bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Costly signalling and the distribution of monumental mounds in Savai‘i and ‘Upolu, Sāmoa
Authors: GLOVER HAYLEY J. , LADEFOGED THEGN N. , COCHRANE ETHAN E.
Published: June 2020

Monumental architecture has long been a focus of archaeological research. The construction of large and elaborate structures is a costly endeavour, which may seem to have little immediate benefit. Costly signalling is one explanation which can be applied to this problem by determining the contexts in which monument construction would carry a selective advantage. This study investigates stone and earthen mounds and platforms from Savai‘i and ‘Upolu in Sāmoa. These are among the most common type of archaeological feature in the landscape, yet targeted research explaining why these costly mounds were built is lacking. One of the primary expectations of costly signalling is that monuments will be located near areas where contested resources are abundant. To test this expectation, a semi‐automated feature identification method was used to identify mounds in LiDAR data, and a model of agricultural productivity was produced to map locations where the cultivation of dryland taro should have been successful. Mounds were found to be preferentially located near areas with high agricultural potential, suggesting that costly signalling could be an explanation for mound construction in Sāmoa, where mounds served to demonstrate resource holding potential and competitive ability.
A measure of case complexity for streamlining workflow in multidisciplinary tumor boards: Mixed methods development and early validation of the MeDiC tool
Authors: Soukup Tayana , Morbi Abigail , Lamb Benjamin W. , Gandamihardja Tasha A.K. , Hogben Katy , Noyes Katia , Skolarus Ted A. , Darzi Ara , Sevdalis Nick , Green James S.A.
Published: June 2020

Background and Objective

There is increasing emphasis in cancer care globally for care to be reviewed and managed by multidisciplinary teams (ie, in tumor boards). Evidence and recommendations suggest that the complexity of each patient case needs to be considered as care is planned; however, no tool currently exists for cancer teams to do so. We report the development and early validation of such a tool.

Methods

We used a mixed‐methods approach involving psychometric evaluation and expert review to develop the Measure of case‐Discussion Complexity (MeDiC) between May 2014 and November 2016. The study ran in six phases and included ethnographic interviews, observations, surveys, feasibility and reliability testing, expert consensus, and multiple expert‐team reviews.

Results

Phase‐1: case complexity factors identified through literature review and expert interviews; Phase‐2: 51 factors subjected to iterative review and content validation by nine cancer teams across four England Trusts with nine further items identified; Phase 3: 60 items subjected to expert review distilled to the most relevant; Phase 4: item weighing and further content validation through a national UK survey; Phases 5 and 6: excellent interassessor reliability between clinical and nonclinical observers, and adequate validity on 903 video case discussions achieved. A final set of 27 factors, measuring clinical and logistical complexities were integrated into MeDiC.

Conclusions

MeDiC is an evidence‐based and expert‐driven tool that gauges the complexity of cancer cases. MeDiC may be used as a clinical quality assurance and screening tool for tumor board consideration through case selection and prioritization.
BRAF mutation and its inhibitors in sarcoma treatment
Authors: Liu Haotian , Nazmun Nahar , Hassan Shafat , Liu Xinyue , Yang Jilong
Published: June 2020

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays a significant role in mediating cellular physiological activities, such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence. This signaling pathway is composed of several major proto‐oncogenes of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, among which the BRAF proto‐oncogene, as one of the three members of the RAF family, has a higher mutation rate than ARAF and CRAF and has attracted extensive attention. Regarding the BRAF mutation, approximately 95% of BRAF mutations belong to the BRAF V600E mutation, which can enhance the expression of the MAPK signaling pathway and is thus related to the occurrence and development of various malignant tumors and has been successfully identified as a therapeutic target. Moreover, drug resistance to BRAF inhibitor treatment also appears to be an important issue. Considering the successful use of BRAF inhibitors in melanoma, we provide a brief overview of the BRAF mutations, including their basic structures and activation mechanisms, and the new classification method for BRAF mutations. Most importantly, we summarize the results of BRAF inhibitor treatment in different sarcomas. To overcome drug resistance to BRAF inhibitor treatment, we also outline the different mechanisms of drug resistance to BRAF inhibitor treatment and introduce the combination strategy of BRAF inhibitors with other targeted therapies.
Employing autobiographical memory perspective to influence self‐congruence and brand preference
Authors: Mandal Sudipta
Published: June 2020

This paper advances our understanding of consumer behavior by examining the influence of autobiographical memory perspective on consumer's self‐congruence. While extant research has primarily restricted itself to the consequences of self‐congruence, this work focuses on an antecedent, by examining the psychological processes associated with the consumer's autobiographical memory perspective and the resulting impact on self‐congruence. Through three experiments, we demonstrate that visualizing autobiographical memories from a first‐person versus a third‐person perspective impacts consumers' self‐brand congruence differently under varied circumstances. Specifically, differing degrees of self‐brand congruence are experienced when consumers focus on differences (vs. similarities) between their present and recalled selves, combined with distinct autobiographical memory perspectives. The autobiographical memory perspective is identified as a key determinant of consumers' perceived change in self‐image, which, in turn, has a cascading effect on their self‐brand congruence. Thus, consumers' perceived change in self‐image is identified as the mechanism underlying the main effect. Furthermore, as an important component of self‐image, this research determines and examines a moderating influence of self‐esteem in the relationship between autobiographical memory perspective and self‐congruence. Collectively, these results facilitate our understanding of the autobiographical memory perspective as an antecedent of consumer's self‐congruence, with implications for nostalgia advertising and retro branding.
A Series of Benzylidenes Linked to Hydrazine‐1‐carbothioamide as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Structure−Activity Relationship
Authors: Hosseinpoor Hona , Iraji Aida , Edraki Najmeh , Pirhadi Somayeh , Attarroshan Mahshid , Khoshneviszadeh Mahsima , Khoshneviszadeh Mehdi
Published: June 2020

