bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3‐4: Human Perception as a Measure: Evaluating Waveguide Non‐Uniformity in Augmented Reality Technology
Authors: Li Pengfei , Li Xin , Zhao Lei , Yuan Ze , Wang Chaohao , Wang Shuang
Published: June 2024

With the rapid development of optical waveguide technology, an essential component for creating compact and efficient AR devices, its application in the field of augmented reality (AR) is becoming more and more widespread. When paired with a variety of microdisplay technologies (LCoS, DLP, Micro‐LED), it enables the production of high‐performance AR products. In order to achieve a deeper immersive experience, designs such as large‐angle light‐emitting microdisplay technology and dilated pupil gratings are often used to provide a wider field of view and a larger eyebox (the viewing area where the eye can see the entire image). However, these designs pose challenges because they can exacerbate brightness and color inhomogeneity, disrupting the user's experience. We address this shortcoming by proposing an evaluation model based on the human visual system, which introduces a new method for constructing frequency‐domain filters in a uniform color space and simulates the processing of early human vision , thereby providing a more accurate reflection of human eye perception and a more realistic evaluation of AR display performance. By offering valuable insights and guidance, our model effectively enhances the quality of AR displays, positioning it as an indispensable tool for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals.
21‐1: Quantifying Localized Trap Evolution in Blue TADF OLED
Authors: Sem Stefano , Stanzani Edoardo , Züfle Simon , Ruhstaller Beat , Jenatsch Sandra
Published: June 2024

Thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters attract interest as organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) materials with potentially 100% internal quantum efficiency (IQE). Their application in commercial displays is still hindered due to the not yet sufficient operational stability. We analyze the degradation mechanism in a TADF OLED by combining electro‐optical characterization and device simulations. We find that two trap states are being created at the HTL/EML interface during initial degradation.
24‐1: Exploring the Aging Phenomenon in Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes from the Perspective of Individual Quantum Dot Aging
Authors: Gu Mi , Ma Jingrui , Wei Jiahao , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: June 2024

Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diodes (QLEDs) have emerged as preeminent applications within the realm of quantum dot technologies. Despite their undeniable success, challenges persist in the form of issues related to device stability and controllability. The conventional approach to device aging analysis predominantly concentrates on the holistic evaluation of the entire device. However, the intricate interaction of numerous factors influencing aging renders this conventional analysis notably intricate. This study endeavors to scrutinize the aging mechanism inherent to QLEDs, employing single quantum dot measurement technology for a nuanced and independent analysis of various contributing factors. This passage principally concentrates on the characterization and analysis of the photodegradation of individual quantum dots, with a specific emphasis on the aging process induced by laser irradiation.
24‐2: Exploring Luminescent Mechanisms in Non‐Carrier‐Injection QLEDs via Spontaneous Spreading Method
Authors: Zhao Zebang , Gong Xiaojie , Zhao Suling
Published: June 2024

The luminescent properties and mechanisms of non‐carrier injection (NCI) mode quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) were explored in this work. The intermediate insulator electric layer, Poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene‐chlorofluoroethyl ene) (P(VDF‐TrFE‐CFE)), effectively blocks carrier injection from the electrodes. Carriers for radiative recombination in the quantum dot (QD) layer are generated by the corresponding carrier generation complex layer under an AC electric field. In this investigation, the emission layer (EML), comprising distinct layers of Cd‐based quantum dots, was precisely regulated using the spontaneous spreading (SS) method. The work revealed that the thickness of the QDs in NCI‐QLEDs significantly influences the device's luminescent performance. In NCI‐QLEDs with a double QD layer as the EML, the device exhibited a maximum brightness of 1003.6 cd m⁻2 and a start‐up voltage of 7 root mean square voltage (VRMS). This brightness level represents the highest reported for vertical emission NCI‐QLEDs. All devices exhibited a broad range of driven voltages. Interestingly, luminescence was detected only during a half‐cycle of the driven signal, as indicated by transient time‐resolved spectrum test results. A system was established to analyze the luminescence mechanism comprehensively. Finally, a proposed carrier compounding mechanism sheds light on the behavior of NCI‐QLED devices..
41‐4: Exploration of Critical Performance Metrics in AMOLED Pixel Circuits Using an all AOS 2T1C as a Foundation
Authors: Russell Andrew
Published: June 2024

This paper discusses critical performance metrics wit hin active matrix pixel circuits that occur between acti vation stages (i.e. between programming and emission ). It uses an all amorphous oxide semiconductor (AO S) 2T1C (2‐transistor, 1‐capacitor) pixel circuit to dem onstrate kickback voltage, charge sharing, and charge rejection through simulation and experimentation.
44‐4: Optimize the One Drop Filling (ODF) operation process for Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal
Authors: HUO Yi-Peng , YUAN Zheng-Nan , SUN Zhi-Bo , TSENG Man-Chun , VASHCHENKO Valerii , VASHCHENKO Olena , SRIVASTAVA Abhishek Kumar , HO Jacob , KWOK Hoi-Sing
Published: June 2024

