bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Humble leadership: A review and synthesis of leader expressed humility
Authors: Kelemen Thomas K. , Matthews Samuel H. , Matthews Michael J. , Henry Sarah E.
Published: February 2022

Recent academic research has proliferated around the construct of humble leadership. Humble leadership involves having an accurate view of oneself, recognizing the contributions of followers, and modeling teachability. Given the growing interest in this construct, we provide a review of the humble leadership literature. First, we clarify how humble leadership has been defined and measured in the current literature and discuss how it compares to moral‐based leadership approaches. Second, we review the extant literature by examining humble leadership's theoretical and nomological network, highlighting the antecedents, outcomes, moderators, and mediators. Third, we provide an overview of key methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we conclude by drawing upon our review of the literature to present directions for future research that will advance the understanding of humble leadership. In sum, our review highlights the key elements and findings of where humble leadership has been and indicates ways to drive this literature forward.
Leader–member exchange differentiation and employee performance: A political perspective
Authors: Park Haesang , Park Haeseen , Liden Robert C.
Published: February 2022

Variability in the quality of relationships between leaders and followers, referred to as leader–member exchange differentiation (LMXD), is common in organizations. In the current study, we propose a political perspective to illustrate the mechanism through which LMXD influences employee task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Using multisource survey data collected from 304 employees working in 62 work groups, we found that LMXD is an antecedent of group political climate, which in turn influences employee work behaviors. The mediating effects of group political climate remained significant after controlling for supervisory justice climate, which has been considered as the dominant mechanism in prior studies in explaining group‐level outcomes of LMXD. Furthermore, we found moderating effects of group political climate and indirect moderating effects of LMXD via group political climate on the relationships between individual level LMX quality and members' work behaviors. Specifically, the results showed that political climate strengthens the positive relationships between individual level LMX quality and employees' task performance and OCB toward individuals and that LMXD indirectly moderates the relationships through group political climate.
Surface texture analysis of different focal knee resurfacing implants after 6 and 12 months in vivo in a goat model
Authors: Aşık Emin E. , Damen Alicia H. A. , van Hugten Pieter P. W. , Roth Alex K. , Thies Jens C. , Emans Pieter J. , Ito Keita , van Donkelaar Corrinus C. , Pastrama Maria
Published: February 2022

The clinical success of osteochondral implants depends significantly on their surface properties. In vivo, an implant may roughen over time which can decrease its performance. The present study investigates whether changes in the surface texture of metal and two types of polycarbonate urethane (PCU) focal knee resurfacing implants (FKRIs) occurred after 6 and 12 months of in vivo articulation with native goat cartilage. PCU implants which differed in stem stiffness were compared to investigate whether the stem fixating the implant in the bone influences surface topography. Using optical profilometry, 19 surface texture parameters were evaluated, including spatial distribution and functional parameters obtained from the material ratio curve. For metal implants, wear during in vivo articulation occurred mainly via material removal, as shown by the significant decrease of the core‐valley transition from 91.5% in unused implants to 90% and 89.6% after 6 and 12 months, respectively. Conversely, for PCU implants, the wear mechanism consisted in either filling of the valleys or flattening of the surface by dulling of sharp peaks. This was illustrated in the change in roughness skewness from negative to positive values over 12 months of in vivo articulation. Implants with a softer stem experienced the most deformation, shown by the largest change in material ratio curve parameters. We therefore showed, using a detailed surface profilometry analysis, that the surface texture of metal and two different PCU FKRIs changes in a different way after articulation against cartilage, revealing distinct wear mechanisms of different implant materials.
Optimal heat transfer systems design: Models and approaches
Authors: Tsirlin Anatoly M. , Karpesh Sergey V. , Balunov Alexander I. , Starodumov Ilya O.
Published: February 2022

The paper considers the synthesis of heat exchange systems according to the criteria of minimum irreversibility and minimum contact surface. It considers the cases of variable heat capacity of streams, changes in their phase state, and different hydrodynamics. The work takes into account the temperature limits for all or part of the flows at the inlet and outlet of the heat exchange system. To synthesize, it is required to choose the contact structure, free flow parameters, distribution of contact surfaces, and thermal loads between double‐flow heat exchangers.
Effects of Dietary Fermented Red Grape Vinegar and Lactobacillus acidophilus on Growth Performance and Hematobiochemical and Immune Parameters in Juvenile Rainbow Trout
Authors: Omidi Amir Hossein , Bahri Amir Houshang , Yahyavi Maziar , Mohammadizadeh Flora , Hosseini Shekarabi Seyed Pezhman
Published: February 2022