Tyrosinase is a type 3 copper enzyme responsible for skin pigmentation disorders, skin cancer, and enzymatic browning of vegetables and fruits. In the present article, 12 small molecules of 2‐benzylidenehydrazine‐1‐carbothioamide were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti‐tyrosinase activities followed by molecular docking and pharmacophore‐based screening. Among synthesized thiosemicarbazone derivatives, one compound, (2E)‐2‐[(4‐nitrophenyl)methylidene]hydrazine‐1‐carbothioamide, is the strongest inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase with IC50 of 0.05 μM which demonstrated a 128‐fold increase in potency compared to the positive control. Kinetic studies also revealed mix type inhibition by this compound. Docking studies confirmed the complete fitting of the synthesized compounds into the tyrosinase active site. The results underline the potential of 2‐benzylidenehydrazine‐1‐carbothioamides as potent pharmacophore to extend the tyrosinase inhibition in drug discovery.
Resting distal to aortic pressure ratio and fractional flow reserve discordance affects the diagnostic performance of quantitative flow ratio: Results from an individual patient data meta‐analysis
Authors: Westra Jelmer , Eftekhari Ashkan , Tu Shengxian , Campo Gianluca , Escaned Javier , Winther Simon , Matsuo Hitoshi , Qu Xinkai , Koltowski Lukasz , Chang Yunxiao , Liu Tommy , Yang Junqing , Andersen Birgitte Krogsgaard , Wijns William , Böttcher Morten , Christiansen Evald Høj , Xu Bo , Holm Niels Ramsing
Published: June 2020

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of quantitative flow ratio (QFR) related to fractional flow reserve (FFR) and resting distal‐to‐aortic pressure ratio (resting Pd/Pa) concordance.

Background

QFR is a method for computation of FFR based on standard coronary angiography. It is unclear how QFR is performed in patients with discordance between FFR and resting pressure ratios (distal‐to‐aortic pressure ratio [Pd/Pa]).

Materials and Methods

The main comparison was the diagnostic performance of QFR with FFR as reference stratified by correspondence between FFR and resting Pd/Pa. Secondary outcome measures included distribution of clinical or procedural characteristics stratified by FFR and resting Pd/Pa correspondence.

Results

Four prospective studies matched the inclusion criteria. Analysis was performed on patient level data reaching a total of 759 patients and 887 vessels with paired FFR, QFR, and resting Pd/Pa. Median FFR was 0.85 (IQR: 0.77–0.90). Diagnostic accuracy of QFR with FFR as reference was higher if FFR corresponded to resting Pd/Pa: accuracy 90% (95% CI: 88–92) versus 72% (95% CI: 64–80), p < .001, and sAUC 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92‐0.96) versus 0.73 (95% CI: 0.69–0.77), p < .001. Resting Pd/Pa and FFR discordance were related to age, sex, hypertension, and lesion severity.

Conclusion

Diagnostic performance of QFR with FFR as reference is reduced for lesions with discordant FFR (≤0.80) and resting Pd/Pa (≤0.92) measurements.
Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on ST‐elevation myocardial infarction in a non‐COVID‐19 epicenter
Authors: Hammad Tarek A. , Parikh Melanie , Tashtish Nour , Lowry Cynthia M. , Gorbey Diane , Forouzandeh Farshad , Filby Steven J. , Wolf William M. , Costa Marco A. , Simon Daniel I. , Shishehbor Mehdi H.
Published: June 2020

Objectives

We sought to study the impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on the presentation delay, severity, patterns of care, and reasons for delay among patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a non‐hot‐spot region.

Background

COVID‐19 pandemic has significantly reduced the activations for STEMI in epicenters like Spain.

Methods

From January 1, 2020, to April 15, 2020, 143 STEMIs were identified across our integrated 18‐hospital system. Pre‐ and post‐COVID‐19 cohorts were based on March 23rd, 2020, whenstay‐at‐home orders were initiated in Ohio. We used presenting heart rate, blood pressure, troponin, new Q‐wave, and left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) to assess severity. Duration of intensive care unit stay, total length of stay, door‐to‐balloon (D2B) time, and radial versus femoral access were used to assess patterns of care.

Results

Post‐COVID‐19 presentation was associated with a lower admission LVEF (45 vs. 50%, p = .015), new Q‐wave, and higher initial troponin; however, these did not reach statistical significance. Among post‐COVID‐19 patients, those with >12‐hr delay in presentation 31(%) had a longer average D2B time (88 vs. 53 min, p = .033) and higher peak troponin (58 vs. 8.5 ng/ml, p = .03). Of these, 27% avoided the hospital due to fear of COVID‐19, 18% believed symptoms were COVID‐19 related, and 9% did not want to burden the hospital during the pandemic.

