bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mystics, Neats and Scruffies: Informing Professional
Practice in Educational Administration
Authors: Sergiovanni Thomas J.
Published: May 2006

One′s mindscape of educational administration as a field of study
and practice determines the kind and worth of knowledge that emerges and
its use in practice. Mindscapes of the “Neats” and the
“Scruffies” are contrasted and evaluated for goodness of fit
to the realities of practice. Concluding that the mindscape of the
Scruffies fits better, implications are drawn for preparing school
administrators and for enhancing critical reflection. Four levels of
reflective practice are identified for attention and a model for
informing professional practice comprising antecedents, theories of
practice and professional practice episodes is presented.
The Traditional Independent School Principal: Innovator or
Inhibitor?
Authors: Smith Larry R.
Published: May 2006

Principals of traditional independent schools are invariably
allocated by their governing bodies all duties and powers regarding
discipline, programmes of study, selection and management of staff, and
school activities generally. They are thus in a powerful position within
their schools to facilitate effective and efficient responses to
legitimate pressures for change, and to recognise and reject
meretricious pressures for change. It seems reasonable to suggest that
their willingness to accept this role will depend, in large part, on the
particular educational values that they hold. The findings of a study
which investigated the level of educational progressivism held by the
principals of Queensland′s traditional independent schools are reported.
These suggest that such principals are neither protagonists nor
antagonists of educational change, although they strongly support the
retention of traditional educational referents.
General Equilibrium Analysis of Negative Value‐added
Authors: Tribedy Gopal , Beladi Hamid , Biswas Basudeb
Published: May 2006

A simple two‐sector general equilibrium model is developed to show
how the phenomenon of negative value‐added occurs in the protected
sector, when the intermediate input is an exportable of the country.
Previously, it has been shown in a partial analysis that the production
loss of negative value‐added comprises two elements – the foreign
exchange loss and the domestic resource loss. These losses are
geo‐metrically identified in the general equilibrium model. This
analysis departs from earlier ones, however, in that the intermediate
input is treated as an exportable good rather than an importable one.
Immiserising Growth with Globally Optimal Policies
Authors: Kaempfer William G.
Published: May 2006

Immiserizing growth is impossible when the growing country follows
nationally optimal policies and the growth stimulates no foreign
reaction. However, this solution may leave other nations with
sub‐optimal policies, and it may lead to a global misallocation of
resources. It is demonstrated that immiserising growth caused by a
deterioration in the term of trade is possible when globally optimal
policy rules are followed. Both weak global optimality, where all
nations follow nationally optimal policies, and strong global
optimality, where an efficient world allocation of resources is
maintained, are examined. However, when the terms of trade are not
determined by market power, for instance under discriminatory pricing or
by bilateral negotiation, immiserising growth is unlikely.
The Non‐Equivalence of Equivalent Restrictions: A Further
Example
Authors: Greenaway David
Published: May 2006

Voluntary export restraints (VERs) have been widely used in recent
years. VERs may be applied on a quantity or a ratio basis. A simple
non‐equivalence between volume and ratio VERs is noted and potential
political economy aspects are commented on.
True Protection in “Capital‐rich” and “Capital‐poor”
Developing Countries: Some Policy Implications
Authors: Milner Chris
Published: May 2006

True protection concepts seek to measure the net or relative price
effects of commercial policy interventions within a general equilibrium
framework. True protection depends on substitutional relationships
between sectors within an economy, which are influenced by factor
endowments, and the resulting arrangement of factor intensities between
the importables, non‐tradables and exportables sectors. Articles by
Sjaastad and Clements (1981, 1984) have explored true protection and the
incidence of protection for the case where importables are not
substitutes for exportables. This case can be applied to
“capital‐poor” developing countries. It establishes that the
export sector is likely to bear the principal burden of import
protection. This article compares and contrasts the results of the
“capital‐poor” model with those for a
“capital‐rich” model, in which it is the non‐tradable sector
on which the principal burden of import protection is likely to fall,
i.e. it tends to promote exportables, but not exports.
The Teacher as the Technique in Training
Authors: Blum Albert A.
Published: May 2006

It is argued that in management training there has been an
overemphasis on the participants, place, materials and techniques used,
rather than on the person who does the training‐namely, the teacher. The
need is focused on for trained personnel to be committed to their
subjects and to feel that these subjects are important not only at work
but also in life, and to be able to reflect these feelings to those they
are training. Some tentative suggestions are offered as to how to find
such teachers and how to develop them.
Job Analysis for Industrial Training
Authors: Campbell Clifton P.
Published: May 2006

