bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hubungan Kebersihan Diri Terhadap Kejadian Tinea Versikolor Pada Santri Di Pondok Pesantren Muthmainnatul Qulub Al-Islami Cibinong Bogor
Authors: Mulyati Mulyati , Latifah Imas , Utama Agung Putra
Published: September 2020

Malassezia furfur sebagai penyebab dari tinea versikolor berubah dari spora menjadi miselium disebabkan oleh faktor predisposisi yang dapat berupa endogen atau eksogen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persentase tinea versikolor serta perilaku kebersihan diri pada santri di Pondok Pesantren Muthmainnatul Qulub Al-Islami Cibinong Bogor. Data penelitian yang diperoleh dianalisis berdasarkan persentase. Sampel yang diambil pada santri yang berjumlah 62 orang di lakukan pemeriksaan langsung dengan KOH 10% ditemukan adanya spora berkelompok dan atau hifa pendek berkelompok terhadap 62 sampel didapatkan hasil 32(51,6%) orang terinfeksi tinea versikolor, berdasarkan kelompok usia 12-14 tahun didapatkan 28(59,6%) orang dan 4(26,7%) orang pada usia 15-17 tahun, berdasarkan kebersihan diri kebiasaan menggunakan pakaian secara bersama sebanyak 14(41,2%) orang dan 18(64,3%) orang yang tidak menggunakan pakaian secara bersama, berdasarkan kebiasaan bertukar handuk sebanyak 13(43,3%) orang dan 19(59,4%) orang yang tidak mempunyai kebiasaan bertukat handuk, dari 9 santri melakukan frekuensi mandi yang rendah 1 kali dalam sehari terdapat (88,9%) terinfeksi tinea versikolor. Perhitungan bivariat dengan Chi-square terhadap infeksi tinea versikolor yaitu ada hubungan bermakna pada variabel usia dan frekuensi mandi (P0,05), sedangkan tidak ada hubungan bermakna (P0,05) adalah mengganti pakaian dan bertukar handukKesimpulan angka infeksi tinea versikolor sebanyak 32 orang atau 51,6%, tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara mengganti pakaian dan bertukar handuk tetapi memiliki hubungan bermakna antara usia dan frekuensi mandi dalam sehari dengan infeksi tinea versikolor. Kata kunci                            : Tinea versikolor, Santri
Hubungan Nilai Hba1c Dengan Laju Filtrasi Glomerulus (Lfg) Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Rumah Sakit Pmi – Bogor
Authors: Susanti Ellis , Latifah Imas , Nugraha Amelia Dwi
Published: September 2020

Diabetes saat ini telah menjadi ancaman serius kesehatan global. Jumlah prevalensi diabetes terus meningkat selama beberapa dekade terakhir. Riskesdas tahun 2018 memperlihatkan peningkatan angka prevalensi diabetes mellitus tipe 2 yang cukup signifikan, yaitu dari 6,9% di tahun 2013 menjadi 8,5% di tahun 2018. Keadaan hiperglikemia berkepanjangan pada diabetes melitus tipe 2 berkaitan dengan risiko komplikasi ke ginjal. Salah satu faktor yang berperan adalah penurunan laju filtrasi glomerulus (LFG). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persentase usia, jenis kelamin pada diabetes melitus tipe 2, nilai HbA1c berdasarkan pengendalian diabetes melitus tipe 2 dan mengetahui persentase tingkat penurunan fungsi ginjal serta mengetahui hubungan nilai HbA1c dengan Laju Filtrasi Glomerulus (LFG) pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Rumah Sakit Umum PMI Bogor. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji korelasi pearson dengan hasil menunjukan sampel penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2 berdasarkan kelompok jenis kelamin laki-laki sebanyak 94 orang (58,02%) dan perempuan sebanyak 68 orang (41,97%). Data terbanyak dengan usia 61 – 70 tahun sebanyak 51 orang. Didapatkan 54 orang kategori pengendalian baik, 30 orang kategori pengendalian sedang dan 78 orang pasien kategori pengendalian buruk. Didapatkan data terbanyak sebanyak 54 orang (33,33%) terjadi penurunan fungsi ginjal tingkat 2. Hasil uji korelasi Pearson nilai p 0,035 (0,05) dengan kekuatan hubungan kuat r = 0,655. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan kuat antara HbA1c dengan laju filtrasi glomerulus (LFG) pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. Penulis menyarankan perlu penelitian lebih lanjut untuk konfirmasi adanya kelainan fungsi ginjal dengan pemeriksaan urine atau test fungsi ginjal yang lainnya.Kata kunci : Diabetes melitus tipe 2, HbA1c, Kreatinin serum, Laju filtrasi glomerulus
Pengujian Kompetensi Keahlian Multimedia di SMK Jakarta Raya 3
Authors: Widodo Yohanes Bowo , Amin Sakaria Muhammad , Widyahastuti Febrianti
Published: September 2020

Untuk mengetahui penguasaan teknik pembuatan produk Multimedia pada siswa SMK dengan kompetensi keahlian multimedia, perlu dilakukan pengujian. Uji kompetensi keahlian multimedia dilakukan untuk mengetahui penguasaan siswa terhadap teknik-teknik pembuatan efek yang ada pada perangkat lunak multimedia, dan kreatifitas siswa dalam membuat produk multimedia sesuai dengan topik yang diberikan.Produk multimedia yang diujikan meliputi video animasi bergerak, dan poster statis. Siswa diminta membuat rancangan gambar poster dan video bergerak dengan beberapa tema yang diberikan. Tema yang diberikan antara lain, â€œSiswa SMK peduli korban bencanaâ€, â€œSiswa SMK peduli anti Hoaxâ€, â€œSiswa SMK menyongsong era revolusi industry 4.0â€. Penilaian terhadap hasil rancangan dikelompokkan menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu â€œCukup kompetenâ€ bila nilai akhir adalah 7,0 â€“ 7,9, â€œKompetenâ€ bila nilai akhir 8.0 â€“ 8.9 dan â€œSangat Kompetenâ€ bila nilai akhir 9,0 â€“ 10.Dari 18 orang siswa SMK yang diuji, didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut: Siswa dengan klasifikasi â€œCukup kompetenâ€ sejumlah 3 orang atau 17%, Siswa dengan klasifikasi â€œKompetenâ€ sebanyak 10 orang atau 55%, dan siswa dengan klasifikasi â€œSangat Kompetenâ€ sebanyak 5 orang atau 28%.
Peningkatan Kesehatan Anak Melalui Penyuluhan Kesehatan dan Penilaian Pertumbuhan Perkembangan Anak di Taman Asuhan Anak Duren Sawit dan Panti Balita Cipayung Jakarta Timur.
Authors: Golang Helena , Pustikasari Atikah , Fitriyanti Lia
Published: September 2020