Conclusions

COVID‐19 has remarkably affected STEMI presentation and care. Patients' fear and confusion about symptoms are integral parts of this emerging public health crisis.
Intracardiac thrombus formation and thromboembolic events in children with cardiomyopathies: A single‐center case series
Authors: Bendahmash Abdulrahman , Almanie Saeed , Alwadai Abdullah
Published: June 2020

Intracardiac thrombosis and distant thromboembolic events are rare complications of patients diagnosed with any type of cardiomyopathies. The low prevalence of this entity makes it challenging and unfortunate for the patients and their families. This review aims to add to the current limited available data describing similar clinical entities.
Simplified Novel Muraymycin Analogues; using a Serine Template Strategy for Linking Key Pharmacophores
Authors: Patel Bhautikkumar , Kerr Rachel V , Malde Alpeshkumar K , Zunk Matthew , Bugg Timothy D. H. , Grant Gary , Rudrawar Santosh
Published: June 2020

The present status of antibiotic research requires the urgent invention of novel agents that act on multidrug‐resistant bacteria. The World Health Organization has classified antibiotic‐resistant bacteria into critical, high and medium priority according to the urgency of need for new antibiotics. Naturally occurring uridine‐derived “nucleoside antibiotics” have shown promising activity against numerous priority resistant organisms by inhibiting the transmembrane protein MraY (translocase I), which is yet to be explored in a clinical context. The catalytic activity of MraY is an essential process for bacterial cell viability and growth including that of priority organisms. Muraymycins are one subclass of naturally occurring MraY inhibitors. Despite having potent antibiotic properties, the structural complexity of muraymycins advocates for simplified analogues as potential lead structures. Herein, we report a systematic structure‐activity relationship (SAR) study of serine template‐linked, simplified muraymycin‐type analogues. This preliminary SAR lead study of serine template analogues successfully revealed that the complex structure of naturally occurring muraymycins could be easily simplified to afford bioactive scaffolds against resistant priority organisms. This study will pave the way for the development of novel antibacterial lead compounds based on a simplified serine template.
Hypofractionated radiotherapy alone with 2.4 Gy per fraction for head and neck cancer during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The Princess Margaret experience and proposal
Authors: Huang Shao Hui , O’Sullivan Brian , Su Jie , Ringash Jolie , Bratman Scott V. , Kim John , Hosni Ali , Bayley Andrew , Cho John , Giuliani Meredith , Hope Andrew , Spreafico Anna , Hansen Aaron R. , Siu Lillian L. , Gilbert Ralph , Irish Jonathan C. , Goldstein David , de Almeida John , Tong Li , Xu Wei , Waldron John
Published: June 2020

Background

The objective of this study was to identify a subgroup of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) who might be suitable for hypofractionated radiotherapy (RT‐hypo) during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

HNSCC cases (oropharynx/larynx/hypopharynx) treated with definitive RT‐hypo (60 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks), moderately accelerated radiotherapy (RT‐acc) alone (70 Gy in 35 fractions over 6 weeks), or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) during 2005‐2017 were included. Locoregional control (LRC) and distant control (DC) after RT‐hypo, RT‐acc, and CCRT were compared for various subgroups.

Results

The study identified 994 human papillomavirus–positive (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cases (with 61, 254, and 679 receiving RT‐hypo, RT‐acc, and CCRT, respectively) and 1045 HPV– HNSCC cases (with 263, 451, and 331 receiving RT‐hypo, RT‐acc, and CCRT, respectively). The CCRT cohort had higher T/N categories, whereas the radiotherapy‐alone patients were older. The median follow‐up was 4.6 years. RT‐hypo, RT‐acc, and CCRT produced comparable 3‐year LRC and DC for HPV+ T1‐2N0‐N2a disease (seventh edition of the TNM system [TNM‐7]; LRC, 94%, 100%, and 94%; P = .769; DC, 94%, 100%, and 94%; P = .272), T1‐T2N2b disease (LRC, 90%, 94%, and 97%; P = .445; DC, 100%, 96%, and 95%; P = .697), and T1‐2N2c/T3N0‐N2c disease (LRC, 89%, 93%, and 95%; P = .494; DC, 89%, 90%, and 87%; P = .838). Although LRC was also similar for T4/N3 disease (78%, 84%, and 88%; P = .677), DC was significantly lower with RT‐hypo or RT‐acc versus CCRT (67%, 65%, and 87%; P = .005). For HPV– HNSCC, 3‐year LRC and DC were similar with RT‐hypo, RT‐acc, and CCRT in stages I and II (LRC, 85%, 89%, and 100%; P = .320; DC, 99%, 98%, and 100%; P = .446); however, RT‐hypo and RT‐acc had significantly lower LRC in stage III (76%, 69%, and 91%; P = .006), whereas DC rates were similar (92%, 85%, and 90%; P = .410). Lower LRC in stage III predominated in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma receiving RT‐acc (62%) but not RT‐hypo (80%) or CCRT (92%; RT‐hypo vs CCRT: P = .270; RT‐acc vs CCRT: P = .004). CCRT had numerically higher LRC in comparison with RT‐hypo or RT‐acc in stage IV (73%, 65%, and 66%; P = .336).