Optimized ODF machine for large scale display filled by ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) is developed. Fast FLC filling at high temperature (100°C) in the vacuum, and sealing can automatically be done in one reaction pot. An uniform cell with good alignment quality and electro‐optical (E&O) performance are achieved which shows high contrast ratio (CR) =10000 :1 and a fast response time (33 μs) at room temperature, respectively. The realized FLC cell by ODF indicates that there are no mass production barriers for large scale FLC display.
54‐2: Sensitivity analysis of Moire phenomena under process window variation
Authors: Shin Sangmin , Sohn Hye-jin , Kang Dong-Wang
Published: June 2024

Moire is quite a well‐known phenomenon that can be found in display panels when multiple layouts are overlapped with different pitches. To verify Moire, we applied a step‐wise simulation based on ray‐tracing methodology. First, the CSF contour map was calculated as a function of key design parameters such as the angle and pitch of the metal wire. Then, the sensitivity of Moire image was verified under process variation and viewing angle dependency. A slight change of process variation and viewing angle results in an abrupt change of Moire. CSF value can be increased up to 15 times even a small angle variation such as 0.1 degree
57‐2: High performance LTPS TFT Backplane Using Blue Laser Diode Annealing for Mini/Micro LED Display
Authors: Zhu Dongsheng , Shi Jinming , Li Chongyang , Liu Nian , Li Jinming , Zhao Rui , Yao Jiangbo , Yang Yingbao , Kinoshita Masahiro , Gotoh Jun , Shigeto Sugimoto
Published: June 2024

In this paper, BLDA technology has been applied to realize the preparation of a LTPS TFT without ion implantation. The BLDA LTPS TFT gives the advantages of high mobility (~ 290.5 cm2/Vs), a smaller subthreshold voltage swing, kink‐free output curve, and excellent device stability under PBTS. The backplane technology has been successfully applied in 7.1‐inch Mini‐LED display products, and the lighting effect is uniform. This low‐cost technique is very suitable for the LTPS TFT backplane for large area, high resolution Mini/Micro LED displays.
59‐1: Metasurface‐Based Holographic Display Systems
Authors: Sun Shuo , Li Jin , Li Xiaoxun
Published: June 2024

The holographic display is based on wavefront‐based light field methods, enabling the implementation of photorealistic three‐dimensional (3D) images. Thus, it is probably the final 3D visualization technology. The creation of a high‐quality holographic display involves three fundamental components: the generation of hologram, the utilization of hologram carrier, and the implementation of optical reconstruction system. In particular, the hologram carrier directly determines the resolution and field of view (FOV) of holographic display. The spatial light modulators (SLMs), serving as a device capable of manipulating the amplitude, polarization, or phase of incident light field, constitutes the primary hologram carrier in 3D holography. However, SLMs also present challenges such as limited FOV, complex integration, and multi‐order diffraction, which impede the enhancement of holographic display performance. The utilization of metasurface comprising subwavelength nanostructures enables precise manipulation of the light field, serving as an exceptional hologram carrier with the potential to replace conventional SLMs. Here, this paper will review the current research progress of metasurface‐based holographic systems to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing status. This work focuses on two aspects (i.e., static and dynamic metasurface‐based holographic systems), highlighting the principles, techniques, and advancements.
P‐1.10: A VCO‐Based ADC design Using N‐Type Oxide TFTs
Authors: Deng Zhaoyu , Chen Derun , Chen Rongsheng
Published: June 2024

This article presents a design of a VCO‐based ADC based on n‐type metal oxide thin‐film transistor (TFT). The TFTs are fabricated on a glass substrate using Indium Zinc Oxide technology. The VCO‐based ADC consists of a VCO, a level shifter and a sampling circuit, while the VCO is composed of a charge‐discharge cell and an inverter chain. The ADC has a 1.464 mm 2 area, 0.89 mW power consumption, an output frequency range of 1.41 KHz/V tuning sensitivity, 1.8% maximum linear error and achieves a SNDR of 34.2 dB in the case of an input signal of 1.5 Hz and a sampling rate of 20 S/s.
P‐5.19: Improving the Key Specifications Performance of A‐Si LCD Research
Authors: Wang Hongri , Chen Wenchih , Lu Jialiang , Zhang Tingyu , Wan Nianqing , Guo Hao , Li Xiaohe , Zhao Jian , Zhang Ting
Published: June 2024

In the competitive automotive market, A‐Si Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) products are gradually losing their cost and performance advantages. Consequently, reducing costs while enhancing critical specifications has become a major challenge for A‐Si LCDs. To address this, we employed Triple Gate technology to cut back on costs, but encountered the issue of relatively low optical performance. To overcome this challenge, we conducted a Design of Experiments (DOE) using a 2^k Full Factorial Design. Through this approach, we constructed a non‐linear mathematical model with multiple objectives and identified optimal solutions for key factors. Our experimental results demonstrate a 15.4% enhancement in contrast ratio (CR) and a 5.4% increase in transmittance (TR). Typical CR values reached 1500, while TR achieved a typical value of 3.9%. Ultimately, these significant improvements in CR and TR have greatly strengthened the market competitiveness of A‐Si LCDs.
P‐9.17: Demura Algorithm Based on Generative Adversarial Network
Authors: Li Xi , Hao Zhiyang , Zhang Yanjun , Lyu Bojia
Published: June 2024