This study was conducted to assess the effect of different dietary levels of fermented red grape vinegar (RGV) and a probiotic (PRO), Lactobacillus acidophilus (1 × 106 CFU/g), on the growth performance and immunological responses of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss for 8 weeks. The juveniles (n = 240; initial weight [mean ± SD] = 101.0 ± 2.8 g) were randomly distributed into eight groups with triplicates and were fed basal (control; free from RGV and PRO), RGV 1%, RGV 2%, RGV 3%, PRO, PRO+RGV 1%, PRO+RGV 2%, and PRO+RGV 3% diets. The highest weight gain (145.0 g), highest specific growth rate (1.6%/d), and best feed conversion ratio (1.2) were obtained with the PRO+RGV 3% treatment. In terms of hematological parameters, the white blood cell count was significantly increased in fish that received the PRO+RGV 2% and PRO+RGV 3% diets. The highest lymphocyte percentage was recorded in fish that were fed PRO+RGV diets compared to other diet groups. The levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced with an increasing level of RGV in the PRO-supplemented diets, and the lowest content of triglycerides (328.5 mg/L) was observed in the PRO+RGV 3% treatment. Moreover, the highest levels of serum (42.8 U/mL) and skin mucosal (36.1 U/mL) lysozyme activities were recorded for the PRO+RGV 3% group. Overall, the combination of PRO and 3% RGV in the Rainbow Trout diet can act as a growth promoter and immunostimulant.
Trends in spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure among adults in a respiratory chamber, 1985 to 2005
Authors: Travis Katherine T. , Ando Takafumi , Stinson Emma J. , Krakoff Jonathan , Gluck Marci E. , Piaggi Paolo , Chang Douglas C.
Published: February 2022

Objective

Fidgeting, a type of spontaneous physical activity (SPA), has substantial thermogenic potential. This research aims to examine secular trends in SPA and energy expenditure (EE) inside a respiratory chamber.

Methods

From 1985 to 2005, healthy adults (n = 678; mean age: 28.8 years; men: 60%; 522 Indigenous American, 129 White, and 27 Black) had a 24‐hour stay in the respiratory chamber equipped with radar sensors. Body composition, glucose tolerance, fasting insulin, insulin action (hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp), and insulin secretion (intravenous glucose tolerance test) were measured as covariates.

Results

SPA, adjusted for age, sex, race, and body composition, declined (r = −0.30, p < 0.0001), with a concomitant rise in the energy cost of SPA (r = 0.30, p < 0.0001). The 24‐hour EE adjusted for covariates increased (r = 0.31, p < 0.0001), which was reflected in increases in EE during sleep (r = 0.18, p < 0.0001) and during the awake, fed condition (r = 0.28, p < 0.0001). The secular trends in SPA or 24‐hour EE were unchanged with adjustment for measures related to glucose metabolism.

Conclusions

Secular trend analyses showed a decline in fidgeting. However, this decline in SPA was partially counterbalanced by an increase in energy cost of this activity and a rise in EE. Nevertheless, our results support public health efforts to promote small but sustained changes in these behaviors.
Two cases of pineal anlage tumor with molecular analysis
Authors: Scherpelz Kathryn P. , Crotty Erin E. , Paulson Vera A. , Lockwood Christina M. , Leary Sarah E. S. , Ellenbogen Richard G. , Lee Amy , Ermoian Ralph P. , Vitanza Nicholas A. , Cole Bonnie L.
Published: February 2022

Pineal anlage tumor is a rare pediatric tumor with clinical and histological features overlapping with pineoblastoma. Two patients with pineal anlage tumor, a 13‐month‐old female and an 11‐month‐old male, underwent subtotal resection, high‐dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue, and radiation. Neither had tumor progression 50 months after diagnosis. The tumors underwent next‐generation sequencing on a panel of 340 genes. Chromosomal copy gains and losses were present and differed between the tumors. No mutations or amplifications, including none specific to pineoblastoma, were identified.
Molecular insights into the primary nucleation of polymorphic amyloid β dimers in DOPC lipid bilayer membrane
Authors: Press‐Sandler Olga , Miller Yifat
Published: February 2022

Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is characterized by loss of memory cognitive and behavioral deterioration. One of the hallmarks of AD is amyloid β (Aβ) plaques in the brain that consists of Aβ oligomers and fibrils. It is accepted that oligomers, particularly dimers, are toxic species that are produced extracellularly and intracellularly in membranes. It is believed that the disruption of membranes by polymorphic Aβ oligomers is the key for the pathology of AD. This is a first study that investigate the effect of polymorphic “α‐helix/random coil” and “fibril‐like” Aβ dimers on 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DOPC) membrane. It has been found that the DOPC membrane promotes Aβ1–42 “fibril‐like” dimers and impedes Aβ1–42 “α‐helix/random coil” dimers. The N‐termini domains within Aβ1–42 dimers play a role in Aβ aggregation in membrane milieus. In addition, the aromatic π–π interactions (involving residues F19 and F20 in Aβ1–42) are the driving forces for the hydrophobic interactions that initiate the primary nucleation of polymorphic Aβ1–42 dimers within DOPC membrane. Finally, the DOPC bilayer membrane thickness is locally decreased, and it is disrupted by an embedded distinct Aβ1–42 dimer, due to relatively large contacts between Aβ1–42 monomers and the DOPC membrane. This study reveals insights into the molecular mechanisms by which polymorphic early‐stage Aβ1–42 dimers have distinct impacts on DOPC membrane.
Transcytosis mechanisms of cell‐penetrating peptides: Cation‐independent CC12 and cationic penetratin
Authors: Zhu Minjiao , Liu Haiyang , Cao Wenjiao , Fang Yuefei , Chen Zheng , Qi Xinming , Luo Dawei , Chen Chong
Published: February 2022