Conclusions

It is proposed that RT‐hypo be considered in place of CCRT for HPV+ T1‐T3N0‐N2c (TNM‐7) HNSCCs, HPV– T1‐T2N0 HNSCCs, and select stage III HNSCCs during the COVID‐19 outbreak.
Management of primary skin cancer during a pandemic: Multidisciplinary recommendations
Authors: Baumann Brian C. , MacArthur Kelly M. , Brewer Jerry D. , Mendenhall William M. , Barker Christopher A. , Etzkorn Jeremy R. , Jellinek Nathaniel J. , Scott Jeffrey F. , Gay Hiram A. , Baumann John C. , Manian Farrin A. , Devlin Phillip M. , Michalski Jeff M. , Lee Nancy Y. , Thorstad Wade L. , Wilson Lynn D. , Perez Carlos A. , Miller Christopher J.
Published: June 2020

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, providers and patients must engage in shared decision making regarding the pros and cons of early versus delayed interventions for localized skin cancer. Patients at highest risk of COVID‐19 complications are older; are immunosuppressed; and have diabetes, cancer, or cardiopulmonary disease, with multiple comorbidities associated with worse outcomes. Physicians must weigh the patient's risk of COVID‐19 complications in the event of exposure against the risk of worse oncologic outcomes from delaying cancer therapy. Herein, the authors have summarized current data regarding the risk of COVID‐19 complications and mortality based on age and comorbidities and have reviewed the literature assessing how treatment delays affect oncologic outcomes. They also have provided multidisciplinary recommendations regarding the timing of local therapy for early‐stage skin cancers during this pandemic with input from experts at 11 different institutions. For patients with Merkel cell carcinoma, the authors recommend prioritizing treatment, but a short delay can be considered for patients with favorable T1 disease who are at higher risk of COVID‐19 complications. For patients with melanoma, the authors recommend delaying the treatment of patients with T0 to T1 disease for 3 months if there is no macroscopic residual disease at the time of biopsy. Treatment of tumors ≥T2 can be delayed for 3 months if the biopsy margins are negative. For patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, those with Brigham and Women's Hospital T1 to T2a disease can have their treatment delayed for 2 to 3 months unless there is rapid growth, symptomatic lesions, or the patient is immunocompromised. The treatment of tumors ≥T2b should be prioritized, but a 1‐month to 2‐month delay is unlikely to worsen disease‐specific mortality. For patients with squamous cell carcinoma in situ and basal cell carcinoma, treatment can be deferred for 3 months unless the individual is highly symptomatic.
Plasmonic Photocatalysts for Sunlight‐Driven Reduction of CO2: Details, Developments, and Perspectives
Authors: Vu Nhu‐Nang , Kaliaguine Serge , Do Trong‐On
Published: June 2020

Plasmonic photocatalysis is among the most efficient processes for the photoreduction of CO2 into valuable fuels. The formation of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), energy transfer, and surface reaction are the significant steps in this process. LSPR plays an essential role in the performance of plasmonic photocatalysts as it promotes an excellent, light absorption over a broad wavelength range while simultaneously facilitating an efficient energy transfer to semiconductors. The LSPR transfers energy to a semiconductor through various mechanisms, which have both advantages and disadvantages. This work points out four critical features for plasmonic photocatalyst design, that is, plasmonic materials, size, shape of plasmonic nanoparticles (PNPs), and the contact between PNPs and semiconductor. Various developed plasmonic photocatalysts, as well as their photocatalytic performance in CO2 photoreduction, are reviewed and discussed. Finally, perspectives of advanced architectures and structural engineering for plasmonic photocatalyst design are put forward with high expectations to achieve an efficient CO2 photoreduction shortly.
Recent Advances on Imidazolium‐Functionalized Organic Cationic Polymers for CO2 Adsorption and Simultaneous Conversion into Cyclic Carbonates
Authors: Luo Rongchang , Liu Xiangying , Chen Min , Liu Baoyu , Fang Yanxiong
Published: June 2020

The cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with various epoxides to generate cyclic carbonates is one of the most promising and efficient approaches for CO2 fixation. Typical imidazolium‐based ionic liquids possessing electrophilic cations and nucleophilic halogen anions have been identified as excellent and environmentally friendly candidates for synergistically activating epoxides to convert CO2. Therefore, the feasible construction of a series of imidazolium‐functionalized organic cationic polymers can bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, thereby obtaining highly selective CO2 adsorption and simultaneous conversion ability. This Review describes the recent advancements made with regard to the design and synthesis of this type of polymeric networks having imidazolium functionality. They are considered as an outstanding heterogeneous catalyst for the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides. Based on the perspective from the design of building blocks to the synthesis of cationic polymers, the focus mainly lies on how to introduce imidazole units into the material backbone via a covalent linking approach and how to incorporate other active sites capable of activating CO2 and/or epoxides into such polymeric materials.
Intoxication cases associated with the novel designer drug 3′,4′‐methylenedioxy‐α‐pyrrolidinohexanophenone and studies on its human metabolism using high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Grapp Marcel , Kaufmann Christoph , Schwelm Hannes M. , Neukamm Merja A. , Blaschke Sabine , Eidizadeh Abass
Published: June 2020