As a widely acknowledged next‐generation display technology in the display industry, Micro LED has its advantages, but also faces significant issues with the mura phenomenon. Moreover, traditional Demura algorithms have numerous limitations when applied to Micro LEDs, leading to limited compensation effects. This paper first introduces the specific problems of current Demura algorithms in Micro LED applications and proposes a Demura algorithm based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) from deep learning, targeted to address these issues. Subsequently, it delves into the principles of Generative Adversarial Networks, their integration with Demura algorithms, and finally, analyzes and summarizes the actual usage effects. The paper concludes with an analysis and outlook on potential improvements and future applications of the model.
P‐10.8: Impact of Surface Treatments on High‐k Zirconium Aluminum Oxide Dielectric without Annealing
Authors: Liu Bin , Zhang Yue , Yu Zhinong
Published: June 2024

Amorphous high‐k zirconium aluminum oxide (ZAO) dielectrics are prepared without the post‐annealing process to achieve high performance and low cost of next‐generation flexible optoelectronic devices. In this study, the ZAO film without annealing was prepared by co‐treatment with ultraviolet and hydrogen peroxide solution (UV‐H2O2‐UV). The performance of the film was improved by H2O2 dissociating hydroxyl radicals and combining with oxygen vacancy in the treatment process. The results show that, compared with the sample annealed at 380℃, the oxygen vacancy in the film is reduced from 29.55% to 25.23% after UV‐H2O2‐UV treatment for 60 min. When the relative permittivity increases from 11.45 to 13.99, the leakage current density at 1 MV/cm decreases from 6.45×10‐7 to 2.86×10‐8 A/cm2, and the breakdown voltage increases by 108%. This work aims to provide widely applicable and repeatable methods to open the door to in‐depth research on alternative high‐temperature post‐annealing processes for high‐performance flexible electronic devices.
P‐11.9: Enhanced Thermal Stability and High Color Accuracy in GaN‐on‐GaN Homoepitaxy Micro‐LEDs
Authors: Li Zichun , Liu Yibo , Feng Feng , Wong Man , Liu Zhaojun
Published: June 2024

In the dynamic landscape of display technologies, the advent of MicroLEDs has sparked a revolutionary shift, promising unparalleled advancements in visual display capabilities. This study immerses itself in the realm of GaN‐based MicroLED devices, specifically delving into the nuanced effects of varying current density and temperature on the spectra of MicroLEDs with gallium nitride substrates. Through a meticulous comparative analysis, we unravel the optical distinctions between MicroLEDs utilizing gallium nitride and sapphire substrates. Additionally, our exploration extends to the examination of the diverse luminous intensity decay rates experienced by these devices under different substrate temperatures. The findings illuminate the pronounced optical advantages bestowed by gallium nitride substrates in GaNbased MicroLEDs, providing pivotal insights for the ongoing refinement and enhancement of these cutting‐edge display technologies.
P‐13.2: Contrast Ratio 2000:1 for Gaming Monitor Display
Authors: Liu Xiaona , Wang Jianjun , Wang Zhangtao , Diao Kai , Chen Weitao , Liu Lei , Liu Jie , Ma Yu , Liang Haihan , Zhang Guoqiang , Wu Jun
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we introduce the concept of high contrast ratio to gaming monitor display based on ADS Pro technology. The contrast ratio specification is increased from 1000:1 to 2000:1 to improve picture quality while remaining the specification of native response time with 5ms. We have developed low viscosity negative liquid crystal and optimized panel design, backlight design and process conditions to maximize the white brightness and to minimize the dark brightness. Finally, the contrast ratio is increased to 2225:1, and the response time in the form of grey‐to‐grey time is 5.27 ms, the low blue light ratio is less than 35% for healthier gaming display.
P‐15.5: Magnetic Field Design of OLED Evaporation Machine Magnetic Plate
Authors: Li Wenxing , Han Bing , Qiu Yue , Wu Yong , Gao Xiaoyu
Published: June 2024

In order to solve the problem of the impact of the magnetic plate design on the yield of the OLED evaporation machine, a theoretical calculation method for the Z‐direction magnetic field of the magnetic strip is constructed, and an analytical expression for calculating the Z‐direction magnetic field Bz of the magnetic plate is obtained. Using VB programming, the calculation of the magnetic plate Bz is computerized, achieving the goal of quickly iterating the design scheme to select the optimal magnetic plate design.By comparing the theoretical calculation results with the measured data, the correctness of the theoretical calculation is verified. By analyzing the distribution pattern of Bz corresponding to different magnetic strips and arrangement designs, the results show that a narrow and dense arrangement of magnetic strips on the magnetic plate is beneficial to the effective magnetic field area and magnetic field uniformity, but it sacrifices the maximum Gaussian intensity. At a height of 13t and a target Gaussian of 250‐450Gs, the ideal pitch range of the magnetic strip is 9‐15mm, with a gap of 1‐5mm.
P‐15.6: Research on △E5 related factors of rigid OLED panel
Authors: Cheng YiMing , Pei Yong , Zhang JinQuan , Wang Zheng , Wu Yong , Gao Xiaoyu
Published: June 2024

△E5 is a parameter that is currently a concern in Organic Light Emitting Diode displays, and is the main characteristic value for testing the low brightness and low grayscale (2nit32) effect of the screen. The lower △E5, the better the display uniformity and display effect. At present, the industry demand is below 65. We have found through experiments that the module segment process can effectively reduce the △E5 value. In the OTP process, we apply the 2nit brightness node to the optimal elvss voltage, and in the Demura process, we use the best photography conditions to obtain more accurate optical data csv, thereby achieving a significant reduction in the △E5 value. This paper introduces modules with an △E5 value of around 120 and a method to reduce it to an average △E5 value of around 65, for your reference.
P‐19.2: A Review of Path Planning Algorithms for Automated Driving Vehicles
Authors: Zhang Yu , Li Wanlin
Published: June 2024