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) can aid in intracellular and in vivo drug delivery. However, the mechanisms of CPP‐mediated penetration remain unclear, limiting the development and further application of CPPs. Flow cytometry and laser confocal fluorescence microscopy were performed to detect the effects of different endocytosis inhibitors on the internalization of CC12 and penetratin in ARPE‐19 cells. The co‐localization of CPPs with the lysosome and macropinosome was detected via an endocytosis tracing experiment. The flow cytometry results showed that chlorpromazine, wortmannin, cytochalasin D, and the ATP inhibitor oligomycin had dose‐dependent endocytosis‐inhibitory effects on CC12. The laser confocal fluorescence results showed that oligomycin had the most significant inhibitory effect on CC12 uptake; CC12 was co‐located with the lysosome, but not with the macropinosome. For penetratin, cytochalasin D and oligomycin had obvious inhibitory effects. The laser confocal fluorescence results indicated that oligomycin had the most significant inhibitory effect on penetratin uptake; the co‐localization of penetratin with the lysosome was higher than that with the macropinosome. Cation‐independent CC12 and cationic penetratin may be internalized into cells primarily through caveolae and clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, and they are typically dependent on ATP. The transport of penetratin could be partly achieved through the direct transmembrane pathway, as the positive charge of penetratin interacts with the negative charge of the cell membrane, and partly through the endocytic pathway.
The concept of energy in the analysis of system dynamics models
Authors: Hayward John , Roach Paul A.
Published: February 2022

This paper applies for the first time the Newtonian concept of energy to stock–flow systems and employs it to relate system behaviour to model structure. Kinetic energy and work done are defined analytically using the concepts of loop impact and force from the Newtonian Interpretative Framework and are examined numerically within system dynamics simulations. The energy analogy is used to analyse models by understanding how loops of different orders and types act as energy sources, sinks and exchange, using the system dynamics equivalent of the work–energy theorem. It is shown that energy describes the cumulative effects of feedback on stock behaviour, in contrast to the instantaneous description given by existing methods of loop dominance. This approach gives additional insight over that of existing dominance methods, capturing the dynamical influence of loops even when not dominant. The analogy's explanatory power provides quantitative and informal analysis. © 2022 The Authors. System Dynamics Review published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of System Dynamics Society.
Upper Critical Solution Temperature Polyvalent Scaffolds Aggregate and Exterminate Bacteria
Authors: Chen Kai‐Feng , Zhang Yiqing , Lin Jiawei , Chen Jun‐You , Lin Caihong , Gao Meng , Chen Yunhua , Liu Sa , Wang Lin , Cui Zhong‐Kai , Jia Yong‐Guang
Published: February 2022

Specific recognition and strong affinities of bacteria receptors with the host cell glycoconjugates pave the way to control the bacteria aggregation and kill bacteria. Herein, using aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) molecules decorated upper critical solution temperature (UCST) polyvalent scaffold (PATC‐GlcN), an approach toward visualizing bacteria aggregation and controlling bacteria‐polyvalent scaffolds affinities under temperature stimulus is described. Polyvalent scaffolds with diblocks, one UCST block PATC of polyacrylamides showing a sharp UCST transition and typical AIE behavior, the second bacteria recognition block GlcN of hydrophilic glucosamine modified polyacrylamide, are prepared through a reversible addition and fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Aggregated chain conformation of polyvalent scaffolds at temperature below UCST induces the aggregation of E. coli ATCC8739, because of the high density of glucosamine moieties, whereas beyond UCST, the hydrophilic state of the scaffolds dissociates the bacteria aggregation. The sweet‐talking of bacteria toward the polyvalent scaffolds can be visualized by the fluorescent imaging technique, simultaneously. Due to the specific recognition of polyvalent scaffolds with bacteria, the photothermal agent IR780 loaded PATC‐GlcN shows the targeted killing ability toward E. coli ATCC8739 in vitro and in vivo under NIR radiation.
Synthesis of Uranium Single Atom from Radioactive Wastewater for Enhanced Water Dissociation and Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Liu Min , Chen Huimei , Tang Xingrui , Liu Huanhuan , Tu Boyuan , Guo Weicong , Zheng Yamin , Liu Yan , Tang Yongjian , He Rong , Zhu Wenkun
Published: February 2022

As a common nuclide in radioactive wastewater, uranium (U) is generally treated by landfill, which induces the massive abandonment of uranium resources. In this work, a pulse voltammetry method for the synthesis of U single atoms on MoS2 (U/MoS2) nanosheets from radioactive wastewater for the electrocatalytic alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is reported. The mass loading of U single atoms is facilely controlled with high selectivity for coexisting ions in radioactive wastewater. In the electrolyte of 1 m of KOH, U/MoS2 nanosheets with 5.2% of U single atoms exhibit relatively low overpotentials of 72 mV at 10 mA cm−2. The mechanistic study reveals that the HER on U/MoS2 includes the water dissociation on U single atoms to form OH* and H transfer from OH* to adjacent S‐edge atoms. This procedure exhibits decreased activation energy for transition state in water dissociation and optimized Gibbs free energy for H* adsorption.
Synergizing Conformal Lithiophilic Granule and Dealloyed Porous Skeleton toward Pragmatic Li Metal Anodes
Authors: Shi Zixiong , Sun Zhongti , Yang Xianzhong , Lu Chen , Li Shuo , Yu Xiaoyu , Ding Yifan , Huang Ting , Sun Jingyu
Published: February 2022