Among the increasing number of new psychoactive substances, 3′,4′‐methylenedioxy‐α‐pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MDPHP) belongs to the group of synthetic cathinones, which are the derivatives of the naturally occurring compound cathinone, the main psychoactive ingredient in the khat plant. Currently, only limited data are available for MDPHP, and no information is available on its human metabolism. We describe the toxicological investigation of nine cases associated with the use of MDPHP during the period February–June 2019. Serum MDPHP concentrations showed a high variability ranging from 3.3 to 140 ng/mL (mean 30.3 ng/mL and median 16 ng/mL). Intoxication symptoms of the described cases could not be explained by the abuse of MDPHP alone because in all cases the co‐consumption of other psychotropic drugs with frequent occurrence of opiates and benzodiazepines could be verified. Therefore, the patients showed different clinical symptoms, including aggressive behaviour, delayed physical response, loss of consciousness and coma. Liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry was successfully used to investigate the human in vivo metabolism of MDPHP using authentic human urine samples. The metabolism data for MDPHP were further substantiated by the analysis of human urine using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS, a widely used systematic toxicological analysis method appropriate for the toxicological detection of MDPHP intake), which revealed the presence of seven phase I metabolites and three phase II metabolites as glucuronides. GC‐MS spectral data for MDPHP and metabolites are provided. The identified metabolite pattern corroborates the principal metabolic pathways of α‐pyrrolidinophenones in humans.
Eating and exercise behaviors in eating disorders and the general population during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Australia: Initial results from the COLLATE project
Authors: Phillipou Andrea , Meyer Denny , Neill Erica , Tan Eric J. , Toh Wei Lin , Van Rheenen Tamsyn E. , Rossell Susan L.
Published: June 2020

Objective

Emerging evidence suggests that the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic may be negatively impacting mental health. The impact on eating and exercise behaviors is, however, currently unknown. This study aimed to identify changes in eating and exercise behaviors in an Australian sample among individuals with an eating disorder, and the general population, amidst the COVID‐19 pandemic outbreak.

Method

A total of 5,469 participants, 180 of whom self‐reported an eating disorder history, completed questions relating to changes in eating and exercise behaviors since the emergence of the pandemic, as part of the COLLATE (COvid‐19 and you: mentaL heaLth in AusTralia now survEy) project; a national survey launched in Australia on April 1, 2020.

Results

In the eating disorders group, increased restricting, binge eating, purging, and exercise behaviors were found. In the general population, both increased restricting and binge eating behaviors were reported; however, respondents reported less exercise relative to before the pandemic.

Discussion

The findings have important implications for providing greater monitoring and support for eating disorder patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In addition, the mental and physical health impacts of changed eating and exercise behaviors in the general population need to be acknowledged and monitored for potential long‐term consequences.
The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms
Authors: Rodgers Rachel F. , Lombardo Caterina , Cerolini Silvia , Franko Debra L. , Omori Mika , Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Linardon Jake , Courtet Philippe , Guillaume Sebastien
Published: June 2020

The current COVID‐19 pandemic has created a global context likely to increase eating disorder (ED) risk and symptoms, decrease factors that protect against EDs, and exacerbate barriers to care. Three pathways exist by which this pandemic may exacerbate ED risk. One, the disruptions to daily routines and constraints to outdoor activities may increase weight and shape concerns, and negatively impact eating, exercise, and sleeping patterns, which may in turn increase ED risk and symptoms. Relatedly, the pandemic and accompanying social restrictions may deprive individuals of social support and adaptive coping strategies, thereby potentially elevating ED risk and symptoms by removing protective factors. Two, increased exposure to ED‐specific or anxiety‐provoking media, as well as increased reliance on video conferencing, may increase ED risk and symptoms. Three, fears of contagion may increase ED symptoms specifically related to health concerns, or by the pursuit of restrictive diets focused on increasing immunity. In addition, elevated rates of stress and negative affect due to the pandemic and social isolation may also contribute to increasing risk. Evaluating and assessing these factors are key to better understanding the impact of the pandemic on ED risk and recovery and to inform resource dissemination and targets.
Calculating the value of the commons: Generating resilient urban futures
Authors: Petrescu Doina , Petcou Constantin , Safri Maliha , Gibson Katherine
Published: June 2020

In this article, we present a method for valuing the multidimensional aspects of urban commons. This method draws from and contributes to a broader conception of social or community returns on investment, using the case and data of a vibrant project, strategy, and model of ecological resilience, R‐Urban, on the outskirts of Paris. R‐Urban is based on networks of urban commons and collective hubs supporting civic resilience practices. We use data from 2015, the year before one of the hubs was evicted from its site by a municipal administration that could not see the value of an “urban farm” compared to a parking lot. We combine estimates of the direct revenues generated for a host of activities that took place in R‐Urban, including an urban farm, community recycling centre, a greenhouse, community kitchen, compost school, café, a teaching space, and a mini‐market. We then estimate the market value of volunteer labour put into running the sites, in addition to the value of training and education conducted through formal and informal channels, and the new jobs and earnings that were generated due to R‐Urban activity. Finally, we estimate the monetary value of the savings made by an environmentally conscious design that focused on water recycling, soil and biodiversity improvement, and social and health benefits, breaking them down by savings to the organization, participants and households involved in R‐Urban itself, as well as savings to the state and the planet. Although our article is built on specific quantities from a concrete project, the method has wide applicability to urban commons of many types seeking to demonstrate the worth and value of all their many facets and activities.
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors as diuretic adjuvants in acute decompensated heart failure: a case series
Authors: Griffin Matthew , Riello Ralph , Rao Veena S. , Ivey-Miranda Juan , Fleming James , Maulion Christopher , McCallum Wendy , Sarnak Mark , Collins Sean , Inzucchi Silvio E. , Testani Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2020