With the continuous development of automated driving, the path planning algorithm of unmanned vehicles has been continuously innovated. First, some basic concepts of path planning are briefly introduced. Secondly, starting with the classification idea of path planning algorithm based on graph structure and sampling, the paper introduces four typical basic algorithms: Dijkstra algorithm, A* algorithm, PRM algorithm and RRT algorithm. In addition, the Apollo algorithm, which has been studied most at present, is also introduced. The principle and application scenario of each algorithm are summarized. Finally, several new algorithms and their development prospects are introduced.
Equilibrium Moisture Mediated Esterification Reaction to Achieve Over 100% Lignocellulosic Nanofibrils Yield
Authors: Zheng Dingyuan , Zhu Yeling , Sun Xia , Sun Hao , Yang Pu , Yu Zhengyang , Zhu Jiaying , Ye Yuhang , Zhang Yanhua , Jiang Feng
Published: June 2024

Lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNFs) isolation is recognized as an efficient strategy for maximizing biomass utilization. Nevertheless, achieving a 100% yield presents a formidable challenge. Here, an esterification strategy mediated by the equilibrium moisture in biomass is proposed for LCNFs preparation without the use of catalysts, resulting in a yield exceeding 100%. Different from anhydrous chemical thermomechanical pulp (CTMP0%), the presence of moisture (moisture content of 7 wt%, denoted as CTMP7%) introduces a notably distinct process for the pretreatment of CTMP, comprising the initial disintegration and the post‐esterification steps. The maleic acid, generated through maleic anhydride (MA) hydrolysis, degrades the recalcitrant lignin‐carbohydrate complex (LCC) structures, resulting in esterified CTMP7% (E‐CTMP7%). The highly grafted esters compensate for the mass loss resulting from the partial removal of hydrolyzed lignin and hemicellulose, ensuring a high yield. Following microfluidization, favorable LCNF7% with a high yield (114.4 ± 3.0%) and a high charge content (1.74 ± 0.09 mmol g−1) can be easily produced, surpassing most previous records for LCNFs. Additionally, LCNF7% presented highly processability for filaments, films, and 3D honeycomb structures preparation. These findings provide valuable insights and guidance for achieving a high yield in the isolation of LCNFs from biomass through the mediation of equilibrium moisture.
Semi‐Ionic F Modified N‐Doped Porous Carbon Implanted with Ruthenium Nanoclusters toward Highly Efficient pH‐Universal Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Guo Jian , Ding Rui , Li Yi , Xie Jinmei , Fang Qi , Yan Miao , Zhang Yuzhen , Yan Ziyang , Chen Zhiqiang , He Yuming , Sun Xiujuan , Liu Enhui
Published: June 2024

Developing high electroactivity ruthenium (Ru)‐based electrocatalysts for pH‐universal hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is challenging due to the strong bonding strengths of key Ru─H/Ru─OH intermediates and sluggish water dissociation rates on active Ru sites. Herein, a semi‐ionic F‐modified N‐doped porous carbon implanted with ruthenium nanoclusters (Ru/FNPC) is introduced by a hydrogel sealing‐pyrolying‐etching strategy toward highly efficient pH‐universal hydrogen generation. Benefiting from the synergistic effects between Ru nanoclusters (Ru NCs) and hierarchically F, N‐codoped porous carbon support, such synthesized catalyst displays exceptional HER reactivity and durability at all pH levels. The optimal 8Ru/FNPC affords ultralow overpotentials of 17.8, 71.2, and 53.8 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline, neutral, and acidic media, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate that the F‐doped substrate to support Ru NCs weakens the adsorption energies of H and OH on Ru sites and reduces the energy barriers of elementary steps for HER, thus enhancing the intrinsic activity of Ru sites and accelerating the HER kinetics. This work provides new perspectives for the design of advanced electrocatalysts by porous carbon substrate implanted with ultrafine metal NCs for energy conversion applications.
Interacted Ternary Component Ensuring High‐Security Eutectic Electrolyte for High Performance Sodium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Feng Fan , Liu Zheng , Yan Yingchun , Gong Min , Wang Guanwen , Chi Chunlei , Qi Bin , Huangfu Chao , Yang Xinhou , Cao Ke , Meng Fanshuai , Wei Tong , Fan Zhuangjun
Published: June 2024