Li metal is regarded as one of the most promising anodes for next‐generation rechargeable batteries. Nonetheless, infinite volume change and severe dendrite growth impede its practicability. To date, unremitting efforts have been devoted to stabilizing Li metal anode via the rational design of 3D current collectors. In this sense, optimizing Li nucleation behavior plays a pivotal role in alleviating the dendrite formation. Herein, a practically viable route is devised by in situ crafting lithiophilic CuSe granules on the dealloyed Cu skeleton (D‐Cu@CuSe). Persuasive electrochemical analysis and systematic theoretical calculation disclose the underlying Li nucleation mechanism on the CuSe overlayer. Impressively, the D‐Cu@CuSe‐Li symmetric cell can sustain a stable plating/stripping operation over 1000 h at a high depth of discharge at 62.5%. More crucially, when paired with high‐loading sulfur cathodes, D‐Cu@CuSe‐Li||S batteries harvest advanced areal capacity and stable cycling performance even under stringent working conditions of low negative‐to‐positive (N/P) (≈2) and electrolyte‐to‐sulfur (8 μL mgs−1) ratios. Overall, a fresh perspective into rationalizing current collector design is afforded, which extends Li utilization and cycling durability in the pursuit of pragmatic Li metal anodes.
In Situ/Operando Raman Techniques in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Xue Lanxin , Li Yaoyao , Hu Anjun , Zhou Mingjie , Chen Wei , Lei Tianyu , Yan Yichao , Huang Jianwen , Yang Chengtao , Wang Xianfu , Hu Yin , Xiong Jie
Published: February 2022

Tremendous efforts have been made to fulfill the promises of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery as the candidate for next‐generation energy storage devices. However, challenges such as capacity degradation and dendrite growth still remain, hampering the commercialization of Li–S batteries. Different from the conventional ion‐insertion‐based lithium battery, the electrochemical and chemical processes in the cathode of Li–S battery are based on extremely complex conversion reactions. Together with the uncontrollable hostless lithium deposition process on the anode side, the future development of Li–S batteries faces great difficulty and requires deeper understanding of the fundamental mechanism. Herein, the recent applications of in situ/operando Raman techniques for monitoring the real‐time variations in Li–S batteries are summarized to reveal the reaction mechanism and guide the design of strategies for improving the battery performances. The design concepts and advantages of in situ/operando Raman studies are highlighted, and the future explorations based on such technique are discussed, aiming to accelerate the development progress of Li–S battery for practical applications.
Experimental tests on shallow foundations of onshore wind turbine towers
Authors: Lago Bruno Dal , Flessati Luca , Marveggio Pietro , Martinelli Paolo , Fraraccio Giancarlo , di Prisco Claudio , di Prisco Marco
Published: February 2022

The current effort towards the progressive switch from carbon‐based to renewable energy production is leading to a relevant spreading of both on‐ and off‐shore wind turbine towers. Regarding reinforced concrete shallow foundations of onshore wind turbine steel towers, possible reductions of reinforcement may increase their sustainability, speed of erection, and competitiveness. The article presents the results of an experimental program carried out at Politecnico di Milano concerning both cyclic and monotonic loading, simulating extreme wind conditions on 1:15 scaled models of wind turbine steel towers connected by stud bolt adapters to reinforced concrete shallow foundations embedded in a sandy soil. Three couples of foundation specimens were tested with different reinforcement layouts: (a) similar to current praxis, (b) without shear reinforcement, and (c) without shear reinforcement and with 50% of ordinary steel rebars replaced by steel fibers. Additional vertical loads were added to the small‐scale models in order to ensure similarity in terms of stresses. The test results allowed to (i) characterize the mechanical behavior of the foundation element considering soil‐structure interaction under both service and ultimate load conditions, (ii) assess the foundation failure mode, (iii) highlight the role of each typology of reinforcing bars forming the cage, and (iv) provide hints for the optimization of these latter.
Involvement of the NF‐κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways in cell death triggered by stypoldione, an o‐quinone isolated from the brown algae Stypopodium zonale
Authors: Walter Laura O. , Maioral Mariana F. , Silva Lisandra O. , Speer Douglas B. , Campbell Sanjay C. , Gallimore Winklet , Falkenberg Miriam B. , Santos‐Silva Maria Cláudia
Published: February 2022