Job analysis is the common basis for designing a training course or
programme, preparing performance tests, writing position (job)
descriptions, identifying performance appraisal criteria, and job
restructuring. Its other applications in human resource development
include career counselling and wage and salary administration. Job
analysis answers the questions of what tasks, performed in what manner,
make up a job. Outputs of this analytical study include: (a) a list of
the job tasks; (b) details of how each task is performed; (c) statements
describing the responsibility, job knowledge, mental application, and
dexterity, as well as accuracy required; and (d) a list of the
equipment, materials, and supplies used to perform the job. Various
techniques for conducting a job analysis have been used. Each has its
advantages and disadvantages. As a result, different techniques or
combinations of techniques are appropriate to different situations. The
combined on‐site observation and individual interview techniques are
recommended for industrial, trade, craft, clerical, and technical jobs
because they generate the most thorough and probably the most valid
information. A job analysis schedule is used to report the job
information obtained through observations and individual interviews. The
schedule provides a framework of 12 items in which to arrange and
describe important job analysis information. These 12 items are
organised into four sections. Section one consists of items one through
four. These items identify the job within the establishment in which it
occurs. The second section presents item five, the work performed. It
provides a thorough and complete description of the tasks of the job.
The Work Performed section describes what the job incumbent does, how it
is done, and why it is done. Section three presents items six through
nine. These are the requirements placed on the job incumbent for
successful performance. It is a detailed interpretation of the basic
minimum (a) responsibility, (b) job knowledge, (c) mental application,
and (d) dexterity and accuracy required of the job incumbent. The
fourth section includes three items which provide background information
on the job. These items are: (a) equipment, materials and supplies; (b)
definitions of terms; and (c) general comments. Appendix A is a glossary
of terms associated with job analysis. It is provided to facilitate more
exacting communication. A job analysis schedule for a complex and a
relatively simple job are included in Appendices B and C. These examples
illustrate how important job analysis information is arranged and
described. Appendix D provides a list of action verbs which are helpful
when describing the manipulative tasks of a job.
Learning to Ask Good Questions
Authors: Lewis Philip
Published: May 2006

Training interviewers in questioning techniques is not just a
matter of coaching them in the use of the appropriate type of questions.
It is suggested that most of us are inept at the skill of questioning
because of reluctance to intrude, which is cultural in origin, because
questioners are too egoistic and simply not interested in any
information that might be forthcoming, and because asking questions is
sometimes too difficult. It is further suggested that trainers should
pay attention to attitude change training as an important part of
interpersonal skills development that involves questioning techniques,
to which end a set of training aims is listed.
The Business Flight Simulator
Authors: Dwyer P. , Simpson D.
Published: May 2006

Employers are demanding an expanding range of skills and abilities
from students of business and management. Pressure to provide them is
growing as success in the commercial environment requires increasingly
more versatile and adaptable individuals. A pedagogy for developing
graduates of the appropriate calibre – a business flight simulator
– is proposed. It begins by considering the perceived deficiencies
of existing pedagogies and outlines the essential features of a superior
alternative, briefly laying suitable theoretical foundations. Problems
encountered during its evolution are discussed, indicating how they were
resolved, and the concept of “holistic growth” explained.
The perceived benefits of the pedagogy are also extensively examined.
Finally, how the business flight simulator can be successfully
incorporated into existing educational programmes is explained and a
notional definition offered about what constitutes an effective business
or management studies graduate.
Further Thoughts on Action Learning
Authors: Sutton David
Published: May 2006

It is argued that P + Q = L, the accepted abbreviation for learning
experienced in advanced programmes of learning, is not sufficient. If
action learning in its fullest sense is to have all of its possible
impact, a third factor ER (Revised Experience) must be added to
Programmed Learning and Questioning Learning.
Developing Managers for the Future: Current Provision and
Future Needs
Authors: Osbaldeston Mike , Barham Kevin
Published: May 2006

Research into the provision of management education in the UK and
Europe is summarised and perceived future demand, constraints on growth
and planned strategic initiatives, primarily in the UK, are presented.
It is concluded that teaching will need to be much more issue‐based than
disciplinary‐a feature of the newer management education programmes
(e.g. IMC′s MBA).
Viewpoint: Student Evaluation of Instruction
Authors: Kleiner Brian
Published: May 2006

It is suggested that student evaluation of instruction may not be a
very valid way of measuring teaching effectiveness. Rather, it seems to
be a measure of student satisfaction or instructor popularity, each of
which it is felt has only a tangible relationship with student
performance and the quality of the learning experience. To support this
point of view, a number of examples which contribute to the quality of
student learning but are likely to detract from student evaluation of
instruction are addressed, as well as some that are likely to raise
student evaluation of instruction scores although they may also
contribute to student dependency and the desire for
“spoon‐feeding”. This issue seems to have important
implications both for promotion, tenure and merit pay decisions of
faculty as well as excellence of education for students.
Making Equal Opportunities Training Effective
Authors: Simmons Michael
Published: May 2006