Due to the intrinsic flame‐retardant, eutectic electrolytes are considered a promising candidate for sodium‐metal batteries (SMBs). However, the high viscosity and ruinous side reaction with Na metal anode greatly hinder their further development. Herein, based on the Lewis acid‐base theory, a new eutectic electrolyte (EE) composed of sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI), succinonitrile (SN), and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is reported. As a strong Lewis base, the ─C≡N group of SN can effectively weaken the interaction between Na+ and TFSI−, achieving the dynamic equilibrium and reducing the viscosity of EE. Moreover, the FEC additive shows a low energy level to construct thicker and denser solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the Na metal surface, which can effectively eliminate the side reaction between EE and Na metal anode. Therefore, EE‐1:6 + 5% FEC shows high ionic conductivity (2.62 mS cm−1) and ultra‐high transference number of Na+ (0.96). The Na||Na symmetric cell achieves stable Na plating/stripping for 1100 h and Na||Na3V2(PO4)3/C cell shows superior long‐term cycling stability over 2000 cycles (99.1% retention) at 5 C. More importantly, the Na||NVP/C pouch cell demonstrates good cycling performance of 102.1 mAh g−1 after 135 cycles at 0.5 C with an average coulombic efficiency of 99.63%.
Efficient Sorting of Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Bio‐Renewable Solvents Through Main‐Chain Engineering of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Su En‐Jia , Chang Ting‐Wei , Lin Fong‐Yi , Lu Shi‐Ting , Tsai Yi‐Ting , Khan Shahid , Weng Yu‐Ching , Shih Chien‐Chung
Published: June 2024

Conjugated polymer sorting is recognized as an efficient and scalable method for the selective extraction of semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (s‐SWCNTs). However, this process typically requires the use of nonpolar and aromatic solvents as the dispersion medium, which are petroleum‐based and carry significant production hazards. Moreover, there is still potential for improving the efficiency of batch purification. Here, this study presents fluorene‐based conjugated polymer that integrates diamines containing ethylene glycol chains (ODA) as linkers within the main chain, to effectively extract s‐SWCNTs in bio‐renewable solvents. The introduction of ODA segments enhances the solubility in bio‐renewable solvents, facilitating effective wrapping of s‐SWCNTs in polar environments. Additionally, the ODA within the main chain enhances affinity to s‐SWCNTs, thereby contributing to increased yields and purity. The polymer achieves a high sorting yield of 55% and a purity of 99.6% in dispersion of s‐SWCNTs in 2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran. Thin‐film transistor arrays fabricated with sorted s‐SWCNTs solution through slot‐die coating exhibit average charge carrier mobilities of 20–23 cm2 V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and high on/off current ratios exceeding 105 together with high spatial uniformity. This study highlights the viability of bio‐renewable solvents in the sorting process, paving the way for the eco‐friendly approach to the purification of SWCNTs.
Microcapsule Modification Strategy Empowering Separator Multifunctionality to Enhance Safety of Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Liao Can , Li Wanqing , Han Longfei , Chu Fukai , Zou Bin , Qiu Shuilai , Kan Yongchun , Song Lei , Yan Wei , He Xiangming , Hu Yuan , Zhang Jiujun
Published: June 2024

The uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites and the flammability of electrolytes are the direct impediments to the commercial application of high‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, this study presents a novel approach that combines microencapsulation and electrospinning technologies to develop a multifunctional composite separator (P@AS) for improving the electrochemical performance and safety performance of LMBs. The P@AS separator forms a dense charcoal layer through the condensed‐phase flame retardant mechanism causing the internal separator to suffocate from lack of oxygen. Furthermore, it incorporates a triple strategy promoting the uniform flow of lithium ions, facilitating the formation of a highly ion‐conducting solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and encouraging flattened lithium deposition with active SiO2 seed points, considerably suppressing lithium dendrites growth. The high Coulombic efficiency of 95.27% is achieved in Li–Cu cells with additive‐free carbonate electrolyte. Additionally, stable cycling performance is also maintained with a capacity retention rate of 93.56% after 300 cycles in LFP//Li cells. Importantly, utilizing P@AS separator delays the ignition of pouch batteries under continuous external heating by 138 s, causing a remarkable reduction in peak heat release rate and total heat release by 23.85% and 27.61%, respectively, substantially improving the fire safety of LMBs.
Tensor factor adjustment for image classification with pervasive noises
Authors: Li Xiaochuan , Li Bingnan , Song Wenzhan , Ke Yuan
Published: June 2024

This paper studies a tensor factor model that augments samples from multiple classes. The nuisance common patterns shared across classes are characterised by pervasive noises, and the patterns that distinguish different classes are represented by class‐specific components. Additionally, the pervasive component is modelled by the production of a low‐rank tensor latent factor and several factor loading matrices. This augmented tensor factor model can be expanded to a series of matrix variate tensor factor models and estimated using principal component analysis. The ranks of latent factors are estimated using a modified eigen‐ratio method. The proposed estimators have fast convergence rates and enjoy the blessing of dimensionality. The proposed factor model is applied to address the challenge of overlapping issues in image classification through a factor adjustment procedure. The procedure is shown to be powerful through synthetic experiments and an application to COVID‐19 pneumonia diagnosis from frontal chest X‐ray images.
A review of punching behavior of slab–column connections with recycled coarse aggregate concrete
Authors: Ramos António , Marchão Carla , Pacheco João Nuno , Enfedaque Alejandro , Coronelli Dario , Faria Duarte , de Brito Jorge , Ruiz Miguel Fernández , Marreiros Rui
Published: June 2024

This paper presents a state‐of‐art regarding the punching of flat slabs made with coarse recycled concrete aggregate concrete (CRCAC). Punching shear is a phenomenon that occurs in reinforced concrete slabs when concentrated loads are applied near a column or other support. It refers to the failure mechanism where the concrete reaches shear failure at a critical section around the column. CRCAC is a structural material that conforms with circular economy concepts, but its design for punching using current formulae may be unsafe due to the lower strength of the concrete that can be caused by the shape or the surface cleanness of the recycled aggregates when compared with the natural ones. The results highlight the need for further research on this area, since the available experimental results are few and mainly from tests with thin slab specimens. Since the punching phenomenon is dependent on the scale effect, it is mandatory to have more results for slabs with representative thickness. The applicability of the models for punching resistance in EC2, ACI318‐19, and the upcoming second generation of EC2 was also investigated. These codes can produce safe estimates for CRCAC slabs. However, it was found that the second generation of EC2 is less conservative than the other models.
Comparison of a conventional image processing approach with an artificial neural network approach to three‐dimensionally trace multiple particles in dynamic x‐ray microtomography experiments under laboratory conditions
Authors: Siebert Judith Marie Undine , Wolf Martin , Odenbach Stefan
Published: June 2024

This paper compares a classic digital image processing approach to trace particles in laboratory x‐ray micro‐computed tomography (µCT), which is based on a combination of random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm and least squares ellipse fitting (LSF), with an approach based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). In order to be able to perform the comparison, dynamic experiments were carried out in a laboratory microtomography facility. During active scans with a duration of 30–75 s several sedimentation experiments have been carried out with an exposure time of 0.13 s/projection. Through the movement of the particles during the scan curved motion artefacts in the reconstructed data occur, where the vertex marks the coordinate of the particle. It could be shown that both approaches enable the tracing of particles in laboratory x‐ray µCT with deviations from a manually evaluated result of exemplarily 1.25% for the conventional digital image processing (CDIP) and 0.48% for the ANN. It was found that ANNs are able to identify particle positions in non‐symmetrical motion artefacts, appearing around the first and last position of the particles in the scan, allowing an extension of the motion range of the particles that can be evaluated. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Due to the high complexity and size as well as partly black box structures of neural networks, they are not 100% comprehensible whereas conventional image processing is 100% transparent and understandable. But because of the complexity of the tracing of particles, the CDIP code offers many parameters that can be set, which is why the application is therefore slightly more complex.
Die angewendete Auswertungsmethode: Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse
Authors: Kiefer Anna
Published: June 2024

Die Auswertung der Tagebücher sowie der dazugehörigen Interviews erfolgte anhand der Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Udo Kuckartz (2018). Um die erhobenen Daten zu strukturieren und anhand dieser Strukturierung zu analysieren, wurde die Inhaltlich strukturierende Inhaltsanalyse gewählt, deren Ablauf nachfolgend beschrieben wird.
Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse
Authors: Kiefer Anna
Published: June 2024

In diesem Kapitel werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse dieser Studie theoretisch verdichtet und in Hinblick auf eine mögliche Implementierung des Tagebuchs diskutiert. Dabei soll die Frage beantwortet werden, inwiefern das Tagebuch als unterstützendes Instrument in der Begleitung und Unterstützung von pflegenden Angehörigen von Menschen mit Demenz angewendet werden kann und welche Bedingungen für eine erfolgreiche Anwendung und Implementierung des Tagebuchs erforderlich sind. In einem ersten Schritt werden hierfür die wesentlichen Ergebnisse in Bezug auf Energieräuber und schöne Momente dargestellt und in Hinblick auf bereits bestehende Literatur theoretisch eingebettet.
Pflegende Angehörige
Authors: Kiefer Anna
Published: June 2024

Der aktuellen Pflegestatistik (Stand 2022) zufolge sind in Deutschland etwa 5,0 Millionen Menschen im Sinne des SGB XI pflegebedürftig. Ein Großteil dieser pflegebedürftigen Menschen (84 %; 4,2 Millionen) wird dabei in der Häuslichkeit von pflegenden Angehörigen begleitet und versorgt. Etwa 63 % dieser pflegebedürftigen Personen bezieht hierbei ausschließlich Pflegegeld, weshalb davon auszugehen ist, dass diese in der Regel hauptsächlich in Unterstützung von pflegenden Angehörigen begleitet und versorgt werden (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2022).
Localization and resummation of unstable instantons in 2d Yang-Mills
Authors: Griguolo Luca , Panerai Rodolfo , Papalini Jacopo , Seminara Domenico , Yaakov Itamar
Published: June 2024

Abstract

We compute the exact all-orders perturbative expansion for the partition function of 2d SU(2) Yang-Mills theory on closed surfaces around higher critical points of the classical action. We demonstrate that the expansion can be derived from the lattice partition function for all genera using a distributional generalization of the Poisson summation formula. We then recompute the expansion directly, using a stationary phase version of supersymmetric localization. The result of localization is a novel effective action which is itself a distribution rather than a function of the supersymmetric moduli. We comment on possible applications to A-twisted models and their analogs in higher dimensions.
Osseous bridging of the condylar fossa: report of a rare anatomical variation at the outer skull base
Authors: Wolf-Vollenbröker Michael , Prescher Andreas
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The topic of osseous variations of the craniocervical junction is a complex morphological and embryological chapter of human anatomy, with a possible impact on neurogical and vascular functionality in this morphological variable region.

Material & methods

An until now undescribed anatomical variation of the exoccipital part of the occipital bone has been observed after maceration at the outer skull base of a West-European 68-year-old male body donor.

Results

On both sites of the foramen magnum accessory osseous processes were observed that arise from the jugular process and point towards the lateral margin of the foramen magnum. On the left site this process forms a full arc that bridges the condylar fossa completely.

Conclusion

The observed osseous bridge over the condylar fossa has not been reported on before and can be explained by the partial persistence of a primordial vertebra between atlas and occipital bone: the Proatlas. The resulting accessory structure may affect due to its topographic conditions the V3-Segment of the vertebral artery and its accompanying nerves, and thus, play a role in diagnosis and therapy of vascular and/or neurological symptoms of head and neck.
Examining cognitive behavioral therapy interventions for unaccompanied minors: a systematic review and qualitative research synthesis
Authors: Morroni Dafne , Konstantinou Pinelopi , Gkleka Chrysilia , Kassianos Angelos P. , Karekla Maria
Published: June 2024

Background

This systematic review examined the evidence on effectiveness and acceptability of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions in improving quality of life (QoL) and psychological well-being of unaccompanied minors (UM).

Methods

PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, and Open Dissertations databases were used to identify quantitative and qualitative studies. The Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools were used for quality assessment. Narrative synthesis and qualitative research synthesis were carried out to collate the findings.

Results

18 studies were included. Two studies examined QoL, and five studies examined acceptability of interventions. Most quantitative studies (n = 10) were appraised as methodologically weak. Trauma-Focused CBT appears to have the most evidence demonstrating effectiveness in ameliorating symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. Promising findings (i.e., increased mindfulness and psychological flexibility) were observed for third wave interventions but further replication is required.

Conclusions

The literature is tainted by under-powered studies, lacking blinding, and follow-up assessments. Female UM remain largely underrepresented. This review calls for a drastic augmentation of high quality quantitative and qualitative research focusing on augmenting QoL and examining acceptability rather than merely aiming for psychological symptom reduction in UM to enhance overall well-being and functionality. The research protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021293881).
Automated Segmentation of Lymph Nodes on Neck CT Scans Using Deep Learning
Authors: Al Hasan Md Mahfuz , Ghazimoghadam Saba , Tunlayadechanont Padcha , Mostafiz Mohammed Tahsin , Gupta Manas , Roy Antika , Peters Keith , Hochhegger Bruno , Mancuso Anthony , Asadizanjani Navid , Forghani Reza
Published: June 2024

Early and accurate detection of cervical lymph nodes is essential for the optimal management and staging of patients with head and neck malignancies. Pilot studies have demonstrated the potential for radiomic and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches in increasing diagnostic accuracy for the detection and classification of lymph nodes, but implementation of many of these approaches in real-world clinical settings would necessitate an automated lymph node segmentation pipeline as a first step. In this study, we aim to develop a non-invasive deep learning (DL) algorithm for detecting and automatically segmenting cervical lymph nodes in 25,119 CT slices from 221 normal neck contrast-enhanced CT scans from patients without head and neck cancer. We focused on the most challenging task of segmentation of small lymph nodes, evaluated multiple architectures, and employed U-Net and our adapted spatial context network to detect and segment small lymph nodes measuring 5–10 mm. The developed algorithm achieved a Dice score of 0.8084, indicating its effectiveness in detecting and segmenting cervical lymph nodes despite their small size. A segmentation framework successful in this task could represent an essential initial block for future algorithms aiming to evaluate small objects such as lymph nodes in different body parts, including small lymph nodes looking normal to the naked human eye but harboring early nodal metastases.
A systematization of global well-posedness in vector optimization
Authors: Rocca Matteo
Published: June 2024

In this paper we give a systematization of global well-posedness in vector optimization. We investigate the links among global notions of well-posedness for a vector optimization problem (see e.g. Miglierina et al. in J Optim Theory Appl 126:391–409, 2005 for a detailed explanation of the difference between pointwise and global well-posedness in vector optimization). In particular we compare several notions of global well-posedness referring to efficient solutions, weakly efficient solutions and properly efficient solutions of a vector optimization problem. We also establish scalar characterizations of global vector well-posedness. Finally we study global well-posedness of vector cone-convex functions.
Everybody needs good neighbours: movement, habitat use, and conspecific association in a reintroduced mesopredator
Authors: Wilson Belinda A. , Evans Maldwyn J. , Rapley Shoshana , Gordon Iain J. , Wimpenny Claire , Newport Jenny , Manning Adrian D.
Published: June 2024

As a reintroduction progresses through the establishment, growth, and regulation phases, density-dependent mechanisms increasingly drive population dynamics. This can complicate efforts to reinforce these populations if the translocated individuals (henceforth reinforcers) are excluded, or existing residents become displaced. This is especially pertinent for islands and fenced havens, where immigration is often only possible by translocation. Conspecific associations offer insights into how these density-dependent mechanisms manifest in space and time. We investigated how movement, habitat use, and conspecific associations differed between eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) residents and reinforcers at a conservation-fenced haven. We used GPS collars to quantify distances travelled per night, home and core ranges, nocturnal (activity) and diurnal (denning) habitat use and preference, and conspecific associations over three periods: baseline (residents only, days 3–21), release (both cohorts, days 22–32), and settlement (reinforcers only, days 33–52) for ≤ 42 days post-release (depending on GPS unit longevity). Eastern quolls travelled greater mean distances per night (< 2.15 km, x̄ 1.75 km) and had larger home ranges (< 251 ha, x̄ 178 ha) during the release period. Reinforcers had larger home ranges (249 ha) and greater overlap with other collared eastern quolls (115 ha) when compared to residents (range 90 ha, overlap 46 ha). We found a significant preference for grassland habitat across all animals and periods. During the settlement period, we found a preference for nocturnal activity in greater understory and south-west facing aspects, and lower movement correlation, sociality, and den sharing between collared eastern quolls. Finally, we found lower den sharing in reinforcers (29%) compared to residents (52%), and for fawn- animals compared to dark-morphs. Our results revealed short-term movements, habitat use, and conspecific associations at a greater spatiotemporal resolution than has ever been achieved for this species. Our findings offer important insights into the importance of appropriate habitat and conspecific cueing for reintroductions, and highlight the need to monitor density-dependent mechanisms to inform adaptive management to promote positive outcomes for both initial reintroductions and reinforcements.
TEMPO/CaBr2/Ca(OCl)2 oxidation of hardwood bleached kraft pulp in water at pH 10 with aqueous Ca(OH)2 solution
Authors: Hou Gaoyuan , Chitbanyong Korawit , Takeuchi Miyuki , Shibata Izumi , Isogai Akira
Published: June 2024

The conventional TEMPO/NaBr/NaOCl system for oxidation of cellulose to prepare nanocellulose materials has some shortcomings in terms of controlling side reactions and clogging in washing/filtration process. A new TEMPO/CaBr2/Ca(OCl)2 system was then developed to oxidize a hardwood bleached kraft pulp (HBKP) in water at pH 10 (TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical). An aqueous Ca(OH)2 solution was used to continuously control the reaction mixture at pH 10. After oxidation, the reaction mixture containing the oxidized products and chemicals was directly filtered on a 40-μm-mesh nylon filter and the water-insoluble oxidized products on the filter were washed with water without any clogging. The carboxy content increased to 1.5 mmol/g and the mass recovery ratio decreased to 87.7% as the amount of Ca(OCl)2 was increased to 10.0 mmol/g-HBKP. The oxidized products contained calcium ions but almost no chloride ions, indicating that they comprised almost pure –(COO)2Ca groups. The ready filtration and washing of the oxidized products was probably owing to the low degree of dissociation of the –(COO)2Ca groups in water. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and solid-state carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) analyses revealed that the crystallinities and crystal widths of the original cellulose I structure were mostly retained in the oxidized products. However, size-exclusion chromatography and viscosity analyses revealed that substantial depolymerization occurred on the cellulose and oxidized cellulose molecules in the products, as in TEMPO/NaBr/NaOCl-oxidized products.

Graphical Abstract
A time of emergence (TOE) analysis on the impact and uncertainty of global warming on Korean peak summers
Authors: Ryu Jihun , Wang Shih-Yu , Yoon Jin-Ho
Published: June 2024

In recent years, South Korea has experienced a notable escalation in the intensity and frequency of summer heat. To quantitatively gauge the impact of global warming on Korean summers, this study employs the Time of Emergence (TOE) method, assessing when the effects of global warming surpass natural climate variability. Determining a precise regional TOE is challenging due to disparities between modeled climates and observations. For peak summer seasons (July and August), TOE estimates range from the 2010s to the early 2030s in Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) 5-8.5, suggesting an imminent or already reached TOE. However, for the same scenario, different methodologies and datasets project the TOE to the late 21st century, suggesting the existence of uncertainty in the TOE. One reason for this uncertainty is the discrepancies identified between climate models and observations, which suggest that climate models could delay the TOE beyond the present time. Furthermore, from 1959 to 2014, global warming accounts for less than 10% of the observed temperature. Despite this, the strengthening of global warming signals is confirmed, leading to the expectation of more extreme events than those seen in the 2018 heat wave. This raises questions about current estimates of TOE and emphasizes the need for robust climate modeling to inform effective climate action.
Liming improves wheat nutrient use efficiency, yield, and quality on acid soils in Ethiopia
Authors: Ylivainio Kari , Leta Refissa , Esala Martti , Jauhiainen Lauri , Peltovuori Tommi , Chernet Tegist
Published: June 2024

Soil acidity is a major constraint for food production in the Highlands of Ethiopia, the main cereal growing area. We conducted two field trials in nutrient-poor, acidic fields in the Highlands of Ethiopia to evaluate the effects of dolomitic lime at rates of 0, 6 and 12 t ha−1 on the utilization of commonly used phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Blended fertilizer (at a liming rate of 12 t ha−1), containing potassium (K), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) were also evaluated. The liming rate of 12 t ha−1 improved the utilization of P fertilizer most and only 20 kg P ha−1 was needed to reach 90% of the maximum wheat yield in soils with a high P sorption capacity. Liming and P fertilization, increased the N use efficiency from 0 to 30%, whereas the P use efficiency increased from 3 to 25%. Liming also increased the concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), molybdenum (Mo) and Zn and retained the concentration of copper (Cu) in wheat grain at a higher level than in unlimed treatments. This indicates that even high liming rates did not depress the utilization of nutrients from fertilizers, lime or soil. Regarding harmful heavy metals, liming reduced the nickel (Ni) concentration in wheat to about half of that in unlimed treatments. This study demonstrated how liming was a prerequisite for improving the quantity and quality of wheat growing in the acidic soils of the Ethiopian Highlands.