Aims

Diuretic resistance is common in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). When loop diuretic monotherapy is ineffective, thiazides are often recommended as adjunctive therapy, but these agents have many side effects and are associated with worsened survival. In contrast, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT‐2i's), initially developed as glucose‐lowering medications for type 2 diabetes, improve heart failure outcomes. A candidate contributory mechanism for this benefit is their diuretic effects. We sought to describe the safety and efficacy of SGLT‐2i's as loop diuretic adjuvants in ADHF.

Methods and results

We retrospectively analysed patients who received adjuvant SGLT‐2i therapy between August 2016 and June 2018 at Yale‐New Haven Hospital. Thirty‐one patients comprised the cohort, 58% of whom had type 2 diabetes. Compared with the 24 h prior to SGLT‐2i initiation, average weight loss improved (1.0 ± 2.2 kg, P = 0.03 at Day 1; 1.7 ± 4.9 kg, P = 0.08 at Day 2; and 2.1 ± 5.6 kg, P = 0.06 at Day 3), as did urine output (3.7 ± 2.0 L, P = 0.002 at Day 1; 3.4 ± 1.7 L, P = 0.02 at Day 2; and 3.1 ± 1.7 L, P = 0.02 at Day 3) while loop diuretic dosing remaining stable. Creatinine remained unchanged during the 3 days after initiation, as did blood pressure and the incidence of hypokalaemia (P = NS for all).

Conclusions

In this cohort of patients with ADHF, SGLT‐2i's improved weight loss, urine output, and diuretic efficiency without worsening of creatinine, potassium, or blood pressure. Further study of SGLT‐2i's as a loop diuretic adjuvant is warranted.
Highly Twisted Aryl‐Anthraquinodimethanes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescence Sensing of TNT
Authors: Zreid Monther S. , Tabasi Zahra A. , Ma Xiaoyu , Wang Tao , Almatarneh Mansour H. , Zhao Yuming
Published: June 2020

A series of anthraquinodimethane (AQ) derivatives substituted with sterically hindered arene groups, including pyrene, tetraphenylethene (TPE), and anthracene, was successfully synthesized through Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions under optimized conditions. The molecular structures of these aryl‐substituted AQs were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, while their electrochemical and electronic properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetric (CV), UV/Vis absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses. Our studies provide an in‐depth understanding of the structure‐property relationships for sterically hindered aryl‐AQ systems. Interesting aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties for tetrapyrenyl‐ and tetra(TPE)‐substituted AQs were further disclosed, based on which the applicability of these compounds as highly sensitive fluorescent probes for nitroaromatic explosives such as 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) was demonstrated.
Peripheral and central nervous system correlates in fibromyalgia
Authors: Vecchio Eleonora , Lombardi Raffaella , Paolini Matilde , Libro Giuseppe , Delussi Marianna , Ricci Katia , Quitadamo Silvia G. , Gentile Eleonora , Girolamo Francesco , Iannone Florenzo , Lauria Giuseppe , de Tommaso Marina
Published: June 2020

Background

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by altered pain processing at central and peripheral level, whose pathophysiologic mechanisms remain obscure. We aimed at exploring the structural changes of peripheral nociceptor measured by skin biopsy, the functional changes of central nociceptive pathway assessed by laser‐evoked potentials (LEP), and their correlation with clinical features and comorbidities.

Methods

In all, 81 patients diagnosed with FM underwent skin biopsies with quantification of intraepidermal nerve fibre density (IENFD) at the thigh and distal leg, and LEP recording by stimulating hand, thigh and foot. Nerve conduction study (NCS), clinical features, comorbidity with migraine and mood disorders, and previous, non‐active immune‐mediated disorders were recorded.

Results

Intraepidermal nerve fibre density was reduced in 85% of patients at the thigh and in 12.3% of patients at the distal leg, whereas it was normal in 14.8% of patients. N2P2 habituation index from laser stimulation at the thigh was altered in 97.5% of patients and correlated with reduced IENFD at the thigh. LEP latencies and amplitudes did not differ among groups. No association was found between IENFD, LEP, clinical features and comorbidities.