During the last five years a group of consultants, who have been
working with organisations on programmes to increase equality of
opportunity, have been developing a number of new perspectives on the
issues that underlie inequality. This has led them to develop new
approaches to training, new training designs and new training skills.
The most important of these perspectives are laid out, and the
implications for training that follow from them are explored. Issues of
sex are mainly dealt with, but the principles outlined are as true for
work on race or disability.
Stress Management Training: Has the Bubble Burst?
Authors: Callender Peter
Published: May 2006

It is hypothesised that there is an increasing gap between
organisations′ concerns about stress at work and what the standard
stress management training courses provide. To tackle this hypothesis
two questions are asked. Why do organisations demand interventions to
help manage stress, and what interventions do the stress management
suppliers provide? It is tentatively concluded that what is required is
to deal directly with organisational issues, such as workaholic
expectations and changes at work which are not often dealt with by
stress management programmes. Three approaches are suggested to confront
these sorts of issues directly: team building, management action groups
and one to one development counselling.
Transatlantic Comparisons in Education
Authors: Baker Edgar
Published: May 2006

Four publications providing an interesting contrast in national
styles are reviewed, including discussion on: changing trends and
practices in the education systems in the USA and England since the
Second World War; further education; and psychology as an aid to
understanding, for those teachers involved in training.
Calling Schools to Account
Authors: Bell Brian W.
Published: May 2006

A discussion of the reform of school governing bodies with
particular reference to financial accountability and the effect the
Education Reform Act will have upon the success or otherwise of schools.
A Business Degree for the 1990s
Authors: Monks Kathy
Published: May 2006

The undergraduate business degree in the Dublin Business School was
redesigned in 1988. The degree content and structure were changed to
equip business graduates with the knowledge and skills they are likely
to need in the 1990s. Subject content has been internationalised and
European language options introduced. A Financial Services option has
been included and increased emphasis given to computing, communication
and innovative skills.
People – The Vital Force
Authors: Fowler Norman
Published: May 2006

The importance of people as a resource and the key to success is
discussed. Continuing investment in this resource is stressed rather
than an ad hoc approach. Four major items are given for the
agenda of chief executives and their boards – supply, skill,
employee involvement and pay‐with a view to planning a business strategy
now.
The Meaning of Vocational Qualifications
Authors: Thompson Peter
Published: May 2006

The National Council for Vocational Qualifications (NCVQ) was
established in 1986. In this article, some of the main aims, features,
developments and the implications for those in education and training
are discussed.
Encouraging the Enterprising Undergraduate
Authors: Kirby David
Published: May 2006

There is much confusion in Higher Education over the UK Training
Agency′s Initiative to introduce enterprise education to the curriculum.
The article explores the objectives of the Initiative and examines how
they are being interpreted and implemented in Durham University. The
Initiative is not intended, the article argues, to create student
entrepreneurs but rather to develop in students and staff the requisite
capability and competencies to cope with the opportunities and
challenges of the 1990s and beyond.
Teaching – A Vital Future
Authors: Baker Kenneth
Published: May 2006

The needs of the immediate future in education are examined by the
ex‐Secretary of State for Education and Science. The humanities are
being revived but, in the long run, the importance of science and
technology cannot be over emphasised; hence the National Curriculum. In
order to implement this, the central issue is maintaining a teaching
force of higher quality and to this end the various channels for
attracting the right people into and back to the profession are
reviewed.
Learning – The Key to Organisational Survival
Authors: Garratt Bob
Published: May 2006

Organisations face rapid change and a learning, flexible management
has a better chance of survival.
Change is Our Ally
Authors: Baker Kenneth
Published: May 2006

Change is just as necessary in education as in other fields. As
always, its implementation is likely to be resisted by those who feel
threatened. Yet decentralisation, devolution, the national curriculum,
the GCSE, are all recent aspects of welcome change in education. Changes
in teacher training and pay structures involving greater flexibility are
envisaged and the place of science and technology is at last becoming
rightfully acknowledged at the head of the educational table, together
with the vital link between education and business. Poised at the
threshold of the 21st century, it is increasingly important that we
respond quickly to the demands for change, rejecting any
“Luddite” heel dragging – the longer the delay in the
introduction of a new technique, the greater is likely to be the social
consequences when it is finally introduced.
Selecting the Team to Meet Passenger Preferences
Authors: Foster Kay
Published: May 2006

Market research is drawn on to examine the hypothesis that
passengers′ perceptions of in‐flight service are influenced by cabin
crew composition. The conclusions, very generalised, are that customers
do have preferences to be served by a cabin crew team that has a high
proportion of young female members, some of whom should speak the
language(s) relevant to the destination. Some of the passengers in the
sample also expressed opinions in favour of the same crew members
working together regularly as a team on the assumption that familiarity
leads to improved performance. The research was qualitative and cannot
be used to draw definite conclusions, but suggestions for further study
in the area of team composition are identified with a view to improving
customer satisfaction.
The Growth of Road Freight in the UK
Authors: McKinnon Alan C.
Published: May 2006