Deteksi dini tumbuh kembang anak merupakan kegiatan atau pemeriksaan untuk menemukan secara dini adanya keterlambatan tumbuh kembang anak. Masalah yang dirasakan pada anak balita di panti dan taman bermain tersebut adanya hambatan pertumbuhan dan perkembanganÂ  . Data yg ditemukan di Taman Bermain : PertumbuhanÂ  anakÂ  dariÂ  25Â  anakÂ  97 %Â  mengalamiÂ  giziÂ  baik danÂ  cendrungÂ  ke obesitas, 95 %Â  perkembangannyaÂ  baikÂ  danÂ  5 %Â  anak tidakÂ  koperatifÂ  , PengasuhÂ  mengatakan adaÂ  sedikitÂ  kesulitanÂ  dalamÂ  menanganiÂ  polaÂ  asuhÂ  padaÂ  anak, danÂ  penyakitÂ  yangÂ  seringÂ  terjadiÂ  padaÂ  anakÂ  adalahÂ  InfeksiÂ  SaluranÂ  PernafasanÂ  AkutÂ  (ISPA)Â  danÂ  diare. DariÂ  hasilÂ  pengumpulanÂ  dataÂ Â  diÂ  PantiÂ  BalitaÂ  : PertumbuhanÂ  anakÂ  dariÂ  56Â  anakÂ  90Â  %Â  mengalamiÂ  giziÂ  baikÂ  10 % mengalamiÂ  giziÂ  kurang, namunÂ  dalam perbaikan karenaÂ  perawatan akibatÂ  sakit. UntukÂ  perkembanganÂ  anakÂ Â  85Â  %Â  perkembangannyaÂ  baikÂ  dan 15 %Â  mengalami kemunduranÂ  dalam hal personal soasialÂ  dan kemandirian, bahasa. PengasuhÂ  mengatakan karenaÂ  jumlahÂ  anakÂ  danÂ  perbandinganÂ  pengasuh 1 ; 10Â  , penyakitÂ  yangÂ  seringÂ  terjadiÂ  padaÂ  anakÂ  adalahÂ  diare., infeksiÂ  kulit, dan programÂ  imunisasi. KegiatanÂ  penilaianÂ  pertumbuhanÂ  danÂ  perkembanganÂ  anakÂ  danÂ  penyuluhanÂ  kesehatanÂ Â  tentangÂ  pola pengasuhanÂ  anak, tatalaksanaÂ  ISPAÂ  dan DiareÂ  dilaksanakanÂ  denganÂ  baik. SecaraÂ  keseluruhan kegiatanÂ  penyuluhanÂ  kesehatanÂ  mendapatÂ  responÂ  100 %Â  dariÂ  kepalaÂ  pantiÂ  danÂ  pengasuhKata kunciÂ : Pertumbuhan Perkembangan, Pra Sekolah, Panti.
Peningkatan Pengetahuan dan Kesehatan Siswa Melalui Pemeriksaan dan Penyuluhan Kesehatan Cuci Tangan Pada Siswa SDN Ciracas 01 Pagi Jakarta Timur
Authors: Dewi Nurma , Suryati Sri
Published: September 2020

Anak adalah Â secara etimologis diartikan dengan manusia yang masih kecil ataupun manusia yang belum dewasa dan mudah terpengaruh untuk keadaan sekitarnya baik pengaruh buruk maupun pengaruh baik seperti kebiasaan cuci tangan. Mencuci tangan dengan sabun adalah salah satu tindakan sanitasi dengan membersihkan tangan dan jari jemari menggunakan air dan sabun dengan tujuan agar tangan dan jari menjadi bersih dan memutuskan mata rantai kumanÂ  Â Pada kegiatan kali ini kegiatan diawali dengan penjajakan lokasi. Melakukan pengurusan ijin. Dalam penjajakan lokasi ini didiskusikan tentangÂ  tujuan kegiatan dan kesepakatan waktu pelaksanaanÂ  dengan mitra.Kegiatan yang akan dilakukan pada anak sekolah di SDN Ciracas 01 Pagi. Kegiatan akan dimulai dengan melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan secara umum pada nak anak kelas 1 dan a kelas 2 SDN Ciracas 01 Pagi, dimana pemeriksaan ini pemeriksaan fisik secara secara sederhana untuk menggambarkan kondisi kesehatan siswa, dimunggunakan kwesioner pemlai dari postur tubuh,kebersihan diri,dan keluhan sakit yang dirasakan siswa karena kurangnya kebersihanÂ  Hasil kegiatan jumlah siswa yang mengikuti sebanyak 78 siswa terdiri dari siswa laki laki 32, siswa berjenis kelamin perempuan 46. Jumlah siswa yang kebersihan kukunya kurang baik sekitar 20%Â  dan ada sekitar 6% siswa yang mengalami sakit batuk pilek. Kegiatan selanjutnya adalah penkes dan pelaksanaan praktek cuci tangan oleh seluruh siswaÂ Kata kunci: Penyuluhan, cuci tangan.
Peningkatan pengetahuan remaja melalui penyuluhan kesehatan tentang bahaya merokok dan kesehatan reproduksi serta pemeriksaan kesehatan pada anak sekolah di SMPN 20 Batu Ampar- Jakarta
Authors: Pustikasari Atikah , Fitriyanti Lia , Febrianti Dwinara
Published: September 2020