Conclusions

Fibromyalgia patients most commonly showed a mild loss of peripheral nociceptors at the thigh rather than distal small fibre neuropathy. This finding was associated with an altered habituation index and strengthened the hypothesis that central sensitization plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Significance

Central impairment of pain processing likely underlies FM, which in most patients is associated with mild proximal small fibre pathology.
RETRACTED: Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) and immunity booster green foods: A mini review
Authors: Arshad Muhammad Sajid , Khan Urooj , Sadiq Anam , Khalid Waseem , Hussain Muhammad , Yasmeen Ammara , Asghar Zubia , Rehana Hafiza
Published: June 2020

This review focused on the use of plant‐based foods for enhancing the immunity of all aged groups against COVID‐19. In humans, coronaviruses are included in the spectrum of viruses that cause the common cold and, recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Emerging infectious diseases, such as SARS present a major threat to public health. The novel coronavirus has spread rapidly to multiple countries and has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. COVID‐19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant‐based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. By the use of plenty of water, minerals like magnesium and Zinc, micronutrients, herbs, food rich in vitamins C, D and E, and better life style one can promote the health and can overcome this infection. Various studies investigated that a powerful antioxidant glutathione and a bioflavonoid quercetin may prevent various infections including COVID‐19. In conclusion, the plant‐based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID‐19.
An experiment revealing the ability of a side‐scan sonar to detect CO2 bubbles in shallow seas
Authors: Uchimoto Keisuke , Nishimura Makoto , Watanabe Yuji , Xue Ziqiu
Published: June 2020

With the aim of using side‐scan sonar (SSS) in marine monitoring at offshore CO2 storage sites, an experiment was conducted in a bay with a flat seabed, approximately 32 m deep. CO2 bubbles released at regulated rates between 500 and 5000 mL min−1 were searched for with SSS to elucidate the detection limit, which depends on the towing speed and the altitude of SSS, and the horizontal distance between the release point and SSS. When the towing speed was less than 6 knots, SSS was able to detect CO2 bubbles released at 1000 mL min−1 (approximately 4 tonnes year−1), which is an extremely small rate compared with injection rates in commercial scale storage, O(106) tonnes year−1. The time required for searching an area of 1 km2 with SSS was estimated to be between 1.7 and 3.4 hours, assuming that SSS was towed at an altitude of 27 m. Thus, SSS was demonstrated to be serviceable for marine monitoring. pH measured at 5 m away from the release point dropped by larger than 0.05 four times during the experiment. Only one of them might have been due to the CO2 release, and the others were due to intrusion of water from deeper layers because temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen simultaneously changed. This indicates that bubble searching with SSS could detect smaller‐scale CO2 leakages than locating anomalous carbonate values, although the latter is still important in case all or most of CO2 dissolve before the emission to the sea. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon monoxide controls microglial erythrophagocytosis by regulating CD36 surface expression to reduce the severity of hemorrhagic injury
Authors: Kaiser Sandra , Selzner Lisa , Weber Janick , Schallner Nils
Published: June 2020

Microglial erythrophagocytosis is crucial in injury response to hemorrhagic stroke. We hypothesized that regulation of microglial erythrophagocytosis via HO‐1/CO depends on a pathway involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) and CD36 surface‐expression. The microglial BV‐2 cell line and primary microglia (PMG) were incubated +/−blood and +/−CO‐exposure. PMG isolated from tissue‐specific HO‐1‐deficient (LyzM‐Cre‐Hmox1
fl/fl) and CD36
−/− mice or siRNA against AMPK (AMP‐activated protein kinase) were used to test our hypothesis. In a murine subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model, we compared neuronal injury in wild‐type and CD36
−/− mice. Readouts included vasospasm, microglia activation, neuronal apoptosis, and spatial memory. We observed increased microglial HO‐1‐expression after blood‐exposure. A burst in ROS‐production was seen after CO‐exposure, which led to increased amounts of phosphorylated AMPK with subsequently enhanced CD36 surface‐expression. Naïve PMG from LyzM‐Cre‐Hmox1
fl/fl mice showed reduced ROS‐production and CD36 surface‐expression and failed to respond to CO with increased CD36 surface‐expression. Lack of HO‐1 and CD36 resulted in reduced erythrophagocytosis that could not be rescued with CO. Erythrophagocytosis was enhanced in BV‐2 cells in the presence of exogenous CO, which was abolished in cells treated with siRNA to AMPK. CD36
−/− mice subjected to SAH showed enhanced neuronal cell death, which resulted in impaired spatial memory function. We demonstrate that microglial phagocytic function partly depends on a pathway involving HO‐1 with changes in ROS‐production, phosphorylated AMPK, and surface expression of CD36. CD36 was identified as a crucial component in blood clearance after hemorrhage that ultimately determines neuronal outcome. These results demand further investigations studying the potential neuroprotective properties of CO.
Coronavirus disease 2019—The principles of the curve, explained simply
Authors: Jozaghi Yelda
Published: June 2020

In the setting of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the concept of the disease curve has become ubiquitous in medicine and across society. Nevertheless, even among medical specialists, there are common misconception about the curve and how it affects population outcomes. This article provides a simple review of the various population dynamics at play. Principles such as the area under the curve and the threshold of capacity are discussed and simply conceptualized. Understanding the fundamental characteristics of a problem can allow us to see it with more clarity. By the end of the article, the reader will gain an effortless a sense of insight on this topic.
Alteration of structural and mechanical properties of the temporomandibular joint disc following elastase digestion
Authors: Fazaeli Sepanta , Mirahmadi Fereshteh , Everts Vincent , Smit Theodoor H. , Koolstra Jan H. , Ghazanfari Samaneh
Published: June 2020