The volume of road freight movement in the UK has more than doubled
over the past 25 years and its present growth is considerably exceeding
official forecasts made in 1984. An attempt is made to explain why this
growth has occurred, taking account of the close relationship between
tonne‐kilometres and economic growth and outlining several spatial
processes likely to have contributed to freight traffic growth. The
spatial concentration of economic activity is identified as the dominant
influence. The growth process appears to have undergone a major change
during the 1980s, with the increase in average length of haul easing and
the earlier downward trend in freight tonnage being sharply reversed.
The implications of these recent trends for future freight traffic
growth are discussed and an assessment made of the likely impact of the
Channel Tunnel and deregulation of international haulage on the volume
of road freight movement in the 1990s.
Purchasing Efficacy in an Arabian Gulf Country
Authors: Yavas Ugur , Luqmani Mushtaq , Quraeshi Zahir A.
Published: May 2006

The days of effortless profits for Saudi firms and for companies in
the Gulf region are over. The current status of purchasing efficacy in
Saudi Arabia is examined at a time when the economies of the Gulf
countries are going through a critical transformation. A survey
undertaken in Saudi Arabia is described, its results presented, and its
findings and their implications discussed.
Marketing, Logistics and Inventory
Authors: Scott Don
Published: May 2006

Marketing and logistics management are strongly interrelated, since
many of the factors that marketing may wish to use to achieve
competitive advantage are logistical areas of responsibility. There are,
however, some areas of logistical management concern, such as inventory
cash flows, which are not currently addressed by marketing managers.
Figures are provided to identify aspects of inventory management that
marketing managers can use to improve their market planning.
Distribution – The Contract Approach
Authors: Wilson Philip R.S. , Fathers Steve J.
Published: May 2006

In recent years, retailers have come to the fore in the development
of distribution systems in the UK. With this move has come the greatly
accelerated use of “distribution service companies” to
provide tailored, dedicated, contractual solutions to the distribution
needs of retailers. This article reviews the development of this trend,
identifies the major causes of it, considers the advantages and
drawbacks of contract solutions, examines a number of specific cases and
speculates as to what further penetration dedicated contracts may
achieve in both retailing and other distribution areas.
Sea Transport for Industrialising Countries
Authors: Waters C.D.J , Soman S.
Published: May 2006

International trade is steadily increasing. Most of this relies to
some extent on ocean‐going ships and, in consequence, the size of the
world shipping fleet has been growing. Some years ago it became apparent
that there was an anomaly in the composition of this fleet. In
particular, developing countries contributed a large proportion of goods
moved (primarily by the supply of raw materials to developed countries),
but they owned and operated only a small proportion of the ships. Some
measures were taken to match the use of ships with their ownership more
closely. These measures included both restrictions on foreign shipping
and increases of operating efficiency so that developing countries
became more competitive. In principle, most observers preferred the
latter course of improving efficiency, but this has many associated
problems. Some of these can be illustrated by reference to containerised
transport, which has brought substantial benefits to developed
countries, but the different economic conditions in developing countries
make its benefits less clear.
Minimising Moulding Production and Material Storage Costs
Authors: Kwak N.K. , Freeman Judith S. , Schniederjans Marc J.
Published: May 2006

An examination of changing an inventory policy of a major
manufacturing organisation and its impact on the cost structure of the
organisation is presented. A classic cost confrontation between set‐up
costs and inventory costs are examined in the study. The results reveal
that the unique nature of the manufacturing organisation favours
short‐run production scheduling over a proposed long‐run production
scheduling policy. This article also presents the application of a
decision support system (DSS) to aid in production scheduling. The
applications reveals that improved scheduling and a reduction in
scheduling time and effort can be achieved by using the DSS over the
manufacturing organisations′ manual systems.
Is a Global Customer Service Policy Desirable?
Authors: Lancioni Richard , Kyj Myroslaw J.
Published: May 2006