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell malignancy that remains incurable to date. Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate the involvement of the NF‐κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways in the cytotoxicity of stypoldione, an o‐quinone isolated from the brown algae Stypopodium zonale, in MM cells (MM1.S). The cytotoxic effect was evaluated in MM1.S cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by MTT assay. The stypoldione reduced the cell viability of MM1.S cells in a concentration and time‐dependent manner (IC50 in MM.1S from 2.55 to 5.38 μM). However, it was also cytotoxic to PBMCs, but at a lower range. Additionally, no significant hemolysis was observed even at concentration up to 10 times the IC50. Apoptotic cell death was confirmed by cell morphology and Annexin V‐FITC assay. Stypoldione induced intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis by increasing FasR expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inverting the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio, and inducing ΔΨm loss, which resulted in AIF release and caspase‐3 activation. It also increased Ki‐67 and survivin expression and inhibited the NF‐κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. These results suggest that stypoldione is a good candidate for the development of new drugs for MM treatment.
Waste plastic oil to fuel: An experimental study in thermal barrier coated CI engine with exhaust gas recirculation
Authors: Sudeshkumar Moranahalli Ponnusamy , Francis Xavier Joseph Raj , Balu Pandian , Jayaseelan Veerasundaram , Sudhakar Kumarasamy
Published: February 2022

The disposal of waste plastic has intensified into a massive environmental crisis. A sound disposal technology may be extremely expensive or complex in operation. As a result, experts are investigating alternative methods of recycling waste plastic. Waste plastic oils (WPO) are gaining interest as a replacement for petroleum‐based fuels since they can deliver substantial performance while having a low environmental impact. The goal of this research is to look into the use of WPO in a retarded timing (RT) engine with a partially stabilized zirconium combustion chamber surface (PSZ). In addition, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) augmentation was used to realize WPO performance fully. With 20% EGR, the engine's thermal efficiency increased by 6.33%, along with the significant reduction of NOx. However, CO, HC, and smoke particle emissions increased by 4.56%, 5.76%, and 3.54%. More research on the sustainability aspects of the WPO is required before considering it as a fuel for the transportation sector.
Accuracy and impact of prenatal diagnosis of common arterial trunk
Authors: Laux D. , Derridj N. , Stirnemann J. , Lucron H. , Stos B. , Levy M. , Houyel L. , Bonnet D.
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Outcome of common arterial trunk (CAT) depends mainly on truncal valve function, presence of coronary artery abnormalities and presence of interrupted aortic arch. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of CAT by analyzing prenatal vs postnatal assessment of: (1) anatomic subtypes and (2) truncal valve function. The secondary objective was to assess the potential impact of prenatal diagnosis of CAT on postnatal mortality and morbidity by comparing prenatally vs postnatally diagnosed patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of all CAT patients diagnosed either prenatally, with postnatal or fetopsy confirmation, or postnatally, from 2011 to 2019 in a single tertiary center. Cohen's kappa statistic was used to evaluate agreement between pre‐ and postnatal assessment of anatomic subtypes according to Van Praagh and of truncal valve function. Mortality and morbidity variables were compared between prenatally vs postnatally diagnosed CAT patients.

Results

A total of 84 patients (62 liveborn with prenatal diagnosis, 16 liveborn with postnatal diagnosis and six terminations of pregnancy with fetopsy) met the inclusion criteria. The accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of CAT anatomic subtype was 80.3%, and prenatal and postnatal concordance for subtype diagnosis was only moderate (κ = 0.43), with no patient with CAT Type A3 (0/4) and only half of patients with CAT Type A4 (8/17) being diagnosed prenatally. Fetal evaluation of truncal valve function underestimated the presence (no agreement; κ = 0.09) and severity (slight agreement; κ = 0.19) of insufficiency. However, four of five cases of postnatally confirmed significant truncal valve stenosis were diagnosed prenatally, with fair agreement for both presence and severity of stenosis (κ = 0.38 and 0.24, respectively). Mortality was comparable in patients with and those without prenatal diagnosis (log‐rank P = 0.87). CAT patients with fetal diagnosis underwent earlier intervention (P < 0.001), had shorter intubation time (P = 0.047) and shorter global hospital stay (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

The accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of CAT is insufficient to tailor neonatal management and to predict outcome. Fetal assessment of truncal valve dysfunction appears unreliable due to perinatal transition. Improvement is necessary in the fetal diagnosis of anatomic subtypes of CAT requiring postnatal prostaglandin infusion. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Eliciting Information for Developing a Circular Economy in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area
Authors: Arciniegas Gustavo , Wandl Alexander , Mazur Marcin , Mazurek Damian
Published: February 2022

Advancing circularity in metropolitan areas involves planning, co-designing and implementing spatially explicit interventions with a multitude of stakeholders who are required to work with waste and resource management information. For the stakeholders, understanding information on these flows of resources and materials, and the spatial implications of these flows across the territory, is crucial when proposing new interventions and assessing the effects of these interventions. Spatial decision support systems constitute potential tools for supporting groups of stakeholders involved in the collaborative process of shaping the future of urban areas while achieving sustainability and increased circularity. This chapter focuses on the digital representation and portrayal, and the use of different types of information in a digital spatial decision support tool aimed at helping decision-makers through stages of the collaborative process that starts at problem identification and status quo understanding, and finishes at the proposed circular economy strategies for a metropolitan area. The way in which information is modeled and presented in the tool is largely based on the geodesign methodology, and is specific to individual stages of the planning process. The tool presents information relevant to a peri-urban area through different mediums: web maps and charts to describe the study area, Sankey diagrams linked with dynamic flow maps to portray its resource flow streams, and the integration of the above to portray and assess the scenarios developed jointly by the stakeholders. The tool was implemented in an interactive web application and applied to the collaborative process of developing spatial strategies for advancing circularity in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. A series of interconnected workshops were held with stakeholders, who used the tool to guide them through the stages of the co-development of the strategies. Stakeholders were presented with spatial information about the study area’s current resource and waste management situation in the form of web maps and the spatial distribution and dynamics of resource flows. This chapter describes how all this information was portrayed, presented, and used within the interactive web application at the collaborative workshops.
Urban Regeneration: An “Incremental Circularity” Perspective
Authors: Cottino Paolo , Domante Dario , Franchina Alice
Published: February 2022