Remaja adalah penduduk dalam rentang 10 -19 tahun, menurut peraturan menteri kesehatan NomerÂ  25 tahun 2014.Â  remaja adalah penduduk dalam rentang usia 10-18 tahun (BKKBN, 2014). Â siswa/siswiÂ  SMPN 20 Batu AmparÂ  adalah individuÂ  dengan kategori masa remaja awal denganÂ Â  usiaÂ Â  rata rataÂ  13 sampaiÂ  16Â  tahun, baikÂ  priaÂ  maupun wanita, Yang perlu diberikan pelayanan kesehatan reproduksi oleh petugas kesehatanÂ  tujuan meningatkan penegetahuan dan pemahaman tentang kesehatan reproduksi. SMPN 20 Batu AmparÂ  sudah mempunyai kegiatan Usaha Kesehatan Sekolah , kegiatan yang telah dilakukan berdasarkan program Puskesmas seperti pemeriksaan skreening kesehatan, imunisasi. Tetapi untukÂ  kegiatan kesehatan reproduksiÂ  belum secara efektif dilaksanakan, saat para remaja mengalami pertumbuhan dan perkembanganÂ  aktif organ reproduksi,,Â  masih kurangnya pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi,Â  rendahnya kesadaran terhadap kesehatan reproduksi dan bahaya merokok. Kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah : Melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan secara umum,terkait dampak merokok, mengkaji tingkat pengetahuan siswa/siswiÂ  terhadap kesehatan reproduksi dan melakukan penyuluhan kesehatan tentangÂ  kesehatan reproduksi dan bahaya merokok . Hasil pemeriksaan kesehatan diperoleh bahwa adanya siswa laki-laki yang mempunyai prilaku merokok, IMT kategori kurusÂ  31 % dan hanya 32 % yang tahu tentang kesehatan reproduksi.Dengan dilakukan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang kesehatanÂ  bahaya merokok dan kesehatan reproduksi terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan dari 32% menjadi rata-rata 65 % Penyuluhan kesehatan yang dilakukan sangat efektif dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa/siswi SMPN 20 terhadap bahaya merokok dan kesehatan reproduksi RemajaKata kunci: penyuluhan, bahaya merokok, kesehatan reproduksi
Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Kampung Pulo Geulis Bogor Melalui Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Unit Usaha Simpan Pinjam dan UMKM di Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Listiawati Rodiana , Redyanita Hastuty , Marbun Jhonny , Mahatmyo Atyanto
Published: September 2020

Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi masyarakat Babakan Pasar Kampung pulo Geulis tepatnya di RW IVÂ  KOTA BOGOR adalah sulitnya mendapatkan kredit untuk usaha mikro , mereka sering terjerat Bank keliling (BANKE) yang selalu membebankan bunga yang tinggi. Tujuan pengabdian Masyarakat ini memberikan pengetahuan tentang pentingnya kita membentuk unit usaha simpan pinjam dan memotivasi mengembangkan unit simpan pinjam yang telah terbentuk satu tahun yang lalu. Metode yang diberikan kepada para pengurus dan anggota unit simpan pinjam ini adalahÂ  Pembinaan dengan cara memberikan penyuluhan Â kepada unit Usaha Simpan Pinjam dan Memberikan arahan bagaimana cara mengembangkan Â Unit Usaha Simpan Pinjam. Dengan melatih cara mencatat dan membukukan dengan cara yang sederhana sehingga dapat dilihat oleh para anggota jumlah simpanan dan jumlah dana yang ada selama satu tahun tersebut. Sampel yang diambil dalam pengabdian ini adalah seluruh anggota unit simpan pinjam yang juga sebagai pemilik usaha mikro yang sudah menjadi anggota unit usaha simpan pinjam selama satu tahun sebagai peserta pelatihan dan diharapkan setelah dilakukan pembinaan dan penyuluhanÂ  akan memberikan manfaatÂ  unit usaha simpan pinjam ini dan anggota bertambah. Target dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah unit usaha simpan pinjam berkembang dan dapat membantu memberikan pinjaman kepada anggota sebagai pelaku usaha mikro.Â Kata kunci: Usaha mikro, Unit Simpan Pinjam, Kampung Pulo Geulis.
Difficulties of Differential Diagnostics of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis with Contrast Enhanced Visualization Methods
Authors: Chernaya A. V. , Reva A. V. , Ulianova R. Kh. , Shevkunov L. N. , Krivorotko P. V. , Tyatkov S. A. , Gharibyan S. A. , Danilov V. V. , Petrova A. S. , Zhiltsova E. K. , Krzhivitskii P. I. , Smirnova V. O. , Zaitsev A. N.
Published: September 2020

Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the breast, which may or may not be accompanied by infection (WHO 2000).Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is one of the forms of non-infectious mastitis. Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast that was first described by Kessler and Wolloch in 1972.Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) or granulomatous lobular mastitis is chronic inflammatory breast disease of unknown etiology, the clinical manifestation and radiological features of which may mimic other nosological entities.We report a case of 29 year old woman who was diagnosed with breast carcinoma by radiological methods, such as contrast enhanced spectral mammography (CESM), magnetic resonance imaging with dynamic contrast enhancement (MRI with DCE), SPECT/CT. However, performed core needle biopsy of a lesion shows no tumor cells. The conservative treatment was suggested, based on obtained information.Aim is a review of radiological features of IGM with contrast enhanced visualization methods, based on our clinical case; description of differential radiological features in comparison with similar diseases of the breast, such as inflammatory breast carcinoma, tuberculosis etc.
Shielding Elektromagnetik Tembaga dari Proses Elektrolisis Air Limbah Industri Printed Circuit Board
Authors: Wirapraja Agung Yanuar , Cahyono Handaru Bowo , Ali Mohamad Marhaendra
Published: September 2020

Some electronic products have high electromagnetic interference so that it gives a negative impact on the electronic devices around it. The use of electromagnetic shielding is a solution to reduce the value of electromagnetic radiation interference from electronic products. The research conducted includes the manufacture of electromagnetic shielding from copper material resulting from the electrolysis process of PCB (Printed Circuit Board) industrial wastewater and analyzing the effect of electromagnetic shielding from copper waste on the value of radiation emission. Electromagnetic shielding is made of vinyl which is coated with copper as a result of the electrolysis of PCB industrial wastewater. The measurement results show that electromagnetic shielding from copper waste can reduce radiation emissions. The use of electromagnetic shielding from copper waste is effective at frequencies from 250 to 350 MHz with a decrease in the quasi-peak value of 38.02 dB. The measurements with horizontal antenna polarization show that the margin of radiation emission value is higher comparated to vertical antenna polarization.Sebagian produk elektronika memiliki gangguan interferensi elektromagnetik yang tinggi, sehingga berdampak kurang baik terhadap perangkat elektronika di sekitarnya. Pemanfaatan shielding elektromagnetik menjadi solusi untuk mengurangi nilai gangguan radiasi elektromagnetik yang dimiliki oleh produk elektronika. Penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi pembuatan shielding elektromagnetik dari bahan tembaga hasil dari proses elektrolisis limbah industri PCB (Printed Circuit Board) dan melakukan analisa pengaruh shielding elektromagnetik dari limbah tembaga terhadap nilai emisi radiasi. Shielding elektromagnetik terbuat dari bahan vinyl yang dilapisi dengan tembaga hasil elektrolisis limbah cair industri PCB. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa shielding elektromagnetik dari limbah tembaga dapat menurunkan emisi radiasi. Penggunaan shielding elektromagnetik dari limbah tembaga efektif di frekuensi 250 – 350 MHz dengan penurunan nilai quasi-peak sebesar 38,02 dB. Pada pengukuran dengan polarisasi antena horisontal, margin nilai emisi radiasi lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan polarisasi antena vertikal. Kata Kunci: Shielding elektromagnetik, Emisi radiasi, Tembaga, PCB
Pengaruh Penggunaan Batu Basalt Lampung dan Batubara dalam Bahan Baku terhadap Karakteristik Klinker
Authors: Suharto Suharto , Amin Muhammad , Al Muttaqii Muhammad , Syafriadi Syafriadi , Nurwanti Kiki
Published: September 2020

Experimental study on the use of basalt stone originated from Lampung has been conducted to evaluate its potential for a partial substitute of raw material in production of cement clinker. The basalt stone contains minerals of anorthite, augite, and albite phases that are required for clinker formation. In this study, the main raw materials were 80% limestone, 10% silica sand, 9% clay and 1% iron sand. The raw material in these experiments were mixtures 90% or 80% of the main raw material and 10% or 20% of basalt stone. The effect of adding coal to raw materials was also studied to see the possibility of an increase in clinkerization temperature inside the raw material mixture, and at the same time to see the effect of coal ash on clinker composition. Clinker obtained from heating of raw materials at a temperature of 1100oC had LSF of 94.1% and 95.1% (heating time of 1 and 3 hours). If heating is carried out at 1200oC, the clinker had LSF of 97.7% and 98.0% (heating time of 2 and 3 hours, respectively). Depending on the temperature and duration of heating, the clinker mostly had SM in the range of 2.18-2.40% , and AM in the range of 0,78-1.80%. Characterization using XRD showed that the clinker consisted of larnite and gehlenite phases, and dominated by CaO.Batu basalt Lampung telah diuji potensinya sebagai pengganti sebagian bahan baku utama pembuatan klinker semen. Batu basalt tersebut memiliki mineral-mineral dalam fase anorthite, augite, dan albite yang diperlukan pada pembentukan klinker. Pada penelitian ini, bahan baku utama adalah batu kapur 80%, pasir silika 10%, tanah liat 9% dan pasir besi 1%. Campuran bahan baku klinker adalah 90% atau 80% bahan baku utama dan 10% atau 20% batu basalt. Efek penambahan batubara ke dalam bahan baku klinker juga dipelajari untuk melihat kemungkinan kenaikan temperatur klinkerisasi di dalam campuran bahan baku, dan sekaligus untuk melihat efek abu batubara terhadap komposisi klinker. Klinker hasil pemanasan bahan baku pada temperatur 1100oC memiliki LSF 94,1% dan 95,1% (lama pemanasan 1 dan 3 jam). Jika pemanasan dilakukan pada 1200oC, klinker memilik LSF 97,7% dan 98,00% (lama pemanasan 2 dan 3 jam). Tergantung pada temperatur dan lama pemanasan, klinker hasil percobaan ini umumnya memiliki SM 2,18-2,40%, dan AM antara 0,78-1,80%. Karakterisasi dengan XRD menunjukkan bahwa klinker terdiri dari fase larnite dan gehlenite, dan didominasi CaO.
Morphometric Characteristics of Renal Vessels and Ureter Concerned on Mulages Obtained by Plastic Injections
Authors: Bordei Petru , Rusali Constantin Andrei , Ionescu Constantin , Ardeleanu Valeriu
Published: September 2020

The study was performed on a number of 48 plastic molds, obtained by injection of Technovit 7143. Technovite is a self-curing resin based on methyl methacrylate. Technovite no longer requires the use of dyes that can adversely affect the polymerization process and has a short polymerization time, making corrosion possible shortly after injection.
The Flexural Strength of Traditional and Modern Acrylic Prosthetic Bases
Authors: Gavrila-Ardelean Liviu , Gavrila-Ardelean Mihaela
Published: September 2020

The aim of this paper is to investigate the resistance to flexure of traditional and modern dental acrylic prosthetic bases. The practical utility of the laboratory studies carried out in this research is to apply the physical properties of plastic in medical technology, for improved clinical practice. The clinical utility of this research on prosthetic acrylic bases resistance is reflected in the quality of life of patients, the quality of mastication and durability of the prosthesis. Material and methods: experimental research, using a mechanical test machine. The results were analysed through quantitative methodes. Statistical correlations were made in the final experimental part. In conclusion, the values obtained in our experiments are comparable with those found in scientific literature. This fact enables us to recommend the use of the injection molding technique in clinical practice in our country, as well as the abandonment of the traditional manual stuffingpressing process.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes-Polyaniline(CNT-PANI)Composites and Preliminary Electrochemical Characterization of CNT-PANI Coatings
Authors: Cursaru Laura-Madalina , Mocioiu Ana-Maria , Tudor Ioan Albert , Piticescu Roxana Mioara
Published: September 2020

Heavy metals have a major contribution to biosphere pollution due to toxicity. The detection and monitoring of the environmental agents in soil, water and air is very important for the general health of humans and animals. It has been recently shown that electrochemical techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) using modified electrodes are very attractive methods for detecting heavy metals. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of hydrothermal process combined with electrochemical techniques to obtain modified electrodes based on functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polyaniline (PANI) for metals detection. Commercial multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were functionalized by a mixture of HNO3/H2SO4 and further used for hydrothermal synthesis of CNT-PANI composites with different mass ratios. The resulted powders were analyzed by spectral (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and thermal (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) methods, and then dispersed in a surfactant/electrolyte solution for preliminary electrochemical experiments (cyclic voltammetry, CV and DPV) to obtain modified electrodes. The influence of the CNT: PANI mass ratio and the synthesis time on the formation of composites with the desired structural and electrochemical properties were studied. It was found that CNT-PANI composite powder having mass ratio 1:4 and synthesis time 3h has the best structural and thermal characteristics and formed a weakly conductive film on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode. Preliminary electrochemical tests revealed the electroactive forms of polyaniline, through the presence of characteristic oxidation peaks but also reduction peaks, corresponding to reversible redox reactions, demonstrating that glassy carbon electrode has been electrochemically modified with CNT-PANI coatings. Further studies will be conducted to test the potential application of glassy carbon electrode modified with CNT-PANI coatings as electrochemical sensor for heavy metals detection.
Morphological Features Of The Immune Structures Of The Thin Intestine Of Laboratory Animals With Various Characters Of Nutrition
Authors: Erkin Khusanov , Nilufar Ortikbaeva , Sherali Korzhavov
Published: September 2020

The nutritional nature of mammals, which has developed during a long evolution, leads to adaptive - morphological changes in their digestive tract and its immune structures, although the general laws of their structural organization are identical. The literature has data on the study of the immune structures of the small intestine under normal conditions and under the influence of certain factors. In the structure of immune structures there are numerous parallelisms, however, in each class of vertebrates, complication of this organization is achieved independently. The small intestine is an important section of the digestive tube, where the final chemical processing of the chyme and the absorption of nutrients into the body take place. However, the comparative morphology of the immune structures of the small intestine in mammals with different nutrition patterns remains poorly understood.
Attention To Music In The Years Of Independence: A New Approach To Scientific Research
Authors: A. Sultanov , E. Tajiboev
Published: September 2020

This article reveals the attention paid to music education in Uzbekistan, the new approach implemented in the education system, the development of pedagogical educational technologies and modern methods based on long-term independence.
The Importance Of The Discussion Method In The Development Of Argumentative Competence In Students
Authors: Kattakulovna Turabova Sevara
Published: September 2020

This article discusses the importance of using debate as a teaching method in mastering key technologies to improve students’ argumentative competence.  At the same time, the ability to argue constructively is interpreted as the ability to perform various argumentative actions to substantiate or refute certain points of view. The article presents the characteristics of argumentative skills, as well as the conditions for the formation of logical and psychological components of debate, which is one of the specific manifestations of argumentation.
Enumerating the forest before the trees: The time courses of estimation-based and individuation-based numerical processing
Authors: Melcher David , Huber-Huber Christoph , Wutz Andreas
Published: September 2020

Ensemble perception refers to the ability to report attributes of a group of objects, rather than focusing on only one or a few individuals. An everyday example of ensemble perception is the ability to estimate the numerosity of a large number of items. The time course of ensemble processing, including that of numerical estimation, remains a matter of debate, with some studies arguing for rapid, “preattentive” processing and other studies suggesting that ensemble perception improves with longer presentation durations. We used a forward-simultaneous masking procedure that effectively controls stimulus durations to directly measure the temporal dynamics of ensemble estimation and compared it with more precise enumeration of individual objects. Our main finding was that object individuation within the subitizing range (one to four items) took about 100–150 ms to reach its typical capacity limits, whereas estimation (six or more items) showed a temporal resolution of 50 ms or less. Estimation accuracy did not improve over time. Instead, there was an increasing tendency, with longer effective durations, to underestimate the number of targets for larger set sizes (11–35 items). Overall, the time course of enumeration for one or a few single items was dramatically different from that of estimating numerosity of six or more items. These results are consistent with the idea that the temporal resolution of ensemble processing may be as rapid as, or even faster than, individuation of individual items, and support a basic distinction between the mechanisms underlying exact enumeration of small sets (one to four items) from estimation.
Influence of theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on emotion processing in healthy volunteers
Authors: Dumitru Ana , Rocchi Lorenzo , Saini Fedal , Rothwell John C. , Roiser Jonathan P. , David Anthony S. , Richieri Raphaelle M. , Lewis Gemma , Lewis Glyn
Published: September 2020

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a potential treatment option for depression, with the newer intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) protocols providing brief intervention. However, their mechanism of action remains unclear. We investigated the hypothesis that iTBS influences brain circuits involved in emotion processing that are also affected by antidepressants. We predicted that iTBS would lead to changes in performance on emotion-processing tasks. We investigated the effects of intermittent TBS (iTBS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on the processing of emotional information (word recall and categorization, facial emotion recognition, and decision-making) in 28 healthy volunteers by contrasting these effects with those of sham stimulation. Each volunteer received iTBS and sham stimulation in a blinded crossover design and completed the emotion-processing tasks before and after stimulation. Compared to sham stimulation, iTBS increased positive affective processing for word recall, yet had an unexpected effect on facial emotion recognition for happy and sad faces. There was no evidence of an effect on decision-making or word categorization. We found support for our hypothesis that iTBS influences emotion processing, though some changes were not in the expected direction. These findings suggest a possible common mechanism of action between iTBS and antidepressants, and a complex neural circuitry involved in emotion processing that could potentially be tapped into via brain stimulation. Future research should investigate the neural correlates of emotion processing more closely to inform future iTBS protocols.
Heinrich Leopold Wagner’in Die Kindermörderin adlı Eseri Örneğinde Çocuk Cinayeti Motifi
Authors: KESER Melda
Published: September 2020

Fırtına ve Coşku edebi akımı yazarlarından Heinrich Leopold Wagner’in Kindermörderin adlı eseri, akımın en önemli eserleri arasında gösterilmektedir. Wagner, eseri yayınlandığında, yazım stili ve konuları açıklıkla ele almış olması nedeniyle oldukça ağır eleştirilere maruz kalmıştır. Burjuva trajedisi türündeki eserinde, 18. yüzyıl toplum yaşamının en önemli konularından olan çocuk cinayeti motifini işlemiştir. Ancak, motifin karakteristik özelliği olan soylu bir erkekle saf burjuva kızı ilişkisini kurgularken, motifin ayrıntılarında değişikliğe gittiği görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, kısaca Fırtına ve Coşku akımına ve 18. yüzyıl Alman toplumunda çocuk cinayeti olgusuna değinilecektir. Eser, dönem ve olguların arka planına dair verilen bu bilgilerden sonra, Fırtına ve Coşku akımının çocuk cinayeti motifini işleyişi ele alınacaktır. Ardından, Wagner’in, eserinde çocuk cinayeti motifini işlerken gittiği değişiklikler ve bu yolla ortaya koyduğu olgular saptanacaktır. Böylece, yürütülecek bu çalışmayla, çocuk cinayeti motifi konusunda yapılmış genel geçer tanımların dışına çıktığı ortaya konularak, Wagner’in eserine ve çocuk cinayeti motifi üzerine yapılacak araştırmalara katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır.
Catalytic trifluoromethylation of iodoarenes by use of 2-trifluoromethylated benzimidazoline as trifluoromethylating reagent
Authors: Uchikura Tatsuhiro , Kamiyama Nanami , Ishikawa Taisuke , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: September 2020

The trifluoromethylation of iodoarenes was accomplished by use of a 2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazoline derivative as the trifluoromethylating reagent and a catalytic amount of Cu(I) in the presence of 2,2'-bipyridyl as the ligand. Through a mechanistic study, we found that the oxidative addition of the iodoarene to the Cu(I)–CF3 species is the rate-determining step.
DETERMINACIÓN DE POLIFENOLES TOTALES Y ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DE EXTRACTO DE SEMILLAS DE UVAS RESIDUOS DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE PISCOS
Authors: Surco Laos Felipe , Ayquipa Paucar Hilda , Quispe Gamboa Wilfredo , García Ceccarelli Jorge , Valle Campos Manuel
Published: September 2020

Las uvas pisqueras son 8 variedades conocidas de Vitis vinifera de las cuales se obtiene el pisco. Durante el proceso de producción del pisco se desprenden del fruto subproductos como las semillas, hollejos y otros; las semillas últimamente están cobrando especial importancia debido a su alto contenido en polifenoles y sus propiedades antioxidantes. Existen diversos métodos para la obtención de extractos y con el fin de obtener extractos con el mayor contenido de polifenoles posibles, en este estudio se hace uso de un baño ultrasonido con un sistema de solvente etanol: agua: ácido acético (90/9,5/0,5), el cual luego se lleva a sequedad en un evaporador rotatorio. Se determinó el índice de polifenoles totales encontrándose entre 402 a 84/g de semilla, índice de compuestos flavonoides de 9 a 42/g de semilla; la actividad antioxidante por el método de DPPH expresado como IC50 entre 0,184 a 0,858 mg de extracto y por el método FRAP expresado como mM equivalente de trolox de 0,298 a 1,178 mg de extracto de las distintas variedades, respectivamente. El resultado obtenido nos permite proyectar la recuperación de estos residuos como posibles sustancias nutracéuticas.
Fachkonzeption rechtskonformer Informationssysteme als Anwendungsgebiet des Rechtsvisualisierung
Authors: Heddier Marcel , Becker Jörg , Knackstedt Ralf
Published: September 2020

Der Beitrag plädiert für eine Integration von Forschungsansätzen der Wirtschaftsinformatik und der Rechtswissenschaften, um die disziplinenübergreifende Fachkonzeption von Informationssystemen durch eine modellbasierte Kommunikation zu unterstützen. Dieses Forschungsfeld strukturiert der Beitrag mittels eines Ordnungsrahmens der durch die drei zueinander orthogonalen Dimensionen Rechtsgebiet, Modellierungsebene und Art des Forschungsziels aufgespannt wird. Anhand des Ordnungsrahmens wird eine Forschungsagenda abgeleitet, die am Beispiel der Gestaltung rechtskonformer Web-Anwendungen genutzt wird, um bereits erzielte, aktuell entwickelte und zukünftig anzustrebende Forschungsergebnisse zu positionieren bzw. abzuleiten.
Distributive Multimedia and Multisensory Legal Machines
Authors: Lachmayer Friedrich , Čyras Vytautas
Published: September 2020

Since Aristotle, legal philosophy explores and develops its concept of the iustitia distributiva. Currently, a trend in legal informatics both transforms and adopts long-established traditional cognitive patterns of (legal) philosophy. For example, it reveals the antique and medieval roots of (legal) ontologies. Similarly, new concepts of societal distribution can be elaborated in the context of multimedia and therefore multisensory legal machines. By reference to automats performing legal transactions, traffic lights, and ticket machines, we will explain new concepts of legal procedures. These concepts base on algorithms governing these procedures. Such distributive multimedia and hence multisensory legal machines are not only applications of legal informatics and e-government, but they can also be adequately analysed within the theoretical and practical framework of multisensory law. This new legal discipline in the making particularly focuses on the uni- and multisensory aspects and implications of the new ICT to which the machines at issue belong.
Meaning and Metameaning as Entities: Content (Is) and Institutional Meaning (Ought)
Authors: Čyras Vytautas , Lachmayer Friedrich
Published: September 2020

Die Autoren befassen sich mit der «Bedeutung der Bedeutung». 1923 wurde dieses Thema bereits von Ogden und Richards als semiotisches Dreieck angesprochen. Die Autoren gehen allerdings auf die operative Behandlung rechtlicher Bedeutung ein. Sie unterscheiden zwei Arten von Bedeutungen: institutionelle und inhaltliche Bedeutung. Die letztere repräsentiert die Semantik eines Rechtsgeschäftes – den Text. Die Forschungsfrage lautet: Wie kann die institutionelle Bedeutung dargestellt werden? Eingriffe werden die Bedeutung entweder stärken oder verringern. Die Autoren setzen die institutionelle Bedeutung mit ihrer Darstellung in Zusammenhang; vgl. den FRISCO-Rahmen und das semiotische Tetraeder. Mehrere Darstellungen erscheinen sinnvoll, da verschiedene Interessenvertreter den Rechtsakt aus verschiedenen Perspektiven betrachten. (ah)
Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinden Cinara cedri'nin (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Lachninae) morfometrik analizi
Authors: AKYILDIRIM BEĞEN Hayal , GÖRÜR Gazi
Published: September 2020

Aphididae familyası içerisinde yer alan ve en çok türe sahip olan Cinara (Aphidoidea: Lachninae), Pinaceae ve Coniferaceae familyalarındaki bitkiler üzerinden beslenirler. Cinara (Cinara) cedri Mimeur,1936 türü farklı konaklar üzerinde beslenebilmekte ve morfolojik olarak birbirine benzer türlerden oluşmaktadır. Teşhis anahtarlarına göre küçük morfolojik farklılıklara göre birbirinden ayrılmaktadırlar. Bu nedenle taksonomik durumları karmaşıktır. Bu çalışmada Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya, Uşak ve Niğde illerinin tamamında yayılış gösteren Cinara cedri türüne ait bireyleri alandan örneklenmiş, teşhisleri tamamlanmış morfometrik ölçümleri yapılmış ve anlamlı olan 9 morfolojik karakter (AntIV, AntVI, HTIBD, RIV, RV, SPHBD, ANT6Tüy, HTII ve ANTIII) ve iki morfolojik karakterin oranı (ANTIV/VI) kullanılarak, SPSS programı ile morfometrik analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda sedir ağacı üzerindeki bu türlerin ayrımında en çok farklılık gösteren karakterlerin BL, PT, URS, HTI ve HTB karakterleri olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sedir üzerinden örneklenen C. cedri türünün istatistiksel analizleri sonucunda lokalitelere göre ayrımına bakıldığında, özellikle ANT6 Tüy, ANT4, Ant4/6, ANT6, HTII, RIV, RV ve ANTIII segmentlerinin boyutlarındaki farklılık ile Uşak ilinden örneklenen bireylerin morfometrik karakterlerinin grup ortalamalarının diğer üç lokalitedekilerden farklı konumlandığı, bu da lokalitenin türün morfolojik yapısında farklılık oluşturabileceğini gösterebilir. Lokalitenin bu cinsin morfolojik karakterleri üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak açıklanmıştır.
Helicobacter Pylori Associated Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Hamedelnile Awad Ahmed Ahmed
Published: September 2020

Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) can cause a wide array of gastric disorders such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. In fact recent studies and accumulating evidence implicate helicobacter pylori in various extra intestinal autoimmune mediated diseases such as:chronic urticaria, psoriasis, schonleinhenoch purpura, behcet's disease, immune mediated thrombocytopenic purpura, food allergy, and multiple sclerosis, which will be discussed here. Various immunopathological theories was conceived in an effort to clarify this relationship between the helicobacter pylori and autoimmune diseases.However even these theories are not bases on solid experimental data. But helicobacter pylori eradication was shown to improve symptoms of these diseases and improving the quality of life.I wrote this research to arise some ambiguity in this topic and to be a constant draw attention to this topic.
Forecasting End of COVID – 19 in India Based on Time Series Analysis
Authors: Kambo B S , Kaur Dr.Kulwinder
Published: September 2020

In this paper, the Box-Jenkins Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models for active and exponential smoothing HOLT for removed rates has been estimated using daily time series data from 1st April to 14thSeptember 2020.The active and removed rates are computed from cumulative confirmed, active, recovered and deceased cases. It has been found that ARIMA (0, 1, 1) and Holt exponential smoothing Models are best fit for active and removed rates respectively. Normalized BIC is 0.577and 0.898 for active and removed rates respectively and is minimum among all the six models considered. Lack of fit of models is tested by Ljung-BoX Q statistic. The pvalue is 0.925 and 0.840 for active and removed rates respectively Since for both the rates p-value is greater than 0.05, hence conclude that our model does not show a lack of fit. On the basis of our analysis, active rate will be nullified latest by 5th January 2020, if everything goes best, as P M of India has assured on eve of Independence Day that vaccine for corona will be available very soon. Otherwise by 9 th February 2021 if the past trend continued and in worst situation it will tends to zero on 26th March 2021. We expect the removed rates will reach 100 percent by 20TH October 2020 if everything goes best and by 5th January 2021 if the past trend continued. On the assumptions that Pandemic will come to an end when removed rate in the population tends to 100 percent and active rate to zero percent. Thus on the basis our analysis we expect that COVID – 19 Pandemic may come to end latest either by 9 th February 2021 or 26th March 2021 subject to condition that the social distance and safely measures remains vigilance to stabilize and control the pandemic and in achieving India’s recovery from COVID-19.
1-12 Aylık Bebeklerde Sık Karşılaşılan Ağrı Durumları ve Annelerin Bebeklerinin Ağrısına Yönelik Geleneksel Uygulamaları
Authors: TESKERECİ Gamze , ÜNAL Aysun , EVGİN Derya
Published: September 2020

Amaç: Bu çalışma ile 1-12 aylık bebeklerde sık karşılan ağrı durumları ve annelerin bebeklerinin ağrı durumlarına yönelik geleneksel uygulamalarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereçler ve Yöntem: Kesitsel tipte olan bu araştırmaya bir devlet hastanesinin çocuk polikliniğine herhangi bir nedenle başvuran 140 anne alınmıştır. Veriler araştırmacılar tarafından literatüre temellendirilerek hazırlanan soru formu ile toplanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen veriler SPSS 22.0 programında ve tanımlayıcı istatistikler (yüzde, frekans ve ortalama) kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Annelerin yaş ortalaması 28.40±5.67 ve %28.6’sı lise mezunudur. Bebeklerin yaş ortalaması 6.99±3.31 ay ve %52.1’i erkektir. Bebeklerin %81.4’ünün ağrı yaşadığı, en sık karşılaşılan ağrının %67.1 ile karın ağrısı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bebeklerinin ağrı durumunda annelerin %71.4’ü doktora gitmenin yanı sıra, %74.3’ü ağrıyı azaltmaya yönelik geleneksel bir uygulamaya başvurduğunu belirtmiştir. Bebeklerinin karın ağrısında anneler en sık karına masaj yapma (%84.5), aşı ağrısında ağrı kesici ilaç verme (%88.2), diş ağrısında ağrı kesici ilaç verme, boğaz ağrısında antibiyotik verme (%63.6), göz ağrısında göze anne sütü damlatma (%41.7) uygulamasına başvurdukları belirlenmiştir. Anneler evde kullandıkları tüm bu uygulamaların ağrıyı azaltmada etkisinin yüksek olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Sonuç: Annelerin bebeklerinin ağrı deneyiminde evde birçok geleneksel uygulamaya başvurdukları belirlenmiştir. Ailelerin akut ağrı yönetimi ile ilgili bilgilendirilmesi, kültürel yaklaşım, yanlış bilgi ve uygulamalara yönelmesini engellemektedir. Ailelerin bu konuda desteklenmesi önemlidir.
Refleksi Teknologi Dalam Dimensi Agama
Authors: Majid Zamakhsyari Abdul
Published: September 2020

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisa perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi secara berkelanjutan dan kaitanya dengan sudut pandang kajian keilmuan keagamaan yang holistik, integratif dan interkonektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif-diskriptif dengan mencoba menelusuri berbagai karya dan tulisan yang berhubungan dengan fokus kajian, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Karya-karya itu dibaca secara seksama lalu dianalis dan diinterpretasi secara kualitatif mengikut permasalahan kajian yang sudah ditentukan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan. Hasil tulisan ini menunjukkan Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi terutama pada zaman modern ini, mengalami banyak perubahan dan sangat cepat, sedang agama bergerak dengan lamban sekali, karena itu terjadi ketidak harmonisan antara agama dan ilmu pengetahuan serta teknologi. Ilmu pengetahuan dengan agama, baik dalam rangka untuk mempertegas keilmuan yang sudah ada dengan dalil-dalil dalam al-Qur'an, maupun sebaliknya menjadikan sains sebagai penjelas terhadap al-Qur'an
Student Affairs Management In Pesantren-Based Formal Madrasah
Authors: Sholihah Baqiyatush
Published: September 2020

This research studied about student affairs management in Madrasah Aliyah Tajul Ulum as pesantren-based formal madrasah before the madrasah was divided into two for boys and girls (banin and banat). Management aspects here are planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and evaluating. Student affairs scopes are admission of students, orientation of new students, counseling services for students, extra-curricular and co-curricular, development of superior achievement, and tracking of alumnus. This study used qualitative method. The data gained through some techniques, they are interview, observation, and documentation. Interview was done with prominent figures such as principal, vice-principal, staffs that handle student activities, and the managers of pesantren (pengurus pondok). Those techniques are aimed to gain information to answer the research questions. First question: how is the student affairs management in Madrasah Aliyah Tajul Ulum as pesantren-based formal madrasah, the second: what are the supporting and inhibiting factors of student affairs management in Madrasah Aliyah Tajul Ulum. Based on the research, could be concluded that MATU has applied the management functions in admission of students, orientation of new students, counseling services for students, extra-curricular and co-curricular, development of superior achievement, but there is a big lack in the matter of tracking of alumnus, there is no adequate management related to alumnus. Even the supporting factors in student affairs management over there are: attractive environmental condition because there are many pesantrens among the madrasah, cooperative society among the madrasah, cooperative pesantren parties, madrasah’s human resources that almost have educational back-ground of pesantren. Inhibiting factors: lack of fund, the economic level of students’ parents, inadequate number of classrooms, the diversity of students’ backgrounds, shortage of administrative staffs which affects student management.
Menekan Ketimpangan Pendanaan Pendidikan Dan Mengurangi Kemiskinan
Authors: Aprilliantoni Aprilliantoni
Published: September 2020

Kebijakan Inklusi Pendanaan pendidikan  akan mendorong Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan kesejahteraan rakyat. Karena setiap pertumbuhan ekonomi akan menciptakan tambahan pekerjaan. Merujuk Konsep hukum Coulomb, di mana ada daya tarik yang kuat, bila berbeda muatan akan mengalami tarik menarik, di sini antara pengentasan kemiskinan dan  jumlah rata-rata  tahun pendidikan, yang berbanding terbalik dengan kuadrat jarak.Pendapatan per kapita masyarakat Indonesia meningkat dengan cepat, pada awal 1960-an yang hanya 60 Dolar AS per tahun, pada 2016 menjadi 3.605 dollar AS. Sayangnya kenaikan pendapatan rata-rata ini tidak  diikuti oleh mengecilnya gap jurang kaya dan miskin, hal ini  dibuktikan dengan memburuknya rasio Gini, BPS mencatat koefisien Gini meningkat dengan cepat dari 0,30 pada tahun 2000 menjadi 0,41 pada tahun 2013 dan menurun sedikit 0,394 pada 2016.Fokus pemerintah bahwa sejak tahun 2008 mendorong anggaran pendidikan 20 % dari APBN, Dalam jangka pendek sedikit mengurangi kemiskinan, sebaliknya mendorong kuat ekonomi kelas menengah ke atas, Implikasinya mendorong pelebaran ketidaksetaraan ekonomi. Karena itu, pemerintah sekarang perlu untuk mendorong Inklusi pendanaan  pendidikan  yang tujuannya adalah untuk meningkatkan jumlah rata-rata  tahun pendidikan