Customer service has long been recognised as the output of an
organisation′s logistics effort. There is some evidence that suggests
that the types and levels of customer service desired are contingent on
a particular industry or position within the marketing channel. Most of
these investigations, however, have emphasised only regional or national
relationships. Logistics by its very nature has a significant
international orientation and therefore it is necessary to understand
the role of customer service from an international perspective. However,
it is not clear whether an international customer service policy is
feasible or for that matter even desirable. This article develops a
framework for studying customer service across national boundaries.
While it may be desirable to print warranties in local languages,
measurable factors such as average delivery time and product tracing
retain their traditional importance.
Project Planning and Controlling Maintenance Overhaul of Power‐Generating Units
Authors: Tabucanon Mario T. , Dahanayaka N.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this article is to introduce techniques to plan and
manage maintenance overhaul of power‐generating units. It is based on a
case study conducted in a thermal power‐generating plant where bar‐chart
scheduling was the planning method. The overhaul activity network was
made up of many parallel networks and paths. This characteristic of the
network allowed for greater flexibility in resource scheduling. Hence,
it was possible to develop an efficient resource mix profile for the
project. Special attention was given to “management by
sub‐projects”, which would allow use of low memory computers. It
was seen that management by sub‐projects yielded reasonably good
results. Besides, sub‐project management was found to be very conducive
to overall project control. Slippage charts were drawn at the
rescheduling stage, and slippage could be identified to a sub‐project,
then to the sub‐network and finally to the cause. This enabled the
managers to halt project slippage.
Graphic Arts Film and Chemistry to South East Asia: A Case Study
Authors: Blackshaw David
Published: May 2006

Du Pont′s strategy of supplying graphic arts film and chemistry to
the South East Asian market from Australia rather than the United States
or Japan is examined. Geographical factors are discussed and the idea
that customer service to South East Asia would be greatly improved is
expounded. Manufacturing and distribution approaches are also outlined
as factors behind the strategy.
Managing Logistics in Remote Locations: A Case Study
Authors: Cook Murray
Published: May 2006

A company′s approach to developing and implementing an integrated
supply management technique and system is examined. Focus is directed to
a three‐phased development in which this is achieved. Results are
assessed and it is concluded that, in the medium to long term, savings
should become quite evident and the use of supplier management
techniques to ensure that manufacturers and suppliers become an
extension of the business should surface.
Retail Logistics
Authors: Ellram Lisa M. , La Londe Bernard J. , Margaret Weber Mary
Published: May 2006

The results from a survey of top retailing executives regarding
current logistics practices and trends are described. The focus is on
customer service factors, the use of a supply chain management approach
in retailing channels, and the impact of information technology on
retail logistics today and in the future. Information technologies
discussed include electronic data interchange, point of sale and
barcoding. The article concludes that based on the importance that
retailers attach to customer service, supply chain management and
information technology, the 1990s will likely be an exciting and
challenging time in the management of the retail logistics function.
The Economic Law of Population Distribution and Migration
Authors: Xiaorong Jiang , Wenxian Zhang
Published: May 2006

The economic law of population distribution and migration has been
studied chiefly based on the Chinese situation. The distribution and
development of productive forces decide the distribution and migration
of population, and in turn, the latter influences the former. The
population distributions in three different stages of social
development, namely agricultural, industrial and information society,
are described. A new concept in population economics is introduced, i.e.
population economic density, which is different from the concept of
population density. The formula of population economic density is
P(population)/R(resources). Many kinds of migration are analysed, and it is believed that the main efficient cause of migration is economy.
The Spheres of Inequality in a Centrally Planned Economy:
The Case of Poland
Authors: Lulek Andrzej F. , Paga Leslaw A.
Published: May 2006

Analysis of selected segments of the Polish economy reveals several
spheres of inequality. Some of them, such as inequalities in wages or
household assets, are found in every type of economy. However, some
inequalities are specific to a centrally planned economy, for example,
those in the sphere of decision making and those resulting from a
twofold attitude towards various forms of ownership.
The Transformation of the Agricultural Population and the
Urbanisation Process in China
Authors: Wenxian Zhang , Xiaorong Jiang
Published: May 2006

Nine causes for the occurrence of surplus agricultural labour with
the modernisation of agriculture have been identified. Several solutions
to this problem are presented. Urbanisation of the agricultural
population in a way suited to China′s characteristics is necessary,
important and possible.
The Just Wage and the Two‐earner Family
Authors: Guerin Joseph R.
Published: May 2006

Catholic social teaching has held that a just wage is one that
provides adequate support for a family in which the husband is employed
and the wife stays at home to care for the family. In the United States
today, both parents are typically employed. Does each parent have a
right to a wage sufficient to support a family? In societies in which
couples make the choice that both shall be employed, justice does not
require that the wage rate paid to any one worker be sufficient to
support a family.
The Private versus the Social Man
Authors: Thisen Jean K.
Published: May 2006

It is basically argued that, as the world economy progresses and
the means of transportation and communication become increasingly
available, the interdependence among means and ways of life also becomes
inevitable and human relations tighten accordingly. However, though
every individual tends to follow the patterns and directions of his
(her) society′s way of living, he or she often conserves some
peculiarities which can be identified with his or her personality.
Individual and social behaviours are today becoming so interdependent
that it is difficult to demarcate between “privacy” and
“sociality”. This is particularly true in an advanced and
complex society in which conflict between private and social interests
is apparent. It is proposed that with effort this conflict can be
removed or at least attenuated by adopting a more pragmatic approach to
the humanistic economic system in which both private and social
interests are allowed to be traded off without one necessarily impinging
on the other.
Establishment of a Management Information System
Authors: Assimakopoulos Nikitas A.
Published: May 2006

Involvement in the effective design and use of computer‐based
information systems is essential for the manager of the 1990s. To be
most effective, systems must be designed for the requirements of the
manager‐user. Too often there is a communication gap between managers
who are too busy, uninterested or unwilling to become directly involved,
on the one hand, and on the other, the consultant who is more usually
engrossed in the special nature of the system. The author aims to
provide an up‐to‐date and integrated treatment of organisation and
management, as well as to emphasise the utilisation of management
information systems to improve the art of managing.
Orders and Instructions
Authors: Collins Ray , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: May 2006

It is argued that there are no simple means of giving orders and
instructions, but there are considerations which can make orders and
instructions more effective: consistency, clear communication and
obtainability.
The Impact of the Information Explosion on Management
Innovation
Authors: Sharratt John
Published: May 2006

The information explosion is having dramatic effects in many areas
of business. Organisations, cultures, business practices and the
external image of the company can all be significantly influenced by the
use of information technologies. What impact has all this had on the
practice of management? To most managers information technology is, at
best, an essential but rather complex tool for improving the efficiency
of business operations. At worst, it is a source of problems, failed
expectations and confusing jargon. Information management must now be
regarded as a key management skill, and ways in which general managers
should approach the subject without becoming immersed in, and confused
by, the complexities of the technologies are discussed.
Integrated Maintenance – The Logical Solution
Authors: Stevenson Peter J.
Published: May 2006

Plants and production lines have specific problems in regard to
maintenance, which is a very costly fact of business life. A major
company outlines its policy for keeping machines, equipment and people
working by use of its maintenance plan. Far more control remains in the
hands of a company that takes advantage of a planned maintenance
arrangement such as is described.
Towards Distributive Processing: Company Strategies in
Computer Usage
Authors: Rowe Christopher J.
Published: May 2006

There is much discussion of “distributive processing”
in computer management circles, but little agreement as to what the term
means. Three conditions that must be met for distributive processing to
exist are suggested, and it is shown (through two case studies) how
different companies may move towards distributive processing in
different ways. Two main routes, via distributed and decentralised
processing, are identified, and it is suggested (using Mintzberg′s work)
that the route a company takes is significantly influenced by the nature
and structure of the organisation.
Changing Job Needs: Commutable Counselling
Authors: Lancaster Brian
Published: May 2006

Current market forces, technological change, acquisition and merger
mania, and the approach of 1992 and the European free market, are all
imposing accelerating enforced career changes at a rate few top managers
have experienced. There is thus a growing need for self‐assessment
programmes to develop employees′ potential to match their organisations′
changing needs. In this context the value of “transition
counselling” is examined.
Strategy Formulation by Banks
Authors: Carey T.P.A.
Published: May 2006

The revolution experienced in the banking industry over the last
decade has led to a constant series of changes with banks attempting to
adjust their internal organisation to suit the ever‐changing external
environment. The author includes edited extracts from his research into
this process of strategic formulation and the translation of marketing
and planning concepts to meet the needs and character of the corporate
market in Britain. Major issues influencing the development of a
competitive strategy are examined, topics of strategic formulation,
differentiation and the nature of transactions between banks and their
customers are discussed, and the findings of market and industry
analysis, outlining the practical use to which research findings have
been put, is illustrated. Findings reveal that banks have been forced to
identify the profitability and content of the constituent parts of their
total business, and market segmentation is now seen as a necessary
discipline. The current economic environment requires not only a more
rapid adjustment to change, but to be effective must create within the
organisation a culture which induces managers to act as agents of
change.
US Brands Abroad: An Empirical Study of Global Branding
Authors: Nathan Rosen Barry , Boddewyn Jean J. , Louis Ernst A.
Published: May 2006

The topic of internationally standardised branding has been widely
debated in the marketing literature. However, no studies have
empirically examined the actual extent of international brand
penetration and standardisation. Based on a survey of US brand managers
of consumer products, this study found that while some 66 per cent of
the responding brands are used abroad and most are internationally
standardised, approximately 80 per cent of sales still come from the US
market. Overseas, US brands generate most of their sales in culturally
similar markets, specifically Canada and the United Kingdom.
A Change in Packaging Purchasing in a Wines and Spirits
Company
Authors: Cruden Tom
Published: May 2006

The packaging materials purchasing procedures of a wine and spirits
manufacturing company are analysed and reviewed with respect to updating
its information gathering and procurement techniques. Established
practices can be greatly enhanced with meaningful performance audits and
strategic procurement scenarios. These all add up to make the purchasing
team better equipped to negotiate more favourable terms from suppliers
without loss of quality and service levels.
The International Dimension of Branding: Strategic
Considerations and Decisions
Authors: Onkvisit Sak , Shaw John J.
Published: May 2006

This article examines the strategic, legal, and research
implications of trademark decisions in an international context. The
focus of the investigation is on the strengths and limitations of each
branding strategy (e.g., brandless product, private brand, multiple
brands for a single market and multiple markets etc.). The legal
dimension of international branding, a topic usually ignored in the
marketing literature in spite of its significance, is also covered.
Assessing the Shift in Global Market Share of US
Multinationals
Authors: Kotabe Masaaki
Published: May 2006

Based on the US Department of Commerce′s survey data of US direct
investment abroad for 1977 and 1985, this study examines the shift in
global market share of US multinational manufacturing firms for the
1977‐1985 period. Consolidated global market shares of US multinationals
for 26 industries are estimated for 1977 and 1985. The shift in their
global market share is analysed from a perspective of three alternative,
if not independent, strategic thrusts: namely, home market orientation,
export orientation, and foreign production orientation. Contrary to the
commonly stated claim that the competitiveness of US manufacturing firms
has been declining, findings of this study indicate that, on average, US
manufacturing multinationals have maintained global market share on a
consolidated basis fairly well.
Quality Saves
Authors: Rodgers John D.
Published: May 2006

The UK is at present fighting for its share of the market, on two fronts ‐ price and quality. The article explores the Value of Quality Costing, and the evils of multiple inspection, assessment and approvals. It covers some recent research on these topics and suggests that the solutions are very much in the hands of industry. A self‐financing method of achieving success is also proposed.
The Implementation of a Quality Circle Programme at Cosalt Holiday Homes
Authors: Isaac M.J.
Published: May 2006

The objective here is to critically assess the essential characteristics of quality circles and to focus attention on the factors and conditions which are crucial to the successful implementation of quality circles at Cosalt Holiday Homes. The proposed quality circle programme for Cosalt is discussed and methods of implementation, together with progress to date and recommendations for the future are given. Amongst the main findings is a view that there is a need for a clear commitment from top management, together with a proper organisational climate and favourable shopfloor attitudes for successful implementation of a quality circle programme.
Interpretation of Fatigue Data Surfaces to Optimise Product Evaluation Test Levels
Authors: Lawrence C.
Published: May 2006

The use of fatigue loading as a test medium for the quality assurance of commercial gas and water pipe components is postulated. The establishment of an appropriate system requires that the many test variables are optimised into a realistic test procedure. A computer‐aided design package was used to reduce this optimising process. The technique described may be used on any multi‐faceted program of similar type.
Confronting Redundancy – Teachers in Northern Ireland
Authors: Calvin Ray , Mapstone Richard
Published: May 2006

The impact of the threat of redundancy on teachers in Northern
Ireland is examined. The problems of anger, anxiety and confusion which
form part of the general impact of redundancy on teachers are
highlighted. Redundancy is shown to have a particular impact on young
teachers who are rarely able to build up sufficient job security to
protect them from the redundancy process. It is suggested that there is
a general acceptance by teachers of managerial arguments concerning the
need for redundancies, and considerable criticism is expressed of the
role played by trade unions. Anxiety is also expressed about the role of
school principals in the redundancy process. The lack of managerial
skills is also highlighted.
The Challenge of Building a College Environment in India
Authors: Srivastava R.C.
Published: May 2006

The area of leadership and management of the Indian
college/university environment is discussed. The various styles of
administration are referred to, with special emphasis on the need to
build up a professional open relationship with the teachers. The need
for special training to assist principals of educational institutions
attain the leadership skills required is expressed.
Changing Patterns of Inset Provision: An Illustration
Authors: Allsop Peter , Jacques Kate , Lofthouse Mark , Newlands Peter
Published: May 2006

In‐service provision in England and Wales is increasingly a
partnership between local education authorities and higher education,
moving away from the traditional domination by higher educational
institutions. The early stages are described of an initiative involving
collaboration between both sectors for the benefit of educational
managers in higher education, LEAs or schools, planning, providing or
participating in similar endeavours.
A Strategy for Administrative Computing – The
Experience of Hampshire LEA
Authors: Ardill Tim
Published: May 2006

This article examines the way in which one of the largest local
education authorities in the Country, Hampshire, is seeking to develop a
comprehensive strategy for the use of Information Technology (IT) within
the department. It looks at the underlying principles in the
department′s IT systems′ strategies and the various organisational
structures which have been created to co‐ordinate the development and
use of computers in administration and management information processes.
It excludes all use of IT for curriculum purposes as this is the
responsibility of the Advisory Service.
The Theory of Educational Administration: An Endangered
Species
Authors: Macpherson R.J.S.
Published: May 2006

This article argues that a major review of the theory of
educational administration is required if it is to regain a credible
role in academic and practical circles. It does this by considering the
case of regional directors in Victoria, Australia, a role similarly
endangered on present assumptions and trends. The argument has four
major parts. First is a brief summary of some reasons why the dominant
theoretical perspective of the field is losing the credibility it once
had. Second is a description of the context of a case study about what
it is, or was, to be a regional director of education (RDE). Third are
some of the major practical and theoretical implications of the case
study and how they relate to other recent research projects. Four, on
these bases, it is proposed that a new practical theory of educative
administration will require a non‐foundational epistemology, a Deweyan
moral theory as well as an economic‐political and sociological
imagination.
Interpersonal Communication Behaviour of Male and Female
Administrators
Authors: Vaught Bobby C. , Pettit John D. , Taylor Raymond E.
Published: May 2006

This study found that 10 of 16 measures of interpersonal
communication showed statistical significance between male and female
administrators in a university environment. Using the FIRO‐B
questionnaire, females preferred to initiate more inclusion and
affection in interpersonal activities; also, they wanted other people to
include them and to be friendly to them in inter‐personal relationships.
Beyond the comparison of males and females, however, it is evident that
all scores (both male and female) exist within the mid‐range categories.
Thus, it is concluded that interpersonal communication capacity is
lacking throughout the sample, and definite actions are needed to
increase interpersonal communication effectiveness in organisations.
Managing Change in Education: Long‐term Strategy
Authors: Cohen Gaynor
Published: May 2006

Consortia of schools and colleges are mechanisms which have proved
successful for managing TVEI programmes but which also offer LEAs and
institutions a framework for coping with wider educational changes. If
consortia are to continue to have value both to their individual members
and to their respective LEAs, then the latter need to take them into
account when responding to the challenges posed by the ERA, both when
reorganising the service and in programmes of staff development, to
ensure that account is taken of the needs and characteristics of
middle‐management roles which have grown in response to the demands of
consortia management.
Leadership in an Age of Ambiguity and Risk
Authors: Walker W.G.
Published: May 2006

Those who were responsible for the establishment of the
Commonwealth Council for Educational Administration (CCEA) in the early
1960s and 1970s were clearly leaders. All had vision, were
entrepreneurial and tenacious, sensitive to situational and political
pressures and highly ethical in their relationships with others. Yet
each displayed a unique style of leader behaviour. Thus the three key
elements in their behavioural setting were the traits they possessed,
the sensitivity to the environment they demonstrated and the style they
adopted. Ansoff has described contemporary society as being typified by
paradox, ambiguity and risk. These characteristics continue to typify
the business and government environments of advanced Western nations.
Are the characteristics of leader behaviour demonstrated by CCEA′s
founders adequate to meet the turbulence of future societal change? The
answer is “yes”. When the extensive literature on leader
behaviour is analysed and the politics of scholarship are taken into
account, those three key elements remain. This is reflected in Zehnder′s
recent address to the Australian Institute of Directors with its
highlighting of leadership as a function of intuition, ethics,
entrepreneurship and vision and in the recent emphasis by several
writers on “transformative leadership”.
Positioning Services for Competitive Advantage: the Case of
Duds ‘n Suds
Authors: Schouten John W. , McAlexander James H.
Published: May 2006

Examines the concept of differentiating product offerings,
including consumer services, and positioning them in relation to
customer needs and perceptions. Approaches the subject of service
positioning via an interesting case study. Concludes with recommended
guidelines for the positioning of consumer services, but notes that a
case study, whilst a source of interesting insights, is limited since
itsobservations may not necessarily be true for other service
businesses.
Developing more effective price communications in services marketing
Authors: Gotlieb Jerry B.
Published: May 2006

Claims that effective price communication for services requires understanding variables that
mediate the effects of price and the cognitive systems consumers use to process price information.
Presents a model which indicates that involvement and source credibility mediate the effects of
price. Discusses the heuristic and analytic cognitive systems which consumers could use to process
price information. The article also reports the results of an experiment which tested the model, and
discusses the managerial implications of the model.
Share of Heart: What is it and How can it be Measured?
Authors: Day Ellen
Published: May 2006

Examines several approaches to measuring consumers′ emotional
response to brands. Describes projective techniques, fantasy and
personification, story completion, usage scenarios, role playing and
deprivation questioning. Concludes that qualitative research is a
productive way of gaining knowledge of the whys of consumer behaviour,
or share of heart, when such knowledge is essential to marketing
managers.