Urban Regeneration (UR) is an approach to urban development contrasting soil consumption by catalyzing social energies to reuse urban existing heritage (brownfields and dismissed buildings). The authors of this chapter are professionals within KCity Ltd., a bespoke consultancy specialized in UR design strategies adopting an interdisciplinary approach, derived in particular from policy analysis and urban planning. The aim of this chapter is investigating the potential of UR practices to give a contribution to the scientific debate about Circular Economy and its application into urban development.
From Wastescapes Towards Regenerative Territories. A Structural Approach for Achieving Circularity
Authors: Amenta Libera , van Timmeren Arjan
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, the understanding of circularity goes beyond material resource management, deepening the spatial implications of a more circular management and use of wastescapes, investigated at the urban and metropolitan scale.

Besides the health (care) related challenges presented by the current outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, additional ones related to our living environment have been—and will continue to be—an urgent call for academic researchers, designers and policymakers to find (eco)innovative solutions and strategies for enhancing the quality of life of all and the availability of more and more safe public (open) spaces and facilities to sustain this. In this situation, the spaces most at risk of urban and peri-urban areas could be found in the unresolved places which are defined as wastescapes, since they are in general still poorly used and valued. Building on the European H2020 research project REPAiR, the definition of wastescapes, provided in this study, builds upon work for two main cases: the metropolitan areas of Amsterdam (The Netherlands) and Naples (Italy). Wastescapes are discarded territories, however, they can also be understood as opportunities to realize regenerative concepts and support strategies related to environmental, spatial and social challenges of the territories and their surroundings. Core is then to improve the socio-ecological values of such territories. Wastescapes are different case by case, being affected by site-specific challenges and characterized by high complexity. The research presented in this chapter shows that the route towards a Circular Economy requires the consideration of wastescapes as ‘spatial resources’ important to be included in strategies of transition. It represents a fundamental step to overcome problems related to both resource (and land) scarcity, land use in general and spatial fragmentation, while providing opportunities to include through eco-innovative services other values than just the monetary ones to society. The spatial regeneration of wastescapes in the built environment involves a re-thinking of the structure of these areas in a larger (metropolitan) context. Within such metropolitan settings, in particular peri-urban territories, also referred to as the areas in-between urban and rural landscapes, are most affected and characterized by this problem of wastescapes.
Outsourcing in Theory and Practice: Insights from Nuclear Risk Governance
Authors: Eydieux Jérémy
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines two cases of risk governance in which actors interpret outsourcing as a possible source of operational vulnerability while using it to strengthen safety governance. We propose to study this discrepancy through the lens of organisational hypocrisy, suggesting a pragmatist approach as a means of analysing hypocrisy in day-to-day managerial situations.
Contracting and Safety: Lessons from Observing an Outsourcing Process “in the Making”
Authors: Tillement Stéphanie , Leuridan Geoffrey
Published: February 2022

Drawing from an inductive study at a nuclear plant, this chapter provides insights about an outsourcing situation that is barely studied in the literature, i.e. an outsourcing process (1) “in the making” of (2) a production activity. We highlight how practical, professional and contractual arrangements are elaborated throughout the progressive transfer of the activity. We discuss, from a situated perspective, the positive and negative effects of outsourcing in the short term and draw attention to key lessons for ensuring safe industrial performance in the long term.
Workload Planning Management of Maintenance Activities in Nuclear Power Plants: Compensation Mechanisms at the Contractor Interface
Authors: Dechy Nicolas , Largier Alexandre
Published: February 2022

By reviewing data from a normal operations safety assessment conducted by IRSN on nuclear safety management, we study some factors that impact the management of maintenance activities. We focus on practices, their benefits and limits, especially in the case of drifts that lead to compensation mechanisms observed at the contractor interface when dealing with workload planning.
Engaged Scholarship for Exploring Applicability of Relational Contracting to Nuclear Industry Projects
Authors: Gotcheva Nadezhda , Aaltonen Kirsi , Lahdenperä Pertti , Nysten-Haarala Soili
Published: February 2022

We employed engaged scholarship as a research strategy for exploring the applicability of relational contracting in nuclear power projects. Insights from a series of workshops with nuclear industry practitioners in Finland indicated that although project alliancing is not a familiar contractual approach in the nuclear industry, the benefits of its implementation are increasingly recognised.
Managing Workplace Safety in the Temporary Organisation—Theoretical and Practical Challenges Associated with Large Construction Projects
Authors: Griegel Heidi Helledal , Gould Kenneth Pettersen
Published: February 2022

Compared to permanent organisations, temporary organising causes different challenges for safety and learning at the workplace. We discuss how these challenges faced by project organisations are not sufficiently acknowledged or managed, either within theories of workplace safety or current safety management approaches in the construction industry. In addition, the chapter’s insights contribute to an action-based approach to workplace safety.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Tournilhac Olivier , Dreger Peter
Published: February 2022

Although chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) was one of the first two entities in which CAR-T cells were evaluated, it has not yet arrived in the clinical routine. Since the landmark study by Porter et al. (2011), only six CLL-specific clinical trials have been published, altogether comprising no more than 155 patients (Porter et al. 2015; Gill et al. 2018; Turtle et al. 2017; Gauthier et al. 2020; Siddiqi et al. 2020; Wierda et al. 2020; Frey et al. 2020). All six of these studies investigated CD19-directed CAR-T constructs in heavily pretreated patients, mostly having failed BTKi+/− venetoclax therapy. Despite overall response rates of 60–95%, including MRD clearance in a large proportion of patients, the CR rates appear to be relatively low, and only a few durable responses have been reported in patients achieving a CR (Porter et al. 2015; Frey et al. 2020; Cappell et al. 2020). While toxicity includes 5–20% grade 3 cytokine release syndrome and 5–25% grade 3 neurotoxicity and appears manageable, long-term efficacy remains an unresolved issue. CLL-specific efficacy barriers for CD19 CAR-T cells could include a reduced capacity for sustained T cell expansion in extensively pretreated elderly CLL patients (Lemal and Tournilhac 2019), along with impaired T cell motility, impaired T cell mitochondrial fitness, and T cell exhaustion (Bair and Porter 2019). Concurrent use of ibrutinib might reduce the CRS rate and severity (Gauthier et al. 2020; Gill et al. 2018; Wierda et al. 2020) without impairing CAR-T cell expansion.
Lymphodepleting Conditioning Regimens
Authors: Mohty Mohamad , Minnema Monique C.
Published: February 2022

Lymphodepleting conditioning regimens are essential for the success of CAR-T cell treatment. Their importance in the proliferation and persistence of CAR-T cells has become clearer in the recent years. The suggested mechanisms are described in Table 25.1 and include the effects on immune cells and cytokines, creating an environment for optimal functioning and increasing the peak of expansion of the infused CAR-T cells (Neelapu 2019).
Management of Other Toxicities
Authors: Einsele Hermann , Yakoub-Agha Ibrahim
Published: February 2022

Secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) or macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome that can occur in patients with severe infections, e.g., COVID-19 infection, malignancy or autoimmune diseases. It is also a rare complication of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), independent of the underlying trigger mechanism or underlying disorders associated with high mortality. There have been increasing reports of sHLH/MAS occurrence following CAR-T cell therapy, but its differentiation from cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is often difficult (Sandler et al. 2020).
Post-CAR-T Cell Therapy (Consolidation and Relapse): Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Authors: Gauthier Jordan
Published: February 2022

Role of consolidative allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) patients in minimal residual disease-negative (MRD) complete remission (CR) after CD19 CAR-T cell therapy.
Post-CAR-T Cell Therapy (Consolidation and Relapse): Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Rodríguez-Otero Paula , San Miguel Jesús F.
Published: February 2022

Adoptive cell therapy with BCMA-directed autologous CAR-T cells has shown very encouraging results in end-stage relapse and refractory multiple myeloma (MM), with overall response rates ranging between 73% and 96.9%, complete response (CR) rates between 33% and 67.9%, and MRD negativity in 50–74% of patients in the two largest phase 2 studies of ide-cel (idecabtagene autoleucel, KarMMa) and cilta-cel (ciltacabtagene autoleucel, CARTITUDE 1) reported thus far (Madduri et al. 2020; Munshi et al. 2021). Unfortunately, responses are usually not maintained, and no plateau has yet been seen in the survival curves. The median progression-free survival (PFS) in the KarMMa study of ide-cel was 8.8 months (95% CI, 5.6–11.6) among all 128 patients infused, increased to 12.1 months (95% CI, 8.8–12.3) among patients receiving the highest dose (450 × 106 CAR + T cells) and increased to 20.2 months (95% CI, 12.3–NE) among those achieving a CR. In the CARTITUDE-1 study, with a median follow-up of 12.4 months, the median PFS has not yet been reached, and the 12-month PFS rate was 76.6% (95% CI; 66.0–84.3). The absence of a clear plateau in PFS differs from what has been observed in DLBCL or B-ALL with currently approved CD-19-directed CAR-T cells, where (albeit with a shorter PFS and lower rates of CR) patients remaining free from relapse beyond 6 months are likely to enjoy prolonged disease control or even be cured.
Long-Term Follow-Up and Late Effects
Authors: Hayden Patrick , Gagelmann Nico , Snowden John
Published: February 2022

Little is known about the long-term effects of CAR-T cell therapy. Although medium-term complications, such as cytopenia and hypogammaglobulinaemia, may persist and require ongoing treatment, there do not appear to be other durable toxicities specific to this new immunotherapeutic class (Fried et al. 2019; Cordeiro et al. 2020; Cappell et al. 2020). However, to date, CAR-T therapy has been evaluated in patients with multiple relapsed diseases following several lines of treatment, including allogeneic stem cell transplantation, making it difficult to identify which effects may be directly attributable to this novel treatment. Nonetheless, as the use of CAR-T cell therapy increases, structured models for survivorship care will need to be established. The factors that will affect care requirements include the primary malignancy, prior treatment, the specific CAR-T therapy and patient age and frailty.
Treatment Coverage and Reimbursement
Authors: Haag Cornelie
Published: February 2022

The conditions for reimbursement for CAR-T cell therapy are not uniform in Europe. Most European countries use a DRG system for billing hospital services, but the details vary. Nonetheless, the similarity is that expensive therapies, such as CAR-T cell therapy, are initially not included in the DRG system. Most countries possess instruments to ensure the financing of such expensive therapies outside the DRG system as separate payments. These reimbursement instruments of DRG systems are used in most countries both for short-term financing for innovative and new therapies and as long-term additional fees within the respective DRG system. Individual countries maintain different regulations, and therefore, hospitals have the responsibility to determine the specific requirements of their country before establishing CAR-T cell therapy.
Providing the Starting Material to the Manufacturer of an Approved and Commercially Available Autologous CAR-T Cell Treatment
Authors: Bonig Halvard , Chabannon Christian , Lozano Miquel
Published: February 2022

CAR-T cell manufacturing starts from a collection of mononuclear cells (MNCs, although specifically only T lymphocytes will be used for the preparation) from the patient using apheresis. Although several initiatives are working on the development of allogeneic CAR-T cells, currently only CAR-T therapies of autologous origin are approved in the European Union. The present chapter only discusses already or soon-to-be marketed autologous CAR-T cells and excludes investigational CAR-T cells or rare CAR-T cells approved in the context of hospital exemption, such as the ARI-001 product (Ortiz-Maldonado et al. 2021); on this topic, please refer to Chapter 3c.
Receiving, Handling, Storage, Thawing, Distribution, and Administration of CAR-T Cells Shipped from the Manufacturing Facility
Authors: Rioufol Catherine , Wichmann Christian
Published: February 2022

In the manufacturing process for antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) therapies, the patient’s T cells acquire medicinal status after enrichment, genetic modification, and expansion.
Data Protection Impact Assessments in Practice
Authors: Friedewald Michael , Schiering Ina , Martin Nicholas , Hallinan Dara
Published: February 2022

In the context of the project A Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) Tool for Practical Use in Companies and Public Administration an operationalization for Data Protection Impact Assessments was developed based on the approach of Forum Privatheit. This operationalization was tested and refined during twelve tests with startups, small- and medium sized enterprises, corporations and public bodies. This paper presents the operationalization and summarizes the experience from the tests.
Entanglement entropy of a superflow
Authors: Khlebnikov Sergei , Sheoran Akhil
Published: February 2022

Abstract

We consider the theory of N free Dirac fermions with a uniformly winding mass, meiqx, in two spacetime dimensions. This theory (which describes for instance a superconducting current in an N-channel wire) has been proposed to have a higher-spin gravity with scalar matter as the large-N dual. To order m2, however, thermodynamic quantities in it can be computed using standard general relativity instead. Here, we consider the question if the same is true for the entanglement entropy (EE). By comparing results obtained on two sides of the duality, we find that general relativity indeed accounts correctly for the EE of an interval to order m2 (and all orders in q).
Surgical stabilization of serial rib fractures is advantageous in patients with relevant traumatic brain injury
Authors: Freitag Philipp , Bechmann Cornelius , Eden Lars , Meffert Rainer , Walles Thorsten
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the clinical benefit of surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF) in polytrauma patients with serial rib fractures.

Methods

Retrospective single-center cohort analysis in trauma patients. Serial rib fracture was defined as three consecutive ribs confirmed by chest computer tomography (CT). Study cohort includes 243 patients that were treated conservatively and 34 patients that underwent SSRF. Demographic patient data, trauma mechanism, injury pattern, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and hospital course were analyzed. Two matched pair analyses stratified for ISS (32 pairs) and GCS (25 pairs) were performed.

Results

The majority of patients was male (74%) and aged 55 ± 20 years. Serial rib fractures were associated with more than 6 broken ribs in average (6.3 ± 3.7). Other thoracic bone injury included sternum (18%), scapula (16%) and clavicula (13%). Visceral injury consisted of pneumothorax (51%), lung contusion (33%) and diaphragmatic rupture (2%). Average ISS was 22 ± 7.3. Overall hospital stay was 15.9 and ICU stay 7.4 days. In hospital, mortality was 13%. SSRF did not improve hospital course or postoperative complications in the complete study cohort. However, patients with a significantly reduced GCS (7.6 ± 5.3 vs 11.22 ± 4.8; p = 0.006) benefitted from SSRF. Matched pair analysis stratified for GCS showed shorter ICU stays (9 vs 15 days; p = 0.005) including shorter respirator time (143 vs 305 h; p = 0.003).

Conclusion

Patients with serial rib fractures and simultaneous moderate or severe traumatic brain injury benefit from surgical stabilization of rib fractures.