The temporomandibular joint disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure, composed of collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and proteoglycans. Despite the crucial role of elastin fibers in load‐bearing properties of connective tissues, its contribution in temporomandibular joint disc biomechanics has been disregarded. This study attempts to characterize the structural–functional contribution of elastin in the temporomandibular joint disc. Using elastase, we selectively perturbed the elastin fiber network in porcine temporomandibular joint discs and investigated the structural, compositional, and mechanical regional changes through: (a) analysis of collagen and elastin fibers by immunolabeling and transmission electron microscopy; (b) quantitative analysis of collagen tortuosity, cell shape, and disc volume; (c) biochemical quantification of collagen, glycosaminoglycan and elastin content; and (d) cyclic compression test. Following elastase treatment, microscopic examination revealed fragmentation of elastin fibers across the temporomandibular joint disc, with a more pronounced effect in the intermediate regions. Also, biochemical analyses of the intermediate regions showed significant depletion of elastin (50%), and substantial decrease in collagen (20%) and glycosaminoglycan (49%) content, likely due to non‐specific activity of elastase. Degradation of elastin fibers affected the homeostatic configuration of the disc, reflected in its significant volume enlargement accompanied by remarkable reduction of collagen tortuosity and cell elongation. Mechanically, elastase treatment nearly doubled the maximal energy dissipation across the intermediate regions while the instantaneous modulus was not significantly affected. We conclude that elastin fibers contribute to the restoration and maintenance of the disc resting shape and actively interact with collagen fibers to provide mechanical resilience to the temporomandibular joint disc.
LGRs in Skeletal Tissues: An Emerging Role for Wnt‐Associated Adult Stem Cell Markers in Bone
Authors: Doherty Laura , Sanjay Archana
Published: June 2020

Leucine‐rich repeat‐containing G protein‐coupled receptors (LGRs) are adult stem cell markers that have been described across various stem cell niches, and expression of LGRs and their corresponding ligands (R‐spondins) has now been reported in multiple bone‐specific cell types. The skeleton harbors elusive somatic stem cell populations that are exceedingly compartment‐specific and under tight regulation from various signaling pathways. Skeletal progenitors give rise to multiple tissues during development and during regenerative processes of bone, requiring postnatal endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The relevance of LGRs and the LGR/R‐spondin ligand interaction in bone and tooth biology is becoming increasingly appreciated. LGRs may define specific stem cell and progenitor populations and their behavior during both development and regeneration, and their role as Wnt‐associated receptors with specific ligands poses these proteins as unique therapeutic targets via potential R‐spondin agonism. This review seeks to outline the current literature on LGRs in the context of bone and its associated tissues, and points to key future directions for studying the functional role of LGRs and ligands in skeletal biology. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Examination of a novel measure of trauma‐related drinking to cope
Authors: Hawn Sage E. , Aggen Steven H. , Cusack Shannon E. ,   Spit for Science Working Group, Dick Danielle , Amstadter Ananda B.
Published: June 2020

Objectives

The present study sought to fill a gap in the current literature by developing a concise self‐report questionnaire assessing drinking motives specific to coping with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This new four‐item questionnaire is called the Trauma Related Drinking questionnaire (TRD).

Method

Using structural equation modeling, the latent structure of the TRD items and how they relate to other variables of interest were explored among a sample of 1,896 college undergraduates from a large public university.

Results

Broadly, we found evidence to suggest that TRD is a more specific measure of drinking to cope motives compared to the commonly used Drinking Motives Questionnaire coping subscale. Additionally, findings demonstrate support for the external validation of TRD, both with regard to PTSD and alcohol consumption and related problems.

Conclusions

Results support the use of TRD in future self‐medication research and as a clinically useful screening tool.
Magnetic mesoporous FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 microrods as novel peroxymonosulfate activators for effective metronidazole degradation
Authors: Ren Hejun , Li Chenguang , Han Zhonghui , Li Tingting , Jin Xiong , Zhou Rui
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Metronidazole (MNZ) is a highly typical representative antibiotic widely occurring in wastewaters. Its release poses potential threats to the environment and human health. Advanced oxidation processes based on heterogeneous catalysis are promising technologies for organic matter removal. In this study, a new type of magnetic mesoporous FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 microrods was prepared and evaluated as catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for metronidazole (MNZ) degradation.

RESULTS

The effects of catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, and pH on MNZ degradation were investigated. A 96.8% removal of MNZ (100 mg L−1) was attained in the FeCo2O4–Fe3O4/PMS under the optimum conditions of 4 mM PMS, 0.4 g L−1 FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 loading, pH 7 and 60 min reaction time. The hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and sulfate radicals (SO4•−) were identified as the primary reactive species attributed to MNZ removal. The plausible mechanism of the catalytic degradation was proposed and assumed to be related to the Co/Fe species that exerted the synergistic effect during reactions. FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 showed excellent reusability and stability, which was testified by the successive degradation experiments. More importantly, FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 exhibited general applicability in eliminating various antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, 2,4‐dichlorophenol, ofloxacin, and tetracycline. The efficiencies of which were 78.8%, 77.1%, 81.3%, and 60.7%, respectively, under identical reaction conditions as MNZ.

CONCLUSION

This study proved that mesoporous FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 microrods are efficient PMS activators and provided a novel strategy for developing FeCo2O4–based catalysts for the removal of organic pollutants from water. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry