper presents the performance of the TSRE process, focussing on process optimization and microstructure control. Mechanisms of microstructural refinement and particle morphology evolution are discussed.
Age Hardening of Mg-3Zn-xCa (X = 0, 0.5, 1.0) wt.% Alloys
Authors: Kubok Katarzyna , Litynska-Dobrzyńska Lidia , Wierzbica-Miernik Anna , Wojewoda-Budka Joanna
Published: July 2013

Alloys of nominal composition Mg-3Zn-xCa (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0) wt.% were prepared by resistance melting and casting under a protective argon atmosphere. All specimens were examined by hardness tests during ageing at 175 °C. It was shown that calcium addition causes the increase in hardness. A detailed characterisation of microstructure of metastable phases has been carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Calcium addition resulted in much refined and more homogeneous distribution of the precipitates when compared with the binary Mg-3%Zn alloy. The age-hardening of the ternary alloy is attributed to the fine disc-shape plates lying on the basal plane of the matrix.
Recrystallization and Grain Growth Related Texture and Microstructure Evolution in Two Rolled Magnesium Rare-Earth Alloys
Authors: Basu Indranil , Al Samman Talal , Gottstein Günter
Published: July 2013

Two binary alloys, Mg-1Ce and Mg-1Gd (wt.%), were subjected to severe deformation via. single-pass rolling, followed by annealing treatments at different temperatures. Optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction techniques were applied to characterize the respective texture and microstructure evolution. Correlations between the material composition and the deformation, recrystallization and grain growth events were established. Mg-1Ce displayed typical split basal textures post rolling with little modification during the transition from deformation to recrystallization, eventually producing a predominantly basal texture. On the other hand, Mg-1Gd produced significant texture modification, starting from a split basal deformation texture, which was eventually replaced by a RD-TD double split texture. The texture modification in the Mg-1Gd alloy was attributed to favorable grain growth during the recrystallization and grain growth events.
Investigation of Twinning Activity in Magnesium Using Advanced In Situ Methods
Authors: Máthis Kristián , Čapek Jan , Lukáš Petr , Brown Donald W. , Clausen Bjørn
Published: July 2013

The high-resolution neutron diffraction and acoustic emission (AE) techniques have been used for in-situ investigation of deformation twinning and microstructure evolution in cast polycrystalline magnesium. The combination of these two techniques results in obtaining complementary information about the twinning mechanism and evolution of the dislocation structure during the straining. The dependence of the mechanisms of the plastic deformation on loading mode is discussed in detail. The microscopy investigations revealed a difference in twin number and size after tension and compression, respectively.
Enhanced Performance of Steel-Aluminium Cast Nodes through Cold Metal Transfer
Authors: Ucsnik Stephan , Gradinger Rudolf , Becirovic Almedin , Waldhör Andreas
Published: July 2013

At present, enhancement of hybrid metal joints for tensile pull-out load through overlap surfaces with a macro-scale roughness is one scope of research. The macro-scale roughness is established through the modified arc-welding process, called “cold metal transfer pin” (CMT-pin), which enables repetitive manufacturing of arrays of metal reinforcements (pins) on parent metal surfaces.Hybrid metal joints between parent steel sleeves and cast aluminium alloy have been investigated. Joint surfaces of parent steel sleeves, which have cylindrical cross-sections, are modified by cylinder and ballhead pins. Cast metal joints were tested under uniaxial tensile loading. At the same time, their load transfer behaviour was determined. Results of tensile tests of hybrid metal joints with different kinds of pins, as well as with different amounts of pins are presented. Comparisons with reference joints without pins or with steel sleeves containing a harmonious triangular polygon cross-section ("P3G") and endings with an enlarged diameter are carried out.The results show an enhanced load transfer performance in the case of hybrid metal joints with pins, as well as enhanced performance measures compared to reference joints. It is also shown that the pin quantity has a major impact on the ultimate joint strength and the irreversible energy absorption density. The use of a certain quantity of pins leads to a change of the failure shape of the joints, which includes steel sleeve pull-out and pin shear to rupture of the cast aluminium.
Investigation of Fusion Weldments of Semi-Solid Aluminium A356 Alloy: Pool Geometry and Microstructure
Authors: Sandhya S. , Phanikumar G.
Published: July 2013

A fusion welding technique to join a semi-solid processed A356 cast plate is explored using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). Semi-solid metal (SSM) billets of non-dendritic microstructure produced by rheocasting in a mould placed inside a linear electromagnetic stirrer were used for this study. GTAW experiments were conducted to simulate different thermal gradients near the fusion zone. The geometries of the weld pool as well as the temperature gradient in the fusion boundary were measured to understand the microstructure evolution. Simulation of the welding process was performed to aid in the analysis. Quantitative metallography provided the shape factor as a measure of globularity of the primary a-Al phase. Based on the studies, a model has been proposed to explain the observation of globular microstructure in the fusion zone of the welds. Conclusions show a positive correlation of thermal gradient with globular microstructure formation in this class of alloys.
Hot Cracking Susceptibility in the TIG Joint of AZ31 Mg-Alloy Plates Produced by the TRC Process with and without Intensive Melt Shearing
Authors: Xue Xiao Hui , Wang Yun , Stone Ian , Fan Zhong Yun
Published: July 2013

AZ31 Mg-alloy plates produced by both conventional twin roll casting (TRC) and the melt-conditioned TRC (MC-TRC) processes were used to compare the hot cracking susceptibility in the joints of one bead-on-plate TIG welds. The plates cast with melt shearing were employed as the welding wire. The results showed that the MC-TRC plate has higher liquefied cracking resistance in the heat affected zone (HAZ) than that of the TRC plate. The improved liquefied cracking resistance of the MC-TRC plate can be attributed to the well dispersed and uniformly distributed eutectic regions in the MC-TRC microstructure.
Characterization of an Mg-2Zn-1Ca 1β-TCP Composite Fabricated by High Shear Solidification and ECAE
Authors: Huang Yan , Liu De Bao , Xia Ming Xu , Anguiliano Lorna
Published: July 2013

A biodegradable Mg matrix and nano β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) particles reinforced composite Mg-2Zn-1Ca-1β-TCP was fabricated for biomedical applications by high shear solidification combined with equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE). Optical and electron microscopy, EBSD analysis and mechanical and electrochemical testing were carried out to characterize the microstructure, texture and mechanical and corrosion resistance of the material. The high shear solidification resulted in a fine and uniform grain structure with β-TCP particles evenly distributed in the matrix in clusters of 5-20 μm in size. The as-cast microstructure was replaced by a refined deformation microstructure after ECAE processing at 300 °C, during which the β-TCP particle clusters were largely dispersed, giving rise to the formation of a uniform dispersion of individual β-TCP particles in the matrix. The deformation processing by ECAE increased both the hardness and the corrosion resistance of the material. The dispersed individual nano β-TCP particles were considered to be an important factor responsible for the improved corrosion resistance after ECAE. Texture development during ECAE and its effect on the corrosion resistance was examined.
Effect of Combined Electromagnetic Fields on the Structure of a HDC Casting 2024 Al Alloy Ingot
Authors: Zhu Qing Feng , Zhao Zhi Hao , Zuo Yu Bo , Li Lei , Cui Jian Zhong
Published: July 2013

2024 Al alloy ingot with diameter of 100 mm is produced by conventional and combined electromagnetic fields (CEMF) horizontal direction chill (HDC) casting processes. The effect of CEMF on the ingot structure is investigated. The results show that the CEMF is effective in changing the inner structure of the 2024 HDC cast ingot. In the conventional HDC ingot, feathery grains mainly distribute over the majority of the area of the ingot, and coarse equiaxed grains mixed with coarse floating grains distribute in a crescent-shaped area near the bottom surface. With the application of the CEMF, the majority of the feathery grains transform to fine equiaxed grains, and the mixture of feathery and fine grains only exist in the area near the upper surface. In addition, the coarse floating grains completely disappeared in the ingot with the application of CEMF.
Pressure Measurements and Numerical Simulation of Underwater Shock Wave for Food Processing
Authors: Iwasa Seisaku , Kira Akio , Maehara Hironori , Nishi Masatoshi , Watanabe Toshiaki , Itoh Shigeru , Hokamoto Kazuyuki
Published: July 2013

This study attempts to clarify underwater shock waves using a food container designed for food processing. The underwater shock wave is driven by a spark or wire explosion from a high-capacity condenser bank. Since the applied pressure must be known to control the experimental conditions, a numerical simulation was conducted and the results were compared with measurements using an elastic bar placed in the water.
Research on Electric Discharge Shock Crush Method Using Thin Wire
Authors: Kamo Toshihiro , Ishimatsu Kazuaki , Murayama Koichi , Iyama Hirofumi
Published: July 2013

Recently, construction methods using gunpowder have been widely used to crush bedrock, concrete, etc. However, when these methods are used in urban areas, there can be negative safety and environmental effects. Therefore, there has been a growing demand for electric discharge shock crush, which is a static, non-blasting crush method that does not use gunpowder.
This research aims to develop a method of controlling the crack direction during electric discharge shock crush. For the experiment, we used test pieces with a water-cement ratio of 55%, a height of 200 mm, and a diameter of 100 mm. Then, we created four types of wedge shape to use on the test pieces, including a two-way wedge shape, a three-way wedge shape (a downward wedge is added), a lateral disc wedge shape, and a four-way wedge shape (decahedron).
For the discharge characteristics, the current and voltage waveforms had little difference between the test pieces, and it was confirmed that a larger waveform resulted from an increase in the charging voltage. Also, the two-way wedge shape could not control the crack direction. However, the three-way wedge shape could control a crack in the vertical direction and divide the test piece into two pieces. Thus, it is important to have a downward wedge (three-way wedge) to control the crack in the vertical direction. In addition, the lateral disc wedge shape generates a crack in the horizontal direction, and as a result, the test piece was sliced horizontally like a disc. Also, the four-way wedge shape cracked the test piece in the vertical and horizontal directions along the edges of the wedge. In conclusion, it was found that the wedge shape controls the crack directions.
A RAFU linear space uniformly dense in C [a, b]
Authors: Corbacho Cortés Eduardo
Published: July 2013

In this paper we prove that a RAFU (radical functions) linear space, ∁, is uniformly dense in C [a, b] by means of a S-separation condition of certain subsets of [a, b] due to Blasco-Moltó. This linear space is not a lattice or an algebra. Given an arbitrary function f 2 C [a, b] we will obtain easily the sequence (Cn)n of ∁ that converges uniformly to f and we will show the degree of uniform approximation to f with (Cn)n.
MODIS 3 km aerosol product: algorithm and global perspective
Authors: Remer L. A. , Mattoo S. , Levy R. C. , Munchak L. A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. After more than a decade of producing a nominal 10 km aerosol product based on the dark target method, the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol team will be releasing a nominal 3 km product as part of their Collection 6 release. The new product differs from the original 10 km product only in the manner in which reflectance pixels are ingested, organized and selected by the aerosol algorithm. Overall, the 3 km product closely mirrors the 10 km product. However, the finer resolution product is able to retrieve over the ocean closer to islands and coastlines, and is better able to resolve fine aerosol features such as smoke plumes over both ocean and land. In some situations, it provides retrievals over entire regions that the 10 km product barely samples. In situations traditionally difficult for the dark target algorithm such as over bright or urban surfaces, the 3 km product introduces isolated spikes of artificially high aerosol optical depth (AOD) that the 10 km algorithm avoids. Over land, globally, the 3 km product appears to be 0.01 to 0.02 higher than the 10 km product, while over ocean, the 3 km algorithm is retrieving a proportionally greater number of very low aerosol loading situations. Based on collocations with ground-based observations for only six months, expected errors associated with the 3 km land product are determined to be greater than that of the 10 km product: ± 0.05 ± 0.20 AOD. Over ocean, the suggestion is for expected errors to be the same as the 10 km product: ± 0.03 ± 0.05 AOD, but slightly less accurate in the coastal zone. The advantage of the product is on the local scale, which will require continued evaluation not addressed here. Nevertheless, the new 3 km product is expected to provide important information complementary to existing satellite-derived products and become an important tool for the aerosol community.
Characterization of aura tropospheric emissions spectrometer carbonyl sulfide retrievals
Authors: Kuai L. , Worden J. , Kulawik S. S. , Montzka S. A. , Liu J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. We present a description of the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) carbonyl sulfide (OCS) retrieval algorithm, along with evaluation of the biases and uncertainties against aircraft profiles from the HIPPO campaign and data from the NOAA Mauna Loa site. In general, the OCS retrievals (1) have less than 1.0 degree of freedom for signals (DOFs), (2) are sensitive in the mid-troposphere with a peak sensitivity typically between 300 to 500 hPa, (3) but have much smaller systematic errors from temperature, CO2 and H2O calibrations relative to random errors from measurement noise. Here we estimate the monthly means from TES measurements averaged over multiple years so that random errors are reduced and useful information about OCS seasonal and latitudinal variability can be derived. With this averaging, TES OCS data are found to be consistent (within the calculated uncertainties) with NOAA ground observations and HIPPO aircraft measurements. TES OCS data also captures the seasonal and latitudinal variations observed by these in situ data.
Small diversity effects on ocean primary production under environmental change in a diversity-resolving ocean ecosystem model
Authors: Prowe A. E. F. , Pahlow M. , Dutkiewicz S. , Oschlies A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Marine ecosystem models used to investigate how global change affects ocean ecosystems and their functioning typically omit pelagic diversity. Diversity, however, can affect functions such as primary production and their sensitivity to environmental changes. Using a global ocean ecosystem model that explicitly resolves phytoplankton diversity within four phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) we investigate the model's ability to capture diversity effects on primary production under environmental change. An idealized scenario with a sudden reduction in vertical mixing causes diversity and primary-production changes that turn out to be largely independent of the number of coexisting phytoplankton types. The model provides a small number of niches with respect to nutrient use in accordance with the PFTs defined in the model, and increasing the number of phytoplankton types increases the resolution within the niches. The variety of traits and trade-offs resolved in the model constrains diversity effects such as niche complementarity, which operate between, but not within PFTs. The number and nature of the niches formulated in the model, for example via trade-offs or different PFTs, thus determines the diversity effects on ecosystem functioning captured in ocean ecosystem models.
SURVEYING WORLD HERITAGE ISLAMIC MONUMENTS IN NORTH AFRICA: EXPERIENCES WITH SIMPLE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TOOLS AND NO PREVIOUS PLANNING
Authors: Almagro A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Different experiences of surveys of Islamic monuments from different sites of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco are presented. They have been made with simple tools: one photographic camera and a laser meter, without a previous planning or prevision for the survey, profiting from visits organized during scientific meetings to which the author was invited. Some of these monuments belong to sites included in the World Heritage List, but no metric documents or only low quality information is available. Monumental Almohad gates from Rabat and Marrakech, the al-Badi palace of Marrakech, the minarets of Mansura and the Qala of Beni Hammad, the dome in front of the mihrab of the mosque of Tlemcen are some of the examples to be presented. The methodology applied is based on ideas and tools acquired in CIPA meetings proving the usefulness of these encounters but supporting the idea that "providers" should provide tools and methods and "users" should be responsible for documentation, never missing the opportunity of acquiring knowledge from the heritage during the survey process.
POSSIBILITY TO USE MOBILE LEARNING TO PROMOTE WORLD HERITAGE SITE PRESERVATION AWARENESS IN LUANG PRABANG, LAO PDR: A READINESS STUDY
Authors: Poong Y. S. , Yamaguchi S. , Takada J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. This paper elucidates the current state of mobile technology readiness among young adults in higher education institution based on surveys and interviews. Although Lao PDR is ranked as low category in the ICT Index by International Telecommunication Union (ITU), findings show that there exists high level of readiness among the young adults. Recommendations for future research are developed to guide the development of mobile learning application with the aim to promote World Heritage Site preservation awareness.
GIS AND LAND HISTORY: THE DOCUMENTATION OF THE ANCIENT AOSTA DUKEDOM
Authors: Rinaudo F. , Devoti C.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. GIS technology has been recognised as one of the best instruments able to join and relate data coming from different disciplines involved in a documentation process of Cultural Heritage objects. The RecorDIM (Recording, Documentation and Information Management) project defined some general rules to be followed when GIS technology is used to share documentation results among all the possible users (e.g. conservators, restorers, land planners, etc.). The aim of the paper is to show a real application of the proposed rules inside an Interreg III-A (community initiative seeking to favour the harmonious and even development of European territory by encouraging cross-border cooperation) ALCOTRA (Alpi Latine COoperazione TRAnsfrontaliera) project managed by the Italian Valle d'Aosta Region. The Valle d'Aosta Region assigned to the Politecnico di Torino research group (teachers of the High School on Cultural Heritage and Landscape) the goal of placing the results of the archaeological and historical investigations inside a not structured GIS files. This particular approach will allow the integration of the collected data in the regional GIS used for land planning and land risk assessment. This approach required a planning of the recording strategies adopted by the different specialists involved in the project and the structuring of the collected data in a way that could allow the dissemination of the results among all the land planners at every scale (from regional scale up to urban scale). The proposed approach will allow an easy and direct access to the results of historical and archaeological investigations to the specialists involved in the plan of future landscapes and land uses.
THE USE OF SAHRIS AS A STATE SPONSORED DIGITAL HERITAGE REPOSITORY AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Wiltshire N. G.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. SAHRA has developed versions 1 and 2 of the South African Heritage Resources Information System (SAHRIS – http://www.sahra.org.za) in 2012 and 2013. The system has been rolled out since May 2012 to the national and provincial heritage authorities in South Africa in line with the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999). SAHRIS was developed using Drupal and Geoserver, both of which are free open source software packages. The three core functions of SAHRIS include: an online application system for developments that is integrated with a commenting module for public participation; a national sites archive of heritage sites; and a comprehensive collections management system for objects. With Geoserver, Openlayers and GMAP, users are provided with an online GIS platform that is integrated with most of the content types on SAHRIS. More than 21000 sites have already been migrated into SAHRIS along with over 4300 objects. The media and reports archive has already grown to 500 gigabytes, data storage is offered free of charge and so far 96 Terabytes of replicated storage have been installed. The distribution and dissemination of this content is facilitated by the adoption of The Creative Commons South Africa license. Lessons learnt from previous attempts to develop SAHRIS are covered briefly in light of the opportunities that have been opened up by the relatively recent maturation of FOSS content management systems. The current uptake of SAHRIS and the solutions to the challenges faced thus far are discussed before concluding with the implications for E-governance in South Africa.
A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPED WITH OPEN SOURCE TOOLS
Authors: Chudyk C. , Müller H. , Uhler M. , Würriehausen F.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Since 2010, the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany has developed a cultural landscape information system as a process to secure and further enrich aggregate data about its cultural assets. In an open dialogue between governing authorities and citizens, the intention of the project is an active cooperation of public and private actors. A cultural landscape information system called KuLIS was designed as a web platform, combining semantic wiki software with a geographic information system. Based on data sets from public administrations, the information about cultural assets can be extended and enhanced by interested participants. The developed infrastructure facilitates local information accumulation through a crowdsourcing approach. This capability offers new possibilities for e-governance and open data developments. The collaborative approach allows governing authorities to manage and supervise official data, while public participation enables affordable information acquisition. Gathered cultural heritage information can provide incentives for touristic valorisation of communities or concepts for strengthening regional identification. It can also influence political decisions in defining significant cultural regions worth of protecting from industrial influences. The presented cultural landscape information allows citizens to influence the statewide development of cultural landscapes in a democratic way.
Analysis of sea cliff slope stability integrating traditional geomechanical surveys and remote sensing
Authors: Martino S. , Mazzanti P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. An integrated approach to the geomechanical characterization of coastal sea cliffs was demonstrated at Mt. Pucci (Gargano promontory, Southern Italy) by performing direct traditional geomechanical and remote geostructural investigations via Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). The consistency of the integrated techniques allowed us to achieve a comprehensive and affordable characterization of the main joint sets on the sea cliff slope. The observed joint sets were observed to evaluate the susceptibility of the slope to rock falls by attributing safety factors (SFs) to the topple- and wedge-prone rock blocks under three triggering conditions: (a) filling with static water, (b) seismic action, and (c) weathering of joint surfaces. The results of the susceptibility analysis for the topple-prone blocks show that the critical height of water filling of the joint is up to 50 cm and that the critical pseudo-static acceleration values vary in the range of 0.16–0.3 g depending on the block geometry and slope face orientation. For the wedge blocks, the critical height of water filling of the joint is generally up to several centimeters, and the critical pseudo-static acceleration values vary in the range of 0.05–0.8 g depending on the block geometry and slope face orientation. Moreover, the unstable conditions of the blocks due to weathering generally represent 60% of the joint degradation of the intact rock. The combined action of weathering and static water fill was also considered, resulting in a significant decrease of the SFs. Specifically, unstable conditions are associated with water levels lower than 47% of the water levels observed in intact joints, even if less than 60% of the weathering is attributed to the joints. Furthermore, remote survey analyses via Thermal InfraRed Camera and Terrestrial SAR Interferometry (TInSAR) were performed to evaluate the role of the surveyed joint sets in inducing instabilities in the Mt. Pucci sea cliff. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (i) the thermal images allowed us to identify anomalies that correspond well to the main joints and to the slope material released due to recent collapses; and (ii) TInSAR monitoring revealed permanent displacements greater than 1 mm, and cyclic daily displacements of up to 1.2 mm were detected in certain sectors and were attributed to thermal variation of the rock mass.
CHLORINATION REACTION KINETICS OF THE LOW-CONCENTRATION NATURAL RUBBER LATEX
Authors: He Lanzhen , Zhong Jieping , Chen Jing , Li Chenpen , Kong Linxue , Liao Xuequan , Li Yin
Published: July 2013

The kinetics of the chlorination of low-concentration natural rubber latex was investigated. The kinetic data were derived from chlorine concentrations in chlorinated natural rubber (CNR) for different reaction times and temperatures. The chlorination reaction process can be divided into two stages—a high-speed period (stage 1) and a low-speed period (stage 2)—using the graphed curves of the change in chlorine content with change in reaction time. The relationship of the chlorination conversion ratio x to reaction time t and temperature T can be expressed as x = 1.15 − 0.916e−kt, where the kinetic constant k = 0.00907 + 6.39 × 10−6e0.0211T. The overall apparent reaction order n for the first stage is 4.8, whereas for the second stage it is 1.0, using kinetic fitting. The apparent activation energy Ea was calculated, using the Arrhenius equation, to be 5.32 kJ/mol for stage 2. The lower value of Ea suggests that the chlorination rate is less sensitive to reaction temperature in this stage. The chlorination reaction rate increases with the increase in reaction temperature during stage 2, but the effects are not visible. However, a temperature that is too high may result in energy being wasted. We conclude that the proper reaction temperature in stage 2, taking the kinetic effects into account, is between 323.15 and 353.15 K.
Helical Tomotherapy versus Conventional Radiation to Deliver Abdominopelvic Radiation
Authors: Choe J. , Kulasekere R. , Oddo D. , Anthony S. , Shin T. , Murray M. , Kunos C. A.
Published: July 2013

While whole abdominopelvic radiation (APRT) provided satisfactory radiation dosimetry for the treatment of cancers with peritoneal dissemination, APRT was abandoned due to unsatisfactory tumor control from necessary radiation shielding of vital organs. Our goal was to develop a helical tomotherapy (TOMO) abdominopelvic radiation technique improving target tissue coverage while dose-limiting vital organs, especially hematopoietic bone marrow. This study reports our clinical development of a TOMO abdominopelvic radiation technique for treatment of patients with advanced stage ovarian cancer. Novel chemoradiosensitizing agent clinical trials incorporating our TOMO abdominopelvic radiation technique for treatment of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are under development.
Long Term Survival of Mice with Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Pulse Power Ablation with Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields
Authors: Chen X. , Zhuang J. , Kolb J. F. , Schoenbach K. H. , Beebe S. J.
Published: July 2013

Novel therapies are needed for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without recurrence in a single procedure. In this work we evaluated anti-neoplastic effects of a pulse power ablation (PPA) with nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs), a non-thermal, non-drug, local, regional method and investigated its molecular mechanisms for hepatocellular carcinoma tumor ablation in vivo. An ectopic tumor model was established using C57BL/6 mice with Hepa1-6 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Pulses with durations of 30 or 100 ns and fast rise times were delivered by a needle or ring electrode with different electric field strengths (33, 50 and 68 kV/cm), and 900 pulses in three treatment sessions (300 pulses each session) or a single 900 pulse treatment. Treated and control tumor volumes were monitored by ultrasound and apoptosis and angiogenesis markers were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Seventy five percent of primary hepatocellular carcinoma tumors were eradicated with 900 hundred pulses at 100 ns pulses at 68 kV/cm in a single treatment or in three treatment sessions without recurrence within 9 months. Using quantitative analysis, tumors in treated animals showed nsPEF-mediated nuclear condensation (3 h post-pulse), cell shrinkage (1 h), increases in active executioner caspases (caspase-3 > −7 > −6) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end-labeling (1 h) with decreases in vascular endothelial growth factor expression (7d) and micro-vessel density (14d). NsPEF ablation eliminated hepatocellular carcinoma tumors by targeting two therapeutic sites, apoptosis induction and inhibition of angiogenesis, both important cancer hallmarks. These data indicate that PPA with nsPEFs is not limited to treating skin cancers and provide a rationale for continuing to investigate pulse power ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma using other models in pre-clinical applications and ultimately in clinical trials. Based on present treatments for specific HCC stages, it is anticipated that nsPEFs could be substituted for or used in combination with ablation therapies using heat, cold or chemicals.
Validating the Sensitivity and Performance of Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging and Tomography Devices Using a Novel Solid Phantom and Measurement Approach
Authors: Zhu B. , Tan I.-C. , Rasmussen J. C. , Sevick-Muraca E. M.
Published: July 2013

With the aid of indocyanine green (ICG), lymphatic architecture and function in both mice and humans has been successfully imaged non-invasively using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging devices. Maximal measurement sensitivity of NIR fluorescence imaging devices is needed for “first-in-humans” molecularly targeting NIR fluorescence agents that are brighter than non-specific ICG. In this study, we developed a solid phantom and measurement approach for the quantification of excitation light leakage and measurement sensitivity of NIR fluorescence imaging devices. The constructed solid phantom, consisting of quantum dots impregnated onto specularly reflective surface, shows long-term stability and can be used as a traceable fluorescence standard. With the constructed solid phantom, the intensified CCD (ICCD)-based device demonstrated more than 300% higher measurement sensitivity compared to the Electron Multiplying CCD (EMCCD) based device when integration time was maintained less than 1.0 s.
Korean Books in Japan
Authors: Kornicki Peter
Published: July 2013

This article examines the evidence for the importation of Korean books into Japan, including texts of both Korean authorship and Chinese authorship. Although Korean books had certainly reached Japan well before the 1590s there can be little doubt that the Japanese invasions of Korea in the last decade of the sixteenth century resulted in the widespread looting of Korean books and the arrival in Japan of Korean books on an unprecedented scale. However, there is both documentary evidence and the evidence of extant books in Japan to show that Korean books continued to be imported into Japan after 1600 and that they were highly valued there, particularly medical works of Korean authorship. Although there is little evidence of Japanese engagement with Korean vernacular writings, Korean writings in Chinese were frequently reprinted in Japan and these reprints are evidence of the esteem Korean texts enjoyed in Japan during the Edo period.
Palestine under Assyrian Rule
Authors: Bagg Ariel M.
Published: July 2013

The Assyrian presence in Palestine from the ninth through the seventh century B.C.E. represents a case of intercultural contact against the background of an expansionist imperial process. The “Assyrianization” of Israel and Judah, as well as that of the whole Levant, has often been posited. This term, which evokes “Romanization,” would indicate enforced cultural adaptation to Assyrian values and customs within the framework of a process of assimilation. An alleged “Assyrianization” of Ancient Israel would be congruent with that interpretation of Assyrian imperialism postulating programmatic measures to impose the Assyrian way of life upon the whole empire. However, a study of the cuneiform and archaeological sources leads to an alternative interpretation of Assyrian imperial policy in the West.
History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. By Charles Holcombe
Authors: Farmer J. Michael
Published: July 2013

A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. By Charles Holcombe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Pp. xxiv + 403. $33 (paper).
Selected Papers. By Colette Caillat
Authors: Jamison Stephanie W.
Published: July 2013

Selected Papers. By Colette Caillat. Bristol: Pali Text Society, 2011. Pp. lxxiv + 387.
Multiple Originals: New Approaches to Hebrew Bible Textual Criticism. By Gary D. Martin
Authors: Feinstein Eve Levavi
Published: July 2013

Multiple Originals: New Approaches to Hebrew Bible Textual Criticism. By Gary D. Martin. SBL Text-Critical Studies, vol. 7. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2010. Pp. xiv + 341. $42.95 (paper).
Receuil des inscriptions syriaques, vol. 2: Iraq: Syriac and Garshuni Inscriptions. 2 vols.: text and plates. By Amir Harrak
Authors: Reymond Eric D.
Published: July 2013

Receuil des inscriptions syriaques, vol. 2: Iraq: Syriac and Garshuni Inscriptions. 2 vols.: text and plates. By Amir Harrak. Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2010. Pp. 735, 285 (paper).
Rebellions and Peripheries in the Cuneiform World. Edited by Seth Richardson
Authors: Chavalas Mark W.
Published: July 2013

Rebellions and Peripheries in the Cuneiform World. Edited by Seth Richardson. American Oriental Series, vol. 91. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 2010. Pp. xxxii + 109. $35.
Altorientalische Kleinfunde. By Eva Strommenger and Peter A. Miglus
Authors: Brown Brian
Published: July 2013

Altorientalische Kleinfunde. By Eva Strommenger and Peter A. Miglus. Ausgrabungen in Tall Biʿa/Tuttul, vol. 5. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 126. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010. Pp. ix + 323, plates. €98.
Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC. Edited by C. Michel and M.-L. Nosch
Authors: Bier Carol
Published: July 2013

Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC. Edited by C. Michel and M.-L. Nosch. Ancient Textile Studies, vol. 8. Oxford UK and Oakville, CT: Oxbow Books, 2010. Pp. xix + 444, illus. $70.
Relational Syllogisms and the History of Arabic Logic, 900–1900. By Khaled El-Rouayheb
Authors: Lagerlund Henrik
Published: July 2013

Relational Syllogisms and the History of Arabic Logic, 900–1900. By Khaled El-Rouayheb. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science, vol. 80. Leiden: Brill, 2010. Pp. viii + 295. $168.
Chemical treatments for improving adhesion between electrospun nanofibers and fabrics
Authors: Varesano Alessio , Rombaldoni Fabio , Tonetti Cinzia , Di Mauro Sandra , Mazzuchetti Giorgio
Published: July 2013

Nanofiber‐coated fabrics have potential uses in filters and protective clothing. One major challenge is to ensure good adhesion of nanofibers to the fabrics achieving satisfactory durability against abrasion for practical use. This work is aimed to study adhesion mechanisms and their improvement between nanofibers and textile substrates; to achieve this goal cotton fabrics were treated with an alkali solution, while nylon fabrics were treated with ethanol. Adhesion of polyamide‐6 electrospun nanofiber layer to fabrics was evaluated by means of a peeling test. Treated fabrics showed improved bonding towards nanofibers: adhesion energy was ∼0.58 J m−2 for both untreated fabrics, and after treatments increased to 0.93 and 0.86 J m−2 for cotton and nylon ones, respectively. Optical observations revealed that nanofibers deposited on fabrics are mainly linked to external protruding fibers (i.e., fabric hairiness). Therefore, surface hairiness seems to be the critical factor limiting adhesion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39766.
On the Importance of Anion–π Interactions in the Mechanism of Sulfide:Quinone Oxidoreductase
Authors: Bauzá Antonio , Quiñonero David , Deyà Pere M. , Frontera Antonio
Published: July 2013

Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) is a flavin‐dependent enzyme that plays a physiological role in two important processes. First, it is responsible for sulfide detoxification by oxidizing sulfide ions (S2− and HS−) to elementary sulfur and the electrons are first transferred to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which in turn passes them to the quinone pool in the membrane. Second, in sulfidotrophic bacteria, SQRs play a key role in the sulfide‐dependent respiration and anaerobic photosynthesis, deriving energy for their growth from reduced sulfur. Two mechanisms of action for SQR have been proposed: first, nucleophilic attack of a Cys residue on the C4 of FAD, and second, an alternate anionic radical mechanism by direct electron transfer from Cys to the isoalloxazine ring of FAD. Both mechanisms involve a common anionic intermediate that it is stabilized by a relevant anion–π interaction and its previous formation (from HS− and Cys‐S‐S‐Cys) is also facilitated by reducing the transition‐state barrier, owing to an interaction that involves the π system of FAD. By analyzing the X‐ray structures of SQRs available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and using DFT calculations, we demonstrate the relevance of the anion–π interaction in the enzymatic mechanism.
Restoration of traditional Chinese shadow play‐Piying art from tangible interaction
Authors: Shi Yan , Ying Fangtian , Chen Xuan , Pan Zhigeng , Yu Jinhui
Published: July 2013

Piying, the world's intangible culture heritage, is a characteristic Chinese folk shadow play and one of the origins of modern movie. The spirit of traditional Piying is to express rich emotion and stories through impromptu action change by professional artists. Now Piying gradually fades away in people's lives, encountering the risk of extinction. We focus on transforming the traditional Piying play into an interactive system, which can be seamlessly performed by ordinary people and bring a strong sense of immersion to the users. Two interactive systems were developed, with Kinect‐based interaction or sensors, users can create own digital Piying animations by employing their body movement as input. A field study was presented with 20 students in a primary school. The result showed that our system was far more effective in emotion induction and Piying understanding than traditional one. We demonstrated this system in a charitable foundation and a workshop of a tangible conference. It is also honored to be collected by China's intangible cultural heritage network. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of Pineapple Leaf Residue Chars Generated by Controlled Combustion and by Field Burning in Tropical Peat
Authors: Leng Lee Yit , Mohd. Hanif Ahmad Husni Bin , Abdul Wahid Samsuri
Published: July 2013

The study was undertaken to determine the decomposition of pineapple leaf residue (PLR) char produced by controlled combustion in the laboratory (CL) and by field burning (FB) with and without added fertilizer in tropical peat over 12 months. Decompositions of both chars with and without added fertilizer fit the three‐parameter single exponential decay model. Fertilizer treatment significantly reduced the weight and lignin remainings in the CL and CF biochars after 12 months. Total C remaining in the biochar showed an increase in this order: CF + fertilizer < CF < CL + fertilizer < CL. The aliphatic functional groups of both chars transformed to aromatic groups 12 months after application to the peat. The pot study indicates that the total C, recalcitrant fractions and lignin content of char made by CL were higher than the char made by FB. The results suggest that to produce biochar for carbon sequestration purposes, the PLR should be carbonized in a CL process rather than by FB.
Modular architectonic organization of the insula in the macaque monkey
Authors: Evrard Henry C. , Logothetis Nikos K. , (Bud) Craig A.D.
Published: July 2013

In order to provide a framework for ongoing analyses of the neuronal connections of the insular cortex of the macaque monkey using modern high‐resolution methods, we examined its anatomical organization in serial coronal sections stained alternately with Nissl and Gallyas (myelin) techniques. We observed the same 15 distinct architectonic areas in 10 brains. Within the granular, dysgranular, and agranular regions described in prior studies, we identified 4, 4, and 7 distinct areas, respectively. Across brains, these areas have consistent architectonic characteristics, and in flat map reconstructions they display a consistent topological or neighborhood arrangement, despite variations in the size of individual areas between cases. The borders between areas are generally rather sharply defined. Some areas, in particular the dysgranular areas, appear to consistently contain subtle transitions that suggest possible subareas or modules within the well‐delimited areas. The presence of a distinct granular area that straddles the fundus of the superior limiting sulcus over its entire posterior‐to‐anterior extent is consistent with the available evidence on interoceptive thalamocortical projections, and also with the tensile anchor theory of species‐specific cortical gyrification. These observations are consonant with the model of homeostatic afferent processing in the primate insula, and they suggest that discrete modules within insular cortex provide the basis for its polymodal integration of all salient activity relevant to ongoing emotional behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:64–97, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.